bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphic analysis of intercalated graphite electrodes in aqueous inorganic acid solutions
Authors: De Rosa Stefania , Branchini Paolo , Spampinato Valentina , Franquet Alexis , Yivlialin Rossella , Duò Lamberto , Bussetti Gianlorenzo , Tortora Luca 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA detailed stratigraphic investigation of the intercalation mechanism when graphite electrodes are immersed inside diluted perchloric (HClO4) and sulfuric (H2SO4) electrolytes is obtained by comparing results when graphite crystals are simply immersed in the same acid solutions. By combining time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), we provide a picture of the chemical species involved in the intercalation reaction. The depth intensity profile of the ion signals along the electrode crystal clearly shows a more complex mechanism for the intercalation process, where the local morphology of the basal plane plays a crucial role. Solvated anions are mostly located within the first tens of nanometers of graphite, but electrolytes also diffuse inside the buried layers for hundreds of nanometers, the latter process is also aided by the presence of mesoscopic crystal defects. Residual material from the electrolyte solution was found localized in well-defined circular spots, which represent preferential interaction areas. Interestingly, blister-like micro-structures similar to those observed on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface were found in the buried layers, confirming the equivalence of the chemical condition on the graphite surface and in the underneath layers.
Applying mechanical philosophy to web science: The case of social machines
Authors: Smart Paul R. , O’Hara Kieron , Hall Wendy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSocial machines are a prominent focus of attention for those who work in the field of Web and Internet science. Although a number of online systems have been described as social machines (examples include the likes of Facebook, Twitter, Wikipedia, Reddit, and Galaxy Zoo), there is, as yet, little consensus as to the precise meaning of the term “social machine.” This presents a problem for the scientific study of social machines, especially when it comes to the provision of a theoretical framework that directs, informs, and explicates the scientific and engineering activities of the social machine community. The present paper outlines an approach to understanding social machines that draws on recent work in the philosophy of science, especially work in so-called mechanical philosophy. This is what might be called a mechanistic view of social machines. According to this view, social machines are systems whose phenomena (i.e., events, states, and processes) are explained via an appeal to (online) socio-technical mechanisms. We show how this account is able to accommodate a number of existing attempts to define the social machine concept, thereby yielding an important opportunity for theoretical integration.
Impact of tailored water chemistry aqueous ions on foam stability enhancement
Authors: AlYousef Zuhair , Ayirala Subhash , Almubarak Majed , Cha Dongkyu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGenerating strong and stable foam is necessary to achieve in-depth conformance control in the reservoir. Besides other parameters, the chemistry of injection water can significantly impact foam generation and stabilization. The tailored water chemistry was found to have good potential to improve foam stability. The objective of this study is to extensively evaluate the effect of different aqueous ions in the selected tailored water chemistry formulations on foam stabilization. Bulk and dynamic foam experiments were used to evaluate the impact of different tailored water chemistry aqueous ions on foam generation and stabilization. For bulk foam tests, the stability of foams generated using three surfactants and different aqueous ions was analyzed using bottle tests. For dynamic foam experiments, the tests were conducted using a microfluidic device. The results clearly demonstrated that the ionic content of aqueous solutions can significantly affect foam stabilization. The results revealed that the foam stabilization in bulk is different than that in porous media. Depending on the surfactant type, the divalent ions were found to have stronger influence on foam stabilization when compared to monovalent ions. The bulk foam results pointed out that the aqueous solutions containing calcium chloride salt (CaCl2) showed longer foam life with the anionic surfactant and very weak foam with the nonionic surfactant. The solutions with magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and CaCl2 salts displayed higher impact on foam stability in comparison with sodium chloride (NaCl) with the amphoteric alkyl amine surfactant. Less stable foams were generated with aqueous solutions comprising of both magnesium and calcium ions. In the microfluidic model, the solutions containing MgCl2 showed higher resistance to gas flow and subsequently higher mobility reduction factor for the injection gas when compared to those produced using NaCl and CaCl2 salts. This experimental study focusing about the role of different aqueous ions in the injection water on foam could help in better understanding the foam stabilization process. The new knowledge gained can also enable the selection and optimization of the right injection water chemistry and suitable chemicals for foam field applications.
