bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duplication of the urethra in an adult male presenting with scrotal fistula: a rare case report
Authors: Tlili Ghassen , Ahmed Khaled ben , Acacha Emir , Taghrid Tlili , Ktari Kamel , Wiem Majdoub , Jaidane Mehdi , Saad Hamadi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Urethral duplication is a rare congenital abnormality with varied clinical manifestations; to this day, &lt;300 cases were reported in the literature. It is affecting mainly males and is nearly always diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. It may be complete or incomplete, and the most widely accepted classification of the different types of urethral duplication was developed by Effman et al. Herein, we present a rare case of urethral duplication revealed by scrotal fistula in an adult man. A duplication is an unusual form of Y-type duplication: it is an incomplete urethral duplication urethra opening on the scrotum without communication with the urethra or bladder.
Challenges of Virtual RDS for Recruitment of Sexual Minority Women for a Behavioral Health Study
Authors: Middleton Deirdre , Drabble Laurie A , Krug Deborah , Karriker-Jaffe Katherine J , Mericle Amy A , Hughes Tonda L , Iachan Ronaldo , Trocki Karen F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is an approach commonly used to recruit nonprobability samples of rare and hard-to-find populations. The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of phone- and web-based RDS methodology to sample sexual minority women (SMW) for participation in a telephone survey. Key features included (i) utilizing a national probability survey sample to select seeds; (ii) web-based recruitment with emailed coupons; and (iii) virtual processes for orienting, screening, and scheduling potential participants for computer-assisted telephone interviews. Rather than resulting in a large diverse sample of SMW, only a small group of randomly selected women completed the survey and agreed to recruit their peers, and very few women recruited even one participant. Only seeds from the most recent of two waves of the probability study generated new SMW recruits. Three RDS attempts to recruit SMW over several years and findings from brief qualitative interviews revealed four key challenges to successful phone- and web-based RDS with this population. First, population-based sampling precludes sampling based on participant characteristics that are often used in RDS. Second, methods that distance prospective participants from the research team may impede development of relationships, investment in the study, and motivation to participate. Third, recruitment for telephone surveys may be impeded by multiple burdens on seeds and recruits (e.g., survey length, understanding the study and RDS process). Finally, many seeds from a population-based sample may be needed, which is not generally feasible when working with a limited pool of potential seeds. This method may yield short recruitment chains, which would not meet key RDS assumptions for approximation of a probability sample. In conclusion, potential challenges to using RDS in studies with SMW, particularly those using virtual approaches, should be considered.
Interviewer Effects in Live Video and Prerecorded Video Interviewing
Authors: West Brady T , Ong Ai Rene , Conrad Frederick G , Schober Michael F , Larsen Kallan M , Hupp Andrew L 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Live video (LV) communication tools (e.g., Zoom) have the potential to provide survey researchers with many of the benefits of in-person interviewing, while also greatly reducing data collection costs, given that interviewers do not need to travel and make in-person visits to sampled households. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of in-person data collection to public health crises, forcing survey researchers to explore remote data collection modes—such as LV interviewing—that seem likely to yield high-quality data without in-person interaction. Given the potential benefits of these technologies, the operational and methodological aspects of video interviewing have started to receive research attention from survey methodologists. Although it is remote, video interviewing still involves respondent–interviewer interaction that introduces the possibility of interviewer effects. No research to date has evaluated this potential threat to the quality of the data collected in video interviews. This research note presents an evaluation of interviewer effects in a recent experimental study of alternative approaches to video interviewing including both LV interviewing and the use of prerecorded videos of the same interviewers asking questions embedded in a web survey (“prerecorded video” interviewing). We find little evidence of significant interviewer effects when using these two approaches, which is a promising result. We also find that when interviewer effects were present, they tended to be slightly larger in the LV approach as would be expected in light of its being an interactive approach. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for future research using video interviewing.
