bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European and National Social Policy
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter portrays the development of social policy managed by the European Union, focuses on principles of steering in the EU’s social policy, and explores the distribution of power between national social political action in the member states and European social policy since 1957. The data show that the EU has been able to gain influence through regulatory social policies and soft governance instruments. As pertaining to social services, social expenditure, and redistributive concepts, however, the EU only plays a marginal role. The predominance of national social policy and the limited role of European social policy have been largely due to socio-economic diversity of the EU’s member state, heterogeneous welfare states, institutional obstacles of policymaking in the EU, and powerful national constraints.
Family Benefits and Services
Authors: Finch Naomi , Bradshaw Jonathan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines welfare-state support for families with children in the context of low fertility, increasing rates of childlessness, and a general move away from the breadwinner model of the family. Welfare-state spending on families is explored, and, although most countries, with few exceptions, spend more on older people, spending on children varies between countries, as does spending to encourage mothers into employment. Adopting the model family method to compare the package of policies to support families with children at different earning levels, the chapter shows varying results of generosity, depending on whether we compare low or average earners. The chapter also provides evidence that family policies matter for outcomes—with stronger spending on services increasing both fertility and maternal employment, spending on both services and benefits increasing child well-being, and generosity of transfers lowering child poverty rates.
Inequality and Poverty
Authors: Saunders Peter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A key goal of any welfare state is to promote social justice by tackling inequality and poverty. This chapter reviews some of the ideas and evidence that have informed the debate about the causes of differences in inequality and poverty, including alternative interpretations of the meaning of both as policy objectives and how each can be measured. Although the two concepts are often related, they are conceptually distinct: inequality captures differences in economic outcomes, while poverty covers those with inadequate economic resources. Estimating the impact of policy on either variable is difficult because of the many other factors involved. Examining cross-country differences provides an insight into the impacts of different policies introduced in otherwise broadly similar countries. These studies have shown that transfers and taxes reduce inequality and poverty, and also that those countries that spend more on social programmes have less inequality and lower poverty rates, but the relationship is weak and there are many exceptions. While considerable progress has been made in understanding the role of the welfare state in accounting for these differences, we are a long way from fully understanding the many complex interactions that are the drivers of inequality and poverty.
From Welfare States to Planetary Well-Being
Authors: Gough Ian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This final chapter concentrates on global environmental challenges to rich-country welfare states: climate breakdown and associated ecological disasters. These common threats add two new raison d’êtres for welfare states: first, that the security and equity they seek should be sustainable through time; second, that their scope is broadened to take account of global equity and well-being. With a few notable exceptions, these fundamental questions have been ignored in the social policy community. I argue here that we need to transform our understanding of social policy in four ways, each more difficult than the previous one. First, we need to develop novel eco-social programmes to tap synergies between well-being and sustainability via transformative investment programmes such as a Green New Deal. Second, we need to recompose consumption in rich countries in two ways: to realize the best principles of the welfare state by extending the range of universal basic services and to work towards a private ‘consumption corridor’ to end waste, meet basic needs, and reduce inequality. Third, we must develop strategies of ‘reduce and redistribute’ to adapt welfare systems for a future of slower, if not negative, economic growth. And finally, we need to develop a global equity framework to meet climatic and ecological threats in a globally just way that recognizes current international inequalities.
Shadow Insurance? Money Market Fund Investors and Bank Sponsorship
Authors: Jacewitz Stefan , Unal Haluk , Wu Chengjun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe argue that bank holding companies (BHCs) extend shadow insurance to the prime institutional money market funds (PI-MMFs) they sponsor and that PI-MMFs price this shadow insurance by charging investors significantly higher expense ratios and paying lower net yields. We provide evidence that after September 2008, expense ratios at BHC-sponsored PI-MMFs increased more than at non-BHC-sponsored PI-MMFs. Despite higher expense ratios, BHC-sponsored PI-MMFs did not experience larger redemptions than non-BHC-sponsored PI-MMFs. In addition, we show that expense ratios increased with BHCs’ financial strength and the likelihood of their support; however, this expense ratio differential disappeared after the 2016 MMF reform. (JEL G2, G21, G23, G28, H12, H81)
ESTIMATION OF SCATTERED NEUTRONS CONTRIBUTION IN A NEUTRON CALIBRATION BUNKER USING A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
Authors: Obeid M H , Ismail A , Bitar A , Shweikani R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The contribution of scattered neutrons is inevitable in neutron calibration facilities. This contribution complicates the measurements of neutron radiation, therefore, it should be estimated to correct the response of neutron probe instruments. In the present work, Monte Carlo simulation was performed for a neutron calibration bunker using the MCNP-4C code. This simulation aimed to calculate the contribution ratio of scattered neutrons to the neutron field. To simulate the neutron field, 241Am-Be neutron source defined in the ISO 8529-1 was used. The results of the simulation reported in this work were found to be consistent with those found experimentally in previous work. Additionally, the distribution of both the ambient dose equivalent rate and the contribution ratio of scattered neutrons in the bunker were mapped using this simulation.
