bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The governing system of the Vatican City State under the Fundamental Law of the Vatican City State of 2023
Authors: Romanko Agnieszka 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThis article aims at characterising the current Fundamental Law ("constitution") of the Vatican City State with particular attention given to the amendments introduced by Pope Francis in 2023. The article will attempt to answer the following questions: What was the reason for the reform of the Vatican City State? What is the structure of the Vatican City State? What distinguishes the Vatican City State from other states?Material and methodsThe article will use the sources of law and available literature on the subject. Historical-legal and dogmatic-legal methods will be used.ResultsIn the article the reasons for the reform were presented. For this purpose, the origins, the concept and the specificity of the Vatican City State as guarantor of the independence and sovereignty of the Holy See were described. This was followed by a characterisation of the governing system of the Vatican City State. This issue required an in-depth analysis due to the fact that the Vatican City State, despite being an absolute monarchy in which the Sovereign enjoys full power, has specialised bodies equipped with legislative, executive and judicial functions, which they always exercise on behalf of the Pope.ConclusionsPope Francis justified the necessity of the reform by “the needs of our time”. In this context, he recalled that the Vatican State was created in 1929 as an instrument to ensure the Holy See’s independence and guarantee its sovereignty also in the international arena. It must be pointed that the structure of the Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State has been changed, which can also include “other members”, thus also lay persons.
Trends in the development of the ISO 9001 quality management system – a parameter of the logistic function
Authors: Rządkowski Grzegorz Kazimierz , Szczepańska Katarzyna 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThe main objective of the article is to demonstrate that the number of ISO 9001 certificates issued can be modelled with high accuracy using a sum of logistic functions (multilogistic function). An attempt was also made to explain this phenomenon on the basis of the Triple Helix (TH) theory applied to the area of quality management.Material and methodsIn order to estimate the parameters of the logistic functions, normalized second-order logistic wavelets were used. The method allows specifying these parameters based on a scalogram - a graph of the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) applied directly to the number of ISO 9001 certificates issued. Moreover, the authors discuss the theoretical model of the Triple Helix - the interaction of innovation with elements of the innovation system: globalization, competitive developments, and customer requirements in the context of the increase in the number of ISO quality management system certificates issued.ResultsStudies and calculations have fully confirmed that the number of ISO 9001 certificates between 1993 and 2022 can be effectively modelled using an appropriate multilogistics function. Using scalograms and CWT analysis, the type and position of successive logistic waves can be identified and their parameters can be estimated. This indirectly confirms that the Triple Helix theory is also applicable to quality management.ConclusionsThe possibility of using logistic wavelets, scalograms and, CWT analysis to detect logistic waves in time series related to quality management, has been confirmed. Once the parameters of the consecutive logistic waves have been estimated, the corresponding multilogistic functions can be used for forecasting.
Migrants and refugees between sociology and law:
Mental health and integration strategies for the most fragile individuals
Authors: Piliu Salvatore 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThe contribution aims to carry out a socio-anthropological and juridical analysis of the issues concerning the status of migrants and refugees, in order to identify the strategies prepared by the Italian State regarding the protection of the mental health of migrants and refugees and the prospects for integration and legal protection of the most fragile subjects.Material and methodsThe research will be conducted through a terminological analysis to understand the meaning of the italian words 'migrante' and 'rifugiato' and then examine the influences of supranational legislation on Italian legislation on this topic. In particular, reference will be made to recent Italian legislation and strategies for the integration of the most fragile subjects and for the protection of the mental health of migrants and refugees.ResultsFrom the updated framework of supranational and Italian legislation, and of migratory flows, it is hoped that we can contribute to identifying the most suitable strategies for effective integration of the most fragile subjects involved in migratory flows.ConclusionsIn light of these brief remarks made, it is clear that promoting the health of migrants and refugees, reorienting health policies, strengthening the skills of health workers, and improving information systems for collecting, analyzing and sharing data, means guaranteeing a fundamental right, which is in line with the goal of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to leave no one behind, promoting mental health and well-being for all.
