bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Hypoglycemia in Emergency Room: A Review
Authors: Sonbul Hisham Mohammed , Hakami Faris Ali , Almathami Ibrahim Ahmed , Basalamah Ahmad Yousef , Almasaud Riyad Khalid , Alabbadi Hasan Mohssen , Alrehaily Mohammed Ali , Edrees Wesam Mostafa , AlDhalea Hatem Mohammed , Ali Siddiqa Mohamed , Alqahtani Mohammed Aboud Abdullah 
Published: December 2021

Hypoglycemia is frequently encountered in the emergency department (ED) and has potential for serious morbidity. The incidence and causes of iatrogenic hypoglycemia are not known. We aim to describe how often the cause of ED hypoglycemia is iatrogenic and to identify its specific causes. Adult patients with a chief complaint or ED diagnosis of hypoglycemia, or an ED glucose value of ≤70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) between 2009–2014. Two independent abstractors each reviewed charts of patients with an initial glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL, or initial glucose ≥ 70 mg/dL with a subsequent glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL, to determine if the hypoglycemia was caused by iatrogenesis.
In ED patients with hypoglycemia, iatrogenic causes are relatively common. The most frequent cause was insulin administration for hyperkalemia and uncomplicated hyperglycemia. Additionally, patients at risk of hypoglycemia in the absence of insulin, including those with alcohol intoxication or poor nutritional status, should be monitored closely in the ED.
Efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri Supplementation in Eradication of H. pylori: A Comparison Study with Triple Drug Therapy
Authors: Parth Kumar , Prudhivi Ramakrishna , Palatheeya Sujatha , Abbas Syed Kamran , Varsha K. , Niharika B. V. , Lyngkhoi Banaijingkmen 
Published: December 2021

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections affect roughly one-half of the world’s population. Although many standard regimens, including triple-drug therapy, eradicate H. pylori, the success rate and efficacy have been declining due to associated side effects and symptom severity. The addition of probiotics to a standard regimen can considerably increase eradication rates. The objective is to find the efficacy of a probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) in eradicating human H. pylori infection and effect on symptoms regression and side effects associated with triple therapy. This prospective interventional study was conducted in 90 H. pylori-positive patients. 45 patients received standard triple treatment (group-I) for 14 days. Another 45 patients received a combination of standard triple therapy and L. reuteri (group-II) for 14 days. After the completion of treatment, H. pylori status was evaluated using a 13-C Urea-Breath Test (UBT). Each subject is interviewed with a validated Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale (GSRS) questionnaire to record symptoms and symptom severity before and after the therapy. Group-II patients showed a significantly higher eradication rate (86.67%) than group-I patients (66.67%). The absolute values of 13C-UBT (group-I: 14.02± 5.4, group-II: 11.9±3.73) revealed that a more substantial reduction in H. Pylori load was observed in group II. Statistical analysis proved that group II patients had a significant reduction in GSRS mean scores (baseline score: 15.39±4.52 to end score: 5.33±2.34) compared to group-I patients (baseline score: 14.47±3.67 to end score: 9.86±4.78). Addition of L. reuteri has reduced side effects associated with triple drug therapy except bloating. In conclusion, supplementation of L. reuteri to standard triple drug therapy significantly improved the eradication rate of H. pylori, reduced intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms and also treatment related side effects.
2D Heterostructure for High‐Order Spatiotemporal Information Processing
Authors: Zhai Yongbiao , Xie Peng , Feng Zihao , Du Chunyu , Han Su‐Ting , Zhou Ye 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro (BCM) theory of synaptic plasticity is regarded as the most precise model of the synapse, and is more compatible with neuromorphic computing. However, the development in BCM synaptic modification is rather limited since the memristive devices used to emulate the BCM lack tunable forgetting rate. Compared with memristors, memtransistors provide another gate‐tunable freedom degree, which will help to modulate the forgetting rate. In this work, the authors demonstrate a perfect BCM learning rule based on the 2D heterostructure memtransistor through using triplet‐spike timing dependent plasticity model. Two critical characteristics of the BCM rule, sliding frequency threshold and enhanced depression effect, are perfectly presented due to their spontaneous/gate‐assistant forgetting effect. The experimental results are extremely consistent with the BCM learning rule and suggest the potential application of 2D memtransistors in high‐order spatiotemporal recognition.
