bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do researchers know what the h-index is? And how do they estimate its importance?
Authors: Kamrani Pantea , Dorsch Isabelle , Stock Wolfgang G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe h-index is a widely used scientometric indicator on the researcher level working with a simple combination of publication and citation counts. In this article, we pursue two goals, namely the collection of empirical data about researchers’ personal estimations of the importance of the h-index for themselves as well as for their academic disciplines, and on the researchers’ concrete knowledge on the h-index and the way of its calculation. We worked with an online survey (including a knowledge test on the calculation of the h-index), which was finished by 1081 German university professors. We distinguished between the results for all participants, and, additionally, the results by gender, generation, and field of knowledge. We found a clear binary division between the academic knowledge fields: For the sciences and medicine the h-index is important for the researchers themselves and for their disciplines, while for the humanities and social sciences, economics, and law the h-index is considerably less important. Two fifths of the professors do not know details on the h-index or wrongly deem to know what the h-index is and failed our test. The researchers’ knowledge on the h-index is much smaller in the academic branches of the humanities and the social sciences. As the h-index is important for many researchers and as not all researchers are very knowledgeable about this author-specific indicator, it seems to be necessary to make researchers more aware of scholarly metrics literacy.
Evaluating the higher education productivity of Chinese and European “elite” universities using a meta-frontier approach
Authors: Agasisti Tommaso , Yang Guo-liang , Song Yao-yao , Tran Carolyn-Thi Thanh Dung 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis research focuses on a sample of European and Chinese elite universities for the period 2011–2015. We adopt a meta-frontier methodology to decompose their overall productivity in three main determinants: (1) technical efficiency compared with contemporaneous technology, (2) change in technical efficiency and (3) technology relative superiority of the two groups of universities. The results reveal different patterns of evolution: Chinese institutions’ productivity grows faster than that of their European counterparts (+ 7.15%/year vs 4.51%/year), however the latter maintain a higher level of technology in efficient production as a group.
Epidemiology of Hepatitis E in 2017 in Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Hriskova K. , Marosevic D. , Belting A. , Wenzel J. J. , Carl A. , Katz K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the last decade, the number of reported hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections in Germany, including Bavaria, has continued to rise. In order to identify risk factors associated with HEV infection, we investigated notified hepatitis E cases from Bavaria during 2017. The project “Intensified Hepatitis E Surveillance in Bavaria” included interviews with questionnaires, collection and genotyping of stool, serum and food samples. In addition, certain risk factors were examined in a sample comparison with healthy population using univariable analysis and logistic regression. In total, 135 hepatitis E cases from Bavaria were included in the analysis. Mean age for women was 46 (range 20–74) years and 47.5 (range 20–85) for men. 56 of the cases (41.5%) were asymptomatic. Among the symptomatic cases, both men and women were equally affected with symptoms like fever (16.3%), jaundice (18.8%) and upper abdominal pain (28.2%). 145 human samples (serum, stool) and 6 food samples were collected. 15.9% of the human samples (n = 23) were positive for HEV RNA by reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Identified risk factors significantly associated with hepatitis E were sausage consumption with odds ratio 9.6 (CI 1.3–70.1), fish with OR 2.2 (CI 1.1–4.4) and cat ownership with OR 1.9 (CI 1.3–3.0) in multivariable analyses. Further investigation is needed to confirm the role of fish in HEV transmission. Autochthonous HEV genotype 3 is prevalent in Bavaria and there could be more transmission routes contributing to the spread of HEV than previously known. Undercooked meat, offal, sausages, fish, shellfish and contact with animals and pets are possible sources for infection.
