bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Epidemiology
Authors: Vaughan J Patrick , Victora Cesar , Chowdhury A Mushtaque R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We focus on the importance of using epidemiological concepts and skills needed to investigate, plan and deliver primary health care services and to strengthen district level public health programmes. We illustrate these with examples from LMICs and for a hypothetical district population of 200,000 people.
Health Quantitative Studies
Authors: Vaughan J Patrick , Victora Cesar , R Chowdhury A Mushtaque 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Observational health studies look for associations between exposures and possible subsequent health outcomes. To test hypotheses, case-control studies look backward in time to earlier exposures while cohort studies observe exposed and non-exposed groups forward in time to record outcome incidence data. Both designs test hypotheses for associations while cohorts can also identify causality. Interventions are best tested using randomized controlled trials for efficacy and community trials for effectiveness. These studies utilize complicated methods and require specialist expertise.
Organizing Investigations and Surveys
Authors: Vaughan J Patrick , Victora Cesar , R Chowdhury A Mushtaque 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Organizing investigations and surveys can be complicated and they require careful planning. Hand-held portable devices and mobile phones are commonly used today. All questionnaires require careful design, preparation, and piloting. Survey objectives can be reviewed if they are too ambitious and survey design may require changes, such as a reduction in sample size, omission of particular questions, or fewer clinical and laboratory procedures. A pilot trial is essential to test all the methods, fieldwork plans and logistic support. A full survey check list is provided.
Communicating Health Information
Authors: Vaughan J Patrick , Victora Cesar , R Chowdhury A Mushtaque 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sharing and dissemination of health information needs careful planning to inform both the public and local health staff, local government departments, and the Ministry of Health, as well as other health-related sectors like agriculture, education, water, and environment, and non-governmental health organizations. Local radio and social media are very important for active communications between district teams, health workers, and the wider public. Policy briefs can be used to disseminated and circulate health news, reports and plans. The importance of making power-point presentations and presenting written reports and papers is emphasised.
Epidemiology for Monitoring and Evaluation
Authors: Vaughan J Patrick , Victora Cesar , R Chowdhury A Mushtaque 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Monitoring involves continuous observation to see if plans are on track and evaluation determines the effectiveness of planned health interventions delivered by the health services and programmes. The systems approach uses indicators to measure delivery, access, quality, and coverage of services and programmes and their impact on health status indicators. Efficacy measures the impact of interventions in individual people. Measuring effectiveness in whole communities utilizes quasi-experimental population-based study designs with community controls. The importance of ethical principles and monitoring equity in health planning is presented and emphasised.
Using Ethical Principles
Authors: Vaughan J Patrick , Victora Cesar , R Chowdhury A Mushtaque 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Ethical practice is important for all health workers in public, non-government, and private health services that aim to strengthen primary health care. Four general principles are important: respect for the right of individuals to practice informed choices (autonomy), a fair distribution of benefits and risks (justice), benefits that should far outweigh risks (beneficence), and do no harm or injury (non-maleficence). Local health teams should use these principles together with national guidelines to organise a fair and just approach to district health planning, data collection, and local research studies.
Anatomy of the sacroiliac joint
Authors: Malinowski Mark N. , Swain Anshuman R. , Kim Chong H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The sacroiliac joint, a multiplanar joint located in the dorsal complex of the pelvis, is one of the most important joints in the human to ensure upright and bipedal stability. The joint has been the subject of study for many years, but due to the presence of anatomic variability, challenges remain when analyzing its biomechanics in both normal and pathologic states. The joint is well vascularized and heavily innervated, making it a clinically significant structure with respect to primary, autoimmune, and traumatic disease processes. The chapter describes the gross anatomy of this joint as well as its embryologic origins, variability, and proposed movements as it relates to the joint’s potential for pathogenicity. This information will be useful to clinicians during diagnosis and radiographic evaluation of the patient with low back pain.
Sacroiliac joint conditions
Authors: Swain Anshuman R. , Kim Chong H. , Malinowski Mark N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The sacroiliac joint is a common source of chronic low back pain. Multiple conditions can result in the development of pain within this axial joint. These conditions may be both pathologic or nonpathologic. Pain may result from injury from an intraarticular as well as an extraarticular source. Pain in the sacroiliac joint may result from degenerative, traumatic, and inflammatory conditions. Conditions covered in this chapter are osteoarthritis, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, infection (pyogenic or granulomatous), crystalline-induced sacroiliitis (found in gout and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease), spondyloarthropathies, reactive arthritis, malignancy (primary and secondary), trauma. The impact of pregnancy on the sacroiliac joint is also discussed.
