bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban heat islands in the Arctic cities: an updated compilation of in situ and remote-sensing estimations
Authors: Esau Igor , Miles Victoria , Soromotin Andrey , Sizov Oleg , Varentsov Mikhail , Konstantinov Pavel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Persistent warm urban temperature anomalies – urban heat islands (UHIs) – significantly enhance already amplified climate warming in the Arctic. Vulnerability of urban infrastructure in the Arctic cities urges a region-wide study of the UHI intensity and its attribution to UHI drivers. This study presents an overview of the surface and atmospheric UHIs in all
circum-Arctic settlements (118 in total) with the population larger than
3000 inhabitants. The surface UHI (SUHI) is obtained from the land surface
temperature (LST) data products of the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) archive over 2000–2016. The atmospheric UHI is
obtained from screen-level temperature provided by the Urban Heat Island
Arctic Research Campaign (UHIARC) observational network over 2015–2018.
Several other UHI studies are included for comparisons. The analysis reveals strong and persistent UHI during both summer and winter seasons. The annual mean surface UHI magnitudes vary from −0.6 ∘C (Hammerfest) to 4.3 ∘C (Murmansk). Thus, the observed UHI is likely an important climatic factor that must be included in future adjustment of urban construction, safety, and environmental quality codes.
CLASSIC v1.0: the open-source community successor to the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) – Part 2: Global benchmarking
Authors: Seiler Christian , Melton Joe R. , Arora Vivek K. , Wang Libo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The Canadian Land Surface Scheme Including Biogeochemical Cycles (CLASSIC) is an open-source community model designed to address research questions that explore the role of the land surface in the global climate system. Here, we evaluate how well CLASSIC reproduces the energy, water, and carbon cycle when forced with quasi-observed meteorological data. Model skill scores summarize how well model output agrees with observation-based reference data across multiple statistical metrics. A lack of agreement may be due to deficiencies in the model, its forcing data, and/or reference data. To address uncertainties in the forcing, we evaluate an ensemble of CLASSIC runs that is based on three meteorological data sets. To account for observational uncertainty, we compute benchmark skill scores that quantify the level of agreement among independent reference data sets. The benchmark scores demonstrate what score values a model may realistically achieve given the uncertainties in the observations. Our results show that uncertainties associated with the forcing and observations are considerably large. For instance, for 10 out of 19 variables assessed in this study, the sign of the bias changes depending on what forcing and reference data are used. Benchmark scores are much lower than expected, implying large observational uncertainties. Model and benchmark score values are mostly similar, indicating that CLASSIC performs well when considering observational uncertainty. Future model development should address (i) a positive albedo bias and resulting shortwave radiation bias in parts of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics and Tibetan Plateau, (ii) an out-of-phase seasonal gross primary productivity cycle in the humid tropics of South America and Africa, (iii) a lacking spatial correlation of annual mean net ecosystem exchange with site-level measurements, (iv) an underestimation of fractional area burned and corresponding emissions in the boreal forests, (v) a negative soil organic carbon bias in high latitudes, and (vi) a time lag in seasonal leaf area index maxima in parts of the NH extratropics. Our results will serve as a baseline for guiding and monitoring future CLASSIC development.
Soil moisture and streamflow deficit anomaly index: an approach to quantify drought hazards by combining deficit and anomaly
Authors: Popat Eklavyya , Döll Petra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Drought is understood as both a lack of water (i.e., a
deficit compared to demand) and a temporal anomaly in one or more
components of the hydrological cycle. Most drought indices, however, only
consider the anomaly aspect, i.e., how unusual the condition is. In this
paper, we present two drought hazard indices that reflect both the deficit and
anomaly aspects. The soil moisture deficit anomaly index, SMDAI, is based on
the drought severity index, DSI (Cammalleri et al., 2016), but is computed in
a more straightforward way that does not require the definition of a mapping
function. We propose a new indicator of drought hazard for water supply from
rivers, the streamflow deficit anomaly index, QDAI, which takes into account
the surface water demand of humans and freshwater biota. Both indices are
computed and analyzed at the global scale, with a spatial resolution of
roughly 50 km, for the period 1981–2010, using monthly time series of
variables computed by the global water resources and the model
WaterGAP 2.2d. We found that the SMDAI and QDAI values are broadly similar to
values of purely anomaly-based indices. However, the deficit anomaly indices
provide more differentiated spatial and temporal patterns that help to
distinguish the degree and nature of the actual drought hazard to vegetation
health or the water supply. QDAI can be made relevant for stakeholders with
different perceptions about the importance of ecosystem protection, by
adapting the approach for computing the amount of water that is required to
remain in the river for the well-being of the river ecosystem. Both deficit
anomaly indices are well suited for inclusion in local or global drought risk
studies.
Debt to Equity Ratio, Return on Asset dan Earning per Share pada PT Adhi Karya Persero Tbk
Authors: Hassanudin Abdul Fatah , Rosmayati Irma , Pratama Azis Wira 
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Debt to Equity Ratio danÂ Return On Asset terhadap Earning Per Share pada PT. Adhi Karya Persero Tbk. Penelitian ini menggunakan variabel debt to equity ratio, return on asset dan earning per share. Peneliti menggunakan data sekunder, yaitu Laporan Keuangan Tahunan PT. Adhi Karya Persero Tbk periode 2014-2018. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah berbentuk asosiatif yang menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, pengumpulan data yaitu penelitian perpustakaan dan studi dokumentasi.Teknik analisis menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda, penelitian ini menggunakan software SPSS 23. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa debt to equity ratio dan return on asset secara bersama- sama berengaruh signifikan terhadap earning per share. Debt to equity ratio berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan terhadap earning per share. Return on asset berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan terhadap earning per share.
Factores psicosociales que influyen en la intención de los tomadores de decisión agropecuarios de la Pampa austral de Argentina de conservar las franjas de vegetación ribereñas
Authors: Giaccio Gustavo , Mastrangelo Matías , Aparicio Virginia , Costa José Luis , Laterra Pedro 
Published: May 2021

