bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic development of the holocephalan dentition: Morphological transitions of dentine in the absence of teeth
Authors: Johanson Zerina , Manzanares Esther , Underwood Charlie , Clark Brett , Fernandez Vincent , Smith Moya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmong the cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes), the Holocephali are unique in that teeth are absent both in ontogeny and adult regenerative growth. Instead, the holocephalan dentition of ever‐growing nonshedding dental plates is composed of dentine, trabecular in arrangement, forming spaces into which a novel hypermineralized dentine (whitlockin) is deposited. These tissue features form a variety of specific morphologies as the defining characters of dental plates in the three families of extant holocephalans. We demonstrate how this morphology changes through ontogenetic development with continuity between morphologies, through successive growth stages of the dentition represented by the dental plate. For example, rod‐shaped whitlockin appears early, later transformed into the tritoral pad, including a regular arrangement of vascular canals and whitlockin forming with increasing mineralization (95%–98%). While the tritoral pads develop lingually, stacks of individual ovoids of whitlockin replace the rods in the more labial parts of the plate, again shaped by the forming trabecular dentine. The ability to make dentine into new, distinctive patterns is retained in the evolution of the Holocephali, despite the lack of teeth forming in development of the dentition. We propose that developmentally, odontogenic stem cells, retained through evolution, control the trabecular dentine formation within the dental plate, and transition to form whitlockin, throughout lifetime growth. Our model of cellular activity proposes a tight membrane of odontoblasts, having transformed to whitloblasts, that can control active influx of minerals to the rapidly mineralizing dentine, forming whitlockin. After the reduced whitloblast cells transition back to odontoblasts, they continue to monitor the levels of minerals (calcium, phosphate and magnesium) and at a slower rate of growth in the peritubate ‘softer’ dentine. This model explains the unique features of transitions within the holocephalan dental plate morphology.
Palpation of the lateral bands of the extensor apparatus of the fingers. Anatomy of a neglected clinical finding
Authors: Canoso Juan J. , Naredo Esperanza , Martínez‐Estupiñán Lina , Mérida‐Velasco José Ramón , Pascual‐Ramos Virginia , Murillo‐González Jorge 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to determine by ultrasonography, and cadaveric dissection, whether the firm cords felt by palpation at the sides of the proximal phalanx (PP), actively flexing, and extending the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint while keeping the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint extended are the lateral bands (LBs) of the extensor apparatus. If so, palpation of the LBs could help evaluate hand conditions that impact the digits’ intrinsic muscles. To this end, the PP of the middle and ring fingers of the dominant hand of seven subjects were studied by palpation on both sides. Ultrasonography (US) was performed with a hockey‐stick transducer placed on the ulnar side. Five cadaveric hands were dissected, exposing the dorsal extensor apparatus. On palpation, a firm cord was consistently felt at the PP's sides in all subjects. These cords moved widely forward on PIP flexion and backward with PIP extension. By US scanning, the cords corresponded to the LBs. However, the forward movement had only a median of 1.8 mm (range 0.7–3 mm) in the middle finger and a median of 1.1 mm (range 0.3–2.7 mm) in the ring finger compared with an estimated 5–10 mm upon palpation. Cadaveric dissection confirmed the forward movement of the LBs in PIP flexion. We concluded that the firm cords felt at the PP sides are the LBs of the extensor apparatus. We confirmed their movement with the active flexion/extension of the PIP joint. Comparing the wide palpatory and the meager US motion, a haptic illusion of motion may be present.
Cognitive and social strengths of people living with dementia: Discoveries through Harré’s method
Authors: Sabat Steven R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFrom the time Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was described and named in the first decades of the 20thCentury, a biomedical lens was used to examine and understand what Oliver Sacks 1970) called ‘the disease the person has’ and the dysfunctions caused by that disease. Treatments were mainly pharmaceutical and neuropsychological tests administered in clinics were among the outcome measures used to quantify dysfunctions and assess the efficacy of drugs. The final decades of the 20thCentury and the first decades of the 21stCentury witnessed the advent of qualitative approaches to understanding what Sacks termed, ‘the person the disease has’. The theoretical contributions of Rom Harré were essential to the identification of important aspects of the subjective experience and selfhood, as well as significant cognitive and social strengths, possessed by people deemed to be in the moderate to severe stages of the disease. I shall explore some of those contributions and their significance herein.
