bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
30 Jahre ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Kallenbach Arne 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Garchinger Tokamak ASDEX Upgrade ging vor dreißig Jahren in Betrieb. Seither wurde die Anlage, insbesondere ihre Gefäßeinbauten, Plasma‐Heizsysteme und Diagnostiken, beständig erweitert und verbessert. Mit dem Wechsel von einer mit Graphit zu einer mit Wolfram bedeckten Gefäßwand mussten viele Plasmaszenarien überarbeitet werden. Hierbei wurde auch die Kühlung des Divertorplasmas durch zusätzlich eingebrachte Strahlungsverluste entwickelt, die auf ein künftiges Tokamak‐Fusionskraftwerk übertragen werden kann. In vielen Belangen kann ASDEX Upgrade als „Blaupause“ eines solchen Tokamak‐Fusionskraftwerks angesehen werden. Eine große Anzahl von Musterentladungen erlauben zusammen mit neu entwickelten Computercodes verlässliche Vorhersagen für ein Kraftwerk.
Vortrieb ohne Schraube
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Schlichting Jan 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungBeim magneto‐hydrodynamischen Antrieb wechselwirkt ein Magnet mit dem Magnetfeld eines elektrischen Stroms. Dieser fließt durch eine leitfähige Flüssigkeit und setzt sie in Bewegung. Ihr dadurch entstehender Rückstoß wird genutzt, um ein in ihr schwimmendes Boot anzutreiben. Ein Modell dieses Antriebs lässt sich leicht herstellen.
Longitudinal proteomic profiling provides insights into host response and proteome dynamics in COVID‐19 progression
Authors: Lee Jee‐Soo , Han Dohyun , Kim So Yeon , Hong Ki Ho , Jang Myoung‐jin , Kim Man Jin , Kim Young‐gon , Park Jae Hyeon , Cho Sung Im , Park Wan Beom , Lee Kyung Bok , Shin Ho Seob , Oh Hyeon Sae , Kim Taek Soo , Park Sung Sup , Seong Moon‐Woo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn managing patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), early identification of those at high risk and real‐time monitoring of disease progression to severe COVID‐19 is a major challenge. We aimed to identify potential early prognostic protein markers and to expand understanding of proteome dynamics during clinical progression of the disease. We performed in‐depth proteome profiling on 137 sera, longitudinally collected from 25 patients with COVID‐19 (non‐severe patients, n = 13; patients who progressed to severe COVID‐19, n = 12). We identified 11 potential biomarkers, including the novel markers IGLV3‐19 and BNC2, as early potential prognostic indicators of severe COVID‐19. These potential biomarkers are mainly involved in biological processes associated with humoral immune response, interferon signalling, acute phase response, lipid metabolism, and platelet degranulation. We further revealed that the longitudinal changes of 40 proteins persistently increased or decreased as the disease progressed to severe COVID‐19. These 40 potential biomarkers could effectively reflect the clinical progression of the disease. Our findings provide some new insights into host response to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which are valuable for understanding of COVID‐19 disease progression. This study also identified potential biomarkers that could be further validated, which may support better predicting and monitoring progression to severe COVID‐19.
What is pain: Are cognitive and social features core components?
Authors: Craig Kenneth D. , MacKenzie Nicole E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPain is a universal experience, but it has been challenging to adequately define. The revised definition of pain recently published by the International Association for the Study of Pain addressed important shortcomings of the previous version; however, it remains narrow in its focus on sensory and emotional features of pain, failing to capture the substantial roles of cognitive and social core components of the experience and their importance to advances in pain management. This paper reviews evidence and theoretical models for the significant role social and cognitive factors play in pain experience and we argue that without explicit recognition of these core components in the definition, significant nuances are lost at a cost to understanding and clinical management of pain. A focus on sensory and emotional features perpetuates biomedical interventions and research, whereas recognition of cognitive and social features supports a multidimensional model of pain, advances in interdisciplinary care, and the benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy and self‐management interventions. We also explore the six Key Notes that accompany the new definition of pain, discuss their application to the understanding of pain in childhood, and, in doing so, further explore social and cognitive implications. Considerations are also described for assessment and treatment of pain in pediatric populations.
