bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of medical dissolution for suspected struvite cystoliths in dogs
Authors: Wingert Allie M. , Murray Olivia A. , Lulich Jody P. , Hoelmer Alexis M. , Merkel Lindsay K. , Furrow Eva 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundMedical dissolution of struvite uroliths in dogs is commonly recommended, but data on success rates and complications are limited.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of medical dissolution for suspected struvite cystoliths in dogs.AnimalsFifty client‐owned dogs fed a therapeutic dissolution diet, with or without administration of antimicrobials, for treatment of suspected struvite cystoliths.MethodsSingle institution, retrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed for dogs with at least 1 follow‐up visit. Dissolution success, complications, and possible predictors of success were evaluated.ResultsFull dissolution of cystoliths was achieved in 58% (29/50) of dogs within a median of 35 days (range, 13‐167). Of 21 dogs without success, 7 each had partial dissolution, no dissolution, or undetermined outcome. Uroliths containing >10% nonstruvite mineral were common in the nonsuccess group (11/16 analyzed). Maximum urolith diameter, number of uroliths, and baseline urine pH did not differ significantly between dogs with and without success. Dissolution was more likely in dogs receiving antimicrobial therapy (OR = 16.3, 95% confidence interval 1.9‐787.4, P = .002). Adverse events occurred in 9 dogs (18%); urethral obstructions were the most common, but 3 of 4 dogs with this complication were obstructed on presentation, before trial initiation.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceResults support a medical dissolution trial for dogs with suspected struvite cystoliths. If no reduction in urolith size or number occurs by 1 month, a nonstruvite composition is likely, and alternative interventions should be considered. Dogs presenting with urethral obstructions should not be considered candidates for medical dissolution.
PK/PD integration and pharmacodynamic cutoff of cefquinome against cow mastitis due to Escherichia coli
Authors: Xiao Xia , Chen Xiaojun , Yan Kexu , Jiang Lijie , Li Ruichao , Liu Yuan , Wang Mianzhi , Wang Zhiqiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCefquinome is the fourth generation of cephalosporin approved solely in animal usage. In order to slow down the resistance development of E. coli to cefquinome, and to protect and maintain the effectiveness of cefquinome, an ex vivo PK/PD modeling of cefquinome against E. coli in cows after intramammary infusion administration was conducted. The epidemiologic cutoff (ECOFF) and pharmacodynamic cutoff (COPD) of cefquinome against E. coli in lactation cows after intramammary infusion administration were recommended. The MICs of cefquinome against 1073 clinical E. coli isolates ranged from 0.015 to >64 μg/ml, and the ECOFF was defined as 0.125 μg/ml. The pharmacokinetic results showed that cefquinome maintained high concentration in milk for a long period with the T1/2β of 10.60 h after intramammary infusion in dairy cows. The drug concentration in skimmed milk was still as high as 0.15 mg/ml after 48 h. Cefquinome displayed bacterial killing effect at 2× MIC with the initial inoculum of 106 cfu/ml in vitro; however, the same effect was attained with a concentration as high as 32× MIC with the initial inoculum of 108 cfu/ml both in artificial medium and in skimmed milk. The initial inoculum is an important factor on time‐killing curve accounting for weakened killing pattern of cefquinome. The AUC0–24 h/MIC index correlated well with ex vivo efficacy. The AUC0–24 h/MIC values for bactericidal effect were 50, 016, and 67,644, respectively, for initial inoculum of 106 and 108 cfu/ml, indicating the bacterial loading or the severity of infection would infect the PK/PD modeling results. The ex vivo PK/PD‐based population dose prediction indicated a target attainment rate (TAR) at the existing daily dose (75 mg/udder) of 84.77% against E. coli. Thus, it was recommended as rational dosage. The COPD of cefquinome against E. coli was determined as 8 μg/ml at the dose of 75 mg/udder. The derived ECOFF, COPD, together with ex vivo PK/PD‐based population dose prediction served as important steps in the establishment of optimum dose regimen and provided a useful interpretative criterion to categorize the antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of cefquinome.
