bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the Contested Qualified Health Claims for Green Tea and Cancer
Authors: Berhaupt-Glickstein A. , Hallman W. K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere have been seven qualified health claims (QHCs) in the marketplace about the relationship between the consumption of green tea and the reduced risk of breast and/or prostate cancers that were written by three stakeholders (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Fleminger, Inc. (tea company), and the Federal Court). This paper evaluates assertions about the effects of these claims on consumers, which were contested in a federal lawsuit. Using a 2 × 7 experimental design, 1,335 Americans 55 years and older were randomized to view one QHC about green tea and cancer, or an identical QHC about a novel diet-disease relationship; yukichi fruit juice and gastrocoridalis. The results show that differing stakeholder descriptions of the same evidence significantly affected consumer perceptions. For example, QHCs written by Fleminger, Inc. were rated as providing greater evidence for the green tea-cancer claim. An FDA summary statement implied mandatory (vs. voluntary) labelling and greater effectiveness, and qualitative descriptions suggested that greater evidence existed for the claims (vs. quantitative descriptions). Greater evidence was also inferred for familiar claims (green tea and cancer).
Factors influencing students’ satisfaction with continuous use of learning management systems during the COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical study
Authors: Alzahrani Latifa , Seth Kavita Panwar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 has impacted educational processes in most countries: some educational institutions have closed, while others, particularly in higher education, have converted to online learning systems, due to the advantages offered by information technologies. This study analyzes the critical factors influencing students’ satisfaction with their continuing use of online learning management systems in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through the integration of social cognitive theory, expectation confirmation theory, and DeLone and McLean’s IS success model, a survey was conducted of 181 UK students who engaged with learning management systems. It was found that, during the pandemic, service quality did not influence students’ satisfaction, although both information quality and self-efficacy had significant impacts on satisfaction. In addition, the results revealed that neither self-efficacy nor satisfaction impacted personal outcome expectations, although prior experience and social influence did. The findings have practical implications for education developers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to develop effective strategies for and improve the use of learning management systems during the pandemic.
Heritage event as tourist attraction: the case of Dymarki Swietokrzyskie, Poland
Authors: Cudny Waldemar , Jolliffe Lee , Guz Anna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile previous research has focused on heritage visitor attractions few studies have examined visitation to and experience of ancient industrial sites as geographical tourist spaces. This article profiles visitation to Dymarki Swietokrzyskie, a heritage reenactment of past events and ancient industrial traditions of iron smelting held in the Polish town of Nowa Slupia. Visitor survey analysis showed visitors perceive the event is a significant tourist attraction. It attracts tourists, is an element of the local heritage industry and contributes to the development of tourism services as part of the heritage tourism sector. The event in Nowa Slupia forms a tourist attraction based on heritage used for creating a contemporary heritage event, evoking specific tourist behaviors and therefore bringing economic profits. Creating the heritage tourism experience here was possible due to the influence of the mix of the elements in a heritage tourism behavioral model consisting of: politics, conservation, authenticity, impact management and interpretation. Examination of the event confirmed the validity of this framework for the analysis of heritage site visitation as well as providing practical insights for both site managers and future researchers.
The Impacts of Incentives for International Publications on Research Cultures in Chinese Humanities and Social Sciences
Authors: Xu Xin , Oancea Alis , Rose Heath 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIncentives for improving research productivity at universities prevail in global academia. However, the rationale, methodology, and impact of such incentives and consequent evaluation regimes are in need of scrutinization. This paper explores the influences of financial and career-related publishing incentive schemes on research cultures. It draws on an analysis of 75 interviews with academics, senior university administrators, and journal editors from China, a country that has seen widespread reliance on international publication counts in research evaluation and reward systems. The study focuses on humanities and social sciences (HSS) as disciplinary sites, which embody distinct characteristics and have experienced the introduction of incentive schemes in China since the early 2000s. Findings reveal tensions between internationalization and indigenization, quality and quantity, integrity and instrumentalism, equity and inequity in Chinese academia. In particular, we argue that a blanket incentive scheme could reinforce a managerial culture in higher education, encourage performative objectification of academics, and jeopardize their agency. We thereby challenge ‘one-size-fits-all’ policymaking, and suggest instead that institutions should have the opportunity to adopt an ethical and ‘human-oriented’ approach when developing their research incentives and evaluation mechanisms.
