bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Breast Cancer Mortality in the US: Estimates From Collaborative Simulation Modeling
Authors: Alagoz Oguzhan , Lowry Kathryn P , Kurian Allison W , Mandelblatt Jeanne S , Ergun Mehmet A , Huang Hui , Lee Sandra J , Schechter Clyde B , Tosteson Anna N A , Miglioretti Diana L , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Nyante Sarah J , Kerlikowske Karla , Sprague Brian L , Stout Natasha K ,   from the CISNET Breast Working Group
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted breast cancer control through short-term declines in screening and delays in diagnosis and treatments. We projected the impact of COVID-19 on future breast cancer mortality between 2020 and 2030.MethodsThree established Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network breast cancer models modeled reductions in mammography screening use, delays in symptomatic cancer diagnosis, and reduced use of chemotherapy for women with early-stage disease for the first 6 months of the pandemic with return to prepandemic patterns after that time. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effect of key model parameters, including the duration of the pandemic impact.ResultsBy 2030, the models project 950 (model range = 860-1297) cumulative excess breast cancer deaths related to reduced screening, 1314 (model range = 266-1325) associated with delayed diagnosis of symptomatic cases, and 151 (model range = 146-207) associated with reduced chemotherapy use in women with hormone positive, early-stage cancer. Jointly, 2487 (model range = 1713-2575) excess breast cancer deaths were estimated, representing a 0.52% (model range = 0.36%-0.56%) cumulative increase over breast cancer deaths expected by 2030 in the absence of the pandemic’s disruptions. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the breast cancer mortality impact would be approximately double if the modeled pandemic effects on screening, symptomatic diagnosis, and chemotherapy extended for 12 months.ConclusionsInitial pandemic-related disruptions in breast cancer care will have a small long-term cumulative impact on breast cancer mortality. Continued efforts to ensure prompt return to screening and minimize delays in evaluation of symptomatic women can largely mitigate the effects of the initial pandemic-associated disruptions.
Valproic acid triggers radiation-induced abscopal effect by modulating the unirradiated tumor immune microenvironment in a rat model of breast cancer
Authors: Jin Liya , Duan Wenhua , Cai Zuchao , Lim David , Feng Zhihui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An abscopal effect occurs when localized radiotherapy causes the regression of tumors distant from the irradiated site. However, such a clinically detectable abscopal effect from radiotherapy alone is rare. This study investigated whether valproic acid ([VPA], a histone deacetylase inhibitor [HDACi]) treatment can stimulate radiation-induced abscopal effect. We used 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, a typical environmental carcinogen, to establish a rat model with multiple breast tumors. Only one tumor received 8 Gy fractionated doses of X-rays (2 Gy daily fractions over four days) and 200 mg/kg VPA was administered intraperitoneally. We monitored the growth of both irradiated and unirradiated tumors after treatments. The unirradiated tumor was collected for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) (CD8, Granzyme B, Cleaved Caspase-3, BrdU, Ki67, F4/80 and CD68), double immunofluorescence (F4/80 and CD86), Western blot (Cleaved Caspase-3) and qRT-PCR (CD86, CD163, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IL-10, TGF-β) analysis. We found ionizing radiation (IR) + VPA treatment inhibited both irradiated and unirradiated tumor growth as compared to IR alone. Such observe abscopal effect was mediated by the recruitment of activated CD8+ T cells into the unirradiated tumor sites, which released Granzyme B to cause tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, IR + VPA treatment led to macrophages infiltration into the unirradiated tumor sites and polarization to M1 phenotype, resulted in increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-12, and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β. Our data supports the proposition that VPA may be a potential therapeutic candidate to trigger radiation-induced abscopal effect by modulating the unirradiated tumor immune microenvironment.
