bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Critical Role of HSSE Management and its Impact on Productivity and Corporate Social Responsibility's (CSR's) Mandate and Influence on Trinidad& Tobago's Energy Sector
Authors: David B.A. , Manswell M.N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Today's energy sector has evolved by leaps and bounds in the sphere of Health, Safety, Security and the Environment. The minimization of incidents on board oil and gas platforms and by extension the energy sector continues to be the highest standards of HSSE performance companies aspire to. Our current fiscal environment has forced countries and companies to carefully consider how limited finances are to be utilized and managed to achieve outlined targets. This shrinking financial pie has also seriously impacted on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Plan for companies within the sector. Fiscal management is key in a global village where every dollar counts. In the case of Trinidad and Tobago we must seek to secure our future assets be it through acquisition, maintenance and reliability. CSR must be comprehensively managed ensuring that both the corporate entity and the various indigenous communities get full value for the relationship they might be part of. The free spending attitude is definitely a thing of the past. Proper investments into a company's CSR, particularly where it adds value to the communities where there are vested interests are of paramount importance.
This paper will advance the value of having a robust quality benchmarked HSSE portfolio/system utilizing the Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) mechanism and how it impacts on company productivity. The role, value and impact of CSR will also be scrutinized highlighting its critical importance in today's changing corporate landscape.
Analyzing Edge Water Drive Laws of Offshore Heavy Oil Reservoir with Physical Experiment and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Feng Q. , Li S. , Su Y. , Liu Y. , Han X. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The existence of edge water has both advantages and disadvantages for the development of offshore heavy oil reservoir. On one hand, edge water invasion could supplement the reservoir pressure which is in favor of the oil production, while on the other hand, the asymmetrical invasion of the edge water could result in the quick increase of water cut for production wells and the consequent low oil recovery efficiency.
For the purpose of better understanding edge water drive laws of offshore heavy oil reservoir and their effects on remaining oil distribution, several two dimensional visible physical models with different well-types, which are based on geological features and development characteristics of a certain offshore heavy oil reservoir in China, have been built to make the investigation. The experimental results are analyzed and shown as follows. Firstly, edge water mainly encroaches through areas with the maximum pressure gradient in homogeneous reservoir. But for heterogeneous reservoir, edge water would encroach through both high permeability section and areas with maximum pressure gradient. Meanwhile, compared with heterogeneous reservoir, there is more obvious water/oil front and higher reserve recovery degree in homogeneous reservoir under the same conditions. Secondly, the degree of reserve recovery obtained by double vertical wells is much higher than that obtained by single vertical well. So, increasing the number of production well is conducive to the improvement of reservoir recovery degree. Lastly, the recovery efficiency for horizontal well is much higher than that of the vertical well.
In addition, Suizhong 36-1 Oilfield, an offshore heavy oil reservoir with edge water drive, has been numerical simulated. The simulated results of edge water drive laws are consistent with the experimental results, which could provide a useful guidance for the development of offshore heavy oil reservoir with edge-water drive.
Reserves Evaluation of Dry Gas Reservoirs through Flowing Pressure Material Balance Method
Authors: Guzman J.D. , Arevalo J.A. , Espinola O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the practical applicacion of a method known as Flowing Gas Material Balance FGMB (L. Mattar and Mcneil, 1997) for reserve's estimation using bottomhole flowing pressure data in two dry gas fields in Mexico. The main purpose of this work is to apply the method in real cases having enough data and make a comparison with other standard methods of reserves estimation (J. Lee, 1996 and G.J. DeSorcy, 1994) such as Volumetric, Decline Curve Analysis, Conventional Material Balance and Numerical Simulation to see the results and validate the efficacy of its application.
There are some premises should be considered before its application that will be explained, besides the advantages and results of this comparison which showed differences no greater than 10% with respect to the method more trustable to report reserves for these reservoirs.
