bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warm-season net CO2 uptake outweighs cold-season emissions over Alaskan North Slope tundra under current and RCP8.5 climate
Authors: Tao Jing , Zhu Qing , Riley William J , Neumann Rebecca B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Arctic warming has increased vegetation growth and soil respiration during recent decades. The rate of Arctic warming will likely amplify over the 21st century. Previous studies have revealed that the most severe Arctic warming occurred during the cold season (September to May). The cold-season warming has posited significant CO2 emissions to the atmosphere via respiration, possibly offsetting warm-season (June to August) net CO2 uptake. However, prevailing Earth system land models poorly represent cold-season CO2 emissions, making estimates of Arctic tundra annual CO2 budgets highly uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that an improved version of the energy exascale Earth system model (E3SM) land model (ELMv1-ECA) captures the large amount of cold-season CO2 emissions over Alaskan Arctic tundra as reported by two independent, observationally-constrained datasets. We found that the recent seven-decades warming trend of cold-season soil temperature is three times that of the warm-season. The climate sensitivity of warm-season net CO2 uptake, however, is threefold higher than for the cold-season net CO2 loss, mainly due to stronger plant resilience than microbial resilience to hydroclimatic extremes. Consequently, the modeled warm-season net CO2 uptake has a larger positive trend (0.74 ± 0.14 gC m−2 yr−1) than that of cold-season CO2 emissions (0.64 ± 0.11 gC m−2 yr−1) from 1950 to 2017, supported by enhanced plant nutrient uptake and increased light- and water-use efficiency. With continued warming and elevated CO2 concentrations under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, the increasing rate of warm-season net CO2 uptake is more than twice the rate of cold-season emissions (1.33 ± 0.32 gC m−2 yr−1 vs 0.50 ± 0.12 gC m−2 yr−1), making the modeled Alaskan Arctic tundra ecosystem a net CO2 sink by 2100. However, other geomorphological and ecological disturbances (e.g. abrupt permafrost thaw, thermokarst development, landscape-scale hydrological changes, wildfire, and insects) that are not considered here might alter our conclusion.
Exact densities of loops in O(1) dense loop model and of clusters in critical percolation on a cylinder
Authors: Povolotsky A M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We obtain exact densities of contractible and non-contractible loops in the O(1) model on a strip of the square lattice rolled into an infinite cylinder of finite even circumference L. They are also equal to the densities of critical percolation clusters on 45 degree rotated square lattice rolled into a cylinder, which do not or do wrap around the cylinder respectively. The results are presented as explicit rational functions of L taking rational values for any even L. Their asymptotic expansions in the large L limit have irrational coefficients reproducing the earlier results in the leading orders. The solution is based on a mapping to the six-vertex model and the use of technique of Baxter’s T–Q equation.
Rare extinction events in cyclic predator–prey games
Authors: Serrao Shannon R , Ritmeester Tim , Meyer-Ortmanns Hildegard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the May–Leonard model of three cyclically competing species, we analyze the statistics of rare events in which all three species go extinct due to strong but rare fluctuations. These fluctuations are from the tails of the probability distribution of species concentrations. They render a coexistence of three populations unstable even if the coexistence is stable in the deterministic limit. We determine the mean time to extinction (MTE) by using a WKB-ansatz in the master equation that represents the stochastic description of this model. This way, the calculation is reduced to a problem of classical mechanics and amounts to solving a Hamilton–Jacobi equation with zero-energy Hamiltonian. We solve the corresponding Hamilton’s equations of motion in six-dimensional phase space numerically by using the Iterative Action Minimization Method. This allows to project on the optimal path to extinction, starting from a parameter choice where the three-species coexistence-fixed point undergoes a Hopf bifurcation and becomes stable. Specifically for our system of three species, extinction events can be triggered along various paths to extinction, differing in their intermediate