bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design modifications affect bat box temperatures and suitability as maternity habitat
Authors: Tillman Francis E. , Bakken George S. , O'Keefe Joy M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Artificial roosting structures (e.g. bat boxes) are widely used as conservation tools for many animals, including bats. Although it is relatively easy to monitor bat box temperatures, we know little about the effect of design on temperatures within a box.

Box microclimate affects energy budgets and physiological processes and, thus, suitability as a roost. Optimal temperature varies during the period when reproductive females aggregate to rear pups; warm roosts enhance pup development during gestation and lactation, while cool roosts facilitate energy savings by torpor, which is often important during post‐lactation.

To better understand the relation of design to internal temperature, we simultaneously compared 20 box designs (19 variations of a rocket box and one three‐chamber flat box) in an open site, May to September 2018. We measured temperatures at the top, middle and bottom of each box and tallied counts of daytime and nighttime cool (≤30°C; TCOOL), permissive (30.1–39.9°C; TPERM) and stressful (≥40°C; TSTRS) temperature observations. We also measured temperature, solar radiation and wind speed at the site. We used generalized linear models with negative binomial distributions to test the effects of design, environmental variables and their interactions.

Adding an external jacket or decreasing ventilation increased daytime and nighttime counts of TPERM. Increasing box volume (i.e. lengthening box by 50%) also positively affected daytime counts of TPERM, whereas decreasing box volume (by 50%) had the opposite effect.

Adding an external water jacket was the only modification we tested that decreased counts of TCOOL at night. Counts of TSTRS were elevated by warmer, sunnier and less windy conditions outside, but these effects were lessened by increasing roof shading or reflectivity, adding ventilation or external jackets, or decreasing box volume.

These results inform the development and implementation of novel bat box designs as conservation and management tools for maternal colonies of bats, with consideration for the effects of weather on internal temperatures.
Using electronic health data to explore effectiveness of ICU EEG and anti‐seizure treatment
Authors: Amerineni Rajesh , Sun Haoqi , Lee Hang , Hsu John , Patorno Elisabetta , Westover Michael Brandon , Zafar Sahar F. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine critical care continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) utilization and downstream anti‐seizure treatment patterns, their association with outcomes, and generate hypotheses for larger comparative effectiveness studies of cEEG‐guided interventions.MethodsSingle‐center retrospective study of critically ill patients (n = 14,523, age ≥18 years). Exposure defined as ≥24 h of cEEG and subsequent anti‐seizure medication (ASM) escalation, with or without concomitant anesthetic. Exposure window was the first 7 days of admission. Primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality. Multivariable analysis was performed using penalized logistic regression.ResultsOne thousand and seventy‐three patients underwent ≥24 h of cEEG within 7 days of admission. After adjusting for disease severity, ≥24 h of cEEG followed by ASM escalation in patients not on anesthetics (n = 239) was associated with lower in‐hospital mortality (OR 0.76 [0.53–1.07]), though the finding did not reach significance. ASM escalation with concomitant anesthetic use (n = 484) showed higher odds for mortality (OR 1.41 [1.03–1.94]). In the seizures/status epilepticus subgroup, post cEEG ASM escalation without anesthetics showed lower odds for mortality (OR 0.43 [0.23–0.74]). Within the same subgroup, ASM escalation with concomitant anesthetic use showed higher odds for mortality (OR 1.34 [0.92–1.91]) though not significant.InterpretationBased on our findings we propose the following hypotheses for larger comparative effectiveness studies investigating the direct causal effect of cEEG‐guided treatment on outcomes: (1) cEEG‐guided ASM escalation may improve outcomes in critically ill patients with seizures; (2) cEEG‐guided treatment with combination of ASMs and anesthetics may not improve outcomes in all critically ill patients.
