bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender as moderator of the influence of tourists’ risk perception on destination image and visit intentions
Authors: Carballo Rita R. , León Carmelo J. , Carballo María M. 
Published: November 2021

PurposeThis paper aims to study the influence of gender on the theoretical and empirical relationships between tourists’ risk perceptions and both destination image and behavioural intentions.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study was carried out with potential tourists at home in Germany and the UK considering travelling to Spain, Egypt, Morocco, Brazil, Colombia and Indonesia. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling with multi-group analysis.FindingsResults show that gender moderates the theoretical relationships between risk perception and both destination image and behavioural intentions. Risk perception is higher for women than for men and depends on the type of risks and the characteristics of the destination. Women are more likely than men to reduce their visit to a destination whenever there is an increase in their risk perceptions. However, the influence of risk perception on destination image is higher for men than for women. Thus, results prove there are significant gender differences in the theoretical relationships between risk perceptions and destination image and visiting intentions.Originality/valueThis paper provides new evidence on the gender differences in risk perceptions in tourism and their impact on destination image and visiting intentions, showing that whenever there are higher risks at a tourist destination women do change more than men their behavioural intentions. The results are useful for designing risk management and promotion policies at destinations that avoid the masculinisation bias, thereby considering the impact of gender differences on travel behaviour and consumption decisions.
Understanding distributed sensemaking in crisis management: The case of the Utrecht terrorist attack
Authors: Wolbers Jeroen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOn Monday morning March 18, 2019 a terrorist opened fire inside a tram in the middle of the city of Utrecht. A key challenge in the Utrecht attack was making sense of the situation and organizing a coherent response in a distributed command and control structure. This is a recurrent challenge in crisis management. As command structures expand, sensemaking becomes distributed when groups at different locations develop partial images of a complex environment. While most sensemaking studies focus on how specific groups attempt to collectively construct a plausible representation of the situation, few accounts of distributed sensemaking have appeared. This study explains how crisis managers made sense of the volatile situation across different command structures. Twenty‐five crisis managers from different teams were interviewed by making use of the critical decision methodology. The analysis points to five factors that influence the quality of distributed sensemaking: type of interdependence, sensitivity to operations, plausibility, hierarchy, and identity. It signals that updating one's sensemaking does not only require noticing discrepant cues but is especially related to key social‐cognitive and organisational processes that stimulate doubt, questioning, and a plurality of perspectives.
The impact of radiation therapist‐led structured peer review meetings on compliance to Radiation Oncology Practice Standards
Authors: West Katrina , Hardcastle‐Fowler Tegan , Coburn Natalie , Beldham‐Collins Rachael , Harris Jill , Ahern Verity 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionRegular tumour‐specific peer review meetings (TPRMs) were established by our group during 2016. A dedicated Quality Assurance Radiation Therapist (QART) was employed in 2018 to co‐ordinate the meetings and for each patient, complete the Peer Review Audit Tool (PRAT) of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR). The aim of the current quality assurance study was to investigate the impact of the TPRMs and appointment of the QART on compliance to relevant RANZCR Radiation Oncology Practice Standards (ROPS).MethodsTumour‐specific peer review meetings for eight tumour sites were assessed across our group’s three hospitals from January 2017 to December 2019. Data from meetings were collected using the PRAT or from paper‐based minutes and assessed against four ROPS (ROPS 3, 4, 8 and 9). Compliance with each of the four standards was measured by presence of the required documentation and presentation at TPRM, as recorded by the PRAT.ResultsThere was an increase in the overall number of peer review cases audited from 173 in the 2017 calendar year to 469 in 2018 and 619 in 2019, representing 7%, 18% and 22% of all treatment courses started during these years, respectively. Staging was the most incompletely documented item across all years for audited patients. The request for radiation treatment plan modifications increased year‐on‐year: modifications were requested for 5% of plans in 2017 (8/172), 18% in 2018 (81/452) and 19% (119/619) in 2019.ConclusionThis study has shown that an increase in the number of cases for peer‐review audit corresponded to the QART‐facilitated TPRMs. Application of the PRAT has identified radiation treatment plan modifications that would otherwise go undetected and without opportunity to improve the quality of patients’ treatment or avoid harm.
