bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the preparation and administration of intravenous medicines, what are the best practice standards that healthcare professionals need to follow to ensure patient safety? Protocol for a systematic review.
Authors: Carr Peter J. , O'Connor Laura , Gethin Georgina , Ivory John D. , O'Hara Paul , O'Toole Orla , Healy Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Intravenous therapy and medicines (IVTM) are the most common invasive interventions in use in healthcare. Prescribed IVTM play an essential role in the treatment of illness, management of chronic conditions and in maintaining health and wellbeing. The intravenous (IV) route is the administration of concentrated medications (diluted or undiluted) directly into peripherally or centrally inserted vascular access devices. Medication safety is a key priority and best practice standards are required to guide the safe preparation and administration of IVTM. Methods: We will conduct a systematic review of the literature pertaining to the preparation and administration of intravenous therapy and medicines. Our search will include studies concerned with the preparation and/or administration of IVTM via peripheral or central vascular access devices. We will be guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) in this review. Literature will include all trial designs, national/international guidelines, and expert consensus opinion made available in English from 2009 to present day. Conclusions: We will synthesise the evidence concerning safe and effective preparation and administration of intravenous therapy and medicines to inform the development of a national guideline for healthcare professionals in Ireland. The availability of up-to-date, contemporaneous evidence-based practice standards will ensure quality and safety for service-users. Registration: This study has been submitted to PROSPERO and we are awaiting confirmation of registration.
Study protocol for TILDA COVID-19 survey. Altered lives in a time of crisis: preparing for recovery from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of older adults
Authors: Ward Mark , Clarke Niamh , Wang Minjuan , McGarrigle Christine A. , De Looze Céline , O’Halloran Aisling M. , Kenny Rose Anne 
Published: May 2021

Background: Older adults are the most at-risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and among the most affected by measures put in place to prevent the spread of the virus. While the full effect of the public health measures, such as social distancing and wearing masks in public spaces, implemented since March 2020 are not yet known, it is expected that they will have a severely damaging effect on physical and psychological wellbeing. The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) has been researching the lives of older adults in Ireland since 2008 with data collection conducted at two-year intervals. With an established research infrastructure, TILDA was ideally placed to examine the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on older adults. The aim of this study is to document the lives of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic to understand the effect of the pandemic and public health responses on their wellbeing. Methods: Data was collected from TILDA participants via self-completion-questionnaire (SCQ). The SCQ contains ten sections that capture information on many aspects of people’s lives during the pandemic including, changes in behaviour and social interactions, physical and psychological wellbeing indicators, healthcare utilisation, and exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Ethical approval was granted by the National Research Ethics Committee (NREC). Conclusions: Research findings will be shared in a variety of formats including research reports and briefs, presentations, and academic papers. Data will be archived in the Irish Social Science Data Archive (ISSDA) and the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). As well as documenting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on older adults, findings from this study will provide important information to policy-makers as we respond to the damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The management of tetanus in adults in an intensive care unit in Southern Vietnam
Authors: Hao Nguyen Van , Yen Lam Minh , Davies-Foote Rachel , Trung Truong Ngoc , Duoc Nguyen Van Thanh , Trang Vo Thi Nhu , Nhat Phung Tran Huy , Duc Du Hong , Anh Nguyen Thi Kim , Lieu Pham Thi , Thuy Tran Thi Diem , Thuy Duong Bich , Phong Nguyen Thanh , Truong Nguyen Thanh , Thanh Pham Ba , Tam Dong Thi Hoai , Puthucheary Zudin , Thwaites C Louise 
Published: May 2021

Background: Tetanus remains common in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) yet the evidence base guiding management of this disease is extremely limited, particularly with respect to contemporary management options. Sharing knowledge about practice may facilitate improvement in outcomes elsewhere. Methods: We describe clinical interventions and outcomes of 180 adult patients ≥16 years-old with tetanus enrolled in prospective observational studies at a specialist infectious diseases hospital in Southern Vietnam. Patients were treated according to a holistic management protocol encompassing wound-care, antitoxin, antibiotics, symptom control, airway management, nutrition and de-escalation criteria. Results: Mortality rate in our cohort was 2.8%, with 90 (50%) patients requiring mechanical ventilation for a median 16 [IQR 12-24] days. Median [IQR] duration of ICU stay was 15 [8-23] days. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction occurred in 45 (25%) patients. Hospital acquired infections occurred in 77 (43%) of patients. Conclusion: We report favourable outcomes for patients with tetanus in a single centre LMIC ICU, treated according to a holistic protocol. Nevertheless, many patients required prolonged intensive care support and hospital acquired infections were common.
