bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FRAMESHIFT SUPPRESSION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. III. ISOLATION AND GENETIC PROPERTIES OF GROUP III SUPPRESSORS
Authors: Cummins Claudia M , Gaber Richard F , Culbertson Michael R , Mann Richard , Fink Gerald R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Suppressors of ICR-induced mutations that exhibit behavior similar to bacterial frameshift suppressors have been identified in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast suppressors have been divided into two groups. Previous evidence indicated that suppressors of one group (Group II: SUFI, SUF3, SUF4, SUF5 and SUF6) represent mutations in the structural genes for glycyl-tRNA's. Suppressors of the other group (Group III: SUF2 and SUF7) were less well characterized. Although they suppressed some ICR-revertible mutations, they failed to suppress Group II frameshift mutations. This communication provides a more thorough characterization of the Group III suppressors and describes the isolation and properties of four new suppressors in that group (SUF1, SUF9, SUF10 and suf11).—In our original study, Group III suppressors were isolated as revertants of the Group III mutations his4-712 and his4-713. All suppressors obtained as ICR-induced revertants of these mutations mapped at the SUF2 locus near the centromere of chromosome III. Suppressors mapping at other loci were obtained in this study by analyzing spontaneous and UV-induced revertants of the Group III mutations. SUF2 and SUF10 suppress both Group III his4 mutations, whereas SUF7, SUF8, SUF9 and suf11 suppress his4-713, but not his4-712. All of the suppressors except suf11 are dominant in diploids homozygous for his4-713. The suppressors fail to suppress representative UAA, UAG and UGA nonsense mutations.—SUP9 is linked to the centromere of chromosome VI, and SUF10 is linked to the centromere of chromosome XIV. A triploid mapping procedure was used to determine the chromosome locations of SUF7 and SUF8. Subsequent standard crosses revealed linkage of SUF7 to cdc5 on chromosome XIII and linkage of SUF8 to cdcl2 and pet3 on chromosome VIII.
THE GENETICS OF LEVAMISOLE RESISTANCE IN THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Authors: Lewis James A , Wu C-H , Berg Howard , Levine Joseph H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have characterized a small group of genes (13 loci) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that, when mutated, confer resistance to the potent anthelmintic levamisole. Mutants at the 7 loci conferring the most extreme resistance generally possess almost identical visible and pharmacological phenotypes: uncoordinated motor behavior, most severe in early larval life, extreme resistance to cholinergic agonists and sensitivity to hypo-osmotic shock. Mutants with exceptional phenotypes suggest possible functions for several of the resistance loci. The most extreme mutants can readily be selected by their drug resistance (211 mutants, as many as 74 alleles of one gene). The more common resistance loci are likely to be unessential genes, while loci identified by only a few alleles may be essential genes or genes conferring resistance only when mutated in a special way. We propose that these mutants represent a favorable system for understanding how a small group of related genes function in a simple animal. The extreme drug resistance of these mutants makes them useful tools for the genetic manipulation of C. elegans. And, as the most resistant class of mutants might lack pharmacologically functional acetylcholine receptors (Lewis e t al. 1980), these mutants may also be of some neurobiological significance.
