bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic vulnerability to drug abuse
Authors: Duaux E. , Krebs M.O. , Loo H. , Poirier M.F. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAddiction to various substances, including drugs and alcohol, probably arises from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The genetic vulnerability to drug addiction is supported by several familial, adoption and twin studies. However, as in other mental disorders, the genetic vulnerability to drug addiction appears complex: these disorders do not follow the rules of Mendelian inheritance. Instead, they are probably influenced by multiple susceptibility genes, each of which contributes to the disorder. The more genes necessary for a disorder, the harder it is to detect any of them. This difficulty is magnified by the role of environmental factors. Association studies using the candidate gene approach can identify susceptibility genes for drug abuse supported by the pathophysiological hypothesis of the illness. This review will focus on the clinical and molecular genetic studies in drug abuse.
Quality of life and disability in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Bobes J. , González M.P. , Bascarán M.T. , Arango C. , Sáiz P.A. , Bousoño M. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe aim of this study is to describe the situation of Spanish obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and compare it to that of the general population and other patient groups.MethodsThirty-six OCD patients on maintenance treatment were evaluated using the Y-BOCS, SF-36, and DAS-S. Their SF-36 scores were compared to Spanish norms and to those obtained from U.S. OCD patients, schizophrenic outpatients, depressed outpatients, heroin dependents, patients on hemodialysis, and kidney transplant recipients.ResultsSixty-one percent ofthe patients had severe or extremely severe symptoms. Their quality oflif e was worse when compared with the Spanish norms in all SF-36 areas, but especially with respect to mental health. In contrast to U.S. OCD patients, social functioning is more impaired in the Spanish OCD patients. OCD patients reported the same quality oflif e as schizophrenics in the areas ofmental health, but better in the areas ofphysical health. Compared with heroin dependents and depressed patients, their quality oflif e was worse. On mental health scales, OCD patients scored worse than somatic patients.ConclusionsOCD in the Spanish population was shown to be associated with worse quality of life than for any other patient group (including physical groups), except schizophrenics.
The health economic implications of treatment with quetiapine: an audit of long-term treatment for patients with chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Lynch J. , Morrison J. , Graves N. , Meddis D. , Drummond M.F. , Hellewell J.S.E. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis retrospective, case series audit assessed the clinical and health-economic impact of long-term treatment with quetiapine (‘Seroquel’), a new atypical antipsychotic, in patients with chronic schizophrenia.The study design was of a case series format, comprising patients entered from one centre into the open-label extension of a multicentre 6-week efficacy study. Twenty-one patients (15 male, six female; mean age 39 years) were studied, of whom 17 (81%) had been rated as ‘partially responsive’ to previous antipsychotics. Data on hospitalisations and information on symptoms were collected retrospectively for the 12 months before quetiapine treatment was initiated and for the 12 months after.Quetiapine was effective in reducing psychotic symptoms with mean BPRS scores reducing significantly, from 38 to 21 (P < 0.005). Motor function was also significantly improved with mean Simpson scale scores reducing from 15 to 12 (P < 0.005). Average inpatient days were reduced by 11% in year two (97 compared with 109 days) while the overall costs of treatment, including drug costs, fell by 5% (I£20,843 to I£19,827).Four patients had been hospitalised for longer than 5 years before starting quetiapine; these chronically institutionalised patients remained in hospital, despite improved clinical outcomes (mean BPRS scores after treatment of 34, compared with 43 before), for the full 12 months of quetiapine treatment. Were the data from this audit to be re-analysed excluding these four patients then average inpatient days would have been reduced by 33% (45 to 30 days) and overall cost of treatment by 19% (I£8617 to I£7011).This audit suggests that treatment with quetiapine over this 1-year period was associated with both clinical improvements and a decreased usage of inpatient services. The reduction in hospitalisation costs would appear to compensate for the increased cost of drug treatment. Significantly, potential savings appear to be greatest for those patients with a ‘revolving door’ pattern of repeated readmission.
LATE ENTRY INTO PRENATAL CARE IN A RURAL SETTING
Authors: Chandler Daniel 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTSocial support, behavioral risk, and structural or demographic variables as well as acceptance of pregnancy were tested as determinants of late entry into prenatal care in a sample of 176 women in a rural county in California. The respondents were all those over age 18 served by four obstetric practices during a 4‐month period ending in February 2000. One nurse‐midwifery practice was included. Late entry into prenatal care during the first trimester occurred in 27.3% of the cases overall. Statistically significant independent variables in bivariate analyses were modeled in multivariate logistic regression. Stress, lack of family and friend support, Medicaid enrollment, age under 20 or over 34, low acceptance of pregnancy, and lack of a high school diploma were all predictors of late entry. Lack of family and friend support modified the effects of stress and Medicaid as payer. Although the determinants of late entry were remarkably complex in this sample, they have potential for public health intervention.
