bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Traits Characterize Expert Biomedical Educators?
Authors: Dumas Kenneth D , Kibble Jonathan D 
Published: June 2021

It is well known across different cognitive domains that there are differences in the knowledge, skills and actions of experts compared to novices (1). The goal of the present study was to identify traits of expert biomedical educators, with a view to informing future faculty development activities. Two approaches were used. Firstly, a literature review was undertaken using the PubMed and ERIC databases to catalogue expert traits and thereby create a codebook of important themes. A total of 15 articles from higher education settings met search criteria, with five of them focusing on the clinical aspect of teaching, seven on medical education/basic science education specifically, and three on characteristic of all educators. Second, we performed qualitative analysis through a line‐by‐line coding of all available essays from teachers who have been recognized by the American Physiological Society, either as the Arthur C. Guyton Physiology Educator of the Year or as the Claude‐Bernard Distinguished lecturer. Results show that while the literature and the expert essays reported similar qualities, the frequencies differed between two with the top characteristics stressed by leading physiology educators being: student‐centered, active environment, and self‐reflection compared to the literature's frequent terms of: content knowledge, pedagogical competency, and ability as an assessor. These traits were also stratified into 3 more broad categories of: in‐classroom activities, outside‐of‐class activities, and trait of personality or philosophy. In most cases the identified traits are likely to require time on task to develop expertise but others such as student‐centered philosophy and reflective practice could be learned more quickly through deliberate practice.Support or Funding InformationNo FundingThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Role‐play: An innovative immune response simulation session enhances understanding of abstract principles of immunology
Authors: Dil Nyla 
Published: June 2021

Undergraduate medical education is moving towards engaging students in active learning as opposed to heavily relying on traditional lecture based pedagogy. Immunology is a complex discipline to comprehend and most entering medical students have little to no prior knowledge of this intricate discipline. We developed a novel hands‐on “immune response simulation” session to engage students in active learning of immunological principles and improve integration with medical microbiology.Students are taught didactic immunology lectures followed by this active learning session where groups of students utilize their immunology knowledge to stimulate an immune response scenario to five major classes of pathogens. Students prepare short enactments playing roles of a host immune cell or a pathogen. Faculty facilitates this learning session and administers the assessment tools. The session outcomes are evaluated by administering pre‐ and post‐immunology tests.Preliminary results indicate that there is a significant increase in immunology knowledge gained and that students were highly engaged in learning immunology through this innovative pedagogy. Our results indicate that Immune response simulation is an effective pedagogical novelty where students are actively engaged in learning complex immunological principles in a fun, hands on experiential learning session. This novel pedagogical intervention might prove valuable in engaging students in learning other physiological principles.Support or Funding InformationNo funding was received for this project.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Creating and Using “Choose‐your‐own‐experiment” Case Studies in Large Lecture Courses
Authors: Hines Justin K 
Published: June 2021

“Choose‐your‐own‐experiment” cases make use of an in‐class iterative cycle in which students choose from a set of experimental options, followed by the immediate acquisition of data, and subsequent discussion before repeating the cycle with another decision. Cases involving iterative decision‐making and evidence gathering are common in medical education and games, but uncommon in undergraduate science education. Notably this game‐like experience is implementable in regular large‐lecture courses. An additional layer of complexity can be added by limiting the ability of students or groups to gather all the data, creating a “jig‐saw” type activity and an opportunity for genuine collaboration toward a common goal. I will present an example of one such case study which is currently published and freely available for immediate use. This original case was created to increase retention and deepen learning by teaching “scientific inquiry” in life science courses. I will also discuss how this method can be easily implemented in other courses and contexts and suggest methods for other practitioners to write their own cases, drawing on my own experiences writing six cases of this type for biology and biochemistry courses. Thus the goal of this session is to aid others in the creation and implementation of content‐specific inquiry‐driven activities in the health sciences to foster increased student retention in these programs.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Acid‐Base Balance: Back to Basics
Authors: Shavit Ayal , Janssen Herb 
Published: June 2021

