bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial contagion structures urban vegetation from parcel to landscape
Authors: Locke Dexter Henry , Ossola Alessandro , Minor Emily , Lin Brenda B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Residential yards are a significant component of urban socio‐ecological systems; residential land covers 11% of the United States and is often the dominant land use within urban areas. Residential yards also play an important role in the sustainability of urban socio‐ecological systems, affecting biogeochemical cycles, water and the climate via individual‐ and household‐level behaviours.

Spatial contagion has been observed in yard vegetation in several cities, potentially due to social norms that compel neighbours to emulate or conform to specific aesthetic qualities or management regimes. Residents may feel obliged to mow their front yards or prune their trees, creating patterns of spatial autocorrelation in residential neighbourhoods.

In this study, we examined the spatial autocorrelation of several yard vegetation characteristics in both front and backyards in Boston, MA, USA. Our study area included 1,027 Census block groups (sub‐neighbourhood areas) and 175,576 parcels with matched front‐backyard pairings (n = 351,152 yards in total) across Boston's metropolitan area. We spatially defined ‘neighbours’ in five ways to better account for the potentially variable nature of how conformity or contagion manifests in empirical terms. We anticipated front yards to have stronger spatial autocorrelation due to the more publicly visible nature of these green spaces.

We found positive and significant spatial autocorrelation in all measured vegetation variables, in both front and backyards. Unexpectedly, spatial autocorrelation tended to be higher in backyards for tree canopy variables but higher in front yards for turf grass cover. Among block groups, different socio‐economic variables, such as median household income, predicted spatial autocorrelation of vegetation characteristics. Our results were sensitive to how neighbours were spatially defined.

Our results further underscore the importance of backyards as critical areas for sustaining an urban tree canopy, and show that spatial patterns vary across different social groups. The importance of ‘neighbour’ definition indicates opportunities to think carefully about the mechanisms driving spatial autocorrelation and the scales at which patterns develop. The identification of these mechanisms will have important implications for scales of policy and implementation for urban and suburban greening.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Disparities in health care affordability among childhood cancer survivors persist following the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Fiala Mark A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Affordable Care Act (ACA) included many provisions that may have improved access to care for childhood cancer survivors (CCS). In this study, we sought to compare health insurance coverage and the affordability of health care among adult childhood CCS before and after the implementation of the ACA.ProcedureUsing data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), two cohorts of CCS age 21–65 years old and matched (1:3) controls without a history of cancer were identified. A difference‐in‐differences analysis was used to compare insurance coverage and health care affordability pre‐ (2011–2013) and post‐ACA (2015–2017).ResultsThere were 309 CCS identified in the pre‐ACA cohort and 324 in the post‐ACA cohort. The two cohorts were similar in demographic composition. Prior to the ACA, CCS were 39% more likely to be uninsured than their peers (p = .046). Post, there was no difference in the odds of being uninsured between CCS and their peers. Following implementation of the ACA, the proportion of CCS who reported having difficulty with the affordability of health care decreased (p = .013) as did the proportion reporting skipping needed care due to cost (p < .001). However, 13% of CCS still reported being uninsured, 36% reported difficulty paying for health care, and 13% reported foregoing needed care due to cost. Relative to their peers, CCS saw improvement in foregoing needed care due to cost, but disparities still remain.ConclusionsAlthough improvements were observed, health care affordability, and medical nonadherence remains a problem for CCS.Implications for cancer survivorsAdditional efforts are needed to improve health care affordability among CCS.
Strength prediction in single beads of large area additive manufactured short‐fiber polymers
Authors: Russell Timothy , Jack David A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe use of fiber reinforcement in large area additive manufactured components is of industrial interest due to the ability to enhance the structural properties of final processed parts. This work presents a methodology to predict the tensile, compressive, and flexural yield strength of single beads of a large‐scale, 3D printed, short‐fiber reinforced material. The methodology is built on the strength theory of Van Hattum and Bernardo, which combines the Tsai‐Wu failure criteria with Advani and Tucker's orientation averaging technique, allowing fiber orientation flow model results to serve as direct input into strength predictions. Visual advantages of the methodology such as the ability to plot spatially varying strength constants and failure plots are demonstrated. In addition, an analysis of the methodology's sensitivity to various parameters is conducted.
