bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the nuclear LEAFY gene to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among invasive knotweed (Reynoutria, Polygonaceae) populations
Authors: Tippery Nicholas P. , Olson Alyssa L. , Wendtlandt Jenni L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractKnotweed species in the genus Reynoutria are native to eastern Asia but have become noxious weeds in Europe and North America. In the United States, invasive populations of Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.), giant knotweed [Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai], and their interspecific hybrid known as Bohemian knotweed (R. × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková) continue to expand their ranges. Although these plants are among the most invasive terrestrial species, there are relatively few molecular tools for identifying the parental species, the F1 hybrid, or subsequent hybrids or introgressed individuals. We studied Reynoutria populations in Wisconsin, a state where all three taxa grow, to determine whether molecular data would be useful for distinguishing species and identifying hybrids. We obtained DNA sequence data from the plastid matK gene and the nuclear LEAFY gene and compared these to previously published sequences. Data from the uniparentally inherited matK region included haplotypes attributable to R. japonica and R. sachalinensis. Nuclear data indicated that R. sachalinensis plants are most similar to native plants in Japan, with two Wisconsin accessions exhibiting a monomorphic genotype for the LEAFY gene. Three Wisconsin accessions of R. japonica were each characterized by having three distinct kinds of LEAFY sequence. Most plants in our study were found to possess two or three phylogenetically distinct copies of the LEAFY gene, with the copies being most closely related to R. japonica and R. sachalinensis, respectively, and these were inferred to be interspecific hybrids. Altogether, five kinds of interspecific hybrids were identified, reflecting various combinations of LEAFY sequence types from the parental species. The widespread existence of hybrid plants in Wisconsin, many of which are morphologically identifiable as R. japonica, indicates a cryptic genetic diversity that should be examined more broadly in North America using molecular tools.
Am I obliged to vote? A regression discontinuity analysis of compulsory voting with ill-informed voters
Authors: Turgeon Mathieu , Blais André 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study the impact of compulsory voting in Brazil, where voting is mandatory from age 18 to 70 and voluntary for those aged 16, 17 and 70+. Using a survey sample of 8008 respondents, we document voter confusion about how the age criterion applies. Some people falsely believe that what matters is one's age in an election year rather than on Election Day. Next, we perform a regression discontinuity (RD) analysis of compulsory voting among young voters with register-based data from six Brazilian elections (2008–2018). We find that the effect of compulsory voting is seriously underestimated if we focus solely on the discontinuities prescribed by the law. Our findings carry important implications for studies adopting the RD design where knowledge of the cutoff is expected of the units of interest (like those about compulsory voting) and confirm that compulsory voting is a strong institutional arrangement that promotes greater electoral participation.
Tobacco-Taking and Identity-Making in Early Modern Britain and North America
Authors: McShane Angela 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article explores the praxis of transatlantic snuff- and tobacco-taking and its importance to personal and national identity-making over the long eighteenth century. It focuses in particular on the role of snuff- and tobacco boxes, which uniquely provided white middling-sorts on both sides of the Atlantic with a socialized canvas upon which significant statements of status, personality, and sensibility could be made. However, a closer study of these objects during America's revolutionary period reveals stark contrasts in the social, political, and gendered meanings ascribed to tobacco-taking between Britain and America. The material evidence, it is argued, suggests that for men, and especially for women in revolutionary America, snuff- and tobacco-taking became almost synonymous with loyalty to the republic.
Sampling designs for rare time-dependent exposures: a comparison of the nested exposure case-control design and exposure density sampling
Authors: Feifel J. , von Cube M. , Ohneberg K. , Ershova K. , Wolkewitz M. , Beyersmann J. , Schumacher M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn extensive cohort studies, the ascertainment of covariate information on all individuals can be challenging. In hospital epidemiology, an additional issue is often the time-dependency of the exposure of interest. We revisit and compare two sampling designs constructed for rare time-dependent exposures and possibly common outcomes – the nested exposure case-control design and exposure density sampling. Both designs enable efficient hazard ratio estimation by sampling all exposed individuals but only a small fraction of the unexposed ones. Moreover, they account for time-dependent exposure to avoid immortal time bias. We evaluate and compare their performance using data of patients hospitalised in the neuro-intensive care unit at the Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute in Moscow, Russia. Three different types of hospital-acquired infections with different prevalence are considered. Additionally, inflation factors, a primary performance measure, are discussed. We enhance both designs to allow for a competitive analysis of combined and competing endpoints compared to the full cohort approach while substantially reducing the amount of necessary information. Nonetheless, exposure density sampling outperforms the nested exposure case-control design concerning efficiency and accuracy in most considered settings.
