bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conflicted American Landscapes
Authors: Nye David E. 
Published: April 2021

How conflicting ideas of nature threaten to fracture America's identity.
Amber waves of grain, purple mountain majesties: Americans invest much of their national identity in sites of natural beauty. And yet American lands today are torn by conflicts over science, religion, identity, and politics. Creationists believe that the biblical flood carved landscapes less than ten thousand years ago; environmentalists protest pipelines; western states argue that the federal government's land policies throttle free enterprise; Native Americans demand protection for sacred sites. In this book, David Nye looks at Americans' irreconcilable ideas about nature.
A landscape is conflicted when different groups have different uses for the same location—for example, when some want to open mining sites that others want to preserve or when suburban development impinges on agriculture. Some landscapes are so degraded from careless use that they become toxic “anti-landscapes.” Nye traces these conflicts to clashing conceptions of nature—ranging from pastoral to Native American to military–industrial—that cannot be averaged into a compromise. Nye argues that today's environmental crisis is rooted in these conflicting ideas about land. Depending on your politics, global warming is either an inconvenient truth or fake news. America's contradictory conceptions of nature are at the heart of a broken national consensus.
An agnostic study of associations between ABO and RhD blood group and phenome-wide disease risk
Authors: Dahlén Torsten , Clements Mark , Zhao Jingcheng , Olsson Martin L , Edgren Gustaf 
Published: April 2021

Background:There are multiple known associations between the ABO and RhD blood groups and disease. No systematic population-based studies elucidating associations between a large number of disease categories and blood group have been conducted.Methods:Using SCANDAT3-S, a comprehensive nationwide blood donation-transfusion database, we modeled outcomes for 1217 disease categories including 70 million person-years of follow-up, accruing from 5.1 million individuals.Results:We discovered 49 and 1 associations between a disease and ABO and RhD blood groups, respectively, after adjustment for multiple testing. We identified new associations such as a decreased risk of kidney stones and blood group B as compared to blood group O. We also expanded previous knowledge on other associations such as pregnancy-induced hypertension and blood groups A and AB as compared to blood group O and RhD positive as compared to negative.Conclusions:Our findings generate strong further support for previously known associations, but also indicate new interesting relations.Funding:Swedish Research Council.
Motor function analysis of myelin mutant mice using a rotarod
Authors: Kuhn P.L. , Petroulakis E. , Zazanis G.A. , McKinnon R.D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe have examined motor control in normal and shiverer mutant mice using the rotarod assay, a forced motor activity which tests for balance and co‐ordination. Shiverer mice carry a deletion of the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene, resulting in CNS dysmyelination and characteristics motor dysfunction. Homozygous mutant mice had a significant increase in cumulative falls from the rotatod relative to heterozygous mice. Non‐acclimated animals of both genotypes showed progressive improvement in performance when tested on successive days. The rotarod test also discriminited shiverer mutants from animals that received gene therapy intervention. Shiverer animals carrying an MBP transgene showed gene‐dosage‐dependent improvements in motor function, and mutants which received thalamic transplants of wild type oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed improvement relative to sham operated and non‐transplanted controls. Thus the rotarod is a sensitive measure of motor function in hypomyelinated mice, and may be useful for assessing the results of experimental manipulations including transgenic gene therapy and cell transplantation.
Intolerance to neuroleptic drugs: the art of avoiding extrapyramidal syndromes
Authors: Gerlach J , Peacock L 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAkathisia, dystonia, dyskinesia and parkinsonism, the four main categories of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS), represent major disadvantages in antipsychotic therapy. In vulnerable patients, acute EPS may progress into potentially irreversible forms such as tardive dystonia and tardive dyskinesia. In the psychiatric clinic, these EPS are often insufficiently recognised or permitted to exist without treatment. In order to ensure a better EPS diagnosis, a simple examination procedure is described. EPS rating scales may serve as an aid in this process. Guidelines are given to prevent and treat EPS. Thus, EPS are best prevented by a course of neuroleptic medication involving as little antidopaminergic D2 effect as possible, including the use of the lowest effective dose (sometimes obtained by addition of a benzodiazepine or carbamazepine) and with antipsychotic drugs which produce low D2 receptor blockade. Treating EPS also consists of using the lowest effective dose and antipsychotics with a low D2 dopamine receptor occupancy. At present, clozapine is the only drug that produces antipsychotic benefits at doses that cause far less D2 receptor antagonism in the basal ganglia of the brain than that seen with standard neuroleptics; however, newer drugs, such as olanzepine, seroquel and sertindole, are on the way.
