bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hekla Revisited: Fractionation of a Magma Body at Historical Timescales
Authors: Geist Dennis , Harpp Karen , Oswald Peter , Wallace Paul , Bindeman Ilya , Christensen Branden 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHekla is an elongate volcano that lies at the intersection of the South Iceland Seismic Zone and the Eastern Volcanic Zone. We report major and trace element, oxygen isotopic, and H2O analyses on rocks, glass, melt inclusions, and minerals from almost all of the historical lavas and tephra deposits. This new dataset confirms the remarkable observation that not only are many eruptions compositionally zoned from felsic to mafic, but the extent of zoning relates directly to the length of repose since the previous eruption. Compositional data are consistent with the origin of the basaltic andesites and andesites by fractional crystallization, with no measurable crustal interaction once basaltic andesite has been produced. Although the 1104 CE Plinian rhyolite and 1158 CE dacite are also created by fractional crystallization, uranium–thorium isotopic disequilibria measured by others require that they evolved in a separate body, where magma is stored in a molten state for &gt;104 years. Consistent trace element trends and ratios, as well as oxygenisotopic data, preclude significant crustal input into the evolving magma. The phenocryst assemblages are dominated by crystals that formed from their host melt; an exception is the 1158 CE dacite, which contains abundant crystals that formed from the 1104 CE rhyolite melt. A suite of thermobarometers indicates that most crystals formed in the lower crust at temperatures ranging from ∼1010 to 850 °C. Hekla’s unique and systematic petrological time series and geophysical activity are attributed to the unusual geometry of the magma body, which we propose to be a tabular, vertically elongate macrodike, extending from the lower to the upper crust. The vertical body is recharged with basaltic andesite magma at the end of each eruption, which then undergoes cooling and crystallization until the subsequent eruption. The entire system is supplied by a lower-crustal body of basaltic andesite, which is produced by fractional crystallization of basaltic magma in a reservoir that is thermochemically buffered to ∼1010 °C. Cooling and crystallization of recharged basaltic andesite magma in a background geothermal gradient from the lower to the shallow crust accounts for the systematic relationship between repose and composition.
The International Society for Behavioral Medicine (ISBM) and the Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) advocate for the inclusion of behavioral scientists in the implementation of the Global Action Plan for the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Odukoya Oluwakemi , Fox Rina S , Hayman Laura L , Penedo Frank J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disability in the world with the majority of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The financial implications of disease and disability due to NCDs, combined with the costs of long-term management, are major causes of impoverishment and serve as barriers to socio-economic development. The transition from infectious diseases to NCDs as leading causes of mortality in LMICs is driven by several factors, primarily increasing globalization, urbanization, ageing of populations and economic development. Responding to these challenges will require local and comprehensive primary and secondary prevention efforts. The World Health Organization’s Global Action Plan provides a road map and an array of policy options to achieve nine voluntary global targets by 2025. The primary responsibility of governments in responding to the challenge of NCDs includes international scientific cooperation to support national and local efforts. The implementation of such efforts to prioritize the prevention of NCDs will create an environment in which the rising trend of the NCD burden could be potentially halted and reversed. When developing NCD policies, stakeholders should consider evidence-based strategies which can be implemented by multidisciplinary teams that are led or have the participation of behavioral medicine scientists. Behavioral medicine strategies should be incorporated into the policy and intervention framework developed to target NCDs in LMICs.
Congenital Ewing Sarcoma Presenting as a Rapidly Growing Neck Mass in a Newborn
Authors: De Sa Hong , Pearl John , Hibbs Anna Maria , Pereda Maria , Suzuki Izumi , Curtis Sean , Stearns Duncan 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is an aggressive soft-tissue and bone malignancy. Congenital EWS is extremely rare, and its presenting features can be unique from that of EWS occurring in older children.

Clinical Findings:
A full-term female infant with a neck mass present at birth was admitted to a level I nursery with an otherwise well appearance and normal vital signs. After consultation with a neonatologist, she was transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit where she developed sudden respiratory collapse from rapid growth of the mass causing airway obstruction, leading to emergent intubation. Ultrasound and MRI scans of the neck mass demonstrated cystic and vascular components, and a timely biopsy revealed small round blue cells with diffuse CD99 expression and chromosomal translocation 11;22.

