bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oka-1 manifolds: New examples and properties
Authors: Forstnerič Franc , Lárusson Finnur 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this paper we investigate Oka-1 manifolds and Oka-1 maps, a class of complex manifolds and holomorphic maps recently introduced by Alarcón and Forstnerič. Oka-1 manifolds are characterised by the property that holomorphic maps from any open Riemann surface to the manifold satisfy the Runge approximation and Weierstrass interpolation conditions, while Oka-1 maps enjoy similar properties for liftings of maps from open Riemann surfaces in the absence of topological obstructions. We also formulate and study the algebraic version of the Oka-1 condition, called aOka-1. We show that it is a birational invariant for compact algebraic manifolds and holds for all rational manifolds. This gives a Runge approximation theorem for maps from compact Riemann surfaces to uniformly rational projective manifolds. Finally, we study a class of complex manifolds with an approximation property for holomorphic sprays of discs. This class lies between the smaller class of Oka manifolds and the bigger class of Oka-1 manifolds and has interesting functorial properties.
Lignin hygroexpansion in compression and opposite wood - a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Hartwig-Nair Marie , Nasedkin Alexandr , Hackenstrass Klara , De Santis Emiliano , Florisson Sara , Wohlert Malin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Softwood branches develop compression wood (CW) in the lower parts of the branch, while opposite wood (OW) develops on the upper. These wood types differ in structure at several length scales, among others in the chemical composition of their lignin matrix. While OW mostly contains guaiacyl (G) units, CW is known to contain a substantial fraction of 4-hydroxyphenyl (H) lignin. In this study, the impact this difference has on lignin hygroexpansion and interaction with water is studied by the means of atomistic models and molecular dynamics computer simulations of lignin systems at different levels of hydration. It was found that, despite the minor difference in chemical composition, there are differences in swelling, structure and water dynamics. CW lignin is found to have a higher uniaxial swelling coefficient, since the phase separation between lignin and water is more pronounced. This behavior is linked to structural differences, where intermolecular

$${\pi -\pi }$$

π
-
π

stacking is more common in CW lignin and hydrogen bonding to water more pronounced in OW lignin. These findings are of interest for understanding the role of lignin in CW, and general understanding of moisture interaction with lignin inside wood cell walls.
Analysis of trends in the context of implant therapy in a university surgical specialty clinic: a 20-year retrospective study
Authors: Raabe Clemens , Couso-Queiruga Emilio , Tjokro Jennifer , Buser Daniel , Bornstein Michael M. , Fonseca Manrique , Schwarz Frank , Chappuis Vivianne 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To analyze the trends in the context of implant therapy in a 3-year patient population and compare it with data obtained over the last 20 years.

Materials and methods
All adult subjects who received treatment in the context of implant therapy between 2020 and 2022 were included in this retrospective study. Data regarding patient demographics, indications and location of implant therapy, implant characteristics, surgical techniques, complications, and early implant failures were recorded and compared to data obtained in the years 2002–2004, 2008–2010, and 2014–2016.

Results
Between 2020 and 2022, n = 1555 implants were placed in n = 1021 patients. The mean age at implant placement was 59.9 + 15.1 years, demonstrating an increase over time in the age group 61–80 years of 23.1% and > 80 years of 3.2% (p < 0.0001). Single tooth gaps (48.9%) remained the main indication. The use of narrow diameters ≤ 3.5 mm increased (9.4% vs. 26.6%, p < 0.0001), while implant lengths > 10 mm decreased (45.7% vs. 23.5%, p < 0.0001). A reduction in more invasive techniques and an increase in computer-assisted implant surgeries (CAIS) of 19.5% was found.

Conclusions
The mean age of patients receiving dental implant therapy, with the use of narrow-diameter and shorter implants has progressively increased in the last 20 years. The observed trends suggest a transition from conventional to CAIS, accompanied by the introduction of minimally invasive surgical techniques.

Clinical relevance
The adoption of narrower and shorter implants, along with minimally invasive techniques and CAIS, enables clinicians to tailor treatment plans that accommodate the unique needs of aging patients and optimize clinical outcomes.
Two similar permafrost degradation landslides at Paatuut, West Greenland, caused tsunamis of substantially different magnitudes
Authors: Svennevig Kristian , Keiding Marie , Sørensen Erik Vest , Løvholt Finn , Glimsdal Sylfest , Perez Lara F. , Owen Matthew J. , Morino Costanza 
Published: December 2024

