bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19: Cross Reactive Immunity, Herd Immunity, and Convalescent Serum Therapy
Authors: Ibrahim Nahla Khamis , A. Bagabir Hala Abubaker 
Published: October 2021

Objective: To present various types of vaccines and viral infections which can induce cross-reactive immunity against COVID-19. In addition, this article discusses the role of herd immunity and convalescent serum therapy in preventing and controlling SARS CoV-2. The study also determined the claims and counterclaims about their protective and therapeutic effects.
Method: Non-systematic review was done using different articles done on cross-reactive immunity against COVID-19 through vaccinations, previous infections, herd immunity and the therapeutic effects of convalescence serum. The search was done on the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, WHO, Euro-surveillance, CDC databases.
Results: Many observational correlational studies reported that BCG decreases the incidence and mortality from COVID-19. Furthermore, homology between the COVID-19 virus and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) viruses was discovered. Few studies suggested the presence of cross-immunity between MMR vaccine and SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, few studies suggested protective effects of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) against SARS-CoV-2; since both viruses are positive-single-strand RNA (+ssRNA). Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) vaccines, particularly those that include inactivated whole pertussis vaccine, might induce B and T cell cross-reactive immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Other vaccines against Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Meningococcal meningitis vaccines are suggested also to induce some immunity against Covid-19. It is hypothesized that infections with other Coronaviruses may cause protection against SARS-CoV-2. However, the studies done on these suggestions were mostly observational that can carry a high chance of inherent biases. There are also claims and counterclaims about the effect of herd immunity and convalescence serum on the prevention and control of Covid-19. So, appropriately designed RCTs are needed to prove or disprove their protective and therapeutic effects.
Conclusions: There are claims and counterclaims about the protective effects of different vaccines, previous infections, and herd immunity and regarding the therapeutic effects of convalescence serum. Comparing with other vaccines, BCG was suggested to have the highest cross-reactive epitopes against SARS-Cov-2 virus. MMR, OPV, DPT, Influenza, Pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines are suggested to protect against Covid-19. Previous infection with other Corona viruses, herd immunity and convalescence serum may play roles in the prevention and control of Covid-19. Many large clinical trials are undergoing nowadays and their results are needed to prove or disprove the cross-immunity related to SARS-CoV-2 and the effect of convalescence serum.
Updates in Digoxin Toxicity and Outcome of Management: A Review
Authors: Ibrahim Imad Ahmad , Alotaibi Raghad Abdullah , Almhmd Abdalah Emad , Alghamdi Rahaf Ibrahim , Almogbel Adnan Tawfiq , Alsaeri Amer Saleh 
Published: October 2021

Cardiac glycosides, including digitalis and digoxin, have long-standing use in clinical practice. Digoxin has a half-life that varies from 36 to 48 hours, which may increase in cases of renal failure. Approximately 1% of Congestive Heart Failure patients treated with digoxin develop toxicity. The clinical features of toxicity are often non-specific. Diagnosis is difficult and usually made clinically, as levels of digoxin in the blood do not necessarily correlate with toxicity. Treatment involves early recognition and the administration of antibodies specifically against digoxin also known as Fab fragments. Digoxin concentration does not necessarily correlate with clinical symptoms of toxicity however digoxin concentrations may be used for calculating the amount of antidote therapy. Digoxin-specific antibody fragments are used when there is a risk of a life-threatening arrhythmia.
Global Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes via High Precision Microfluidic Dead‐End Filtration
Authors: Rust Christian , Li Han , Gordeev Georgy , Spari Manuel , Guttmann Markus , Jin Qihao , Reich Stephanie , Flavel Benjamin S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSingle wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) dispersed by negatively charged sodium deoxycholate (DOC) or positively charged cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) are shown to assemble into aligned films (3.8 cm2) on polycarbonate membranes by slow flow dead‐end filtration. Global alignment (S2D max ≈ 0.85) is obtained on both pristine polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated membranes and those with an intentional 150–600 nm groove pattern from hot embossing. In all cases, a custom microfluidic setup capable of precise control and measurement of the volume rate, transmembrane pressure, and the filtration resistance is used to follow SWCNT film formation. Conditions associated with the formation of SWCNT crystallites or their global alignment are identified and these are discussed in terms of membrane fouling and the interaction potential between the surface of the membrane and nanotubes. SWCNT alignment is characterized by cross‐polarized microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy.
