bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience of mental health nurses regarding mechanical restraint in patients with psychomotor agitation: A qualitative study
Authors: Manzano‐Bort Yasmina , Mir‐Abellán Ramón , Via‐Clavero Gemma , Llopis‐Cañameras Jaime , Escuté‐Amat Montserrat , Falcó‐Pegueroles Anna 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo explore mental health nurses’ experiences whilst managing a patient with psychomotor agitation, and the factors that influence the decision to use mechanical restraints.BackgroundPsychomotor agitation is considered a potentially violent psychiatric emergency. The management of disruptive behaviours includes mechanical restraints as the last resort although its use has consequences for patients, professionals and the therapeutic relationship.DesignA qualitative study design with a hermeneutical approach was developed.MethodsA total of 31 nurses were purposively sampled from six short‐ and medium‐stay mental health inpatient units. Data were obtained from semi‐structured interviews. A thematic content analysis following the seven steps of Colaizzi's method was performed. Three researchers independently conducted an inductive analysis within a perspective of a hermeneutic paradigm. The COREQ checklist was followed in carrying out this research.ResultsFour themes emerged from the analysis: 1) Nurses’ perceptions of restraint methods, 2) Factors influencing decision‐making, 3) Consequences for professionals of the use of mechanical restraint and 4) Alternatives to mechanical restraint.ConclusionsAspects such as the importance of teamwork, the issue of cognitive dissonance, ethical conflict and barriers to effecting the withdrawal of these measures affect the mental health nurse's decision‐making process. The understanding of these aspects is crucial to further reducing its incidence and negative consequences and achieving the elimination of mechanical restraints.Relevance for Clinical PracticeKnowing how nurses feel during the patient's episode of psychomotor agitation and which factors influence the decision on whether to apply coercive methods can guide us on the quality of care offered.
Sleep extension and metabolic health in male overweight/obese short sleepers: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hartescu Iuliana , Stensel David J. , Thackray Alice E. , King James A. , Dorling James L. , Rogers Eva N. , Hall Andrew P. , Brady Emer M. , Davies Melanie J. , Yates Thomas , Morgan Kevin 
Published: August 2021

SummaryWhile limited evidence suggests that longer sleep durations can improve metabolic health in habitual short sleepers, there is no consensus on how sustained sleep extension can be achieved. A total of 18 men (mean [SD] age 41 [ 9] years), who were overweight/obese (mean [SD] body mass index 30 [3] kg/m2) and short sleepers at increased risk of type 2 diabetes were randomised to a 6‐week sleep‐extension programme based on cognitive behavioural principles (n = 10) or a control (n = 8) group. The primary outcome was 6‐week change in actigraphic total sleep time (TST). Fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance [HOMA‐IR]), blood pressure, appetite‐related hormones from a mixed‐meal tolerance test, and continuous glucose levels were also measured. Baseline to 6‐week change in TST was greater in the sleep‐extension group, at 79 (95% confidence interval [CI] 68.90, 88.05) versus 6 (95% CI −4.43, 16.99) min. Change in the sleep‐extension and control groups respectively also showed: lower fasting insulin (−11.03 [95% CI −22.70, 0.65] versus 7.07 [95% CI −4.60, 18.74] pmol/L); lower systolic (−11.09 [95% CI −17.49, −4.69] versus 0.76 [95% CI −5.64, 7.15] mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (−12.16 [95% CI −17.74, −6.59] versus 1.38 [95% CI −4.19, 6.96] mmHg); lower mean amplitude of glucose excursions (0.34 [95% CI −0.57, −0.12] versus 0.05 [95% CI −0.20, 0.30] mmol/L); lower fasting peptide YY levels (−18.25 [95%CI −41.90, 5.41] versus 21.88 [95% CI −1.78, 45.53] pg/ml), and improved HOMA‐IR (−0.51 [95% CI −0.98, −0.03] versus 0.28 [95% CI −0.20, 0.76]). Our protocol increased TST and improved markers of metabolic health in male overweight/obese short sleepers.