Self‐Healing Kirigami Assembly Strategy for Conformal Electronics
Authors: Liu Jianpeng , Jiang Shan , Xiong Wennan , Zhu Chen , Li Kan , Huang YongAn 
Published: December 2021

AbstractConformal integration of electronics on complex curvilinear surfaces remains challenging, especially for those devices made of non‐stretchable materials. Transforming as‐fabricated planar sheets onto curved surfaces requires the materials to be flexible and stretchable, which is intrinsically in conflict with the nature of non‐stretchable materials. Here, a novel assembly strategy for conformal electronics is proposed that utilizes kirigami design at the structural level for the non‐stretchable planar sheets to conformally and completely wrap the curved surfaces, and employs self‐healing materials to connect the sheets at the seams. Conductive self‐healing materials are used to ensure the electrical conductivity of the functional materials so as to assure device functionality. The transformation from a planar kirigami sheet to a sphere surface demonstrates this strategy, which is designed and predicted by theoretical and numerical studies and realized by experiments. Simple examples such as a conformal heater and a multifunctional wind sensing system on a spherical surface demonstrate the wide potential applications of the proposed strategy.
Bio‐Micromotor Tweezers for Noninvasive Bio‐Cargo Delivery and Precise Therapy
Authors: Pan Ting , Shi Yang , Zhao Nan , Xiong Jianyun , Xiao Yuqing , Xin Hongbao , Li Baojun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractActive and targeted bio‐cargo delivery by micromotors holds exciting prospects in biomedical applications. However, such delivery still faces great challenges when implemented in bio‐microenvironments with minimal invasiveness, flexible controllability, and full biocompatibility. Here, a noncontact delivery platform based on bio‐micromotor tweezers is reported, which fulfill these demands by using hydrodynamic forces to exert precision control over bio‐cargos. The concept is based on two optically trapped living microalgae cells with intrinsic motility and biocompatibility: The rotating cells generate highly localized flow fields, which can trap and drive cargos of arbitrary material and shape along controllable trajectories in different biological media in a noncontact manner. The proposed strategy is effective for both biological cells and drugs with minimalized biological damages due to the absence of harmful and cumbersome loading/unloading steps of bio‐cargos on micromotors. Importantly, it is further applied to realize targeted drug delivery into single cancer cell for precise therapy. Such bio‐micromotor tweezers provide great potential for different biomedical applications such as, targeted drug/cell delivery, drug testing, accurate diagnosis, and precise therapy.
Encountering and Wrestling: Neutrophils Recognize and Defensively Degrade Graphene Oxide
Authors: Huang Shiyi , Li Sijie , Liu Yanlei , Ghalandari Behafarid , Hao Ling , Huang Chengjie , Su Wenqiong , Ke Yuqing , Cui Daxiang , Zhi Xiao , Ding Xianting 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe boosting exploitation of graphene oxide (GO) increases exposure risk to human beings. However, as primary defender in the first immune line, neutrophils’ mechanism of defensive behavior toward GO remains unclear. Herein, we discovered that neutrophils recognize and defensively degrade GO in a lateral dimension dependent manner. The micrometer‐sized GO (mGO) induces NETosis by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), while nanometer‐sized GO (nGO) elicits neutrophil degranulation. The two neutrophils’ defensive behaviors are accompanied with generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of p‐ERK and p‐Akt kinases. However, mGO‐induced NETosis is NADPH oxidase (NOX)‐independent while nGO‐triggered degranulation is NOX‐dependent. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) is determinant mediator despite distinct neutrophil phenotypes. Neutrophils release NETs comprising of MPO upon activated with mGO, while MPO is secreted via nGO‐induced degranulation. Moreover, the binding energy between MPO and GO is calculated to be 69.8728 kJ mol−1, indicating that electrostatic interactions mainly cause the spontaneous binding process. Meanwhile, the central enzymatic biodegradation occurs at oxygenic active sites and defects on GO. Mass spectrometry analysis deciphers the degradation products are biocompatible molecules like flavonoids and polyphenols. This study provides fundamental evidence and practical guidance for nanotechnology based on GO, including vaccine adjuvant, implantable devices, and energy storage.
