bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy Lives in Darkness
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Republicans and Democrats increasingly distrust, avoid, and wish harm upon those from the other party. To make matters worse, they also increasingly reside among like-minded others and are part of social groups that share their political beliefs. All of this can make expressing a dissenting political opinion hard. Yet digital and social media have given people new spaces for political discourse and community, and more control over who knows their political beliefs and who does not. With Democracy Lives in Darkness, Van Duyn looks at what these changes in the political and media landscape mean for democracy. She uncovers and follows a secret political organization in rural Texas over the entire Trump presidency. The group, which organized out of fear of their conservative community in 2016, has a confidentiality agreement, an email listserv and secret Facebook group, and meets in secret every month. By building relationships with members, she explores how and why they hide their beliefs and what this does for their own political behavior and for their community. Drawing on research from communication, political science, and sociology along with survey data on secret political expression, Van Duyn finds that polarization has led even average partisans to hide their political beliefs from others. And although intensifying polarization will likely make political secrecy more common, she argues that this secrecy is not just evidence that democracy is hurting, but that it is still alive, that people persist in the face of opposition, and that this matters if democracy is to survive.
Studying Political Secrecy
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes the book’s approach to studying networked silence and how people strategically hide their beliefs in some contexts and not in others. It provides details about how the author found CWG, how she gained access to individual members and their meetings, and how she built relationships with members and earned their trust. This chapter lays out the author’s positionality within the group, which of her traits afforded her their trust, and how, over time, she sought to maintain the group’s confidentiality in her own work. This chapter also describes CWG’s local community and how it compares to the state as a whole. In addition, it outlines the details and value of the certain data for assessing the depth and scope of political secrecy across Texas and the United States more broadly.
Forming a Secret Group
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 addresses how people keep their politics a secret by detailing how CWG developed. First, it attends to how digital media is at the heart of the group’s formation, allowing members to coordinate away from disagreeable spouses and neighbors, and to discuss, engage, and grapple with politics in secret both online and offline. This chapter also focuses on the role of traditional media—what media members tended to consume as well as the unique role of the local newspaper in constructing perceptions of disagreement within their community. This chapter helps to establish the role of digital media in facilitating political secrecy and the role of traditional media in conveying to partisans whether they are in the majority or minority of their community.
Fearing the Other Side
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to the reasons why people may hide their political beliefs by looking at the reasons for CWG’s secrecy. This chapter addresses the sociological components of fear—including power and social and economic interdependence—that were at play in the women’s decision to keep their politics a secret. It outlines three types of fear in response to partisan hostility: social, economic, and physical. It recounts the women’s stories of actual retaliation within these categories, as well as the role of personal narrative in fueling fear and building camaraderie. This chapter provides evidence that intensifying polarization has made political identity a source of not only social persecution, but of economic and physical persecution as well.
Negotiating Identity and Secrecy
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 emphasizes the group’s internal fissures and negotiations over time, including their decision to remain only women as well as their choice to align themselves with the Democratic Party, avoid discussions with conservatives, and remain confidential. This chapter highlights the unique characteristics and decisions of secret organizations whose private nature can create turmoil and insulate members, and that face unique challenges and decisions about how to exist and take political action. This chapter also addresses the confluence of identities such as partisanship, gender, and race/ethnicity, and how people negotiate these identities with one another.
2020
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 provides a look into CWG prior to and after the 2020 election, as well as interviews with several group members prior to the election results. Through this data, this chapter explores how CWG and its members grappled with a global pandemic, a national reckoning around racial injustice, and the gear-up to an unprecedented presidential election. The women of CWG had closed out 2019 with optimism. In looking to their efforts for the 2020 election, the women promised to make “voter education” a priority—continuing their outreach and exploring new ways of reaching possible Democrats in the area. This chapter considers how 2020 reflects the same realities as the years before it and how it presents new challenges regarding if and how people express their political beliefs.
Democracy Through Darkness
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 reviews the focus of this book—how and why people keep their politics a secret—based on observations of CWG and the survey data. This chapter argues that the existence of political secrecy says that the democracy in the United States is dark. That the fear laid bare in the women’s experiences and the sizeable number of people who engage in secret political expression are evidence that liberal democratic norms are being threatened. But it also considers how political secrecy might tell us that democracy is alive. That people continue in the face of opposition and that secrecy can be a tool to help people engage in politics when they feel it is risky. Finally, this chapter addresses the implications for practitioners, asking them to consider the ways in which they privilege public expression, and encouraging them to consider this an inaccurate picture of the public itself.
