bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comminution and Mineral Separation—Geological Input to Metallurgy
Authors: Way David , McKee Don , Pease Joe 
Published: July 2021

Editor’s note: The aim of the Geology and Mining series is to introduce early-career professionals and students to various aspects of mineral exploration, development, and mining, in order to share the experiences and insight of each author on the myriad of topics involved with the mineral industry and the ways in which geoscientists contribute to each.

Abstract
Communication and collaboration during mine development and operation are essential if the maximum value of a mineral deposit is to be realized, since there are many links between the geology and mineralogy of an orebody and the complex task of an effective plant design. This is only achieved when geologists, metallurgists, and mining and environmental engineers jointly assess the results of metallurgical characterization. This requirement is examined here, albeit for only two of the three metallurgical ore-processing activities—comminution and mineral separation.
Wealth is not captured (i.e., is destroyed) unless the most efficient and effective methods for comminuting and separating the mineral(s) of value in a deposit are identified. Benchmarking metallurgical test work requirements for the next mine development based solely on past experience does not address the variability that is unique to the mineralogy of each mineral deposit. Metallurgists are now slowly advancing from using a few (so-called) representative samples to assess the processing characteristics of a deposit to applying metallurgical testing to tens, or hundreds, of samples, with the increase in number of samples allowed by technological advances. More still needs to be done.
Identifying the characteristics of different mineralization types of a deposit and grouping it into domains are crucially important. These steps simplify processing by separating ore into relatively few (4–6) types with similar expected metallurgical performance. Understanding what metallurgical tests are measuring and how representative the samples and tests are of the orebody domains are essential considerations for a testing program. No knowledge is bad; some is better or more useful than other.
Testing for penalty elements (As, Bi, Hg, F, etc.) and, more importantly, for penalty-element minerals allows their effects to be mitigated during design of the processing plant; this should start during the early exploration stage. Continued evolution of orebody knowledge and confidence in processing ores will lead to better performance of the processing plant, thereby reducing investment risk.
COVID-19 and the Global Mining Industry
Authors: Jowitt Simon M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The world is currently experiencing a rapid and deep economic slowdown as a result of COVID-19 mitigation efforts. The depth and global nature of this recession, which could turn into a depression, suggests that this pandemic will significantly affect the demand for metals and the global mining sector. The majority of governments consider mining to be essential, meaning that the effect of mitigation on the mining industry and on metal production has been minimal to date. However, increases in metal stocks and decreases in metal prices suggest that the mining industry will be negatively affected by the COVID-19 crisis, at least in the short term.
This paper presents an overview of the effects of COVID-19 mitigation on the mining sector to date. That includes variations in metal and commodity prices and stocks during the crisis and the outlining of two possible scenarios for COVID-19 related impacts. The first involves persistent supply-chain disruptions, where metal supply is restricted by logistical or COVID-19–related mitigation impacts on intermediates such as smelters and refiners. This restriction of supply could cause higher metal prices but also could cause issues with demand for ores and concentrates that negatively affect individual mining operations. More likely is a second slower demand growth scenario in which a global decrease in demand for metals causes further lowering of metal prices with associated negative economic impacts on mining operations. However, further research into global metal supply chains and the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on individual metals is needed. Key remaining unknowns include the influence of mitigation efforts on global metal supply and demand, the effect of these efforts on metal prices, and the geography of supply chains.
Dinâmicas da segregação urbana na Vila Leopoldina: das sesmarias aos condomínios fechados
Authors: Almeida Stédile Janaina 
Published: July 2021

Objetivo: Verificar as dinâmicas da segregação urbana espacial a partir dos estudos das transformações da forma urbana ocorridas no distrito da Vila Leopoldina, associando-as às transformações na maneira de pensar e planejar a cidade de São Paulo.Metodologia: Cruzamento entre conceitos retirados de estudos notórios sobre a cidade de São Paulo, cartografias históricas do município em que se registra a Vila Leopoldina, projetos de loteamento apresentados ao poder público no distrito e imagens e dados sobre os novos empreendimentos residenciais.Relevância: Verificar como a segregação espacial se forma ao longo da história da ocupação do bairro da Vila Leopoldina, e incrementar os estudos urbanos sobre o local.Resultados: A segregação e o isolamento são apontados na construção da cidade através da ausência de execução de projetos urbanos de interesse público, da relevante redução dos espaços públicos por apropriação indevida, como o que ocorre com praças e ruas, e a ausência do elemento quadra na composição urbana.Contribuições teóricas e metodológicas: O trabalho contribui com a publicação de projetos de loteamentos presentes nos arquivos municipais. Além disso, apresenta o cruzamento das informações de quatro autores notórios sobre a cidade, identificando os resultados diretos de leis e planos no espaço urbano.Contribuições sociais: Compreensão da segregação espacial na escala do bairro, através da quantificação dos espaços públicos perdidos, e verificação das características contemporâneas da segregação física causada pelos novos empreendimentos imobiliários.
Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Copper-Polyimide-Copper Structures
Authors: FEDOTOVA Julia 
Published: July 2021

