bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of Programmed Death Ligand 2 in Patients with Thymoma and Thymomatous Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Zhu Haoshuai , Zou Jianyong , Zeng Bo , Yang Wei , Xiao Jiefei , Zhang Xin , Su Chunhua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PD-L2 in thymoma and thymomatous myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods: The records of 70 patients with thymoma who underwent surgical resection between January 2017 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Thymoma PD-L2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Associations between PD-L2 expression and clinicopathological features were examined. Results: PD-L2 expression was positive in 41 patients (58.6%) and negative in 29 patients (41.4%). Of the patients, 33 had thymomatous MG. Patients with MG were more likely to be ≤ 50 years of age (69.70% vs. 35.14%), have higher WHO type (84.85% vs. 64.86%), smaller tumor size (4.09 ± 2.33 vs. 6.47 ± 2.42 cm), have positive PD-L2 expression (78.79% vs. 40.54%), and have higher PD-L2 expression intensity, ratio, and score (all, P < 0.05). Positive PD-L2 expression was associated with higher WHO type, higher Masaoka-Koga stage, smaller tumor size, ectopic thymus, and MG (all, P < 0.05). Factors significantly associated with MG were age > 50 years (OR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.39), tumor size > 5 cm (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.82), and positive PD-L2 expression (OR = 9.25, 95% CI: 1.93 to 44.30) (all, P < 0.05; Table 3).Conclusion: Thymoma PD-L2 expression is significantly associated with thymomatous MG and WHO histological type B2 and B3.
Rebuild-up Effect on Superficial Cardiac Lesion Surrounded by Low-density Lungs: Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) Planning Study Using 3-D Printed Phantom for Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
Authors: No Si-Won , Shin Jun-Bong , Bae Yong-Ki , Kim Jungmin , Hong Semie , Lee Jeong-Woo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate dose distributions on the superficial cardiac lesion surrounded by low-density lungs. We fabricated the 3-D printed cardiac phantom to insert in a multipurpose lungman phantom (KYOTO KAGAKU, Japan) for simulating a stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in ventricular tachycardia (VT) treatment. The cardiac phantom consists of 11 slabs with 1-cm intervals and is designed to insert radiochromic film (Gafchromic EBT3, Ashland Advanced Materials, Bridgewater, NJ) for film dosimetry. We used film dosimetry scanners (DosimetryPRO Advantage Red, Vidar Systems Corporation, Herndon, VA) with dedicated film dosimetry software (OP-IMRT, ver.1.6, IBA dosimetry, Germany). Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique was applied to optimize the dose distribution using the anisotropic analytic algorithm (AAA) in a radiation treatment planning (RTP) system (Eclipse v. 13.6, Varian, Palo Alto, CA). We used the 6-MV and 15-MV photon energies from a LINAC (Clinac iX, Varian, Palo Alto, CA) to investigate the planning target volume (PTV) under-dose effects due to the inner dose rebuild-up by energy dependence. The dose distributions in the VMAT plans with 6-MV and 15-MV showed good competitive coverages of the cardiac lesion without any severe underdose pattern. On the other side, the film dosimetry results showed significant dose variations near the interface of the cardiac lesion surrounded by low-density lung. The differences between the planning and the film dosimetry results revealed pretty well in both photon energies. The maximum dose differences in the cardiac PTV were ranged from 4.1–7.7% and 4.1–8.1% for 6-MV photon beams and 15-MV photon beams. Furthermore, EBT3 film measurements showed that the widths of 50% of profiles were reduced by 1.3 cm and 2.3 cm on 6-MV photon beams and 15-MV photon beams, respectively. In addition, 3-D printing techniques enabled quite challengeable dose measurements to reveal this kind of dose discrepancies in humanoid structures. This study showed that clinical cases like VT SBRT surrounded by severe inhomogeneous matter could induce wrongly to estimate appropriate dose delivery and to evaluate reasonable clinical outcomes.
