bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential sensitivity to warming and hypoxia during development and long-term effects of developmental exposure in early life stage Chinook salmon
Authors: Del Rio Annelise M , Mukai Gabriella N , Martin Benjamin T , Johnson Rachel C , Fangue Nann A , Israel Joshua A , Todgham Anne E 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWarming and hypoxia are two stressors commonly found within natural salmon redds that are likely to co-occur. Warming and hypoxia can interact physiologically, but their combined effects during fish development remain poorly studied, particularly stage-specific effects and potential carry-over effects. To test the impacts of warm water temperature and hypoxia as individual and combined developmental stressors, late fall-run Chinook salmon embryos were reared in 10 treatments from fertilization through hatching with two temperatures [10°C (ambient) and 14°C (warm)], two dissolved oxygen saturation levels [normoxia (100% air saturation, 10.4–11.4 mg O2/l) and hypoxia (50% saturation, 5.5 mg O2/l)] and three exposure times (early [eyed stage], late [silver-eyed stage] and chronic [fertilization through hatching]). After hatching, all treatments were transferred to control conditions (10°C and 100% air saturation) through the fry stage. To study stage-specific effects of stressor exposure we measured routine metabolic rate (RMR) at two embryonic stages, hatching success and growth. To evaluate carry-over effects, where conditions during one life stage influence performance in a later stage, RMR of all treatments was measured in control conditions at two post-hatch stages and acute stress tolerance was measured at the fry stage. We found evidence of stage-specific effects of both stressors during exposure and carry-over effects on physiological performance. Both individual stressors affected RMR, growth and developmental rate while multiple stressors late in development reduced hatching success. RMR post-hatch showed persistent effects of embryonic stressor exposure that may underlie differences observed in developmental timing and acute stress tolerance. The responses to stressors that varied by stage during development suggest that stage-specific management efforts could support salmon embryo survival. The persistent carry-over effects also indicate that considering sub-lethal effects of developmental stressor exposure may be important to understanding how climate change influences the performance of salmon across life stages.
Antiplatelet therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Benz Alexander P , Johansson Isabelle , Dewilde Willem J M , Lopes Renato D , Mehran Roxana , Sartori Samantha , Sarafoff Nikolaus , Yasuda Satoshi , McIntyre William F , Healey Jeff S , Shoamanesh Ashkan , Eikelboom John W , Connolly Stuart J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study was to systematically assess the effects of antiplatelets on clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), treated and not-treated with oral anticoagulation.

Methods and results
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL from inception until September 2020. From 5446 citations, we selected randomized trials allocating patients with AF to antiplatelet therapy vs. control. We applied random-effects models for meta-analysis and assessed potential effect modification with background anticoagulation use. Eighteen trials including 21 518 participants met our prespecified eligibility criteria. In 10 studies without background anticoagulation, antiplatelets reduced all-cause stroke [486/6165 (events/patients) vs. 621/6061; risk ratio (RR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69–0.86, I2 = 0%]. In eight studies with background anticoagulation, there was a signal for an increase in all-cause stroke with antiplatelets (97/4608 vs. 72/4684; RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.98–1.79, I2 = 0%, P-value for interaction &lt;0.001). A similar pattern emerged for ischaemic stroke. Irrespective of background anticoagulation use, antiplatelets increased major bleeding (509/10 402 vs. 328/10 496; RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.35–1.77, I2 = 0%) and intracranial haemorrhage (107/10 221 vs. 65/10 232; RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.20–2.24, I2 = 0%), and reduced myocardial infarction (201/9679 vs. 260/9751; RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65–0.94, I2 = 0%, all P-values for interaction ≥0.36). Antiplatelets did not affect mortality (1221/10 299 vs. 1211/10 287; RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.89–1.17, I2 = 29%, P-value for interaction = 0.23).