Pharmacological perturbation reveals deficits in D2 receptor responses in Thap1 null mice
Authors: Frederick Natalie M. , Pooler Morgan M. , Shah Parth , Didonna Alessandro , Opal Puneet 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe primary dystonia DYT6 is caused by mutations in the transcription factor Thanatos‐associated protein 1 (THAP1). To understand THAP1’s functions, we generated mice lacking THAP1 in the nervous system. THAP1 loss causes locomotor deficits associated with transcriptional changes. Since many of the genes misregulated involve dopaminergic signaling, we pharmacologically challenged the two striatal canonical dopamine pathways: the direct, regulated by the D1 receptor, and the indirect, regulated by the D2 receptor. We discovered that depleting THAP1 specifically interferes with the D2 receptor responses, pointing to a selective misregulation of the indirect pathway in DYT6 with implications for pathogenesis and treatment.
Epidemiology of Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Valenzuela‐Almada Maria O. , Hocaoglu Mehmet , Dabit Jesse Y. , Osei‐Onomah Shirley‐Ann , Basiaga Matthew L. , Orandi Amir B. , Giblon Rachel E. , Barbour Kamil E. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Duarte‐García Alí 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo characterize the incidence and prevalence of childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to estimate the proportion of patients who are diagnosed with SLE during childhood.MethodsA cohort of patients with incident childhood‐onset SLE from 1976 to 2018 from an 8‐county region in the US were identified based on comprehensive medical record review. All patients met the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for SLE or the ACR SLE classification criteria from 1997 at or before age 18 years. Incidence rates were estimated using Poisson methods. We estimated the childhood‐onset SLE point prevalence for January 1, 2015. Results were sex and age adjusted to the US 2000 population. Among all the SLE patients living in the 8‐county region on January 1, 2015, the proportion of patients diagnosed at ≤18 years was estimated.ResultsA total of 13 children were diagnosed with childhood‐onset SLE during the study period (using the EULAR/ACR definition; mean age at diagnosis 15.1 years, 85% female, 69% White). Childhood‐onset SLE overall adjusted incidence rate was 0.7 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.2–1.1) per 100,000 children. The incidence rate in girls was 1.2 (95% CI 0.5–1.9) per 100,000 children, while in boys it was 0.2 (95% CI 0.0–0.5) per 100,000. The adjusted prevalence of childhood‐onset SLE was 1.1 (95% CI 0.0–3.1) per 100,000 children. The proportion of patients with SLE diagnosed as children was 9% (95% CI 6–13%).ConclusionIn this population‐based study, both the incidence and prevalence rates of childhood‐onset SLE were ~1 per 100,000 children. One in 10 adults with SLE was diagnosed in childhood. More studies are needed to further characterize the epidemiology of childhood‐onset SLE in minorities.
Ultrathin Gold Microelectrode Array using Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Flexible and Transparent Electro‐Optical Neural Interfaces
Authors: Hong Woongki , Lee Jee Woong , Kim Duhee , Hwang Yujin , Lee Junhee , Kim Junil , Hong Nari , Kwon Hyuk‐Jun , Jang Jae Eun , Punga Anna Rostedt , Kang Hongki 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectro‐optical neural interface technologies provide great potential and versatility in neuroscience research. High temporal resolution of electrical neural recording and high spatial resolution of optical neural interfacing such as calcium imaging or optogenetics complimentarily benefit the way information is accessed from neuronal networks. To develop a hybrid neural interface platform, it is necessary to build transparent, soft, flexible microelectrode arrays (MEAs) capable of measuring electrical signals without light‐induced artifacts. In this work, flexible and transparent ultrathin (<10 nm) gold MEAs are developed using a biocompatible polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) metallic film nucleation‐inducing seed layer. With the polymer seed layer, the thermally evaporated ultrathin gold film shows good conductivity while providing high optical transmittance and excellent mechanical flexibility. In addition, strong electrostatic interaction via the PEM alters the electrode‐electrolyte interfaces, thereby reducing the electrode impedance and baseline noise level. With a simple modification of the fabrication process of the MEA using biocompatible materials, both excellent transmittance, and electrochemical interface characteristics are achieved, which is promising for efficient electro‐optical neural interfaces.