A ride through the epigenetic landscape: aging reversal by reprogramming
Authors: de Lima Camillo Lucas Paulo , Quinlan Robert B. A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAging has become one of the fastest-growing research topics in biology. However, exactly how the aging process occurs remains unknown. Epigenetics plays a significant role, and several epigenetic interventions can modulate lifespan. This review will explore the interplay between epigenetics and aging, and how epigenetic reprogramming can be harnessed for age reversal. In vivo partial reprogramming holds great promise as a possible therapy, but several limitations remain. Rejuvenation by reprogramming is a young but rapidly expanding subfield in the biology of aging.
Clinical and economic burden of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait
Authors: Sanai Faisal M. , Al Khathlan Abdullah , Al Fadhli Ahmad , Jazzar Ahmad S. , Hashim Al Moutaz , Mansour Eid , Abaalkhail Faisal , Hasan Fuad , Al Mudaiheem Hajer , Al Quraishi Huda , Bottomley Juliana , Alswat Khalid A. , Al Ghamdi Mohammed , Farghaly Mohamed , Fathy Motaz , Awad Nancy , Mohamed Omneya , Kozma Sam , Al-Hamoudi Waleed , Al-jedai Ahmed 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background and aims
The Middle East (ME) has a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), driven by obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies in Saudi Arabia (KSA) and United Arab Emirates (UAE) predict an escalating impact of NAFLD/NASH, particularly advanced fibrosis due to NASH (AF-NASH), increasing cases of cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. The scale of this burden in other ME countries is unknown with no reports of NAFLD/NASH healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) or costs. We estimated the clinical and economic burden of NAFLD/NASH in KSA, UAE and Kuwait.

Methods
Markov models populated with country-specific obesity and T2DM prevalence data estimated numbers and progression of NAFLD/NASH patients from 2018 to 2030. Model inputs, assumptions and outputs were collected from literature, national statistics, and expert consensus.

Results
Over 13 years, the KSA model estimated cases increasing as follows: patients with fibrosis F0–3 doubled to 2.5 m, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma trebled to 212,000; liver failure or transplant patients increased four-fold to 4,086 and liver-related death escalated from < 10,000 to > 200,000. Similar trends occurred in UAE and Kuwait. Discounted lifetime costs of NASH standard-care increased totaling USD40.41 bn, 1.59 bn and 6.36 bn in KSA, UAE (Emiratis only) and Kuwait, respectively. NASH-related costs in 2019 comprised, respectively, 5.83%, 5.80% and 7.66% of national healthcare spending.

Conclusions
NASH, especially AF-NASH, should be considered a higher priority in ME Public Health policy. Our analyses should inform health policy makers to mitigate the enormity of this escalating regional burden.
Functional Role of Cerebellar Gamma Frequency in Motor Sequences Learning: a tACS Study
Authors: Giustiniani A. , Tarantino V. , Bracco M. , Bonaventura R. E. , Oliveri M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough the role of the cerebellum in motor sequences learning is widely established, the specific function of its gamma oscillatory activity still remains unclear. In the present study, gamma (50 Hz)—or delta (1 Hz)—transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was applied to the right cerebellar cortex while participants performed an implicit serial reaction time task (SRTT) with their right hand. The task required the execution of motor sequences simultaneously with the presentation of a series of visual stimuli. The same sequence was repeated across multiple task blocks (from blocks 2 to 5 and from blocks 7 to 8), whereas in other blocks, new/pseudorandom sequences were reproduced (blocks 1 and 6). Task performance was examined before and during tACS. To test possible after-effects of cerebellar tACS on the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), corticospinal excitability was assessed by examining the amplitude of motor potentials (MEP) evoked by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Compared with delta stimulation, gamma-tACS applied during the SRTT impaired participants’ performance in blocks where the same motor sequence was repeated but not in blocks where the new pseudorandom sequences were presented. Noteworthy, the later assessed corticospinal excitability was not affected. These results suggest that cerebellar gamma oscillations mediate the implicit acquisition of motor sequences but do not affect task execution itself. Overall, this study provides evidence of a specific role of cerebellar gamma oscillatory activity in implicit motor learning.
