bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning in Lockdown: Teaching Human Rights Practice During the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Roda Claudia , Perry Susan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article explores the authors’ university course on ‘Human Rights and Digital Technology’, designed to engage students in a holistic assessment of the application of international human rights law to the digital universe. In addition to the intellectual premises of our course, this article examines the notable shift in teaching practice during the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, as the authors moved from classroom to online instruction. We argue that during the pandemic many students experienced the loss of equal access to higher education based on merit or capacity, a human right guaranteed by the Universal Declaration and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In fact, students recognized how online education, at least in this specific context, may have exacerbated social and economic differences. This article provides the analysis of a small survey of our students’ perceptions of online learning in the middle of a global pandemic. Based on the authors’ observations and survey results, our article points to three salient factors that affected the quality and fairness of online education during the lockdown period: the absence of in-person, experienced human feedback to hone critical thinking; access (or lack thereof) to functioning technology; and compromised student attention. We highlight several lessons learned from this experience, and how a human rights framework may help both professors and students identify the conditions under which online learning is more likely to be successful and to guarantee equal access to higher education.
No Functional Immunity for Crimes under International Law before Foreign Domestic Courts
Authors: Epik Aziz 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
For some time now, there seemed to be consensus that functional immunity does not protect (former) state officials from criminal prosecution by foreign domestic courts in cases where they are suspected of having committed or participated in crimes under international law. Recently, however, this has been called into question not only by scholars but also by members of the International Law Commission as well as a considerable number of state representatives. It is against this backdrop that the German Federal Court of Justice has issued a landmark judgment confirming the exclusion of functional immunity in cases of crimes under international law. This article provides a summary as well as a legal analysis of the Court’s main arguments. It focuses on the main question of immunity while also touching upon the Court’s application of the substantive law concerning war crimes under the German Code of Crimes Against International Law.
Farmers’ Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Attributes of Integrated Pest Management Methods Against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Benin
Authors: Houngbo Sidol , Zannou Afio , Zossou Espérance , Zanmènou Calmette S G , Aoudji Augustin , Sinzogan Antonio A , Sikirou Rachidatou , Ahanchédé Adam 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In response to the invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in Africa, farmers rely mainly on synthetic pesticides which are harmful to human health and environment. This study investigated farmers’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for attributes of integrated pest management (IPM) methods against S. frugiperda. A survey was conducted among 400 randomly selected maize farmers in eight districts of Benin using a questionnaire. Results showed that the majority of farmers (66.5%) who were interested in the IPM approach preferred a combined use of intercropping and ecological control products in managing S. frugiperda. Farmers who were more likely to pay for IPM strategies against S. frugiperda had less access to extension services, very small farms, and relatively low income. They represented 38.82% of the sample and were willing to pay additional protection costs of 4.53 US$/ha for the combination of several management methods, 86.09 US$/ha for the reduction of human health risks, 22.20 US$/ha for the preservation of environment, and 4.90 US$/ha for a reduction in yield losses. The policy implications of these findings for the extension of IPM technologies were discussed.
Symptoms’ resolution, adverse events profile and 1-year survival rate associated with different cervical cancer therapies among patients receiving care in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals
Authors: Samaila Aliyu , Adibe Maxwell O 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the symptoms’ resolution, adverse events (AEs) profile and 1-year survival rate associated with different cervical cancer (CC) therapies among patients receiving care in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals.MethodsThis study employed a prospective longitudinal design with a 12-month patient follow-up. It was conducted at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto in Sokoto state and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria in Kaduna state, North-Western Nigeria. Data of all the 157 eligible CC patients who came to the Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology clinics of the hospitals were collected at baseline and after the first, third and last treatment courses/radiation fractions. Data analysis was done with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS V. 20 for windows. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Key findingsPatients who received chemoradiation therapy (CRT), 29 (100.0%), adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRTS), 9 (100.0%), adjuvant chemotherapy (CTS), 6 (100.0%) and chemotherapy (CT), 27 (28.1%) (P &lt; 0.001) reported per vaginal bleeding (PVB) to have been completely stopped after therapy. Patients who received CT 4 (9.8%) experienced grade 3 anaemia, leucopaenia was experienced by patients who received CT 27 (54.0%) and CRT 20 (52.6%), P = 0.004. Grade 2 creatinine increase was observed in patients who received CRT 3 (8.1%) and CT 2 (3.1%), P = 0.013. There was no significant association between the therapy option received and 1-year survival rate of the patients within the clinical stage at P &lt; 0.05. However, age (OR = 0.257, P = 0.042), number of comorbidities (OR = 0.123, P = 0.039) and number of complications (OR = 0.013, P &lt; 0.001) were found to be the independent predictors of survival.ConclusionsChemoradiation and adjuvant therapies were found to be associated with the best resolution of symptoms. CT and CRT had high frequencies and severities of AEs. Therapy options received by the patients were not associated with their 1-year survival rates within clinical stages.
