bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foliar fertilizers rarely increase yield in United States soybean
Authors: Matcham Emma G. , Vann R. Atwell , Lindsey Laura E. , Gaska John M. , Lilley Dylan T. , Ross W. Jeremy , Wright David L. , Knott Carrie , Lee Chad D. , Moseley David , Singh Maninder , Naeve Seth , Irby J. Trenton , Wiebold William , Kandel Hans , Lofton Josh , Inman Matthew , Kleinjan Jonathon , Holshouser David L. , Conley Shawn P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFarmers have been interested in using foliar‐applied nutrient products to increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield since at least the 1970s, despite limited evidence that these products offer consistent yield increases when used prophylactically. Recently, interest in foliar fertilizer products for soybean production has been renewed, likely related to elevated soybean prices. Over the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons (46 site‐years), agronomists in 16 states collaborated to test six foliar nutrient treatments (commercial mixtures of macro‐ and micro‐nutrients) on soybean grain yield and composition. Soybean grain yield and composition differed among sites but not among foliar fertilizer treatments. Results show that prophylactic foliar fertilization is likely to decrease the profitability of soybean production. Foliar fertilizer products tested in this study and similar products should not be recommended to U.S. soybean farmers in the absence of visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency.
Herbage accumulation and nutritive value of mixtures of desho grass and Vicia spp. in southern Ethiopia
Authors: Abera Mergia , Tolera Adugna , Nurfeta Ajebu , Geleti Diriba 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGrass and legume mixtures work well, but there are no data on the mixed planting of desho grass (Pennisetum glaucifolium) and Vicia species. A study was conducted to investigate whether forage dry matter yield (DMY) and quality can be improved by growing Vicia species in mixtures with desho grass. The experimental layout followed a randomized complete block design with four replications, where the treatments consisted of pure stands of three Vicia species Vicia dasycarpa, V. villosa, and V. sativa, desho grass and mixture of desho grass and each of the Vicia species. The results showed a positive effect of intercropping leading to greater herbage accumulation than expected from grass species sown in sole cropping. Growing Vicia species with desho grass resulted in higher yields and higher land equivalent ratio (LER), as well as increased crude protein (CP) content and digestibility compared to pure stand desho grass. Intercropping smooth vetch, hairy vetch, and common vetch gave 63, 67, and 48% more forage DMY than the pure stand desho grass, respectively. When desho grass was intercropped with Vicia species LER was greater by 9, 55, and 58% for common vetch, smooth vetch, and hairy vetch, respectively, over pure stand desho grass. Therefore, it can be concluded that growing a mixture of Vicia species with desho grass is a suitable practice to improve forage DM production and quality, and farmers can use land more efficiently by growing Vicia species with desho grass.
Top management challenges and concerns for agronomic crop production in California: Identifying critical issues for extension through needs assessment
Authors: Kanter Jessica , Clark Nicholas , Lundy Mark Edward , Koundinya Vikram , Leinfelder‐Miles Michelle , Long Rachael , Light Sarah E. , Brim‐DeForest Whitney B. , Linquist Bruce , Putnam Dan , Hutmacher Robert B. , Pittelkow Cameron M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAgronomic cropping systems in many regions face growing economic and management challenges as well as new regulations designed to address negative environmental and social externalities. At the same time, public support for agricultural education and extension is decreasing. Hence, new approaches are necessary to understand the most pressing on‐farm issues and help prioritize critical needs. With a diversity of agronomic crops and new regulations for water and nitrogen, California is an important case study for other regions. The objective of this study was to identify major grower and industry concerns, management challenges, and motivations in making management decisions. In 2020, 483 growers, consultants, and allied industry of agronomic crop production responded to an online survey. The crops most widely grown by respondents included rice (Oryza sativa L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn (Zea mays L.). Four out of the five top concerns were related to water. Weed control and irrigation/water management were primary management challenges, though differences occurred by crop and region. The highest priorities considered in grower management decision‐making were water, profitability, and land stewardship. Crop rotation benefits were a primary reason for growing agronomic crops, with profitability and tradition ranking closely behind. This study highlights opportunities to guide research and extension efforts based on critical needs identified by growers and industry, while also informing larger policy and institutional decisions regarding new programs and funding to address key issues in agronomic crop production.
