bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrathin, Ultralight, and Anisotropic Ordered Reduced Graphene Oxide Fiber Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Membrane
Authors: Xu Lu , Lu Haohao , Zhou Yue , Chi Zhangyi , Li Zhao , Md Zahidul Islam , Dong Yubing , Fu Yaqin , Zhu Yaofeng , Ni Qingqing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDeveloping an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material with lightweight, ultrathin, and high‐performance complex electromagnetic wave pollution has become a research trend. Here, a novel ultrathin ordered reduced graphene oxide fiber (oRGOF) membranes are reported with wrinkles, grooves, and hierarchical structure by a simple assembly process based on wet spinning. The results show that the oRGOF membranes have obvious anisotropic conductivity and directional electromagnetic shielding properties. The measured electrical conductivity along the fiber axial direction (0°) is higher than that along the fiber radial direction (90°). Furthermore, the EMI shielding performance difference under different rotation angles is more than 25 dB (31.0 dB at 0°, 4.9 dB at 90°). The thickness of the resultant oRGOF membrane is 0.03 mm and area density of 0.9 mg cm−2, and the specific EMI SE (SSE/t) is 33333 dB cm2 g−1 along the fiber axis. The oRGOF membranes show flexible and durable performance under repeated bending and straightening cycles tests over 160 times, without significant reduction of the shielding performance. Thus, the ultrathin, ultralight, and anisotropic oRGOF electromagnetic interference shielding membrane have broad prospects for both civilian and military applications.
Spin‐Polarized Electrons Impact on Terahertz Emission by High‐Order Shift Current in CsPbBr3
Authors: He Yuhang , Su Rui , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhao Qiyi , Zhou Yixuan , Khurgin Jacob B. , Xiong Qihua , Xu Xinlong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAbility to generate and manipulate spin‐polarized electrons is the cornerstone of prospective energy‐efficient spin‐based information processing technologies. Here, we report a novel method of generating transient spin‐polarized electrons by two‐photon absorption (TPA) in all‐inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 using circularly polarized light (CPL) excitation. The photo‐generated transient spin‐polarized current serves as a source for terahertz emission detected in our experiment that shows quadratic pump fluence dependence, consistent with our previous report under linear polarized light excitation. Density functional calculations confirm the experimental results and pinpoint the role of the spin−orbit coupling in enabling TPA of CPL in CsPbBr3. In addition, the maximum degree of spin‐polarization under excitation by the CPL is ~21.3% at room temperature and can be tuned by the polarization of the excitation light with a quarter wave plate. The technique developed in this work can be applied to the analysis of spin‐related properties of materials, making it an important analytical tool for the exploration of future spintronic technology based on inorganic perovskites.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Nitriles for Accessing Diarylamines through C−CN Bond Activation
Authors: Wu Ke , Rong Qiang , Sun Nan , Hu Baoxiang , Shen Zhenlu , Jin Liqun , Hu Xinquan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA nickel‐catalyzed amination to access diarylamines has been developed through C−CN bond activation of aryl nitriles with anilines. In this developed catalytic protocol, various aromatic and heteroaromatic nitriles could be utilized as the electrophiles to couple with substituted anilines. A diversity of diarylamines were obtained in 15–95% yields.magnified image
Synthesis of Terminal N‐Vinylazoles from Aromatic Aldehydes, DMSO, and Azoles Based DMSO as Terminal Carbon Synthon
Authors: Nie Zhiwen , Lv Huifang , Li Hui , Su Miaodong , Yang Tonglin , Luo Weiping , Liu Qiang , Guo Cancheng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA protocol for the synthesis of terminal N‐vinylazoles from aromatic aldehydes, DMSO, and azoles has been reported. In this strategy, DMSO was involved in the construction of the C=C bond as a terminal carbon synthon. Both aromatic aldehydes and azoles could be well tolerated and give the corresponding terminal N‐vinylazoles in 52–91% yields. Based on preliminary experiments, a plausible mechanism is proposed.magnified image
Regulating Deposition Behavior of Sodium Ions for Dendrite‐Free Sodium‐Metal Anode
Authors: Liu Pei , Yi Haotian , Zheng Siyu , Li Zhaopeng , Zhu Kunjie , Sun Zhiqin , Jin Ting , Jiao Lifang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConstructing dendrite‐free sodium metal anodes with admirable electrochemical performance and long cycle‐life is crucial for the practical application of sodium‐metal batteries (SMBs). One of the feasible methods is to design 3D skeletons with sodiophilicity. Herein, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the co‐existence of O and N functional groups on a carbon matrix can imbue strong sodiophilicity, and can regulate the Na deposition behavior to planar extension. Under the guidance of DFT calculation results, robust 3D carbon nanofibers are fabricated with sodiophilic O and N functional groups, which simultaneously facilitates homogeneous Na+ distribution and a dendrite‐free construction. The stabilized sodium metal anode achieves an ultra‐long cycle life of 1600 h at 1 mA cm−2 and an overpotential of merely ≈22 mV at 4 mA cm−2 in Na||Na symmetric batteries. Furthermore, superior electrochemical properties are demonstrated in both Na‐O2 cell and a full sodium ion cell using Na3V2(PO4)3 as a cathode, laying the foundation for the next generation high‐performance SMBs.