Quality of life measurement in the medical setting
Authors: Bech P 
Published: July 2002

SummaryQuality of life became a paradigm in the medical setting two decades ago. Although ‘humanistic’ psychologists still maintain that what can be specified and measured is precisely what is not quality of life, time has shown that the major components of quality of life in health and disease can be measured with an acceptable internal as well as external validity. Quality of life in randomized clinical trials is now the third dimension to be measured, the other dimensions are efficacy of the drug and adverse drug reactions. Among the major areas of external validity quality of life scales (eg the PCASEE questionnaire and the Psychological General Well-Being Schedule) have discriminating validity (the discrimination between treatments), predictive-validity (the prediction of relapse of illness), and teological validity (defining goal of treatment).
Conservative surgery for ovarian cancer and effect on fertility
Authors: Gonzalez‐Lira G. , Ríos P. Escudero‐De Los , Salazar‐Martínez E. , Lazcano‐Ponce E.G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: A survey that compared two alternatives (conservative and radical surgery) is presented on ovarian cancer treatment evaluating its effect on progression‐free survival and fertility, in a 10‐year time period, in Mexican women. Methods: 72 women between 11 and 58 years old with unilateral ovarian cancer in different stages were studied. Several methods were analyzed: (1) progression‐free survival, using Mantel and Haenzsel test to compare in terms of life curves and the Kaplan‐Meier method. The exposure variable was surgery type, using the Mantel‐Cox test to evaluate the difference in life curves by clinical stages and by surgery type; (2) fertility was evaluated in women who received conservative surgery, considering the cumulative pregnancy rate in women successfully pregnant after surgical and/or adjuvant treatment. Results: There were no differences in survival curves when evaluating progression‐free survival, in either group (Z = 1.09 and Pr > (z) = 0.27). During the study period, we found that 87.5% of patients were alive with no evidence of disease. There were no differences in survival curves when evaluating progression‐free survival according to surgery type and clinical stage (χ2 = 0.66, P = 0.88). Restart of menstruation in patients with conservative surgery occurred before 6 months in 89% of the sample, 22 women with possible parity had a 59.1% cumulative pregnancy rate. Conclusions: The outcomes from this survey carried out in Mexico show that conservative treatment of ovarian cancer in early clinical stages is an efficient alternative to preserve reproductive function in young women, and does not show differences in progression‐free survival compared to radical surgery.
RINGO efficiently triggers meiosis resumption in mouse oocytes and induces cell cycle arrest in embryos
Authors: Terret Marie‐Emilie , Ferby Ingvar , Nebreda Angel R. , Verlhac Marie‐Hélène 
Published: July 2002

Summry— RINGO was identified as a Cdc2‐binding and activating protein which is necessary and sufficient to trigger G2/M progression in Xenopus oocytes. We have investigated whether the function of RINGO is conserved in mouse oocytes. We show that RINGO induces Germinal Vesicle BreakDown (GBVD) in mouse oocytes. Mos is known to induce GVBD in mouse oocytes, and is also involved in the metaphase II arrest, which is due to the CSF (CytoStatic Factor) activity. We found that RINGO also has CSF activity and induces cleavage arrest after injection into one blastomere of a late two‐cell mouse embryo, like Mos. However, RINGO also inhibits polar body extrusion of wild type mouse oocytes. The same effect of RINGO on first and second polar body extrusion was observed in Mos‐ /‐ mouse oocytes. The injection of RINGO mimics Mos effects: GVBD induction and efficient cleavage arrest. However, our results in mouse oocytes suggest that RINGO may have additional functions in meiosis regulation.
