bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Cortex Is Essential to Reverse Hemianopia by Multisensory Training
Authors: Jiang Huai , Stanford Terrence R , Rowland Benjamin A , Stein Barry E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hemianopia induced by unilateral visual cortex lesions can be resolved by repeatedly exposing the blinded hemifield to auditory–visual stimuli. This rehabilitative “training” paradigm depends on mechanisms of multisensory plasticity that restore the lost visual responsiveness of multisensory neurons in the ipsilesional superior colliculus (SC) so that they can once again support vision in the blinded hemifield. These changes are thought to operate via the convergent visual and auditory signals relayed to the SC from association cortex (the anterior ectosylvian sulcus [AES], in cat). The present study tested this assumption by cryogenically deactivating ipsilesional AES in hemianopic, anesthetized cats during weekly multisensory training sessions. No signs of visual recovery were evident in this condition, even after providing animals with up to twice the number of training sessions required for effective rehabilitation. Subsequent training under the same conditions, but with AES active, reversed the hemianopia within the normal timeframe. These results indicate that the corticotectal circuit that is normally engaged in SC multisensory plasticity has to be operational for the brain to use visual–auditory experience to resolve hemianopia.
Extracting the signed backbone of intrinsically dense weighted networks
Authors: Gursoy Furkan , Badur Bertan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNetworks provide useful tools for analysing diverse complex systems from natural, social and technological domains. Growing size and variety of data such as more nodes and links and associated weights, directions and signs can provide accessory information. Link and weight abundance, on the other hand, results in denser networks with noisy, insignificant or otherwise redundant data. Moreover, typical network analysis and visualization techniques presuppose sparsity and are not appropriate or scalable for dense and weighted networks. As a remedy, network backbone extraction methods aim to retain only the important links while preserving the useful and elucidative structure of the original networks for further analyses. Here, we provide the first methods for extracting signed network backbones from intrinsically dense unsigned unipartite weighted networks. Utilizing a null model based on statistical techniques, the proposed significance filter and vigor filter allow inferring edge signs. Empirical analysis on migration, voting, temporal interaction and species similarity networks reveals that the proposed filters extract meaningful and sparse signed backbones while preserving the multiscale nature of the network. The resulting backbones exhibit characteristics typically associated with signed networks such as reciprocity, structural balance and community structure. The developed tool is provided as a free, open-source software package.
Actin binding to galectin-13/placental protein-13 occurs independently of the galectin canonical ligand-binding site
Authors: Li Xumin , Yao Yuan , Liu Tianhao , Gu Keqi , Han Qiuyu , Zhang Wenlu , Ayala Gabriela Jaramillo , Liu Yuhan , Na Heya , Yu Jinyi , Zhang Fan , Mayo Kevin H , Su Jiyong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The gene for galectin-13 (Gal-13, placental protein 13) is only present in primates, and its low expression level in maternal serum may promote preeclampsia. In the present study, we used pull-down experiments and biolayer interferometry to assess the interaction between Gal-13 and actin. These studies uncovered that human Gal-13 (hGal-13) and Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (sGal-13) strongly bind to α- and β-/γ-actin, with Ca2+ and adenosine triphosphate, significantly enhancing the interactions. This in turn suggests that h/sGal-13 may inhibit myosin-induced contraction when vascular smooth muscle cells undergo polarization. Here, we solved the crystal structure of sGal-13 bound to lactose and found that it exists as a monomer in contrast to hGal-13 which is a dimer. The distribution of sGal-13 in HeLa cells is similar to that of hGal-13, indicating that monomeric Gal-13 is the primary form in cells. Even though sGal-13 binds to actin, hGal-13 ligand-binding site mutants do not influence hGal-13/actin binding, whereas the monomeric mutant C136S/C138S binds to actin more strongly than the wild-type hGal-13. Overall, our study demonstrates that monomeric Gal-13 binds to actin, an interaction that is independent of the galectin canonical ligand-binding site.
