bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The challenge of teaching Anatomy in a organ‐based curriculum:mistakes made and lessons learned
Authors: Adamas‐Rappaport William Joaquin , Czuzak Maria Helen , Alvarado Jared , Darnell Diana 
Published: June 2021

In 2006 the University of Arizona College of Medicine underwent a curriculum change from the traditional system based format to an organ‐ system based curriculum. Gross Anatomy went from its own separate course to being part of each block through the first two years of the basic sciences. Overall focus on Anatomy was diminished.Challenges encountered.
‐Shortened time for dissections.
‐Anatomy accounting for a minimal percentage of total grade.
‐ Dissection carried on throughout the whole 1st year.
‐When to use prosections instead of student dissections.
Innovations
‐ Anatomy elective during the 4th year.
‐ Fresh cadaver based surgeries with emphasis on anatomy for students going into surgical specialties offered in the 4th year.
‐ Fresh cadaver based instruction for all 3rd year students rotating on the surgery clerkship.
‐Fresh cadaver based ultrasound instruction introduced on the surgery clerkship.
‐ Anatomy couse offered to pre‐medical students with medical students acting as instructors.
ConclusionsThe change in curriculum to an organ‐based format posed a challenge as to how best to teach Anatomy. New and innovative methods must be introduced to insure graduating medical students have the fundamental knowlege of Anatomy especially focused on the clinical path they will pursue.
Impact of computer‐mediated nutrition education interventions in adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Ajie Whitney , Chapman‐Novakofski Karen 
Published: June 2021

Objectives were to assess web/computer‐based interventions’ effectiveness for adolescents (11–18y); identify which intervention element(s) made the most impact on nutrition‐related variables; and ascertain recommendations for research/practice. Online databases/journal archives were systematically searched using key words; related articles’ bibliographies manually searched. One author examined abstracts for review inclusion; both authors conducted quality assessments using USDA's National Evidence Library's guidelines for Research Design/Implementation. Initial article retrieval (n=37488) was reduced to 14 using inclusion/exclusion criteria. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for preventing weight gain (n=2), weight loss (n=2) had NS results; RCTs (n=6), Non‐RCTs (n=4) for healthy eating (HE) included significant and NS results for HE components. Optimal intervention duration couldn't be concluded. Studies lacking behavior theory (n=6) had NS (n=3), significant (n=3) results; those with behavior theory (n=8) had mostly significant results (n=7), some gender‐specific (n= 3). Neither setting nor parental involvement influenced outcomes. Research needs include studies with stronger design (randomization, power analyses, treatment fidelity, mediating variable measurements, long‐term evaluation) in order to develop computer‐based nutrition education best practices.Grant Funding Source: Kraft Fellowship
Pharmacokinetics of 13C‐Lycopene in Healthy Adults
Authors: Moran Nancy E , Cichon Morgan J. , Riedl Kenneth M. , Grainger Elizabeth M. , Schwartz Steven J. , Erdman John W. , Clinton Steven K. 
Published: June 2021

Higher plasma lycopene (LYC) concentrations are associated with lower risk of several cancers. (All‐E)‐LYC is the predominant geometrical isomer in tomatoes, yet most plasma and tissue LYC isomers are Z, suggesting greater bioavailability of Z and/or endogenous isomerization of E to Z. To study human LYC pharmacokinetics and isomerization, ~10 mg of 13C‐LYC isolated from tomato cell cultures was consumed with breakfastby 6 healthy adults. The dose was 85% (all‐E)‐LYC, and ~30% uniformly labeled. Plasma was collected at 1–10, 24, 72, and 672 hrs post‐dosing. Native and 13C‐LYC was analyzed by HPLC‐PDA, and LC‐MS (QToF), respectively. No adverse effects of 13C‐LYC were observed. 13C‐LYC Cmax= 0.13±0.03 μM which occurred at 32±8 hr, T1/2 = 6.5 ± 0.3 d, and area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC0–672) = 36.9±7 μM*h. Plasma 13C‐all‐E‐LYC Cmax =0.10 ±0.02 μM at 29±9 h post‐dosing, T1/2 = 5.5±0.3 d, and it constituted 67% of total 13C‐LYC AUC. Total 13C‐Z‐LYC isomers Cmax =0.03 ± 0.005 μM at 56±10 hr post‐dosing with a subsequent T1/2 = 9.3±0.6 days, and constituted 32% of the total 13C‐LYC AUC. Initial plasma 13C‐LYC was 73–87% all‐E, but by 672 hr, had decreased to 46%. The later Z isomer Cmax and longer T1/2 relative to all‐E suggests that endogenous conversion is a source of circulating Z‐LYC isomers. Understanding LYC pharmacokinetics assists in designing anti‐cancer dietary interventions.Grant Funding Source: NCCAM R21AT005166, Pelotonia, OSUCCC NPASR
Development of a manipulative for renal physiology teaching
Authors: Giffen Zane , Carvalho Helena 
Published: June 2021

