bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shock Initiation Investigation of a Pressed Trinitrotoluene Explosive
Authors: Du Lixiaosong , Jin Shaohua , Liu Zhiyue , Li Lijie , Wang Mengxia , Nie Pengsong , Wang Junfeng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe shock initiation process of a pressed trinitrotoluene (TNT) at density of 1.563 g cm−3 was studied by manganese‐copper gauge measurement experiments as well as numerical simulation for assessing the performance and detonation growth characteristics in such pressed samples. Through gap test, the shock pressure histories at different inner positions of the target TNT charges were measured. The parameterization on shock initiation model proposed by Lee & Tarver for numerical simulation were accomplished. The equation of state for unreacted explosive in the model was obtained by fitting Hugoniot data calculated from molecular dynamic simulation and shock temperature based on Walsh's solution. The equation of state for the detonation products was theoretically predicted by EXPLO5. Combining those procedures, the ignition and growth model for a pressed TNT was accurately parameterized together with experimental pressure history data. Experiment and simulation indicate that when the input pressures are 6.13 GPa and 8.67 GPa, respectively, the corresponding run distances to detonation are >9 mm and 6 mm. The calculated pressure growth histories at different inner positions of the pressed TNT sample can well reproduce the correspondingly measured values. The determined ignition and growth model will be expected to put in use in subsequent simulation analysis with complex geometrical scenarios.
Destabilization of polar interactions in the prion protein triggers misfolding and oligomerization
Authors: Bhate Suhas H. , Udgaonkar Jayant B. , Das Ranabir 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe prion protein (PrP) misfolds and oligomerizes at pH 4 in the presence of physiological salt concentrations. Low pH and salt cause structural perturbations in the monomeric prion protein that lead to misfolding and oligomerization. However, the changes in stability within different regions of the PrP prior to oligomerization are poorly understood. In this study, we have characterized the local stability in PrP at high resolution using amide temperature coefficients (TC) measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The local stability of PrP was investigated under native as well as oligomerizing conditions. We have also studied the rapidly oligomerizing PrP variant (Q216R) and the protective PrP variant (A6). We report that at low pH, salt destabilizes PrP at several polar residues, and the hydrogen bonds in helices α2 and α3 are weakened. In addition, salt changes the curvature of the α3 helix, which likely disrupts α2–α3 contacts and leads to oligomerization. These results are corroborated by the TC values of rapidly oligomerizing Q216R‐PrP. The poly‐alanine substitution in A6‐PrP stabilizes α2, which prevents oligomerization. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of native polar interactions in determining the stability of PrP and reveal the structural disruptions in PrP that lead to misfolding and oligomerization.
Has the risk of a 1976 north‐west European summer drought and heatwave event increased since the 1970s because of climate change?
Authors: Baker Laura , Shaffrey Len , Hawkins Ed 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the summer of 1976, north‐west Europe experienced an exceptional heatwave and drought, which impacted agriculture and public water supply. This study aims to assess how the likelihood of the event in the present‐day climate has changed since 1976 because of climate change. The analysis focuses on the England and Wales region, which was particularly badly impacted. Three key factors contributing to the extreme summer were identified: the dry preceding winter–spring period, the dry summer and the hot summer. Following the principles of event attribution, three methods are used to evaluate the change in event risk: one using observational data, a second using CMIP5 coupled climate models and a third using HadGEM3‐A atmosphere‐only simulations. This is the first time that this method has been used to evaluate how the risk of a historical extreme event has changed since it originally occurred. The results from the three methods agree qualitatively. The probability of a summer at least as hot as 1976 has increased significantly between the 1970s and the present‐day climate (estimated risk ratios 11 (5–95% confidence interval (CI) [7,14]), 9 (CI [4,28]) and 19 (CI [5,25]) based on the three respective methods). In contrast, no significant change in the probability of an extreme dry winter–spring or an extreme dry summer was found. However, the joint probability of an extreme dry winter–spring followed by an extreme hot summer and the probability of an extreme hot and dry summer have both increased significantly between the 1970s and the present day (estimated risk ratios between 5 and 79, and between 3 and 39, respectively). Water resource systems should therefore be robust enough to cope with more frequent occurrences of summers as extreme as 1976.