Karl Barth and Nostra Aetate: New Evidence from the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Herskowitz Daniel M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This essay exposes and discusses Karl Barth’s previously unknown involvement in the Second Vatican Council debates over the document on the Jews, which would soon be commonly known as Chapter IV of Nostra Aetate, and argues for its importance for our understanding of Barth’s personal and theological attitude towards Jews and Judaism. Drawing on unknown archival material, it demonstrates Barth’s deep familiarity with all of the main drafts of the document and his awareness of the various forces, both internal and external to the Catholic Church, trying to influence its theological message. It also reveals and analyses a three-page interpretation of the textual history of the document on the Jews written by Barth himself, in which he assesses its various drafts and considers a request from the Jewish committee involved with the Council to approach the Pope personally on their behalf. Lastly, it argues that this episode sheds important light on Barth’s understanding of the accusation of Jewish ‘deicide’ and his doctrine of Israel more generally, both complementing and furthering what is presented in Church Dogmatics, Ad Limina Apostolorum, and elsewhere.
The quiescent centre and root apical meristem: organization and function
Authors: Dubrovsky Joseph G , Vissenberg Kris 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis special issue is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Frederick Albert Lionel Clowes, who discovered the quiescent centre (QC) of the root apical meristem (RAM). His discovery was a foundation for contemporary studies of the QC and RAM function, maintenance, and organization. RAM function is fundamental for cell production and root growth. This special issue bundles reviews on the main tendencies, hypotheses, and future directions, and identifies unknowns in the field.
Exploring Spanish contemporary song lyrics through Digital Humanities methods: Some thematic and structural properties
Authors: Hernández-Lorenzo Laura , Diaz Aitor , Perez Alvaro , Ros Salvador , González-Blanco Elena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this article, we present a quantitative study with Digital Humanities methods on an extensive corpus of Spanish contemporary song lyrics, a type of text related to poetry. On the one hand, poetry and songs not only have been connected since their origins, but they share some characteristics, such as the division in lines or the use of rhymes. On the other hand, Digital Humanities quantitative approaches have already been applied to poetry, but we still lack a study in the same fashion for lyrics. Taking advantage of the advances in automatic scansion and syllabification, rhyme detection, or Topic Modeling technologies, the present study analyzes Spanish contemporary song lyrics’ main thematic and structural properties, comparing them with those used in poetic texts. Our results offered new insights into the characteristics of the analyzed texts and their connections to poetic ones.
On probabilistic argumentation and subargument-completeness
Authors: Riveret Régis , Oren Nir 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Probabilistic argumentation combines probability theory and formal models of argumentation. Given an argumentation graph where vertices are arguments and edges are attacks or supports between arguments, the approach of probabilistic labellings relies on a probability space where the sample space is any specific set of argument labellings of the graph, so that any labelling outcome can be associated with a probability value. Argument labellings can feature a label indicating that an argument is not expressed, and in previous work these labellings were constructed by exploiting the subargument-completeness postulate according to which if an argument is expressed then its subarguments are expressed and through the use of the concept of ‘subargument-complete subgraphs’. While the use of such subgraphs is interesting to compare probabilistic labellings with other works in the literature, it may also hinder the comprehension of a relatively simple framework. In this short communication, we revisit the construction of probabilistic labellings and demonstrate how labellings can be specified without reference to the concept of subargument-complete subgraphs. By doing so, the framework is simplified and yields a more natural model of argumentation.
Maximality of bi-intuitionistic propositional logic
Authors: Olkhovikov Grigory , Badia Guillermo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the style of Lindström’s theorem for classical first-order logic, this article characterizes propositional bi-intuitionistic logic as the maximal (with respect to expressive power) abstract logic satisfying a certain form of compactness, the Tarski union property and preservation under bi-asimulations. Since bi-intuitionistic logic introduces new complexities in the intuitionistic setting by adding the analogue of a backwards looking modality, the present paper constitutes a non-trivial modification of the previous work done by the authors for intuitionistic logic (Badia and Olkhovikov, 2020, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 61, 11–30).
