bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal interactions between endangered spotted‐tailed quolls and introduced red foxes in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Henderson T. , Fancourt B. A. , Rajaratnam R. , Vernes K. , Ballard G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHabitat fragmentation can have detrimental impacts on native predators globally through the loss of habitat and associated impacts from introduced predators.The endangered spotted‐tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is the largest marsupial carnivore on mainland Australia and is sympatric with an introduced predator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Spotted‐tailed quolls are considered a forest‐dependent species and are often associated with large, intact forested habitats where abundance of prey is high and competition with foxes is low. Spotted‐tailed quolls are known to persist in some fragmented habitats in sympatry with foxes; however, the mechanisms facilitating this coexistence are unclear. For 15 months in 2018–19, we used camera traps to investigate whether coexistence between quolls and foxes in a fragmented landscape was facilitated by spatial and/or temporal separation of activity. We found no evidence of spatial separation, with quolls detected on the majority of cameras where foxes were detected. There was considerable temporal overlap between quolls and foxes (Δ1 = 0.71–0.81) and no evidence that fox presence influenced the temporal activity of quolls (Δ1 = 0.76–0.80). Furthermore, there was no evidence of within‐night spatiotemporal avoidance between quolls and foxes (R2 < 0.01). Our findings suggest that quolls do not offset their spatial and temporal activity to avoid foxes in this fragmented landscape. The spatial and temporal sympatry between quolls and foxes is possibly facilitated by low fox density at this site, suggested by low fox detections. The lack of separation between quoll and fox activity could also explain why quolls become locally extinct in other fragmented landscapes because quolls may not modify their activity to avoid foxes. Future research should focus on investigating quoll and fox interactions along a gradient of fox densities and assess if higher fox densities influence spatial and temporal coexistence with quolls in fragmented landscapes.
Exploring the Implementation of Early Math Assessments in Kindergarten Classrooms: AResearch‐PracticeCollaboration
Authors: McDonald Jennifer A. , Merkley Rebecca , Mickle Jacqueline , Collimore Lisa‐Marie , Hawes Zachary , Ansari Daniel 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTResearch in cognitive development has highlighted that early numeracy skills are associated with later math achievement, suggesting that these skills should be targeted in early math education. Here we tested whether tools used by researchers to assess mathematical thinking could be useful in the classroom. This paper describes a collaborative project between cognitive scientists and school board researchers/educators implementing numeracy screeners with kindergarten students over the course of three school years. The Give‐N task (Wynn, 1990) was used with first‐year kindergarten students and the Numeracy Screener (Nosworthy, Bugden, Archibald, Evans, & Ansari, 2013) with second‐year kindergarten students. Results indicated that educators (N = 59) found the tools feasible to implement and helpful for exploring their students' thinking and targeting instruction. The educators' feedback also helped inform improvements to the implementation of the tools and future directions for both the schools and the researchers. This work emphasizes the importance of transdisciplinary collaboration to address the research‐practice gap.
A molecular method for biomonitoring of an exotic plant‐pest: Leafmining for environmental DNA
Authors: Pirtle Elia I. , van Rooyen Anthony R. , Maino James , Weeks Andrew R. , Umina Paul A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how invasive species respond to novel environments is limited by a lack of sensitivity and throughput in conventional biomonitoring methods. Arthropods in particular are often difficult to monitor due to their small size, rapid lifecycles, and/or visual similarities with co‐occurring species. This is true for the agromyzid leafminer fly, Liriomyza sativae, a global pest of vegetable and nursery industries that has recently established in Australia. A robust method based on environmental DNA (eDNA) was developed exploiting traces of DNA left inside “empty” leaf mines, which are straightforward to collect and persist longer in the environment than the fly. This extends the window of possible diagnosis to at least 28 days after a leaf mine becomes empty. The test allowed for visually indistinguishable leafmining damage caused by L. sativae to be genetically differentiated from that of other flies. Field application resulted in the identification of new local plant hosts for L. sativae, including widely distributed weeds and common garden crops, which has important implications for the pest's ability to spread. Moreover, the test confirmed the presence of a previously unknown population of L. sativae on an island in the Torres Strait. The developed eDNA method is likely to become an important tool for L. sativae and other leafmining species of biosecurity significance, which, historically, have been difficult to detect, diagnose and monitor. More generally, eDNA is emerging as a highly sensitive and labour‐efficient surveillance tool for difficult to survey species to improve outcomes for agricultural industries, global health, and the environment.