Do professional perspectives on evidence-based smoking cessation methods align? A Delphi study among researchers and healthcare professionals
Authors: Zijlstra Daniëlle N , Hoving Ciska , Bolman Catherine , Muris Jean W M , De Vries Hein 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The use of evidence-based smoking cessation interventions (SCIs) can significantly increase the number of successful smoking cessation attempts. To obtain an overview of the knowledge and viewpoints on the effectiveness and use of SCIs, a three-round online Delphi study was conducted among researchers and primary care professionals (PCPs). The four objectives of this study are to gain an overview of (i) the criteria important for recommending SCIs, (ii) the perceptions of both groups on the effectiveness of SCIs, (iii) the factors to consider when counseling different (high-risk) groups of smokers and (iv) the perceptions of both groups on the use of e-cigarettes as an SCI. We found a high level of agreement within groups on which smoker characteristics should be considered when recommending an SCI to smokers. We also found that PCPs display a lower degree of consensus on the effectiveness of SCIs. Both groups see a value in the use of special protocols for different (high-risk) groups of patients, but the two groups did not reach consensus on the use of e-cigarettes as a means to quit. Making an inventory of PCPs’ needs regarding SCIs and their usage may provide insight into how to facilitate a better uptake in the primary care setting.
Representation Theory of a Semisimple Extension of the Takiff Superalgebra
Authors: Cheng Shun-Jen , Coulembier Kevin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study a semisimple extension of a Takiff superalgebra, which turns out to have a remarkably rich representation theory. We determine the blocks in both the finite-dimensional and BGG module categories and also classify the Borel subalgebras. We further compute all extension groups between two finite-dimensional simple objects and prove that all non-principal blocks in the finite-dimensional module category are Koszul.
Influence of air equilibration time, sampling techniques, and storage temperature on enzymatic starch availability of steam-flaked corn
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Kreikemeier Kelly K , Royle Randy F , Milton Todd , Harmon David L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Measuring enzymatic starch availability is commonly used as a quality control method to ensure steam-flaked corn manufacturing consistency in commercial cattle feeding operations. However, starch availability estimates can be variable. We conducted five experiments to evaluate factors influencing starch availability estimates of steam-flaked corn. In Exp. 1, sample handling methods were evaluated. Sifted flakes were immediately placed into a plastic bag, air equilibrated for 240 min, oven-dried, or freeze–dried. Directly oven-drying samples at 55°C decreased (P &lt; 0.01) starch availability compared to other sample handling methods. In Exp. 2, sifted flakes were air equilibrated for 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, or 240 min. Air equilibration time did not influence (P ≥ 0.54) starch availability. In Exp. 3, samples were evaluated for effects of sifting through a 4-mm screen (flakes + fines vs. sifted flakes) and air equilibration time (0 vs. 240 min). Both sifting steam-flaked corn samples and air equilibration for 240 min increased starch availability (P &lt; 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). In Exp. 4, we evaluated the effects of air equilibration time (0 vs. 240 min) on the two sifted portions (sifted flakes vs. sifted fines). There was an air equilibration time × sifted portion interaction for starch availability because air equilibration time increased (P &lt; 0.01) starch availability of sifted fines but did not influence starch availability of sifted flakes. Concentrations of crude protein, soluble crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fiber, ether extract, and acid-hydrolyzed fat, Ca, P, K, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mg, and Cu were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for sifted fines compared to sifted flakes. Starch availability and total starch concentration were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for sifted flakes compared to sifted fines. In Exp. 5, effects of air equilibration time (0 vs. 240 min) and storage temperature (23°C vs. 55°ºC) on flakes + fines were evaluated. Storage of flakes + fines in heat-sealed foil bags at 55°C for 3-d decreased (P &lt; 0.01) starch availability by 40.7%. Sifted flakes contained less moisture, greater total starch concentrations, and greater starch availability than sifted fines. Moisture, sifting, air equilibration time, and storage temperature influence starch availability of steam-flaked corn. Adoption of the strategies discussed in the current study will lead to more consistent estimates of starch availability.
First Preliminary Clinical Experiences Using Hyperspectral Imaging for Burn Depth Assessment of Hand Burns
Authors: Promny Dominik , Aich Juliane , Billner Moritz , Reichert Bert 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The accurate assessment of burn wounds is challenging but crucial for correct diagnosis and following therapy. The most frequent technique to evaluate burn wounds remains the clinical assessment, often subjective depending on the experience of the physician. Hyperspectral imaging (HIS) is intended to improve on this subjective diagnosis by accurate and objective analyses of perfusion parameters. The purpose of this study was to analyze the ability of technical burn depth assessment and to investigate a link between a certain value to burn depth versus the value of healthy skin references. One hundred and eighteen HSI analyses were included in this study between July 2017 and July 2019. We analyzed 74 recordings with dorsal hand burns and 44 recordings of healthy skin on the dorsal hand as control group. HSI recordings’ investigation was performed with special interest to wound center, intermediate zone, and wound margin. The results indicate that a differentiation between burned tissue and healthy skin was feasible and also significant in almost all HSI analysis parameters (P &lt; .05). No significant distinction between superficial and deep partial thickness burns could be determined. However, in the wound center, we recorded smaller values with a more pronounced tissue damage. Our preliminary results demonstrate that HSI can distinguish between normal and burned hands. However, as currently used, HSI could not accurately determine the depth of indeterminate burns.
