bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial silver dressings: a review of emerging issues for modern wound care
Authors: May Andrew , Kopecki Zlatko , Carney Bernard , Cowin Allison 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSkin is an important barrier to pathogenic microorganisms and plays a critical role in a ctivation of innate immune responses. When the skin barrier is breached following wounding or burn injury, pathogens can invade and complicate healing with infection resulting in delayed healing and symptomatic scarring. Wound infection is a significant problem after burn injury and in patients with chronic wounds. Antimicrobial silver has had a significant role in wound antisepsis throughout history and, given the rise in community acquired antibiotic resistance, silver dressings are now commonly used to combat wound infection. The multi‐modal mechanism of action, low potential for toxicity and formation of microbial resistance makes silver dressings suitable tools against a wide array of clinically important microbes. There are, however, a number of issues with silver dressings including a conflicting evidence base, the important environmental consideration of nanoparticle manufacture, and the significant cost of these products. One solution may be to adopt an ‘opened‐but‐unused’ means of wound care whereby bulk dressing materials are used piecemeal and stored in between dressing changes to increase the cost‐effectiveness and reduced wastage. There is, however, little literature on this topic and so in vitro and clinical research must be performed to consider the efficacy of active ingredient dressings in wound care including silver dressings once opened and stored.
Daily analysis of autonomy support and well‐being in patient–caregiver dyads facing haematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Kroemeke Aleksandra , Sobczyk‐Kruszelnicka Małgorzata 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesCaregivers may restore patient self‐determination in disease by supporting their autonomy, and thus enhance their well‐being. In this study, we investigated the between‐ and within‐person effects of recipient‐reported and provider‐reported autonomy support on patient daily biopsychosocial well‐being in patient–caregiver dyads following haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).DesignA dyadic daily‐diary study conducted for 28 days after patients’ hospital discharge following HCT.MethodsPatients and their caregivers (N = 200) participated in a 28‐day daily‐diary study. They completed measures of daily autonomy support reception (patients) and provision (caregivers), subjective physical health, affect (positive/negative), and relationship satisfaction.ResultsThe patient’s feeling of being supported in their autonomy was associated with their better positive affect and relationship satisfaction, both overall (between‐person effect) and daily (within‐person effect). Caregiver‐reported overall and daily support of patient autonomy did not predict patient daily biopsychosocial well‐being.ConclusionsThese findings extended the evidence that autonomy support reported by patients facing HCT may have both accumulative and acute beneficial effects on their psychological and social well‐being.
Special health care needs during childhood and academic achievement in secondary school
Authors: Van Zwieten Anita , Teixeira‐Pinto Armando , Lah Suncica , Nassar Natasha , Craig Jonathan C. , Wong Germaine 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundSecondary education has lifelong implications for wellbeing. We evaluated associations between the duration and timing of special health care needs (SHCN) across childhood and academic achievement in secondary school.MethodsCohort design. The structured modelling approach was used to evaluate life‐course models for associations between the duration and timing of SHCN (measured using a two‐item SHCN screener across ages 4–5, 6–7, 8–9 and 10–11 years) and Grade 7 (median age 12.5 years) reading and numeracy achievement. Linear regressions were fitted for each life‐course model: four critical period models (each including SHCN exposure in one period), one sensitive period model (including SHCN exposure in all periods) and two strict accumulation models (including the duration of SHCN exposure in linear form then categorical form). Interactions of SHCN with child sex and family socio‐economic status (SES) were examined.ResultsOf 3734 children, 1845 were female. The number of children with SHCN was 434 (11.7%), 458 (12.9%), 534 (14.7%), 551 (15.4%) at 4–5, 6–7, 8–9 and 10–11 years respectively. For both outcomes, the linear strict accumulation model fitted best, and interactions of SHCN with sex and SES were non‐significant. The average decrease in school achievement z score (95% confidence interval) per period of having SHCN was 0.04 (−0.07 to −0.02) for reading and 0.08 (−0.11 to −0.05) for numeracy.ConclusionsA longer duration of SHCN from age 4–11 years has small‐sized cumulative associations with poorer Grade 7 reading and numeracy achievement. Each period of SHCN between 4 and 5 and 10–11 years was associated with nearly 0.05 and 0.1 of a standard deviation reduction in Grade 7 reading and numeracy scores respectively, and these associations did not appear to differ across sex or SES. These findings suggest that children with persistent SHCN are at risk of academic deficits and should receive focused interventions.