Liver and cardiovascular mortality after hepatitis C virus eradication by DAA: Data from RESIST‐HCV cohort
Authors: Calvaruso Vincenza , Petta Salvatore , Cacciola Irene , Cabibbo Giuseppe , Cartabellotta Fabio , Distefano Marco , Scifo Gaetano , Di Rosolini Maria Antonietta , Russello Maurizio , Prestileo Tullio , Madonia Salvatore , Malizia Giuseppe , Montineri Arturo , Digiacomo Antonio , Licata Anna , Benanti Francesco , Bertino Gaetano , Enea Marco , Battaglia Salvatore , Squadrito Giovanni , Raimondo Giovanni , Cammà Calogero , Craxì Antonio , Di Marco Vito ,   Rete Sicilia Selezione Terapia ‐ HCV (RESIST‐HCV)
Published: April 2021

AbstractReal‐world evidence on the course of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) chronic liver disease after Sustained Virologic Response (SVR) obtained with direct‐acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) are still limited, and the effects on mortality remain unclear. We evaluated the post‐treatment survival of 4307 patients in the RESIST‐HCV cohort (mean age 66.3 ± 11.6 years, 56.9% males, 24.7% chronic hepatitis, 66.9% Child‐Pugh A cirrhosis and 8.4% Child‐Pugh B cirrhosis) treated with DAAs between March 2015 and December 2016 and followed for a median of 73 weeks (range 16–152). Proportional cause‐specific hazard regression for competing risks was used to evaluate the survival and to assess the predictors of liver and cardiovascular death. Overall, 94.7% of patients achieved SVR while 5.3% were HCV RNA‐positive at last follow‐up. Sixty‐three patients (1.4%) died during the observation period. SVR was associated with a decreased risk of liver mortality (hazard ratio,HR0.09, beta −2.37, p < .001). Also, platelet count (HR 0.99, beta‐0.01, p = .007) and albumin value (HR 0.26, beta −1.36 p = .001) were associated with liver mortality by competing risk analysis. SVR was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality regardless of presence of cirrhosis (HR 0.07, beta‐2.67, p < .001). Presence of diabetes (HR 3.45, beta 1.24, p = .014) and chronic kidney disease class ≥3 (HR 3.60, beta 1.28, p = 0.016) were two factors independently associated with higher risk of cardiovascular mortality. Patients with SVR to a DAA therapy have a better liver and cardiovascular survival, and the effects of HCV eradication are most evident in patients with compensated liver disease.
Sustained and cumulative impact of an electronic medical record‐based alert on a hepatitis C birth cohort screening programme
Authors: Fimmel Claus J. , Khan Mohammad Q. , Belopolsky Yuliya , Imas Polina , Gampa Anuhya , Sonnenberg Amnon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe study aimed to assess the effect of an electronic medical record‐embedded best practice alert (BPA) on HCV age cohort screening in primary care clinics. HCV testing by primary care physicians was monitored prior and subsequent to the implantation of the BPA. Four intervals of 9 months duration were analysed in detail, including a pre‐BPA baseline analysis and three annual post‐BPA assessments. Pre‐ and post‐BPA orders consistently followed a power law distribution, characterized by small groups of physicians placing the majority of test orders. Significant correlations were present between the numbers of tests orders by each physician, suggesting that ‘high’ and ‘low’ screening performances tended to be physician‐specific. Testing rates increased markedly in response to the BPA, resulting in completion of screening in 56.8% (50,468 of 88,914%) of the entire age cohort within less than 3 years. In conclusion, HCV age cohort testing by primary care physicians follows a power‐law distribution, with high‐performing physicians contributing disproportionately to the overall effort. A simple BPA resulted in a sufficient increase in testing to allow testing of the entire target population within a reasonable time frame.