Moving Forward in the Next Decade: Radiation Oncology Sciences for Patient-Centered Cancer Care
Authors: Coleman C Norman , Buchsbaum Jeffrey C , Prasanna Pataje G S , Capala Jacek , Obcemea Ceferino , Espey Michael G , Ahmed Mansoor M , Hong Julie A , Vikram Bhadrasain 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In a time of rapid advances in science and technology, the opportunities for radiation oncology are undergoing transformational change. The linkage between and understanding of the physical dose and induced biological perturbations are opening entirely new areas of application. The ability to define anatomic extent of disease and the elucidation of the biology of metastases has brought a key role for radiation oncology for treating metastatic disease. That radiation can stimulate and suppress subpopulations of the immune response makes radiation a key participant in cancer immunotherapy. Targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy delivers radiation systemically with radionuclides and carrier molecules selected for their physical, chemical, and biochemical properties. Radiation oncology usage of “big data” and machine learning and artificial intelligence adds the opportunity to markedly change the workflow for clinical practice while physically targeting and adapting radiation fields in real time. Future precision targeting requires multidimensional understanding of the imaging, underlying biology, and anatomical relationship among tissues for radiation as spatial and temporal “focused biology.” Other means of energy delivery are available as are agents that can be activated by radiation with increasing ability to target treatments. With broad applicability of radiation in cancer treatment, radiation therapy is a necessity for effective cancer care, opening a career path for global health serving the medically underserved in geographically isolated populations as a substantial societal contribution addressing health disparities. Understanding risk and mitigation of radiation injury make it an important discipline for and beyond cancer care including energy policy, space exploration, national security, and global partnerships.
Leaf anatomical characteristics are less important than leaf biochemical properties in determining photosynthesis responses to nitrogen top-dressing
Authors: Xiong Dongliang , Flexas Jaume 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity of leaves is dramatically influenced by nitrogen (N) availability in the soil, as CO2 concentration in chloroplasts and photosynthetic biochemical capacity are related to leaf N content. The relationship between mesophyll conductance (gm) and leaf N content was expected to be shaped by leaf anatomical traits. However, the increased gm in mature leaves achieved by N top-dressing is unlikely to be caused by changes in leaf anatomy. Here, we assessed the impacts of N supply on leaf anatomical, biochemical, and photosynthetic features, specifically, the dynamic responses of leaf anatomy, biochemistry, and photosynthesis to N top-dressing in tobacco. Plant performance was substantially affected by soil N status. In comparison with the leaves of plants subjected to low N treatment, leaves of plants with high N treatment photosynthesized significantly more, due to higher CO2 diffusion conductance and photosynthetic biochemical capacity. The high gm in high N-treated leaves apparently related to modifications in the leaf anatomy; however, the rapid response of gm to N top-dressing cannot be fully explained by leaf anatomical modifications.
Medical Student Involvement in Disasters: How Can We Effectively Serve?
Authors: Winakor Jonah , Janatpour Zachary C , West James 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
During disasters, the roles of physicians, nurses, and ancillary medical staff are defined by their individual certifications, whereas the roles of medical students remain less clear. Medical students are unlicensed physicians-in-training, with variable degrees of skill and knowledge, and thus, their involvement in disaster response has historically varied. In light of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, many junior students were asked to remove themselves from the hospital setting, whereas some senior students graduated early to join the physician workforce. In this article, the authors will examine the psychosocial benefits and consequences of medical student involvement in prior disasters and developing attitudes in light of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We conclude by offering our thoughts on medical student involvement in future disasters.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Suicidal Ideation in Military Populations: A Scholarly Review
Authors: Exley Shannon L , Oberman Lindsay M 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Military mental health conditions, such as depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation, are currently understudied and undertreated. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is currently being considered as a treatment for these conditions; however, there exists a paucity of research in this area. This scholarly review will examine the limitations of the existing literature on the use of rTMS to treat depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation in service members (SMs) and veterans.

Materials and Methods
Publications that evaluated rTMS for the treatment of depression, PTSD, or suicidal ideation in military samples were identified via a PubMed search. Non-interventional rTMS studies, studies where the sample could not be confirmed to be primarily composed of SMs or veteran participants, studies without psychiatric outcome measures, and studies not published in a peer-reviewed journal were excluded from this review.

