bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeing Science as a Communal Practice
Authors: Stapleford Thomas A. , Hicks Daniel J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Repeatedly over the last century, scientists have described a tension between two different views of their profession, one in which scientific research is a valuable end in itself and a second in which research is merely a means to other goals (such as power, status, or money). This chapter shows how a framework of “communal practices,” drawn from the virtue ethics of Alasdair MacIntyre, can help scholars understand this tension while also creating a more nuanced and accurate view of its source and characteristics. Doing so allows us to take scientists’ accounts of their professional goals seriously without accepting oversimplified binaries, and it suggests ways to navigate the tensions they describe by cultivating virtues.
Studying Scientific Virtues
Authors: Pennock Robert T. , Miller Jon D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Despite their historical connections, interdisciplinary research between philosophy and social science is relatively infrequent because of the divergent subject matter and disparate aims of these fields of inquiry. Although both may study “norms,” philosophy considers norms in a prescriptive sense, while social science investigates them in a descriptive sense. For such reasons, maintaining a neighborly wall between these disciplines serves both well. There are, however, several points of substantive contact where each may affect the other. After drawing some lessons about the possibilities and pitfalls of such work from previous exemplars, the chapter discusses Pennock and Miller’s interdisciplinary investigation of the scientific virtues. Quantitative and qualitative data from interviews with more than a thousand scientists about the character traits that are important for scientific research provided a rich source of information for the applicability of Pennock’s vocational virtue theory as it applies to science, showing the value of such collaboration.
Twenty-First-Century Virtue
Authors: Vallor Shannon 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies the growing difficulty of making ethical decisions—choices that aim at the “good life”—in our present human condition, one in which the unpredictable, complex, and destabilizing effects of emerging technologies on a global scale make the shape of the human future increasingly opaque and hard to fathom. The chapter suggests that this twenty-first-century challenge for ethics, which we can identify as a state of acute technosocial opacity, is best addressed from a particular philosophical tradition: virtue ethics. It argues that the classical traditions of Aristotelian, Confucian, and Buddhist virtue ethics offer us more resources for managing this contemporary problem than do other, more modern moral theories. The chapter concludes that only the cultivation of distinctly technomoral virtues will preserve humanity’s chances to live well with emerging technologies, and flourish in an increasingly opaque future.
Is “Failing Well” a Sign of Scientific Virtue?*
Authors: Schickore Jutta 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Science educators, popularizers of science, undergraduate advisors, psychologists, and others have claimed that failure is an integral part of science and that the good scientist embraces failure. The chapter examines this view from both conceptual and empirical perspectives. What exactly does it mean that failures are common in scientific work? What is so valuable about failing? How do scientists understand “failure,” and do they agree that failure is a common and valuable part of science? The first part of the chapter distinguishes different kinds of failures. Drawing on interviews with scientists, the second part of the chapter shows that practitioners themselves have few positive things to say about failure and associate it with personal defeat. The chapter argues that it would be better if practitioners had a higher tolerance for the fickleness of everyday scientific practice, but that trying to recast failures as successes creates more confusion than it removes.
Integrating Virtue Ethics into Responsible-Conduct-of-Research Programs: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Chen Jiin-Yu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In response to federal regulations, institutions created a multitude of responsible-conduct-of-research (RCR) education programs to teach novice researchers about ethical issues that may arise in the course of their research and how to avoid or address them. Many RCR education programs strive to help familiarize trainees with some of the areas in which issues in research ethics and integrity develop and help shape trainees into researchers who conduct their work with integrity. However, the compliance aspect of RCR education programs presents fundamental challenges to the programs’ aspirational goals. Adopting a virtue ethics framework can contribute to RCR education programs’ pursuit of those goals by drawing attention to the ways in which researchers’ characters contribute to conducting research with integrity. Further, virtue ethics can contribute to the development of a virtuous researcher through incorporation into both the formal RCR curriculum and through more informal means, such as mentoring.
