bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Strongest Negative Lightning Strokes in Winter Thunderstorms in Japan
Authors: Wu Ting , Wang Daohong , Huang Haitao , Takagi Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWinter thunderstorms in Japan are well known for the frequent production of energetic positive cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning flashes. By contrast, strong negative CG flashes or negative return strokes in winter thunderstorms are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that negative return strokes with peak currents larger than 150 kA (absolute value) in winter thunderstorms in Japan mostly produce electric field change waveforms that are different from those of normal return strokes. Due to their unusual waveforms, these strongest negative strokes have not been recognized as return strokes by the lightning research community. We further demonstrate that these strong negative return strokes are preceded by a fast downward negative leader with a short duration and strong peak current. We suggest that the fast and powerful downward negative leader may be associated with downward terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes. We also present evidence that these strong negative strokes are likely “superbolts” observed from space.
Evidence for Multiple Ferrel‐Like Cells on Jupiter
Authors: Duer Keren , Gavriel Nimrod , Galanti Eli , Kaspi Yohai , Fletcher Leigh N. , Guillot Tristan , Bolton Scott J. , Levin Steven M. , Atreya Sushil K. , Grassi Davide , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Li Cheng , Li Liming , Lunine Jonathan I. , Orton Glenn S. , Oyafuso Fabiano A. , Waite J. Hunter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractJupiter's atmosphere is dominated by multiple jet streams which are strongly tied to its 3D atmospheric circulation. Lacking a rigid bottom boundary, several models exist for how the meridional circulation extends into the planetary interior. Here, we show, collecting evidence from multiple instruments of the Juno mission, the existence of midlatitudinal meridional circulation cells which are driven by turbulence, similar to the Ferrel cells on Earth. Different than Earth, which contains only one such cell in each hemisphere, the larger, faster rotating Jupiter can incorporate multiple cells. The cells form regions of upwelling and downwelling, which we show are clearly evident in Juno's microwave data between latitudes and . The existence of these cells is confirmed by reproducing the ammonia observations using a simplistic model. This study solves a long‐standing puzzle regarding the nature of Jupiter's subcloud dynamics and provides evidence for eight cells in each Jovian hemisphere.
Jupiter's Overturning Circulation: Breaking Waves Take the Place of Solid Boundaries
Authors: Ingersoll Andrew P. , Atreya Sushil , Bolton Scott J. , Brueshaber Shawn , Fletcher Leigh N. , Levin Steven M. , Li Cheng , Li Liming , Lunine Jonathan I. , Orton Glenn S. , Waite Hunter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCloud‐tracked wind observations document the role of eddies in putting momentum into the zonal jets. Chemical tracers, lightning, clouds, and temperature anomalies document the rising and sinking in the belts and zones, but questions remain about what drives the flow between the belts and zones. We suggest an additional role for the eddies, which is to generate waves that propagate both up and down from the cloud layer. When the waves break they deposit momentum and thereby replace the friction forces at solid boundaries that enable overturning circulations on terrestrial planets. By depositing momentum of one sign within the cloud layer and momentum of the opposite sign above and below the clouds, the eddies maintain all components of the circulation, including the stacked, oppositely rotating cells between each belt‐zone pair, and the zonal jets themselves.
A simple six-step guide to National-Scale Hypertension Control Program implementation
Authors: Cazabon Danielle , Farrell Margaret , Gupta Reena , Joseph Lindsay , Pathni Anupam Khungar , Sahoo Swagata , Kunwar Abhishek , Elliott Kate , Cohn Jennifer , Frieden Thomas R. , Moran Andrew E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHypertension is the leading single preventable risk factor for death worldwide, and most of the disease burden attributed to hypertension weighs on low-and middle-income countries. Effective large-scale public health hypertension control programs are needed to control hypertension globally. National programs can follow six important steps to launch a successful national-scale hypertension control program: establish an administrative structure and survey current resources, select a standard hypertension treatment protocol, ensure supply of medication and blood pressure devices, train health care workers to measure blood pressure and control hypertension, implement an information system for monitoring patients and the program overall, and enroll and monitor patients with phased program expansion. Resolve to Save Lives, an initiative of global public health organization Vital Strategies, and its partners organized these six key steps and materials into a structured, stepwise guide to establish best practices in hypertension program design, launch, maintenance, and scale-up.
