bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Spline Shape Deep Drawing using Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Work Test
Authors: Mukhirmesh Kadhim H , Jawad Waleed K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the current research, an analysis study was conducted to process of design of spline cup drawing. Deep-drawing tools (dies and punches) were designed and manufactured to implement the experimental work required to produce a spline cup with inner dimensions are height h=3 mm, width W=9.64 mm, and diameter d=34 mm, drawn from a circular blank of a di ameter D b = 8 0 mm, and thicknes s t = 0 . 7 mm made of low carbon steel (1008-AISI). To simulate the spline shape deep-drawing process, a commercial finite element program code ANSYS 19.0 Workbench was employed. The research aims to produce the spline shape and study the effect of the punch wall curvature radius on the drawing force, thickness distribution, and effective strains across the sidewall, major and minor axis curvature of a completely drawn spline cup using experimental testing and finite element modeling. From the comparisons between the experimental and finite element results, it was shown that the numerical results of a spline cup deep-drawing are good agreement with the results of the experiment and lie within an average of (4% - 8%). The drawing force and thinning for the small punch wall curvature radius is higher than the large punch wall curvature radius. The maximum drawing force and maximum thinning with the smallest punch wall curvature radius (0.5) at the minor axis curvature of a completely drawn spline cup. The maximum effective strain with the smallest punch wall curvature radius (0.5) at the minor axis curvature region at the completely drawn spline cup rim.
Study of Wear Properties of Recycled Composite Zn-Al Alloy Reinforced with Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Yawer Aveen K , Abdulkader Niveen J , Zainalaadbeen Ahmed A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this research, the stir casting technique used to produce ZA-12 alloy hybrid composites reinforced by nanoparticles (SiC and BN) with different weight percentages. Pin on disk used for the wear test for ZA-12 alloy and its composites. It is found that the nanoparticles improved the hardness and the wear properties of alloys. Since nanoparticles impede dislocations movement, causing an enhancement in the mechanical properties. The microstructure and the phases formed were analyzed using an optical microscope with various magnifications. SEM analysis denotes the uniform distribution of the different weight percentages of SiC and BN nanoparticles in the based alloy, which explains the improvement in the wear properties.
Properties of Materials and Models of Prosthetic Feet: A Review
Authors: Oleiwi Jawad K , Hadi Ahmed Namah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProsthetic limbs fabricate devices that provide amputees with a replacement for their missing limbs, restoring some function. These artificial feet are not as multifunctional as natural feet, but they improve the patient’s performance level. Considering prosthetic feet, in particular, selecting a device is based on how favorably a device matches the human foot’s characteristics. Prosthetic feet are designed to meet required values for tensile strength, density, corrosion resistance, shear strength, flexibility, durability, and cost-efficiency. The above considerations depend on the properties of the material used, the foot’s design, and the manufacturing process applied. In the manufacture of the prosthetic foot, polymers composite reinforced with fibers have been used. Their characteristics confirm a constant and low weight structure that makes it possible for agglomeration, distribution, and energy storage through walking, making a certain rise in gait effectiveness. Depending on the composite’s adjustment in terms of fiber choice, their system, type of mixture and mass content, and the prosthesis design, the foot gets change effectiveness as the ratio of energy unconfined to energy assembled. In this paper, the biomechanics, materials, and models of the prosthetic foot have been reviewed.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Cutting Parameters, Coated and Uncoated Tools on Surface Roughness During Turning Operation
Authors: Khleif Ali Abbar , Othman Farhad M , Thamer Frzdaq Nabeel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Surface roughness consistency is one of the challenges for producing high-quality goods in the industry. Surface predicting efficiency plays a vital role in correctly managing the machining parameters during turning operations. Selecting the correct cutting instrument is considered one of the most critical factors influencing the machined surface’s consistency. Accordingly, this work investigates the effect of cutting tool form, coating material, and cutting parameters on surface roughness during the AISI 1045 turning process. Coated (TIN) and uncoated cutting tools were used. The operation was conducted on a computer numerically controlled (CNC) turning unit. The experiments were carried out using cutting speed, feed rate, tool type as process parameters. Taguchi method was used with three factors and two levels, which are the spindle speed (800, 1100, and 1400) rpm, feed rate (0.05. 0.1, 0.15) mm/rev, and the depth of cut (3) mm. The results revealed that the most important consideration for surface roughness is cutting speed, followed by the feed rate and tool coating, respectively.
