bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortgage as a legal instrument for enforcement of the contract of sale
Authors: Gojani Skender 
Published: August 2021

Mortgage is a real means of securing the contract, the contracting parties, in many cases agree to finalize their agreement on a certain item by concluding a written contact, but in some cases the contracting parties can also be ensured in various ways to adhere to the rights and obligations arising from their contract.
The creditor on the one hand as the pledgee and the debtor on the other hand as the pledgor are those who enter into a contract by which they create their rights and obligations arising from the contract which must be drafted in support of the provisions of the Law on Obligational Relationships. At the time of entering into the contract they can also enter into a mortgage contract as a real means of securing the contract, where the creditor is assured that if the debtor does not meet the main contractual requirement, then by mortgage as a real means of securing the contract he will realize the main requirement of the contract, i.e. through the mortgage as a real means of securing the contract the pledgee creditor manages to fulfill the main requirement of the contract which the debtor has not been able to meet by the pledgor.
ACTOS ADMINISTRATIVOS QUE LESIONAN DERECHOS Y LIBERTADES SUSCEPTIBLES DE AMPARO CONSTITUCIONAL: ANÁLISIS DE LA DOCTRINA DE LOS ÓRGANOS CONSULTIVOS EN EXPEDIENTES DE REVISIÓN DE OFICIO
Authors: BOTO ÁLVAREZ ALEJANDRA 
Published: August 2021

En este trabajo se acomete un estudio de las lesiones de derechos
y libertades susceptibles de amparo constitucional por actos de las Administraciones
públicas a partir de un corpus documental hasta ahora poco explotado en la
literatura científica: los dictámenes del Consejo de Estado y sus equivalentes autonómicos
en relación con propuestas de resolución de expedientes de revisión
de oficio apoyadas en el artículo 62.1.a) de la Ley 30/1992. Tras una presentación
introductoria sobre la utilidad de este fondo documental, se afronta el análisis
desde una perspectiva de case law purgando los casos pertinentes entre el más
de un millar de resultados que arroja la introducción de ciertos parámetros («revisión
de oficio», «Derechos fundamentales» y/o «artículo 62.1.a) Ley 30/1992») en
los motores de búsqueda de los distintos órganos consultivos entre el año 1999 y
la primavera de 2012.
Lan honetan, herri-administrazioen egintzen ondorioz urratu diren
eskubide eta askatasunetatik konstituzioaren babesa izan dezaketenak aztertzen
dira, zientziaren literaturan orain arte gutxi aztertu den dokumentu-korpusa
abiapuntua hartuta: Estatu Kontseiluaren eta erkidegoetako horren pareko organoen
irizpenak, 30/1992 Legearen 62.1.a) artikuluan oinarrituta sortu diren ofiziozko
berrikuspen-espedienteen inguruko ebazpen-proposamenekin lotuak. Hasteko
eta behin, sarrera egiteko, agirien funts hori oso erabilgarria dela azalduko
du, eta, ondoren, azterketari berari helduko diot, «case law» perspektiba erabiliz:
hainbat kontsulta-organotako bilatze-motorretan 1999 eta 2012. urteko udaberriko
datuen artean zenbait parametro sartuta («ofiziozko berrikuspena», «oinarrizko eskubidea
» edota «30/1992 Legearen 62.1.a) artikulua») agertzen diren milatik gora
kasuetatik guri egokitzen zaizkigun kasuak bahetuta.
This work undertakes the study of the damages inflicted by
acts of the Administrations on rights and freedoms which can be redressed
by means of constitutional complaint from a documentary corpus up to now
poorly utilised by the academic literature: the opinions of the Council of State
and their autonomic equals in relation with the proposals of decisions to files of
ex officio review according to article 62.1.a) of Act 30/1992. After an introductory
presentation about the usefulness of this documentary collection, the analysis is
conducted from a case law perspective purging the relevant cases out of more
than a thousand results after introducing some parameters in the query (ex officio
review, fundamental rights, and/or article 62.1.a) of Act 30/1992) with the search
engines of the several advisory bodies between 1999 and spring 2012.
LA REGULACIÓN DEL RÉGIMEN LOCAL EN LA COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL PAÍS VASCO. UNA CUESTIÓN PENDIENTE
Authors: ENDEMAÑO AROSTEGUI JOSÉ MARÍA 
Published: August 2021

