bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Silico Molecular-Based Rationale for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Circulating Mutations Able to Escape Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Laurini Erik , Marson Domenico , Aulic Suzana , Fermeglia Alice , Pricl Sabrina 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this work was to provide an in silico molecular rationale of the role eventually played by currently circulating S-RBDCoV-2 mutations in evading the immune surveillance effects elicited by the two Eli Lilly LY-CoV555/bamlanivimab and LY-CoV016/etesevimab monoclonal antibodies. The main findings from this study and shows that, compared to the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, mutations E484A/G/K/Q/R/V, Q493K/L/R, S494A/P/R, L452R and F490S are predicted to be markedly resistant to neutralization by LY-CoV555, while mutations K417E/N/T, D420A/G/N, N460I/K/S/T, T415P, and Y489C/S are predicted to confer LY-CoV016 escaping advantage to the viral protein. A challenge of our global in silico results against the relevant experimental data resulted in an overall 90% agreement. This achievement not only constitutes a further, robust validation of our computer-based approach but also yields a molecular-based rationale for all relative experimental findings, and leads us to conclude that the current circulating SARS-CoV-2 and all possible emergent variants carrying these mutations in the spike protein can present new challenges for mAb-based therapies and ultimately threaten the fully-protective efficacy of currently available vaccines.
Rules for designing protein fold switches and their implications for the folding code
Authors: Chen Yingwei , He Yanan , Ruan Biao , Choi Eun Jung , Chen Yihong , Motabar Dana , Solomon Tsega , Simmerman Richard , Kauffman Thomas , Gallagher D. Travis , Orban John , Bryan Philip N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe have engineered switches between the three most common small folds, 3α, 4β+α, and α/β−plait, referred to here as A, B, and S, respectively. Mutations were introduced into the natural S protein until sequences were created that have a stable S-fold in their longer (∼90 amino acid) form and have an alternative fold (either A or B) in their shorter (56 amino acid) form. Five sequence pairs were designed and key structures were determined using NMR spectroscopy. Each protein pair is 100% identical in the 56 amino acid region of overlap. Several rules for engineering switches emerged. First, designing one sequence with good native state interactions in two folds requires care but is feasible. Once this condition is met, fold populations are determined by the stability of the embedded A- or B-fold relative to the S-fold and the conformational propensities of the ends that are generated in the switch to the embedded fold. If the stabilities of the embedded fold and the longer fold are similar, conformation is highly sensitive to mutation so that even a single amino acid substitution can radically shift the population to the alternative fold. The results provide insight into why dimorphic sequences can be engineered and sometimes exist in nature, while most natural protein sequences populate single folds. Proteins may evolve toward unique folds because dimorphic sequences generate interactions that destabilize and can produce aberrant functions. Thus, two-state behavior may result from nature’s negative design rather than being an inherent property of the folding code.Significance StatementWe establish general rules for designing protein fold switches by engineering dimorphic sequences that link the three most common small folds. The fact that switches can be engineered in arbitrary and common protein folds, sheds light on several important questions: 1) What is the generality of fold switching? 2) What types of folds are amenable to switching? 3) What properties are shared by sequences that can fold into two completely different structures? This work has implications for understanding how amino acid sequence encodes structure, how proteins evolve, how mutation is related to disease, and how function is annotated to sequences of unknown structure.ClassificationBiological Sciences: Biochemistry; Physical Sciences: Biophysics and Computational Biology
Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD domain and its ligand the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics
Authors: Barton Michael I. , MacGowan Stuart , Kutuzov Mikhail , Dushek Omer , Barton Geoffrey J. , van der Merwe P. Anton 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 virus Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and the ACE2 cell surface protein is required for viral infection of cells. Mutations in the RBD domain are present in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern that have emerged independently worldwide. For example, the more transmissible B.1.1.7 lineage has a mutation (N501Y) in its Spike RBD domain that enhances binding to ACE2. There are also ACE2 alleles in humans with mutations in the RBD binding site. Here we perform a detailed affinity and kinetics analysis of the effect of five common RBD mutations (K417N, K417T, N501Y, E484K and S477N) and two common ACE2 mutations (S19P and K26R) on the RBD/ACE2 interaction. We analysed the effects of individual RBD mutations, and combinations found in new SARS-CoV-2 variants first identified in the UK (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351) and Brazil (P1). Most of these mutations increased the affinity of the RBD/ACE2 interaction. The exceptions were mutations K417N/T, which decreased the affinity. Taken together with other studies, our results suggest that the N501Y and S477N mutations primarily enhance transmission, the K417N/T mutations facilitate immune escape, and the E484K mutation facilitates both transmission and immune escape.
Expectation of being affected: an enactive perspective of spectators' expectations of contemporary dance
Authors: Moisio Saara 
Published: May 2021

