bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Prosocial Behavior Associated With Increased Registration for Deceased Organ Donation? A Cross-sectional Study of Ontario, Canada
Authors: Wilk Piotr , Richard Lucie , Ouédraogo Alexandra M. , Garg Amit X. , Maltby Alana , Shariff Salimah Z. 
Published: February 2021

Background.
A community that promotes prosocial behaviors such as organ donor registration or charitable giving could reinforce those behaviors among its residents. Understanding the nature of the relationship between prosocial behaviors at the community level and an individual’s decision to engage in prosocial behavior can help in the targeting of communities with lower rates of prosocial activities. The objective of this study was to assess if the likelihood that an individual is a registered deceased organ donor in Ontario, Canada, is associated with community-level charitable giving.

Methods.
This cross-sectional population-based study involved individual- and community-level data from multiple administrative data sources from ICES and Statistics Canada. To assess the unadjusted and adjusted effects of community-level charitable giving on organ donor registration, we ran 4 sequential multilevel random intercept logistic regression models and used a number of individual- and community-level confounding factors.

Results.
Statistically significant between-community variance (0.322, SE = 0.020) and interclass correlation coefficient (0.089) suggest that substantial variation in organ donor registration can be attributed to the between-community differences. Community-level charitable giving was correlated with organ donor registration (odds ratios, 1.351; 95% confidence intervals, 1.245-1.466) in the model containing only individual-level confounding factors. However, this relationship became statistically nonsignificant (odds ratios, 0.982; 95% confidence intervals, 907-1.063) when a series of community-level confounding factors were added to the model. Among these confounding factors, individuals’ immigration status and community-level ethnic/immigrant concentration had the most pronounced association with organ donor registration.

Conclusion.
The identification of the characteristics of populations and communities with low organ donor registration rates may inform future initiatives in the area of organ donation awareness and promotion to make them more effective among those particular groups.
Noninvasive direct current stimulation for schizophrenia: a review
Authors: Lindenmayer Jean-Pierre , Fitapelli Brianna 
Published: February 2021

Purpose of review
To provide an update of recent studies describing the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on patients with schizophrenia, with particular focus on auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), cognitive deficits, and negative symptoms.

Recent findings
As a low-cost, easy-to-use neuromodulation technique, tDCS may have clinical implications for those suffering from treatment-persistent AVH, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Over the past decade, tDCS has shown no effects for negative symptoms, except when used at a high frequency of sessions, and inconclusive results for AVH and cognitive symptoms. The treatment has little to no adverse effects.

Summary
The studies reviewed here support the need for further investigation and empirical data regarding the use of tDCS. The underlying mechanisms of tDCS as well as the most effective stimulation parameters must be better understood. Findings support the need for increased duration and frequency of tDCS sessions. One of the next steps is the investigation of effects of concomitant nonpharmacological treatments with tDCS.
Uncovering interpretable potential confounders in electronic medical records
Authors: Zeng Jiaming , Gensheimer Michael F. , Rubin Daniel L. , Athey Susan , Shachter Ross D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRandomized clinical trials (RCT) are the gold standard for informing treatment decisions. Observational studies are often plagued by selection bias, and expert-selected covariates may insufficiently adjust for confounding. We explore how unstructured clinical text can be used to reduce selection bias and improve medical practice. We develop a framework based on natural language processing to uncover interpretable potential confounders from text. We validate our method by comparing the estimated hazard ratio (HR) with and without the confounders against established RCTs. We apply our method to four cohorts built from localized prostate and lung cancer datasets from the Stanford Cancer Institute and show that our method shifts the HR estimate towards the RCT results. The uncovered terms can also be interpreted by oncologists for clinical insights. We present this proof-of-concept study to enable more credible causal inference using observational data, uncover meaningful insights from clinical text, and inform high-stakes medical decisions.
