bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEGRO INFANTS
Authors: Scott Roland B. , Ferguson Angella D. , Jenkins Melvin E. , Cutter Fred F. 
Published: December 2021

The time of occurrence of 12 neuromuscular patterns of behavior in the development of 2 groups of Negro infants from different socio-economic levels during the first year of life is presented. The Negro infants from the clinic showed acceleration over the Negro infants from private practice in their development from the 8th to the 35th week of life, after which time, the development of the 2 groups was essentially the same.
The Negro infants as a group showed acceleration in their development when compared with a group of white infants studied in a similar manner by Aldrich except in 2 patterns, "smiling" and "vocalization." A marked similarity was noted during the first 30 weeks of life in the development of the white and Negro infants from private practice whose socio-economic backgrounds were substantially similar.
The differences and similarities observed in the neuromuscular behavior in the 3 groups studied may be attributed mainly to environmental factors. The observed acceleration in the Negro infants is apparently an expression of greater permissiveness in daily care as practiced by the mothers or mother substitutes in the lower socio-economic classes.
CONCENTRATION OF BILIRUBIN IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: Stempfel Robert , Zetterström Rolf 
Published: December 2021

1. Twenty-four full-term, newborn infants, of whom 23 were Rh-isoimmunized, were followed with serial determinations of the serum and spinal fluid bilirubin and spinal fluid total protein during the neonatal period. Of the 51 spinal fluid samples examined, measurable quantities of bilirubin were present in all cases.
2. In the presence of marked indirect hyperbilirubinemia, the spinal fluid bilirubin was predominantly indirect-reacting, though no linear relationship exists between the serum and spinal fluid bilirubin. It is suggested that this is a manifestation of individual variations in blood-brain barrier permeability within the neonatal period. A significant correlation between the spinal fluid indirect bilirubin and the spinal fluid total protein is further evidence to support this view.
3. Spectrophotometric absorption studies of 13 serum and spinal fluid samples from 8 infants with hemolytic disease of the newborn are discussed. These studies tend to confirm the observation that there is no direct correlation between the hyperbilirubinemia and the spinal fluid bilirubin concentration, though the configuration of the absorption pattern of the serum closely follows that obtained from the corresponding spinal fluid.
4. The findings in the Rh-isoimmunized group of infants were not unlike those observed in a single case of "physiologic jaundice" presented.
5. The question of indirect bilirubin neurotoxicity is briefly reviewed.
CHANGES IN TOTAL BODY CHLORIDE DURING GROWTH
Authors: Forbes Gilbert B. , Reid Allen F. , Bondurant June , Etheridge John 
Published: December 2021

Total body content of chloride has been estimated in a series of infants and young adults by the method of radiobromide dilution.
Results obtained by this method compare favorably with those reported for direct chemical analysis.
Total body content of chloride is approximately 50 mEq./kg. body weight in young infants, 43 mEq./kg. in older infants, and 26 to 33 mEq./kg. in adults.
Changes in chloride content occurring during growth can be described by the use of the differential growth equation, which states that chloride content is a simple power function of body weight.
The similarity between the differential growth constants for sodium and chloride is noted.
COMMON ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Larson C. B. 
Published: December 2021

Foot Problems
NORMALLY the foot functions differently in stance than it does in motion. During stance, static stresses are most important. The foot may be divided at the midtarsal joints into the hindfoot which receives 60 per cent of the weight-bearing stress and the forefoot which receives 40 per cent of the stress. The spring ligament normally transmits the stresses from hindfoot to forefoot. All degrees of foot shape and size may be natural for a particular individual. Similarly, the gait pattern of a child varies considerably within the normal range. The child should be allowed to establish his own normal gait pattern. During the toddling stages the child's shoe soles should be flexible enough to bend at the toe. One should avoid the use of rigid shoes. Some of the conditions which may alter normal stance or gait follow.
Simple Foot Strain
Long arch strain is due to abnormal stress on the longitudinal ligament. Inflammatory repair of the ligament produces pain which can be demonstrated by finding an area tender to palpation. Some patients have a depressed longitudinal arch or long spring ligament without foot symptoms. A diagnosis of long arch strain cannot be made unless tenderness is present. A tight heel cord may produce foot strain. The foot accommodates to a tight heel cord by pronation of the forefoot. To correct a tight heel cord, the child should stand away from the wall (while facing it) with the heels flat, then lean forward count to 3. Repeat 5 times twice daily.
Pronation
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SPREAD OF BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS WITHIN THE FAMILY GROUP
Authors: Breese B. B. , Disney Frank A. 
Published: December 2021

