bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dictionaries Faced With a Nomination Conflict. An Analysis of the Semantic Modelling of the integration, insertion, assimilation, inclusion, acculturation, incorporation Paradigm in Two Universal French Language Dictionaries
Authors: Vadot Maude 
Published: September 2021

This article aims to conduct a metalexicographical micro-analysis of a paradigm of French lexemes whose uses have raised socio-political issues for several decades: integration, insertion, assimilation, inclusion, even acculturation and incorporation. While many recent publications bring these terms into play as sociological concepts, or study their uses in political discourse, work on the semantic functioning and uses of these lexemes in other discourses is rarer. However, the recurrent nomination conflict that runs through French public policies on immigration shows that the stakes of these usages remain salient. Do French dictionaries make it possible to grasp the ideological issues raised by the competing uses of lexemes? How do they treat and model the abundance of uses of these lexemes? How are paradigmatic competitors related: opposition, contrast, synonymy, hyperonymy, co-hyponymy? What are the salient semantic features retained in the given definitions?The corpus selected for this study is composed of extracts from two generalist French-language dictionaries, the Petit Robert de la langue française and the Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé. I analyse the production of meaning at work by using a grid with four entries. First, I model and analyze the semantic relations established between the terms of the paradigm, relations which structure the paradigm. I then try to identify the semantic features which are similar or different between the lexemes, thus revealing another type of structure in the micro-system. Last, I work on the collocations and the agentive configurations implemented in the definitions and examples composing each article.All these analyses highlight a defining circularity that hinders a contrastive grasp of the lexemes, in a context where important social and political issues are at stake.
The Official Recommendations Proposed to Replace Anglicisms in the Petit Robert de la langue française
Authors: Niklas-Salminen Aïno 
Published: September 2021

The dictionary Petit Robert leads a fight against both the single thought and the impoverished expression by offering a very broad vision of the practices of French. A certain number of anglicisms, very frequent among the new entries of this dictionary, are considered questionable, insofar as the prestige and the economic and techno-scientific power of the United States give rise to a wave of borrowed words, even when the lexicon has suitable French synonyms. The Petit Robert indicates which words in French are recommended by the Commission générale de la terminologie et de néologie to replace the anglicisms. The objective of this study is to observe the English words recently introduced in this dictionary and the different French equivalent terms proposed to oust them. Could the official recommendations supplant the loanwords and become fixed in practice?
DESARROLLO Y CRECIMIENTO FEMORAL DE CONEJAS DE LA LÍNEA NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Camal Ruggieri Iván Nadir , Ramallo Melina , Grenón Hernan Gabriel , MARDEGAN ISSA Joao Paulo , Feldman Sara 
Published: September 2021

En este proyecto se investigan los cambios que acontecen en el desarrollo y crecimiento de conejos hembras de la línea New Zealand (CoNZ) en sus huesos femorales. Los animales fueron mantenidas en jaulas individuales desde las 2 semanas de edad, con comida y agua ad libitum y se sacrificaron en tiempos mensualmente consecutivos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, y 6 meses. Tras la obtención de las piezas femorales, y a partir de estudios imagenológicos se determinaron los ángulos del cuello femoral (Af), la longitud total (L), la densidad mineral ósea total, del centro óseo y de la metáfisis femoral (DMOt, DMOco y DMOmf respectivamente), analizándose las variaciones intergrupales por el test Wilcoxon, y corrección de Bonferroni. Se realizaron estudios histológicos de los cortes descalcificados de las piezas femorales. Los análisis sobre los Af mostraron un incremento significativo durante el primer mes mientras que L se estabilizó a partir del 4to mes. Los valores de DMOt mostraron un plateau a partir del cuarto mes, si bien las DMOco y DMOmf ya a partir del tercer mes no mostraron incrementos significativos. Histológicamente se observó para el cuarto mes ausencia de las diferentes zonas características del cartílago de crecimiento metafisiario, con presencia únicamente de un pequeño remanente de células condrales. Desde el quinto mes se observa ausencia total de cartílago, con presencia únicamente de tejido osteoide (TO). La interpretación integrada de los resultados nos permite afirmar, que a partir del cuarto mes de desarrollo, el fémur de CoNZ adquiere características compatibles con un periodo de adultez.
