bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gold standards of CT-diagnostics of cancer
Authors: Tytorenko R.S. 
Published: July 2021

Background. Methods of diagnostics and staging of the disease in oncology can be divided into physical, laboratory, endoscopic, cytohistological, molecular, and radiation methods. Radiation diagnostics allows to establish the localization of the pathological process and to stage it. Medical imaging methods include ultrasound diagnostics, X-ray diagnostics, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, scintigraphy, single-photon positron emission CT, positron emission tomography. The choice of the imaging method depends on the specific clinical situation.
Objective. To describe the standards of CT diagnostics of cancer.
Materials and methods. Analysis of recommendations and literature sources on this topic.
Results and discussion. The advantage of multislice CT (MCT) is the possibility of one-step study of several anatomical areas. Thus, the study of the thoracic cavity includes the assessment of pathological conditions of the lungs, mediastinum, chest, visible neck, bones, as well as the assessment of the vascular bed (if contrast is used). Examination of the abdominal cavity allows to detect pathology of the digestive system, pelvis, retroperitoneal space, visible parts of the chest, bones and vascular bed (if contrast is used). Another advantage is the absence of “dumb” zones, as it is possible to estimate changes in different planes (coronary, sagittal, oblique) and in the three-dimensional image. When imaging tumors, contrast agents should always be used. Contrast testing is the gold standard of diagnosis worldwide because it improves organ and tissue differentiation. The main risk factors for post-contrast acute kidney damage are chronic kidney disease, kidney surgery, proteinuria, hypertension, diabetes, myeloma. In patients with risk factors, non-contrast MСT should be considered and, if this is not possible, the patient should be pre-hydrated (sodium bicarbonate solution or saline). The hydration protocol is selected individually based on a benefit/risk assessment. In order to prevent complications, it is advisable to use low- or isoosmolar contrast agents. After the contrast study, hydration should be continued according to the protocol and the glomerular filtration rate determined in 48 hours.
Conclusions. 1. Imaging studies in oncology are extremely informative. 2. The advantages of MСT include the option of one-time study of several anatomical areas and the absence of “dumb” areas. 3. When imaging tumors contrast agents should always be used. 4. Patients at risk of post-contrast acute renal injury may undergo the visualization in settings of pre- and post-contrast preparation/management.
Complications of ventral hernia alloplasty: treatment and prevention
Authors: Feleshtynskyi Ya.P. 
Published: July 2021

Background. Postoperative ventral hernias (PVH) account for 22.4-25.0 % of the total number of abdominal hernias. Complications of PVH alloplasty are divided into general (abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), acute intestinal obstruction, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism) and local (seroma, hematoma, suppuration, marginal skin defect, calcification, fistula).
Objective. To describe the treatment and prevention of complications of PVH alloplasty.
Materials and methods. Analysis of literature data on this topic.
Results and discussion. ACS occurs after alloplasty of giant PVG as a result of a steady increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) >12 mm Hg within 6-12 hours after surgery. ACS is caused by the excessive tension of the supporting structures of the abdominal wall and a decrease in the volume of the abdominal cavity. The growth of IAP leads to compression of large vessels, kidneys, increased intrathoracic pressure with the development of heart and lung failure, so during and after surgery it is necessary to monitor this parameter with the help of Foley catheter. Prevention of ACS is carried out by the optimal choice of the method of compartment separation. In the postoperative period, anesthesia (paracetamol – Infulgan, “Yuria-Pharm”), oxygen therapy, abdominal bandaging, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), medications for the correction of water-electrolyte metabolism (Reosorbilact, “Yuria-Pharm”) are prescribed. Among wound complications seroma is the most common (30.8-60.4 %). Methods of its treatment include vacuum drainage, puncture, antibiotics and NSAID. In presence of localized limited infection in the tissues of the abdominal wall around the mesh, excision of the mesh area with granulomas within healthy tissues, washing of the wound with Dekasan solution (“Yuria-Pharm”) and defect plastics are indicated. Antibiotic therapy is performed according to sensitivity. In the presence of a widespread infection in the tissues of the abdominal wall along the perimeter of the mesh, its explantation is indicated. Repeated direct alloplasty in such cases is contraindicated. Prevention of wound complications includes antibiotic prophylaxis (ceftriaxone 2 g), adequate choice of alloplasty, washing of the surgical wound with Dekasan solution at the different stages of surgery, vacuum drainage and ultrasound monitoring.
Conclusions. 1. Optimization of prevention of wound complications during non-purulent surgical interventions is reached by washing of the surgical wound with Dekasan solution. 2. Optimization of prevention of wound complications during conditionally clean (non-purulent) surgical interventions is reached by antibiotic prophylaxis and washing of the surgical wound with Dekasan solution at various stages of surgical dissection.
Pathophysiology of coagulation during bleeding
Authors: Fenger-Eriksen C. 
Published: July 2021

