bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A block cipher algorithm developed using Magic Square in the seventh Order
Authors: Alattar Ibrahim Malik , Abdul Monem Rahma S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper use the magic square of order 7 to develop Block encryption algorithms that work for encoding color images and text in GF(P) and GF(28). The algorithm use key with length = 35 and a message with length =14 are used, First, the keys are placed in the previously agreed positions and the remaining positions remain for the message, then the magic sum for each of them is calculated. Complexity, velocity, NIST calculations, and histogram calculations were calculated and the results were compared with the 5th degree magic square, where the complexity was with using GF(P) = (256)14× (P)35and using GF(28) = (256)14× (256)35, The magic square of the seventh degree is better than the magic square of the fifth degree in cryptography in terms of complexity and a slight difference in speed.
Estimation of a Mathematical Model for Theoretical Measuring of Plasma Electrons Mobility at Different Concentrations of He-Cu Mixture
Authors: Abbas Ali Rafid. , Hamed Baidaa , Al-obaidi Maysam T. , Abbas Asaad M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The current study presented data estimated from theoretical calculation which indicate the possibility of measuring the mobility of electrons based on the change in the resistance of plasma in a thermodynamic equilibrium situated in an electric field. The mobility of electrons present in decaying plasma were studied numerically in external electric field in the mixture of Helium-Copper (He:Cu) and under atmospheric pressure. The mobility of electrons at several mixture concentrations and varied reduced electric field has been calculated earlier using the solution of the Boltzmann equation. BOLSIG+ simulation method has been utilized in order to verify results obtained from Boltzmann distribution analysis. Analysis consisted of two steps: the first of which was the use of a reduced electric field limited between 0-20 Td; the second applying of reduced electric field limited between 20-100 Td. Results are shown high matching between the introduced/estimated model and the original model with mean square error in the range of (0.0001) for the first part and (0.0005) for the second part.
Synthesizing nanocomposite TiO2@ZnFe2O4 using a simple one-pot solvothermal technique
Authors: Rsen Zainab D. , Yousif Qahtan.A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper reports solvothermically the synthesis of TiO2@ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite. It was synthesized and characterized by several procedures with a weight ratio of 2 percent. X-ray diffraction tests were detected at 24.45° to show the typical weak peaks in TiO2@ZnFe2O4, confirming TiO2 (anatase) at 30.10°, 35.47°, 41.06°, 45.64°, 56.64° and 62.51°, which represent a characteristic peak of the ZnFe2O4 - orientations (220), (311), (400), (422), (511) and (440), respectively. The nanocomposite has been found to have significant peaks at 311° and 411°. The preparation of TiO2@ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite is confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared. FESEM was also conducted to analyze TiO2@ZnFe2O4’s shape and structure. In addition, information in line with IUPAC type III and the H2 hysteresis loops were provided by the BET isotherm and the BJH technique. In the surface, pore-volume, and pore diameter, the findings have supported effective changes. Diffuse reflection spectroscopy gave more information on the modifications that occurred in the nanocomposite to alter the spectrum to the red region while reducing the band gap to 1.65 eV. These findings have strengthened the structure of nanocomposite as-prepared.
Plasmonic enhancement of Ag NPs in a different active media
Authors: Muhanmmed L. A. , Abbod L. H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Improvement of the laser output of the laser active media (dye lasers) through the study of the emission spectrum of plasmonic resulting from using a laser beam with a different energies, in addition to study the spectrum that resulting from the interaction of the exciton with the plasmon and its effect on the laser output. It was used (RhB dye) with different concentrations, and then studied the absorption spectrum of these samples by using UV-VIS spectrometer, and then the emission spectrum by using fluorescence spectroscopy. It was used a better concentration of dye (1*10-5 M) to mix with different concentrations of Ag NPs that have been prepared by the ablation method. To get a different concentrations of Ag NPs it was changed the pulse number (500, 600, 700, 800, 900) p and keep the energy constant at (600 mJ), it will play a major role in changing the emission and the absorption spectrum properties. It was found a strong dependence of the emission characteristics (the emission intensity, threshold for lasing) on the concentration of Ag NPs.
