bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-65 Quality Analysis of Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Using a Neuropsychological Assessment Battery
Authors: Kallus Rachel , Bangert Lauren , Farace Elana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
We completed a case study to investigate whether there are cognitive changes after Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) surgery in the treatment of refractory Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) as an initiation of a quality analysis due to increased referrals for this procedure at our institution.

Method
We evaluated a 21-year-old male before and after bilateral nucleus accumbens DBS placement for OCD. His pre-operative neurosurgery evaluation and brain imaging were unremarkable. Post-operative imaging revealed stable changes of bilateral DBS lead placement. Pre and post-operative neuropsychological testing included measures of mental status, language, memory, attention, and executive functioning.

Results
A reliable change estimate was obtained for each test. There was no significant change in performance on the Mini-Mental State Exam, Boston Naming Test, Logical Memory I/II, Faces I, Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) immediate and delayed recall, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64, Trail Making Tests A & B, Letter Fluency, Animal Fluency, and Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop) color and color-word condition. There was significant decline for all California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition trials (trials 1–5, short delay recall, and long delay recall) and RCFT recognition. There was significant improvement for the Stroop word condition. Conclusions. Given mixed findings, it is unclear the extent to which DBS impacted this patient’s overall cognitive functioning. Meanwhile, he showed improvement in OCD symptoms, to the degree that he could live alone, maintain employment, and independently manage daily activities. There is need for future studies to examine the cognitive effects of DBS for OCD, with larger samples and a control group.
A-74 COVID-19 and Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC): Acute and Longitudinal Analysis of Anosmia and Ageusia with Delayed Sudden-Onset Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Pimental Patricia A , Ciampanelli Anna , Vora Eisha H 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
Patients with COVID-19 and PASC may exhibit chemosensory dysfunction associated with acute neuroinflammation from immune system overactivation (Uzunova, Pallanti, & Hollander, 2021). Neuropsychiatric disturbances in patients with no history of anxiety or depression have also been reported. These central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19 may be sequelae of trans-olfactory and infralimbic tract penetration (Speth et al., 2020).

Methods
Our case involved a 52-year-old, right-handed, American Indian female, who at three months post neuropsychological evaluation, was diagnosed with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 with onset of complete anosmia and ageusia. Two months later, a sudden-onset of panic and depression occurred with no precipitating event. All symptoms were documented daily until return of function.

Results
Pre-COVID-19 neuropsychological testing revealed findings consistent with ophthalmologic/vestibular migraine and ruled out dementia, and formal anxiety and depressive disorders. Post-COVID-19 neuropsychological analysis and follow-up revealed that anosmia and ageusia had largely resolved after 8-months, and that the delayed sudden-onset panic and depression also resolved within that same time period.

