bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing recruitment strategies to engage hard‐to‐reach men who have sex with men living with HIV with unsuppressed viral loads in four US cities: Results from HPTN 078
Authors: Beyrer Chris , Malone Jowanna , Baral Stefan , Wang Zhe , Rio Carlos Del , Mayer Kenneth H. , Batey D. Scott , Farley Jason , Gamble Theresa , Stanton Jill , Hughes James P. , Wilson Ethan , Irvin Risha , Guevara‐Perez Oscar , Bocek Adam , Bruce Josh , Gaston Ronald , Cummings Vanessa , Remien Robert H. ,   the HPTN 078 Study Team
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionThere is an urgent need to identify men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV with unsuppressed viral loads to prevent transmission. Though respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) is traditionally used for hard‐to‐reach populations, we compare how RDS and direct recruitment (DR) perform in identifying MSM living with HIV with unsuppressed viral loads and identifying MSM with socio‐demographics characteristic of hard‐to‐reach populations.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional analysis among 1305 MSM who were recruited from March 2016 to December 2017 for a case management intervention trial (HPTN 078). We recruited participants across four cities using RDS and DR methods: Birmingham, AL; Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; and Boston, MA. Participants completed a socio‐demographic questionnaire and underwent HIV testing. We compare the proportion of MSM with HIV and unsuppressed viral loads (HIV RNA 1000 copies/ml) based on recruitment method using Pearson chi‐square tests. We also compare differences in race, income, healthcare coverage, education, sexual orientation, hidden sexuality and comfort with participating in the LGBT community between recruitment methods and perform non‐parametric trend tests to see how demographics change across RDS recruitment waves.ResultsRDS recruited 721 men (55.2%) and DR yielded 584 men (44.8%). Overall, 69% were living with HIV, of whom 18% were not virally suppressed. HIV prevalence was higher among those recruited via DR (84%) compared to RDS (58%), p < 0.0001. Twenty per cent of DR recruits were not virally suppressed compared to 15% of RDS, though this was not significant. DR yielded a significantly higher proportion of Black participants and those with less than a high school diploma. The prevalence of low income, no healthcare coverage, bisexuality and hidden sexuality increased across RDS waves.ConclusionsDR was more efficient in identifying MSM living with HIV with unsuppressed viral loads; however, there was a higher proportion of hard‐to‐reach MSM who were low income, lacked health coverage, were bisexual and were not open with their sexuality in deeper waves of RDS. Researchers should consider supplementing RDS recruitment with DR efforts if aiming to identify MSM with unsuppressed viral loads via RDS.
Outcomes of Simplified Lung Ultrasound Exam in COVID‐19: Implications for Self‐Imaging
Authors: Kimura Bruce J. , Shi Rujing , Tran Eric M. , Spierling Bagsic Samantha R. , Resnikoff Pamela M. 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesLung ultrasound B‐lines represent interstitial thickening or edema and relate to mortality in COVID‐19. As B‐lines can be detected with minimal training using point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS), we examined the frequency, clinical associations, and outcomes of B‐lines when found using a simplified POCUS method in acutely ill patients with COVID‐19.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, hospital data from COVID‐19 patients who had undergone lung imaging during standard echocardiography or POCUS were reviewed for an ultrasound lung comet (ULC) sign, defined as the presence of ≥3 B‐lines from images of only the antero‐apex of either lung (ULC+). Clinical risk factors, oximetry and radiographic results, and disease severity were analyzed for associations with ULC+. Clinical risk factors and ULC+ were analyzed for associations with hospital mortality or the need for intensive care in multivariable models.ResultsOf N = 160 patients, age (mean ± standard deviation) was 64.8 ± 15.5 years, and 46 (29%) died. ULC+ was present in 100/160 (62%) of patients overall, in 81/103 (79%) of severe‐or‐greater disease versus 19/57 (33%) of moderate‐or‐less disease (P < .0001) and was associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–5.4], P = .02) and the need for intensive care (OR = 5.23 [95% CI: 2.42–12.40], P < .0001). In the multivariable models, symptom duration and severe‐or‐greater disease were associated with ULC+, and ULC+, diabetes, and symptom duration were associated with the need for intensive care.ConclusionsB‐lines in the upper chest were common and related to disease severity, intensive care, and hospital mortality in COVID‐19. Validation of a simplified lung POCUS exam could provide the evidence basis for a self‐imaging application during the pandemic.
