bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in the Chemical Synthesis of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate
Authors: Pongener Imlirenla , O'Shea Conor , Wootton Hannah , Watkinson Michael , Miller Gavin J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHeparin and heparan sulfate represent key members of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates and underpin considerable repertoires of biological importance. As such, their efficiency of synthesis represents a key requirement, to further understand and exploit the H/HS structure‐to‐biological function axis. In this review we focus on chemical approaches to and methodology improvements for the synthesis of these essential sugars (from 2015 onwards). We first consider advances in accessing the heparin‐derived pentasaccharide anticoagulant fondaparinux. This is followed by heparan sulfate targets, including key building block synthesis, oligosaccharide construction and chemical sulfation techniques. We end with a consideration of technological improvements to traditional, solution‐phase synthesis approaches that are increasingly being utilised.
Concept of Sea Power
Authors: Albrecht Torsten , Tsetsos Konstantinos , Grunwald Philipp 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter different perspectives on the concept of sea power are considered. On the one hand, sea power is defined accordingly, whereby it must be emphasized that sea power is not only composed of the number of ships or material but also of the degree to which it can influence and compel other countries/actors. The concept of sea power is then examined based on the International Relations theories of Realism and Liberalism. In order to understand the origins and also the development in the twentieth century of the concept of sea power, the most important cornerstones of the leading naval thinkers of the “blue-water school,” Alfred Thayer Mahan and Sir Julian Corbett, are presented. This work ends with a review of the concept of sea power during the Cold War.
A Plant Sociological Procedure for the Ecological Design and Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure
Authors: Catalano Chiara , Pasta Salvatore , Guarino Riccardo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUrban green infrastructure could represent an important mean for environmental mitigation, if designed according to the principles of restoration ecology. Moreover, if suitably executed, managed and sized, they may be assimilated to meta-populations of natural habitats, deserving to be included in the biodiversity monitoring networks. In this chapter, we combined automatised and expert opinion-based procedures in order to select the vascular plant assemblages to populate different microhabitats (differing in terms of light and moisture) co-occurring on an existing green roof in Zurich (Switzerland). Our results lead to identify three main plant species groups, which prove to be the most suitable for the target roof. These guilds belong to mesoxeric perennial grasslands (Festuco-Brometea), nitrophilous ephemeral communities (Stellarietea mediae) and drought-tolerant pioneer species linked to nutrient-poor soils (Koelerio-Corynephoretea). Some ruderal and stress-tolerant species referred to the class Artemisietea vulgaris appear to fit well with local roof characteristics, too. Inspired by plant sociology, this method also considers conservation issues, analysing whether the plants selected through our procedure were characteristic of habitats of conservation interest according to Swiss and European laws and directives. Selecting plant species with different life cycles and life traits may lead to higher plant species richness, which in turn may improve the functional complexity and the ecosystem services provided by green roofs and green infrastructure in general.
Nutzenbewertung digitaler Gesundheitsanwendungen – Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten
Authors: Hemkens Lars G. 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDigitale Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) versprechen, die Gesundheit und medizinische Versorgung von Patienten zu verbessern. Dieser Beitrag gibt eine kurze Übersicht zur evidenzbasierten Nutzenbewertung und den Herausforderungen an die zugrunde liegende Evidenz als Voraussetzungen für eine optimale, patientenorientierte Entscheidungsfindung. Es werden klassische Konzepte des Studiendesigns, aktuelle Entwicklungen und innovative Ansätze beschrieben mit dem Ziel, zukünftige Entwicklungsfelder für innovative Studiendesigns und strategische Evaluationskonzepte für DiGA aufzuzeigen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Anwendung pragmatischer Studiendesigns.Evidenzbasierte Nutzenbewertung hat fundamentale Anforderungen und Maßstäbe unabhängig von der Art der evaluierten Behandlungen. Zuverlässige Evidenz ist unverzichtbar. Eine schnelle, effiziente, zuverlässige und praxisrelevante Evaluation von DiGA gelingt nicht durch eine Hinwendung zu nichtrandomisierten Studien, sondern vielmehr durch bessere, pragmatische randomisierte Studien. Sie sind machbar und verbinden die Charakteristika von DiGA, klassische methodische Konzepte und neue Ansätze der Studiendurchführung. Routinedaten, kontaktarme Studiendurchführung („virtual trials“, „remote trials“) und digitale Biomarker fördern nützliche randomisierte Real-World-Evidenz als solide Evidenzbasis von DiGA. Eine kontinuierliche, lernende Evaluation im Versorgungsalltag mit in die Routine eingebetteten randomisierten Studiendesigns ist der Schlüssel zur nachhaltigen und effizienten Nutzenbewertung von DiGA und kann entscheidend für eine strategische Verbesserung der Gesundheitsversorgung sein.
Higher risk of ACL rupture in amateur football compared to professional football: 5-year results of the ‘Anterior cruciate ligament-registry in German football’
Authors: Szymski Dominik , Achenbach Leonard , Zellner Johannes , Weber Johannes , Koch Matthias , Zeman Florian , Huppertz Gunnar , Pfeifer Christian , Alt Volker , Krutsch Werner 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a common severe type of football injury at all levels of play. A football-specific ACL registry providing both prospective ACL injury data according to the skill level and risk factors for ACL injury is lacking in the literature.

