bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inherent tolerance of extreme seasonal variability in light and salinity in an Arctic endemic kelp (Laminaria solidungula)
Authors: Muth Arley F. , Bonsell Christina , Dunton Kenneth H. 
Published: May 2021

The kelp Laminaria solidungula is an important foundation species in the circumpolar Arctic. One of the largest populations of L. solidungula in the Beaufort Sea occurs in Stefansson Sound, off the north coast of Alaska. We surveyed kelp populations in the Stefansson Sound Boulder Patch and found that inshore sites in close proximity (3.5 km) to river input and increased turbidity exhibited lower sporophyte densities (0.36 ± 0.44 · m−2) than more offshore sites (>7 km) to the west (0.72 ± 0.48 · m−2) and east (4.72 ± 1.51 · m−2). We performed culture experiments to examine the possible combined effects of salinity and light on microscopic sporophyte production. Gametophytes cultured in the low salinity treatment (10) were unable to produce sporophytes regardless of light level. The highest light level tested (40 µmol photons · m−2 · s−1) produced the greatest sporophyte densities (0.037 ± 0.08 · mm−2) at a salinity of 30. Subsequent experimental work on the effect of salinity on microscopic stages revealed that haploid stages were not capable of producing sporophytes at a salinity of 10, but 3‐month‐old microscopic sporophytes were able to persist in the lower (10 and 20) salinity treatments. Although L. solidungula sporophytes have apparently acclimated to extreme salinity (<5–33) and light variations, the vulnerability of haploid microscopic stages to reduced salinity has the potential to affect future populations as the timing and magnitude of freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean changes.
Rural hospitals are not associated with worse postoperative outcomes for colon cancer surgery
Authors: Lansing Shan S. , Diaz Adrian , Hyer Madison , Tsilimigras Diamantis , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeWe sought to determine whether colorectal cancer surgery can be done safely at rural hospitals. The current study compared outcomes among rural patients who underwent colon resection at rural and nonrural hospitals.MethodsMedicare beneficiaries who underwent colon resection for cancer between 2013 and 2017 were identified using the Medicare Inpatient Standard Analytic Files. Patients and hospitals were designated as rural based on rural‐urban continuum codes. Risk‐adjusted postoperative outcomes and hospitalization spending were compared among patients undergoing resection at rural versus nonrural hospitals.ResultsAmong 3,937 patients who resided in a rural county and underwent colon resection for cancer, mean age was 76.3 (SD: 7.1) years and 1,432 (36.4%) patients underwent operative procedure at a rural hospital. On multivariable analyses, no differences in postoperative outcomes were noted among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing colon resection for cancer at nonrural versus rural hospitals. Specifically, the risk‐adjusted probability of experiencing a postoperative complication at a nonrural hospital was 15.4% (95% CI: 14.1%‐16.8%) versus 16.3% (95% CI: 14.2%‐18.3%) at a rural hospital (OR 1.08, 95% CI: 0.85‐1.38); 30‐day mortality (nonrural: 2.9%, 95% CI: 2.2‐3.6 vs rural: 3.5%, 95% CI: 2.4‐4.5) was also comparable. In addition, price standardized, risk‐adjusted expenditures were similar at nonrural ($18,610, 95% CI: $18,037‐$19,183) and rural ($19,010, 95% CI: $18,630‐$19,390) hospitals.ConclusionAmong rural Medicare beneficiaries who underwent a colon resection for cancer, there were no differences in postoperative outcomes among nonrural versus rural hospitals. These findings serve to highlight the importance of policies and practice guidelines that secure safe, local surgical care, allowing rural clinicians to accommodate strong patient preferences while delivering high‐quality surgical care.