Primary Diagnosis:
Ewing sarcoma.

Interventions:
An accelerated workup for EWS was done due to the patient's critical status. On day of life (DOL) 8, she was started on treatment of EWS as per the current standard-of-care AEWS0031. On DOL 24, she underwent tracheostomy placement.

Outcomes:
The patient completed 14 total cycles of chemotherapy and is more than 12 months old. Her tracheostomy was decannulated at 6 months of age.

Practice Recommendations:
The rarity of EWS in neonates and its presentation as a neck mass make this disease difficult to recognize unless clinicians have a high index of suspicion. The aims of this case report are to increase awareness of malignancy as a potential cause of neck masses in neonates and to prompt nurses and physicians to prepare for airway stabilization at appropriate levels of care if a neck mass is present at birth.
Risk Factors for Atonic Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Ende Holly B. , Lozada M. James , Chestnut David H. , Osmundson Sarah S. , Walden Rachel L. , Shotwell Matthew S. , Bauchat Jeanette R. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To identify and quantify risk factors for atonic postpartum hemorrhage.

DATA SOURCES:
PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, and and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for English language studies with no restrictions on date or location. Studies included randomized trials, prospective or retrospective cohort studies, and case–control studies of pregnant patients who developed atonic postpartum hemorrhage and reported at least one risk factor.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
Title, abstract, and full-text screening were performed using the Raayan web application. Of 1,239 records screened, 27 studies were included in this review. Adjusted or unadjusted odds ratios (ORs), relative risks, or rate ratios were recorded or calculated. For each risk factor, a qualitative synthesis of low and moderate risk of bias studies classifies the risk factor as definite, likely, unclear, or not a risk factor. For risk factors with sufficiently homogeneous definitions and reference ranges, a quantitative meta-analysis of low and moderate risk of bias studies was implemented to estimate a combined OR.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Forty-seven potential risk factors for atonic postpartum hemorrhage were identified in this review, of which 15 were judged definite or likely risk factors. The remaining 32 assessed risk factors showed no association with atonic postpartum hemorrhage or had conflicting or unclear evidence.

CONCLUSION:
A substantial proportion of postpartum hemorrhage occurs in the absence of recognized risk factors. Many risk factors for atonic hemorrhage included in current risk-assessment tools were confirmed, with the greatest risk conferred by prior postpartum hemorrhage of any etiology, placenta previa, placental abruption, uterine rupture, and multiple gestation. Novel risk factors not currently included in risk-assessment tools included hypertension, diabetes, and ethnicity. Obesity and magnesium were not associated with atonic postpartum hemorrhage in this review.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:
PROSPERO, CRD42020157521.
Factors Considered in Ranking Spine Surgery Fellowship Applicants
Authors: Bernatz James T. , Johnson Kristina P. , Stokman James J. , Cannada Lisa K. , Williams Seth K. , Whiting Paul S. 
Published: January 2021

Study Design
Cross-sectional study.

Objective
To determine which factors spine surgery fellowship program directors (PDs) consider most important when ranking applicants.

Summary of Background Data
Spine surgery is a popular orthopedic subspecialty. As such, the spine fellowship match process is highly competitive. Surveys of fellowship PDs in orthopedic sports medicine and hand surgery have demonstrated differing opinions regarding factors considered most important when ranking fellowship applicants. The factors considered important to spine surgery fellowship PDs have not been evaluated.

Methods
A web-based questionnaire was sent to the PDs of all spine surgery fellowships participating in the San Francisco (SF) Match Program. The questions were designed to identify criteria considered most important in ranking spine surgery fellowship applicants. A list of 12 criteria was presented and PDs were asked to rank these in order of importance. A weighted score for each criterion was calculated using the following scale: 5 points for each criterion ranked 1st, 4 points for 2nd, 3 points for 3rd, 2 points for 4th, and 1 point for 5th.

Results
Of the 73 PDs queried, 52 responded (71% response rate). The interview was the most important factor when ranking fellowship applicants. The other criteria deemed most important in order of weighted scoring were letters of recommendation and personal connections to the applicant and/or familiarity with the applicant's letter writer(s).

