bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awareness and Practice of Cord Blood Donation by Pregnant Women in Lagos Nigeria
Authors: John-Olabode Sarah Oluwatayo , Okunade Kehinde S. , Ajie Iwuchukwu O. , Olorunfemi Gbenga , Oyedeji Olufemi A. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Poor awareness remains a substantial limitation to harnessing the benefits of umbilical cord blood (UCB) in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the level of awareness and factors influencing intention to donate cord blood to blood bank among antenatal clinic attendees at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

Methods:
We conducted a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study of 400 women attending the antenatal clinic of a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, between February and June 2018. The data were analyzed using Stata version 13; comparisons were conducted with Chi-square, Student's t-test, and Mann–Whitney U-test. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression was conducted with “willingness to donate” as the outcome variable.

Results:
Majority (n = 287/331 [86.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 76.4–84.9]) of the participants had some knowledge of UCB, almost half intended future donation of UCB (n = 161/333, [48.3%, 95% CI: 42.9–53.6]). Based on our findings, factors such as religion (P = 0.001), education (P = 0.03), information from health-care provider (P < 0.001) appear to influence awareness, and the decision to donate UCB.

Conclusion:
Although the awareness of the clinical uses of UCB is very limited in Nigeria, the intent to participate in UCB donation is high. Factors such as religion, education, and prior information about UCB donation by health-care providers have been identified in this study to have an influence on the decision to donate UCB.
A Re-Evaluation of Ectopic Pregnancies in a Resource-Limited Setting
Authors: Duru Victor Chinazo , Izuka Emmanuel Obiora , Enebe Joseph Tochukwu , Iloghalu Emeka Ifeanyi , Ifezuoke Tochukwu Dickson , Nwagha Uchenna Ifeanyi 
Published: June 2021

Context:
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a severe challenge in contemporary gynaecology, particularly in developing economies. Late presentation and diagnosis increase the associated morbidity and mortality. With the worldwide surge in incidence and varied presentation patterns, re-evaluation has become necessary. This study, therefore, aims at re-evaluating the risk factors and clinical patterns of EP cases in a tertiary health facility in a resource-limited setting.

Settings/Methods/Statistical Analysis:
All EP cases managed at the Teaching Hospital of the University of Nigeria (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria, from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, were retrospectively evaluated. The collected data was analyzed with the 23.0 edition of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Descriptive statistics was done for the qualitative variables. Cross-tabulation was done; the association levels were determined by Chi-square/Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test for the qualitative and quantitative variables. P = 0.05 was considered as the statistical significance level.

Results:
There were 6448 deliveries and 4129 gynaecological admissions. The mean age of the patients was 29 ± 3 years. Most (76.3%) of the participants (61) were multiparous, whereas only (2) 2.5% of the participants were grand-multiparous. The EP prevalence rate was 1.2% (80 out of 6448), and it constituted 1.9% (80 out of 4129) of all gynaecological admissions. All the patients presented with ruptured EP. The main presentation of EP among the participants was abdominal pain (69, [86.3%]), while the most presenting risk factor was a history of induced abortion (52, [65%]).

Conclusion:
We concluded that ectopic gestation remains a major gynaecological emergency in our environment. Most of our patients had ruptured EP, which could negatively impact our society, which places a high premium on childbearing.
Knowledge, Perception, and Consumption of Food Additives among Female Lecturers in Zaria, Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammed Sani , Lawal Aminu , Umar Ahmed Ayuba , Asuke Sunday 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Food additives are being utilized for both small- and large-scale food production but often find more applicability in mass food production. Food additive consumption over a long period could pose adverse health outcomes. The study determined knowledge, perception, and consumption of food additives among female lecturers in Zaria.

Methodology:
It was a cross-sectional study conducted among 180 full-time female lecturers of the three tertiary institutions, selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested self-administered questionnaire. The data were entered into IBM SPSS Statistics 20 and analyzed. Univariate analysis for categorical variables was done using simple proportions.

