bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of dose quantities in radiological protection: ICRP publication 147 Ann ICRP 50(1) 2021
Authors: Harrison J D , Balonov M , Bochud F , Martin C J , Menzel H-G , Smith-Bindman R , Ortiz-López P , Simmonds J R , Wakeford R 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The International Commission on Radiological Protection has recently published a report (ICRP Publication 147; Ann. ICRP
50, 2021) on the use of dose quantities in radiological protection, under the same authorship as this Memorandum. Here, we present a brief summary of the main elements of the report. ICRP Publication 147 consolidates and clarifies the explanations provided in the 2007 ICRP Recommendations (Publication 103) but reaches conclusions that go beyond those presented in Publication 103. Further guidance is provided on the scientific basis for the control of radiation risks using dose quantities in occupational, public and medical applications. It is emphasised that best estimates of risk to individuals will use organ/tissue absorbed doses, appropriate relative biological effectiveness factors and dose–risk models for specific health effects. However, bearing in mind uncertainties including those associated with risk projection to low doses or low dose rates, it is concluded that in the context of radiological protection, effective dose may be considered as an approximate indicator of possible risk of stochastic health effects following low-level exposure to ionising radiation. In this respect, it should also be recognised that lifetime cancer risks vary with age at exposure, sex and population group. The ICRP report also concludes that equivalent dose is not needed as a protection quantity. Dose limits for the avoidance of tissue reactions for the skin, hands and feet, and lens of the eye will be more appropriately set in terms of absorbed dose rather than equivalent dose.
One-dimensional heat-flow simulations using simple digital and analogue models
Authors: Atkin Keith 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper shows how two distinct but related models can be used to bring out the essential physics of heat flow in one dimension. The first is a simple step-wise procedure using SMath Studio, while the second is an electric analogue using a basic RC ladder connected to an Arduino microcontroller. Both models can be demonstrated in real time within a lecture or teaching-laboratory environment. Differences and similarities of the two approaches are discussed.
Dynamic of the system in a periodic potential, submitted to an electromagnetic wave: Path integral approach
Authors: Issofa N , Kuetche C P F , Ateuafack M E , Fai L C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We introduced the formalism of path integrals to describe the dynamics of a system consisting of two particles. One is located in a periodic potential well (first subsystem), while the other particle is outside the well and subjected to a circular electromagnetic field (second subsystem). Thanks to this formalism, we are able to describe the dynamics of our system by a propagator which is the product of two subsystems of propagators. The propagator of the first subsystem is put in the standard form exp[Action] as a result of the coherent spin states. This form of propagator is possible by replacing the spin with a unit vector aligned along the polar and azimuthal directions. The second subsystem propagator come with the use of the Feynman-Vernon functional on the subsystem. Thanks to its two propagators, we have succeeded in explicitly and analytically evaluating the dynamics of our dissipative quantum system by a single propagator. Using this fundamental result, we evaluated the special case where the second subsystem bathed in a super-ohmic environment.
Insight into kerosene conveying CNTs and Fe3O4 nanoparticles through a porous medium: significance of Coriolis force and entropy generation
Authors: Ullah Ikram , Ali Rashid , Khan Ilyas , S. Nisar K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nanomaterials have advanced features due which it is more efficient in different areas like refrigerator, hybrid-power engine, engine cooling, pharmaceutical processes etc. Hybrid nanomaterials are significant for the improvement of heat transfer in the fluid. The aim of this study is to communicate irreversibility analysis in Dracy-Forchheimer flow of nanomaterials with hybrid nanoparticles/kerosene oil mixture. Xue’s and Hamilton-Crosser models are converted for hybrid empirical relations. Analysis of entropy is performed to estimate the disorder within the thermo-physical frame. The governing flow expressions have been converted to ODEs by dimensionless variables. The obtained system have been computed through NDSolve based Shooting scheme. Behavior of various parameters on different distributions are provided via tables and graphs. Further detailed assessment at the surface (skin friction and Nusselt number) is provided across various parameters. Our findings designates that temperature upgraded for both hybrid and nano phases against heat source parameter and Eckert number while a contrary trend is seen for temperature gradient. There is remarkable increase for hybrid nanofluid when compared with common nanoliquid. As a whole hybrid nanomaterials have great influence through out our analysis when compared with regular nanomaterials.
The effect of nitriding on the humidity sensing properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films
Authors: Frattini Giuliano , Torres Sindry , Silva Leonel I , Repetto Carlos E , Gómez Bernardo , Dobry Ariel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We have studied the effect of nitriding on the humidity sensing properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films. The films were prepared in two stages combining the techniques of physical deposition in vapor phase evaporation (PAPVD) and plasma pulsed nitriding. By deconvolution of the Raman spectrum we identified two peaks corresponding to the D and G modes characteristic of a-C:H. After the N2-H2 plasma treating, the peaks narrowed and shifted to the right, which we associated with the incorporation of N into the structure. We compared the sensitivity to the relative humidity (RH) of the films before and after the N2-H2 plasma treatment. The nitriding improved the humidity sensitivity measured as the low frequency resistance. By impedance spectroscopy we studied the frequency dependence of the AC conductivity σ at different RH conditions. Before nitriding σ(ω) ∼ A
ω