Waterlogging and soil but not seedling competition structure tree communities in a catchment containing a tropical freshwater swamp forest
Authors: Chong Kwek Yan , Hung Sherry Ming Xuan , Koh Choon Yen , Lim Reuben Chong Jin , Loh Jolyn Weiting , Neo Louise , Seah Wei Wei , Tan Siu Yueh , Tan Hugh Tiang Wah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the relative influences of soil and hydrology on tree community structure, seedling survival and seedling growth? Do soil and hydrology moderate seedling responses to competition?LocationNee Soon catchment, Singapore.MethodsWe measured and identified trees ≥5 cm diameter in 40 plots measuring 20 m × 20 m each, set up in the wet and dry areas of the catchment, and collected topsoil for analysis of soil texture, pH, and nutrients. We also conducted randomised experiments on seedlings of two dry specialists, two wet specialists, and two generalists and compared survival and growth traits in different soil and waterlogging treatments. We repeated the experiments with one dry specialist and one wet specialist with additional paired seedling intraspecific and interspecific competition treatments.ResultsTree communities were structured along both soil and hydrological gradients, and a distinct freshwater swamp subcommunity was identified. The six species selected for the experiments had differing survival responses to the different soil and waterlogging treatments: dry specialists survived best in the dry soil type and/or well‐drained conditions and wet specialists survived best in the wet soil type or waterlogged conditions, with generalist responses in‐between. However, both the dry specialist Aporosa frutescens and the wet specialist Baccaurea bracteata grew slower in waterlogged conditions. These results did not differ when seedlings of the two species were grown together, suggesting that dry‐specialist seedlings do not particularly outcompete wet‐specialist seedlings in the absence of waterlogging stress.ConclusionsSoil characteristics, hydrological conditions, and tree community structure are all intertwined in the field. Manipulative experiments show that soil type and waterlogging have separate effects on seedling survival of different species that are consistent with performance trade‐offs corresponding to their respective specialisations, but waterlogging reduces seedling growth in both wet and dry specialists. Competition between seedlings is comparatively unimportant.
Changing clinical management of NAFLD in Asia
Authors: Nakatsuka Takuma , Tateishi Ryosuke , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease, affecting approximately 25% of the world's population. Recently, because of the sedentary lifestyle and overnutrition resulting from urbanisation, the burden of NAFLD has rapidly increased in many Asian countries. Currently, the prevalence of NAFLD in Asia is approximately 30%, as is the case in many Western countries. In Asia, the prevalence and presentation of NAFLD vary widely across regions because of the substantial diversity in race, socioeconomic status and living environment. Furthermore, the dual aetiology of fatty liver, particularly with viral hepatitis in Asia, makes it complex and challenging to manage. Because Asians are likely to have central adiposity and insulin resistance, approximately 7%‐20% of non‐obese Asians with body mass indexes of less than 25 kg/m2are estimated to have NAFLD. Accumulating evidence indicates that NAFLD is associated with various extrahepatic comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, malignancy, in addition to liver‐specific complications. Therefore, NAFLD should be managed as a multisystem disease in conjunction with metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle modification remains the basis of NAFLD management, but few patients can achieve adequate weight loss and maintain it long term. While various pharmacological agents are in phase 3 trials for steatohepatitis, Asian patients are underrepresented in most trials. This article reviews the epidemiological trends, clinical features, optimal assessment and current management practices for NAFLD in Asia.
The effect of biliary obstruction, biliary drainage and bile reinfusion on bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice
Authors: Wu Rui , Zhang Yangqianwen , Cheng Qingbao , Wu Jianmin , Zhu Yanjing , Shi Xuebing , Qiu Xinyao , Yang Shuai , Wang Shan , Zheng Bo , Wu Tong , Li Zhixuan , Wang Kaiting , Zhang Yani , Zhao Yan , Wang Wenwen , Bao Jinxia , Hu Ji , Wu Xuan , Wang Hongyang , Jiang Xiaoqing , Chen Lei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsPreoperative obstructive jaundice is usually associated with higher post‐operative mortality. Although external biliary drainage (EBD) has been widely used to relieve obstructive jaundice, the role of bile reinfusion after EBD is still controversial. The aim of our study was to study the effects of biliary obstruction, biliary drainage and bile reinfusion on bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota.MethodsFirstly, we created a mice bile drainage collection (BDC) model to simulate the process of biliary obstruction, drainage and bile reinfusion. Then, we analysed the faecal, serum, liver and bile samples to investigate the effects of the process on bile acid profiles and gut microbiota. Finally, we evaluated the clinical effects of bile reinfusion.ResultsWe evaluated the bile acid profiles of faeces, serum, liver and bile of normal mice. During biliary obstruction, secondary bile acids can still be produced, and increased in the liver and serum of mice. Compared with no bile reinfusion, bile reinfusion was beneficial to the recovery of T‐ωMCA in the liver and bile, and can restore the colon crypt length shortened by biliary obstruction. Only Ruminococcus_1 proliferated when the biliary obstruction lasted for 12 days. In the clinic, bile reinfusion cannot accelerate the patient's perioperative recovery or prolong long‐term survival.ConclusionWe have successfully created a mice bile drainage collection model. Short‐term bile reinfusion can partially benefit the recovery of the secondary bile acids in the liver and bile, but hardly benefit the patient's perioperative recovery or long‐term survival. (247 words).
