bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio-spatial Disparities in Brussels and its Hinterland
Authors: Costa Rafael , de Valk Helga A. G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBrussels’ urban and suburban landscape has changed considerably since the 1980s. The consolidation of socioeconomic fractures inside the city, a reinforcement of long-lasting disparities between the city and its prosperous hinterland, as well as the increasing diversification of migration flows—both high- and low-skilled—contributed to these disparities. Recent evolutions of these patterns, however, have not been investigated yet and therefore remain unknown. Besides, the extent to which segregation is primarily related to economic inequalities and to migration flows—or a combination/interaction between the two—so far has not been studied. This chapter offers a detailed overview of the socio-spatial disparities in the Brussels Functional Urban Area. Our analyses relied on fine-grained spatial data, at the level of statistical sections and of individualised neighbourhoods built around 100 m x 100 m grids. We analysed socioeconomic segregation measures and patterns, as well as their evolution between 2001 and 2011. Socioeconomic groups were defined based on individuals’ position with respect to national income deciles. In line with previous research, our results show very marked patterns of socioeconomic segregation in and around Brussels operating both at a larger regional scale and at the local level.
Residential Segregation in a Highly Unequal Society: Istanbul in the 2000s
Authors: Işık Oğuz 
Published: March 2021

AbstractContrary to trends in many European countries, income inequality in Turkey, measured by the Gini coefficient, has declined between 1994 and 2014, with a small but consistent increase since then. Turkish income inequality is among the highest in OECD countries, with levels not lower than 0.4. This chapter will examine residential socio-economic segregation in Istanbul against the backdrop of this relatively stable and high-income inequality. The chapter shows signs that residential segregation is on the rise. Istanbul has undergone a radical change in the 2000s thanks to active intervention by the state in the real estate market by opening up large pieces of land in the outskirts and gentrifying inner-city areas once occupied by unauthorized settlements that once were home to the poor. Dynamics of urban development, fueled by rapid urban sprawl in peri-urban areas and ceaseless gentrification of inner-city areas, gave way to diverse patterns of segregation depending on the already existing divisions and physical geography of cities. Given the lack of neighbourhood level data on either occupations or income, this chapter analyses segregation through indices based on fertility and educational level, which we know from detailed household microdata are closely correlated with income. On the basis of 2000 and 2017 neighbourhood data, we show that in Istanbul, there is a clearly visible pattern where the poor are progressively pushed further to the city limits, while some parts of built-up areas once home to middle classes, were recaptured by the poor. The result in some parts of the city is a juxtaposition of seemingly conflicting patterns: parts of the inner city were reclaimed by the poor while some parts were gentrified led by the nascent urban elite. The urban periphery was partly occupied by the bourgeoning middle classes and was also home to the urban poor who were displaced by urban transformation projects.
Segregation in London: A City of Choices or Structures?
Authors: Manley David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the socio-economic segregation in London. The cosmopolitan nature of the city means there is an interwoven complexity that prevents the separation of social, cultural and economic residential trajectories of the population. As a result, the chapter explores socio-economic segregation within the context of the changing nature of the (sub)urban contexts. In particular, the chapter documents not only the occupational segregation but also introduces the often-used dimension of ethnicity and pairs it with the less commonly explored age and tenure dimensions through which the social structure of the city is inscribed. This enables a broader understanding of the rapid changes that have been wrought on the micro-scale can be understood in the context of a city that has, in terms of the overall composition, changed little.
Changes in Spatial Inequality and Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Lima
Authors: Fernández-de-Córdova Graciela , Moschella Paola , Fernández-Maldonado Ana María 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSince the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.
Socio-economic and Ethnic Segregation in the Greater Paramaribo Region, Suriname
Authors: Fung-Loy Kimberley , Van Rompaey Anton 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIncome inequality has steadily increased in Suriname and it is considered to be at one of the highest levels in the Caribbean. This chapter analyses socio-economic and ethnic segregation between 2004 and 2012 in the Greater Paramaribo Region in Suriname. To investigate the link between income inequality and socio-economic segregation, occupation is used as a proxy for socio-economic status. The Dissimilarity Index is used to evaluate the level of segregation between different socio-economic and ethnic groups. The link between ethnicity and socio-economic status is also analysed. Results show that the highest level of socio-economic segregation exists between the higher socio-economic group (top occupational categories) and the lower socio-economic group (bottom occupational categories). It was also found that even though the Region is ethnically diverse, different ethnic groups tend to concentrate in different neighbourhoods. These segregated ethnicities are in turn linked to the higher and lower level socio-economic groups.