Multiphase, Multiscale Chemomechanics at Extreme Low Temperatures: Battery Electrodes for Operation in a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Li Jizhou , Li Shaofeng , Zhang Yuxin , Yang Yang , Russi Silvia , Qian Guannan , Mu Linqin , Lee Sang‐Jun , Yang Zhijie , Lee Jun‐Sik , Pianetta Piero , Qiu Jieshan , Ratner Daniel , Cloetens Peter , Zhao Kejie , Lin Feng , Liu Yijin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the behavior of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) under extreme conditions, for example, low temperature, is key to broad adoption of LIBs in various application scenarios. LIBs, poor performance at low temperatures is often attributed to the inferior lithium‐ion transport in the electrolyte, which has motivated new electrolyte development as well as the battery preheating approach that is popular in electric vehicles. A significant irrevocable capacity loss, however, is not resolved by these measures nor well understood. Herein, multiphase, multiscale chemomechanical behaviors in composite LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC, x + y + z = 1) cathodes at extremely low temperatures are systematically elucidated. The low‐temperature storage of LIBs can result in irreversible structural damage in active electrodes, which can negatively impact the subsequent battery cycling performance at ambient temperature. Beside developing electrolytes that have stable performance, designing batteries for use in a wide temperature range also calls for the development of electrode components that are structurally and morphologically robust when the cell is switched between different temperatures.
Cover cropping and conservation tillage improve soil health in the southeastern United States
Authors: Farmaha Bhupinder S. , Sekaran Udayakumar , Franzluebbers Alan J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConservation agricultural systems have a long history of development and use in the southeastern United States, but they are still not the norm on the landscape. Literature from the region suggests that a diversity of soil properties can be improved with cover cropping and conservation tillage, but results are not always consistent. Our objectives were to (a) review recent research on conservation tillage and cover cropping in the region and (b) compile and synthesize recent data from a diversity of farms along a conventional to conservation gradient. As part of recent on‐farm trials focused on soil N availability, we analyzed soil organic C and N fractions and routine soil nutrient characteristics from a total of 196 fields in corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production in three physiographic regions of the Coastal Plain (n = 71 fields), Piedmont (n = 77 fields), and Appalachians (n = 48 fields) in North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. These data allowed us to establish first estimates of threshold optima for soil organic C and N fractions and other inorganic nutrients. On‐farm data confirmed the literature review that conservation tillage resulted in greater stratification of soil organic C and N and nutrient concentrations. Soil health improvement could be inferred along the gradient from inversion tillage to no tillage without cover cropping to no tillage with cover cropping. This collection of recent literature and on‐farm data can be a useful starting point for establishing target limits and assessing soil health conditions on farms in the region.
The formation and growth model of a CO2 hydrate layer based on molecular dynamics
Authors: Honda Kota , Fujikawa Rintaro , Ma Xiao , Yamamoto Norifumi , Fujiwara Kota , Kaneko Akiko , Abe Yutaka 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCO2 hydrates are ice‐like substances in which CO2 molecules are encapsulated in water and are known to reduce the rate at which CO2 dissolves in water. It is believed that the thickness of the hydrate film is dominant in the dissolution rate. In this study, we have developed a model that takes into account two factors: the permeation of H2O molecules and the change in film thickness. First, mass transfer coefficients were measured from dissolution experiments of CO2 hydrate, and it was found that existing empirical equations could predict the mass transfer coefficients near the hydrate. Next, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to determine the self‐diffusion coefficients between CO2. In these calculations, intercage hopping and intracage migration of the molecules were identified based on their migration distances. These results indicate that the kinetic model proposed in this study can reproduce the CO2 hydrate film thickness well.
