bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posterior Cranial Vault Manifestations in Nonsyndromic Sagittal Craniosynostosis
Authors: Chaisrisawadisuk Sarut , Moore Mark H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sagittal synostosis is the most common type of craniosynostosis. Sagittal suture fusion causes restriction of biparietal cranial vault growth, with expansion of the growing brain causing frontal bossing, an occipital bullet, and an elongated head shape. Due to the absence of studies focusing on the posterior cranial vault pattern in isolated sagittal craniosynostosis, we organized this study to characterize the posterior part of the cranial vault and its association with sagittal craniosynostosis. A retrospective study was conducted of isolated sagittal craniosynostosis patients who had undergone total cranial vault remodeling at the Cleft and Craniofacial South Australia (formerly known as the Australian Craniofacial Unit) between January 2018 and February 2020. Preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images were reviewed. The following parameters were evaluated: the cephalic index, lambdoid suture shape, lambdoid suture line pattern, presence of wormian bones along the lambdoid sutures and occipital fontanelle, presence of the mendosal suture, and angle at the tip of the join between the 2 lambdoid sutures. Thirty-nine 3D-CT scans of 32 males and 7 females were evaluated. The mean age when the patients underwent the 3D-CT imaging was 6.72 ± 7.9 months. A high prevalence of mendosal sutures (74.4%) was significantly found in sagittal craniosynostosis. Adult-like types of lambdoid suture interdigitating patterns were also significantly associated with young patients with sagittal craniosynostosis. No associations between the remaining parameters and particular synostoses were revealed.
The Application of Ball Shaped Diced Conchal Cartilage Wrapped With Dermofat in Tip Plasty
Authors: Khan Galina , Park Kyong Chan , Park EunSoo 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Based on previous reports, in comparison with Caucasian, nose anatomy has features that have to be considered by surgeons during the tip augmentation in Asian patients. Weak alar cartilages, thick soft-tissue envelope, and bifid-like tip in most cases. This case report demonstrates our experience of using ball-shaped diced conchal cartilage during the tip plasty in Asian patients.

Case report:
Twenty-seven-year-old female patient underwent tip plasty augmentation with ball shaped diced cartilage wrapped with dermofat. There were no complications in postoperative period.

Discussion:
Based on the Asian nasal anatomy features, surgeons commonly use septal extension graft in tip projection and derotation. However, it is still challenging to perform it in patients with septal cartilage insufficiency. In this case report, the authors introduce the alternative surgical option for nasal tip augmentation. The ball shaped cartilage autologous implant can be successfully used in tip plasty.
The Most Disruptive Publications in Craniofacial Surgery (1954–2014)
Authors: Horen Sydney R. , Hansdorfer Marek A. , Kronshtal Roxolana , Dorafshar Amir H. , Becerra Adan Z. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Emphasis on the quantification and qualification of scientific literature has increased over recent years. The newly validated disruption score is a bibliometric measure that identifies groundbreaking research that eclipses prior research in a specific field of study.

Materials and Methods:
The 100 most disruptive craniofacial surgery publications were identified through query of the 4 top craniofacial journals and 10 of the most prominent Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery journals, looking at craniofacial specific publications.

Results:
Presented is the compilation and analysis of the 100 most disruptive publications in the field of craniofacial surgery compared to the 100 most cited publications between 1954 and 2014. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery had the most papers in the top 100 (n = 56) followed by Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (n = 22), and British Journal of Surgery (n = 12). The correlation coefficient between disruption scores and citation counts was –0.001 and –0.07 among all papers, and the top 100 most disruptive papers, respectively. For craniofacial journals, Journal of Craniofacial Surgery had the highest average disruption score for all published papers. The most common decade represented in the top 100 was the 1980's (n = 32) and the least common was the 2000's (n = 14). Randomized controlled trials did not comprise a large amount of either the most disruptive (n = 1) or most cited (n = 2) lists.

