bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of leisure-time physical activity participation by adults with and without a disability: results of an Australian cross-sectional national survey
Authors: Hassett Leanne , Shields Nora , Cole Jenni , Owen Katherine , Sherrington Catherine 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to describe and compare the amount and type of leisure-time physical activity, and motivations and barriers to participation among adults with and without a disability.MethodsAnalysis of deidentified data from an Australian cross-sectional national telephone-based survey (October 2015 to June 2018) of sport and physical recreation participation over the previous 12 months, and barriers and motivations to participation. Descriptive statistics (incorporating weighted proportions), χ2tests and regression analyses were conducted to describe aspects of participation and compare those with and without self-reported disability.ResultsOf the 54 343 adults surveyed, 15% reported a disability. Adults with a disability were half as likely to meet physical activity guidelines through sport and/or physical recreation than adults without a disability (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.57). A greater proportion of adults with a disability participated in physical recreation only (40% vs 31%; χ2=187; p<0.001), whereas a greater proportion of adults without a disability participated in sport only (20% vs 12%; χ2=188; p<0.001). Adults with a disability were more motivated than adults without a disability to try a new activity for physical health or fitness benefits (55% vs 46%; χ2=36; p<0.001). The most reported barrier to participation for adults with a disability not currently participating in sport and/or physical recreation was poor health or injury (62%), whereas for adults without a disability it was lack of time/too many other commitments (43%).ConclusionAdults with a disability are less physically active and report different physical activity profiles and barriers to being active than adults without a disability. Urgent action is required to address this discrepancy.
Incidence and predictors of stroke in patients with rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Vasconcelos Marcelle , Vasconcelos Luiz , Ribeiro Victor , Campos Carolina , Di-Flora Francisco , Abreu Lara , Silva Lucas , Diamantino Tatiana , Padilha da Silva Jose Luiz , Esteves William Antonio M , Teixeira Antonio Lucio , Nunes Maria Carmo Pereira 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveIschaemic stroke is a severe complication of rheumatic heart disease (RHD), which may result in permanent disability and death. This study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of stroke in patients with RHD in the current era of evidence-based recommendations for prevention.MethodsConsecutive patients with RHD diagnosed by clinical and echocardiographic criteria were selected. A structured clinical and neurological assessment was performed to determine the aetiology and classification of stroke at enrolment. The primary endpoint was an ischaemic cerebrovascular event, which included fatal or non-fatal stroke. Risk of stroke was estimated accounting for competing risks.ResultsA total of 515 patients were enrolled, 438 women (85%), 46±12 years of age. The most frequent valve lesion was mixed mitral (80%). At the time of enrolment, 92 patients (18%) had a prior stroke, with anterior circulation infarction being the most frequent topography (72%). During the mean follow-up of 3.9 years, 27 patients (5.2%) had stroke with the overall incidence of 1.47 strokes per 100 patient-years. Predictors of stroke by the Cox model were prior stroke (adjusted HR 5.395, 95% CI 2.272 to 12.811), age (HR 1.591, 95% CI 1.116 to 2.269) and atrial fibrillation (AF) at baseline (HR 2.945, 95% CI 1.083 to 8.007). By considering death as a competing risk, the effect of AF on stroke risk was attenuated (HR 2.287, 95% CI 0.962 to 5.441).ConclusionsIn this large cohort of patients with RHD, stroke occurred in 5.2% of the patients, which was predicted by age, AF and prior stroke. The effect of AF on stroke risk estimation was influenced by death as competing risk.
Influence of the nozzle head geometry on the energy flux of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Kewitz Thorben , Regula Christoph , Fröhlich Maik , Ihde Jörg , Kersten Holger 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe influence of different nozzle head geometries and, therefore, the variation of the excitation and relaxation volume on the energy flux from an atmospheric pressure plasma jet to a surface have been investigated. Measurements have been performed by passive calorimetric probes under variation of the gas flow through the nozzle. The results show that the geometry of the nozzle head has a significant impact on the resulting energy flux. The relaxation volume affects the dependence of the energy flux on the gas flow. While there is no significant influence of the working gas flow on the energy flux without a relaxation volume, utilizing a relaxation volume leads to a decrease of the energy flux with increasing working gas flow. Within the analyzed parameter range, the energy flux reveals for both nozzle heads a linear dependency on the applied primary voltage.
High frequency gravitational waves from spin-3/2 fields
Authors: Benakli Karim 
Published: January 2021

