bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Hans J. Morgenthau,Dilemmas of Politics, and Correspondence (University of Chicago Press; and London, Cambridge University Press, 1958)
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn Wight’s view, ‘Perhaps the most interesting thing about this book is that it does not mention Morgenthau’s colleague at Chicago, Leo Strauss [ … ] Agreed in their concern about the retreat of political science into “the trivial, the formal, the methodological, the purely theoretical, the remotely historical”, they are divided by the gulf of natural law.’ Morgenthau asserted, however, that Wight in his review had made ‘a factual error’. Morgenthau quoted another one of his books, In Defense of the National Interest: ‘There is a profound and neglected truth hidden in Hobbes’s extreme dictum that the state creates morality as well as law and that there is neither morality nor law outside the state. Universal moral principles, such as justice or equality, are capable of guiding political action only to the extent that they have been given concrete content and have been related to political situations by society.’ Morgenthau wrote in criticism of Wight’s review: ‘To say that a truth is “hidden” in an “extreme” dictum can hardly be called an endorsement of the dictum. To call a position “extreme” is not to identify oneself with the position but to disassociate oneself from it. In the quoted passage I was trying to establish the point, in contrast to Hobbes’s, that moral principles are universal and, hence, are not created by the state.’ Wight replied: ‘I am sorry to have misinterpreted Professor Morgenthau, but I rejoice that my error has evoked an authoritative exegesis of a disputed passage.’
Disagreement, Testimony, and Religious Understanding
Authors: Callahan Laura Frances 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 2, questions about appropriate responses to religious disagreement are related to questions about appropriate responses to religious testimony. If it is appropriate to alter one’s credence on the basis of encountering a disagreeing peer, it is also appropriate to alter one’s credence in a religious proposition on the basis of encountering a testifier who is at least as competent and informed as oneself, when one is antecedently unopinionated on the matter at hand. However, recent literature on moral testimony should give one pause; there is distinctive value or importance in acquiring not merely knowledge but understanding. It is argued in this chapter that it may often also be inappropriate to adjust one’s credence on the basis of religious disagreement, for the reason that in so doing one would threaten or disincentivize one’s religious understanding.
The Loyalty of Religious Disagreement
Authors: Dormandy Katherine 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChapter 10 addresses how religious disagreement, like disagreement in science, stands to deliver important epistemic benefits. But religious communities typically think believers should be loyal to God; and since engaging with religious disagreement opens oneself to considering negative beliefs about God, doing so is disloyal. The chapter discusses two arguments that aim to show that religious disagreement is typically disloyal. It then argues that religious disagreement is not typically disloyal, and can in fact be loyal. Finally, the chapter argues for a superior form of loyalty that is epistemically oriented: concerned with knowing the other party as she really is.
Cognitive control
Authors: Toner John , Gail Montero Barbara , Moran Aidan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
What role might intuition and deliberation play during the performance of well-learned skills? Dreyfus and Dreyfus’ (1986) influential phenomenological analysis of skill-acquisition proposes that expert performance is guided by non-cognitive responses which are fast, effortless, and intuitive in nature. Although Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986) recognize that, on occasions (e.g. when performance goes awry for some reason), a form of ‘detached deliberative rationality’ may be used by experts to improve their performance, they see no role for calculative problem solving or deliberation (i.e. drawing on rules or mental representations) when performance is going well. The current chapter counters this argument by drawing on empirical evidence and phenomenological description to argue that skilled performers use cognitive control (an executive function) across a range of sporting situations (i.e. in training, pre-performance routines, on-line skill execution) in order to maintain and enhance performance proficiency.
Corporate Personality
Authors: Micheler Eva 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how separate legal personality can be explained as a solution developed by company law to address the problem that organizations are social rather than brute facts. For a company to come into existence, certain documents need to be registered. These contain information that facilitates the interaction between the company and third parties. Registration as a company then gives an organization a public legal manifestation. The Companies Act does not limit the corporate form to organizational action. The corporate form can therefore be used for other purposes and organizational boundaries do not align with legal personality. But this does not undermine the observation that company law is designed for the operation of organizations.
Limited Liability
Authors: Micheler Eva 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses rules that remove limited liability for shareholders and directors as well as for companies. While separate legal personality is immovably robust, limited liability is a more nuanced concept. It is worth stressing from the outset that the Companies Act permits veil piercing, if at all, then only in extremely rare cases. These are now referred to as evasion cases. But the courts have used the common law and legislation to identify instances in which shareholders or directors as well as the companies they control share liability. Abuses of the corporate form are addressed through the modification of the limited liability principle rather than through a rule removing the separate legal personality of the company on an ad hoc basis.