Time to get real with qPCR controls: The frequency of sample contamination and the informative power of negative controls in environmental DNA studies
Authors: Hutchins Patrick R. , Simantel Leah N. , Sepulveda Adam J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEnvironmental (e)DNA methods have enabled rapid, sensitive and specific inferences of taxa presence throughout diverse fields of ecological study. However, use of eDNA results for decision‐making has been impeded by uncertainties associated with false positive tests putatively caused by sporadic or systemic contamination. Sporadic contamination is a process that is inconsistent across samples and systemic contamination occurs consistently over a group of samples. Here, we used empirical data and laboratory experiments to (i) estimate the sporadic contamination rate for each stage of a common, targeted eDNA workflow employing best practice quality control measures under simulated conditions of rare and common target DNA presence, (ii) determine the rate at which negative controls (i.e., “blanks”) detect varying concentrations of systemic contamination, and (iii) estimate the effort that would be required to consistently detect sporadic and systemic contamination. Sporadic contamination rates were very low across all eDNA workflow steps, and, therefore, an intractably high number of negative controls (>100) would be required to determine occurrence of sporadic contamination with any certainty. Contrarily, detection of intentionally introduced systemic contamination was more consistent; therefore, very few negative controls (<5) would be needed to consistently alert to systemic contamination. These results have considerable implications to eDNA study design when resources for sample analyses are constrained.
allodb: An R package for biomass estimation at globally distributed extratropical forest plots
Authors: Gonzalez‐Akre Erika , Piponiot Camille , Lepore Mauro , Herrmann Valentine , Lutz James A. , Baltzer Jennifer L. , Dick Christopher W. , Gilbert Gregory S. , He Fangliang , Heym Michael , Huerta Alejandra I. , Jansen Patrick A. , Johnson Daniel J. , Knapp Nikolai , Král Kamil , Lin Dunmei , Malhi Yadvinder , McMahon Sean M. , Myers Jonathan A. , Orwig David , Rodríguez‐Hernández Diego I. , Russo Sabrina E. , Shue Jessica , Wang Xugao , Wolf Amy , Yang Tonghui , Davies Stuart J. , Anderson‐Teixeira Kristina J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Allometric equations for calculation of tree above‐ground biomass (AGB) form the basis for estimates of forest carbon storage and exchange with the atmosphere. While standard models exist to calculate forest biomass across the tropics, we lack a standardized tool for computing AGB across boreal and temperate regions that comprise the global extratropics.

Here we present an integrated R package, allodb, containing systematically selected published allometric equations and proposed functions to compute AGB. The data component of the package is based on 701 woody species identified at 24 large Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO) forest dynamics plots representing a wide diversity of extratropical forests.

A total of 570 parsed allometric equations to estimate individual tree biomass were retrieved, checked and combined using a weighting function designed to ensure optimal equation selection over the full tree size range with smooth transitions across equations. The equation dataset can be customized with built‐in functions that subset the original dataset and add new equations.

Although equations were curated based on a limited set of forest communities and number of species, this resource is appropriate for large portions of the global extratropics and can easily be expanded to cover novel forest types.
Phylogenetic multilevel meta‐analysis: A simulation study on the importance of modelling the phylogeny
Authors: Cinar Ozan , Nakagawa Shinichi , Viechtbauer Wolfgang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Meta‐analyses in ecology and evolution require special attention due to certain study characteristics in these fields. First, the primary articles in these fields usually report results that are observed from studies conducted with different species, and the phylogeny among the species violates the independence assumption. Second, articles frequently allow the computation of multiple effect sizes which cannot be accounted for by conventional meta‐analytic models. While both issues can be dealt with by utilizing a multilevel model that accounts for phylogeny, the performance of such a model has not been examined extensively. In this article, we investigate the performance of this model in comparison with some simpler models.