Optical nature of non‐substituted triphenylmethyl cation: Crystalline state emission, thermochromism, and phosphorescence
Authors: Nishiuchi Tomohiko , Sotome Hikaru , Fukuuchi Risa , Kamada Kenji , Miyasaka Hiroshi , Kubo Takashi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSince the discovery of the triphenylmethyl (trityl) cation 120 years ago, a variety of aromatic cations having various colors and luminescence properties have been rigorously studied. Many, differently substituted trityl cations have been synthesized, and their optical properties have been elucidated. However, the optical properties of the parent, non‐substituted and highly reactive trityl cation, which was observed to be very weakly luminescent, have not been subjected to detailed investigation. In the effort described herein, we explored the optical nature of non‐substituted trityl hexafluorophosphate (PF6) in the crystalline state. Trityl PF6 was found to exist as two crystal polymorphs including a yellow (Y) and an orange (O) form. Moreover, we observed that these crystalline forms display crystalline‐state emission with different colors. The results of X‐ray crystallographic analysis showed that the two polymorphs have totally different molecular packing arrangements. Furthermore, an investigation of their optical properties revealed that the O‐crystal undergoes a distinct color change to yellow upon cooling as a consequence of a change in the nature of the charge transfer interaction between the cation and PF6 anion, and that both the Y‐ and O‐crystal exhibit phosphorescence.
Effects of structural parameters on water film properties of transpiring wall reactor
Authors: Xu Donghai , Feng Peng , Wang Yang , Yang Wanpeng , Wang Yu , Sun Shaoyan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCorrosion and salt deposition problems severely restrict the industrialization of supercritical water oxidation. Transpiring wall reactor can effectively weaken these two problems by a protective water film. In this work, methanol was selected as organic matter, and the influences of vital structural parameters on water film properties and organic matter removal were studied via numerical simulation. The results indicate that higher than 99% of methanol conversion could be obtained and hardly affected by transpiration water layer, transpiring wall porosity and inner diameter. Increasing layer and porosity reduced reactor center temperature, but inner diameter's influence was lower relatively. Water film temperature reduced but coverage rate raised as layer, porosity, and inner diameter increased. Notably, the whole reactor was in supercritical state and coverage rate was only approximately 85% in the case of one layer. Increasing reactor length affected slightly the volume of the upper supercritical zone but enlarged the subcritical zone.
Rare and widespread: integrating Bayesian MCMC approaches, Sanger sequencing and Hyb‐Seq phylogenomics to reconstruct the origin of the enigmatic Rand Flora genus Camptoloma
Authors: Culshaw Victoria , Villaverde Tamara , Mairal Mario , Olsson Sanna , Sanmartín Isabel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPremiseGenera that are widespread, with geographically discontinuous distributions and represented by few species, are intriguing. Is their achieved disjunct distribution recent or ancient in origin? Why are they species‐poor? The Rand Flora is a continental‐scale pattern in which closely related species appear codistributed in isolated regions over the continental margins of Africa. Genus Camptoloma (Scrophulariaceae) is the most notable example, comprising three species isolated from each other on the northwest, eastern, and southwest Africa.MethodsWe employed Sanger sequencing of nuclear and plastid markers, together with genomic target sequencing of 2190 low‐copy nuclear genes, to infer interspecies relationships and the position of Camptoloma within Scrophulariaceae by using supermatrix and multispecies‐coalescent approaches. Lineage divergence times and ancestral ranges were inferred with Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches. The population history was estimated with phylogeographic coalescent methods.ResultsCamptoloma rotundifolium, restricted to Southern Africa, was shown to be a sister species to the disjunct clade formed by C. canariense, endemic to the Canary Islands, and C. lyperiiflorum, distributed in the Horn of Africa–Southern Arabia. Camptoloma was inferred to be sister to the mostly South African tribes Teedieae and Buddlejeae. Stem divergence was dated in the Late Miocene, while the origin of the extant disjunction was inferred as Early Pliocene.ConclusionsThe current disjunct distribution of Camptoloma across Africa was likely the result of fragmentation and extinction and/or population bottlenecking events associated with historical aridification cycles during the Neogene; the pattern of species divergence, from south to north, is consistent with the “climatic refugia” Rand Flora hypothesis.
