bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance Reveals Little Spread From a Large University Campus to the Surrounding Community
Authors: Valesano Andrew L , Fitzsimmons William J , Blair Christopher N , Woods Robert J , Gilbert Julie , Rudnik Dawn , Mortenson Lindsey , Friedrich Thomas C , O’Connor David H , MacCannell Duncan R , Petrie Joshua G , Martin Emily T , Lauring Adam S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had high incidence rates at institutions of higher education (IHE) in the United States, but the transmission dynamics in these settings are poorly understood. It remains unclear to what extent IHE-associated outbreaks have contributed to transmission in nearby communities.

Methods
We implemented high-density prospective genomic surveillance to investigate these dynamics at the University of Michigan and the surrounding community during the Fall 2020 semester (August 16–November 24). We sequenced complete severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes from 1659 individuals, including 468 students, representing 20% of cases in students and 25% of total cases in Washtenaw County over the study interval.

Results
Phylogenetic analysis identified &gt;200 introductions into the student population, most of which were not related to other student cases. There were 2 prolonged student transmission clusters, of 115 and 73 individuals, that spanned multiple on-campus residences. Remarkably, &lt;5% of nonstudent genomes were descended from student clusters, and viral descendants of student cases were rare during a subsequent wave of infections in the community.

Conclusions
The largest outbreaks among students at the University of Michigan did not significantly contribute to the rise in community cases in Fall 2020. These results provide valuable insights into SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics at the regional level.
Lower SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding following COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers in Los Angeles, California
Authors: Adamson Paul C , Pfeffer Michael A , Arboleda Valerie A , Garner Omai B , de St. Maurice Annabelle , von Bredow Benjamin , Flint Jonathan , Kruglyak Leonid , Currier Judith S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Among 880 healthcare workers with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, 264 (30.0%) infections were identified following receipt of at least one vaccine dose. Median SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values were highest among individuals receiving two vaccine doses, corresponding to lower viral shedding. Vaccination might lead to lower transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2.
High Mortality During the Second Wave of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Uganda: Experience From a National Referral COVID-19 Treatment Unit
Authors: Bongomin Felix , Fleischer Brian , Olum Ronald , Natukunda Barbra , Kiguli Sarah , Byakika-Kibwika Pauline , Baluku Joseph Baruch , Nakwagala Frederick Nelson 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
We evaluated clinical outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the second wave of the pandemic in a national COVID-19 treatment unit (CTU) in Uganda.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients hospitalized at the Mulago National Referral Hospital CTU between May 1 and July 11, 2021. We performed Kaplan-Meier analysis to evaluate all-cause in-hospital mortality.

Results
Of the 477 participants, 247 (52%) were female, 15 (3%) had received at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, and 223 (46%) had at least 1 comorbidity. The median age was 52 (interquartile range, 41–65) years. More than 80% of the patients presented with severe (19%, n=91) or critical (66%, n=315) COVID-19 illness. Overall, 174 (37%) patients died. Predictors of all-cause in-hospital mortality were as follows; age ≥50 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–3.2; P=.011), oxygen saturation at admission of ≥92% (aOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.91–0.95; P&lt;.001), and admission pulse rate of ≥100 beats per minute (aOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.02; P=.042). The risk of death was 1.4-fold higher in female participants compared with their male counterparts (hazards ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0–2.0; P=.025).

Conclusions
In this cohort, where the majority of the patients presented with severe or critical illness, more than one third of the patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at a national CTU died of the illness.
Antibiotic Use in Patients With β-Lactam Allergies and Pneumonia: Impact of an Antibiotic Side Chain–Based Cross-Reactivity Chart Combined With Enhanced Allergy Assessment
Authors: Collins Curtis D , Bookal Renee S , Malani Anurag N , Leo Harvey L , Shankar Tara , Scheidel Caleb , West Nina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
β-lactam antibiotics with dissimilar R-group side chains are associated with low cross-reactivity. Despite this, patients with β-lactam allergies are often treated with non-β-lactam alternative antibiotics. An institutional β-lactam side chain–based cross-reactivity chart was developed and implemented to guide in antibiotic selection for patients with β-lactam allergies.

Methods
This single-center, retrospective cohort study analyzed the impact of the implementation of the cross-reactivity chart for patients with pneumonia. Study time periods were defined as January 2013 to October 2014 prior to implementation of the chart (historical cohort) and January 2017 to October 2018 (intervention cohort) following implementation. The primary outcome was the incidence of β-lactam utilization between time periods. Propensity-weighted scoring and interrupted time-series analyses compared outcomes.

