bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of region-wide use of prehospital stroke triage scale on management of patients with acute stroke
Authors: Araki Hayato , Uchida Kazutaka , Yoshimura Shinichi , Kurisu Kaoru , Shime Nobuaki , Sakamoto Shigeyuki , Aoki Shiro , Ichinose Nobuhiko , Kajihara Yosuke , Tominaga Atsushi , Naka Hiromitsu , Mizoue Tatsuya , Sumida Masayuki , Hirotsune Nobuyuki , Nomura Eiichi , Matsushige Toshinori , Kanazawa Junichi , Kato Yukio , Kawamoto Yukihiko , Kuroki Kazuhiko , Morimoto Takeshi 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundPrehospital stroke triage scales help with the decision to transport patients with suspected stroke to suitable hospitals.ObjectiveTo explore the effect of the region-wide use of the Japan Urgent Stroke Triage (JUST) score, which can predict several types of stroke: large vessel occlusion (LVO), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and cerebral infarction other than LVO (CI).MethodsWe implemented the JUST score and conducted a retrospective and prospective multicenter cohort study at 13 centers in Hiroshima from April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2020. We investigated the success rate of the first request to the hospital, on-scene time, and transport time to hospital. We evaluated the door-to-puncture time, puncture-to-reperfusion time, and 90-day outcome among patients with final diagnoses of LVO.ResultsThe cohort included 5141 patients (2735 before and 2406 after JUST score implementation). Before JUST score implementation, 1269 strokes (46.4%) occurred, including 140 LVO (5.1%), 394 ICH (14.4%), 120 SAH (4.4%), and 615 CI (22.5%). The JUST score was used in 1484 (61.7%) of the 2406 patients after implementation, which included 1267 (52.7%) cases of stroke (186 LVO (7.7%), 405 ICH (16.8%), 109 SAH (4.5%), and 567 CI (23.6%)). Success rate of the first request to the hospital significantly increased after JUST score implementation (76.3% vs 79.7%, p=0.004). JUST score implementation significantly shortened the door-to-puncture time (84 vs 73 min, p=0.03), but the prognosis remained unaltered among patients with acute LVO.ConclusionsUse of prehospital stroke triage scales improved prehospital management and preparation time of intervention among patients with acute stroke.
Sleep duration and sleep efficiency in UK long-distance heavy goods vehicle drivers
Authors: Sherry Aron Peter , Clemes Stacy A , Chen Yu-Ling , Edwardson Charlotte , Gray Laura J , Guest Amber , King James , Rowlands Alex V , Ruettger Katharina , Sayyah Mohsen , Varela-Mato Veronica , Hartescu Iuliana 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo profile sleep duration and sleep efficiency in UK long-distance heavy goods vehicle (HGV) drivers and explore demographic, occupational and lifestyle predictors of sleep.MethodsCross-sectional analyses were carried out on 329 HGV drivers (98.5% men) recruited across an international logistics company within the midland’s region, UK. Sleep duration and efficiency were assessed via wrist-worn accelerometry (GENEActiv) over 8 days. Proportions of drivers with short sleep duration (<6 hour/24 hours and <7 hour/24 hours) and inadequate sleep efficiency (<85%) were calculated. Demographic, occupational and lifestyle data were collected via questionnaires and device-based measures. Logistic regression assessed predictors of short sleep duration and inadequate sleep efficiency.Results58% of drivers had a mean sleep duration of <6 hour/24 hours, 91% demonstrated <7-hour sleep/24 hours and 72% achieved <85% sleep efficiency. Sleeping <6 hour/24 hours was less likely in morning (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.94) and afternoon (OR 0.24, CI 0.10 to 0.60) shift workers (vs night) and if never smoked (vs current smokers) (OR 0.45, CI –0.22 to 0.92). The likelihood of sleeping <7 hour/24 hours reduced with age (OR 0.92, CI 0.87 to 0.98). The likelihood of presenting inadequate sleep efficiency reduced with age (OR 0.96, CI 0.93 to 0.99) and overweight body mass index category (vs obese) (OR 0.47, CI 0.27 to 0.82).ConclusionsThe high prevalence of short sleep duration and insufficient sleep quality (efficiency) rate suggest that many HGV drivers have increased risk of excessive daytime sleepiness, road traffic accidents and chronic disease. Future sleep research in UK HGV cohorts is warranted given the road safety and public health implications.
Towards Better Understanding of User Authorization Query Problem via Multi-variable Complexity Analysis
Authors: Crampton Jason , Gutin Gregory Z. , Majumdar Diptapriyo 
Published: August 2021