Coronary microvascular dysfunction pathophysiology in COVID‐19
Authors: Yin Jie , Wang Shaoshen , Liu Yang , Chen Junhong , Li Dongye , Xu Tongda 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecently, accumulating evidence has highlighted the role of endothelial dysfunction in COVID‐19 progression. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD‐related risk factors (eg, age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity). Equally, these are also risk factors for COVID‐19. The purpose of this review was to explore CMD pathophysiology in COVID‐19, based on recent evidence. COVID‐19 mechanisms were reviewed in terms of imbalanced renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone‐systems (RAAS), systemic inflammation and immune responses, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulatory disorders. Based on these mechanisms, we addressed CMD pathophysiology within the context of COVID‐19, from five perspectives. The first was the disarrangement of local RAAS and Kallikrein‐kinin‐systems attributable to SARS‐Cov‐2 entry, and the concomitant decrease in coronary microvascular endothelial angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels. The second was related to coronary microvascular obstruction, induced by COVID‐19‐associated systemic hyper‐inflammation and pro‐thrombotic state. The third was focused on how pneumonia/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)‐related systemic hypoxia elicited oxidative stress in coronary microvessels and cardiac sympathetic nerve activation. Fourthly, we discussed how autonomic nerve dysfunction mediated by COVID‐19‐associated mental, physical, or physiological factors could elicit changes in coronary blood flow, resulting in CMD in COVID‐19 patients. Finally, we analyzed reciprocity between the coronary microvascular endothelium and perivascular cellular structures due to viremia, SARS‐CoV‐2 dissemination, and systemic inflammation. These mechanisms may function either consecutively or intermittently, finally culminating in CMD‐mediated cardiovascular symptoms in COVID‐19 patients. However, the underlying molecular pathogenesis remains to be clarified.
Diagnostic performance of real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay on blood for invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis
Authors: Seo Hyeonji , Kim Ji Yeun , Son Hyo‐Ju , Jung Jiwon , Kim Min Jae , Chong Yong Pil , Lee Sang‐Oh , Choi Sang‐Ho , Kim Yang Soo , Kim Sung‐Han 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of real‐time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis in patients with suspected invasive mould infection.MethodsAdult patients with suspected invasive mould infection were prospectively enrolled at a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, South Korea between 2017 and 2020. Standard tests for diagnosis of invasive mould infection and RT‐PCR for Aspergillus, Mucor and Rhizopus using blood samples were performed. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of RT‐PCR tests in patients diagnosed with proven and probable invasive aspergillosis or mucormycosis infection, according to the modified definitions of the EORTC/MSG 2019.ResultsA total of 102 patients with suspected invasive mould infection were enrolled. Of these patients, 46 (45%) were classified as having proven (n = 13) or probable (n = 33) invasive aspergillosis, 21 (21%) as proven (n = 17) or probable (n = 4) invasive mucormycosis and 18 (18%) as possible invasive mould infection. The remaining 13 (13%) were classified as not having invasive mould infection. Patients with possible invasive mould infection (n = 18) and coinfection of aspergillosis and mucormycosis (n = 4) were excluded from the final analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of the Aspergillus PCR were 54.3% ([25/46], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.2–67.9%) and 94.1% ([32/34], 95% CI: 80.9–98.4%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the Mucor or Rhizopus PCR were 57.1% ([12/21], 95% CI: 36.6–75.5%) and 76.3% ([45/59], 95% CI: 64.0–85.3), respectively.ConclusionsOur study suggests that blood PCR can be a useful adjunct test for diagnosing patients with suspected invasive mould infection.
Soil fertility relates to fungal‐mediated decomposition and organic matter turnover in a temperate mountain forest
Authors: Mayer Mathias , Rewald Boris , Matthews Bradley , Sandén Hans , Rosinger Christoph , Katzensteiner Klaus , Gorfer Markus , Berger Harald , Tallian Claudia , Berger Torsten W. , Godbold Douglas L. 
Published: May 2021

Summary

Fungi are known to exert a significant influence over soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, however understanding of the effects of fungal community structure on SOM dynamics and its consequences for ecosystem fertility is fragmentary.

Here we studied soil fungal guilds and SOM decomposition processes along a fertility gradient in a temperate mountain beech forest. High‐throughput sequencing was used to investigate fungal communities. Carbon and nitrogen stocks, enzymatic activity and microbial respiration were measured.

