bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Variability and Within‐Plant Heterogeneity in Blade Biomechanics Regulate Flow‐Seagrass Interactions of Zostera marina
Authors: Vettori D. , Marjoribanks T. I. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSeagrasses are marine flowering plants that have important roles in the ecological and physical processes of many coastal areas. Seagrass modeling to date has mostly assumed that seagrasses have uniform biomechanical traits in space and time. In this study we compare the biomechanical traits of Zostera marina blades collected in late summer and spring from a lagoon in southern Denmark. Then, we describe how biomechanics vary depending on (i) seasonality, (ii) storage in laboratory conditions with high nutrient levels, (iii) blade rank and (iv) position along blades. The data collected with these direct measurements are fed into a numerical structural model that simulates seagrass response to an idealized flow and accounts for plant nonuniformity. The model is used to assess the effects of temporal variability and within‐plant heterogeneity in blade biomechanics on flow‐seagrass interactions. Results show that seagrass biomechanics are affected considerably by seasonality and laboratory storage. This biomechanical variability has a key role in defining flow‐seagrass interactions, enhancing light availability in summer and reducing potential drag force in spring. Significant within‐plant heterogeneity associated with both blade rank and along‐blade position is reported. Compared to temporal variability, within‐plant heterogeneity has a secondary role in determining flow‐seagrass interactions; however, blade rank is associated with a consistent reduction in the drag force. The results presented improve the understanding of flow‐seagrass interactions by clarifying the importance of variations in seagrass blade biomechanical traits and their origin.
Altered brain metabolite concentration and delayed neurodevelopment in preterm neonates
Authors: Tomiyasu Moyoko , Shibasaki Jun , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Enokizono Mikako , Toyoshima Katsuaki , Obata Takayuki , Aida Noriko 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
A very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) preterm infants is associated with an increased risk of impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes. In this study, we investigated how neonatal brain metabolite concentrations changed with postmenstrual age and examined the relationship between changes in concentration (slopes) and neurodevelopmental level at 3–4 years.

Methods
We retrospectively examined 108 VLBW preterm infants who had brain single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 34–42 weeks’ postmenstrual age. Neurodevelopment was assessed using a developmental test, and subjects were classified into four groups: developmental quotient <70, 70–84, 85–100, and >100. One-way analyses of covariance and multiple-comparison post hoc tests were used to compare slopes.

Results
We observed correlations between postmenstrual age and the concentrations of N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA) (p < 0.001); creatine and phosphocreatine (p < 0.001); glutamate and glutamine (p < 0.001); and myo-inositol (p = 0.049) in the deep gray matter; and tNAA (p < 0.001) in the centrum semiovale. A significant interaction was noted among the tNAA slopes of the four groups in the deep gray matter (p = 0.022), and we found a significant difference between the <70 and 85–100 groups (post hoc, p = 0.024).

Conclusions
In VLBW preterm infants, the slopes of tNAA concentrations (adjusted for postmenstrual age) were associated with lower developmental quotients at 3–4 years.

Impact

In very-low-birth-weight preterm-born infants, a slower increase in tNAA brain concentration at term-equivalent age was associated with poorer developmental outcomes at 3–4 years.

The increase in tNAA concentration in very-low-birth-weight infants was slower in poorer developmental outcomes, and changes in tNAA concentration appeared to be more critical than changes in tCho for predicting developmental delays.

