bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variance Measures for Symmetric Positive (Semi-) Definite Tensors in Two Dimensions
Authors: Herberthson Magnus , Özarslan Evren , Westin Carl-Fredrik 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCalculating the variance of a family of tensors, each represented by a symmetric positive semi-definite second order tensor/matrix, involves the formation of a fourth order tensor $$R_{abcd}$$

R

abcd

. To form this tensor, the tensor product of each second order tensor with itself is formed, and these products are then summed, giving the tensor $$R_{abcd}$$

R

abcd

the same symmetry properties as the elasticity tensor in continuum mechanics. This tensor has been studied with respect to many properties: representations, invariants, decomposition, the equivalence problem et cetera. In this paper we focus on the two-dimensional case where we give a set of invariants which ensures equivalence of two such fourth order tensors $$R_{abcd}$$

R

abcd

and $$\widetilde{R}_{abcd}$$

R
~

abcd

. In terms of components, such an equivalence means that components $$R_{ijkl}$$

R

ijkl

of the first tensor will transform into the components $$\widetilde{R}_{ijkl}$$

R
~

ijkl

of the second tensor for some change of the coordinate system.
Continuous Histograms for Anisotropy of 2D Symmetric Piece-Wise Linear Tensor Fields
Authors: Masood Talha Bin , Hotz Ingrid 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we present an accurate derivation of the distribution of scalar invariants with quadratic behavior represented as continuous histograms. The anisotropy field, computed from a two-dimensional piece-wise linear tensor field, is used as an example and is discussed in all details. Histograms visualizing an approximation of the distribution of scalar values play an important role in visualization. They are used as an interface for the design of transfer-functions for volume rendering or feature selection in interactive interfaces. While there are standard algorithms to compute continuous histograms for piece-wise linear scalar fields, they are not directly applicable to tensor invariants with non-linear, often even non-convex behavior in cells when applying linear tensor interpolation. Our derivation is based on a sub-division of the mesh in triangles that exhibit a monotonic behavior. We compare the results to a naïve approach based on linear interpolation on the original mesh or the subdivision.
Postcolonial Reflections on the Mnemonic Confluence of the Holocaust, Stalinist Crimes, and Colonialism
Authors: Lim Jie-Hyun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLim sets out the origins and progress of the mnemonic confluence of three historical traumas—the Holocaust, the crimes of colonialism, and Stalinist terror. He traces this process back to the “thaw” in memory cultures precipitated by the end of socialism after 1989, and adopts a postcolonial perspective to analyze how victimhood memories arising out of these experiences have become entangled globally. Against the flat model of the cosmopolitanization of the Holocaust, Lim argues for the non-hierarchical comparability of historical traumas. He concludes by proposing “critical relativization” and “radical juxtaposition” as ways of de-hegemonizing and de-centering universal memories and deconstructing mnemonic nationalism.
Öffentliche Mobilität und neue Mobilitätsdienstleistungen – Rahmenbedingungen und Gestaltungsperspektiven
Authors: Wolking Christina 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Mobilitätssektor befindet sich in einem umfassenden Transformationsprozess. Gesellschaftliche Makroentwicklungen, wie die Urbanisierung, Individualisierung, demographischer Wandel und Digitalisierung, eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten, führen aber andererseits auch zu erweiterten Anforderungen an das Mobilitätssystem. Die veränderten Rahmenbedingungen auf übergeordneter Ebene stoßen einen Wandel in Hinblick auf das Mobilitätsverhalten, auf das Mobilitätsangebot, aber auch auf die Leitbilder und Strategien der Politik an. Die Debatte um eine Verkehrswende verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit von Veränderungen des Verkehrssystems. Durch den kontinuierlich hohen Anteil an den Treibhausgasemissionen in Deutschland kommt dem Verkehrssektor, als zweitgrößter Emittent nach der Energiewirtschaft, eine entscheidende Rolle im Kampf gegen den Klimawandel zu.
Extracting Hawking radiation near the horizon of AdS black holes
