bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake and Short-term Outcomes of High-risk Screening Colonoscopy Billing Codes: A Population-based Study Among Young Adults
Authors: Paszat Lawrence , Sutradhar Rinku , Luo Jin , Tinmouth Jill , Rabeneck Linda , Baxter Nancy N 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPersons suspected or confirmed with familial colorectal cancer syndrome are recommended to have biennial colonoscopy from late adolescence or early adulthood. Persons without a syndrome but with one or more affected first-degree relatives are recommended to begin colonoscopy 10 years before the age at diagnosis of the youngest affected relative, and every 5 to 10 years. Ontario introduced colonoscopy billing codes for these two indications in 2011.MethodsWe identified persons in Ontario under 50 years of age, without a prior history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, with one or more of these billing claims between 2013 and 2017. We described the index colonoscopy, and subsequent colonoscopy up-to-date status. We computed average annual rates of colorectal and other cancer diagnoses, and displayed mean cumulative function plots, stratified by billing code, age and sex.ResultsBilling claims for ‘familial syndrome’ high-risk screening colonoscopy were identified among 14,846 persons; the average annual rate of CRC diagnoses was 38.6 per 100,000 among males and 22.2 among females. Colonoscopy up-to-date status fell to 50% within 7 years. Billing claims for ‘first-degree relative’ screening colonoscopy was identified among 49,505 persons; average annual rates of CRC diagnoses were 16.3 among males and 13.5 per 100,000 among females, respectively.ConclusionColorectal cancer was more frequent following billing claims for high-risk screening colonoscopy for familial syndromes, as were noncolorectal malignancies potentially associated with these syndromes. This billing claim for familial colorectal cancer syndrome colonoscopy appears to identify a group at elevated short-term risk for cancer.
Prediction of the minimum spacer thickness required for definitive radiotherapy with carbon ions and photons for pelvic tumors: an in silico planning study using virtual spacers
Authors: Yamada Masayoshi , Miyasaka Yuya , Kanai Takayuki , Souda Hikaru , Uematsu Ken , Matsueda Rei , Yano Natsuko , Kawashiro Shohei , Akamatsu Hiroko , Harada Mayumi , Hagiwara Yasuhito , Ichikawa Mayumi , Sato Hiraku , Nemoto Kenji 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe aimed to predict the minimum distance between a tumor and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that can satisfy the dose constraint by creating simulation plans with carbon-ion (C-ion) radiotherapy (RT) and photon RT for each case assuming insertion of virtual spacers of various thicknesses. We enrolled 55 patients with a pelvic tumor adjacent to the GI tract. Virtual spacers were defined as the overlap volume between the GI tract and the volume expanded 7–17 mm from the gross tumor volume (GTV). Simulation plans (70 Gy in 35 fractions for at least 95% of the planning target volume [PTV]) were created with the lowest possible dose to the GI tract under conditions that meet the dose constraints of the PTV. We defined the minimum thickness of virtual spacers meeting D2 cc of the GI tract &lt;50 Gy as ‘MTS’. Multiple regression was used with explanatory variables to develop a model to predict MTS. We discovered that MTSs were at most 9 mm and 13 mm for C-ion RT and photon RT plans, respectively. The volume of overlap between the GI tract and a virtual spacer of 14 mm in thickness (OV14)-PTV was found to be the most important explanatory variable in the MTS prediction equation for both C-ion and photon RT plans. Multiple R2 values for the regression model were 0.571 and 0.347 for C-ion RT and photon RT plans, respectively. In conclusion, regression equations were developed to predict MTS in C-ion RT and photon RT.
