bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Space Resources–A Framework for the Future
Authors: Meinert Lawrence D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The long history of exploration and mining of mineral resources on Earth provides the foundation for the extension of the human footprint to space. Resources in space share some features with the better-known resources on Earth but also present some unique challenges. Foremost among these are the energy cost of escaping Earth’s gravity and the need to develop in situ resources that can be processed robotically, to the extent possible, because of the supplies (air, food, and water) necessary to support long-term human space travel and habitation. Despite popular imagination, it is unlikely that space resources can or will be brought back to Earth, due to the high energy cost of overcoming gravity.
The most likely commodity for in situ resource utilization (ISRU) is water, which has multiple and indispensable uses as propellant and life support for agriculture and respiration. The need for propellant to be available in space reflects the fact that fuel constitutes ~80% of the mass of a rocket that can travel beyond Earth orbit. Thus, water will be the first and most important space resource to be developed. Water is known to be present on the moon, Mars, and in C-type asteroids. It is relatively straightforward to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis, and solar energy provides abundant and uninterrupted power in space. Water combined with carbon in asteroids or carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere provides the basis for agriculture and the production of methane as a practical and easily handled propellant.
In addition to structural materials for buildings or spacecraft, the other resource needed for long-term space exploration or colonization is bulk material for radiation shielding. This could be any of the loose regolith materials known to exist on the lunar and Martian surfaces and on some asteroids. Such regolith could be used as is, or manufactured into blocks or other structural materials. All of these space resources need to be assessed and characterized to provide the equivalent of a bankable feasibility study in order to prove the business case for their future development.
Evoluties in het Vlaams herstelrechtelijke beleid sinds 2000
Authors: Aertsen Ivo 
Published: July 2021

Restorative justice policy developments in Flanders since 2000
Restorative justice practices and policies have been growing in Belgium during last three decades. This article looks in particular at policy developments in the Flemish Community. It reconstructs how restorative justice has adopted a legal basis in 2005 and 2006 respectively in adult criminal law and juvenile justice. The rise and fall of the Belgian model of ‘restorative prisons’ is discussed. Special attention goes to the role of the Belgian State reform process, where the regions were given more competencies also in restorative justice matters. We investigate how this process of devolution has shaped the restorative justice landscape for the sectors of penal mediation, restorative mediation and conferencing. Some ambivalences in policy making are shown. Moreover, in recent years there are signs of a declining political interest in restorative justice.
Danube Delta: Water Management on the Sulina Channel in the Frame of Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Cretescu Igor , Kovacs Zsofia , Lazar Liliana , Burada Adrian , Sbarcea Madalina , Teodorof Liliana , Padure Dan , Soreanu Gabriela 
Published: July 2021

The Danube Delta is the newest land formed by both transporting sediments brought by Danube River, which flows into the Black Sea and by traversing an inland region where water spreads and deposits sediments. Diurnal tidal action is low (only 8–9 cm), therefore the sediments would wash out into the water body faster than the river deposits it. However, a seasonal fluctuation of water level of 20 cm was observed in the Black Sea, contributing to alluvial landscape evolution in the Danube Delta. The Danube Delta is a very low flat plain, lying 0.52 m above Mean Black Sea Level with a general gradient of 0.006 m/km and only 20% of the delta area is below zero level. The main control on deposition, which is a combination of river, wind-generated waves, and tidal processes, depends on the strength of each one. The other two factors that play a major role are landscape position and the grain size distribution of the source sediment entering the delta from the river. The Danube Delta is a natural protected area in the South-Eastern part of Romania, declared a Biosphere Reserve through the UNESCO “Man and Biosphere” Programme. Water is a determining factor for all the human settlements in the Biosphere Reserve, the whole Danube Delta being structured by the three branches of the Danube (Chilia, Sulina and Sfantu Gheorghe (Saint George)). Our case study is focused on the Sulina branch, also named Sulina Channel, which offers the shortest distance between the Black Sea (trough Sulina Port) and Tulcea (the most important city of the Danube Delta from economic, social and cultural points of view) for both fluvial and marine ships. The improvement of water resources management is the main topic of this chapter, in terms of water quality indicators, which will be presented in twenty-nine monitoring points, starting since a few years ago and updated to nowadays. During the study period, significant exceedances of the limit value were detected in case of nitrate-N (3.9–4.6 mg/L) at the confluence (CEATAL 2) with the Saint George branch and in the Sulina Channel after the Wastewaters Treatment Plant (WWTP) discharge area, as well as near two settlements, namely Gorgova and Maliuc. The higher concentrations of Nitrogen-based nutrients were caused by the leakage from the old sewage systems (where these exist) and the diffuse loads.
Bore Pile Foundation Construction without Caused Fine Cracks at Three Heritage Building
Authors: Setiani Triastuti Nusa 
Published: July 2021

