bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aperiodic neural activity distinguishes between phasic and tonic REM sleep
Authors: Rosenblum Yevgenia , Bogdány Tamás , Nádasy Lili Benedikta , Chen Xinyuan , Kovács Ilona , Gombos Ferenc , Ujma Péter , Bódizs Róbert , Adelhöfer Nico , Simor Péter , Dresler Martin 
Published: December 2024

SummaryTraditionally categorized as a uniform sleep phase, rapid eye movement sleep exhibits substantial heterogeneity with its phasic and tonic constituents showing marked differences regarding many characteristics. Here, we investigate how tonic and phasic states differ with respect to aperiodic neural activity, a marker of arousal and sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep heterogeneity was assessed using either binary phasic‐tonic (n = 97) or continuous (in 60/97 participants) approach. Slopes of the aperiodic power component were measured in the low (2–30 Hz, n = 97) and high (30–48 Hz, n = 60/97) frequency bands with the Irregularly Resampled Auto‐Spectral Analysis applied on electroencephalography. Rapid eye movement amplitudes were quantified with the YASA applied on electrooculography (n = 60/97). The binary approach revealed that the phasic state is characterized by steeper low‐band slopes with small effect sizes and some topographical heterogeneity over datasets. High‐band aperiodic slopes were flatter in the phasic versus tonic state with medium‐to‐large effect sizes over all areas in both datasets. The continuous approach confirmed these findings. The temporal analysis within rapid eye movement episodes revealed that aperiodic activity preceding or following EM events did not cross‐correlate with eye movement amplitudes. This study demonstrates that aperiodic slopes can serve as a reliable marker able to differentiate between phasic and tonic constituents of rapid eye movement sleep and reflect phasic rapid eye movement event intensity. However, rapid eye movement events could not be predicted by preceding aperiodic activity and vice versa, at least not with scalp electroencephalography.
Copyright in the age of artificial intelligence: Navigating access to algorithmic training materials and the three‐step test for text and data mining in Nigeria
Authors: Odeh Morris K. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractOver the past decade, the Nigerian government has sought to leverage Artificial Intelligence (AI) to drive socio‐economic transformation and improve the welfare of its citizenry. Recent initiatives, such as the establishment of the National Centre for AI and Robotics (NCAIR) and the development of several strategic AI policies, highlight the country's commitment to this objective. This article explores the often‐overlooked issue of how the Nigeria's copyright regime hinders these initiatives, revealing that the regime permits only fair dealing and the transient or incidental reproductions of copyrighted materials for limited technological purposes. This study argues that this regime is unduly restrictive for algorithmic training and risks stifling AI innovation and the development of machine‐learning models in Nigeria. It recommends adopting a bespoke text and data mining (TDM) exception tailored to Nigeria's needs, allowing the use of copyrighted works for training AI models and machine learning activities within defined limits. Drawing on comparative analyses of copyright frameworks in jurisdictions such as Singapore, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, this study demonstrates that the proposed TDM exception aligns with the three‐step test under international copyright conventions. For instance, the exception is limited to specific users and types of reproductions, applies only to internalized and transformative reproductions, and avoids traditional methods of exploiting copyrighted works that prejudice the legitimate interests of rightsholders. The ultimate goal of this exception is to recalibrate Nigeria's copyright system to justly balance AI innovation with authors' rights, aligning it with foundational principles of the international copyright system in an era of rapid technological advancements.
Automatic steel girder inspection system for high‐speed railway bridge using hybrid learning framework
Authors: Xu Tao , Wu Yunpeng , Qin Yong , Long Sihui , Yang Zhen , Guo Fengxiang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe steel girder of high‐speed railway bridges requires regular inspections to ensure bridge stability and provide a safe environment for railway operations. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)‐based inspection has great potential to become an efficient solution by offering superior aerial perspectives and mitigating safety concerns. Unfortunately, classic convolutional neural network (CNN) models suffer from limited detection accuracy or redundant model parameters, and existing CNN‐based bridge inspection systems are only designed for a single visual task (e.g., bolt detection or rust parsing only). This paper develops a novel bi‐task girder inspection network (i.e., BGInet) to recognize different types of surface defects on girder from UAV imagery. First, the network assembles an advanced detection branch that integrates the sparse attention module, extended efficient linear aggregation network, and RepConv to solve the small object with scarce samples and complete efficient bolt defect identification. Then, an innovative U‐shape saliency parsing branch is integrated into this system to supplement the detection branch and parse the rust regions. Smoothly, a pixel‐to‐real‐world mapping model utilizing critical UAV flight parameters is also developed and assembled to measure rust areas. Finally, extensive experiments conducted on the UAV‐based bridge girder dataset show our method achieves better detection accuracy over the current advanced models yet remains a reasonably high inference speed. The superior performance illustrates the system can effectively turn UAV imagery into useful information.
