bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the Returning Radiation on the Analysis of the Reflection Spectra of Black Holes
Authors: Riaz Shafqat , Szanecki Michał , Niedźwiecki Andrzej , Ayzenberg Dimitry , Bambi Cosimo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A fraction of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of a geometrically thin and optically thick accretion disk of a black hole returns to the disk because of the strong light bending in the vicinity of the compact object (returning radiation). While such radiation clearly affects the observed spectrum of the source, it is often neglected in theoretical models. In the present paper, we study the impact of the returning radiation on relativistic reflection spectra. Assuming neutral material in the disk, we estimate the systematic uncertainties on the measurement of the properties of the system when we fit the data with a theoretical model that neglects the returning radiation. Our NICER simulations show that the inclination angle of the disk and the black hole spin parameter tend to be overestimated for low viewing angles, while no clear bias is observed for high viewing angles. The iron abundance of the disk is never overestimated. In the most extreme cases (in particular, for maximally rotating black holes), the returning radiation flattens the radial emissivity beyond a few gravitational radii. In such cases, it also produces residuals that cannot be compensated for by adjusting the parameters of models that neglect the returning radiation. This may be an important issue for the interpretation of data from future X-ray missions (e.g., Athena). When we simulate some observations with NuSTAR and fit data above 10 keV, we find that some conclusions that are valid for the NICER simulations are no longer true (e.g., we can obtain a high iron abundance).
Dynamical Coupling of a Mean-field Dynamo and Its Wind: Feedback Loop over a Stellar Activity Cycle
Authors: Perri Barbara , Brun Allan Sacha , Strugarek Antoine , Réville Victor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We focus on the connection between the internal dynamo magnetic field and the stellar wind. If the star has a cyclic dynamo, the modulations of the magnetic field can affect the wind, which, in turn, can back-react on the boundary conditions of the star, creating a feedback loop. We have developed a 2.5D numerical setup to model this essential coupling. We have implemented an alpha–omega mean-field dynamo in the PLUTO code and then coupled it to a spherical polytropic wind model via an interface composed of four grid layers with dedicated boundary conditions. We present here a dynamo model close to a young Sun with cyclic magnetic activity. First, we show how this model allows one to track the influence of the dynamo activity on the corona by displaying the correlation between the activity cycle, the coronal structure, and the time evolution of integrated quantities. Then we add the feedback of the wind on the dynamo and discuss the changes observed in the dynamo symmetry and wind variations. We explain these changes in terms of dynamo modes; in this parameter regime, the feedback loop leads to a coupling between the dynamo families via a preferred growth of the quadrupolar mode. We also study our interface in terms of magnetic helicity and show that it leads to a small injection in the dynamo. This model confirms the importance of coupling physically internal and external stellar layers, as it has a direct impact on both the dynamo and the wind.
La pandémie de Covid-19 en Inde : peut-on encore parler du modèle Kerala ?
Authors: Madhavan Harilal 
Published: March 2021

Le 24 mars 2020, le Premier ministre de l’Inde Narendra Mordi ordonnait le confinement strict de tout le pays afin d’endiguer la transmission du SARS-Cov2. Annoncée du jour au lendemain, condamnant au chômage et à l’absence de revenu des centaines de millions de personnes et laissant les autorités locales se débrouiller pour nourrir les plus démunies, cette mesure a été fortement critiquée tant pour ses conséquences économiques et sociales que pour son faible impact sur la dynamique de la pandémie. Pourtant, parce qu’en Inde la santé est avant tout l’affaire des territoires, les situations y sont extrêmement contrastées et quelques États se sont montrés bien plus efficaces que le gouvernement central. C’est en particulier le cas du Kerala, au sud du pays, un État célébré pour son développement social « sans » croissance et ses politiques en matière d’éducation et de santé. Dans ce texte, Harilal Madhavan examine la gestion locale de la pandémie et ses relations au « modèle ». Il décrit un jeu complexe entre organisation du système de santé, initiatives gouvernementales et mobilisation des communautés à l’origine des succès initiaux comme de l’échec à contrôler la troisième vague de la pandémie, à partir de l’été.
L’impossible harmonisation des instruments budgétaires de l’État et des donateurs
Authors: Mathieu Marilou , Lavigne Delville Philippe 
Published: March 2021

