bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Topological Analysis of Compliant Mechanisms
Authors: Murphy Morgan D. , Midha Ashok , Howell Larry L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Following the topological synthesis of mechanisms, a topological analysis constitutes the second phase of the type-synthesis process. Topological analysis involves investigating distinct ways of specifying inputs, outputs and joint types to satisfy the functional requirements. For compliant mechanisms, the number of possible input combinations is typically much greater than for their rigid-body counterparts. Therefore, a systematic approach to input specification is required. This paper deals primarily with the development of a systematic input specification procedure for compliant mechanisms, while building on the rigid-body type-synthesis techniques and the terminology previously established for compliant elements. The techniques developed are straightforward and may be easily automated.
A Generalized Loop-Closure Theory for the Analysis and Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms
Authors: Howell Larry L. , Midha Ashok 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Compliant mechanisms gain at least some of their motion from flexible members. The combination of large-deflection beam analysis, kinematic motion analysis, and energy storage makes the analysis of compliant mechanisms difficult. The design of mechanisms often requires iteration between synthesis and analysis procedures. In general, the difficulty in analysis has limited the use of compliant mechanisms to applications where only simple functions and motions are required. The pseudo-rigid-body model concept promises to be the key to unifying the compliant and rigid-body mechanism theories. It simplifies compliant mechanism analysis by determining an equivalent rigid-body mechanism that accurately models the kinematic characteristics of a compliant mechanism. Once this model is obtained, many well known concepts from rigid-body mechanism theory become amenable for use to analyze and design compliant mechanisms. The pseudo-rigid-body-model concept is used to develop a generalized loop-closure method for the analysis and synthesis of compliant mechanisms. Synthesis is divided into two major categories: (i) rigid-body replacement synthesis, wherein only kinematic constraints are considered, and (ii) synthesis for compliance, wherein considerations of the energy storage and input/output force/torque characteristics of compliant mechanisms are utilized. The method allows compliant mechanisms to be designed for tasks that would have earlier been assumed to be unlikely, if not impossible, applications of compliant mechanisms. Examples of function, motion, and path generation of compliant mechanisms are presented for the first time.
The Determination of the Motion of Particles With Flat Facets on Oscillating Transporting Planes Using Coulomb Friction
Authors: Balan I. B. , Ursu N. N. , Mangeron D. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper presents a mathematical formulation for determining the relative motion of independent particles over oscillating transport planes considering Coulomb friction. This study addresses particles in continuous contact with the transport planes (without jumps).
The particle dynamic behaviour is obtained by numerically integrating the equation of motion by using a special purpose computer program and a computer program commercially available and marketed by ALGOR called Dyna Pak. Both methods give comparable results.
Geometry and Position Analysis of a Novel Class of Hybrid Manipulators
Authors: Zhang Change-de , Song Shin-Min 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a novel class of hybrid manipulators composed of two serially connected parallel mechanisms, each of which has three degrees of freedom. The lower and upper platforms respectively control the position and orientation of the end-effector. The advantages of this type of hybrid manipulator are larger workspace (as compared with parallel manipulators) and better rigidity and higher load-carrying capability (as compared with serial manipulators). The closed-form solutions of the forward and inverse position analyses are discussed. For forward position analysis, it is shown that the resultant equation for the positional mechanism is an 8-th order, a 6-th order, a 4-th order, or a 2-nd order polynomial, depending on the geometry and joint types of the passive subchain, while for the orientational mechanism, it is an 8-th order, or a 2-nd polynomial depending on the geometry. For inverse position analysis, it is demonstrated that the positional and orientational mechanisms both possess analytical closed-form solutions.
Control Systems in Manufacturing
Authors: Telagi Mruthyunjaya S. , Soni Athamaram H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper reviews different control methodologies applied in manufacturing environment. Since comparatively newer control methodologies like — Neural networks, Fuzzy logic, and Cerebellar model articulation controller have gained more research interests in recent years, they have been dealt in more detail. With this, we have presented application of neural network for endeffector positioning of three degree planar robot and results have been evaluated. Finally the future research trends in these areas have been discussed.
Interference Detection of Non-Convex Solids for Manipulators
Authors: Abdel-Malek Karim A. , Paul Burton 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When performing a computer simulation on analytical study of robot motions it is possible to unwittingly require a part of the robot (e.g. the hand) to interpenetrate (i.e. to interfere with) another part (e.g. an arm). It is therefore important to be able to predict in advance whether self interference or collision of any type occurs. This problem arises in fields of interest other than robotics, e.g. computer aided design and computer graphics. In this report, we have developed a computational method which predicts interference of moving objects in space. The method works for non-convex solids and multiply-connected solids (solids containing holes). The method checks the boundaries of surfaces enveloping solids for interference. Every pair of surfaces (one on each body) are examined for points of intersection. Points of interest are then studied to determine whether any two solids do interfere. The theory is developed for planar, ruled, and double curved surfaces.
Virtual Reality Promises New Design Capabilities