The social and physical environmental factors associated with the play of children living with life threatening/limiting conditions: A Q methodology study
Authors: Jasem Zainab A. , Lambrick Danielle , Randall Duncan C. , Darlington Anne‐Sophie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundLiving with a life threatening/limiting condition changes and challenges children's play. The environment is known to support participation in play, yet there is a lack of evidence highlighting its specific factors contributing to children's play. In this study, we investigated the perspectives of children living with life threatening/limiting conditions with regard to the environmental factors that are related to their engagement in play whilst receiving inpatient healthcare.MethodsTwenty‐seven children took part in this study. Participants were aged between 5 and 11 years, diagnosed with life threatening/limiting conditions and were receiving care at either a children's hospital or hospice in either Kuwait or the United Kingdom. Children were asked to rank‐order a Q set according to their perceived importance. The used Q set composed of social and physical environmental factors. The data were analysed using factor analysis and content analysis.FindingsTwo shared viewpoints were identified, which represented children from both countries. For Factor 1, the children's need for social connectivity guided their answers regarding the environmental factors. For Factor 2, although children considered being surrounded by others important, their selections of the play conditions directed their play. For both factors, children had relatively little concern for outdoor and the type of play to engage in, with the exception of arts and crafts play activities, which were deemed important.ConclusionsPlay settings are important to support rich, social play experiences and opportunities that match children's play preferences. Children living with life threatening/limiting conditions in Kuwait and the United Kingdom have relatively similar play needs.
Strengths and shortcomings of habitat exchange programs for species conservation
Authors: Davis Kristin P. , Heinrichs Julie , Fleishman Erica , Iranah Pricila , Bennett Drew E. , Berger Joel , Pejchar Liba 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHabitat exchange programs, a form of biodiversity offsetting, aim to compensate for negative impacts in one area by conservation in another. A newer subset of habitat exchange programs includes programs that have three distinct characteristics: they allow for temporary (as opposed to only permanent) credits; they are centralized and overseen by nonregulatory, independent administrators; and they exist in the absence of mandatory mitigation policy. As a result, these programs may be relatively flexible and practical in areas where environmental regulation is unpalatable politically. We synthesized gray and peer‐reviewed literature to evaluate these programs’ strengths and shortcomings. On the basis of our synthesis, we suggest that temporary conservation credits in habitat exchanges could encourage participation of landowners in conservation and enable programs to respond to environmental change. However, temporary credits can lead to trade‐offs between flexibility and uncertainty. Moreover, there is little evidence that these habitat exchange programs have benefited target species, and many challenges associated with offsetting programs persist. Newer forms of habitat exchange programs may have potential to achieve no net loss or net gains of biodiversity to a greater extent than other forms of offsetting, but this potential has not yet been realized.
Tina's ParTy line: Polysubstance use patterns in sexual minority men living with HIV who use methamphetamine
Authors: Davis Ewart Leah , Johnson Ariana , Bainter Sierra , Brown Eric C. , Grov Christian , Harkness Audrey , Roth Alexis M. , Paul Robert , Neilands Torsten B. , Dilworth Samantha E. , Carrico Adam W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis cross‐sectional study examined the associations of demographic, structural and psychological factors with distinct typologies of polysubstance use in sexual minority men (SMM) living with HIV who use methamphetamine.MethodsIn total, 161 SMM living with HIV who reported methamphetamine use in the past 3 months were recruited in San Francisco from 2013 to 2017 for a randomised controlled trial. A latent class analysis was conducted by leveraging baseline measures of self‐reported use of 15 substances in the past 3 months as well as validated screening measures of hazardous alcohol and cannabis use. Correlates of latent class membership were examined using a three‐step categorical latent variable logistic regression.ResultsFour typologies of substance use were identified: (i) methamphetamine use only (43%); (ii) methamphetamine and crack‐cocaine use (22%); (iii) party and play use—methamphetamine, gamma‐hydroxybutyrate and amyl nitrites (i.e. poppers) with erectile dysfunction drugs (31%); and (iv) high polysubstance use (4%). SMM of colour and those with a history of incarceration were more commonly classified as engaging in methamphetamine and crack‐cocaine use compared to party and play use. Men with higher sexual compulsivity scores were more commonly classified as engaging in party and play use and polysubstance use.Discussion and ConclusionsThere is substantial heterogeneity in polysubstance use patterns among SMM living with HIV who use methamphetamine. This will inform the development of tailored substance use interventions addressing the unique needs of SMM of colour and targeting sexual compulsivity as a prominent comorbidity for some men.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on alcohol‐related emergency department visits in the Netherlands: The ALCOVID study