Efektivitas Komunikasi Pembelajaran Daring terhadap Pemahaman Materi Kuliah Mahasiswa UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Authors: Rahmadani Desy , Nurdin Ali 
Published: September 2021

This study discusses the effectiveness of online learning communication on the understanding of lecture material for UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya students. This research method uses a quantitative approach with the type of correlational research. The data was collected using a questionnaire technique through the google form application, the sampling technique was carried out using a random sample technique, and analyzed using the Chi Square statistical formula and the Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that the calculation of the data using the Chi Square formula with the suitability of the table 0.05% resulted in x2 arithmetic > x2 table (60.69 > 3.84), so Ha was accepted while Ho was rejected. It can be concluded that there is an effectiveness of online learning communication on the understanding of lecture material for UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya students. Then, to measure the level of effectiveness, the researcher used the correlation coefficient formula and obtained a value of 0.134 with a very low category.
ESTUDO RADIOGRÁFICO DO ESPAÇO ARTICULAR MEDIAL DO QUADRIL NA DOENÇA DE LEGG-CALVÉ-PERTHES
Authors: Miras Diego Praxedes de , Dujardin Rene , Nicolau Roberto Bezerra , Dobashi Eiffel Tsuyoshi 
Published: September 2021

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o espaço articular medial entre o quadril afetado e o contralateral normal em pacientes com Doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes (DLCP)
MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Comparação entre o espaço articular, extrusão da cabeça femoral (ECF), coeficiente do espaço medial do quadril (CEM) e largura da cabeça femoral (LCF) entre quadris afetados e normais a partir de 127 radiografias de pacientes com DLCP unilateral. Foram consideradas faixas etárias maiores e menores do que 6 anos e o estágio evolutivo da doença.
RESULTADOS: Comparando-se os lados normal e afetado, independente da fase da doença, não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto ao CEM. Contudo, a distância articular medial no quadril afetado foi significantemente maior que a do quadril normal.
Na fase de necrose e fragmentação, a distância do espaço medial dos quadris afetados foi significativamente maior em comparação aos quadris normais contralaterais.
Dentre os quadris afetados, o CEM e a LCF apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes, sendo que o grupo com idade >6 anos apresentou valores maiores.
Nos quadris normais, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante do CEM e da LCF no grupo com idade <6 anos.
CONCLUSÕES: Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante do espaço articular medial no quadril afetado pela doença com o quadril normal, exceto nas fases iniciais da doença (necrose e fragmentação)
O uso isolado do estudo radiográfico mostra-se insuficiente na DLCP, de forma que a falta de complementação com outros instrumentos, como ressonância magnética, pode retardar o diagnóstico e consequentemente, o início do tratamento.
Nonlinear frequency-magnitude relationships for the Hokkaido corner, Japan
Authors: Taylor D. W. A. , Snoke J. A. , Sacks I. S. , Takanami T. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Frequency-magnitude relationships are determined for a source region defined by a circular epicentral area of 50 km radius centered on the Carnegie broadband seismograph at KMU in the southeast corner of Hokkaido Island, Japan. Within this region, bounded by a maximum depth of 125 km, more than 11,100 earthquakes were detected and cataloged by the Hokkaido University network during the period July 1976 through January 1987. The seismicity is divided into two effectively decoupled suites: crustal (Eurasian plate) and subduction (Pacific plate). The frequency-magnitude recurrence distributions exhibit departures from linearity which are statistically significant below md = 2.5 for the crustal data suite and md = 3.5 for the subduction data suite. Three independent tests show the nonlinearity is not caused by incompleteness; the catalog is complete down to magnitude 2.0 or less for both data suites. These observations are therefore inconsistent with the linear Gutenberg-Richter relationship, which is assumed to be valid over any magnitude range for which the data are complete. There are relatively more large events and fewer small events in the subduction suite. The logarithm of the ratio of the number of crustal events to the number of subduction events versus magnitude is monotonically decreasing and remarkably linear over the magnitude range 1.0 to 5.0. This suggests that the observed nonlinearity of these two frequency-magnitude relationships has a common origin.
