bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early resistance training‐mediated stimulation of daily muscle protein synthetic responses to higher habitual protein intake in middle‐aged adults
Authors: Salvador Amadeo F. , McKenna Colleen F. , Paulussen Kevin J. M. , Keeble Alexander R. , Askow Andrew T. , Fang Hsin‐Yu , Li Zhong , Ulanov Alexander V. , Paluska Scott A. , Moore Daniel R. , Burd Nicholas A. 
Published: July 2021

Key points
The ingestion of protein potentiates the stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates after an acute bout of resistance exercise.
Protein supplementation (eating above the protein Recommended Dietary Allowance) during resistance training has been shown to maximize lean mass and strength gains in healthy young and older adults.
Here, contractile, oxidative, and structural protein synthesis were assessed in skeletal muscle in response to a moderate or higher protein diet during the early adaptive phase of resistance training in middle‐aged adults.
The stimulation of myofibrillar, mitochondrial or collagen protein synthesis rates during 0–3 weeks of resistance training is not further enhanced by a higher protein diet.
These results show that moderate protein diets are sufficient to support the skeletal muscle adaptive response during the early phase of a resistance training programme.
AbstractProtein ingestion augments muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates acutely after resistance exercise and can offset age‐related loss in muscle mass. Skeletal muscle contains a variety of protein pools, such as myofibrillar (contractile), mitochondrial (substrate oxidation), and collagen (structural support) proteins, and the sensitivity to nutrition and exercise seems to be dependent on the major protein fraction studied. However, it is unknown how free‐living conditions with high dietary protein density and habitual resistance exercise mediates muscle protein subfraction synthesis. Therefore, we investigated the effect of moderate (MOD: 1.06 ± 0.22 g kg−1 day−1) or high (HIGH: 1.55 ± 0.25 g kg−1 day−1) protein intake on daily MPS rates within the myofibrillar (MyoPS), mitochondrial (MitoPS) and collagen (CPS) protein fractions in middle‐aged men and women (n = 20, 47 ± 1 years, BMI 28 ± 1 kg m–2) during the early phase (0–3 weeks) of a dietary counselling‐controlled resistance training programme. Participants were loaded with deuterated water, followed by daily maintenance doses throughout the intervention. Muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and after weeks 1, 2 and 3. MyoPS in the HIGH condition remained constant (P = 1.000), but MOD decreased over time (P = 0.023). MitoPS decreased after 0–3 weeks when compared to 0–1 week (P = 0.010) with no effects of protein intake (P = 0.827). A similar decline with no difference between groups (P = 0.323) was also observed for CPS (P = 0.007). Our results demonstrated that additional protein intake above moderate amounts does not potentiate the stimulation of longer‐term MPS responses during the early stage of resistance training adaptations in middle‐aged adults.
Innovative Approach to Evaluate the Wearing of Nano-TiO2-Doped Alumina Ceramics in the Light of Image Modeling
Authors: Haldar Partha , Mukherjee Alok , Bhattacharya Tapas Kumar , Modak Nipu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The present research is emphasized on the microscopic observation of post-wear surface of nano-TiO2-doped alumina ceramics to access wearing by promising image processing algorithms, namely, entropy analysis, Sobel edge detection technique, and entropy filtered image histogram analysis in relation to the extent of doping. The experimental results of specific wear-rate showed an indicator with the extent of microfracturing of grains, plowing of materials and debris formation on the wear track after a long wear cycle in terms of entropy level, edge density index, and entropy filtered image, and the nature of histogram at different doping levels. The lowest value of entropy level and edge density index is shown at the level of 1 wt%. TiO2-doped alumina ceramics due to the presence of low number of granularity and microfracture grains on the wear track cause the lowering of specific wear-rate. The histogram of entropy filtered image for 1 wt% doping is more uniformly distributed with the highest frequency and lowest skewness factor over a wide range of intensity values.
Effect of Eccentricity and Surface Roughness on Probabilistic Performance of Two Axial Groove Bearing
Authors: Roy Biswajit , Roy Lintu , Dey Sudip 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper presents the effect of eccentricity and surface roughness on the probabilistic performance of two axial groove hydrodynamic journal bearing. In general, it is difficult to quantify experimentally the variabilities involved in dynamic responses of the hydrodynamic bearing due to the randomness involved in surface asperity and eccentricity ratio. The deterministic models available for the analysis of the bearings are not capable to include such uncertainties. Thus, the focus of the study is to quantify such uncertainties on the performance of a two axial grooved journal bearing. To simulate the variabilities of the stochastic variables, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is carried out. The steady-state and dynamic coefficients are obtained by solving the Reynolds equation using a surrogate-based finite difference method. The moving least square (MLS) method is used as the surrogate model to increase the computational efficiency of MCS.
