bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etiological Diagnosis of Linear-Array Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Distal Common Bile Duct Dilatation
Authors: Yang Yanting , Feng Yunfu , Cheng Guilian , Xu Liming , Wu Wei , Niu Xuehua , Li Haiyan , Hu Duanmin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The etiology of distal common bile duct (CBD) dilatation is complex. Linear-array endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can not only visualize the distal and surrounding structures of the bile duct closely but also obtain pathological specimens by fine-needle aspiration, which provides an important basis for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of linear-array EUS in the etiology of distal CBD dilatation. Patients with distal CBD dilatation underwent linear-array EUS in the endoscopic center of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan were collected from January 2015 to June 2019. The pathology results after surgery, endoscopic pathology, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results were retrospectively analyzed. The diagnostic accuracy of linear-array EUS and CT or MRI was compared. For the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, the diagnostic accuracy of linear-array EUS was 97.5%, which was significantly higher than that of MRI (86.36%) and CT (89.74) (P < 0.001 and 0.006, respectively). The diagnostic accuracy of linear-array EUS for periampullary tumors was 93.75%, which was higher than MRI and CT with an accuracy of 82.73% and 80.34% (P = 0.004 and 0.001, respectively). Linear EUS was effective for the etiological diagnosis of distal CBD dilatation.
Functional Evaluation of Ankle Joint After 1-Stage Secondary Debulking Procedure After Flap Reconstruction
Authors: Zavala Karina Jaikel , Kuo Spencer Chia-Hao , Lin Tsan-Shiun 
Published: February 2021

Objective
Free or local flaps that are used to reconstruct the lower limb often result in poor functional outcome because of bulkiness of the flap and scar contracture over ankle joint region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional results of ankle joint after 1-stage secondary debulking procedure for lower limb trauma.

Material and Methods
From January of 2002 to October of 2018, debulking procedures were performed for 66 patients after flap reconstructions of the lower limb. Thirty-eight patients (group 1) of foot injury without ankle joint involvement and 20 patients (group 2) with ankle joint involvement were included. Range of motion (ROM) of ankle joint before and after debulking procedure was measured after 6 months of follow-up.

Results
After debulking procedure, all the patients were able to dress in their preinjury shoes without any difficulty and with ease of ambulation. For all patients, with or without ankle involvement, the postdebulking ROM versus predebulking ROM improved significantly (P < 0.01). The ROM improvements for patients with ankle involvement were significantly better then patients without ankle involvement (P = 0.032).

Conclusions
One-stage debulking procedure can provide long-term constant, reliable, thin skin coverage for the lower limb after flap reconstruction with improved ankle ROM. This allows better functional results, especially for lower limb trauma patients with initial ankle involvement.
Political games of attack and defence
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Pliskin Ruthie , Rojek-Giffin Michael , Méder Zsombor , Gross Jörg 
Published: February 2021

Political conflicts often revolve around changing versus defending astatus quo. We propose to capture the dynamics between proponents and opponents of political change in terms of an asymmetric game of attack and defence with its equilibrium in mixed strategies. Formal analyses generate predictions about effort expended on revising and protecting thestatus quo, the form and function of false signalling and cheap talk, how power differences impact conflict intensity and the likelihood ofstatus quorevision. Laboratory experiments on the neurocognitive and hormonal foundations of attack and defence reveal that out-of-equilibrium investments in attack emerge because of non-selfish preferences, limited capacity to compute costs and benefits and optimistic beliefs about the chances of winning from one's rival. We conclude with implications for the likelihood of political change and inertia, and discuss the role of ideology in political games of attack and defence.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
Actinomadura litoris sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from sandy soil in Sanya
Authors: Cao Peng , Xu Xi , Li Chenxu , Han Liyuan , Mu Wenhao , Xiang Wensheng , Zhao Junwei , Wang Xiangjing 
Published: February 2021

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-AAG5T, was isolated from sandy soil collected from Niuwang island in Sanya, Hainan Province, PR China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NEAU-AAG5T belongs to the genus

Actinomadura

and shared highest sequence similarity with

Actinomadura macra

NBRC 14102T (98.8 %). Strain NEAU-AAG5T grows at 20–40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6–10 (optimum, pH 7) and has NaCl tolerance of 0–3 %. The menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H4) (4.2 %), MK-9(H6) (49.2 %) and MK-9(H8) (46.5 %). The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 (31.4 %), 10-methyl C18 : 0 (21.3 %) and C18 : 1
ω9c (15.7 %). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphoglycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NEAU-AAG5T based on whole genome sequences was 72.8 mol%. Digital DNA–DNA hybridization between strain NEAU-AAG5T and its closest phylogenetic neighbour,

A. macra

NBRC 14102T, resulted in similarity value of 28.0 % (<70 %). Additionally, the average nucleotide identity was 84.2 % for

