bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for rice tolerance to Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: de Sousa Almeida André C , de Jesus Flávio G , M Heng‐Moss Tiffany , Lanna Anna C , Barrigossi José AF 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe rice stalk stink bug Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most important rice pests in Brazil. The search for cultivars that tolerate insect injury is necessary to complement other less aggressive methods of pest suppression. The combination of integrated pest management tactics will reduce insecticide applications and improve the safety of food production. Here, we tested the tolerance response of Xingu, Canela de Ferro and Primavera rice genotypes in glasshouse experiments. In addition, we measured tolerance expressed in a variety of physiological responses, including gas exchange rates, leaf chlorophyll content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification.RESULTSThe results showed that the tolerance of the Primavera genotype to rice stalk stink bug damage was higher, due to (a) a lower reduction of photosynthetic activity, (41% reduction only 96 h after infestation) compared to Xingu and Canela de Ferro (56 and 65% reduction at 24 and 48 h after infestation, respectively); (b) the capacity to maintain the chlorophyll content after infestation, while Xingu and Canela de Ferro reduced their chlorophyll content to 20% and 25% at 72 and 48 h after infestation, respectively; (c) the antioxidative defense system being activated in the first 12 h after infestation, in which superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed an increase of 61% in its activity, and (d) the maintenance of its grain yield, number of panicles per plant, number of filled grains, and spikelets sterility.CONCLUSIONRice genotypes tolerant to herbivory can be identified by measuring the effect of injury and the plant's physiological response by evaluating attributes such as grain yield and its components, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and ROS detoxification. Therefore, the use of rice genotypes tolerant to stalk stink bugs as a component of integrated pest management has the potential to reduce upland rice yield loss.
Current recommendations and novel strategies for sustainable management of soybean sudden death syndrome
Authors: Rodriguez Maria C , Sautua Francisco , Scandiani Mercedes , Carmona Marcelo , Asurmendi Sebastián 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe increase in food production requires reduction of the damage caused by plant pathogens, minimizing the environmental impact of management practices. Soil‐borne pathogens are among the most relevant pathogens that affect soybean crop yield. Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by several distinct species of Fusarium, produces significant yield losses in the leading soybean‐producing countries in North and South America. Current management strategies for SDS are scarce since there are no highly resistant cultivars and only a few fungicide seed treatments are available. Because of this, innovative approaches for SDS management need to be developed. Here, we summarize recently explored strategies based on plant nutrition, biological control, priming of plant defenses, host‐induced gene silencing, and the development of new SDS‐resistance cultivars using precision breeding techniques. Finally, sustainable management of SDS should also consider cultural control practices with minimal environmental impact. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Chronic haemothorax: an important cause of pleural effusion
Authors: Ching David K. Z. , Fysh Edward T. H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe describe a case of chronic exudative pleural effusion in a patient initially referred with anorexia, weight loss, and past history of breast cancer, following multiple presentations with chest pain and dyspnoea. Detailed history included past blunt thoracic trauma with pleural effusion drainage and anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation (AF). This case highlights several learning points for physicians around the management of thoracic trauma, anticoagulation for AF, and chronic haemothorax as an uncommon but important cause of exudative pleural effusion.
Pervasiveness of intronless genes expressed in haploid germ cell differentiation
Authors: Tanaka Hiromitsu , Tsujimura Akira 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundcDNA libraries derived from the brain and testis contain genes that encode almost all proteins. The brain is composed of various differentiated cells, and the testis also contains various differentiated cells, such as germ cells, and somatic cells that support germ cell differentiation, such as Sertoli and Leydig cells. Many genes appear to be expressed due to tissue complexity.MethodsThe Genome Project has sequenced the entire genomes of humans and mice. Recent research using new gene analysis technologies has found that many genes are expressed specifically in male germ cells.Main findings (Results)Functional intronless genes are significantly enriched in haploid germ cell‐specific genes.ConclusionFunctional intronless genes associated with fertility are more likely to be inherited in haploid germ cells than in somatic cells.