Dual Land Regime, Income Inequalities and Multifaceted Socio-Economic and Spatial Segregation in Hong Kong
Authors: Ng Mee Kam , Lau Yuk Tai , Chen Huiwei , He Sylvia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHong Kong has a dual land regime in the urban and rural territories. The urban areas on both sides of Victoria Harbour (8.8% of land, excluding Country Parks on Hong Kong Island) and new towns (about 15.3% of land) house over 90% of the city’s population (about 7.5 million) with an extremely high population density of about 26,000 per km2. After deducting Country Parks and Special Areas (about 40% of land), the rest of the rural New Territories (traditional settlements leased by the British Government in 1898 for 99 years) constitutes about 35% of land, but houses 5.5% of all residents with a substantially lower population density of about 1,000 per km2. China’s Open Door Policy since 1978 has led to economic restructuring in Hong Kong, changing its occupational structure, intensifying income inequality, and leading to socio-economic and spatial segregation. Whilst the affluent classes continue to concentrate in traditionally central locations in urban areas, or in luxurious residential enclaves in rural New Territories, the less well-off tend to be marginalised and live in remote new towns or rural New Territories. The latter is also a result of a skewed power relationship between the government and the property sector in directing spatial development that breeds a hegemonic (dis)course and regime of urban-biased and property-dominant development, sustaining the government’s coffer through a high land price policy.
Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in Jakarta
Authors: Rukmana Deden , Ramadhani Dinar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSocioeconomic segregation has become a common phenomenon, both in the Global North and Global South, and highly relates to income inequality. The merging of these two notions affects the geography of residential areas which are based on the socio-occupational composition. This chapter focuses on the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). Not only is Jakarta the largest metropolitan area in Southeast Asia, it is also one of the most dynamic. Batavia, the colonial capital of the former Dutch East Indies in the first half of the twentieth century, was a small urban area of approximately 150,000 residents. In the second half of the century, Batavia became Jakarta, a megacity of 31 million people and the capital of independent Indonesia was beset with most of the same urban problems experienced in twenty-first-century Southeast Asia, including poverty, income inequality, and socioeconomic segregation. This study aims to identify the correlation among income inequality, socioeconomic segregation, and other institutional and contextual factors which caused residential segregation in JMA. The analysis consists of two stages. First, we examine income inequality measured by the Gini Index as well as the occupational structure based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Second, we investigate residential segregation by using the Dissimilarity Index as a result of socioeconomic intermixing in residential areas. The data in this study comes from multiple sources including Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia’s National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas), Indonesia’s Economic Census, Jakarta’s Regional Bureau of Statistics, and policies related to the housing system and investment in the JMA. This study also produces maps of socioeconomic segregation patterns from several sources including Jakarta’s Geospatial Information Centre, Jakarta’s Spatial Plan Information System, and the Indonesian Poverty Map by the SMERU Research Institute.
Intermediary Bodies of Governance
Authors: van der Burg Martijn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFollowing the phase of conquest, usually a temporary interim government was formed to supervise the incorporation of newly acquired territories. The timing of the incorporation, as well as the manner in which models from other parts of Europe were applied, influenced how Napoleonic governance worked out in practice. Importantly, the creation of so-called gouvernements généraux became a Napoleonic integration instrument. General-Governors Charles-François Lebrun in Amsterdam and Louis Nicolas Davout in Hamburg had similar tasks but made different choices. Their relationships with other actors, local and French, differed as well. In this chapter the two intermediary bodies are discussed, in relation to other Napoleonic institutions and their main protagonists. Often, Napoleonic officials who had already proven their worth elsewhere were employed in these areas. Thus, institutional examples and personal experiences from other parts of the Empire, such as Italy, influenced the integration of the North. Yet, being remote from the imperial core, many officials competed for power and hence for control of the integration process.
Prefects: ‘Tools of Conquest’
Authors: van der Burg Martijn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the introduction of the prefectoral system in the North. The introduction of préfets was an expression of the desire to create a modern civil administration answerable to the central government. Attention is paid to its implementation, the selection and circulation of prefects, and their relationships with other actors. Napoleonic territorial governance meant a significant break with tradition, but its implementation was far from perfect. Although French legislation itself was not altered, in practice, many issues hindered the functioning of the prefectoral system in the incorporated departments, such as redrawing geographical borders and lack of understanding of Napoleonic governing practices. Creating support was difficult when no consideration was given to local circumstances and wishes—a challenge delegated to prefects. Stimulating personal mobility between different parts of the Empire was a possible means of accelerating integration. The case of the prefects in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany shows how the flow of imperial models, officials, and knowledge contributed to the interconnectedness of the different parts of the Napoleonic Empire, or conversely, how the lack thereof hindered integration.