Human physiology is a difficult subject to teach because it requires the integration of knowledge and use of reasoning to understand complex concepts. Accordingly, it has been shown that learning is improved when instruction is interactive and engaging. The goal of this project was to develop a hands‐on manipulative to aid first year medical students in their understanding of renal physiology. A magnetic manipulative model of the nephron and its major cell types was constructed using large magnetic boards to represent components of the nephron, magnets to represent transporters, and plastic pieces to represent select small molecules and electrolytes. These pieces can be moved between the tubular lumen, epithelial cells of the tubule, and interstitium in different areas of the nephron to illustrate secretion and reabsorption in the tubule and the dynamic process of urine formation. In summary, an interactive model was developed from inexpensive materials that allow students to reinforce their understanding of renal physiology through active participation.Support from Center for Instructional Development and Educational Research (CIDER) at Virginia Tech
Pathogenic E. coli Cause Global Decreases in Ubiquitylated Host Cell Proteins
Authors: Lin Ann E. , Guttman Julian A 
Published: June 2021

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) infections cause severe infantile diarrhea, leading to high mortality in developing countries. These pathogens extensively alter normal host cell functions while remaining extracellular. Ubiquitylation is a widespread post‐translational regulatory system that governs a wide range of cellular events. This process relies on a heierarchical relay system, comprised of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes. Effects of EPEC on the host ubiquitin‐conjugation process have remained elusive. Thus, we sought to test the hypothesis that EPEC alter normal ubiquitylation signaling pathways during their infections. To test this, we infected epithelial cells with EPEC and monitored ubiquitylated protein levels by immunoblotting. We found that the presence of a large plasmid within EPEC called the E. coli adherence factor (EAF) caused a significant decrease in the overall levels of ubiquitylated host proteins. This occurred with a concomitant loss of host E1 activating enzymes, which are essential for initiating the ubiquitylation cascade. We conclude that EPEC exploits E1 enzymes to influence global protein regulatory cascades that are crucial for normal cellular functions. This novel strategy highlights that pathogens can exploit key targets to influence overall protein regulatory systems that are needed for normal cellular functions and disease progression.Grant Funding Source: CIHR
Pectinase hyperproduction in Fungi Isolates
Authors: Okafor Uzoma A , Ebuehi Albert O , Okochi Veronica I , Adekunle Adedotun , Magbagbeola Olubunmi a 
Published: June 2021

Improving the yield of enzyme production via microfungi strain improvement using UV mutation has become a priority in most enzymes generating countries, for economic and ecological reasons.In view of these reasons, Hyper‐production of pectinase by these strains using UV as mutagen and 2dg as selectant was studied. The mutant strains were compared based on the enzyme production, catabolite repression and the genetic variability between wild and mutant strain was investigated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers.Three Aspergillus niger 2dg UV mutants and five P.chrysogenum 2dg UV mutants were isolated post exposure of the strains to UV irradiation. 2 dg UV M2 mutant of Aspergillus niger was selected as best mutant with an enzyme activities of 465% and 230% in SSF and SmF respectively. P.chrysogenum 2DG‐UV W1, gave a percentage enzyme activity of 218% in solid state fermentation, and 2DG‐UV W2 gave a better pectinase yield (135%) in SSF. The glucose showed no repression (CR) on pectinase production of both the 2dg UV M2 and 2dg UV W1. However, sucrose repressed pectinase production in P.chrysogenum. The results of RAPD‐PCR showed a considerable genetic variation between the wild and mutant strains of both fungi strainsThis work shows that the natural process of biodegradation and UV mutagenesis could be harnessed for the bioproduction of pectinase an important enzyme in major fermentation industries.
Correlations between child and parent‐reported pediatric health‐related quality of life in a sample of 7 to 11‐year‐old schoolchildren
Authors: Baker Selena L. , Reidenbach Katherine L. , McCabe Sean D. , Brauchla Mary C. , Kranz Sibylle 
Published: June 2021

