bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Concept for Totally Integrated Automation (TIA) Using Siemens Bus System and WinCC Online Control
Authors: Frederking T. , Gadow R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Total quality management requires definite process control as well as online diagnostics, if applied in industrial surface refinement by thermal spraying. A concept for integrated online diagnostics for the high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) flame spray process is presented using Siemens S7-300 programmable logic controller and PC-based Siemens WinCC (Windows Control Center) visualization software. The standard functionality of the WinCC programming environment can be extended by C-scripts. The integrated database allows to protocol the relevant process parameters periodically for total quality assurance. Also particle flux imaging software tools can be implemented to adjust online process parameters and for process diagnostic purposes. The Siemens bus system hierarchy thereby provides high speed communication skills for field bus level data exchange and for supervising system components, e.g. CCD-cameras. The interconnection between S7-300 PLC, 6-axis-robot and a novel WinCC software tool enables definite automatic changes of recipes during the coating process to generate functionally graded coatings.
Development of Tailored Metallographic Preparation Techniques for Thermally Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Kharlanova E. , Lafrenière S. , Kim G.E. , Brzezinski T.A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to properly characterize the entire deposition process, evaluation of the coating, including a reliable metallographic preparation technique which reveals the true microstructure, must be performed. Often, recommended metallographic sample preparation methods for thermally sprayed coatings are generic and are not tailored to specific materials. They are time-consuming and, in some cases, may provide inaccurate details (pull-outs, smearing, etc). This could lead to a wrong interpretation of the coating quality. The aim of the investigation was to develop new metallographic sample preparation procedures tailored to different types of coatings (metallic, ceramic, multilayer and composites), in order to reveal a more representative microstructure. A comparative study of different preparation procedures for the examination of various as-sprayed coatings is presented using an optical microscope. The coatings were deposited by atmospheric and vacuum plasma spray (APS and VPS) and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) processes. A separate approach is recommended for choosing the right metallographic preparation procedure for ceramic, metallic, or composite coatings. Applied load and positioning of the mounted sample during preparation are identified as key factors in developing proper procedures. The microhardness of the coating must be considered when determining the applied load. Interesting practical trends in preparation procedures that may lead to superior coating representation and, in some instances, cost and time savings are presented.
Development of Highly Wear Resistant Coatings for Deflector Blades in Paper Industry
Authors: Fritsch A. , Gadow R. , Killinger A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the sieve section of a paper producing machine, where the formation of paper occurs, a polyethylene sieve is guided over a set of ceramic blades to remove the water in the paper slurry. These sieves are running with velocities of 70 km/h and more. The high velocities lead to defects in the tissue structure of the sieve as well as on the blades. Moreover the presence of high abrasive particles like kaolin and carbonates in the paper slurry as well as its corrosive characteristics enforce the material wear. Present solutions include bulk ceramic blades but they cause defects on the sieves and they are quite expensive. New solutions are desired where these bulk ceramic blades can be replaced by intelligent coating systems that on one hand exhibit an extraordinarily high wear resistance but can minimize the wear of the PE sieve on the other hand. The presentation gives first results obtained by different types of ceramic and cermetic coating systems manufactured by thermal spray technology.
Relation Between Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Porosity in Thick Zircon and Alumina Coatings
Authors: Rohan P. , Chraska P. , Ctibor P. , Neufuss K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For utilization of free-standing ceramic parts produced by plasma spraying it is very important to know the temperature dependence of the linear thermal expansion coefficient and its relation to the porosity of the structure. Zircon ZrSiO4 and gray alumina (96 wt % AI2O3) were plasma sprayed by the water stabilized plasma gun WSP PAL 160. Samples of both materials were cut from thick coatings with respect to their orientation to the gun axis during the gun's horizontal spraying cycling with a constant speed. Thermal expansion coefficients and the differential thermal analysis were performed using SETARAM complex measuring system (up to 1750 °C), the density/porosity was measured by several techniques, such as Archimedean weighing, helium pycnometry, etc. It was found that both, the porosity and the thermal expansion coefficient, change for different locations in the thick deposit due to the varying trajectories of individual particles/droplets in the plasma stream. Measured data for deposits are then compared with data for bulk ceramics. The dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient on porosity in a given location was determined and its general applicability for free-standing plasma spraying is then discussed in the paper.