Conclusions
In patients with AF not receiving oral anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy modestly reduced stroke. There was a corresponding signal for harm when used on top of anticoagulation. Irrespective of background anticoagulation use, antiplatelet therapy significantly increased bleeding, moderately reduced myocardial infarction, and did not affect mortality.
Failure to rescue: variation in mortality after cardiac surgery
Authors: Milojevic Milan , Bond Chris , He Chang , Shannon Francis L , Clark Melissa , Theurer Patricia F , Prager Richard L 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Measures to prevent surgical complications are critical components of optimal patient care, and adequate management when complications occur is equally crucial in efforts to reduce mortality. This study aims to elucidate clinical realities underlying in-hospital variations in failure to rescue (FTR) after cardiac surgery.

METHODS
Using a statewide database for a quality improvement program, we identified 62 450 patients who had undergone adult cardiac surgery between 2011 and 2018 in 1 of the 33 Michigan hospitals performing adult cardiac surgery. The hospitals were first divided into tertiles according to their observed to expected (O/E) ratios of 30-day mortality: low-mortality tertile (O/E 0.46–0.78), intermediate-mortality tertile (O/E 0.79–0.90) and high-mortality tertile (O/E 0.98–2.00). We then examined the incidence of 15 significant complications and the rates of death following complications among the 3 groups.