Rheological and Rheo-optical Behaviors of Nanocellulose Suspensions Containing Unfibrillated Fibers
Authors: Yamagata Yoshifumi , Niinobe Shingo , Suga Kotaro , Miyamoto Keisuke 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) produced by mechanical processing have a more uneven fiber shape, diameter, and length than those produced by chemical processing. Depending on the manufacturing conditions, CNFs containing insufficient fibrillated fibers may be produced. In order to find practical applications for CNFs containing unfibrillated fibers, it is important to understand how to control the rheological behavior of these systems. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the nanosized volume fraction and the rheological behaviors of CNF suspensions containing unfibrillated fibers prepared by a wet refining system (Water Jet System). The macroscopic structural changes in those suspensions under shear flow were also discussed based on rheo-optic measurements. According to the frequency sweeps of the CNF suspensions, it was found that they were elastic-dominated gels, and the elasticity was attributed to the nanofibers. The elastic moduli increased with the volume fraction of the nanofibers, suggesting that the entanglement of the nanofibers was enhanced. The pseudo-plateau modulus Gp' is proportional to the nanofiber volume fraction, with the constant α = 1.5, suggesting that the entropic elasticity is dominant. The viscosity curves of the CNF suspensions showed a shear thinning behavior, in which the viscosity linearly decreased with the increasing shear rate. From the Rheo-SALS measured at the same time, we found that the aggregates of the nanofibers elongated in the flow direction and deformed into an elliptical shape with the applied shearing. The shape change of the aggregates comprised of the nanofibers became more pronounced with the increased nanofiber volume fraction. However, the effect of the shape change of the aggregates was hardly observed on the viscosity curve. We speculate that this is due to the fact that the unnanosized fibers, which exhibit a Newtonian flow, play a significant role in the flow behavior of the CNF suspensions.
Dynamic Analysis of a Plankton-Herbivore State-Dependent Impulsive Model With Action Threshold Depending On The Density and Its Changing Rate
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Tonghua , Wang Yufei , Cheng Huidong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A plankton-herbivore state-dependent impulsive model with nonlinear impulsive functions and action threshold including population density and rate of change is proposed. Since the use of action threshold makes the model have complex phase set and pulse set, we adopt the Poincaré map as a tool to study its complex dynamics. The Poincaré map is defined on the phase set and its properties in different situations are analyzed. Furthermore, the periodic solution of model are discussed, including the existence and stability conditions of the order-1 periodic solution and the existence of the order-k (k ≥ 2) periodic solutions. Compared with the fixed threshold in the existing literature, our results show that the use of action threshold is more practical, which is conducive to the sustainable development of population and makes people obtain more economic benefits. The analysis method used in this paper can study the complex dynamics of the model more comprehensively and deeply.
Food prices in a pandemic: Global data show higher costs for nutritious food groups
Authors: Bai Yan , Costlow Leah , Ebel Alissa , Laves Sarah , Ueda Yurika , Volin Natalie , Zamek Maya , Masters William 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The COVID pandemic has cut lives, livelihoods and supply chains, leading to price spikes for some foods and decline for others. We compare monthly retail food prices in up to 180 countries through February 2021, and find significant rises for more nutritious food groups with higher case counts. Prices by food group complement data on farm commodity prices and overall consumer price indexes, and can help guide policy for resilience and response to shocks.
Tuning the Structural Isomers of Phenylenediammonium Cations to Afford Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Liu Cheng , Yang Yi , Rakstys Kasparas , Mahata Arup , Franckevicius Marius , Mosconi Edoardo , Skackauskaite Raminta , Ding Bin , Usiobo Onovbaramwen Jennifer , Audinot Jean-Nicolas , Kanda Hiroyuki , Driukas Simonas , Kavaliauskaite Gabriele , Gulbinas Vidmantas , Dessimoz Marc , Getautis Vytautas , De Angelis Filippo , Ding Yong , Dai SongYuan , Dyson Paul , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Organic halide salt passivation is considered to be an essential strategy to reduce defects in state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This strategy, however, suffers from the inevitable formation of in-plane favored two-dimensional (2D) perovskite layers with impaired charge transport, especially under thermal conditions, impeding photovoltaic performance and device scale-up. To overcome this limitation, we studied the energy barrier of 2D perovskite formation from ortho-, meta- and para-isomers of (phenylene)di(ethylammonium) iodide (PDEAI2) that were designed for tailored defect passivation. Treatment with the most sterically hindered ortho-isomer not only prevents the formation of surficial 2D perovskite film, even at elevated temperatures, but also maximizes the passivation effect on both shallow- and deep-level defects. The ensuing PSCs achieve an efficiency of 23.9% with long-term operational stability (over 1000 hours). Importantly, a record efficiency of 21.4% for the perovskite module with an active area of 26 cm2 was achieved.