Use of low-frequency contact ultrasonic debridement with and without polyhexamethylene biguanide in hard-to-heal leg ulcers: an RCT protocol
Authors: Vallejo Alison , Wallis Marianne , McMillan David , Horton Eleanor 
Published: May 2021

Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of low-frequency contact ultrasonic debridement therapy (LFCUD) in hard-to-heal wounds with suspected biofilm, and compare the effect with or without a surfactant antimicrobial on bacterial colony counts and wound healing rates. Method: A single-blinded randomised controlled trial (RCT) will investigate the combination of LFCUD and the antiseptic polyhexamethylene biguanide with a surfactant betaine (referred to in this paper as PHMB) as a topical solution post-treatment and in a sustained dressing, compared with use of LFCUD alone. Potential participants from a community wound clinic (n=50) will be invited to take part in the 12-week trial. Wound swabs and tissue samples will be analysed for bacterial type and quantity, before and after treatments, using traditional culture techniques and advanced molecular methods. Wound healing, pain, quality of life and biofilm (via a specifically designed tool) will also be measured. Discussion: Bacteria have the potential to cause a hard-to-heal wound, particularly when antibiotics are too frequently and unnecessarily prescribed, resulting in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Appropriate care is vital when caring for hard-to-heal wounds to avoid these scenarios. With no simple laboratory method available to identify or treat wound biofilm, clinicians rely on their expertise in wound management. This study aims to provide in vivo evidence on the effectiveness of PHMB, to prevent the reformation of biofilm when applied after LFCUD. The aim is to provide evidence-based and more cost-effective wound care.
B. Greenwood Gas Field, Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma
Authors: Wingerter H. R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Greenwood gas field of Morton County, Kansas, Baca County, Colorado, and Texas County, Oklahoma, is on the west flank of the Hugoton embayment of the Anadarko basin where porous Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgil) limestone beds grade westward to impermeable limestone and clastic rocks, creating a major stratigraphic trap for gas. The Greenwood gas field is on a monoclinal feature north of the Cimarron uplift. The shallow-water environment of deposition resulted in optimum conditions for the development of porosity and permeability in the limestone reservoir beds.
The field was discovered in October 1952 after seven tests through the Virgil gas zones had failed to find this major shallow accumulation. As of the end of 1963, 275 gas wells had been drilled, proving an area of about 214,000 acres (Hilpman et al., 1964, p. 152) and recoverable gas reserves of about 1 trillion cu ft.
Development drilling has been active from 1952, and lately new extensions in Texas County, Oklahoma, have shown significant enlargement of the Greenwood gas field into the Oklahoma Panhandle.
F. Nichols Field, Kiowa County, Kansas
Authors: Curtis Graham R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Gas was discovered in the Nichols field, in south-central Kiowa County, Kansas, in 1955. Oil was discovered in 1956. The main reservoir is in Mississippian chert (Osage). Combination structural and stratigraphie trapping is responsible for the accumulations. Cumulative gas production to January 1,1967, was 17,401,647 Mcf. Cumulative oil production to that date was 5,192,455 bbls.
