bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review on clay‐reinforced ethylene propylene diene terpolymer composites
Authors: Surya Indra , Muniyadi Mathialagan , Ismail Hanafi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the new era of sustainable developments, various adaptations have been carried out in many industries to revolutionize the quest for sustainable materials as a method to reduce the dependency on petroleum feedstock. One of such inventions focusing on the automotive industries with new concepts of energy automotive such as electric and hybrid cars, as well as the utilization of inorganic materials as a components of polymer composites, which is expected to reduce the demand and utilization of various rubber composites in automotive parts. However, due to remarkable increment of service life and inherent properties, ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) has showed the highest consumption in automotive segments and the fastest development rate in the field of polymer modification. Thus, a comprehensive review concerning the development of environmentally friendly EPDM‐based composites reinforced by various clay minerals is highlighted and presented in this article. The characteristic of EPDM, including the chemistry, processing, properties, and applications, as well as the current research on various types of rubber/clay composites, EPDM/clay composites, and rubber/bentonite (Bt) composites, is reviewed and reported. In addition, the characteristics, properties, and applications of different types of clay minerals such as layered silicates, Bt clays, and montmorillonites as reinforcement material in EPDM composites are also included. Finally, the drawbacks and challenges in developments of EPDM/clay composites and the existing improvizations through various compatibilization of EPDM/clay composite system such as chemical modification of clays, functionalization using coupling agents, and compatibilization through grafting are discussed by highlighting the important findings.
A comparison of routine diabetes screening by sexual orientation in US adults
Authors: Tran Phoebe , Tran Lam , Tran Liem 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLittle is known about routine diabetes screening levels (test for high blood glucose or diabetes every three years) in US individuals who identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB) despite a high risk of diabetes in these groups. We compared routine diabetes screening levels between US adult LGBs and heterosexuals who belonged to either of the two American Diabetes Association's (ADA) recommended diabetes screening groups (age <45 years and body mass index (BMI) ≥25, age ≥45 years). Sexual orientation, diabetes screening and sociodemographic/diabetes risk factor information was collected from the 2015 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys. We calculated the unadjusted prevalence of diabetes screening in LGBs and heterosexuals for both ADA screening groups. Logistic regression modelling was used to obtain adjusted diabetes screening estimates by sexual orientation. LGBs had slightly higher unadjusted diabetes screening prevalences (age <45 years and BMI ≥25: 53.2%; age ≥45 years: 72.3%) compared to heterosexuals (age <45 years and BMI ≥25: 51.7%; age ≥45 years: 69.9%) for both ADA recommended screening groups. Irrespective of sexual orientation, diabetes screening prevalence was considerably lower in the younger ADA screening group with around 50% of individuals who should be screened not receiving screening. After adjustment for sociodemographic/diabetes risk factors, LGBs and heterosexuals had similar odds of diabetes screening in the age <45 years and BMI ≥25 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–1.21) and age ≥45 years (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.91–1.35) groups. As a result of not receiving routine diabetes screening, more than 100,000 LGB individuals at high risk of developing diabetes face potential delays in diabetes diagnosis and treatment as well as increased future diabetes complications. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Factors influencing antibiotic duration in culture‐negative neonatal early‐onset sepsis
Authors: Songer Corinne N. , Calip Gregory S. , Srinivasan Nishant , Barbosa Vanessa M. , Pham Jennifer T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectiveLittle guidance exists on the treatment duration of culture‐negative early‐onset sepsis (CN‐EOS) in neonates, which may lead to prolonged antimicrobial therapy and adverse outcomes. Our objective was to identify risk factors associated with prolonged antibiotic therapy in CN‐EOS in neonates.DesignThis was a retrospective, matched cohort study of neonates treated with empiric antibiotic therapy for EOS. Infants were sampled with matching of gestational age (GA) into short (≤3 days) and prolonged (>3 days) antibiotic course. Primary outcomes were to identify predictive factors that may be associated with prolonged therapy and compare rates of late‐onset sepsis (LOS) and mortality. Secondary outcomes included necrotizing enterocolitis, feeding intolerance, and early development assessment. Predictors associated with prolonged antibiotic therapy were identified using multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression.Measurements and Main ResultsThree hundred infants were included with 150 infants in each group. Mean GA and birthweights were 34.2 ± 4.7 weeks and 2293 ± 991 g, respectively. Male gender, 5‐min Apgar <7, immature‐to‐total neutrophil ratio ≥0.2, C‐reactive protein (CRP) ≥10 mg/L, need for vasopressors, and mechanical ventilation were identified as significant predictors for prolonged antibiotics in all infants. Independent of GA, elevated CRP (OR 40.84, 95% CI 15.28–109.15, p < 0.001), need for vasopressors (OR 13.48, 95% CI 3.86–47.15, p < 0.001), and mechanical ventilation (OR 12.98, 95% CI 4.91–34.35, p < 0.001) remained significant predictors of prolonged antibiotic use. Infants in the prolonged courses experienced significant delays in achieving independent oral feeding compared with infants receiving short‐course antibiotics (median 17.5 vs. 8 days, p = 0.002, respectively). There were no significant differences in LOS, mortality, or other neonatal comorbidities.ConclusionsElevated CRP levels, need for vasopressors, and mechanical ventilation were associated with prolonged antibiotic use in neonates presumptively treated for CN‐EOS. Further research is warranted in identifying selective biomarkers for EOS and evaluating whether early antibiotic discontinuation for CN‐EOS, despite abnormal laboratory tests/illness severity, is safe and justified.
Increasing content accessibility to promote reading comprehension among English learners
Authors: Fite Nathan M. , Morrison Julie Q. , Hawkins Renee O. , Newman Christa , Rojas‐Guyler Liliana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study employed an alternating treatment design with a baseline for three English learners in an urban Midwestern middle school to investigate the utility of a culturally adaptive intervention package called Preview‐Review. Participants were provided with a scripted bilingual preview of conceptual and contextual information relating to the topic and explicit instruction of passage vocabulary using cognates, multiple exemplars, and reinforcement. The effects of repeated readings alone and in combination with preview‐review were measured on oral reading fluency, reading comprehension score, and reading comprehension rate. Results indicated that the repeated readings with preview‐review were superior to the repeated readings stand‐alone condition across all target variables. The study also finds support for the use of reading comprehension rate for progress monitoring intervention effectiveness with English learners.
“Keep Your Move in the Tube” safely increases discharge home following cardiac surgery
Authors: Gach Richard , Triano Susan , Ogola Gerald O. , da Graca Briget , Shannon John , El‐Ansary Doa , Bilbrey Tim , Cortelli Michael , Adams Jenny 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundRestrictive sternal precautions intended to prevent cardiac surgery patients from damaging healing sternotomies lack supporting evidence and may decrease independence and increase postacute care utilization. Data regarding the impact of alternative approaches on safety and outcomes are needed to guide evidence‐based best practices.ObjectiveTo examine whether an approach allowing greater freedom during activities of daily living than permitted under commonly used restrictive sternal precautions can safely decrease postacute care utilization.DesignBefore‐and‐after study, using propensity score adjustment to account for differences in patient clinical and demographic characteristics, surgery type, and surgeon.Setting600‐bed acute care hospital.InterventionBeginning March 2016, the acute care hospital replaced traditional weight‐ and time‐based precautions given to patients who underwent median sternotomy with the “Keep Your Move in the Tube” (KMIT) approach for mindfully performing movements involved in the activities of daily living, guided by pain.Main Outcome MeasuresThe study compared sternal wound complications, discharge disposition, 30‐day readmission, and functional status between consecutive cardiac surgery patients with “independent” or “modified independent” preoperative functional status who underwent median sternotomy in the 1.5 years before (n = 627, standard precautions group) and after (n = 477, KMIT group) KMIT implementation.ResultsThe odds of discharge to home, versus to inpatient rehabilitation or skilled nursing facility, were ~3 times higher for KMIT than standard precautions patients (risk‐adjusted odds ratio [rOR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.90, 1.95–4.32, and 3.03, 1.57–5.86, respectively). KMIT patients also had significantly higher odds of demonstrating “independent” or “modified independent” functional status on final inpatient physical therapy treatment for bed mobility (rOR, 95% CI = 7.51, 5.48–10.30) and transfers (rOR, 95% CI = 3.40, 2.62–4.42). No significant difference was observed in sternal wound complications (in‐hospital or causing readmission) (rOR, 95% CI = 1.27, 0.52–3.09) or all‐cause 30‐day readmissions (rOR, 95% CI = 0.55, 0.23–1.33).ConclusionsKMIT increases discharge‐to‐home for cardiac surgery patients without increasing risk for adverse events and reducing utilization of expensive institutional postacute care.