We point out the peculiar form of the gravitational wave signal expected from a gas of particles carry spin-3/2 produced during preheating. Given the very few ways that gravitinos can manifest themselves in an experimentally observable way, we stress the importance of improving the sensitivity of ultrahigh frequency detectors in the future. This review is based on work that appeared in Ref. 1.
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Lung Presenting as a Soft Tissue Mass
Authors: Yglesias B. , Brooker M. , DeVito R. , Swiger A. 
Published: January 2021

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with more than 230,000 new cases, and approximately 150,000 deaths estimated for 2018. Lung cancer most commonly metastasizes to the brain, liver, lungs, bone, and adrenal system; however, there have been several cases of spread to soft tissues, with an incidence rate of approximately 0.75-9%. The objective of this case report is to highlight an unusual presentation of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. In this case report, patient presented with a

3
×
3

cm soft tissue mass on the back. The mass was slowly growing but had become more painful and wished to have it excised. Preoperatively, the mass was suspected to be a sebaceous cyst but intraoperatively had deep attachments and other suspicious findings. Pathology had a positive immunoprofile for metastatic adenocarcinoma favoring a lung primary. Given this presentation of metastases, the prognosis is poor with a survival time decreasing to around 5 months. Overall, this case reinforces the importance of sending all soft tissue masses for final pathology with accurate labeling and the importance of immunohistochemical testing in aiding the identification of the primary.
The Long Noncoding RNA RP11-728F11.4 Promotes Atherosclerosis
Authors: Dong Xian-Hui , Lu Zhi-Feng , Kang Chun-Min , Li Xue-Heng , Haworth Kim E. , Ma Xin , Lu Jing-Bo , Liu Xue-Hui , Fang Fu-Chun , Wang Claire S. , Ye John H. , Zheng Lei , Wang Qian , Ye Shu , Hu Yan-Wei 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
Noncoding RNAs are emerging as important players in gene regulation and cardiovascular diseases. Their roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the role played by a previously uncharacterized long noncoding RNA, RP11-728F11.4, in the development of atherosclerosis and the mechanisms by which it acts.

Approach and Results:

Expression microarray analysis revealed that atherosclerotic plaques had increased expression of RP11-728F11.4 as well as the cognate gene
FXYD6
(FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 6), which encodes a modulator of Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase. In vitro experiments showed that RP11-728F11.4 interacted with the RNA-binding protein EWSR1 (Ewings sarcoma RNA binding protein-1) and upregulated
FXYD6
expression. Lentivirus-induced overexpression of RP11-728F11.4 in cultured monocytes-derived macrophages resulted in higher Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase activity, intracellular cholesterol accumulation, and increased proinflammatory cytokine production. The effects of RP11-728F11.4 were enhanced by siRNA-mediated knockdown of EWSR1 and reduced by downregulation of FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 6. In vivo experiments in apoE knockout mice fed a Western diet demonstrated that RP11-728F11.4 increased proinflammatory cytokine production and augmented atherosclerotic lesions.

Conclusions:
RP11-728F11.4 promotes atherosclerosis, with an influence on cholesterol homeostasis and proinflammatory molecule production, thus representing a potential therapeutic target.

