bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Psychopharmacology
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The First World Congress of Psychiatry in Paris in 1950 was a vast meeting that brought together everyone in the psychiatric world. The congress, which took place against a background of psychiatry as a mature clinical discipline in Europe, was considered the founding event in the history of psychopharmacology. In 1936, the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology was established, wherein psychoanalytic doctrines penetrated the teaching of the entire discipline. This chapter emphasizes that there is no lineal connection between the early drugs and the discipline of psychopharmacology, while new drugs like chlorpromazine initiated the era of psychopharmacology. The chapter also explores the term “psychopharmacology,” which first surfaced in 1548 when Reinhard Lorich, a professor of theology in Marburg, used the term in the title of a collection of prayers for the dead.
Sally
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sally Laden helped turn the disease of depression into a gold mine. Laden was the world’s most influential female “psychopharmacologist,” and each of her creations began with an intonation about the terrible depression epidemic sweeping the globe. In psychiatry, the depression market had proven so huge that extending it to children would be desirable. Therefore, the pediatric exclusivity provision, which provided drug makers with 6 months of patent extension in exchange for conducting trials in the pediatric population, was welcomed by industry. Four major SSRI makers struggled to get into the pediatric depression market from 2000 to 2004. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), which made the SSRI Paxil (paroxetine), conceived several trials in pediatric depression, and Sally Laden was assigned to write up one trial, #329.
Tools, Time, Training, and Team—Military Primary Care Providers’ Perspectives on Improving Chronic Pain Assessment and Management
Authors: Mathew Asha , McQuinn Honor , Flynn Diane M , Ransom Jeffrey C , Doorenbos Ardith Z 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Primary care providers are on the front lines of chronic pain management, with many reporting frustration, low confidence, and dissatisfaction in handling the complex issues associated with chronic pain care. Given the importance of their role and reported inadequacies and dissatisfaction in managing this challenging population, it is important to understand the perspectives of primary care providers when considering approaches to chronic pain management. This qualitative descriptive study aimed to comprehensively summarize the provider challenges and suggestions to improve chronic pain care in military primary care settings.

Materials and Methods
Semi-structured interviews with 12 military primary care providers were conducted in a single U.S. Army medical center. All interviews were audio-recorded and lasted between 30 and 60 minutes. Interview transcripts were analyzed using ATLAS 9.0 software. Narratives were analyzed using a general inductive approach to content analysis. The Framework Method was used to organize the codes and emergent categories. All study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Washington.

Results
Four categories captured providers’ challenges and suggestions for improving chronic pain care: (1) tools for comprehensive pain assessment and patient education, (2) time available for each chronic pain appointment, (3) provider training and education, and (4) team-based approach to chronic pain management. Providers suggested use of the Pain Assessment Screening Tool and Outcomes Registry, more time per visit, incorporation of chronic pain care in health sciences curriculum, consistent provider training across the board, insurance coverage for complementary and integrative therapies, patient education, and improved access to interdisciplinary chronic pain care.

