bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 induced lower-tropospheric ozone changes
Authors: Mertens Mariano , Jöckel Patrick , Matthes Sigrun , Nützel Matthias , Grewe Volker , Sausen Robert 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic with its countermeasures, e.g. lock-downs, resulted in decreases in emissions of various trace gases. Here we investigate the changes of ozone over Europe associated with these emission reductions using a coupled global/regional chemistry climate model. We conducted and analysed a business as usual and a sensitivity (COVID19) simulation. A source apportionment (tagging) technique allows us to make a sector-wise attribution of these changes, e.g. to natural and anthropogenic sectors such as land transport. Our simulation results show a decrease of ozone of 8% over Europe in May 2020 due to the emission reductions. The simulated reductions are in line with observed changes in ground-level ozone. The source apportionment results show that this decrease is mainly due to the decreased ozone precursors from anthropogenic origin. Further, our results show that the ozone reduction is much smaller than the reduction of the total NO
x
emissions (around 20%), mainly caused by an increased ozone production efficiency. This means that more ozone is produced for each emitted NO
x
molecule. Hence, more ozone is formed from natural emissions and the ozone productivities of the remaining anthropogenic emissions increase. Our results show that politically induced emissions reductions cannot be transferred directly to ozone reductions, which needs to be considered when designing mitigation strategies.
Information Communication Technology Access And Use Towards Energy Consumption In Selected Sub Saharan Africa
Authors: Ihayere O. , Alege P. , Obindah G. , Ejemeyovwi J. , Daramola P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Major new opportunities abound from energy integration among regions in Africa with the sole aim of reducing transaction costs and with the role of ICT, it would take energy from where it is easily affordable to places where it is needed. This study takes on a new perspective, that is, employing household energy consumption, to ascertain the use of ICT by household in accessing energy. The study explores the degree to which energy integration among the five regional power pools in Africa can achieve ending energy poverty among regional adherents. The study utilizes the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares technique on data from the SSA economies over the period 2000-2019. The study confirms the viability of the ICT adoption – Energy Consumption hypothesis statistically at five (5) percent level of significance. More specifically, the findings show that a one-unit increase in household mobile technology will lead to an average of 1.4 unit increase in energy consumption. The findings indicate that the adoption of such mobile technology impacts energy consumption, which suggests the need for the acceleration of ICT development in Africa (Sub-Saharan) nations, given the universal communal mission of sustainable energy consumption.
Degradation Potentials Of Tropical Soil Bacteria On Detergents
Authors: Nwinyi Obinna C , Umane Phoebe O 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Detergents are chemicals of high environmental importance owing to their production volumes. They are mainly released into the environment through wastewater pathway and it could severely affect the soil environment. In this study, we examined the degradation potentials of soil bacteria in liquid culture media induced with detergents. Using conventional enrichment methods, via contaminated soil slurry enrichment with selected alkyl-benzene sulphonates (detergents), we obtained pure bacteria species capable of using alkyl-benzene sulphonates as the sole source of carbon and energy. From the morphological and biochemical characterization and comparison with respect to the standard reference organisms, the bacteria isolates were presumably Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus species. Different concentrations 5.0, 10.0 15.0, and 20.0 w/v of the branded detergents were prepared as sole carbon and energy and screened against our bacteria species to determine their physiological gradient fluxes after 96hours of incubation. Data obtained showed an increase in Optical density (OD) as well as increases in pH flux values. The mean OD data obtained ranged between 0.017- 0.818, with a pH of 7.47-8.95. From this study, tropical soils possess unique bacteria species capable of utilizing alkyl-benzene sulphonates (detergents).