Methods
This study is based on the prospective ‘ACL registry in German Football’ implemented in the 2014–15 season. Professional (1st–3rd league), semi-professional (4th–6th league) and amateur leagues (7th league) were analysed regarding the incidence and risk factors for ACL injuries. Injuries were registered according to the direct reports of the injured players to the study office and double-checked via media analysis. After injury registration, the players received a standardised questionnaire. Data were analysed from the 2014–15 to the 2018–19 football season.

Results
Overall, 958 ACL injuries were registered during the 5-year study period. The incidence of ACL injuries was highest in amateur football (0.074/1000 h football exposure) compared to professional (0.058/1000 h; p < 0.0001) and semi-professional football (0.043/1000 h; p < 0.0001). At all skill levels, match incidence (professional: 0.343; semi-professional: 0.249; amateur: 0.319) was significantly higher than training incidence (professional: 0.015; semi-professional: 0.004; amateur: 0.005). Major risk factors were previous ACL injury (mean: 23.3%), other knee injuries (mean: 19.3%) and move to a higher league (mean: 24.2%).

Conclusion
This sports-specific ACL registry provides detailed information on the incidence and risk factors for ACL injuries in football over five years. Risk factors are skill level, match exposure, move to a higher league and previous knee injury. These factors offer potential starting points for screening at-risk players and applying targeted prevention.

Level of evidence
II.
On blow up for the energy super critical defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Merle Frank , Raphaël Pierre , Rodnianski Igor , Szeftel Jeremie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe consider the energy supercritical defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation $$\begin{aligned} i\partial _tu+\Delta u-u|u|^{p-1}=0 \end{aligned}$$

i

∂
t

u
+
Δ
u
-
u

|
u
|

p
-
1

=
0

in dimension $$d\ge 5$$

d
≥
5

. In a suitable range of energy supercritical parameters (d, p), we prove the existence of $${\mathcal {C}}^\infty $$

C

∞

well localized spherically symmetric initial data such that the corresponding unique strong solution blows up in finite time. Unlike other known blow up mechanisms, the singularity formation does not occur by concentration of a soliton or through a self similar solution, which are unknown in the defocusing case, but via a front mechanism. Blow up is achieved by compression for the associated hydrodynamical flow which in turn produces a highly oscillatory singularity. The front blow up profile is chosen among the countable family of $${\mathcal {C}}^\infty $$

