bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fog harvesting: combination and comparison of different methods to maximize the collection efficiency
Authors: Sharifvaghefi Seyyedmajid , Kazerooni Hanif 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFog harvesting is an unconventional source of water that can be used in some regions with water scarcity to overcome water shortages. The most commonly used collectors are meshes which have intrinsic limitations, the most important of which are clogging and aerodynamic deviation of droplets around the wires. Here, three techniques are compared and combined to overcome these limitations, i.e., replacing the mesh with an array of vertical wires, addition of a hydrophobic layer to the wires, and forcing the ionized droplets to move toward the wires by applying an electric field. The combination of these techniques was found to result in higher fog harvesting efficiency compared to each individual method with the highest impact from the addition of the electric field. The combined methods lead to a 60-fold increase in fog harvesting efficiency compared to meshes. The findings showed that when the fog droplets are forced in an electric field toward the wires, the shading coefficient for collectors can be increased to 1 from 0.55 (maximum for collectors without the electric field) without affecting the fog harvesting efficiency, allowing for lower construction cost of the collectors. Addition of the electric field showed two distinctive promotional effects. First, increasing the aerodynamic efficiency and second, reducing the size of droplets sliding down the wires by disturbing the three-phase contact line and reducing the contact angle hysteresis and the pinning force. Energy analysis shows that this technique can be 100 times more energy efficient compared to the conventional atmospheric water generators.
The anti-diabetic activities of natural sweetener plant Stevia: an updated review
Authors: Jan Sohail Ahmad , Habib Neeli , Shinwari Zabta Khan , Ali Muhammad , Ali Nasir 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is one of the key metabolic diseases cause due to defects in the secretion of insulin, insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, or both. Plants remained an important source of nutrition as well as medicine. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is one of the important high qualities non-caloric sugar substitute sweetener plants against diabetes disease. The compounds like steviol, rebaudioside A, stevioside, etc. can lower the sugar level many fold. In addition, it decreases oxidative stress, hence reduces the risk of diabetes. Its leaves have been used for the control and treatment of diabetes and many other metabolic diseases. In animal model experiments it reduces blood sugar level and promotes liver and kidney functions. In this review, we highlighted the most recent literature on the safe use of Stevia for the treatment of diabetes, its use as a functional food, and its mode of therapeutic action in different animal model experiments. However, keeping Stevia as a model plant; detailed investigations are needed for the identification of new metabolites and its use against diabetes and related diseases.
Manufacturing process design of high-pressure graphite-blasting for mechanical production of turbostratic graphene
Authors: Aokal Kamilia , Alami Abdul Hai , Cheaitou Ali , Abdelkareem Mohammad Ali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper a manufacturing process is introduced to treat the bulk surfaces of surfaces via graphite powder blasting to directly produce an adherent layer of graphene. Subsequently, the study aims to correlate optical, thermal and electrochemical modifications with treatment parameters such as blasting pressure, nozzle distance and number of passes. After the treatment, the target surface has enhanced spectral, thermal and electrochemical properties because of the graphene’s turbostratic nature to adhesion to its surface. The thermal stability performance showed a consistent 5% increase relative to a bare aluminum substrate. A two-fold increase in corrosion resistance is seen in the sample compared to bare aluminum while diffuse absorbance values enhancement is around three-fold. This proposed manufacturing method provides straightforward and effective treatment at various degrees of automation. Since the deposited graphene substrate can cover a large area, it can be applied as a final layer on thermal collectors, PV panels and for other applications. It is possible to adopt this process to other well-established treatment plants without requiring high investments in the overhead expenses.
Lessons from long-run (1975–2017) structural change in Colombia's coffee production
Authors: Saenz Mariana , Alvarez Diego , Brock Gregory 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough coffee is still an important agricultural commodity in Colombia, the coffee share of GDP has significantly declined over the past 40 years. Controlling for changes in relative prices, factor endowments, and technological change, we analyze the coffee share decline in conjunction with other agricultural output by applying a Vector Error Correction model. The results indicate that while market liberalization policies contributed to the declining coffee share of GDP, the decline was partly offset by the end of coffee export quotas. Our results support policies in favor of assistance for farmers to compete in international markets.
Business Model Innovation in Transforming Economies: A Co-evolutionary Perspective for a Global and Digital World
Authors: Mihalache Oli R. , Volberda Henk W. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTAlthough transforming economies offer many examples of business model innovation, they have been largely overlooked in academic research, with most studies focusing on what happens in developed countries. However, in their push to become innovation economies, transforming economies have become experimentation arenas for new ways of doing business. This special issue addresses the gap in business model innovation research in several ways. First, we develop a co-evolutionary framework in which we consider what type of business model innovation occurs in transforming economies (adoption, adaptation, or creation) and who the central players are (indigenous firms or MNEs). We show how, through business model innovation, indigenous firms have begun to challenge global industry leaders – despite not having the same resource advantages, proprietary technology, or market power – and we highlight the consequences of this for the domestic and global environment. Second, we discuss how the articles in this special issue advance research by contributing to a co-evolutionary perspective on business model innovation for a global and digital world. Third, to guide future research on business model innovation in the fascinating context of transforming economies we outline various directions that could build on our framework and the articles presented here.
