bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of post-prandial delay periods on ad libitum consumption of a laboratory breakfast meal
Authors: Palmer Blake , Irwin Chris , McCartney Danielle , Cox Gregory R. , Desbrow Ben 
Published: May 2021

This study examined the impact of varying the holding time following an ad libitum laboratory breakfast on acute dietary behaviour and subsequent intake. Twenty-four participants (20 females (age: 23.4 ± 6.3 years; body mass index: 23.9 ± 3.9 kg·m–2, mean ± SD)) completed 3 trials following a quasi-randomised, crossover design. Each trial (7-day separation) incorporated a defined post-prandial delay (DPD) period of either zero (no delay), 1 or 3 hours following a buffet breakfast consumed over 30 minutes. Dietary intake outcomes included energy, macronutrient and core food group intakes. On completion of the DPD period, participants left the laboratory and recorded all food/beverages consumed for the remainder of the day. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA assessed all outcomes, with post hoc analysis conducted on significant main effects. Energy and carbohydrate intakes were significantly lower on no delay vs. 1-hour (p = 0.014) and 3-hour (p = 0.06) DPD trials (energy intake: 1853 ± 814 kJ vs. 2250 ± 1345 kJ vs. 1948 ± 1289 kJ; carbohydrates: 68 ± 34 g vs. 77 ± 44 vs. 69 ± 43 g; respectively). DPD periods did not influence the time to consume next meal or energy, macronutrient and core food group intakes for the remainder of the day. Delaying participants from leaving a laboratory alters dietary intake at an ad libitum test meal. The post-meal holding period is an important methodological consideration when planning laboratory studies to assess appetite. Novelty: Delaying participants from leaving a laboratory alters dietary intake at ad libitum breakfast meals. The length of the delay period did not affect dietary intake at ad libitum breakfast meals.
Measurements of electron impact K-shell ionization cross sections of Cr21+ ions
Authors: Vogel David , Beiersdorfer Peter , Wong Keith , Zasadzinski Ron , Gu Ming Feng 
Published: May 2021

We present relative cross section measurements of the inner-shell ionization of highly charged chromium ions by high-energy (7–30 keV) electrons. The measurements use a technique based on high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy, which correlates ionization events with Kα decay X-rays. Moreover, the measurements show that inner-shell ionization only affects the strength of the heliumlike 1s2s 3S1 → 1s2 1S0 forbidden line. The cross sections inferred for Li-like Cr21+ agree well with distorted wave calculations.
Biotic and stable-isotope characterization of the Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event through a carbonate–clastic sequence from Somerset, UK
Authors: Boomer Ian , Copestake Philip , Page Kevin , Huxtable John , Loy Tony , Bown Paul , Dunkley Jones Tom , O'Callaghan Matt , Hawkes Sarah , Halfacree David , Reay Henry , Caughtry Natalie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study focuses on a condensed sequence of alternating carbonate–clastic sediments of the Barrington Member, Beacon Limestone Formation (latest Pliensbachian to early Toarcian) from Somerset (SW England). Abundant ammonites confirm (apart from the absence of the Clevelandicum and Tenuicostatum ammonite subchronozones) the presence of Hawskerense Subchronozone to Fallaciosum–Bingmanni subchronozones. Well-preserved, sometimes diverse assemblages of ostracods, foraminifera, nannofossils and low-diversity dinoflagellate assemblages support the chronostratigraphic framework. Stable-isotope analyses demonstrate the presence of a carbon isotope excursion, relating to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, within the early Toarcian. Faunal, geochemical and sedimentological evidence suggest that deposition largely took place in a relatively deep-water (subwave base), mid-outer shelf environment under a well-mixed water column. However, reduced benthic diversity, the presence of weakly laminated sediments and changes in microplankton assemblage composition within the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event indicates dysoxic, but probably never anoxic, bottom-water conditions during this event. The onset of the carbon isotope excursion coincides with extinction in the nannofossils and benthos, including the disappearance of the ostracod suborder Metacopina. Faunal evidence indicates connectivity with the Mediterranean region, not previously recorded for the UK during the early Toarcian.
Research on Permanent Magnet-Type Super-Low-Frequency Mechanical Antenna Communication
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Zhang Wenhou , Zhou Xin , Cao Zhenxin , Quan Xin 
Published: May 2021