CTNNB1‐related neurodevelopmental disorder in a Chinese population: A case series
Authors: Ho Stephanie , Tsang Mandy Ho‐Yin , Fung Jasmine Lee‐Fong , Huang Haibo , Chow Chun‐Bong , Cheng Shirley Sze‐Wing , Luk Ho‐Ming , Chung Brian Hon‐Yin , Lo Ivan Fai‐Man 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCTNNB1‐related disorder is an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a variable degree of cognitive impairment, microcephaly, truncal hypotonia, peripheral spasticity, visual defects, and dysmorphic features. In this case series, we report the clinical and molecular findings of nine Chinese patients affected by CTNNB1‐related disorders. The facial features of these affected individuals appear to resemble what had been previously described, with thin upper lip (77.8%) and hypoplastic alae nasi (77.8%) being the most common. Frequently reported clinical characteristics in our cohort include developmental delay (100%), peripheral spasticity (88.9%), truncal hypotonia (66.7%), microcephaly (66.7%), and dystonia (44.4%). While various eye manifestations were reported, two affected individuals (22.2%) in our cohort had familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. One of the affected individuals had craniosynostosis, a feature not reported in the literature before. To our knowledge, this is the first reported Chinese case series of CTNNB1‐related neurodevelopmental disorders. Further studies are required to look into whether ethnic differences play a role in phenotypic variations.
Parental perceptions of genetic testing for children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Lucas Heather M. , Lewis Andrea M. , Lupo Philip J. , Schaaf Christian P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) routinely undergo genetic testing (GT) to identify the causative genetic etiology of their ASD. As there are questions about the impact of GT beyond clinical diagnosis, we conducted a mixed methods study to assess the perceived benefits of GT by exploring factors that lead parents to pursue these tests and the benefits experienced. Respondents were part of a pretest or posttest group. The pretest group (N = 22) expressed intent to pursue GT and the posttest group (N = 32) had undergone GT and received results at least 3 months prior to completing the survey. Responses were compared between and within groups. Free text responses were coded for themes and selection questions were analyzed using Fisher's exact tests. Our results demonstrate significant differences between the groups with participants in the pretest group more likely to choose “increased access to therapies” (p = 0.026) and “improved healthcare” (p < 0.000) as reasons to pursue testing. Benefits were also significantly different with “improved healthcare” (p = 0.009), “improved access to services” (p = 0.012), and “improved access to therapies” (p = 0.003) more frequently anticipated by the pretest group than reported by the posttest group. A relationship between GT and clinical management changes was reported by 34.4–50.0% of the posttest group. Among that group, genetic result type (positive, negative, or variant of uncertain significance) was associated with differing perceived benefits of testing. Thematic analysis revealed increased knowledge and coping as reported benefits in both groups. Our findings indicate a discrepancy between parental expectations and experiences of GT. Comprehensive pretest and posttest genetic counseling are necessary to improve information retention, address potential outcomes, and set expectations of GT for parents of children with ASD.