Review on Nanomaterials Properties Produced by Laser Technique
Authors: Khdr Noor Fakher , Rasheed Bassam G , Ahmed Baida M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe optical properties such as scattering and absorption as well as the morphological properties such as shape and size for the nanomaterials produced by laser were studied in details by different researchers. They used different laser techniques to produce nanoparticles such as Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), Pulse Laser Ablation (PLA), and Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL). These laser techniques were used to prepare different nanomaterials such as gold, silver, cadmium, zinc sulfide, titanium, and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The optical and morphological properties were studied using different testing techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Diffraction X-ray (SEM-EDX).
Experimental and Numerical Measurement of the Impact Strength of Poly-lactic Acid through a Low-velocity Impact
Authors: Al-Behadili Ali Jasim Mohammed , Bedaiwi Bashar Owaid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained through experimental work and numerical simulation of the kinetic energy dissipation of lactic acid after application of the impact load. The experimental tests were performed according to ASTM standards using the motion drop arrow test. It has been designed according to the standard ASTMD7136.The specimens were plates completely constrained with two edges by the clamping fixture. Two energy absorption parameters (namely saturation impact energy and damage degree), and two relevant characteristic values of the impact force history (namely the first damage force and the maximum force) were included. The impact energy of 2.4 J was measured by the difference in the thickness mode. The finite element method was used by FE symbol (Abaqus/Explicit Dynamic) implemented by a User Defined Sub routine (VUMAT). The results showed areas of shock injury and sample tolerance, and there was a match between the experimental and numerical results. Diagrams are presented to show the history of relevant kinematical, dynamic and energetic quantities, both to synthesize the dependency of the energy parameters and force threshold values on the impact velocity. This study will help to measure the absorbed and kinetic energy of polymers, thus, it will help define the properties of polymers used in critical applications such as medicine.
A new method to estimate branch biomass from terrestrial laser scanning data by bridging tree structure models
Authors: Hu Man , Pitkänen Timo P , Minunno Francesco , Tian Xianglin , Lehtonen Aleksi , Mäkelä Annikki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsBranch biomass and other attributes are important for estimating the carbon budget of forest stands and characterizing crown structure. As destructive measuring is time-consuming and labour-intensive, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) as a solution has been used to estimate branch biomass quickly and non-destructively. However, branch information extraction from TLS data alone is challenging due to occlusion and other defects, especially for estimating individual branch attributes in coniferous trees.MethodsThis study presents a method, entitled TSMtls, to estimate individual branch biomass non-destructively and accurately by combining tree structure models and TLS data. The TSMtls method constructs the stem-taper curve from TLS data, then uses tree structure models to determine the number, basal area and biomass of individual branches at whorl level. We estimated the tree structural model parameters from 122 destructively measured Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees and tested the method on six Scots pine trees that were first TLS-scanned and later destructively measured. Additionally, we estimated the branch biomass using other TLS-based approaches for comparison.Key ResultsTree-level branch biomass estimates derived from TSMtls showed the best agreement with the destructive measurements [coefficient of variation of root mean square error (CV-RMSE) = 9.66 % and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.99], outperforming the other TLS-based approaches (CV-RMSE 12.97–57.45 % and CCC 0.43–0.98 ). Whorl-level individual branch attributes estimates produced from TSMtls showed more accurate results than those produced from TLS data directly.ConclusionsThe results showed that the TSMtls method proposed in this study holds promise for extension to more species and larger areas.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Alternate Short Forms of the Action Naming Test
Authors: Pinto-Grau Marta , O’Connor Sarah , Murphy Lisa , Heverin Mark , Vajda Alice , Hardiman Orla , Pender Niall 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
The action naming test (ANT) is a confrontation naming task used to assess the ability to name action words. This study aimed to create two short forms of the ANT and assess their equivalence, reliability, and comparability to the long form.

Methods
In total, 100 healthy adults (31 females and 69 males), aged 34–89 years (M = 64 and SD = 10.4) were recruited. Short forms were developed using a split-half procedure.

Results
No significant differences were observed between short forms on mean performance and distribution of scores for correct spontaneous responses, responses after semantic cue and total correct responses after cueing, but a higher number of accurate responses were prompted after phonemic cueing for Form A. Significant strong correlations between short forms and with the full form were encountered, although a weak correlation was found between short forms on performance after semantic cueing. IQ and age were significant predictors of action word retrieval. Whereas IQ also predicted post-cueing performance in all ANT forms, age predicted performance only for Form B.

Conclusion
The two ANT short forms are equivalent when considering total spontaneous responses and total correct responses after cueing, but semantic and phonemic cues evoked different responses on the two forms. The two short forms were also affected differently by demographics. When the psychometric equivalence of Forms A and B was examined, the strict conditions for parallel forms were not met for all performance indices. Therefore, these newly developed short versions should be considered as alternate forms.