Socioeconomic and cognitive roots of trait anxiety in young adults
Authors: Cermakova Pavla , Chlapečka Adam , Andrýsková Lenka , Brázdil Milan , Marečková Klára 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In 54 participants (41% women) from the Czech arm of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood, a national birth cohort with prospectively collected data from their birth until young adulthood, we aimed to study the association between early-life socioeconomic deprivation (ELSD), cognitive ability in adolescence, trait anxiety and resting state functional connectivity of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in young adulthood. We found that ELSD was associated with lower cognitive ability in adolescence (at age 13) as well as higher trait anxiety in young adulthood (at age 23/24). Higher cognitive ability in adolescence predicted lower trait anxiety in young adulthood. Resting state functional connectivity between the right LPFC and a cluster of voxels including left precentral gyrus, left postcentral gyrus and superior frontal gyrus mediated the relationship between lower cognitive ability in adolescence and higher trait anxiety in young adulthood. These findings indicate that lower cognitive ability and higher trait anxiety may be both consequences of socioeconomic deprivation in early life. The recruitment of the right LPFC may be the underlying mechanism, through which higher cognitive ability may ameliorate trait anxiety.
Integrated Omic Analyses Identify Pathways and Transcriptomic Regulators Associated With Chemical Alterations ofIn VitroNeural Network Formation
Authors: Marable Carmen A , Frank Christopher L , Seim Roland F , Hester Susan , Henderson W Matthew , Chorley Brian , Shafer Timothy J 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDevelopment of in vitro new approach methodologies has been driven by the need for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) hazard data on thousands of chemicals. The network formation assay characterizes DNT hazard based on changes in network formation but provides no mechanistic information. This study investigated nervous system signaling pathways and upstream physiological regulators underlying chemically induced neural network dysfunction. Rat primary cortical neural networks grown on microelectrode arrays were exposed for 12 days in vitro to cytosine arabinoside, 5-fluorouracil, domoic acid, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, or haloperidol as these exposures altered network formation in previous studies. RNA-seq from cells and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of media extracts collected on days in vitro 12 provided gene expression and metabolomic identification, respectively. The integration of differentially expressed genes and metabolites for each neurotoxicant was analyzed using ingenuity pathway analysis. All 6 compounds altered gene expression that linked to developmental disorders and neurological diseases. Other enriched canonical pathways overlapped among compounds of the same class; eg, genes and metabolites altered by both cytosine arabinoside and 5-fluorouracil exposures are enriched in axonal guidance pathways. Integrated analysis of upstream regulators was heterogeneous across compounds, but identified several transcriptomic regulators including CREB1, SOX2, NOTCH1, and PRODH. These results demonstrate that changes in network formation are accompanied by transcriptomic and metabolomic changes and that different classes of compounds produce differing responses. This approach can enhance information obtained from new approach methodologies and contribute to the identification and development of adverse outcome pathways associated with DNT.
Evaluation of Early Markers of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury and Preservation Solutions in a Modified Hindlimb Model of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
Authors: Rostami Sara , Xu Michael , Datta Shaishav , Haykal Siba 
Published: December 2021

Background.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury plays an important role in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). Currently, there is no ideal preservation solution for VCA. In this study, we investigated the effects of 4 different preservation solutions on different tissues within an allogeneic hindlimb rat model.

Methods.
Sprague Dawley rat hindlimbs were flushed and placed at 4°C for 6 h in heparinized saline, histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate, University of Wisconsin (UW), and Perfadex and heterotopically transplanted for ease of ambulation. Apoptosis, necrosis, and the extracellular matrix of the tissues within the allograft were analyzed 2 h posttransplantation using immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and enzyme-linked immunoassay.

Results.