High pesticide inhalation exposure from multiple spraying sources amongst applicators in Eswatini, Southern Africa
Authors: Msibi Sithembiso S , Chen Chung‐Yu , Chang Cheng‐Ping , Chen Chiou‐Jong , Chiang Su‐Yin , Wu Kuen‐Yuh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDSerious concerns surround the potential risks resulting from inhalation exposure to pesticides amongst agricultural workers when mixing and applying these compounds. In Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland), Southern Africa, pesticides are widely used to improve the yield and quality of sugar cane production, the largest contributor to the country's economy. We assessed applicators' inhalation exposures from multiple spraying sources to four commonly used herbicides in Eswatini.RESULTSAnalysis of 76 personal air samples by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) revealed four pesticides: ametryn, atrazine, pendimethalin and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, with mean concentrations of 36.91, 21.57, 31.05 and 0.89 μg m–3, respectively. These inhalation exposures are much higher than those recorded in previous similar studies.CONCLUSIONAlthough all applicators in this study used personal protective equipment (PPE), they nevertheless recorded high levels of inhalation exposure to commonly used pesticides. Our findings suggest that in addition to observing mandated regular changing and cleaning practices with PPE for ultimate personal protection, pesticide applicators should distance themselves from each other when spraying to effectively reduce their exposure to pesticides from multiple spraying sources. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal spraying distance between pesticide applicators. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Performance of two species of whiteflies is unaffected by glucosinolate profile in Brassica plants
Authors: Li Jie , Qian Hong‐Mei , Pan Li‐Long , Wang Qiao‐Mei , Liu Shu‐Sheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDWhile plant glucosinolates are known to impart resistance to many insects, their role in the interactions between plants and many phloem‐feeding insects such as whiteflies are poorly understood. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex comprises many cryptic species that differ in the ability to utilize Brassica plants. However, whether Brassica plants‐specific traits such as glucosinolates determine differences of whiteflies in colonizing Brassica plants remains in question.RESULTSWe first observed performance of two whitefly species MEAM1 and Asia II 3, which differ obviously in their ability to colonize Brassica plants, on four cultivars of three Brassica species that vary in glucosinolate profile. We found that the life history characteristics of each of the two whitefly species seems to be only marginally affected by cultivar. We next used wild‐type Arabidopsis plants and mutants defective in glucosinolate biosynthesis or hydrolysis to explore the effects of glucosinolates on the whitefly. We found that fecundity and development of immature stages of neither of the two whitefly species differ significantly between wild‐type and mutants.CONCLUSIONThe data suggest that glucosinolates may have little effect on the oviposition by adults and the survival and development of immature stages of MEAM1 and Asia II 3 whiteflies. The marked differences in colonizing Brassica crops between the two whitefly species are likely due to plant traits other than glucosinolates. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assessing and communicating heterogeneity of treatment effects for patient subpopulations: Keynote and panel discussion on communicating heterogeneous treatment effects across populations
Authors: Heyward James , Lolic Milena , Spong Catherine , Atkins David , Pennello Gene , Varadhan Ravi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow do we communicate nuanced regulatory information to different audiences, recognizing that the consumer audience is very different from the physician audience? In particular, how do we communicate the heterogeneity of treatment effects ‐ the potential differences in treatment effects based on sex, race, and age? That is a fundamental question at the heart of this panel discussion. Each panelist addressed a specific “challenge question” during their 5‐minute presentation, and the list of questions is provided. The presentations were followed by a question and answer session with members of the audience and the panelists.
Bayes shrinkage estimator for consistency assessment of treatment effects in multi‐regional clinical trials
Authors: Adall Sisay W. , Xu Jin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe primary objective of a multi‐regional clinical trial is to investigate the overall efficacy of the drug across regions and evaluate the possibility of applying the overall trial result to some specific region. A challenge arises when there is not enough regional sample size. We focus on the problem of evaluating applicability of a drug to a specific region of interest under the criterion of preserving a certain proportion of the overall treatment effect in the region. We propose a variant of James‐Stein shrinkage estimator in the empirical Bayes context for the region‐specific treatment effect. The estimator has the features of accommodating the between‐region variation and finiteness correction of bias. We also propose a truncated version of the proposed shrinkage estimator to further protect risk in the presence of extreme value of regional treatment effect. Based on the proposed estimator, we provide the consistency assessment criterion and sample size calculation for the region of interest. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed estimators in comparison with some existing methods. A hypothetical example is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method.
Radiological progression of COVID‐19 organizing pneumonia
Authors: Johari Bushra , Abdul Kadir Roqiah Fatmawati , Abd Ghani Farihah , Peter Alan Basil 
Published: May 2021

Key messageIt has recently been recognized that the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and secondary organizing pneumonia (OP) tend to follow a subacute progression of respiratory illness. We present images of radiological progression of COVID‐19 pneumonia and secondary OP.
Drilling under the COVID‐19 pandemic: A diary study of professional football players' mental health and workout performance
Authors: Sun Shuhua , Zhang Stephen X. , Jahanshahi Asghar Afshar , Jahanshahi Mehdi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThere is little research examining how individuals’ daily experience during a pandemic affects their daily mental health status and work performance. To address this knowledge gap, we invoke conservation of resources theory to propose a resource‐based framework explaining how individuals’ daily COVID‐19 intrusive experience affects their daily mental health status (depression and anxiety) and work performance via its effect on daily psychosocial resource loss and gain; We further examine whether their supervisors’ daily visionary leadership behaviour alleviates the adverse impacts of daily COVID‐19 intrusive experience. Results, based on daily diary data from 139 football players (or soccer players) at 15 professional football clubs over 5 days during the COVID‐19 pandemic, provided support for our predictions. Our study extends the literature by providing previously undocumented evidence on daily within‐person variations in mental health status and work performance during a pandemic and by offering theory‐driven insights into the mediating and moderating mechanisms involved in within‐person variations.