DEFECTIVE KERNEL MUTANTS OF MAIZE II. MORPHOLOGICAL AND EMBRYO CULTURE STUDIES
Authors: Sheridan William F , Neuffer M G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This report presents the initial results of our study of the immature kernel stage of 150 defective kernel maize mutants. They are single gene, recessive mutants that map throughout the gemme, defective in both endosperm and embryo development and, for the most part, lethal (Neuffer and Sheridan 1980). All can be distinguished on immature ears, and 85% of them reveal a mutant phenotype within 11 to 17 days post-pollination. Most have immature kernels that are smaller and lighter in color than their normal counterparts. Forty of the mutants suffer from their defects early in kernel development and are blocked in embryogenesis before their primordia differentiate, or, if primordia are formed, they are unable to germinate when cultured as immature embryos or tested at maturity; a few begin embryo degeneration prior to the time that mutant kernels became visually distinguishable. The others express the associated lesion later in kernel development and form at least one leaf primordium by the time kernels are distinguishable and will germinate when cultured or tested at maturity. In most cases, on a fresh weight basis, the mutants have embryos that are more severely defective than the endosperm; their embryos usually are no more than one-half to two-thirds the size, and lag behind by one or two developmental stages. in comparison with embryos in normal kernels from the same ear. One hundred and two mutants were examined by culturing embryos on basal and enriched media; 21 simply enlarged or completely failed to grow on any of the media tested; and 81 produced shoots and roots on at least one medium. Many grew equally well on basal and enriched media; 16 grew at a faster rate on basal medium and 23 displayed a superior growth on enriched medium. Among the latter group, 10 may be auxotrophs. One of these mutants and another mutant isolated by E. H. COE are proline-requiring mutants, allelic to pro-1. Considering their diversity of expression as evidenced by their differences in morphological appearance, degree of defectiveness and response to embryo culturing, we believe that they represent many different gene loci.
CYTOGENETICS OF FLOWER MODIFICATION OF A CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILE TOBACCO
Authors: Gerstel D U , Burns J A , Sand S A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Plants combining the cytoplasm of Nicotiana debneyi and the 48 chromosomes from N. tabacum are male sterile. Early backcross generations of the amphidiploid hybrid to male N. tabacum produced a great variety of plants from which a series of phenotypes with characteristic flower forms and transmission rates have been isolated. Type 1A possesses completely feminized stamens and deeply split corollas, breeds true when backcrossed to normal males and carries 48 N. tabacum chromosomes. Other phenotypes, 2C, 3E and 4H, range toward normal morphology of corollas and stamens. Like 1A, 2C forms no anther tissue and has 48 chromosomes. This type is transmitted to 36.3% of the backcross progeny, the remainder being of type 1A; presumably 2C carries a chromosome segment from N. debneyi that is responsible for the partial restoration of flower structure. In contrast, both 3E and 4H produce anthers and possess an extra chromosome. The extra chromosomes are transmitted to only 19.9% and 7.1% of the progeny, respectively. Significantly, the extra chromosomes found in the anther-forming types are nucleolus organizing and carry a satellite from N. debneyi. On the basis of these observations, we surmise that differentiation of anthers in plants with N. debneyi cytoplasm may depend on the presence of a nucleolus-organizing chromosome from that species. This chromosome is unstable; unaltered, it conditions a highly restored phenotype (4H), but when structurally modified, it may control different phenotypic expressions. Other examples of satellited restorer chromosomes had been reported for different cytoplasmically male-sterile combinations; therefore, the phenomenon may have more general significance.
DISTINCTIONS AMONG ALLELIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH CHROMOSOME 3 INVERSIONS IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA AND DROSOPHILA PERSIMILIS
Authors: Norman R A , Prakash Satya 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Efforts were made to discriminate new genetic variants among electrophoretic alleles that are associated with chromosome 3 inversions of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. Apparent genetic similarities for electrophoretic alleles between these two species and among the common inversions they carry were reexamined by altering gel concentration and buffer pH. At the amylase locus, the 1.09 electrophoretic allele could be further separated into two allelic classes that differentiated the WT and KL arrangements. Similarly, the 0.84 electrophoretic allele was divided into two allelic classes, one characteristic of the Santa Cruz phylad arrangements, TL and SC, and the other found in strains of the Standard phylad arrangements and CH. Uncommon amylase alleles proved to be different alleles in the two species. No new allelic variants, however, could be found among strains with the amylase 1.00 allele, the commonest allele in the Standard phylad of both species. No major new allelic variation was detected for acid phosphatase-3 and larval protein-10 that revealed any further differentiation among species or inversions. Variation at all three loci in strains of the Bogota population remained genetically similar to variation in strains of mainland D. pseudoobscura.
