bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated view of plant metabolic defense with particular focus on chewing herbivores
Authors: Wari David , Aboshi Takako , Shinya Tomonori , Galis Ivan 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTSuccess of plants largely depends on their ability to defend against herbivores. Since emergence of the first voracious consumers, plants maintained adapting their structures and chemistry to escape from extinction. The constant pressure was further accelerated by adaptation of herbivores to plant defenses, which all together sparked the rise of a chemical empire comprised of thousands of specialized metabolites currently found in plants. Metabolic diversity in the plant kingdom is truly amazing, and although many plant metabolites have already been identified, a large number of potentially useful chemicals remain unexplored in plant bio‐resources. Similarly, biosynthetic routes for plant metabolites involve many enzymes, some of which still wait for identification and biochemical characterization. Moreover, regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression and enzyme activities in specialized metabolism of plants are scarcely known. Finally, understanding of how plant defense chemicals exert their toxicity and/or repellency against herbivores remains limited to typical examples, such as proteinase inhibitors, cyanogenic compounds and nicotine. In this review, we attempt summarizing the current status quo in metabolic defense of plants that is predominantly based on the survey of ubiquitous examples of plant interactions with chewing herbivores.
Symptoms and management of long COVID: A scoping review
Authors: Cha Chiyoung , Baek Gumhee 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimThis scoping review aims to describe published work on the symptoms and management of long COVID conditions.BackgroundSymptoms and management of COVID‐19 have focused on the acute stage. However, long‐term consequences have also been observed.MethodsA scoping review was performed based on the framework suggested by Arksey and O’Malley. We conducted a literature search to retrieve articles published from May 2020 to March 2021 in CINHAL, Cochrane library, Embase, PubMed and Web of science, including backward and forward citation tracking from the included articles. Among the 1880 articles retrieved, 34 articles met our criteria for review: 21 were related to symptom presentation and 13 to the management of long COVID.ResultsLong COVID symptoms were described in 21 articles. Following COVID‐19 treatment, hospitalised patients most frequently reported dyspnoea, followed by anosmia/ageusia, fatigue and cough, while non‐hospitalised patients commonly reported cough, followed by fever and myalgia/arthralgia. Thirteen studies described management for long COVID: Focused on a multidisciplinary approach in seven articles, pulmonary rehabilitation in three articles, fatigue management in two articles and psychological therapy in one study.ConclusionPeople experience varied COVID‐19 symptoms after treatment. However, guidelines on evidence‐based, multidisciplinary management for long COVID conditions are limited in the literature. The COVID‐19 pandemic may extend due to virus mutations; therefore, it is crucial to develop and disseminate evidence‐based, multidisciplinary management guidelines.Relevance to clinical practiceA rehabilitation care plan and community healthcare plans are necessary for COVID‐19 patients before discharge. Remote programmes could facilitate the monitoring and screening of people with long COVID.
Apolipoprotein A‐IV concentrations and clinical outcomes in a large chronic kidney disease cohort: Results from the GCKD study
Authors: Schwaiger Johannes P. , Kollerits Barbara , Steinbrenner Inga , Weissensteiner Hansi , Schönherr Sebastian , Forer Lukas , Kotsis Fruzsina , Lamina Claudia , Schneider Markus P. , Schultheiss Ulla T. , Wanner Christoph , Köttgen Anna , Eckardt Kai‐Uwe , Kronenberg Florian ,   for the GCKD Investigators
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a chronic proinflammatory state and is associated with very high cardiovascular risk. Apolipoprotein A‐IV (apoA‐IV) has antiatherogenic, antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory and antithrombotic properties and levels increase significantly during the course of CKD.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the association between apoA‐IV and all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in the German Chronic Kidney Disease study.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study including 5141 Caucasian patients with available apoA‐IV measurements and CKD. The majority of the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30–60 ml/min/1.73m2 or an eGFR >60 ml/min/1.73m2 in the presence of overt proteinuria. Median follow‐up was 6.5 years. The association of apoA‐IV with comorbidities at baseline and endpoints during follow‐up was modelled adjusting for major confounders.ResultsMean apoA‐IV concentrations of the entire cohort were 28.9 ± 9.8 mg/dl. Patients in the highest apoA‐IV quartile had the lowest high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein values despite the highest prevalence of diabetes, albuminuria and the lowest eGFR. Each 10 mg/dl higher apoA‐IV translated into lower odds of prevalent cardiovascular disease (1289 cases, odds ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72–0.86, p = 0.0000003). During follow‐up, each 10 mg/dl higher apoA‐IV was significantly associated with a lower risk for all‐cause mortality (600 cases, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.81, 95% CI 0.73–0.89, p = 0.00004), incident major adverse cardiovascular events (506 cases, HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.79–0.99, p = 0.03) and death or hospitalizations due to heart failure (346 cases, HR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.73–0.96, p = 0.01).ConclusionsThese data support a link between elevated apoA‐IV concentrations and reduced inflammation in moderate CKD. ApoA‐IV appears to be an independent risk marker for reduced all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular events and heart failure in a large cohort of patients with CKD.
