bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of a novel 2R1T parallel mechanism and construction of its variants
Authors: Liu Jingfang , Fan Xiangmeng , Ding Huafeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA 3-RRPRR variable spherical symmetrical parallel mechanism (PM) with arc-shaped sliding pairs and no parasitic motion is presented, exhibiting two rotational and one translational (2R1T) degrees of freedom. Three limbs are symmetrically distributed between the base and end-effector; upper and lower parts of each limb are mirror symmetrical around the middle. The geometry, mobility, forward/inverse kinematics, workspace, and parasitic motion of the mechanism are analyzed, showing its ability to achieve large rotations around a continuous rotation axis. Finally, a structure synthesis strategy for variable spherical symmetrical PM is proposed, and several limb types meeting the conditions are obtained.
Analysing constraints to improve conservation decision-making: a theoretical framework and its application to the Northern Vosges, France
Authors: Mangos Anaï , Rouchier Juliette , Meinard Yves 
Published: May 2021

SummaryKey to bridging knowing–doing gaps is analysis of the constraints binding interactions between decision-makers and conservation biologists to clarify the problems they address. We apply this analysis to decision situations in the Northern Vosges (France), which illustrate three kinds of constraints: governance, framework and initiative. We explore how conservation biologists can mitigate constraints so as to foster more ambitious conservation actions in each case. The first case explores attempts at reintroducing the lynx (Lynx lynx). In this case, we show that governance plays a key role, in the sense that conservation actions should focus on improving the acceptability of reintroductions to key stakeholders. The second case refers to water monitoring schemes. Here we show that framing is the dominant constraint. This means that conservation actions are tightly limited by the use of a restrictive scientific apparatus. The last case study, fish stock protection, is constrained by initiative. Here, decision-makers have too much leverage to implement solutions they favour, even if they are not the best options in conservation terms. Exploring how our framework relates to the existing literature allows us to highlight its usefulness for rationalizing conservation problem framing and for strengthening the ambitions of conservation actions.
Impact of the 2020 crises on the arts and culture in the United States: The effect of COVID-19 and the Black Lives Matter movement in historical context
Authors: Katz Stanley N. , Reisman Leah 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter movement on the arts and cultural sector in the United States, placing the 2020 crises in the context of the United States’s historically decentralized approach to supporting the arts and culture. After providing an overview of the United States’s private, locally focused history of arts funding, we use this historical lens to analyze the combined effects of the pandemic and Black Lives Matter movement on a single metropolitan area – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We trace a timeline of key events in the national and local pandemic response and the reaction of the arts community to the Black Lives Matter movement, arguing that the nature of these intersecting responses, and their fallout for the arts and cultural sector, stem directly from weaknesses in the United States’s historical approach to administering the arts. We suggest that, in the context of widespread organizational vulnerability caused by the pandemic, the United States’s decentralized approach to funding culture also undermines cultural organizations’ abilities to respond to issues of public relevance and demonstrate their civic value, threatening these organizations’ legitimacy.
The dark side of cultural heritage protection
Authors: Rosén Frederik 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article introduces the concept of the dark side of cultural heritage protection. It points out how the many and mostly honorable efforts to protect cultural heritage against the harms of war and conflict sometimes contribute to make cultural heritage vulnerable or even to cause its destruction. The more we talk about cultural heritage and its value and the importance of protecting it, the more interesting it becomes for some groups to target it. This article argues that states, international organizations, and the heritage community need to recognize these negative side effects and make sure to consider them in future action.
Lects in Helsinki Finnish - a probabilistic component modeling approach
Authors: Kuparinen Olli , Peltonen Jaakko , Mustanoja Liisa , Leino Unni , Santaharju Jenni 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article examines Finnish lects spoken in Helsinki from the 1970s to the 2010s with a probabilistic model called Latent Dirichlet Allocation. The model searches for underlying components based on the linguistic features used in the interviews. Several coherent lects were discovered as components in the data, which counters the results of previous studies that report only weak covariation between features that are assumed to be present in the same lect. The speakers, however, are not categorical in their linguistic behavior and tend to use more than one lect in their speech. This implies that the lects should not be considered in parallel with seemingly uniform linguistic systems such as languages, but as partial systems that constitute a network.
Smartphone-Based Neuropsychological Assessment in Parkinson’s Disease: Feasibility, Validity, and Contextually Driven Variability in Cognition
