bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolasi Glukosamin dari Limbah Cangkang Rajungan Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus,1758) (Malacostraca:Portunidae) dengan Hidrolisis Asam Klorida
Authors: Ghofari Miftahul Akhyar , Ridlo Ali , Pramesti Rini 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRAK: Glukosamin merupakan monomer dari kitosan yang dapat diperoleh dari limbah cangkang rajungan (P pelagicus). Glukosamin dibutuhkan dalam pembentukan dan perbaikan tulang rawan dan jaringan tubuh lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik glukosamin dari limbah cangkang rajungan. Proses isolasi kitosan rajungan terdiri dari deproteinasi dengan NaOH 3N, demineralisasi dengan HCl 1N, dan deasetilasi dengan NaOH 50%. Kitosan yang diperoleh dianalisis karakteristik dan derajat deasetilasinya, selanjutnya kitosan dihidrolisis secara kimia dengan larutan HCl 20% pada suhu kamar selama 4 jam. Glukosamin yang dihasilkan dihitung rendemen, loss on drying (LoD), tingkat kelarutan dan derajat deasetilasinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan rendemen kitosan cangkang rajungan adalah 11,3%, berwarna putih, tidak berbau, kadar air 9,2%, kadar abu 5,4%, dan derajat deasetilisasi 90,8%. Rendemen glukosamin sebesar 8,6%, dengan nilai Loss on Drying 1,3%, kelarutan sebesar 72% dan derajat deasetilisasi sebesar 96,95%. Spektra infrared menunjukan adanya gugus -NH, -OH, -CH dan –C=O yang sesuai dengan yang terdapat pada glukosamin. ABSTRACT: Glucosamine is a monomer from chitosan which can be obtained from small crab shell (P pelagicus) waste. Glucosamine is needed in the formation and repair of cartilage and other body tissues. This study aims to determine the characteristics of glucosamine from small crab shell waste. The process of isolating chitosan from small crab shells consisted of deproteination with 3N NaOH, demineralization with 1N HCl, and deacetylation with 50% NaOH. The chitosan obtained was analyzed its characteristics and degrees of deacetylation, then chitosan was chemically hydrolyzed with 20% HCl solution at room temperature for 4 hours. The resulting glucosamine is then calculated yield, loss on drying (LoD), solubility level and degree of deacetylation. The results showed that the yield of chitosan crab shells was 11.3%, white, odorless, 9.2% moisture content, 5.4% ash content, and 90.8% deacetylation rate. Glucosamine yield was 8.6%, with a Loss on Drying value of 1.3%, solubility of 72% and the degree of deacetylation of 96.95%. Infrared spectra show the presence of -NH, -OH, -CH and -C = O groups that match those found in glucosamine
Diallel analysis of the duration of vegetation period in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with increased lycopene content in the fruit
Authors: RUDAS Liudmila Andreevna , TORBANYUK Mariya Viktorivna , SYCH Zinovy Deonizovich 
Published: July 2021

Five parental forms of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and twenty hybrids F1, were studied which were obtained by the complete diallel scheme (5 x 5). For genetic analysis (by Hayman, 1954; Jinks,1954) was used line №477 (sp,u), variety Alya (sp) with reduced duration of vegetation period and three collection samples with the high lycopene content in fruits: Dark Green (hp-2dg), МО 112 (hp), Т˗3627 (Bc). The effects of the general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of the duration of vegetation period were determined and established character of inheritance. According to the results of research, the duration of vegetation period is controlled by additive-dominant genetic system. Inheritance occurs by type of over dominance, and in dry and hot summers which led to the prolongation of the duration of vegetation period, there is a tendency to incomplete dominance, but it is apocryphal. In genetic control a major role play non-additive effects of genes. The best reliable effects of the general combining ability (GCA) had line №477 and variety Alya. They can be recommended for the creation of heterotic hybrids and varieties.
The efficient market hypothesis is usually addressed indirectly: what happens if a direct approach is used instead?