Behavioural responses of Phlebotomus duboscqi to plant‐derived volatile organic compounds
Authors: Hassaballa I. B. , Matoke‐Muhia D. , Masiga D. K. , Sole C. L. , Torto B. , Tchouassi D. P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites that cause leishmaniases. Both sexes of sand flies feed on plants primarily for sugars, although the chemical cues that mediate attraction to host plants remain largely unknown. Previously, using coupled gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, the authors identified several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) common to preferred host plants for selected Afrotropical sand flies from the Fabaceae family. Of the identified volatiles, the significance of the monoterpenes linalool oxide, ocimene and p‐cymene and the benzenoid m‐cresol, p‐cresol in sand fly behaviour is unknown. In olfactometer assays, the authors tested these compounds singly and in blends for their attractiveness to Phlebotomus duboscqi, cutaneous leishmaniasis vector in Kenya. In dose–response assays, single compounds increased the responses of males and females over controls, but their optimum attractive doses varied between the sexes. Two five‐component blends, referred to as Blend‐f and Blend‐m for females and males respectively, were formulated and tested in dose–response assays against 1‐octen‐3‐ol (positive control). The results of the present study showed that males and females were significantly attracted to varying levels of the two blends. In pairwise assays, the authors evaluated the most attractive of these blends to each sex (i.e., Blend Am for male against Blend Bf for female), revealing that males were attracted to both blends at varying levels, whereas females were indifferent. The study's results demonstrate that plant‐derived VOCs can be exploited for sand fly management.
2SLS and IV Estimation of Dynamic Panel Models with Heterogeneous Trend*
Authors: Cao Shiyun , Zhang Yonghui , Zhou Qiankun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we consider two‐stage least squares (2SLS) and simple instrumental variable (IV) type estimation of dynamic panel data models with both individual‐specific effects and heterogeneous time trend when both N and T tend to infinity. We consider the forward orthogonal deviations (FOD) proposed by (Hayakawa, et al. Econometric Reviews, 2019. Vol. 38, pp. 1055–1088) and the double first difference (2FD) to remove both the individual‐specific effects and heterogeneous trend. As the main theoretical contribution, we establish the asymptotic properties of the 2SLS estimation of the lag coefficient and find that the 2SLS estimation using FOD and optimal 2SLS estimation using 2FD are asymptotically biased of order , while the 2SLS based on 2FD using non‐optimal weighting matrix is asymptotically biased of order . We also establish the asymptotic unbiasedness of the simple IV estimation using first differenced lagged dependent variable as instrument, and establish the invalidity of using level lagged dependent variable as instrument for the simple IV estimation. Monte Carlo simulations confirm our findings in this paper.