Tanto las instituciones comunes de la Comunidad Autónoma del
País Vasco como los órganos forales de sus territorios históricos tienen competencias
normativas y ejecutivas en materia de régimen local. La competencia general
corresponde a las instituciones comunes, que han hecho un escaso uso de la
misma, produciendo una normativa fragmentaria y poco estructurada. Los órganos
forales de los territorios históricos, como titulares de atribuciones competenciales
específicas, han desarrollado una intensa actividad normativa, no siempre
indiscutida desde el punto de vista competencial. En general, el régimen jurídico
de la Administración Local del País Vasco precisa de una profunda revisión, previo
deslinde de los ámbitos competenciales autonómico y foral.
Bai Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko erakunde erkideek bai lurralde
historikoetako foru-organoek guztiek dituzte arauak ezartzeko nahiz egikaritzeko
eskumenak, tokiko araubideko kontuetan. Eskumen orokorra erakunde erkideek
dute, baina ez dute apenas erabili, eta araudia zatikatua eta egitura eskasekoa
eman dute. Lurralde historikoetako foru-organoak direnez eskumen-atribuzio espezifikoen
titularrak, haiek jardun dira buru-belarri lanean arauak sortzeko, nahiz
behin baino gehiagotan eskumena dela-eta liskarra eragin izan duten. Orotara esateko,
Euskadiko Tokiko Administrazioko araubide juridikoak goitik behera berrikustea
behar du, eskumenak banatzen hasi aurretik foru-erakundeen eta erkidegoko
erakundeen artean.
Both common institutions of the Autonomous Community of the
Basque Country and the foral bodies of their historical territories have normative
and executive powers in the field of local government. The general power is
responsibility of the common institutions, which have barely used it, so the
normative is fragmented and poorly structured. The foral bodies of the historical
territories, as the holders of some specific powers, have developed a deep
normative activity, not always undisputed from the point of view of the powers. In
general, the legal regime of the local Administration of the Basque Country needs
a deep review prior to a limitation of the autonomic and foral sphere of powers.
EL PRINCIPIO DE TRANSPARENCIA EN EL PLANEAMIENTO URBANÍSTICO
Authors: LLORENS FERRER MARTA 
Published: August 2021

El urbanismo actual necesita una administración abierta, informativa,
transparente, y flexible. El reconocimiento de un derecho de información amplio
sobre el planeamiento y los instrumentos urbanísticos, completado con una
obligación de la Administración de ofrecer un servicio público de información a
través de una publicidad activa, son presupuestos imprescindibles para que los
propietarios, y todos los ciudadanos en general, conozcan las decisiones relativas
al suelo que conforma sus ciudades, y son, ante todo, una garantía de la legalidad
urbanística y un mecanismo de control social de la amplia discrecionalidad administrativa
en materia de urbanismo.
Egungo hirigintzak administrazio irekia, informatzailea, gardena
eta malgua behar du. Ezinbestekoa da hirigintzako planteamenduei eta bitartekoei
buruzko informazio eskubide zabala onartzea, eta, horrez gain, Administrazioak,
publizitate aktiboaren bidez, informazio-zerbitzu publikoa eskaintzeko betebeharra
izatea, jabeek eta, oro har, herritar guztiek beraien hirietako lurzoruarekin lotuta
hartzen diren erabakiak ezagutu ditzaten. Era berean, hirigintza legezkotasunaren
bermea dira, eta administrazioek hirigintzaren arloan dituzten eskumen zabalen
gaineko kontrol sozialerako mekanismoa.
The current urbanism needs an open, informative, transparent
and flexible administration. The acknowledgment of a broad right of information
regarding the planning and urban instruments together with a duty for the Administration
to offer a public service of information by means of an active advertising
are essential requisites so as to allow the proprietors and all the citizens in
general to know those decisions regarding the soil that makes up their cities and
are above all a guarantee for the urban legality and a mechanism of social control
over the wide administrative discretionality regarding urbanism.
SUBVENCIONES Y ESTADO AUTONÓMICO. CRÍTICA DE LA ÚLTIMA JURISPRUDENCIA CONSTITUCIONAL.
Authors: AYMERICH CANO CARLOS IGNACIO 
Published: August 2021