steps. We compare our analytical predictions with results from Gillespie simulations for two-species extinctions, complemented by an analytical calculation of the MTE in which the remaining third species goes extinct. From Gillespie simulations we also analyze how the distributions of times to extinction (TE) change upon varying the bifurcation parameter. Our results shed some light on the sensitivity of the TE to system parameters. Even within the same model and the same dynamical regime, which allows a stable coexistence of species in the deterministic limit, the MTE depends on the distance from the bifurcation point in a way that contains the system size dependence in the exponent. It is challenging and worthwhile to quantify how rare the rare events of extinction are.
The acceleration mechanism of shock wave induced by millisecond-nanosecond combined-pulse laser on silicon
Authors: LI Jingyi , ZHANG Wei , ZHOU Yu , YUAN Boshi , CAI Jixing , JIN Guangyong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The velocity variation law of shock wave induced by millisecond-nanosecond combined-pulse laser has been investigated experimentally. The pulse delay and laser energy are important experimental variables. The method of laser shadowgraphy is used in the experiment. Experimental results show that when the pulse delay is 2.4 ms, the ms and ns laser energy density is 301 J cm−2 and 12 J cm−2, respectively, the velocity of shock wave is 1.09 times faster than that induced by single ns pulse laser. It is inferred that the shock wave propagates in the plasma is faster than that in air. When the ms and ns laser energy density is 414.58 and 24 J cm−2, the velocity of shock wave shows rising trend with pulse delay in a range of 1.4 ms > Δt > 0.8 ms. It is indicated that with the increase of ns laser energy, the laser energy absorbed by laser-supported absorption wave increases. The mechanism of inverse bremsstrahlung absorption acts with target surface absorption simultaneously during the ns laser irradiation. Thus, the phenomenon of the double shock wave is induced. The numerical results of the phenomenon were accordance with experiment. The results of this research can provide a reference for the field of laser propulsion.
Experimental investigation of the electromagnetic effect and improvement of the plasma radial uniformity in a large-area, very-high frequency capacitive argon discharge
Authors: HAN Daoman , SU Zixuan , ZHAO Kai , LIU Yongxin , GAO Fei , WANG Younian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We performed an experimental investigation on the electromagnetic effect and the plasma radial uniformity in a larger-area, cylindrical capacitively coupled plasma reactor. By utilizing a floating hairpin probe, dependences of the plasma radial density on the driving frequency and the radio-frequency power over a wide pressure range of 5–40 Pa were presented. At a relatively low frequency (LF, e.g. 27 MHz), an evident peak generally appears near the electrode edge for all pressures investigated here due to the edge field effect, while at a very high frequency (VHF, e.g. 60 or 100 MHz), the plasma density shows a sharp peak at the discharge center at lower pressures, indicating a strong standing wave effect. As the RF power increases, the center-peak structure of plasma density becomes more evident. With increasing the pressure, the standing wave effect is gradually overwhelmed by the ‘stop band’ effect, resulting in a transition in the plasma density profile from a central peak to an edge peak. To improve the plasma radial uniformity, a LF source is introduced into the VHF plasma by balancing the standing wave effect with the edge effect. A much better plasma uniformity can be obtained if one chooses appropriate LF powers, pressures and other corresponding discharge parameters.
Hospitalisation without delirium is not associated with cognitive decline in a population-based sample of older people—results from a nested, longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Richardson Sarah J , Lawson Rachael , Davis Daniel H J , Stephan Blossom C M , Robinson Louise , Matthews Fiona E , Brayne Carol , Barnes Linda E , Taylor John-Paul , Parker Stuart G , Allan Louise M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Acute hospitalisation and delirium have individually been shown to adversely affect trajectories of cognitive decline but have not previously been considered together. This work aimed to explore the impact on cognition of hospital admission with and without delirium, compared to a control group with no hospital admissions.

