bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequências do neoconstitucionalismo
Authors: Silva Mota Deborah 
Published: February 2021

Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial houve grandes mudanças no cenário constitucional, surgindo o neoconstitucionalismo. Com o novo modelo as constituições passaram a aderir o padrão americano tendo como base a supremacia da constituição e havendo obrigação dos legisladores darem efetividade a ela (a constituição). Assim sendo, o Judiciário passou a tratar de certos temas que antes não eram levados até ele, dando maior poder à função jurisdicional ao adotar o mecanismo do controle de constitucionalidade. A escolha do presente tema se deu em razão de haver inúmeras decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal que não fazem jus à função de guardião da constituição e sim atuando com legislador, denotando um ativismo judicial não previsto em suas competências. Desta forma é que o judiciário se torna o monarca contemporâneo, no qual a população deposita seus problemas e passam anos esperando por uma solução.
Palavras-chave: Neoconstitucionalismo. Ativismo Judicial. Supremo Tribunal Federal.Constituição.
A (des)industrialização brasileira em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Amaral Oliveira Talita 
Published: February 2021

RESUMO

O presente trabalho é classificado como explicativo, na medida em que buscar expor causa e efeito da revogação pela lei 13.874, de 20 de setembro de 2019 por meio do seu artigo 19, I. O método de abordagem é o hipotético-dedutivo, devido ao levantamento de conjecturas que foram testadas, objetivando uma melhor resposta ao problema: a revogação pela lei de Liberdade Econômica – 13.874, de 20 de setembro de 2019 –, por meio do seu artigo 19, I, corrobora para o desenvolvimento econômico através da saúde em tempos de pandemia? O referencial usado foi o Complexo Econômico Industrial da Saúde (CEIS) e a ideologia constitucionalmente adotada do professor Washington Albino Peluso de Souza. A técnica de pesquisa usada foi à documentação indireta; documental e bibliográfica.
Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Levels Are Associated with Aging and Smoking But Not with Future Dementia in the Rotterdam Study
Authors: Galle Sara , Licher Silvan , Milders Maarten , Deijen Jan Berend , Scherder Erik , Drent Madeleine , Ikram Arfan , van Duijn Cornelia M. 
Published: February 2021

Background: Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) plays a vital role in neuronal survival and plasticity and facilitates long-term potentiation, essential for memory. Alterations in BDNF signaling have been associated with cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Although peripheral BDNF levels are reduced in dementia patients, it is unclear whether changes in BDNF levels precede or follow dementia onset. Objective: In the present study, we examined the association between BDNF plasma levels and dementia risk over a follow-up period of up to 16 years. Methods: Plasma BDNF levels were assessed in 758 participants of the Rotterdam Study. Dementia was assessed from baseline (1997–1999) to follow-up until January 2016. Associations of plasma BDNF and incident dementia were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age and sex. Associations between plasma BDNF and lifestyle and metabolic factors are investigated using linear regression. Results: During a follow up of 3,286 person-years, 131 participants developed dementia, of whom 104 had Alzheimer’s disease. We did not find an association between plasma BDNF and risk of dementia (adjusted hazard ratio 0.99; 95%CI 0.84–1.16). BDNF levels were positively associated with age (B = 0.003, SD = 0.001, p = 0.002), smoking (B = 0.08, SE = 0.01, p = < 0.001), and female sex (B = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p = 0.03), but not with physical activity level (B = –0.01, SE = 0.01, p = 0.06). Conclusion: The findings suggest that peripheral BDNF levels are not associated with an increased risk of dementia.
Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation as a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cuttler Jerry M. , Abdellah Eslam , Goldberg Yael , Al-Shamaa Sarmad , Symons Sean P. , Black Sandra E. , Freedman Morris 
Published: February 2021