Microsatellites and petal morphology reveal new patterns of admixture in Orchis hybrid zones
Authors: Bersweden Leif , Viruel Juan , Schatz Bertrand , Harland Joanna , Gargiulo Roberta , Cowan Robyn S. , Calevo Jacopo , Juan Ana , Clarkson James J. , Leitch Andrew R. , Fay Michael F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPremiseThe genetic structure of hybrid zones provides insight into the potential for gene flow to occur between plant taxa. Four closely related European orchid species (Orchis anthropophora, O. militaris, O. purpurea, and O. simia) hybridize when they co‐occur. We aimed to characterize patterns of hybridization in O. militaris–O. purpurea, O. purpurea–O. simia, and O. anthropophora–O. simia hybrid zones using molecular and morphological data.MethodsWe used 11 newly isolated nuclear microsatellites to genotype 695 individuals collected from seven hybrid zones and six allopatric parental populations in France. Geometric morphometric analysis was conducted using 15 labellum landmarks to capture the main aspects of petal shape.ResultsBackcrossing was asymmetric toward O. militaris in multiple O. militaris–O. purpurea hybrid zones. Hybrids in O. purpurea–O. simia and O. anthropophora–O. simia hybrid zones were largely limited to F1 and F2 generations, but further admixture had occurred. These patterns were reflected in labellum geometric morphometric data, which correlated strongly with nuclear microsatellite data in all three species combinations.ConclusionsThe coexistence of parental and admixed individuals in these Orchis hybrid zones implies they are likely to be tension zones being maintained by a balance between gene flow into the hybrid zone and selection acting against admixed individuals. The pattern of admixture in the three species combinations suggests intrinsic selection acting on the hybrids is weaker in more closely related taxa.
Sooty molds from the Jurassic of Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Nunes Cristina I. , García Massini Juan L. , Escapa Ignacio H. , Guido Diego M. , Campbell Kathleen A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPremiseThe sooty molds are a globally distributed ecological group of ascomycetes with epiphyllous, saprotrophic habit, comprising several phylogenetically distant taxa (i.e., members of the classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes). Their fossil record extends almost continuously back to the early Cretaceous; however, they are hypothesized to have originated in the early Mesozoic. Here, we describe new specimens of sooty molds associated with conifer leaves from Jurassic hot spring deposits of Patagonia, Argentina.MethodsThin sections of chert samples from the La Matilde Formation, Deseado Massif (Santa Cruz, Argentina) were observed using light microscopy.ResultsThe fungi occur on the surface and axils of leafy twigs with podocarpaceous affinities, forming dense subicula comprised by opaque moniliform hyphae. Additionally, several asexual and sexual reproductive structures are observed. On the basis of vegetative (i.e., dense subicula composed of moniliform hyphae; hyphae composed of opaque cells deeply constricted at the septa) and reproductive characters (i.e., poroconidial and sympodioconidial asexual stages and diverse spores), two morphotypes were identified with affinities within lineages of the subphylum Pezizomycotina that encompass the ecological group of sooty molds, and a third morphotype was within the phylum Ascomycota.ConclusionsThis finding extends the fossil record of sooty molds to the Jurassic and their geographic fossil range to the South American continent. In particular, their association with podocarpaceous conifers is shown to be ancient, dating back to the Jurassic. This new record provides an additional reference point on the diversity of interactions that characterized Jurassic forests in Patagonia.