The Length Of The Second Stage Of Labor In Uncomplicated, Nulliparous African American And Puerto Rican Women
Authors: Diegmann Elaine K. , Andrews Claire M. , Niemczura Carol A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe Friedman Curve of Normal Labor, based on Emanuel Friedman's studies of Caucasian women in 1954 and 1955, remains the “gold standard” for assessing progress in the second stage of labor. Clinical observation by the authors, however, suggests that the second stage of labor is shorter in African American and Puerto Rican women.This descriptive, comparative study examined the duration of the second stage of labor in nulliparous African American and Puerto Rican women with uncomplicated births. The labor and delivery records of 373 African American and 157 Puerto Rican nulliparous women were randomly selected and reviewed, and the mean durations of the second stage of labor for both groups were compared to Friedman's labor curve.The mean length of second stage of labor in the sample of African American women was 31.6 minutes with a standard deviation of +22.5 minutes, significantly shorter than Friedman's duration (P < .01). The mean length of second stage of labor in the sample of Puerto Rican women was 44.32 minutes with a standard deviation of +33.03 minutes. This was also shorter than Friedman's figure for the second stage of labor (P < .01). These findings provide a more appropriate curve for monitoring labor progress in women from different ethnic backgrounds.
What is a Case Manager? The Perspective of Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Nehls Nadine 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND: Case management services have expanded to include persons with diagnoses other than schizophrenia. Attention has been directed toward persons with chronic, nonpsychotic disorders—in particular, persons with personality disorders. However, to date, the nature and effects of case management for persons with personality disorders are relatively unknown. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explore case management services from the perspective of community mental health center clients with borderline personality disorder. By providing descriptions and interpretations of the day-to-day experience of having a case manager, the benefits and limitations of this service delivery model for persons with borderline personality disorder are revealed. STUDY DESIGN: An interpretive, phenomenological research approach was used. RESULTS: Based on the interview data, the following three themes were identified and explicated through the words of the clients: (1) “My case manager treats me like a person,” (2) “My case manager is more than a case manager,” and (3) “My case manager has stuck with me for years.” CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that person-centered, comprehensive, and continuous services from a single caregiver are the core of case management services for persons with borderline personality disorder. Participants perceived their case managers as respectful, resourceful, and reliable. Further work is needed to determine how these practices can be more widely disseminated in mental health care for persons with borderline personality disorder.
Three Perspectives Regarding What Works and Does Not Work in Therapy: A Comparison of Judgments of Clients, Nurse-Therapists, and Uninvolved Evaluators
Authors: Raingruber Bonnie Jean 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND: Uninvolved evaluators have primarily determined the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in outpatient mental health therapy whereas participant perspectives have been missing in the literature. OBJECTIVE: The focus of this study was to compare the perspectives of participating nurse therapists and clients with those of uninvolved marriage, family, and child therapists (family therapists) regarding effective interventions. DESIGN: A phenomenological study of eight matched pairs of clients and nurse-therapists, in which participants critiqued effective and ineffective therapeutic interventions seen in videotaped outpatient sessions, was completed. In this follow-up study, the videotapes were shown to family therapists, and their perspectives were compared with those of the nurse-therapists and clients. RESULTS: Evaluative commentary from nurse-therapists and clients consistently agreed in content and scope as well as degree of conviction. Reflections of the family therapists frequently differed from those of the clients or nurse-therapists. CONCLUSION: Participants in a therapy session are best able to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.
Aerogels
Authors: Smirnova Irina , Gurikov Pavel , Subrahmanyam Raman 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAerogels are a class of open nonfluid porous solid materials known for their low density, high specific surface area, and accessible pores. This combination of characteristics makes them highly promising for a wide gamut of applications ranging from thermal and acoustic insulation, catalysts and sensors, adsorbents and absorbents, energy storage, carriers for drug delivery and nutrition, and scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to starting materials for carbon aerogels and porous mixed oxides. Aerogel technology has faced significant bottlenecks in its commercialization, since its discovery in the 1930s, due to limited technical information and processing expertise required for production scaling. This article presents the significant technology developments in the past 10 years, highlighting the paradigm shift in aerogel processing. Lastly, this article invites the reader to envisage and contribute to a new generation of aerogel materials and applications with the fundamental tenets of aerogel production and pore engineering.
