bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeated triggered ruptures on a distributed secondary fault system: an example from the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, southwest Japan
Authors: Ishimura Daisuke , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Toda Shinji , Fukushima Yo , Kumahara Yasuhiro , Takahashi Naoya , Ichihara Toshihiko , Takada Keita 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Mw7.0 2016 Kumamoto earthquake occurred on the previously mapped Futagawa–Hinagu fault causing significant strong ground motions. A ~ 30-km-long dextral surface rupture appeared on the major fault zone and dextral slip was up to 2–3 m. However, the surface ruptures were also broadly and remotely distributed approximately 10 km away from the primary rupture zone. These numerous distributed secondary surface slips with vertical displacement of less than a few tens of centimeters were detected by the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology in previous studies. Such displacements occurred not only on previously mapped faults but also on unknown traces. Here, we addressed the following fundamental issues: whether the broadly distributed faults were involved in the past major earthquakes in the neighborhood, and how the fault topography of such secondary faults develops, seismically or aseismically. To find clues for understanding these issues, we show the results of field measurements of surface slips and paleoseismic trenching on distributed secondary faults called the Miyaji faults inside the Aso caldera, 10 km away from the eastern end of the primary rupture zone. Field observations revealed small but well-defined dextral slip surface ruptures that were consistent with vertical and dextral offsets derived from InSAR. On the trench walls, the penultimate event with vertical displacements almost similar to the 2016 event was identified. The timing of the penultimate event was around 2 ka, which was consistent with that of the primary fault and archeological information of the caldera. Considering the paleo-slip event and fault models of the Miyaji faults, they were presumed not to be source faults, and slip on these faults have been triggered by large earthquakes along major adjacent active faults. The results provide important insights into the seismic hazard assessment of low-slip-rate active faults and fault topography development due to triggered displacement along secondary faults.
Different solutions lead to similar life history traits across the great divides of the amniote tree of life
Authors: Meiri Shai , Murali Gopal , Zimin Anna , Shak Lior , Itescu Yuval , Caetano Gabriel , Roll Uri 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmniote vertebrates share a suite of extra-embryonic membranes that distinguish them from anamniotes. Other than that, however, their reproductive characteristics could not be more different. They differ in basic ectothermic vs endothermic physiology, in that two clades evolved powered flight, and one clade evolved a protective shell. In terms of reproductive strategies, some produce eggs and others give birth to live young, at various degrees of development. Crucially, endotherms provide lengthy parental care, including thermal and food provisioning—whereas ectotherms seldom do. These differences could be expected to manifest themselves in major differences between clades in quantitative reproductive traits. We review the reproductive characteristics, and the distributions of brood sizes, breeding frequencies, offspring sizes and their derivatives (yearly fecundity and biomass production rates) of the four major amniote clades (mammals, birds, turtles and squamates), and several major subclades (birds: Palaeognathae, Galloanserae, Neoaves; mammals: Metatheria and Eutheria). While there are differences between these clades in some of these traits, they generally show similar ranges, distribution shapes and central tendencies across birds, placental mammals and squamates. Marsupials and turtles, however, differ in having smaller offspring, a strategy which subsequently influences other traits.
A clinical and radiographic study of implants placed in autogenous bone grafts covered by either a platelet-rich fibrin membrane or deproteinised bovine bone mineral and a collagen membrane: a pilot randomised controlled clinical trial with a 2-year follow-up
Authors: Hartlev Jens , Schou Søren , Isidor Flemming , Nørholt Sven Erik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To compare the survival and clinical performance of implants placed in sites previously augmented with autogenous bone grafts covered by either a platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane (PRF group) or a standard procedure (gold standard) involving coverage of the autogenous bone graft with deproteinised bovine bone mineral and a resorbable collagen membrane (control group).

Methods
A total of 27 partially edentulous patients (test n = 14, control n = 13) with indication for staged lateral bone block augmentation and dental implant placement were included. Twenty-four months after crown placement (range: 14–32 months), patients were recalled for a final clinical and radiographic follow-up. Outcome measures were implant survival, implant crown survival, clinical parameters of the implant, peri-implant marginal bone level, marginal bone level of adjacent tooth surfaces, biological and technical complications and patient-related outcome measures.

Results
Two implants were lost in the control group (85% survival rate); none were lost in the PRF group (100% survival rate). None of the 26 initially placed implant crowns were lost, but one implant and therefore one implant crown were lost after 20 months. Consequently, the definitive implant crown survival was 92% (95% confidence interval (CI): 73–110%) in the control group and 100% in the PRF group. No statistical difference in implant survival rate (p = 0.13) or implant crown survival was seen between the groups (p = 0.28). The mean marginal bone level at the follow-up was 0.26 mm (95% CI: 0.01–0.50 mm) in the PRF group and 0.68 mm (95% CI: 0.41–0.96 mm) in the control group. The difference between the groups was − 0.43 mm (95% CI: − 0.80 to − 0.05 mm, p = 0.03), which was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Both groups demonstrated similar healthy peri-implant soft tissue values at the final follow-up.

