bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond laser-assisted implantation of corneal stroma lenticule for keratoconus
Authors: Fasolo Adriano , Galzignato Alice , Pedrotti Emilio , Chierego Chiara , Cozzini Tiziano , Bonacci Erika , Marchini Giorgio 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To review recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives of stromal keratophakia for the treatment of advanced keratoconus.

Methods
We systematically reviewed the literature in the PubMed database, last update June 30, 2020. No language restriction was applied. The authors checked the reference lists of the retrieved articles to identify any additional study of interest.

Results
Several techniques have been proposed for the treatment of keratoconus in order to avoid or delay keratoplasty. This was primarily due to the lack of accessibility to donor corneas in many countries. The ease and predictability of the more advanced femtosecond lasers used to correct ametropias by stromal lenticule extraction lead to hypothesize that generated refractive lenticules could be implanted into corneal stromal layers to restore volume and alter the refractive properties of the cornea in patients with corneal ectasias. At the same time, new techniques for preservation, customization, and cellular therapy of the corneal stromal have been developed, directing to the valorization of otherwise discarded byproducts such as donor corneas unsuitable for either lamellar of penetrating keratoplasty.

Conclusions
Femtosecond laser-assisted stromal keratophakia could be a suitable therapeutic option for the treatment of corneal ectasias, especially in patients with advanced keratoconus, providing biomechanical support recovering the pachimetry to nearly normal value at the same time. The accuracy and predictability of the refractive outcome are yet a critical issue and the patient eligible for the procedure still has to be characterized.
Who Reports What? A Comparison of Child and Caregivers´ Reports of Child Trauma Exposure and Associations to Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Functional Impairment in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Clinics
Authors: Skar Ane-Marthe Solheim , Jensen Tine K. , Harpviken Anna Naterstad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIdentifying trauma-related symptoms is important for treatment planning at child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), and routine trauma screening may be a first step to ensure appropriate treatment. Studies with community samples have found modest agreement between children’s and caregivers´ report of exposure to potentially traumatizing events (PTEs). However, studies from clinical populations are scarce and the evidence base for screening recommendations is insufficient. The current study explores child and caregiver agreement on the child’s exposure to PTEs and its relationship with the child’s post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and functional impairment. The sample consist of 6653 caregiver-child dyads referred to Norwegian CAMHS between 2012–2017. The children were 6 to 18 years of age (M = 12.03, SD = 3.14) and 47% were boys and 45% were girls (8% missing). Children reported significantly more exposure to accidents or illness, community violence, and sexual abuse than their caregiver, but there were no differences for reports of domestic violence. Kappa results were fair to moderate, with the highest agreement rate for reports of sexual abuse, followed by domestic violence, community violence, and lowest agreement for accidents or illnesses. There were higher agreement rates among caregivers and older children, and caregivers and girls. In general, the child had higher PTSS and functional impairment scores when child exposure to PTEs were reported by both the caregiver and the child. Both children and caregivers should be included in trauma screening procedures at CAMHS to collect a more complete picture of the child’s experiences and treatment needs.
Textile-based cyanobacteria biocomposites for potential environmental remediation applications
Authors: Hart Rachel , In-na Pichaya , Kapralov Maxim V. , Lee Jonathan G.M. , Caldwell Gary S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMicroalgae and cyanobacteria are effective platforms for environmental remediation (phycoremediation), particularly of air and water. There is limited scope to deploy suspension cultures due to space, cost and maintenance challenges—driving an imperative towards biofilm-based treatment systems; however, these systems are ill-equipped for rapid and mobile deployment. In this study we explored the main technical challenges to developing cheap, accessible and low-maintenance engineered biofilm systems (biocomposites) comprising cyanobacteria (Synechococcus elongatus) immobilised to a range of textiles (n = 4) by natural or synthetic latex binders (n = 16), chitosan or shellac. Biocomposite viability (measured as net CO2 uptake) was assessed over 20 days in semi-batch trials. No maintenance was required during this period as the humidity within the reactor was sufficient to support metabolism. Two commercial natural latex binders (AURO 320 and 321) supported strong growth within the biocomposite, outperforming suspension controls. There was variation in textiles performance, with an 80/20 polyester-cotton blend performing most consistently. Biocomposite formulation was varied in terms of binder solids content and cell loading rate, with 5% solids and 2.5% cell loading the most effective combination. We demonstrate the technical feasibility of fabricating functional textile-based cyanobacteria biocomposites and discuss this within the context of developing decentralised wastewater treatment services.