A Machine Learning Approach to Solve the Alt–Burmester Problem for Synthesis of Defect-Free Spatial Mechanisms
Authors: Sharma Shashank , Purwar Anurag 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present a machine learning algorithm to synthesize defect-free single-degree-of-freedom spatial mechanisms for the Alt–Burmester problem. The Alt–Burmester problem is a generalization of a pure motion synthesis problem to include via path-points with missing orientations. While much work has been done towards the synthesis of planar and, to some extent, spherical mechanisms, the generation of mechanisms that are free of circuit, branch, and order defects has proven to be a difficult task. This is even more challenging for spatial mechanisms, which can consist of a large number of circuits and branches. Moreover, the Alt–Burmester problem makes solving such problems using an analytical approach further demanding. In this paper, we present a novel machine learning algorithm for solving the Alt–Burmester problem for spatial 5-SS platform mechanism using a variational autoencoder (VAE) architecture. The VAE helps capture the relationship between path and orientation properties of the motion of the 5-SS mechanisms, which enables reformulating the Alt–Burmester problem into a pure motion synthesis problem. The end goal is to produce defect-free spatial mechanism design solutions. While our focus in this paper is on the 5-SS mechanisms, this approach can be scaled to any single-degree-of-freedom spatial mechanisms.
Gaussian Process Surrogate Modeling Under Control Uncertainties for Yield Prediction of Carbon Nanotube Production Processes
Authors: Park Chiwoo , Rao Rahul , Nikolaev Pavel , Maruyama Benji 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A large-scale production of carbon nanotubes has been of great interest due to their practical needs, which is limited by the difficulty of producing them with controlled structures and properties. We seek for a surrogate modeling to predict the process yield for a given process configuration under control uncertainties. The predictive power can be used to optimize the process configuration in a closed-loop production system. A challenge in the surrogate modeling is that some process conditions are controlled by other manipulating factors, and the control precision is not high. Therefore, the process conditions vary significantly even under the same setting of the manipulating factors. Due to this variation, the surrogate modeling that directly relates the manipulating factors to the process outcome does not provide a great predictive power on the outcome. At the same time, the model relating the process conditions to the outcome is not appropriate for the prediction purpose because the process conditions cannot be accurately set as planned due to the control uncertainties for a future process run. Motivated by the example, we propose a two-tiered Gaussian process (GP) model, where the bottom tier relates the manipulating factors to the process conditions with control variation, and the top tier relates the process conditions to the outcome. It explicitly models the propagation of the control uncertainty to the outcome through the two modeling tiers. The benefits of the approach over the standard GP approach are illustrated with multiple simulated scenarios and carbon nanotube production processes.
Development of a Porcine Model to Assess the Effect of In Situ Knee Joint Loading on Site-Specific Cartilage Gene Expression
Authors: Otoo Baaba S. , Li LePing , Hart David A. , Herzog Walter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cyclic mechanical loading of cartilage induces stresses and fluid flow, which are thought to modulate chondrocyte metabolism. The uneven surface, plus the heterogeneity of cartilage within a joint, makes stress and fluid pressure distribution in the tissue nonuniform, and gene expression may vary at different sites as a function of load magnitude, frequency, and time. In previous studies, cartilage explants were used for loading tests to investigate biological responses of the cartilage to mechanical loading. In contrast, we used loading tests on intact knee joints, to better reflect the loading conditions in a joint, and thus provide a more physiologically relevant mechanical environment. Gene expression levels in loaded samples for a selection of relevant genes were compared with those of the corresponding unloaded control samples to characterize potential differences. Furthermore, the effects of load magnitude and duration on gene expression levels were investigated. We observed differences in gene expression levels between samples from different sites in the same joint and between corresponding samples from the same site in loaded and unloaded joints. Consistent with previous findings, our results indicate that there is a critical upper and lower threshold of loading for triggering the expression of certain genes. Variations in gene expression levels may reflect the effect of local loading, topography, and structure of the cartilage in an intact joint on the metabolic activity of the associated cells.
A Hybrid Reactive Multiphasic Mixture With a Compressible Fluid Solvent
Authors: Shim Jay J. , Ateshian Gerard A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mixture theory is a general framework that has been used to model mixtures of solid, fluid, and solute constituents, leading to significant advances in modeling the mechanics of biological tissues and cells. Though versatile and applicable to a wide range of problems in biomechanics and biophysics, standard multiphasic mixture frameworks incorporate neither dynamics of viscous fluids nor fluid compressibility, both of which facilitate the finite element implementation of computational fluid dynamics solvers. This study formulates governing equations for reactive multiphasic mixtures where the interstitial fluid has a solvent which is viscous and compressible. This hybrid reactive multiphasic framework uses state variables that include the deformation gradient of the porous solid matrix, the volumetric strain and rate of deformation of the solvent, the solute concentrations, and the relative velocities between the various constituents. Unlike standard formulations which employ a Lagrange multiplier to model fluid pressure, this framework requires the formulation of a function of state for the pressure, which depends on solvent volumetric strain and solute concentrations. Under isothermal conditions the formulation shows that the solvent volumetric strain remains continuous across interfaces between hybrid multiphasic domains. Apart from the Lagrange multiplier-state function distinction for the fluid pressure, and the ability to accommodate viscous fluid dynamics, this hybrid multiphasic framework remains fully consistent with standard multiphasic formulations previously employed in biomechanics. With these additional features, the hybrid multiphasic mixture theory makes it possible to address a wider range of problems that are important in biomechanics and mechanobiology.
