bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluctuating boundaries in a changing marine environment
Authors: Árnadóttir Snjólaug 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEnvironmental changes, such as sea level rise and coastal erosion, have an increasing impact on coastlines worldwide. Unilaterally declared maritime limits are generally determined by reference to coastlines and they are only binding insofar as they conform to the applicable law. Bilateral maritime boundaries are not equally affected by changing coastal geography because, once established, they are binding on parties to the arrangement under the pacta sunt servanda and res judicata principles. Maritime delimitation generally produces geographically stable boundaries. In principle, these remain fixed notwithstanding changes to the coastal geography that generates maritime entitlements or the ecosystems central to national interests. Indeed, stability and predictability are among the objectives of maritime delimitation. However, legal stability can be achieved without geographic stability and the requirement of predictability may be unattainable in a new world of environmental uncertainty. After all, baselines and derived outer limits fluctuate to reflect changing coastal geography and the same is true of bilateral boundaries, unless and until otherwise agreed. States have concluded boundary agreements that refer to fluctuating concepts, such as the equidistance line, instead of fixed co-ordinates. Furthermore, the International Court of Justice has left a segment of a maritime boundary to fluctuate until otherwise agreed and a Chamber of the Court has addressed the possibility of establishing a boundary by reference to a fluid oceano-biological boundary in the marine environment. This suggests that maritime boundaries can fluctuate if established by reference to sufficiently clear and relevant limits in the natural environment.
Law as an argumentative practice: On the pitfalls of confirmatory research, false necessities, and (Kantian) stupidity – Comments on Knut Traisbach
Authors: KRATOCHWIL FRIEDRICH 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe comment expands the logic of the critique of the ‘judicialisation’ in the global era and suggests that arguments in support of this development often engage in confirmatory research which weighs the ‘evidence’ in light of our wishes and political projects. The talk about ‘learning’ and ‘dialogue’ cannot sustain this form of judicial paternalism (at best) as an instantiation of emancipation or celebrate it as a victory for law by dispensing with politics. It is just a politics by other means. But in this politics some traditional remedies for insuring the accountability of the ‘rulers’ (or rule-handlers) have been weakened. The comment adds several critical observations about the practices of discourse, law, politics and judging which cannot camouflage the problem of power and its legitimisation. Thus we had better consider also a political alternative which relies on a variety of different institutional solutions where courts have to compete with other institutions without fixed hierarchies and where different sources of legitimacy stand in tension with each other.
Non-arbitrariness, rule of law and the ‘margin of appreciation’: Comments on Andreas Follesdal
Authors: PALOMBELLA GIANLUIGI 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCan citizens’ interest in non-domination be satisfied by the principle of legality and the guarantee of non-arbitrariness? This comment argues that the rule of law requires an internal organization of law that entails an additional positive law, through conventions, common law, judicial precedents or constitutions, which the sovereign cannot legally override. In the supranational context, the rule of law requires an equilibrium of consideration and respect between different legalities by avoiding a legal monopoly of a supreme authority and fostering the interaction among orders based on content-dependent reasons. The same applies to the relations between the ECtHR and member states. The margin of appreciation, taken as a reminder of the complexities of international institutional relationships, embodies a non-domination caveat to consider (the reasons from) the ‘normativities’ of different orders. Nonetheless, as an argumentative tool of the Court, it allows for an often-disputed discretion. Accordingly, better refined guidelines and justifications are required.
A Fast Non‐Local Means Filtering Method for Interferometric Phase Based on Wavelet Packet Transform
Authors: Yan Zhan , Yan Hang , Wang Tao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhase unwrapping is very important to acquire surface deformation using InSAR, unwrapping the interferometric phase directly is not appropriate because the phase is affected by various noises. Therefore, it is essential to apply a suitable filter to the interferometric phase before phase unwrapping. Although there are many filtering methods for noise, these methods cannot be used directly due to the particularity of interferometric phase noise and therefore it is important to do the corresponding domain transformation. Here, a fast non‐local means filtering method based on wavelet packet transform is proposed. Originally, wavelet packet transform is performed on the real part and the imaginary part respectively, which avoids the influence of phase jumps on the subsequent filtering. Furthermore, the fast non‐local means filtering can be applied to smooth the acquired wavelet packet coefficients. Eventually, inverse transform of the wavelet packet is used to reconstruct the phase after filtering. Compared with other filtering algorithms in simulated and actual Sentinel‐1 data, the superiority of this algorithm is proved.