Exceptional Photocatalytic Activities of rGO Modified (B,N) Co‐Doped WO3, Coupled with CdSe QDs for One Photon Z‐Scheme System: A Joint Experimental and DFT Study
Authors: Raziq Fazal , Aligayev Amil , Shen Huahai , Ali Sharafat , Shah Rahim , Ali Sajjad , Bakhtiar Syedul H. , Ali Asad , Zarshad Naghat , Zada Amir , Xia Xiang , Zu Xiaotao , Khan Muslim , Wu Xiaoqiang , Kong Qingquan , Liu Chunming , Qiao Liang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractArtificial Z‐scheme, a tandem structure with two‐step excitation process, has gained significant attention in energy production and environmental remediation. By effectively connecting and matching the band‐gaps of two different photosystems, it is significant to utilize more photons for excellent photoactivity. Herein, a novel one‐photon (same energy‐two‐photon) Z‐scheme system is constructed between rGO modified boron‐nitrogen co‐doped‐WO3, and coupled CdSe quantum dots‐(QDs). The coctalyst‐0.5%RhxCr2O3(0.5RCr) modified amount‐optimized sample 6%CdSe/1%rGO3%BN‐WO3 revealed an unprecedented visible‐light driven overall‐water‐splitting to produce ≈51 µmol h−1 g−1 H2 and 25.5 µmol h−1 g−1 O2, and it remained unchanged for 5 runs in 30 h. This superior performance is ascribed to the one‐photon Z‐scheme, which simultaneously stimulates a two photocatalysts system, and enhanced charge separation as revealed by various spectroscopy techniques. The density‐functional theory is further utilized to understand the origin of this performance enhancement. This work provides a feasible strategy for constructing an efficient one‐photon Z‐scheme for practical applications.
Conductive Hybrid Cu‐HHTP‐TCNQ Metal–Organic Frameworks for Chemiresistive Sensing
Authors: Lüder Lars , Gubicza Agnes , Stiefel Michael , Overbeck Jan , Beretta Davide , Sadeghpour Amin , Neels Antonia , Nirmalraj Peter N. , Rossi René M. , Toncelli Claudio , Calame Michel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractElectrically conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF‐like coordination polymers are an emerging class of materials that combine good electrical charge transport with unique properties such as nanoporosity. The combination of different metal nodes and organic linkers allows tailoring MOFs to specific properties and applications in electronics, like selective chemiresistive sensing. The intrinsic crystallinity of MOFs, which usually promotes efficient charge transport, makes them also difficult to integrate into flexible systems, as crystalline MOFs are often brittle. The present study reports on a fast and reliable interfacial synthesis of conductive MOF films composed of two different organic ligands, 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), lacking long‐range periodic order while preserving good electrical conductivity of 0.033 S cm−1 at room temperature and chemiresistive response toward ambient changes. The hybrid nature of the discontinuous film is investigated multiparametrically by electron and atomic force microscopy as well as by Raman spectroscopy. This study demonstrates that including different types of MOFs is a good compromise between structural order and conductivity, thus making hybrid framework architectures to a promising active material for chemiresistive sensors without the need for high crystallinity.
