bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with bleeding after endoscopic variceal ligation in children
Authors: Yokoyama Shinya , Ishizu Yoji , Ishigami Masatoshi , Honda Takashi , Kuzuya Teiji , Ito Takanori , Hinoki Akinari , Sumida Wataru , Shirota Chiyoe , Tainaka Takahisa , Makita Satoshi , Yokota Kazuki , Uchida Hiroo , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundEndoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is a widely accepted treatment for esophagogastric varices in patients with portal hypertension (PHT). It is used for urgent treatment and prophylactic treatment of esophagogastric varices in pediatric as well as adult patients. However, major life‐threatening adverse events such as early rebleeding can occur. Although early rebleeding after EVL among children and adolescents has been reported, the risk factors remain obscure. This study evaluated the risk factors for early rebleeding after EVL in children and adolescents.MethodsThe subjects were children and adolescents (<18 years) with PHT who underwent EVL for esophagogastric varices. Early rebleeding was defined as hematemesis, active bleeding, or blood retention in the stomach, confirmed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy from 2 h to 5 days after EVL.ResultsA total of 50 EVL sessions on 22 patients were eligible for this study. There were four episodes of early rebleeding. No other major adverse event has occurred. Multivariate analysis showed that EVL implemented at cardiac varices just below the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), within 5 mm from the EGJ, is the independent factor for a higher risk of early rebleeding: odds ratio 18.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.40–237.0), P = 0.02.ConclusionsChildren and adolescents who undergo EVL for cardiac varices just below the EGJ have a higher risk of early rebleeding than those who do not.
Improved evaluation of the genetic variability of Brazilian strains of Erwinia psidii with newly developed microsatellite markers
Authors: Hermenegildo Pollyane da Silva , Guimarães Lúcio Mauro Silva , Badel Jorge Luis , Marques Abi S. A. , Alfenas Acelino Couto , Velloso Ferreira Marisa A. S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractErwinia psidii is the causal agent of bacterial blight of guava, and wilt and dieback of eucalypt in Brazil. Previous studies using repetitive sequence‐based PCR (rep‐PCR) revealed limited genetic diversity in E. psidii populations. Here, the draft genome sequence of the type strain IBSBF435 was probed for variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) that could be used to study E. psidii genetic diversity by multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Eleven selected VNTRs were used to assess genetic relatedness among 108 E. psidii strains from guava (36) and eucalypt (72), of different geographic origins and years of collection. A total of 79 haplotypes were detected in the strain collection. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 15. A minimum spanning tree indicated the occurrence of nine clonal complexes, of which two contained only guava strains, five only eucalypt strains, and two contained guava and eucalypt strains. The three oldest strains collected from guava in the 1980s (IBSBF435, IBSBF454, and IBSBF493) exhibited distinct haplotypes. IBSBF435 was genetically more closely related to some eucalypt strains than to guava strains, which supports previously reported lack of host specificity. IBSBF454 grouped with guava strains more recently collected from different states, suggesting that it could have been disseminated to different Brazilian areas. The implication of the lack of differentiation between guava and eucalypt strains is discussed in relation to the detection of E. psidii affecting eucalypt more than 25 years after the first description of guava bacterial blight.
Adaptations to explosive resistance training with partial range of motion are not inferior to full range of motion
Authors: Werkhausen Amelie , E. Solberg Christian , Paulsen Gøran , Bojsen‐Møller Jens , Seynnes Olivier R. 