Background. Analysis of 99 studies found that the predictor properties of various tests to determine the blood coagulation condition, including the newest ones (thromboelastography, rotational thromboelastometry), regarding the risk of intra- and postoperative bleeding are low. The results of prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time measurements can be very variable depending on the concentration of reagents and the characteristics of the analysis. That is why standard methods of screening to assess the condition of the coagulation system in all patients in the preoperative period are not recommended.
Objective. To describe the features of perioperative blood clotting and management of patients.
Materials and methods. Analysis of literature data on this topic.
Results and discussion. Before performing invasive procedures, a careful history should be taken to determine the presence and severity of previous bleeding and to ask about antithrombotic medications. If the general hemorrhagic history is favorable, further determination of coagulographic parameters is not required. If the history is unfavorable or there is evidence of potential risk factors for bleeding (e. g., liver disease), a comprehensive coagulation study should be performed. Bleeding coagulopathy is a component of the so-called lethal triad, which also includes hypothermia and acidosis. Active administration of infusion solutions can deepen or provoke coagulopathy due to hemodilution. The use of balanced infusion solutions reduces the risk of this complication. According to some authors, the fibrinogen level <2 g/L is the predictor of bleeding probability. The causes of this condition include hyperfibrinolysis, dysfunctional fibrinogen in case of the administration of colloid solutions, increased decomposition of fibrinogen due to acidosis. Colloidal solutions (hydroxyethyl starch) increase the risk of reoperation and the need for transfusions, so their routine use is not currently recommended. Hyperfibrinolysis is a condition in which the rate of blood clot breakdown exceeds the rate of blood clot formation. As a result, hemorrhagic shock worsens and coagulopathy develops. Hyperfibrinolysis develops due to fibrinolytic agents and hypoperfusion. Tranexamic acid is used for heavy bleeding, in particular, postpartum. The WOMAN study involved 20,600 women with postpartum haemorrhage who received 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo. Mortality due to bleeding in the tranexamic acid group was 1.2 %, and in the placebo group – 1.7 % (p=0.008).
Conclusions. 1. Routine use of colloid solutions should be avoided during bleeding. 2. It is necessary to detect and eliminate anemia, hypothermia and acidosis. 3. Detection and elimination of deficiency or dysfunction of coagulation factors, hyperfibrinolysis, thrombocytopenia is an important component of bleeding prevention. 4. Reducing bleeding and improving blood clotting leads to the less need for transfusions and better outcomes for the patient.
Pathogenetic syndrome management of a patient with COVID-19
Authors: Khodosh E.M. 
Published: July 2021

