bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressed Daytime Convection Over the Amazon River
Authors: Wu M. , Lee J.‐E. , Wang D. , Salameh M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigated the interaction between surface conditions and precipitating convection by comparing the Amazon River against the surrounding forest. Despite similar synoptic conditions within a few tens of kilometers, the river surface is substantially cooler than the surrounding forest during the day and warmer at night. We analyzed 20 years of high‐resolution satellite precipitation data and confirmed previous findings of daytime rainfall reduction over the river for the whole Amazon Basin. The percentage reduction is strongest during the dry‐to‐wet transition season. In addition, the percentage reduction of individual tributary is significantly correlated with the Laplacian of surface temperature, which causes thermally driven surface divergence and suppresses local convection. Additionally, nighttime rainfall is enhanced over tributaries near the Atlantic coast during the wet season. A regional climate model then simulates the local rainfall anomalies associated with the river. Above the river, moisture diverges near the surface and converges above the surface before the daytime rainfall, partially driven by the horizontal gradient of humidity. Unlike the river, moisture convergence within the boundary layer is more critical for the rainfall above the forest region. Our studies suggest that strong thermal contrast can be important in deriving heterogeneous convection in moist tropical regions.
Climate Change is Contributing to Faster Rates of Lake Ice Loss in Lakes Around the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Imrit Mohammad Arshad , Sharma Sapna 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLake ice phenology has been recorded for decades, providing us with long‐term records to investigate the impact of climate change in lakes since the Industrial Revolution. Here, we examine the trends and drivers of 18 lakes across the Northern Hemisphere, with 156–204 years of data, starting in the 1810s. We show that: (a) trends in ice phenology are faster than found by previous studies. Ice‐on is 11 days later per century, ice‐off is 9 days earlier per century, and ice cover duration is 19 days shorter per century; (b) there are significant breakpoints in the 1850s, 1870s, mid‐1890s, and mid‐1990s, after which trends in ice phenology are even faster, and associated with changing weather and climate; and (c) local air temperatures explain the most variation in ice phenology, on average 36.5%, followed by progressive climate change explaining around 17.5% on average, with teleconnection patterns explaining the least variation. Our findings support the assertion that broad‐scale climatic changes have led to more rapid lake ice loss in lakes distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with potential widespread impacts on critical ecosystem services that lake ice provides.
Improving CLM5.0 Biomass and Carbon Exchange Across the Western United States Using a Data Assimilation System
Authors: Raczka Brett , Hoar Timothy J. , Duarte Henrique F. , Fox Andrew M. , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Bowling David R. , Lin John C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Western United States is dominated by natural lands that play a critical role for carbon balance, water quality, and timber reserves. This region is also particularly vulnerable to forest mortality from drought, insect attack, and wildfires, thus requiring constant monitoring to assess ecosystem health. Carbon monitoring techniques are challenged by the complex mountainous terrain, thus there is an opportunity for data assimilation systems that combine land surface models and satellite‐derived observations to provide improved carbon monitoring. Here, we use the Data Assimilation Research Testbed to adjust the Community Land Model (CLM5.0) with remotely sensed observations of leaf area and above‐ground biomass. The adjusted simulation significantly reduced the above‐ground biomass and leaf area, leading to a reduction in both photosynthesis and respiration fluxes. The reduction in the carbon fluxes mostly offset, thus both the adjusted and free simulation projected a weak carbon sink to the land. This result differed from a separate observation‐constrained model (FLUXCOM) that projected strong carbon uptake to the land. Simulation diagnostics suggested water limitation had an important influence upon the magnitude and spatial pattern of carbon uptake through photosynthesis. We recommend that additional observations important for water cycling (e.g., snow water equivalent, land surface temperature) be included to improve the veracity of the spatial pattern in carbon uptake. Furthermore, the assimilation system should be enhanced to maximize the number of the simulated state variables that are adjusted, especially those related to the recommended observed quantities including water cycling and soil carbon.
