bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mode division multiplexing for multiple particles noncontact simultaneous trap
Authors: Zhang Yaxun , Zhou Yu , Tang Xiaoyun , Wang Zhen , Zhang Yu , Liu Zhihai , Zhang JianZhong , Yang Jun , Yuan Libo 
Published: June 2021

We propose and demonstrate an optical trap on the basis of a normal single-mode fiber (SMF), which is used to trap two particles in the axial direction at the same time without contact based on mode division multiplexing technology. We design and manufacture a tapered fiber probe. The

L
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11

mode beam is excited by docking a normal SMF to a 980 nm SMF with a 2 µm offset. Then the beams of

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01

and

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11

are both transmitted in the fiber. To converge the

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mode beam, a SMF with a tapered end is used to produce a cage for trapping the first microparticle. This particle acts as a lens to converge the

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01

mode beam to trap the second microparticle. We verify the feasibility of trapping two particles simultaneously through simulation. With this function, the proposed optical trap is easier to manipulate different individual particles for comparison and testing, which can promote the development of the biological, biophysical, colloidal, and soft matter fields.
Vitamin D and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Butler-Laporte Guillaume , Nakanishi Tomoko , Mooser Vincent , Morrison David R. , Abdullah Tala , Adeleye Olumide , Mamlouk Noor , Kimchi Nofar , Afrasiabi Zaman , Rezk Nardin , Giliberti Annarita , Renieri Alessandra , Chen Yiheng , Zhou Sirui , Forgetta Vincenzo , Richards J. Brent 
Published: June 2021

Background
Increased vitamin D levels, as reflected by 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) measurements, have been proposed to protect against COVID-19 based on in vitro, observational, and ecological studies. However, vitamin D levels are associated with many confounding variables, and thus associations described to date may not be causal. Vitamin D Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have provided results that are concordant with large-scale vitamin D randomized trials. Here, we used 2-sample MR to assess evidence supporting a causal effect of circulating 25OHD levels on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.

Methods and findings
Genetic variants strongly associated with 25OHD levels in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 443,734 participants of European ancestry (including 401,460 from the UK Biobank) were used as instrumental variables. GWASs of COVID-19 susceptibility, hospitalization, and severe disease from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative were used as outcome GWASs. These included up to 14,134 individuals with COVID-19, and up to 1,284,876 without COVID-19, from up to 11 countries. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was determined by laboratory testing or medical chart review. Population controls without COVID-19 were also included in the control groups for all outcomes, including hospitalization and severe disease. Analyses were restricted to individuals of European descent when possible. Using inverse-weighted MR, genetically increased 25OHD levels by 1 standard deviation on the logarithmic scale had no significant association with COVID-19 susceptibility (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95; 95% CI 0.84, 1.08; p = 0.44), hospitalization (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.33; p = 0.41), and severe disease (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.22; p = 0.77). We used an additional 6 meta-analytic methods, as well as conducting sensitivity analyses after removal of variants at risk of horizontal pleiotropy, and obtained similar results. These results may be limited by weak instrument bias in some analyses. Further, our results do not apply to individuals with vitamin D deficiency.