An Archive of Diaspora at the “Jerusalem on the Ohio”
Authors: Lustig Jason 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces another model of total archives, Jacob Rader Marcus’s American Jewish Archives, founded in 1947 at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati. The AJA offers a counterpart to the Jerusalem archives considered in chapter 2. In the course of his time directing the AJA, from 1947 to 1995, Marcus developed another type of total archive, but one that represented an ideal of diaspora and dispersion as Jewish values and archival virtues. The process of gathering archives to Cincinnati reflected Marcus’s personal perspective on the history of America’s Jews, in particular by looking at it from a western-hemisphere perspective, through his efforts to gather materials from the earliest Jewish settlements in the Caribbean and South America. In addition, he created an archive of copies, looking to gather as much as he could in duplicate rather than in the original.
Conclusion
Authors: Lustig Jason 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the overall impact of the twentieth-century proliferation of archive activities in Jewish life and the rising paradigm of total archives in particular. By looking at the development of Jewish archiving in Germany, the United States, and Israel/Palestine, we see the concrete manifestation of the impulses of a “time to gather” in Jewish cultures around the world. These efforts represent a kind of community-based archives, but also the internal tensions: What happens when there is a widespread understanding of the value of archives, and they represent resources of cultural capital worth fighting for? This conclusion also places the history of Jewish archives and the struggles to “own” the past in the broader context of the emerging information society. Altogether, this history indicates contentious struggles over what it means to have control over history in its most practical terms.
Social Practices and Cultural Contexts
Authors: Ammerman Nancy T. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter builds on the assertion that spirituality is best understood as one dimension of the larger phenomenon of lived religious practice, rather than as a phenomenon separate from or opposed to religion. Spirituality is situated in a multidimensional analysis that also includes embodiment, materiality, emotion, aesthetics, morality, and narrative. By analyzing spirituality as a distinct dimension of religious practice, we can see the internal dynamics among all the dimensions. Understanding spirituality and religion at this micro level is incomplete, however, without attention to the distinct legal and cultural contexts around the world. This chapter elaborates on four ideal-typical macrosocial contexts that each shape quite differently the practice of religion and its spiritual dimensions: entangled, established, institutionalized, and interstitial contexts. These contexts identify differences in modal expectations for the fields within which religious practices will be found and the modes of regulation that will constrain religious action.
Trumping the Devil!
Authors: Adogame Afe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
African spiritualities are hardly static or unchanging. They are dynamic and constantly in flux. African spiritualities are usually not thought out in the agora of desk theology but lived out in the spiritual marketplace, imbuing every life facet in ways that cannot be separated from quotidian, mundane thought. How do African spiritualities contrast with other social dimensions of spirituality? This chapter explores African spiritualities as spiritualities of the marketplace, concerned with the pursuit of cosmic balance, harmony, and human flourishing via a matrix of worldviews and ritual praxis. Through exploring the diversity of African spirituality and cosmologies: the forms, meanings, and expressions that link them, I demonstrate how and to what extent the religious, moral values and imaginaries pervading indigenous worldviews in Africa and the African diaspora are continually contested and negotiated.
The Roots and Rationalizations of U.S. Torture in Vietnam
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the twin tales of the CIA’s and the U.S. military’s use of torture during the Vietnam War. The CIA’s interrogation program was rooted in the early days of the Cold War, when the agency was founded. U.S. foreign policy elites like Dwight Eisenhower and Allen Dulles were convinced that the Soviet Union’s freedom from norms and laws gave it an edge. As a result, the CIA began researching and practicing behavioral control techniques, using drugs and sensory deprivation to compete with Soviet programs. The agency’s KUBARK interrogation manual (1963) considered physical torture off-limits and ineffective, but recommended “maxim[izing] mental discomfort.” Likewise, CIA interrogators in Vietnam such as Frank Snepp believed isolation and sensory deprivation were both ethically and efficaciously superior to harsher alternatives. While racism and exasperation explain much of the U.S. military’s use of torture, soldiers also used water and electricity because the techniques were “unpleasant” but not “injurious.”