A new method to visualize CEP hormone–CEP receptor interactions in vascular tissue in vivo
Authors: Lee Han-Chung , Binos Steve , Chapman Kelly , Pulsford Sacha B , Ivanovici Ariel , Rathjen John P , Djordjevic Michael A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDEs (CEPs) control diverse responses in plants including root development, root system architecture, nitrogen demand signalling, and nutrient allocation that influences yield, and there is evidence that different ligands impart different phenotypic responses. Thus, there is a need for a simple method that identifies bona fide CEP hormone–receptor pairings in vivo and examines whether different CEP family peptides bind the same receptor. We used formaldehyde or photoactivation to cross-link fluorescently tagged group 1 or group 2 CEPs to receptors in semi-purified Medicago truncatula or Arabidopsis thaliana leaf vascular tissues to verify that COMPACT ROOT ARCHITECTURE 2 (CRA2) is the Medicago CEP receptor, and to investigate whether sequence diversity within the CEP family influences receptor binding. Formaldehyde cross-linked the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-tagged Medicago group 1 CEP (MtCEP1) to wild-type Medicago or Arabidopsis vascular tissue cells, but not to the CEP receptor mutants, cra2 or cepr1. Binding competition showed that unlabelled MtCEP1 displaces FITC–MtCEP1 from CRA2. In contrast, the group 2 CEP, FITC–AtCEP14, bound to vascular tissue independently of CEPR1 or CRA2, and AtCEP14 did not complete with FITC–MtCEP1 to bind CEP receptors. The binding of a photoactivatable FITC–MtCEP1 to the periphery of Medicago vascular cells suggested that CRA2 localizes to the plasma membrane. We separated and visualized a fluorescent 105 kDa protein corresponding to the photo-cross-linked FITC–MtCEP1–CRA2 complex using SDS–PAGE. Mass spectrometry identified CRA2-specific peptides in this protein band. The results indicate that FITC–MtCEP1 binds to CRA2, MtCRA2 and AtCEPR1 are functionally equivalent, and the binding specificities of group 1 and group 2 CEPs are distinct. Using formaldehyde or photoactivated cross-linking of biologically active, fluorescently tagged ligands may find wider utility by identifying CEP–CEP receptor pairings in diverse plants.
Global Health Engagement: Leveraging New Technology and Multilateral Partnerships During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Payne Chelsea B 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
United States government global health engagements range from delivering aid, to medical skill certification, and building multilateral partnerships with key leaders. This article discusses three critical questions to consider when planning engagements during pandemics. By expanding virtual programming, and including SARS-CoV-2 mitigation measures with in-person events, we can enhance support to partner nations through medical engagements.
A new MWA limit on the 21 cm power spectrum at redshifts ∼13–17
Authors: Yoshiura S , Pindor B , Line J L B , Barry N , Trott C M , Beardsley A , Bowman J , Byrne R , Chokshi A , Hazelton B J , Hasegawa K , Howard E , Greig B , Jacobs D , Jordan C H , Joseph R , Kolopanis M , Lynch C , McKinley B , Mitchell D A , Morales M F , Murray S G , Pober J C , Rahimi M , Takahashi K , Tingay S J , Wayth R B , Webster R L , Wilensky M , Wyithe J S B , Zhang Z , Zheng Q 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTObservations in the lowest Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) band between 75 and 100 MHz have the potential to constrain the distribution of neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium at redshift ∼13–17. Using 15 h of MWA data, we analyse systematics in this band such as radio-frequency interference (RFI), ionospheric and wide field effects. By updating the position of point sources, we mitigate the direction-independent calibration error due to ionospheric offsets. Our calibration strategy is optimized for the lowest frequency bands by reducing the number of direction-dependent calibrators and taking into account radio sources within a wider field of view. We remove data polluted by systematics based on the RFI occupancy and ionospheric conditions, finally selecting 5.5 h of the cleanest data. Using these data, we obtain 2σ upper limits on the 21 cm power spectrum in the range of $0.1~ h~{\mathrm{ Mpc}}^{-1}\lessapprox k \lessapprox 1 ~ ~h~{\mathrm{ Mpc}}^{-1}$ and at z = 14.2, 15.2, and 16.5, with the lowest limit being $6.3\times 10^6 ~\rm mK^2$ at $k=0.14 ~h~{\mathrm{ Mpc}}^{-1}$ and at z = 15.2 with a possibility of a few per cent of signal loss due to direction-independent calibration.
