bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed production.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Seeds are effective and efficient plant reproductive and dispersal structures consisting of an embryo, food supply and protected covering. As the start of the next generation, seeds occupy a critical position in plant life history and in the survival of the species (Black et al., 2000). Seed husbandry formed the basis for early agriculture and eventual civilization. People learned to plant, harvest, and preserve the seeds of certain grasses for winter and they abandoned nomadic life to build permanent settlements (Copeland and McDonald, 2001). Long viability has allowed seeds to be passed from generation to generation, with some, e.g. the Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) remaining viable for as long as 1000 years (Janick, 1986). Seeds are remarkably varied and diverse. The orchid species boasts the smallest known seed, a dust-like particle hardly visible to the naked eye (Copeland and McDonald, 2001). Large perennial plants typically have the heaviest seed size, e.g. coconut.. Shape ranges from round or oval in many seed species, to triangular, elliptic, elongated, spiked, thorned, and hairy or winged, depending on the natural method of disposal. Together with differences in size and shape, seeds are highly diverse in a number of other aspects, many of which are relevant to horticultural production and seed technology which has developed to address such issues as seed dormancy, viability and storage life.
Abuse is not a zero‐sum game! The case for zero tolerance of match official physical and verbal abuse
Authors: Dawson Peter , Webb Tom , Downward Paul 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTEmergent research has investigated the impact of abuse on the decision of match officials to leave their sport. The existing literature is largely descriptive and qualitative. Based on large surveys of football referees in France and the Netherlands, this paper investigates the factors that are associated with the verbal and physical abuse of the referees and also the association of this abuse with the intentions of referees to quit officiating. The associations are investigated by estimating the marginal effects from bivariate probit and probit models respectively. Bivariate probit estimation reveals a strong correlation between each form of abuse. Both, unsurprisingly, are also positively associated with years of experience of referees. Probit estimation reveals that both forms of abuse, as well as intimidation from refereeing certain teams, are associated with an increased consideration of referees to quit. As increased intention to quit is also associated with the experience of the referee it is likely that the effect of abuse on referee considerations of quitting increase through time. The main conclusions are that the alternative forms of abuse are not zero‐sum and both should be targeted by governing bodies to reduce the decline in the number of football referees. The data show that support of referees, for example through mentoring, can offset stated intentions to quit.Highlights
This study looks at the factors that are associated with verbal and physical abuse of football referees and the association of this abuse with the intentions to quit.
The alternative forms of abuse are not zero‐sum and both should be targeted to reduce the decline in referees.
Support of referees, for example through mentoring, can offset stated intentions to quit.
Enhancement of hydrogen peroxide production from an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet and implications to the antibacterial activity of plasma activated water
Authors: Ghimire Bhagirath , Szili Endre J , Patenall Bethany L , Lamichhane Pradeep , Gaur Nishtha , Robson Alexander J , Trivedi Dhruv , Thet Naing T , Jenkins A Toby A , Choi Eun Ha , Short Robert D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We explore how to configure an argon atmospheric-pressure plasma jet for enhancing its production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in deionised water (DIW). The plasma jet consists of a quartz tube of 1.5 mm inner diameter and 3 mm outer diameter, with an upstream internal needle electrode (within the tube) and a downstream external cylindrical electrode (surrounding the tube). The plasma is operated by purging argon through the glass tube and applying a sinusoidal AC voltage to the internal needle electrode at 10 kV (peak–peak) with a frequency of 23.5 kHz. We study how the following operational parameters influence the production rate of H2O2 in water: tube length, inter-electrode separation distance, distance of the ground electrode from the tube orifice, distance between tube orifice and the DIW, argon flow rate and treatment time. By examining the electrical and optical properties of the plasma jet, we determine how the above