Electroencephalography and Anesthetic Depth in Children Under 2 Years of Age: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Yoon Soo‐Bin , Park Jung‐Bin , Kang Pyoyoon , Jang Young‐Eun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Lee Hyung‐Chul , Kim Jin‐Tae , Kim Hee‐Soo , Ji Sang‐Hwan 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundProcessed electroencephalogram (EEG) indices are widely used to monitor anesthetic depth. However, their reliability in children under 2 years of age remains questionable. During anesthesia maintenance in this age group, processed EEG indices frequently exhibit unexpectedly elevated values that exceed the intended target range.AimThis study aimed to identify EEG spectral parameters associated with false positive elevations in processed EEG indices and investigate their differences from true positive elevations during emergence.MethodsThis prospective observational study included 50 children aged 4–24 months undergoing general anesthesia. Bispectral index (BIS), patient state index (PSi), and raw EEG were continuously recorded throughout anesthesia. False positive was defined as elevated processed EEG indices when end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration was maintained at 0.7–1.3 minimum alveolar concentration, with heart rate and mean blood pressure between 80% and 120% of baseline values. We analyzed EEG power spectra and band power values during periods of false positives and compared them with those of true positives during emergence. Bonferroni‐corrected p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsFalse positives in processed EEG indices were observed in 35 (70%) of the children during anesthesia maintenance, occupying 28% of the maintenance phase. These false positives were associated with decreased power in delta (269–174 dB) and theta (115–97 dB) bands, but widespread increases in alpha and beta bands, resulting in elevated spectral edge frequency (19–22 Hz). Notably, EEG band power during false positives significantly differed from those observed during emergence (delta: 52 dB, theta: 38 dB) (all p < 0.001).ConclusionsProcessed EEG indices may exhibit unexpectedly elevated values during anesthesia maintenance in children under 2 years of age. Quantitative assessments derived from raw EEG data may improve the evaluation of anesthetic depth in this population.
Ectopic expression of LONELY GUY7 in epidermis of internodal segments for de novo shoot regeneration without phytohormone treatment in ipecac
Authors: Okazaki Karin , Katano Wataru , Shibata Kyomi , Asahina Masashi , Koshiba‐Takeuchi Kazuko , Shimomura Koichiro , Umehara Mikihisa 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn many plant species, the application of exogenous phytohormones is crucial for initiating de novo shoot regeneration. However, ipecac [Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot) L. Andersson] has a unique ability to develop adventitious shoots on the epidermis of internodal segments without phytohormone treatment. This characteristic allows us to evaluate the effects of endogenous phytohormones in this species. Here, we showed that the presence of the pith, including vascular bundles in the internodal segment, is required to activate both endogenous cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis and adventitious shoot formation. Adventitious shoots were mainly formed in the apical region of internodal segments, where the CK biosynthesis genes ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE 3 (CiIPT3) and LONELY GUY 7 (CiLOG7) were spontaneously upregulated in the early culture stage on phytohormone‐free medium. In addition, CiIPT3 and CiLOG7 were respectively expressed in the pith and the epidermis of the internodal segments. The expression of CiLOG7 was localized as several spots on the epidermis. These findings suggest that CK precursors are generated in the pith, transferred to the epidermis, and then converted into active CKs, facilitating adventitious shoot formation on the epidermis. Conversely, auxin levels rapidly decreased during culture and remained low in the region of shoot formation. Auxin is transferred to the basal region of internodal segments, and strongly suppressed the CiLOG7 expression and decreased the CK levels. Thus, we conclude that the ectopic expression of CiLOG7 in the epidermis of internodal segments contributes to de novo shoot regeneration in ipecac.
Livelihood Capital, Risk Response, and Rural Household Poverty Vulnerability: An Empirical Experience Based in China
Authors: Zhang Junxia , Fan Zhixiong , Liu Juan , Ahmad Fayyaz , Cao Zijian 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTConsolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation and preventing the recurrence of poverty are key priorities for China's future poverty governance. This paper examines the impact of livelihood capital on the vulnerability of rural households to poverty and the underlying mechanisms, using a livelihood capital framework. First, the relationship between livelihood capital and the vulnerability of rural household poverty is discussed theoretically, followed by empirical analysis based on data from the China Family Panel Study (CFPS) spanning 2012 to 2022. To address endogeneity concerns, the average livelihood capital of other households with similar family structures within the same village is used as an instrumental variable for testing. The results show that livelihood capital—particularly human, material, financial, and social capital—has a significant negative effect on the vulnerability of rural households to poverty. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that livelihood capital exerts a stronger suppressive effect on the poverty vulnerability of low‐income households, households with three or less members, and those in western regions. Further analysis indicates that livelihood capital enhances rural households' risk‐bearing capacity, thereby reducing their vulnerability to poverty. Overall, the findings suggest that increasing livelihood capital, especially human and material capital, is crucial for reducing the poverty vulnerability of rural households.