Authors: Samsa Greg 
Published: July 2021

A vast literature on putative market inefficiencies compares the results of an investment strategy which takes advantage of the putative inefficiency against a null hypothesis generated by the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Even if negative, such studies do not provide direct evidence in favor of the EMH. To directly assess a key component of the EMH, namely that stock returns lack memory, we created 30-year portfolios by sampling annual market returns from 1926-2019 with replacement, and then compared the results with the historical record of actual 30-year returns. Although centered on the correct amount, the EMH-based 30-year returns were notably more variable than the historical 30-year returns. One possible explanation is that market returns regress toward their mean in the long term. This demonstrates that while the EMH should be taken seriously, it need not always be taken literally.
Examining the Effect of Budgetary Controls on the Financial Performance of Oman Telecommunication Company.
Authors: AL Mahroqi Raya Mohammed 
Published: July 2021

The budgeting process and budgetary control are one of the most important activities that have great importance in the techniques used for planning and monitoring activities and all the administrative and financial functions of the organization. This study aims to assess the effect of budgetary control on the financial performance of the Oman Telecommunications Company and verify the effectiveness of budgetary control techniques in the company, in light of the support and role of top management for budgetary control techniques in the company.
This study will allow financial managers in various companies to understand the nature of the work of budgetary control techniques, their importance, and the extent of the impact of each technique, and thus managers will be able to determine the best-used and appropriate techniques that will lead to raising efficiency in financial and organizational performance.
As for the research methodology used in the study, the survey method based on questionnaires and interviews was used. Data were analyzed using frequency distribution, correlations, and regression analysis. Microsoft Excel was used to analyze the collected data. As for the interview, they were analyzed by descriptive and explanatory methods.
The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between budgetary control and the financial performance of the company, the differential impact of budgetary control techniques, and the confirmation of the company’s use of the technique of variance analysis and accounting responsibility, as well as the importance of budgetary control procedures. The results also indicate the importance of support and the role of top management for budgetary control techniques.
Several recommendations were made through the results of this study. The recommendation was made on the need to understand and implement the company’s adjustment of funds technique for its importance in improving and raising the company's financial performance significantly in the company.
Keywords: Budgetary Control, Organizational Financial Performance,
Budgetary Control Techniques, Budgeting
Solar Motion and Lunar Eclipses in Philolaus’ Cosmological System
Authors: Couprie Dirk L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, three problems that have hardly been noticed or even gone unnoticed in the available literature in the cosmology of Philolaus are addressed. They have to do with the interrelationships of the orbits of the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon around the Central Fire and all three of them constitute potentially insurmountable obstacles within the context of the Philolaic system. The first difficulty is Werner Ekschmitt’s claim that the Philolaic system cannot account for the length of the day (νυχϑήμερον). It is shown that this problem can be solved with the help of the distinction between the synodic day and the sidereal day. The other two problems discussed in this paper are concerned with two hitherto unnoticed deficiencies in the explanation of lunar eclipses in the Philolaic system. The Philolaic system cannot account for long-lasting lunar eclipses and according to the internal logic of the system, during lunar eclipses the Moon enters the shadow of the Earth from the wrong side. It is almost unbelievable that nobody, from the Pythagoreans themselves up to recent authors, has noticed these two serious deficiencies, and especially the latter, in the cosmology of Philolaus the Pythagorean.
The Disposition Effect under the Reference Dependent Smooth Model of Ambiguity
Authors: Iwaki Hideki , Yoshikawa Daisuke 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The disposition effect is a commonly observed puzzle in financial markets. Several theoretical explanations for the disposition effect have been provided; however, it remains unresolved. We attempt to explain the effect by incorporating ambiguity attitudes that vary depending on the reference point. We extend the smooth model of ambiguity by Klibanoff, P., M. Marinacci, and S. Mukerji. 2005. “A Smooth Model of Decision Making under Ambiguity.” Econometrica 73: 1849–92 to depend on the reference point. Numerical examples show that the disposition effect is more pronounced under our reference-dependent smooth model of ambiguity if the investor gets her/his utility from the realized gains and losses.