To date, few studies have examined correlations between child and parent‐proxy responses in healthy populations. We used the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales to assess child‐ and parent‐reported pediatric HRQOL in a sample of 7 to 11‐year‐old schoolchildren at baseline and at completion of an 8‐week intervention study aimed at increasing dietary fiber intake. The PedsQL™ model is comprised of 4 core scales. Responses may be reported as 3 summary scores: total, physical health, and psychosocial health (comprised of emotional, social and school scales). In our study, preliminary data analysis shows the following linear correlation coefficients between child and parent responses:
Parent/Child Correlation Values by Time Point and Treatment

Scale
Baseline
Week 8

Treatment/Control
Treatment/Control

Total Score
0.181/0.221 (n=32/n=28)
0.436/0.698 (n=30/n=24)

Physical Score
0.214/0.091 (n=33/n=28)
0.192/0.387 (n=30/n=24)

Psychosocial Score
0.183/0.354 (n=32/n=28)
0.318/0.669 (n=32/n=30)

With the exception of the treatment group physical score, all correlations were higher at week 8 than at baseline, suggesting that regardless of treatment group, the study may have influenced children's and parents’ awareness/perception of health. The small to medium effect size at baseline is similar to that reported in the literature for a school population of similar age. Research supported by the Kellogg Company.
Constrained maternal agency is associated with poor child feeding practices and child undernutrition: evidence from twelve low‐income countries
Authors: Ickes Scott Bradley , Hurst Taylor , Casey Kerry , Roberts Alison 
Published: June 2021

Recent policies have emphasized that increasing women's status is a necessary action to improve child nutrition. However, few studies have examined the effect of women's status on undernutrition across multiple contexts. This study examines the relationship between women's agency, independent of education and income, and child feeding and nutrition in 12 low‐income countries in four world regions (n= 42,677).Constrained women's agency—limitations on the capacity of women to take action given their assets and capabilities—was associated with inadequate child feeding practices. Women who were underweight were less likely to meet the majority of WHO feeding indicators while those with media access, were involved in household decisions, and were employed were more likely to meet these indicators.Low maternal agency was associated with greater child undernutrition, while evidence of improved agency reduced the likelihood of undernutrition. Women who were underweight were twice as likely to have an underweight or wasted child, while women who believed domestic abuse was justified were 20% more likely to have a stunted child. Evidence of opportunities for improved agency was associated with improved child nutrition status. Actions to improve women's agency are likely to improve child feeding and prevent under nutrition.Supported by the Borgenicht Program for Aging Studies.
Unpredicted Growth from Ages 1 to 5 and 5 to 8 Years in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam: Key Distal Household and Community Factors
Authors: Crookston Benjamin T , Schott Whitney , Lundeen Elizabeth A , Stein Aryeh D , Behrman Jere R 
Published: June 2021

