bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fasting C‐peptide values among adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Authors: Soni Priya Y. , Wang Yumin , Eckert George J. , Ismail Heba M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimTo report fasting C‐peptide values and variations across demographics in healthy non‐diabetic adolescents included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) dataset.Research Design and MethodsIn this analysis, we used fasting C‐peptide data from the 1999 to 2004 NHANES dataset for participants aged 12 to <18 years (n = 2063).ResultsThe mean ± SE age of the participants was 14.99 ± 0.06 years. The participants included 992 girls and 1071 boys, and more than 80% of participants had a body mass index (BMI) percentile of <85%. Among boys, the most notable finding was the increase in geometric mean C‐peptide level from 0.51 nmol/L at age 12, to 0.65 nmol/L at age 15 years. Among girls, levels fluctuated around a geometric mean of 0.67 nmol/L. Girls had significantly higher mean log‐transformed C‐peptide concentrations than boys (P < 0.0001) after adjusting for age, race and BMI percentile category. After adjusting for age and BMI percentile category, non‐Hispanic Black boys and girls had significantly lower C‐peptide levels than non‐Hispanic White (P = 0.0026 and P = 0.0093) and Mexican American boys and girls (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001), respectively. Despite these findings, both insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance were greater in non‐Hispanic Black compared to non‐Hispanic White participants.ConclusionsHere we describe fasting C‐peptide levels in a non‐diabetic adolescent population. These data provide crucial insight into evaluating racial differences in endogenous insulin release and clearance and will provide novel information which can be used in assessing residual β‐cell function and response to intervention therapy.
Long‐term safety and efficacy of imeglimin as monotherapy or in combination with existing antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (TIMES 2): A 52‐week, open‐label, multicentre phase 3 trial
Authors: Dubourg Julie , Fouqueray Pascale , Quinslot Damien , Grouin Jean‐Marie , Kaku Kohei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of imeglimin for 52 weeks as monotherapy or combination therapy with existing antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsTIMES 2 was a phase 3, pivotal, open‐label trial including patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled despite diet/exercise or despite treatment with a single agent from one of several available classes of antidiabetic drugs along with diet/exercise. All patients received imeglimin 1000 mg twice‐daily orally for 52 weeks as monotherapy or combination therapy. The primary endpoint was safety (adverse events, laboratory results, ECG). The secondary endpoints were changes from baseline in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose at week 52.ResultsA total of 714 patients received the following treatments: imeglimin monotherapy (n = 134), combination with an α‐glucosidase inhibitor (n = 64), biguanide (n = 64), dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor (DPP4‐I; n = 63), glinide (n = 64), glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP1‐RA; n = 70), sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor (n = 63), sulphonylurea (n = 127), or thiazolidinedione (n = 65). The percentage of patients experiencing at least one treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE) was 75.5%. Most of these events were mild or moderate in intensity. Serious TEAEs, none of them related to the study drug, occurred in 5.6% of all patients. No clinically significant changes in ECG, vital signs, physical examination, or laboratory tests were noted in any groups. At week 52, HbA1c decreased by 0.46% with imeglimin monotherapy, by 0.56%‐0.92% with imeglimin as oral combination therapy, and by 0.12% with injectable GLP1‐RA combination therapy. The greatest net HbA1c reduction (0.92%) occurred in patients receiving a DPP4‐I in combination with imeglimin.ConclusionsImeglimin provides well‐tolerated, long‐term safety and efficacy in both monotherapy and oral combination therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Cyclical variation in US government spending multipliers
Authors: Lyu Yifei , Noh Eul 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo estimate state‐dependent US output multipliers of government spending, we build a Markov‐switching fiscal VAR assuming that the economy is subject to unobservable regime shifts. We combine variables in the VAR and external qualitative indicators to infer the regimes and find that they match well with the business cycle. To account for the possibility of regime shifts after a shock, we compute generalized impulse responses using a novel recursive method. We find the multipliers smaller than 1 in both regimes, but statistically larger in recessions than in expansions. We reconcile our results with the main findings in the previous studies.
