bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIV-3 Mesquite wood as a grass replacement in silage production
Authors: Fair William , Owsley Walter F , Smith William B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) is considered an invasive browse species in most of the American Southwest. Over the past several decades, mesquite has spread rapidly in Texas, leading to destruction of native grasslands. In addition to trying to manage its encroachment on grazinglands, producers have been known to use mesquite wood in times of drought as a feed source for livestock, specifically in cow/calf production. This also represents a potential sustainable solution to dealing with debris from brush control measures. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chipped mesquite wood as a partial grass replacement in silage production. This experiment used a factorial treatment structure of silage inoculant (yes, no), grass replacement (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), and length of incubation (28, 56, 82 d). Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cv. Coastal] was used as the grass base in the silage mixtures. Samples were incubated in a convection incubator at 29.4°C for their respective incubation lengths. Following incubation, each sample was assayed for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and IVTD, as well as a silage acid profile. There was no effect of inoculation, grass replacement, or incubation time (P ≥ 0.13) on CP (μ = 10%), nor was there an effect of inoculation or grass replacement (P ≥ 0.67) on NDF (μ = 70%). Both ADF and ADL increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing inclusion of mesquite wood. In vitro true digestibility decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing inclusion of mesquite wood (50% from grass silage; 40% from mesquite silage). Results are interpreted to mean that mesquite wood may be used as a grass replacement in silage production at low inclusion levels.
PSXVI-27 Using tannin to mitigate tall fescue toxicosis
Authors: Grote Ally J , Morgan Allison , Coffey Ken , Nieman Christine , Philipp Dirk , Kegley Beth B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Fescue toxicosis has a negative impact on livestock production. Tannins could bind to tall fescue toxins rendering them ineffective. The objective was to improve health and well-being of sheep offered tall fescue infected with the endophytic fungus (Neotyphodium coenophialum) by binding toxins in the rumen with condensed tannins. Non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes (n=20; 57±1.3 kg initial BW) were housed in individual 1×1.5-m pens with grate flooring and were offered ad libitum access to either non-toxic novel-endophyte infected tall fescue haylage (NE), or toxic endophyte infected tall fescue haylage with no condensed tannin (E0), or condensed tannin at 10 (E10), or 30 g/kg haylage DM (E30). Additionally, ewes received 4 g/kg BW liquid molasses, which served as the carrier for the condensed tannins in the E10 and E30 treatments. The study consisted of 2, 21-d periods with a 30-d wash out between periods. In each period, a 14-d adaption was followed by 7 d of total fecal and urine collection. Temperature was maintained at 27 to 29 °C. Dry matter and OM intake (g/kg BW; DMI and OMI, respectively) were not affected (P ≥ 0.15) by treatment, but DM and OM digestibility were greater (P &lt; 0.05) from NE vs E30. Digestibility of NDF was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from NE vs E0, E10, and E30. Digestible DMI was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from NE and E0 vs E30, and digestible OMI was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from NE vs E30. Apparent N absorbed (g/kg N intake) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) by lambs offered E0 and E10 compared with E30. Nitrogen retained (g/kg N intake and N absorbed) did not differ (P≥0.29). Therefore, overall impacts of ensiled toxic fescue on lambs were inconsistent and the impact of adding condensed tannins at 30 g/kg DM was negative on most of the DM and OM digestibility measurements.
