bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Plasma Beta-Endorphin Levels in Stage III–IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients Post World Health Organization 3-Step Analgesic Ladder Therapy
Authors: Surarso Bakti , Purnami Nyilo , Perdana Rizka Fathoni 
Published: December 2021

Introduction Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common malignancy in the field of otorhinolaryngology, and chronic pain is identical with this malignancy. Pain therapy according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations is WHO 3-step analgesic ladder. Pain is subjective and related to the function of beta-endorphin hormone.
Objective Analyzing the relationship between the degree of pain and plasma endorphin levels in stage III–IV NPC patients before and after the administration of WHO 3-step analgesic ladder.
Materials and Methods The study design used pretest and posttest without control design. Participants were given WHO 3-step analgesic ladder therapy for 3 days. The participants then rated the pain scale using the visual analog scale (VAS) and plasma beta-endorphin levels in venous blood. The statistical test used the dependent t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Spearman test with p < 0.05, confidence interval: 95%.
Results There were 14 stage-III NPC patients with moderate pain (78.57%) and 31 stage-IV NPC participants had moderate pain (83.87%; p = 0.071). The VAS value in the moderate pain group before and after therapy was 82.22% and 66.67%, respectively (p < 0.001). The values of plasma beta-endorphin levels before and after therapy were 74.89 ± 69.12 and 72.49 ± 75.53 pg/mL, respectively (p = 0.647). Plasma beta-endorphin levels were −19.20 ± 37.72 pg/mL (mild pain), −4.76 ± 35.30 pg/mL (moderate pain), and −21.67 ± 6.27 pg/mL (severe pain; p = 0.717).
Conclusion Pain levels in advanced NPC patients have decreased after the therapy, but plasma beta-endorphin levels have no significant difference.
Effectiveness of School-Based Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Recognition and Management of Adolescent's Suicidal Behavior Among School Teachers in Selected Schools in Sikkim
Authors: Marbaniang Wanrinylla , Sharma Champa , Shadap Arkierupaia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective Suicide is a global public health concern. It is the second leading cause of death among 15 to 29 years old. Suicide ideation often emerges in adolescence and is prevalent among this age group. With the help of leaders, teachers as mentors can play an effective role in the prevention of suicide among children and young adults. The present study was performed to assess the effectiveness of school-based teaching programs on knowledge regarding the recognition and management of adolescent's suicidal behavior among school teachers.
Materials and Methods A quantitative research approach with a pre-experimental (one group pre-test and post-test) research design was adopted. The study was conducted at Government schools of East Sikkim among 80 secondary school teachers. The samples were assigned through the purposive sampling technique. A pre-designed knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of schoolteachers. A pre-test was conducted during the first week of data collection, which was followed by a school-based teaching program regarding recognition and management of adolescents' suicidal behavior on the second week. A post-test was conducted during the fourth week using the same pre-designed knowledge questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the SPSS version 25 applying descriptive and inferential statistical methods.
Results The study findings revealed that in pre-test knowledge score, 5% had good knowledge, whereas in post-test, score 50% had good knowledge regarding recognition and management of adolescent's suicidal behavior. The mean score during the pre-test was 12.78 ± 2.87 and the mean score during the post-test was 16.44 ± 2.50. The computed paired “t” value (11.9) was higher than the tabled value (t
79 = 1.99; p < 0.05). An association was found between pre-test knowledge score regarding recognition and management of adolescent's suicidal behavior with gender, religion, and years of working experience at p < 0.05 level.
Conclusion The study concluded that school-based teaching programs helped secondary school teachers to improve their knowledge regarding adolescents' suicidal behavior. The gain in knowledge from the school-based teaching program will help them recognize and manage adolescents with suicidal behavior and initiate appropriate referrals in the future.