Engineering DNA Nanostructures to Manipulate Immune Receptor Signaling and Immune Cell Fates
Authors: Tseng Chung Yi , Wang Wendy Xueyi , Douglas Travis Robert , Chou Leo Y. T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractImmune cells sense, communicate, and logically integrate a multitude of environmental signals to make important cell‐fate decisions and fulfill their effector functions. These processes are initiated and regulated by a diverse array of immune receptors and via their dynamic spatiotemporal organization upon ligand binding. Given the widespread relevance of the immune system to health and disease, there have been significant efforts toward understanding the biophysical principles governing immune receptor signaling and activation, as well as the development of biomaterials which exploit these principles for therapeutic immune engineering. Here, how advances in the field of DNA nanotechnology constitute a growing toolbox for further pursuit of these endeavors is discussed. Key cellular players involved in the induction of immunity against pathogens or diseased cells are first summarized. How the ability to design DNA nanostructures with custom shapes, dynamics, and with site‐specific incorporation of diverse guests can be leveraged to manipulate the signaling pathways that regulate these processes is then presented. It is followed by highlighting emerging applications of DNA nanotechnology at the crossroads of immune engineering, such as in vitro reconstitution platforms, vaccines, and adjuvant delivery systems. Finally, outstanding questions that remain for further advancing immune‐modulatory DNA nanodevices are outlined.
Ambient Temperature Stable, Scalable COVID‐19 Polymer Particle Vaccines Induce Protective Immunity
Authors: Chen Shuxiong , Evert Benjamin , Adeniyi Adetayo , Salla‐Martret Mercè , Lua Linda H.‐L. , Ozberk Victoria , Pandey Manisha , Good Michael F. , Suhrbier Andreas , Halfmann Peter , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Rehm Bernd H. A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere is an unmet need for safe and effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines that are stable and can be cost‐effectively produced at large scale. Here, a biopolymer particle (BP) vaccine technology that can be quickly adapted to new and emerging variants of SARS‐CoV‐2 is used. Coronavirus antigen‐coated BPs are described as vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2. The spike protein subunit S1 or epitopes from S and M proteins (SM) plus/minus the nucleocapsid protein (N) are selected as antigens to either coat BPs during assembly inside engineered Escherichia coli or BPs are engineered to specifically ligate glycosylated spike protein (S1‐ICC) produced by using baculovirus expression in insect cell culture (ICC). BP vaccines are safe and immunogenic in mice. BP vaccines, SM‐BP‐N and S1‐ICC‐BP induced protective immunity in the hamster SARS‐CoV‐2 infection model as shown by reduction of virus titers up to viral clearance in lungs post infection. The BP platform offers the possibility for rapid design and cost‐effective large‐scale manufacture of ambient temperature stable and globally available vaccines to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.
Lateral Fully Organic P–N Diodes Created in a Single Donor–Acceptor Copolymer
Authors: Wang Jing , Wang Yizhuo , Li Kuncai , Dai Xu , Zhang Liuyang , Wang Hong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractP–N junctions exist in many solid‐state organic devices, such as light‐emitting diodes, solar cells, and thermoelectric devices. Creating P–N junctions by bulk chemical doping in a single organic material (like silicon doped by boron and phosphorus) may capitalize the vast scientific and technological groundwork established in the inorganic semiconducting field. However, high‐performance single‐organic‐material P–N junctions are seldom reported, because the diffusion of the dopant counterions often leads to transient rectification properties. Herein, a new type of lateral fully organic diodes created in single donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymer films with only one P‐type dopant is reported. The achieved lateral devices exhibit high current densities of ≈3.83 A cm−2 and a high rectification ratio of ≈2100, which are beyond the requirements for high‐frequency identification tags. The P‐ to N‐type polarity switching mechanism is proposed after spectroscopic and structural tests. Decent stability of the organic diode is obtained, which is due to the long channel length and low diffusion speed of the large size of dopants. This work opens the opportunities to create P–N junctions in ways of silicon‐based inorganic semiconductors and promises new opportunities for integrating organic materials for flexible and printable organic devices.