Confronting inequality in the “new normal”: Hyper‐capitalism, proto‐socialism, and post‐pandemic recovery
Authors: Jackson Tim , Victor Peter A 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPost‐pandemic recovery must address the systemic inequality that has been revealed by the coronavirus crisis. The roots of this inequality predate the pandemic and even the global financial crisis. They lie rather in the uneasy relationship between labor and capital under conditions of declining economic growth, such as those who have prevailed in advanced economies for almost half a century. This paper explores the dynamics of that relationship using a simple stock‐flow consistent (SFC) macroeconomic model of a closed economy. It examines in particular the role of two key factors—the savings rate and the substitutability (elasticity of substitution) between labor and capital—on the severity of systemic inequality under conditions of declining growth. The paper goes on to test the efficacy of three redistributive measures—a graduated income tax, a tax on capital and a universal basic income—under two distinct structural scenarios for an economy with a declining growth rate. We find that none of these measures is sufficient to control structural inequality when institutions aggressively favor capital over labor (hyper‐capitalism). Taken in combination, however, under conditions more favorable to wage labor (proto‐socialism), these same measures have the potential to eliminate inequality, almost entirely, even as the growth rate declines.
Class and climate‐change adaptation in rural India: Beyond community‐based adaptation models
Authors: Aslany Maryam , Brincat Shannon 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article explores the ways in which class structure in agrarian societies shape local adaptation responses to the impact of climate change, based on an empirical study of a village society in western Maharashtra, India. It draws on two types of fieldwork data, quantitative and qualitative, including a round of household socio‐economic survey questionnaire and qualitative semi‐structured interviews. We show that climate‐change adaptation is class specific and varies considerably amongst the different classes within the relations of production even in the same village. The local class structure shape ownership and access to natural resources, with implications for both individual adaptive capacities and attempts to organize adaptation practices at the community‐level. Specifically, adaptive practice is revealed as being largely contingent on the size of land owned and livelihood options that affects, in turn, households' adaptation capacities and their experiences of climate change. We find that whilst the village inhabitants have initiated various adaptation strategies privately, no community‐based adaptation practices could be identified. As such, we call for a more comprehensive understanding of the class nature of climate change for developing effective climate adaptation strategies at the village‐community level and especially for community‐based adaptation (CBA) models.
Design of phase III trials with long‐term survival outcomes based on short‐term binary results
Authors: Bofill Roig Marta , Shen Yu , Gómez Melis Guadalupe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPathologic complete response (pCR) is a common primary endpoint for a phase II trial or even accelerated approval of neoadjuvant cancer therapy. If granted, a two‐arm confirmatory trial is often required to demonstrate the efficacy with a time‐to‐event outcome such as overall survival. However, the design of a subsequent phase III trial based on prior information on the pCR effect is not straightforward. Aiming at designing such phase III trials with overall survival as primary endpoint using pCR information from previous trials, we consider a mixture model that incorporates both the survival and the binary endpoints. We propose to base the comparison between arms on the difference of the restricted mean survival times, and show how the effect size and sample size for overall survival rely on the probability of the binary response and the survival distribution by response status, both for each treatment arm. Moreover, we provide the sample size calculation under different scenarios and accompany them with the R package survmixer where all the computations have been implemented. We evaluate our proposal with a simulation study, and illustrate its application through a neoadjuvant breast cancer trial.
