bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continued Low Rates of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Recurrence in HCV/HIV- and HCV-Infected Participants Who Achieved Sustained Virologic Response After Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment: Final Results From the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5320 Viral Hepatitis C Infection Long-term Cohort Study (V-HICS)
Authors: Wyles David L , Kang Minhee , Matining Roy M , Murphy Robert L , Peters Marion G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Final results from the long-term Viral Hepatitis C Infection Long-term Cohort Study (V-HICS) found low rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after direct-acting antiviral therapy in both HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–coinfected (0.67/100 person-years) and HCV-infected (0.2/100 person-years) groups with &gt;500 person-years of follow-up. Confirmed reinfections were in participants with HIV who reported high-risk behaviors.
Two Types of Formalism of the Rule of Law
Authors: Nishigai Konatsu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aims of this article are twofold: (i) to propose an explanatory framework, focusing on law-making acts, for accounting for whether the formal requirements of the rule of law are fulfilled; and (ii) to propose two further models within this framework. One model, which I call ‘rulebook formalism’, pertains to Parliament’s law-making acts; another model, which I call ‘rights formalism’, concerns the courts’ law-making acts. This distinction results from the different modality of law, ie the different natures of law-making acts. Drawing on speech act theory, I give a general account of the formal requirements as the success conditions of law-making acts. Then, applying this framework, I discuss the formal requirements for Parliament’s law-making acts and the courts’ law-making acts respectively.
Émile Durkheim’s Germany
Authors: Feuerhahn Wolf 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The importance of German science for Durkheim seems indubitable. But writing about his relationship with Germany is not easy because this very relationship became the main reason for attacks against Durkheim. Indeed, in 1905, Simon Deploige, a Belgian professor at Louvain University, accused him of having imported German science into France without acknowledging that it was “German.” In the tense political international context of the time, the accusation had potentially important consequences because Durkheim, as a Jew, and shortly after the Dreyfus Affair, was eventually accused to be a German spy. How should historians deal with the topic? Saying that Durkheim was “influenced” by German thought may be adopting the point of view of an actor of the time (namely, Deploige). That is why this chapter will not talk about “influence,” a term which suggests that knowledge is received passively. Instead, the chapter focuses on what Durkheim describes as “German” in order to understand how this perception evolved between the 1880s and World War I.
Durkheim, Tarde, Latour
Authors: Schiermer Bjørn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter is motivated by the recent reappraisal of the historical debate between Gabriel Tarde and Durkheim. The current interest in this debate is sparked by French actor-network theorist Bruno Latour’s attempt to repatriate Tarde, at the expense of Durkheim, as the true “classic” of (French) sociology. This chapter investigates the central issues to the historical debate, and it discusses Latour’s recent appropriation of it, his interpretation of Tarde, and his critique of Durkheim. First, the author delves into the young Durkheim’s programmatic ideas for his new science of sociology and seeks to make Tarde’s (and Latours) objections understandable. It is demonstrated, however, that while it is true that the young Durkheim was ardently critical toward the concept of imitation, it stands, rather surprisingly, at the very center of his late sociology of religion. Second, the author discusses some main ambivalences in Tarde’s work of great significance for the debate. Third, the author delves into Latour’s critique of Durkheim, assesses the merits of this critique, and intimates a possible compromise between Latour and Durkheim.
The Origins of Temporal Legitimacy
Authors: Campos Andre Santos 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Historical analyses of the relations between political theory and time often hinge on two claims. The first is that political theorists have until recently put less emphasis on the future than the past when debating political legitimacy and obligation. The second is that the history of political theory draws a fundamental distinction between theories that invoke time to legitimate political structures and theories that reject temporal considerations in favor of timeless principles. This chapter disputes these two claims by maintaining that competing languages of legitimacy harbor different and interrelated conceptions of temporality. A survey of time conceptions in the history of political philosophy shows that normative political theory is inherently multitemporal, involving double regard for the past and the future. And, since even tenseless principles of legitimacy often depend on temporally related forms of formulation and application, considerations about time seem inescapable in normative political theory.
Authorship in the Age of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Deltorn J.-M. , Macrez Franck 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A new generation of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) creative tools are now at the disposal of musicians, professionals and amateurs alike. These new technical intermediaries allow the production of unprecedented forms of compositions, from generating new works by mimicking a style or by mixing a curated ensemble of musical works to letting an algorithm complete one’s own creation in unexpected directions or by letting an artist interact with the parameters of a neural network to explore fresh musical avenues. Unsurprisingly, this new spectrum of algorithmic compositions question both the nature and the degree of involvement of the creator in the musical work. As a consequence, the issue of authorship and, in particular, the assessment of the specific contribution of a (human) creator through the algorithmic pipeline may require special scrutiny when AI and ML tools are used to produce musical works.
Music Theory and Mainstream Digital Journalism
Authors: Barna Alyssa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The tools of music theory and analysis have appeared in articles published in popular press venues for the last decade. Many of these articles, however, are written by non-experts and often stir controversy among academic writers due to assumptions or inaccuracies. Instead of passively arguing about this form of public music theory, this chapter encourages academic theorists to write stories for digital journalism outlets by explaining the role and context of this type of journalism, then outlining the process of pitching, writing, and editing a story. This chapter closes with a discussion of the specific responsibilities of music theorists who write for these venues, and the role of the academic in digital journalism.
Contests in Context
Authors: Hrychuk Kontokosta Anne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Inscriptions, dating mostly to the second and third centuries ce, and graffiti offer first-hand perspectives on the lives of gladiators and the organization of Roman spectacles. Examples from throughout the Roman world elucidate how inscribed evidence can fundamentally alter our understanding of gladiatorial contests, related monuments, and key actors. This article focuses on a range of inscriptions associated with distinct groups who were involved in Roman gladiatorial competitions and discusses the types of data that can be acquired from each. Inscribed public and tomb monuments as well as extant edicta demonstrate the contributions of elite sponsors and their role in the patronage of the games. Stelae dedicated by gladiatorial familiae celebrate individual gladiators, their training, and successes over worthy opponents. Epigraphs on tombstones hint at the social realities and daily challenges of gladiators. Graffiti offers multivariate viewpoints on the lived experience of performers and audiences from all social ranks.
Dermoscopic Features of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Their Association with Histological Types in A Chinese Population: A Perspective Study
Authors: Wang Shi-Qi , Liu Jie , Qu Tao , Fang Kai , Jin Hong-Zhong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective:
The treatments and prognoses of high-risk and low-risk basal cell carcinomas are quite different. This study aimed to examine the dermoscopic features of basal cell carcinomas and assess the association between the features and basal cell carcinomas recurrence risks in a Chinese population.