The soleus muscle flap for coverage of mid-third leg defects: a Jamaican experience
Authors: Williams Geoffrey , Diaz Gabriella 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Motor vehicle accidents are a major public health problem in Jamaica, representing the leading cause of death in adolescents and young adults and consuming a large part of the health care budget, as surviving victims usually require surgical intervention and prolonged hospital stays.
Patients with mid-third compound tibial fractures present a particularly difficult surgical challenge due to the difficulty in achieving soft-tissue coverage of the bone in this area, hence the need for extended hospitalization in order to prevent infection.
We have used a Hemi-Soleus Muscle Flap to achieve coverage of these difficult wounds, thereby eliminating the risk of osteomyelitis, reducing hospital stays and returning patients to productive lives in a much shorter period.
A pedunculated small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) masquerading as an ovarian tumour
Authors: Turner Lauren M , Jeans Phillip , Robson Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While gastro-intestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common non-epithelial neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, 10% occur externally. Symptomatology is therefore broad, dependent on location. A 42-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department after 12 hours of severe right lower abdominal, preceded by vague pain over two weeks. Imaging revealed a right-sided 7.5 × 5.8 × 5.6 cm ovarian cystic lesion, suspicious for torsion. Laparoscopically, the lesion was densely adherent to small and large bowel, and she was proceeded to resection of an assumed primary ovarian neoplasm. Histopathology revealed an infarcted epithelioid GIST, high-grade with clear margins (stage pT3). There are only 24 cases of GISTs pre-operatively mistaken for gynaecological neoplasms. Additionally, there are reports of GISTs metastasizing to ovaries. Both computed tomography and ultrasound are non-specific, including hypo- and hyperechoic features. In all published cases, imaging was not able to identify presumed gynaecological neoplasms as GISTS. Differential diagnoses for pelvic masses should include non-gynaecological tumours.
Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted mesh pelvic closure for locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer
Authors: Rusli Siti Mayuha , Choo Jeong Min , Piozzi Guglielmo Niccolò , Kim Seon Hahn 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Extensive resection that may be required in locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer result in formation of empty pelvic cavity that has the potential to cause small bowel descent into the pelvis. In patients with prior history of radiotherapy and multiple abdominal surgery, the risk of adhesion and subsequent small bowel obstruction can lead to increasing need for surgery and its resulting morbidity and mortality. We present five cases of locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer requiring laparoscopic and robotic-assisted pelvic closure with Gore-Tex Dual Mesh as prevention of small bowel descent into the pelvis. One out of the five cases had a history of small bowel obstruction after the surgery and wound-related infection occurred in one patient. There was no mesh-related complication or mortality. Pelvic closure using Gore-Tex Dual Mesh is feasible to prevent small bowel descent after surgery for locally advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer.
Detection of a Cryptic KMT2A/AFDN Gene Fusion [ins(6;11)(q27;q23q23)] in a Pediatric Patient with Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Berg Holly E , Greipp Patricia T , Baughn Linda B , Falcon Corey P , Jackson Courtney C , Peterson Jess F 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
KMT2A gene rearrangements are a major oncogenic driver in multiple hematologic neoplasms. Apart from t(9;11)(p21;q23) (KMT2A/MLLT3) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), KMT2A gene rearrangements are considered to convey high risk and poor overall survival. Herein, we report a case of a 7 year old boy with newly diagnosed AML and a cryptic KMT2A/AFDN gene fusion resulting from a 5′KMT2A insertional event. The results of conventional chromosome studies revealed trisomy 8 in all 20 metaphases, with normal-appearing chromosomes 6 and 11. A KMT2A break-apart FISH probe identified 2 intact copies of the KMT2A gene region and an extra 5′KMT2A signal in 85% of interphase nuclei.
Subsequent FISH studies using a KMT2A/AFDN dual-color dual-fusion FISH probe revealed positive results for a single fusion in 82% of interphase nuclei, indicating a KMT2A/AFDN gene fusion. Subsequently, metaphase FISH confirmed the location of the KMT2A/AFDN fusion at 6q27. To our knowledge, this represents only the second time in the literature that a cryptic KMT2A/AFDN gene fusion resulting from a 5′KMT2A insertional event was reported.
The world's future: A question of art and health
Authors: Rivas Virgilio A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Art has shown its resilient nature throughout prehistoric and modern human history, from extreme climate challenges to worsening microbial threats against species’ health. From the cave paintings scattered across three continents, Europe, Latin America and Asia, to the digitization of culture that characterizes the modern creative industry, art has continued to remind us that existential risks are better addressed through co-habitational thinking/caring. This short essay makes a case for art resilience amid the pandemic that has shown no sign of surrendering to human intervention as planetary multispecies life braces for a more precarious climate emergency in years to come.
Factors associated with patient activation in inflammatory arthritis: a multisite cross-sectional study
Authors: Jones Bethan , Ndosi Mwidimi , Hunt Andrew , Harcourt Diana , Dures Emma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Patient activation covers the skills, abilities and behaviour that impact how able and willing someone is to take an active role in self-managing their health. This study explored clinical and psychosocial factors associated with patient activation in rheumatology patients.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study using postal survey methods. Participants with inflammatory rheumatic conditions were from six rheumatology centres in England. Patient activation was captured using the Patient Activation Measure (PAM). Twenty-nine explanatory factors were tested for potential association with patient activation in univariable and multivariable analyses. In preliminary multivariable analyses, factors found to have an association with patient activation at a P &lt; 0.1 level were entered into the final multivariable model. Those that remained significant at a P &lt; 0.05 level were considered associated with patient activation.