G. Geology of Otis-Albert Field, Rush and Barton Counties, Kansas
Authors: Miller Robert R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Otis-Albert oil and gas field is in central Kansas, in Rush and Barton Counties, approximately 15 mi northwest of Great Bend, Kansas. Gas first was discovered in the field in March 1930, and oil production was established in July 1934. No gas is being produced from the field because of depletion.
The “Basal” (Reagan?) sandstone and dolomite of the Arbuckle Group are the two productive units in the field. Both gas and oil were produced from the “Basal” sandstone; the Arbuckle is productive of only oil.
The geologic trap responsible for the accumulation of oil and gas in the “Basal” sandstone can be referred to best as a secondary stratigraphic trap. The basal Pennsylvanian conglomerate oversteps the truncated edges of the Arbuckle dolomite unit, the “Basal” sandstone, and the Precambrian crystalline rocks in the Otis-Albert field, and forms the cap rock for the “Basal sandstone” reservoir. The “Basal” sandstone pinches out updip against the Precambrian.
The greater Otis-Albert field, composed of Otis-Albert, Merten Northeast, and Merten Southwest, consisted of 215 oil wells and 1 shut-in gas well as of January 1, 1959. Total productive oil acreage was 14,520 acres. Cumulative oil production to January 1, 1959, was 12,499,279 bbls from the greater Otis-Albert field.
The difference between the quantity of metered gas (152.3 billion cu ft) and the quantity calculated as recoverable (173 billion cu ft) is approximately 20 billion cu ft. This difference probably is the result of gas being vented or otherwise not available for pipeline withdrawals in the early years of flush oil production.
In October 1943 the U.S. Bureau of Mines put into operation a helium extraction plant just north of the Otis-Albert field. Approximately 32.3 billion cu ft of gas (at 14.7 psia and 60°F) was processed at the Otis Helium Plant from March 1, 1945, to January 1, 1960. During that period about 321 million cu ft of helium was extracted (at 14.7 psia and 10°F).
I. Natural Gas in San Joaquin Valley, California
Authors: Rudkin George H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The San Joaquin Valley is a small geosynclinal basin between the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California. The structural axis of the basin lies close to the western margin of the valley. Gas is found in a variety of structural and stratigraphic traps. Typical fields representing gas production from traps of different types and rocks of different ages are described.
The San Joaquin Valley natural gas reserves of approximately 4.7 trillion cu ft constitute about 46 per cent of the total gas reserves in California. Ninety per cent of the gas reserves of the San Joaquin Valley are in the form of wet or casinghead gas associated with oil reservoirs as a free natural gas cap or in solution with the petroleum. Some gas is recycled for pressure maintenance and storage. Gas is produced from rock units ranging in age from Late Cretaceous to Pleistocene. The wet gas comes mainly from Miocene rocks and the dry gas from Pliocene rocks.
California's gas industry began in 1910 when the first pipelines were laid from Buena Vista Hills to Bakersfield. Expansion has continued through a period of oversupply in the late 1920's to the present period of insufficient supply from local sources.
The search for and production of additional natural gas reserves continues in the San Joaquin Valley, but intensive efforts and important recent contributions to gas reserves of California also have been made in northern California and offshore.
Geology of Aetna Gas Field, Franklin and Logan Counties, Arkansas
Authors: Planalp Roger 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Aetna gas field is in Franklin and Logan Counties, Arkansas. In 1955, Athletic Mining and Smelting Company drilled the No. 1 Mantooth, Sec. 15, T. 8 N., R. 27 W., as the discovery well for the deep Atoka and Morrow gas reserves. The wildcat was drilled to 5,700 ft and was a triple-zone completion. As of September 1966, a total of 57 tests had been drilled. Drilling depths range from 1,800 ft in the upper Atoka to 8,800 ft in the Morrow. Multizone completions are common throughout the field. The field produced 12,755 million cu ft of gas during 1965 and the overall cumulative total was 70.8 billion cu ft. The natural gas from the Aetna field is almost 98 per cent methane. Reserves of individual wells range from 1 billion to more than 25 billion cu ft. The horizontal field limits are not defined fully, although production on the west and northwest now has merged with development drilling from Peter Pender (T. 8 N., R. 28 W.) and the vast Cecil field (T. 9 N., Rs. 27-29 W.). Trapping is effected by structure, faulting, and stratigraphic pinchouts. The pre-Mississippian rocks have not been tested on the crest of the Aetna anticline.