RESULTS
A total of 1418 operative deaths occurred in the entire cohort, a crude mortality rate of 2.3% and varied from 1.3% to 5.9% at the hospital level. The death rates also diverged significantly according to mortality score tertiles, from 1.6% in the low-mortality group to 3.2% in the high-mortality group (P &lt; 0.001). Hospitals ranked in a high- or intermediate-mortality tertile had similar rates of overall complications (21.3% and 20.7%, P = 0.17), while low-mortality hospitals had significantly fewer complications (16.3%) than the other 2 tertiles (P &lt; 0.001). FTR increased in a stepwise manner from low- to high-mortality hospitals (8.3% vs 10.0% vs 12.7%, P &lt; 0.001, respectively). Differences in FTR were related to survival after cardiac arrest, multi-system organ failure, prolonged ventilation, reoperation for bleeding and severe acute kidney disease that requires dialysis.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that timely recognition and appropriate treatment of complications are as important as preventing complications to further reduce operative mortality in cardiac surgery. FTR tools may provide vital information for quality improvement initiatives.
Measles Vaccination Elicits a Polyfunctional Antibody Response, Which Decays More Rapidly in Early Vaccinated Children
Authors: Brinkman Iris D , Butler Audrey L , de Wit Jelle , van Binnendijk Rob S , Alter Galit , van Baarle Debbie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundMeasles outbreaks are reported worldwide and pose a serious threat, especially to young unvaccinated infants. Early measles vaccination given to infants under 12 months of age can induce protective antibody levels, but the long-term antibody functionalities are unknown.MethodsMeasles-specific antibody functionality was tested using a systems serology approach for children who received an early measles vaccination at 6–8 or 9–12 months, followed by a regular dose at 14 months of age, and children who only received the vaccination at 14 months. Antibody functionalities comprised complement deposition, cellular cytotoxicity, and neutrophil and cellular phagocytosis. We used Pearson’s r correlations between all effector functions to investigate the coordination of the response.ResultsChildren receiving early measles vaccination at 6–8 or 9–12 months of age show polyfunctional antibody responses. Despite significant lower levels of antibodies in these early-vaccinated children, Fc effector functions were comparable with regular-timed vaccinees at 14 months. However, 3-year follow-up revealed significant decreased polyfunctionality in children who received a first vaccination at 6–8 months of age, but not in children who received the early vaccination at 9–12 months.ConclusionsAntibodies elicited in early-vaccinated children are equally polyfunctional to those elicited from children who received vaccination at 14 months. However, these antibody functionalities decay more rapidly than those induced later in life, which may lead to suboptimal, long-term protection.
Epidemiology of Reported HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections During the COVID-19 Pandemic, New York City
Authors: Braunstein Sarah L , Slutsker Jennifer Sanderson , Lazar Rachael , Shah Dipal , Hennessy Robin R , Chen Shirley X , Pathela Preeti , Daskalakis Demetre C , Schillinger Julia A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis, a statewide executive order (PAUSE) severely restricted the movement of New Yorkers from 23 March to 7 June 2020. We used New York City surveillance data for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis to describe trends in diagnosis and reporting surrounding PAUSE. During PAUSE, the volume of positive HIV/sexually transmitted infection tests, and diagnoses of HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis declined substantially, reaching a nadir in April before rebounding. Some shifts in characteristics of reported cases were identified.
Pathways to Violence in Civil Wars: Combatant Socialization and the Drivers of Participation in Civilian Targeting
Authors: Cantin Marc-Olivier 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent research has drawn attention to the role of socialization in shaping the behaviors of rebel combatants during civil wars. In particular, scholars have highlighted how vertical and horizontal socialization dynamics can bring combatants to engage in a range of wartime practices, including the use of violence against civilians. This article synthesizes existing theories of combatant socialization and combines them into an integrated framework, which casts the focus on individual pathways toward civilian targeting and specifies the underlying sociopsychological mechanisms through which socializing influences motivate participation in violence. Specifically, the article charts five key pathways that operate through different mechanisms and that are based upon varying degrees of internalization regarding the legitimacy of civilian targeting. In each case, I also identify a number of unit-level factors that are likely to make a given pathway particularly prevalent among combatants. The article then illustrates how these pathways map onto the actual experiences of civil war combatants by examining the drivers of individual participation in violence against civilians among low-ranking members of the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone. The case study evidence highlights the equifinal nature of violence perpetration during civil wars, shedding light on the different social needs, influences, sanctions, and constraints that may motivate involvement in violence. By analyzing rebel behavior through the prism of perpetrator studies, this article thus seeks to establish the civil war literature on firmer theoretical grounds, providing a synthetic account of the individual experiences, motives, and trajectories that are often left unaddressed in this body of research.
A randomized phase III study comparing trastuzumab emtansine with trastuzumab, pertuzumab and docetaxel in elderly patients with advanced stage HER2-positive breast cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study (JCOG1607, HERB TEA study)
