bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutron‐gamma dosimetry for BNCT using field oxide transistors with gadolinium oxide as neutron converter layer
Authors: Gimenez Melisa Lucía , Lipovetzky José , Alcalde Bessia Fabricio , Longhino Juan Manuel , Tartaglione Aureliano , Garcia‐Inza Mariano Andrés , Blostein Juan Jerónimo , Carbonetto Sebastián , Gómez Berisso Mariano , Pérez Martín , Sidelnik Iván , Redin Eduardo Gabriel , Faigón Adrián 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeA new type of electronic dosimeter is presented, capable of discerning between the doses of gamma photons and neutrons in a mixed beam as found in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). We introduce a real‐time dosimeter based on a thick gate field oxide field effect transistor (FOXFET) covered with a neutron converter layer containing gadolinium.MethodsTo sensitize the FOXFET dosimeter to neutron fluxes, a converter layer containing gadolinium oxide particles embedded in photoresines was deposited over the sensor surface. Mixed neutron‐gamma field configurations with different neutron energy spectra were used to assess the FOXFET response, considering different thicknesses of the neutron converter layer.ResultsThe total gamma sensitivity of the devices resulted to be 43 mV/Gy. The responses of sensors with different converter layer thicknesses irradiated with different neutron spectra are simulated using GEANT4 code. The response to photons is not significantly modified with thin conversion layers when used in water medium.ConclusionsA real‐time dosimeter comprising a pair of FOXFET sensors—only one of them with a gadolinium neutron converter layer—allows the simultaneous measurement of gamma dose and neutron flux during BNCT irradiations.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping of the head‐and‐neck using SMURF fat‐water imaging with chemical shift and relaxation rate corrections
Authors: Bachrata Beata , Trattnig Siegfried , Robinson Simon Daniel 
Published: December 2021

PurposeTo address the challenges posed by fat‐water chemical shift artifacts and relaxation rate discrepancies to quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) outside the brain, and to generate accurate susceptibility maps of the head‐and‐neck at 3 and 7 Tesla.MethodsSimultaneous Multiple Resonance Frequency (SMURF) imaging was extended to 7 Tesla and used to acquire head‐and‐neck gradient echo images at both 3 and 7 Tesla. Separated fat and water images were corrected for Type 1 (displacement) and Type 2 (phase discrepancy) chemical shift artefacts, and for the bias resulting from differences in T1 and relaxation rates, recombined and used as the basis for QSM. A novel phase signal‐based masking approach was used to generate head‐and‐neck masks.ResultsSMURF generated well‐separated fat and water images of the head‐and‐neck. Corrections for chemical shift artefacts and relaxation rate differences removed overestimation of the susceptibility values, blurring in the susceptibility maps, and the disproportionate influence of fat in mixed voxels. The resulting susceptibility maps showed high correspondence between the paramagnetic areas and the locations of fatty tissues and the susceptibility estimates were similar to literature values. The proposed masking approach was shown to provide a simple means of generating head‐and‐neck masks.ConclusionCorrections for Type 1 and Type 2 chemical shift artefacts and for fat‐water relaxation rate differences, mainly in T1, were shown to be required for accurate susceptibility mapping of fatty‐body regions. SMURF made it possible to apply these corrections and generate high‐quality susceptibility maps of the entire head‐and‐neck at both 3 and 7 Tesla.
Wendejahre eines Akademieinstituts
Authors: Paul Dieter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSeit 100 Jahren wird in Teltow am Südrand Berlins Polymerforschung betrieben. Die Eingliederung des Instituts für Polymerenchemie (IPOC), eines Akademie‐Instituts der DDR, in die gesamtdeutsche Forschungslandschaft steht exemplarisch für die wissenschaftspolitischen Umbrüche im Zuge der Wende 1989/90.
Ungewöhnliches für gewöhnliche p‐Block‐Elemente
Authors: Greb Lutz 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAus der homogenen Katalyse kennen wir, wie Liganden die Eigenschaften eines d‐Block‐Metalls beeinflussen. Lutz Greb untersucht, wie Liganden auf p‐Block‐Elemente wirken.