Clicking, but connecting? L2 learning engagement on an ab initio Irish language LMOOC
Authors: Mac Lochlainn Conchúr , Nic Giolla Mhichíl Mairéad , Beirne Elaine 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLanguage massive open online courses (LMOOCs) represent an exciting prospect for language teachers and instructors around the globe (Bárcena & Martín-Monje, 2014). In this paper, we report on the dynamics of participation and learner behaviour in an ab initio Irish language course. The course, Irish 101, ran during March 2019, and we used a mixed-methods approach to analyse both typical patterns of behaviour among course participants and learner reflections upon their reasons for doing so. Findings suggest that most learners use the course resources in an assessing and exploratory manner and are far less likely to produce, or to examine, second language (L2) output, either written or spoken. Learners were found to be selective and to demonstrate significant metacognitive awareness (Wenden, 1998) in their interactions and learning methods, displaying agency and exploiting affordances beyond the design of the course itself. Implications for LMOOC design, including the need to question whether courses should emphasise L2 production or resource provision, are considered, in addition to a general need for more granular, dynamic research, so as to better understand the types of learners who engage in LMOOCs and to better cater to diverse learning needs.
The regulatory role of miR-20a in bovine cumulus cells and its contribution to oocyte maturation
Authors: Andreas Eryk , Pandey Hari Om , Hoelker Michael , Salilew-Wondim Dessie , Gebremedhn Samuel , Schellander Karl , Tesfaye Dawit 
Published: April 2021

SummaryDynamic changes in microRNAs in oocyte and cumulus cells before and after maturation may explain the spatiotemporal post-transcriptional gene regulation within bovine follicular cells during the oocyte maturation process. miR-20a has been previously shown to regulate proliferation and differentiation as well as progesterone levels in cultured bovine granulosa cells. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the function of miR-20a during the bovine oocyte maturation process. Maturation of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) was performed at 39°C in an humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 in air. The expression of miR-20a was investigated in the cumulus cells and oocytes at 22 h post culture. The functional role of miR-20a was examined by modulating the expression of miR-20a in COCs during in vitro maturation (IVM). We found that the miR-20a expression was increased in cumulus cells but decreased in oocytes after IVM. Overexpression of miR-20a increased the oocyte maturation rate. Even though not statistically significant, miR-20a overexpression during IVM increased progesterone levels in the spent medium. This was further supported by the expression of STAR and CYP11A1 genes in cumulus cells. The phenotypes observed due to overexpression of miR-20a were validated by BMP15 supplementation during IVM and subsequent transfection of BMP15-treated COCs using miR-20a mimic or BMPR2 siRNA. We found that miR-20a mimic or BMPR2 siRNA transfection rescued BMP15-reduced oocyte maturation and progesterone levels. We concluded that miR-20a regulates oocyte maturation by increasing cumulus cell progesterone synthesis by simultaneous suppression of BMPR2 expression.
The Distribution Characteristics of GPS Cycle Slip Over the China Mainland and Adjacent Region During the Declining Solar Activity (2015–2018) Period of Solar Cycle 24
Authors: Geng Wei , Huang Wengeng , Liu Guoqi , Liu Siqing , Luo Binxian , Chen Yanhong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Global Positioning System (GPS) cycle slip has a marked impact on the application of communication and navigation systems and therefore is one of the main concerns of the user and designer of terminal systems. In this study, we analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of cycle slip events using the GPS data detected from 260 observations in the China sector during the period of the year 2015–2018. The results show that the temporal variations of cycle slips are dependent on the local time, seasons, and solar activity. It occurs from 20:00 LT to midnight and more frequently in the equinox months, especially in solar maximum years. The spatial distribution occurs mainly at southern sector below 25°N, which should be associated with the solar condition and ionospheric irregularities in the equatorial region, and the case analyses reveal that the variation of cycle slips has a similar tendency with the ionospheric scintillation monitored at low‐latitude station Guangzhou explaining this relationship. Our results reflect the performance of the GPS signals monitored in the China area during the declining period of solar activity to some degree.