How migration intentions change during periods of political instability and violence: Panel survey evidence from Kenya
Authors: Ruhe Constantin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Forced migration research suggests that violence plays a central role in individuals’ decision to flee. However, research has not yet examined how individuals form migration decisions in violent contexts over time. I argue that forced migration decision making consists of anticipatory and reactive processes. Distinguishing these stages improves our understanding of seemingly contradictory evidence on the violence–displacement link. I posit that some individuals anticipate security risks based on personal characteristics such as affiliations with specific identity groups and based on previous experiences. Consequently, they consider leaving due to security concerns relatively early and are likely to flee in anticipation of violence. Others will only react to direct consequences of political conflict, but leave quickly when they experience violence regardless of previous intentions. To evaluate this argument empirically, I analyze an original panel dataset among the adult population of Nairobi and Mombasa which tracks individual migration considerations and actual displacement during the violent 2017 Kenyan elections over time. The longitudinal design disaggregates migration decision making and studies when and for which reasons people consider leaving as well as when individuals implement their plans to leave their homes. The results underscore the theoretical argument: Some individuals react quickly to changing events and start to consider leaving their homes. Moreover, these considerations translate into action: individuals who report security-related migration intentions are much more likely to flee. Regardless of the previous migration plans, however, a second group of individuals flees once they personally experience violence. The decision logic mirrors two-step models of non-conflict migration decision making.
Identity or interests? Religious conservatives’ attitudes toward Syrian refugees in Turkey
Authors: Morgül Kerem , Savaşkan Osman 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The literature on religion and migration attitudes shows that religious concerns may play a significant role in motivating anti-migrant sentiments. Most of these studies, however, focus on Western countries, where religious beliefs and symbols have been utilized to amplify the cultural differences between natives and newcomers. In this article, we contribute to this scholarship by examining religious conservatives’ attitudes toward Syrian refugees in Turkey, a Muslim-majority country where political elites have employed religiously informed narratives to mitigate hostility toward migrants. To do so, we use a sequential mixed methods design, whereby nine focus group discussions conducted with religious conservatives in Istanbul in November 2019 were complemented by an original survey of Istanbul residents fielded in July–August 2020. Our results indicate that religious motives have a bias-reducing effect on conservative Sunni Muslims’ attitudes toward Syrian refugees; however, such motives are not powerful enough to overcome personal economic concerns. More broadly, the results suggest that researchers should be cautious about generalizing findings from Western societies to non-Western contexts and pay greater attention to the ways in which cultural and economic factors may interact in shaping natives’ migration preferences.
Calibration of bias and scatter involved in cluster mass measurements using optical weak gravitational lensing
Authors: Grandis Sebastian , Bocquet Sebastian , Mohr Joseph J , Klein Matthias , Dolag Klaus 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Cosmological inference from cluster number counts is systematically limited by the accuracy of the mass calibration, i.e. the empirical determination of the mapping between cluster selection observables and halo mass. In this work we demonstrate a method to quantitatively determine the bias and uncertainties in weak-lensing (WL) mass calibration. To this end, we extract a library of projected matter density profiles from hydrodynamical simulations. Accounting for shear bias and noise, photometric redshift uncertainties, mis-centreing, cluster member contamination, cluster morphological diversity, and line-of-sight projections, we produce a library of shear profiles. Fitting a one-parameter model to these profiles, we extract the so-called WL mass MWL. Relating the WL mass to the halo mass from gravity-only simulations with the same initial conditions as the hydrodynamical simulations allows us to estimate the impact of hydrodynamical effects on cluster number counts experiments. Creating new shear libraries for ∼1000 different realizations of the systematics provides a distribution of the parameters of the WL to halo mass relation, reflecting their systematic uncertainty. This result can be used as a prior for cosmological inference. We also discuss the impact of the inner fitting radius on the accuracy, and determine the outer fitting radius necessary to exclude the signal from neighbouring structures. Our method is currently being applied to different Stage III lensing surveys, and can easily be extended to Stage IV lensing surveys.