PSXII-25 Effects of level and source of dietary forage on performance of lactating Alpine goats
Authors: Lourencon Raquel V , Ribeiro Luana , Puchala Ryszard , Wang Wei , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Thirty-two primiparous and 32 multiparous Alpine goats consumed diets varying in level and source of forage to determine influences on lactation performance. Diets were 40, 50, 60, and 70% forage (40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively), with forage in 60F and 70F being coarsely ground grass hay (primarily orchardgrass) and that in 40F and 50F cottonseed hulls, alfalfa pellets, and wheat hay. Initial body weight was 56.1±1.22 and 58.3±1.33 kg for primiparous and multiparous goats, respectively. Diets were 15.7–16.1% crude protein, 40.5, 45.9, 57.1, and 59.6% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 6.1, 7.4, 4.6, and 5.0% acid detergent lignin, 10.0, 15.8, 50.1, and 55.5% particle retention on a 19-mm sieve, and 28.1, 32.4, 41.9, and 43.2% physically effective NDF for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively. The experiment started at 14 days-in-milk and lasted 16 wk. Average daily gain was similar (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments (-23, -33, -28, and -28 g; SEM=1.11), but dry matter intake [(DMI) 2.71, 2.75, 1.96, and 1.95 kg/d, SEM=0.133] and milk yield (2.82, 2.71, 2.23, and 2.10 kg/d; SEM=0.157) were lower (P &lt; 0.05) for the 2 diets highest in forage. Treatments affected (P &lt; 0.05) milk fat (3.16, 3.37, 2.93, and 2.97%; SEM=0.120) and protein concentrations (2.62, 2.69, 2.58, and 2.52% for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively; SEM=0.042). Milk energy yield was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for the 2 diets highest in concentrate (7.51, 7.45, 5.68, and 5.34 MJ/d; SEM=0.471), although relative to DMI yield was not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by diet (2.94, 2.95, 2.76, and 2.74 MJ/kg for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively (SEM=0.164) and was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for multiparous vs. primiparous goats (2.64 and 3.05 MJ/kg; SEM=0.116). In conclusion, lactational performance of Alpine goats in early to mid-lactation will be constrained with diets high in forage of moderate quality and large particle size.
PSXII-27 Effects of Sericea lespedeza on methane emission and health status in grazing Boer goat wethers
Authors: Puchala Ryszard , Ribeiro Luana , Lourencon Raquel V , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective was to determine effects of feeding 12 yearling Boer goat wethers Sericea lespedeza as supplemental pellets or grazed forage on ruminal methane emission and health status compared with grazing grass-based pasture and supplemental forage-concentrate pellets. There were 4 5-wk periods in the late spring and summer. Periods 1–3 were on a 0.7-ha native grass pasture and period 4 was on a 1.1-ha pasture of Sericea lespedeza. A forage-concentrate pellet was supplemented in period 1 (CON1), 3 (CON2), and 4 (SL-P), and pelleted Sericea lespedeza (Sims Brothers Inc., Union Springs, AL) was given in period 2 (SL-S). Pellets were supplemented and ruminal methane emission was measured with a small ruminant GreenFeed unit (C-Lock, Rapid City, SD). Pellets were dispensed up to 30 times daily, with 6 sessions of 5-9-g bait drops and a 2.5-h session interval. Body weight at the end of periods generally increased as period advanced (35.7, 38.8, 37.9 and 41.1 kg for CON1, SL-S, CON2, and SL-P, respectively; SEM=1.08). Sericea lespedeza decreased methane emission (P &lt; 0.05), with pasture grazing having greater effect than pellet supplementation (43.7, 36.2, 40.9, and 32.5 g/d for CON1, SL-S, CON2, and SL-P, respectively; SEM=0.84). Likewise, SL consumption decreased FAMACHA score (P &lt; 0.05), with a similar effect for both SL forms (3.28, 2.95, 3.21, and 2.86 for CON1, SL-S, CON2, and SL-P, respectively; SEM=0.061). Body condition score was similar among periods (2.65, 2.64, 2.68, and 2.67 for CON1, SL-S, CON2, and SL-P, respectively; SEM=0.022). In conclusion, the effect of consumption of SL on methane emission probably relates to condensed tannins and greater impact of SL-P could involve a higher dietary level. Similarly, inclusion of SL in meat goat diets has potential to decrease the parasite load and thereby improve health status, also presumably because of bioactive condensed tannins.
