bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the impacts of climate change on mass balance and discharge of Eklutna Glacier, Alaska, 1985–2019
Authors: Geck Jason , Hock Regine , Loso Michael G. , Ostman Johnse , Dial Roman 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlaska's largest city, Anchorage, depends on Eklutna Glacier meltwater for drinking water and hydropower generation; however, the 29 km2 glacier is rapidly retreating. We used a temperature-index model forced with local weather station data to reconstruct the glacier's mass balance for the period 1985–2019 and quantify the impacts of glacier change on discharge. Model calibration involved a novel combination of in situ, geodetic mass-balance measurements and observed snowlines from satellite imagery. A resulting ensemble of 250 best-fitting model parameters was used to model mass balance and discharge. Eklutna Glacier experienced a significant negative trend (−0.31 m w.e. decade−1) in annual mean surface mass balance (mean: −0.62 ± 0.06 m w.e.). The day of the year when 95% of annual melt occurs was five days later in 2011–19 than in 1985–93, demonstrating a prolongation of melt season (May–September). Modeled mean specific discharge increased at 0.14 m decade−1, indicating peak water, the year when annual discharge reaches a maximum due to glacier retreat, has not been reached. Four of the five highest discharge years occurred since 2000. Increases in discharge quantity and melt season length require water resource managers consider future decreased discharge as the glacier continues to shrink.
Thin-skinned leaders: regime legitimation, protest issues, and repression in autocracies
Authors: Keremoğlu Eda , Hellmeier Sebastian , Weidmann Nils B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe literature on autocracies has argued that repression of protest is either a result of the political environment in which protest occurs, or depends on particular characteristics of the protest events themselves. We argue that the interaction of both matters. Authoritarian regimes vary in how they legitimize their rule, and they should be particularly thin-skinned if protesters challenge the basis of their legitimacy. Using event-level data on mass mobilization in autocracies between 2003 and 2015, we use text classification methods to extract protest issues from newspaper reports. Our analysis shows that dictators are more likely to repress protest against incumbents when they claim legitimacy based on the person of the leader. Overall, our study shows that protest issues are not universal in triggering repression; rather, they need to be considered together with the political context in which they are raised.
Are foods ‘healthy’ or ‘healthier’? Front-of-pack labelling and the concept of healthiness applied to foods
Authors: Julia Chantal , Fialon Morgane , Galan Pilar , Deschasaux-Tanguy Mélanie , Andreeva Valentina A. , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Touvier Mathilde , Hercberg Serge 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhile food-based dietary guidelines have been widely disseminated for decades to improve nutritional knowledge in the population about healthy diets, more recent interventions such as front-of-pack labelling have made the differences between the two approaches apparent. While food-based dietary guidelines provide the overarching framework and benchmarks for a healthy diet, based on the current knowledge of the associations between various dietary components and health outcomes, front-of-pack labelling provides guidance to select a specific food, either within a food group or among similar foods belonging to various brands. Labelling foods as ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ raises multiple questions on the criteria used to define the terms and the implications of assigning an absolute healthiness value to an individual food in the context of complex diets. Gradual systems may provide more relative assessments and avoid dichotomisation. The present article presents the inherent differences and the complementarity of food-based dietary guidelines and food choice guidance in the context of food labelling.