Recent research has demonstrated some growth recovery among children stunted at infancy. Less is known about key ages for such growth recovery, and what factors underlie this growth. This study characterized growth from ages 1 to 5 and 5 to 8 years by focusing on growth that was not predicted by initial height‐for‐age z‐score (HAZ), and identified household and community factors associated with these changes using longitudinal data on 7,266 children in the Young Lives (YL) study in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. HAZ at age 1 year did not predict 40–70% of variation in HAZ at age 5 years, and HAZ at age 5 years did not predict 26–46% of variation in HAZ at age 8 years. Multiple regression analysis suggested that these unpredicted changes in HAZ were significantly associated with household consumption, maternal height, hospital presence, and, in some cases, caregivers’ schooling, and fathers’ schooling. There was heterogeneity by urban/rural residence and to a limited extent by gender. These results underline the importance of a child's starting point in infancy in determining his or her growth and point to distal household and community factors that may determine growth recovery and growth failure.Support: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, NICHD, DFID and the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The myth of energy balance: Is food really making children fat?
Authors: Xue Hong , Wu Yang , Chen Hsin‐Jen , Wang Youfa 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundLittle research tested the direct effect of energy intake and expenditure to study the causal links between shifts in diet and the increase in childhood obesity in developing world.ObjectiveTo examine the unique patterns of energy imbalance in China.MethodsThe 1991–2000 nationwide China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data and quantile regression models (QRM) were used to assess the differential effects of energy intake on weight changes in children (2–18 y) across the weight distribution.ResultsThe children's mean body weight (kg) increased 20% between1991–2000, from 30 (95% confidence internal (CI): 29.6, 30.5) to 35.9 (95% CI: 35.5, 36.4). However, the average daily total energy intake (kcal) declined from 2037 (95% CI: 2013, 2062) in 1991 to 1929 (95% CI: 1903, 1956) in 2000. Our model prediction suggested evident gaps between observed and energy intake predicted body weight (2–5 kg lower of observed mean body weight than predicted mean body weight across all age‐gender groups). QRM estimates examining the 50%, 85%, and 95% percentiles of the BMI (kg/m2) distribution suggest an insignificant effect of total energy intake on weight changes in children on the upper tail of the BMI distributions.ConclusionsOur results suggest food intake along is not the primary driver of the rising childhood obesity epidemic in China.Grant Funding Source: NIH/NICHD (U54 HD070725‐01)
Non‐responsive feeding behaviors are stable across toddlerhood
Authors: Hurley Kristen M , Tilton Nick , Candelaria Margo , Hager Erin , Latta Laura , Wang Yan , Caulfield Laura , Black Maureen M 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo examine patterns of toddler feeding behaviors overtime.Methods277 mother‐toddlers pairs were enrolled in a 12–month randomized controlled trial to prevent toddler overweight. Mean maternal feeding behaviors (responsive, forceful, restrictive and indulgent; 5‐point scales) were examined at baseline, 6, and 12‐months post‐recruitment. Maternal depressive symptoms (BDI, 4‐point scale) were evaluated as potential effect modifiers. Mixed effect models (adjusting infant age and intervention status) were employed.ResultsForceful, restrictive, and indulgent feeding behaviors were stable across toddlerhood (p>;0.05). While responsive feeding was stable among mothers with low depression (p>;0.05), depressed mothers became slightly more responsive, though not enough to make up for baseline difference (β=0.30, p=0.01).ConclusionWhile responsive feeding behaviors are sensitive to maternal depression, non‐responsive behaviors remain constant throughout toddlerhood.
Citrus and berry flavonoids inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV enzymatic activity by binding to the catalytic site
Authors: Fan Junfeng , Johnson Michelle , de Mejia Elvira Gonzalez 
Published: June 2021

We investigated 25 citrus and berry flavonoids on inhibition of DPP‐IV, contributing to decrease glucose absorption. Heperetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, cyanidin, petunidin, genistein and EGCG could bind to DPP‐IV active sites. Binding energies (kcal/mol), hesperetin (−5.8), nobiletin (−5.7), petunidin (−5.1) and tangeretin (− 4.9) were lower than diprotin A (−4.8), indicating more potency in inhibiting DPP‐IV. This was attributed to H bonds between hydroxyl groups on flavone aromatic rings and amino acid residues in the enzyme, and đ‐interactions of flavonoids aromatic ring B and DPP‐IV arg125, phe357 and arg669. Aglycone flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, flavone, naringenin, catechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin) and glycosylated flavonoids (cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, delphinidin‐3‐glucoside, dephinidin‐3‐ arabinoside, malvinidin‐3‐galactoside, malvinidin‐3‐arabinoside) could bind their aromatic B‐ring to DPP‐IV active sites, inhibiting its activity. Flavonoinds with disaccharides (naringin, rutin and narirutin) could not bind DPP‐IV due to unfavorable sugars steric obstacle. Biochemical kinetics showed blueberry and blackberry anthocyanins effectively reduced DPP‐IV activity (IC50 4.0 μM C3G), comparable to the known inhibitor (IC50 4.3 mg/mL). Citrus and berry flavonoids can bind DPP‐IV active pockets with potential as antidiabetes therapy.USDA
High ferritin and low folate increases PBMCs genomic DNA methylation in association with SHMT1–1420TT variant
Authors: Moruzzi Sara , Guarini Patrizia , Udali Silvia , Olivieri Oliviero , Girelli Domenico , Pattini Patrizia , Pizzolo Francesca , Choi Sang Woon , Friso Simonetta 
Published: June 2021