Internal rotation of Milky Way dwarf spheroidal satellites with Gaia Early Data Release 3
Authors: Martínez-García Alberto Manuel , del Pino Andrés , Aparicio Antonio , van der Marel Roeland P , Watkins Laura L 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of the kinematics of 14 satellites of the Milky Way (MW). We use proper motions (PMs) from the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) and line-of-sight velocities (vlos) available in the literature to derive the systemic 3D motion of these systems. For six of them, namely the Carina, Draco, Fornax, Sculptor, Sextans, and Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSph), we study the internal kinematics projecting the stellar PMs into radial, VR (expansion/contraction), and tangential, VT (rotation), velocity components with respect to the centre of mass. We find significant rotation in the Carina (|VT| = 9.6 ± 4.5 km s−1 ), Fornax (|VT| = 2.8 ± 1.3 km s−1 ), and Sculptor (|VT| = 3.0 ± 1.0 km s−1 ) dSphs. Besides the Sagittarius dSph, these are the first measurements of internal rotation in the plane of the sky in the MW’s classical dSphs. All galaxies except Carina show |VT|/σv &lt; 1. We find that slower rotators tend to show, on average, larger sky-projected ellipticity (as expected for a sample with random viewing angles) and are located at smaller Galactocentric distances (as expected for tidal stirring scenarios in which rotation is transformed into random motions as satellites sink into the parent halo). However, these trends are small and not statistically significant, indicating that rotation has not played a dominant role in shaping the 3D structure of these galaxies. Either tidal stirring had a weak impact on the evolution of these systems or it perturbed them with similar efficiency regardless of their current Galactocentric distance.
Density profile of a self-gravitating polytropic turbulent fluid in the context of ensembles of molecular clouds
Authors: Donkov S , Stefanov I Zh , Veltchev T V , Klessen R S 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We obtain an equation for the density profile in a self-gravitating polytropic spherically symmetric turbulent fluid with an equation of state $p_{\rm gas}\propto \rho ^\Gamma$. This is done in the framework of ensembles of molecular clouds represented by single abstract objects as introduced by Donkov et al. The adopted physical picture is appropriate to describe the conditions near to the cloud core where the equation of state changes from isothermal (in the outer cloud layers) with Γ = 1 to one of ‘hard polytrope’ with exponent Γ &gt; 1. On the assumption of steady state, as the accreting matter passes through all spatial scales, we show that the total energy per unit mass is an invariant with respect to the fluid flow. The obtained equation reproduces the Bernoulli equation for the proposed model and describes the balance of the kinetic, thermal, and gravitational energy of a fluid element. We propose as well a method to obtain approximate solutions in a power-law form which results in four solutions corresponding to different density profiles, polytropic exponents, and energy balance equations for a fluid element. One of them, a density profile with slope −3 and polytropic exponent Γ = 4/3, matches with observations and numerical works and, in particular, leads to a second power-law tail of the density distribution function in dense, self-gravitating cloud regions.
Long-term and multiwavelength evolution of a changing-look AGN Mrk 1018
Authors: Lyu Bing , Yan Zhen , Yu Wenfei , Wu Qingwen 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The physical mechanism for triggering the changing-look phenomenon in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is still unclear. We explore this issue based on the multiwavelength spectral and flux variations for a changing-look AGN Mrk 1018 with long-term observations in the X-ray, optical/ultraviolet (UV), and radio bands. Both the optical and the X-ray emission experience a rapid decay in changing-look phase during 2010–2015, where a re-flare appears in the optical/UV and X-ray bands. We find a time lag of ∼20 d of optical/UV behind X-ray variations in type 1.9 phase. The 5 GHz radio flux decreases by ∼20 per cent in type 1.9 phase during 2016–2017. We find that both the X-ray photon index (Γ) and the optical-to-X-ray spectral index (αox ) are anticorrelated with the Eddington scaled 2–10 keV X-ray luminosity (LX/LEdd) in the type 1.9 phase. However, the type 1 phase deviates from these two anticorrelations, which suggests that the change of broad emission lines might be regulated by the evolution of accretion disc (e.g. disappearing of the inner cold disc in the type 1.9 phase).
Cancer predisposition in pediatric neuro-oncology—practical approaches and ethical considerations
Authors: Hirsch Steffen , Dikow Nicola , Pfister Stefan M , Pajtler Kristian W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A genetic predisposition to tumor development can be identified in up to 10% of pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. For some entities, the rate of an underlying predisposition is even considerably higher. In recent years, population-based approaches have helped to further delineate the role of cancer predisposition in pediatric oncology. Investigations for cancer predisposition syndrome (CPS) can be guided by clinical signs and family history leading to directed testing of specific genes. The increasingly adopted molecular analysis of tumor and often parallel blood samples with multi-gene panel, whole-exome, or whole-genome sequencing identifies additional patients with or without clinical signs. Diagnosis of a genetic predisposition may put an additional burden on affected families. However, information on a given cancer predisposition may be critical for the patient as potentially influences treatment decisions and may offer the patient and healthy carriers the chance to take part in intensified surveillance programs aiming at early tumor detection. In this review, we discuss some of the practical and ethical challenges resulting from the widespread use of new diagnostic techniques and the most important CPS that may manifest with brain tumors in childhood.
