bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges and Solutions of China's Medical Service Pricing
Authors: SU LINGRAN 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective: China's new round of medical system reform has been carried out for 12 years. The goal of this reform is to solve the problems of "difficult to see a doctor" and "expensive to see a doctor". Medical service pricing plays a guiding role in the allocation of medical service resources. The focus of this study is to analyze the existing problems of China's medical service pricing mechanism, and explore the reform direction of China's medical service pricing mechanism in the future.Methods: This study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of three common medical service pricing methods in China at the present stage, and analyzes the realization of core demands of subjects such as medical insurance bureau, public medical institutions, medical staff, patients and so on under the framework of stakeholder theory。 Findings: China's current medical service pricing mechanism makes pricing and service value deviate significantly, patients' demands are lack of expression channels, the scale expansion of public hospitals still exists, and the use efficiency of medical insurance funds still has room to improve.Conclusion: The future reform of China's medical service pricing mechanism should strike a balance between reform and stability, pay attention to the coordination of different reform contents, improve the discourse power of the Medical Insurance Bureau, build a platform for patients' interest expression, and explore a pricing mechanism close to the value of medical services, so as to give full play to the positive guiding role of price in resource allocation and promote the achievement of the goal of medical system reform.
Smoking Behavior Among Students: Using HBM and ZIOP Model
Authors: Ghanbarnejad Amin , Homayuni Atefeh , Hosseini Zahra , Madani Abdolhossain 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background

The purpose of this study was to explore the predictors of smoking among high school students using health belief model (HBM).
Methods

In this cross-sectional study, participants were 425 boys (mean age was 16.7 ± 0.85 and ranged from 15 to 19 years) among high school students in Bandar-Abbas city. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of two main sections: Socio-demographic characteristics and HBM constructs. The zero-inflated ordered probit (ZIOP) model was used for investigating the association between health belief model constructs and smoking behavior.
Results

Results indicated that 82% of participants never smoked cigarette at all. The results of ZIOP model showed that knowledge, susceptibility, severity, benefits and cues to action had significant effect (P < 0.05) on smoking cigarette after adjusting for other covariates (i.e age, parents’ education, losing one of the parents). Moreover, having a smoker friend was an inflation factor (P < 0.001). Adolescents with smoking friends are 44% less likely not to smoke at all.
Conclusion

Based on these findings, having a smoker friend, knowledge, susceptibility, severity, benefits and cues to action have a key role in predicting smoking and should be considered in designing educational programs aiming at reducing smoking initiation among adolescents.
One Year of Laboratory Based COVID-19 Surveillance System in Belgium: Main Indicators and Performance of the Laboratories
Authors: Meurisse Marjan , Lajot Adrien , Dupont Yves , Lesenfants Marie , Klamer Sofieke , Rebolledo Javiera , Lernout Tinne , Leroy Mathias , Capron Arnaud , Bussel Johan Van , Quoilin Sophie , Andre Emmanuel , Coppens Astrid , Waumans Luc , Vanacker Jos , Vandenberg Olivier , Wijngaert Sigi Van den , Verdonck Ann , Cuypers Lize , Cauteren Dieter Van 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: With the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an existing national laboratory based surveillance system was adapted to daily monitor the epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in the Belgium by following the number of confirmed COVID-19 infections, the number of performed tests and the positivity ratio. We present these main indicators of the surveillance over a one-year period as well as the impact of the performance of the laboratories, regarding speed of processing the samples and reporting results, for surveillance.Methods: We describe the evolution of test capacity, testing strategy and the data collection methods during the first year of the epidemic in Belgium.Results: Between the 1th of March 2020 and the 28th of February 2021, 9,487,470 tests and 773,078 COVID-19 laboratory confirmed cases were reported. Two epidemic waves occurred, with a peak in April and October 2020. The capacity and performance of the laboratories improved continuously during 2020 resulting in a high level performance. Since the end of November 2020 90 to 95% of test results are reported at the latest the day after sampling was performed.Conclusions: Thanks to the effort of all laboratories a performant exhaustive national laboratory based surveillance system to monitor the epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 was set up in Belgium in 2020. On top of expanding the number of laboratories performing diagnostics and significantly increasing the test capacity in Belgium, turnaround times between sampling and testing as well as reporting were optimized over the first year of this pandemic.
