bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential and scientific requirements of optical clock networks for validating satellite-derived time-variable gravity data
Authors: Schröder Stefan , Stellmer Simon , Kusche Jürgen 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE-FO missions have provided an unprecedented quantification of large-scale changes in the water cycle. However, it is still an open problem of how these missions’ data can be referenced to a ground truth. Meanwhile, stationary optical clocks show fractional instabilities below 10−18 when averaged over an hour, and continue to be improved in terms of stability and accuracy, uptime and transportability. The frequency of a clock is affected by the gravitational redshift, and thus depends on the local geopotential; a relative frequency change of 10−18 corresponds to a geoid height change of about 1 cm. Here we suggest that this effect could be exploited for sensing large-scale temporal geopotential changes via a network of clocks distributed at the Earth’s surface. In fact, several projects have already proposed to create an ensemble of optical clocks connected across Europe via optical fibre links. Our hypothesis is that a clock network with collocated GNSS receivers spread over Europe—for which the physical infrastructure is already partly in place—would enable us to determine temporal variations of the Earth’s gravity field at timescales of days and beyond, and thus provide a new means for validating satellite missions such as GRACE-FO or a future gravity mission. Here, we show through simulations how glacial, hydrological and atmospheric variations over Europe could be observed with clock comparisons in a future network that follows current design concepts in the metrology community. We assume different scenarios for clock and GNSS uncertainties and find that even under conservative assumptions—a clock error of 10−18 and vertical height control error of 1.4 mm for daily measurements—hydrological signals at the annual timescale and atmospheric signals down to the weekly timescale could be observed.
MCOLN1 gene therapy corrects neurologic dysfunction in the mouse model of mucolipidosis IV
Authors: DeRosa Samantha , Salani Monica , Smith Sierra , Sangster Madison , Miller-Browne Victoria , Wassmer Sarah , Xiao Ru , Vandenberghe Luk , Slaugenhaupt Susan , Misko Albert , Grishchuk Yulia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an orphan disease leading to debilitating psychomotor deficits and vision loss. It is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the MCOLN1 gene that encodes the lysosomal transient receptor potential channel mucolipin1, or TRPML1. With no existing therapy, the unmet need in this disease is very high. Here, we showed that AAV-mediated CNS-targeted gene transfer of the human MCOLN1 gene rescued motor function and alleviated brain pathology in the MLIV mouse model. Using the AAV-PHP.b vector in symptomatic mice, we showed long-term reversal of declined motor function and significant delay of paralysis. Next, using self-complementary AAV9 clinical candidate vector, we showed that its intracerebroventricular administration in post-natal day 1 mice significantly improved motor function, myelination and reduced lysosomal storage load in the MLIV mouse brain. Based on our data and general advancements in the gene therapy field, we propose scAAV9-mediated CSF-targeted MCOLN1 gene transfer as a therapeutic strategy in MLIV.
In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting is semi-skeletonization superior to pedicled harvesting of the left internal mammary artery?
Authors: Maskell Perry , Berks Madhavi , Vibhishanan Jonathan , Harky Amer 
Published: April 2021

Summary
A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was, ‘in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting is semi-skeletonized harvesting superior to pedicled harvesting of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) in terms of conduit length, flow, rate of sternal wound infections and post-operative bleeding?’. Altogether, 235 papers were found using the reported search, of which 5 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. Three studies were cohort studies and 2 were randomized controlled trials. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. One randomized controlled trial showed superiority with semi-skeletonized harvesting in terms of conduit length (P &lt; 0.001), flow (P = 0.004) and diastolic filling (P = 0.005). Three studies included data on surgical wound infections/mediastinitis, all of which reported n = 0. One randomized controlled trial and 3 cohort studies reported that semi-skeletonized harvesting reduced postoperative bleeding. No studies reported a statistically significant difference in operative time. This review suggests that semi-skeletonized harvesting could possibly be associated with favourable outcomes when compared to pedicled harvesting with respect to graft length and flow, and lower postoperative bleeding, without increasing operative time; although there is insufficient data to compare sternal wound infections or long-term outcomes. In conclusion, the limited evidence base prevents robust informed decision-making when comparing both techniques.