We conducted an extensive simulation study where data with different hierarchical structures (in terms of study and species levels) were generated and then various models were fitted to examine their performance. The models we used include the conventional random effects and multilevel random‐effects models along with more complex multilevel models that account for species‐level variance with different variance components. Furthermore, we present an illustrative application of these models based on the data from a meta‐analysis on sizeassortative mating and comment on the results in light of the findings from the simulation study.

Our simulation results show that, when the phylogenetic relationships among the species are at least moderately strong, only the most complex model that decomposes the species‐level variance into nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic components provides approximately unbiased estimates of the overall mean and variance components and yields confidence intervals with an approximately nominal coverage rate. Contrarily, removing the phylogenetic or non‐phylogenetic component leads to biased variance component estimates and an increased risk for incorrect inferences about the overall mean. These findings are supported by the results derived from the illustrative application.

Based on our results, we suggest that meta‐analyses in ecology and evolution should use the model that accounts for both the nonphylogenetic and phylogenetic species‐level variance in addition to the multilevel structure of the data. Any attempts to simplify this model, such as using only the phylogenetic variance component, may lead to erroneous inferences from the data.
Long‐term cognitive and pulmonary functions following a lower versus a higher oxygenation target in the HOT‐ICU trial: protocol and statistical analysis plan
Authors: Crescioli Elena , Riis Jens Ø. , Weinreich Ulla M. , Jensen Jens Ulrik S. , Poulsen Lone M. , Brøchner Anne C. , Lange Theis , Perner Anders , Klitgaard Thomas L. , Schjørring Olav L. , Rasmussen Bodil S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough supplemental oxygen can be lifesaving, liberal oxygen administration causing hyperoxaemia may be harmful. The targets for oxygenation in patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure acutely admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are strongly debated, and consensus on which targets to recommend has not been reached. The Handling Oxygenation Targets in the ICU (HOT‐ICU) trial is a multicentre, randomised, parallel‐group trial of a lower oxygenation target (arterial partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2] = 8 kPa) versus a higher oxygenation target (PaO2 = 12 kPa) in adult ICU patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effects of these targets on long‐term cognitive and pulmonary function in Danish patients, enrolled in the HOT‐ICU trial and surviving to 1‐year follow‐up. We hypothesise that a lower oxygenation target throughout the ICU stay may result in cognitive impairment, whereas a higher oxygenation target may result in impaired pulmonary function.MethodsAll patients enrolled in the HOT‐ICU trial at Danish sites and surviving to 1 year after randomisation are eligible to participate. The last patient is expected to be included by November 2021. A Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status and a body plethysmography, including diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, both pre‐planned secondary long‐term outcomes of the HOT‐ICU trial, will be obtained.ConclusionThis study will provide important information on the long‐term effects of a lower versus a higher oxygenation target on cognitive and pulmonary function in adult ICU patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure.
Global estimates of the attributable risk of alcohol consumption on road injuries
Authors: Borges Guilherme , García‐Pacheco José Ángel , Familiar‐Lopez Itziar 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol consumption is one of the main risk factors for death by road injuries, but little is known about the global distribution of the population‐attributable risk (PAR) of alcohol use for death by road injuries.MethodsWe used publicly available data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) to estimate the PAR of alcohol use for 5 types of road injury, globally and individually for available countries, by socio‐demographic index (SDI), and by age, sex, and year from 1990 to 2019.Results6.6% of all road injuries in 2019 were attributable to alcohol consumption, with large variations worldwide; the highest burden was in Europe and among countries classified in the high–middle SDI. PAR was higher in men than in women, and among younger individuals. Important variations in PAR of alcohol were also observed by road injury type, with motorcyclist road injuries having the highest PAR. Overall, PAR showed a small increase during 1990–2019; younger (<39 years old) men showed an increasing trend during this period, while older women had a decreasing trend in PAR.ConclusionsPAR for alcohol and road injuries is not homogenous. Large PAR for alcohol and road deaths was found in Europe, among men, young adults, and motorcyclists. These results could help public health agencies, law enforcement, and the public guide efforts to reduce these deaths.
