bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Selection and Application of a Convenient Energy Management Software for Industrial Purposes
Authors: Wurster Larissa , Thiele Gregor , Briese Clemens , Krüger Jörg 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The profitability of companies, especially in Germany, is affected by rising energy prices and increasingly stringent energy legislation. Certification according to ISO 50.001, an international standard for energy management systems, can help to meet legal requirements and increase energy efficiency. This article offers assistance in the form of a methodology that provides a structure for the selection process of an energy management system (EnMS). Considering properties of the individual company, it helps to identify an appropriate software solution. It is applied to a globally operating metalworking company in an example study. Furthermore, the measurement infrastructure in particular is a basic requirement that should not be overlooked in addition to the process of choosing an appropriate software solution. In this context, suitable metering points or criteria must be defined as well as sufficient attention paid to the anticipated costs for acquiring and integrating new measuring transducer and energy meters. The type and number of relevant measuring points must be considered in particular. Discussing these aspects, this article facilitates the process of planning and implementing an energy monitoring.
Production environment of tomorrow (ProMo): Partially automated repair process of small tool moulds, forming tools, injection moulding tools and sand casting tools
Authors: Kuschan Jan , Müller Vinzenz , Monchinger Stephan , Heimann Oliver , Niebuhr Carsten , Kabha Oday 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Small defects in the grain or major damage to a moulded part or tool can bring production to a standstill. SMEs in particular have neither the personnel nor the equipment to repair such damage on their own, so they send it to specialised contractors. The repair process is carried out manually, depending on the accuracy requirements, and is usually completed by a finishing process. This work requires qualified personnel and, at the same time, requires a lot of time in case of larger damages. In this paper we present a way to map the Maintenance, Repair and Operations (MRO) process chain in a partially automated manner.
The symbiosis of individual technologies results in a significantly increased efficiency of the MRO process chain, which continues to focus on people and their process knowledge.
While Directed Energy Deposition (DED) for the MRO of moulded parts is used widely, usually a high manual effort in measuring the component geometries and teaching of the machine tool paths is necessary. However, there are clear advantages compared to the manufacture of new parts or manual laser welding repair. At the same time, the resource and energy requirements can often be significantly reduced compared to new part production. Promo focuses on automating the time-consuming machine programming by reducing the number of necessary work steps in CAD/CAM-based program creation.
Based on a subsequent robot-guided scan, a digital actual 3D model is generated. Due to intelligent path planning algorithms, no manual programming of the robot is necessary and at the same time it is possible to detect components of different sizes, shapes and covers in this system with a minimum of effort. In addition, the operator passes on elementary information, such as the approach path of the milling head, to the subsequent processes by means of finger gestures and can thus significantly reduce tedious CAM programming steps. Now, the scanned component is transferred to a 3D-CAD model and a target/actual comparison is created for the damaged areas. Those are milled out in a defined manner and then restored using DED.
Properties of technical aluminum under the effect of dynamic alloying
Authors: Usherenko Y , Mironovs V , Usherenko S , Reut O , Lapkovskis V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dynamic alloying in the mode of super-deep penetration (SDP) allows us to evaluate the effects that occur in the materials of the spacecraft when interacting with high-speed streams of cosmic dust. The results of the experiments are presented, confirming that dynamic alloying in the SDP mode creates anisotropy in a solid body and leads to a change in physical properties (electrical resistance, electron work function). The dynamic alloying increased the anisotropy of electrical resistance in technical aluminum 99.7% Al in 2.05 times (105%), led to a decrease of the electrical resistance in the longitudinal direction by 16% and increase in the transverse direction by 41%.
Development of Virtual Learning Factory Toolkit for Production Engineering Education
Authors: Mahmood Kashif , Otto Tauno , Kuts Vladimir , Terkaj Walter , Urgo Marcello , Haidegger Geza 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The advent of industry 4.0 and the continuous digitalization of production ask for the enhancement of human skills and competences in the field of information and communication technology (ICT). Therefore, higher education has to keep pace with the global market needs for the necessary ICT skills and the overall understanding of the complexity of industries in 21st century. This paper focuses on the development and integration of Virtual Learning Factory (VLF) tools that can be used in production management and engineering education. The digital tools integrated in VLF toolkit can help students to exploit enabling technologies like simulation and virtual reality in their manufacturing studies and practical projects with industrial companies.
