bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knock out of transcription factor WRKY53 thickens sclerenchyma cell walls, confers bacterial blight resistance
Authors: Xie Wenya , Ke Yinggen , Cao Jianbo , Wang Shiping , Yuan Meng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Plant cell walls are the first physical barrier against pathogen invasion, and plants thicken the cell wall to strengthen it and restrain pathogen infection. Bacterial blight is a devastating rice (Oryza sativa) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which typically enters the rice leaf through hydathodes and spreads throughout the plant via the xylem. Xoo interacts with cells surrounding the xylem vessel of a vascular bundle, but whether rice strengthens the sclerenchyma cell walls to stop pathogen proliferation is unclear. Here, we found that a WRKY protein, OsWRKY53, negatively confers resistance to Xoo by strengthening the sclerenchyma cell walls of the vascular bundle. OsMYB63 acts as a transcriptional activator and promotes the expression of three secondary cell wall-related cellulose synthase genes to boost cellulose accumulation, resulting in thickened sclerenchyma cell walls. Both OsWRKY53 and OsMYB63 are abundantly expressed in sclerenchyma cells of leaf vascular bundles. OsWRKY53 functions as a transcriptional repressor and acts genetically upstream of OsMYB63 to suppress its expression. The OsWRKY53-overexpressing and OsMYB63 knockout plants had thinner sclerenchyma cell walls, showing susceptibility to Xoo, while the OsWRKY53 knockout and OsMYB63-overexpressing plants had thicker sclerenchyma cell walls, exhibiting resistance to Xoo. These results suggest that modifying these candidate genes provides a strategy to improve rice resistance to bacterial pathogens.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Community-Based Exercise Classes for People With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Mañago Mark M , Swink Laura A , Hager Emily R , Gisbert Robyn , Earhart Gammon M , Christiansen Cory L , Schenkman Margaret 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
he purpose of the study was to determine the impact of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) restrictions on community-based exercise classes for people with Parkinson disease (PD) and their instructors.

Methods
Data were collected via custom-designed electronic surveys for people with PD and class instructors who reported attending or teaching PD-specific exercise class ≥1 time/week for ≥3 months prior to pandemic restrictions (March 2020). The PD group also completed the Godin Leisure-Time Questionnaire, Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale, Schwab-England scale, and Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire 8.

Results
Eighty-seven people with PD (mean = 70 [7.3] years old) and 43 instructors (51 [12.1] years old) from the United States completed surveys (October 2020 to February 2021). Mean Schwab-England (84 [16]) and Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire 8 (21 [15]) scores indicated low-to-moderate disability in the PD group. Ninety-five percent of the PD group had COVID-19 exposure concerns, and 54% reported leaving home ≤1 time/week. Although 77% of the PD group scored “active” on the Godin Leisure-Time Questionnaire, the mean Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale score (55 [24]) indicated only moderate exercise self-efficacy, and &gt;50% reported decreased exercise quantity/intensity compared with pre-COVID. There was decreased in-person and increased virtual class participation for both groups. The top in-person class barrier for the PD (63%) and instructor (51%) groups was fear of participant COVID-19 exposure. The top virtual class barriers were lack of socialization (20% of PD group) and technology problems (74% of instructor group).

Conclusion
During COVID-19, there has been less in-person and more virtual exercise class participation in people with PD and decreased exercise quantity and intensity. Virtual classes may not fully meet the needs of people with PD, and primary barriers include technology and lack of socialization.

Impact
As COVID-19 restrictions wane, it is imperative to help people with PD increase exercise and activity. The barriers, needs, and facilitators identified in this study might help inform approaches to increase participation in exercise and activity for people with PD.

