bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Multiobjective Optimization Techniques With and Within Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Azar Shapour , Reynolds Brian J. , Narayanan Sanjay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Engineering decision making involving multiple competing objectives relies on choosing a design solution from an optimal set of solutions. This optimal set of solutions, referred to as the Pareto set, represents the tradeoffs that exist between the competing objectives for different design solutions. Generation of this Pareto set is the main focus of multiple objective optimization. There are many methods to solve this type of problem. Some of these methods generate solutions that cannot be applied to problems with a combination of discrete and continuous variables. Often such solutions are obtained by an optimization technique that can only guarantee local Pareto solutions or is applied to convex problems. The main focus of this paper is to demonstrate two methods of using genetic algorithms to overcome these problems. The first method uses a genetic algorithm with some external modifications to handle multiple objective optimization, while the second method operates within the genetic algorithm with some significant internal modifications. The fact that the first method operates with the genetic algorithm and the second method within the genetic algorithm is the main difference between these two techniques. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses, and it is the objective of this paper to compare and contrast the two methods quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Two multiobjective design optimization examples are used for the purpose of this comparison.
An Extension of the Orthogonal Packing Problem Through Dimensional Flexibility
Authors: Callaghan Alison R. , Nair Anoop R. , Lewis Kemper E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to solving the orthogonal packing problem (OPP). The OPP is shown to be related to one class of resource allocation problems, namely the land allocation problem. The proposed method differs from traditional methods in that component dimensions are not prescribed, allowing designers greater flexibility and giving them the ability to choose from a number of different solutions. We will show that in removing constraints from dimensions, we allow for the possibility for finding better solutions and this is verified in the case study.
A Numerical Study of Crash Optimization
Authors: Yang R. J. , Tho C. H. , Wu C. C. , Johnson D. , Cheng J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, numerical crash optimization was performed and studied. Three design optimization approaches: gradient-based, DOE/Penalty/Gradient-based, and DOE/Penalty/Response Surface Method, were employed to solve a front rail crash optimization problem using two single-objective formulations. An in-house explicit code FCRASH was used for solving the nonlinear, transient crash problem. The optimization process was carried out using a commercial software package, iSIGHT from Engineous Software Inc. A front rail crash model was used as the benchmark to demonstrate those approaches. Based on the numerical experiments, a simple, viable, and relatively efficient approach is proposed.
Design of Compliant Mechanisms for Amplification of Induced Strain Actuators
Authors: Canfield Shawn , Frecker Mary I. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The focus of this paper is on designing compliant mechanism amplifiers for piezoelectric actuators using a topology optimization approach. Two optimization formulations are developed: one in which the overall stroke amplification or geometric advantage (GA) is maximized, and another where the mechanical efficiency (ME) of the amplifier is maximized. Two solution strategies are used, Sequential Linear Programming (SLP) and an Optimality Criteria method, and results are compared with respect to computation time and mechanism performance. Design examples illustrate the characteristics of both problem formulations, and physical prototypes have been fabricated as proof of concept. An automated detail design procedure has also been developed which allows the topology optimization results obtained in MATLAB to be directly translated into a neutral 3-D solid geometry format for import into other CAE programs.
Robust Design: Goal Formulations and a Comparison of Metamodeling Methods
Authors: Lin Yao , Krishnapur Kiran , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, through theoretical analysis, we point out the limitations of goal formulations in previous methods for approximation-based robust design. Based on different philosophies and mathematical deduction, we propose three new methods to formulate robust design goals. Using a single variable function, we compare and contrast the use of response surface models and kriging models for approximating non-random, deterministic computer analyses in robust design with large variances of design variables in a highly nonlinear design space. Our preliminary conclusions are: 1) kriging models perform better than response surface models in a large design space with a high degree of nonlinearity, and 2) more robust solutions are achievable with kriging models than with response surface models.
The General Optimization of Cylindrical Gears Including Robustness
Authors: Houser Donald R. , Luscher Anthony F. , Regalado Isaias 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The optimum solution for a gear design depends upon the optimization criteria used; also, the performance of the optimum may be affected due to variations in the operating conditions or the existence of manufacturing errors. In order to minimize the effects of these variations, it is necessary to perform a robustness analysis during the design process. This paper discuss the development of a procedure for the robust optimization of gears considering multiple objectives, as well as a preliminary exploration of the design space and a sensitivity analysis to manufacturing errors for a particular example of spur and helical gears.
