bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring pre-service teachers’ noticing competencies within a mathematical modeling context – an analysis of an instrument
Authors: Alwast Alina , Vorhölter Katrin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTeaching mathematical modeling is a demanding task. Thus, fostering teachers’ competencies in this regard is an essential component of teacher education. Recent conceptualizations of teachers’ competencies include situation-specific skills based on the concept of noticing, which is of particular interest for the spontaneous reactions needed when teaching mathematical modeling. The study described in this paper aims to analyze the development of a video-based instrument for measuring teachers’ noticing competencies within a mathematical modeling context and obtain evidence for the validity of the instrument. Three kinds of validity are examined in three different studies: content validity, elemental validity and construct validity. Indicators for content validity could be found through different expert ratings and implementation with the target group, where participants were able to perceive all relevant aspects. The qualitative analysis of participants’ reasoning, which is consistent with the coded level, indicates elemental validity. Moreover, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis suggest construct validity with one overall factor of noticing competence within a mathematical modeling context. Taken together, these studies imply a satisfactory validity of the video-based instrument.
Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework
Authors: Schuck Rachel K. , Tagavi Daina M. , Baiden Kaitlynn M. P. , Dwyer Patrick , Williams Zachary J. , Osuna Anthony , Ferguson Emily F. , Jimenez Muñoz Maria , Poyser Samantha K. , Johnson Joy F. , Vernon Ty W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractProponents of autism intervention and those of the neurodiversity movement often appear at odds, the former advocating for intensive treatments and the latter arguing that autism must be accepted as a form of diversity. The history of behavioral intervention has understandably outraged many in the Autistic community, though many still value supports focused on quality of life. This commentary argues that Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBIs) hold promise for bridging the gap between early intervention and the neurodiversity movement. However, we recognize NDBIs have much room to grow and suggest multiple strategies for improvement. We believe these updates are not only feasible for clinicians and researchers to implement but will ultimately lead to improved quality of life for Autistic individuals.
Scale Norming Undermines the Use of Life Satisfaction Scale Data for Welfare Analysis
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: October 2021

AbstractScale norming is where respondents use qualitatively different scales to answer the same question across survey waves. It makes responses challenging to compare intertemporally or interpersonally. This paper develops a formal model of the cognitive process that could give rise to scale norming in year on year responses to life satisfaction scale questions. It then uses this model to conceptually differentiate scale norming from adaptation and changes in reference points. Scale norming could make life satisfaction responses misleading with regards to the changing welfare of individuals. In particular, individuals who would say that their life is "improving" or "going well" might nonetheless give the same scale response year after year. This has negative implications for the use of scales in cost–benefit analysis and other welfarist applications. While there is already substantial empirical evidence for the existence of scale norming, its implications for welfare analysis are sometimes understated on the grounds that this evidence might simply be the product of errors of memory. The paper presents new empirical evidence for scale norming from two surveys (N1 = 278; N2 = 1050) designed such that errors of memory are an unconvincing explanation for the results.
Evidence on the Bidirectional Relationship Between Health and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults
Authors: Moreno-Agostino Darío , Abad Francisco José , Caballero Francisco Félix 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrevious research on health and life satisfaction in older adults has suggested a bidirectional relationship. However, most evidence either is based on cross-sectional data, being unsuitable for inferring any directionality on the results, or disregards the within-person stability of both variables over time, thus providing potentially biased results. We analysed data from 11,667 older adults interviewed between 2008 and 2016 within the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. A health measure including self-reported and measured tests on cognitive and physical performance was computed using a Bayesian multilevel item-response theory approach. Life satisfaction was assessed with the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Cross-lagged models using a Structural Equation Modelling approach were used to analyse the longitudinal interrelation between health and life satisfaction. Models accounting and not accounting for the within-person stability in the measures were computed. Additional sensitivity models were ran using an exclusively self-reported measure of health. Health and life satisfaction were significant longitudinal predictors of one another only when the within-person stability was not considered. The effect of life satisfaction on health became negligible once that stability was modelled. The impact of not accounting for within-person stability was larger when health was measured exclusively with self-reported information. Our study suggests that health and life satisfaction are not bidirectionally related in older adults, but only health predicts a better life satisfaction over time. Thus, policies aimed at fostering older adults’ life satisfaction by focusing on health enhancement and maintenance may be fruitful, whereas the opposite may not.
