bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional longevity in five rabbit lines founded on different criteria: Comparison at foundation and at fixed times after selection
Authors: EL Nagar Ayman G. , Baselga Manuel , Mínguez Carlos , Santacreu María A. , Sánchez Juan Pablo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe enhancement of rabbit female functional longevity, that is the ability to avoid voluntary culling, is a paramount aspect for the sustainability of meat rabbit production; this trait represents a direct indicator of female robustness. The objective of our study was to compare the functional longevity of five rabbit lines at their foundation and at fixed times during their selection processes. Four of them are maternal lines (A, V, H and LP) selected for litter size at weaning. The fifth line is the paternal line R, founded and selected for post‐weaning daily gain from 28 to 63 days. The comparison at foundation involved the complete data set (from March 1980 to March 2013; records of 15,670 does) and pedigree (19,405 animals). Latter comparisons were made when all lines shared the same environmental and management conditions, from March 1997 to September 1998 and from March 2011 to September 2012. In these second comparisons, the same model as that used in the comparison at foundation was used, but now the additive effect was excluded, only data from the corresponding periods were considered. At their foundation, lines V, H and LP showed larger functional longevity than lines A and R, being LP line that with the longest productive life. In the latter comparisons, lines A and R still showing the lowest functional longevities. However, as the selection process evolves, the differences between these two lines and the others were reduced. It could be concluded that the average longevity of a population greatly depends on the criteria followed for its foundation. In addition, along the selection for litter size, the differences of longevity between lines tend to decrease, this is due to an unintended selection for functional longevity, since only offspring from females reaching three parturitions are selected as breeding animals for the next generation.
Prevalence of psychotropic and opioid prescribing among hospice beneficiaries in the United States, 2014–2016
Authors: Gerlach Lauren B. , Kales Helen C. , Kim Hyungjin Myra , Zhang Lan , Strominger Julie , Covinsky Kenneth , Teno Joan , Bynum Julie P. W. , Maust Donovan T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesPsychotropic and opioid medications are routinely prescribed for symptom management in hospice, but national estimates of prescribing are lacking. Changes in Medicare hospice payment in 2014 provide the first opportunity to examine psychotropic and opioid prescribing among hospice beneficiaries, and the factors associated with use of specific medication classes.DesignCross‐sectional analysis of a 20% sample of traditional and managed Medicare with Part D enrolled in hospice, 2014–2016.SettingBeneficiaries enrolled in the Medicare hospice benefit.ParticipantsMedicare beneficiaries ≥65 newly enrolled in hospice between July 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016 (N = 554,022).Main outcomePrevalence of psychotropic and opioid medication prescribing by class and factors associated with prescribing.Results70.3% of hospice beneficiaries were prescribed a psychotropic and 63.3% were prescribed an opioid. The most common psychotropic classes prescribed were: benzodiazepines (60.6%), antipsychotics (38.3%), antidepressants (18.4%), and antiepileptics (10.2%). Lorazepam (56.4%), morphine (52.8%), and haloperidol (28.6%) were received by the most beneficiaries. Prevalence of any psychotropic and opioid prescription was highest among beneficiaries who were female (76.7%), non‐Hispanic white (76.6%), and those with cancer (78.9%). Compared to white beneficiaries, non‐Hispanic black beneficiaries were less likely to receive nearly every class of medication, with significantly lower odds of receiving opioids (64.1% vs 57.9%; AOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.72–0.77) and benzodiazepines (61.6% vs 52.2%; AOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.64–0.68). Differences were seen across hospice diagnosis; those with cancer were more likely to receive opioids, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotics but less likely to receive antidepressants and antiepileptics.ConclusionsPsychotropic and opioid medications are frequently prescribed in hospice. Observed variations in prescribing across race and ethnicity may reflect disparities in prescribing as well as patient preferences for care. Further work is important to understand factors driving prescribing given limited studies surrounding medication prescribing in hospice.