Sliding Wear Behavior as a Criterion for Replacement of Chromium Electroplate by Tungsten Carbide (WC) Thermal Spray Coatings in Aircraft Applications
Authors: Savarimuthu A.C. , Megat I. , Taber H.F. , Shadley J.R. , Rybicki E.F. , Emery W.A. , Nuse J.D. , Somerville D.A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Tungsten Carbide (WC) thermal spray coatings have had increased acceptance in commercial aircraft applications driven by the desire to replace chromium electroplate due to environmental and economic considerations [1]. In order to confidently replace chromium electroplate by WC thermal spray coatings, evaluation of wear and fatigue characteristics of the WC thermal spray coatings is necessary. For WC thermal spray coatings to replace chromium electroplate in aircraft applications, the coatings must demonstrate wear and fatigue characteristics as good as or better than those of chrome plating. Previous research in this area has shown that the fatigue life of the WC thermal spray coatings can be improved by inducing compressive stresses in the coating. This paper compares the wear characteristics of several types of WC thermal spray coatings with those of chromium electroplate in sliding wear tests following the "block-on-ring" procedures described in ASTM G77 standard. Wear results are interpreted in terms of coating residual stresses and in terms of X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis.
PTA Reclamation of Cast Iron Substrates Using Tape Casting Process—The Role of the Organic Binder Concentration
Authors: Leylavergne M. , Chartier T. , Grimaud A. , Fauchais P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Plasma transferred arc (PTA) is now currently used for reclamation of worn materials or to provide wear or corrosion resistant coatings welded to the base material. Instead of injecting the powder in the molten pool created at the coated surface, another way to coat substrate surface before the PTA treatment has been studied. As the powder can not be simply deposited on the substrate surface because of the plasma flow which would blow it off before melting it, a tape casting process was used to obtain an adherent powder layer on the material surface. Its cohesion and adhesion to the substrate are due to the organic binder contained in the tape to form organic bridges between particles. In this paper, the electrical properties of NiCu (70/30) tapes deposited on cast iron substrates were first studied. It has been shown that the binder led to a low electrical conductivity of the layer. PTA treatment of the casted tapes has been carried out by starting the electrical arc on the metallic cast iron substrates. The process control by CCD camera allowed to observe that the NiCu particles fell in the melting pool created at the substrate surface. The study of the obtained alloy compositions has shown the drastic influence of the initial binder concentration in the tape. Moreover, before being treated by PTA, some NiCu tapes were heated in a furnace at 1100°C for 4 hours to remove the organic binder and sinter the layer. The coatings thus produced, which were characterized by a low electrical resistivity and a good adhesion to the substrate, were then treated by PTA. The surfacing alloy properties were compared to those obtained without heat treatment.
Thermal-Spray Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Phase Changes During Annealing
Authors: Ilavsky J. , Wallace J. , Stalick J.K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Phase stability of the thermal barrier deposits made from yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ) is a requirement for extended service lifetime. The response of Y-PSZ plasma-sprayed deposits to annealing at 1000 °C, 1200 °C, and 1400 °C with times from 1 to 1000 hours has been evaluated using Rietveld analysis of neutron diffraction data. Results show that yttria concentration of the as-sprayed tetragonal zirconia component generally decreased with increasing annealing temperature and time. As the yttria content in the tetragonal phase approached a limiting concentration, the tetragonal phase transformed into monoclinic phase on cooling. An increase in monoclinic phase content was clearly observable after annealing 24 hours at 1400 °C and was nearly 35 % after 100 hours at 1400 °C. A similar trend was observed at 1200 °C for longer annealing times, with monoclinic phase formation beginning after 400 hours. At 1000 °C experimental times were not sufficient for monoclinic phase to form although a decrease in the yttria concentration in the tetragonal phase was observed. Keywords: neutron scattering, yttria-stabilized zirconia, phase composition, Rietveld analysis
Characterization of Mechanical Properties of TBCs via a Taguchi Experimental Design
Authors: Kucuk A. , Berndt C.C. , Senturk U. , Lima R.S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Experimental designs have been used by the thermal spray community to improve and optimize spray parameters to produce coatings with desired properties. The influence of four spray parameters including top and bond coat thicknesses, substrate temperature, and spray distance on the mechanical properties of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings has been examined. Two experimental matrices; (i) a four by nine according to a Taguchi experimental design, and (ii) a four by seventeen according to a full factorial design of the experiment, were developed. Six samples from each group were tested using a four point bend arrangement. Yield strength and elastic modulus were calculated from the four point bend test. A multi-linear regression analysis on yield strength and elastic modulus values from each experimental matrix was carried out to determine the influence of each spray parameter on these properties. The multi-linear regression analysis results for these two experimental matrixes are compared.
Extension of Life of Thermal Barrier Sprayed Coatings by Incorporating MoSi2
Authors: Sonoya K. , Tobe S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Trends of turbine blades of advanced aircraft gas turbine engines are to increase output power of the engines, to increase engine efficiency, and to reduce environmental emission, and thus, higher operating temperatures of the engines are required. One of the technologies for increasing the operating temperature is a thermal barrier splayed coating. A research paper claims that molybdenum silicide in a splayed coating has a self-healing capability for cracks formed in the coating by embedding the cracks with silicon dioxide formed from molybdenum silicide at high temperatures. This article discusses the methods for the extension of life of thermal barrier sprayed coatings by incorporating molybdenum silicide. It discusses monitoring method for detecting cracking conditions in heating and cooling cycles by signals of acoustic emission. A possibility of estimating fatigue life by utilizing an X-ray method for measuring residual stress is also considered.
