bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevation of EIF4G1 promotes non‐small cell lung cancer progression by activating mTOR signalling
Authors: Lu Ying , Yu Shanshan , Wang Guangxue , Ma Zuan , Fu Xuelian , Cao Yueyu , Li Qinchuan , Xu Zengguang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 (EIF4G1), as the key component of the transcription initiation factor complex EIF4F, is significantly upregulated in multiple solid tumours, including lung cancer. However, the function and mechanism of EIF4G1 in the regulation of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. Here, using the clinical samples and the comprehensive survival analysis platforms Kaplan‐Meier plotter, we observed aberrant upregulation of EIF4G1 in NSCLC tissues; furthermore, high expression of EIF4G1 showed association with low differentiation of lung cancer cells and poor overall survival in NSCLC patients. Non‐small‐cell lung cancer cell line A549 and H1703 stably infected with EIF4G1 shRNA were used to determine the function of EIF4G1 in regulating cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that EIF4G1 promoted the G1/S transition of the cell cycle and tumour cell proliferation in non‐small cell lung cancer. Mechanistically, EIF4G1 was found to regulate the expression and phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448), which mediates the tumorigenesis‐promoting function of EIF4G1. The inhibition of mTOR attenuated the EIF4G1‐induced development and progression of tumours. These findings demonstrated that EIF4G1 is a new potential molecular target for the clinical treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer.
Influenza and Influenza Vaccine: A Review
Authors: Nypaver Cynthia , Dehlinger Cynthia , Carter Chelsea 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInfluenza is a highly contagious, deadly virus, killing nearly half a million people yearly worldwide. The classic symptoms of influenza are fever, fatigue, cough, and body aches. In the outpatient setting, diagnosis can be made by clinical presentation with optional confirmatory diagnostic testing. Antiviral medications should be initiated as soon as possible, preferably within 24 hours of initiation of symptoms. The primary preventive measure against influenza is vaccination, which is recommended for all people 6 months of age or older, including pregnant and postpartum women, unless the individual has a contraindication. Vaccination should occur at the beginning of flu season, which typically begins in October. It takes approximately 14 days after vaccination for a healthy adult to reach peak antibody protection. There are challenges associated with vaccine composition and vaccine uptake. It takes approximately 6 to 8 months to identify and predict which influenza strains to include in the upcoming season's vaccine. During this time, the influenza virus may undergo antigenic drift, that is, mutating to avoid a host immune response. Antigenic drift makes the vaccine less effective in some seasons. The influenza virus occasionally undergoes antigenic shift, in which it changes to a novel virus, creating potential for a pandemic. There are also barriers to vaccine uptake, including lack of or limited access to care and misconceptions about receiving the vaccine. Interventions that improve access to and uptake of the influenza vaccine must be initiated, targeting multiple levels, including health care policy, patients, health care systems, and the health care team. This article reviews information about influenza identification, management, and prevention.
The values of religious nones, dones, and sacralized Americans: Links between changes in religious affiliation and Schwartz values
Authors: Schwadel Philip , Hardy Sam A. , Van Tongeren Daryl R. , DeWall C. Nathan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveReligious identification is associated with specific values, particularly conservation values that focus on social rather than personal interest. Recent research, however, suggests that the psychological repercussions of religious commitment can persist after people cease identifying as religious. We examine if thisreligion residue effectleads to differences in values between those who were once religious but no longer identify as religious and those who never identified as religious.MethodsWe use longitudinal survey data to examine how changes in identification with religion are associated with Schwartz's circle of values.ResultsResults show that religious affiliates were more likely than both those who disaffiliated across waves and those who consistently had no affiliation to endorse each of the social focus values except universalism. As hypothesized, when it came to conservation values, those who disaffiliated from religion were more similar to affiliates than were those who were consistently unaffiliated. Additional analyses showed that (a) associations between religious identification trajectories and values were largely consistent across genders, and (b) those who disaffiliated from evangelical Protestant denominations stood out from other disaffiliates.ConclusionsWe conclude with a discussion of how these findings further understanding of the association between religion and personal values.