Origins of Varying Understandings of Democracy
Authors: Lu Jie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses mixed-effect models to examine the origins of varying conceptions of democracy. Due to data limitations, we are only able to account for some key individual demographic, cognitive, and psychological features as we explore the impact of surrounding economic, political, and cultural contexts. Overall, our findings demonstrate the salience of surrounding economic, political, and cultural contexts in shaping popular conceptions of democracy. Short-term fluctuations (like economic growth vs. recession), mid-term changes (like democratic practices gauged by Freedom House ratings and economic development measured by per capita GDP), and long-term evolutions (like the history of personal dictatorships and Confucian political traditions) all play important roles in this regard.
Political Participation and Varying Understandings of Democracy
Authors: Lu Jie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the behavioral implications of popular conceptions of democracy, that is, the attitude-to-behavior connections and in particular, conventional and unconventional political participation. The chapter shows that overall, compared to their fellow citizens emphasizing the instrumental values of democracy, people embracing the procedural understanding of democracy are significantly more likely to cast ballots, help with electoral campaigns, contact political and government agencies or agents, join a demonstration, march in a protest, or use violence for a political cause. Meanwhile, this impact varies significantly, depending on the features of the regime in a society: it is much stronger in authoritarian regimes than in democracies. In some cases, the impact even reverses as we move from autocracies to democracies. The chapter argues that such patterns are primarily driven by the expressive values served by political participation, which people embracing the procedural conception of democracy are more sensitive to.
Conclusions
Authors: Lu Jie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the empirical findings presented in the book, revisiting the theoretical framework developed throughout the book for understanding democracy’s contemporary crisis by focusing on popular conceptions of democracy. The chapter highlights the book’s theoretical and empirical contributions to pertinent literature regarding the key questions: Why is it that democracy, despite its documented popularity in societies around the world and supremacy in contemporary political discourse, appears to be in trouble. After reviewing the research findings presented in the book, the chapter draws some conclusions and presents some suggestions for future research.
Defining Manhood for Ourselves
Authors: Braxton Gordon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides practical tips for starting conversations with boys about how they can help fight sexual violence. As a backdrop to this lesson, the author provides his own backstory and identifies protective factors that led him to reconsider his stance toward sexual violence. Readers are invited to consider which of these factors can be replicated for the boys they know, such as providing them with a community, a space to practice, and a personal invitation to help. Some common defenses held by boys are also identified so that readers can consider how to overcome them as they craft their own personalized methods of reaching out to boys.
Examining Media Representations of Black Manhood
Authors: Braxton Gordon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the “heroes” of Black boys and identifies some of the current and historical messages from entertainment media, with a particular focus on hip-hop and R&B music. The film industry is also discussed as a potential site where positive messaging can occur. The need to defend these heroes is examined, and discussion of their faults is presented as a window for having difficult conversations with boys. Informed by the social-ecological model, the chapter closes by asking about the appropriate standards to which celebrities should be held and challenging the reader to fill the moral voids vacated by media figures.
Crowley, the Orient, and the Occult
Authors: Cox Simon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the life and work of the British magus Aleister Crowley, focusing on the place of Orientalism and the subtle body in the development of his magical system. After a short biographical section where the chapter traces his life to the age of thirty when his occult vocation began in earnest, the chapter shifts to Crowley’s interest in the Orient, analyzing his engagement with Kabbalah, Daoism, yoga, and Islamic mysticism. The chapter then zeroes in on Crowley’s presentation of the subtle body in his magnum opus before moving on to theoretical analysis of the basic philosophical tenets of Crowley’s system, interrogating his skepticism and inductive method in engaging with occult and Astral phenomena. The chapter ends with a brief discussion on the process of cultural transformation, following the subtle body as it moves from a term of translation to a creolized fusion (ala Blavatsky) where Oriental terminology forms a sort of veneer over a Neoplatonic concept, to a fully hybrid concept (as in Crowley) that is neither fully a Neoplatonic idea nor an Oriental import, but something in between.
Controls on Exports of Nuclear Commodities and on Assistance to Foreign Nuclear Activities
Authors: Hirschhorn Eric L. , Egan Brian J. , Krauland Edward J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 covers two related sets of U.S. government controls on nuclear-related items that flow from the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978. One, administered by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), covers exports of nuclear hardware and nuclear materials. The other, called “Part 810” and administered by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) of the U.S. Department of Energy, covers assistance by U.S. persons (including transfers of nuclear-related technology) to foreign nuclear activities. The chapter explains: which items and activities are subject to the NRC and NNSA regulations; the basis and criteria for their restrictions; how to determine whether your commodity or activity is covered and, if so, whether you will need a license to export or reexport it; how to get a license if one is required; and the potential penalties for violating the rules. The chapter also explains how the NRC and NNSA rules relate to the regulatory regimes covered in other parts of the book.