Conclusions
A paucity of data exists concerning COVID-19 and PASC anosmia and ageusia, and sudden-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms. Our case is unique since neuropsychological testing preceded the COVID-19 infection, which provided a baseline of functioning (e.g., Pocket Smell Test: 3/3 baseline and 0/3 acute COVID-19) and pre-morbid diagnostic specificity. The present case findings align with Cappali and Gatti (2021) whereby 91% of patients reported olfactory recovery, with 53% total recovery after 8-months. No other known reports simultaneously documented detailed recovery of anosmia, ageusia and delayed sudden-onset panic and depression, and COVID-19 antibody laboratory testing.
The Role of the Dorsal–Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Reward Sensitivity During Approach–Avoidance Conflict
Authors: Rolle Camarin E , Pedersen Mads L , Johnson Noriah , Amemori Ken-ichi , Ironside Maria , Graybiel Ann M , Pizzagalli Diego A , Etkin Amit 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Approach–Avoidance conflict (AAC) arises from decisions with embedded positive and negative outcomes, such that approaching leads to reward and punishment and avoiding to neither. Despite its importance, the field lacks a mechanistic understanding of which regions are driving avoidance behavior during conflict. In the current task, we utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and drift-diffusion modeling to investigate the role of one of the most prominent regions relevant to AAC—the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). The first experiment uses in-task disruption to examine the right dlPFC’s (r-dlPFC) causal role in avoidance behavior. The second uses single TMS pulses to probe the excitability of the r-dlPFC, and downstream cortical activations, during avoidance behavior. Disrupting r-dlPFC during conflict decision-making reduced reward sensitivity. Further, r-dlPFC was engaged with a network of regions within the lateral and medial prefrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices that associate with behavior during conflict. Together, these studies use TMS to demonstrate a role for the dlPFC in reward sensitivity during conflict and elucidate the r-dlPFC’s network of cortical regions associated with avoidance behavior. By identifying r-dlPFC’s mechanistic role in AAC behavior, contextualized within its conflict-specific downstream neural connectivity, we advance dlPFC as a potential neural target for psychiatric therapeutics.
Human Filariasis in Travelers and Migrants: A Retrospective 25-year Analysis at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
Authors: Bottieau Emmanuel , Huits Ralph , Van Den Broucke Steven , Maniewski Ula , Declercq Steven , Brosius Isabel , Theunissen Caroline , Feyens Anne-Marie , Van Esbroeck Marjan , van Griensven Johan , Clerinx Jan , Soentjens Patrick 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Information on human filariasis in international travelers is scarce. We describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of these infections in a reference travel clinic over the past decades.

Methods
We reviewed all cases of filariasis diagnosed at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, from 1994 to 2018. Diagnosis was obtained by either parasitological methods (confirmed) or strict clinical case definitions (probable). We assessed the characteristics of cases at diagnosis and response to therapy within 3–12 months.

Results
A total of 320 patients (median age: 41 years; 71% males) were diagnosed with 327 filarial infections (Wuchereria bancrofti = 6, Onchocerca volvulus = 33, Loa loa = 150, Mansonella perstans = 130, unspecified species = 8). Diagnosis was confirmed in 213/320 (67%) patients. European long-term travelers accounted for 166 patients (52%) and visitors/migrants from tropical countries for another 110 (34%). Central Africa was the likely region of acquisition for 294 (92%) patients. The number of filariasis cases decreased from 21.5/year on average in the 1990s to 6.3/year in the past decade, when loiasis became predominant. Cases reported symptoms in &gt;80% of all filarial infections but mansonellosis (45/123 single infections; 37%). Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis cases responded well to conventional therapy. However, 30% of patients with loiasis and mansonellosis experienced treatment failure (with diethylcarbamazine and levamisole-mebendazole, respectively).

Conclusions
The burden and species distribution of filariasis in travelers evolved in the past decades. Most presentations were symptomatic. Case management would benefit from more effective therapies for loiasis and mansonellosis.
Chronic refractory angina pectoris treated by bilateral stereotactic radiosurgical stellate ganglion ablation: first-in-man case report
Authors: Hudec Miroslav , Jiravsky Otakar , Spacek Radim , Neuwirth Radek , Knybel Lukas , Sknouril Libor , Cvek Jakub , Miklik Roman 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Refractory angina pectoris (AP) significantly impairs quality of life in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Several minimally invasive methods (coronary sinus reducer, cell therapy, laser or shockwave revascularization, and spinal cord stimulation) or non-invasive methods (external counterpulzation) have been studied. However, their routine clinical use has not been widely implemented. Surgical or endoscopic sympathectomy is feasible for permanently relieving angina, but is often contraindicated due to the extent of complications associated with it. Neuromodulation by anaesthetic blockade of the left-sided stellate ganglion (SG) has been shown to relieve angina for days or weeks. To provide a long-term anti-anginal effect, novel pharmacological (phenol-based) or radiofrequency ablation techniques have been individually used to permanently destroy sympathetic pathways.

