bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of ETF Listing on the Returns Generated by Underlying Stocks: Indian Evidence
Authors: Kaur Prabhdeep , Singh Jaspal 
Published: March 2021

The advent of exchange traded funds (ETFs) has rendered index trading much affordable compared to their futures counterparts. The present study attempts to examine the impact of ETF listing on the price of the constituent securities of the index that it aims to track. The sample comprises of all the equity ETFs listed in India from 1 January 2002 to 31 March 2019. Event study analysis has been used to examine whether listing of ETFs bore any price impact on the constituent stocks of ETFs. To account for robustness, both parametric and non-parametric tests have been employed. The estimates obtained from event study analysis revealed that the constituent stocks generated insignificant returns for the period extending from January 2002 to March 2009 and April 2009 to March 2013 but positive and significant cumulative average abnormal returns (CAARs) post ETF listing for the period ranging from April 2013 to March 2019, thus providing evidence in support of positive price impact. The permission granted to pension funds, insurers and Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) to invest their funds in ETFs as well as reduction in Securities Transaction Tax (STT) account for the observed price differential. An analysis of the factors accounting for the variation in valuation effects ascertained that the stocks that were traded thinly prior to ETF listing and those forming part of ETFs with larger asset base experienced positive price impact following ETF listing. JEL Codes: G11, G14
Retrospective analysis of outcome and toxicity after postoperative radiotherapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lip
Authors: Lang Kristin , Akbaba Sati , Held Thomas , El Shafie Rami , Farnia Benjamin , Bougatf Nina , Bernhardt Denise , Freudlsperger Christian , Plinkert Peter K. , Rieken Stefan , Debus Jürgen , Adeberg Sebastian 
Published: March 2021

Background: Carcinomas of the lips are a relatively common malignancy of the head and neck region, accounting for roughly one quarter of all oral cavity cancers. Compared to other oral cancer sites, this location has a favorable prognosis, with 5-year survival rates between 85% and 95%. This study summarizes our institutional experience in utilizing postoperative radiation for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper and/or lower lip following incomplete surgical resection or positive lymph node involvement with extracapsular extension. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients at the University Hospital of Heidelberg between 2005 and 2018 treated with postoperative radiotherapy of the upper and lower lip. Nineteen patients were identified with a median age at diagnosis of 67 years (range, 41–95 years), with 58% male and 42% female patients. Fourteen patients (73.7%) underwent neck dissection, with 5 (35.7%) found to have extracapsular extension (ECE) and positive resection margin (R1/2), 2 (14.3%) only ECE, and 7 (50.0%) with only R1/2. All patients received a median cumulative dose of 66.0 Gy (range, 60.0–70.0 Gy) in a median of 2.0 Gy per fraction (range, 1.8–2.2 Gy). Results: Median follow-up was 5.2 years. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.9 years (range, 0.2–12.4 years), local disease-free survival (LDFS) was 4 years (range, 1–12 years) and overall survival (OS) was 5.2 years (range, 0.2–12.4 years). The 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimates for OS, PFS, and LDFS were 61.4%, 85.7%, and 100.0%, respectively. At last follow-up, 13 patients (68.4%) were still alive. Although no patient developed locoregional relapse, two patients developed distant relapse at a median of 15 months after radiotherapy. There was a statistically significant improvement in OS in patients treated with higher radiotherapy doses (>60.0 Gy, p = 0.044) compared to lower radiotherapy doses. PFS was significantly improved among patients who had N0 disease, with a negative resection margin, without ECE, and who were treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy to doses >60.0 Gy. No grade 3/4 toxicity was detected; the most common grade 1/2 toxicities included dermatitis (n = 11, 57.9%), oral mucositis (n = 8, 42.1%), and dysphagia (n = 8, 42.1%). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate excellent local control and OS with acceptable toxicity when utilizing postoperative radiotherapy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper and lower lip, despite unfavorable characteristics (advanced T or N stage and/or ECE).
Effect of Younger Starting Pitching Age on Humeral Retrotorsion in Baseball Pitchers With an Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
Authors: Kennedy Sean M. , Hannon Joseph P. , Conway John E. , Creed Kalyssa , Garrison J. Craig 
Published: March 2021