operational parameters influence the major plasma processes that promote H2O2 generation through electron-induced dissociation reactions and UV photolysis within the plasma core and in the plasma afterglow; but with a caveat being that these processes are highly dependent on the water vapour content from the argon gas supply and ambient environment. We then demonstrate how the synergistic action between H2O2 and other plasma generated molecules at a plasma induced low pH in the DIW is highly effective at decontaminating common wound pathogens Gram-positive Staphylococus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The information presented in this study is relevant in the design of medical plasma devices where production of plasma reactive species such as H2O2 at physiologically useful concentrations is needed to help realise the full clinical potential of the technology.
Order–disorder transitions in a minimal model of active elasticity
Authors: Lin Guozheng , Han Zhangang , Huepe Cristián 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We introduce a new minimal model for self-propelled agents that attract, repel, and align to their neighbors through elastic interactions. This model has a simple mechanical realization and provides an approximate description of real-world systems ranging from active cell membranes to robotic or animal groups with predictive capabilities. The agents are connected to their neighbors by linear springs attached at a distance R in front of their centers of rotation. For small R, the elastic interactions mainly produce attraction-repulsion forces between agents; for large R, they mainly produce alignment. We show that the agents self-organize into collective motion through an order–disorder noise-induced transition that is discontinuous for small R and continuous for large R in finite-size systems. In large-scale systems, only the discontinuous transition will survive, as long-range order decays for intermediate noise values. This is consistent with previous results where collective motion is driven either by attraction–repulsion or by alignment forces. For large R values and different parameter settings, the system displays a novel transition to a state of quenched disorder. In this regime, lines of opposing forces are formed that separate domains with different orientations and are stabilized by noise, producing locally ordered yet globally disordered quenched states.
Optimization of coupling and global collapse in diffusively coupled socio-ecological resource exploitation networks
Authors: Holstein Tanja , Wiedermann Marc , Kurths Jürgen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Single- and multi-layer complex networks have been proven as a powerful tool to study the dynamics within social, technological, or natural systems. An often observed common goal is to optimize these systems for specific purposes by minimizing certain costs while maximizing a desired output. Acknowledging that especially real-world systems from the coupled socio-ecological realm are highly intertwined this work exemplifies that in such systems the optimization of a certain subsystem, e.g. to increase the resilience against external pressure in an ecological network, may unexpectedly diminish the stability of the whole coupled system. For this purpose we utilize an adaptation of a previously proposed conceptual bi-layer network model composed of an ecological network of diffusively coupled resources co-evolving with a social network of interacting agents that harvest these resources and learn each other’s strategies depending on individual success. We derive an optimal coupling strength that prevents collapse in as many resources as possible if one assumes that the agents’ strategies remain constant over time. We then show that if agents socially learn and adapt strategies according to their neighbors’ success, this optimal coupling strength is revealed to be a critical parameter above which the probability for a global collapse in terms of irreversibly depleted resources is high—an effect that we denote the tragedy of the optimizer. We thus find that measures which stabilize the dynamics within a certain part of a larger co-evolutionary system may unexpectedly cause the emergence of novel undesired globally stable states. Our results therefore underline the importance of holistic approaches for managing socio-ecological systems because stabilizing effects which focus on single subsystems may be counter-beneficial for the system as a whole.
Realistic and dark stellar models via embedding approach in the Rastall gravity
Authors: Mustafa G , Hussain Ibrar , Shamir M Farasat , Tie-Cheng Xia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study explores the Rastall theory of modified gravity for three different compact stars based on observational facts, by assuming the Karmarkar condition with an anisotropic fluid profile. We adopt an explicit