Spectroscopy‐Assisted Label‐free Molecular Analysis of Live Cell Surface with Vertically Aligned Plasmonic Nanopillars
Authors: Zhang Chi , Siddhanta Soumik , Paria Debadrita , Li Yaozheng , Zheng Chao , Barman Ishan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA generalized label‐free platform for surface‐selective molecular sensing in living cells can transform the ability to examine complex events in the cell membrane. While vertically aligned semiconductor and metal‐semiconductor hybrid nanopillars have rapidly surfaced for stimulating and probing the intracellular environment, the potential of such constructs for selectively interrogating the cell membrane is surprisingly underappreciated. In this work, a new platform, entitled nano‐PROD (nano‐pillar based Raman optical detection), enables molecular recording by probing fundamental vibrational modes of membrane constituents of cells adherent on a large‐area silver‐coated silicon nanopillar substrate fabricated using a precursor solution‐based nanomanufacturing process. It is shown that the nano‐PROD platform sustains live cells in near‐physiological conditions, which can be directly profiled using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy due to the confined electromagnetic field enhancement. The experimental results highlight the utility of the platform in probing specific cell surface markers for accurately recognizing the phenotypically identical prostate cancer cells, differing only in prostate‐specific membrane antigen expression. Due to its tunability, nano‐PROD has the promise to be readily extendable to other applications that can leverage its unique combination of nanoscale topographic features and molecular sensing capabilities, from stain‐free cytopathology inspection to understanding spatio‐mechanical regulation in membrane receptor function.
Multiscale 3D Bioprinting by Nozzle‐Free Acoustic Droplet Ejection
Authors: Jentsch Stefan , Nasehi Ramin , Kuckelkorn Christoph , Gundert Benedikt , Aveic Sanja , Fischer Horst 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBioprinting allows the manufacture of complex cell‐laden hydrogel constructs that can mature into tissue replacements in subsequent cell culture processes. The nozzles used in currently available bioprinters limit the print resolution and at dimensions below 100 µm clogging is expected. Most critically, the reduction of nozzle diameter also increases shear stress during printing. At critical shear stress, mechanical damage to printed cells triggers cell death. To overcome these limitations, a novel 3D bioprinting method based on the principle of acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) is introduced here. The absence of a nozzle in this method minimizes critical shear stress. A numerical simulation reveals that maximum shear stress during the ADE process is 2.7 times lower than with a Ø150 µm microvalve nozzle. Printing of cell clusters contained in droplets at the millimeter length scale, as well as in droplets the size of a single cell, is feasible. The precise 3D build‐up of cell‐laden structures is demonstrated and evidence is provided that there are no negative effects on stem cell morphology, proliferation, or differentiation capacities. This multiscale acoustic bioprinting technique thus holds promise for cell‐preserving creation of complex and individualized cell‐laden 3D hydrogel structures.
Node ages, relationships, and phylogenomic incongruence in an ancient gymnosperm lineage – Phylogeny of Ephedra revisited
Authors: Rydin Catarina , Blokzijl Ruben , Thureborn Olle , Wikström Niklas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractKnowledge of relationships among plants has improved dramatically but for many groups, it still rests solely on information from the plastid genome. Consequently, only parts of the organisms’ evolutionary history are revealed. For the ancient gymnosperms of Ephedra (Gnetales), previous conclusions were based on both plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA data, but results were typically poorly resolved and supported, presumably because of information poverty in the utilized gene regions. With the aim of resolving phylogenetic questions using more data, we sequenced the plastid genome and the nuclear ribosomal cistron for 50 specimens of Ephedra, largely covering the diversity of the genus. Phylogeny and node ages were estimated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. However, instead of clarifying a few remaining uncertainties, we were left with new questions and incongruent results. Age estimates of the crown group of Ephedra vary considerably depending on utilized software and specified tree prior. Furthermore, previous estimates of the phylogeny of Ephedra have largely reflected information from nrITS, despite utilization of plastid gene regions as well. With analyses based on the entire plastid genome, completely new results emerge. Earlier conclusions of deep divergences in the genus are not supported, and there are ample examples of phylogenetic incongruence. Our study overturns conclusions in previous work and highlights that we still know fairly little about evolution in the ancient Ephedra lineage. How many species of Ephedra are there, and how are they related? How old is the crown group? Many species appear affected by a history of hybridization/introgression and/or polyploidy, but other processes may result in similar patterns and reasons for the detected incongruences must be further analyzed, preferably using population‐level sampling and low‐copy nuclear data.