Sources of funding for denominational higher education institutions in Poland
Authors: Sitarz Mirosław 
Published: December 2024

Cel pracyCelem artykułu będzie analiza obowiązujących aktów normatywnych w zakresie finansowania wyznaniowych szkół wyższych w Polsce. Dlatego też w pierwszej kolejności zostanie przedstawiona geneza finansowania szkół wyższych, a następnie aktualne regulacje prawne dotyczące finansowania zarówno szkół wyższych Kościoła katolickiego, jak też innych kościołów i związków wyznaniowych.Materiał i metodyW artykule zostaną wykorzystane źródła prawa polskiego i kanonicznego oraz dostępna literatura przedmiotu. Wykorzystane zostaną metody historyczno-prawne i dogmatyczno-prawne.WynikiUstrojodawca w Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej gwarantuje finansowanie ze środków państwowych szkół i uczelni prowadzonych przez kościoły i inne związki wyznaniowe. Zakłada przy tym równy dostęp do środków publicznych. Tworzenie i prowadzenie przez kościoły i inne związki wyznaniowe szkół wyższych, a także zasady udzielania im przez państwo pomocy finansowej regulują odrębne ustawy. Aktualne regulacje w tym przedmiocie zawiera ustawa z dnia 20 lipca 2018 r. Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce.WnioskiWspółczesne państwa demokratyczne zapewniają finansowanie katolickich szkół wyższych z funduszy publicznych także w umowach międzynarodowych ze Stolicą Apostolską. Gwarancje w tym przedmiocie są wpisane do konkordatów zawartych z takimi państwami, jak: Niemcy, Włochy, Hiszpania, Chorwacja, Słowacja, Litwa.
Freedom as a natural ability in Roman law
Authors: Sitek Bronisław 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThe subject of this study is the issue of perception of individual freedom by Roman lawyers. It is generally accepted that slaves were treated as property. However, in order to understand what was the actual perception of slaves and slavery, it is necessary to analyze selected sources of law, especially such lawyers as: Florentinus, Ulpian. Marcianus or Hermogonianus. The institution of favor debitoris was also quite often used to resolve doubts about human freedom.Material and methodsThe analysis of selected texts by Roman lawyers allows us to illustrate the technique of weighing the value of individual freedom with other values, especially those of a property nature or with the purpose of performing a legal act.ResultsThe study analyzed general sources, and then in the scope of a family's application for regaining freedom by a relative and the case of freedom when a free human being was fraudulently sold. The analysis of these sources allows us to conclude that in many cases the value of individual freedom outweighed other property interests.ConclusionsThis was the result of the recognition that freedom is a natural human condition, which was clearly expressed by the lawyer Florentinus.
Non-formal education as a form of supporting the development of programming skills in primary school students
Authors: Warchoł Tomasz 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThe main goal of the article is to analyze the role of non-formal education in the context of teaching programming to primary school students in non-formal educational settings, considering current technological developments and the need for adaptation in educational approaches.Material and methodsThe text employs descriptive and analytical approaches, examining the characteristics and benefits of non-formal education in programming. The author utilizes theoretical and practical examples to illustrate the issues of non-formal education and the development of programming skills among primary school students.ResultsThe conclusions highlight the advantages of non-formal education in teaching programming to primary school students, such as flexibility, individualization, and emphasis on practical skill development. The article emphasizes that through various forms of non-formal education, such as workshops, e-learning courses, webinars, and experiences in virtual reality, there is an opportunity to teach programming to primary school students in engaging and interactive ways.ConclusionsThe article underscores the promising future of non-formal education in programming for primary school students, driven by technological advancements and growing interest in non-traditional educational approaches. It discusses potential tools, platforms, and methodologies that can improve programming education in non-formal settings, leading to greater accessibility and effectiveness.