Assessing Value for Product Family Design and Selection
Authors: Gonzalez-Zugasti Javier P. , Otto Kevin N. , Baker John D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A platform is the set of elements and interfaces that are common to a family of products. We have previously presented a method for designing product families based on platforms that quantifies performance and cost metrics. That approach allows a team of engineers to design and evaluate candidate platforms, given perfect understanding of the designs and requirements. In this paper we present a model to account for uncertainty present during the development of those product families. Real options concepts are introduced to model the risks and delayed decision benefits present under uncertainty in technologies, funding, etc. We develop a quantitative measure of the value to the company for different family designs, and apply it to select the most appropriate design from the possible alternatives. An application to the design of platform-based families of spacecraft is shown. Results from the models indicated the platforms that were most valuable to the company under different scenarios, as well as the sensitivity of the value of each design to different uncertainty factors.
Sensitivity Analysis for Non-Linear Structures
Authors: Kong Qiang , Gea Hae Chang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, sensitivity analysis of total strain energy for nonlinear structures is studied. Based upon the law of energy-consistent, effective stress and strain are defined. The total strain energy is transformed in the form of the effective strain and stress. A closed-form approach for sensitivity calculation is derived. This method can also be extended to large displacement, large rotation problems using the 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stress and Green-Lagrange stress. Numerical results from the proposed method are compared with those from finite differencing method.
A Neural Network-Based Prediction of the Weld Lines in Resin Transfer Molded Parts
Authors: Soltani Faezeh , Manoochehri Souran 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A model is developed to predict the weld lines in Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process. In this model, the preforms are assumed to be thin flat with isotropic and orthotropic permeabilities. The position of the weld lines formed by multiple specified inlet ports are predicted using a neural network-based back propagation algorithm. The neural network was trained with data obtained from simulation and actual molding experimentation. Part geometry is decomposed into smaller sections based on the position of the weld lines. The variety of preforms and processing conditions are used to verify the model. Applying the neural networks reduced the amount of computational time by several orders of magnitude compared with simulations. The models developed in this study can be effectively utilized in iterative optimization methods where use of numerical simulation models is cumbersome.
A VR Based 3D Graphics User Interface for CAD Modeling System
Authors: Zheng J. M. , Chan K. W. , Gibson I. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
With the advancement of computer techniques, a greater emphasis has been placed on intuitive human-computer interactions (HCIs). Virtual Reality systems can offer a novel way for users to interact with the objects in the computer generated environment (the so called Virtual Environment, VE). Through VR technology, we have the ability to replace the traditional input device, such as keyboard and mouse, with other modes such as speech and gesture.
In our research project, we use a CyberGlove, developed by Virtual Technology Inc., as an input device to develop a desktop CAD modeling system for conceptual designers. We elaborate the limitations of the Dataglove and use gestures to support intuitive human-computer interface. To develop this gesture interface, we emphasize that conceptual designers are allowed full-freedom to use different kinds of gestures to conduct various geometric shape operations instead of depending solely on keyboard and 2D mouse. The designers can indicate objects or directions simply by pointing with the hand, and manipulate the position and orientation of an object by grasping and turning. The “virtual tools” can be used for shaping, cutting, and joining objects. We employ the 3D GUIs for enhancing the gesture interface. In the VE, the 3D menu and “virtual hand” float over the objects rather than being part of the scene. Various 3D cursors can be used to select menu or manipulate the object.
Computer Aided Design of Piezoelectric/Elastic Trimorph Ring Actuator
Authors: Chang Shuo-Hung , Lin Jann-Fang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Kirchoff-Love plate theory and electroelasticity theory are combined to formulate the computer aided design model for the trimorph ring actuators. An isotropic elastic ring is laminated between two identical piezoelectric rings to form the trimorph actuator. The inner surface of the actuator is fixed, and the outer surface is free or transversely load. The analytical solutions for the transverse displacement and the force distribution are derived. Numerical simulations for the transverse displacement under free and loaded boundary conditions are conducted. The maximum transverse displacements as functions of the geometry variables such as the thickness ratio and radius ratio are calculated and presented.
A Knowledge Base Approach for Tolerancing in Computer-Aided Process Planning
Authors: Tsai Jhy-Cherng , Tsai Weirong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a knowledge-base approach that assists a designer to evaluate possible process plans and associated costs based on tolerancing specifications of the designed part. It is an effort to take dimensional tolerances into computer-aided process planning (CAPP) for cylindrical parts through the usage of databases and knowledge bases. Geometric features with tolerancing specifications in a CAD system are first used to determine possible machining operations that can achieve the specified tolerances based on data from the machining feature database, the process precision grade database, and the precision grade database. Process plans are then generated based on rules and knowledge from process sequence knowledge base and the machining feature database. Possible process plans are further organized as a graph. Optimal process plan with least cost is then selected by searching through the graph. This is achieved based on machine set-up and operation costs that are derived from the machine tool resource database, the process parameter database, and the machine set-up and operation cost database. A CAPP software prototype supporting tolerance design on the AutoCAD platform is also demonstrated with examples to illustrate this approach.