Global Positioning System Observations of Ionospheric Total Electron Content Variations During the 15th January 2010 and 21st June 2020 Solar Eclipse
Authors: Silwal A. , Gautam S. P. , Poudel P. , Karki M. , Adhikari B. , Chapagain N. P. , Mishra R. K. , Ghimire B. D. , Migoya‐Orue Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe dual‐frequency global positioning system (GPS) data acquired from the UNAVCO over different places of Nepal were processed to examine the eclipse‐triggered consequences on total electron content (TEC) in response to the annular solar eclipse of 15th January 2010 and 21st June 2020. These occasions were exceptional since they occurred during solar minimum, additionally as in a magnetically quiet period. The eclipse phase coincided with the peak ionization‐time at the equatorial and low latitude regions. The solar eclipse of 21st June 2020 was an annular solar eclipse with a magnitude of 0.994. Nepal has witnessed a partial eclipse, starting at ∼10:53 NST (05:08 UT), reached the maximum at ∼12:40 NST (6:55 UT), and ended at ∼14:24 NST (8:39 UT) with the total duration of 3 h and 31 min. The annular solar eclipse of 15th January 2010 had the magnitude of 0.919 and Nepal has witnessed a partial eclipse starting at ∼12:24 NST (6:39 UT), reached the maximum at ∼14:10 NST (8:25 UT), and ended at ∼15:40 NST (9:55 UT). The eclipse effect occurs as a trough‐like depression in the curve of TEC at all the GPS stations indicates the effect of sudden attenuation of solar extreme ultra‐violet irradiation on decayed electron content in the ionosphere over the region. Moreover, the extent of the exhaustion in ionospheric TEC was studied by comparing the eclipse day TEC with mean diurnal ionospheric TEC of five quietest days of the month to investigate the eclipse effect on the electron density of the ionosphere over the stations. The study additionally reveals that the measure of the decrease in vertical value of total electron content is proportional to the obscuration of the lunar disc, that is closely associated with the electron production via the photoionization process. Observing the values of TEC during the eclipse day and comparing it with other quiet days, our study showed an apparent variation during the time of the eclipse, which agrees with previous studies on ionospheric responses to the eclipse as well as theoretical assumptions.
VHF Imaging Radar Observations and Theory of Banded Midlatitude Sporadic E Ionization Layers
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Larsen M. F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObservations of backscatter from field‐aligned plasma density irregularities in sporadic E (Es) layers made with a 30‐MHz coherent scatter radar imager in Ithaca, New York are presented and analyzed. The volume probed by the radar lies at approximately 54° geomagnetic latitude, under the midlatitude trough and at the extreme northern edge of the zone where Es layers are prevalent. Nonetheless, the irregularities exhibit many of the characteristics of quasiperiodic echoes observed commonly at lower middle latitudes. These include a tendency to occur in elongated bands stretching from the northwest to southeast in the Northern hemisphere separated by tens of kilometers and propagating to the southwest. In addition, the irregularities were found to exhibit finer‐scale structures with secondary bands oriented nearly normally to the primary bands. We investigate the proposition that the primary bands are telltale of Es‐layer structuring caused by neutral Kelvin Helmholtz (KH) instability in the lower thermosphere and that the secondary bands signify secondary KH instability. Results from a 3D numerical simulation of KH support this proposition.
Projected incremental changes to extreme wind-driven wave heights for the twenty-first century
Authors: O’Grady J. G. , Hemer M. A. , McInnes K. L. , Trenham C. E. , Stephenson A. G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGlobal climate change will alter wind sea and swell waves, modifying the severity, frequency and impact of episodic coastal flooding and morphological change. Global-scale estimates of increases to coastal impacts have been typically attributed to sea level rise and not specifically to changes to waves on their own. This study provides a reduced complexity method for applying projected extreme wave changes to local scale impact studies. We use non-stationary extreme value analysis to distil an incremental change signal in extreme wave heights and associate this with a change in the frequency of events globally. Extreme wave heights are not projected to increase everywhere. We find that the largest increases will typically be experienced at higher latitudes, and that there is high ensemble model agreement on an increase (doubling of events) for the waters south of Australia, the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Guinea by the end of the twenty-first century.
