bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIII-23 Influence of reproductive technologies on post weaning calf performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Walker Julie , Rich Jerica J , Rusche Warren C , Perry George A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The experiment objective was to evaluate the impact of assisted reproductive technologies on post weaning calf performance. Calves born following various reproductive treatments (synchronized natural service and synchronized AI) in 10 herds over 2 years were fed to reach a target backfat (BF) of 1.27 cm, sent to harvest, and carcass data collected. Calves were classified into calving groups as natural service born early (NS-Early, n = 189), natural service born late (NS-Late, n = 203), or AI sired born early (AI-Early, n = 116). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with calving group, year and calf gender in the model. Weaning weights were similar between AI-Early and NS-Early; however, earlier born calves (AI-Early and NS-Early) were heavier (P &lt; 0.0001) than NS-Late. AI-Early calves had heavier finished bodyweight (622.2 kg: P = 0.0024) compared to NS-Early (601.4 kg) and heavier HCW compared to both NS-Early and NS-Late (P &lt; 0.01). NS-Early calves reached 1.27 cm BF in fewer days than AI-Early (261 d and 275 d, respectively; P &lt; 0.01) with NS-late requiring the most days on feed to reach the same endpoint (296 d, P &lt; 0.01). No differences in Quality Grade, Yield Grade, REA, marbling, or BF were detected between AI-Early, NS-Early, and NS-Late, or between early- and late-born calves (P &gt; 0.38). Late-born calves required 29 more days on feed (P &lt; 0.001) to reach 1.27 cm BF resulting in greater final bodyweight compared to early-born calves (625.5 kg and 612.8 kg, respectively; P = 0.04); however, hot carcass weights were similar between early- and late-born calves. Reproductive technologies that increase the number of calves born early in the calving season increased weaning weight and post weaning growth performance, but compared to high quality natural service sires, AI did not improve carcass characteristics.
PSXIII-24 Is it possible to finish beef cattle in feedlot and be environmentally friendly?
Authors: Aurea Andre Pastori D , Fernandes Lauriston Bertelli , Ferreira Luis Eduardo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To improve production without affecting the environment, the objective of this research was to evaluate a natural additive to replace the conventional growth promoters in finishing beef cattle diets. 160 Nellore bulls were assigned into two treatments, where the only difference was the additive used: natural additive (Fator P - 600 mg/kg DM) and conventional growth promoters (25 mg/kg DM of monensin + 20 mg/kg DM of virginiamycin). The Fator P® is an organic additive certificated by IBD, which is a blend of the compounds; amino acids (lysine, methionine, and tyrosine), choline, minerals, probiotics and essential fatty acids (omega 3 and omega 6). The diet contained 14% CP and 76% TDN. Nellore young bulls (n = 160), weighing 433 ± 7 kg, with an average age of 24 months, were used. The feedlot facilities contained 16 collective pens, in which 10 animals were allocated. The animal performance was evaluated for 84 days, with 21 days of adaptation. Means were compared with 5% of significance. The conventional growth promoters reduced the dry matter intake. Natural 11.33 kg/day and 10.9 kg/day for the conventional. The conventional growth promoters reduced in 0.43 kg of dry matter intake (P = 0.042) or 0.1% of body weight (P = 0.001; 2.26% to 2.16%). No difference in average daily gain (P = 0.58). 1.655 kg/day for natural and 1.625 for the conventional. The feed efficiency ratio wasn’t different (P = 0.71), natural 146 g / kgMSˉ¹ and 148 g / kgMSˉ¹ for conventional. There were no difference in carcass yield (P = 0.89), mean 56.3%. The natural additives can improve the dry matter intake and can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in high concentrate diets for beef cattle in feedlot system. Thus, finishing beef cattle in the feedlot can be environmentally friendly.