Trinidad and Tobago: Diving into the Deep but at What Cost?
Authors: Nickie A. W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Deep-water has long been proclaimed as the hydrocarbon frontier with huge potential of resources. The offshore basins of West Africa, Gulf of Mexico and Brazil are particularly known for deep-water campaigns. Trinidad and Tobago is no stranger to deep-water activity having drilled eight deep water wells in the last decade. After a period of dormancy, it may soon rejoin its global counterparts as it prepares to dive into the deep yet again.
In 2011 and 2012, two deep water bid rounds were held and ten companies/consortia dared to venture into the deep but only three won the opportunity. Eleven thousand, six hundred and fifty seven square kilometres (11, 657 km2) was awarded out of a total acreage of twelve thousand, eight hundred and six square kilometres (12, 806 km2) for the past two bid rounds. With such potential activity, Trinidad and Tobago's commercial success in the deep may seem to be imminent but this is far from certain as exploration and development costs are substantially higher than those in our shallower areas. While commercial success is dependent on government share, hydrocarbon volumes and project costs, this paper focuses only on the latter.
This paper compares and analyses Trinidad and Tobago's proposed Deep-water development project costs with other global deep-water field development costs, by investigating scenarios in terms of estimated development capital and operational expenditure and associated volumes. Capex and Opex of USD 12-14 Bn was required for developments between 500-750 mmbbl and the average global sample estimated for this volume range was USD 13 Bn. The paper concludes that Trinidad and Tobago's proposed project costs are indeed in line with other global developments.
Undoubtedly, deep water exploration and development demands huge investments. Trinidad and Tobago's deep-water venture will soon commence and understanding these proposed costs would shed some light on its position in the deep and help prepare for what lies ahead.
New PDC Bit Technology Sets the Standards in Drilling Hard and Abrasive Formations in Oman - Case Study
Authors: Maouche Z. , Al-Rawahi F. , Agapie I. , Parasher M. , Al Nahwi Talal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Historically, the hardest and most abrasive rock formations in Oman have been drilled using either diamond-protected, roller-cone insert bits or impregnated bits in combination with high-speed drives. Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits have been successfuly used to drill soft and non-abrasive formations to depths of approximately 2, 500 m. Within this region, all previous attempts to drill deeper into the hard and abrasive intervals have resulted in rapid bit wear, poor rate of penetration (ROP), and repetitive trips for bit change. A new PDC cutter technology combined with a novel multi-level cutting structure force balancing has extended the PDC bit footprint, setting new records for drilling the longest intervals of hard and abrasive sandstone formation in Oman. This new technology is the result of a program committed to two years of research, which focused on the improvement of PDC cutter wear and impact resistance, as well as addressing bit vibration and wear distribution issues. As a result, Halliburton DBS PDC bits have become the standard for drilling hard and abrasive rock in the Middle East, providing significant improvement with respect to distances drilled and ROP. In rotary mode, or in combination with low-cost drives, this new technology has drastically reduced the operational cost per foot drilled in Oman.
Application of Multistage Hydrajet-Fracturing Technology in Horizontal Wells with Slotted Liner Completion in China
Authors: Hai Qu , Xiaoxiang Zhao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Multistage hydrajet-fracturing combines hydrajet perforating and hydraulic fracturing to perform separate, sequential fracture stimulations without mechanical packers. It can reasonably place fractures according to geological condition, and then accurately treat them. Without packer, it uses dynamic isolation to seal flow into target, saving operating time and lowering operating risk. Therefore, the process not only especially adapts to stimulate open hole, but effectively treats slotted liner completion.
