bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Father Involvement in Different Family Systems Across Cultural Communities
Authors: Roopnarine Jaipaul L. , Mukara Matsantsa Ong'ayi Dickson , Dede Yildirim Elif 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses paternal involvement in diverse living arrangements in high-, middle-, and low-income countries and their implications for childhood development. Men’s ideas about fathering roles and responsibilities are changing noticeably in the high-income countries but at a far slower pace in the rest of the world. This is a major hindrance to engaged fathering. Despite the prevalence of masculine norms in most regions of the world, men display levels of warmth toward children that are comparable to that of mothers, and in a few instances fathers exceed mothers in the display of affection to children. An area in which fathers seem to lag behind mothers is in their engagement in cognitively rich language and numeracy activities with children. This is particularly so in the low- and middle-income countries. Ultimately, the associations between father engagement and childhood outcomes are more consistent for families in high-income than low-income countries, and the associations are sometimes tempered by family union status, the quality of partner relationship, and material resources.
Grandparental Investment
Authors: Sheppard Paula 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the alloparental role that grandparents play in the human cooperative breeding system. Grandparenthood is an intriguing phenomenon and a fascinating chapter in the extraordinary human life-history story. Grandparental investment is well-defined as an adaptive strategy that enhances inclusive fitness. Although there is great diversity in grandparenting practices across human cultures, the evidence clearly demonstrates that grandparents help, and that that help is beneficial to the whole fitness unit. By applying an evolutionary ecological framework to understanding how differential grandparental solicitude emerges, and by understanding that these differences depend on genetic, ecological, and social factors, predictable patterns of investment can be derived.
The Effects of Maternal Prenatal Stress on Fetal and Child Development
Authors: Glover Vivette 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the effects of maternal prenatal stress on fetal and child development. There is considerable evidence from both animal and human studies that if the mother is stressed during pregnancy this increases the likelihood of her offspring having a range of altered behavioral and other neurodevelopmental outcomes, together on occasion with increased stress reactions. It is possible to suggest adaptive reasons for many of these effects. The behavioral outcomes, such as increased anxiety in females, will make them more vigilant and able to detect danger. More aggression in males may make them better at dealing with this danger.
An increased risk of other outcomes such as preterm delivery, earlier menarche, and reduced telomere length, reflect an accelerated life history pattern from birth to death. These too may be of evolutionary advantage in conditions of external threat.
Economic Interests and Grand Strategy
Authors: Narizny Kevin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Grand strategy and economic interests are tightly interconnected: a state’s economy affects its choice of strategy, and its choice of strategy affects its economy. A full account of this relationship must distinguish among three perspectives on state and societal preferences. Under most varieties of realism, the state is autonomous from society and motivated by survival. Wealth is a vital source of military power, and military power is necessary for survival; thus, the state seeks to increase its wealth relative to its rivals. This paradigm provides much insight into the dynamics of interstate competition, but its assumption that grand strategy is insulated from domestic politics sharply limits its analytic utility. Liberals, Marxists, and neoclassical realists go deeper. They do not ignore the survival motive, but they also consider how the state might be biased in favor of a particularist set of economic interests. When this bias is consistent, persisting across changes in government, it constitutes a national preference; when it varies across governments, it is a subnational preference. Research into the latter shows great promise for the development of new insights into the root causes of grand strategy.
Grand Strategy and Military Power
Authors: Vennesson Pascal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines military power through the lens of grand strategy. It begins by identifying the First World War as the main origin of the distinctive idea of grand strategy resulting in its core meaning and ambivalence. It then shows how grand strategy acts as a force multiplier, before exploring the ways in which military successes and failures affect grand-strategic effectiveness. Finally, it discusses the ways in which military power as a component of peacetime grand strategy can produce its psychological effects on the will of the adversary through the display and threat of force or competitive defense procurement rather than actual fighting. The chapter concludes by arguing that the specific characteristics of military power help identify some of the limits of grand strategy, notably its underestimation of contingency arising from the dynamic interaction with a thinking adversary.
The Limits of Grand Strategy