Changes in chronotype and social jetlag during adolescence and their association with concurrent changes in BMI-SDS and body composition, in the DONALD Study
Authors: Jankovic Nicole , Schmitting Sarah , Krüger Bettina , Nöthlings Ute , Buyken Anette , Alexy Ute 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background/objectives
Adolescence is a critical period for both the development of overweight and the transition toward a later chronotype, often accompanied by an increase in social jetlag. This study assessed whether changes in chronotype and social jetlag, are linked to changes in body composition during adolescence.

Subjects/methods
We used data from the DONALD open cohort study, collected between 2014 and 2019, from 213 adolescents (9–17 years at baseline, 45% females) having at least two measures of chronotype and anthropometry (N = 572). Chronotype was assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and defined as: midpoint of sleep corrected for sleep-debt (MSFsc) accumulated over the week (later MSFsc represents later chronotype). Social jetlag (SJL) defines the difference between midpoint of sleep during week and weekend. Calculations for Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI [kg/m2)]) and Fat Mass Index (FMI) [kg/m2)]) were based on body fat percentage, weight, and height. To analyze the associations, we used linear mixed-effect regression models. Finally, the total cohort was split into three biologically relevant age groups (cut-off set at <12 years, ≥12 to ≤15 years and >15 years).

Results
Median follow-up was 2.1 years. Overall, change toward a later chronotype was significantly related with an increase in FMI (ß: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01–0.08). A 1 h increase in social jetlag predicted an increase in BMI-SDS of 0.08 SDS units (95% CI: 0.01–0.14) and in FMI of 0.04 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.003–0.08). Associations were stronger for the age group ≥12 to ≤15 years (p for interaction: <0.001). No relationship was found with FFMI.

Conclusions
Changes in MSFsc and SJL during adolescence were associated with concurrent changes in BMI-SDS and FMI. The age ≥12 to ≤15 years appears to be a sensitive period in which chronobiological changes were clearly associated with increasing body fatness.
A conserved mechanism for regulating replisome disassembly in eukaryotes
Authors: Jenkyn-Bedford Michael , Jones Morgan L. , Baris Yasemin , Labib Karim P. M. , Cannone Giuseppe , Yeeles Joseph T. P. , Deegan Tom D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractReplisome disassembly is the final step of eukaryotic DNA replication and is triggered by ubiquitylation of the CDC45–MCM–GINS (CMG) replicative helicase1–3. Despite being driven by evolutionarily diverse E3 ubiquitin ligases in different eukaryotes (SCFDia2 in budding yeast1, CUL2LRR1 in metazoa4–7), replisome disassembly is governed by a common regulatory principle, in which ubiquitylation of CMG is suppressed before replication termination, to prevent replication fork collapse. Recent evidence suggests that this suppression is mediated by replication fork DNA8–10. However, it is unknown how SCFDia2 and CUL2LRR1 discriminate terminated from elongating replisomes, to selectively ubiquitylate CMG only after termination. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy to solve high-resolution structures of budding yeast and human replisome–E3 ligase assemblies. Our structures show that the leucine-rich repeat domains of Dia2 and LRR1 are structurally distinct, but bind to a common site on CMG, including the MCM3 and MCM5 zinc-finger domains. The LRR–MCM interaction is essential for replisome disassembly and, crucially, is occluded by the excluded DNA strand at replication forks, establishing the structural basis for the suppression of CMG ubiquitylation before termination. Our results elucidate a conserved mechanism for the regulation of replisome disassembly in eukaryotes, and reveal a previously unanticipated role for DNA in preserving replisome integrity.