Temporal expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in healing Achilles tendon
Authors: Lin Jian‐Hao , Wang Min‐Xia , Wei Aiqun , Zhu Wei , Diwan Ashish D. , Murrell George A. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe investigated the temporal expressions of the three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms by semi‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and by immunoblot analysis, following Achilles tendon transection in rats. Four days after injury, there were increases in the steady‐state levels of mRNA for all three NOS isoforms, with peaks for the inducible isoform (iNOS) (23‐fold increase) at day 4, the endothelial isoform (eNOS) (24‐fold increase) at day 7 and the neuronal isoform (bNOS) (seven‐fold increase) at day 21. The temporal expression of NOS isoforms at a protein level was consistent with the results at the mRNA level. We have previously shown a five‐fold increase in the NOS activity, as detected by 3H‐arginine to 3H‐citrulline conversion, at day 7 postinjury. These findings indicate that all three NOS isoforms are expressed during tendon healing with differential expression patterns during the various phases of tendon healing. These findings may prove clinically relevant with respect to strategies for regulating tendon healing. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of oxidative stress on prion protein expression in pc12 cells
Authors: Brown David R. , Schmidt Bernhard , Kretzschmar Hans.A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPC12 cells are known to express the prion protein, a normal cell surface glycoprotein. This protein is upregulated in PC12 cells differentiated with nerve growth factor. A neurotoxic prion protein peptide, PrP106‐126, is not toxic to PC12 cells alone. PrP106‐126 is toxic to PC12 cells co‐cultured with microglia and more so to NGF‐differentiated PC12 cells. PC12 cells selected for resistance to either copper toxicity or oxidative stress have higher levels of PrPC expression. Both PC12 variants are more sensitive to the toxicity of PrP106‐126. This suggests that PC12 sensitivity to PrP106‐126 toxicity is related to prion protein expression and not to a state of high differentiation induced by NGF. Variants of PC12 cells that are more resistant to copper toxicity have higher levels of anti‐oxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Our results suggest that cells expressing higher levels of PrPC have higher resistance to oxidative stress or copper toxicity but are more sensitive to PrP106‐126 toxicity. Prion protein expression may be involved in both the metabolism of copper and resistance to oxidative stress. Increased cellular resistance to copper toxicity may be partly related to increased activity of anti‐oxidant enzymes. © 1997 ISDN. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Effects of amyloid precursor protein derivatives andoxidative stress on basal forebrain cholinergic systems inALZHEIMERS disease
Authors: Mattson Mark P. , Pedersen Ward A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe dysfunction and degeneration of cholinergic neuronal circuits in the brain is aprominent feature of Alzheimers disease. Increasing data suggest that age‐related oxidative stresscontributes to degenerative changes in basal forebrain cholinergic systems. Experimental studieshave shown that oxidative stress, and membrane lipid peroxidation in particular, can disruptmuscarinic cholinergic signaling by impairing coupling of receptors to GTP‐binding proteins.Altered proteolytic processing of the β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) may contributeto impaired cholinergic signaling and neuronal degeneration in at least two ways. First, levels ofcytotoxic forms of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) are increased ; Aβdamages and kills neurons by inducing membrane lipid peroxidation resulting in impairment ofion‐motive ATPases, and glucose and glutamate transporters, thereby rendering neuronsvulnerable to excitotoxicity. The latter actions of Aβ may be mediated by4‐hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation that covalently modifiesand inactivates the various transporter proteins. Subtoxic levels of Aβ can also suppresscholine acetyltransferase levels, and may thereby promote dysfunction of intact cholinergiccircuits. A second way in which altered APP processing may endanger cholinergic neurons is byreducing levels of a secreted form of APP which has been shown to modulate neuronalexcitability, and to protect neurons against excitotoxic, metabolic and oxidative insults. Mutationsin presenilin genes, which are causally linked to many cases of early‐onset inherited Alzheimersdisease, may increase vulnerability of cholinergic neurons to apoptosis. The underlying mechanismappears to involve perturbed calcium regulation in the endoplasmic reticulum, which promotesloss of cellular calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxyradical production.Knowledge of the cellular and molecular underpinnings of dysfunction and degeneration ofcholinergic circuits is leading to the development of novel preventative and therapeuticapproaches for Alzheimers disease and related disorders.