Taxing the Tails in a Global Economy: How Electoral, Party and Wage Bargaining Systems Interact to Determine the Taxes Paid by the Poor and Rich
Authors: Hays Jude C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA prominent line of research on electoral systems and income redistribution argues that proportional representation (PR) leads to tax-and-transfer policies that benefit the poor at the expense of the rich. This is because PR produces encompassing center-left coalitions that protect the poor and middle classes. Yet countries with PR electoral systems tend to rely heavily on consumption taxes and tax profits lightly, both of which are inconsistent with this expectation. Both policies are regressive and seem to benefit the rich at the expense of the poor. This article argues that PR electoral institutions, when combined with trichotomous multipartism, are not as hostile to the rich as commonly believed, and that it is important to understand how electoral and party systems interact with labor market institutions in order to explain the puzzling pattern of taxation that is observed. The author develops a theoretical model and evaluates its empirical implications for a world in which production has become multinational.
The Press Bureau, ‘D’ Notices, and Official Control of the British Press's Record of the First World War
Authors: Monger David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConcerns about fake news and media manipulation are commonplace in contemporary society, and, throughout the twentieth century, historians regularly presented the First World War as an era of manipulated public messages. Yet, despite broad statements about the impact of press censorship in First World War Britain, publication of an official history of the ‘D’ notice system, and growing revision of historical understanding of the interaction between the state, the press, propaganda, and the public during the war, no thorough assessment of the content of the D notices issued by the Press Bureau to newspaper editors has been undertaken. This article provides a thorough analysis of the more than seven hundred notices issued during the war years. While drawing attention to several exceptions which exceeded plausible claims of a threat to security, it argues that most notices genuinely sought to protect potentially dangerous information and that casual assumptions about misleading state press management are not borne out by a close reading of the actual notices issued.
Using GPS tracking for fruit bat conservation
Authors: Mandl Isabella , Houmadi Amelaid , Said Ishaka , Abdou Badrane Ben Ali , Fardane Abdoul-Kader , Egger-Peitler Kilian , Oleksy Ryszard , Doulton Hugh , Chaihane Sourette Said Ali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the ecology of species is key to the development of effective conservation measures. For many fruit bat species, however, even baseline knowledge of ecology and behaviour is lacking. To identify feeding sites of the Critically Endangered Livingstone's flying fox Pteropus livingstonii on the island of Anjouan, Comoros, we piloted the use of GPS loggers. Two bats (one female, one male) were tagged in early 2019, and data collected for 217 and 35 days, respectively. Acceleration data facilitated the classification of location points into behavioural categories. Potential feeding sites were located by cluster analysis of all location points that were attributed to a behavioural category in which feeding could occur. One important feeding site was located in an agricultural area. This is the first time quantitative behavioural data have been collected for Livingstone's flying foxes, providing insight into the ecological needs of this threatened species. These findings have the potential to inform applied conservation management decisions for protecting the resources required for the survival of this species.
Looking for Agency in Transnational Refugee Trajectories during the Second World War
Authors: de Jong Rosa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe authors of three recent monographs,The Escape Line, Escape from Vichy, andNearly the New World, highlight in particular the relevance of transnational refugee and resistance networks. These books shed new light on the trajectories of refugees through war-torn Europe and their routes out of it. Megan Koreman displays inThe Escape Linethe relevance of researching one line of resistance functioning in several countries and thereby shifts from the common nationalistic approach in resistance research. InEscape from VichyEric Jennings researches the government-endorsed flight route between Marseille and Martinique and explores the lasting impact of encounters between refugees and Caribbean Negritude thinkers. Joanna Newman explores the mainly Jewish refugees who found shelter in the British West Indies, with a focus on the role of aid organisations in this flight.
Relational revolution and relationality in IR: New conversations
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere is a multifaceted relational revolution afoot in International Relations (IR) and in the social sciences more widely. This article suggests, via engagement with varied forms of relational thought and practice in IR, but in particular via engagement with ‘relational cosmology’ associated with the ‘natural’ as well as the ‘social’ sciences, that there are important reasons for relational thought and practice in IR and around it to be more attentive to dialogues on relationality across natural and social sciences. If relational thought in IR has challenged the colonial and bifurcated ontologies of the field, relational cosmology too assists in shifting ‘modern’ understandings of science and the cosmos by facilitating engagement with situated knowledges and deep-going relationalities across ‘nature’ and ‘society’, ‘human’ and ‘non-human’ communities. Relational cosmology may be productive in joining, and perhaps even in facilitating, conversations across multiple relationalities emerging from different parts of the world and in different fields of inquiry, and yet – reflecting its relational and pluriversal orientations – it is not proposed here as a new ‘meta-‘ or ‘grand-’ narrative for relational theorising or IR.