Evaluation of natural head position over five minutes: A comparison between an instantaneous and a five‐minute analysis with an inertial measurement unit
Authors: Al‐Yassary Mustafa , Billiaert Kelly , Antonarakis Gregory S. , Kiliaridis Stavros 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundHead posture is a balance of several positions and therefore shows inherent variation. Most methods available to quantify this are however instantaneous, not providing information about its variation over time. A dynamic recording of head posture would thus be beneficial.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the variation in natural head position (NHP) over 5 min using an inertial measurement unit (IMU).MethodsFifteen healthy young volunteers were asked to sit on a chair and keep their head in the self‐balanced position for 5 min. A mirror was then revealed in front of them, and they were asked to look at their eyes for 20 s. This procedure was undertaken on two separate occasions with a one‐week interval. This was compared to an instantaneous measurement of head position at a specific time point corresponding to the 15th second of the recording.ResultsDuring the 5 min of recording, the participants tended to elevate their head progressively by a mean of 1.5°, which is then corrected by looking at oneself in the mirror. Most participants tended to rotate their head to the left and continued that progressive rotation despite looking in the mirror. The roll axis had no systematic changes observed between the self‐balanced position and the mirror‐guided position and was the most reproducible axis. Moderate to good correlations were found comparing both sessions for each axis.ConclusionThe comparison between the five‐minute analysis and the instantaneous measurement showed a systematic difference on the pitch axis but no differences for the yaw and roll. These results suggest that the variation in the NHP during a period of 5 min is generally specific to each participant with a head elevation and rotation to the left in most cases.
Transvenous embolization of moderate to large patent ductus arteriosus in dogs using the Amplatzer vascular plug II
Authors: Hildebrandt Nicolai , Stosic Andreas , Henrich Estelle , Wiedemann Nicola , Wurtinger Gabriel , Schneider Matthias 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundCatheter‐based occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) can be performed using different devices. Transvenous embolization using the Amplatzer vascular plug II (AVP‐II) has been studied in humans, but it has not been described in dogs.ObjectiveEvaluate the feasibility and success of transvenous embolization of PDA using the AVP‐II in dogs.AnimalsNineteen client‐owned dogs with left‐to‐right shunting PDA, with minimal ductal diameter >2.5 mm.MethodsProspective observational study using AVP‐II with transvenous access for PDA closure in dogs.ResultsAngiography showed a conical ductus with a long (n = 17) or short (n = 2) ampulla. The minimal diameter of the duct was 4.34 ± 1.11 mm, and the maximal diameter of the ampulla was 13.18 ± 3.47 mm. Technical success was achieved in 18 of the 19 (94.7%) patients after the first intervention and in all 19 (100%) patients after the second intervention. Postrelease angiography documented complete occlusion of the PDA in 10 of 19 (52.6%) dogs. Mild flow acceleration or stenosis of the left pulmonary artery was found in 6 and 1 of the 17 analyzed cases, respectively, by Doppler examination. The closure rate 24 hours after intervention was 94.7% (18/19). The remaining dog had a moderate residual shunt, and delayed complete closure after 3 months led to a 100% closure rate.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe AVP‐II is a safe and effective device for transvenous embolization in dogs with moderate to large PDA.
