bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleophilicities of para‐substituted aniline radical cations in acetonitrile: Kinetic investigation and structure–reactivity relationships
Authors: Amira Ghabi , Salma Souissi , Wahiba Gabsi , Taoufik Boubaker 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe kinetics of the coupling of 2‐bromo‐3,5‐dinitrothiophene 1 with various anilines 2a–f were studied in CH3CN at 20°C. The derived second‐order rate constants of anilines possessing an electron‐withdrawing group (e.g., 2d–f) were employed to determine the electrophilicity parameter E of the thiophene 1 according to the correlation equation log k20°C = sN (E + N), where N and sN are nucleophile‐specific parameters. Nonlinear Brønsted and Hammett relationships are discussed, and it is shown that the reactions for donor anilines 2a–d proceed through a single‐electron transfer mechanism. Further support for this assumption was given by the observation that the nucleophilicity parameters N and E° values of oxidation potential constants are linearly related in a direct relationship with a correlation parameter of R2 = 0.9914. The effect of aniline nucleophilicity on reactivity was examined quantitatively on the basis of kinetic measurements, leading to a nonlinear relationship of log (k20°C) with nucleophilicity parameters (N). It is suggested that the observed nonlinear Mayr correlation can be effectively explored to evaluate the nucleophilicity parameters N of four‐substituted aniline radical cations XC6H4NH2+• (X = OH, OMe, Me) and studying their reactivity patterns. On the other hand, it is confirmed that the N values of HOC6H4NH2+• (15.60), MeOC6H4NH2+• (15.23) and MeC6H4NH2+• (14.19) thus obtained can be used to predict the second‐order rate constants for their reactions with N1‐methyl‐4‐nitro‐2,1,3 benzothiadiazolium tetrafluoroborate of known electrophilicity E. This study was one of the first that employed the Mayr approach for determining nucleophilicity parameters of radical cations.
Ultrasonography and Fine‐Needle Aspiration in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Test Accuracy
Authors: Staibano Phillip , Forner David , Noel Christopher W. , Zhang Han , Gupta Michael , Monteiro Eric , Sawka Anna M. , Pasternak Jesse D. , Goldstein David P. , de Almeida John R. 
Published: August 2021

Objectives/HypothesisSonographic risk criteria may assist in further prognostication of indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs). Our aim was to determine whether sonographic criteria could further delineate the post‐test probability of malignancy in ITNs.Study DesignMeta‐analysis of diagnostic test accuracy.MethodsA systematic review of Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL was performed from inception to April 15, 2021. Eligible studies included those which reported ultrasonographic evaluations with the American Thyroid Association (ATA) or the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) in adult patients with ITNs. ATA or TIRADS were scored as low (negative) or high (positive) malignancy risk using a previously validated binary classification. Primary outcomes included pooled sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio for all sonographic criteria. Studies were appraised using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies and the data were pooled using bivariate random‐effects models.ResultsSeventeen studies were included in the analysis. For Bethesda III, ATA had a specificity (0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74–0.94), but a sensitivity of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.25–0.77). Conversely, K‐TIRADS had the highest sensitivity (0.78, 95% CI: 0.62–0.89) with a specificity of 0.53 (95% CI: 0.31–0.74). Furthermore, American College of Radiology and EU TIRADS had specificities of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.36–0.80) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73–0.87) with sensitivities of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.37–0.90) and 0.38 (95% CI: 0.20–0.60), respectively. There were few studies with Bethesda IV nodules.ConclusionsThough dependent on malignancy rates, Bethesda III nodules with low‐suspicion TIRADS features may benefit from clinical observation, whereas nodules with high‐suspicion ATA features may require molecular testing and/or surgery.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 132:242–251, 2022
Exploring feedback‐controlled versus open‐circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study
