bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light—as a Feather
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
On lists of optics “firsts,” sometimes Scottish scientist James Gregory was the first to use a diffraction grating, in 1673. Instead of making one himself, or having it constructed by others (as Thomas Young or David Rittenhouse later did) he simply used a bird feather, observing the splitting of white light into different colors when it passed through the nearly-indentical and equally-spaced barbs. But is this an accurate statement? How did he come to experiment with feathers, what was he hoping to find, and how well did he understand the phenomena he observed? How should we properly calassigy Gregory’s experiment?
Sacred Sun
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Stylized drawings and carvings of the sun from long ago, from all around the world, often have apparently extraneous rays and circles associated with them. These make for esthetically pleasing graphics, but might they not also be that these added features represent actual optical phenomena associated with the sun? Arcs and circles associated with refraction through and reflection from ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere are well known and characterized, and may be the explanation behind the images. That these depictions are associated with religious imagery also implies that there is something special and out of the ordinary about the depiction.
Fiat Lux!
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Book of Genesis famously opens with God ordering “Let there be Light!” as the first step in the Creation. This stands in contrast to most of the creation myths of other cultures, which do not begin with the creation of light. What is the significance of this? Is it meant to be taken literally (so that God can see what He is doing and Creation is visible to all), or metaphorically (that is, is light meant to stand for Knowledge, Wisdom, or Understanding)? Do any other cultures also start things off with the creation of light?
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Light
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The notion has made its way into the public consciousness that there is a mystery about how the ancient Egyptians could have provided light deep in their rock-cut tombs for artisans who carved and painted the rock to work by. There is no evidence, this theory says, of soot or other residue from torches on the ceilings. Did the ancient Egyptians use electric lights? Or did they use a series of cascaded mirrors to direct light into tombs? In a similar vein, did the classical Roman Baths of Caracalla have mirrors to direct light into them?
Fluorescent Paint before Day-Glo
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The principles of fluorescence were discovered and worked out by the middle of the nineteenth century. Yet the discovery of fluorescent paint—at least according to internet sites and some books —did not occur until the 1930s. The Switzer brothers developed fluorescent paints while one of them had enforced inactivity while recuperating from an injury. This much is true, but surely, with all the facts of fluorescence available, someone must have made fluorescent paints before mthe SWitzers. This essay looks into those early efforts, and shows how what the Switzers did was different.
Introduction
Authors: Gorey Matthew M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis introduction provides an overview of past scholarship on the subject of Lucretian allusions in Virgil’s Aeneid, identifying three broad camps of interpretation: (1) studies that focus on the stylistic implications of allusions to Lucretius, (2) attempts to claim the Aeneid as an Epicurean poem, and (3) investigations of adversarial allusions to Lucretian philosophy. Within this third category, previous studies have focused largely on polemical allusions to Lucretius in which Virgil inverts or displaces the original philosophical content, while in many cases neglecting allusions that engage with the philosophy of the source text. This book aims to fill these gaps by providing a global reading of allusions to Lucretian atomism and cosmology in the Aeneid, with a focus upon imagery that evokes Epicurean atomism.
Edward Snowden, Donald Trump, and the Paradox of National Security Whistleblowing
Authors: Stanger Allison 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Whistleblowers keep elites honest and the rule of law sustainable. They take realities that the powerful view as natural or inescapable and show that they are intolerable. They help close the gap between American ideals and reality. Yet current law treats Intelligence Community whistleblowers differently from how it treats whistleblowers from other government agencies. The law either provides no protection against retaliation or excludes members of the Intelligence Community altogether. The current workaround is leaking to the press. To stem the tide of illicit leaks, Congress must address legal ambiguities that have made the use of the Intelligence Community inspector general system risky for whistleblowers. This essay examines the origins and trajectory of national security whistleblower protection in the United States to shed light on formidable obstacles that Intelligence Community whistleblowers face and argues that our laws need to be updated so we can insist on official channels and so whistleblowers can follow the law in reporting injustice.
The Ubiquitous Presidency: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces and critiques the existing mythology of the 20th-century presidency to illustrate the need for a new way of understanding the contemporary presidency, then provides an overview of the book’s argument about the ubiquitous presidency. It discusses assumptions of traditional understandings of presidential communication and outreach—using the “rhetorical presidency” as a key example—and shows how those assumptions fail in the contemporary environment. The chapter then explicates a new framework for understanding the contemporary presidency, which we call the ubiquitous presidency. This framework rests on three goals (visibility, adaptation, and control) and three contexts (accessibility, personalization, and pluralism). The chapter concludes by arguing for a broader array of methods and new objects of study in research on the presidency, and previews the book’s approach and structure.