Study of The X-ray Coherent Scattering Cross Section of Copper
Authors: Eisaa Khamael , Ali Mohsin Hasan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this study the coherent scattering function ƒ(k) has been calculated for x-ray in Copper using the Wave function involving Slater’s roles approximation for the values 0 ≤ k ≤ 1.6 A0-1, The Rayleigh scattering cross section, has been calculated. The Rayleigh scattering cross section was found to be dominate at low energy, where the scattering cross section starting from very small energy and less than 1KeV, Also the increasing of angular distribution for Rayleigh scattering cross section is principle dependent on the value of atomic scattering factor f(k), and observed Rayleigh scattering decreasing at high energies, while it is more distinct at low energies, for this reason the Rayleigh scattering is very important at low energies, because the scattering angle is large.
Complex SEE Transform of Bessel’s Functions
Authors: Mansour Eman A. , Kuffi Emad A. , Mehd Sadiq A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the modern time, Bessel’s functions appear in solving many applications of engineering and natural science together with many equations such as Schrodinger equation, Laplace equation, heat equation, wave equation and Helmholtz equation in cylindrical or spherical coordinated, in this work, we introduce complex SEE integral transform of Bessel’s functions with some important applications of complex SEE transform of Bessel’s functions for evaluating the integral, which contain Bessel’s functions, are given.
Role of Selenium dioxide in Spectrophotometric determination of Tetracycline in pure and pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Aljeboree Aseel M , Abbas Ahmed S. , Abdulrazzak Firas H. , Alrazzak Nour Abd , Alkaim Ayad F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: 4Aminoantipyrine (AAP) is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, in biochemical experiments and in environmental monitoring. AAP as an aromatic pollutant in the environment poses a great threat to human health. Methods: A spectrophotometric, A Sensitive, simple accurate and inexpensive way has been proposed for the estimation of Tetracycline The way is based on the oxidation reaction coupling of drug Tetracycline by 4-amenoantypyren (4AAP) in basic medium, and then reacts by Selenium dioxide (SeO2) to give a complex colored at temperature room which produce a product having maximum absorption at 553 nm. Results: The data find that the order of addition, Tetracycline –base - Selenium dioxide (SeO2) -4- AAP, gave maximum absorbance and sensitivity, the good base was (0.1N) sodium hydroxide needful for developing the colored product and raise its stability. That complex, at 25°C, gave a better sensitivity and was selected for further utilize in this study. Under optimum experimental conditions obtained via the linearity of the constructed calibration curve was in the range of 1-20 mg. L of Tetracycline drug with the detection limit of 1.12 x 10-5mg/L and molar absorptivity was 3.915 x 103 L/mol.cm. Conclusion: The used way seemed simple, fast, precision and accurate. In adding, it is applicable for the assay of the Tetracycline in study in many amount forms and the data are in best concord with those obtained in previous studies.
Hydrogeochemical properties and the exhaustion groundwater reserve from Dammam aquifer at Al-Najaf Governorate, middle Iraq
Authors: Al-Owaidi Mohanad R.A. , Al-Enezy Arshad W.A. , Hussein Mohammed L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
One of Iraq’s most significant groundwater-bearing limestone aquifers is the Dammam Formation. The aquifer groundwater has been studied hydrogeochemically. It is suitable for irrigation, as indicated by sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total dissolved solids (TDS), which are 4.15 and 1971 ppm (in average) respectively. Through the vision of the Stiff diagram, the predominant ions are Cl-, SO4
2+ and Na+ while the HCO-3 and Mg2+ are relatively poor. There is plenty of flowing wells in the study area in Najaf Governorate producing groundwater from the Dammam aquifer. In recent years, many wells have been drilled in an irregular pattern for forming fish breeding lakes. These lakes’ water drains 4.715 m3/s into the Najaf depression by Wadi Al- Khur and artificial channels, where it mixes with brine water, rendering it useless. This lead to the exhaustion huge amount of precious groundwater resource. Many signs that confirm the Piezometric pressure drop and groundwater levels descent in the Dammam aquifer in the region. The groundwater flow has been halted in several flowing wells in the study area especially in Wadi Al-Khur due to the exhaustion of the reserve and a decrease in the level of the hydrostatic pressure of the aquifer. A significant decline in values transmissivity and specific capacity of the Dammam aquifer when compared with previous studies in the years 1996 and 2009. Through observation of the monitoring well (W/7), a decrease in groundwater levels of flowing wells in the study area.