Relationships between antisocial personality and alcoholism: genetic hypotheses
Authors: Limosin F. , Adès J. , Gorwood P. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryGenetic factors explain a non-negligible part of the vulnerability to alcohol dependence, the genetic influence in males being estimated at around 60%. The search for gene(s) potentially implicated in alcoholism is counteracted by the clinical heterogeneity of alcoholism, but also by heterogeneity of the etiologic factors involved. It is thus necessary to redefine more specific phenotypes with more simple determinism, and to focus on more specific subsets of candidate genes. In this view, the existence of co-occurrence (presence at the same time, whatever the cause) between antisocial personality and alcoholism is frequently reported. Three hypotheses have been previously proposed to explain this co-occurrence. Firstly, it could be a pure artefact or contamination, due to common items in diagnostic manuals widely used, such as the DSM or ICD. Secondly, antisocial personality and alcoholism could share common etiologic factor(s), and determine a ‘real’ co-morbidity. Finally, common genetic factors between these two disorders may exist, with the observation of a co-transmission of both disorders more often than expected by chance alone, meaning the existence of co-aggregation. Each of these three hypotheses will be reviewed and discussed.
Altered baroreflex gain during voluntary breathing in chronic heart failure
Authors: Mangin L. , Monti A. , Médigue C. , Macquin‐Mavier I. , Lopes M.‐E. , Gueret P. , Castaigne A. , Swynghedauw B. , Mansier P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBackground:We assessed the behavior of the baroreflex (BR) gain in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients using the spectral analysis method during application of a forcing stimulus, i.e. respiration.Methods:Simultaneous RR interval and arterial pressure fluctuation recordings were obtained during two random‐order periods of voluntary paced‐breathing (0.15 Hz and 0.25 Hz) in seven patients with moderate CHF (NYHA class II/III; EF, 30 ± 9%; peak VO2, 18 ± 5 ml kg−1 min−1) and six age‐matched controls. BR gain was assessed in the time (sequential method) and frequency (cross‐spectral gain in the low and high frequency) domains.Results:Slower breathing was associated with a BR gain decrease in CHF patients whereas a BR gain increase was evidenced in controls (BR gain: 6 ± 5 ms mmHg−1 at 0.25 Hz vs. 4 ± 3 ms mmHg−1 at 0.15 Hz, P < 0.05 in CHF; BR gain: 12 ± 7 ms mmHg−1 at 0.25 Hz vs. 15 ± 7 ms mmHg−1 at 0.15 Hz, P < 0.05 in controls).Conclusions:Voluntary breathing, which involves cortical centers in the brain, had major effects on cardiovascular system controller gain in CHF patients, indicating an impairment of the central neural regulation of the autonomic outflow.
Abnormal contractile responses during dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Richard M. de Jong , Jan H. Cornel , Harry J.G.M. Crijns , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBackground:In chronic heart failure augmented wall stress leads to increased energy demand. Supply, however, may be reduced due to coronary vasoconstriction and endothelial dysfunction. This might lead to a mismatch between demand and supply. In the present study we further explored the effect of increased demand during dobutamine stress echocardiography.Methods and results:Sixteen patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (mean age 44±13 years, New York Heart Association class II–III, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 0.27±0.10) underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography (5–40 μg/min per kg bodyweight+atropine if required). Wall motion and thickening was assessed in 16 segments using a four‐point scale. Eleven patients (69%) showed regions with worsening of wall motion or a biphasic response during dobutamine infusion. Of the remaining five patients one patient did not show any wall motion changes and one patient showed a partial improvement while only in three patients wall motion improvement in the whole heart was found.Conclusion:A majority of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy showed decreased wall motion during increased demand, i.e. ischemia‐like myocardial contractile responses during dobutamine stress echocardiography. These findings further support the concept that an energy mismatch between demand and supply might play a pathophysiological role in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Antiparasitic Efficacy of Crude Plant Extracts and Compounds Purified from Plants against the Fish Monogenean Neobenedenia girellae
