bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on the performance and emission characteristics of a DI‐CI engine fueled with butanol/diesel blends
Authors: Siva Prasad Kattela , Srinivasa Rao Surapaneni , Vysyaraju Rajesh Khana Raju 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe rapid consumption of fossil fuels, ever rising energy demand, and rigorous emission norms have been attracting the attention of researchers toward clean renewable fuels such as alcohol‐based fuels. Higher chain alcohol fuels are attractive alternative fuels for use in diesel engine. A higher chain alcohol (butanol, pentanol, etc.,) has better blending properties, higher calorific value, and higher cetane number than the lower chain alcohol. Alcohol fuels can be produced from the biomass. Therefore, it is important to examine the fuel, as well as its blends with diesel fuel in diesel engine for the engine characteristics. The present paper aims at studying the performance characteristics of a DI‐CI engine using butanol/diesel (B/D) blends with and without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Experiments were performed on a single cylinder CI engine with two different B/D blends (20% and 40% by volume of butanol in the mixture—denoted as a Bu20 and Bu40), with different EGR rates (0%–30% in steps of 10%). The experimental results showed that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improved by 1.1% and 1.25% for Bu20 and Bu40 blends in comparison with Bu00. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions reduced by 7.9%, 12.9% for Bu20 and Bu40 blends compared Bu00 respectively. Similarly, the soot emission decreased by 18% and 40.9% for Bu20 and Bu40 compared to Bu00. With the use of EGR, the NOx emissions significantly decreased. At 30% of EGR rate, the NOx emission reduced by 53.9%, 60.2%, and 67% for Bu00, Bu20, and Bu40, respectively. The soot emissions increased slightly at lower EGR rates of 0% to 20%. However, the soot emissions increased drastically at higher EGR rates for all the B/D blends. It is concluded that a combination of higher fraction of B/D blends along with a small EGR rate, can achieve lower emissions (soot and NOx) with a small penalty on the engine performance.
Evaluation of riverbed magnetic susceptibility for mapping biogeochemical hot spots in groundwater‐impacted rivers
Authors: Wang Chen , Briggs Martin A. , Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , Slater Lee D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRedox hot spots occurring as metal‐rich anoxic groundwater discharges through oxic wetland and river sediments commonly result in the formation of iron (Fe) oxide precipitates. These redox‐sensitive precipitates influence the release of nutrients and metals to surface water and can act as ‘contaminant sponges’ by absorbing toxic compounds. We explore the feasibility of a non‐invasive, high‐resolution magnetic susceptibility (MS) technique to efficiently map the spatial variations of magnetic Fe oxide precipitates in the shallow bed of three rivers impacted by anoxic groundwater discharge. Laboratory analyses on Mashpee River (MA, USA) sediments demonstrate the sensitivity of MS to sediment Fe concentrations. Field surveys in the Mashpee and Quashnet rivers (MA, USA) reveal several discrete high MS zones, which are associated with likely anoxic groundwater discharge as evaluated by riverbed temperature, vertical head gradient, and groundwater chemistry measurements. In the East River (CO, USA), widespread cobbles/rocks exhibit high background MS from geological ferrimagnetic minerals, thereby obscuring the relatively small enhancement of MS from groundwater induced Fe oxide precipitates. Our study suggests that, in settings with low geological sources of magnetic minerals such as lowland rivers and wetlands, MS may serve as a complementary tool to temperature methods for efficiently mapping Fe oxide accumulation zones due to anoxic groundwater discharges that may function as biogeochemical hot spots and water quality control points in gaining systems.