Spatial distribution of the difference between the magnitudes of the main shock and the largest aftershock in the circum-Pacific belt
Authors: Tsapanos Theodoros M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe distribution of the magnitude difference D1 between the main shock and the largest aftershock for large circum-Pacific earthquakes is observed to be peaked at 1.2 magnitude units, in accord with Bath's law, but also at 1.8 magnitude units. The peak at 1.8 has been not noted before and is shown here with the T-test to be statistically valid. The observed spatial distribution of the sequences is the basis to suggest that, along circum-Pacific convergent plate boundaries, values of D1, tend to be larger for earthquake sequences within back-arc areas as compared to sequences closer to the plate interface, although admittedly a good number of exceptions to this generalization are also observed to exist.
Coda duration magnitudes in central California: An empirical approach
Authors: Michaelson Caryl A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA new empirical coda magnitude MD is presented for the central California seismic network (CALNET), in which station corrections are introduced to reduce the influence of hypocenter and station distributions. The new magnitude scale is obtained by relating the lapse-time τ^ to local magnitudes ML using data from 55 earthquakes with 1.1 ≦ ML ≤ 5.6 from June 1977 through 1981. Magnitude estimates are significantly improved by introducing corrections for the seismograph instrument attenuation setting αij and a site correction δj. The magnitude of the ith event 〈MD〉, is the median value of individualM D i j = − 1.03 + 2.10 log ⁡ 10 τ ^ i j + 0.00268 ⁡ τ ^ i j + α i j + δ j ,where τ^ij is the lapse-time measured at the jth station. Local site effects influence the duration of the coda and cause stations to either overestimate or underestimate 〈MD〉, typically up to 0.5 magnitude units. The distribution of the site corrections is spatially correlated, changing coherently across major tectonic and geologic features such as the San Andreas fault. It appears that the site corrections are influenced by the physical attenuation properties near the station, seemingly contradicting the concept that the coda is related to back-scattering and attenuation in a volume with dimensions on the order of the hypocenter to receiver distance.
Characterization of spall from observed strong ground motions on Pahute Mesa
Authors: Patton Howard J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ground motion velocity and acceleration data recorded within the spall region on over 30 Pahute Mesa explosions have been analyzed for characterization of the spall source. These data provide observations of peak spall velocities and the spatial extent of spall from which estimates of the volume and mass of spalled material were obtained, along with the yield scaling. Spall velocities at ground zero are higher, and the apparent attenuation of velocities is lower for explosions below the water table compared to shots above the water table in tuff or rhyolite. As a result, the lateral and depth extents of spall are larger for shots below the water table, and the estimated spall mass is three times larger than the estimate for explosions above the water table. The lateral and depth extents were found to scale as the quarter root of the yield (W) as opposed to the familiar cube-root scaling, and assuming a cylindrically symmetric volume, the mass scales as W0.77±.05. At 150 kt, the estimated mass for a shot below the water table is 15 times greater than the first estimates made by Viecelli. While this estimate suggests a much larger spall source than originally believed, not all of the mass is necessarily involved in generating seismic waves recorded in the far field, and the coupling efficiency of spall remains an outstanding, unresolved problem.