Molecular record for the first authentication of Isaria cicadae from Vietnam
Authors: Lao Thuan Duc , Van Trinh Hanh , Vuong Loi , Tien Vu Luyen , Huyen Le Thuy Ai , Dinh Hiep Minh , Truong Nguyen Binh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus T011, parasitizing on nymph of Cicada, collected in the coffee garden in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam, was preliminarily morphologically identified as Isaria cicadae, belonged to order Hypocreales and family Clavicipitaceae. To ensure the authenticity of T011, phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated set of multiple genes including ITS, nrLSU, nrSSU, Rpb1, and Tef1 was applied to support the identification. Genomic DNA was isolated from dried sample T011. The PCR assay sequencing was applied to amplify ITS, nrLSU, nrSSU, Rpb1, and Tef1 gene. For phylogenetic analysis, the concatenated data of both target gens were constructed with MEGAX with a 1,000 replicate bootstrap based on the neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony method. As the result, the concatenated data containing 62 sequences belonged to order Hypocreales, families Clavicipitaceae, and 2 outgroup sequences belonged to order Hypocreales, genus Verticillium. The phylogenetic analysis results indicated that T011 was accepted at subclade Cordyceps and significantly formed the monophyletic group with referent Cordyceps cicadae (Telemorph of Isaria cicadae) with high bootstrap value. The phylogenetically analyzed result was strongly supported by our morphological analysis described as the Isaria cicadae. In summary, phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated dataset were successfully applied to strengthen the identification of T011 as Isaria cicadae.
Non-invasive morphological characterization of cellular loofa sponges using digital microscopy and micro-CT
Authors: Mohammed Iman , Bernhardt Ricardo , Schubert Markus , Hampel Uwe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLoofa sponge is a naturally-grown and decomposable material providing high specific surface area and high porosity for potential application as an environmentally-friendly catalyst carrier. In this work, cellular samples of various loofa types cut from different fiber network regions of the fruits were studied in detail using non-invasive imaging techniques. Digital microscopy was applied to characterize the cellular fiber network, which revealed a honeycomb structure in the core region and a sandwich structure in the wall region. Furthermore, reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) morphological images of the loofa samples obtained via micro-tomography (micro-CT) were utilized to extract the geometrical properties cell size, window diameter and strut thickness as well as porosity and volume-specific surface area. The reconstructed loofa samples revealed porosities of about 92% and specific surface areas up to 2057 m2/m3. In addition, the geometrical properties of manufactured solid foams (ceramic and polyurethane) were also determined via micro-CT and compared with loofa sponge. Finally, the different characteristic cell dimensions were employed to predict the porosity and specific surface area with available geometrical correlations. Deviations between correlation and measurement data (±16%) can be attributed to the peculiarity of the loofa cellular fiber network, which is somewhat different from the tetradecahedral-shaped geometry commonly used as the basis for most of the available correlations.
Towards peace in Europe: on legal linguistics, prosperity and European identity – the European Reference Language System for the European Union
Authors: Luttermann Claus , Luttermann Karin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe European Union is a legal community of hundreds of millions of people, established in a single market through European law. This is tied to language and translation into 24 official languages, each with equally authentic status. However, this leads to considerable legal differences between Member States and underscores the dominance of English, at the Court of Justice that of French (monolingualism), both of which have no legal foundation. Rule-of-law order (Rechtsstaatlichkeit) is created by the European Reference Language System (Europäisches Referenzsprachensystem), which is presented here as a tool for the urgently required reform of the language laws in the European Union: Not having a hegemonial focus on a single language (and thus on a single legal world) or on the exclusivity of some few languages, it offers a legal-linguistic basis of communication with all treaty languages of the European Union for a clear European law and prosperity. The official languages of the Member States thus preserve the mother tongue reality of the citizens in the sense of the subsidiarity principle (multilingualism). In this way, the citizens and their Union acquire a legally valid voice and identity. This seems necessary in the face of the present restructuring of the world, in order to maintain peace for the people in Europe and to continue promoting their well-being. The basis is legal linguistics (Rechtslinguistik).
