bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of inulin-type fructans on appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled crossover trial
Authors: Birkeland Eline , Gharagozlian Sedegheh , Birkeland Kåre I. , Holm Oda K. S. , Thorsby Per M. , Aas Anne-Marie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prebiotic fibres on appetite-regulating hormones, subjective feeling of appetite and energy intake in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Data presented are secondary outcomes of a study investigating the effect of prebiotics on glucagon-like peptide-1 and glycaemic regulation. We conducted a randomised and placebo-controlled crossover trial to evaluate the effects of 16 g/d of inulin-type fructans or a control supplement (maltodextrin) for 6 weeks in randomised order, with a 4-week washout period in-between, on appetite in thirty-five men and women with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected at visits before and after each treatment: plasma concentration of the satiety-related peptides ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed during a standardised mixed meal. The subjective sensation of appetite was evaluated in response to an ad libitum lunch by rating the visual analogue scale. Twenty-nine individuals (twelve women) were included in the analyses. Compared to control treatment, the prebiotics did not affect ghrelin (P =0⋅71) or the ratings of hunger (P = 0⋅62), satiety (P = 0⋅56), fullness (P = 0⋅73) or prospective food consumption (P = 0⋅98). Energy intake also did not differ between the treatments. However, the response of PYY increased significantly after the control treatment with mean (sem) 11⋅1 (4⋅3) pg/ml when compared to the prebiotics −0⋅3 (4⋅3) pg/ml (P = 0⋅013). We observed no effect of inulin-type fructans on appetite hormones, subjective feeling of appetite or energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes.
“The education is a mirror of where palliative care stands in Israel today”: An exploration of palliative care undergraduate education at medical schools in Israel
Authors: Elsner Frank , Müller Anne , Gil Woukelyne , Paal Piret 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Israel serves as a case study for understanding the importance of undergraduate palliative care (PC) education in implementing, developing, and enabling access to palliative care services. This article presents the findings collected from the five medical schools.

Method
This qualitative study supported by a survey explores and describes the state of undergraduate PC education at medical schools in Israel. The survey included questions on voluntary and mandatory courses, allocation of different course models, teaching methods, time frame, content, institutions involved, and examinations. Semi-structured interviews with teaching faculty were conducted at the same locations.

Results
Eleven expert interviews and five surveys demonstrate that PC is taught as a mandatory subject at only two out of the five Israeli universities. To enhance PC in Israel, it needs to become a mandatory subject for all undergraduate medical students. To teach communication, cultural safety, and other basic competencies, new interactive teaching forms need to be developed and adapted. In this regard, nationwide cooperation is proposed. An exchange between medical schools and university clinics is seen as beneficial. The new generation of students is open to PC philosophy and multidimensional care provision but resources to support their growth as professionals and people remain limited.

Significance of results
This study underlines the importance of teaching in PC at medical schools. Undergraduate education is a central measure of PC status and should be used as such worldwide. The improvement of the teaching situation would automatically lead to a better practical implementation for the benefit of people. Medical schools should cooperate, as the formation of expertise exchange across medical schools would automatically lead to better PC education.
Multi-user transmission for the joint radar communication systems based on amplitude phase shift keying modulation and waveform diversity
Authors: Alselwi Abdulmuneem , Khan Adnan Umar , Qureshi Ijaz Mansoor , Khan Wasim , Basit Abdul 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, an efficient dual function radar-communication system is proposed to improve the system's resource utilization. In this work, we considered a scenario where the location of the communication receiver is known prior but the radar target is moving and its location is changing with time. Therefore, we proposed a closed-loop design that allows an adaptive selection of appropriate information embedding strategies during tracking operations. We used two strategies that utilize the amplitudes and/or phases of the transmitted radar waveforms toward the communication direction according to the position of the communication receiver during each scan. Hence, during each radar illumination, the system carries out a target-tracking task and simultaneously maintains the communication symbols transmission toward the intended communication direction. The simulation results verify the effective performance of the proposed approach in terms of target detection and tracking performance and angular bit error rate (BER). Furthermore, the proposed amplitude phase-shift keying signaling strategy can transmit different communication symbols to different users located within the sidelobe region and also provides a significant improvement in data rate transmission and BER performance compared with the existing sidelobe-based communication strategies.