Robustness of the one‐class Peeling method to the Gaussian Kernel Bandwidth
Authors: Lee Lina , Weese Maria L. , Martinez Waldyn G. , Jones‐Farmer L. Allison 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe One Class Peeling (OCP) method is an outlier detection method for Phase I analysis of large multivariate samples. The two stage OCP method is based on support vector data description and employs the Gaussian kernel function to create sequential flexible boundaries to peel away observations to estimate the center of a data set. Subsequently the distance from that estimated center is used as the monitoring statistic. In this work we study the effect of the bandwidth parameter for the Gaussian Kernel on the performance of the OCP method. We find that the OCP method is robust to the value of the bandwidth parameter in terms of in‐control and out‐of‐control simulation performance. We verify these results on example data. The result is a recommendation for a small value of the bandwidth value, providing a computational advantage to the OCP method.
Notably small bronchial carcinoid accompanied by peripheral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Miura Hiroyuki , Miura Jun , Goto Shinichi , Tachibana Keisei , Yamamoto Tomoko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOur report presents the smallest bronchial carcinoid thus far associated with peripheral squamous cell carcinoma. A 79‐year‐old Japanese man presented with an abnormal shadow on chest radiography. Chest computed tomography revealed an ill‐defined nodule at the left S9a area without lymph node involvement. At the time of bronchoscopy, a nodule of ~1 mm in diameter with a smooth surface was observed at the orifice of the left B8. Left lower lobectomy was performed. Pathologically, the S9a tumour was keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma with surgical stage IA3, and the left B8 tumour was a typical bronchial carcinoid. The patient was alive without recurrence 2 years after the surgery. Cases of combined carcinoid and lung cancer are rare. It may be possible to identify bronchial carcinoids early by careful observation of the bronchi during bronchoscopy for peripheral neoplastic lesions.
Efficacy and secondary infection risk of tocilizumab, sarilumab and anakinra in COVID‐19 patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Peng Jingwen , Fu Meihua , Mei Huan , Zheng Hailin , Liang Guanzhao , She Xiaodong , Wang Qiong , Liu Weida 
Published: September 2021

SummaryAs the pandemic progresses, the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is becoming clearer and the potential for immunotherapy is increasing. However, clinical efficacy and safety of immunosuppressants (including tocilizumab, sarilumab and anakinra) treatment in COVID‐19 patients are not yet known. We searched PubMed, Embase Medline, Web of Science and MedRxiv using specific search terms in studies published from 1 January 2020 to 20 December 2020. In total, 33 studies, including 3073 cases and 6502 controls, were selected for meta‐analysis. We found that immunosuppressant therapy significantly decreased mortality in COVID‐19 patients on overall analysis (odds ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval = 0.57–0.89, p = 0.004). We also found that tocilizumab and anakinra significantly decreased mortality in patients without any increased risk of secondary infection. In addition, we found similar results in several subgroups. However, we found that tocilizumab therapy significantly increased the risk of fungal co‐infections in COVID‐19 patients. This represents the only systematic review and meta‐analysis to investigate the efficacy and secondary infection risk of immunosuppressant treatment in COVID‐19 patients. Overall, immunosuppressants significantly decreased mortality but had no effect on increased risk of secondary infections. Our analysis of tocilizumab therapy showed a significantly increased risk of fungal co‐infections in these patients.
Proportional‐derivative controller design of continuous‐time positive linear systems
Authors: Liu Jason J. R. , Yang Nachuan , Kwok Ka‐Wai , Lam James 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on the design of proportional‐derivative (PD) controllers for positive linear systems in the continuous‐time domain, which is a well‐known open problem in positive systems theory. The main objective is to design a PD controller subject to interval gain variations, which simultaneously preserves the closed‐loop system stability and positivity. The provided results fill the literature gap by considering both the PD controller structure and positivity. Although various feedback control strategies of positive systems have been developed recently, the work provides, for the first time, a systematic and tractable framework for finding nonfragile PD controller gains for positive stabilization. Finally, the theory and algorithm performance are evaluated and illustrated by numerical examples.