s
, it seemed to have the universal behaviour seen in other amorphous systems. The humidity changed the overall scale A. After nitriding, the exponent s increased, and became RH dependent. We associated this behaviour to the change of the interaction mechanism between the water molecule and the substrate when the samples were nitriding.
Tunnelling based birefringent rotary photon dragging through induced chiral medium
Authors: Khan Muhammad , Idrees Muhammad , Bacha Bakth Amin , Ullah Arif , Haneef Muhammad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The control and modification of divergence angle and birefringent rotary photon drags under the effect of quantum tunnelling is investigated in this article. The circularly birefringence

Δ
n
=

n

r

(
+
)

−

n

r

(
−
)

, divergence angle θ

d
and rotary photon dragging angles

θ

r

(
±
)

are found to have modified with the strength of tunnelling frequencies. The left and right circularly polarized beams show superlominality of group velocities −c/150 and −c/50, respectively, and the divergence angle of 0.050 radian per increment of tunnelling frequency. The maximum of rotary photon drags for both beams is measured

θ

r

(
±
)

=
±
2

micro radian with fractional change of 2%. The output pulses intensities

∣

E

out

+

(
t
)

∣

2

and

∣

E

out

−

(
t
)

∣

2

show uniform undistorted shapes with tunnelling frequencies and no energy losses. The results could have significant applications in the fields of quantum optics, photonics, plasmonics and special mode imaging coding technology.
The Graetz-Nusselt problem for the curved channel using spectral collocation method
Authors: Ali Nasir , Khan Muhammad Waris Saeed , Sajid Muhammad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the Graetz-Nusselt problem for a curved channel. The solution of the energy equation for constant wall temperature boundary condition is developed via the separation of variable technique. The associated eigenvalue problem is handled numerically with the help of the spectral collocation method, and the Simpson’s 1/3 rule is employed to compute the coefficient of the solution series. The impact of curvature on temperature profile, mean temperature, and Nusselt numbers at both upper and lower walls of the curved channel is presented through tables and graphs and discussed in detail. The analysis reveals an attenuation in the net heat transfer rate through the channel with raising the curvature parameter. The local Nusselt number at the upper wall of the curved channel decreases while at the lower wall it follows an increasing trend with enhancing the channel curvature. In addition, the net heat transfer rate through the curved channel is significantly higher than its counterpart for a straight channel. It is believed that the availability of such a solution will be an important contribution in the field of biomedical sciences, engineering sciences and development of many industrial types of equipment.
Adaptive predictive control of average coolant temperature based on chaotic particle swarm optimization
Authors: Zhang Long 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Aiming at the problem that the average temperature control system of nuclear reactor coolant under variable conditions is nonlinear and time-varying, and the traditional fixed model cannot meet the control requirements, an improved generalized predictive control method with adaptive identification of model parameters is proposed. First, the structure of the coolant average temperature model is determined through mechanism derivation, and the forgetting factor recursive least square algorithm is used to identify the model parameters online and in real time. Secondly, the chaotic particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize the control increment during rolling optimization. The simulation is carried out on the MATLAB platform, and the results show that the tracking ability of the average coolant temperature is significantly better than the traditional PI control under variable conditions.
Nonlinear electromechanical modeling and robustness of soft robotic fish-like energy harvester: insights and possible issues
Authors: Salazar R , Abdelkefi A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This work investigates the possible integration of an energy harvester in a bioinspired fish-like aquatic unmanned vehicle. The defined fish-like system utilizes a reduced complexity prescribed motion as the representation for energy harvester to be subjected to. Nonlinear electromechanical modeling is performed by considering the geometric and piezoelectric nonlinearities. A convergence analysis is carried out in order to determine the required modes in the Galerkin discretization due to the presence of nonlinear interactions between the prescribed and relative motions. The utilization of higher-order modeling for the strain and material leads to the identification of impactful prescribed motions terms that can activate the nonlinearities in the system, results in more harmonics to consider, and leads to the presence parametric excitation terms. Considering a reduced-complex model by decreasing the value of the quadratic constraint envelope that the fish-like system would be forced with, the soft-robotic system behaves more with a base excitation characteristic. Small damping would allow this prescribed motion with reduced quadratic envelope forcing still induces a hardening behavior, but the other harmonics and parametric resonance seen are greatly reduced. Considering this reduced complexity system, the interaction between the prescribed and base excitations is also investigated to demonstrate that when the two excitations are of similar nature constructive and destructive build of the response waveform can occur when looking at near the first natural resonance. It is shown that the quenching phenomenon can take place which may result in a destructive response of the piezoelectric energy harvester. The results show that the robustness of the fish-like robot is directly dependent on the design parameters including the damping of the structure, importance of the undulatory motion, and activation of the resonances.
