bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Inter-Human Cortex
Authors: Matthias John 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines a theory of co-evolution of contexts and histories in human culture by making an analogy with the microscopic functionality of the human brain, and in particular Eugene Izhikevich’s idea of polychronization by mapping the network of ‘firing’ events in a biological neural network onto a network of ‘human events’ in the physical network of humans. The article utilizes the new theory to focus on the evolution of sound art by pointing to the multiplicity of origin contexts, and it examines a particular example of sound art installation, The Fragmented Orchestra (Jane Grant, John Matthias, and Nick Ryan) to exemplify the theory of the inter-human cortex.
Allomothering, Evolution, and the Environment
Authors: Radtke Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates another kind of infant care: allomothering. Allomothering can be defined as helping to rear and take care of the young by any member of the group besides the mother. Therefore, the term allomothers could refer to siblings, aunts, uncles, fathers, or unrelated members of a group. Allomothering is an adaptive behavior that has evolved in many species under different conditions. The chapter focuses on allomothering that occurs in six simian species. These six monkey species were selected because all have been observed to engage in allomothering behavior and, therefore, have been studied more intensely than other monkey species. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the questions of what physical environments promote alloparenting and what social behaviors are observed that increase social bonds between group members leading to stable allomothering.
The Cradle of Humankind
Authors: Kushnick Geoff 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between parenting and technology from an evolutionary perspective. The exploration is organized around the “three styles” framework for understanding and differentiating between the three major evolutionary approaches to the study of human behavior: evolutionary psychology, human behavioral ecology, and dual inheritance theory. For each of these evolutionary approaches, the chapter provides two examples of the relationship between parenting and technology, one related to childbearing and the other related to childrearing. Is the evolutionary approach a useful one to understand this relationship? First, although each has as its focus the application of evolutionary theory to the study of human behavior, each of the three styles brings a different set of assumptions and priorities. Second, an evolutionary perspective points to specific, and theoretically justified, behavioral concomitants of technological change.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Maternal Parenting
Authors: Salmon Catherine A. , Hehman Jessica 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on maternal care, including the specialized psychological mechanisms designed to shape maternal solicitude and the various factors to which these mechanisms are sensitive. It identifies factors that influence levels of maternal parental investment. Maternal factors that lead to increased investment include the amount of resources available, potential for future mating opportunities and maternal age, and number of offspring. Child factors that lead to greater investment include reproductive value, age of the child, sex, offspring need, and relatedness to the mother. Although there has been an abundance of research on maternal parental investment, most of the studies have focused on individual factors that influence parental investment levels with only a few investigating interactive models. Therefore, more research investigating interactive models is necessary to better understand under which circumstances mothers would be more or less likely to invest in their offspring.
The Domestic Sources of Grand Strategy
Authors: Caverley Jonathan D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Over the past decades of American-dominated International Relations, research on domestic sources of grand strategy has largely coalesced around the liberal ends of democracy and free trade. Given increasing Sino-American competition, this chapter predicts a turn to a more robust International Relations research program on the role that domestic ideas and material factors play in shaping grand strategy. This research will focus as much on the means of grand strategy as the ends. Much work already examines how democracy (and nondemocracy) can drive grand strategy, and important states in contemporary international politics differ on this front. On the other hand, almost all the major powers in the international system remain quite liberal in their international economic relations—the other concern of research on domestic influences on grand strategy. This chapter delves further into the grand-strategic role of regime type and the form of capitalism practiced within the state. It then suggests two additional under-researched domestic-level factors—militarism and nationalism—that will shape grand strategy in the coming years.
Technological Change and Grand Strategy
Authors: Fischer Sophie-Charlotte , Gilli Andrea , Gilli Mauro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
What is the relationship between technological change and grand strategy? Can great powers promote technological trends that allow them to pursue specific grand-strategic goals? Or is technological change beyond the reach of great powers, and thus it acts like an independent enabler or an independent constraint? This chapter provides a brief introduction to the interconnection between technological change and grand strategy. First, drawing from other social sciences, this chapter summarizes the most relevant direct and indirect effects of technological change on international politics, with particular attention to its long-term generation of wealth, to its distributional implications within and among countries, to the uncertainty that it brings about, and to the complementary assets that it requires. Second, this chapters shows the main channels through which technological change can modify the domestic sources of grand strategy, promote the pursuit of new grand strategic goals, and enhance or undermine existing instruments. Third, this chapter identifies possible intended and unintended technological trends resulting from the adoption of specific grand strategies, and how, in the medium-to-long term, they can strengthen a country in its strategic competition with adversaries.