Authors: Weizenbaum Emma L. , Fulford Daniel , Torous John , Pinsky Emma , Kolachalama Vijaya B. , Cronin-Golomb Alice 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectives:The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders demands methods of accessible assessment that reliably captures cognition in daily life contexts. We investigated the feasibility of smartphone cognitive assessment in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD), who may have cognitive impairment in addition to motor-related problems that limit attending in-person clinics. We examined how daily-life factors predicted smartphone cognitive performance and examined the convergent validity of smartphone assessment with traditional neuropsychological tests.Methods:Twenty-seven nondemented individuals with mild–moderate PD attended one in-lab session and responded to smartphone notifications over 10 days. The smartphone app queried participants 5x/day about their location, mood, alertness, exercise, and medication state and administered mobile games of working memory and executive function.Results:Response rate to prompts was high, demonstrating feasibility of the approach. Between-subject reliability was high on both cognitive games. Within-subject variability was higher for working memory than executive function. Strong convergent validity was seen between traditional tests and smartphone working memory but not executive function, reflecting the latter’s ceiling effects. Participants performed better on mobile working memory tasks when at home and after recent exercise. Less self-reported daytime sleepiness and lower PD symptom burden predicted a stronger association between later time of day and higher smartphone test performance.Conclusions:These findings support feasibility and validity of repeat smartphone assessments of cognition and provide preliminary evidence of the effects of context on cognitive variability in PD. Further development of this accessible assessment method could increase sensitivity and specificity regarding daily cognitive dysfunction for PD and other clinical populations.
The official and personal seals of Tipu Sultan of Mysore
Authors: SIMS-WILLIAMS URSULA 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article looks at all the known seals of Tipu Sultan of Mysore (r. 1782-1799) particularly those found in the manuscripts which formed his Library collection, disbanded in 1799 after the fall of Seringapatam and subsequently divided between the East India Company London (now in the British Library), and the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Kolkata. By focussing on the British Library collections certain patterns of usage have come to light, possibly indicating Tipu Sultan's linguistic and literary preferences.It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this article to Barbara Brend as a mark of appreciation for her patience and help, whose knowledge and advice has been of such benefit to a non-art historian. At the end of this article I highlight an important manuscript from the Royal Asiatic Society's collection which thanks to her sponsorship has now been digitised and is available on the web as part of the RAS digital collections.
Nutritional risk in early childhood and parent-reported school concerns
Authors: Omand Jessica A , Janus Magdalena , Maguire Jonathon L , Parkin Patricia C , Randall Simpson Janis , Keown-Stoneman Charles DG , Aglipay Mary , Birken Catherine S 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:To determine if nutritional risk in early childhood is associated with parent-reported school concerns.Design:A prospective cohort study conducted through the TARGet Kids! primary care research network (2011–2018). Nutritional risk was measured between 18 months and 5 years of age using validated parent-completed NutriSTEP®questionnaires with eating behaviour and dietary intake subscores (0 = lowest and 68 = highest total nutritional risk score). Parent-reported school concerns were measured at school age (4–10 years of age) and included: speech and language; learning; attention; behaviour; social relationships; physical coordination; fine motor coordination and self-help skills and independence. The primary outcome was any parent-reported school concerns, and individual school concerns were used as secondary outcomes. Multiple logistic regression models were conducted adjusting for clinically relevant confounders to assess the relationship between nutritional risk and school concerns.Setting:Toronto, Canada.Participants:Children aged 18 months to 10 years.Results:The study included 3655 children, 52 % were male, mean NutriSTEP®score was 14·4 (sd6·4). Each 1sdincrease in NutriSTEP®total score was associated with a 1·18 times increased odds of school concerns (adj OR: 1·18, 95 % CI 1·07, 1·28,P= 0·0004), and high nutritional risk was associated with a 1·42 times increased odds of school concerns (adj OR: 1·42, 95 % CI 1·13, 1·78,P= 0·002).Conclusions:Nutritional risk in early childhood was associated with school concerns. Nutritional interventions in early childhood may reveal opportunities to enhance school outcomes.
Is it advantageous to use deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) over free breathing for FAST-Forward dose fractionation scheme in treating carcinoma of left-sided breast? A dosimetric study
Authors: Nagaraj Jagadheeskumar , Chandrasekaran Anu Radha 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Aim:
To study the effect of deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) on Fast-Forward trial for left-sided breast radiotherapy dosimetrically using tangential field-in-field (FiF), flattening filtered volumetric-modulated arc therapy (FF-VMAT) and flattening filter free volumetric-modulated arc therapy (FFF-VMAT) in comparison with free breathing (FB).

Methods:
Computed tomography images were acquired on 15 patients with carcinoma of left breast in FB and DIBH. Planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk were contoured on both image sets. Dose of 26 Gy in five daily fractions was prescribed to PTV. FiF, FF-VMAT and FFF-VMAT plans were created in treatment planning system on both FB and DIBH. PTV V95%, V107%, D0·1 cc, CI and HI, heart V1·5 Gy, V7 Gy, lung left V8 Gy, monitor units (MU) and beam ON time were used for evaluation. Different technique analysis in same breathing condition and FB versus DIBH for same planning technique were performed.

