bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smokeless Tobacco Initiation, Use, and Cessation in South Asia: A Qualitative Assessment
Authors: Siddiqui Faraz , Croucher Ray , Ahmad Fayaz , Ahmed Zarak , Babu Roshani , Bauld Linda , Fieroze Fariza , Huque Rumana , Kellar Ian , Kumar Anuj , Lina Silwa , Mubashir Maira , Nethan Suzanne Tanya , Rizvi Narjis , Siddiqi Kamran , Kumar Singh Prashant , Thomson Heather , Jackson Cath 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Smokeless tobacco (ST) is a significant South Asian public health problem. This paper reports a qualitative study of a sample of South Asian ST users.

Methods
Interviews, using a piloted topic guide, with 33 consenting, urban dwelling adult ST users explored their ST initiation, continued use, and cessation attempts. Framework data analysis was used to analyze country specific data before a thematic cross-country synthesis was completed.

Results
Participants reported long-term ST use and high dependency. All reported strong cessation motivation and multiple failed attempts because of ease of purchasing ST, tobacco dependency, and lack of institutional support.

Conclusions
Interventions to support cessation attempts among consumers of South Asian ST products should address the multiple challenges of developing an integrated ST policy, including cessation services.

Implications
This study provides detailed understanding of the barriers and drivers to ST initiation, use, and cessation for users in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. It is the first study to directly compare these three countries. The insight was then used to adapt an existing behavioral support intervention for ST cessation for testing in these countries.
The Total Return and Risk to Residential Real Estate
Authors: Eichholtz Piet , Korevaar Matthijs , Lindenthal Thies , Tallec Ronan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We estimate total returns to rental housing by studying over 170,000 hand-collected archival observations of prices and rents for individual houses in Paris (1809–1943) and Amsterdam (1900–1979). The annualized real total return, net of costs and taxes, is 4.0% for Paris and 4.8% for Amsterdam and entirely comes from rental yields. Our returns weakly correlate with the implied returns in Jordà et al. (2019) and are substantially lower. We decompose total return risk at the individual asset level and find that yield risk becomes an increasingly important component of property-level risk for longer investment horizons.
Pediatric Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Birimberg-Schwartz Liron , Rajiwate Sara , Dupuis Annie , Gonska Tanja 
Published: April 2021

Objective
To examine the changes over time of pediatric acute pancreatitis (AP) severity, management, and disease outcomes at our academic tertiary center.

Methods
We reviewed 223 pediatric AP admissions (2002–2018) and used a time-to-event regression model to study changes over time. Disease outcomes were analyzed using a subgroup of 89 patients in whom only the AP event determined length of hospital stay and duration of opioid use.

Results
There was an increase in mild, but not severe, AP episodes over the examined period. June 2014 was identified as a single cutoff point for change in AP management and disease outcomes independent of each other and of disease severity. Timing of initiating enteral nutrition decreased from 5 to 1.6 days (P < 0.0001) in the entire cohort and from 4.1 to 1.8 days in the subgroup (P = 0.0001) after June 2014. Length of hospitalization decreased from 6 to 3.3 days (P = 0.0008) and days of opioid use from 4.1 to 1.3 (P = 0.002) after June 2014.

Conclusions
Timing of initiating enteral nutrition has significantly reduced at our center after June 2014. In parallel, we observed a significant improvement in disease outcomes.
Phase II Study of Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine and Nafamostat Mesilate for Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Uwagawa Tadashi , Sakamoto Taro , Yasuda Jungo , Shiozaki Hironori , Furukawa Kenei , Onda Shinji , Gocho Takeshi , Shiba Hiroaki , Yanaga Katsuhiko 
Published: April 2021

Objectives
The aim of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy targeting gemcitabine (GEM)–induced nuclear factor kappa B as adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer.

Methods
Patients who were planned after curative surgery (residual tumor classification R0 or R1) for pancreatic cancer to receive six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy of regional arterial infusion of nafamostat mesilate with GEM between June 2011 and April 2017 were enrolled in this single-center, institutional review board–approved phase II trial (UMIN000006163). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate disease-free survival and overall survival.

Results
In 32 patients [male/female: 18/14; age: median, 65.5 years (range, 48–77 years); pathological stage (Union for International Cancer Control 8th): IA/IB/IIA/IIB/III, 2/2/9/18/1, respectively] who met the eligibility criteria, the median overall survival and disease-free survival were 36.4 months (95% confidence interval, 31.7–48.3) and 16.4 months (95% confidence interval, 14.3–22.0), respectively. Grade 4 treatment-related hematological toxicities were seen in 5 patients (15.6%) (all neutropenia). One patient developed grade 3 nonhematological toxicities (rash).

