bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel mannosylerythritol lipid biosurfactant structures from castor oil revealed by advanced structure analysis
Authors: Beck Alexander , Haitz Fabian , Thier Isabel , Siems Karsten , Jakupovic Sven , Rupp Steffen , Zibek Susanne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are glycolipid biosurfactants produced by fungi of the Ustilaginaceae family in the presence of hydrophobic carbon sources like plant oils. In the present study, we investigated the structural composition of MELs produced from castor oil using seven different microorganisms and compared them to MEL structures resulting from other plant oils. Castor oil is an industrially relevant plant oil that presents as an alternative to currently employed edible plant oils like rapeseed or soybean oil. The main fatty acid in castor oil is the mono-hydroxylated ricinoleic acid, providing the possibility to produce novel MEL structures with interesting features. Analysis of the produced MELs from castor oil by different chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques revealed that all seven microorganisms were generally able to integrate hydroxylated fatty acids into the MEL molecule, although at varying degrees. These novel MELs containing a hydroxy fatty acid (4-O-[2′-O-alka(e)noyl-3′-O-hydroxyalka(e)noyl-4′/6′-O-acetyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl]-erythritol) were more hydrophilic than conventional MEL and therefore showed a different elution behavior in chromatography. Large shares of novel hydroxy MELs (around 50% of total MELs) were found for the two MEL-B/C producing species Ustilago siamensis and Ustilago shanxiensis, but also for the MEL-A/B/C producer Moesziomyces aphidis (around 25%). In addition, tri-acylated hydroxylated MELs with a third long-chain fatty acid esterified to the free hydroxyl group of the hydroxy fatty acid were identified for some species. Overall, production of MEL from castor oil with the investigated organisms provided a complex mixture of various novel MEL structures that can be exploited for further research.
A free market in extreme speech: Scientific racism and bloodsports on YouTube
Authors: de Keulenaar Emillie , Tuters Marc , Osborne-Carey Cassian , Jurg Daniel , Kisjes Ivan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Around 2018, YouTube became heavily criticized for its radicalizing function by allowing far-right actors to produce hateful videos that were in turn amplified through algorithmic recommendations. Against this ‘algorithmic radicalization’ hypothesis, Munger and Phillips (2019, A supply and demand framework for YouTube politics. Preprint. https://osf.io/73jys/download; Munger and Phillips, 2020, Right-wing YouTube: a supply and demand perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(2). doi: 10.1177/1940161220964767.)) argued that far-right radical content on YouTube fed into audience demand, suggesting researchers adopt a ‘supply and demand’ framework. Navigating this debate, our article deploys novel methods for examining radicalization in the language of far-right pundits and their audiences within YouTube’s so-called ‘Alternative Influence Network’ (Lewis, 2018, Alternative Influence. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/library/alternative-influence/ (accessed 9 December 2020).). To that end, we operationalize the concept ‘extreme speech’—developed to account for ‘the inherent ambiguity of speech contexts’ online (Pohjonen and Udupa, 2017, Extreme speech online: an anthropological critique of hate speech debates. International Journal of Communication, 11: 1173–91)—to an analysis of a right-wing ‘Bloodsports’ debate subculture that thrived on the platform at the time. Highlighting the topic of ‘race realism’, we develop a novel mixed-methods approach: repurposing the far-right website Metapedia as a corpus to detect unique terms related to the issue. We use this corpus to analyze the transcripts and comments from an archive of 950 right-wing channels, collected from 2008 until 2018. In line with Munger and Phillips’ framework, our empirical study identifies a market for extreme speech on the platform, which came into public view in 2017.