Outcomes of Macrosurgical Versus Microsurgical Vasovasostomy in Vasectomized Men: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Duijn M. , van der Zee J. A. , Bachour Y. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn order to restore fertility by vasectomy reversal, vasovasostomy (VV) is one of the most chosen options. During this procedure, the vas deferens is anastomosed either by a macro- or microscopical technique. Up to date, it is unknown which of these techniques shows best overall post-procedure patency and pregnancy rates. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to reach a consensus on which technique is best for vasovasostomy and thereby better counsel patients and practitioners. A systematic review and meta-analysis on macroscopic and microscopic VV for vasectomy reversal was performed. PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception until 2019. Studies and associated data were evaluated by two reviewers. Primary, data on post-operative patency and pregnancy rates, interval to reversal, and post-operative complications were extracted. Proportions (95% CI) and heterogeneity scores (I2) were calculated, using a random effects model. A total of 8305 patients were included by 25 studies. Descriptive analysis showed higher post-operative patency (80.5% vs 91.4%) and pregnancy rates (47.7% vs 73.3%) after microscopic vasovasostomy. Meta-analysis produced post-operative patency proportions of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.76–0.84) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.83–0.92) after macro- and microscopic VV respectively. Proportions of post-operative pregnancy were 0.43 (95% CI, 0.35–0.50) after macroscopic VV and 0.47 (95% CI, 0.31–0.62) after microsurgical VV. Microscopic VV is associated with higher post-operative patency and pregnancy rates compared to macroscopic vasovasostomy. However, further research is needed because of shortage in high methodological quality and variety.
A New Paradigm for Safety Data Signal Detection and Evaluation Using Open-Source Software Created by an Interdisciplinary Working Group
Authors: Buchanan James , Li Mengchun , Ni Xiao , Wildfire Jeremy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTechniques to evaluate large amounts of safety data continue to evolve based on a greater understanding of how the brain processes visual information and the advancement of programing tools. The Interactive Safety Graphics Task Force of the American Statistical Association Biopharmaceutical Safety Working Group has assembled a multidisciplinary team of experts in a variety of domains to develop the next generation of open-source visual analytical tools for safety data based on these advances. The multidisciplinary approach resulted in the rapid development of the first tool, a novel interactive version of the familiar Evaluation of Drug-Induced Serious Hepatotoxicity (eDISH) graphic along with a unique clinical workflow to guide the reviewer through the data analysis. This now serves as the model for the team to expand the open-source platform into a suite of other interactive safety analysis tools.
A NOTE ON GROUP RINGS WITH TRIVIAL UNITS
Authors: CHIN A. Y. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLet R be a ring with identity of characteristic two and G a nontrivial torsion group. We show that if the units in the group ring
$RG$
are all trivial, then G must be cyclic of order two or three. We also consider the case where R is a commutative ring with identity of odd prime characteristic and G is a nontrivial locally finite group. We show that in this case, if the units in
$RG$
are all trivial, then G must be cyclic of order two. These results improve on a result of Herman et al. [‘Trivial units for group rings with G-adapted coefficient rings’, Canad. Math. Bull.48(1) (2005), 80–89].
