bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Feeding Assessment Scale for individuals with genetic syndromes: Validity and reliability in the CHARGE syndrome population
Authors: Hudson Alexandra S , Stratton‐Gadke Kasee , Hatchette Jill , Blake Kim D 
Published: March 2021

AimTo develop a feeding scale for parents/care givers of individuals of all ages with genetic syndromes experiencing extensive feeding and swallowing problems. Second, to assess its validity and reliability in CHARGE syndrome.MethodsThe new Feeding Assessment Scale (FAS) was adapted from a scale for children who need prolonged tube feeding (Paediatric Assessment Scale for Severe Feeding Problems, PASSFP). Ten parents piloted the new scale before it was sent out with the PASSFP and feeding history questions. A subset completed the new scale again 4–8 weeks later.ResultsOne hundred parents of individuals with CHARGE syndrome participated from around the world. The new scale had good construct validity, with a significant effect for an increased number of feeding risk factors having higher scale scores (P < 0.001). Face validity was high, as scores significantly differed between individuals whose parents identified their feeding difficulties as very mild, mild, moderate, severe and very severe (P < 0.001). Test–retest reliability (r = 0.94, P < 0.001) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.91) were both high. There was significant convergent validity between the new scale and the PASSFP (r = −0.79, P < 0.001).ConclusionsThis new tool is reliable and valid for parents/care givers of individuals with CHARGE syndrome. It can be used to assess the current severity of feeding difficulties and to track progress before and after treatment. It expands upon previous existing tools in that it can be used in both individuals who are not tube fed, as well as in those who are, as well as across the life‐span.
Zero‐intelligence versus human agents: An experimental analysis of the efficiency of Double Auctions and Over‐the‐Counter markets of varying sizes
Authors: Attanasi Giuseppe , Centorrino Samuele , Manzoni Elena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe study two well‐known electronic markets: an over‐the‐counter (OTC) market, in which each trader looks for the best counterpart through bilateral negotiations, and a double auction (DA) market, in which traders post their quotes publicly. We focus on the DA–OTC efficiency gap and show how it varies with different market sizes (10, 20, 40, and 80 traders). We compare experimental results from a sample of 6400 undergraduate students in Economics and Management with zero‐intelligence agent‐based simulations. Simulation results show that the traded quantity increases with market size under both DA and OTC. Experimental results confirm the same tendency under DA, while the share of periods in which the traded quantity is lower than the efficient one increases with market size under OTC, ultimately leading to a DA–OTC efficiency gap increasing with the market size. We rationalize these results by putting forward a simple model of OTC market as a repeated bargaining procedure under incomplete information on buyers' valuations and sellers' costs. We show that efficiency decreases slightly with size due to two counteracting effects: acceptance rates in earlier interactions decrease with size, and earlier offers increase, but not always enough to compensate for the decrease in acceptance rates.
The frequency and related factors of non‐tuberculosis mycobacteria infections among patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Ademhan Tural Dilber , Emiralioglu Nagehan , Ozsezen Beste , Saribas Zeynep , Ozcan Nursun , Alp Alpaslan , Sunman Birce , Hizal Mina , Eryilmaz Polat Sanem , Yalcin Ebru , Dogru Deniz , Ozcelik Ugur , Kiper Nural 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundNon‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause chronic lung infection particularly in patients who have structural lung disease such as cystic fibrosis (CF). We evaluated the incidence and management of NTM infections in patients with CF in our center.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was carried out on CF patients having at least one positive NTM isolate between 2012 and 2020.ResultsTen patients (2.1%) had at least one positive NTM culture from respiratory samples. All of them were vaccinated with Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is in the national vaccination program in our country. Eight patients had the Mycobacterium abscessus complex, one had Mycobacterium avium, and one had Mycobacterium szulgai growth in their respiratory samples. Three patients had transient NTM infection, two had persistent, and five had active NTM infection (NTM pulmonary disease). Patients with NTM pulmonary disease received antibiogram‐directed antimycobacterial therapy. In patients with NTM pulmonary disease, the median ppFEV1 and BMI decreased by 17% and 1%, respectively, at the time of the first NTM isolation when compared with the values one year before the first NTM isolation. Culture conversion was not seen in any patient infected with Mycobacteriunm abscessus complex.ConclusionsThe NTM infection incidence is lower in our country than in those countries where the BCG vaccine is not routinely applied. The BCG vaccine may be a protective factor for NTM infection. Further studies are needed about the prevalence of NTM infections, facilitating and protective factors, and appropriate management of NTM infections in patients with CF.