Genetically determined variations of selenoprotein P are associated with antioxidant, muscular, and lipid biomarkers in response to Brazil nut consumption by patients using statins
Authors: Moriguchi Watanabe Lígia , Bueno Ana C. , de Lima Livia F. , Ferraz-Bannitz Rafael , Dessordi Renata , Guimarães Mariana P. , Foss-Freitas Maria C. , Barbosa Fernando , Navarro Anderson M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSeveral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could indirectly, as well directly, influence metabolic parameters related to health effects in response to selenium (Se) supplementation. This study aimed to investigate whether the selenoprotein SNPs were associated with the response of Se status biomarkers to the Brazil nut consumption in patients using statins and if the variation in Se homoeostasis could affect antioxidant protection, lipid profile, muscle homoeostasis and selenoproteins mRNA. The study was performed in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital. Thirty-two patients using statins received one unit of Brazil nut daily for 3 months. Body composition, blood Se concentrations, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triacylglycerol (TAG), creatine kinase (CK) activity and gene expression of GPX1 and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) were evaluated before and after Brazil nut consumption. The volunteers were genotyped for SNP in GPX1 (rs1050450) and SELENOP (rs3877899 and rs7579). SNPs in selenoproteins were not associated with plasma and erythrocyte Se, but SNPs in SELENOP influenced the response of erythrocyte GPX activity and CK activity, TAG and LDL after Brazil nut consumption. Also, Brazil nut consumption increased GPX1 mRNA expression only in subjects with rs1050450 CC genotype. SELENOP mRNA expression was significantly lower in subjects with rs7579 GG genotype before and after the intervention. Thus, SNP in SELENOP could be associated with interindividual differences in Se homeostasis after Brazil nut consumption, emphasising the involvement of genetic variability in response to Se consumption towards health maintenance and disease prevention.
Polygenic liability, stressful life events and risk for secondary-treated depression in early life: a nationwide register-based case-cohort study
Authors: Musliner Katherine L. , Andersen Klaus K. , Agerbo Esben , Albiñana Clara , Vilhjalmsson Bjarni J. , Rajagopal Veera M. , Bybjerg-Grauholm Jonas , Bækved-Hansen Marie , Pedersen Carsten B. , Pedersen Marianne G. , Munk-Olsen Trine , Benros Michael E. , Als Thomas D. , Grove Jakob , Werge Thomas , Børglum Anders D. , Hougaard David M. , Mors Ole , Nordentoft Merete , Mortensen Preben B. ,   Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Suppli Nis P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn this study, we examined the relationship between polygenic liability for depression and number of stressful life events (SLEs) as risk factors for early-onset depression treated in inpatient, outpatient or emergency room settings at psychiatric hospitals in Denmark.MethodsData were drawn from the iPSYCH2012 case-cohort sample, a population-based sample of individuals born in Denmark between 1981 and 2005. The sample included 18 532 individuals who were diagnosed with depression by a psychiatrist by age 31 years, and a comparison group of 20 184 individuals. Information on SLEs was obtained from nationwide registers and operationalized as a time-varying count variable. Hazard ratios and cumulative incidence rates were estimated using Cox regressions.ResultsRisk for depression increased by 35% with each standard deviation increase in polygenic liability (p < 0.0001), and 36% (p < 0.0001) with each additional SLE. There was a small interaction between polygenic liability and SLEs (β = −0.04, p = 0.0009). The probability of being diagnosed with depression in a hospital-based setting between ages 15 and 31 years ranged from 1.5% among males in the lowest quartile of polygenic liability with 0 events by age 15, to 18.8% among females in the highest quartile of polygenic liability with 4+ events by age 15.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that although there is minimal interaction between polygenic liability and SLEs as risk factors for hospital-treated depression, combining information on these two important risk factors could potentially be useful for identifying high-risk individuals.
Worldview studies
Authors: Stenmark Mikael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractI argue that philosophers of religion should not merely focus on religions but should pay much more attention to the secular outlooks on life emerging in contemporary society. To compare these outlooks, I suggest that we use the notion of worldview, and contrast religious worldviews with secular worldviews − rather than contrasting religions with nonreligions, which scholars of religion have recently tended to do. Accordingly, religious people should be contrasted with secular people and not with religious ‘nones’. I also explore the specific contribution of philosophy of religion to worldviews studies, and discuss why such a contribution is considered controversial within religious studies circles. I contend that it should instead be a legitimate and essential part of the academic study of worldviews.