Age‐related changes in the fractal dimension of the retinal microvasculature, effects of cardiovascular risk factors and smoking behaviour
Authors: Lemmens Sophie , Luyts Martial , Gerrits Nele , Ivanova Anna , Landtmeeters Charlien , Peeters Reinout , Simons Anne‐Sophie , Vercauteren Julie , Sunaric‐Mégevand Gordana , Van Keer Karel , Molenberghs Geert , De Boever Patrick , Stalmans Ingeborg 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeThis cross‐sectional study investigates the association between retinal vessel complexity and age and studies the effects of cardiovascular health determinants.MethodsRetinal vessel complexity was assessed by calculating the box‐counting fractal dimension (Df) from digital fundus photographs of 850 subjects (3–97 years). All photographs were labelled as ‘non‐pathological’ by the treating ophthalmologist.ResultsStatistical models showed a significantly decreasing relationship between age and Df (linear: R‐squared = 0.1897, p < 0.0001; quadratic: R‐squared = 0.2343, p < 0.0001; cubic: R‐squared = 0.2721, p < 0.0001), with the cubic regression model offering the best compromise between accuracy and model simplicity. Multivariate cubic regression showed that age, spherical equivalent and smoking behaviour have an effect (p < 0.0001) on Df. A significantly increasing effect of the number of pack‐years on Df was observed (effect: 0.0004, p = 0.0017), as well as a significantly decreasing effect of years since tobacco abstinence (effect: −0.0149, p < 0.0001).ConclusionWe propose using a cubic trend with age, refractive error and smoking behaviour when interpreting retinal vessel complexity.
Financial incentives for bowel cancer screening: Results from a mixed methods study in the United Kingdom
Authors: Wilding Sarah , O’Connor Daryl B. , Conner Mark 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesThe purpose of bowel cancer screening is to test for signs of cancer before symptoms develop. Financial incentives are one potential method to increase participation rates. Few studies have tested incentives in relation to bowel screening in the United Kingdom (UK). The current research explored reactions to different financial incentives to participate in population‐level bowel cancer screening in a UK sample.DesignAn online mixed methods study. Recruitment was via a study recruitment website (https://prolific.ac/).Methods499 participants (aged 60–74 years) completed a survey on invitations for population‐level bowel cancer screening using different levels of financial incentives.ResultRespondents were generally positive about the use of financial incentives. A £10 voucher was most frequently selected as the appropriate amount to incentivise screening participation. The current invitation method with no voucher was judged to be most acceptable but suggested to produce the lowest likelihood of others participating. Offering a £10 voucher that the NHS would not be charged for if not used was the second most acceptable invitation method. There were few differences between invitation methods on own perceived likelihood of participation in bowel screening. Offering a £10 voucher was seen as leading to the greatest likelihood of others participating in bowel screening. Findings were largely unaffected by participant demographics.ConclusionThe use of small financial incentives to increase bowel cancer screening uptake was generally well received. Impacts of incentives on actual bowel screening rates in UK samples need to be established in the light of the current findings.
