bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PassEye: Sniffing Your Password from HTTP Sessions by Deep Neural Network
Authors: Rui Zhiqing , Wu Jingzheng , Shao Yanjie , Luo Tianyue , Yang Mutian , Wu Yanjun , Wu Bin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPasswords are the most widely used method for user authentication in HTTP websites. Password sniffing attacks are considered a common way to steal password. However, most existing methods have many deficiencies in versatility and automation, such as manual analysis, keyword matching, regular expression and SniffPass. In this paper, to better describe the problem, we propose a HTTP Sessions Password Sniffing (HSPS) attack model which is more suitable in HTTP environment. Furthermore, we propose PassEye, a novel deep neural networkbased implementation of HSPS attack. PassEye is a binary neural network classifier that learns features from the HTTP sessions and identifies Password Authentication Session (PAS). We collected 979,681 HTTP sessions from the HTTP and HTTPS websites for training the binary classifier. The results show that PassEye is effective in sniffing the passwords with an accuracy of 99.38%. In addition, several measures are provided to prevent HSPS attacks in the end.
Boundary value problems of elliptic and parabolic type with boundary data of negative regularity
Authors: Hummel Felix 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe study elliptic and parabolic boundary value problems in spaces of mixed scales with mixed smoothness on the half-space. The aim is to solve boundary value problems with boundary data of negative regularity and to describe the singularities of solutions at the boundary. To this end, we derive mapping properties of Poisson operators in mixed scales with mixed smoothness. We also derive $$\mathcal {R}$$
R
-sectoriality results for homogeneous boundary data in the case that the smoothness in normal direction is not too large.
Equivalence of viscosity and weak solutions for a p-parabolic equation
Authors: Siltakoski Jarkko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe study the relationship of viscosity and weak solutions to the equation$$\begin{aligned} \smash {\partial _{t}u-\varDelta _{p}u=f(Du)}, \end{aligned}$$∂tu-Δpu=f(Du),where$$p>1$$p>1and$$f\in C({\mathbb {R}}^{N})$$f∈C(RN)satisfies suitable assumptions. Our main result is that bounded viscosity supersolutions coincide with bounded lower semicontinuous weak supersolutions. Moreover, we prove the lower semicontinuity of weak supersolutions when$$p\ge 2$$p≥2.
Genetic engineering in organoids
Authors: Teriyapirom Isaree , Batista-Rocha Andreia S. , Koo Bon-Kyoung 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThree-dimensional organoids have been widely used for developmental and disease modeling. Organoids are derived from both adult and pluripotent stem cells. Various types are available for mimicking almost all major organs and tissues in the mouse and human. While culture protocols for stepwise differentiation and long-term expansion are well established, methods for genetic manipulation in organoids still need further standardization. In this review, we summarized different methods for organoid genetics and provide the pros and cons of each method for designing an optimal strategy.
Application of grouping and read-across for the evaluation of parabens of different chain lengths with a particular focus on endocrine properties
Authors: Fayyaz Susann , Kreiling Reinhard , Sauer Ursula G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article presents the outcomes of higher-tier repeated-dose toxicity studies and developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies using Wistar rats requested for methyl paraben and propyl paraben under the European Union chemicals legislation. All studies revealed no-observed adverse effects (NOAELs) at 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. These findings (absence of effects) were then used to interpolate the hazard profile for ethyl paraben, further considering available data for butyl paraben. The underlying read-across hypothesis (all shorter-chained linear n-alkyl parabens are a ‘category’ based on very high structural similarity and are transformed to a common compound) was confirmed by similarity calculations and comparative in vivo toxicokinetics screening studies for methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben. All four parabens were rapidly taken up systemically following oral gavage administration to rats, metabolised to p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and rapidly eliminated (parabens within one hour; p-hydroxybenzoic acid within 4–8 h). Accordingly, for ethyl paraben, the NOAELs for repeated-dose toxicity and DART were interpolated to be 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. Finally, all evidence was evaluated to address concerns expressed in the literature that parabens might be endocrine disruptors. This evaluation showed that the higher-tier studies do not provide any indication for any endocrine disrupting property. This is the first time that a comprehensive dataset from higher-tier in vivo studies following internationally agreed test protocols has become available for shorter-chained linear n-alkyl parabens. Consistently, the dataset shows that these parabens are devoid of repeated-dose toxicity and do not possess any DART or endocrine disrupting properties.
