bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A constraint on post–6 Ma timing of western Grand Canyon (Arizona, USA) incision removed: Local derivation indicated by ca. 5.4 Ma fluvial deposits below Shivwits Plateau basalts north of Grand Canyon
Authors: Steelquist A.T. , Hilley G.E. , Lucchitta I. , Young R.A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The timing of integration of the Colorado River system is central to understanding the landscape evolution of much of the southwestern United States. However, the time at which the Colorado River started incising the westernmost Grand Canyon (Arizona) is still an unsettled question, with conflicting interpretations of both geologic and thermochronologic data from western Grand Canyon. Fluvial gravels on the Shivwits Plateau, north of the canyon, have been reported to contain clasts derived from south of the modern canyon, suggesting the absence of western Grand Canyon at the time of their deposition. In this study, we reassess these deposits using modern geochronologic measurements to determine the age of the deposits and the presence or absence of clasts from south of the Grand Canyon. We could not identify southerly derived clasts, so cannot rule out the existence of a major topographic barrier such as Grand Canyon prior to the age of deposition of the gravels. 40Ar/39Ar analysis of a basalt clast entrained in the upper deposit (in combination with prior data) supports a maximum age of deposition of ca. 5.4 Ma, limiting deposition to post-Miocene, a period from which very few diagnostic and dated fluvial deposits remain in the western Colorado Plateau. Analysis of detrital zircon composition of the sand matrix supports interpretation of the deposit as being locally derived and not part of a major throughgoing river. We suggest that the published constraint of &lt;6 Ma timing of Grand Canyon incision may be removed, given that no clasts that must be sourced from south of Grand Canyon were found in the only known outcrop of gravels under the Shivwits Plateau basalts at Grassy Mountain north of Grand Canyon.
On Linear Instability of Atmospheric Quasi-hydrostatic Equations in Response to Small Shortwave Perturbations
Authors: Xu X. , Nigmatulin R. I. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA set of 3-dimensional atmospheric-dynamics equations with quasi-hydrostatic approximation is proposed and justified with the practical goal to optimize atmospheric modelling at scales ranging from meso meteorology to global climate. Sound waves are filtered by applying the quasi-hydrostatic approximation. In the closed system of hydro/thermodynamic equations, the inertial forces are negligibly small compared to gravity forces, and the asymptotically exact equation for vertical velocity is obtained. Investigation of the stability of solutions to this system in response to small shortwave perturbations has shown that solutions have the property of shortwave instability. There are situations when the increment of the perturbation amplitude tends to infinity, corresponding to absolute instability. It means that the Cauchy problem for such equations may be ill-posed. Its formulation can become conditionally correct if solutions are sought in a limited class of sufficiently smooth functions whose Fourier harmonics tend to zero reasonably quickly when the wavelengths of the perturbations approach zero. Thus, the numerical scheme for the quasi-hydrostatic equations using the finite-difference method requires an adequately selected pseudo-viscosity to eliminate the instability caused by perturbations with wavelengths of the order of the grid size. The result is useful for choosing appropriate vertical and horizontal grid sizes for modelling to avoid shortwave instability associated with the property of the system of equations. Implementation of pseudo-viscosities helps to smoothen or suppress the perturbations that occur during modelling.
HIV transmission knowledge among Rohingya refugee women in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Khan Md Nuruzzaman , Rahman Md Mashiur , Rahman Md Mostafizur , Islam M Mofizul 
Published: October 2021