Results:
A total of 167 female lecturers responded giving a response rate of 92.8%. Their mean age was 42.7 ± 8.2 years. Majority (109, 65.3%) had good knowledge of food additives, less than half (77, 46.3%) had a good perception of them, and the overall consumption rate for food additives was 97.1%. Majority (77.8%) felt that the risks associated with food additives must never be ignored, about half (47.3%) felt that foods consumed by Nigerians were now generally more harmful. However, only about one-fifth felt that most fast foods do contain food additives (28.1%). Consumption rates were high for both natural and synthetic food additives (61.7%–92.2%), except for Ajinomoto and Vedan which were consumed by only 38 (22.8%).

Conclusion:
Knowledge of food additives was good, but their perception was poor and consumption was high. Stakeholders must begin to organize and sustain periodic sensitization campaigns on risks associated with the consumption of food additives. Futures studies should identify the reasons for poor perception and high level of consumption despite good knowledge among the study population.
Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Syphilis Infections among Pregnant Women Booked for Antenatal Care at Kogi State Specialist Hospital, Lokoja, Nigeria
Authors: Onuminya Dorcas Salime , Isabu Peter A. , Eifediyi Reuben , Eigbeifoh Joseph O. , Okogbo Felix O. , Sule-Odu Adewole O. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among pregnant women are an important health issue in Nigeria, but its prevalence in Lokoja is not known.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to establish the seroprevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and syphilis infections among pregnant women booked for the antenatal clinic in Kogi State Specialist Hospital, Lokoja, Nigeria, and determine risk factors associated with the infections.

Methods:
We prospectively screened three hundred pregnant women booked for antenatal care between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, for HIV, HBV, and syphilis. Their demographic data, risk factors, and results of the screening tests were analyzed using the SPSS version 20 and presented in simple charts, tables, and percentages.

Results:
Thirty nine (13%) out of the 300 pregnant women tested seropositive for either HIV (28, 9.3%), HBV (10, 3.3%), or syphilis (one, 0.3%). The most common identifiable risk factor for these infections was multiple sexual partners which accounted for 38.4%.

Conclusions:
The seroprevalence of STIs in this study was 13% and the most common risk factor for the infections was multiple sexual partners. Therefore, effective preventive strategies for HIV, HBV, and syphilis are advocated.
Pattern of Cancer in Bauchi
Authors: Adogu Ibrahim O. , Suleiman Dauda E , Malami Sani Abubakar , Aminu Muhammad Baffah , Muhammed Aminu Zakari 
Published: June 2021

Context:
Cancer ranks second among the major causes of death globally. A projection by 2020 indicated that developing countries would account for about 70% of total cancer-related death worldwide. Despite the great threat posed by cancer to this region of the world, reliable statistics on the trends and patterns of cancer are rare.

Aims:
The aim of the study is to review the cases of cancer recorded in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH), Bauchi, from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2019

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective, descriptive study. Nine years records of all pathologically diagnosed cancer cases in the ATBUTH, Bauchi were retrieved, reviewed, and grouped in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. The results were presented as simple frequency tables and charts.

Results:
A total of 1284 cancer cases were diagnosed during the period, an average of 142.7 cases per annum. There was a female predominance of cancer cases (male: female ratio - 1:1.53. The age range was from seven months to 95 years, with mean and median ages of 49.6 and 50 years, respectively. More than half of the cases were reported in the fifth to seventh decades of life. Prostate (14.6%) and non melanoma skin cancer (11.2%) were the most common cancers seen in males. In females, cancers of the cervix (37.9%) and the breast (22.9%) were the most common.

Conclusions:
Breast cancer and cancer of the uterine cervix were the most common cancers in women in this review while prostate cancer was the most common cancer in men. The need to establish a hospital-based and/or population-based cancer registry that will generate reliable cancer data in our environment cannot be overemphasized.
Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in a Tertiary Health Facility in Northeast Nigeria
Authors: Denue Ballah Akawu , Ngamariju Sepu , Abdul Habu , Musa Abubakar Mohammad 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a newly identified β-coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), has a varied clinical manifestation. We evaluated the clinical features of COVID-19 in symptomatic patients that presented for care at a Federal Medical Centre Nguru, Northeast Nigeria.

