bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of HLA‐DRB1*15 on the relationship between microglia and neurons in multiple sclerosis normal appearing cortical grey matter
Authors: Yates Richard L. , Pansieri Jonathan , Li Qizhu , Bell Jack S. , Yee Sydney A. , Palace Jacqueline , Esiri Margaret M. , DeLuca Gabriele C. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCortical tissue injury is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and associates with disability progression. We have previously shown that HLA‐DRB1*15 genotype status associates with the extent of cortical inflammatory pathology. In the current study, we sought to examine the influence of HLA‐DRB1*15 on relationships between inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. Human post‐mortem MS cases (n = 47) and controls (n = 10) were used. Adjacent sections of motor cortex were stained for microglia (Iba1+, CD68+, TMEM119+), lymphocytes (CD3+, CD8+), GFAP+ astrocytes, and neurons (NeuN+). A subset of MS cases (n = 20) and controls (n = 7) were double‐labeled for neurofilament and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD+) to assess the extent of the inhibitory synaptic loss. In MS cases, microglial protein expression positively correlated with neuron density (Iba1+: r = 0.548, p < 0.001, CD68+: r = 0.498, p = 0.001, TMEM119+ r = 0.437, p = 0.003). This finding was restricted to MS cases not carrying HLA‐DRB1*15. Evidence of a 14% reduction in inhibitory synapses in MS was detected (MS: 0.299 ± 0.006 synapses/μm2 neuronal membrane versus control: 0.348 ± 0.009 synapses/μm2 neuronal membrane, p = 0.005). Neurons expressing inhibitory synapses were 24% smaller in MS cases compared to the control (MS: 403 ± 15 μm2 versus control: 531 ± 29 μm2, p = 0.001), a finding driven by HLA‐DRB1*15+ cases (15+: 376 ± 21 μm2 vs. 15−: 432 ± 22 μm2, p = 0.018). Taken together, our results demonstrate that HLA‐DRB1*15 modulates the relationship between microglial inflammation, inhibitory synapses, and neuronal density in the MS cortex.
Design and Evaluation Study of Visual Analytics Decision Support Tools in Air Traffic Control
Authors: Zohrevandi E. , Westin C. A. L. , Lundberg J. , Ynnerman A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOperators in air traffic control facing time‐ and safety‐critical situations call for efficient, reliable and robust real‐time processing and interpretation of complex data. Automation support tools aid controllers in these processes to prevent separation losses between aircraft. Issues of current support tools include limited ‘what‐if’ and ‘what‐else’ probe functionalities in relation to vertical solutions. This work presents the design and evaluation of two visual analytics interfaces that promote contextual awareness and support ‘what‐if’ and ‘what‐else’ probes in the spatio‐temporal domain aiming to improve information integration and support controllers in prioritising conflict resolution. Both interfaces visualize vertical solution spaces against a time‐altitude graph. The main contributions of this paper are: (a) the presentation of two interfaces for supporting conflict solving; (b) the novel representation of how vertical information and aircraft rate of climb and descent affect conflicts and (c) an evaluation and comparison of the interfaces with a traditional air traffic control support system. The evaluation study was performed with domain experts to compare the effects of visualization concepts on operator engagement in processing solutions suggested by the tools. Results show that the visualizations support operators' ability to understand and resolve conflicts. Based on the results, general design guidelines for time‐critical domains are proposed.
