bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Lifetimes and Diffusion Rates Inferred From ELFIN Measurements at Low Altitude: First Results
Authors: Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Zhang X. ‐J. , Angelopoulos V. , Tsai E. , Wilkins C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the radiation belts, energetic and relativistic electron precipitation into the atmosphere is expected to be mainly controlled over the long term by quasilinear pitch‐angle scattering by whistler‐mode and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. Accordingly, statistical electron lifetimes have been derived from quasilinear diffusion theory on the basis of multi‐year wave statistics. However, the full consistency of such statistical quasilinear models of electron lifetimes with both measured electron lifetimes, spectra of trapped and precipitated electron fluxes, and wave‐driven diffusion rates inferred from electron flux measurements, has not yet been verified in detail. In the present study, we use data from Electron Loss and Fields Investigation (ELFIN) mission CubeSats, launched in September 2018 in low Earth orbit, to carry out such comparisons between quasi‐linear diffusion theory and observed electron flux variations. We show that statistical theoretical lifetime models are in reasonable agreement with electron pitch‐angle diffusion rates inferred from the precipitated to trapped 100 keV electron flux ratio measured by ELFIN after correction for atmospheric backscatter, as well as with timescales of trapped electron flux decay independently measured over several days by ELFIN. The present results demonstrate for the first time a broad consistency between timescales of trapped electron flux decay, the pitch‐angle distribution of precipitated electrons, and quasilinear models of wave‐driven electron loss, showing the reliability of such statistical electron lifetime models parameterized by geomagnetic activity for evaluating electron precipitation into the atmosphere during not too disturbed periods.
Reconnection X‐Line Orientations at the Earth's Magnetopause
Authors: Fuselier S. A. , Webster J. M. , Trattner K. J. , Petrinec S. M. , Genestreti K. J. , Pritchard K. R. , LLera K. , Broll J. M. , Burch J. L. , Strangeway R. J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObservations from the magnetospheric multiscale mission in or near electron diffusion regions (EDRs) at the Earth's magnetopause are used to determine the orientation of reconnection X‐lines. The results highlight cross‐scale coupling of magnetic reconnection and the differences between component and anti‐parallel reconnection. These observations are consistent with a model that has a continuous, component reconnection X‐line that extends many Earth Radii (RE) across the dayside magnetopause when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is southward and |BY| ∼ |BZ|. Encounters anywhere along the X‐line have similar cross‐section structure in the direction normal to the magnetopause, indicating that component reconnection is quasi‐two‐dimensional, at some scale larger than the electron scale. EDR encounters far from this primary component X‐line may be associated with transient or spatially limited reconnection structures. On the magnetopause flanks on either side of the component X‐line, there are regions where anti‐parallel reconnection occurs. These regions dominate the entire dayside magnetopause when the IMF is southward and |BY| << |BZ|. In parts of these regions, observations in or near EDRs are consistent with reconnection occurring at a series of short, anti‐parallel reconnection X‐lines. These X‐lines may be quasi‐stationary or propagating along an anti‐parallel ridge at the magnetopause. In other parts of these regions, X‐lines may be much longer.
Viscous Dissipation in the Fluid Core of the Moon
Authors: Zhang Jiarui , Dumberry Mathieu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe spin axes of the mantle, fluid core, and solid inner core of the Moon precess at frequency Ωp = 2π/18.6 years−1 though with different orientations, leading to viscous friction at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) and inner core boundary (ICB). Here, we use a rotational model of the Moon and consider a range of inner core and outer core radii to investigate the relative importance of viscous dissipation at the CMB and ICB, and to show how this dissipation is connected to the phase lead angle (ϕp) of the mantle ahead of its Cassini state. We show that when the inner core radius is km and the free inner core nutation frequency Ωficn approaches Ωp, viscous dissipation at the ICB can be comparable to that at the CMB, and in the most extreme cases exceed it by as much as a factor of 10. If so, the viscous dissipation in the lunar core projected back in time depends on how Ωficn has evolved relative to Ωp. We further show that constraints on the CMB and ICB radii of the lunar core can in principle be extracted by matching the observed phase lead of ϕp = 0.27 arcsec; this requires an improved estimate of tidal dissipation and an accurate model of the turbulent viscous torque. Finally, when our rotational model is constrained to match ϕp = 0.27 arcsec, our results suggest that the viscous dissipation at the ICB is likely insufficient to have ever been above the threshold to power a thermally driven dynamo.