Variations in housing affordability and health relationships by measurement and sub-population assessment
Authors: Raderman Will , Rogers Nina T. , Murray Emily T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPast studies have shown that the more unaffordable housing is to people, the worse their health, particularly mental health. However, the commonly used housing affordability indicator, the 30% measure, has limitations. There is evidence that other indicators, including the ‘30/40’ measure, might be more precise in characterizing housing unaffordability by taking into account absolute values of household incomes. In this paper, we use cross-sectional data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, to evaluate relationships between two affordability measures (30%, 30/40) with 3 health measures: general, physical and mental health. We use logistic regression and effect modification to test whether relationships varied by age, ethnicity, housing tenure, urbanicity and sex. Out of 35,114 participants with complete data, housing was classified as unaffordable for 24.2% using the 30% measure and 10.2% for the 30/40 measure. In age-adjusted analyses, higher unaffordability was associated with worse health for all three health measures, with associations stronger for the 30/40 vs the 30% unaffordability measure. In models adjusted for age, sex and urbanicity, both ethnicity and tenure independently modified associations; with modification showing small differences by unaffordability and health measure. Further studies are needed to disentangle complex relationships between household income, housing costs, ethnicity and tenure.
To what extent do we need to rely on non-pharmaceutical interventions while COVID-19 vaccines roll out in 2021?
Authors: Yang Juan , Marziano Valentina , Deng Xiaowei , Guzzetta Giorgio , Zhang Juanjuan , Trentini Filippo , Cai Jun , Poletti Piero , Zheng Wen , Wang Wei , Wu Qianhui , Zhao Zeyao , Dong Kaige , Zhong Guangjie , Viboud Cécile , Merler Stefano , Ajelli Marco , Yu Hongjie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 vaccination is being conducted in over 190 countries/regions to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission and return to a pre-pandemic lifestyle. However, understanding when non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can be lifted as immunity builds up remain a key question for policy makers. To address it, we built a data-driven model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for China. We estimated that to prevent the escalation of local outbreaks to widespread epidemics, stringent NPIs need to remain in place at least one year after the start of vaccination. Should NPIs alone be capable to keep the reproduction number (Rt) around 1.3, the synergetic effect of NPIs and vaccination could reduce up to 99% of COVID-19 burden and bring Rtbelow the epidemic threshold in about 9 months. Maintaining strict NPIs throughout 2021 is of paramount importance to reduce COVID-19 burden while vaccines are distributed to the population, especially in large populations with little natural immunity.
Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience
Authors: Madsen Martin K. , Stenbæk Dea S. , Arvidsson Albin , Armand Sophia , Marstrand-Joergensen Maja R. , Johansen Sys S. , Linnet Kristian , Ozenne Brice , Knudsen Gitte M. , Fisher Patrick M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe emerging novel therapeutic psilocybin produces psychedelic effects via engagement of cerebral serotonergic targets by psilocin (active metabolite). The serotonin 2A receptor critically mediates these effects by altering distributed neural processes that manifest as increased entropy, reduced functional connectivity (FC) within discrete brain networks (i.e., reduced integrity) and increased FC between networks (i.e., reduced segregation). Reduced integrity of the default mode network (DMN) is proposed to play a particularly prominent role in psychedelic phenomenology, including perceived ego-dissolution. Here, we investigate the effects of a psychoactive oral dose of psilocybin (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) on plasma psilocin level (PPL), subjective drug intensity (SDI) and their association in fifteen healthy individuals. We further evaluate associations between these measures and resting-state FC, measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, acquired over the course of five hours after psilocybin administration. We show that PPL and SDI correlate negatively with measures of network integrity (including DMN) and segregation, both spatially constrained and unconstrained. We also find that the executive control network and dorsal attention network desegregate, increasing connectivity with other networks and throughout the brain as a function of PPL and SDI. These findings provide direct evidence that psilocin critically shapes the time course and magnitude of changes in the cerebral functional architecture and subjective experience following psilocybin administration. Our findings provide novel insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying profound perceptual experiences evoked by this emerging transnosological therapeutic and implicate the expression of network integrity and segregation in the psychedelic experience and consciousness.
