bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in the face of cuts: a qualitative Nigerian case study of maintaining progress towards universal health coverage after losing donor assistance
Authors: Obi Uche Shalom , Ogbuoji Osondu , Mao Wenhui , Shahid Minahil , Onwujekwe Obinna , Yamey Gavin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the coming years, about a dozen middle-income countries are excepted to transition out of development assistance for health (DAH) based on their economic growth. This anticipated loss of external funds at a time when there is a need for accelerated progress towards universal health coverage (UHC) is a source of concern. Evaluating country readiness for transition towards country ownership of health programmes is a crucial step in making progress towards UHC. We used in-depth interviews to explore: (1) the preparedness of the Nigerian health system to transition out of DAH, (2) transition policies and strategies that are in place in Nigeria, (3) the road map for the implementation of these policies and (4) challenges and recommendations for making progress on such policies. We applied Vogus and Graff’s expanded transition readiness framework within the Nigerian context to synthesize preparedness plans, gaps, challenges and stakeholders’ recommendations for sustaining the gains of donor-funded programmes and reaching UHC. Some steps have been taken to integrate and institutionalize service delivery processes toward sustainable immunization and responsive primary healthcare in line with UHC. There are ongoing discussions on integrating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services with other services and the possibility of covering HIV services under the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). We identified more transition preparedness plans within immunization programme compared with HIV programme. However, we identified gaps in all the nine components of the framework that must be filled to be able to sustain gains and make significant progress towards country ownership and UHC. Nigeria needs to focus on building the overall health system by identifying systematic gaps instead of continuing to invest in parallel programmes. Programmes need to be consolidated within the overall health system, health financing priorities and policies. A comprehensive and functional structure will provide continuity even in the event of decreasing external funds or donor exits.
Sidney Holt’s legacy lives on in fisheries science
Authors: Anderson Emory D , Bartolino Valerio , Birchenough Silvana , Browman Howard I , Gibbs Mark , Hidalgo Manuel , Prellezo Raúl , Yates Katherine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
On 22 December 2019, the world of fisheries science and whale conservation lost one of its most ardent champions with the passing of Sidney J. Holt. His career began in 1947 at the age of 21. Ten years later, he and his colleague Ray Beverton published their authoritative monograph on quantitative fish population dynamics. In 1953, he joined the Fisheries Division of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and soon became heavily involved in assessing whale stocks under the auspices of the International Whaling Commission, a role that eventually led to advocating for animal rights and the cessation of commercial whaling. Later in life, he returned to fisheries assessment and management, particularly issues pertaining to the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union, where he advocated for fishing mortality less than that associated with maximum sustainable yield. This themed set consists of articles written by authors who knew and collaborated with Sidney, who may have met him once or twice at an international meeting, and who only knew of him via his reputation and massive and influential list of publications. Their articles address a wide range of topics relating to his work throughout his career and reflect, in part, the influence that his work has had on thinking about quantitative modelling of animal populations.
Enhancing the ecosystem approach for the fishery for Antarctic krill within the complex, variable, and changing ecosystem at South Georgia
Authors: Trathan P N , Fielding S , Hollyman P R , Murphy E J , Warwick-Evans V , Collins M A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The objective of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management is to sustain healthy marine ecosystems and the fisheries they support. One of the earliest implementations was in the Southern Ocean, where decision rules and stock reference points were developed for managing the Antarctic krill fishery, together with an ecosystem-monitoring programme intended to aid management decisions. This latter component has not been incorporated directly into management, so here, we consider variability in the krill fishery at South Georgia, relating it to physical and biological monitoring indices, finding sea surface temperature to be a key correlate with both annual catch and long-term biological indices. Some indices from krill predators showed significant positive relationships with krill harvesting in the preceding winter, presumably indicative of the importance of winter foraging conditions. We explore how ecological structure affects results, examining two monitoring sites 100 km apart. Results suggest different biological conditions at the two sites, probably reflecting different scales of ecosystem operation, emphasizing that an appreciation of scale will enhance krill fishery management. Finally, in reviewing different drivers of ecological change, we identify important additional monitoring that would help better reflect ecosystem status, improve the utility of CEMP, providing information necessary for the ecosystem approach at South Georgia.