High‐Resolution Soil Moisture Evolution in Hyper‐Arid Regions: A Comparison of InSAR, SAR, Microwave, Optical, and Data Assimilation Systems in the Southern Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Bürgi P. M. , Lohman R. B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present an analysis of a 3‐year time series of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery covering the southern Arabian Peninsula, spanning two devastating typhoons that impacted the region in 2018. The limited vegetation and precipitation in the area allows for clear separation of soil moisture changes from other factors that typically also affect microwave imagery. We generate soil moisture proxies from Interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence and compare them with a range of other soil moisture products. We estimate the decay timescale over which the surface returns to its pre‐storm state for each event and data type, and find that the radar coherence‐based timescales tend to be longer than those for the other products. We also find that the coherence‐based timescales of the two events differ from each other in a manner that is consistent with seasonal temperature fluctuations and the total rainfall that occurred each time. The higher spatial resolution of the InSAR coherence results and differing sensitivity to the vertical distribution of soil moisture complements the other more temporally dense products, particularly in regions of high heterogeneity along the edge of the storm and within regions where the surface properties change dramatically over small spatial scales. As the frequency and strength of tropical cyclones increase, and as already scarce water resources are utilized further in arid regions, InSAR coherence data constitutes another tool that researchers can use to expand our understanding of these challenges.
The majority of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients with obesity are autoimmune and not neutralizing
Authors: Frasca Daniela , Reidy Lisa , Romero Maria , Diaz Alain , Cray Carolyn , Kahl Kristin , Blomberg Bonnie B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background/objectives
Obesity decreases the secretion of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in the blood of COVID-19 patients. How obesity impacts the quality of the antibodies secreted, however, is not understood. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the presence of neutralizing versus autoimmune antibodies in COVID-19 patients with obesity.

Subjects/methods
Thirty serum samples from individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR were collected from inpatient and outpatient settings. Of these, 15 were lean (BMI < 25) and 15 were obese (BMI ≥ 30). Control serum samples were from 30 uninfected individuals, age-, gender-, and BMI-matched, recruited before the current pandemic. Neutralizing and autoimmune antibodies were measured by ELISA. IgG autoimmune antibodies were specific for malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and for adipocyte-derived protein antigens (AD), markers of virus-induced cell death in the obese adipose tissue.

Results
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces neutralizing antibodies in all lean but only in few obese COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 infection also induces anti-MDA and anti-AD autoimmune antibodies more in lean than in obese patients as compared to uninfected controls. Serum levels of these autoimmune antibodies, however, are always higher in obese versus lean COVID-19 patients. Moreover, because the autoimmune antibodies found in serum samples of COVID-19 patients have been correlated with serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a general marker of inflammation, we also evaluated the association of anti-MDA and anti-AD antibodies with serum CRP and found a positive association between CRP and autoimmune antibodies.

Conclusions
Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the quality of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients with obesity, particularly the presence of autoimmune antibodies, and identify biomarkers of self-tolerance breakdown. This is crucial to protect this vulnerable population at higher risk of responding poorly to infection with SARS-CoV-2 than lean controls.