Bore pile foundation close heritage building should be no damage. Install the bore pile process had to perfect, nonporous concrete, no necking, no sliding soil, no mixed deep water, Objective the construction of bore pile near heritage buildings did not deformation and no crack. The case study methodology was surveying the process of the installation bore pile at the soft soil. Analyzing the results of the loading test, the process of installing bore piles with limited space, without damaging heritage buildings. Monitoring will determine the success of the bore pile structure, including a slight decrease in the water table in the area and outside the building site. The vibration drill equipment damped by the trench so that it was safe from cracks in the heirloom building. Monitor the mud content in the water that went out at bore done of soil, monitor concrete every 2 m depth of bore pile the volume of concrete the heirloom building was not damaged. Axial bore pile test, lateral test according to design.
Changing Climatic Hazards in the Coast: Risks and Impacts on Satkhira, One of the Most Vulnerable Districts in Bangladesh
Authors: Golam Rabbani Md. , Nasir Uddin Md. , Munira Sirazoom 
Published: July 2021

Changes in the climate due to anthropogenic and natural variation are indicated by parameters including temperature and rainfall. Climate change variability with changing trends of the two have been unpredictable and unprecedented globally leading to changing weather patterns, natural disasters, leading to sectoral impacts on food and water security, livelihood, human health among others. This research analyses the changing patterns of these parameters over the last 35/37 years of Satkhira district of Bangladesh to assess the state and trend across spatial and temporal dimensions. Such, the study validates to rationalize the observed seasonal changes that persist in Satkhira of Bangladesh. Both in terms of intensity and frequency of the occurrences of natural disasters, the series of natural events have been triangulated, with impacts and vulnerability being assessed from temperature variations, erratic rainfall, cyclone, flood and water logging etc. The study’s prime contribution remains in attribution of climate change in relation contextual circumstances in the region including sea level rise, salinity intrusion. Therefore, the risk and climatic hazards and its resulting impacts over time has been assessed to draw deeper connection between theoretical and practical values. The series of analyses also draw conclusion that assets are at risk from changing climatic condition.
A Brief Overview and Update on Major Molecular Genomic Alterations in Solid, Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, and Hematopoietic As Well As Lymphoid Malignancies
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yao Jinjuan , Zhong Minghao , Zhang Yaxia , Guo Xiaoling , Wang Huan-You 
Published: July 2021

Context.—Recent advances in comprehensive genomic profiling by next-generation sequencing have uncovered the genomic alterations at the molecular level for many types of tumors; as such, numerous small specific molecules that target these alterations have been developed and widely used in the management of these cancers.Objective.—To provide a concise molecular genomic update in solid, bone and soft tissue tumors, hematopoietic as well as lymphoid malignancies; discuss its clinical applications; and familiarize practicing pathologists with the emerging cancer biomarkers and their diagnostic utilities.Data Sources.—This review is based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines and peer-reviewed English literature.Conclusions.—Tumor-specific biomarkers and molecular/genomic alterations, including pan-cancer markers, have been significantly expanded in the past decade thanks to large-scale high-throughput technologies and will continue to emerge in the future. These biomarkers can be of great value in diagnosis, prognosis, and/or targeted therapy/treatment. Familiarization with these emerging and ever-changing tumor biomarkers will undoubtedly aid pathologists in making accurate and state-of-the-art diagnoses and enable them to be more actively involved in the care of cancer patients.
PROFISSÃO DOCENTE EM QUESTÃO: A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA NOS PROCESSOS DE PROFISSIONALIZAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES NA BAHIA
Authors: Mota Charles Maycon Almeida , Silva Fabrício Oliveira da , Rios Jane Adriana Vasconcelos Pacheco 
Published: July 2021