Donald Trump
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Donald Trump’s administration in relation to the components of the ubiquitous presidency, especially how Trump sought visibility and control amid the contexts of accessibility, personalization, and pluralism. It first tracks Trump’s use of MAGA rallies to narrowcast messages to partisans, and then how he commanded attention via Twitter. On Twitter, Trump’s own tweets—as opposed to traditional major addresses, which were more influential in the Obama presidency—were the primary drivers of attention. Paralleling the analysis in Chapter 4, the chapter then uses semantic network analysis to track the relationship between the president, press, and public on Twitter in the context of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). These relationships reveal that Trump’s limited communication about the ACA contributed to an inversion of the traditional cascading activation model. Finally, the chapter explores how Trump’s attacks on pluralism promoted anti-social forms of democratic participation and may have even incited violence.
Introduction
Authors: Pineda Erin R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introductory chapter situates the civil rights movement within the political theory literatures on civil disobedience—old and new—and traces the way that the debate has shifted since the mid-century (from a decidedly liberal framework to various democratic ones) as well as broadened (bringing attention to new movements and forms of action). Despite the important insights generated out of these shifts, the civil rights example remains at once central and marginal—operating as a key proving ground for the political purchase of liberal and deliberative theories but also attesting to their limits, without making the movement itself the subject of sustained analysis or theoretical interest. In contrast, drawing on—but also departing from—the insights of the critical historiography of the “long civil rights movement,” the introduction presents the case for returning to the civil rights movement as a site of (and source for) political theorizing about civil disobedience.
Colored and White Atoms
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As with its overall foreign policy, the United States framed its atomic energy offerings as part of the global struggle between the “free world” and the communists, a division that masked the firm US military alignment with colonial powers. The United States continued that framing even as nations such as India and Ghana tried to forge a different path that associated atomic energy with the struggle for national or even racial liberation. The specter haunting Eisenhower and his successors was the emergence of a bloc of countries whose concerns were primarily racial and anti-colonial. Given the reality of racial segregation at home and the government’s close alliance with colonial powers of Europe, such a framing would put the United States on the side of the old colonial masters. American politicians utilized the promise of atomic energy to dim such perceptions amid numerous racially charged challenges in the 1950s and ’60s.
The Third Shift
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents dual expectations women pastors face in relation to their pastoral responsibilities at work as well as how they go about being a wife and mother, commonly referred to as the “second shift.” Women pastors are often expected to take on the lion’s share of household responsibilities. Therefore, congregants assume that they are pulled more between home and work than men, thus resulting in congregants doubting their ability to do it all. Finally, Chapter 5 demonstrates the traditional role of pastor’s wife and how some congregants implicitly assume that the work of pastors will be complemented by the unpaid work of their spouses. Pastors’ wives typically face more congregational expectations than pastors’ husbands, often leaving women pastors in heteronormative relationships to pick up some of the traditional pastor’s wife responsibilities in addition to their own responsibilities both at home and work; I refer to this phenomenon as the “third shift.”
Introduction
Authors: Golia Julie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea that early advice columns were essential but overlooked precursors to today’s virtual communities. It contextualizes the genesis of advice columns in the history of media and the press, changing notions of modernity, and the gendered transformations in American culture during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Advice columns helped turn American newspapers into a media form that prioritized the reading habits of women. They gave rise to the newspaper advice columnist, a new type of female reporter who played a central role in defining the archetype of the celebrity journalist. Newspaper advice columns redefined the meaning and use of advice, as readers increasingly turned to public, anonymous, and interactive sites for help on their most intimate problems, rather than to their family members or friends.
Advising the Race
Authors: Golia Julie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the advice column “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise,” which ran in the Chicago Defender, one of the most successful black newspapers in the United States. In the early twentieth century, black publishers recognized the many ways that mainstream newspapers reinforced the racial status quo in America and failed to address the needs of African American readers. They also sought to offer more feature content to women readers. “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise” was one of the country’s most widely read black advice columns. Columnist Princess Mysteria, a vaudeville mentalist, embraced the Defender’s mission of racial “uplift” and advocacy. But her counsel also reflected a unique sensitivity to the dual prejudices that her female readers faced as African Americans and as women. The columnist offered a worldview very different from that of white columnists, one that doled out assertive, even feminist advice.