Indigenous sex-selective salmon harvesting demonstrates pre-contact marine resource management in Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Morin Jesse , Royle Thomas C. A. , Zhang Hua , Speller Camilla , Alcaide Miguel , Morin Ryan , Ritchie Morgan , Cannon Aubrey , George Michael , George Michelle , Yang Dongya 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo gain insight into pre-contact Coast Salish fishing practices, we used new palaeogenetic analytical techniques to assign sex identifications to salmonid bones from four archaeological sites in Burrard Inlet (Tsleil-Waut), British Columbia, Canada, dating between about 2300–1000 BP (ca. 400 BCE–CE 1200). Our results indicate that male chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were preferentially targeted at two of the four sampled archaeological sites. Because a single male salmon can mate with several females, selectively harvesting male salmon can increase a fishery’s maximum sustainable harvest. We suggest such selective harvesting of visually distinctive male spawning chum salmon was a common practice, most effectively undertaken at wooden weirs spanning small salmon rivers and streams. We argue that this selective harvesting of males is indicative of an ancient and probably geographically widespread practice for ensuring sustainable salmon populations. The archaeological data presented here confirms earlier ethnographic accounts describing the selective harvest of male salmon.
Harmonic contribution determination based on change‐point monitoring and shape context algorithm
Authors: Liu Hang , Ma Tiefeng , Zhang Yi , Liu Shuangzhe , Wang Youran , Guo Junyu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the power system, the harmonic is one of the important concerns of power quality, which has a significant impact on the safe operation of power grids and the energy efficiency for users. When there are not enough special harmonic monitoring devices installed on public transport, it is important to identify the harmonic source and assess the harmonic contribution based on the load data of the user's electricity meter. This paper proposes a data selection and matching idea based on change‐point monitoring (CPM), canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and dynamic adjusted shape context (DASC) for determining the harmonic contributions of individual customers and utilities. In the proposed approach, the CPM is used to select the valuable data by detecting the violent fluctuation area of harmonic voltage and the DASC to determine the harmonic contribution of individual customers by matching the user load sequence and harmonic voltage sequence based on CCA, filtering the harmonic contribution from the utility side. Simulation data is used to evaluate the performance of the method and a real‐world case study is also conducted. It is found that the proposed technique can be used to reveal the harmonic impact of the loads if data is selected resonably.
To reduce the passivation layer of Cu substrate by the ultrasonic assisted electrochemical potential activation method
Authors: Zhao Zhong , Zhu Pengcheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) area, micro metal devices fabricating by the electroplating process were used widely in biology, medicine and optics field. However, due to the oxide layer of the metal substrate surface, the electroplating layer suffers from the poor adhesion. In order to reduce the oxide layer of the metal substrate surface, effects of the ultrasonic assisted electrochemical potential activation method have been investigated originally. The electrochemical test was processed by an electrochemical station. The oxide content of the substrate surface was measured by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method. The experimental results show that, comparing with the ultrasound free one, the ultrasonic assisted electrochemical potential activation method can improve the hydrogen evolution reaction and reduce the metal ion nucleation rate. Then the Cu substrate surface oxide content has been restored. Results of this paper can provide a new ultrasonic electrochemical potential activation method to activate the oxide layer of the substrate surface, as well as to improve the adhesion.
Radio data challenge the broadband modelling of GRB 160131A afterglow
Authors: Marongiu M. , Guidorzi C. , Stratta G. , Gomboc A. , Jordana-Mitjans N. , Dichiara S. , Kobayashi S. , Kopač D. , Mundell C. G. 
Published: November 2021

Context. Gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows originate from the interaction between the relativistic ejecta and the surrounding medium. Consequently, their properties depend on several aspects: radiation mechanisms, relativistic shock micro-physics, circumburst environment, and the structure and geometry of the relativistic jet. While the standard afterglow model accounts for the overall spectral and temporal evolution for a number of GRBs, its validity limits emerge when the data set is particularly rich and constraining, especially in the radio band.
Aims. We aimed to model the afterglow of the long GRB 160131A (redshift z = 0.972), for which we collected a rich, broadband, and accurate data set, spanning from 6 × 108 Hz to 7 × 1017 Hz in frequency, and from 330 s to 160 days post-burst in time.