Transpolar Convection and Magnetospheric Ring Current Relations: Real‐Time Applications of the Polar Cap (PC) Indices
Authors: Stauning Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe present study confirms the validity of previously derived relations between the polar cap (PC) indices and the ASY‐H and the Dst and SYM‐H ring current indices when used in real‐time applications. PC indices are here derived in simulated real‐time (SRT) versions by using past data only from −40 days up to current time in the construction of the quiet reference levels (QDCs) for the magnetic data. From analyses spanning a decade (2009–2018), equivalent ASY‐H index values were derived from a linear relation with SRT PCN (North) and PCS (South) indices combined to form the non‐negative PCC indices. For the cases of strong magnetic storms (Dst(peak )< −100 nT), the equivalent ASY‐H indices were found to agree well with reported (real) ASY‐H index values. The SRT PCC indices, furthermore, have been used in a PC‐based source function to derive equivalent values of the total ring current indices Dst (or SYM‐H) up to 1 h ahead of time. With integration of the source function throughout a decade (2009–2018) with no attachment to reported Dst values, the SRT equivalent Dst indices display close agreement with real Dst index values. The applied method could be used without modifications to generate PC index values and derived ASY‐H and Dst (or SYM‐H) index values in real‐time space weather applications.
A Geomorphic Examination of the Calabrian Forearc Translation
Authors: Pavano F. , Gallen S. F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe evolution of subduction forearcs as archived in the tectonic and geomorphic record serves to constrain geodynamic models of many convergent plate margins. This paper presents geomorphic stream channel metrics and river longitudinal profile modeling to assess geodynamic models describing the late Cenozoic horizontal translation of a Mediterranean forearc. The northern flank of Sicily is drained by roughly parallel north‐flowing streams arranged across the hypothesized west‐to‐east migration path of the Calabrian forearc high. These streams present a snapshot of current geomorphic processes driven by spatiotemporal variations in crustal deformation, including river incision and landscape steepness. A stream power rule‐based numerical modeling of the fluvial response time and knickpoint migration provides an independent prediction for the history of rock uplift associated with the translating forearc over the past ∼4 Myr. The results serve as a test for two, crustal wave versus transform‐fault, end‐member geodynamic models for the Calabrian forearc evolution, suggesting that our modeling supports the former. The river profile modeling shows that northern Sicily rivers experienced two pulses of time‐transgressive rock uplift that progressively sweeps west to east. This analysis suggests the most rapid contemporary rock uplift rates are focused in NE‐Sicily, where the forearc is currently located and where Pleistocene marine terraces indicate the highest rock uplift rates. These results are consistent with the west‐to‐east passage of a forearc high embedded in the subduction wedge, followed by a dynamic wave of rock uplift in its wake similar to what has been proposed for slab windows in other plate boundary settings.
Ground‐Based Magnetometer Response to Impacting Magnetosheath Jets
Authors: Norenius L. , Hamrin M. , Goncharov O. , Gunell H. , Opgenoorth H. , Pitkänen T. , Chong S. , Partamies N. , Baddeley L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLocalized dynamic pressure pulses in the magnetosheath, or jets, have been a popular topic for discussion in recent decades. Studies show that they can propagate through the magnetosheath and impact the magnetopause, possibly showing up as geoeffective elements at ground level. However, questions still remain on how geoeffective they can be. Previous studies have been limited to case studies during few days and with only a handful of events. In this study we have found 65 cases of impacting jets using observations from the Multiscale Magnetospheric mission during 2015–2017. We examine their geoeffectiveness using ground‐based magnetometers (GMAGs). From our statistics we find that GMAGs observe responses as fluctuations in the geomagnetic field with amplitudes of 34 nT, frequencies of 1.9 mHz, and damping times of 370 s. Further, the parallel length and the maximum dynamic pressure of the jet dictate the amplitude of the observed GMAG response. Longer and higher pressure jets inducing larger amplitude responses in GMAG horizontal components. The median time required for the signal to be detected by GMAGs is 190 s. We also examine if jets can be harmful for human infrastructure and cannot exclude that such events could exist.