Reasearch of The Effect of Graphene Nanoparticles and Sulfurized Additives to MQL for Machining of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Wang Ben , Yang Quanwei , Deng Jiawei , Hou Ning , Wang Xuezhi , Wang Minghai 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
given its favourable comprehensive properties, titanium alloy has been extensively developed and used in numerous fields. However, its low thermal conductivity and strong chemical activity have led to its reputation as a difficult-to-machine material. Thus, graphene nanoparticles and sulfur-based extreme pressure (EP) additive were added to rapeseed oil to increase the lubrication and cooling properties of the machining region. In this study, three lubricants were used to machine titanium alloy: rapeseed oil+graphene+sulfur-based EP additive, rapeseed oil+sulfur-based EP additive, and rapeseed oil; and the subsequent wear of cutting tools, cutting temperature, surface roughness, and cutting force were compared. The most favourable results were found for the combination of rapeseed oil+graphene+sulfur-based EP additive, effectively decreasing the temperature of the cutting area and wear of cutting tools. In comparison with rapeseed oil, the flank wear value decreased by 56.4%. Similarly, the surface roughness and cutting force with the rapeseed oil+graphene+sulfur-based EP additive were lowest, showing a decrease of 36.1% and 27.0% respectively when compared with rapeseed oil.
Analysis of the Optical Quartz Lens Centering Process Based on Acoustic Emission Signal Processing and the Support Vector Machine
Authors: Liu Chun-Wei , Shiu Shiau-Cheng , Yu Kai-Hung 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A method was proposed for analyzing the optical glass lens centering process, and experiments on biplane quartz lenses were performed to determine the material removal rate (MRR) for the hard, brittle material. This study used acoustic emission–sensing technology to monitor the MRR and reconstruct the original shape of the lens. The MRR was evaluated, and an error of 17.87% was obtained. A Taguchi experiment was combined with signal analysis to optimize the process parameters, and a support-vector machine was trained to classify the quality of the grinding wheel; the model had accuracy 98.8%. By using the proposed analysis method, workpiece quality was controlled to an edge surface roughness of <2 μm, a lens circularity error of <0.01 mm, a crack length of <E0.1, and an optical axis error of <150 μrad.
Rationale and Design of a Study to Test the Effect of Personal Protective Aids on Hypertension and Diabetes in People Living with High Levels of Air Pollution (Clinicaltrials.Gov Identifier NCT04854187)
Authors: Barbhaya Dweep , Tran Jennifer , Khetan Aditya , Hejjaji Vittal , Jain Supreme , Chan Chee , Goel Anubha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background:Air pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world today, disproportionally affecting low-middle-income countries(LMIC) such as India. Studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter <2.5 µm(PM2.5) can contribute to cardiovascular disease and increase mortality. We hypothesize that the use of personal protective aids (home indoor air-purifiers/N-95 masks) can decrease systolic blood pressure(SBP) in people with hypertension and decrease fasting blood glucose(FBG) in those with diabetes.Method:This is a prospective randomized cross-over study in Dalkhola, India- an area of high ambient PM2.5 levels. Participants between 18-70 years of age with hypertension (n=130) and diabetes (n=33) will be invited to participate in the study. They will be randomized to either an intervention or control arm for 4 weeks, after which they will cross over to the other arm following a 2-week washout period. The intervention will consist of using an indoor air-purifier at night and N-95 mask when outdoors. The control period will involve using an identical air purifier and N-95 mask, with the filter removed (sham filtration). Participants and outcome assessors will be blinded to study arm assignment. Outcome evaluation: The primary outcome of the study is the absolute reduction in SBP among people with hypertension and absolute reduction in FBG among people with diabetes. Discussion:This is the first randomized controlled trial to evaluate the use of personal protective aids as a therapeutic measure in people with hypertension and diabetes exposed to high levels of PM2.5. Given the high burden of air pollution in LMICs, there is an urgent need for adaptation measures targeting people at high risk for mortality from this exposure. The results of our study will demonstrate if personal protective aids can be a viable adaptation measure for people living with hypertension and diabetes in areas with a high burden of air pollution.