Effects of Combined Hedging
Authors: Ruse-Khan Henning Grosse 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad systemic overview of the regimes that regulate intellectual property and hedge exclusivity at the international level, focusing on the interplay of some of the core constitutional hedges in the international IP, investment law, and human rights fields. Such hedges include concepts of private rights (as well as negative rights), concepts of minimum standards, non-discrimination protections, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) as a comprehensive supra-national code, and IP protection via broad investment concepts. The chapter then discusses some potential effects of accumulation—that is, the impact of situations in which several constitutional hedges overlap and operate together on a state's ability to regulate IP rights. For the protection conferred by international IP treaties—such as the Paris Convention and the Berne Convention, as well as TRIPS and free trade agreements (FTAs)—this follows from the minimum standards principle, where a later treaty does not override or extinguish existing protections but simply adds to them. This accumulation effect means that states have to consider all forms of protection when deciding on a measure that potentially interferes with IP rights.
A Market-Friendly Human Rights Paradigm for Intellectual Property Rights in Europe?
Authors: Plomer Aurora 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains that in the new variants of constitutionalism, human rights are perceived as critical normative counterweights to the extension of market-friendly rights privileging the protection of fiscal policies, the free movement of capital assets across borders, and the interests of investors over democratic processes, communities, and people. From this perspective, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, which extend the right of property to legal persons, strike a discordant note by comparison with other international human rights instruments. The chapter investigates the origins of this incongruity. It shows that, paradoxically and contrary to the prevailing view, the rationale for the extension in the ECHR was to enable states to counteract the adverse social and economic impact of untrammelled exploitation of property and accumulation of profit. The chapter then examines the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) through this prism and considers how the Court may recover the normative ideals of human rights law. It also draws out the implications and challenges for the interpretation of IP rights in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
Copyright, Human Rights, and the Social Function of Property in Brazil
Authors: de Souza Allan Rocha 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses copyright dynamics under the Brazilian Federal Constitution, which positions human rights at the core of the entire legal system, opening the law to the influence of new international human rights treaties. The protection of property rights, as well as the obligation to fulfil property's social function, are inscribed within such rights, establishing a dynamic between individual and collective interests in proprietary institutions. In this context, how is the constitutional copyright system to be understood and applied in the courts of Brazil? How do proprietary and non-proprietary, economic and social, individual and collective interests, arguments and rationales relate to one another in shaping copyright protection under the Brazilian Constitution? The chapter addresses these questions with a particular focus on two key issues that have recently been faced: the regulation of collective management and the interpretation of limitations. After an explanation of the legal structure supporting copyright in Brazil and a description of the process of constitutionalisation of private law in general, the chapter examines both key issues, with reference to relevant leading cases in the highest courts in Brazil.
A Literary Diplomat
Authors: Kumojima Tomoe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses Mary Crawford Fraser and her Japan-related literary works to highlight political affordances of literature for cross-cultural female friendship and solidarity. Fraser opened up her writing space to her Japanese friends and enabled her readers to hear their voices in her writings. It examines Fraser’s friendships with Japanese people in A Diplomatist’s Wife in Japan (1898) and analyses the influence of these friendships on her fictional works. It brings to light the existence of a long-forgotten international reading society of women in Meiji Japan. It provides real-life examples of cross-racial, international female friendship, an underdeveloped resource in recent scholarship on Victorian travelogues. It demonstrates how Fraser mobilized literature as a safe space for a woman to carry out diplomatic tasks during the tumultuous period of treaty revision and the conclusion of Anglo-Japanese Alliance and strove to redress demeaning stereotypes of Japanese women.
A Scientist in Love
Authors: Kumojima Tomoe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates Marie Stopes’s interracial, cross-gender relationships with Fujii Kenjirō and Sakurai Jōji through her three published Japanese-related works—A Journal from Japan (1910), Love-Letters of a Japanese (1911), and Plays of Old Japan: The ‘Nō’ (1913)—along with her unpublished transcripts and correspondence. It unveils an unconventional, stormy romance, a warm friendship, and literary collaboration. It considers the gender and racial complexities Stopes textually negotiated for the sake of her love and friendship against the rigid imperial ideology and the Victorian notion of femininity, which produced a distinct representation of humanized Japan as Britain’s masculine ally with feminine sensibility. It also discusses particular challenges Western women in a cross-racial relationship faced in Victorian Britain and Meiji Japan. The close examination of this underexplored phase of Stopes’s career reveals the incipience of her sexology and complicates the posthumous, more controversial aspect of her as eugenicist.
Coda