Systematic review of cancer-related fatigue instruments in breast cancer patients
Authors: Amarsheda Shila , Bhise Anjali R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveFatigue is having high prevalence and increased acknowledgment of negative effect on the patient's well-being which has resulted in fatigue being important research variable in breast cancer patients. The recent development shows greater receptivity of health professionals to assessing cancer-related fatigue (CRF). In this review, an attempt has been made to identify CRF instruments which have been used in breast cancer patients with the detailed description about the instruments and their psychometric properties.MethodA search was conducted from January 2000 to April 2020 from electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar. The studies were included if the instrument was used to measure fatigue in breast cancer patients and its description and psychometric properties reported in breast cancer patients. The search was limited to studies in the English language and use of English version of instruments.ResultsAmong 34 CRF instruments, 9 instruments were included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. From nine instruments, six were multidimensional, two were unidimensional, and one instrument was quality-of-life (QOL) subscale. All the scales have showed accepted reliability and validity in breast cancer patients. A minimal clinically important difference was available for Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory — Short Form, Brief Fatigue Inventory, Piper Fatigue Scale — Revised, FACIT Fatigue scale, and Fatigue symptom inventory instruments.Significance of resultsThis review will help healthcare providers who are dealing with breast cancer patients to acknowledge and better understand what their patients are experiencing. The most appropriate tool will allow healthcare providers to use for holistic assessment of CRF. The instrument will help them to monitor their patient's condition or treatment progress, so it can be incorporated into treatment decisions for better management of fatigue.
Globalizing Racism and De-provincializing Muslim Africa
Authors: Young Alden , Weitzberg Keren 
Published: May 2021

One of the paradoxes of history is that it took Africa's contact with the Arab world to make the Black people of Africa realize that they were black in description, but not necessarily in status … On the other hand, it took European conceptualization and cartography to turn Africa into a continent.Ali A. Mazrui, “The Re-invention of Africa: Edward Said, V. Y. Mudimbe, and Beyond,”Research in African Literatures36/3 (2005), 68–82, at 70Historians of Africa can no longer overlook race. To scholars of African-diaspora studies (who often work under the rubric of Africana studies, black studies, and African American studies), the recognition of this fact is long overdue. With the rise of the area-studies paradigm in the 1950s, North American scholars of Africa became preoccupied with the rise of nationalism and the writing or critique of national histories. The future was defined by national development, while the study of the past was centered on the search for a pristine precolonial identity. Consequently, a world of nations took precedence in scholarly writing over concerns about the management of empires, colonies and, strikingly, races. Even as Africanist scholars came to reevaluate the successes and failures of the postcolonial experience across Africa in the 1970s, they frequently lamented the persistence of ethnic conflict, but not of ongoing forms of racial hierarchy. Race, insofar as it was treated at all, tended to be confined to the “colonial episode” and to settler states, like South Africa.
Effect of embryo cryopreservation duration on pregnancy-related complications and birthweight after frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Xu Jing-Jing , Chen Lei , Li Cheng , Duan Chen-Chi , Huang He-Feng , Wu Yan-Ting 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFrozen embryo transfer (FET) has been adopted by growing number of reproductive medicine centers due to the improved outcome compared with fresh embryo transfer. However, few studies have focused on the impact of embryo cryopreservation duration on pregnancy-related complications and neonatal birthweight. Thus, a retrospective cohort study including all FET cycles with livebirth deliveries in a university affiliated hospital from May 2010 to September 2017 was conducted. These deliveries were grouped by the cryopreservation duration of the transferred embryo (≤3 months, 4–6 months, 7–12 months, and >12 months). The associations between embryo cryopreservation duration and pregnancy-related complications were evaluated among the groups using multinomial logistic regression. Neonatal birthweight was compared according to the stratification of singletons and multiples using multinomial and multilevel logistic regression, respectively. Among all 12,158 FET cycles, a total of 3864 livebirth deliveries comprising 2995 singletons and 1739 multiples were included. Compared with those within 3 months, women undergoing FET after a cryopreservation time longer than 3 months did not show any increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, meconium staining of the amniotic fluid, or preterm birth. Furthermore, the risk of lower birthweight, macrosomia, small-for-gestational-age, or large-for-gestational-age for either singletons or multiples was not affected by long-term cryopreservation. In summary, embryo cryopreservation duration does not have negative effects on pregnancy-related complications or birthweight after FET.