A. macra

NBRC 14102T. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain NEAU-AAG5T can be characterized to represent a novel species of the genus

Actinomadura

, for which the name Actinomadura litoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-AAG5T (=JCM 33456T=CCTCC AA 2019043T).
Arenibacter arenosicollis sp. nov., isolated from a sand dune
Authors: Park Sooyeon , Lee Seo Yeon , Lee Jung-Sook , Kim Wonyong , Yoon Jung-Hoon 
Published: February 2021

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BSSL-BM3T, was isolated from sand collected from a dune near the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BSSL-BM3T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of

Arenibacter

species. Strain BSSL-BM3T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.0–99.0 % to the type strains of

Arenibacter catalasegens

,

Arenibacter hampyeongensis

,

Arenibacter echinorum

,

Arenibacter palladensis

and

Arenibacter troitsensis

and of 94.2–96.7 % to the type strains of the other

Arenibacter

species. The averagenucleotide identity and digitalDNA–DNA hybridization values between strain BSSL-BM3T and the type strains of

A. catalasegens

,

A. hampyeongensis

,

A. echinorum

,

A. palladensis

and

A. troitsensis

were 82.2–88.8 % and 25.0–36.5 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain BSSL-BM3T from genomic sequence data was 38.75 mol%. Strain BSSL-BM3T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c) and iso-C15 : 1 G as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain BSSL-BM3T were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. Distinguishing phenotypic properties, along with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain BSSL-BM3T is separated from recognized

Arenibacter

species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain BSSL-BM3T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Arenibacter