Authors: Edelstein David M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe benefits of grand strategy have been overstated. While its advocates claim that grand strategy allows states to coordinate their efforts, signal their interests to allies and adversaries, and shape the behavior of others, the ability of grand strategy effectively to achieve these goals is limited. Not only does grand strategy often struggle to accomplish these tasks, but it may also be counterproductive, leading states to bind their foreign policies to the detriment of their national interests. As an alternative, states ought to consider the adoption of a more pragmatic approach to their foreign policies. Rather than adopting a single, determined grand strategy, states would be better off embracing a more experimental approach to the conduct of their foreign policies. Especially in times of uncertainty, such an approach would allow them to protect their interests while identifying beneficial opportunities to pursue.
Rational Analysis of Grand Strategy
Authors: Glaser Charles L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes the basic structure of a rational analysis of grand strategy. Rational analysis is an approach, not a school or a theory. It is the approach that is required by and supports sound policy analysis; it is not controversial. Nevertheless, appreciating the structure and requirements of a rational analysis can provide guidance for performing high-quality analysis and for critiquing ongoing debates over grand strategy. All of the major schools of grand strategy in the US debate are built on a rational analysis. The chapter first addresses the terms “grand strategy” and “rational.” It then describes the basic components of a rational grand-strategic analysis: state’s interests (including the distinction between fundamental interests and “derivative interests”), the international environment, theories of state interaction, the options available to a state, the comparison of these options, and a conclusion about which grand strategy will best serve a state’s interests. The final section brief highlights the analytic value of understanding the structure and requirements of rational analyses of grand strategy.
STOP1 activates NRT1.1-mediated nitrate uptake to create a favorable rhizospheric pH for plant adaptation to acidity
Authors: Ye Jia Yuan , Tian Wen Hao , Zhou Miao , Zhu Qing Yang , Du Wen Xin , Zhu Ya Xin , Liu Xing Xing , Lin Xian Yong , Zheng Shao Jian , Jin Chong Wei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Protons (H+) in acidic soils arrest plant growth. However, the mechanisms by which plants optimize their biological processes to diminish the unfavorable effects of H+ stress remain largely unclear. Here, we showed that in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, the C2H2-type transcription factor STOP1 in the nucleus was enriched by low pH in a nitrate-independent manner, with the spatial expression pattern of NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1) established by low pH required the action of STOP1. Additionally, the nrt1.1 and stop1 mutants, as well as the nrt1.1 stop1 double mutant, had a similar hypersensitive phenotype to low pH, indicating that STOP1 and NRT1.1 function in the same pathway for H+ tolerance. Molecular assays revealed that STOP1 directly bound to the promoter of NRT1.1 to activate its transcription in response to low pH, thus upregulating its nitrate uptake. This action improved the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of plants and created a favorable rhizospheric pH for root growth by enhancing H+ depletion in the rhizosphere. Consequently, the constitutive expression of NRT1.1 in stop1 mutants abolished the hypersensitive phenotype to low pH. These results demonstrate that STOP1-NRT1.1 is a key module for plants to optimize NUE and ensure better plant growth in acidic media.
Do Investment-Based Models Explain Equity Returns? Evidence from Euler Equations
Authors: Delikouras Stefanos , Dittmar Robert F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We investigate the empirical implications of the investment-based model of asset pricing for the Hansen-Jagannathan and Kozak-Nagel-Santosh discount factors in the linear span of equity returns. We find that the stochastic discount factors satisfying the Euler equation for equity returns cannot satisfy the Euler equation for investment returns because returns on corporate investment covary inversely with the sources of equity risk relative to returns on equity. As a result, the model fails to replicate the level of the risk premium. Our results suggest that joint restrictions on the optimality of investment and consumption pose stringent conditions for candidate production models.
Restoring the antibiotic R&D market to combat the resistance crisis
Authors: Böttcher Lucas , Gersbach Hans , Wernli Didier 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has developed into a major public health concern due to the widespread prevalence of bacterial infections such as sepsis and urethritis and the frequent occurrence of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Unfortunately, the pipeline for new antibiotics has been almost stagnant for more than three decades. The main reason is that the antibiotics R&D market is dysfunctional since antibiotics R&D is a very risky business model that is not profitable and attractive for investors under current market and policy conditions. Our work analyzes the main economic and policy challenges in antibiotics R&D and highlights the need of rapid action in developing new push and pull incentives for antibiotics R&D. We suggest three core elements of a redesign of the R&D market: (1) levying a fee on the nonhuman use of antibiotics, (2) using these revenues to pay for market entry rewards, and (3) rewarding companies for the development of new antibiotics that are effective against resistant bacteria (‘the resistance premium’).
Undergraduate Nursing Students and Management of Interruptions: Preparation of Students for Future Workplace Realities
Authors: Schroers Ginger , Ross Jennifer Gunberg , Moriarty Helene 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