User authorization queries in the context of role-based access control have attracted considerable interest in the past 15 years. Such queries are used to determine whether it is possible to allocate a set of roles to a user that enables the user to complete a task, in the sense that all the permissions required to complete the task are assigned to the roles in that set. Answering such a query, in general, must take into account a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the roles to which the user is assigned and constraints on the sets of roles that can be activated. Answering such a query is known to be NP-hard. The presence of multiple parameters and the need to find efficient and exact solutions to the problem suggest that a multi-variate approach will enable us to better understand the complexity of the user authorization query problem (UAQ).
In this article, we establish a number of complexity results for UAQ. Specifically, we show the problem remains hard even when quite restrictive conditions are imposed on the structure of the problem. Our fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) results show that we have to use either a parameter with potentially quite large values or quite a restricted version of UAQ. Moreover, our second FPT algorithm is complex and requires sophisticated, state-of-the-art techniques. In short, our results show that it is unlikely that all variants of UAQ that arise in practice can be solved reasonably quickly in general.
Algebras for weighted search
Authors: Kidney Donnacha Oisín , Wu Nicolas 
Published: August 2021

Weighted search is an essential component of many fundamental and useful algorithms. Despite this, it is relatively under explored as a computational effect, receiving not nearly as much attention as either depth- or breadth-first search. This paper explores the algebraic underpinning of weighted search, and demonstrates how to implement it as a monad transformer.
The development first explores breadth-first search, which can be expressed as a polynomial over semirings. These polynomials are generalised to the free semimodule monad to capture a wide range of applications, including probability monads, polynomial monads, and monads for weighted search. Finally, a monad transformer based on the free semimodule monad is introduced. Applying optimisations to this type yields an implementation of pairing heaps, which is then used to implement Dijkstra's algorithm and efficient probabilistic sampling. The construction is formalised in Cubical Agda and implemented in Haskell.
Reasoning about effect interaction by fusion
Authors: Yang Zhixuan , Wu Nicolas 
Published: August 2021

Effect handlers can be composed by applying them sequentially, each handling some operations and leaving other operations uninterpreted in the syntax tree. However, the semantics of composed handlers can be subtle---it is well known that different orders of composing handlers can lead to drastically different semantics. Determining the correct order of composition is a non-trivial task.
To alleviate this problem, this paper presents a systematic way of deriving sufficient conditions on handlers for their composite to correctly handle combinations, such as the sum and the tensor, of the effect theories separately handled. These conditions are solely characterised by the clauses for relevant operations of the handlers, and are derived by fusing two handlers into one using a form of fold/build fusion and continuation-passing style transformation.
As case studies, the technique is applied to commutative and distributive interaction of handlers to obtain a series of results about the interaction of common handlers: (a) equations respected by each handler are preserved after handler composition; (b) handling mutable state before any handler gives rise to a semantics in which state operations are commutative with any operations from the latter handler; (c) handling the writer effect and mutable state in either order gives rise to a correct handler of the commutative combination of these two theories.
Contextual modal types for algebraic effects and handlers
Authors: Zyuzin Nikita , Nanevski Aleksandar 
Published: August 2021

Programming languages with algebraic effects often track the computations’ effects using type-and-effect systems. In this paper, we propose to view an algebraic effect theory of a computation as a variable context; consequently, we propose to track algebraic effects of a computation with
contextual modal types
. We develop ECMTT, a novel calculus which tracks algebraic effects by a contextualized variant of the modal □ (necessity) operator, that it inherits from Contextual Modal Type Theory (CMTT).