Double Nanowires for Hybrid Quantum Devices
Authors: Kanne Thomas , Olsteins Dags , Marnauza Mikelis , Vekris Alexandros , Estrada Saldaña Juan Carlos , Loric̀ Sara , Schlosser Rasmus D. , Ross Daniel , Csonka Szabolcs , Grove‐Rasmussen Kasper , Nygård Jesper 
Published: November 2021

AbstractParallel 1D semiconductor channels connected by a superconducting strip constitute the core platform in several recent quantum device proposals that rely, for example, on Andreev processes or topological effects. In order to realize these proposals, the actual material systems must have high crystalline purity, and the coupling between the different elements should be controllable in terms of their interfaces and geometry. A strategy for synthesizing double InAs nanowires by the vapor‐liquid‐solid mechanism using III‐V molecular beam epitaxy is presented. A superconducting layer is deposited onto nanowires without breaking the vacuum, ensuring pristine interfaces between the superconductor and the two semiconductor nanowires. The method allows for a high yield of merged as well as separate parallel nanowires with full or half‐shell superconductor coatings. Their utility in complex quantum devices by electron transport measurements is demonstrated.
CsPbI3 Nanocrystals Go with the Flow: From Formation Mechanism to Continuous Nanomanufacturing
Authors: Antami Kameel , Bateni Fazel , Ramezani Mahdi , Hauke Cory E. , Castellano Felix N. , Abolhasani Milad 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite the groundbreaking advancements in the synthesis of inorganic lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals (NCs), stimulated from their intriguing size‐, composition‐, and morphology‐dependent optical and optoelectronic properties, their formation mechanism through the hot‐injection (HI) synthetic route is not well‐understood. In this work, for the first time, in‐flow HI synthesis of cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) NCs is introduced and a comprehensive understanding of the interdependent competing reaction parameters controlling the NC morphology (nanocube vs nanoplatelet) and properties is provided. Utilizing the developed flow synthesis strategy, a change in the CsPbI3 NC formation mechanism at temperatures higher than 150 °C, resulting in different CsPbI3 morphologies is revealed. Through comparison of the flow‐ versus flask‐based synthesis, deficiencies of batch reactors in reproducible and scalable synthesis of CsPbI3 NCs with fast formation kinetics are demonstrated. The developed modular flow chemistry route provides a new frontier for high‐temperature studies of solution‐processed LHP NCs and enables their consistent and reliable continuous nanomanufacturing for next‐generation energy technologies.
Manipulating Charge Density in Nanofluidic Membranes for Optimal Osmotic Energy Production Density
Authors: Zhu Changjia , Xian Weipeng , Song Yanpei , Zuo Xiuhui , Wang Yeqing , Ma Shengqian , Sun Qi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUncontrolled mixing remains the primary hurdle impeding the practical application of reverse electrodialysis (RED) to harvest Gibbs free energy in the form of salinity gradients. Improving the permselectivity of membranes is therefore essential, with ionic density being one of the most critical factors. Herein, it is systematically investigated how the charge population in nanofluidic membranes affects the ionic charge separation and consequently the accompanying power density. To establish this relationship, the effect of the ionic density is decoupled from the impact of pore structure using a multivariate strategy to construct covalent‐organic‐framework‐based membranes, in which the content of ionic sites can be precisely manipulated from 0 to 0.18 C m−2, a range that has rarely been experimentally explored. Beyond the region reported (0.002–0.06 C m−2), wherein increasing pore surface charge density of the membrane enhances permselectivity and leads to a greater osmotic voltage, a sharp volcano‐like curve is observed. The optimal membrane affords record‐high power outputs among membrane systems, one order of magnitude higher than the value set for commercialization. The study provides insights into the impact of ionic density of the membrane on osmotic energy harvesting that can guide RED stack design to advance sustainable energy generation from natural salinity gradients.
