Abstract 1100: Gain and loss of function genome-wide CRISPR screens identify Hippo signaling as an important driver of resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer
Authors: Pfeifer Matthias , Brammeld Jonathan S. , Price Stacey , Martin Matthew , Thorpe Hannah , Bornot Aurelie , Banks Erica , Guan Nin , Dunn Shanade , Guerriero Maria Luisa , O'Neill Daniel , Pilling James , Gianni Davide , Brownell James , Smith Paul , McDermott Ultan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
10-20% of lung adenocarcinoma patients harbour activating mutations in EGFR. Although treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitor osimertinib has improved overall survival in such patients, almost all patients ultimately develop drug resistance. In many cases the molecular resistance mechanisms remain unknown. A systematic identification of the involved genes and pathways is critical to overcome osimertinib resistance. To define the resistance landscape of EGFR kinase inhibition we performed genome-wide gain and loss of function CRISPR screens in EGFR mutant lung cancer cell lines treated with osimertinib. Resistance hits were enriched for genes in previously identified resistance pathways including PI3K (PTEN, TSC2), MAPK (NF1, MET), cell death (BCL2L11, BAX), the mediator complex (MED24, MED19) and ubiquitination (KCTD5, LZTR1). A secondary screen of 63 resistance genes that combined high content microscopy with CRISPR gene knockouts demonstrated that 21% (13/63) of genes were associated with increased nuclear localisation of YAP1/WWTR1, indicating transcriptional activation of the Hippo pathway. According to our screening data, many resistance hits mapped onto the Hippo signaling axis - upstream regulators (NF2, AMOTL2), core signaling genes (LATS1, LATS2), main effectors (WWTR1, YAP1), transcriptional co-effectors (TEAD3, FOSL1, VGLL4) and the SWI/SNF complex (ARID2, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, PBRM1). Hippo signaling is mediated through YAP1 and WWTR1 which bind to TEAD transcription factors and activate transcriptional programs affecting cell proliferation and apoptosis. We confirmed using CRISPR that knockout (NF2) or overexpression (YAP1, WWTR1) of key Hippo genes in the EGFR mutant lung cancer cell lines PC-9, HCC827 and HCC4006 resulted in up to 60-fold increased resistance to osimertinib and elevated activity of a TEAD reporter system, indicating activation of Hippo transcriptional programs. To maintain osimertinib resistance, expression of both YAP1 and WWTR1 was necessary, suggesting non-redundant roles for both Hippo main effectors in mediating osimertinib resistance. The combination of osimertinib and a TEAD inhibitor (MYF-01-37) reversed the resistance phenotype in NF2 KO cell line models in long-term proliferation assays and also substantially repressed the emergence of drug-tolerant persister cells in PC-9, HCC827 and HCC4006 cell lines following osimertinib treatment. These cells exhibited an enhanced apoptotic response when treated with combination of osimertinib and TEAD inhibitor. Consequently, we propose Hippo signaling as an important target mechanism for the prevention of resistance to osimertinib.
Citation Format: Matthias Pfeifer, Jonathan S. Brammeld, Stacey Price, Matthew Martin, Hannah Thorpe, Aurelie Bornot, Erica Banks, Nin Guan, Shanade Dunn, Maria Luisa Guerriero, Daniel O'Neill, James Pilling, Davide Gianni, James Brownell, Paul Smith, Ultan McDermott. Gain and loss of function genome-wide CRISPR screens identify Hippo signaling as an important driver of resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1100.