En áreas de intensificación agropecuaria, los tomadores de decisión son los responsables del uso de las tierras y de la conservación de las franjas de vegetación ribereñas. Estas, proporcionan numerosos servicios ecosistémicos a los seres humanos. A pesar de su importancia, cuando la calidad de los suelos lo permite, son convertidas en áreas de cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender la influencia relativa de distintos factores psicosociales, sobre las intenciones de conservar los ambientes ribereños. Se eligieron 50 explotaciones en la Pampa Austral de Argentina, se entrevistaron a los tomadores de decisión a los que se pidió completaran una encuesta de tipo estructurada. Las respuestas fueron codificadas, analizadas estadísticamente y se obtuvieron 3 modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. El modelo basado en los factores normativos mostró el mayor peso, el segundo mejor modelo, fue el cimentado en factores cognitivos, en tanto que, el fundado en factores emocionales fue el de menor representatividad. Se concluye que si bien los factores normativos fueron los que mejor explicaron las intenciones de conservación, representan cuellos de botella en los que no se puede influir y solo se puede intervenir a través de los factores cognitivos, promoviendo el conocimiento.
In areas of agricultural intensification, decision makers are responsible for the land use and the conservation of riparian vegetation strips. These provide many ecosystem services to humans. Despite their importance, they are converted into crop areas when the quality of the soils allows it. The objective of this work was to understand the relative influence of different psycho-social factors on the intentions to conserve the riparian environments. Fifty decision makers of farms of the Southern Pampa of Argentina were interviewed in order to complete a structured survey. The responses were coded and statistically analyzed to determine three models ofstructural equationswere obtained. A model based on normative factors showed the greatest weight. A second model, based on cognitive factors, was most adjusted than one based on emotional factors. It is concluded that although normative factors were the ones that best explained the intentions about the conservation. These factors represent bottlenecks that cannot be influenced and can only be intervened by cognitive factors based on the promotion of the knowledge.
Evaluación de eventos secos y húmedos en el contexto del cambio climático: El caso del sur de la Región Pampeana (Argentina)
Authors: Ferrelli Federico , Soledad Brendel Andrea , María Cintia Piccolo , M. Eduardo Perillo Gerardo 
Published: May 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la duración, intensidad, periodicidad y frecuencia de los eventos secos y húmedos durante i) pasado reciente (1977-1997), ii) presente (1998-2018), iii) futuro cercano (2019-2039) y iv) futuro lejano (2079-2099) en el sur de la Región Pampeana (Argentina). Se aplicó el Índice Estandarizado de Precipitación a escala anual, estacional, semestral y mensual, utilizando datos de doce estaciones meteorológicas. Los resultados fueron interpolados con el método Kriging en un Sistema de Información Geográfica y de esta manera se obtuvo la distribución espacial de los eventos analizados. El área de estudio evidenció una prolongación de los períodos secos, alcanzando 12 meses de duración en el futuro lejano. Los períodos húmedos presentaron un comportamiento similar entre las épocas estudiadas. Teniendo en cuenta su distribución espacial, el sur del área de estudio fue la que registró cambios significativos, dado que presentará mayor frecuencia de eventos secos y húmedos en el futuro. Esta situación podría afectar las actividades económicas que actualmente se desarrollan en el área. La información resultante es esencial para que la población conozca las situaciones a las que podrían estar expuestos ante las fluctuaciones que tendrá la precipitación en situaciones meteorológicas futuras.
This study aims to analyze the duration, intensity, periodicity, and frequency of dry and wet events in the south of Pampas (Argentina), considering i) recent past (1977-1997), ii) present (1998-2018), iii) near future (2019-2039), and iv) far future (2079-2099). In this sense, monthly rainfall data were assessed from twelve weather stations using the Standardized Precipitation Index with 1-month, 3-months,6-months and 12-months timescales. Kriging interpolation method was applied to analyze information spatially. The results showed an extension of dry events with a duration up to 12 months in the far future, while wet events showed a similar behavior among the considered periods. It is worth noting that the south part of the study area will present a higher frequency of wet and dry events, which will generate a more variable rainfall regime affecting the economic activities of the area. The information obtained will be essential for decision-makers and agricultural producers because it will allow them to know the rainfall fluctuation in future situations.
Análisis de la red de comunicación del sur de la ciudad de Murcia mediante SIG: la integración de la alta velocidad ferroviaria y su influencia
Authors: Gil Alonso Iván 
Published: May 2021