Effects of Irrigation on Seasonal and Annual Temperature and Precipitation over China Simulated by the WRF Model
Authors: Liu Jian , Jin Jiming , Niu Guo‐Yue 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, we developed a realistic irrigation scheme in version 3.6 of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF3.6) with version 4 of the Community Land Model (CLM4) land surface scheme to investigate the effects of cropland irrigation on regional climate in China. Irrigation may occur throughout the year in most croplands with good thermal conditions to cultivate crops for more grain production, known as multiple cropping (MC). However, MC has been considered less in previous studies investigating the climatic effects of irrigation. In addition, the effects of cropland irrigation on seasonal climate in China have been less studied. The climatic effects of irrigation are assessed by comparing observations and model simulations with and without irrigation from 2001 through 2010. Results showed that the simulation with irrigation reduced mainly biases of land surface temperature (LST), surface air temperature (SAT), and precipitation over the irrigated areas. The simulation with irrigation also reproduced reliable annual irrigation water use and reasonable spatial distribution patterns of seasonal irrigation amounts. Both annual LST and SAT decreased 0.6 °C averaged over irrigated areas due to the irrigation‐induced cooling effect. Additionally, the decreased surface temperature in the spring led to a reduced land‐sea heat contrast that suppressed summer precipitation. The results indicated that a realistic irrigation scheme is important for accessing the climatic effects of irrigation. More broadly, including MC in the irrigation scheme may be useful for other assessments of the climatic effects of irrigation.
Intrinsic in-plane nodal chain and generalized quaternion charge protected nodal link in photonics
Authors: Wang Dongyang , Yang Biao , Guo Qinghua , Zhang Ruo-Yang , Xia Lingbo , Su Xiaoqiang , Chen Wen-Jie , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Shuang , Chan C. T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNodal lines are degeneracies formed by crossing bands in three-dimensional momentum space. Interestingly, these degenerate lines can chain together via touching points and manifest as nodal chains. These nodal chains are usually embedded in two orthogonal planes and protected by the corresponding mirror symmetries. Here, we propose and demonstrate an in-plane nodal chain in photonics, where all chained nodal lines coexist in a single mirror plane instead of two orthogonal ones. The chain point is stabilized by the intrinsic symmetry that is specific to electromagnetic waves at the Г point of zero frequency. By adding another mirror plane, we find a nodal ring that is constructed by two higher bands and links with the in-plane nodal chain. The nodal link in momentum space exhibits non-Abelian characteristics on a C2T - invariant plane, where admissible transitions of the nodal link structure are determined by generalized quaternion charges. Through near-field scanning measurements of bi-anisotropic metamaterials, we experimentally mapped out the in-plane nodal chain and nodal link in such systems.
Naturally-occurring spinosyn A and its derivatives function as argininosuccinate synthase activator and tumor inhibitor
Authors: Zou Zizheng , Hu Xiyuan , Luo Tiao , Ming Zhengnan , Chen Xiaodan , Xia Li , Luo Wensong , Li Jijia , Xu Na , Chen Ling , Cao Dongsheng , Wen Min , Kong Fanrong , Peng Kunjian , Xie Yuanzhu , Li Xuan , Ma Dayou , Yang Chuanyu , Chen Ceshi , Yi Wenjun , Liu Ousheng , Liu Suyou , Luo Junli , Luo Zhiyong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractArgininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) is a ubiquitous enzyme in mammals that catalyzes the formation of argininosuccinate from citrulline and aspartate. ASS1 genetic deficiency in patients leads to an autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder citrullinemia, while its somatic silence or down-regulation is very common in various human cancers. Here, we show that ASS1 functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, and the pesticide spinosyn A (SPA) and its derivative LM-2I suppress breast tumor cell proliferation and growth by binding to and activating ASS1. The C13-C14 double bond in SPA and LM-2I while the Cys97 (C97) site in ASS1 are critical for the interaction between ASS1 and SPA or LM-2I. SPA and LM-2I treatment results in significant enhancement of ASS1 enzymatic activity in breast cancer cells, particularly in those cancer cells with low ASS1 expression, leading to reduced pyrimidine synthesis and consequently the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Thus, our results establish spinosyn A and its derivative LM-2I as potent ASS1 enzymatic activator and tumor inhibitor, which provides a therapeutic avenue for tumors with low ASS1 expression and for those non-tumor diseases caused by down-regulation of ASS1.
