bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An optimized stepwise algorithm combining rapid antigen and RT-qPCR for screening of COVID-19 patients
Authors: Halfon Philippe , Penaranda Guillaume , Khiri Hacène , Garcia Vincent , Drouet Hortense , Philibert Patrick , Psomas Christina , Delord Marion , Retornaz Frédérique , Charpin Caroline , Gonzales Thomas , Pegliasco Hervé , Allardet-Servent Jérôme 
Published: September 2021

Background & aim
We investigated the combination of rapid antigen detection (RAD) and RT-qPCR assays in a stepwise procedure to optimize the detection of COVID-19.

Methods
From August 2020 to November 2020, 43,399 patients were screened in our laboratory for COVID-19 diagnostic by RT-qPCR using nasopharyngeal swab. Overall, 4,691 of the 43,399 were found to be positive, and 200 were retrieved for RAD testing allowing comparison of diagnostic accuracy between RAD and RT-qPCR. Cycle threshold (Ct) and time from symptoms onset (TSO) were included as covariates.

Results
The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR-, and LR+ of RAD compared with RT-qPCR were 72% (95%CI 62%–81%), 99% (95% CI95%–100%), 99% (95%CI 93%–100%), and 78% (95%CI 70%–85%), 0.28 (95%CI 0.21–0.39), and 72 (95%CI 10–208) respectively. Sensitivity was higher for patients with Ct ≤ 25 regardless of TSO: TSO ≤ 4 days 92% (95%CI 75%–99%), TSO > 4 days 100% (95%CI 54%–100%), and asymptomatic 100% (95%CI 78–100%). Overall, combining RAD and RT-qPCR would allow reducing from only 4% the number of RT-qPCR needed.

Conclusions
This study highlights the risk of misdiagnosing COVID-19 in 28% of patients if RAD is used alone. A stepwise analysis that combines RAD and RT-qPCR would be an efficient screening procedure for COVID-19 detection and may facilitate the control of the outbreak.
Community risk perception and barriers for the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures in Northwest Ethiopia: A qualitative study
Authors: Tesfaw Aragaw , Arage Getachew , Teshome Fentaw , Taklual Wubet , Seid Tigist , Belay Emaway , Mehiret Gashaw 
Published: September 2021

Background
According to the World Health Organization, viral diseases continue to emerge and represent a serious issue for public health. The elderly and those with underlying chronic diseases are more likely to become severe cases. Our study sets out to present in-depth exploration and analyses of the community’s risk perception and barriers to the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods
A qualitative study was done in three districts of South Gondar Zone. Community key informants and health extension workers were selected purposely for in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. The interviews were conducted by maintaining WHO recommendations for social distancing and use of appropriate personal protective equipment. The sample size for the study depended on the theoretical saturation of the data at the time of data collection. The qualitative data generated from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was transcribed verbatim and translated into English language and thematically analyzed using open code software version 4.02.

Results
Three main themes and five categories emerged from the narrations of the participants regarding the perceived barriers for the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures. A total of 9 community key informants (5 women development armies (HDA), 2 health extension workers (HEW), and 2 religious leaders participated in the in-depth interview, while two focus group discussions (7 participants in each round) were conducted among purposely selected community members. The age of the participants ranged from 24 to 70 years with the median age of 48 years. The major identified barriers for practicing COVID-19 prevention measures were the presence of strong cultural and religious practices, perceiving that the disease does not affect the young, misinformation about the disease, and lack of trust in the prevention measures.

Conclusions
Socio-cultural, religious, and economic related barriers were identified from the participant’s narratives for the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures in south Gondar Zone. Our findings suggest the need to strengthen community awareness and education programs about the prevention measures of COVID-19 and increase diagnostic facilities with strong community-based surveillance to control the transmission of the pandemic.
The Sacred Language of the Abakuá
Authors: Cabrera Lydia , Manfredi Victor 
Published: September 2021