Influence of Starting Powder Properties on Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Malléner W. , Rauwald K.-H. , Vaßen R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With a view to the development of thermal barrier coatings on turbine blades, such coatings were developed on the basis of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 and optimized with respect to their reproducibility. Particular attention was given to the spray efficiency and, in particular, the coating porosity. The porosity was measured by Hg porosimetry, which proved to be a reliable method of characterization. The plasma gas flows play an important role for a high reproducibility of the coating properties. High reproducibility of the porosity and spray efficiency was achieved for low argon flows, for which the influences of all the other parameters, such as electric arc current, meandering and sample cooling during plasma spraying or the cathode operating time of the burner, were of minor relevance for the coating properties. The spray efficiency is clearly influenced by the given powder rate and the carrier gas flow for the type of burner used. The change of the grain fraction in the plasma jet was examined for two different powders. Finally, thermal cycling tests were carried out and evaluated for pre-optimized thermal barrier coating samples.
The Isothermal Oxidation Behaviors of APS NiCrAlY Bond Coatings
Authors: Choi H.S. , Moon J.Y. , Lee C.H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The isothermal oxidation behaviors of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY bond coatings were evaluated. Two unique microstructures, characterized by oxide stringers and improperly flattened zones can be observed in the APS bond coatings. Structure and chemical composition of the oxide stringers were examined by TEM and EDS. Improperly flattened zones had a high density of open porosities. These features affected the oxidation behaviors at both transient and steady state stages. Under transient oxidation, NiO, Cr2O3, and α-Al2O3 were present together on the surface. Oxide stringers and improperly flattened zones had an especially high density of NiO and Cr2O3, which implied that these regions had inherently lower contents of Al. During steady state oxidation, continuous α-Al2O3 reduced the diffusion rate of oxygen and, in turn, the rate of isothermal oxidation. Over longer oxidation times, the depletion of Al led to the formation of NiAl2O4 and Cr2O3 layers along with hemispherical protrusions.
An ASM Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio of Thermal Spray Coatings Bonded to a Substrate
Authors: Shadley J.R. , Rybicki E.F. , Xiong Y. , McGrann R.T.R. , Savarimuthu A.C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In situ values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for thermal spray coatings are needed to evaluate properties and characteristics of thermal spray coatings such as residual stresses, in-service stresses, bond strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth rates. It is important to have methods documented in detail so that people can follow the document and use the methods. Such a document requires more pages than are allowed in conference proceeding and journal papers. Thus, Recommended Practices and Standards describing these methods are needed. Currently, there is not a recommended practice or standard for evaluating Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for thermal spray coatings. The ASM International Thermal Spray Society has recognized this need and formed a committee on Recommended Practices for Thermal Spray Coatings. This paper describes one of the recommended practices being written by the Mechanical Properties Evaluation Subcommittee of the Recommended Practices Committee. The specimen is a coated substrate in the form of a cantilever beam. The method is easy to use and inexpensive. The equipment needed is a vise or clamping fixture, strain gages, a strain indicator, a micrometer, a ruler, a hanger, and a set of weights. The specimen is easy to machine and spray. The loading is easy to apply and remains constant during readings. The method can be used to evaluate Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in tension or compression. A description of the method, a verification, and a sensitivity analysis was done and published in Reference [1]. Some of the details of implementing the method and the data sheet are presented here.
Advanced Thermal Spray Coatings for Fatigue Sensitive Applications
Authors: Quets J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Wear resistant thermal spray coatings are hard but brittle, making them useless for applications sensitive to metal fatigue. New coatings have been developed, however, that resist crack formation under load as well corrosion and wear. This study compares the properties and behaviors of many of these coatings along with chrome plating using standard test methods.
Development of Machine Element OEM and Repair Specifications
Authors: Sampson E.R. , Sulit R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
MIL-STD-1687 (SH) has been in use for many years as one of the specifications that the United States Military performs thermal spray operations at overhaul facilities. The U.S. NAVY has asked AWS (American Welding Society) to develop an ANSI/AWS national standard to replace it and then provide long range maintenance of the new specification when necessary. This paper discusses both the procedure used to develop this standard and the content of the specification. Particular attention will be paid to the quality controls, training of operators and use of other specifications to accomplish compliance with this specification. The approval process for this document will be discussed with a probable time line including a plan to publicize and smoothly replace the MIL-STD-1687 (SH) specification. The further integration and use of it globally will be discussed and recommendations presented. The new standard will be in harmony with the ISO thermal spray standards program.