Individual Psychology and Grand StrategyRomancing the State
Authors: Rathbun Brian C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Individual psychology at the both mass and elite levels is potentially relevant for grand strategy, but its impact is very difficult to establish. This chapter first reviews the epistemological challenges of showing individual agency in international politics in a way that satisfies “positivist” criteria for good social science. It then turns to how these problems are particularly pronounced for establishing how and why leaders matter for grand strategy, which likely explains why there is so little research on the subject. The piece makes the case for a turn away from the substance of grand strategy towards a focus on leadership style, introducing a distinction between realists and romantics. These two leadership styles emerge out of fundamentally different patterns of cognition: romantics are marked by their emotional, intuitive, and less procedurally rational psychology and realists by their deliberative and objective thinking style. Romantics are also better positioned, and more likely, to make the kind of appeals to public opinion that provide a mass basis for a grand strategy.
American Grand Strategies
Authors: Jervis Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How do we explain the vigorous debate about what American grand strategy should be? Most of the proponents are Realists, and this is particularly true for the alternatives of Restraint and Deep Engagement discussed here. These camps disagree not about whether the US is in decline, but in how secure it is, how tightly the world is interconnected, how much commitments can be kept within bounds, whether alliances and military ties are necessary to underpin a productive international economic system, and the links between foreign policy and domestic values. Few analysts in either camp are willing to acknowledge tradeoffs among the significant values they hold, which indicates that psychological processes as well as analytical differences are at work.
Liddell Hart’s Impact on the Study of Grand Strategy
Authors: Milevski Lukas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Did Basil Liddell Hart make a significant contribution to the study of grand strategy? Although many scholars assume that he did, discussion of his impact has been largely limited to factually erroneous suggestions that he invented the idea or at least its modern interpretation. This chapter considers Liddell Hart’s impact on the subsequent study of grand strategy by differentiating between his own grand-strategic thought and that of his later interpreters. It begins by briefly introducing Liddell Hart’s best known paragraphs on grand strategy within his intellectual context, including not just the impact of the First World War upon his thought but also the ideas of grand strategy posited by his predecessor Julian Corbett and his contemporary JFC Fuller. Thereafter, the work of his most influential interpreter, Paul Kennedy, is introduced. The two competing interpretations of grand strategy, Kennedy’s of Liddell Hart versus Liddell Hart’s own, are examined to determine the extent to which Liddell Hart’s particular understanding actually survives in modern work on grand strategy. Finally, a caveat is made concerning Liddell Hart’s influence through Kennedy’s interpretation, as Kennedy was also influenced by American grand-strategic theorists such as Edward Mead Earle, to whose concept Kennedy’s own is much closer than to Liddell Hart.
Grand-Strategic Thinking in History
Authors: Bew John , Ryan Maeve , Ehrhardt Andrew 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Something that is recognizably and consciously “grand strategic” emerges in British political and foreign policy debates from the late nineteenth century onwards, but this chapter argues that certain grand-strategic assumptions were present even earlier in the century. A clearly identifiable British grand-strategic rationale—an understanding of the country’s “place in the world”—emerged out of the Napoleonic Wars and developed across the middle decades of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, this grand-strategic thinking was key to the “soft landing” Britain sought to engineer in the aftermath of the Second World War as its position began to contract rapidly and radically from a world power into a Continental power. The examples discussed here are Lord Castlereagh, George Canning, and Viscount Palmerston in the nineteenth century; and several Foreign Office officials in the twentieth, but most notably Gladwyn Jebb. In its early incarnations, grand strategy is better thought of not as a process (leading to the production of plans) but as a habit of mind: a conscious attempt to look beyond the confines of short-term requirements of national defense or immediate foreign policy dilemmas.
Rethinking Grand-Strategic Change
Authors: Lissner Rebecca 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIs the United States in the midst of a massive grand-strategic reorientation? IR scholarship cannot provide a definitive answer because the sources of grand-strategic change remain poorly understood. This chapter highlights the deficiencies of the existing literature and proposes a new framework for conceiving of and operationalizing grand strategy. This framework distinguishes between two levels of grand strategy. The first level is a state’s orientation toward the international system, while the second level examines subordinate levels of foreign policy behavior: assumptions about current and prospective threats and opportunities, and the availability and relative utility of the tools of national power. The chapter then illustrates how this framework advances the debate about grand-strategic change by setting up a distinction between grand-strategic overhauls (changes to grand strategy’s first level—or changes between grand strategies) and grand-strategic adjustments (changes to grand strategy’s second level—or changes within grand strategies). Theoretically, this distinction illuminates systemic shifts as a necessary but insufficient cause of overhaul, whereas adjustment results from more diverse causes. Empirically, this distinction permits a more nuanced treatment of the co-occurrence of continuity and change, as demonstrated in the chapter’s case study of US grand strategy in the early 1990s. Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing the implications for the future course of US grand strategy.