PSXIII-19 The influence of weaning age and biocholine supplementation to post-weaning growth and reproductive development in Brangus heifers
Authors: Lima Vanessa , Barcellos Julio O J , Pereira Gabriel R , Rocha Marcela K , Oliveira Tamara E , Lima Julia A , Fagundes Helena Xavier 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of earlier weaning in addition to biocholine supplementation on age at puberty of Brangus heifers. Brangus calves were randomized and divided into three weaning ages groups, at 30 (Hyper-early weaning; HW), 75 (Early weaning; EW) and 180 days (Conventional weaning; CW). Then, calves were supplemented using the additive Biocholine (BIO) or not (CON). Animals were subjected to puberty induction and transrectal ultrasonography was performed to assess the ovarian activity and the presence of corpus luteum to determine heifer puberty. We also evaluated the body weight (BW; Kg), hip height (HH; cm), thoracic perimeter (TP; cm) and BW:HH ratio during the experimental period. BIO group showed higher ADG (&gt;226g/day) when the animals were exposed to ryegrass pasture compared to CON (P &lt; 0.05). We observed an interaction between weaning x biocholine and CW-BIO heifers showed greater HH more compared to CW-CON (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, animals that have reached puberty at day 8 after puberty induction showed 331.0±23.14kg BW, 122.0±2.58cm HH and 165.4±3.45cm TP and 2.7±0.14 BW:HH. At the time of ovulation detection, the heifers from the HW group had 32.1kg BW, 3.93cm HH and 0.18cm BW:HH greater compared to CW (P &lt; 0.05). The BIO supplementation together with ryegrass pasture, led to an increase in ADG weight throughout the evaluated period. We concluded that HW heifers showed an adequate body development throughout the experimental period until puberty appearance at the same age as others weaned groups.
PSXIII-21 Water consumption evolution during later gestation is associated to the farrowing day
Authors: López-Vergé Sergi , Mainau Eva , Verdú Marçal , Gasa Josep , Castells-Rufas David , Manteca Xavi , Castillejos Lorena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the utility of water consumption as an indicator to early predict the farrowing day. A total of 28 flowmeters (iPERL®) were installed in two farrowing rooms (12 + 16 places) to record every hour the individual water consumption from the entry of the sows (Landrace × Large White) in the farrowing unit until parturition, along 5 consecutive batches (120 sows). Up to 200,377 records were managed using Python code. Data were analyzed by using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Parity (gilts, G; sows, S), time slot (morning, M: 6-14h; afternoon, A: 14-22h; night, N: 22-6h) and pre-farrowing days (-9 to -1) and farrowing (0) were included as fixed factors and the farrowing crate as a random effect. Water consumption was lower in gilts (G: 6.9 ± 1.12 L/d vs S: 8.5 ± 1.09 L/d; P &lt; .0001). Up to 57.5% of water consumption occurred in the morning (M: 13.1 ± 1.11 L), 31.0% (A: 7.1 ± 1, 11 L) during the afternoon/evening and 11.8% (N: 2.7 ± 1.11 L) at night. From day -9 (4.9 ± 1.29 L) to -3 (9.2 ± 1.17 L), water intake lineally increased (around 0.8 L/d), highlighting the increase in 2 L at day -2 (11.2 ± 1.16 L; P &lt; .0001). This peak could be related to a greater manipulation of the drinker due to nesting behavior. Finally, on day -1 a drastic and significant decrease in intake was observed (7.3 ± 1.16 L; P &lt; .0001), just before the decrease in feed intake on day 0. The results suggest that water intake can be a valid indicator to early predict the day of farrowing, thus allowing foremen to better plan the management routines in the farrowing unit, especially in large sow farms.