Financial regulation in the age of the platform economy
Authors: Eichengreen Barry 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPlatform businesses allow for collaboration with nontraditional partners and bring together different categories of customers, in the financial context savers and investors or lenders and borrowers, creating large, scalable networks of users. Their entry into finance promises potential benefits to consumers in the form of new products, lower prices, wider choice, and enhanced consumer experience. At the same time, their new business models and technologies potentially threaten the dominant position of traditional financial services providers and create challenges for regulators. Platform businesses can use their preferential access to customer data to skim off high-quality loans, leaving only low-quality customers for other lenders. Their ability to offer complementary nonfinancial services that cannot be supplied by FinTech start-ups and banks can make it difficult or unattractive for customers to switch to alternative providers. This danger is especially acute when BigTech firms have monopoly power in other markets that complement financial services.
Higher-order effects, continuous species interactions, and trait evolution shape microbial spatial dynamics
Authors: Swain Anshuman , Fussell Levi , Fagan William F. 
Published: December 2021

SignificancePersistently diverse microbial communities are one of biology’s great puzzles. Using a modeling framework that accommodates high mutation rates and a continuum of species traits, we studied microbial communities in which antagonistic interactions occur via the production of, inhibition of, and vulnerability to toxins (e.g., antibiotics). Mutation size and mobility enhanced microbial diversity and temporal persistence to extraordinarily high levels. These findings—including the discovery that the duration of the transient phase in community assembly provides a guide to equilibrial diversity—highlight the potentially critical role that antagonistic interactions play in promoting the diversity of bacterial systems. Such interactions, together with resource-driven interactions and spatial structure, may drive the enigmatic levels of biodiversity seen in microbial systems.
Mechanistic analysis of carbon–carbon bond formation by deoxypodophyllotoxin synthase
Authors: Tang Haoyu , Wu Min-Hao , Lin Hsiao-Yu , Han Meng-Ru , Tu Yueh-Hua , Yang Zhi-Jie , Chien Tun-Cheng , Chan Nei-Li , Chang Wei-chen 
Published: December 2021

Significance
The completion of the tetracyclic core of etoposide, classified by the World Health Organization as an essential medicine, by the Fe/2OG oxygenase deoxypodophyllotoxin synthase follows a hybrid radical-polar pathway not previously seen in other members of this enzyme class. The implication of a substrate-based benzylic carbocation in this mechanism will inform ongoing efforts to create analogs of this important drug with improved or emergent properties and represents a new route for resolution of the initial substrate radical that is common to members of the class. This study adds to our understanding on a growing number of biochemical transformations in which carbocation intermediates are likely to be crucial.
Locust density shapes energy metabolism and oxidative stress resulting in divergence of flight traits
Authors: Du Baozhen , Ding Ding , Ma Chuan , Guo Wei , Kang Le 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Migratory locusts display striking phenotypical plasticity. Gregarious locusts at high density can migrate long distances and cause huge economic losses of crops. By contrast, solitary locusts at low density have limited ability in long-distance flight. However, the mechanisms underlying such flight capacity variation are poorly understood. Here, we found that the flight muscle of solitary locusts has a higher catabolic capacity that is associated with greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during high-velocity flights. By contrast, a relatively lower catabolic capacity in gregarious locusts is associated with lower ROS generation during long-distance flights. This finding uncovers the metabolic mechanism of locust flight trait alteration in response to density changes and enhances our understanding of the biological processes enabling locust migration.
