bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stronger Variability in the Arctic Ocean Induced by Sea Ice Decline in a Warming Climate: Freshwater Storage, Dynamic Sea Level and Surface Circulation
Authors: Wang Qiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractArctic liquid freshwater content (FWC) influences both regional and large‐scale ocean dynamics and climate. In this study the responses of Arctic FWC, sea surface height (SSH) and surface circulation to different atmospheric circulation modes and the impact of sea ice decline on these responses are investigated by using wind perturbation simulations. The responses are intensified by sea ice decline through its resulting enhancement in ocean surface stress, indicating stronger decadal variability in the Arctic liquid FWC, SSH and ocean circulation in a warming climate. The Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Beaufort High (BH) wind forcing can significantly change Arctic regional and total FWC. Compared to the sea ice condition in the 1980s, the amplitudes of the ocean responses to the same AO forcing are much larger under the sea ice condition in the 2010s for both Arctic total FWC (by up to 50%) and regional SSH and velocity (doubled in some places). Sea ice decline intensifies ocean responses to the BH forcing in the Canada Basin with a similar strength. The Arctic Dipole Anomaly (DA) causes opposite changes in FWC between the Eurasian and Amerasian sectors in the cold decade, with the impact through changing sea ice thermodynamics being nonnegligible compared with that through changing ocean surface stress. Sea ice decline makes the ocean response to DA forcing less regular spatially. This study indicates an increasing vulnerability of the Arctic Ocean to winds in a warming world, which implies that extreme marine events may occur more often in the future.
Dependence of Aerosol‐Droplet Partitioning on Turbulence in a Laboratory Cloud
Authors: Shawon Abu Sayeed Md , Prabhakaran Prasanth , Kinney Greg , Shaw Raymond A. , Cantrell Will 
Published: February 2021

AbstractActivation is the first step in aerosol‐cloud interactions, which have been identified as one of the principal uncertainties in Earth's climate system. Aerosol particles become cloud droplets, or activate, when the ambient saturation ratio exceeds a threshold, which depends on the particle's size and hygroscopicity. In the traditional formulation of the process, only average, uniform saturation ratios are considered. However, turbulent environments like clouds intrinsically have fluctuations around mean values in the scalar fields of temperature and water vapor concentration, which determine the saturation ratio. Through laboratory measurements, we show that these fluctuations are an important parameter that needs to be addressed to fully describe activation. Our results show, even for single‐sized, chemically homogeneous aerosols, that fluctuations blur the correspondence between activation and a particle's size and chemical composition, that turbulence can increase the fraction of aerosol particles which activate, and that the activated fraction decreases monotonically as the concentration of aerosol increases. Taken together, our data demonstrate that fluctuations can have effects equivalent to the aerosol limited and updraft limited regimes, known from adiabatic parcel theory.
Carbon Fluxes and Microbial Activities From Boreal Peatlands Experiencing Permafrost Thaw
Authors: Waldrop M. P. , W. McFarland J. , Manies K. L. , Leewis M. C. , Blazewicz S. J. , Jones M. C. , Neumann R. B. , Keller J. K. , Cohen L. , Euskirchen E. S. , Edgar C. , Turetsky M. R. , Cable W.L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPermafrost thaw in northern ecosystems may cause large quantities of carbon (C) to move from soil to atmospheric pools. Because soil microbial communities play a critical role in regulating C fluxes from soils, we examined microbial activity and greenhouse gas production soon after permafrost thaw and ground collapse (into collapse‐scar bogs), relative to the permafrost plateau or older thaw features. Using multiple field and laboratory‐based assays at a field site in interior Alaska, we show that the youngest collapse‐scar bog had the highest CH4production potential from soil incubations, and, based upon temporal changes in porewater concentrations and13C‐CH4and13C‐CO2, had greater summer in situ rates of respiration, methanogenesis, and surface CH4oxidation. These patterns could be explained by greater C and N availability in the young bog, while alternative terminal electron accepting processes did not play a significant role. Field diffusive CH4fluxes from the young bog were 4.1 times greater in the shoulder season and 1.7–7.2 times greater in winter relative to older bogs, but not during summer. Greater relative CH4flux rates in the shoulder season and winter could be due to reduced CH4oxidation relative to summer, magnifying the importance of differences in production. Both the permafrost plateau and collapse‐scar bogs were sources of C to the atmosphere due in large part to winter C fluxes. In collapse scar bogs, winter is a critical period when differences in thermokarst age translates to differences in surface fluxes.