Microscale Schottky superlubric generator with high direct-current density and ultralong life
Authors: Huang Xuanyu , Xiang Xiaojian , Nie Jinhui , Peng Deli , Yang Fuwei , Wu Zhanghui , Jiang Haiyang , Xu Zhiping , Zheng Quanshui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMiniaturized or microscale generators that can effectively convert weak and random mechanical energy into electricity have significant potential to provide solutions for the power supply problem of distributed devices. However, owing to the common occurrence of friction and wear, all such generators developed so far have failed to simultaneously achieve sufficiently high current density and sufficiently long lifetime, which are crucial for real-world applications. To address this issue, we invent a microscale Schottky superlubric generator (S-SLG), such that the sliding contact between microsized graphite flakes and n-type silicon is in a structural superlubric state (an ultra-low friction and wearless state). The S-SLG not only generates high current (~210 Am−2) and power (~7 Wm−2) densities, but also achieves a long lifetime of at least 5,000 cycles, while maintaining stable high electrical current density (~119 Am−2). No current decay and wear are observed during the experiment, indicating that the actual persistence of the S-SLG is enduring or virtually unlimited. By excluding the mechanism of friction-induced excitation in the S-SLG, we further demonstrate an electronic drift process during relative sliding using a quasi-static semiconductor finite element simulation. Our work may guide and accelerate the future use of S-SLGs in real-world applications.
SOD1 regulates ribosome biogenesis in KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wang Xiaowen , Zhang Hong , Sapio Russell , Yang Jun , Wong Justin , Zhang Xin , Guo Jessie Y. , Pine Sharon , Van Remmen Holly , Li Hong , White Eileen , Liu Chen , Kiledjian Megerditch , Pestov Dimitri G. , Steven Zheng X. F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSOD1 is known as the major cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase and an anticancer target. However, the role of SOD1 in cancer is not fully understood. Herein we describe the generation of an inducible Sod1 knockout in KRAS-driven NSCLC mouse model. Sod1 knockout markedly reduces tumor burden in vivo and blocks growth of KRAS mutant NSCLC cells in vitro. Intriguingly, SOD1 is enriched in the nucleus and notably in the nucleolus of NSCLC cells. The nuclear and nucleolar, not cytoplasmic, form of SOD1 is essential for lung cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, SOD1 interacts with PeBoW complex and controls its assembly necessary for pre-60S ribosomal subunit maturation. Mechanistically, SOD1 regulates co-localization of PeBoW with and processing of pre-rRNA, and maturation of cytoplasmic 60S ribosomal subunits in KRAS mutant lung cancer cells. Collectively, our study unravels a nuclear SOD1 function essential for ribosome biogenesis and proliferation in KRAS-driven lung cancer.
Diet and gut microbiome enterotype are associated at the population level in African buffalo
Authors: Couch Claire E. , Stagaman Keaton , Spaan Robert S. , Combrink Henri J. , Sharpton Thomas J. , Beechler Brianna R. , Jolles Anna E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudies in humans and laboratory animals link stable gut microbiome “enterotypes” with long-term diet and host health. Understanding how this paradigm manifests in wild herbivores could provide a mechanistic explanation of the relationships between microbiome dynamics, changes in dietary resources, and outcomes for host health. We identify two putative enterotypes in the African buffalo gut microbiome. The enterotype prevalent under resource-abundant dietary regimes, regardless of environmental conditions, has high richness, low between- and within-host beta diversity, and enrichment of genusRuminococcaceae-UCG-005. The second enterotype, prevalent under restricted dietary conditions, has reduced richness, elevated beta diversity, and enrichment of genusSolibacillus. Population-level gamma diversity is maintained during resource restriction by increased beta diversity between individuals, suggesting a mechanism for population-level microbiome resilience. We identify three pathogens associated with microbiome variation depending on host diet, indicating that nutritional background may impact microbiome-pathogen dynamics. Overall, this study reveals diet-driven enterotype plasticity, illustrates ecological processes that maintain microbiome diversity, and identifies potential associations between diet, enterotype, and disease.
