bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Political Connections and Favorable Environmental Regulatory Enforcement
Authors: Heitz Amanda , Wang Youan , Wang Zigan 
Published: March 2021

We examine whether the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uniformly enforces the Clean Air Act for politically connected and unconnected firms using a close election setting. We find no difference in regulated pollutant emissions or EPA investigations between the two groups, although connected firms experience less regulatory enforcement and lower penalties. These results are more pronounced for firms connected to politicians capable of influencing regulatory bureaucrats and for connected firms that are more important to their supported politicians. Taken together, our results show that campaign contributions can indirectly benefit firms by way of reduced environmental regulatory enforcement and penalties. This paper was accepted by Colin Mayer for the Special Issue of Management Science: Business and Climate Change. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3931 .
PaRamEDIc assessment of laCTate in OHCA and survival to hospital (PREDICT protocol)
Authors: Charlton Karl , Moore Hayley 
Published: March 2021

Background: Studies suggest that blood lactate differs between survivors and non-survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who are transported to hospital. The prognostic role of lactate taken during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remains unexplored. Aims: To measure the association between lactate taken during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, survival to hospital and 30-day mortality. Methods: This is a feasibility, single-centre, prospective cohort study. Eligible for inclusion are patients aged ≥18 years suffering out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in the catchment of Newcastle or Gateshead hospitals, who are attended to by a study-trained specialist paramedic. Exclusions are known/apparent pregnancy, blunt or penetrating injury as primary cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and an absence of intravenous access. Between February 2020 and March 2021, 100 participants will be enrolled. Primary outcome is survival to hospital; secondary outcomes are return of spontaneous circulation at any time and 30-day mortality.
Zoonotic potential of gastrointestinal parasite in long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis at Baluran National Park, Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawati Dyah Ayu , Suwanti Lucia Tri , Lastuti Nunuk D.R. , Kusdarto Setiawan , Suprihati Endang , Mufasirin Mufasirin , Pratiwi Arif 
Published: March 2021

Baluran National Park (BNP) is one of the highest number of tourist visit among Indonesian national park. In the past decades, excessive feeding has induced change in macaque behaviour which increased the number of recorded human-macaque interaction. The close contact between macaque and humans can increase the risk of disease transmissions. This study aimed to identify gastro intestinal (GI) parasite in the long-tailed macaque. To provide identification, we adopted morphologic methods. We collected 100 faeces from unidentiﬁed individuals of Long-tailed macaque in BNP. Fecal samples were tested using direct smear and modified sugar floatation techniques. Microscopic examination showed 89% (89/100) samples were found to be positive of GI parasite. The prevalence of protozoa infection was higher (89%) than helminth (83%). The most prevalent GI parasite is Trichostrongylus sp (66%) following with Entamoeba sp. (53%), Strongyloides sp. (32%), Blastocystis sp. (32%), Trichuris sp.(17%), Giardia sp. (10%) and Enterobius sp. (3%). All of GI parasite that successfully identified have zoonotic concern. In conclusion, GI parasites found in faeces of long-tailed macaque at Baluran National Park potentially a zoonotic transmission.Keywords : GI Parasite; Long tailed Macaque; Baluran National Park; Zoonosis
Genotoxicity evaluation of Chlorfenapyr in exposed freshwater African catfish Clarias gariepinus using micronucleus test
Authors: Esenowo Imeh Kokoete , Nelson Akwaowo U. , Alimba Chibuisi G. , Ekpo Ndifreke D. , Emmanuel Okeh C. 
Published: March 2021