Methods
The Delirium and Cognitive Impact in Dementia (DECIDE) study was nested within the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II (CFAS II)–Newcastle cohort. CFAS II participants completed two baseline interviews, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). During 2016, surviving participants from CFAS II–Newcastle were recruited to DECIDE on admission to hospital. Participants were reviewed daily to determine delirium status.
During 2017, all DECIDE participants and age, sex and years of education matched controls without hospital admissions during 2016 were invited to repeat the CFAS II interview. Delirium was excluded in the control group using the Informant Assessment of Geriatric Delirium Scale (i-AGeD). Linear mixed effects modelling determined predictors of cognitive decline.

Results
During 2016, 82 of 205 (40%) DECIDE participants had at least one episode of delirium. At 1 year, 135 of 205 hospitalised participants completed an interview along with 100 controls. No controls experienced delirium (i-AGeD&gt;4). Delirium was associated with a faster rate of cognitive decline compared to those without delirium (β = −2.2, P &lt; 0.001), but number of hospital admissions was not (P = 0.447).

Conclusions
These results suggest that delirium during hospitalisation rather than hospitalisation per se is a risk factor for future cognitive decline, emphasising the need for dementia prevention studies that focus on delirium intervention.
Lung Cancer Mortality and Styrene Exposure in the Reinforced-Plastics Boatbuilding Industry: Evaluation of Healthy Worker Survivor Bias
Authors: Bertke Stephen J , Keil Alexander P , Daniels Robert D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The evidence for styrene’s being a human lung carcinogen has been inconclusive. Occupational cohorts within the reinforced-plastics industry are an ideal population in which to study this association because of their relatively high levels of exposure to styrene and lack of concomitant exposures to other known carcinogens. However, healthy worker survivor bias (HWSB), where healthier workers stay employed longer and thus have higher exposure potential, is a likely source of confounding bias for exposure-response associations, in part due to styrene’s acute effects. Through December 31, 2016, we studied a cohort of 5,163 boatbuilders exposed to styrene in Washington State who were employed between 1959 and 1978; prior regression analyses had demonstrated little evidence for an exposure-response relationship between styrene exposure and lung cancer mortality. Based on estimates of necessary components of HWSB, we found evidence for a potentially large HWSB. Using g-estimation of a structural nested model to account for HWSB, we estimated that 1 year of styrene exposure at more than 30 parts per million accelerated time to lung cancer death by 2.29 years (95% confidence interval: 1.53, 2.94). Our results suggest possibly strong HWSB in our small cohort and indicate that large, influential studies of styrene-exposed workers may suffer from similar biases, warranting a reassessment of the evidence of long-term health effects of styrene exposure.
Settling the Unsettled: Roles for Belief
Authors: Jackson Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In Unsettled Thoughts, Julia Staffel argues that non-ideal thinkers should seek to approximate ideal Bayesian rationality. She argues that the more rational you are, the more benefits of rationality you will enjoy. After summarizing Staffel's main results, this paper looks more closely at two issues that arise later in the book: the relationship between Bayesian rationality and other kinds of rationality, and the role that outright belief plays in addition to credence. Ultimately, I argue that there are several roles that outright belief might play, and I explore different ways that these roles for belief might fit together.
Transcutaneous Temperature-Controlled Radiofrequency Treatment: Improvement in Female Genital Appearance, Sexual Dysfunction, and Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Desai Sejal Ajmera , Vakil Zahaan , Kroumpouzos George 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Transcutaneous temperature-controlled radiofrequency (TTCRF) treatment is an emerging modality for vulvovaginal rejuvenation. However, clinical experience with this modality is limited.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of TTCRF treatment in improving female genital appearance, sexual function, and stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods
Forty-eight patients complaining of sexual dysfunction (SD; n = 41) and/or SUI (n = 37) were included. Most patients had ≤3 TTCRF sessions. To evaluate the aesthetic results, photographs of the genital area taken before treatment were compared to those taken 6 weeks posttreatment in a blinded manner. Prior to treatment and 6 weeks after the final session, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was administered to participants complaining of SD and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF) to those with complaints/symptoms of SUI. Preprocedure scores were compared with postprocedure scores by paired t test.