Testicular torsion in a catheterized geriatric 73-year-old patient, making an early diagnosis: a case report
Authors: Ali Mahamudu A , Oyortey Mawuenyo , Maalman Raymond S , Donkor Otchere Y , Quarshie Henrietta 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Testicular torsion is a urologic emergency that requires surgical intervention. Its diagnosis is rarely made in elderly men especially the subset of men on urethral catheter. As a result, delayed diagnosis and surgical exploration occur leading to testicular infarction with necrosis, abscess formation and ultimately orchidectomy. We report a 73-year-old urologic patient referred with a 2-month history of transurethral catheterization to relieve retention of urine with subsequent scrotal pains and fever. Physical examination showed left hemi-scrotal swelling and normal right hemi-scrotal findings. A Doppler scan done showed an intratesticular fluid collection with no blood flow in the left testes. This case illustrates the need to include testicular torsion when diagnosing geriatric men with transurethral catheter presenting with any acute scrotal pains. We, therefore, recommend a detailed history and physical examination in addition to a colour Doppler ultrasound scan in making a diagnosis.
Day case endoscopic excision of an antrochoanal polyp in a paediatric patient
Authors: Bakheet Manuel , Althawadi Noora , Albinali Sultan , Alreefy Mohamed , Alreefy Hiba 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Antrochoanal polyps (ACP; also known as Killian’s polyp) are considered to be the most common type of choanal polyps, making up ~4–6% of all nasal polyps in the general population and ~33% of nasal polyps in the paediatric age group. Patient’s suffering from ACP range between the ages of 5 and 80 years. Only 4% of the patients are children aged &lt; than 10 years old. Overall there is a male predominance making up ~64% of the total number of patients. We report a case of an antrochoanal polyp in a 9-year-old girl who presented with complaints of unilateral nasal obstruction, snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. The patient underwent a computed tomography scan and was managed endoscopically for excision of the polyp, as a day case procedure.
Spectral index of the Galactic foreground emission in the 50–87 MHz range
Authors: Spinelli M , Bernardi G , Garsden H , Greenhill L J , Fialkov A , Dowell J , Price D C 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Total-power radiometry with individual meter-wave antennas is a potentially effective way to study the Cosmic Dawn (z ∼ 20) through measurement of the sky brightness arising from the 21 cm transition of neutral hydrogen, provided this can be disentangled from much stronger Galactic and extra-galactic foregrounds. In the process, measured spectra of integrated sky brightness temperature can be used to quantify the foreground emission properties. In this work, we analyse a subset of data from the Large-aperture Experiment to Detect the Dark Age (LEDA) in the 50–87 MHz range and constrain the foreground spectral index β in the northern sky visible from mid-latitudes. We focus on two zenith-directed LEDA radiometers and study how estimates of β vary with local sidereal time (LST). We correct for the effect of gain pattern chromaticity and compare estimated absolute temperatures with simulations. We select a reference data set consisting of 14 d of observations in optimal conditions. Using this data set, we find, for one radiometer, that β varies from −2.55 at LST &lt;6 h to a steeper −2.58 at LST ∼13 h, consistently with sky models and previous southern sky measurements. In the 13 − 24 h LST range, however, we find that β varies between −2.55 and −2.61 (data scatter ∼0.01). We observe a similar β versus LST trend for the second radiometer, although with slightly smaller |β| over the 24 h, in the −2.46 &lt; β &lt; −2.43 range (data scatter ∼ 0.02). Combining all data gathered during the extended campaign between mid-2018 and mid-2019, and focusing on the LST = 9−12.5 h range, we infer good instrument stability and find −2.56 &lt; β &lt; −2.50 with 0.09 &lt; Δβ &lt; 0.12.