Authors: Knapen Femke M. F. M. , Laumer Susanne J. M. , Van Osch Frits H. M. , Barten Dennis G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic has a profound impact on society and healthcare utilisation. Some studies found that alcohol consumption increased. While declines in non‐COVID emergency department (ED) visits have been observed worldwide, little is known about the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the number of alcohol‐related ED visits. We aimed to examine the changes in alcohol‐related ED utilisation during the first year of the pandemic in the Netherlands. We assessed whether lockdowns, closure of the catering industry and alcohol bans were associated with changes in ED utilisation for alcohol‐related emergencies.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of alcohol‐related ED visits in a Dutch trauma level 2 centre, comparing the pandemic year 2020 and using the year 2019 as a reference. Alcohol‐related ED visits were categorised as alcohol intoxication, alcohol‐related trauma or a combination of both.ResultsThere was an absolute decline of 23.3% in alcohol‐related ED visits during 2020 compared to 2019. The decline was most distinct during the second lockdown period (−60%, P ≤ 0.001), which included an alcohol ban. No significant differences were found in the type of alcohol‐related ED visits. The proportion of alcohol‐related ED visits remained similar (2.2% vs. 2%).Discussion and ConclusionsDespite reports of higher alcohol consumption, we observed a reduction of alcohol‐related ED visits during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The decline was most distinct during the second lockdown period, which included an alcohol ban. Further prospective studies are warranted to examine this possible association.
Cost‐effectiveness of professional‐mode flash glucose monitoring in general practice among adults with type 2 diabetes: Evidence from the GP‐OSMOTIC trial
Authors: Hua Xinyang , Catchpool Max , Clarke Philip , Blackberry Irene , Chiang Jason , Holmes‐Truscott Elizabeth , Jenkins Alicia , Khunti Kamlesh , O'Neal David , Speight Jane , Furler John , Manski‐Nankervis Jo‐Anne , Dalziel Kim ,   GP‐OSMOTIC Study Group
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimTo assess the cost‐effectiveness of professional‐mode flash glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes in general practice compared with usual clinical care.MethodsAn economic evaluation was conducted as a component of the GP‐OSMOTIC trial, a pragmatic multicentre 12‐month randomised controlled trial enrolling 299 adults with type 2 diabetes in Victoria, Australia. The economic evaluation was conducted from an Australian healthcare sector perspective with a lifetime horizon. Health‐related quality of life (EQ‐5D) and total healthcare costs were compared between the intervention and the usual care group within the trial period. The 'UKPDS Outcomes Model 2' was used to simulate post‐trial lifetime costs, life expectancy and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs).ResultsNo significant difference in health‐related quality of life and costs was found between the two groups within the trial period. Professional‐mode flash glucose monitoring yielded greater QALYs (0.03 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.04]) and a higher cost (A$3807 [95% CI: 3604, 4007]) compared with usual clinical care using a lifetime horizon under the trial‐based monitoring frequency, considered not cost‐effective (incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio = A$120,228). The intervention becomes cost‐effective if sensor price is reduced to lower than 50%, or monitoring frequency is decreased to once per year while maintaining the same treatment effect on HbA1c.ConclusionsIncluding professional‐mode flash glucose monitoring every 3 months as part of a management plan for people with type 2 diabetes in general practice is not cost‐effective, but could be if the sensor price or monitoring frequency can be reduced.
Landscape context and dispersal ability as determinants of population genetic structure in freshwater fishes
Authors: Shelley James J. , Holland Owen J. , Swearer Stephen E. , Dempster Timothy , Le Feuvre Matthew C. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Miller Adam D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Dispersal is a critically important process that dictates population persistence, gene flow, and evolutionary potential, and is an essential element for identifying species conservation risks. This study aims to investigate the contributions of dispersal syndromes and hydrographic barriers on patterns of population connectivity and genetic structure in fishes occupying the particularly rugged and fragmented landscape of the Kimberley Plateau, Western Australia.

We assessed population genetic structure between three neighbouring catchments (the Mitchell, King Edward, and Drysdale rivers) in three congeneric groups of freshwater fishes that exhibit varied dispersal syndromes within and among groups: (1) Melanotaenia australis and M. gracilis; (2) Syncomistes trigonicus and S. rastellus; and (3) Hephaestus jenkinsi and H. epirrhinos. Within each species we sampled the upper, middle, and lower reaches of each catchment and assessed patterns of gene flow between and within catchments using microsatellite markers.

Our results suggest that contemporary connectivity between catchments is greatly limited or absent in all study species, regardless of their dispersal syndromes. However, gene flow within catchments varied in line with predicted dispersal potential, with poor dispersers exhibiting limited gene flow and significant genetic structuring.