PSXIV-17 Meat quality and fatty acid composition of lambs reared under thermal stress in grazing conditions and slaughtered at two body weights
Authors: Rodriguez Abner A , Rivera Aixa , Duckett Susan K , Bayne Alana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Interest in meat quality and its fatty acid composition stems mainly from the need to find ways to produce healthier meat. In Puerto Rico, no documented information is available on the nutritional profile in the meat of lambs raised under local conditions (crossbred animals raised in heat stress and grazing naturalized pastures, NP). The quality of meat and fatty acid composition was evaluated, of 12 lambs grazed NP &gt; 8h, tropical grass hay and water ad libitum, 150g of concentrate (12% CP), and mineral blocks. Six animals were slaughtered at two live weight of 22 (SW1) or 35 (SW2) kg to determine the meat quality given by pH, color, nutrient content, and the fatty acid composition in the Longissimus dorsi muscle. The data was analyzed using a completely randomized design with two treatments and six repetitions. SW1 and SW2 had similar pH (5.57 vs. 5.73), but lambs at SW1 displayed lower (P &lt; 0.01) a* value than those slaughtered at SW2 (11.18 vs 13.57), but L* (38.91 vs 37.56) and b* (10.72 vs 10.67) values were similar. On both slaughter weight moisture (75.63 vs 74.51), ash (4.10 vs 3.34), crude protein (24.36 vs 25.12), and crude fat (2.30 vs 2.01) percentage of the meat was similar. The total lipid content (0.953 vs 2.25), saturated fatty acids (34.68 vs 42.98), and monounsaturated fatty acid (28.36 vs 37.28) of lambs at SW1 was lower than those at SW2, but n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (18.74 vs 8.57and 6.61 vs 2.88, respectively) were higher (P &lt; 0.05). The n-6/n-3 ratio was similar for both SW groups (2.84 vs 2.96). Differences in individual fatty acid content due to the slaughter weight were observed. In conclusion, the meat quality and the fatty acid composition of the Longissimus dorsi were affected by slaughter weight of lambs grazing naturalized pastures.
PSIX-25 Feed and water deprivation at weaning and subsequent heat stress impacts serum and ileal markers of gastrointestinal integrity in nursery pigs
Authors: Horn Nathan L , Woodward Adrienne , Ajuwon Kola , Adeola Layi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Social and environmental stressors impact nursery pig performance and may be linked to gastrointestinal dysfunction. The current experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of feed and water deprivation on serum stress markers and ileal mucosal gene expression in nursery pigs. Mixed-sex pigs were allotted on the basis of IBW (7.0 kg ± 0.89) in a RCBD with treatments in a split-plot arrangement and consisting of the whole-plot factor of with or without a 24-h feed and water deprivation at weaning and the sub-plot factor of with or without a cyclic 3-d heat stress starting 27 d post-weaning. On 1, 27, and 30 d post-weaning one pig from each pen was selected, blood was collected for measurement of serum cortisol, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), and endotoxins, and an ileal mucosal scraping was taken and gene expression of claudin 1 (CL-1), occludin (OC), and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) were measured by RT PCR. There was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in serum CRF and endotoxins and a tendency for an increase (P = 0.09) in serum cortisol due to the deprivation 1 d post-weaning. Further, there was a tendency for an increase (P &lt; 0.10) in serum endotoxins and CRF due to the deprivation at 27 and 30 d post-weaning, respectively. Gene expression of CL-1 tended to increase (P = 0.10), and OC decreased (P = 0.05) due to the deprivation 1 d post-weaning. Expression of the OC gene decreased (P &lt; 0.05) due to the deprivation 27 d post-weaning and OC and ZO-1 gene expression tended to decrease (P = 0.07) due to the heat stress 30 d post-weaning. These results show that post-weaning stress events alter serum stress markers and impact intestinal barrier function.
PSIX-29 Study of the association of mtDNA haplogroups and Ages of 100 days in pigs
Authors: Getmantseva Lyubov , Bakoev Nekruz , Shevtsova Varvara , Bakoev Siroj , Kolosova Maria 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of the work was to determine the mtDNA haplogroups and assess their associations with Days_100 in pigs based on sequencing the D-loop region. The research was carried out on Landrace sows (n = 123). To amplification a fragment of mtDNA D-loop conducted PCR using the following primers: F5 ‘ - TGC AAA CCA AAA CGC CAA GT-3’ and R: 3 ‘ - TTT TTG GGG TTT GGC AAG GC-5. Statistical analyzes were performed using Linear mixed model fit by REML (‘lmerModLmerTest’). The studied group of pigs had the largest number of D haplogroups, which were definitely in 66 sows (53.7%). Haplogroup E was identified in 18 sows (14.6%). Among the haplogroups of Asian origin, which include A, B and C, only genotype C was present. Statistical differences for D100 were established between Hap_C and Hap_E. The presented results indicate the influence of mtDNA haplogroups on Days_100 and pigs of hapogroup E showed the best results compared to analogs of haplogroup E. This may be due to the fact that haplotype E is of European origin, and haplotype C is of Asian origin. Breeding commercial European pigs is focused on increasing the growth rate, and this significantly reduces pig keeping costs and increases production efficiency. It should be noted that changes in growth rate are associated with more intense metabolic processes where mitochondria play a significant role. This may be reflected at the genetic level being determined by the nucleotide sequence of mtDNAs and at the haplotype level in particular. This research was funded by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (0445-2021-0008).