Genetics and molecular markers for anthocyanin pigmentation in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link)
Authors: Renganathan Vellaichamy Gandhimeyyan , Vanniarajan Chockalingam , Senthil Natesan , Nirmalakumari Angamuthu , Karthikeyan Adhimoolam , Veni Kannan , Ramalingam Jegadeesan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to track the inheritance and identify the expressed sequence tag (EST) ‐ simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker (s) associated with the anthocyanin pigments in barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.). The F1 and F2 generations were developed using the anthocyanin pigmented genotype ACM 331 (purple inflorescence) and three non‐pigmented genotypes, ACM 333, ACM 335 and MA 10 (green inflorescence). The F1 plants of all the three crosses had medium purple inflorescence indicating that purple pigment was partially dominant over green inflorescence. The segregation ratio of F2 generation is 1:2:1 (purple:medium purple:green) further confirmed that purple is partially dominant over the green and governed by one gene. Fifty‐one EST‐SSR markers were used to screen the pigmented and non‐pigmented bulks of the F2 population. A marker, BMESSR 39 associated with the anthocyanin pigment trait was obtained, which revealed a high correlation with the anthocyanin pigment present in the F2 population consisting of 430 individuals (85.10%) and 80 barnyard millet genotypes (63.75%). The information obtained in this study could pave way for breeding anthocyanin pigmented genotypes and genetic studies in barnyard millet.
Immunohistochemical expression of HER ‐ 2 and Ki ‐ 67 in granulosa cell tumor in bitches
Authors: Matos Ana Carina Heil da Silva , Consalter Angélica , dos Santos Batista Bárbara Paula , Fonseca Ana Beatriz Monteiro , Ferreira Ana Maria Reis , Leite Juliana da Silva 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGranulosa cell tumour, an ovarian neoplasm of stromal origin, is an important tumour related to oestrogenic dominance syndrome and cystic endometrial hyperplasia–pyometra complex. In order to analyse ovarian tumour´s malignant potential, immunohistochemical markers can be used, such as anti‐HER2 and anti‐Ki‐67. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of immunohistochemical markers HER‐2 and Ki‐67 in granulosa cell tumour from bitches´ ovaries. In HER‐2 immunomarker analysis using the HercepTest® method, most tumours were classified as 2+ (moderate labelling). Concerning Ki‐67 immunomarker, only one case was described as having a high proliferative index. An association was found between immunostained cell percentage by anti‐HER‐2 antibodies and high pleomorphism, represented by the pattern of follicular/trabecular tumour arrangement. There was no correlation between anti‐Ki‐67 and anti‐HER‐2 antibody immunostaining intensities, probably due to only one case with a high Ki‐67 index. With an effective protocol for HER‐2 and Ki‐67 immunohistochemical identification in granulosa cell tumours in bitches, it was possible to characterize this neoplasm proliferation profile.
The impact of COVID‐19 on academic productivity by female physicians and researchers in transfusion medicine
Authors: Ipe Tina S. , Goel Ruchika , Howes Lydia , Bakhtary Sara 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have highlighted the disparities in gender equity that exist in different medical specialties. The COVID‐19 pandemic has further heightened the inequity faced by female physicians as they are challenged by increasing household and childcare duties in addition to their professional responsibilities. Given these hurdles, fewer women than men have published in various medical disciplines. In this brief report, we wanted to determine the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the academic output of female physicians and researchers in transfusion medicine.Study Design and MethodsWe compared all articles in four transfusion medicine journals published from January 1 to July 31, 2019 with the same time period in 2020. Overall, 1024 articles were reviewed for whether they included women as first or senior authors.ResultsOverall, women were first authors in 45.9% (n = 458) of all publications and senior authors in 35% (n = 356) of all publications. There was a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of women as first authors between 2019 (49.1%) and 2020 (42.7%) (p = .04). There was no significant change in the percentage of women as senior authors between 2019 (35.4%) and 2020 (35.5%) (p = 0.99).ConclusionsSimilar to other medical specialties, the COVID‐19 pandemic has further increased the disparities faced by female researchers in transfusion medicine as evidenced by a decrease in publications with women as first authors.
Carbon Source-Dependent Reprogramming of Anaerobic Metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Troitzsch Anne , Loi Vu Van , Methling Karen , Zühlke Daniela , Lalk Michael , Riedel Katharina , Bernhardt Jörg , Elsayed Eslam M. , Bange Gert , Antelmann Haike , Pané-Farré Jan 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
To be a successful pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus has to adapt its metabolism to the typically oxygen- and glucose-limited environment of the host. Under fermenting conditions and in the presence of glucose, S. aureus uses glycolysis to generate ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation and mainly lactic acid fermentation to maintain the redox balance by reoxidation of NADH equivalents. However, it is less clear how S. aureus proceeds under anoxic conditions and glucose limitation, likely representing the bona fide situation in the host. Using a combination of proteomic, transcriptional, and metabolomic analyses, we show that in the absence of an abundant glycolysis substrate, the available carbon source pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) in a pyruvate formate-lyase (PflB)-dependent reaction to produce ATP and acetate. This process critically depends on derepression of the catabolite control protein A (CcpA), leading to upregulation of pflB transcription. Under these conditions, ethanol production is repressed to prevent wasteful consumption of AcCoA. In addition, our global and quantitative characterization of the metabolic switch prioritizing acetate over lactate fermentation when glucose is absent illustrates examples of carbon source-dependent control of colonization and pathogenicity factors.