In 1988, Lydia Cabrera (1899–1991) published La lengua sagrada de los Ñáñigos, an Abakuá phrasebook that is to this day the largest work available on any African diaspora community in the Americas. In the early 1800s in Cuba, enslaved Africans from the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon created Abakuá societies for protection and mutual aid. Abakuá rites reenact mythic legends of the institution’s history in Africa, using dance, chants, drumming, symbolic writing, herbs, domestic animals, and masked performers to represent African ancestors. Criminalized and scorned in the colonial era, Abakuá members were at the same time contributing to the creation of a unique Cuban culture, including rumba music, now considered a national treasure Translated for the first time into English, Cabrera’s lexicon documents phrases vital to the creation of a specific African-derived identity in Cuba and presents the first ‘insiders’ view of this African heritage. This text presents thoroughly researched commentaries that link hundreds of entries to the context of mythic rites, skilled ritual performance, and the influence of Abakuá in Cuban society and popular music. Generously illustrated with photographs and drawings, this volume includes a new introduction to Cabrera’s writing as well as appendices that situate this important work in Cuba’s history.
Redetermination of the crystal structure of (E)-5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde oxime, C
7
H
6
BrNO
2
Authors: Yuan Lin , Zhu Hong‑Yu , Kuang Jin‑Hao , Li Zhong‑Yan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
C11H14ClNO, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.48(2) Å, b = 3.956(6) Å, c = 13.765(19) Å, β = 99.266(15)
∘
, V = 778.4(19) Å
3
, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0236, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0584, T = 296(2) K.
Sustainable supply chain management and financial performance: An empirical analysis of Turkish manufacturing companies
Authors: Özbay Deniz 
Published: September 2021

The linkage between sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) and financial performance has attracted increasing interest from both researchers and practitioners. Although many have argued that the SSCM practices improve financial performance, empirical studies have produced mixed results, and the direction of the relationship is still unclear. This study examined the relationship between SSCM and financial performance for Turkish manufacturing companies. Financial performance was measured using ROA, ROE and price to book ratio, while SSCM performance was measured with a new multivariable performance indicator. Financial performance data were obtained from the Bloomberg Database, while SSCM data were collected from non-financial reports using content analysis. The total sample included 47 manufacturing companies listed in Borsa İstanbul, covering 584 firm-year observations for 2007-2019. Panel data regression analysis was used to test the relationship between SSCM and financial performance. Similar to the literature's general view, the findings support a positive linear relationship between SSCM and firm financial performance.
Wetland Availability and Salinity Concentrations for Breeding Waterfowl in Suisun Marsh, California
Authors:   US Geological Survey, Schacter Carley , Peterson Sarah ,   US Geological Survey, Herzog Mark ,   US Geological Survey, Hartman C. Alex ,   US Geological Survey, Casazza Michael ,   US Geological Survey, Ackerman Joshua ,   US Geological Survey
Published: September 2021

Availability of wetlands with low salinities during the breeding season can influence waterfowl reproductive success and population recruitment. Salinities as low as 2 ppt (3.6 mScm–1) can impair duckling growth and influence behavior, with mortality occurring above 9 ppt (14.8 mScm–1). We used satellite imagery to quantify the amount of available water, and sampled surface water salinity at Grizzly Island, in the brackish Suisun Marsh, at three time-periods during waterfowl breeding (April, May, July) over 4 years (2016–2019). More water was available and salinity was lower during wetter years (2017, 2019) than during drier years (2016, 2018), and the amount of water in wetlands decreased 73%–86% from April to July. Across all time-periods and years, the majority (64%–100%) of wetland habitat area had salinities above what has been shown to negatively affect ducklings (> 2 ppt), and up to 42% of wetland area had salinities associated with duckling mortality (> 9 ppt). During peak duckling production in May, 81%–95% of available water had salinity above 2 ppt, and 5%–21% was above 9 ppt. In May of the driest year (2016), only 0.5 km2 of low-salinity water (< 2 ppt) was available to ducklings in the study area, compared to 2.6 km2 in May of the wettest year (2017). Private duck clubs own the majority of wetland habitat at Grizzly Island and consistently had a greater percentage of land flooded during summer than did publicly owned wetlands, but private wetlands generally had higher salinities than public wetlands, likely because they draw from higher-salinity water sources. By July, few wetlands remained flooded, and most had salinities high enough to impair duckling growth and survival. Local waterfowl populations would benefit from management practices that provide fresher water during peak duckling production in May and retain more water through July.
Prediction of the impact of climate change on the thermal performance of walls and roof in Morocco
Authors: Kharbouch Yassine , Ameur Mohamed 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Climate change has become a real challenge in different fields, including the building sector. Understanding and assessing the impact of climate change on building energy performance is still necessary to elaborate new climate-adaptive design measures for future buildings. The building energy consumption for heating and cooling is mainly related to the building envelope thermal performance. In this study, the winter heat loss and summer heat gain indicators are proposed to assess and analyse the potential impact of climate change on opaque building envelope elements for different climate zones in Morocco over the next 40 years. For that purpose, a one-dimensional heat transfer model is used to simulate the heat transfer through the multi-layer structure of the wall/roof. A medium climate change scenario is considered in this study. The results showed that the current average walls and roof summer heat gain is expected to increase of about 19.2–54.3% by the 2060s depending on the climate zone, versus a less important decrease in winter heat loss varies between –10.6 and –20.6%. This paper provides a reliable evaluation of the climate change impact on building envelope thermal performance, which leads to better adjustments in future building envelope designs.
Ultrafast electron microscopy for probing magnetic dynamics
Authors: Harvey Tyler R. , Rubiano da Silva Nara , Gaida John H. , Möller Marcel , Feist Armin , Schäfer Sascha , Ropers Claus 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The spatial features of ultrafast changes in magnetic textures carry detailed information on microscopic couplings and energy transport mechanisms. Electrons excel in imaging such picosecond or shorter processes at nanometer length scales. We review the range of physical interactions that produce ultrafast magnetic contrast with electrons, and specifically highlight the recent emergence of ultrafast Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. From the fundamental processes involved in demagnetization at extremely short timescales to skyrmion-based devices, we show that ultrafast electron imaging will be a vital tool in solving pressing problems in magnetism and magnetic materials where nanoscale inhomogeneity, microscopic field measurement, non-equilibrium behavior or dynamics are involved.