Effects of plant residue amendments on the bacterial traits of petroleum‐contaminated soil: A co‐occurrence networks analysis
Authors: Li Jiahao , Wang Yanan , Zhou Wenxing , Li Liping , Zhang Xiaoxi , Liu Kaixuan , Deng Jian 
Published: December 2024

AbstractNecrophytoremediation is an emerging and effective approach to remediate petroleum‐contaminated soils. Yet the effects of this technique and its enhanced variants, such as amendment with mixed plant residues, on the functional modules that control the ecological functions of the soil bacterial community remain unclear. In this study, we collected litter from three common plant species Lespedeza davurica (LD), Artemisia gmelinii (AG) and Artemisia scoparia (AS) of the contaminated area in northern Shaanxi, China. These litter samples and their 1:1:1 mixture were used for the remediation of 15 g·kg−1 crude oil‐contaminated soil over a 150 days period (maintaining a constant soil moisture and a temperature of 25°C). Changes to the soil bacterial community and the characteristics of its different functional modules after necrophytoremediation were detected via high‐throughput sequencing and co‐occurrence network analysis. Furthermore, we investigated how these alterations may affect the final remediation efficiency, in aiming to gain a deeper understanding of necrophytoremediation's mechanisms and its potential optimization methods. The results showed that: (1) Relative abundances of the main modules (Mod), especially the dominant genera in each module, dominated the contaminant‐degrading efficiency of the soil bacterial community. (2) The AG and AS litter amendments significantly increased the relative abundance of Mod 0 that was beneficial for petroleum degradation, while AG litter decreased that of Mod 3 which was detrimental to that degradation; in contrast, LD litter amendment increased that of Mod 4 that was also unfavourable for petroleum degradation. However, in each module, all the three litter types usually increased the abundance of petroleum‐degrading bacterial genera by enhancing the soil availability of nitrogen, but they tended to exert adverse effects on genera detrimental to that degradation. Accordingly, these modifications tended to improve the remediation functionality of modules; or, alternatively, to convert them into petroleum‐degrading ones. (3) Significant differences were observed in the remediation effects among the litter types. The mixed litter amendment maintained or increased the relative abundance of degrading genera in the functional modules; even so when their nutrient and other degrading‐assisted substances contents were much lower than the upper limit of monospecific litter amendments or the predicted values. Hence, this enabled the mixed litter amendment to synergistically enhance the efficiency of necrophytoremediation.
Combining Problem‐Based Learning and Team‐Based Learning in a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship: How Do Students Spend Their Self‐Study Time?
Authors: Johnsen Ida Sara , Gynnild Vidar , Lillebo Børge 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTSelf‐study is essential for student learning, and active learning methods aim to facilitate constructive self‐study time usage. How active learning strategies actually affect student self‐study in medical education, however, remains partly unknown. The aim of this study was to examine medical students' use of self‐study time in a longitudinal integrated clerkship employing active learning strategies. Week‐long time logs were used to collect quantitative data on students' scholastic activities. Furthermore, semistructured individual interviews were conducted for in‐depth exploration of different learning activities' influence on students' self‐study behaviour. Preparation for and follow‐up work after scheduled learning activities were specifically addressed. Students spent on average 42.1 h per week on educational activities, of which self‐study comprised 23 h. Preparation for upcoming learning activities was highly prioritized by the students. Team‐based learning (TBL) generated most self‐study hours, closely followed by patient encounters, while problem‐based learning (PBL) induced least amounts of self‐study. 50% of self‐study time was done without specific relation to scheduled learning activities. Active learning methods appear to promote preparatory work, in accordance with their pedagogic theory. Type of learning activity appears to be decisive in determining the amount of self‐study students choose to undertake. Future research should address how quantity and content of different learning activities influence self‐study behaviour.