Engagement with rights in the making of counterterrorism legislation—Perspectives from three case studies: An introduction
Authors: Steiner Talya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Recent years have seen an emerging consensus on the important role non-judicial actors can play in protecting rights, and the potential benefits of integrating the compliance with constitutional standards into the legislative process. However, the study of actual practices of pre-enactment rights scrutiny has highlighted the need for deeper analysis of the factors that ultimately determine the extent to which rights considerations are effectively taken into account in policy design. The three case studies in this symposium contribute to the growing empirical literature on non-judicial constitutional review. Each article follows a particular counterterrorism legislation process and analyzes the ways in which consideration of rights effected or failed to effect policy design. These nuanced and empirically grounded perspectives on what rights review in the policymaking process actually entails help point out mechanisms that positively affect the ability to create proportionate policy, while documenting barriers at both the individual and organizational levels that can prevent rights from being afforded their optimal weight in the process. This introduction presents the main comparative insights arising from the three case studies in the symposium. The first point relates to the identity of and dynamic between the actors who engage with rights in the process, particularly the interaction between political and bureaucratic actors and its effect on the nature of the rights discourse and its impact. The second point characterizes three types of stages in the policy process—stages of deliberation, evaluation, and justification—and demonstrates how the nature of engagement with rights differs at each stage in terms of substance, scope, and influence. The third and final point relates to the ramifications of the layered nature of policymaking for the possibility of truly engaging with considerations of rights.
Trends in Prevalence and Characteristics of Resolved and Current Hepatitis B Among US-Born Persons: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2018
Authors: Ly Kathleen N , Xing Jian , Spradling Philip R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
After decades of decline, US acute hepatitis B incidence flattened since 2011. In persons aged ≥40 years and in jurisdictions affected by the opioid crisis, there is an increase in new cases. Data suggest new infections are occurring among US-born persons.

Methods
We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data during 2001–2018 to examine changes in total antibody to hepatitis B virus core antigen (anti-HBc) prevalence in US-born persons. During 2013–2018, the distribution of characteristics was examined.

Results
During 2001–2006, 2007–2012, and 2013–2018, anti-HBc prevalence was 3.5%, 2.5%, and 2.6% among US-born persons, respectively. This corresponded to 5.7 (range, 4.8–6.6) million US-born persons with resolved or current HBV infection during 2013–2018, including 344 600 persons aged 6–29 years. The largest increase and highest prevalence was among persons who reported injection drug use (IDU), which increased from 35.3% during 2001–2006 to 58.4% during 2013–2018 (P = .07).

Conclusions
Anti-HBc prevalence among US-born persons remained flat during the most recent period, coinciding with a doubling of prevalence among persons reporting IDU. These data are consistent with acute hepatitis B surveillance trends, showing increasing incidence in subpopulations where prevention could be strengthened.
Anti-HBc prevalence among US-born persons decreased from 2001–2006 to 2007–2012 and remained flat during 2013–2018, coinciding with a near doubling of prevalence among US-born persons reporting a history of injection drug use.
Biochemical characterization of OXA-244, an emerging OXA-48 variant with reduced β-lactam hydrolytic activity
Authors: Rima Mariam , Emeraud Cecile , Bonnin Rémy A , Gonzalez Camille , Dortet Laurent , Iorga Bogdan I , Oueslati Saoussen , Naas Thierry 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundOXA-48-producing Enterobacterales have widely disseminated globally with an increasing number of variants identified. Among them, OXA-244 is increasingly reported, despite detection difficulties.ObjectivesTo determine the steady-state kinetic parameters of OXA-244.MethodsThe blaOXA-244 gene was amplified, cloned into plasmids p-TOPO and pET41b+, and transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10 for MIC determination and E. coli BL21 DE3 for purification. Steady-state kinetic parameters and IC50s of clavulanic acid, tazobactam and NaCl were determined using purified OXA-244. Molecular modelling was also performed.ResultsA reduction in MICs of temocillin and carbapenems was observed in E. coli expressing OXA-244 as compared with OXA-48. The kinetic parameters revealed a reduced carbapenemase activity of OXA-244 as compared with OXA-48, especially for imipenem, which was 10-fold lower. Similarly, catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was reduced by 4-fold and 20-fold for ampicillin and temocillin, respectively. Kinetic parameters for cephalosporins were, however, similar. Molecular modelling studies evidenced the key role of R214 in OXA-48, establishing salt bridges with D159 and with the carboxylate group of the R1 substituent of temocillin. These interactions are not possible with G214 in OXA-244, explaining the reduced affinity of temocillin for this enzyme. The R214G mutation in OXA-244 is also likely to induce changes in the active site’s water network that would explain the decrease in the hydrolysis rate of carbapenems.ConclusionsOur data confirm that the R214G mutation (present in OXA-244) results in reduced carbapenem- and temocillin-hydrolysing activity, confirming the crucial role of residue 214 in the hydrolysis of these substrates by OXA-48-like β-lactamases.