C

∞

spherically symmetric self similar solutions to the compressible Euler equation whose existence and properties in a suitable range of parameters are established in the companion paper (Merle et al. in Preprint (2019)) under a non degeneracy condition which is checked numerically.
Modelling the potential ecological niche of domesticated buckwheat in China: archaeological evidence, environmental constraints and climate change
Authors: Krzyzanska Marta , Hunt Harriet V. , Crema Enrico R. , Jones Martin K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present a species distribution model (SDM) of Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat) in China using present distribution data and estimates for the past based on palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Our model estimates the potential area suitable for buckwheat cultivation over the last 8,000 years, with northeast China consistently showing the highest suitability, providing insights on the discrepancy between the location of the earliest archaeobotanical records in the area and its origins in southwest China based on biogeographic and genetic data. The model suggests little to no variation over time in the spatial extent of the potential area suitable for buckwheat cultivation. In the northern parts of China, the limits of the ecological niche largely fall within the borders of the study area, while to the west it never extends into the main Tibetan plateau, explaining the lack of fossil evidence from Central Asia. In the southwest, the niche overlaps with the borders of modern China, which supports this direction as a viable route of westward dispersal. The comparison between the prediction from the model and sites with archaeobotanical evidence for Fagopyrum indicates that the environmental niche it occupied remained stable over time. This may contrast with a dispersal pattern characterised by continuous adaptations to new environments facilitated by human activity, which may be suggested for other major and minor crops.
Nonlocal strong forms of thin plate, gradient elasticity, magneto-electro-elasticity and phase-field fracture by nonlocal operator method
Authors: Ren Huilong , Zhuang Xiaoying , Oterkus Erkan , Zhu Hehua , Rabczuk Timon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe derivation of nonlocal strong forms for many physical problems remains cumbersome in traditional methods. In this paper, we apply the variational principle/weighted residual method based on nonlocal operator method for the derivation of nonlocal forms for elasticity, thin plate, gradient elasticity, electro-magneto-elasticity and phase-field fracture method. The nonlocal governing equations are expressed as an integral form on support and dual-support. The first example shows that the nonlocal elasticity has the same form as dual-horizon non-ordinary state-based peridynamics. The derivation is simple and general and it can convert efficiently many local physical models into their corresponding nonlocal forms. In addition, a criterion based on the instability of the nonlocal gradient is proposed for the fracture modelling in linear elasticity. Several numerical examples are presented to validate nonlocal elasticity and the nonlocal thin plate.
Fat causes necrosis and inflammation in parenchymal cells in human steatotic liver
Authors: Wisse Eddie , Braet Filip , Shami Gerald J. , Zapotoczny Bartlomiej , Vreuls Celien , Verhaegh Pauline , Frederik Peter , Peters Peters J. , Olde Damink Steven , Koek Ger 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdapted fixation methods for electron microscopy allowed us to study liver cell fine structure in 217 biopsies of intact human livers over the course of 10 years. The following novel observations and concepts arose: single fat droplets in parenchymal cells can grow to a volume four times larger than the original cell, thereby extremely marginalizing the cytoplasm with all organelles. Necrosis of single parenchymal cells, still containing one huge fat droplet, suggests death by fat in a process of single-cell steatonecrosis. In a later stage of single-cell steatonecrosis, neutrophils and erythrocytes surround the single fat droplet, forming an inflammatory fat follicle indicating the apparent onset of inflammation. Also, fat droplets frequently incorporate masses of filamentous fragments and other material, most probably representing Mallory substance. No other structure or material was found that could possibly represent Mallory bodies. We regularly observe the extrusion of huge fat droplets, traversing the peripheral cytoplasm of parenchymal cells, the Disse space and the endothelium. These fat droplets fill the sinusoid as a sinusoidal lipid embolus. In conclusion, adapted methods of fixation applied to human liver tissue revealed that single, huge fat droplets cause necrosis and inflammation in single parenchymal cells. Fat droplets also collect Mallory substance and give rise to sinusoidal fat emboli. Therefore, degreasing of the liver seems to be an essential therapeutic first step in the self-repairing of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This might directly reduce single-cell steatotic necrosis and inflammation as elements in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis progression.
Sedentary work and participation in leisure–time physical activity
Authors: van As Sven , Beckers Debby G. J. , Veling Harm , Hooftman Wendela , Kompier Michiel A. J. , Geurts Sabine A. E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objective
Demanding psychosocial work characteristics, such as high job demands, can have a detrimental impact on leisure–time physical activity (LTPA), with adverse consequences for employee health and well-being. However, the mechanisms and moderators of this crossover effect are still largely unknown. We therefore aimed to identify and test potential mediating and moderating factors from within and outside the work environment. Based on the previous research, we expected job demands to be negatively related to LTPA through fatigue. In addition, we expected that job control and worktime control would attenuate the relationship between job demands and fatigue. Furthermore, we hypothesized that autonomous exercise motivation and spontaneous action planning would attenuate the relationship between fatigue and LTPA. In addition to these cross-sectional hypotheses, we expected the same effects to predict a change in LTPA in the following year.