Conclusion
Although the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest that the methodology of the PRF and the control group approach can both be used for bone augmentation with a similar outcome. A significant, but clinically irrelevant, higher peri-implant marginal bone level was registered in the PRF group than in the control group. Patients in both groups were highly satisfied with the treatment.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04350749. Registered 17 April 2020. Retrospectively registered.
A classroom intervention targeting working memory, attention and language skills: a cluster randomised feasibility trial
Authors: Rowe Anita , Titterington Jill , Holmes Joni , Henry Lucy , Taggart Laurence 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
International debate around the best models of speech and language therapy provision for children with language disorders has highlighted the need for research into classroom-based approaches and intervention dosage. Working memory (WM) is a cognitive skill linked to attention and language. ‘Recall to Enhance Children’s Attention, Language and Learning’ (RECALL) is a novel, 6-week, classroom-based intervention delivered by health professionals (HPs) and teachers. It is designed to target WM and enhance attention and language skills in 4–5 year olds.

Methods
A cluster randomised feasibility trial was conducted to investigate aspects of the feasibility of a definitive trial to evaluate RECALL: (i) recruitment and sampling procedures; (ii) compliance and fidelity; (iii) the acceptability of RECALL to HPs and teachers; (iv) the appropriateness of the outcome measures. Six classes of 4–5 year olds participated: two received RECALL, two received an existing intervention targeting attention skills (not underpinned by WM theory), and two received education as usual (no intervention). Ten children in each class (n = 60) were sampled to assess the appropriateness of the outcome measures. Classroom observations were conducted to measure fidelity and semi-structured interviews with HPs, and teachers explored the acceptability of RECALL.

Results
The recruitment targets were met, and all six schools completed the trial, but the sampling procedures require modification. Compliance was good (95% of RECALL sessions were delivered), but fidelity to the intervention protocol varied between 76% and 45% across the two schools. This was influenced by large class sizes, child factors, and facilitator factors, e.g., their understanding of the theory underpinning the intervention. The lack of fidelity reduced the dose (number of practice items) accessed by individual children, particularly those most at risk. There were mixed findings regarding the acceptability of RECALL and the appropriateness of the outcome measures.

Conclusions
The trial protocol could be easily scaled-up in a future definitive trial, with an amended sampling procedure. RECALL should be repackaged as a small group intervention to enhance the fidelity of its delivery and its acceptability to HPs and teachers. This study highlights the need for thorough training for professionals who deliver classroom-based interventions for children with language disorders.

Trial registration
ISRCTN13633886. Registered on 7 September 2018
Successful removal of a central venous catheter misplaced in the right subclavian artery using an intravascular stent: a case report
Authors: Yoshida Haruka , Ikemoto Shinichiro , Tokinaga Yasuyuki , Ejiri Kanako , Kawamata Tomoyuki 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Cannulation of a central venous catheter is sometimes associated with serious complications. When arterial cannulation occurs, attention must be given to removal of a catheter.

Case presentation
A 62-year-old man was planned for emergency thoracic endovascular aortic repair. After the induction of anesthesia, a central venous catheter was unintentionally inserted into the right subclavian artery. We planned to remove the catheter. Since we considered that surgical repair would be highly invasive for the patient, we decided to remove it using a percutaneous intravascular stent. A stent was inserted through the right axillary artery. The stent was expanded immediately after the catheter was removed. Post-procedural angiography revealed no leakage from the catheter insertion site and no occlusion of the right subclavian and vertebral arteries. There were no obvious hematoma or thrombotic complications.

Conclusions
A catheter that has been misplaced into the right subclavian artery was safely removed using an intravascular stent.
Filter lifetimes of different hemodiafiltration membrane materials in dogs: reevaluation of the optimal anticoagulant dosage
Authors: Yuzawa Hiroko , Hirose Yousuke , Kimura Tomonori , Shinozaki Keisuke , Oguchi Moe , Morito Tomohiro , Sadahiro Tomohito 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
In continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), administration of anticoagulants is necessary for achieving a certain level of filter lifetime. Generally, anticoagulant doses are controlled to keep activated partial thromboplastin time and other indicators within a certain target range, regardless of the membrane materials used for the filter. However, in actual clinical practice, the filter lifetime varies significantly depending on the membrane material used. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that the minimum anticoagulant dose necessary for prolonging the filter lifetime while reducing the risk of hemorrhagic complications varies depending on the type of membrane.