Dietary diversity and social determinants of nutrition among late adolescent girls in rural Pakistan
Authors: Baxter Jo‐Anna B. , Wasan Yaqub , Islam Muhammad , Cousens Simon , Soofi Sajid B. , Ahmed Imran , Sellen Daniel W. , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe conditions in which adolescent girls mature shape their health, development and nutrition. Nutrient requirements increase to support growth during adolescence, but gaps between consumption and requirements exist in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We aimed to identify and quantify the relationship between dietary intake and diverse social determinants of nutrition (SDN) among a subset of adolescent girls 15–18.9 years (n = 390) enrolled within the Matiari emPowerment and Preconception Supplementation (MaPPS) Trial. The primary outcome, dietary diversity score (DDS), was derived by applying the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women 10‐item scale to 24‐h dietary recall data collected three times per participant. To examine the associations between the SDN‐related explanatory variables and DDS, we generated a hierarchical, causal model using mixed effects linear regression to account for the cluster‐randomized trial design. Using all data, diets lacked diversity (DDS mean ± SD: 3.35 ± 1.03 [range: 1–7; n = 1170]), and the minimum cut‐off for dietary diversity was infrequently achieved (13.5%; 95% CI: 11.6–15.6%). Consumption of starches was reported in all recalls, but micronutrient‐rich food consumption was less common. Of the SDN considered, wealth quintile had the strongest association with DDS (P < 0.0001). The diets of the sampled Pakistani adolescent girls were insufficient to meet micronutrient requirements. Poverty was the most important predictor of a diet lacking in diversity, indicating limited purchasing power or access to nutritious foods. Dietary diversification and nutrition education strategies alone are unlikely to lead to improved diets without steps to tackle this barrier, for example, through fortification of staple foods and provision of supplements.
Bone mineral density in pediatric heart transplanted patients: A retrospective single‐center study at Skåne University Hospital in Lund 1988–2016
Authors: Löfdahl Eveline , Tran‐Lundmark Karin , Haggård Carl , Nilsson Johan , Odermarsky Michal , Rådegran Göran 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundImpaired bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis are commonly found in patients who have undergone heart transplantation (HT), which increases the risk for bone fractures which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in adults. However, the long‐term evolution of BMD after HT in pediatric patients has not been thoroughly investigated.MethodBone mineral density up to 10 years after HT was investigated in 30 patients who underwent HT at an age <20 years at Skåne University Hospital in Lund 1988–2016.ResultsThe total observed time was 235 person‐years. Before HT, 86% had low BMD for chronologic age in the lumbar spine. In lumbar spine, BMD was significantly lower than normal for chronological age before HT (p = .034), but recovered at the 4th year (p = .009). In whole body, BMD was normal at the 4th annual check‐up (p = .030) and remained so throughout the follow‐up period. The median T score in the lumbar spine and femoral neck 10 years after HT did not differ between the two groups based on age at HT (<20 years vs 20 years or older; p = .779 in the lumbar spine and p = .388 in the femoral neck).ConclusionsPatients who undergo HT at an age of <20 years have low BMD for chronological age already before HT, but BMD may recover completely within the first 4 years after HT. The results indicate no difference in BMD at 10 years after HT between pediatric and adult patients.
