bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient Production of Transfructosylating Enzymes Using Low-Cost Sugarcane Molasses by A. Pullulans FRR 5284
Authors: Khatun Most Sheauly , Hassanpour Morteza , Harrison Mark , Speight Robert , O'Hara Ian , Zhang Zhanying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, sugarcane molasses was used to produce transfructosylating enzymes by A. pullulans FRR 5284. It was found that NaNO3 was a better nitrogen source than yeast extract while exogeneous phosphorous was not needed. Adding only 4.4 g/L NaNO3 into the molasses medium containing 100 g/L sugars led to the highest total transfructosylating activity of 123.8 U/mL. Scale-up of the enzyme production process from shake flasks to 1 L reactor improved the enzyme activity and productivity to 171.7 U/mL and 3.58 U/mL/h, 39% and 108% higher than the corresponding activity and productivity from shake flasks, respectively. FOS production from 500 g/L sucrose led to the highest yields of ~ 61% using intracellular, extracellular, and total enzymes from shake flasks and the reactor. Enzymes from different sources led to very different FOS profiles, indicating that FOS profiles can be controlled by adjusting intracellular and extracellular enzyme ratios to adjust prebiotic activity.
Graph theoretical analysis based on EEG effective connectivity in ADHD children
Authors: Shen Mingkan , Wen Paul , Li Yan , Song Bo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper reports a new method to identify the ADHD children using EEG signals and effective connectivity techniques. In this study, the original EEG data is pre-filtered and divided into Delta, Theta, Alpha and Beta bands. And then, the effective connectivity graphs are constructed by applying independent component analysis, multivariate regression model and phase slope index. The measures of clustering coefficient, nodal efficiency and degree centrality in graph theory are used to extract features from these graphs. Statistical analysis based on the standard error of the mean are employed to evaluate the graph theory measures in each frequency band. The results show a decreased average clustering coefficient in delta band for ADHD subjects. Also, in delta band, the ADHD subjects have increased nodal efficiency and degree centrality in left forehead part and decreased in forehead middle.
Surgery in Times of Conflict: Reflection of a Jordanian Surgeon in Afghanistan
Authors: Ebous Ali Al , Al-Tabba' Amal , Yamani Mahmoud Ahmed Al , Al-Hussaini Maysa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In January 2002, the Jordanian military field hospital was established in Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan to provide medical care to many Afghanis. The Jordanian Military represented by the Royal Medical Services (RMS), a leading health authority in Jordan, was responsible for the staffing, operations, and security of the hospital, while the U.S. military offered logistical support, including the delivery of up to 7,500 different medical supplies and training of the Jordanian Special Forces team to maintain security of the field hospital.In this paper a Jordanian surgeon, who is one of the authors (A.E) shares his experience lasting for 100 days in the Jordanian military field hospital in Afghanistan in 2003 and describes the challenges and strengths/ opportunities of such experience from facilities and resources available to medical staff and surgical treatment provided. In addition, the paper outlines the faced religious, cultural and ethical issues of performing surgery at times of conflict. The 100-day mission had demonstrated the pivotal role surgeons can play in providing essential care and surgical treatment to civilians at times of conflict. A well-organized mission with the right medical expertise can make a real difference in the lives of others and can overcome many logistical, cultural and ethical barriers faced during such hard times.