Contemporary Incremental Healthcare Costs for Allergic Rhinitis in the United States
Authors: Workman Alan D. , Dattilo Lillian , Rathi Vinay K. , Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: September 2021

Objectives/HypothesisDescribe contemporary changes in healthcare expenditure and utilization associated with allergic rhinitis (AR) over the past decade.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis.MethodsPatients reporting a diagnosis of AR were extracted from the 2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and linked to the consolidated expenditures file. AR patients were then compared to non‐AR patients to demonstrate differences in healthcare utilization for office visits, emergency facility visits, and prescriptions. In addition, differences in total healthcare costs, office‐based costs, and prescription costs were calculated, using demographic‐ and comorbidity‐adjusted multivariate models. Results were compared to those obtained in 2007.ResultsIn 2018, an estimated 1.94 ± 0.2 million adult patients reported AR (0.8% of the US population receiving medical care), a 90% decrease from the 17.8 ± 0.7 million patients seen in a formal healthcare setting for AR in 2007 (7.9%). AR patients still formally seen in 2018 had an average of 4.4 ± 1.3 more office visits (P = .001) and 9.7 ± 2.2 more prescription fills (P < .001) than non‐AR patients. In contrast to the 2007 findings, there was no difference in total health care expenditure per person with AR per year. When comparing total healthcare expenditure between 2018 and 2007, there was a net decrease of $1,176 per person with AR per year (P < .01).ConclusionsPatients reporting AR in a formal healthcare encounter fell significantly over the past decade, and per‐person expenditure associated with an AR diagnosis also decreased significantly. The transition of nasal corticosteroids to over‐the‐counter was potentially a key driver behind these changes.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 132:1510–1514, 2022
Climbing bean breeding for disease resistance and grain quality traits
Authors: Portilla Ana Elisabeth , Mayor‐Duran Victor Manuel , Buendia Hector Fabio , Blair Matthew W. , Cichy Karen , Raatz Bodo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is grown in two growth types, bush and climbing beans. The latter are preferred in several regions in East and Southern African as well as in Latin America (dominant in Rwanda and Colombia), due to higher yields and resilience compared with bush type. Common bean productivity is reduced by several pests and diseases between them. Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), which is the most common and destructive poty‐virus affecting bean production worldwide, and anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, can cause yield losses as high as 95% in susceptible cultivars. Further important traits in common bean are high micro mineral contents to alleviate malnutrition and grain quality traits such as the canning quality of bean varieties, which is important for farmers to access the processing market. In this study, new climbing bean populations were generated (coded ENF/CGA) to combine high seed iron (SdFe) and multiple diseases resistance. Double and triple crosses between parents with virus and anthracnose resistance, high SdFe, and good agronomic traits were employed. In trials in Darien and Popayan, lines were identified that combine BCMNV/BCMV and anthracnose resistance with seed yields above 4000 kg/ha. Phenotypic evaluations validated the usefulness of SNP markers tagging the genes bc‐3 and I for BCMN and Co‐3 for anthracnose as a selection tool for field resistance. These results show the genetic potential of the lines that are now being tested in target regions to be delivered to smallholder farmers.
An Efficient Monte Carlo Representation of Semi‐Batch Starved‐Feed Acrylate‐Methacrylate Multicomponent Radical Polymerization
Authors: Nasresfahani Amin , Hutchinson Robin A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe introduction of functional groups through radical copolymerization under starved‐feed conditions is a cost‐effective means to produce acrylate resins for coatings applications. The semi‐batch recipes often include a large fraction of nonfunctional acrylates and methacrylates, with a low percentage of functional comonomer added to become statistically distributed within the chains. A previous kinetic Monte Carlo representation is extended to efficiently consider multicomponent recipes consisting of both functional and nonfunctional acrylate (or methacrylate) components by taking advantage of the family type behavior of polymerization mechanisms and rate coefficients. The extended model is used to simulate the semi‐batch production of a terpolymer consisting of 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), butyl acrylate, and butyl methacrylate, examining the impact of recipe formulation as well as HEA preloading on the distribution of HEA units within the polymer chain sequences. The preload strategy does not provide significant improvement, as the most important factor for minimizing the amount of nonfunctional chains produced is to maintain constant copolymer composition and polymer molecular weight throughout the course of the entire reaction.