Molecular assessment of dietary niche partitioning in an endemic island radiation of tropical mammals
Authors: Petrosky Anna L. , Rowsey Dakota M. , Heaney Lawrence R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIsland radiations represent unique evolutionary histories in unique ecological contexts. These radiations provide opportunities to investigate ecological diversification in groups that typically exhibit niche partitioning among their constituents, including partitioning of food resources. DNA metabarcoding produces finer levels of diet identification than traditional methods, allowing us to examine dietary niche partitioning in communities or clades in which species share superficially similar diets. Here, we use DNA metabarcoding to investigate dietary niche partitioning in an endemic radiation of mammals in the Philippines. Our data reveal niche partitioning as well as phylogenetically‐uncorrelated adaptive evolution in this small mammal community. Because 70% of the focal species belong to the tribe Chrotomyini, an endemic Philippine radiation of murid rodents that feed extensively on earthworms, this study sheds light on dietary adaptation and its role in the co‐occurrence of closely related species. Our results reveal fine‐scale resource partitioning within this community; our data provide compelling evidence for niche partitioning of diet that was masked by previous diet categories and will help in further dissecting the model adaptive radiation of endemic small mammals on Luzon. This study reinforces the notion that DNA metabarcoding can be a valuable tool for investigating both ecological relationships and evolutionary ecology at the community and phylogenetic level, respectively.
Birth‐site habitat selection in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus): Effects of maternal age and parity and association with offspring weaning mass
Authors: Allen Sydney J. J. , Bowen W. Don , den Heyer Cornelia E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSelection of birth‐site habitat can have important effects on the reproductive success of females and the survival of offspring. We studied birth‐site habitat selection by gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, and the associated effect on offspring body mass at weaning. We identified a mosaic of eight habitats using orthorectified imagery from a photographic aerial survey conducted in January 2016. The distribution of birth sites of 814 females in 2014–2016 compared to the available habitat in 2016 provided evidence for positive selection of habitats that were not subject to tidal influence or flooding. The habitat selected for parturition varied with both female age and parity. Younger and inexperienced females were more likely to pup in beach habitat, while older and more experienced females were more commonly found inland and on vegetated dunes. Longitudinal data from 540 females observed between 2006 and 2016 revealed moderate repeatability of birth‐site habitat selection (r = 0.269, 95% CI [0.236–0.326]). Pups born in inland sand habitat that did not flood averaged 1.5 kg heavier (~2%) at weaning than those born on tidally influenced beach habitat. Overall, birth‐site habitat selection was associated with small effects on offspring body mass at weaning.
Fly pollination drives convergence of flower coloration
Authors: Garcia Jair E. , Hannah Lea , Shrestha Mani , Burd Martin , Dyer Adrian G. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryPlant–pollinator interactions provide a natural experiment in signal evolution. Flowers are known to have evolved colour signals that maximise their ease of detection by the visual systems of important pollinators such as bees. Whilst most angiosperms are bee pollinated, our understanding on how the second largest group of pollinating insects, flies, may influence flower colour evolution is limited to the use of categorical models of colour discrimination that do not reflect the small colour differences commonly observed between and within flower species. Here we show by comparing flower signals that occur in different environments including total absence of bees, a mixture of bee and fly pollination within one plant family (Orchidaceae) from a single community, and typical flowers from a broad taxonomic sampling of the same geographic region, that perceptually different colours, empirically measured, do evolve in response to different types of insect pollinators. We show evidence of both convergence among fly‐pollinated floral colours but also of divergence and displacement of colour signals in the absence of bee pollinators. Our findings give an insight into how both ecological and agricultural systems may be affected by changes in pollinator distributions around the world.
Anaphylaxis and onsite treatment in schools, kindergartens, and nurseries
Authors: Korematsu Seigo , Kaku Minako , Kitada Shun , Etoh Mie , Kai Hiroko , Joh Miho , Nakano Kazue , Nakamura Midori , Sato Kensho , Wakita Yoshiyuki , Matsumoto Shigetaka , Yada Kimihiro , Andou Akikazu , Ishiwa Shun , Fujimoto Tamotsu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere have been no reports on both anaphylaxis incidence rate in schools, kindergarten, and nurseries, or how teachers have treated these children. This study was a fact‐finding survey aimed at determining if appropriate responses to anaphylaxis onset were implemented in Oita Prefecture, Japan.MethodsThe Oita Prefectural Allergy Control Committee administered a questionnaire using Google forms to all public and private schools, public and private kindergartens, certified child‐care facilities, and day‐care centers in the prefecture.ResultsResponses to the questionnaire were obtained from 597 institutions, of which 125 890 children were affiliated with the responding institutions. Forty‐eight children developed symptoms for which an adrenaline auto‐injector was recommended in an Oita guideline. Among these children, three used the adrenaline auto‐injector, three were prescribed the adrenaline auto‐injector but were unable to use it, 27 were unable to use it as they were not prescribed an adrenaline auto‐injector, and the final 15 responded that they handled their symptoms via another method because none of the above options apply.ConclusionsMost children who developed symptoms which an adrenaline auto‐injector was recommended had no prescription for an adrenaline auto‐injector. There is thus a need for appropriate response training to anaphylaxis whether or not an adrenaline auto‐injector was prescribed.
