bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysphagia limit in children with cerebral palsy aged 4 to 12 years
Authors: Schepers Florentine V , van Hulst Karen , Spek Bea , Erasmus Corrie E , van den Engel‐Hoek Lenie 
Published: August 2021

AimTo assess the dysphagia limit in children with cerebral palsy (CP) according to Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS) level, sex, and age compared to typically developing children.MethodSeventy‐seven children with CP (54 males, 23 females; mean age 7y 6mo, SD 2y 2mo, age range 4–12y) were assessed with the Maximum Volume Water Swallow Test. Median dysphagia limit in the CP group was compared with data of typically developing children.ResultsThe dysphagia limit of children with CP differed significantly (p<0.001) from typically developing children. The latter showed a threefold higher median dysphagia limit (22mL) compared to children with CP in EDACS level I (7mL). The higher the EDACS level, the lower the dysphagia limit in children with CP. EDACS level explained 55% of the variance in the dysphagia limit of the CP group.InterpretationWhere children with CP in EDACS levels IV and V showed that their capacity met the level of their performance, children in EDACS level I had the ability to perform a maximum capacity task, but still had a threefold lower median dysphagia limit than typically developing children. Establishment of the dysphagia limit should be part of general swallowing assessment in children with CP.
Deadlocked in history and geopolitics: Revisiting Armenia–Turkey relations
Authors: Ter‐Matevosyan Vahram 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLocated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Armenia and Turkey are two neighboring countries that share a 311 km of land border. Official relations between them, however, remain antagonistic as they never established diplomatic relations, and the land border remains closed. All the past efforts to normalize relations and eradicate the standoff have foundered. This article engages with several methodological problems and (mis)perceptions that persist in existing interpretations of Armenia–Turkey relations and examines their impact on the current deadlock. It particularly discusses the questions of the closed border, its relevance to the conflict in Karabakh, the importance of disentangling the process of normalization from reconciliation, and its impact on past normalization initiatives. The article argues that critical rethinking of several deep seated conceptions and approaches could expand our understanding about the roots of the present rift and propose avenues for resolving the impasse.
Emerging paradigm shift toward proactive topical treatment of psoriasis: A narrative review
Authors: Papp Kim A. , Dhadwal Gurbir , Gooderham Melinda , Guenther Lyn , Turchin Irina , Wiseman Marni , Yeung Jensen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPsoriasis (PsO) requires safe and effective long‐term management to reduce the risk of recurrence and decrease the frequency of relapse. Topical PsO therapies are a cornerstone in the management of PsO though safety concerns limit the chronic, continuous use of topical corticosteroids and/or vitamin D3 analogs. Evidence‐based guidelines on optimal treatment targets and maintenance therapy regimens are currently lacking. This review explores the evidence supporting approaches to maintenance topical therapy for PsO including continuous long‐term therapy, chronic intermittent use, step‐down therapy, sequential or pulse therapy regimens, and proactive maintenance therapy. Several unaddressed questions are discussed including how and when to transition from acute to maintenance therapy, strategies for monitoring long‐term treatment, the role of topical maintenance therapy in the context of systemic and biologic therapies, risks of maintenance therapy, prescribing a topical preparation suitable for patients' preferences and skin type, and key concepts for patient education to maximize long‐term outcomes. Overall, emerging evidence supports a paradigm shift toward proactive treatment once skin is completely clear as a strategy to enhance disease control without compromising safety.
The multidimensional nutritional niche of fungus‐cultivar provisioning in free‐ranging colonies of a neotropical leafcutter ant
Authors: Crumière Antonin J. J. , James Aidan , Lannes Pol , Mallett Sophie , Michelsen Anders , Rinnan Riikka , Shik Jonathan Z. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractForaging trails of leafcutter colonies are iconic scenes in the Neotropics, with ants collecting freshly cut plant fragments to provision a fungal food crop. We hypothesised that the fungus‐cultivar's requirements for macronutrients and minerals govern the foraging niche breadth ofAtta colombicaleafcutter ants. Analyses of plant fragments carried by foragers showed how nutrients from fruits, flowers and leaves combine to maximise cultivar performance. While the most commonly foraged leaves delivered excess protein relative to the cultivar's needs, in vitro experiments showed that the minerals P, Al and Fe may expand the leafcutter foraging niche by enhancing the cultivar's tolerance to protein‐biased substrates. A suite of other minerals reduces cultivar performance in ways that may render plant fragments with optimal macronutrient blends unsuitable for provisioning. Our approach highlights how the nutritional challenges of provisioning a mutualist can govern the multidimensional realised niche available to a generalist insect herbivore.