Evaluation of the morphological, rheological, dynamic mechanical and mechanical characteristics of compatibilized graphene oxide/poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) nanocomposites
Authors: Ucpinar Durmaz Bedriye , Atılgan Miray Gözde , Aytac Ayse 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe effectiveness of graphene oxide (GO) as reinforcement material and Joncryl as compatibilizing agent for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) blend was evaluated. The blend and its nanocomposites were produced via melt extrusion and injection molding. Properties of the produced samples were explored by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), melt rheological measurements, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile test. While there was no interaction between GO and PET/PBT, the addition of Joncryl to nanocomposites resulted in possible ring‐opening reactions. SEM images showed that all nanocomposites were brittle and agglomerated while the PET/PBT matrix showed a ductile structure. The GO and Joncryl addition enhanced the viscoelastic properties of the PET/PBT. The tensile strength and elongation at break values of PET/PBT, decreased with the addition of GO, indicates weak interfacial adhesion. Joncryl has developed the mechanical properties by compatibilizing PET/PBT and GO.
Risk of major congenital malformations associated with first‐trimester exposure to propulsives: A health administrative database study in Japan
Authors: Ishikawa Tomofumi , Obara Taku , Akazawa Manabu , Noda Aoi , Oyanagi Gen , Morishita Kei , Miyakoda Keiko , Nishigori Hidekazu , Kawame Hiroshi , Yaegashi Nobuo , Kuriyama Shinichi , Mano Nariyasu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the risk of major congenital malformations (MCMs) associated with first‐trimester exposure to propulsives with a special focus on domperidone using a large administrative database in Japan.MethodsA large claims database was used from January 2005 to August 2016. The dates of pregnancy onset and delivery were estimated using the developed algorithms. MCMs were defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision codes. We compared the infants' risk of overall MCMs between women with or without first‐trimester prescriptions of propulsives and estimated the odds ratios (ORs) with unadjusted and adjusted analyses. We also compared the risk of overall MCMs between women with domperidone prescriptions and those with other propulsive prescriptions during the first trimester.ResultsAmong 38 270 women, propulsives were prescribed to 3197 women (8.4%) in the first trimester, including domperidone to 371 women (1.0%). Propulsive prescriptions in the first trimester were not significantly associated with an increased risk of overall MCMs (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.030, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.843–1.257). Compared to the prescription of other propulsives in the first trimester, the prescription of domperidone in the first trimester was not associated with an increased risk of overall MCMs (aOR 0.724, 95% CI 0.363–1.447).ConclusionsThe first‐trimester prescription of propulsives, including domperidone, was not associated with an increased risk of overall MCMs.
Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and oxetane catalyzed by aluminum porphyrin complex system
Authors: Honda Masayoshi , Nakamura Ryo , Sugimoto Hiroshi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTetraphenylporphinatoaluminum chloride ([TPP]AlCl) catalyst and tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB) cocatalyst system is effective for the copolymerization of CO2 and oxetane even under low CO2 pressure (~2 MPa). In the presence of toluene as a solvent, poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) containing >99% of carbonate linkages with Mn = 8600 and Mw/Mn = 1.70 was synthesized. This is the first report of PTMC formation with excellent ratio of carbonate linkages from oxetane and CO2. According to the kinetic analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/MS) measurements of the products, PTMC was mainly synthesized via (i) the trimethylene carbonate (TMC) formation from CO2 and oxetane and (ii) the successive ring‐opening polymerization of TMC.