Lockdown and licensed premises: COVID‐19 lessons for alcohol policy
Authors: Fitzgerald Niamh , Manca Francesco , Uny Isabelle , Martin Jack Gregor , O'Donnell Rachel , Ford Allison , Begley Amelie , Stead Martine , Lewsey Jim 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe COVID‐19 pandemic necessitated unprecedented changes in alcohol availability, including closures, curfews and restrictions. We draw on new data from three UK studies exploring these issues to identify implications for premises licensing and wider policy.Methods(i) Semi‐structured interviews (n = 17) with licensing stakeholders in Scotland and England reporting how COVID‐19 has reshaped local licensing and alcohol‐related harms; (ii) semi‐structured interviews (n = 15) with ambulance clinicians reporting experiences with alcohol during the pandemic; and (iii) descriptive and time series analyses of alcohol‐related ambulance callouts in Scotland before and during the first UK lockdown (1 January 2019 to 30 June 2020).ResultsCOVID‐19 restrictions (closures, curfews) affected on‐trade premises only and licensing stakeholders highlighted the relaxation of some laws (e.g. on takeaway alcohol) and a rise in home drinking as having long‐term risks for public health. Ambulance clinicians described a welcome break from pre‐pandemic mass public intoxication and huge reductions in alcohol‐related callouts at night‐time. They also highlighted potential long‐term risks of increased home drinking. The national lockdown was associated with an absolute fall of 2.14 percentage points [95% confidence interval (CI) −3.54, −0.74; P = 0.003] in alcohol‐related callouts as a percentage of total callouts, followed by a daily increase of +0.03% (95% CI 0.010, 0.05; P = 0.004).Discussion and ConclusionsCOVID‐19 gave rise to both restrictions on premises and relaxations of licensing, with initial reductions in alcohol‐related ambulance callouts, a rise in home drinking and diverse impacts on businesses. Policies which may protect on‐trade businesses, while reshaping the night‐time economy away from alcohol‐related harms, could offer a ‘win–win’ for policymakers and health advocates.
Endangerment and lament in the Covid Pandemic: Ways out of two theological impasses
Authors: Thomas Günter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe essay analyses two causes of the eloquent silence of many churches during Corona: That it has become unthinkable for many theologians that while humans pose a threat to nature, nature itself threatens humans in turn. In addition, a conception of God that assumes only the suffering companion and human acts of solidarity blocks the theological road to the spiritual practice of lament. Beyond questionable imaginings of paradise and false notions of omnipotence, ways out of both impasses are shown.
Longitudinal systolic dysfunction in hypertensive cardiomyopathy with normal ejection fraction
Authors: Salas‐Pacheco José Luis , Lomelí‐Sánchez Oscar , Baltazar‐González Oscar , Soto María Elena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe left ventricle (LV) journey in their transition from hypertrophy to heart failure is marked by many subcellular events partially understood yet. The moment in which the structural abnormalities reach the umbral to induce myocardial dysfunction remains elusive.AimsTo evaluate the anatomic‐functional relationship between LV wall thickness and longitudinal systolic dysfunction.Material and methodsWe prospectively performed clinical assessment and transthoracic echocardiogram on healthy individuals and hypertensive patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50% and absence of heart failure symptoms.ResultsA total of 226 patients and 101 healthy individuals were recruited. The distribution for sex was similar between groups. The mean age was 67±13 years old in the patients, and 44% had concentric LV hypertrophy. LVEF was identical in both groups (63±6%); in contrast, global longitudinal strain (GLS) (‐18.8±2.5% vs ‐20.4±2%) and mitral annulus plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) (13.8±2.8 vs 15.5±2 mm) were lower. ROC curve optimally classified decreased GLS with LV septum thickness ≥13 mm and decreased MAPSE with thickness ≥14 mm. Multivariable logistic regression found that LV septum thickness is the only variable associated with longitudinal systolic dysfunction (OR = 1.1, CI95% = 1.05 – 1.15, P = 0.001, R squared = .38).DiscussionA progressive increase in LV wall thickness due to myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial expansion is associated with LV systolic longitudinal dysfunction.Conclusions: Patients with moderate or severe ventricular hypertrophy (septum ≥13 mm) had longitudinal systolic dysfunction, GLS decreases with minor structural change than MAPSE, and LVEF is insensitive in detecting longitudinal myocardial dysfunction in patients with hypertension.