Metabolic programming in offspring of mice fed fructose during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Magenis Marina Lummertz , Damiani Adriani Paganini , de Bem Silveira Gustavo , Dagostin Ligia Salvan , de Marcos Pamela Souza , de Souza Emanuel , de Roch Casagrande Laura , Longaretti Luiza Martins , Silveira Paulo Cesar Lock , de Andrade Vanessa Moraes 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFructose (C6H12O6), also known as levulose, is a hexose. Chronic consumption of fructose may be associated with increased intrahepatic fat concentration and the development of insulin resistance as well as an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperlipidemia during pregnancy. Despite the existence of many studies regarding the consumption of fructose in pregnancy, its effects on fetuses have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic and biochemical effects in offspring (male and female) of female mice treated with fructose during pregnancy and lactation. Pairs of 60-day-old Swiss mice were used and divided into three groups; negative control and fructose, 10%/l and 20%/l doses of fructose groups. After offspring birth, the animals were divided into six groups: P1 and P2 (males and females), water; P3 and P4 (males and females) fructose 10%/l; and P5 and P6 (males and females) fructose 20%/l. At 30 days of age, the animals were euthanized for genetic and biochemical assessments. Female and male offspring from both dosage groups demonstrated genotoxicity (evaluated through comet assay) and oxidative stress (evaluated through nitrite concentration, sulfhydril content and superoxide dismutase activity) in peripheral and brain tissues. In addition, they showed nutritional and metabolic changes due to the increase in food consumption, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested that high consumption of fructose by pregnant female is harmful to their offspring. Thus, it is important to carry out further studies and make pregnant women aware of excessive fructose consumption during this period.
Global constitutionalism reconfigured through a regional lens
Authors: Abeyratne Rehan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article examines how global constitutional norms are received and reconfigured by South Asian judiciaries. It makes two central claims. First, it argues that India, as the largest state in the region, acts as a filter through which Bangladesh and Sri Lanka receive both structural and rights-based global norms. Second, it contends that Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan courts adopt distinct approaches to the Indian case law. While Bangladesh mostly converges with the Indian jurisprudence, Sri Lanka engages with it but does not wholly adopt its conclusions. The article puts forward a preliminary explanation for these distinct approaches based on differences in the constitutional structures and political histories of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka vis-à-vis India.
Constitution transformation
Authors: Saunders Cheryl 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article explores the extent to which (if at all) the concept of a constitution is undergoing change in the conditions of globalization that characterize the early decades of the twenty-first century, to an extent that might be described as transformation. The question is prompted both by familiar manifestations of the interdependence of domestic constitutional and international law and practice, and by the interpretation placed on them by some of the literature on global constitutionalism. Some – although by no means all – of the literature and the experience on which it draws relate to the extent of transnational influence on the way in which constitutions now are made or changed: constitution transformation in the narrow, or more particular, sense. The article seeks to answer this question with reference to global constitutional experience, including – critically – experience in Asia, as one of the largest and most diverse regions of the world, too often omitted from studies of this kind. To this end, the article considers whether the concept of a constitution can be regarded as having been globally shared in any event; examines the phenomena associated with globalization that might suggest a paradigm change; and considers the arguments that mitigate against change, at least on a global scale. In exploring these factors, it necessarily considers the extent to which states in different regions of the world diverge in their experiences of the internationalization of constitutional law. The article concludes that, on balance, it is not plausible to argue that the generic concept of a constitution has changed, with global effect. It does, however, acknowledge that current conditions of globalization present a series of challenges for national constitutions. Responding to them might itself be regarded as an exercise in global constitutionalism.
Global constitutionalism: Asia-Pacific perspectives
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis special issue of Global Constitutionalism discusses how global constitutionalism influences Asia-Pacific jurisdictions and how they respond. This introductory article presents the theme and structure of this issue, explains the Asia-Pacific’s unique contribution to global constitutionalism and offers a synthetic argument. It conceptualizes global constitutionalism as the global diffusion of common constitutional ideas, institutions and doctrines rooted in comparative constitutional law and public international law. On that base, it argues that constitutional design, adjudication and discourse in many Asia-Pacific jurisdictions are influenced by global constitutionalism. The influence results in not only convergence but also resistance to global constitutionalism in the regions. The regional experience presents critical challenges for global constitutionalism, and hence its effective operation significantly depends on its situation within the region’s axiological, institutional and social contexts.