Conclusions:
This is the first use of disruption index score to describe craniofacial surgery research. The disruption score can help recognize paradigm shifts and innovative research in this unique surgical subspecialty.
Three-Dimensional Anthropometry for Evaluating Reliability of Worm's Eye View Photographs of Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity
Authors: Park Hojin , Cho Jeongmok , Koh Kyung S. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Worm's eye view photograph has been widely used for anthropometric analysis. However, it is difficult to secure objectivity because it cannot be captured at a constant head-up degree. This study aimed to analyze whether anthropometric nasal measurements in worm's eye view differ from the actual values.

Methods:
A total of 40 patients with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities were included. The 30° and 60° head-tilted two-dimensional (2D) photographs were captured from the three-dimensional (3D) images. The real measurements were obtained from 3D images and 2D measurements were obtained from the captured images. The cleft/non-cleft side ratios of the nostril height, width, and alar base width were compared between 3D and 2D images.

Results:
There was a significant difference in the nostril height between the 3D and 30° values (3D = 0.82, 30° = 0.92, P < 0.001) but no meaningful difference was noted between the 3D and 60° values (3D = 0.82, 60° = 0.84, P = 0.31). There was no significant difference in the nostril width among the 30°, 60°, and 3D values. A significant difference was found in the alar base width between the 3D values and both the 30° (3D = 0.998, 30° = 1.04, P = 0.026) and 60° (3D = 0.998, 30° = 1.03, P = 0.029) values.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that 2D photographs do not accurately reflect actual values. The nostril height and alar width ratio can be changed depending on the head-up position. The 3D systems are more accurate and less affected by the subject's head position. Therefore, the 3D imaging system is advocated for the anthropometric analysis of unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity.
Objective and Subjective Comparisons of Split Thickness Skin Graft and Full Thickness Skin Graft for Radial Forearm Flap Donor Sites Using a New Measuring Method
Authors: Peters Florian , Smit Nadja , Möhlhenrich Stephan Christian , Bock Anna , Kniha Kristian , Raith Stefan , Hölzle Frank , Modabber Ali 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A split thickness skin graft (STSG) or a full thickness skin graft (FTSG) are commonly used for donor site closure after raising a radial forearm flap. The aesthetic outcome of the donor site is frequently not satisfying for the patient. This study evaluated the aesthetic outcome of the donor site of a radial forearm flap covered with an STSG or FTSG using an objective measurement method. The forearms of 30 patients (15 FTSG, 15 STSG) were scanned with an optical three-dimensional scanner. The surface of the forearm at the skin transplant was cut out and filled by an automatic hole-filling algorithm. The mean surface deviation between the original and the filled forearm was acquired. This method was validated with a control group of 15 volunteers. A questionnaire investigating aesthetical and healing satisfaction, postoperative pain and scarring was filled in by the patients. The mean surface difference in the STSG group was 0.9907 ± 0.3120 and 0.6177 ± 0.2245 mm in the FTSG group. The difference in the surface deviation between STSG and FTSG groups was significant (P = 0.0009). Correlations between the surface deviation and the subjective aesthetical satisfaction of the patient were not significant. In the questionnaires no significant differences between STSG and FTSG group were measured. Both FTSGs and STSGs resulted in good aesthetical outcomes after closure of a radial forearm flap donor site. Scanning the radial forearm flap donor site with an optical three-dimensional scanner supplied an objective, fast, and reliable measuring method of aesthetical outcomes.
The impact of school reopening on the spread of COVID-19 in England
Authors: Keeling Matt J. , Tildesley Michael J. , Atkins Benjamin D. , Penman Bridget , Southall Emma , Guyver-Fletcher Glen , Holmes Alex , McKimm Hector , Gorsich Erin E. , Hill Edward M. , Dyson Louise 
Published: May 2021

