bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultraluminous X-ray sources in seven edge-on spiral galaxies
Authors: Dage Kristen C , Vowell Noah , Thygesen Erica , Bahramian Arash , Haggard Daryl , Kovlakas Konstantinos , Kundu Arunav , Maccarone Thomas J , Strader Jay , Urquhart Ryan , Zepf Stephen E 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate a sample of seven edge-on spiral galaxies using Chandra observations. Edge-on spiral galaxies allow us to clearly separate source associated with their star-forming regions versus the outer edges of the system, offering a clear advantage over other systems. We uncover a number of X-ray point sources across these galaxies, and after eliminating contaminating foreground and background sources, we identify 12 candidate ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). All of these sources are projected on to the central regions, implying that the majority of ULXs in this sample of spiral galaxies are disc/bulge, and thus not halo sources. This also includes two transient ULXs, which may be long-duration transients and low-mass X-ray binaries. This finding illustrates the need for further studies of transient ULXs.
Ionized emission and absorption in a large sample of ultraluminous X-ray sources
Authors: Kosec P , Pinto C , Reynolds C S , Guainazzi M , Kara E , Walton D J , Fabian A C , Parker M L , Valtchanov I 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Most ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are thought to be powered by super-Eddington accretion on to stellar-mass compact objects. Accretors in this extreme regime are naturally expected to ionize copious amounts of plasma in their vicinity and launch powerful radiation-driven outflows from their discs. High spectral resolution X-ray observations [with reflection grating spectrometer (RGS) gratings onboard XMM–Newton] of a few ULXs with the best data sets indeed found complex line spectra and confirmed such extreme (0.1–0.3c) winds. However, a search for plasma signatures in a large ULX sample with a rigorous technique has never been performed, thereby preventing us from understanding their statistical properties such as the rate of occurrence, to constrain the outflow geometry, and its duty cycle. We developed a fast method for automated line detection in X-ray spectra and applied it to the full RGS ULX archive, rigorously quantifying the statistical significance of any candidate lines. Collecting the 135 most significant features detected in 89 observations of 19 objects, we created the first catalogue of spectral lines detected in soft X-ray ULX spectra. We found that the detected emission lines are concentrated around known rest-frame elemental transitions and thus originate from low-velocity material. The absorption lines instead avoid these transitions, suggesting they were imprinted by blueshifted outflows. Such winds therefore appear common among the ULX population. Additionally, we found that spectrally hard ULXs show fewer line detections than soft ULXs, indicating some difference in their accretion geometry and orientation, possibly causing overionization of plasma by the harder spectral energy distributions of harder ULXs.
Overcoming GNA/RNA base-pairing limitations using isonucleotides improves the pharmacodynamic activity of ESC+ GalNAc-siRNAs
Authors: Schlegel Mark K , Matsuda Shigeo , Brown Christopher R , Harp Joel M , Barry Joseph D , Berman Daniel , Castoreno Adam , Schofield Sally , Szeto John , Manoharan Muthiah , Charissé Klaus , Egli Martin , Maier Martin A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We recently reported that RNAi-mediated off-target effects are important drivers of the hepatotoxicity observed for a subset of GalNAc–siRNA conjugates in rodents, and that these findings could be mitigated by seed-pairing destabilization using a single GNA nucleotide placed within the seed region of the guide strand. Here, we report further investigation of the unique and poorly understood GNA/RNA cross-pairing behavior to better inform GNA-containing siRNA design. A reexamination of published GNA homoduplex crystal structures, along with a novel structure containing a single (S)-GNA-A residue in duplex RNA, indicated that GNA nucleotides universally adopt a rotated nucleobase orientation within all duplex contexts. Such an orientation strongly affects GNA-C and GNA-G but not GNA-A or GNA-T pairing in GNA/RNA heteroduplexes. Transposition of the hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor pairs using the novel (S)-GNA-isocytidine and -isoguanosine nucleotides could rescue productive base-pairing with the complementary G or C ribonucleotides, respectively. GalNAc-siRNAs containing these GNA isonucleotides showed an improved in vitro activity, a similar improvement in off-target profile, and maintained in vivo activity and guide strand liver levels more consistent with the parent siRNAs than those modified with isomeric GNA-C or -G, thereby expanding our toolbox for the design of siRNAs with minimized off-target activity.
