bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutionalism and the Fate of the Public University
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis book project examines the history of anti-institutionalism in the US from the post-Reconstruction moment to the present. It considers W. E. B. Du Bois as an exemplary figure in a counter-tradition that imagines the state and its institutions not as anathema to freedom but as instrumental to its development, and also as central to that most radical of all human experiments, democracy. Du Bois’s radical institutionalism offers a pragmatic, constructive, and affirmative mode of building and rebuilding institutional forms that protect and preserve the values of free inquiry, open discussion, and democratic process. This model can provide context for current social battles over public education and it can help us develop a new language in which to defend the public good.
Management of Post-Facelift Facial Paralysis With Botulinum Toxin Type A
Authors: Salles Alessandra Grassi , Mota Wellington Menezes , Remigio Adelina Fátima do Nascimento , de Andrade Antonio Carlos Herrmann , Gemperli Rolf 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Facial nerve injury after facelift is rare; hence, its treatment is poorly established. Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) can be employed to resolve the asymmetry. To our knowledge, there is no protocol in the literature about the best timing for this treatment, injection sites, or recommended dose.

Objectives
The authors sought to propose a protocol to guide the management of asymmetries post-facelift.

Methods
Fifteen patients with post-rhytidectomy facial palsies were treated in the non-paralyzed side with BTXA. After analysis of the smile deviation vectors, it is possible to identify the muscles that should be treated. The dose varied from 1 to 2 volume-unit per point. Patients were examined after 15 days for outcomes evaluation and touch-up if needed. Patients were re-treated after 5 to 6 months in case of asymmetry recurrence.

Results
Symmetry was achieved in all cases. Six patients had definitive nerve lesions and required treatment every 6 months after the first session. Five patients had lesions affecting the upper third of the face; 4 of them were definitive nerve lesions. Two of the 4 patients who were treated less than 2 weeks after surgery recovered early from the post-facelift paralysis and developed reversed asymmetry due to the BTXA. In 7 patients, the post-facelift asymmetry was due to neuropraxis: the recovery from the nerve injury and BTXA treatment occurred symmetrically on both sides of the face in the following months after 1 single session.

Conclusions
Asymmetries post-facelift were successfully managed with the proposed protocol. The best time for injection was 2 to 4 weeks after surgery.

Level of Evidence: 4
Recidivism into Criminal Gangs as a Problem of Social Identity—Some Applications from the Perspective of Pragmatism
Authors: Skovlund Henrik , Larsen Natasja L 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany measures have been taken to counter recidivism into gang criminality, amongst other the efforts to prevent arrested gang members to return to their gangs after imprisonment. Whereas the conditions for successful intervention may be hard to unravel, this article will claim that some efforts may be destined to failure by default, because they do not adequately address issues of social identity as a central part of the problem, e.g. replacing one identity with another when leaving one community to establish a meaningful life in another. This article presents some views on social identity from the standpoint of pragmatism and demonstrates how their application on recidivism into gang-related crime reveals problematic issues for social work. To that end, this article takes departure in outlaw-biker communities as illustrative example and make use of two interviews with former presidents of a well-known club.
Location Effects on Spoken Language and Literacy for Children who are DHH
Authors: Lund Emily , Brock Nicholas , Werfel Krystal L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to consider how living in an area that qualifies for a rural health grant interacts with a child’s hearing status to affect early language and literacy development. Four-year-old children with hearing aids (n = 45), cochlear implants (n = 47), and with typical hearing (n = 66) completed measures of spoken language knowledge and of emergent literacy skills as part of a larger longitudinal investigation. A significant interaction effect between location (rural or urban/suburban) and amplification group was detected for letter knowledge: children with hearing aids exhibit a performance that is particularly affected by rural location. Overall, children with cochlear implants performed lower across all measures than children with typical hearing, and children with hearing aids performed lower than children with typical hearing on measures of phonological awareness, vocabulary, omnibus language knowledge and articulation.
Radical Commemoration, the Politics of the Street, and the 150th Anniversary of the Paris Commune of 1871
Authors: Forster Laura C 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The memory of the Paris Commune of 1871 has long been summoned as an example of urban revolutionary struggle. In 2011 a Parisian street art collective, RaspouTeam, produced a series of commemorative installations across Paris to mark the 140th anniversary of the Commune. They intended the project to make an explicit link between the politics of the Paris Commune of 1871, and the politics of public space in the twenty-first century city. 2021 marks the 150th anniversary of the Commune. In the last decade the struggle to halt the encroachment of capital upon community and the demand for democratic public spaces (as called for by the Communards of Paris) have remained at the forefront of urban political projects. As pseudo-public open spaces and corporate-owned urban areas present new battlegrounds for economic and social justice protests in cities across the globe, the anniversary of the Paris Commune offers an opportunity to reflect on how and why we remember radical urban resistance of the past, and to ask whether doing so has the potential to arm us for the struggles of today.
The Negative Influence of Individual Socio-Economic Problems on Political Knowledge
Authors: Jungkunz Sebastian , Marx Paul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article addresses hitherto overlooked factors that might contribute to lower political knowledge among citizens with socio-economic problems. Based on findings in psychology and behavioral economics, we argue that economic worries undermine the motivation and cognitive resources to acquire knowledge. The argument is tested in a representative online survey and an experiment during the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak in Germany. The results of the survey are in line with the theoretical expectations. Subjective crisis exposure, particularly when it comes with anxiety and ruminating thoughts, is associated with lower “surveillance” knowledge about politics. A follow-up experiment designed to randomly activate worries about the economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis could not establish a causal relationship.
Prospects of Future Typhoid and Paratyphoid Vaccines in Endemic Countries
Authors: Shakya Mila , Neuzil Kathleen M , Pollard Andrew J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Low- and middle-income countries face a high burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever due to poor water quality and inadequate sanitation. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) in endemic settings and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, supports TCV introduction. There are currently 2 WHO-prequalified TCVs with Typbar TCV introduced in Pakistan, Liberia, and Zimbabwe. Countries should assess disease burden and consider introduction of TCV for programmatic use. Several paratyphoid vaccine candidates are in early stages of development. An effective bivalent vaccine would be the most efficient way to control typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
Gender-specific clinical risk scores incorporating blood pressure variability for predicting incident dementia
Authors: Zhou Jiandong , Lee Sharen , Wong Wing Tak , Waleed Khalid Bin , Leung Keith Sai Kit , Lee Teddy Tai Loy , Wai Abraham Ka Chung , Liu Tong , Chang Carlin , Cheung Bernard Man Yung , Zhang Qingpeng , Tse Gary 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The present study examined the gender-specific prognostic value of blood pressure (BP) and its variability in the prediction of dementia risk and developed a score system for risk stratification.

Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective, observational population-based cohort study of patients admitted to government-funded family medicine clinics in Hong Kong between January 1, 2000 and March 31, 2002 with at least 3 blood pressure measurements. Gender-specific risk scores for dementia were developed and tested.

Results
The study consisted of 74 855 patients, of whom 3550 patients (incidence rate: 4.74%) developed dementia over a median follow-up of 112 months (IQR= [59.8–168]). Nonlinear associations between diastolic/systolic BP measurements and the time to dementia presentation were identified. Gender-specific dichotomized clinical scores were developed for males (age, hypertension, diastolic and systolic BP and their measures of variability) and females (age, prior cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, mean corpuscular volume, monocyte, neutrophil, urea, creatinine, diastolic and systolic BP and their measures of variability). They showed high predictive strengths for both male (hazard ratio [HR]: 12.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.15–14.33, P value &lt; .0001) and female patients (HR: 26.56, 95% CI: 14.44–32.86, P value &lt; .0001). The constructed gender-specific scores outperformed the simplified systems without considering BP variability (C-statistic: 0.91 vs 0.82), demonstrating the importance of BP variability in dementia development.

Conclusion
Gender-specific clinical risk scores incorporating BP variability can accurately predict incident dementia and can be applied clinically for early disease detection and optimized patient management.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Aspirin and Omeprazole in the Presence of Salicylic Acid as a Degradation Product: A Comparative Evaluation of Different Univariate/Multivariate Post Processing Algorithms
Authors: Elmasry Manal S , Serag Ahmed , Hassan Wafaa S , El-Mammli Magda Y , Badrawy Mohamed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
A recent combination of aspirin (ASP) and omeprazole (OMP) has been presented in a fixed dosage form for the treatment of many cardiovascular diseases, particularly in patients with gastric diseases. However, ASP is very sensitive to degradation into salicylic acid (SAL) as its main degradation product. Hence, it is very important to develop methods for the determination of ASP and OMP in the presence of SAL.

Objective
In this study, UV spectrophotometry assisted by different univariate/multivariate post processing algorithms is presented for quantitative determination of ASP, OMP, and SAL without any prior separation.

Methods
The univariate/multivariate algorithms include double divisor ratio difference and double divisor mean centering as the univariate approaches while the multivariate methods include principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) models. Validation of the univariate methods was done according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, while the multivariate models were validated using an external validation set.