How the loss of forest fauna undermines the achievement of the SDGs
Authors: Krause Torsten , Tilker Andrew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe human-driven loss of biodiversity has numerous ecological, social, and economic impacts at the local and global levels, threatening important ecological functions and jeopardizing human well-being. In this perspective, we present an overview of how tropical defaunation—defined as the disappearance of fauna as a result of anthropogenic drivers such as hunting and habitat alteration in tropical forest ecosystems—is interlinked with four selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss tropical defaunation related to nutrition and zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and well-being (SDG 3), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). We propose a range of options on how to study defaunation in future research and how to address the ongoing tropical defaunation crisis, including but not limited to recent insights from policy, conservation management, and development practice.
In harm’s way: Non-migration decisions of people at risk of slow-onset coastal hazards in Bangladesh
Authors: Mallick Bishawjit , Rogers Kimberly G. , Sultana Zakia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNon-migration is an adaptive strategy that has received little attention in environmental migration studies. We explore the leveraging factors of non-migration decisions of communities at risk in coastal Bangladesh, where exposure to both rapid- and slow-onset natural disasters is high. We apply the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to empirical data and assess how threat perception and coping appraisal influences migration decisions in farming communities suffering from salinization of cropland. This study consists of data collected through quantitative household surveys (n = 200) and semi-structured interviews from four villages in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Results indicate that most respondents are unwilling to migrate, despite better economic conditions and reduced environmental risk in other locations. Land ownership, social connectedness, and household economic strength are the strongest predictors of non-migration decisions. This study is the first to use the PMT to understand migration-related behaviour and the findings are relevant for policy planning in vulnerable regions where exposure to climate-related risks is high but populations are choosing to remain in place.
Improved image denoising via RAISR with fewer filters
Authors: Zin Theingi , Nakahara Yusuke , Yamaguchi Takuro , Ikehara Masaaki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn recent years, accurate Gaussian noise removal has attracted considerable attention for mobile applications, as in smart phones. Accurate conventional denoising methods have the potential ability to improve denoising performance with no additional time. Therefore, we propose a rapid post-processing method for Gaussian noise removal in this paper. Block matching and 3D filtering and weighted nuclear norm minimization are utilized to suppress noise. Although these nonlocal image denoising methods have quantitatively high performance, some fine image details are lacking due to the loss of high frequency information. To tackle this problem, an improvement to the pioneering RAISR approach (rapid and accurate image super-resolution), is applied to rapidly post-process the denoised image. It gives performance comparable to state-of-the-art super-resolution techniques at low computational cost, preserving important image structures well. Our modification is to reduce the hash classes for the patches extracted from the denoised image and the pixels from the ground truth to 18 filters by two improvements: geometric conversion and reduction of the strength classes. In addition, following RAISR, the census transform is exploited by blending the image processed by noise removal methods with the filtered one to achieve artifact-free results. Experimental results demonstrate that higher quality and more pleasant visual results can be achieved than by other methods, efficiently and with low memory requirements.
Dexamethasone Restores the Repressive Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on Follicular Growth and E2 Secretion During the In Vitro Culture of Preantral Follicles
Authors: Wu Que , Zhuang Tingwei , Li Zhiling 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs a proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is central to the female reproductive tract and affects various phases of follicular development and uterine cycles. High levels of TNF-α play a vital role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in patients. Clinicians know that dexamethasone can inhibit the induction of androgen by suppressing the adrenal glands which improves the status of the endocrine system in PCOS patients. We hypothesize that dexamethasone has much more functionality and can exert a therapeutic effect by antagonizing TNF-α. We added TNF-α to the follicular culture medium to simulate the high TNF-α levels observed in the endocrine environment of PCOS patients. Dexamethasone was added to the medium to determine if it could counteract the inhibitory effect of TNF-α on follicular growth and 17β-estradiol (E2) secretion. Follicular diameter, E2 concentration, follicle survival, antral-like cavity formation, and ovulation were measured to assess the effects of dexamethasone. In our work, TNF-α inhibited in vitro follicular growth and E2 secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Based on the results of the present research, we concluded that the addition of dexamethasone partially counteracts the repressive effect of TNF-α on follicle growth and E2 secretion during in vitro culture of the preantral follicles of mice. Thus, the findings in this paper suggest that dexamethasone may act as a therapy by counteracting the effects of TNF-α in PCOS patients. These results provide a new foundation for exploring the treatment of PCOS patients with dexamethasone.