Types of anesthesia for different sacroiliac joint interventions
Authors: Habibi Behnum A. , Malinowski Mark N. , Kim Chong H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
There are a variety of anesthetic techniques commonly used for sacroiliac joint (SIJ) procedures. For example, diagnostic SIJ injections do not necessitate anesthesia, while open SIJ fusions require general anesthesia. This chapter, targeted to practitioners performing SIJ procedures, covers the basic elements of these techniques. After a brief discussion of the history of anesthesia in relation to SIJ procedures, each common anesthetic technique is discussed, in order of increasing sedation. Local anesthesia is discussed for intraarticular joint injections, blocks of the nerves innervating the SIJ, and radiofrequency ablations of these same nerves. Monitored anesthesia care is discussed for procedures such as minimally invasive SIJ fusions and the Simplicity radiofrequency ablation technique. The use of neuraxial anesthesia, via either spinal or epidural blocks, is considered for lateral SIJ fusions. Finally, the use of general anesthesia for lateral and open fusions is reviewed.
Intraarticular injections (ultrasound-guided and fluoroscopic-guided approaches)
Authors: Mrad Luay , Gargya Akshat , Abdallah Rany T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Intraarticular injection of the sacroiliac joint is a commonly performed procedure in interventional pain practice for the management of chronic low back pain due to sacroiliac joint inflammation or dysfunction. It can also be done as a diagnostic procedure to detect the source of low back pain. It is preferred to perform this procedure under image guidance using either fluoroscopy or ultrasound. Ultrasound-guided injection of the sacroiliac joint is preferred in pregnant patients to avoid exposure and risk of complications from radiation. Ultrasound is also beneficial in avoiding vascular injury; however, this imaging modality has less accuracy than fluoroscopy. This chapter describes the steps used to successfully perform two approaches, providing information about the necessary equipment, patient positioning, and anesthesia.
Radiofrequency ablation of the sacroiliac joint
Authors: Ali Haider M. , Eshraghi Yashar , Guirguis Maged 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a revolutionary procedure in the practice of pain management that can be used in the treatment of sacroiliac joint pain syndromes. It is a technology that uses radiofrequency needle probes to create lesions by way of localized tissue destruction. It is indicated for patients with chronic sacroiliac joint pain who have had a positive response to a lateral branch block. This procedure typically provides at least 6 and up to 12 months of significant pain relief and can be repeated. Practitioners should be well versed in the different evolving methods for RFA as well as its evidence, relevant anatomy, the technology used in RFA, and the complications that may occur with this procedure and how to prevent them. This chapter explores these principles and presents the relevant findings from the literature for this innovative procedure for sacroiliac joint pain.
Regenerative medicine therapies for sacroiliac joint disease
Authors: Strand Natalie H. , Maloney Jillian , Hunt Christine L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The sacroiliac joint is a common cause of low back pain, and techniques to reduce pain and improve function are of utmost interest to the pain medicine practitioner. As regenerative medicine continues to expand, a thorough understanding of the types of therapies that make up the regenerative medicine toolkit is imperative. This chapter reviews prolotherapy and injections of mesenchymal stem cells, platelet-rich plasma, autologous whole blood, and hyaluronic acid for the treatment of sacroiliac joint–mediated pain. Information on background, mechanisms of action, pharmacology, safety and efficacy, possible side effects, and preparation and administration is provided for each of these regenerative injectants, along with a brief review of clinical trials and published data.
Oxford Handbook of Head and Neck Anatomy
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A sound knowledge of anatomy forms the scientific backbone of medicine and surgery – equipping the owner with the tools necessary to understand, remember and ultimately manage the clinical scenarios encountered throughout ones career. The Oxford Handbook of clinical head and neck anatomy is a novel venture for the Oxford Handbook series into the field of anatomy. It tackles the notoriously difficult three-dimensional anatomy of the head and neck and provides clinically relevant correlates, etymology and a brief insight into the people behind the commonly encountered eponymous structures and syndromes. Traditional anatomy texts and atlases can be overwhelming in terms of volume, descriptions and accompanying images. The Oxford Handbook of clinical Head and neck anatomy offers a succinct yet comprehensive, portable and quick reference guide with over 400 colour and grey-scale illustrations. The schematic nature of the illustrations makes them readily reproducible on the operating theatre whiteboard, outpatient clinic or ward, making it a true bedside companion. It is written and illustrated by a trainee in oral and maxillofacial surgery, with an awareness of the needs of those in a similar position, combined with firsthand insight into the difficulties faced by those attempting to learn and link the anatomy taught in pre-clinical years with cases seen in day to day clinical practice thereafter. This book is aimed at medical and dental students, trainees at all levels in Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, ENT surgery and plastic and reconstructive surgery, and radiologists and anaesthetists with an interest in head and neck. Furthermore, it provides an authoritative source for those preparing for the Member of the Royal College of Surgeons and Member of the Faculty of Dental Surgeons exams.