Lay Summary
During COVID-19, there has been less in-person and more virtual exercise class participation in people with PD and a decrease in exercise quantity and intensity. If you have PD, virtual classes might not fully meet your needs. Primary barriers may include technology problems and lack of social interaction.
Ultrasound assessment of hands and feet for synovitis at time of first clinical visit markedly reduces time to diagnosis in routine care
Authors: Ammitzbøll-Danielsen Mads , Fana Viktoria , Døhn Uffe Møller , Møller Torsten , Ng Sin Ngai , Secher Anne Emilie , Lykkegaard Jens Jørgen , Terslev Lene 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The role of musculoskeletal US (MSUS) in routine care for diagnosing arthritis is not fully elucidated, but US is more sensitive than clinical joint examination for detecting synovitis. Therefore, the use of US may facilitate diagnosis of arthritis. The aim of the study was to assess whether MSUS examination of hands and feet in relation to the first clinical visit had an impact on the time to reach a final diagnosis and the number of clinical follow-up visits needed after first consultation.

Methods
Two cohorts referred to the outpatient arthritis clinic with suspected arthritis were compared with each other, (i) MSUS (October 2017 to June 2018) of hands and feet performed prior to the first clinical visit and (ii) MSUS (November 2016 to June 2017) was performed ad hoc, for the following aspects: time to clinical diagnosis, number of clinical visits needed, and number of US examinations.

Results
In total, 163 and 109 patients were included in the MSUS and comparative cohorts, respectively. Adding MSUS to the first clinical visit reduced the time to diagnosis from mean 31 (32.2) days to 12 (17.3) days (P &lt; 0.01). The number of clinical visits needed was reduced from mean 2.8 (1.1) to 2.1 (1.3) (P &lt; 0.01), corresponding to a reduction of 114 visits in the MSUS cohort. A final diagnosis with inflammatory arthritis was found in 76 (47%) of patients in the MSUS cohort vs 29 (27%) in the comparative cohort (P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion
In patients referred for suspected arthritis, routine MSUS in relation to the first clinical visit significantly reduces time to diagnosis and number of clinical visits needed to reach a final diagnosis.
RADON INFILTRATION BUILDING ENVELOPE TEST SYSTEM: EVALUATION OF BARRIER MATERIALS
Authors: Gaskin Janet , Li Yunyi Ethan , Ganapathy Gnanamurugan , Nong Gang , Whyte Jeffrey , Zhou Liang Grace 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The performance of radon barrier materials currently available for housing foundations was evaluated using a unique radon infiltration building envelope test system that was designed to test radon prevention and mitigation systems using real world construction techniques. The reduction in radon concentration measured across the air barrier in the foundations has been used to evaluate five representative barrier materials installed in the radon infiltration building envelope test facility. The reduction in radon concentration in the mock house varied from 68% for 6 mil polyethylene to 98% for the spray polyurethane foam. The five representative barrier materials were selected after determining the radon diffusion coefficient and the corresponding radon resistance from samples of 14 barrier materials in a radon diffusion testing chamber. The Canadian experience evaluating whether radon barrier materials would satisfy building code requirements was described.
Site specificity of blastocyst hatching significantly influences pregnancy outcomes in mice
Authors: An Liyou , Liu Yanhong , Li Mingyang , Liu Zhihui , Wang Zhisong , Dai Yujian , Presicce Giorgio Antonio , Du Fuliang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBlastocysts hatch from the zona pellucida (ZP) to enable implantation into the uterine endometrial epithelium, but little is known regarding the effect of hatching sites on pregnancy outcomes. Murine hatching embryos were categorized into five groups based on initial trophectoderm projection (TEP)/ZP position corresponding to the inner cell mass center. In blastocysts (3.5 dpc) post‐12 hours in vitro culture, TEP rates of A‐site (44.4%) and B‐site (38.6%) embryos were higher than those of C‐site (12.5%) and D‐site (3.1%) embryos, while the O‐site (1.4%) was the lowest (P < .05). Post‐ET A‐site (55.6%) and B‐site (65.6%) birth rates were higher than those of C‐site embryos (21.3%) and controls (P < .05). Furthermore, live birth rate of B‐site embryos remained higher than C‐site embryos (68.8% vs 31.3%; P < .05) when both were transferred into the same recipients. Different TEP site blastocysts exhibited different implantation competences: the implantation rate of C‐site embryos was lower than that of both A‐ and B‐site groups (67.7% vs 84.3% and 83.2%, respectively; P < .05) at 2 days post‐ET. C‐site embryos also had a distinctly higher ratio of developmental defects (47.5%) than A‐ and B‐site embryos (22.5% and 14.6%, respectively), with implantation failure mainly associated with poor birth rate, a finding corroborated by differential gene expression analysis such as LIF, LIFR, and S100a9. Surprisingly, acidified Tyrode's solution (AAH)‐treated B‐site blastocysts had a significantly increased birth rate (77.1%) than C‐site (55.3%) and controls (43.4%). Site specificity and differential gene expression during embryo hatching can be applied in ART screening. More importantly, assisted hatching by AAH is effective and feasible for improving pregnancy and term development, particularly at the B‐site, for humans and in animal husbandry.
Understanding “Kyphosis” and “Lordosis” for Sagittal Balancing in Two Common Standing Postures
Authors: Hey Hwee Weng Dennis , Lin Shuxun , Tay Hui Wen , Tay Yuan Jie , Liu Gabriel Ka-Po , Wong Hee-Kit 
Published: August 2021