Development of android-based counseling media oriented problem solving in sheep livestock groups
Authors: Nurdayati  , Subektia Rahayu , Susanto  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Goats are commodities that have good development prospects that can play a dual role as dairy producers and meat, but in their operations in farmer groups usually do not take into account the feasibility of their business so that farmers never know whether their business is in a profit or loss position. The price simulation application is expected to be used to calculate business feasibility, which is practical and easy to use. Such conditions encourage to provide counseling about price simulation applications with Android-based smartphone media. The study was conducted to find out (1) describing Android-based electronic counseling products as an interactive media; (2) knowing the farmers’ response to the use of an Android-based smartphone as an interactive media. (3) determine the effect of internal and external factors on the response. This type of research is Research & Development using the 4D model. The sample used was 33 respondents with a purposive random sampling method. Measurement of responses using a questionnaire containing knowledge, attitudes, and skills with analysis using descriptive statistics followed by inferential statistics. Research Results that the response of farmers to the use of smartphones as interactive media is 1,809 and included in the high category. The results of the study show that exogenous variables (i.e. age with a coefficient value of 0.205, education with a coefficient value of 0.293, breeding experience with a coefficient of -0.185, and innovation characteristics with a coefficient value of 0.209) directly influence endogenous variables (response). The educational variable has a significant effect through the innovation characteristic variable with a coefficient value of 0.177. That is, the variable characteristic of innovation as an intervening/intermediary between education to farmers’ responses, while the other variables do not pass through the innovation characteristic variable as an intervening variable.
Active and Passive Cooling Comparison of PV Panels Applied in Tropical City: Case Study Palembang, South Sumatra
Authors: Dewi Tresna , Taqwa Ahmad , Sitompul Carlos , Kusumanto RD , Rusdianasari  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The renewable energy generation is currently a trending topic due to the reduced availability of conventional fossil fuel while the demand for energy keeps on increasing. This condition insists on a particular action in search of renewable energy to substitute fossil fuel. One of the unlimited energy offered by nature is the energy from the sun, which also environmentally friendly. Palembang is located in equator blessed with abundant of sun rays which can be utilized maximally by eliminating things that can cause adverse effects such as overheated solar panels. Tropical weather comes with high temperature, and this heat is even more on the surface of the solar panel. The overheated solar panels lead to the reduction of power output and efficiency. Therefore, the cooling system should be applied to ensure the surface temperature is below 35°C, which an average ambient temperature for solar panels. The cooling system can be active that needs power and passive, which naturally generated from the surrounding environment. This paper discusses the comparison of the cooling system applied to solar panels, the passive (heatsink application) and active (water cooling). The active cooling system produced 8.64 Watt higher than a normally installed panel, and passive cooling is 2.7 Watt higher. The active cooling system efficiency is 0.33% more than regular panels, and passive cooling system has 1,2% more. This paper can be a reference to the choice of cooling system for solar panels installed in a city with a tropical climate.
Influence of Geometry and Separation Walls on The Behaviours of Pull-out Pipe Piles Embedded in Sandy Soil
Authors: Hamadi Hanaa Sh. , Abdul-Husain Husain A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Predicting of piles capacity and their behavior is always an important and serious problem for a safe geotechnical engineering design. In the present study, experimental model tests have been conducted on a single steel pipe piles driven in sandy soil and subjected to pull-out force. The experimental tests were conducted on vertical open-ended piles with circular and square cross-sectional area and three various diameters 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm in a steel soil box have been used. The tested pile’s model has embedment with thr
ee penetration ratios (PR=L/D) of 10, 15 and 20. All tests were done in medium density soil (Dr = 50%) with open ended pipe pile to study the effect of pile geometry on pile behavior, and three other tests were conducted on the 5cm diameter and 10 penetration ratio in medium soil density to study the importance of addition of separating wall. The study discovered that the capacity of single piles with circle cross-section area under pull-out force increasing by 211% and 458% with the increasing of pile diameter (width) from 3cm to 4cm and 5cm respectively, and increasing by 210%, 448% and by 112%, 288%. Also, by 79% and 211% with increasing penetrating ratio (PR) from 10 to 15 and 20 for diameters 3cm, 4cm and 5cm respectively, with respect to reference pile. And the same behavior for square cross-section pipe pile, when the pull-out capacity increasing with the increase of pile width and penetration ratio due to the increasing in the friction area. Besides that, It was also found that the separation walls increased the coefficient of lateral pressure in addition to the friction area. At the same time, there are an optimum number of separation walls that can be used to increase the pile pull-out capacity and that when using three separation walls.