g

rr

metric potential element, which fulfills the important condition (Karmarkar condition). The new model permits to solve the differential equation for another metric component

g

tt

by exploiting the Karmarkar condition. Further, we present the interior solution in the allusion of the Schwarzchild interior comparable solution for Rastall theory, which is physically suitable. Moreover, we explore some physically essential attributes by using the masses and radii from observational data for three different stellar objects. It is perceived that the acquired results are physically considerable to the best degree of accuracy. All the physically essential parameters and properties are presented graphically, and these graphs display the calculated solutions that are feasible for three different stellar objects. It is noticed that the parameter c, appearing in the family of solutions that are satisfying the Karmarkar condition for the anisotropic matter, has some vital role for these solutions. Furthermore, we also explore dark stars by taking positive values of the Rastall parameter. We observe that our results are in agrement with in the framework of the Rastall gravity.
Sparse Box-fitting Least Squares
Authors: Panahi Aviad , Zucker Shay 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We present a new implementation of the commonly used Box-fitting Least Squares (BLS) algorithm, for the detection of transiting exoplanets in photometric data. Unlike BLS, our new implementation—Sparse BLS, does not use binning of the data into phase bins, nor does it use any kind of phase grid. Thus, its detection efficiency does not depend on the transit phase, and is therefore slightly better than that of BLS. For sparse data, it is also significantly faster than BLS. It is therefore perfectly suitable for large photometric surveys producing unevenly-sampled sparse light curves, such as Gaia.
Curvature-induced noncommutativity of two different components of momentum for a particle on a hypersurface
Authors: Li Z , Yang X , Liu Q H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As a nonrelativistic particle constrained to remain on an (N − 1)-dimensional ((N ≥ 2)) hypersurface embedded in an N-dimensional Euclidean space, two different components pi
and p

j
(i, j = 1, 2, 3,… N) of the Cartesian momentum of the particle are not mutually commutative, and explicitly commutation relations

[

p

ˆ

i

,

p

ˆ

j

]

≠
0

depend on products of positions and momenta in uncontrollable ways. The generalized Dupin indicatrix of the hypersurface, a local analysis technique, is utilized to explore the dependence of the noncommutativity on the curvatures around a local point of the hypersurface. The first finding is that the noncommutativity can be grouped into two categories; one is the product of a sectional curvature and the angular momentum, and another is the product of a principal curvature and the momentum. The second finding is that, for a small circle lying a tangential plane covering the local point, the noncommutativity leads to a rotation operator and the amount of the rotation is an angle anholonomy; and along each of the normal sectional curves centering the given point the noncommutativity leads to a translation plus an additional rotation and the amount of the rotation is one half of the tangential angle change of the arc.
Pure annihilation decays of B

s

0 → a
0
+
a
0
− and B

d

0 →

K0*+

K0*−

in the PQCD approach
Authors: Chen Yutong , Jiang Zewen , Liu Xin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We study the CP-averaged branching fractions and the CP-violating asymmetries in the pure annihilation decays of

B

s

0

→

a

0

+

a

0

−

and

B

d

0

→

K

0

*
+

K

0

*
−

, where

a

0

[

K

0

*

]

denotes the scalar a
0(980) and a
0(1450) [

K

0

*

(
800
)
(
or

κ
)

and

K

0

*

(
1430
)

], with the perturbative QCD factorization approach under the assumption of two-quark structure for the a
0 and

K

0

*

states. The numerical results show that the branching ratios of the

B

d

0

→

K

0

*
+

K

0

*
−

decays are in the order of 10−6, while the decay rates of the

B

s

0

→

a

0

+

a

0

−

modes are in the order of 10−5. In light of the measured modes with the same quark components in the pseudoscalar sector, namely,

B

d

0

→

K

+

K

−

and

B

s

0

→

π

+

π

−

, the predictions for the considered decay modes in this work are expected to be measured at the Large Hadron Collider beauty and/or Belle-II experiments in the (near) future. Meanwhile, it is of great interest to find that the twist-3 distribution amplitudes ϕ

S
and ϕ

T
with inclusion of the Gegenbauer polynomials for the scalar a
0(1450) and

K

0

*

(
1430
)

states in scenario 2 contribute slightly to the branching ratios while significantly to the CP violations in the