Tropical TGF Paradox: A Perspective From TRMM Precipitation Radar
Authors: Morales Rodriguez Carlos A. , Montanyà Joan , van der Velde Oscar A. , Fabró Ferran , Lopez Jesus A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flash (TGF) to lightning ratio, computed over the three tropical chimneys, presents a paradox: African thunderstorms produce the most lightning but yield the lowest fraction of TGFs when compared to American and Southeast Asian thunderstorms. To understand the physical insights into this asymmetry, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar measurements are used to depict the vertical precipitation structure and infer the vertical electrical charge fraction distribution of the observed thunderstorms in the three regions and the thunderstorms during TGF occurrences detected by the AGILE, Fermi‐GBM, and RHESSI sensors. Regional differences show that African thunderstorms are taller, smaller, and have a higher concentration of denser ice particles (graupel and or hail) above the freezing level in addition to having more lightning flashes per thunderstorm. The overall TGF‐related thunderstorms are taller, more intense (0.5–1.5 dBZ) and present similar radar reflectivity decay with height independent of the region. The two dimensional precipitation vertical distribution diagrams indicate that TGF thunderstorms develop to a mature stage. Independent of the region, thunderstorms show a midlevel negative charge center varying from 4.6 to 8.1 km in height and an upper level positive charge center ranging from 7.4 to 14.6 km. TGF thunderstorms have thicker positive inferred charge layer and present larger vertical distances between the opposite charging layers in comparison with the overall thunderstorm population, here defined as Climatology. African TGF thunderstorms have higher fraction of positive charges near the negative layer, helping to produce more and shorter lightning discharges.
Bound on Lunar Plate Motion
Authors: Shapiro Irwin I. , Chandler John F. , Murphy Thomas W. , Reasenberg Robert D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe analyzed high accuracy time delays of laser signals sent from the Earth to the retroreflector arrays on the Moon in conjunction with several other sets of solar‐system astrometric data. Using especially the lunar laser ranging data obtained from the Apache Point Observatory telescope site in New Mexico and the Apollo 11 and Apollo 14 retroreflectors on the Moon, we have set a bound on their relative motion along the connecting great circle of 4 mm/yr over a 14‐year period.
Timing of Alpine Orogeny and Postorogenic Extension in the Alboran Domain, Inner Rif Chain, Morocco
Authors: Marrone Sara , Monié Patrick , Rossetti Federico , Aldega Luca , Bouybaouene Mohamed , Charpentier Delphine , Lucci Federico , Phillips David , Theye Thomas , Zaghloul Mohamed Najib 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe variety of temporal and structural constraints on the Alpine tectonometamorphic signature of the metamorphic core of the Betic‐Rif orogen (Alboran Domain) has supported a long‐lasting debate regarding the Alpine tectonic and geodynamic evolution of the Western Mediterranean region. Uncertainty still exists on the timing and tectonic significance of (a) the Alpine orogenic construction; (b) exhumation of the deep roots of the orogen; and (c) transition from orogenic shortening to crustal extension. In this study, we address these major geological issues by focusing on the lower‐grade units of the Alboran Domain (Upper Sebtides and Ghomarides) exposed in the Rif belt of northern Morocco. Through a multidisciplinary approach that integrates mesostructural and microstructural investigations with X‐ray diffraction, quantitative mineral chemistry, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, a 20 Ma long tectonic history is reconstructed, which involves burial of the tectonic units at depth (late Eocene) and postorogenic exhumation under brittle conditions in the upper crust (early Miocene). We document a Priabonian (∼37‐34 Ma) D1/M1 progressive compressional deformation, during the formation of a SW‐verging orogenic wedge (present coordinates), accreted toward the Africa plate. Brittle extensional detachment tectonics operated during the Burdigalian (∼18‐17 Ma), controlling the thinning of the previously structured Alboran Domain nappe stack and the final exhumation of the Alpine orogenic units. We propose that transition from orogenic build‐up to collapse in the hinterland of the Betic‐Rif orogen occurred when the retreat of the Apennine‐Maghrebian subduction was efficient to drive transition from shortening to extension in the back‐arc domain of the western termination of the Apennine‐Maghrebian subduction zone.