Authors: Heidari Andrew E. , Hong Ellen M. , Park Asher , Pham Tiffany T. , Steward Earl , Chen Lily Y. , Qu Yueqiao , Dunn Brandyn S. , Seo Soo H. , Patel Urja , Dilley Katelyn , Hakimi Amir A. , Syed Adeela , Kim Sehwan , Hill Michael G. , You Joon S. , Wong Brian J. F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesMinimally invasive fat sculpting techniques are becoming more widespread with the development of office‐based devices and therapies. Electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL) is a needle‐based technology that uses direct current (DC) to electrolyze tissue water creating acid and base in situ. In turn, fat is saponified and adipocyte cell membrane lysis occurs. The electrolysis of water can be accomplished using a simple open‐loop circuit (V‐ECLL) or by incorporating a feedback control circuit using a potentiostat (P‐ECLL). A potentiostat utilizes an operational amplifier with negative feedback to allow users to precisely control voltage at specific electrodes. To date, the variation between the two approaches has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess current and charge transfer variation and lipolytic effect created by the two approaches in an in vivo porcine model.MethodsCharge transfer measurements from ex vivo V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL treated porcine skin and fat were recorded at −1 V P‐ECLL, −2 V P‐ECLL, −3 V P‐ECLL, and −5 V V‐ECLL each for 5 min to guide dosimetry parameters for in vivo studies. In follow‐up in vivo studies, a sedated female Yorkshire pig was treated with both V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL across the dorsal surface over a range of dosimetry parameters, including −1.5 V P‐ECLL, −2.5 V P‐ECLL, −3.5 V P‐ECLL, and 5 V V‐ECLL each treated for 5 min. Serial biopsies were performed at baseline before treatment, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment. Tissue was examined using fluorescence microscopy and histology to compare the effects of the two ECLL approaches.ResultsBoth V‐ECLL and P‐ECLL treatments induced in‐vivo fat necrosis evident by adipocyte membrane lysis, adipocyte denuclearization, and an acute inflammatory response across a 28‐day longitudinal study. However, −1.5 V P‐ECLL produced a smaller spatial necrotic effect compared to 5 V V‐ECLL. In addition, 5 V V‐ECLL produced a comparable necrotic effect to that of −2.5 V and −3.5 V P‐ECLL.ConclusionsV‐ECLL and P‐ECLL at the aforementioned dosimetry parameters both achieved fat necrosis by adipocyte membrane lysis and denuclearization. The −2.5 V and −3.5 V P‐ECLL treatments created spatially similar fat necrotic effects when compared to the 5 V V‐ECLL treatment. Quantitatively, total charge transfer between dosimetry parameters suggests that −2.5 V P‐ECLL and 5 V V‐ECLL produce comparable electrochemical reactions. Such findings suggest that a low‐voltage closed‐loop potentiostat‐based system is capable of inducing fat necrosis to a similar extent compared to that of a higher voltage direct current system.
Cross-Shelf Variability of Deacon Rockfish Sebastes diaconus Age, Growth, and Maturity in Oregon Waters and Their Effect on Stock Status
Authors: Rasmuson Leif K. , Rankin Polly S. , Kautzi Lisa A. , Berger Aaron , Blume Matthew T. O. , Lawrence Kelly A. , Bosley Katelyn 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Understanding the basic biology of exploited fish populations, and how it changes across the waterscape, is essential to sustainable management. Biological features (age, growth, reproductive investment, and fish condition) for the newly described Deacon Rockfish Sebastes diaconus were evaluated between two different population segments, an exploited nearshore population and an unexploited offshore population, and were used to parameterize population dynamics models to evaluate how area-specific biological features influence measures of stock status. Monthly hook-and-line sampling was conducted for 1 year, with ˜50 fish collected per area per sampling period. Despite the relatively small (&lt;50 km) distance between the two sampling areas, there were discernible differences in the biology of Deacon Rockfish. When fish of the same size-class were compared between offshore and nearshore segments, the unexploited offshore fish were older, suggesting that fishing may have decreased the overall age structure of the exploited nearshore population segment. Parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth model differed the most between the sexes and secondarily between the nearshore and offshore population segments. Length at 50% maturity was 28 cm and age at 50% maturity was 4.1 years for females, which is smaller and younger than previously reported in the literature. Deacon Rockfish were captured in both the nearshore and offshore areas throughout the year, which suggests that at least some component(s) of the population is present in both areas throughout the year. These differences had a nontrivial influence on measures of stock status and will be important to consider during future stock assessments and as management considers the effect of the recent reopening of the offshore population segment to fishing.