Multilayered Sporadic‐E Response to the Annular Solar Eclipse on June 21, 2020
Authors: Wang Jin , Zuo Xiaomin , Sun Yang‐Yi , Yu Tao , Wang Yungang , Qiu Lihui , Mao Tian , Yan XiangXiang , Yang Na , qi Yifan , Lei Jiuhou , Sun Lingfeng , Zhao Biqiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA moon shadow of annular solar eclipse passed through East Asia in the afternoon on June 21, 2020, which was a good opportunity to study the rapid ionospheric response to the solar radiation variations. In the study, the high‐frequency echoes recorded by the ionosondes at Wuhan (82.4% obscuration), Xiamen (97.8% obscuration), and Nanning (81.1% obscuration) are analyzed to examine the variations in sporadic‐E (Es) during the obscuration over the East China area. The echoes show not only the variations in the typical signal Es layer below 130 km, but for the first time also the multilayered Es at much higher altitudes (130–190 km) during the eclipse. Specifically, the multilayered Es is only observed over Nanning, while different Es behaviors are observed in the other two stations. The relationship between the formation of the multilayered Es and the uplifted Es near the center path of the moon shadow are examined in the study. The small‐scale atmospheric gravity waves play a key role in modulating the Es behaviors during the eclipse.
An Analytical Model for the Decontamination of Water Distribution Systems Using Slug‐Feed Method of Disinfection
Authors: Qiu Mengning , Salomons Elad , Ostfeld Avi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe increasing risk of intentional, negligent, or accidental intrusion of biological, chemical, or radioactive contaminants in water distribution systems is becoming a major concern that has significant and adverse impacts on public health. As such, it is important to have an effective, robust, and flexible plan that can be readily implemented to minimize the impact of these contamination events. However, limited research has been focused on the strategic planning of the decontamination process of the contaminated infrastructure. This paper proposes an analytical method for modeling the slug‐feed method of disinfection given the drainage and disinfectant dosage profiles. The efficacy of the proposed method has been demonstrated by using it as the evaluation function in a genetic algorithm optimization of two case studies. Results show the proposed method exhibits higher robustness compared to the procedures defined in the current standard and literature. The main contributions of this study are to (1) provide a robust and accurate model to describe the slug‐feed method of disinfection, (2) offer additional resource utilization flexibility for water authorities, and (3) providing additional levels of district metered areas prioritization.
Genome-wide analysis suggests the importance of vascular processes and neuroinflammation in late-life antidepressant response
Authors: Marshe Victoria S. , Maciukiewicz Malgorzata , Hauschild Anne-Christin , Islam Farhana , Qin Li , Tiwari Arun K. , Sibille Etienne , Blumberger Daniel M. , Karp Jordan F. , Flint Alastair J. , Turecki Gustavo , Lam Raymond W. , Milev Roumen V. , Frey Benicio N. , Rotzinger Susan , Foster Jane A. , Kennedy Sidney H. , Kennedy James L. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Reynolds Charles F. , Lenze Eric J. , Müller Daniel J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAntidepressant outcomes in older adults with depression is poor, possibly because of comorbidities such as cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, we leveraged multiple genome-wide approaches to understand the genetic architecture of antidepressant response. Our sample included 307 older adults (≥60 years) with current major depression, treated with venlafaxine extended-release for 12 weeks. A standard genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted for post-treatment remission status, followed by in silico biological characterization of associated genes, as well as polygenic risk scoring for depression, neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disease. The top-associated variants for remission status and percentage symptom improvement were PIEZO1 rs12597726 (OR = 0.33 [0.21, 0.51], p = 1.42 × 10−6) and intergenic rs6916777 (Beta = 14.03 [8.47, 19.59], p = 1.25 × 10−6), respectively. Pathway analysis revealed significant contributions from genes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which regulates intracellular protein degradation with has implications for inflammation, as well as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (n = 25 of 190 genes, p = 8.03 × 10−6, FDR-corrected p = 0.01). Given the polygenicity of complex outcomes such as antidepressant response, we also explored 11 polygenic risk scores associated with risk for Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. Of the 11 scores, risk for cardioembolic stroke was the second-best predictor of non-remission, after being male (Accuracy = 0.70 [0.59, 0.79], Sensitivity = 0.72, Specificity = 0.67; p = 2.45 × 10−4). Although our findings did not reach genome-wide significance, they point to previously-implicated mechanisms and provide support for the roles of vascular and inflammatory pathways in LLD. Overall, significant enrichment of genes involved in protein degradation pathways that may be impaired, as well as the predictive capacity of risk for cardioembolic stroke, support a link between late-life depression remission and risk for vascular dysfunction.