Differential spatial computations in ventral and lateral face-selective regions are scaffolded by structural connections
Authors: Finzi Dawn , Gomez Jesse , Nordt Marisa , Rezai Alex A. , Poltoratski Sonia , Grill-Spector Kalanit 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFace-processing occurs across ventral and lateral visual streams, which are involved in static and dynamic face perception, respectively. However, the nature of spatial computations across streams is unknown. Using functional MRI and population receptive field (pRF) mapping, we measured pRFs in face-selective regions. Results reveal that spatial computations by pRFs in ventral face-selective regions are concentrated around the center of gaze (fovea), but spatial computations in lateral face-selective regions extend peripherally. Diffusion MRI reveals that these differences are mirrored by a preponderance of white matter connections between ventral face-selective regions and foveal early visual cortex (EVC), while connections with lateral regions are distributed more uniformly across EVC eccentricities. These findings suggest a rethinking of spatial computations in face-selective regions, showing that they vary across ventral and lateral streams, and further propose that spatial computations in high-level regions are scaffolded by the fine-grain pattern of white matter connections from EVC.
Enhanced nonlinear interaction of polaritons via excitonic Rydberg states in monolayer WSe2
Authors: Gu Jie , Walther Valentin , Waldecker Lutz , Rhodes Daniel , Raja Archana , Hone James C. , Heinz Tony F. , Kéna-Cohen Stéphane , Pohl Thomas , Menon Vinod M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStrong optical nonlinearities play a central role in realizing quantum photonic technologies. Exciton-polaritons, which result from the hybridization of material excitations and cavity photons, are an attractive candidate to realize such nonlinearities. While the interaction between ground state excitons generates a notable optical nonlinearity, the strength of such interactions is generally not sufficient to reach the regime of quantum nonlinear optics. Excited states, however, feature enhanced interactions and therefore hold promise for accessing the quantum domain of single-photon nonlinearities. Here we demonstrate the formation of exciton-polaritons using excited excitonic states in monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2) embedded in a microcavity. The realized excited-state polaritons exhibit an enhanced nonlinear response ∼$${g}_{{pol}-{pol}}^{2s} \sim 46.4\pm 13.9\,\mu {eV}\mu {m}^{2}$$

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which is ∼4.6 times that for the ground-state exciton. The demonstration of enhanced nonlinear response from excited exciton-polaritons presents the potential of generating strong exciton-polariton interactions, a necessary building block for solid-state quantum photonic technologies.
Selenoprotein W ensures physiological bone remodeling by preventing hyperactivity of osteoclasts
Authors: Kim Hyunsoo , Lee Kyunghee , Kim Jin Man , Kim Mi Yeong , Kim Jae-Ryong , Lee Han-Woong , Chung Youn Wook , Shin Hong-In , Kim Taesoo , Park Eui-Soon , Rho Jaerang , Lee Seoung Hoon , Kim Nacksung , Lee Soo Young , Choi Yongwon , Jeong Daewon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSelenoproteins containing selenium in the form of selenocysteine are critical for bone remodeling. However, their underlying mechanism of action is not fully understood. Herein, we report the identification of selenoprotein W (SELENOW) through large-scale mRNA profiling of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κΒ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation, as a protein that is downregulated via RANKL/RANK/tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6/p38 signaling. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that SELENOW regulates osteoclastogenic genes.SELENOWoverexpression enhances osteoclastogenesis in vitro via nuclear translocation of NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 mediated by 14-3-3γ, whereas its deficiency suppresses osteoclast formation.SELENOW-deficient andSELENOW-overexpressing mice exhibit high bone mass phenotype and osteoporosis, respectively. EctopicSELENOWexpression stimulates cell-cell fusion critical for osteoclast maturation as well as bone resorption. Thus, RANKL-dependent repression ofSELENOWregulates osteoclast differentiation and blocks osteoporosis caused by overactive osteoclasts. These findings demonstrate a biological link between selenium and bone metabolism.