From this study the following conclusions can be drawn about the spread of streptococcal disease:
Approximately one-half to one-fourth of sibling contacts will develop streptococcal infection.
Less than 1 in 20 of the parents will develop streptococcal infection from a sick child.
Although in larger families there were more secondary attacks than in smaller families, the number of such attacks was roughly proportional to the number exposed, and the secondary attack rate in individuals was no higher than in smaller families.
Although the age of the primary case bore little relation to the attack rate in siblings, the age of the exposed children did seem related. Those under 2 years of age and those over 10 were least frequently attacked while the 3-and 4-year-ld children seemed most susceptible.
Cases of otitis media in the primary case seemed to be associated with a higher attack rate in siblings than any other clinical manifestation of disease.
Delay in treatment of the primary case beyond 2 days was associated with a rapidly increasing attack rate in sibling contacts.
Of the types of Group A streptococci which caused disease in the period studied, type 3 was associated with a much higher attack rate in siblings than other types.
Approximately half of the "secondary" cases occurred simultaneously, prior to, or more than 5 days after the onset of illness in the case which the physician was called to treat.
HYPERIMMUNE VACCINAL GAMMA GLOBULIN
Authors: Kempe C. Henry , Berge Trygve O. , England Beatrice 
Published: December 2021

Hyperimmune vaccinal gamma globulin was prepared from the blood of 320 adult donors who showed maximal skin response to smallpox vaccination and who donated 1 pint of blood each, 4 to 6 weeks after such successful vaccination.
Hyperimmune vaccinal gamma globulin contains neutralizing antibodies in excess of those found in ordinary gamma globulin.
While with the present tests available it is not possible to accurately make a quantitative comparison, it is likely that the antibody content of hyperimmune vaccinal gamma globulin is at least threefold that of ordinary gamma globulin.
In a group of 75 individuals intimately exposed to smallpox and vaccinated after exposure, 8 cases and 3 deaths occurred. Among 56 individuals who received identical vaccination followed by prophylactic doses of hyperimmune vaccinal gamma globulin, there were 2 secondary cases, with 1 fatality.
Both groups were comparable from the standpoint of proportionate distribution of susceptible individuals and the severity of exposure to disease.
While the number of contacts in each group was too small to warrant drawing a definite conclusion, it appeared to be established in the direction of increased protection following administration of passive immunity in the form of hyperimmune vaccinal gamma globulin.
It would appear that the experience so far is encouraging enough to continue and to expand the use of hyperimmune vaccinal gamma globulin in the prophylaxis and therapy of serious dermal complications of smallpox vaccination.
CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC DIARRHEA IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN TREATED WITH DIIODOHYDROXYQUINOLINE
Authors: Cohlan Sidney Q. 
Published: December 2021