Sequence-specific dynamics of DNA response elements and their flanking sites regulate the recognition by AP-1 transcription factors
Authors: Hörberg Johanna , Moreau Kevin , Tamás Markus J , Reymer Anna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Activator proteins 1 (AP-1) comprise one of the largest families of eukaryotic basic leucine zipper transcription factors. Despite advances in the characterization of AP-1 DNA-binding sites, our ability to predict new binding sites and explain how the proteins achieve different gene expression levels remains limited. Here we address the role of sequence-specific DNA flexibility for stability and specific binding of AP-1 factors, using microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulations. As a model system, we employ yeast AP-1 factor Yap1 binding to three different response elements from two genetic environments. Our data show that Yap1 actively exploits the sequence-specific flexibility of DNA within the response element to form stable protein–DNA complexes. The stability also depends on the four to six flanking nucleotides, adjacent to the response elements. The flanking sequences modulate the conformational adaptability of the response element, making it more shape-efficient to form specific contacts with the protein. Bioinformatics analysis of differential expression of the studied genes supports our conclusions: the stability of Yap1–DNA complexes, modulated by the flanking environment, influences the gene expression levels. Our results provide new insights into mechanisms of protein–DNA recognition and the biological regulation of gene expression levels in eukaryotes.
Careful feature selection is key in classification of Alzheimer’s disease patients based on whole-genome sequencing data
Authors: Osipowicz Marlena , Wilczynski Bartek , Machnicka Magdalena A ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite great increase of the amount of data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), the genetic background of a partially heritable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not fully understood yet. Machine learning methods are expected to help researchers in the analysis of the large number of SNPs possibly associated with the disease onset. To date, a number of such approaches were applied to genotype-based classification of AD patients and healthy controls using GWAS data and reported accuracy of 0.65–0.975. However, since the estimated influence of genotype on sporadic AD occurrence is lower than that, these very high classification accuracies may potentially be a result of overfitting. We have explored the possibilities of applying feature selection and classification using random forests to WGS and GWAS data from two datasets. Our results suggest that this approach is prone to overfitting if feature selection is performed before division of data into the training and testing set. Therefore, we recommend avoiding selection of features used to build the model based on data included in the testing set. We suggest that for currently available dataset sizes the expected classifier performance is between 0.55 and 0.7 (AUC) and higher accuracies reported in literature are likely a result of overfitting.
Impact of total sleep deprivation and related mood changes on approach-avoidance decisions to threat-related facial displays
Authors: Grèzes Julie , Erblang Mégane , Vilarem Emma , Quiquempoix Michael , Van Beers Pascal , Guillard Mathias , Sauvet Fabien , Mennella Rocco , Rabat Arnaud 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
Total sleep deprivation is known to have significant detrimental effects on cognitive and socio-emotional functioning. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which total sleep loss disturbs decision-making in social contexts are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of total sleep deprivation on approach/avoidance decisions when faced with threatening individuals, as well as the potential moderating role of sleep-related mood changes.