Periodic tracking for piezo‐actuated displacement stage based on disturbance rejection proportional integral derivative and repetitive control
Authors: Zhuoyun Nie , Zhaoyang Li , Bing Zhang , Gao Zhiqiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPiezo‐actuated displacement stage is often used to perform periodic scanning tasks, but the conventional control schemes may not satisfactorily track periodic reference signals. Our solution is a disturbance rejection proportional‐integral‐derivative (DR‐PID)‐based repetitive control (RC) scheme in which the hysteresis nonlinearity with the same period of reference input can be well suppressed by RC law. Stability criterions for the closed‐loop system are developed based on small‐gain theorem. A simple and effective design algorithm is obtained based on the stability conditions, such that DR‐PID and RC can be designed separately. Finally, the validation and superiority of the proposed method are demonstrated by simulation studies.
Sub‐2 nm Ultrathin and Robust 2D FeNi Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets Packed with 1D FeNi‐MOFs for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zheng Fuqin , Zhang Wanfu , Zhang Xiaoxia , Zhang Youlin , Chen Wei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWater oxidation is a critical process for electrochemical water splitting due to its inherent sluggish kinetics. In spite of the high catalytic activities of noble metal‐based electrocatalysts for water oxidation, their high cost, rare reserves, and low stabilities drive researchers to exploit efficient but low‐cost electrocatalysts. Ultrathin 2D nanomaterials are considered efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting. Herein, a facile strategy is proposed to fabricate 2D FeNi layered double hydroxide (FeNi‐LDH) nanosheets packed with the in situ produced 1D sword‐like FeNi‐MOFs by using FeNi‐LDH as a semi‐sacrificial template. In the composite, the thickness of the formed nanosheets is only 1.34 nm, much thinner than that of most previously reported 2D materials. The 1D porous sword‐like MOF nanorods have a long length of around 1.3 µm. Due to the unique 2D/1D combined structure, the as‐prepared FeNi LDH/MOF is directly used as electrocatalyst for the OER displays enhanced OER electrocatalytic performance with a low overpotential of 272 mV@100 mA cm–2, a small Tafel slope of 34.1 mV dec–1, high long‐term durability. This work provides a new way to fabricate integrated ultrathin 2D nanosheets and MOFs as advanced catalysts for electrochemical energy conversion.
Polarization Modulation for Wireless Communications Based on Metasurfaces
Authors: Huang Chen Xi , Zhang Jingjing , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs an alternative to conventional wireless communication techniques that use amplitude, frequency, and phase modulations, polarization modulation (PoM) provides an additional degree of freedom for the modulation of carrier waves and allows the realization of simple transceiver designs. PoM also enhances physical‐layer security in wireless communication systems owing to its vector‐attribute and direction‐dependence features. In this study, a prototype of PoM wireless communications based on a digital coding metasurface that can dynamically control the polarization of electromagnetic waves in a certain frequency band is demonstrated. The binary digital signals can be encoded on the optical rotation states of the circularly polarized beams through the real‐time control of the bias voltages applied on the metasurface and successfully decoded at the receiving end. Because the metasurface is separated from the emitting antenna, the design can simplify the setup for multichannel communications and provide more flexibility by setting the emitting antennas at different operating frequencies at any time.
Aminoglycoside‐Based Biomaterials: From Material Design to Antibacterial and Gene Delivery Applications
Authors: Hu Jingjing , Yang Lei , Cheng Xuejing , Li Yiwen , Cheng Yiyun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAminoglycosides are a family of naturally isolated or chemically semi‐synthesized antibiotics consisting of aminocyclitols with several amino and saccharide units. The unique molecule structures render aminoglycosides promising building blocks with high reactivity to perform various non‐covalent and covalent reactions, and they are further employed to rationally fabricate versatile materials, such as hydrogels, amphiphiles, hyperbranched polymers, biointerfaces, and nanoparticles. Despite aminoglycosides are widely used in clinics to treat bacterial infections, almost all the efforts are focused on molecular modifications to reduce their toxicities and overcome antibiotic resistance, while their actions as building blocks to construct biomaterials are scarcely discussed. In this feature article, the current progress on the rational design, emergent properties, and promising biological applications of aminoglycoside‐based biomaterials are summarized. It is believed that this paper may provide guidance to develop new biomaterials using natural functional molecules as building blocks, and start a new life of aminoglycosides from the view of materials science.