Corticostriatal control of defense behavior in mice induced by auditory looming cues
Authors: Li Zhong , Wei Jin-Xing , Zhang Guang-Wei , Huang Junxiang J. , Zingg Brian , Wang Xiyue , Tao Huizhong W. , Zhang Li I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnimals exhibit innate defense behaviors in response to approaching threats cued by the dynamics of sensory inputs of various modalities. The underlying neural circuits have been mostly studied in the visual system, but remain unclear for other modalities. Here, by utilizing sounds with increasing (vs. decreasing) loudness to mimic looming (vs. receding) objects, we find that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions: freezing followed by flight. Both behaviors require the activity of auditory cortex, in particular the sustained type of responses, but are differentially mediated by corticostriatal projections primarily innervating D2 neurons in the tail of the striatum and corticocollicular projections to the superior colliculus, respectively. The behavioral transition from freezing to flight can be attributed to the differential temporal dynamics of the striatal and collicular neurons in their responses to looming sound stimuli. Our results reveal an essential role of the striatum in the innate defense control.
Fast and precise single-cell data analysis using a hierarchical autoencoder
Authors: Tran Duc , Nguyen Hung , Tran Bang , La Vecchia Carlo , Luu Hung N. , Nguyen Tin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA primary challenge in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies comes from the massive amount of data and the excess noise level. To address this challenge, we introduce an analysis framework, named single-cell Decomposition using Hierarchical Autoencoder (scDHA), that reliably extracts representative information of each cell. The scDHA pipeline consists of two core modules. The first module is a non-negative kernel autoencoder able to remove genes or components that have insignificant contributions to the part-based representation of the data. The second module is a stacked Bayesian autoencoder that projects the data onto a low-dimensional space (compressed). To diminish the tendency to overfit of neural networks, we repeatedly perturb the compressed space to learn a more generalized representation of the data. In an extensive analysis, we demonstrate that scDHA outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in many research sub-fields of scRNA-seq analysis, including cell segregation through unsupervised learning, visualization of transcriptome landscape, cell classification, and pseudo-time inference.
Mimicking efferent nerves using a graphdiyne-based artificial synapse with multiple ion diffusion dynamics
Authors: Wei Huanhuan , Shi Rongchao , Sun Lin , Yu Haiyang , Gong Jiangdong , Liu Chao , Xu Zhipeng , Ni Yao , Xu Jialiang , Xu Wentao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA graphdiyne-based artificial synapse (GAS), exhibiting intrinsic short-term plasticity, has been proposed to mimic biological signal transmission behavior. The impulse response of the GAS has been reduced to several millivolts with competitive femtowatt-level consumption, exceeding the biological level by orders of magnitude. Most importantly, the GAS is capable of parallelly processing signals transmitted from multiple pre-neurons and therefore realizing dynamic logic and spatiotemporal rules. It is also found that the GAS is thermally stable (at 353 K) and environmentally stable (in a relative humidity up to 35%). Our artificial efferent nerve, connecting the GAS with artificial muscles, has been demonstrated to complete the information integration of pre-neurons and the information output of motor neurons, which is advantageous for coalescing multiple sensory feedbacks and reacting to events. Our synaptic element has potential applications in bioinspired peripheral nervous systems of soft electronics, neurorobotics, and biohybrid systems of brain–computer interfaces.