Pyrolysis Degradation of Cellulose over Highly Effective ZnO and ZnO−CuO Nanocatalysts
Authors: Podrojková Natália , Patera Jan , Popescu Radian , Škoviera Ján , Oriňaková Renáta , Oriňak Andrej 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with the use of appropriative catalysts can lead to the production of high yields of fuels ‐ bio‐oils. Here, zinc oxide ‐ copper oxide (ZnO−CuO) nanocatalysts were synthesized by solvothermal synthesis. High‐angle annular dark‐field imaging scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS) results suggested that ZnO−CuO nanoparticles (D=23±5 nm) exhibit porous nanostructure. The pyrolytic degradation of cellulose using pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS) unit has been studied over ZnO and ZnO−CuO nanocatalysts at the temperature range 400–800 °C. The activation energy of ZnO−CuO (67.21 and 70.04 kJ/mol) was lower by 30 kJ/mol from the activation energy of clean ZnO and the calculated rate constants showed that the cellulose pyrolytic reaction is faster using ZnO−CuO catalyst. Nanoporous ZnO−CuO shifted the products maximum towards lower temperatures (<500 °C), reduced the content of aldehydes at 400–500 °C and enhanced the overall product composition and bio‐oil yield. Porous structure of ZnO nanocatalysts had a significant effect on the product selectivity and reaction mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis.
High Surface Area of Polyhedral Chromia and Hexagonal Chromium Sulfide by the Thermolysis of Cyclohexylammonium Hexaisothiocyanatochromate(III) Sesquihydrate
Authors: Bagabas Abdulaziz A. , Alsawalha Murad , Taha Kamal K. , Albaid Abdelhamid , Sohail Manzar , Alqahtani Mahdi , Alrasheed Rasheed , Alqarn Abdulaziz , Ashamari Bandar , Parkin Ivan P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA new organic‐inorganic hybrid salt of cyclohexylammonium hexaisothiocyanatochromate(III) sesquihydrate, (C6H11NH3)3[Cr(NCS)6] ⋅ 3/2H2O, was synthesized at room‐temperature by metathesis and ligand addition for the establishment of energy‐saving chemical synthesis approach. The formation of this new salt was confirmed by FT‐IR, UV‐Vis spectrophotometry, elemental microanalysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The TGA study showed low‐temperature thermal stability of this salt, where chromium oxide (Cr2O3) formed under air and chromium sulfide (Cr2S3) under argon, as PXRD confirmed their formation as nanocrystalline. The morphological studies by SEM and TEM revealed the formation of irregular polyhedron particles of Cr2O3 and of hexagonal packed layers of Cr2S3. The textural study by nitrogen physisorption disclosed the mesoporous nature and high specific surface area of Cr2O3 (∼132 m2 g−1) and Cr2S3 (∼241 m2 g−1). Cyclohexylammonium could act as an organic self‐template for the formation of mesopores and the high temperature of thermolysis assisted the formation of such pores.
Design, Synthesis, Activity Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study of Novel Janus kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Du Wenjun , Zhang Fuli , Yan Pei , Lai Qingfu , Li Junjian , Zhu Daqian , Ye Lianbao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractJanus kinase (JAK) is a non receptor tyrosine protein kinase, which has attracted wide attention and JAK inhibitors are mainly used to screen therapeutic drugs for hematological diseases, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis. Filgotinib is an oral small molecule JAK inhibitor which is currently at the clinical stage to treat Crohn's disease (CD) and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we designed novel triazolopyridine derivatives A1–A4 using Filgotinib as the lead compound, then replaced cyclopropane with trifluoromethane and replaced triazolopyridine with imidazopyrazine to get B1–B4 by isosteric principle of bioelectronics. These compounds were prepared in this work, and the corresponding effects against JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 were assessed. The results indicated that B2 had stronger inhibitory effect on JAK1 and JAK3. A1 and A2 showed a good inhibitory effect on JAK1. Molecular docking results showed that compounds A1, A2 and B2 bind well to protein binding sites. These compounds can supply leading compounds for developing rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's drugs.
