bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Urban Scheme for the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System: Single‐Column and Global Offline Application
Authors: McNorton J. R. , Arduini G. , Bousserez N. , Agustí‐Panareda A. , Balsamo G. , Boussetta S. , Choulga M. , Hadade I. , Hogan R. J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe societal benefits of numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecasts are most evident in populated areas. An urban representation within NWP models should provide improved forecast accuracy. Here, we present the preliminary implementation of an urban scheme within the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) using a simplified single‐layer urban canopy model. The scheme makes assumptions of canyon geometry and considers fluxes from roads, walls, and roofs. Temperature observations were used to optimize single‐column model (SCM) parameters using the Gauss‐Newton method. Observation comparisons over six European cities, show a 2‐m temperature root‐mean‐squared error reduction from 1.85 to 1.75 K with the urban scheme. Optimized parameters were used globally at kilometric scale in a land surface model. A sensitivity experiment assuming a 100% urban world showed spatially averaged northern hemisphere 2‐m temperatures increased by 0.54 K (January) and 0.42 K (July) at night caused by changes in the albedo, emissivity, roughness, and thermal and hydrological properties. Global ∼1‐km resolution simulations using ancillary urban mapping information produce an urban heat island effect over major and minor conurbations. Only major conurbations were well represented at ∼9‐km resolution. Results from SCM simulations show a heightening of the planetary boundary layer over city sites, with the largest enhancements occurring at night in July (84 ± 48 m) caused by an increased sensible heat flux. These initial developments show the importance of a high‐resolution urban representation within NWP models. Improved parameterization and mapping will enable an online representation of energy, water, and trace gas fluxes over residential areas.
The Determination of Satellite Orbital Decay From POD Data During Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Li Ruoxi , Lei Jiuhou 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn our previous study (Li et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9052-1), we derived the satellite energy‐decay with a 20‐min resolution based on the Precise Orbit Determination (POD) data, using a proximate analytic approach to represent the time variation gravitational potential. In this follow‐up study, we improved the previous approach and calculated the POD‐based energy‐decays by using a numerical integration approach. Based on the precise energy‐decays, the orbital decays and decay rates with higher accuracy and resolution were further derived. The relative deviations of the orbital decays are generally less than 10% with respect to the accelerometer‐reference. The satellite orbital decays and decay rates derived from this approach were used to study the effects of geomagnetic activities and background density on the orbital changes. Our results show that, during the severe November 2003 storm, the storm‐induced orbital decay rate increased by a factor of 8 with respect to the quiet‐time reference. This POD‐based integration approach was also applied to study the orbital changes of multiple satellites at different altitudes during the September 2017 moderate storm. It is found that the storm‐induced orbital decay rates of Swarm‐B, Swarm‐A, and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites increased by 100%–150% depending on their altitudes. Overall, the results suggest that our integration approach has better performance than the previous approach in deriving the orbital decay rate at solar minimum or at high altitude when the atmospheric density is relatively low.
ASHLEY: A New Empirical Model for the High‐Latitude Electron Precipitation and Electric Field
Authors: Zhu Qingyu , Deng Yue , Maute Astrid , Kilcommons Liam M. , Knipp Delores J. , Hairston Marc 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, a new high‐latitude empirical model is introduced, named for Auroral energy Spectrum and High‐Latitude Electric field variabilitY (ASHLEY). This model improves specifications of soft electron precipitations and electric field variability that are not well represented in existing high‐latitude empirical models. ASHLEY consists of three components, ASHLEY‐A, ASHLEY‐E, and ASHLEY‐Evar, which are developed based on the electron precipitation and bulk ion drift measurements from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites during the most recent solar cycle. On the one hand, unlike most existing high‐latitude electron precipitation models, which have assumptions about the energy spectrum of incident electrons, the electron precipitation component of ASHLEY, ASHLEY‐A, provides the differential energy fluxes in the 19 DMSP energy channels under different geophysical conditions without making any assumptions about the energy spectrum. It has been found that the relaxation of spectral assumptions significantly improves soft electron precipitation specifications with respect to a Maxwellian spectrum (up to several orders of magnitude). On the other hand, ASHLEY provides consistent mean electric field and electric field variability under different geophysical conditions by ASHLEY‐E and ASHLEY‐Evar components, respectively. This is different from most existing electric field models which only focus on the large‐scale mean electric field and ignore the electric field variability. Furthermore, the consistency between the electric field and electron precipitation is better taken into account in ASHLEY.