Anomalous Reconnection Layer at Earth's Dayside Magnetopause
Authors: Paschmann G. , Sonnerup B. U. Ö. , Phan T. , Fuselier S. A. , Haaland S. , Denton R. E. , Burch J. L. , Trattner K. J. , Giles B. L. , Gershman D. J. , Cohen I. J. , Russell C. T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObservations by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft (MMS) of an unusual layer, located between the dayside magnetosheath and the magnetosphere, alternating with encounters with the magnetosheath during an extended time period between December 31, 2015 and January 01, 2016, when the interplanetary magnetic field was strongly southward and the Earth's dipole tilt large and negative, are presented. It appears to have been magnetically connected to both magnetosphere and magnetosheath. The layer appears to be located mostly on closed field lines and was bounded by a rotational discontinuity (RD) at its magnetosheath edge and by the magnetosphere on its earthward side. A separatrix layer, with heated magnetosheath electrons streaming unidirectionally along the field lines, was present sunward of the RD. We infer that the layer was started by a dominant reconnection site well north of the spacecraft and that it may have gained additional width, from a large drop in solar wind density and ram pressure, which preceded the beginning of the event by more than an hour. Relative to the magnetosheath, in which the magnetic field was strongly southward, this unusual layer was characterized by a less southward, more dawnward magnetic field of lower magnitude. The plasma density and flow speed in the region were lower than in the magnetosheath, albeit with Alfvénic jetting occurring at the magnetosheath edge as well as at the magnetospheric edge of the layer. The closing of the magnetic field lines requires the existence of another reconnection site, located southward/tailward of MMS.
GPS Constraints on Drought‐Induced Groundwater Loss Around Great Salt Lake, Utah, With Implications for Seismicity Modulation
Authors: Young Zachary M. , Kreemer Corné , Blewitt Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGreat Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, lost 1.89 ± 0.04 m of water during the 2012–2016 drought. During this timeframe, data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission underestimate this mass loss, while nearby Global Positioning System (GPS) stations exhibit significant shifts in position. We find that crustal deformation, from unloading the Earth's crust consistent with the observed GSL water loss alone, does not explain the GPS displacements, suggesting contributions from additional water storage loss surrounding GSL. This study applies a damped least squares inversion to the three‐dimensional GPS displacements to test a range of distributions of groundwater loads to fit the observations. When considering the horizontal and vertical displacements simultaneously, we find a realistic distribution of water loss while also resolving the observed water loss of the lake. Our preferred model identifies mass loss up to 64 km from the lake via two radial rings. The contribution of exterior groundwater loss is substantial (10.9 ± 2.8 km3 vs. 5.5 ± 1.0 km3 on the lake), and greatly improves the fit to the observations. Nearby groundwater wells exhibit significant water loss during the drought, which substantiates the presence of significant water loss outside of the lake, but also highlights greater spatial variation than our model can resolve. We observe seismicity modulation within the inferred load region, while the region outside the (un)loading reveals no significant modulation. Drier periods exhibit higher quantities of events than wetter periods and changes in trend of the earthquake rate are correlated with regional mass trends.
Vent Distribution on Jeju Island, South Korea: Glimpses Into the Subvolcanic System
Authors: Cañón‐Tapia Edgardo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe spatial distribution of vents is ultimately controlled by the geometry of the magma source at depth, stress orientation and pre‐existing crustal structures. In this work, the spatial patterns of vent distribution in Jeju Island, South Korea, are examined through several methods. Comparison of the obtained distribution patterns with previous knowledge about the volcanic evolution of the island, and recent results of seismic tomographic images provides a comprehensive interpretation of vent distribution in terms of the underlying structure of the sub‐volcanic system. Thus, it is proposed that under certain conditions the probability density functions of some groups of vents can be used to obtain rough estimates of the depths of magma storage. Also, it is shown that the overall spatial pattern of vents provides an integrated image of the sub‐volcanic system both in space and time. The results reported in this work can therefore help us to avoid unjustified speculations concerning the nature of activity present in zones of distributed volcanism elsewhere.
Seasonal Influence of the Atmosphere and Ocean on the Fall Sea Ice Extent in the Barents‐Kara Seas
Authors: Chen Runzi , Dai Guokun , Liu Ran , Wang Lei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe fall sea ice in the Barents and Kara (B‐K) Seas has shown important influence on the northern extratropical climate in the following winter. Utilizing the reanalysis and observational data, we investigate the role of the atmosphere and ocean in shaping the fall B‐K sea ice extent with 1–12 months lead time. In the ocean, the warm sea surface temperature in the B‐K open water from the previous winter to early fall is the most important and persistent contributor to sea ice melt. In the atmosphere, the relatively warm air and dynamic weather systems over the B‐K Seas have potential to directly drive the sea ice variability at the lead time of 1–2 months. Furthermore, significant signals are found as early as the previous winter, although they might become weak during the melting season. Empirical models are constructed with different optimal predictors selected based on these physical mechanisms. These models produce skillful predictions of the fall B‐K sea ice extent on seasonal and monthly scales. These results can enhance the understanding of the fall sea ice variability and provide helpful information for making stakeholder‐relevant decisions.