Methods
In three beagles, hemodiafiltration was performed with hemofilters using polysulfone (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and AN69ST membranes separately. The minimum dose of nafamostat mesylate (NM) that would allow for 6 h of hemodiafiltration (required dose) was investigated for each membrane material.

Results
The NM doses required for 6 h of hemodiafiltration were 2 mg/kg/h for the PS membrane, 6 mg/kg/h for the PMMA membrane, and 6 mg/kg/h for the AN69ST membrane.

Conclusion
For hemodiafiltration performed in beagles, the required NM dose varied for each filter membrane material. Using the optimal anticoagulant dose for each membrane material would allow for safer CRRT performance.
Policy implications for awareness gaps in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial use among commercial Nepalese poultry producers
Authors: Lambrou Anastasia S. , Innes Gabriel K. , O’Sullivan Laura , Luitel Himal , Bhattarai Rebanta K. , Basnet Hom B. , Heaney Christopher D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Nepal’s poultry industry has increased with a growing middle class, which has translated to an increase in antimicrobial consumption and thus a rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Describing and understanding antimicrobial use practices among commercial poultry producers in Nepal may help minimize the risks of AMR development in both humans and animals and determine the effectiveness of relevant policies.

Methods
From July to August 2018, poultry farmers were randomly recruited from Nepal’s Chitwan District to participate in a cross-sectional study. The lead producer in each poultry operation was administered a quantitative structured-survey via a 30-min interview. Participants were asked to provide demographics, production practices, and knowledge about their antimicrobial use practices. Descriptive data analysis was performed to obtain frequencies and compare practices.

Results
In total, 150 commercial poultry producers of whom raised between 300 and 40,000 birds completed the interviews. Only 33% (n = 49) of producers reported knowing what AMR was, and among them only 50% (n = 25) consulted a veterinarian for treatment options. Antimicrobial administration for growth promotion was still employed by 13% of poultry producers. Similarly, critically important antimicrobial drugs, specifically colistin, were identified at 35% of participating operations. Producers reported low overall understanding and compliance of withdrawal periods (n = 41; 27%), which may result in both AMR development and adverse health reactions among consumers who ingest antimicrobial residues. Although Nepal has publicized antimicrobial use policies and awareness campaigns to instill healthy production practices, most producers (82%) were unaware of them.

Conclusion
Many Nepalese poultry producers lack overall antimicrobial use and AMR awareness, which is evidenced by low antimicrobial withdrawal period compliance, use of antimicrobials for growth promotion, and the sustained use of critically important antimicrobials. Improved outreach and educational capacities, paired with increased veterinary resources and extensive monitoring in operations and retail meat products, may increase AMR awareness and policy enforcement.
Morphological and molecular identification of four Purpureocillium isolates and evaluating their efficacy against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Sun Tingfei , Wu Jianhui , Ali Shaukat 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Entomopathogenic fungi are widely distributed and well described within the fungal kingdom. This study reports the isolation, characterization, and virulence of 4 Purpureocillium lilacinum isolates against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).

Results
Four strains of Purpureocillium lilacinum (XI-1, XI-4, XI-5, and J27) were isolated from soil samples from different localities of China. The morphological studies observed that four strains showed essentially the same morphological characteristics. After 7 days of cultivation, the colonies were purple, round, and bulged. Conidia were single-celled, oval to spindle-shaped, chain-like, and the spore size was about 2.0–2.3 × 3.1–4.0 μm. The genome-based identification results showed that ITS sequences of XI-1 (GenBank accession # MW386433), XI-4 (GenBank accession # MW386434), XI-5 (GenBank accession # MW386435), and J27 (GenBank accession # MW386436) were similar to another P. lilacinum. The newly identified strains of P. lilacinum proved pathogenicity to B. tabaci under laboratory conditions. In addition, the P. lilacinum isolate XI-5 was the most virulent one against different nymphal instars of whitefly having median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 4.99 × 106, 4.82 × 105, and 2.85 × 106 conidia/ml, respectively, 7 days post application.