The Pleistocene Social Contract
Authors: Sterelny Kim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter has three aims (i) it introduces the reader to the evolutionary puzzle of cooperation: why it is relatively rare despite its potential profits; (ii) it offers an account of the transition from the dominance-structured social world of the great apes and earliest hominins to a much more egalitarian and cooperative social order of the small mobile forager band of early to mid-Pleistocene hominins. Their cooperation mostly took the form of immediate return mutualism, and the chapter explains why this form of cooperation is more easily stabilized that reciprocation-dependent cooperation. (iii) It then offers an account of the transition from immediate return mutualism to cooperation through reciprocation: more efficient, potentially more profitable. But less inherently stable. The chapter connects the expansion of cultural learning to the stability of cooperation based on reciprocation.
Freedom of Speech and Expression
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book on freedom of speech and expression starts (chapter 1) with an inter-cultural history of this valued right through the ages and then recalls (chapter 2) the benefits for which we rightly value it. But what about speech that frustrates these benefits? Supporters of the benefits of free speech have reason to exercise voluntary self-restraint on speech which frustrates the benefits. They should also cultivate a second remedy: the art, illustrated in chapter 1, and called by Gandhi the art of ‘opening ears’, by other kinds of speech and conduct. Such voluntary methods are to be preferred to legal constraints. But (chapter 3) legal constraint is sometimes necessary. In the twenty-first century, social media funding based on manipulation of personal speech data requires skilful legislation and enforcement in favour of social media that protect freedoms.
The Dalai Lama and the Nechung Oracle
Authors: Bell Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book is about two immortals whose friendship has spanned nearly five hundred years across the Tibetan plateau and beyond. The first immortal is the Dalai Lama, the emanation of a bodhisattva, an enlightened being who voluntarily takes rebirth in the world to benefit sentient beings. The second immortal is a wrathful god named Pehar, who has possessed the Nechung Oracle since the sixteenth century. This book is the first to examine the relationship between these two monolithic figures, which strengthened in the seventeenth century during the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–1682). This study is also the first extensive examination of the famed Nechung Oracle and his institution. In the seventeenth century, the protector deity Pehar and his oracle at Nechung Monastery were state-sanctioned by the nascent Tibetan government, becoming the head of an expansive pantheon of worldly deities assigned to protect the newly unified country. While the Fifth Dalai Lama and his government endorsed Pehar as part of a larger unification project, the governments of later Dalai Lamas continued to expand the deity’s influence, and by extension their own, by ritually establishing Pehar at monasteries and temples around Lhasa and across Tibet. Pehar’s cult at Nechung Monastery came to embody the Dalai Lama’s administrative control in a mutually beneficial relationship of protection and prestige, the effects of which continue to reverberate within Tibet and among the Tibetan exile community today.
Pehar and the Five King Spirits
Authors: Bell Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 concerns the iconography and mythic origins of the protector deity Pehar and the Five King Spirits overall. This chapter specifically cites diverse mythological accounts of Pehar’s past, and his relationship to other deities, to not only introduce the reader to this deity but to illustrate how conflicting representations can offer opportunities for promoting certain characterizations. The stories cited in this chapter draw on Nyingma and Sakya texts predominantly, while noting how the imagery and themes in Pehar’s mythos reverberate through different communities who choose to understand the deity in different ways. This convoluted cluster of narratives nevertheless evince familiar tropes found across Buddhist, Tantric, and Tibetan milieus.
The Central Rituals
Authors: Bell Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 shifts from Nechung’s mythological foundations to explore the monastery’s central rites. The three ritual manuals examined in this chapter are at the root of Nechung’s practices and illustrate a vivid ritual accretion over several centuries involving major lineage masters. Specifically, the core rite of Nechung composed by the Fifth Dalai Lama was developed and built up over lifetimes before culminating in the text it is today. The chapter ends by taking a closer look at the deity Dorjé Drakden, a minor emanation of Pehar with humble beginnings, whose importance grows to challenge and overtake even the centrality of the Five King Spirits. The final discussion on ritual reverberation has implications for the wider liturgical activities practiced by Nechung and shared with other institutions.