Authors: Liu Hui-Ru , Liu Yan-Meng , Hou Ting-Long , Li Chun-Tao , Zhang Qi-Zhong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Neobenedenia girellae is a pathogenic ectoparasite of many marine fishes, and it causes major epidemics in marine aquaculture. In this study, the efficacy of ethanol extracts of huangqi Astragalus membranaceus (known as milkvetch in North America), guanzhong Dryopteris setosa (known as beaded wood fern in North America), gancao Glycyrrhiza uralensis (known as Chinese licorice in North America), danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza (known as red sage in North America), and pomegranate Punica granatum, as well as seven phytochemicals (10-gingerol, curcumin, cynatratoside-C, emodin, kuwanon-G, kuwanon-O, and sophoraflavanone-G), against adult N. girellae was investigated. In vitro results indicated that pomegranate extract killed all adult N. girellae at a 62.5-mg/L concentration with an 8-h exposure, but gancao extract did not cause 100% mortality until a 1,000-mg/L concentration was used. Additionally, all adult N. girellae died after an 8-h exposure to cynatratoside-C, kuwanon-G, kuwanon-O, or sophoraflavanone-G at a concentration of 125 mg/L. Curcumin, emodin, and 10-gingerol at a concentration of 1,000 mg/L did not kill all parasites after an 8-h exposure. These findings demonstrate that plant extracts and active phytochemicals are potential sources of botanical drugs for controlling N. girellae infection in aquaculture.
Improving Image‐Guided Surgical and Immunological Tumor Treatment Efficacy by Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies Based on a Multifunctional NIR AIEgen
Authors: Jiang Ruming , Dai Jun , Dong Xiaoqi , Wang Quan , Meng Zijuan , Guo Jingjing , Yu Yongjiang , Wang Shixuan , Xia Fan , Zhao Zujin , Lou Xiaoding , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMultimodal therapy is attracting increasing attention to improve tumor treatment efficacy, but generally requires various complicated ingredients combined within one theranostic system to achieve multiple functions. Herein, a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform based on a single aggregation‐induced‐emission luminogen (AIEgen), DDTB, is designed to integrate near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence, photothermal, photodynamic, and immunological effects. Intravenously injected AIEgen‐based nanoparticles can efficiently accumulate in tumors with NIR fluorescence to provide preoperative diagnosis. Most of the tumors are excised under intraoperative fluorescence navigation, whereafter, some microscopic residual tumors are completely ablated by photodynamic and photothermal therapies for maximally killing the tumor cells and tissues. Up to 90% of the survival rate can be achieved by this synergistic image‐guided surgery and photodynamic and photothermal therapies. Importantly, the nanoparticles‐mediated photothermal/photodynamic therapy plus programmed death‐ligand 1 antibody significantly induce tumor elimination by enhancing the effect of immunotherapy. This theranostic strategy on the basis of a single AIEgen significantly improves the survival of cancer mice with maximized therapeutic outcomes, and holds great promise for clinical cancer treatment.
Absolute Quantification of Drug Vector Delivery to the Cytosol
Authors: Lucchino Marco , Billet Anne , Bai Siau‐Kun , Dransart Estelle , Hadjerci Justine , Schmidt Frédéric , Wunder Christian , Johannes Ludger 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMacromolecular drugs inefficiently cross membranes to reach their cytosolic targets. They require drug delivery vectors to facilitate their translocation across the plasma membrane or escape from endosomes. Optimization of these vectors has however been hindered by the difficulty to accurately measure cytosolic arrival. We have developed an exceptionally sensitive and robust assay for the relative or absolute quantification of this step. The assay is based on benzylguanine and biotin modifications on a drug delivery vector of interest, which allow, respectively, for selective covalent capture in the cytosol with a SNAP‐tag fusion protein and for quantification at picomolar sensitivity. The assay was validated by determining the absolute numbers of cytosolic molecules for two drug delivery vectors: the B‐subunit of Shiga toxin and the cell‐penetrating peptide TAT. We expect this assay to favor delivery vector optimization and the understanding of the enigmatic translocation process.