Severity of illness by pregnancy status among laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infections occurring in reproductive‐aged women in Colombia
Authors: Rozo Nathaly , Valencia Diana , Newton Suzanne M. , Avila Greace , Gonzalez Maritza A. , Sancken Christina L. , Burkel Veronica K. , Ellington Sascha R. , Gilboa Suzanne M. , Rao Carol Y. , Azziz‐Baumgartner Eduardo , Ospina Martha L. , Prieto Franklyn E. , Tong Van T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundMultiple studies have described increased risk of severe coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) among pregnant women compared to nonpregnant women. The risk in middle‐income countries where the distributions of age groups and preexisting conditions may differ is less known.ObjectivesTo determine whether pregnant women with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are at increased risk for severe COVID‐19 compared to nonpregnant women in Colombia.MethodsWe analysed national surveillance data from Colombia, of women aged 15–44 years with laboratory‐confirmed infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 by molecular or antigen testing, from 6 March 2020 to 12 December 2020. An enhanced follow‐up of pregnant women with COVID‐19 was established to monitor pregnancy and birth outcomes.ResultsOf 371,363 women aged 15–44 years with laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, 1.5% (n = 5614) were reported as pregnant; among those, 2610 (46.5%) were considered a complete pregnancy for reporting purposes at the time of analysis. Hospitalisation (23.9%) and death (1.3%) occurred more frequently among pregnant symptomatic women compared to nonpregnant symptomatic women (2.9% and 0.3%, respectively). Compared to nonpregnant symptomatic women, pregnant symptomatic women were at increased risk of hospitalisation (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 2.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07, 2.32) and death (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.60, 2.07), after adjusting for age, type of health insurance and presence of certain underlying medical conditions. Among complete pregnancies, 55 (2.1%) were pregnancy losses, 72 (2.8%) resulted in term low birthweight infants and 375 (14.4%) were preterm deliveries.ConclusionsAlthough pregnant women were infrequently reported with laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, pregnant symptomatic women with COVID‐19 were at increased risk for hospitalisation and death compared to nonpregnant symptomatic women. Almost all infections we reported on were third‐trimester infections; ongoing follow‐up is needed to determine pregnancy outcomes among women infected earlier in pregnancy. Healthcare providers should counsel pregnant women about preventive measures to protect from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and when to seek care.
Sector Bias and the Credibility of Performance Information: An Experimental Study of Elder Care Provision
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Song Miyeon , Davis Jourdan A. , Amirkhanyan Anna A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReporting government performance to the public is key tool in improving accountability. Some evidence, however, has shown that individuals’ anti‐public sector biases may distort performance information about public organizations. Using an experimental vignette on U.S. nursing homes, this study fills four gaps in the literature: (1) the need to include nonprofit organizations rather than just public and for‐profit, (2) consideration of the credibility of the source of performance information, (3) the use of simple commonly used performance metrics, and (4) the willingness to use services as a performance dimension. We find the public has a general but modest anti‐for‐profit sector bias in nursing home care with nonprofits perceived the most positively. Sector biases generally disappear when clear performance data are presented. The credibility of the source matters, and respondents' willingness to use organizational services is more sensitive to both sector bias and performance ratings than are performance measures.Practitioner Points

In the field of long‐term care, individuals have no anti‐public sector bias, and they have more favorable views of nonprofit organizations than for‐profit organizations.
Perceived sector bias disappears when simple and unambiguous performance information is introduced.
The source of performance information matters: individuals perceive the information from government and nonprofit sources as more credible than that from for‐profit sources.
A high degree of credibility amplifies the effect of performance information in shaping individuals’ evaluations of public services.
Frege's Conception of Logic: Truth, the True, and Assertion
Authors: Kim Junyeol 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGottlob Frege takes logic to be the science of truth throughout his career. However, the mature Frege makes remarks which seem to go against the idea that logic is the science of truth. This paper shows that we can explain away this tension in the mature Frege's conception of logic if we accept that truth is an object, that is, the truth‐vale True qua the reference of a sentence, for Frege. Even though the main thesis of this paper is a conditional, I provide reasons why we ought to consider the possibility seriously that truth is an object for Frege. I also explain how we can make sense of Frege's conception of logic as the science of truth while accepting truth is an object.
Los seguros agrícolas en Latinoamérica. La necesidad de superar asimetrías a través de una adecuada gestión de los riesgos implicados
Authors: Signorino Barbat Andrea 
Published: September 2021

El clima es una circunstancia que escapa al control humano con lo cual la incertidumbre ínsita en el riesgo climático significa una amenaza mayor para los productores agrícolas y para la economía toda. Latinoamérica no escapa de esta situación y las estrategias de adaptación ante los riesgos climáticos son esenciales para las economías de sus países. La tecnología aplicada al estudio y predicción de los eventos climáticos ha servido, incluso, para mejorar la técnica aseguradora permitiendo la elaboración de modelos que ayudan a mejorar la técnica estadística y probabilística, permitiendo una mejora tarificación de los riesgos implicados. Asimismo. ha permitido impulsar ciertos seguros paramétricos. No obstante, la penetración de la tecnología no es igual entre los países en vías de desarrollo y los desarrollados, con lo cual la asimetría en la competitividad entre ellos se agrava por este factor, entre varios otros. En Latinoamérica, las acciones para gestionar estos riesgos se han centrado en acciones reactivas y de emergencia, ante los eventos climáticos adversos. Esto es insuficiente y requiere una estrategia de gestión del riesgo, abordada con una visión integral.