Published: January 2021

We tested whether explosive resistance training with partial range of motion (ROM) would be as effective as full ROM training using a noninferiority trial design. Fifteen subjects with strength training experience took part in an explosive—concentric only—leg press training program, three times per week for 10 weeks. One leg was randomly assigned to exercise with partial ROM (ie, 9º) and the other leg to full ROM. Before and after training, we assessed leg press performance, isokinetic concentric and isometric knee extension torque, and vastus lateralis muscle architecture. Overall, both training modalities increased maximal strength and rate of force development. Training with partial ROM yielded noninferior results compared to full ROM for leg press peak power (+69 ± 47% vs. +61 ± 64%), isokinetic strength (4‐6 ± 6%‐12% vs. 1‐6 ± 6%‐10% at 30, 60, and 180˚s‐1), and explosive torque after 100 (47 ± 24 vs. 35 ± 22) and 150 ms (57 ± 22% vs. 42 ± 25%). The comparison was inconclusive for other functional parameters (ie, isokinetic peak torque (300˚s−1), joint angle at isokinetic peak torque, explosive torque after 50 ms, and electrically evoked torque) and for muscle fascicle length and thickness, although noninferiority was established for pennation angle. However, partial ROM was not found statistically inferior to full ROM for any measured variable. Under the present conditions, the effects of explosive heavy resistance training were independent of joint ROM. Instead, these data suggest that the distinct timing of muscle work in explosive contractions confers more influence to the starting joint angle than ROM on adaptations to this type of training.
A Nondestructive Technique for the Evaluation of Thin Cylindrical Shells' Axial Buckling Capacity
Authors: Yadav Kshitij Kumar , Cuccia Nicholas L. , Virot Emmanuel , Rubinstein Shmuel M. , Gerasimidis Simos 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The axial buckling capacity of a thin cylindrical shell depends on the shape and the size of the imperfections that are present in it. Therefore, the prediction of the shells buckling capacity is difficult, expensive, and time consuming, if not impossible, because the prediction requires a priori knowledge about the imperfections. As a result, thin cylindrical shells are designed conservatively using the knockdown factor approach that accommodates the uncertainties associated with the imperfections that are present in the shells; almost all the design codes follow this approach explicitly or implicitly. A novel procedure is proposed for the accurate prediction of the axial buckling capacity of thin cylindrical shells without measuring the imperfections and is based on the probing of the axially loaded shells. Computational and experimental implementation of the procedure yields accurate results when the probing is done in location of highest imperfection amplitude. However, the procedure overpredicts the capacity when the probing is done away from that point. This study demonstrates the crucial role played by the probing location and shows that the prediction of imperfect cylinders is possible if the probing is done at the proper location.
Knee Angles After Crosstalk Correction With Principal Component Analysis in Gait and Cycling
Authors: Skaro Jordan , Hazelwood Scott J. , Klisch Stephen M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) has been used as a post-hoc method for reducing knee crosstalk errors during gait analysis. PCA minimizes correlations between flexion–extension (FE), abduction–adduction (AA), and internal–external rotation (IE) angles. However, previous studies have not considered PCA for exercises involving knee flexion angles that are greater than those typically experienced during gait. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate using PCA to correct for crosstalk during one exercise (i.e., cycling) that involves relatively high flexion angles. Fifteen participants were tested in gait and cycling using a motion analysis system. Uncorrected FE, AA and IE angles were compared to those calculated with PCA performed on (1) all angles (FE-AA-IE PCA correction) and (2) only FE-AA angles (FE-AA PCA correction). Significant differences existed between uncorrected and FE-AA-IE PCA corrected AA and IE angles for both exercises, between uncorrected and FE-AA PCA corrected AA angles for both exercises, and between FE-AA-IE and FE-AA PCA corrected IE angles for cycling. Correlations existed before PCA correction and were eliminated following PCA correction with the exception that FE-IE correlations remained following FE-AA PCA correction. Since the two PCA analyses differed only in their IE angle predictions for the high flexion exercise (cycling), IE angle results were compared to previous studies. Using FE-AA PCA correction may be the preferred protocol for cycling as it appeared to retain physiological IE angle correlations at high flexion angles. However, there exists a critical need for studies aimed at obtaining more accurate IE angles in such exercises.