Pharmacological treatment with FGF21 strongly improves plasma cholesterol metabolism to reduce atherosclerosis
Authors: Liu Cong , Schönke Milena , Zhou Enchen , Li Zhuang , Kooijman Sander , Boon Mariëtte R , Larsson Mikael , Wallenius Kristina , Dekker Niek , Barlind Louise , Peng Xiao-Rong , Wang Yanan , Rensen Patrick C N 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAims Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, a key regulator of energy metabolism, is currently evaluated in humans for treatment of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the effects of FGF21 on cardiovascular benefit, particularly on lipoprotein metabolism in relation to atherogenesis, remain elusive.Methods and results  Here, the role of FGF21 in lipoprotein metabolism in relation to atherosclerosis development was investigated by pharmacological administration of a half-life extended recombinant FGF21 protein to hypercholesterolaemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model mimicking atherosclerosis initiation and development in humans. FGF21 reduced plasma total cholesterol, explained by a reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol. Mechanistically, FGF21 promoted brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, thereby enhancing the selective uptake of fatty acids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into BAT and into browned WAT, consequently accelerating the clearance of the cholesterol-enriched remnants by the liver. In addition, FGF21 reduced body fat, ameliorated glucose tolerance and markedly reduced hepatic steatosis, related to up-regulated hepatic expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and increased hepatic VLDL-triglyceride secretion. Ultimately, FGF21 largely decreased atherosclerotic lesion area, which was mainly explained by the reduction in non-HDL-cholesterol as shown by linear regression analysis, decreased lesion severity, and increased atherosclerotic plaque stability index.Conclusion FGF21 improves hypercholesterolaemia by accelerating triglyceride-rich lipoprotein turnover as a result of activating BAT and browning of WAT, thereby reducing atherosclerotic lesion severity and increasing atherosclerotic lesion stability index. We have thus provided additional support for the clinical use of FGF21 in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Effect of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis on the amount of orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review of animal studies
Authors: Mohammed Ayesha O , Kaklamanos Eleftherios G 
Published: March 2021

SummaryBackgroundUnderstanding the impact of osteopenia and osteoporosis on orthodontic tooth movement could be of benefit to the orthodontist, but research in humans presents practical and ethical problems. The ovariectomized animal model could provide useful information on osteoporosis.ObjectiveTo compare the amount of tooth movement during or after the application of orthodontic forces between ovariectomized animals and control or sham-operated subjects.Search methodsUnrestricted searches in seven databases and manual searching of the reference lists in relevant studies were performed up to February 2021 (PubMed, Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, Arab World Research Source, ProQuest Dissertations, and Theses Global).Selection criteriaWe searched for studies quantitatively comparing the amount of tooth movement during or after the application of orthodontic forces between ovariectomized animals and control or sham-operated subjects.Data collection and analysisFollowing study retrieval and selection, relevant data were extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool. Exploratory synthesis and meta-regression were carried out using the random effects model.ResultsThirteen studies were finally selected and no specific concerns regarding bias were identified. During the active period, ovariectomy was associated with a statistically significant acceleratory effect on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement compared to non-treated rats (3 weeks; 4 studies, 0.15 mm more movement in the ovariectomized rats; 95 per cent confidence interval: 0.10–0.19; P = 0.000). Exploratory meta-regression showed that this difference could increase over time. Following force discontinuation, no statistically significant differences were observed [3 weeks; 1 study (median ± SE), Ovariectomy group: 0.30 ± 0.04 mm; Sham operation group: 0.18 ± 0.03; P = 0.1558].ConclusionsOvariectomy-induced osteoporosis may affect the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Although animal studies should be approached with caution regarding their translational potential, the safe practice would suggest that one should consider potential implications.RegistrationPROSPERO (CRD42018118003).