The effect of a speed exclusion zone and active tower dampers on an upwind fixed-hub two-bladed 20 MW wind turbine
Authors: Anstock Fabian , Schorbach Vera 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Large two-bladed offshore wind turbines possess cost-saving potentials in their complete life-cycle, together with general structural blade advantages, compared to similar three-bladed machines. However, the general dynamics and tower-eigenfrequency interactions are challenging. Therefore, a speed exclusion zone for the partial load region and two straightforward pitch- and generator-driven tower dampers for the whole power production region are introduced. They enable the incorporation of a reasonable controller for a two- and a three-bladed baseline reference to facilitate a fair and objective turbine comparison. The outlined control features significantly reduced tower fatigue loads by 18% and 70% in the case of a three-bladed 20 MW and a two-bladed 20 MW turbine, respectively.
Enhanced design basis for offshore wind farm load calculations based on met-ocean data from a floating lidar system
Authors: Bastigkeit Ilona , Leimeister Mareike , Watson Warren , Wolken-Möhlmann Gerrit , Gottschall Julia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A design basis is an essential part of planning and realising an offshore wind farm project. Based on the data of local environmental conditions and the results of load calculations, wind turbine system and support structure designs are developed. This paper reports a measurement campaign with a Floating Lidar System in combination with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler that was carried out to provide all basic parameters of a standard design basis. On top of that, a procedure was established to develop an enhanced design basis for offshore wind farm load calculations based on site-specific and more detailed met-ocean data – including, for instance, the actual profiles for wind speed, wind direction, and current speed. A comparison of the results of various load case simulations based on the standard design basis, as well as the enhanced design basis, shows a great potential for realising a more cost-efficient design for a wind turbine system and support structure when utilizing such an enhanced design basis.
Early age movement in offshore structures with various bearing conditions
Authors: Henneberg Joshua , Schaumann Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Grouted connections (GCs) consist of two infiltrating steel tubes of different diameters and a grout material bonding the two steel tubes together. Predominantly, the GCs are used to connect the foundation piles with the jacket support structure. Additionally, it can be applied for monopile substructures. A challenging and scientifically still marginally analysed detail of grouted connections is the influence of early age movement (EAM), also known as early age cycling (EAC) on the final load bearing behaviour of the connection. After grouting and until the end of the curing of the material, the offshore structure is partially supported by fluid grout material for several hours. During this time waves and current affect the soft connections. This leads to relative movement during the curing of GCs, which is known as EAM. Previous investigations showed grout material damage due to vertical EAM. These results form the basis of the current offshore guideline limits. According to DNVGL-OS-J101 from 2014, it must be ensured that during the curing process the vertical EAM does not exceed 1 mm. Since 2016 the limit value also applies for the lateral EAM according to DNVGL. However, the influence of lateral EAM on the load bearing behaviour is barely experimentally nor numerically investigated. Thus, the authors are involved in a comprehensive research project (GREAM) addressing this topic. This paper focusses on Finite Element Analysis of different support structures under varying boundary conditions and sea states to analyse the amplitude of lateral EAM of grouted connections.
