bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do You Drink Glacier Water? Probably
Authors: Taillant Jorge Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between glacier melt, sea level, and water supply and the relationship between the water we drink at home and use for agriculture to mountain glaciers. It describes the Earth’s freshwater supply and its various compositions and locations. It gives concrete examples of different sized glaciers and their relative freshwater contribution to nearby populations. It reviews the freshwater basin storage and regulation role that glaciers play in ecosystems and the importance of glaciers as sources of freshwater for human consumption and agriculture during warm and dry months as well as during prolonged drought periods.
Glaciers Are White, Oceans Are Blue, the Earth Is Warming, and So Are You!
Authors: Taillant Jorge Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the critical role glaciers play in reflecting solar heat back into space and how the melting of glaciers reveals darker land and water surfaces that leads to surface heat absorption and global warming. The chapter gets into the dynamics of albedo and surface heat, explaining the causes of color change on glaciers, such as soot and volcanic ash deposits. It reviews the significant albedo contributions of glacier and sea-ice covered surfaces of the Arctic, Greenland, and Antarctica and discusses the urban heat island effect in cities as an analogy to glacier surface warming due to darkening. The chapter also examines geological history and anthropogenic causes of glacier surface albedo changes, such as the industrial revolution.
Trajective Locomotion
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the perceptual and aesthetic properties of the “follow shot,” a tracking shot that follows a human subject on foot from behind. Analyzing two films that conspicuously explore the follow shot as their core stylistic principle, Alan Clarke’s Elephant (1989) and Gus Van Sant’s Elephant (2003), this chapter shows how the formal properties of the follow shot—the camera’s forward movement, its denial of the subject’s face, and its sense of being tethered to its subject—are crucial to each film’s meditation on violence and human agency. By visually emphasizing the forward movement of its subjects while denying access to their interiorities (via the face), the follow shot attunes its viewers to its subject’s agency as a sense of pure “towardness” devoid of psychological insight, an effect the chapter calls “trajectivity.” Such a mode of representing subjectivity, the chapter argues, opposes cinematic traditions that rely on a seamless relation between psychological motivation, human expression, and human action. In doing so, the chapter offers a revised film theoretical account of the relation between camera movement, expression, and ethics.
Bleeding Pixels
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the aesthetic properties and phenomenological effects of compression glitches—blocky image distortions that momentarily deform digitally compressed video. As visible expressions of the invisible processes of digital video compression, compression glitches offer unprecedented encounters with the technological production of cinematic motion. Two distinct consequences of these encounters are explored in this chapter. First, because compression glitches are more likely to occur when the compression algorithm is overworked by large volumes of onscreen movement, the ubiquity of compression glitches has yielded a spectatorial sensitivity to the magnitude of movement on screen. Second, because compression glitches extract movement itself (i.e., algorithmic motion instructions) from its original visual context, the visual qualities of such glitches heighten our attention to the formal qualities of movement as distinct from the actions and events that such movements comprise. Taken together, these two spectatorial effects of the compression glitch illuminate new orientations toward cinematic motion in the digital era. Describing these orientations, the chapter argues, can model a form of inquiry that bridges the gap between technologically oriented and phenomenologically oriented accounts of “digital cinema.”
“With Deep Regret and Reluctance”
Authors: Waller James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
On January 9, 2020, a compromise agreement was reached that promised “a fair and balanced basis upon which to restore the institutions” of Northern Ireland’s system of governance. Governance refers, broadly, to the ways in which authority in a country is exercised. How are governments selected, monitored, and replaced? What is the capacity of the government to develop and implement sound policies? To what degree do the citizens respect the state and the institutions that govern them? Nearly all early warning systems for violent conflict include various traits of governance as risk factors. In contemporary Northern Ireland, where politics is now the weapon of choice, this chapter will consider five specific risk factors related to the practice of governance: (1) regime type, (2) state legitimacy deficit, (3) weakness of state structures, (4) identity-based polar factionalism, and (5) systematic state-led discrimination.