B. Illinois Glacial-Drift Gas
Authors: Meents W. F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Glacial-drift gas in Illinois is found mainly in the northeast quarter of the state in 62 areas (shown in black in Fig. 1) in 27 counties. There are about 470 producing gas wells, of which 263 are flowing pressure wells and the rest are vacuum pumped (Meents, 1960). Some pressure wells have been tested for formation vacuum. More than 200 such gas wells had been abandoned before the testing series began in 1946; many of the wells tested were drilled before 1900. The average depth of the glacial-drift gas wells is 132 ft below the surface.
Approximately three-fourths of the glacial-drift gas wells in Illinois produce gas from the Sangamon Soil and the rest produce from the Sankoty Sand (Meents, 1960). The stages and substages of the Pleistocene are shown graphically in Figure 2. Numerous well-log records and sample studies by Horberg (1953) adequately cover the Pleistocene studies of the area.
Wells in certain areas are producing gas from both the Sangamon Soil and the Sankoty Sand, especially where end moraines pass over the buried valleys containing Sankoty Sand.
Gas in Michigan Basin
Authors: Vary J. A. , Elenbaas J. R. , Johnson M. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first commercial quantities of natural gas were gathered and marketed in 1927 from the Muskegon field of southwestern Michigan. From this date to the present, gas production in Michigan has been from formations that range in geologic age from Mississippian to Ordovician. The total gas produced in the state and metered to market through December 1965 was 485.8 billion cu ft. The remaining recoverable reserve from known productive structures is approximately 236.6 billion cu ft.
The highly populated centers in Michigan demand far greater quantities of gas than can be produced in the state. Accordingly, Michigan must rely upon interstate pipeline facilities for adequate natural gas supplies. Because of weather variations, approximately one-third of such supplies must be stored in the summer months and withdrawn during the winter months from local underground gas-storage reservoirs. The quantity of gas imported into the state during 1965 was 546.7 billion cu ft, exceeding by about 61 billion cu ft the total quantity of gas produced throughout the history of the state. Certain gas fields in the Michigan basin have provided excellent underground storage reservoirs for the natural gas industry and are very important to the general economic welfare of the state.
Future gas reserves from within the state must come from areas and depths where there has been little or no exploratory drilling. Recent discoveries in the Trenton-Black River of south- central Michigan and the Salina-Niagara of southeastern Michigan have given impetus to the search for oil and gas in the state.
Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution
Authors: Hanley John M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Energy in the 15.5 trillion cu ft of marketed natural gas production during 1964 exceeded the energy contained in any other mineral energy resource produced and was nearly 35 per cent of the total energy produced in the United States. The gross investment in natural gas gathering, transmission, and distribution pipelines and related facilities currently approximates $27 billion.
Modern transmission systems are constructed of solidly welded pipe, of 65,000 psi or more minimum yield, 30-42 in. in diameter, for operation at pressures ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 psig.
Many new natural gas distribution systems are utilizing thin-wall steel pipe and plastic pipe, which may have much wider application in the future.
The transmission of natural gas at minimum cost generally is attained by a system in which pipe diameter and operating pressure are maximum for the minimum wall thickness which will comply with safety standards. Future technological improvements probably will involve pipe with larger diameters and thinner walls, made of higher minimum-yield steel; operation at higher pressures; internal coatings; automatic welding of pipe joints; and greater utilization of gas-powered turbines and centrifugal compressors.