Supervised learning vs. unsupervised learning: A comparison for optical inspection applications in quality control
Authors: Lehr J , Philipps J , Hoang V Nguyen , Wrangel D von , Krüger J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
For the establishment of a successful quality management system in companies, the quality control of e.g. newly produced goods or the return of old and used parts is an essential component. One solution for this is the optical inspection of the surface of objects with the help of image processing algorithms. Using the case study of printer cartridges, this paper evaluates the extent to which different methods of machine learning can contribute to a successful quality control. Established methods of supervised learning have the advantage that they are already proven in many applications and have a very high detection accuracy. However, they require a lot of labelled training data and this high effort also means high integration costs. A new approach is a data-reduced variant from unsupervised learning. Here, the algorithm is trained only with defect free objects, for example as they come to a large extent from the production. If the objects are defective, the method from the field of anomaly detection or even novelty detection detects something that is different from the learned norm. This has the advantage that not all defects have to be known beforehand. And this in turn avoids acquiring a large amount of training data for each of these defects. This paper compares the effort required to acquire training data and compares it with the detection accuracy of the different methods in order to give an assessment of the extent to which the use of unsupervised learning methods is beneficial. Newly produced and used printer cartridges are used for this purpose. Image data is acquired from 18 different printer cartridge models. Afterwards they are fully annotated (labelled). A smart separation into training, validation and test data allows the training of supervised and unsupervised methods as well as a complete evaluation regarding the effort for data acquisition, annotation and detection accuracy of the defects. Finally, an outlook for chances and risks of the respective procedures is given.
The influence of high-energy ball milling and nanoadditives on the kinetics of heterogeneous reaction in Ni-Al system
Authors: Nazaretyan Kh T , Kirakosyan H V , Aydinyan S V , Zakaryan M K , Abovyan L S , Kulak M , Khina B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Kinetic studies were performed utilizing high-speed temperature scanner in the Ni-Al system including those with and without mechanical activation (MA) of different duration in a planetary ball mill, with and without using carbon nanoadditives (NA). The temperature profiles were taken and treated at different heating rates from 100 up to 2600 °C/min considering the influence of activation duration and the role of nanoadditive on the characteristic points of thermograms. Kissinger method allowed to evaluate activation energy (Ea) for non-activated, activated (1, 2, 3, 5 min), nanoadditive (1 wt.%) containing and nanoadditive (1 wt.%) containing mechanoactivated (1, 3, 5 min) mixtures. The beneficial influence of NA on the interaction between Ni and Al in the non-activated and moderately mechanoactivated mixtures was demonstrated. The influence of MA and NA on the microstructure features and phase formation sequence at various heating rates were revealed. For all the mixtures under study, T* characteristic temperatures (the temperature, where the maximum exothermic effect was observed) were found to increase with increasing heating rates. It was unravelled that mechanical treatment leads to significant changes in the reaction kinetics and phase formation laws. Particularly, in an activated mixture, the formation of Ni3Al is followed by NiAl intermetallic, in contrast to non-activated mixture, where the reaction proceeds only with the NiAl formation. The both MA in 1 min and addition of 1 wt.% NA decreased the activation energy of the Ni-Al reaction, exhibiting commensurate impact on the effective activation energy value of the Ni-Al system. However, > 3 min MA in the presence of 1 wt.% NA have prohibitive effect on the reaction in the Ni-Al system.
Effect of laser remelting of plasma sprayed coating of Cr-Ni-Re
Authors: Śliwński P , Węglowski M S , Dworak J , Dymek S , Kalemba-Rec I , Wrona A , Kustra K , Lis M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) consists in injecting a powder feedstock material in a plasma jet to melt and accelerate the injected particles and spray them onto a substrate. However, this mechanism of coating formation induces the presence of pores and micro-cracks. In order to eliminate those defects, laser remleting may be used to improve the properties and performances of plasma sprayed coatings. In the present paper, the Ni-Cr-Re coatings fabricated by plasma spraying on stainless steel substrate were remelted by CO2 laser, and the effects of laser remelting were studied. The structure and chemical composition of plasma sprayed and laser remelted coatings were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the laser remelted coating becomes much denser and, moreover, the chemical composition of the coatings becomes homogeneous.