Airports as a catalyst for regional labor market development and employment growth in the opinion of their stakeholders
Authors: Wilczyńska-Strawa Agnieszka Aleksandra , Sirko Stanisław , Piotrowska-Trybull Marzena 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesSurveys were carried out in 2021, 2022 and 2023 to determine how residents of municipalities, representatives of municipal authorities and airport representatives, perceive the impact of the airport on the socio-economic situation of the municipality in which they are located, including the labor market.Material and methodsIn the course of the research, data on the operation of airports, municipalities and strategic documents of municipalities were analyzed and survey research was carried out using questionnaire and interview techniques.ResultsThe research focused on 10 airports located in Poland. A total of 1,200 surveys were conducted among residents of municipalities, 10 interviews with local government and port officials (2021-2022) and 7 interviews with airport officials (2023). To analyze the collected data and present the results, Statistica v.13.3 and R/RStudio software were used. Airports are seen as a catalyst for the development of the regional labour market and employment growth in the opinion of their stakeholders. The perception of the impact of the airport in the opinion of their stakeholders depended on the size of the airport, its location in the municipality, the nature of the municipality and the level of education of the municipalities residents participating in the survey.ConclusionsAirports, by combining air transport with other modes of transport, fuel local and regional development. Airports are home to institutions and companies that offer employment to workers in various fields. They also attract investors and positively influence the image of the region, contributing to the establishment of companies and the development of tourism, which also leads to job creation.
The application of OpenAI Technology in Marketing Activities - A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Wiśniewska Joanna , Matysik Sebastian 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThis article aims to assess empirical research papers on the application of OpenAI technology in marketing activities, with the goal of organizing current knowledge in this domain. To achieve this objective, the following questions were addressed:
1. Is there scientific interest in the application of OpenAI technology in marketing activities, and is it extensively discussed in researching works ?
2. What kinds and directions of the empirical researching works on this problem have been taken so far ?Material and methodsA study of the popularity of OpenAI in marketing was conducted using Google Trends tools, while a systematic literature review based on Web of Science, Scopus and Elsevier Science Direct databases was conducted using Google Sheets and VOSviewer tools.ResultsThe review highlights the insufficient attention given to application of OpenAI in marketing activities, despite the global interest and growing number of publications concernig that technology. An analysis of citations and co-citations found that the articles examined , although diverse in terms of subject matter and place of publication, had minimal impact on the observed research field.ConclusionsThe literature review reveals limited exploration of OpenAI technology in marketing activities despite growing interest. While publications vary widely in focus and venue, there is little evidence of significant impact on the research field. Existing literature offers fragmented insights and lacks comprehensive coverage of empirical studies, particularly in marketing. Further research is necessary to investigate specific applications like content creation, customer communication, brand enhancement, and market analysis.
You want peace ? Get ready for war...in cyberspace
Authors: Witkowski Zbigniew 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesA phenomenon is emerging in relations between states that is the opposite of a declaration of war, i.e. the phenomenon of 'unspeakable war', which, according to US experts, may even lead to a so-called 'electronic Pearl Harbour'. This is because a cyber attack can ultimately take the form of... cyber warfare. In the past 20-25 years alone, we have been confronted with a situation we had not anticipated: that "destructive and disruptive actions are taking place above our heads", that cyber warfare is almost universal and at the same time invisible, because conventional weapons are not used.Material and methodsThe research was carried out using dogmatic-legal, historical and comparative legal methods.ResultsThere seem to be sufficient reasons prompting the creation and harmonisation of national and international legal norms in the sphere of war. Remaining in international law and domestic constitutional law in the blissful conviction of the legitimacy of persisting in a sphere of terminology that excludes or weakens at least the meaningfulness of the concept of "war" and abrogating it in favour of a softer-sounding concept of, for example, a "state of defence" and in the need to emphasise one's entirely peaceful attitude in international relations, ceases to have its hitherto undisputed justification.ConclusionsTo be precise, the impact (attacks) on the adversary affects its : defence systems, infrastructure (including so-called critical infrastructure), society, key state institutions and political elites. If such targets are targeted through the Internet, computers and other means of storing and distributing information to attack the information systems of the victim state, it is reasonable to call such actions cyber warfare, or cyber warfare.