Interventions to Mitigate Vaping Misinformation: Protocol for a Scoping Review
Authors: Kumar Navin , Hampsher Sam , Walter Nathan , Nyhan Kate , Ding Qinglan , Tracy Kathlene , Jones-Jang S Mo , Nyhan Brendan J , Choudhury Munmun De , Forastiere Laura 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: The impact of misinformation about vapes’ relative harms compared with smoking may lead to increased tobacco-related burden of disease. To date, no systematic efforts have been made to chart interventions that mitigate vaping-related misinformation. We plan to conduct a scoping review that seeks to fill gaps in the current knowledge of interventions that mitigate vaping-related misinformation.Methods: A scoping review focusing on interventions that mitigate vaping-related misinformation will be conducted. We will search (no date restrictions) MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, Global Health, ERIC and Sociological Abstracts. Grey literature will be identified using Disaster Lit, Google Scholar, Open Science Framework, governmental websites and preprint servers (e.g. EuropePMC, PsyArXiv, MedRxiv, JMIR Preprints). Study selection will conform to Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual 2020 Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews. Only English language, original studies will be considered for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. A narrative summary of findings will be conducted. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g. frequencies) and qualitative (e.g. content and thematic analysis) methods.Discussion: Original research is urgently needed to design interventions to mitigate vaping-related misinformation. The planned scoping review will help to address this gap.Systematic Review registrations: Systematic Review Registration: Open Science Framework (osf/io/hy3tk).
Identification of the First C1 Subgenotype of Enterovirus 71 in Mainland of China in a Retrospective Study
Authors: Fenfen SI , Dongyan WANG , Tianjiao JI , Yong ZHANG , Dongmei YAN , Shuangli ZHU , Junhan LI , Wenbo XU 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The C4 subgenotype of EV71 is identified as the most dominant subgenotype circulating in Chinese mainland since 1998, while the circulation situation of EV71 before 1998 is not well established due to insufficient experimental data. The C1 subgenotype of EV71 has not been reported in Chinese mainland by now. Based on AFP surveillance system of the mainland of China, this study performed a retrospective study of AFP cases for 1985-1999：A strain of EV-A71 C1 subgenotype was found. To our knowledge, this strain (SD92-41) is the first C1 subgenotype reported in Chinese mainland. This study proves that the C1 gene subtype appeared in Chinese mainland, but it is not clear whether it is an imported or a local epidemic strain. With sufficient information from retrospective studies, the source of the SD92-41 strain will be identified, and the prevalence of EV-A71 in Chinese mainland before 1998 will be clearer.
Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcomes of Sepsis in Post-Craniotomy Critical Ill Patients
Authors: Zhou Jianfang , Luo Xu-Ying , Chen Guang-Qiang , Li Hong-Liang , Zhang Linlin , Xu Ming , Liu Shuai , Yang Yan-Lin , Shi Guangzhi , Zhou Jian-Xin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Data about the epidemiology of sepsis in post-craniotomy critical ill patients are scarce. This study aims to assess the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of sepsis in this population.Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2018, in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Beijing Tiantan Hospital. Patients admitted to ICU after intracranial operations and meeting the inclusion criteria were screened daily for the presence of infection and sepsis. We also collected demographics, primary diagnosis, chronic comorbidities, information about surgery, infection, and patients’ outcomes. Results: Of the 900 included patients, 509 (56.6%) were with infection, and 300 developed sepsis. The cumulative incidence of sepsis was 33.3% [95% CI, 30.2%-36.4%]. Male sex, older in age, supratentorial surgery, the sellar region tumors, postoperative hydrocephalus, higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were independent risk factors of sepsis. Sepsis was associated with a higher hospital mortality rate (13.7% vs. 8.3%, p =0.012), lower Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge (3 vs. 4, p<0.001), longer ICU length of stay (LOS) (14 vs. 4 days, p<0.001), longer hospital LOS (31 vs. 19 days, p<0.001), and higher total medical costs (RMB 138,394 vs 75,918 Yuan, p<0.001). Conclusions: Sepsis is a frequent complication in post-craniotomy critical ill patients, and is associated with increased hospital mortality rate, increased hospital costs, prolonged ICU LOS, and hospital LOS.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT03803813
Prognostic Significance of Preoperative Serum Triglycerides and High-Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol for Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ma Cong , Wang Xiaoyan , Guo Jingjing , Liu Ping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Abnormalities in serum lipids and lipoproteins have been documented to be associated with the risk of various cancers in recent years, but its prognostic value for cancer is not known. This study retrospectively evaluated the prognostic significance of preoperative serum lipids and lipoproteins for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 551 patients with NSCLC. A receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized to determine the optimal cut-off value and area under the ROC curve. Kaplan-Meier curves and a Cox proportional hazards model were used to perform survival analysis.Results: Serum lipids and lipoproteins had significant difference between NSCLC patients and healthy controls. Moreover, with a median follow-up of 42 months, the NSCLC patients in high triglycerides (TG) group and low High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) group exhibited shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). In multivariable analysis, preoperative TG and HDL-C can be identified as independent prognostic factors for OS and DFS in patients with NSCLC. Conclusion: Abnormalities of serum lipids and lipoproteins metabolism were associated with the survival outcomes of NSCLC. Preoperative serum TG and HDL-C may be promising biomarkers to predict prognosis for NSCLC patients.
Correlates of Hypertension among Persons with HIV at Livingstone Central Hospital: CHAP study
Authors: Munsaka Sody Mweetwa , Kirabo Annet , Hamooya Benson M. , Sinkala Musalula , Koethe John R. , Pilic Leta , Heimburger Douglas C. , Masenga Sepiso Kenias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Persons with HIV (PWH) are more likely to develop hypertension and cardiovascular disease than the HIV-negative population. The new hypertension guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) lowered the definition of hypertension from a systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) of ≥140/90mmHg to ≥130/80, respectively. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in PWH using the new hypertension diagnostic criteria.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. We recruited 226 antiretroviral treated PWH attending routine visits. Socio-demographic, health, and clinical data including BP readings were collected. Interviewer-structured questionnaires adapted from the World Health Organization Stepwise approach to Surveillance (WHO STEPs) and the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) were used to collect data. Statistical evaluations were employed to elucidate relationships between hypertension and all response variables.Results: The prevalence of hypertension using the old and new guidelines was 16% and 42%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with increased and reduced odds for developing hypertension after adjustments in multivariate logistic regression were age, body mass index (BMI), employment status, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and table salt consumption, respectively (p<0.05 for all). Using the new AHA/ACC criteria for hypertension shifted the prevalence from 16% (old criteria) to 42%.Conclusion: The major risk factors associated with hypertension in PWH were increasing age, BMI and FBS. We recommend inclusion of FBS in routine measurements in PWH. The AHA/ACC new guidelines should be re-enforced in low-cost settings to increase the treatment of hypertension among PWH.