In the super-low-frequency (

30
∼
300
Hz

) band communication, the traditional antenna covers a large area and has low radiation efficiency. The excitation of electromagnetic waves by the mechanical motion of permanent magnets enables miniaturized technology for super-low-frequency communication. For this miniaturization technique, this paper proposes a super-low-frequency communication architecture framework. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of each unit module in the structural framework are carried out to achieve high-quality communication. For the radiation unit, permanent magnet parameters and communication distances are introduced to establish a rotating permanent magnet radiation power analysis model and to study the radiation characteristics of rotating permanent magnets. For the receiver unit, a sensitivity normalization characterization method based on the ratio of the coil thermal noise voltage to the induced voltage is proposed. Based on the sensitivity analysis model, a square coil was developed that meets the communication requirements of a mechanical antenna and an experimental platform was built. Experiments are conducted on the factors affecting radiated power and coil sensitivity, and 2FSK signal modulation communication experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility of the communication structure framework. The volume of the mechanical antenna permanent magnets in the experiment is all below 10 cm3, and the operating frequency is continuously adjustable from 0 to 250 Hz. The experimental results show that the near-field radiated power of a rotating permanent magnet is proportional to square of the volume of the rotating permanent magnet; the sensitivity of the coil is proportional to the number of turns and the area of the coil. By controlling the speed in real time, you can control the frequency of the signal and modulate it.
Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Intracranial Dolichoectasia in Individuals With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Del Brutto Victor J. , Gutierrez Jose , Goryawala Mohammed Z. , Sacco Ralph L. , Rundek Tatjana , Romano Jose G. 
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose:
Acute ischemic stroke is a known complication of intracranial dolichoectasia (IDE). However, the frequency of IDE causing brain infarction is unknown. We aim to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of IDE in acute ischemic stroke by employing an objective IDE definition for major intracranial arteries of the anterior and posterior circulation.

Methods:
Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to a tertiary-care hospital during a 4-month period were analyzed. Intracranial arterial diameter, length, and tortuosity were determined by semiautomatic vessel segmentation and considered abnormal if ≥2 SDs from the study population mean. Either ectasia (increased diameter) or dolichosis (increased length or tortuosity) of at least one proximal intracranial artery defined IDE. Symptomatic IDE was considered when the infarct was located in the territory supplied by an affected artery in the absence of any alternative pathogenic explanation. Multivariate models were fitted to determine IDE clinical correlates.