Methodology:
In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed and analyzed relevant information abstracted from the medical records of symptomatic COVID-19 patients that were managed from March 14 to October 14, 2020, in the facility.

Results:
Clinical records of 55 symptomatic COVID-19 patients were evaluated in this study. Their mean age was 49.1 ± 16.3 (females 51.4 ± 15.6, males 48.5 ± 17.2, P = 0.601) with females constituting 47.2% of the studied patients. Fever (87.3%), cough (67.3%), sore throat (49.1%) and rhinorrhea (41.8%) were the most common clinical feature. Other features included difficulty in breathing (25.5%) and ageusia (14.6%). Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain were seen in 10.9%, 18.2%, and 9.1%, respectively. Twenty-one (38.2%) patients had a preexisting health condition. Chronic kidney disease was the most common; it was seen in 34% of patients, other common conditions included hypertensive heart disease (24%), and diabetes mellitus (16%).

Conclusion:
Respiratory symptoms are the most common presentation of COVID-19 in our setting. However, some patients also presented with additional extrapulmonary symptoms. A significant proportion, 38.2% of symptomatic COVID-19 patients, had preexisting health conditions.
Assessing Performance of Resident Doctors in Training in Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Umar Shehu Salihu , Babandi Zaharadeen Shuaibu , Suleiman Auwal Garba , Umar Umar Muhammad , Olorukooba Abdulhakeem Abayomi , Ahmad Aisha Jamila , Muhammad Bilqis Olajumoke , Umar Abubakar Ibrahim , Ahmad Adam , Obazenu Lawson O. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Residency training is a postgraduate medical education where graduate doctors are mentored toward becoming independent specialists. In Nigeria currently, the Medical Residency Training Act (MRTA) 2017 guides residency training under the regulation of three postgraduate medical colleges: the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria (NPMCN), West African College of Surgeons (WACS), and West African College of Physicians (WACP). For the respective colleges, resident doctors are expected to attempt Part One and Part Two fellowship examinations after completing their junior and senior residency training, respectively, within stipulated durations.

Objectives:
The aim of this study is to assess resident doctors' performance in training and predictive factors.

Methodology:
Electronic questionnaires was distributed to respondents through their contacts or emails. Data was collected within a period of one month, from July 10 to August 6, 2020. Data was analyzed using mean, standard deviation, simple tables as well as t-test and Chi-square test. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for decision purposes.

Results:
A total of 120 participants were involved in the study. The mean age of respondents was 38.0 ± 3.8 years, with a majority of 88 (83.3%) males and 107 (89.2%) married. On the first attempt, 48 (65.8%), 37 (60.6%), and 15 (57.7%) respondents were successful in NPMCN, WACS, and WACP Part One fellowship examinations, respectively. There was no significant difference in the success in Part One between the three postgraduate medical colleges. There was significant difference in the duration between the first attempt and success in Part One examinations for the three colleges, respectively (NPMCN – P = 0.001, WACS – P < 0.001, WACP – P = 0.036).

Conclusion:
There was a comparable success in Part One fellowship examination between the three postgraduate medical colleges, with over half of respondents recording success in their first attempt. However, there were significant delays between the first attempt and success in Part One examination for the three postgraduate medical colleges.
Antiretroviral Therapy-Related Problems among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients
Authors: Busari Abdulwasiu Adeniyi , Oshikoya Kazeem A. , Akinwumi Adeyinka F. , Usman Sikiru O. , Badru Wasiu A. , Olusanya Adedunni W. , Oreagba Ibrahim A. , Olayemi Sunday O. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
There are problems associated with antiretroviral therapy despite its achievement. Poor medication adherence and inability to tolerate large pill burden are major problems facing patients with chronic illnesses. These drug therapy problems are under-studied among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Nigeria. We evaluated adherence and pill burden among this set of patients in a tertiary hospital in Lagos.