IMP1/imp1: A GENE INVOLVED IN THE NUCLEO-MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL OF GALACTOSE FERMENTATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Algeri A A , Bianchi L , Viola A M , Puglisi P P , Marmiroli N 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In some strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the induction of enzymes of the Leloir pathway, galactose fermentation and growth on galactose depend on mitochondrial function; mitochondrial dependence is elicited through the recessive allele imp1 of the nuclear gene IMP1. The genetic element IMP1 is not allelic to any of the known GAL genes; IMP1 strains can grow on and ferment galactose in respiratory-deficient (RD) condition or in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitors ethidium bromide and erythromycin; whereas, imp1 strains can grow on and ferment galactose only in respiratory-sufficient (RS) condition. The imp1 elicited mitochondrial dependence apparently involves regulation of the synthesis of the galactose catabolizing enzymes and synthesis of the galactose specific permease. IMP1 is not the only genetic determinant that elicits an interaction of the mitochondrion and the expression of the Gal system; the GAL3 gene, whose role in galactose utilization is demonstrated by the long-term adaptation phenotype of gal3 RS mutants, gives rise to a noninducible phenotype in RD condition or in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors.
SUPPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF X-LINKED LETHAL AND STERILE MUTATIONS IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Authors: Meneely Philip M , Herman Robert K 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have expanded our collection of recessive lethal and sterile mutants in the region of the X chromosome balanced by mnDp1(X;V), about 15% of the X linkage map, to a total of 54 mutants. The mutations have been mapped with respect to 20 overlapping deficiencies and five X duplications, and they have been assigned to 24 genes by complementation testing. Nine mutants are hermaphrodite-sterile: one of these is a sperm-defect mutant, two have abnormal gonadogeneses and six, in five genes, are maternally influenced mutants, producing inviable zygote progeny. One of the gonadogenesis mutants and two of the maternally influenced mutants are male fertile. All but one of the maternally influenced mutants give cross progeny when mated with wild-type males. Forty-three mutants were tested for suppression by homozygous sup-5(e1464), which is believed to be specific for null alleles. Ten mutants that were judged by independent criteria not to be null mutants are not suppressed. Nine of the other 33 mutants, in nine genes, are suppressed, five in both heterozygous and homozygous suppressor stocks and four only in homozygous suppressor stocks.
AN ENDOMITOTIC EFFECT OF A CELL CYCLE MUTATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Schild David , Ananthaswamy Honnavara N , Mortimer Robert K 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A recessive temperature-sensitive mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated and shown to cause an increase in ploidy in both haploids and diploids. Genetic analysis revealed that the strain carrying the mutation was an aa diploid, although MNNG mutagenesis had been done on an a haploid strain. When the mutant strain was crossed with an aa diploid and the resultant tetraploid sporulated, some of the meiotic progeny of this tetraploid were themselves tetraploid, as shown by both genetic analysis and DNA measurements, instead of diploid as expected of tetraploid meiosis. The ability of these tetraploids to continue to produce tetraploid meiotic progeny was followed for four generations. Homothallism was excluded as a cause of the increase in ploidy; visual pedigree analysis of spore clones to about the 32-cell stage failed to reveal any zygotes, and haploids that diploidized retained their mating type. An extra round of meiotic DNA synthesis was also considered and excluded. It was found that tetraploidization was independent of sporulation temperature, but was dependent on the temperature of germination and the growth of the spores. Increase in ploidy occurred when the spores were germinated and grown at 30°, but did not occur at 23°. Two cycles of sporulation and growth at 23° resulted in haploids, which were shown to diploidize within 24 hr when grown at 30°. Visual observation of the haploid cells incubated at 36° revealed a celldivisioncycle phenotype characteristic of mutations that affect nuclear division; complementation analysis demonstrated that the mutation, cdc31-2, is allelic to cdc31-1, a mutation isolated by HARTWEeLL et al.(1973) and characterized as causing a temperature-sensitive arrest during late nuclear division. The segregation of cdc31-2 in heterozygous diploids was 2:2 and characteristic of a noncentromere-linked gene.
BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND THE SEGREGATION DISTORTION (SD) PHENOMENON IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Trippa G , Cicchetti R , Loverre A , Micheli A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The relationship between some biological parameters (mortality, longevity, fertility, fecundity and sex rat:o) and segregation of second chromosomes in heterozygous and homozygous SD males has been analyzed. The results obtained in SD/SD+ heterozygous males show: (1) their reduced fertility with respect to that of control males, (2) an alteration in the sex ratio in the SD+ progeny only, and (3) inversely related sex-ratio and segregation distortion values. In SDi/SDi combinations: (1) surprisingly, fertility is intermediate between that of SD/SD+ heterozygous males and that of control males, (2) the segregation ratios of the second chromosomes are normal (0.50), and (3) the sex ratio= 0.50 in both classes of SD progeny. The relat'onship between mortality (and therefore longevity) and fertility of the different genotypes and fecundity per male indicates that the total productivity of heterozygous males is less than that so far claimed. Indeed, their productivity depznds not only on the mechanism of nonformation of the SD+ sperm, but also on their reduced longevity. The k = 0.50 and the high fecundity of SDi/SDj combinations indicate that in these males the SD phenomenon is partially suppressed, the SD chromosomes being insensitive to each other, thus implying that particular Rsp alleles are sensitive to given Sd alleles. The complementation pattern for male fertility of SD homozygous males again supports previous evidence that Sd factors from natural populations are, in effect, different Sd genes.
EXPERIMENTAL POPULATION GENETICS OF MEIOTIC DRIVE SYSTEMS. III. NEUTRALIZATION OF SEX-RATIO DISTORTION IN DROSOPHILA THROUGH SEX-CHROMOSOME ANEUPLOIDY
Authors: Lyttle Terrence W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster were challenged by pseudo-Y drive, which mimics true Y-chromosome meiotic drive through the incorporation of Segregation Distorter (SD) in a T(Y;2) complex. This causes extreme sex-ratio distrotion and can ultimately lead to population extinction. Populations normally respond by the gradual accumulation of drive suppressors, and this reduction in strength of distortion allows the sex ratio to move closer to the optimal value of 1:1. One population monitored, however, was rapidly able to neutralize the effects of sex-ratio distortion by the accumulation of sex-chromosome aneuploids (XXY, XYY). This apparently occurs because XX-bearing eggs, produced in relatively high numbers (~4%) by XXY genotypes, become the main population source of females under strong Y-chromosome drive. Computer simulation for a discrete generation model incorporating random mating with differences in fitness and segregation permits several predictions that can be compared to the data. First, sex-chromosome aneuploids should rapidly attain equilibrium, while stabilizing the population at ~60% males. This sex ratio should be roughly independent of the strength of the meiotic drive. Moreover, conditions favoring the accumulation of drive suppressors (e.g., weak distortion, slow population extinction) are insufficient for maintaining aneuploidy, while conditions favoring aneuploidy (e.g., strong distortion, low production of females) lead to population extinction before drive suppressors can accumulate. Thus, the different mechanisms for neutralizing sex-ratio distortion are complementary. In addition, Y drive and sex-chromosome aneuploidy are potentially co-adaptive, since under some conditions neither will survive alone. Finally, these results suggest the possibility that genetic variants promoting sex-chromosome nondisjunction may have a selective advantage in natural populations faced with sex-ratio distortion.