Graphic abstract
The Yellowstone Park Earthquake of June 30, 1975
Authors: Pitt A. M. , Weaver Craig S. , Spence William 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The June 30, 1975 Yellowstone Park Earthquake (ML 6.1, Ms 5.9) occurred on the north-central boundary of the Yellowstone caldera. Intensity studies show the felt area north of the epicenter to be substantially larger than the felt area south of the epicenter. This asymmetry may be due to attenuation of seismic waves propagating through the caldera. Aftershocks define a 10-km northwest-trending zone of seismicity centered on the main shock. A second zone of seismicity (active since March 1974) located 5 km west of and subparallel to the zone containing the main shock, increased in length during the aftershock sequence. No faults are mapped in the region of either zone, but north to northwest trending normal faults are found north of the caldera boundary. Focal mechanisms indicate both normal and oblique-slip faulting, but normal faulting predominates. The T axes are oriented northeast (perpendicular to the two seismic zones) suggesting block faulting. Elevation changes of 12 cm (determined by first-order level lines) between Madison Junction (up) and Mammoth Hot Springs (down) between 1960 and August 1975 are interpreted as a long-term trend with a local perturbation in the Norris Junction area which may have been caused by the June 30 earthquake.
Inversion of phase times for hypocenters and shallow crustal velocities, Mojave Desert, California
Authors: Hileman James A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Phase times for an ensemble of 20 aftershocks of the June 1, 1975, Galway Lake earthquake were inverted to determine hypocenters and local velocity structure simultaneously. A maximum likelihood formulation of linear, least-squares inversion was used so that the data were weighted according to their estimated variances. A trade-off parameter controlled the relative importance of the RMS error and the amount by which the model changed at each iteration. Individual aftershocks must be selected so that a wide variety of travel paths are represented. Initial trials disclosed that careful constraints are necessary for allowed changes in station delays. Fixed velocity boundaries, based on a priori information, were used for each of several starting models, and only layer velocities were allowed to vary. Each of the trials indicated that shallow crustal velocities in the vincinity of Galway Lake are somewhat lower than those of the usual velocity models. The velocities are not strongly constrained by this data set, but the results are consistent with a subsequent, detailed refraction survey by other workers. Mapping the travel-time surface in time-depth-distance space helps clarify the limitations inherent in a given problem.
Catalog of U.S. earthquakes before the year 1850
Authors: Winkler Louis 
Published: September 2021

