bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributions of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the visual thalamus and associated areas of the cat
Authors: Abbas Farishta Reza , Zouahi Hadjer , Casanova Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGlutamate is packaged in vesicles via two main vesicular transporter (VGLUT) proteins, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, which regulate its storage and release from synapses of excitatory neurons. Studies in rodents, primates, ferrets, and tree shrews suggest that these transporters may identify distinct subsets of excitatory projections in visual structures, particularly in thalamocortical pathways where they tend to correlate with modulatory and driver projections, respectively. Despite being a well‐studied model of thalamocortical connectivity, little is known about their expression pattern in the cat visual system. To expand current knowledge on their distribution and how they correlated with known driver and modulator projecting sites, we examined the protein expression patterns of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the visual thalamus of the cat (lateral geniculate nucleus and the pulvinar complex). We also studied their expression pattern in relevant visual structures projecting to or receiving significant thalamic projections, such as the primary visual cortex and the superior colliculus. Our results indicate that both VGLUTs are consistently present throughout the cat visual system and show laminar or nuclei specificity in their distribution, which suggests, as in other species, that VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 represent distinct populations of glutamatergic projections.
Co‐localization of nociceptive markers in the lumbar dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord of dromedary camel
Authors: Javed Hayate , Rehmathulla Sumisha , Tariq Saeed , Ali Mahmoud A. , Emerald Bright Starling , Shehab Safa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNociceptive markers in mice have been identified in two distinct peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and distributed in different laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Recently, however, a study in humans showed a significant overlapping in these two populations. In this study, we investigated the distribution of various nociceptive markers in the lumbar DRG and spinal cord of the dromedary camel. Immunohistochemical data showed a remarkable percentage of total neurons in the DRG expressed IB4 binding (54.5%), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP; 49.5%), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1; 48.2%), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS; 30.6%). The co‐localization data showed that 89.6% and 74.0% of CGRP‐ and TRPV1‐labeled neurons, respectively, were IB4 positive. In addition, 61.6% and 84.2% of TRPV1‐ and NOS‐immunoreactive neurons, respectively, were also co‐localized with CGRP. The distribution of IB4, CGRP, TRPV1, substance P, and NOS immunoreactivities in the spinal cord were observed in lamina I and outer lamina II (IIo). Quantitative data showed that 82.4% of IB4‐positive nerve terminals in laminae I and IIo were co‐localized with CGRP, and 86.0% of CGRP‐labeled terminals were co‐localized with IB4. Similarly, 85.1% of NOS‐labeled nerve terminals were co‐localized with CGRP. No neuropeptide Y (NPY) or cholecystokinin (CCK) immunoreactivities were detected in the DRG, and no co‐localization between IB4, NPY, and CCK were observed in the spinal cord. Our results demonstrate marked convergence of nociceptive markers in the primary afferent neurons in camels, which is similar to humans rather than the mouse. The data also emphasizes the importance of interspecies differences when selecting ideal animal models for studying nociception and treating chronic pain.
Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence Evaluation of 2 Tadalafil Tablets in Healthy Male Chinese Subjects Under Fasting and Fed Conditions
Authors: Shao Rong , Yang Dan‐dan , Ruan Zou‐rong , Chen Jin‐liang , Hu Yin , Jiang Bo , Lou Hong‐gang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTadalafil is an effective, reversible, and competitive phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor mainly used to treat erectile dysfunction. This study investigated the bioequivalence of generic and marketed formulations of 10‐mg tadalafil tablets under fasted and fed conditions. This open‐label, randomized, single‐dose, 2‐period crossover study included 53 healthy Chinese men (aged 20‐43 years). Plasma samples were collected from 0.5 hours before treatment to 72 hours after each dose and analyzed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Safety assessments were performed throughout the study. For the fasted state, the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratios between the generic and marketed formulations were 86.1% to 99.1% for the maximum plasma concentration and 88.4% to 100.3% for the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity, and the corresponding values under the fed state were and 99.9% to 108.4% and 95.7% to 104.3%, respectively. All data were within the accepted bioequivalence range of 80% to 125%. After consuming high‐fat, high‐calorie meals in the fed condition, the time to the maximum plasma concentration was similar between the formulations, and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity and maximum plasma concentration were 10.2% and 6.55% higher, respectively, for the marketed formulation. Thus, food had no clinically relevant effect on tadalafil exposure following a single oral dose in healthy Chinese men. No serious adverse reactions were reported. These results indicated that the analyzed generic and marketed tadalafil tablets were bioequivalent with similar safety profiles.