AIM
The aim of this study was to investigate interruption management strategies and associative cues used by nursing students when interrupted during simulated medication administration.

BACKGROUND
Interruptions occur with high frequency in health care settings and are associated with increased medication errors and decreased task efficiency. The Altmann and Trafton memory for goals model, a cognitive-science model, proposes use of associative cues during an interruption to mitigate these negative effects.

METHOD
A mixed-methods, two-site study explored associative cues and other management strategies that nursing students used when interrupted during simulated medication administration. Data were collected via direct observation and semistructured interviews.

RESULTS
Students primarily multitasked (66.7 percent) during the interruption. Few students (5.5 percent) used associative cues. Students voiced the need for education and practice on how to manage interruptions.

CONCLUSION
Evidence-based strategies are required to prepare nursing students for workplace interruptions. Use of associative cues during interruptions warrants further investigation.
Enhancing the value to users of machine learning-based clinical decision support tools: A framework for iterative, collaborative development and implementation
Authors: Singer Sara J. , Kellogg Katherine C. , Galper Ari B. , Viola Deborah 
Published: September 2021

Background
Health care organizations are integrating a variety of machine learning (ML)-based clinical decision support (CDS) tools into their operations, but practitioners lack clear guidance regarding how to implement these tools so that they assist end users in their work.

Purpose
We designed this study to identify how health care organizations can facilitate collaborative development of ML-based CDS tools to enhance their value for health care delivery in real-world settings.

Methodology/Approach
We utilized qualitative methods, including 37 interviews in a large, multispecialty health system that developed and implemented two operational ML-based CDS tools in two of its hospital sites. We performed thematic analyses to inform presentation of an explanatory framework and recommendations.

Results
We found that ML-based CDS tool development and implementation into clinical workflows proceeded in four phases: iterative solution coidentification, iterative coengagement, iterative coapplication, and iterative corefinement. Each phase is characterized by a collaborative back-and-forth process between the technology’s developers and users, through which both users’ activities and the technology itself are transformed.

Conclusion
Health care organizations that anticipate iterative collaboration to be an integral aspect of their ML-based CDS tools’ development and implementation process may have more success in deploying ML-based CDS tools that assist end users in their work than organizations that expect a traditional technology innovation process.

Practice Implications
Managers developing and implementing ML-based CDS tools should frame the work as a collaborative learning opportunity for both users and the technology itself and should solicit constructive feedback from users on potential changes to the technology, in addition to potential changes to user workflows, in an ongoing, iterative manner.
Diagnostic Utility of Serum IgG4 in Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Authors: Lee Shih-Ching , Yang Chung-Han , Chang Che-Tzu , Yu Kuang-Hui 
Published: September 2021

Objectives:Despite many studies suggesting an association between serum immunoglobulin G4 (sIgG4) and autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), the evidence of utility in differentiation between AIP and pancreatic cancer (PC) remain uncertain.Methods:The analysis based on published studies. Data were pooled by means of a random-effects model, and sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratios (DOR), areas under summary receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated.Results:In the included thirteen studies, sIgG4 were measured in 594 patients with AIP and 958 patients with PC. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, DOR, and area under the curve were 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68-0.75], 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92-0.95), 51.37 (95% CI: 23.20-113.74), and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.95). Subgroup analyses of the DORs for region and year: Asia, (112.10; 95% CI: 27.72-453.32), non-Asia (26.01; 95% CI: 12.38-54.65), and year before 2011 (107.61; 95% CI: 39.30-294.68), year after 2011 (26.96; 95% CI: 9.78-74.32). Overall, sIgG4 was associated with AIP, the result revealed a moderate sensitivity 0.72 and high specificity 0.93. In the meta-analysis, the pooled DOR of sIgG4 levels of 2-fold upper limit 50.44 was similar with the DOR 51.37 when 1-fold cut-off value, but the summary receiver operating characteristic was 0.755 and 0.91. The higher specificity (from 93% to 98%) derived from the cut-off value (from 130-140 to 260-280 mg/dL) for sIgG4 occurred at a significant reduction in sensitivity (from 72% to 43%).Conclusions:The study revealed sIgG4 is a good marker of AIP. Screening of sIgG4 may help clinicians differentiate between AIP and PC, and the best cut-off value should be 140 rather than 280 mg/dL.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Planning and Response
Authors: Chen Candice , Luo Qian , Chong Nicholas , Westergaard Sara , Brantley Erin , Salsberg Edward , Erikson Clese , Pillai Drishti , Green Katherine , Pittman Patricia 
Published: September 2021

Background:
As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly progressed throughout the United States, increased demand for health workers required health workforce data and tools to aid planning and response at local, state, and national levels.

Objective:
We describe the development of 2 estimator tools designed to inform health workforce planning for COVID-19.

Research Design:
We estimated supply and demand for intensivists, critical care nurses, hospitalists, respiratory therapists, and pharmacists, using Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projections for COVID-19 hospital care and National Plan and Provider Enumeration System, Provider Enrollment Chain and Ownership System, American Hospital Association, and Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupation Employment Statistics for workforce supply. We estimated contact tracing workforce needs using Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 case counts and workload parameters based on expert advice.

Results:
The State Hospital Workforce Deficit Estimator estimated the sufficiency of state hospital-based clinicians to meet projected COVID-19 demand. The Contact Tracing Workforce Estimator calculated the workforce needed based on the 14-day COVID-19 caseload at county, state, and the national level, allowing users to adjust workload parameters to reflect local contexts.