Graphic Abstract:
A graphic abstract is available for this article.
Development of a new in vivo protocol through soil inoculation to investigate sugar beet resistance towards Ditylenchus dipsaci penetration
Authors: Storelli Alan , Keiser Andreas , Kiewnick Sebastian , Daub Matthias , Mahlein Anne-Katrin , Beyer Werner , Schumann Mario 
Published: January 2021

Summary
The stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, causes severe damage in sugar beet. To date, nematode inoculation through the leaf axil has been used as the standard method to investigate D. dipsaci interaction with sugar beet under in vivo conditions. To get as close as possible to field conditions, we established a new screening mechanism to perform soil inoculation. The most suitable inoculation time point, inoculum level and positioning on sugar beet, as well as rearing process on carrots, were determined. At a 15:8°C day:night temperature regime, penetration rates of D. dipsaci were at maximum following soil inoculation at plant emergence. Up to 115 nematodes penetrated sugar beet seedlings 22 days post-planting with an inoculum level of 1000 nematodes into the soil at plant emergence. Ditylenchus dipsaci penetration rate was higher in plants with soil inoculation than with inoculation on to the leaf axil. High soil moisture increased nematode migration into seedlings when D. dipsaci inoculation was carried out in four holes 1 cm from the plant base. Rearing the nematodes for 35 days at 20°C on carrot discs resulted in an infective inoculum containing up to 50% eggs. We recommend a soil inoculation of 1000 freshly extracted nematodes per pot at plant emergence. The nematode suspension has to be previously reared for 35 days on carrot discs to obtain active D. dipsaci inoculum. This system will allow for the selection of suitable sugar beet genotypes that suppress nematode penetration, in support of breeding for resistance against D. dipsaci.
Entrainment and Its Dependency on Environmental Conditions and Convective Organization in Convection-Permitting Simulations
Authors: Becker Tobias , Hohenegger Cathy 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, we estimate bulk entrainment rates for deep convection in convection-permitting simulations, conducted over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, encompassing parts of Africa and South America. We find that, even though entrainment rates decrease with height in all regions, they are, when averaging between 600 and 800 hPa, generally higher over land than over ocean. This is so because, over Amazonia, shallow convection causes an increase of bulk entrainment rates at lower levels and because, over West Africa, where entrainment rates are highest, convection is organized in squall lines. These squall lines are associated with strong mesoscale convergence, causing more intense updrafts and stronger turbulence generation in the vicinity of updrafts, increasing the entrainment rates. With the exception of West Africa, entrainment rates differ less across regions than across different environments within the regions. In contrast to what is usually assumed in convective parameterizations, entrainment rates increase with environmental humidity. Furthermore, over ocean, they increase with static stability, while over land, they decrease. In addition, confirming the results of a recent idealized study, entrainment rates increase with convective aggregation, except in regions dominated by squall lines, like over West Africa.
Optimal Design of Novel Electromagnetic-Ring Active Balancing Actuator with Radial Excitation
Authors: Pan Xin , He Xiaotian , Wu Haiqi , Ju Chuanlong , Jiang Zhinong , Gao Jinji 
Published: January 2021