Methods. We modelled the spectral and temporal evolution of this GRB afterglow through two approaches: (1) the adoption of empirical functions to model an optical/X-ray data set, later assessing their compatibility with the radio domain; and (2) the inclusion of the entire multi-frequency data set simultaneously through the Python package named SAGA (Software for AfterGlow Analysis), to obtain an exhaustive and self-consistent description of the micro-physics, geometry, and dynamics of the afterglow.
Results. From deep broadband analysis (from radio to X-ray frequencies) of the afterglow light curves, GRB 160131A outflow shows evidence of jetted emission. Moreover, we observe dust extinction in the optical spectra, and energy injection in the optical/X-ray data. Finally, radio spectra are characterised by several peaks that could be due to either interstellar scintillation (ISS) effects or a multi-component structure.
Conclusions. The inclusion of radio data in the broadband set of GRB 160131A makes a self-consistent modelling barely attainable within the standard model of GRB afterglows.
YouTube as a Source of Patient Information on Myofascial Pain
Syndrome
Authors: Şan Ayça Uran 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction Myofascial pain syndrome is a local disorder characterised by
pathological myofascial constrictions and trigger points. One of the most
popular sources of internet-based information for patients is YouTube, which
provides a lot of videos related to myofascial pain syndrome, making it one of
the top clinical conditions searched for on the site. This study aimed to
examine the quality of the YouTube video content on myofascial pain
syndrome.
Method This study was designed as a cross-sectional study and used the
YouTube video sharing website as the main source of data. A search of the
relevant videos was performed by entering the words “myofascial pain
syndrome” in June 2021. Video characteristics were recorded, and the
quality of the videos was assessed according to the Journal of the American
Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, the DISCERN Scale and the Global
Quality Scale.
Results A total of 322 videos were evaluated, 186 of which were subjected
to analysis after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The videos
were categorised into groups, with 10 (5.4%) falling into the
high-quality group, 16 (8.6%) into the intermediate quality group, and
160 (86%) into the low-quality group. The findings from the study showed
that the most popular videos, the highest number of video likes and the highest
number of video views were in the intermediate group, while the high-quality
group had the lowest popularity level, number of video likes and number of video
views (p ˂ 0.05).
Conclusions Although there are videos with high-quality content on YouTube
offering guidance to patients about the disease, it is important to keep in mind
that inaccurate and deficient information about the disease may also be present
on this platform.
Linear dispersion of Dirac fermions in (Cd1–x–yZnxMny)3As2, х+y = 0.2, у = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 solid solutions
Authors: Zakhvalinskii Vasilii S , Nikulicheva Tatyana B , Pilyuk Evgeny A , Nguyen Hong T.T , Lähderanta Erkki , Shakhov Mikhail A , Isaeva Natalia O , Kochura Alexey V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Based on the results of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations study in single-crystalline diluted magnetic semiconductors (Cd1−x−yZnxMny)3As2 (CZMA) with х + y = 0.2 and Mn content (у = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) at temperatures T = 4.2 to 30 K and magnetic fields B = 0 to 12 T under hydrostatic pressure p = 0 and 10 kbar, the values of the phase shift β, indicating the existence of the Berry phase in all samples were determined. Thickness of two-dimensional surface topological nanolayers in CZMA (х + y = 0.2) single crystals was defined. The rise in Mn concentration led to an increase in the concentration of charge carriers in the 2D surface layers n
2D
and a decrease in its mobility μ
2D. The reduced cyclotron mass m

с
(0)/m
0, depending on the Fermi wave vector k

F
, experimentally observed from the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, which was in a good agreement with the prediction theory of linear dependence and experimental results in topological insulator single crystals Bi2Se3 indicated that Dirac fermions were present in a diluted magnetic semiconductor CZMA system with х + y = 0.2. The damping of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations for pressures p = 0 and 10 kbar in the CZMA sample (х + y = 0.2; y = 0.2) was found to be associated with an amplitude decrease by spin splitting (Zeeman effect). From the analysis of experimental data, the effective Lande factor g = 7.63 and 7.87 and the band gap Δ =35.3 and 9.7 meV at p = 0 and 10 kbar, respectively, were obtained.