Background and objectiveIncreasing numbers of Rohingya refugees have been found to be infected with HIV since they arrived in Bangladesh after being ousted from Myanmar in 2017. This study aimed to examine the knowledge about HIV transmission among Rohingya refugee women and to identify factors that are associated with that knowledge.DesignA cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire that was based on the standard questionnaire of the Demographic and Health Survey programme.SettingRohingya settlements in the Kutupalong refugee camp at Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.ParticipantsInterviews were conducted with 508 women who had married or given birth in the 2 years before the survey was done.Outcome measureThe participants were asked to answer a set of questions to assess their knowledge about HIV transmission.ResultsAround 70% of the women could not accurately answer four of the eight questions, and there were substantial misconceptions about the modes of HIV transmission. Knowledge regarding HIV transmission among participants increases in conjunction with the age at which they were first married. Women who were involved in work outside their households or those whose husbands were employed were more likely than others to demonstrate relatively good knowledge of transmission. Women who had received some formal education were 2.37 times likely to show relatively good knowledge of HIV transmission than those who had not received any education. Availability of healthcare facilities in the blocks where women resided is also associated with better knowledge. However, knowledge of HIV transmission among Rohingya women was significantly lower than among women in Bangladesh and Myanmar.ConclusionMost Rohingya women have inadequate knowledge of HIV transmission. Targeted interventions are needed to provide HIV education and to assist with prevention and behavioural changes.
Changes in neonatal admissions, care processes and outcomes in England and Wales during the COVID-19 pandemic: a whole population cohort study
Authors: Greenbury Sam F , Longford Nicholas , Ougham Kayleigh , Angelini Elsa D , Battersby Cheryl , Uthaya Sabita , Modi Neena 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic instigated multiple societal and healthcare interventions with potential to affect perinatal practice. We evaluated population-level changes in preterm and full-term admissions to neonatal units, care processes and outcomes.DesignObservational cohort study using the UK National Neonatal Research Database.SettingEngland and Wales.ParticipantsAdmissions to National Health Service neonatal units from 2012 to 2020.Main outcome measuresAdmissions by gestational age, ethnicity and Index of Multiple Deprivation, and key care processes and outcomes.MethodsWe calculated differences in numbers and rates between April and June 2020 (spring), the first 3 months of national lockdown (COVID-19 period), and December 2019–February 2020 (winter), prior to introduction of mitigation measures, and compared them with the corresponding differences in the previous 7 years. We considered the COVID-19 period highly unusual if the spring–winter difference was smaller or larger than all previous corresponding differences, and calculated the level of confidence in this conclusion.ResultsMarked fluctuations occurred in all measures over the 8 years with several highly unusual changes during the COVID-19 period. Total admissions fell, having risen over all previous years (COVID-19 difference: −1492; previous 7-year difference range: +100, +1617; p<0.001); full-term black admissions rose (+66; −64, +35; p<0.001) whereas Asian (−137; −14, +101; p<0.001) and white (−319; −235, +643: p<0.001) admissions fell. Transfers to higher and lower designation neonatal units increased (+129; −4, +88; p<0.001) and decreased (−47; −25, +12; p<0.001), respectively. Total preterm admissions decreased (−350; −26, +479; p<0.001). The fall in extremely preterm admissions was most marked in the two lowest socioeconomic quintiles.ConclusionsOur findings indicate substantial changes occurred in care pathways and clinical thresholds, with disproportionate effects on black ethnic groups, during the immediate COVID-19 period, and raise the intriguing possibility that non-healthcare interventions may reduce extremely preterm births.
Codesigning a supportive online resource for Australian cancer carers: a thematic analysis of informal carers’ and healthcare professionals’ perspectives about carers’ responsibilities and content needs
Authors: Perera Sharnel Miriam , O’Callaghan Clare , Ugalde Anna , Santin Olinda , Beer Cassandra , Prue G , Lane Katherine , Hanna Gerard G , Schofield Penelope 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo gather preliminary qualitative data that will assist in the codesign and development of a new informational and supportive website to assist informal cancer carers in Australia.Design and settingUtilising a previously tested codesign process, informal carers’ experiences and perspectives, including those of healthcare professionals’, were examined via focus groups and/or interviews. Data were analysed via thematic analysis.ParticipantsRural (n=9) and urban (n=11) carers’, and healthcare professionals’ (n=8) perspectives were collected. Carers participated in a focus group (n=9) or telephone interview (n=11). Healthcare professionals completed an interview (n=6) or online survey (n=2).ResultsRural and urban carers typically felt ill prepared for their multitudinal caregiving responsibilities. Supporting patient-to-healthcare professional liaisons could especially challenge. Carers’ biopsychosocial and fiscal strains were affected by patients’ hardships and available informal supports. Rural carers described greater social support than urban carers. Both rural and urban carers also described discontentment related to a carer neglecting healthcare system. Both carers and healthcare professionals endorsed the need for a user-friendly, carer-specific website encompassing practical information and resources, peer-driven advice and evidence-based illness information, tailored to the Australian context.ConclusionsCarers and healthcare professionals recognise the pressing need for an Australian, cancer carer-specific online resource. Findings will inform the next phase, where a resource will be designed, developed and tested.
wEight chanGes, caRdio-mEtabolic risks and morTality in patients with hyperthyroidism (EGRET): a protocol for a CPRD–HES linked cohort study