Robust electrical contacts integrating a liquid metal bridge for mechanical switches
Authors: Zhu Xiaonan , Yang Fei , Wang Haoran , Zhao Siyuan , Wu Yifei , Wu Yi , Rong Mingzhe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Intrinsic roughness of solid surfaces causes a series of inevitable shortcomings in the use of mechanical electrical contacts, among which one of the most fatal is the repulsive electrodynamic force arising from high currents. A large contact force coming from a heavy holding mechanism helps to suppress the repulsive effect whereas the mechanism consumes energy and remains to be challenging for a compact switching device. Here, a liquid metal (LM) bridge is introduced to wet solid electrodes to eliminate contact issues. Four instability patterns induced by the electromagnetic pinch effect are identified to characterize LM bridge’s response to high currents. Simulation results reveal that an inner vortex caused by uneven distributions of current density and electrodynamic volume force leads to the rupture of a necked LM bridge. With a uniform structure, a cylindrical LM bridge is proved to be robust with respect to an impulse current higher than 10 kA, exceeding a commercial compact relay by a factor of more than 10 in terms of current withstand performance. Our research facilitates compact and energy-saving switch equipment and has a potential to realize arbitrary desired levels of high current withstand without the use of a holding mechanism. This paper also offers deep insights into the high current applications of LM from the perspective of fluid related physical mechanisms.
Microstructure and phonon behavior in W/Si periodic multilayer structures
Authors: Kumar Niranjan , Nezhdanov Aleksey V , Garakhin Sergey A , Yunin Pavel A , Polkovnikov Vladimir N , Chkhalo Nikolay I , Mashin Aleksandr I 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The crystallinity of the tungsten (W) phase was improved with an increase in the thickness of this layer in the periodic W/Si multilayer structure. Both the α- and β-W phases were grown simultaneously and the contribution of these phases was modified by a change in the thickness of the W layers. For thinner W layers, the thermodynamically metastable β-W phase dominated, and with an increase in thickness, this phase was suppressed and the stable α-W phase became prominent. The crystallite size of these phases was almost linearly proportional to the thickness of the W layers in the multilayers. With the increase in thickness of Si layers in multilayers, Raman scattering showed a decrease in the bond-angle deviation of Si–Si bonding in the amorphous Si phase. The study revealed ordering of Si–Si bonding in the amorphous phase of Si with an increase in thickness of these layers in periodic W/Si multilayers.
Long-time memory effects in a localizable central spin problem
Authors: Ng Nathan , Rabani Eran 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the properties of the Nakajima–Zwanzig memory kernel for a qubit immersed in a many-body localized (i.e. disordered and interacting) bath. We argue that the memory kernel decays as a power law in both the localized and ergodic regimes, and show how this can be leveraged to extract t → ∞ populations for the qubit from finite time (Jt ⩽ 102) data in the thermalizing phase. This allows us to quantify how the long-time values of the populations approach the expected thermalized state as the bath approaches the thermodynamic limit. This approach should provide a good complement to state-of-the-art numerical methods, for which the long-time dynamics with large baths are impossible to simulate in this phase. Additionally, our numerics on finite baths reveal the possibility for unbounded exponential growth in the memory kernel, a phenomenon rooted in the appearance of exceptional points in the projected Liouvillian governing the reduced dynamics. In small systems amenable to exact numerics, we find that these pathologies may have some correlation with delocalization.
Implications of gamma-ray photon measurements at the LHAASO on Lorentz symmetry *
Authors: Ling Yi , Liu Yuxuan , Wang Sai , Wu Meng-He 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) has reported the measurement of photons with high energies of up to 1.42 PeV from twelve gamma-ray sources. We are concerned with the implications of the LHAASO data on the fate of Lorenz symmetry at such high energy levels; thus, we consider the interaction between gamma rays and photons in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and compute the optical depth, mean free path, and survival probability of photons from these gamma-ray sources. Employing the threshold value predicted by standard special relativity, the lowest survival probability for observed gamma ray photons is found to be approximately 0.60, which is fairly high and implies that abundant photons with energies above the threshold may reach the Earth without Lorentz symmetry violation. We conclude that it is unreasonable to argue that Lorentz symmetry would be violated using current observations at the LHAASO.