Final results from a Phase 3, long‐term, open‐label, repeat‐dose safety study of diazepam nasal spray for seizure clusters in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Wheless James W. , Miller Ian , Hogan R. Edward , Dlugos Dennis , Biton Victor , Cascino Gregory D. , Sperling Michael R. , Liow Kore , Vazquez Blanca , Segal Eric B. , Tarquinio Daniel , Mauney Weldon , Desai Jay , Rabinowicz Adrian L. , Carrazana Enrique ,   for the DIAZ.001.05 Study Group
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveA Phase 3 open‐label safety study (NCT02721069) evaluated long‐term safety of diazepam nasal spray (Valtoco) in patients with epilepsy and frequent seizure clusters.MethodsPatients were 6–65 years old with diagnosed epilepsy and seizure clusters despite stable antiseizure medications. The treatment period was 12 months, with study visits at Day 30 and every 60 days thereafter, after which patients could elect to continue. Doses were based on age and weight. Seizure and treatment information was recorded in diaries. Treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs), nasal irritation, and olfactory changes were recorded.ResultsOf 163 patients in the safety population, 117 (71.8%) completed the study. Duration of exposure was ≥12 months for 81.6% of patients. There was one death (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy) and one withdrawal owing to a TEAE (major depression), both considered unlikely to be related to treatment. Diazepam nasal spray was administered 4390 times for 3853 seizure clusters, with 485 clusters treated with a second dose within 24 h; 53.4% of patients had monthly average usage of one to two doses, 41.7% two to five doses, and 4.9% more than five doses. No serious TEAEs were considered to be treatment related. TEAEs possibly or probably related to treatment (n = 30) were most commonly nasal discomfort (6.1%); headache (2.5%); and dysgeusia, epistaxis, and somnolence (1.8% each). Only 13 patients (7.9%) showed nasal irritation, and there were no relevant olfactory changes. The safety profile of diazepam nasal spray was generally similar across subgroups based on age, monthly usage, concomitant benzodiazepine therapy, or seasonal allergy/rhinitis.SignificanceIn this large open‐label safety study, the safety profile of diazepam nasal spray was consistent with the established profile of rectal diazepam, and the high retention rate supports effectiveness in this population. A second dose was used in only 12.6% of seizure clusters.
Cellular distribution of cannabinoid‐related receptors TRPV1, PPAR‐gamma, GPR55 and GPR3 in the equine cervical dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Galiazzo Giorgia , De Silva Margherita , Giancola Fiorella , Rinnovati Riccardo , Peli Angelo , Chiocchetti Roberto 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe activation of cannabinoid and cannabinoid‐related receptors by endogenous, plant‐derived or synthetic cannabinoids may exert beneficial effects on pain perception. Of the cannabinoids contained in Cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (CBD) does not produce psychotropic effects and seems to represent a molecule having great therapeutic potential. Cannabidiol acts on a great number of cannabinoid and cannabinoid‐related G‐protein‐coupled receptors and ionotropic receptors which have, to date, been understudied in veterinary medicine particularly in equine medicine.ObjectivesTo localise the cellular distribution of four putative cannabinoid‐related receptors in the equine cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG).Study designA qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical study.MethodsThe cervical (C6‐C8) DRG of six slaughtered horses were obtained from a local slaughterhouse. The tissues were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry, and the resulting cryosections were used to investigate immunoreactivity for the following putative CBD receptors: Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), nuclear peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and G protein‐coupled receptors 55 (GPR55) and 3 (GPR3).ResultsLarge percentages of neuronal cell bodies showed immunoreactivity for TRPV1 (80 ± 20%), PPARγ (100%), GPR55 (64 ± 15%) and GPR3 (63 ± 11%). The satellite glial cells (SGCs) were immunoreactive for TRPV1, PPARγ and GPR55. In addition, GPR55 immunoreactivity was expressed by DRG interneuronal macrophages. In addition, microglia cells were observed surrounding the neuron–SGC complex.Main limitationsThe limited number of horses included in the study.ConclusionsCannabinoid‐related receptors were distributed in the sensory neurons (TRPV1, PPARγ, GPR55 and GPR3), SGCs (TRPV1, PPARγ and GPR55), macrophages (GPR55) and other interneuronal cells (PPARγ and GPR55) of the equine DRG. Given the key role of DRG cellular elements and cannabinoid receptors in the pathophysiology of pain, the present findings provided an anatomical basis for additional studies aimed at exploring the therapeutic uses of non‐psychotropic cannabinoid agonists for the management of pain in horses.
Hidradenitis suppurativa: A folliculotropic disease of innate immune barrier dysfunction?