NCATS Inxight Drugs: a comprehensive and curated portal for translational research
Authors: Siramshetty Vishal B , Grishagin Ivan , Nguyễn Ðắc-Trung , Peryea Tyler , Skovpen Yulia , Stroganov Oleg , Katzel Daniel , Sheils Timothy , Jadhav Ajit , Mathé Ewy A , Southall Noel T 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The United States has a complex regulatory scheme for marketing drugs. Understanding drug regulatory status is a daunting task that requires integrating data from many sources from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), US government publications, and other processes related to drug development. At NCATS, we created Inxight Drugs (https://drugs.ncats.io), a web resource that attempts to address this challenge in a systematic manner. NCATS Inxight Drugs incorporates and unifies a wealth of data, including those supplied by the FDA and from independent public sources. The database offers a substantial amount of manually curated literature data unavailable from other sources. Currently, the database contains 125 036 product ingredients, including 2566 US approved drugs, 6242 marketed drugs, and 9684 investigational drugs. All substances are rigorously defined according to the ISO 11238 standard to comply with existing regulatory standards for unique drug substance identification. A special emphasis was placed on capturing manually curated and referenced data on treatment modalities and semantic relationships between substances. A supplementary resource ‘Novel FDA Drug Approvals’ features regulatory details of newly approved FDA drugs. The database is regularly updated using NCATS Stitcher data integration tool that automates data aggregation and supports full data access through a RESTful API.
MetazExp: a database for gene expression and alternative splicing profiles and their analyses based on 53 615 public RNA-seq samples in 72 metazoan species
Authors: Liu Jinding , Yin Fei , Lang Kun , Jie Wencai , Tan Suxu , Duan Rongjing , Huang Shuiqing , Huang Wen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
RNA-seq has been widely used in experimental studies and produced a massive amount of data deposited in public databases. New biological insights can be obtained by retrospective analyses of previously published data. However, the barrier to efficiently utilize these data remains high, especially for those who lack bioinformatics skills and computational resources. We present MetazExp (https://bioinfo.njau.edu.cn/metazExp), a database for gene expression and alternative splicing profiles based on 53 615 uniformly processed publicly available RNA-seq samples from 72 metazoan species. The gene expression and alternative splicing profiles can be conveniently queried by gene IDs, symbols, functional terms and sequence similarity. Users can flexibly customize experimental groups to perform differential and specific expression and alternative splicing analyses. A suite of data visualization tools and comprehensive links with external databases allow users to efficiently explore the results and gain insights. In conclusion, MetazExp is a valuable resource for the research community to efficiently utilize the vast public RNA-seq datasets.
“I Smoked That Cigarette, and It Calmed Me Down”: A Qualitative Analysis of Intrapersonal, Social, and Environmental Factors Influencing Decisions to Smoke Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Patterson Joanne G , Glasser Allison M , Macisco Joseph M , Hinton Alice , Wermert Amy , Nemeth Julianna M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Approximately 70% of youth experiencing homelessness smoke cigarettes; many try to quit and are interested in formal smoking cessation programs. The purpose of this study was to describe the intrapersonal, social, and environmental contexts associated with the most recent smoking experience among youth experiencing homelessness and (2) identify differences in contextual factors by age and willingness to quit.