For decades students have struggled to understand the complexities of acid‐base balance. Facts must be learned, but more importantly concepts must be mastered. To complicate this issue, the student must appreciate the interactions between respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and the complexities involved in acid dissociation and buffering capability. The Davenport diagram provides a graphic representation of the Henderson‐Hasselbalch equation giving students a visual tool useful in understanding these complex interactions. One of the least understood components of this graph is the buffer line. The slope of the buffer line is determined by the amount of fixed buffers in the body which can decrease the extent to which new hydrogen ions alter pH. A rapid decrease in ventilation adds additional CO2 and produces acute respiratory acidosis. As can be seen on the ordinate of the Davenport diagram, the bicarbonate ion concentration can easily increase 3–4mEq/l. As this occurs, an equal amount of hydrogen ion is also produced. If it was not for the presence of fixed buffers, this would result in plasma pH≈3. The current teaching approach employs the van't Hoff Equation and the accepted rate of CO2 production in a normal individual. Using these values, it can be demonstrated that the amount of bicarbonate ions produced by reduced respiration is capable of increasing plasma bicarbonate ion by 3–4 mEq/l in several minutes. This increase in bicarbonate is independent of renal function.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Deltoid muscle innervation in cadaveric specimens: A statistical analysis of the axillary nerve entering sites—preliminary results
Authors: Hara Lucas , Akamatsu Flávia Emi , Lima Larissa Barbosa , Itezerote Ana Maria , Hojaij Flávio , Andrade Mauro , Jacomo Alfredo Luiz 
Published: June 2021

Proximal humeral fractures are relatively common in the elderly, especially when osteoporosis is present. Surgical therapy includes deltopectoral and deltoid‐splitting approaches. There was sign of denervation of the axillary nerve, in 12,5% and 25% of the patients when subjected to the deltopectoral and deltoid‐splitting approaches, respectively, even in the absence of clinical symptoms, according to one study.Another study found irreversible increase, as well as histological damage, to the axillary nerve when performing the deltoid‐splitting approach in cadavers specimens.The exact placement of the axillary nerve into the deltoid muscle in not fully comprehended. Our objective in this study is to provide a statiscal analysis for the entry points of the axillary nerve to the deltoid muscle in cadaver specimens, which could possibly have further applications in surgical therapy.The axillary nerve and deltoid muscle were dissected in 5 cadavers, exposing the entry of the axillary nerve into the deltoid muscle. The points where the axillary nerve penetrated the deltoid muscle were collected and transposed to a cartesian graph, divided in 4 quadrants, each one representing a topographic muscular area.Generalized estimation equations were assessed to compare mean points in deltoids with Poisson distribution and identity link function assuming exchangeable correlation matrix. Bonferroni multiple comparisons were used to identify differences between every 2 regions.We have concluded innervation of the deltoid innervation comes predominantly from areas 1 and 3, without significative statistical difference between right and left deltoid muscle or gender.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Using Digital Multimedia to Learn the Human Gross Anatomy: A Virtual Guide to the Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Hosseini Farshad , Oberoi Vishesh , Doroudi Majid , Vo Lien 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesWith the goal of improving students' gross anatomy learning experience, we created a visual, interactive presentation of gross anatomy of the gluteal and posterior thigh region. Our specific objectives were to provide students with some background knowledge prior to attending the lab, as well as allowing them to use the videos during the lab, and as a study resource after labs to enhance their learning and exam preparation.MethodsThe video discuss all the key anatomical structures of the gluteal and posterior thigh as defined by the first year medical undergraduate curriculum learning objectives. It also uses interactive labelling, commentary, and questions to enhance the student learning experience.ResultsSurveys were distributed amongst 290 medical students before and after they completed the lab to determine whether the videos were helpful. Over 95% of the students felt that the videos made them more prepared for the labs and enhanced their learning in the lab. They also endorsed the need for more videos for future gross anatomy labs.ConclusionGiven the positive feedback, we conclude that this visual guide served to enhance the students' gross anatomy experience, and implementing more of such resources would help with their learning and understanding of the material.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A book of VINCENT and GOIFFON on the anatomy of the horse, in 1779, Alfort (France)
Authors: LE FLOCH‐PRIGENT Patrice , NGUYEN Juliette , GILLOT Jean‐Bernard 
Published: June 2021

Antoine VINCENT and Georges GOIFFON published in 1779: “Mémoire artificielle des principes relatifs à la fidelle représentation des animaux”, (=Artificial memory of the relative principles for the representation of the animals”, in the “Ecole royale vétérinaire” (= Royal veterinarian school) of Alfort (near Paris, France). The Alain Brieux’ bookstore owned in 2018 the first and third volumes (without the second one) of the original edition of this seminal book. Georges GOIFFON cooperate only to the second volume so these two ones were entirely written and drawn by Antoine VINCENT. there were 23 large folded plates showing the anatomy and the different types of motion in the horse. The authors gave four different shapes for the horseshoes in the horse, determining by the ear and the examination of the ground prints a kind of musical scope that they named “odochronometrical” representing the successive layings and their duration. So it is a prefiguration of the works of Marey with its chronophotography. Marey recognised his scientifical debt to the works of Vincent and Goiffon. The further parts concerning other animals were never published.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Hypertelorism of Efnb1 Null Mice Occurs Independently of Changes to Underlying Brain Shape
Authors: Percival Christopher J , Devine Jay , Niethamer Terren , Bush Jeffrey 
Published: June 2021