Methods:
Patients with histopathologically confirmed basal cell carcinomas examined from March 2016 to April 2020 were enrolled. The dermoscopic features were evaluated, and the correlations between these features and the histological types and recurrence risks were assessed.

Results:
The study cohort comprised 119 Chinese patients with a total of 119 skin lesions. The most common dermoscopic feature of basal cell carcinomas was the absence of a pigment network (119/119, 100%), followed by shiny white streaks (105/119, 88.24%), blue-gray ovoid nests (99/119, 83.19%), multiple blue globules (78/119, 65.55%), and arborizing vessels (78/119, 65.55%); yellow-white structures were present in 29/119 lesions (24.37%). Leaf-like and spoke-wheel areas were significantly associated with superficial basal cell carcinomas (P < 0.001), while arborizing vessels (P < 0.001), blue-gray ovoid nests (P < 0.001), and ulceration (P < 0.05) were significantly associated with nonsuperficial basal cell carcinomas subtypes. The dermoscopic features of the high-risk and low-risk groups exhibited considerable overlap; however, the respective independent predictive factors for a high and low risk of basal cell carcinomas recurrence were short fine telangiectases (P < 0.05) and blue-gray ovoid nests (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Dermoscopy provides important information about basal cell carcinomas and is helpful in differentiating superficial basal cell carcinomas from other subtypes. The dermoscopic vascular structures and blue-gray ovoid nests play a crucial role in evaluating the basal cell carcinomas risks preoperatively.
The impact of the gut microbiome on liver transplantation
Authors: Duong Nikki , Bajaj Jasmohan Singh 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Although gut dysbiosis can hasten disease progression in end-stage liver disease and contribute to disease severity, morbidity and mortality, its impact during and after transplant needs further study.

Recent findings
Changes in the microbiome are associated with hepatic decompensation. Immune homeostasis is further disrupted during transplant and with immunosuppressants required after transplant. There is increasing evidence of the role of microbiota in peri and posttransplant complications.