Case summary
We describe a first-in-man use of stereotactic radiosurgical SG ablation using a linear accelerator (CyberKnife) in a heart failure patient after myocardial infarction with chronic refractory AP. Repeated anaesthetic SG blockade in this patient resulted in a significant, but only short-term, clinical improvement. The left, and subsequently the right, SG was ablated by targeted irradiation. During the 1-year follow-up, the patient remained without angina. We did not observe any clinically relevant early or late complications. Atrial fibrillation that developed 2 months after the second procedure was deemed to be associated with a natural progression of co-existing heart failure.

Discussion
We conclude that stereotactic radiosurgical SG ablation has the potential to become a minimally invasive and low-risk procedure to treat refractory angina patients. However, this procedure needs to be evaluated in larger patient populations.
Low-dose Methotrexate Therapy Does Not Affect Semen Parameters and Sperm DNA
Authors: Grosen Anne , Bellaguarda Emanuelle , Nersting Jacob , Hvas Christian Lodberg , Liljeqvist-Soltic Ingela , Stein Adam , Christensen Lisbet Ambrosius , Ruderman Eric M , Brown Calvin R , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Zhang John X , Kelsen Jens , Hanauer Stephen B 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Methotrexate is widely used in inflammatory diseases during the patients’ reproductive years. The effect on male fertility and sperm DNA integrity is largely unknown. We evaluated sperm DNA integrity and basic semen parameters according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in male patients with inflammatory diseases treated with methotrexate.

Methods
Semen samples from 14 patients on low-dose maintenance methotrexate were compared with samples from 40 healthy volunteers. Further, 5 patients delivered samples on and off methotrexate therapy for paired comparison. Sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), concentration, motility, and morphology were evaluated. Blood sex hormones and methotrexate levels were measured in blood and semen.

Results
DNA fragmentation index in methotrexate-treated patients was comparable with that in healthy volunteers (DFI, 11.5 vs 15.0; P = .06), and DFI did not change significantly on and off methotrexate in the paired samples (DFI, 12.0 vs 14.0; P = 0.35). Sperm concentration, motility, and morphology did not differ between men treated with methotrexate and healthy volunteers. Sperm progressive motility increased off therapy compared with on therapy (65.0% vs 45.0%, P = .04), but all fluctuations in progressive motility were within the WHO reference interval. All methotrexate polyglutamates1-5 were detected in blood, but only methotrexate polyglutamate1 in semen. Serum testosterone was unaffected by methotrexate therapy.

Conclusions
Patients treated with low-dose methotrexate have a sperm quality comparable with that of healthy volunteers, and methotrexate treatment does not increase sperm DNA fragmentation. This study does not support cryopreservation of semen before treatment initiation nor a 3-month methotrexate-free interval prior to conception.
The infinite possibilities of RNA therapeutics
Authors: Mollocana-Lara Evelyn C , Ni Ming , Agathos Spiros N , Gonzales-Zubiate Fernando A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although the study of ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapeutics started decades ago, for many years, this field of research was overshadowed by the growing interest in DNA-based therapies. Nowadays, the role of several types of RNA in cell regulation processes and the development of various diseases have been elucidated, and research in RNA therapeutics is back with force. This short literature review aims to present general aspects of many of the molecules currently used in RNA therapeutics, including in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, we describe the state of the art of technologies applied for synthetic RNA manufacture and delivery. Likewise, we detail the RNA-based therapies approved by the FDA so far, as well as the ongoing clinical investigations. As a final point, we highlight the current and potential advantages of working on RNA-based therapeutics and how these could lead to a new era of accessible and personalized healthcare.
Smoking Behavior and Prognosis After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis: A Pooled Analysis of 11 Studies
Authors: Alwers Elizabeth , Carr Prudence R , Banbury Barbara , Walter Viola , Chang-Claude Jenny , Jansen Lina , Drew David A , Giovannucci Edward , Nan Hongmei , Berndt Sonja I , Huang Wen-Yi , Prizment Anna , Hayes Richard B , Sakoda Lori C , White Emily , Labadie Julia , Slattery Martha , Schoen Robert E , Diergaarde Brenda , van Guelpen Bethany , Campbell Peter T , Peters Ulrike , Chan Andrew T , Newcomb Polly A , Hoffmeister Michael , Brenner Hermann 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Smoking has been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality in previous studies, but current evidence on smoking in association with survival after CRC diagnosis is limited.