Methods
Participants (n = 34) made spontaneous approach/avoidance decisions in the presence of task-irrelevant angry or fearful individuals, while rested or totally sleep deprived (27 h of continuous wakefulness). Sleep-related changes in mood and sustained attention were assessed using the Positive and Negative Affective Scale and the psychomotor vigilance task, respectively.

Results
Rested participants avoided both fearful and angry individuals, with stronger avoidance for angry individuals, in line with previous results. On the contrary, totally sleep deprived participants favored neither approach nor avoidance of fearful individuals, while they still comparably avoided angry individuals. Drift-diffusion models showed that this effect was accounted for by the fact that total sleep deprivation reduced value-based evidence accumulation toward avoidance during decision making. Finally, the reduction of positive mood after total sleep deprivation positively correlated with the reduction of fearful display avoidance. Importantly, this correlation was not mediated by a sleep-related reduction in sustained attention.

Conclusions
All together, these findings support the underestimated role of positive mood-state alterations caused by total sleep loss on approach/avoidance decisions when facing ambiguous socio-emotional displays, such as fear.
Shared philanthropy: how to boost effectiveness in the Swiss foundation sector
Authors: Studen Goran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
While everyone seems to be talking about the “shared economy,” the non-profit sector continues to struggle with the very concept of cooperation. Yet it is clear that Switzerland does not have too few foundations, but too few efficiently interconnected stakeholders. What can be done to make best use of the resources available and to better connect the philanthropic community?
Sex differences in cardiopulmonary effects of acute bromine exposure
Authors: Masjoan Juncos Juan Xavier , Shakil Shazia , Ahmad Aamir , Mariappan Nithya , Zafar Iram , Bradley Wayne E , Dell’Italia Louis J , Ahmad Aftab , Ahmad Shama 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Accidental occupational bromine (Br&gt;2&gt;) exposures are common, leading to significant morbidity and mortality; however, the specific effects of Br&gt;2&gt; inhalation in female victims are unclear. Our studies demonstrated that acute high-concentration Br&gt;2&gt; inhalation is fatal, and cardiac injury and dysfunction play an important role in Br&gt;2&gt; toxicity in males. In this study, we exposed female Sprague Dawley rats, age-matched to those males from previously studied, to 600 ppm Br&gt;2&gt; for 45 min and assessed their survival, cardiopulmonary injury and cardiac function after exposure. Br&gt;2&gt; exposure caused serious mortality in female rats (59%) 48 h after exposure. Rats had severe clinical distress, reduced heart rates and oxygen saturation after Br&gt;2&gt; inhalation as was previously reported with male animals. There was significant lung injury and edema when measured 24 h after exposure. Cardiac injury biomarkers were also significantly elevated 24 h after Br&gt;2&gt; inhalation. Echocardiography and hemodynamic studies were also performed and revealed that the mean arterial pressure was not significantly elevated in females. Other functional cardiac parameters were also altered. Aside from the lack of elevation of blood pressure, all other changes observed in female animals were also present in male animals as reported in our previous study. These studies are important to understand the toxicity mechanisms to generate therapies and better-equip first responders to deal with these specific scenarios after bromine spill disasters.&gt;
Effect of Iron Supplementation in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Iron Deficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pongpitakdamrong Atcha , Chirdkiatgumchai Vilawan , Ruangdaraganon Nichara , Roongpraiwan Rawiwan , Sirachainan Nongnuch , Soongprasit Manas , Udomsubpayakul Umaporn 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT:

Objectives:
To determine the effectiveness of combined iron supplementation and methylphenidate treatment on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children/adolescents with ADHD and iron deficiency compared with methylphenidate alone.

Methods:
In total, 116 children/adolescents with ADHD were screened for iron deficiency. Participants who exhibited iron deficiency were randomized into 2 groups (ferrous supplementation vs placebo). Vanderbilt ADHD rating scales were completed by parents and teachers at prestudy and poststudy periods. Student's t tests were used to determine improvements of Vanderbilt scores between the groups.

Results:
Among 116 children who participated in this study, 44.8% (52/116) met the criteria for iron deficiency. Of the total 52 participants with iron deficiency, 26 were randomized to the ferrous group and 26 to the placebo group. Most participants in each group had been prescribed short-acting methylphenidate twice daily in the morning and at noon. After a 12-week study period, total parents' Vanderbilt ADHD symptom scores showed a significant improvement between the groups (mean decrement = −3.96 ± 6.79 vs 0 ± 6.54, p = 0.037). However, teachers' Vanderbilt ADHD symptom scores showed no difference between the groups.

Conclusion:
Children with ADHD and iron deficiency being on methylphenidate and iron supplementation had shown improvement of ADHD symptoms that were reported by parents.
Effect of intra-operative high inspired fraction of oxygen on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing surgery
Authors: Behera Bikram Kishore , Misra Satyajeet , Mohanty Manoj Kumar , Srinivasan Anand 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
Administration of high inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) during anaesthesia has been proposed to decrease postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in adults but has not been extensively studied in children.

OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 80% FiO2 on the incidence of PONV in children undergoing surgery.

DESIGN
Prospective, randomised, study.

SETTING
Single-centre, teaching hospital.

PATIENTS
Children of either gender in the age group of 5 to 15 years scheduled for elective surgeries were assessed for eligibility. Emergency surgeries; patients receiving supplemental oxygen pre-operatively or on mechanical ventilation; sepsis; bowel obstruction or ischaemia; poor nutritional status; anaemia (Hb <8 g%) or surgeries lasting less than 1 h or greater than 4 h were excluded from the study.

INTERVENTIONS
After induction of anaesthesia, children were randomised to receive either 30 or 80% oxygen in air, till the end of surgery.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Incidence of PONV within 24 h; surgical site infections (SSI)s; serum serotonin and TNF-α levels and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC)s were studied.