Fluttering Amplitude Amplification by Utilizing Flapping Moment in Flutter-Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Zhang Yi , Chan Ka Chung , Fu Sau Chung , Chao Christopher Yu Hang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Flutter-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (FTENG) is one of the most promising methods to harvest small-scale wind energy. Wind causes self-fluttering motion of a flag in the FTENG to generate electricity by contact electrification. A lot of studies have been conducted to enhance the energy output by increasing the surface charge density of the flag, but only a few researches tried to increase the converting efficiency by enlarging the flapping motion. In this study, we show that by simply replacing the rigid flagpole in the FTENG with a flexible flagpole, the energy conversion efficiency is augmented and the energy output is enhanced. It is found that when the flag flutters, the flagpole also undergoes aerodynamic force. The lift force generated from the fluttering flag applies a periodic rotational moment on the flagpole, and causes the flagpole to vibrate. The vibration of the flagpole, in turn amplifies the flutter of the flag. Both the fluttering dynamics of the flags with rigid and flexible flagpoles have been recorded by a high-speed camera. When the flag was held by a flexible flagpole, the fluttering amplitude and the contact area between the flag and electrode plates were increased. The energy enhancement increased as the flow velocity increased and the enhancement can be 113 times when the wind velocity is 10 m/s. The thickness of the flagpole was investigated. An optimal output of open-circuit voltage reaching 1128 V (peak-to-peak value) or 312.40 V (RMS value), and short-circuit current reaching 127.67 μA (peak-to-peak value) or 31.99 μA (RMS value) at 12.21 m/s flow velocity was achieved. This research presents a simple design to enhance the output performance of an FTENG by amplifying the fluttering amplitude. Based on the performance obtained in this study, the improved FTENG has the potential to apply in a smart city for driving electronic devices as a power source for IoT applications.
Rubik’s Cube Topology Based Particle Swarm Algorithm for Bilevel Building Energy Transaction
Authors: Feng Xiaochun , Chen Yang , Zhang Jian , Cho Heejin , Shi Xin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Following the rapid growth of distributed energy resources (e.g. renewables, battery), localized peer-to-peer energy transactions are receiving more attention for multiple benefits, such as, reducing power loss, stabilizing the main power grid, etc. To promote distributed renewables locally, the local trading price is usually set to be within the external energy purchasing and selling price range. Consequently, building prosumers are motivated to trade energy through a local transaction center. This local energy transaction is modeled in bilevel optimization game. A selfish upper level agent is assumed with the privilege to set the internal energy transaction price with an objective of maximizing its arbitrage profit. Meanwhile, the building prosumers at the lower level will response to this transaction price and make decisions on electricity transaction amount. Therefore, this non-cooperative leader-follower trading game is seeking for equilibrium solutions on the energy transaction amount and prices. In addition, a uniform local transaction price structure (purchase price equals selling price) is considered here. Aiming at reducing the computational burden from classical Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) transformation and protecting the private information of each stakeholder (e.g., building), swarm intelligence based solution approach is employed for upper level agent to generate trading price and coordinate the transactive operations. On one hand, to decrease the chance of premature convergence in global-best topology, Rubiks Cube topology is proposed in this study based on further improvement of a two-dimensional square lattice model (i.e., one local-best topology-Von Neumann topology). Rotating operation of the cube is introduced to dynamically changing the neighborhood and enhancing information flow at the later searching state. Several groups of experiments are designed to evaluate the performance of proposed Rubiks Cube topology based particle swarm algorithm. The results have validated the effectiveness of proposed topology and operators comparing with global-best version PSO and Von Neumann topology based PSO and its scalability on larger scale applications.
Effect of Intermittent Personalized Ventilation on Coughed Particles Dispersion in an Office Space and Resulting Cross Contamination
Authors: Katramiz Elvire , Ghaddar Nesreen , Ghali Kamel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The transmission of infectious respiratory diseases has been a topic of broad interest for decades. It is largely influenced by the ventilation in the space, especially localized ventilation near the infection source. One energy-friendly ventilation technique that has been extensively investigated in contaminants transmission is Personalized Ventilation (PV), which delivers cool clean air directly towards the breathing zone of the user, procuring acceptable levels of thermal comfort and breathable air quality. However, when used by an infected person, it might amplify the dispersion of the expiratory droplets, increasing the risk of airborne cross-infection. Some PV applications varied the supplied cool clean air intermittently in order to enhance occupants’ thermal comfort and improve energy performance. Such system operation is referred to as Intermitted PV (I-PV). Nonetheless, the effect of such oscillatory jet on airborne diseases dispersion has not been assessed in literature to the authors’ knowledge.