Egg size is a good predictor of parental care behaviour among bony fishes
Authors: Iglesias‐Rios Ricardo , Lobón‐Cervià Javier , do Amaral Cesar Rogerio Leal , Garber Rogerio , Mazzoni Rosana 
Published: December 2021

AbstractParental care is a major feature in the evolution of life‐history traits and appears highly associated with the trade‐off between egg number and size. It has been a controversial issue in studies about reproductive strategy and is deemed to have evolved multiple times, both in aquatic and terrestrial taxa. To explore relationships between parental care and egg size, we examined 313 species of bony fishes, including 152 species with parental care and 161 species without parental care. We mapped parental care onto a maximum likelihood (ML) unrooted phylogeny and analysed egg size and numbers data set using a logistic regression. The phylogenetically controlled analyses revealed that parental care is dispersed along with the retrieved phylogeny and that at least four distinct lineages parallel evolved from non‐parental care lineages to parental care ones. The results of the logistic regression highlighted that egg size can be used as a good predictor of parental care and that there is a strong and consistent threshold in egg size transition between parental and non‐parental care fishes. We conclude that egg size predicts parental care in bony fish and that egg size distribution is polymodal within parental care species probably reflecting the variation in the amount of energy used for care. To advance the knowledge about the hypotheses raised in this study, it would be important to gather information about more species and their respective number and size of eggs and the presence/absence of parental care.
Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats
Authors: Staude Ingmar R. , Pereira Henrique M. , Daskalova Gergana N. , Bernhardt‐Römermann Markus , Diekmann Martin , Pauli Harald , Van Calster Hans , Vellend Mark , Bjorkman Anne D. , Brunet Jörg , De Frenne Pieter , Hédl Radim , Jandt Ute , Lenoir Jonathan , Myers‐Smith Isla H. , Verheyen Kris , Wipf Sonja , Wulf Monika , Andrews Christopher , Barančok Peter , Barni Elena , Benito‐Alonso José‐Luis , Bennie Jonathan , Berki Imre , Blüml Volker , Chudomelová Markéta , Decocq Guillaume , Dick Jan , Dirnböck Thomas , Durak Tomasz , Eriksson Ove , Erschbamer Brigitta , Graae Bente Jessen , Heinken Thilo , Schei Fride Høistad , Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Kopecký Martin , Kudernatsch Thomas , Macek Martin , Malicki Marek , Máliš František , Michelsen Ottar , Naaf Tobias , Nagel Thomas A. , Newton Adrian C. , Nicklas Lena , Oddi Ludovica , Ortmann‐Ajkai Adrienne , Palaj Andrej , Petraglia Alessandro , Petřík Petr , Pielech Remigiusz , Porro Francesco , Puşcaş Mihai , Reczyńska Kamila , Rixen Christian , Schmidt Wolfgang , Standovár Tibor , Steinbauer Klaus , Świerkosz Krzysztof , Teleki Balázs , Theurillat Jean‐Paul , Turtureanu Pavel Dan , Ursu Tudor‐Mihai , Vanneste Thomas , Vergeer Philippine , Vild Ondřej , Villar Luis , Vittoz Pascal , Winkler Manuela , Baeten Lander 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSpecies turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller‐ by larger‐ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient‐demanding species, with species from nutrient‐rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller‐ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community‐scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.
Resistance and change in a High Arctic ecosystem, NW Greenland: Differential sensitivity of ecosystem metrics to 15 years of experimental warming and wetting
Authors: Jespersen Robert Gus , Leffler Alan Joshua , Väisänen Maria , Welker Jeffrey M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDramatic increases in air temperature and precipitation are occurring in the High Arctic (>70°N), yet few studies have characterized the long‐term responses of High Arctic ecosystems to the interactive effects of experimental warming and increased rain. Beginning in 2003, we applied a factorial summer warming and wetting experiment to a polar semidesert in northwest Greenland. In summer 2018, we assessed several metrics of ecosystem structure and function, including plant cover, greenness, ecosystem CO2 exchange, aboveground (leaf, stem) and belowground (litter, root, soil) carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations (%) and pools, as well as leaf and soil stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N). Wetting induced the most pronounced changes in ecosystem structure, accelerating the expansion of Salix arctica cover by 370% and increasing aboveground C, N, and biomass pools by 94%–101% and root C, N, and biomass pools by 60%–122%, increases which coincided with enhanced net ecosystem CO2 uptake. Further, wetting combined with warming enhanced plot‐level greenness, whereas in isolation neither wetting nor warming had an effect. At the plant level, the effects of warming and wetting differed among species and included warming‐linked decreases in leaf N and δ15N in S. arctica, whereas leaf N and δ15N in Dryas integrifolia did not respond to the climate treatments. Finally, neither plant‐ nor plot‐level C and N allocation patterns nor soil C, N, δ13C, or δ15N concentrations changed in response to our manipulations, indicating that these ecosystem metrics may resist climate change, even in the longer term. In sum, our results highlight the importance of summer precipitation in regulating ecosystem structure and function in arid parts of the High Arctic, but they do not completely refute previous findings of resistance in some High Arctic ecosystem properties to climate change.