Assessment of the Effect of Filgotinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin, Pravastatin, and Rosuvastatin in Healthy Adult Participants
Authors: Anderson Kacey , Nelson Cara H. , Gong Qi , Alani Muhsen , Tarnowski Thomas , Othman Ahmed A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFilgotinib, an oral Janus kinase‐1 preferential inhibitor, is approved in Europe and Japan for adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are at higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity/mortality; thus, it is important to understand potential drug‐drug interactions of filgotinib with lipid‐lowering agents. This open‐label, randomized, 2‐way crossover study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin with and without filgotinib coadministration. Healthy participants (N = 27) received single doses of atorvastatin (40 mg) and of a pravastatin (40 mg)/rosuvastatin (10 mg) cocktail—alone or with filgotinib (200 mg once daily for 11 days)—on 2 different occasions with washout in between. Serial pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected, and safety was assessed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using 90% confidence intervals (CI) of the geometric least‐squares mean (GLSM) ratio of the test treatment (statin coadministration with filgotinib) vs statin alone, with prespecified lack‐of‐interaction bounds of 0.70 to 1.43. Coadministration of filgotinib did not affect atorvastatin area under the plasma concentration–time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf; [GLSM ratios (90% CI): 0.91 (0.84‐0.99)]), but maximum concentration [Cmax] was slightly lower [0.82 (0.69‐0.99)]. The exposure of 2‐hydroxy‐atorvastatin was unaffected (GLSM ratios [90% CI], 0.98 [0.81‐1.19] for Cmax; 1.11 [1.02‐1.22] for AUCinf). Pravastatin AUCinf was also unaffected (GLSM ratios, 1.22 [1.05‐1.41], but Cmax was slightly higher 1.25 [1.01‐1.54]). Rosuvastatin exposure was moderately higher with filgotinib coadministration—GLSM ratios (90% CI), 1.68 (1.43‐1.97) for Cmax; 1.42 (1.30‐1.57) for AUCinf—but this was not considered clinically relevant. These results indicate that filgotinib has no clinically meaningful effect on exposure of atorvastatin, pravastatin, or rosuvastatin.
Responses to elevated carbon dioxide for postdrought recovery of turfgrass species differing in growth characteristics
Authors: Chapman Cathryn , Burgess Patrick , Huang Bingru 
Published: August 2021

AbstractElevated CO2 concentration affects plant responses to drought, but its effects on poststress recovery for perennial grass species with different growth habits are unclear. The objective was to determine how stoloniferous and bunch‐type grass species may exhibit differential responses to elevated CO2 concentration during drought stress and postdrought recovery upon rewatering due to different growth characteristics. Stoloniferous creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) ‘Penncross’ and bunch‐type tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort] ‘Sitka’ were grown at ambient CO2 (400 μl L−1) or elevated CO2 concentration (800 μl L−1) repeated in four growth chambers for 28 d, subsequently subjected to either irrigation (control) or drought stress (irrigation completely withheld) for 28 d, and then rewatered for 18 d. During drought stress, both species exposed to elevated CO2 maintained higher turf quality, leaf water content, and membrane stability than plants at ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 caused significant increases in the viability of stolon–node meristematic tissues in creeping bentgrass under drought stress and rapid regeneration of daughter plants during rewatering, as shown by increased shoot biomass and percent turfgrass cover. Elevated CO2 had no significant effects on the viability of crowns with meristematic tissues in tall fescue during drought nor shoot biomass or percent turfgrass cover during rewatering. The stoloniferous grass species was more responsive to elevated CO2 compared to bunch‐type species for poststress recovery, as creeping bentgrass rapidly regrew and recovered from drought damages. Such information is of great importance for making appropriate turfgrass selections and breeding improvements in growth habits in areas with prolonged drought and the anticipated rising CO2 levels.