The Significant Variables of Effluent Constructed Wetlands Treated Domestic Wastewater by Statistical Tests
Authors: Hussein A , Al-Daffaie K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Domestic wastewater was treated by vertical flow constructed wetlands under different set-up designs and operation conditions. These conditions include different aggregate diameters, contact time, resting time, and chemical oxygen demand. The physical and chemical measurements of effluents were obtained. These measurements are Chemical oxygen demand; Biochemical oxygen demand; Ammonia-Nitrogen; Nitrate-Nitrogen; Ortho-Phosphate-Phosphorous; Suspended solids; Turbidity and ph. This research aims to find out which variables are significantly effective by using ANOVA with POST HOC tests. The results showed Chemical oxygen demand; Biochemical oxygen demand, Ammonia-Nitrogen, Nitrate-Nitrogen, Ortho-Phosphate-Phosphorous, and Suspended Solids have significantly effective (P<0.05).
The Correlation Among Land Cover Spectral Indices and Surface Temperature Using Remote Sensing Techniques
Authors: Abdalkadhum Aysar Jameel , Salih Mohammed Mejbel , Jasim Oday Zakariya 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Land cover explains the physical nature of the Earth’s surface in a specific area. Land cover is a reflection of the Earth’s surface’s observable spatial cover comprising complex classes such as agricultural areas, built-up areas, barren lands, forests, water bodies, as well as wetlands. change detection and monitoring of the land cover assist decision-makers to understand the dynamics of the environmental change to assure sustainability development. Hence land cover feature classification has appeared as a serious research aspect and thus, an accurate methodology for land cover categorizing it became an urgent necessity at this time. This study focuses to find the association between surface temperature and the spectral indices of the land cover. The spectral indices of the land cover such as (NDVI, NDBI, NDBAI, and NDWI) were compared with land surface temperature (LST) and computed the correlation coefficient, just using three images on March 18, July 24 as well as 31 December in 2018, indicating a high positive correlation coefficient among (NDBI, NDBAI) and (LST) and recorded (by built-up areas R= 0.99, R= 0.97 and R= 0.98) ) and (with bare areas R= 0.94, R= 0.98 and R= 0.99), respectively. An inverse correlation coefficient among (NDVI, NDWI) and (LST) where the results recorded a correlation coefficient with (the agricultural areas R= - 0.97, R= - 0.96 and R= - 0.95) and the correlation coefficient with (water bodies R = - 0.93, R= - 0.90 and R= - 0.58) respectively.
Compressive and Flexural Behaviour of Mortar Infiltrated Fiber Concrete Using Different Types of Fibres
Authors: Al-Baghdadi Haider M. , Helal Rawnaq Abbas , Ali Al-Salim Nabeel Hasan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper examined the comparison between the mechanical properties of mortar infiltrated fibers concrete with two types of fibers (End hooked steel fiber and Synthetic fiber) with varying fibre volume. The difference in properties of the concrete with steel fiber, concrete without fiber and concrete with Synthetic fiber was determined. Compressive strength and flexural strength (Modulus of rupture) of concrete were determined. The concrete mixing containing [0% control, (2,4 and 6%)] fibre volume of (End Hooked) and Synthetic fiber were used for compressive and flexural strengths tests. Steel fiber was (30 mm) in length and (0.5mm) diameter, while Synthetic fiber was (60mm) in length and (0.84mm) diameter. the concrete cube used was (100×100mm) for compressive strength test, also beam used for flexural strength test with dimensions (400×100×100mm). The results showed that with increasing volumetric ratio of fiber, the compressive strength and flexural strength increase. The compressive strength and flexural strength of hooked fiber have a much higher extent increasing than that of synthetic fiber.