Temporal and Age-Based Variation in Juvenile Sablefish Diet Composition and Quality: Inferences from Stomach Contents and Stable Isotopes
Authors: Callahan Matthew W. , Beaudreau Anne H. , Heintz Ron A. , Mueter Franz J. , Rogers Matthew C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Prey communities in the North Pacific Ocean have been disrupted by marine heatwaves, and reductions in forage fishes have had notable impacts on upper-trophic-level consumers. Little is known about the potential effects of a changing prey base for some commercially valuable fishes, such as Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria. The objectives of this study were to evaluate temporal and age-based shifts in diets of juvenile Sablefish, with a focus on understanding their reliance on high-quality forage fishes. We collected Sablefish from a bay in Southeast Alaska over 2 years (2017–2019) during their first autumn (September–October; age 0), in late winter (March; age 1), and during their second summer (July; age 1). Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii constituted the majority of the Sablefish diet by weight (82.1%) and by frequency of occurrence (40.7%), with variation among months, years, and age-classes. Stable isotopes corroborated our interpretation of diet composition from stomach contents and indicated that age-0 Sablefish sampled in October 2017 relied on more depleted carbon sources than other groups, potentially explained by consumption of adult salmon carcasses. Significant relationships between stable isotope ratios and Sablefish length indicated that size-based diet composition differences were most prevalent during March and July. Sablefish exploited prey taxa of variable quality (0.02–5.3 kJ/g), but mean energy density of consumed prey differed little among years or months (3.62–4.48 kJ/g). Overall, 21% of stomachs sampled were empty, with the percentage of empty stomachs peaking in late winter (46%). Stomach content weights expressed as a percentage of body weight were highest in autumn 2018, when Pacific Herring comprised over 80% of the diets by weight. Consumption of high-energy prey, such as Pacific Herring, may contribute to rapid growth of Sablefish during the critical prewinter period. If strong Sablefish year-classes become more frequent with a warming ocean, they will require substantial prey resources to support their growth to adulthood.
Analytical wave solutions of the (2+1)‐dimensional Boiti–Leon–Pempinelli and Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli equations by mathematical methods
Authors: Seadawy Aly R. , Ali Asghar , Helal Mohamed A. 
Published: August 2021

In this manuscript, with the successfully implementation of three mathematical methods, several types of exact and solitary wave solutions of the (2+1)‐dimensional Boiti–Leon–Pempinelli (BLP) and (2+1)‐dimensional of Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli (BLMP) equations are constructed. These schemes, namely called modified extended auxiliary mapping method, ameliorated form of simple equation and modified F‐expansion. By transmission, the diverse values to the parameters, variants wave results are derived from exact peregrinating wave solution. Some solutions have been exemplified by graphical to understand the physical deportment of the BLP and BLMP wave models. The accomplished solutions seem with all essential constraint conditions, which are obligatory for them to subsist. Hence, our techniques via fortification of symbolic computations provide an active and potent mathematical implement for solving diverse benevolent nonlinear wave quandaries.
Bandwidth‐reconfigurable microwave photonic filter based on stimulated Brillouin scattering effect spreading by vector modulation technology
Authors: Gong Jingwen , Tan Qinggui , Wang Di , Liang Dong , Liu Gaojian , Ge Jinman , Li Xiaojun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe demonstrate a reconfigurable filter based on the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect in fiber with 3 dB bandwidth from 20 to 500 MHz. We analyze the influence of pump lines and pump spacing on the filter and propose an SBS‐based filter with low passband fluctuation by vectorial modulating multi‐lines pumps. The filter passband fluctuation is decrease to 0.49 dB by precise controlling the pumps' lines, pumps' spacing, and vector signal modulated rate. The proposed single bandpass microwave photonic filter also successfully demonstrates a wide‐band tuning range from 1 to 20 GHz and high out‐of‐band rejection ratio of over 40 dB. The SNR performance of the proposed SBS filter is analyzed and shown the potential capability in the fields of microwave signal processing in satellite communications, electronic warfare, and radar systems.