Significantly Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Surface Amorphization of Cocatalysts
Authors: Chen Qin , Mo Weihao , Yang Guodong , Zhong Shuxian , Lin Hongjun , Chen Jianrong , Bai Song 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRational phase engineering of reduction cocatalyst offers a promising route to modulate the photocatalytic activity and selectivity in the conversion of CO2 to chemical feedstocks. However, it remains a great challenge to choose a suitable phase given that high‐crystallinity phase is more conducive to the charge transfer and separation, while amorphous phase is more favorable for the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules. To resolve this dilemma, herein, with Pd as a well‐defined model, a surface amorphization strategy has been developed to fabricate crystalline@amorphous semi‐core‐shell cocatalysts based on the transformation of outer layer atoms of crystalline cocatalysts to disorder phase. According to the theoretical and experimental analysis, in the heterostructured cocatalysts, crystalline core shuttles the photoexcited electrons from light‐harvesting semiconductor to amorphous shell due to its strong electronic coupling with both components. Meanwhile, amorphous shell provides efficient active sites for preferential activation and conversion of CO2 and suppression of undesirable proton reduction. Benefiting from the synergistic effects between crystalline core and amorphous shell, the optimized heterophase cocatalyst with suitable thickness of amorphous shell achieves superior CO (22.2 µmol gcat−1 h−1) and CH4 (38.1 µmol gcat−1 h−1) formation rates with considerable selectivity and high stability in comparison with crystalline and amorphous counterparts.
Multifunctional Thermoresponsive Microcarriers for High‐Throughput Cell Culture and Enzyme‐Free Cell Harvesting
Authors: Dabiri Seyed Mohammad Hossein , Samiei Ehsan , Shojaei Shahla , Karperien Lucas , Khun Jush Bardia , Walsh Tavia , Jahanshahi Maryam , Hassanpour Sadegh , Hamdi David , Seyfoori Amir , Ahadian Samad , Khademhosseini Ali , Akbari Mohsen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn effective treatment of human diseases using regenerative medicine and cell therapy approaches requires a large number of cells. Cultivation of cells on microcarriers is a promising approach due to the high surface‐to‐volume ratios that these microcarriers offer. Here, multifunctional temperature‐responsive microcarriers (cytoGel) made of an interpenetrating hydrogel network composed of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) are developed. A flow‐focusing microfluidic chip is used to produce microcarriers with diameters in the range of 100–300 μm and uniform size distribution (polydispersity index of ≈0.08). The mechanical properties and cells adhesion properties of cytoGel are adjusted by changing the composition hydrogel composition. Notably, GelMA regulates the temperature response and enhances microcarrier stiffness. Human‐derived glioma cells (U87) are grown on cytoGel in static and dynamic culture conditions with cell viabilities greater than 90%. Enzyme‐free cell detachment is achieved at room temperature with up to 70% detachment efficiency. Controlled release of bioactive molecules from cytoGel is accomplished for over a week to showcase the potential use of microcarriers for localized delivery of growth factors to cell surfaces. These microcarriers hold great promise for the efficient expansion of cells for the industrial‐scale culture of therapeutic cells.
Review of European design provisions for buckling of aluminium members with longitudinal welds – part 1
Authors: Misiek Thomas , Norlin Bert , Gitter Reinhold , Höglund Torsten 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs part of the ongoing revision of the Eurocodes, design provisions in EN 1999‐1‐1 on the buckling of longitudinally welded aluminium compression members have been subjected to a critical review. Numerical investigations were conducted because a need for improvement was identified. This part 1 of the paper describes the individual steps of the revision and the modifications discussed, which include the introduction of longitudinally welded members. Before going into the numerical investigations in more detail, previous observations are presented regarding buckling classes and plateau lengths. In part 1 of the paper, explanations of the numerical investigations are limited to presenting the modelling of the geometry, the mechanical properties and the imperfections as well as their respective variation in the context of the parametric studies. The results of the numerical investigations and the proposed design approaches will be presented in detail in parts 2 and 3.