In this work, the impact of integrating I-PV with mixed ventilation on cross-contamination is investigated for the case where an infected user is coughing. The I-PV is considered to operate at an average flowrate of 10 l/s, with a minimum of 4 l/s at a typical frequency of 0.94 Hz. The infected person is considered seated in a tandem (i.e. back-to-face) position with respect to a healthy person, located at a distance of 1.5 m and not using PV. This reflects the worst-case scenario where the healthy person is not protected by PV. A validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to assess the cross-contamination between the occupants. A comparison between I-PV and steady PV (S-PV) of constant flowrate of 10 l/s is conducted to highlight the influence of I-PV on contaminants dispersion in the space and the resulting exposure level of a healthy occupant. Results showed that the use of I-PV reduced the exposure levels of the healthy occupant in comparison to S-PV.
The Effect of Fillet Profile on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Heat Sink
Authors: Egab Karim , Oudah Saad K. , Salman Azzam S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The influence of an improved design of one and two fillet profile on the heat transfer rates in heat sink subject to parallel flow is investigated. The investigation of heat sink with fillet profiles has been compared with the heat sink without fillet profile. In this study, water was used as the coolant, and the flow was in the single-phase regime under laminar flow condition at Reynolds numbers ranging from 200 to 1300. The heat sink is made from copper where a constant heat flux was applied at the lower surface of the heat sink. The comparison of hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of all cases and cooling fluids has been made under the same value of Reynolds number and constant heat flux. The results show that the one fillet profile has a slight effect on pressure drop calculations and the heat transfer rate especially at high Reynold number. However, using two fillet profile has a significant influence on heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop at all rates of Reynold number. The two-fillet profile increases the Nusselt number by 15% compared to smooth microchannel and 25% decrease in pressure drop. Therefore, the heat sink with two fillet profile design has a potential to be used to enhance the thermal performance of cooling system with low pressure drop.
Sustainable Poultry House Ventilation Using Dew Point Indirect Evaporative Cooler Aided With Radiative Cooling
Authors: Al-Assaad Douaa , Ghaddar Nesreen , Ghali Kamel , Ouahrani Djamel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Maintaining good production quality in layer poultry houses is directly correlated to the thermal environment of the laying hens as well as their breathable air quality. This work compares the performance of two passive cooling systems in meeting the thermal and indoor air quality requirements (CO2, water vapor and NH3) in a layer house in Doha, Qatar characterized by a semi-arid climate. The first system is a standalone cross flow dew point evaporative cooler (DPIEC) supplying air through a localized air distribution system. The second system is a DPIEC aided by a radiative cooling (RC) panel that pre-cools the supply fresh air, in an effort to reduce the system sizing, air and water consumption even further. To achieve these objectives, a modular analysis was adopted, where mathematical models were developed for the DPIEC and RC systems and the poultry house module conditioned by the localized system. A 3D CFD model was developed for the compartment conditioned by the localized system. The DPIEC was sized and the hourly variation in needed supply fresh air and water was determined for the critical month of May, June July of the summer season.
Numerical Analysis of a Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Collector With PCM Embedded in Highly Conductive Porous Material
Authors: Pawar Vivek R. , Siddiki Mahbube K. , Sobhansarbandi Sarvenaz 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) system harness the energy from the sunlight and convert into clean electricity to power homes and businesses. During an operation the solar panels get hot, the electrons inside the solar cells pick up that extra heat energy which puts them in a more excited state and when they are already excited, they have less room to absorb the energy from sunlight. As a result, electrical performance of a PV system reduces with increase in solar cell temperature. Efficiency of PV panels can be retained by establishing a hybrid PV-Thermal (PV-T) system. In this study, container filled with phase change material (PCM) embedded in porous metal is attached to back surface of the PV cell. As well as, to extract the excess heat from the PV cell, water is used as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) with constant mass flow rate of 30 kg/hr. During the simulation melting rate of PCM, amount of latent heat energy stored, thermal, electrical and overall efficiencies of the PV panel is studied and compared with the conventional PV-T system. The results show the enhanced melting fraction of PCM by 6% and 8% for the PV-T/PCM/Cu and PV-T/PCM/Al system, respectively compared with PV-T/PCM system. Moreover, in comparison with the conventional PV-T system, the overall efficiency of the PV-T/PCM/Cu and PV-T/PCM/Al is increased by 10.62% and 8.80%, respectively.