The Most Probable Optimal Design Method for Global Optimization
Authors: Shi Qinzhong , Hagiwara Ichiro , Takashima Futoshi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, to find the global optimum efficiently, holographic neural network is introduced to be an activate function of response surface methodology. Since the accuracy of approximation function near the global optimal design is merely important, techniques to search the region of containing the global optimal design using conditional random seeds, and techniques for finding more, accurate approximation near the global optimal design, using holographic neural network are exploited. In the study, the proposed approach called the most probable optimal design (MPOD) method to pick up one local optimum design which has the biggest probability in the design space. Design example of crash worthiness for the passenger injury with continuous and discrete design variables are shown the validity of the method.
Planar Cable-Suspended Haptic Interface: Design for Wrench Exertion
Authors: Williams Robert L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cable-suspended robots and haptics interfaces are appealing because of their structural simplicity, high stiffness, and high exerted wrench-to-weight ratio. A major drawback is that cables cannot push but can only exert tension. Therefore, actuation redundancy is required; even so, certain configurations and wrenches will fail since they would require one or more cables to push. The objective of this paper is to present the best design for a planar cable-suspended haptic interface with regard to largest workspace with general wrench exertion in light of this cable tension problem. There are infinite designs with infinite wrenches to apply; therefore, the best and worst designs are found by extensive computer simulation given a reasonable quantification of the problem parameters.
Smooth Collision Avoidance Trajectories: A Dynamic Collision Avoidance Algoritm for Mobile Robots
Authors: Newcomer Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm for generating Smooth Collision Avoidance Trajectories (SCAT). SCAT generation is a method that allows a mobile robot that is moving along a pre-planned path to alter a section of its path, so that it may smoothly exit the original path, avoid a predicted collision, and return to the original path smoothly and on schedule. The SCAT generation algorithm is an improvement over off-line methods, as it requires minimal a priori information, and is more robust than pre-planned methods by its very nature. The SCAT algorithm is also an improvement over on-line schemes that only alter velocity along a pre-planned path, as it is able to avoid collisions in cases that those methods cannot. Details of the SCAT generation algorithm are developed herein, followed by examples of the algorithm in action. Simulation results show that the SCAT algorithm is very dependable, given that it can be provided with reasonably accurate in-formation about the location of dynamic obstacles in its vicinity.
A Geometric Path Planner for Car-Like Robots
Authors: Chen Shiang-Fong , Deng Jiansong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a simple geometric method for planning collision-free paths for car-like robots. A slabbing method, originally used for free-flying robots, is refined, by taking kinematic constraints and reversal maneuvers into account, for finding efficient nonholonomic paths. Successive configuration spaces are computed for different robot orientations. Resulting configuration spaces are called “orientation levels”. Each orientation level is slabbed by a group of parallel slabbing lines. The slopes of slabbing lines in each orientation level are positioned to have the same orientation as a robot in that level. The resulting slabbing lines act as “rails” to guide the robot. Thus, a robot can only translate straight forward or straight backward, if it keeps moving in a given orientation level. Limiting robot movement to straight forward or straight backward along slabbing lines prevents a robot from violating kinematic constraints, by moving sideways across slabbing lines. Our proposed algorithm has been fully implemented. Performance of our path planner is demonstrated by four examples.
Rational Bézier Line-Symmetric Motions
Authors: Li Shutian , Ge Q. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper brings together line geometry, kinematic geometry of line-symmetric motions, and computer aided geometric design to develop a method for geometric design of rational Bézier line-symmetric motions. By taking advantage of the kinematic geometry of a line-symmetric motion, the problem of synthesizing a rational Bézier line-symmetric motion is reduced to that of designing a rational Bézier ruled surface. In this way, a recently developed de Casteljau algorithm for line-geometric design of ruled surfaces can be applied. An example is presented in which the Bennet motion is represented as a rational Bézier line-symmetric motion whose basic surface is a hyperboloid.