AbstractImbalance vibration is a typical failure mode of rotational machines and has significant negative effects on the efficiency, accuracy, and service life of equipment. To automatically reduce the imbalance vibration during the operational process, different types of active balancing actuators have been designed and widely applied in actual production. However, the existing electromagnetic-ring active balancing actuator is designed based on an axial excitation structure which can cause structural instability and has low electromagnetic driving efficiency. In this paper, a novel radial excitation structure and the working principle of an electromagnetic-ring active balancing actuator with a combined driving strategy are presented in detail. Then, based on a finite element model, the performance parameters of the actuator are analyzed, and reasonable design parameters are obtained. Self-locking torque measurements and comparative static and dynamic experiments are performed to validate the self-locking torque and driving efficiency of the actuator. The results indicate that this novel active balancing actuator has sufficient self-locking torque, achieves normal step rotation at 2000 r/min, and reduces the driving voltage by 12.5%. The proposed novel balancing actuator using radial excitation and a combination of permanent magnets and soft-iron blocks has improved electromagnetic efficiency and a more stable and compact structure.
Mechanism of hERG inhibition by gating-modifier toxin, APETx1, deduced by functional characterization
Authors: Matsumura Kazuki , Shimomura Takushi , Kubo Yoshihiro , Oka Takayuki , Kobayashi Naohiro , Imai Shunsuke , Yanase Naomi , Akimoto Madoka , Fukuda Masahiro , Yokogawa Mariko , Ikeda Kazuyoshi , Kurita Jun-ichi , Nishimura Yoshifumi , Shimada Ichio , Osawa Masanori 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Human ether-à-go-go-related gene potassium channel 1 (hERG) is a voltage-gated potassium channel, the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) of which is targeted by a gating-modifier toxin, APETx1. APETx1 is a 42-residue peptide toxin of sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima and inhibits hERG by stabilizing the resting state. A previous study that conducted cysteine-scanning analysis of hERG identified two residues in the S3-S4 region of the VSD that play important roles in hERG inhibition by APETx1. However, mutational analysis of APETx1 could not be conducted as only natural resources have been available until now. Therefore, it remains unclear where and how APETx1 interacts with the VSD in the resting state.

Results
We established a method for preparing recombinant APETx1 and determined the NMR structure of the recombinant APETx1, which is structurally equivalent to the natural product. Electrophysiological analyses using wild type and mutants of APETx1 and hERG revealed that their hydrophobic residues, F15, Y32, F33, and L34, in APETx1, and F508 and I521 in hERG, in addition to a previously reported acidic hERG residue, E518, play key roles in the inhibition of hERG by APETx1. Our hypothetical docking models of the APETx1-VSD complex satisfied the results of mutational analysis.

Conclusions
The present study identified the key residues of APETx1 and hERG that are involved in hERG inhibition by APETx1. These results would help advance understanding of the inhibitory mechanism of APETx1, which could provide a structural basis for designing novel ligands targeting the VSDs of KV channels.
Nutrient-imbalanced conditions shift the interplay between zooplankton and gut microbiota
Authors: Li Yingdong , Xu Zhimeng , Liu Hongbin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Nutrient stoichiometry of phytoplankton frequently changes with aquatic ambient nutrient concentrations, which is mainly influenced by anthropogenic water treatment and the ecosystem dynamics. Consequently, the stoichiometry of phytoplankton can markedly alter the metabolism and growth of zooplankton. However, the effects of nutrient-imbalanced prey on the interplay between zooplankton and their gut microbiota remain unknown. Using metatranscriptome, a 16 s rRNA amplicon-based neutral community model (NCM) and experimental validation, we investigated the interactions between Daphnia magna and its gut microbiota in a nutrient-imbalanced algal diet.

Results
Our results showed that in nutrient-depleted water, the nutrient-enriched zooplankton gut stimulated the accumulation of microbial polyphosphate in fecal pellets under phosphorus limitation and the microbial assimilation of ammonia under nitrogen limitation. Compared with the nutrient replete group, both N and P limitation markedly promoted the gene expression of the gut microbiome for organic matter degradation but repressed that for anaerobic metabolisms. In the nutrient limited diet, the gut microbial community exhibited a higher fit to NCM (R2 = 0.624 and 0.781, for N- and P-limitation, respectively) when compared with the Control group (R2 = 0.542), suggesting increased ambient-gut exchange process favored by compensatory feeding. Further, an additional axenic grazing experiment revealed that the growth of D. magna can still benefit from gut microbiota under a nutrient-imbalanced diet.