Study Design.
Cross-sectional radiographic comparison study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to understand whole-body balancing in directed and natural standing postures, through comparison of kypholordotic ratios on whole-body radiographs of young, healthy subjects.

Summary of Background Data.
Recent studies highlighted the importance of understanding whole-body balancing, proposing the use of the more physiological natural standing posture, together with the conventional directed standing posture, for imaging.

Methods.
Sixty healthy, 21-year-old subjects (36 males, 24 females) were recruited. EOS whole-body radiographs of subjects in directed and natural standing postures were obtained. Radiographic parameters compared include C2-sagittal vertical axis (C2-SVA), C7-SVA, C2-7-SVA, global cervical angles (C0-T1 and C2-C7), regional cervical angles (C0-C2, C2-C4, C4-C7), T1-slope, global thoracic angles (T1-T12 and T1-inflection vertebra [Inf]), thoracolumbar angle (T11-L2), global lumbar angles (T12-S1 and Inf-S1), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), spinocoxa angle (SCA), and femoral alignment angle (FAA). Kypholordotic ratios of T1-12/T12-S1, T1-Inf/Inf-S1, Tl-Inf/SCA, and (T1-Inf + FAA)/(T1-slope + SCA) were calculated and compared.

Results.
Compared to directed standing, natural standing has greater C2-SVA and C7-SVA, more lordotic global and regional cervical angles (except C0-2 angle), higher T1-slope, larger T1- T12 and T1-Inf kyphotic angles, smaller T12-S1 and Inf-S1 lordotic angles, larger PT, more lordotic SCA, and smaller SS and FAA angles. T1-12/T12-S1 and T1-Inf/Inf-S1 ratios in natural standing, and (Tl-Inf + FAA)/(T1-slope + SCA) ratio in both postures approximate 1. There were significant differences between postures for Tl-l2/Tl2-Sl, Tl-Inf/Inf-Sl and Tl-Inf/SCA ratios.

Conclusion.
Whole-body balancing requires understanding of the balance between kyphosis and lordosis, which varies with the posture of patients. Analysis of kypholordotic ratios obtained in this study allude to the importance of performing whole-body imaging in the directed standing posture, and whole-spine or whole-body imaging in the natural standing posture, so as to fully understand spinal and whole body balancing for spinal realignment surgeries.

Level of Evidence: Level 3
Growing Racial Disparities in the Utilization of Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery
Authors: Wang Kevin Y. , Puvanesarajah Varun , Xu Amy , Zhang Bo , Raad Micheal , Hassanzadeh Hamid , Kebaish Khaled M. 
Published: August 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective.