Extreme Phenotypic Diversity in Operant Responding for an Intravenous Cocaine or Saline Infusion in the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel
Authors: Bagley Jared R. , Khan Arshad H. , Smith Desmond J. , Jentsch James D. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTCocaine self-administration is complexly determined trait, and a substantial proportion of individual differences in cocaine use is determined by genetic variation. Cocaine intravenous self-administration (IVSA) procedures in laboratory animals provide opportunities to prospectively investigate neurogenetic influences on the acquisition of voluntary cocaine use. Large and genetically diverse mouse populations, including the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP), have been developed for forward genetic approaches that can reveal genetic variants that influence traits like cocaine IVSA. This population enables high resolution and well-powered genome wide association studies, as well as the discovery of genetic correlations. Here, we provide information on cocaine (or saline - as a control) IVSA in 65 strains of the HMDP. We found cocaine IVSA to be substantially heritable in this population, with strain-level intake ranging for near zero to >25 mg/kg/session. Though saline IVSA was also found to be heritable, a very modest genetic correlation between cocaine and saline IVSA indicates that operant responding for the cocaine reinforcer was influenced by a substantial proportion of unique genetic variants. These data indicate that the HMDP is suitable for forward genetic approaches for the analysis of cocaine IVSA, and this project has also led to the discovery of reference strains with extreme cocaine IVSA phenotypes, revealing them as polygenic models of risk and resilience to cocaine reinforcement. This is part of an ongoing effort to characterize genetic and genomic variation that moderates cocaine IVSA, which may, in turn, provide a more comprehensive understanding of cocaine risk genetics and neurobiology.
Heartbeat-evoked potentials during interoceptive-exteroceptive integration are not consistent with precision-weighting
Authors: Banellis Leah , Cruse Damian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInteroceptive-exteroceptive integration is fundamental for a unified interactive experience of the world with the body. Predictive coding accounts propose that these integrated signals operate predictively, with regulation by precision-weighting. Heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEPs) are one means to investigate integrated processing. In a previous study, consistent with predictive coding characterisations of precision-weighting, we observed modulation of HEPs by attention. However, we found no evidence of HEP modulation by participants’ interoceptive ability, despite the characterisation by predictive coding theories of trait abilities as a similar reflection of differential precision-weighting. In this study, we sought to more sensitively test the hypothesised trait-precision influences on HEPs by using an individually-adjusted measure of interoceptive performance. However, contrary to a precision-weighted predictive coding framework, we failed to find evidence in support of the HEP modulations by attentional-precision or trait-precision. Nonetheless, we observed robust HEP effects indicative of an expectation of a sound on the basis of a heartbeat -i.e. interoceptive-exteroceptive integration. It is possible that under our more individually-tailored task, participants relied less on attentional-precision to ‘boost’ predictions due to an enhanced perception of cardio-audio synchrony. Furthermore, assessing interoceptive ability is challenging, thus variations in performance may not accurately reflect trait-precision variations. Nevertheless, in sum, our findings are inconsistent with a precision-weighted prediction error view of the HEP, and highlight the need for clearer definitions of the manipulation and measurement of precision in predictive coding. Finally, our robust interoceptive-exteroceptive integration HEP effects may provide a valuable tool for investigating such integration in both clinical conditions and cognition.Impact statementWe investigate heart-evoked potentials during interoceptive-exteroceptive integration to determine whether cross-modal integrated processes operate under a precision-weighted predictive coding framework. Using a more sensitive individually-tailored task, we found no evidence of the modulation of cardio-audio expectation by attention or individual differences in interoceptive perception (i.e. by state or trait measures of precision). Nonetheless, we replicate evidence of cardiac-driven predictions of auditory stimuli, providing a potential tool for investigating their relationship with emotion and embodied selfhood.