Janus 3D printed dynamic scaffolds for nanovibration-driven bone regeneration
Authors: Camarero-Espinosa Sandra , Moroni Lorenzo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe application of physical stimuli to cell cultures has shown potential to modulate multiple cellular functions including migration, differentiation and survival. However, the relevance of these in vitro models to future potential extrapolation in vivo depends on whether stimuli can be applied “externally”, without invasive procedures. Here, we report on the fabrication and exploitation of dynamic additive-manufactured Janus scaffolds that are activated on-command via external application of ultrasounds, resulting in a mechanical nanovibration that is transmitted to the surrounding cells. Janus scaffolds were spontaneously formed via phase-segregation of biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactide (PLA) blends during the manufacturing process and behave as ultrasound transducers (acoustic to mechanical) where the PLA and PCL phases represent the active and backing materials, respectively. Remote stimulation of Janus scaffolds led to enhanced cell proliferation, matrix deposition and osteogenic differentiation of seeded human bone marrow derived stromal cells (hBMSCs) via formation and activation of voltage-gated calcium ion channels.
Machine learning identifies candidates for drug repurposing in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Rodriguez Steve , Hug Clemens , Todorov Petar , Moret Nienke , Boswell Sarah A. , Evans Kyle , Zhou George , Johnson Nathan T. , Hyman Bradley T. , Sorger Peter K. , Albers Mark W. , Sokolov Artem 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClinical trials of novel therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) have consumed a large amount of time and resources with largely negative results. Repurposing drugs already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for another indication is a more rapid and less expensive option. We present DRIAD (Drug Repurposing In AD), a machine learning framework that quantifies potential associations between the pathology of AD severity (the Braak stage) and molecular mechanisms as encoded in lists of gene names. DRIAD is applied to lists of genes arising from perturbations in differentiated human neural cell cultures by 80 FDA-approved and clinically tested drugs, producing a ranked list of possible repurposing candidates. Top-scoring drugs are inspected for common trends among their targets. We propose that the DRIAD method can be used to nominate drugs that, after additional validation and identification of relevant pharmacodynamic biomarker(s), could be readily evaluated in a clinical trial.
Targeting NSD2-mediated SRC-3 liquid–liquid phase separation sensitizes bortezomib treatment in multiple myeloma
Authors: Liu Jing , Xie Ying , Guo Jing , Li Xin , Wang Jingjing , Jiang Hongmei , Peng Ziyi , Wang Jingya , Wang Sheng , Li Qian , Ye Linquan , Zhong Yuping , Zhang Qiguo , Liu Xiaozhi , Lonard David M. , Wang Jin , O’Malley Bert W. , Liu Zhiqiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDevelopment of chemoresistance is the main reason for failure of clinical management of multiple myeloma (MM), but the genetic and epigenetic aberrations that interact to confer such chemoresistance remains unknown. In the present study, we find that high steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) expression is correlated with relapse/refractory and poor outcomes in MM patients treated with bortezomib (BTZ)-based regimens. Furthermore, in immortalized cell lines, high SRC-3 enhances resistance to proteasome inhibitor (PI)-induced apoptosis. Overexpressed histone methyltransferase NSD2 in patients bearing a t(4;14) translocation or in BTZ-resistant MM cells coordinates elevated SRC-3 by enhancing its liquid–liquid phase separation to supranormally modify histone H3 lysine 36 dimethylation (H3K36me2) modifications on promoters of anti-apoptotic genes. Targeting SRC-3 or interference of its interactions with NSD2 using a newly developed inhibitor, SI-2, sensitizes BTZ treatment and overcomes drug resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings elucidate a previously unrecognized orchestration of SRC-3 and NSD2 in acquired drug resistance of MM and suggest that SI-2 may be efficacious for overcoming drug resistance in MM patients.