Signal Versus Noise: How to Analyze the Microbiome and Make Progress on Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Golob Jonathan L , Rao Krishna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide medical challenge [1], so impactful that vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have entered the common vernacular. We have attempted to reduce the selective pressure through antimicrobial stewardship, curtail the spread by identifying and isolating carriers and individuals with symptomatic infection, and treat antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs) by developing novel antimicrobials. Despite these extraordinary measures, the challenge of AROs continues to grow. The gut microbiome, the ecosystem of microbes (ie, the microbiota) and metabolites present upon and within all humans, is an emerging target for both the risk for colonization and defense against infection with AROs. Here, informed from experiences and successes with understanding the role of the microbiome in mediating risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), we (1) review our understanding of the risk from ARO acquisition; (2) review our current understanding of the gut microbiome’s ability to resist colonization with AROs; (3) describe how experimental model systems can test these initial, global insights to arrive at more granular, mechanistic ones; and (4) suggest a path forward to make further progress in the field.
Neutrophil-Derived Tumor Necrosis Factor Drives Fungal Acute Lung Injury in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Cagnina R Elaine , Michels Kathryn R , Bettina Alexandra M , Burdick Marie D , Scindia Yogesh , Zhang Zhimin , Braciale Thomas J , Mehrad Borna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) results from deficiency of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) oxidase and impaired reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This leads to impaired killing of Aspergillus and, independently, a pathologic hyperinflammatory response to the organism. We hypothesized that neutrophil-derived ROS inhibit the inflammatory response to Aspergillus and that acute lung injury in CGD is due to failure of this regulation. Mice with gp91phox deficiency, the most common CGD mutation, had more severe lung injury, increased neutrophilinfiltration, and increased lung tumor necrosis factor (TNF) after Aspergillus challenge compared with wild-types. Neutrophils were surprisingly the predominant source of TNF in gp91phox-deficient lungs. TNF neutralization inhibited neutrophil recruitment in gp91phox-deficient mice and protected from lung injury. We propose that, in normal hosts, Aspergillus stimulates TNF-dependent neutrophil recruitment to the lungs and neutrophil-derived ROS limit inflammation. In CGD, in contrast, recruited neutrophils are the dominant source of TNF, promoting further neutrophil recruitment in a pathologic positive-feedback cycle, resulting in progressive lung injury.
Conservation of the endangered blue land crab Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville & Guérin, 1828 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae) in Brazil: optimal habitats and environmental factors
Authors: Novais Wendel R R , Carvalho Fabrício L , Couto Erminda C G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville & Guérin, 1828, the blue land crab, is a marine semi-terrestrial crab that builds burrows in different habitats along estuaries, an ecosystem severely modified and fundamental to this endangered species in Brazil. The presence of adequate habitats and physical, chemical, and biological conditions often determine the spatial distribution of populations. We aimed to characterize the most relevant environmental conditions among the main environments present in southern Bahia state, Brazil, and evaluate their influence on the spatial distributions of C. guanhumi to define which habitats are most critical for the conservation of the species. Our results showed that there is no relationship between spatial distributions and any particular habitat, but instead to the physical and other environmental parameters studied. Low-elevation areas along the river shore, shading, a supply of leaf litter, and bare sandy substrate are highlighted as priority for the conservation of C. guanhumi. These physical factors limit the distribution of juveniles, which form dense groups on river shores without significant differences between habitats. The preservation of the native forest and restinga shrubs that border rivers appear as fundamental for the conservation of the species.
Physiological stress and recovery kinetics in trawl escapees of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana, 1850 (Euphausiacea)
Authors: Krag Ludvig A , Krafft Bjørn A , Herrmann Bent , Skov Peter V 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When caught in a trawl, some individuals interacting with the fishing gear may escape, but such interactions may lead to physiological trauma that causes direct delayed mortality and/or increased vulnerability to predation. Understanding fishery-induced stress levels and the recovery period of escapees is therefore crucial for predicting total fishing-induced mortality. Hemolymph lactate concentration is commonly used as an index of physiological stress in many crustacean species, and the clearing time of lactate back to normal levels indicates the ability to recover from stress. We measured the hemolymph lactate concentration in three groups of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superbaDana, 1850): Group 1, trawl escapees collected during fishing; Group 2, specimens subjected to simulated mesh penetration; and Group 3, an onboard acclimated control group. Individuals that had escaped the trawl during fishing had the highest concentrations of hemolymph lactate (mean &gt; 6 mmol–l). Exposure to mesh penetration was in itself not stressful, as hemolymph lactate concentrations did not differ significantly between Group 2 and the control Group (mean 0.8 mmol–lversus 0.7 mmol–l, respectively). Additional stress factors during the capture and handling process likely added to the elevated lactate levels observed in Group 1. For the trawl escapees, the lactate clearance time during stress recovery was modeled as a function of exponential decay. Hemolymph lactate levels did not differ significantly among the three groups after 200 min, which suggested that Antarctic krill recovered from fishery-induced stress within this time period.