The stability of rmsLgmeasurements and their potential for accurate estimation of the yields of Soviet underground nuclear explosions
Authors: Hansen Roger A. , Ringdal Frode , Richards Paul G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractData on underground nuclear explosions have recently become available from modern digital seismic stations installed within the Soviet Union and China. Observations of root mean square (rms) Lg-wave signals for Soviet underground nuclear explosions at the Shagan River Test Site in East Kazakhstan show that the relative amplitudes of the rms signals at stations in Norway, the USSR, and China are very similar for different explosions, the standard deviation of the differences being only about 0.03 in logarithmic units (i.e., magnitude units).This is consistent with earlier observations comparing NORSAR and Graefenberg array data, and the observed scatter is significantly lower than has been reported for Lg data from Nevada Test Site explosions. In view of the excellent correspondence found by Nuttli (1986) and Patton (1988) for Lg versus yield at Nevada, this indicates that rms Lg has a potential for yield estimation with very high accuracy at Shagan River.Our study has shown that: (a) selected stations in the USSR and China, situated at regional distances, provide a much improved signal-to-noise ratio of the Lg phase for events at Shagan River, as compared to NORSAR array data; (b) the scaling of rms Lg amplitudes between different-sized events recorded at the same single station site appears to be consistent with that of NORSAR, indicating a remarkable degree of precision in single station measurements of Lg signal; (c) rms Lg amplitude measurements for the best of these stations may be made at 1.5 to 2.0 magnitude units lower than at NORSAR or Graefenberg, allowing a much lower threshold for Lg-based yield determination; and (d) the P-wave detection capabilities of these single stations do not match those of the NORESS and ARCESS arrays; thus, teleseismic signals continue to be important for detection of small nuclear explosions.Our conclusion is that Lg signals appear to provide an excellent basis for supplying estimates of the yields of nuclear explosions even down to below 1 kt when such signals are recorded at high-quality, digital in-country seismic stations, and when calibrated by access to independent (nonseismic) yield information for a few nuclear explosions at the test sites of interest. In the context of monitoring a low-yield threshold test ban treaty, it will, in addition, be important to take into consideration various environmental conditions in the testing area, such as the possible presence of cavities, and to devise appropriate procedures for on-site observations in this regard.
Seismotectonics of the Portland, Oregon, region
Authors: Yelin Thomas S. , Patton Howard J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPortland, Oregon, lies in the southern half of an approximately rectangular basin measuring 30 by 50 km. Since 1969, there have been no earthquakes with M ≥ 4.0 in or on the margins of the Portland basin, but this level of seismicity may not be characteristic of the region. Using microseismicity data collected by the University of Washington regional short-period seismograph network for the period mid-1982 through 1989, we have determined P-wave focal mechanisms for four individual earthquakes and three groups of earthquakes. We have also relocated the 6 November 1962, MW = 5.2 Portland earthquake and analyzed regional surface-wave recordings of this event, using the seismic moment-tensor inversion technique. The results of these seismic analyses, along with geologic and other geophysical data, are integrated into a seismotectonic model of the Portland basin. The P-wave mechanisms are compatible with dextral strike-slip motion along approximately NW-striking fault zones bounding the eastern and western margins of the basin. We speculate that there is a dextral strike-slip fault zone, which we call the Frontal Fault Zone, along the eastern margin of the Portland basin. The western margin has been previously recognized as a zone of dextral strike-slip faulting, known as the Portland Hills Fault Zone. The epicenter of the 1962 earthquake is located between the two fault zones and lies approximately 15 km NE of downtown Portland. Our preferred mechanism is normal faulting on NE- or NNE-trending fault planes. These results support the hypothesis posed by previous investigators that the Portland basin is a pull-apart basin and are evidence for contemporary crustal extension between the Frontal and Portland Hills fault zones.
Seismic source representations for spall
Authors: Day Steven M. , McLaughlin Keith L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSpall may be a significant secondary source of seismic waves from underground explosions. The proper representation of spall as a seismic source is important for forward and inverse modeling of explosions for yield estimation and discrimination studies. We present a new derivation of a widely used point force representation for spall, which is based on a horizontal tension crack model. The derivation clarifies the relationship between point force and moment tensor representations of the tension crack. For wavelengths long compared with spall depth, the two representations are equivalent, and the moment tensor time history is proportional to the doubly integrated time history of the point force. Numerical experiments verify that, for regional seismic phases, this equivalence is valid for all frequencies for which the point-source (long wavelength) approximation is valid. Further analysis shows that the moment tensor and point force representations retain their validity for nonplanar spall surfaces, provided that the average dip of the surface is small. The equivalency of the two representations implies that a singular inverse problem will result from attempts to infer simultaneously the spectra of both of these source terms from seismic waveforms. If the spall moment tensor alone is estimated by inversion of waveform data, the inferred numerical values of its components will depend inversely upon the source depth that is assumed in the inversion formalism.