In a preliminary study, 40 infants and children with chronic nonspecific diarrhea, a syndrome characterized primarily by continuous or intermittent unexplained mild diarrhea and often variously diagnosed as celiac disease, starch intolerance, or intestinal allergy, were treated with diiodohydroxyquinoline. Good responses, manifested by subsidence of diarrhea in 1 to 4 days, ability to tolerate a full diet and relief of tenesmus were observed in 29 of 40 cases treated. There were six therapeutic failures and response was equivocal in five cases. Therapeutic trials consisting of a period of response to diiodohydroxyquinoline with subsequent relapse following withdrawal of medication was observed in 24 cases with three consecutive successful trials in one patient, two trials in each of 10 patients and one trial in each of 13 patients.
A double-blind placebo study in 41 subsequent cases of chronic nonspecific diarrhea resulted in a therapeutic correlation of 53% with 22 cases responding to drug but relapsing on placebo. There were 18 failures including 12 patients who did not respond to drug or placebo, 2 patients who responded to placebo, and 4 who responded to drug but did not relapse on placebo.
The results seem to indicate that diiodohydroxyquinoline is useful as a nonspecific agent which may effect some fundamental mechanism common to nonspecific diarrheas.
THE PSYCHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
Authors: Levine Milton I. , Bell Anita I. 
Published: December 2021

In spite of the fact that masturbation involves almost all human beings in every culture, comparatively little has been written on the subject.
Until very recently masturbation was defined in the medical literature as a sexual perversion and a damaging activity to be prohibited at all costs.
In the beliefs of certain religious faiths masturbation is considered a sin.
The evolution of masturbatory activity as observed from infancy through adolescence is presented.
Masturbation can be understood as a "discharge phenomenon" undertaken to relieve a state of tension existing in the human body.
As the child develops he is normally subjected to increased tensions due to restrictions and frustrations forced upon him by the family and culture. Being permitted no normal outlet, he resorts to the release he has known from infancy, and has the fantasy that certain forbidden or temporarily impossible wishes take place.
The feelings of guilt, increased by parental attitudes, are associated with a fear of having damaged their sexual organs and a fear of consequent ill health.
Excessive masturbation as defined, must be viewed as a symptom of the child's unhappiness or emotional instability.
The role of the pediatrician is to explain ordinary masturbation to the parent as a normal physiologic function.
When the physician is presented with the problem of a child with excessive masturbation he should attempt to detect factors responsible for an emotional upset.
EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF COLIC IN INFANTS
Authors: Levine Milton I. 
Published: December 2021

There is probably no practicing pediatrician who has not attempted to treat the so-called "colicky" baby. Changes in the formula, the type of nipple used and the size of the nipple hole, attempts at posturing the baby, giving warm water, barley water, fennel tea, sedatives, antihistamine drugs, and antispasmodics—all of these have been tried with varied degrees of success but none with spectacular success.
It is obvious from the numerous treatments advised that little is really understood as to the true etiology. Is it a reaction to some gastrointestinal allergy; is it due to poor feeding techniques, with subsequent swallowing of air; is it due to a fat or carbohydrate intolerance, or is it related to something more inherent in the physiological structure or emotional environment of the particular child?
It seems evident from the abdominal distention, the flexing of the legs, and the passage of flatus that there is undoubtedly abdominal pain. But what causes colicky babies to develop abdominal pain?
If one observes these infants he will note that in almost every instance the child can be categorized as a "hypertonic" baby. Such are the active, keyed-up infants so sharply differentiated from more relaxed and placid infants—often from birth.
These hypertonic infants react more acutely to their environment, to their unsatisfied needs or to outward stimulation. They react violently to sudden noises, they vomit and regurgitate easily, and they usually sleep shorter periods and less soundly than other infants.
On the assumption that this hypentonicity might be related to the colic, a study was instituted in 1947 in an attempt to determine: 1) if relaxation of the baby would cause a disappearance of the symptoms; 2) if there were unsatisfied emotional or physiological needs of the infant causing the child to react with increased hypertonicity and subsequent colic, and 3) if such needs were satisfied could the symptoms of colic be dispelled without resorting to other means such as formula changes, sedatives, rocking or carrying?
COMMENTS ON THE PANEL DISCUSSION OF COLIC
Authors: Ratner Bret 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Glaser requested me to summarize the subject matter presented at this panel. In his opening remarks Dr. Glaser implied that the broad pediatric attitude rather than the purely allergic approach towards the subject of colic would be stressed. I do believe that this has been achieved.
It should be obvious that it is not always wise to refer a colicky baby for an allergic work-up. I am certain that if the pediatric allergist did have such an infant referred to him, he would have to muster all his general pediatric knowledge to effect the proper solution.
It appears to me that if the colicky baby has a basic allergic cause for his intestinal spasms the increased use of heat-denatured foods, such as certain of the proprietary modified cow's milk formulas, and other heat denatured milks, hard boiled eggs (in those few instances in which the infant is not sensitive to ovomucoid), either precooked cereals which are marketed today or cereals that are thoroughly cooked at home, and precooked canned foods, would have had a great influence in reducing the incidence of colic in infants. Some of this audience may not believe that the incidence of colic has been reduced.
Dr. Fries has shown in a very fine study of the intestinal tract through a roentgenographic technic that true spasms may occur in any part of the gastrointestinal tract when food to which the child is sensitive is introduced orally. He studied only older children who were proved to be sensitive by skin test.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: Minear W. L. 
Published: December 2021