Authors: Saraswat Krishan , Afshordi Niayesh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study how the evaporation rate of spherically symmetric black holes is affected through the extraction of radiation close to the horizon. We adopt a model of extraction that involves a perfectly absorptive screen placed close to the horizon and show that the evaporation rate can be changed depending on how close to the horizon the screen is placed. We apply our results to show that the scrambling time defined by the Hayden-Preskill decoding criterion, which is derived in Pennington’s work (arXiv:1905.08255) through entanglement wedge reconstruction is modified. The modifications appear as logarithmic corrections to Pennington’s time scale which depend on where the absorptive screen is placed. By fixing the proper distance between the horizon and screen we show that for small AdS black holes the leading order term in the scrambling time is consistent with Pennington’s scrambling time. However, for large AdS black holes the leading order Log contains the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a cell of characteristic length equal to the AdS radius rather than the entropy of the full horizon. Furthermore, using the correspondence between the radial null energy condition (NEC) and the holographic c-theorem, we argue that the screen cannot be arbitrarily close to the horizon. This leads to a holographic argument that black hole mining using a screen cannot significantly alter the lifetime of a black hole.
Entanglement spectrum of geometric states
Authors: Guo Wu-zhong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The reduced density matrix of a given subsystem, denoted by ρA, contains the information on subregion duality in a holographic theory. We may extract the information by using the spectrum (eigenvalue) of the matrix, called entanglement spectrum in this paper. We evaluate the density of eigenstates, one-point and two-point correlation functions in the microcanonical ensemble state ρA,m associated with an eigenvalue λ for some examples, including a single interval and two intervals in vacuum state of 2D CFTs. We find there exists a microcanonical ensemble state with λ0 which can be seen as an approximate state of ρA. The parameter λ0 is obtained in the two examples. For a general geometric state, the approximate microcanonical ensemble state also exists. The parameter λ0 is associated with the entanglement entropy of A and Rényi entropy in the limit n → ∞. As an application of the above conclusion we reform the equality case of the Araki-Lieb inequality of the entanglement entropies of two intervals in vacuum state of 2D CFTs as conditions of Holevo information. We show the constraints on the eigenstates. Finally, we point out some unsolved problems and their significance on understanding the geometric states.
Bark proportion of Scots pine industrial wood
Authors: Berendt Ferréol , Pegel Erik , Blasko Lubomir , Cremer Tobias 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBark characteristics are not only used in the forest-wood supply chain, for example to calculate standing volumes, but also to transform wood volumes and masses. In this study, bark thickness, bark volume and bark mass were analyzed on the basis of 150 Scots pine discs, with a mean diameter of 13 cm. The mean double bark thickness was 3.02 mm, the mean bark volume proportion was 5.6% and mean bark mass proportion was 3.3%. Bark proportions were significantly affected by the log-specific variables ‘diameter over bark’, ‘proportion of bark damage’ and ‘double bark thickness’.
Spondylodiszitis und epiduraler Abszess
Authors: Rotzinger R. , Omidi R. , Gebhard H. , Shariat K. , Ahlhelm F. 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Klinisches/methodisches Problem
Die Spondylodiszitis ist eine Entzündung der intervertebralen Bandscheibe, die beim Erwachsenen aufgrund der Vaskularisation in der Regel mit einer Spondylitis der angrenzenden Wirbelkörper einhergeht und klinisch häufig nur unspezifische Symptome wie Rücken- oder Nackenschmerzen zeigt. Sie kann erregerassoziiert von verschiedenen Pathogenen, v. a. Bakterien, verursacht werden. Dabei können ein oder mehrere Bewegungssegmente betroffen sein. Die Infektion kann epidurale Abszedierungen verursachen und sich auch auf umliegende Kompartimente ausbreiten. Die Radiologie, und hier insbesondere die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT), spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Primärdiagnostik und im Rahmen von Verlaufsbeurteilungen zur Überprüfung des Therapieansprechens. Die Therapie beruht auf konservativen (Antibiotika) und invasiven Ansätzen, einschließlich einer Operation. Die interventionelle Punktion und Drainage ist v. a. in frühen Stadien der Abszessbildung eine vielversprechende Alternative.