Conclusion: “I Hope It Wasn’t All a Waste”
Authors: Waller James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As we have seen throughout history, the road to a sustainable peace is a long and winding one, rife with potholes and perils. So, in a comparative sense, Northern Ireland deserves credit that the Good Friday Agreement, despite rewarding separateness over integration, has held for more than 20 years. Yet it seems there is a dangerous trajectory in contemporary Northern Ireland that has regional, global, and, most importantly, human implications for how we understand the transitions a society goes through in moving from conflict to a stable, enduring, and sustainable peace. More than two decades after the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland finds itself in a shallow, troubled sleep, and its future, moving more quickly each day, is trending in a darker and more dangerous direction. How it awakes from that troubled sleep will determine whether it is on the edge of a new beginning or a painfully familiar old precipice.
Indian Volleyball
Authors: Paul Bino 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bino Paul’s essay examines international data on participation and success in volleyball and draws some interesting, early linkages between sports performance and institutional changes outside sports to answer the question, how do participative sports such as volleyball under global conditions assume success or failure? Positing one’s own local lived experience as a starting point, helps to delve into an understanding these developments, of the political economy of fading sponsorships, commercial ventures, and professional competitions.
Women’s Cricket in India
Authors: Gupta Raadhika 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Raadhika Gupta’s essay steps into cricket deploying a gender lens locating women’s cricket squarely within the larger, ‘masculine’ world of cricket where it essays a disruptive path. Despite occupying an outsider status, several factors have pushed for women’s inclusion within cricket, with implications of such changing gender dynamics within the sport for gender equality in the wider field of sport and society. The possibilities of transcending exclusion is suggested through early training, local support, more match opportunities, common governing and similar compensation structures, and media attention. These and other societal forces can act as a strong equalizer in social relations.
Testing the Limits of Science
Authors: Pape Madeleine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Madeleine Pape’s critical essay puts the issue of gender eligibility regulations in Olympic sports in historical perspective and examines the scientific debates around gender verification pointing to its formation and continued grounding in the racialized colonial gaze. A historical review of the field of athletics illuminates the deeply subjective nature of the production of scientific knowledge and its application in the verification of gender. Further, discriminatory role of sport governing bodies in perpetuating masculinist and racialized ideologies in insisting on scrutiny in the participation of women, inspection of their ‘unfeminine’ bodies, to invasive gender tests of ‘suspicious’ cases, continues unabated, especially of the global South.
Perspectives on Sports History in India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Kausik 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Kausik Bandyopadhyay’s chapter provides an account of what a history of sports should mean in India and the travails of establishing it with an academic focus provides a glimpse of an emerging, vibrant sub-discipline. Beginning with histories of established sports such as football and cricket, the essay focuses on researching sports history in the contemporary that poses numerous dilemmas and constraints for academics interested in history writing. Added to this are the experiences of teaching of sports, and the pedagogical engagement in the academy.
Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports
Authors: Prakash Kaveri 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Given that the current strategies focusing on deterrence and punishment are increasingly ineffective worldwide, is there a radically different approach to ensuring a level playing field? This essay explores the growing discourse on alternate approaches to controlling the use of performance enhancing substances (PES) in sports and reflects on the fact that social and cultural behaviour patterns, plus a lack of ethics in the practice of medicine are the issues that need to be tackled urgently in this eagerness to ensure a level playing field in sports. Kaveri Prakash cautiously argues for adopting a relatively new approach, under wide discussion, centring on a harm reduction strategy, that would allow performance enhancing substances to be administered under supervision. However, this will only be successful if regulatory and ethical frameworks in related areas are strengthened and current practices are systematically reviewed and either discarded or reformed. Moreover, India needs to pay serious attention to its sporting population, on and off the field, in order to gauge its response to regulation.
Sport for Development and Peace
Authors: Ananthakrishnan S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sport has been used as a core component of programming and in building inclusive social spaces long before it was finally recognized and mainstreamed as a part of the Millennium Development Goals and later in the Sustainable Development Goals. S Ananthakrishnan describes in detail the progressive incorporation of sports in the UN development agenda and discusses the limits and possibilities for member countries like India. The chapter is designed around the issue of sports as a new engine for social development across the globe and its role in empowering the disadvantaged, and its potential for combatting discrimination, engaging youth and women. Until very recently development studies scholars have neglected the rich possibilities of sports as an entry point and a stimulus for change. However, over the decade it has become a strategy for social intervention among disadvantaged communities. The richer countries of the Global North have to be persuaded to invest in sports and its equitable growth in the developing regions, thus defining a new path of international cooperation.