Authors: Trego Angela , Magleby Spencer 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Virtual reality has received much attention in the past few years in relation to entertainment and simulation. Although there is much hype surrounding virtual reality, the underlying technologies and concepts could have a significant impact on computer-based design engineering tools. This paper explores the possible applications of virtual reality to the engineering design process. The objective of the described research is to explore opportunities to create tools, environments, and systems which will increase the designer’s productivity through the application of virtual reality (VR) technologies and concepts. Background on design, CAD and VR is presented to give a context for later proposals. Previous research in the application of VR to CAD is reviewed. Specific VR capabilities are presented to show their possible application in mechanical design and CAD systems specifically. The potential applications of VR are explored in a structured manner with examples for each category. The paper concludes with recommendations on further research and development directions.
A Knowledge-Based Engineering Method to Integrate Metal Forming Process Design and Simulation
Authors: Robertson Tom , Prasad Biren , Duggirala Ravi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The integration of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tools is an important consideration in metal forming design. Traditionally, engineering functions such as classical analysis, FEA, CAD, etc. are performed separately. The emergence of knowledge-based engineering (KBE) tools and its language-based structure provides a basis to integrate design functions. This paper presents a KBE system which effectively integrates metal forming process design and FEA analysis by automating the pre-processing required for metal forming simulation for two dimensional problems. The method will be applicable to 3D problems as FEA technology improves.
EXPRESS-P: Extending EXPRESS for Process Modeling and Monitoring
Authors: Felser Winfried , Mueller Wolfgang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The upcoming ISO standard EXPRESS has been defined as a data specification language for the use within STEP. EXPRESS supports the modeling of static structural relationships and consistency constraints whereas the applicability of EXPRESS for the modeling of behavior is very limited. Thus, at present there is an ongoing discussion by which means EXPRESS should be extended with.
In this paper, we present EXPRESS-P. EXPRESS-P is an extension of EXPRESS by the concepts of the formal languages SDL (CCITT Standard), Estelle (ISO Standard), and GRAPES-86. Within these approaches a system is described as a network of communicating concurrent agents. In addition to the language, we introduce graphical means for this extension (System and Process Diagrams). Finally, we give a practical example by modeling an injection molding process in order to demonstrate the applicability of EXPRESS-P.
Autogenic translation and counter point bar deposition in meandering rivers
Authors: Sylvester Z. , Durkin P.R. , Hubbard S.M. , Mohrig D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough it has long been recognized that deposition along meandering rivers is not restricted to convex banks (i.e., point bars), the consensus is that sediment deposition on concave banks of channel bends mostly occurs when meander bends translate downstream because erosion-resistant barriers inhibit their lateral migration. Using a kinematic model of channel meandering and time lapse satellite imagery from the Mamoré River in Bolivia, we show that downstream translation and associated concave bank deposition are essential, autogenic parts of the meandering process, and resulting counter point bars are expected to be present whenever perturbations such as bend cutoffs and channel reoccupations create short bends with high curvatures. The implication is that zones of concave bank deposition with lower topography, finer-grained sediment, slack water, and riparian vegetation that differs from point bars are more common than previously considered.
International psychometric validation of the Living with Chronic Illness Scale in Spanish-speaking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Corchon Silvia , Rodriguez-Blazquez Carmen , Carvajal-Carrascal Gloria , Fuentes-Ramirez Alejandra , Ruiz de Ocenda Manuel Ignacio , Caparros Neus , Timonet-Andreu Eva , Navarta-Sanchez Maria Victoria , Ambrosio Leire 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo validate the Living with Chronic Illness (LW-CI) Scale in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).DesignObservational, cross-sectional validation study with retest. Acceptability, reliability, precision and construct validity were tested.SettingThe study took place in primary and secondary specialised units of public and private hospitals of Spain and Colombia.ParticipantsThe study included 612 patients with COPD assessed from May 2018 to May 2019. A consecutive cases sampling was done. Inclusion criteria included: (A) patients with a diagnosis of COPD; (B) native Spanish speaking; (C) able to read and understand questionnaires; and (D) able to provide informed consent. Exclusion criteria included: (A) cognitive deterioration and (B) pharmacological effect or disorder that could disrupt the assessment.ResultsThe LW-CI-COPD presented satisfactory data quality, with no missing data or floor/ceiling effects, showing high internal consistency for all the domains (Cronbach’s alpha for the total score 0.92). Test–retest reliability was satisfactory (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.92). The LW-CI-COPD correlated 0.52–0.64 with quality of life and social support measures. The scale demonstrated satisfactory known-groups validity, yielding signiﬁcantly different scores in patients grouped according to COPD severity levels.ConclusionsThis has been the first validation study of the LW-CI-COPD. It is a feasible, reliable, valid and precise self-reported scale to measure living with COPD in the Spanish-speaking population. Therefore, it could be recommended for research and clinical practice to measure this concept and evaluate the impact of centred-care interdisciplinary interventions based on the patients’ perspective, focused on providing holistic and comprehensive care to patients with COPD.
Effect of exposure to fine particulate matter during pregnancy and infancy on paediatric allergic rhinitis
Authors: Lin Yu-Ting , Shih Hao , Jung Chau-Ren , Wang Chi-Min , Chang Ya-Chu , Hsieh Chia-Yun , Hwang Bing-Fang 
Published: March 2021

