bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal risk factors for paediatric inguinal hernia
Authors: Auger Nathalie , del Giorgio Francesca , Le-Nguyen Annie , Bilodeau-Bertrand Marianne , Piché Nelson 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Risk factors for paediatric inguinal hernia are poorly understood. This longitudinal cohort study assessed whether children with a maternal history of inguinal hernia or connective tissue disorders have a higher risk of developing inguinal hernias before 13 years of age.

Methods
The study included children followed up between birth and 13 years of age in Quebec, Canada, 2006–2019. Newborns whose mothers had inguinal hernias or connective tissue disorders were followed over time to identify future hospital admissions for inguinal hernia. Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for patient characteristics was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals for the association between maternal hernia or connective tissue disorders and future childhood hernias. Associations in girls and boys were examined separately.

Results
The study included 786 322 children with 6 186 448 person-years of follow-up. There were 6861 children with inguinal hernias, corresponding to an incidence of 11.1 per 10 000 person-years. Children with a maternal history of inguinal hernia had 2.92 (95 per cent c.i. 2.39 to 3.58) times the risk of having inguinal hernias relative to children whose mothers had no such history. Children with a maternal history of connective tissue disorders had 1.30 (1.00 to 1.68) times the risk. Maternal hernias were strongly associated with risk of inguinal hernias in girls (HR 5.34, 3.82 to 7.47), whereas maternal connective tissue disorders were associated with inguinal hernias in boys (HR 1.35, 1.02 to 1.79).

Conclusion
Paediatric inguinal hernias may be associated with maternal inguinal hernias and connective tissue disorders, but the underlying reason for this relationship requires further investigation.
Video-assisted anal fistula treatment versus fistulectomy and sphincter repair in the treatment of high cryptoglandular anal fistula: a randomized clinical study
Authors: Sørensen Karam M , Möller Sören , Qvist Niels 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundVideo-assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT) may have a recurrence rate comparable to that of fistulectomy and sphincter repair (FSR) in the treatment of high anal fistula and with potential advantages in wound healing, functional outcome and quality of life. The aim and objectives of the study are to compare the outcome of VAAFT with that of FSR for high cryptoglandular anal fistula.MethodsThis was a single-centre randomized controlled trial of adults with high anal fistula comparing FSR with VAAFT. Primary outcome was fistula recurrence. Secondary outcomes were results of anal manometry, quality of life and faecal continence. A power calculation of 33 patients in each arm (1 : 1) was based on recurrence in the FSR and VAAFT groups of 5 per cent and 30 per cent respectively. Follow-up at 6 months after surgery included physical examination, MRI, anal manometry, quality-of-life assessment (RAND SF 36 questionnaire) and faecal-continence assessment (Wexner score).ResultsThe study was terminated early due to high recurrence rates in both groups. A total of 45 patients were included. Recurrence rates were 65 per cent for VAAFT and 27 per cent for FSR, with hazard ratio 4.18 (P = 0.016). Length of the fistula was a risk factor with an association with recurrence (hazard ratio 1.8, P = 0.020). There were significant differences in quality of life in favour of FSR and in anal manometry in favour of VAAFT with a significant improvement in Wexner score in both groups.ConclusionFSR was associated with a lower recurrence rate than VAAFT in the management of complex anal fistulae in this single-centre study but the study was terminated early due to higher than predicted recurrence rate in both groups.Registration numberNCT02585167 (http://www.clinicaltrials.org).
Social Work as a Transformative Science: The Importance of Relevance Structures in Knowledge Production
Authors: Drilling Matthias 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on the question of how cooperative knowledge production takes place and, in particular, how novel knowledge is formed and implemented in organisational action. According to the current state of knowledge, this process, which results in a change in the way an organisation acts, is called social innovation. The framework for argumentation and reflection is provided by studies from the social work sciences on cooperative knowledge production and social innovation, as well as studies on the hybridity of knowledge and its interaction with the knowledge resources of scientific and non-scientific actors. Relevance structures are recognised in this article as a fundamental structure in the field of cooperative knowledge production; they significantly influence the question of how and when new knowledge leads to social innovation. A research project on homelessness serves as an example. Homelessness has been a research topic in Europe for many years. In Switzerland, however, there are hardly any scientifically sound studies and there are also few documented methods of action in practice. From this point of view, homelessness in Switzerland is therefore in need of innovation.