Learning Agility
Authors: De Meuse Kenneth P. , Schmidt Harvey Veronica 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Learning Agility: The DNA for Leaders and Organizations in the Twenty-First Century highlights the importance of learning agility for identifying and developing the next generation of leaders. Similar to how DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries the genetic instructions used in the functioning, growth, and reproduction of all living organisms, it can be argued that the selection and development of tomorrow’s leaders is the DNA responsible for the financial performance and organizational health of a company’s future. In the chapter, the need for “agility” at both the individual level and the company level is explored. Initially, the changing corporate landscape is examined and how the relationship between employees and employers (i.e., the psychological contract) has evolved is investigated. The emergence and expansion of the learning agility construct also are reviewed. Ultimately, the goal is to set the stage for a book devoted to assisting scholars and practitioners in their quest to understand and apply learning agility effectively.
The Role of Learning Agility in Identifying and Developing Future Leaders
Authors: Church Allan H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
“The Role of Learning Agility in Identifying and Developing Future Leaders” focuses on the role that learning agility plays in helping organizations identify, assess, and develop high-potential leadership talent. After a brief summary of the empirical and applied literature on learning agility as it relates specifically to understanding leadership potential (based on the Leadership Potential BluePrint), the chapter shifts to a discussion of the practical applications of using the concept for assessment and development throughout the employee life cycle. Topics covered include the use of learning agility in selection systems, development programs, formal assessment processes, and internal senior management talent reviews (e.g., succession planning). The chapter concludes with a summary and suggestions for future practice and research.
Dignity
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman dignity is not necessarily treated as a human right per se, but it may describe in particular several of the most fundamental rights that concern physical and psychological integrity: the right to life, the prohibition of torture and ill treatment, the prohibition of slavery and servitude, the right to liberty and security, and the recognition as a person before the law. Within these rubrics, some quite specific issues are addressed including the resort to capital punishment and other extreme penalties, the criminalisation of genocide, and the imposition of medical treatment. The references to dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights appear to make up for the absence of any recognition of a supreme being,
Political rights
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolitical rights are often grouped with civil rights as if both adjectives apply to certain categories, and some fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, can be described as belonging to both categories. But the concept of political rights has an autonomous meaning. It applies specifically to the democratic vision of human rights, encompassing the right to participate in government, the right to vote and the right to participate in government. Elections must be both genuinie and periodic, based upon universal and equal suffrage and by secret vote or an equivalent free voting procedure. Equal access to the public service is also comprised within political rights.
Justice
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe right to justice is central to modern human rights law. This is often summarised as a right to a fair trial but the right to justice has other important dimensions. In terms of fair trial rights, they encompass the right to equality before and under the law and to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal. When the trial is criminal in nature, the presumption of innocence must be respected as well as many detailed guarantees for the defence. Special procedural protections are required when children are prosecuted. Furthermore, the principle of legality, which comprises a prohibition of retroactive criminality and requirements of legal certainty, must be ensured. The right to justice also comprises a broader right of access to justice.
Conclusion
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCustom poses challenges for its identification but at the same time it offers a potential for dynamism that may often be superior to that of treaty law. Recent developments, most importantly the near-universal ratification of major human rights treaties and the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the Human Rights Council, greatly facilitate the identification of customary law. It is clear that most of the rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are unquestionably part of customary international law. Doubts may persist about a few rights, such as the right to property. Customary law also extends to ‘solidarity rights’ or ‘peoples’ rights’, whose reflection in treaty law is not so universal. Recognition of rights does not ensure that there are effective mechanisms for their enforcement and implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This introduction frames the two trends that are at the core of this book: the triumph of liberal democratic constitutional discourse and the erosion of democracy. Liberal democratic designs, doctrines, and concepts have diffused easily around the world. These norms are promoted by a thick network of actors, and link to other thriving communities such as international human rights. But the rhetorical triumph of liberal democracy has not resulted in a steady increase in democracy—instead, recent years have seen stagnation and backsliding. This seeming paradox is explained by the ease with which liberal democratic ideas can be repurposed to serve anti-democratic ends. Reliance on liberal democratic institutions for anti-democratic moves may conceal their true purpose and make both domestic and international audiences less willing or able to formulate a critique. Furthermore, many liberal democratic norms are double-edged swords that can readily be used to attack rather than protect democracy.