Results:
Among 211 cases screened, 200 patients (mean age 67±14 years, 47.5% men) with available intracranial vessel imaging were included. IDE was identified in 24% cases (5% with isolated ectasia, 9.5% with isolated dolichosis, and 9.5% with both ectasia and dolichosis). IDE was considered the most likely pathogenic mechanism in 12 cases (6% of the entire cohort), which represented 23.5% of strokes initially categorized as undetermined cause. In addition, 21% of small-artery occlusion strokes had the infarct territory supplied by a dolichoectatic vessel (3% of the entire cohort). IDE was independently associated with male sex (odds ratio, 4.2 [95% CI, 1.7–10.6]) and its component of ectasia was associated with advanced age (odds ratio, 3.5 [95% CI, 1.3–9.5]). Vascular risk profile was similar across patients with stroke with and without IDE.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that IDE is an arteriopathy frequently found in patients with acute ischemic stroke and is likely responsible for a sizable fraction of strokes initially categorized as of undetermined cause and perhaps also in those with small-artery occlusion.
Prospective evolutionary drivers of allocare in wild belugas
Authors: Aubin Jaclyn A. , Michaud Robert , Vander Wal Eric 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Allocare, investment in offspring from non-parents, poses an evolutionary enigma. While the fitness trade-offs driving parental care are universal, alloparents may be driven by kin selection, reciprocation, the need to acquire parenting skills (‘learning-to-parent’), an indiscriminate attraction towards infants (‘natal attraction’), or a combination of multiple drivers. Among belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), allocare has been reported in wild and captive populations, but its underlying mechanisms remain untested. Using over 1800 focal observations, we quantified alloparental associations in St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE) belugas to determine whether the learning-to-parent and natal attraction hypotheses are consistent with patterns of allocare in this population. We found that subadults showed little interest in providing allocare and that alloparental investment remained constant across offspring age classes. As the observed patterns of allocare are inconsistent with both the learning-to-parent and natal attraction hypotheses, allocare in SLE belugas is likely driven by kin selection, reciprocation, or a combination thereof.
Perceiving Tempo in Incongruent Audiovisual Presentations of Human Motion: Evidence for a Visual Driving Effect
Authors: Wang Xinyue , Wöllner Clemens , Shi Zhuanghua 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Compared to vision, audition has been considered to be the dominant sensory modality for temporal processing. Nevertheless, recent research suggests the opposite, such that the apparent inferiority of visual information in tempo judgements might be due to the lack of ecological validity of experimental stimuli, and reliable visual movements may have the potential to alter the temporal location of perceived auditory inputs. To explore the role of audition and vision in overall time perception, audiovisual stimuli with various degrees of temporal congruence were developed in the current study. We investigated which sensory modality weighs more in holistic tempo judgements with conflicting audiovisual information, and whether biological motion (point-light displays of dancers) rather than auditory cues (rhythmic beats) dominate judgements of tempo. A bisection experiment found that participants relied more on visual tempo compared to auditory tempo in overall tempo judgements. For fast tempi (150 to 180 BPM), participants judged ‘fast’ significantly more often with visual cues regardless of the auditory tempo, whereas for slow tempi (60 to 90 BPM), they did so significantly less often. Our results support the notion that visual stimuli with higher ecological validity have the potential to drive up or down the holistic perception of tempo.
Microphysical Characteristics and Evolution of Seeded Orographic Clouds
Authors: Friedrich Katja , French Jeffrey R. , Tessendorf Sarah A. , Hatt Melinda , Weeks Courtney , Rauber Robert M. , Geerts Bart , Xue Lulin , Rasmussen Roy M. , Blestrud Derek R. , Kunkel Melvin L. , Dawson Nicholas , Parkinson Shaun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe spatial distribution and magnitude of snowfall resulting from cloud seeding with silver iodide (AgI) is closely linked to atmospheric conditions, seeding operations, and dynamical, thermodynamical, and microphysical processes. Here, microphysical processes leading to ice and snow production are analyzed in orographic clouds for three cloud-seeding events, each with light or no natural precipitation and well-defined, traceable seeding lines. Airborne and ground-based radar observations are linked to in situ cloud and precipitation measurements to determine the spatiotemporal evolution of ice initiation, particle growth, and snow fallout in seeded clouds. These processes and surface snow amounts are explored as particle plumes evolve from varying amounts of AgI released, and within changing environmental conditions, including changes in liquid water content (LWC) along and downwind of the seeding track, wind speed, and shear. More AgI did not necessarily produce more liquid equivalent snowfall (LESnow). The greatest amount of LESnow, largest area covered by snowfall, and highest peak snowfall produced through seeding occurred on the day with the largest and most widespread occurrence of supercooled drizzle, highest wind shear, and greater LWC along and downwind of the seeding track. The day with the least supercooled drizzle and the lowest LWC downwind of the seeding track produced the smallest amount of LESnow through seeding. The stronger the wind was, the farther away the snowfall occurred from the seeding track.
Beyond the mean: long-term variabilities in precipitation and temperature on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Guo Tong , Tang Yanhong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLong-term variabilities in daily precipitation and temperature are critical for assessing the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. We characterized intra- and interannual variabilities in daily precipitation and temperature obtained from 1960 to 2015 at 78 meteorological stations on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results show that 1) The intra-annual variability of daily precipitation increases for 55 meteorological stations with a rate of 0.08 mm per decade. In contrast, the intra-annual variability markedly decreases for daily mean, daytime mean, and nighttime mean temperatures with a rate of 0.09, 0.07, and 0.12 °C per decade, respectively at 90% or more of stations. 2) Variabilities of daily precipitation and temperatures are quite sensitive to high altitudes (> 3500 m). The intra- and interannual variabilities of daily precipitation significantly decrease at 1.0 and 0.07 mm per 1000 m, respectively. However, variations of high altitudes increase the intra- and interannual variabilities of daily mean temperature at 1.0 °C and 0.2 °C per 1000 m. Moreover, the interannual variability of nighttime mean temperature varies at 0.3 °C per 1000 m, the fastest rate among three temperature indices. 3) A larger mean annual precipitation is accompanied by a higher intra- and interannual variability of daily precipitation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; however, a higher mean annual temperature leads to lower variabilities of daily temperatures. This study illustrates that long-term climatic variability is understudied in alpine ecosystems characterized by high climatic sensitivity. Precipitation and temperature variabilities should be characterized to improve predictions of vulnerable ecosystems responding to climate change.
On using the finescale parameterization and Thorpe scales to estimate turbulence from glider data
Authors: Howatt Tara , Waterman Stephanie , Ross Tetjana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTurbulence plays a key role in many oceanic processes, but a shortage of turbulence observations impedes its exploration. Parameterizations of turbulence applied to readily-available CTD data can be useful in expanding our understanding of the space-time variability of turbulence. Typically tested and applied to shipboard data, these parameterizations have not been rigorously tested on data collected by underwater gliders, which show potential to observe turbulence in conditions that ships cannot. Using data from a 10-day glider survey in a coastal shelf environment, we compare estimates of turbulent dissipation from the finescale parameterization and Thorpe scale method to those estimated from microstructure observations collected on the same glider platform. We find that the finescale parameterization captures the magnitude and statistical distribution of dissipation, but cannot resolve spatiotemporal features in this relatively shallow water depth. In contrast, the Thorpe scale method more successfully characterizes the spatiotemporal distribution of turbulence; however, the magnitude of dissipation is overestimated, largely due to limitations on the detectable density overturn size imposed by the typical glider CTD sampling frequency of 0.5 Hz and CTD noise. Despite these limitations, turbulence parameterizations provide a viable opportunity to use CTD data collected by the multitude of gliders sampling the ocean to develop greater insight into the space-time variability of ocean turbulence and the role of turbulence in oceanic processes.
An Interpretable Denoising Layer for Neural Networks Based on Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space and its Application in Machine Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Zhao Baoxuan , Cheng Changming , Tu Guowei , Peng Zhike , He Qingbo , Meng Guang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDeep learning algorithms based on neural networks make remarkable achievements in machine fault diagnosis, while the noise mixed in measured signals harms the prediction accuracy of networks. Existing denoising methods in neural networks, such as using complex network architectures and introducing sparse techniques, always suffer from the difficulty of estimating hyperparameters and the lack of physical interpretability. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel interpretable denoising layer based on reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) as the first layer for standard neural networks, with the aim to combine the advantages of both traditional signal processing technology with physical interpretation and network modeling strategy with parameter adaption. By investigating the influencing mechanism of parameters on the regularization procedure in RKHS, the key parameter that dynamically controls the signal smoothness with low computational cost is selected as the only trainable parameter of the proposed layer. Besides, the forward and backward propagation algorithms of the designed layer are formulated to ensure that the selected parameter can be automatically updated together with other parameters in the neural network. Moreover, exponential and piecewise functions are introduced in the weight updating process to keep the trainable weight within a reasonable range and avoid the ill-conditioned problem. Experiment studies verify the effectiveness and compatibility of the proposed layer design method in intelligent fault diagnosis of machinery in noisy environments.
Immediate intravenous epinephrine versus early intravenous epinephrine for in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest
Authors: Bakhsh Abdullah , Safhi Maha , Alghamdi Ashwaq , Alharazi Amjad , Alshabibi Bedoor , Alobaidi Rajwa , Alnashri Maryam 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Intravenous epinephrine has been a key treatment in cardiopulmonary arrest since the early 1960s. The ideal timing for the first dose of epinephrinee is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the association of immediate epinephrine administration (within 1-min of recognition of cardiac arrest) with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) up to 24-h.