Conclusions
In this 2-sample MR study, we did not observe evidence to support an association between 25OHD levels and COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, or hospitalization. Hence, vitamin D supplementation as a means of protecting against worsened COVID-19 outcomes is not supported by genetic evidence. Other therapeutic or preventative avenues should be given higher priority for COVID-19 randomized controlled trials.
Risk of prostate cancer in relatives of prostate cancer patients in Sweden: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Xu Xing , Kharazmi Elham , Tian Yu , Mukama Trasias , Sundquist Kristina , Sundquist Jan , Brenner Hermann , Fallah Mahdi 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundEvidence-based guidance for starting ages of screening for first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) to prevent stage III/IV or fatal PCa is lacking in current PCa screening guidelines. We aimed to provide evidence for risk-adapted starting age of screening for relatives of patients with PCa.Methods and findingsIn this register-based nationwide cohort study, all men (aged 0 to 96 years at baseline) residing in Sweden who were born after 1931 along with their fathers were included. During the follow-up (1958 to 2015) of 6,343,727 men, 88,999 were diagnosed with stage III/IV PCa or died of PCa. The outcomes were defined as the diagnosis of stage III/IV PCa or death due to PCa, stratified by age at diagnosis. Using 10-year cumulative risk curves, we calculated risk-adapted starting ages of screening for men with different constellations of family history of PCa. The 10-year cumulative risk of stage III/IV or fatal PCa in men at age 50 in the general population (a common recommended starting age of screening) was 0.2%. Men with≥2 FDRs diagnosed with PCa reached this screening level at age 41 (95% confidence interval (CI): 39 to 44), i.e., 9 years earlier, when the youngest one was diagnosed before age 60; at age 43 (41 to 47), i.e., 7 years earlier, when≥2 FDRs were diagnosed after age 59, which was similar to that of men with 1 FDR diagnosed before age 60 (41 to 45); and at age 45 (44 to 46), when 1 FDR was diagnosed at age 60 to 69 and 47 (46 to 47), when 1 FDR was diagnosed after age 69. We also calculated risk-adapted starting ages for other benchmark screening ages, such as 45, 55, and 60 years, and compared our findings with those in the guidelines. Study limitations include the lack of genetic data, information on lifestyle, and external validation.ConclusionsOur study provides practical information for risk-tailored starting ages of PCa screening based on nationwide cancer data with valid genealogical information. Our clinically relevant findings could be used for evidence-based personalized PCa screening guidance and supplement current PCa screening guidelines for relatives of patients with PCa.
Association between industry payments and prescriptions of long-acting insulin: An observational study with propensity score matching
Authors: Inoue Kosuke , Tsugawa Yusuke , Mangione Carol M. , Duru O. Kenrik 
Published: June 2021

Background
The rapidly increased spending on insulin is a major public health issue in the United States. Industry marketing might be one of the upstream determinants of physicians’ prescription of long-acting insulin—the most commonly used and costly type of insulin, but the evidence is lacking. We therefore aimed to investigate the association between industry payments to physicians and subsequent prescriptions of long-acting insulin.

Methods and findings
Using the databases of Open Payments and Medicare Part D, we examined the association between the receipt of industry payments for long-acting insulin in 2016 and (1) the number of claims; (2) the costs paid for all claims; and (3) the costs per claim of long-acting insulin in 2017. We also examined the association between the receipt of payments and the change in these outcomes from 2016 to 2017. We employed propensity score matching to adjust for the physician-level characteristics (sex, years in practice, specialty, and medical school attended). Among 145,587 eligible physicians treating Medicare beneficiaries, 51,851 physicians received industry payments for long-acting insulin worth $22.3 million. In the propensity score–matched analysis including 102,590 physicians, we found that physicians who received the payments prescribed a higher number of claims (adjusted difference, 57.8; 95% CI, 55.8 to 59.7), higher costs for total claims (adjusted difference, +$22,111; 95% CI, $21,387 to $22,836), and higher costs per claim (adjusted difference, +$71.1; 95% CI, $69.0 to $73.2) of long-acting insulin, compared with physicians who did not receive the payments. The association was also found for changes in these outcomes from 2016 to 2017. Limitations to our study include limited generalizability, confounding, and possible reverse causation.

Conclusions
Industry marketing payments to physicians for long-acting insulin were associated with the physicians’ prescriptions and costs of long-acting insulin in the subsequent year. Future research is needed to assess whether policy interventions on physician–industry financial relationships will help to ensure appropriate prescriptions and limit overall costs of this essential drug for diabetes care.
Integrated treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs: A multicenter randomized controlled trial (INTRO-HCV)
Authors: Fadnes Lars T. , Aas Christer Frode , Vold Jørn Henrik , Leiva Rafael Alexander , Ohldieck Christian , Chalabianloo Fatemeh , Skurtveit Svetlana , Lygren Ole Jørgen , Dalgård Olav , Vickerman Peter , Midgard Håvard , Løberg Else-Marie , Johansson Kjell Arne ,   for the INTRO-HCV Study Group
Published: June 2021

Background
The standard pathways of testing and treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in tertiary healthcare are not easily accessed by people who inject drugs (PWID). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of integrated treatment of chronic HCV infection among PWID.