From pre‐activation to pre‐updating: A threshold mechanism for commitment to strong predictions
Authors: Ness Tal , Meltzer‐Asscher Aya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAmple evidence suggests that during sentence processing comprehenders can “pre‐activate” lexical/semantic knowledge stored in long‐term memory. A relatively recent development suggests that in some cases a stronger form of prediction is employed, involving “pre‐updating” the predicted content into the sentence's representation being built in working memory. The current study argues for an activation threshold mechanism by which pre‐updating is initiated, within the routine processing stages of a word in a context. By combining a speeded cloze task with event‐related potentials, we were able to analyze electrophysiological data measured prior to when participants were prompted to produce a completion, based on the participant's cloze response, reflecting their strongest prediction at that specific moment in time. A P600 effect reflecting pre‐updating was observed in high (relative to low) constraint sentences, even in trials where the participant predicted a low cloze word. The results support a mechanism in which multiple predictions accumulate activations, “racing” toward a retrieval threshold. Once the activation level of a certain word passes the threshold, the word is integrated into the sentence representation in working memory. Pre‐updating occurs if a certain prediction passes the retrieval threshold prior to its realization in the input.
Dental experiences of a group of autistic adults based in the United Kingdom
Authors: McMillion Audrey , Van Herwegen Jo , Johnson Adele , Monteiro Joana , Cronin Aaron J. , Remington Anna 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsPrevious international research has shown that autistic people have difficulty accessing dental care due to sensory processing, anxiety and communication issues. However, it is not known whether autistic adults in the United Kingdom are experiencing similar dental care barriers. The current study investigated autistic adults’ dental experiences in the United Kingdom.Methods and resultsA mixed methods survey was given to self‐selecting autistic (n = 37) and non‐autistic adults (n = 43) to compare whether autistic individuals had more negative experiences than non‐autistic individuals. Closed questions asked about anxiety, patient‐practitioner communication, satisfaction and the dental environment. Open questions asked about autism‐specific dental challenges, what works well at the dentist, and improving autistic individuals’ experiences. Responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. Overall, results demonstrated that autistic adults in the United Kingdom have more negative dental experiences than non‐autistic adults. These predominantly related to interactions with dental practitioners, a challenging sensory environment, anxiety, pain, and disclosure. Participants recommended sensory environment adaptations, ways to increase preparedness, longer appointments, and individual accommodations.ConclusionThis study offers best‐practice strategies for working with autistic patients and highlights the importance of dentists working with autistic individuals to maximize the quality of care and outcomes for this underserved population.
Mother needs a bigger “helper”: A critique of “wine mom” discourse as conformity to hegemonic intensive motherhood
Authors: Newman Harmony , Nelson Kyle Anne 
Published: March 2021

Abstract“Wine mom” discourse encourages American women to self‐deprecatingly bond over the stressors of parenting and touts alcohol use as necessary means for coping and escapism. Before the added stress of the COVID‐19 pandemic, whereby alcohol sales and consumption increased in the United States, rates of heavy drinking and alcohol‐related illnesses among US women have been steadily increasing. Exceeding the clinical markers of responsible alcohol use, “wine mom” discourse normalizes an inextricable link between alcohol misuse and expectations of (White, middle‐class) motherhood. Online communities and businesses emphasize “wine mom” discourse for self‐acceptance and bonding in response to the impossible demands of hegemonic motherhood. In this critique of “wine mom” discourse, we argue that although alcohol consumption is commonly touted as self‐care, this messaging operates in toxic ways that harms women and reinforces patriarchy. Applying Merton's strain theory, we argue that “wine mom” trends and related discourse encompass a harmful form of conformity, if not false resistance, to the strain of flawed cultural goals and lacking institutionalized supports for American mothers. We call for true rebellion, emphasizing positive discourse as well as structural changes and policy reforms to dismantle patriarchal barriers and hegemonic motherhood constraints to better support American families.