Probing Axion‐Like‐Particles at the CERN Gamma Factory
Authors: Balkin Reuven , Krasny Mieczyslaw W. , Ma Teng , Safdi Benjamin R. , Soreq Yotam 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aim of the proposed CERN Gamma Factory is to produce ≈1017 photons per second with energies up to 400 MeV. The photon beam intensity is expected to be a factor of larger than that of the presently available photon beams in the MeV energy range. In this work, its potential to probe physics beyond the Standard Model is explored. In particular, searches for axion like particles (ALPs) with dominant couplings to photons are discussed and various production scenarios—fixed target, photon–photon collision, and conversion by a magnetic field—and detection schemes considered—via decay to photons or back‐conversion. It is found that the Gamma Factory in a fixed target mode can probe ALPs with mass and decay constants larger than 107 GeV, improving by an order of magnitude the discovery potential of previous beam dump experiments.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Radical Hydroamination of Alkenes with N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonimides
Authors: Qin Tao , Lv Guowei , Meng Qi , Zhang Ge , Xiong Tao , Zhang Qian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn efficient and general radical hydroamination of alkenes using Co(salen) as catalyst, N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) and its analogues as both nitrogen source and oxidant was successfully disclosed. A variety of alkenes, including aliphatic alkenes, styrenes, α, β‐unsaturated esters, amides, acids, as well as enones, were all compatible to provide desired amination products. Mechanistic experiments suggest that the reaction underwent a metal‐hydride‐mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) with alkene, followed by a pivotal catalyst controlled SN2‐like pathway between in situ generated organocobalt(IV) species and nitrogen‐based nucleophiles. Moreover, by virtue of modified chiral cobalt(II)‐salen catalyst, an unprecedented asymmetric version was also achieved with good to excellent level of enantiocontrol. This novel asymmetric radical C−N bond construction opens a new door for the challenging asymmetric radical hydrofunctionalization.
1,6‐Anthrazoline‐Linked π‐Conjugated Macrocycles and Two‐Dimensional Polymer via Friedländer Synthesis
Authors: Zhu Jun , Wu Shaofei , Hou Xudong , Wu Jishan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSynthesis of π‐conjugated crystalline two‐dimensional (2D) polymers remains largely unexplored due to limited synthetic methodology. Herein, we report the preparation of a 1,6‐anthrazoline (AZ)‐linked crystalline 2D polymer AZP via acid mediated Friedländer synthesis. The feasibility was examined first by two model reactions, followed by synthesis of three AZ‐based macrocycles MCn (n=5–7), in which hexagonal MC6 was isolated as the major product. The favorable macrocycle formation could be largely attributed to the dynamic feature of Friedländer synthesis, which involves both imine condensation and aldol condensation. The structure and crystallinity of AZP were confirmed by experiments and simulation. The skeletons of the macrocycles and polymer consist of all‐sp2 hybridized C/N atoms and are thus π‐conjugated and electro‐active. Our studies provide a rational way to access kinetically stable 2D crystalline polymers by combination of different dynamic covalent chemistries.
Light‐Induced On/Off Switching of the Surfactant Character of the o‐Cobaltabis(dicarbollide) Anion with No Covalent Bond Alteration
Authors: Abdelgawwad Abdelazim M. A. , Xavier Jewel Ann Maria , Roca‐Sanjuán Daniel , Viñas Clara , Teixidor Francesc , Francés‐Monerris Antonio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCobaltabis(dicarbollide) anion ([o‐COSAN]−) is a well‐known metallacarborane with multiple applications in a variety of fields. In aqueous solution, the cisoid rotamer is the most stable disposition in the ground state. The present work provides theoretical evidence on the possibility to photoinduce the rotation from the cisoid to the transoid rotamer, a conversion that can be reverted when the ground state is repopulated. The non‐radiative decay mechanisms proposed in this work are coherent with the lack of fluorescence observed in 3D fluorescence mapping experiments performed on [o‐COSAN]− and its derivatives. This phenomenon induced by light has the potential to destruct the vesicles and micelles cisoid [o‐COSAN]− typically forms in aqueous solution, which could lead to promising applications, particularly in the field of nanomedicine.