Results:
Mean of all 15 patients was reported as mean ± 1 standard deviation. PTV V95% was 97·55 ± 0·10 (FiF), 95·75 ± 0·66 (FF-VMAT) and 96·15 ± 0·46 (FFF-VMAT) in FB while 97·34 ± 0·50 (FiF), 96·03 ± 0·71 (FF-VMAT) and 95·86 ± 0·63 (FFF-VMAT) in DIBH. Heart V7 Gy was 8·53 ± 4·26 (FiF), 8·86 ± 2·20 (FF-VMAT) and 9·27 ± 2·46 (FFF-VMAT) in FB while 6·30 ± 2·98 (FiF), 5·23 ± 2·20 (FF-VMAT) and 4·68 ± 2·01 (FFF-VMAT) in DIBH. p-value of heart V7 Gy between FB and DIBH was 0·278 (FiF), 0·009 (FF-VMAT) and 0·003 (FFF-VMAT). Beam ON time for FFF-VMAT was reduced by 65% (FF-VMAT) and 11% (FiF).

Conclusion:
Conformal dose to PTV was achieved better with VMAT plans. FFF-VMAT was delivered in less time compared to FF-VMAT and FiF for 26 Gy in five fractions. Heart dose can be significantly minimised with DIBH for VMAT plans.
Multi-output Gaussian processes for multi-population longevity modelling
Authors: Huynh Nhan , Ludkovski Mike 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We investigate joint modelling of longevity trends using the spatial statistical framework of Gaussian process (GP) regression. Our analysis is motivated by the Human Mortality Database (HMD) that provides unified raw mortality tables for nearly 40 countries. Yet few stochastic models exist for handling more than two populations at a time. To bridge this gap, we leverage a spatial covariance framework from machine learning that treats populations as distinct levels of a factor covariate, explicitly capturing the cross-population dependence. The proposed multi-output GP models straightforwardly scale up to a dozen populations and moreover intrinsically generate coherent joint longevity scenarios. In our numerous case studies, we investigate predictive gains from aggregating mortality experience across nations and genders, including by borrowing the most recently available “foreign” data. We show that in our approach, information fusion leads to more precise (and statistically more credible) forecasts. We implement our models in R, as well as a Bayesian version in Stan that provides further uncertainty quantification regarding the estimated mortality covariance structure. All examples utilise public HMD datasets.
The treatment gap for mental disorders in adults enrolled in HIV treatment programmes in South Africa: a cohort study using linked electronic health records
Authors: Ruffieux Y. , Efthimiou O. , Van den Heuvel L. L. , Joska J. A. , Cornell M. , Seedat S. , Mouton J. P. , Prozesky H. , Lund C. , Maxwell N. , Tlali M. , Orrell C. , Davies M.-A. , Maartens G. , Haas A. D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Aims
Mental disorders are common in people living with HIV (PLWH) but often remain untreated. This study aimed to explore the treatment gap for mental disorders in adults followed-up in antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in South Africa and disparities between ART programmes regarding the provision of mental health services.

Methods
We conducted a cohort study using ART programme data and linked pharmacy and hospitalisation data to examine the 12-month prevalence of treatment for mental disorders and factors associated with the rate of treatment for mental disorders among adults, aged 15–49 years, followed-up from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017 at one private care, one public tertiary care and two pubic primary care ART programmes in South Africa. We calculated the treatment gap for mental disorders as the discrepancy between the 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in PLWH (aged 15–49 years) in South Africa (estimated based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study) and the 12-month prevalence of treatment for mental disorders in ART programmes. We calculated adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) for factors associated with the treatment rate of mental disorders using Poisson regression.

Results
In total, 182 285 ART patients were followed-up over 405 153 person-years. In 2017, the estimated treatment gap for mental disorders was 40.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.5–52.9) for patients followed-up in private care, 96.5% (95% CI 95.0–97.5) for patients followed-up in public primary care and 65.0% (95% CI 36.5–85.1) for patients followed-up in public tertiary care ART programmes. Rates of treatment with antidepressants, anxiolytics and antipsychotics were 17 (aRR 0.06, 95% CI 0.06–0.07), 50 (aRR 0.02, 95% CI 0.01–0.03) and 2.6 (aRR 0.39, 95% CI 0.35–0.43) times lower in public primary care programmes than in the private sector programmes.