Ventilation measurements using fast‐helical free‐breathing computed tomography
Authors: Low Daniel A. , O'Connell Dylan , Lauria Michael , Stiehl Bradley , Naumann Louise , Lee Percy , Hegde John , Barjaktarevic Igor , Goldin Jonathan , Santhanam Anand 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo examine the use of multiple fast‐helical free breathing computed tomography (FHFBCT) scans for ventilation measurement.MethodsTen patients were scanned 25 times in alternating directions using a FHFBCT protocol. Simultaneously, an abdominal pneumatic bellows was used as a real‐time breathing surrogate. Regions‐of‐interest (ROIs) were selected from the upper right lungs of each patient for analysis. The ROIs were first registered using a published registration technique (pTV). A subsequent follow‐up registration employed an objective function with two terms, a ventilation‐adjusted Hounsfield Unit difference and a conservation‐of‐mass term labeled ΔΓ that denoted the difference between the deformation Jacobian and the tissue density ratio. The ventilations were calculated voxel‐by‐voxel as the slope of a first‐order fit of the Jacobian as a function of the breathing amplitude.ResultsThe ventilations of the 10 patients showed different patterns and magnitudes. The average ventilation calculated from the deformation vector fields (DVFs) of the pTV and secondary registration was nearly identical, but the standard deviation of the voxel‐to‐voxel differences was approximately 0.1. The mean of the 90th percentile values of ΔΓ was reduced from 0.153 to 0.079 between the pTV and secondary registration, implying first that the secondary registration improved the conservation‐of‐mass criterion by almost 50% and that on average the correspondence between the Jacobian and density ratios as demonstrated by ΔΓ was less than 0.1. This improvement occurred in spite of the average of the 90th percentile changes in the DVF magnitudes being only 0.58 mm.ConclusionsThis work introduces the use of multiple free‐breathing CT scans for free‐breathing ventilation measurements. The approach has some benefits over the traditional use of 4‐dimensional CT (4DCT) or breath‐hold scans. The benefit over 4DCT is that FHFBCT does not have sorting artifacts. The benefits over breath‐hold scans include the relatively small motion induced by quiet respiration versus deep‐inspiration breath hold and the potential for characterizing dynamic breathing processes that disappear during breath hold.
Hybrid ‐shimming and gradient adaptions for improved pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling at 7 Tesla
Authors: Meixner Christian R. , Eisen Christian K. , Schmitter Sebastian , Müller Max , Herrler Jürgen , Hensel Bernhard , Dörfler Arnd , Uder Michael , Nagel Armin M. 
Published: August 2021

PurposeTo improve pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (pcASL) at 7T by exploiting a hybrid homogeneity‐ and efficiency‐optimized ‐shim with adapted gradient strength as well as background suppression.MethodsThe following three experiments were performed at 7T, each employing five volunteers: (1) A hybrid (ie, homogeneity‐efficiency optimized) ‐shim was introduced and evaluated for variable‐rate selective excitation pcASL labeling. Therefore, ‐maps in the V3 segment and time‐of‐flight images were acquired to identify the feeding arteries. For validation, a gradient‐echo sequence was applied in circular polarized (CP) mode and with the hybrid ‐shim. Additionally, the gray matter (temporal) signal‐to‐noise ratio (tSNR) in pcASL perfusion images was evaluated. (2) Bloch simulations for the pcASL labeling were conducted and validated experimentally, with a focus on the slice‐selective gradients. (3) Background suppression was added to the ‐shimmed, gradient‐adapted 7T sequence and this was then compared to a matched sequence at 3T.ResultsThe ‐shim improved the signal within the labeling plane (23.6%) and the SNR/tSNR increased (+11%/+11%) compared to its value in CP mode; however, the increase was not significant. In accordance with the simulations, the adapted gradients increased the tSNR (35%) and SNR (45%) significantly. Background suppression further improved the perfusion images at 7T, and this protocol performed as well as a resolution‐matched protocol at 3T.ConclusionThe combination of the proposed hybrid ‐phase‐shim with the adapted slice‐selective gradients and background suppression shows great potential for improved pcASL labeling under suboptimal conditions at 7T.