While tNAA/tCho ratios were previously used to examine the correlation with neurodevelopment at 1–2 years, we used brain metabolite concentrations.
Expanding the drug discovery space with predicted metabolite–target interactions
Authors: Nuzzo Andrea , Saha Somdutta , Berg Ellen , Jayawickreme Channa , Tocker Joel , Brown James R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMetabolites produced in the human gut are known modulators of host immunity. However, large-scale identification of metabolite–host receptor interactions remains a daunting challenge. Here, we employed computational approaches to identify 983 potential metabolite–target interactions using the Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) cohort dataset of the Human Microbiome Project 2 (HMP2). Using a consensus of multiple machine learning methods, we ranked metabolites based on importance to IBD, followed by virtual ligand-based screening to identify possible human targets and adding evidence from compound assay, differential gene expression, pathway enrichment, and genome-wide association studies. We confirmed known metabolite–target pairs such as nicotinic acid–GPR109a or linoleoyl ethanolamide–GPR119 and inferred interactions of interest including oleanolic acid–GABRG2 and alpha-CEHC–THRB. Eleven metabolites were tested for bioactivity in vitro using human primary cell-types. By expanding the universe of possible microbial metabolite–host protein interactions, we provide multiple drug targets for potential immune-therapies.
Large-scale shift in the structure of a kelp forest ecosystem co-occurs with an epizootic and marine heatwave
Authors: McPherson Meredith L. , Finger Dennis J. I. , Houskeeper Henry F. , Bell Tom W. , Carr Mark H. , Rogers-Bennett Laura , Kudela Raphael M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClimate change is responsible for increased frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme events, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs). Within eastern boundary current systems, MHWs have profound impacts on temperature-nutrient dynamics that drive primary productivity. Bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) forests, a vital nearshore habitat, experienced unprecedented losses along 350 km of coastline in northern California beginning in 2014 and continuing through 2019. These losses have had devastating consequences to northern California communities, economies, and fisheries. Using a suite of in situ and satellite-derived data, we demonstrate that the abrupt ecosystem shift initiated by a multi-year MHW was preceded by declines in keystone predator population densities. We show strong evidence that northern California kelp forests, while temporally dynamic, were historically resilient to fluctuating environmental conditions, even in the absence of key top predators, but that a series of coupled environmental and biological shifts between 2014 and 2016 resulted in the formation of a persistent, altered ecosystem state with low primary productivity. Based on our findings, we recommend the implementation of ecosystem-based and adaptive management strategies, such as (1) monitoring the status of key ecosystem attributes: kelp distribution and abundance, and densities of sea urchins and their predators, (2) developing management responses to threshold levels of these attributes, and (3) creating quantitative restoration suitability indices for informing kelp restoration efforts.
Spatial-geographical analysis of urbanization in Iran
Authors: Ali asghar Pilehvar  
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe development of urbanization and urbanism in Iran has created a wide socioeconomic gap in urban areas. Rapid population growth along with the lack of socioeconomic growth programs and urban development strategies have deteriorated unemployment, inflation, housing price, traffic congestion, and marginalization in cities, particularly in metropolises of Iran. This paper, using a descriptive-analytic research method and a meta-analysis technique, addresses the urbanization and urbanism changes in Iran. Using GIS technique and CV formula, the spatial distribution of urbanization and its rapid growth in Iran are depicted. The research data was derived from a systematic review of documents and techniques over 40 years. The results of the study demonstrated that Iranian cities have undergone an unsustainable growth trend and urbanization has overtaken urbanism. Over the past 4 decades, cities have been struggling with rapid growth and development. In this regard, development-oriented governments can play a significant role in tackling growth and urbanization problems. These problems are especially evident in the socio-economic, urban planning and urban ecology. The rapid growth of urbanization (74% in 2016) has resulted in the emergence of metropolitan areas in an unstable process. Also, in metropolitan areas of Iran, environmental and ecological threats, rural–urban migration and marginalization have posed serious national–regional and local challenges. The structural–functional reforms in Iran, along with skeletal–spatial and socio-economic changes in cities, have given rise to a new social class (low-income people), which is characterized with non-formal businesses and informal settlements in the outskirts of cities, especially metropolitan areas. This has prompted unsustainability in main indicators of urban development such as security, building density, environmental threats, and centralization, among other things. This analysis is based on indicators such as density and centralization, informal settlement, and urban security.
Medication Adherence: Expanding the Conceptual Framework
Authors: Krousel-Wood Marie , Craig Leslie S , Peacock Erin , Zlotnick Emily , O’Connell Samantha , Bradford David , Shi Lizheng , Petty Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Interventions targeting traditional barriers to antihypertensive medication adherence have been developed and evaluated, with evidence of modest improvements in adherence. Translation of these interventions into population-level improvements in adherence and clinical outcomes among older adults remains suboptimal. From the Cohort Study of Medication Adherence among Older adults (CoSMO), we evaluated traditional barriers to antihypertensive medication adherence among older adults with established hypertension (N = 1,544; mean age = 76.2 years, 59.5% women, 27.9% Black, 24.1% and 38.9% low adherence by proportion of days covered (i.e., PDC &lt;0.80) and the 4-item Krousel-Wood Medication Adherence Scale (i.e., K-Wood-MAS-4 ≥1), respectively), finding that they explained 6.4% and 14.8% of variance in pharmacy refill and self-reported adherence, respectively. Persistent low adherence rates, coupled with low explanatory power of traditional barriers, suggest that other factors warrant attention. Prior research has investigated explicit attitudes toward medications as a driver of adherence; the roles of implicit attitudes and time preferences (e.g., immediate vs. delayed gratification) as mechanisms underlying adherence behavior are emerging. Similarly, while associations of individual-level social determinants of health (SDOH) and medication adherence are well reported, there is growing evidence about structural SDOH and specific pathways of effect. Building on published conceptual models and recent evidence, we propose an expanded conceptual framework that incorporates implicit attitudes, time preferences, and structural SDOH, as emerging determinants that may explain additional variation in objectively and subjectively measured adherence. This model provides guidance for design, implementation, and assessment of interventions targeting sustained improvement in implementation medication adherence and clinical outcomes among older women and men with hypertension.
Tertiary cystic white matter injury as a potential phenomenon after hypoxia-ischaemia in preterm f sheep
Authors: Lear Benjamin A , Lear Christopher A , Davidson Joanne O , Sae-Jiw Jialin , Lloyd Johanna M , Gunn Alistair J , Bennet Laura 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
White matter injury, including both diffuse and cystic elements, remains highly associated with neurodevelopmental disability and cerebral palsy in preterm infants, yet its pathogenesis and evolution are still poorly understood and there is no established treatment. We examined the long-term evolution of white matter injury in chronically instrumented preterm fetal sheep (0.7 gestation) after 25 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion or sham occlusion. Fetal brains were processed for histology after 3 days (n = 9, sham n = 9), 7 days (n = 8, sham n = 8), 14 days (n = 9, sham n = 8) and 21 days (n = 9, sham n = 9) of recovery. At 3 and 7 days recovery, umbilical cord occlusion was associated with diffuse white matter injury, with loss of total and mature oligodendrocytes and reduced myelination in both the parietal and temporal lobes. At 14 days after umbilical cord occlusion, extensive microglial and astrocytic activation were observed in the temporal lobe. At 21 days recovery a spectrum of severe white matter degeneration was observed, including white matter atrophy, ventriculomegaly and overt cystic white matter lesions. The most severe injury was observed in the temporal lobe after 21 days recovery, including the majority of cystic lesions, persistent oligodendrocyte maturational arrest and impaired myelination. The spatial distribution of delayed white matter degeneration at 21 days recovery was closely related to the location of dense microglial aggregates at earlier time-points, implicating a role for exuberant inflammation originating from microglial aggregates in the pathogenesis of cystic white matter injury. The delayed appearance of cystic injury is consistent with continuing tertiary evolution of necrotic cell death. This slow evolution raises the tantalizing possibility that there may a relatively long therapeutic window to mitigate the development of cystic white matter injury. Delayed anti-inflammatory treatments may therefore represent a promising strategy to reduce neurodevelopmental disability in the preterm infants.
Sudden cardiac death risk in contact sports increased by myocarditis: a case series
Authors: Massoullié Grégoire , Boyer Baptiste , Sapin Vincent , Jean Frédéric , Andronache Marius , Peoc’h Michel , Clerfond Guillaume , Eschalier Romain 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Myocarditis is a known cause of sudden cardiac death of the athlete. The impact of direct chest trauma in at-risk sports or activities in patients with a history of myocarditis has never been demonstrated or studied. We report herein two cases of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia secondary to non-penetrating blunt chest trauma while playing contact sports.