Results
The sample comprised 251 participants (74% female) with a mean age of 59.31 years (s.d. 12.69), disease duration of 14.48 years (s.d. 12.52) and a PAM score of 58.3 (s.d. 11.46). Of the 29 candidate factors, 25 were entered into a preliminary multivariable analysis. In the final multivariable analysis, four factors (self-efficacy, the illness belief that treatment will control participants’ condition and two dimensions of health literacy) were significantly associated with patient activation. This final model accounted for 40.4% of the variance in PAM scores [F(4, 246) = 41.66, P &lt; 0.001].

Conclusions
Patient activation is important in managing rheumatic conditions. Our data confirm that self-efficacy and health literacy are particular targets for patient activation interventions.
Ultrasound features of Achilles enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Patience Aimie , Steultjens Martijn P , Hendry Gordon J 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives were to evaluate the methodological and reporting quality of ultrasound (US) studies of Achilles enthesitis in people with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), to identify the definitions and scoring systems adopted and to estimate the prevalence of ultrasound features of Achilles enthesitis in this population.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted using the AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest and Web of Science databases. Eligible studies had to measure US features of Achilles enthesitis in people with PsA. Methodological quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Index tool. US protocol reporting was assessed using a checklist informed by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the reporting of US studies in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.ResultsFifteen studies were included. One study was scored as high methodological quality, 9 as moderate and 5 as low. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the prevalence, descriptions, scoring of features and quality of US protocol reporting. Prevalence estimates (% of entheses) reported included hypoechogenicity [mean 5.9% (s.d. 0.9)], increased thickness [mean 22.1% (s.d. 12.2)], erosions [mean 3.3% (s.d. 2.5)], calcifications [mean 42.6% (s.d. 15.6)], enthesophytes [mean 41.3% (s.d. 15.6)] and Doppler signal [mean 11.8% (s.d. 10.1)].ConclusionsThe review highlighted significant variations in prevalence figures that could potentially be explained by the range of definitions and scoring criteria available, but also due to the inconsistent reporting of US protocols. Uptake of the EULAR recommendations and using the latest definitions and validated scoring criteria would allow for a better understanding of the frequency and severity of individual features of pathology.
Housing Consumption and Investment: Evidence from Shared Equity Mortgages
Authors: Benetton Matteo , Bracke Philippe , Cocco João F , Garbarino Nicola 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We exploit a U.K. government-sponsored product and provide evidence on shared equity mortgages. The analysis shows how the interaction of house price growth and leverage regulation promotes product adoption. Following an increase in the equity limit, households use the additional financing to buy more expensive properties rather than reduce leverage. Equity used as a complement to debt is likely less beneficial for financial stability than when used as a substitute. Equity borrowers are less likely to change lenders when refinancing their senior debt. Finally, we measure the equity provider returns, which are affected by selection and undervaluation at repayment.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Treatment of Early-onset Scoliosis: Similar Outcomes Despite Different Etiologic Subtypes in Traditional Growing Rod Graduates
Authors: Akbarnia Behrooz A. , Pawelek Jeff B. , Hosseini Pooria , Salari Pooria , Kabirian Nima , Marks David , Shah Suken A. , Skaggs David L. , Emans John B. , Elsebaie Hazem , Thompson George H. , Sponseller Paul D. 
Published: November 2021

Background:
It is unclear whether traditional growing rod (TGR) treatment outcomes vary by early-onset scoliosis (EOS) subtype. The goal of this study was to compare radiographic outcomes and complications of TGR treatment by EOS subtype.