Spatial variation of groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution under excessive fertilization using index overlay method in central Tunisia (Sidi Bouzid basin)*
Authors: Ncibi Kaouther , Hadji Riheb , Hajji Soumaya , Besser Houda , Hajlaoui Hichem , Hamad Amor , Mokadem Naziha , Ben Saad Amina , Hamdi Mongi , Hamed Younes 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOne of the major challenges in assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution is the inadequate factors number and weight. Therefore, to carefully improve the assessment of groundwater vulnerability, a model independent of weight assignment errors was used. Moreover, the specific vulnerability index (SVI) of Sidi Bouzid North's groundwater was assessed in this study. Intrinsic vulnerability index (IVI) assessment was determined in the first step by the arithmetic mean calculation by the index overlay method (IOM) based on the D: Depth of aquifer; P: annual average Precipitation; L: Lithology of the vadose zone and S: percent of Slope (DPLS) model. Then SVI was assessed by linking new factors (LU and NO3−) to IVI. Consequently, 83 samples were analysed for NO3−, showing high values that exceed 50 mg l‾¹. The spatial distribution of IVI shows three vulnerability classes in the study area, namely low (8%), moderate (15%) and high (77%). The evaluation of SVI based on the risks associated with the NO3− and LU factors using GIS indicates that about 95% of the total study area is classified with high SVI levels. It displayed a good correlation with NO3− and provided a high discretization of the groundwater risk from natural and anthropogenic pollution. This alarming situation suggests the necessity to apply water‐saving irrigation action for adequate water management.
Isoprene Soya Diels–Alder Adduct and Epoxidation for Photopolymerization
Authors: Ren Xiaofeng , Xu Tong , Thomas Jomin , Soucek Mark D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA novel cyclohexane derivatized soybean oil (CSO) is synthesized by Diels–Alder cycloaddition of soybean oil with isoprene. Then, the epoxidized cycloaliphatic soybean oil (ECSO) is prepared via epoxidation of CSO. For comparison purpose, norbornylized soybean oil (NSO) and epoxy norbornane soybean oil (ENSO) are synthesized. The CSO, ECSO, NSO, and ENSO are characterized by1H NMR,13C NMR, gradient heteronuclear single quantum correlation (gHSQC) 2D NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), ECSO, and ENSO are photopolymerized using UV‐light, and the kinetics of the photocuring reactions is evaluated by real‐time Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and photo‐differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Real‐time FT‐IR and photo‐DSC indicate the improved reactivity of ECSO and ENSO compared to ESO. It is found that the curing rate and final conversion of novel developed ECSO is higher than ESO, but lower than ENSO.
Nano‐Modification of the Polyvinyl Alcohol/Organic Acid‐Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride Thin‐Film Composite Membrane and Its Application in the Nanofiltration Process
Authors: Abbasi Eskandary Nazanin , Pakizeh Majid , Namvar‐Mahboub Mahdieh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, a novel thin‐film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane is developed consisting of a cross‐linked nano‐modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) selective layer on an organic acid‐modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The nano‐modification of the PVA layer is performed via incorporating different amounts of the amine‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐NH2) into the PVA matrix. The effect of citric acid on the chemical structure and morphology of the PVDF support is also investigated. The performance of the resultant membranes in the nanofiltration (NF) of MgSO4 and acid yellow‐17 aqueous solutions is also studied. The results indicate that the modification of the support with 0.5 wt% of citric acid increased the water permeance from 1.59 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 (LMH/bar) for PVA/PVDF to 4.49 LMH/bar for the PVA/modified PVDF membrane. Furthermore, the optimum value of MWCNT‐NH2 (0.6 wt%) increases the permeance of the resultant TFN membrane to 4.94 LMH/bar while maintaining a high rejection. Interestingly, the incorporation of MWCNT‐NH2 into the PVA layer and citric acid into the PVDF solution results in a membrane with the highest permeance of 6 LMH/bar.