Exploring palatal and dental shape variation with 3D shape analysis and geometric deep learning
Authors: Nauwelaers Nele , Matthews Harold , Fan Yi , Croquet Balder , Hoskens Hanne , Mahdi Soha , El Sergani Ahmed , Gong Shunwang , Xu Tianmin , Bronstein Michael , Marazita Mary , Weinberg Seth , Claes Peter 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesPalatal shape contains a lot of information that is of clinical interest. Moreover, palatal shape analysis can be used to guide or evaluate orthodontic treatments. A statistical shape model (SSM) is a tool that, by means of dimensionality reduction, aims at compactly modeling the variance of complex shapes for efficient analysis. In this report, we evaluate several competing approaches to constructing SSMs for the human palate.Setting and Sample PopulationThis study used a sample comprising digitized 3D maxillary dental casts from 1,324 individuals.Materials and methodsPrincipal component analysis (PCA) and autoencoders (AE) are popular approaches to construct SSMs. PCA is a dimension reduction technique that provides a compact description of shapes by uncorrelated variables. AEs are situated in the field of deep learning and provide a non‐linear framework for dimension reduction. This work introduces the singular autoencoder (SAE), a hybrid approach that combines the most important properties of PCA and AEs. We assess the performance of the SAE using standard evaluation tools for SSMs, including accuracy, generalization, and specificity.ResultsWe found that the SAE obtains equivalent results to PCA and AEs for all evaluation metrics. SAE scores were found to be uncorrelated and provided an optimally compact representation of the shapes.ConclusionWe conclude that the SAE is a promising tool for 3D palatal shape analysis, which effectively combines the power of PCA with the flexibility of deep learning. This opens future AI driven applications of shape analysis in orthodontics and other related clinical disciplines.
Satisfaction with oral health and associated factors among homeless people in Midwest Brazil
Authors: Freire Maria do Carmo Matias , Lawder Juliana Aparecida de Campos , de Souza João Batista , de Matos Marcos André 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐perceived oral health has been extensively investigated, but studies on homeless people are scarce, and there is currently no evidence from Latin America.ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and factors associated with satisfaction with the oral health of homeless individuals in one Brazilian capital of the Midwest region.Subject and MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out with 351 adult individuals attending a temporary public shelter who were interviewed about sociodemographic and psychosocial aspects, drugs use and oral health. The outcome was satisfaction with oral health (satisfied/dissatisfied). Pearson's chi‐square test and Poisson regression with robust variance were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of dissatisfaction with oral health was 68.9% (95% CI = 63.9–73.6). After adjusting for covariates, dissatisfaction was more frequent among individuals who were married/in a stable relationship (PR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.02–1.36), with felt need for treatment (PR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.23–4.17) or complete prosthesis (PR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.18–1.55), and those who used illicit drugs in the past six months (PR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.06–1.39).ConclusionThe prevalence of dissatisfaction with oral health in the homeless individuals studied was high and associated with their marital status, use of illicit drugs and self‐reported need for dental treatment and complete prosthesis.
Predicting executive vacancies: An organizational approach
Authors: Bello‐Gomez Ricardo A. , Rutherford Amanda 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhen an executive departs, some organizations experience a vacancy while others do not. Recent research shows that the occurrence and length of vacancy instances within and across sectors varies widely. However, the causes of such variance in vacancies have yet to be carefully addressed by public management research. This study explores the determinants of executive vacancy, focusing specifically on organizational‐level characteristics of size, performance, and sector as well as the role of anticipation of a departure. We use data from public and private US doctoral universities to identify 230 leadership transitions between 1993 and 2013. In this context, we find that anticipation of departure is an extremely strong predictor of vacancy. Moreover, private universities are significantly less likely than their public counterparts to experience executive vacancy while organizational performance and size do not appear to influence vacancy.
Fossilization processes have little impact on tip‐calibrated divergence time analyses
Authors: O’Reilly Joseph E. , Donoghue Philip C. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe importance of palaeontological data in divergence time estimation has increased with the introduction of Bayesian total‐evidence dating methods, which use fossil taxa directly for calibration, facilitated by the joint analysis of morphological and molecular data. Fossil taxa are invariably incompletely known as a consequence of taphonomic processes, resulting in the decidedly non‐random distribution of missing data. The impact of non‐random missing data on the accuracy and precision of clade age estimation is unknown. In an attempt to constrain the impact of taphonomy on tip‐calibrated dating analyses, we compared clade ages estimated from a very complete morphological matrix to ages estimated from the same matrix permuted to simulate the progressive loss of anatomical information resulting from taphonomic processes. We demonstrate that systematically distributed missing data negatively influence clade age estimates, but that successive stages within the taphonomic process introduce greater differences in age estimates, when compared to estimates obtained from untreated data. Despite these effects, the general influence of missing data is weak, presumably due to the compensatory effect of extensive morphological data from extant taxa. We suggest that, in the absence of models that can explicitly account for taphonomic processes, morphological datasets should be constructed to minimize the impact of taphonomy on divergence time estimation.