The obstructive index in antenatal unilateral pelviureteric junction obstruction: A novel predictor of the failure of conservative management
Authors: Jena Rahul , Arya Amitabh , Madhavan Kumar , Lal Hira , Yadav Priyank , Ansari MS 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo find the impact of the obstructive index (OI) as a predictor of management in antenatal pelviureteric junction obstruction.MethodsRecords of 135 cases of antenatally detected unilateral pelviureteric junction obstruction, selected for initial observation were retrospectively analyzed. All patients who underwent pyeloplasty on follow up were assigned to Group A. Those patients who were still on conservative management were assigned to Group B. The pelvic anteroposterior diameters of the affected (PAPD[A]) and normal kidney (PAPD[N]) of the same patient, along with the cortical thickness of the affected kidneys (CT[A]) and normal kidneys (CT[N]) on postnatal ultrasound scan, the T1/2 of the affected (T1/2 [A]) and normal kidneys (T1/2 [N]), the differential renal function (DRF), and the shape of the curve on a diuretic renogram were noted for each patient at 6 weeks. The OI was defined as (PAPD[A] × T1/2 [A]) / (PAPD[N] × T1/2 [N]).ResultsThe median duration of follow up was 55 months (36–110). Median age at surgery was 12 months (4–80). Group A had 30 patients with 105 in Group B. On multivariate analysis, OI and shape of curve predicted need for surgery with statistical significance. Median OI in Group A was 18.9 compared to 4.82 in Group B (P < 0.001, Mann–Whitney). Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under curve for the OI was 0.95. A level of 12.2 could predict failure of conservative management with a sensitivity of 93.3% and a specificity of 92.4%.ConclusionsThe OI can reliably predict the need for surgery at a very early stage, thus avoiding repeated tests and saving time.
Melatonin improves testicular haemodynamics, echotexture and testosterone production in Ossimi rams during the breeding season
Authors: El‐Shalofy Amr , Hedia Mohamed , Kastelic John 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe objective was to determine effects of a single parenteral dose of melatonin on testicular blood flow indices, testicular echogenicity and plasma testosterone concentrations in rams during the physiological breeding season. We hypothesized that melatonin enhances testicular blood flow, echogenicity and plasma testosterone concentrations during the breeding season in rams. During the breeding season, 12 sexually mature Ossimi rams were randomly allocated to either a melatonin group (n = 8) that received 18 mg of melatonin in 1 ml of corn oil (injected SC) or a control group (n = 4) that received 1 ml corn oil only. Blood collection and ultrasonographic assessment of the testes and supratesticular arteries were conducted immediately before treatment (W0) and once weekly for 6 weeks after melatonin injection (W1‐W6). Mean plasma testosterone concentrations were greater (p < .05; at least 1 ng/ml) in the melatonin‐treated group compared to the control group from W4 to W6 after treatment. A decrease (p < .05) in both resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) began 1 week after melatonin injection (W1) and persisted until the end of the experiment, with mean RI and PI values in the melatonin group lower (p < .05) than those in the control group on W3 and W4. Furthermore, plasma testosterone concentrations in melatonin‐treated rams were inversely correlated to both RI and PI (r = −.7 and −.6, respectively, p < .01). Testicular echogenicity decreased (p < .05) 1 week after melatonin injection (W1) and remained lower (p < .05) in the melatonin‐treated group compared to the control group until the end of the study (W6). In conclusion, melatonin administration significantly altered testicular blood flow and echogenicity and increased plasma testosterone concentrations in Ossimi rams during the breeding season.
African American and Latino discrimination complaints: comparing volume and outcomes
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Lamb Charles M. , Wilk Eric M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveResearch has investigatedracial and ethnic discrimination in America without examining discrimination complaints or focusing on housing. To help fill this void, we explore volume and outcomes in Fair Housing Act complaints filed by African Americans and Latinos between 1989 and 2010 in order to compare enforcement by federal, state, and local civil rights agencies.MethodsRelying on data obtained from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), we test a multivariate fixed effects logistic regression model.ResultsFirst, the data show that African Americans are more likely to file complaints than Latinos, but Latinos are slightly more likely to receive favorable outcomes. Second, an increased number of complaints filed per state capita by each group significantly increases the likelihood of a favorable outcome, but this effect is much smaller and weaker for African Americans than for Latinos. Third, local agencies are significantly more likely to provide favorable outcomes for Latinos than are federal or state agencies.ConclusionTaken together, these findings indicate that favorable outcome rates for African Americans are more stable than those for Latinos and that independent variables such as agency caseload and level of government agency produce much greater variance in the favorability rates for Latinos as compared to African Americans.