Effects of physicochemical and structural properties of single and double feedstuffs derived from different botanic sources on in vitro starch digestion and glucose release kinetics
Authors: Zhong Qingzhen , Li Mingye , Atiba Emmanuel M. , Yin Yulin , Yang Qian , Zhang Lin , Sun Zewei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStarch is the largest constituent in animal diets. The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to assess the variability of basic physicochemical properties and in vitro starch digestion of starchy feedstuffs and investigate relationship between physicochemical properties and starch digestion of the feedstuffs, and (b) to explore the effects of different sources of starchy feedstuffs on starch digestion and glucose release. In this study, we determined the inherent molecular structure and granular structure of starch and chemical compositions of seven starchy feedstuffs, as well as starch digestion in single feedstuff and different feedstuffs combined with corn. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results revealed significant difference between granule shape and size of starch of different feedstuffs. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra for barley and wheat had lower (p < 0.05) absorbance band at areas A_860 and A_928 than other feedstuffs, yet rice starch had the lowest value for ratio (R) (1047/1022). Moreover, digestion rate ranged from 0.0157/min for resistant starch (sorghum) to 0.029/min for rapidly starch (broken rice). The principle component analysis (PCA) showed that predicted glycaemic index (pGI) was positively related to A_1022, glucose and rapidly (RDS) content and negatively related to A_995, A_1047, R (1047/1022), resistant starch (RS) and amylose content. Most of the feedstufss with corn combination had no effect on rate of starch digestion. In addition, different starchy feeds and corn combination changed the rate of starch digestion, when barley, however, sorghum combined with corn seemed to affect rate of starch digestion. To sum up, different sources differed in basic physicochemical and structural properties, which would influence the digestion rate of starch and the release of glucose. Combination of different feedstuffs particular sorghum with corn has interactive effect on starch digestion and the release of glucose.
Rural residency as a risk factor for severe maternal morbidity
Authors: Hansen Anna C. , Slavova Svetla , O'Brien John M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeThe goal of this study was to evaluate how rural/urban status and other risk factors alter women's odds of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) at delivery.MethodsThis study used 48,608 Kentucky resident delivery hospitalization records from 2017. We used multiple logistic regression with interaction terms to evaluate the moderating effect of rural/urban residence with other risk factors. We reported adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as measures for association with the outcome of SMM at delivery.FindingsThe percentage of delivery hospitalizations with SMM was higher for women with rural (2.4%) versus metro (1.1%) or metro‐adjacent (1.5%) residence (p < .001). Rural status moderated the effect of anemia on SMM. The aOR for SMM for women with anemia versus those without was 8.56 (CI: 4.89–14.97) in rural areas, two times higher than in metro areas (aOR 3.87; CI: 3.09–4.86). Kentucky Appalachian region (aOR 1.90; CI: 1.46–2.47), Black race (aOR 1.30; CI: 1.02–1.66), history of cesarean section (aOR 1.28; CI: 1.07–1.52), hypertension (aOR 10.55; CI: 5.67–19.62), and opioid use (aOR 1.72; CI: 1.19–2.47) were significantly associated with SMM.ConclusionRural women in Kentucky are at an increased risk for SMM. Quality and safety programming should specifically address the needs of isolated subpopulations. Women living in rural areas are more likely to experience SMM given an anemia diagnosis. The underlying cause and clinical management of anemia may differ between rural and urban areas.