Whereas type-and-effect systems add effect annotations on top of a prior programming language, the effect annotations in ECMTT are inherent to the language, as they are managed by programming constructs corresponding to the logical introduction and elimination forms for the □ modality. Thus, the type-and-effect system of ECMTT is actually just a type system.
Our design obtains the properties of local soundness and completeness, and determines the operational semantics solely by β-reduction, as customary in other logic-based calculi. In this view, effect handlers arise naturally as a witness that one context (i.e., algebraic theory) can be reached from another, generalizing explicit substitutions from CMTT.
To the best of our knowledge, ECMTT is the first system to relate algebraic effects to modal types. We also see it as a step towards providing a correspondence in the style of Curry and Howard that may transfer a number of results from the fields of modal logic and modal type theory to that of algebraic effects.
Symbolic and automatic differentiation of languages
Authors: Elliott Conal 
Published: August 2021

Formal languages are usually defined in terms of set theory. Choosing type theory instead gives us languages as type-level predicates over strings. Applying a language to a string yields a type whose elements are language membership proofs describing
how
a string parses in the language. The usual building blocks of languages (including union, concatenation, and Kleene closure) have precise and compelling specifications uncomplicated by operational strategies and are easily generalized to a few general domain-transforming and codomain-transforming operations on predicates.

A simple characterization of languages (and indeed functions from lists to any type) captures the essential idea behind language “differentiation” as used for recognizing languages, leading to a collection of lemmas about type-level predicates. These lemmas are the heart of two dual parsing implementations—using (inductive) regular expressions and (coinductive) tries—each containing the same code but in dual arrangements (with representation and primitive operations trading places). The regular expression version corresponds to symbolic differentiation, while the trie version corresponds to automatic differentiation.
The relatively easy-to-prove properties of type-level languages transfer almost effortlessly to the decidable implementations. In particular, despite the inductive and coinductive nature of regular expressions and tries respectively, we need neither inductive nor coinductive/bisimulation arguments to prove algebraic properties.
Higher-order probabilistic adversarial computations: categorical semantics and program logics
Authors: Aguirre Alejandro , Barthe Gilles , Gaboardi Marco , Garg Deepak , Katsumata Shin-ya , Sato Tetsuya 
Published: August 2021

Adversarial computations are a widely studied class of computations where resource-bounded probabilistic adversaries have access to oracles, i.e., probabilistic procedures with private state. These computations arise routinely in several domains, including security, privacy and machine learning.
In this paper, we develop program logics for reasoning about adversarial computations in a higher-order setting. Our logics are built on top of a simply typed λ-calculus extended with a graded monad for probabilities and state. The grading is used to model and restrict the memory footprint and the cost (in terms of oracle calls) of computations. Under this view, an adversary is a higher-order expression that expects as arguments the code of its oracles. We develop unary program logics for reasoning about error probabilities and expected values, and a relational logic for reasoning about coupling-based properties. All logics feature rules for adversarial computations, and yield guarantees that are valid for all adversaries that satisfy a fixed resource policy. We prove the soundness of the logics in the category of quasi-Borel spaces, using a general notion of graded predicate liftings, and we use logical relations over graded predicate liftings to establish the soundness of proof rules for adversaries. We illustrate the working of our logics with simple but illustrative examples.
Água Funda de Ruth Guimarães: Mário, Valdomiro, o medo e 'aquela filosofia que só se encontra na linguagem do povo"
Authors: Marinho Cecilia Silva Furquim 
Published: August 2021