Conclusion
Spine surgery fellowship PDs consider the interview, letters of recommendation, and personal connections with the applicant/letter writers to be the most important factors when ranking candidates. These results may be valuable to orthopedic residents and mentors of those pursuing fellowship training in spine surgery.

Level of Evidence: 4
A Study on the Anatomical Relationship of the Lumbar Extrapedicular Puncture Approach with the Spinal Nerve and its Branches
Authors: Zhong Yuan , Luo Lei , Zhao Chen , Li Pei , Dong Bozan , Wang Zili , Jiang Dianming , Zhou Qiang , Liu Liehua 
Published: January 2021

Mini
The anatomical relationship of the extrapedicular approach with the spinal nerve and its branches was researched in cadavers. Three types of extrapedicular paths were simulated: puncture inside the medial branch (MB), puncture outside the MB, and puncture outside the lateral branch (LB). At L1–L3, puncture outside the LB could avoid damage to these nerves.

Study Design.
An anatomical study in 15 cadavers.

Objective.
To observe the anatomical relationship of the extrapedicular puncture approach with the spinal nerve and its branches, evaluate the risk of injury to these nerves and recommend a safe puncture path for lumbar extrapedicular percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP).

Summary of Background Data.
There have been no reports on the anatomical relationship of the extrapedicular approach with the spinal nerve and its branches.

Methods.
The positions, diameters, and paths of the anterior ramus (AR), medial branch (MB), and lateral branch (LB) outside the pedicles of L1–L4 were observed, and the related anatomical parameters were measured. Three types of extrapedicular puncture paths were simulated: puncture inside the MB, puncture outside the MB, and puncture outside the LB. By evaluating the risk of injury to the MB, LB, and AR, an appropriate puncture path was recommended.

Results.
During puncture inside the MB, the incidence of MB injury was 93.3% to 100%. During puncture outside the MB, the incidence rates of MB injury at L1 and L2 were 10.0% and 3.3%, respectively, and the incidence of LB injury at L4 was 10.0%. During puncture outside the LB, there were no cases of injury to the LB or MB. There was no incidence of AR injury during L1–L3 extrapedicular puncture, but the risk of AR injury was 3.3% when the procedure was performed at L4. The recommended technique is puncture outside the LB, where the needle vertically crosses the transverse process, slides inward, and advances while being held tightly against the bone.

Conclusion.
Extrapedicular puncture occurs adjacent to the spinal nerve and its branches, posing a risk of injury to these nerves. At the L1–L3 levels, puncture outside the LB can avoid damage to the spinal nerve and its branches.

Level of Evidence: N/A.
Capillary Leukocytes, Microaggregates, and the Response to Hypoxemia in the Microcirculation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients
Authors: Favaron Emanuele , Ince Can , Hilty Matthias P. , Ergin Bülent , van der Zee Philip , Uz Zühre , Wendel Garcia Pedro D. , Hofmaenner Daniel A. , Acevedo Claudio T. , van Boven Wim Jan , Akin Sakir , Gommers Diederik , Endeman Henrik 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
In this study, we hypothesized that coronavirus disease 2019 patients exhibit sublingual microcirculatory alterations caused by inflammation, coagulopathy, and hypoxemia.

DESIGN:
Multicenter case-controlled study.

SETTING:
Two ICUs in The Netherlands and one in Switzerland.