Chlorfenapyr is a new formulated insecticide targeted against insecticide resistant species. Its application in targeting harmful aquatic insects may potentially contaminate aquatic environment. This study is to evaluate its genotoxic effects on non-targeted aquatic biota. The study assessed the genotoxic potentials of chlorfenapyr in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) using the micronucleus (MN) test. Juvenile stage of C. gariepinus were exposed to different concentrations; 5.00 – 15.00 mgL-1 of chlorfenapyr for 96 hours, peripheral blood was collected through the caudal vein and examined for micronucleus induction in the erythrocytes. The tested concentrations of chlorfenapyr did not elicit significant [F (5, 18) = 0.167, p 0.971] increase in MN formation and other nuclear abnormalities in the peripheral erythrocytes of C. gariepinus. The outcome of this study gives credence to the view that chlorfenapyr is not clastogenic and or aneugenic to non-targeted aquatic vertebrate with reference to fish (C. gariepinus).
Kajian kualitas air laut di perairan Kota Banda Aceh
Authors: Ondara Koko , Jantama Ulung , Agustina Sri , Setiawan Ichsan , Purnawan Syahrul 
Published: March 2021

Studying the water quality is significant to protect and for coastal area-use planning in Banda Aceh City, Aceh Province. This study took seawater samples from 13 stations in the northern waters of Banda Aceh on September 10-11 2019. Surface water samples were taken using Van Dorn bottle, which were then tested on 22 types of parameters to evaluate the water quality in the area. In general, the results of tests on various water parameters indicate that the sea waters in Banda Aceh are in good condition. Attention needs to be paid to nitrates and phosphates, which indicate values that exceed water quality standards, thus possible to trigger algal blooms.Keywords:Water qualityNitrateFisheryABSTRAKKajian kualitas air sangat penting untuk melindungi serta untuk perencanaan pemanfaatan ruang pesisir di Kota Banda Aceh, Provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel air laut dari 13 stasiun yang di perairan utara Banda Aceh pada 10 – 11 September 2019. Sampel air permukaan laut diambil menggunakan botol Van Dorn, yang kemudian dilakukan uji terhadap 22 jenis parameter untuk mengevaluasi kualitas air di perairan utara Kota Banda Aceh. Secara umum, hasil pengujian pada berbagai parameter air menunjukkan bahwa air laut di Banda Aceh dalam kondisi baik. Perhatian perlu diberikan pada kadar nitrat dan fosfat, yang menunjukkan nilai yang melebihi baku mutu air, dimana memungkinkan untuk memicu pertumbuhan alga yang berlebihan di kawasan tersebut.Kata kunci:Kualitas perairanNitratPerikanan
Coupled dynamic reaction force study of a large-aperture piezoelectric fast steering mirror
Authors: Ran Bing , Wen Lianghua , Zhu Licheng , Yang Kangjian , Yang Ping , Du Rui , Wang Shuai , Xu Bing 
Published: March 2021

The reaction force of a large-aperture piezoelectric fast steering mirror (PFSM) has adverse coupling interference for the stability and pointing accuracy of laser beams, and the dynamic characteristics of the reaction force are coupled with the inner components of the PFSM. In order to compensate for and eliminate the reaction force, it is essential to accurately analyze the dynamic characteristics. In this paper, a simplified piezoelectric-coupling model of PFSM is established. The coupling mathematical equations for investigating the characteristics of the reaction force are deducted based on the piezoelectric constitutive equation and Hamiltonian’s principle. Then the coupling characteristics of the reaction force are probed by a finite element (FE) piezoelectric-coupling method. The simulations for three large apertures’ (250, 320, and 400 mm) FE models show that the reaction force has a linear positive correlation with the actuating voltage, and coupled with the materials of the central flexure hinge, the relationship between the reaction force and driving frequency is not completely quadratic. Experiments with the 320 mm aperture are completed, and the testing results are consistent with the mathematical model and the FE piezoelectric-coupling simulation. The dynamic characteristics of the reaction force demonstrated in this paper are significance for the accurate estimation of the reaction force, the design of compensation structure, and the optimization of algorithm for beam jitter controlling.
Hybrid fs/ps vibrational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering for simultaneous gas-phase N2/O2/CO2 measurements
Authors: Zhao Huijie , Tian Ziyang , Li Yan , Wei Haoyun 
Published: March 2021