Methods
To investigate these assumptions, a preregistered longitudinal survey study was conducted among a large sample of Dutch employees in sedentary jobs. Participants reported on the constructs of interest in 2017 and 2018 (N = 1189 and 665 respectively) and the resulting data were analyzed using path analyses.

Results
Our cross-sectional analyses confirm a weak indirect, negative association between job demands and LTPA, via fatigue. However, this finding was not observed in our longitudinal analyses and none of the other hypotheses were confirmed.

Conclusion
This study shows that, among employees with relatively healthy psychosocial work characteristics (i.e., high job control), the evidence for an impact of these work characteristics on participation in LTPA is limited.
Hypohydration produced by high-intensity intermittent running increases biomarkers of renal injury in males
Authors: Juett Loris A. , Midwood Katharine L. , Funnell Mark P. , James Lewis J. , Mears Stephen A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Whilst there is evidence to suggest that hypohydration caused by physical work in the heat increases renal injury, whether this is the case during exercise in temperate conditions remains unknown. This study investigated the effect of manipulating hydration status during high-intensity intermittent running on biomarkers of renal injury.

Methods
After familiarisation, 14 males (age: 33 ± 7 years; V̇O2peak: 57.1 ± 8.6 ml/kg/min; mean ± SD) completed 2 trials in a randomised cross-over design, each involving 6, 15 min blocks of shuttle running (modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test protocol) in temperate conditions (22.3 ± 1.0 °C; 47.9 ± 12.9% relative humidity). During exercise, subjects consumed either a volume of water equal to 90% of sweat losses (EU) or 75 mL water (HYP). Body mass, blood and urine samples were taken pre-exercise (baseline/pre), 30 min post-exercise (post) and 24 h post-baseline (24 h).

Results
Post-exercise, body mass loss, serum osmolality and urine osmolality were greater in HYP than EU (P ≤ 0.024). Osmolality-corrected urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1) concentrations were increased post-exercise (P ≤ 0.048), with greater concentrations in HYP than EU (HYP: 2.76 [1.72–4.65] ng/mOsm; EU: 1.94 [1.1–2.54] ng/mOsm; P = 0.003; median [interquartile range]). Osmolality-corrected urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) concentrations were increased post-exercise (P < 0.001), but there was no trial by time interaction effect (P = 0.073).

Conclusion
These results suggest that hypohydration produced by high-intensity intermittent running increases renal injury, compared to when euhydration is maintained, and that the site of this increased renal injury is at the proximal tubules.
Alignment of safety and security risk assessments for modular production systems
Authors: Ehrlich Marco , Bröring Andre , Harder Dimitri , Auhagen-Meyer Torben , Kleen Philip , Wisniewski Lukasz , Trsek Henning , Jasperneite Jürgen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn order to ensure the safety and security of industrial systems with regard to all life cycle phases from development through operation to disposal, specific regulatory and normative requirements are imposed. Due to the digitalization, interconnection, and constantly increasing complexity of manufacturing systems in the context of Industrie 4.0, the manual effort necessary to achieve the required safety and security is becoming ever greater and almost impossible to manage, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, this paper examines the existing challenges in this area in more detail and gives an outlook on the possible solutions to ensure safety and security much quicker and with less manual effort. The overall vision is a (partially) automated risk assessment of modular systems with respect to safety and security, including the alignment of the corresponding processes from both domains and the formalization of the information models needed.
Two-valued number pyramids
Authors: Kastenholz Helmut 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNumber pyramids are common in elementary school mathematics. Trying to express the value of the top block in terms of the values at the base leads to the binomial coefficients. It also seems natural to ask for the maximal number of odd numbers in a number pyramid of a given size. The answer is easy to state, but the proof is nontrivial: A $$k$$
k
step number pyramid can have at most $$\left\lfloor\frac{k(k+1)+1}{3}\right\rfloor$$