IMPORTANCE Under infection conditions, S. aureus needs to ensure survival when energy production via oxidative phosphorylation is not possible, e.g., either due to the lack of terminal electron acceptors or by the inactivation of components of the respiratory chain. Under these conditions, S. aureus can switch to mixed-acid fermentation to sustain ATP production by substrate level phosphorylation. The drop in the cellular NAD+/NADH ratio is sensed by the repressor Rex, resulting in derepression of fermentation genes. Here, we show that expression of fermentation pathways is further controlled by CcpA in response to the availability of glucose to ensure optimal resource utilization under growth-limiting conditions. We provide evidence for carbon source-dependent control of colonization and virulence factors. These findings add another level to the regulatory network controlling mixed-acid fermentation in S. aureus and provide additional evidence for the lifestyle-modulating effect of carbon sources available to S. aureus.
Occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet B radiation and risk of subtypes of breast cancer in Danish women
Authors: Pedersen Julie Elbaek , Strandberg-Larsen Katrine , Andersson Michael , Hansen Johnni 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesPrevious epidemiological studies have indicated that solar ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) may have a protective effect on breast cancer. However, the evidence remains inconclusive. Despite the fact that outdoor work history may be considered a reliable measure of long-term UVR exposure, objective information on lifetime employment has not been included in previous investigations focusing on breast cancer. To address this issue, we explored the association between occupational UVR exposure and female breast cancer, including subtypes.MethodsA total of 38 375 women under the age of 70 years were identified with primary breast cancer using the Danish Cancer Registry. Five female controls born on the same year, alive and free of breast cancer at the time of diagnosis of the index case, were randomly selected from the Danish Civil Registration System. The Danish Supplementary Pension Fund Register was used to retrieve full employment history, and a job exposure matrix was used to assess occupational UVR exposure. Conditional logistic regression with adjustment for important confounders was used to estimate the OR.ResultsWe observed no overall association between occupational UVR exposure and breast cancer. After the age of 50 years, longer duration of UVR exposure (≥20 years: OR=0.83, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.92) and highest cumulative exposure (OR=0.89, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.95) were inversely associated with risk. Our results did not reflect any notable risk difference by oestrogen receptor status.ConclusionsThis study indicates an inverse association between long-term occupational UVR exposure and late-onset breast cancer. This finding needs further attention in future occupational studies.
Thermal inactivation and kinetic parameters for Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin
Authors: Al-Sakkaf Ali 
Published: February 2021

New Zealand has a higher reported incidence rate of campylobacteriosis than other developed countries. It has been suggested that this may be due to the emergence of heat-resistant strains that can survive normal cooking. To test this, typed Campylobacter strains ST474 and ST48 were inoculated onto slices of chicken skin <18 mm in diameter and 4 mm thick using a pipette, and placed in a special aluminium cell, which was heated to a predetermined temperature (in the range of 56.5 to 65 °C) using a temperature-controlled water bath. Survivor curves were plotted, and GlnaFit software was chosen to fit the experimental data; inactivation parameters were estimated using 1-step and 2-step regression. The D values and z values were in the range of 3–6 s and 8–11 °C, respectively. The D values at 60 and 56 °C were in the range of 12–41 s. These D values are in general agreement with previously published reports. Thus, New Zealand’s higher reported rate of campylobacteriosis is possibly due to factors other than the emergence of heat-resistant strains.
The Killing Desert? Droogte, Nomadentradities en Ontwikkelingsbestuur bij de Turkana
Authors: Wymeersch Patrick , Beke Dirk 
Published: February 2021

The killing Desert? Drought, Nomadic Traditions and Development Administration with the Turkana.
The Turkana are nomadic pastoralists who live in the desert regions of northwestern Kenya. The majority of the Turkana practice no agriculture nor fishing and live exclusively from the products of their livestock (milk, blood and meat). They keep multiple species herds (cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys) in order to buffer the variations in the quality and distribution of vegetal resources and water requirements. The Turkana were one of many affected by several droughts. Although the famine which resulted from the sharp drop in food production was dramatized by international press, insecurity of food availability is characteristic of pastoral production systems. One technique used by the Turkana to exploit an environment where the availability of food is inconsistent, sparse and scattered, is the management of herds composed by many species which can be divided in the dry season into different herds. The second technique used to manage livestock is mobility and raiding cattle from neighbouring ethnic groups. In times of stress the Turkana utilize a system of social ties, obligations and rights which they build up over a lifetime. Important social relationships are reconfirmed periodically via the exchange of livestock between friends. The not integrated new projects in Turkana land could lead to destruction of the ecology, and to a breakdown of the pastoral system and of the system of social ties which has enabled generations of Turkana to cope with the stresses imposed by living in a harsh and unpredictable environment.