Variable stars in Local Group galaxies – V. The fast and early evolution of the low-mass Eridanus II dSph galaxy
Authors: Martínez-Vázquez C E , Monelli M , Cassisi S , Taibi S , Gallart C , Vivas A K , Walker A R , Martín-Ravelo P , Zenteno A , Battaglia G , Bono G , Calamida A , Carollo D , Cicuéndez L , Fiorentino G , Marconi M , Salvadori S , Balbinot E , Bernard E J , Dall’Ora M , Stetson P B 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a detailed study of the variable star population of Eridanus II (Eri II), an ultra-faint dwarf galaxy that lies close to the Milky Way virial radius. We analyse multi-epoch g, r, i ground-based data from Goodman and the Dark Energy Camera, plus F475W, F606W, F814W space data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys. We report the detection of 67 RR Lyrae (RRL) stars and 2 Anomalous Cepheids, most of them new discoveries. With the RRL stars, we measure the distance modulus of Eri II, μ0 = 22.84 ± 0.05 mag (D⊙ = 370 ± 9 kpc), and derive a metallicity spread of 0.3 dex (0.2 dex intrinsic). The colour distribution of the horizontal branch (HB) and the period distribution of the RRL stars can be nicely reproduced by a combination of two stellar models of [Fe/H] = (−2.62, −2.14). The overall low metallicity is consistent with the red giant branch bump location, 0.65 mag brighter than the HB. These results are in agreement with previous spectroscopic studies. The more metal-rich RRL and the RRab stars have greater central concentration than the more metal-poor RRL and the RRc stars that are mainly located outside ∼1 rh. This is similar to what is found in larger dwarf galaxies such as Sculptor, and in agreement with an outside-in galaxy formation scenario. This is remarkable in such a faint dwarf galaxy with an apparently single and extremely short (&lt;1 Gyr) star formation burst. Finally, we have derived new and independent structural parameters for Eri II and its star cluster using our new data that are in very good agreement with previous estimates.
Probing the circumnuclear environment of NGC 1275 with high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy
Authors: Reynolds Christopher S , Smith Robyn N , Fabian Andrew C , Fukazawa Yasushi , Kara Erin A , Mushotzky Richard F , Noda Hirofumi , Tombesi Francesco , Veilleux Sylvain 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
NGC 1275 is the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the Perseus cluster and hosts the active galactic nucleus (AGN) that is heating the central 100 kpc of the intracluster medium atmosphere via a regulated feedback loop. Here, we use a deep (490 ks) Cycle-19 Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) observation of NGC 1275 to study the anatomy of this AGN. The X-ray continuum is adequately described by an unabsorbed power law with photon index Γ ≈ 1.9, creating strong tension with the detected column of molecular gas seen via HCN and HCO+ line absorption against the parsec-scale core/jet. This tension is resolved if we permit a composite X-ray source; allowing a column of $N_\mathrm{ H}\sim 8\times 10^{22}\hbox{${\rm \, cm}^{-2}\, $}$ to cover ∼15 per cent of the X-ray emitter does produce a significant improvement in the statistical quality of the spectral fit. We suggest that the dominant unabsorbed component corresponds to the accretion disc corona, and the sub-dominant X-ray component is the jet working surface and/or jet cocoon that is expanding into clumpy molecular gas. We suggest that this may be a common occurrence in BCG-AGN. We conduct a search for photoionized absorbers/winds and fail to detect such a component, ruling out columns and ionization parameters often seen in many other Seyfert galaxies. We detect the 6.4 keV iron-K α fluorescence line seen previously by XMM–Newton and Hitomi. We describe an analysis methodology that combines dispersive HETG spectra, non-dispersive microcalorimeter spectra, and sensitive XMM–Newton/EPIC spectra in order to constrain (sub)arcsec-scale extensions of the iron-K α emission region.