Developing traps for the overwintering tree‐of‐heaven weevils Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus and E. brandti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Yang Kailang , Wen Junbao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe tree‐of‐heaven root and trunk weevils, Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus (TRW) and E. brandti (TTW) are important boring pests of Ailanthus altissima in China. Overwintering TRW and TTW adults can continue to damage A. altissima trees and reproduce after they emerge from the soil each year. There is a lack of studies regarding the development of control measures during the overwintering period. A polyethylene terephthalate bottle trap (PETBT) and corrugated paper box trap (CPBT) were evaluated for their ability to trap TRW and TTW adults descending from trees to overwinter in the soil in Wutongshu and Shabatou locations in Ningxia, China.RESULTSSignificantly more overwintering TRW adults were caught by the PETBT than the CPBT. There were no significant differences in the TTW captures in PETBT when compared to the CPBT. Both PETBT and CPBT have little effect on trapping overwintering TTW adults. Further trapping studies showed that PETBT treatments significantly reduced overwintering TRW numbers caught in population monitoring trap nets placed on the A. altissima tree trunks (an average annual reduction of 42% than the untreated trees).CONCLUSIONThese results demonstrate that PETBT is effective for trapping overwintering TRW adults. PETBT could be recommended as an alternative for managing TRW in the framework of integrated pest management.© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Tracking pesticide exposure to operating workers for risk assessment in seed coating with tebuconazole and carbofuran
Authors: Han Ruiqi , Wu Zhaochen , Huang Zhongqiao , Man Xuejing , Teng Lijie , Wang Tingting , Liu Pengfei , Wang Weifeng , Zhao Xiaoqun , Hao Jianjun , Liu Xili 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDCoating seed with pesticides is an effective way to control plant pests, however, factory‐based coating processes may carry a potential risk to operational workers of chemical exposure. To study the risk, carbofuran and tebuconazole were used to coat corn seed and their subsequent distribution on the bodies of workers was measured at manufacturers XFS and LS (Shanxi, China). Clothing was collected from workers during operations and analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography.RESULTSAt XFS, dermal exposure to carbofuran was 4.83, 3.31 and 1.48 mg kg−1, and exposure to tebuconazole was 6.88, 5.16 and 1.72 mg kg−1 for coating, packing and transport workers, respectively. At LS, dermal exposure to carbofuran was 2.32, 0.46 and 0.55 mg kg−1, and exposure to tebuconazole was 1.69, 0.46 and 0.70 mg kg−1, for coating, packing and transport workers, respectively. The level of pesticide exposure was significantly higher for seed‐coating workers than for packing and transport workers. The main area of exposure was the hands for all workers and the lower limbs for packers; exposure was relatively uniform for pesticide handlers. Occupational risk was assessed based on margin of exposure (MOE). In seed‐coating, the MOE was greater than 100 for tebuconazole, indicating no potential risk, but ranged from 0.25 to 2.88 for carbofuran, indicating the risk of a health impact.CONCLUSIONThe level of exposure varied depending on type of operation undertaken and body parts of workers' body, but the risk of a health impact was highly associated with pesticide toxicity. This provides a guideline for workers in pesticide manufacturing to ensure safe operation of the seed‐coating process.© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Incorporating the North Atlantic Oscillation into the post‐processing of MOGREPS‐G wind speed forecasts
Authors: Allen Sam , Evans Gavin R. , Buchanan Piers , Kwasniok Frank 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChanges in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) heavily influence the weather across the UK and the rest of Europe. Due to an incorrect representation of the polar jet stream and its associated physical processes, it is reasonable to believe that errors in numerical weather prediction models may also depend on the prevailing behaviour of the NAO. To address this, information regarding the NAO is incorporated into statistical post‐processing methods through a regime‐dependent mixture model, which is then applied to wind speed forecasts from the Met Office's global ensemble prediction system, MOGREPS‐G. The mixture model offers substantial improvements upon conventional post‐processing methods when the local wind speed depends strongly on the NAO, but the additional complexity of the model can hinder forecast performance otherwise. A measure of regime dependency is thus defined that can be used to differentiate between situations when the numerical model output is, and is not, expected to benefit from regime‐dependent post‐processing. Implementing the regime‐dependent mixture model only when this measure exceeds a certain threshold is found to further improve predictive performance, while also producing more accurate forecasts of extreme wind speeds.