Het Humanitaire Optreden van Leopold II in Kongo-Vrijstaat. De Anti-Slavernijconferentie van Brussel (1889-1890)
Authors: Chatelet Luc 
Published: February 2021

The Humanitarian Action of Leopold II in Congo Free State. The Antislavery-Conference of Brussels (1889-1890).
Already from the time he was a crown prince Leopold II dreamt of acquiring a colony. He firmly believed in the economic importance for the motherland of overseas territories. However, when he appeared on the African scene he presented himself as a champion of the struggle against slave trade. This disinterested humanitarian image was meant as a means of bypassing Belgian indifference towards colonization and also the foreign rivalry.
But in Africa he was forced into an opportunist policy. A total lack of means left him no other choice but resorting to political and economic collaboration with the Arabs, who played a major role in the slave trade.
It was at the moment when the European colonization met the Arabic resistance in East-Africa that Cardinal Lavigerie’s campaign called for renewed public interest in the struggle against the Arabic slave trade. Great Britain asked Belgium to summon a diplomatic conference on the subject, In 1889 seventeen nations gathered to discuss a whole range of measures to limit slave trade on land and sea, arms trade and liquor traffic. The hottest issue on the agenda was the imposition of import duties in the Congo bassin. The main obstacle to the introduction of these taxes was the Dutch opposition against the changing of the terms of the Berlin Act (1885).
The General Brussels Act did not include import tax regulations. These were the subject of a separate declaration, which Leopold however managed to connect to the General Act in such a way that neither could be ratified singly. Hence, the customs committee, convened after the Brussels negotiations to define more clearly the import duties, was an essential factor in the Antislavery Conference. It was not until 1892 that all obstacles were overcome and the final discussions rounded off.
The Brussels Antislavery Conference did not induce Leopold to come to grips with slave trade and did not alter his Arabic policy. For the sovereign the conference was primarily a matter of economy and taxes. He wanted his colony to have more promising financial prospects. His attitude was conditioned by the precarious budget of the Congo Free State. The conference fitted in his new economic policy which consisted in carrying out his domanial projects.
Methodes D’identification et de Suivi D’un Projet de Developpement Integre (Dapaong, Nord Togo)
Authors: Counet Myriam , van Damme Patrick 
Published: February 2021

Integrated Development Project Identification and Follow-Up Methods. (Dapaong, Nothern Togo).
The article treats the methodological aspects of the creation of a Vredeseilanden (Flemish N.G.O., “Islands of Peace”) project through an example in Dapaong, northern Togo. The philosophy of Vredeseilanden and problematics of the region are presented in the introduction. Interventions were defined through an active participation of the target group during a so-called active listening phase. This participatory approach is also used when evaluating project interventions.
Esquisse du Parlementarisme et du Monopartisme en Afrique: Le cas du Togo
Authors: van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal Emile A.B. 
Published: February 2021

An Outline of the Parliamentarism and the One Party System in AfriKa: The Case of Togo.
Witnessed the last hundred years profound political and constitutional changes. In this respect there are many differences between African States depending on which kind of colonial overlord has been the ruling power. The African State was a juridical entity in international law, but was it also, at the time of independence, an empirical entity in national fact?
In almost all cases the empirical reality as a functioning government was still primarily the presence of European bureaucrats who has embodied the colonial state. Independence therefore opened a gap between the international legitimacy and the internal marginality of many emergent African State. The gap often presented a real political dilemma to the new African rulers: they usually could retain European officials only by compromising their national independence and could dispense with them only at the risk of undermining governmental performance.
After adoption of European constitutional law and with, initially, a high degree of similarity between most constitutions in French-speaking Africa, nowadays these constitutions differ widely, contrary to the Commonwealth Africa that has experienced fewer innovations and constitutional breakdowns. Parliamentary systems of government gave way to One Party Systems, introduced in many cases by the national army, as the best equiped, trained, paid and organised power in the country.
This has been the political and constitutional development in Togo as well. Since 1969, it has a One Party System, the Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais, founded by the President of the Togolese Republic, Gen. Gnassingbé Eyadéma. But, as everywhere else, doubts are growing about the effectiveness of the One Party System. Are the Togolese perspectives such that Eyadéma is willing to have an open mind and to be all ears for the critics to his own creation? Another intriguing question is to know in which way the African traditional authorities (“chieftancy”), as the core of the concern for the local world and as the embodiment of a moral and political order, could have a new (?) role in the socio-political development of the state in Africa? Will the chiefs’ position in the long term be that of a noble élite, an echo from the past, useful as a tourist attraction or as managers of fun parks with safari possibilities.