Biophysical evidence to support and extend the vitamin D‐folate hypothesis as a paradigm for the evolution of human skin pigmentation
Authors: Lucock Mark D. , Jones Patrice R. , Veysey Martin , Thota Rohith , Garg Manohar , Furst John , Martin Charlotte , Yates Zoe , Scarlett Christopher J. , Jablonski Nina G. , Chaplin George , Beckett Emma L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo test the “vitamin D‐folate hypothesis for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.”MethodsTotal ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV‐irradiance in a large (n = 649) Australian cross‐sectional study population. Genetic analysis was used to score vitamin D‐ and folate‐related gene polymorphisms (n = 22), along with two pigmentation gene variants (IRF4‐rs12203592/HERC2‐rs12913832). Red cell folate and vitamin D3 were measured by immunoassay and HPLC, respectively.Results
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and pigmentation genes interact to modify blood vitamin levels; Light skin IRF4‐TT genotype has greatest folate loss while light skin HERC2‐GG genotype has greatest vitamin D3 synthesis (reflected in both TOMS and seasonal data).
UV‐wavelength exhibits a dose–response relationship in folate loss within light skin IRF4‐TT genotype (305 > 310 > 324 > 380 nm). Significant vitamin D3 photosynthesis only occurs within light skin HERC2‐GG genotype, and is maximal at 305 nm.
Three dietary antioxidants (vitamins C, E, and β‐carotene) interact with UVR and pigmentation genes preventing oxidative loss of labile reduced folate vitamers, with greatest benefit in light skin IRF4‐TT subjects. The putative photosensitiser, riboflavin, did not sensitize red cell folate to UVR and actually afforded protection.
Four genes (5xSNPs) influenced blood vitamin levels when stratified by pigmentation genotype; MTHFR‐rs1801133/rs1801131, TS‐rs34489327, CYP24A‐rs17216707, and VDR‐ApaI‐rs7975232.
Lightest IRF4‐TT/darkest HERC2‐AA genotype combination (greatest folate loss/lowest vitamin D3 synthesis) has 0% occurrence. The opposing, commonest (39%) compound genotype (darkest IRF4‐CC/lightest HERC2‐GG) permits least folate loss and greatest synthesis of vitamin D3.
ConclusionNew biophysical evidence supports the vitamin D‐folate hypothesis for evolution of skin pigmentation.
Magnitude of Mendelian versus complex inheritance of rare disorders
Authors: Chakravarti Aravinda 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn medical genetics, the vast majority of patients with a currently known genetic basis harbor a rare deleterious allele explaining its Mendelian inheritance. Increasingly, for these phenotypes, we recognize exceptions to Mendelian expectations from non‐penetrance of clinical disease to significant inter‐individual variation in clinical manifestations, likely reflecting the actions of additional modifier genes. Despite recent progress, we still remain ignorant about the molecular basis for many rare disorders presumed to be Mendelian. The molecular evidence increasingly suggests a role for multiple genes in some of these cases, but for how many? In this article, I discuss why equating a phenotype as Mendelian or complex may be short‐sighted or even erroneous. As we learn more about the functions of the human genome with its genes in networks, we should view the phenotype of an individual patient as arising from his or her total genomic deleterious burden in a set of functionally inter‐related genes affecting that phenotype. This can sometimes arise from deleterious allele(s) at a single gene (Mendelian inheritance) creating a specific biochemical deficiency (or excess) but could just as frequently arise from the cumulative effects of multiple disease alleles (complex inheritance) leading to the same biochemical deficiency (or excess).
Multifarious Impact of Rhodanine Acceptor Group on the Optical Properties of Some Semiconductor Probes
Authors: Ghosh Tapan , Mondal Madalasa , Vijayaraghavan Ratheesh K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSteady state optical properties such as photo‐absorption and photo‐luminescence characteristics of organic molecules in its bulk states viz, film or crystalline forms are highly sensitive to subtle alteration of chemical substitution, molecular geometry in bulk and the electronic state coupling between a pair of molecules. Here we highlight a distinct interference of rhodanine substitution on such optical properties of a group of similar molecules (2TR, 23TR). For comparison an anthracene conjugate model molecule was also chosen (AR). In the former case, despite of having similar molecular structure except the presence of a methyl group at the C3 position (which ensures the identical electronic states in both the case) and similar molecular packing in single crystals, 2TR and 23TR exhibited diagonally opposite solid‐state fluorescence behavior. 2TR was non‐fluorescent whereas, 23TR was highly emissive in its crystalline solid state. A minute substitutional change in chemical structure was found to alter the solid‐state fluorescence behavior immensely that was attributed to the non‐radiative loss in the former case due to the solid‐state C−C bond flip which was further proven by temperature dependent fluorescence experiments. At a sample temperature of <120 K, 20‐fold enhancement in the fluorescence intensity was observed.