Conceivability, possibility and essence: Arnauld's revenge
Authors: Vaidya Anand Jayprakash 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this paper, I examine two connected strands of the 4th Set of Objections and Replies to Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy. On the one hand, I look at Arnauld's defence of the view that real distinction proofs require adequate knowledge and Descartes' view that they only require complete understanding. On the other hand, I engage Arnauld's famous right‐angled triangle, T, and Pythagorean property, P, counterexample to Descartes that vivid and clear thought of separability entails knowledge of separability by God. Following a comment in Almog, I extend out the exchange over the counterexample by considering non‐Euclidean geometries. I argue that while at first it seems that Descartes has a plausible response to Arnauld's counterexample by considering T in a non‐Euclidean space where P does not hold. However, Arnauld actually has a powerful response when we consider what is the essence of T across geometries, Euclidean or otherwise.
Geochemical Signature of Basalts of the MAR Rift Valley at 20°31′ N: Origin Conditions of the Anomalous Volcanic Center of Puy des Folles in the Axial Zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Silantyev S. A. , Buikin A. I. , Gurenko A. A. , Chugaev A. V. , Shabykova V. V. , Tskhovrebova A. R. , Beltenev V. E. , Bich A. S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The results of a study of chilled glasses sampled during the 45th cruise of the R/V Professor Logachev at the top of the submarine volcano Puy des Folles are presented. The Puy des Folles volcano is located in the axial part of the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at 20°31′ N. Unlike typical volcanic axial highs which usually does not exceed several hundred meters the summit of the Puy des Folles volcano is located a depth of 1950 m and rises 1800 m above the bottom of the rift valley. The data on geochemistry and isotope composition of chilled glasses examined allow us to come to a number of conclusions that expanded existing ideas about magmatic and tectonic processes conducted in the rift valley of the slow spreading ridges. Chilled glasses sampled at the top of the Puy des Folles volcano are originated from a very depleted melt formed by partial melting of the DM reservoir. Puy des Folles volcano was formed as result of the activity of a long-lived magma chamber located below the rift valley axis. It is possible that, in addition to the DM reservoir, a mantle source enriched in incompatible elements may have participated in the formation of the parental melts for the studied chilled glasses. A weak geochemical signal of contamination of the parental melt with a hydrothermal component in chilled glasses was established. Signs of stagnation in the spreading of the oceanic crust in the rift valley segment studied in this work have been established.
The Examination of Psychological Distress in Hospital Nurses in Iraq: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Abbas Mohammed Mytham Abbas , Açıkgöz Serap 
Published: December 2024

Background: Psychological distress is expressed as a sign that may lead to the development of some psychological disorders. Nurses face work‐related psychological difficulties, and it is important to determine the level of psychological distress before it leads to the development of psychological problems. The aim of this study is to examine the psychological distress in nurses working in hospitals in Iraq.Methods: This cross‐sectional study was carried out with 315 volunteer nurses working in hospitals in Babylon, Iraq, between January and May 2022. Data were collected using a Sociodemographic Characteristics Form and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data analysis included descriptive statistical methods (numbers, percentages, min‐max values, mean, and standard deviation), the Mann–Whitney U test for the difference between two independent groups in the comparison of quantitative data, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test for the comparison of more than two independent groups. In case of a difference, Bonferroni correction was employed to find the group that caused the difference.Results: The mean score of the nurses in the study on the K6 was 19.26 ± 6.14 for the total scale, 6.34 ± 2.13 for the anxiety subdimension, and 13.92 ± 4.17 for the depression subdimension. There was a statistically significant difference between the nurses’ mean scores on the K6 according to their age, gender, total work experience, weekly working hours, department, and the status of shift work (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Psychological distress in nurses was high. Mental health protection and improvement interventions can be performed to increase nurses’ mental well‐being. Through these interventions, positive contributions can be made to nurses’ health and quality of care by acting early before mental disorders develop. The design of workplace mental health protection interventions and psychological support programs for nurses is recommended.
Challenges to Innovation Arising from Current Companion Diagnostic Regulations and Suggestions for Improvements
Authors: Oliner Kelly S. , Shiller Michelle , Schmid Peter , Ratcliffe Marianne J. , Schetter Aaron J. , Tsao Ming-Sound 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A companion diagnostic is a diagnostic test that provides information essential for the safe and effective use of a corresponding therapeutic product. To obtain marketing approval, the companion diagnostic must demonstrate acceptable analytical and clinical performance. Companion diagnostic regulations are intended to protect patients by ensuring quality and consistency of treatment-guiding biomarker testing in clinical trials and clinical practice. However, current regulations have had unintended negative consequences relating to innovation, implementation, and accessibility of precision medicine; increasing complexity and cost burden; and inhibiting development of novel diagnostics and biomarker-targeted therapeutics. We propose a range of practical solutions to these challenges, advocating that regulators, pharmaceutical companies, molecular pathologist groups, and diagnostic companies work together to increase flexibility and promote diagnostic innovation, while maintaining high-quality diagnostic testing to ensure all patients get the most appropriate treatments.