Stillbirths preceded by reduced fetal movements are more frequently associated with placental insufficiency: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: ter Kuile Madeleine , Erwich Jan Jaap H.M. , Heazell Alexander E.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Maternal report of reduced fetal movements (RFM) is a means of identifying fetal compromise in pregnancy. In live births RFM is associated with altered placental structure and function. Here, we explored associations between RFM, pregnancy characteristics, and the presence of placental abnormalities and fetal growth restriction (FGR) in cases of stillbirth.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was carried out in a single UK tertiary maternity unit. Cases were divided into three groups: 109 women reporting RFM, 33 women with absent fetal movements (AFM) and 159 who did not report RFM before the diagnosis of stillbirth. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine associations between RFM/AFM, pregnancy characteristics, placental insufficiency and the classification of the stillbirth.

Results
AFM or RFM were reported prior to diagnosis of stillbirth in 142 (47.2%) of cases. Pregnancies with RFM prior to diagnosis of stillbirth were independently associated with placental insufficiency (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.79, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.84, 5.04) and were less frequently associated with maternal proteinuria (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.07, 0.62) and previous pregnancy loss <24 weeks (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07, 0.70). When combined, AFM and RFM were less frequently reported in twin pregnancies ending in stillbirth and in intrapartum stillbirths.

Conclusions
The association between RFM and placental insufficiency was confirmed in cases of stillbirth. This provides further evidence that RFM is a symptom of placental insufficiency. Therefore, investigation after RFM should aim to identify placental dysfunction.
Postnatal diuretics, weight gain and home oxygen requirement in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Williams Emma E. , Gunawardana Shannon , Donaldson Nicholas K. , Dassios Theodore , Greenough Anne 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesDiuretics are often given to infants with evolving/established bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with the hope of improving their pulmonary outcomes. We aimed to determine if diuretic use in preterm infants was associated with improved pulmonary outcomes, but poorer weight gain.MethodsAn observational study over a 5 year period was undertaken of all infants born at less than 29 weeks of gestation and alive at discharge in all neonatal units in England who received consecutive diuretic use for at least 7 days. Postnatal weight gain and home supplementary oxygen requirement were the outcomes. A literature review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and crossover studies was undertaken to determine if diuretic usage was associated with changes in lung mechanics and oxygenation, duration of supplementary oxygen and requirement for home supplementary oxygen.ResultsIn the observational study, 9,457 infants survived to discharge, 44.6% received diuretics for at least 7 days. Diuretic use was associated with an increased probability of supplementary home oxygen of 0.14 and an increase in weight gain of 2.5 g/week. In the review, seven of the 10 studies reported improvements only in short term lung mechanics. There was conflicting evidence regarding whether diuretics resulted in short term improvements in oxygenation.ConclusionsDiuretic use was not associated with a reduction in requirement for supplemental oxygen on discharge. The literature review highlighted a lack of RCTs assessing meaningful long-term clinical outcomes. Randomised trials are needed to determine the long-term risk benefit ratio of chronic diuretic use.
Src-1 and SP2 promote the proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Yang Yuanyuan , Liu Hongyu , Hu Hongyi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is characterized by high morbidity and morality, especially in Southern China. Transcription factors intensively participate in the initiation and development of NPC. This study aimed to investigate the roles of Src-1 in NPC. mRNA level was determined by qRT-PCR. Western blot was carried out for the protein level. CCK-8 assay was performed to determine cell viability, colony formation for NPC cell proliferation, and transwell for cell migration and invasion ability. The results showed Steroid receptor coactivator 1 (Src-1) was overexpressed in SNE-2 and 6-10B. The expression of Src-1 and SP2 was in positive correlation. Overexpression of Src-1 promoted the cell viability, colony formation, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), manifested by the increase of migration and invasion ability, while knockdown of Src-1 exerted opposite effects. Additionally, knockdown or overexpression of SP2 reversed the effects of overexpressed or downregulated Src-1, which was reversed by the depletion of SP2. Moreover, Src-1 interacted with SP2 to regulate EMT-related genes such as E-cad, N-cad, Vimentin, and ZEB1, and proliferation- and apoptosis-related genes, such as bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase3 and bcl-2. Thus, blocking the interaction between Src-1 and SP2 may be a therapeutic target for inhibiting the metastasis of NPC.