Numerical Simulation of Insulin Depot Formation in Subcutaneous Tissue Modeled as a Homogeneous Anisotropic Porous Media
Authors: Zedelmair Michael , Mukherjee Abhijit 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study, a numerical model of insulin depot formation in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of humans has been developed using the commercial computational fluid dynamics software. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms can be helpful in the development of novel insulin administration devices and cannula geometries. Developing a model of insulin depot formation can provide faster results compared to extensive experimental studies which are typically done on porcine tissues. The injection method considered in this simulation involves an insulin pump that uses a rapid acting U100 insulin analogue. The depot formation has been studied by simulating Bolus injections ranging from 5 to 15 units of insulin, which corresponds to volumes of 50–150 μL. The insulin is injected into modeled subcutaneous tissues typically present in human abdominal regions. The subcutaneous tissue has been modeled as a fluid-saturated porous media. An anisotropic approach has been used to define the tissue permeability. The value of the porosity in parallel and perpendicular directions has been varied to modify the viscous resistance to the flow in these directions. The developed model has been validated by comparing with published experimental results, which show qualitative similarities in disk-shaped insulin depot formation. The validated model is then used to study formation of insulin depot inside the subcutaneous tissue at varying insulin flow rates involving different cannula geometries and arrays. The numerical model has been found to be an effective option to evaluate new cannula designs prior to the manufacturing and testing of prototypes, which can be rather time consuming and expensive.
Large Eddy Simulation of Microvortex Generators in a Turbulent Boundary Layer
Authors: Heffron Andrew P. , Williams John J. , Avital Eldad J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the flow physics on microvortex generators (MVGs) in order to improve their performance in turbulent boundary layers (TBLs). TBLs can be a challenging environment for MVGs because of the streamwise length of the generated vortex and the increased parasitic drag of the MVGs. Large eddy simulation (LES) is used to properly resolve the turbulent boundary layer of a flat-plate with a zero-pressure gradient and MVG vane. Three different vane-types are investigated (e423-Mod, triangular, and rectangular vanes) and are studied in a single vane configuration. Important flow features such as a separation bubble on the leading edge of the rectangular vanes which introduced unsteadiness into the vortex formation and degraded the MVG's efficiency was observed. The e423-Mod and triangular vanes were observed to be more aerodynamically efficient. The triangular vane was found to be the most efficient when evaluated immediately downstream of the vane. However, the vortex from the triangular vane decayed very rapidly due to it being formed very close to the wall which degraded its efficiency further downstream. The e423-Mod vane avoided this problem but its drag was very high relative to the strength of the generated vortex and its vortex experienced a brief period of rapid decay immediately downstream decreasing its efficiency. Further downstream, the vortex of the rectangular vane at 16 deg became the most efficient through a combination of low vane drag and low vortex decay in the TBL, demonstrating the need to consider a range of issues when designing an MVG.
Sensitivity of Micromilling Responses to Grain Variations in Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Aluminum Alloy 4043
Authors: Gao Zhongjia , Nowak James F. , Corbin Johnathan , Delgado Lauren , Samuel Johnson 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Given the recent trend toward hybrid processing involving the integration of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) and machining capabilities, this paper aims to identify and correlate microstructural variations observed in wire arc additively manufactured aluminum alloy 4043 workpieces to their specific micromilling responses. This is done with the explicit goal of assessing the feasibility of using micromilling responses to detect microstructural variations in WAAM workpieces. As part of this effort, variations in the interlayer cooling time are used to induce changes in the microstructure of a thin-wall WAAM workpiece. The microstructures are first characterized using in-process thermographic imaging, optical microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and indentation. Micromilling slotting experiments are then conducted on different regions within the workpiece. The findings suggest that cutting force signals are the premier candidate for in situ extraction of information regarding microstructural variations within WAAM workpieces. In particular, in situ analysis of the cutting force frequency spectrum can provide critical information regarding dominant failure mechanisms related to the underlying microstructure. Other key micromilling responses such as surface roughness, burr formation, and tool wear also correlate well with the underlying microstructural variations. While these early stage findings hold promise, future research efforts spanning multiple metal alloys systems and micromachining processes are needed to mature the proposed concept.