A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Transracial Adoption in South Africa
Authors: Luyt Jean , Swartz Leslie , Vogel Lodewyk 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Transracial adoption is a relatively new and controversial practice in South Africa. We undertook a systematic review of empirical research by adhering to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guideline. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on research, both peer-reviewed and unpublished academic work, between January 1991 and April 2021. We report on the scientific nature, rigour, quality and scope of studies of the items found and outline the themes which emerge from the empirical research. These include attitudes towards transracial adoption, the experiences of adoptive parents and transracial adoptees as well as recommendations for practice. Different theoretical paradigms, variable methodology, small sample sizes of poorly defined target groups impact negatively on comparability and generalisability of results. This research fails to engage with the specificities that might impact on successful outcomes for transracially adopted families and guide professional practice including post-adoption support. Developing this research field will require large-scale studies on the outcomes for transracial adoptees and adoptive families, and research using the comparable methodology and theoretical frameworks. Such research can guide local policies and practices in South Africa and will enhance the international research into transracial adoption.
Bacterial neurotoxic metabolites in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid and plasma
Authors: Ntranos Achilles , Park Hye-Jin , Wentling Maureen , Tolstikov Vladimir , Amatruda Mario , Inbar Benjamin , Kim-Schulze Seunghee , Frazier Carol , Button Judy , Kiebish Michael A , Lublin Fred , Edwards Keith , Casaccia Patrizia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe identification of intestinal dysbiosis in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders has highlighted the importance of gut–brain communication, and yet the question regarding the identity of the components responsible for this cross-talk remains open. We previously reported that relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with dimethyl fumarate have a prominent depletion of the gut microbiota, thereby suggesting that studying the composition of plasma and CSF samples from these patients may help to identify microbially derived metabolites.We used a functional xenogeneic assay consisting of cultured rat neurons exposed to CSF samples collected from multiple sclerosis patients before and after dimethyl fumarate treatment to assess neurotoxicity and then conducted a metabolomic analysis of plasma and CSF samples to identify metabolites with differential abundance. A weighted correlation network analysis allowed us to identify groups of metabolites, present in plasma and CSF samples, whose abundance correlated with the neurotoxic potential of the CSF. This analysis identified the presence of phenol and indole group metabolites of bacterial origin (e.g. p-cresol sulphate, indoxyl sulphate and N-phenylacetylglutamine) as potentially neurotoxic and decreased by treatment. Chronic exposure of cultured neurons to these metabolites impaired their firing rate and induced axonal damage, independent from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, thereby identifying a novel pathway of neurotoxicity. Clinical, radiological and cognitive test metrics were also collected in treated patients at follow-up visits. Improved MRI metrics, disability and cognition were only detected in dimethyl fumarate-treated relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients. The levels of the identified metabolites of bacterial origin (p-cresol sulphate, indoxyl sulphate and N-phenylacetylglutamine) were inversely correlated to MRI measurements of cortical volume and directly correlated to the levels of neurofilament light chain, an established biomarker of neurodegeneration.Our data suggest that phenol and indole derivatives from the catabolism of tryptophan and phenylalanine are microbially derived metabolites, which may mediate gut–brain communication and induce neurotoxicity in multiple sclerosis.
Progression and regression of nerve fibre pathology and dysfunction early in diabetes over 5 years
Authors: Ziegler Dan , Bönhof Gidon J , Strom Alexander , Straßburger Klaus , Karusheva Yanislava , Szendroedi Julia , Roden Michael 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
It has traditionally been suggested that the early development of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) is characterized by predominant and progressive injury to small nerve fibres followed by large fibre impairment. We alternatively hypothesized that small and large fibre damage due to DSPN in type 1 and type 2 diabetes could develop in parallel and may not only be progressive but also reversible.