Ideas and Ideology in Grand Strategy
Authors: Balzacq Thierry , Barnier-Khawam Pablo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A field once dominated by rationalist assumptions, grand strategy is beginning to make room for alternatives approaches. Recently, scholars have drawn on discourse theory to explore how narratives influence the directionality of grand strategy. Others have emphasized the importance of ideology as a driver of grand strategy, but have failed to specify how ideology interacts with different levels of grand strategizing—creation, mobilization, and implementation. This essay makes two interrelated arguments: first is that that ideology is constitutive of the meaning structure that underlies grand strategy. Second is that ideology’s primary function is to invest grand strategy with clarity (if not simplicity), stability, and coherence. We identify three distinct ways in which ideology can shape a nation’s grand strategy, including threat identification, mobilization and extraction of resources, and ideological balancing. We use a range of exploratory cases to assess ideology’s status in grand strategizing.
The Enduring Appeal of Grand Strategy
Authors: Balzacq Thierry , Krebs Ronald R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGrand strategy is rife with tensions and paradoxes. It should, according to well-established conventional wisdoms, be the center of gravity of states’ relations with the outside world, yet, in practice, grand strategy often seems an unattainable ideal. As the world has become seemingly more complex and unpredictable, grand strategy might seem less apposite, but it has also had growing resonance in the world of policy and ideas. Grand strategy has long been a staple of thinking about foreign policy, yet the very concept remains contested. This essay introduces readers to the history of the concept of grand strategy and to that literature’s central themes; explores the abiding tensions in the literature on grand strategy—especially as manifest in the contributions to this Handbook; situates the volume’s essays within the logic of the Handbook; and offers some reflections on the reasons for grand strategy’s recent renaissance.
Grand Strategy Beyond the West
Authors: Fierke K. M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines two of the most famous grand strategies with origins in Asia, identified with Sun Tzu and Gandhi. On the surface they would appear to be unfit for comparison. While Sun Tzu belongs to a tradition of military strategy, and is now part of the classical canon, Gandhi is identified with the nonviolent strategy of nonstate actors. The intention in examining the two together is to explore a family resemblance in their respective conceptions of grand strategy, even while recognizing that they are very distinct. After setting out some broad contrasts regarding cosmology, ontology, and epistemology, the chapter zooms in on the relevance of these points more specifically for understanding Sun Tzu or Gandhi. It concludes with some reflections on why the contrasts are important in a globalizing world. Both cases highlight the importance, if possible, of achieving objectives without recourse to military force, which, it argues, arises from a relational cosmology, where harmony and diversity coexist, and in which truth is not uniform but multiperspectival.
Network Theory and Grand Strategy
Authors: Nexon Daniel H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A number of analysts claim that the rise of various “networks”—from transnational terrorism to global supply chains—necessitate changes in grand strategy. But only recently have scholars turned to tools and concepts from network analysis to study grand strategy. This chapter reviews the different meanings of “networks” in the broader literature on grand strategy. It argues that attention to the network structure and relational dynamics of international politics—whether in terms of alliances and partnerships, economic flows, interorganizational ties, or other kinds of connections—will help us understand both the causes and consequences of grand strategy. Much of grand strategy is concerned with the manipulation or formation of international networks. Since such ties and flows also form a major part of the topography of international politics, understanding network dynamics is crucial to making sense of the opportunities and constraints that shape grand strategy.