Disease activation maps for subgingival dental calculus identification based on intelligent dental optical coherence tomography
Authors: Hsiao Tien‐Yu , Ho Yi‐Ching , Chen Mei‐Ru , Lee Shyh‐Yuan , Sun Chia‐Wei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDuring the treatment of periodontitis, removal of dental calculus is essential but still tricky despite developments of several imaging modalities. In this research, we propose a novel approach to provide an intuitive guidance, to automatically detect the present of subgingival calculus, and to identify the site of the lesion in optical coherence tomography images based on convolutional neural network model and the class activation maps technique. Our result shows good visualizations of dental calculus both in B‐scan and in volumetric view. We believe the improvement can break down the technical barrier and finally facilitate the prevalence of dental optical coherence tomography.
Plasmonic gold nanoagents for cancer imaging and therapy
Authors: Fu Qinrui , Zhang Xuan , Song Jibin , Yang Huanghao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a popular material in the field of nanoscience because of their excellent biocompatibility and unique physical and chemical properties, and have been widely used in the biomedical field. AuNPs have a simple preparation method, controllable shape and size, high electron density and atomic number, superparamagnetic properties, and radiation sensitization effect, and their optical absorbance can be adjusted to the required biological window; thus, AuNPs are suitable for cancer imaging (photoacoustic imaging, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging), photothermal therapy, and radiotherapy. AuNPs can also be used as carriers to load photosensitizers or chemotherapeutic agents, and therefore, can also be used in photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. In summary, AuNPs and their assemblies can simultaneously realize cancer diagnosis and treatment, providing a new idea in the development of precision medical treatment.
Computational investigations of polymerase enzymes: Structure, function, inhibition, and biotechnology
Authors: Geronimo Inacrist , Vidossich Pietro , Donati Elisa , De Vivo Marco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDNA and RNA polymerases (Pols) are central to life, health, and biotechnology because they allow the flow of genetic information in biological systems. Importantly, Pol function and (de)regulation are linked to human diseases, notably cancer (DNA Pols) and viral infections (RNA Pols) such as COVID‐19. In addition, Pols are used in various applications such as synthesis of artificial genetic polymers and DNA amplification in molecular biology, medicine, and forensic analysis. Because of all of this, the field of Pols is an intense research area, in which computational studies contribute to elucidating experimentally inaccessible atomistic details of Pol function. In detail, Pols catalyze the replication, transcription, and repair of nucleic acids through the addition, via a nucleotidyl transfer reaction, of a nucleotide to the 3′‐end of the growing nucleic acid strand. Here, we analyze how computational methods, including force‐field‐based molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, and free energy simulations, have advanced our understanding of Pols. We examine the complex interaction of chemical and physical events during Pol catalysis, like metal‐aided enzymatic reactions for nucleotide addition and large conformational rearrangements for substrate selection and binding. We also discuss the role of computational approaches in understanding the origin of Pol fidelity—the ability of Pols to incorporate the correct nucleotide that forms a Watson–Crick base pair with the base of the template nucleic acid strand. Finally, we explore how computations can accelerate the discovery of Pol‐targeting drugs and engineering of artificial Pols for synthetic and biotechnological applications.This article is categorized under:Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and CatalysisStructure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and BiophysicsSoftware > Molecular Modeling
Global patterns of offshore wind variability
Authors: West Chris G. , Smith Ronald B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUsing the 40‐year hourly gridded ERA5 reanalysis, we study the offshore patterns of wind variability using the probability density function (PDF) and the power spectral density (PSD). To summarize wind variability, we compute the Weibull parameters from the PDF and the PSD for six spectral bands: interannual, annual, multimonth, storm, diurnal, and semidiurnal. We characterize the storm spectral peak using a Gaussian function in
frequency space. These parameters are plotted along two pole‐to‐pole transects through the Atlantic Ocean at 25°W and the Pacific Ocean at 170°W longitude and at 16 current and proposed offshore wind sites. We test the idea that coastal and open‐ocean wind statistics may be described by a single set of meridional profiles.In mid‐latitudes, the storm band variance exceeding 20 m2 s−2 dominates. The Weibull shape parameter is close to
. The storm interval varies from 4 to 7 days depending on location. In the Northern Hemisphere only, the annual variance is significant, exceeding 3 m2 s−2. In the equatorial region, we find steadier winds with small storm variance less than 3 m2 s−2. The Weibull shape parameter is
or greater, suggesting the possibility of a high capacity factor there. The storm interval can exceed 15 days. The equatorial zone has an annual wind variance reaching 2 m2 s−2, comparable to the storm variance. In the tropical Pacific, we find interannual variance associated with El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Semidiurnal variance is detected in the tropics from the atmospheric tide.