A Brief History of Body Shape
Authors: Denton Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Like the vast numbers of other organisms that roam, or have roamed, the earth, the modern human represents a finely honed tool—one forged through millennia as it struggled to survive and thrive in more or less unaccommodating environments. Displaying the battle scars and winning strategies of its brutal, but ultimately triumphant battle against the elements, our bodies hold vast amounts of encrypted information that describe our biological lineage. In addition to the countless mechanisms that have evolved to support our existence, however, the human body is somewhat unique in that it exhibits striking permanent physiological differences that identify and define the sexes. The biology that arises from, and the social meanings attributed to, these physical features penetrate deep into the heart of what it means to be human, as well as a man or a woman. Before delving into the biology of fat, we must first therefore consider the history of body shape. This chapter begins by discussing several explanations for why the modern human body might have evolved the shape it has, and why the body differs between the sexes. Building from this foundation, it examines how societal attitudes toward body shape are ascribed and their shift over time.
What Shape Is Healthy? Body Composition, Body Shape, and Health
Authors: Denton Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fat is one of the privileged few organs that has earned sufficient historic recognition for its importance to our well-being to be subject to routine inspection at home, in the clinic, and even the gym. We also tend to be very aware of how and where our clothes feel tight, whether we can squeeze comfortably into that economy seat on a plane or through that turnstile at the train station. But what do these feelings say about our health? Are we more in jeopardy if our gut is spilling over our belt, our bum is threatening to shred the seam of our trousers, or the scales are groaning under our weight? To obtain answers to such burning questions—answers which have implications that reach far beyond wardrobe malfunctions and uncomfortable travel—we must first understand techniques used to measure body composition and regional fat mass. Historically the preserve of a handful of enthusiastic experts, the colossal global burden of obesity and associated diseases has made accurate measurement of body composition and fat distribution a key research tool in the scientific and clinical arenas. This chapter reviews the various measurement techniques before examining the data they’ve generated on the striking yet complex relationship between body composition and fat distribution with health outcomes.
Same but Different
Authors: Denton Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The associations between overall and regional fat mass with numerous health outcomes seem to transcend age, sex, and ethnicity, suggesting that they are underpinned by some common mechanisms. This chapter aims to make sense of these striking relationships by considering the macroscopic, cellular, and molecular processes operating within various anatomically distinct fat depots to help rationalize the complex relationship between regional fat accumulation and various aspects of metabolic, cardiovascular, and reproductive health. After outlining how fat depots around the body behave differently, the following section examines why this may be the case. This involves considering various phenomena, namely adipogenesis, gene expression, and epigenetics, that underpin the biological properties of adipocytes which aggregate to inform the behaviour of fat as a multi-cellular tissue.
The four principles
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the four principles developed in the seminal book by Beauchamp and Childress. The four principles (autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance and justice) are explained and examples provided of how they operate in principle. There is a discussion of the difficulties faced when these principles appear to clash with each other.
Moral relativism and subjectivism
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the claim that ethics is subjective or relative. In other words that there are no moral absolutes and that moral claims always vary depending on the dominant norms at the time. The chapter explains the difficulties with claims of this kind. It also considers how ethics can appreciate diversity within society and be tolerant, while holding on to moral absolutes.
Introduction to the legal system
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a general introduction to the legal system. It explains the court structure in England. It sets out the primary sources of law: statute and common law. It also explores the difference between civil law and criminal law, and how different kinds of cases can be brought arising from the same set of facts. It also considers the status of European Law following Brexit.
Negligence
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the law of negligence. It explains the concepts of a duty of care and what amounts to a breach of that duty. It also considers the importance of causation in the law and the need to prove that the negligent act caused the loss to the claimant. The chapter also explains how damages are assessed under the tort of negligence.
Resource allocation
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the issues around the rationing of medical resources. It considers the different ways in which restrictions are imposed on what treatments are available and the ethical basis on which these assessments are based. This includes the controversial 'quality adjusted life years' method which is used to determine a cost/benefit analysis of different treatments. The chapter also examines how rationing is consistent with broader themes of justice.