Methods and findings
INTRO-HCV is a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants recruited from opioid agonist therapy (OAT) and community care clinics in Norway over 2017 to 2019 were randomly 1:1 assigned to the 2 treatment approaches. Integrated treatment was delivered by multidisciplinary teams at opioid agonist treatment clinics or community care centers (CCCs) for people with substance use disorders. This included on-site testing for HCV, liver fibrosis assessment, counseling, treatment, and posttreatment follow-up. Standard treatment was delivered in hospital outpatient clinics. Oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications were administered in both arms. The study was not completely blinded. The primary outcomes were time-to-treatment initiation and sustained virologic response (SVR), defined as undetectable HCV RNA 12 weeks after treatment completion, analyzed with intention to treat, and presented as hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.
Among 298 included participants, 150 were randomized to standard treatment, of which 116/150 (77%) initiated treatment, with 108/150 (72%) initiating within 1 year of referral. Among those 148 randomized to integrated care, 145/148 (98%) initiated treatment, with 141/148 (95%) initiating within 1 year of referral. The HR for the time to initiating treatment in the integrated arm was 2.2 (1.7 to 2.9) compared to standard treatment. SVR was confirmed in 123 (85% of initiated/83% of all) for integrated treatment compared to 96 (83% of initiated/64% of all) for the standard treatment (OR among treated: 1.5 [0.8 to 2.9], among all: 2.8 [1.6 to 4.8]). No severe adverse events were linked to the treatment.

Conclusions
Integrated treatment for HCV in PWID was superior to standard treatment in terms of time-to-treatment initiation, and subsequently, more people achieved SVR. Among those who initiated treatment, the SVR rates were comparable. Scaling up of integrated treatment models could be an important tool for elimination of HCV.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov.no NCT03155906
Prevalence of elevated liver transaminases and their relationship with alcohol use in people living with HIV on anti-retroviral therapy in Uganda
Authors: Freiman J. Morgan , Fatch Robin , Cheng Debbie , Emenyonu Nneka , Ngabirano Christine , Geadas Carolina , Adong Julian , Muyindike Winnie R. , Linas Benjamin P. , Jacobson Karen R. , Hahn Judith A. 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundIsoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) reduces tuberculosis reactivation and mortality among persons living with HIV (PLWH), yet hepatotoxicity concerns exclude “regular and heavy alcohol drinkers” from IPT. We aimed to determine the prevalence of elevated liver transaminases among PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who engage in alcohol use.SettingThe Immune Suppression Syndrome Clinic of Mbarara, Uganda.MethodsWe defined elevated liver transaminases as ≥1.25 times (X) the upper limit of normal (ULN) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST). We evaluated the associations of current alcohol use and other variables of interest (sex, body mass index, and ART regimen) with elevated transaminases at study screening, using multivariable logistic regression to obtain adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsAmong 1301 participants (53% female, median age 39 years, 67.4% current alcohol use), 18.8% (95% CI: 16.8–21.1) had elevated transaminases pre-IPT, with few (1.1%) severe (≥5X the ULN). The proportion with any elevation among those currently using alcohol and those abstaining was 22.3% and 11.6%, respectively (p<0.01). In multivariable analyses, those currently using alcohol had higher odds of elevated transaminases compared to those abstaining (aOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.15–2.37) as did males compared to females (aOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.90–3.78).ConclusionsPre-IPT elevated transaminases among PLWH receiving ART were common, similar to prior estimates, but severe elevations were rare. Current drinking and male sex were independently associated with elevated transaminases. Further research is needed to determine the implications of such transaminase elevations and alcohol use on providing IPT.
Not far enough: Public health policies to combat COVID-19 in Mexico’s states
Authors: Knaul Felicia , Arreola-Ornelas Héctor , Porteny Thalia , Touchton Michael , Sánchez-Talanquer Mariano , Méndez Óscar , Chertorivski Salomón , Ortega Sonia , Chudnovsky Mariana , Kuri Pablo ,   the group from the Observatory for the Containment of COVID-19 in the Americas
Published: June 2021