Participants from the German Diabetes Study baseline cohort with recent-onset type 1/type 2 diabetes (n = 350/570) and age-matched glucose-tolerant control individuals (Control 1/Control 2: n = 114/190) were assessed using nerve conduction studies, thermal detection thresholds, vibration perception thresholds, neuropathy symptom scores, neuropathy disability scores and intraepidermal nerve fibre density (IENFD) in skin biopsies (type 1/type 2 diabetes: n = 102/226; Control 1/Control 2: n = 109/208). Subsets of participants with type 1/type 2 diabetes were followed for 5 years (n = 184/307; IENFD subset: n = 18/69). DSPN was defined by the Toronto Consensus criteria.
At baseline, DSPN was present in 8.1% and 13.3% of the type 1 and type 2 diabetes groups, respectively. The most frequently abnormal tests in the lower limbs below or above the 2.5th and 97.5th centiles of the controls were the IENFD (13.7%) and individual nerve conduction studies (up to 9.4%) in type 1 diabetes participants and IENFD (21.8%), malleolar vibration perception thresholds (17.5%), and individual nerve conduction studies (up to 11.8%) in those with type 2 diabetes, whereas thermal detection threshold abnormalities did not differ between the control and diabetes groups. After 5 years, the highest progression rates from the normal to the abnormal range in type 2 diabetes participants were found for IENFD (18.8%) by −4.1 ± 2.8 fibres/mm, malleolar vibration perception threshold (18.6%) by 9.1 ± 20.2 µm and nerve conduction studies (15.0%) by 3.7 ± 1.5 points, while vice versa the highest regression rates were observed for neuropathy disability scores (11.2%) by −3.1 ± 1.3 points, sural nerve amplitudes (9.1%) by 4.7 ± 3.0 µV, IENFD (8.7%) by 1.4 ± 1.3 fibres/mm, and neuropathy symptom scores (8.2%) by −5.8 ± 1.6 points. In type 1 diabetes participants, no major progression was seen after 5 years, but subclinical DSPN regressed in 10.3%.
These findings point to early parallel damage to both small and large nerve fibres in well-controlled recent-onset type 2 and, to a lesser extent, type 1 diabetes. After 5 years, peripheral nerve morphology and function and clinical measures progress to the abnormal range in type 2 diabetes, but initial nerve alterations are also reversible to a meaningful degree.
Ventilation practices in burn patients—an international prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Glas Gerie J , Horn Janneke , Hollmann Markus W , Preckel Benedikt , Colpaert Kirsten , Malbrain Manu , Neto Ary Serpa , Asehnoune Karim , de Abreu Marcello Gamma , Martin-Loeches Ignacio , Pelosi Paolo , Sjöberg Folke , Binnekade Jan M , Cleffken Berry , Juffermans Nicole P , Knape Paul , Loef Bert G , Mackie David P , Enkhbaatar Perenlei , Depetris Nadia , Perner Anders , Herrero Eva , Cachafeiro Lucia , Jeschke Marc , Lipman Jeffrey , Legrand Matthieu , Horter Johannes , Lavrentieva Athina , Kazemi Alex , Guttormsen Anne Berit , Huss Frederik , Kol Mark , Wong Helen , Starr Therese , De Crop Luc , de Oliveira Filho Wilson , Manoel Silva Junior João , Grion Cintia M C , Burnett Marjorie , Mondrup Frederik , Ravat Francois , Fontaine Mathieu , Floch Renan Le , Jeanne Mathieu , Bacus Morgane , Chaussard Maïté , Lehnhardt Marcus , Mikhail Bassem Daniel , Gille Jochen , Sharkey Aidan , Trommel Nicole , Reidinga Auke C , Vieleers Nadine , Tilsley Anna , Onarheim Henning , Bouza Maria Teresa , Agrifoglio Alexander , Fredén Filip , Palmieri Tina , Painting Lynda E , Schultz Marcus J ,   LAMiNAR investigators
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
It is unknown whether lung-protective ventilation is applied in burn patients and whether they benefit from it. This study aimed to determine ventilation practices in burn intensive care units (ICUs) and investigate the association between lung-protective ventilation and the number of ventilator-free days and alive at day 28 (VFD-28).