Case summary
The first patient, a 26-year-old man described a brief loss of consciousness after having received blunt impact to the chest (typical intensity) while playing a rugby match. The loss of consciousness was total and proceeded by rapid and regular palpitations. He had a history of viral myocarditis 10 years prior with a fibrotic sequalae in the inferolateral wall on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (left ventricular ejection fraction 71%). Right apical ventricular pacing induced a sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia reproducing the patient’s symptoms. A subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted. The second patient is a 22-year-old professional rugby player with no known notable history. During a match, a direct blow to the chest wall was followed by a cardiac arrest. A ventricular fibrillation was cardioverted to pulseless electrical activity. Patient died despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An autopsy identified a myocardial sequela of fibrosis with no acute inflammatory remodelling compatible with a previous myocarditis.

Discussion
Myocarditis may increase the risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias caused by blunt impact to the chest, particularly in contact sports. Screening and prevention measures should be considered to reduce this risk.
An electronic health record (EHR) log analysis shows limited clinician engagement with unsolicited genetic test results
Authors: Nestor Jordan G , Fedotov Alexander , Fasel David , Marasa Maddalena , Milo-Rasouly Hila , Wynn Julia , Chung Wendy K , Gharavi Ali , Hripcsak George , Bakken Suzanne , Sengupta Soumitra , Weng Chunhua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
How clinicians utilize medically actionable genomic information, displayed in the electronic health record (EHR), in medical decision-making remains unknown. Participating sites of the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network have invested resources into EHR integration efforts to enable the display of genetic testing data across heterogeneous EHR systems. To assess clinicians’ engagement with unsolicited EHR-integrated genetic test results of eMERGE participants within a large tertiary care academic medical center, we analyzed automatically generated EHR access log data. We found that clinicians viewed only 1% of all the eMERGE genetic test results integrated in the EHR. Using a cluster analysis, we also identified different user traits associated with varying degrees of engagement with the EHR-integrated genomic data. These data contribute important empirical knowledge about clinicians limited and brief engagements with unsolicited EHR-integrated genetic test results of eMERGE participants. Appreciation for user-specific roles provide additional context for why certain users were more or less engaged with the unsolicited results. This study highlights opportunities to use EHR log data as a performance metric to more precisely inform ongoing EHR-integration efforts and decisions about the allocation of informatics resources in genomic research.
Too Much Skin-in-the-Game? The Effect of Mortgage Market Concentration on Credit and House Prices
Authors: Gupta Deeksha 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In 2007, as American housing markets started to decline, the government-sponsored enterprises dramatically increased their acquisitions of low FICO and high loan-to-value mortgages. By 2008, the agencies had reversed course by decreasing their high-risk acquisitions. I develop a theory in which large lenders temporarily increase high-risk activity at the end of a boom. In the model, lenders with many outstanding mortgages have incentives to extend risky credit to prop up house prices. The increase in house prices lessens the losses they make on their outstanding portfolio of mortgages. As the bust continues, lenders slowly wind down their mortgage exposure.
Multi-objective optimization model for airport gate assignment problem
Authors: Cecen Ramazan Kursat 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide feasible and fast solutions for the multi-objective airport gate assignment problem (AGAP) considering both passenger-oriented and airline-oriented objectives, which is the total walking distance from gate to baggage carousels (TWD) and the total aircraft fuel consumption during taxi operations (TFC). In addition, obtaining feasible and near-optimal solutions in a short time reduces the gate planning time to be spent by air traffic controllers.