Conclusions
Adjuvant chemotherapy with regional arterial infusion of nafamostat mesilate and GEM is safe and has potential as an option in adjuvant setting after curative surgery for pancreatic cancer.
The Role of Perioperative Chemotherapy in the Management of Colloid Carcinoma of the Pancreas
Authors: Picado Omar , Dosch Austin R. , Garcia-Buitrago Monica T. , Yakoub Danny , Dudeja Vikas , Rodgers Steven E. 
Published: April 2021

Objectives
Colloid carcinoma (CC) of the pancreas is associated with an improved prognosis compared with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet studies on the optimal management of these rare lesions are lacking.

Methods
Patients with CC or PDAC treated from 2004 to 2014 were identified in the National Cancer Database. Clinicopathologic characteristics were compared between groups and stratified by disease stage. Survival analysis evaluating the role of perioperative chemotherapy was performed.

Results
A total of 1295 CC patients (11%) and 10,855 PDAC patients (89%) were identified. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was associated with a higher likelihood of mortality compared with CC (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–1.45; P < 0.001). When stratifying by stage, perioperative chemoradiation improved overall survival in early stage (I/IIA) PDAC but had no effect in CC patients. However, for node-positive disease (stage IIB), median overall survival was improved with adjuvant chemoradiation for both CC patients (22 vs 13 months; P < 0.001) and PDAC patients (20 vs 11 months; P < 0.001) compared with surgery alone.

Conclusions
Surgery alone may be sufficient for the management of node-negative (I/IIA) CC lesions in contrast to conventional PDAC, whereas CC patients with stage IIB disease have a survival benefit from perioperative chemoradiation.
Low mammalian species richness is associated with Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak risk in deforested landscapes in the Western Ghats, India
Authors: Walsh Michael G. , Bhat Rashmi , Nagarajan-Radha Venkatesh , Narayanan Prakash , Vyas Navya , Sawleshwarkar Shailendra , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay 
Published: April 2021

AbstractKyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) is a rapidly expanding tick-borne zoonotic virus with natural foci in the forested region of the Western Ghats of South India. The Western Ghats is one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots and, like many such areas of high biodiversity, is under significant pressure from anthropogenic landscape change. The current study sought to quantify mammalian species richness using ensemble models of the distributions of a sample of species extant in the Western Ghats and to explore its association with KFDV outbreaks, as well as the modifying effects of deforestation on this association. Species richness was quantified as a composite of individual species’ distributions, as derived from ensembles of boosted regression tree, random forest, and generalised additive models. Species richness was further adjusted for the potential biotic constraints of sympatric species. Both species richness and forest loss demonstrated strong positive associations with KFDV outbreaks, however forest loss substantially modified the association between species richness and outbreaks. High species richness was associated with increased KFDV risk but only in areas of low forest loss. In contrast, lower species richness was associated with increased KFDV risk in areas of greater forest loss. This relationship persisted when species richness was adjusted for biotic constraints at the taluk-level. In addition, the taluk-level species abundances of three monkey species (Macaca radiata, Semnopithecus hypoleucus, andSemnopithecus priam) were also associated with outbreaks. These results suggest that increased monitoring of wildlife in areas of significant habitat fragmentation may add considerably to critical knowledge gaps in KFDV epidemiology and infection ecology and should be incorporated into novel One Health surveillance development for the region. In addition, the inclusion of some primate species as sentinels of KFDV circulation into general wildlife surveillance architecture may add further value.HighlightsLocal mammalian species richness is estimated across the entire Western Ghats regionLow species richness is associated with high KFDV risk in deforested landscapesThis work identifies key landscapes for wildlife disease surveillance development
Host cell membrane capture by the SARS CoV-2 spike protein fusion intermediate
Authors: Su Rui , Zeng Jin , O’Shaughnessy Ben 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCell entry by SARS-CoV-2 is accomplished by the S2 subunit of the spike S protein on the virion surface by capture of the host cell membrane and fusion with the viral envelope. Capture and fusion require the prefusion S2 to transit to its potent, fusogenic form, the fusion intermediate (FI). However, the FI structure is unknown, detailed computational models of the FI are unavailable, and the mechanisms and timing of membrane capture and fusion are not established. Here, we constructed a full-length model of the CoV-2 FI by extrapolating from known CoV-2 pre- and postfusion structures. In atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations the FI was remarkably flexible and executed large bending and extensional fluctuations due to three hinges in the C-terminal base. Simulations suggested a host cell membrane capture time of ∼ 2 ms. Isolated fusion peptide simulations identified an N-terminal helix that directed and maintained binding to the membrane but grossly underestimated the binding time, showing that the fusion peptide environment is radically altered when attached to its host fusion protein. The large configurational fluctuations of the FI generated a substantial exploration volume that aided capture of the target membrane, and may set the waiting time for fluctuation-triggered refolding of the FI that draws the viral envelope and host cell membrane together for fusion. These results describe the FI as a machinery designed for efficient membrane capture and suggest novel potential drug targets.Abstract Figure
Welch-weighted Egger regression reduces false positives due to correlated pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization
Authors: Brown Brielin C. , Knowles David A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractModern population-scale biobanks contain simultaneous measurements of many phenotypes, providing unprecedented opportunity to study the relationship between biomarkers and disease. However, inferring causal effects from observational data is notoriously challenging. Mendelian randomization (MR) has recently received increased attention as a class of methods for estimating causal effects using genetic associations. However, standard methods result in pervasive false positives when two traits share a heritable, unobserved common cause. This is the problem of correlated pleiotropy. Here, we introduce a flexible framework for simulating traits with a common genetic confounder that generalizes recently proposed models, as well as simple approach we call Welch-weighted Egger regression (WWER) for estimating causal effects. We show in comprehensive simulations that our method substantially reduces false positives due to correlated pleiotropy while being fast enough to apply to hundreds of phenotypes. We first apply our method to a subset of the UK Biobank consisting of blood traits and inflammatory disease, and then a broader set of 411 heritable phenotypes. We detect many effects with strong literature support, as well as numerous behavioral effects that appear to stem from physician advice given to people at high risk for disease. We conclude that WWER is a powerful tool for exploratory data analysis in ever-growing databases of genotypes and phenotypes.
Towards developing a comprehensive conceptual understanding of positive hospital culture and approaches to healthcare organisational culture change in Australia
Authors: Pavithra Antoinette 
Published: April 2021