Recientes pronunciamientos del TC español revisan su doctrina
tradicional sobre el poder de gasto estatal y la distribución de competencias en
materia de subvenciones codificada en la STC 13/1992, de 6 de febrero. Las recientes
SsTC 130 y 135/2013, de 4 y 6 de junio respectivamente, además de sancionar
la constitucionalidad de la Ley General de Subvenciones (LGS) de 2003, reinterpretan
en clave expansiva títulos estatales en materia financiera, económica y de
procedimiento y régimen jurídico de las administraciones públicas alterando gravemente
el sistema de distribución de competencias y la posición de las Comunidades
Autónomas.
Espainiako Konstituzio Auzitegiak, duela gutxi eman dituen
ebazpenetan, berrikusi egin du Estatuaren gastu ahalmenari eta diru-laguntzen arloko
eskumen-banaketari buruz zeukan doktrina tradizionala, Konstituzio Auzitegiaren
otsailaren 6ko 13/1992 Epaian kodetuta zegoena. Auzitegiak ekainaren 4an eta
6an emandako 130 eta 135/2013 epaiek berretsi egin dute 2003ko Diru-laguntzen
Lege Orokorraren konstituzionaltasuna, eta modu zabalagoan interpretatu dituzte
Estatuak arlo finantzarioan, ekonomikoan eta herri-administrazioen prozeduran
zein araubide juridikoan dituen ahalmenak. Horrenbestez, aldaketa larriak eragin
ditu autonomia-erkidegoen eskumen banaketaren eta ahalmenen sisteman.
Recent judgments by the Spanish Constitutional Court go through
its traditional standpoint over the State power of expenditure and the allocation of
powers regarding the field of subsidies as established by the Constitutional Court
judgment 13/1992 from February 6th. The recent rulings of the Constitutional Court
130 and 135/2013 from June 4th and 6th respectively, as well as approving the constitutionality
of the General Act for Subsidies (from 2003), reinterpret in a more
expansive way the State powers in finance and economic matters and in the procedure
and legal regime of the public administrations by changing critically the
system of allocation of powers and the position of the Autonomous Communities.
AN ANALYSIS OF YIELDS OF KOLA-NUT PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND MARKETING IN SAGAMU LGA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OLUWALANA E. O. A. , OKOJIE L. O. , ASHAOLU F. O , OLANIRAN V. O. 
Published: August 2021

This study on Kola nut production in Ogun State was aimed at describing the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, net farm income, marketing channels and factors influencing output of kola nut for its impact on food security. Multistage sampling technique was used in the study; the first stage involves the purposive selection of Sagamu Local Government as largest Kola nut farming with 4 communities; namely; Agbowa; Sagamu; Igodo, and Odelemo. The second stage involves simple random selection of 100 kola nut farmers, 25 per community. A structured questionnaire was administered subject to descriptive analysis, multiple regressions, and budgetary analysis. The results revealed that male 82% and female 18% were involved in kola nut production, processing and marketing. Average household size of 6 members with a minimum of 25 years farming experiences. The study revealed that 51% of the farmers sold directly to wholesalers, 37% sold to processors, and 12% sold to retailers. Also, 83%, of the producers and marketers were married 16% were widowed and only 1% divorced. Average age was 58years and average farm size of 2.71 hectares. Average farm net income was ₦208,680.40 per annum with the total revenue of ₦291,149 and a gross margin of ₦237,789.50 per annum. The average total cost incurred was calculated as ₦82,468.40 being cost of labour, transportation and items such as cutlass, hoes and files. Regression analysis used to determine the factors affecting the output of kola nut showed that farm size, age of kola nut plantation and the age of farmers were significant at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively using double log equation and the model was significant at 1%. The age of farmers (x1) was negatively significant which implies that as farmers reach old age, this may serve as hindrance due to physical inability to undertake vigorous farm activities hence reduction in output occurs by 13.3%. Farming experience (x2) was negatively correlated with output of kolanut indicating that a unit increase in experience of kolanut farmers will decrease output by 12.3%. Farm size was found to positively significant which implies that a unit increase in farm size will increase output by 83.1%.The result revealed that kola nut business is a profitable venture and male dominated. The women could be encouraged to invest in the business to increase their income and livelihood.
DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF REMITTANCES ON EXTERNAL RESERVES IN NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF INFLATION AND STRUCTURAL BREAKS
Authors: OLUBIYI E. A. , RAHEEM A. , ADEMOKOYA A. A. 
Published: August 2021

This study provides additional information about the drivers of external reserves in Nigeria. The result using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model estimation approach for the period 1980-2015 shows that remittances, among other macroeconomic variables, increased external reserves in the short run but weakens it in the long run. Remittances depletes external reserves through its effect on inflation rate and the nonsterilized intervention of the Central Bank. Furthermore, regime shift to relatively floating exchange rate causes remittances to increase reserves. From the foregoing, it is important for the authorities to continue operating relatively flexible exchange rate, and curtail excessive spending of remittances.