Comprehensiveness of infant formula and bottle feeding resources: A review of information from Australian healthcare organisations
Authors: Cheng Heilok , Rossiter Chris , Size Donna , Denney‐Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe use of infant formula is widespread internationally. In Australia, 55% of infants receive formula before 6 months of age, with higher rates among disadvantaged communities. Infant formula use can contribute to childhood overweight and obesity, through formula composition and feeding behaviours, such as adding cereal to bottles and parental feeding style. While information abounds to promote and support breastfeeding, formula‐feeding parents report a paucity of advice and support; many rely on formula packaging for information. This study systematically searched and reviewed online resources for infant formula and bottle feeding from Australian governments, health services, hospitals, and not‐for‐profit parenting organisations. A comprehensive search strategy located 74 current resources, mostly for parents. Researchers evaluated the resources against best practice criteria derived from Australian government and UNICEF guidelines on six topics. They assessed how comprehensively the resources addressed each topic and whether the resources provided all the information necessary for parents to understand each topic. The mean ‘comprehensiveness’ rating for topics across all resources was 54.36%. However, some topics were addressed more fully than others. Information on ‘discussing infant formula with health workers’ and on ‘preparing infant formula’ was more frequently accurate and comprehensive. However, there was much less comprehensive information on ‘using infant formula’, including amounts of formula to feed, use of bottle teats, appropriate bottle‐feeding practice and responsiveness to infant satiety cues. Over half the resources were written at an acceptable reading level.
Comparison of the Clinical Outcomes of Full‐Endoscopic Visualized Foraminoplasty and Discectomy Versus Microdiscectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Hua Wenbin , Ke Wencan , Wang Bingjin , Xiang Qian , Zhang Yukun , Wu Xinghuo , Li Shuai , Wang Kun , Zeng Xianlin , Gao Yong , Yang Shuhua , Xiao Baojun , Yang Cao 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveThis retrospective case‐control study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of full‐endoscopic visualized foraminoplasty and discectomy (FEVFD) with microdiscectomy (MD) for lumbar disc herniation (LDH).MethodsData from 198 patients who presented with LDH between January 2016 and December 2017 treated by either FEVFD or MD were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion criteria were single‐level LDH, unilateral radiating leg pain with or without positive Lasegue's sign, and failure of standard conservative treatment for at least 12 weeks. The patients were categorized into an FEVFD group (n = 102) or an MD group (n = 96), according to the surgical procedure performed. Operative time, time in bed after surgery, postoperative hospitalization time, complications, and reoperations were recorded. Visual analog scales (VAS) for leg and back pain, Oswestry Disability index (ODI), 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey physical function (SF36‐PF), and bodily pain (SF36‐BP) scores were assessed and compared between the two groups.ResultsThe demographic data and baseline characteristics of the two groups were not significantly different. Operative time for the FEVFD group (73.82 ± 20.73 min) was longer than that for the MD group (64.74 ± 17.37 min) (P = 0.003), and fluoroscopy time for the FEVFD group (1.71 ± 0.58s) was longer than that for the MD group (1.30 ± 0.33s) (P < 0.001). However, time in bed experienced in the FEVFD group (8.51 ± 2.10 h) was less than that in the MD group (9.24 ± 2.01 h) (P = 0.014), and postoperative hospitalization time experienced in the FEVFD group (2.89 ± 0.83d) was also shorter than that in the MD group (4.94 ± 1.35d) (P < 0.001). All patients completed 24 months of follow‐up. Postoperative scores at each follow‐up for the VAS for leg and back pain, ODI, SF36‐PF, and SF36‐BP all improved significantly for both groups, as compared to the preoperative data (P < 0.05). The mean preoperative and postoperative scores for the VAS for leg and back pain, ODI, SF36‐PF, and SF36‐BP were not significantly different between the two groups. According to the modified MacNab criteria, the outcomes of the procedures were rated as excellent or good by 92.16% and 93.75% of the patients in the FEVFD and MD groups, respectively. One patient suffered a nerve root injury during the discectomy, one patient suffered from a dural tear, and two patients suffered from a residual herniation in the FEVFD group. One patient in the MD group suffered from poor wound healing. Moreover, recurrence happened in two cases in the FEVFD group, and in one case in the MD group.ConclusionFEVFD and MD are both reliable techniques for the treatment of symptomatic LDH. FEVFD resulted in a more rapid recovery and equivalent clinical outcomes after 24 months of follow‐up.