By mid-May 2020, cases of COVID-19 in the UK had been declining for over a month; a multi-phase emergence from lockdown was planned, including a scheduled partial reopening of schools on 1 June 2020. Although evidence suggests that children generally display mild symptoms, the size of the school-age population means the total impact of reopening schools is unclear. Here, we present work from mid-May 2020 that focused on the imminent opening of schools and consider what these results imply for future policy. We compared eight strategies for reopening primary and secondary schools in England. Modifying a transmission model fitted to UK SARS-CoV-2 data, we assessed how reopening schools affects contact patterns, anticipated secondary infections and the relative change in the reproduction number,R. We determined the associated public health impact and its sensitivity to changes in social distancing within the wider community. We predicted that reopening schools with half-sized classes or focused on younger children was unlikely to pushRabove one. Older children generally have more social contacts, so reopening secondary schools results in more cases than reopening primary schools, while reopening both could have pushedRabove one in some regions. Reductions in community social distancing were found to outweigh and exacerbate any impacts of reopening. In particular, opening schools when the reproduction numberRis already above one generates the largest increase in cases. Our work indicates that while any school reopening will result in increased mixing and infection amongst children and the wider population, reopening schools alone in June 2020 was unlikely to pushRabove one. Ultimately, reopening decisions are a difficult trade-off between epidemiological consequences and the emotional, educational and developmental needs of children. Into the future, there are difficult questions about what controls can be instigated such that schools can remain open if cases increase.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.
Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV (COVID-19): early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic size estimates
Authors: Read Jonathan M. , Bridgen Jessica R. E. , Cummings Derek A. T. , Ho Antonia , Jewell Chris P. 
Published: May 2021

Since it was first identified, the epidemic scale of the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China, has increased rapidly, with cases arising across China and other countries and regions. Using a transmission model, we estimate a basic reproductive number of 3.11 (95% CI, 2.39–4.13), indicating that 58–76% of transmissions must be prevented to stop increasing. We also estimate a case ascertainment rate in Wuhan of 5.0% (95% CI, 3.6–7.4). The true size of the epidemic may be significantly greater than the published case counts suggest, with our model estimating 21 022 (prediction interval, 11 090–33 490) total infections in Wuhan between 1 and 22 January. We discuss our findings in the light of more recent information.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 with waning immunity in the UK population
Authors: Crellen Thomas , Pi Li , Davis Emma L. , Pollington Timothy M. , Lucas Tim C. D. , Ayabina Diepreye , Borlase Anna , Toor Jaspreet , Prem Kiesha , Medley Graham F. , Klepac Petra , Déirdre Hollingsworth T. 
Published: May 2021

The dynamics of immunity are crucial to understanding the long-term patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Several cases of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have been documented 48–142 days after the initial infection and immunity to seasonal circulating coronaviruses is estimated to be shorter than 1 year. Using an age-structured, deterministic model, we explore potential immunity dynamics using contact data from the UK population. In the scenario where immunity to SARS-CoV-2 lasts an average of three months for non-hospitalized individuals, a year for hospitalized individuals, and the effective reproduction number after lockdown ends is 1.2 (our worst-case scenario), we find that the secondary peak occurs in winter 2020 with a daily maximum of 387 000 infectious individuals and 125 000 daily new cases; threefold greater than in a scenario with permanent immunity. Our models suggest that longitudinal serological surveys to determine if immunity in the population is waning will be most informative when sampling takes place from the end of the lockdown in June until autumn 2020. After this period, the proportion of the population with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is expected to increase due to the secondary wave. Overall, our analysis presents considerations for policy makers on the longer-term dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK and suggests that strategies designed to achieve herd immunity may lead to repeated waves of infection as immunity to reinfection is not permanent.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.
Shut and re-open: the role of schools in the spread of COVID-19 in Europe
Authors: Stage Helena B. , Shingleton Joseph , Ghosh Sanmitra , Scarabel Francesca , Pellis Lorenzo , Finnie Thomas 
Published: May 2021