An extended distally based reverse posterior interosseous artery flap reconstruction for the thumb and distal defects of the fingers
Authors: Kocman Emre A. , Kavak Mustafa , Kaderi Sina , Karabagli Yakup 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe reverse posterior interosseous artery flap is useful for covering hand defects. However, its major drawback is the short pedicle that limits the reach of the flap up to the metacarpophalangeal level. The authors performed a new modification extending the distal reach of the flap by including the recurrent branch of the posterior interosseous artery and they aimed to present the results of reconstruction with this technique.Patients and methodsSeven patients with a mean age of 35.2 years (range 17–64 years) underwent extended RPIAF surgery. Six patients were admitted to the emergency department with isolated hand trauma. One patient was present in elective settings with chronic osteomyelitis and skin loss of the thumb related to previous trauma. The defects were located on the distal metacarpophalangeal level (thumb and other fingers). PIA perforators and the recurrent branch were included into the pedicle (Type A) in five cases, whereas the flap was harvested based solely on the recurrent branch (Type B) in two cases. The type B flaps had longer pedicle lengths due to discarding the forearm skin. The donor sites were covered with skin grafts in six patients.ResultsThe average size of the extended RPIAF was 3 × 3.5 cm to 10 × 6 cm (mean 8.28 × 4.14 cm). All of the flaps completely survived, and no complications were encountered during the postoperative period. Functional recovery of the operated hands were observed during the follow up period 13.5 months (8–24 months). Both the patient and our satisfactory levels were high and all of the patients returned to their works. Quick DASH score was used in the final functional evaluation retrospectively. Due to the pandemic, the evaluation could be made with a telephone. Two patients could not be reached in the evaluation. The mean quick DASH score of five patients was 28.64.ConclusionThe extended RPIAF is a reliable choice in distally located thumb and finger defects if the recurrent branch of the posterior interosseous artery is included in the pedicle.
Equilateral triangle hexagonal array by crossing two one‐dimensional Dammann gratings with 60°
Authors: Ye Zonghao , Liu Weicheng , Sun Peng , Jin Ge , Li Junjie , Xie Yongfang , Zhou Changhe , Jia Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we demonstrate a new two‐dimensional Dammann grating element to generate equilateral‐triangle hexagonal spot array distribution with equal intensity. This type of grating is constructed by rotating two one‐dimensional Dammann gratings through an angle of 60° to form a triangular hexagonal array illumination. In this work, a 7 × 7 spot array Dammann grating is fabricated by using electron beam lithography. We have verified the equilateral triangle hexagonal array in experiment, and measured the total diffraction efficiency of the grating up to 52%, with uniformity of 0.29. The new two‐dimensional Dammann grating with its high performance opens avenues for three‐dimensional measurement, electronic toll collection and other applications.
Application of the stress interaction failure criterion in platelet composite compression molded parts
Authors: Colón Quintana José Luis , Teuwsen Jan , Mazzei Capote Gerardo A. , Osswald Tim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe stress interaction failure criterion was applied to three compression‐molded sheet molding compound (SMC) materials. Two are epoxy‐based compounds with randomly oriented carbon fiber tows, and the third material consists of glass fiber bundles randomly oriented in a vinyl ester resin. The failure surface was built using tensile test results at different orientations with respect to the flow direction, resulting in combined loads in the principal stress coordinate system. Three unknown variables arise from using only tensile strength values. Solving a system of three equations derived from the criterion function and using the failure values obtained from destructively testing at three different orientations, the unknown variables as well as the interaction strength components were determined. Results show good agreement for all three materials. Overprediction was found in some instances, attributed to the effect of fiber orientation distribution in the part, and to the complex interactions of the filled structures. To allow a more direct comparison between predicted and experimental data, the resulting failure surface was translated to the global coordinate system (σxx) and compared to the data derived from destructive tensile tests. Good agreement for all materials was observed, with underprediction noted for some orientations, attributed in part to the equation solving method and the nature of the mesostructures of the composites, where interactions between the tows, resin, mold walls, and fibers are present. The results of this work show that the methodology described permits the development of a failure surface for SMC materials when limited data is available.