Projected shifts in loggerhead sea turtle thermal habitat in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean due to climate change
Authors: Patel Samir H. , Winton Megan V. , Hatch Joshua M. , Haas Heather L. , Saba Vincent S. , Fay Gavin , Smolowitz Ronald J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIt is well established that sea turtles are vulnerable to atmospheric and oceanographic shifts associated with climate change. However, few studies have formally projected how their seasonal marine habitat may shift in response to warming ocean temperatures. Here we used a high-resolution global climate model and a large satellite tagging dataset to project changes in the future distribution of suitable thermal habitat for loggerheads along the northeastern continental shelf of the United States. Between 2009 and 2018, we deployed 196 satellite tags on loggerheads within the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) of the Northwest Atlantic continental shelf region, a seasonal foraging area. Tag location data combined with depth and remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) were used to characterize the species’ current thermal range in the MAB. The best-fitting model indicated that the habitat envelope for tagged loggerheads consisted of SST ranging from 11.0° to 29.7 °C and depths between 0 and 105.0 m. The calculated core bathythermal range consisted of SSTs between 15.0° and 28.0 °C and depths between 8.0 and 92.0 m, with the highest probability of presence occurred in regions with SST between 17.7° and 25.3 °C and at depths between 26.1 and 74.2 m. This model was then forced by a high-resolution global climate model under a doubling of atmospheric CO2to project loggerhead probability of presence over the next 80 years. Our results suggest that loggerhead thermal habitat and seasonal duration will likely increase in northern regions of the NW Atlantic shelf. This change in spatiotemporal range for sea turtles in a region of high anthropogenic use may prompt adjustments to the localized protected species conservation measures.
Sleep parameters improvement in PTSD soldiers after symptoms remission
Authors: Rousseau P. F. , Vallat R. , Coste O. , Cadis H. , Nicolas F. , Trousselard M. , Ruby P. , Khalfa S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is still unclear whether symptoms remission through EMDR therapy is associated with a beneficial effect on one of the PTSD symptoms, sleep disturbance. Our objective was therefore to study sleep parameters before and after symptom remission in soldiers with PTSD. The control group consisted of 20 healthy active duty military men who slept in a sleep lab with standard polysomnography (PSG) on two sessions separated by one month. The patient group consisted of 17 active duty military with PTSD who underwent EMDR therapy. PSG-recorded sleep was assessed 1 week before the EMDR therapy began and 1 week after PTSD remission. We found that the increased REMs density after remission was positively correlated with a greater decrease of symptoms. Also, the number of EMDR sessions required to reach remission was correlated with intra-sleep awakenings before treatment. These results confirm the improvement of some sleep parameters in PTSD after symptoms remission in a soldier's population and provide a possible predictor of treatment success. Further experiments will be required to establish whether this effect is specific to the EMDR therapy.
Substanzen zur Flüssigkeitstherapie und Outcome – ein Update
Authors: Grünewald Matthias , Heringlake Matthias 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Flüssigkeitstherapie zählt zu den häufigsten medizinischen Maßnahmen mit dem Ziel, den Flüssigkeitshaushalt zu normalisieren. Ein entscheidendes Kriterium für die Effizienz des Flüssigkeits- oder Volumenersatzes ist die Funktionsfähigkeit der Glykokalyx, einer dünnen endothelialen Glykoproteinschicht. Sie ist ein wesentlicher Faktor für den Flüssigkeitsaustausch und -transport zwischen Gefäßsystem und Gewebe. Das erst jüngst beschriebene revidierte Starling-Prinzip erweitert das Verständnis erheblich. Aus klinischer Sicht sollte die Flüssigkeitstherapie eine zeitnahe Euvolämie anstreben, ohne relevante Nebenwirkungen zu induzieren. Es stehen hierfür sowohl kristalloide als auch natürliche oder synthetische kolloidale Lösungen zur Verfügung. Bei den kristalloiden Lösungen scheinen die sog. balancierten Vollelektrolytlösungen mit weniger Nebenwirkungen assoziiert zu sein. Kolloide Lösungen haben bei intakter Gefäßbarriere einen höheren Volumeneffekt, besitzen aber
teilweise erhebliche Nebenwirkungen. Einige synthetische Kolloide dürfen daher nicht mehr bei kritisch kranken Patienten eingesetzt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu führt die Gabe von Humanalbumin 20% bei kardiovaskulär erkrankten, hypalbuminämen Patienten zu einer Reduktion von Nierenfunktionsstörungen und scheint auch mit weiteren klinischen Vorteilen assoziiert zu sein. Inwieweit zukünftige, individualisierte Therapieansätze das Outcome beeinflussen können, bleibt abzuwarten.