Engaging People Who Inject Drugs Living With HIV in Antiretroviral Treatment and Medication for Opioid Use Disorder: Extended Follow-up of HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 074
Authors: Lancaster Kathryn E , Mollan Katie R , Hanscom Brett S , Shook-Sa Bonnie E , Ha Tran V , Dumchev Kostyantyn , Djoerban Zubairi , Rose Scott M , Latkin Carl A , Metzger David S , Go Vivian F , Dvoriak Sergii , Reifeis Sarah A , Piwowar-Manning Estelle M , Richardson Paul , Hudgens Michael G , Hamilton Erica L , Eshleman Susan H , Susami Hepa , Chu Viet Anh , Djauzi Samsuridjal , Kiriazova Tetiana , Nhan Do Thi , Burns David N , Miller William C , Hoffman Irving F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
People who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV experience inadequate access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and medication for opioid use disorders (MOUD). HPTN 074 showed that an integrated intervention increased ART use and viral suppression over 52 weeks. To examine durability of ART, MOUD, and HIV viral suppression, participants could re-enroll for an extended follow-up period, during which standard-of-care (SOC) participants in need of support were offered the intervention.

Methods
Participants were recruited from Ukraine, Indonesia and Vietnam and randomly allocated 3:1 to SOC or intervention. Eligibility criteria included: HIV-positive; active injection drug use; 18-60 years of age; ≥1 HIV-uninfected injection partner; and viral load ≥1,000 copies/mL. Re-enrollment was offered to all available intervention and SOC arm participants, and SOC participants in need of support (off-ART or off-MOUD) were offered the intervention.

Results
The intervention continuation group re-enrolled 89 participants, and from week 52 to 104, viral suppression (&lt;40 copies/mL) declined from 41% to 29% (estimated 9.4% decrease per year, 95% CI -17.0%; -1.8%). The in need of support group re-enrolled 94 participants and had increased ART (re-enrollment: 55%, week 26: 69%) and MOUD (re-enrollment: 16%, week 26: 25%) use, and viral suppression (re-enrollment: 40%, week 26: 49%).

Conclusions
Viral suppression declined in year 2 for those who initially received the HPTN 074 intervention and improved maintenance support is warranted. Viral suppression and MOUD increased among in need participants who received intervention during the study extension. Continued efforts are needed for widespread implementation of this scalable, integrated intervention.
Pneumonia Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Influenza Virus: A Multicenter Comparative Study
Authors: Oi Issei , Ito Isao , Hirabayashi Masataka , Endo Kazuo , Emura Masahito , Kojima Toru , Tsukao Hitokazu , Tomii Keisuke , Nakagawa Atsushi , Otsuka Kojiro , Akai Masaya , Oi Masahiro , Sugita Takakazu , Fukui Motonari , Inoue Daiki , Hasegawa Yoshinori , Takahashi Kenichi , Yasui Hiroaki , Fujita Kohei , Ishida Tadashi , Ito Akihiro , Kita Hideo , Kaji Yusuke , Tsuchiya Michiko , Tomioka Hiromi , Yamada Takashi , Terada Satoru , Nakaji Hitoshi , Hamao Nobuyoshi , Shirata Masahiro , Nishioka Kensuke , Yamazoe Masatoshi , Shiraishi Yusuke , Ogimoto Tatsuya , Hosoya Kazutaka , Ajimizu Hitomi , Shima Hiroshi , Matsumoto Hisako , Tanabe Naoya , Hirai Toyohiro 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Detailed differences in clinical information between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia (CP), which is the main phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 disease, and influenza pneumonia (IP) are still unclear.

Methods
A prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted by including patients with CP who were hospitalized between January and June 2020 and a retrospective cohort of patients with IP hospitalized from 2009 to 2020. We compared the clinical presentations and studied the prognostic factors of CP and IP.