PATIENTS:
Thirty-four critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients were compared with 33 healthy volunteers.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The microcirculatory parameters quantified included total vessel density (mm × mm–2), functional capillary density (mm × mm–2), proportion of perfused vessels (%), capillary hematocrit (%), the ratio of capillary hematocrit to systemic hematocrit, and capillary RBC velocity (μm × s–1). The number of leukocytes in capillary-postcapillary venule units per 4-second image sequence (4 s–1) and capillary RBC microaggregates (4 s–1) was measured. In comparison with healthy volunteers, the microcirculation of coronavirus disease 2019 patients showed increases in total vessel density (22.8 ± sd 5.1 vs 19.9 ± 3.3; p < 0.0001) and functional capillary density (22.2 ± 4.8 vs 18.8 ± 3.1; p < 0.002), proportion of perfused vessel (97.6 ± 2.1 vs 94.6 ± 6.5; p < 0.01), RBC velocity (362 ± 48 vs 306 ± 53; p < 0.0001), capillary hematocrit (5.3 ± 1.3 vs 4.7 ± 0.8; p < 0.01), and capillary-hematocrit-to-systemic-hematocrit ratio (0.18 ± 0.0 vs 0.11 ± 0.0; p < 0.0001). These effects were present in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores less than 10 but not in patients with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores greater than or equal to 10. The numbers of leukocytes (17.6 ± 6.7 vs 5.2 ± 2.3; p < 0.0001) and RBC microaggregates (0.90 ± 1.12 vs 0.06 ± 0.24; p < 0.0001) was higher in the microcirculation of the coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Receiver-operating-characteristics analysis of the microcirculatory parameters identified the number of microcirculatory leukocytes and the capillary-hematocrit-to-systemic-hematocrit ratio as the most sensitive parameters distinguishing coronavirus disease 2019 patients from healthy volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS:
The response of the microcirculation to coronavirus disease 2019-induced hypoxemia seems to be to increase its oxygen-extraction capacity by increasing RBC availability. Inflammation and hypercoagulation are apparent in the microcirculation by increased numbers of leukocytes and RBC microaggregates.
Deviated Nose: A Systematic Approach for Correction
Authors: Abu El-Wafa Ahmed M. , Emara Sherif S. 
Published: January 2021

Background:Attaining a straight dorsum in patients with deviated nose is a main task in rhinoplasty. The basis of this difficulty is the presence of multiple anatomical abnormalities; hence, many methods are used to correct such a deformity. In this study, a sequential comprehensive surgical approach is proposed for the correction of deviated nose.Methods:Seventy-six patients who presented with developmental or posttraumatic external nasal deviation were enrolled in this study. All patients were subjected to open septorhinoplasty using a systematic approach. The outcome was assessed throughout for patient satisfaction.Results:The postoperative course was uneventful. Minor complications were encountered as transient hypoesthesia in the nasal tip in 4 patients and as prolonged tip edema in 10 patients. Residual significant nasal deviation was observed in 3 patients, and only 1 of them necessitated revision. All patients reported improvement of their nasal airway, and the percentages of their aesthetic satisfaction were as follows: very satisfied (n = 57, 75%), satisfied (n = 18, 23.7%), and unsatisfied (n = 1, 1.3%).Conclusions:A simple and comprehensive approach for correction of deviated nose is presented, which resulted in a better long-term cosmetic and functional outcome. This approach could correct the deviations in various anatomic locations, and helps the surgeon to deal with nasal deviation in an effective and straightforward manner wherever the pathology of deviation.
Impact of FDA Updates on Public Interest in Breast Implant-associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Singh Mansher , Singh Gayatri , Singh Chauhan Anupam , Lee Harrison H. , Sacks Justin M. , Hultman Charles S. , Albert Mark G. 
Published: January 2021

Summary
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of drugs, biological products, and medical devices. In that role, FDA releases timely updates with regard to medical devices and their possible adverse effects. However, the impact of such FDA updates on public interest has not been studied. The timing of multiple FDA updates regarding Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) was noted from September 2014 to September 2019. Impact on Public interest related to ALCL was measured using Google Trends and the number of YouTube video uploads. These objective markers were used to compare the public interest during FDA updates versus weeks with no FDA updates. Five major updates were released by FDA regarding BIA-ALCL during the past 5 years. Google Trends demonstrated a significant increase in public interest regarding ALCL during the week of FDA release, with a mean score of 69 ± 20.82 when compared with a mean score of 10.68 ± 4.71 (P < 0.001) during weeks with no FDA release. The mean number of YouTube videos uploaded during the period of FDA release was 11.8 ± 9.42, which was significantly higher than the mean of 2.42 ± 1.31 videos (P < 0.001) during the period of no FDA updates. FDA updates correlates with temporal increase in public interest. Plastic surgeons should be aware of FDA information releases on BIA-ALCL and anticipate an increased interest in additional information from patients and the public.
Treatment of Non-melanoma Skin Cancers in the Absence of Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: Ferry Andrew M. , Sarrami Shayan M. , Hollier Pierce C. , Gerich Caitlin F. , Thornton James F. 
Published: January 2021