A review on high thermally conductive polymeric composites
Authors: Ghaffari‐Mosanenzadeh Shahriar , Aghababaei Tafreshi Omid , Dammen‐Brower Erik , Rad Elmira , Meysami Mohammad , Naguib Hani E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPolymers are known as thermally insulated materials with reported effective thermal conductivity (Keff) in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 Wm−1 K−1. However, increasing demand for smaller and more powerful electronics has created the need for thermally conductive polymers for use in heat exchangers and electronic packaging applications. Given this background, much research has been done over the past two decades to increase the Keff of polymers. Based on the strategy involved, those works can be divided into two main categories: (i) increasing the Keff of the neat polymer by aligning its chains orientation; and (ii) increasing polymer Keff by fabrication of polymeric composites with thermally conductive filler networks. Among these two strategies, the former is limited to nanoscale laboratory research and is difficult to scale up for mass production. Therefore, this work is mainly focused on the latter category, thermally conductive polymeric composites, which has a higher potential for large‐scale production. This work aims to summarize, evaluate, and highlight the successful strategies of the recent efforts in enhancing the thermal conductivity of polymer composites. The major achievements, future challenges, and the outlooks of high thermally conductive polymeric composites are presented by analyzing the results of about 300 works.
Workaholism across European and Asian cultures during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Krumov Krum D. , Larsen Knud S. , Liu Jin , Schneider Johann F. , Kemmelmeier Markus , Krumova Albena K. , Widodo Eko , Gungov Alexander L. , Juhasz Marta , Garvanova Magdalena Z. , Kumar Sanjay , Repaczki Rita , Paul Markus 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe current cross‐cultural study examined the construct of workaholism across European and Asian cultures during the pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). A total of 2,617 recipients, aged 18–80 years from three Asian countries (China, India, and Indonesia) with higher levels of collectivistic values, and three European countries (Bulgaria, Germany, and Hungary) supposing to have higher individualistic values. The participants completed the online version of the two‐dimensional measure, dubbed the Dutch Workaholism Scale (DUWAS). The goal of the study was to demonstrate that during the COVID‐19 pandemic, it is the cultural context that mediates and influences the way of change in workaholics' attitudes. The results led to the conclusion that the way in which the COVID‐19 crisis affects workaholism and workaholics' behavior depends on cultural and sex differences, and stages of the human life cycle. The data analysis revealed that cultural differences and sex affect the configuration of workaholism (excessive/compulsive): in the Asian sample, unlike the European, there was a significant increase in the level of workaholism compulsive; European female participants reported higher levels of workaholism compulsive and workaholism excessive, but the sex difference was not found in Asian sample. Along with cultural context, and sex differences, age also influences the configuration of workaholism. In this case, the separate stages of the human life cycle contribute in different ways to changes in levels of workaholism excessive and workaholism compulsive.
Impact of the anion on electrochemically doped regioregular and regiorandom poly(3‐hexylthiophene)
Authors: Baustert Kyle N. , Abtahi Ashkan , Ayyash Ahmed N. , Graham Kenneth R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChemical and electrochemical doping of π‐conjugated polymers is an important aspect in determining the performance and enabling the operation of many organic electronic devices, from organic light emitting diodes and thermoelectrics to organic electrochemical transistors. In both chemical doping and electrochemical doping an ionized dopant or counterion is present along with the doped π‐conjugated polymer. This dopant or counterion is not a benign spectator, rather, its presence can significantly impact the optical, electronic, and thermoelectric properties of the resulting material. Here, we investigate how counterion structure impacts the electrochemical doping ability, oxidation potential, ionization energy, and polaron absorbance of regioregular (rr) and regiorandom (rra) P3HT. We find that in most cases the anion has a small effect on the polymer oxidation potential, except for in the case of rr‐P3HT with the large tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate anion. We propose that this large anion is excluded from the crystalline regions and thus the oxidation potential is similar to that of rra‐P3HT. The anions also result in significant differences in polaron absorbance and ionization energies, thereby emphasizing the important role of the counterion in determining the optical and electronic properties of doped π‐conjugated polymers.