Linking globular cluster structural parameters and their evolution: multiple stellar populations
Authors: Mastrobuono-Battisti Alessandra , Perets Hagai B 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Globular clusters (GCs) are known to host multiple stellar populations showing chemical anomalies in the content of light elements. The origin of such anomalies observed in Galactic GCs is still debated. Here we analyse data compiled from the Hubble Space Telescope, ground-based surveys, and Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) and explore relationships between the structural properties of GCs and the fraction of second population (2P) stars. Given the correlations we find, we conclude that the main factor driving the formation/evolution of 2P stars is the cluster mass. The existing strong correlations between the 2P fraction and the rotational velocity and concentration parameter could derive from their correlation with the cluster mass. Furthermore, we observe that increasing cluster escape velocity corresponds to higher 2P fractions. Each of the correlations found is bimodal, with a different behaviour detected for low- and high-mass (or escape velocity) clusters. These correlations could be consistent with an initial formation of more centrally concentrated 2P stars in deeper cluster potentials, followed by a long-term tidal stripping of stars from clusters outskirts. The latter are dominated by the more extended distributed first population (1P) stars, and therefore stronger tidal stripping would preferentially deplete the 1P population, raising the cluster 2P fraction. This also suggests a tighter distribution of initial 2P fractions than observed today. In addition, higher escape velocities allow better retention of low-velocity material ejected from 1P stars, providing an alternative/additional origin for the observed differences and the distributions of 2P fractions amongst GCs.
The last migration trap of compact objects in AGN accretion disc
Authors: Peng Peng , Chen Xian 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Many black holes detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo detectors are multiple times more massive than those in X-ray binaries. One possibility is that some binary black holes (BBHs) merge within a few Schwarzschild radii of a supermassive black hole (SMBH), so that the gravitational waves (GWs) are highly redshifted, causing the mass inferred from GW signals to appear higher than the real mass. The difficulty of this scenario lies in the delivery of BBH to such a small distance to a SMBH. Here we revisit the theoretical models for the migration of compact objects (COs) in the accretion discs of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We find that when the accretion rate is high so that the disc is best described by the slim disc model, the COs in the disc could migrate to a radius close to the innermost stable circular orbit and be trapped there for the remaining lifetime of the AGN. The exact trapping radius coincides with the transition region between the sub- and super-Keplerian rotation of the slim disc. We call this region ‘the last migration trap’ because further inward, COs can no longer be trapped for a long time. We pinpoint the parameter space that could induce such a trap and we estimate that the last migration trap contributes a few per cent of the LIGO/Virgo events. Our result implies that a couple of BBHs discovered by LIGO/Virgo so far could have smaller intrinsic masses.
PolyQ length co-evolution in neural proteins
Authors: Vaglietti Serena , Fiumara Ferdinando 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntermolecular co-evolution optimizes physiological performance in functionally related proteins, ultimately increasing molecular co-adaptation and evolutionary fitness. Polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats, which are over-represented in nervous system-related proteins, are increasingly recognized as length-dependent regulators of protein function and interactions, and their length variation contributes to intraspecific phenotypic variability and interspecific divergence. However, it is unclear whether polyQ repeat lengths evolve independently in each protein or rather co-evolve across functionally related protein pairs and networks, as in an integrated regulatory system. To address this issue, we investigated here the length evolution and co-evolution of polyQ repeats in clusters of functionally related and physically interacting neural proteins in Primates. We observed function-/disease-related polyQ repeat enrichment and evolutionary hypervariability in specific neural protein clusters, particularly in the neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric domains. Notably, these analyses detected extensive patterns of intermolecular polyQ length co-evolution in pairs and clusters of functionally related, physically interacting proteins. Moreover, they revealed both direct and inverse polyQ length co-variation in protein pairs, together with complex patterns of coordinated repeat variation in entire polyQ protein sets. These findings uncover a whole system of co-evolving polyQ repeats in neural proteins with direct implications for understanding polyQ-dependent phenotypic variability, neurocognitive evolution and neuropsychiatric disease pathogenesis.
Changes in Immune Activation During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in Treated HIV Infection
Authors: Schnittman Samuel R , Byakwaga Helen , Boum Yap , Kabakyenga Jerome , Matthews Lynn T , Burdo Tricia H , Huang Yong , Tracy Russell P , Haberer Jessica E , Kembabazi Annet , Kaida Angela , Moisi Daniela , Lederman Michael M , Bangsberg David R , Martin Jeffrey N , Hunt Peter W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Pregnant women with HIV (PWWH) have high postpartum morbidity and mortality from infections like tuberculosis. Immunologic changes during pregnancy and postpartum periods may contribute to these risks, particularly the immunoregulatory kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, which contributes to both HIV and tuberculosis pathogenesis and increases in the early postpartum period.