The majority of the members of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy voted to exclude progressive neurological diseases and neoplastic diseases of the brain from the classification of cerebral palsy. The lesion left by the removal of a brain tumor, however, is still considered one of the etiological factors of cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy comprises the motor and other symptom complexes caused by a non-progressive brain lesion (or lesions).
The nomenclature and classification questionnaires indicate that the members of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy wish to accept a motor classification, listing each type of cerebral palsy separately: Spastic, Athetoid, Tremor, Rigidity, Ataxic, Atonic, and Mixed.
The following choices as a basis for classification of cerebral palsy were made by the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy:
First choice: Motor Symptoms
Second choice: Topographic Involvement
Third choice: Etiology
Fourth choice: Anatomical Site (of lesion)
Fifth choice: Severity of Involvement
Sixth choice: Degree of Muscle Tone
Seventh choice: Supplemental Data
The first 3 choices above should be used by the medical record librarian and by doctors discharging patients with cerebral palsy from hospitals or institutions so as to establish a common understanding and uniformity to hospital records. It is understood that the neuroanatomical classification (Fourth choice) is to be used when it can be proven, but not by presumption.
The majority of the members approve of tension, non-tension, dystonic, and tremor-like types of athetosis. The other types were rejected for various reasons. Probably, some of the other types would have been accepted if understood by the members. Each type is described and defined herein. There is a general lack of agreement on the various terms used in cerebral palsy. Definitions of these terms are now being made by a committee for a meeting in 1955.
There is a good deal of evidence that neurological signs and symptoms change in the child with cerebral palsy as the nervous system matures and that one must be cautious in making a final descriptive or symptomatic diagnosis in infancy. The pattern of changing neurological symptoms from infancy through childhood should be studied.
The high cervical syndrome described by Fay is being confused with cerebral palsy. This syndrome needs further study. It should be determined whether the term cerebrospinal palsy would not be more appropriate for the entire neurological group.
The American Medical Association's Standard Nomenclature of Diseases and Operations (Fourth Edition), commonly used by medical record librarians, is not suitable for the classification of cerebral palsy. In this edition, all cerebral palsy is coded "Cerebral spastic infantile paralysis" with supplementary terms added to denote various types.
A complete classification for cerebral palsy is presented, using the majority opinion from questionnaires sent to the members of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy during 1953 as a basis.
INTRACELLULAR COMPOSITION AND HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS IN SEVERE CHRONIC INFANTILE MALNUTRITION
Authors: Gómez Federico , Ramos-Galván Rafael , Cravioto Joaquin , Frenk Silvestre , Janeway Charles A. , Gamble James L. , Metcoff Jack 
Published: December 2021