Massive Deposition of Carbonate Nodules in the Hyperarid Northwest Qaidam Basin of the Northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Sun Yu , Li Yiliang , Li Kan , Li Long , He Hongping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConcretionary nodule formation is a subaerial process common to both Earth and Mars. The resulting nodules contain information about particular paleoclimatic cycles. However, their genesis and the mineralogical and geochemical effects of climate change on nodule formation have not well constrained so far, limiting their applications to paleoclimatic reconstruction. Since the late Pleistocene, the Qaidam Basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau has been subjected to extreme drought, resulting in a vast area of playas with a diverse eolian morphology that resembles the surface of Mars. Recently, a massive carbonate nodule field was discovered on an ancient diluvial platform in the northwest Qaidam Basin. Detailed analyses revealed that an early period of aragonite precipitation (251 kyr before present) provided seeding material for the later growth of nodule bodies during a period of ∼100 kyr. The highly unstable hydrologic and geochemical conditions during this period led to the growth of high‐Mg calcite zones with varied elemental contents (e.g., Mn), crystal patterns, and porosity levels within the nodule bodies. The δ13C and δ18O values increased by 3‰ and 6‰, respectively, from the cores to the rims of the measured nodules. Rayleigh distillation model suggested that 50% of the H2O and 25% of the dissolved CO2 had been removed during nodule growth in response to the drought. These results show that nodules formed in hyperarid environments can record important hydrologic information, which may provide insights for paleo‐environment studies on Mars by examining the formation of nodules in Gale Crater.
First‐Principles Diffusivity Ratios for Atmospheric Isotope Fractionation on Mars and Titan
Authors: Hellmann Robert , Harvey Allan H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent work used the kinetic theory of molecular gases, along with state‐of‐the‐art intermolecular potentials, to calculate from first principles the diffusivity ratios necessary for modeling kinetic fractionation of water isotopes in air. Here, we extend that work to the Martian atmosphere, employing potential‐energy surfaces for the interaction of water with carbon dioxide and with nitrogen. We also derive diffusivity ratios for methane isotopes in the atmosphere of Titan by using a high‐quality potential for the methane‐nitrogen pair. The Mars calculations cover 100–400 K, while the Titan calculations cover 50–200 K. Surprisingly, the simple hard‐sphere theory that is inaccurate for Earth's atmosphere is in good agreement with the rigorous results for the diffusion of water isotopes in the Martian atmosphere. A modest disagreement with the hard‐sphere results is observed for the diffusivity ratio of CH3D in the atmosphere of Titan. We present temperature‐dependent correlations, as well as estimates of uncertainty, for the diffusivity ratios involving HDO, H217O, and H218O in the Martian atmosphere, and for CH3D and13CH4in the atmosphere of Titan, providing for the first time the necessary data to be able to model kinetic isotope fractionation in these environments.
Recent advances in the synthesis of organic chloramines and their insights into health care
Authors: Grace Victoria G. , Rajasekhara Reddy Sabbasani 
Published: April 2021

Organic nitrogen–chlorine compounds and their derivatives are important heterocyclic motifs, exhibiting applications such as N-chlorinating agents, analytical reagents, disinfectants, antipathogens, and as synthetic intermediates for drugs, polymers, and natural products.
