bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why ‘Never Again’ and R2P Did Not Work in Myanmar
Authors: Šimonović Ivan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This intervention discusses the reasons why the international community failed to prevent atrocity crimes against the Rohingyas in Myanmar. It draws on the author’s personal experience as UN Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights from 2010 to 2016 and Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on the Responsibility to Protect from 2016 to 2018. It lays out five major ingredients of the failure to prevent atrocities in Myanmar and identifies three key lessons that must be learned to avoid continued failures into the future.
Development of Arts Entrepreneurship Education: Excavating and Unravelling the Knowledge Basis
Authors: Abisuga Oluwayemisi Adebola , Muchie Mammo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Scholars have highlighted the need for a clearer knowledge, conceptualization and theorizing on the practicality of integrating arts entrepreneurship education in university programs. The objective of this study is to identify the themes in the Arts Entrepreneurship (AE) and to develop these themes to a conceptual model that describes the Arts Entrepreneurship Education (AEE). This research article fills the existing gap in the literature on the AEE through the research question: What are the key themes in AEE, and how can these themes be linked to the conceptual development of the AEE literature? This study argues that if entrepreneurship is to be viewed as a fundamental part of AEE, teachers need to have proper knowledge of the importance and inclusion in the University’s art subject curriculum. The findings identified pertinent themes, subthemes and trends several scholars have worked on finding the best practices to promote the development of AEE.
A Shelf Water Cascading Event near Cape Hatteras
Authors: Han Lu , Seim Harvey , Bane John , Todd Robert E. , Muglia Mike 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCarbon-rich Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) and South Atlantic Bight (SAB) shelf waters typically converge on the continental shelf near Cape Hatteras. Both are often exported to the adjacent open ocean in this region. During a survey of the region in mid-January 2018, there was no sign of shelf water export at the surface. Instead, a subsurface layer of shelf water with high chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen was observed at the edge of the Gulf Stream east of Cape Hatteras. Strong cooling over the MAB and SAB shelves in early January led to shelf waters being denser than offshore surface waters. Driven by the density gradient, the denser shelf waters cascaded beneath the Gulf Stream and were subsequently entrained into the Gulf Stream, as they were advected northeastward. Underwater glider observations 80 km downstream of the export location captured 0.44 Sv of shelf waters transported along the edge of the Gulf Stream in January 2018. In total, as much as 7×106 kg of carbon was exported from the continental shelf to a greater depth in the open ocean during this 5-day-long cascading event. Earlier observations of near-bottom temperature and salinity at a depth of 230 m captured several multiday episodes of shelf water at a location that was otherwise dominated by Gulf Stream water, indicating that the January 2018 cascading event was not unique. Cascading is an important, yet little-studied pathway of carbon export and sequestration at Cape Hatteras.
Distinct Controls on the Strength of the Abyssal Overturning Circulation: Channel versus Basin Dynamics
Authors: Chang Chiung-Yin , Jansen Malte F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough the reconfiguration of the abyssal overturning circulation has been argued to be a salient feature of Earth’s past climate changes, our understanding of the physical mechanisms controlling its strength remains limited. In particular, existing scaling theories disagree on the relative importance of the dynamics in the Southern Ocean versus the dynamics in the basins to the north. In this study, we systematically investigate these theories and compare them with a set of numerical simulations generated from an ocean general circulation model with idealized geometry, designed to capture only the basic ingredients considered by the theories. It is shown that the disagreement between existing theories can be partially explained by the fact that the overturning strengths measured in the channel and in the basin scale distinctly with the external parameters, including surface buoyancy loss, diapycnal diffusivity, wind stress, and eddy diffusivity. The overturning in the reentrant channel, which represents the Southern Ocean, is found to be sensitive to all these parameters, in addition to a strong dependence on bottom topography. By contrast, the basin overturning varies with the integrated surface buoyancy loss rate and diapycnal diffusivity but is mostly unaffected by winds and channel topography. The simulated parameter dependence of the basin overturning can be described by a scaling theory that is based only on basin dynamics.
Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and psychological distress among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Necho Mogesie , Tsehay Mekonnen , Birkie Mengesha , Biset Gebyaw , Tadesse Erkihun 
Published: April 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide epidemic declared by the world health organization as a public health emergency of concern and consequently inducing huge mental health and psychological reactions. Aims: This study is aimed to summarize the existing data regarding anxiety, depression, and psychological distress during the covid-19 pandemic among the wider population so that effective intervention strategies will be initiated. Methods: Pieces of literature that assessed anxiety, depression, and psychological distress among the general population during the COVID pandemic period were systematically gathered. Data extraction in Microsoft excel was done by two independent reviewers using predefined criteria. The analysis was done using a stata-11 and random effect model. A sub-group and sensitivity analysis was done. Besides, the funnel plot and eggers publication bias test was tested. Results: Sixteen studies that assessed 78,225 participants were included. Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis for anxiety prevalence. The average prevalence of anxiety was found to be 38.12%. A sub-group analysis showed that anxiety was 33.33% in China and 47.70% in other countries (Italy, Turkey, and India). Anxiety prevalence in studies measured with the DASS-21 scale, GAD-7 scale, and other tools (SAS, HADS, and 5-point Likert scale) was 23.4%, 40.73%, and 44.47% respectively. The prevalence of anxiety in studies that assessed a sample size above 2,000 participants was 40.33%. The average prevalence of depression among included studies was 34.31% and a sub-group analysis showed that depression was higher in China (36.32%) than in other countries (28.3%). Moreover, six studies reported psychological distress and the average prevalence was 37.54%. Conclusion: This study revealed that anxiety, depression, and psychological distress are potential public mental health problems of the global community that suggests the need for early recognition and initiation of interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
Knowledge of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus Among Women Who Are Pregnant or Intend to Become Pregnant, Arizona, 2017
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth J. , Ernst Kacey , Garcia David O. , Lopez Elise , Pogreba Brown Kristen , Austhof Erika , Carr McCuin Dametreea , Hayden Mary H. , Koss Mary P. 
Published: April 2021

Objectives Levels of knowledge about the sexual transmission of Zika virus are consistently low in populations at risk of a mosquito-borne outbreak, including among women of childbearing age and women who are pregnant or intend to become pregnant. We investigated the effectiveness of sources of public health messaging about sexual transmission to women who are pregnant or intend to become pregnant in Arizona. Methods In 2017, we conducted an Arizona-statewide survey 15 months after the initial release of US guidelines on sexual transmission of Zika virus. We used Poisson regression, adjusting for demographic factors, to estimate the likelihood among women who were pregnant or intended to become pregnant of knowing that Zika virus is sexually transmitted relative to other women of childbearing age. We used multinomial logistic regression models to explore associations with most used health information sources, either in person (eg, medical providers) or online (eg, Facebook), categorized by extent of dependability. Results Women who were pregnant or intended to become pregnant had similarly poor knowledge of the sexual transmission of Zika virus as compared with other women of childbearing age (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.14 [95% CI, 0.83-1.55]). Only about one-third of all respondents reported knowledge of sexual transmission. Reliance on high- vs low-dependability information sources, whether in person or online, did not predict the extent of Zika virus knowledge among women who were pregnant or intended to become pregnant. Conclusion As late as the second year of local Zika virus transmission in the United States, in 2017, women in Arizona were not receiving sufficient information about sexual transmission, even though it was available. To prepare for possible future outbreaks, research should explore which aspects of Zika information campaigns were ineffective or inefficient.
Health Insurance Status as a Predictor of Mode of Colon Cancer Detection but Not Stage at Diagnosis: Implications for Early Detection
Authors: Jones Lindsey A. , Brewer Katherine C. , Carnahan Leslie R. , Parsons Jennifer A. , Polite Blase N. , Ferrans Carol Estwing , Warnecke Richard B. , Rauscher Garth H. 
Published: April 2021

Objective For colon cancer patients, one goal of health insurance is to improve access to screening that leads to early detection, early-stage diagnosis, and polyp removal, all of which results in easier treatment and better outcomes. We examined associations among health insurance status, mode of detection (screen detection vs symptomatic presentation), and stage at diagnosis (early vs late) in a diverse sample of patients recently diagnosed with colon cancer from the Chicago metropolitan area. Methods Data came from the Colon Cancer Patterns of Care in Chicago study of racial and socioeconomic disparities in colon cancer screening, diagnosis, and care. We collected data from the medical records of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients aged ≥50 and diagnosed with colon cancer from October 2010 through January 2014 (N = 348). We used logistic regression with marginal standardization to model associations between health insurance status and study outcomes. Results After adjusting for age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status, being continuously insured 5 years before diagnosis and through diagnosis was associated with a 20 (95% CI, 8-33) percentage-point increase in prevalence of screen detection. Screen detection in turn was associated with a 15 (95% CI, 3-27) percentage-point increase in early-stage diagnosis; however, nearly half (47%; n = 54) of the 114 screen-detected patients were still diagnosed at late stage (stage 3 or 4). Health insurance status was not associated with earlier stage at diagnosis. Conclusions For health insurance to effectively shift stage at diagnosis, stronger associations are needed between health insurance and screening-related detection; between screening-related detection and early stage at diagnosis; or both. Findings also highlight the need to better understand factors contributing to late-stage colon cancer diagnosis despite screen detection.
Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients after decompressive craniectomy: a finite element model to investigate factors affecting the cortical electric field
Authors: Sun Weiming , Dong Xiangli , Yu Guohua , Shuai Lang , Yuan Yefeng , Ma Chaolin 
Published: April 2021

Objective To simulate the process of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on patients after decompressive craniectomy (DC), and to model cortical electric field distributions under different electrode montages, we constructed a finite element model that represented the human head at high resolution. Methods Using computed tomography images, we constructed a human head model with high geometrical similarity. The removed bone flap was simplified to be circular with a diameter of 12 cm. We then constructed finite element models according to bioelectrical parameters. Finally, we simulated tDCS on the finite element models under different electrode montages. Results Inward current had a linear relationship with peak electric field value, but almost no effect on electric field distribution. If the anode was not over the skull hole (configuration 2), there was almost no difference in electric field magnitude and focality between the circular and square electrodes. However, if the anode was right over the hole (configuration 1), the circular electrodes led to higher peak electric field values and worse focality. In addition, configuration 1 significantly decreased focality compared with configuration 2. Conclusion Our results might serve as guidelines for selecting current and electrode montage settings when performing tDCS on patients after DC.
Longitudinal association between cardiovascular health and arterial stiffness in the Chinese adult population
Authors: Sang Yu , Mao Kaimin , Cao Ming , Wu Xiaofen , Ruan Lei , Zhang Cuntai 
Published: April 2021

Objective Arterial stiffness may be an intermediary biological pathway involved in the association between cardiovascular health (CVH) and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to evaluate the effect of CVH on progression of brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) over approximately 4 years. Methods We included 1315 cardiovascular disease-free adults (49±12 years) who had two checkups from 2010 to 2019. CVH metrics (current smoking, body mass index, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose) were assessed at baseline, and the number of ideal CVH metrics and CVH score were calculated. Additionally, baPWV was examined at baseline and follow-up. Results Median baPWV increased from 1340 cm/s to 1400 cm/s, with an average annual change in baPWV of 15 cm/s. More ideal CVH metrics and a higher CVH score were associated with lower baseline and follow-up baPWV, and the annual change in baPWV, even after adjustment for confounding variables. Associations between CVH parameters and baseline and follow-up baPWV remained robust in different sex and age subgroups, but they were only able to predict the annual change in baPWV in men and individuals older than 50 years. Conclusions Our findings highlight the benefit of a better baseline CVH profile for progression of arterial stiffness.
Comparative Evaluation of Adenoids, Upper Airway, and Tongue Using “Predictors of Difficult Airways” in Class II Division 1 and Division 2 Cases with Class I Cases: Prospective In Vivo Observational Study
Authors: Choudhari Smita Mangesh , Shrivastav Sunita 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Altered nasorespiratory function leads to altered craniofacial growth. Thus, airway evaluation is important for preventive, interceptive, and corrective orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare adenoids, the upper airway, the tongue, and mandibular dimensions using “predictors of difficult airways” in class II division 1 and class II division 2 cases with class I cases. Method: Sixty subjects of age 15 to 18 years were divided into 3 groups (group 1: class I cases; group 2: class II division 1 cases; and group 3: class II division 2 cases) based on cephalometric parameters, with 20 cases in each group. Cephalometric evaluation of adenoids and the nasopharyngeal airway was done using the Handelman–Osborne area method. Upper and lower airway evaluation was done using McNamara’s linear method. “Predictors of difficult airways” were used for evaluation of the airway, which included nasal competency, the Mallampati scale, mandibular length, mandibular protrusion, and the thyromental distance. Results: The present study found a significant positive correlation between the grades of nasal competency and percentage adenoid wall area, and a significant negative correlation between the grades of nasal competency and the upper airway. There was a significant positive correlation between the grades of nasal competency and mandibular length, and a significant positive correlation between the grades of mandibular protrusion and mandibular length. There was a significant positive correlation between the grades of the thyromental distance and mandibular length. Conclusion: It was concluded that the “predictors of difficult airways” would be helpful in early diagnosis and identification of potential risk factors that may cause “breathing disorders”–related malocclusions and later on increase the risk of developing OSA.
The Clinical Radiographic Incidence of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis 10 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Data From the MOON Nested Cohort
Authors:   The MOON Group, Everhart Josh S. , Jones Morgan H. , Yalcin Sercan , Reinke Emily K. , Huston Laura J. , Andrish Jack T. , Cox Charles L. , Flanigan David C. , Kaeding Christopher C. , Magnussen Robert A. , Obuchowski Nancy , Parker Richard D. , Pedroza Angela D. , Sanders Rosemary A. , Winalski Carl S. , Spindler Kurt P. 