Comparison of Performance Score for Female and Male Residents in General Surgery Doing Supervised Real‐Life Laparoscopic Appendectomy: Is There a Norse Shield‐Maiden Effect?
Authors: Skjold‐Ødegaard Benedicte , Ersdal Hege Langli , Assmus Jörg , Soreide Kjetil 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundGender bias may represent a threat to resident assessment during surgical training, and there have been concerns that women might be disadvantaged. There is a lack of studies investigating gender differences in ‘entry‐level’ real‐life procedures, such as laparoscopic appendectomy. We aimed to explore potential gender disparities in self‐evaluation and faculty evaluation of a basic surgical procedure performed by junior surgical residents in general surgery.MethodsA structured training program in laparoscopic appendectomy was implemented before undertaking evaluation of real‐life consecutive laparoscopic appendectomies by junior residents in general surgery. Resident and faculty gender‐pairs were assessed. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated using a single‐rater, consistency, 2‐way mixed‐effects model.ResultsA total of 165 paired sessions were completed to evaluate resident–faculty scores for the procedure. Overall, 19 residents participated (43% women) and 26 faculty (42% women) were involved. The overall correlation between faculty and residents was good (ICC > 0.8). The female–female pairs scored higher for most steps, achieving excellent (ICC ≥ 0.9) for several steps and for overall performance. Female residents were more likely to give a higher self‐evaluated score on own performance particularly if evaluated by a female faculty. Also, female trainees had highest correlation‐score with male faculty.ConclusionsThis study found higher performance scores in female surgical residents evaluated during real‐time laparoscopic appendectomy. No negative gender bias toward women was demonstrated. Better insight into the dynamics of gender‐based interaction and dynamics in both training, feedback and influence on evaluation during training is needed when evaluating surgical training programs.
Robotic Gastrectomy Compared with Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Clinical Stage I/II Gastric Cancer Patients: A Propensity Score‐Matched Analysis
Authors: Hikage Makoto , Fujiya Keiichi , Kamiya Satoshi , Tanizawa Yutaka , Bando Etsuro , Notsu Akifumi , Mori Keita , Terashima Masanori 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundRobotic gastrectomy (RG) has been developed to address the drawbacks of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG); however, whether or not RG is superior to conventional LG remains to be seen. The present study aimed to clarify the impact of RG on clinical stage I/II gastric cancer patients.MethodsThe present study included 1208 patients with clinical stage I/II gastric cancer who had minimally invasive gastrectomy from January 2012 to March 2020 at the Shizuoka Cancer Center. The short‐ and long‐term outcomes of RG and LG were compared after propensity score matching.ResultsThis study involved 835 LG and 345 RG patients. After propensity score matching, there were 342 patients each in the RG and LG groups, with an improved balance of confounding factors between the two groups. RG was associated with a significantly longer operative time and lower amylase concentration in the drainage fluid on the first postoperative day than LG. Furthermore, the incidence of intra‐abdominal infectious complications in the RG was lower than that in the LG (4.4% vs. 9.4%; P = 0.015). The survival of the RG and LG groups was equivalent.ConclusionsRG reduced the risk of intra‐abdominal infectious complications in comparison with LG in the propensity score‐matched analysis. Patients treated by the two approaches showed equivalent survival.
Anatomo-sonographic identification of the longissimus capitis and splenius cervicis muscles: principles for possible application to ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections in cervical dystonia
Authors: Brumpt Eleonore , Aubry Sebastien , Vuillier Fabrice , Tatu Laurent 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective
The main objective of this study was to define and verify anatomo-sonographic landmarks for ultrasound-guided injection of botulinum toxin into the longissimus capitis (LC) and splenius cervicis (SC) muscles.

Methods and results
After a preliminary work of anatomical description of the LC and SC muscles, we identified these muscles on two cadavers and then on a healthy volunteer using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to establish a radio-anatomical correlation. We defined an anatomo-sonographic landmark for the injection of each of these muscles. The correct positioning of vascular glue into the LC muscle and a metal clip into the SC muscle of a fresh cadaver as verified by dissection confirmed the utility of the selected landmarks.