Performance of artificial intelligence for detection of subtle and advanced colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Ahmad Omer F. , González‐Bueno Puyal Juana , Brandao Patrick , Kader Rawen , Abbasi Faisal , Hussein Mohamed , Haidry Rehan J. , Toth Daniel , Mountney Peter , Seward Ed , Vega Roser , Stoyanov Danail , Lovat Laurence B. 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesThere is uncertainty regarding the efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI) software to detect advanced subtle neoplasia, particularly flat lesions and sessile serrated lesions (SSLs), due to low prevalence in testing datasets and prospective trials. This has been highlighted as a top research priority for the field.MethodsAn AI algorithm was evaluated on four video test datasets containing 173 polyps (35,114 polyp‐positive frames and 634,988 polyp‐negative frames) specifically enriched with flat lesions and SSLs, including a challenging dataset containing subtle advanced neoplasia. The challenging dataset was also evaluated by eight endoscopists (four independent, four trainees, according to the Joint Advisory Group on gastrointestinal endoscopy [JAG] standards in the UK).ResultsIn the first two video datasets, the algorithm achieved per‐polyp sensitivities of 100% and 98.9%. Per‐frame sensitivities were 84.1% and 85.2%. In the subtle dataset, the algorithm detected a significantly higher number of polyps (P < 0.0001), compared to JAG‐independent and trainee endoscopists, achieving per‐polyp sensitivities of 79.5%, 37.2% and 11.5%, respectively. Furthermore, when considering subtle polyps detected by both the algorithm and at least one endoscopist, the AI detected polyps significantly faster on average.ConclusionsThe AI based algorithm achieved high per‐polyp sensitivities for advanced colorectal neoplasia, including flat lesions and SSLs, outperforming both JAG independent and trainees on a very challenging dataset containing subtle lesions that could have been overlooked easily and contribute to interval colorectal cancer. Further prospective trials should evaluate AI to detect subtle advanced neoplasia in higher risk populations for colorectal cancer.
Longitudinal drifting pattern of larval assemblages in the lower reach of the Yangtze River: Impact of the floodplain lakes and conservation implementation
Authors: Ren Peng , Hou Gang , Schmidt Bjorn V. , Fang Dian , Xu Dongpo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFloodplain lakes are significant lateral habitats that play an important role in structuring larval fish assemblages in large river–floodplain ecosystems. The abundance of floodplain lakes, including both naturally connected and main stem‐isolated lakes, declines in a downstream direction in the lower reach of the Yangtze River, forming a longitudinal reduction gradient. We investigated whether this longitudinal reduction gradient of floodplain lakes is an essential driver of the larval fish assemblage patterns in the river. Drifting larval fish were investigated weekly during the prevailing spawning season both in 2014 and 2015 among three locations at Wangjiang (WJ), Zhenjiang (ZJ) and Nantong (NT). Thirty‐four species belonging to 28 genera and eight families were identified. The number and abundances of collected species, the reproduction duration for dominant species and the niche breadth of dominant species all exhibit a longitudinal decrease (WJ > ZJ > NT) in the downstream direction. Additionally, the bloom of larval fish tended to occur earlier at WJ than at ZJ and NT. We suggest that these results reflect the crucial effect of floodplain lake distribution in shaping the longitudinal distribution pattern of larval assemblages. Both natural connected lakes and isolated lakes (with irregular connectivity patterns) play a crucial role in recruitment success of freshwater fish in the system. Hence, conservation and management approaches for fish resources should be concentrated on restoring and maintaining river–lake connectivity in the upstream sections of the lower reach of the Yangtze River.
Siderophores drive invasion dynamics in bacterial communities through their dual role as public good versus public bad
Authors: Figueiredo Alexandre R. T. , Özkaya Özhan , Kümmerli Rolf , Kramer Jos 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMicrobial invasions can compromise ecosystem services and spur dysbiosis and disease in hosts. Nevertheless, the mechanisms determining invasion outcomes often remain unclear. Here, we examine the role of iron‐scavenging siderophores in driving invasions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into resident communities of environmental pseudomonads. Siderophores can be ‘public goods’ by delivering iron to individuals possessing matching receptors; but they can also be ‘public bads’ by withholding iron from competitors lacking these receptors. Accordingly, siderophores should either promote or impede invasion, depending on their effects on invader and resident growth. Using supernatant feeding and invasion assays, we show that invasion success indeed increased when the invader could use its siderophores to inhibit (public bad) rather than stimulate (public good) resident growth. Conversely, invasion success decreased the more the invader was inhibited by the residents’ siderophores. Our findings identify siderophores as a major driver of invasion dynamics in bacterial communities under iron‐limited conditions.