Knowledge as a Revenue Driver, Not a Cost Centre: the LexisNexis GLP and How to Use Market Intelligence to Make Knowledge a Vital Growth Engine for Law Firms
Authors: O'Connor Christopher 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article by the LexisNexis Segment Marketing team explains the approach, methodology and findings of the LexisNexis Gross Legal Product (GLP) report, first presented at the BIALL's Virtual Conference in June 2020. The GLP is a quantitative measure of underlying demand for legal services in the UK, comprised of 250 individual metrics which serve as proxies for legal activity. The article outlines the methodology and sources used to build the GLP; headline findings for Q2 2020 YTD; and provides suggestions for how firm leaders and knowledge professionals could use the information in their work. The GLP Q2 model found that demand for legal activity has declined by 7% since the start of 2020.
Economic freedom reform: does culture matter?
Authors: Moellman Nicholas , Tarabar Danko 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe analyse the role of culture in economic freedom reform and dispersion in an unbalanced panel of up to 80 countries, and in dyadic models with up to 3,003 unique country pairs. We find that a sense of individualism strengthens the effectiveness of democracy in promoting economic freedom within countries over 1950–2015, and that institutional distance between countries increases in their cultural distance, suggesting an important role of culture in determining long-run institutional equilibria. Our results are robust to a large variety of socio-economic controls, measures of institutions and measures of bilateral geographic, economic and demographic distances.
Intensifying Australian Heatwave Trends and Their Sensitivity to Observational Data
Authors: Jyoteeshkumar reddy P. , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah E. , Sharples Jason J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHeatwaves are an accustomed extreme event of the Australian climate, which can cause catastrophic impacts on human health, agriculture, and urban and natural systems. We have analyzed the trends in Australia‐wide heatwave metrics (frequency, duration, intensity, number, cumulative magnitude, timing, and season duration) across 69 extended summer seasons (i.e., from November‐1951 to March‐2020). Our findings not only emphasize that heatwaves are becoming hotter, longer, and more frequent, but also signify that they are occurring with excess heat, commencing much earlier, and expanding their season over many parts of Australia in recent decades. The Australian heatwave trends have strengthened since last observed Australian study was conducted. We also investigated the heatwave and severe heatwave trends at a local city‐scale using three different observational products (AWAP and SILO gridded datasets and ACORN_SATV2 station data) over selected time periods (1911–2019, 1911–1964, and 1965–2019). Results suggest that heatwave trends are noticeably different amongst the three datasets. However, the results highlight that the severe heatwave cumulative magnitude and their season duration have been increasing significantly in recent decades over Australia's southern coastal cities (like Melbourne and Adelaide). The climatological mean of the most heatwave and severe heatwave metrics is substantially higher in recent decades compared to earlier periods across all the cities considered. The findings of our study have significant implications for the development of advanced heatwave planning and adaptation strategies.
Meteorological and Electrical Conditions of Two Mid‐latitude Thunderstorms Producing Blue Discharges
Authors: Liu Feifan , Zhu Baoyou , Lu Gaopeng , Lei Jiuhou , Shao Jun , Chen Yanling , Huang Anjing , Ma Ming , Qin Zilong , Zhong Jiahao , Ren Huan , Wang Zhongru , Wan Zerun , Liu Guojin , Peng Changzhi , Peng Kang‐Ming , Zhou Helin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBlue discharges are one type of rarely observed upward discharge emerging from the top of thunderstorms. The favorable meteorological conditions and charge structures needed to produce this marvelous phenomenon are still poorly understood. In this study, we report on two midlatitude thunderstorms producing 13 blue discharges observed simultaneously by the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) and ground‐based lightning detection array. In these two thunderstorms, blue discharges always occurred in the vicinity of the coldest cloud top (∼195 K) and clustered within a bounded area near the convective surge, leading to the overshooting thundercloud top (reaching about 18 km) into the stratosphere. The parent thunderstorms were normally electrified with a main midlevel negative and an upper positive charge layer centered at about 15 km as inferred from source heights of narrow bipolar events (NBEs). The associated negative NBEs near the tropopause indicated that they are upward positive discharges initiated between the upper positive charge layer and the negative screening layer at the cloud top. In addition, the outbreak of negative NBEs in the altitude range of 16–18 km was observed in conjunction with blue discharges observed from space. This suggests that there exists a strong upper positive layer with an intense convection at this altitude of the thunderstorm. It is inferred that an overshooting thundercloud top with intense convective updraft could lead to a strong and high upper positive charge layer and therefore create favorable charge structures for initiating upward positive blue discharges.