The Minimum Tollbooth Problem in Atomic Network Congestion Games with Unsplittable Flows
Authors: Nickerl Julian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis work analyzes the minimum tollbooth problem in atomic network congestion games with unsplittable flows. The goal is to place tolls on edges, such that there exists a pure Nash equilibrium in the tolled game that is a social optimum in the untolled one. Additionally, we require the number of tolled edges to be the minimum. This problem has been extensively studied in non-atomic games, however, to the best of our knowledge, it has not been considered for atomic games before. By a reduction from the weighted CNF SAT problem, we show both the NP-hardness of the problem and the W[2]-hardness when parameterizing the problem with the number of tolled edges. On the positive side, we present a polynomial time algorithm for networks on series-parallel graphs that turns any given state of the untolled game into a pure Nash equilibrium of the tolled game with the minimum number of tolled edges.
Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder of the thoracic spine in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate: a case report
Authors: Kamio Satoshi , Anazawa Ukei , Watanabe Itsuo , Sasaki Aya , Aoyama Ryoma 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMethotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder is recognized as a lymphoma that occurs following methotrexate administration. The lesion of the spine is extremely rare, and only one case of lesion in the lumbar spine has been reported so far. Here, we present a case of methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder of the thoracic spine in a 54-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis. The lesion formed an extra-skeletal tumor mass from lateral to the vertebral body to the paravertebral muscle extending posterior to the epidural space without bone destruction. Magnetic resonance imaging showed low signal intensities on both T1- and T2-weighted images and high signal intensity with short-tau inversion recovery. These radiological findings were similar to those for primary spinal lymphoma. The lesion rapidly paralyzed the patient, forcing her to be treated with posterior spinal decompression. The lesion could not be resected because it adhered to the dura. Following the histopathological diagnosis as methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder, methotrexate administration was terminated. The remaining mass lesion showed complete regression within 6 months. Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder, which could be cured by the discontinuation of methotrexate, should be considered a differential diagnosis in spinal lesion cases showing lymphoma-like appearance with methotrexate treatment to avoid unnecessary treatments.
Predictive Values of Preoperative Markers for Resectable Pancreatic Body and Tail Cancer Determined by MDCT to Detect Occult Metastases
Authors: Cheng He , Luo Guopei , Jin Kaizhou , Xiao Zhiwen , Qian Yunzhen , Gong Yitao , Yu Xianjun , Liu Chen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the clinical value of preoperative markers in predicting occult metastases in resectable pancreatic body and tail cancer judged by a recent multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan of the abdomen.MethodsThe data from a retrospective collected database from 2010 to 2019 with 699 patients who had MDCT scan predicted resectable mass in pancreatic body and tail and were pathological confirmed as adenocarcinoma after surgery. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for serum CA19‐9, CA125, CEA and tumor size measured by MDCT. The optimal cut‐off point‐related sensitivity and specificity were calculated, respectively.ResultsOccult metastases were found in 73 (73/699, 10.4%) pancreatic body and tail cancer patients underwent exploration. The area under curve (AUC) for CA19‐9, CA125, CEA and tumor size were 0.624, 0.733, 0.561 and 0.697, respectively. The optimal cut‐off for CA19‐9, CA125 and tumor size is 226 U/ml, 22.1 U/ml and 3.3 cm, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of CA19‐9 for predicting occult metastases were 67.1% and 60.4%, 72.6% and 64.7% for CA125, 80.8% and 51.4% for tumor size.ConclusionCA125 is superior to CA19‐9 and tumor size for predicting occulting metastases in MDCT scan suggested resectable pancreatic body and tail cancer. The high level of CA125 (≥ 22.1 U/ml) is regarded as high risk for occulting metastases, and laparoscopy should be applied for these patients.