Parental care does not compensate for the effects of bad years on reproductive success of a vagile bird
Authors: Stojanovic D. , McEvoy J. , Alves F. , Rayner L. , Heinsohn R. , Saunders D. , Webb M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLife history theory predicts that long‐lived animals trade off the costs of reproduction against individual survival. If the costs of reproduction are too high, animals should prioritize their own survival. During bad times, mobile animals may be able to compensate for local food shortages by travelling further to provision their offspring. But, whether inherent mobility alleviates individual fitness costs of this parental strategy is not known. We studied parental investment and breeding success of long‐lived, nomadic, migratory swift parrots Lathamus discolor over two successive years at the same site where food abundance went from locally low to high. We hypothesize that in a bad year, swift parrots should adjust their parental strategy by foregoing breeding altogether, producing smaller clutches/broods or reducing provisioning investment. Fewer swift parrots bred locally when food was scarce. In the bad year, clutch and brood sizes were smaller and nestlings were >20 g lighter (approximately 28% of mean body mass) than in the good year. Compared with the good year, fathers spent longer foraging, less time at the nest and travelled further during provisioning trips in the bad year. Although limited to only 2 years, our results suggest that mobile species may attempt to mitigate the effects of a bad year on their reproductive success by rearing fewer offspring and investing more in provisioning behaviour, but this strategy may not necessarily compensate for environmental conditions.
Itraconazole resistance of Trichophyton rubrum mediated by the ABC transporter TruMDR2
Authors: Yamada Tsuyoshi , Yaguchi Takashi , Tamura Takashi , Pich Christine , Salamin Karine , Feuermann Marc , Monod Michel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundDermatophytes showing reduced sensitivity to antifungal agents have emerged in several countries. One terbinafine resistant strain of Trichophyton rubrum, TIMM20092, also showed reduced sensitivity to itraconazole (ITC) and voriconazole (VRC). The expression of two genes (TruMDR2 and TruMDR3) encoding multidrug transporters of the ABC family was found to be highly up‐regulated in this strain. Deletion of TruMDR3 in TIMM20092 abolished its resistance to VRC but only slightly reduced its resistance to ITC.ObjectivesWe examined the potential of T rubrum to develop resistance to ITC by analysing the mechanism of ITC resistance in TIMM20092.MethodsThe deletion of TruMDR2 by gene replacement was performed in TIMM20092 and one TruMDR3‐lacking mutant (∆TruMDR3) previously generated from TIMM20092. TruMDR2 single and TruMDR2/TruMDR3 double mutants (∆TruMDR2 and ∆TruMDR2/3) were successfully obtained, respectively.ResultsThe suppression of TruMDR2 was shown to abolish resistance to ITC in TIMM20092 and the TruMDR3‐lacking mutant, strongly suggesting that TruMDR2 is a major contributor to ITC resistance in TIMM20092.ConclusionsOur study highlights the possible role of the ABC transporter TruMDR2 in ITC resistance of T. rubrum.
The influence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on voriconazole trough concentrations: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Ying , Hou Kelu , Liu Fang , Luo Xingxian , He Shiyu , Hu Lei , Yang Changqing , Huang Lin , Feng Yufei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundVoriconazole primary metabolism is catalysed by CYP2C19. A large variability of trough concentrations in patients with invasive fungal infection treated with voriconazole has been observed in clinical practice. It remains controversial whether the CYP2C19 polymorphisms are responsible for voriconazole metabolism in the individual variation.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on voriconazole trough concentrations.MethodsFollowing a systematic literature review, we performed a meta‐analysis for mean differences (MD) of voriconazole trough concentrations (Cmin), voriconazole dosage adjusted trough concentrations (Cmin/D) and for risk ratio (RR) of the proportion of patients in the target therapeutic range between pairwise comparisons of CYP2C19 phenotypes.ResultsCompared with normal metabolisers (NMs), intermediate metabolisers (IMs) (MD: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.07, I2 = 44%, p < .00001) or poor metabolisers (PMs) (MD: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.05, I2 = 46%, p < .00001) had significantly higher voriconazole Cmin (μg·ml−1), while rapid metabolisers (RMs) had significantly lower voriconazole Cmin (MD: −0,87, 95% CI: −1.35 to −0.38, I2 = 0%, p = .0004). In addition, IMs had significantly lower Cmin than PMs (MD: −0.59, 95% CI: −0.97 to −0.20, I2 = 22%, p = .003). Similarly, the Cmin/D (μg·kg·ml−1·mg−1) was significantly higher in IMs (MD: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.22, I2 = 0%, p = .002) and PMs (MD: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.34, I2 = 0%, p = .003) than that in NMs, and also, IMs had significantly lower Cmin/D than PMs (MD: −0.11, 95% CI: −0.14 to −0.08, I2 = 0%, p < .00001). Furthermore, PMs had a significantly higher proportion of the target therapeutic range than NMs (RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.64, I2 = 50%, p = .005).ConclusionsCompared to NMs, IMs and PMs had higher voriconazole trough concentrations, especially in Asians, while RMs had lower voriconazole trough concentrations. In addition, PMs had a higher proportion of the target therapeutic range than NMs, especially in Asians. CYP2C19 genotyping is expected to be used to preemptively guide the individualisation of voriconazole in clinical practice.