Evaluation of Electrical Burn Injuries in Iran: A 7-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Vaghardoost Reza , Saraee Amir , Ghavami Yaser , Sobouti Behnam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Electrical burn injuries can cause devastating and debilitating morbidities and impairments for patients. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on electrical burn patients hospitalized from 2014 to 2019 to evaluate electrical burn injuries’ epidemiology and characteristics. A total number of 726 patients with the mean age of 31.17 years were evaluated for electrical burn injuries. Mean total burn surface area (TBSA) was 16.61 ± 12.56. Most victims were male (696 cases, 95.7%) and most patients did not have a constant job (n = 458, 63%). Most affected burn sites were hands (28.6%) and upper limbs (27.8%). A total number of 89 (12.2%) patients suffered amputations with the hand fingers (64 cases) as the most common site. Low-voltage injuries were more common (n = 649, 89%). Most incidents happened at the workplace (n = 459, 63%). Comparison of patients with high-voltage and low-voltage injuries showed significant correlations and statistical difference between these two groups regarding TBSA, mean hospital stays, escharectomy, fasciotomy, amputations, debridement, fracture, and mortality rate (P = .001). Our observation revealed that electrical burn injuries are still significant causes of morbidity and mortality among trauma patients. In contrast to previous studies, low-voltage injuries were more common than high-voltage ones. We propose improvements in the manufacturing of electrical appliances; paying attention to safety measures will reduce the number of incidents. Moreover, training and education play important roles in reducing the number of incidents and mortality rates.
Flexure mechanics of nonlocal modified gradient nano-beams
Authors: Faghidian S Ali 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Two frameworks of the nonlocal integral elasticity and the modified strain gradient theory are consistently merged to conceive the nonlocal modified gradient theory. The established augmented continuum theory is applied to a Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam model. Nanoscopic effects of the dilatation, the deviatoric stretch, and the symmetric rotation gradients together with the nonlocality are suitably accommodated. The integral convolutions of the constitutive law are restored with the equivalent differential model subject to the nonclassical boundary conditions. Both the elastostatic and elastodynamic flexural responses of the nano-sized beam are rigorously investigated and the well posedness of the nonlocal modified gradient problems on bounded structural domains is confirmed. The analytical solution of the phase velocity of flexural waves and the deflection and the rotation fields of the nano-beam is detected and numerically illustrated. The transverse wave propagation in carbon nanotubes is furthermore reconstructed and validated by the molecular dynamics simulation data. Being accomplished in revealing both the stiffening and softening structural responses at nano-scale, the proposed nonlocal modified gradient theory can be beneficially implemented for nanoscopic examination of the static and dynamic behaviors of stubby nano-sized elastic beams.
Introgression ofASIPandTYRP1Alleles Explains Coat Color Variation in Valais Goats
Authors: Henkel Jan , Dubacher Alexandra , Bangerter Erika , Herren Ursula , Ammann Philippe , Drögemüller Cord , Flury Christine , Leeb Tosso 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Valais Blackneck goat is a Swiss goat breed with a characteristic coat color phenotype. Before the revision of the breed standard in 1938, 4 different color varieties of Valais goats were known. Besides Blackneck animals resembling the modern breed standard, the brown and white Copperneck goat, the white Capra Sempione, and the greyish Grüenochte comprised the historic Valais goats. The brown pigmentation of Copperneck goats had previously been traced back to an introgression of a mutant TYRP1 allele from Toggenburg goats. In the present study, we identified additional introgression events of distinct ASIP alleles causing the remaining 2 rare coat color patterns within the Valais Blackneck goat breed. We identified the introgression of the AWt allele from Appenzell or Saanen goats in white Capra Sempione goats. Similarly, introgression of the Apc allele from Peacock goats resulted in the greyish Grüenochte phenotype. These results demonstrate past hybridization events between breeds that are separated today. A perfect genotype-phenotype association in 393 Valais goats supported the causality of the genotyped variants for the different coat color phenotypes. Our study gives insights into the introgression of functionally relevant copy number variant (CNV) alleles controlling pigmentation between goat breeds with strikingly different coat color patterns.