Summary:
Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common malignancies globally. Although non-melanoma skin cancers exhibit low metastatic potential, they can be locally destructive, necessitating complex excisions and reconstructions. Mohs micrographic surgery is the gold-standard treatment for high-risk non-melanoma skin cancers in patients who are appropriate surgical candidates. Despite its efficacy, Mohs micrographic surgery is not readily available in most geographic regions, necessitating that plastic surgeons be well-versed in alternative treatment modalities for non-melanoma skin cancer. Herein, we will discuss the management of non-melanoma skin cancers in settings where Mohs micrographic surgery is not readily available.
Negative-pressure Wound Therapy for Sacral Pressure Ulcer in Gorham-Stout Disease
Authors: Shiokawa Ichiro , Oshima Naoya , Mizumura Nao , Momosawa Akira 
Published: January 2021

Summary:
Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a rare musculoskeletal disorder characterized by progressive bone resorption and overgrowth of lymphatic vessels. The mechanism of GSD is still largely unknown. Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is known to accelerate wound healing and is used worldwide. Herein, we report a successful treatment of a patient with GSD having a sacral pressure ulcer, using NPWT. An 18-year-old female GSD patient was referred to our department for treating a sacral wound. The wound was disinfected by pocket incision, cleansing, and administration of antibiotics; however, the lesion remain unhealed. Histopathology of the debrided sacral wound revealed fibrous granulation tissue, with no sign of lymphatic anomalies. NPWT was started with −75 mm Hg of pressure, and neither lymphorrhea nor growth of lymphangioma was noted. Negative pressure was gradually increased to −125 mm Hg. The ulcer size decreased to 2 × 2 cm2, which healed 3 months after hospital discharge, with no recurrence for 8 months. For progressive diseases such as GSD, NPWT may cause the regrowth of lymphangioma or other neoplasms due to an increase in vessel endothelial growth factor. NPWT appears to be one of the safest and most effective wound therapies even for this rare and difficult disease, provided the use of the following treatment protocol: Pathohistological assessment before application of NPWT, and negative pressure initially set at a low level; then, gradually increased, with careful observation to avoid lymphorrhea. When changing the foam dressing, careful checking is important to determine whether the wound is necrotic, or if there is tumor-like tissue accumulation rather than healthy granulation.
Cohesive Round Implants and the Risk of Implant Flipping
Authors: Jong Justin , Gabriel Allen , Trekell Melissa , Lawser Amy S. , Heidel Eric , Buchanan Dallas , Chun Joseph T. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Fifth-generation, round, form-stable implants have a higher cohesive gel, a higher fill volume, and distinct anterior and posterior profiles. Due to these implant features, anterior-posterior (AP) flipping of round, form-stable implants is discernible, but little is known of this complication of implant reconstruction.

Methods:
Patients who underwent skin- or nipple-sparing mastectomy followed by direct-to-implant reconstruction with round, cohesive, smooth implants were included in this retrospective study. Implants were placed submuscularly or prepectorally. Incidence of flipping was retrieved from patient records. Patients were stratified by presence or absence of flipping; data on patient demographic characteristics, neoadjuvant/adjuvant treatment, mastectomy characteristics, and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) type (AlloDerm or FlexHD) and coverage technique (inferior pole, tenting, or wrapping) were compared between the groups to identify risk factors associated with flipping.

Results:
A total of 117 patients (230 breasts) were evaluated. Sixteen cases of implant flipping were documented for a flip rate of 7.0%, all occurring in patients with prepectoral implants. On univariate analysis, prepectoral implant placement, highly cohesive implants, use of AlloDerm, and ADM wrapping/tenting were found to be significantly associated with AP flipping. On logistic regression analyses, ADM type and ADM coverage technique were no longer significant predictors of AP flipping.

Conclusions:
Patients who undergo prepectoral implant reconstruction with highly cohesive round implants appear to be at an increased risk of AP flipping. Subpectoral reconstruction is not associated with AP flipping.