bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discipline in New Clothes: The Controversial Use of Punishments in A Montreal Rehabilitation Centre for Young Offenders
Authors: Sallée Nicolas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBased on an ethnography of the treatment of indiscipline in a Montreal closed-custody unit for young offenders, this article questions some of the most controversial discipline production practices, legitimized in the name of rehabilitation. Starting from a Foucauldian conceptualization of ‘the carceral’ and of discipline as a ‘counter-law’, It examines how educators play with the law (and with words) in order to use everyday forms of isolation that can no longer legally be called by their name after some much-publicized scandals. It then shows how educators are obliged to rewrite their disciplinary practices into the clinical script of the cognitive-behavioural approach, drawing the boundaries of an ‘acceptable’ discipline that reproduces, in ‘new’ forms, the oldest tensions of youth confinement.
High variability in results and methodological quality among overlapping systematic reviews on the same topics in surgery: a meta-epidemiological study
Authors: Katsura Morihiro , Kuriyama Akira , Tada Masafumi , Tsujimoto Yasushi , Luo Yan , Yamamoto Kazumichi , So Ryuhei , Aga Masaharu , Matsushima Kazuhide , Fukuma Shingo , Furukawa Toshi A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Redundant publication of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) on the same topic presents an increasing burden for clinicians. The aim of this study was to describe variabilities in effect size and methodological quality of overlapping surgery-related SRs/MAs and to investigate factors associated with their postpublication citations.

Methods
PubMed/MEDLINE was searched to identify SRs/MAs of RCTs on thoracoabdominal surgeries published in 2015. Previous SRs/MAs on the same topics published within the preceding 5 years (2011–2015) were identified and 5-year citation counts (through to 2020) were evaluated. Discrepancies in pooled effect sizes and their methodological quality using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) among overlapping SRs/MAs were assessed. The SR/MA-level factors associated with 5-year citation counts were explored, using a mixed-effects regression model with a random intercept for surgical topics.

Results
A total of 57 surgery-related SRs/MAs (48 topics) published in 2015 were identified, and 146 SRs/MAs had overlapping publications on 29 topics (60.4 per cent of all topics) in the preceding 5 years. There was considerable variability in methodological quality of SRs/MAs and coverage probability for relevant RCTs, resulting in discrepant effect size estimates for the same topic. High quality (AMSTAR score 8–11) was independently associated with higher 5-year citation counts (coefficient = 32.82; 95 per cent c.i. 15.63 to 50.02; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
Overlapping SRs/MAs with high variability in results and methodological quality were common in surgery. A high-quality SR/MA score was an independent predictor of more frequent citations. Researchers and journal editors should concentrate their efforts on limiting publications to higher-quality reviews.
Genome-wide association study of occupational attainment as a proxy for cognitive reserve
Authors: Ko Hyunwoong , Kim Soyeon , Kim Kiwon , Jung Sang-Hyuk , Shim Injeong , Cha Soojin , Lee Hyewon , Kim Beomsu , Yoon Joohyun , Ha Tae Hyon , Kwak Seyul , Kang Jae Myeong , Lee Jun-Young , Kim Jinho , Park Woong-Yang , Nho Kwangsik , Kim Doh Kwan , Myung Woojae , Won Hong-Hee 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Occupational attainment, which represents middle-age cognitive activities, is a known proxy marker of cognitive reserve for Alzheimer's disease. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genetic variants and revealed the genetic architecture of educational attainment, another marker of cognitive reserve. However, the genetic architecture and heritability for occupational attainment remain elusive.