A retrospective multicenter study on the use of locking compression plates for scapulohumeral arthrodesis in small equids
Authors: Somm Fabienne , Suárez Sánchez‐Andrade José , Martens Ann , Zedler Steven T. , Klopfenstein Micael D. , Boswell Jane C. , Bladon Bruce M. , Lischer Christoph J. , Richardson Dean W. , Auer Jörg A. , Fürst Anton E. , Kümmerle Jan M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo report on technical aspects and outcomes after scapulohumeral arthrodesis (SHA) with a locking compression plate (LCP) in small equids.Study DesignRetrospective multicenter case series.AnimalsClient‐owned Shetland Ponies, Miniature Shetlands, and American Miniature Horses (n = 15).MethodsInclusion criteria were completed SHA with an LCP to treat scapulohumeral osteoarthritis/subluxation and availability of postoperative radiographs. Contributing surgeons completed a questionnaire to collect data. All radiographs were reviewed for this study. Follow‐up information was obtained via re‐admission to the hospital or telephone interview of the referring veterinarian or owner. Outcome was subjectively scored as excellent, good, moderate, or poor based on lameness and function.ResultsSixteen SHAs were performed in 15 equids (body weight 65–145 kg) by nine different surgeons. A narrow 4.5/5.0 mm LCP (7–16 holes) was used in 14 of the 16 SHAs. Follow‐up was collected 2.5 years after surgery (median; range: 9 weeks to 10 years). Major complications related to the SHAs were noted in 4 of the 13 horses alive long term, consisting of implant failure (n = 1), surgical site infection (n = 2), and scapular fracture (n = 1). The outcome was graded as excellent in 4, good in 5, and moderate in 4 horses. Two ponies were euthanized because scapulohumeral osteoarthritis and subluxation developed in the contralateral limb.ConclusionAlthough major complications occurred in about one‐third of ponies, SHA with LCP led to long‐term survival with good function in most ponies.Clinical SignificanceSHA with an LCP offers a high chance for good long‐term outcome in small equids although contralateral disease may affect outcome.
Measurement of Dynamic Stress and Strain in Tensile Test Specimens
Authors: Fehr R. O. , Parker E. R. , DeMicheal D. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the investigation detailed in this paper, the tensile strength, the yield strength, and the breakage energy of test specimens (cold-rolled steel and dural) were measured while the specimens were being broken by a force applied at a high rate of speed in a commercial high-velocity impact-testing machine. The dynamic tensile strength, the dynamic yield strength and the dynamic breakage energy were found to be higher than the static values up to the maximum impact velocities of these tests (100 fps). The paper contains: (1) A presentation of some results of these tests. (2) A description of the technique used. (3) A description of the analysis used.
Nozzles for Supersonic Flow Without Shock Fronts
Authors: Shapiro Ascher H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Flow patterns for compressible fluids at supersonic velocities are discussed, and it is shown that shock fronts form when neighboring Mach lines (envelopes of wave fronts originating from point disturbances) intersect. A criterion for divergence of Mach lines is developed for cases in which the passage is symmetrical in two or three dimensions and has a straight axis. This criterion is used as the basis for designing supersonic nozzles and diffusers. The analysis indicates that only a nozzle of infinite length can discharge a parallel stream into a tube of constant cross section without the formation of shock fronts. Methods are presented for designing nozzles of finite length, with the intensity of shock fronts reduced to as small a value as possible, and it is shown that nozzles of reasonable length may be designed so that shock fronts are insignificant. Experimental observations indicate that the proposed method of nozzle design is a practical one. With regard to supersonic diffusers having a straight axis, it is shown that shock fronts cannot be avoided, even though the diffuser is of infinite length. However, the methods of this paper may be used as an aid in determining the best diffuser design.
Theory of Wire Drawing
Authors: Davis E. A. , Dokos S. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A theory of wire drawing is presented in which the force required to produce plastic deformation of a wire passing through a die may be determined. The calculations are based upon information obtained from an ordinary tension test of the material to be drawn. Unlike previous mathematical treatments where the metals were assumed to be ideally plastic, the strain-hardening of the wire being drawn is considered.
Influence of Rate of Strain and Temperature on Yield Stresses of Mild Steel
Authors: Manjoine M. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the influence of rate of strain and temperature on the yield stresses of mild steel. Tensile tests are reported for room temperature, 200, 400, and 600 C, at rates of strain which vary from 10−8 to 103 per sec. The results of these tensile tests are plotted to show more clearly the effects of strain-aging on the yield stresses and ultimate stress. The comparison of the yield stress at various strain rates permits an analysis of the influence of strain. The conditions necessary for discontinuous yielding are described and compared with test experiences.
An Analytical Theory of Landing-Shock Effects on an Airplane Considered as an Elastic Body
Authors: Keller E. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An analytical method of determining the accelerations at any point P (x, y, z) of an airplane during landing is given. The method is applicable to any type airplane with either tricycle or conventional landing gear. The shock-strut forces are determined by a method previously published. A criterion for the mechanism of a broken spar is sought. Calculations are carried out for no particular airplane, but representative values of parameters for four-engined transports are employed.