Discussion
For the LC muscle, the intramuscular tendon of the cranial part of the muscle appears to be a reliable anatomical landmark. The ultrasound-guided injection can be performed within the cranial portion of the muscle, between the intra-muscular tendon and insertion into the mastoid process at dens of the axis level. For the SC muscle, the surface topographic landmarks of the spinous processes of the C4–C5 vertebrae and the muscle body of the levator scapulae muscle seem to be reliable landmarks. From these, the ultrasound-guided injection can be carried out laterally by transfixing the body of the levator scapulae.

Conclusion
The study defined two cervical anatomo-sonographic landmarks for injecting the LC and SC muscles.
Tick-borne zoonoses and commonly used diagnostic methods in human and veterinary medicine
Authors: Springer Andrea , Glass Antje , Probst Julia , Strube Christina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAround the world, human health and animal health are closely linked in terms of the One Health concept by ticks acting as vectors for zoonotic pathogens. Animals do not only maintain tick cycles but can either be clinically affected by the same tick-borne pathogens as humans and/or play a role as reservoirs or sentinel pathogen hosts. However, the relevance of different tick-borne diseases (TBDs) may vary in human vs. veterinary medicine, which is consequently reflected by the availability of human vs. veterinary diagnostic tests. Yet, as TBDs gain importance in both fields and rare zoonotic pathogens, such as Babesia spp., are increasingly identified as causes of human disease, a One Health approach regarding development of new diagnostic tools may lead to synergistic benefits. This review gives an overview on zoonotic protozoan, bacterial and viral tick-borne pathogens worldwide, discusses commonly used diagnostic techniques for TBDs, and compares commercial availability of diagnostic tests for humans vs. domestic animals, using Germany as an example, with the aim of highlighting existing gaps and opportunities for collaboration in a One Health framework.
Average-Case Approximation Ratio of Scheduling without Payments
Authors: Zhang Jie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractApart from the principles and methodologies inherited from Economics and Game Theory, the studies in Algorithmic Mechanism Design typically employ theworst-case analysisand design ofapproximation schemesof Theoretical Computer Science. For instance, theapproximation ratio, which is the canonical measure of evaluating how well an incentive-compatible mechanism approximately optimizes the objective, is defined in the worst-case sense. It compares the performance of the optimal mechanism against the performance of a truthful mechanism, for all possible inputs. In this paper, we take theaverage-case analysisapproach, and tackle one of the primary motivating problems in Algorithmic Mechanism Design—the scheduling problem (Nisan and Ronen, in: Proceedings of the 31st annual ACM symposium on theory of computing (STOC), 1999). One version of this problem, which includes a verification component, is studied by Koutsoupias (Theory Comput Syst 54(3):375–387, 2014). It was shown that the problem has a tight approximation ratio bound of$$(n+1)/2$$(n+1)/2for the single-task setting, wherenis the number of machines. We show, however, when the costs of the machines to executing the task followanyindependent and identical distribution, theaverage-case approximation ratioof the mechanism given by Koutsoupias (Theory Comput Syst 54(3):375–387, 2014) is upper bounded by a constant. This positive result asymptotically separates the average-case ratio from the worst-case ratio. It indicates that the optimal mechanism devised for a worst-case guarantee works well on average.
Trends in the differences between homogenized ground surface temperature and surface air temperature in China during 1961–2016 and its possible causes
Authors: Shi Xiaohui , Chen Jinqiu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBased on the latest series of homogenized ground surface temperature (GST) and surface air temperature (SAT) data for China, this study performed a detailed analysis of the trend of the differences between the two homogenized series in 1961–2016. The differences, referred to as surface–air temperature differences (SATDs) in this study, were separately averaged by month, season, and year. The long-term and spatial changes in the trends of SATDs were investigated. Moreover, interdecadal trend breakpoints were identified to understand the characteristics of trends in fluctuation. The possible influences of precipitation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and global warming on SATDs were also analyzed. The results showed that during the 12 months of a year, only three months, March, April, and May, exhibited increasing trends of station-averaged, monthly mean SATDs while the other nine months exhibited decreasing trends. In addition, the station-averaged annual and seasonal mean SATDs of summer, autumn, and winter all showed significant decreasing trends, while the spring mean SATDs showed a significant increasing trend. The spatial distribution pattern of the linear trends of monthly, seasonal, and annual SATDs in meteorological stations indicated that SATDs had more obviously increasing trends in the northern regions than the southern regions of China. The trends of station-averaged monthly mean SATDs (except for April) and station-averaged seasonal and annual mean SATDs experienced interdecadal breakpoints, fully indicative of obvious interdecadal fluctuations with temporal complexity among China’s SATD trends. By the regression analysis of monthly STADs against simultaneous precipitation, as well as the comparative analysis of their linear trends, we found that both amount of precipitation and the change of precipitation type have important influences on SATDs. The results of convergent cross mapping analysis also revealed the causal effect of precipitation on SATDs.