Radiologische Standardverfahren
Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT), Computertomographie (CT), nuklearmedizinische Verfahren, konventionelles Röntgen.

Leistungsfähigkeit
Die MRT hat den höchsten Stellenwert. CT und nuklearmedizinische Verfahren können ergänzend und im Fall bestehender Kontraindikationen zur MRT eingesetzt werden.

Schlussfolgerung
Bei adäquater Diagnostik und Therapie hat die Spondylodiszitis eine gute Prognose. Neben der gezielten bzw. kalkulierten medikamentösen Therapie steht beim epiduralen Abszess die invasive Therapie im Vordergrund. Die interventionell-radiologische Punktion und Drainage (auch zur Keimidentifikation für die gezielte Antibiotikatherapie) können frühzeitig eine schonende Alternative zur chirurgischen Sanierung darstellen.
The carbon isotopic signature of C4 crops and its applicability in breeding for climate resilience
Authors: Eggels Stella , Blankenagel Sonja , Schön Chris-Carolin , Avramova Viktoriya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractKey messageCarbon isotope discrimination is a promising trait for indirect screening for improved water use efficiency of C4crops.AbstractIn the context of a changing climate, drought is one of the major factors limiting plant growth and yield. Hence, breeding efforts are directed toward improving water use efficiency (WUE) as a key factor in climate resilience and sustainability of crop production. As WUE is a complex trait and its evaluation is rather resource consuming, proxy traits, which are easier to screen and reliably reflect variation in WUE, are needed. In C3crops, a trait established to be indicative for WUE is the carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of plant material, which reflects the preferential assimilation of the lighter carbon isotope12C over13C during photosynthesis. In C4crops, carbon fixation is more complex and δ13C thus depends on many more factors than in C3crops. Recent physiological and genetic studies indicate a correlation between δ13C and WUE also in C4crops, as well as a colocalization of quantitative trait loci for the two traits. Moreover, significant intraspecific variation as well as a medium to high heritability of δ13C has been shown in some of the main C4crops, such as maize, sorghum and sugarcane, indicating its potential for indirect selection and breeding. Further research on physiological, genetic and environmental components influencing δ13C is needed to support its application in improving WUE and making C4crops resilient to climate change.
The influence of cut direction and process parameters in wire electrical discharge machining of carbon fibre–reinforced plastic composites
Authors: Abdallah Ramy , Soo Sein Leung , Hood Richard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe paper details a comprehensive experimental investigation on the influence of operating parameters and cut direction (parallel and perpendicular to fibre orientation) when wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) unidirectional CFRP composites using zinc-coated brass wire (0.25-mm diameter). A Taguchi L18 fractional factorial orthogonal array considering four variable parameters including open voltage, ignition current and pulse-on time as well as pulse-off time was carried out for each cut direction. Results showed that a ~ 16% increase in maximum material removal rate was achieved when machining parallel to fibre direction (2.41 mm3/min) compared to cutting perpendicular to the fibres (~ 2.08 mm3/min), which was attributed to the higher electrical conductivity of the workpiece along the fibre length leading to greater discharge energies. This however resulted in relatively larger average kerf widths and poorer workpiece surface roughness (Sa) caused by the Joule heating effect. Workpieces machined parallel to fibre direction were generally free of any major edge defects, in contrast to severe delamination observed on both the top and bottom surfaces of specimens cut perpendicular to fibre orientation. High-magnification scanning electron microscopy of the machined surfaces revealed the presence of adhered resin material, fibre cracking, cavities/gaps in the matrix phase and interlayer cracks on most of the samples analysed, with damage severity dependent on the operating parameters and cut direction.
Repeatable differences in exploratory behaviour predict tick infestation probability in wild great tits
Authors: Rollins Robert E. , Mouchet Alexia , Margos Gabriele , Chitimia-Dobler Lidia , Fingerle Volker , Becker Noémie S. , Dingemanse Niels J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEcological factors and individual-specific traits affect parasite infestation in wild animals. Ixodid ticks are important ectoparasites of various vertebrate hosts, which include passerine bird species such as the great tit (Parus major). We studied various key ecological variables (breeding density, human disturbance) and phenotypic traits (exploratory behaviour, body condition) proposed to predict tick infestation probability and burden in great tits. Our study spanned 3 years and 12 nest box plots located in southern Germany. Breeding, adult great tits were assessed for exploration behaviour, body condition, and tick burden. Plots were open to human recreation; human disturbance was quantified in each plot as a recreation pressure index from biweekly nest box inspections. Infested individuals were repeatable in tick burden across years. These repeatable among-individual differences in tick burden were not attributable to exploration behaviour. However, faster explorers did have a higher infestation probability. Furthermore, body condition was negatively correlated to tick burden. Recreation pressure was correlated to increased infestation probability, although this relationship was just above the threshold of statistical significance. Our study implies that avian infestation probability and tick burden are each determined by distinct phenotypic traits and ecological factors. Our findings highlight the importance of animal behaviour and human disturbance in understanding variation in tick burden among avian hosts.Significance statementVarious abiotic and biotic factors, including personality type, influence tick parasitism in birds, but exactly how all these factors interplay remains unclear. We studied a wild population of great tits over a 3-year period and assessed birds for their exploration behaviour and tick infestation. We found that more explorative great tits were more likely to be infested with ticks. By contrast, faster explorers did not have higher tick burdens. Tick burden was nevertheless moderately repeatable among individuals. Our results imply that animal personality influences the probability of parasite infestation, and that infestation likelihood versus intensity are determined by distinct mechanisms. Our work highlights the importance of animal behaviour to understand parasite infestation in wild populations.
Infection threat shapes our social instincts
Authors: Kramer Peter , Bressan Paola 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe social animals must balance the need to avoid infections with the need to interact with conspecifics. To that end we have evolved, alongside our physiological immune system, a suite of behaviors devised to deal with potentially contagious individuals. Focusing mostly on humans, the current review describes the design and biological innards of this behavioral immune system, laying out how infection threat shapes sociality and sociality shapes infection threat. The paper shows how the danger of contagion is detected and posted to the brain; how it affects individuals’ mate choice and sex life; why it strengthens ties within groups but severs those between them, leading to hostility toward anyone who looks, smells, or behaves unusually; and how it permeates the foundation of our moral and political views. This system was already in place when agriculture and animal domestication set off a massive increase in our population density, personal connections, and interaction with other species, amplifying enormously the spread of disease. Alas, pandemics such as COVID-19 not only are a disaster for public health, but, by rousing millions of behavioral immune systems, could prove a threat to harmonious cohabitation too.
Spiky-joint: a bioinspired solution to combine mobility and support
Authors: Khaheshi Ali , Gorb Stanislav N. , Rajabi Hamed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mobility and support are two structural properties that are often mutually exclusive. However, combining them could enhance the performance of mechanical components, and offer novel technical applications. Here through the implementation of a bioinspired interlocking mechanism in the design of a supportive, yet mobile, wrist splint, we tackled the conflicting combination of the two properties. We elaborated our design into a technology readiness level and, using 3D printing, directly converted it into a real-life application. In contrast to the existing splints, our bioinspired splint supports human wrist without impairing its movements. Hence, it can be used to prevent hyperextension injuries without hindering wrist function. By being interlocked at the maximum wrist extension, our splint could be an ideal wrist support for athletes, especially weightlifters. By restricting the wrist mobility, it could also be used as a support device to treat less severe medical issues, such as sprain, strain, or even for the recovery after cast removal, during which full immobilization may result in muscle atrophy. Our design strategy is purely structural; hence, it can be easily modified and implemented in other engineering applications. The simple, yet efficient, solution developed in this study offers a universal paradigm for developing engineering systems that pursuit both mobility and support.