O artigo pretende destacar a contribuição que Ruth Guimarães (1920-2014) trouxe à comunidade literária com seu romance Água Funda, de 1946. A carreira da autora deu-se a partir do encontro com Mário de Andrade, aqui analisado, que inseriu sua escrita dentro de anseios significativos da estética modernista. O texto demonstra também como o romance banhou-se no pioneirismo que seu conterrâneo, Valdomiro Silveira, teria feito a partir do material folclórico e linguístico da região do Vale do Paraíba, conseguindo Ruth, por sua vez, superar problemas que o escritor pré-modernista teria enfrentado ao tentar dar vitalidade e naturalidade àquele dialeto caipira. Água Funda recria de modo ímpar o que a autora chamou de “aquela filosofia que só se encontra na linguagem do povo”, agregando contribuições da cultura oral ameríndia, nagô e europeia, também retratadas no seu estudo folclórico sobre o medo, de 1950. Dessa forma, traz a perspectiva feminina de quem cresceu dentro daquele sistema simbólico, invocando assim o conceito de ‘escrevivência’, de Conceição Evaristo, e o chamado ‘lugar de fala’, formado a partir da contribuição de Gayatri Spivak e Linda Alcoff, nos anos 1980, e, hoje, uma das maiores bandeiras da crítica cultural feminista.
A Fourteenth-Century Scholastic Dispute on Astrological Interrogations
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article examines and edits an anonymous text from the late 1330s (Quesitum fuit utrum per interrogationes …), which was written to refute the arguments presented in a lost quaestio disputata by an unknown Parisian philosopher. At the heart of this scholastic dispute was the question whether the astrological branch known as interrogations was an effective and legitimate means of predicting the future. The philosopher’s negative answers to this question as well as the rebuttals preserved in our anonymous text offer valuable new insights into the debate over astrology that raged at the University of Paris during the fourteenth century. Besides arguing at length for the internal coherence and philosophical soundness of interrogations, the text contains a bold defence against the Augustinian view that astrologers consort with demons. This defence was later rebutted as part of an anti-astrological polemic by the astronomer Heinrich Selder, who is known to have studied in Paris during the 1370s.
Bypassing the Technocratic State in South Korea
Authors: Flowers James 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article reveals an important, yet hidden, Korean response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 that goes beyond the actions of the state. It focuses on the Korean medicine doctors who were excluded from any government-led public health or treatment plans for COVID-19. Bypassing the state, they used telehealth to provide herbal medicines to 20 percent of COVID-19 patients in South Korea. Traditional medicine doctors volunteered their services and financial resources to fill a gap in COVID-19 care. Most observers attribute Korean success in controlling COVID-19 to the leadership of the technocratic state with buy-in from the population. However, the case of Korea offers an example of bottom-up healthcare in a community where people chose their own native cultural resources and helps to explain how doctors were able to take the initiative to autonomously work with people in the community to help to stop the otherwise rapid transmission of the virus.
Epidemics and Plague in Premodern Chinese Buddhism
Authors: Capitanio Joshua 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Buddhist scriptures describe the rise of epidemics as a cosmological inevitability and prescribe a variety of methods for preventing and treating epidemic diseases, which focus mainly on purifying negative karma and exorcizing the supernatural beings responsible for their spread. As these ideas were transmitted to China, Chinese Buddhists assimilated them to indigenous beliefs that also portrayed epidemics as retribution for nonvirtuous behavior, enacted by ghostly agents.
Medicine and the Senses: Towards Integrative Practices
Authors: Jordanova Ludmilla 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Paying attention to the senses has been part of historical practice for some decades and has special resonance in the history of medicine since the senses play a central role in all aspects of health care and medical sciences. Both practitioners and patients rely upon them in complex ways. Using a range of primary and secondary sources, this article reflects on what is gained by a focus on the senses, for our understanding of both medicine and our own historical practices. It advocates a generous, expanded understanding of the senses to include, for example, somatic affinity.
Probability Distributions for Analog-To-Target Distances