Authors: Torlinska Barbara , Hazlehurst Jonathan M , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Thomas G Neil , Priestley Julia R , Finnikin Samuel J , Saunders Philip , Abrams Keith R , Boelaert Kristien 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionHyperthyroidism is a common condition affecting up to 3% of the UK population. Treatment improves symptoms and reduces the risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke that contribute to increased mortality. The most common symptom is weight loss, which is reversed during treatment. However, the weight regain may be excessive, contributing to increased risk of obesity. Current treatment options include antithyroid drugs, radioiodine and thyroidectomy. Whether there are differences in either weight change or the long-term cardiometabolic risk between the three treatments is unclear.Methods and analysisThe study will establish the natural history of weight change in hyperthyroidism, investigate the risk of obesity and risks of cardiometabolic conditions and death relative to the treatment. The data on patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2015 will come from Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics and Office of National Statistics Death Registry. The weight changes will be modelled using a flexible joint modelling, accounting for mortality. Obesity prevalence in the general population will be sourced from Health Survey for England and compared with the post-treatment prevalence of obesity in patients with hyperthyroidism. The incidence and time-to-event of major adverse cardiovascular events, other cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality will be compared between the treatments using the inverse propensity weighting model. Incidence rate ratios of outcomes will be modelled with Poisson regression. Time to event will be analysed using Cox proportional hazards model. A competing risks approach will be adopted to estimate comparative incidences to allow for the impact of mortality.Ethics and disseminationThe study will bring new knowledge on the risk of developing obesity, cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality following treatment for hyperthyroidism to inform clinical practice and public health policies. The results will be disseminated via open-access peer-reviewed publications and directly to the patients and public groups (Independent Scientific Advisory Committee protocol approval #20_000185).
The Defence Medical Library Service and Military Medicine
Authors: Walker S. B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Defence Medical Library Service (DMLS) supports the clinical practice and career development of military health professionals across the world. Clinical governance and the need for medical knowledge to be evidence-based means the DMLS has a central role to play in support of defence medicine. The DMLS is important for enabling health professionals to make sense of the evidence-based pyramid and the hierarchy of medical knowledge. The Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM) in Birmingham is recognised as an international centre of excellence. The information, knowledge and research requirements of the RCDM will provide opportunities for the DMLS to support and engage with the academic community.
The Psychological Morbidity of Military Healthcare Workers
Authors: Burden James I. F. , Jeffery Samuel M. T. , Jonathan Leach A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo measure the probable prevalence of psychological morbidity in military healthcare professionals using the General Health Questionnaire 28.Results21 (35%) of military healthcare workers showed psychological ill health. Royal Air Force health staff had a significantly higher prevalence of ill health than both the Army [12 (63%) vs 6 (23%)] and the Royal Navy [12 (63%) vs 1 (8%)]. RAF non-commissioned staff were found to have a highly significant prevalence of ill health compared to the Army non-commissioned staff [7(70%) vs 1 (7%)], and Royal Navy non-commissioned staff [7 (70%) vs 0 (0%)].ConclusionThe study shows significant differences in psychological ill health between Services at the RCDM. Comparison with civilian data showed that the overall prevalence of psychological morbidity was no higher than in NHS staff. The elevated level of ill health in the Royal Air Force staff warrants further investigation and possible intervention.
Overview of 12 Months Anaesthetic Activity in a UK Field Hospital on Enduring Operations in Iraq
Authors: Bateman R. M. , McNicholas J. J. K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe British Field Hospital facility in Southern Iraq has seen a continuous turnover of patient admissions since the start of offensive operations during the 2003 Gulf conflict (Operation TELIC). During the war a number of procedures were carried out and these have been well described to date1,2,3. On May 1st 2003 President Bush declared an end to high intensity operations with a subsequent reduction in medical activity. However, the facility has continued to provide medical care to large numbers of service and civilian patients from the end of hostilities to the present day. The purpose of this review is to present anaesthetic and demographic data relating to procedures carried out at the Field Hospital over a 12-month period from the end of the war-fighting phase of the conflict.
Vertebral Wedge Fracture after Speedboat ‘Splash Down’
Authors: Wild G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA case is presented of a soldier with wedge fracture of T12 sustained after an axial compression (± flexion) injury in a Rigid-Hull Inflatable Boat (RIB). Very powerful boats, such as RIBs, are used on a daily basis in the Royal Navy (RN). Despite this, fractures of the spine are unusual (1). This study explores the mechanism of injury and illustrates that a wedge frature should be considered in anyone presenting with back pain after a ‘splash down’ injury.
Addicted to green: priming effect of menthol cigarette packaging on brain response to smoking cues
Authors: Shi Zhenhao , Wang An-Li , Fairchild Victoria P , Aronowitz Catherine A , Lynch Kevin G , Loughead James , Langleben Daniel D 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionMentholated tobacco cigarettes are believed to be more addictive than non-menthol ones. Packaging of most menthol cigarette brands includes distinctive green hues, which may act as conditioned stimuli (ie, cues) and promote menthol smoking. To examine the cue properties of menthol cigarette packaging, we used a priming paradigm to assess the effect of packaging on the neural substrates of smoking cue reactivity. We hypothesised that menthol packaging will exert a specific priming effect potentiating smoking cue reactivity in menthol compared with non-menthol smokers.MethodsForty-two menthol and 33 non-menthol smokers underwent functional MRI while viewing smoking and neutral cues. The cues were preceded (ie, primed) by briefly presented images of menthol or non-menthol cigarette packages. Participants reported craving for cigarettes in response to each cue.ResultsMenthol packaging induced greater frontostriatal and occipital smoking cue reactivity in menthol smokers than in non-menthol smokers. Menthol packaging also enhanced the mediation by neural activity of the relationship between cue exposure and cigarette craving in menthol but not non-menthol smokers. Dynamic causal modelling showed stronger frontostriatal-occipital connectivity in response to menthol packaging in menthol compared with non-menthol smokers. The effects of non-menthol packaging did not differ between categories of smokers.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate heightened motivational and perceptual salience of the green-hued menthol cigarette packaging that may exacerbate menthol smokers’ susceptibility to smoking cues. These effects could contribute to the greater addiction severity among menthol smokers and could be considered in the development of science-based regulation and legal review of tobacco product marketing practices.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Image Segmentation under Edge Detection Intelligent Algorithm in Diagnosis of Surgical Wrist Joint Injuries
Authors: Li Zhongyi , Ji Xi 
Published: October 2021