Keywords: , , , , .
JEL Classification: F31, F24, C22, F31
UNE EXPOSITION DE LA VIOLENCE CONJUGALE CONTRE LES HOMMES DANS VERRE CASSÉ D’ALAIN MABANCKOU.
Authors: KANUMUANGI B. O. , SANNI R. O. 
Published: August 2021

La société doit être une place où les gens sont protégés contre la violence conjugale, que ce soit la violence contre les femmes ou contre les hommes. Mais la société de nos jours sous l’influence du mouvement féministe débarrasse la violence contre les hommes ce qui causeun déséquilibre de justice contre les hommes. Ce travail analyse le roman Verre cassé d’Alain Mabanckou en utilisant l’approche réaliste pour identifier et exposer les violences et leurs effets que les hommes subissent en mariage. L’étude montre que les victimes masculins de la violence conjugale sont moins considérés, et défavorisés dans la justice et au publique. C’est ainsi que cette recherche fait appel aux individus, organisations non-gouvernementales et aux gouvernements pour qu’ils combattent le problème de la violence contre les hommes et pour sensibiliser la société à l’égard de la gente masculine opprimée par la femme.
EFFECT OF PRE-COPULATORY TREATMENT WITH AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF Spondias mombin ON GESTATIONAL CHARACSTERISTICS OF RABBITS
Authors: OLOYE A. A. , OBI N. 
Published: August 2021

Fifteen plurigravida rabbits weighing between 2.0 and 2.6 kg were used for the study of gestational characteristics after pre-copulatory oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin. The fifteen does were divided into three groups of five does per group. Four untreated reproductively proven bucks kept separately in different cages were used for copulation. Dosages administered were 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg for groups A and B respectively while distilled water was served to control group C. Mating, pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasound and determination of birth parameters were conducted subsequently at the end of extract treatment.
Average litter size,birth weight and gestation length observed in all dosage groups had statistically similar values (p≥0.05).However, it is worth noting the relatively higher values of average litter size in 800mg/kg dosage group and control (5.60±0.40) compared to 400mg/kg group (5.40±0.75) and the highest birth weight value recorded for 800mg/kg (46.63±3.55) compared to 400mg\kg group (45.30±3.22) and control (42.38±3.74). It was concluded that pre-copulatory administration of aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin at dosages as high as 800mg/kg to rabbit does not have deleterious effect on its prolificacy and does have pro-fertility tendencies.
The Anatomy of Murder: Ethical Transgressions and Anatomical Science During the Third Reich
Authors: Hildebrandt Sabine 
Published: August 2021

While politics and racial laws drove many anatomists from the profession, most who remained joined the Nazi party, and some helped to develop the scientific basis for its racialist dogma. As historian and anatomist Sabine Hildebrandt reveals, however, their complicity with the Nazi state went beyond the merely ideological.
Book cover image credit: The Anatomy of Murder: Ethical Transgressions and Anatomical Science During the Third Reich, Berghahn Books, New York, 2016. Used with permission.
Editor's Comments
Authors: Schnitz Gary W. 
Published: August 2021

Welcome to the Journal of Biocommunication’s Special Issue 45-1. We have designated this publication as a JBC “Special Issue,” as it is devoted entirely to one topic. Our current Special Issue includes articles and commentaries all related to Eduard Pernkopf’s, Atlas of Topographical and Applied Human Anatomy. Our authors have provided in-depth discussions about the Pernkopf’s atlas’ dark history, the uncertain origin of cadavers used as references for the atlas, and medical crimes of the Third Reich.
Seven of the articles are authored by some of the world’s leading historians and authorities on the subject of the Pernkopf atlas and the abuses of Nazi medicine. These authors presented papers at a Holocaust Education Week Symposium that was held on Nov. 10, 2019, at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. This landmark Symposium was called, “The Vienna Protocol: Medicine’s Confrontation with Continuing Legacies of its Nazi Past.” The Symposium faculty included Susan Mackinnon, MD, Rabbi Joseph Polak, William E. Seidelman, MD, Sabine Hildebrandt, MD, Philip Berger, MD, Anne Agur, PhD, and Leila Lax, PhD, who also served as the Symposium coordinator and host.
Table of Contents image credit: Medical University of Vienna, MUW-AD-003250-5-ABB-81.
The Role of German Academic Medicine and Science in the Medical Crimes of the Third Reich and the Shoah: The Continuing Legacy
Authors: Seidelman William 
Published: August 2021