The landscape of GPCR signaling in the regulation of epidermal stem cell fate and skin homeostasis
Authors: Pedro M. Pilar , Lund Katherine , Iglesias-Bartolome Ramiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContinuous integration of signals from the micro- and macro-environment is necessary for somatic stem cells to adapt to changing conditions, maintain tissue homeostasis, and activate repair mechanisms. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) facilitate this integration by binding to numerous hormones, metabolites, and inflammatory mediators, influencing a diverse network of pathways that regulate stem cell fate. This adaptive mechanism is particularly relevant for tissues that are exposed to environmental assault, like skin. The skin is maintained by a set of basal keratinocyte stem and progenitor cells located in the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis, and several GPCRs and their signaling partners serve as makers and regulators of epidermal stem cell activity. GPCRs utilize heterotrimeric G protein dependent and independent pathways to translate extracellular signals into intracellular molecular cascades that dictate the activation of keratinocyte proliferative and differentiation networks, including Hedgehog GLI, Hippo YAP1 and WNT/β-catenin, ultimately regulating stem cell identity. Dysregulation of GPCR signaling underlines numerous skin inflammatory diseases and cancer, with smoothened-driven basal cell carcinoma being a main example of a GPCR-associated cancer. In this review, we discuss the impact of GPCRs and their signaling partners in skin keratinocyte biology, particularly in the regulation of the epidermal stem cell compartment.
To know about science is to love it? Unraveling cause–effect relationships between knowledge and attitudes toward science in citizen science on urban wildlife ecology
Authors: Bruckermann Till , Greving Hannah , Schumann Anke , Stillfried Milena , Börner Konstantin , Kimmig Sophia E. , Hagen Robert , Brandt Miriam , Harms Ute 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNowadays, citizens collaborate increasingly with scientists in citizen science (CS) projects on environmental issues. CS projects often have educational goals and aim to increase citizens' knowledge with the ultimate goal of fostering positive attitudes toward science. To date, little is known about the extent to which CS projects strengthen the positive interrelationship between knowledge and attitudes. Based on previous research, it has been suggested that the knowledge–attitude relationship could be further examined by focusing on different aspects: (1) different attitudinal domains, (2) topic‐specific knowledge, and (3) its direction. Our study contributes to the clarification of the interrelation between scientific knowledge and attitudes toward science within the specific domain of urban wildlife ecology using cross‐lagged panel analyses. We collected survey data on five attitudinal domains, topic‐specific knowledge, scientific reasoning abilities, and epistemological beliefs from N = 303 participants before and after they participated in a CS project on urban wildlife ecology. Participants collected and analyzed data on terrestrial mammals in a German metropolitan city. Our results provide evidence for the relationship between knowledge and attitudes due to the topic‐specificity of knowledge in CS projects (e.g., wildlife ecology). Our method provided a rigorous assessment of the direction of the knowledge–attitude relationship and showed that topic‐specific knowledge was a predictor of more positive attitudes toward science.
Tailoring nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery: From organ to subcellular level
Authors: Liang Tingxizi , Xing Zejing , Jiang Liping , Zhu Jun‐Jie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn effective dose at specific sites is of paramount importance for disease therapy. While therapeutic reagents such as small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins are suffered from degradation or clearance by physiological environment, nanomedicine has emerged to improve drug delivery efficiency due to their superior targeting ability. By tailoring the properties of nanoparticle, including size, shape, surface chemistry, site‐specific drug delivery in organ, cellular, and subcellular level could be achieved. This minireview highlights recent advances in the development of targeted drug delivery system for disease therapy.
Point‐of‐care detection of cytokines in cytokine storm management and beyond: Significance and challenges
Authors: Liu Guozhen , Jiang Cheng , Lin Xiaoting , Yang Yang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCytokines are signaling molecules between cells in immune system. Cytokine storm, due to the sudden acute increase in levels of pro‐inflammatory circulating cytokines, can result in disease severity and major‐organ damage. Thus, there is urgent need to develop rapid, sensitive, and specific methods for monitoring of cytokines in biology and medicine. Undoubtedly, point‐of‐care testing (POCT) will provide clinical significance in disease early diagnosis, management, and prevention. This review aims to summarize and discuss the latest technologies for detection of cytokines with a focus on POCT. The overview of diseases resulting from imbalanced cytokine levels, such as COVID‐19, sepsis and other cytokine release syndromes are presented. The clinical cut‐off levels of cytokine as biomarkers for different diseases are summarized. The challenges and perspectives on the development of cytokine POCT devices are also proposed and discussed. Cytokine POCT devices are expected to be the ongoing spotlight of disease management and prevention during COVID‐19 pandemic and also the post COVID‐19 pandemic era.