Conclusions
There is a large treatment gap for mental disorders in PLWH in South Africa and substantial disparities in access to mental health services between patients receiving ART in the public vs the private sector. In the public sector and especially in public primary care, PLWH with common mental disorders remain mostly untreated.
Identifying Key Drivers of Wildfires in the Contiguous US Using Machine Learning and Game Theory Interpretation
Authors: Wang Sally S.‐C. , Qian Yun , Leung L. Ruby , Zhang Yang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the complex interrelationships between wildfire and its environmental and anthropogenic controls is crucial for wildfire modeling and management. Although machine learning (ML) models have yielded significant improvements in wildfire predictions, their limited interpretability has been an obstacle for their use in advancing understanding of wildfires. This study builds an ML model incorporating predictors of local meteorology, land‐surface characteristics, and socioeconomic variables to predict monthly burned area at grid cells of 0.25° × 0.25° resolution over the contiguous United States. Besides these predictors, we construct and include predictors representing the large‐scale circulation patterns conducive to wildfires, which largely improves the temporal correlations in several regions by 14%–44%. The Shapley additive explanation is introduced to quantify the contributions of the predictors to burned area. Results show a key role of longitude and latitude in delineating fire regimes with different temporal patterns of burned area. The model captures the physical relationship between burned area and vapor pressure deficit, relative humidity (RH), and energy release component (ERC), in agreement with the prior findings. Aggregating the contribution of predictor variables of all the grids by region, analyses show that ERC is the major contributor accounting for 14%–27% to large burned areas in the western US. In contrast, there is no leading factor contributing to large burned areas in the eastern US, although large‐scale circulation patterns featuring less active upper‐level ridge‐trough and low RH two months earlier in winter contribute relatively more to large burned areas in spring in the southeastern US.
Afterslip and Spontaneous Aseismic Slip on the Anza Segment of the San Jacinto Fault Zone, Southern California
Authors: Shaddox Heather R. , Schwartz Susan Y. , Bartlow Noel M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the interplay of seismic and aseismic slip is key in seismic hazard evaluation. It is particularly important to know if the same or nearby fault segments can host different slip modes and understand the transition between modes of slip. We investigate this in the trifurcation area of the Anza segment of the San Jacinto fault where deep creep driving seismicity below the geodetic locking depth has been proposed. We focus on periods following local moderate‐sized earthquakes by combining the occurrence of highly correlated families of earthquakes (i.e., closely spaced or partially overlapping events) that we describe here as near‐repeating earthquakes, seismicity, and borehole strainmeter data. We find that all Mw > 4.5 earthquakes between 2010 and 2020 triggered afterslip with coplanar families of near‐repeating earthquakes and off‐fault microseismicity. These observations include newly detected afterslip following the June 10, 2016 Mw 5.2 and April 4, 2020 Mw 4.9 local earthquakes. Afterslip geometries defined by the near‐repeating earthquake families are consistent with strain change observations. We conclude that families of near‐repeating earthquakes, similar to low‐frequency earthquakes within tremor, can be useful indicators of aseismic slip transients and can reveal faulting complexities during aseismic slip. Further, we identify the first evidence of spontaneous aseismic slip in the Anza region from near‐repeating earthquake families on two minor faults in 2015. Taken together, our observations support a model where deep microseismicity is located in a transitional region at the bottom of the seismogenic zone with spatially heterogeneous frictional properties that produce frequent aseismic slip transients near Anza.
Evaluation of Higher‐Order Quadrature Schemes in Improving Computational Efficiency for Orientation‐Averaged Single‐Scattering Properties of Nonspherical Ice Particles
Authors: Fenni Ines , Kuo Kwo‐Sen , Haynes Mark S. , Haddad Ziad S. , Roussel Hélène 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe evaluate several high‐order quadrature schemes for accuracy and efficacy in obtaining orientation‐averaged single‐scattering properties (SSPs). We use the highly efficient MIDAS to perform electromagnetic scattering calculations to evaluate the gain in efficiency from these schemes. MIDAS is shown to be superior to DDSCAT, a popular discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method. This study is motivated by the fact that quality physical precipitation retrievals rely on using accurate orientation‐averaged SSPs derived from realistic hydrometeors as input to radiative transfer models (RTM). The DDA has been a popular choice for single‐scattering calculations, due to its versatility with respect to target geometry. However, being iterative‐solver‐based (ISB), the most used DDA codes, for example, DDSCAT and ADDA (formerly, Amsterdam DDA), must solve the scattering problem for each orientation of the target separately. As the size parameter and geometric anisotropy of the hydrometeor increase, the number of orientations needed to obtain accurate orientation‐averages can increase drastically and so does the computation cost incurred by the ISB‐DDA methods. MIDAS is a Direct‐Solver‐Based (DSB) code, its decomposition of the original large matrix with a high rank into multiple more manageable smaller matrices of lower ranks makes it much more computationally efficient while maintaining excellent accuracy. In addition, direct solvers consider all requested orientations at once, giving MIDAS further advantage over popular ISB‐DDA methods. MIDAS, when combined with high‐order quadrature for orientation averaging, can be greater than three orders of magnitude more efficient in obtaining RTM‐ready SSPs of complex‐shaped hydrometeors than existing ISB‐DDA methods, with the native quadrature schemes they offer.