Development and Evaluation of Chemistry‐Aerosol‐Climate Model CAM5‐Chem‐MAM7‐MOSAIC: Global Atmospheric Distribution and Radiative Effects of Nitrate Aerosol
Authors: Zaveri Rahul A. , Easter Richard C. , Singh Balwinder , Wang Hailong , Lu Zheng , Tilmes Simone , Emmons Louisa K. , Vitt Francis , Zhang Rudong , Liu Xiaohong , Ghan Steven J. , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn advanced aerosol treatment, with a focus on semivolatile nitrate formation, is introduced into the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 with interactive chemistry (CAM5‐chem) by coupling the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) with the 7‐mode Modal Aerosol Module (MAM7). An important feature of MOSAIC is dynamic partitioning of all condensable gases to the different fine and coarse mode aerosols, as governed by mode‐resolved thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Applied in the free‐running mode from 1995 to 2005 with prescribed historical climatological conditions, the model simulates global distributions of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in good agreement with observations and previous studies. Inclusion of nitrate resulted in ∼10% higher global average accumulation mode number concentrations, indicating enhanced growth of Aitken mode aerosols from nitrate formation. While the simulated accumulation mode nitrate burdens are high over the anthropogenic source regions, the sea‐salt and dust modes respectively constitute about 74% and 17% of the annual global average nitrate burden. Regional clear‐sky shortwave radiative cooling of up to −5 W m−2 due to nitrate is seen, with a much smaller global average cooling of −0.05 W m−2. Significant enhancements in regional cloud condensation nuclei (at 0.1% supersaturation) and cloud droplet number concentrations are also attributed to nitrate, causing an additional global average shortwave cooling of −0.8 W m−2. Taking into consideration of changes in both longwave and shortwave radiation under all‐sky conditions, the net change in the top of the atmosphere radiative fluxes induced by including nitrate aerosol is −0.7 W m−2.
Impact of Sea‐Ice Model Complexity on the Performance of an Unstructured‐Mesh Sea‐Ice/Ocean Model under Different Atmospheric Forcings
Authors: Zampieri Lorenzo , Kauker Frank , Fröhle Jörg , Sumata Hiroshi , Hunke Elizabeth C. , Goessling Helge F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe have equipped the unstructured‐mesh global sea‐ice and ocean model FESOM2 with a set of physical parameterizations derived from the single‐column sea‐ice model Icepack. The update has substantially broadened the range of physical processes that can be represented by the model. The new features are directly implemented on the unstructured FESOM2 mesh, and thereby benefit from the flexibility that comes with it in terms of spatial resolution. A subset of the parameter space of three model configurations, with increasing complexity, has been calibrated with an iterative Green's function optimization method to test the impact of the model update on the sea‐ice representation. Furthermore, to explore the sensitivity of the results to different atmospheric forcings, each model configuration was calibrated separately for the NCEP‐CFSR/CFSv2 and ERA5 forcings. The results suggest that a complex model formulation leads to a better agreement between modeled and the observed sea‐ice concentration and snow thickness, while differences are smaller for sea‐ice thickness and drift speed. However, the choice of the atmospheric forcing also impacts the agreement of the FESOM2 simulations and observations, with NCEP‐CFSR/CFSv2 being particularly beneficial for the simulated sea‐ice concentration and ERA5 for sea‐ice drift speed. In this respect, our results indicate that parameter calibration can better compensate for differences among atmospheric forcings in a simpler model (i.e., sea‐ice has no heat capacity) than in more realistic formulations with a prognostic sea‐ice thickness distribution and sea ice enthalpy.
Sea Surface Height Variability in the 30–120 km Wavelength Band From Altimetry Along‐Track Observations
Authors: Chen Shuiming , Qiu Bo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReprocessed altimetry along‐track sea surface height (SSH) observations from multiple missions are analyzed for the SSH variability in the 30–120 km wavelength band. This band of variability is missing in the widely used global multi‐mission mapped SSH data set, known as the Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data SSH product. The SSH variability is derived from along‐track SSH variance spectra after subtracting noise floors, and its global spatial patterns are consistent among the missions and the output of a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model simulation. High SSH variability in the 30–120 km wavelength band is found in the intratropics of all ocean basins (25°S–25°N), the western boundary current outflow regions, and in five regions along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: Agulhas Retroflection zone, Kerguelen Plateau, Macquarie Ridge, Pacific Antarctic Ridge, and Drake Passage. The average slope of the along‐track SSH spectra in the 30–120 km wavelength band in the intratropics falls between −2.14 and −1.56, consistent with the Garrett‐Munk spectral slope. The spatial patterns of the SSH variability could be used as a metric to evaluate high‐resolution numerical models and to shed light on what to expect from future high‐resolution altimetry missions.