Groundwater physico-chemical properties and water quality changes in shallow aquifers in arid saline wetlands, Ouargla, Algeria
Authors: Medjani Fethi , Djidel Mohamed , Labar Sofiane , Bouchagoura Louiza , Rezzag Bara Chouaib 
Published: April 2021

AbstractShallow aquifers are vulnerable to natural geogenic processes as well as anthropogenic influences, and this is especially apparent in desert regions. Within arid and hyperarid climates, evaporation is a controlling hydrologic process leads to an important increase in the concentration of dissolved minerals of both surface water and groundwater. In groundwater, this increase is not only dependent on shallow water table depth, but also on the hydraulic properties of sediments present within the unsaturated zone of the aquifer itself. The main objective of this research is to investigate possible mechanisms that might influence water quality changes under seasonal conditions in shallow aquifers situated within the Saharan desert region of Algeria. In this work, we focus on observed changes in hydrogeochemical characteristics, and the possible responsible processes. Under arid conditions, high water mineralization results in hypersaline water or brine solution formation within shallow aquifers. Due to active physico-chemical mechanisms such as Na+/Ca2+ ion exchange, the successive precipitation of calcite, gypsum, mirabilite or blœdite and halite is induced. Biological processes were also observed as prevalent; evidenced by large measured variations in CO2 load concentrations. These processes contributed to an inverse relationship between CO2 and O2 concentrations within the shallow aquifers studied.
O-WCNN: an optimized integration of spatial and spectral feature map for arrhythmia classification
Authors: Jangra Manisha , Dhull Sanjeev Kumar , Singh Krishna Kant , Singh Akansha , Cheng Xiaochun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe regular monitoring and accurate diagnosis of arrhythmia are critically important, leading to a reduction in mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as heart stroke or cardiac arrest. This paper proposes a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) model for arrhythmia classification. The proposed model offers the following improvements compared with traditional CNN models. Firstly, the multi-channel model can concatenate spectral and spatial feature maps. Secondly, the structural unit is composed of a depthwise separable convolution layer followed by activation and batch normalization layers. The structural unit offers effective utilization of network parameters. Also, the optimization of hyperparameters is done using Hyperopt library, based on Sequential Model-Based Global Optimization algorithm (SMBO). These improvements make the network more efficient and accurate for arrhythmia classification. The proposed model is evaluated using tenfold cross-validation following both subject-oriented inter-patient and class-oriented intra-patient evaluation protocols. Our model achieved 99.48% and 99.46% accuracy in VEB (ventricular ectopic beat) and SVEB (supraventricular ectopic beat) class classification, respectively. The model is compared with state-of-the-art models and has shown significant performance improvement.
Process R&D investment and social dilemmas
Authors: Ramsza Michal , Karbowski Adam , Platkowski Tadeusz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe consider a coopetitive game model of firms’ behavior in process R&D with entry cost. We compare the competitive behavior of firms in R&D with the R&D coopetition scenario. In R&D coopetition, firms engage in a bargaining process to reach a binding R&D agreement. We find that R&D competition can lead to a prisoner’s dilemma or a chicken game between market rivals. The possibility of entering a binding R&D agreement resolves the above social dilemmas associated with the firms’ competitive behavior. In turn, under R&D coopetition, for a medium level of R&D entry cost, firms may enter a trust dilemma, but it is a beneficial scenario in comparison with the corresponding R&D competition outcome.
Antikörper-Therapie bei Osteoporose: Mechanismen, Therapieziele und Outcomes
Authors: Muschitz Christian 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungAntikörper zur Behandlung von Patientinnen und Patienten mit Osteoporose und einem erhöhten Knochenbruchrisiko sind effizient, sicher und einfach in der Anwendung. Für Denosumab liegen wissenschaftliche Daten über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von zehn Jahren vor. Romosozumab ist eine potente, rasch wirksame Behandlungsoption für Hochrisiko-Patienten.