Results
This literature search identified 20 total publications (eight primary analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), one longitudinal analysis of an RCT, five open label trials, and six retrospective analyses of clinical data), inclusive of 879 participants. Eighteen studies utilized a protocol targeting the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and one of these also targeted the supplementary motor area (SMA) with the PFC (one study did not specify the stimulation site). Eight studies applied standard 10 Hz frequency stimulation, and four applied standard 1 Hz frequency stimulation. The remainder of studies applied alternative stimulation protocols including 5 Hz (two studies), 20 Hz (one study), a combination of 1 and 10 Hz (two studies), and theta burst stimulation (TBS) (two studies). Twelve studies reported significant results, including four RCTs, three open label studies, and five retrospective analyses.

Conclusions
rTMS offers a promising area of research for mental health conditions in military populations. However, the number of studies that focus specifically on this population are few in number and have many notable limitations. Further research is needed to validate the effectiveness of this tool for SMs and veterans.
Bamlanivimab Use in a Military Treatment Facility
Authors: Karr Eric , Chung Theodore , Burtson Kathryn , Markert Ronald , Kelly Devin 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly spread across the world. As of April 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 140,000,000 and caused more than 3,000,000 deaths globally. In November 2020, the monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab was approved by the FDA for non-hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) who possessed risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19. This provided a treatment option that may help prevent hospitalization.

Methods
Patients who regularly received ambulatory care at a military treatment facility and who were diagnosed with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and possessed risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19 were treated with a single, intravenous infusion (700 mg) of the virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab. The primary outcome was improvement of self-reported symptoms within 24 to 72 hours of receiving the infusion. The secondary outcome was prevention of disease progression requiring emergency department (ED) utilization or hospitalization related to COVID-19 within 30 days of infusion. Bamlanivimab was administered in accordance with the FDA’s approval and Defense Health Agency’s guidance, including follow-up within 72 hours of administration. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained.

Results
Of the COVID-19 patients who were given the option of a bamlanivimab infusion, 40 accepted and 6 did not (40/46, 86.9%). Thirty-six of 40 patients in the treatment group were contacted within 72 hours. ED/hospitalization information was available for all 46 patients. In the treatment group, 94.4% (34/36) reported global improvement. Three of 40 (7.5%) patients in the treatment group required inpatient admission, and 2 of 40 patients (5%) required ED evaluation within 30 days of infusion. Therefore, 5 of 40 (12.5%) patients required evaluation shortly after infusion, while 2 of 6 (33.3%) patients who declined treatment required hospital evaluation or admission related to COVID-19 within 30 days of infusion (P = .15).

Conclusions
Global improvement of symptoms within 24 to 72 hours of infusion was reported by 94.4% of patients receiving bamlanivimab; however, statistical significance could not be determined due to the small sample size and lack of placebo group due to study design. Furthermore, ED visits and hospital admissions were analyzed, but with only six patients in the comparison group, the relative risk was not statistically significant and could not be precisely estimated. In the future, this study can be replicated with both larger control/treatment arms to validate the initial results of this small, retrospective, cohort study.
Stroke in Young Military Men With Heterozygous for MTHFR Gene Mutation or Factor V Leiden Gene Mutation Associated With Patent Foramen Ovale: Report of Two Cases and Therapeutic Strategy
Authors: Brisson Rodrigo Tavares , Arruda Josevânia Fulgêncio de Lima , Silva Liene Duarte , de Jesus Dilermando Leal Júnio , Zetola Viviane Flumignan , Kauffmann Nogueira Marcia Aparecida Camacho 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTWe report two cases of Brazilian patients (a 22-year-old male and a 48-year-old male) with ischemic stroke, whose arterial vascular study and echocardiographic investigation did not reveal any steno-occlusive arterial disease or typical cardioembolic finding, such as atrial fibrillation or myocardial dysfunction. A transcranial Doppler ultrasound and a transesophageal echocardiogram showed a patent foramen ovale (PFO), and the laboratory screening for coagulation abnormalities showed heterozygosity for MTHFR C677T and A1298C in one of the patients and heterozygosity for factor V Leiden gene mutations in the other patient. The significance of the association of PFO with Methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C variants or factor V Leiden mutation is discussed as a possible cause of ischemic stroke through paradoxical embolism from a venous source. There is a high prevalence of these two mentioned conditions in the general population, so we discuss two cases in which indication for anticoagulant therapy or percutaneous closure of PFO prevails.