Le Budget Programme par Objectifs (BPO) fait partie des instruments promus par les institutions d’aide pour mettre en œuvre leurs engagements d’harmonisation des procédures entre États et bailleurs de fonds. Il doit assurer prévisibilité et transparence dans les budgets nationaux et permettre d’y intégrer l’aide budgétaire. Analysant le BPO « eau potable et assainissement » au Bénin, cet article montre que l’ambition d’un instrument budgétaire partagé entre gouvernement et bailleurs de fonds n’est pas remplie, du fait de ces derniers. Une partie des bailleurs seulement joue le jeu de la coordination et utilise l’instrument. Bien plus, le découpage de l’action publique en sous-secteurs diffère entre gouvernement et donateurs, les moyens mobilisés par l’aide pour l’assainissement sont disproportionnés par rapport à la place de ce sous-secteur dans les politiques béninoises. Le BPO « eau et assainissement » est en pratique d’abord un instrument du principal financeur du secteur. Les télescopages de logiques, d’outils et de temporalités dans la programmation budgétaire induisent des contradictions insolubles et induisent des contournements systématiques des règles pour rendre possible l’utilisation des ressources disponibles.
Les dernières forêts primaires de Guinée, un patrimoine mondial en danger
Authors: Akobi Basilia , Poissonnier Ghislain 
Published: March 2021

La République de Guinée possède deux des dernières forêts primaires de la planète : Ziama et Diécké. Bien que protégées, celles-ci sont menacées, et avec elles les importantes réserves de biosphère qu’elles abritent, par la pression des activités humaines. D’une part, l’extension des terres agricoles pour répondre aux besoins alimentaires d’une population croissante se fait au détriment des espaces forestiers. D’autre part, leur exploitation industrielle par des sociétés telles que Forêt Forte est susceptible de bouleverser des équilibres fragiles. La région de la Guinée forestière incarne ainsi les équilibres fragiles et les intérêts contradictoires du monde contemporain, entre développement économique, croissance démographique, protection de l’environnement, enjeux de santé publique et droits humains.
Relationship between mental rotation ability, clinical experience and navigation performance in simulated prenatal sonography
Authors: Botzer Assaf , Tepper Ronnie , Wagner Michael , Musicant Oren 
Published: March 2021

L’échographie prénatale peut fournir des informations cruciales pour les soins aux patients. Un élément central de cette surspécialité est la navigation vers un plan de coupe cible pour acquérir une image à inspecter et, par conséquent, les déterminants des performances de navigation en échographie prénatale doivent être explorés. Dans cette étude, nous avons testé la relation entre la capacité de rotation mentale (RM), l’expérience clinique et les performances de navigation vers un plan de coupe cible en échographie prénatale. Trente échographistes ont effectué un test RM (MRT-A) et ont été invités à naviguer vers un plan de coupe cible à l’aide d’un simulateur. Nous avons analysé le nombre d’erreurs commises par les échographistes sur leur chemin vers la cible, la durée de leur navigation et leur distance finale par rapport à la cible. Le nombre d’erreurs et la durée de la navigation ont été analysés selon deux phases : Phase 1- du point de départ de la navigation vers un périmètre où les échographistes pouvaient visualiser leur organe cible (c’est-à-dire les os du fémur) et Phase 2- du périmètre à la perspective (plan de coupe cible) de l’organe que les échographistes devaient acquérir. Nous avons constaté qu’une capacité de rotation mentale (RM) plus élevée réduisait le nombre d’erreurs et la durée de la navigation dans la phase 1, mais pas dans la phase 2. Nous avons également constaté qu’une plus grande expérience réduisait le nombre d’erreurs jusqu’au plan de coupe cible mais réduisait la durée de la navigation uniquement dans la phase 2. De plus, nous avons constaté que les deux, une capacité de RM plus élevée et une plus grande expérience réduisaient la distance finale du plan de coupe cible. Enfin, nos résultats ont démontré que le nombre d’erreurs dans la phase 2 était environ 32 fois plus élevé que dans la phase 1, ce qui suggère que les échographistes pourraient avoir exécuté des essais fréquents et des erreurs lors de leur navigation dans la phase 2. Nos résultats suggèrent que les programmes de formation à l’échographie prénatale devraient être conçus pour aider les échographistes ayant une faible capacité de RM en accordant une plus grande importance à la façon de faire des inférences 3D à partir de données 2D et à la façon d’utiliser ces inférences pour la navigation. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que la navigation en échographie prénatale est un processus en deux phases et donc que les performances de navigation doivent être étudiées en fonction de la phase de navigation. Les études futures devraient tester si les performances de navigation affectent la qualité du diagnostic en échographie prénatale.
Impact of Plastic Surgery Medical Training on Medical Students’ Knowledge, Attitudes, Preferences, and Perceived Benefits: Comparative Study
Authors: Jabaiti Samir , Hamdan-Mansour Ayman M. , Isleem Ula N. , Altarawneh Saba' , Araggad Lamees , Al Ibraheem Ghaida'a , Alryalat Saif Aldeen , Thiabatbtoush Shatha 
Published: March 2021