The Evolution of the Wave‐One Ozone Maximum During the 2017 LASIC Field Campaign at Ascension Island
Authors: Jenkins Gregory S. , de Castro Vagner , Cunha Bruno , Fontanez Ivan , Holzworth Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAerosols associated with biomass burning sources in Southern Africa were the focus during the LASIC, CLARIFY, and ORACLES field intensives across the South Tropical Atlantic in August and September of 2017. During this period, we launched 20 ozonesondes to produce a high temporal resolution data set to complement the once per week regular ozonesondes to investigate episodes of elevated O3 mixing ratios from westward moving biomass burning from Southern Africa. Vertical profiles of tropospheric ozone reveal the presence of elevated ozone mixing ratios due to biomass burning in the lower to middle troposphere during this period. The collected data show ozone mixing ratios exceeded 80 ppb between 850 and 550 hPa when the origin of air was Southern Africa (Angola and regions to east). We also find elevated O3 mixing ratios in the 500–300 hPa layer, which could be linked to production of O3 via lightning (LNOX) from deep convection over Africa, which is transported into the Southern Hemisphere by the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ). Low‐ozone mixing ratios in the lower troposphere are associated with transport from the Northern Tropical Atlantic, and there is evidence of pollution from South America. Surprisingly, we find limited observations of African Easterly Jet‐South (AEJ‐S) in its strong phase at Ascension Island, but elevated O3 mixing ratios are found when it does occur.
Analysis of Oil and Gas Ethane and Methane Emissions in the Southcentral and Eastern United States Using Four Seasons of Continuous Aircraft Ethane Measurements
Authors: Barkley Z. R. , Davis K. J. , Feng S. , Cui Y. Y. , Fried A. , Weibring P. , Richter D. , Walega J. G. , Miller S. M. , Eckl M. , Roiger A. , Fiehn A. , Kostinek J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the last decade, much work has been done to better understand methane (CH4) emissions from the oil and gas (O&G) industry in the United States. Ethane (C2H6), a gas that is co‐emitted with thermogenic sources of CH4, is emitted in the US predominantly by the O&G sector. In this study, we perform an inverse analysis on 200 h of atmospheric boundary layer C2H6 measurements to estimate C2H6 emissions from the US O&G sector. Measurements were collected from 2017 to 2019 as part of the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT) America aircraft campaign and encompass much of the central and eastern United States. We find that for the fall, winter, and spring campaigns, C2H6 data consistently exceeds values that would be expected based on EPA O&G leak rate estimates by more than 50%. C2H6 observations from the summer 2019 data set show significantly lower C2H6 enhancements in the southcentral region that cannot be reconciled with data from the other three seasons, either due to complex meteorological conditions or a temporal shift in the emissions. Combining the fall, winter, and spring C2H6 posterior emissions estimate to an inventory of O&G CH4 emissions, we estimate that O&G CH4 emissions are larger than EPA inventory values by 48%–76%. Uncertainties in the gas composition data limit the accuracy of using C2H6 as a proxy for O&G CH4 emissions. These limits could be resolved retroactively by increasing the availability of industry‐collected gas composition data.