Die Wirkung von unterschiedlichen Formen von co-teaching auf die von den Schülerinnen und Schülern wahrgenommene Unterrichtsqualität in inklusiven Klassen
Authors: Moser Opitz Elisabeth , Maag Merki Katharina , Pfaffhauser Rico , Stöckli Meret , Garrote Ariana 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Zusammenarbeit der Lehrkräfte und damit verbunden co-teaching gilt als zentrale Bedingung für die Durchführung von gelingendem inklusiven Unterricht. Allerdings fehlen bislang längsschnittliche Studien zur Frage, ob und wie Schüler*innen unterschiedliche Formen von co-teaching sowie deren Auswirkungen auf Merkmale der Unterrichtsqualität wahrnehmen. In der Studie wird längsschnittlich untersucht, inwiefern sich die Wahrnehmung der Lernunterstützung (Beziehung Lehrkraft-Schüler*innen, Lernbegleitung, Lernklima) und der Klassenführung von 621 Lernenden aus 36 Grundschulklassen in Abhängigkeit zweier verschiedener Formen von co-teaching im Verlauf eines Schuljahres verändert. In der Experimentalgruppe (n = 331, 18 Klassen) wurden die Lehrkräfte zum co-teaching verpflichtet und Unterstützungsmaßnahmen (sonderpädagogische Unterstützung, Deutsch als Zweitsprache DaZ) wurden konsequent unterrichtsintegriert von den Regelklassenlehrkräften angeboten. Fachkräfte (DaZ, Sonderpädagogik) waren ausschließlich beratend tätig. In der Kontrollgruppe (n = 290, 18 Klassen aus denselben Schulgemeinden wie in der Experimentalgruppe) gab es weder eine Verpflichtung zum gemeinsamen Unterrichten noch Vorgaben für ein bestimmtes Unterrichtssetting. Die direkte Arbeit der Fachkräfte mit den Schüler*innen war möglich. Die Schüler*innen wurden am Ende der zweiten und dritten Klasse zur Wahrnehmung der Lernunterstützung und der Klassenführung befragt. Mehrebenenanalytische Auswertungen zeigten, dass sich die Wahrnehmung der Lernunterstützung und der Klassenführung in der Experimentalgruppe negativer entwickelt hatte als in der Kontrollgruppe. Der Effekt bei der Klassenführung war am stärksten, jener beim Lernklima am geringsten und nur noch tendenziell signifikant (p= 0,067). Diese Ergebnisse könnten auf mangelnde Absprachen und unklare Verantwortlichkeiten, auf Unruhe bei klassenintegriertem Arbeiten, oder auf eine fehlende individuelle und spezifische Förderung der Schüler*innen zurückgeführt werden.
Mit den Augen Susan Sontags: Metaphern im Umgang mit COVID-19
Authors: Krug Henriette 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der Erfahrung, Kommunikation und Bewältigung von Krankheit spielen Metaphern eine wichtige Rolle: Als Denkkonzepte spiegeln sie zugrundeliegende Haltungen gegenüber den durch sie beschriebenen Vorgängen wider. Susan Sontag hat mit ihrem Essay „Illness as Metaphor“ nachhaltig die moralisch kritischen Implikationen einer unreflektierten Metaphernverwendung im Umgang mit Erkrankung aufgezeigt, indem sie deren stigmatisierende und hierin zusätzlich belastende Wirkung für Erkrankte reflektiert.In der gegenwärtigen Situation der Covid-19-Pandemie trifft ein bisher unbekanntes Virus mit der Macht und Dynamik der Globalisierung auf die hierauf nicht vorbereiteten spätmodernen Gegenwartsgesellschaften, die nun nach Erklärung und Sinnzuschreibung suchen. Auch hier fungieren Metaphern als Denkkonzepte und Vehikel von Interpretation. Im Rückgriff auf die Perspektive Susan Sontags und ihren Appell für einen entmystifizierten Umgang mit Krankheit geht dieser Beitrag folgenden Fragen nach: Welche Bilder werden in der Berichterstattung über CoV‑2 vermittelt? Welche Einstellung gegenüber Gesundheit und Krankheit wird mit den Metaphern transportiert, und welche Lebenshaltung liegt dieser zugrunde? Welche Einsichten für einen gesunden Umgang mit Covid-19 und Krankheit generell ergeben sich, wenn man die Pandemie aus ihren Metaphern und zugrundliegenden Denkkonzepten herausschält?