Conclusions
Together, these results demonstrated that under a nutrient-imbalanced diet, the microbes not only benefit themselves by absorbing excess nutrients inside the zooplankton gut but also help zooplankton to survive during nutrient limitation.
Changes in plastid biogenesis leading to the formation of albino regenerants in barley microspore culture
Authors: Gajecka Monika , Marzec Marek , Chmielewska Beata , Jelonek Janusz , Zbieszczyk Justyna , Szarejko Iwona 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Microspore embryogenesis is potentially the most effective method of obtaining doubled haploids (DH) which are utilized in breeding programs to accelerate production of new cultivars. However, the regeneration of albino plants significantly limits the exploitation of androgenesis for DH production in cereals. Despite many efforts, the precise mechanisms leading to development of albino regenerants have not yet been elucidated. The objective of this study was to reveal the genotype-dependent molecular differences in chloroplast differentiation that lead to the formation of green and albino regenerants in microspore culture of barley.

Results
We performed a detailed analysis of plastid differentiation at successive stages of androgenesis in two barley cultivars, ‘Jersey’ and ‘Mercada’ that differed in their ability to produce green regenerants. We demonstrated the lack of transition from the NEP-dependent to PEP-dependent transcription in plastids of cv. ‘Mercada’ that produced mostly albino regenerants in microspore culture. The failed NEP-to-PEP transition was associated with the lack of activity of Sig2 gene encoding a sigma factor necessary for transcription of plastid rRNA genes. A very low level of 16S and 23S rRNA transcripts and impaired plastid translation machinery resulted in the inhibition of photomorphogenesis in regenerating embryos and albino regenerants. Furthermore, the plastids present in differentiating ‘Mercada’ embryos contained a low number of plastome copies whose replication was not always completed. Contrary to ‘Mercada’, cv. ‘Jersey’ that produced 90% green regenerants, showed the high activity of PEP polymerase, the highly increased expression of Sig2, plastid rRNAs and tRNAGlu, which indicated the NEP inhibition. The increased expression of GLKs genes encoding transcription factors required for induction of photomorphogenesis was also observed in ‘Jersey’ regenerants.

Conclusions
Proplastids present in microspore-derived embryos of albino-producing genotypes did not pass the early checkpoints of their development that are required for induction of further light-dependent differentiation of chloroplasts. The failed activation of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase during differentiation of embryos was associated with the genotype-dependent inability to regenerate green plants in barley microspore culture. The better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying formation of albino regenerants may be helpful in overcoming the problem of albinism in cereal androgenesis.
The association between self-management ability and malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Huang Zehui , Fang Junyan , Song Ahui , Tong Yan , Deng Hai , Wei Shan , Ji Ouyang , Hu Chun , Li Pu , Zhang Chunli , Liu Yingli 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
The relationship between malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome (MIAS) and self-management ability has not been previously revealed even though both play an important role in the management of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.

Methods
In total, 93 patients were enrolled in this study. A self-management questionnaire was used for the evaluation of self-management ability. The identification of MIAS was based on one or more of the following three conditions: C-reactive protein (CRP)≥10 mg/L, malnutrition–inflammation score (MIS)> 7, and the presence of atherosclerosis-related medical records. The possible association between different self-management abilities and MIAS was analyzed with a Spearman correlation analysis.

Results
There were 40 (43.0%) patients in the atherosclerosis group, and 38 (40.9%), 38 (40.9%), 10 (10.8%), and 7 (7.5%) patients in the MIAS0, MIAS1, MIAS2, and MIAS3 groups, respectively. The group with a score above the mean score of the Dialysis Effect Evaluation and Monitoring dimension had a fewer number of hospitalizations, higher albumin levels, lower MIS scores, a lower level of IL-6, and a lower number of MIAS factors. The Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses also revealed that this dimension was negatively correlated with the MIAS, MIS, IL-6, BNP, number of hospitalizations, and age and positively associated with albumin and prealbumin.

Conclusion
The Dialysis Effect Evaluation and Monitoring dimension of the self-management scale for PD patients is closely linked to the MIAS, and a better dialysis effect evaluation and monitoring capacity results in a decreased likelihood of exposure to malnutrition and inflammation.

Trial registration
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000035525 (http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=58110), registered August 13, 2020.