abstract
This is a catalog of earthquakes for the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, before the year 1850. Data are listed for the Northeast, East, and Central U.S. along with a chronological summary. Gregorian dates, local times, and Modified Mercalli intensities are used. Because of the large number of entries and the great complexity of many of the entries, only references are given rather than quotations of the earthquake descriptions.
The effect of Appalachian Mountain topography on seismic waves
Authors: Griffiths Donald W. , Bollinger G. A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A field program was conducted during the summer of 1977 in the Appalachian Mountains to study some of the effects of topography on seismic-wave motions. The study areas included Powell Mountain (394 m of relief) in Lee County, Virginia, Bays and River Mountains (260 m of relief) in Sullivan County, Tennessee, and Gap and Brush Mountains (236 m of relief) in Montgomery County, Virginia. The majority of the data were recorded using 1 Hz horizontal seismometers aligned parallel to the long dimension of the northeast trending ridges. Some vertical (1 Hz) data were also collected. The signal sources were quarry and mine blasts located mostly to the west and northwest of the study areas. The Tennessee earthquake of July 27, 1977 [mb (Lg) = 3.5] was recorded at Bays and River Mountains by both horizontal and vertical sensors.
The basic data consist of maximum amplitudes and their associated periods measured from the Sg-Lg coda (some Rayleigh-wave and P-wave data were also obtained) at various sites on the ridges and in the valleys. In total, 137 events were considered from which 444 measurements of trace amplitude and wave period were made. These were cast in the form of 382 amplitude ratios between the individual sites. Four of the five ridges (Powell Mountain, Gap Mountain, Bays Mountain, and River Mountain) show amplification at the mountaintops with respect to the valleys. However, one ridge, with a less pronounced crest than the others (Brush Mountain), exhibited some wave-amplitude suppression. The vertical data obtained display a lesser degree of amplification than do the horizontal data as might be expected from other published observations.
To reduce the scatter found in the individual amplitude ratios, average amplitude ratios between mountaintop and valley sites were determined. These average ratios showed that the seismic wave amplitudes at the mountaintops were amplified by factors from 1.7 to 3.4. Employing the theory for scattering of SH waves in a half-space with an irregular free surface, the predicted ground motions for each of the study areas were obtained. The comparison of the observed average ratios with these theoretical calculations indicates that a topographic effect is present but inadequately modeled by the theory.
The focal mechanisms and depths of small earthquakes as determined from Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns
Authors: Kafka Alan L. , Weidner Donald J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Many earthquakes of body-wave magnitude less than about 5.5 are located in key positions for defining tectonic processes at plate boundaries and in the interiors of plates. Due to the sparsity of observed body-wave data from these events, their focal mechanisms and depths cannot be well determined from body-wave data alone. Earthquakes with mb as low as 4.5 radiate surface-wave trains which can be observed at teleseismic distances.
In this study, Rayleigh waves observed at WWSSN stations have been inverted to obtain focal mechanisms and depths of two small earthquakes (mb = 4.7 and mb = 5.1) in the Caribbean plate region. An event pair inversion patterned after Weidner and Aki (1973) is contrasted with a single event inversion which makes use of the seismic moment tensor formalism (Mendiguren, 1977; Gilbert, 1970) to linearize the relationship between observed signal and model. The event pair approach requires master events whose focal parameters are well known and which are located near the smaller events. The single event approach, on the other hand, does not require master events, but is limited to amplitude data only. Phase information can be utilized by considering a pair of events located near each other and recovering the difference in phase for the event pair.
For the events studied, the single event analysis yields the same solution as the event pair analysis. In general, amplitude is more sensitive to mechanism than phase. However, noise in amplitude increases more rapidly than noise in phase as the size of the event is reduced.
Geometrical optics and normal mode perturbation theory: A comparison in one dimension
Authors: Dahlen F. A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The transverse oscillations of a slightly heterogeneous, smooth string are treated using geometrical optics and first order normal mode perturbation theory. It is found that first order perturbation theory is invalid at high frequencies just as geometrical optics is invalid at low frequencies. The eigenfrequencies of the high-frequency modes are predicted accurately by first order perturbation theory, but the eigenfunctions are not. By analogy, a similar failure will presumably result if first order perturbation theory is used to treat the effect of the Earth's lateral heterogeneity on the high-frequency, surface wave-equivalent modes nSl and nTl, with n ≪ l. To gain insight into the consequences of this failure, we go on to analyze the one-dimensional analog of the earthquake excitation problem, using both normal mode, or standing wave, and traveling wave methods. We show that a simplified version of geometrical optics, in which amplitudes are only calculated to zeroth order but phases are calculated to first order, leads naturally to two methods whereby the source mechanism of a “stringquake” can be retrieved without knowing the structure of the string. Analogous methods for determining earthquake source mechanisms on a laterally heterogeneous Earth could easily be developed, if they were ever required.
The response of the time-term method to simulated crustal structures
Authors: Whitcombe D. N. , Maguire P. K. H. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The time-term method of interpreting seismic refraction data is analyzed to examine inadequacies in the chosen time-term model by relating observational errors to the solution variance. The results obtained from data that has been simulated for various structures are investigated. This is done quantitatively for simple structures and semi-quantitatively for more complex cases. Velocity and topographic variations of the refractor are considered as signals having dominant wavelengths. It is found that the response of the time-term method to these structural variations depends on the relationship of the structural wavelength to the dimensions of the experiment and the critical distance. For all but the simplest structures, the standard error estimates that can be obtained from a time-term solution are likely to be completely inadequate as estimates of the true error. It is demonstrated that if the refractor is anything other than uniform, the effects of a complicated velocity structure may be absorbed into the time terms. Similarly it is argued that in situations in which the refractor is not horizontal, erroneous values for complex velocity coefficients (e.g., gradient, anisotropy, etc.) can be obtained if these coefficients are included in the chosen time-term model. Finally, it is indicated that reduced travel times can be used in a way that removes the “stirring pot” aspect of time-term analysis, and to determine if a data set is suitable for examination by the time-term method.