The use of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis postliver transplant: A case series
Authors: Ragan Hunter , Autry Elizabeth , Bomersback Taryn , Hewlett Jennifer , Kormelink Lauren , Safirstein Julie , Shanley Laura , Lubsch Lisa 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionCystic fibrosis (CF)‐related liver disease (CFLD) manifests as a wide spectrum of hepatobiliary disease and can progress to need liver transplantation. Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (elx/tez/iva) is a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulator that has superior efficacy compared to previously approved modulators. Use of elx/tez/iva, should be approached with caution in individuals with CFLD or following liver transplantation due to possible increases in liver function tests (LFTs) and drug–drug interactions with several immunosuppressant medications.ObjectiveThe purpose of this case series is to explore if the use of elx/tez/iva is safe and tolerable in patients with CF postliver transplantation.MethodsA retrospective case series including patients prescribed elx/tez/iva following liver transplantation and an immunosuppressive regimen consisting of drug therapy metabolized by P‐glycoprotein was completed.ResultsTen patients at six CF centers with a median age of 22.1 years (range 14–43.4 years) and the median time from the transplant of 6.9 years (range 0.6–22 years) were included. Most patients (8, 80%) received a reduced or full dose of elx/tez/iva for a mean duration of 10.4 months (range 7–12 months). Fluctuations in LFTs occurred in all patients (10, 100%) and led to therapy discontinuation in two patients (20%). Elx/tez/iva initiation resulted in elevations in tacrolimus trough concentration in seven patients (70%). Most patients who tolerated elx/tez/iva had symptomatic and quality of life improvement, increased body mass index, and maintained or improved lung function.ConclusionInitiation of elx/tez/iva in patients with CF who received liver transplantation may be safe with clinical benefits.
Quantitative systems pharmacology model‐based investigation of adverse gastrointestinal events associated with prolonged treatment with PI3‐kinase inhibitors
Authors: Gadkar Kapil , Friedrich Christina , Hurez Vincent , Ruiz Maria‐Luisa , Dickmann Leslie , Kumar Jolly Mohit , Schutt Leah , Jin Jin , Ware Joseph A. , Ramanujan Saroja 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSeveral PI3K inhibitors are in clinical development for the treatment of various forms of cancers, including pan‐PI3K inhibitors targeting all four PI3K isoforms (α, β, γ, and δ), and isoform‐selective inhibitors. Diarrhea and immune‐mediated colitis are among the adverse events observed with PI3K inhibition which limits the maximal tolerated dose. A quantitative systems pharmacology model was developed to investigate PI3K‐inhibitor‐induced colitis. The effects of individual PI3K isoforms on relevant cellular pathways were incorporated into a mechanistic representation of mucosal inflammation. A virtual clinical population captures the observed clinical variability in the onset timing and rates of diarrhea and colitis for seven clinically tested PI3K inhibitors. Model‐based analysis suggests that colitis development is governed by both the inhibition of PI3Kδ, which drives T cell differentiation and proliferation, and PI3Kα, which regulates epithelial barrier integrity. Specifically, when PI3Kα is inhibited below a given threshold, epithelial barrier dysfunction precipitates an exaggerated T effector response due to PI3Kδ‐inhibition, leading to risk of diarrhea and colitis. This synergy explains why the lowest diarrhea and colitis rates are seen with the weakest PI3Kδ inhibition (alpelisib), and higher rates are seen with strong PI3Kδ inhibition if PI3Kα is even mildly inhibited (e.g., idelalisib), whereas strong PI3Kδ inhibition in the absence of PI3Kα inhibition does not result in high colitis rates (umbralisib). Thus, the model‐based analysis suggests that PI3Kα and δ inhibition play unique but synergistic roles in driving colitis. Finally, we explore if and how dose‐regimen might influence colitis rates for molecules that inhibit both PI3Kα and PI3Kδ.