B

d

0

→

K

0

*

1430

+

K

0

*

1430

−

and

B

s

0

→

a

0

1450

+

a

0

1450

−

decays, which indicates that, compared to the asymptotic ϕ

S
and ϕ

T
, these Gegenbauer polynomials could change the strong phases evidently in these pure annihilation decay channels. These predictions await for the future confirmation experimentally, which could further provide useful information to help explore the inner structure of the scalars and shed light on the annihilation decay mechanism.
Weak decays of doubly heavy baryons:

*
Authors: Li Run-Hui , Hou Juan-Juan , He Bei , Wang Ya-Ru 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The discovery of

has inspired new interest in studying doubly heavy baryons. In this study, the weak decays of a doubly charmed baryon

to a light baryon

and a charm meson

(either a pseudoscalar or a vector one) are calculated. Following our previous work, we calculate the short distance contributions under the factorization hypothesis, whereas the long distance contributions are modeled as the final state interactions, which are calculated with the one particle exchange model. We find that the

decays' branching ratios are obviously larger, as they receive contributions of more polarization states. Among the decays that we investigate, the following have the largest branching fractions:

estimated with

fs;

and

with

fs; and

,

, and

with

fs. By comparing the decay widths of pure color commensurate channels with those of pure bow-tie ones, we find that the bow-tie mechanism plays an important role in charm decays.
Polarized light-by-light scattering at the CLIC induced by axion-like particles
Authors: İnan S.C. , Kisselev A.V. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study, light-by-light (LBL) scattering with initial polarized Compton backscattered photons at the CLIC, induced by axion-like particles (ALPs), is investigated. The total cross sections are calculated assuming CP-even coupling of the pseudoscalar ALP to photons. The 95% C.L. exclusion region for the ALP mass

and its coupling constant f is presented. The results are compared with CLIC bounds previously obtained for the unpolarized case. It is shown that the bounds on f for the polarized beams in the region

with collision energy of 3000 GeV and integrated luminosity of 4000 fb

are on average 1.5 times stronger than the bounds for the unpolarized beams. Moreover, our CLIC bounds are stronger than those for all current exclusion regions for

GeV. In particular, they are more restrictive than the limits that follow from the ALP-mediated LBL scattering at the LHC.
Probing tqZ anomalous couplings in the trilepton signal at the HL-LHC, HE-LHC, and FCC-hh *
Authors: Liu Yao-Bei , Moretti Stefano 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We investigate the prospect of discovering the Flavour Changing Neutral Current (FCNC)

couplings via two production processes yielding trilepton signals: top quark pair production

with one top quark decaying to the Z boson and one light jet and the anomalous single top quark plus Z boson production process

. We study these channels at various successors of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), i.e., the approved High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) as well as the proposed High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC) and Future Circular Collider in hadron-hadron mode (FCC-hh). We perform a full simulation for the signals and the relevant Standard Model (SM) backgrounds and obtain limits on the Branching Ratios (BRs) of

, eventually yielding a trilepton final state through the decay modes

and

. The upper limits on these FCNC BRs at 95% Confidence Level (CL) are obtained at the HL-LHC with

TeV and 3 ab−1, at the HE-LHC with

TeV and 15 ab−1, and at the FCC-hh with

TeV and 30 ab−1.
Ion cyclotron resonance heating with shifted separatrix
Authors: Kolesnichenko Ya.I. , Patten H. , Lutsenko V.V. , Graves J.P. , Rudenko T.S. , Contributors JET 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Ion cyclotron resonance heating, which we refer to as ICRH-SS, with the quasilinear (QL) separatrix (i.e., the separatrix in the space of QL routes of ion acceleration) located in the region of passing particles is studied. The aim of ICRH-SS is to minimize the fraction of trapped particles (particles with small longitudinal velocities) in the population of fast ions. The basic idea of ICRH-SS—shifting the separatrix to the region of passing particles—was advanced in the paper (Kolesnichenko et al 2017 Nuclear Fusion
57 066004). In this work, new features of ICRH-SS are revealed. The 3D QL routes of the particle acceleration and effects of Coulomb collisions are studied. A QL equation for distribution function of neutral beam injection (NBI) ions, which is convenient for analysis, is derived. Conditions for QL flux prevailing over collisional flux caused by pitch scattering are obtained. Numerical simulations using the SCENIC package are carried out for a JET plasma with NBI ions that are accelerated by RF field in the core region. A JET pulse designed as a demonstration of the so called ‘three ions’ scheme, which also complies with the criteria of ICRH-SS scheme, was selected. The numerical results show that in the considered example most accelerated ions have larger longitudinal velocities and fast particle orbits are passing during ICRH-SS, whereas, ‘conventional’ ICRH (defined as ICRH with the separatrix in the region of trapped particles) produces accelerated ions with banana orbits. Numerical results also show an increase in fast ion generation and core plasma heating performance for ICRH-SS as compared to the conventional ICRH.
A real-space renormalization-group calculation for the quantum

