bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractal Analysis of Root Architecture Responses of Saussurea Salsa to Different Habitats in Sugan Lake Wetland on the Northern Margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Li Qun , Zhao Cheng-Zhang , Jun Wen , Kang Manping , Li Xiaoya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aims

The fractal structure is an important root architecture characteristic, which can reflect the plasticity mechanism and carbon consumption characteristics of root architecture in heterogeneous habitats. However, there are few studies on the root architecture of inland salt marsh plants from the perspective of fractal geometry.
Methods

This study according to the difference of the habitat conditions, setting plot I (the near water area, distance from the lakeshore, 50–200 m), plot II (the middle water area, distance from the lakeshore, 300–500 m), plot III (the distance water area, distance from the lakeshore, 600–800 m) 3 test sample. The Saussurea salsa as the research object, the root geometric morphology traits and the root fractal structure of Saussurea salsa in the Sugan Lake wetland was studied in response to heterogeneous habitats.
Results

The results showed that there was a highly significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) between FD and FA of Saussurea salsa at plot I and plot III, meanwhile, there appeared a less significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between FD and FA at plot II.
Conclusions

With the habitat changed from plot I to plot III, the Saussurea salsa tended to form an “intensive” root architecture with high fractal dimension (FD) and low fractal abundance (FA) in plot I. “Diffusive” root architecture with low FD and high FA tended to form in plot III. The root of Saussurea salsa had less branch and more inclined to increasing the soil volume of root expansion in the far water area.
Modeling and optimization of 2-Chlorophenol degradation using ultrasound assisted Fe3O4@TiO2: Central Composite Design-Genetic Algorithm approach
Authors: Azari Ali , Dobaradaran Sina , Raeesi Mohammad , Hashemi Seyed Yaser , Delatte Marylou , Baziar Mansour , Dashti Saeid 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, the ultrasound-catalyst hybrid system was applied for degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) from aquatic environment. The produced catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, vibration magnetometer and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis, showing the successful synthesize of the core-shell structure of magnetic TiO2. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied in MATLAB software to investigate the effective parameters in degradation and evaluate the removal of 2-CP by M-TiO2-US system. Kinetics, intermediate products and catalyst reusability were determined under optimal conditions. The results indicated that pH of 4.413, catalyst dosage of 0.733 g/L, 2-CP concentration of 2.549 mg/L, ultrasound power of 55.605 W/L had the maximum degradation efficiency (97.776 %) and pH was assigned as the most effective parameter for the degradation of 2-CP. Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were considered as the main cause of 2-CP degradation. Catalyst stability was investigated in 5 replicates and verified. The overall results show that the M-TiO2 and US hybrid system has promising performance in the degradation of 2-chlorophenol and has the ability to use on a larger scale.
Exploring the Highway Icing Risk: Considering the Dynamic Dependence of Icing-Inducing Factors
Authors: Liu Qiang , Tang Aiping , Wang Zhongyue , Zhao Buyue 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In terms of the dynamic dependence between icing-inducing factors, this study is to explore the risk distribution of highways when icing events occur in the study area. A joint distribution considering the dynamic correlation of inducing factors was first constructed employing the Copula theory, which then yielded the possibility of icing events. Meanwhile, hazard zones and intensities of icing were proposed under different exceeding probabilities. After finishing the vulnerability analysis of highways, the risk matrix was used to conduct the icing risk for the highway, which was then applied to the construction of the risk zoning map. The results showed that there was an upper-tail dependence between extreme precipitation and temperature in the study area in winter, which could be well captured by the Gumbel Copula function. Indeed, the constructed joint distribution can express the possibility of icing under different intensities of precipitation and temperature. Besides, the highway with the tallest vulnerability in the study area was the Hegang-Yichun line. The case application showed that during March 2020, the traffic lines with a high icing risk were distributed around Fujin, Jiamusi, Hegang, and Qitaihe cities, and the Hegang section of the Hegang-Yichun line was at the highest icing risk. The low-risk lines were concentrated in the western part of the study area. This study is of great significance for the prevention and control of ice-snow disasters on the highway in cold regions.
Formation of GeO 2 under Graphene on Ge(001)/Si(001) Substrates by Water Vapor
Authors: Ciepielewski Pawel , Caban Piotr. A. , Dumiszewska Ewa , Jozwik Iwona , Baranowski Jacek. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Water vapor penetrates through defects in graphene layers grown on Ge(001)/Si(001) substrates and oxidization of germanium forming GeO2 is described. The presence of trigonal GeO2 underneath of graphene has been identified by Raman measurements. It has been found that formation of blisters of GeO2 under graphene leads to dramatic increase of intensity of graphene Raman spectrum. The increase is the most likely due to screening of graphene by GeO2 from nano-faced Ge(001) surface.
Relative differential equations from water treatment Leukocytes with self-operating computer
Authors: Nonomura Yuusuke 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Conventional differentiation has many problems, they are no-smoothness, singularity, and non-simultaneous. The origin of those problems is:1. Since the differentiation value of conventional differentiation has the infinitesimal real number (include the problem of direction), simultaneous equations are impossible (rotation, vibration, and instability). Moreover, it generates singularity. 2. The problem concerning the existence of minus, There is no apple of a minus piece. A minus piece (a minus time and a minus space) does not exist in the macro world, although it is able to exist in the world of the uncertainty principle. Therefore, don't use the number of minuses absolutely. It is defined as an absolute arithmetic. Relatively, the number of minuses should be used. It is defined as a relative arithmetic (operation). In this study, relative differential equation (RDE) by Zai Pair which element-ized Nature World solves those problems. Concretely, RDE is able to obtain smoothness by Str Zai, obtain the solution from the singularity by Zai Pair, obtain Kyoku without the infinitesimal real number by Zai Pair and obtain independent from the conventional absolute coordinate system. Moreover, the RDE has self-operating computing, the RDE self-operating computer (SOC) is not model, and the RDE SOC is solution itself and the graph itself. In an example, inflammation itself is RDE SOC itself.
Development and Validation of a Model to Identify Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Syndromes in Administrative Data
Authors: Gallini Adeline , Jegou David , Lapeyre-Mestre Maryse , Couret Anaïs , Bourrel Robert , Ousset Pierre-Jean , Fabre D , Andrieu Sandrine , Gardette Virginie 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Administrative data are used in the field of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related
Syndromes (ADRS), however their performance to identify ADRS is unknown.