We conclude that the rugged landscape and historical habitat isolation has contributed to patterns of population fragmentation among fish populations from different river catchments. However, it appears dispersal syndromes influence connectivity and gene flow within catchments, where landscape constraints are not as pervasive.

This study presents a comparative population genetic analysis of freshwater fishes with differing dispersal syndromes and colonisation ability. Our findings provide new insights into factors shaping patterns of biodiversity on the Kimberley Plateau, and the evolutionary uniqueness of fish communities from different river catchments draining the plateau. More broadly, they highlight the importance of accounting for dispersal‐related traits when planning management and conservation strategies.
Intranasal ketamine for acute cluster headache attacks—Results from a proof‐of‐concept open‐label trial
Authors: Petersen Anja S. , Pedersen Adam S. , Barloese Mads C. J. , Holm Per , Pedersen Ole , Jensen Rigmor H. , Snoer Agneta H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the safety and efficacy of intranasal ketamine for the treatment of a single cluster headache (CH) attack.BackgroundAcute treatment options for patients with CH who have an insufficient response to oxygen and triptans are limited. Intranasal ketamine has anecdotally been successful in treating a CH attack.MethodsWe conducted an open‐label pilot study enrolling 23 patients with chronic CH (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition), and of these, 20 patients treated a single CH attack with intranasal ketamine. Under in‐hospital observation, patients received 15 mg of intranasal ketamine every 6 min a maximum of five times. The primary endpoint was a 50% reduction in pain intensity within 15 min after initiating treatment.ResultsThe primary endpoint was not met; 15 min after the first ketamine administration, the mean reduction in pain intensity was 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.6 to 2.7, p = 0.188) on the numeric rating scale (NRS), equivalent to a 15% reduction in pain intensity. However, 30 min after the first application, the pain intensity was reduced by 59% on an 11‐point NRS (mean difference: 4.3, 95% CI: 2.4–6.2, p < 0.001, N = 16) and 11 out of 16 (69%) scored 4 or below on the NRS. Four patients received rescue medication 15 min after the first ketamine application and were therefore excluded from the analysis at 30 min. Half of the patients preferred ketamine to oxygen and/or sumatriptan injection. No serious adverse events were identified during the trial.ConclusionIntranasal ketamine may be an effective acute treatment for CH at 30 min but should be tested in a larger controlled design. Patients and physicians should be conscious of the abuse potential of ketamine.
Inequality and Progress
Authors: Pinker Steven 
Published: November 2021

The author begins by noting that, however much economic inequality has become an obsession in developed countries in the 21st century, it is “not a fundamental component of well‐being… like health, prosperity, knowledge, safety, or peace.” Citing philosopher Harry Frankfurt, he argues that “inequality itself is not morally objectionable; what is objectionable is poverty… it is not important everyone should have the same. What is morally important is that each should have enough.”The widespread confusion of inequality with poverty is viewed as deriving from the “lump” or “zero‐sum” fallacy,” which effectively assumes the impossibility of gains from trade or creating social wealth. The corollary to this belief is that if and when some people get richer, others must have been the losers or somehow impoverished by that process of creating wealth.Another source of confusion is the conflation of inequality with unfairness. Contrary to the popular view, research has shown that people actually tend to prefer unequal distributions among citizens in their country, provided they sense that the allocation process is based on merit—that bonuses tend to go to harder workers, more generous helpers, or even the lucky winners of an impartial lottery. What's more, inequality is almost the inevitable accompaniment of social progress. When a society starts to generate substantial wealth, an increase in absolute inequality is almost a mathematical necessity.Nevertheless, as countries grow richer, they spend more on help for the poor. Citing the Gini calculations by economist Branko Milanović, the author demonstrates that inequality between countries has been falling even as inequality within countries has risen since about 1980, and that the “winners” since 1980 have included most of humanity. And in explaining how people seemingly reconcile obvious improvements in living standards in recent decades with the conventional wisdom of economic stagnation, the author identifies four other serious misconceptions perpetuated by conventional inequality statistics:
Failure to distinguish between absolute and relative poverty;
Failure to recognize social mobility;
Failure to reflect increased social spending and wealth transfers; and
Failure to reflect increases in the quality of goods consumed.
The good news is that the long‐term trend in history since the Enlightenment has been for the fortunes of all to rise. And while generating massive amounts of wealth, modern societies have been devoting an increasing proportion of that wealth to benefiting those less well‐off.