Authors: Platzer P. , Yiou P. , Naveau P. , Filipot J.-F. , Thiébaut M. , Tandeo P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSome properties of chaotic dynamical systems can be probed through features of recurrences, also called analogs. In practice, analogs are nearest neighbors of the state of a system, taken from a large database called the catalog. Analogs have been used in many atmospheric applications including forecasts, downscaling, predictability estimation, and attribution of extreme events. The distances of the analogs to the target state usually condition the performances of analog applications. These distances can be viewed as random variables, and their probability distributions can be related to the catalog size and properties of the system at stake. A few studies have focused on the first moments of return-time statistics for the closest analog, fixing an objective of maximum distance from this analog to the target state. However, for practical use and to reduce estimation variance, applications usually require not just one but many analogs. In this paper, we evaluate from a theoretical standpoint and with numerical experiments the probability distributions of the K shortest analog-to-target distances. We show that dimensionality plays a role on the size of the catalog needed to find good analogs and also on the relative means and variances of the K closest analogs. Our results are based on recently developed tools from dynamical systems theory. These findings are illustrated with numerical simulations of well-known chaotic dynamical systems and on 10-m wind reanalysis data in northwest France. Practical applications of our derivations are shown for forecasts of an idealized chaotic dynamical system and for objective-based dimension reduction using the 10-m wind reanalysis data.
Sensitivity of East Asian summer monsoon precipitation to the location of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Seok Soo-Hyun , Seo Kyong-Hwan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent studies have highlighted that a primary mechanism of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is the fluid dynamical response to the Tibetan Plateau (TP), that is, orographically forced Rossby waves. With this mechanism in mind, this study explores how changes in the location of the TP affect the EASM precipitation. Specifically, the TP is moved in the four cardinal directions using idealized general circulation model experiments. The results show that the monsoon aspects are entirely determined by the location of the TP. Interestingly, the strongest EASM precipitation occurs when the TP is situated near its current location, a situation in which downstream southerlies are well developed from the surface to aloft. However, southerlies into the EASM region weaken as the TP moves, which in turn reduces the precipitation. Nevertheless, as long as it moves in the east–west direction, the TP is likely to force the stationary waves that induce precipitation over the mid-latitudes (not necessarily over East Asia). In contrast, moving the TP well north of its original location does not induce strong monsoon flows over the EASM region, resulting in the driest case. Meanwhile, although the southward movement of the TP triggers downstream southerlies to some extent, it does not lead to an increase in the precipitation. Overall, these results show that the location of the TP is crucial in determining the EASM precipitation, and the latter is much more sensitive to the displacement of the TP in the meridional direction than in the zonal direction.
Imprint of the Pacific Walker Circulation in Global Precipitation δ18O
Authors: Falster Georgina , Konecky Bronwen , Madhavan Midhun , Stevenson Samantha , Coats Sloan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCharacterizing variability in the global water cycle is fundamental to predicting impacts of future climate change; understanding the role of the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) in the regional expression of global water cycle changes is critical to understanding this variability. Water isotopes are ideal tracers of the role of the PWC in global water cycling because they retain information about circulation-dependent processes including moisture source, transport, and delivery. We collated publicly available measurements of precipitation δ18O (δ18OP) and used novel data processing techniques to synthesize long (34 yr), globally distributed composite records from temporally discontinuous δ18OP measurements. We investigated relationships between global-scale δ18OP variability and PWC strength, as well as other possible drivers of global δ18OP variability—including El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global mean temperature—and used isotope-enabled climate model simulations to assess potential biases arising from uneven geographical distribution of the observations or our data processing methodology. Covariability underlying the δ18OP composites is more strongly correlated with the PWC (r = 0.74) than any other index of climate variability tested. We propose that the PWC imprint in global δ18OP arises from multiple complementary processes, including PWC-related changes in moisture source and transport length, and a PWC- or ENSO-driven “amount effect” in tropical regions. The clear PWC imprint in global δ18OP implies a strong PWC influence on the regional expression of global water cycle variability on interannual to decadal time scales, and hence that uncertainty in the future state of the PWC translates to uncertainties in future changes in the global water cycle.