Results
Aesthetic improvement was noted in all patients. Preprocedure mean total FSFI score was 21.77 vs the respective postprocedure score of 25.79 (P &lt; 0.00001). Most FSFI domains improved (pre- vs post-TTCRF mean score): sexual desire (from 2.99 to 3.54), arousal (from 3.14 to 3.83), orgasm (from 3.14 to 4.39), pain (from 4.41 to 5.04) (P &lt; 0.00001 for all) and satisfaction (from 3.75 to 4.42; P = 0.001). Mean preprocedure ICIQ-UI-SF score was 10.10 and decreased to 4.81 (P &lt; 0.00001) postprocedure.

Conclusions
A substantial improvement in genital appearance was observed. Assessment based on validated instruments demonstrated significant improvements in sexual function and SUI. TTCRF is a safe and effective treatment for these conditions.

Level of Evidence: 4
The peripheral and core regions of virus-host network of COVID-19
Authors: Wang Bingbo , Dong Xianan , Hu Jie , Ma Xiujuan , Han Chao , Wang Yajun , Gao Lin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Two thousand nineteen novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen of COVID-19, has caused a catastrophic pandemic, which has a profound and widespread impact on human lives and social economy globally. However, the molecular perturbations induced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unknown. In this paper, from the perspective of omnigenic, we analyze the properties of the neighborhood perturbed by SARS-CoV-2 in the human interactome and disclose the peripheral and core regions of virus-host network (VHN). We find that the virus-host proteins (VHPs) form a significantly connected VHN, among which highly perturbed proteins aggregate into an observable core region. The non-core region of VHN forms a large scale but relatively low perturbed periphery. We further validate that the periphery is non-negligible and conducive to identifying comorbidities and detecting drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19. We particularly put forward a flower model for COVID-19, SARS and H1N1 based on their peripheral regions, and the flower model shows more correlations between COVID-19 and other two similar diseases in common functional pathways and candidate drugs. Overall, our periphery-core pattern can not only offer insights into interconnectivity of SARS-CoV-2 VHPs but also facilitate the research on therapeutic drugs.
MHCBI: a pipeline for calculating peptide-MHC binding energy using semi-empirical quantum mechanical methods with explicit/implicit solvent models
Authors: Ortiz-Mahecha Carlos A , Agudelo William A , Patarroyo Manuel A , Patarroyo Manuel E , Suárez Carlos F 
Published: April 2021

AbstractExperimentally estimating peptide–major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) binding affinity has been quite challenging due to the many receptors and the many potential ligands implicated in it. We have thus proposed a straightforward computational methodology considering the different mechanisms involved in pMHC binding to facilitate studying such receptor–ligand interactions. We have developed a pipeline using semi-empirical quantum mechanical methods for calculating pMHC class I and II molecules’ binding energy (BE). This pipeline can systematize the methodology for calculating pMHC system BE, enabling the rational design of T-cell epitopes to be used as pharmaceuticals and vaccines.
A Framework for the Eltonian Niche of Humans
Authors: Moll Remington J , Killion Alexander K , Hayward Matt W , Montgomery Robert A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent research has highlighted several influential roles that humans play in ecosystems, including that of a superpredator, hyperkeystone species, and niche constructor. This work has begun to describe the Eltonian niche of humans, which encompasses humanity's cumulative ecological and evolutionary roles in trophic systems. However, we lack a unifying framework that brings together these strands of research, links them to ecoevolutionary and sociocultural theory, and identifies current research needs. In this article, we present such a framework in hope of facilitating a more holistic approach to operationalizing human roles in trophic systems across an increasingly anthropogenic biosphere. The framework underscores how humans play numerous nuanced roles in trophic systems, from top-down to bottom-up, that entail not only pernicious effects but also benefits for many nonhuman species. Such a nuanced view of the Eltonian niche of humans is important for understanding complex social–ecological system functioning and enacting effective policies and conservation measures.
Omitting completion axillary lymph node dissection after detection of sentinel node micrometastases in breast cancer: first results from the prospective SENOMIC trial
Authors: Andersson Y , Bergkvist L , Frisell J , de Boniface J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Completion axillary lymph node dissection has been abandoned widely among patients with breast cancer and sentinel lymph node micrometastases, based on evidence from prospective RCTs. Inclusion in these trials has been subject to selection bias, with patients undergoing mastectomy being under-represented. The aim of the SENOMIC (omission of axillary lymph node dissection in SENtinel NOde MICrometases) trial was to confirm the safety of omission of axillary lymph node dissection in patients with breast cancer and sentinel lymph node micrometastases, and including patients undergoing mastectomy.

