bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kernel hazard estimation for visualisation of the effect of a continuous covariate on time‐to‐event endpoints
Authors: Jackson Richard J. , Cox Trevor F. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe problem of associating a continuous covariate, or biomarker, against a time‐to‐event outcome, is that it often requires categorisation of the covariate. This can lead to bias, loss of information and a poor representation of any underlying relationship. Here, two methods are proposed for estimating the effects of a continuous covariate on a time‐to‐event endpoint using weighted kernel estimators. The first method aims to estimate a density function for a time‐to‐event endpoint conditional on some covariate value whilst the second uses a joint density estimator. The results are visualisations in the form of surface plots that show the effects of a covariate without any need for categorisation. Both methods can aid interpretation and analysis of covariates against a time‐to‐event endpoint.
Control of lipid oxidation in ground meat by using whey protein isolate active biopolymers with lignin microparticles
Authors: Gomide Raissa Alvarenga Carvalho , de Oliveira Ana Carolina Salgado , Rodrigues Lorena Mendes , Luvizaro Lucas Baldo , Ramos Eduardo Mendes , de Oliveira Cassiano Rodrigues , Borges Soraia Vilela 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of whey protein isolate (WPI) films containing different lignin microparticle (LMP) concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% w/w) during 4 days of storage at 4°C. The antioxidant activity was determined, and the effect of the active films on the prevention of oxidation in ground meat (Biceps femoris) was investigated by the identification of volatile compounds through gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC–MS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values, myoglobin redox forms and instrumental colour. An increase in the antioxidant activity was observed for the films as a function of the LMP concentration. A reduction of TBARS values was observed for the treatments with LMP. No significant differences were observed for the myoglobin redox forms. The use of 0.50% w/w of LMP in WPI‐based films can provide antioxidant properties to the material under the conditions studied, allowing its use for controlling the lipid oxidation in ground meat.
Normalization of gearbox vibration signal for tooth crack diagnosis under variable speed conditions
Authors: Yang Xingkai , Zhou Peng , Zuo Ming J. , Tian Zhigang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractVariable speed conditions introduce Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) effects into gearbox vibration signals, which makes it difficult to distinguish between changes of tooth crack severity and speed changes. To overcome this problem, the AM and FM effects caused by speed variation need to be removed. Order tracking techniques are used to remove the FM effect. Some methods have been reported to reduce the AM effect. However, they attenuated crack information since they focused on the entire vibration signal. Besides, the performance of the reported methods on removing the AM effect was not quantitatively evaluated. In this study, a novel normalization method focusing on the Crack Induced Impulses (CII) is proposed to remove the AM effect without attenuating the tooth crack information. A modified Adaptive Chirp Mode Decomposition method is developed to obtain the CII under variable speed conditions. The peak envelope of the CII is determined using spline interpolation of its envelope peaks and is employed to remove the AM effect of the CII by normalization. Two metrics are introduced to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the proposed normalization method on removing the AM effect and preserving the tooth crack information. The effectiveness of the proposed normalization method is demonstrated using simulated gearbox signals and experimental gearbox datasets. The proposed method benefits tracking tooth crack severity progression under variable speed conditions.
Monitoring of coefficient of variation with function‐based adaptive exponentially weighted moving average control chart
Authors: Arshad Asma , Noor‐ul‐Amin Muhammad , Hanif Muhammad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a new adaptive control chart is presented to study the relative process variability, which is called the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV study is the monitoring of a process with an unstable mean value over time. So, a function‐based adaptive exponentially weighted moving average (FAEWMA) CV control chart is proposed to detect the infrequent changes in the process CV, named as “FAEWMA CV” control chart. The function is suggested to adapt the smoothing constant (SC) of the plotting statistic as per arising process shift size in CV. The efficiency is examined through the run‐length values, which are computed through the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method. The FAEWMA CV chart outperformed the existing AEWMA CV charts. A real‐life example is studied to explain implementation details in the example section.
Changing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling during lesional progression and exacerbation of endometriosis by inhibition of PGE2 receptor EP2 and EP4
Authors: Huang Qingqing , Liu Xishi , Guo Sun‐Wei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeWe investigated the change, if any, in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling in endometriotic lesions of different developmental stages in mouse. In addition, we evaluated the effect of treatment of mice with induced deep endometriosis (DE) with inhibitors of PGE2 receptor subtypes EP2 and EP4 and metformin.MethodsThree mouse experimentations were conducted. In Experiment 1, female Balb/C mice were induced with endometriosis or DE and were serially sacrificed after induction. Experiments 2 and 3 evaluated the effect of treatment with EP2 and EP4 inhibitors and metformin, respectively, in mice with induced DE. Immunohistochemistry analysis of COX‐2, EP2, and EP4, along with the extent of lesional fibrosis, was evaluated.ResultsThe immunostaining of COX‐2, EP2, and EP4 turned from activation to a stall as lesions progressed. Treatment with EP2/EP4 inhibitors in DE mice exacerbated endometriosis‐associated hyperalgesia and promoted fibrogenesis in lesions even though it suppressed the PGE2 signaling dose‐dependently. In contrast, treatment with metformin resulted in increased PGE2 signaling, concomitant with improved hyperalgesia, and retarded lesional fibrogenesis.ConclusionsThe PGE2 signaling diminishes as endometriotic lesions progress. Treatment with EP2/EP4 inhibitors in DE mice exacerbates endometriosis, but metformin appears to be promising seemingly through the induction of the PGE2 signaling.