Host resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis is linked to altered bacterial community within a specialist insect herbivore
Authors: Paddock Kyle J. , Pereira Adriano E. , Finke Deborah L. , Ericsson Aaron C. , Hibbard Bruce E. , Shelby Kent S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEvolution of resistance to transgenic crops producing toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) threatens the sustainability of the technology. Examination of resistance mechanisms has largely focused on characterization of mutations in proteins serving as Bt toxin binding sites. However, insect microbial communities have the potential to provide host resistance to pesticides in a myriad of ways. Previous findings suggest the killing mechanism of Bt relies on enteric bacteria becoming pathogenic in the disrupted gut environment of the insect following Bt intoxication. Thus, here we hypothesized that resistance to Bt would alter the microbiome composition of the insect. Previous studies have manipulated the microbiome of susceptible insects and monitored their response to Bt. In our study, we characterized the associated bacterial communities of Bt‐resistant and ‐susceptible western corn rootworms, a widespread pest of maize in the United States. We found resistant insects harbor a bacterial community that is less rich and distinct from susceptible insects. After feeding on Bt‐expressing maize, susceptible insects exhibited dysbiosis of the associated bacterial community, whereas the community within resistant insects remained relatively unchanged. These results suggest resistance to Bt produces alterations in the microbiome of the western corn rootworm that may contribute to resistance. We further demonstrated that by itself, feeding on Bt toxin‐expressing seedlings caused a shift in the microbiota. This work provides a broader picture of the effect stressors have on microbiome composition, and the potential heritable changes induced as a result of intense selection.
Getting to Education to Get to Health: A Culture of Health Intervention in Orange, New Jersey
Authors: McCaffrey Katherine T. , Fullilove Mindy Thomson 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this essay, we tackle the challenge of adapting the dominant way we think about health in the United States—through an individualistic, technocratic, biomedical lens—to address social problems rooted in structural inequality. As scholar activists, the authors participated in a coalition effort to improve community health in a postindustrial New Jersey city. Adopting a social determinants of health perspective, we describe efforts to move discourse away from wellness and toward a deeper understanding of the role of education and learning in building a "culture of health." The essay discusses how this structural analysis of health competed with much more narrow cultural understandings of education and health rooted in a pervasive wellness ideology. Coalition success hinged on correctly identifying the obstacles to health and learning in the community as understood by community members: violence emerged as a pressing obstacle that impeded both learning and health. Once we clarified a shared understanding of health as learning and a common understanding of violence as the most immediate obstacle to health as learning—our coalition was energized and made progress.
The role of autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: Looking at the other side of the moon
Authors: Koufakis Theocharis , Dimitriadis George , Metallidis Symeon , Zebekakis Pantelis , Kotsa Kalliopi 
Published: March 2021

SummaryEfforts to unravel the pathophysiological mechanisms of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been traditionally trapped into a metabolic perspective. However, T2D is a phenotypically and pathophysiologically heterogenous disorder, and the need for a tailored approach in its management is becoming increasingly evident. There is emerging evidence that irregular immune responses contribute to the development of hyperglycemia in T2D and, inversely, that insulin resistance is a component of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Nevertheless, it has not yet been fully elucidated to what extent the presence of conventional autoimmune markers, such as autoantibodies, in subjects with T2D might affect the natural history of the disease and particularly each response to various treatments. The challenge for future research in the field is the discovery of novel genetic, molecular, or phenotypical indicators that would enable the characterization of specific subpopulations of people with T2D who would benefit most from the addition of immunomodulatory therapies to standard glucose‐lowering treatment. This narrative review aims to discuss the plausible mechanisms through which the immune system might be implicated in the development of metabolic disturbances in T2D and obesity and explore a potential role of immunotherapy in the future management of the disorder and its complications.
From “business‐like” to businesses: Agencification, corporatization, and civil service reform under the Thatcher administration
Authors: Cooper Christine , Tweedie Jonathan , Andrew Jane , Baker Max 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper sets out an archival account of events leading up to the mass agencification of the British civil service by the Thatcher administration (1979–1990). This account holds lessons for contemporary understandings of the ideological roots and institutional structures of corporatization. When Thatcher came to power in 1979, she wanted to make government “efficient” through the adoption of “business‐like” practices. We show that this project was grounded in her Methodist upbringing and the emerging neoliberal economic theories of Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman. Thatcher's efforts to instill a “market mentality” were met with stubborn resistance from a bloc of Ministers and senior civil servants. We find that Thatcher used agencification to break this resistance. Agencification removed Ministerial control over service delivery and saw “business‐like” managers placed in charge of the newly created agencies. This curtailed the workings of democracy. Like Thatcher's agencification, corporatization today imperils democracy in pursuit of “efficiency.”