Evaluation the Safety and Security Procedures used In X-ray Clinics in Al-Harthiya-Baghdad
Authors: Abdul Hussian Thuraya A. , Farman Anwar kh. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Radiation is a form of energy, its emitted either in the form of particles such as α-particles and β-particles (beta particles including the electron and the positron) or waves such as sunlight, X-rays and γ-rays. Radiation found everywhere around us and it comes from many different sources naturally or man-made sources. In this study a questionnaire was distributed to people working in the field of X-rays that used for a medical imaging (X-ray and CT-scan) to evaluate the extent of awareness and knowledge in estimate the damage of ionizing radiation as a result of wrong use. The questionnaire was distributed to medical clinics in Al-Harithiya in Baghdad, which it’s considered as one of the important areas in Iraq to attract and treat patients. It’s found that most of the commitment of radiography clinics by safety and security procedures. Most of the radiology clinics abide by most of the Iraqi Ministry of Health laws. However, some clinics did not implement some of the security and safety conditions
The use of aluminum oxide as a sensor
Authors: Jary Aqeel Maryoosh , Atiyah Sadeq Naeem , Abbood Ali Nazar , Alhamd M. W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The comes about of optical and photoluminescence properties of anodic alumina shaped within the acidic electrolyte and subjected to high-temperature warm treatment are depicted in article. It was found that the photoluminescence properties of anodic alumina decided by the oxygen opportunities with diverse values of the charge states and pollutions within the frame of corrosive buildups. As a premise of limit finders in terms of the mechanical quality the substrates shaped within the oxalic electrolyte and altered by warm treatment at 800 °C are preferred. Variations of plans dilatometric microrelays sensors of temperature based on anodic alumina are advertised. For different ranges of temperatures and working conditions ideal plans are chosen.
Silicon dioxide dispersed effects on some physical and mechanical properties of Al2Si2O5(OH)4
Authors: Issa Tarik T. , Abid Noor Kadhum , Abid Mustafa Kadhum 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Kaolin and silica of 50 μm grain size were used in different weight percentage. Four combinations have been selected as green compacted bodies. Different sintering temperatures ranging from (1000 – 1400) °C were used to sintered all the combinations under static air. The sintered density, thermal conductivity compression strength and linear shrinkage were tested after sintering. The common behavior indicated that the improvement with its optimum results was found at the combination (Kaolin 20-SiO2 80) Wt. %, sintered at 1400 °C, for 3 hours under static air.
Mechanical Properties of Heat Cured Acrylic Resin Reinforced with Natural Sisal Fibers Powder
Authors: Hameed Teba M. , Al-Dabbagh Balqees M. , Jasim Ragdaa K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Materials and Methods: In total, 90 specimens were prepared to be used in the study. The specimens were divided into (3) main groups depended on the presence of sisal fibers powder, first group (30) specimens of heat cure PMMA without additives (control), second and third experimental groups of 60 specimens of heat cure PMMA with salinized sisal fibers powder with two different weight percentages (1 and 3%) wt. Three point bending test was used to measure the flexural strength of the specimens, while the impact strength was done by impact testing Charpy’s machine and tensile test was performed according to ASTM (D-638). Data analysis was performed using (ANOVA) test. The results of this study refer to a highly significant in the flexural strength and tensile strength of specimens reinforced with sisal fibers powder compared with control specimens. Non-significant difference was detected in impact strength among the reinforced groups and control gro. Reinforcement of acrylic resin with natural sisal fibers powder affects its flexural strength and tensile strength with non-significant in impact strength.