While ectomycorrhizal fungal abundance was not related to fertility, saprotrophic ascomycetes showed higher relative abundances under more fertile conditions. The activity of oxidising enzymes and respiration rates in mineral soil were related positively to fertility and saprotrophic fungi. In addition, organic layer carbon and nitrogen stocks were lower on the more fertile plots, although tree biomass and litter input were higher. Together, the results indicated a faster SOM turnover at the fertile end of the gradient.

We suggest that there is a positive feedback mechanism between SOM turnover and fertility that is mediated by soil fungi to a significant extent. By underlining the importance of fungi for soil fertility and plant growth, these findings furthermore emphasise the dependency of carbon cycling on fungal communities below ground.
Health care provided to immigrants in a humanitarian aid center in Spain
Authors: Ponce Blandón José Antonio , Ruiz Sánchez Elena , Romero Castillo Rocío , Pabón Carrasco Manuel , Lomas Campos María de las Mercedes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveObjective of this study is to explore the most prevalent pathologies of the population received in the Spanish coast and to know the nursing prehospital interventions required, as well as the treatments applied and their follow‐ups.Design and MeasuresA descriptive and retrospective study.SampleA total of 481 immigrants cared for by the Red Cross in the study period.ResultsDermatological pathologies were more frequent in men (32.1). In women, the most prevalent pathology was headache (19%). According to age, dermatological pathologies prevail in those over 18 years of age (31.9%) and in children, respiratory pathologies (42.9%). Relationships were found statistically significant between gender and type of disease and between specifying or not nursing interventions (p < .001). Age was also related to the type of diagnosis and the type of nursing interventions to be carried out (p < .001).ConclusionIn general, a good state of health was considered in the migrants, concluding that knowing the pathologies or activities to be carried out according to the sociodemographic variables would help improve the quality of the assistance.
Visual Regimes of Mobility Photographic Exhibitions on Refugees during the Financial Crisis in Greece
Authors: Topali Pinelopi 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThis article explores how photographic images of refugees in modern Greece condition national imagination and construct new ethnopolitical moral fantasies. It also examines how repetitive images of suffering in photographic exhibitions become constitutive of a new regime of mobility in the country during the financial and refugee crisis. I argue that refugees’ images articulate kinship and gender norms, national archetypes, ethnic hierarchies, and ideas of mobility and rootedness. They bind together northern European landscapes and resistant Mediterranean subjects and weave new and old visualities into a single mobility aesthetic that reinvents national memory and initiates new political moralities.
The Picture as a Moving Image
Authors: Su Aaron 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor some longtime locals in Shanghai, China, street propaganda’s periodic renovations muddle the distinction between still and moving images. When the cyclic changing of propaganda pieces began to acquire filmic qualities for those who bore witness, they made recourse to these narrative and episodic properties to critique their experiences of political instability. Their discourses implicate media forms as genres of experiencing political transformation. Moreover, their refusal of still images in favor of fungible, overlapping filmic sequences lends ethnographic texture to ongoing scholarly debates about how to historicize the nonlinear development of contemporary Chinese politics, especially under the analytic of “postsocialism.”
Effectiveness of intravenous fluid resuscitation in hypotensive cats: 82 cases (2012–2019)
Authors: Chalifoux Nolan V. , Hess Rebecka S. , Silverstein Deborah C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous fluid resuscitation in hypotensive cats in an emergency room setting. Secondary objectives were to investigate changes in heart rate (HR) and body temperature (BT) in response to fluid resuscitation, and the association of these changes with patient survival.DesignRetrospective study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsEighty‐two cats with confirmed hypotension.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsMedical records from 2012 to 2019 were searched for cats that had documented systemic arterial hypotension (blood pressure measured using a Doppler ultrasonic flow probe [DBP] < 90 mm Hg) on presentation to the emergency room. Data collected included patient characteristics and DBP, HR, and BT before and after fluid resuscitation, type and volume of fluids administered, and outcome. The median DBP before and after resuscitative fluid therapy in all cats was 65 mm Hg (range, 20–85 mm Hg) and 80 mm Hg (range, 20–128 mm Hg), respectively (P < 0.001). However, only 30 cats (37%) were classified as responders to fluid resuscitation (DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg following bolus therapy). The mean HR and median BT before resuscitative fluid therapy was 159/min and 36.7°C. Following fluid resuscitation, where measured, the mean HR and median BT was 154/min (P = 1.00) and 35.9°C (P = 1.00). No significant differences in HR and BT were identified between responders and non‐responders. Cats had a low survival rate of 7%. All survivors (n = 5) were initially bradycardic (HR < 160/min), compared to only 45% of non‐survivors (P = 0.4).ConclusionsBolus fluid resuscitation effectively increases blood pressure in hypotensive cats; however, it does not result in normalization of blood pressure, HR, or BT in the majority of cases.