Conclusions
Lack of standardized multifaceted tools, time constraints on chronic pain appointments, inadequate provider education, and limited access to complementary and integrative health therapies are significant provider challenges. Insurance coverage for complementary and integrative health therapies needs to be expanded. The Stepped Care Model of Pain Management is a positive and definite stride toward addressing many of these challenges. Future studies should examine the extent of improvement in guidelines-concordant chronic pain care, patient outcomes, and provider satisfaction following the implementation of the Stepped Care Model of Pain Management in military health settings.
Outcomes of Heated High Flow Nasal Cannula in Patients With Severe or Life-Threatening COVID-19 at a Military Treatment Facility—A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dollin Capt Yonatan P , Elliott Capt Brian P , Markert Ronald , Koroscil Maj Matthew T 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced radical changes in management of healthcare in military treatment facilities (MTFs). Military treatment facilities serve unique patients that have a service connection; thus, research and data on this population are relatively sparse. The purpose of this study was to provide descriptive data on characteristics and outcomes of MTF patients with COVID-19 who are treated with heated high-flow nasal cannula (HHFNC).Materials and MethodsWe performed a single-center retrospective cohort study at the Wright-Patterson Medical Center, a 52-bed hospital in an urban setting. We received approval from our Institutional Review Board. The cohort included patients admitted from June 1, 2020, through May 15, 2021 with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 from a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test who were placed on HHFNC during their hospital stay. Severe disease was defined as dyspnea, respiratory rate ≥30/min, blood oxygen saturation ≤93% without supplemental oxygen, partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio &lt;300, or lung infiltrates involving &gt;50% of lung fields within 24-48 hours. Life-threatening disease was defined as having septic shock or multiple organ dysfunction or requiring intubation. Patients meeting these criteria were retrieved from a quality improvement cohort that represents a consecutive group of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Wright-Patterson Medical Center.ResultsOur MTF managed 70 cases of severe or life-threatening COVID-19 from June 1, 2020, to May 15, 2021. Of the 70 cases, 19 (27%) were placed on HHFNC. After initiation of HHFNC, median SpO2/FiO2 was 281.8 and at 24 hours 145.4. Median respiratory rate oxygenation at these times were 10.7 and 9.4, respectively. Fifty percent required mechanical ventilation during hospitalization. Median intensive care unit length of stay was 11 days, with a maximum stay of 39 days. Median hospital length of stay was 12 days, with a maximum of 39 days.ConclusionOur retrospective cohort study characterized and analyzed outcomes observed in a MTF population, with severe or life-threatening COVID-19, who were treated with HHFNC. While the study did not have the power to make concrete conclusions on the optimal form of respiratory support for COVID-19 patients, our data support HHFNC as a reasonable treatment modality despite some notable differences between our cohort and prior studied patient populations.
Two Functional Epithelial Sodium Channel Isoforms Are Present in Rodents despite Pronounced Evolutionary Pseudogenization and Exon Fusion
Authors: Gettings Sean M , Maxeiner Stephan , Tzika Maria , Cobain Matthew R D , Ruf Irina , Benseler Fritz , Brose Nils , Krasteva-Christ Gabriela , Vande Velde Greetje , Schönberger Matthias , Althaus Mike 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a key role in salt and water homeostasis in tetrapod vertebrates. There are four ENaC subunits (α, β, γ, δ), forming heterotrimeric αβγ- or δβγ-ENaCs. Although the physiology of αβγ-ENaC is well understood, for decades the field has stalled with respect to δβγ-ENaC due to the lack of mammalian model organisms. The SCNN1D gene coding for δ-ENaC was previously believed to be absent in rodents, hindering studies using standard laboratory animals. We analyzed all currently available rodent genomes and discovered that SCNN1D is present in rodents but was independently lost in five rodent lineages, including the Muridae (mice and rats). The independent loss of SCNN1D in rodent lineages may be constrained by phylogeny and taxon-specific adaptation to dry habitats, however habitat aridity does not provide a selection pressure for maintenance of SCNN1D across Rodentia. A fusion of two exons coding for a structurally flexible region in the extracellular domain of δ-ENaC appeared in the Hystricognathi (a group that includes guinea pigs). This conserved pattern evolved at least 41 Ma and represents a new autapomorphic feature for this clade. Exon fusion does not impair functionality of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) δβγ-ENaC expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Electrophysiological characterization at the whole-cell and single-channel level revealed conserved biophysical features and mechanisms controlling guinea pig αβγ- and δβγ-ENaC function as compared with human orthologs. Guinea pigs therefore represent commercially available mammalian model animals that will help shed light on the physiological function of δ-ENaC.
Spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon in systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report and literature review
Authors: Ikumi Akira , Okuwaki Shun , Hara Yuki , Yoshii Yuichi , Kawamura Haruo 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTSpontaneous tendon rupture is a rare entity. Herein, we report a case of spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon in a 61-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The patient worked as an aesthetician and had a 42-year history of SLE that was well controlled using oral steroids. She presented with an inability to extend her left thumb, with no prior history of trauma or symptoms. On imaging, there was no evidence of degenerative changes or osteophyte formation in the gliding area of the EPL tendon. Intraoperatively, there was evidence of tendon rupture around Lister’s tubercle. We performed a tendon transfer of the extensor indicis proprius for repair. The patient recovered active thumb extension and returned to work 4 months after surgery without any complications. We suspected that spontaneous EPL tendon rupture was caused by a combination of disease-related factors, including long-term steroid use, chronic inflammation, and continuous mechanical stress from her work and daily activity. This case report demonstrates the multifactorial aetiology of spontaneous tendon rupture in patients with SLE and the importance of monitoring for this complication during routine follow-up.
Hypertrophic pachymeningitis in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Authors: Izuka Shinji , Yamashita Hiroyuki , Takahashi Yuko , Kaneko Hiroshi 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is one of the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV), which is characterised by systemic small vessels vasculitis with associated eosinophilia. Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is an inflammatory disease in which the cerebral or spinal dura mater is thickened. AAV other than EGPA may sometimes develop HP; however, patients with EGPA rarely develop HP. This is the case of myeloperoxidase-ANCA-positive EGPA that presented with headache and blurred vision and was diagnosed with HP. It was successfully treated with pulsed steroid therapy and intravenous cyclophosphamide without any relapse for more than 4 years.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma in a patient with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus receiving mycophenolate mofetil: A case report and literature review
Authors: Sakairi Toru , Nakasatomi Masao , Watanabe Mitsuharu , Hamatani Hiroko , Ikeuchi Hidekazu , Kaneko Yoriaki , Handa Hiroshi , Hiromura Keiju 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
A 41-year-old woman with a 14-month history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presented with headache, aphasia, and agraphia. A laboratory examination revealed mild proteinuria, hypocomplementemia, and elevated anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels. A cerebrospinal fluid analysis demonstrated elevated protein and interleukin-6 levels. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain identified multiple lesions suggestive of brain edemas and small haemorrhages. She was diagnosed as having neuropsychiatric lupus and lupus nephritis and received remission induction therapy with high-dose corticosteroid and intravenous cyclophosphamide. She achieved a complete remission, and treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was initiated 3 months thereafter for remission maintenance. At 13 months after the exacerbation of SLE, she complained of headache and nausea. A gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain revealed a low-signal-intensity tumour with marginal ring enhancement of 50 mm in the left frontal lobe. The tumour was excised, and the histological diagnosis was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with positive Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). MMF was discontinued. Remission induction therapy with rituximab, high-dose methotrexate, procarbazine, and vincristine was administered, and she achieved remission. Previous reports suggest that use of MMF is associated with primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (PCNSL) in patients with lupus nephritis or other autoimmune diseases or in post-transplant patients. Our observation that PCNSL occurred after CNS involvement of SLE suggests that EBV and CNS inflammation arising from SLE might have contributed to the development of PCNSL.
Variations in the management of diffuse low-grade gliomas—A Scandinavian multicenter study
Authors: Munkvold Bodil Karoline Ravn , Solheim Ole , Bartek Jiri , Corell Alba , de Dios Eddie , Gulati Sasha , Helseth Eirik , Holmgren Klas , Jensdottir Margret , Lundborg Mina , Mireles Eduardo Erasmo Mendoza , Mahesparan Ruby , Tveiten Øystein Vesterli , Milos Peter , Redebrandt Henrietta Nittby , Pedersen Lars Kjelsberg , Ramm-Pettersen Jon , Sjöberg Rickard L , Sjögren Björn , Sjåvik Kristin , Smits Anja , Tomasevic Gregor , Vecchio Tomás Gómez , Vik-Mo Einar O , Zetterling Maria , Salvesen Øyvind , Jakola Asgeir S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Early extensive surgery is a cornerstone in treatment of diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGGs), and an additional survival benefit has been demonstrated from early radiochemotherapy in selected “high-risk” patients. Still, there are a number of controversies related to DLGG management. The objective of this multicenter population-based cohort study was to explore potential variations in diagnostic work-up and treatment between treating centers in 2 Scandinavian countries with similar public health care systems.