EXPRESSION OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE RESISTANCE IN CARROT SOMATIC HYBRIDS AND THEIR SEGREGANTS
Authors: Lazar G B , Dudits D , Sung Z R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Cycloheximide resistance (CHr) was shown to be a function expressed in differentiated plant tissues, but not in unorganized callus tissues. A variant, WCH105, expressing CHr in the callus, as well as in regenerated plantlets, was isolated from a cell line derived from a wild carrot plant. The plantlets regenerated from WCH105 are green, but do not produce normal, dissected leaves. Protoplasts of WCH105 were fused with that of a cycloheximidesensitive (CHs) cell line derived from an albino, domesticated carrot. Hybrid selection was based on (1) irreversible growth inhibition of WCH105 protoplasts by iodacetamide, and (2) restoration of green plants producing dissected leaves.——Analysis of the CHr trait as an unselected marker in the callus cells of the somatic hybrids indicated that it behaved as a recessive. The combined recessive and resistant phenotype of this trait allowed the recovery of CHr segregants from CHs hybrids at a frequency of 10-4, 1000 times higher than the spontaneous frequency of CHr. The recovery of CHr somatic segregants confirmed the recessiveness of the CHr trait.
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND RATE OF GENE SUBSTITUTION IN A FINITE POPULATION UNDER MUTATION AND FLUCTUATING SELECTION
Authors: Takahata Naoyuki 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
By using a numerical method of solving stochastic difference equations, the level of genetic variability maintained in a finite population and the rate of gene substitution under several models of fluctuating selection intensities were studied. It is shown that mutation and random genetic drift both play an important role in determining genetic variability and the rate of gene substitution. Compared with the case of neutral mutations, the fluctuation of selection intensity caused by temporal and spatial heterogeneity of environments generally increases the rate of gene substitution, but the level of genetic variability may be increased or decreased, depending upon the model and the parameters used. Although such a type of selection per se can not be ruled out, when mutation is taken into account, it is difficult to explain both the observed amount of genetic variability and the rough constancy of evolutionary rate within a framework of fluctuating selection models.
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN THE E. COLI POPULATION OF A HUMAN HOST
Authors: Caugant Dominique A , Levin Bruce R , Selander Robert K 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Electrophoretic techniques were employed to study variation in chromosomal genes encoding enzymes and in the distribution of cryptic plasmids in the E. coli population of a human host over an 11-month period. Thirteen of the 15 enzymes studied were polymorphic, and mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.39. Among 550 clones isolated from fecal samples, protein electrophoresis revealed 53 distinct electrophoretic types (ETs). Most ETs appeared on only one or a few days and were considered transients, but two (ET-12 and ET-13) were observed many times over extended periods and represented residents. Complete turnover in the transient ETs in the population occurred in periods of from two weeks to a month. ETs appearing in one month showed no particular genetic similarity to those of the previous month. — All but 4 of the 53 ETs carried one or more "cryptic" plasmids with molecular weights ranging from 1 to 80 megadaltons. With few exceptions, the plasmid composition of each ET was unique. In the course of the 11-month sampling period, there were changes in the plasmid profiles of the resident strains ET-12 and ET-13, and also in the profile of a recurrent strain, ET-2, which was isolated on four days. Modification of the plasmid profile of ET-12 involved the sequential addition of relatively high molecular weight bands. For ET-2 and ET-13, the changes in the plasmid profiles were radical, suggesting invasions of new cell types rather than merely the addition and deletion of plasmids. — The results of this study provide three lines of evidence that recombination plays a minor role in the generation of genetic diversity in the E. coli population of a single host. (1) Several pairs of loci were in strong linkage disequilibrium; compared to a randomly generated array of genotypes, the sample of ETs contained an excess of pairs differing at one or two loci and too many pairs with highly distinctive combinations of electromorphs. (2) In most cases where pairs of ETs differed at a single locus and, therefore, could reasonably have been generated by phage- or plasmid-mobilized gene transfer, the plasmid profiles of the pair members were radically different and/or the potentially transmitted alleles were not present in other ETs in the population. (3) Although ET-12 was abundant, being represented by 252 of the 550 clones sampled, the electrophoretic type most similar to ET-12 different from it at six loci, and ET-12 carried two unique alleles. We conclude that most of the genetic diversity observed in this human host is a consequence of successive invasions of E. coli genotypes.