Introduction Misconceptions surrounding the discipline of plastic surgery are widespread public and medical students and professionals, as well. The purpose of this study was to explore how the inclusion of plastic surgery rotation into the medical curriculum affects medical students’ knowledge, attitudes, and preferences regarding plastic surgery specialization and referral. Design and methods A descriptive-correlational design was utilized to collect data from 200 medical students in the final two years of education from two separate six-year medical programs in Jordan. Data was collected using self-reported questionnaires regarding knowledge of surgical procedures allocation, attitude towards plastic surgery, preference of specialization, and benefits of plastic surgery to physicians and patients. Results Analysis showed that medical students of plastic surgery integrate rotation (program A) had a higher average score of correct procedure-allocation (M=12.57, SD = 3.14), compared to non-integrated plastic surgery rotation program (program B) (M=8.29, SD=3.05). About 83% (n =83) of students in program A had their knowledge on plastic surgery from direct exposure to a plastic surgeon, compared to 43% (n=43) of program B, and 24% (n=24) of students in program A reported that their perception of plastic surgery influenced by media compared to 62% (n=62) of those in program B. Conclusions Medical students exposed to plastic surgery education are more confident about procedures of plastic surgery and had more reliable sources of knowledge about plastic surgery than those who were not exposed to plastic surgery rotation.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Covid-19 among Students during the Early Phase of Pandemic in a University in Borneo, Malaysia
Authors: Sazali Mohd Fazeli , Rahim Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul , Mohamed Mohd Haazik , Omar Azizan , Pang Nicholas Tze Ping , Jeffree Mohammad Saffree , Tat Yeap Boon , Giloi Nelbon , Mohd Bahar Farhana Harzila , Afridah Wiwik , Zakkiy Fasya Abdul Hakim , Hassan Mohd Rohaizat , Madrim Mohd Faizal , Mokti Khalid , Ramdzan Abdul Rahman , Sidek Ahmad Zulkhairul Naim , Atil Azman , Abd Rahim Muhammad Aklil , Ibrahim Mohd Yusof 
Published: March 2021