Published: April 2021

Background: The incidence of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) based on clinical radiographic grading criteria at 10 years after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) has not been well-defined in a prospective cohort of young athletic patients. Hypothesis: Among young athletic patients, there is a high incidence of clinical radiographic PTOA at 10 years after ACLR. Additionally, there is a significant difference in clinical radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) changes (joint space narrowing and osteophyte formation) between ACL-reconstructed and contralateral knees at 10 years. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The first 146 patients in an ongoing nested cohort study of the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) prospective cohort presented for a minimum 10-year follow-up. Included patients had a sports-related ACL injury, were aged <33 years at the time of ACLR, had no history of ipsilateral or contralateral knee surgery, and did not undergo revision ACLR before follow-up. Bilateral knee metatarsophalangeal view radiographs were obtained and graded according to International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI), and modified Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) criteria by 2 blinded reviewers. The incidence and severity of ipsilateral and contralateral radiographic OA were determined among patients without a contralateral ACL injury before 10-year follow-up (N = 133). Results: Interrater reliability was substantial for the IKDC (Gwet Agreement Coefficient [AC] 1 = 0.71), moderate for the KL (0.48), and almost perfect for the OARSI (0.84) grading systems. Among patients with a contralateral radiographically normal knee, the 10-year incidence of clinical radiographic PTOA after ACLR was 37% as defined by osteophytes and 23% as defined by joint space narrowing. The maximum side-to-side difference in the OARSI osteophyte grade in the medial or lateral compartment was 0 in 65% of patients, 1 in 20%, and ≥2 in 15%. The maximum side-to-side difference in the OARSI joint space narrowing grade was 0 in 77% of patients, 1 in 19%, and ≥2 in 4%. Conclusion: In young active patients, the 10-year incidence of clinical radiographic PTOA after ACLR was 37% as defined by osteophytes and 23% as defined by joint space narrowing. The mean difference in the degree of osteophyte formation (≤1 grade in 85%) and joint space narrowing (≤1 grade in 96%) between the ACL-reconstructed and contralateral knees was small. Registration: NCT02717559 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)
The Rate of Surplus Value in Brazil, 1996–2016
Authors: Freitas Antonio 
Published: April 2021

This paper estimates the Brazilian economy’s rate of surplus value as well as its underlying determinants, i.e., wage rate and labor productivity between 1996 and 2016. In addition, it builds a theoretical narrative of the Brazilian economy that integrates its political successions, highlighting the governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2002), Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003–2010), Dilma Rousseff (2011–August 2016), and the parliamentary coup d’état (December 2015–August 2016). The findings are presented based on the classical political economy tradition, which sees capital-labor struggle as a key, albeit nonexclusive, condition that frames the economic, political, and ideological disputes of society. JEL Classification: B51, E25, N16
Looking beyond Administrative Health Care Data: The Role of Socioeconomic Status in Predicting Future High-cost Patients with Mental Health and Addiction
Authors: de Oliveira Claire , Mondor Luke , Wodchis Walter P. , Rosella Laura C. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Previous research has shown that the socioeconomic status (SES)–health gradient also extends to high-cost patients; however, little work has examined high-cost patients with mental illness and/or addiction. The objective of this study was to examine associations between individual-, household- and area-level SES factors and future high-cost use among these patients. Methods: We linked survey data from adult participants (ages 18 and older) of 3 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey to administrative health care data from Ontario, Canada. Respondents with mental illness and/or addiction were identified based on prior mental health and addiction health care use and followed for 5 years for which we ascertained health care costs covered under the public health care system. We quantified associations between SES factors and becoming a high-cost patient (i.e., transitioning into the top 5%) using logistic regression models. For ordinal SES factors, such as income, education and marginalization variables, we measured absolute and relative inequalities using the slope and relative index of inequality. Results: Among our sample, lower personal income (odds ratio [ OR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54 to 2.88, for CAD$0 to CAD$14,999), lower household income ( OR = 2.11, 95% CI, 1.49 to 2.99, for lowest income quintile), food insecurity ( OR = 1.87, 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.55) and non-homeownership ( OR = 1.34, 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.66), at the individual and household levels, respectively, and higher residential instability (OR = 1.72, 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.42, for most marginalized), at the area level, were associated with higher odds of becoming a high-cost patient within a 5-year period. Moreover, the inequality analysis suggested pro-high-SES gradients in high-cost transitions. Conclusions: Policies aimed at high-cost patients with mental illness and/or addiction, or those concerned with preventing individuals with these conditions from becoming high-cost patients in the health care system, should also consider non-clinical factors such as income as well as related dimensions including food security and homeownership.