A case control study of modifiable risk factors of low birth weight among full term babies at Omdurman maternity hospital, Khartoum, Sudan 2019
Authors: Abdullah Ethar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Low birth weight (delivery of an infant with less than 2500 grams) is owed to two main causes, either IUGR or pre-term delivery. It makes the newborn susceptible to many health issues from birth and through the adulthood life. Whoever IUGR is the leading cause of LBW in developing countries, and hence it is more reliable here in Sudan to study the risk factors that lead to it which are whoever mostly modifiable. This is a hospital based unmatched case-control study. A total of 134 (67 cases and 67 controls) mothers and their full-term newborn infants were included in the study. The participants were interviewed with a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were obtained at the end of the interview. The data was analyzed using SPSS and Odd ratios of the risk factors were calculated. The main risk factors that found to influence the birth weight of our study participants were lack of maternal education, rural place of residence, bleeding during pregnancy, high blood pressure during pregnancy, inadequate spacing, lack of ANC follow up, not having iron supplementation and exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy.
Predominance of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 (Gamma) lineage inducing the recent wave in southern Brazil and the finding of an additional S: D614A mutation
Authors: Demoliner Meriane , Silva Mariana Soares da , Gularte Juliana Schons , Hansen Alana Witt , de Almeida Paula Rodrigues , Weber Matheus Nunes , Heldt Fágner Henrique , Silveira Flávio , Filippi Micheli , Pereira Vyctoria Malayhka de Abreu Góes , Silva Francini Pereira da , Mallmann Larissa , Fink Pietra , Valim Andréia Rosane de Moura , Possuelo Lia Gonçalves , Fleck Juliane Deise , Spilki Fernando Rosado 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Since the first SARS-CoV-2 case in China in late 2019, this virus continues to impact many countries worldwide. Recently, the highest wave of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic was registered in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State, Southern Brazil, considering the number of cases, deaths and hospitalization per day caused by COVID-19. In this study we described which lineages were circulating in the beginning of 2021 in southern Brazil to understand the cause of the highest health crisis caused by SARS-CoV-2 in the region, searching also possible additional SARS-CoV-2 sequence mutation. A total of 71 positive SARS-CoV-2 samples collected between December 15th, 2020, until April 23rd, 2021, were selected to sequencing. The samples were from 16 cities distributed in three RS regions. The library preparation was performed according to QIAseq® SARS-CoV-2 Primer Panel Handbook kit, and phylogenetic analysis was realized. Whole genome sequencing of 71 SARS-CoV-2 samples shows a predominance of Gamma lineage (67.14%, 47/71), followed by Zeta lineage (27.14%, 20/71) and B.1.1.28 (5,71%, 4/71). Two Gamma lineage consensus sequences presented a D614A mutation. Newly mutations could be emerging due the quick SARS-CoV-2 spreading. Thus, the greater understanding about immune protection and variants vigilance is essential to the better management of the health SARS-CoV-2 crisis.
Transformation of Fe-bearing minerals from Dongsheng sandstone-type uranium deposit, Ordos Basin, north-central China: Implications for ore genesis
Authors: Yue Liang , Jiao Yangquan , Fayek Mostafa , Wu Liqun , Rong Hui , Xie Huili 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Iron-bearing mineral assemblages and their distribution patterns directly reflect the redox environment in sediments, which plays a decisive role in the migration and precipitation of U. The Dongsheng sandstone-type U deposit hosted in fluvial and/or deltaic sandstones of the lower member of the Middle Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in the northeastern Ordos Basin has experienced multiple fluid events that impacted the redox conditions. Highly enriched in barren gray sandstones, pre-ore U (Umean = 12.05 ppm) associated with Fe-Ti oxides, clay minerals, and organic matter is likely one of the key sources of U for the mineralization. Different contents of Fe-bearing minerals, including biotite, Fe-Ti oxides, pyrite, hematite, goethite, and chlorite that were formed or altered under different redox conditions, resulted in sandstone units with distinct colors. The red sandstone is hematite-rich, indicating a highly oxidizing environment. The green sandstone is chlorite-rich and formed because of reducing hydrocarbon-rich fluids that overprinted the hematite-rich sandstone. The barren and mineralized gray sandstones consist of pyrite (with a higher content in mineralized sandstones), Fe-Ti oxides, and carbonaceous debris, which are indicators of a reducing environment. Based on the paragenetic relationship and sulfur isotopic compositions of ore-stage pyrite, bacterial sulfate reduction was responsible for the formation of framboidal pyrite (δ34S = –31.2 to –3.8‰), and the sulfur of this pyrite mainly came from the oxidation of pre-ore pyrite (δ34S = –19.1 to +20.3‰). Euhedral and cement pyrite overprinting framboids were produced via Ostwald ripening with δ34S values ranging from –56.9 to –34.3‰, lower than any values of framboidal pyrite. Therefore, these mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Dongsheng deposit suggest U mineralization involves both biogenic and abiogenic redox processes.