A systematic review of event‐related potentials as outcome measures of attention bias modification
Authors: Carlson Joshua M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAttention bias modification (ABM) was initially developed with the goal of reducing attentional bias to threat—and subsequently anxious symptoms—in individuals with heightened anxiety. Although controversial, ABM appears to be generally effective in achieving this goal. Yet, the primary outcome measure of ABM (i.e., the reaction time‐based differences score) has poor reliability and temporal resolution, which limits the inferences that can be drawn. In contrast, event‐related potentials (ERPs) have superior reliability as well as temporal resolution and may therefore be better outcome measures of ABM. In this review, I systematically assess the research using ERPs as outcome measures in ABM protocols. I focus on the extent to which the ERPs modified by ABM represent earlier or later stages of information processing. In addition, I explore the extent to which ABM produces near and/or far transfer of learning effects on ERP measures. The reviewed literature suggests that ERPs are promising outcome measures of ABM. ABM modulates the effects of affective stimuli on posterior visually evoked ERPs (i.e., P1) as well as ERPs at anterior electrodes (i.e., P2, N2, and ERN). Based on the state of the field, several directions for future research are identified.
Success probability for selectively neutral invading species in the line model with a random fitness landscape
Authors: Farhang‐Sardroodi Suzan , Komarova Natalia L. , Michelen Marcus , Pemantle Robin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe consider a spatial (line) model for invasion of a population by a single mutant with a stochastically selectively neutral fitness landscape, independent from the fitness landscape for nonmutants. This model is similar to those considered earlier. We show that the probability of mutant fixation in a population of size , starting from a single mutant, is greater than , which would be the case if there were no variation in fitness whatsoever. In the small variation regime, we recover precise asymptotics for the success probability of the mutant. This demonstrates that the introduction of randomness provides an advantage to minority mutations in this model, and shows that the advantage increases with the system size. We further demonstrate that the mutants have an advantage in this setting only because they are better at exploiting unusually favorable environments when they arise, and not because they are any better at exploiting pockets of favorability in an environment that is selectively neutral overall.
Intimacy, home, and emotions in the era of the pandemic
Authors: Durnová Anna , Mohammadi Elaheh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhile much of the sociological scholarship on intimacy has been understood in the normative sense of foregrounding and supporting human closeness, this article points to the role intimacy has as a sociological concept to better understand regulatory ties between the subject and the institution. While subject and institution are treated by modernity as distinct entities, separated by the boundary between private and the public, the article elucidates their mutual engagements by reviewing the work on intimacy in the sociology of emotions. Discussing the scholarship on intimacy from this perspective enables us to understand private suffering as a social problem linked to the collective recognition of subjective feelings. To illustrate the point, the article briefly reflects the public discourse on home upended by world‐wide stay‐at‐home orders to contain the spread of coronavirus disease 2019. While this article neither analyzes these orders, nor judges their legitimacy, it takes the particular situation as a chance to review the sociological discussion on the emotional boundaries of home, foregrounding the concept of intimacy. Intimacy is presented as a key sociological category for understanding collective recognition of people's emotions, which impacts the way emotions are seen as relevant and legitimate in public discussions of social problems.