Impact of Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine Levels on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Pregnancy: a Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Deng Guifang , Wu Lanlan , Liu Yao , Liu Zengyou , Chen Hengying , Shen Siwen , Wei Yuanhuan , Sun Ruifang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (SCr) are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, there were limited data in the literature on the influence of BUN and SCr on maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy. We aimed to examine the association of BUN and SCr levels during gestation with the risk of selected adverse pregnancy outcomes.Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 1606 singleton mothers aged 22-44 years. Both BUN and SCr levels were collected and measured during the second (16-18th week), third (28-30th week) trimesters of gestation respectively and followed up pregnancy outcomes. Statistical analysis was used multivariate logistic regression. Results: In the multivariate adjusted logistic regression model, the highest level of SCr in the second trimester increased the risk of PROM by 45% (95% CI, 1.01-2.09). In the third trimester of gestation, compared with those in the lowest quartile, BUN levels in the highest quartile decreased the risk of macrosomia and LGA by 60%(95% CI, 0.20-0.78), 66%(95% CI, 0.21,0.55) , respectively, and increased the risk of SGA by 137%(1.06, 5.31), 186%(1.29,6.34) in the third and fourth quartiles, respectively. The adjusted OR (95%CI) for macrosomia in the fourth quartile was 0.46 (0.24, 0.87), for SGA in the third quartiles was 2.36 (1.10, 5.10), and for LGA in the fourth quartile was 0.61 (0.41,0.91) compared with those in the first quartile of SCr levels. The elevated changes of BUN (> 0.64mmol/L) was the risk factor of SGA (OR: 2.11, 95%CI: 1.03,4.32).Conclusion: Higher BUN and SCr levels during the 28-30th week of gestation even those towards the upper limit of the normal range can act as a warning sign of the impending SGA. Elevated changes of BUN and SCr during pregnancy also associated with the lower birth weight.
What is the recorded economic cost of alien invasive fishes worldwide?
Authors: Haubrock Phillip J. , Bernery Camille , Cuthbert Ross N. , Liu Chunlong , Kourantidou Melina , Leroy Boris , Turbelin Anna J. , Kramer Andrew M. , Verbrugge Laura , Diagne Christophe , Courchamp Franck , Gozlan Rodolphe E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Invasive alien fishes have caused pernicious ecological impacts on aquatic ecosystems. However, there has not been a global appraisal of associated economic impacts. Here, we compiled reported economic impacts of invasive alien fishes using the most comprehensive global database of invasion costs (InvaCost). We analyze how fish invasion costs are distributed geographically and temporally, as well as which socioeconomic sectors are most impacted. Fish invasions have caused the economic loss of at least US$32.8 billion globally (2017 value), from only 26 reported species (of 128 known invasive alien fish species). North America had the highest costs (> 99%), followed by Europe and Asia, with no costs reported in Africa, Oceania nor South America. Very few costs from invasive fish in the marine realm were reported (0.1%). Most costs are related to resource damages and losses (97%), with relatively little spent on management; mainly impacting the fisheries sector (93%). However, when only considering empirically observed costs (without predictions), most costs were incurred by authorities and stakeholders through management, indicating that damage costs from invasive fishes are often extrapolated and/or difficult to quantify. Fish invasion costs increase markedly over time, from US$0.57 billion/year in the 1980s to US$1 billion/year in the 2000s. Fish invasions have been relatively well studied; however, economic costs have been lower than expected based on overall numbers of alien species. Accordingly, although costs are increasing, improved reporting is required to better understand how fish invasion costs are distributed across time, space and economic sectors.
First report of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on calendula in Turkey
Authors: Ataş Hürkan , Uysal Gülsüm , Gözel Çiğdem , Özalp Tevfik , Gözel Uğur , Devran Zübeyir 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) is a traditional medicinal plant called pot marigold or English marigold. In this study, galled roots of pot marigold were collected from Balıkesir province of Turkey and egg masses were picked up from the roots of each plant with fine forceps. DNA was then extracted from samples and analyzed by species-specific primers referring to the most common Meloidogyne spp. Our results showed that Meloidogyne incognita was found as the only species in all the samples taken. The determination of M. incognita on calendula was done for the first time in Turkey.
From Socialism to Capitalism: Structural Poverty of Indigenous Women in West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Rupita Rupita , Niko Nikodemus 
Published: April 2021

The issue of indigenous women is closely related to the issue of poverty. Women who inhabit rural areas in Indonesia cannot separate from the conditions of life that are poor and completely limited. This paper tries to reflect Karl Marx's thoughts about poverty and injustice that occur in a country because of a structured system. This paper uses a qualitative approach by presenting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection through interviews and field observations, while secondary data through reading readings of scientific studies results in journal articles, policy papers, and government agencies' data. The results of this paper presents: 1) The concept of Marx that poverty is the expression of structural poverty; 2) Poverty among indigenous Dayak Benawan women in rural West Kalimantan, Indonesia, is not only cultural but also structural poverty that expressed limited access to education, health, and a decent standard of quality life; 3) From the era of classical philosophy to modern technology era today, the poverty that has occurred centuries ago today, indigenous women of Dayak Benawan in rural areas are still faced with.