Methods
Patients screened for inclusion underwent primary surgery of a histopathologically verified diffuse WHO grade II glioma in the time period 2012 through 2017. Clinical and radiological data were collected from medical records and locally conducted research projects, whereupon differences between countries and inter-hospital variations were explored.

Results
A total of 642 patients were included (male:female ratio 1:4), and annual age-standardized incidence rates were 0.9 and 0.8 per 100 000 in Norway and Sweden, respectively. Considerable inter-hospital variations were observed in preoperative work-up, tumor diagnostics, surgical strategies, techniques for intraoperative guidance, as well as choice and timing of adjuvant therapy.

Conclusions
Despite geographical population-based case selection, similar health care organizations, and existing guidelines, there were considerable variations in DLGG management. While some can be attributed to differences in clinical implementation of current scientific knowledge, some of the observed inter-hospital variations reflect controversies related to diagnostics and treatment. Quantification of these disparities renders possible identification of treatment patterns associated with better or worse outcomes and may thus represent a step toward more uniform evidence-based care.
Rate of reinfections after SARS-CoV-2 primary infection in the population of an Italian province: a cohort study
Authors: Flacco M E , Acuti Martellucci C , Soldato G , Carota R , Fazii P , Caponetti A , Manzoli L 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Current data suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfections are rare, but no information are available on minors and after 12 months of follow-up.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included all the population of an Italian Province, diagnosed with a SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 2020 to May 2021. The primary outcome was the incidence of a reinfection, defined as a new positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test occurring ≥90 days after complete resolution of the first infection, and data were retrieved from the official datasets (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19], demographic, hospital and co-pay exemption) of the Local Health Unit (LHU) of Pescara.