Grenzen und Möglichkeiten des Lang-Stereotests
Authors: Entacher Sigrid , Resch Ruth E. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDer Lang-Test ist ein beliebter Stereotest und wird immer wieder auch als Screeningtool angewandt. Er ist einfach zu handhaben und bereits im Säuglingsalter einsetzbar. Dennoch ist im Alltag nicht immer klar, wie Testergebnisse am geeignetsten dokumentiert bzw. interpretiert werden soll(t)en. Besonders für den Ausschluss eines (Mikro‑)Strabismus und/oder einer Amblyopie scheint es relevant, die Erkenntnislage bezüglich der Grenzen und Möglichkeiten des Lang-Stereotests etwas exakter zu beleuchten.Material und MethodeEs wurden im Rahmen einer Literaturrecherche die Ergebnisse von Studien zur Messgenauigkeit und Durchführbarkeit des Lang-Stereotests bei Augengesunden, manifesten Schielern und Amblyopen gesammelt und dargestellt.ResultateObwohl das Evidenzniveau gering ist, bestätigen die Ergebnisse einiger Studien, dass weder der Lang I noch der Lang II dafür geeignet ist, einen (Mikro‑)Strabismus und/oder eine Amblyopie auszuschließen. Bis zu 36 % der Kinder mit (Mikro‑)Strabismus erreichen ein positives Ergebnis beim Lang I. Bei Amblyopie ex Anisometropie sind es sogar 20–75 %, wobei die Tiefe der Amblyopie verantwortlich für diese große Streuung zu sein scheint.SchlussfolgerungDer Lang-Stereotest hat besonders im Säuglings- und Kleinkindalter unbestreitbare Vorteile. Gerade bei diesem „einfachen“ Test ist der ordnungsgemäßen Durchführung und sauberen, kritischen Interpretation der Antworten große Bedeutung zuzuschreiben. So darf reines auf die Figuren Zeigen nicht als positive Testantwort interpretiert werden. Einmal mehr bestätigen die Studien: Der Lang-Stereotest eignet sich als ergänzendes Tool, erlaubt aber niemals als alleiniges Screeningtool eine Aussage über Schielen oder Nichtschielen der kleinen PatientInnen.
Hair cortisol-a stress marker in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders? A large European cross-sectional study
Authors: Buse Judith , Rothe Josefine , Uhlmann Anne , Bodmer Benjamin , Kirschbaum Clemens , Hoekstra Pieter J. , Dietrich Andrea , Roessner Veit ,   EMTICS collaborative group, Apter Alan , Baglioni Valentina , Ball Juliane , Benaroya-Milshtein Noa , Bodmer Benjamin , Bognar Emese , Burger Bianka , Buse Judith , Cardona Francesco , Vela Marta Correa , Dietrich Andrea , Ferro Maria Cristina , Garcia-Delgar Blanca , Gulisano Mariangela , Hagen Annelieke , Hagstrøm Julie , Hedderly Tammy J. , Heyman Isobel , Hoekstra Pieter J. , Huyser Chaim , Madruga-Garrido Marcos , Martino Davide , Mir Pablo , Morer Astrid , Müller-Vahl Kirsten , Münchau Alexander , Nagy Peter , Neri Valeria , Openneer Thaïra J. C. , Pellico Alessandra , Plessen Kerstin J. , Porcelli Cesare , Rizzo Renata , Roessner Veit , Ruhrman Daphna , Schnell Jaana M. L. , Schrag Anette , Silvestri Paola Rosaria , Skov Liselotte , Steinberg Tamar , Gloor Friederike Tagwerker , Tarnok Zsanett , Weidinger Elif 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
There is clear evidence that tic disorders (TDs) are associated with psychosocial stress as well as emotional and behavioral problems. Studies have shown that individuals with TDs have higher acute physiological stress responses to external, single stressors (as reflected by saliva cortisol). The aim of the present study was to examine a physiological marker of longer-term stress (as reflected by hair cortisol concentration) in children and adolescents with TDs and unaffected siblings of individuals with TDs.