Efnb1+/− heterozygous mice phenocopy many craniofacial characteristics of craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS), a disorder caused by heterozygous EFNB1 loss of function mutations. Because ephrin‐B1 is expressed strongly throughout the developing telencephalon in mice, we hypothesized that hypertelorism (increased distance between the eyes) in Efnb1+/− mice could be secondary to early changes in the form of the underlying cerebral cortex. This stems from the common expectation that intramembranously ossified bones surrounding the brain can accommodate unusual patterns of brain growth. We quantified the effect of the heterozygous null mutation on early facial and brain morphology from computed tomography (CT) images of iodine stained E14.5 Efnb1+/− (n=17) and control embryos (n=18). Facial size and shape were measured from manually placed landmarks using geometric morphometrics. Differences in general and local brain size were quantified across soft tissue contrasted CT image volumes using Jacobian determinants derived from the nonlinear registrations required align all specimen images. This analysis indicated that major portions of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are reduced in size in Efnb1+/− embryos compared with controls. After accounting for differences in overall brain size, we noted a particularly strong local reduction in the subpallium of the forebrain (progenitor of the basal ganglia). To test whether facial changes were secondary to brain dysmorphology in Efnb1+/− mice, we measured facial shape from CT images of unstained E14.5 embryo controls (n=20), embryos with conditional expression in neural crest derived facial tissues (Efnb1lox/+; Sox10Cre−) (n=10), and in neural tissues including the telencephalon (Efnb1lox/+ ; Sox1Cre) (n=10). Although brain size changes are evident in Efnb1+/−, there is no facial shape dysmorphology in mice with neural tissue specific Efnb1 heterozygosity. However, the facial dysmorphology in mice with neural crest Efnb1 heterozygosity are similar in direction and strength to the dysmorphology noted within the Efnb1+/− mice. Our results indicate that strong facial dysmorphology in Efnb1+/− mice is the primary result of heterozygous expression within neural crest‐derived facial tissues. While brain‐skull tissue interactions are critical during development, we should not necessarily assume that skull dysmorphology is secondary when both are affected.Support or Funding InformationThis work is supported by the NIH/NIDCR R01DE023337 and Stony Brook University startup funds to CJP.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Sex‐Specific Gene Expression in Isolated Human Cardiomyocytes under Pressure Overload
Authors: Kararigas Georgios , Lehmann Daniel , Knosalla Christoph , Gaignebet Lea 
Published: June 2021

Cardiac hypertrophy manifests differently between men and women and there are pronounced sex differences in disease progression and outcome. To better understand remodeling and elucidate underlying mechanisms, most approaches have been limited to animal models or multicellular tissue samples. However, little is known about the role of biological sex in remodeling of human cardiomyocytes. We aimed at studying gene expression in isolated human cardiomyocytes under pressure overload hypothesizing significant sex differences. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from the left ventricular (LV) septum of aortic stenosis patients (n = 34; 50% men; 67.5 ± 9.6 years old) undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement. Patients underwent 2D‐guided M‐mode transthoracic echocardiography during the week before surgery and 20.06 ± 9.7 days after surgery. We measured with qRT‐PCR structural genes, as they are involved in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, thereby influencing cardiac function. The study was conducted in conformance with the Basic Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. There was no significant difference between men and women in age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, co‐morbidities and medication. Preoperative posterior wall thickness (P = 0.02), LV end diastolic diameter (P = 0.007) and mass index (P = 0.03) were higher in men than women. At similar levels of aortic valve area index between the sexes, preoperative ejection fraction (EF) was significantly lower in men than women (P = 0.01). Postoperative EF levels improved in men reaching those of women. Male cardiomyocytes had significantly higher levels of ACTC1 (P = 0.03), CTGF (P = 0.03), GATA4 (P = 0.03), GJA1 (P = 0.03), MYH6 (P = 0.02), MYL4 (P = 0.03), NFKB1 (P = 0.01), NPPA (P = 0.03) and NPPB (P = 0.05) than female cardiomyocytes. Next, we asked whether there is an association between gene expression and postoperative EF. The expression of GATA4 (r = −0.77, P = 0.01), GJA1 (r = −0.69, P = 0.03), MYH6 (r = −0.69, P = 0.04), MYH7 (r = −0.82, P = 0.008), MYL4 (r = −0.71, P = 0.03), NPPA (r = −0.9, P = 0.001) and NPPB (r = −0.79, P = 0.01) was negatively correlated with postoperative EF in men only. In conclusion, gene expression is regulated in a sex‐specific manner in isolated cardiomyocytes of aortic stenosis patients. Compared with women, men had higher levels of maladaptive remodeling factors, which may be part of the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed sex differences in cardiac function, i.e. EF. Given the male‐specific changes in EF postoperatively, cardiomyocyte‐specific gene regulation at the time of surgery might inform disease progression.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Sox2 regulates palate development by promoting basal cell differentiation
Authors: Sweat Yan Yan , Yu Wenjie , Sun Zhao , Sweat Mason Eric , Eliason Steven L , Amendt Brad A 
Published: June 2021