Background: Increased humeral retrotorsion (HRT) has been found to be a risk factor for ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears in baseball players. Recent work has demonstrated the age of 11 years as a potential watershed age for HRT development. Hypothesis: In a group of baseball pitchers with UCL injuries, athletes who started pitching before the age of 10 years will demonstrate significantly more dominant limb humeral retrotorsion (DHRT) when compared with a group of baseball pitchers who reported starting pitching at 10 years or older. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 84 baseball pitchers with a diagnosed UCL injury were divided into 2 groups based upon the age at which participants began pitching: 33 players reporting a starting pitching age of 10 years or older (group 1) were compared with 51 baseball pitchers reporting a starting pitching age under 10 years (group 2). Participants’ DHRT and nondominant limb humeral retrotorsion (NDHRT) were measured using diagnostic ultrasound. Independent t tests were run to compare mean group differences of all patient data, starting pitching age, age at time of injury, DHRT, NDHRT, and humeral retrotorsion difference (HRTdiff). Results: There were no significant differences between groups with regard to age at time of injury, height, weight, or playing years’ experience. There was a statistically significant difference in the participant-reported starting pitching age. Significant differences between groups were noted for DHRT (group 1: 20.0°± 9.4°, group 2: 14.5°± 10.3°, P = .015) and for NDHRT (group 1: 38.6°± 8.8°, group 2: 32.9°± 9.5°, P = .007). No significant differences between groups were found for HRTdiff ( P = .940). Conclusion: Baseball pitchers with a UCL injury who reported a starting pitching age younger than 10 years demonstrated significantly greater DHRT and NDHRT when compared with UCL-injured baseball pitchers who reported a starting pitching age at 10 years or later. The results of this study demonstrate that a younger starting pitching age results in increased HRT in players with UCL injuries.
The Association between Recent Cannabis Use and Suicidal Ideation in Adults: A Population-based Analysis of the NHANES from 2005 to 2018
Authors: Diep Calvin , Bhat Venkat , Wijeysundera Duminda N. , Clarke Hance A. , Ladha Karim S. 
Published: March 2021

Objective: With the increasing prevalence of cannabis use, there is a growing concern about its association with depression and suicidality. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between recent cannabis use and suicidal ideation using a nationally representative data set. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of adults was undertaken using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2005 to 2018. Participants were dichotomized by whether or not they had used cannabis in the past 30 days. The primary outcome was suicidal ideation, and secondary outcomes were depression and having recently seen a mental health professional. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders, and survey sample weights were considered in the model. Results: Compared to those with no recent use ( n = 18,599), recent users ( n = 3,127) were more likely to have experienced suicidal ideation in the past 2 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.54, 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.00, P = 0.001), be depressed (aOR 1.53, 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.82, P < 0.001), and to have seen a mental health professional in the past 12 months (aOR 1.28, 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.59, P = 0.023). Conclusions: Cannabis use in the past 30 days was associated with suicidal thinking and depression in adults. This relationship is likely multifactorial but highlights the need for specific guidelines and policies for the prescription of medical cannabis for psychiatric therapy. Future research should continue to characterize the health effects of cannabis use in the general population.
Application research of master-slave cranio-maxillofacial surgical robot based on force feedback
Authors: Xu Cheng , Wang Yang , Zhou Chaozheng , Zhang Zhenfeng , Xie Le , Andersson Kjell , Feng Lei 
Published: March 2021