Individual-Level and Neighborhood-Level Factors Associated with Longitudinal Changes in Cardiometabolic Measures in Participants of a Care Coordination Program
Authors: Patil Sonal J. , Golzy Mojgan , Johnson Angela , Wang Yan , Parker Jerry C , Haire-Joshu Debra , Mehr David R , Foraker Randi E , Kruse Robin L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Identifying clinical, sociodemographic, and neighborhood-level risk factors associated with less improvement or worsening cardiometabolic measures despite access to a clinic-based care coordination program may help identify candidates that need additional disease management support outside clinic walls. Methods: Secondary data analysis of data from care coordination program cohort, Leveraging Information Technology to Guide High Tech, High Touch Care (LIGHT2). Setting/Participants: Medicare, Medicaid, dual-eligible adults from ten Midwestern primary care clinics in the US. Intervention: Two-year nurse-led care coordination program. Outcome Measures: Hemoglobin A1C, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and blood pressure. Multivariable generalized linear regression models assessed each patient's clinical, sociodemographic, and neighborhood-level factors associated with change in outcome measures from before to after completion of LIGHT2 program. Results: 6378 participants had pre-and post-intervention levels reported for at least one outcome measure (61.6% women, 86.3% White, non-Hispanic ethnicity, mean age 62.7 [SD, 18.5] years). In adjusted models, higher pre-intervention measures were associated with worsening of all cardiometabolic measures (LDL-cholesterol β 0.56, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.60, p < 0.001; HbA1C β 0.51, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.59, p < 0.001; Systolic blood pressure β 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.08, p < 0.001). Women had worsening LDL- cholesterol compared to men (β 7.76, 95% CI 5.21 to 10.32, p <0.001). Women with pre-intervention HbA1C > 6.8% and systolic blood pressure >131 mm of Hg had worse post-intervention HbA1C (main effect β -1.29, 95% CI -1.95 to -0.62, p < 0.001; interaction effect β 0.19, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.28, p < 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (main effect β -7.86, 95% CI -15.55 to -0.17 p = 0.04; interaction effect β 0.06, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.12, p = 0.043) compared to men. Adding individual’s neighborhood-level risks or sensitivity analysis for clustering by clinics and census tracts did not change effect sizes significantly.Conclusions: Higher baseline cardiometabolic measures and women with high baseline cardiometabolic measures (compared to men) were associated with worsening of cardiometabolic outcomes in participants of a solely clinic-based care coordination program. Understanding the contextual causes for these associations may aid in tailoring disease management support outside clinic walls.
Throughput of Distributed Queueing Based LoRa for Long-Distance Communication
Authors: Wu Wei , Wang Wennai , Wang Bin , Song Rongfang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
LoRa, due to its advantage of long-range communication capability, is promising for Internet of Things (IoT) and space-air-ground communications. However, the conventional MAC protocol used with LoRa is classified as an Aloha-based algorithm, which leads to drastic decrease in throughput when a huge amount of end-devices try to access the network. To achieve stable and high throughput of LoRa, we propose a design to combine the distributed queueing (DQ) and in-band-full-duplex (IBFD) technologies. The usage of DQ mechanism is benefit for fast collision resolution, while the IBFD-enabled gateway helps to reduce the heavy-control-overhead of DQ. The designs of access procedure and frame structure are discussed in detail. The outage probability and average throughput are evaluated under imperfect self-interference cancellation. Also, a mathematical programming method is developed to optimize the spreading-factor and code-rate. Numerical results show that our proposal gains an extra enhancement of 1.83-fold in throughput.
Serologic problems associated with administration of intravenous immune globulin (IVIg)
Authors: Branch D.R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) is manufactured from large pools of donor plasma and contains a high diversity of antibodies, primarily IgG. For this reason, IVIg is routinely used as antibody replacement therapy for patients having primary immunodeficiencies. In 1981, IVIg was also found to be a strong immunomodulator of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. This observation has led to the exponential increase in the use of IVIg throughout the world, with the United States and Canada being the biggest users of IVIg. Although relatively rare, adverse events, such as hemolytic anemia and thrombosis, can complicate the administration of IVIg. More frequently, the administration of IVIg can cause serologic challenges for the transfusion service including ABO discrepancies, positive direct antiglobulin tests, positive antibody detection tests, and incompatible crossmatches. This article will review each of the potential transfusion service challenges associated with IVIg administration.