Methods
Thirty-six youth experiencing homelessness aged 14–24 years and who reported current smoking were recruited from a drop-in center in a Midwestern city. Semi-structured in-person interviews were analyzed to understand smoking behaviors.

Results
Two-thirds of participants reported stress and nicotine dependence as primary reasons for smoking, and older youth (aged 18–24 years) reported smoking to de-escalate negative emotions associated with stressful events. For 25% of participants, and especially older youth, smoking was described as part of a routine. Over 80% of participants smoked outside at the homeless drop-in center or the places they lived. Social prompts from drop-in center peers regularly preempted smoking. Younger youth (aged 14–17 years) reported smoking socially while older youth were more likely to smoke alone.

Conclusions
For youth experiencing homelessness, smoking is integrated into daily life and is often used to manage stress associated with homelessness and engage socially with homeless peers. Multicomponent interventions to reduce structural stressors specific to homelessness, change social smoking norms (environmental and social context), and address stress management and nicotine dependence (intrapersonal context) are needed to support smoking cessation among youth experiencing homelessness.

Implications
Youth experiencing homelessness overwhelmingly described how daily stressors associated with homelessness and nicotine dependence preceded recent smoking. Older youth (aged 18–24 years) also reported smoking as “routine”, which likely underscores nicotine dependence in this group. Younger youth (aged 14–17 years) described social smoking. Researchers must develop optimized multilevel interventions to support youth experiencing homelessness who want to quit smoking. Interventions directly targeting social determinants of stress (e.g., poverty, housing instability, food insecurity) and linkages to supportive services are needed. Complementary strategies to address stress coping and nicotine dependence (intrapersonal context) and social smoking norms (social and environmental context) are also necessitated.
Gene regulatory networks for compatible versus incompatible grafts identify a role for SlWOX4 during junction formation
Authors: Thomas Hannah , Van den Broeck Lisa , Spurney Ryan , Sozzani Rosangela , Frank Margaret 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Grafting has been adopted for a wide range of crops to enhance productivity and resilience; for example, grafting of Solanaceous crops couples disease-resistant rootstocks with scions that produce high-quality fruit. However, incompatibility severely limits the application of grafting and graft incompatibility remains poorly understood. In grafts, immediate incompatibility results in rapid death, but delayed incompatibility can take months or even years to manifest, creating a significant economic burden for perennial crop production. To gain insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we developed a model system using heterografting of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum). These grafted plants express signs of anatomical junction failure within the first week of grafting. By generating a detailed timeline for junction formation, we were able to pinpoint the cellular basis for this delayed incompatibility. Furthermore, we inferred gene regulatory networks for compatible self-grafts and incompatible heterografts based on these key anatomical events, which predict core regulators for grafting. Finally, we examined the role of vascular development in graft formation and uncovered SlWOX4 as a potential regulator of graft compatibility. Following this predicted regulator up with functional analysis, we show that Slwox4 homografts fail to form xylem bridges across the junction, demonstrating that indeed, SlWOX4 is essential for vascular reconnection during grafting, and may function as an early indicator of graft failure.
Development of a Novel Brief Quantitative Sensory Testing Protocol That Integrates Static and Dynamic Pain Assessments: Test-Retest Performance in Healthy Adults
Authors: De Vita Martin J , Buckheit Katherine , Gilmour Christina E , Moskal Dezarie , Maisto Stephen A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Quantitative sensory testing is an expanding pain research domain with numerous clinical and research applications. There is a recognized need for brief reliable quantitative sensory testing protocols that enhance assessment feasibility. This study aimed to integrate static (pain threshold, tolerance, suprathreshold) and dynamic (conditioned pain modulation, offset analgesia, temporal summation) pain reactivity measures into a brief 20-minute protocol that uses a single portable device. The test-retest performance of this optimized protocol was evaluated.

Design
Using a test-retest design, the brief quantitative sensory testing assessment was administered to participants on two occasions separated by exactly 7 days.

Setting
A clinical psychology research laboratory at Syracuse University.

Subjects
Participants were 33 healthy adults recruited from Syracuse University’s online research participation pool.

Methods
A portable computerized quantitative sensory testing device delivered contact-heat pain to assess static and dynamic pain measures in participants. Dynamic responses were continuously recorded using a computerized visual analog scale.

Results
Pain threshold, tolerance, and suprathreshold exhibited excellent reliability (intraclass correlations ranged from 0.80 to 0.83). Conditioned pain modulation, offset analgesia, temporal summation yielded reliability in the good to excellent range (intraclass correlations ranged from 0.66 to 0.71).

Conclusions
Findings suggested that this brief integrated QST protocol may reliably monitor human pain reactivity over brief periods. This protocol may enhance quantitative sensory testing feasibility in clinical and research settings.
Cross-Sectional Skewness
Authors: Oh Sangmin S , Wachter Jessica A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
What distribution best characterizes the time series and cross-section of individual stock returns? To answer this question, we estimate the degree of cross-sectional return skewness relative to a benchmark that nests many models considered in the literature. We find that cross-sectional skewness in monthly returns far exceeds what this benchmark model predicts. However, cross-sectional skewness in long-run returns in the data is substantially below what the model predicts. We show that fat-tailed idiosyncratic events appear to be necessary to explain skewness in the data. (JEL, G10, G11, G12, G13, G14).
Firm Characteristics and Global Stock Returns: A Conditional Asset Pricing Model
Authors: Windmüller Steffen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the relation between 36 firm-level characteristics and stock returns in 48 countries using instrumented principal components analysis. A non-U.S. country-neutral conditional factor model performs well in describing risk and returns and generates small and statistically insignificant anomaly intercepts when allowing for three or more latent factors. The non-U.S. model performs better in emerging than in developed markets, while showing substantial differences across countries. On average, only 10 characteristics significantly contribute to the models’ performance. Market beta, momentum, and firm size characteristics instrument for systemic exposure in U.S. and non-U.S. models, while investment and book-to-market do not. (JEL G11, G12, G14, G15)
Received January 28, 2021; editorial decision July 30, 2021
Measuring societal impact of research—Developing and validating an impact instrument for occupational health and safety
Authors: Sørensen Ole Henning , Bjørner Jakob , Holtermann Andreas , Dyreborg Johnny , Sørli Jorid Birkelund , Kristiansen Jesper , Nielsen Steffen Bohni 
Published: September 2021