Manejo no tecnificado de cerdos (Sus scrofa) en las regiones Andina, Amazónica y Orinoquía de Colombia
Authors: Diaz-Rodríguez Gina J. , Jiménez Ramírez Juan Sebastián , Serrano Hernán , López-Arévalo Hugo Fernando , Sánchez-Palomino Pedro , Montenegro Olga L. 
Published: April 2021

La industria porcina en Colombia ha crecido en los últimos años. Aunque parte de esta actividad se realiza en instalaciones tecnificadas, en varias regiones del país aún existen pequeños sistemas de producción artesanales, cuyas condiciones de manejo de los animales varían desde tenerlos confinados hasta completamente libres, con diferentes implicaciones sanitarias. Este estudio buscó identificar las formas no tecnificadas más comunes para la cría de cerdos en varias regiones de Colombia y explorar sus implicaciones. Se recolectaron datos de las sabanas inundables de la Orinoquía colombiana, la zona en erradicación de la peste porcina clásica y el departamento del Guaviare. La información fue recopilada mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a funcionarios públicos y pobladores locales involucrados en la cría de cerdos. El trabajo se realizó en agosto de 2017 y entre junio y octubre de 2019. En total, se recorrieron 8.486,4 km en 151 municipios del país, y se realizaron 262 entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de manejo para la cría de cerdos: en cochera, en encierro, cría libre y asilvestrada (sin manejo). Cada tipo de manejo refleja diferentes necesidades de cuidado, inversión económica, riesgo de escape o frecuencia de liberación de los cerdos, lo que facilita el asilvestramiento. Además, se obtuvo información sobre las condiciones sanitarias, la alimentación, la reproducción, la presencia institucional en cada municipio y la dificultad de los pequeños productores para el sacrificio y la comercialización.
"Sorry, Darling": Apologizing in <i>The Crown</i> TV Series
Authors: Maulana Pradhana Ahmad , Hardjanto Tofan Dwi 
Published: April 2021

The present research investigates the realization of apologies in the TV series entitled The Crown. In doing so, the study attempts to identify and classify apology strategies employed by the characters in the series using the taxonomy proposed by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984). The collection of the apology data was done through observation of the series, starting from the first episode in the first season to the twentieth episode in the second season. The investigation has successfully identified and classified 45 apologies. From a total of 45 apologies found, 33 (73.4%) were classified as direct realizations (27 or 60% as standalone IFIDs and 6 or 13.3% as IFID combinations). Indirect apology realizations, however, were relatively rare with only 12 (26.6%) occurrences in total. The explanation of situation was found to be the most commonly used indirect strategy with six (13.3%) instances. The results seem to suggest that the characters in the series prefer direct strategies in apologizing in English.
Renewable Energy Penetration in Warri Metropolis
Authors: Oyerinde Oyeleke Oluwaseun 
Published: April 2021

Energy plays an important role in the economic growth, development and security of any nation. Despite having abundant supply of both renewable and nonrenewable energy resources, Nigeria still experiences acute shortage of energy supply to its populace. Currently, the country depends largely on its fossil fuels derived from the Niger Delta region with attendant negative environmental impacts in the area. It is advocated that a switch to renewable sources will eradicate or at least ameliorate some of the environmental challenges. This study attempts to gauge the feasibility and potential of renewable energy (RE) to become a substitute or at the minimum a significant complement to fossil fuels in Nigeria with focus on Niger Delta. As such, attempt is made to assess the current degree of penetration of RE by measuring the level of awareness and utilization as well as identifying factors affecting utilization in the region using Warri metropolis as a case study. 232 survey questionnaires was deployed in the four local government areas - Okpe, Udu, Uvwie and Ughelli-North - that makes up the metropolis across households, commercial ventures and industries with 180 retrieved. Results show that awareness is highest among households at 66% and lowest for commercial ventures and industry at 30%. Utilization was generally low at 23% across households while none of the commercial ventures and industries sampled utilizes RE with most citing cost of installation and maintenance viz a viz their power requirement as a major factor. ANOVA shows there is no significant difference in behavior across locations while chi square test affirms that RE utilization is a function of awareness. Outcome points to need for greater awareness campaign and cost reduction of RE technologies.
HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN MOTIVASI MENJALANI FISIOTERAPI PADA PASIEN PASCA STROKE DI POLI SYARAF DAN FISIOTERAPI RSUD DR. HARDJONO PONOROGO
Authors: Cahyono Satrio Dwi , Ernawati Hery , Nasriati Ririn 
Published: April 2021

Peran keluarga sangat penting dalam tahap-tahap perawatan kesehatan, mulai dari tahapan peningkatan kesehatan, pencegahan, pengobatan, sampai dengan rehabilitasi. Kesibukan keluarga membuat dukungan terhadap pasien stroke dalam masa penyembuhan berkurang terutama motivasi yang rendah menjalani fisioterapi, sehingga pasien stroke merasa berduka karena orang terdekat tidak bersedia membantu penyembuhan. Penyakit stroke membuat pasien merasa cacat, citra diri terganggu, tidak mampu, jelek, memalukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan motivasi melakukan fisioterapi pada pasien stroke. Desain penelitian ini adalah korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi pasien stroke Di Poli Syaraf dan Fisioterapi RSUD Dr. Hardjono Ponorogo pada bulan Januari sampai Juli tahun 2020 sebanyak 2029 pasien dengan rata-rata perbulan 290 pasien dengan besar sampel sejumlah 58 responden. Sampling menggunakan Purposive Sampling. Teknis pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis menggunakan Uji Chi Square Signifikasi α 0,05. Hasil penelitian pada variabel dukungan keluarga kepada pasien stroke sebagian besar 37 responden (63,8%) dukungan keluarga positif. Pada variabel motivasi menjalani fisioterapi sebagian besar 35 responden (60,3%) motivasi tinggi. Berdasarkan uji statistik Chi-Square diperoleh value = 0,000 lebih kecil dari α=0,05 artinya Ho ditolak berarti ada hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan motivasi menjalani fisioterapi pada pasien pasca stroke.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan ada hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan motivasi menjalani fisioterapi pasien pasca stroke, semakin rendah dukungan keluarga maka semakin rendah motivasi menjalani fisioterapi dan sebaliknya maka peneliti menyarankan pada pihak rumah sakit sebagai fasilitas kesehatan masyarakat dengan memasang gambar atau banner tentang pentingnya dukungan keluarga dan fisioterapi stroke.
Karakteristik Mikroemulsi a-Tokoferol pada Perbandingan Campuran Tiga Surfaktan Nonionik dan Lama Pengadukan
Authors: Sucitawati Putu Ayu , Suhendra Lutfi , Ganda Putra G. P. 
Published: April 2021

Microemulsions have thermodynamics and stable kinetics as carriers of ?-tocopherol compounds. This study aimed to know the effect of mixtures ratio of three nonionic surfactants and stiring time on the characteristics of ?-tocopherol microemulsion, as well as to obtain the best stiring time and mixture ratio of three nonionic surfactants to produce ?-tocopherol microemulsion. This experiment used a randomized block design with two factors. The first factor is the ratio of a mixture of three nonionic surfactants with Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) 14.5. The second factor is stirring time. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with BNJ test. Test the effectiveness index to determine the best treatment. The results showed that the comparison of three surfactant mixtures, stirring duration and interaction between treatments significantly affected the characteristics of ?-tocopherol microemulsion. Comparison of the mixture of three surfactants Tween 80: Span 80: Tween 20 (v / v%) HLB 14.5 consisting of F2 (89,5 : 5,5 : 5) and 4 minutes stirring time is the best treatment for the characteristics of ?-Tocopherol microemulsion. The best treatment has the characteristics of ?-tocopherol microemulsions namely transparent appearance, stable to centrifugation (4500 rpm), pH (4.5; 5.5 and 6.5) and dilution (1: 9, 1:49 and 1:99) with Turbidity index values ??are below 1 percent. Microemulsion turbidity index values ??before and after centrifugation were 0.19 percent and microemulsion turbidity at pH 4.5 and 1: 9 dilution were 0.11 percent.