The biological index of frailty: A new index for the assessment of frailty in human skeletal remains
Authors: Zedda Nicoletta , Bramanti Barbara , Gualdi‐Russo Emanuela , Ceraico Elena , Rinaldo Natascia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveFrailty is the physiological stress that individuals suffer during their life. In past populations, frailty is conventionally assessed through the occurrence of different biomarkers of biological stress. Some efforts have been made to propose indexes that combine all biomarkers. However, these indices have some critical limitations: they cannot be used on incomplete skeletons, do not consider the severity and/or healing of lesions, and assign equal importance to different biomarkers. To address these limitations, we propose a new index to assess frailty in skeletal individuals.Material and MethodsBy statistically analyzing a large amount of osteological data available from the Museum of London, and using a Logit model, we were able to define a different weight for each reported biomarker of frailty, based on their importance in increasing the risk of premature death for the individuals.ResultsThe biological index of frailty (BIF) is the weighted mean of all biomarkers scored on the individuals, according to a different degree of importance assigned to each one. It also considers the severity and healing of the biomarkers when this is relevant to diagnose frailty. We applied BIF on a sample of Monastics and Non‐Monastics from medieval England and compared it with the skeletal index of frailty (SFI).DiscussionBIF is the first frailty index that gives a different weight to each skeletal biomarker of stress, considers both severity and healing of the lesions, and can be applied on partial skeletal remains. The comparison with SFI showed that BIF is applicable to a larger number of skeletal individuals, revealing new differences between the Monastic and the Non‐Monastic groups.
Mass violence in Copper Age Europe: The massacre burial site from Potočani, Croatia
Authors: Janković Ivor , Balen Jacqueline , Potrebica Hrvoje , Ahern James C. M. , Novak Mario 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo provide a comprehensive analysis of perimortem cranial injuries found on human remains from the Eneolithic (ca. 4200 BCE) mass grave discovered at Potočani, Croatia, to test if the assemblage is a result of a deliberate violent episode on a massive scale.Materials and MethodsStandard bioarchaeological analysis, including inventory of the preserved elements, minimum number of individuals, sex determination, age at death, as well as pattern and distribution of trauma, was recorded.ResultsA minimum of 41 people are present in the sample. Both sexes and almost all age groups are represented, with a prevalence of children and young adults. Four blunt force antemortem injuries are registered in three adult males and one subadult while perimortem injuries are recorded on 13 crania with a total of 28 injuries. The distribution of perimortem injuries is not patterned with age, sex, or siding, and their location is on lateral, posterior, or superior parts of the crania. No “defensive wounds” or other type of injuries are observed on postcranial elements.DiscussionThe injuries, manner of disposal of the bodies, radiocarbon dates, and other available data strongly suggest that the Potočani sample represents a single episode of execution during which the Potočani people were unable to defend themselves. The Potočani massacre is the oldest such example in southeastern Europe and provides additional evidence that indiscriminate violence on a massive scale is not a product of modern societies.
Inside a Shell—Organometallic Catalysis Inside Encapsulin Nanoreactors
Authors: Lohner Philipp , Zmyslia Mariia , Thurn Johann , Pape Jasmin K. , Gerasimaitė Rūta , Keller‐Findeisen Jan , Groeer Saskia , Deuringer Benedikt , Süss Regine , Walther Andreas , Hell Stefan W. , Lukinavičius Gražvydas , Hugel Thorsten , Jessen‐Trefzer Claudia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCompartmentalization of chemical reactions inside cells are a fundamental requirement for life. Encapsulins are self‐assembling protein‐based nanocompartments from the prokaryotic repertoire that present a highly attractive platform for intracellular compartmentalization of chemical reactions by design. Using single‐molecule Förster resonance energy transfer and 3D‐MINFLUX analysis, we analyze fluorescently labeled encapsulins on a single‐molecule basis. Furthermore, by equipping these capsules with a synthetic ruthenium catalyst via covalent attachment to a non‐native host protein, we are able to perform in vitro catalysis and go on to show that engineered encapsulins can be used as hosts for transition metal catalysis inside living cells in confined space.