We performed a large-scale genome-wide association study of occupational attainment with 248 847 European individuals from the UK Biobank using the proportional odds logistic mixed model method. In this analysis, we defined occupational attainment using the classified job levels formulated in the UK Standard Occupational Classification system considering the individual professional skill and academic level.
We identified 30 significant loci (P &lt; 5 × 10−8); 12 were novel variants, not associated with other traits. Among them, four lead variants were associated with genes expressed in brain tissues by expression quantitative trait loci mapping from 10 brain regions: rs13002946, rs3741368, rs11654986 and rs1627527. The single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability was estimated to be 8.5% (standard error of the mean = 0.004) and partitioned heritability was enriched in the CNS and brain tissues. Genetic correlation analysis showed shared genetic backgrounds between occupational attainment and multiple traits, including education, intelligence, leisure activities, life satisfaction and neuropsychiatric disorders. In two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, we demonstrated that high occupation levels were associated with reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease [odds ratio (OR) = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.65–0.92 in inverse variance weighted method; OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.57–0.92 in the weighted median method]. This causal relationship between occupational attainment and Alzheimer's disease was robust in additional sensitivity analysis that excluded potentially pleiotropic single nucleotide polymorphisms (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.57–0.91 in the inverse variance weighted method; OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.53–0.97 in the weighted median method). Multivariable Mendelian randomization confirmed that occupational attainment had an independent effect on the risk for Alzheimer’s disease even after taking educational attainment into account (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.54–0.95 in the inverse variance weighted method; OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48–0.97 in the weighted median method).
Overall, our analyses provide insights into the genetic architecture of occupational attainment and demonstrate that occupational attainment is a potential causal protective factor for Alzheimer's disease as a proxy marker of cognitive reserve.
Competing Sales Channels with Captive Consumers
Authors: Ronayne David , Taylor Greg 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We study strategic interactions in markets in which firms sell to consumers both directly and via a competitive channel, such as a price comparison website or marketplace, where multiple sellers’ offers are visible at once. We ask how a competitive channel’s size influences market outcomes when some consumers have limited price information. A bigger competitive channel means that more consumers compare prices, increasing within-channel competition. However, we show that such seemingly pro-competitive developments can raise prices and harm consumers by weakening between-channel competition.
Concordance of HIV transmission risk factors elucidated using viral diversification rate and phylogenetic clustering
Authors: McLaughlin Angela , Sereda Paul , Brumme Chanson J , Brumme Zabrina L , Barrios Rolando , Montaner Julio S G , Joy Jeffrey B 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background and objectives
Although HIV sequence clustering is routinely used to identify subpopulations experiencing elevated transmission, it over-simplifies transmission dynamics and is sensitive to methodology. Complementarily, viral diversification rates can be used to approximate historical transmission rates. Here, we investigated the concordance and sensitivity of HIV transmission risk factors identified by phylogenetic clustering, viral diversification rate, changes in viral diversification rate and a combined approach.