A novel 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide‐based reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin: Synthesis, properties, and comparison
Authors: Xu Qibin , Zhang Shengchang , Su Zexi , Li Dazhe , Liang Shuheng , Li Bo , Lian Tingting , Qin Xiangpu , Jiang Mengjin , Liu Pengqing 
Published: September 2021

Abstract9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) and DOPO derivatives had always been regarded as main candidates for improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). In this paper, a novel reactive flame retardant DOPOMAH was synthesized from the reaction between DOPO and cis‐butenedioic anhydride (MAH), thereafter acted as a co‐curing agent for EP to remarkably improve the flame retardancy of matrix. The effects of DOPOMAH and DOPO on comprehensive performance of EP were systematically investigated and compared through dynamic mechanical analysis, mechanical performance testing, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL‐94), and cone calorimetry test. These results indicated that the excellent dispersion of DOPOMAH in EP makes the EP modified by DOPOMAH has good mechanical properties. When the content of phosphorus is 2.0 wt%, compared with the EP modified by DOPO (ED), the LOI of the EP modified by DOPOMAH (EDM) increased from 30.6% to 32.8%, and the UL‐94 was also improved from no rating to V‐0. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate of EDM was only 51% of that of pure EP, which was slightly less than that of ED. Finally, a flame‐retardant mechanism comparison between DOPOMAH and DOPO was discussed in detail to reveal the reasons why the flame reatardant effect of DOPOMAH was better than that of DOPO.
Design, synthesis, and water resistance properties of bis(4‐maleimidephenyl) adamantane and hybrid resins
Authors: Niu Yongan , Ma Yahui , Song Bolun , Yang Li , Wang Li , Zheng Shuojin , Zhang Xin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA novel bismaleimide (BMI) resin, bis(4‐maleimidephenyl) adamantane (BMA), was successfully designed and synthesized by a facile, green, and economic route. Chemical structures were characterized and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. Curing kinetics was investigated by the non‐isothermal curing method, and the apparent activation energy (Ea) and reaction order were further calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa equations. Compared with typical BMI resin, the heat resistance of BMA resin is significantly improved. According to thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, the decomposition temperature of 10% weight loss (T10) is about 504.3°C in N2 and 486.4°C in air atmosphere. Furthermore, BMA resin displays very excellent solubility in some organic solvents. After diamine chain expansion, BMA resin would possess the wider processing window, higher thermal stability, dielectric and water resistance properties, which could be widely applied as an matrix of advanced composites.
Electrospun composite membrane based on polyarylene sulfide sulfone/Ag/ZnO nanofibers for antibacterial effective PM2.5 filtration
Authors: Su Qing , Wei Zhimei , Wang Xiaojun , Long Shengru , Zeng Wei , Wang Shaoyu , Yang Jie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWith the increase of PM2.5 and bacteria contamination in the atmosphere, an antibacterial PM2.5 filter is the need of the hour. In this study, a polyarylene sulfide sulfone/Ag/ZnO (PASS/Ag/ZnO) membrane (membrane) was fabricated via the electrospinning technology for simultaneous removal of PM2.5 and bacteria. The membrane exhibits outstanding hydrophobicity (156°), mechanical property (2.67 MPa), and thermal performance (415°C). The filtration efficiency of PASS/Ag/ZnO membrane for PM2.5 is 99.41% and 99.89% under the airflow rate of 0.5 and 2 m/s, respectively, while the filtration pressure drop is only 42 and 79 Pa. More importantly, PASS/Ag/ZnO membrane shows excellent synergistic antibacterial abilities against both Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, the antibacterial rate was up to 96.70% for E. coli and 95.41% for S. aureus, respectively. This composite membrane not only has broad application prospects but also opens new avenues for removing air pollutants including PM2.5 and bacteria from the air in a more cost‐effective method.