Single-shot, 1-kHz measurements of temperatures and mole fraction ratios along with theoretical modeling for gas-phase

N

2

,

O

2

, and

C
O

2

are demonstrated using hybrid femtosecond/picosecond (fs/ps) vibrational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). The combination of broadband pump and Stokes pulses covers a spectral range over

1800

c
m

−
1

while the narrowband probe pulses generated from a quasi-common-path second harmonic bandwidth compressor (QCP-SHBC) resolves the molecular structures with a bandwidth of

∼

7

c
m

−
1

. Temperature results of 1700–2000 K in methane/air fuel-lean flames show state-of-the-art inaccuracies of less than

∼

3

%

and precision less than 2%. Mole fraction ratios inaccuracy at room temperature is

∼

5

%

, and precision at flame temperatures are 6%–8%.
High-power, electronically controlled source of user-defined vortex and vector light beams based on a few-mode fiber amplifier
Authors: Lin Di , Carpenter Joel , Feng Yutong , Jung Yongmin , Alam Shaif-ul , Richardson David J. 
Published: March 2021

Optical angular momentum (OAM)-based structured light beams provide an additional degree of freedom for practical applications ranging from optical communication to laser-based material processing. Many techniques exist for generating such beams within laser sources and these primarily rely upon the use of specially designed optical components that limit laser power scaling and ready tunability of the topological charge and polarization of the output OAM beams. Here we show that some of these limitations can be overcome by employing a computer controlled reflective phase-only spatial light modulator to adaptively tailor the input (and subsequent output) beam wavefront and polarization in a few-mode fiber amplifier. In this way modal-coupling-induced beam distortion within the fiber amplifier can be mitigated and we are able to generate at will any desired supported spatial mode guided in the fiber, including conventional linearly polarized (LP) modes, scalar OAM modes, and cylindrical vector modes, at average powers

>
10

W

and with a peak power of

>
11

kW

. Our results pave the way to the realization of practical high-power structured laser sources with tunable chirality and polarization.
1.7-μm dissipative soliton Tm-doped fiber laser
Authors: Chen Ji-Xiang , Li Xiang-Yue , Li Ti-Jian , Zhan Ze-Yu , Liu Meng , Li Can , Luo Ai-Ping , Zhou Pu , Wong Kenneth K.-Y. , Xu Wen-Cheng , Luo Zhi-Chao 
Published: March 2021