An accelerated architecture of change‐point detection for FMCW radar mutual interference based on FPGA
Authors: Yang Siyuan , Li Songyi , Wu Jiayan , Chen Yong , Liu Zhenyu 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe mutual interference between frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars seriously affects autonomous driving. The interference will cause a short‐duration pulse‐like signal, which contains several change points in the time domain. The change‐point detection method called bottom‐up segmentation (BOTUP) is applied to deal with a short duration pulse‐like signal, which has excellent detection accuracy. However, the serial processing of BOTUP will cause considerable delay, which is not conducive to real‐time detection of automatic driving. In this paper, an accelerated architecture of BOTUP (ACC‐BOTUP) based on field‐programmable gate array (FPGA) is proposed. As BOTUP has segmented characteristics and without data dependency between the cost functions, a parallel structure is proposed to reduce the latency. Further, a pipeline structure is proposed to execute the operations of the cost functions in an overlapping manner. Compared with the original BOTUP (O‐BOTUP), the latency of ACC‐BOTUP is reduced by 82%, which is more suitable for real‐time detection in autonomous driving.
Landscape of T‐cell repertoires with public COVID‐19‐associated T‐cell receptors in pre‐pandemic risk cohorts
Authors: Simnica Donjete , Schultheiß Christoph , Mohme Malte , Paschold Lisa , Willscher Edith , Fitzek Antonia , Püschel Klaus , Matschke Jakob , Ciesek Sandra , Sedding Daniel G , Zhao Yu , Gagliani Nicola , Maringer Yacine , Walz Juliane S , Heide Janna , Schulze‐zur‐Wiesch Julian , Binder Mascha 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesT cells have an essential role in the antiviral defence. Public T‐cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes are expanded in a substantial proportion of COVID‐19 patients. We set out to exploit their potential use as read‐out for COVID‐19 T‐cell immune responses.MethodsWe searched for COVID‐19‐associated T‐cell clones with public TCRs, as defined by identical complementarity‐determining region 3 (CDR3) beta chain amino acid sequence that can be reproducibly detected in the blood of COVID‐19 patients. Of the different clonotype identification algorithms used in this study, deep sequencing of brain tissue of five patients with fatal COVID‐19 delivered 68 TCR clonotypes with superior representation across 140 immune repertoires of unrelated COVID‐19 patients.ResultsMining of immune repertoires from subjects not previously exposed to the virus showed that these clonotypes can be found in almost 20% of pre‐pandemic immune repertoires of healthy subjects, with lower representation in repertoires from risk groups like individuals above the age of 60 years or patients with cancer.ConclusionTogether, our data show that at least a proportion of the SARS‐CoV‐2 T‐cell response is mediated by public TCRs that are present in repertoires of unexposed individuals. The lower representation of these clones in repertoires of risk groups or failure to expand such clones may contribute to more unfavorable clinical COVID‐19 courses.