Molecular and serological evaluation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in a rural area of Fars province, southern Iran, as a source of Leishmania infantum infection
Authors: Najafi Laleh , Omidian Mostafa , Rezaei Zahra , Shahabi Saeed , Ghorbani Fariba , Arefkhah Nasir , Mohebali Mehdi , Zaraei Zabiolla , Sarkari Bahador 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCanine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is endemic in the southern parts of Iran. The current study aimed at molecular and serological evaluation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in Fars province, southern Iran. Blood samples were collected from 60 dogs in the three villages in Fars Province. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against L. infantum by direct agglutination test (DAT). DNA was extracted from each dog's buffy coat and tested by PCR, targeting the Leishmania ITS‐2 region. From a total of 60 studied dogs, 25 (41.7%) were female, and 35 (58.3%) were male. Dogs' age ranged from 1 to 7 years, with a mean age of 2.97 (±1.4) years. Anti‐Leishmania antibodies were detected in sera samples of 28 (46.7%) dogs, (titre ≥ 1:320). Out of 28 seropositive cases, 13 (46.4%) were female, and 15 (53.6%) were male. Association between seropositivity and dogs’ clinical signs was statistically significant (p < .05). Leishmania DNA was detected in the buffy coat of 3 of 60 studied dogs which were all seropositive by DAT. The PCR products were sequenced and molecular analysis showed that two of the isolates were Leishmania infantum, and one was L. tropica. The high proportion of seropositive dogs indicates the important role of these animals in the epidemiology of the disease in the region. Infected dogs with or without signs, especially those that are molecularly positive, can act as an active reservoir of the disease in the area.
Liquefaction
Authors: Wang Chi-Yuen , Manga Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLiquefaction of the ground during earthquakes has long been documented and has drawn much attention from earthquake engineers because of its devastation to engineered structures. In this chapter we review a few of the best studied field cases and summarize insights from extensive experimental data critical for understanding the interaction between earthquakes and liquefaction. Despite the progress made in the last few decades, several outstanding problems remain unanswered. One is the mechanism for liquefaction beyond the near field, which has been abundantly documented in the field. This is not well understood because, according to laboratory data, liquefaction should occur only in the near field where the seismic energy density is great enough to cause undrained consolidation leading up to liquefaction. Another outstanding question is the dependence of liquefaction on the frequency of the seismic waves, where the current results from the field and laboratory studies are in conflict. Finally, while in most cases the liquefied sediments are sand or silty sand, well-graded gravel has increasingly been witnessed to liquefy during earthquakes and is not simply the result of entrainment by liquified sand. It is challenging to explain how pore pressure could build up in gravely soils and be maintained at a level high enough to cause liquefaction.
Torus bundles, automorphisms and T-duality
Authors: Mahmood H. , Reid-Edwards R. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe reconsider some older constructions of T-duality, based on automorphisms of the worldsheet operator algebra, in a modern context. It has been long known that at special points in the moduli space of torus compactifications, the target space gauge symmetry may be enhanced. Away from such points the symmetry is broken and T-duality may be understood as a residual discrete gauge symmetry that survives this breaking. Drawing on work on connections over the space of string backgrounds, we discuss how to generalise this framework for T-duality to geometric and non-geometric backgrounds that are not full solutions of string theory, but may play an important role in exact backgrounds. Along the way we find an interesting algebraic structure and discuss its relationship with doubled geometry. We comment on non-isometric T-duality in this context.