Two‐sided turbulent surface‐layer parameterizations for computing air–sea fluxes
Authors: Pelletier Charles , Lemarié Florian , Blayo Eric , Bouin Marie‐Noëlle , Redelsperger Jean‐Luc 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStandard methods for determining air–sea fluxes typically rely on bulk algorithms set in the frame of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), using ocean surface fields and atmosphere near‐surface fields. In the context of coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations, the shallowest ocean vertical level is usually used as bulk input and, by default, the turbulent closure is one‐sided: it extrapolates atmosphere near‐surface solution profiles (for wind speed, temperature, and humidity) to the prescribed ocean surface values. Using near‐surface ocean fields as surface ones is equivalent to considering that, in the ocean surface layer, solution profiles are constant instead of also being determined by turbulent closure. Here we introduce a method for extending existing turbulent parameterizations to a two‐sided framework by explicitly including the ocean surface layer within the aforementioned parameterizations. The formalism we use for this method is derived from that of classical turbulent closures, so that our novelties can easily be implemented within existing formulations. Special care is taken to ensure the smoothness of the resulting solution profiles. Other physical phenomena, such as the penetration of radiative fluxes in the ocean and the formation of waves, are then included within our formalism, and their effects are assessed. We also investigate the impact of such two‐sided bulk formulations on air–sea fluxes evaluated from a setting similar to those of coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations.
Microfinance and entrepreneurship at the base of the pyramid
Authors: Singh Jasjit , Dutt Pushan , Adbi Arzi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryThere continues to be substantial debate on whether and how providing inclusive access to finance through microcredit promotes entrepreneurship‐led development at the base of the pyramid. We contribute to this literature by examining differences in household‐level outcomes associated with microfinance loans given for different purposes, and identifying conditions under which the most impact is achieved. Defying common expectations, loans funding microenterprises do not exhibit greater impact than those funding traditional livelihood activities, and loans funding new microenterprises fare particularly poorly. However, loan impact improves when multiple members of a borrower group seek livelihood loans together, and when the provided loans better match the individual financial needs of the borrowers. Our findings underscore the need to refine how microfinance is applied as a tool for development.Managerial SummaryComparing across microfinance loans given for different purposes, we find that the average impact associated with loans supporting traditional livelihoods is at least as high as that for loans supporting microenterprises, and that the impact of loans specifically funding new microenterprises is lower than those for growing existing microenterprises. We also find that the impact of livelihood loans is greater when multiple members of a borrower group are engaged in livelihood‐focused activities, and that loans that better match borrowers' specific needs have a superior impact. We conclude that we need to move beyond the black‐or‐white debate regarding whether microfinance works to a nuanced understanding of when it is effective, that is, examining conditions under which microcredit customers—whether aspiring entrepreneurs or not—can thrive.