Smart city development in Taiwan
Authors: Leu Jang‐Hwa , Lin Bo‐Chi , Liao Yen‐Yi , Gan Dai‐You 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article outlines Taiwan’s experience in developing smart cities, including visions, implementation strategies and application cases. To take global trends and local needs into account, Taiwan has applied a dual development model that combines top‐down (theme‐based)/bottom‐up (needs‐based) approaches for a synergy effect in balancing innovations and local needs. Furthermore, a public–private partnership program has been adopted to prompt collaboration between central/local authorities with local businesses.Meanwhile, Taiwan uses a private finance initiative program and a global marketing strategy for strengthening the scalability and sustainability of smart city solutions. Three visions in the project help achieve the transformation to ensure smarter urban governance, more comprehensive industrial business models and better livelihoods of residents. Moreover, this article also presents five application cases in the top‐down approach and four application cases in the bottom‐up approach with proven track records which covered eight industry sectors: agriculture, healthcare, education, mobility, retail, energy, governance and environment.
ResTech: innovative technologies for crisis resolution
Authors: Loiacono Giuseppe , Rulli Edoardo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe use of financial technologies (FinTech) by financial market participants fostered a discussion among public authorities on the use technologies for regulatory (RegTech) and supervisory (SupTech) purposes. This paper discusses the application of innovative technologies to crisis resolution (ResTech) and sets out its potential scope of application. ResTech is the application of technologies: i) to support the work of resolution authorities in developing resolution plans and in resolving financial firms; and ii) to allow financial firms to achieve regulatory compliance and better risk management in a more effective and automated manner. This paper also argues that the features and market dynamics of resolution differ from those of RegTech and SupTech: there is little market incentive for the private sector to foster innovation in the area of crisis resolution. The lack of private sector incentives to invest in R&D on how to resolve a firm’s crisis leaves the task to resolution authorities. In addition, resolution-technologies may support the identification of optimal liquidation strategy for small and medium-sized financial firms, by ensuring the maximisation of creditors’ proceeds out of the insolvency estate.
Documenting Single-Generation Range Shifts of Periodical Cicada Brood VI (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.)
Authors: Cooley John R , Marshall David C , Simon Chris 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Historically, most North American periodical cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp. Davis 1925) distribution records have been mapped at county-level resolution. In recent decades, Magicicada brood distributions and especially edges have been mapped at a higher resolution, aided by the use of GIS technology after 2000. Brood VI of the 17-yr cicadas emerged in 2000 and 2017 and is the first for which detailed mapping has been completed in consecutive generations. Overlaying the records from the two generations suggests that in some places, Brood VI expanded its range slightly between 2000 and 2017, although the measured changes are close to the lower limit of detectability given the methods used. Even so, no simple alternative to range expansion easily accounts for these observations. We also bolster Alexander and Moore’s assertion that M. cassini does not occur in Brood VI.
Revisiting Solitary Pedunculated Lipofibromas
Authors: Adotama Prince , Hutson Seneca D , Rieder Evan A , Stein Jennifer A , Kim Randie H 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesPedunculated lipofibromas are soft, compressible, skin-colored nodules that typically present as an acquired solitary lesion, predominantly located on the buttocks and thighs. We aimed to differentiate between pedunculated lipofibromas and nevus lipomatosus superficialis. Although benign, this may be important as treatment options vary.MethodsWe describe 3 cases of solitary pedunculated lipofibromas occurring in older, obese adults that required clinicopathologic correlation for the correct diagnosis.ResultsThe histopathologic features of pedunculated lipofibromas include a broad-based lesion with aggregates of mature adipocytes extending upwards into the dermis without an associated inflammatory infiltrate. The primary histopathologic differential diagnoses include fibroepithelial polyps with adipocytes and nevus lipomatosus superficialis, which is more frequently found in children or young adults and is typically characterized clinically by multiple lesions with a cerebriform to verrucoid surface.ConclusionsWhile the precise relationship between pedunculated lipofibromas and nevus lipomatosus is still unknown, we propose using pedunculated lipofibroma as a more specific clinical term to refer to solitary pedunculated or broad-based fatty lesions with a smooth surface that occur in older patients and in a wide anatomic distribution.