Nechung Monastery
Authors: Bell Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on Nechung Monastery itself, offering a structural and symbolic exploration of the site’s architecture before addressing its often problematic historical evolution. The monastery possesses a rich and multivalent structure, with the courtyard murals illustrating the Five King Spirit’s retinue, the assembly hall providing images of the deities themselves along with important tantric figures, and the central chapel displaying statues of Nechung’s main protectors. Oral accounts historically associate the site with vivid prophetic pronouncements, but several discrepancies make a complete history difficult to ascertain. Regardless, today Nechung has been reestablished in exile, and both the historic Nechung of Lhasa and the new Nechung in India speak to the split liturgical activities of Pehar’s institution.
The Nechung Oracle
Authors: Bell Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The seventh and final chapter examines the history of the Nechung Oracle, whose vague beginnings give way to institutionalization and state advancement. This figure has been an important part of the Dalai Lama’s government since the seventeenth century and continues to act in the capacity of clairvoyant advisor today. Nevertheless, although the oracle’s origins are unclear, he had consistent involvement with the Dalai Lamas since the second incarnation. The Fifth Dalai Lama then gave the Nechung Oracle noticeably more attention in his writings, which herald the deity’s rapidly growing prestige. While now living in exile, the Nechung Oracle continues to engage with important religious and political figures, and is revered by Tibetans the world over.
Swiss Brethren and Dutch Mennonites
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Severe persecution and frequent migration threatened the survival of various Anabaptist groups and their leaders who lacked a salary or benefits, unlike magisterial Protestant reformers or Catholic clergy. Voluntary leaders like Menno Simons had to sacrifice a stable family life because of traveling visitations and forced migrations. Considered outlaws in most places, Anabaptists could not rely on any state support. The forms of poor relief among Swiss Brethren (including south German and Austrian Anabaptists) and Dutch Mennonites emerged out of a biblical rationale that the church of true believers practiced mutual aid out of love and obedience to Christ’s precepts and example. Anabaptist leaders relied a great deal on the networks of scattered Anabaptist communities, even though any aid to wanted Anabaptist fugitives could lead to criminal punishment. Mutual aid became a defining characteristic of the Anabaptists as a clear sign of faith and good works.
Enforced Transparency: A Solution to Autonomous Weapons as Potentially Uncontrollable Weapons Similar to Bioweapons
Authors: Krishnan Armin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that in many respects the regulation of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) presents a similar challenge to arms control as biological weapons do and that many lessons learned from the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) could be applied to the control of AWS. AWS that utilize “deep learning” are potentially unpredictable and uncontrollable weapons. International regulation efforts for AWS should focus on the development of safety and design standards for artificial intelligence (AI), should put in place confidence-building measures for enhancing transparency and trust in AI R&D and related applications, and should aim for a ban of offensive AWS. Enforced international transparency in the development of AI could make AI better and safer, including in a military context, which would improve strategic stability.
Introduction
Authors: Husain Faisal H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the themes and arguments of the book. In particular, it explains the benefits of adopting a holistic approach to the history of the river basin that acknowledges its cultural, physical, and biological unity. Treating the Tigris and Euphrates as a continuous whole brings to light the magnitude and significance of river flow that fostered contacts between upstream and downstream regions. Beyond facilitating communication, the twin rivers formed the backbone of the early modern Ottoman economy in the region by supporting complementary subsistence strategies, such as irrigation agriculture, animal husbandry, and wetland exploitation. In addition to the themes and arguments, this chapter offers a brief introduction to the history of the Ottoman Empire and the ecology of the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
Shipyards
Authors: Husain Faisal H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a history of the Ottoman naval fleet in the Tigris-Euphrates basin, referred to as the Shatt River Fleet in Ottoman bureaucratic parlance. In the sixteenth century, the Ottomans established two shipyards at the two ends of the river basin—Birecik in the north and Basra in the south. Both shipyards became the administrative centers for the Ottoman navy operating on the Tigris and Euphrates. Boats of the Shatt River Fleet were fitted with light cannon pieces and played a combat and support role in Ottoman military operations. They cooperated with land forces based in the fortresses to strengthen the Ottoman presence along the eastern frontier. While the literature on naval warfare in the early modern Military Revolution has largely focused on developments taking place at sea, this chapter shows how the Ottoman Empire adapted the latest naval technologies to a fluvial landscape.