Electron transfer in LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 during charging studied with soft X-ray spectrometry
Authors: Okamoto Ryosuke , Terauchi Masami 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis is the first report on analyzing the chemical state of Li-ion battery electrodes at different states of charge by using a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer, which has a two-order improved energy resolution in the soft X-ray energy region compared with that of a conventional energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Electrodes containing LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 were charged to prepare Li0.5Mn1.5Ni0.5O4 and λ-Mn0.75Ni0.25O2. The soft X-ray emission spectra obtained from those materials show that the O-K emission signal was drastically decreased throughout the charging process. This suggests that O-2p electron contributed to the electrochemical oxidation. The density of states and Bader charge evaluated from ab initio calculation support this result.
Belonging through Higher Education: The Case of Syrian Youth in Turkey
Authors: Dereli Begüm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article uses a refugee centred approach to explore experiences of belonging through higher education. It is based on fieldwork conducted during the fall of 2019 in Gaziantep, Turkey. This article aims to understand the factors that form refugees’ sense of belonging and the degree to which the contextualized experiences of refugee youths influence their sense of belonging in the university. Interviews with participants suggest that various autobiographical, relational, cultural, and legal factors can foster in refugees a sense of belonging through campus experiences. At the same time, some participants indicated adverse experiences and a weaker sense of belonging due to the same factors. The university campus offers them relatively equal status as local students in a home-like, comparatively diverse, and welcoming place where their interactions with locals and peers increase. For some participants, their student identity facilitates their belongingness beyond the borders of the campus by empowering them. For others, university is another space where they experience a feeling of otherness. The results suggest that their experiences of belonging are relative, complex, and multidimensional.
Resilience, reliability and gas to power systems in the USA: an energy policy outlook in the era of decarbonization
Authors: Oyewunmi Tade 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article examines the requirements of resilience and reliability for gas to power systems planning in an era of decarbonization. It recongizes that energy transitions and decarbonization portend an increasing competition between various traditional and emerging net-zero, carbon neutral and low-carbon energy sources and technologies. Likewise, energy policy development has traditionally focused on the dimensions of affordability, sustainability, cost-efficiency through viable markets and security of supply. Recent disruptive events that may or may not be attributable to climate change have tested the resiliency of energy networks. Thus, energy policy and planning now require a more comprehensive outlook that includes the dimension of resilience. Also, there is the need to prevent or effectively manage the aftermath of disruptive events, rather than a piecemeal focus on hardening infrastructure against one or more issues such as cyber-security and functionality of energy networks in adverse conditions. This article discusses resilience and reliability as key dimensions of US energy policy from a public choice law and economics purview. It builds on the premise that politicians, administrative agencies and other stakeholders in the energy sector can be irrational and therefore unable to identify and implement the policy package that is in the public interest if not properly guided. It considers the role of investments in resilience and systems planning. It also underscores the need for developing a more efficient framework that would enable relevant stakeholders to avoid the risk of opportunity cost neglect, informational gaps and fragmented institutional coordination that could escalate the social, health, safety and economic impacts of future disruptive events such as the February 2021 winter storm Uri that tested the resilience of energy supply infrastructure in the US.
Galaxy-lens determination of H0: the effect of the ellipse + shear modelling assumption
Authors: Gomer Matthew R , Williams Liliya L R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Galaxy lenses are frequently modelled as an elliptical mass distribution with external shear and isothermal spheres to account for secondary and line-of-sight galaxies. There is statistical evidence that some fraction of observed quads are inconsistent with these assumptions, and require a dipole-like contribution to the mass with respect to the light. Simplifying assumptions about the shape of mass distributions can lead to the incorrect recovery of parameters such as H0. We create several tests of synthetic quad populations with different deviations from an elliptical shape, then fit them with an ellipse + shear model, and measure the recovered values of H0. Kinematic constraints are not included. We perform two types of fittings – one with a single point source and one with an array of sources emulating an extended source. We carry out two model-free comparisons between our mock quads and the observed population. One result of these comparisons is a statistical inconsistency not yet mentioned in the literature: the image distance ratios with respect to the lens centre of observed quads appear to span a much wider range than those of synthetic or simulated quads. Bearing this discrepancy in mind, our mock populations can result in biases on H0$\sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$.