With a frequency of 1:500–2,500, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial defect. In mice and humans, a complex gene regulatory network (GRN) controls the different processes required for palatogenesis. Understanding how transcription factors act as the modulators of gene expression and function in palatogenesis will lead to better genetic counseling and genetic therapies for CL/P. Our group has shown that conditionally inactivating Sox2, one of the earliest transcription factors required during embryogenesis, results in clefting of the palate and fusion of the tongue to the mandible (ankylglossia).ObjectiveTo examine the role of Sox2, a stem cell factor, in palatogenesis.MethodsUsing Pitx2cre, Sox2 was conditionally inactivated in the oral epithelial tissue of developing murine embryos. Palate development was studied during the stages of embryogenesis.ResultsThe conditional ablation of Sox2 was sufficient to generate clefting in mice. Further examination revealed that Sox2 is expressed in the P63+ basal cell population of the oral epithelium as well as the periderm, which acts to prevent oral adhesions during development. Inactivating Sox2 resulted in defective periderm formation. The loss of an intact periderm resulted in intraoral adhesions that prevented complete palate shelf extension and ankylglossia.ConclusionsSox2 is required for periderm differentiation. Inactivating Sox2 results in cleft palate and ankylglossia.Support or Funding InformationUniversity of Iowa College of DentistryNIH, NIDCRThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
EFTUD2, The Gene Responsible For Mandibulofacial Dysostosis With Microcephaly (MFDM), Is Required For Implantation And Craniofacial Development In Mouse
Authors: Beauchamp Marie‐Claude , Djedid Anissa , Daupin Kevin , Clokie Kayla , Majewski Jacek , Majewska Loydie Jerome 
Published: June 2021

Haploinsufficiency of EFTUD2 is associated with MFDM (mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly), but the etiology of this syndrome remains unknown. Our goal is to determine the tissue and temporal specific expression and requirement for Eftud2 during craniofacial development. We used RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization to examine expression of Eftud2 during embryogenesis. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we designed guide RNAs to generate mice with deletion (Eftud2 del) and conditional mutation of exon 2 of Eftud2 (Eftud2 flox). At embryonic day (E) 7.5 and 8.5 of mouse development, Eftud2 was highly expressed in both ectodermal and mesodermal components of the developing head and craniofacial region, by E9.5 Eftud2 was more broadly expressed, in the body wall and developing heart. Eftud2 del heterozygous mice and embryos were viable and fertile and showed a 38% and a 30% reduction of Eftud2 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Before the onset of organogenesis, Eftud2 del heterozygous embryos had reduced number of somites when compared to their wild type litter mates, indicating a delay in development. Noticeably, RNA sequencing revealed that Eftud2 was the only transcript significantly affected in these heterozygous mice. Eftud2 del homozygous mutant embryos did not implant and failed to grow and hatch ex vivo. Next, we used the Wnt1‐Cre2 transgenic line to delete exon 2 of Eftud2 specifically in the neural crest cells. Eftud2 flox heterozygous embryos carrying the Wnt‐Cre2 transgene were normal. However, Eftud2 flox homozygous mutant embryos that also carry the Wnt1‐Cre2 transgene displayed hypoplasia of the midbrain and pharyngeal arches starting as early as E9.5. By E11.5, most of these embryos showed an open neural tube, all embryos showed exencephaly at E14.5. Cartilage preparations revealed an absence of cartilage in the head, reduced/or absence of Meckel's cartilage, and abnormal inner ear development. Crosses with the Rosa26R mice reporter line, revealed reduced neural crest cell migration into the pharyngeal region at E10.5. Since the mutation designed is predicted to generate a truncated protein with partial function, our data suggest that normal levels of Eftud2 is crucial during embryogenesis. Future studies are focused on determining the molecular and transcriptional basis of MFDM using this mouse model.Support or Funding InformationCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.