RESULTS
The overall 24 h incidence of PONV was not different between the low and high FiO2 groups [24 vs. 23%; P = 0.84; odds ratio (OR) 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44 to 2.06]. The incidence of SSIs (15 vs. 12%; P = 0.61; OR 0.77; 95% CI, 0.28 to 2.10) and PPCs (12 vs. 8%; P = 0.38; OR 0.59; 95% CI, 0.18 to 1.92) were not significant between the low and high FiO2 groups, respectively. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons of serum serotonin and TNF-α showed no significant difference either at baseline or at the end of surgery.

CONCLUSION
High intra-operative FiO2 of 80% does not provide additional protection against PONV in children.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
The study was registered with Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI) with trial registration no: CTRI/2018/07/014974.
Virtual Interviews for the Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency Match: The Program Director Perspective
Authors: Sarac Benjamin A. , Shen Abra H. , Nassar Amer H. , Maselli Amy M. , Shiah Eric , Lin Samuel J. , Janis Jeffrey E. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Interviews for the integrated plastic surgery residency match took place in a virtual format for the 2020–2021 application cycle. Current literature lacks the perspectives of program directors (PDs) on virtual interviews compared with traditional in-person interviews.

Methods:
Following institutional review board approval, an anonymous 17-question survey was distributed by email to 82 program directors of integrated plastic surgery residency programs in the United States. Participants were asked baseline program information, the number of positions and interview invites offered, and their perspectives on various aspects of the virtual interview process.

Results:
Sixty-two (75.6%) PDs completed the survey. Thirty-seven percent reported increasing the number of interview offers per available residency spot. On a five-point Likert scale (1, not well at all; 5, extremely well), PDs showed no significant differences in their ability judge an applicant’s professionalism (3.1 ± 1.1), interpersonal and communication skills (3.2 ± 1.1), and “fit” with their program (2.9 ± 0.9) during virtual interviews (P = 0.360). Sixty-eight percent reported being satisfied (15.3% extremely satisfied, 52.5% somewhat satisfied) with the virtual interview process, though 76.3% preferred in-person interviews.

Conclusions:
This study is the first to provide insight into PDs’ impressions of virtual residency interviews. Although most reported being satisfied with the virtual interview process, the majority still preferred in-person interviews. Further long-term studies evaluating the pros and cons of each interview modality may provide more information on whether virtual interviews could become a sustainable alternative to the traditional in-person residency interview.
Comparative Analysis of Prepectoral versus Subpectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Plachinski Sarah J. , Boehm Lucas M. , Adamson Karri A. , LoGiudice John A. , Doren Erin L. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Recent advances in mastectomy and reconstruction have allowed for an evolution in implant-based breast reconstruction to a muscle-sparing, prepectoral approach. Advantages of this technique may include reductions in postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization, less narcotic usage, and improved aesthetic outcomes. Postoperative complication rates are described as comparable to subpectoral techniques; however, little comparative data exist to adequately assess prepectoral versus subpectoral implant placement.

Methods:
To address this knowledge gap, we performed a single institution retrospective review of 186 (83 prepectoral, 103 subpectoral) consecutive immediate breast reconstructions. All cases were tracked for a minimum of 2 years between 2016 and 2021.

Results:
Prepectoral patients demonstrated an overall higher seroma rate (P = 0.001), with all other postoperative complications being comparable. Prepectoral patients tolerated higher intraoperative tissue expander fill volumes (P < 0.001), shorter hospital stays (P = 0.007), fewer clinic visits for tissue expansion (P < 0.001), and experienced less animation deformity (P = 0.005). Both groups demonstrated similar pain scores (P = 0.65) and needs for narcotics (P = 0.8) as well as comparable scores of capsular contracture (P = 0.791).