Results
The univariate algorithms displayed excellent regression and validation capabilities in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and selectivity. Regarding PCR and PLS, the number of latent variables were carefully optimized, and the model’s validation criteria displayed excellent recoveries and lower errors of prediction.

Conclusion
Our findings indicate that the developed methods were comparable to the reported chromatographic methods, but are simpler and have much shorter analysis times.

Highlights
Overall, this report presents the first spectrophotometric methods applied for determination of possible combinations of ASP, OMP, and SAL, and poses these methods as valuable analytical tools for in-process testing and quality control analysis.
A Multimetric Evaluation of Online Patient Educational Materials for Breast Implant–associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Miles Randy C , Lourenco Ana P , Baird Grayson L , Roy Ishita T , Choi Paul H S , Lehman Constance , Lamb Leslie R 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
To assess understandability, actionability, and readability of online patient educational materials (OPEM) related to breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL).

Methods
Search volumes for query terms related to BIA-ALCL including “breast implant associated lymphoma,” “breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma,” and “BIA-ALCL” were analyzed in one-week increments and normalized to total Google search volume. The same terms were then queried using an online search engine to identify commonly accessed OPEM on this topic. Understandability and actionability of OPEM were evaluated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool. Grade-level readability was determined using generalized estimating equations, with observations nested within readability metrics from each website. All interval estimates were calculated for 95% confidence.

Results
Overall, 24 websites were identified based on search parameters. Of these websites, 11 (45.8%) met criteria for understandability, and 1 (4.2%) met criteria for actionability. Overall, readability ranged from 10.2 to 17.3 for all websites with an average grade level readability of 12.4; 0 websites were written at or below a sixth-grade reading level. Government websites had the highest average grade reading level at 14.0, followed by commercial websites at 13.2, nonprofit websites at 12.0, and then academic/hospital-based websites at 11.5.