En este artículo se evalúa la vulnerabilidad de la red de carreteras del sur del municipio de Murcia ante la inserción del trazado ferroviario de la línea de Alta Velocidad, determinando las variaciones de tiempo en los desplazamientos con origen en los barrios y pedanías situados al sur de la vía ferroviaria hacia los lugares de mayor interés de la ciudad de Murcia. En la metodología se emplean Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para generar modelos de la red de transporte del municipio de Murcia referidos al escenario previo a la integración de la alta velocidad, escenario de inserción en superficie y escenario de inserción soterrada, para dos tipos de movilidad: a pie y mediante vehículo motorizado. Los costes de tiempo de desplazamiento obtenidos de cada modelo se analizan y comparan estadísticamente obteniendo las variaciones. Los resultados revelan que la inserción en superficie implicaría un incremento de coste en los desplazamientos, mientras que la inserción soterrada reduciría los tiempos de desplazamiento y mejoraría la accesibilidad.
This article assesses the vulnerability of the road network in the south of the municipality of Murcia to the insertion of the railway line of the High-Speed line, determining the time variations in movements originating in the neighborhoods and districts located south of the railway to the places of greatest interest in the city of Murcia. In the methodology, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to generate models of the transport network of the municipality of Murcia referring to the scenario prior to the integration of high speed, scenario of surface insertion and scenario of underground insertion, for two types mobility: on foot and by motorized vehicle. The travel time costs obtained from each model are statistically analyzed and compared obtaining the variations. The results reveal that surface insertion would imply an increase in travel costs, while underground insertion would reduce travel times and improve accessibility.
Lactobacillus reuteri TSR332 and Lactobacillus fermentum TSF331 stabilize serum uric acid levels and prevent hyperuricemia in rats
Authors: Kuo Yi-Wei , Hsieh Shih-Hung , Chen Jui-Fen , Liu Cheng-Ruei , Chen Ching-Wei , Huang Yu-Fen , Ho Hsieh-Hsun 
Published: May 2021

