bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Leaders Are Like and Their Effect on Decision-Making
Authors: Hermann Margaret G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Because it remains difficult to gain access to political leaders—particularly those at the national level, researchers wishing to study them as individuals have had to become innovative. Such innovations include the development of psychobiography; structured, focused comparative case studies; personality assessment-at-a-distance; and the simulation of policymaking via experiments. With each, researchers have tried to become more systematic and objective in how they study leaders and what leaders are like. In applying these analysis-at-a-distance techniques, researchers have discovered a number of characteristics that appear to shape how political leaders engage in decision-making and the nature of their decisions. These characteristics cover the four elements of personality: cognition, motivation, traits (in this case, leadership style and its components), and reactions to the context (both immediately through emotions and in the long term through political experience). This chapter gives import to the individual level of analysis in understanding policymaking and the policymaking process as well as poses ways of opening up the “black box” to do so, both critical components of behavioral political science.
Recentering Music
Authors: Kinderman William 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Study of the creative process in music promises to help facilitate reintegration of a field of research that has become decentered through the cultivation of subdisciplines. The approach of genetic criticism and recent sketch studies move beyond traditional music philology. With examples from several composers and works of Beethoven as a central focus, this article assesses the limitations of Urtext editions, the musical-work concept, and organicist and constructivist approaches. Beethoven’s music is found to be less autonomous and more intertextual than is often acknowledged. A blending of source research and musical analysis can help heal disciplinary wounds inflicted by the severing of topics that belong together in the same body of knowledge.
Solidarity and Attachment in Durkheim’s Sociological Thought
Authors: Paugam Serge 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to identify the reasons why Durkheim abandoned the two key concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity that he had developed in his thesis to the benefit of a more complete analysis of the plurality of social bonds that attach individuals to society: he shifted from a theory of the evolution of solidarity to a theory of social attachment. This does not mean that Durkheim in any way renounced the ambitious program he had developed in the first years of his life in Bordeaux. On the contrary, he seeks to extend this program by carrying out his sociological study of suicide at a time when the concept of solidarity begins a new career. And it is just after the publication of Suicide that he uses the concept of attachment to groups to refer to the social bonds and the moralities associated with them.
The Red River Campaign, 1864
Authors: Parrish T. Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Red River Campaign in the spring of 1864 was the disastrous culmination of the Union high command’s persistent efforts to conquer Louisiana and Texas. Abraham Lincoln ordered Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, commander of the Department of the Gulf, to lead a large force from New Orleans up the Red River Valley, capture Shreveport (the Confederacy’s Trans-Mississippi capital and major commercial center), and invade Texas. Lincoln delayed an important campaign against Mobile and diverted significant manpower from the western theater and Arkansas, along with a large fleet of naval vessels, to support Banks in order to accomplish sweeping economic, political, and foreign policy goals. Mismanaged by Banks from the start, the campaign suffered defeat before reaching Shreveport, but it created havoc in the Red River Valley by allowing many slaves to flee to Union forces, compelling many civilians to flee with their slaves to Texas for safety, and inducing defeated Union soldiers to destroy a vast array of civilian properties and towns. As a result, northern Louisiana suffered economically for many years, while Texas emerged from the war continuing to grow into an economic powerhouse.
Industrialization
Authors: Schmidt James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The complex relationships embedded in the youth culture of work during the modern era are examined. The history of youthful work looks different when focusing on people who are coming of age and entering the world of work, even if they might be defined as “children” by labor law. Learning to work and earning a wage became markers of adulthood, and young people across the industrializing world shaped labor markets and workplaces by their participation. As reformers pushed the legal age of labor upward, they came into conflict with young people’s economic activities. Ironically, reformers moved both to prevent young people from working and to force them to labor in institutional settings such as industrial schools. This legacy has persisted into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries as young people continue to face a culture that delegitimizes their economic activities yet expects them to prepare for usefulness in the future. First is a focus on the early nineteenth century and pairing a brief look at early wage work and child labor reform in Europe and America with a closer examination of the experience of working girls in Lowell, Massachusetts. Second is a survey of the successful efforts to restrain and then delegitimize wage work for younger people with a more in-depth examination of youthful work in industrial and reform institutions. Finally, there is a brief look at the youth culture of work in recent years.