Methods
Women with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes (UARTO) cohort who were pregnant at enrollment or became pregnant during observation were studied (n = 54). Plasma kynurenine/tryptophan (KT) ratio, soluble CD14 (sCD14), sCD163, sCD27, interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), D-dimer, interleukin-6, and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein levels were assessed through the first year of ART and at 3-month intervals throughout pregnancy and 1 year postpartum. Biomarker changes were assessed with linear mixed models adjusted for ART duration. Hemoglobin concentration changes were used to estimate pregnancy-related changes in plasma volume.

Results
The median pre-ART CD4 count was 134. D-dimer increased through the third trimester before returning to baseline postpartum, while most other biomarkers declined significantly during pregnancy, beyond what would be expected from pregnancy-associated plasma volume expansion. IP-10 and sCD14 remained suppressed for at least 12 months postpartum. KT ratio was the only biomarker that increased above prepregnancy baseline postpartum (mean + 30%; P &lt; .001) and remained higher than baseline for ≥9 months (P ≤ .045 for all time points).

Conclusions
Several immune activation markers decline during pregnancy and remain suppressed postpartum, but the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism increases above baseline for ≥9 months postpartum. The mechanisms underlying postpartum kynurenine pathway activity are incompletely understood but may contribute to increased tuberculosis risk in this setting.
Interactions with Megafauna
Authors: Johnson Chris N. , Dortch Joe , Worthy Trevor H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Megafauna were a prominent feature of the biodiversity of Sahul. They were still diverse when people reached Sahul but had largely disappeared by about 40,000 years ago. Several studies provide evidence that, before their extinction, megafaunal animals were exploited by people, but such evidence is rare. This rarity of evidence could indicate that interaction was infrequent or that evidence of significant interaction is missing because of weaknesses and biases in the palaeontological and archaeological records. The timing and pattern of disappearance of megafauna suggest that humans played a role in their extinction, but more research is needed to understand the nature of human impacts on megafauna and the synergistic or independent effects of climate.
Axe Quarrying, Production, and Exchange in Australia and New Guinea
Authors: Ford Anne , Hiscock Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ground-edge artefacts (GEAs), also known as ground-edge axes, are an independent innovation that date to the earliest sites in Sahul (the continental landmass of Australia and New Guinea). During the Pleistocene, these tools were localized to the northern parts of the continent. Over time, significant changes took place in the distribution of GEAs, which became an almost continent-wide technology, with distinct regional variations in their form, production, and exchange patterns. This article explores the evolution of GEAs in Sahul, mapping the different trajectories in their production, use, and exchange, while also exploring the different roles that they may have played both socially and economically in their communities of use.
Pedagogies of Creativity in Music
Authors: Barrett Margaret S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the notion of pedagogies of creativity and creative pedagogies in music composition. Drawing on Amabile’s categorization of “domain-relevant” and “creativity-relevant” skills, the chapter uses historical and contemporary examples to indicate the interrelated nature of these skill sets, specifically through a historical case study of the pedagogy of Nadia Boulanger. The chapter presents the notion of composition pedagogy as a “signature pedagogy” that operates as a series of collaborative apprenticeships undertaken in spaces and places of professional practice that promote the cognitive, practical, and moral aspects of composition as a professional practice. In a world where the notion of music creativities is ever expanding, the interdialogic relationship of pedagogies of creativity and creative pedagogies provides a way forward for composition learning and teaching.