Issues in the doctor–patient relationship
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores a range of legal and ethical issues involved in the doctor-patient relationship. It emphasises the need to ensure a doctor has consent before treatment. The law on the test for mental capacity and the meaning of consent is set out. Doctor’ duties to disclose risks associated with treatment are described. The legal and ethical treatment of advance directives are explained. The chapter also explains how medical professionals should treat patients who cannot consent and how a best interests assessment should be performed. It also addresses the question of when a child can give effective consent and the law regarding children who refuse treatment.
Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the Mental Health Act 1983 and includes topics on The definition of mental disorder under the Mental Health Act, Criteria for admission under s.2 Mental Health Act, Criteria for Admission under section 3, Criteria for Emergency Admission under section 4 Mental Health Act, Brain Tissue Treatment under Mental Health Act, Electro-convulsive Therapy.
A simple numerical experiment on the dust temperature bias for Lyman break galaxies at z ≳ 5
Authors: Chen Yung Ying , Hirashita Hiroyuki , Wang Wei-Hao , Nakai Naomasa 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Some studies suggest that the dust temperatures (Td) in high-redshift (z ≳ 5) Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) are high. However, possible observational bias in Td is yet to be understood. Thus, we perform a simple test using random realizations of LBGs with various stellar masses, dust temperatures, and dust-to-stellar mass ratios, and examine how the sample detected by ALMA is biased in terms of Td. We show that ALMA tends to miss high-Td objects even at total dust luminosity LIR &gt; 1011 L⊙. LBGs are, however, basically selected by the stellar UV luminosity. The dust-temperature bias in a UV-selected sample is complicated because of the competing effects between high Td and low dust abundance. For ALMA Band 6, there is no tendency of high-Td LBGs being more easily detected in our experiment. Thus, we suggest that the observed trend of high Td in z ≳ 5 LBGs is real. We also propose that the 450 $\rm {\mu m}$ band is useful in further clarifying the dust temperatures. To overcome the current shallowness of 450 $\rm {\mu m}$ observations, we examine a future Antarctic 30-m class telescope with a suitable atmospheric condition for wavelengths $\lesssim 450~\rm {\mu m}$, where the detection is not confusion-limited. We find that, with this telescope, an LIR-selected sample with log (LIR/L⊙) &gt; 11 is constructed for z ≳ 5, and detection in the intermediate-M⋆ (stellar mass) range [9 &lt; log (M⋆/M⊙) &lt; 9.5] is much improved, especially at high Td.
PRODORIC: state-of-the-art database of prokaryotic gene regulation
Authors: Dudek Christian-Alexander , Jahn Dieter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
PRODORIC is worldwide one of the largest collections of prokaryotic transcription factor binding sites from multiple bacterial sources with corresponding interpretation and visualization tools. With the introduction of PRODORIC2 in 2017, the transition to a modern web interface and maintainable backend was started. With this latest PRODORIC release the database backend is now fully API-based and provides programmatical access to the complete PRODORIC data. The visualization tools Genome Browser and ProdoNet from the original PRODORIC have been reintroduced and were integrated into the PRODORIC website. Missing input and output options from the original Virtual Footprint were added again for position weight matrix pattern-based searches. The whole PRODORIC dataset was reannotated. Every transcription factor binding site was re-evaluated to increase the overall database quality. During this process, additional parameters, like bound effectors, regulation type and different types of experimental evidence have been added for every transcription factor. Additionally, 109 new transcription factors and 6 new organisms have been added. PRODORIC is publicly available at https://www.prodoric.de.
CEBS update: curated toxicology database with enhanced tools for data integration
Authors: Martini Cari , Liu Ying Frances , Gong Hui , Sayers Nicole , Segura German , Fostel Jennifer 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Chemical Effects in Biological Systems database (CEBS) contains extensive toxicology study results and metadata from the Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and other studies of environmental health interest. This resource grants public access to search and collate data from over 10 250 studies for 12 750 test articles (chemicals, environmental agents). CEBS has made considerable strides over the last 5 years to integrate growing internal data repositories into data warehouses and data marts to better serve the public with high quality curated datasets. This effort includes harmonizing legacy terms and metadata to current standards, mapping test articles to external identifiers, and aligning terms to OBO (Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology) Foundry ontologies. The data are made available through the CEBS Homepage (https://cebs.niehs.nih.gov/cebs/), guided search applications, flat files on FTP (file transfer protocol), and APIs (application programming interface) for user access and to provide a bridge for computational tools. The user interface is intuitive with a single search bar to query keywords related to study metadata, publications, and data availability. Results are consolidated to single pages for each test article with NTP conclusions, publications, individual studies, data collections, and links to related test articles and projects available together.