Introduction COVID-19 related knowledge, attitude and practice plays a major role in determining the readiness of the community to adopt the behavioural change towards recommended preventive measures outlined by public health officials. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among university students as well as its associated factors. Design and methods This is a cross sectional study that was conducted among students in a public university during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. An online validated self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis test was used to determine the association between independent variables with knowledge, attitude, and practice score. Results Overall response rate of this study was 92.9 (n=524). Median score of knowledge domain was 78.0 (IQR= ±12.0), median attitude score of 49.0 (IQR= ±5.0), and median practice score of 80.0 (IQR= ±11.0). The mean knowledge, attitude and practice score were significantly higher among diploma holder (vs degree holder, p<0.05), residing in main Kota Kinabalu campus ( vs non-KK campus, p<0.001), studying in medical faculty ( vs non-medical faculty, p<0.001), and attended COVID-19 education ( vs non-attendance; p<0.05). Conclusion COVID-19 related knowledge and attitude were below satisfactory level during earlier phase of the pandemic. However, majority of respondents have positive behaviour towards COVID-19 prevention. This highlights the importance of accurate and tailored health education to improve the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of recommended measures to prevent COVID-19 spread.
Optimism Bias, Pessimism Bias, Magical Beliefs, and Conspiracy Theory Beliefs Related to COVID-19 among the Jordanian Population
Authors: Hammad Alaa M. , Hamed Rania , Al-Qerem Walid , Bandar Ameena , Hall Frank Scott 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe outbreak of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has an enormous impact on health. People’s views about the virus impact public health efforts to mitigate the pandemic. In this study, we measured misconceptions toward coronavirus in the Jordanian population; 2,544 participants from the Jordanian population completed an online survey. Questions in the survey addressed misconceptions divided into four categories: optimism bias, pessimism bias, magical beliefs, and conspiracy theory beliefs. Questions were evaluated on a Likert scale, and average/median scores for each category were evaluated (“one” high misconception to “five” low misconception). Overall, the most common misconceptions involved conspiracy theory beliefs (2.68 ± 0.83), whereas the least common involved magical beliefs (2.25 ± 0.75). Females had more misconceptions than males (2.52 versus 2.47, P = 0.04). Participants who had attended a lecture on coronavirus, had a higher level of education, worked in a medical field, lived in urban area, or resided in Amman or northern Jordan had fewer misconceptions about SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 (2.64, 2.34, 2.33, 2.50 and 2.50 versus 2.53, 2.73, 2.72, 2.64, and 2.66, respectively, P < 0.001). The use of social media appeared to be an important factor influencing the likelihood of false beliefs (2.61 versus 2.38, P < 0.001). Understanding of the factors influencing public perceptions surrounding the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic will help public health authorities improve public understanding and compliance with public health recommendations directed at combatting the virus, including the use of surgical masks, thorough handwashing, and avoiding close contact. These messages will be better received by the public through correcting misconceptions surrounding COVID-19.
THE FORMATION OF THE FINANCIAL AND BUDGETARY SPHERE IN NORTH OSSETIA IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD (1917-1931)
Authors: КОБАХИДЗЕ Е.И. 
Published: March 2021

В статье впервые анализируются раннесоветские практики формирования финансово-бюджетной сферы Северной Осетии в контексте государственной политики управления финансами. Их изучение представляется актуальным в связи с очевидным параллелизмом с процессами первого постсоветского десятилетия, когда в России формировалось новое политическое и экономическое пространство, в котором были активно задействованы восстановительные хозяйственно-экономические механизмы, применявшиеся в 20-х гг. XX в. Становление финансовой и бюджетной системы в Северной Осетии рассматривается в ее тесной связи с ходом государственного строительства; отдельное внимание уделено вопросам налогообложения, формирования бюджетов разных уровней, конкретным показателям хозяйственно-экономического развития Осетии на разных этапах переходного периода и в рамках политико-экономических стратегий «военного коммунизма» и «новой экономической политики». Общая специфика исследуемых процессов обусловлена значительными политическими трансформациями, переживаемыми страной в ходе построения советского государства и социалистической экономики. В то же время анализ документов и материалов, в том числе впервые вводимых в научный оборот, показывает, что Осетия, оказавшись в советской системе власти и управления, приобрела собственный опыт построения основ государственности и ее институтов, в том числе в финансовой сфере.
For the first time, the article analyzes the early Soviet practices of the formation of the financial and budgetary sphere of North Ossetia in the context of the state policy of financial management. Their study is relevant in connection with the obvious parallelism with the processes of the first post-Soviet decade, when a new political and economic space was formed in Russia, in which the restorative economic mechanisms used in the 1920s were actively involved. The formation of the financial and budgetary system in North Ossetia is considered in its close connection with the progress of state building; special attention is paid to the issues of taxation, the formation of budgets of different levels, specific indicators of economic development of Ossetia at different stages of the transition period and within the framework of political and economic strategies of “war communism” and “new economic policy”. The general specificity of the processes under study is due to the significant political transformations experienced by the country in the course of building the Soviet state and socialist economy. At the same time, the analysis of documents and materials, including those introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, shows that Ossetia, having found itself in the Soviet system of power and administration, has acquired its own experience in building the foundations of statehood and its institutions, in the financial sphere as well.
THE ROLE OF A.P. BERGÉ IN ORGANIZING “THE SOCIETY OF THE CAUCASIAN ARCHEOLOGY ADVOCATES”
Authors: АЛИЕВА А.И. 
Published: March 2021