Experimental study of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and frequency dependences of impedance in copper-Kapton-copper structures in the temperature range 240 – 300 K were carried out. Concentration and mobility of charge carriers thermally excited from traps with exponential distribution by energy in Kapton bulk and metal-Kapton interface and injected from copper electrodes into Kapton were estimated from the fitting of experimental I-V curves within the frame of the model of the space charge limited current (SCLC). Concentration and the width of energy of localized states, arising from the disorder of the Kapton structure, are additionally estimated from the I-V characteristics.
Enabling Interoperability through the Ship Life Cycle
Authors: Briggs Ted L. , Gischner Burt , Lazo Pete , Olson Mike , Vicedomine Jim , Wolsey Ken 
Published: July 2021

Shipyards are increasingly responsible for the life cycle support of ships, including maintenance and logistics data over the life of the ship. Hence, it has become important for shipyards to efficiently integrate acquisition product model data with the lifecycle support product model data. The use of Integrated Data Environments (IDE) for Navy ship programs has fostered the integration of design, logistics, and production information for the ship. However, it has not been possible to exchange this integrated data set; rather, different data is typically transferred at different times often resulting in inconsistency.
The Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS) STEP standard (ISO 10303-239) for logistics data and life cycle support provides the capability to exchange logistics data linked back to design data. The standard was developed and has been implemented by the aerospace and defense industry.
The ISE-6 project demonstrated the feasibility of using the PLCS standard for naval shipbuilding. This approach should also enable interoperability of life cycle data with other defense programs. The ISE-6 team mapped naval shipbuilding requirements into PLCS, while preserving compatibility with existing PLCS implementations. A unique feature was the automated mapping via template expansion and identification. The ISE-6 team conducted a demonstration of this capability, exchanging data between two Integrated Data Environments (IDE) and a Knowledge Management tool, which was used to modify and update the data for the receiving IDE. During the next phase of the project, the ISE-6 team will be investigating interoperability using the S1000D Specification for the procurement and production of technical publications.
Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, China
Authors: Fu WenHui , Pei Hualian , Shivappa Nitin , Hebert James R. , Luo Tao , Tian Tian , Alimu Dilibaier , Zhang Zewen , Dai Jianghong 
Published: July 2021

Background
Diet and inflammation have both been studied in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and T2DM.

Methods
Subjects were adults enrolled in the baseline study of the Xinjiang multi-ethnic natural population cohort and health follow-up study from January to May 2019. The study involved 5,105 subjects (58.7% men) between 35 and 74 years of age. The DII score was calculated from a data obtained via a food frequency questionnaire consisting of 127 food items.

Results
Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of DII in relation to T2DM. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared to subjects in the 1st DII quintile, subjects in the 5th quintile (i.e., with the most pro-inflammatory diet) had higher odds of T2DM (OR = 3.27, 95%CI:2.38,4.50; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Our results suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with a higher risk of T2DM in this population of Chinese adults.
Heavy Metals Contamination of Agricultural Land and Their Impact on Food Safety
Authors: Muhammad Murtala , Habib I. Y. , Hamza Ismail , Mikail Tasiu A. , Yunusa Abdulmumin , Muhammad Ibrahim A. , Bello Abubakar A. 
Published: July 2021

Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the heavy metals pollution status and health risks assessment of the vegetables grown at Danbatta irrigation lands.
Study Design: The research involved the collection of soil, water and cultivated vegetable from irrigation lands as well as analyzing their heavy metals pollution status.
Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from Danbatta irrigation lands of Kano state, Nigeria. The research study covered a period of one year.
Methodology: This study investigates the prevalence of heavy metals pollution and related health risks associated with the vegetables grown at Danbatta local government of Kano state. This was achieved by collecting irrigation soil, water and vegetables (onion, spinach and lettuce) from the irrigation sites, which were subsequently assayed for several heavy metals such as; Pb, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn and Co using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).
Results: The results obtained show that the concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn in water samples to be 0.033, 0.8, and 0.89 mg/ml, respectively, while Mn and Co were not detected. Even though concentrations of these metals in water are within FAO/WHO limits, the soil was found to be contaminated with Cu (12.17 mg/kg), Fe (152.29 mg/kg) and Zn (55.75 mg/kg). Furthermore, both spinach, lettuce and onion were contaminated with Pb, and Mn. However, only lettuce and spinach were contaminated with Cu, Fe and Zn. Health risk assessment of both adults and children show that Pb, Mn, Co and Cu, posed a significant health risk to the population as their health risk index (HRI) is greater than one. The result shows that poor agricultural practices could be responsible for contaminating the soil with heavy metals, which eventually gets accumulated in the edible parts of the plants and posed a great risk to its consumers. Impacts of heavy metals pollution is on the rise across the globe. As such, it becomes necessary to monitor our environment to checkmate the threat of these contaminants and implement a reliable strategy and stable treatment of the pollution to ensure food safety.
Grain Boundaries in Cu(In, Ga)Se2: A Review of Composition–Electronic Property Relationships by Atom Probe Tomography and Correlative Microscopy
Authors: Cojocaru‐Mirédin Oana , Raghuwanshi Mohit , Wuerz Roland , Sadewasser Sascha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells have attracted significant research interest in recent decades due to their high efficiency in converting solar energy into electricity for enabling a sustainable future. Although the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber can be grown as a single crystal, its polycrystalline form is dominating the market not only due to its lower costs, but also due to its unexpectedly higher cell efficiency. However, this absorber contains a high fraction of grain boundaries. These are structural defects where deep‐trap states can be localized leading to an increase in recombination activity. This controversy is mirrored in the existing literature studies where two main contradictory believes exist: 1) to be crucial grain boundaries in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber are anomalous, being benign in terms of cell performance, and 2) grain boundaries are regions characterized by an increased recombination activity leading to deteriorated cell performance. Therefore, the present review tackles this issue from a novel perspective unraveling correlations between chemical composition of grain boundaries and their corresponding electronic properties. It is shown that features such as Cu depletion/In enrichment, segregation of 1‐2at.% of alkali dopants, and passivation by a wide‐bandgap or type inversion at grain boundaries are crucial ingredients for low open‐circuit voltage loss and, hence, for superior cell performance.
Lithium Phosphonate Functionalized Polymer Coating for High‐Energy Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 with Superior Performance at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Chen Zhen , Nguyen Huu‐Dat , Zarrabeitia Maider , Liang Hai‐Peng , Geiger Dorin , Kim Jae‐Kwang , Kaiser Ute , Passerini Stefano , Iojoiu Cristina , Bresser Dominic 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh‐energy Ni‐rich lithium transition metal oxides such as Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 (NCM811) are appealing positive electrode materials for next‐generation lithium batteries. However, the high sensitivity toward moist air during storage and the high reactivity with common organic electrolytes, especially at elevated temperatures, are hindering their commercial use. Herein, an effective strategy is reported to overcome these issues by coating the NCM811 particles with a lithium phosphonate functionalized poly(aryl ether sulfone). The application of this coating allows for a substantial reduction of lithium‐based surface impurities (e.g., LiOH, Li2CO3) and, generally, the suppression of detrimental side reactions upon both storage and cycling. As a result, the coated NCM811‐based cathodes reveal superior Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability at ambient and, particularly, at elevated temperatures up to 60 °C (a temperature at which the non‐coated NCM811 electrodes rapidly fail) owing to the formation of a stable cathode electrolyte interphase with enhanced Li+ transport kinetics and the well‐retained layered crystal structure. These results render the herein presented coating strategy generally applicable for high‐performance lithium battery cathodes.
Recent Advances in Microfluidic Platforms for Programming Cell‐Based Living Materials
Authors: Zhang Pengchao , Shao Ning , Qin Lidong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCell‐based living materials, including single cells, cell‐laden fibers, cell sheets, organoids, and organs, have attracted intensive interests owing to their widespread applications in cancer therapy, regenerative medicine, drug development, and so on. Significant progress in materials, microfabrication, and cell biology have promoted the development of numerous promising microfluidic platforms for programming these cell‐based living materials with a high‐throughput, scalable, and efficient manner. In this review, the recent progress of novel microfluidic platforms for programming cell‐based living materials is presented. First, the unique features, categories, and materials and related fabrication methods of microfluidic platforms are briefly introduced. From the viewpoint of the design principles of the microfluidic platforms, the recent significant advances of programming single cells, cell‐laden fibers, cell sheets, organoids, and organs in turns are then highlighted. Last, by providing personal perspectives on challenges and future trends, this review aims to motivate researchers from the fields of materials and engineering to work together with biologists and physicians to promote the development of cell‐based living materials for human healthcare‐related applications.
Alternately Intercalated Heterostructures of Carbon and MoS2 Monolayers as Saturable Absorber for Ultrashort Femtosecond Mode‐Locked Lasers
Authors: Jing Laiying , Wang Yiran , Lian Gang , Zhang Baitao , Cui Deliang , He Jingliang , Wang Qilong , Wong Ching‐Ping 
Published: July 2021