We investigate the effect of school closure and subsequent reopening on the transmission of COVID-19, by considering Denmark, Norway, Sweden and German states as case studies. By comparing the growth rates in daily hospitalizations or confirmed cases under different interventions, we provide evidence that school closures contribute to a reduction in the growth rate approximately 7 days after implementation. Limited school attendance, such as older students sitting exams or the partial return of younger year groups, does not appear to significantly affect community transmission. In countries where community transmission is generally low, such as Denmark or Norway, a large-scale reopening of schools while controlling or suppressing the epidemic appears feasible. However, school reopening can contribute to statistically significant increases in the growth rate in countries like Germany, where community transmission is relatively high. In all regions, a combination of low classroom occupancy and robust test-and-trace measures were in place. Our findings underscore the need for a cautious evaluation of reopening strategies.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.
Household bubbles and COVID-19 transmission: insights from percolation theory
Authors: Danon Leon , Lacasa Lucas , Brooks-Pollock Ellen 
Published: May 2021

In the era of social distancing to curb the spread of COVID-19, bubbling is the combining of two or more households to create an exclusive larger group. The impact of bubbling on COVID-19 transmission is challenging to quantify because of the complex social structures involved. We developed a network description of households in the UK, using the configuration model to link households. We explored the impact of bubbling scenarios by joining together households of various sizes. For each bubbling scenario, we calculated the percolation threshold, that is, the number of connections per individual required for a giant component to form, numerically and theoretically. We related the percolation threshold to the household reproduction number. We find that bubbling scenarios in which single-person households join with another household have a minimal impact on network connectivity and transmission potential. Ubiquitous scenarios where all households form a bubble are likely to lead to an extensive transmission that is hard to control. The impact of plausible scenarios, with variable uptake and heterogeneous bubble sizes, can be mitigated with reduced numbers of contacts outside the household. Bubbling of households comes at an increased risk of transmission; however, under certain circumstances risks can be modest and could be balanced by other changes in behaviours.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK'.
Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK
Authors: Brooks-Pollock Ellen , Danon Leon , Jombart Thibaut , Pellis Lorenzo 
Published: May 2021