Objective.
The purpose of this study was to assess trends in utilization rates of adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery, as well as perioperative surgical metrics between Black and White patients undergoing operative treatment for ASD in the United States.

Summary of Background Data.
Racial disparities in access to care, complications, and surgical selection have been shown to exist in the field of spine surgery. However, there is a paucity of data concerning racial disparities in the management of ASD patients.

Methods.
Adult patients undergoing ASD surgery from 2004 to 2014 were identified in the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS). Utilization rates, major complications rates, and length of stay (LOS) for Black patients and White patients were trended over time. Utilization rates were reported per 1,000,000 people and determined using annual census data among subpopulations stratified by race. All reported complication rates and prolonged hospital stay rates are adjusted for Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, income quartile by zip code, and insurance payer status.

Results.
From 2004 to 2014, ASD utilization for Black patients increased from 24.0 to 50.9 per 1,000,000 people, whereas ASD utilization for White patients increased from 29.9 to 73.1 per 1,000,000 people, indicating a significant increase in racial disparities in ASD utilization (P-trend < 0.001). There were no significant differences in complication rates or rates of prolonged hospital stay between Black and White patients across the time period studied (P > 0.05 for both).

Conclusion.
Although Black and White patients undergoing ASD surgery do not differ significantly in terms of postoperative complications and length of hospital stay, there is a growing disparity in utilization of ASD surgery between White and Black patients from 2004 to 2014 in the United States. There is need for continued focus on identifying ways to reduce racial disparities in surgical selection and perioperative management in spine deformity surgery.

Level of Evidence: 3
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a lung cancer screening programme in Spain
Authors: Gómez-Carballo Natalia , Fernández-Soberón Silvia , Rejas-Gutiérrez Javier 
Published: August 2021

Objective
To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the implementation of national lung cancer (LC) screening programme (SP) in a high-risk population from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System (NHS).

Methods
A cost-effectiveness analysis for a LC SP was carried out on a lifetime horizon. A Markov model was designed that assumed two scenarios, one with the implementation of the SP and another one without it. Effectiveness and cost of LC management, diagnosis and screening were included in the different health states. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate its robustness. A discount rate was set at 3% both for effectiveness and cost.

Results
In the base-case, an increase of 4.80 quality-adjusted life years (QALY) per patient was obtained, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €2345/QALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed the national LC SP to be cost-effective in 80% of cases (probability=0.8) for a willingness-to-pay threshold equivalent to the gross domestic product per capita in Spain, which was set at €25 854/QALY in 2018 based on the per capita income of Spain. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the obtained results are robust in terms of changes in the presentation rates and costs, and the cost-effectiveness thresholds.

Conclusions
This analysis suggests that the implementation of a LC SP in the high-risk Spanish population would be a cost-effective strategy for the Spanish NHS.
Is the use of augmented reality-assisted surgery beneficial in urological education? A systematic review
Authors: Alrishan Alzouebi Ibraheem , Saad Sanad , Farmer Tom , Green Sophie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background:
Google Glass is an optical head-mounted display that has been used in multiple medical and surgical settings to enhance delivery of education and training. This systematic review focuses solely on the use of this technology in urology operating theaters for the purpose of surgical education.

Materials and methods:
A systematic search strategy was employed using EMBASE (1996–2019), Medline (1946–2019) and PubMed. Search terms included optical head-mounted displays, Google Glass and urological surgical training. Use of this technology in a nonurological setting, nonteaching sessions, case reports, reviews, editorials, abstracts, and articles not in English were rejected. Three studies were identified following the exclusion criteria.

Results:
All 3 studies received positive feedback from trainees regarding this technology in relation to enhanced surgical education. In addition, in all studies the trainees felt the technology had a place for educational training in the future. All studies described disadvantages to the technology as well including battery life, comfort, and cost.