Behavioral changes after hospital discharge in preschool children experiencing emergence delirium after general anesthesia: A prospective observational study
Authors: Kim Jonghae , Byun Sung Hye , Kim Jun Won , Kim Ji‐Yoon , Kim Yun Jin , Choi Nayeon , Lee Bong Soo , Yu Seungcheol , Kim Eugene 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEmergence delirium is well known as early postoperative behavioral change after general anesthesia. However, it is unclear whether children with emergence delirium have negative behavioral changes after hospital discharge.AimThis observational study investigated the association between emergence delirium and posthospital behavioral changes.MethodsOne‐hundred preschoolers aged 2–7 years undergoing elective surgery were enrolled in 2 tertiary university hospitals. Preoperative anxiety level was assessed using modified Yale preoperative anxiety scale. Emergence delirium was defined via pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium score ≥12 at any time in the recovery room. We divided the delirium score into a delirium‐specific score (the sum of the first 3 items: eye contact, purposeful movement, and awareness of surrounding) and a pain‐related score (the sum of the last 2 items: restlessness and inconsolability). High delirium scores represent severe emergence delirium. Posthospital behavioral changes were assessed by a change in Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 scores before and 1 week after surgery. The primary outcome was the total behavior checklist scores 1 week after surgery. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify risk factors for posthospital behavioral changes.ResultsChildren with emergence delirium (n = 58) had higher postoperative behavior checklist scores than children without emergence delirium (n = 42) [mean (SD), 22.8 (17.5) vs. 14.0 (12.1); mean difference (95% CI), 8.8 (1.5–16.2)]. Increases in preoperative anxiety level [regression coefficient (b) (95% CI) =0.241 (0.126–0.356)] and peak delirium‐specific score [b = 0.789 (0.137–1.442)] were associated with an increase in behavior checklist score 1 week after surgery, while pain‐related score, type of surgery, premedication, and age were not.ConclusionChildren with emergence delirium developed more severe behavior changes 1 week after surgery than those without emergence delirium. High preoperative anxiety level and emergence delirium scores were associated with posthospital behavioral changes.
What drives road infrastructure spending?
Authors: Alm James , Dronyk‐Trosper Trey 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt is widely believed that basic infrastructure in the United States has been seriously underfunded in recent years. We examine this broad issue by focusing on two specific questions. First, how has subnational government spending on infrastructure changed over the last half‐century, focusing especially on transportation spending? Second, what factors have driven these spending changes? To answer these questions, we collect data on local, state, and combined state and local government spending on roads and other expenditure categories from 1957 to 2013. With these data, we first demonstrate that infrastructure spending has increased on average in real per capita terms across all states, even while it has declined significantly across all states as a percentage of government spending. Second, we also examine empirically several causal factors that help explain what has driven these changes in transportation spending over time, using several estimation methods and robustness tests. We find suggestive evidence that it is primarily changes in government spending on welfare programs that have driven these sizeable changes in transportation spending. Indeed, we calculate that, if state governments were spending the same percentage of their budgets on transportation in 2013 as they had been in 1957, then state government spending on transportation across all states would increase in total by an additional $133.5 billion in 2013, an amount equal to an additional $422 per capita.