IN SPITE of recent progress in the study of severe malnutrition of dietary origin, the mortality still is very high. In the 733 cases studied by Gómez et al. the over-all mortality was 35%. The majority of deaths occurred during the first 48 hours after admission to the hospital, and the outstanding features were electrolyte disturbances associated with diarrhea and/or bronchopneumonia. Similar observations have been reported from other areas of the world.
Although the ultimate goal in the solution of the problems of malnutrition, as in any other disease, lies in prevention, or at least in earliest treatment, not enough emphasis has been given to the study of those factors responsible for the high mortality observed in this condition. Actually very little is known about the homeostatic mechanisms of children affected with severe chronic malnutrition. Water and electrolyte imbalances occurring in malnourished infants, such as attend superimposed diarrheal dehydration, usually are evaluated according to concepts derived from studies on well-nourished infants, without taking into consideration the fact that the chronically malnourished child has been abnormal for a long time before an episode of severe dehydration necessitates hospitalization.
A great variety of environmental factors play a role in chronic malnutrition but, in general, the course of the disease is more or less constant. The chronically underfed child apparently becomes adapted to his metabolic status by slowing or almost complete cessation of growth, but suffers bouts of mild diarrhea which persist for a week or two, then disappear for a period of 8 to 10 days only to reappear with increased severity. Frequently the first bout coincides with convalescence from one of the infantile exanthematous diseases.
NEEDLE BIOPSY IN CHILDREN WITH NEPHROSIS
Authors: Galán Enrique , Masó Calixto 
Published: December 2021

Needle biopsy of the kidney was done in 20 children with nephrosis for estimation of degree of glomerular damage in the early stage of the disease and of its change after intensive adrenal steroid therapy.
The mean number of glomeruli per biopsy was 18.7 with a standard deviation of ±8.4 and a range of 6 to 42.
Glomerular involvement was seen in 100% of cases and in 5 to 100% of nephrons in material obtained at biopsy. Thickening of capillary basement membrane was present in 90% of cases and 32.4% of glomeruli; cellular proliferation in 65% of cases and 17.3% of glomeruli; hyalinization in 55% of cases and 8.9% of glomeruli; and fibrosis in 65% of cases and 12.8% of glomeruli.
Lesions of various types were simultaneously present in most cases, but thickening of the capillary basement membrane was the predominant one. The nephrotic syndrome was observed in cases having histologic changes similar to those described as membranous, chronic azotemic, proliferative and lobular glomerulonephritis.
Adrenal steroid therapy was given to induce a complete clinical-biochemical remission of the nephrotic syndrome. It occurred, usually but not always after the appearance of induced Cushing's syndrome, and was observed in 81.2% of children treated with adrenal steroids. Histologic improvement was observed in 90% of patients who had biopsy taken before and after therapy. Four patients of the total group (20%) showed a marked decrease of glomerular lesions.
Administration of a maintenance dose of steroid hormone was necessary for prolonging biochemical remission of the nephrotic syndrome. Administration of prednisone seemed to decrease cellular proliferation and to arrest the progress from thickening of capillary basement membrane to obliteration of the glomerular capillary.
The impression was gained that clinicalbiochemical and anatomic improvement of the nephrotic syndrome was not permanent unless spontaneous healing occurred, and that longer observation is required to evaluate the effect of prednisone.
FAMILIAL PAROXYSMAL DYSFUNCTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (A PERIODIC DISEASE), OFTEN PRECIPITATED BY EMOTIONAL STRESS
Authors: Heiner Douglas C. , Blitzer John R. 
Published: December 2021

Two children and their father, currently under investigation, have displayed paroxysmal symptoms which include a rash, angioneurotic edema, severe symptoms from the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts and other evidences of dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Attempts at medicinal therapy failed to ameliorate the attacks.
A striking hereditary pattern is present suggesting a simple dominant type of inheritance.
Emotional factors have been found to be capable of precipitating these paroxysms which have many features in common with paroxysmal disorders described in the literature under the terms periodic peritonitis, cyclic vomiting, hereditary angioneurotic edema and "periodic disease."
It is important that careful evaluation of hereditary and emotional factors be made in all patients exhibiting recurrent symptoms of unexplained etiology. Psychiatric study and psychotherapy may offer a means to alleviate the symptoms in some of these patients.