Background: In 2015, a patient in hospice with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was treated with ionizing radiation to her brain using repeated CT scans. Improvement in cognition, speech, movement, and appetite was observed. These improvements were so momentous that she was discharged from the hospice to a long-term care home. Based on this case, we conducted a pilot clinical trial to examine the effect of low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) in severe AD. Objective: To determine whether the previously reported benefits of LDIR in a single case with AD could be observed again in other cases with AD when the same treatments are given. Methods: In this single-arm study, four patients were treated with three consecutive treatments of LDIR, each spaced two weeks apart. Qualitative changes in communication and behavior with close relatives were observed and recorded. Quantitative measures of cognition and behavior were administered pre and post LDIR treatments. Results: Minor improvements on quantitative measures were noted in three of the four patients following treatment. However, the qualitative observations of cognition and behavior suggested remarkable improvements within days post-treatment, including greater overall alertness. One patient showed no change. Conclusion: LDIR may be a promising, albeit controversial therapy for AD. Trials of patients with less severe AD, double-blind and placebo-controlled, should be carried out to determine the benefits of LDIR. Quantitative measures are needed that are sensitive to the remarkable changes induced by LDIR, such as biological markers of oxidative stress that are associated with AD.
Distinct Profile Differences in Subjective Cognitive Decline in the General Public Are Associated with Metacognition, Negative Affective Symptoms, Neuroticism, Stress, and Poor Quality of Life
Authors: Jenkins Amy , Tree Jeremy , Tales Andrea 
Published: February 2021

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is increasingly recognized in both the clinical and research arenas as a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Although SCD is etiologically heterogeneous and potentially treatable, in comparison to MCI and Alzheimer’s disease, SCD remains poorly characterized with its clinical relevance often questioned. Objective: This study’s aim was to improve the characterization of SCD within the general public. Methods: Individuals with SCD were compared to those without via a battery of measures. Results: Both the SCD and the non-SCD group correlational analysis identified significant relationships between worse SCD, worse metacognitive dysfunction, negative affective symptoms, and greater levels of stress. The SCD group displayed additional correlational relationships between Cognitive Change Index (Self report) (CCI-S) scores, higher neuroticism scores, and poorer quality of life (QoL). Partial correlation analysis in the SCD group suggests CCI-S scores, anxiety, depression, and metacognition are intercorrelated. Ad hoc analyses using metacognition as the grouping variable found that those experiencing worse metacognitive dysfunction were significantly more likely to experience poorer SCD, psychological and social QoL, greater levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and neuroticism. Conclusion: The emerging pattern from the analysis indicates that SCD appears associated with sub-clinical negative affective difficulties, metacognitive, and other psycho-social issues, and poorer QoL. Dysfunctional cognitive control at a meta-level may impact someone’s ability to rationally identify cognitive changes, increase worry about cognitive changes, and allow such changes to impact their lives more than those with superior metacognitive control. Findings could impact SCD assessment, monitoring, early intervention, and ultimately reducing risk of further decline.
Olfactory Impairment Is Related to Tau Pathology and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Klein Julia , Yan Xinyu , Johnson Aubrey , Tomljanovic Zeljko , Zou James , Polly Krista , Honig Lawrence S. , Brickman Adam M. , Stern Yaakov , Devanand D.P. , Lee Seonjoo , Kreisl William C. 
Published: February 2021

Background: Olfactory impairment is evident in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, its precise relationships with clinical biomarker measures of tau pathology and neuroinflammation are not well understood. Objective: To determine if odor identification performance measured with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is related to in vivo measures of tau pathology and neuroinflammation. Methods: Cognitively normal and cognitively impaired participants were selected from an established research cohort of adults aged 50 and older who underwent neuropsychological testing, brain MRI, and amyloid PET. Fifty-four participants were administered the UPSIT. Forty-one underwent 18F-MK-6240 PET (measuring tau pathology) and fifty-three underwent 11C-PBR28 PET (measuring TSPO, present in activated microglia). Twenty-three participants had lumbar puncture to measure CSF concentrations of total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and amyloid-β (Aβ42). Results: Low UPSIT performance was associated with greater18F-MK-6240 binding in medial temporal cortex, hippocampus, middle/inferior temporal gyri, inferior parietal cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex ( p < 0.05). Similar relationships were seen for 11C-PBR28. These relationships were primarily driven by amyloid-positive participants. Lower UPSIT performance was associated with greater CSF concentrations of t-tau and p-tau ( p < 0.05). Amyloid status and cognitive status exhibited independent effects on UPSIT performance ( p < 0.01). Conclusion: Olfactory identification deficits are related to extent of tau pathology and neuroinflammation, particularly in those with amyloid pathophysiology. The independent association of amyloid-positivity and cognitive impairment with odor identification suggests that low UPSIT performance may be a marker for AD pathophysiology in cognitive normal individuals, although impaired odor identification is associated with both AD and non-AD related neurodegeneration. NCT Registration Numbers: NCT03373604; NCT02831283
Cigarette Smoking Status, Cigarette Exposure, and Duration of Abstinence Predicting Incident Dementia and Death: A Multistate Model Approach
Authors: Johnson Adrienne L. , Nystrom Naomi C. , Piper Megan E. , Cook Jessica , Norton Derek L. , Zuelsdorff Megan , Wyman Mary F. , Flowers Benton Susan , Lambrou Nickolas H. , O’Hara John , Chin Nathaniel A. , Asthana Sanjay , Carlsson Cynthia , Gleason Carey E. 
Published: February 2021