Background
Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism in the liver and is excreted by the kidneys. When purine metabolism is impaired, the serum UA level will be elevated (hyperuricemia) and eventually lead to gout. During evolution, humans and some primates have lost the gene encoding uricase, which is vital in UA metabolism. With the advances of human society, the prevalence of hyperuricemia has dramatically increased because of the refined food culture. Hyperuricemia can be controlled by drugs, such as allopurinol and probenecid. However, these drugs have no preventive effect and are associated with unpleasant side effects. An increasing number of probiotic strains, which are able to regulate host metabolism and prevent chronic diseases without harmful side effects, have been characterized. The identification of probiotic strains, which are able to exert beneficial effects on UA metabolism, will provide an alternative healthcare strategy for patients with hyperuricemia, especially for those who are allergic to anti-hyperuricemia drugs.

Methods
To elicit hyperuricemia, rats in the symptom control group (HP) were injected with potassium oxonate and fed a high-purine diet. Rats in the probiotic groups received the high-purine diet, oxonate injection, and supplements of probiotic strains TSR332, TSF331, or La322. Rats in the blank control group (C) received a standard diet (AIN-93G) and oxonate injection.

Results
Purine-utilizing strains of probiotics were screened using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in vitro, and the lowering effect on serum UA levels was analyzed in hyperuricemia rats in vivo. We found that Lactobacillus reuteri strain TSR332 and Lactobacillus fermentum strain TSF331 displayed significantly strong assimilation of inosine (90%; p = 0.00003 and 59%; p = 0.00545, respectively) and guanosine (78%; p = 0.00012 and 51%; p = 0.00062, respectively) within 30 min in vitro. Further animal studies revealed that serum UA levels were significantly reduced by 60% (p = 0.00169) and 30% (p = 0.00912), respectively, in hyperuricemic rats treated with TSR332 and TSF331 for 8 days. Remarkably, TSR332 ameliorated the occurrence of hyperuricemia, and no evident side effects were observed. Overall, our study indicates that TSR332 and TSF331 are potential functional probiotic strains for controlling the development of hyperuricemia.
Ecosystem services show variable responses to future climate conditions in the Colombian páramos
Authors: Diazgranados Mauricio , Tovar Carolina , Etherington Thomas R. , Rodríguez-Zorro Paula A. , Castellanos-Castro Carolina , Galvis Rueda Manuel , Flantua Suzette G.A. 
Published: May 2021

Background
The páramos, the high-elevation ecosystems of the northern Andes, are well-known for their high species richness and provide a variety of ecosystem services to local subsistence-based communities and regional urbanizations. Climate change is expected to negatively affect the provision of these services, but the level of this impact is still unclear. Here we assess future climate change impact on the ecosystem services provided by the critically important páramos of the department of Boyacá in Colombia, of which over 25% of its territory is páramo.

Methods
We first performed an extensive literature review to identify useful species of Boyacá, and selected 103 key plant species that, based on their uses, support the provision of ecosystem services in the páramos. We collated occurrence information for each key species and using a Mahalanobis distance approach we applied climate niche modelling for current and future conditions.

Results
We show an overall tendency of reduction in area for all ecosystem services under future climate conditions (mostly a loss of 10% but reaching up to a loss of 40%), but we observe also increases, and responses differ in intensity loss. Services such as Food for animals, Material and Medicinal, show a high range of changes that includes both positive and negative outcomes, while for Food for humans the responses are mostly substantially negative. Responses are less extreme than those projected for individual species but are often complex because a given ecosystem service is provided by several species. As the level of functional or ecological redundancy between species is not yet known, there is an urgency to expand our knowledge on páramos ecosystem services for more species. Our results are crucial for decision-makers, social and conservation organizations to support sustainable strategies to monitor and mitigate the potential consequences of climate change for human livelihoods in mountainous settings.
Design and Optimise a GARField MRI Resonator
Authors: Muhammad A. , Oladipupo M. D. , Suleiman I. K. , Jane O. L. 
Published: May 2021