Authors: Johnston Daniel G.W. , Kirby Brian , Tobin Desmond J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe innate immune system of human skin consists of a multi‐layered barrier consisting of cells and soluble effector molecules charged with maintaining homeostasis and responding to insults and infections. It has become increasingly clear that these barrier layers become compromised in skin diseases, especially in disorders of an (auto)inflammatory nature. In the case of hidradenitis suppurativa, great strides have been made in recent years in characterizing the underlying breakdown in homeostatic innate immunity, including an increasing understanding of the central role of the hair follicle in this process. This breakdown appears to occur at multiple levels: the pilosebaceous unit, associated epithelium, the cutaneous microbiome, alteration of immune cell function and local molecular events such as complement activation. This review seeks to summarize, contextualize and analyse critically our current understanding of how these innate immune barriers become dysregulated in the early stage(s) of hidradenitis suppurativa, and to speculate on where potential hidradenitis suppurativa research could be most fruitful.
Implementing the precautionary approach into fisheries management: Biomass reference points and uncertainty buffers
Authors: Mildenberger Tobias K. , Berg Casper W. , Kokkalis Alexandros , Hordyk Adrian R. , Wetzel Chantel , Jacobsen Nis S. , Punt André E. , Nielsen J. Rasmus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe precautionary approach to fisheries management advocates for risk‐averse management strategies that include biological reference points and account for scientific uncertainty (i.e. process, model and observation uncertainty). In this regard, two approaches have been recommended: (a) biomass reference points to safeguard against low stock biomass, and (b) uncertainty buffers that reduce the catch limit as a function of the scientific uncertainty. This study compares the effectiveness of these two precautionary approaches in recovering over‐exploited fish stocks. We evaluate the performance of more than 80 harvest control rules (HCRs) within a stochastic management strategy evaluation (MSE) framework for three stocks with contrasting life‐history parameters and under various levels of scientific uncertainty. The results show that both approaches reduce the risk of overfishing at the expense of expected yield. This risk‐yield trade‐off strongly depends on the HCRs, life‐history parameters of the species, as well as the level of the scientific uncertainty. Nevertheless, some combinations of biomass threshold and limit reference points as well as uncertainty buffers lead to a more favourable risk‐yield trade‐off than other rules. This study elucidates the multiple factors affecting the effectiveness of management strategies and highlights key features of HCRs for precautionary fisheries management.
Do short‐term institutions exploit stock return anomalies?
Authors: Chen Yinfei , Huang Wei , Jiang George J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe literature documentsthat institutional investors in aggregate trade in the “wrong” direction of stock return anomalies. This paper explains the puzzle by isolating active institutions with a shorter‐term investment horizon (“short‐term institutions”). Based on 10 well‐known stock return anomalies, we find that these short‐term institutions indeed exploit anomalies. The results established in the literature are mostly driven by institutions with a longer‐term investment horizon, who are likely more interested in long‐run financial performance. In addition, given that institutional investors are momentum traders, we examine separately how institutional investors trade on momentum and contrarian anomalies. We show that institutions generally trade in the right direction on momentum anomalies but wrong direction on contrarian anomalies. However, over relatively short trading windows, short‐term institutions trade in the right direction of both momentum and contrarian anomalies. Furthermore, we show evidence that when short‐term institutions exploit anomalies, their trades generate significantly positive abnormal returns. Our results also imply that trading by short‐term institutions appears to be subject to liquidity provision by long‐term institutions.
Break‐even price and carbon emissions of carinata‐based sustainable aviation fuel production in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Alam Asiful , Masum Md Farhad Hossain , Dwivedi Puneet 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe production of biomass‐based sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is gaining traction to reduce the carbon footprint of the aviation sector. We performed a techno‐economic analysis to estimate the break‐even price and life cycle carbon emissions of the SAF derived from carinata (Brassica carinata) in the Southeastern United States. Carinata has the potential as a feedstock for SAF production in the selected region due to higher yield, low fertilizer use, co‐product generation (animal feed, propane, and naphtha), and compatibility with current farming practices. The system boundary started at the farm and ended when the SAF is delivered to an airport. Without co‐product credit or other subsidies such as Renewable Identification Number (RIN) credit, carinata‐based SAF was more expensive ($0.85 L−1 to $1.28 L−1) than conventional aviation fuel ($0.50 L−1). With co‐product credit only, the break‐even price ranged from $0.34 L−1 to $0.89 L−1. With both co‐product and RIN credits, the price ranged from ‐$0.12 to ‐$0.66 L−1. The total carbon emission was 918.67 g CO2e L−1 of carinata‐based SAF. This estimate provides 65% relative carbon savings compared with conventional aviation fuel (2618 g CO2e L−1). Sensitivity analysis suggested a 95% probability that relative carbon savings can range from 61% to 68%. Our study indicates that carinata‐based aviation fuel could significantly reduce carbon emissions of the aviation sector. However, current policy support mechanisms should be continued to support manufacturing and distribution in the Southeastern United States.