BackgroundMexican state governments’ actions are essential to control the COVID-19 pandemic within the country. However, the type, rigor and pace of implementation of public policies have varied considerably between states. Little is known about the subnational (state) variation policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.Material and methodsWe collected daily information on public policies designed to inform the public, as well as to promote distancing, and mask use. The policies analyzed were: School Closure, Workplace Closure, Cancellation of Public Events, Restrictions on Gatherings, Stay at Home Order, Public Transit Suspensions, Information Campaigns, Internal Travel Controls, International Travel Controls, Use of Face Masks We use these data to create a composite index to evaluate the adoption of these policies in the 32 states. We then assess the timeliness and rigor of the policies across the country, from the date of the first case, February 27, 2020.ResultsThe national average in the index during the 143 days of the pandemic was 41.1 out of a possible 100 points on our index. Nuevo León achieved the highest performance (50.4); San Luis Potosí the lowest (34.1). The differential between the highest versus the lowest performance was 47.4%.ConclusionsThe study identifies variability and heterogeneity in how and when Mexican states implemented policies to contain COVID-19. We demonstrate the absence of a uniform national response and widely varying stringency of state responses. We also show how these responses are not based on testing and do not reflect the local burden of disease. National health system stewardship and a coordinated, timely, rigorous response to the pandemic did not occur in Mexico but is desirable to contain COVID-19.
Worldly Desires: Cosmopolitanism and Cinema in Hong Kong and Taiwan, Brian Hu (2018)
Authors: Poon Erica Ka-yan 
Published: June 2021

Review of: Worldly Desires: Cosmopolitanism and Cinema in Hong Kong and Taiwan, Brian Hu (2018)
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 264 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-47442-845-3, h/bk, £75.00
ISBN 978-1-47442-846-0, p/bk, £19.99
Molecular and Histological Profiling Reveals an Innate-Shaped Immune Microenvironment in Solitary Juvenile Polyps
Authors: Zysset Daniel , Montani Matteo , Spalinger Johannes , Schibli Susanne , Zlobec Inti , Mueller Christoph , Sokollik Christiane 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Solitary juvenile polyps (JP) are characterized by a benign disease course with low recurrence rate but present with signs of intestinal inflammation. To better understand the underlying pathogenesis, we performed histological and molecular evaluation targeting distinct immune mechanisms.

METHODS:
Pediatric patients with JP (n = 12), with treatment-naïve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; [n = 41]) as inflammatory control, and non-IBD controls (n = 14) were investigated. For a comparative analysis of infiltrating immune cells, a next-generation tissue microarray of biopsies was assembled, immunostained, and scored. Targeted transcriptional profiling was performed using a customized immunology panel.

RESULTS:
In JP, a predominant accumulation of neutrophils and eosinophils was observed. RNA expression profiles revealed increased levels of CXCL8, CXCL5, and CCL11 transcripts in JP, indicating an enhanced recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils. Moreover, messenger RNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL1b and the inflammation-amplifying receptor TREM1 were higher in JP, whereas we could not find signs of a functionally polarized Tcell response in JP when compared with IBD.

DISCUSSION:
Patients with JP and patients with treatment-naïve IBD have distinct cell infiltrates during active disease. The ample presence of eosinophils in JP supports neutrophil accumulation, which is responsible for the elevated release of calprotectin. Intriguingly, however, we were not able to identify a functionally polarized T-cell response in JP, which indicates that during the acute onset of inflammation in JP, a potent adaptive immune memory is not established. This may explain the low reoccurrence rate of JP.