Fabrication of PDMS microfluidic devices using nanoclay-reinforced Pluronic F-127 as a sacrificial ink
Authors: Zhou Kui , Dey Madhuri , Ayan Bugra , Zhang Zhifeng , Ozbolat Veli , Kim Myoung Hwan , Khristov Vladimir , Ozbolat Ibrahim T 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is increasingly being employed in biochemical as well as clinical applications and more importantly in fabrication of microfluidic devices. However, the microfluidic community mainly relies on photolithography for fabrication of a defined mask, which is both tedious and expensive requiring clean room settings as well as limited to the generation of two-dimensional features. In this work, we 3D printed nanoclay-reinforced Pluronic ink as a sacrificial material, which exhibited shear thinning behavior and superior printability allowing the fabrication of unsupported or overhanging templates of channels with uniform diameter and circular cross-sections. To highlight the potential and effectiveness of the presented approach, we fabricated a human blood vessel-on-a-chip model with curved as well as straight channels. These channels were then lined up with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and subjected to a dynamic culture for 10 d to explore the effect of shear stress on HUVEC morphology based on the location of HUVECs in the devices. Overall, we presented a highly affordable, practical and useful approach in manufacturing of polydimethylsiloxane-based devices with closed microfluidic channels, which holds great potential for a numerous applications, such as but not limited to organ-on-a-chip, microfluidics, point-of-care devices and drug screening platforms.
From the Paris Agreement to corporate climate commitments: evaluation of seven methods for setting ‘science-based’ emission targets
Authors: Bjørn Anders , Lloyd Shannon , Matthews Damon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While large companies routinely announce greenhouse gas emissions targets, few have derived targets based on global climate goals. This changed in 2015 with the creation of the science based targets (SBTs) initiative, which provides guidelines for setting emission targets in line with the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. SBTs have now been set by more than 500 companies. Methods for setting such targets are not presented in a comparable way in target-setting guidelines and concerns that certain methods may lead to overshoot of the temperature goal have not been investigated. Here, we systematically characterize and compare all seven broadly applicable target-setting methods and quantify the balance between collective corporate SBTs and global allowable emissions for individual methods and different method mixes. We use a simplified global production scenario composed of eight archetypical companies to evaluate target-setting methods across a range of company characteristics and global emission scenarios. The methods vary greatly with respect to emission allocation principles, required company variables and embedded global emission scenarios. Some methods treat companies largely the same, while others differentiate between company types based on geography, economic sector, projected growth rate or baseline emission intensity. The application of individual target-setting methods as well as different mixes of methods tend to result in an imbalance between time-integrated aggregated SBTs and global allowable emissions. The sign and size of this imbalance is in some cases sensitive to the shape of the global emission pathway and the distribution of variables between the company archetypes. We recommend that the SBT initiative (a) use our SBT method characterisation to present methods in a systematic way, (b) consider our emission imbalance analysis in its method recommendations, (c) disclose underlying reasons for its method recommendations, and (d) require transparency from companies on the calculation of established SBTs.
A review of mental health and wellbeing under climate change in small island developing states (SIDS)
Authors: Kelman Ilan , Ayeb-Karlsson Sonja , Rose-Clarke Kelly , Prost Audrey , Ronneberg Espen , Wheeler Nicola , Watts Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSmall island developing states (SIDS) are often at the forefront of climate change impacts, including those related to health, but information on mental health and wellbeing is typically underreported. To help address this research lacuna, this paper reviews research about mental health and wellbeing under climate change in SIDS. Due to major differences in the literature’s methodologies, results, and analyses, the method is an overview and qualitative evidence synthesis of peer-reviewed publications. The findings show that mental health and wellbeing in the context of climate change have yet to feature prominently and systematically in research covering SIDS. It seems likely that major adverse mental health and wellbeing impacts linked to climate change impacts will affect SIDS peoples. Similar outcomes might also emerge when discussing climate change related situations, scenarios, and responses, irrespective of what has actually happened thus far due to climate change. In the context of inadequate health systems and stigmatisation of mental health diagnoses and treatments, as tends to occur globally, climate change narratives might present an opening for conversations about addressing mental health and wellbeing issues for SIDS.