U-shaped association between dietary calcium density intake during adolescence and hypertension in adulthood: a 20-year longitudinal nationwide study in China
Authors: Sun Xiaomin , Shi Zumin , Li Yixuan , Xin Bao , Li Xi , Wang Youfa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe assessed longitudinal association between calcium intake during adolescence and hypertension in adulthood. Longitudinal study data of 1611 participants from the China Health and Nutrition Survey during 1991–2011 were used. On average they were followed for 11·4 years. Dietary calcium intake during adolescence was assessed based on three 24-hour dietary recalls collected in each visit/survey between 1991 and 2009 (seven waves). The intake was recoded into quartiles. Cumulative mean±SD calcium intake was 199·9±144·8 mg/1000 kcal/day during adolescence. In total 102 participants had hypertension in adulthood (97 men and 5 women). There was a clear U-shaped association between adolescence calcium intake quartiles and adulthood hypertension: across the quartiles, hypertension prevalence was 6·7%, 4·0%, 5·2% and 9·5%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders including weight status and dietary pattern, odds ratios (OR, 95% CI) for hypertension were 2·32 (95% CI 1·07–5·00) for lowest quartile, 1·00 (reference), 1·34 (95% CI 0·61–2·97), and 3·10 (95% CI 1·49–6·46) across the quartiles. Lower or higher calcium intake during adolescence was associated with hypertension in adulthood independent of weight status and dietary pattern.
Using major depression polygenic risk scores to explore the depressive symptom continuum
Authors: Jermy Bradley S. , Hagenaars Saskia P. , Glanville Kylie P. , Coleman Jonathan R. I. , Howard David M. , Breen Gerome , Vassos Evangelos , Lewis Cathryn M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMajor depression (MD) is often characterised as a categorical disorder; however, observational studies comparing sub-threshold and clinical depression suggest MD is continuous. Many of these studies do not explore the full continuum and are yet to consider genetics as a risk factor. This study sought to understand if polygenic risk for MD could provide insight into the continuous nature of depression.MethodsFactor analysis on symptom-level data from the UK Biobank (N= 148 957) was used to derive continuous depression phenotypes which were tested for association with polygenic risk scores (PRS) for a categorical definition of MD (N= 119 692).ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis showed a five-factor hierarchical model, incorporating 15 of the original 18 items taken from the PHQ-9, GAD-7 and subjective well-being questionnaires, produced good fit to the observed covariance matrix (CFI = 0.992, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.038, SRMR = 0.031). MD PRS associated with each factor score (standardisedβrange: 0.057–0.064) and the association remained when the sample was stratified into case- and control-only subsets. The case-only subset had an increased association compared to controls for all factors, shown via a significant interaction between lifetime MD diagnosis and MD PRS (pvalue range: 2.23 × 10−3–3.94 × 10−7).ConclusionsAn association between MD PRS and a continuous phenotype of depressive symptoms in case- and control-only subsets provides support against a purely categorical phenotype; indicating further insights into MD can be obtained when this within-group variation is considered. The stronger association within cases suggests this variation may be of particular importance.
Perfect matchings, rank of connection tensors and graph homomorphisms
Authors: Cai Jin-Yi , Govorov Artem 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe develop a theory of graph algebras over general fields. This is modelled after the theory developed by Freedman et al. (2007, J. Amer. Math. Soc.20 37–51) for connection matrices, in the study of graph homomorphism functions over real edge weight and positive vertex weight. We introduce connection tensors for graph properties. This notion naturally generalizes the concept of connection matrices. It is shown that counting perfect matchings, and a host of other graph properties naturally defined as Holant problems (edge models), cannot be expressed by graph homomorphism functions with both complex vertex and edge weights (or even from more general fields). Our necessary and sufficient condition in terms of connection tensors is a simple exponential rank bound. It shows that positive semidefiniteness is not needed in the more general setting.
Kawasaki disease shock syndrome in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Gámez-González Luisa B. , Ramírez-López Moises J. , Colmenero-Rascón Marcela , Yamazaki-Nakashimada Marco A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is a new entity in association with SARS-CoV2. Clinical features of Kawasaki disease were noted from the first reported cases of MIS-C. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Kawasaki disease shock syndrome was considered to be a distinct and unique form of KD. We present a representative case that prove the current difficulty in clearly distinguishing MIS-C from pre-COVID-19-KDSS and emphasie the overlap of the diagnostic criteria.