Objective:
i) To develop and validate a model to identify ADRS prevalent cases in French administrative
data (SNDS), ii) to identify factors associated with false negatives.

Methods:
Retrospective cohort of subjects ≥ 65 years, living in South-Western France, who attended
a memory clinic between April and December 2013. Gold standard for ADRS diagnosis was the
memory clinic specialized diagnosis. Memory clinics’ data were matched to administrative data
(drug reimbursements, diagnoses during hospitalizations, registration with costly chronic conditions).
Prediction models were developed for 1-year and 3-year periods of administrative data using
multivariable logistic regression models. Overall model performance, discrimination, and calibration
were estimated and corrected for optimism by resampling. Youden index was used to define
ADRS positivity and to estimate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative probabilities.
Factors associated with false negatives were identified using multivariable logistic regressions.

Results:
3360 subjects were studied, 52% diagnosed with ADRS by memory clinics. Prediction
model based on age, all-cause hospitalization, registration with ADRS as a chronic condition, number
of anti-dementia drugs, mention of ADRS during hospitalizations had good discriminative performance
(c-statistic: 0.814, sensitivity: 76.0%, specificity: 74.2% for 2013 data). 419 false negatives
(24.0%) were younger, had more often ADRS types other than Alzheimer’s disease, moderate
forms of ADRS, recent diagnosis, and suffered from other comorbidities than true positives.

Conclusion:
Administrative data presented acceptable performance for detecting ADRS. External
validation studies should be encouraged.
MO Diaries and Their Editors
Authors: Malcolmson Robert , Malcolmson Patricia 
Published: April 2021

In August 1939, MO asked its volunteer Observers 'to begin keeping day-to-day personal diaries of everything that happened to them, the conversations they heard and took part in, their general routine of life, and the impact of the war on it’. More than 450 individual diarists wrote for MO during the war. Each diarist had to work out their own way of ‘observing’, and to create a comfortable authorial voice expressing their very varied personal concerns and experiences. Common themes included: outbreak of war; evacuation of children; the blackout; the call-up for compulsory service; and what was thought of as ‘morale’. The diaries show keen minds struggling hard to make sense of the unfolding war news, striving to understand the deeper currents of history and future possibilities in international affairs. Other themes concerned the home front: the wartime difficulties around food and transport; attitudes to class, and the arrival of American troops; and the hopes and fears for post-war reconstruction. This article reflects on its authors' considerable experience of selecting and preparing MO diaries for publication. Editors play a prominent role in the presentation of modern life history. This involves technical and/or literary judgments (about the length and quality of texts, the provision of supplementary material), in relation to the requirements of particular publishing formats (commercial or scholarly). It also involves ethical questions. MO diaries, once submitted, could not be revised; their authors were promised anonymity. Hence publication often requires the consent of the diarists (though few are still alive) or their heirs; and measures are sometimes required to protect the identities of people mentioned.
Youth and Provider Perspectives on Behavior-Tracking Mobile Apps: Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Armstrong Courtney C , Odukoya Erica J , Sundaramurthy Keerthi , Darrow Sabrina M 
Published: April 2021

Background
Mobile health apps stand as one possible means of improving evidence-based mental health interventions for youth. However, a better understanding of youth and provider perspectives is necessary to support widespread implementation.