Multivariate Reversed Hazard Rates and Inactivity Times of Systems
Authors: Buono Francesco , De Santis Emilio , Longobardi Maria , Spizzichino Fabio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe family of the multivariate conditional hazard rate functions often reveals to be a convenient tool to describe the joint probability distribution of a vector of non-negative random variables (lifetimes) in the absolutely continuous case. Such a tool can have in particular an important role in the study of the behavior of the minima among inter-dependent lifetimes. In this paper we introduce the concept of reversed multivariate conditional hazard rate functions, which extends the one-dimensional notion of reversed hazard rate of a single non-negative random variable. Several basic properties of this concept are proven. In particular, we point out a related role in the study of the behavior of the maximum value among inter-dependent lifetimes. In different applied fields, and in particular in the reliability literature, a remarkable class of dependence models for vectors of lifetimes is related with the load-sharing condition, which can be defined in terms of the multivariate conditional hazard rate functions. In the paper we define the class of reversedload-sharing models, which can be seen as natural extensions to the multivariate case of the univariate inverse exponential distributions. We analyze basic properties of such a class of dependence models. In particular we show a result related to the study of the inactivity time of a coherent system when the joint distribution of the components’ lifetimes is a reversed load-sharing model.
Analysis on Trees with Nondoubling Flow Measures
Authors: Levi Matteo , Santagati Federico , Tabacco Anita , Vallarino Maria 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe consider trees with root at infinity endowed with flow measures, which are nondoubling measures of at least exponential growth and which do not satisfy the isoperimetric inequality. In this setting, we develop a Calderón–Zygmund theory and we define BMO and Hardy spaces, proving a number of desired results extending the corresponding theory as known in more classical settings.
Reclaiming a future that has not yet been: The Faure report, UNESCO’s humanism and the need for the emancipation of education
Authors: Biesta Gert 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFifty years after UNESCO’s publication ofLearning to be: The world of education today and tomorrow, the author of this article provides an assessment of this seminal report, commonly known as “the Faure report”. He characterises the educational vision of the report as humanistic and democratic and highlights its emphasis on the need for educational provision throughout the life-course. He demonstrates how the right to education has, over time, been transformed into a duty to learn, Moreover, this duty has been strongly tied to economic purposes, particularly the individual’s duty to remain employable in a fast-changing labour market. Rather than suggesting that Edgar Faure and his International Commission on the Development of Education set a particular agenda for education that has, over time, been replaced by an altogether different agenda, the author suggests a reading of the report which understands it as making a case for a particular relationship between education and society, namely one in which the integrity of education itself is acknowledged and education is not reduced to a mere instrument for delivering particular agendas. Looking back at the report five decades later, he argues that it provides a strong argument for the emancipation of education itself, and that this argument is still needed in the world of today.
The Demographic Window of Opportunity and Economic Growth at Sub-National Level in 91 Developing Countries
Authors: Crombach Lamar , Smits Jeroen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractData for low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) are used to investigate the effect of the demographic transition on economic growth at sub-national level. We introduce a detailed classification of demographic window phases, determine how these phases are distributed among and within LMICs, and analyze the relationship between the demographic window of opportunity (DWO) and economic growth for 1921 urban and rural areas of sub-national regions within 91 LMICs. Many areas in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East have entered the window, but most of Sub-Saharan Africa is still in the traditional or pre-window phase. Our analyses reveal higher growth rates in areas passing through the DWO. Positive growth effects are particularly strong in rural and more educated regions and in countries with lower levels of corruption. Policy measures aimed at effectively using the DW for achieving growth should combine investments in education and rural development with better governance.
When Explanations for Poverty Help Explain Social Policy Preferences: The Case of European Public Opinion Amidst the Economic Recession (2009–2014)
Authors: Marquis Lionel , Rosset Jan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIndividuals hold beliefs about what causes poverty, and those beliefs have been theorized to explain policy preferences and ultimately cross-country variations in welfare states. However, there has been little empirical work on the effects of poverty attributions on welfare state attitudes. We seek to fill this gap by making use of Eurobarometer data from 27 European countries in the years 2009, 2010 and 2014 to explore the effects of poverty attributions on judgments about economic inequality as well as preferences regarding the welfare state. Relying on a four-type typology of poverty attribution which includes individual fate, individual blame, social fate and social blame as potential explanations for poverty, our analyses show that these poverty attributions are associated with judgments about inequality and broadly defined support for the welfare state, but have little or no effect on more concrete policy proposals such as unemployment benefits or increase of social welfare at the expense of higher taxes.
Clinical Translation of Neutrophil Imaging and Its Role in Cancer
Authors: Lau Doreen , Lechermann Laura M. , Gallagher Ferdia A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNeutrophils are the first line of defense against pathogens and abnormal cells. They regulate many biological processes such as infections and inflammation. Increasing evidence demonstrated a role for neutrophils in cancer, where different subpopulations have been found to possess both pro- or anti-tumorigenic functions in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the phenotypic and functional diversity of neutrophils in cancer, their prognostic significance, and therapeutic relevance in human and preclinical models. Molecular imaging methods are increasingly used to probe neutrophil biology in vivo, as well as the cellular changes that occur during tumor progression and over the course of treatment. This review will discuss the role of neutrophil imaging in oncology and the lessons that can be drawn from imaging in infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders. The major factors to be considered when developing imaging techniques and biomarkers for neutrophils in cancer are reviewed. Finally, the potential clinical applications and the limitations of each method are discussed, as well as the challenges for future clinical translation.