Seasonal greenhouse gases fluxes from monoculture and mixed native grasslands in the Southern Plains, USA
Authors: Peterson Brekke L , Starks Patrick James , Steiner Jean L 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAgricultural practices have been linked to soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stores through exchanges with the atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases (GHGs) of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4). However, regional and management‐specific research is needed to ultimately understand the drivers of these atmosphere warming molecules. We established research on four grassland sites: a native, mixed‐species warm‐season site and a non‐native, warm‐season, grass‐species site at the Grazinglands Research Laboratory at El Reno, OK; a native, mixed‐species warm‐season site at Noble Research Institute's Oswalt Ranch in Ardmore, OK; and a native, mixed‐species, warm‐season site at Oklahoma State University's Range Research Station at Marena, OK. Greenhouse gases, along with soil properties were measured biweekly and summed by season in 2015 and 2016. A comparison of GHGs with soil variables indicated that mineralization of soil nutrients mediated GHG fluxes. The sites were sources of CO2 and N2O emissions, but sinks for CH4, particularly in diverse native grassland sites. In spring, CO2 emissions were driven by soil water content, soil temperature, and soil N. The N2O emissions were highest in the fertilized monoculture pasture. Overall, fluxes of the GHGs were driven by primarily by water content, soil nitrate, soil temperature, and ammonia content. By better understanding GHG fluxes and the abiotic and biotic drivers, we can identify management options to foster C sequestration and mitigate the GHG footprint for these forage‐based systems.
Bioorthogonal Ligation‐Activated Fluorogenic FRET Dyads
Authors: Albitz Evelin , Kern Dóra , Kormos Attila , Bojtár Márton , Török György , Biró Adrienn , Szatmári Ágnes , Németh Krisztina , Kele Péter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn energy transfer‐based signal amplification relay concept enabling transmission of bioorthogonally activatable fluorogenicity of blue‐excitable coumarins to yellow/red emitting cyanine frames is presented. Such relay mechanism resulted in improved cyanine fluorogenicities together with increased photostabilities and large apparent Stokes‐shifts allowing lower background fluorescence even in no‐wash bioorthogonal fluorogenic labeling schemes of intracellular structures in live cells. These energy transfer dyads sharing the same donor moiety together with their parent donor molecule allowed three‐color imaging of intracellular targets using one single excitation source with separate emission windows. Sub‐diffraction imaging of intracellular structures using the bioorthogonally activatable FRET dyads by STED microscopy is also presented.
Radiation Chemistry Provides Nanoscopic Insights into the Role of Intermediate Phases in CeO2 Mesocrystal Formation
Authors: Li Zhuofeng , Piankova Diana , Yang Yi , Kumagai Yuta , Zschiesche Hannes , Jonsson Mats , Tarakina Nadezda V. , Soroka Inna L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe role of intermediate phases in CeO2 mesocrystal formation from aqueous CeIII solutions subjected to γ‐radiation was studied. Radiolytically formed hydroxyl radicals convert soluble CeIII into less soluble CeIV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction studies of samples from different stages of the process allowed the identification of several stages in CeO2 mesocrystal evolution following the oxidation to CeIV: (1) formation of hydrated CeIV hydroxides, serving as intermediates in the liquid‐to‐solid phase transformation; (2) CeO2 primary particle growth inside the intermediate phase; (3) alignment of the primary particles into “pre‐mesocrystals” and subsequently to mesocrystals, guided by confinement of the amorphous intermediate phase and accompanied by the formation of “mineral bridges”. Further alignment of the obtained mesocrystals into supracrystals occurs upon slow drying, making it possible to form complex hierarchical architectures.
A Photoinduced Dual‐Wavelength Approach for 3D Printing and Self‐Healing of Thermosetting Materials
Authors: Zhang Zhiheng , Corrigan Nathaniel , Boyer Cyrille 
Published: December 2021

AbstractVat photopolymerization‐based 3D printing techniques have been widely used to produce high‐resolution 3D thermosetting materials. However, the lack of repairability of these thermosets leads to the production of waste. In this study, reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents are incorporated into resin formulations to allow visible light (405 nm) mediated 3D printing of materials with self‐healing capabilities. The self‐healing process is based on the reactivation of RAFT agent embedded in the thermosets under UV light (365 nm), which enables reformation of the polymeric network. The self‐healing process can be performed at room temperature without prior deoxygenation. The impact of the type and concentration of RAFT agents in the polymer network on the healing efficiency is explored. Resins containing RAFT agents enable 3D printing of thermosets with self‐healing properties, broadening the scope of future applications for polymeric thermosets in various fields.