Outstanding Energy Storage Performance in High‐Hardness (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3‐Based Lead‐Free Relaxors via Multi‐Scale Synergistic Design
Authors: Chen Liang , Long Feixiang , Qi He , Liu Hui , Deng Shiqing , Chen Jun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLead‐free dielectric ceramics with ultrahigh energy storage performance are the best potential stocks used in next‐generation advanced pulse power capacitors. Here, an ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density Wrec of ≈7.57 J cm−3 and a large efficiency η of ≈81.4% are first realized in (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 (BKT)‐based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics with an ultrahigh Vickers hardness Hv ≈ 8.63 Gpa by adding BaTiO3 and NaNbO3 in order to synergistically design the domain and microstructure in multiscale, leading to the existence of ultrasmall polar nanoregions, ultrafine grain size, compact grain boundaries, dense microstructure, and large band gap Eg simultaneously. Encouragingly, an excellent energy storage temperature stability (Wrec ≈ 4.31 ± 0.25 J cm−3, η ≈ 86 ± 5%, 20–200 °C), frequency stability (Wrec ≈ 5.14 ± 0.12 J cm−3, η ≈ 81.3 ± 1.2%, 5–100 Hz), and excellent charge/discharge performance (power density PD ≈ 103.2 MW cm−3, discharge energy density WD ≈ 2.4 J cm−3, discharge rate t0.9 ≈ 130 ns) are also achieved in BKT‐based ceramics. The results demonstrate that BKT‐based ceramics can be very competitive lead‐free relaxors for energy storage capacitors in pulsed power devices.
Double‐Layer Nacre‐Inspired Polyimide‐Mica Nanocomposite Films with Excellent Mechanical Stability for LEO Environmental Conditions
Authors: Pan Xiao‐Feng , Wu Bao , Gao Huai‐Ling , Chen Si‐Ming , Zhu YinBo , Zhou LiChuan , Wu HengAn , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOwing to their outstanding comprehensive performance, polyimide (PI) composite films are widely used on the external surfaces of spacecraft to protect them from the adverse conditions of low Earth orbit (LEO). However, current PI composite films have inadequate mechanical properties and atomic oxygen (AO) resistance. Herein, this work fabricates a new PI‐based nanocomposite film with greatly enhanced mechanical properties and AO resistance by integrating mica nanosheets with PI into a unique double‐layer nacre‐inspired structure with a much higher density of mica nanosheets in the top layer. In addition, the unique microstructure and the intrinsic properties of mica also impart the nanocomposite film with favorable ultraviolet and high‐temperature resistance. The comprehensive performance of this material is superior to those of pure PI, single‐layer PI‐mica, and previously reported PI‐based composite films. Thus, the double‐layer nanocomposite film displays great potential as an aerospace material for use in LEO.
Paper without a Trail: Time‐Dependent Encryption using Pillar[5]arene‐Based Host–Guest Invisible Ink
Authors: Ju Huaqiang , Zhu Chao Nan , Wang Hu , Page Zachariah A. , Wu Zi Liang , Sessler Jonathan L. , Huang Feihe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA stimuli‐responsive invisible ink for time‐dependent encryption of information is reported. Consisting of a pillar[5]arene‐based supramolecular network grafted with spiropyran moieties, these materials display time‐dependent photochromic behavior with tailorable fading rates. Ultraviolet (UV) light results in isomerization of the colorless spiropyran to the corresponding colored merocyanine, while visible light or heat causes the reverse isomerization with a rate that is dependent on the density of host–guest crosslinks. The kinetics of discoloration are a function of merocyanine aggregation, which becomes more pronounced as the host–guest crosslink density is increased, leading to a reduced conversion rate and slower time‐dependent fading. The degree of crosslinking, and hence the fading rate, may be modulated via the addition of unbound pillar[5]arene host or nitrile guest as competitors. Time‐dependent information encryption is enabled by combining selective placement of host and guest competitors and UV patterning. UV patterning provides an initially “false” image that does not reveal the desired information, and it is only after a given time that the encrypted data appears. This work provides a unique approach to enhance the security of information storage associated with offline portable data encryption.