PSXIII-20 Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy reveals metabolite markers associated to temperament and carcass quality in feedlot cattle
Authors: Bouffiou Jesse , Boles Jane Ann A , Thomson Jennifer M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify small molecule metabolites in a serum sample taken at entry into the feedlot that can predict performance, and animal health. One-hundred and thirty-one Angus x Simmental steers from a single ranch were sampled at a commercial feedlot in Chappell, NE. Blood samples for metabolite analysis, chute score, exit velocity, and blood lactate concentration for temperament classification were collected in addition to feedlot performance data and carcass quality measurements. The GLM and LSM procedures of SAS (SAS 9.4, 2014) were used to evaluate differences between temperament classifications. Steers were divided into three exit velocity classifications one standard deviation from the mean were classified as fast and exit velocities lower than one standard deviation from the mean were slow. Forty metabolites were quantified using 1H NMR Spectroscopy from serum. Metaboloanalyst was used to analyze serum metabolites and phenotypic values using one way- ANOVA, PCA, PLS-DA, and a permutation test to cross validate. Data were normalized and scaled. No metabolites were predictive of any of the animal health metrics collected. Five metabolites were different in exit velocity class at (P &lt; 0.01; Methanol, Isopropanol, Lactate, Isobutyrate, and Pyruvate). Similarly, seven metabolites were different in chute score classes at (P &lt; 0.01) (Methanol, Isobutyrate, Creatinine, Dimethly Sulfone, Hippurate, Isopropanol, and Succinate). Furthermore, several metabolites in serum at entry in the feedlot were related to carcass quality metrics; Back Fat (Urea and 2-Hydroxyisobutyrate at (P &lt; 0.01), a trend for prediction of quality grade at (P = 0.068), carcass value (P = 0.085). The relationship between serum metabolites identified on entry into the feedlot, feedlot performance traits, and eventual carcass quality warrants further research to elucidate the roles these metabolites play during the feedlot period and in predicting carcass merit.
PSIX-8 Drinking water acidification and chlorination improves microbiological water quality without detrimental effects on performance or hazard side-effects in bulls fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: Verdú Marçal , Marti Sonia , Riera Joan , Medinya Carles , Cucurull Jordi , Devant Maria 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of drinking water disinfection (chlorination) and conditioning (acidification) on microbiological water quality, water and feed consumption, total tract apparent digestibility and its potential hazard effects on animal health in Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Twenty-four Holstein bulls (221 ± 20.9 kg of initial BW, and 184 ± 9.9 d of age) were housed individually and fed ad libitum. Animals were assigned to 4 treatments with a 2 x 2 factorial design: drinking water conditioning (with or without acidification) and disinfection (absence or chlorination). Every 28 d, water samples from the tank and drinker were collected to analyze pH, residual chlorine and microbial load. Water consumption was recorded daily, and every 2 wks feed consumption and BW were recorded. At d 0, 14, 98 and 196 blood samples were collected to hematology and clinical chemistry analysis. At d 42 and 147 total tract apparent digestibility was estimated. Data were analyzed with a mixed effects model. In the tank, acidification increased residual free chlorine (0.58 vs. 0.33 ± 0.081 ppm, interaction, P = 0.10) and chlorination reduced (P &lt; 0.01) total coliform count (0.8 vs. 392.7 ± 0.30 CFU / 100 ml) and Clostridium perfringens count (0.0 vs. 9.0 ± 0.13 CFU / 100 ml). In the drinkers, chlorination only tended (P = 0.10) to decrease total coliform count (967.5 vs. 994.7 ± 0.01 CFU / 100 ml). Treatments did not affect daily water consumption, total DMI nor blood parameters. At the end of the study, chlorination tended (P = 0.07) to improve starch total apparent digestibility (98.2 vs 97.7 ± 0.28 %). In fattening bulls’, the conditioning (acidification) and disinfection (chlorination) of drinking water improved its microbiological quality without detrimental effects on water and feed consumption, ruminal digestibility or hazard side-effects.
PSIX-6 Dietary crude protein modifies fecal microbial populations independent of feed efficiency status in dairy cows
Authors: Morales Alvaro , Campos Leticia , Prestegaard Jacquelyn , Alward Kayla , Owens Connor , Duncan Jane , Hanigan Mark , Cockrum Rebecca 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Understanding the composition and structure of the fecal microbial community may provide insight into bacterial adaptation to dietary changes in cattle. The aim of this study was to determine relationships among the fecal microbiome, residual feed intake (RFI) and residual net energy intake (REI) with diets varying in crude protein (CP). Four Holstein lactating cows (806 ± 38 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (LOW: 13.2% and BASE:16.6% CP) in a crossover design (2 periods of 18 d each). Cows were 260 ± 62 days in milk (DIM) and averaged 26.5 ± 12.0 kg milk yield (MY). Diets were formulated to meet animal needs. Individual feed intake measured by a Calan Gate system was used to calculate daily dry matter intake (DMI). BW, MY and milk components were also measured daily. A linear mixed model with repeated measurements over time was used to evaluate diet effect on DMI, MY, RFI and REI in SAS. Individual fecal samples were collected at the end of each period and extracted DNA was subject to 16S rRNA gene deep amplicon sequencing. Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) were obtained using ≥97% similarity (SILVA database) and microbial community structure was assessed using alpha and beta diversity measures. No significant differences in phenotypic variables evaluated were observed between treatments or periods. We identified 927 concordant OTU among all cows, with 505 novel OTU identified in BASE cows and 403 in LOW cows. Microbial community structure was similar between treatments and feed efficiency measures. One OTU class, Erysipelotrichi, increased in abundance (P = 0.014) in BASE compared to LOW treatment. Findings reflect previous literature in which Erysipelotrichi was associated with high energy or high fat diets. Although no differences were observed in the phenotypic measurements between treatments, metagenomics analyses indicated differences in specific fecal microbial abundance.