Conclusion
The quality of available OPEM on BIA-ALCL is limited. Future development of OPEM should be designed with the goal of improving both comprehension and actionability to help reduce patient anxiety and unnecessary clinical appointments related to this disease.
Characterization of cross-species transcription and splicing from Penicillium to Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lin Zhenquan , Xu Kang , Cai Guang , Liu Yangqingxue , Li Yi , Zhang Zhihao , Nielsen Jens , Shi Shuobo , Liu Zihe 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Heterologous expression of eukaryotic gene clusters in yeast has been widely used for producing high-value chemicals and bioactive secondary metabolites. However, eukaryotic transcription cis-elements are still undercharacterized, and the cross-species expression mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we used the whole expression unit (including original promoter, terminator, and open reading frame with introns) of orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylases from 14 Penicillium species as a showcase, and analyzed their cross-species expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that pyrG promoters from the Penicillium species could drive URA3 expression in yeast, and that inefficient cross-species splicing of Penicillium introns might result in weak cross-species expression. Thus, this study demonstrates cross-species expression from Penicillium to yeast, and sheds light on the opportunities and challenges of cross-species expression of fungi expression units and gene clusters in yeast without refactoring for novel natural product discovery.
Demystifying Schrems II for the cross-border transfer of clinical research data
Authors: Liss Joseph , Peloquin David , Barnes Mark , Bierer Barbara E 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Courts of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) held in its July 2020 Schrems II decision that, in order for entities in other countries to import personal data from the European Economic Area (EEA), the importer must be able to provide data protections ‘essentially equivalent’ to those the EEA offers under its General Data Protection Regulation. The CJEU expressed particular concern that United States’ national security intelligence gathering laws prevent U.S.-based entities from providing such protections. This decision has sharply limited the sharing of clinical research data from the EEA to the United States. After describing the pertinent aspects of the Schrems II decision, this article evaluates U.S. national security intelligence gathering frameworks, including Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and Executive Order 12333. The article then leverages recent draft guidance from the European Data Protection Board to explain how entities may be able to adopt widely used contractual and technical measures, such as data pseudonymization, to provide ‘essentially equivalent’ protections in the clinical research context.
Loss of Lysosomal Proteins Progranulin and Prosaposin Associated with Increased Neurofibrillary Tangle Development in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Mendsaikhan Anarmaa , Tooyama Ikuo , Serrano Geidy E , Beach Thomas G , Walker Douglas G 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease causing cognitive decline in the aging population. To develop disease-modifying treatments, understanding the mechanisms behind the pathology is important, which should include observations using human brain samples. We reported previously on the association of lysosomal proteins progranulin (PGRN) and prosaposin (PSAP) with amyloid plaques in non-demented aged control and AD brains. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of PGRN and PSAP in tangle formation using human brain tissue sections of non-demented aged control subjects and AD cases and compared with cases of frontotemporal dementia with granulin (GRN) mutations. The study revealed that decreased amounts of PGRN and PSAP proteins were detected even in immature neurofibrillary tangles, while colocalization was still evident in adjacent neurons in all cases. Results suggest that neuronal loss of PGRN preceded loss of PSAP as tangles developed and matured. The GRN mutation cases exhibited almost complete absence of PGRN in most neurons, while PSAP signal was preserved. Although based on correlative data, we suggest that reduced levels of PGRN and PSAP and their interaction in neurons might predispose to accumulation of p-Tau protein.
USING THE STATISTICAL CONCEPT OF “SEVERITY” TO ASSESS THE COMPATIBILITY OF SEEMINGLY CONTRADICTORY STATISTICAL EVIDENCE (WITH A PARTICULAR APPLICATION TO DAMAGE ESTIMATION)
Authors: Bönisch Peter , Inderst Roman 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
When parties present divergent econometric evidence, the court might either combine such evidence in an ad hoc way or view such evidence as contradictory and thus ignore it completely, without conducting closer analysis of the possible sources of the contradiction. We believe that the reasons for this development are (i) that the statistical evidence is often interpretated in a simplistic manner and (ii) that the fact is ignored that any statistical test tests within the boundary of a prespecified model which might be wrong. Contradictory evidence might therefore either occur by chance or because the underlying assumptions contradict each other. Based on the concept of severity, we propose a method to avoid common fallacies in the interpretation of empirical evidence. We further set out a simple method for distinguishing between actual and merely apparent contradiction based on the statistical concept of the “severity” of the furnished evidence. Our chosen application is that of damage estimation in follow-on cases.
Cryopreserved allogenic vascular graft in free-flap reconstructive microsurgery: case report
Authors: Lin Chih-Hsun , Hsia Kai , Lu Jen-Her , Ma Hsu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The use of cryopreserved allogenic vascular graft in reconstructive microsurgery has rarely been reported. Here, we report a case of lower extremity reconstruction using cryopreserved hepatic artery as the vein conduit. Postoperative flap perfusion was uneventful with satisfactory wound healing, and graft patency was observed on follow-up color Doppler. Thus, cryopreserved allogenic vascular graft could be a source of vascular conduit in microsurgery.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion Volumes According to AIMS65 Scores in Patients with Peptic Ulcer Bleeding
Authors: Lee Moon Won , Lee Hyun-Ji , Shin Kyung-Hwa , Kim Gwang Ha , Kim Hyung-Hoi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
Fluid supplementation and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions form first-line management strategies to maintain circulating blood volumes in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). In this study, we aimed to analyze the utility of the AIMS65 score in predicting the volume of RBC transfusion required in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers.

Methods
In this single-center, retrospective study, the data of patients admitted between January 2019 and December 2019 with suspected UGIB were retrospectively reviewed. The RBC volume transfused during pre- and postendoscopic hemostasis was measured in relation to various patient factors including the AIMS65 scores.

Results
Transfusion rates, the mean number of transfused RBC units, and the duration of hospital stay differed significantly between patients with low AIMS65 scores and those with high AIMS65 scores. Patients with an AIMS65 score of 3 were transfused with more RBC units in the postendoscopic hemostasis period, compared with those with an AIMS65 score of 0, 1, or 2 (with a mean of 4.33 ± 2.07 and 2.67 ± 4.1 units transfused during the pre-endoscopic and postendoscopic hemostasis periods, respectively).

Conclusion
Patients with UGIB and with an AIMS65 score of 3 were more likely to require transfusions of RBCs.
Is the Genetic Code Optimized for Resource Conservation?
Authors: Xu Haiqing , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The causes and consequences of the nonrandom structure of the standard genetic code (SGC) have been of long-standing interest. A recent study reported that mutations in present-day protein-coding sequences are less likely to increase proteomic nitrogen and carbon uses under the SGC than under random genetic codes, concluding that the SGC has been selectively optimized for resource conservation. If true, this finding might offer important information on the environment in which the SGC and some of the earliest life forms evolved. However, we here show that the hypothesis of optimization of a genetic code for resource conservation is theoretically untenable. We discover that the aforementioned study estimated the expected mutational effect by inappropriately excluding mutations lowering resource consumptions and including mutations involving stop codons. After remedying these problems, we find no evidence that the SGC is optimized for nitrogen or carbon conservation.