Effect of structural water on the elasticity of orthopyroxene
Authors: Hou Mingqiang , Zhou Wen-Yi , Hao Ming , Hua Florian Tian-Siang , Kung Jennifer , Zhang Dongzhou , Dera Przemyslaw K. , Zhang Jin S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs a major nominally anhydrous mineral (NAM) in the Earth’s upper mantle, orthopyroxene could host up to several hundred parts per million H2O in its crystal structure and transport the H2O to the deep Earth. To study the effect of structural H2O on the elasticity of orthopyroxene, we have measured the single-crystal elasticity of Mg1.991Al0.065Si1.951O6 with 842–900 ppm H2O and 1.64 ± 0.20 wt% Al2O3 at ambient conditions using Brillouin spectroscopy. The best-fit single-crystal elastic moduli (Cijs), bulk (KS0), and shear (G0) modulus of the hydrous Al-bearing orthopyroxene were determined as: C11 = 235(2) GPa, C22 = 173(2) GPa, C33 = 222(2) GPa, C44 = 86(1) GPa, C55 = 82(1) GPa, C66 = 82(1) GPa, C12 = 75(3) GPa, C13 = 67(2) GPa, and C23 = 49(2) GPa, KS0 = 111(2) GPa, and G0 = 78(1) GPa. Systematic analysis based on the results presented in this and previous studies suggests that the incorporation of 842–900 ppm H2O would increase C13 by 12.0(7)% and decrease C23 by 8.6(8)%. The effects on C11, C22, C33, C44, C66, KS0, and VP are subtle if not negligible when considering the uncertainties. The C55, C12, G0, and VS are not affected by the presence of structural H2O. Although laboratory experiments show that Fe,Al-bearing orthopyroxenes can host up to 0.8 wt% H2O in its structure, future high-pressure-temperature elasticity measurements on orthopyroxene with higher H2O content are needed to help better quantify this effect.
A new high-pressure experimental apparatus to study magmatic processes at precisely controlled redox conditions
Authors: Alex Alice , Zajacz Zoltán 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Oxygen fugacity (fO2) is typically controlled in high P-T experiments by using solid-state redox buffer assemblages. However, these are restricted to impose discrete fO2 values, often with significant gaps between neighboring assemblages. Semi-permeable hydrogen membranes (Shaw 1963) are often used in internally heated pressure vessels for more flexible fO2 control in hydrous experiments; however, their implementation in more widely available externally heated pressure vessels has not yet gained space. We propose a prototype molybdenum-hafnium carbide (MHC) pressure vessel apparatus that simultaneously allows rapid quenching and flexible, precise, and accurate redox control via a custom-designed hydrogen membrane. Test runs with two membranes at a time, one imposing and another one monitoring fH2, demonstrated that 95% of the imposed hydrogen pressure was attained inside the pressure vessel within 2 h at 800–1000 °C, after which a steady state equilibrium was established. Furthermore, experiments comparing redox-dependent Cu solubility in silicate melts at fO2 imposed by the fayalite-magnetite-quartz, Re-ReO2, and MnO-Mn2O3 buffers and identical target fO2 imposed by the hydrogen membrane confirmed consistency between the two methods within 0.25 log units fO2 deviation at T = 900 °C and P = 2000 bar. This powerful yet cost-effective and low-maintenance apparatus may open up new pathways for studying redox reactions in hydrous magmas and magmatic fluids. As a proof of concept, we conducted near-liquidus phase-equilibrium experiments with H2O-saturated calc-alkaline basalt and shoshonite melt compositions at five different fO2 values equally distributed between half log unit below the Ni-NiO buffer (NNO-0.5) and NNO+2.7. Most experiments crystallized olivine, clinopyroxene, and Ti-magnetite. The Mg# of the olivine increased with fO2, and the Fe3+/Fetotal ratios in the silicate melt were determined based on Fe(II)-Mg exchange between olivine and melt. The Fe3+/Fetotal ratios in the shoshonite melt were systematically higher by about 0.06 ± 0.01 than those in the calc alkaline basalt melt at identical fO2. The values determined for the basaltic melt were consistent within 1σ error (&lt;0.033 deviation) from those predicted by the equation of Kress and Carmichael (1991). The Fe-Ti exchange coefficient between magnetite and silicate melt increases from 1.73 ± 0.19 (1σ) at NNO –0.5 to +7.12 ± 0.36 at NNO+2.7 for shoshonite and has a similar range for the calc-alkaline basalt.