The pharmacokinetics of pamiparib in the presence of a strong CYP3A inhibitor (itraconazole) and strong CYP3A inducer (rifampin) in patients with solid tumors: an open-label, parallel-group phase 1 study
Authors: Mu Song , Lin Chester , Skrzypczyk-Ostaszewicz Anna , Bulat Iurie , Maglakelidze Marina , Skarbova Viera , Andreu-Vieyra Claudia , Sahasranaman Srikumar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposePamiparib is an investigational, selective, oral poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1/2 (PARP1/2) inhibitor that has demonstrated PARP–DNA complex trapping and CNS penetration in preclinical models, as well as preliminary anti-tumor activity in early-phase clinical studies. We investigated whether the single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of pamiparib is altered by coadministration of a strong CYP3A inducer (rifampin) or a strong CYP3A inhibitor (itraconazole) in patients with solid tumors.MethodsIn this open-label, phase 1 study, adults with advanced solid tumors received either oral pamiparib 60 mg (days 1 and 10) and once-daily oral rifampin 600 mg (days 3–11) or oral pamiparib 20 mg (days 1 and 7) and once-daily oral itraconazole 200 mg (days 3–8). Primary endpoints included pamiparib maximum observed concentration (Cmax), and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from zero to last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–tlast) and infinity (AUC0–inf). Secondary endpoints included safety and tolerability.ResultsRifampin coadministration did not affect pamiparibCmax(geometric least-squares [GLS] mean ratio 0.94; 90% confidence interval 0.83–1.06), but reduced its AUC0–tlast(0.62 [0.54–0.70]) and AUC0–inf(0.57 [0.48–0.69]). Itraconazole coadministration did not affect pamiparibCmax(1.05 [0.95–1.15]), AUC0–tlast(0.99 [0.91–1.09]), or AUC0–inf(0.99 [0.90–1.09]). There were no serious treatment-related adverse events.ConclusionsPamiparib plasma exposure was reduced 38–43% with rifampin coadministration but was unaffected by itraconazole coadministration. Pamiparib dose modifications are not considered necessary when coadministered with CYP3A inhibitors. Clinical safety and efficacy data will be used with these results to recommend dose modifications when pamiparib is coadministered with CYP3A inducers.
Compressed sensing acceleration of cardiac cine imaging allows reliable and reproducible assessment of volumetric and functional parameters of the left and right atrium
Authors: Altmann Sebastian , Halfmann Moritz C. , Abidoye Ibukun , Yacoub Basel , Schmidt Michaela , Wenzel Philip , Forman Christoph , Schoepf U. Joseph , Xiong Fei , Dueber Christoph , Kreitner Karl-Friedrich , Varga-Szemes Akos , Emrich Tilman 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo compare volumetric and functional parameters of the atria derived from highly accelerated compressed sensing (CS)–based cine sequences in comparison to conventional (Conv) cine imaging.MethodsCS and Conv cine sequences were acquired in 101 subjects (82 healthy volunteers (HV) and 19 patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)) using a 3T MR scanner in this single-center study. Time-volume analysis of the left (LA) and right atria (RA) were performed in both sequences to evaluate atrial volumes and function (total, passive, and active emptying fraction). Inter-sequence and inter- and intra-reader agreement were analyzed using correlation, intraclass correlation (ICC), and Bland-Altman analysis.ResultsCS-based cine imaging led to a 69% reduction of acquisition time. There was significant difference in atrial parameters between CS and Conv cine, e.g., LA minimal volume (LAVmin) (Conv 24.0 ml (16.7–32.7), CS 25.7 ml (19.2–35.2),p < 0.0001) or passive emptying fraction (PEF) (Conv 53.9% (46.7–58.4), CS 49.0% (42.0–54.1),p < 0.0001). However, there was high correlation between the techniques, yielding good to excellent ICC (0.76–0.99) and small mean of differences in Bland-Altman analysis (e.g. LAVmin − 2.0 ml, PEF 3.3%). Measurements showed high inter- (ICC > 0.958) and intra-rater (ICC > 0.934) agreement for both techniques. CS-based parameters (PEF AUC = 0.965, LAVmin AUC = 0.864) showed equivalent diagnostic ability compared to Conv cine imaging (PEF AUC = 0.989, LAVmin AUC = 0.859) to differentiate between HV and HFrEF.ConclusionAtrial volumetric and functional evaluation using CS cine imaging is feasible with relevant reduction of acquisition time, therefore strengthening the role of CS in clinical CMR for atrial imaging.Key Points•Reliable assessment of atrial volumes and function based on compressed sensing cine imaging is feasible.•Compressed sensing reduces scan time and has the potential to overcome obstacles of conventional cine imaging.•No significant differences for subjective image quality, inter- and intra-rater agreement, and ability to differentiate healthy volunteers and heart failure patients were detected between conventional and compressed sensing cine imaging.