A First Assessment of an Aerodynamic Barrier Layer for Filtering Airborne Hygroscopic Particles
Authors: Arias Francisco J. , De Las Heras Salvador 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this work, consideration is given to an aerodynamic concept to boost the filtration in face masks of airborne hygroscopic particles such as those caused by an infected person when coughs or sneezes. Nowadays, increasing the filtration efficiency of face masks implies either increasing the number of crisscrossing fiber layers or decreasing the equivalent hydraulic diameter of the pore, however, both measures are in clear detriment of its breathability. Here, a novel strategy is proposed in which the filtration of an airborne particle is boosted by increasing its diameter. We called properly this concept as the aerodynamic barrier layer. In this concept, a traditional crisscrossing fiber layer is replaced by a parallel rearranged of the fibers in the direction of the flow. This rearrangement will promote central lift forces which will push the particles toward the center of the channel where after clustering they will coalesce resulting in a bigger particle that can be now easily captured by a conventional fiber crisscrossing layer. Utilizing a simplified geometrical model, an expression for the required length of the aerodynamic barrier layer was derived. It is shown that an aerodynamic barrier layer with a length of only a few millimeters can aerodynamically focus water droplets around 1 μm-diameter and the penetration of airborne particles can be reduced up to 55%.
An In Vivo Data-Based Computational Study on Sitting-Induced Hemodynamic Changes in the External Iliac Artery
Authors: Hou Jixin , Li Xuanyu , Li Zhaojun , Yin Lekang , Chen Xin , Liang Fuyou 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Although sedentary behavior (characterized by prolonged sitting without otherwise being active in daily life) is widely regarded as a risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD), underlying biomechanical mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. In this study, geometrical models of ten external iliac arteries were reconstructed based on angiographic data acquired from five healthy young subjects resting in supine and sitting (mimicked by side lying with bent legs) positions, respectively, which were further combined with measured blood flow velocity waveforms in the common iliac arteries (with each body posture being maintained for 30 min) to build computational models for simulating intra-arterial hemodynamics. Morphological analyses showed that the external iliac arteries suffered from evident bending deformation upon the switch of body posture from supine to sitting. Measured blood flow velocity waveforms in the sitting position exhibited a marked decrease in mean flow velocity while increase in retrograde flow ratio compared with those in the supine position. Hemodynamic computations further revealed that sitting significantly altered blood flow patterns in the external iliac arteries, leading to a marked enlargement of atheroprone wall regions exposed to low and oscillatory wall shear stress (WSS), and enhanced multidirectional disturbance of WSS that may further impair endothelial function. In summary, our study demonstrates that prolonged sitting induces atheropromoting hemodynamic changes in the external iliac artery due to the combined effects of vascular bending deformation and changes in flow velocity waveform, which may provide important insights for understanding the involvement of biomechanical factors in sedentary behavior-related PAD.