, for which the name Arenibacter arenosicollis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BSSL-BM3T (=KACC 21632T=NBRC 114502T).
Methodological Approach for Wastewater Based Epidemiological Studies for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Kopperi Harishankar , Tharak Athmakuri , Hemalatha Manupati , Kiran Uday , Gokulan C. G. , Mishra Rakesh K , Mohan S Venkata 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPost COVID-19 outbreak, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) studies as surveillance system is becoming an emerging interest due to its functional advantage as tool for early warning signal and to catalyze effective disease management strategies based on the community diagnosis. A comprehensive attempt was made in this study to define a methodological approach for conducting WBE studies in the framework of identifying/selection of surveillance sites, standardizing sampling policy, designing sampling protocols to improve sensitivity, adopting safety protocol, and interpreting the data. The methodology was applied to a community and studied its epidemiological status with reference to occurrence, persistence, and variation of SARS-CoV-2 genome load in wastewater system to understand the prevalence of infection. Hourly and daily grab samples were analyzed and compared with the composite samples over a surveillance window of 7 days. Based on the SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/L, faeces shedding, and volume of sewage generated the infected individuals and the population who are in active phase in the studied community was estimated.
Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016
Authors: Starr Tyler N. , Greaney Allison J. , Dingens Adam S. , Bloom Jesse D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies and antibody cocktails are a promising therapeutic and prophylaxis for COVID-19. However, ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 can render monoclonal antibodies ineffective. Here we completely map all mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) that escape binding by a leading monoclonal antibody, LY-CoV555, and its cocktail combination with LY-CoV016. Individual mutations that escape binding by each antibody are combined in the circulating B.1.351 and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineages (E484K escapes LY-CoV555, K417N/T escape LY-CoV016). Additionally, the L452R mutation in the B.1.429 lineage escapes LY-CoV555. Furthermore, we identify single amino acid changes that escape the combined LY-CoV555+LY-CoV016 cocktail. We suggest that future efforts should diversify the epitopes targeted by antibodies and antibody cocktails to make them more resilient to antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
Perception of yips among professional Japanese golfers: perspectives and challenges
Authors: Revankar Gajanan S. , Kajiyama Yuta , Gon Yasufumi , Ogasawara Issei , Hattori Noriaki , Nakano Tomohito , Kawamura Sadahito , Nakata Ken , Mochizuki Hideki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundYips in golf is a complex spectrum of psychological anxiety and movement disorder that affects competitive sporting performance. Existing literature is limited to several western studies and the manifestations of this problem in Japanese golfers is currently unknown.ObjectiveTo quantify self-reported perception and manifestation of yips among Japanese golfers from the professional golfers’ association (PGA).MethodsWe analyzed 1271 (of 1356) elite golfers in a cross-sectional manner. Golfers were sensitized beforehand about yips by a movement-disorder specialist. Based on a positive history for yips, participants were categorized into yips and non-yips groups. Survey questionnaire focused on demographic information, golfing habits, anxiety and musculoskeletal problems, performance deficits during golfing, changes in training and their outcomes. Statistical procedures included multiple logistic regression and network analysis to assess factors associated with yips.Results35% (N=450) of the respondents had experienced symptoms of yips in their career, their odds increasing proportionally to their golfing experience. Severity of musculoskeletal symptoms were higher in those with yips. Regardless, about 57% of all yips-golfers attributed their symptoms to psychological causes. Putting, approach and teeing shots, in that order, were highly susceptible to movement problems. Network analysis highlighted characteristic movement patterns i.e. slowing, forceful or freezing of movement for putting, approach and teeing respectively. Golfers’ self-administered strategies to relieve yips symptoms were generally inconsequential, though improvements were seen only for approach-yips.ConclusionOur findings align firmly with prior studies on yips. Though aware of the problem, most Japanese golfers were untouched by yips. Those that were affected, perceived yips to be a psychological issue despite substantial evidence pointing to a movement-disorder. While self-administered interventions for symptom relief in such golfers is satisfactory at best, it may be imperative to sensitize golfers from a movement-disorder standpoint for early identification and management of the problem.
BTBD9 is a novel component of IGF signaling and regulates manganese-induced dopaminergic dysfunction
Authors: Chen Pan , Zheng Fuli , Li Shaojun , Cheng Hong , Bornhorst Julia , Li Yunhui , Yang Bobo , Lee Kun He , Ke Tao , Schwerdtle Tanja , Yang Xiaobo , Bowman Aaron B. , Aschner Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRestless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder associated with iron deficiency and dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal dysfunction. BTBD9 is a genetic risk factor for RLS. However, its molecular function remains largely unknown. Here, we report the interaction between BTBD9, manganese (Mn) and insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling inCaenorhabditis elegans, mouse Neuro2a cells and humans. We found that elevated Mn downregulated BTBD9 mRNA levels; in turn, BTBD9 expression attenuated Mn-induced cellular stress and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. As Mn is a known co-factor for insulin receptor and IGF-1 receptor, which activates IGF signaling, we posited that BTBD9 negatively regulates IGF signaling. Our results showed that the protective effects of BTBD9 against Mn toxicity were dependent on the forkhead box O (FOXO) protein. Furthermore, BTBD9 overexpression significantly elevated FOXO level and decreased PKB level, while phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) level remained unchanged. We conclude that BTBD9 acts as a key component in the IGF signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the roles of Mn in DAergic neurotoxicity and regulating BTBD9 shed new light on the etiology of RLS.
Structural basis of RICs iron donation for iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis
Authors: Silva Liliana S. O. , Matias Pedro M. , Romão Célia V. , Saraiva Lígia M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEscherichia coliYtfE is a di-iron protein, of the widespread RIC family, with capacity to donate iron, which is a crucial component of the biogenesis of the ubiquitous family of iron-sulfur proteins. Herein we identify inE. colia previously unrecognized link between the YtfE protein and the major bacterial system for iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly. We show that YtfE establishes protein-protein interactions with the scaffold IscU, where the transient cluster is formed, and the cysteine desulfurase IscS. Moreover, we found that promotion by YtfE of the formation of an Fe-S cluster in IscU requires two glutamates, E125 and E159 in YtfE. Both glutamates form part of the entrance of a protein channel in YtfE that links the di-iron centre to the surface. In particular, E125 is crucial for the exit of iron, as a single mutation to leucine closes the channel rendering YtfE inactive for the build-up of Fe-S clusters. Hence, we provide evidence for the key role of RICs as bacterial iron donor proteins involved in the biogenesis of Fe-S clusters.ImportanceThe ubiquitous iron-sulfur proteins require specialized cellular machineries to promote the assembly of the cofactor. These systems include proteins that provide sulfur and iron, and scaffold proteins where the cluster is formed. Although largely studied the nature of the iron donor remains to be fully clarified. In this work, we show thatEscherichia coliYtfE, which belongs to the RIC protein family, establishes protein-protein interactions with two of the major proteins of the ISC system, and we reveal the structural characteristics necessary for the exit of iron ions from YtfE. Altogether our results prove that RICs can be considered a family of iron donor proteins involved in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur containing proteins.
Investigating crosstalk among PTMs provides novel insight into the structural basis underlying the differential effects of Nt17 PTMs on mutant Httex1 aggregation
Authors: Chiki Anass , Zhang Zhidian , Rajasekhar Kolla , Abriata Luciano A. , Rostami Iman , Krapp Lucien , Boudeffa Driss , Dal Peraro Matteo , Lashuel Hilal A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPost-translational modifications (PTMs) within the first 17 amino acids (Nt17) of the Huntingtin protein (Htt) have been shown to inhibit the aggregation and attenuate the toxicity of mutant Htt proteinsin vitroand in various models of Huntington’s disease. Our group’s previous studies suggested that the Nt17 PTM code is a combinatorial code that involves a complex interplay between different PTMs. Here, we expand on these studies by investigating the effect of methionine 8 oxidation (oxM8) and crosstalk between this PTM and either lysine 6 acetylation (AcK6) or threonine 3 phosphorylation (pT3) on the aggregation of mutant Httex1. We show that M8 oxidation delays but does not inhibit the aggregation and has no effect on the final morphologies of mutant Httex1 aggregates. This delay in aggregation kinetics could be attributed to the transient accumulation of oligomeric aggregates, which disappear upon the formation of Httex1 oxM8 fibrils. Interestingly, the presence of both oxM8 and AcK6 resulted in dramatic inhibition of Httex1 fibrillization, whereas the presence of oxM8 did not influence the aggregation inhibitory effect of pT3. To gain insight into the structural basis underlying these proteins’ aggregation properties, we investigated the impact of each PTM and the combination of these PTMs on the conformational properties of the Nt17 peptide by circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. These studies show that M8 oxidation decreases the helicity of the Nt17 in the presence or absence of PTMs and provides novel insight into the structural basis underlying the effects of different PTMs on mutant Httex1 aggregation. PTMs that lower the mutant Httex1 aggregation rate (oxM8, AcK6/oxM8, pT3, pT3/oxM8, and phosphorylation at Serine 13) result in stabilization and increased population of a short N-terminal helix (first eight residues) in Nt17 or decreased abundance of other helical forms, including long helix and short C-terminal helix. PTMs that did not alter the aggregation of mutant Httex1 exhibit a similar distribution of helical conformation as the unmodified peptides. These results show that the relative abundance of N- vs. C-terminal helical conformations and long helices, rather than the overall helicity of Nt17, better explains the effect of different Nt17 PTMs on mutant Httex1; thus, explaining the lack of correlation between the effect of PTMs on the overall helicity of Nt17 and mutant Httex1 aggregationin vitro. Taken together, our results provide novel structural insight into the differential effects of single PTMs and crosstalk between different PTMs in regulating mutant Httex1 aggregation.TOC Figure
Generation of a microsporidia species attribute database and analysis of the extensive ecological and phenotypic diversity of microsporidia
Authors: Murareanu Brandon M. , Sukhdeo Ronesh , Qu Rui , Jiang Jason , Reinke Aaron W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMicrosporidia are a large group of fungal-related obligate intracellular parasites. Though many microsporidia species have been identified over the past 160 years, there is a lacking depiction of the full diversity of this phylum. To systematically describe the characteristics of these parasites, we created a database of 1,440 species and their attributes, including the hosts they infect and spore characteristics. We find that microsporidia have been reported to infect 16 metazoan and four protozoan phyla, with smaller phyla being underrepresented. Most species are only reported to infect a single host, but those that are generalists are also more likely to infect a broader set of host tissues. Strikingly, polar tubes are 3-fold longer in species that infect tissues besides the intestine, suggesting that polar tube length is a determinant of tissue specificity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed four clades which each contain microsporidia infecting hosts from all major habitats. Although related species are more likely to infect similar hosts, we observe examples of changes in host specificity and convergent evolution. Taken together, our results show that microsporidia display vast diversity in their morphology and the hosts they infect, illustrating the flexibility of these parasites to evolve new traits.
Rare genera differentiate urban green space soil bacterial communities in three cities across the world
Authors: Mills Jacob G. , Selway Caitlin A. , Weyrich Laura S. , Skelly Chris , Weinstein Philip , Thomas Torsten , Young Jennifer M. , Marczylo Emma , Yadav Sudesh , Yadav Vijay , Lowe Andrew J. , Breed Martin F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVegetation complexity is potentially important for urban green space designs aimed at fostering microbial biodiversity to benefit human health. Exposure to urban microbial biodiversity may influence human health outcomes via immune training and regulation. In this context, improving human exposure to microbiota via biodiversity-centric urban green space designs is an underused opportunity. There is currently little knowledge on the association between vegetation complexity (i.e., diversity and structure) and soil microbiota of urban green spaces. Here, we investigated the association between vegetation complexity and soil bacteria in urban green spaces in Bournemouth, UK; Haikou, China; and the City of Playford, Australia by sequencing the 16S rRNA V4 gene region of soil samples and assessing bacterial diversity. We characterized these green spaces as having ‘low’ or ‘high’ vegetation complexity and explored whether these two broad categories contained similar bacterial community compositions and diversity around the world. Within cities, we observed significantly different alpha and beta diversities between vegetation complexities; however, these results varied between cities. Rare genera (< 1 % relative abundance individually, on average 35 % relative abundance when pooled) were most likely to be significantly different in sequence abundance between vegetation complexities and therefore explained much of the differences in microbial communities observed. Overall, general associations exist between soil bacterial communities and vegetation complexity, although these are not consistent between cities. Therefore, more in-depth work is required to be done locally to derive practical actions to assist the conservation and restoration of microbial communities in urban areas.