k
(
k
+
1
)
+
1

3

odd numbers, which equals two thirds of the number of blocks rounded to the nearest integer. All maximal and almost maximal solutions are given explicitly. To this end, we rephrase the question in terms of colored tilings. In the outlook we present relations to other—mostly geometric—subjects and problems.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and coexisting disorders in correlation with HLA status—an overview
Authors: Mikosch Peter , Aistleitner Adrian , Oehrlein Markus , Trifina-Mikosch Eva 
Published: September 2021

SummaryHashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is a frequent disorder of the thyroid gland caused by autoimmune-trigged lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the thyroid gland. With the progressive destruction of the organ, the thyroid gland shrinks in size, thus commonly leading to hypothyroidism. Therapy of HT is mainly focused on managing the thyroid dysfunction by oral substitution of L‑thyroxine. However, patients with HT often complain about a broad spectrum of symptoms, with some of them hardly explained by HT itself. Several other disorders are known to be associated with HT. The etiology of HT seems to be multifactorial, including environmental influences such as iodine supply, infections, and stress as triggers of immune modulation. In addition, also a genetic background based on changes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) status seems to be evident. The paper will provide an overview of diseases related to HT, including their correlation to certain HLA patterns. This presentation should give a broader view on HT-related disorders and facilitate detailed examination and management of patients with HT.
Welfare implications of mitigating investment uncertainty
Authors: Ogawa Takayuki , Sakamoto Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study explores the welfare implications of mitigating investment uncertainty in the context of Easley and O’Hara (Rev Financ Stud 22:1817–1843, 2009) While one may expect welfare gains by encouraging participation in financial markets by ambiguity-averse investors, we formally show that it hurts other investors and thus is not Pareto-improving without appropriate income transfers. We also examine the welfare effects of income redistribution among heterogeneous investors and government spending on investor education.
Detailed 3D human body reconstruction from multi-view images combining voxel super-resolution and learned implicit representation
Authors: Li Zhongguo , Oskarsson Magnus , Heyden Anders 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe task of reconstructing detailed 3D human body models from images is interesting but challenging in computer vision due to the high freedom of human bodies. This work proposes a coarse-to-fine method to reconstruct detailed 3D human body from multi-view images combining Voxel Super-Resolution (VSR) based on learning the implicit representation. Firstly, the coarse 3D models are estimated by learning an Pixel-aligned Implicit Function based on Multi-scale Features (MF-PIFu) which are extracted by multi-stage hourglass networks from the multi-view images. Then, taking the low resolution voxel grids which are generated by the coarse 3D models as input, the VSR is implemented by learning an implicit function through a multi-stage 3D convolutional neural network. Finally, the refined detailed 3D human body models can be produced by VSR which can preserve the details and reduce the false reconstruction of the coarse 3D models. Benefiting from the implicit representation, the training process in our method is memory efficient and the detailed 3D human body produced by our method from multi-view images is the continuous decision boundary with high-resolution geometry. In addition, the coarse-to-fine method based on MF-PIFu and VSR can remove false reconstructions and preserve the appearance details in the final reconstruction, simultaneously. In the experiments, our method quantitatively and qualitatively achieves the competitive 3D human body models from images with various poses and shapes on both the real and synthetic datasets.