Introduction
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Near the Senkaku Islands, Chinese and Japanese vessels regularly engage in tense encounters about who has rights to control the nearby waters. Their standoffs represent just one of several points of friction that center on who controls the world’s oceans and what the rules are for their use. The oceans are often described as lawless or anarchic, but that characterization obscures as much as it explains. For centuries, there has been a rudimentary legal framework for the oceans: “freedom of the seas.” Yet freedom of the seas has come under strain in recent decades as governments have won more control of ocean space and as international regulation of the oceans has intensified. Constructing a stable basis for future ocean governance remains a significant international challenge.
Adrift
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The years following the Second World War saw dramatic national expansion into the ocean. The United States began the process in 1945 by claiming the continental shelf and expanded fishing rights. Other countries followed suit, sometimes with even more ambitious claims. New concerns about overfishing motivated many countries to expand their national waters. National pressure on freedom of the seas combined with a conceptual challenge as newly independent countries argued that the doctrine had aided colonialism by the West. On the environmental front, figures like Rachel Carson warned about the damage humans were inflicting on the oceans. Meanwhile, ocean commerce went through a revolution prompted by the development of container shipping. The Soviet Union became a major maritime power, a transformation that would have major implications for the effort to provide a new legal framework for the oceans.
System Under Strain
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Seabed mining became more active as companies invested in technologies to harvest valuable minerals. Momentum toward commercial mining would test directly the idea of international control of ocean space. The industry’s prospects also revived attention to whether the United States might join the Convention, and the Obama administration pushed to secure ratification. That effort failed, mostly because of conservative concerns about the internationalization of the seabed. Washington’s continued refusal to join the Convention created a complicated situation in which the leading maritime power claimed to defend maritime rules but was outside the Convention. From inside the Convention, China and Russia both challenged maritime rules. Both countries rejected international rulings critical of their maritime behavior. Despite an international ruling, China continued its efforts to secure special rights in the South China Sea, and the United States responded by increasing its naval activities in the area and conducting more freedom of navigation operations.
Making Broadway Dance
Authors: Gennaro Liza 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Musical theater dance is an ever-changing and evolving dance form, egalitarian in its embrace of any and all dance genres. It is a living, transforming art developed by exceptional dance artists requiring dramaturgical understanding; character analysis; knowledge of history, art, design; and, most importantly, an extensive knowledge of dance, both intellectual and embodied. Its ghettoization within criticism and scholarship as a throw-away dance form, undeserving of analysis—derivative, cliché ridden, titillating and predictable, the ugly stepsister of both theater and dance—belies and ignores the historic role it has had in musicals as an expressive form equal to book, music, and lyric. The standard adage, “when you can’t speak anymore sing, when you can’t sing anymore dance,” expresses its importance in musical theater as the ultimate form of heightened emotional, visceral, and intellectual expression. Through in-depth analysis author Liza Gennaro examines Broadway choreography through the lens of dance studies, script analysis, movement research, and dramaturgical inquiry offering a close examination of a dance form that has heretofore received only the most superficial interrogation. This book reveals the choreographic systems of some of Broadway’s most influential dance-makers, including George Balanchine, Agnes de Mille, Jerome Robbins, Katherine Dunham, Bob Fosse, Donald McKayle, Savion Glover, Sergio Trujillo, Steven Hoggett, and Camille Brown. Making Broadway Dance is essential reading for theater and dance scholars, students, practitioners, and Broadway fans.
Musical Theater Dance Training and Choreography in the 1920–1930s
Authors: Gennaro Liza 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an examination of how Broadway dancers were trained, the introduction of jazz dance to Broadway, the 1920s gradual move away from unison line dancing in favor of the individuated chorus, and how a few dance directors began to consider dance in musicals in relation to the libretto as an integrated and meaningful addition to the musical play. The common practice of Black choreographers being pushed aside while white choreographers claimed credit for their work and the essential role Black dance teachers and coaches played in training white dancers for Broadway is discussed here. Examinations of choreographic works by dance directors Buddy Bradley, Charlie Davis, Seymour Felix, Sammy Lee, Albertina Rasch, and George Balanchine establish a historical basis in preparation for the radical innovations to be discussed in subsequent chapters.