Hypoxia: Role of SIRT1 and the protective effect of resveratrol in ovarian function
Authors: Nishigaki Akemi , Tsubokura Hiroaki , Tsuzuki‐Nakao Tomoko , Okada Hidetaka 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundOvarian function is closely related to the degree of vascular network development surrounding the ovary. Maternal aging‐related construction defects in this vascular network can cause ovarian hypoxia, which impedes oocyte nutrient supply, leading to physiological changes in the ovaries and oocytes. The anti‐aging gene Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) senses and adapts to ambient stress and is associated with hypoxic environments and mitochondrial biogenesis.MethodsThe present study is a literature review focusing on investigations involving the changes in SIRT1 and mitochondrial expression during hypoxia and the cytoprotective effects of the SIRT1 activator, resveratrol.Main findingsHypoxia suppresses SIRT1 and mitochondrial expression. Resveratrol can reverse the hypoxia‐induced decrease in mitochondrial and SIRT1 activity. Resveratrol suppresses the production of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor proteins.ConclusionResveratrol exhibits protective activity against hypoxic stress and may prevent hypoxia‐ or aging‐related mitochondrial dysfunction. Resveratrol treatment may be a potential option for infertility therapy.
Adaptive fuzzy fixed‐time tracking control for permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Yue Hanxue , Wang Huanqing , Wang Yueying 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on the problem of fixed‐time position tracking of permanent magnet synchronous motors with uncertain parameters and load torque disturbance. Based on the fixed‐time stability theory, adaptive control, fuzzy control, and backstepping algorithm, a novel adaptive fuzzy fixed‐time controller is proposed. It is shown that the presented control scheme can guarantee that the tracking errorconverges to a small neighborhood of the zero and all the signals of the close‐loop system are bounded in the fixed‐time. At last, the theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the effectiveness of the developed control strategy.
Integrated tools for identifying optimal flow regimes and evaluating alternative minimum flows for recovering at‐risk salmonids in a highly managed system
Authors: Peterson James T. , Pease Jessica E. , Whitman Luke , White James , Stratton‐Garvin Laurel , Rounds Stewart , Wallick Rose 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWater resource managers are faced with difficult decisions on how to satisfy human water needs while maintaining or restoring riverine ecosystems. Decision sciences have developed approaches and tools that can be used to break down difficult water management decisions into their component parts. An essential aspect of these approaches is the use of quantitative models to evaluate alternative management strategies. Here, we describe four integrated decision support models for evaluating the effect of flows on two life history stages of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Steelhead (O. mykiss). We then use constrained nonlinear optimization to identify optimal flow regimes for the water year type with the least available water. These flow regimes were then used by managers to develop candidate minimum flow strategies that were evaluated using forward simulation and sensitivity analyses. We found that optimal flow regimes differed markedly from existing regulations and varied among species and life history stages. However, evaluation of tradeoffs among the four competing objectives indicated relatively minimal losses for most objectives when the optimal flows were based on equally weighting the objectives. Sensitivity analysis indicated that water temperature was the primary driver of estimated outcomes and suggested that managers consider alternative means of managing temperatures. Decision sciences have created multiple analytical tools and approaches that simplify complex problems, such as water resource management, and we believe that water resource management would benefit from their increased use.
Habitat availability determines food chain length and interaction strength in food webs of a large lowland river
Authors: Brauns Mario , Kneis David , Brabender Marian , Weitere Markus 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMany large rivers used for navigation have lost their hydromorphological heterogeneity, which has led to the widespread loss of native biodiversity and the concurrent establishment of non‐native communities. While the effects on biodiversity are well‐described, we know little about how the loss of natural habitats and the restructuring of communities cumulate into effects on riverine food webs. We constructed binary and ingestion webs for benthic macroinvertebrates and their resources in the Elbe River (Germany) and compared if food chain length, food web complexity, robustness, ingestion rates, and consumer‐resource interaction strength differ among three shoreline engineering practices. Food webs at profoundly altered shorelines were significantly less complex and had significantly shorter food chains than the food web at the semi‐natural shoreline. However, food web robustness to a simulated loss of species was comparable at all shorelines. Total ingestion rates were up to eight times lower at highly altered shorelines due to significantly lower ingestion rates by native species. Predator–prey interaction strength was comparable among shorelines due to higher shares of non‐native predators, indicating that non‐native predators can be functionally equivalent to native predators. We attributed the observed food web differences to the absence of complex habitats at profoundly altered shorelines and the accompanied absence of specialized consumers. Our study provides empirical evidence that hydromorphological modifications reduce the efficiency of food webs to control organic matter dynamics and may ultimately affect the provisioning of riverine ecosystem services.