JOURNAL/cltg/04.03/01720094-202106000-00004/inline-graphic1/v/2023-10-30T172508Z/r/image-tiff
Correlation of LINE-1 Hypomethylation With Size and Pathologic Extent of Dysplasia in Colorectal Tubular Adenomas
Authors: Jiang Alice C. , Buckingham Lela , Bishehsari Faraz , Sutherland Stephanie , Ma Karen , Melson Joshua E. 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Conventional adenomas (tubular adenoma [TA] or tubulovillous adenoma) and sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) are neoplastic precancerous lesions frequently detected in patients undergoing average risk screening colonoscopy and polyp surveillance. Metachronous risk stratification of adenomas is currently limited to histologic features and size of polyps. We report long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) methylation levels in SSL in comparison to TA and the impact of TA size and presence of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) on LINE-1 methylation.

METHODS:
LINE-1 methylation was assessed by pyrosequencing of bisulfite-converted DNA. We compared LINE-1 methylation between TA and SSL, among varying sizes of TA, and between TA with HGD and low-grade dysplasia (LGD).

RESULTS:
LINE-1 methylation declined with increasing polyp size in TA when comparing those <5 mm (72.31 ± 6.11), 5 to <10 mm (67.50 ± 7.00), and ≥10 mm (66.75 ± 11.89). There were lower LINE-1 methylation levels in TA with LGD (n = 119) compared with SSLs (n = 29) (69.11 ± 8.62 vs 81.41 ± 2.43, P < 0.001). TA containing HGD (n = 26) had lower LINE-1 methylation levels than those with LGD (n = 119) (59.86 ± 7.93 vs 69.11 ± 8.62, P < 0.001).

DISCUSSION:
HGD and increasing size of TA/tubulovillous adenoma were associated with lower LINE-1 methylation. This supports a hypothesis that LINE-1 hypomethylation in TAs indicates advancement along the CRC tumorigenesis pathway. Lower LINE-1 methylation and greater variance of global DNA methylation was seen in TA compared with SSL. LINE-1 methylation in adenomas correlates with polyp size and degree of dysplasia and deserves further study as a predictor of metachronous colorectal cancer risk.
Lekcje (polskiego) z wielokulturowości. Praca z serią „Wojny dorosłych – historie dzieci” w szkole podstawowej na wybranych przykładach
Authors: Wawer Karolina 
Published: June 2021

Artykuł podejmuje temat wielokulturowości, rzadko obecny na lekcjach języka polskiego w szkole podstawowej. Autorka dokonuje przeglądu i charakterystyki serii wydawniczej Wojny dorosłych – historie dzieci, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem książek, które podejmują temat kryzysu migracyjnego. W części poświęconej praktyce polonistycznej omówione zostały szczegółowo dwa cykle lekcji zaplanowane i przeprowadzone wokół książek Która to Malala? Renaty Piątkowskiej oraz Teraz tu jest nasz dom Barbary Gawryluk. Opisano konkretne, sprawdzone w praktyce działania dydaktyczne wraz z ich celami i funkcją edukacyjną.
Finns det kvinnliga astronauter?
Authors: Mossberg Mari 
Published: June 2021

Are There Any Female Astronauts? On Gender-Inclusive Translation of Non-Fiction Books for Children
This article deals with gender-inclusive translation of information books for children. Translation solutions drawn from three non-fiction books translated from French to Swedish by different translators are discussed in terms of gender neutrality and inclusion. Analysis reveals that, although the Swedish translations are comparatively free in relation to the original texts, the translators differ in their tendency to make use of gender-inclusive translation strategies, such as employing gender-neutral occupational terms, avoiding masculine generic forms, reformulating gender-biased passages, representing parenthood as more equal and making women visible in the translation by the explicit mention of female experiences and characters. While emphasizing the importance of being attentive to gender issues in information books for young children, it is argued that gender-neutralising interventions can be made in translations of this text type without putting the overall purpose of the book at risk.