Planetary Challenges
Authors: Wright Christopher , Nyberg Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The extraction and consumption of fossil-fuel-based energy has underpinned the growth of global capitalism over the past two centuries, resulting in an industry dominated by some of the largest and most powerful companies in the world. However, the centrality of fossil energy to economic growth has also come at a huge environmental cost as escalating carbon emissions have generated a climate crisis that now threatens the future of organised human civilisation. This article explores the origins of the global fossil-fuel industry and its political response to the growing recognition of climate change and moves towards the decarbonization of economies. It highlights how the industry has engaged in various forms of political activity to defend itself from critique and delay the transition to a low-carbon economy. While this has been a successful strategy for over forty years, the article notes how the growing urgency of the climate crisis and the recent global pandemic pose fundamental threats to the continuation of fossil fuel expansion.
Self-as-Context
Authors: McHugh Louise , Stapleton Alison 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The ability to understand ourselves and take others’ perspectives is fundamental to the development of our sense of self. This article explores self-as-context, an acceptance and commitment therapy process that fosters a healthy sense of self and flexible perspective-taking. The discussion begins with a conceptual overview of self-as-context, highlighting its relevance to psychological well-being and its relation to both relational frame theory and traditional behavior-analytic principles. Also provided here are clinical descriptions of the process of change involved in developing a self-as-context repertoire and the means of assessing self-as-context, as well as a synthesis of the research that has been done on self-as-context to date. Finally, future directions for research and practice with this process of change are described.
Values in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Authors: LeJeune Jenna , Luoma Jason 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While the concept of values has been present in behavioral traditions dating back to Skinner, the analysis of the role of values in modern contextual behavioral science (CBS) in relation to motivation has greatly expanded over the past 30 years. In particular, values are important in a modern understanding of the role of human language in modifying how reinforcement occurs. In this article we outline values work as a foundational component of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and analyze values through a CBS and relational frame theory lens. Included are an extensive review of the empirical literature on the role of values in ACT and a discussion of values measures commonly used in CBS research and clinical practice. Finally, we offer recommendations for the next steps needed to expand our understanding of this essential process.
Violence and Internal Ruling Party Politics in Zimbabwe (2008–2018)
Authors: Raleigh Clionadh 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the post-2000 years, Zimbabwe’s ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party became locked in strong internal factional struggles, which intensified as the economy declined and president Robert Mugabe advanced in age. This chapter maintains that political violence was an important feature of these internal struggles. The violent June 2008 run-off presidential election, which is the chapter’s main focus, was emblematic of ZANU-PF’s internal uses of violence. The chapter analyses political violence in Zimbabwe in three sequential parts: the patterns and explanations for the 2008 poll violence, the subsequent low-level violence since 2008, and the violence emanating from internal ZANU-PF factional struggles. What emerges from this analysis is that violence is an important way in which internal competition in ZANU-PF is performed and there are continuities in this violence over the past decade. In addition, violence is most intense during election periods. Despite the repeated risks of violence during elections, Zimbabwe remains a relatively stable country.
Transcranial stimulation and decision-making
Authors: Csifcsák Gábor , Mittner Matthias , Forstmann Birte U. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Decision making (DM) is essential for everyday functioning. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods such as transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation have been used extensively to understand the behavioral and neural correlates of choice arbitration. However, the considerable inconsistency across findings renders it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the magnitude and robustness of their effects. This variability is likely due to differences in stimulation protocols across studies, but also to statistical fluctuations arising from insufficient power. In this chapter, we make a distinction between perceptual and value-based DM, and evaluate NIBS studies through the lens of computational modeling. We argue for the importance of recovering latent DM parameters via formal mathematical models, and describe how this approach can elucidate NIBS mechanisms on phenomena such as speed-accuracy trade-off and reinforcement learning. Finally, we provide recommendations for future studies to improve the reliability and replicability of NIBS findings.
Within and Beyond the Anthropology of Language and Law
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines why U.S. legal scholarship has been unable to make use of abundant empirical research on law and language within the field of anthropology. Specifically, linguistic anthropologists have disproven old theories still used by US legal philosophers to ground their analyses of legal language. These anthropologists have provided ample alternative foundations for theorizing how legal language works. After reviewing that research and contrasting outdated conceptions of legal language within legal academic scholarship, the chapter examines how metalinguistic assumptions that are built into legal thinking have actually discouraged legal theorists from incorporating more sophisticated and accurate conceptions of law’s language. While overcoming this obstacle may not be possible, the chapter concludes by urging both legal scholars and linguistic anthropologists to consider possible avenues for better communication. Updated insights from anthropological research on language and communication have much to offer legal scholars studying the language of law.