O trabalho analisa as contribuições da formação continuada para a atuação profissional de professores(as) da rede municipal de ensino dos municípios de Jacobina e Salvador, no Estado da Bahia. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo que se desenvolveu através de um Survey realizado com 288 professores(as) participantes da pesquisa. O estudo é um recorte da pesquisa intitulada Profissão Docente na Educação Básica da Bahia em que analisamos questões relativas a uma das quatro dimensões da pesquisa, denominada de aspectos sobre a formação. O resultado evidencia que os(as) professores(as) valorizam a formação ofertada nos Cursos de Pós-Graduação e reconhecem o valor desta no contexto de sua atuação profissional, concebendo que a formação se torna basilar para o desenvolvimento de práticas e saberes no cotidiano da escola.
Evaluation of drug-drug interactions in hospitalized patients on medications for OUD
Authors: Berger Olivia , Rector Katherine , Meredith Jacqueline , Sebaaly Jamielynn 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionMedications used to treat OUD have common metabolic pathways and pharmacodynamic properties that can lead to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that may go unnoticed in the inpatient setting. The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency of DDIs between medications prescribed for OUD and commonly used inpatient medications.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of orders for buprenorphine, buprenorphine-naloxone, and methadone to identify potential DDIs. Adult inpatients with an order for one of these medications for OUD were included. Medication regimens were evaluated throughout the inpatient stay and on day of discharge for DDIs. DDIs were classified by severity and type of interaction (increased risk of QT prolongation, additive CNS effects/respiratory depression, and opioid withdrawal). The primary endpoint was the number of potential DDIs. Other endpoints included number of each classification/severity of DDI, duration of therapy of interacting medications, and modifications made to OUD medications because of DDIs.ResultsA total of 102 patients were included, with 215 inpatient interactions and 83 interactions at discharge identified. While inpatient, 85% of patients were on an interacting medication, and 46% of patients were on an interacting medication at discharge. The most common classification of DDI was additive CNS effects/respiratory depression (68.8% inpatient, 50.6% discharge), followed by QT prolongation (24.2% inpatient, 45.8% discharge). The majority of DDIs were classified as requiring close monitoring rather than contraindicated.DiscussionThere are opportunities to optimize the prescribing practices surrounding OUD medications in both the inpatient setting and at discharge to ensure patient safety.
Effect of cannabis use on PTSD treatment outcomes in veterans
Authors: Petersen Meagan , Koller Katherine , Straley Craig , Reed Ellen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Researchers have found anandamide (an endocannabinoid) and cannabinoid type 1 receptor activation encourages extinction of aversive memories. Some theorize cannabinoids such as those in cannabis may provide a new treatment approach for PTSD, while others suggest it may worsen symptomology. The objective of the current study was to determine if cannabis use impacts the success of evidence-based intensive outpatient PTSD treatment in a veteran population.

Methods
A list of veterans enrolled in the Battle Creek Veterans' Affairs Medical Center outpatient PTSD Clinical Team Clinic between October 1st, 2008 and October 1st, 2016 was obtained, and a random sample was identified. Study participants were veterans aged 18 to 85 years, with at least 2 PTSD Checklist scores, and a diagnosis of PTSD. Data collected included mental health medications, type and number of evidence-based psychotherapy used, and presence of co-occurring behavioral health diagnoses. The cannabis use group was compared to the no-cannabis-use group, and differences in variables pertaining to the relative number of treatment successes and failures was evaluated for statistical and clinical significance.