Authors: Shimomura Akihiko , Tamura Kenji , Tanaka Kiyo , Mizutani Tomonori , Sasaki Keita , Sekino Yuta , Sawaki Masataka , Shien Tadahiko , Shibata Taro , Iwata Hiroji 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The standard first-line treatment for patients with human epidermal growth factor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer is a combination therapy of trastuzumab, pertuzumab and docetaxel, and the standard second-line treatment is trastuzumab emtansine. However, it may be difficult for the elderly to maintain sufficient intensity of treatment due to severe adverse events of trastuzumab, pertuzumab and docetaxel. The aim of this trial is to confirm the non-inferiority of trastuzumab emtansine over trastuzumab, pertuzumab and docetaxel in terms of overall survival in elderly (65-year-old or more) patients with human epidermal growth factor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. If improved overall survival and fewer toxicities are observed, trastuzumab emtansine may be a feasible new standard first-line treatment for elderly patients with human epidermal growth factor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. A planned total 330 patients will be enrolled from 45 institutions over 6.5 years. This trial has been registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000030783 [http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm].
Limited resection for early-stage thymoma: minimally invasive resection does not mean limited resection
Authors: Nakagawa Kazuo , Asamura Hisao 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Standard resection for patients with thymoma is resection of thymoma with total thymectomy (TTx) via median sternotomy. Hence, limited resection for thymoma means a lesser extent of resection of normal thymus compared with a standard procedure, i.e. resection of thymoma with partial thymectomy (PTx). In contrast, minimally invasive resection has been defined as resection of thymoma with TTx via a less-invasive approach. However, to date, few studies have precisely evaluated the differences in surgical and oncological outcomes among these three procedures. This report summarizes the differences among these three procedures with a review of studies (January 2000 to December 2020) focusing on the difference in surgical and oncological outcomes and presents current issues in the surgical management of thymoma. In this report, 16 studies were identified; 5 compared standard resection to limited resection, 9 compared standard resection to minimally invasive resection and 2 compared limited resection to minimally invasive resection. Most studies reported that the surgical and oncological outcomes of limited resection or minimally invasive resection were similar to those of standard resection in patients with early-stage thymoma. However, they did not include a sufficient follow-up period. Both limited resection and minimally invasive resection for early-stage thymoma might be reasonable treatment options. However, they are still promising modes of resection. Further studies with a long follow-up period are needed.
DLX5/6 GABAergic Expression Affects Social Vocalization: Implications for Human Evolution
Authors: Levi Giovanni , de Lombares Camille , Giuliani Cristina , Iannuzzi Vincenzo , Aouci Rym , Garagnani Paolo , Franceschi Claudio , Grimaud-Hervé Dominique , Narboux-Nême Nicolas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
DLX5 and DLX6 are two closely related transcription factors involved in brain development and in GABAergic differentiation. The DLX5/6 locus is regulated by FoxP2, a gene involved in language evolution and has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and mental retardation. Targeted inactivation of Dlx5/6 in mouse GABAergic neurons (Dlx5/6VgatCre mice) results in behavioral and metabolic phenotypes notably increasing lifespan by 33%. Here, we show that Dlx5/6VgatCre mice present a hyper-vocalization and hyper-socialization phenotype. While only 7% of control mice emitted more than 700 vocalizations/10 min, 30% and 56% of heterozygous or homozygous Dlx5/6VgatCre mice emitted more than 700 and up to 1,400 calls/10 min with a higher proportion of complex and modulated calls. Hyper-vocalizing animals were more sociable: the time spent in dynamic interactions with an unknown visitor was more than doubled compared to low-vocalizing individuals. The characters affected by Dlx5/6 in the mouse (sociability, vocalization, skull, and brain shape…) overlap those affected in the “domestication syndrome”. We therefore explored the possibility that DLX5/6 played a role in human evolution and “self-domestication” comparing DLX5/6 genomic regions from Neanderthal and modern humans. We identified an introgressed Neanderthal haplotype (DLX5/6-N-Haplotype) present in 12.6% of European individuals that covers DLX5/6 coding and regulatory sequences. The DLX5/6-N-Haplotype includes the binding site for GTF2I, a gene associated with Williams–Beuren syndrome, a hyper-sociability and hyper-vocalization neurodevelopmental disorder. The DLX5/6-N-Haplotype is significantly underrepresented in semi-supercentenarians (&gt;105 years of age), a well-established human model of healthy aging and longevity, suggesting their involvement in the coevolution of longevity, sociability, and speech.
When and Where Is It Cheaper to Issue Inflation-Linked Debt?
Authors: Ermolov Andrey 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
I compare the direct issuance costs of inflation-linked debt (the liquidity premium) with nominal government debt (the inflation risk premium) in developed countries. On average, it is cheaper to issue nominal debt at medium maturities (5–10 years) and inflation-linked debt at long maturities (20 or more years), although results vary somewhat based on whether survey-based or statistical inflation expectations are used. Issuance costs exhibit pronounced time and cross-country variation. Lower inflation-linked debt issuance costs are associated with more countercyclical inflation and higher proportions of inflation-linked debt. International inflation-linked zero-coupon yields are available as an Internet Appendix to this paper. (JEL E31, E43, G12, G15, H30, H63)
Received November 22, 2018; editorial decision March 9, 2021 by Editor Jeffrey Pontiff. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Autoantibody profiles delineate distinct subsets of scleromyositis
Authors: Leclair Valérie , D’Aoust Julie , Gyger Geneviève , Landon-Cardinal Océane , Meyer Alain , O'Ferrall Erin , Karamchandani Jason , Massie Rami , Ellezam Benjamin , Satoh Minoru , Troyanov Yves , Fritzler Marvin J , Hudson Marie ,   the Canadian Inflammatory Myopathy Study Group
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
Scleromyositis remains incompletely characterized owing in part to its heterogeneity. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of autoantibody profiles to define subsets of scleromyositis.