Conclusions:
Studies describe a big potential for Google Glass and similar head-mounted devices for the role of surgical training in urology, however, larger studies looking at more varied operations can help reinforce this viewpoint.
Clear Cell Proliferations of the Skin: A Histopathologic Review
Authors: Zaballos Pedro , Lara-Valencia Paola , Van Den Bossche Karolien , Sánchez-Martínez Eva , Roca-Gines Juncal , Vila Borja Gómez , Requena Luis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract:
Cutaneous clear cell proliferations encompass a heterogenous group of several primary cutaneous neoplasms and metastatic tumors with different histogenesis. Many of these clear cell proliferations may seem strikingly similar under the microscope resulting in challenging diagnosis. In many of these clear cell lesions, the reason for the clear or pale appearance of proliferating cells is unknown, whereas in other ones, this clear cell appearance is due to intracytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen, mucin, or lipid. Artifacts of tissue processing and degenerative phenomenon may also be responsible for the clear cell appearance of proliferating cells. Awareness of the histopathologic findings as well as histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques are crucial to the accurate diagnosis. This review details the histopathologic features of clear cell cutaneous proliferations, classifying them according their type of differentiation and paying special attention to the histopathologic differential diagnosis among them.
Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma in Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: Betzler Bjorn Kaijun , Young Stephanie M. , Sundar Gangadhara 
Published: August 2021

Purpose:
Current literature lacks a summary of knowledge on intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and glaucoma in thyroid eye disease (TED). This review aims to augment existing literature by providing such a summary. It qualitatively evaluates current knowledge on the pathogenesis, prevalence, and management of concomitant ocular hypertension or glaucoma in TED patients.

Methods:
In this narrative review, relevant publications were identified through a computerized database search. Search results were screened for relevance. Correspondence, Editorials, and Letters to the Editors were excluded. References cited within the identified articles were used to further augment the search. Information extracted for qualitative analysis included epidemiologic data, methods of IOP assessment, management protocols, and response to treatment.

Results:
Studies in current literature are relatively heterogenous, differing in country of origin, TED cohort sizes, and IOP measurement techniques. Further studies are required to elucidate the true epidemiologic relationship between TED and ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Proposed models of IOP elevation include elevation of episcleral venous pressure, mucopolysaccharide deposition within the trabecular meshwork, restrictive myopathy, steroid-induced glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma. IOP-reducing effects of TED treatment options are discussed.

Conclusions:
While raised IOP in TED is a common phenomenon, the diagnosis of glaucoma in TED requires a high index of suspicion before any intervention.
Hepatotoxicity, efficacy and completion rate between 3 months of isoniazid plus rifapentine and 9 months of isoniazid in treating latent tuberculosis infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tseng Shao-Yu , Huang Yi-Shin , Chang Tien-En , Perng Chin-Lin , Huang Yi-Hsiang 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The mainstay therapy for latent tuberculosis infection is a 9-month regimen of daily isoniazid (9H) and a 3-month regimen of 12 once-weekly doses of isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP). We performed this updated meta-analysis to compare hepatotoxicity, efficacy and completion rate between these two regimens.

Methods:
We searched all literature in the major medical databases using the subject search terms “isoniazid” and “rifapentine”, and performed a systemic review and meta-analysis.

Results:
A total of 14 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis, which included 5600 (49%) patients who received the 3HP regimen and 5919 (51%) patients who received the 9H regimen. A total of 202 (2%) patients had a drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and 11 317 (98%) did not. The pooled odds ratio (OR) of DILI in the 3HP regimen was 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.26; p < 0.0001), compared with the 9H regimen. This result remained consistent in subgroup analyses of ethnicity and study design. The 3HP regimen was superior to the 9H regimen in the prevention of active tuberculosis (OR, 0.38, 95% CI, 0.18-0.80, p = 0.01). Furthermore, the 3HP regimen was associated with a better completion rate than the 9H regimen (OR: 2.30, 95% CI, 2.10-2.53, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
The 3HP regimen is superior to the 9H regimen, with less hepatotoxicity, and better efficacy and completion rate in treating latent tuberculosis infection.