Methods
This was a multicenter retrospective analysis of patients who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We included the following patients: 1) ≥18 years-old, 2) non-shockable rhythms, 3) received intravenous epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 4) witnessed in-hospital arrest and 5) first resuscitation attempt (for patients requiring more than one resuscitation attempt). We excluded patients who suffered from traumatic arrest, were pregnant, had shockable rhythms, arrested in the operating room, with Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) order, and patient aged 17 years-old or less.

Results
A total of 360 patients were included in the analysis. Median age was 62 years old and median epinephrine administration time was two minutes. We found that immediate epinephrine administration (within 1-min) is associated with higher rates of ROSC up to 24-h (OR = 1.25, 95% CI; [1.01–1.56]), compared with early epinephrine (≥2-min) administration. After adjusting for confounding covariates, earlier administration of epinephrine predicted higher rates of ROSC sustained for up to 24-h (OR 1.33 95%CI [1.13–1.55]).

Conclusions
Immediate administration of epinephrine in conjunction with high-quality CPR is associated with higher rates of ROSC.
Interviewing children: the impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on children’s perceived psychological distress and changes in routine
Authors: Segre G. , Campi R. , Scarpellini F. , Clavenna A. , Zanetti M. , Cartabia M. , Bonati M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in governments implementing disease containment measures such as school closures, social distancing, and home quarantine.
To date, only a few studies have drawn attention to the psychological impact of lockdown on Italian children’s mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the psychological distress (anxiety and mood symptoms) and perceived changes in routine among Italian primary and middle school students during the COVID-19 quarantine.

Methods
This interview study was performed between the 18th of May and 7th of June 2020: it involved a sample of 82 children and adolescents living in Milan (Italy), attending primary and middle school (aged 6 to 14 years), and their parents.

Results
Almost 30 % of the subjects reported having struggled to adjust to home learning. 36 responders completely changed their dietary habits during the lockdown: they were not eating the same amount of food and were consuming more junk food. Sleep habits were also affected by the lockdown measures: 28 % of the sample had difficulties sleeping and wished to sleep in their parents’ bed. Concerning psychological distress, 64 (78 %) children and adolescents had anxiety symptoms; 43.9 % of the students reported significant mood symptoms.

Conclusions
Children are not indifferent to the dramatic impact of the COVID-19 epidemic: our data confirm their difficulties in adapting to the quarantine measures. The effects of stress exposure may not manifest later on during the children’s development, and, for this reason, it would be interesting to follow up on these participants to improve our understanding of how long these outcomes may last.