Methods
Subjects with scleromyositis from a prospective cohort were divided into three groups based on autoantibody profiles: subjects with SSc-specific autoantibodies (anti-centromere, -topoisomerase 1, -RNA polymerase III, -Th/To, -fibrillarin), subjects with SSc-overlap autoantibodies (anti-PM/Scl, -U1RNP, -Ku) and subjects without SSc-related autoantibodies. Clinical features, laboratory tests and histopathological findings were retrieved and compared between groups.

Results
Of 42 scleromyositis subjects (79% female, mean age at diagnosis 55 years, mean disease duration 3.5 years), 8 (19%) subjects had SSc-specific autoantibodies, 14 (33%) SSc-overlap autoantibodies and 20 (48%) had no SSc-related autoantibodies. One-third had no skin involvement, a finding more frequent in the SSc-overlap subjects and those without SSc-related autoantibodies. Proximal and distal weakness was common and head drop/bent spine was found in 50% of the SSc-specific and 35% of the subjects without SSc-related autoantibodies. Of note, the group without SSc-related autoantibodies had the only cases of severe cardiac systolic dysfunction (n = 1) and scleroderma renal crisis (n = 1), as well as three out of the four cancers and three out of the four deaths.

Conclusion
In this carefully phenotyped series of scleromyositis subjects, absence of SSc-related autoantibodies was common and associated with distinct features and poor prognosis. Future studies are needed to validate these results and possibly identify novel autoantibodies or other biomarkers associated with scleromyositis.
Significance of eosinophilia in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: data from the French Vasculitis Study Group Registry
Authors: Iudici Michele , Puéchal Xavier , Pagnoux Christian , Courvoisier Delphine S , Hamidou Mohamed , Blanchard-Delaunay Claire , Maurier François , Ruivard Marc , Quéméneur Thomas , Aumaître Olivier , Guillevin Loïc , Terrier Benjamin ,   for the French Vasculitis Study Group
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
To describe disease presentation and long-term outcome of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) patients according to blood eosinophils count (Eos) at vasculitis diagnosis.

Methods
Data from newly diagnosed GPA patients registered in the French Vasculitis Study Group database with available eosinophil count at diagnosis were reviewed. Disease characteristics, rate and type of relapses, and overall survival were analysed according to Eos, categorized as normal (&lt;500/mm3), mild-to-moderate hypereosinophilia (HE) (between 500 and 1500/mm3) and severe HE (&gt;1500/mm3).

Results
Three hundred and fifty-four patients were included. At diagnosis, 90 (25.4%) patients had HE ≥500/mm3; they were more likely male (73% vs 56%, P = 0.006) and had more frequent cutaneous manifestations (49% vs 33%, P = 0.01), peripheral neuropathy (32% vs 17%, P = 0.004) and higher BVAS (21 vs 18, P = 0.01), compared with those with Eos &lt;500/mm3. Patients with severe HE (n = 28; median Eos 2355, range 1500–9114) had more frequent renal function worsening at presentation (P = 0.008). After a median follow-up of 3.95 (interquartile range 1.95–6.76) years, no difference was found in overall relapse rates according to baseline Eos, but those with HE experienced more neurological (P = 0.013) and skin (P = 0.024) relapses and had more frequently peripheral neuropathy as damage at last follow-up (P = 0.02). Overall survival was not significantly different in patients with normal Eos or HE at diagnosis. (P = 0.08).

Conclusions
Blood HE at diagnosis, observed in about one-quarter of GPA patients, identifies a subgroup of patients with a more severe disease and higher rate of skin and neurological involvement both at presentation and during follow-up.
SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT OF EXTERNAL ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT OF TOKAMAK DEVICE
Authors: Zhang Maoxing , Jiang Yunsheng , Xu Zhiqian , Wang Shouzhi , Liu Wenbin , Meng Cui , Tan Yi , Gao Zhe 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Magnetic confinement nuclear fusion is an important way to realize controllable nuclear fusion. Due to the large current and complicated coil arrangement, there is a complicated electromagnetic environment around the fusion device. In this paper, the B-dot sensor is used to measure the magnetic field, the D-dot sensor is used to measure the electric field, the MAXWELL electromagnetic simulation software is used to simulate the electromagnetic field strength; the simulation and measurement of the spherical Tokamak SUNIST device and the measurement of MARX generator are carried out, then we give corresponding electromagnetic protection suggestions.