Nutrient‐gene interactions within one‐carbon metabolism modulate DNA methylation, the major potentially reversible epigenetic modification in eukaryotic cells. The cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1) regulates the metabolic balance between nucleotide synthesis and methylation in one‐carbon pathway. The SHMT1–1420T allele has been associated with a reduced enzyme activity and a decreased risk of cancer. By enhancing SHMT1expression, ferritin affects folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism.Aim of this study was to analyze how the interaction among ferritin, folate and SHMT1‐1420C>;T polymorphism may affect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) DNA methylation (LC/ESI/MS method) in 537 subjects enrolled in the Verona Heart Study to identify a possible biomarker for cancer.Results showed that SHMT1‐TT carriers, under a high ferritin/low folate condition, show significantly increased PBMCs genomic DNA methylation than SHMT1‐CC subjects (P=0.01).Since cancer is usually associated with genomic hypomethylation, the increased genomic methylation in SHMT1–1420TT genotypes in presence of high ferritin/low folate, could be potentially protective for cancer risk.
Autocrine regulation of endothelial barrier integrity by CAP37
Authors: Fox Elizabeth , Pereira Anne , Reichner Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUNDCAP37 is a peptide released by neutrophils upon stimulation of β2 integrins. Its effects include increased ICAM‐1 expression and endothelial cell cytoskeleton reorganization. Previous work has shown that endothelial cells may produce CAP37. We sought to determine the effect of neutralization of CAP37 on endothelial monolayer resistance.METHODSHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were grown to confluence and activated with TNFα for six hours. Two mouse‐derived monoclonal anti‐CAP37 antibodies (B1B5 and D5F10) were applied to the monolayer. The effect on endothelial barrier function was determined using Electric Cell‐substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS). Barrier function of the monolayer was expressed as a fraction of pre‐treatment resistance values.RESULTSBoth antibodies caused a biphasic change in monolayer resistance. Within 30 minutes, resistance increased to a peak of 1.16+/−0.04 (B1B5 [p<0.0001 vs. IgG control]) and 1.12+/−0.11 (D5F10 [p=0.03 vs. IgG control]). After this initial peak, resistance progressively decreased, with endothelial barrier integrity falling below 50% of the pre‐treatment value within 5 hours.CONCLUSIONSNeutralization of CAP37 causes a change in endothelial barrier function. This occurs in the absence of leukocytes, demonstrating the role of CAP37 in the autocrine regulation of endothelial monolayer integrity, and suggesting a potential therapeutic target. Future work will include further characterization of endothelial cell CAP37. (NIH GM066194)
Effects of Maternal Ethanol Intake during the Pregnancy and Lactation on the Expression of AMPA Receptors in Hippocampus of Pups at Different Stages of Brain Development
Authors: Mussi Sara Eleodoro , Fiorillo Henrique Mascioli , Cheregatto Nathálie Neves , Soler João Antônio , Iyomasa Melina Mizusaki , Rosa Maria Luiza Nunes Mamede 
Published: June 2021

AimTo investigate whether ethanol consumption during pregnancy and lactation might induce changes on the expression of GluR1 and GluR2 in the hippocampus of pups at different stages of brain development. Female rats were exposed to water (control, n=8) or ethanol 10% (alcoholic, n=8) for 60 days, from mating to weaning. The pups were studied at PND30–90 (n=8–13). Immunohistochemistry. Positive cells were quantified. ANOVA. Alcoholic pups showed reduction in GluR1 expression in CA1 and HDG (23–51%, p<0,001) at all stages of development, while in CA3 the reduction was found only at PND21 and 30 (50%, p<0,001). Comparisons within the same treatment showed both increase and decrease in GluR1 along the development in controls while predominant increase was found in alcoholic pups (33–163%, p<0,001). GluR2 expression was reduced only in CA1 of alcoholic pups at PND60 (25%) and 90 (16%) (p<0,001), and increased in CA3 at PND60 (86%, p<0,001). Within the same treatment, GluR2 expression in controls or alcoholic pups in different stages of development showed an increase in CA1 (33–78%), a decrease in CA3 (25–50%) and both in HDG (19–67%) (p<0,001). Maternal ethanol intake during pregnancy and lactation induces changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pups brains through the AMPA receptors, which may implicate the normal development of brain regions crucial for learning and memory functions. Support: FPA.