Background: The complex anatomical structure, limited field of vision, and easily damaged nerves, blood vessels, and other anatomical structures are the main challenges of a cranio-maxillofacial (CMF) plastic surgical robot. Bearing these characteristics and challenges in mind, this paper presents the design of a master-slave surgical robot system with a force feedback function to improve the accuracy and safety of CMF surgery. Methods: A master-slave CMF surgical robot system based on force feedback is built with the master tactile robot and compact slave robot developed in the laboratory. Model-based master robot gravity compensation and force feedback mechanism is used for the surgical robot. Control strategies based on position increment control and ratio control are adopted. Aiming at the typical mandibular osteotomy in CMF surgery, a scheme suitable for robot-assisted mandibular osteotomy is proposed. The accuracy and force feedback function of the robot system under direct control and master-slave motion modes are verified by experiments. Results: The drilling experiment of the mandible model in direct control mode shows that the average entrance point error is 1.37 ± 0.30 mm, the average exit point error is 1.30 ± 0.25 mm, and the average posture error is 2.27° ± 0.69°. The trajectory tracking and in vitro experiment in the master-slave motion mode show that the average position following error is 0.68 mm, and the maximum force following error is 0.586 N, achieving a good tracking and force feedback function. Conclusion: The experimental results show that the designed master-slave CMF robot can assist the surgeon in completing accurate mandibular osteotomy surgery. Through force feedback mechanism, it can improve the interaction between the surgeon and the robot, and complete tactile trajectory movements.
Predictors of inflammatory lower airway disease in cats presented to the emergency room in respiratory distress: a case-control study
Authors: Chalifoux Nolan V , Drobatz Kenneth J , Reineke Erica L 
Published: March 2021

Objectives The objective of the study was to identify whether venous blood gas (VBG) variables may serve as a predictor of inflammatory lower airway disease (ILAD) in cats presenting with respiratory distress. A secondary objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic utility of patient signalment, history and physical examination findings, as compared with VBG variables. Methods The medical records of cats presenting with respiratory distress secondary to ILAD (54 cases) and non-ILAD (121 controls) were retrospectively reviewed. Results No admission VBG variables were predictive of a final diagnosis of ILAD. Comparatively, multivariable analysis identified a history of a cough ( P <0.001), increased respiratory rate ( P = 0.001), the presence of an abdominal component to respiration ( P = 0.007) and the absence of pleural effusion ( P <0.01) to be independently associated with a final diagnosis of ILAD. Cats with a history of a cough and an abdominal component to respiration had 7.86 and 5.81 greater odds of being diagnosed with ILAD, respectively. Cats with pleural effusion had 7.43 lower odds of having this final diagnosis. For every 10 breaths/min increase in respiratory rate, cats had 1.48 greater odds of being diagnosed with ILAD. Cats diagnosed with ILAD had a survival rate of 94% (95% CI 84–99%) vs 61% (95% CI 51–70%) for non-ILAD controls ( P <0.001). Conclusions and relevance The results of this study found patient history and physical examination findings to be more useful predictors of a final diagnosis of ILAD in comparison with VBG variables at presentation. A history of a cough, an abdominal component to respiration and a lack of pleural effusion were found to be significant predictors of this diagnosis. Further investigation into the role of respiratory rate in ILAD is warranted.
Fingolimod-associated macular edema: A case report of late onset
Authors: Karakosta Christina , Kourentis Christina 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: The authors present a case of a male with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) who developed unilateral Fingolimod-Associated Macular Edema (FAME) 10 years after initiating fingolimod therapy. By reporting this case study, the authors present a comprehensive review on FAME, its current incidence, and therapy options in MS patients. Case description: A 58-year-old Caucasian male patient was referred to the hospital with a history of MS. He was on fingolimod treatment for 10 years. The patient presented with a referring second episode of blurred vision in his left eye (OS). His best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 (right eye – OD) and 20/30 (OS). Dilated fundus examination of the OS revealed dull foveal reflex with retinal thickening. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan demonstrated increased central macular thickness of 459 μm, foveal cysts and subretinal fluid. Neurologists decided to discontinue fingolimod treatment based on the ophthalmological findings. Three months post fingolimod discontinuation, macular edema resolved and BCVA was 20/20 (OD) and 20/25 (OS). Conclusions: The authors report a case of late onset FAME. FAME may occur several years after starting fingolimod treatment and it should be part of differential diagnosis of blurred vision in patients receiving fingolimod. Both Microcystic Macular Edema secondary to MS and Macular Edema Associated with MS-induced Uveitis should always be excluded. Those two conditions, secondary to MS, might show the lack of drug effectiveness and the possible need for changing the existing therapy in order to prevent further disease progress.
The value of real-time ultrasound-guidance for definite placement of a right supraclavicular subclavian central venous catheter
Authors: Poth Jens M , Ehrentraut Stefan F , Kim Se-Chan 
Published: March 2021