Methods:
We queried an international database of EOS patients from 20 centers to identify “graduates” who had (1) undergone primary TGR treatment from 1993 to 2014; (2) completed TGR treatment; and (3) had an uneventful clinical examination within 6 months after completion of TGR treatment with no anticipated further intervention. We included 202 patients in 4 etiologic subgroups: neuromuscular (n=65), syndromic (n=57), idiopathic (n=52), and congenital (n=28). Mean age at surgery was 7.1 years (range, 1.6 to 14.9 y); mean duration of follow-up was 8 years (range, 2 to 18.6 y). The groups did not differ by mean age, body mass index, sex, number of lengthenings, or duration of follow-up. The following preoperative differences were significant: (1) greater mean major curve in the neuromuscular versus idiopathic subgroup; (2) shorter spinal height (T1-S1) in the congenital versus idiopathic subgroup; and (3) smaller proportion of ambulatory patients in the neuromuscular subgroup versus all other subgroups.

Results:
We found no significant differences among subgroups in mean major curve correction or changes in thoracic height (T1-T12), spinal height, or global kyphosis at any point. Rates of deep surgical site infection, implant-related complications, and neurological complications were not different among subgroups. The medical complication rate was significantly lower in the idiopathic group compared with the other groups.

Conclusions:
Major curve correction and spinal and thoracic height increases did not differ significantly at any point by EOS subtype. Rates of deep surgical site infection, implant-related complications, and neurological complications did not differ by subtype. Except for the lower rate of medical complications in the idiopathic group, our findings suggest that, after TGR treatment, patients can expect similar outcomes regardless of their EOS subtype.

Level of Evidence:
Level III, therapeutic.
The Utility of Routine Radiographic Monitoring in Pediatric Osteoarticular Infections
Authors: Gajewski Christopher R. , Gajewski Nicholas D. , Upfill-Brown Alexander , Thompson Rachel M. , Silva Mauricio 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Pediatric musculoskeletal (MSK) infections broadly include isolated osteomyelitis (OM), septic arthritis (SA), and combined infections (OM+SA). These diagnoses are often monitored with serum inflammatory markers and serial radiographs to monitor treatment response and development of negative sequelae, despite limited data supporting these practices. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of obtaining serial radiographic follow-up for pediatric osteoarticular infections.

Methods:
An institutional review board–approved retrospective review was completed. Children 18 years and below admitted to a single institution with a culture/biopsy-proven diagnosis of OM, SA, or OM+SA. All postdischarge radiographs were reviewed and retrospectively categorized as either routine (scheduled) or reactive. Routine radiographs were obtained regardless of clinical presentation. Reactive radiographs were obtained in patients presenting with the sign of an altered clinical course. Negative sequelae, defined as growth arrest/disturbance, pathologic fracture, recurrent MSK infection, and underlying neoplastic process, were recorded and tracked. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and outcome variables. Number needed to screen (NNS) was defined as the inverse of the incidence of negative sequelae detected.

Results:
A total of 131 patients were included for analysis, with a mean age of 11.9 years (SD: 4.96 y). Ninety (69%) patients were diagnosed and treated for OM, 25 (19%) for SA, and 16 (12%) for combined infections. A total of 329 radiographs were obtained following discharge. Of those obtained, 287 (88%) were routine, resulting in the detection of 2 (0.7%) negative sequelae and a resultant NNS of 143 radiographs (95% confidence interval: 36-573). The remaining 39 were reactive radiographs, resulting in the detection of 2 (5.1%) negative sequelae with an NNS of 20 radiographs (95% confidence interval: 5-78).

Conclusions:
While radiographs remain a widely utilized tool to screen for the development of negative sequelae in pediatric osteoarticular infections, they rarely alter management in the absence of other concerning clinical signs or symptoms such as recurrent fevers, swelling of the extremity, or limb deformity. Moreover, routine radiographic surveillance should be replaced with a reactive radiographic protocol.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.