Multiple emotions, multiple selves: compassion focused therapy chairwork
Authors: Bell Tobyn , Montague Jane , Elander James , Gilbert Paul 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Compassion focused therapy (CFT) is rooted in an evolutionary view of the human mind as formed of a multitude of contrasting, and often conflicting, motivations, emotions and competencies. A core aim of the therapy is to help clients understand the nature of their mind in a way that is de-pathologizing and de-shaming. The approach is also focused on the cultivation of compassion to work with these difficult aspects of mind. CFT includes the ‘multiple-selves’ intervention which involves the differentiation of threat-based emotion and an exploration of their conflict. Compassion is then applied to the client’s affective world to aid regulation and integration. This paper focuses on clients’ experiences of a chairwork version of multiple-selves, wherein clients personify their emotions in separate chairs. Nine participants with depression were interviewed directly following the intervention and the resulting data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three interconnecting themes were identified: appreciating emotional complexity; the role of chairwork process; and compassionate integration. The results highlight the importance of emotional differentiation in understanding internal multiplicity and conflict in depression, and the role of compassion in creating a sense of personal coherence. The embodied and enactive nature of chairwork was found to be of benefit in identifying and separating emotion, and in developing new forms of self-relating. The paper discusses the clinical implications of such findings for the treatment of depression.

Key learning aims
As a result of reading this paper, readers should:

(1)
Learn about the ‘multiple-selves’ framework for working with threat emotions.

(2)
Appreciate the complexity of emotions in depression.

(3)
Understand how chairwork processes can be used to access, differentiate and address emotional material.

(4)
Develop insight into how compassion can be used to regulate emotions and integrate aversive experiences.
On prisoners, family life and collective punishment: The Namnam case
Authors: Ronen Yaël 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article examines the 2019 decision by the Supreme Court of Israel (the Court) in the Namnam case, upholding a ban on family visits to Gaza prisoners incarcerated in Israel and affiliated with Hamas.1 This ban was adopted as part of Israel's attempt to pressure Hamas into an exchange of Palestinian detainees and prisoners against missing Israeli civilians and the bodies of Israeli soldiers, apparently being held by Hamas in Gaza. The Court examined the measure primarily in light of Israeli administrative law, and held that it had no grounds to intervene. It held that an analysis under international law would have yielded the same result.This article examines the decision of the Court in light of the applicable international law. It considers the Court's decision in terms of the permissible restrictions on the right to family life and draws on the Court's reasoning for an in-depth analysis of various unarticulated aspects of the prohibition on collective punishment. The article concludes that an international human rights law analysis might have led to a different outcome, and that had the Court applied the prohibition on collective punishment properly, it would have had to declare the measure unlawful. The article then places the decision in the broader context of the Court's engagement with international law in disputes relating to Palestinians residing in the West Bank and Gaza.
Low Frequency ULF Waves in the Earth's Inner Magnetosphere: Statistics During Coronal Mass Ejections and Seeding of EMIC Waves
Authors: Gamayunov Konstantin V. , Engebretson Mark J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHere we perform a statistical analysis of low frequency ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) waves ( mHz ‐ Hz) in the Earth's inner magnetosphere excluding electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves concurrently observed. We use the magnetic field data from the two Van Allen Probes during their first magnetic local time (MLT) revolution that cover the periods of coronal mass ejections. The major results of our analysis are as follows. (a) Spectra of both the transverse and compressional ULF waves are well approximated by the power‐laws in the mHz ‐ Hz frequency range. (b) There are two sources of the low frequency ULF waves: an internal magnetospheric source and an external source outside of the magnetosphere. (c) The average transverse power in the 6–24 h MLT sector dominates that in the 0–6 h sector, whereas the compressional power in the 12–24 h sector dominates that in the 0–12 h sector. (d) The average powers of transverse and compressional ULF waves in the plasmasphere dominate the average powers in the high L shell region of , and there is a deep power minimum in the intermediary region of . (e) The compressional ULF wave power has a maximum in the near equatorial region, whereas the transverse power has a minimum there. (f) A wave energy cascade from low frequency ULF waves into the higher frequency range of EMIC waves ( Hz) supplies the nonthermal seed fluctuations from which EMIC waves can then grow due to instabilities of the energetic magnetospheric ions.