Abstract2D van der Waals (VDWs) heterostructures have attracted much attention due to their exotic electronic and optical properties, which provide a new platform for material science and device fabrication. In this work, by coupling atomic interface engineering, an alternately intercalated superstructure of carbon and MoS2 monolayers (m‐C/MoS2) is designed as a novel saturable absorber (SA) for mode‐locked ultrafast laser generation. The novel intercalated structures exhibit excellent properties including wide bandgap, fast inter‐ and intra‐band carrier relaxation time, and superior saturable absorption characteristic, etc. Consequently, a continuous wave mode‐locked Yb:CALGO bulk laser with pulse width as short as 92 fs is achieved by using the prepared m‐C/MoS2 SA mirror, which is much shorter than those obtained with other reported 2D materials. This study provides a valuable strategy for the development of ultrashort pulse femtosecond lasers. The novel VDWs heterostructures also open new avenues toward advanced photonic devices.
Piezo‐Phototronic Effect in 2D α‐In2Se3/WSe2 van der Waals Heterostructure for Photodetector with Enhanced Photoresponse
Authors: Zhao Yuqian , Guo Feng , Ding Ran , Io Weng Fu , Pang Sin‐Yi , Wu Wenzhuo , Hao Jianhua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract2D materials offer a platform that allows the creation of flexible functional devices with various properties due to their extraordinary properties. In this work, the influence of piezo‐phototronic effect on a flexible α‐In2Se3/WSe2 van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure is investigated and the strain‐regulated photoresponse of the device is examined. Owing to the noncentrosymmetric structure of III–VI compound α‐In2Se3, the strain‐induced piezo‐potential modulates the band slope near the P‐N junction interface, improving the transfer characteristics and separation efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs by piezo‐phototronic effect. With applying the tensile strain of 0.433%, the photocurrent of the photodetector can be enhanced by about 18 times. Furthermore, the photodetectors present remarkable photoresponsivity and detectivity that can reach up to 4.61 × 105 A W−1 and 4.34 × 1014 Jones, respectively. These results indicate that the piezo‐phototronic effect can be introduced to facilitate strain‐modulated vdW P‐N heterojunction photodetector, which provides an insightful design of 2D material‐based vdW heterostructure toward high‐performance flexible optoelectronics.
An Enhanced Electrode via Coupling with a Conducting Molecule to Extend Interfacial Reactions
Authors: Deng Ding‐Rong , Yuan Ru‐Ming , Yu Pei‐Kai , Xue Fei , Fan Xiao‐Xiang , Lei Jie , Zhang Jie‐Ling , Lin Xiao‐Dong , Wu Qi‐Hui , Fan Jing‐Min , Chang Jeng‐Kuei , Hong Wen‐Jing , Zheng Ming‐Sen , Dong Quan‐Feng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn electron conductive matrix, or collector, facilitates electron transport in an electrochemical device. It is stationary and does not change during the entire operation once it is built. The interface of this matrix and an electrode is constructed at a 2D level at the micro‐scale, and naturally limits the breadth and depth of electrochemical reactions. Herein, the idea of an enhanced electrode coupled with a conducting molecule that can extend interfacial reactions is first introduced. With a spatialized interspace, this electrode can change the present understanding of the electrode process and opens up a new realm of electrode‐based reaction chemistry. A lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is used as the target for implementing the enhanced electrode owing to the complex multi‐electron reaction. Through the interaction of π–π stacking between graphite‐based carbon and iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc), soluble FePc can be decorated on the surface of an electrode that has the capability of transporting electrons. The scanning tunneling microscope break junction characterization and density functional theory indicate that FePc has a strong molecular electronic conductivity. The reactants obtain electrons more easily from the conducting molecule than from the collector directly. As a result, the performance of the corresponding Li–S battery considerably improves.
Promises and Challenges of the Practical Implementation of Prelithiation in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhan Renming , Wang Xiancheng , Chen Zihe , Seh Zhi Wei , Wang Li , Sun Yongming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have changed lives since their invention in the early 1990s. Further improvement of their energy density is highly desirable to meet the increasing demands of energy storage applications. Active lithium loss in the initial charge process appreciably reduces the capacity and energy density of LIBs due to the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the anode surface, especially for Si based anodes in high‐energy‐density batteries. To solve this issue, prelithiation to provide additional active lithium into the battery has been widely accepted as one of the most promising strategies. Here, key parameters/issues for the practical implementation of prelithiation approaches in LIBs are discussed, including donable lithium‐ion capacity/prelithiation efficiency, chemical and ambient stability of the prelithiation materials/reagents, safety hazards of prelithiation, residues and side reactions during prelithiation, potential effect on electrochemical performance, industrial compatibility, and scalability of the prelithiation, many of which are often overlooked in academic literature. Moreover, insights are offered regarding the potential future directions in the development of this burgeoning field. Continuous progress in prelithiation is essential and urgent to enable next‐generation high‐energy‐density LIBs in the near future.