Cognitive Robots and the Conscious Mind: A Review of the Global Workspace Theory
Authors: Signa Alessandro , Chella Antonio , Gentile Manuel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The theory of consciousness is a subject that has kept scholars and researchers challenged for centuries. Even today it is not possible to define what consciousness is. This has led to the theorization of different models of consciousness. Starting from Baars’ Global Workspace Theory, this paper examines the models of cognitive architectures that are inspired by it and that can represent a reference point in the field of robot consciousness.

Recent Findings
Global Workspace Theory has recently been ranked as the most promising theory in its field. However, this is not reflected in the mathematical models of cognitive architectures inspired by it: they are few, and most of them are a decade old, which is too long compared to the speed at which artificial intelligence techniques are improving. Indeed, recent publications propose simple mathematical models that are well designed for computer implementation.

Summary
In this paper, we introduce an overview of consciousness and robot consciousness, with some interesting insights from the literature. Then we focus on Baars’ Global Workspace Theory, presenting it briefly. Finally, we report on the most interesting and promising models of cognitive architectures that implement it, describing their peculiarities.
Worse for girls?: Gender differences in discrimination as a predictor of suicidality among Latinx youth
Authors: Vargas Sylvanna M. , Calderon Vanessa , Beam Christopher R. , Cespedes‐Knadle Yolanda , Huey Stanley J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionGender and ethnic differences exist in suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt among adolescents in the U.S. However, limited research has used theoretically‐informed approaches to integrate how cultural and classic risk factors together account for suicide‐related pathways among vulnerable populations. Informed by the interpersonal theory of suicide, the present cross‐sectional study examined gender differences in the association between a cultural (i.e., discrimination) and classic (i.e., depressive symptomatology) risk factor, and suicidality among youth of Latin American heritage.MethodsA total of 390 Latinx adolescents (ages 13–18; 50% female) attending a high school in Southern California, U.S.A. completed a series of questionnaires that included measures of depressive symptoms, suicidality (including ideation, past attempts, and likelihood of future behavior), perceived discrimination, and demographics.ResultsWe found that discrimination was associated with increased suicidality among Latinx adolescents. The discrimination‐suicidality association was stronger for girls versus boys, such that girls who experienced greater discrimination demonstrated the highest levels of suicidality. Although depression was also significantly associated with suicidality, the discrimination x gender interaction was found above and beyond the main effect of depressive symptomatology and covariates. Additional analyses revealed significant gender and moderation effects only for suicidal ideation and not for attempts.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the relationship between discrimination and suicidality (particularly ideation) is more pronounced for Latinx girls than boys. This study also highlights the importance of drawing on theory‐driven and culturally informed work that incorporates classic and cultural correlates of suicidality among diverse subpopulations.
Rollout of COVID-19 Vaccination in India: A SWOT Analysis
Authors: Sharma Priyanka , Pardeshi Geeta 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) in the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in India.Methods:The internal and external attributes affecting the vaccination rollout identifed by reviewing the scientific literature, government guidelines, and press statements, along with media reports, were categorized into the SWOT matrix.Results:The existing immunization program, indigenous vaccine production, setting up of the National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19, updated guidelines, and training followed by dry runs were identified as strengths. The weaknesses identified in the program were knowledge gap about vaccines, apprehensions, lack of temperature loggers and vaccine vial monitors, space contraints in health care set up, demand supply gap, and digital divide. The experience of conducting the general elections, intersectoral coordination forged during the pandemic response, Information Technology platform, and vaccine eagerness present opportunities to strengthen the program. The emergence of virus variants, commercial interests, laxity in COVID-19 appropriate behavior, and receding wave of the pandemic can pose significant threats to the implementation of the vaccination campaign.Conclusion:The study identified factors that can aid designing effective measures and countermeasures for the COVID-19 vaccination rollout. This SWOT analysis is relevant to low- and middle-income countries planning to implement the COVID-19 vaccination in the near future.
Evaluation of cycle threshold values at deisolation
Authors: Mowrer Clayton T. , Creager Hannah , Cawcutt Kelly , Birge Justin , Lyden Elizabeth , Van Schooneveld Trevor C. , Rupp Mark E. , Hewlett Angela 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe decision to discontinue isolation in hospitalized patients with persistently positive severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) molecular testing is nuanced. Improvement in clinical status should be evaluated with expert consultation when considering whether discontinuation of isolation is appropriate. The cycle threshold value may serve as a useful adjunct to this decision-making process.