Presumed neuroprotective therapies prescribed by veterinary ophthalmologists for canine degenerative retinal and optic nerve diseases
Authors: Hopper Ryan G. , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano , da Silva Pereira Jorge , Fritz Michele C. , Ruggiero Vickie J. , Sapienza John S. , Kato Kumiko , Komáromy András M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate veterinary ophthalmologists’ use of presumed neuroprotective therapies for degenerative retinal and optic nerve diseases in dogs.ProceduresAn online survey was sent to 663 board‐certified veterinary ophthalmologists who were Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ACVO), Asian College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (AiCVO), Latin American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (Colegio Latinoamericano de Oftalmólogos Veterinarios, CLOVE), or European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ECVO). The survey was created using Qualtrics® software and focused on the prescription of presumed neuroprotective treatments for canine glaucoma, sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS), progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and retinal detachment (RD).ResultsA total of 165 completed surveys were received, representing an overall response rate of 25%, which was comparable across the four specialty colleges. Of all respondents, 140/165 (85%) prescribed some form of presumed neuroprotective therapies at least once in the last five years: 114/165 (69%) for glaucoma, 51/165 (31%) for SARDS, 116/165 (70%) for PRA, and 50/165 (30%) for RD. The three most recommended neuroprotective reagents were the commercial Ocu‐GLO™ Vision Supplement for animals, amlodipine, and human eye supplements.ConclusionsDespite lack of published clinical efficacy data, the majority of surveyed board‐certified veterinary ophthalmologists previously prescribed a presumed neuroprotective therapy at least once in the last five years in dogs with degenerative retinal and optic nerve diseases.
Orthopedic and ultrasonographic examination findings in 128 shoulders of 64 ultra‐endurance Alaskan sled dogs
Authors: von Pfeil Dirsko J. F. , Davis Michael S. , Liska William D. , George Clinton , Secrest Scott 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the location and periarticular shoulder‐muscle‐abnormalities detected via orthopedic examinations and ultrasonography in ultra‐endurance Alaskan sled‐dogs, returned from an ultra‐endurance sled‐dog‐race prior to finishing it.Study DesignProspective clinical study.Sample PopulationSixty‐four dogs (128 shoulders).MethodsDogs were classified based on clinical evidence of shoulder pain (SP versus control). Orthopedic examination findings, shoulder‐abduction‐angles (SAA; before‐ and during‐anesthesia), and ultrasonographic findings were recorded. Relationships between orthopedic and ultrasonographic abnormalities were compared.ResultsPain was elicited on 55/128 shoulders; 73 shoulders were pain‐free. The most common painful structures included the biceps‐tendon (BT; 30%), triceps‐muscle (28%), and infraspinatus‐muscle (25%). SAA ranged between 25° and 75° among groups, including pain‐free shoulders in dogs without lameness. SAA was greater when dogs were anesthetized (46.3° ± 14.0° vs. 47.8° ± 12.0°;p= .03), especially in SP (mean increase of 3.49° ± 8.85°) compared to control (0.03° ± 7.71°,p= .009). Overall, 103 ultrasonographic abnormalities were detected (SP: 44; control: 59). The most common ultrasonographic abnormality was fluid surrounding the biceps tendon, similarly distributed between groups (SP: 39/44; control: 57/59). Most chronic ultrasonographic abnormalities affected the BT (15/103 abnormalities). No associations were detected between ultrasonographic abnormalities and clinical findings.ConclusionShoulder abduction varied greatly and reached up to 75° in normal joints. Ultrasonographic shoulder‐muscle abnormalities were common but did not seem associated with clinical findings.Clinical significanceInterpretation of shoulder abduction warrants caution, and the presence of fluid around the BT may reflect a physiologic adaptation to racing, rather than a pathologic change in ultra‐endurance Alaskan sled‐dogs.
Heat Effects in Lubricating Films
Authors: Hagg A. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Heat effects in lubricating films are analyzed on the basis of simple shear of the lubricant, Reynolds logarithmic formula relating lubricant viscosity and temperature, and an equation relating the heat generation and heat flow in the film. The film-temperature dependence on velocity is determined, and the result is used to obtain the shearing stress and shearing rates. The formulas thus derived are useful in analyzing the performance of oil-film bearings. Experiments have been carried out with measurement of shaft- and bearing-surface temperatures, as well as friction; the tests support the analytical results. An approximate means for judging the importance of film heating in a given case in terms of velocity and lubricant viscosity is suggested.