Registration of ‘ND Crown’ chickpea
Authors: Bandillo Nonoy , Stefaniak Thomas , Worral Hannah , Mihov Miho , Ostlie Michael , Schatz Blaine , Rickertsen John , Wahlstrom Cameron , Ramsey Meredith , Dragseth Kyle , Jacobs Justin , Kalil Audrey , Wunsch Michael , Pasche Julie , Franck William , Chen Chengci , Forster Shana , McPhee Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract‘ND Crown’ (Reg. no. CV‐342, PI 694865), a large‐seeded kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), was developed by the North Dakota State University Pulse Crops Breeding Program and approved for release by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. ND Crown, the first chickpea cultivar from the program, was selected specifically for adaptation to North Dakota growing conditions on the basis of its high yield potential, medium maturity, large seed size, and moderate resistance to Ascochyta blight. Based on 21 environments (location‐years) of yield trials across North Dakota and Montana, ND Crown had an average yield (2,152 kg ha−1) that was similar to the commercial chickpea cultivars ‘CDC Frontier’ (2,248 kg ha−1) and ‘CDC Orion’ (2,108 kg ha−1) but significantly greater than ‘Sierra’ (1,262 kg ha−1). ND Crown was moderately resistant to Ascochyta blight, with similar reaction as CDC Frontier and CDC Orion under moderate disease pressure. Under high disease pressure, ND Crown displayed significantly lower Ascochyta blight severity than CDC Frontier and CDC Orion. ND Crown exhibited an upright indeterminate growth habit and resistance to lodging. ND Crown had a greater percentage of large seeds (>8 mm) and higher 1,000‐seed weight than CDC Frontier but was similar to CDC Orion. As a high‐yielding large‐seeded chickpea cultivar, ND Crown is a promising alternative to CDC Frontier and CDC Orion in North Dakota and nearby states.
Registration of ‘Georgia‐20VHO’ Peanut
Authors: Branch W. D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract‘Georgia‐20VHO’ (Reg. no. CV‐145, PI 695315) is a new high‐yielding, high‐grading, very high‐oleic (O) to linoleic (L) fatty acid ratio, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar. It also has disease resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Georgia‐20VHO was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station in 2020 and was developed at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Georgia‐20VHO was developed from a cross made in 2009 between two runner‐type parental lines, GA 072515 and ‘Tifguard’. During 5 yr (2015–2019) and 3 yr (2017–2019) averaged across multilocation tests in Georgia, Georgia‐20VHO had significantly higher percentages of total sound mature kernel grade than ‘Georgia‐09B’ and six other high‐oleic runner cultivars. It also was among the lowest in TSWV and total disease incidence and among the highest in pod yield and dollar values compared with the other high‐oleic runner cultivars in Georgia. Georgia‐20VHO combines high yield, grade, and dollar values with TSWV resistance and very high O/L ratio for longer shelf life of peanut and peanut products.
A systematic review of fear of cancer recurrence related healthcare use and intervention cost‐effectiveness
Authors: Williams Jake Thomas Warton , Pearce Alison , Smith Allan 'Ben' 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveFear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a common and burdensome psychological condition affecting cancer survivors. This systematic review aims to synthesise current evidence regarding: (1) FCR‐related healthcare usage and costs and (2) the cost‐effectiveness of FCR treatments.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane and other electronic databases using MeSH headings and keywords for cancer, FCR and costs from their inception to September 2019. Identified studies were screened for eligibility. Original, peer‐reviewed journal articles reporting quantitative data from samples of adults treated for cancer written in English were included. Quality was appraised using the Drummond checklist for economic evaluations or the relevant Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool.ResultsData from 11 studies were extracted and synthesised. Seven studies addressed the costs of FCR and suggested an increase in the use of primary and secondary healthcare. Four studies addressed the cost‐effectiveness of different FCR treatments and suggest that some treatments may cost‐effectively reduce FCR and improve quality of life. Reviewed treatments had an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio between AU$3,233 and AU$152,050 per quality‐adjusted life year gained when adjusted to 2019 Australian dollars. All studies were of sufficient quality to be synthesised in this review.ConclusionsFCR appears to be associated with greater use of certain healthcare resources, and FCR may be treated cost‐effectively. Thus, appropriate FCR treatments may not only reduce the individual burden, but also the strain on the healthcare system. Further high‐quality research is needed to confirm this and ensure the future implementation of efficient and sustainable FCR treatments.