Mechanical adaptation of brachiopod shells via hydration-induced structural changes
Authors: Ihli Johannes , Schenk Anna S. , Rosenfeldt Sabine , Wakonig Klaus , Holler Mirko , Falini Giuseppe , Pasquini Luca , Delacou Eugénia , Buckman Jim , Glen Thomas S. , Kress Thomas , Tsai Esther H. R. , Reid David G. , Duer Melinda J. , Cusack Maggie , Nudelman Fabio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe function-optimized properties of biominerals arise from the hierarchical organization of primary building blocks. Alteration of properties in response to environmental stresses generally involves time-intensive processes of resorption and reprecipitation of mineral in the underlying organic scaffold. Here, we report that the load-bearing shells of the brachiopod Discinisca tenuis are an exception to this process. These shells can dynamically modulate their mechanical properties in response to a change in environment, switching from hard and stiff when dry to malleable when hydrated within minutes. Using ptychographic X-ray tomography, electron microscopy and spectroscopy, we describe their hierarchical structure and composition as a function of hydration to understand the structural motifs that generate this adaptability. Key is a complementary set of structural modifications, starting with the swelling of an organic matrix on the micron level via nanocrystal reorganization and ending in an intercalation process on the molecular level in response to hydration.
Motional narrowing, ballistic transport, and trapping of room-temperature exciton polaritons in an atomically-thin semiconductor
Authors: Wurdack M. , Estrecho E. , Todd S. , Yun T. , Pieczarka M. , Earl S. K. , Davis J. A. , Schneider C. , Truscott A. G. , Ostrovskaya E. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMonolayer transition metal dichalcogenide crystals (TMDCs) hold great promise for semiconductor optoelectronics because their bound electron-hole pairs (excitons) are stable at room temperature and interact strongly with light. When TMDCs are embedded in an optical microcavity, excitons can hybridise with cavity photons to form exciton polaritons, which inherit useful properties from their constituents. The ability to manipulate and trap polaritons on a microchip is critical for applications. Here, we create a non-trivial potential landscape for polaritons in monolayer WS2, and demonstrate their trapping and ballistic propagation across tens of micrometers. We show that the effects of dielectric disorder, which restrict the diffusion of WS2 excitons and broaden their spectral resonance, are dramatically reduced for polaritons, leading to motional narrowing and preserved partial coherence. Linewidth narrowing and coherence are further enhanced in the trap. Our results demonstrate the possibility of long-range dissipationless transport and efficient trapping of TMDC polaritons in ambient conditions.
The gut microbiome in konzo
Authors: Bramble Matthew S. , Vashist Neerja , Ko Arthur , Priya Sambhawa , Musasa Céleste , Mathieu Alban , Spencer D’ Andre , Lupamba Kasendue Michel , Mamona Dilufwasayo Patrick , Karume Kevin , Nsibu Joanna , Manya Hans , Uy Mary N. A. , Colwell Brian , Boivin Michael , Mayambu J. P. Banae , Okitundu Daniel , Droit Arnaud , Mumba Ngoyi Dieudonné , Blekhman Ran , Tshala-Katumbay Desire , Vilain Eric 
Published: September 2021

AbstractKonzo, a distinct upper motor neuron disease associated with a cyanogenic diet and chronic malnutrition, predominately affects children and women of childbearing age in sub-Saharan Africa. While the exact biological mechanisms that cause this disease have largely remained elusive, host-genetics and environmental components such as the gut microbiome have been implicated. Using a large study population of 180 individuals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where konzo is most frequent, we investigate how the structure of the gut microbiome varied across geographical contexts, as well as provide the first insight into the gut flora of children affected with this debilitating disease using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Our findings indicate that the gut microbiome structure is highly variable depending on region of sampling, but most interestingly, we identify unique enrichments of bacterial species and functional pathways that potentially modulate the susceptibility of konzo in prone regions of the Congo.
Flexible and transparent piezoelectric loudspeaker
Authors: Shehzad M. , Wang S. , Wang Y. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe simple structure of flexible piezoelectric polymers implies promise innumerous applications, such as transparent loudspeakers. In this study, we fabricated and characterized a prototype loudspeaker device. The loudspeaker was fabricated using a straightforward method of sandwiching a film of copolymer blend between a pair of flexible ITO substrates, which served as top and bottom electrodes. The dependence of acoustic properties of the devices was investigated in accordance with d33 and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). In this study, we examine the sound pressure level (SPL) and sound intensity (SI) of devices featuring 0.5 ≤ α ≤ 0.9 blends, with an active area of 6.5 cm × 5 cm at 100 Vpp applied voltage. Here we report SPL of 96 dB and SI of 3.98 m Wm−2 for an α = 0.7 blend at 100 Vpp. Our results are helpful in developing flexible, transparent piezoelectric polymers and in the development of lightweight, transparent loudspeaker devices.