Improving ceramic additive manufacturing via machine learning‐enabled closed‐loop control
Authors: Zhang Zhaolong , Yang Zhaotong , Sisson Richard D. , Liang Jianyu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAdvanced ceramic products are widely used in aerospace, automotive, electronic, laboratory equipment, and other industries. To achieve the geometric complexity and desirable properties that are difficult to obtain by conventional manufacturing methods, ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) methods have been studied intensively in recent years. However, the adaptive control with feedback is not currently implemented in any commercially available ceramic three‐dimensional printer. Robocasting is one of the most widely utilized constant‐volumetric‐flow AM processes for creating various ceramic materials at a low cost. This study employed robocasting as a model to implement an adaptive control with a feedback loop in the ceramic AM process. In this research, processing load that was proportional to the processing pressure, width of the print, and length of extrusion were selected to be representative of process signal, quality signal, and control parameter, respectively. First, a database of the load and extrusion length was established. An artificial neural network model was created using that established database. The data‐driven, closed‐loop control was integrated into the robocasting process. Finally, the improvement was validated by comparing the quality of the prints produced by both the closed‐loop process with the adaptive control and the open‐loop process without the adaptive control.
Water content in diet affects growth and timing of female first mating, but not coloration, in the admirable grasshopper (Syrbula admirabilis)
Authors: de la Hera Iván , Reichert Michael S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how water limitation affects the performance of herbivorous insects is relevant in a context of worldwide alterations of rainfall regimes due to climate change. Apart from its influence on insect growth and development, water availability has also been considered a cue for color polyphenism in some species. This is the case of the grassland‐inhabiting admirable grasshopper (Syrbula admirabilis), for which water content in plant tissues, a potentially reliable cue to predict future vegetation conditions, has been proposed to determine the frequency of green–brown color morphs. We performed an experiment that manipulated water content of the diet (dry/wet treatment) in a group of individually monitored admirable grasshoppers to explore the effects on imago size, timing of female first mating, and coloration. Our results showed that grasshoppers in the wet treatment achieved larger sizes, and females mated comparatively earlier, than their counterparts in the dry treatment. We also found that hue (the dominant color) in imagines was significantly lower (browner) than in nymphs, but the magnitude of this color shift did not differ between treatments. This study supports the idea that water limitation has a negative impact on grasshopper growth and development, but rules out dietary water content as a cue for color polyphenism. This result encourages additional research to assess the actual contribution of environmental and genetic factors to color determination in admirable grasshoppers. Such information could help to better understand how color polymorphism is maintained in natural populations and to predict how it could evolve in a future in which environmental conditions will become more unpredictable.
Phase stability of pre‐irradiated CeO2 with swift heavy ions under high pressure up to 45 GPa
Authors: Lan Jianxiong , Zhai Pengfei , Nan Shuai , Xu Lijun , Niu Jingjing , Tian Cheng , Li Zongzhen , Li Weixing , Liu Jie , Ewing Rodney Charles 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe effect of defects on the high‐pressure behavior of materials is fundamental to understanding and designing materials for extreme environments. Previous work has demonstrated that radiation damage can enhance phase stability or alter the transformation pathway. Here, we report the high‐pressure phase stability of CeO2 irradiated by swift heavy ions. CeO2 is of particular interest because it can be used as a non‐radioactive surrogate for UO2 and PuO2. High‐pressure Raman spectroscopy shows that low‐fluence ion irradiated CeO2 exhibits nearly the same high‐pressure behavior as unirradiated CeO2; whereas, after high‐fluence irradiation, the phase stability of CeO2 is significantly enhanced, with the critical phase transition pressure increased from 31.7 to 37.3 GPa and only about 7% high‐pressure phase transition fraction at 45.1 GPa. In comparison with the high‐pressure Raman results of pre‐irradiated CeO2 before and after 573, 1073, and 1 273 K annealing in air, we propose that large interstitial‐type defect clusters, such as dislocation loops formed in heavily‐irradiated CeO2, are predominately responsible for the increased phase stability at high pressures.
‘A Force for Good’: The Narrative Construction of Ethical EU–Vietnam Trade Relations
Authors: Nessel Camille , Verhaeghe Elke 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPolitical representation of problems includes an aim to control an audience's impressions and create a societally‐acceptable social reality. This paper analyses the narrative construction of ethical trade between the European Union (EU) and Vietnam. As an undemocratic Other, Vietnam has been sharply criticized for its human rights record by civil society and Members of European Parliament. Yet, the EU recently concluded two trade agreements with Vietnam. We argue that, unchallenged by the European Parliament, the European Commission created a performative 'story of change' for its European audience by simultaneously appealing to underlying 'neoliberal' and 'development' paradigms. In this narrative, the EU and Vietnam star as the main characters, who, in their joint attempts to make bilateral trade 'a force for good', live moments of heroism, encounter fleeting instances of victimhood, and defeat villains on the path to ethical trade.