AbstractOn November 21, 2000 CE, the c. 48 × 106 m3 Paatuut landslide in West Greenland triggered a tsunami with a maximum runup height of c. 45 m. Although a field team examined the landslide in the immediate aftermath, prior events and processes, in addition to the cause of the landslide, were never studied. We combined field data, satellite images, and historical photos to bridge this knowledge gap. Our investigation unveiled that a hitherto unknown c. 55 × 106 m3 landslide occurred at the same slope in May or June of 1996. This landslide was a frozen debris avalanche, and we suggest a result of permafrost degradation since c. 1949. The subsequent 2000 landslide and tsunami removed and obscured the traces of the 1996 landslide. Interestingly, the 1996 landslide caused a tsunami with a runup height of only 15 m near the landslide impact area, one-third of the 2000 tsunami. We applied tsunami modelling and interpretation of morphological field evidence to explore why these volumetrically similar landslides on the same slope could produce markedly different tsunami runup heights. The deposit of the 1996 landslide on the coastal slope produced a large, unconsolidated, wet sediment volume that could be entrained in the 2000 landslide, and in addition, reducing the basal friction of this later event. Furthermore, differences in drop height and rheology between the two landslides may explain the different tsunamigenic potential. We see evidence of much older post-glacial landslide activity on the slope, constituting a static preconditioning factor for the landslides. The 1996 and 2000 landslides demonstrate the incomplete record of large landslides in the Arctic and the importance of considering the runout path, substrate, and entrainment in determining the tsunamigenic potential of landslides. Above all, they also demonstrate the sensitivity of these Arctic slopes to global warming and associated permafrost degradation.
Potential of biochar to mitigate methane production in paddy soils—application of a new incubation and modelling approach
Authors: Middelanis Thomas , Looschelders Dana , Mueller Peter , Knorr Klaus-Holger 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPaddy soils are a significant source of methane (CH4) affecting the global climate. Therefore, it is important to investigate both emission mitigation strategies and the underlying biogeochemical processes. The application of biochar into paddy soils has emerged as a promising measure to mitigate CH4 emissions. However, it has not yet been clarified why such effects are usually weaker in field studies than in laboratory incubations and which properties of biochar specifically decrease the production of CH4. We conducted two incubation experiments, one with 1.5% addition of untreated biochars and one with same amounts, but pH-levelled, rinsed biochars. According to the common experimental design of existing incubation studies (experiment 1) biochar addition induced a mean soil pH increase of 0.28 after anaerobic incubation compared to the contro. In these treatments, biochar significantly extended the pre-methanogenic stage (mean 24.23%). However, this effect was weakened or even reversed when pH-levelled, rinsed biochars were amended in experiment 2, which was intended to mimic the persistent long-term effects in the field. This indicated that the provision of electron accepting capacities to suppress methanogenesis may be less important than previously thought. The addition of biochar significantly lowered CH4 production rates m in both experiments with no significant influence of the pH (mean 25.89%), though. Our study demonstrated that incubation studies on CH4 production in paddy soils can be improved by separating the pre-methanogenic and the methanogenic stage. This facilitates future research to compare characteristics of biochar, but also combinations of measures to optimise CH4 mitigation strategies.
Green synthesis and optimization of selenium nanoparticles using chitosan or cationic cellulose nanofibers
Authors: Sam Samanta , Fiol Nuria , Aguado Roberto J. , Saguer Elena , Carrasco Félix , Delgado-Aguilar Marc , Tarrés Quim 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Spherical selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) were synthesized by green chemical reduction method using biocompatible chitosan (CS) or as reported herein for the first time, cationic cellulose nanofibers (CCNFs) as stabilizers. CNFs were cationized using (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), followed by high-pressure homogenization. The anionic demand of the CCNFs was found to be 2000 ± 2 µeq/g and the degree of substitution was 0.25 ± 0.01. The optimization of Se NP synthesis was done using response surface methodology with controlled composite design. Two response surface models were developed to optimize the size and stability of CS-Se NPs and CCNF-Se NPs. Concentrations of Na2SeO3, ascorbic acid, and CS or CCNFs were used as three variables, and their interaction was studied as a function of size and zeta potential. The results indicate that the variables fitted into the model and was validated using a combined contour plot of size and zeta potential. From the model, CS-Se NPs of size and zeta potential in the range between 10 and 70 nm and 30–40 mV were synthesized, while CCNF-Se NPs of size and zeta potential in the range between 50 and 85 nm and 30–35 mV were synthesized. EDX spectra confirmed elemental Se formation, and XRD pattern verified the presence of α-monoclinic Se crystallites. Additionally, the FTIR spectra confirmed the interaction between the stabilizing agent and Se NPs. Thus, CS- and CCNF-stabilized Se NPs were sustainably synthesized making them suitable for incorporation into CNFs and can be used as an active agent in food packaging application.