Total Syntheses of Centrolobines: A Two‐Decade Journey
Authors: Tadiparthi Krishnaji 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this review we discuss the synthetic approaches of chiral and racemic forms of centrolobines from 2002 to date. The presence of unique molecular architecture of tetrahydropyran unit in centrolobine enhances its high biological activity which has created the space to the synthetic community for the last two decades to develop various routes. This review mainly emphasizes on the construction of tetrahydropyran unit and generation of chirality as a key step during the synthesis of centrolobine. Moreover, all the synthetic methods were well demonstrated and presented systematically in the chronological order. Overall this review highlights the contribution from different research groups in the total syntheses of centrolobines.
Synthesis of Polyacrylamide‐Based Redox Active Cryogel Using Click Chemistry and Investigation of Its Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Tonta Magdalena M. , Sahin Zeynep M. , Cihaner Atilla , Yilmaz Faruk , Gurek Aysegul 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFerrocene (Fc) functionalization of macroporous polyacrylamide‐based cryogel (PAAm‐Epx) is achieved by click chemistry. For this purpose, firstly, PAAm‐Epx cryogel with azide functionality (PAAm‐N3) is prepared by using acryalmide (AAm) as the monomer and allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) as the co‐monomer followed by subsequent ring opening reaction of epoxide ring of AGE in acidic medium. Azide groups of PAAm‐N3 is then modified with ethynyl ferrocene, leading to the redox active cryogel (PAAm−Fc) together with preserving the unique characteristic properties of the virgin PAAm‐Epx cryogel. Swelling, mechanical and morphological behaviours of PAAm‐Epx, PAAm‐N3 and PAAm−Fc are investigated. Detailed characterization of the PAAm−Fc is carried out by several techniques such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emmision Spectrometry (ICP‐OES, Cyclic (CV), and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). Electrochemical analysis confirms the electroactivity and the presence of chemically linked ferrocene unit to the cryogel.
Prediction of the seismic behavior of concrete beams strengthened with aluminum alloy bars and/or basalt fiber‐reinforced polymer bars
Authors: Xing Guohua , Wang Haonan , Chang Zhaoqun , Ma Kaize 
Published: December 2021

SummaryThis paper investigated the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with aluminum alloy (AA) rods and/or basalt fiber‐reinforced polymer (BFRP) rods using the near‐surface mounted (NSM) technique under a low‐cycle reversed loading test. A numerical calculation procedure was presented based on the strain compatibility and static equilibrium principles for estimating the moment–curvature response of these strengthened beams. The bending deflection and shear deflection were determined by the curvature distribution and shear strain distribution along the beam length, respectively. The results showed that the strengthened beams experienced three failure modes: intermediate crack‐induced debonding (ICD), critical diagonal crack (CDC) debonding, and concrete cover separation (CCS). Increasing the number of strengthening bars on each side significantly enhances the load‐carrying capacity of the beams strengthened with either AA or BFRP bars. The predictive accuracy of the proposed methodology was evaluated by comparing the predicted load‐carrying capacities and deflections to the test characteristic points. The proposed theoretical model provided good verification of the load‐carrying capacities and deflections with high accuracy.
Surfactin induces ER stress‐mediated apoptosis via IRE1‐ASK1‐JNK signaling in human osteosarcoma
Authors: Wang Guo‐Shou , Chen Ji‐Ying , Chen Wei‐Cheng , Wei I‐Chin , Lin Szu‐Wei , Liao Kuang‐Wen , Yang Tzu‐Sen , Liu Ju‐Fang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOsteosarcoma, one of primary bone tumor in children and young adults, has poor prognosis and drug resistances to chemotherapy. In order to reinforce the conventional therapies and antagonize the osteosarcoma in patients, a novel strategy is required for developing a new treatment. In this study, surfactin, a natural product from Bacillus subtilis, showed the efficiency of cell death in osteosarcoma, but not in normal cells. Surfactin triggers ER stress mechanism by promoting the aberrant Ca2+ release from ER lumen and ER‐signaling to mitochondrial dysfunction following caspases activation mediating cell apoptosis. Surfactin‐induced ER stress not only upregulated of glucose‐regulated protein 78/94 and IRE1‐ASK1‐JNK pathway but also leading to calpains and Bcl‐2 proteins family involving the release of cytochrome c. The releases into cytosol trigger the cleavage of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 to induce cell apoptosis. In this study, surfactin demonstrated the potential functions to trigger the ER stress, ER stress‐associated IRE1‐ASK1‐JNK signaling pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, and caspase activations leading to programmed cell apoptosis. Importantly, implicating the signaling pathway that regulates the connection between ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction causing apoptosis associated with surfactin. These results indicated a potential application of surfactin strengthen current conventional therapies.