Higher expression of cleaved caspase 3, a significant increase of high-mobility group box 1 and TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were observed in the muscle and vessels preserved with heparinized saline compared with UW and Perfadex following reperfusion. Higher expression of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells was observed in the skin at 12 h of ischemia and in the nerve following reperfusion with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate as a preservation solution.

Conclusions.
Our data suggest that UW and Perfadex are preferred solutions in VCA. The vessels within the allografts appear to be very susceptible, with laminins and CD31 playing a role in ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Analytical evaluation of thirty-two SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates sensitivity remains with the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma lineage
Authors: Kontogianni Konstantina , Bengey Daisy , Wooding Dominic , Buist Kate , Greenland-Bews Caitlin , Williams Christopher T. , de Vos Margaretha , Escadafal Camille , Adams Emily R. , Edwards Thomas , Cubas-Atienzar Ana I. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe limit of detection (LOD) of thirty-two antigen lateral flow tests (Ag-RDT) were evaluated with the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant. Twenty-eight of thirty-two Ag-RDTs exceeded the World Health Organization criteria of an LOD of 1.0×106 genome copy numbers/ml and performance was equivalent as with the 2020 B.1 lineage and Alpha variant.
Severe COVID-19 infection is associated with aberrant cytokine production by infected lung epithelial cells rather than by systemic immune dysfunction
Authors: Rouhani Sherin J , Trujillo Jonathan A , Pyzer Athalia R , Yu Jovian , Fessler Jessica , Cabanov Alexandra , Higgs Emily F , Cron Kyle R. , Zha Yuanyuan , Lu Yihao , Bloodworth Jeffrey C. , Abasiyanik Mustafa Fatih , Okrah Susan , Flood Blake A , Hatogai Ken , Leung Michael YK , Pezeshk Apameh , Kozloff Lara , Reschke Robin , Strohbehn Garth W. , Chervin Carolina Soto , Kumar Madan , Schrantz Stephen , Madariaga Maria Lucia , Beavis Kathleen G , Yeo Kiang-Teck J. , Sweis Randy F. , Segal Jeremy , Tay Savaş , Izumchenko Evgeny , Mueller Jeffrey , Chen Lin S , Gajewski Thomas F 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe mechanisms explaining progression to severe COVID-19 remain poorly understood. It has been proposed that immune system dysregulation/over-stimulation may be implicated, but it is not clear how such processes would lead to respiratory failure. We performed comprehensive multiparameter immune monitoring in a tightly controlled cohort of 128 COVID-19 patients, and used the ratio of oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen (SpO2 / FiO2) as a physiologic measure of disease severity. Machine learning algorithms integrating 139 parameters identified IL-6 and CCL2 as two factors predictive of severe disease, consistent with the therapeutic benefit observed with anti-IL6-R antibody treatment. However, transcripts encoding these cytokines were not detected among circulating immune cells. Rather, in situ analysis of lung specimens using RNAscope and immunofluorescent staining revealed that elevated IL-6 and CCL2 were dominantly produced by infected lung type II pneumocytes. Severe disease was not associated with higher viral load, deficient antibody responses, or dysfunctional T cell responses. These results refine our understanding of severe COVID-19 pathophysiology, indicating that aberrant cytokine production by infected lung epithelial cells is a major driver of immunopathology. We propose that these factors cause local immune regulation towards the benefit of the virus.