Patient Awareness and Clinical Inertia: Obstacles to Hypertension Control in Rural Communities in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Castro-Dominguez Yulanka , Trejo Paredes Maria Camila , Mones Patricia , Spatz Erica S , Lombo Bernardo , Sepulveda Priscilla , Reyes-Uribe Olmar , Otero Jorge , Ramirez Gisselle , Urena Pedro , Lopez Emilton , Dominguez Boanerges , McNamara Robert L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Many obstacles exist for adequate hypertension control, including low individual awareness and clinical inertia (CI). In this study, we aimed to determine hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among community residents of rural areas of Peravia in Dominican Republic (DR), followed by an assessment of CI in their primary care clinics (PCCs).

Methods
We interviewed 827 adults from 8 rural communities of Peravia. Demographics, medical history, health care information, and blood pressure (BP) were obtained. We reviewed the community PCC visits of patients with known hypertension or a BP ≥140/90, abstracting medical history and the physician’s action toward uncontrolled BP.

Results
Of those interviewed, 57% (95% CI: 53%–60%) had hypertension, with 63% (95% CI: 59%–68%) of those aware of their diagnosis. Among individuals with hypertension, 60% (95% CI: 56%–65%) were receiving pharmacological treatment, and only 35% (95% CI: 31%–40%) were controlled. Characteristics associated with awareness were female sex, age &gt;55 years, diabetes, private insurance, and having at least 1 health care visit within the past year. Of the 507 PCC patients reviewed, 340 (67%) had uncontrolled BP. Of these, 220 had no clinical action to address the uncontrolled BP, corresponding to a CI rate of 65%.

Conclusions
Among rural communities in the DR, undiagnosed hypertension remains common, especially in individuals who are younger, uninsured, or with limited access to health care. For those seen in PCCs, therapeutic intensification to achieve controlled BP is infrequently done. Strategies to address population awareness and CI are needed to improve hypertension control.
Divergence of stem biomechanics and hydraulics betweenBauhinialianas and trees
Authors: Xiao Yan , Song Yu , Wu Fu-Chuan , Zhang Shu-Bin , Zhang Jiao-Lin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLiana abundance and biomass are increasing in neotropical and Asian tropical seasonal forests over the past decades. Stem mechanical properties and hydraulic traits influence the growth and survival of plants, yet the differences in stem mechanical and hydraulic performance between congeneric lianas and trees remain poorly understood. Here, we measured 11 stem mechanical and hydraulic traits for 10 liana species and 10 tree species from Bauhinia grown in a tropical common garden. Our results showed that Bauhinia lianas possessed lower stem mechanical strength as indicated by both modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, and higher stem potential hydraulic conductivity than congeneric trees. Such divergence was mainly attributed to the differentiation in liana and tree life forms. Whether the phylogenetic effect was considered or not, mechanical strength was positively correlated with wood density, vessel conduit wall reinforcement and sapwood content across species. Results of principle component analysis showed that traits related to mechanical safety and hydraulic efficiency were loaded in the opposite direction, suggesting a trade-off between biomechanics and hydraulics. Our results provide evidence for obvious differentiation in mechanical demand and hydraulic efficiency between congeneric lianas and trees.