Conclusion
The newly isolated strains of P. lilacinum can be developed as a potential biopesticide against the whitefly although extensive field bioassays as well as development of proper formulation are still required.
The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating patients with chronic daily headache
Authors: AbdElkader Ann Ali , Fahmy Ebtesam Mohammed , Ahmad Ayat Allah Farouk , Labib Amira A. , El-Mekkawy Leqaa Ali , El Razek Shaimaa shaheen Mohammed Abd 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundHeadache is the most commonpain disorder, affecting around 66% of the global population. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of high-frequencyrepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS) in treating patients with primary chronic daily headaches (chronictension-type headacheand chronic migraine).MethodsTwenty-seven patients participated in the study, divided into 2 groups: a study group (16 patients) and a control group (11 patients). Treatment consisted of 12 high-frequency (5 Hz) real rTMS sessions, delivered over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), whereas sham rTMS was used for the control group.ResultsPatients of the study group, after real rTMS stimulation, showed a high statistically significant reduction of the measured headache parameters compared to the control group (Pvalue < 0.001), and the percentage of improvement was 94.5%. No significant reduction of headache parameters, after sham rTMS stimulation, was observed in the control group (Pvalue > 0.05) and the percentage of improvement was 7.9%.ConclusionHigh-frequency rTMS is effective in reducing chronic tension headaches andchronic migraines. This finding runs with the approval of the suggested role of DLPFC in pain control. This might open opinions for new treatment strategies in tension-type headache and migraine prevention.
Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among Iraqi undergraduate medical students in time of COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Taher Taqi Mohammed Jwad , Al-fadhul Shaymaa Abdul Lateef , Abutiheen Ali A. , Ghazi Hasanain Faisal , Abood Naeem Shami 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common mental disorder affecting millions of people. Its onset and peak are during late teens making university students a priority target. Medical student perhaps is at greater risk for developing OCD while corona COVID-19 is expected to more exaggerate symptoms mainly with extra hygiene and cleanliness practices. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of OCD symptoms among Iraqi medical students, and to assess the associated psychological symptoms and its correlates. An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted among Iraqi medical students during the period from August to October 2020. An online anonymous, voluntary, and self-administered questionnaire based on the 18 questions Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised scale (OCI-R) was used to collect the data.

Results
A total of 1644 students had filled the questionnaire. Females were 1116 (67.9%), while 1153 (70.1%) had reported accompanying mental symptoms. Of which worry and stress were the most prevalent with 674 (25.9%) and 617 (23.7%) respectively. However, 707 (43%) have probable OCD symptoms that need further assessment. Unpleasant thoughts were the most prevalent symptoms with 51.8%. Surprisingly, the washing and contamination scales were low at 14% and 19.4% while repeating certain numbers was the least with 8%. OCD symptoms were significantly related to younger age and earlier years of study. Further, all accompanied mental symptoms were significantly associated with probable OCD status.

Conclusion
High prevalence of OCD among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. No association of OCD with gender and family history. Younger students and early years of study were more likely to suffer from OCD symptoms.
Psychological distress and its risk factors during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Elhessewi Ghada Moh Samir , Almoayad Fatmah , Mahboub Samira , Alhashem Anwar Mohammed , Fiala Lamiaa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
The control measures during COVID-19 such as curfew, lockdown, and social distancing had observed differences in controlling the spread of the disease around the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; however, they might contribute to psychological illnesses such as anxiety, depression, panic disorder, and distress. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to assess psychological distress and the factors affecting it among general population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results
Seven hundred and thirty-nine people completed an online questionnaire which included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Psychological distress was found among 35% of the study sample. Western and northern regions reported higher rates of distress. In addition, higher rates were found among younger and unmarried individuals. Distress was significantly positively correlated with perceptions of susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 infection, and the fear to lose a job as a result of the pandemic and the related precautions.

Conclusion
Psychological support programs should be provided targeting high-risk groups of younger and unmarried population. Further research should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological support interventions.
Drug delivery nanocarriers and recent advances ventured to improve therapeutic efficacy against osteosarcoma: an overview
Authors: Desai Sujit Arun , Manjappa Arehalli , Khulbe Preeti 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the key cancers affecting the bone tissues, primarily occurred in children and adolescence. Recently, chemotherapy followed by surgery and then post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy is widely used for the treatment of OS. However, the lack of selectivity and sensitivity to tumor cells, the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR), and dangerous side effects have restricted the use of chemotherapeutics.

Main body
There is an unmet need for novel drug delivery strategies for effective treatment and management of OS. Advances in nanotechnology have led to momentous progress in the design of tumor-targeted drug delivery nanocarriers (NCs) as well as functionalized smart NCs to achieve targeting and to treat OS effectively. The present review summarizes the drug delivery challenges in OS, and how organic nanoparticulate approaches are useful in overcoming barriers will be explained. The present review describes the various organic nanoparticulate approaches such as conventional nanocarriers, stimuli-responsive NCs, and ligand-based active targeting strategies tested against OS. The drug conjugates prepared with copolymer and ligand having bone affinity, and advanced promising approaches such as gene therapy, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and T cell therapy tested against OS along with their reported limitations are also briefed in this review.

Conclusion
The nanoparticulate drugs, drug conjugates, and advanced therapies such as gene therapy, and T cell therapy have promising and potential application in the effective treatment of OS. However, many of the above approaches are still at the preclinical stage, and there is a long transitional period before their clinical application.