On Life
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Living things are truly strange objects. They stand squarely within the material world, but at the same time flaunt capacities that far exceed those of inanimate matter. Life is in some sense a singular phenomenon: astonishingly, all creatures from bacteria to elephants, redwoods and humans belong to a single enormous family. What life is, how living things work, how they mesh with the realm of physics and chemistry, and how they came to be as we find them—these are the questions that define the science of biology. A rational sense of the world requires finding in it a place for life. Many of the answers are known, but as knowledge expands relentlessly it becomes ever harder to grasp the phenomenon of life whole. This book aims to make the phenomenon of life intelligible to serious readers who are not professional biologists by giving them a sense of the biological landscape: presenting the principles as currently understood and the major issues that remain unresolved, as simply and concisely as may be. What emerges is a biology that is internally consistent and buttressed by a wealth of factual knowledge, but also inescapably historical and complex. The hallmark of life is organization, order that has purpose; and that sets biology apart from the physical sciences. Despite a century of spectacular progress the phenomenon of life remains tantalizingly beyond our grasp, bracketed by two stubborn mysteries: the origin of life at one end, the nature of mind at the other.
Shi'ism Revisited
Authors: Takim Liyakat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Contemporary Muslims face the challenge of how a legal system that was formulated in the classical period of Islam can respond to the multitudinous challenges that present-day Muslims encounter. Is there a need for reformation in Islam? If so, where should it begin and in which direction should it proceed? Addressing this gap in Western scholarship, and contributing to the ongoing debate in Islamic scholarship, Shi‘ism Revisited: Ijtihad and Reformation in Contemporary Times (1) explores how modernity has impinged on the classical formulation of Islamic law, and (2) analyzes how Shi‘i jurists have responded to the intersection of shari’a (Islamic law) and modernity. The study is original and groundbreaking in that it seeks to tackle issues such as how Islamic law is being revised by Shi‘i scholars on cases such as human rights, gender equality, the rights of non-Muslim minorities, and reconfiguring the rational and moral basis of Islamic law. Such questions have required scholars to apply ijtihad (independent reasoning) in providing solutions to the pressing questions in the religious and social fields. By examining the principles and application of Islamic legal theory (usul al-fiqh) and reformation in Shi‘ism, as well as the current discourse on juristic hermeneutics and the basis of a new ijtihad, this research addresses topics that have attracted much public attention. Since such issues have been largely neglected by Western scholarship, this book provides a unique analysis of ijtihad and reformation in the Shi‘i world.
Analysing African Ethics
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 spells out the analytic method used in Part II to evaluate theories of right action suggested by the African tradition. The central criteria invoked to ascertain whether a general moral principle counts as African and philosophically justified are the extent to which it entails and explains two classes of intuitions. One sort consists of particular moral judgements that are salient amongst sub-Saharan peoples or at least their philosophical exponents, for instance that reconciliation is the proper end of criminal justice and that consensus is apt in politics. The other sort comprises particular moral judgements widely accepted across the globe, especially as they figure into English-speaking philosophical discussions of morality, e.g., racial epithets are wrong. The (secular) moral theory that best entails and explains these two groups of intuitions is advanced as both African and justified in respect of a multicultural audience of moral philosophers.
Vital Force
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 addresses the moral theory suggested by the African tradition according to which one is obligated to promote (or honour) liveliness in oneself and others. This sort of principle has been advanced by philosophers such as Noah Dzobo, Bénézet Bujo, and Laurenti Magesa. Vitalism is a globally under-explored approach to right action that deserves much more consideration. However, the chapter concludes that it cannot account for some comparatively uncontroversial moral claims salient in the African tradition. Sometimes settling for majoritarian rule and avoiding reconciliation in respect of criminal justice would best promote (or honour) liveliness, and yet most African philosophers would judge these actions to be wrong to some degree. The chapter also argues that vitalism cannot account for certain intuitions with a global scope; forbidding interracial marriage and deceiving people might best promote (or honour) liveliness, but ethicists around the world would judge these actions to be pro tanto immoral.