Background. In case of coronavirus pneumonia, the virus damages the cells of bronchi and alveoli, as well as triggers a powerful inflammatory response that disrupts the surfactant and prevents the adequate oxygenation. These pathogenetic links lead to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan hypoxia and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.
Objective. To find out the main pathogenetic links that can be affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) treatment.
Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources on this topic.
Results and discussion. Hypoxia is one of the main backgrounds of coronavirus organ damage in COVID-19. The consequences of hypoxia include the imbalance between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, increased lipid peroxidation, acidosis, microcirculation disorders, edema. Pathologically active inflammation is another background. It leads to the damage of pulmonary capillaries, microcirculation disorders and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome with increased hypoxia. Since the reactive oxygen species are the main inducers of apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, it is necessary to prescribe antioxidant therapy. Edaravone (Ksavron, “Yuria-Pharm”) quickly neutralizes lots of free radicals, inhibits lipid peroxidation and activates the own antioxidant defense. Other components of the pathogenetic therapy of COVID-19 may include Tivortin and Tivorel (“Yuria-Pharm”). L-arginine (Tivortin) is a nitric oxide donor. Its administration has vasodilating, immunostimulating, membrane stabilizing, cytoprotective and antioxidant effects. Tivorel also contains L-carnitine, which inhibits apoptosis, has antioxidant and cardioprotective effects. In case of pneumonia, it is advisable to use Reosorbilact (“Yuria-Pharm”), which prevents pulmonary edema and restores microcirculation.
Conclusions. 1. Hypoxia and hyperinflammation are the main elements of the COVID-19 pathogenesis. 2. Edaravone (Ksavron) neutralizes free radicals and activates own antioxidant defense. 3. L-arginine (a component of Tivortin and Tivorel) has vasodilating, immunostimulating, membrane stabilizing, cytoprotective and antioxidant effects. 4. Reosorbilact prevents pulmonary edema and restores microcirculation.
Trends of ex tempore drug preparation in Ukraine. Ways of their introduction into the practice
Authors: Heorhiiants V.A. 
Published: July 2021

Background. Advantages of the ex tempore formulation include the ability to provide the drug in the form and dosage, not available on the pharmaceutical market, but necessary for a particular patient; the ability to include the required ingredient in any desired form; the option of combining drugs; the manufacture of drugs without flavorings, preservatives and stabilizers; the possibility of adjusting of the drug taste; the possibility of manufacturing drugs that are in short supply on the market; no possibility of counterfeiting; production of specific drugs.
Objective. Assess the current situation and trends in the preparation of oncological drugs ex tempore.
Materials and methods. Analysis of the literature on this topic.
Results and discussion. In oncology the possibilities of ex tempore preparation include the manufacture of chemotherapeutic agents with individual dosage, of any adjuvant agents without excipients, of radiopharmaceuticals, combined and orphan drugs. In Ukraine, ex tempore formulation is not widespread: as of 2017, the percentage of drugs prepared in such way was 1.7 %, in 2018 – 1.43 %, in 2019 – 1.41 %. The situation is different in the European Union. For instance, in Poland the pharmacy receives a license only after creating the conditions for the manufacture of drugs, in Estonia any pharmacy must be able to produce non-sterile drugs, in Latvia 50 % of pharmacies have a license to manufacture drugs. The popularity of ex tempore preparation is also growing in the other countries (Australia, USA, Brazil, Jordan). The main areas of application of ex tempore drugs include hormone replacement therapy, analgesia, dermatology, chemotherapy, ophthalmology, treatment of orphan diseases, parenteral nutrition. Civilized countries often choose to develop the hospital pharmacy. However, there are a number of problems, including the lack of well-trained staff, the high cost of equipment and maintenance of sterile facilities, the constant changes in regulatory requirements and the need to gain the consumers’ respect.
Conclusions. 1. Ex tempore drug preparation has a number of advantages, in particular, the ability to provide the drug in the individual form and dosage, the ability to combine drugs and the manufacture of specific drugs. 2. Extemporaneous preparation of drugs is especially important for oncology. 3. In contrast to European Union countries, ex tempore drug preparation is not widespread in Ukraine. 4. Problems of ex tempore drug preparation include lack of the staff, high equipment costs, and constant changes in regulatory requirements.
Infusion therapy for sepsis
Authors: Glumcher F.S. 
Published: July 2021