Background

The effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM
2.5
) on the development of allergic rhinitis (AR) is poorly understood. We further identified the vulnerable period for AR development to determine methods to decrease adverse effects.

Methods
We used a large population-based birth cohort of 140 911 singleton live infants in Taichung, Taiwan with a highly temporal-resolution satellite-based hybrid model to evaluate the effects of prenatal and early postnatal exposure on the onset of AR.

Results

Among 140 911 children, 47 276 (33.55%) were cases of incident AR. The mean age of the children with AR at initial diagnosis was 2.97±1.78 years. We identified a significant association of AR with an interquartile range (IQR 17.98 µg/m
3
) increase in PM
2.5
from 30 gestational weeks to 52 weeks after birth. The exposure-response relationship revealed that AR had a significant positive association between PM
2.5
of 26–76 µg/m
3
(adjusted hazard ratios ranged from 1.00 to 1.05).

Conclusion

Our study provides evidence that both prenatal and postnatal exposures to PM
2.5
are associated with later development of AR. The vulnerable time window may be within late gestation and the first year of life. Further study is required to confirm the vulnerable time period of PM
2.5
on AR.
The impacts of a fibrolytic enzyme additive on digestibility and performance in the grower and early finisher period, and supplementalSaccharomyces cerevisiaeon performance and rumen health in the late finisher period for feedlot cattle
Authors: Williams Melissa S. , AlZahal Ousama , Mandell Ira B. , McBride Brian W. , Wood Katharine M. 
Published: March 2021

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a fibrolytic enzyme pretreatment on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, and ruminal pH throughout the grower and early finisher period (exp. 1), and to examine the impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on intake, performance, and indicators of gut health in the late finisher period (exp. 2). A total of 54 steers were randomly assigned to a subgroup determining experimental treatment groups. In exp. 1, steers were randomized to control (CON1; no enzyme) or enzyme [ENZ; 0.75 mL·kg−1dry matter (DM) of feed] dietary treatments. Digestibility was improved (P ≤ 0.05) in ENZ steers for DM, crude protein, net energy for gain, and sugars but did not affect (P ≥ 0.12) dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), or reticulo-ruminal pH. In exp. 2, the treatments were control (CON2; no yeast) or yeast (YST; 3.0 g·animal−1daily) supplemented diets. Rumen papillae were collected for mRNA expression of gut barrier function (OCLN, CLDN, ZO1, and ZO2) and immune response (TLR2, TLR4, and FCAR) genes and histological measurements. Yeast supplementation decreased (P < 0.001) DMI by 31%, reduced variation in DMI, and improved feed conversion ratios but did not impact rumen health mRNA expression or histology measures (P ≥ 0.07). Overall, enzyme supplementation improved the digestibility of some nutrients in the grower period, and yeast supplementation improved feed efficiency, without impacting growth performance or gut health.
A low-cost radiation detection system to monitor radioactive environments by unmanned vehicles
Authors: Chierici Andrea , Malizia Andrea , di Giovanni Daniele , Fumian Francesca , Martellucci Luca , Gaudio Pasquale , d’Errico Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnconventional scenarios with hazardous radioactive levels are expected as consequences of accidents in the industrial sector of the nuclear energy production or following intentional releases of radioactive materials for terrorist purposes (dirty bombs, indoor contaminations, etc.). Nowadays, the need to balance the high standards of safety and security through an effective detection network is a matter of paramount importance. In this work, the authors’ challenge has been to design, realize and test a low-cost gamma detection and spectroscopy system which may be used in unmanned vehicles in general and/or drones with low payload capabilities. The designed platform may be used to carry out mapping or localization operations in order to reduce the risk factor for first responders or for the population affected by radiological and nuclear events. In this paper, the design process of a gamma ray detection and spectroscopy system based on affordable and commercially available technologies is presented along with the results of our ongoing characterization of the prototype.
Atypical Nodular Pulmonary Kappa Light-Chain Deposition
Authors: Nellipudi Jessy , Brealey John , Klebe Sonja , Lance David 
Published: March 2021