Methodology
Viral sequences from 9848 people living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada, sampled between 1996 and February 2019, were used to infer phylogenetic trees, from which clusters were identified and viral diversification rates of each tip were calculated. Factors associated with heightened transmission risk were compared across models of cluster membership, viral diversification rate, changes in diversification rate, and viral diversification rate among clusters.

Results
Viruses within larger clusters had higher diversification rates and lower changes in diversification rate than those within smaller clusters; however, rates within individual clusters, independent of size, varied widely. Risk factors for both cluster membership and elevated viral diversification rate included being male, young, a resident of health authority E, previous injection drug use, previous hepatitis C virus infection or a high recent viral load. In a sensitivity analysis, models based on cluster membership had wider confidence intervals and lower concordance of significant effects than viral diversification rate for lower sampling rates.

Conclusions and implications
Viral diversification rate complements phylogenetic clustering, offering a means of evaluating transmission dynamics to guide provision of treatment and prevention services.

Lay Summary
Understanding HIV transmission dynamics within clusters can help prioritize public health resource allocation. We compared socio-demographic and clinical risk factors associated with phylogenetic cluster membership and viral diversification rate, a historical branching rate, in order to assess their relative concordance and sampling sensitivity.
Educational Selectivity and Immigrants’ Labour Market Performance in Europe
Authors: Schmidt Regine , Kristen Cornelia , Mühlau Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article depicts the selectivity profiles of first-generation immigrants of multiple origins in 18 European destinations and investigates whether educational selectivity is relevant to their labour market performance. The theoretical account starts from the premise that the relative position individuals occupy in the educational distribution of their origin country represents—frequently unmeasured—characteristics such as motivation, skills, and resources, which matter for immigrants’ incorporation into the labour market in their destination countries. The empirical analyses are based on data from the European Social Survey for the destination countries, and from the Barro–Lee Educational Attainment Dataset for the origin countries. The findings reveal that immigrants are mostly positively selected with regard to their educational attainment. At the same time, they point to considerable variation in the degree of selectivity across migrants from different regions of the world, as well as across different destinations. Results of linear multilevel regression models of occupational status indicate that over and above the absolute level of educational attainment, first-generation immigrants profit from a favourable position in the educational distribution of their origin country. Conversely, there are indications that selectivity is negatively associated with the likelihood of being employed.
Arabidopsis OXIDATIVE STRESS 3 enhances stress tolerance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe by promoting histone subunit replacement that upregulates drug-resistant genes
Authors: Lai Dingwang , Huang Xiuting , Wang Changhu , Ow David W 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Histone replacement in chromatin-remodeling plays an important role in eukaryotic gene expression. New histone variants replacing their canonical counterparts often lead to a change in transcription, including responses to stresses caused by temperature, drought, salinity, and heavy metals. In this study, we describe a chromatin-remodeling process triggered by eviction of Rad3/Tel1-phosphorylated H2Aα, in which a heterologous plant protein AtOXS3 can subsequently bind fission yeast HA2.Z and Swc2, a component of the SWR1 complex, to facilitate replacement of H2Aα with H2A.Z. The histone replacement increases occupancy of the oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor Pap1 at the promoters of at least three drug-resistant genes, which enhances their transcription and hence primes the cell for higher stress tolerance.
The sixth transmembrane region of a pheromone G-protein coupled receptor, Map3, is implicated in discrimination of closely related pheromones in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Seike Taisuke , Sakata Natsue , Shimoda Chikashi , Niki Hironori , Furusawa Chikara 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Most sexually reproducing organisms have the ability to recognize individuals of the same species. In ascomycete fungi including yeasts, mating between cells of opposite mating type depends on the molecular recognition of two peptidyl mating pheromones by their corresponding G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although such pheromone/receptor systems are likely to function in both mate choice and prezygotic isolation, very few studies have focused on the stringency of pheromone receptors. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two mating types, Plus (P) and Minus (M). Here, we investigated the stringency of the two GPCRs, Mam2 and Map3, for their respective pheromones, P-factor and M-factor, in fission yeast. First, we switched GPCRs between S. pombe and the closely related species Schizosaccharomyces octosporus, which showed that SoMam2 (Mam2 of S. octosporus) is partially functional in S. pombe, whereas SoMap3 (Map3 of S. octosporus) is not interchangeable. Next, we swapped individual domains of Mam2 and Map3 with the respective domains in SoMam2 and SoMap3, which revealed differences between the receptors both in the intracellular regions that regulate the downstream signaling of pheromones and in the activation by the pheromone. In particular, we demonstrated that two amino acid residues of Map3, F214 and F215, are key residues important for discrimination of closely related M-factors. Thus, the differences in these two GPCRs might reflect the significantly distinct stringency/flexibility of their respective pheromone/receptor systems; nevertheless, species-specific pheromone recognition remains incomplete.
Interpreting Mendelian-randomization estimates of the effects of categorical exposures such as disease status and educational attainment
Authors: Howe Laurence J , Tudball Matthew , Davey Smith George , Davies Neil M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Mendelian randomization has been previously used to estimate the effects of binary and ordinal categorical exposures—e.g. Type 2 diabetes or educational attainment defined by qualification—on outcomes. Binary and categorical phenotypes can be modelled in terms of liability—an underlying latent continuous variable with liability thresholds separating individuals into categories. Genetic variants influence an individual’s categorical exposure via their effects on liability, thus Mendelian-randomization analyses with categorical exposures will capture effects of liability that act independently of exposure category.

Methods and results
We discuss how groups in which the categorical exposure is invariant can be used to detect liability effects acting independently of exposure category. For example, associations between an adult educational-attainment polygenic score (PGS) and body mass index measured before the minimum school leaving age (e.g. age 10 years), cannot indicate the effects of years in full-time education on this outcome. Using UK Biobank data, we show that a higher educational-attainment PGS is strongly associated with lower smoking initiation and higher odds of glasses use at age 15 years. These associations were replicated in sibling models. An orthogonal approach using the raising of the school leaving age (ROSLA) policy change found that individuals who chose to remain in education to age 16 years before the reform likely had higher liability to educational attainment than those who were compelled to remain in education to age 16 years after the reform, and had higher income, lower pack-years of smoking, higher odds of glasses use and lower deprivation in adulthood. These results suggest that liability to educational attainment is associated with health and social outcomes independently of years in full-time education.