Tip Leakage Flow Instability in a Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Cao Teng , Kanzaka Tadashi , Xu Liping , Brandvik Tobias 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, an unsteady tip leakage flow phenomenon is identified and investigated in a centrifugal compressor with a vaneless diffuser at near-stall conditions. This phenomenon is associated with the inception of a rotating instability in the compressor. The study is based on numerical simulations that are supported by experimental measurements. The study confirms that the unstable flow is governed by a Kelvin–Helmholtz type instability of the shear layer formed between the main-stream flow and the tip leakage flow. The shear layer instability induces large-scale vortex roll-up and forms vortex tubes, which propagate circumferentially, resulting in measured pressure fluctuations with short wavelength and high amplitude which rotate at about half of the blade speed. The 3D vortex tube is also found to interact with the main blade leading edge, causing the reduction of the blade loading identified in the experiment. The paper also reveals that the downstream volute imposes a once-per-rev circumferential nonuniform back pressure at the impeller exit, inducing circumferential loading variation at the impeller inducer, and causing circumferential variation in the unsteady tip leakage flow.
Some Observations on the Computational Sensitivity of Rotating Cavity Flows
Authors: Hickling Tom , He Li 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Across the open literature, there is no clear consensus on what the most suitable modeling fidelity is for rotating cavity flows. Although it is a widely held opinion that unsteady Reynolds-averaged-Navier–Stokes (URANS) approaches are unsuitable, many authors have succeeded in getting reasonable heat transfer results with them. There is also a lack of research into the validity of hybrid URANS/large eddy simulation (LES) type approaches such as detached eddy simulation (DES). This paper addresses these research challenges with a systematic investigation of a rotating cavity with axial throughflow at Grashof numbers of 3.03×109 and 3.03×1011. The disk near-wall layers remained laminar at both conditions, meaning that a turbulence model should not be active in these regions. The disk heat transfer was observed to affect the near-disk aerodynamics, which in turn affect the disk heat transfer: this feedback loop implies that conjugate heat transfer computations of rotating cavities may be worth investigating. On the shroud, additional eddy viscosity in URANS and DES was found to interfere with the formation of heat transfer enhancing streaks, whilst these were always captured by LES. DES exhibited a concerning behavior at the higher Grashof number. Locally generated eddy viscosity from the shroud was injected into the bulk fluid by the radial inflow. This contaminated the entire cavity with nonphysical modeled turbulence. As the radial inflow is a characteristic feature of rotating cavity flows, these results show that caution is necessary when applying hybrid URANS/LES approaches to this type of flow.
Large Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Spray Burner Using Thickened Flame Model and Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Authors: Rezchikova Aleksandra , Mehl Cédric , Drennan Scott , Colin Olivier 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The accurate simulation of two-phase flow combustion is crucial for the design of aeronautical combustion chambers. In order to gain insight into complex interactions between a flame, a flow, and a liquid phase, the present work addresses the combustion modeling for the large eddy simulation (LES) of a turbulent spray jet flame. The Eulerian–Lagrangian framework is selected to represent the gaseous and liquid phases, respectively. Chemical processes are described by a reduced mechanism, and turbulent combustion is modeled by the thickened flame model (TFM) coupled to the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The TFM-AMR extension on the dispersed phase is successfully validated on a laminar spray flame configuration. Then, the modeling approach is evaluated on the academic turbulent spray burner, providing a good agreement with the experimental data.