Chemical Bonded PA66-PTFE-Oil Composites as Novel Tribologically Effective Materials: Part 2
Authors: Nguyen Thanh-Duong , Kamga Lionel Simo , Gedan-Smolka Michaela , Sauer Bernd , Emrich Stefan , Kopnarski Michael , Voit Brigitte 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) exhibits excellent non-stick properties and a very low coefficient of friction under tribological stress, but it is incompatible with almost all other polymers. In the first part of this study we presented the generation of the novel tribological material based on unsaturated oil, radiation-modified PTFE (MP1100) and Polyamide 66 (PA66). To get a better understanding of the chemical properties and chemical composition of the compounds, the PA66-MP1100-oil-cb (chemical bonded) compounds were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In this part, the mechanical properties of the compounds are compared with plain PA66 and PA66-MP1100-cb. The tribological investigation was carried out using the Block-on-Ring tribometer. It was found that the mechanical properties of PA66-MP1100-oil-cb with 20 wt.% MP1100-oil-cb only show slight differences compared to PA66, but the tribological properties of the compounds have been significantly improved through chemical coupling between the three components. Finally, the amount of the compound that was deposited on the surface of the steel disc counterpart was analyzed after the tribological testing.
The effect of laser beam transmission on the thermoplastic composite joint formation
Authors: Jankus Simonas Mindaugas , Bendikiené Regita 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The goal of this work was to analyse the influence of laser welding process parameters using different plastic transparency. To achieve this task the elemental composition of plastic PPAGF40 with 20 % and 30 % transparency parts were examined using EDS analysis and cross-sections were evaluated by using optical microscope. Burst pressure was performed to evaluate the strenght of welded joints produced with different laser welding process parameters. Studies showed that welded joints with 20 % of transparency possessed burn spots on the surface of samples. Cross-section analysis revealed tendency, that plastics with 30 % transparency led to higher temperatures in welding seam using the same process parameters used for 20 % transparency, which caused pores to form inside joint. Laser power of 390 W, scan-speed 1000/800 mm/s and 3000 N of clamping force used for 20 % transparency plastic parts are not suitable for 30 % transparency plastic parts. Welding process optimization achieved by using 1400/1200 mm/s scan-speed and 2700-3000N clamping force, which showed improved burst pressure values from 7.2 to 7.9 bar. Reduced welding cycle-time achieved from 2.2 to 2.3 s with 30 % transparency of polymer PPAG40 material.
Construction schedule planning for railway station facilities
Authors: Velichkin V Z , Petrochenko M V , Zavodnova E B , Gorodishenina A Yu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article discusses the improvement of the network modeling technique for solving problems in the design of the organization of work for the construction of station buildings and structures necessary for servicing passengers intended for operation on railway transport in the presence of various technological processes. The network model in the design of the organization of work on the construction of rather complex structures and in the presence of various technological processes becomes very cumbersome and poorly visible in terms of taking into account the interconnection of processes and the coordination of their movement along the work fronts. In addition, on such a network model it is rather difficult to consider the options for applying various methods and technologies of work organization. An example of the formation and calculation of a matrix-network model for the construction of a station complex is given, including 14 technological processes, showing the relevance of the chosen method.
Rig for testing active safety system for two-wheelers
Authors: Melnikov A S , Piatrenka M L , Yushkevich A U 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The paper deals with the measuring equipment used to conduct two-wheeler braking system testing. When in motion, two-wheelers are initially less stable than cars, which necessitates creating more advanced active safety systems (ASS) that take into account the characteristics of their motion. Active safety systems available today operate on the basis of control algorithms that use kinematic parameters as sources of information, which requires performing approximate estimation of the relative slip in the contact patch between the wheel and the road. This leads to more complex control algorithms and increased cost of the entire system. To improve the safety of two-wheelers, an active safety system operating on the basis of control algorithms which use primary information about road conditions as sources of information must be developed. The primary information includes a number of forces, brake power, the magnitude of lateral forces, normal reactions in the contact patch between the wheel and the road. When creating and testing new anti-lock braking systems and their improved control algorithms, rig and road tests must be performed where testing conditions closely represent the real modes of operation of the active safety systems being developed. To conduct the rig tests under conditions close to real-world scenarios, a specialized rig for two-wheelers must be developed and created.
Evaluation of the compatibility of the power traction supply system in the field of implementing the train traffic interval regulation with a use of a “virtual coupling” technology
Authors: Olentsevich V A , Astashkov N P , Akhmetshin A R , Suslov K V , Shtayger M G , Karlina A I 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article will propose the practical use of the interval control technology that will reduce the interval of passing trains and will increase the capacity of railway lines. In general, the effectiveness of implementing the train traffic interval regulation with a use of a “virtual coupling” technology is presented in the works of many authors; however, the issues of the use of the existing infrastructure of the traction power supply system are not considered in the works. Comparing the “virtual coupling” technology with connected trains driving consists of the capacity reserve and train schedules evaluation. The use of modern software tools for mathematical modeling will allow you to solve not only the tasks set, but also to evaluate the compatibility of the currently used traction power supply system. According to the results of authors meant below, it can be seen that the temperature in the contact system and the suction line, the load limiting factor and the energy losses of the traction network trains movement in the “virtual coupling” are lower than those during the movement of the united train. When using trains with a virtual coupling, the voltage in the contact network is significantly higher than when using connected trains. Based on the above, it can be concluded that the virtual coupling trains use on the section under consideration is more appropriate than the use of the connected trains.