Elastic Wave Propagation in Strongly Nonlinear Lattices and Its Active Control
Authors: Song Mitao , Zhu Weidong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work studies elastic wave propagation in strongly nonlinear periodic systems and its active control with specific attention to an infinite mass-in-mass lattice. Piezoelectric materials are applied to it to provide active control loads to manipulate band structures of the lattice. Governing equations of the active mass-in-mass lattice with cubic nonlinearities are established. The control loads are modeled by using linear piezoelectric springs. Due to phase differences among vibrations of different cells during wave propagation, a series of delay functions with different delays are used to represent the steady-state of a traveling wave. The incremental harmonic balance method for delay dynamic systems is employed in this case to calculate periodic solutions of the lattice. The fast Fourier transform is employed to construct the Jacobian matrix of the Newton–Raphson iteration to avoid a large number of Galerkin integrations, and thus, the efficiency is significantly improved. Amplitude-dependent dispersion curves are calculated using results of the linearized system as an initial guess for the iteration. The results are compared with existing results in the literature, which demonstrates that the present method is efficient for wave propagation analysis of strongly nonlinear structures. Effects of nonlinearities, the mass ratio, and different control actions on band structures of the mass-in-mass lattice are investigated through a comprehensive parametric study. Numerical results show that the band structures can be influenced by nonlinearities of the lattice. New stopbands and critical wave numbers can be created by the control actions.
Vision-Based Uncertainty-Aware Lane Keeping Strategy Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Kim Myounghoe , Seo Joohwan , Lee Mingoo , Choi Jongeun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recent deep learning techniques promise high hopes for self-driving cars while there are still many issues to be addressed such as uncertainties (e.g., extreme weather conditions) in learned models. In this work, for the uncertainty-aware lane keeping, we first propose a convolutional mixture density network (CMDN) model that estimates the lateral position error, the yaw angle error, and their corresponding uncertainties from the camera vision. We then establish a vision-based uncertainty-aware lane keeping strategy in which a high-level reinforcement learning policy hierarchically modulates the reference longitudinal speed as well as the low-level lateral control. Finally, we evaluate the robustness of our strategy against the uncertainties of the learned CMDN model coming from unseen or noisy situations, as compared to the conventional lane keeping strategy without taking into account such uncertainties. Our uncertainty-aware strategy outperformed the conventional lane keeping strategy, without a lane departure in our test scenario during high-uncertainty periods with random occurrences of fog and rain situations on the road. The successfully trained deep reinforcement learning agent slows down the vehicle speed and tries to minimize the lateral error during high uncertainty situations similarly to what human drivers would do in such situations.
Optimized Design of Multi-Material Cellular Structures by a Level-Set Method With Guyan Reduction
Authors: Chung Hayoung , Du Zongliang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Owing to their tailorable physical properties, periodic cellular structures are considered promising materials for use in various engineering applications. To fully leverage the potential of such structures, it will be necessary to develop a design method that is capable of producing material layouts that are not only intricate but at the same time, readily manufacturable. This paper presents a topology optimization framework for designing well-connected and exact-sized multi-material cellular structures that are to be subjected to temperature change. In this framework, multi-material layouts within designable unit cells are represented using level-set functions and corresponding Boolean operations. The connectivity between exact-sized cells, advantageous in realizing the optimal designs, is guaranteed because of a common length scale assumed between these unit cells and the macrostructure. Increase in the number of degree-of-freedoms and concomitant storage requirements are minimized by applying the Guyan reduction method, in which the secondary degree-of-freedom is condensed out to reduce the size of the discretized model. The design capabilities of the proposed method were investigated using several numerical models. The optimized material layouts show that the presented method can create innovative designs facilitating the thermal expansion to improve the performance and enhance overall layouts’ stiffness in different ways, especially when the design is constituted of multiple materials.
Reducing negative emotions in children using social robots: systematic review
Authors: Littler Brenda Kimbembi Maleco , Alessa Tourkiah , Dimitri Paul , Smith Christine , de Witte Luc 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundFor many children, visiting the hospital can lead to a state of increased anxiety. Social robots are being explored as a possible tool to reduce anxiety and distress in children attending a clinical or hospital environment. Social robots are designed to communicate and interact through movement, music and speech.ObjectiveThis systematic review aims at assessing the current evidence on the types of social robots used and their impact on children’s anxiety or distress levels when visiting the hospital for outpatient appointments or planned admissions.MethodsDatabases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, PsychINFO and Google Scholar were queried for papers published between January 2009 and August 2020 reporting the use of social robots interacting with children in hospital or clinical environments.ResultsA total of 10 studies were located and included. Across these 10 studies, 7 different types of robots were used. Anxiety and distress were found to be reduced in the children who interacted with a social robot.ConclusionsOverall, the evidence suggests that social robots hold a promising role in reducing levels of anxiety or distress in children visiting the hospital. However, research on social robots is at an early stage and requires further studies to strengthen the evidence base.