Methods
We pooled data from 12 345 patients with stage I-IV CRC from 11 epidemiologic studies in the International Survival Analysis in Colorectal Cancer Consortium. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the associations of prediagnostic smoking behavior with overall, CRC-specific, and non-CRC-specific survival.

Results
Among 12 345 patients with CRC, 4379 (35.5%) died (2515 from CRC) over a median follow-up time of 7.5 years. Smoking was strongly associated with worse survival in stage I-III patients, whereas no association was observed among stage IV patients. Among stage I-III patients, clear dose-response relationships with all survival outcomes were seen for current smokers. For example, current smokers with 40 or more pack-years had statistically significantly worse overall, CRC-specific, and non-CRC-specific survival compared with never smokers (hazard ratio [HR] =1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.68 to 2.25; HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.78; and HR = 2.67, 95% CI = 2.19 to 3.26, respectively). Similar associations with all survival outcomes were observed for former smokers who had quit for less than 10 years, but only a weak association with non-CRC-specific survival was seen among former smokers who had quit for more than 10 years.

Conclusions
This large consortium of CRC patient studies provides compelling evidence that smoking is strongly associated with worse survival of stage I-III CRC patients in a clear dose-response manner. The detrimental effect of smoking was primarily related to noncolorectal cancer events, but current heavy smoking also showed an association with CRC-specific survival.
Not Your Average Mediastinal Mass: A Case of a Large Mediastinal Teratoma in a Patient With a History of Polio Disease
Authors: Wilson Sara M , Lojek Andrei S B , Zamora-Berridi Grettel J , Hodgson John A 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Mediastinal masses can be challenging to the surgical team and anesthetic considerations vary according to the location, pathology, surgical approach, and patient comorbidities. We report the case of a 21 cm symptomatic intrathoracic teratoma in a postpartum patient with a history of poliomyelitis. Significant challenges were presented for anesthetic induction, potential extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and the use of neuraxial pain techniques and neuromuscular blockade. This case report demonstrates techniques to safely manage a patient with a large symptomatic mediastinal mass and potential neuromuscular disease.
Rapid specialization of counter defenses enables two-spotted spider mite to adapt to novel plant hosts
Authors: Salehipourshirazi Golnaz , Bruinsma Kristie , Ratlamwala Huzefa , Dixit Sameer , Arbona Vicent , Widemann Emilie , Milojevic Maja , Jin Pengyu , Bensoussan Nicolas , Gómez-Cadenas Aurelio , Zhurov Vladimir , Grbic Miodrag , Grbic Vojislava 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Genetic adaptation, occurring over a long evolutionary time, enables host-specialized herbivores to develop novel resistance traits and to efficiently counteract the defenses of a narrow range of host plants. In contrast, physiological acclimation, leading to the suppression and/or detoxification of host defenses, is hypothesized to enable broad generalists to shift between plant hosts. However, the host adaptation mechanisms used by generalists composed of host-adapted populations are not known. Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM; Tetranychus urticae) is an extreme generalist herbivore whose individual populations perform well only on a subset of potential hosts. We combined experimental evolution, Arabidopsis thaliana genetics, mite reverse genetics, and pharmacological approaches to examine mite host adaptation upon the shift of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-adapted population to Arabidopsis. We showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for mite adaptation to Arabidopsis. We identified activities of two tiers of P450s: general xenobiotic-responsive P450s that have a limited contribution to mite adaptation to Arabidopsis and adaptation-associated P450s that efficiently counteract Arabidopsis defenses. In approximately 25 generations of mite selection on Arabidopsis plants, mites evolved highly efficient detoxification-based adaptation, characteristic of specialist herbivores. This demonstrates that specialization to plant resistance traits can occur within the ecological timescale, enabling the TSSM to shift to novel plant hosts.