Equilibrium morphology and scour evolution at blunt nosed chevrons
Authors: Roy Deep , Pagliara Simone 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBlunt nosed chevrons are low‐head river restoration structures commonly used in large rivers to enhance the navigation and aquatic habitat. These structures usually create scour regions in their vicinity, which provides habitat for various aquatic organisms. Furthermore, the scour pools represent suitable locations for fish nursery. In some cases, the noses of islands are protected by constructing chevrons which reduce the intensity of erosive action. Only a few studies deal with the analysis of the scour phenomena due to chevrons. Therefore, this paper aims at investigating the scour evolution and characteristics at equilibrium due to chevrons inserted in both straight and curved channels. The most influential parameters governing the scour mechanisms (e.g., densimetric Froude number) were identified via dimensional analysis. Experimental evidence allowed us to distinguish and classify different scour morphology types for chevrons in curved channels: Types Ab, Bb and Cb were identified, corresponding to Types A, B and C in straight channels. Moreover, useful empirical relationships are provided to estimate the maximum scour hole depth and length, and the dune height with sufficient accuracy (R2 ranging from 0.63 to 0.86). Finally, the equations are validated with the data from previous studies, showing a good predicting capacity.
Extending Hui‐Walter framework to correlated outcomes with application to diagnosis tests of an eye disease among premature infants
Authors: Liu Yu‐Lun , Ying Gui‐Shuang , Quinn Graham E. , Zhou Xiao‐Hua , Chen Yong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDiagnostic accuracy, a measure of diagnostic tests for correctly identifying patients with or without a target disease, plays an important role in evidence‐based medicine. Diagnostic accuracy of a new test ideally should be evaluated by comparing to a gold standard; however, in many medical applications it may be invasive, costly, or even unethical to obtain a gold standard for particular diseases. When the accuracy of a new candidate test under evaluation is assessed by comparison to an imperfect reference test, bias is expected to occur and result in either overestimates or underestimates of its true accuracy. In addition, diagnostic test studies often involve repeated measurements of the same patient, such as the paired eyes or multiple teeth, and generally lead to correlated and clustered data. Using the conventional statistical methods to estimate diagnostic accuracy can be biased by ignoring the within‐cluster correlations. Despite numerous statistical approaches have been proposed to tackle this problem, the methodology to deal with correlated and clustered data in the absence of a gold standard is limited. In this article, we propose a method based on the composite likelihood function to derive simple and intuitive closed‐form solutions for estimates of diagnostic accuracy, in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Through simulation studies, we illustrate the relative advantages of the proposed method over the existing methods that simply treat an imperfect reference test as a gold standard in correlated and clustered data. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method can reduce not only substantial bias, but also the computational burden. Moreover, to demonstrate the utility of this approach, we apply the proposed method to the study of National‐Eye‐Institute‐funded Telemedicine Approaches to Evaluating of Acute‐Phase Retinopathy of Prematurity (e‐ROP), for estimating accuracies of both the ophthalmologist examination and the image evaluation.
Design and Synthesis of D‐π‐A form of p‐Nitrophenylacrylonitrile Substituted Triphenylamine Chromophores; Photophysical, Electrochemical Properties, DFT and Thermal Studies
Authors: Mantur Shivaraj , Patil Mallikarjun K. , Najare Mahesh S. , Nadaf AfraQuasar A. , Yaseen Mohammed , Gaonkar Supreet , Inamdar Sanjeev R. , Khazi Imtiyaz Ahmed M. , Kamble Ravindra R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper reports a novel Donor‐π‐Acceptor type of π‐conjugated triphenylamine (TPA) dyes bearing a 4‐nitrophenyl acrylonitrile units (abbreviated as TPA‐4(a–e) which were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation followed by palladium catalyzed Suzuki‐Miyaura cross coupling reaction with good yield. These dyes contain TPA as electron donor (D) and 4‐nitrophenyl acrylonitrile as electron acceptor (A) and probes were confirmed by standard spectroscopic techniques viz.,1H, 13C NMR, FT‐IR, GC‐MS and ESI‐MS. Herein, for the D‐π‐A push‐pull structure, TPA and 4‐nitrophenyl acrylonitrile are connected by vinylene bond as the π‐bridge. Optical/Solvatochromic properties were studied in detail by UV‐Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The intramolecular charge transfer properties were studied using DFT model with the CAM‐B3LYP function and solvatochromism by experimental method. The synthesized materials have shown moderate quantum yields. Optical bandgap values range from 2.33 to 2.39 eV and these derivatives exhibit well judged thermal stability and their 5 % weight loss temperature are in the range 178–220 °C. Cyclic voltametery study of the title compounds indicated that
values ranging from 1.05–1.25 eV. Quantum yields (Φ) of the probes are experimentally measured in the 1, 4‐dioxane and the Stokes shifts are observed to be in the range of 4882–5545 cm−1. The results displayed that these novel (D−A−D) chromophores could play an important role in the organic optoelectronics.