We report on the dissipative soliton generation in a 1.7-μm net-normal dispersion Tm-doped fiber laser by nonlinear polarization rotation technique. An intra-cavity bandpass filter was employed to suppress the long-wavelength emission, while the cavity dispersion was compensated by a segment of ultrahigh numerical aperture (UHNA4) fiber. The dissipative soliton with a central wavelength of 1746 nm was obtained, covering a spectral range from 1737 nm to 1754 nm. The de-chirped duration and energy of the dissipative soliton were 370 fs and 0.2 nJ, respectively. In addition, the dynamics of multiple dissipative solitons were also investigated. Through optimization of the cavity dispersion, the 50 nm broadband dissipative soliton with de-chirped pulse duration of 230 fs could be achieved. The development of dissipative soliton seed laser represents the first step in achieving the chirped pulse amplification system at the 1.7-μm wave band, which would find potential applications in fields such as biomedical imaging and material processing.
Insights into the molecular basis of tick-borne encephalitis from multiplatform metabolomics
Authors: Du YanDan , Mi ZhiHui , Xie YaPing , Lu DeSheng , Zheng HaiJun , Sun Hui , Zhang Meng , Niu YiQing 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundTick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most prevalent arbovirus, with a tentative estimate of 10,000 to 10,500 infections occurring in Europe and Asia every year. Endemic in Northeast China, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is emerging as a major threat to public health, local economies and tourism. The complicated array of host physiological changes has hampered elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease.Methodology/Principle findingsSystem-level characterization of the serum metabolome and lipidome of adult TBEV patients and a healthy control group was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. By tracking metabolic and lipid changes during disease progression, crucial physiological changes that coincided with disease stages could be identified. Twenty-eight metabolites were significantly altered in the sera of TBE patients in our metabolomic analysis, and 14 lipids were significantly altered in our lipidomics study. Among these metabolites, alpha-linolenic acid, azelaic acid, D-glutamine, glucose-1-phosphate, L-glutamic acid, and mannose-6-phosphate were altered compared to the control group, and PC(38:7), PC(28:3;1), TAG(52:6), etc. were altered based on lipidomics. Major perturbed metabolic pathways included amino acid metabolism, lipid and oxidative stress metabolism (lipoprotein biosynthesis, arachidonic acid biosynthesis, leukotriene biosynthesis and sphingolipid metabolism), phospholipid metabolism and triglyceride metabolism. These metabolites were significantly perturbed during disease progression, implying their latent utility as prognostic markers.Conclusions/SignificanceTBEV infection causes distinct temporal changes in the serum metabolome and lipidome, and many metabolites are potentially involved in the acute inflammatory response and immune regulation. Our global analysis revealed anti- and pro-inflammatory processes in the host and changes to the entire metabolic profile. Relationships between metabolites and pathologies were established. This study provides important insight into the pathology of TBE, including its pathology, and lays the foundation for further research into putative markers of TBE disease.
Women’s experiences of counselling in cases of a screen-positive prenatal screening result
Authors: Vuorenlehto Leena , Hinnelä Kaisa , Äyräs Outi , Ulander Veli-Matti , Louhiala Pekka , Kaijomaa Marja 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo study women’s apprehensions, understanding and experiences of counselling concerning a screen-positive result in screening for fetal chromosomal defects.MethodsA questionnaire study including different steps of the prenatal screening process was carried out in Helsinki University Hospital. Women’s experiences concerning counselling immediately after a screen-positive result and during further examinations in the Fetal Medicine Unit (FMU) were analyzed.Results143 women filled in the questionnaire. Less than half of the women considered the primary counselling after a screen-positive result to be explicit (43.9%) and sufficient (43.1%). In the FMU, 88.3% and 89.8% of women were satisfied with the explicitness and sufficiency of counselling. Most women (75%) experienced worry before further examinations but less than half (45%) had considered their personal values concerning diagnostic tests. Half (50.5%) of women expected the worry to continue even if diagnostic tests turn out normal. Most (81%) women were aware that diagnostic tests are voluntary and were confident (85.3%) with their decision to participate.ConclusionsAfter a screen-positive result, women have unanswered questions, experience anxiety and confusion. The possibility of an abnormal screening result is not seriously considered beforehand. To enable an informed consent for prenatal screening, improvements in prescreening counselling during the first visits of antenatal care need to be made.
Evaluation of capillary density in psoriasis: An intrapatient study and literature review
Authors: Micali Giuseppe , Verzì Anna Elisa , Broggi Giuseppe , Caltabiano Rosario , Musumeci Maria Letizia , Lacarrubba Francesco 
Published: March 2021

Background
Dilated and tortuous vessels within elongated dermal papillae represent a histopathological clue of psoriasis. However, the number of dilated capillaries (capillary density) in psoriasis remains undefined as the results from the available studies differ significantly.

Objectives
To evaluate the capillary density in psoriasis using dermoscopy and horizontal histopathological sections (HHS), two techniques that share the horizontal view of the skin, and to compare the results with the existing data.

Methods
Twenty adult patients with stable plaque psoriasis were enrolled and, in each patient, a target area of the examined plaque, previously engraved by gently rotating a 5-mm biopsy punch device, underwent dermoscopy and biopsy for HHS. In all examined fields, capillary density was evaluated in a centered 4-mm diameter area, counting the number of red dots at dermoscopy and of dermal papillae at HHS.