Methods
The prospective SENOMIC multicentre cohort trial enrolled patients with breast cancer and sentinel lymph node micrometastases who had breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy at one of 23 Swedish hospitals between October 2013 and March 2017. No completion axillary lymph node dissection was performed. The primary endpoint was event-free survival, with a trial accrual target of 452 patients. Survival proportions were based on Kaplan–Meier survival estimates.

Results
The trial included 566 patients. Median follow-up was 38 (range 7–67) months. The 3-year event-free survival rate was 96.2 per cent, based on 26 reported breast cancer recurrences, including five isolated axillary recurrences. The unadjusted 3-year event-free survival rate was higher than anticipated, but differed between patients who had mastectomy and those who underwent breast-conserving surgery (93.8 versus 97.8 per cent respectively; P = 0.011). Patients who underwent mastectomy had significantly worse tumour characteristics. On univariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, patients who had mastectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy had a significantly higher risk of recurrence than those who underwent breast-conserving surgery (hazard ratio 2.91, 95 per cent c.i. 1.25 to 6.75).

Conclusion
After 3 years, event-free survival was excellent in patients with breast cancer and sentinel node micrometastases despite omission of axillary lymph node dissection. Long-term follow-up and continued enrolment of patients having mastectomy, especially those not receiving adjuvant radiotherapy, are of utmost importance.
The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options
Authors: Wang Qing , Luo Yuqi , Ray Chaudhuri K , Reynolds Richard , Tan Eng-King , Pettersson Sven 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with Parkinson’s disease shows unique changes, which may be used as early biomarkers of disease. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition may be related to the cause or effect of motor or non-motor symptoms, but the specific pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. The gut microbiota and its metabolites have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease by regulating neuroinflammation, barrier function and neurotransmitter activity. There is bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and the CNS, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis may provide a pathway for the transmission of α-synuclein. We highlight recent discoveries about alterations to the gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease and focus on current mechanistic insights into the microbiota-gut-brain axis in disease pathophysiology. Moreover, we discuss the interactions between the production and transmission of α-synuclein and gut inflammation and neuroinflammation. In addition, we draw attention to diet modification, the use of probiotics and prebiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation as potential therapeutic approaches that may lead to a new treatment paradigm for Parkinson’s disease.
Chemosensory Loss during a Traumatic Brain Injury Suggests a Central Pathway for the Rehabilitation of Anosmia
Authors: Laing David G , Epps Adrienne , Jinks Anthony L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Currently, no method has been developed for rehabilitating olfaction in anosmic patients following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here a method for rehabilitation is described which is based on a recent finding that the human posterior pyriform cortex (PPC) generates predictive odor “search images” in advance of an encounter with an olfactory stimulus. The search image enhances perceptual sensitivity and allows the odor it represents to be identified without input occurring from the olfactory receptors or bulbs. Furthermore, based on the finding here that anosmics with a TBI often have normal trigeminal and gustatory function, it is proposed that normality in these chemosensory systems may indicate that key cortical regions including the PPC are intact in anosmics and capable of processing olfactory information. In addition, the results of chemosensory tests of the olfactory, gustatory, and intranasal trigeminal systems of 18 patients with a TBI are given that identify which patients would most likely benefit from the rehabilitation procedure.