Methods:
Data for eligible HIV-infected adults were documented from case notes and through interviews using a well-structured questionnaire. Important details extracted were sociodemographics, pills information, and CD4 counts. The main outcome measures were drug adherence, as assessed by the four-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale and pill burden, as measured by daily pill >5.

Results:
Of the 296 patients, 219 (74%) were females. Median age (interquartile range) was 40 (35.0–47.7) years. Majority (262; 88.5%) were married, had at least a secondary education (142:48.0%), and CD4 count >500 cells/ml (215; 72.6%). Pill burden >5 pills/day was observed in 12.2% of the patients, while adherence was documented for 83.4% of the patients. Majority (259; 87.5%) were receiving fixed-dose combination of antiretroviral drugs. Forgetfulness (16.5%) and being too busy to take pills (10.5%) were the most common reasons for nonadherence. Pill burden in those who were not receiving fixed-dose combination was significantly associated with medication nonadherence. However, only pill burden was found to be an independent prognosticator of non-adherance. (Odd ratio = 0.67, confidence interval = 0.03–1.66, P < 0.00).

Conclusion:
Medication nonadherence and pill burden were observed in more than one-tenth of patients. These were the two major antiretroviral therapy-related problems reported in this study.
Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose can be Misleading Without Periodic Re-Calibration of Glucose Meters
Authors: Inaku Kenneth Ogar , Eyam Eyam Sunday , Emin Emin Johnson , Onuche Onuche Lawrence 
Published: June 2021

Introduction
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Background:
Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent in both developed and developing countries today affecting about 429 million adults globally and is expected to rise by 147% to 629 million in 2045. Effective management of diabetes mellitus requires the periodic measurement of fasting plasma glucose. Self-monitoring blood glucose has been used to achieve this for over three decades now. This study, therefore, assesses the performance of three blood glucose meters used by patients with diabetes in our environment.

Materials and Methods:
This study adopted a comparative analytical prospective design that involved three of the frequently used glucose meters in our environment namely RUBY®, ONCALL®, and FINETEST®. Glucose calibrators of increasing concentrations from 40 mg/dL to 200 mg/dL were prepared from a freshly constituted 1800 mg/dl stock solution of glucose. Sera obtained from five patients were assayed along with control sera using a routine laboratory method (glucose oxidase [GOX]) for standardization and the three glucose meters simultaneously and the results were compared for statistical differences on Microsoft Excel using means and standard deviation. P ≤ 0.05 was set as a level of significance.

Results:
The mean glucose values of calibrators (120 ± 63.3) were statistically significantly different from the mean glucose values of the RUBY (139.6 ± 80.9), (P = 0.0118) and the ONCALL (188.8 ± 82.1), (P ≤ 0.0001) glucose meters, respectively. The percentage increase in blood glucose estimation by the RUBY and ONCALL devices was 115.8% and 157.3% respectively. The FINETEST glucose meter overestimated glucose by 232.0% higher than the laboratory GOX method even though there was no statistical significance (P = 0.062) between the two means. The percentage imprecision for the different glucose meters was: RUBY 9.5%, FINETEST 14.8%, and ONCALL 18.2%.

Conclusion:
Quality control should be used routinely in the use of point of care testing glucose measurements and devices should be sent to the central laboratory periodically for recalibration to avoid mismanagement of diabetic patients on hypoglycaemic drugs.
Obesity as a Risk Factor for Age-Related Cataract in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Muhammad Rilwan Chiroma , Kalambe Aisha Sheriff , Imam Abubakar 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and age-related cataract in a Nigerian Population.