Fetal myocardial deformation measured with two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography: longitudinal prospective cohort study of 124 healthy fetuses
Authors: van Oostrum N. H. M. , de Vet C. M. , Clur S. B. , van der Woude D. A. A. , van den Heuvel E. R. , Oei S. G. , van Laar J. O. E. H. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesTwo‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (2D‐STE) is a promising technique which allows assessment of fetal cardiac function, and can be used in the evaluation of cardiac and non‐cardiac diseases in pregnancy. However, reliable fetal reference values for deformation parameters measured using 2D‐STE are needed before it can be introduced into clinical practice. This study aimed to obtain reference values for fetal global longitudinal strain (GLS) and GLS rate (GLSR) measured using 2D‐STE and compare right and left ventricular values.MethodsThis was a prospective longitudinal cohort study of uncomplicated pregnancies that underwent echocardiography every 4 weeks from inclusion at 18–21 weeks until delivery to obtain four‐chamber loops of the fetal heart. Left and right ventricular GLS and GLSR were measured using 2D‐STE at each examination. Using Bayesian mixed‐effects models, reference values with lower and upper 5% prediction limits were calculated according to gestational age. Right and left ventricular GLS values according to gestational age were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.ResultsA total of 592 left ventricular and 566 right ventricular GLS and GLSR measurements were obtained from 124 women with uncomplicated pregnancy and non‐anomalous, appropriately grown fetuses. Reference values were obtained for both fetal ventricles according to gestational week. GLS and GLSR values of both ventricles increased (i.e. became less negative) significantly during pregnancy. Right ventricular GLS values were significantly higher (i.e. less negative) than the respective left ventricular values at every gestational week.ConclusionsReference values were obtained for fetal GLS and GLSR measured using 2D‐STE. GLS and GLSR values increased significantly for both ventricles from the second trimester until delivery. GLS values were significantly higher for the right ventricle compared with the left ventricle. Future studies are needed to assess whether the obtained reference values are helpful in clinical practice in the assessment of pregnancy complications, such as fetal growth restriction or cardiac anomaly. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
The golden jackal (Canis aureus) and the African swine fever pandemic: Its role is controversial but not negligible (a diet analysis study)
Authors: Kemenszky Péter , Jánoska Ferenc , Nagy Gábor , Csivincsik Ágnes 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn Europe, the African swine fever (ASF) pandemic mostly affects the environmental domain of health, which is a strongly human‐impacted ecosystem. However, the current control strategies focus solely on the wild boar and tend to disregard other epidemiologically relevant elements of the ecosystem.ObjectivesThis study investigated the potential impact of the golden jackal on the surveillance effort and disease transmission.MethodsFor this reason, the authors analysed the content of 277 stomachs of this canid species within its westernmost inhabitant population, in order to determine the amount of suid remains, disposed.ResultsThe findings confirmed that in a densely populated wild boar habitat, the main diet component of jackals was wild boar all the year round. The jackals disposed of 0.3–0.6 kg/km2/day offals that potentially contained suid remains. On the other hand, the scavenging activity removed the most important target objects on which the passive surveillance of ASF should be based.ConclusionsThis study cannot determine whether canid scavengers positively or negatively influence the control efforts; however, the impact of the jackal should not be disregarded. The results warn the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to complex epidemiological situations within different ecosystems.
Standing excision of a paranasal osteoma in a 3‐year‐old Standardbred gelding
Authors: Lean Natasha E. , McGarry Mark , Henderson Pippa E. , Ahern Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOsteomas are an uncommon benign neoplasia in horses, which most frequently affect the paranasal sinuses. There are only 25 reported cases in the literature. Clinical signs typically associated with paranasal osteoma formation include nasal discharge, ocular and/or facial swelling and distortion. Historically, surgical excision under general anaesthesia has been the standard approach for the treatment of large osteomas, with standing surgery reserved for small masses. This case report describes standing removal of an extensive paranasal osteoma through a maxillary bone flap, without recurrence. Long‐term follow up at 2 years confirmed a good cosmetic appearance and successful return to racing.