Z2

gauge theory on a square lattice
Authors: Paik Steve T 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We revisit Fradkin and Raby’s real-space renormalization-group method to study the quantum

Z

2

gauge theory defined on links forming a two-dimensional square lattice. Following an old suggestion of theirs, a systematic perturbation expansion developed by Hirsch and Mazenko is used to improve the algorithm to second order in an intercell coupling, thereby incorporating the effects of discarded higher energy states. A careful derivation of gauge-invariant effective operators is presented in the Hamiltonian formalism. Renormalization group equations are analyzed near the nontrivial fixed point, reaffirming old work by Hirsch on the dual transverse field Ising model. In addition to recovering Hirsch’s previous findings, critical exponents for the scaling of the spatial correlation length and energy gap in the electric free (deconfined) phase are compared. Unfortunately, their agreement is poor. The leading singular behavior of the ground state energy density is examined near the critical point: we compute both a critical exponent and estimate a critical amplitude ratio.
Variational determination of the two-particle reduced density matrix within the doubly occupied configuration interaction space: exploiting translational and reflection invariance
Authors: Massaccesi G E , Rubio-García A , Capuzzi P , Ríos E , Oña O B , Dukelsky J , Lain L , Torre A , Alcoba D R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This work incorporates translational and reflection symmetry reductions to the variational determination of the two-particle reduced density matrix (2-RDM) corresponding to the ground state of N-particle systems, within the doubly occupied configuration interaction (DOCI) space. By exploiting these symmetries within this lower-bound variational methodology it is possible to treat larger systems than those previously studied. The 2-RDM matrix elements are calculated by imposing up to four-particle N-representability constraint conditions using standard semidefinite programing algorithms. The method is applied to the one- and two-dimensional XXZ spin 1/2 model of quantum magnetism. Several observables including the energy and the spin–spin correlation functions are obtained to assess the physical content of the variationally determined 2-RDM. Comparison with quantum-Monte Carlo and matrix product state simulations shows that in most cases only requiring up to three-particle positivity conditions is enough to correctly describe the ground-state properties of these one- and two-dimensional models.
Causes of color in purple- and yellow- quartz
Authors: Monarumit N , Sakkaravej S , Wanthanachaisaeng B , Saiyasombat C , Wongkokua W 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Quartz is a variety of gemstone consisting of SiO2. The various colors of quartz are caused by Fe as a trace element. This study focused on the investigation of Fe oxidation states affecting colorations of purple- and yellow- quartz by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The amethyst (purple- quartz) and citrine (yellow- quartz) were collected as the samples. As the XAS results, there was only Fe3+ oxidation state on both purple-and yellow- quartz considering with the absorption energy position at the Fe K-edge compared to the Fe-oxide chemical standards i.e., FeO and Fe2O3. However, the UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of the purple- and yellow- quartz were different. Therefore, we propose that the coloration of purple- and yellow- quartz was caused by Fe3+ oxidation states as the donor states at 3.59 eV and 2.28 eV with the different energy band gaps of the purple- and yellow- quartz that were 4.13 eV and 4.88 eV respectively derived from Tauc Plot method.