SYNBIP: synthetic binding proteins for research, diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Wang Xiaona , Li Fengcheng , Qiu Wenqi , Xu Binbin , Li Yanlin , Lian Xichen , Yu Hongyan , Zhang Zhao , Wang Jianxin , Li Zhaorong , Xue Weiwei , Zhu Feng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The success of protein engineering and design has extensively expanded the protein space, which presents a promising strategy for creating next-generation proteins of diverse functions. Among these proteins, the synthetic binding proteins (SBPs) are smaller, more stable, less immunogenic, and better of tissue penetration than others, which make the SBP-related data attracting extensive interest from worldwide scientists. However, no database has been developed to systematically provide the valuable information of SBPs yet. In this study, a database named ‘Synthetic Binding Proteins for Research, Diagnosis, and Therapy (SYNBIP)’ was thus introduced. This database is unique in (a) comprehensively describing thousands of SBPs from the perspectives of scaffolds, biophysical & functional properties, etc.; (b) panoramically illustrating the binding targets & the broad application of each SBP and (c) enabling a similarity search against the sequences of all SBPs and their binding targets. Since SBP is a human-made protein that has not been found in nature, the discovery of novel SBPs relied heavily on experimental protein engineering and could be greatly facilitated by in-silico studies (such as AI and computational modeling). Thus, the data provided in SYNBIP could lay a solid foundation for the future development of novel SBPs. The SYNBIP is accessible without login requirement at both official (https://idrblab.org/synbip/) and mirror (http://synbip.idrblab.net/) sites.
Artists in Korea
Authors: Jong Sang Jo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A Korean idol group “BTS” made history with its tenth week at No. 1 on the Billboard Artist 100 Chart. Dramatic developments in the music industry of Korea demonstrate how important it is for artists to enjoy freedom of expression and economic incentives like copyright. Although both freedom and copyright are ideas imported from the West, Korean artists have absorbed them quite differently than Westerners. Even as artistic freedom is taken for granted in the West, individual artists in Korea seriously fought for and achieved that same freedom. Korean artists have also realized that the theory of Western copyright law does not apply well in Korea in reality. Despite increasingly strong protection of copyright, the status of Korean artists has not improved much in either copyright law or reality. Although much of Korean music and film is well-known around the world, it is not widely known that some Korean artists have become victims of unfair contracts. While Korea’s Internet technology impressed the world with its speed, Korean artists and fans turned out to be another victim on the Internet. Copyright trolls also demonstrate how different the Korean art industry is from the Western one.
Shiloh and Corinth
Authors: Engle Stephen D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the Civil War’s master narrative, the Shiloh and Corinth campaigns figure prominently because they represented more than just the Union’s large-scale military foray into the Confederacy’s vital western river region (specifically the region between the Cumberland and Mississippi rivers), the occupation of slave soil, and the Confederacy’s first major counteroffensive. They also exposed the complex interplay between armies and the places they operated, demonstrated how national objectives played out in local conditions, and revealed the war’s brutal nature. The Battle of Shiloh produced the bloodiest fighting on the North American continent up to that time, precipitated the subsequent Union capture of Corinth, Mississippi, disrupted slavery in the Trans-Mississippi, led to an enormous transfer of power in the western theater, and induced Union policy changes regarding occupation and repatriation of the Southern citizenry. In short, these developments established the foundation for the Union’s successful prosecution of the war.