Background. Wrist joint injury refers to the injury of the wrist joint caused by excessive stretching of the ligaments and joint capsules around the joint caused by indirect violence. The tissue structure of the wrist joint is complex, and the clinical diagnosis effect is poor. Methods. The purpose of this study was to improve the diagnostic accuracy of wrist joint injuries and provide evidence for imaging analysis and automatic diagnosis of lesions in patients with wrist joint injuries. The Canny algorithm was adopted to extract the edge features of the patient’s magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image, and the particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO-SVM) algorithm was applied to segment the lesion. The image processing effect of the algorithm was evaluated by taking peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), figure of merit (FOM), and structural similarity (SSIM) as indicators. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Dice similarity coefficient of the algorithm were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy in WJI. Results. Compared with the Gradient Vector Flo (GVF) algorithm and the Elastic Automatic Region Growing (ERG) algorithm, the edge stability of the PSO-SVM algorithm was stable above 0.9. After the quality of images processed using different algorithms was analyzed, it was found that the PSNR of the PSO-SVM algorithm was 26.891 ± 5.331 dB, the MSE was 0.0014 ± 0.0003, the FOM was 0.8832 ± 0.0957, and the SSIM was 0.9032 ± 0.0807. The four indicators were all much better than those of the GVF algorithm and the EARG algorithm, showing statistically obvious differences (