Characterization of Thermal Sprayed Coatings with Lock-In Thermography
Authors: Wielage B. , Hofmann U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Lock-in thermography is a nondestructive inspection method based on modulated heat transport in combination with infrared imaging. Measurement times are relatively short, about 3 or 4 minutes, and the method is amenable to inspecting a wide range of large and small parts. This paper describes the basic principle behind the method and its application to different thermal sprayed coatings (e.g., Cr-steel, Al2O3). It explains how the test samples were prepared with artificial defects simulating delaminations, inclusions, and other types of imperfections and how the method performed in each case.
On-Line Control of Particle Spray Jet and Residual Stresses in Plasma Sprays
Authors: Renault T. , Vardelle M. , Grimaud A. , Fauchais P. , Hoffman H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The quality of plasma sprayed coatings depends strongly on substrate surface preparation, especially roughness, grit residue, and oxidation stage; particle spray jet position and size relative to the plasma jet; impacting particle distribution; particle velocity, temperature, and size prior to impact; substrate temperature; and pass thickness. A simple and low-cost spray and deposit control system developed in our laboratory allows to monitor on-line the position, shape, and centroid of the hot particle spray jet. Such a tool has proved to be very sensitive to any drift in powder injection conditions and torch input parameters. Although it gives no direct information on particle velocity and temperature, this system can be easily implemented in an industrial environment and help to maintain constant the particle parameters during spraying. A CCD camera is used in conjunction with a pyrometer making it possible to measure simultaneously substrate temperature. The system can monitor coating parameters such as deposition efficiency and residual stresses. This paper describes how the system can be used to set the tolerance range of process input parameters to obtain coating parameters within given specifications.
HIDING CRITICAL INFORMATION WHEN TRAINING LANGUAGE MODELS
Authors: Evtushenko A. 
Published: July 2021

Machine learning language models are combinations of algorithms and neural networks designed for text processing composed in natural language (Natural Language Processing, NLP).
In 2020, the largest language model from the artificial intelligence research company OpenAI, GPT-3, was released, the maximum number of parameters of which reaches 175 billion. The parameterization of the model increased by more than 100 times made it possible to improve the quality of generated texts to a level that is hard to distinguish from human-written texts. It is noteworthy that this model was trained on a training dataset mainly collected from open sources on the Internet, the volume of which is estimated at 570 GB.
This article discusses the problem of memorizing critical information, in particular, personal data of individual, at the stage of training large language models (GPT-2/3 and derivatives), and also describes an algorithmic approach to solving this problem, which consists in additional preprocessing training dataset and refinement of the model inference in the context of generating pseudo-personal data and embedding into the results of work on the tasks of summarization, text generation, formation of answers to questions and others from the field of seq2seq.
MODERNISATION METHODS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Authors: Akbarova E. , Rakhmatullin I. 
Published: July 2021

Today, one of the most widespread processes in modern oil refining is the production and purification of hydrogen, which is used in the production of ammonia, methanol, and plastics. Without it, the production of high-quality motor fuels is impossible, since this gas is involved in the hydrogenation process (hydrotreating) [1].
Currently, at oil refineries and petrochemical plants, hydrogen is obtained in two ways: from natural gas by steam reforming into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas), in a catalytic reforming unit, where a mixture of hydrogen and light hydrocarbon gases (hydrogen-containing gas) is released. Most modern oil refineries have a hydrogen production unit, its widespread use in industry is explained by its chemical activity, ease of production and high exothermicity of the process [2].
Prawno-organizacyjne ramy wychowania przedszkolnego w Polsce
Authors: Kurzyna-Chmiel Danuta 
Published: July 2021

W artykule zostały przedstawione prawno-organizacyjne ramy wychowania przedszkolnego w naszym kraju. Wychowanie to należy uznać za ważny etap w rozwoju dziecka. W celu realizacji postulatu szerszej jego dostępności stworzono możliwość zakładania nie tylko przedszkoli publicznych, ale też przedszkoli niepublicznych, innych form wychowania przedszkolnego i oddziałów przedszkolnych w szkołach podstawowych. Istnieje też wyraźna regulacja prawna procesu rekrutacji do placówek publicznych i opłat za sprawowaną w nich opiekę. Podmiotami odpowiedzialnymi za realizację zadania publicznego polegającego na zapewnieniu opieki przedszkolnej uprawnionym dzieciom są gminy. Przede wszystkim, prowadzą one publiczne placówki samorządowe, kontrolują placówki niepubliczne funkcjonujące na ich terenie oraz zapewniają bezpłatny dowóz dzieciom i opiekę podczas jego trwania.