PurposeThis article examines how spectators describe their expectations of contemporary dance by referring to action. Through discussing a qualitative audience study, the article argues that spectators always have an expectation of being affected by performances they attend. This expectation can guide their interest in attending performances of certain genres instead of other possible ones on offer. Additionally, the article points out how spectators can actively manage their expectations in order to be affected.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on 21 in-depth interviews with spectators at a dance venue, a company and a festival in Finland. The analysis of the interviews combines thematic analysis with metaphor analysis. Employing the paradigm of enaction and the concept of affordances, this article approaches expectations as embodied and dynamic, created in interactions between artists, producers and spectators.FindingsThe analysis shows that when speaking about their expectations of performances, spectators use bodily and spatial metaphors. Focusing on metaphors reveals how, for the spectators, performances afford a possibility for action that affects them. The interviewed spectators describe that contemporary dance is “not set in its ways”, and therefore it keeps them “awake” and their thoughts do “not fossilize”. This way, they understand contemporary dance as a genre that affords a possibility to be affected by allowing a freedom of own interpretation and surprising experiences if they desire such.Originality/valueConcentration on the metaphors of language offers a deeper understanding of the active nature of spectators' expectations. Understanding how spectators describe their expectations by referring to action that enables the shaping of their emotions and thoughts can help the development of arts marketing and audience engagement.
Seeing the invisible: brand authenticity and the cultural production of queer imagination
Authors: Södergren Jonatan , Vallström Niklas 
Published: May 2021

PurposeThe twofold aim of this theory-building article is to raise questions about the ability of queer cinema to transform market culture and ideologies around gender and sexuality. First, the authors examine how the very capitalization of queer signifiers may compromise the dominant order from within. Second, the authors address how brands possibly can draw on these signifiers to project authenticity.Design/methodology/approachThrough visual methods of film criticism and the semiotic analysis of three films (Moonlight, Call Me By Your Name and Portrait of a Lady on Fire), the authors outline some profound narrative tensions addressed by movie makers seeking to give an authentic voice to queer lives.FindingsBrands can tap into these narrative attempts at “seeing the invisible” to signify authenticity. False sublation, i.e. the “catch-22” of commodifying the queer imaginaries one seeks to represent, follows from a Marcusean analysis.Practical implicationsIn more practical terms, “seeing the invisible” is proposed as a cultural branding technique. To be felicitous, one has to circumvent three narrative traditions: pathologization, rationalization and trivialization.Originality/valueIn contrast to Marcuse's pessimist view emphasizing its affirmative aspects, the authors conclude that such commodification in the long term may have transformative effects on the dominant ideology. This is because even if something is banished to the realm of imagination, e.g. through aesthetic semblance, it can still be enacted in real life.
Challenging the context: mumpreneurship, copreneurship and sustainable thinking in the entrepreneurial process of women – a case study in Ecuador
Authors: Chávez Rivera María Eulalia , Fuentes Fuentes María del Mar , Ruiz-Jiménez Jenny María 
Published: May 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to determine the factors in the context of entrepreneurship that are evident in Ecuador, a country that has the highest rate of female entrepreneurship worldwide with 34% according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) (2019).Design/methodology/approachA qualitative study was carried out with 39 cases, applying in-depth personal interviews and focus groups to selected cases in the main cities of Ecuador.FindingsThe results suggest that “mumpreneurship”, copreneurship and sustainable thinking arise in response to the environment. Deepening then in the perspective of the 5M proposes by Brushet al. (2009) that give us a framework of the macroenvironment of women entrepreneurship and offers a holistic understanding of women's entrepreneurship, adding a sixth “M” which is “Environmental Thinking” or the environmental thinking that is present in the current context.Originality/valueThis article is one of the first to analyse the context of female entrepreneurship in Ecuador and determine the context factors that influence the identification of opportunities and the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. It also presents the expectations and challenges of the women who shape the authors’ case studies and give voice to Ecuadorian women. Consequently, this research will support the configuration of policies that supports each of the stages of women's entrepreneurial processes.
Improvement of a topological level-set approach to find optimal topology by considering body forces
Authors: Takalloozadeh Meisam , Yoon Gil Ho 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Body forces are always applied to structures in the form of the weight of materials. In some cases, they can be neglected in comparison with other applied forces. Nevertheless, there is a wide range of structures in civil and mechanical engineering in which weight or other types of body forces are the main portions of the applied loads. The optimal topology of these structures is investigated in this study.