Central venous catheters (CVC) are widely used in critically ill patients and in those undergoing major surgery. Significant adverse events, such as pneumothorax and hemothorax, can be caused by needle insertion during CVC insertion. CVC misplacement is less often described, yet equally important, as it can lead to deleterious complications. Here, we describe a case in which misplacement of a guidewire following infraclavicular puncture of the right axillary vein was detected by continuous ultrasound employing the right supraclavicular fossa view. Utilizing this ultrasound view, the insertion approach to the vessel was changed and correct CVC placement could be achieved. While ultrasound guidance is widely accepted for vessel puncture, this case demonstrates the value of continuous ultrasound guidance for the entire process of CVC insertion: vessel puncture, correct guidewire advancement, catheter placement, and exclusion of complications such as pneumothorax. It also shows that there should be a high index of suspicion for guidewire misplacement, even after successful venipuncture. In conclusion, ultrasound protocols covering the complete CVC insertion process should be implemented into current clinical practice.
Cognitive impairment in patients with cerebrovascular disease: A white paper from the links between stroke ESO Dementia Committee
Authors: Verdelho Ana , Wardlaw Joanna , Pavlovic Aleksandra , Pantoni Leonardo , Godefroy Olivier , Duering Marco , Charidimou Andreas , Chabriat Hugues , Biessels Geert Jan 
Published: March 2021