Graphic abstract
A preliminary assessment of mercury, methylmercury and other potentially toxic elements in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from the Almadén mining district
Authors: Barquero J. I. , Hidalgo J. J. , Esbrí J. M. , Higueras P. , García-Ordiales E. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe food chain of the Valdezogues River system is at considerable risk due to the presence of mercury in the environment and to intense bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes in some fish species, particularly in piscivorous. Moreover, the presence of mercury in fish is a reliable indicator of the presence of its most toxic form, methylmercury. Of interest is that selenium, when present together with mercury in food, represents a significant decrease in the risks related to the ingestion of methylmercury. This study presents the concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, selenium, and other elements in Micropterus salmoides from a transect of the Valdeazogues River. This water course cuts across the Almadén mining district, which has been the most important producer of this element for over 2000 years. Results highlight the highest total- and methylmercury concentrations ranging between 0.47 and 7.61 mg kg−1 ww for total mercury, and with methylmercury representing between 79.7 and 92.1% of total mercury. These are the highest concentrations in the element ever found in this species. Seven sampling sites were examined along a 34 km long transect of the river, starting at an open pit lake corresponding to a decommissioned Hg mine (El Entredicho open pit, isolated from the river course), with the rest of the sites located downstream. Concentrations of mercury are the highest in this open pit lake and decrease steadily downstream. Concentrations of selenium are also high to very high, ranging between < 2.5 and 11.4 mg kg−1 ww. The Se/Hg molar ratio, as well as the HBVSe index, show values indicating low risk, except for specimens of low size/age from the most highly Hg contaminated site considered in this study. The rest of the potentially toxic elements (Se, As, Pb, Zn, Sb and Cu) show no concerning values even though the area is heavily populated with decommissioned polymetallic mines.
Rights of Nature Through a Legal Expressivist Lens: Legal Recognition of Non-Anthropocentric Values
Authors: Baard Patrik 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe shortcomings of existing legal tools to abate species extinctions and habitat losses raise the attractiveness of recognizing rights of nature (RoN), in effect granting legal standing directly to non-human entities and collectives. RoN have been recognized in several domestic legislations and attract increasing popularity and enthusiasm. Yet, from an analytical and general perspective RoN rely on a contentious relation between concepts such as intrinsic value and interests, respectively, as justifying RoN. Consequently, a general analytical defense of RoN has not been provided and recognition hitherto has been constrained to the contingent factors of domestic legislations. Here, I will provide an examination of RoN by way of expressive theories of law where law expresses (some) ethical values. Expressive theories of law have not previously been related to RoN. I will examine whether such theories have the potential of defending RoN as rights that legislatures have strong general reasons to recognize. The examination of RoN through the lens of expressivist legal theories provide a better understanding of RoN, and the analytical and conceptual commitments they presuppose, including the relation between ethics and law and the values underpinning RoN to be expressed by law.
Effects of species traits on the catchability of butterflies with different types of Malaise traps and implications for total catch biomass
Authors: Hoffmann Lara , Palt Martin , Mignien Lucas , Uhler Johannes , Haase Peter , Müller Jörg , Stoll Stefan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Increasing evidence for insect biodiversity decline requires an identification of the causes but also an improved understanding of the limitations of the various underlying sampling methods. Trap comparisons foster comparability of larger-scale biodiversity studies by providing a deeper understanding of the variations in species abundances and trait compositions due to variations in trap characteristics. In our study, we compared five Malaise trap types on their catchability of butterfly species and noctuid moths and examined for the butterflies how this can be related to traits. We showed marked differences in species and trait occurrence in the samples of the different trap types which seemed to be influenced by roof colour (white, black) and trap shape (Townes trap: high, wide roof, Bartak trap: low, narrow roof). We found most butterfly species and most butterfly biomass in the white-roofed Townes trap. All butterfly traits were represented with most individuals in this trap. Compared with its black counterpart, it showed increased catches for pale butterflies and forest species. We found that dark-roofed traps captured fewer butterfly species and had a lower butterfly biomass. Townes traps captured more butterflies with larger wingspans, egg-laying locations higher above ground, and tree feeding behaviour compared to Bartak traps. Depending on the season and habitat, the differences in species capture may affect overall insect biomass.
Equal Opportunity and Luck: Empirical Exploration Using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Asada Yukiko , Smith Nathan K. , Grignon Michel , Hurley Jeremiah , Kirkland Susan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Equality of opportunity (EOp) is a broad category of egalitarian theories that has attracted considerable attention in recent decades. Empirical implementations of EOp primarily focus on the explained component of inequality, classifying determinants of the outcome (e.g., health) into effort—legitimate causes of inequality—and circumstance—illegitimate causes of inequality. Largely overlooked is unexplained variation, which in statistical analysis manifests as residuals and is often ignored as a statistical annoyance. The true random component of residuals is now often referred to as luck. In this paper, we propose the playing field framework that serves as a pragmatic test as to whether residuals signal unfairness in empirical EOp analyses and that enables empirical explorations of roles of luck within the EOp framework. Using a large sample of Canadian older adults, our empirical application of the playing field framework shows that distributions of residuals are not always fair, though there is no consistent pattern of unfairness across age-sex groups. The paper’s three main conclusions are: luck matters; luck should be explicitly incorporated in the EOp framework through the brute luck-effort characterization; and residuals are not just an innocuous statistical annoyance but can represent unfair inequality, and ignoring them can underestimate unfair inequality.
$1/f$ Noise in the Heliosphere: A Target for PUNCH Science
Authors: Wang Jiaming , Matthaeus William H. , Chhiber Rohit , Roy Sohom , Pradata Rayta A. , Pecora Francesco , Yang Yan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We present a broad review of