Results
A total of 20 target lesions located on the trunk, arms and tights were evaluated. The mean capillary density resulting from dermoscopy was 43.02±6.60/mm 2 whereas that from HHS was 50.30±9.05/mm 2. These data showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.006), with a strong correlation at Pearson’s test (r = 0.88).

Conclusions
Our results when compared with those from the existing literature showed some differences. The peculiarity of our work is represented by the precise measurement and correlation of the capillary density using two different methods, as the preliminary skin engraving allowed a perfect match between the area undergoing dermoscopy and that of skin sampling for HHS. Compared to dermoscopy in which deep-located vessels might have gone undetected, HHS seems to reflect more precisely and reliably the real capillary density showing an average of 50 capillaries/mm 2 that in a common 5x5 cm psoriatic patch corresponds to an average of 125.000 capillaries. These results highlight the extraordinary potential of psoriatic skin to develop such a complex and intricate vascular network.
Emergency department crowding and mortality in 14 Swedish emergency departments, a cohort study leveraging the Swedish Emergency Registry (SVAR)
Authors: af Ugglas Björn , Lindmarker Per , Ekelund Ulf , Djärv Therese , Holzmann Martin J. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives
There is evidence that emergency department (ED) crowding is associated with increased mortality, however large multicenter studies of high quality are scarce. In a prior study, we introduced a proxy-measure for crowding that was associated with increased mortality. The national registry SVAR enables us to study the association in a more heterogenous group of EDs with more recent data. The aim is to investigate the association between ED crowding and mortality.

Methods
This was an observational cohort study including visits from 14 EDs in Sweden 2015–2019. Crowding was defined as the mean ED-census divided with expected ED-census during the work-shift that the patient arrived. The crowding exposure was categorized in three groups: low, moderate and high. Hazard ratios (HR) for mortality within 7 and 30 days were estimated with a cox proportional hazards model. The model was adjusted for age, sex, triage priority, arrival hour, weekend, arrival mode and chief complaint. Subgroup analysis by county and for admitted patients by county were performed.

Results
2,440,392 visits from 1,142,631 unique patients were analysed. A significant association was found between crowding and 7-day mortality but not with 30-day mortality. Subgroup analysis also yielded mixed results with a clear association in only one of the three counties. The estimated HR (95% CI) for 30-day mortality for admitted patients in this county was 1.06 (1.01–1.12) in the moderate crowding category, and 1.11 (1.01–1.22) in the high category.

Conclusions
The association between crowding and mortality may not be universal. Factors that influence the association between crowding and mortality at different EDs are still unknown but a high hospital bed occupancy, impacting admitted patients may play a role.
How patients interpret early signs of foot problems and reasons for delays in care: Findings from interviews with patients who have undergone toe amputations
Authors: Littman Alyson J. , Young Jessica , Moldestad Megan , Tseng Chin-Lin , Czerniecki Joseph R. , Landry Gregory J. , Robbins Jeffrey , Boyko Edward J. , Dillon Michael P. 
Published: March 2021

AimsTo describe how patients respond to early signs of foot problems and the factors that result in delays in care.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with a large sample of Veterans from across the United States with diabetes mellitus who had undergone a toe amputation. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis.ResultsWe interviewed 61 male patients. Mean age was 66 years, 41% were married, and 37% had a high school education or less. The patient-level factors related to delayed care included: 1) not knowing something was wrong, 2) misinterpreting symptoms, 3) “sudden” and “unexpected” illness progression, and 4) competing priorities getting in the way of care-seeking. The system-level factors included: 5) asking patients to watch it, 6) difficulty getting the right type of care when needed, and 7) distance to care and other transportation barriers.ConclusionA confluence of patient factors (e.g., not examining their feet regularly or thoroughly and/or not acting quickly when they noticed something was wrong) and system factors (e.g., absence of a mechanism to support patient’s appraisal of symptoms, lack of access to timely and convenient-located appointments) delayed care. Identifying patient- and system-level interventions that can shorten or eliminate care delays could help reduce rates of limb loss.