Keywords: microemulsion, stirring time, surfactan non ionic, ?-Tocoferol
Kandungan Senyawa Bioaktif Teh Herbal Daun Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) pada Perlakuan Suhu Pengeringan dan Ukuran Partikel
Authors: Indriyani Luh Kurnia Dwi , Wrasiati Luh Putu , Suhendra Lutfi 
Published: April 2021

Kenikir is a plant easily found in Indonesia. Kenikir leaves contain high levels of antioxidants, phenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C that kenikir leaves can be used as tea. This study aims to determine the effect of drying temperature and particle size on the content of bioactive compound in kenikir herbal tea and to determine the right drying temperature and particle size in order to produce the best characteristics of kenikir herbal tea. This experiment used a group factorial randomized design with two factors. The first factor was drying temperature which consisted of 50 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 2 °C, and 70 ± 2 °C. The second factor was the particle size consisted of 40, 60, and 80 mesh. The variables observed in this study were total phenols, total flavonoids, vitamin C and antioxidants. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variation (ANOVA) and analysis with real difference test (tukey) using Minitab 16 software. The results showed that the interaction between drying temperature and particle size had a very significant effect on total phenolics, total flavonoids, total vitamin C and antioxidant activity of kenikir herbal tea. The best treatment to produce kenikir leaf herbal tea was at a drying temperature of 70 ° C and a particle size of 80 mesh, with characteristics total phenol of 83.85 ± 0.12 mg GAE / g, total flavonoids of 7.25 ± 0.12 mg QAE / g, vitamin C 2.05 ± 027 mg / g and antioxidant activity (IC50) of 157.87 ± 0.08 ppm.
Keywords : bioaktives compound ,drying temperature, kenikir herbal tea , size reduction
Chrono Modulated Therapy-A Review
Authors: Mallamma T  , Prakash Goudanavar  , Nagaraja Sreeharsha  , Santosh Fattepur  
Published: April 2021

Chrono therapeutic drug delivery systems stay attaining prominence in the area of pharmaceuticals. It decreases dosing incidence, toxicity, and distributes a drug that matches the circadian rhythm of that definite disease when the signs are exciting to sorrier.ChrDDS is the essentially time-controlled drug delivery system. It offers a patient with a staggered profile of the therapeutic agent. It makes some consecutive changes in the ADME process. This mechanism is lag time independent of environmental variables including pH, enzymes, gastrointestinal motility. The circadian rhythm regulates many body functions in humans, such as metabolism, behaviour, sleep patterns, and hormone production. Chronotherapy has gained attention as a novel and rational approach to exploit the best. Presently, drugs are delivered in a controlled release like an IR, ER, & PR. Certain conditions that follow circadian rhythms include hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular, asthma, neurological disorders, ulcer conditions, etc. Various technologies such as time-controlled, pulsed, triggered and programmed drug delivery devices have been developed and extensively studied in recent years for chronopharmaceutical drug delivery are Diffucaps, OROS, Codas, 3D printing, Egalet, Port, etc. this system is designed according to body-clock. Special drug delivery technology must be relied upon to synchronize drug concentrations to rhythms in disease activity with the body’s 24-hour rhythms to extend therapeutic effectiveness and reduce/avoid side effects. In this article, the various concepts like a mechanism of circadian rhythms, current obstacles to the production of chronopharmaceutical drug, circadian chronotherapy in various diseases, a profile of launched Chronopharmaceutical dosage forms, various technologies for systemic delivery,chronopathalogy have been reviewed.