Influence of High Volume RHA on Properties of Cement Mortar
Authors: Al-Khafaji Zainab S. , Majdi Ali , Shubbar Ali A. , Nasr Mohammed Salah , Al-Mamoori Shahad F. , Alkhayyat Ahmed , Al-Rifaie Ali , Al-Emadi Nasser , Al-Mufti Rafal Latif , Sadique Monower , Hashim Khalid 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis work study the impact of partial cement replacement by high volume Rice Husk Ash (RHA) on some characteristics of cement mortar like compressive strength and flexural strength at different ages. In this research, RHA was used in three different ratios (20, 40, and 60)% as a cement substitution and the findings were compared with control mixture (0% RHA). The findings demonstrated that the replacement of cement by RHA reduced the compressive strength of all selected ratios and the increase in the content of RHA lead to reduce compressive strength comparative to control sample with 100% cement as a binder at all ages. However, the flexural strength results indicated that the RHA in 20% showed approximately same results as control sample at early ages while increasing the curing period lead to improve flexural strength. Increasing RHA higher than 20% lead to decrease Flexural strength at all selected ages.
Application of Cement Kiln Dust as Activator of Ground Granulated Blast Slag for Developing A Novel Cold Mix Asphalt
Authors: Al-Khafaji Ruqayah , Dulaimi Anmar , Sadique Monower , Aljsane Ayat 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The use of Cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs) is associated with many issues which are the high air content, low strength at early ages and requiring long curing time as well as its high water sensitivity. This research aims to develop a new cold mix asphalt to be used as a binder course by utilising waste materials. So, ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and cement kiln dust (CKD) were used as fillers in a polymer modified emulsion. GGBS was incorporated to replace the traditional fillers (limestone dust), meanwhile, CKD was used as an activator. Indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) was used to examine the mechanical characteristics and water sensitivity was measured via the stiffness modulus ratio (SMR). Meanwhile, the microstructure of the specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated significant improvement in the mechanical properties as well as the water sensitivity with the incorporation of GGBS and CKD. These enhancements were confirmed by SEM which attributed that to the formation of hydration products at the early ages of specimens.
Effect of Polymer on the Properties of Bitumen and Pavement Layers, Case Study: Expressway No.1, Republic of Iraq
Authors: Badry Mohamed MM. , Dulaimi Anmar , Shanbara Hayder Kamil , Al-Busaltan Shakir , Abdel-Wahed Talaat 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIncreasing attention has been paid to use polymer as a modifier in bituminous mixtures manufacturing. Unmodified bituminous mixtures are highly affected by the undesirable environmental conditions at which such mixtures present brittle behaviour and crack at cold weather, whereas present soft behaviour at elevated temperatures resulting in rutting and surface deformation. As a result of bituminous mixtures modification using polymers, more elastic and durable bituminous materials that show developed stability at high temperatures can be obtained. In this present study, using 4% polymer with bitumen grade of 40/50 leads to improve bitumen properties such as viscosity, penetration, flash point, softening point, dynamic shear and creep stiffness. The results of investigation samples which were cutting from pavement show improvement of these pavement properties according to results of tests at site lab and independent lab. The use of polymer in design mixture of asphalt help in improving pavement properties which lead to the successful road and increases the age of pavements and become more resistant to hard conditions such as high temperature in the middle east region.
Ways to Activate Urban Transport to Achieve Urban Sustainability
Authors: Jasim Ihsan Abbas , Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Hasan Haider Majid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a significant increase in the number of cars at the expense of public transport, as a result of the economic development in cities, which was accompanied by the possibility of buying a private car on the one hand and the expansion and spread of the city on the other hand. Although public transportation is so important, it cannot be the only alternative in transportation.