WTO Litigation and SEZs: Determining the Scope of Exceptional Trade Unilateralism
Authors: Nedumpara James J , Gupta Manya , Choukroune Leïla 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The incentives available to enterprises located in special economic zones can be classified into three broad categories, namely, (i) fiscal incentives in the nature of tax incentives and exemption of duties, (ii) non-fiscal incentives in the form of infrastructural and developmental facilities, and (iii) regulatory incentives covering lenient and flexible compliance requirements. The fiscal incentives in special economic zones are, to an extent, regulated by the law of the World Trade Organization although direct challenges of special economic zone policies have been very few or non-existent. The absence of legal challenges led to a number of World Trade Organization members pursuing unilateral trade policies within their special economic zones. However, the recent World Trade Organization Panel findings in India—Export Related Measures appear to highlight the thin margin for trade unilateralism especially in relation to fiscal incentives in special economic zones. In the above context, this article examines the permissible limits of trade unilateralism, in the context of special economic zones, by providing a fresh understanding of the disciplines under international trade law and the available jurisprudence. It focuses, in particular, on the precise contours of permissible trade unilateralism exercised by World Trade Organization members when granting fiscal incentives. In doing so, this article also examines the concept of exception as a manifestation of unilateralism in International Economic Law.
Effect of Zolpidem Tartrate on the Developmental Rate of Forensically Important FliesChrysomya megacephala(Diptera: Calliphoridae) andChrysomya saffranea
Authors: Al-Shuraym Laila A , Al-Mekhlafi Fahd A , Abd Al Galil Fahd Mohammed , Alhag Sadeq K , Al-Keridis Lamya Ahmed , Ali El Hadi Mohamed Rania , Wadaan Muhammad A , Al-Khalifa Mohammed S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEntomotoxicology is an emerging science in the forensic investigation of death; it now influences judicial activities. Briefly, carrion flies ingest various chemicals as they feed on a cadaver. In entomotoxicology, such toxicological compounds are qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in insects recovered from carrion. Some of these chemicals can disrupt flies’ cellular physiology, leading to acceleration or delay in their developmental rate. In this study, the effect of zolpidem-contaminated tissue on the dipteran flies Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius 1794) and Chrysomya saffranea (Bigot 1877) was assessed. Zolpidem tartrate is a sedative-hypnotic compound commonly used to treat anxiety and sleeping disorders, but it is associated with death from suicide. The effects were tested by providing the flies with liver tissue treated with various concentrations of zolpidem tartrate. The morphological parameters and development rate for all life cycle stages of treated insects were determined and used to estimate postmortem intervals. Results showed that the morphological parameters, i.e., weight, width, and length and rate of development of C. megacephala and C. saffranea was negatively associated with zolpidem tartrate concentration of C. saffranea, were negatively associated with the concentration of zolpidem tartrate, indicating that arthropod evidence evaluation can help establish the cause and time of death.
Reducing Compliance Demands in Government Benefit Programs Improves the Psychological Well-Being of Target Group Members
Authors: Baekgaard Martin , Mikkelsen Kim Sass , Madsen Jonas Krogh , Christensen Julian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractState actions impact the lives of citizens in general and government benefit recipients in particular. However, little is known about whether experiences of psychological costs among benefit recipients can be relieved by reducing compliance demands in interactions with the state. Across three studies, we provide evidence that reducing demands causes relief. In a survey experiment, we show that psychological costs experienced by Danish unemployment insurance recipients change in response to information about actual reduced compliance demands. In two field studies, we exploit survey data collected around a sudden, exogenous shock (the COVID-19 lockdown of the Danish society in March 2020), which led to immediate reductions in compliance demands in Denmark’s active labor market policies. We test whether two groups of benefit recipients experienced reduced psychological costs in response to these sudden reductions in compliance demands imposed by the state. Across all studies, we find that the reduction of compliance demands is associated with an increased sense of autonomy, and in two of the three studies, it is associated with reduced stress. Overall, our findings suggest that psychological costs experienced by benefit recipients are indeed affected by state actions in the form of compliance demands.
Private Spirits, Public Lives: Sober Citizenship, Shame and Secret Drinking in Victorian Britain
Authors: Beckingham David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article considers Victorian concerns about the rise of secret drinking amongst respectable women. These new, apparently dangerous, practices were blamed on licensed grocers and even railway station refreshment rooms. Understandings of different male and female natures went hand in glove with anxieties about the potential effects of drinking. That alcohol might be consumed in secret, at home, triggered concerns about the shameful state of womanhood and the risks for the domestic space and state of the family. This secrecy, and an apparent absence of reliable evidence as to the scale of the problem, is central to the methodological challenge and argument in this article. Using their knowledge of and putative responsibilities for the private sphere, women in the temperance movement organized against the grocer. The article analyses published accounts of women’s work in the Church of England Temperance Society, the British Women’s Temperance Association, and Women’s Total Abstinence Union. It argues that their efforts, rooted in private and domestic imperatives, tested the social and spatial reach of women’s reform work. Acting against the grocer helped women to articulate a distinctively public model of sober citizenship.