Suppressing the Step Effect of 3D Printing for Constructing Contact Lenses
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wu Lei , Zou Miaomiao , Zhang Lidian , Song Yanlin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract3D printing has been considered as a sustainable method to construct complicated 3D structures. However, the step effect induced by the traditional point‐by‐point or layer‐by‐layer additive manufacturing mode inevitably occurs and remains an obstacle to realizing the smoothness and uniformity of 3D samples. Here, a continuous liquid film confined 3D printing strategy is proposed to fabricate high‐precision 3D structures based on the Digital Light Processing (DLP) technology. With the control of the confinement of the liquid–solid interface and the continuous printing mode, liquid film adhering to the cured structure is sucked into the cured layer structures with excess resin adhering to the cured structure scraping off, where the step effect is eliminated and post‐washing is avoided. The morphology and dimension of the confined liquid film can be well regulated by ink properties and printing parameters to optimize the surface smoothness and printing fidelity. In addition, heat accumulation and thermal diffusion are also suppressed, ensuring the long‐term printing stability. A centimeter‐scale contact lens structure with central thickness of ≈135 µm comparable to commercial ones can be printed, which possesses extreme smoothness (sub 1.3 nm), homogeneous mechanical characteristic, biocompatibility, and high optical properties with imaging resolution of up to 228.1 lp mm−1.
A Hydrogel Ionic Circuit Based High‐Intensity Iontophoresis Device for Intraocular Macromolecule and Nanoparticle Delivery
Authors: Zhao Fan , Fan Shan , Ghate Deepta , Romanova Svetlana , Bronich Tatiana K. , Zhao Siwei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIontophoresis is an electrical‐current‐based, noninvasive drug‐delivery technology, which is particularly suitable for intraocular drug delivery. Current ocular iontophoresis devices use low current intensities that significantly limit macromolecule and nanoparticle (NP) delivery efficiency. Increasing current intensity leads to ocular tissue damage. Here, an iontophoresis device based on a hydrogel ionic circuit (HIC), for high‐efficiency intraocular macromolecule and NP delivery, is described. The HIC‐based device is capable of minimizing Joule heating, effectively buffering electrochemical (EC) reaction‐generated pH changes, and absorbing electrode overpotential‐induced heating. As a result, the device allows safe application of high current intensities (up to 87 mA cm−2, more than 10 times higher than current ocular iontophoresis devices) to the eye with minimal ocular cell death and tissue damage. The high‐intensity iontophoresis significantly enhances macromolecule and NP delivery to both the anterior and posterior segments by up to 300 times compared to the conventional iontophoresis. Therapeutically effective concentrations of bevacizumab and dexamethasone are delivered to target tissue compartments within 10–20 min of iontophoresis application. This study highlights the significant safety enhancement enabled by an HIC‐based device design and the potential of the device to deliver therapeutic doses of macromolecule and NP ophthalmic drugs within a clinically relevant time frame.
MIL‐96‐Al for Li–S Batteries: Shape or Size?
Authors: Geng Pengbiao , Wang Lei , Du Meng , Bai Yang , Li Wenting , Liu Yanfang , Chen Shuangqiang , Braunstein Pierre , Xu Qiang , Pang Huan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with controllable shapes and sizes show a great potential in Li–S batteries. However, neither the relationship between shape and specific capacity nor the influence of MOF particle size on cyclic stability have been fully established yet. Herein, MIL‐96‐Al with various shapes, forming hexagonal platelet crystals (HPC), hexagonal bipyramidal crystals (HBC), and hexagonal prismatic bipyramidal crystals (HPBC) are successfully prepared via cosolvent methods. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the HBC shape with highly exposed (101) planes can effectively adsorb lithium polysulfides (LPS) during the charge/discharge process. By changing the relative proportion of the cosolvents, HBC samples with different particle sizes are prepared. When these MIL‐96‐Al crystals are used as sulfur host materials, it is found that those with a smaller size of the HBC shape deliver higher initial capacity. These investigations establish that different crystal planes have different adsorption abilities for LPS, and that the MOF particle size should be considered for a suitable sulfur host. More broadly, this work provides a strategy for designing sulfur hosts in Li–S batteries.