Methods
This is an international prospective observational cohort study including adult burn patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Low tidal volume (VT) was defined as VT ≤ 8 mL/kg predicted body weight (PBW). Levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and maximum airway pressures were collected. The association between VT and VFD-28 was analyzed using a competing risk model. Ventilation settings were presented for all patients, focusing on the first day of ventilation. We also compared ventilation settings between patients with and without inhalation trauma.

Results
A total of 160 patients from 28 ICUs in 16 countries were included. Low VT was used in 74% of patients, median VT size was 7.3 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.2–8.3] mL/kg PBW and did not differ between patients with and without inhalation trauma (p = 0.58). Median VFD-28 was 17 (IQR 0–26), without a difference between ventilation with low or high VT (p = 0.98). All patients were ventilated with PEEP levels ≥5 cmH2O; 80% of patients had maximum airway pressures &lt;30 cmH2O.

Conclusion
In this international cohort study we found that lung-protective ventilation is used in the majority of burn patients, irrespective of the presence of inhalation trauma. Use of low VT was not associated with a reduction in VFD-28.

Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02312869. Date of registration: 9 December 2014.
Assessing Programmatic Mentoring: Requiem for Carmen
Authors: Means Coleman Robin R , Reyes Jennifer McGee 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This essay is not about getting good mentoring. Rather, it is about the ways in which institutions must invest in providing resources for professional success and wellness, with a particular understanding of the needs of women of color. To ensure faculty retention and success, institutions must not only provide resources but also engage in exacting assessment practices to ensure programmatic efficacy.
Enshrining Terror for the Nation: Affect and Nationalism at the National September 11 Memorial and Museum
Authors: Gruenewald Tim 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The National September 11 Memorial and Museum (9/11 MM) employs affective rhetoric to enshrine the trauma of September 11 in support of U.S. nationalism. Applying Brian Massumi's understanding of affect as intensity, I examine how the site's rhetoric amplifies affect. The memorial pools and many signifiers of destruction magnify affective intensity through scale and repetition. The 9/11 MM continues its affective onslaught through an excessive number of shocking visuals and narrative details in its historical exhibition. The site’s affective intensity culminates in a non-linear and non-narrative memorial space of seemingly infinite individualized mourning. The article discusses the site's political and social impact by considering Nigel Thrift's idea of affect in the built environment as imbedded thought and Georg Böhme's theory of atmosphere, understood as the reciprocal relationship between affective urban space and its impact on people.
Searching for sustainable cities: residents’ perceptions on the implementation of sustainable cities in Malaysia
Authors: Tedong Peter Aning , Zyed Zafirah Al-Sadat 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There has been considerable interest in the research of sustainable cities in developing countries such as Malaysia. This paper will review urban residents’ perceptions of the ways that sustainable cities are being planned and produced in Malaysia. In particular, this article analyses urban residents’ perceptions of planners’ roles in the context of diverse aspirations for sustainable cities. Data collected from in-depth interviews and survey revealed that the communication between urban residents and planners tends to be ‘one way’ and there are ‘too many’ unnecessary political intervention in planning for sustainable cities. Although public participation allows urban residents to participate in the planning process, the residents’ opinions tend to be ignored as there is a minority but a powerful and affluent group that dominated the process. Our data also revealed that neighbourhood planning tends to include ‘everything’ under the umbrella of sustainability, but with little practical execution on the ground. Thus, we can conclude that the implementation of sustainable development is still a challenge in Malaysian cities.