Development of a passive‐adaptive slat for a wind turbine airfoil
Authors: Schmidt Florian N. , Wild Jochen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA passive‐adaptive slat concept was designed to avoid separation in the root region of a horizontal‐axis wind turbine blade. This concept incorporates an autonomously moveable slat device only driven by the aerodynamic forces acting on it without the need for mechanical or electrical actuation. It opens at high local angles of attack to delay the stall angle and closes for small angles of attack to increase the lift to drag ratio of the blade segment. This article describes the development of a passive‐adaptive slat for a DU‐91‐W2‐250 airfoil, which is a segment of the reference rotor blade in the project SmartBlades 2.0. In the course of the passive‐adaptive slat design, the optimization of the slat and its extended position is presented. This is followed by the development of two passive‐adaptive slat kinematics, which are opening and closing the slat passively at different angles of attack. With the designed passive‐adaptive slat the stall of the airfoil is delayed by 20° in incidence and the maximum lift of the airfoil is increased by about 130% at the same time in comparison to the original airfoil. Furthermore, the DU‐91‐W2‐250 airfoil with moveable passive‐adaptive slat has in most conditions a higher climb index and therefore a better aerodynamic performance than the same airfoil with a fixed integrated slat.
Educational Inequality and Urban Development: Education as a Field for Urban Planning, Architecture and Urban Design
Authors: Heinrich Anna Juliane , Million Angela 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEducational inequalities and spatial disparities can be intertwined; consequently, education has become a field of action for urban planners, architects, and urban designers. To establish this key argument of our contribution, we start by explaining the background of education as a field of policy and action in urban development and planning in Germany. We establish how strategies for the development of deprived neighborhoods are focused on a growing variety of education-related topics and measures. Subsequently, we discuss so-called sociospatial educational landscapes as projects in which educational policy, urban planning, architecture, and urban design are particularly closely interwoven. We introduce two examples: “Morgenland Neighborhood Education Center” (Bremen) and “Campus Rütli” (Berlin). Drawing on an in-depth analysis of eight socio-spatial educational landscapes we reconstruct seven motives, describing the deeper meanings stakeholders attribute to the projects. We conclude with a critical reflection on the pedagogization of spaces of childhood and youth inherent in the policies discussed throughout the contribution.
Territorial and Digital Borders and Migrant Vulnerability Under a Pandemic Crisis
Authors: Molnar Petra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPeople on the move are often left out of conversations around technological development and become guinea pigs for testing new surveillance tools before bringing them to the wider population. These experiments range from big data predictions about population movements in humanitarian crises to automated decision-making in immigration and refugee applications to AI lie detectors at European airports. The Covid-19 pandemic has seen an increase of technological solutions presented as viable ways to stop its spread. Governments’ move toward biosurveillance has increased tracking, automated drones, and other technologies that purport to manage migration. However, refugees and people crossing borders are disproportionately targeted, with far-reaching impacts on various human rights. Drawing on interviews with affected communities in Belgium and Greece in 2020, this chapter explores how technological experiments on refugees are often discriminatory, breach privacy, and endanger lives. Lack of regulation of such technological experimentation and a pre-existing opaque decision-making ecosystem creates a governance gap that leaves room for far-reaching human rights impacts in this time of exception, with private sector interest setting the agenda. Blanket technological solutions do not address the root causes of displacement, forced migration, and economic inequality – all factors exacerbating the vulnerabilities communities on the move face in these pandemic times.