Background: To fully characterize the risk for dementia associated with cigarette smoking, studies must consider competing risks that hinder the observation of dementia or modify the chance that dementia occurs (i.e., death). Extant research examining the competing risks fails to account for the occurrence of death following dementia, limiting our understanding of the relation between smoking and dementia. Objective: Examine the impact of smoking status, lifetime smoking exposure, and duration of abstinence on incident dementia, death following dementia, and death without dementia. Methods: Multi-state models estimated hazard ratios (HR) for 95% confidence interval (CI) of 10,681 cognitively healthy adults for transition from baseline to dementia, baseline to death, and dementia to death based on smoking status, lifetime cigarette exposure, and abstinence duration. Results: Compared to never smokers, current smokers had increased risk of dementia (HR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.18– 2.32; p = 0.004), and death from baseline (HR = 2.98; 95% CI 2.24– 3.98; p < 0.001) and incident dementia (HR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.08– 3.27; p = 0.03). Pack years increased risk of death from baseline (HR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00– 1.01; p < 0.001), but not dementia risk (HR = 1.00; 95% CI 1.00– 1.00; p = 0.78) or death following dementia (HR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.00– 1.01; p = 0.05). Recent quitters (quit < 10 years), compared to never smokers, had increased risk of death after baseline (HR = 2.31; 95% CI 1.55– 3.43; p < 0.001), but not dementia (HR = 1.17; 95% CI 0.73– 1.88; p = 0.52) or death following dementia (HR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.42– 2.41; p = 0.99). Conclusion: Current smoking increases the risk for dementia and death, but dementia is better attributed to smoking recency than lifetime exposure. Smoking cessation at any age might reduce these risks for cognitively healthy individuals.
Upregulation of Cortical A2A Adenosine Receptors Is Reflected in Platelets of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Merighi Stefania , Battistello Enrica , Casetta Ilaria , Gragnaniello Daniela , Poloni Tino Emanuele , Medici Valentina , Cirrincione Alice , Varani Katia , Vincenzi Fabrizio , Borea Pier Andrea , Gessi Stefania 
Published: February 2021

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology covering about 70%of all cases of dementia. Adenosine, a ubiquitous nucleoside, plays a key role in neurodegeneration, through interaction with four receptor subtypes. The A2A receptor is upregulated in peripheral blood cells of patients affected by Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, reflecting the same alteration found in brain tissues. However, whether these changes are also present in AD pathology has not been determined. Objective: In this study we verified any significant difference between AD cases and controls in both brain and platelets and we evaluated whether peripheral A2A receptors may reflect the status of neuronal A2A receptors. Methods: We evaluated the expression of A2A receptors in frontal white matter, frontal gray matter, and hippocampus/entorhinal cortex, in postmortem AD patients and control subjects, through [3H]ZM 241385 binding experiments. The same analysis was performed in peripheral platelets from AD patients versus controls. Results: The expression of A2A receptors in frontal white matter, frontal gray matter, and hippocampus/entorhinal cortex, revealed a density (Bmax) of 174±29, 219±33, and 358±84 fmol/mg of proteins, respectively, in postmortem AD patients in comparison to 104±16, 103±19, and 121±20 fmol/mg of proteins in controls ( p < 0.01). The same trend was observed in peripheral platelets from AD patients versus controls (Bmax of 214±17 versus 95±4 fmol/mg of proteins, respectively, p < 0.01). Conclusion: AD subjects show significantly higher A2A receptor density than controls. Values on platelets seem to correlate with those in the brain supporting a role for A2A receptor as a possible marker of AD pathology and drug target for novel therapies able to modify the progression of dementia.
Deep Learning and Risk Score Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Nagaraj Sanjay , Duong Tim Q. 
Published: February 2021