Downscaling Snow Deposition Using Historic Snow Depth Patterns: Diagnosing Limitations From Snowfall Biases, Winter Snow Losses, and Interannual Snow Pattern Repeatability
Authors: Pflug J. M. , Hughes M. , Lundquist J. D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRepeatable snow depth patterns have been identified in many regions between years with similar meteorological characteristics. This suggests that snow patterns from previous years could adjust snow deposition in space as a substitution for unmodeled snow processes. Here, we tested a pattern‐based snow deposition downscaling routine which assumes (a) a spatially consistent relationship between snow deposition and snow depth, (b) interannually repeatable snow patterns, and (c) unbiased mean snowfall. We investigated these assumptions, and future avenues for improvement, in water‐year 2014 over the California Tuolumne River Watershed. 6 km snowfall from an atmospheric model was downscaled to 25 m resolution using snow depth patterns from seven different years, and was compared to a more common terrain‐based downscaling method. Snow depth patterns were influenced not only by snow accumulation, but also snowmelt, snow sublimation, and snow density, resulting in pattern‐based snow deposition downscaling that was too spatially heterogeneous. However, snow depth simulated using terrain‐based downscaling was too spatially homogeneous, and less spatially correlated with observations (r = 0.27), than simulations with pattern‐based downscaling using snow depth patterns from the simulation season (r = 0.76), or from a different year (r = 0.52). Overall, modeled snow depth errors at peak‐snowpack timing were driven more by atmospheric model snowfall biases than different downscaling methods. In order of most‐ to least‐importance, future research should focus on bias‐correcting coarse‐scale snowfall estimates, correcting snow deposition patterns for winter snow losses and snow density spatial variability, and identifying the historic periods of most‐similar snow accumulation.
A Multi‐Inventory Ensemble Analysis of the Effects of Atmospheric Rivers on Precipitation and Streamflow in the Namgang‐Dam Basin in Korea
Authors: Ryu Young , Moon Hyejin , Kim Jinwon , Kim Tae‐Jun , Boo Kyung‐On , Guan Bin , Kamae Yoichi , Mei Wei , Park Chanil , Son Seok‐Woo , Byun Young‐Hwa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are an important concern in regional water management; however, little is known about the AR impacts on hydrology in East Asia (EA). This study analyzes the characteristics of storms, precipitation (P), streamflow (Q), and runoff coefficient (R) in the Namgang‐dam basin in Korea related to ARs for 2000–2013, as well as the sensitivity of the analysis results to AR detection methods, using observed P, Q, and three different AR inventories. The basin experiences 37.3 storms annually, of which 54% are AR storms that provide over 60% of the annual P and Q. The AR (non‐AR) storms are dominant in storm frequency and the storm‐total P and Q for January–July (August–December) with peaks in July (August). The monthly AR frequency varies closely with the seasonal variations in the EA monsoon and the North Pacific storm track which modulate the number of extratropical cyclones. The AR storms produce most of the extreme events; they also generate larger storm‐mean P and Q than the non‐AR storms for all months. The seasonal variations in R are related to the total (AR‐ and non‐AR storms combined) P through the seasonal soil water variations, making the AR effects on R unclear. Considering 95% confidence intervals, the AR storms are distinguished well from the non‐AR storms in storm frequency and the storm‐total and storm‐mean P and Q. The sensitivity to AR inventories is not critical in quantifying the AR‐storm characteristics and their impacts on hydrologic variables except for R.