Maternal dyslipidemia and altered cholesterol metabolism in early pregnancy as a risk factor for small for gestational age neonates
Authors: Kim So Yeon , Lee Seung Mi , Kwon Go Eun , Kim Byoung Jae , Koo Ja Nam , Oh Ig Hwan , Kim Sun Min , Shin Sue , Kim Won , Joo Sae Kyung , Norwitz Errol R. , Jung Young Mi , Park Chan-Wook , Jun Jong Kwan , Choi Man Ho , Park Joong Shin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe evaluated the relationship between maternal cholesterol levels and its biologically active precursors and metabolites in the first trimester and subsequent risk for small-for-gestational-age birthweight (SGA). This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study which enrolled healthy singleton pregnancies (n = 1337). Maternal fasting blood was taken in the first trimester and followed up till delivery. The lipid parameters were compared between women who delivered SGA neonates (SGA-group, birthweight < 10th percentile, n = 107) and women who did not (non-SGA-group, n = 1230). In addition, metabolic signatures of cholesterol were evaluated in a subset consisting of propensity-score matched SGA (n = 56) and control group (n = 56). Among lipid parameters, maternal high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly lower in SGA-group than in non-SGA-group (p = 0.022). The risk for SGA was negatively correlated with maternal serum HDL-C quartiles (p = 0.003), and this association remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables. In metabolic signatures of cholesterol, the cholesterol/lathosterol ratio in SGA-group was significantly higher than non-SGA-group [(2.7 (1.6–3.7) vs. 2.1 (1.5–2.9), respectively; p = 0.034)], suggesting increased endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis. We demonstrated that dyslipidemia and increased cholesterol biosynthesis led to delivery of SGA neonates even in early pregnancy.
Study on timing sequence control fracture blasting excavation of deep rock masses with filled joints
Authors: Huang Junhong , Zhang Guang , Luo Yi , Li Xinping , Song Kaiwen , Liu Tingting 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDuring the blasting excavation of deep underground caverns, the effects of the structural surface on crack propagation are usually considered in addition to the clamping effects of high in situ stress. Based on the notched borehole and timing sequence control (TSC) fracture blasting method, this paper studies the effects of different borehole shapes on the degree of damage of the surrounding rock and profile flatness of the rock anchor beams and the effects of different filled joint characteristics on the blasting crack propagation rules. The results show that the damage depth of the surrounding rocks by round hole smooth blasting is approximately twice that by notched hole smooth blasting, by which the profile formed is flatter. The notched primary borehole (PBH) remains a strong guidance for crack propagation in a rock mass with filled joints, while the stress concentration effects of the round target borehole (TBH) cannot fully guide the cracks until they fall within a certain distance between the PBH and TBH. It is favourable for cracks to propagate along the lines between boreholes with larger filled joint strengths and larger angles between boreholes.
Conflict-free collective stochastic decision making by orbital angular momentum of photons through quantum interference
Authors: Amakasu Takashi , Chauvet Nicolas , Bachelier Guillaume , Huant Serge , Horisaki Ryoichi , Naruse Makoto 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn recent cross-disciplinary studies involving both optics and computing, single-photon-based decision-making has been demonstrated by utilizing the wave-particle duality of light to solve multi-armed bandit problems. Furthermore, entangled-photon-based decision-making has managed to solve a competitive multi-armed bandit problem in such a way that conflicts of decisions among players are avoided while ensuring equality. However, as these studies are based on the polarization of light, the number of available choices is limited to two, corresponding to two orthogonal polarization states. Here we propose a scalable principle to solve competitive decision-making situations by using the orbital angular momentum of photons based on its high dimensionality, which theoretically allows an unlimited number of arms. Moreover, by extending the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect to more than two states, we theoretically establish an experimental configuration able to generate multi-photon states with orbital angular momentum and conditions that provide conflict-free selections at every turn. We numerically examine total rewards regarding three-armed bandit problems, for which the proposed strategy accomplishes almost the theoretical maximum, which is greater than a conventional mixed strategy intending to realize Nash equilibrium. This is thanks to the quantum interference effect that achieves no-conflict selections, even in the exploring phase to find the best arms.