PML-Dependent Memory of Type I Interferon Treatment Results in a Restricted Form of HSV Latency
Authors: Suzich Jon B. , Cuddy Sean R. , Baidas Hiam , Dochnal Sara , Ke Eugene , Schinlever Austin R. , Babnis Aleksandra , Boutell Chris , Cliffe Anna R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes latent infection in long-lived neurons. During initial infection, neurons are exposed to multiple inflammatory cytokines but the effects of immune signaling on the nature of HSV latency is unknown. We show that initial infection of primary murine neurons in the presence of type I interferon (IFN) results in a form of latency that is restricted for reactivation. We also found that the subnuclear condensates, promyelocytic leukemia-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), are absent from primary sympathetic and sensory neurons but form with type I IFN treatment and persist even when IFN signaling resolves. HSV-1 genomes colocalized with PML-NBs throughout a latent infection of neurons only when type I IFN was present during initial infection. Depletion of PML prior to or following infection did not impact the establishment latency; however, it did rescue the ability of HSV to reactivate from IFN-treated neurons. This study demonstrates that viral genomes possess a memory of the IFN response duringde novoinfection, which results in differential subnuclear positioning and ultimately restricts the ability of genomes to reactivate.
Somatosensory innervation of healthy human oral tissues
Authors: Moayedi Yalda , Michlig Stephanie , Park Mark , Koch Alia , Lumpkin Ellen A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe oral somatosensory system relays essential information about mechanical stimuli to enable oral functions such as feeding and speech. The neurochemical and anatomical diversity of sensory neurons across oral cavity sites have not been systematically compared. To address this gap, we analyzed healthy human tongue and hard palate innervation. Biopsies were collected from 12 volunteers and underwent multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry (≥2 specimens per marker/structure). Afferents were analyzed for markers of neurons (βIII tubulin), myelinated afferents (neurofilament heavy, NFH), and Merkel cells and taste cells (keratin 20, K20). Hard-palate innervation included Meissner’s corpuscles, glomerular endings, Merkel cell-neurite complexes, and free nerve endings. The organization of these somatosensory endings is reminiscent of fingertips, suggesting that the hard palate is equipped with a rich repertoire of sensory neurons for pressure sensing and spatial localization of mechanical inputs, which are essential for speech production and feeding. Likewise, the tongue is innervated by afferents that impart it with exquisite acuity and detection of moving stimuli that support flavor construction and speech. Filiform papillae contain end bulbs of Krause, as well as endings that have not been previously reported, including subepithelial neuronal densities, and NFH+ neurons innervating basal epithelium. Fungiform papillae had Meissner’s corpuscles and densities of NFH+ intraepithelial neurons surrounding taste buds. The differing compositions of sensory endings within filiform and fungiform papillae suggest that these structures have distinct roles in mechanosensation. Collectively, this study has identified previously undescribed afferent endings in human oral tissues and provides an anatomical framework for understanding oral mechanosensory functions.
The genomic signature of wild-to-crop introgression during the domestication of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineusL.)
Authors: Guerra-García Azalea , Rojas-Barrera Idalia C. , Ross-Ibarra Jeffrey , Papa Roberto , Piñero Daniel 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe scarlet runner bean is an open-pollinated legume from the highlands of Mesoamerica that is cultivated in small-scale agriculture for its dry seeds and immature pods. Demographic bottlenecks associated with domestication might reduce genetic diversity and facilitate the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Conversely, introgression from wild relatives could be a source of variation.Using Genotyping by Sequencing data (79,286 SNVs) from 237 cultivated and wild samples, we evaluated the demographic history of traditional varieties from different regions of Mexico and looked for evidence of introgression between sympatric wild and cultivated populations.Traditional varieties have high levels of diversity, even though there is evidence of a severe initial genetic bottleneck, followed by a population expansion. Introgression from wild to domesticated populations was detected, but not in the opposite direction. This asymmetric introgression might contribute to the recovery of genetic variation and it has occurred at different times: constantly in the center of Mexico; recently in the North West; and anciently in the South.Several factors are acting together to increase and maintain genetic diversity inP. coccineuscultivars, such as demographic expansion and introgression. Wild relatives represent a valuable genetic resource and have played a key role in scarlet runner bean evolution via introgression into traditional varieties.