An optimised GAS-pharyngeal cell biofilm model
Authors: Vyas Heema K. N. , McArthur Jason D. , Sanderson-Smith Martina L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGroup A Streptococcus (GAS) causes 700 million infections and accounts for half a million deaths per year. Biofilm formation has been implicated in both pharyngeal and dermal GAS infections. In vitro, plate-based assays have shown that several GAS M-types form biofilms, and multiple GAS virulence factors have been linked to biofilm formation. Although the contributions of these plate-based studies have been valuable, most have failed to mimic the host environment, with many studies utilising abiotic surfaces. GAS is a human specific pathogen, and colonisation and subsequent biofilm formation is likely facilitated by distinct interactions with host tissue surfaces. As such, a host cell-GAS model has been optimised to support and grow GAS biofilms of a variety of GAS M-types. Improvements and adjustments to the crystal violet biofilm biomass assay have also been tailored to reproducibly detect delicate GAS biofilms. We propose 72 h as an optimal growth period for yielding detectable biofilm biomass. GAS biofilms formed are robust and durable, and can be reproducibly assessed via staining/washing intensive assays such as crystal violet with the aid of methanol fixation prior to staining. Lastly, SEM imaging of GAS biofilms formed by this model revealed GAS cocci chains arranged into three-dimensional aggregated structures with EPS matrix material. Taken together, we outline an efficacious GAS biofilm pharyngeal cell model that can support long-term GAS biofilm formation, with biofilms formed closely resembling those seen in vivo.
New phosphosite-specific antibodies to unravel the role of GRK phosphorylation in dopamine D2 receptor regulation and signaling
Authors: Mann Anika , Keen Alastair C. , Mark Hanka , Dasgupta Pooja , Javitch Jonathan A. , Canals Meritxell , Schulz Stefan , Robert Lane J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is the target of drugs used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. The D2R is regulated through its interaction with and phosphorylation by G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) and interaction with arrestins. More recently, D2R arrestin-mediated signaling has been shown to have distinct physiological functions to those of G protein signalling. Relatively little is known regarding the patterns of D2R phosphorylation that might control these processes. We aimed to generate antibodies specific for intracellular D2R phosphorylation sites to facilitate the investigation of these mechanisms. We synthesised double phosphorylated peptides corresponding to regions within intracellular loop 3 of the hD2R and used them to raise phosphosite-specific antibodies to capture a broad screen of GRK-mediated phosphorylation. We identify an antibody specific to a GRK2/3 phosphorylation site in intracellular loop 3 of the D2R. We compared measurements of D2R phosphorylation with other measurements of D2R signalling to profile selected D2R agonists including previously described biased agonists. These studies demonstrate the utility of novel phosphosite-specific antibodies to investigate D2R regulation and signalling.
A previously unknown way of heme detoxification in the digestive tract of cats
Authors: Duzhak Alexandr B. , Sherin Petr S. , Yanshole Vadim V. , Veber Sergey L. , Baiborodin Sergey I. , Sinitsyna Olga I. , Tsentalovich Yuri P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFree heme is a highly toxic molecule for a living organism and its detoxification is a very important process, especially for carnivorous animals. Here we report the discovery of a previously unknown process for neutralizing free heme in the digestive tract of domestic cats. The cornerstone of this process is the encapsulation of heme into carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, followed by their excretion with faeces. This way of heme neutralization resembles the formation of insoluble heme-containing particles in the digestive tracts of other hematophagous species (for example, the formation of insoluble hemozoin crystals in malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites). Our findings suggest that the encapsulation of heme molecules into a hydroxyapatite matrix occurs during the transition from the acidic gastric juice to the small intestine with neutral conditions. The formation of these particles and their efficiency to include heme depends on the bone content in a cat’s diet. In vitro experiments with heme-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles confirm the proposed scenario.