Purpose Many daily-life clinical decisions in patients with cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment are complex. Evidence-based information sustaining these decisions is frequently lacking. The aim of this paper is to propose a practical clinical approach to cognitive impairments in patients with known cerebrovascular disease. Methods The document was produced by the Dementia Committee of the European Stroke Organisation (ESO), based on evidence from the literature where available and on the clinical experience of the Committee members. This paper was endorsed by the ESO. Findings Many patients with stroke or other cerebrovascular disease have cognitive impairment, but this is often not recognized. With improvement in acute stroke care, and with the ageing of populations, it is expected that more stroke survivors and more patients with cerebrovascular disease will need adequate management of cognitive impairment of vascular etiology. This document was conceived for the use of strokologists and for those clinicians involved in cerebrovascular disease, with specific and practical hints concerning diagnostic tools, cognitive impairment management and decision on some therapeutic options. Discussion and conclusions: It is essential to consider a possible cognitive deterioration in every patient who experiences a stroke. Neuropsychological evaluation should be adapted to the clinical status. Brain imaging is the most informative biomarker concerning prognosis. Treatment should always include adequate secondary prevention.
Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor Dosing Frequency and Visual Outcomes in Macular Edema Following Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Modi Yasha S. , Goduni Lediana , Moini Hadi , Gibson Andrea , Boucher Nick , Lucas Genevieve , Dhoot Dilsher S. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: We evaluated the relationship between dosing frequency of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents and visual acuity (VA) outcomes over 2 years in eyes with macular edema (ME) secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in the US routine clinical practice setting. Methods: This retrospective analysis assessed electronic medical records of eyes with ME secondary to CRVO that received their first anti-VEGF injection January 1, 2012, to May 31, 2016, and were followed for 1 year or more in the US-based Vestrum Health Treatment and Outcomes database. Eyes were divided into 2 injection frequency subcohorts (≤6 or ≥7 injections/year). Results: Overall, 851 (34.6%) of 2458 eyes with ME secondary to CRVO received 6 or fewer injections, and 1607 (65.4%) received 7 or more injections through 1 year. The mean number of injections in patients receiving 6 or fewer injections and 7 or more injections was 4.7 and 8.8, respectively, and baseline mean VA was 35 and 37 letters, respectively. At year 1, mean letter gain from baseline was less in eyes receiving 6 or fewer injections vs in those receiving 7 or more injections (7.0 vs 12.2, P < .001). Mean VA at year 2 was 50 letters in eyes receiving 6 or fewer injections (n = 50) and 55 letters in eyes receiving 7 or more injections (n = 157). Conclusions: In routine clinical practice, more frequent dosing with anti-VEGF agents was associated with greater visual benefits in eyes with ME secondary to CRVO.
Haploidentical age-adapted myeloablative transplant and regulatory and effector T cells for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Pierini Antonio , Ruggeri Loredana , Carotti Alessandra , Falzetti Franca , Saldi Simonetta , Terenzi Adelmo , Zucchetti Claudio , Ingrosso Gianluca , Zei Tiziana , Iacucci Ostini Roberta , Piccinelli Sara , Bonato Samanta , Tricarico Sara , Mancusi Antonella , Ciardelli Sara , Limongello Roberto , Merluzzi Mara , Di Ianni Mauro , Tognellini Rita , Minelli Olivia , Mecucci Cristina , Martelli Maria Paola , Falini Brunangelo , Martelli Massimo Fabrizio , Aristei Cynthia , Velardi Andrea 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most effective treatment in eradicating high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we present data from a novel HLA-haploidentical HSCT protocol that addressed the 2 remaining major unmet medical needs: leukemia relapse and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Fifty AML patients were enrolled in the study. The conditioning regimen included total body irradiation for patients up to age 50 years and total marrow/lymphoid irradiation for patients age 51 to 65 years. Irradiation was followed by thiotepa, fludarabine, and cyclophosphamide. Patients received an infusion of 2 × 106/kg donor regulatory T cells on day −4 followed by 1 × 106/kg donor conventional T cells on day −1 and a mean of 10.7 × 106 ± 3.4 × 106/kgpurified CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells on day 0. No pharmacological GVHD prophylaxis was administered posttransplantation. Patients achieved full donor–type engraftment. Fifteen patients developed grade ≥2 acute GVHD (aGVHD). Twelve of the 15 patients with aGVHD were alive and no longer receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Moderate/severe cGVHD occurred in only 1 patient. Nonrelapse mortality occurred in 10 patients. Only 2 patients relapsed. Consequently, at a median follow-up of 29 months, the probability of moderate/severe cGVHD/relapse-free survival was 75% (95% confidence interval, 71%-78%). A novel HLA-haploidentical HSCT strategy that combines an age-adapted myeloablative conditioning regimen with regulatory and conventional T-cell adoptive immunotherapy resulted in an unprecedented cGVHD/relapse-free survival rate in 50 AML patients with a median age of 53 years. This trial was registered with the Umbria Region Institutional Review Board Public Registry as identification code 02/14 and public registry #2384/14 and at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03977103.
Phototransformation kinetics of cyanobacterial toxins and secondary metabolites in surface waters
Authors: Natumi Regiane , Marcotullio Sandro , Janssen Elisabeth M.-L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Cyanobacteria and their toxins occur in high concentrations during the so-called bloom events in surface waters. To be able to assess the risks associated with cyanobacterial blooms, we need to understand the persistence and fate processes of these toxins and other bioactive metabolites. In this study, we investigated the photochemical fate of 54 cyanopeptides extracted from two strains of Microcystis aeruginosa (PCC7806 and UV006), Planktothrix rubescens, and Dolichospermum flos aquae. We determined half-lives during sunlight exposure in lake water and inspected the effect of pH on transformation kinetics for 27 microcystins, 8 anabaenopeptins, 14 cyanopeptolins, 2 cyclamides, and 3 aeruginosins.

Results
For cyanopeptides from D. flos aquae and P. rubescens, we observed the highest removal of 28 and 26%, respectively, after 3-h sunlight exposure. Most cyanopeptides produced by the two M. aeruginosa strains were rather persistent with only up to 3% removal. The more reactive cyanopeptides contained amino acids known to undergo phototransformation, including methionine and tyrosine moieties or their derivatives. Photochemical half-lives of 14 tyrosine-containing cyanopeptides decreased by one order of magnitude from nearly persistent conditions at pH 7 (half-life > 70 h) to shorter half-lives at pH 10 (< 10 h).

Conclusions
More work is needed to distinguish the contribution of different photochemical reaction pathways including the contributions to the pH effect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first assessment of transformation kinetics of such a wide range of cyanopeptides. The abundant and persistent cyanopeptides that have not been studied in detail yet should be prioritized for the evaluation of their ecosystem and human health risks and for their abatement during drinking water treatment.