The impact of pork‐barrel capital funding in schools: Evidence from participatory budgeting in NYC
Authors: Rothbart Michah W. , Schwegman David J. , Shybalkina Iuliia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPork‐barrel spending is a form of public spending controlled by individual legislators and primarily serving a local interest. In this paper, we investigate the impact of a type of pork, council member capital discretionary education spending voted upon in a participatory budgeting (PB) process, on school budgets and performance in New York City. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in discretionary spending induced by the PB elections, we find winning a PB election increases school pork appropriations. However, we find no evidence these transfers from council members improve fiscal and performance outcomes. Further, pork may interfere with school budgeting.
Subharmonic dynamics of wave trains in the Korteweg‐de Vries/Kuramoto‐Sivashinsky equation
Authors: Johnson Mathew A. , Perkins Wesley R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe study the stability and nonlinear local dynamics of spectrally stable periodic wave trains of the Korteweg‐de Vries/Kuramoto‐Sivashinsky equation when subjected to classes of periodic perturbations. It is known that for each , such a ‐periodic wave train is asymptotically stable to ‐periodic, i.e., subharmonic, perturbations, in the sense that initially nearby data will converge asymptotically to a small Galilean boost of the underlying wave, with exponential rates of decay. However, both the allowable size of initial perturbations and the exponential rates of decay depend on and, in fact, tend to zero as , leading to a lack of uniformity in such subharmonic stability results. Our goal here is to build upon a recent methodology introduced by the authors in the reaction–diffusion setting and achieve a subharmonic stability result, which is uniform in . This work is motivated by the dynamics of such wave trains when subjected to perturbations that are localized (i.e., integrable on the line).
Integrating drones, participatory mapping and GIS to enhance resiliency for remote villages
Authors: Li Qiuxi , Deliberty Tracy 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIndigenous communities in developing regions are impacted by frequent disasters and the erosion of their culture with the trend of modernization. Additionally, their efforts to reduce risk have been hampered by the fact that these communities lack a sufficiently detailed map of their territories. In the absence of professional surveying instruments and costly high‐resolution satellite imagery, this study uses drone‐captured imagery, participatory methods, and GIS to produce the first publicly accessible infrastructure and resource data set for indigenous communities in southwest China. The resulting maps enable the data‐poor indigenous communities to be aware of their housing fire risk, historical building preservation status, and potential economic resources such as tourist attractions. The maps created are expected to build resiliency in these communities which is of significance to many hard‐to‐reach communities around the world for disaster prevention, economic planning, and cultural preservation.
Cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channel 6 is involved in extracellular ATP signaling and plant immunity
Authors: Duong Ha N. , Cho Sung‐Hwan , Wang Limin , Pham An Q. , Davies Julia M. , Stacey Gary 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYExtracellular ATP (eATP) is known to act as a danger signal in both plants and animals. In plants, eATP is recognized by the plasma membrane (PM)‐localized receptor P2K1 (LecRK‐I.9). Among the first measurable responses to eATP addition is a rapid rise in cytoplasmic free calcium levels ([Ca2+]cyt), which requires P2K1. However, the specific transporter/channel proteins that mediate this rise in [Ca2+]cyt are unknown. Through a forward genetic screen, we identified an Arabidopsis ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) mutant impaired in the [Ca2+]cyt response to eATP. Positional cloning revealed that the mutation resided in the cngc6 gene, which encodes cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channel 6 (CNGC6). Mutation of the CNGC6 gene led to a notable decrease in the PM inward Ca2+ current in response to eATP. eATP‐induced mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation and gene expression were also significantly lower in cngc6 mutant plants. In addition, cngc6 mutant plants were also more susceptible to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Taken together, our results indicate that CNGC6 plays a crucial role in mediating eATP‐induced [Ca2+]cyt signaling, as well as plant immunity.