High-frequency borehole seismograms recorded in the San Jcinto Fault zone, Southern California Part 2. Attenuation and site effects
Authors: Aster Richard C. , Shearer Peter M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe examine surface and downhole P- and S-wave spectra from local earthquakes recorded at two borehole seismometer arrays (KNW-BH and PFO-BH) installed in the Southern California Batholith region of the San Jacinto Fault zone by the U.S. Geological Survey to assess the influence of the weathered layer on the spectral content of high-frequency (2 to 200 Hz) seismic signals.Earthquake signals recorded downhole at both sites show significantly improved seismic bandwidth due to both a reduction in ambient noise levels and (especially) to dramatically increased levels of high-frequency signal. Significant seismic signal is observed up to approximately 190 Hz for P waves at KNW-BH. Stacked spectral ratios from these signals indicate that the highly weathered near-surface (between 0 and 150 m) at KNW-BH and PFO-BH exerts a much larger influence on seismic signals than deeper (between 150 and 300 m) material. Modeling of uphole/downhole spectral ratio data suggests Qα ≈ 6.5 and Qβ ≈ 9 between 0 and 150 m, increasing to Qα ≈ 27 and Qβ ≳ 26 between 150 and 300 m. An outcrop-mounted Anza network station, deployed approximately 0.4 km from KNW-BH, displays roughly similar high-frequency content to the KNW-BH downhole sensors, but it exhibits spectra that are significantly colored by directional resonances.Low-Q and low-velocity near-surface material forms a lossy boundary layer at these borehole sites that is advantageous to the high-frequency downhole environment; not only are noise levels reduced, but reflections from the surface and near-surface are greatly attenuated. As a result, high-frequency recordings from below the weathered zone more nearly resemble those recorded in a whole space than would otherwise be expected.
Complex faulting deduced from broadband modeling of the 28 February 1990 Upland earthquake (ML = 5.2)
Authors: Dreger Douglas S. , Helmberger Donald V. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The 1990 Upland earthquake was one of the first sizable local events to be recorded broadband at Pasadena, where the Green's functions appropriate for the path are known from a previous study. The synthetics developed in modeling the 1988 Upland sequence were available for use in rapid assessment of the activity. First-motion studies from the Caltech-USGS array data gave two solutions for the 1990 main shock based on the choice of regional velocity models. Although these focal mechanisms differ by less than 5° in strike and 20° rake, it proved possible to further constrain the solution using these derived Green's functions and a three-component waveform inversion scheme. We obtain from long-period waves a fault-plane solution of θ = 216°, δ = 77°, λ = 5.0°, M0 = 2.5 × 1024 dyne-cm, depth = 6 km, and a source duration of 1.2 sec, for which the orientation and source depth are in good agreement with the first-motion results of Hauksson and Jones (1991). Comparisons of the broadband displacement records with the high-pass Wood-Anderson simulations suggests the 1990 earthquake was a complicated event with a strong asperity at depth. Double point-source models indicate that about 30 per cent of the moment was released from a 9-km deep asperity following the initial source by 0.0 to 0.5 sec. Our best-fitting distributed fault model indicates that the timing of our point-source results is feasible assuming a reasonable rupture velocity. The rupture initiated at a depth of about 6 km and propagated downward on a 3.5 by 3.5 km (length by width) fault. Both the inversion of long-period waves and the distributed fault modeling indicate that the main shock did not rupture the entire depth extent of the fault defined by the aftershock zone. A relatively small asperity (about 1.0 km2) with a greater than 1 kbar stress drop controls the short-period Wood-Anderson waveforms. This asperity appears to be located in a region where seismicity shows a bend in the fault plane.