No mafic layer in 80 km thick Tibetan crust
Authors: Wang Gaochun , Thybo Hans , Artemieva Irina M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAll models of the magmatic and plate tectonic processes that create continental crust predict the presence of a mafic lower crust. Earlier proposed crustal doubling in Tibet and the Himalayas by underthrusting of the Indian plate requires the presence of a mafic layer with high seismic P-wave velocity (Vp > 7.0 km/s) above the Moho. Our new seismic data demonstrates that some of the thickest crust on Earth in the middle Lhasa Terrane has exceptionally low velocity (Vp < 6.7 km/s) throughout the whole 80 km thick crust. Observed deep crustal earthquakes throughout the crustal column and thick lithosphere from seismic tomography imply low temperature crust. Therefore, the whole crust must consist of felsic rocks as any mafic layer would have high velocity unless the temperature of the crust were high. Our results form basis for alternative models for the formation of extremely thick juvenile crust with predominantly felsic composition in continental collision zones.
The combined effects of simulated microgravity and X-ray radiation on MC3T3-E1 cells and rat femurs
Authors: Dong Jingjing , Wang Honghui , Li Gaozhi , Wang Ke , Tan Yingjun , Zhang Lijun , Wang Yixuan , Hu Zebing , Cao Xinsheng , Shi Fei , Zhang Shu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMicrogravity is well-known to induce Osteopenia. However, the combined effects of microgravity and radiation that commonly exist in space have not been broadly elucidated. This research investigates the combined effects on MC3T3-E1 cells and rat femurs. In MC3T3-E1 cells, simulated microgravity and X-ray radiation, alone or combination, show decreased cell activity, increased apoptosis rates by flow cytometric analysis, and decreased Runx2 and increased Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expressions. In rat femurs, simulated microgravity and X-ray radiation, alone or combination, show increased bone loss by micro-CT test and Masson staining, decreased serum BALP levels and Runx2 mRNA expressions, and increased serum CTX-1 levels and Caspase-3 mRNA expressions. The strongest effect is observed in the combined group in MC3T3-E1 cells and rat femurs. These findings suggest that the combination of microgravity and radiation exacerbates the effects of either treatment alone on MC3T3-E1 cells and rat femurs.
Fundamental insights into the stabilisation and chemical degradation of the corrosion product scales
Authors: Yue Xiaoqi , Zhang Lei , Hua Yong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCarbonate stability plays a crucial role in clarifying the evolution and protection of the naturally formed corrosion scales on the steel surface in the application of geothermal production. In this paper, the stability of the corrosion scales from both micro and atomic level are studied via a combination of electrochemistry, surface analysis and first-principle calculation. The chemical and physical characterisation of various iron–calcium mixed carbonates are experimentally analysed and results are compared with the first-principle calculation. In the presence of Ca2+, the preferential loss of Ca during the dissolution experiments was observed, the interactions within the crystal weaken where Ca2+ co-precipitation, confirmed by a faster degradation rate for Ca0.51Fe0.49CO3 than FeCO3. This work reveals the degradation and protection performance of the naturally formed carbonate layers and provides insights into understanding the corrosion product stability and chemical breakdown of the corrosion scales.
Quantum Hall phases emerging from atom–photon interactions
Authors: Poshakinskiy Alexander V. , Zhong Janet , Ke Yongguan , Olekhno Nikita A. , Lee Chaohong , Kivshar Yuri S. , Poddubny Alexander N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe reveal the emergence of quantum Hall phases, topological edge states, spectral Landau levels, and Hofstadter butterfly spectra in the two-particle Hilbert space of an array of periodically spaced two-level atoms coupled to a waveguide (waveguide quantum electrodynamics). While the topological edge states of photons require fine-tuned spatial or temporal modulations of the parameters to generate synthetic magnetic fields and the quantum Hall effect, here we demonstrate that a synthetic magnetic field can be self-induced solely by atom–photon interactions. The fact that topological order can be self-induced in what is arguably the simplest possible quantum structure shows the richness of these waveguide quantum electrodynamics systems. We believe that our findings will advance several research disciplines including quantum optics, many-body physics, and nonlinear topological photonics, and that it will set an important reference point for the future experiments on qubit arrays and quantum simulators.