Ceramides regulate defense response by binding to RbohD in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Jian , Yin Jian , Wu Jian‐Xin , Wang Ling‐Yan , Liu Yu , Huang Li‐Qun , Wang Rui‐Hua , Yao Nan 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYSphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids, play a critical role in signal transduction. Ceramides, which are central components of sphingolipid metabolism, are involved in plant development and defense. However, the mechanistic link between ceramides and downstream signaling remains unclear. Here, the mutation of alkaline ceramidase in a ceramide kinase mutant acd5 resulted in spontaneous programmed cell death early in development and was accompanied by ceramide accumulation, while other types of sphingolipids, such as long chain base, glucosylceramide, and glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramide, remained at the same level as the wild‐type plants. Analysis of the transcriptome indicated that genes related to the salicylic acid (SA) pathway and oxidative stress pathway were induced dramatically in acer acd5 plants. Comparison of the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), SA, and ceramides in the wild‐type and acer acd5 plants at different developmental stages indicated that the acer acd5 mutant exhibited constitutive activation of SA and ROS signaling, which occurred simultaneously with the alteration of ceramides. Overexpressing NahG in the acer acd5 mutant could completely suppress its cell death and ceramide accumulation, while benzo‐(1,2,3)‐thiadiazole‐7‐carbothioc acid S‐methyl ester treatment restored its phenotype again. Moreover, we found that the plasma membrane of acer acd5 mutant was the main site of ROS production. Ceramides accumulated in the plasma membrane of acer acd5, directly binding and activating the NADPH oxidase RbohD and promoting hydrogen peroxide generation and SA‐ or defense‐related gene activation. Our data illustrated that ceramides play an essential role in plant defense.
The Effects of Gloves on the Performance of a Tactile Perception Task and Precision Grasping
Authors: Shibata Mei , Howe Robert D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The effect that gloving has on the performance of perceptual and manipulation tasks was studied in this paper. To test perceptual ability, subjects were timed as they detected hard lumps in soft rubber models. Palpation of four different lumps, diameters 3.2 mm, 4.8 mm, 6.4 mm and 7.9 mm, was performed while barehanded and while wearing gloves of thickness 0.32 mm, 0.64 mm, 0.95 mm, 1.27 mm, 1.59 mm and 1.91 mm. Analysis of the data yielded significant differences in lump detection time with glove thickness. Mean times were always best with bare hands and poorest with 1.91 mm glove thickness. Detection time variation was greatest for the 3.2 mm lump. The maximum force applied during palpation increased linearly with glove thickness. To test manipulation ability, seven subjects lifted a 460g object using the thumb and index finger while barehanded and wearing gloves of thickness 0.16 mm, 0.32 mm, 0.95 mm and 1.91 mm. Three different surfaces with varying frictional conditions were used on the object: sandpaper, suede and rayon. Results indicated that the subjects’ ability to adapt to new surfaces decreased with increasing glove thickness, and greater levels of excess grip force were applied. Visual feedback did not play an important role in assisting lift for any glove thickness. The results of the perceptual and manipulation tasks suggest that the effects of gloving are both thickness dependent and highly task sensitive.
Visual, Haptic, and Bimodal Perception of Size and Stiffness in Virtual Environments
Authors: Wu Wan-Chen , Basdogan Cagatay , Srinivasan Mandayam A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Human psychophysical experiments were designed and conducted to investigate the effect of 3D perspective visual images on the visual and haptic perception of size and stiffness in multimodal virtual environments (VEs). Virtual slots of varying length and buttons of varying stiffness were displayed to the subjects, who then were asked to discriminate their size and stiffness respectively using visual and/or haptic cues. The results of the size experiments show that under vision alone, farther objects are perceived to be smaller due to perspective cues and the addition of haptic feedback reduces this visual bias. Similarly, the results of the stiffness experiments show that compliant objects that are farther are perceived to be softer when there is only haptic feedback and the addition of visual feedback reduces this haptic bias. Hence, we conclude that our visual and haptic systems compensate for each other such that the sensory information that comes from visual and haptic channels is fused in an optimal manner.