Authors: Kumojima Tomoe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter reverses the perspective of the preceding chapters and explores travel writings of Meiji Japanese women who sailed to Victorian Britain. It focuses on the writings of three Japanese women—namely, Tsuda Umeko, Yasui Tetsu, and Yosano Akiko—with diverse backgrounds and purposes. It picks up testimonies of travelling women in Meiji Japan who encountered British people and culture and unveils cross-racial female intimacy and burgeoning transnational feminist alliance on the issues of women’s education and civil rights. It documents their connections with Victorian female educationists such as Dorothea Beale and Elizabeth Phillips Hughes and discovers a long-forgotten link between Isabella Bird and Meiji women’s education.
Doctrinal Ritual, Identification, and Social Complexity
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The doctrinal mode appears to have first emerged in world history with the advent of farming, helping to establish the first truly large-scale societies, in which identification with group categories became increasingly important, paving the way for new forms of political association. Many of the first states dominated by new doctrinal religions appear to have fostered extreme forms of inequality, epitomized by the deification of rulers and cruel practices, such as human sacrifice. But once societies exceeded a certain threshold in scale and complexity, the empires that seemed best able to flourish were those that adopted more ethical forms of doctrinal religion, mobilizing strong norms enforced as much by peer-to-peer policing as by top-down coercion.
Challenges for Society
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The theories laid out step by step in the preceding chapters are not only of intrinsic scientific interest; they are also potentially of great practical use. Using the UK government’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic as an example, this chapter begins by exploring various ways in which attention to our three kinds of interacting landscapes might enable us to tackle various collective action problems more effectively. It then considers how insights from the study of imagistic group bonding could be used to prevent or resolve intergroup conflicts, whether by defusing groups bent on violence or by rechannelling their extreme loyalty to the group in more peaceful and consensual ways. Moving from this to the problems posed by populism and polarization in large groups, attention then turns to the role of the doctrinal mode in fuelling dissent and the breakdown of cooperation, but also its potential to help us coordinate positive action on global issues, such as the climate crisis, more effectively than ever before.
Introduction
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses how Elizabeth Stuart is misrepresented in historiography, with biographers often taking her words or the words of those who knew her out of context, or simply parroting Catholic propaganda. It also reflects on what it entails to write a woman’s biography. In the early modern period, royal women wielded a lot of power, yet still had to operate within tight constraints. The queen may have set events in motion, but their ultimate agency would have to be asserted through men, usually kin. This means that writing the biography of a woman such as Elizabeth, one ends up writing shadow biographies of several men: that of her father James VI/I, her brother Charles I, her husband Frederick V, her kin and mercenaries, Christian of Brunswick and Ernest, Count of Mansfeld. Mary Anne Everett Green’s biography has been invaluable as a source and as a template, but Nadine Akkerman has, through the years spent in editing The Correspondence of Elizabeth Stuart, assembled a far more substantial body of letters and documents than either she or any of Elizabeth’s other biographers had to draw from: for instance, over 1,000 letters were previously untranscribed, while 125 letters written in code had never before been deciphered. This has allowed Akkerman to paint an entirely new picture of Elizabeth Stuart as the politically active, savvy, and witty individual she was. Rather than repeating the malign cliché of calling her the Winter Queen, Akkerman shows how she was, in truth, the Queen of Hearts.
Peace, at a Price
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Charles Louis signed the Peace of Westphalia, consenting to a partial restitution, the one result Elizabeth had tried to prevent all these years. Charles Stuart authorised James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, to subdue the Covenanters by force. Amalia von Solms and William II supported a Presbyterian alliance. Elizabeth disagreed, hoping that through Montrose the Scottish Covenant could be avoided. Amalia wanted Charles Stuart for Albertine Agnes, Elizabeth wanted him for Sophia. Rupert, blockaded into Cork, escaped with 7 ships, setting sail for Portugal. Yet Charles signed his agreement with the Scottish kirk and parliament at Breda - abandoning Montrose who was hanged. Elizabeth, disillusioned, abandoned the plan to marry Sophia to Charles and sent her to Heidelberg to join with Charles Louis instead. Charles Louis demanded the tapestries etc. from Rhenen. William II died unexpectedly. Elizabeth, who wanted nothing to do with Parliament following her brother’s execution, turned to the States General for pensions. She became Honthorst's debtor. Both the States of Holland and the States General tried to get money from Parliament for her, unsuccessfully. Elizabeth sent Edward to Germany, as news had arrived Frankenthal had been given back to Charles Louis but also out of harm’s way as he had offended Cromwell's ambassadors in The Hague. Henriette married a prince of Transylvania, amidst arguments between Elizabeth and Charles Louis who did not want his mother’s title Queen of Bohemia mentioned in the marriage contract. Both Henriette and her husband died within the year.
Rasch Validation and Comparison of the Mini-BESTest and S-BESTest in Individuals With Stroke
Authors: Miyata Kazuhiro , Hasegawa Satoshi , Iwamoto Hiroki , Kaizu Yoichi , Otani Tomohiro , Shinohara Tomoyuki , Usuda Shigeru 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to compare the psychometric properties of the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) and S-BESTest and to evaluate which is more suitable for use in clinical settings for individuals with stroke.