Background: Many neurocognitive and neuropsychological tests are used to classify early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from cognitive normal (CN). This can make it challenging for clinicians to make efficient and objective clinical diagnoses. It is possible to reduce the number of variables needed to make a reasonably accurate classification using machine learning. Objective: The goal of this study was to develop a deep learning algorithm to identify a few significant neurocognitive tests that can accurately classify these four groups. We also derived a simplified risk-stratification score model for diagnosis. Methods: Over 100 variables that included neuropsychological/neurocognitive tests, demographics, genetic factors, and blood biomarkers were collected from 383 EMCI, 644 LMCI, 394 AD patients, and 516 cognitive normal from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. A neural network algorithm was trained on data split 90% for training and 10% testing using 10-fold cross-validation. Prediction performance used area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic analysis. We also evaluated five different feature selection methods. Results: The five feature selection methods consistently yielded the top classifiers to be the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale - Sum of Boxes, Delayed total recall, Modified Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite with Trails test, Modified Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite with Digit test, and Mini-Mental State Examination. The best classification model yielded an AUC of 0.984, and the simplified risk-stratification score yielded an AUC of 0.963 on the test dataset. Conclusion: The deep-learning algorithm and simplified risk score accurately classifies EMCI, LMCI, AD and CN patients using a few common neurocognitive tests.
Genome-wide identification and analysis of the MADS-box gene family and its potential role in fruit ripening in black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.)
Authors: Wu Yaqiong , Zhang Chunhong , Wu Wenlong , Li Weilin , Lyu Lianfei 
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: Black raspberry is a vital fruit crop with a high antioxidant function. MADS-box genes play an important role in the regulation of fruit development in angiosperms. OBJECTIVE: To understand the regulatory role of the MADS-box family, a total of 80 MADS-box genes were identified and analyzed. METHODS: The MADS-box genes in the black raspberry genome were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. Through an analysis of the promoter elements, the possible functions of different members of the family were predicted. The spatiotemporal expression patterns of members of the MADS-box family during black raspberry fruit development and ripening were systematically analyzed. RESULTS: The genes were classified into type I (Mα: 33; Mβ: 6; Mγ: 10) and type II (MIKC*: 2; MIKCC: 29) genes. We also obtained a complete overview of the RoMADS-box gene family through phylogenetic, gene structure, conserved motif, and cis element analyses. The relative expression analysis showed different expression patterns, and most RoMADS-box genes were more highly expressed in fruit than in other tissues of black raspberry. CONCLUSIONS: This finding indicates that the MADS-box gene family is involved in the regulation of fruit ripening processes in black raspberry.
Progression or Not – A Small Natural History Study of Genetical Confirmed Congenital Myopathies
Authors: Werlauff Ulla , Hansen Pernille Diemer , Witting Nanna , Vissing John 
Published: February 2021