Survey of Available Sensor Technology for Robotic Hands
Authors: Upasani Amit V. , Kapoor Chetan , Tesar Delbert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper documents a survey of sensor technology for use in robotic hands. This is achieved by studying sensors used in the UTAH/MIT Hand, the Belgrade/USC hand, the Stanford/JPL hand and the Hirzinger Hand. Additionally, off-the-shelf available sensors as well as those under development in research labs are also evaluated. Different types of sensing covered in this report are position, torque, touch/contact force, proximity, vision, and temperature. Different options available for each type of sensing are also outlined. Major attention was given to the contact force sensor, as it is crucial for the grasping task.
Surface and Process Modeling and Off-Line Programming for Robotic Spray Painting of Curved Surfaces
Authors: Balkan Tuna , Arikan M. A. Sahir 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An algorithm and a computer program is developed for off-line programming of industrial robots for spray painting of curved surfaces. The study is initiated to find a more productive and repeatable, and thus higher quality method for painting of car body components in car body repair shops, where only the deformed region or part is straightened or replaced, and then painted. Body components of a specific car are modeled, and painting strategies, parameters and paths are determined. CAD models of relatively simple surfaces are formed by using the surface generation tools of the software. For parts with more complex surfaces, point data related to the part is collected by using a laser scanner, and this data is used to form the CAD model of the part surface. For paint (coating) thickness distribution analysis, the surface is divided into small elements, and their centroid coordinates and unit normals are determined. These properties are then used together with the spray distance, painting velocity and the paint flow rate flux for paint thickness analysis. Paint flow rate flux through the spray gun is determined by using experimental paint thickness distributions obtained by using different spray gun settings and painting parameters. Besides the technical specifications of the spray gun, air and paint nozzles, and paint needle; basic settings like paint tank pressure and gun needle-valve position affect paint cone angle and paint flowrate, which finally characterize the spray painting process. After deciding on an acceptable paint thickness distribution, the robot program is generated in the robot’s programming language. While moving along the path, the Cartesian position, velocity and orientation of the gun are necessary. Since there is no Cartesian input function available in the controller of the industrial robot used in this study, an inverse kinematic solution algorithm is developed to obtain the generated data in the joint space of the manipulator.
Design and Experimental Verification of a New Direct Cold Drawing Die for Section Rod From Round Bar
Authors: Wang Liping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the design and verification of a new direct cold drawing die used for drawing of hexagon/square section rods from round bars. Advanced computer-aided design and analysis tools are utilized to assist in the design of die profile and manufacturing parameters. The strain gage method is adopted to measure the mean drawing force and verify the die design and machining process.
Optimal Synthesis of a Robomech: Procedure and Application
Authors: Canfield Stephen , Kolanupaka Giridhar , Smaili Ahmad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents and compares two optimal synthesis techniques for direct application in creating a robomech-II, the second manipulator presented in a new class of linkage arms called Robomcchs. The first optimal synthesis approach will solve the problem as a nonlinear optimization, with a subset of the device parameters described in a linear system and solved directly in a least squares sense. The second approach will employ a least squares optimization using Lagrange Multipliers to contend with nonlinear constraints. In this paper, each optimal synthesis procedure is developed for the general case and then applied to robomcch-II through an example.
Catalog-Based Customization
Authors: Chidambaram Bala , Agogino Alice M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper develops a new method for implementing mass-customization, namely, the customization around standard products, or catalog-based customization. The method addresses the customization requirements of a class of products that are complex in configuration, multi-functional and structurally similar. We formulate catalog-based customization as an optimization problem consistent with the manufacturer’s goal of incurring minimal costs in the redesign of existing standard components, while meeting customer specifications and satisfying design constraints. The ‘catalog-based’ nature of the formulation raises concomitant issues of cost function development and problem simplification/solution. We identify the generational structure as best suited to exploit the cost data in existing catalogs and construct a product cost function. The cost-estimation methods used by the generational structure in the construction are identified as weight-based — for modeling the material costs, and methods based on similarity principles and regression analyses — for the production costs. The optimization formulation of catalog-based customization may be simplified by an a priori identification of a standard catalog design as the customization basis. This is accomplished with function costing — a cost-estimation hypothesis that uses product functionality to develop an approximate cost-estimate. The function-costing estimate is also used to abstract features from the standard base design into the optimization formulation. The preferred solution strategy for the optimization formulation is identified as genetic algorithms. We apply the customization method developed to Brushless D.C. Permanent Magnet (BDCPM) motors and obtain optimal minimal cost custom designs (from the standard designs of a BDCPM motor family) for different sets of customer requirements.