Law & Development
Authors: Böckenförde Markus , Gebeye Berihun A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLaw and development (L&D) is a dynamic academic and policy field. Since the second half of the twentieth century, anthropologists, lawyers, economists, and political scientists have taken a special interest in L&D. Due to such multidisciplinary engagement and its dynamism, L&D is at once a field or discipline of inquiry, an approach or way of thinking, a phenomenon to be observed, and a funding device to be deployed in development practice. In this chapter, by going beyond the conventional narratives of L&D studies, the authors examine the idea of development and law, along with their interactions in the context of L&D at national and international levels. This comprehensive investigation shows the deeper theoretical, political, ideological, and legal perspectives that underpin and structure the scholarship, policy, and practice of law and development. The chapter then critically reviews the three moments of L&D, which have their distinct common features, and suggest why L&D should contribute more actively to forming concepts of development, rather than building on current understandings. Additionally, while the authors recognize that L&D has had a particular association with the development agenda of ‘developing’ countries, they argue that it may also be applied to the ‘developed’ on a range of issues, such as reducing inequality and ensuring sustainable development.
The Anthropology of European Law
Authors: Graziadei Michele 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEuropean law is a motley composition resulting from a multitude of sources. This contribution explores how an anthropology of law focusing on such an object first developed and how it is currently practised. The first section covers how nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century scholarship first approached the study of law and legal institutions from an anthropological point of view. Contemporary anthropologists look at these beginnings with scepticism, but an illustration of the background is necessary to understand how contemporary anthropology of law evolved out of (and eventually abandoned) an older tradition. The second section presents the purposes and the tasks of the discipline in today’s Europe. The fall of totalitarian regimes and the establishment of democracies brought about a new understanding of the purposes of law in Europe. Law and anthropology studies have thus explored a variety of themes linked to the transformations of European societies in recent decades. The third section considers how European institutions and the norms emanating from them (as opposed to national or local ones) have become an object of increasing attention from the point of view of law and anthropology scholarship. The making of a common law for Europe transforms Europe, and opens up new fields of enquiry at the same time. The conclusion highlights how the contributions coming from the field of law and anthropology have put on the research agenda crucial questions that mainstream legal studies do not address, and perhaps cannot address, except as a reflexive afterthought.
Greek and Roman Slaving in Comparative Ancient Perspective
Authors: Jursa Michael , Tost Sven 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the evidence for dependent labour in the Ancient Near East, particularly in the state or institutional sector of the economy, comparing the findings to pertinent institutions and structures known from the Graeco-Roman world. There is a focus on diachronic change within the Ancient Near East, where the role of dependent labour evolved significantly over time. The chapter highlights similarities as well as differences and points to some pathways for causation. The ‘traditional’ image (often associated with views expressed by Moses Finley) of the Ancient Near East as being characterized by a labour regime relying nearly exclusively on compelled dependent (but not slave) labour and thus being fundamentally different from ‘the’ Graeco-Roman world is nuanced considerably.
Greek Combat Sport and the Borders of Athletics, Violence, and Civilization
Authors: Poliakoff Michael B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Greek combat sports, boxing, wrestling, and pankration include elements of extreme violence. Wrestling and boxing bouts in Greek mythology not infrequently end in death. Contrary to the widely held view that the Greeks kept their boxing free of the dangerous spiked gloves that characterized Roman boxing, the Greek festivals at times did admit this murderous equipment. Why did the archaic culture of single combat described so vividly in Homer’s Iliad not find expression in the type of duelling seen throughout European history? The answer appears to lie in the Greek ability to engage and resolve through competitive athletics issues of honour and status that otherwise easily slide into far more destructive manifestations. This appears to be the reason there is a vibrant legacy of Greek combat sport, while the Hellenic world remained an antitype, not a precedent, for the carnage of sword and pistol duels in latter day Europe.
Law, Litigation, and Sport in Ancient Greece
Authors: Papakonstantinou Zinon 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the interplay between sport, law, and legal contests in Archaic and Classical Greece. Since the Archaic period Greek communities legally regulated a wide range of activities, including sport. Civic laws on sport practices, such as those attributed to Solon, can be interpreted in the context of wider civic movements, evident also in the so-called archaic sumptuary legislation, to re-negotiate and pre-empt the meaning and social value of traditional elite practices. Laws that spell out sporting rules and prohibitions, as enforced in civic and interstate games or in training venues, are no less revealing, both for the conduct of competitive sport as well as for its social and ideological context. Through a detailed discussion of case studies (regulations of the Olympic games; rules governing the operation of gymnasia, palaistrai and the ephebeia) it is argued that the promulgation of legal frameworks for sport practices corresponds in many respects to the emergence and development of laws which regulated other aspects of life in the Greek world. Furthermore, extant Greek laws on sport, and the evidence for their reception and use, articulate the realities and dynamism of athletic practices as well as something of the popularity, excitement, and at times ambivalence that accompanied Greek sport.