Metabarcoding insights into the diet and trophic diversity of six declining farmland birds
Authors: Cabodevilla Xabier , Mougeot François , Bota Gerard , Mañosa Santi , Cuscó Francesc , Martínez-García Julen , Arroyo Beatriz , Madeira María J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKnowledge of feeding ecology of declining species, such as farmland birds, is essential to address their conservation requirements, especially when their habitats are suffering important reductions of trophic resources. In this study, we apply a metabarcoding approach to describe the diet composition of six of the most significant farmland birds inhabiting European cereal pseudo-steppes: little bustard, great bustard, pin-tailed sandgrouse, black-bellied sandgrouse, red-legged partridge, and common quail. We further studied seasonal diet variations (autumn to spring) in all species but the common quail, whose diet was studied during spring and summer. We show that study species´ diets mostly consisted of plants, although in the case of little bustard and great bustard arthropods are also highly relevant. Among arthropods, we found high proportions of thrips, arachnids, and springtails, which were previously unreported in their diet, and some taxa that could be used as antiparasitic food. Moreover, we report that little bustard’s diet is the least rich of that of all studied species, and that diet of all these species is less diverse in winter than in autumn and spring. Diet composition of these declining species supports the importance of natural and semi-natural vegetation and landscape mosaics that can provide a wide variety of arthropods, plants, and seeds all year-round.
A novel technique to assess rotational deformities in lower extremities using CT-based motion analysis
Authors: Bakhshayesh Peyman , Ihediwa Ugwunna , Sandher Sukha , Vris Alexandros , Heidari Nima , Enocson Anders 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRotational deformities following intramedullary (IM) nailing of tibia has a reported incidence of as high as 20%. Common techniques to measure deformities following IM nailing of tibia are either based on clinical assessment, plain X-rays or Computed Tomography (CT) comparing the treated leg with the uninjured contralateral side. All these techniques are based on examiners manual calculation inherently subject to bias. Following our previous rigorous motion analysis and symmetry studies on hemi pelvises, femurs and orthopaedic implants, we aimed to introduce a novel fully digital technique to measure rotational deformities in the lower legs. Following formal institutional approval from the Imperial College, CT images of 10 pairs of human lower legs were retrieved. Images were anonymized and uploaded to a research server. Three dimensional CT images of the lower legs were bilaterally reconstructed. CT-based motion analysis (CTMA) was used and the mirrored images of the left side were merged with the right side proximally as stationary and distally as moving objects. Discrepancies in translation and rotation were automatically calculated. Our study population had a mean age of 54 ± 20 years. There were six males and four females. We observed a greater variation in translation (mm) of Centre of Mass (COM) in sagittal plane (95% CI − 2.959–.292) which was also presented as rotational difference alongside the antero-posterior direction or Y axis (95% CI .370–1.035). In other word the right lower legs in our study were more likely to be in varus compared to the left side. However, there were no statistically significant differences in coronal or axial planes. Using our proposed fully digital technique we found that lower legs of the human adults were symmetrical in axial and coronal plane. We found sagittal plane differences which need further addressing in future using bigger sample size. Our novel recommended technique is fully digital and commercially available. This new technique can be useful in clinical practice addressing rotational deformities following orthopaedic surgical intervention. This new technique can substitute the previously introduced techniques.