Coarse-to-Fine(r) Automatic Familiar Face Recognition in the Human Brain
Authors: Yan Xiaoqian , Goffaux Valérie , Rossion Bruno 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAt what level of spatial resolution can the human brain recognize a familiar face in a crowd of strangers? Does it depend on whether one approaches or rather moves back from the crowd? To answer these questions, 16 observers viewed different unsegmented images of unfamiliar faces alternating at 6 Hz, with spatial frequency (SF) content progressively increasing (i.e., coarse-to-fine) or decreasing (fine-to-coarse) in different sequences. Variable natural images of celebrity faces every sixth stimulus generated an objective neural index of single-glanced automatic familiar face recognition (FFR) at 1 Hz in participants’ electroencephalogram (EEG). For blurry images increasing in spatial resolution, the neural FFR response over occipitotemporal regions emerged abruptly with additional cues at about 6.3–8.7 cycles/head width, immediately reaching amplitude saturation. When the same images progressively decreased in resolution, the FFR response disappeared already below 12 cycles/head width, thus providing no support for a predictive coding hypothesis. Overall, these observations indicate that rapid automatic recognition of heterogenous natural views of familiar faces is achieved from coarser visual inputs than generally thought, and support a coarse-to-fine FFR dynamics in the human brain.
Functional Neural Correlates of a Useful Field of View (UFOV)-Based fMRI Task in Older Adults
Authors: Kraft Jessica N , Albizu Alejandro , O’Shea Andrew , Hausman Hanna K , Evangelista Nicole D , Boutzoukas Emanuel , Hardcastle Cheshire , Van Etten Emily J , Bharadwaj Pradyumna K , Song Hyun , Smith Samantha G , DeKosky Steven , Hishaw Georg A , Wu Samuel , Marsiske Michael , Cohen Ronald , Alexander Gene E , Porges Eric , Woods Adam J 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDeclines in processing speed performance occur in aging and are a critical marker of functional independence in older adults. Studies suggest that Useful Field of View (UFOV) training may ameliorate cognitive decline. Despite its efficacy, little is known about the neural correlates of this task. Within the current study, 233 healthy older adults completed a UFOV-based task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During the “stimulus” portion of this task, participants must identify a target in the center of the screen and the location of a target in the periphery, among distractors. During the “probe” portion, participants must decide if the object in the center and the location of the target in the periphery were identical to the “stimulus” screen. Widespread bilateral whole-brain activation was observed when activation patterns of the “probe” contrast were subtracted from the “stimulus” contrast. Conversely, the subtraction of “stimulus” from “probe” was associated with discrete activation patterns consisting of 13 clusters. Additionally, when evaluating the variance associated with task accuracy, specific subregions were identified that may be critical for task performance. Our data elucidate the functional neural correlates of a UFOV-based task, a task used in both cognitive training paradigms and assessment of function.
Functional Abnormality of the Executive Control Network in Individuals With Obesity During Delay Discounting
Authors: Zhang Wenchao , Li Guanya , Manza Peter , Hu Yang , Wang Jia , Lv Ganggang , He Yang , von Deneen Karen M , Yu Juan , Han Yu , Cui Guangbin , Volkow Nora D , Nie Yongzhan , Ji Gang , Wang Gene-Jack , Zhang Yi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Individuals with obesity (OB) prefer immediate rewards of food intake over the delayed reward of healthy well-being achieved through diet management and physical activity, compared with normal-weight controls (NW). This may reflect heightened impulsivity, an important factor contributing to the development and maintenance of obesity. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the greater impulsivity in OB remain unclear. Therefore, the current study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging with a delay discounting (DD) task to examine the association between impulsive choice and altered neural mechanisms in OB. During decision-making in the DD task, OB compared with NW had greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex, which was associated with greater discounting rate and weaker cognitive control as measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). In addition, the association between DLPFC activation and cognitive control (TFEQ) was mediated by discounting rate. Psychophysiological interaction analysis showed decreased connectivity of DLPFC–inferior parietal cortex (within executive control network [ECN]) and angular gyrus–caudate (ECN–reward) in OB relative to NW. These findings reveal that the aberrant function and connectivity in core regions of ECN and striatal brain reward regions underpin the greater impulsivity in OB and contribute to abnormal eating behaviors.