AbstractResearch funders and policymakers increasingly focus on societal benefits of their investments in research. Research institutions thus face increasing pressure to demonstrate their societal impact to prove their legitimacy and worth. To this end, research institutions need reliable, quantitative methods to measure societal impact. This article describes the development and test of an instrument to quantitatively measure societal impact of applied research at research institution and program levels. It demonstrates the successful validation of the instrument in the multi-disciplinary field of occupational health and safety. The instrument, the Societal Impact Instrument: Occupational Health and Safety Research (SII:OHSR), produces an aggregate measure of societal impact for the research institution as a whole and subscales for each research program. The SII:OHSR instrument is built on a process model of knowledge translation and exchange. It has been developed in the context of multi-disciplinary occupational health and safety research. The instrument is constructed as a generalized and context-independent tool that can be relocated to other research domains and languages. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first singular instrument that quantitatively measures societal impact. It is therefore highly pertinent for the research evaluation field.
The Life Cycle Effects of Corporate Takeover Defenses
Authors: Johnson William C , Karpoff Jonathan M , Yi Sangho 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe document that the relation between firm value and the use of takeover defenses is positive for young firms but becomes negative as firms age. This value reversal pattern reflects specific changes in the costs and benefits of takeover defenses as firms age and arises because defenses are sticky and rarely removed. Firms can attenuate the value reversal by removing defenses, but do so only when the defenses become very costly and adjustment costs are low. The value reversal explains previous mixed evidence about takeover defenses and implies that firm age proxies for takeover defenses’ heterogeneous impacts on firm value.Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
“Littered with Logos!”: An Investigation into the Relationship between Water Provision, Humanitarian Branding, Donor Accountability, and Self-Reliance in Ugandan Refugee Settlements
Authors: Martin Diana , Brown Julia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The branding of humanitarian assets and programme signage (often in English) is common practice in displacement contexts. Such visibility is a reminder of the special status of refugee spaces and a requirement imposed by donors. However, such branding, which forms part of the humanitarian organisations’ accountability to donors, raises profound issues in relation to the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) and the agenda of refugee self-reliance. Drawing on our work on water access in Ugandan refugee settlements for humanitarian NGOs, we present a case study that explores the humanitarian response and its implications on the sustainability of water provision through the lens of branding and accountability. As donors and taxpayers become the (distant) audiences of visibility strategies, we argue that the branding of water structures, coupled with the lack of accountability to affected populations (AAPs) potentially undermines refugees’ sense of ownership necessary for the future upkeep and maintenance of water sources. The sector may thus compromise the sustainability of programming as advanced by the CRRF. As accountability to donors is prioritised over AAP, we argue that the impact of branding on sustainability of water provision can be better understood by investigating its psychological effects on programme beneficiaries.
The role of Universities in Transformative Innovation Policy
Authors: Parker Rachel , Lundgren Petra 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The entrepreneurial and innovative activities that universities perform in addition to teaching and research have been aligned to an Innovation Systems Policy framework, which has been the dominant paradigm of innovation policy for several decades. However, Innovation Policy is being reframed in response to the growing recognition that inequality, poverty, climate change, and environmental challenges persist and are deepening despite substantial public investment in science and technology and the growth of university outreach activities associated with the entrepreneurial Third Mission vision. This paper outlines an alternative Transformative Innovation Policy agenda that unpacks the role of Universities in social change. This conceptual framework is operationalised through a description of the research practices that would underpin a Transformative Innovation Policy mission for Universities in addressing major social changes associated with obesity, decarbonisation of transport, ocean plastics, and pandemics.
Treating, Preventing, Feigning, Concealing: Sickness, Agency and the Medical Culture of the British Naval Seaman at the End of the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Caputo Sara 
Published: September 2021

Summary
Seen as a crucial historical step in the development of ‘modern’ institutional healthcare, eighteenth-century British naval medicine has traditionally been studied from the point of view of the state and of physicians and surgeons: naval sailors’ attitudes towards health, medicine and their own bodies remain virtually unexplored. Using official and personal sources, this article sketches a ‘patient’s history’ of late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century British ratings. Aiming to counterbalance Foucauldian interpretations, it highlights some of the ways in which individuals, even when apparently most powerless, confined in ships far from home, and controlled by rigidly disciplined institutions, could take responsibility for their health, successfully or otherwise, within, against or alongside the system. If the unprecedented administrative requirements of the French Wars strengthened and standardised top-down medical authority, they also brought opportunities for evasion and negotiation. This complicates established narratives of the relationship between modern medicine, the armed forces and power.