Effect of Powder ALD Interface Modification on the Thermoelectric Performance of Bismuth
Authors: He Shiyang , Bahrami Amin , Zhang Xiang , Martínez Ignacio González , Lehmann Sebastian , Nielsch Kornelius 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn thermoelectric materials, phase boundaries are crucial for carrier/phonon transport. Manipulation of carrier and phonon scatterings by introducing continuous interface modification has been shown to improve thermoelectric performance. In this paper, a strategy of interface modification based on powder atomic layer deposition (PALD) is introduced to accurately control and modify the phase boundary of pure bismuth. Ultrathin layers of Al2O3, TiO2, and ZnO are deposited on Bi powder by typically 1–20 cycles. All of the oxide layers significantly alter the microstructure and suppressed grain growth. These hierarchical interface modifications aid in the formation of an energy barrier by the oxide layer, resulting in a substantial increase in the Seebeck coefficient that is superior to that of most pure polycrystalline metals. Conversely, taking advantage of the strong electron and phonon scattering, an exceptionally large decrease in thermal conductivity is obtained. A maximum figure of merit, zT, of 0.15 at 393 K and an average zT of 0.14 at 300–453 K were achieved in 5 cycles of Al2O3‐coated Bi. The ALD‐based approach, as a practical interfacial modification technique, can be easily applied to other thermoelectric materials, which can contribute to the development of high‐performance thermoelectric materials of great significance.
Revealing the Effect of Nanoscopic Design on the Charge Carrier Separation Processes in Semiconductor‐Metal Nanoparticle Gel Networks
Authors: Schlenkrich Jakob , Zámbó Dániel , Schlosser Anja , Rusch Pascal , Bigall Nadja C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this paper, it is shown that the nanoscopic design of combining semiconductors and noble metals has a direct impact on the macroscopic (electrochemical) properties of their assembled, hyperbranched, macroscopic gel networks. Controlled and arbitrary deposition of gold domains on CdSe/CdS nanorods leads to tipped and randomly decorated heteroparticles, respectively. Structural and optical properties of the gel networks depend upon assembling the hybrid particles by means of oxidative or ionic routes. Additionally, the impact of different building block designs on the charge carrier separation processes is investigated from spectroelectrochemical point of view. A more efficient charge carrier separation is revealed in the tipped design manifesting in higher negative photocurrent efficiencies compared to the arbitrary decoration, where the charge recombination processes are more remarkable. This work sheds light on the importance of the nanostructuring on the spectroelectrochemical properties at the macroscale paving the way towards their use in photochemical reactions.
Single‐Crystal Organic Heterostructure for Single‐Mode Unidirectional Whispering‐Gallery‐Mode Laser
Authors: Chen Song , Wang Xue‐Dong , Zhuo Ming‐Peng , Wei Guo‐Qing , Wu Jun‐Jie , Liao Liang‐Sheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOrganic single crystals have attracted great attention for solid‐state lasers owing to their smooth morphologies with inherent optical microcavity, ordered molecular packing mode with minimized defects density, and high photoluminescence quantum efficiency. However, the organic single‐crystal lasers, including whispering‐gallery‐mode (WGM) lasers with nondirectional emission and Fabry–Perot (F–P) lasers with inherent high‐lasing threshold, cannot achieve state‐of‐the‐art performance. Herein, the hierarchical self‐assembly of organic single‐crystal heterostructures made from cube‐shaped microdisks with optical gain and microwires with optical waveguide characteristics is demonstrated, which realize the unidirectional WGM laser action with a low‐lasing threshold of ≈600 nJ cm−2. The lattice mismatch rate principle contributes to the growth of these single‐crystal organic heterostructures. More significantly, the waveguide‐coupled WGM microcavity with a coupling coefficient of 28.8% proves that the unidirectional outcoupling of the single‐crystal WGM lasers from the single‐crystal wire waveguides is achieved. The results will pave an alternative avenue for high‐performance organic single‐crystal lasers.