P

< 0.05). Analysis on diagnostic accuracy of different algorithms for WJI suggested that the diagnostic accuracy of the PSO-SVM algorithm was 0.9413, the sensitivity was 0.9129, the specificity was 0.9088, and the Dice similarity coefficient was 0.8715. The four indicators all showed statistically great difference compared with those of the GVF algorithm and the EARG algorithm (

P

< 0.05). Conclusions. The PSO-SVM algorithm showed excellent edge detection performance and higher accuracy in the diagnosis of WJI, which can assist clinicians in the clinical auxiliary diagnosis of WJI.
Circulating and Myocardial Cytokines Predict Cardiac Structural and Functional Improvement in Patients With Heart Failure Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support
Authors: Diakos Nikolaos A. , Taleb Iosif , Kyriakopoulos Christos P. , Shah Kevin S. , Javan Hadi , Richins Tyler J. , Yin Michael Y. , Yen Chi‐Gang , Dranow Elizabeth , Bonios Michael J. , Alharethi Rami , Koliopoulou Antigone G. , Taleb Mariam , Fang James C. , Selzman Craig H. , Stellos Konstantinos , Drakos Stavros G. 
Published: October 2021

Background
Recent prospective multicenter data from patients with advanced heart failure demonstrated that left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support combined with standard heart failure medications, induced significant cardiac structural and functional improvement, leading to high rates of LVAD weaning in selected patients. We investigated whether preintervention myocardial and systemic inflammatory burden could help identify the subset of patients with advanced heart failure prone to LVAD‐mediated cardiac improvement to guide patient selection, treatment, and monitoring.

Methods and Results

Ninety‐three patients requiring durable LVAD were prospectively enrolled. Myocardial tissue and blood were acquired during LVAD implantation, for measurement of inflammatory markers. Cardiac structural and functional improvement was prospectively assessed via serial echocardiography. Eleven percent of the patients showed significant reverse remodeling following LVAD support (ie, responders). Circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐13, and interferon gamma were lower in responders, compared with nonresponders (
P
<0.05, all comparisons). The myocardial tissue signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3, an inflammatory response regulator, was less activated in responders (
P
=0.037). Guided by our tissue studies and a multivariable dichotomous regression analysis, we identified that low levels of circulating interferon gamma (odds ratio [OR], 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01–0.35) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.00–0.43), independently predict cardiac improvement, creating a 2‐cytokine model effectively predicting responders (area under the curve, 0.903;
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions
Baseline myocardial and systemic inflammatory burden inversely correlates with cardiac improvement following LVAD support. A circulating 2‐cytokine model predicting significant reverse remodeling was identified, warranting further investigation as a practical preintervention tool in identifying patients prone to LVAD‐mediated cardiac improvement and device weaning.