Methods
Two samples of a European cohort were included in this study. In the COURSE sample, 412 children and adolescents aged 3–16 years with a chronic TD including Tourette syndrome according to DSM IV-TR criteria were included. The ONSET sample included 131 3–10 years old siblings of individuals with TDs, who themselves had no tics. Differences in hair cortisol concentration (HCC) between the two samples were examined. Within the COURSE sample, relations of HCC with tic severity and perceived psychosocial stress as well as potential effects and interaction effects of comorbid emotional and behavioral problems and psychotropic medication on HCC were investigated.

Results
There were no differences in HCC between the two samples. In participants with TDs, there were no associations between HCC and tic severity or perceived psychosocial stress. No main effects of sex, psychotropic medication status and comorbid emotional and behavioral problems on HCC were found in participants with TDs.

Conclusion
A link between HCC and TDs is not supported by the present results.
Reibungsverhalten nasslaufender Lamellenkupplungen am Übergang Haftreibung – Gleitreibung
Authors: Völkel Katharina , Meingaßner Georg Johann , Pflaum Hermann , Stahl Karsten 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungNasslaufende Lamellenkupplungen übernehmen in industriellen und automobilen Antriebssträngen meist sicherheits- und komfortrelevante Funktionen. Kenntnisse zum übertragbaren Drehmoment bei den entsprechenden Belastungen und Betriebsbedingungen sind die Basis für eine betriebssichere Auslegung und Dimensionierung der Lamellenkupplung. In einigen Anwendungsfällen wird trotz konservativer Dimensionierung ein unerwünschtes Kriechen der Lamellenkupplung bei langer und häufig stationärer Drehmomentbelastung festgestellt, wodurch Funktion und Sicherheit beeinträchtigt sein können.Zum Reibungsverhalten bei Mikroschlupf und der ohne Schlupf übertragbaren Reibungszahl liegen bisher nur wenige Erkenntnisse vor. Im Rahmen grundlegender experimenteller Untersuchungen wurden deswegen das Reibungsverhalten bei Mikroschlupf sowie die übertragbare Haftreibungszahl untersucht. Es wurde eine Test- und Auswertemethodik entwickelt und in experimentellen Untersuchungen exemplarisch an einer Kupplung aus einer Automatikgetriebe-Anwendung umgesetzt. Die Methodik ermöglicht eine Untersuchung des Reibungsverhaltens nasslaufender Lamellenkupplungen bei sehr niedrigen Gleitgeschwindigkeiten und die Einordnung zum Lastschalt-Reibungsverhalten.
Chinese and Indian FDI in Hungary and the role of Eastern Opening policy
Authors: Völgyi Katalin , Lukács Eszter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to assess the main features of Chinese and Indian investments in Hungary and the role of the Hungarian Government’s Eastern Opening policy in the attraction of investments from these two Asian giants. This paper covers the sectoral distribution, modes of market entry, and motivations of Chinese and Indian foreign direct investments. The automotive sector is the most attractive sector for investors from both countries. ICT manufacturing (electronics) and services, and the renewable energy sector are also very attractive for Chinese companies. The same is true for IT/BPO services and the chemical sector in the case of Indian companies. Chinese and Indian companies enter the Hungarian economy mainly through green-field investments or acquisitions. Market-seeking and strategic asset-seeking motives are dominant in the case of investors from both countries. This paper also puts a special emphasis on studying the impacts of Hungary’s Eastern Opening policy (launched in 2012) on Chinese and Indian investments. The findings show that the Eastern Opening policy has had a significant impact on the investment decision (location choice) of new Chinese and Indian investors and further expansion of investments by Chinese and Indian companies located in Hungary due to four factors, namely high-ranking political meetings, strategic cooperation agreements, cash grants from the Hungarian Government and supportive services of HIPA.