Determining elastic anisotropy of textured polycrystals using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
Authors: Evans Jordan A. , Sturtevant Blake T. , Clausen Bjørn , Vogel Sven C. , Balakirev Fedor F. , Betts Jonathan B. , Capolungo Laurent , Lebensohn Ricardo A. , Maiorov Boris 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPolycrystalline materials can have complex anisotropic properties depending on their crystallographic texture and crystal structure. In this study, we use resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) to nondestructively quantify the elastic anisotropy in extruded aluminum alloy 1100-O, an inherently low-anisotropy material. Further, we show that RUS can be used to indirectly provide a description of the material’s texture, which in the present case is found to be transversely isotropic. By determining the entire elastic tensor, we can identify the level and orientation of the anisotropy originated during extrusion. The relative anisotropy of the compressive (c11/c33) and shear (c44/c66) elastic constants is 1.5% ± 0.5% and 5.7% ± 0.5%, respectively, where the elastic constants (five independent elastic constants for transversely isotropic) are those associated with the extrusion axis that defines the symmetry of the texture. These results indicate that the texture is expected to have transversely isotropic symmetry. This finding is confirmed by two additional approaches. First, we confirm elastic constants and the degree of elastic anisotropy by direct sound velocity measurements using ultrasonic pulse echo. Second, neutron diffraction (ND) data confirm the symmetry of the bulk texture consistent with extrusion-induced anisotropy, and polycrystal elasticity simulations using the elastic self-consistent model with input from ND textures and aluminum single-crystal elastic constants render similar levels of polycrystal elastic anisotropy to those measured by RUS. We demonstrate the ability of RUS to detect texture-induced anisotropy in inherently low-anisotropy materials. Therefore, as many other common materials have intrinsically higher elastic anisotropy, this technique should be applicable for similar levels of texture, providing an efficient general diagnostic and characterization tool.
A literature review of open-ended concept maps as a research instrument to study knowledge and learning
Authors: de Ries Kirsten E. , Schaap Harmen , van Loon Anne-Marieke M. J. A. P. , Kral Marijke M. H. , Meijer Paulien C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn educational, social or organizational studies, open-ended concept maps are used as an instrument to collect data about and analyze individuals’ conceptual knowledge. Open-ended concept map studies devoted to knowledge and learning apply a variety of methods of analysis. This literature review systematically summarizes the various ways in which open-ended concept maps have been applied in previous studies of knowledge and learning. This paper describes three major aspects of these studies: what methods of analysis were used, what concept map characteristics were considered, and what conclusions about individuals’ knowledge or understanding were drawn. Twenty-five studies that used open-ended concept maps as a research instrument were found eligible for inclusion. In addition, the paper examines associations between the three aspects of the studies and provides guidelines for methodological coherence in the process of such analysis. This review underscores the importance of expatiating on choices made concerning these aspects. The transparency provided by this method of working will contribute to the imitable application of open-ended concept maps as a research tool and foster more informed choices in future open-ended concept map studies.”
The independence of (in)coherence
Authors: Lee Wooram 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOn an increasingly popular view of rationality, rationality is fundamentally about responding correctly to reasons and there is no independent rational requirement to avoid incoherence: having an incoherent combination of attitudes is irrational not because there is a fundamental requirement of rationality that prohibits it, but rather because you are guaranteed to fail to respond correctly to reasons in having it. This paper argues that any such attempt to explain the irrationality of incoherence in terms of responsiveness to reasons fails. For there is something distinctively irrational about incoherence that is not explained in terms of the guaranteed failure to respond to reasons. Any adequate account of the nature of coherence requirements on belief and intention should take into account the distinctive kind of commitments involved in each type of attitude.
More than Meets the Eye: Understanding Perceptions of China Beyond the Favorable–Unfavorable Dichotomy
Authors: Li Xiaojun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHow is China viewed by citizens of other countries? Popular polling data based on the feeling thermometer scale can reveal overall patterns of public sentiment toward China, but they do not necessarily capture the multidimensional preferences of the public. This article takes a deeper dive into a series of surveys conducted in Canada that covered a wide range of topics, from trade and investment to international leadership. Two broad conclusions follow. First, public perceptions of China are much more nuanced and conflicted than can be quickly gleaned from the simple dichotomy of “favorable versus unfavorable,” especially as one moves from overall impressions to more specific policy issues. Second, misperceptions of China are widespread and may be difficult to overcome, especially among those who already view China negatively. At a time when countries around the world are grappling with the rise of China and its expanding global footprint, failure to account for these features in public opinion about China may lead to misguided policies.