Benign fasciculations: A follow‐up study with electrophysiological studies
Authors: Montalvo Alexandre , Swash Michael , de Carvalho Mamede 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroduction/AimsFasciculations can be symptomatic, yet not progress to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a condition categorized as benign fasciculation syndrome (BFS). We aimed to assess electrodiagnostic changes and clinical course over time in patients with BFS.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of medical records of patients who were referred because of a suspicion of ALS or who had directly asked for a consultation because of a personal concern regarding ALS. All clinical and electromyography (EMG) investigations were performed by the same neurologist, following an established protocol. In addition, laboratory testing and imaging studies were performed as determined to be clinically necessary.ResultsWe included 37 subjects (mean age 46 ± 14.7 y, 29 male, 7 healthcare professionals). Most patients had experienced fasciculations in both upper and lower limb muscles (62.2%); the remaining patients had fasciculations only in their lower limbs. EMG in seven subjects showed chronic neurogenic potentials in addition to fasciculation potentials; all of these were older men. Follow‐up data were available in 24 patients (median 4.7 y), 21 with repeat EMGs, including all those with neurogenic EMG changes at baseline (median 6.5 y). Two‐thirds of patients reported symptomatic improvement: 57.1% of those with abnormal EMG and 61.1% with normal EMG. The EMG changes were stable.DiscussionPrognosis of BFS is favorable, regardless of minor EMG abnormalities. The latter do not necessarily imply progression to ALS.
Prospective Study Testing a Simplified Paclitaxel Premedication Regimen in Patients with Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Barroso-Sousa Romualdo , Vaz-Luis Ines , Di Meglio Antonio , Hu Jiani , Li Tianyu , Rees Rebecca , Sinclair Natalie , Milisits Lindsey , Leone Jose Pablo , Constantine Michael , Faggen Meredith , Briccetti Frederick , Block Caroline , Partridge Ann , Burstein Harold , Waks Adrienne G. , Tayob Nabihah , Trippa Lorenzo , Tolaney Sara M. , Hassett Michael J. , Winer Eric P. , Lin Nancy U. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
In early trials, hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to paclitaxel were common, thus prompting the administration of antihistamines and corticosteroids before every paclitaxel dose. We tested the safety of omitting corticosteroids after cycle 2 during the paclitaxel portion of the dose-dense (DD) doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide (AC)–paclitaxel regimen.

Patients, Materials, and Methods
In this prospective, single-arm study, patients who completed four cycles of DD-AC for stage I–III breast cancer received paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 every 2 weeks for four cycles. Patients received a standard premedication protocol containing dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and a histamine H2 blocker prior to the first two paclitaxel cycles. Dexamethasone was omitted in cycles three and four if there were no HSRs in previous cycles. We estimated the rate of grade 3–4 HSRs.

Results
Among 127 patients enrolled, 125 received more than one dose of protocol therapy and are included in the analysis. Fourteen (11.2%; 90% confidence interval, 6.9%–20.0%) patients had any-grade HSRs, for a total of 22 (4.5%; 3.1%–6.4%) HSRs over 486 paclitaxel cycles. Any-grade HSRs occurred in 1.6% (0.3%–5.0%), 6.5% (3.3%–11.3%), 7.4% (3.9%–12.5%), and 2.6% (0.7%–6.6%) of patients after paclitaxel cycles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Dexamethasone use was decreased by 92.8% in cycles 3 and 4. Only one patient experienced grade 3 HSR in cycles 3 or 4, for a rate of grade 3/4 HSR 0.4% (0.02%–2.0%) (1/237 paclitaxel infusions). That patient had grade 2 HSR during cycle 2, and the subsequent grade 3 event occurred despite usual dexamethasone premedication. A sensitivity analysis restricted to patients not known to have received dexamethasone in cycles 3 and 4 found that any-grade HSRs occurred in 2.7% (3/111; 0.7%–6.8%) and 0.9% (1/109; 0.05%–4.3%) of patients in cycle 3 and 4, respectively.