Transforming Adult Education from Neo-liberal to Holistically Inclusive Adult Education in Baltic States
Authors: Pata Kai , Maslo Irina , Jõgi Larissa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAfter regaining the independence and entering the market economy the Baltic states went through the neo-liberal changes resulting in some new developments in adult education taking the main direction in mobilizing people for transforming learning into a desirable consumer commodity. Active citizenship has been operationalized in adult education largely through developing citizens’ entrepreneurial attitudes and ability to be less dependent upon the state. The recent trend in adult education is promoting educational opportunities for developing job skills and work-embedded learning, non-formal and informal education as the means to proactively advance competences through project work, voluntary activities, self-employment and enabling the validation of competences learnt at job situations in formal adult education institutions. As a new direction, adult educators in the Baltic states have started to practice sustainable and holistic approaches in adult education practices that highlight personal self-development besides their employability goals. In this chapter, we explore how changes in adult education in the Baltic states appear at micro level, focusing on three dimensions of active participatory citizenship in the observed educational programmes and among the programme stakeholders’ reflections. We posit that holistic approaches in adult education may be illustrated through three dimensions of active participatory citizenship concept – politico-legal, socio-cultural and socio-economic.
Production Footprint Choices
Authors: Jeannet Jean-Pierre , Volery Thierry , Bergmann Heiko , Amstutz Cornelia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHow SMEs decided on how to arrange their production footprint, trading-off production in Switzerland vs. offshoring, and how they decided on component sourcing, as well as how they dealt with asset plays related to production, is reviewed in this chapter. Starting as exporters, some firms have retained an exclusively Swiss-based production footprint. As companies grew, they increasingly adopted a modified Swiss manufacturing footprint with core steps still produced in Switzerland. Beyond, some firms have adopted both Swiss and international production where some international markets are supplied with Swiss produced products. Some of the largest firms in the research have pursued a globally distributed production where only a small portion of value added is produced in Switzerland. Offshoring, with no production operation in Switzerland, is the adopted model of very few companies.
Ownership Structures
Authors: Jeannet Jean-Pierre , Volery Thierry , Bergmann Heiko , Amstutz Cornelia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter details how ownership structures evolved, starting from the early stages of a company to unfolding over time as ownership invariably passed on from one generation to another. Examples are offered on how and under what circumstances companies go public and how founders recruit new owners when ready to pass on the company. Specifically covered are single ownership and family ownership. To provide ownership stability and ownership control, the text describes efforts to keep control within the founding family, ways of passing ownership on to another family, and the process of shareholder agreements. Examples are provided on how companies recruit new owners and how companies approach the decision to go public vs. remaining privately owned.
The Role Played by Management
Authors: Jeannet Jean-Pierre , Volery Thierry , Bergmann Heiko , Amstutz Cornelia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter puts the spotlight on the various forms of owner-management models adopted by the researched companies, and how they evolved over time as ownership passed on to the next generation. At first, a comparison between owner-manager and professional manager models is offered. Tracking the various changes as a company evolves, the chapter shows experiences with first-generation vs. second- and multi-generational owner-managed models. The difficulty of staying with the owner-manager model is covered, and the challenges of separating ownership and management. The chapter concludes with the challenges of recruiting successors and the unique management style practices of SMEs.
Small Electric Vehicles—Benefits and Drawbacks for Sustainable Urban Development
Authors: Ewert Amelie , Brost Mascha , Schmid Stephan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSmall electric vehicles (SEVs) have the potential to contribute to climate protection, efficient land use, and mitigation of air pollution in cities. Even though, they show many benefits that could enhance urban quality of life, they are not yet widely used. In this paper, benefits as well as drawbacks for these vehicles are discussed by combining literature research and outcomes of a mixed-method approach with expert interviews and an online survey. Resulting from these arguments, a vision for SEVs in urban areas is drawn showing them integrated in a mix of various transport modes. Environmental benefits are derived, for example, from their lower weight and low maximum speed making them a more energy-efficient transport option than heavier cars. Additionally, the small vehicle size lowers land use for SEVs and, e.g., allows for less parking areas needed. However, they also hold constraints that need to be dealt with in different ways. On the one hand, the lower safety compared to passenger cars is an issue that is further worsened by current traffic regulations. On the other hand, costs in terms of purchase prices seem to be an issue for SEVs.