Background. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by the dysregulatory response of the organism to infection. Treatment of septic shock (SS) requires massive infusion therapy (IT), as it is necessary to restore volemia as quickly as possible. Other goals of IT are the restoration of electrolyte balance, normalization of acid-base state and organ perfusion.
Objective. To describe IT in sepsis.
Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources on this topic; own multicenter prospective open research. 68 patients with abdominal SS source (intestinal obstruction, perforation of hollow organs, infected pancreatitis, etc.) who underwent IT were involved.
Results and discussion. In case of SS it is obligatory to start infusion of crystalloid solutions in a dose of 30 ml/kg during the first 3 hours of resuscitation. Current treatment guidelines suggest early aggressive fluid recovery within 6 hours of onset of shock. Delaying an increase in volemia cannot be allowed. If stabilization of the clinical condition cannot be achieved by initial fluid resuscitation, close monitoring should be initiated to avoid fluid overload, as both hypovolemia and hypervolemia increase mortality. Indicators such as blood pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, dynamic parameters (lower extremity lifting test (LELT), volume load bolus test), lactate content, daily fluid balance should be monitored. Achieving a negative fluid balance during at least one of the first 3 days of SS treatment is a predictor of the favorable prognosis. According to the own study, LELT showed a weak correlation with the results of the infusion probe. This may be related to the increase in intra-abdominal pressure in the studied patients. Despite a number of disadvantages, crystalloids are the basis of SS treatment. The use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions in sepsis is not recommended; they can be used only in limited groups of patients. Albumin is the only safe colloid solution that can be used in patients with SS and hypoalbuminemia, but there is no evidence of the benefits of its routine use in sepsis. Analysis of patient data divided into Reosorbilact, Volutenz, Ringer malate and 0.9 % NaCl (all solutions – “Yuria-Pharm”) found that the most effective solutions for cardiac output were Reosorbilact and Volutenz.
Conclusions. 1. Treatment of sepsis and SS requires massive IT. 2. The goals of IT include the restoration of volemia, normalization of electrolyte balance and acid-base status, normalization of organ perfusion. 3. During the first 3 hours of resuscitation in SS, it is advisable to restore the fluid volume within 6 hours from the onset of shock. 4. If stabilization of the clinical condition has not been achieved, close monitoring should be initiated to avoid fluid overload. 5. The most effective solutions for the increase of cardiac output are Reosorbilact and Volutenz.
Emergency care for hypertensive crises: how to save a patient? Review of modern recommendations
Authors: Domoratskyi O.E. 
Published: July 2021

Background. Arterial hypertension (AH) is a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. In low-income countries, the prevalence of hypertension is 42 %. Hypertensive crisis (HC) is an acute increase in blood pressure – BP (systolic BP >200 mm Hg, diastolic BP >120 mm Hg), which is accompanied by the threat or progression of target organs damage and requires the immediate controlled reduction of BP.
Objective. To describe the emergency care for HC.
Materials and methods. Analysis of current recommendations and literature data.
Results and discussion. HC are classified into uncomplicated (uHC) and complicated (cHC). Perioperative hypertension can be considered a separate subtype of HC. Risk factors for HC include uncontrolled hypertension, refusal to take antihypertensive drugs, emotional stress, excessive fluid and salt intake, alcohol abuse, smoking, physical overload, meteopathic factors, obesity. uHC require BP lowering within 2-6 hours; drugs are administered orally; there is no need for hospitalization. cHC requires BP lowering within 30-120 minutes; drugs are administered intravenously; the patient must be hospitalized. After maintaining the target pressure <160/100 mm Hg within 2-3 hours the patient can be transitioned to the oral drug administration. Therapeutic armamentarium for HC includes nitroprusside, nicardipine, clevidipine, esmolol, labetalol, nitroglycerin, urapidil, and phenoldopam. Labetalol, nicardipine, clevedipine and phenoldopam are not available in Ukraine. The choice of drug should be based on the dominant linjury of the target organ. In case of uHC it is expedient to use nifedipine, captopril, metoprolol, propranolol, clonidine (all of them orally). It should be noted that the parenteral administration of antihypertensive drugs can be carried out only by specially trained personnel with monitoring of BP and hemodynamic parameters, as well as in the presence of conditions for resuscitation. Esmolol (Biblok, “Yuria-Pharm”) is indicated for HC with renal failure, dissection of the aorta or pulmonary edema. It is also advisable to use Biblok in perioperative hypertension. The peculiarities of the Biblok use include the need of infusion into a large diameter vein, usage of lineamats or infusomats, use for no more than 24 hours, and no abrupt termination of the infusion.
Conclusions. 1. HC is an acute increase in BP, which is accompanied by the development or progression of damage of target organs and requires immediate controlled reduction of BP. 2. Risk factors for HC include uncontrolled hypertension, refusal to take antihypertensive drugs, emotional stress, excessive fluid and salt intake, alcohol abuse, smoking, exercise, meteopathic factors, obesity. 3. Esmolol (Biblok) is indicated for HC with renal failure, aortic dissection or pulmonary edema, as well as perioperative hypertension.
EFFECT OF SOLID AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ROSSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNAH
Authors: Ladan K. M. , Abubakar M. G. , Suleiman J. 
Published: July 2021

The Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of solid and liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield of rosselle in 2016 cropping season at Institute of Agricultural Reserve Zaria, Samaru (11011’N 07038E and 686m) and Institute of Horticultural Research Farm Bagauda (12000’N 8031”Em 488m) in Northern Guinea Savannah and Sudan Savannah Ecological Zones of above sea level Nigeria. Treatments consisted of four levels of solid poultry manure (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) tons/ha and five levels of liquid organic manure from Grand Total Organic Fertilizer Limited (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.9) litres/ha, which were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data on growth parameter were collected on plant height (cm), plant dry weight (g), leaf Area index crop growth rate (CGR) Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Net assimilation rate (NAR) while data on yield parameters like number of calyx per pant, 100 seed weight (g) and calyx yield per hectare kg/ha were collected. Results showed that plant height, plant dry weight(g), 100 seed weight(g) and calyx dry yield kg/ha had a significant increase with application of 2.0 litres/ha of liquid fertilizer than other rates. While application of solid poultry manure at 3.0ton/ha significantly increases plant height, net assimilation rate, leaf area index and calyx dry weight when compared with other rates. From the results obtained, the combination of 2.0 litres/ha liquid organic fertilizer and 3.0 ton/ha solid poultry manure produce the highest calyx yield at both location.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ENERGY DISSIPATION IN A SINGLE STEP CONDITION OVER A BROAD CRESTED WEIR
Authors: Tanimu Bashir , Usman Aliyu Bamaiyi , Bello Al-Amin Danladi , Abdullahi Sulaiman Jamilu 
Published: July 2021

This research study the experimental performance of broad-crested weir with single-step by introducing U/S and D/S round-nose and analysing the parameters that have effect on the shape of the step and their effects on the flow characteristics and energy dissipation (E%) downstream (D/S) of the weir. Furthermore, empirical relations for E% and flow rate due to the influencing factors were derived. The results showed that the weir model with = 1.000 gives a higher E% in comparison with other weir models. Flow regimes were observed i.e nappe flow for small discharges, transition flow for intermediate discharges and skimming flow for higher discharges. Two model equations were obtained, the first to dteremine the flow rate over the weir models and the second relation to estimate E% in terms of, and Froude number. The model () can be used in the design of prototype weirs in terms of energy dissipation
BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF N-HEPTADECYL-N-(8-OCTA-1, 3-DIENE-6-YNYL)AMINE (C25H44N) ISOLATED FROM COMBRETUM MOLLE R.
Authors: Zakari Abdu , Al-Mubarak Adoum Umar , Aliyu Sani 
Published: July 2021

The extracts of leaves of Combretum molle were tested against the larvae of Artemia salina, i.e. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) and Culexquinquefasciatus Say (filaria disease vector) i.e. Larvicidal Test, using crude ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. The methanolic extract proved to be the most effective in inducing complete lethality at minimum doses both in the BST and the Larvicidal activity test. The LC50­ values obtained are 24.85 µg/ml and 0.4µg/ml respectively. The Bioactivity result was used to guide the column chromatography which afforded the pure compound ACM 2 which was not active in the BST with LC50 value of 1259 µg/ml but was active in the Larvicidal activity test with LC50 value 15.14 µg/ml. ACM 2 was proposed to be N-heptadecyl-N-(8-octa-1, 3-diene-6-ynyl)amine (C25H44N).