Bioequivalence and food effect of a fixed‐dose combination of macitentan and tadalafil: Adaptive design in the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Csonka Dénes , Fishman Vladislav , Natarajan Jaya , Stieltjes Hans , Armas Danielle , Dishy Victor , Perez Ruixo Juan Jose 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has forced clinical studies to accommodate imposed limitations. In this study, the bioequivalence part could not be conducted as planned. Thus, the aim was to demonstrate bioequivalence, using an adaptive study design, of tadalafil in fixed‐dose combination (FDC) tablets of macitentan/tadalafil with single macitentan and tadalafil (Canadian‐sourced) tablets and assess the effect of food on FDC tablets in healthy subjects. This Phase 1, single‐center, open‐label, single‐dose, two‐part, two‐period, randomized, crossover study enrolled 62 subjects. Tadalafil bioequivalence as part of FDC of macitentan/tadalafil (10/40 mg) with single‐component tablets of macitentan (10 mg) and tadalafil (40 mg) was determined by pharmacokinetic (PK) assessment under fasted conditions. The effect of food on FDC was evaluated under fed and fasted conditions. Fasted 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for geometric mean ratios (GMRs) were within bioequivalence limits for tadalafil and macitentan. Fed and fasted 90% CIs for area under the curve (AUC) GMR were within bioequivalence limits. However, 90% CIs for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) GMR for macitentan and tadalafil were outside bioequivalence limits. One FDC‐treated subject experienced a serious adverse event of transient ischemic attack (bioequivalence part). To address pandemic‐imposed limitations, an adaptive study design was implemented to demonstrate that the FDC tablet was bioequivalent to the free combination of macitentan and tadalafil (Canadian‐sourced). No clinically significant differences in PK were determined between fed and fasted conditions; the FDC formulation could be taken irrespective of meals. The FDC formulation under fasted and fed conditions was well tolerated with no clinically relevant differences in safety profiles between the treatment groups.NCT Number: NCT04235270.
Effects of a reactive oxygen species generator, napabucasin (BBI608), on tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics, and QT/QTc interval in healthy volunteers
Authors: Noda Naoto , Takagaki Takeshi , Yodo Yasuhide , Horibuchi Yuzo , Iino Shuichi , Matsuki Shunji , Ogama Yoichiro , Kakuyama Hiroyoshi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study examined the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of napabucasin in healthy Asian and non‐Asian participants and investigated the potential for QT/QTc interval prolongation. This five‐part (A–E) study proceeded in a stepwise manner, unless stopping criteria were met. Parts A–D were randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, and included healthy Asian male and female and non‐Asian male participants. PK parameters were measured following single‐dose napabucasin (80–1200 mg) in the fasted or fed state (Part D). Potential QT/QTc interval prolongation was assessed using digital 12‐lead electrocardiogram (Parts B and C). Part E was open‐label, and examined the PK of single‐dose napabucasin (240–720 mg) in healthy non‐Asian males. Safety and tolerability were measured in Parts A–E. Changes from baseline in the Fridericia‐corrected QT interval (ΔQTcF) and other electrocardiogram parameters were analyzed using a linear mixed‐effects model. Napabucasin was well‐tolerated across the study (n = 70), and no serious adverse events or significant safety issues were reported when administered with or without food. The most frequent treatment‐emergent adverse events were diarrhea and abdominal pain, and these were mild in severity. No prolongation of the QTcF interval was reported following single‐dose napabucasin (240–1200 mg) and changes in other cardiac parameters were negligible. The PK profile of napabucasin was consistent with earlier studies. Single‐dose napabucasin was tolerated in healthy male and female participants, and no significant safety (including no QTcF prolongation) or tolerability issues were identified, irrespective of food intake. Clinical studies of napabucasin in advanced cancers are ongoing.