The Abusive Borrowing of Political Constitutionalism and Weak-Form Judicial Review
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the abusive borrowing of an important set of concepts associated with political constitutionalism, or the idea that political institutions such as legislatures, rather than courts, should be chiefly charged with interpreting and enforcing the constitution. It shows how regimes in Hungary and Poland have relied heavily (and erroneously) on these theories to justify attacks on their judiciaries without seeking to develop the set of political and social preconditions which would be necessary for political forms of constitutional interpretation to make sense. It also shows how allies of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, in Israel, have (so far unsuccessfully) attempted to import the ‘weak-form’, dialogic, or New Commonwealth model of judicial review instantiated in Canada, which allows for a legislative override, in a context where the chief goal was immunizing the Prime Minister from ongoing criminal prosecution.
Can Abusive Borrowing Be Stopped?
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes by offering thoughts on how policymakers and scholars might design better responses to combat abusive constitutional borrowing, or the repurposing of liberal democratic designs, doctrines, and concepts for anti-democratic ends. It suggests a set of ways in which international and transnational monitoring might be made more sophisticated in recognizing and responding to the problem. It also highlights how liberal democratic theorists and practitioners might seek to design and promulgate norms that are more robust against the sometimes substantial threat of abuse. Finally, it concludes by considering how the pervasiveness of mimicry—the use of liberal democratic forms for anti-democratic goals—informs debates about liberal democratic constitutionalism and democratic erosion. It suggests that a more open contestation about the content of liberal democratic norms, bounded mainly by respect for the democratic minimum core, may be the best antidote against the threat posed by abusive constitutional borrowing.
Complicating Articulation in Art Cinema
Authors: Morrison Benedict 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Complicating Articulation in Art Cinema argues that art cinema, unlike classical film, draws attention to its disjointed, multi-parted form, but that criticism has too frequently sought to explain this complexity away by stitching the parts together in totalizing readings. This stitching together has often relied on the assumption that complicated character explains articulated form and that the solution to art cinema’s puzzles lies in interpreting each film as the expression of a focalizing character’s internal disturbance. This book challenges this assumption. It argues that the attempt to explain formal complexity through this character-centric approach reduces formal achievements and enigmatic characters to inadequate approximations of one another. Reference to character cannot fully tame unschematic and unpredictable combinations of—and collisions between—contradictory levels of narration, clashing styles, discontinuously edited shots, jarring allusions, dislocated genre signifiers, and intermedial elements. Through close analyses of films by Roberto Rossellini, Robert Bresson, Luis Buñuel, Terence Davies, Peter Greenaway, and Kelly Reichardt, Complicating Articulation in Art Cinema offers an ethics of criticism that suggests that the politics of art cinema’s eccentric form are limited by character-centred readings. Each of the featured films presents inarticulate or muted characters, whose emotional and intellectual lives are unknowable, further complicating the relationship between character and form. This book argues that, by acknowledging this resistance to interpretation, critics can think in new ways about art cinema’s interrogation of the possibilities of knowledge.
Telling Tales
Authors: Morrison Benedict 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter queries criticism which claims that the priest’s diary in Robert Bresson’s Journal d’un curé de campagne (1951) allows straightforward navigation through the film. Critics have often argued that this diary describes clearly the anxious young priest’s inner life. Such a reading has depended on the idea that the diary is univocal. This has necessarily disavowed the film’s articulated structure, in which the diary exists as speech (in voiceovers), written text (in images of the priest writing), and performance (in dramatized scenes). These elements are, in fact, contrapuntal, striking up productive differences and presenting conflicting, even contradictory, information. The calm of the voiceover is at odds with the frantic erasures of the writing and the confused focalizations of the dramatic scenes. The fractured diary is not the univocal presentation of the protagonist, and the inarticulate character cannot provide a stable centre for the eccentric film’s proliferating network of meanings.
Untidying the Image
Authors: Morrison Benedict 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that discontinuous editing in Luis Buñuel’s Belle de Jour (1967) produces an eccentric critique of bourgeois narrative- and myth-making. The film employs many of the startling collisions and confusions—the dépaysements—that characterize the director’s earlier surrealist films. Editing is used to create jarring juxtapositions in a montage that complicates, and does not produce, meaning. Criticism on the film, however, has often dismissed many of the achievements of this editing as untidiness, suggesting the director’s lack of care. The complicated articulated form that cannot be dismissed as untidiness has been routinely explained away through reference to Séverine, the central character, but accounts of her trauma depend on speculation and readings of the film’s source novel. This chapter argues that the form does not articulate on behalf of the inarticulate Séverine, and that Catherine Deneuve’s performance resists efforts to translate the character’s enigma into clear sense.