Imprints of the secondary interstellar hydrogen atoms at 1 au
Authors: Katushkina O A , Baliukin I I , Izmodenov V V , Alexashov D B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we search for the possible imprints of the secondary interstellar hydrogen atoms created at the heliospheric boundary in the full-sky maps of the hydrogen fluxes at the Earth orbit. By using our three-dimensional time-dependent kinetic model, the maps of the hydrogen fluxes are calculated for different phases of the solar cycle and different energy ranges. It is shown that the flux maps obtained during the solar minimum conditions for the energy range 1–20 eV have specific features such as blobs and tails, which are pronounced due to a signal of the secondary component of the interstellar atoms. We investigate how these features depend on parameters of the secondary atoms far away from the Sun and found that the geometry and shape of the tails depend on the averaged velocity and kinetic temperatures of the secondary population. The results of the paper provide a strategy where and when we need to look in order to detect the secondary component of the interstellar hydrogen separately from the primary component at 1 au. This can be important for future space missions devoted to the exploration of the heliospheric boundary.
Migration through a Major Andean Ecogeographic Disruption as a Driver of Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity in a Wild Tomato Species
Authors: Landis Jacob B , Miller Christopher M , Broz Amanda K , Bennett Alexandra A , Carrasquilla-Garcia Noelia , Cook Douglas R , Last Robert L , Bedinger Patricia A , Moghe Gaurav D 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEvolutionary dynamics at the population level play a central role in creating the diversity of life on our planet. In this study, we sought to understand the origins of such population-level variation in mating systems and defensive acylsugar chemistry in Solanum habrochaites—a wild tomato species found in diverse Andean habitats in Ecuador and Peru. Using Restriction-site-Associated-DNA-Sequencing (RAD-seq) of 50 S. habrochaites accessions, we identified eight population clusters generated via isolation and hybridization dynamics of 4–6 ancestral populations. Detailed characterization of mating systems of these clusters revealed emergence of multiple self-compatible (SC) groups from progenitor self-incompatible populations in the northern part of the species range. Emergence of these SC groups was also associated with fixation of deleterious alleles inactivating acylsugar acetylation. The Amotape-Huancabamba Zone—a geographical landmark in the Andes with high endemism and isolated microhabitats—was identified as a major driver of differentiation in the northern species range, whereas large geographical distances contributed to population structure and evolution of a novel SC group in the central and southern parts of the range, where the species was also inferred to have originated. Findings presented here highlight the role of the diverse ecogeography of Peru and Ecuador in generating population differentiation, and enhance our understanding of the microevolutionary processes that create biological diversity.
A numerical study of observational systematic errors in lensing analysis of CMB polarization
Authors: Nagata Ryo , Namikawa Toshiya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Impacts of observational systematic errors on the lensing analysis of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization are investigated by numerical simulations. We model errors of gain, angle, and pointing in observation of the CMB polarization and simulate polarization fields modulated by the errors. We discuss the response of systematics-induced $B$-modes to amplitude and spatial scale of the imposed errors and show that the results of the lensing reconstruction and delensing analysis behave according to it. It is observed that error levels expected in the near future lead to no significant degradation in delensing efficiency.
Feasibility of an experimental search for a resonance of a pion and a light nucleus
Authors: Fujioka Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A hypothesis is proposed herein, suggesting that a pion-nuclear resonance may be observed in the $\alpha+d\to{}^6\mathrm{Li}(3.563)+\pi^0$ reaction. The resonance has a $\pi NN\alpha$ structure, containing $\alpha NN$ and $\pi NN$ subsystems. The former corresponds to the $A=6$ isotriplet $^6\mathrm{He}_\text{g.s.}$, $^6\mathrm{Li}(3.563)$, $^6\mathrm{Be}_\text{g.s.}$, whereas the latter is a hypothetical $NN$-decoupled dibaryon. We propose an experiment to search for this resonance using the $^7\mathrm{Li}(p,d)$ reaction.