Time-dependent diffusion MRI probes cerebellar microstructural alterations in a mouse model of Down syndrome
Authors: Wu Dan , Zhang Yi , Cheng Bei , Mori Susumu , Reeves Roger H , Gao Feng J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The cerebellum is a complex system with distinct cortical laminar organization. Alterations in cerebellar microstructure are common and associated with many factors such as genetics, cancer and ageing. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) provides a non-invasive tool to map the brain structural organization, and the recently proposed diffusion-time (td)-dependent dMRI further improves its capability to probe the cellular and axonal/dendritic microstructures by measuring water diffusion at multiple spatial scales. The td-dependent diffusion profile in the cerebellum and its utility in detecting cerebellar disorders, however, are not yet elucidated. Here, we first deciphered the spatial correspondence between dMRI contrast and cerebellar layers, based on which the cerebellar layer-specific td-dependent dMRI patterns were characterized in both euploid and Ts65Dn mice, a mouse model of Down syndrome. Using oscillating gradient dMRI, which accesses diffusion at short td’s by modulating the oscillating frequency, we detected subtle changes in the apparent diffusivity coefficient of the cerebellar internal granular layer and Purkinje cell layer of Ts65Dn mice that were not detectable by conventional pulsed gradient dMRI. The detection sensitivity of oscillating gradient dMRI increased with the oscillating frequency at both the neonatal and adult stages. The td-dependence, quantified by ΔADC map, was reduced in Ts65Dn mice, likely associated with the reduced granule cell density and abnormal dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells as revealed from histological evidence. Our study demonstrates superior sensitivity of short-td diffusion using oscillating gradient dMRI to detect cerebellar microstructural changes in Down syndrome, suggesting the potential application of this technique in cerebellar disorders.
Music, men and masculinity on the Grand Tour: British flautists in Italy
Authors: McGeary Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Grand Tour was the highpoint of the education of the sons of many members of the British upper classes. Despite its contributions to British culture, the Tour came in for contemporary objection and satire. More recently Richard Leppert has used his construct of 18th-century British ideology of gender, class and music to argue that men’s musical activities on the Tour were devalued. This article re-assesses the role of music-making of males on the Grand Tour. It questions the basis of Leppert’s account, and documents an array of paintings depicting Grand Tourists with instruments. The paintings range from highly finished, formal portraits by Pompeo Batoni, to the personal caricatures by Joshua Reynolds, and the informal chalk sketches by Thomas Patch. The article also uses the newly discovered account book of the Hon. Charles Stanhope to show the attention and expenses he devoted to music while on his Grand Tour.
Peculiarities in coronary sinus anatomy: implications for successful cannulation from an autoptic study
Authors: Sławek-Szmyt Sylwia , Szmyt Krzysztof , Żaba Czesław , Grygier Marek , Lesiak Maciej , Araszkiewicz Aleksander 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
The number of cardiovascular procedures using the coronary sinus (CS) as a gateway is constantly increasing. The present study aimed to define specific structures within CS, which could potentially complicate CS cannulation and to develop a new Thebesian valve (TV) classification system.

Methods and results
The study was performed on 560 consecutive unfixed cadaveric hearts during routine autopsy examination (1–3 days post-mortem). Basic CS dimensions were measured and the presence and dimensions of the TV and the Vieussens valve (VV) were assessed. Thebesian valves were classified according to their morphology into six main types: remnant fold, semilunar, fenestrated, chord, fused strands, and mixed shaped. The median age of hearts was 48 years (range 16–95 years), and 38.9% were female. Thebesian valve was present in 79.5%. The most common TV type was semilunar (54%) followed by fenestrated (8.2%), remnant fold (5.5%), fused strands (4.8%), chord (4.0%), and mixed shaped (3.0%). In 1.1% of hearts, TV totally covered the coronary sinus ostium (CSO). The VV was detected in 67.9%. Potentially occlusive VV was found in 1.1% hearts and in all of which it coexisted with obstructive TV. The median CSO area was 87.9 mm2 [interquartile range (IQR): 56.5–127.1 mm2] and median CS length was 38 mm (IQR: 29.5–45 mm). The CSO area and CS length correlated with each other and with the right atrium’s dimensions.

Conclusion
We identified six types of TVs, among which only 1.1% TVs caused total occlusion of CSO. The obstructive TV co-existed with potentially occlusive VV what might hinder CS cannulation.