Results
Compared with the IP group (n = 66), in the multivariate analysis, the CP group (n = 362) had a lower percentage of patients with underlying asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P &lt; .01), lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P &lt; .01), lower systolic blood pressure (P &lt; .01), higher diastolic blood pressure (P &lt; .01), lower aspartate aminotransferase level (P &lt; .05), higher serum sodium level (P &lt; .05), and more frequent multilobar infiltrates (P &lt; .05). The diagnostic scoring system based on these findings showed excellent differentiation between CP and IP (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.889). Moreover, the prognostic predictors were different between CP and IP.

Conclusions
Comprehensive differences between CP and IP were revealed, highlighting the need for early differentiation between these 2 pneumonias in clinical settings.
Future Directions in Robotic Neurosurgery
Authors: Wagner Christopher R , Phillips Timothy , Roux Serge , Corrigan Joseph P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we highlight promising technologies in each phase of a robotic neurosurgery operation, and identify key factors affecting how quickly these technologies will mature into products in the operating room. We focus on specific technology trends in image-guided cranial and spinal procedures, including advances in imaging, machine learning, robotics, and novel interfaces. For each technology, we discuss the required effort to overcome safety or implementation challenges, as well as identifying example regulatory approved products in related fields for comparison. The goal is to provide a roadmap for clinicians as to which robotic and automation technologies are in the developmental pipeline, and which ones are likely to impact their practice sooner, rather than later.
Mesenchymal stem cells loaded on 3D-printed gradient poly(ε-caprolactone)/methacrylated alginate composite scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Cao Yanyan , Cheng Peng , Sang Shengbo , Xiang Chuan , An Yang , Wei Xiaochun , Shen Zhizhong , Zhang Yixia , Li Pengcui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cartilage has limited self-repair ability due to its avascular, alymphatic and aneural features. The combination of three-dimensional (3D) printing and tissue engineering provides an up-and-coming approach to address this issue. Here, we designed and fabricated a tri-layered (superficial layer (SL), middle layer (ML) and deep layer (DL)) stratified scaffold, inspired by the architecture of collagen fibers in native cartilage tissue. The scaffold was composed of 3D printed depth-dependent gradient poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) impregnated with methacrylated alginate (ALMA), and its morphological analysis and mechanical properties were tested. To prove the feasibility of the composite scaffolds for cartilage regeneration, the viability, proliferation, collagen deposition and chondrogenic differentiation of embedded rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the scaffolds were assessed by Live/dead assay, CCK-8, DNA content, cell morphology, immunofluorescence and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. BMSCs-loaded gradient PCL/ALMA scaffolds showed excellent cell survival, cell proliferation, cell morphology, collagen II deposition and hopeful chondrogenic differentiation compared with three individual-layer scaffolds. Hence, our study demonstrates the potential use of the gradient PCL/ALMA construct for enhanced cartilage tissue engineering.
Golden Handcuffs and Corporate Innovation: Evidence from Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Authors: Duong Huu Nhan , Qiu Bin , Rhee S Ghon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study examines the relation between employee incentives and corporate innovation. We find that firms with a higher defined benefit (DB) pension value secure more patents and patent citations. We further show that pension freezes, which stop the accumulation of pension obligations, negatively affect innovation outcomes. The value of a DB plan enhances innovation by motivating employees to produce higher output and through loyalty. However, pension deficits impede innovation because of the nature of inside debt. Overall, our findings call for a fresh look at pensions by policy makers and practitioners, given the historic shift away from DB plans. (JEL G31, G32, O31, O32).
Liquidity Restrictions, Runs, and Central Bank Interventions: Evidence from Money Market Funds
Authors: Li Lei , Li Yi , Macchiavelli Marco , Zhou Xing (Alex) 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLiquidity restrictions on investors, like the redemption gates and liquidity fees introduced in the 2016 money market fund (MMF) reform, are meant to improve financial stability. However, we find evidence that such liquidity restrictions exacerbated the run on prime MMFs during the COVID-19 crisis. Our results indicate that gates and fees could generate strategic complementarities among investors in crisis times. Severe outflows from prime MMFs led the Federal Reserve to intervene with the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (MMLF). Using MMLF microdata, we show how the provision of “liquidity of last resort” stabilized prime funds.