Discussion of Issues Related to Assessing Signed or Spoken Language in Children with Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Murphy Carol-Anne , Frizelle Pauline , McKean Cristina , Quintos-Pozos David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Issues regarding assessment of the deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) child with developmental language disorder (DLD) have implications for the assessment of the child with DLD who is not D/HH. Of note are suggestions regarding literacy, the potential for semantic fluency assessment to contribute to the identification of DLD, the use of standardized protocols to support assessment at the conversational level, and the necessary skills of those completing assessments. Similarly, issues in assessment and identification of children with DLD who are not D/HH have implications for practice with children who are D/HH. These include the shift from exclusionary approaches to identification and recognition of co-occurring conditions, addressing the impact of development over time and considering the contribution of dynamic assessment. This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to the assessment of deaf and hearing children with a developmental language disorder that were presented in Chapters 5.1 and 5.2.
Assessing the Oral Language Skills of Bi-/Multilinguals
Authors: Bedore Lisa M. , Peña Elizabeth D. , Durant Kathleen , McMillen Stephanie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bilingual/multilingual children who speak two (or more) languages demonstrate variability in their semantic and morphosyntactic knowledge of each of their languages. This impacts their performance on language assessment tasks that tap into knowledge of semantics and morphosyntax. As a result, children from bilingual/multilingual backgrounds tend to be misdiagnosed more often than their monolingual peers. In this chapter, the authors review how best practices in the development of assessments can be applied to bilingual/multilingual language learners. They provide examples of the development and use of language history questionnaires and of assessments of semantics and morphosyntax for bilingual/multilingual populations. The chapter focuses in large part on the development and use of these measures for the US Spanish-English speaking population because the approach has been used for a very large group of children and can inform the development of assessments in other language pairs.
Discussion of Issues Related to Assessment Constructs in Spoken and Signed Languages
Authors: Macqueen Susy , Haug Tobias 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Thinking about what is assessed—the construct—in any language assessment raises questions about the nature of language use, the nature of developmental trajectories, and whose language patterns determine what is ‘standard’. The assessment of signed languages draws attention to assessment practices and understandings that are entrenched, for better or worse, in the assessment of spoken languages. Spoken language assessments of standardized varieties tend to value the written sentence as an ideal unit, a legacy of standardization. Signed language assessments, on the other hand, may be emerging alongside processes of standardization. Capturing semiotic complexity in the construct remains a significant challenge for both signed and spoken language assessments, despite the development of corpora which exemplify it. This chapter discusses these theoretical, ideological, and practical challenges for assessing signed and spoken language abilities. It brings together key ideas from chapters Chapters 7.1 and 7.2 and offers future directions in the development of theory and practice in signed and spoken language assessments.
Validation of Spoken Language Assessments for Adult L2 Learners
Authors: Chapelle Carol A. , Lee Hye-won 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Assessments of second language speaking are used for a range of purposes, from assigning grades in language courses to certifying qualifications for employment and assessing readiness for university study. The types of validation efforts undertaken across language assessment contexts are equally wide-ranging. This chapter introduces the validation practices used to evaluate the degree to which interpretations and uses of test scores are justified in particular contexts. The types of validation practices are tied to the types of inferences that are made when tests of spoken language are used as well as the need to present empirical evidence and theoretical rationales to support the inferences.
Discussion of Validation Issues in Signed and Spoken Assessments for Adult L2 Learners
Authors: Chapelle Carol A. , Hauser Peter C. , Lee Hye-won , Rathmann Christian , Schönström Krister 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The use of argument-based validity as a framework for discussion of validity issues in spoken and signed second language (L2) assessment reveals many areas of commonality. Common areas include the role of systematic test development practices in the validity argument, the complexity of rating issues, the need to define and assess a construct of functional communication of meaning, and the centrality of test use in the validity argument. Examining these areas of commonality in this chapter reveals the fundamental similarities in the basic validity issues faced in spoken and signed language assessment. This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to validation issues related to signed and spoken language assessment that were discussed in Chapters 8.1 and 8.2.
Discourse Analysis in Second Language Speaking Assessment
Authors: Frost Kellie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Discourse analysis has been widely used in the field of language testing. This chapter provides an overview of research examining features of test-taker discourse across different task types and under different task conditions and the extent to which these features align with rating scale criteria. Attention is also drawn to discourse analytic studies of the language demands of study and work domains and the extent to which test tasks can elicit relevant features. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the challenges posed to existing high-stakes test constructs by increasing diversity in universities and workplaces and the potential for discourse analytic approaches to establish stronger alignments between testing practices and the aspects of spoken discourse relevant and valued in communication.