Implicit Motor Imagery of the Foot and Hand in People with Achilles Tendinopathy: A Left Right Judgement Study
Authors: Rio Ebonie K , Stanton Tasha R , Wand Benedict M , Debenham James R , Cook Jill , Catley Mark J , Moseley G Lorimer , Butler Prudence , Cheng Kylie , Mallows Adrian J , Wilson Monique V B , Girdwood Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if impairment in motor imagery processes is present in Achilles tendinopathy (AT), as demonstrated by a reduced ability to quickly and accurately identify the laterality (left-right judgement) of a pictured limb. Additionally, this study aimed to use a novel data pooling approach to combine data collected at 3 different sites via meta-analytical techniques that allow exploration of heterogeneity.DesignMulti-site case-control study.MethodsThree independent studies with similar protocols were conducted by separate research groups. Each study-site evaluated left/right judgement performance for images of feet and hands using Recognise© software and compared performance between people with AT and healthy controls. Results from each study-site were independently collated, then combined in a meta-analysis.ResultsIn total, 126 participants (40 unilateral, 22 bilateral AT cases, 61 controls) were included. There were no differences between AT cases and controls for hand image accuracy and reaction time. Contrary to the hypothesis, there were no differences in performance between those with AT and controls for foot image reaction time, however there were conflicting findings for foot accuracy, based on four separate analyses. There were no differences between the affected and unaffected sides in people with unilateral AT.ConclusionsImpairments in motor imagery performance for hands were not found in this study, and we found inconsistent results for foot accuracy. This contrasts to studies in persistent pain of limbs, face and knee osteoarthritis, and suggests that differences in pathoetiology or patient demographics may uniquely influence proprioceptive representation.
Which Definition of Rurality Should I Use?
Authors: Long Julianna C. , Delamater Paul L. , Holmes George M. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The federal government uses multiple definitions for identifying rural communities based on various geographies and different elements of rurality.

Objectives:
The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the degree to which rural definitions identify the same areas as rural; and (2) assess rural-urban disparities identified by each definition across socioeconomic, demographic, and health access and outcome measures.

Research Design:
We determined the rural status of each census tract and calculated the rural-urban disparity resulting from each definition, as well as across the number of definitions in which tracts were designated as rural (rurality agreement).

Subjects:
The population in 72,506 census tracts.

Measures:
We used 8 federal rural definitions. Population characteristics included percent with a bachelor’s degree, income below 200% poverty, population density, percent with health insurance and whether various health care services were within 30 minutes driving time of the tract centroid.

Results:
The rural population varied from slightly < 6.9 million people to >75.5 million across definitions. The largest rural-urban disparities were found using Urban Influence Codes. Urbanized Area and Urbanized Cluster tended to generate smaller disparities. Population characteristics such as population density and percent White had notable discontinuities across levels of rurality, while others such as percent with a bachelor’s degree and income below 200% poverty varied continuously.

Conclusions:
Rural-urban populations and disparities were sensitive to the specific definition and the relative strength of definitions varied across population characteristics. Researchers and policymakers should carefully consider the choice of outcome and region when deciding the most appropriate rural definition.
TET1 controlsCxcl1induction by DNA demethylation and promotes neutrophil recruitment during acute lung injury
Authors: Yee Kathleen M. , Shuai Richard W. , Liu Bin , Huynh Christian A. , Niu Chao , Lee Hailey R. , Lee Min S. , Wen Jirui , Zou Jian , Wu Jiang , Shuai Ke 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNeutrophils are rapidly recruited from the peripheral blood to the inflammatory site to initiate inflammatory response against pathogenic infections. The process to recruit neutrophils must be properly regulated since the abnormal accumulation of neutrophils can cause organ damage and dysfunction. The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury (ALI) is a common cause of respiratory failure that is characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils and epithelial integrity disruption. Indeed, recent studies suggest a pathogenic role of neutrophils in the clinic severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ARDS. The chemokine CXCL1, which is rapidly induced by inflammatory stimuli, plays a key role in neutrophil influx during lung inflammation. The molecular basis ofCxcl1induction is not fully understood. Here we report that TET1, a member of the ten eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenase protein family, displays a striking specificity in the regulation of gene expression in macrophages. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed thatTet1disruption significantly altered the expression of only 48 genes that includeCxcl1and several other genes known to be important for cell migration and trafficking in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) in response to LPS stimulation. TET1 regulates the induction ofCxcl1by facilitating the DNA demethylation of theCxcl1promoter. InTet1−/−mice, the induction ofCxcl1was suppressed, resulting in defective neutrophil recruitment to the lung during LPS-induced acute lung injury. Our results identify a novel epigenetic mechanism that selectively controlsCxcl1induction and neutrophil recruitment during acute lung injury.Key PointsTET1 has a striking specificity in macrophage gene regulation and controlsCxcl1induction by inflammatory stimuli via DNA demethylationNeutrophil recruitment is defective inTet1deficient mice during acute lung injury