Janus Photonic Microspheres with Bridged Lamellar Structures via Droplet‐Confined Block Copolymer Co‐Assembly
Authors: Guo Qilin , Li Yulian , Liu Qiujun , Li Yuesheng , Song Dong‐Po 
Published: December 2021

AbstractArtificial self‐assembly systems typically exhibit limited capability in creating nature‐inspired complex materials with advanced functionalities. Here, an effective co‐assembly strategy is demonstrated for the facile creation of complex photonic structures with intriguing light reflections. Two different lipophilic and amphiphilic bottlebrush block copolymers (BCPs) are placed within shrinking droplets to enable a cooperative working mechanism of microphase segregation and organized spontaneous emulsification, respectively. Layer assemblies of the lipophilic BCP and uniform water nanodroplets stabilized by the bottlebrush surfactant are both generated, and co‐assembled into a bridged lamellar structure with the alternating arrangement of layers and closely packed nanodroplet arrays. Janus microspheres with diverse dual optical characteristics are successfully fabricated, and reflected wavelengths of light are highly tunable simply by changing the formulation or molecular weight of BCP.
Improving the mechanical performance of P(N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide/acrylic acid/2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid) hydrogel via hydrophobic modified nanosilica
Authors: Xu Pan , Zong Yi , Shang Zhijie , Yao Meiling , Liu Pingde , Li Xinxue 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHydrogels with high mechanical strength are essential for its most industrial applications. In this work, the hydrophobic SiO2nanoparticles (M‐SiO2NPs) modified with octadecyltrimethoxysilane were used as physical crosslinker to toughen the mechanical properties of hydrogels. The solution of monomers containing M‐SiO2NPs, N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide (NHAM), acrylic acid (AA), 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), was polymerized to prepare a P(NHAM/AA/AMPS)‐based composite hydrogel without any chemical cross‐linker. The composition and microstructure of the hydrogel were carefully studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the hydrogel were investigated through compressive and tensile tests. Dynamic swelling tests were carried out at different pH values (1.0–12.0) and salinity (2000–20,000 mg/L) to study the acid resistance, alkali resistance, and salt resistance of the hydrogel. The obtained results showed that the hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical performance, which was attributed to the unique 3D network formed by the hydrogen bond between M‐SiO2NPs and polymer as well as the hydrophobic association effect between the hydrophobic chains of M‐SiO2NPs. Furthermore, the hydrophobic association effect was enhanced when contacting with salt, acid, and alkali solutions, thus endowing the hydrogel with intensified salt resistance and wider acid–base adaptability range.
Photo‐assisted shape memory lignin/cellulose acetate composites for information encryption
Authors: Yang Haiying , Wang Dong , Bi Hongjie , Ren Zechun , Xu Min , Huang Zhenhua , Cai Liping 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn information encryption device using shape memory cellulose acetate (CA) as matrix, and lignin as photothermal agent was developed. Such information encryption was chiefly composed of two steps, that is, information concealing by fixing temporary shapes and information decryption by restoring original shape based on preset sequential lighting commands. This film device was fabricated readily by solution blending. Further related analyses on the photo‐assisted shape memory mechanism of such composites were carried out. Compared to other samples, the CA/lignin‐3 composites possessed the most excellent shape memory properties as its shape recovery angle of 180° and shape fixation angle of 30°. It had good mechanical, thermomechanical, and superior photothermal conversion properties. The elongation at break and tensile strength was 24% and 4.5 MPa, the glass transition temperature was 30–130°C. The results of the Fourier transform infrared and Ultraviolet–Visible spectra illustrated the tight relationship between conjugated chromophoric systems and photothermal conversion of composites.
Applying sliding mode technique to design extended state observer for nonlinear systems
Authors: Chang Jeang‐Lin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper applies sliding mode and stable pole‐zero cancelation techniques to design a finite time extended state observer for a class of single‐input single‐output nonlinear systems in the presence of unknown uncertainties and disturbances. The proposed estimation approaches, including first‐order and second‐order sliding mode extended state observers, can provide more design flexibility and achieve good performance compared with the conventional extended state observers. Moreover, it has a good form for theoretical stability analysis in which the estimation errors can be converged to a neighborhood of zero while remaining uniformly bounded in finite time. The characteristics of the developed observer is presented in the frequency domain, followed by the corresponding analysis in the time domain. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.