Increased non-typhoidal Salmonella hospitalizations in transfusion-naïve thalassemia children: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Sheen Jiunn-Ming , Lin Fang-Ju , Yang Yao-Hsu , Kuo Kuang-Che 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Although non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection usually causes self-limited enterocolitis, several risk factors have been found to predispose individuals to more severe NTS infections. However, few studies have discussed the association between NTS infection and pediatric thalassemia populations.

Material and methods
A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records of the selected children from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Immunocompromised individuals or patients with a history of transfusion or splenectomy were excluded. One thalassemia patient was matched with four non-thalassemia patients based on their year of birth, sex, and urbanization level.

Results
In this cohort, 912 patients with thalassemia and 3648 comparison cohort were analyzed. The mean age of NTS hospitalization was 2.0 ± 1.4 in thalassemia cohort and 2.6 ± 2.4 in non-thalassemia cohort. Transfusion-naïve thalassemia children were proved to have a higher rate of NTS hospitalization (6.90 vs 4.11 per 1000 person-year; p = 0.0004) than the non-thalassemia cohort, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26–2.24).

Conclusion
Our research shows that transfusion-naïve thalassemia is associated with an increased risk of NTS hospitalization. Further prospective study comparing the incidence and severity of NTS infection among children with and without thalassemia is needed.

Impact

Pediatric transfusion-naïve thalassemia patients have an 1.68-fold increased risk for hospitalization due to non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection.

This is the first nationwide population-based cohort study based on an extremely large database that shows pediatric transfusion-naïve thalassemia patients have an increased risk for NTS hospitalizations.

Besides the previously known risk factors such as extremes of age, sickle cell disease, or immunosuppressing conditions, clinicians must also take thalassemia as a possible risk factor for more severe NTS disease.
Mitochondrial STAT5A promotes metabolic remodeling and the Warburg effect by inactivating the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Authors: Zhang Liang , Zhang Jianong , Liu Yan , Zhang Pingzhao , Nie Ji , Zhao Rui , Shi Qin , Sun Huiru , Jiao Dongyue , Chen Yingji , Zhao Xiaying , Huang Yan , Li Yao , Zhao Jian-Yuan , Xu Wei , Zhao Shi-Min , Wang Chenji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSignal transducer and activator 5a (STAT5A) is a classical transcription factor that plays pivotal roles in various biological processes, including tumor initiation and progression. A fraction of STAT5A is localized in the mitochondria, but the biological functions of mitochondrial STAT5A remain obscure. Here, we show that STAT5A interacts with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), a mitochondrial gatekeeper enzyme connecting two key metabolic pathways, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mitochondrial STAT5A disrupts PDC integrity, thereby inhibiting PDC activity and remodeling cellular glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial translocation of STAT5A is increased under hypoxic conditions. This strengthens the Warburg effect in cancer cells and promotes in vitro cell growth under hypoxia and in vivo tumor growth. Our findings indicate distinct pro-oncogenic roles of STAT5A in energy metabolism, which is different from its classical function as a transcription factor.
Mitochondrial Ca2+ oscillation induces mitophagy initiation through the PINK1-Parkin pathway
Authors: Yu Zhengying , Wang Haipeng , Tang Wanyi , Wang Shaoyang , Tian Xiaoying , Zhu Yujie , He Hao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDysregulation of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is essential to Parkinson’s disease. Although important progress has been made in previous researches, the biochemical reagents that induce global and significant mitochondrial damage may still hinder deeper insights into the mechanisms of mitophagy. The origin of PINK1/Parkin pathway activation in mitophagy remains elusive. In this study, we develop an optical method, ultra-precise laser stimulation (UPLaS) that delivers a precise and noninvasive stimulation onto a submicron region in a single mitochondrial tubular structure. UPLaS excites localized mitochondrial Ca2+ (mitoCa2+) oscillations with tiny perturbation to mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) or mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. The UPLaS-induced mitoCa2+ oscillations can directly induce PINK1 accumulation and Parkin recruitment on mitochondria. The Parkin recruitment by UPLaS requires PINK1. Our results provide a precise and noninvasive technology for research on mitophagy, which stimulates target mitochondria with little damage, and reveal mitoCa2+ oscillation directly initiates the PINK1-Parkin pathway for mitophagy without MMP depolarization.