Effect of intra‐abdominal hypertension on the intraocular pressure of the conscious dogs
Authors: Jang Min , Son Won‐Gyun , Kim Hyunseok , Won Shin Chi , Lee Inhyung 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study was performed to evaluate the effect of intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in conscious dog models using a balloon technique to generate intra‐abdominal hypertension. Six healthy dogs without ocular abnormalities were evaluated in this study. A balloon device was placed in the intra‐abdominal cavity. The abdomen was insufflated to IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg using the balloon device. Intraocular pressure was measured at baseline, at IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg, and after decompression. In comparison with the mean baseline IOP (15.1 ± 2.0 mmHg), there was a significant increase in IOP at IAP levels of 15 mmHg (20.0 ± 2.1 mmHg) and 25 mmHg (19.9 ± 2.2 mmHg), corresponding to a 32.4% and 31.7% increase from baseline IOP, respectively. The mean IOP after decompression (14.8 ± 1.7 mmHg) was significantly lower compared to those at IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg. The present findings demonstrate that increased IAP has a clinically significant effect on IOP in dogs under conscious conditions. Although more research is needed to determine of increased IAP on IOP, these findings suggest that increased IAP leads to mild and reversible increase in IOP.
On bending consistency of Timoshenko beam using differential and integral nonlocal strain gradient models
Authors: Bian Pei‐Liang , Qing Hai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, the static bending response of Timoshenko beam under different boundary and loading conditions is analyzed and compared with the application of nonlocal strain gradient models in differential (DNSGM) and integral (INSGM) forms. High‐order and standard boundary conditions are introduced for DNSGM, while the relation between strain and nonlocal stress are expressed as integral equations for INSGM. The differential equations for DNSGM and integro‐differential equations for INSGM are solved directly with the Laplace transformation. The explicit expression for bending deflection and rotation is derived uniquely with eight unknown constants for both DNSGM and INSGM. The results obtained with current models are validated against to the existing results in literature. On the static bending of Timoshenko beam subjected to different boundary and loading conditions, inconsistent responses occurs for DNSGM, while consistent softening and toughening responses can be obtained for INSGM.
The integrable (hyper)eclectic spin chain
Authors: Ahn Changrim , Staudacher Matthias 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We refine the notion of eclectic spin chains introduced in [1] by including a maximal number of deformation parameters. These models are integrable, nearest-neighbor n-state spin chains with exceedingly simple non-hermitian Hamiltonians. They turn out to be non-diagonalizable in the multiparticle sector (n > 2), where their “spectrum” consists of an intricate collection of Jordan blocks of arbitrary size and multiplicity. We show how and why the quantum inverse scattering method, sought to be universally applicable to integrable nearest-neighbor spin chains, essentially fails to reproduce the details of this spectrum. We then provide, for n=3, detailed evidence by a variety of analytical and numerical techniques that the spectrum is not “random”, but instead shows surprisingly subtle and regular patterns that moreover exhibit universality for generic deformation parameters. We also introduce a new model, the hypereclectic spin chain, where all parameters are zero except for one. Despite the extreme simplicity of its Hamiltonian, it still seems to reproduce the above “generic” spectra as a subset of an even more intricate overall spectrum. Our models are inspired by parts of the one-loop dilatation operator of a strongly twisted, double-scaled deformation of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 Super Yang-Mills Theory.
Superheavy dark matter from string theory
Authors: Allahverdi Rouzbeh , Bröckel Igor , Cicoli Michele , Osiński Jacek K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Explicit string models which can realize inflation and low-energy supersymmetry are notoriously difficult to achieve. Given that sequestering requires very specific configurations, supersymmetric particles are in general expected to be very heavy implying that the neutralino dark matter should be overproduced in a standard thermal history. However, in this paper we point out that this is generically not the case since early matter domination driven by string moduli can dilute the dark matter abundance down to the observed value. We argue that generic features of string compactifications, namely a high supersymmetry breaking scale and late time epochs of modulus domination, might imply superheavy neutralino dark matter with mass around 1010–1011 GeV. Interestingly, this is the right range to explain the recent detection of ultra-high-energy neutrinos by IceCube and ANITA via dark matter decay.