Efficient and Gram‐Scale Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐2,3,4‐Trinitropyrrole: A Promising Precursor for Insensitive High Energy Melt‐Castable Materials
Authors: Thaltiri Vikranth , Shanmugapriya V. , Panda Pradeepta K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract1‐Methyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetranitropyrrole (NMTNP) is recently found to be a promising insensitive high energy melt‐castable material. To prove its potentials further, herewith, we established 1‐methyl‐2,3,4‐trinitropyrrole (1) as a potent precursor for NMTNP, by developing a method for its efficient synthesis with excellent overall yield. This method involves mild nitrating conditions, easier purification (minimal chromatography) and readily available reagents and hence can be scaled up easily. In addition, the facile synthesis of 2,3,4‐trinitropyrrole during this process can lead to new class of pyrrole based high energy density materials.
Ag‐Doped TiO2Nanoparticles as an Effective Photocatalyst for Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye under Visible Light
Authors: Sukhadeve Gaurav , Shaileshkumar  , Janbandhu Y. , Kumar Rahul , Gedam Rupesh S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTiO2 nanoparticles doped with Ag have been prepared by Sol‐gel route. Prepared materials were characterized by various characterization techniques. The phases of prepared samples were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis and the single phase anatase structure of TiO2 was identified. Spherical shape nanoparticles were observed in High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM). Optical absorption and Photoluminsescence (PL) measurements were carried out to find the energy band gap and recombination rate of charge carriers respectively. The photocatalytic activity of prepared samples was tested on Indigo Carmine (IC) dye as an organic pollutant under visible light irradiation. Improvement in degradation efficiency was observed with an increase in Ag concentration. Degree of mineralization of IC‐dye after photocatalytic activity was studied by total oraganic carbon (TOC) analysis.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Fused Pyrimidines as E. coli Thymidylate Monophosphate Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Blindheim Fredrik Heen , Malme Ane Thoresen , Dalhus Bjørn , Sundby Eirik , Hoff Bård Helge 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo front emergence of antibiotic resistance there is an urgent need for new therapeutics, and one seemingly relevant target is thymidylate monophosphate kinase (TMPK). Serendipitously, we discovered a naphthyl substituted pyrrolopyrimidine possessing activity towards E. coli TMPK. Based on this hit, synthesis, and screening of 61 fused pyrimidines were undertaken. The most potent derivatives were also counter assayed towards the human variant of the enzyme. Two of the inhibitors possessed promising drug‐like properties and selectivity for E. coli TMPK. Although the initial pyrrolopyrimidine hit failed to have cellular activity, two alternative scaffolds were discovered providing starting points for further work.
Designable Integration of Silicide Nanowire Springs as Ultra‐Compact and Stretchable Electronic Interconnections
Authors: Yuan Rongrong , Qian Wentao , Liu Zongguang , Wang Junzhuan , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji , Yu Linwei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStretchable electronics are finding widespread applications in bio‐sensing, skin‐mimetic electronics, and flexible displays, where high‐density integration of elastic and durable interconnections is a key capability. Instead of forming a randomly crossed nanowire (NW) network, here, a large‐scale and precise integration of highly conductive nickel silicide nanospring (SiNix‐NS) arrays are demonstrated, which are fabricated out of an in‐plane solid–liquid–solid guided growth of planar Si nanowires (SiNWs), and subsequent alloy‐forming process that boosts the channel conductivity over 4 orders of magnitude (to 2 × 104 S cm−1). Thanks to the narrow diameter of the serpentine SiNix‐NS channels, the elastic geometry engineering can be accomplished within a very short interconnection distance (down to ≈3 µm), which is crucial for integrating high‐density displays or logic units in a rigid‐island and elastic‐interconnection configuration. Deployed over soft polydimethylsiloxane thin film substrate, the SiNix‐NS array demonstrates an excellent stretchability that can sustain up to 50% stretching and for 10 000 cycles (at 15%). This approach paves the way to integrate high‐density inorganic electronics and interconnections for high‐performance health monitoring, displays, and on‐skin electronic applications, based on the mature and rather reliable Si thin film technology.