The mechanisms and fluid dynamics of multistage hydrajet-fracturing technology are investigated with numerical simulation and laboratory experiments. More than 70 oil and gas wells have been successfully treated using this technology since 2009. On average, three hydraulic fractures with total 120m3 proppants were placed at strategically selected locations in well, typically several hundred meters apart without sealing equipments. The deepest treatment in oil well 203-19 in Zhongyuan oilfield, using tubing string, was 3692m, and surface pressure reached 88MPa. Significant stimulation results were achieved in these wells. For example, production increased by more than 50 times after stimulation to the gas well XS311H in Sichuan oilfield. The oil well 92-2 in the Zhongyuan oilfield, which had been a dead horizontal well, has been revived using this technology with average oil production of 15 tons per day.
Multistage hydrajet-fracturing stimulation shows promising feature for horizontal, vertical, deviated, and even multilateral wells.
An outbreak report of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium outbreak in a Dutch general hospital, 2014-2017: successful control with a low impact strategy
Authors: Weterings Veronica , Oosten Anita Van , Nieuwkoop Ellen , Nelson Jolande , Voss Andreas , Wintermans Bas , Lieshout Joris Van , Kluytmans Jan , Veenemans Jacobien 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
We describe the control of a large VRE outbreak in a Dutch general hospital in 2014–2017.
Methods
After the outbreak was identified, a screening policy consisting of a single rectal swab culture (with enrichment broth) to identify VRE carriage in high risk patients, was implemented. In addition to screening, measures to improve compliance with standard infection control precautions and enhanced environmental cleaning were implemented to control the outbreak.
Results
Between September, 2014 and February, 2017, 140 patients were identified to be colonised by vanA mediated vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm). Three of these patients developed bacteraemia. AFLP typing showed that the outbreak was caused by a single clone. Extensive environmental contamination was found in multiple wards. Within nine months after the detection of the outbreak no new VRE cases were detected.
Conclusion
We implemented a control strategy based on targeted screening and isolation in combination with implementation of general precautions and environmental cleaning. The strategy was less stringent than the Dutch national guideline for VRE control. This strategy successfully controlled the outbreak, while it was associated with a reduction in the number of isolation days and the number of cultures taken.
Differential mitochondrial proteomic analysis of A549 cells infected with avian influenza virus subtypes H5 and H9
Authors: Yang Yuting , Zhang Yun , Yang Changcheng , Fang Fang , Wang Ying , Chang Haiyan , Chen Ze , Chen Ping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
In the past 20–30 years, both the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have been reported to cross species barriers to infect humans. However, H5N1 viruses could cause severe damage and a high death rate, but H9N2 viruses could not. In this study, we use H9N2 virus infection as a control to investigate the differential expression of mitochondrial-related proteins caused by H5N1 and H9N2 virus infections in A549 cells.
Methods
According to the determined viral infection titer, A549 cells were infected with 1 MOI (multiplicity of infection) virus, and the mitochondria were extracted after 24 hours of incubation. The lysed mitochondrial protein was analyzed by BCA method for protein concentration, SDS-PAGE preliminary analysis, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. Select different protein spots, perform Western Blot to verify the proteomics results, and then perform GO and KEGG analysis.
Results
In the 2-D gel electrophoresis analysis, 227 protein spots were detected in the H5N1-infected group, and 169 protein spots were detected in the H9N2-infected group. After further MS identification and removal of redundancy, 32 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Compared with the H9N2 group, the H5N1-infected group had 16 upregulated mitochondrial proteins and 16 downregulated proteins. The 70 kDa heat shock protein analogs, short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase, malate dehydrogenase, and ATP synthase were verified by Western Blot, and the results were consistent with proteomics.
Conclusions
Functional analysis indicated that these differentially expressed proteins were involved mainly in apoptosis, metabolism and the cytoskeleton. The differential expression of eight mitochondrial proteins in H5N1-infected cells resulted in decreased T cell activation, decreased antigen presentation and stress response, reduced ATP synthesis, and decreased induction of apoptosis, resulting in the higher pathogenicity of H5N1 virus than H9N2 virus.These finding may provide a basis for analyzing the pathogenesis of influenza viruses with different virulence levels, identifying anti-influenza host targets and developing new influenza vaccines.