Results
A total of 341 and 623 patient encounters were included in the historical and intervention cohorts, respectively. There was a significantly greater use of β-lactams in the intervention cohort (70.4% vs 89.3%; P &lt; .001) and decreased use of alternative therapy (58.1% vs 36%; P &lt; .001). There was no difference in overall allergic reactions between cohorts (2.4% vs 1.6%; P = .738) or in reactions caused by β-lactams (1.3% vs 0.9%; P = .703). Inpatient mortality increased (0% vs 6.4%; P &lt; .001); however, no deaths were due to allergic reactions. Healthcare facility–onset Clostridioides difficile infections decreased between cohorts (1.2% vs 0.2%; P = .032).

Conclusions
Implementation of a β-lactam side chain–based cross-reactivity chart and enhanced allergy assessment was associated with increased use of β-lactams in patients with pneumonia without increasing allergic reactions.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate regulates SCAB1-mediated F-actin reorganization during stomatal closure in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yang Yongqing , Zhao Yi , Zheng Wenna , Zhao Yang , Zhao Shuangshuang , Wang Qiannan , Bai Li , Zhang Tianren , Huang Shanjin , Song Chunpeng , Yuan Ming , Guo Yan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStomatal movement is critical for plant responses to environmental changes and is regulated by the important signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is not well understood. In this study, we show that PI3P binds to stomatal closure-related actin-binding protein1 (SCAB1), a plant-specific F-actin-binding and -bundling protein, and inhibits the oligomerization of SCAB1 to regulate its activity on F-actin in guard cells during stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. SCAB1 binds specifically to PI3P, but not to other phosphoinositides. Treatment with wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide kinase that generates PI3P, leads to an increase of the intermolecular interaction and oligomerization of SCAB1, stabilization of F-actin, and retardation of F-actin reorganization during abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. When the binding activity of SCAB1 to PI3P is abolished, the mutated proteins do not rescue the stability and realignment of F-actin regulated by SCAB1 and the stomatal closure in the scab1 mutant. The expression of PI3P biosynthesis genes is consistently induced when the plants are exposed to drought and ABA treatments. Furthermore, the binding of PI3P to SCAB1 is also required for vacuolar remodeling during stomatal closure. Our results illustrate a PI3P-regulated pathway during ABA-induced stomatal closure, which involves the mediation of SCAB1 activity in F-actin reorganization.
Effects of compound stimulation of fluid shear stress plus ultrasound on stem cell proliferation and osteogenesis
Authors: Jing Lingzhi , Fan Suna , Yao Xiang , Zhang Yaopeng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBone tissue with strong adaptability is often in a complex dynamical microenvironment in vivo, which is associated with the pathogenesis and treatment of orthopedic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the effects of corresponding compound stimulation on cell behaviors. Herein, a fluid shear stress (FSS) plus ultrasound stimulation platform suitable for cell studies based on a microfluidic chip was constructed and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) was chosen as a model cell. The proliferation and osteogenesis of BMSCs under the compound stimulation of FSS plus ultrasound in growth medium without any soluble induction factors were firstly investigated. Single FSS stimulation and static culture conditions were also examined. Results illustrated that suitable single FSS stimulation (about 0.06 dyn/cm2) could significantly enhance cell proliferation and osteogenesis simultaneously when compared to the static control, while greater FSS mitigated or even restricted these enhancing effects. Interestingly, ultrasound stimulation combined with this suitable FSS stimulation further accelerated cell proliferation as the intensity of ultrasound increasing. As for the osteogenesis under compound stimulation, it was relatively restricted under lower ultrasound intensity (about 0.075 W/cm2), while promoted when the intensity became higher (about 1.75 W/cm2). This study suggests that both the cell proliferation and osteogenesis are very responsive to the magnitudes of FSS and ultrasound stimulations and can be both significantly enhanced by proper combination strategies. Moreover, these findings will provide valuable references for the construction of effective cell bioreactors and also the treatment of orthopedic diseases.
Multi-asset Noisy Rational Expectations Equilibrium with Contingent Claims
Authors: Chabakauri Georgy , Yuan Kathy , Zachariadis Konstantinos E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study a noisy rational expectations equilibrium in a multi-asset economy populated by informed and uninformed investors and noise traders. The assets can include state contingent claims such as Arrow–Debreu securities, assets with only positive payoffs, options or other derivative securities. The probabilities of states depend on an aggregate shock, which is observed only by the informed investor. We derive a three-factor CAPM with asymmetric information, establish conditions under which asset prices reveal information about the shock, and show that information asymmetry amplifies the effects of payoff skewness on asset returns. We also find that volatility derivatives make incomplete markets effectively complete, and their prices quantify market illiquidity and shadow value of information to uninformed investors.
Analgesic prescribing in patients with inflammatory arthritis in England: an observational study using electronic healthcare record data
Authors: Scott Ian C , Bailey James , White Christopher R , Mallen Christian D , Muller Sara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
International data suggest inflammatory arthritis (IA) pain management frequently involves opioid prescribing, despite little evidence of efficacy, and potential harms. We evaluated analgesic prescribing in English National Health Service-managed patients with IA.