Design/methodology/approach
Topology optimization plays an increasingly important role in structural design. In this study, the topological derivative under body forces is used in a level-set-based topology optimization method. Instability during the optimization process is addressed, and a heuristic solution is proposed to overcome the challenge. Moreover, body forces in combination with thermal loading are investigated in this study.

Findings
Body forces are design-dependent loads that usually add complexity to the optimization process. Some problems have already been addressed in density-based topology optimization methods. In the present study, the body forces in a topological level-set approach are investigated. This paper finds that the used topological derivative is a flat field that causes some instabilities in the optimization process. The main novelty of this study is a technique used to overcome this challenge by using a weighted combination.

Originality/value
There is a lack of studies on level-set approaches that account for design-dependent body forces and the proposed method helps to understand the challenges posed in such methods. A powerful level-set-based approach is used for this purpose. Several examples are provided to illustrate the efficiency of this method. Moreover, the results show the effect of body forces and thermal loading on the optimal layout of the structures.
It is your fault: workplace consequences of anti-Asian stigma during COVID-19
Authors: Gardner Danielle M. , Briggs Caitlin Q. , Ryan Ann Marie 
Published: May 2021

PurposeAs COVID-19 cases rose in the US, so too did instances of discrimination against Asians. The current research seeks to understand and document discrimination toward Asians in the US specifically linked to the global pandemic (study 1). The authors test hypotheses based in social categorization and intergroup contact theories, demonstrating perceived pandemic blame is a mechanism for discrimination (study 2).Design/methodology/approachIn study 1, the authors survey Asians living in the US regarding experiences and perceptions of COVID-19-related discrimination. In study 2, a two-time point survey examined whether participant perceptions of pandemic blame toward China predict discriminatory behavior toward Asians.FindingsStudy 1 demonstrated that 22.5% of US-residing Asians report personally encountering pandemic-related discrimination. Study 2 indicated that COVID-19 blame attributions toward China predicted anticipated hiring bias and increased physical distancing of Asians at work, associated with higher levels of US identification.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings have theoretical implications for research on blame and stigmatization, as well as practical implications regarding bias mitigation.Originality/valueThe present studies advance understanding of event-based blame as a driver of prejudice and discrimination at work and suggest organizations attend to bias mitigation in conjunction with uncertainty reduction communications in challenging times.
Executive bonus compensation and financial leverage: do growth and executive ownership matter?
Authors: Adu-Ameyaw Emmanuel , Danso Albert , Acheampong Samuel , Akwei Cynthia 
Published: May 2021

PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of executive bonus compensation on a firm’s financial leverage policy and the extent to which this compensation–leverage relation is moderated by firm growth and executive ownership.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from 213 non-financial and non-utility UK FTSE 350 firms for the period 2007–2015, generating a total of 1,784 firm-year observations, panel econometric methods are used to test the model.FindingsDrawing insights from agency theoretic view, this paper uncovers that managerial cash bonus compensation is negatively and significantly related to financial leverage. However, stock bonus compensation has a positive and significant impact on leverage. This study also observes that compensation–leverage is moderated by both firm growth and executive ownership. The results remain robust to alternative econometric models.Originality/valueWhile this paper builds on the risk-motivated argument of executive bonus compensation literature, it is the first – to the best of the knowledge – to explore the bonus compensation-corporate financial leverage and, particularly, examine the extent to which firm growth and corporate executive ownership matter in this relationship.
The importance of psychological capital on the linkages between religious orientation and job stress
Authors: Narsa Niluh Putu Dian Rosalina Handayani , Wijayanti Dwi Marlina 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Even though many studies have been conducted in exploring the determinants of job stress, limited research has been conducted in exploring how the internal factors of religious orientation and the relatively new variable in the field of psychology, psychological capital (PsyCap), may relate to job stress. This study aims to examine the influence of PsyCap as a mediating variable on the relationship between religious orientation and job stress.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used self-administered surveys. Data was collected through the completion of online questionnaires. The participants include 208 accountants and business practitioners in Indonesia. Data were analysed using structural equation model-partial least squares.

Findings
The results show that intrinsic (extrinsic) religious orientation is negatively (positively) related to job stress and positively (negatively) related to PsyCap. Additionally, PsyCap mediates the relationship between religious orientation (intrinsic and extrinsic) and job stress. Other results indicate a positive relationship between PsyCap and job stress.