On the Accuracy of Voluntary Observing Ship’s Records
Authors: Vettor Roberto , Guedes Soares C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A one-to-one comparison of the significant wave height reported by Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) with the ERA-interim database is performed. A preliminary filtering procedure allows excluding reports affected by the most evident observations’ errors and removing the systematic biases in order to clean up the database. A statistical analysis confirms the previous finding regarding the goodness of the database when analyzing average values, but also highlights a large spreading of the observations. The work identifies critical areas and conditions in which the mismatch between numerical data and observations is more significant. The pattern of the differences reveals a regional consistency with VOS overestimating the significant wave height in marginal and enclosed seas as well as in the western sides of the oceans, while showing good matches in the eastern sides and offshore areas, except in the southern oceans where VOS leads to underestimations. The causes of such differences are finally discussed.
Relation Between Atmospheric Circulation Patterns in the North Atlantic and the Sea States in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Lucas Cláudia , Bernardino Mariana , Guedes Soares C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A statistical analysis of significant wave height (Hs) in a location offshore Portugal continental coast, Leixões, is performed. The spectral and parametric information of sea states at this point used in this analysis was obtained from a 21-year hindcast simulation using the spectral wave model simulating wave nearshore (SWAN) forced by wind fields produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. The modeling of the climatic variability of directional spectra provides information of the shape of the expected directional spectra in the various sea states at these locations, i.e., how the spectral parameters and their probability of occurrence change in the regions studied. The occurrences of spectral classes are estimated, and for each class, the variability of the spectral parameters is described by means of joint distributions. The classification of the different sea states provides important information about the wave conditions present in the target areas. A relation between the sea states and the Lamb weather types (WTs) as well as a methodology for classifying atmospheric circulation patterns is presented in this study. The results of this study provide a description of the wave climate through demonstration of the interaction between sea states and weather patterns and relating different circulation patterns to different sea states. This study provides useful information on the wave conditions that can be utilized in the design of ocean engineering structures as well as in the assessment of the operability and safety of shipping and renewable energy devices.
Numerical Investigation on the Cage-to-Cage Wake Effect: A Case Study of a 4 × 2 Cage Array
Authors: Sim Jaesub , Cheng Hui , Aarsæther Karl Gunnar , Li Lin , Ong Muk Chen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Aquaculture has been the world’s fastest-growing food producing method and grown to become the second-largest export industry in Norway during the past 40 years. Usually, the high-value fish such as Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) is raised in a multi-cage fish farm, where the flow interactions between fish cages exist. In this study, the interactions between fish cages are implemented into the numerical program, FhSim, to investigate its influences on the responses of a multi-cage fish farm. Tensions in anchor lines, drag force, and cultivation volume of each cage in a full-scale 4 × 2 multi-cage fish farms under different flow directions are analyzed numerically. The discrepancies of the responses based on three cases, i.e., (i) without any wake effects, (ii) with only cage-to-cage wake effect, and (iii) with all the wake effects, are compared and discussed. The results indicate that neglecting the wake effects will overestimate the total drag force of the eight cages up to 128% and underestimate the total cultivation volume of the eight cages as much as 42%. This study can provide suggestions on how to consider the wake effects during the design of the multiple-cage system.
HapticWall: An Encountered-Type Two-Dimensional Vertical System for Virtual Reality
Authors: Li Yuwei , Kim David Donghyun , Anthony Brian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We present HapticWall, an encountered-type, motor actuated vertical two-dimensional system that enables both small and large scale physical interactions in virtual reality. HapticWall consists of a motor-actuated vertical two-dimensional gantry system that powers the physical proxy for the virtual counterpart. The physical proxy, combined with the HapticWall system, can be used to provide both small and large scale haptic feedbacks for virtual reality in the vertical space. Haptic Wall is capable of providing wall-like haptic feedback and interactions in the vertical space. We created two virtual reality applications to demonstrate the application of the HapticWall system. Preliminary user feedback was collected to evaluate the performance and the limitations of the HapticWall system. The results of our study are presented in this paper. The outcome of this research will provide better understanding of multi-scale haptic interfaces in the vertical space for virtual reality and guide the future development of the HapticWall system.