Conclusion
Corticosteroid premedication can be safely omitted in cycles 3 and 4 of dose-dense paclitaxel if HSRs are not observed during cycles 1 and 2.

Implications for Practice
Because of the potential for hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to paclitaxel, corticosteroids are routinely prescribed prior to each dose, on an indefinite basis. This prospective study, including 125 patients treated with 486 paclitaxel cycles, demonstrates that corticosteroids can be safely omitted in future cycles if HSRs did not occur during cycles 1 and 2 of paclitaxel and that this strategy reduces the use of corticosteroids in cycles 3 and 4 by 92.8% relative to current standard of care.
Compressive fatigue response and reliability analysis of thermoplastic composite with low‐velocity impact damage
Authors: Chen Jiwei , Yao Weixing , Lin Hanyu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThermoplastic composite has attracted more and more attentions for its higher fracture toughness and better damage tolerance than thermosetting composites. AS4/PEEK laminate is a representative thermoplastic composite, which has been widely used in the fabrication of fuselages and aircraft wings. In this paper, low‐velocity impact tests had been carried out on AS4/PEEK laminates. Different impact energy levels were selected for forming impact dent with depth of 1 mm for the three stacking sequences: [0/0/‐45/90/45/0/0/45/90/‐45/0]S, [0/0/45/90/‐45/0/45/90/‐45/0]S, and [45/‐45/0/45/90/‐45/0/45/‐45/0]S, which were 25.5, 21.0, and 20.0 J successively. Then, compression–compression fatigue tests with stress ratio of 10 and frequency of 10 Hz were used to obtain the residual fatigue life and damage propagation. It was found that significant local buckling appeared around the impact dent, which extended perpendicular to the loading direction during the compressive fatigue loading. The increase of the transverse dimension of local buckling could be divided into three stages. The experimental results indicated that a joint Weibull distribution could be used to describe the residual compressive fatigue life of the impacted laminates. This paper assumed an equal rank relationship between the residual strength and fatigue life, and the B‐basis value of fatigue stress was calculated to ensure the reliability of the impacted AS4/PEEK laminates, which were 0.53, 0.50, and 0.53 (normalized by residual compressive stress) at 106 cycles for the three kinds of laminates mentioned earlier.
Predicting neonatal outcomes in infants with giant omphalocele using prenatal magnetic resonance imaging calculated observed‐to‐expected fetal lung volumes
Authors: Danzer Enrico , Edgar J. Christopher , Eppley Elizabeth , Goldshore Matthew A. , Chotzoglou Etze , Herkert Lisa M. , Oliver Edward R. , Rintoul Natalie E. , Panitch Howard , Adzick N. Scott , Hedrick Holly L. , Victoria Teresa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based observed/expected total lung volume (O/E TLV) and outcome in neonates with giant omphalocele (GO).MethodsBetween 06/2004 and 12/2019, 67 cases with isolated GO underwent prenatal and postnatal care at our institution. MRI‐based O/E TLVs were calculated based on normative data from Meyers and from Rypens and correlated with postnatal survival and morbidities. O/E TLV scores were grouped based on severity into <25% (severe), between 25% and 50% (moderate), and >50% (mild) for risk stratification.ResultsO/E TLV was calculated for all patients according to Meyers nomograms and for 49 patients according to Rypens nomograms. Survival for GO neonates with severe, moderate, and mild pulmonary hypoplasia based on Meyers O/E TLV categories was 60%, 92%, and 96%, respectively (p = 0.04). There was a significant inverse association between Meyers O/E TLV and risk of neonatal morbidities (p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed with Rypens O/E TLV, but associations were less often significant likely related to the smaller sample size.ConclusionNeonatal outcomes are related to fetal lung size in isolated GO. Assessment of Meyers O/E TLV allows identification of GO fetuses at greatest risk for complications secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia.