Stability of Perovskite Thin Films under Working Condition: Bias‐Dependent Degradation and Grain Boundary Effects
Authors: Hui Yong , Tan Yan‐Yan , Chen Liang , Nan Zi‐Ang , Zhou Jian‐Zhang , Yan Jia‐Wei , Mao Bing‐Wei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWitnessed by the rapid increase of power conversion efficiency to 25.5%, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are becoming promising candidates of next‐generation photovoltaics. However, PSCs can be unstable under the influence of light and bias. Especially, grain boundaries (GBs) are vulnerable to attack by light and bias in perovskite films, leading to degradation of photovoltaic properties of PSCs. Herein, photocurrent atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy are employed to systematically investigate the bias‐dependent charge transport behaviors and stability of (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 perovskite under working condition. Bias‐dependent morphology and photocurrent images show irreversible decomposition of the perovskite at a bias of 0.1 V or below, which is accelerated by light illumination, leading to formation of an interfacial layer that restricts carrier transport. Meanwhile, GBs appear to enhance carrier transport at larger bias, but serve as breakthrough sites for perovskite decomposition at smaller bias. Introducing excess methylammonium iodide promotes decomposition, while potassium iodide passivation greatly relieves the decomposition. These results support the ion migration mechanism of decomposition through interfaces and GBs. This work provides a deeper understanding of bias‐induced degradation of PSCs as well as bias‐dependent double‐edged roles of GBs, and forms valuable guidance for appropriate operation of PSCs.
Self‐Powered Controllable Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Authors: Yang Yuan , Xu Lingling , Jiang Dongjie , Chen Bo Zhi , Luo Ruizeng , Liu Zhuo , Qu Xuecheng , Wang Chan , Shan Yizhu , Cui Yong , Zheng Hui , Wang Zhiwei , Wang Zhong Lin , Guo Xin Dong , Li Zhou 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTraditional topical ointment applied on the skin surface has poor drug penetration due to the thickening of the stratum corneum for psoriasis. Microneedles (MNs) provide a desirable opportunity to promote drug penetration. However, the common MNs are difficult to meet the requirement of on‐demand drug delivery. In this study, a smart electrical responsive MNs is fabricated by introducing conductive material of polypyrrole (PPy). Further, a self‐powered controllable transdermal drug delivery system (sc‐TDDS) based on piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) is developed. The sc‐TDDS can control drug release by collecting and converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The sc‐TDDS can release 8.5 ng dexamethasone (Dex) subcutaneously per electrical stimulation. When treating psoriasis‐like skin disease with sc‐TDDS, the inflammatory skin returned to normal after 5 days, which is obviously better than treating with traditional Dex solution coating. This work provides a promising approach of on‐demand transdermal drug release for various disease treatment scenarios.
Chaos at Interface Brings Order into Oxide/Silicon Structure
Authors: Averyanov Dmitry V. , Sokolov Ivan S. , Karateev Igor A. , Taldenkov Alexander N. , Kondratev Oleg A. , Parfenov Oleg E. , Tokmachev Andrey M. , Storchak Vyacheslav G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntegration of oxides with silicon fuses advanced functional properties with a mature technological platform. In particular, direct EuO/Si contact holds high promise for spintronics but requires single‐crystalline epitaxial films with atomically sharp interfaces. The standard approach employing regular 2D superstructures of metal atoms on the Si surface fails to meet the challenge. Here, an alternative route is designed and shown to solve the problem. This route avoids regular templates; the chaotic 2D distribution of metal atoms on the Si surface prevents stabilization of unwanted crystal orientations. Thus, the disordered submonolayer phase at the interface promotes order in oxide/Si coupling, as witnessed by a combination of diffraction techniques and high‐resolution electron microscopy. The results not only mark tangible progress in manufacturing EuO/Si contacts but also provide a general framework for monolithic integration of functional oxides with semiconductor substrates.
Progress of Nonprecious‐Metal‐Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media
Authors: Gao Jiajian , Tao Huabing , Liu Bin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWater oxidation, or the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which combines two oxygen atoms from two water molecules and releases one oxygen molecule, plays the key role by providing protons and electrons needed for the hydrogen generation, electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrogen fixation. The multielectron transfer OER process involves multiple reaction intermediates, and a high overpotential is needed to overcome the sluggish kinetics. Among the different water splitting devices, proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer offers greater advantages. However, current anode OER electrocatalysts in PEM electrolyzers are limited to precious iridium and ruthenium oxides. Developing highly active, stable, and precious‐metal‐free electrocatalysts for water oxidation in acidic media is attractive for the large‐scale application of PEM electrolyzers. In recent years, various types of precious‐metal‐free catalysts such as carbon‐based materials, earth‐abundant transition metal oxides, and multiple metal oxide mixtures have been investigated and some of them show promising activity and stability for acidic OER. In this review, the thermodynamics of water oxidation, Pourbaix diagram of metal elements in aqueous solution, and theoretical screening and prediction of precious‐metal‐free electrocatalysts for acidic OER are first elaborated. The catalytic performance, reaction kinetics, and mechanisms together with future research directions regarding acidic OER are summarized and discussed.