$1/f$

1
/
f

noise observations in the heliosphere, and discuss and complement the theoretical background of generic

$1/f$

1
/
f

models as relevant to NASA’s Polarimeter to UNify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission. First observed in the voltage fluctuations of vacuum tubes, the scale-invariant

$1/f$

1
/
f

spectrum has since been identified across a wide array of natural and artificial systems, including heart rate fluctuations and loudness patterns in musical compositions. In the solar wind the interplanetary magnetic field trace spectrum exhibits

$1/f$

1
/
f

scaling within the frequency range from around
$\unit[2 \times 10^{-6}]{Hz}$
to around
$\unit[10^{-3}]{{Hz}}$
at 1 au. One compelling mechanism for the generation of

$1/f$

1
/
f

noise is the superposition principle, where a composite

$1/f$

1
/
f

spectrum arises from the superposition of a collection of individual power-law spectra characterized by a scale-invariant distribution of correlation times. In the context of the solar wind, such a superposition could originate from scale-invariant reconnection processes in the corona. Further observations have detected

$1/f$

1
/
f

signatures in the photosphere and corona at frequency ranges compatible with those observed at 1 au, suggesting an even lower altitude origin of

$1/f$

1
/
f

spectrum in the solar dynamo itself. This hypothesis is bolstered by dynamo experiments and simulations that indicate inverse cascade activities, which can be linked to successive flux tube reconnections beneath the corona, and are known to generate

$1/f$

1
/
f

noise possibly through nonlocal interactions at the largest scales. Conversely, models positing in situ generation of

$1/f$

1
/
f

signals face causality issues in explaining the low-frequency portion of the

$1/f$

1
/
f

spectrum. Understanding

$1/f$

1
/
f

noise in the solar wind may inform central problems in heliospheric physics, such as the solar dynamo, coronal heating, the origin of the solar wind, and the nature of interplanetary turbulence.
The individuation of mathematical objects
Authors: Assadian Bahram , Fraser Robert 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAgainst mathematical platonism, it is sometimes objected that mathematical objects are mysterious. One possible elaboration of this objection is that the individuation of mathematical objects cannot be adequately explained. This suggests that facts about the numerical identity and distinctness of mathematical objects require an explanation, but that their supposed nature precludes us from providing one. In this paper, we evaluate this nominalist objection by exploring three ways in which mathematical objects may be individuated: by the intrinsic properties they possess, by the relations they stand in, and by their underlying ‘substance’. We argue that only the third mode of individuation raises metaphysical problems that could substantiate the claim that mathematical objects are somehow mysterious. Since the platonist is under no obligation to accept this thesis over the alternatives, we conclude that, at least as far as individuation is concerned, the nominalist objection has no bite.
The puzzle of defeated suspension
Authors: Vollmer Michael 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAs scholars have commonly observed, a central difference between epistemic and practical normativity is the fact that the reasons of the former kind balance prohibitively, while reasons of the latter kind do so permissively. To explain the prohibition to believe or disbelieve in the face of tied evidence, several scholars have appealed to normative reasons in favour of a third doxastic option, the suspension of judgement. However, the question remains as to what happens if these latter reasons are defeated. In such cases, one seems to be stuck in an impasse: either one is forced into an epistemic dilemma– where neither of one’s doxastic options seems permissible– or one must relax the prohibitive balancing principle– where there might be, after all, situations in which believing in the face of tied evidence is rationally permissible. In this paper, I discuss different ways to derive this puzzle of defeated suspension, as well as the most common strategy in responding to it. I argue that an appeal to undefeated reasons to suspend judgement comes with significant downsides and, thus, one should seek a different response: in extreme forms of the puzzle of defeated suspension, a form of higher-order suspension becomes rational. If one treats higher-order suspension as an additional doxastic option, one can avoid the puzzle in its entirety. Furthermore, an analogue puzzle of higher-order doubt merits the same treatment.