Machine‐Learning Microstructure for Inverse Material Design
Authors: Pei Zongrui , Rozman Kyle A. , Doğan Ömer N. , Wen Youhai , Gao Nan , Holm Elizabeth A. , Hawk Jeffrey A. , Alman David E. , Gao Michael C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMetallurgy and material design have thousands of years’ history and have played a critical role in the civilization process of humankind. The traditional trial‐and‐error method has been unprecedentedly challenged in the modern era when the number of components and phases in novel alloys keeps increasing, with high‐entropy alloys as the representative. New opportunities emerge for alloy design in the artificial intelligence era. Here, a successful machine‐learning (ML) method has been developed to identify the microstructure images with eye‐challenging morphology for a number of martensitic and ferritic steels. Assisted by it, a new neural‐network method is proposed for the inverse design of alloys with 20 components, which can accelerate the design process based on microstructure. The method is also readily applied to other material systems given sufficient microstructure images. This work lays the foundation for inverse alloy design based on microstructure images with extremely similar features.
High‐Throughput and Dosage‐Controlled Intracellular Delivery of Large Cargos by an Acoustic‐Electric Micro‐Vortices Platform
Authors: Aghaamoo Mohammad , Chen Yu‐Hsi , Li Xuan , Garg Neha , Jiang Ruoyu , Yun Jeremy Tian‐Hao , Lee Abraham Phillip 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA high‐throughput non‐viral intracellular delivery platform is introduced for the transfection of large cargos with dosage‐control. This platform, termed Acoustic‐Electric Shear Orbiting Poration (AESOP), optimizes the delivery of intended cargo sizes with poration of the cell membranes via mechanical shear followed by the modulated expansion of these nanopores via electric field. Furthermore, AESOP utilizes acoustic microstreaming vortices wherein up to millions of cells are trapped and mixed uniformly with exogenous cargos, enabling the delivery of cargos into cells with targeted dosages. Intracellular delivery of a wide range of molecule sizes (<1 kDa to 2 MDa) with high efficiency (>90%), cell viability (>80%), and uniform dosages (<60% coefficient of variation (CV)) simultaneously into 1 million cells min−1 per single chip is demonstrated. AESOP is successfully applied to two gene editing applications that require the delivery of large plasmids: i) enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) plasmid (6.1 kbp) transfection, and ii) clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐Cas9‐mediated gene knockout using a 9.3 kbp plasmid DNA encoding Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA). Compared to alternative platforms, this platform offers dosage‐controlled intracellular delivery of large plasmids simultaneously to large populations of cells while maintaining cell viability at comparable delivery efficiencies.
Optical Inspection of 2D Materials: From Mechanical Exfoliation to Wafer‐Scale Growth and Beyond
Authors: Lee Yang‐Chun , Chang Sih‐Wei , Chen Shu‐Hsien , Chen Shau‐Liang , Chen Hsuen‐Li 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOptical inspection is a rapid and non‐destructive method for characterizing the properties of two‐dimensional (2D) materials. With the aid of optical inspection, in situ and scalable monitoring of the properties of 2D materials can be implemented industrially to advance the development and progress of 2D material‐based devices toward mass production. This review discusses the optical inspection techniques that are available to characterize various 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), group‐III monochalcogenides, black phosphorus (BP), and group‐IV monochalcogenides. First, the authors provide an introduction to these 2D materials and the processes commonly used for their fabrication. Then they review several of the important structural properties of 2D materials, and discuss how to characterize them using appropriate optical inspection tools. The authors also describe the challenges and opportunities faced when applying optical inspection to recently developed 2D materials, from mechanically exfoliated to wafer‐scale‐grown 2D materials. Most importantly, the authors summarize the techniques available for largely and precisely enhancing the optical signals from 2D materials. This comprehensive review of the current status and perspective of future trends for optical inspection of the structural properties of 2D materials will facilitate the development of next‐generation 2D material‐based devices.