Item-based Reliability-centred Life-Cycle Costing using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Reifferscheidt J , Weigell J , Jahn C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a time-sequential probabilistic simulation model for the detailed design of maintenance strategies for turbine critical items. The term item shall refer to any part, component, device, subsystem, or functional unit of a wind turbine that can be individually described and considered. The model enables wind farm operators and turbine manufactures to find the most cost-effective maintenance strategy for each turbine critical item. Cost optimizations are realized through a better adaptation of the maintenance strategy to the item-specific failure modes, degradation processes, failure detection capabilities and the given operational configuration of the wind farm. Based on a time-sequential Monte Carlo simulation technique, the maintenance activities at turbine level are simulated over the windfarm’s operational lifetime, considering correlations between the stochastic variables. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation are evaluated using statistical means, thereby, determining the optimal maintenance strategy and associated parameters. The developed model is implemented as a Python application and equally applicable for onshore and offshore windfarms.
A procedure to redesign a comparable blade structure of a two-bladed turbine based on a three-bladed reference
Authors: Schütt Marcel , Anstock Fabian , Schorbach Vera 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Two-bladed turbines might be an alternative for future offshore wind turbine installations due to the promising opportunity to be more economical compared to three-bladed turbines. Looking at the rotor blades, two-bladed turbines with a comparable design either rotate 22.5% faster or have up to 50% increased chord lengths. The latter result in a significantly higher second moment of area, which enables rotor mass savings and thus fewer costs while withstanding ~50 % higher flapwise loads per blade. Unfortunately, such a design could also cause buckling issues. Increasing the design tip speed reduces stability issues but lowers the rotor mass savings. Consequently, the challenging task is to find an optimal compromise between preventing buckling and saving rotor mass, and thus to ensure a fair comparison of two- and three-bladed turbines’ blades. To overcome this challenge, a procedure for redesigning a comparable blade structure is introduced. The procedure is exemplarily demonstrated for large 20 MW offshore wind turbines. Compared to the three-bladed reference, the overall rotor mass reduction of the two-bladed turbine is 13.5 % for the most beneficial compromise detected. Simultaneously, the blades showing good accordance with the reference concerning static stresses and buckling characteristics under their respective loads.
Structural Optimisation of Offshore Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators Including Static and Dynamic Analyses
Authors: Tartt K , Kazemi Amiri A , McDonald A , Jaen-Sola P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
One way to achieve increased wind capacity is by installing larger and more efficient wind turbines, which results in larger/heavier generators. Direct-drive, permanent magnet generators are favoured due to their increased efficiency, but the added weight is an issue, as this drives up the cost of the nacelle and turbine support structure, along with increasing the manufacturing and installation costs. Therefore, minimizing the mass, particularly the structural mass, of these low speed generators is becoming much more important. A vast amount of research has been done on trying to reduce the electromagnetically ‘active’ materials, but it is the supporting structure or ‘inactive’ materials, that makes up the biggest percentage of the generator’s mass. Therefore, this paper studies the statics and dynamics of a large offshore direct-drive generator’s supporting structure and the opportunities for light-weighting, as well as improvements to the generator’s rotor structure through structural optimisation. The indicator for optimised design is system weight under each predefined scenario. These scenarios will cover different design considerations of the generator’s rotor structure.
The storage container for demonstrate BWR spent nuclear fuel dry storage in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Y J , Chen C H , Yang C W , Chen C H 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Considering the unique operation of each nuclear power plant and lack of BWR fuel examination data after dry storage, the Taiwan Power Company and Institute of Nuclear Energy Research conduct the “The Nuclear Fuel Storage Demonstration Project in Taiwan” to collect the data of the fuel characteristics under dry storage. In this project, BWR fuel rods among different fuel designs and fuel venders will be loaded into a simulated storage cask for 10 years. Different temperatures and environments will be adopted, for simulated normal storage condition and acceleration experiments be performed. Non-destructed examinations will be executed prior to loading the fuel rods and periodically during storage. After 10 years, the fuel rods will be extracted and examined non-destructively and destructively. This paper summarized the methodology to demonstrate the adequacy of spent fuel dry storage, the design and fabrication of the simulated storage containers, the results of performance test and the project progress. Two containers will be used in the prospective experiments; one is for the normal storage condition. The other is for accelerated experiments and various storage conditions. After completion of this project, the collected data and research results will be compared with other international projects to provide the technical basis in Taiwan.