Azimuthal propagation of star formation in nearby spiral galaxies: NGC 628, NGC 3726, and NGC 6946
Authors: Sakhibov F , Gusev A S , Hemmerich C 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Star formation induced by a spiral shock wave, which in turn is generated by a spiral density wave, produces an azimuthal age gradient across the spiral arm, which has opposite signs on either side of the corotational resonance. An analysis of the spatial separation between young star clusters and nearby H ii regions has made it possible to determine the position of the corotation radius in the galaxies studied. Fourier analysis of the gas velocity field in the same galaxies independently confirmed the corotation radius estimates obtained by the morphological method presented here.
Cosmic rays and non-thermal emission in simulated galaxies – III. Probing cosmic-ray calorimetry with radio spectra and the FIR–radio correlation
Authors: Werhahn Maria , Pfrommer Christoph , Girichidis Philipp 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
An extinction-free estimator of the star formation rate (SFR) of galaxies is critical for understanding the high-redshift universe. To this end, the nearly linear, tight correlation of far-infrared (FIR), and radio luminosity of star-forming galaxies is widely used. While the FIR is linked to massive star formation, which also generates shock-accelerated cosmic-ray (CR) electrons and radio synchrotron emission, a detailed understanding of the underlying physics is still lacking. Hence, we perform three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of isolated galaxies over a broad range of halo masses and SFRs using the moving-mesh code arepo, and evolve the CR proton energy density self-consistently. In post-processing, we calculate the steady-state spectra of primary, shock-accelerated and secondary CR electrons, which result from hadronic CR proton interactions with the interstellar medium. The resulting total radio luminosities correlate with the FIR luminosities as observed and are dominated by primary CR electrons if we account for anisotropic CR diffusion. The increasing contribution of secondary emission up to 30 per cent in starbursts is compensated by the larger bremsstrahlung and Coulomb losses. CR electrons are in the calorimetric limit and lose most of their energy through inverse Compton interactions with star light and cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons while less energy is converted into synchrotron emission. This implies steep steady-state synchrotron spectra in starbursts. Interestingly, we find that thermal free–free emission flattens the total radio spectra at high radio frequencies and reconciles calorimetric theory with observations while free–free absorption explains the observed low-frequency flattening towards the central regions of starbursts.
The intermediate polar cataclysmic variable GK Persei 120 years after the nova explosion: a first dynamical mass study
Authors: Álvarez-Hernández A , Torres M A P , Rodríguez-Gil P , Shahbaz T , Anupama G C , Gazeas K D , Pavana M , Raj A , Hakala P , Stone G , Gomez S , Jonker P G , Ren J-J , Cannizzaro G , Pastor-Marazuela I , Goff W , Corral-Santana J M , Sabo R 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a dynamical study of the intermediate polar and dwarf nova cataclysmic variable GK Persei (Nova Persei 1901) based on a multisite optical spectroscopy and R-band photometry campaign. The radial velocity curve of the evolved donor star has a semi-amplitude $K_2=126.4 \pm 0.9 \, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ and an orbital period $P=1.996872 \pm 0.000009 \, \mathrm{d}$. We refine the projected rotational velocity of the donor star to $v_\mathrm{rot} \sin i = 52 \pm 2 \, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ that, together with K2, provides a donor star to white dwarf mass ratio q = M2/M1 = 0.38 ± 0.03. We also determine the orbital inclination of the system by modelling the phase-folded ellipsoidal light curve and obtain i = 67° ± 5°. The resulting dynamical masses are $M_{1}=1.03^{+0.16}_{-0.11} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ and $M_2 = 0.39^{+0.07}_{-0.06} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ at 68 per cent confidence level. The white dwarf dynamical mass is compared with estimates obtained by modelling the decline light curve of the 1901 nova event and X-ray spectroscopy. The best matching mass estimates come from the nova light curve models and an X-ray data analysis that uses the ratio between the Alfvén radius in quiescence and during dwarf nova outburst.