Results
The majority of patients were white (87.1%) and male (95%). The success rate was similar between the cannabis and no-cannabis-use groups (51.9% and 51.4%, respectively).

Discussion
The current study did not show that a predominantly white male veteran sample diagnosed with PTSD differed in intensive PTSD treatment success or failure based on cannabis use.
Hyperammonemia in patients receiving valproic acid in the hospital setting: A retrospective review
Authors: McMorris Tressa , Chu Angela , Vu Lynn , Bernardini Amanda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used for the treatment of epilepsy, migraine, and a variety of psychiatric conditions. The reported incidences of hyperammonemia induced by VPA use is variable. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence of VPA-induced hyperammonemia in the general adult inpatient population.

Methods
Adult patients who received at least 1 dose of VPA and derivatives between June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 were included. Patients were excluded if they did not have VPA administered during their inpatient stay or if they had elevated ammonia levels (&gt;33 μmol/L) prior to initiation of VPA. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of liver cirrhosis were also excluded. The primary endpoint was the incidence of hyperammonemia. Secondary outcomes included symptoms of hyperammonemia, diagnosis of VPA-induced hyperammonemia, and treatment of VPA-induced hyperammonemia.

Results
A total of 162 patients were included in this study. A total of 33 (20.4%) patients were identified as having the primary outcome of hyperammonemia; 26 (16.0%) patients had symptoms of hyperammonemia, and 13 (8.0%) patients were diagnosed with VPA-induced hyperammonemia. Treatment modalities included administration of lactulose, levocarnitine, discontinuing VPA, or decreasing the VPA dose.