Research limitations/implications
Firstly, the sample used comes from various professions in companies or agencies that function differently. Secondly, this study asks individuals to assess their own job stress, which increases the chance of bias.

Practical implications
The findings of this study will provide a recommendation to the company, particularly the human resources division, to consider candidates’ religious orientation and PsyCap levels during the recruitment process. Thus, the company may observe the employees or individuals who can effectively manage job stress.

Originality/value
This study provides new empirical evidence regarding the relationship between religious orientation, PsyCap and job stress. It shows that the individual’s religious orientation (intrinsic and extrinsic) affects their level of PsyCap (higher and lower), which is a determinant factor in the experience of job stress.
Flat tax system and heterogeneity of self-employment
Authors: Safarov Sherzodbek , Abdurazzakova Dilnovoz 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the effect of the flat tax system on self-employment by necessity and by opportunity. Specifically, the paper examines whether individuals decide to switch from wage-employment to self-employment by necessity or by opportunity when government imposes a flat tax system.

Design/methodology/approach
To analyze the association of a flat tax system with occupational choice this paper uses both multinomial and ordinary logit models. In the multi-nominal logit model, this study separates dependent variables into three categories: wage employee, self-employed by necessity and self-employed by opportunity. In the second step of analyzes using the ordinary logit model, this paper studies only self-employed individuals by distinguishing them according to their preferences.

Findings
The results suggest that, in countries with the imposed flat tax system, the probability of being self-employed by necessity is low, while the probability of being self-employed by opportunity is high. Moreover, better economic growth in the country also elevates the chances of individuals to be self-employed by opportunity.

Originality/value
Out novel contribution is documenting that flat tax system in transition countries increases the number of individuals self-employed by opportunity compared to self-employed by necessity.
Managers’ intentions to pursue export expansion an entrepreneurial cognition perspective
Authors: Sandoval Carlos A. , Rank Olaf N. 
Published: May 2021

PurposeGrounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, the main purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of cognitive factors on the intention of a small and medium size enterprise (SME) manager to pursue the expansion of their firm’s export activities.Design/methodology/approachThe authors created a research model and collected empirical data among owners and top managers of 127 Costa Rican SMEs. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques to reveal the relative significance and strength of the effects of every hypothesized relationship.FindingsThe results suggest that the perception of benefits and self-efficacy influence managers’ intentions to expand export activity. Managers’ intention to expand export activity, in turn, is associated with the levels of export commitment exhibited by the SMEs. None of the control variables seem to impact managers’ intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study underline that the export development of a SME is to a large extent only possible if the manager’s perception of control over the export achievements is perceived to be high. SME managers need maximize their perceived level of controllability over firm’s export operations and achievements. This study relied on self-report data. Self-reports are the conventional method for assessing constructs regarding beliefs, and motivations of an individual. Its use in entrepreneurship research is proved to be reliable. However, the authors have to acknowledge that using self-report data carries the risk of common methods bias.Practical implicationsSMEs managers might benefit from strengthening the sense of self-efficacy regarding international business based on the results of this study.Originality/valueThis study provides empirical evidence suggesting that a manager’s cognitive characteristics play a crucial role in understanding export expansion of a SME. The results encourage future research to incorporate cognitive theoretical frameworks to examine factors determining international entrepreneurial intentions.
Is the Macau scam a fraud?
Authors: Ismail Nurbazla , Ramlee Zulfakar , Abas Afridah 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
There is a broad description of fraud debated by academics around the world. The definition of fraud differs between governments, criminal justice departments and private entities. Some questions can make this study important to explain the concept of fraud. This study aims to define the legal concept of fraud. The concept of a word is important to discuss because it explains the meaning of a word and that could answer the question on Macau scam – a fraud?

Design/methodology/approach
The content analysis is the research design of this study. Data were obtained by document analysis, including books, papers, journals, case reports and other records relating to fraud. The methods used to interpret the data for this qualitative research are empirical, deductive and inductive.

Findings
This study found that the concept of fraud has not yet been defined. This can give rise to a broad interpretation, depending on the action taken by the parties in the cases. On the basis of the context of the dictionary, fraud may be said to be the same thing as deception. Sometimes, the use of words to convey things that are different from, and even at odds with, the actual sense of words. Whereas, from a legal point of view, fraud still occurs as a matter of fact to be determined. This study showed that Macau scam is a fraud.

Originality/value
The implication of this analysis is for scholars and legal professionals to assess the principle of fraud prior to the accusation.