Postmaterialism in Innovation and Religious Faith
Authors: Wojnicka-Sycz Elżbieta 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThe postmaterialist paradigm in science is reflected in innovation research. It implies a shift of attention towards the intangible needs of people and the goals of sustainable development, rather than profit and economic growth as the goals of innovation. It reflects Catholic social teaching with its emphasis on social and environmental issues. In the article I explore if the Christian religion is conducive to post-materialist attitudes, and if post-materialism is more prevalent among people more involved in innovative activities in the workplace and in more innovative countries.Material and methodsWorlds Value Survey and OECD data were analyzed to explore the relationship between postmaterialism, religious belief, and innovation. The methods used were contingency tables and tests of significance for differences in proportions, and logit modelsResultsThe results show that Christian religion is associated with postmaterialist attitudes and work connected with innovation processes. However, postmaterialism also appears to replace religion for atheists, which reflects the human need for spirituality and ethics.ConclusionsThe results show that there is a social background in more developed countries to the transformation toward a postmaterialist innovation ecosystem, including not only business innovation, but also non-profit innovation. Postmaterialist innovation aims not only for individual material well-being, but also for a higher quality of life for entire societies. It is also in line with Catholic social teaching.
The status of the Prime Minister in the sphere of security
Authors: Karpiuk Mirosław , Klimek Marek 
Published: December 2024

Cel pracyCelem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy przepisów prawnych, które określają status Prezesa Rady Ministrów, zarówno w sferze bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa, jak i bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego, jak też scharakteryzowanie i usystematyzowanie jego zadań i kompetencji dotyczących przeciwdziałania zagrożeniom, walki z nimi oraz usuwania ich skutków.Materiał i metodyPodstawową metodą badawczą wykorzystaną w artykule była metoda dogmatyczno-prawna. Została ona zastosowana w celu dokonania analizy obowiązujących przepisów prawnych, które normują kwestie dotyczące właściwości Prezesa Rady Ministrów w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa, pod kątem jego statusu jako organu administracji rządowej. Kolejną metodą wykorzystaną w badaniach, których efektem jest ten artykuł jest metoda teoretyczno-prawna. Pozwoliła ona na ocenę działań, które może podejmować ten monokratyczny organ administracji publicznej na rzecz bezpieczeństwa państwa.WynikiStatus Prezesa RM w sferze bezpieczeństwa uregulowany został przez ustawodawcę, który przyznaje mu kierownicze kompetencje w tym obszarze.WnioskiNależy stwierdzić, że zajmuje on wysoką pozycję w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa.
The family as an object of protection and a subject of law
Authors: Lis Wojciech 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThe family is the basic social cell, the foundation of any social structure. The reason for the special treatment of the family is the functions it has to perform. However, despite the recognition of the uniqueness of the family, the wishful attitude to it is not always confirmed by normative solutions. The purpose of the study is to attempt to identify provisions that speak in favor of recognizing the subjectivity of the family.Material and methodsTo achieve this goal, the methods of critical analysis, dogmatic-legal and axiological.ResultsThe legislator has made the issues concerning the family the subject of regulation at the level of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which is the normative act with the highest legal force in the system of state law. The basic principles of family law are set out there in order to attempt to provide the family with optimal conditions for the realisation of its natural functions.ConclusionsThe good of society depends on the good of families. However, this requires a properly prepared, possibly comprehensive, consistently implemented and forward-looking pro-family policy, which the state has not developed because of focusing its actions on ad hoc solutions, which are not always consistent. In addition to material support and social programmes, it seems necessary to change the philosophy of approach to marriage and family, which are currently in crisis. We can just point to the negative fertility rate, which affects the organisation of the pension system, the functioning of the labour market, the education system, the level of innovation and, consequently – GDP – which is one of the basic determinants of wealth.