Results
After an average of 201 days of follow-up (max. 414), we recorded 24 reinfections ≥90 days after the resolution of the first 7173 infections (0.33%). Four reinfections required hospitalization, one was lethal. Most of the reinfections (n = 13) occurred 6–9 months after the resolution of the first infection; no new infection was detected 12 or more months later and among the 832 minors.

Conclusions
This study confirms previous findings on a low risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. If confirmed, these findings suggest that more targeted restriction policies can be applied to the subjects that recovered after a first infection.
Evening chronotype is associated with elevated biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in the EpiHealth cohort: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Baldanzi Gabriel , Hammar Ulf , Fall Tove , Lindberg Eva , Lind Lars , Elmståhl Sölve , Theorell-Haglöw Jenny 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesIndividuals with evening chronotype have a higher risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In a population-based cohort, we aimed to investigate the association between chronotype and 242 circulating proteins from three panels of established or candidate biomarkers of cardiometabolic processes.MethodsIn 2,471 participants (49.7% men, mean age 61.2 ± 8.4 SD years) from the EpiHealth cohort, circulating proteins were analyzed with a multiplex proximity extension technique. Participants self-reported their chronotype on a five-level scale from extreme morning to extreme evening chronotype. With the intermediate chronotype set as the reference, each protein was added as the dependent variable in a series of linear regression models adjusted for confounders. Next, the chronotype coefficients were jointly tested and the resulting p-values adjusted for multiple testing using a false discovery rate (5%). For the associations identified, we then analyzed the marginal effect of each chronotype category.ResultsWe identified 17 proteins associated with chronotype. Evening chronotype was positively associated with proteins previously linked to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk, namely retinoic acid receptor protein 2, fatty acid-binding protein adipocyte, tissue-type plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Additionally, PAI-1 was inversely associated with the extreme morning chronotype.ConclusionsIn this population-based study, proteins previously related to cardiometabolic risk were elevated in the evening chronotypes. These results may guide future research in the relation between chronotype and cardiometabolic disorders.
Neurophysiologic Complexity in Children Increases with Developmental Age and Is Reduced by General Anesthesia
Authors: Puglia Michael P. , Li Duan , Leis Aleda M. , Jewell Elizabeth S. , Kaplan Chelsea M. , Therrian Megan , Kim Minkyung , Lee UnCheol , Mashour George A. , Vlisides Phillip E. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Neurophysiologic complexity in the cortex has been shown to reflect changes in the level of consciousness in adults but remains incompletely understood in the developing brain. This study aimed to address changes in cortical complexity related to age and anesthetic state transitions. This study tested the hypotheses that cortical complexity would (1) increase with developmental age and (2) decrease during general anesthesia.

Methods
This was a single-center, prospective, cross-sectional study of healthy (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II) children (n = 50) of age 8 to 16 undergoing surgery with general anesthesia at Michigan Medicine. This age range was chosen because it reflects a period of substantial brain network maturation. Whole scalp (16-channel), wireless electroencephalographic data were collected from the preoperative period through the recovery of consciousness. Cortical complexity was measured using the Lempel–Ziv algorithm and analyzed during the baseline, premedication, maintenance of general anesthesia, and clinical recovery periods. The effect of spectral power on Lempel–Ziv complexity was analyzed by comparing the original complexity value with those of surrogate time series generated through phase randomization that preserves power spectrum.

Results
Baseline spatiotemporal Lempel–Ziv complexity increased with age (yr; slope [95% CI], 0.010 [0.004, 0.016]; P < 0.001); when normalized to account for spectral power, there was no significant age effect on cortical complexity (0.001 [–0.004, 0.005]; P = 0.737). General anesthesia was associated with a significant decrease in spatiotemporal complexity (median [25th, 75th]; baseline, 0.660 [0.620, 0.690] vs. maintenance, 0.459 [0.402, 0.527]; P < 0.001), and spatiotemporal complexity exceeded baseline levels during postoperative recovery (0.704 [0.642, 0.745]; P = 0.009). When normalized, there was a similar reduction in complexity during general anesthesia (baseline, 0.913 [0.887, 0.923] vs. maintenance 0.851 [0.823, 0.877]; P < 0.001), but complexity remained significantly reduced during recovery (0.873 [0.840, 0.902], P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Cortical complexity increased with developmental age and decreased during general anesthesia. This association remained significant when controlling for spectral changes during anesthetic-induced perturbations in consciousness but not with developmental age.

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