Petersburg, Virginia, June–August 1864
Authors: Greene A. Wilson 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the strategic context and operational conduct of the military events around Petersburg, Virginia, between June and August 1864. The Petersburg Campaign involved the principal armies of both the United States and the Confederacy, led, respectively, by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Robert E. Lee. Grant initiated four major offensives during this period that spanned both sides of the James River, including a massive cavalry raid that coursed through ten Virginia counties. African American troops saw combat in these military actions for the first time in the war’s eastern theater. The campaign greatly impacted the citizens of Petersburg, the Confederacy’s seventh-largest city, and was fought within the preliminaries of the presidential election of 1864. In addition to inflicting tens of thousands of casualties, these martial actions had a profound effect on the civilians, Black and White, who were caught up in the Civil War’s most decisive campaign.
A “Tomboy” and a “Lady”
Authors: Decker Corrie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Religion remained a significant factor in youth cultures that emerged during the twentieth century, and it continues to do so in the twenty-first century. In many places around the world, religious ideals held singular importance for young people’s understanding of themselves and their relationships with family members and friends. This is certainly the case in many Muslim societies. Understanding the role of religion in modern youth culture requires a deep engagement with young people’s personal experiences as well as the discourses that sought to circumscribe young people’s actions. One woman who reconciled tensions between religious ideals and emerging youth culture was Muna, who came of age in the Zanzibar Islands of East Africa during the late 1950s and 1960s. Muna reconciled these tensions by walking a fine line between adolescence and adulthood, femininity and masculinity, and respectability and mischievousness. She was a self-professed “tomboy” who resisted fulfilling the role of a proper Muslim “lady” as long as possible. If growing up meant abiding by religious codes that strictly controlled her behavior, then she would remain immature as long as possible. Young people like Muna, who tested the boundaries of religious codes governing their behavior, redefined religious “respectability” by asserting their own understandings of gender and sexuality. Young people at the forefront of these religious and cultural changes brought youth culture into the public sphere.
Urbanization
Authors: Sleight Simon , Heeks Jasper 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As towns and cities across the world expanded rapidly from the nineteenth century onward, young people actively responded to changing living, working, and environmental conditions and created and pursued cultural practices with enthusiasm. Urbanization brought both pleasures and perils for youth, who turned to the streets for escape, camaraderie, and opportunity. Juvenile street gangs were expressions of everyday urban life, and they proliferated between 1850 and 1930, grabbing the attention of journalists, writers, politicians, legal authorities, and the general public. The urban, social, and cultural contexts of youth gangs, their strong spatial and stylistic elements, and their internal dynamics and outlooks will be examined. The phenomenon of street gangs was not confined to any one region, and historical youth cultures in Melbourne, Tokyo, Durban, Port of Spain, London, and elsewhere are assessed. The authors contemplate the similarities and differences between cases and the influence of international cultural currents. The insights of transnational perspectives are applied to the case of Australian larrikin youth, whose behavior and modes of cultural expression made them a global news story in the final decades of the nineteenth century. As well as considering young people’s inspirations and creations, we review approaches historians can adopt for investigating urban youth cultures, including in relation to primary sources, conceptual frameworks, and intersectional analysis. We show that juvenile street cultures, far from always criminal, were complex collaborative products of urbanization.
Monastic and University Education in the Medieval and Early Modern West
Authors: Reeves Andrew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Monasteries, cathedral schools, and, from the thirteenth century, universities served as incubators for youth culture in medieval and early modern Western Europe. The young men who trained in these institutions developed an identity as a set of future elite professionals within the Church. As a social class of male elites, the student bodies’ cultural patterns included hazing rituals as well as a performance of such masculine values as violence, competitiveness, and heteronormative sexuality. How student youth culture expressed itself in institutions shifted over the course of more than a millennium. A self-conscious youth culture emerged within the more urban milieu of Europe’s cathedral schools in the twelfth century. When the orders of friars, both Franciscan and Dominican, emerged in the thirteenth century, their lifestyle of simplicity, poverty, and asceticism appealed to students because it offered a counterculture opposing both careerism and performative masculinity that characterized university youth culture. In the sixteenth century, the Protestant Reformation began as a youth counterculture that rejected the Church itself. Over the later Middle Ages and early modern period, student bodies increasingly came to be composed of aristocrats and the wealthy, and thus university culture came to be an element of elite youth culture.