Despite the revelations of the Nuremberg Medical Trial and subsequent prosecutions, the reality is that with particular respect to medicine and the role of leading academic and scientific institutions during the so-called "Third Reich," the postwar period war was marked by a "Great Silence." With few exceptions, this silence continued until the 1980's, when increasing systematic scholarly research and inadvertent discoveries revealed the significant role played by the German and Austrian medical profession during the Nazi period and the Shoah. The discoveries included body parts of victims of Nazi terror in the collections of university institutes of anatomy and scientific research. The Pernkopf Atlas of Human Anatomy represents a legacy from Nazi medicine. Although it includes images from Nazi victims, its accuracy makes it a valued resource in surgery. The Vienna Protocol is a new halachic responsum on the question of what to do with newly discovered remains from Nazi victims and their data, and can provide guidance in the ethical reasoning on whether to use the Pernkopf atlas.
Photo credit: Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna under it's newly appointed dean, Prof. Eduard Pernkopf, immediately after the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany that occurred in March 1938. Used with permission of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library, Vienna, Austria).
Anatomical Science at University of Vienna 1938-45
Authors: Angetter Daniela C. 
Published: August 2021

60 years after the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria to the German Reich in March, 1938, Austria is still confronted by unaddressed questions about its Nazi past. After the fall of the National Socialist regime these questions were ignored or suppressed and for decades there was little discussion about events that occurred between 1938 and 1945 at the Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna. Investigations were launched only in response to initiatives from abroad.
Table of Contents image credit: Medical University of Vienna, MUW-ZE-003250-0000_BEILAGE_BATCH5_0153-0198.
LITERATURE REVIEW PENGARUH TEKNIK RELAKSASI GENGGAM JARI TERHADAP PENURUNAN NYERI PADA PASIEN POST OPERASI APPENDIKTOMI
Authors: Hanafi Salis Nur , Julianto Eko , Sudiarto Sudiarto 
Published: August 2021

Latar belakang : Apendiksitis dapat didefinisikan sebagai radang usus buntu dan merupakan penyebab paling umum dari abdomen akut apendiksitis membentuk peradangan pada apendiks atau usus buntu yang berakibat penyempitan atau penyumbatan. Di Indonesia peristiwa apendikitis berjumlah sekitar 7% dari jumlah penduduk yaitu kurang lebih 179.000 orang. Tindakan pada pasien apendiksitis salah satunya adalah dengan cara pembedahan atau yang disebut appendiktomi. Penatalaksanaan appendiktomi ini dapat dilakukan dengan farmakologis maupun non farmakologis. Salah satu terapi non farmakologisnya yaitu dengan cara relaksasi genggam jari. Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui pengaruh teknik relaksasi genggam jari terhadap penurunan nyeri pada pasien post operasi appendiktomi. Hasil : Pada jurnal I setelah diberikan intervensi genggam jari terdapat penurunan tingkat nyeri dari nyeri sedang menjadi tidak nyeri sebanyak 8 orang. Dan pada jurnal II setelah diberikan intervensi genggam jari terdapat penurunan tingkat nyeri dari skala nyeri sedang menjadi skala nyeri ringan. Hal ini dikarenakan pada setiap jari-jari yang terhubung dengan berbagai organ terdapat saluran atau meridian energi. Kondisi relaksasi alamiah akan memicu pengeluaran hormon endorfin atau hormon analgesik alami yang berada di tubuh sehingga menjadikan nyeri berkurang. Kesimpulan : Adanya pengaruh teknik relaksasi genggam jari terhadap penurunan tingkat nyeri pada pasien post apendiktomi.
Kata Kunci: Apendiksitis, Tingkat Nyeri, Relaksasi Genggam Jari
Dilutional Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid on Packed Cell Volume in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Ross Elizabeth H. , Dickinson Amy 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Packed cell volume (PCV) is commonly used to assess and monitor red blood cell count in animals, but the results can be altered if inappropriate ratios of anticoagulant/blood are used. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ideally filled, overfilled, and underfilled K3 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes with various volumes of healthy dog blood on centrifuged PCV. Six milliliters of blood was obtained from 94 blood donors each. Initial distribution was injected into two nonheparinized microhematocrit tubes. The remainder was instilled into 1.3 mL K3 EDTA spray-dried tubes as 1.5 mL, 1.3 mL, 0.75 mL, 0.5 mL, and 0.25 mL aliquots. Normality was determined using the D’agostino–Pearson method and by visual examination of histograms. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc testing using Tukey’s test. There is a statistically significant decrease in the PCV between all groups with progressive underfilling of tubes (P &lt; .0001). The closest difference is between 1.5 and 1.3 mL (P = .0138). Our study suggested that underfilling K3 EDTA tubes significantly and negatively influences the PCV in healthy dogs. Using underfilled K3 EDTA tubes result in a lower PCV compared with directly filled microhematocrit tubes without anticoagulant.