Life as ground—Variations on a theme: Comments on Karen Ng's Hegel's concept of life
Authors: Peters Julia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this discussion, I take up Karen Ng's central claim that according to Hegel, the ground of the intelligibility of the world and of the objectivity of our judgment is life. I unpack this claim by considering different interpretive variations of it, all of which find textual support in Ngs book. I offer criticism of the various interpretive variations, with the overall aim of working toward gaining a clearer understanding of what precisely is implied by the idea of life as ground, and how that idea might be defended against potential objections.
Primary bilateral corneal T cell lymphoma in a horse
Authors: Opgenorth T. A. , Monk C. S. , Brooks D. E. , Ramos R. R. , Craft S. L. , Plummer C. E. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryA 5‐year‐old Belgian Warmblood gelding presented for evaluation of increased opacity in both eyes. Initial ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral mild blepharospasm, multifocal axial and dorsal anterior stromal corneal opacities with mild axial mid‐stromal haze and oedema, and superficial, branching corneal vascularisation. A presumptive diagnosis of bilateral immune‐mediated keratitis (IMMK) was made. The lesions progressed despite 2 years of exhaustive options for medical management. Surgical intervention in the left eye with lamellar keratectomy and ocular surface reconstruction with amnion membrane transplantation was elected. The keratectomy specimen was submitted for histopathology and was consistent with immune‐mediated keratitis. When surgical intervention in the right eye was performed, histopathology revealed sheets of atypical round cells with a high mitotic index. Immunohistochemistry from both the left and right specimens had immunoreactivity to CD3 antibodies. An amended diagnosis of bilateral T cell lymphoma was made. The patient recovered well from surgery, and there have been no signs of recurrence or systemic involvement following surgical intervention. This is a unique case of primary corneal T cell lymphoma in a horse. Prior to electing surgical management, the patient received topical immunomodulating medications including cyclosporine and tacrolimus for significant lengths of time. Both chronic inflammation and chronic administration of immunosuppressive agents are associated with neoplastic transformation. Surgical intervention provides both a diagnostic sample and therapeutic relief.
High glucose upregulates PAR‐1 in SH‐SY5Y cells via deficiency of miR‐20a and miR‐190a
Authors: Kong Li , Gu Pan‐Pan , Tang Zhuang‐Zhuang , Gou Ling‐Shan , Liu Yao‐Wu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThrombin activity enhancement and its receptor protease‐activated receptor 1 (PAR‐1) activation play vital roles in neurologic deficits in the central nervous system. Our recent study showed that PAR‐1 upregulation stimulated by chronic high glucose (HG) caused central neuron injury through neuroinflammation; however, the molecular mechanisms are far from clear. In the present study, we found that HG resulted in neuronal injury of SH‐SY5Y cells as evidenced by decreased cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase release and elevated the mRNA level of PAR‐1. Moreover, we predicted and determined several potential microRNAs (miRs) combining with the 3′‐UTR of PAR‐1 mRNA, finding that miR‐20a‐5p, miR‐93‐5p, and miR‐190a‐5p were significantly decreased in HG‐cultured SH‐SY5Y cells compared with control. Further, SH‐SY5Y cells stably transfected with miR‐20a‐5p or miR‐190a‐5p mimic were established, and overexpression efficiency were confirmed. It was found that miR‐20a‐5p or miR‐190a‐5p overexpression markedly decreased PAR‐1 mRNA level and protein expression in SH‐SY5Y cells cultured with HG and normal glucose, indicating that miR‐20a or miR‐19a deficiency contributed to HG‐induced PAR‐1 upregulation. Together, our findings demonstrated that PAR‐1 upregulation mediated HG‐induced neuronal damage in central neurons, which was achieved through miR‐20a or miR‐190a deficiency.