Recent Development of Liquid Metal‐Based Functional Materials Combined with Common Transition Metals
Authors: Wang Yang , Guo Jiarui , Xiao Wenlong , Sun Kang , Wang Hongzhang , Hu Liang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGallium‐based liquid metals (LMs) are a group of metal materials that are in liquid state at room temperature. Their unique physiochemical properties such as fluidity, conductivity, and interfacial properties with other materials have presented great potentials and wide applications. Specifically, the interactions between gallium‐based LMs and some common but important transition metals (TMs) have not only enabled a series of intriguing phenomena but also provided valuable strategies or functional materials in soft robotics, devices, flexible electronics, addictive manufacturing, biomedical engineering and therapies, and other fields. The chemical mechanisms including the galvanic corrosion, infiltration, intermetallic compound formation should play vital roles within these interactions. Hereby the combining the LMs and TMs by alloying or physically mixing may offer a platform to develop novel and multifunctional materials system. To acquire a comprehensive understanding of those interactions as well as to inspire the researches for multifunctional materials design and applications, this article reviews the researches on the combination of LMs and TMs, discusses the characteristics, the mechanisms, and their applications especially in electronics, smart materials, and biomedicine. The main challenges and future research outlook are also discussed.
Carbon Nanotube Membranes in Water Treatment Applications
Authors: Barrejón Myriam , Prato Maurizio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCarbon nanotube (CNT)‐based membranes combine the promising properties of CNTs with the advantages of membrane separation technologies, offering enhanced membrane performance in terms of permeability and selectivity. This review looks at the existing membrane architectures based on CNTs and their main advantages and disadvantages for water treatment applications. The different types of CNT‐based membranes that are reported in the literature are highlighted, as well as their corresponding fabrication methods. Available methodologies for tailoring the final membrane properties and behavior are thoroughly discussed, making special emphasis in chemical modification of the CNT surface. Finally, the most common applications of CNT‐based membranes in water treatment are reviewed, including seawater or brine desalination, oil–water separation, removal of heavy metals, and organic pollutants. The main limitations and perspectives of CNT‐based membranes are also briefly outlined.
Quasistatic Equilibrium Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene
Authors: Ullah Sami , Ta Huy Q. , Yang Xiaoqin , Liu Yu , Hasan Maria , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Liu Lijun , Rümmeli Mark H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study reviews the majorly used chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with a focus on confined reaction configurations in which quasistatic equilibrium conditions are obtained for the fabrication of graphene with large size and high quality through controlled nucleation density, feedstock flux, and growth rates. The confinement configurations can also be used to tune the thickness, domain size and shape, and stacking order of the synthetic graphene. The confined CVD reaction configurations discussed include enclosure systems, inner‐tube setups, sandwiched substrates, as well as other types of configurations. The advantages and limitations of the different confinement configurations are presented, along ways to optimize the operational parameters for them.
Nucleophilic Etching Growth of Zeolite Materials with High Tunability
Authors: Dong Lei , Chen Yanpeng , Wang Ya , Wang Yanding , Gao Jinqiang , Zhu Rongshu , Hong Mei , Yang Shihe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEtching growth is widely employed for growing metal species, carving out some of the finest nanocrystals. However, such a general concept has so far evaded the growth of porous crystals. Herein, a novel nucleophilic etching growth mechanism that can be exploited to tune zeolite materials is uncovered. Most critical is the identification of mild etchant used in situ to successfully synthesize high‐quality hierarchically porous ZSM‐5 crystals. Time‐series sample characterizations allow to visualize and track the complex zeolite crystallization pathway involving initial nucleation, intermediate dissolution, and subsequent nanoparticle attachment regrowth. Competition and cooperation between framework growth and in situ dissolution lead to facile control over size, morphology, crystallinity, composition, and mesoporosity by varying the amount of etchant or nucleophilicity. The judicious use of this mechanism results in dramatically improved catalytic activity in methanol to hydrocarbon reactions owing to the simultaneously increased crystallinity, secondary mesopores, and proper acid properties.