What drives the energy consumption mix in Nigeria? The role of financial development, population age groups, urbanization and international trade: insight from ARDL Analysis
Authors: Okere Kingsley Ikechukwu , Ogbulu Onyemachi Maxwell , Onuoha Favour Chidinma , Ogbodo Izuchukwu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the influence and the direct causal relationship between energy consumption and the selected explanatory variables in the Nigerian economic system. Using ARDL‐VECM over the period of 1972–2014, the results are that financial development exerts negative and significant influence on energy consumption. Trade openness and urbanisation exert positive and significant effect on energy consumption both in the short and long run, the active age (15–64) and old age (65 and >) have different effects on energy consumption. Although the number of the older population (age 65 and above) causes the energy consumption level to fall, the size of the working/active population (age 15–64) causes the energy consumption level to increase. Further results revealed (i) unidirectional causality runs from working population to energy consumption, (ii) uni‐directional causality runs from energy consumption to credit to private sector, (iii) uni‐directional from trade openness to real GDP per capita, (iv) bi‐directional causal relationship is observed between urbanisation and energy consumption, (v) bi‐directional relationship between trade openness and energy consumption. These findings may be a guide to policymakers in evaluating Nigerian economy's energy needs and effective energy policies needed to address environmental issues related to fossil fuel use.
Magnesium sulfate reduces postoperative pain in women with cesarean section: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ma Siguang , Zhang Yanju , Li Qian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe use of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as an adjunct in different anesthetic regimens for cesarean section (CS) delivery often reports conflicting results. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of MgSO4 on improving postoperative analgesia after CS systematically.MethodsPubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to February 2020.ResultsA total of 880 women were included (440 in each group). MgSO4 had a statistically significant effect compared to the control group on the highest VAS (weighted mean difference [WMD] = −0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.03 to −0.46, p < 0.001, I2 = 91.7%, pheterogeneity < 0.001) and the last VAS (WMD = −0.47, 95% CI = −0.71 to −0.23, p < 0.001, I2 = 95.0%, pheterogeneity < 0.001). MgSO4 prolonged the time to the first use of analgesia compared to the control group (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −3.03 min, 95% CI = −4.32 to −1.74, p < 0.001, I2 = 96.3%, pheterogeneity < 0.001). MgSO4 decreased the consumption of analgesia compared to the control group (SMD = −3.20 mg of IV morphine equivalent, 95% CI: −5.45 to −0.95, p = 0.005, I2 = 97.6%, pheterogeneity < 0.001).DiscussionMgSO4 decreases the highest VAS in women who underwent general anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, or epidural for CS (all p < 0.05). Additional MgSO4 significantly reduces postoperative pain in women undergoing CS.