Methods
Repeated cross-sectional analyses in the Consultations in Primary Care Archive (primary care consultation and prescription data in nine general practices from 2000 to 2015) evaluated the annual prevalence of analgesic prescriptions in: (i) IA cases (RA, PsA or axial spondyloarthritis [SpA]), and (ii) up to five age-, sex- and practice-matched controls. Analgesic prescriptions were classified into basic, opioids, gabapentinoids and oral NSAIDs, and sub-classified into chronic and intermittent (≥3 and 1–2 prescriptions per calendar year, respectively).

Results
In 2000, there were 594 cases and 2652 controls, rising to 1080 cases and 4703 controls in 2015. In all years, most (65.3–78.5%) cases received analgesics, compared with fewer (37.5–41.1%) controls. Opioid prescribing in cases fell between 2000 and 2015 but remained common with 45.4% (95% CI: 42.4%, 48.4%) and 32.9% (95% CI: 29.8%, 36.0%) receiving at least 1 and ≥3 opioid prescriptions, respectively, in 2015. Gabapentinoid prescription prevalence in cases increased from 0% in 2000 to 9.5% (95% CI: 7.9%, 11.4%) in 2015, and oral NSAID prescription prevalence fell from 53.7% (95% CI: 49.6%, 57.8%) in 2000 to 25.0% (95% CI: 22.4%, 27.7%) in 2015. Across years, analgesic prescribing was commoner in RA than PsA/axial SpA, and 1.7–2.0 times higher in cases than controls.