Parallax‐based second‐order mixed attention for stereo image super‐resolution
Authors: Duan Chenyang , Xiao Nanfeng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStereo image pairs can effectively enhance the performance of super‐resolution (SR) since both intra‐view and cross‐view information can be used. However, exploiting cross‐view information accurately is extremely challenging. Most recent methods use the attention mechanism to get stereo correspondence. But these methods ignore the high‐frequency information since they only utilise first‐order statistics, which leads to reducing the discriminative ability of the network. To address this issue, in this work, a parallax‐based second‐order mixed attention stereo SR network (PSMASSRnet) is proposed to integrate the cross‐view information from a stereo image pair for SR. Specifically, a novel parallax‐based second‐order mixed attention module (PSMAM) is developed to combine second‐order channel features and spatial features to obtain more discriminative representations. Furthermore, a dense cross‐atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) module is also presented, which can effectively explore the local and the multi‐scale features with different dilation rates to extract more discriminative features with fewer parameters and less execution. The extensive experiments on the KITTI2012, KITTI2015 and Middlebury datasets have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed PSMASSRnet over the state‐of‐the‐art methods in the aspects of both the quantitative metrics and the visual quality.
A non‐equal gap distance dielectric barrier discharge: Between cone‐shape and cylinder‐shape electrodes
Authors: Jin Shaohui , Li Zhiyu , Xian Yubin , Nie Lanlan , Lu Xinpei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA non‐equal gap distance dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) between cone‐shape and a cylinder‐shaped electrodes is reported. The DBD is driven by a nanosecond voltage pulse. When the pulse frequency is 500 Hz or lower, ladder‐shape plasma with multiple plasma layers is generated within the gap, with a distance increasing from 1 to 7 mm. According to high‐speed photographs of the plasma captured by an intensified charge‐coupled camera detector camera, the ladder‐shaped plasma is formed owing to propagation of ring‐shaped plasma from the region of the short‐gap distance to the region of long‐gap distance with regular variations in its propagation speed. The propagation speed drops to zero and lasts for about 20–30 ns at the region of each plasma layer, which results in bright plasma layers. The electric field of the plasma layer at the region of the different gap distance is evaluated according to the optical emission intensity ratio R391/394 of N2+ at 391 nm and N2 at 394 nm. The obtained electric field drops from 8.1 to 6.4 kV/mm when the plasma is propagated from regions of gap distance of 2–5 mm. When the pulse frequency is increased to 1 kHz or higher, the discharge changes into a filamentary mode and the multiple‐layer plasma disappears.
Radiation characteristics of a double‐layer spherical dielectric lens antenna with a conformal PEC disk fed by on‐axis dipoles
Authors: Tikhenko Maria E. , Radchenko Valery V. , Dukhopelnykov Sergii V. , Nosich Alexander I. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe radiation of a double‐layer spherical dielectric lens equipped with a conformal spherical‐disk PEC reflector and excited by elementary sources located on the antenna axis of rotation is considered. The sources are either a radial electric dipole or a tangential magnetic dipole. Using the analytical inversion of the static part of the homogeneous‐lens problem with the aid of the Abel integral transform, developed earlier for plane‐wave scattering, each of the considered problems are cast to the Fredholm second‐kind infinite matrix equation with elements containing only the elementary functions. This guarantees convergence and enables accurate characterisation of the considered lens antennas in terms of directivity and total radiated power, in wide frequency range. It is demonstrated that the best directivity is provided by the quasi‐Luneburg lens configuration with dielectric constants of the core and the shell being 2 and 1.1, respectively, shell thickness being 0.1 of the outer lens radius, and reflector size around 30°. This performance, however, is spoiled by the whispering‐gallery‐mode resonances that can be effectively alleviated by the introduction of the moderate losses to the shell material.