We report a case of an incidental positron emission tomography avid right middle lobe lesion which was increasing in size. Due to concerns regarding malignancy, the patient underwent right middle lobectomy. Microscopic examination showed a

12
×
10
×
10

mm poorly circumscribed lesion composed of eosinophilic material. The material labelled strongly for kappa light chains; however, Congo red stain was only weakly positive and without “apple-green” positive birefringence under polarised light. Electron microscopy revealed fibrillar amyloid-like material. The features were those of kappa light-chain deposition.
Abstract P08: Adenosine-based cancer immunotherapy for COVID-19
Authors: Monticone Giulia , Ramsay Alistair , Miele Lucio 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has shaped the way in which we design cancer treatments, introducing the paradigm of taking advantage of our immune system to fight cancer. We propose that the same concept could be applied to infectious diseases and, especially, to those that hamper the immune system like COVID-19. It is well known that an adaptive immune response is able to eradicate viral infections and CD8+ T-cells are key in such anti-viral response. Furthermore, several studies reported that the number of CD8+ T-cells is reduced in COVID-19 patients since the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 infection and further decreased in severe cases. CD8+ T-cells often show signs of exhaustion, loss of T-cell functions and suppression in COVID-19 patients, suggesting that hampering CD8+ T-cells could be a way by which SARS-CoV-2 infection progresses. Importantly, the number of CD8+ T cells appears to re-increase in patients that are recovering from COVID-19, suggesting that CD8+ T-cells could be a key factor that determines whether our body can recover from the disease. We propose that therapies that boost CD8+ T cells could be effective in clearing SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19. To test this, we will take advantage of the adenosine-mediated immunomodulation. Adenosine, an ATP metabolite that is produced during inflammation, hypoxia and in the tumor microenvironment, was found to suppress the immune response through activation of adenosine receptors present on immune cells. Small molecules antagonists that block one of these receptors, adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonists, are currently being studied to boost anti-cancer T-cell mediated immune responses. Our data show that treatment with an A2AR antagonist restores and stabilizes Notch1, a key pathway for T-cell functions, along with production of INF-gamma and Granzyme B and proliferation in CD8+ T-cells. As a proof of concept, our data indicates that treatment with an A2AR antagonist increases CD8+ T-cells anti-cancer response in tumor-derived organoids, suggesting that the treatment boosts CD8+ T-cells-mediated immune response. Ongoing work aims to test whether the A2AR antagonist treatment restores several parameters of T-cell function that are specifically modified in COVID-19. This analysis will help to predict the action of the A2AR antagonist on T-cells in vivo and we ultimately aim to test this treatment in a mouse model for COVID-19. Overall, our work could introduce a new paradigm and new therapies for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
Citation Format: Giulia Monticone, Alistair Ramsay, Lucio Miele. Adenosine-based cancer immunotherapy for COVID-19 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2021 Feb 3-5. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(6_Suppl):Abstract nr P08.
Public Opinion of Ethnic Minority Area in Northern Vietnam in the Context of Globalization
Authors: Tan Phan , Thuy Ly Le Thi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Researching public opinion in ethnic minority areas of Vietnam in general and ethnic minority area of Northern Vietnam in particular to understand what people are desiring is essential.
Ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam are not only concerned with the urgent issues associated with their daily lives, but also diverse social issues in an age where communication is strongly developing. People always show dynamism and activeness in practices related to public opinion. And remarkably, in this picture, there is no clear slice between modern elements of the globalization context and traditional elements.
Views that ethnic minorities are always passive need to be revised. It is necessary to create conditions for people to participate more effectively in the policy making process.
Cognitive Bias, Privacy Rights, and Digital Evidence in International Criminal Proceedings: Demystifying the Double-Edged ai Revolution
Authors: Vecellio Segate Riccardo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
International criminal tribunals (ict s) have found, almost consistently, that unlawfully and/or secretly obtained evidence is admissible. De facto, defendants in international criminal law (icl) enjoy no privacy-related procedural safeguards under either the applicable domestic law or international human rights law (ihrl). Privacy violations are not confined to those impairing defendants’ rights; they might result in premature acquittals or in misconducts vis-à-vis the victims, too. While this is practically unescapable a compromise due to the ‘high profile’ of the accused and the complexity, length, momentousness, and ‘political charge’ of these trials, over-relaxed admissibility rules become unsustainable as far as digital evidence is concerned, in that they add to the latter’s inherently low reliability and heavy cognitive impact. Facing this issue, it is legit to wonder whether artificial intelligence (ai) might mitigate privacy violations or render them no longer necessary, thus improving the fairness record of the International Criminal Court (icc) and other ict s.