Signatures of Shallow and Deep Clouds Inferred From Precipitation Microphysics Over Windward Side of Western Ghats
Authors: Sumesh R. K. , Resmi E. A. , Unnikrishnan C. K. , Jash Dharmadas , Ramachandran K. K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMacrophysical and microphysical features of clouds and precipitation at coastal [20 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL)] and high‐altitude cloud physics observatory (HACPO; 1820 m above MSL) sites on the windward side of Western Ghats are examined using ground (Ceilometer and Disdrometer) and satellite‐based observations for the years 2017 and 2018 during the pre‐ and post‐monsoon seasons. Low‐ and high‐level clouds dominate over the coastal site, whereas at HACPO, middle‐level clouds dominate with a prominent diurnal cycle. Stratiform and convective raindrop size distributions (RSDs) show that nearly 80% of total precipitation was convective in both the seasons at the coastal site. The relative increase in mass‐weighted mean diameter (Dm), lower value of normalized intercept parameter (Nw) and higher mean cloud effective radius of ice and liquid phase imply deeper cloud formation in the site. But at HACPO, 54.85% of precipitation is evolved from the convective core and 45.15% from the stratiform core. Lower specific humidity, less liquid water content and weak convective available potential energy signify a dry environment which delimits vertical growth of orographic clouds in coherence with RSD variations having low Dm and high Nw with low rainwater content. Enhanced collision‐coalescence in the deep convective clouds sustained by strong updraft results in precipitation with high concentration of mid and large size drops at coastal site, whereas in HACPO, middle‐level clouds persist for longer periods favoring warm rain processes by shallow convection that cause smaller drops at the surface.
Soil Nitrogen Transformations Respond Diversely to Multiple Levels of Nitrogen Addition in a Tibetan Alpine Steppe
Authors: Mao Chao , Kou Dan , Peng Yunfeng , Qin Shuqi , Zhang Qiwen , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractElevated reactive nitrogen (N) input could modify soil N transformations, regulating ecosystem functions such as soil N retention and loss. Although multiple hypotheses advocate nonlinear variations in soil N transformations with continuous N input, there still lacks empirical evidences for the responses of soil N transformations to multiple N additions. Here, based on a manipulative N addition experiment and a 15N pool dilution approach, we explored changes in soil gross N transformations with eight N addition levels and associated mechanisms in a Tibetan alpine steppe. Our results showed that soil gross N mineralization rate (GNM) increased first and then stabilized with increasing N additions. Meanwhile, soil microbial immobilization rate (MIM) exhibited an initially increased and subsequently declined pattern under various N addition levels. In contrast, soil gross nitrification rate (GN) increased linearly across multiple N addition levels. Our results also revealed that variations in GNM were mainly regulated by aboveground vegetation N pool‐induced changes in dissolved organic N content along the N addition gradient. Meanwhile, changes in GN were dominantly modified by soil pH‐induced variations in ammonia‐oxidizing archaea abundance across multiple N addition levels. Additionally, alterations in MIM under various N input levels were primarily controlled by microbial biomass which was regulated by dissolved organic carbon content under low N input and NH4+‐N content at high N level, respectively. Overall, patterns and drivers of soil N transformations observed in this study provide valuable benchmark for Earth system models to better predict ecosystem N dynamics under global N‐enrichment scenarios.
A Comparison of Ecological Memory of Lake Ice‐Off in Eight North‐Temperate Lakes
Authors: Dugan Hilary A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIce‐off dates on lakes are some of the longest phenological records in the field of ecology, and some of the best evidence of long‐term climatic change. However, there has been little investigation as to whether the date of ice‐off on a lake impacts spring and summer ecosystem dynamics. Here, I analyzed 274 years of long‐term data from eight north temperate lakes in two climate zones to address whether lakes have ecological memory of ice‐off in the subsequent summer. Five metrics were investigated: epilimnion temperatures, hypolimnion temperatures, hypolimnetic oxygen drawdown, water clarity, and spring primary productivity. The response of the metrics to ice‐off date were variable across latitude and lake type. The northern set of lakes stratified quickly following ice‐off, and early ice‐off years resulted in significantly warmer hypolimnetic temperatures. Oxygen depletion in the hypolimnion was not impacted by ice‐off date, likely because in late ice‐off years the lakes did not fully mix. In the southern lakes, ice‐off date was not correlated to the onset of stratification, with the latter being a more dominant control on hypolimnetic temperature and oxygen. The implications of these findings is that as ice‐off date trends earlier in many parts of the world, the lakes that will likely experience the largest changes in spring and summer ecosystem properties are the lakes that currently have the longest duration of lake ice. In considering a future with warmer winters, these results provide a starting point for predicting how lake ecosystem properties will change with earlier ice‐off.