Quick or Broad Patents? Evidence from U.S. Startups
Authors: Hegde Deepak , Ljungqvist Alexander , Raj Manav 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We study the effects of patent scope and review times on startups and externalities on their rivals. We leverage the quasi-random assignment of U.S. patent applications to examiners and find that grant delays reduce a startup’s employment and sales growth, chances of survival, access to external capital, and future innovation. Delays also harm the growth, access to external capital, and follow-on innovation of the patentee’s rivals, suggesting that quick patents enhance both inventor rewards and generate positive externalities. Broader scope increases a startup’s future growth (conditional on survival) and innovation but imposes negative externalities on its rivals’ growth and innovation.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online
Development and Validation of a Nonremission Risk Prediction Model in &#x2028;First-Episode Psychosis: An Analysis of 2 Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Leighton Samuel P , Krishnadas Rajeev , Upthegrove Rachel , Marwaha Steven , Steyerberg Ewout W , Gkoutos Georgios V , Broome Matthew R , Liddle Peter F , Everard Linda , Singh Swaran P , Freemantle Nicholas , Fowler David , Jones Peter B , Sharma Vimal , Murray Robin , Wykes Til , Drake Richard J , Buchan Iain , Rogers Simon , Cavanagh Jonathan , Lewis Shon W , Birchwood Max , Mallikarjun Pavan K 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPsychosis is a major mental illness with first onset in young adults. The prognosis is poor in around half of the people affected, and difficult to predict. The few tools available to predict prognosis have major weaknesses which limit their use in clinical practice. We aimed to develop and validate a risk prediction model of symptom nonremission in first-episode psychosis. Our development cohort consisted of 1027 patients with first-episode psychosis recruited between 2005 and 2010 from 14 early intervention services across the National Health Service in England. Our validation cohort consisted of 399 patients with first-episode psychosis recruited between 2006 and 2009 from a further 11 English early intervention services. The one-year nonremission rate was 52% and 54% in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to develop a risk prediction model for nonremission, which was externally validated. The prediction model showed good discrimination C-statistic of 0.73 (0.64, 0.81) and adequate calibration with intercept alpha of –0.014 (–0.34, 0.31) and slope beta of 0.85 (0.42, 1.27). Our model improved the net-benefit by 16% at a risk threshold of 50% compared to the strategy of treating all, equivalent to 16 more detected nonremitted first-episode psychosis individuals per 100 without incorrectly classifying remitted cases. Once prospectively validated, our first episode psychosis prediction model could help identify patients at increased risk of nonremission at initial clinical contact.
The Effect of Intrapartum Oxygen Supplementation on Category II Fetal Monitoring
Authors: Raghuraman N. , López L.D. , Carter E.B. , Stout M.J. , Macones G.A. , Tuuli M.G. , Cahill A.G. 
Published: August 2021

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223:905.e1–905.e7)
While oxygen is routinely administered in response to category II electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) patterns, there is not currently any evidence that this practice is beneficial for the neonate. Maternal oxygen supplementation in this context is meant to reduce fetal hypoxia, but a recent study suggests umbilical artery lactate was not improved with oxygen supplementation compared with therapy using room air (RA). This was a secondary analysis of that study, aimed at investigating how oxygen supplementation affects other markers of category II EFM.
Maternal Mortality in the United States: Recent Trends, Current Status, and Future Considerations
Authors: Joseph K.S. , Boutin A. , Lisonkova S. , Muraca G.M. , Razaz N. , John S. , Mehrabadi A. , Sabr Y. , Ananth C.V. , Schisterman E. 
Published: August 2021

(Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137:763–771)
Despite what reputable publications have lead health physicians and experts to believe, reports from the National Center for Health Statistics show United States maternal mortality rates have not increased, rather the surveillance of maternal deaths has improved.