Similarity solutions for cylindrical shock waves in a non-ideal gas under the action of monochromatic radiation
Authors: Devi Munesh , Singh Deepika , Arora Rajan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A theoretical model for the propagation of cylindrical shock waves in the adiabatic flow of a non-ideal gas with the effect of monochromatic radiation into the stellar interiors is studied. We obtain some special class of self-similar solutions to the considered problem using the Lie group of transformations. Here, we assume that the density is uniform in the undisturbed medium. The radiation flux is considered to be moving through the non-ideal gas. The flow variables behind the shock front are discussed through graphs. Also, the effects of variation in the non-ideal parameter, radiation parameter and adiabatic exponent on the flow variables are explained. The obtained results are quite similar to the results obtained by Vishwakarma and Pandey (2012 Int. J. Phys. Math. Sci.
2 27–37). The software package ‘MATLAB’ has performed all the computational work.
Study on Vehicle Travel Trajectory Completion based on AHP-Entropy-TOPSIS Method
Authors: He Meimei , Wu Xianyu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we proposed a vehicle travel trajectory completion algorithm based on license plate recognition data. Firstly, a processing method for redundant license plate data is proposed. Secondly, the abnormal travel trajectory is extracted based on the travel time threshold between adjacent nodes. Then, the alternative trajectory was obtained through the K shortest path algorithm. The combined algorithm of AHP and EWM was used to calculate the weight of multi- objective attribute indexes. The Hierarchical-Entropy-TOPSIS method for determining vehicle travel trajectory was constructed to complete vehicle travel trajectory decision-making. Finally, the reliability of the algorithm is verified by the license plate data of Yicheng County, Linfen City.
The Practices of Community Construction Based on Sanfang- Qixiang in Fuzhou
Authors: Chen Ying 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Community construction is a way to protect the active development of historic districts, which can effectively resolve the contradiction between the protection and utilization of historic districts. This paper introduces the general situation of the Sanfang-Qixiang in Fuzhou and the process of its protection work. The concrete measures of community construction is of reference significance to other historical districts in China.
Analysis of key points of road and bridge foundation construction technology
Authors: Hongguanga Ma , Jing Wang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the process of road and bridge construction, basic construction technology is most the important. Only when the basic construction technology is improved can the overall quality of the road and bridge be improved. Therefore, the relevant construction units must strengthen the research of basic construction technology and master the technical points to accelerate road and bridge construction. In view of this, this paper mainly analyzes the key points of road and bridge foundation construction technology.
A Numerical Case Study on Boundary Effect in Test and Simulation of Seismic Hydrodynamic Pressure on Pier
Authors: Liu Haiming , Tao Xiaxin , Qin Yifang , Tao Zhengru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Total 12 finite element models are built for piers of rectangular and elliptical sections in water with infinite boundary condition or with elastic boundaries and longitudinal size 3 m, 5 m, 7.5 m, 10 m and 15 m respectively. Responses of the models are calculated by numerical water - pier interaction coupling procedure. The result hydrodynamic pressures of nodes on the central line of the pier upstream faces at 8 depths show that the pressures on models with elastic boundaries are getting close to that with infinite boundary as the longitudinal size increasing, and the 15 m length is long enough for tank in shaking table test to prevent the disturbance of boundary wave on the maximum absolute value of hydrodynamic pressure.
Refined Management of Traffic Engineering Cost Based on BIM Technology
Authors: Yang Yaru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The rapid development of technology and economy has brought the construction industry into a stage of vigorous development. The traditional mode of project cost management is no longer suitable for the development of the construction industry, and more refined management of cost is imperative. At this stage, BIM technology is widely used in the management of cost. It can establish corresponding models to carry out fine management of each stage of construction. Based on the above background, the purpose of this paper is to refine the management of traffic engineering cost based on BIM technology. This article first conducts a survey of the current status of traffic engineering cost management based on BIM technology. Through statistical analysis of the survey data, it is mainly aimed at the investigation of the current BIM understanding and application of the traffic engineering cost industry. Then put forward the basic principles of BIM technology application engineering cost management, and then put forward the optimization plan of traffic engineering cost management based on BIM technology, including investment decision, design, budget, bidding, construction stage, etc. Finally, the study found that in the process of project construction, the application of BIM technology greatly facilitated the construction of various specialties, and the project quality rate reached more than 98%, and significant results were achieved.