В статье впервые воссоздана история организации в Тифлисе в 1873 г. Общества любителей кавказской археологии – первого на Кавказе археологического общества, учрежденного по инициативе кавказского наместника. Председатель Кавказской Археологической Комиссии А.П. Берже (1828–1886), которому было дано такое поручение, сумел не только привлечь к работе Общества немногочисленных тогда на Кавказе исследователей археологии, но и составить его четкую программу и организовать ряд результативных экспедиций. Особую заслугу Общества любителей кавказской археологии составило его активное участие в подготовке и проведении в Тифлисе в 1881 г. V Археологического съезда, во многом определившего развитие исторических исследований в этом регионе в ХХ в.
The article is the first to reconstruct the history of the organization in Tiflis in 1873 of the Society of the Caucasian Archeology Advocates – the first archaeological society in the Caucasus, established on the initiative of the Caucasian governor. Chairman of the Caucasian Archaeological Commission A.P. Bergé (1828–1886), who was given such an assignment, managed not only to attract archeological researchers, who were then few in the Caucasus, to the work of the Society, but also to draw up its clear program and organize a number of effective expeditions. A special merit of the Society of Caucasian Archeology Advocates was its active participation in the preparation and holding of the 5th Archaeological Congress in Tiflis in 1881, which largely determined the development of historical research in this region in the XXth century.
PREVALÊNCIA DE MICRORGANISMOS INDICADORES FECAIS E POTENCIALMENTE PATO-GÊNICOS EM AREIA E RECREAÇÃO INFANTIL EM PARQUE MUNICIPAL DE GUARULHOS-SP
Authors: Ribeiro Sabrina Pereira , Luiza Mello Priscila 
Published: March 2021

Introdução: Parques públicos são locais de diversão integrados à sociedade atendendo a população e geralmente são considerados locais seguros. A maior preocupação é no uso correto dos equipamentos disponíveis, para evitar acidentes, e de fato o perigo é menos aparente. Objetivo: Este estudo se concentra no chão do parque infantil como fonte de contaminação microbiana. Método: As Amostras foram processadas no laboratório de microbiologia da Universidade de Guarulhos, e sua análise realizada através de tubos múltiplos e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a tabela NMP. Resultados: O crescimento de microorganismos na placa de PCA foi incontável e se fez necessárias diluições 10² e 10³. Conclusão: Se faz necessários parâmetros e leis de controle da qualidade de higiene da areia recreativa que sejam eficazes para controle.
OS FUNDAMENTOS DA FÍSICA DINÂMICA, DE WHITEHEAD (TRADUÇÃO AO PORTUGUÊS)
Authors: Ferreira Martins Rafael 
Published: March 2021

Este trabalho consiste na apresentação da pioneira primeira tradução ao português do capítulo 2 “Os Fundamentos da Física Dinâmica” (The Foundations of Dynamical Physics), incluindo seus dois apêndices (‘As Leis de Newton do Movimento’ e ‘As Equações de Maxwell’), oriundo da parte 1 “As Tradições da Ciência” (The Traditions of Science), que integra a obra “Um Inquérito Concernente aos Princípios do Conhecimento Natural” (An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge) – livro escrito pelo matemático e filósofo Alfred North Whitehead (1861 a 1947) na segunda década do século XX e publicado pela Editora da Universidade de Cambridge em 1919 (atualmente em domínio público). A justificativa para esta tradução é dada pela relevância da obra original, o livro que inaugurou a fase filosófica ampla da carreira de Whitehead, até então dedicada à fundamentação da lógica matemática. No capítulo aqui traduzido, especificamente, Whitehead expõe: reflexões sobre o embasamento teórico da mecânica clássica, relações da mecânica clássica com a teoria do éter material, implicações da pressuposição metafísica do éter material nas equações de Maxwell (e vice-versa), explanações sobre as equações de Maxwell, críticas ao conceito de éter material e, finalizando, propõe o conceito de éter de eventos, em substituição ao éter tradicional. A fonte do texto original, utilizada para o trabalho de tradução, foi a versão digitalizada e disponibilizada online, para livre uso, pela Biblioteca da Universidade da Califórnia.