Knowledge from Falsehood, Ignorance of Necessary Truths, and Safety
Authors: Zhao Bin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAccording to the safety account of knowledge, one knows thatponly if one’s belief could not easily have been false. An important issue for the account is whether we should only examine the target belief when evaluating whether a belief is safe or not. In this paper, it is argued that, if we should only examine the target belief, then the account fails to account for ignorance of necessary truths. But, if we should also examine beliefs in other relevant propositions, then the account fails to account for knowledge from falsehood. Therefore, the safety account of knowledge is undermined by knowledge from falsehood and ignorance of necessary truths.
Wer fühlt sich exkludiert? Zur zeitdiagnostischen Verwendung des Konzepts der sozialen Exklusion
Authors: Djouadi Audrey , Rössel Jörg , Seifert Alexander 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Begriff der sozialen Exklusion hat in den Sozialwissenschaften eine erstaunliche Karriere erfahren. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die empirische Untersuchung der zeitdiagnostischen Verwendung des Konzepts. Aus dieser leiten wir vier Thesen ab, die in diesem Beitrag mit dem Fokus auf das Exklusionsempfinden empirisch geprüft werden: Erstens, dass aufgrund der Prozesse des ökonomischen Strukturwandels größere Bevölkerungsgruppen von sozialer Exklusion in mehreren Dimensionen (Arbeitslosigkeit, Armut, soziale Isolation) betroffen sind, die bei diesen in einem subjektiven Exklusionsempfinden kulminieren. Damit wird unterstellt, dass soziale Exklusion zur Hauptspannungslinie der gegenwärtigen Gesellschaft geworden ist. Zweitens wird angenommen, dass soziale Exklusion nicht eindeutig in klassischen sozialstrukturellen Kategorien zu verorten ist, sondern in breite Teile der Gesellschaft diffundiert ist. Drittens wird sozioökonomischer Prekarisierung und sozialer Isolation eine zentrale Rolle für die Entstehung eines subjektiven Exklusionsempfindens zugesprochen. Hier wird allerdings, viertens, vermutet, dass dieses vermittelt über die subjektive Wahrnehmung der objektiven Lage auf das Exklusionsempfinden wirkt. Wir prüfen diese Thesen des Konzepts auf der Basis von Umfragedaten, wobei wir das Exklusionsempfinden als abhängige Variable verwenden. Dabei wird deutlich, dass erstens soziale Exklusion nicht in weite Teile der Gesellschaft diffundiert ist und damit keineswegs als Hauptspannungslinie der Gesellschaft betrachtet werden kann, zweitens sich ein erhöhtes Exklusionsempfinden in unterschiedlichen, aber klar benennbaren sozialen Gruppen feststellen lässt. Darüber hinaus zeigen unsere Analysen, dass das subjektive Exklusionsempfinden sowohl in sozialer Isolation als auch in sozioökonomischer Prekarisierung begründet ist, allerdings deutlich vermittelt über deren subjektive Wahrnehmung.
GC–MS Analysis, Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Phytocompounds from Solanum torvum Unripe Fruits and Its Effect on Breast Cancer Target Protein
Authors: Saravanan R. , Raja K. , Shanthi D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study was designed to identify phytocompounds from the aqueous extract ofSolanum torvumunripe fruits using GC–MS analysis against breast cancer. For this, the identified phytocompounds were subjected to perform molecular docking studies to find the effects on breast cancer target protein. Pharmacokinetic properties were also tested for the identified phytocompounds to evaluate the ADMET properties. Molecular docking studies were done using docking software PyRx, and pharmacokinetic properties of phytocompounds were evaluated using SwissADME. From the results, ten best compounds were identified from GC–MS analysis against breast cancer target protein. Of which, three compounds showed very good binding affinity with breast cancer target protein. They are ergost-25-ene-3,6-dione,5,12-dihydroxy-,(5.alpha.,12.beta.) (− 7.3 kcal/mol), aspidospermidin-17-ol,1-acetyl-16-methoxy (− 6.7 kcal/mol) and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-[[2-[1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]ethyl amino]-6-[trichloromethyl]-s-triazine (− 6.7 kcal/mol). Further, docking study was performed for the synthetic drug doxorubicin to compare the efficiency of phytocompounds. The binding affinity of ergost-25-ene-3,6-dione,5,12-dihydroxy-,(5.alpha.,12.beta.) is higher than the synthetic drug doxorubicin (− 7.2 kcal/mol), and the binding affinity of other compounds is also very near to the drug. Hence, the present study concludes that the phytocompounds from the aqueous extract ofSolanum torvumunripe fruits have the potential ability to treat breast cancer.