Treści ideowe polskich nowożytnych konfesjonałów jako wyraz potrydenckiego nauczania Kościoła
Authors: Gontarek Arkadiusz 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARY
The issue of the presence of confessionals in the interior of the post-Trent church has not yet been addressed by Polish researchers. Brief references in encyclopaedic or dictionary works focus primarily on the evolution of the form of furniture. Therefore, this text will be an attempt to extract the wealth of ideological content, which has so far been omitted or treated marginally, and which is carried by old Polish confessionals. The proposed study includes confessionals located within the borders of today’s Poland and dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries, on which there are paintings or woodcarving images of penitents and confession patrons (sometimes enriched with text), as well as emblematic representations – a total of about 140 modern confessionals in not quite 60 towns and cities. The decoration of “penitential furniture”, as permanent elements of the church’s furnishings, harmonised closely with its whole interior design. On the one hand, it was supposed to complement it, and on the other, it was supposed to be a transmitter of autonomous content. They wereaddressed not only to penitents (e.g. through the presence of images of converted expiators), but also to confessors (images of martyrs of the mystery of confession). Considering the form of the confessional and its iconographic setting in a broader context, it is necessary to indicate the points which expressed the Catholic Church’s response to the errors of the Reformation. This includes the need for individual sacramental confession, based on the apostolic succession, the ruthless presence of a clergyman forgiving sins with the “power of the keys” and the negation of predestination emphasising the truth that man himself consciously chooses good or evil. The ideational richness of the confessional was also greatly influenced by the fact that the three sacraments were concentrated in the confessional: it was the place where one of them was celebrated and the necessary point on the way to receive the Eucharist, at the same time as the necessary presence of an ordained priest. The aim of this article is, therefore, to look at the modern confessional who, in its formal and content layer, visually realises – on an equal footing with other elements of the church’s equipment – the counter-reformation doctrine of the postTrent Church.
Nadzwyczajna zwyczajność. Rembrandt rytownik. Nowatorstwo wobec tradycji
Authors: Tomicka Joanna A. 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARY
The scientific interests of Rev. Professor Janusz Pasierb revolved mostly around questions related to Polish art, often in the perspective of European interconnections, inspirations, as well as differences. The present study has been inspired by an observation by Rev. Professor Pasierb made in reference to a sphere of human activity unrelated to art. Describing in one of his papers the figure of Bishop Konstantyn Dominik (1870–1942), Professor Pasierb employed the phrase extraordinary ordinariness17. In the present text, this term will be used to discuss an artist whose oeuvre depicts ‘extraordinary ordinariness’ in the most multi-aspected and spectacular way. Rembrandt van Rijn was at once a traditionalist and innovator, both in regard to the range of employed subjects and compositional schemes and his craftsmanship. His knowledge of the achievements of his forerunners, continuously developed, inspired his own artistic quest. Despite the fact that he was a painter in the period when elaborated allegory was universally employed, he insisted on the realism of scenes and directness of compositions in order to bring out the extra-sensual dimension, based on symbolism hidden in prosaic life. His works open spaces of universal experiences and feelings, at the same time inclining us to pose questions concerning their complex intellectual interpretation or Rembrandt’s technique. His mastery is equally palpable in his biblical compositions, landscapes or brilliant psychological portraits, while each of the genres was depicted by him both in painting and in graphic arts, which was rare in the times when most artists specialized in only one medium, or even in one genre, like portraits or landscapes, in one medium. Rembrandt is one of the artists referred to as painters-engravers (peintre-graveur), like Albrecht Dürer or Lucas van Leyden before him. In graphic arts in particular, he introduced new technical and compositional solutions, issuing works that often astound with their innovative approach and extremely individual interpretation. Rembrandt’s versatility in terms of addressing various genres is particularly visible in his prints. Certain subjects were resumed by him as he looked for ever new solutions. Several chosen examples of graphic works depicting religious themes combining in various aspects traditionalism and innovation will be discussed to illustrate Rembrandt’s iconographic, compositional and technical concepts and search.