Theatre of Cruelty
Authors: Beacham Richard 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Flavian Dynasty emerged from a theatrically violent episode of civil war; in the bloody chaos of Rome’s streets, political competition played out before a literally captive audience. Vespasian built on these experiences, incorporating mass performance venues into his triumphal route, while using live performance elements to recreate highlights of the Judaean campaign. The Colosseum project headlined the family’s work to restore Rome’s strength. Titus’ inaugural games were a series of vignettes that affirmed Roman power over distant and exotic landscapes, with the emperor’s literally amazing power working a transformative effect on the human and cosmic realm. Maintaining always an appropriate decorum and even-handedness, Titus engaged the crowd with benevolent and generous exchanges. Although autocratic Domitian scorned the audience’s favour, he still craved the masses’ awe at the scale and setting of his shows. Pliny praises Trajan’s return to the cooperative habits of spectacle discourse, hosted by a generous and paternalistic emperor, for which the crowd performed appropriate gratitude, expressed with sincere flattery.
Imperial Spectacle in the Roman Provinces
Authors: Chamberland Guy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Abstract: Despite the bounty of evidence, iconographic and architectural, for spectacles in the Roman provinces, there is surprisingly little information about their organization and presentation by political elites. This evidence does suggest that the mounting of spectacles by elected officials was in effect an obligatory form of payment in return for the power and prestige of high office; these could be considered ‘statutory’ events, responsibilities required for office holders. For this reason, the surviving epigraphic evidence for the marshalling of official spectacles is very limited, as these standard financial obligations were not considered acceptable foci for public praise. Inscriptions and other material that document private spectacles, however, make it clear that the act of organizing and mounting shows was a highly valued benefaction by Roman provincial elites.
Capturing the invisible. Sociotechnical imaginaries of energy. The critical overview
Authors: Rudek Tadeusz Józef 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While the need and general direction of the energy transition are widely accepted, the implementation has different dynamics throughout the world. Sociotechnical imaginaries concept, bridging the science, policy, and society, seems promising in understanding and explaining the global differences. The present paper analyses 135 abstracts that contain the topic keywords, sociotechnical imaginaries, published in international, peer-reviewed scientific journals during the last 11 years. Further on, the author conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 43 energy-related articles to offer a panoramic overview of sociotechnical imaginaries in energy research out of the more extensive background. The paper aims to present a critical overview of the concept usage in energy studies to identify incoherences and blind spots in concept usage. What is more, this research intents to show the promising direction of using sociotechnical imaginaries. It also proposes new operationalisation and theoretical frame as well as potentially contributes to policymaking.
Two-stage Reconstruction of Hand Extensor Tendons Using Silicon Rods
Authors: Abdulaziz Mohammad KH.B. , Al-Ali Ahmad B. , Hassan Zakariya , Abdelaty Mahmoud , Alkandari Qutaiba A. , Piccolo Nelson Sarto 
Published: October 2021

Summary:
The extensor system of the hand is an intricate complex component that involves a working balance between the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of extension. Injuries to the extensor tendons are typically repaired primarily or by tendon transfers or grafts at a second stage. A 16-year-old boy sustained a right hand crush injury following an all-terrain vehicle accident, resulting in the loss of dorsal skin and extensor tendons of digits 3, 4, and 5 involving extensor zones 4–6, and oblique fractures in the second and third metacarpal bones. Primary surgery involved fixation of aforementioned fractures utilizing K-wires along with superficial circumflex iliac artery flap coverage for the raw areas post debridement. Following this, primary extensor tendon reconstruction was performed using silicon Hunter rod implants and autologous tendon grafts via a two-stage approach. Over a 2-year postoperative period, the patient demonstrated active functional extension of all four fingers with some limitations to range of motion. This case report supports the hypothesis that the pseudo-synovial sheaths created by silicone rod implants assist the easy gliding motion of tendon grafts in the second stage of reconstruction, reducing the risk of tendon adhesions, shortening, and extension lag.