Development of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with periodontitis in early pregnancy: A population‐based clinical study
Authors: Liu Fen , Sui Wen , Zhou Zhi‐Fei , Mi Yang , He Tong‐Qiang , Li Zhi‐Bin , Hong Yong‐Long , Chen Fa‐Ming 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimThis study aimed to determine whether periodontitis in early pregnancy and periodontal therapy during gestation affect the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) through a population‐based clinical study.Materials and methodsSubjects without periodontitis at 1–4 weeks of gestation who met our inclusion criteria were enrolled in the non‐periodontitis group. Periodontitis patients who agreed or refused to receive periodontal therapy during pregnancy were separately enrolled in the periodontitis treated or untreated group. At 12–16 weeks of gestation, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and venous blood were collected for analyses of bacterial species and serum inflammatory mediators, respectively. At 24–28 weeks of gestation, GDM patients were identified by oral glucose tolerance tests. The association tests were performed using Chi‐squared statistics and regression analyses.ResultsThe complete data of 3523 pregnant women were recorded during the study period. GDM incidence among the untreated periodontitis participants (84/749, 11.21%) was significantly higher than that among the non‐periodontitis participants (108/2255, 4.79%) (p < .05), and periodontal treatment during gestation reduced the incidence from 11.21% (untreated group) to 7.32% (38/519, treated group) (p < .05). Based on multiple logistic regression analyses, it was found that periodontitis in early pregnancy was associated with GDM, and three‐step regression analyses showed that Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and the serum TNF‐α and IL‐8 levels played a role in the association between untreated periodontitis and GDM. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation test indicated that the existence of P. gingivalis in GCF was positively correlated with high serum levels of these two inflammatory mediators.ConclusionsThis study establishes a connection between periodontitis in early pregnancy and GDM and demonstrates that the presence of P. gingivalis is associated with high levels of inflammatory mediators in serum, and thereby may contribute to the development of GDM. In‐depth mechanistic studies are needed to further support these findings.
Replacement of an existing maxillary anterior fixed dental prosthesis, redo another fixed dental prosthesis, or convert to implants
Authors: Spear Frank 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to discuss the considerations that need to be evaluated when considering the replacement of an existing maxillary anterior fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) with another FDP, or when to consider converting to implants and individual crowns on the previous abutment teeth.OverviewThe need to replace unesthetic or failing maxillary anterior FDPs is something all restorative dentists will be faced with multiple times in their careers. Given the emphasis over the past few decades on utilizing implants for tooth replacement as opposed to a tooth supported FDP, the question becomes when is converting the existing FDP to implants and single crowns an appropriate choice, as opposed to redoing a new FDP. This article will focus on the risks of choosing to convert to an implant solution, and the risks of redoing the tooth supported FDP. Multiple systematic reviews on each approach will be used to aid in the decision process. The most significant risks for both approaches will be identified, and a chart of the key parameters to assess will be presented, along with their impact.ConclusionsThe statistical outcomes at 5 and 10 years of tooth supported FDPs, and Implant based restorations are very similar if certain clinical parameters are met, namely vital healthy abutment teeth for the FDP, and adequate bone and soft tissue for the implant‐based restoration. If one abutment tooth is compromised the long‐term prognosis drops significantly and converting to an implant‐based restoration may be more predictable. Similarly, if adequate bone and soft tissue cannot be obtained through surgical augmentation procedures, using a connective tissue graft for the ridge, and redoing the FDP may obtain a more acceptable esthetic result.Clinical SignificanceA significant number of maxillary anterior FDPs exist that will need replacement in the future. Given the desire of many dentists to utilize implants when possible, there can be a tendency to automatically treatment plan an implant‐based approach for replacement of the existing FDP. Certainly, most clinicians would favor an implant‐based tooth replacement rather than preparing unrestored teeth to place an FDP, but when an existing FDP exists, the teeth have already been prepared for full coverage in most instances. In addition, for most long term existing FDPs, there is a significant change in the vertical and horizontal dimension of the bone and soft tissue that can make getting an acceptable esthetic result with an implant challenging. This article provides a systematic approach to identifying when redoing the FDP may be preferable, or when converting to an implant‐based approach is a better choice.