Wątki masońskie w sztuce na dworze Stanisława Augusta
Authors: Skrodzka Agnieszka 
Published: February 2021

Za panowania Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego bardzo wielu polskich luminarzy sztuki i kultury, a także licznych polityków i mężów stanu, należało do masonerii. Ruch ten w Europie XVIII wieku zyskiwał coraz więcej zwolenników, także wśród głów koronowanych. Do wolnomularstwa należał podobno także sam król Stanisław August. Historycy sztuki, próbując odczytywać ukryte treści dzieł sztuki powstających na dworze tego monarchy, dopatrują się w nich wątków masońskich. W niniejszym artykule została przedstawiona próba odrzucenia tych interpretacji. Głównym powodem jest dla autorki brak dowodów w postaci źródeł, które mogłyby potwierdzić słuszność tych twierdzeń.
During the reign of Stanislaus Augustus many Polish luminaries of art and culture, and numerous politicians and statesmen belonged to the freemasonry order. In 18th century Europe this organisation was gaining more and more members, including individuals from royalty. It has been presumed that King Stanislaus Augustus was also a member. Art historians have tried to uncover hidden messages in the artwork commissioned by the king in the search for masonic motives. This article is an attempt to refute such interpretations. The author finds no proof in sources researched that would confirm the validity of such interpretations.
Historia koszar kawaleryjskich przy Łazienkach Warszawskich w latach 1918-1945
Authors: Chrósny Weronika 
Published: February 2021

W artykule została przedstawiona historia koszar kawaleryjskich, znajdujących się w pobliżu Ogrodu Królewskiego - "Łazienki Warszawskie" w latach 1918-1939. Metodologia zastosowana w tekście opierała się na zapisach archiwalnym i bibliotecznych, analizie materiałów kartograficznych i zdjęciach lotniczych. Autorka opisała koszary kawalerii w Warszawie, w których stacjonował 1 Pułk Kawalerii i 1 Dywizjon Artylerii Konnej, podkreślając wszystkie przemiany przestrzenno-architektoniczne, które miały miejsce w koszarach przed II wojną światową. Artykuł jest pierwszym tego typu opracowaniem, które prezentuje bardziej szczegółowo historię tych budynków wojskowych.

The article describes the history of cavalry barracks, located near the Royal Garden „Łazienki Warszawskie” in Warsaw in the years 1918-1939. The methodology used in the text, was based on an archival query, a library query, analysis of cartographic materials and aerial photographs. The author showed the history of cavalry barracks in Warsaw in which 1 Cavalry Regiment and 1 Squadron of Horse Artillery were stationed, emphasizing all spatial transformations that took place in the barracks before World War II. The article is the first to describe in greater detail the history of these military buildings.
Pomniki uczestników walk narodowowyzwoleńczych na południowo-wschodnim obszarze dawnego województwa tarnopolskiego
Authors: Czyż Anna Sylwia 
Published: February 2021

Artykuł obejmuje analizę nagrobków w województwie tarnopolskim (Ukraina), które oznaczają miejsca pochówku uczestników polskich bitew niepodległościowych i wojen w XX wieku. Ich identyfikacja była możliwa dzięki pracom inwentaryzatorskim prowadzonym przez Instytut Historii Sztuki Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie. Pomimo swojej typowej formy, znaczenie omawianych zabytków leży w ich związku z historią Polski.

The article covers the analysis of tombstones in the Ternopil voivodeship (Ukraine) which mark the burial places of participants in Polish independence battles and wars in the 20th century. Their identification was possible thanks to inventory work carried out by the Institute of Art History of Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw. Despite their typical form, the significance of the monuments discussed lies in their connections with the history of Poland.