Conclusions:
The 2 estimators illustrate the value of integrating health workforce data and analysis with pandemic response planning. The many unknowns associated with COVID-19 required tools to be flexible, allowing users to change assumptions on number of contacts and work capacity. Data limitations were a challenge for both estimators, highlighting the need to invest in health workforce data and data infrastructure as part of future emergency preparedness planning.
The Effect of National Health Service Corps Clinician Staffing on Medical and Behavioral Health Care Costs in Community Health Centers
Authors: Han Xinxin , Pittman Patricia , Ku Leighton 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
Prior studies of community health centers (CHCs) have found that clinicians supported by the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) provide a comparable number of primary care visits per full-time clinician as non-NHSC clinicians and provide more behavioral health care visits per clinician than non-NHSC clinicians. This present study extends prior research by examining the contribution of NHSC and non-NHSC clinicians to medical and behavioral health costs per visit.

Methods:
Using 2013–2017 data from 1022 federally qualified health centers merged with the NHSC participant data, we constructed multivariate linear regression models with health center and year fixed effects to examine the marginal effect of each additional NHSC and non-NHSC staff full-time equivalent (FTE) on medical and behavioral health care costs per visit in CHCs.

Results:
On average, each additional NHSC behavioral health staff FTE was associated with a significant reduction of 3.55 dollars of behavioral health care costs per visit in CHCs and was associated with a larger reduction of 7.95 dollars in rural CHCs specifically. In contrast, each additional non-NHSC behavioral health staff FTE did not significantly affect changes in behavioral health care costs per visit. Each additional NHSC primary care staff FTE was not significantly associated with higher medical care costs per visit, while each additional non-NHSC clinician contributed to a slight increase of $0.66 in medical care costs per visit.

Conclusions:
Combined with previous findings on productivity, the present findings suggest that the use of NHSC clinicians is an effective approach to improving the capacity of CHCs by increasing medical and behavioral health care visits without increasing costs of services in CHCs, including rural health centers.
Contemporary strategies to assess and manage liver donor steatosis: a review
Authors: Tien Christine , Remulla Daphne , Kwon Yong , Emamaullee Juliet 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Due to a persistent shortage of donor livers, attention has turned toward ways of utilizing marginal grafts, particularly those with steatosis, without incurring inferior outcomes. Here we review the evaluation and utilization of steatotic liver allografts, highlight recently published data, and discuss novel methods of graft rehabilitation.

Recent findings
Although severe liver allograft (>60%) steatosis has been associated with inferior graft and recipient outcomes, mild (<30%) steatosis has not. There is ongoing debate regarding safe utilization of grafts with moderate (30–60%) steatosis. Presently, no established protocols for evaluating steatosis in donor candidates or utilizing such grafts exist. Liver biopsy is accepted as the gold standard technique, though noninvasive methods have shown promise in accurately predicting steatosis. More recently, machine perfusion has been shown to enhance ex situ liver function and reduce steatosis, emerging as a potential means of optimizing steatotic grafts prior to transplantation.

Summary
Steatotic liver allografts constitute a large proportion of deceased donor organs. Further work is necessary to define safe upper limits for the acceptable degree of steatosis, develop standardized evaluation protocols, and establish utilization guidelines that prioritize safety. Machine perfusion has shown promise in rehabilitating steatotic grafts and offers the possibility of expanding the deceased donor pool.
Simultaneous Cardiac and Neurological Monitoring to Assess Chemical Exposures and Drug Toxicity in Xenopus Laevis
Authors: Xia Xing , Zhang Jimmy , Vishwanath Manoj , Sarafan Sadaf , Torres Ramses Seferino Trigo , Le Tai , Lau Michael P.H. , Nguyen Anh H. , Cao Hung 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSimultaneous monitoring of electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) under chemical exposure requires innovative engineering techniques that can capture minute physiological changes in studied animal models. However, this is often administered with a bulky system that may cause signal distortions and discomfort for animals. We develop an integrated bioelectronic sensing system to provide simultaneous ECG and EEG assessment in real-time under chemical exposure for Xenopus laevis. The microelectrode array (MEA) membrane with integrated ECG and EEG sensing offers an opportunity to achieve multichannel noninvasive electrophysiological monitoring with favorable dimensions and spatial resolution. To validate the performance of our system, we assessed the ECG and EEG of Xenopus under exposure of Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), an epilepsy-inducing drug. Effects of PTZ were detected with clear ECG and EEG alterations, including frequent ictal and interictal EEG events, 30 dB average EEG amplitude elevations, abnormal ECG morphology, and heart rate changes. Overall, our Xenopus-based real-time electrophysiology monitoring system holds high potential for many applications in drug screening and remote environmental toxicity monitoring.