The design of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) sensor coil for a GARField NMR system was examined. The target design has a diameter about mm and length mm tuned to frequency of MHz at 50 Ω total impedance. Nine different sets of coils were built with different numbers of turns (3, 5, and 7) and different thickness of wire to vary the wire resistance. The report was to examine based on the design parameters the best resonant circuit for a GARField MRI system. The acquired tuning characteristics from these resonant circuits were interpreted using MATLAB scripts and Excel spreadsheet to compare each coil with already existing theory of resonators. This was achieved by matching each resonant circuit using a match and tuning capacitor to the required frequency (22-23.4 MHz) and to 50 Ω total impedance at resonance. It was found that there is no easy method to estimate the inductance of the coil of wire. The result for the experimental inductance was found to be 0.5 µF and resistance of 0.4 Ω for a medium coil of wire with 5 numbers of turns, diameter of 0.45 and length of 0.7 mm. The initial attempt to fit the experimental data to that of the theory failed due to the absence of stray capacitance in the theory. However, when stray capacitor with value ranging between pF was incorporated in parallel with the tank circuit, it was found that both the experiment and theory fit as expected.
Three coils were tested in the NMR laboratory using a GARField spectrometer to examine the best coil that will be suitable for NMR experiment. Coils were compared on the basis of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and P90 pulse length. It was found that medium coil of wire with 3 number of turns has the biggest SNR of 177 which is good for NMR procedures. On the other hand, coil with 5 numbers of turns has the shortest P90 pulse length of 2.0 µs which is good for spatial resolution. At all rate, this research have shown how theories are verified through experiment.
Predictors of Severe Perineal Tear during Delivery in Yenagoa, Southern Nigeria
Authors: Howells Ikobho Ebenezer , Abasi Isaac Joel 
Published: May 2021

Background:Perineal tear is a very common complication of vaginal delivery, and it is often mild. However, when severe, it could result in torrential life threatening hemorrhage and anal sphincter injury, with fecal incontinence.
Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the predictors of severe perineal tear (3rd and 4th degree tear), using mild perineal tear (1st and 2nd degree) as control. It would also determine the rate of perineal tear, and the maternal and fetal demographic risk factor associated with it.
Materials and Methods: This was an analytic observational study of 186 women who had perineal tear during vaginal delivery. Out of these, 19 women had severe (3rd and 4th degree) perineal tear, also known as obstetrics anal sphincter injury (OASI). This was compared to 167 women who had mild perineal tear (1st and 2nd degree) during the study period.
Maternal demographic information retrieved was maternal age, parity, educational level, and occupation. Obstetrics factors were booking status, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, rank of the accoucheur (nurse or doctor), and degree of perineal tear. Fetal demographic data was birth weight and fetal sex.
Categorical variables were compared with odds ratio, difference in mean was compared with student’s t-test, and the degree of association for quantitative variables was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Predictor variables were determined using simple logistic regression, and multivariate analysis. Confidence interval was set at 95%, and statistical significance was set at p value of < 0.05.
Results: The prevalence of OASI (3rd and 4th degree perineal tear) in Yenagoa was 1.1%. The significant risk factors were women of younger age, odds ratio = 1.04(0.37, 2.87) with p = 0.04, low parity, odds ratio = 0.20(0.07, 0.55) with p = 0.008, low educational background, odd ratio = 18.9(5.92, 60.81), and birth weight ≥ 4kg, odds ratio = 0.30[0.09, 1.06] with p = 0.04.
Using simple liner regression, the most significant predictors for severe perineal tear were mode delivery (r2 = 65.5%), and educational level (r2 = 30.0%). However, on stepwise multivariate analysis, these two factors accounted for 68.5%.
Conclusion: The rate of severe perineal tear is relatively low in Yenagoa, Nigeria, and comparable to what obtains in many countries. The most significant predictors were mode of delivery and educational level. Careful selection of the mode of delivery, especially instrumental vaginal deliveries, and women empowerment could minimize the rate in our environment.