Objective
The objective of this research was to explore both youth and provider perspectives on using mobile apps to enhance evidence-based clinical care, with an emphasis on gathering perspectives on behavior-tracking apps.

Methods
Inductive qualitative analysis was conducted on data obtained from semistructured interviews held with 10 youths who received psychotherapy and 12 mental health care providers who conducted therapy with youths aged 13-26 years. Interviews were independently coded by multiple coders and consensus meetings were held to establish reliability.

Results
During the interviews, the youths and providers broadly agreed on the benefits of behavior tracking and believed that tracking via app could be more enjoyable and accessible. Providers and youths also shared similar concerns that negative emotions and user burden could limit app usage. Participants also suggested potential app features that, if implemented, would help meet the clinical needs of providers and support long-term use among youth. Such features included having a pleasant user interface, reminders for clients, and graphical output of data to clients and providers.

Conclusions
Youths and providers explained that the integration of mobile health into psychotherapy has the potential to make treatment, particularly behavior tracking, easy and more accessible. However, both groups had concerns about the increased burden that could be placed on the clients and providers.
The Potential of a Bioactive, Pre-reacted, Glass-Ionomer Filler Resin Composite to Inhibit the Demineralization of Enamel in Vitro
Authors: Leão IF , Araújo N , Scotti CK , Mondelli RFL , de Amoêdo Campos Velo MM , Bombonatti JFS 
Published: April 2021

Clinical Relevance
A prereacted, glass-ionomer filler fluoride-containing resin composite had lower remineralization potential than glass-ionomer cements but was able to inhibit enamel demineralization; thus, it may be an option for restoring dental surfaces for patients at high risk of caries.

SUMMARY
Evidence is lacking on the use of surface prereacted glass-ionomer filler resin composites to inhibit demineralization and that simulate real clinical conditions. The present laboratory study evaluated the potential of such composites to prevent demineralization and quantified fluoride (F) and other ions released from restorative materials after a dynamic pH-cycling regimen applied to the tooth material interface in vitro. The pH-cycling regimen was assessed by measuring surface hardness (SH) along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

Methods and Materials:
Ninety blocks of bovine enamel were subjected to composition analysis with EDX, and were further categorized based on SH. The blocks were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups (n=15 each): F IX (Fuji IX Extra; GC Corporation); IZ (Ion Z, FGM); F II (Fuji II LC, GC Corporation); B II (Beautifil II, Shofu); F250 (Filtek Z250 XT, 3M ESPE); and NT (control, no treatment). The blocks were subjected to a dynamic pH-cycling regimen at 37°C for 7 days concurrently with daily alternations of immersion in demineralizing/remineralizing solutions. EDX was conducted and a final SH was determined at standard distances from the restorative materials (150, 300, and 400 μm).

Results:
The EDX findings revealed a significant increase in F concentration and a decrease in Ca2+ in the enamel blocks of group B II after the pH-cycling regimen (p&lt;0.05). SH values for groups F IX, IZ, and F II were greater than those for groups B II, F250, and NT at all distances from the materials.

Conclusions:
The results suggest that each of 3 restorative materials, F IX, IZ, and F II, partially inhibited enamel demineralization under a dynamic pH-cycling regimen.
Repair Bond Strength of High-viscosity Glass-ionomer Cements Using Resin Composite Bonded with Light- and Self-cured Adhesive Systems
Authors: El-Deeb HA , Mobarak EH 
Published: April 2021

Clinical Relevance
High-viscosity glass-ionomer cements (HVGICs) used with atraumatic restorative treatment can be repaired with light- or self-cured adhesive systems; however, the repair bond strength of two-step, self-etching and one-step adhesives in the light-cure mode surpass one-step self-cure adhesives. Working on a feasible self-cure approach in the absence of such in rural areas as well as in war zones is of prime importance.

SUMMARY

Objectives:
Despite the success rate of high-viscosity glass-ionomer cements (HVGICs) used in atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations, partial or bulk fracture of the proximal portion has been recorded to be one of the main causes of proximal restoration failures. Repair of these restorative materials requires a practical solution, especially in cases where there is a lack of electricity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the repair microshear bond strength (μSBS) of three HVGICs using a resin composite in association with adhesive systems having different curing modes (ie, light- vs self-curing mode).