Conclusions
Analgesic prescribing in IA is common. This is at variance with existing evidence of analgesic efficacy and risks, and guidelines. Interventions are needed to improve analgesic prescribing in this population.
The White View of Black America: Three Forms of Prejudice
Authors: Chatterjee Esha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the contemporary racial attitudes of white American adults towards black Americans, using data from the General Social Surveys and classifies these attitudes using latent class analysis. The purpose of the analysis is to resolve ongoing debates between (a) those who contend that overt forms of racism have largely been replaced by more socially acceptable forms of racism, and (b) those who contend that overt forms of racism are still so strong in the United States that even the survey form can successfully detect them. Consistent with the second of these two views, a full 55.6 percent of the population adopts a pattern of responses consistent with deeply essentialist accounts of racial inequality.
The efficacy of peer-led oral health programs based on Social Cognitive Theory and Health Belief Model among Hong Kong adolescents: a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Authors: Xiang Bilu , Wong Hai Ming , McGrath Colman P J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Oral diseases are preventable through the building of good oral health behaviors. Theory-based behavior change was key to the efficacy of oral health promotion since conventional promotion strategies achieved only short-lived and limited improvements. The objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of a peer-led oral health intervention based on the health belief model (HBM) and the social cognitive theory (SCT) on oral self-care behaviors among Hong Kong adolescents. One thousand one hundred and eighty-four adolescents in 12 schools participated and were randomly assigned to either intervention or control group, utilizing a cluster-randomized controlled trial design. Brushing/flossing frequency, HBM/SCT constructs, oral health knowledge, and dental anxiety were measured at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Changes in behaviors were assessed using mixed-effects model and the mediators of behavioral change were identified with parallel multiple mediation analysis. At 6 months, the intervention group showed a significant increase in the frequency of brushing and flossing compared with the control group. Self-efficacy was identified as mediator between treatment condition and behavioral changes of brushing and flossing. Combining theories of HBM and SCT is a promising avenue for efficacy in oral health behaviors. The effects were mediated through cognitive variables, which provided guidance for both theory and health intervention development.
Process evaluation of a medical assistant health coaching intervention for type 2 diabetes in diverse primary care settings
Authors: Clark Taylor L , Fortmann Addie L , Philis-Tsimikas Athena , Bodenheimer Thomas , Savin Kimberly L , Sandoval Haley , Bravin Julia I , Gallo Linda C 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Team-based models that use medical assistants (MAs) to provide self-management support for adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have not been pragmatically tested in diverse samples. This cluster-randomized controlled trial compares MA health coaching with usual care in adults with T2D and poor clinical control (“MAC Trial”). The purpose was to conduct a multi-method process evaluation of the MAC Trial using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework. Reach was assessed by calculating the proportion of enrolled participants out of the eligible pool and examining representativeness of those enrolled. Key informant interviews documented adoption by MA Health Coaches. We examined implementation from the research and patient perspectives by evaluating protocol adherence and the Patient Perceptions of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC-SF) measure, respectively. Findings indicate that the MAC Trial was efficient and effective in reaching patients who were representative of the target population. The acceptance rate among those approached for health coaching was high (87%). Both MA Health Coaches reported high satisfaction with the program and high levels of confidence in their role. The intervention was well-implemented, as evidenced by the protocol adherence rate of 79%; however, statistically significant changes in PACIC-SF scores were not observed. Overall, if found to be effective in improving clinical and patient-reported outcomes, the MAC model holds potential for wider-scale implementation given its successful adoption and implementation and demonstrated ability to reach patients with poorly controlled T2D who are at-risk for diabetes complications in diverse primary care settings.
Identifying a system-neutral meaning of a title transfer financial collateral arrangement in the Financial Collateral Directive
Authors: Ezike Obiora 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
European Union (EU) directives adopt a functional method. This implies that they are drafted on the assumptions that implementing laws are functionally equivalent and, crucially, that the concepts they contain are system neutral without doctrinal commitment. This article primarily tests these assumptions by exploring the definition of title transfer financial collateral arrangements (TTFCA) in the Financial Collateral Directive. It is argued that the Directive offers a stable meaning of a TTFCA that can be identified in most systems, although, in some cases, there are slight conceptual tensions that require a more contextual, rather than a functional, perspective.
A New Framework for Practice–Academic Partnerships During the Pandemic—and into the Future
Authors: Spector Nancy M. , Buck Michelle , Phipps Sarah 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many health care facilities closed their doors to nursing students, depriving them of the experience of caring for patients, a foundation of nursing education. The purpose of this article is to report on how the National Council of State Boards of Nursing convened nurse leaders from around the country to explore this problem and develop possible solutions.
Coming together virtually, these leaders recommended a national model, the practice–academic partnership, to provide nursing students with in-person clinical experiences during the pandemic. This model is unique in its recognition of the important role of nursing regulatory bodies in these partnerships. The practice–academic partnership model creates clinical education opportunities for students during a public health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, the model could be applied to meet the chronic challenges nursing education programs have often faced in securing clinical sites, even in the absence of a global or national public health emergency. We provide the context in which the practice–academic partnership model was developed, along with keys to its successful implementation and suggestions for its evaluation. We also discuss the implications of using this model once the pandemic ends.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Future of Nursing Education
Authors: Leaver Cynthia A. , Stanley Joan M. , Goodwin Veenema Tener 
Published: November 2021

Nursing is the largest health profession, with nearly 4 million providers practicing across acute, primary, and public health care settings. In response to the pandemic, nursing schools halted on-site course delivery and redesigned programs to attenuate risks to students and faculty. Key challenges faced by schools included financial cutbacks, rapid increases in online learning technology, maintaining student academic progression, disruption to clinical learning opportunities, and meeting accreditation standards, while addressing the stress and loss experienced by faculty, staff, and students. Despite challenges, nursing organizations provided guidance for decision making, new learning resources, and faculty development opportunities. Schools of nursing leveraged their resources to redesign nursing curricula, strengthen partnerships for student clinical experiences, and address needs of the community.
Nursing education will look different from its prepandemic profile in the future. Lessons learned during the pandemic point to gaps in nursing education, particularly related to disaster and public health preparedness, health equity, and technology. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing’s new Essentials—standards for professional nursing education—were finalized during the pandemic and reflect these lessons. The need for nurse scientists to conduct emergency response research was made evident. The importance of strong academic–practice partnerships was highlighted for rapid communication, flexibility, and responses to dynamic environments. For the future, nursing education and practice must collaborate to ensure that students and practicing nurses are prepared to address emergencies and pandemics, as well as the needs of vulnerable populations.