The Apocrypha in the Context of Early Judaism
Authors: Oegema Gerbern S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Apocrypha are an intrinsic part of Early Judaism, which as a field has undergone some dramatic changes. Starting as the Jewish background of the New Testament, it has developed from Ancient Judaism to Second Temple or Early Judaism, through and integrating the discoveries of the Qumran Scrolls and the re-emergence of the importance of the Pseudepigrapha. The Apocrypha have been part of this change and should therefore also be understood within the context of the many Judaisms during the Greco-Roman period.
3 Maccabees
Authors: Dyer Bryan R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the Third Book of Maccabees with an eye toward its unique contribution to the Apocrypha. By way of orientation, various historical and textual issues are discussed that place the text in the late first century bce or early first century ce. Additional focus is given to the role of women in the narrative, especially the figure of Arsinoë, who plays a decisive part in the opening Battle of Raphia. The chapter then turns to the theology of 3 Maccabees and highlights its emphasis on prayer, divine intervention, and the identity of the Jewish people living under a tyrannical king.
Jewish Religion in the Apocrypha
Authors: Sulzbach Carla 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the Apocrypha are read through the lenses of Jewish observances in their original Second Temple era milieu, in their (dis-)continuity with biblical as well as post-Temple Rabbinic culture. This allows for these writings, all dating from the Graeco-Roman period, to be put on a trajectory from pre-exilic times (to which they were heir and to which they refer), through Second Temple times, to Rabbinic Judaism. The total known textual corpus dating from this period is much greater and also comprises the Pseudepigrapha, Qumran, and the Hellenistic-Jewish historians. Early Christian texts in their interaction with their Jewish subtexts, too, shed light on the development of Early Judaism of this period although these fall outside the purview of this article, which narrows its focus to a selection of representative examples, namely, 1 and 3 Maccabees, Tobit and Judith, the Additions to Daniel and to Esther, as well as the Wisdom of Solomon.
Women and Gender in the Apocrypha
Authors: Parks Sara 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this piece, Sara Parks examines women and gender in the Apocrypha and their adjacent texts. Parks highlights key shifts in the last fifty years in the study of apocryphal female characters, women’s history, and, more recently, theorized gender. She addresses methods for the reconstruction of women’s lived experiences from antique texts written overwhelmingly by and for men, when the nature of the ancient evidence is far from ideal for answering contemporary questions. Parks highlights several key apocryphal texts that have been studied for their female protagonists, but points out that, as masculinity is also under construction in the texts, the question of gender is applicable to every ancient text and artifact. Beyond the analysis of female protagonists and the quest for women’s history, gender is a lens through which all historical and literary analysis should be approached.
Theology and Ethics in EARLY JUDAISM
Authors: Oegema Gerbern S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The question of theology and ethics cannot be separated from the methodological problems connected with studying it. Whereas the Apocrypha come to us from different life settings and represent many different, often unknown, groups and socio-religious traditions in Second Temple Judaism (538 bce–70/135 ce), the same is the case with the Pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea Scrolls. However, unlike the Jewish or Christian Bible, none of these writings have a present-day faith community to represent them, so that there present-day ethical relevance is quite uncertain and any systematic theological approach is nearly impossible.
The Protestant Reception of the Apocrypha
Authors: Korpman Matthew J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Due to the fact that most modern Protestant creeds do not explicitly reject the Apocrypha as inspired or define what books make up the canon they refer to when speaking of the Old Testament (nor did many of their spiritual forebears during the Reformation), it must be acknowledged that for many Protestants, the Old Testament canon has not been formally closed since the Reformation began. This may have been caused by fact that Protestant reformers did not all reject the Apocrypha, but to the contrary, continued to support their status as a strange middle-ground, the Reformation made no concrete or agreed decisions or assessments regarding the status of the Apocrypha. Moreover, the reformers who held positive views of these books went in one of two directions: to continue the tradition of treating these books as essential for Bibles but inferior in status, or treating the category as a temporary purgatory until such a time that their correct status as inspired or uninspired could be determined.