Storage of Gas in Water Sands
Authors: Ball Douglas , Geddes Burnett Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Underground gas storage is the only economical means today to provide enough storage to meet the seasonal demand peaks of space heating. Most of the present underground gas storages in the United States are in old gas and oil fields, but in the absence of natural gas or oil fields, artificial gas fields have been made where suitable combinations of reservoir beds, cap rocks, and geologic traps are known.
Finding a water-sand storage is a problem in geologic exploration like finding a new oil or gas field, and the same methods are used. Reservoir engineering studies generally are helpful in the evaluation of the suitability of a reservoir rock and cap rock before gas is injected, and can be used to equate the. potential storage volume and the well and field withdrawal capacities with the gas company's gas-use pattern. In the development of a water-sand storage, water is pushed away from the storage area by gas injection at a pressure higher than the existing hydrostatic pressure. The fill rate and the cushion-gas volume are important additional factors which influence the engineering design of a storage field.
In the United States more than 30 water-sand storages are now in operation and 14 others are under development. France has three in operation; Germany has two and a third, under development. England has two projects under investigation, exploratory work is being conducted near Tokyo, Japan, and Russia has five projects under investigation or development.
K. Gas in Los Angeles Basin, California
Authors: Brown James B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Oil has been produced in the Los Angeles basin since 1880. Natural gas production and utilization began just prior to World War I. Production is from more than SO fields within an area of about 1,200 sq mi and mainly from upper Miocene and lower Pliocene clastic sedimentary rocks. Although the stratigraphic section is limited and the area is small, the Los Angeles basin has been one of the world's most prolific petroleum-producing regions.
In the Los Angeles basin, natural gas is produced with oil and, therefore, gas production is limited by both the gas-oil ratio and the ability of producers to market the oil. The ever-increasing demand for natural gas in the Los Angeles area has exceeded greatly the basin's producing ability, and necessitates the importation of tremendous volumes from other California areas and from out-of-state sources.
Strata in the Los Angeles basin range from pre-Cretaceous to Recent in age and consist mainly of clastic sedimentary rock and Miocene volcanic rock. The basin has undergone at least three different stages of deformation which produced large closed, complexly faulted, structures. The predominant structural features within the basin trend northwest-southeast; in many instances topographic expression reflects basement relief. Oil fields have been developed on most of the knolls and along the basin margins. The Wilmington field, the area's largest, is illustrative of the complexity within the basin; this field and the Playa del Rey (gas-storage) field are discussed in detail in the following papers.
Helium
Authors: Jodry R. L. , Henneman A. B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Helium is one of the rare gases. It was discovered on the sun, and first was found on earth in quantity in natural gases from Kansas. It has unique properties which make it increasingly valuable to industry and science. Most helium on earth is believed to have originated from the decay of radioactive minerals. Although it is found in minute quantities in most rocks and minerals, the only important occurrences known in the world are associated with accumulations of hydrocarbon gases in the United States. These accumulations are centered mainly around Amarillo, Texas. A discovery in Saskatchewan, Canada, may be the first important helium accumulation found outside the United States. The geologic conditions optimum for the accumulation of helium in commercial quantities may be inferred from studies of known areas; ideas concerning the necessary conditions have changed in recent years. The discovery of additional helium reserves presents a challenge to the oil and gas producer. Under certain economic conditions helium may offer opportunity for additional profits to the petroleum industry
D. Justification for Using Combined Reserves, Partly Proved and Partly Potential, in Pipeline Financing
Authors: Arrington Louis , Davis Ralph E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many pipeline projects have been conceived, financed, and built partly on the basis of proved gas reserves and partly on the basis of additional reserves which would become available through further exploratory drilling that would be justified after a market outlet had been established. In a region where geologic prospects for additional discoveries of gas are very favorable, and where costs of exploration are exceptionally high, it may be necessary to provide a market for gas so as to encourage the continued drilling needed to meet the practical requirements of the time. The history of Westcoast Transmission Co. Ltd. of western Canada clearly illustrates the principles involved. In this example, the gas reserves found and developed, although substantial, would not alone have justified the inception of the company.