The effect of bearing and rearing a child on blood pressure: a nationally representative instrumental variable analysis of 444 611 mothers in India
Authors: Teufel Felix , Geldsetzer Pascal , Sudharsanan Nikkil , Subramanyam Malavika , Yapa H Manisha , De Neve Jan-Walter , Vollmer, Sebastian , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAt the individual level, it is well known that pregnancies have a short-term effect on a woman’s cardiovascular system and blood pressure. The long-term effect of having children on maternal blood pressure, however, is unknown. We thus estimated the causal effect of having children on blood pressure among mothers in India, a country with a history of high fertility rates.MethodsWe used nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2015–16 India National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4). The study population comprised 444 611 mothers aged 15–49 years. We used the sex of the first-born child as an instrumental variable (IV) for the total number of a woman’s children. We estimated the effect of an additional child on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in IV (two-stage least squares) regressions. In additional analyses, we stratified the IV regressions by time since a mother last gave birth. Furthermore, we repeated our analyses using mothers' husbands and partners as the regression sample.ResultsOn average, mothers had 2.7 children [standard deviation (SD): 1.5], a systolic blood pressure of 116.4 mmHg (SD: 14.4) and diastolic blood pressure of 78.5 mmHg (SD: 9.4). One in seven mothers was hypertensive. In conventional ordinary least squares regression, each child was associated with 0.42 mmHg lower systolic [95% confidence interval (CI): –0.46 to –0.39, P &lt; 0.001] and 0.13 mmHg lower diastolic (95% CI: –0.15 to –0.11, P &lt; 0.001) blood pressure. In the IV regressions, each child decreased a mother’s systolic blood pressure by an average of 1.00 mmHg (95% CI: –1.26 to –0.74, P &lt; 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure by an average of 0.35 mmHg (95% CI: –0.52 to –0.17, P &lt; 0.001). These decreases were sustained over more than a decade after childbirth, with effect sizes slightly declining as the time since last birth increased. Having children did not influence blood pressure in men.ConclusionsBearing and rearing a child decreases blood pressure among mothers in India.
The time-fractional Cahn–Hilliard equation: analysis and approximation
Authors: Al-Maskari Mariam , Karaa Samir 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We consider a time-fractional Cahn–Hilliard equation where the conventional first-order time derivative is replaced by a Caputo fractional derivative of order $\alpha \in (0,1)$. Based on an a priori bound of the exact solution, global existence of solutions is proved and detailed regularity results are included. A finite element method is then analyzed in a spatially discrete case and in a completely discrete case based on a convolution quadrature in time generated by the backward Euler method. Error bounds of optimal order are obtained for solutions with smooth and nonsmooth initial data, thereby extending earlier studies on the classical Cahn–Hilliard equation. Further, by proving a new result concerning the positivity of a discrete time-fractional integral operator, it is shown that the proposed numerical scheme inherits a discrete energy dissipation law at the discrete level. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Older Adults Receiving Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Suggests Interactions Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Lewnard Joseph A , Bruxvoort Katia J , Fischer Heidi , Hong Vennis X , Grant Lindsay R , Jódar Luis , Gessner Bradford D , Tartof Sara Y 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
While secondary pneumococcal pneumonia occurs less commonly after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than after other viral infections, it remains unclear whether other interactions occur between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Methods
We probed potential interactions between these pathogens among adults aged ≥65 years by measuring associations of COVID-19 outcomes with pneumococcal vaccination (13-valent conjugate vaccine [PCV13] and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [PPSV23]). We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) using Cox proportional hazards models with doubly robust inverse-propensity weighting. We assessed effect modification by antibiotic exposure to further test the biologic plausibility of a causal role for pneumococci.

Results
Among 531 033 adults, there were 3677 COVID-19 diagnoses, leading to 1075 hospitalizations and 334 fatalities, between 1 March and 22 July 2020. Estimated aHRs for COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization, and mortality associated with prior PCV13 receipt were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], .59–.72), 0.68 (95% CI, .57–.83), and 0.68 (95% CI, .49–.95), respectively. Prior PPSV23 receipt was not associated with protection against the 3 outcomes. COVID-19 diagnosis was not associated with prior PCV13 within 90 days following antibiotic receipt, whereas aHR estimates were 0.65 (95% CI, .50–.84) and 0.62 (95% CI, .56–.70) during the risk periods 91–365 days and &gt;365 days, respectively, following antibiotic receipt.

Conclusions
Reduced risk of COVID-19 among PCV13 recipients, transiently attenuated by antibiotic exposure, suggests that pneumococci may interact with SARS-CoV-2.
The case for precision dosing: medical conservatism does not justify inaction
Authors: Scheetz Marc H , Lodise Thomas P , Downes Kevin J , Drusano George , Neely Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The need for precision dosing has been challenged on the basis of insufficient evidence. Herein, we argue that adequate evidence exists to conduct therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and precisely target antibiotic exposures. While achievement of any antibiotic concentration does not guarantee efficacy sans toxicity for any single patient, stochastic control optimizes the probability of achieving favourable responses across patients. We argue that variability in targets (such as the organism’s MIC) can be considered with models. That is, complexity alone does not relegate the decision-making framework to ‘clinician intuition’. We acknowledge the exposure–response relationships are modified by patient-specific factors (other drugs, baseline organ functional status etc.) and describe how precision dosing can inform clinical decision making rather than protocolize it. Finally, we call for randomized, controlled trials; however, we suggest that these trials are not necessary to make TDM standard of care for multiple classes of antibiotics.