Infectious disease modelling has played an integral part of the scientific evidence used to guide the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the UK, modelling evidence used for policy is reported to the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) modelling subgroup, SPI-M-O (Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling-Operational). This Special Issue contains 20 articles detailing evidence that underpinned advice to the UK government during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the UK between January 2020 and July 2020. Here, we introduce the UK scientific advisory system and how it operates in practice, and discuss how infectious disease modelling can be useful in policy making. We examine the drawbacks of current publishing practices and academic credit and highlight the importance of transparency and reproducibility during an epidemic emergency.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.
Corowa-kun: Impact of a COVID-19 vaccine information chatbot on vaccine hesitancy, Japan 2021
Authors: Kobayashi Takaaki , Nishina Yuka , Tomoi Hana , Harada Ko , Tanaka Kyuto , Matsumoto Eiyu , Horimukai Kenta , Ishihara Jun , Sasaki Shugo , Inaba Kanako , Seguchi Kyosuke , Takahashi Hiromizu , Salinas Jorge L. , Yamada Yuji 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have assessed how mobile messenger apps affect COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. We created a COVID-19 vaccine information chatbot in a popular messenger app in Japan to answer commonly asked questions.MethodsLINE is the most popular messenger app in Japan. Corowa-kun, a free chatbot, was created in LINE on February 6, 2021. Corowa-kun provides instant, automated answers to frequently asked COVID-19 vaccine questions. In addition, a cross-sectional survey assessing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was conducted via Corowa-kun during April 5–12, 2021.ResultsA total of 59,676 persons used Corowa-kun during February–April 2021. Of them, 10,192 users (17%) participated in the survey. Median age was 55 years (range 16–97), and most were female (74%). Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine increased from 59% to 80% after using Corowa-kun (p < 0.01). Overall, 20% remained hesitant: 16% (1,675) were unsure, and 4% (364) did not intend to be vaccinated. Factors associated with vaccine hesitancy were: age 16 to 34 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.7, 95% confidential interval [CI]: 3.0–4.6, compared to age ≥65), female sex (OR = 2.4, Cl: 2.1–2.8), and history of a previous vaccine side-effect (OR = 2.5, Cl: 2.2–2.9). Being a physician (OR = 0.2, Cl: 0.1–0.4) and having received a flu vaccine the prior season (OR = 0.4, Cl: 0.3–0.4) were protective.ConclusionsCorowa-kun reduced vaccine hesitancy by providing COVID-19 vaccine information in a messenger app. Mobile messenger apps could be leveraged to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.
Visual motion and decision-making in dyslexia: Evidence of reduced accumulation of sensory evidence and related neural dynamics
Authors: Manning Catherine , Hassall Cameron D. , Laurence T. Hunt , Norcia Anthony M. , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Snowling Margaret J. , Scerif Gaia , Evans Nathan J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChildren with and without dyslexia differ in their behavioural responses to visual information, particularly when required to pool dynamic signals over space and time. Importantly, multiple processes contribute to behavioural responses. Here we investigated which processing stages are affected in children with dyslexia when performing visual motion processing tasks, by combining two methods that are sensitive to the dynamic processes leading to responses. We used a diffusion model which decomposes response time and accuracy into distinct cognitive constructs, and high-density EEG. 50 children with dyslexia and 50 typically developing children aged 6 to 14 years judged the direction of motion as quickly and accurately as possible in two global motion tasks, which varied in their requirements for segregating signal-from-noise. Following our pre-registered analyses, we fitted hierarchical Bayesian diffusion models to the data, blinded to group membership. Unblinding revealed reduced evidence accumulation in children with dyslexia compared to typical children for both tasks. We also identified a response-locked EEG component which was maximal over centro-parietal electrodes which indicated a neural correlate of reduced drift-rate in dyslexia, thereby linking brain and behaviour. We suggest that children with dyslexia are slower to extract sensory evidence from global motion displays, regardless of whether they are required to segregate signal-from-noise, thus furthering our understanding of atypical perceptual decision-making processes in dyslexia.
Functional and quantitative evaluation of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immunity
Authors: Kawasuji Hitoshi , Morinaga Yoshitomo , Tani Hideki , Saga Yumiko , Kaneda Makito , Murai Yushi , Ueno Akitoshi , Miyajima Yuki , Fukui Yasutaka , Nagaoka Kentaro , Ono Chikako , Matsuura Yoshiharu , Niimi Hideki , Yamamoto Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesVaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have been introduced. To investigate whether the vaccine provides protective immunity effectively, the amount and function of vaccine-induced antibodies were evaluated.MethodsSera from 13-17 days after the second dose of the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine were collected from healthcare workers at the University of Toyama (n=740). Antibody levels were quantitatively measured by the anti-receptor binding domain antibody test (anti-RBD test), and neutralising activity against pseudotyped viruses displaying wild-type (WT) and mutant spike proteins (B.1.1.7- and B.1.351-derived variants) were assayed using a high-throughput chemiluminescent reduction neutralising test (htCRNT). Basic clinical characteristics were obtained from questionnaires.ResultsAntibodies were confirmed in all participants in both the anti-RBD test (median 2112 U/mL, interquartile range [IQR] 1275–3390 U/mL) and the htCRNT against WT (median % inhibition >99.9, IQR >99.9 to >99.9). For randomly selected sera (n=61), 100.0% were positive for htCRNT against the B.1.1.7- and B.1.351-derived variants. Among those who answered the questionnaire (n=237), the values of the anti-RBD test were negatively correlated with age for females (p<0.01; r = -0.31, 95% confidence interval -0.45 to -0.16). Systemic symptoms after vaccination were related to higher values of the anti-RBD test (median 2425, IQR 1450 – 3933 vs. median 1347, IQR 818 – 2125 for no symptoms; p<0.01).ConclusionsThe BNT162b2 vaccine produced sufficient antibodies in terms of quality and quantity which could neutralise emerging variants. Antibody induction can be affected by age and sex but will still be at a sufficient level.