Attenuation of Activated eIF2α Signaling by ISRIB Treatment After Spinal Cord Injury Improves Locomotor Function
Authors: Chang Lei , Liu Xiangyang , Chen Jing , Liu Hongzhe , Wang Guoping , Wang Guohua , Liao Xiaoyun , Shen Xiongjie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFollowing spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple signaling cascades are activated instantaneously in the injured segments of the spinal cord to create a complex and pathogenic microenvironment, making it difficult to treat SCI. Nevertheless, the significance of the integrated stress response (ISR) to the series of physiological and pathological changes that occur after SCI remains unclear. Through western blotting (WB), we determined that the autophosphorylation of stress receptors (GCN2, PERK, PKR, and HRI) was enhanced after SCI, leading to increased phosphorylation of eIF2α at Ser51. Strikingly, we found that eIF2α was highly phosphorylated at 1 day post injury (dpi) and that this hypophosphorylation was maintained thereafter in the spinal cord, especially in neurons, which suggests that intervening with eIF2α phosphorylation may be a treatment strategy for SCI. Therefore, we employed the small molecule ISRIB, which inhibits eIF2α phosphorylation when the ISR is activated at moderate or low levels but not when the ISR is highly activated. Daily intraperitoneal injection of ISRIB significantly inhibited ISR signaling after SCI, reduced the cytosolic localization of RNA-binding proteins, and decreased neuronal apoptosis. Histological and functional experiments further demonstrated that treatment with ISRIB after SCI effectively curbed morphological deterioration and promoted the recovery of locomotor function. In summary, the ISR plays an important role in SCI, and ISRIB is a promising drug for the treatment of SCI.
Stigma in Multiple Sclerosis: The Important Role of Sense of Coherence and Its Relation to Quality of Life
Authors: Grothe Lydia , Grothe Matthias , Wingert Judith , Schomerus Georg , Speerforck Sven 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Anticipated and experienced stigma constitute important issues for patients with multiple sclerosis receiving adequate healthcare. Stigma is likely to be associated with lower quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms and contributing factors are unclear.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional survey among N = 101 patients with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a German outpatient department. Patients completed questionnaires on enacted and self-stigma (SSCI-8), sense of coherence (SOC-L9) and quality of life (MusiQol). Age, sex, disease duration, disability or extent of limitations (EDSS), cognition (SDMT), depression (BDI-II) and fatigue (FSMC) were used as covariates in linear regression and mediation models.

Results
57.3% of patients with MS reported having experienced stigmatization due to MS at least once. Fatigue (b = -0.199, p < 0.001), enacted stigmatization experience (b = -0.627, p = 0.010) and sense of coherence (b = 0.654, p < 0.001) were significant predictors for quality of life. The mediation analysis showed a partial mediation of the association between enacted stigma and quality of life by patients’ sense of coherence (direct effect: b = -1.042, t = -4.021, p < 0.001; indirect effect: b = -0.773, CI = -1.351—-0.339. The association of self-stigma with quality of life was fully mediated by sense of coherence (b = -1.579, CI = -2.954—-0.669).

Conclusion
Patients with multiple sclerosis are affected by stigma, which is associated with lower quality of life. Sense of coherence is a potentially important mediator of stigma and represents a promising target to refine existing stigma interventions and improve the quality of life in these patients.
Evolution and phylogeny of the deep-sea isopod families Desmosomatidae Sars, 1897 and Nannoniscidae Hansen, 1916 (Isopoda: Asellota)
Authors: Brix Saskia , Held Christoph , Kaiser Stefanie , Jennings Robert M. , Driskell Amy , Brandt Angelika 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the deep sea, the phylogeny and biogeography of only a few taxa have been well studied. Although more than 200 species in 32 genera have been described for the asellote isopod families Desmosomatidae Sars, 1897 and Nannoniscidae Hansen, 1916 from all ocean basins, their phylogenetic relationships are not completely understood. There is little doubt about the close relationship of these families, but the taxonomic position of a number of genera is so far unknown. Based on a combined morphological phylogeny using the Hennigian method with a dataset of 107 described species and a molecular phylogeny based on three markers (COI, 16S, and 18S) with 75 species (most new to science), we could separate Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae as separate families. However, we could not support the concept of the subfamilies Eugerdellatinae Hessler, 1970 and Desmosomatinae Hessler, 1970. Most genera of both families were well supported, but several genera appear as para- or even polyphyletic. Within both families, convergent evolution and analogies caused difficulty in defining apomorphies for phylogenetic reconstructions and this is reflected in the results of the concatenated molecular tree. There is no biogeographic pattern in the distribution as the genera occur over the entire Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, showing no specific phylogeographical pattern. Poor resolution at deep desmosomatid nodes may reflect the long evolutionary history of the family and rapid evolutionary radiations.