Increased Performance in Elite Runners Following Individualized Timing of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation
Authors: Lassen Tue A.H. , Lindstrøm Lars , Lønbro Simon , Madsen Klavs 
Published: September 2021

The present study investigated individualized sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3−) supplementation in elite orienteers and its effects on alkalosis and performance in a simulated sprint orienteering competition. Twenty-one Danish male and female elite orienteers (age = 25.2 ± 3.6 years, height = 176.4 ± 10.9 cm, body mass = 66.6 ± 7.9 kg) were tested twice in order to identify individual time to peak blood bicarbonate (HCO3− peak) following supplementation of 0.3 g/kg body mass NaHCO3 with and without warm-up. The athletes also performed two 3.5 km time-trial runs (TT-runs) following individualized timing of NaHCO3 supplementation (SBS) or placebo (PLA) on separate days in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. The occurrence of individual peak HCO3− and pH ranged from 60 to 180 min. Mean HCO3− and pH in SBS were significantly higher compared with PLA 10 min before and following the TT-run (p < .01). SBS improved overall performance in the 3.5 km TT-run by 6 s compared with PLA (775.5 ± 16.2 s vs. 781.4 ± 16.1 s, respectively; p < .05). SBS improved performance in the last half of the TT-run compared with PLA (p < .01). In conclusion, supplementation with NaHCO3 followed by warm-up resulted in individualized alkalosis peaks ranging from 60 to 180 min. Individualized timing of SBS in elite orienteers induced significant alkalosis before and after a 3.5 km TT and improved overall performance time by 6 s, which occurred in the last half of the time trial. The present data show that the anaerobic buffer system is important for performance in these types of endurance events lasting 12–15 min.
Reactive Strength as a Metric for Informing Return-to-Sport Decisions: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Teichmann Jorg , Hébert-Losier Kim , Tan Rachel , Lem Han Wei , Khanum Shabana , Subramaniam Ananthi , Yeo Wee-Kian , Schmidtbleicher Dietmar , Beaven Christopher M. 
Published: September 2021

Objective: Current return-to-sport decisions are primarily based on elapsed time since surgery or injury and strength measures. Given data that show rates of successful return to competitive sport at around 55%, there is strong rationale for adopting tools that will better inform return to sport decisions. The authors’ objective was to assess reactive strength as a metric for informing return-to-sport decisions. Design: Case-control design. Methods: Fifteen elite athletes from national sports teams (23 [6.0] y) in the final phase of their return-to-sport protocol following a unilateral knee injury and 16 age-matched control athletes (22 [4.6] y) performed a unilateral isometric strength test and 24-cm drop jump test. Pairwise comparisons were used to determine differences between legs within groups and differences in interleg asymmetry between groups. Results: Strength measures did not distinguish the control from the rehabilitation group; however, clear differences in the degree of asymmetry were apparent between the control and rehabilitation groups for contact time (Cohen d = 0.56; −0.14 to 1.27; 8.2%; P = .113), flight time (d = 1.10; 0.44 to 1.76; 16.0%; P = .002), and reactive strength index (d = 1.27; 0.50 to 2.04; 22.4%; P = .002). Conclusion: Reactive strength data provide insight into functional deficits that persist into the final phase of a return-to-sport protocol. The authors’ findings support the use of dynamic assessment tools to inform return-to-sport decisions to limit potential for reinjury.
Use of opioids in patients with cancer with hepatic impairment—a systematic review
Authors: Hughes Lewis Thomas , Raftery David , Coulter Paul , Laird Barry , Fallon Marie 
Published: September 2021

PurposeOpioids are recommended for moderate-to-severe cancer pain; however, in patients with cancer, impaired hepatic function can affect opioid metabolism. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for the use of opioids in patients with cancer with hepatic impairment.MethodsA systematic review was conducted and the following databases searched: AMED (−2021), MEDLINE (−2021), EMBASECLASSIC + EMBASE (−2021) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (−2021). Eligible studies met the following criteria: patients with cancer-related pain, taking an opioid (as defined by the WHO Guidelines for the pharmacological and radiotherapeutic management of cancer pain in adults and adolescents); >18 years of age; patients with hepatic impairment defined using recognised or study-defined definitions; clinical outcome hepatic impairment related; and primary studies. All eligible studies were appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.ResultsThree studies (n=95) were eligible but heterogeneity meant meta-analysis was not possible. Each individual study focused on only one each of oxycodone±hydrocotarnine, oxycodone/naloxone and morphine. No recommendations could be formulated on the preferred opioid in patients with hepatic impairment.ConclusionsMorphine is the preferred opioid in hepatic impairment owing to clinical experience and pharmacokinetics. This review, however, found little clinical evidence to support this. Dose adjustments of morphine and the oxycodone formulations reviewed remain necessary in the absence of quality evidence. Overall, the quality of existing evidence on opioid treatments in cancer pain and hepatic impairment is low and there remains a need for high-quality clinical studies examining this.