The research idea referred to achieving urban sustainability by increasing accessibility opportunities through activating the role of public transport and reducing the use of private cars to a minimum. Urban sustainability can be achieved in several ways, and the research assumes that one of these ways lies in activating the role of public transport in cities. The research tries to shed light on the role of direct public transportation in urban development. The research relied on its methodology on the statistical indicators and evidence contained in international scientific studies in this field. The research confirmed his hypothesis that transport has a very positive impact on achieving urban sustainability. Therefore, the role of public transport must be activated and opportunities for its success must be provided.
Purification and activation of the Iraqi bentonite for edible oil Production
Authors: Alamery Hameed R D , Ahmed Saad A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSamples of Iraqi bentonitic sediments, representing local montmorillonite brought from Traifawi region near the Syrian border. Mineralogical the samples were characterized as low grade of Ca-smectite, particle size, chemical analysis, XRD, and BET surface area analyses of the samples were carried out to examine the structure of bentonite before and after acid activation. The goal is to prepare a bleaching earth for edible oil production. Iraqi Bentonite was beneficiated and activated by series of physical and chemical steps, using 4N & 6N concentration of hydrochloric acid and at a temperature of 70-80 ° C. Surface area and pore volume of the samples were determined to assess the bleaching power of the activated bentonite. The chemical composition of the bentonite improve after remove Calcite phase was disappeared, reduced Iron oxide percentage with Increasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid and the treatment time lead to the growth of Smectite phase and change the structural of bentonite which noticed by improve of surface area from 58.93 to 206.62 m2g−1.
Evaluation of GPR Detection for buried objects material with different depths and scanning angles
Authors: Alshamy Hussain M. , Abdul Sadah Jafar W. , Saeed Thamir R. , Mohammed Shaymaa A. , Hatem Ghufran M. , Gatan Assel H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is considered an efficient non-destructive device for detecting the buried object. The GPR operation is based on the analysis of the received scattered of the transmitted signal. Its output is the two-dimensional image radiogram hyperbolic curve, this image represents the reflected signal of the buried object. To date, studies investigating targets (buried objects) have produced equivocal results. Therefore, this paper highlights the importance of the effect of changing target-detection parameters (material type, target to surface distance, size, and scan to target location angle) concerning the hyperbolic curve on the GPR experiment image. A practical model has been built for this experiment with three material types (metal, plastic, and pottery) that are buried in the sand soil. Three tests have been done for different types of material, in the different depth for each buried object of the same material. Then, changing the size of the buried object (small and big size), also, changing the location angle of the buried objects concerning the direction of the GPR scan. For these tests, the effect on the hyperbolic curve has been recognized. A MALA 1 GHz geophysical GPR system is used in these experiments. As a result, the strength of the reflected EMW changes concerning the type of material, size, depth, and location angle of the buried object.
The Impact of Using Different Ratios of Latex Rubber on the Characteristics of Mortars Made with GGBS and Portland Cement
Authors: Al-Khafaji Zainab S. , Falah Mayadah W. , Shubbar Ali A. , Nasr Mohammed Salah , Al-Mamoori Shahad F. , Alkhayyat Ahmed , Al-Rifaie Ali , Eissa Abdulhadi , Al-Mufti Rafal Latif , Hashim Khalid 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPreserving natural resources and implementing the concepts of sustainable engineering to approach the zero waste concept helped in reducing the detrimental environmental effects in the last two-decade. Proposed re-using of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as an alternate solution is to get rid of them and profit from them concurrently. In this process, GGBS is used as cement substitute material to enhance mortar characteristics. On the other hand, the required water for concrete mixture should be characterized by several characters, which similar to drinkable water, therefore, using of Latex Rubber as a water substitution reduces the demand for such water in the construction industry. In this project, percentages of GGBS that have been used were 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50% which compatible with (0, 10, 20 and 30) % of Latex Rubber. Suitable tests were performed to measure properties of mortar by GGBS and Latex Rubber such as setting time, compressive strength and Permeability test (Electrical resistivity). The results obtained indicate that the setting time reduced with increasing Rubber Latex in spite of increasing the proportion of water to binder. Additionally, increasing the Latex Rubber amount leads to decrease the compressive strength and electrical resistivity of mortars.