Summary
Although transplant is highly successful with acceptable survival rates, infections, rejection, disease recurrence and death remain important complications. Prognostication and interventions involving the gut microbiome could be beneficial.
Circulating Immunological Biomarkers
Authors: van der Sijde Fleur , Mustafa Dana A.M. , Vietsch Eveline E. , Katsikis Peter D. , van Eijck Casper H. J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To date, little advances have been made toward new and more effective therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Discovery of prognostic and predictive biomarkers is needed to stratify patients for available treatments and to elucidate how new therapies could be developed. Recent studies have made clear that the immune system is not only affected in the microenvironment of the primary tumor and it is also systemically disrupted in PDAC patients. Under normal circumstances, the immune system is in perfect balance with both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory components present. In this review, we focus on circulating immunological characteristics including immune cells and their subtypes, cytokines, and immune checkpoints in the peripheral blood not only to understand the poor prognosis of PDAC patients but also to find new leads for new innovative therapies.
Caregiver Preferences for Three-Dimensional Printed or Augmented Reality Craniosynostosis Skull Models: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Chen Jonlin , Kumar Sahana , Shallal Christopher , Leo Kirby T. , Girard Alisa , Bai Yunong , Li Yukang , Jackson Eric M. , Cohen Alan R. , Yang Robin 
Published: October 2021

Background:Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing and augmented reality (AR) have expanded anatomical modeling possibilities for caregiver craniosynostosis education. The purpose of this study is to characterize caregiver preferences regarding these visual models and determine the impact of these models on caregiver understanding of craniosynostosis.Methods:The authors constructed 3D-printed and AR craniosynostosis models, which were randomly presented in a cross-sectional survey. Caregivers rated each model's utility in learning about craniosynostosis, learning about skull anatomy, viewing an abnormal head shape, easing anxiety, and increasing trust in the surgeon in comparison to a two-dimensional (2D) diagram. Furthermore, caregivers were asked to identify the fused suture on each model and indicate their preference for generic versus patient-specific models.Results:A total of 412 craniosynostosis caregivers completed the survey (mean age 33 years, 56% Caucasian, 51% male). Caregivers preferred interactive, patient-specific 3D-printed or AR models over 2D diagrams (mean score difference 3D-printed to 2D: 0.16,P < 0.05; mean score difference AR to 2D: 0.17,P < 0.01) for learning about craniosynostosis, with no significant difference in preference between 3D-printed and AR models. Caregiver detection accuracy of the fused suture on the sagittal model was 19% higher with the 3D-printed model than with the AR model (P < 0.05) and 17% higher with the 3D-printed model than with the 2D diagram (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Our findings indicate that craniosynostosis caregivers prefer 3D-printed or AR models over 2D diagrams in learning about craniosynostosis. Future craniosynostosis skull models with increased user interactivity and patient-specific components can better suit caregiver preferences.
Dermoid Cyst of Nasal Tip and Nasal Septum
Authors: Zhao He , Cao Zhiwei , Gu Zhaowei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract:
Dermoid cyst is a congenital and benign disease with most occur on the head and neck. It is rarely that occur on the nasal tip and nasal septum at same time and rarely repair of using nasal septum mucosa. The authors treated a child with dermoid cyst in the nasal tip and septum. Only the dermoid cyst at the tip of the nose caused the change of appearance. Dermoid cyst of nasal septum did not cause any clinical symptoms. She underwent excision of the dermoid cyst at the tip of the nose and endoscopic surgery for the dermoid cyst in the nasal septum and used the nasal septum mucosa for repair at the same time. After 6 months of recovery, the appearance of the nasal tip recovered well without obvious scar, the nasal septum area recovered well, and the local stoma was unobstructed without recurrence. The authors found that this kind of nasal septal cyst with no clinical symptoms can achieve good therapeutic effect through endoscopic surgery and repair of using nasal septum mucosa, with less damage, rapid recovery, and good prognosis.
Pediatric Cranial Defects: What Size Warrants Repair?
Authors: Lane Jaina C. , Black Jonathan S. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose:
Identifying which cranial defects among children warrant surgical repair is integral to providing adequate protection of the skull whereas minimizing exposure to surgical complications. This review examines the available evidence regarding the role of defect size in determining the appropriateness of nonsurgical versus surgical management.

Methods:
An electronic literature review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify publications that provided rationales for nonsurgical management of cranial defects in the pediatric population based on size. Titles and abstracts were reviewed by the authors to determine eligibility for full-text analysis. Ineligible studies were categorized and relevant data from fully analyzed texts were recorded.

Results:
Of the 523 articles that were reviewed, 500 were ineligible for full-text analysis due to the following most common reasons: no cranial defect described (227, 45%), did not discuss management of cranial defects (68, 14%), or surgery was performed on all defects in evaluation of a technique or protocol (86, 17%). Ten publications provided relevant data. The suggested size below which surgery was not recommended varied widely between articles. Beyond the age of 1 to 2 years, no general agreement on recommended management in children was found. Craniofacial surgeons had divergent views on the minimum diameter for a “critical” defect and the size for which surgical repair is necessary.