The double cone geometry is stable to brane nucleation
Authors: Mahajan Raghu , Marolf Donald , Santos Jorge E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In gauge/gravity duality, the bulk double cone geometry has been argued to account for a key feature of the spectral form factor known as the ramp. This feature is deeply associated with quantum chaos in the dual field theory. The connection with the ramp has been demonstrated in detail for two-dimensional theories of bulk gravity, but it appears natural in higher dimensions as well. In a general bulk theory the double cone might thus be expected to dominate the semiclassical bulk path integral for the boundary spectral form factor in the ramp regime. While other known spacetime wormholes have been shown to be unstable to brane nucleation when they dominate over known disconnected (factorizing) solutions, we argue below that the double cone is stable to semiclassical brane nucleation at the probe-brane level in a variety of string- and M-theory settings. Possible implications for the AdS/CFT factorization problem are briefly discussed.
Adhärenz digitaler Interventionen im Gesundheitswesen: Definitionen, Methoden und offene Fragen
Authors: Kernebeck Sven , Busse Theresa Sophie , Ehlers Jan Peter , Vollmar Horst Christian 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungViele digitale Interventionen sind auf die Mitwirkung ihrer Nutzer*innen angewiesen, damit sie eine positive Wirkung erzielen können. In verschiedenen Bereichen ist zu beobachten, dass die Anwendung digitaler Interventionen durch Nutzer*innen oftmals nach einer kurzen Zeit reduziert oder in Gänze eingestellt wird. Dies wird als einer der wesentlichen Faktoren angesehen, der die Wirksamkeit digitaler Interventionen einschränken kann. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnt das Konzept der Adhärenz (Einhalten therapeutischer Vorgaben) bei digitalen Interventionen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Definiert wird Adhärenz bei digitalen Interventionen etwa als „the degree to which the user followed the program as it was designed“ („Ausmaß, in dem die Nutzer*innen die Software so verwenden, wie sie konzipiert wurde“). Dies wird auch oftmals mit „intended use“ oder „use as it is designed“ umschrieben („bestimmungsgemäße Verwendung“ bzw. „Verwendung, wie es konzipiert wurde“). Jedoch finden sowohl die theoretisch-konzeptionelle als auch die praktische Auseinandersetzung hinsichtlich der Adhärenz bei digitalen Interventionen noch eine zu geringe Berücksichtigung in der Forschung.Ziel dieses narrativen Übersichtsartikels ist es, das Konzept der Adhärenz bei digitalen Interventionen näher zu beleuchten und von verwandten Konzepten abzugrenzen. Zudem wird diskutiert, mit welchen Methoden und Messgrößen die Adhärenz operationalisiert werden kann und welche Prädiktoren die Adhärenz positiv beeinflussen. Weiterhin wird auf die Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung bei der Anwendung digitaler Interventionen eingegangen und auf Faktoren, die die Adhärenz positiv beeinflussen können. Abgeschlossen wird mit einer ethischen Betrachtung der Thematik.
Development of generalized tool life model for constant and variable speed turning
Authors: Albertelli Paolo , Mussi Valerio , Monno Michele 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this research, a generalized tool life modelling for considering non-stationary cutting conditions was developed . In particular, for the first time in literature, the model was conceived for predicting the life of the tool when spindle speed variation SSV, one of the most effective techniques for suppressing regenerative chatter vibrations, is used. The proposed formulation takes into account the main cutting parameters and the parameters associated to the SSV. A dedicated experimental campaign of turning tests was executed and the data were used for modelling purposes. The model validation was carried out performing additional tool life tests. According to the analyzed technological scenario, it was found that the generalized formulation can be used for predicting the tool life both at constant spindle machining CSM and adopting SSV with the maximum estimating error of 6%.