Backbone flexibility on conjugated polymer's crystallization behavior and thin film mechanical stability
Authors: Qian Zhiyuan , Galuska Luke A. , Ma Guorong , McNutt William W. , Zhang Song , Mei Jianguo , Gu Xiaodan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractExtensive efforts have been made to develop flexible electronics with conjugated polymers that are intrinsically stretchable and soft. We recently systematically investigated the influence of conjugation break spacers (CBS) on the thermomechanical properties of a series n‐type naphthalene diimide‐based conjugated polymer and found that CBS can significantly reduce chain rigidity, melting point, as well as glass transition temperature. In the current work, we further examined the influence of CBS on the crystallization behaviors of PNDI‐C3 to C6, including isothermal crystallization kinetics, crystal polymorphism and subsequently time‐dependent modulus, in a holistic approach using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray scattering, polarized optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and pseudo‐free‐standing tensile test. Results demonstrate that increasing the length of CBS increases the crystallization half‐time by 1 order of magnitude from PNDI‐C3 to PNDI‐C6 from approximately 103 to 104 s. The crystallization rate shows a bimodal dependence on the temperature due to the presence of different polymorphs. In addition, crystallization significantly affects the mechanical response, a stiffening in the modulus of nearly three times is observed for PNDI‐C5 when annealed at room temperature for 12 h. Crystallization kinetic is also influenced by molecular weight (MW). Higher MW PNDI‐C3 crystallizes slower. In addition, an odd–even effect was observed below 50°C, odd‐number PNDI‐Cxs (C3 and C5) crystallize slower than the adjacent even‐numbered PNDI‐Cxs (C4 and C6). Our work provides an insight to design flexible electronics by systematically tuning the mechanical properties through control of polymer crystallization by tuning backbone rigidity.
Growing rights consciousness of the marginalised and the reshuffling of the landlord–tenant power relationship: Examining a country park‐induced displacement in Shanghai
Authors: Zhu Jin , He Shenjing , Hao Jinwei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInformal settlements are often subject to government‐led demolitions and clearances. In contemporary China, the removal of such settlements often necessitates negotiations between governments and landlords who are hard to dislocate, as exemplified in ‘Nail Households’ literature, whereas migrant tenants, if any, can be easily evicted without appropriate compensation. Our case study, however, presents evidence contrary to this. Migrant tenants proactively defended their rights and demanded compensation from their landlords. Drawing upon the lens of rights consciousness, this paper examines how the presumably marginalised migrant tenants were able to successfully defend their rights and interests. We found that (i) social capital accumulation, stigmatisation, the exclusion of planning participation and the transfer of clearance responsibility through two rounds of ‘state retreats’ reinforced the rights consciousness of migrant tenants and served to consolidate their bargaining power, contributing to a reshuffling of the landlord–tenant power position. (ii) The landlords, incentivised by attractive compensation packages, were brought into a temporary and fragile alliance with government agencies to secure the dislocation of the migrant tenants. The landlords thus took responsibility for the clearance from government agencies, whereas the local state was able to tactfully avoid any government–tenant confrontations. Although the tenants were able to secure adequate compensation from their landlords, the overall situation brought an end to the social support that existed in migrant enclaves and thus hampered their upward social mobility. This study revisits the understanding of the reshuffling of the landlord–tenant power relationship, albeit contingent and transient, against the backdrop of changing state–society relations.
Spousal absence and well‐being: Evidence from China's internal migration
Authors: Guo Lijia , Iacovou Maria , Huang Jiashun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study analyses the linkage between spousal absence and the well‐being and health of married individuals who are “left‐behind” by a spouse who has migrated away from home for work purposes. As the influence of spousal absence on individual well‐being is underinvestigated, this study contributes to the existing literature by examining the effects for men and women in both rural and urban areas and further explores which group of population may be the most disadvantaged. The analysis is based on data from a nationally representative household‐based survey in China. The sample includes 26,355 married individuals, and 1,066 individuals are the left‐behind spouses. The empirical results show that spousal absence is significantly and negatively associated with well‐being of the left‐behind married men and women. An investigation into the interaction effects reveals that the negative influence of spousal absence is particularly problematic for individuals who have not received education.