Proximodistal and caudocranial position of the insertion of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity and patellar ligament length of normal stifles and stifles with grade II medial patellar luxation in small‐breed dogs
Authors: Feldmane Liene , Theyse Lars F. H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the role of the proximodistal and caudocranial relative position of the patellar ligament insertion on the tibia and patellar ligament length‐to‐patellar length ratio (PLL:PL) in small‐breed dogs with and without grade II medial patellar luxation (MPL).Study DesignRetrospective study.Sample PopulationDogs weighing ≤15 kg, including 43 stifles with MPL and 34 control stifles.MethodsThe proximodistal and caudocranial relative position of the patellar ligament insertion was determined as a ratio using the vertical (VTT) and horizontal distance (HTT) between the tibial tuberosity insertion and the tibial plateau divided by the tibial plateau length (TPL). In addition, PLL:PL and tibial plateau angle (TPA) were determined.ResultsThe VTT:TPL ratio was lower in affected stifles (95% CI: 0.86–0.94) than in the control group (0.93–1.01; p = .01). No other difference was identified between affected and normal stifles.ConclusionThe only difference identified in this study consisted of a more proximal position of the patellar ligament insertion in the stifles of small‐breed dogs with grade II MPL.Clinical SignificanceThe more proximal position of the patellar ligament insertion will result in a more proximal position of the patella in the trochlear groove and may contribute to the development of MPL. Potentially, this will also affect the risk of recurrence of MPL after surgical treatment.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Shock Propagation and Spallation in Amorphous Polymers
Authors: Dewapriya M. A. N. , Miller R. E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We conducted large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of shock wave propagation and spallation in amorphous polyurethane and polyurea. First, we computed the shock Hugoniot of the polymers using the multiscale shock technique and compared them with available experimental data to establish the upper limit of the shock pressure that can be accurately modeled using a non-reactive interatomic force field. Subsequently, we simulated shock wave propagation in the polymers, varying the shock particle velocity from 0.125 km/s to 2 km/s. A remarkable similarity in the shock behavior of polyurethane and polyurea was observed. The spall strength of each sample was computed by two methods: (a) the indirect method (based on the free surface velocity history)—accessible in experiments and (b) a direct method (based on the atomic stresses in the region of spallation)—accessible only through MD. The results reveal that the tensile strength computed from the indirect method is consistently smaller than the value obtained from the direct method. Moreover, the strength computed from the indirect method shows a noticeable agreement with the fracture nucleation stress. Our results provide novel molecular-level insights into the spallation mechanisms of amorphous polymers, which could facilitate the design of polymers for structural barrier applications.