PurposeThe key aim of this narrative literature review, therefore, is to identify the key conceptual categories that inform the construction of positive person-centred culture within hospitals, and how these frameworks are brought to bear upon organisational culture within healthcare systems in Australia.Design/methodology/approachThis narrative review presents a thematic synthesis of literature identified through a systematic search protocol undertaken across 19 academic databases and Google Scholar as an additional search tool. Thematic qualitative analysis was performed on the research results to determine the common themes within the diverse literature presented within this study.FindingsCulture change interventions in hospitals attempt to address the problem of widespread unprofessional behaviour within healthcare systems. However, diverse definitions and seemingly fragmented approaches to understanding and enacting organisational culture change present a significant hurdle in achieving cohesive and sustainable healthcare reform. This narrative literature review offers a comprehensive conceptual view of the key approaches that inform positive person-centred culture within hospital settings. In total, three primary dimensions, belonging, behaving and being, aligned against organisational goals, individual behaviours and worker as well as organisational identity were identified. Other individual and group interactional dynamics that give rise to negative organisational culture are further analysed to understand the fault lines along which existing culture change interventions are typically operationalised.Research limitations/implicationsThis review is not exhaustive and is limited in its methodological scope. The central values and themes identified within the literature are integral to designing humanised healthcare systems. However, owing to the qualitative nature and contextual variability of these factors, these themes do not lend themselves to replicable quantification.Social implicationsThis analysis contributes to foundational research efforts towards transforming healthcare practice to be more aligned with humanised and equitable values within increasingly complex healthcare organisational settings. Designing culture change interventions that align more suitably with the values-driven categories identified in this literature review may increase the effectiveness and sustainability of these interventions and reform efforts at organisational and systemic levels.Originality/valueThis article presents a comprehensive framework to approach healthcare organisational reform through shared and equitable models of operation, management and governance rather than continuing to promote narrowly defined outcomes derived from commodified models of healthcare practice.
Three historical narratives on advertising self-control in Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues Laís , Costa Alessandra de Sá Mello da , Hemais Marcus Wilcox 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze how, in three different contexts, the National Council for Advertising Self-Regulation narratively uses its past to build an official history concerning its origins that legitimates advertising self-control as a hegemonic narrative.

Design/methodology/approach
By using the historical research and the “uses of the past” approach, this study identifies, analyzes and confronts three organizational histories of Conar’s origins (both its official and unofficial versions) in the context of the creation of the Brazilian system of advertising self-regulation.

Findings
After a thematic analysis of the documentary sources, the narratives on the National Council for Advertising Self-Regulation’s origins and the self-control process were grouped into three versions: the narrative under the military regime: 1976/1980; the narrative during the process of re-democratization of the country: 1981/1991 and the contemporary narrative: from 2005 onwards. These narratives were confronted and, in consequence, provided, each of them, a different interpretation of the context surrounding the creation and justification for advertising self-control.