Reciprocal processes of sensory perception and social bonding: an integrated social‐sensory framework of social behavior
Authors: Prior Nora H. , Bentz Ehren J. , Ophir Alexander G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOrganisms filter the complexity of natural stimuli through their individual sensory and perceptual systems. Such perceptual filtering is particularly important for social stimuli. A shared “social umwelt” allows individuals to respond appropriately to the expected diversity of cues and signals during social interactions. In this way, the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of sociality and social bonding cannot be disentangled from perceptual mechanisms and sensory processing. While a degree of embeddedness between social and sensory processes is clear, our dominant theoretical frameworks favor treating the social and sensory processes as distinct. An integrated social‐sensory framework has the potential to greatly expand our understanding of the mechanisms underlying individual variation in social bonding and sociality more broadly. Here we leverage what is known about sensory processing and pair bonding in two common study systems with significant species differences in their umwelt (rodent chemosensation and avian acoustic communication). We primarily highlight that (1) communication is essential for pair bond formation and maintenance, (2) the neural circuits underlying perception, communication and social bonding are integrated, and (3) candidate neuromodulatory mechanisms that regulate pair bonding also impact communication and perception. Finally, we propose approaches and frameworks that more fully integrate sensory processing, communication, and social bonding across levels of analysis: behavioral, neurobiological, and genomic. This perspective raises two key questions: (1) how is social bonding shaped by differences in sensory processing?, and (2) to what extent is sensory processing and the saliency of signals shaped by social interactions and emerging relationships?
Carbon cycle dynamics and ecology revealed by the carbon isotopic composition of single organic microfossils during the Late Devonian Biotic Crisis
Authors: Cohen Phoebe A. , Junium Christopher K. , King Phillips Ezekiel , Uveges Benjamin T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe apply a new approach for the δ13C analysis of single organic‐walled microfossils (OWM) to three sites in the Appalachian Basin of New York (AB) that span the Late Devonian Biotic Crisis (LDBC). Our data provide new insights into the nature of the Frasnian–Famennian carbon cycle in the AB and also provide possible constraints on the paleoecology of enigmatic OWM ubiquitous in Paleozoic shale successions. The carbon isotope compositions of OWM are consistent with normal marine organic matter of autochthonous origins and range from −32 to −17‰, but average −25‰ across all samples and are consistently 13C‐enriched compared to bulk sediments (δ13Cbulk) by ~0–10‰. We observe no difference between the δ13COWM of leiospheres (smooth‐walled) and acanthomorphic (spinose) acritarch OWM, indicating that our data are driven by ecological rather than taxonomic signals. We hypothesize that the offset between δ13COWM and δ13Cbulk is in part due to a large δ13C gradient in the AB water column where OWM utilized relatively 13C‐enriched dissolved inorganic carbon near the surface. Thus, the organisms producing the balance of the total organic carbon were assimilating 13C‐depleted C sources, including but not limited to respired organic carbon or byproducts of fermentation. We also observe a systematic decrease in both δ13COWM and δ13Cbulk of 3‰ from shoreward to open‐ocean facies that may reflect the effect of 13C‐enriched dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) derived from riverine sources in the relatively enclosed AB. The hypothesized steep carbon isotope gradient in the AB could be due to a strong biological pump; this in turn may have contributed to low oxygen bottom water conditions during the LDBC. This is the first time single‐microfossil δ13Corg analyses of eukaryotes have been directly compared to bulk δ13Corg in the deep‐time fossil record.
Steely determination? Constructions of masculinity in a former UK steelworker community
Authors: Garcia Reece 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThrough qualitative interviews and overt non‐participant observation with 15 former steelworkers and their sons, changes in perceptions of masculinity are explored across a generation in a deindustrialized community in Sheffield, UK. Despite some policing of their behavior by the fathers, heterogeneity in both options and choices regarding employment and life outside of work resulted in the sons conceptualizing masculinity in different and often complex ways. The younger men are found to orientate to, modify, or reject tenets of traditional masculinity depending upon what best aligns with their personal circumstance, which naturally changes over time. The evidence does not point to a crisis of masculinity, more plausibly a crisis in masculinity as what constitutes acceptable masculine behavior—in a community characterized as having relatively homogenous views—changes, but the gender binary, importance of masculinity to young men's identity, and the patriarchal dividend remain intact.