Study of Weldability for Aluminide Coated Steels through A-TIG Welding Process
Authors: Zala Arunsinh B. , Jamnapara N. I. , Badheka Vishvesh J. , Sasmal C. S. , Sam Shiju , Ranjan Mukesh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To achieve higher efficiency in high-temperature environments, 9Cr-1Mo steels (also known as P91 steels) are promising candidates in power plants, petrochemical industries, heat exchangers, and nuclear applications. To enhance the performance against harsh environments, such as high-temperature oxidation and corrosion during operations, adding aluminum oxide (Al2O3)/iron aluminide (FeAl) coating through the aluminizing process has been found promising. Such coatings have been considered reliable for resistance to liquid-metal corrosion against flowing lead-lithium liquid breeders and against tritium permeation in blanket modules of fusion reactors. However, the welding process for aluminized coated steels is a challenge and is scarcely reported. The aluminum-rich coating at the top may alter the metallurgy of weld metal and subsequently the mechanical properties after welding. To investigate the same, preliminary bead-on-plate trials with a novel activated-tungsten inert gas welding process has been attempted for the first time. Bead-on-plate welding samples were prepared (with the same welding parameters) with five different fluxes, such as iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3), nickel (II) oxide (NiO), copper (II) oxide (CuO), cobalt tetroxide (Co3O4), and Al2O3, for aluminized coated 9Cr-1Mo steel. The resultant weld metal microstructure was evaluated using optical and electron microscopy, elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, phase analysis using X-ray diffraction, and Vickers hardness testing. It was observed that the presence of oxide-type fluxes results in arc constriction, which thereby affects the depth of penetration. The weld metal prepared with Fe2O3 flux demonstrates a superior depth-to-width ratio compared to other fluxes. An analysis for delta ferrite was also carried out and was observed to be present in Fe2O3 flux welds only. A detailed analysis of the weld metal under different activated fluxes is presented in the paper. The outcome of this work presents the feasibility of the welds of aluminized 9Cr steels as relevant for fusion reactor applications.
COUNTEN, an AI-Driven Tool for Rapid and Objective Structural Analyses of the Enteric Nervous System
Authors: Kobayashi Yuta , Bukowski Alicia , Das Subhamoy , Espenel Cedric , Gomez-Frittelli Julieta , Wagle Narayani , Bakshi Shriya , Saha Monalee , Kaltschmidt Julia A. , Venkataraman Archana , Kulkarni Subhash 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of an interconnected meshwork of neurons and glia residing within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While healthy GI function is associated with healthy ENS structure, defined by the normal distribution of neurons within ganglia of the ENS, a comprehensive understanding of normal neuronal distribution and ganglionic organization in the ENS is lacking. Current methodologies for manual enumeration of neurons parse only limited tissue regions and are prone to error, subjective bias, and peer-to-peer discordance. There is accordingly a need for robust, and objective tools that can capture and quantify enteric neurons within multiple ganglia over large areas of tissue. Here, we report on the development of an AI-driven tool, COUNTEN (COUNTing Enteric Neurons), which is capable of accurately identifying and enumerating immunolabeled enteric neurons, and objectively clustering them into ganglia. We tested and found that COUNTEN matches trained humans in its accuracy while taking a fraction of the time to complete the analyses. Finally, we use COUNTEN’s accuracy and speed to identify and cluster thousands of ileal myenteric neurons into hundreds of ganglia to compute metrics that help define the normal structure of the ileal myenteric plexus. To facilitate reproducible, robust, and objective measures of ENS structure across mouse models, experiments, and institutions, COUNTEN is freely and openly available to all researchers.