Microstructure evolution and densification of sintered porous 2024 aluminum alloy compressed in a semi-solid state
Authors: Wu Min , Liu Jian , Liu Yunzhong , Luo Xia , Wang Bin , Du Canyi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The semi-solid powder forming (SSPF) as a promising technology has a complicated process, but the formation mechanism of that remains unclear. The study of semi-solid compression of porous materials is an effective method to investigate the SSPF. Based on analyzing the influence of deformation strain, temperature, strain rate and initial relative density on microstructure evolution and relative density development of sintered porous 2024 aluminum alloy during semi-solid compression, the deformation mechanism and densification mechanism of semi-solid porous materials were proposed. The results show that main deformation mechanisms of porous materials during semi-solid compression are breakup of the solid skeleton or powders, and flowing of liquid with powders or fragments. Breakup mechanism is dominant at center area, whereas flowing mechanism dominates at the margin. With increasing strain and temperature and decreasing strain rate, breakup mechanism becomes primary. The densification mechanisms of porous materials during semi-solid compression are rearrangement of powders or fragments and filling of liquid, resulting from collapse of the solid skeleton or powders and flowing of liquid. The emergence of pores and densification occur simultaneously during semi-solid compression of porous materials.
The likelihood-ratio test for multi-edge network models
Authors: Casiraghi Giona 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe complexity underlying real-world systems implies that standard statistical hypothesis testing methods may not be adequate for these peculiar applications. Specifically, we show that the likelihood-ratio (LR) test’s null-distribution needs to be modified to accommodate the complexity found in multi-edge network data. When working with independent observations, thep-values of LR tests are approximated using aχ2distribution. However, such an approximation should not be used when dealing with multi-edge network data. This type of data is characterized by multiple correlations and competitions that make the standard approximation unsuitable. We provide a solution to the problem by providing a better approximation of the LR test null-distribution through a beta distribution. Finally, we empirically show that even for a small multi-edge network, the standardχ2approximation provides erroneous results, while the proposed beta approximation yields the correctp-value estimation.
Learning from survey propagation: a neural network for MAX-E-3-SAT
Authors: Marino Raffaele 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many natural optimization problems are NP-hard, which implies that they are probably hard to solve exactly in the worst-case. However, it suffices to get reasonably good solutions for all (or even most) instances in practice. This paper presents a new algorithm for computing approximate solutions in Θ(N) for the maximum exact 3-satisfiability (MAX-E-3-SAT) problem by using supervised learning methodology. This methodology allows us to create a learning algorithm able to fix Boolean variables by using local information obtained by the Survey Propagation algorithm. By performing an accurate analysis, on random conjunctive normal form instances of the MAX-E-3-SAT with several Boolean variables, we show that this new algorithm, avoiding any decimation strategy, can build assignments better than a random one, even if the convergence of the messages is not found. Although this algorithm is not competitive with state-of-the-art maximum satisfiability solvers, it can solve substantially larger and more complicated problems than it ever saw during training.
Pulse compression favorable frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for non-destructive testing and evaluation: an analytical study
Authors: Rani Anju , Mulaveesala Ravibabu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
InfraRed Thermography (IRT) is one of the non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) approach widely used for testing and evaluation of wide verity of materials such as metals, semiconductors and composites. Among the widely used Thermal NDT&E (TNDT&E) approaches for better depth resolution and sensitivity for detection of defects located at different depths inside the test specimen recently proposed correlation based approach gained importance due to its enhanced defect detection capabilities. The present paper introduces a novel one-dimensional analytical solution for the frequency modulated excitation scheme under adiabatic boundary conditions for detection of flat bottom holes as defects in a mild steel sample. The performance of the Pulse Thermography (PT), Lock-in Thermography (LT) and Frequency Modulated Thermal Wave Imaging (FMTWI) methods are highlighted their defect detection capabilities have been compared by adopting the recently introduced correlation based post-processing approach. Finally, the proposed analytical method has been validated with the results obtained from the commercially available finite element based software.