Methods and Materials:
A total of 105 discs (12 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick) of three HVGICs: GC Fuji IX GP Fast (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); Fuji IX GP glass-ionomer cement containing chlorhexidine (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); and ChemFil Rock zinc-reinforced HVGIC (Dentsply De-Trey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) were prepared. Each specimen was divided into three horizontal sections, according to the tested adhesive system or curing mode: Clearfil SE Bond 2 (two-step, self-etch adhesive); (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan) in light-cure mode; Clearfil Universal Bond (one-step, self-etch adhesive); (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan) in light-cure mode; or Clearfil Universal Bond (one-step, self-etch adhesive); (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan) in self-cure mode, mixing it with Clearfil DC Activator (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan). A resin composite microcylinder was bonded to each horizontal section of each specimen using starch tubes. The bonded discs were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for 24 hours. A μSBS test was conducted using a universal testing machine, while failure modes were determined using scanning electron microscopy. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests (α=0.05).

Results:
Two-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant effect for the adhesive systems (p&lt;0.01) and not for the HVGICs (p=0.05) nor their interactions (p=0.99). When using Clearfil SE Bond 2 and Clearfil Universal in a light-cure mode, significantly higher μSBS values were found when compared with Clearfil Universal in a self-cure mode.

Conclusions:
The three tested HVGICs can be successfully repaired using two-step or one-step self-etch adhesive systems. The one-step self-etch adhesive system in light-cure mode is preferred when compared with the self-cure mode.
The Influence of Dentin Wall Thickness and Adhesive Surface in Post and Core Crown and Endocrown Restorations on Central and Lateral Incisors
Authors: Hofsteenge JW , Gresnigt MMM 
Published: April 2021

Clinical Relevance
Post and core crowns and endocrowns perform similarly on fracture strength, but endocrowns have more repairable fractures.

SUMMARY

Purpose:
The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of dentin wall thickness (DWT) and adhesive surface on the fracture strength and failure mode in maxillary incisors restored with post and core crowns or endocrowns.

Methods and Materials:
Forty-eight sound maxillary incisors were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n=12): lateral incisor endocrown, lateral incisor post and core, central incisor endocrown, and central incisor post and core. All specimens obtained an endodontic treatment and were decoronated (2 mm ferrule remained). Chamfer outlines ended at the cementoenamel junction (outline in dentin). Dentin wall thickness (mm) was measured on 12 points per sample using a modified digital calliper. Fiber posts and cores were placed in two groups, and an immediate dentin sealing was applied on exposed dentin in all groups before taking digital impressions. Digital impressions were analyzed and the adhesive surface (mm2) was measured. Indirect restorations were made of lithium disilicate (IPS e.max, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing). The restorations were luted after surface conditioning the crowns and teeth. Thermocyclic aging was performed (10,000 times in baths of 5°C and 55°C) and the specimens were loaded until fracture. Fractures were specified on failure mode and repairability, and they were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, χ2-test, and linear regression analysis in SPSS (α=0.05).

Results:
There was no significant difference in fracture strength and failure mode between all groups. Endocrown restorations on central incisors had significantly more repairable fractures than the post and core crowns. Regression analyses showed a statistically significant positive correlation between DWT/adhesive surface and fracture strength in the post and core groups.

Conclusions:
Both endocrowns and post and core crowns on the central and lateral incisors obtained clinically applicable fracture strengths. In the central incisor groups, the endocrown restorations had significantly more repairable failures. When the walls were thicker, or when the adhesive surface was larger, higher fracture strengths were obtained in the post and core groups.
RENT SEEKING DAN PRAKTIK KORUPSI DI TUBUH BUMD: KASUS BUMD PT BANTEN GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT (BGD)
Authors: Mahpudin Mahpudin 
Published: April 2021

Artikel ini membahas tentang praktik rent seeking di tubuh Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD) spesifik pada PT Banten Global Development (BGD) sebagai perusahaan milik Pemerintah Provinsi Banten. Alih-alih memberi kontribusi terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) dan pembangunan di Banten, PT BGD justru hanya menjadi alat perburuan rente antara state actor dan economic actor dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya keuangan yang dimiliki pemerintah untuk kepentingan ekonomi politik segelintir elit. Artikel ini berusaha memetakan pola rent seeking yang bekerja dibalik pengelolaan perusahaan PT BGD. Metode kualitatif dipilih dalam penelitian ini, adapun pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi literatur terhadap berbagai bahan bacaan yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan PT BGD menciptakan korupsi pada perusahaan pemerintah melalui praktik rent seeking. Pola rent seeking yang terbentuk adalah “rent seizing” yaitu state actors berusaha mendapatkan hak mengalokasikan rente yang dihasilkan dari institusi pemerintah untuk kepentingan individu dan kelompoknya. Di sisi lain, pihak perusahaan (economic actor) memperoleh keuntungan dari kebijakan yang dibuat oleh elit politik dengan cara menyuap dan cara-cara lain yang melanggar konstitusi. Pihak perusahaan yang dimaksud tidak merujuk pada perusahaan swasta melainkan perusahaan milik pemerintah yaitu BUMD PT BGD.