Assessing changes in clusters of wildlife road mortalities after the construction of wildlife mitigation structures
Authors: Yamashita Thomas J. , Livingston Trinity D. , Ryer Kevin W. , Young John H. , Kline Richard J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCollisions with vehicles can be a major threat to wildlife populations, so wildlife mitigation structures, including exclusionary fencing and wildlife crossings, are often constructed. To assess mitigation structure effectiveness, it is useful to compare wildlife road mortalities (WRMs) before, during, and after mitigation structure construction; however, differences in survey methodologies may make comparisons of counts impractical. Location‐based cluster analyses provide a means to assess how WRM spatial patterns have changed over time. We collected WRM data between 2015 and 2019 on State Highway 100 in Texas, USA. Five wildlife crossings and exclusionary fencing were installed in this area between September 2016 and May 2018 for the endangered ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and other similarly sized mammals. Roads intersecting State Highway 100 were mitigated by gates, wildlife guards, and wing walls. However, these structures may have provided wildlife access to the highway. We combined local hot spot analysis and time series analysis to assess how WRM cluster intensity changed after mitigation structure construction at fine spatial and temporal scales and generalized linear regression to assess how gaps in fencing and land cover were related to WRM cluster intensity in the before, during, and after construction periods. Overall, WRMs/survey day decreased after mitigation structure construction and most hot spots occurred where there were more fence gaps, and, while cluster intensity increased in a few locations, these were not at fence gaps. Cluster intensity of WRMs increased when nearer to fence gaps in naturally vegetated areas, especially forested areas, and decreased nearer to fence gaps in areas with less natural vegetation. We recommend that if fence gaps are necessary in forested areas, less permeable mitigation structures, such as gates, should be used. Local hot spot analysis, coupled with time series and regression techniques, can effectively assess how WRM clustering changes over time.
A penalized likelihood for multispecies occupancy models improves predictions of species interactions
Authors: Clipp Hannah L. , Evans Amber L. , Kessinger Brin E. , Kellner Kenneth , Rota Christopher T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMultispecies occupancy models estimate dependence among multiple species of interest from patterns of co‐occurrence, but problems associated with separation and boundary estimates can lead to unreasonably large estimates of parameters and associated standard errors when species are rarely observed at the same site or when data are sparse. In this paper, we overcome these issues by implementing a penalized likelihood, which introduces a small bias in parameter estimates in exchange for a potentially large reduction in variance. We compare parameter estimates obtained from both penalized and unpenalized multispecies occupancy models fit to simulated data that exhibit various degrees of separation and to a real‐word data set of bird surveys with little apparent overlap between potentially interacting species. Our simulation results demonstrate that penalized multispecies occupancy models did not exhibit boundary estimates and produced lower bias, lower mean squared error, and improved inference relative to unpenalized models. When applied to real‐world data, our penalized multispecies occupancy model constrained boundary estimates and allowed for meaningful inference related to the interactions of two species of conservation concern. To facilitate the use of our penalized multispecies occupancy model, the techniques demonstrated in this paper have been integrated into the unmarked package in R programing language.
A 2000 to 2020 Practitioner's Guide to Chiral Amine‐Based Enantioselective Aldol Reactions: Ketone Substrates, Best Methods, in Water Reaction Environments, and Defining Nuances.
Authors: Nugent Thomas C. , de Vos Alice E. , Hussain Ishtiaq , El Damrany Hussein Hussein Ali , Goswami Falguni 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn extensive introduction is provided for the non‐expert regarding enantioselective, amine catalyzed, aldol reactions (Sections 1–3). There, a broad perspective is provided regarding: methodology limitations, mechanism, in‐water versus on‐water definitions and their theoretical basis, small‐ and large‐scale physical‐mechanical aspects, solid versus liquid starting material considerations, reproducibility, ball milling, diketone substrates, etc. The thematic emphasis then turns to practical outcomes for the reaction of nineteen aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic ketones with 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde and benzaldehyde prior to 2021. In doing so, 172 catalysts are highlighted. The ketone substrates are listed in the Table of Contents (Section 4) and their structures are shown in Figure 1. Each ketone is summarized by a: (i) schematic, (ii) text summary, (iii) catalyst Figures, and (iv) tabular reaction/product data. Individual ketone summaries, at times, represent the distillation of over six hundred and fifty research articles, and the data refinement and its tabular reconstitution is not reproducible using a chemical database search with filters. In the review's broadest use, the Figure 1 ketone structures serve as templates to extrapolate to hypothetical substrates holding more functionality, but of related steric and electronic similarity. This pseudo matching permits a rapid answer to, “Does this methodology suit the ketone substrate at hand or not?” In a positive outcome, the best reaction conditions (stoichiometry, catalyst structure and loading, solvent, time, etc.) to affect aldol product formation (yield, dr, and ee) are delineated. A second envisioned use, allows the directed construction of diketone substrates (after viewing the tabularized data of Section 4) capable of undergoing regioselective mono‐aldol product formation. This ketone regioselectivity tactic, reacting one carbonyl moiety while the other remains unreacted, avoids ketone protection‐deprotection, and is demonstrated for the advantageous synthesis of an Alzheimer drug candidate.