Graphic abstract
Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes in men with mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: analysis of published case-series data
Authors: Grogg Josias Bastian , Fronzaroli Jordi Nicola , Oliveira Pedro , Bode Peter-Karl , Lorch Anja , Issa Allaudin , Beyer Joerg , Eberli Daniel , Sangar Vijay , Hermanns Thomas , Clarke Noel William , Fankhauser Christian Daniel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeMesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis (MTVT) is a rare tumor, and currently, there are no published treatment recommendations.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature review and synthesized clinical presentation, clinicopathological factors associated with metastatic disease, treatment options, and outcomes in men with MTVT.ResultsWe included 170 publications providing data on 275 patients. Metastatic disease occurred in 84/275 (31%) men with malignant MTVT: Most common sites included retroperitoneal lymph nodes (LNs) (40/84, 48%), lungs (30/84, 36%), and inguinal LNs (23/84, 27%).Invasion of the spermatic cord or scrotum was the only risk factor for local recurrence [odds ratio (OR) 3.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36–7.57]. Metastatic disease was associated with age ≥ 42 years (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.33–6.86), tumor size ≥ 49 mm (OR 6.17, 95% CI 1.84–20.74), presence of necrosis (OR 8.31, 95% CI 1.58–43.62), high mitotic index (OR 13.36, 95% CI 1.53–116.51) or angiolymphatic invasion (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.02–13.80), and local recurrence (OR 4.35, 95% CI 2.00–9.44). Complete remission in the metastatic setting was observed in five patients, most of whom were treated with multimodal therapy. Median survival in patients with metastatic disease was 18 months (IQR 7–43).ConclusionMalignant MTVT is a rare but aggressive disease. Since local recurrence is a risk factor for metastatic progression, we recommend aggressive local treatment. Survival and response to any treatment in the metastatic setting are limited.
On-chip trainable hardware-based deep Q-networks approximating a backpropagation algorithm
Authors: Kim Jangsaeng , Kwon Dongseok , Woo Sung Yun , Kang Won-Mook , Lee Soochang , Oh Seongbin , Kim Chul-Heung , Bae Jong-Ho , Park Byung-Gook , Lee Jong-Ho 
Published: February 2021

AbstractReinforcement learning (RL) using deep Q-networks (DQNs) has shown performance beyond the human level in a number of complex problems. In addition, many studies have focused on bio-inspired hardware-based spiking neural networks (SNNs) given the capabilities of these technologies to realize both parallel operation and low power consumption. Here, we propose an on-chip training method for DQNs applicable to hardware-based SNNs. Because the conventional backpropagation (BP) algorithm is approximated, a performance evaluation based on two simple games shows that the proposed system achieves performance similar to that of a software-based system. The proposed training method can minimize memory usage and reduce power consumption and area occupation levels. In particular, for simple problems, the memory dependency can be significantly reduced given that high performance is achieved without using replay memory. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of the nonlinearity characteristics and two types of variation of non-ideal synaptic devices on the performance outcomes. In this work, thin-film transistor (TFT)-type flash memory cells are used as synaptic devices. A simulation is also conducted using fully connected neural network with non-leaky integrated-and-fire (I&F) neurons. The proposed system shows strong immunity to device variations because an on-chip training scheme is adopted.