Rare earth doping in perovskite luminescent nanocrystals and photoelectric devices
Authors: Sun Rui , Zhou Donglei , Song Hongwei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHalide perovskites have shown great promise in optoelectronics and photovoltaics owing to their outstanding photoelectrical properties. However, their inherent shortcomings, such as lack of near‐infrared (NIR) photoluminescence (PL), instability and low efficiency, limit their practical applications. It is notable that doping and ion substitution represent effective strategies for tailoring the optoelectronic properties and stabilities of perovskite nanocrystals (NCs). Rare earth (RE) ions exhibit unique electronic and optical properties; the combination of lead halide perovskite and RE ions can combine the excellent optoelectronic properties of the host with the f‐f electronic transitions of the dopants and promote the further development of perovskite in the field of optoelectronics. For example, the efficient quantum cutting phenomenon in Yb3+‐doped CsPb(Cl/Br)3 NCs yields a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) close to 200%, which have enabled promising proof‐of‐principle demonstration of solar photovoltaics. This review comprehensively summarizes the crystal structure, synthesis strategy, and applications of RE‐doped halide perovskites. We systematically discussed the challenges of RE ions in halide perovskite photovoltaic and light‐emitting devices, which provided a leading direction for the development of efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaic devices in the future.
Disordered farnesoid X receptor signaling is associated with liver carcinogenesis in Abcb11‐deficient mice
Authors: Wang Liping , Luo Qing , Zeng Sijing , Lou Yanmei , Li Xiaoyan , Hu Ming , Lu Linlin , Liu Zhongqiu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractABCB11 encodes the bile salt export pump (BSEP), a key regulator in maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis. Although inherited ABCB11 mutations have previously been linked to primary liver cancer, whether ABCB11 deficiency leads to liver cancer remains unknown. Here, we analyzed ABCB11 mRNA expression levels in liver tumor specimens [29 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and one with mixed HCC/ICC] with adjacent normal specimens and published human datasets. Liver tissues obtained from Abcb11‐deficient (Abcb11−/−) mice and wild‐type mice at different ages were compared by histologic, RNA‐sequencing, and BA analyses. ABCB11 was significantly downregulated in human liver tumors compared with normal controls. Abcb11−/− mice demonstrated progressive intrahepatic cholestasis and liver fibrosis, and spontaneously developed HCC and ICC over 12 months of age. Abcb11 deficiency increased BAs in the liver and serum in mice, most of which are farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists/non‐agonists. Accordingly, the hepatic expression and transcriptional activity of FXR were downregulated in Abcb11−/− mouse livers. Administration of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid reduced liver injury and tumor incidence in Abcb11−/− mice. In conclusion, ABCB11 is aberrantly downregulated and plays a vital role in liver carcinogenesis. The cholestatic liver injury and liver tumors developed in Abcb11−/− mice are associated with increased FXR antagonist BAs and thereby decreased activation of FXR. FXR activation might be a therapeutic strategy in ABCB11 deficiency diseases. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myelin basic protein expression in thymoma after methylprednisolone administration for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Isono Tomomi , Ose Naoko , Kawasaki Keisuke , Shibata Ayumi , Funaki Soichiro , Shintani Yasushi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe relationship between thymic epithelial tumour and demyelinating disease (DD) is unknown and surgical resection has not been optimized. A 39‐year‐old woman was administrated methylprednisolone for newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis. A thymic tumour was found in the antero‐superior mediastinum via computed tomography of the chest. Video‐assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy was performed. Histologically, the tumour was diagnosed as Type AB thymoma. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive myelin basic protein (MBP) in the cytosol of spindle cells in the tumour specimen. Germinal centres or lymphocytes infiltration were not noted. Ectopic MBP presentation in thymoma might be correlated with DD.
Limiting probabilities of first order properties of random sparse graphs and hypergraphs
Authors: Larrauri Alberto , Müller Tobias , Noy Marc 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLet be the binomial random graph in the sparse regime, which as is well‐known undergoes a phase transition at . Lynch (, 1992) showed that for every first order sentence , the limiting probability that satisfies as exists, and moreover it is an analytic function of c. In this paper we consider the closure in the interval of the set of all limiting probabilities of first order sentences in . We show that there exists a critical value such that when , whereas misses at least one subinterval when . We extend these results to random sparse d‐uniform hypergraphs, where the probability of a d‐edge is .