Materials and Methods:
Ninety adult patients aged between 45 and 65 years with age-related cataract were matched with ninety adult patients aged between 45and 65 years without cataract based on age and gender. Pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to obtain information on demographics, educational levels, and occupation. Cataract was evaluated using a modified World Health Organization grading system. Body mass index (BMI) was categorized into four groups (underweight: BMI 15–19.9; normal weight: BMI 20–24.9; overweight: BMI 25–29.9; and obese: BMI >30). The association between degree and type of cataract and obesity was evaluated. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21. Confidence intervals of 95% and P < 0.005 were considered statistically significant.

Results:
Female participants had significantly higher mean BMI than males (27.56 ± 6.33 vs. 24.95 ± 4.35 P = 0.002). There was however no statistically significant difference noted in mean BMI based on the age groups or the levels of education. There was no statistically significant difference in BMI between participants with and without cataract (26.16 ± 5.87 vs. 27.56 ± 6.33, P = 0.824) regardless of the type and grade of cataract.

Conclusion:
The study showed a lack of association between obesity and cataract, further studies are required to explore causality.
Containing COVID-19 in Nigeria
Authors: Azuogu Benedict Ndubueze , Onah Cosmas Kenan , Ogah Emeka Onwe , Utulor Chinweoke Alfred , Iyare Osarhiemen , Adeke Azuka Stephen , Ebere Nkechi Elizabeth , Ewah Richard , Nnadozie Ugochukwu Uzodimma , Ogbonnaya Lawrence Ulu 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Nigeria prompted decision-making at the various levels of governance. Ebonyi State Government in South-east Nigeria closed her borders with neighboring states as a preventive measure for the spread of the pandemic. This study was an assessment of the effectiveness and challenges of border closure and surveillance activities in controlling the dispersion of the disease across states.

Materials and Methods:
The five major borders of Ebonyi State with her neighboring States of Enugu, Cross River, and Abia were visited. Information was collected about movement restrictions and surveillance at the borders using an observation checklist and key informant interviews. Data collected were analyzed using IBM-SPSS and thematic interpretation.

Results:
Commuters on essential duty were enforced to wear face masks, perform hand hygiene, and undergo screening for the symptoms of COVID-19 before entering the State. All the first 13 COVID-19 confirmed persons in the State were from those picked up as suspected cases by surveillance at the State borders. People who travelled hundreds of kilometers across several States were stopped from entering Ebonyi State. However, movement restriction at the borders was undermined by some security personnel who were bribed by commuters to allow them crossover during night hours.

Conclusion:
The lockdown and surveillance activities at the borders were effective in controlling the spread of COVID-19, but alternative routes of entry and corrupt act during odd hours constituted serious risks. Uniformity of movement restriction across all the states borders with vigilante groups manning inter-community boundaries may control the disease spread across regions.
Coverage of Cancer News in Pakistani Print Media
Authors: Mahesar Rameez Ali , Pasha Yasira Naeem , Pathan Mubina , Khan Mariam Israr 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Newspaper coverage is a key source of cancer information. Although it was of profound significance to understand how the local newspapers of Pakistan cover the cancer news.

Aims and Objectives:
To counter this, the present study was aimed to examine the cancer news coverage of the last year 2020.

Materials and Methods:
Using content analysis technique, the whole year coverage in daily Pehnji Akhbar was investigated to determine which topic and the type of cancer were most frequently mentioned in the news, and what was the locality the cancer news was most frequently reported from. Results: In total, 90 cancer-related news were generated, out of which 7.5% of news were found as an average in each month during the whole year of 2020. Death was the topic of the majority (90%) of the news (contributing to 74% male deaths and 15% female deaths). However, blood, liver, throat, and mouth cancers were the most frequently mentioned-types in the news related to male victims. In terms of localities, the rural areas were the highest contributors of the 57 cancer news (contributing to 48% male victims and 14% female victims).

Conclusion:
It was found that cancer is increasing at an alarming rate in the rural areas of Sindh.

Recommendations:
Keeping in view the significance of the newspapers, it would help proffer the public with adequate information on cancer by increasing the mentions of particular types of common cancer. Also, it would be beneficial if the newspapers consider relating the news to the profiles of the victims.