Circuits of architecture and urban planning: Professional ethos and the internationalization of small architectural offices
Authors: Kettunen Erja , Oinas Päivi , Kalliomäki Helka 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough the production of the built environment is increasingly globalized, and architecture and urban planning (AUP) professionals are known to be the key carriers of mobile ideas, the internationalization of small owner‐centred architectural offices has gained little academic attention, compared to the large consultancies that dominate the global market. We bring together the literature on the circuits of urban planning ideas, the international movement of AUP firms and professional ethoses to explore the internationalization of small AUP offices. Using interview data from Finnish offices, we investigate the ‘what, where, why and how’ and find that they have entered specific geographically delimited AUP circuits demarcated by type of project. We contribute to the literature by identifying motives characteristic of small offices guided by professional ethoses suited to the circuits where they internationalize. Their ethoses may evolve in time and space, as they operate in new circuits. We propose that ethos–circuit coherence may contribute to the successful internationalization of small architectural offices. The findings open avenues for further research on professional ethos not only of architects but also other internationally operating professionals, as it may guide their decisions by other than a narrowly conceived profit motive.
Childcare by migrant nannies and migrant grannies: A critical discourse analysis of new policy solutions for securing reproductive labor in Australian households
Authors: Hamilton Myra , Kintominas Angela , Adamson Elizabeth 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMigrant nannies (au pairs) and migrant grannies (migrant grandparents) have emerged in Australian policy and public discourses as new “solutions” to the “problems” of unmet needs for reproductive labor in households and the under‐utilization of working‐aged Australian women in the workforce. Despite their similarities – both are pitched as sources of extended or fictive kin for the provision of childcare – these two classes of migrants are rarely thought about together. Using a critical discourse analysis of policy and media documents between 2013 and 2019, this article examines how debates concerning migrant nannies and migrant grannies are framed and explores the implications for the distribution of reproductive labor. Findings reveal new directions in the distribution of reproductive labor to fictive and extended migrant kin and highlight the importance of an intersectional approach to understanding the complex interactions not only between gender, class, migration status, and ethnicity but also age in new articulations of Australia's work‐care regime.
Effect of butyrate, a bacterial by‐product, on the viability and ICAM‐1 expression/production of human vascular endothelial cells: Role in infectious pulpal/periapical diseases
Authors: Chang Mei‐Chi , Wang Tong‐Mei , Chien Hua‐Hong , Pan Yu‐Hwa , Tsai Yi‐Ling , Jeng Po‐Yuan , Lin Li‐Deh , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate the effects of butyric acid (BA), a metabolic product generated by pulp and root canal pathogens, on the viability and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) production of endothelial cells, which are crucial to angiogenesis and pulpal/periapical wound healing.MethodologyEndothelial cells were exposed to butyrate with/without inhibitors. Cell viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated using an MTT assay, PI/annexin V and DCF fluorescence flow cytometry respectively. RNA and protein expression was determined using a polymerase chain reaction assay and Western blotting or immunofluorescent staining. Soluble ICAM‐1 (sICAM‐1) was measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The quantitative results were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) of the mean. The data were analysed using a paired Student's t‐test where necessary. A p‐value ≤0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference between groups.ResultsButyrate (>4 mM) inhibited cell viability and induced cellular apoptosis and necrosis. It inhibited cyclin B1 but stimulated p21 and p27 expression. Butyrate stimulated ROS production and hemeoxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression as well as activated the Ac‐H3, p‐ATM, p‐ATR, p‐Chk1, p‐Chk2, p‐p38 and p‐Akt expression of endothelial cells. Butyrate stimulated ICAM‐1 mRNA/protein expression and significant sICAM‐1 production (p < .05). Superoxide dismutase, 5z‐7oxozeaenol, SB203580 and compound C (p < .05), but not ZnPP, CGK733, AZD7762 or LY294002, attenuated butyrate cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. Notably, little effect on butyrate‐stimulated sICAM‐1 secretion was found. Valproic acid, phenylbutyrate and trichostatin (three histone deacetylase inhibitors) significantly induced sICAM‐1 production (p < .05).ConclusionButyric acid inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, stimulated ROS and HO‐1 production and increased ICAM‐1 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in endothelial cells. Cell viability affected by BA was diminished by some inhibitors; however, the increased sICAM‐1 secretion by BA was not affected by any of the tested inhibitors. These results facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of pulpal/periapical diseases.