Discussion
The administration of VPA in the general adult inpatient population resulted in a 20.4% incidence of hyperammonemia, with a lower rate of diagnosed VPA-induced hyperammonemia. Clinicians should be encouraged to obtain ammonia levels in patients receiving VPA if symptoms of altered mental status or encephalopathy develop.
Increase in Cannabis Use Among Adults With Rheumatic Diseases: Results From a 2014–2019 United States Observational Study
Authors: Wipfler Kristin , Simon Teresa A. , Katz Patricia , Wolfe Frederick , Michaud Kaleb 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveDespite advances in treatments and outcomes among patients with rheumatic diseases, there is an unmet need in pain management. Cannabis has emerged as a potential opioid‐sparing alternative, with arthritic pain as a commonly cited reason for medicinal cannabis use. However, little is known, and we set out to understand patterns of cannabis use in a US‐wide rheumatic disease population.MethodsThe study included participants in FORWARD, The National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases. Participants were asked in 2014 and 2019 about their past and current cannabis use. Demographic characteristics, patient‐reported outcomes, medications, comorbidities, and diagnoses were compared between cannabis users and non‐users with t‐tests, chi‐square tests, logistic regression, and geographic assessment.ResultsAmong 11,006 respondents, cannabis use increased from 6.3% in 2014 to 18.4% in 2019, with the greatest prevalence of use in states where cannabis use was legalized. Most users (74% and 62% in 2014 and 2019, respectively) reported that cannabis was effective in the relief of arthritis symptoms. Cannabis users were more likely to be taking weak opioids (odds ratio 1.2 [95% confidence interval 1.0, 1.5], P = 0.03), to have a history of smoking tobacco (odds ratio 1.7 [95% confidence interval 1.5, 2.1], P < 0.001), and had worse measures on all assessed patient‐reported outcomes.ConclusionReported cannabis use in this cohort increased significantly between 2014 and 2019. Characteristics of users suggest that those who try cannabis are feeling worse symptomatically, and their pain management needs may not be adequately addressed by other therapies. The association between cannabis, opioids, and patient‐reported outcomes highlight areas for future work.
Strategic Defect Engineering of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Optimizing the Fabrication of Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: He Jie , Li Na , Li Zhi‐Gang , Zhong Ming , Fu Zi‐Xuan , Liu Ming , Yin Jia‐Cheng , Shen Zhurui , Li Wei , Zhang Jijie , Chang Ze , Bu Xian‐He 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) have garnered enormous interest due to their remarkable catalysis activity. However, the exploitation of universal synthesis strategy and regulation of coordination environment of SACs remain a great challenge. Herein, a versatile synthetic strategy is demonstrated to generate a series of transition metal SACs (M SAs/NC, M = Co, Cu, Mn; NC represents the nitrogen‐doped carbon) through defect engineering of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). The interatomic distance between metal sites can be increased by deliberately introducing structural defects within the MOF framework, which inhibits metal aggregation and consequently results in an approximately 70% increase in single metal atom yield. Additionally, the coordination structures of metal sites can also be facilely tuned. The optimized Co SAs/NC‐800 exhibits superior activity and excellent reusability for the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes, surpassing several state‐of‐art non‐noble‐metal catalysts. This study provides a new avenue for the universal fabrication of transition metal SACs.
Anchoring Single Copper Atoms to Microporous Carbon Spheres as High‐Performance Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zong Lingbo , Fan Kaicai , Wu Weicui , Cui Lixiu , Zhang Lili , Johannessen Bernt , Qi Dongchen , Yin Huajie , Wang Yun , Liu Porun , Wang Lei , Zhao Huijun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough the carbon‐supported single‐atom (SA) electrocatalysts (SAECs) have emerged as a new form of highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts, the preferable sites of carbon support for anchoring SAs are somewhat elusive. Here, a KOH activation approach is reported to create abundant defects/vacancies on the porous graphitic carbon nanosphere (CNS) with selective adsorption capability toward transition‐metal (TM) ions and innovatively utilize the created defects/vacancies to controllably anchor TM–SAs on the activated CNS via TMNx coordination bonds. The synthesized TM‐based SAECs (TM‐SAs@N‐CNS, TM: Cu, Fe, Co, and Ni) possess superior ORR electrocatalytic activities. The Cu‐SAs@N‐CNS demonstrates excellent ORR and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) bifunctional electrocatalytic activities and is successfully applied as a highly efficient air cathode material for the Zn–air battery. Importantly, it is proposed and validated that the N‐terminated vacancies on graphitic carbons are the preferable sites to anchor Cu‐SAs via a Cu(NC2)3(NC) coordination configuration with an excellent promotional effect toward ORR. This synthetic approach exemplifies the expediency of suitable defects/vacancies creation for the fabrication of high‐performance TM‐based SAECs, which can be implemented for the synthesis of other carbon‐supported SAECs.
Borophene via Micromechanical Exfoliation
Authors: Chahal Sumit , Ranjan Pranay , Motlag Maithili , Yamijala Sharma S. R. K. C. , Late Dattatreya J. , Sadki El Hadi S. , Cheng Gary J. , Kumar Prashant 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBorophene, the lightest among all Xenes, possesses extreme electronic mobility along with high carrier density and high Young's modulus. To accomplish device‐quality borophene, novel approaches of realization of monolayers need to be urgently explored. In this work, micromechanical exfoliation is discovered to result in mono‐ and few‐layered borophene of device quality. Borophene sheets are successfully fabricated down to monolayer thickness. Distinct crystallographic phases of borophene viz. XRD study reveals crystallographic phase transition from rhombohedral to several other eigen phases of borophene. The role of the destination substrates is held crucial in determining the final phase of the transferred sheet. The exfoliation energy is calculated by density functional theory. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to simulate the exfoliation process. Heterolayers of borophene, with black phosphorene (BP) or with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) atomic sheets, are found to result in photoexcited coupling quantum states. Gold‐coated borophene bestows promising anchoring capability for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Successful demonstration of the electronic behavior of micromechanically exfoliated borophene and excitonic behavior of borophene‐based heterolayers will guide future generation devices not only in electronics and excitonics, but also in thermal management, electronic packaging, hydrogen storage, hybrid energy storage, and clean energy solutions.