Conclusions:
Little guidance or consensus exists regarding the indications for surgical correction of cranial defects based on the size of the defect. Objective data is needed to classify “clinically critical defects” in the pediatric population.
Improving the robustness of engineered bacteria to nutrient stress using programmed proteolysis
Authors: Szydlo Klara , Ignatova Zoya , Gorochowski Thomas E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe use of short peptide tags in synthetic genetic circuits allows for the tuning of gene expression dynamics and release of amino acid resources through targeted protein degradation. Here, we use elements of the Escherichia coli and Mesoplasma florum transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) ribosome rescue systems to compare endogenous and foreign proteolysis systems in E. coli. We characterize the performance and burden of each and show that while both greatly shorten the half-life of a tagged protein, the endogenous system is approximately ten times more efficient. Based on these results, we then demonstrate using mathematical modelling and experiments how proteolysis can improve cellular robustness through targeted degradation of a reporter protein in auxotrophic strains, providing a limited secondary source of essential amino acids that help partially restore growth when nutrients become scarce. These findings provide avenues for controlling the functional lifetime of engineered cells once deployed and increasing their tolerance to fluctuations in nutrient availability.
Distribution and associated factors of hepatic iron – a population-based imaging study
Authors: Maier Lisa , von Krüchten Ricarda , Lorbeer Roberto , Filler Jule , Nattenmüller Johanna , Thorand Barbara , Koenig Wolfgang , Rathmann Wolfgang , Bamberg Fabian , Schlett Christopher L. , Peters Annette , Rospleszcz Susanne 
Published: October 2021

AbstractContextHepatic iron overload can cause severe organ damage. Therefore, an early diagnosis is crucial, and identification of modifiable risk factors could help to prevent manifestations of iron-driven complications.ObjectiveTo investigate the sex-specific distribution of hepatic iron content (HIC) in a population-based sample, and to identify relevant associated factors from a panel of markers.MethodsWe analysed N=353 participants from a cross-sectional, population-based cohort in Southern Germany (KORA FF4) who underwent whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. HIC was assessed by single-voxel spectroscopy with a high-speed T2-corrected multi-echo technique. A large panel of markers, including anthropometric, genetic and laboratory values as well as behavioural risk factors were assessed. Relevant factors associated with HIC were identified by variable selection based on LASSO regression with bootstrap resampling.ResultsHIC in the study sample (mean age at examination was 56.0 years, 58.4% were men) was significantly lower in women (mean±SD: 39.2±4.1 s-1) than in men (41.8±4.7 s-1, p<0.001). Relevant factors associated with HIC were HbA1c and prediabetes for men, and visceral adipose tissue and age for women. Hepatic fat, alcohol consumption, and a genetic risk score for iron levels were associated with HIC in both sexes.ConclusionThere are sex-specific associations of HIC with markers of body composition, glucose metabolism and alcohol consumption.
Ex Vivo Culture Models of Hidradenitis Suppurativa for defining molecular pathogenesis and treatment efficacy of novel drugs
Authors: Goliwas Kayla , Kashyap Mahendra P. , Khan Jasim , Sinha Rajesh , Wang Zhiping , Oak Allen S W , Jin Lin , Atigadda Venkatram , Lee Madison B. , Elmets Craig A. , Mukhtar M Shahid , Raman Chander , Deshane Jessy S. , Athar Mohammad 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a complex inflammatory and debilitating skin disease for which no effective treatment is available. This is partly because of the unavailability of suitable human or animal models with which exact pathobiology of the disease can be defined. Here, we describe the development of air-liquid (A-L) interface, liquid-liquid/liquid-submersion (L-S) and bioreactor (Bio) ex vivo skin culture models. All three ex vivo platforms were effective for culturing skin samples up to day-14, with the tissue architecture and integrity remaining intact for at least 3 days for healthy skin while for 14 days for HS skin. Up to day-3, no significant differences were observed in % early apoptotic cells among all three platforms. However, an increase was observed in late apoptotic/necrotic cells in HS skin at day-3 in A-L and Bio culture of HS skin. These cultures efficiently support the growth of various cells populations, including keratinocytes and immune cells. Profiling of the inflammatory genes using HS skin from these ex vivo cultures showed dynamic expression changes at day-3 and day-14. All of these cultures are necessary to represent the inflammatory gene status of HS skin at day-0 suggesting that not all gene clusters are identically altered in each culture method. Similarly, cytokine/chemokine profiling of the supernatant from vehicle- and drug-treated ex vivo HS cultures again showed better prediction of drug efficacy against HS. Overall, development of these three systems collectively provide a powerful tool to uncover the pathobiology of HS progression and screen various drugs against HS.