PSIX-10 Effect of different levels of DMI on O2 consumed, CO2 released, growth and carcass characteristic in feedlot cattle
Authors: Relling Alejandro E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effect of different levels of dry matter intake (DMI) on O2 consumption, CO2 emission, growth, and carcass characteristic in feedlot cattle. The experiment used 60 individually fed backgrounded Angus × SimAngus-crossbred steers (n = 30) in a randomized complete block design. Steers (paired blocked by body weight and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: ad-libitum (AI) or restricted intake (RI; the same diet fed at 85% of the AI) finishing diet. The diet contained 61% cracked corn, 9% corn silage, 15% DDGS, 5% soyhulls, and 10% of a protein-mineral-vitamin premix. Measurement of CO2 emission, and consumption of O2, were taken using the Greenfeed system (n = 15/treatment) once the steers were fed for 140 days. Plasma and gas samples were collected 10 d before slaughter, 1 h before and 2 h after feeding. Plasma glucose and insulin concentration and gasses (O2 and CO2) were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS evaluating the fixed effect of treatment, time (repeated measurement) and their interaction. Growth and carcass characteristics were analyzed with a similar model, without the time statement and its interaction. Compared with RI, AI steers had greater (P &lt; 0.01) DMI and average daily gain (ADG). Steers on AI tended to have greater final body-weight (BW) (P = 0.07) and ribeye area (P = 0.09) (Table 1). There was no effect of treatment (P ≥ 0.11) on G:F, subcutaneous (BF) and intramuscular (IM) fat, O2 consumption and CO2 emission. Plasma glucose concentration of AI steers were greater before and after feeding than RI (P &lt; 0.05; Table 2). In conclusion, feeding steers ad-libitum increased DMI, ADG, and plasma glucose concentration, but does not affect G:F, BF, IM fat, CO2 emission, and consumption of O2.
PSIX-3 Comparison of 16S rRNA gene profiles of rumen microbiome from Raramuri Criollo, European and Criollo x European lineages
Authors: Maynez-Perez Adrian , Jahuey-Martinez Francisco , A Martinez-Quintana Jose , Hume Michael E , Anderson Robin C , Corral-Luna Agustin , Rodriguez-Almeida Felipe , Felix-Portillo Monserrath 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Raramuri Criollo cattle from the Chihuahuan desert in northern Mexico have been described as an ecological ecotype due to their enormous advantage in land grass utilization and their capacity to diversify their diet with cacti, forbs and woody plants. This diversification in diet utilization, could reflect upon their microbiome composition. The aim of this study was to characterize the rumen microbiome of Raramuri criollo cattle and to compare it to other lineages that graze in the same area. A total of 28 cows representing three linages [Criollo (n = 13), European (n = 9) and Criollo x European Crossbred (n = 6)] were grazed without supplementation for 45 days. DNA was extracted from ruminal samples and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced on an Illumina platform. Data were analyzed with the QIIME2 software package and DADA2 plugin and the amplicon sequence variants were taxonomically classified with naïve Bayesian using the SILVA 16S rRNA gene reference database (version 132). Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and PERMANOVA for alpha and beta diversity indexes, respectively, and the non-strict version of linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used to determine significantly different taxa among lineages. Differences in beta diversity indexes (P &lt; 0.05) were found in ruminal microbiome composition between Criollo and European groups, whereas the Crossbred showed intermediate values when compared to the pure breeds (Table 1). LEfSe analysis identified a total of 20 bacterial groups that explained differences between lineages, including one for Crossbreed, ten for European and nine for Criollo. These results show ruminal microbiome differences between Raramuri criollo cattle and the mainstream European breeds used in the northern Mexico Chihuahuan desert and reflect that those differences could be a consequence of dissimilar grazing behavior.