Detect Environment Pollution by GIS for Some Regions in Baghdad City
Authors: Abdullah Sundus A. , Aziz Tabbark R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The present study aims at assessing the status of heavy metals such as nickel, cadmium and lead to pollute some areas of Baghdad city. In this study the spectral absorption device and the program ArcGIS 10.2 will using. The soil samples were taken from five different locations in Baghdad, including Ameriya, Kadhimiya, Palestine Street, Jadiriyah and Taji for the 5cm depth layer on both sides of the road. This work on soil samples has been completed in two :phases 1 - Preparation of samples: For the purpose of converting solid material into a extract containing elements in the form of single ions can be estimated by the device 2-Determination of elements: Samples prepared to the device for the purpose of estimating their concentration in PPM units using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows: 1-The results showed that nickel concentrations ranged from 0.0336-0.1512 ppm where the lowest value of nickel was found in Kadhimiya by 0.0336 and the highest value was found in Ameriya with a value of 0.1512 and it is considered to be a non-polluting nickel in these areas because it did not exceed the critical limit 1.3 ppm. Which was explained by GIS using the map of Baghdad and determine the area studied. The results were distributed by the interpolation method using ArcGIS 10.2 program, it was noticed that there are high pollutant values in an area considered agricultural according to the classification of human settlements, which is the Jadiriyah area, where Lead (Pb) element showed a strange behaviour by its presence in high values in Jadiriyah, where its source is unknown. A future research will be prepared to study the sources of these pollutants for treatment.
The effect of replacing iron atoms instead of zinc of the quaternary compound CZTS
Authors: Mohammed Abubaker.S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this article, the quaternary compound Cu2MSnS4 was prepared in a simple and inexpensive approach, where M is the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) atoms by the spin coating method on a glass substrate at room temperature (RT), as a result of replacing Zn atoms by Fe. Quaternary Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and Cu2FeSrS4 (CFTS) structural and optical properties have been studied successfully. The material has been identified by X-ray diffraction, and it was discovered that CZTS has a polycrystalline Tetragonal (kesterite) structure, whereas CFTS has a Tetragonal (stannite) structure. A reduction in the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the preferred plane implies a high degree of crystallization. The structural properties of the film surface, such as grain size and roughness, were studied by Atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results explain an increase in nanoparticle size and surface roughness when Fe is substituted by Zn in the CZTS structure. The absorption coefficient values of all designed compounds in visible regions are greater than 104/cm, and the results show that the absorbance coefficient increases with Fe add. The CZTS films showed an energy gap of 1.88 eV, and this value became 1.69 eV with substituted Fe instead of Zn.
Study of the matter density distributions of halo nuclei 6He and 16C using the binary cluster model
Authors: Abdullah S Q , Abdullah A N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The harmonic oscillator (HO) and Gaussian (GS) wave functions within the binary cluster model (BCM) have been employ to investigate the ground state neutron, proton and matter densities as well as the elastic form factors of two-neutron 6He and 16C halo nuclei. The long tail is a property that is clearly revealed in the density of the neutrons since it is found in halo orbits. The existence of a long tail in the neutron density distributions of 6He and 16C indicating that these nuclei have a neutron halo structure. Moreover, the matter rms radii and the reaction cross section (σr) of these nuclei have been calculated using the Glauber model.
The importance of doping TiO2into polypyrrol nanofibers to improve their optical sensitivity
Authors: Kareem Omar A. , Mohameed Sabri J. , Ibrahim Isam M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this study Electrochemical polymerization was used to make polypyrrol nanofiber. The in situ chemical oxidative polymerization approach was used to create a nanocomposite of polypyrrole PPy-TiO2. To achieve homogeneous dispersion inside the PPy matrix, the TiO2was dissolved and ultrasonically dispersed. The surface morphology of polypyrrol and PPy/TiO2nanocomposites was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), which revealed of a polypyrrol nanofibre network and showed that the TiO2nanoparticles was well incorporated. The produced PPy/TiO2nanocomposite was characterized using XRD (X-Ray diffraction) and FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared). The formation of TiO2nanoparticales on a PPy layer matrix was discovered, as well as homogeneous dispersion of TiO2inside the PPy matrix and considerable interaction between PPy and TiO2. The produced PPy/TiO2nanocomposite sensors’ response was investigated towards of light-power sensitivity. The PPy/TiO2synergistic effects improve the light sensitivity qualities of the photodetector. The maximium sensitivity of PPy/TiO2was around (188 %) at 20% TiO2concentration at a light power of 30 mW for a laser diode 720 nm, while the rise time and fall time was ≈ 2.5sec.