Triplet‐Forming Thionated Donor‐Acceptor Chromophores for Electrochemically Amphoteric Photosensitization
Authors: Wright Anna I. , Kariuki Benson M. , Wu Yi‐Lin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA series of piperidine‐naphthalene monoimide, donor−acceptor (D−A) chromophores and their thionated derivatives were prepared. The physical properties of the chromophores were studied by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements and DFT calculations. Relative to their non‐thionated counterparts, the thionated D−A chromophores display enhanced visible‐light absorption and 1O2‐sensitization quantum yields and negligible fluorescence, suggesting facile triplet formation of this class of molecules. This behavior originates from the significant n‐π* character in the singlet excited state, resulting in large spin‐orbit coupling between the singlet/triplet manifolds regardless of the degree of D/A interactions. With the electrochemically active D/A moieties and high triplet energy, the thionated chromophores can be used as amphoteric photosensitizers to catalyze reductive and oxidative photoreactions with efficiency comparable to Ru(bpy)32+ as the sensitizer. Our results demonstrate that thiocarbonylation can be utilized in amide/imide‐containing D−A chromophores to provide a wide range of heavy‐atom‐free redox‐active photosensitizers.
Recent advances in dielectrophoresis toward biomarker detection: A summary of studies published between 2014 and 2021
Authors: Velmanickam Logeeshan , Jayasooriya Vidura , Vemuri Madhava Sarma , Tida Umamaheswara Rao , Nawarathna Dharmakeerthi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDielectrophoresis is a well‐understood phenomenon that has been widely utilized in biomedical applications. Recent advancements in miniaturization have contributed to the development of dielectrophoretic‐based devices for a wide variety of biomedical applications. In particular, the integration of dielectrophoresis with microfluidics, fluorescence, and electrical impedance has produced devices and techniques that are attractive for screening and diagnosing diseases. This review article summarizes the recent utility of dielectrophoresis in assays of biomarker detection. Common screening and diagnostic biomarkers, such as cellular, protein, and nucleic acid, are discussed. Finally, the potential use of recent developments in machine learning approaches toward improving biomarker detection performance is discussed. This review article will be useful for researchers interested in the recent utility of dielectrophoresis in the detection of biomarkers and for those developing new devices to address current gaps in dielectrophoretic biomarker detection.
Downstream bioprocessing of human pluripotent stem cell‐derived therapeutics
Authors: Sart Sebastien , Liu Chang , Zeng Eric Z. , Xu Chunhui , Li Yan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWith the advancement in lineage‐specific differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), downstream cell separation has now become a critical step to produce hPSC‐derived products. Since differentiation procedures usually result in a heterogeneous cell population, cell separation needs to be performed either to enrich the desired cell population or remove the undesired cell population. This article summarizes recent advances in separation processes for hPSC‐derived cells, including the standard separation technologies, such as magnetic‐activated cell sorting, as well as the novel separation strategies, such as those based on adhesion strength and metabolic flux. Specifically, the downstream bioprocessing flow and the identification of surface markers for various cell lineages are discussed. While challenges remain for large‐scale downstream bioprocessing of hPSC‐derived cells, the rational quality‐by‐design approach should be implemented to enhance the understanding of the relationship between process and the product and to ensure the safety of the produced cells.