Dry‐lab benchmarking of a structure from motion workflow designed to monitor marine benthos in three dimensions
Authors: Lochhead Ian , Hedley Nick 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStructure from motion (SfM) has emerged as a popular method for characterising marine benthos (seabed organisms), particularly in clear, tropical waters. However, there are many environmentally sensitive benthic organisms inhabiting temperate waters, including the reef‐forming glass sponges of the north‐east Pacific Ocean. Broader questions are raised, not just about whether SfM is a capable spatial data acquisition and ecological characterisation method in temperate waters; but whether a systematic assessment of capture methods in dry and wet laboratory conditions reveals critical relationships between SfM parameters, data products and their implications for underwater surveys. This paper, the first of two empirical assessments, reports on a series of dry‐lab tests quantifying the impact that lighting, camera type, camera settings and capture strategy have on data accuracy. These tests provide a crucial accuracy baseline for subsequent wet‐lab and field‐based surveys, revealing that photographs captured from a controlled and stable platform produce superior data products. While the measurable differences were small, they may be critical for accurate change detection in temperate environments.
Explaining Policy Success Using the Multiple Streams Framework: Political Success Despite Programmatic Failure of the Solar Energy Policy in Gujarat, India
Authors: Goyal Nihit 
Published: July 2021

Although many scholars have studied policy success and failure, the relationship of these phenomena to the policy process—essential for an explanatory or anticipatory analysis—remains unclear. I address this gap by linking the policy success heuristic with the multiple streams framework (MSF) and developing hypotheses to explain outcomes. I apply this conceptualization to the case of the solar energy policy in Gujarat, India by combining a qualitative policy assessment with a process trace of policy making. The findings show that the conflicted process success and the programmatic failure resulted largely from a top‐down push for a policy without a problem. This push, nevertheless, led to political success that was sustained by recoupling problems and politics through agenda denial, blame avoidance, and credit claiming. I conclude with implications for the research on policy evaluation, the MSF, and policy studies, as well as the governance of a sustainable energy transition.Related ArticlesHuda, Juhi. 2020. “Sources of Evidence for Risks and Benefits in Agricultural Biotechnology Policy in India: Exploring Links to Setting and Plot in Policy Narratives.” Politics & Policy 49 (1): 205‐247. https://doi.org.10.1111/polp.12391Peterson, Holly L., Mark K. McBeth, and Michael D. Jones. 2020. “Policy Process Theory for Rural Studies: Navigating Context and Generalization in Rural Policy.” Politics & Policy 48 (4): 576‐617. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12366Rawat, Pragati, and John Charles Morris. 2016. “Kingdon's ‘Streams’ Model at Thirty: Still Relevant in the 21st Century? Politics & Policy 44 (4): 608‐638. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12168
Investment in the Latin American Telecommunications Sector: Assessing the Role of Political Institutions
Authors: Kingstone Peter R. , Ponce Aldo F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolitical economists have argued that the design of political institutions bears important consequences for the quality of public policy, especially in areas like the privatization and regulation of utilities. Our study looks at how variations in key institutional traits of executive and legislative branches (specifically presidents' legislative powers, presidents' prerogatives to designate the director of the regulatory agency, and legislative fragmentation) affect investment in Latin American telecommunications, a critical sector for economic development. Institutional factors influence how easily executives and important political (legislative) parties can alter policies related to the telecommunications sector. We find that resolute institutional designs foster investment in the sector, but only under private ownership. For state‐owned firms, decisive institutional designs have better effects on investment.Related ArticlesMontes de Oca Barrera, and Laura Beatriz. 2019. “Persistent Exclusion in Mexico: Regulatory Governance as an Imperfect Project of Political Modernization.”Politics & Policy47 (1): 127‐151.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12291Moreno, Erika, and Richard C. Witmer. 2015. “Where Capacity and Incentives Meet: Presidential Decree Authority and Property Rights in Latin America.”Politics & Policy43 (3): 315‐346.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12118Wise, Carol, and Cintia Quiliconi. 2007. “China's Surge in Latin American Markets: Policy Challenges and Responses.”Politics & Policy35 (3): 410‐438.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00067.x