Reexamination of the structure of opal-A: A combined study of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis
Authors: Lee Seungyeol , Xu Huifang , Xu Hongwu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The structure of opal-A was not fully understood due to its poorly crystalline nature. To better understand its structural characteristics, we have analyzed opal-AN (amorphous-network) and opal-AG (amorphous-gel) using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), pair-distribution function (PDF) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Opal-AN mainly exists as an aggregation of different sizes of nanospheres (&lt;5 nm) generating banded features, whereas opal-AG displays close-packed silica nanospheres with a diameter of ~400 nm. TEM energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) indicates that Na, Al, K, and Ca are present as trace elements in opal-AN and opal-AG. XRD patterns of both samples show one prominent peak at ~4.0 Å, together with broad peaks at ~2.0, ~1.45, and ~1.2 Å. Previous studies only identified the ~4.0 Å diffraction peak for the definition of opal-A. Hence, opal-A needs to be redefined by taking into account the newly observed three broad peaks. PDF patterns of opal-AN and opal-AG reveal short-range atomic pairs (&lt;15 Å) with almost identical profiles. Both phases exhibit Si-O correlation at 1.61 Å and O-O correlation at 2.64 Å in their [SiO4] tetrahedra. The currently accepted opal structure is disordered intergrowths of cristobalite- and tridymite-like domains consisting of six-membered rings of [SiO4] tetrahedra. Our PDF analyses have identified additional, coesite-like nanodomains comprising four-membered [SiO4] rings. Moreover, we have identified eight-membered rings that can be generated by twinning and stacking faults from six-membered rings. The coesite nanodomains in opal-A may be a precursor for coesite micro-crystals formed by the impact of supersonic micro-projectiles at low pressures. More broadly, our study has also demonstrated that the combined approach of synchrotron XRD/PDF with TEM is a powerful approach to determine the structures of poorly crystallized minerals.
Analisis Faktor Optimasi untuk Data Warehouse dengan Data Tabungan pada Bank XYZ
Authors: Herfangsyah Aloysius Adhyatma , Raharjo Willy Sudiarto , Chrismanto Antonius Rachmat 
Published: July 2021

Berkembangnya proses teknologi informasi dimanfaatkan oleh banyak perusahaan untuk meningkatkan kinerja bisnisnya, yaitu dengan cara penyajian data yang terintegrasi dan konsisten. Data warehouse merupakan suatu ilmu yang menunjang proses analisis perusahaan, dengan cara menyediakan data yang terintegrasi dari berbagai sumber basis data. Seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah dan kompleksitas data, perusahaan yang menggunakan media komputer untuk menyimpan datanya akan memerlukan resource yang lebih banyak dari tahun sebelumnya. Pemprosesan data yang banyak ini tentunya memerlukan media penyimpanan berupa basis data yang optimal, sehingga proses analisis dari perusahaan tersebut dapat berjalan secara cepat dan efisien. Pada penelitian ini, penulis akan membangun data warehouse dengan membuat tabel kondisi awal, membuat mapping untuk memasukkan data-data yang diperlukan, membuat tabel optimasi dengan 7 kondisi yang berbeda dari kombinasi partisi, bucketing, dan kompresi, lalu menganalisis performa dari tabel tersebut menggunakan query yang akan sering digunakan untuk analisis sederhana. Performa yang akan dianalisis pada penelitian ini adalah dari segi waktu jalan query dan ruang penyimpanan yang digunakan oleh masing-masing tabel. Berdasarkan pengujian dari penelitian ini dengan menggunakan 3 query, dihasilkan kesimpulan bahwa penggunaan partisi dan bucketing mempercepat rata-rata jalannya query sebesar 28%, sementara penggunaan kompresi data mempengaruhi rata-rata ukuran ruang penyimpanan data sebesar 8 hingga 30 kali lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan tabel yang tidak dikompresi, namun penggunaan kompresi ini memperlambat rata-rata jalannya waktu query sebesar 77% atau sekitar hampir dua kali lipat.