Effects of membrane transport activity and cell metabolism on the unbound drug concentrations in the skeletal muscle and liver of drugs: A microdialysis study in rats
Authors: Wang Shuyao , Chen Chun , Guan Chi , Qiu Liping , Zhang Lei , Zhang Shaofeng , Zhou Hongyu , Du Hongwen , Li Chen , Wu Yaqiong , Chang Hang , Wang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe unbound concentrations of 14 commercial drugs, including five non‐efflux/uptake transporter substrates—Class I, five efflux transporter substrates—class II and four influx transporter substrates—Class III, were simultaneously measured in rat liver, muscle, and blood via microanalysis. Kpuu,liver and Kpuu,muscle were calculated to evaluate the membrane transport activity and cell metabolism on the unbound drug concentrations in the skeletal muscle and liver. For Class I compounds, represented by antipyrine, unbound concentrations among liver, muscle and blood are symmetrically distributed when compound hepatic clearance is low. And when compound hepatic clearance is high, unbound concentrations among liver, muscle and blood are asymmetrically distributed, such as Propranolol. For Class II and III compounds, overall, the unbound concentrations among liver, muscle, and blood are asymmetrically distributed due to a combination of hepatic metabolism and efflux and/or influx transporter activity.
The potential of numerical prediction systems to support the design of Arctic observing systems: Insights from the APPLICATE and YOPP projects
Authors: Sandu Irina , Massonnet François , van Achter Guillian , Acosta Navarro Juan C. , Arduini Gabriele , Bauer Peter , Blockley Ed , Bormann Niels , Chevallier Matthieu , Day Jonathan , Dahoui Mohamed , Fichefet Thierry , Flocco Daniela , Jung Thomas , Hawkins Ed , Laroche Stephane , Lawrence Heather , Kristiansen Jørn , Moreno‐Chamarro Eduardo , Ortega Pablo , Poan Emmanuel , Ponsoni Leandro , Randriamampianina Roger 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNumerical systems used for weather and climate predictions have substantially improved over past decades. We argue that despite a continued need for further addressing remaining limitations of their key components, numerical prediction systems have reached a sufficient level of maturity to examine and critically assess the suitability of Earth's current observing systems – remote and in situ, for prediction purposes; and that they can provide evidence‐based support for the deployment of future observational networks. We illustrate this point by presenting recent, co‐ordinated international efforts focused on Arctic observing systems, led in the framework of the Year of Polar Prediction and the H2020 project APPLICATE. The Arctic, one of the world's most rapidly changing regions, is relatively poorly covered in terms of in situ data but richly covered in terms of satellite data. In this study, we demonstrate that existing state‐of‐the‐art datasets and targeted sensitivity experiments produced with numerical prediction systems can inform us of the added value of existing or even hypothetical Arctic observations, in the context of predictions from hourly to interannual time‐scales. Furthermore, we argue that these datasets and experiments can also inform us how the uptake of Arctic observations in numerical prediction systems can be enhanced to maximise predictive skill. Based on these efforts we suggest that (a) conventional in situ observations in the Arctic play a particularly important role in initializing numerical weather forecasts during the winter season, (b) observations from satellite microwave sounders play a particularly important role during the summer season, and their enhanced usage over snow and sea ice is expected to further improve their impact on predictive skill in the Arctic region and beyond, (c) the deployment of a small number of in situ sea‐ice thickness monitoring devices at strategic sampling sites in the Arctic could be sufficient to monitor most of the large‐scale sea‐ice volume variability, and (d) sea‐ice thickness observations can improve the simulation of both the sea ice and near‐surface air temperatures on seasonal time‐scales in the Arctic and beyond.
Diamidoamine Aluminum Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, L–Lactide and ϵ‐Caprolactone Polymerization
Authors: Kuchuk Ekaterina A. , Kireenko Marina M. , Mankaev Badma N. , Zaitsev Kirill V. , Churakov Andrei V. , Lermontova Elmira Kh. , Kuz'mina Lyudmila G. , Oprunenko Yuri F. , Zhirnov Artem E. , Zaitseva Galina S. , Karlov Sergey S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA series of methyl and chlorido aluminum complexes decorated with diamidoamine ligands with different number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains were prepared via methane elimination, salt methatesis route, transmetallation strategy or chlorination. They were investigated by various methods including 19F, 27Al NMR spectroscopy and showed to be active catalysts of ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐Cl and L−La.
Insights into Pinacol Rearrangement: Oxidative versus Acid‐Catalyzed Mechanism
Authors: Monopoli Antonio , Casiello Michele , Fusco Caterina , D'Accolti Lucia , Ciminale Francesco , Nacci Angelo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractReactions of both diastereomers of 1,2‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane‐1,2‐diol (1 d) with tris(2,4‐dibromo‐phenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate as the oxidant in dichloromethane have been investigated to get evidence on the possibility that a pinacol rearrangement may be oxidatively activated rather than acid‐catalyzed. Relevant to this, we found that in the presence of an excess (4 eq) of oxidant, cis‐1 d afforded the rearrangement product 2,2‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone in large amounts, while trans‐1 d gave exclusively the oxidative cleavage product 1,6‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)hexane‐1,6‐dione. Stereospecific implications explaining the reactivity difference between the two diastereomeric radical cation intermediates, cis‐ and trans‐1 d⋅+, are discussed.
Facile Extraction of Three Main Indole Alkaloids from Mitragyna speciosa by Using Hot Water
Authors: Khunnawutmanotham Nisachon , Chimnoi Nitirat , Nangkoed Phonchanok , Hasakunpaisarn Anuch , Wiwattanapaisarn Waraporn , Techasakul Supanna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe study presented a facile and efficient extraction method of main indole alkaloids from the fresh leaves of Mitragyna speciosa. A water extract containing three main indole alkaloids, namely mitragynine (MG), paynantheine (PT), and speciogynine (SG), was obtained by boiling the fresh leaves in water followed by partitioning with dichloromethane. The extraction yield of 1.0 % (w/w) was obtained under the optimized conditions. The contents of MG, PT, and SG obtained from water extraction were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis and were found to be comparable to those obtained from methanol extraction. However, because the extraction yield obtained from using methanol was tenfold higher than that from using hot water, this indicated the presence of some undesirable materials in the methanol but not in water extract. This method provided an alkaloid‐rich extract of M. speciosa. The procedure was easy to perform, inexpensive, environmentally benign, and could be easily scaled up from laboratory to industrial scale.
Effect of Cobalt Doping on the Stability of CaO‐Based Catalysts for Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis via the Transesterification of Propylene Carbonate with Methanol
Authors: Huo Linmeng , Wang Tian , Pu Yanfeng , Li Chenxin , Li Lei , Zhai Minglu , Qiao Congzhen , Bai Yan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo improve the stability of the a CaO catalyst with high activity in the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at low‐temperatures via the transesterification of propylene carbonate (PC) with methanol, a series of Co‐doped CaO nanoparticles were synthesized with different cobalt contents via the sol‐gel method, and the catalytic performance of these catalysts increased in the order of 0.7Ca0.3Co<0.8Ca0.2Co<CaO<0.95Ca0.05Co<0.9Ca0.1Co. The characterization results of BET, XRD, FT‐IR, SEM, TEM, CO2‐TPD and XPS indicated that the addition of cobalt to CaO could form a novel layered structure of the Ca3Co4O9 carrier, which favoured the formation of strongly basic sites and then improved the activation of PC and methanol. The catalytic activity of traditional metal oxide catalysts is lower than that of pure CaO; however, the initial activity of the novel layered structure of the 0.9Ca0.1Co catalyst reached 72.9 %, which is obviously higher than that of 65.8 % for CaO. Furthermore, the results of long‐term catalytic evaluation showed that the best 0.9Ca0.1Co catalyst exhibited a stable PC conversion of 95.4 % and DMC yield of 93.1 % at 65 °C even after 168 h in the reactive distillation reactor. The deactivation mechanism showed that the layered structure of Ca3Co4O9 could stabilize CaO and prolong the life of the catalyst.