Design/methodology/approach
The mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach is implemented to solve the multi-objective AGAP. The weighted sum approach technique was applied in the model to obtain non-dominated solutions. Because of the complexity of the problem, the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was used for the proposed model. The results were compared with baseline results, which were obtained from the algorithm using the fastest gate assignment and baggage carousel combinations without any conflict taking place at the gate assignments.

Findings
The proposed model noticeably decreased both the TWD and TFC. The improvement of the TWD and TFC changed from 22.8% to 46.9% and from 4.7% to 7.1%, respectively, according to the priorities of the objectives. Additionally, the average number of non-dominated solutions was calculated as 6.94, which presents many feasible solutions for air traffic controllers to manage ground traffic while taking the airline and passenger objectives into consideration.

Practical implications
The proposed MILP model includes the objectives of different stakeholders: air traffic controllers, passengers and airlines. In addition, the proposed model can provide feasible gate and baggage carousel assignments together in a short time. Therefore, the model creates a flexibility for air traffic controllers to re-arrange assignments if any unexpected situations take place.

Originality/value
The proposed MILP model combines the TWD and TFC together for the AGAP problem using the SA. Moreover, the proposed model integrates passenger-oriented and airline-oriented objectives together and reveals the relationships between the objectives in only a short time.
Cosmobio: a universe of certified organic cosmetics
Authors: Mariano Stefania 
Published: March 2021

Study level/applicability
This case is appropriate for early-stage postgraduate courses in entrepreneurship or business modeling.

Subject area
Entrepreneurship.

Case overview
Cosmobio case study presents the journey of Antonella Bognanni, founder and CEO of Cosmobio, along seven years of operations, from the initial assessment of the business opportunity to the launch, relaunch and closure of the business.

Expected learning outcomes
1. To establish whether or not a business idea is a business opportunity. 2. To articulate aspects related to management prowess and liability of newness. 3. To differentiate between a lean versus a more traditional approach to business planning. 4. To discuss the potential bias of preliminary research. 5. To apply definitions of first-mover advantage. 6. To discuss how to conduct an environmental analysis; identify industry and target markets; and perform a competitor analysis. 7. To compare low-cost strategies to differentiation strategies. 8. To discuss marketing mix and marketing strategy. 9. To illustrate challenges related to being a solopreneur and related leadership styles or gender issues implications. 10. To illustrate implications related to business failure, past mistakes and lessons learned.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 3 Entrepreneurship.
Effects of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis powder dietary inclusion level on antioxidant activities of broiler breast meat during storage
Authors: Choi In‐Hag , Chung Tae‐Ho 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (PBS) powder dietary inclusion levels on the antioxidant activities of broiler breast meat during storage. A total of 270 Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allocated to three treatments (3 replicates with 30 birds per pen), fed diets with inclusion of 0%, 0.5% or 1% PBS powder, in a completely randomized design. After slaughtering, samples were packed and stored at 4°C for later analysis of broiler breast meat. Antioxidant analysis included measurement of pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. All samples were measured at storage days 0 and 7 as three replicates. For breast meat, changes were observed in pH, TBARS values, and DPPH radical scavenging at storage days 0 and 7 (p < 0.05), except for TBARS values at storage day 0. Overall, the addition of PBS powder resulted in lower TBARS values and higher DPPH radical scavenging in broiler breast meat during storage. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the addition of 0.5% and 1% PBS powder to broiler diets was effective at reducing lipid oxidation during storage, which could be related to the subsequent lower meat pH.