The influence of HLA genotype on the severity of COVID‐19 infection
Authors: Langton David J. , Bourke Stephen C. , Lie Benedicte A. , Reiff Gabrielle , Natu Shonali , Darlay Rebecca , Burn John , Echevarria Carlos 
Published: April 2021

The impact of COVID‐19 varies markedly, not only between individual patients but also between different populations. We hypothesised that differences in HLA genes might influence this variation. Using next generation sequencing, we analysed the class I and class II classical HLA genes of 147 individuals of European descent experiencing variable clinical outcomes following COVID‐19 infection. Forty‐nine of these patients were admitted to hospital with severe respiratory disease. They had no significant pre‐existing comorbidities. We compared the results to those obtained from a group of 69 asymptomatic hospital workers who evidence of COVID exposure based on blood antibody testing. Allele frequencies in both the severe and asymptomatic groups were compared to local and national healthy controls with adjustments made for age and sex. With the inclusion of hospital staff who had reported localised symptoms only (limited to loss of smell/taste, n = 13) or systemic symptoms not requiring hospital treatment (n = 16), we carried out ordinal logistic regression modelling to determine the relative influence of age, BMI, sex and the presence of specific HLA genes on symptomatology. We found a significant difference in the allele frequency of HLA‐DRB1*04:01 in the severe patient compared to the asymptomatic staff group (5.1% vs. 16.7%, P = .003 after adjustment for age and sex). There was a significantly lower frequency of the haplotype DQA1*01:01‐DQB1*05:01‐DRB1*01:01 in the asymptomatic group compared to the background population (P = .007). Ordinal logistic regression modelling confirmed the significant influence of DRB1*04:01 on the clinical severity of COVID‐19 observed in the cohorts. These alleles are found in greater frequencies in the North Western European population. This regional study provides evidence that HLA genotype influences clinical outcome in COVID‐19 infection. Validation studies must take account of the complex genetic architecture of the immune system across different geographies and ethnicities.
THE SIMULATION OF MECHANICAL STIMULATION EFFECT ON BONE ELASTICITY LIMIT BASED ON FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM)
Authors: Yakin Khusnul , Setyaningsih Ita , Rusmana Nurani Indha , Tirono Mohammad , Umam Rofiqul 
Published: April 2021

Osteoporosis is a disease affecting bones which is characterized by decreased bone density; bones become porous and susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis occurs because of an imbalance during bone remodeling phase between resorption and formation processes. This study aims to simulate the effects of mechanical stimulations on the femoral bone elasticity limit. It is hoped that these mechanical stimuli can provide information on bone elasticity limits. Initially, we constructed the femur in two layers using triangular elements. Then we entered the bone properties (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) based on the age of the femur. After that we calculated the value of the stress, strain, and strain rate in the reversal phase. Next, we calculated the bone density using the thermodynamic equation and calculation of the bone elasticity limit using particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods. The value of stress and strain caused by walking is higher than the value of stress and strain when standing still. In this case, the difference in activity results an increase in stress by 33.82% and an increase in strain and strain rate by 34.57%. Based on these simulation results, it can be concluded that mechanical stimulation can increase the limit of bone elasticity to 2.99% in cortical bone and 0.975% in trabecular bone. Bone elasticity limit can be used to determine the level of osteoporosis that occurs. The higher value of the bone elasticity, the smaller the possibility of osteoporosis.
Regimes of motion of magnetocapillary swimmers
Authors: Sukhov Alexander , Hubert Maxime , Grosjean Galien , Trosman Oleg , Ziegler Sebastian , Collard Ylona , Vandewalle Nicolas , Smith Ana-Sunčana , Harting Jens 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The dynamics of a triangular magnetocapillary swimmer is studied using the lattice Boltzmann method. We extend on our previous work, which deals with the self-assembly and a specific type of the swimmer motion characterized by the swimmer’s maximum velocity centred around the particle’s inverse viscous time. Here, we identify additional regimes of motion. First, modifying the ratio of surface tension and magnetic forces allows to study the swimmer propagation in the regime of significantly lower frequencies mainly defined by the strength of the magnetocapillary potential. Second, introducing a constant magnetic contribution in each of the particles in addition to their magnetic moment induced by external fields leads to another regime characterized by strong in-plane swimmer reorientations that resemble experimental observations.

Graphic Abstract
汉语方言中源于连接词的句末先行义助词及语法化问题
Authors: 李 桂兰 
Published: April 2021

摘要
汉语方言中句末先行义助词“正、再、至、□（[sa5]）”和“可”等兼具连接功能，文章考察其功能后，认为上述先行义助词源于祈愿句中相应连接词省略后项内容后的重新分析，是语法化而非征派（/移位）的结果。文章第四部分讨论了连接词发展为句末助词的相关问题，补充了连接词的语义来源类别。