Inventorying and monitoring crop pollinating bees: Evaluating the effectiveness of common sampling methods
Authors: Hutchinson Louise A. , Oliver Tom H. , Breeze Tom D. , O'Connor Rory S. , Potts Simon G. , Roberts Stuart P. M. , Garratt Michael P. D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Wild bees provide a critical ecosystem service by pollinating globally important crops. Documented bee declines, notably in agricultural landscapes, therefore threaten future food security. Yet, evaluations of methods to inventory bees are rarely carried out in different crops or focus specifically upon crop pollinating species.
We utilise standardised field datasets to elucidate differences in the capacity of transect walks, observation plots and pan traps to sample wild bee pollinator communities in four contrasting crops. Our results indicate that individual survey methods detect different components of crop pollinator communities, with guild and body size potentially important causal factors behind these differences.
Transects detected half or less of the total potential pollinator community in three of our four study crops. Whilst transects were the most efficient method for sampling bumblebees, they often missed smaller solitary species, which were most efficiently sampled by yellow pan traps.
Crop type is likely an important determinant of the most suitable survey methods to sample bee pollinator communities. Whilst transects alone are sufficient in crops pollinated predominantly by bumblebees, pan traps, and potentially observation plots, may be an important addition in some crops where smaller solitary bee species are potentially important pollinators.
Our results indicate that the most efficient methods to sample bee species in agricultural landscapes are dependent upon crop type and pollinator community composition. We use our findings to make a set of recommendations on the inventorying and monitoring of bee pollinator crop communities that can inform regional and national monitoring programmes.
Linear‐time algorithms for eliminating claws in graphs
Authors: Bonomo‐Braberman Flavia , Nascimento Julliano R. , Oliveira Fabiano S. , Souza Uéverton S. , Szwarcfiter Jayme L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSince many ‐complete graph problems are polynomial‐time solvable when restricted to claw‐free graphs, we study the problem of determining the distance of a given graph to a claw‐free graph, considering vertex elimination a measure. Claw‐free Vertex Deletion (CFVD) consists of determining the minimum number of vertices to be removed from a graph such that the resulting graph is claw‐free. Although CFVD is ‐hard in general and recognizing claw‐free graphs is still a challenge, where the current best deterministic algorithm for a graph G consists of performing executions of the best algorithm for matrix multiplication, we present linear‐time algorithms for CFVD on weighted block graphs and weighted graphs with bounded treewidth. Furthermore, we show that this problem on forests can be solved in linear time by a simpler algorithm, and we determine the exact values for full k‐ary trees. On the other hand, we show that CFVD is ‐hard even when the input graph is a split graph. We also show that the problem is hard to be approximated within any constant factor better than 2, assuming the unique games conjecture.
Using Eye‐Tracking Data as Part of the Validity Argument for Multiple‐Choice Questions: A Demonstration
Authors: Yaneva Victoria , Clauser Brian E. , Morales Amy , Paniagua Miguel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEye‐tracking technology can create a record of the location and duration of visual fixations as a test‐taker reads test questions. Although the cognitive process the test‐taker is using cannot be directly observed, eye‐tracking data can support inferences about these unobserved cognitive processes. This type of information has the potential to support improved test design and to contribute to an overall validity argument for the inferences and uses made based on test scores. Although several authors have referred to the potential usefulness of eye‐tracking data, there are relatively few published studies that provide examples of that use. In this paper, we report the results an eye‐tracking study designed to evaluate how the presence of the options in multiple‐choice questions impacts the way medical students responded to questions designed to evaluate clinical reasoning. Examples of the types of data that can be extracted are presented. We then discuss the implications of these results for evaluating the validity of inferences made based on the type of items used in this study.