Sectio caesarea unter Gitelman-Syndrom
Authors: Rombach Stephan , Benner Alexander , Schick Martin Alexander 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Gitelman-Syndrom ist ein seltenes hereditäres Salzverlustsyndrom, das den Anästhesiologen vor eine Herausforderung stellt – insbesondere dann, wenn die Symptomatik durch eine Schwangerschaft zusätzlich verstärkt wird. Dieser Beitrag zeigt anhand eines Fallbeispiels die Besonderheiten im geburtshilflichen Kontext und das anästhesiologische Vorgehen bei einer Sectio caesarea unter Gitelman-Syndrom.
Use of fully covered self-expanding metal biliary stents for managing endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy related bleeding
Authors: Bilal Mohammad , Chandnani Madhuri , McDonald Nicholas M. , Miller Corey S. , Saperia James , Wadhwa Vaibhav , Singh Shailendra , Cohen Jonah M. , Berzin Tyler M. , Sawhney Mandeep S. , Pleskow Douglas K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background and study aims Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (EBS) related-bleeding is a common adverse event related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Traditionally, endoscopic modalities such as epinephrine injection, cauterization, and balloon tamponade have been used for management. Recently, use of a fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) to manage EBS-related bleeding has gained popularity. However, data regarding its use are limited to small case series. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of FCSEMS placement for the treatment of EBS-related bleeding.
Patients and methods All patients referred to our center from October 2014 to November 2019 who had an FCSEMS placed for EBS-related bleeding were included. FCSEMS was placed either for primary control of bleeding or after failure of other traditional endoscopic hemostasis techniques at the discretion of the endoscopist. Data was collected regarding patient demographics, procedural characteristics, clinical and technical success rates of FCSEMS, as well as adverse events.
Results A total of 97 patients underwent placement of FCSEMS for EBS-related bleeding, of which 76.3 % had immediate bleeding and 23.7 % had delayed bleeding. Mean age was 67.2 years and 47.4 % were males. Seven patients who had immediate EBS-related bleeding at index ERCP underwent other endoscopic therapies prior to placement of FCSEMS for rebleeding. The technical success rate for FCSEMS placement was 100 % and the rebleeding rate was 6.2 %. Four patients with FCSEMS placement developed pancreatitis and four had stent migration.
Conclusions Our findings suggest that FCSEMS is a highly effective treatment modality for managing EBS-related bleeding and has an acceptable safety profile.
Induktion einer strickleiterartigen Narbe an der Wange einer 28-jährigen Frau nach Laserung eines Naevus araneus mittels KTP-Laser
Authors: Lehmann L. , Hofmann S. , Dirschka T. , Lehmann P. 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie 28-jährige Patientin stellte sich zur Behandlung einer kosmetisch störenden Gefäßläsion an der Wange vor. Es wurde eine Lasertherapie vorgeschlagen und vereinbart. Es entstanden unmittelbar nach der Laserbehandlung Schmerzen und eine Rötung; später eine entstellende Narbe.Die Gutachter der Gutachterkommission bei der Ärztekammer Nordrhein beurteilten die Behandlung als fehlerhaft.Laserbehandlungen zählen insgesamt zu den risikoreicheren Therapien in der Dermatologie. Häufiger als andere Behandlungsoptionen beurteilen die Begutachter die Behandlungen als fehlerhaft.