seMLP: Self-evolving Multi-layer Perceptron in Stock Trading Decision Making
Authors: Jun Seow Wen , Sekh Arif Ahmed , Quek Chai , Prasad Dilip K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere is a growing interest in automatic crafting of neural network architectures as opposed to expert tuning to find the best architecture. On the other hand, the problem of stock trading is considered one of the most dynamic systems that heavily depends on complex trends of the individual company. This paper proposes a novel self-evolving neural network system called self-evolving Multi-Layer Perceptron (seMLP) which can abstract the data and produce an optimum neural network architecture without expert tuning. seMLP incorporates the human cognitive ability of concept abstraction into the architecture of the neural network. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine the best neural network architecture that is capable of knowledge abstraction of the data. After determining the architecture of the neural network with the minimum width, seMLP prunes the network to remove the redundant neurons in the network, thus decreasing the density of the network and achieving conciseness. seMLP is evaluated on three stock market data sets. The optimized models obtained from seMLP are compared and benchmarked against state-of-the-art methods. The results show that seMLP can automatically choose best performing models.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Internet of Things (IoT) cybersecurity
Authors: Kuzlu Murat , Fair Corinne , Guler Ozgur 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn recent years, the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased exponentially, and cybersecurity concerns have increased along with it. On the cutting edge of cybersecurity is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is used for the development of complex algorithms to protect networks and systems, including IoT systems. However, cyber-attackers have figured out how to exploit AI and have even begun to use adversarial AI in order to carry out cybersecurity attacks. This review paper compiles information from several other surveys and research papers regarding IoT, AI, and attacks with and against AI and explores the relationship between these three topics with the purpose of comprehensively presenting and summarizing relevant literature in these fields.
“Chatty Devices” and edge-based activity classification
Authors: Lakoju Mike , Javed Amir , Rana Omer , Burnap Pete , Atiba Samuelson T. , Cherkaoui Soumaya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWith increasing automation of manufacturing processes (focusing on technologies such as robotics and human-robot interaction), there is a realisation that the manufacturing process and the artefacts/products it produces can be better connected post-production. Built on this requirement, a “chatty" factory involves creating products which are able to send data back to the manufacturing/production environment as they are used, whilst still ensuring user privacy. The intended use of a product during design phase may different significantly from actual usage. Understanding how this data can be used to support continuous product refinement, and how the manufacturing process can be dynamically adapted based on the availability of this data provides a number of opportunities. We describe how data collected on product use can be used to: (i) classify product use; (ii) associate a label with product use using unsupervised learning—making use of edge-based analytics; (iii) transmission of this data to a cloud environment where labels can be compared across different products of the same type. Federated learning strategies are used on edge devices to ensure that any data captured from a product can be analysed locally (ensuring data privacy).
Rural–urban differences in antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated urinary tract infection
Authors: Clark Abbye W. , Durkin Michael J. , Olsen Margaret A. , Keller Matthew , Ma Yinjiao , O’Neil Caroline A. , Butler Anne M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:To examine rural–urban differences in temporal trends and risk of inappropriate antibiotic use by agent and duration among women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI).Design:Observational cohort study.Methods:Using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database (2010–2015), we identified US commercially insured women aged 18–44 years coded for uncomplicated UTI and prescribed an oral antibiotic agent. We classified antibiotic agents and durations as appropriate versus inappropriate based on clinical guidelines. Rural–urban status was defined by residence in a metropolitan statistical area. We used modified Poisson regression to determine the association between rural–urban status and inappropriate antibiotic receipt, accounting for patient- and provider-level characteristics. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate trends in antibiotic use by rural–urban status.Results:Of 670,450 women with uncomplicated UTI, a large proportion received antibiotic prescriptions for inappropriate agents (46.7%) or durations (76.1%). Compared to urban women, rural women were more likely to receive prescriptions with inappropriately long durations (adjusted risk ratio 1.10, 95% CI, 1.10–1.10), which was consistent across subgroups. From 2011 to 2015, there was slight decline in the quarterly proportion of patients who received inappropriate agents (48.5% to 43.7%) and durations (78.3% to 73.4%). Rural–urban differences varied over time by agent (duration outcome only), geographic region, and provider specialty.Conclusions:Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is quite common for the treatment of uncomplicated UTI. Rural women are more likely to receive inappropriately long antibiotic durations. Antimicrobial stewardship interventions are needed to improve outpatient UTI antibiotic prescribing and to reduce unnecessary exposure to antibiotics, particularly in rural settings.