Study on the surface structure effect of anode flow channel in proton exchange membrane fuel cell
Authors: Liu C C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The paper mainly discusses the transport behavior of hydrogen gas in the anode flow channel of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. The flow pattern of hydrogen gas at the anode is affected by the surface structure of flow channel. In order to accurately simulate the transport characteristics of the hydrogen gas in the anode flow channel, a structured 3-D multi-block, staggered grid system is used for spatial discretization in numerical methods, and the finite volume method is used to sequentially iteratively solve the continuous and momentum conservation equations. The coupling between velocity and pressure in the flow field is calculated by the PISO algorithm. Two shapes design of three-dimensional smooth straight flow channel and three-dimensional bump straight flow channel are adopted in this paper. The hydrogen gas with Reynolds number 200 enters the smooth straight flow channel. The flow field inside the flow channel has been developed about 0.3 ms. At the same inlet Reynolds number and straight flow channels of three kind of bump height ratio (h/H=0.25, h/H=0.5, h/H=0.75), these calculation results are discovered that the height ratio of the bump increases and the backflow effect becomes more obvious. The current density of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell is further analyzed by the flow field variation in the bump flow channel.
Face recognition unlocking uses principal component analysis to control the vehicle door system
Authors: Lin S L , Wu J Y 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In daily life, there are often simple but fatal mistakes. Such as when go driving to someplace, after closing the vehicle door with a traditional vehicle key which is so easily damaged, missed, or lost, then becomes a significant issue. To overcome this problem, a modern system in opening vehicle door locks with a face recognition system using a smartphone was introduced. This face recognition software use combined with a D1 mini control system to open the control lock in the smartphone. The research method is principal component analysis (PCA), which is mainly divided into two steps, training, and recognition, respectively. In the research of face recognition, also used PCA to find important parameters, and use the eigenvalues and feature vectors of the oblique variance matrix of face features as value, and use this as a basis for recognition, then face recognition be successful. This research establishes a software and hardware vehicle door verification system. Using the phone to unlock the door, this research uses the vehicle door to display, when face recognition successful, the door lock will be unlocked then the user can open the door. Using the face recognition system to open the door has higher security, and without bringing the key to go out, it is making life more convenient.
Surface roughness analysis of high speed milling in grooving
Authors: Chen D C , Chen T W 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
High-speed milling is a machining method with a low cutting depth, high feed rate, high cutting speed and high spindle speed. It also has the advantages of small thermal deformation, low cutting force resistance, and low tool wear. In this experiment, the cutting of S45C medium carbon steel was tested. This study used four factors in Taguchi’s experimental design regulations, and each factor used three level configurations. An L9 (34) orthogonal table was used to configure the factors and levels. In this study, experiments were conducted on CNC machine tools to explore the difference in the surface roughness of a work piece after cutting with different cutting parameters. It was found that high-speed cutting could indeed obtain quite excellent surfaces. After the experiment, the Taguchi method was analyzed and the results were obtained under different cutting parameters. The experiment is to use milling parameters as variables to analyze the surface roughness, and then the results were analyzed to derive the relationship between the milling parameters and surface roughness. When the feed per edge of the end mill was larger and the number of spindle revolutions was slower, the surface roughness value was larger. The process parameter combination with the best surface quality was 0.1 mm/tooth per edge and a cutting speed of 550 m/min. The best surface roughness of the work piece could be obtained under the combination of a cutting depth of 0.2 mm and a spindle speed 6500 rpm.