Akaike model selections of the vegetation structures and aerosphere factors in supporting lesser short nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotisMuller, 1838) populations in Asia mountainous paddy fields
Authors: Basukriadi Adi , Nurdin Erwin , Wibowo Andri , Gunawan Jimi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs an aerial and arboreal fauna, the abundances and populations of fruit batCynopterus brachyotiswere influenced by the vegetation structures and aerosphere condition variables of fruit bat ecosystems. While mountaineous paddy field is an unique habitat since the trees are scarce and has exposure to the aerosphere variables including air temperature and humidity. Here this paper aims to select the best vegetation structures and aerosphere factors that support the abundance ofC. brachyotisin mountainous paddy field landscape in West Java. The model selection was using AIC methodology by testing 15 models including 5 single models and 10 combination models of explanatory variables. Based on the model, tree height and combinations of tree height and elevation produced the best prediction for the bat abundances, as described by low values of AIC and the highest values of R2and adjusted R2. For the best models, the AIC values ranged from 16.674 to 17.603, from 0.3404 to 0.4144 (R2), and 0.2461 to 0.2192 for adjusted R2. Regarding conservation ofC. brachyotisand learning from the model, the conservation approaches mainly in mountainous paddy fields are encouraged to protect and conserve high altitude landscapes and trees with height > 10 m. Whereas the AIC results show lack of aerosphere variable effects onC. brachyotis(AIC: 19.346-20.406, R2: 0.1124-0.001353, and adjusted R2: −0.01444 − −0.1413).
Independent associations of sleep timing, duration and quality with adiposity and weight status in a national sample of adolescents: the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Collings Paul J 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is evidence that short sleep elevates obesity risk in youth, but sleep is a multidimensional construct and few studies have investigated parameters beyond duration.ObjectivesTo investigate if sleep onset time, duration, latency, and night waking frequency are independently associated with adiposity and weight status in adolescents.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional observational study of 10,619 13-15y olds who provided self-reported sleep characteristics and underwent an anthropometric assessment to determine adiposity (body mass index (BMI) z-score and percent body fat (%BF)) and weight status. Adjusted linear and logistic regressions were used to investigate associations.ResultsCompared to a sleep onset time before 10pm, later sleep was associated with higher adiposity and higher likelihood of overweight and obesity in boys (after midnight, odds ratio (95% CI): 1.76 (1.19 to 2.60), p=0.004) and girls (between 11-11:59pm: 1.36 (1.17 to 1.65), p=0.002). Compared to sleeping for >9-10 hours, sleeping for ≤8 hours was associated with higher likelihood of overweight and obesity (boys: 1.80 (1.38 to 2.35), p<0.001); girls: 1.38 (1.06 to 1.79), p=0.016); there was evidence of a U-shaped association in girls for whom >10 hours of sleep was also associated with higher likelihood of overweight and obesity (1.31 (1.06 to 1.62); p=0.014). In girls, relative to a sleep latency of 16-30 minutes, sleep latencies ≥46 minutes were associated with higher adiposity (46-60 minutes, %BF: 1.47 (0.57 to 2.36), p=0.001) and higher likelihood of overweight and obesity (46-60 minutes: 1.39 (1.05 to 1.83); p=0.020). Often as opposed to never waking in the night was also associated with higher adiposity in girls (BMI z-score: 0.24 (0.08 to 0.41), p=0.004; %BF: 1.44 (0.44 to 2.44), p=0.005).ConclusionsSleep duration and timing, and sleep quality in girls, are independently associated with adiposity and weight status in adolescence and may be important targets for obesity prevention.