Background: Clinical characteristics of patients with congenital myopathies (CM) are well known but there is a lack of knowledge about the natural history and course of disease of the different genetic subtypes. In 2010 we assessed the national cohort of Danish patients with CM to decide genetic diagnosing and describe genotype- phenotype relationships. AIM of this follow-up study was to evaluate the course of disease since the initial study and to evaluate the applicability of standard assessment methods to reflect change over time and patients own opinion on the course of disease. Methods: All available genetically diagnosed patients studied by us in 2010 ( n = 41) were invited to the follow-up study; assessment of motor function (MFM-32), muscle strength (MRC %)and respiratory function (FVC %) and prime assessor were the same as in the initial study. Patients were asked whether the course of disease had progresses, was stable or had improved. Results: 23 patients (15–61 y) accepted the invitation. Mean follow-up time was 7.7 years. Loss of muscle strength was more prominent in patients with mutations in DNM2, RYR1 and TPM2/3 genes and deterioration in FVC % was more evident in patients carrying NEB and ACTA1 gene mutations. MFM-sum score was less sensitive to change compared to MRC-sum score. In general, agreement between the patient’s own opinion of the course of disease and results of assessments was good. Conclusion: The number of patients in the study is too small to be conclusive, but the results indicate that CM can be stable or slowly progressive depending on the genetic subtype.
Relation of asymmetric dimethylarginine with pulmonary morbidities in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Abed Neveen Tawfik , Abdel Haie Omima Mohamed , Mansour Amira Ibrahim , Almonaem Eman Rateb Abd 
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: Asymmetric Dimethyl Arginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is important in different diseases characterized by decreased nitric oxide (NO) availability. We aimed to assess the serum ADMA level in preterm infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and its relationship with pulmonary outcomes. METHODS: This prospective study included 50 preterm neonates suffering from RDS aging≤32 weeks and weighing≤1500  gm. Serum ADMA levels were estimated in the 1st and 28th day of life by ELISA, and its correlation with surfactant requirement, duration of ventilation, and development of BPD was assessed. RESULTS: Fifty preterm infants with RDS were included, 30 infants were treated with surfactant within 12 hours after birth, the 1stday ADMA level was higher significantly in infants who required surfactant treatment than infants without surfactant treatment, At 36 weeks postmenstrual age, 16 infants were diagnosed with BPD, the 28th day ADMA level was significantly higher in infants with BPD than others without BPD. 1st-day ADMA level was significantly correlated with days on mechanical ventilation but there were no significant correlations between 1st day ADMA and days on CPAP and days on supplemental O2. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum ADMA level in preterm neonates with RDS estimated in the 1st and 28th day of life is a good predictor for pulmonary morbidities such as surfactant requirement, duration of mechanical ventilation, and development of BPD.
СНАЙПЕРСЬКИЙ КОМПЛЕКС (ПОНЯТТЯ ТА ВИМОГИ)
Authors: ГОРБАТЮК Анатолій , ІВАНОВСЬКИЙ Ростислав , ПОЛІЩУК Сергій 
Published: February 2021

У статті розкривається поняття високоточного снайперського комплексу та усіх складових, що до нього входять. Висвітлюються основні конструктивні особливості зброї снайпера з обґрунтуваннями та вимогами до них. Проводиться розмежування між високоточною снайперською гвинтівкою та гвинтівкою вогневої підтримки-зброєю марксмена. Особливо наголошується на тих деталях, які вагомо впливають на такі важливі характеристики гвинтівки як точність та купчастість. Приділяється значна увага оптичним прицілам, їхнім можливостям, слабким та сильним місцям, а також ергономічним властивостям снайперського комплексу в цілому, особливо для стрільби з різних нестандартних положень. Наголошується на обов’язковій можливості регулювання вкладки зброї незалежно від індивідуальних антропологічних особливостей стрільця. Вказується на основні вимоги до сучасного снайперського комплексу з урахуванням практичного досвіду застосування, що доцільно було б врахувати при виборі того чи іншого зразка стрілецької зброї для прийняття на озброєння. Частково згадується про фактори, що впливають на скритність роботи снайпера і є його демаскуючими ознаками.
Також у роботі йдеться про діапазон ефективних дистанцій для роботи снайпера, обґрунтованих застосуванням відповідних калібрів боєприпасів. Дана наукова стаття може покласти початок новим науковим експериментальним дослідженням гвинтівок, які відрізняються між собою за технічними характеристиками, такими як до прикладу довжина ствола. Проаналізувати та дослідити як відрізнятимуться між собою такі балістичні показники як початкова швидкість кулі, та її енергія зважаючи на той фактор, що куля одного і того ж калібру буде по черзі випускатися з різних гвинтівок з найпоширенішими довжинами стволів. Слідом за вищесказаним, варто було б у такому дослідженні не залишити без уваги таке явище, як дульний спалах і його вплив на стрільця у темряві, оскільки він також прямо-пропорційно буде залежати від довжини ствола зброї.