Experimental Investigation on a Novel Composite Salt Gradient Solar Pond With an East–West Side Reflector
Authors: Sathish Dhandapani , Jegadheeswaran Selvaraj 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A salt gradient solar pond (SGSP) acts as an eco-friendly and cost-efficient device for storing thermal energy storage. It is crucial to enrich the efficiency of the SGSP to boost its thermal energy storage. It can be efficaciously achieved with the application of salt mixtures, reflectors, and by the usage of a glazed layer. This current study investigates the hexagonal composite salinity gradient solar pond (HCSGSP) augmented with a dual inclined reflector and a triple-layer transparent cover. A micro-solar pond having a hexagonal cross section was fabricated and experimented at Coimbatore, India, having a datum and surface area of 1 m and 0.679 m2, respectively. The novel usage of composite salt (sodium chloride 30%, magnesium chloride 10%, and potassium chloride 60%) led to the enhancement of the daily average temperature of pond. The pond’s upper portion was packed with a triple-layer glazed cover which shows an uplift of thermal energy and the pond is provided with inclined reflectors made of plywood fixed with mirrors on the east–west direction. The purpose of the mirrors is to increase the solar radiation intensity during the diurnal period and also it acts as an insulator which minimizes the heat losses during the nocturnal period. Energy balance numerical equations were formulated for all layers in the pond and temperature variation was determined mathematically and experimentally. The maximum thermal efficiencies of the top convective, middle non-convective, and bottom convective layers of reformed solar pond were measured to be 23.44%, 30.68%, and 35.63%, respectively, whereas they were 1.32%, 12.32%, and 23.44%, respectively, in the case of conventional pond. Furthermore, the research provides insight into the impact of shading owing to sidewalls, which has a significant impact on the incident solar radiation and storage of thermal energy in the novel solar pool.
Reevaluation of Spectral Parameters and Neutron Fluxes in IC-7 Irradiation Channel of TRIGA MARK I IPR-R1 Research Nuclear Reactor
Authors: Jaćimović Radojko , Menezes Maria Ângela de Barros Correia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The core configuration of the Training Research Isotopes General Atomics (TRIGA) MARK I IPR-R1 nuclear research reactor at Nuclear Technology Development Centre (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, Brazil, has been modified six times since the first criticality and the neutron fluxes have been determined using experimental and semitheoretical methodologies determining the neutron fluxes in different irradiation channels and devices, applying different procedures and materials. This reactor operates at 100 kW; however, after new configuration for 250 kW in 2001, the carousel no longer rotates during irradiations aiming at preserving the rotation mechanism. In 2003, the spectral parameters were determined experimentally by the “Cd-ratio for multimonitor” in five specific channels aiming at the application of neutron activation analysis (NAA) k0-standardized method. The determinations were repeated applying the same procedure in 2016, 2018, and 2019. Values for thermal and epithermal neutron fluxes as well as f and α spectral parameters were determined. The experimental results for certified reference material BCR-320R were calculated by the k0-method of NAA, using the spectral parameters for irradiation channel IC-7 obtained in 2003, 2016, 2018, and 2019 and evaluated by En-score. The values showed that the differences in the results compared to those in 2003 were lower than 2.5%, inside the uncertainty of the method. It shows that the k0-method installed in CDTN is reliable and useful for various purposes. The results of the spectral parameter f presented small differences, in a period of 16 years, pointing out the stability of operation of the reactor TRIGA MARK I IPR-R1.
Systematic review of high-flow nasal cannula versus continuous positive airway pressure for primary support in preterm infants
Authors: Bruet Shaam , Butin Marine , Dutheil Frederic 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionWe conducted a meta-analysis of trials that compared efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as primary respiratory support in preterm infants and a study of the impact of clinical relevant parameters.MethodsDatabases were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing HFNC with CPAP as primary respiratory support in preterm infants. Treatment failure was considered as primary outcome and adverse events as secondary outcomes. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) in intention-to-treat analysis and random-effects meta-analyses of risks were conducted.ResultsWe included 10 studies for a total of 1830 patients. Meta-analysis demonstrated an RR of treatment failure multiplied by 1.34 using HFNC compared with CPAP (RR=1.34, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.68, I2=16.2%). Secondary outcome meta-analysis showed no difference in intubation rates (RR=0.90, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.15) and a lower rate of nasal trauma using HFNC compared with CPAP (RR=0.48, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.65, I²=0.0%). Meta-regressions did not show any influence of gestational age and weight at birth, HFNC flow rate, type of CPAP generator or use of surfactant.ConclusionsDespite a higher risk of treatment failure, considering no difference in intubation rates and a lower rate of nasal trauma using HFNC compared with CPAP, we suggest that HFNC should be used as primary respiratory support in preterm infants.