Smooth input preparation for quantum and quantum-inspired machine learning
Authors: Zhao Zhikuan , Fitzsimons Jack K. , Rebentrost Patrick , Dunjko Vedran , Fitzsimons Joseph F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMachine learning has recently emerged as a fruitful area for finding potential quantum computational advantage. Many of the quantum-enhanced machine learning algorithms critically hinge upon the ability to efficiently produce states proportional to high-dimensional data points stored in a quantum accessible memory. Even given query access to exponentially many entries stored in a database, the construction of which is considered a one-off overhead, it has been argued that the cost of preparing such amplitude-encoded states may offset any exponential quantum advantage. Here we prove using smoothed analysis that if the data analysis algorithm is robust against small entry-wise input perturbation, state preparation can always be achieved with constant queries. This criterion is typically satisfied in realistic machine learning applications, where input data is subjective to moderate noise. Our results are equally applicable to the recent seminal progress in quantum-inspired algorithms, where specially constructed databases suffice for polylogarithmic classical algorithm in low-rank cases. The consequence of our finding is that for the purpose of practical machine learning, polylogarithmic processing time is possible under a general and flexible input model with quantum algorithms or quantum-inspired classical algorithms in the low-rank cases.
Modelling Pasty Material Behaviour Using the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Platzer Felix , Fimbinger Eric 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMixtures of a fine-grained dry solid and a liquid, with a higher solid content in the mixture, show paste-like behaviour. In many technical processes, pasty materials are handled in large quantities. Pasty Materials show the same characteristics as Bingham Plastics, behaving like a rigid body but flowing like a viscous fluid under a certain stress level. This behaviour is due to attracting forces between the particles, resulting from the capillary pressure and the surface tension of the liquid, which forms individual capillary bridges or capillary bridge clusters between the solid particles. The behaviour of granular material can be represented in a discrete element method (DEM) simulation. The calibration of the simulation parameters is achieved by comparing laboratory tests, which reflect a typical material characteristic, with the results of calibration simulations. In this project, several DEM contact models, describing attractive forces between particles depending on the distance between them, were analysed and assessed based on their ability to display the pasty material behaviour of a fine-grained solid water mixture with a high water content by comparing the simulation results to a slump test. The most promising contact model was then optimised to enable a minimal computing time for the simulation of bigger technical processes. Many existing contact models also consider attractive forces between particles (e.g. JKR cohesion) but are based on different physical effects. For this reason, the contact models assessed in the course of this project are, in general, based on the capillary effect.
Integration of light and hormone signaling pathways in the regulation of plant shade avoidance syndrome
Authors: Liu Yang , Jafari Fereshteh , Wang Haiyang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs sessile organisms, plants are unable to move or escape from their neighboring competitors under high-density planting conditions. Instead, they have evolved the ability to sense changes in light quantity and quality (such as a reduction in photoactive radiation and drop in red/far-red light ratios) and evoke a suite of adaptative responses (such as stem elongation, reduced branching, hyponastic leaf orientation, early flowering and accelerated senescence) collectively termed shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Over the past few decades, much progress has been made in identifying the various photoreceptor systems and light signaling components implicated in regulating SAS, and in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms, based on extensive molecular genetic studies with the model dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, an emerging synthesis of the field is that light signaling integrates with the signaling pathways of various phytohormones to coordinately regulate different aspects of SAS. In this review, we present a brief summary of the various cross-talks between light and hormone signaling in regulating SAS. We also present a perspective of manipulating SAS to tailor crop architecture for breeding high-density tolerant crop cultivars.
Being Able to Stay or Learning to Stay: a Study of Rural Boys’ Educational Orientations and Transitions
Authors: Stenseth Anna-Maria , Bæck Unn-Doris K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study explores the influence of geographical location on young pupils’ educational orientations and their transition from lower to upper secondary school; it pays particular attention to the voices of male youths from a rural area. More specifically, it investigates the interplay between gender and geographical contexts and the significance of these factors in understanding the processes associated with educational orientations. Margaret Archer’s framework is used to analyse how pupils’ agency is constrained and/or enabled by objective structures. The data material consists of qualitative interviews with 18 pupils transitioning from lower to upper secondary school in Norway. Each of the pupils was interviewed twice: first when they were in their last year of lower secondary education, and then during their first year of upper secondary education. The findings show that pupils consider geographical locations when making decisions about further education and work. In addition, they believe that education beyond compulsory schooling benefits their life in the rural areas. However, unlike their urban counterparts, pupils from rural areas appear to have a more constraining transition to upper secondary education. Through the analyses in this article, it becomes clear that both geographical location and gender are key factors for understanding processes connected to education.