Energy band structure of multistream quantum electron system
Authors: Akbari-Moghanjoughi M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this paper, using the quantum multistream model, we develop a method to study the electronic band structure of plasmonic excitations in streaming electron gas with arbitrary degree of degeneracy. The multifluid quantum hydrodynamic model is used to obtain N-coupled pseudoforce differential equation system from which the energy band structure of plasmonic excitations is calculated. It is shown that inevitable appearance of energy bands separated by gaps can be due to discrete velocity filaments and their electrostatic mode coupling in the electron gas. Current model also provides an alternative description of collisionless damping and phase mixing, i.e., collective scattering phenomenon within the energy band gaps due to mode coupling between wave-like and particle-like oscillations. The quantum multistream model is further generalized to include virtual streams which is used to calculate the electronic band structure of one-dimensional plasmonic crystals. It is remarked that, unlike the empty lattice approximation in free electron model, energy band gaps exist in plasmon excitations due to the collective electrostatic interactions between electrons. It is also shown that the plasmonic band gap size at first Brillouin zone boundary maximizes at the reciprocal lattice vector, G, close to metallic densities. Furthermore, the electron-lattice binding and electron-phonon coupling strength effects on the electronic band structure are discussed. It is remarked that inevitable formation of energy band structure is a general characteristics of various electromagnetically and gravitationally coupled quantum multistream systems.
A combined treatment regimen of MGMT-modified γδ T cells and temozolomide chemotherapy is effective against primary high grade gliomas
Authors: Lamb Lawrence S. , Pereboeva Larisa , Youngblood Samantha , Gillespie G. Yancey , Nabors L. Burton , Markert James M. , Dasgupta Anindya , Langford Catherine , Spencer H. Trent 
Published: October 2021

AbstractChemotherapeutic drugs such as the alkylating agent Temozolomide (TMZ), in addition to reducing tumor mass, can also sensitize tumors to immune recognition by transient upregulation of multiple stress induced NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL). However, the potential for an effective response by innate lymphocyte effectors such as NK and γδ T cells that recognize NKG2DL is limited by the drug’s concomitant lymphodepleting effects. We have previously shown that modification of γδ T cells with a methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) transgene confers TMZ resistance via production of O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) thereby enabling γδ T cell function in therapeutic concentrations of TMZ. In this study, we tested this strategy which we have termed Drug Resistant Immunotherapy (DRI) to examine whether combination therapy of TMZ and MGMT-modified γδ T cells could improve survival outcomes in four human/mouse xenograft models of primary and refractory GBM. Our results confirm that DRI leverages the innate response of γδ T cells to chemotherapy-induced stress associated antigen expression and achieves synergies that are significantly greater than either individual approach.
Human retinal organoids release extracellular vesicles that regulate gene expression in target human retinal progenitor cells
Authors: Zhou Jing , Flores-Bellver Miguel , Pan Jianbo , Benito-Martin Alberto , Shi Cui , Onwumere Onyekwere , Mighty Jason , Qian Jiang , Zhong Xiufeng , Hogue Tasmim , Amponsah-Antwi Baffour , Einbond Linda , Gharbaran Rajendra , Wu Hao , Chen Bo-Juen , Zheng Zhiliang , Tchaikovskaya Tatyana , Zhang Xusheng , Peinado Hector , Canto-Soler Maria Valeria , Redenti Stephen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying retinal development have not been completely elucidated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication with emerging roles in developmental processes. Nevertheless, the identification of EVs in human retinal tissue, characterization of their cargo, and analysis of their potential role in retina development has not been accomplished. Three-dimensional retinal tissue derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) provide an ideal developmental system to achieve this goal. Here we report that hiPSC-derived retinal organoids release exosomes and microvesicles with small noncoding RNA cargo. EV miRNA cargo-predicted targetome correlates with Gene Ontology (GO) pathways involved in mechanisms of retinogenesis relevant to specific developmental stages corresponding to hallmarks of native human retina development. Furthermore, uptake of EVs by human retinal progenitor cells leads to changes in gene expression correlated with EV miRNA cargo predicted gene targets, and mechanisms involved in retinal development, ganglion cell and photoreceptor differentiation and function.