TOOL OR LENS? WORLDVIEW THEORY AND CHRISTIAN CONSERVATIVE LEGAL ACTIVISM
Authors: Whitehead Jason E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article combines historical and philosophical analysis to examine and critique the ideas motivating Christian conservative legal activism. Such activists routinely claim to be motivated by a Christian worldview, which they define as a comprehensive explanation of reality that determines all their thinking and action, including their legal activism and argumentation. Examination of the historical and philosophical roots of the concept of worldview identified by Christian thinkers reveals two understandings of the concept: an analytic tool for rationally comparing the evidence for different social philosophies, and a pre-theoretical lens that determines what counts as evidence in the first place. Christian conservatives have largely favored the first sense of worldview as a tool to understand issues like sexuality and gender identity in an essentialist way and to demonstrate with foundationalist logic the rational superiority of their legal conclusions about these issues. However, a comparison of the Christian conservative worldview and the queer theory worldview illustrates how this understanding of worldview as a tool fails because there is no neutral perspective outside of any worldview, from which one could examine and compare one to another. The idea of worldview as a pre-theoretical, historically, and socially contingent lens can be more productive. Embracing this notion of worldview in a personalist way is necessary to build a culture of dialogue that uses narrative to pursue the truth while also respecting and honoring the different perspectives from which these narratives are told.
A self-adaptive two-parameter method for characterizing roughness of multi-scale subglacial topography
Authors: Lang Shinan , Xu Ben , Cui Xiangbin , Luo Kun , Guo Jingxue , Tang Xueyuan , Cai Yiheng , Sun Bo , Siegert Martin J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDuring the last few decades, bed-elevation profiles from radar sounders have been used to quantify bed roughness. Various methods have been employed, such as the ‘two-parameter’ technique that considers vertical and slope irregularities in topography, but they struggle to incorporate roughness at multiple spatial scales leading to a breakdown in their depiction of bed roughness where the relief is most complex. In this article, we describe a new algorithm, analogous to wavelet transformations, to quantify the bed roughness at multiple scales. The ‘Self-Adaptive Two-Parameter’ system calculates the roughness of a bed profile using a frequency-domain method, allowing the extraction of three characteristic factors: (1) slope, (2) skewness and (3) coefficient of variation. The multi-scale roughness is derived by weighted-summing of these frequency-related factors. We use idealized bed elevations to initially validate the algorithm, and then actual bed-elevation data are used to compare the new roughness index with other methods. We show the new technique is an effective tool for quantifying bed roughness from radar data, paving the way for improved continental-wide depictions of bed roughness and incorporation of this information into ice flow models.
Origins: Colonies and Statistics
Authors: Arneil Barbara 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this address, I examine the lexical, geographic, temporal and philosophical origins of two key concepts in modern political thought: colonies and statistics. Beginning with the Latin word colonia, I argue that the modern ideology of settler colonialism is anchored in the claim of “improvement” of both people and land via agrarian labour in John Locke's labour theory of property in seventeenth-century America, through which he sought to provide an ideological justification for both the assimilation and dispossession of Indigenous peoples. This same ideology of colonialism was turned inward a century later by Sir John Sinclair to justify domestic colonies on “waste” land in Scotland—specifically Caithness (the county within which my own grandparents were tenant farmers). Domestic colonialism understood as “improvement” of people (the “idle” poor and mentally ill and disabled) through engagement in agrarian labour on waste land inside explicitly named colonies within the borders of one's own country was first championed not only by Sinclair but also his famous correspondent, Jeremy Bentham, in England. Sinclair simultaneously coined the word statistics and was the first to use it in the English language. He defined it as the scientific gathering of mass survey data to shape state policies. Bentham embraced statistics as well. In both cases, statistics were developed and deployed to support their domestic colony schemes by creating a benchmark and roadmap for the improvement of people and land as well as a tool to measure the colony's capacity to achieve both over time. I conclude that settler colonialism along with the intertwined origins of domestic colonies and statistics have important implications for the study of political science in Canada, the history of colonialism as distinct from imperialism in modern political thought and the role played by intersecting colonialisms in the Canadian polity.
Phylogenetic genotyping, virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from cases of bovine mastitis
Authors: Aslam Nashmil , Khan Saeed-Ul-Hassan , Usman Tahir , Ali Tariq 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe study described in this research communication used phylogenetic genotyping to identify virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility in Escherichia coli recovered from cases of bovine mastitis. From 385 mastitic milk samples, 30 (7.8%) isolates were confirmed as E. coli. Most isolates (80%) belonged to phylo-group A. These 30 E. coli isolates were also screened for 11 different virulence genes. The majority of isolates (63%) harbored no virulence gene. Only 11 (37%) isolates tested positive for two virulence genes, either the iron uptake gene iucD in 3 (10%) isolates or the serum resistance gene traT in 2 (7%) isolates or both traT and iucD in 6 (20%) isolates. The E. coli isolates showed highest susceptibility to gentamicin, meropenem, and pipracillin. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime and streptomycin. This study suggests that mastitis causing E. coli might originate from commensal bacteria and that the presence of these virulence genes, common in extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains could be attributed to high genetic variability of mastitis-causing E. coli.