Methods
This multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study investigated 115 individuals with stroke (mean age, 70.8 y [SD = 11.2 y]) who were able to stand without physical assistance. All individuals were examined with the BESTest and with the Mini-BESTest and S-BESTest scored based on the BESTest results. The data were analyzed using a Rasch analysis (partial credit model).

Results
The Mini-BESTest results revealed a correctly functioning rating scale, good fit of the data to the model (apart from 1 overfit item), good reliability for both persons and items (6 statistically detectable levels of balance ability), local dependence between 1 item pair, and essential unidimensionality. The S-BESTest results demonstrated disordered rating scale thresholds (1 response option required collapsing), good fit of the data to the model (apart from 1 underfit item), good reliability for both persons and items (5 statistically detectable levels of balance ability), local dependence between 2 item pairs, and essential unidimensionality.

Conclusion
The analyses confirmed that the reliability of the S-BESTest was good and unidimensional and that the test provides several improved points, such as item redundancy and local independence of items. Nevertheless, the Mini-BESTest results supported previous findings as a whole and were better than those from the S-BESTest.

Impact
Rasch analysis demonstrated that the Mini-BESTest was a better balance assessment scale than the S-BESTest for individuals with stroke based on its psychometric properties. The Mini-BESTest may serve as a useful scale for assessing balance in individuals with stroke, and a keyform plot and strata may help clinical decision-making in terms of interpreting scores and goal setting.
The Effect of 2 Different Dual-Task Balance Training Methods on Balance and Gait in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yuzlu Volkan , Oguz Semra , Timurtas Eren , Aykutoglu Elcin , Polat M Gulden 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of integrated and consecutive cognitive dual-task balance training in older adults on balance, fear of falling, and gait performance.

Methods
Fifty-eight participants (age &gt;65 years) were randomly assigned to an integrated dual-task training group (IDTT) (n = 29) and consecutive dual-task training group (CDTT) (n = 29). Balance exercises and cognitive tasks were performed simultaneously by the IDTT group and consecutively by the CDTT group for 8 weeks. Balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale as a primary outcome measure and the Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG) (standard-cognitive), fear of falling was assessed using the Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale, and gait speed was assessed using the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) (under single-task and dual-task conditions). All tests were performed before and after the training.

Results
There was no difference in group-time interaction in the Berg Balance Scale, TUG-standard, 10MWT-single task, and 10MWT-dual task tests. Group-time interaction was different in the TUG-cognitive and Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale scores. Also, the effect of time was significantly different in all scales except for the 10MWT-single task in both groups.

Conclusion
At the end of the 8-week training period, the impact of integrated and consecutive dual-task balance training on balance and gait performance in older adults was not statistically significantly different. This study suggests that consecutive dual-task balance training can be used as an alternative method to increase balance performance and gait speed in older adults who cannot perform integrated dual-task activities.

Impact
There were no significant differences between the effects of the 2 dual-task training methods on balance and gait speed, suggesting that the consecutive dual-task balance training method can be used to improve the balance and gait of older adults. CDTT can be performed safely and considered as an alternative method for use in many rehabilitation training programs with older adults who cannot perform simultaneous activities.