Originality/value
The study shows how a consumer defense organization re-historicized its past strategically to gain legitimacy in three different ways through time. It also reveals that organizations strategically use their past to build an intended vision of the future, thus having more agency than the hegemonic literature in management studies usually guarantees. Finally, it exposes the malleability of past narratives through which organizations play a critical role in the ongoing struggle for competing uses of the past. Therefore, the study identifies different organizational stories through time that allow researchers to reflect on several strategic uses of the past by organizations.
Leadership as an art: an enduring concept framed within contemporary leadership
Authors: Caulfield Jay L. , Lee Felissa K. , Richards Bret A. 
Published: April 2021

PurposeThe aim of this viewpoint paper is to refine the meaning of “leadership as an art” in the context of wicked (complex) social problems and in the realm of contemporary leadership research and practice.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper we explore the meaning of “leadership as an art,” a concept often alluded to but rarely defined concretely. The authors examine the concept by comparing artistic and scientific knowledge paradigms, identifying descriptors of the “leadership as art” concept appearing in the literature and illustrating key attributes of the “leadership as art” concept with real-world examples.FindingsLeadership as an art is conceptualized as empathetically engaging and normatively uniting people in a vision to promote the common good through collectively formulating an understanding of a complex social problem and its resolution that when courageously and creatively pursued has the potential to make an extraordinary contribution to humanity.Social implicationsThe magnitude and complexity of social problems impact communities on a daily basis, making them worthy of attention. History has demonstrated that practicing leadership as an art from a normative power base has the potential of uniting diverse collectives in creatively resolving wicked social problems for the benefit of the common good.Originality/valueAlthough leadership as an art has been discussed in the literature over several decades, the term has not been positioned explicitly within contemporary leadership in the context of resolving complex social problems within social networks.
Long-term orientation of South Asian leadership and organizational competitiveness and survival of Sasken Technologies Limited
Authors: Venkateswaran Ramya T. , Vadivelu Selvaraj , Krishnan Swaminathan 
Published: April 2021

PurposeThe objective of this paper is to understand the perspectives of the chief executive officer (CEO), chairman and managing director of Sasken Technologies Limited, Shri. Rajiv C. Mody who co-founded this high-technology firm, which has survived three decades of turbulence in technology and the market. This is an interview-based study focused on South Asian CEOs, with the goal of better understanding the cultural elements of strategic leadership and organizational values and its influence on organizational competitiveness and survival.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses primary data from one in-depth interview and supplements the analyses with secondary sources of data. The literature on the cultural dimension of long-term orientation (LTO) is discussed for understanding its possible linkage with strategic leadership, organizational values and thereby organizational competitiveness and survival.FindingsThis study found that the national cultural dimension of LTO of the South Asian leadership, as embedded, nurtured and practiced in the organization's values by the strategic leadership, plays an important role in explaining the organizational competitiveness and survival of South Asian firms while facing challenges and opportunities in a turbulent global business context.Originality/valueThis paper offers the perspective of a chairman and CEO of a high-technology firm with global experience and with a South Asian base of operations. His experiences in managing the organization add value to the discussion on managing business in South Asia.
Risk of recurrent stillbirth: a cohort study
Authors: Wood SL , Tang S 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the recurrence risk of stillbirth.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting and populationAll births 1992–2017, Alberta, Canada.MethodsRetrospective cohort study.Main outcome measuresStillbirth was defined as the death in utero of a fetus with gestational age ≥20 weeks or weighing ≥500 g. Stillbirths were further subdivided into those occurring before labour and those in labour.ResultsWe identified 744 897 births from 308 478 women. Of these, 3698 women experienced a stillbirth and, of these, 97.7%, experienced only one. For women with a small‐for‐gestational‐ age stillbirth in the first birth, their risk of a subsequent antepartum stillbirth was increased substantially: 4.09%, relative risk (RR) 10.39, 95% CI 5.81–18.59. For women with a first birth appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age stillbirth with no risk factors such as pregnancy induced hypertension, the risk with pre‐existing diabetes mellitus or hypertension was also increased but to a much lesser degree (RR 2.46, 95% CI 1.23–4.91). For women who had experienced a first birth intrapartum stillbirth, the risk of another intrapartum stillbirth was very high (3.59%, RR 36.50, 95% CI 20.17–66.05). Most of these births also occurred prior to 24 weeks’ gestation: 83% (10/12).ConclusionsThe risk of recurrent antepartum stillbirth is low. The increase in risk in instances where the antepartum stillbirth was not growth‐restricted is not clinically meaningful. Given the very low risk in any given gestational week, fetal surveillance is unlikely to be effective and may lead to unnecessary interventions. Intrapartum stillbirth has a very high recurrence risk but may not be preventable.Tweetable abstractStillbirth recurrence is rare.