Negativity in the news and electoral behavior between first- and second-order elections
Authors: Mancosu Moreno , Seddone Antonella , Bobba Giuliano 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe effects of news coverage on political attitudes in election campaigns have been widely studied in academic research. In particular, a fertile branch of the literature investigated the impact of news media negativity on turnout. To date, however, findings are mixed, precluding to state a clear relationship. This paper aims to shed a light on this topic by testing whether negative coverage may affect voters' turnout and to what extent. It approaches this research question by accounting for two different dimensions, controlling whether the interplay of media negativity (press and TV coverage) with the type of election (first- vs. second-order elections) has an impact on citizens' propensity to turnout. We test our hypotheses by taking Italy as a case study because it offers a combination of systemic and media characteristics that allows addressing properly the topic. We rely on four datasets covering the 2018 Italian general elections and the 2019 European Parliament Elections in Italy, respectively, with opinion data (2018 ITANES survey and 2019 ITANES-University of Milan survey) and two datasets measuring media negativity by means of a human content analysis carried out on media coverage during the 7 weeks before the election days (2018 and 2019 ITEM data). Our findings show that individual exposure to negative coverage leads to an increase in turnout mainly to the detriment of indecision. This pattern holds both in first- and second-order elections.
Remembering hope: mediated queer futurity and counterpublics in Turkey’s authoritarian times
Authors: Bayramoğlu Yener 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article explores how hope and visions of the future have left their mark on media discourse in Turkey. Looking back at some of the events that took place in the 1980s, a decade that was shaped by the aftermath of the 1980 coup d’état, and considering them alongside what has happened since the ban of Istanbul’s Pride march in 2015, it examines traces of hope in two periods of recent Turkish history characterized by authoritarianism. Drawing on an array of visual and textual material drawn from the tabloid press, magazines, newspapers, and digital platforms, it inquires into how queer hope manages to infiltrate mediated publics even in times of pessimism and hopelessness. Based upon analysis of an archive of discourses on resistance, solidarity, and future, it argues that queer hope not only helps to map out possible future routes for queer lives in (and beyond) Turkey, but also operates as a driving political force that sustains queers’ determination to maintain their presence in the public sphere despite repressive nationalist, militarist, Islamist, and authoritarian regimes.
Overheated stomachs: notes on urban life and toxicity in Nakuru, Kenya
Authors: Rahier Nick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn Nakuru, a secondary city in Kenya, herbal doctors argue that African bodies are infested by ‘dirt’. Gathering at crossroads, they teach about the dangerous effects of processed foods on African bodies. During public product demonstrations, they patch together urban gossip,kemikali(chemicals in Kiswahili) and consumer goods from abroad to demonstrate their overheating effects on stomachs. In this article, I think through metabolism and digestion to demonstrate how ‘navigating’ urban toxicity in Nakuru implies a bodily praxis that hinges on debates about the porosity of the nation's borders responding to the afflictions of globalization. I show how the occult character ofkemikalipivots on the collapse between insides and outsides, leading to overheating stomachs, and consequently argue that herbal interventions coating the lining of the stomach and the gut do what national borders are unable to achieve: keeping out toxic intrusions. From this point of view, herbal practices in Nakuru demonstrate agency and resistance to worlds perceived as increasingly toxic and polluted.
Willpower is overrated
Authors: Inzlicht Michael , Friese Malte 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Any analysis of self-regulation that focuses solely on willpower in conflict-laden situations is insufficient. Research makes clear that the best way to reach one's goal is not to resist temptations but to avoid temptations before they arrive; it further suggests that willpower is fragile and not to be relied on; and that the best self-regulators engage in willpower remarkably seldom.
Resolve is always effortful
Authors: Massin Olivier , Gauchot Bastien 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ainslie argues there are two main kinds of willpower: suppression, which is necessarily effortful, and resolve, which is not. We agree with the distinction but argue that all resolve is effortful. Alleged cases of effortless resolve are indeed cases of what Ainslie calls habits, namely stable results of prior uses of resolve.