PSIX-7 Differences in rumen degradability according to the degree of corn gelatinization
Authors: Shin Ji Yun , Woo Junsik , Ryu Gyeonglim , Oh Young Kyoon , Park Keun Kyu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the difference in ruminal degradability by the degree of gelatinization of corn grain. The treatments were Control (whole corn grain), T1 (70% gelatinized corn grain steam flake), and T2 (30% gelatinized corn grain steam flake). Corn grain steam flaked for T1 was produced by a pressurized steam chamber for a longer time than T2. For this reason, the thickness of T1 and T2 was 1.5 and 2.5mm on average, respectively. Two Holstein cows (BW.405±15.4kg, 26.5±12 months) fitted with ruminal cannula were fed 4 kg of tall fescue and 3 kg of a formulated concentrate mix. Immediately after morning feeding, the nylon bags containing the sample from all treatments were incubated in the ruminal ventral sac for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48h. At 0h of incubation, the DM degradability of T1 (16.70%) was higher (P&lt; 0.05) than Control (9.74%) and T2 (12.00%). The degradability of both Control and T2 slightly increased from 4 (23.08 and 27.57%) to 18h (36.65 and 35.52%), exponentially increased from 18 to 48h. On the other hand, the degradability for T1 exponentially increased from 2 (28.74%) to 18h (77.31%), only slightly increased thereafter. The final degradability (48h) of Control, T1, and T2 were 78.07, 89.20, and 84.86%, respectively (P&lt; 0.05). The fraction a of DM degradability for T1 (24.29%) was higher than Control (2.26%) and T2 (6.26%) (P&lt; 0.05). The effective degradability (ED) of T1 (75.31%) was higher (P&lt; 0.05) than Control (57.42%) and T2 (60.86%). Therefore, this study demonstrated that 70% gelatinized corn grain steam flake showed a higher rate of ruminal degradability than other treatments. Thus, it is necessary to determine how these differences affect ruminant productivity through additional feeding experiments.
PSIX-4 Comparison of water footprint in roughage-fed and grain-fed beef cattle finishing systems
Authors: da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , Franco Arturo Macias , de Moura Felipe Henrique , Bangert Kelli Noelle , Norris Aaron B , Fonseca Mozart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Beef cattle production has been argued to represent a massive player on water usage given the high-water footprint (WF) attributed to the livestock sector. From a water usage mitigation standpoint, at the animal level, manipulation of drinkable water is possible since major differences in water utilization are highly related to diet composition and feed quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two cattle finishing systems, grain-finished versus roughage-finished on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake (WI), WF and water use efficiency (WUE) of Angus cattle. Twenty-four steers (385 ± 10.80 kg) were fed either alfalfa only (roughage-finished) or predominantly whole grain (80% corn and 20% alfalfa). Individual DMI and WI were measured for 105 days. Water footprint was expressed as amount of green (rainwater; WFg), blue (surface and groundwater; WFb), and grey (waste; WFgy) water used for feed production and WI of animals, and the sum of all three represents the total WF (TWF). The WUE was calculated as the integral between water used during the experimental period, and then converted into water efficiency as divided by cold carcass weight (CCW). Differences amongst treatments were compared via orthogonal contrast using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4) with treatment as fixed effect and animals as a random effect. Roughage-fed animals presented significantly higher WI and DMI (P = 0.0005 and P &lt; 0.0001, respectively), 80 kg lighter CCW (P = 0.0005) when compared to grain-finished animals. Grain-finished animals had a lower WFb WFgy, and TWF (P &lt; 0.0001), but a higher WFg (P &lt; 0.0001). Water use efficiency was twice as high for roughage-fed animals. Therefore, for the finishing phase, steers finished on a grains had a lower WF when compared to roughage-fed animals.