Conclusions:
Our comparative analysis of consecutive immediate implant-based breast reconstructions finds prepectoral reconstruction to be safe and effective. Compared with subpectoral reconstruction, the prepectoral approach may offer quicker tissue expansion, less postoperative office visits, less need for muscle relaxants, and a shorter hospital stay with a comparable complication profile.
Noninvasive carotid pressure—diameter loops to identify viscoelastic properties in ageing, hypertension and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Giudici Alessandro , Palombo Carlo , Kozakova Michaela , Morizzo Carmela , Penno Giuseppe , Jamagidze Giuli , Della Latta Daniele , Chiappino Dante , Cruickshank J. Kennedy , Khir Ashraf W. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
Arterial stiffness as pulse wave velocity (PWV) predicts cardiovascular events independently of blood pressure (BP). PWV does not distinguish between stiffness in systole and diastole. This cross-sectional study aimed to test the hypothesis that viscous and elastic carotid wall properties differ between systole and diastole, distinguishing effects of ageing, hypertension and T2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods:
We examined carotid visco-elasticity in 307 people (180 men), with hypertension alone (n = 69), combined hypertension/T2DM (H-T2DM, n = 99), normotensive (N-T2DM, n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 114). Diameter (D)/pressure (P) waveforms were measured at right /left common carotid arteries, respectively. Local carotid PWV and distensibility in systole and diastole were evaluated by the D

2

P-loop method, and wall viscosity from hysteresis, the area (H
A) within the P--D loop, as a dynamic measure of systolic loading and diastolic unloading.

Results:
Controls’ hysteresis fell quadratically with age (R
2 = 0.23, P < 0.001). Yet mean H
A in hypertensive patients (0.95, 95% CI 0.65–1.23) was six-fold higher than in age-matched controls (0.14, −0.20 to 0.49, P < 0.001) with a 2.5× difference between diastolic (d
Ds) to systolic (s
Ds) distensibility (P < 0.05) in hypertensive patients. H
A was higher in hypertensive patients and H-T2DMs (0.80, 0.58–1.04) than N-T2DMs (0.20, −0.17 to 0.54, P < 0.05), but similar between controls and N-T2DMs. BP-adjusted carotid diameters in all T2DM were significantly greater compared with controls and hypertensive patients.

Conclusion:
Higher BP increased wall viscosity, hysteresis and relative difference between systolic and diastolic distensibility across groups. Carotid diameters were increased in all T2DMs, more in H-T2DM, probably altering BP-flow dynamics in T2DM.
A prospective study of multiple sleep dimensions and hypertension risk among white, black and Hispanic/Latina women: findings from the Sister Study
Authors: Lunyera Joseph , Park Yong-Moon Mark , Ward Julia B. , Gaston Symielle A. , Bhavsar Nrupen A. , Muntner Paul , Sandler Dale P. , Jackson Chandra L. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Poor sleep is associated with increased hypertension risk, but few studies have evaluated multiple sleep dimensions or investigated racial/ethnic disparities in this association among women.

Method:
We investigated multiple sleep dimensions (sleep duration, inconsistent weekly sleep patterns, sleep debt, frequent napping and difficulty falling or staying asleep) and hypertension risk among women, and determined modification by age, race/ethnicity and menopausal status. We used data from the Sister Study, a national cohort of 50 884 women who had sisters diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States enrolled in 2003–2009 and followed through September 2018.

Results:
Of 33 497 women without diagnosed hypertension at baseline (mean age ± standard deviation: 53.9 ± 8.8 years; 88.7% White, 6.4% Black and 4.9% Hispanic/Latina), 23% (n = 7686) developed hypertension over a median follow-up of 10.1 years [interquartile range: 8.2–11.9 years]. Very short, short or long sleep duration, inconsistent weekly sleep patterns, sleep debt, frequent napping, insomnia, insomnia symptoms as well as short sleep and exploratory cumulative poor sleep score were associated with incident hypertension after adjustment for demographics factors. After additional adjustment for lifestyle and clinical factors, insomnia [hazard ratio = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.03–1.15] and insomnia symptoms plus short sleep (hazard ratio = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05–1.21) remained associated with incident hypertension. These associations were stronger in younger (age<54 vs. ≥54 years) and premenopausal vs. postmenopausal women (all P-interaction < 0.05). Associations did not differ by race/ethnicity (all P-interaction > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Thus, screening for multiple sleep dimensions and prioritizing younger and premenopausal women may help identify individuals at high risk for hypertension.