The energy spread effects of an electron beam on the evolution of Cherenkov free-electron lasers
Authors: Fares Hesham , Mahmoud Mohamed 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An analytical approach is presented to calculate the growth rate coefficient which describes the intensity evolution of a Cherenkov Free—Electron Laser (CFEL) operating in the linear high—gain regime. The effects of the energy spread on the growth rate of a CFEL are addressed by introducing a relaxation time in our analysis. The relaxation process is associated with a deviation of electron velocities from the average value due to an energy spread whatever its source. Therefore, the relaxation time can present a unified point of view to describe the gain deterioration caused by the inhomogeneous broadening of energy spread effects. In this study, the plasma fluid and Maxwell formulations are used to describe the dynamics of electrons. It is found that the growth rate coefficient is saturated at a maximum value when the interaction time is approximately five times the relaxation time. When the electron relaxation is neglected (i.e., the relaxation time is infinitely long), the gain expression derived by our approach agrees adequately with those reported in other studies. It is shown that our gain expression is generalized and simple enough to provide fast and reliable assessment of the performance of CFEL devices.
Improved optoelectronic properties of Yttrium co-doped CdO:Zn thin films fabricated by nebulizer spray pyrolysis method for TCO applications
Authors: Sarath Babu R , Murthy Y Narasimha , Loyola Poul Raj I , Revathy M S , Chidhambaram N , Ganesh V , Algarni H , Yahia I S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
To understand the effect of Yttrium (Y) co-doping with CdO:Zn towards optoelectronics applications, the thin films were coated by the nebulizer spray pyrolysis route. The microstructural studies (XRD) reveals that the crystallite size decreases from 20 to 15 nm with the increase of Y concentrations. The surface topography of the films has been strongly influenced by the Y doping which is evident from the AFM images. The presence of Cd, O, Zn, and Y has been confirmed through the EDX spectrum. The transparency is higher (81%) for the CdO:Zn-Y(1.5%) film. The decreasing trend in the values of the optical dielectric constant is observed with increases in yttrium content. The enhancement in the carrier concentration (12 × 1020cm−3) and reduction in the electrical resistivity (8.4 × 10−4Ωcm) have been observed for the CdO:Zn-Y(1.5%) film via the Hall-effect measurements. In addition, the heterojunction p-Si/n-CdO:Zn-Y(1.5%) photodiode was fabricated to understand the optical sensing properties. The current values of the fabricated photodiode are found to enhance as the intensity of the illumination increases from1.0 to 3.0 mW cm−2. Moreover, the photodiode exhibits the highest responsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency value of 1.45 AW−1, 6 × 109 Jones, and 339%, respectively with excellent switching speeds. This work provided a guideline to develop a TCO layer and photodiode towards the applications of optoelectronic-based devices.
On non-monotonic temperature dependence of linear contact probability in atomic chains
Authors: Sharma Akariti 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically investigate the temperature T dependence of linear contact probability in atomic chains. In these chains, the transverse motion of the electrons is assumed to be confined in the harmonic oscillator confinement model. The intra-chain electron correlations are treated within both Hartree–Fock Approximation (HFA) and Random Phase Approximation (RPA). As artifact HFA correlation functions are used in the RPA perturbative calculations. Results are presented for numerically computed pair-correlation functions at different temperatures and electron densities. An enhanced singlet-state is observed in these chains at zero inter-electronic spacing which remains independent of T. At non zero inter-electronic spacing, shrinking of Pauli’s hole is observed with increasing T. Using the RPA, the short-range pair-correlation functions are found to be considerably modified at finite-T and contact probability shows non-monotonic dependence on T. Smearing of exchange-correlation hole is also observed above a critical value of T in the diffusion zone. We also estimate the strength of the coupling parameter up to what the RPA is capable of dealing with carrier correlations in atomic chains. This work may prove useful for density functional theory calculations as estimation of the exchange-correlation hole is imperative for exchange-correlation functionals.