Food for thought: Eating before saliva collection and interference with SARS-CoV-2 detection
Authors: Hernandez Matthew M. , Riollano-Cruz Mariawy , Boyle Mary C. , Banu Radhika , Shrestha Paras , Gray Brandon , Cao Liyong , Chen Feng , Shi Huanzhi , Paniz-Perez Daniel E. , Paniz-Perez Paul A. , Rishi Aryan L. , Dubinsky Jacob , Dubinsky Dylan , Dubinsky Owen , Baine Sophie , Baine Lily , Arinsburg Suzanne , Baine Ian , Ramirez Juan David , Cordon-Cardo Carlos , Sordillo Emilia Mia , Paniz-Mondolfi Alberto E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundSaliva is an optimal specimen for detection of viruses that cause upper respiratory infections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to its cost-effectiveness and non-invasive collection. However, together with intrinsic enzymes and oral microbiota, children’s unique dietary habits may introduce substances that interfere with diagnostic testing.MethodsTo determine whether children’s dietary choices impact SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva, we performed a diagnostic study that simulates testing of real-life specimens provided from healthy children (n=5) who self-collected saliva at home before and at 0, 20, and 60 minutes after eating from 20 foods they selected. Each of seventy-two specimens was split into two volumes and spiked with SARS-CoV-2-negative or -positive standards prior to side-by-side testing by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (RT-PCR/MALDI-TOF) assay.ResultsDetection of internal extraction control and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids was reduced in replicates of saliva collected at 0 minutes after eating 11 of 20 foods. Interference resolved at 20 and 60 minutes after eating all foods except hot dog in one participant. This represented a significant improvement in detection of nucleic acids compared to saliva collected at 0 minutes after eating (P=0.0005).ConclusionsWe demonstrate successful detection of viral nucleic acids in saliva self-collected by children before and after eating a variety of foods. Fasting is not required before saliva collection for SARS-CoV-2 testing by RT-PCR/MALDI-TOF, but waiting 20 minutes after eating is sufficient for accurate testing. These findings should be considered for SARS-CoV-2 testing and broader viral diagnostics in saliva specimens.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Spike in Georgia: An Epidemiologic Study of Data, Modelling, and Policy Implications to Understand the Gender-and Race-Specific Variations
Authors: Mostafa Fahad , Ganji Riya , St. John Julie , Khan Hafiz 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the gender-and race-specific predictive variations in COVID-19 cases and deaths in Georgia, USA.MethodsThe data were extracted from the Georgia Department of Public Health (GDPH). Statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics, Artificial neural networks (ANN), and Bayesian approach, were utilized to analyze the data.ResultsMore Whites died from COVID-19 than African-Americans/Blacks in Cobb, Hall, Gwinnett, and non-Georgia residents; however, more Blacks died in Dekalb and Fulton counties. The highest posterior mean for female deaths was obtained in Gwinnett County (77.17; 95% CI, 74.23–80.07) and for male deaths in Fulton County (73.48; 95% CI, 72.18–74.49). For overall race/ethnicity, Whites had the highest posterior mean for deaths (183.18; 95% CI, 128.29–238.27) compared with Blacks (162.48; 95% CI, 127.15– 197.42). Assessing the classification of the chronic medical conditions using ANN, Cobb and Hall Counties showed the highest mean AUC-ROC of the models (78% and 79%, respectively).ConclusionsThe predictive models of COVID-19 transmission will help public health practitioners and researchers to better understand the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study findings are generalizable to populations with geographic and racial/ethnic similarities and may be used to determine gender/race-specific future virus models for effective interventions or policy modifications.Human SubjectsNo personal identifiable information was obtained.
Rule-based and stimulus-based cues bias auditory decisions via different computational and physiological mechanisms
Authors: Tardiff Nathan , Suriya-Arunroj Lalitta , Cohen Yale E. , Gold Joshua I. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExpectations, such as those arising from either learned rules or recent stimulus regularities, can bias subsequent auditory perception in diverse ways. However, it is not well understood if and how these diverse effects depend on the source of the expectations. Further, it is unknown whether different sources of bias use the same or different computational and physiological mechanisms. We examined how rule-based and stimulus-based expectations influenced behavior and pupil- linked arousal, a marker of certain forms of expectation-based processing, of human subjects performing an auditory frequency-discrimination task. Rule-based cues consistently biased choices and response times (RTs) toward the more-probable stimulus. In contrast, stimulus-based cues had a complex combination of effects, including choice and RT biases toward and away from the frequency of recently presented stimuli. These different behavioral patterns also had: 1) distinct computational signatures, including different modulations of key components of a novel form of a drift-diffusion decision model and 2) distinct physiological signatures, including substantial bias- dependent modulations of pupil size in response to rule-based but not stimulus-based cues. These results imply that different sources of expectations can modulate auditory processing via distinct mechanisms: one that uses arousal-linked, rule-based information and another that uses arousal- independent, stimulus-based information to bias the speed and accuracy of auditory perceptual decisions.Author summaryPrior information about upcoming stimuli can bias our perception of those stimuli. Whether different sources of prior information bias perception in similar or distinct ways is not well understood. We compared the influence of two kinds of prior information on tone-frequency discrimination: rule-based cues, in the form of explicit information about the most-likely identity of the upcoming tone; and stimulus-based cues, in the form of sequences of tones presented before the to-be-discriminated tone. Although both types of prior information biased auditory decision- making, they demonstrated distinct behavioral, computational, and physiological signatures. Our results suggest that the brain processes prior information in a form-specific manner rather than utilizing a general-purpose prior. Such form-specific processing has implications for understanding decision biases real-world contexts, in which prior information comes from many different sources and modalities.