Securing the Levantine Empire
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter traces the struggle of British military authorities to secure their grip over the cities they occupied. New legal measures and security institutions were developed to combat the challenges emanating from the permeable, connected character of the Levantine city. Martial law and military police forces, however, proved insufficient to suppress anti-imperial movements, while their institutionalisation advanced the militarizing, anglicizing tendencies of military rule that further alienated local partners who were relied on for the functioning of this informal empire. The chapter shows how escalating urban and extra-urban violence resulted in the major retrenchment and retreat of British military forces in 1922 and 1923, bringing to an end the distinct Levantine empire that had bound these cities together over the preceding years
1914–1916
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This sub-chapter provides an overview of the first two years of the First World War in the eastern Mediterranean. It summarises the factors that led to the breakdown of British relations with Istanbul and the Ottoman decision to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers. It shows how the Mediterranean became a key transit route for Allied colonial troops on the outbreak of the war, and provides a brief account of the failed Ottoman attempt to interrupt Allied lines of communication and raise rebellion in Egypt by attacking the Suez Canal. It also gives an overview of the development of other main fronts in the region: the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Gallipoli.
The Ascetic Ideal
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis book develops a reading of Nietzsche’s concept of ‘the ascetic ideal’, through which he tracks the evolution, mutation, and expansion of the system of slave moral values that he associates primarily with Judaeo-Christian religious belief through diverse fields of Western European culture—not just religion and morality, but aesthetics, science, and philosophy. The work of Stanley Cavell and Michael Fried, and its impact in the philosophy of film and literature, is central here, as is J. M.Coetzee’s on the philosophy of autobiography; Martin Heidegger’s critique of science and technology is also addressed. In so doing it also offers an interpretation of his genealogical method that aims to rebut standard criticisms of its nature, and to emphasize its potential for enhancing philosophical understanding more generally. The focus throughout is on developments in those fields which occurred after the end of Nietzsche’s intellectual career, and in particular on influential modes of thought and practice that have a contemporary significance. However, the goal is not simply to argue that Nietzsche’s diagnosis and critique retain considerable merit. It is also to show that Nietzsche is himself significantly indebted to the ideals he criticizes; and that this opens up a possibility of synthesizing elements of his approach with those drawn from its target. Hence, the book also tracks various ways in which the object of Nietzsche’s criticism has further mutated (just as his genealogical method would suggest), and in doing so has generated ways of pursuing the values central to asceticism that avoid Nietzsche’s criticisms.
Writing the Life of the Mind
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the relation between philosophy, biography, and autobiography, as a way of tracking how the ascetic ideal informs our thinking about our relation to ourselves, and so about selfhood in general. Certain ascetic ideas about the possibility of self-identity and truthful self-characterization are shown to crop up throughout modern treatments of autobiographical theory and practice, and to generate opposition and criticism. The work of MacIntyre, Sartre, and Heidegger provides a general framework for navigating this part of the territory of life-writing; and the recent autobiographical trilogy by J. M. Coetzee is examined as a site within which ascetic practices of confession are developed, criticized, and then turned against themselves.
Knowing, Framing, and Enframing
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe first half of this chapter is an exercise in the philosophy of film, which treats Christopher Nolan’s body of cinematic work as Nietzsche treats a Wagner opera in the final essay of the Genealogy—as a key cultural site at which the complex interaction of the elements of the ascetic ideal play themselves out. The second half takes the analysis into the realms of science and philosophy: taking orientation from certain of Nietzsche’s claims about how modern philosophy adopts a scientistic stance, it weaves together these suggestions with some complex and controversial arguments advanced by the later Heidegger, to defend the idea that our contemporary age is best understood as the age of technology, and how this has informed and deformed some central cultural projects—in art, particularly the advent of modernist painting and its continuation in contemporary photographic practices; and in philosophy, in its treatment of secondary qualities, and more generally in its willingness to regard physics as metaphysics.