Conclusions
Mendelian-randomization studies with non-continuous exposures should be interpreted in terms of liability, which may affect the outcome via changes in exposure category and/or independently.
Reconceptualising the Nautical Fault Exception in the Fog of Emerging Technologies
Authors: Ozdel Melis 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
It is expected that the maritime world will be significantly different by 2050, from smart ports through to blockchain-based shipping documents and autonomous vessels. As the maritime trade witnesses further developments in this field, there will be an inevitable struggle to harmonise the new technology vessels with the traditional rules of law. This article seeks to further the discussion of one of the main legal rules that will have a significant role in shaping sea carriers’ liability for goods carried by autonomous vessels: the nautical fault exception, which operates to remove, to some extent, sea carriers’ liability for losses arising from the acts or omissions of their employees. The main tenet of this article is that an adapted version of the exception should be available to govern the carriage of goods by new technology vessels. In this context, it advocates the use of legal personhood for the purposes of the nautical fault exception. In so doing, this article contributes to the important debate in employment law on the distribution of the risk of losses arising from autonomous systems when, in future, they take over tasks traditionally carried out by employees. In the absence of employment contracts to perform certain commercial activities, the law will need to decide whether legal personhood should be assigned to autonomous systems for efficient and fair risk allocation. This article illustrates why this may be the solution particularly where there is a ‘fine-tuned’ balance of liability already struck in the current legal landscape.
World Health Organization Influenza-Like Illness Underestimates the Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Korsten Koos , Adriaenssens Niels , Coenen Samuel , Butler Chris C , Verheij Theo J M , Bont Louis J , Wildenbeest Joanne G ,   RESCEU Investigators, Korsten Koos , Adriaenssens Niels , Coenen Samuel , Butler Christopher , Verheij Theo , Bont Louis , Wildenbeest Joanne , Nair Harish , Campbell Harry , Cunningham Steve , Beutels Philippe , Openshaw Peter , Pollard Andrew , Molero Eva , Meijer Adam , Martinon-Torres Federico , Heikkinen Terho , Fischer Thea K , van den Berge Maarten , Giaquinto Carlo , Abram Michael , Öner Deniz , Aerssens Jeroen , Swanson Kena , Leach Amanda , Stoszek Sonia , Demont Clarisse , Gallichan Scott , Kumar Veena , Falsey Ann 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) surveillance is heavily dependent on the influenza-like illness (ILI) case definition from the World Health Organization (WHO). Because ILI includes fever in its syndromic case definition, its ability to accurately identify acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) caused by RSV in older adults is uncertain.

Methods
The accuracy of the WHO ILI and a modified ILI (requiring only self-reported fever) case definitions in identifying patients with PCR-confirmed RSV-ARTI was evaluated in community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years) from the prospective European RESCEU cohort study.

Results
Among 1040 participants, 750 ARTI episodes were analyzed including 36 confirmed RSV-ARTI. Due to a general lack of fever, sensitivity for RSV-ARTI was 33% for modified ILI and 11% for ILI. The area under the curve for both ILI definitions was 0.52 indicating poor discrimination for RSV. RSV-ARTI could not be distinguished from all other ARTI based on clinical symptoms.

Conclusions
The use of ILI underestimated the occurrence of RSV-ARTI in community-dwelling older adults up to 9-fold (11% sensitivity). Because worldwide RSV surveillance depends largely on ILI, there is an urgent need for a better approach to measure the occurrence of RSV disease and the impact of future RSV vaccine introduction.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03621930.
Monoreassortant Rotaviruses of Multiple G Types Are Differentially Neutralized by Sera From Infants Vaccinated With ROTARIX and RotaTeq
Authors: Diller Julia R , Carter Maximilian H , Kanai Yuta , Sanchez Shania V , Kobayashi Takeshi , Ogden Kristen M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Rotavirus is a leading cause of pediatric diarrheal mortality. The rotavirus outer capsid consists of VP7 and VP4 proteins, which, respectively, determine viral G and P type and are primary targets of neutralizing antibodies.

Methods
To elucidate VP7-specific neutralizing antibody responses, we engineered monoreassortant rotaviruses each containing a human VP7 segment from a sequenced clinical specimen or a vaccine strain in an identical genetic background. We quantified replication and neutralization of engineered viruses using sera from infants vaccinated with monovalent ROTARIX or multivalent RotaTeq vaccines.

Results
Immunization with RotaTeq induced broader neutralizing antibody responses than ROTARIX. Inclusion of a single dose of RotaTeq in the schedule enhanced G-type neutralization breadth of vaccinated infant sera. Cell type-specific differences in infectivity, replication, and neutralization were detected for some monoreassortant viruses.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that rotavirus VP7, independent of VP4, can contribute to cell tropism and the breadth of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses.
Income Distribution and the Potential of Redistributive Systems in Africa: A Decomposition Approach
Authors: Bargain Olivier , Jara H Xavier , Kwenda Prudence , Ntuli Miracle 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Redistributive systems in Africa are still in their infancy but are expanding in order to finance increasing public spending. This paper aims at characterising the redistributive potential of six African countries: Ghana, Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ethiopia and South Africa. These countries show contrasted situations in terms of income distribution. We assess the role of tax-benefit systems to explain these differences. Using newly developed tax-benefit microsimulations for all six countries, we produce counterfactual simulations whereby the system of the most (least) redistributive country is applied to the population of all other countries. In this way, we can decompose country differences in income distribution into the contribution of tax-benefit policies and the contribution of other factors (market income distribution, demographic structure, etc.). This analysis complements the recent literature on the redistributive role of socio-fiscal policies in developing countries and highlights the advantages of microsimulation and decomposition techniques to characterise how different African countries can learn from each other to improve social protection and reduce inequality.