PENGARUH PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN KOTA UNGARAN
Authors: Atsamari Abdul Aziz , Pigawati Bitta 
Published: December 2024

Kota Ungaran merupakan zona urban fringe dari Kota Metropolitan Semarang. Perpindahan penduduk perkotaan menuju daerah pinggiran pada umumnya bertujuan mencari tempat tinggal dengan harga yang lebih murah. Setiap tahun terjadi pertambahan penduduk dan kawasan terbangun di Kota Ungaran. Terdapatnya Gerbang pintu Jalan Tol Semarang–Solo di Kota Ungaran merupakan faktor mendorong berkembangnya aktivitas baru yang mengakibatkan perubahan penggunaan lahan. Hal ini merupakan salah satu penyebab perkembangan fisik Kota Ungaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh perubahan penggunaan lahan terhadap perkembangan Kota Ungaran. Menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pendekatan spasial dan memanfaatkan data penginderaan jauh. Hasil penelitian menunjukan Kota Ungaran dapat dibedakan menjadi 4 sub wilayah berdasarkan karakteristik perkembangannya. Berdasarkan indikator lahan permukiman dan perdagangan jasa, perkembangan kota terkonsentrasi di bagian tengah bertahap meluas ke arah selatan dan timur. Sementara berdasarkan indikator lahan industri, perkembangan Kota Ungaran meluas ke selatan.
INVESTIGASI POLA SEBARAN SPASIAL DAN TINGKAT KERAWANAN KRIMINALITAS SEBELUM, SAAT, DAN SETELAH PANDEMI COVID-19 DI KOTA BALIKPAPAN
Authors: Pratomo Rahmat Aris , Tufail Dwiana Novianti , Islamiah Zumrotul , Firdaus Muhammad Anas 
Published: December 2024

Adanya pandemi COVID-19 diketahui berimplikasi terhadap keberlanjutan perkotaan. Salah satunya adalah tindak kriminalitas. Adanya kebijakan pembatasan kegiatan berpotensi menyebabkan pergeseran perilaku masyarakat termasuk dalam tindak kriminal. Akan tetapi, dampak tersebut dapat bervariasi tergantung kepada kondisi masyarakat dan karakteristik kawasan perkotaan itu sendiri. Sejauh ini, belum banyak yang mengaitkan antara fenomena kriminalitas terutama sebaran spasial dan tingkat kerawanannya dengan COVID-19, khususnya pada setiap periode COVID-19 yaitu pada masa sebelum, saat dan setelah COVID-19, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pola sebaran kriminalitas serta tingkat kerawanan kriminalitas di Kota Balikpapan pada periode sebelum, saat dan setelah COVID-19. Pola kriminalitas ditentukan menggunakan Average Nearest Neighborhood (ANN), serta tingkat kerawanan kriminalitas ditentukan menggunakan K-Means Clustering. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, kriminalitas di Kota Balikpapan pada semua periode menunjukkan pola yang mengelompok (Clustered). Kemudian kriminalitas pada periode sebelum dan setelah COVID-19 menunjukkan tingkat kerawanan yang sama, yaitu kerawanan tinggi di Kecamatan Balikpapan Kota dan Balikpapan Selatan, kerawanan sedang di Kecamatan Balikpapan Tengah dan Balikpapan Utara, kerawanan rendah di Kecamatan Balikpapan Barat dan Balikpapan Timur. Sedangkan periode saat COVID-19, Kecamatan Balikpapan Barat menunjukkan kerawanan sedang, dimana berbeda dengan kedua periode lainnya yang menunjukkan kerawanan rendah.