bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pathology of Lymphocytes, Histiocytes, and Immune Mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Granulomas
Authors: Wadee Reubina , Wadee Ahmed A. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTGranuloma formation is the pathologic hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). Few studies have detailed the exact production of cytokines in human granulomatous inflammation and little is known about accessory molecule expressions in tuberculous granulomas. We aimed to identify some of the components of the immune response in granulomas in HIV-positive and -negative lymph nodes. We investigated the immunohistochemical profiles of CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, Th-17, Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) cells, accessory molecule expression (human leukocyte antigen [HLA] classes I and II), and selected cytokines (interleukins 2, 4, and 6 and interferon-γ) of various cells, in granulomas within lymph nodes from 10 HIV-negative (−) and 10 HIV-positive (+) cases. CD4+ lymphocyte numbers were retained in HIV− granulomas, whereas CD4+:CD8 + cell were reversed in HIV+ TB granulomas. CD68 stained all histiocytes. Granulomas from the HIV+ group demonstrated a significant increase in FOXP3 cells. Interleukin-2 cytoplasmic expression was similar in both groups. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expression was moderately increased, IL-6 was statistically increased and IL-4 expression was marginally lower in cells from HIV− than HIV+ TB granulomas. Greater numbers of cells expressed IFN-γ and IL-6 than IL-2 and IL-4 in HIV− TB granulomas. This study highlights the varied cytokine production in HIV-positive and -negative TB granulomas and indicates the need to identify localized tissue factors that play a role in mounting an adequate immune response required to halt infection. Although TB mono-infection causes variation in cell marker expression and cytokines in granulomas, alterations in TB and HIV coinfection are greater, pointing toward evolution of microorganism synergism.
The Era of Interbellum: reasons for the passiveness of the UK foreign policy
Authors: Kushkhov B.H. 
Published: March 2021

Целью исследования является изучение прямой связи между внутриполити-
ческими процессами в Великобритании и ее внешнеполитической концепцией, которая во
многом привела к разрушению существовавшей в международных отношениях системы и
эскалации захватнических авантюр нацистской Германии. В числе использованных мате-
риалов – мемуары и заметки как видных британских политических деятелей – «Вторая
Мировая война» У. Черчилля, – так и советских дипломатов, работавших в Великобрита-
нии. Помимо этого, в исследовании задействованы данные из британских и российских
внешнеполитических и военных архивов, работы военных историков, социологов и по-
литологов из России и США. В результате было установлено прямое влияние политиче-
ских, экономических и социальных процессов в Великобритании на специфику ее внешней
политики данного периода.
The article is concerned with the specifi c features of the interbellum international
relations, offering a comprehensive study of the topic through the analysis of the interior situation
in the United Kingdom, (the state which had been considered as one of the champions of the
international relations system of Versailles), and its impact on these exact specifi c features. The
genesis of the Second World War is, by defi nition, an important topic in the fi eld of international
relations: being «multidimensionally» studied, it can present the understanding of global confl ict’s
origin, the knowledge about events and processes that cause them. The aim of this study is the
establishment of direct connection between the interior social, economic and political agenda of the
UK in that era and its concept of foreign policy that , to some defi nite extend, lead to the demolition
of the international relations system of that time and gave birth to the aggression of nazi Germany
in Europe. The memories and historical notes of the British interbellum political establishment and
soviet diplomats, the materials extracted from military and foreign affairs archives of the UK and the
USSR, comprehensive studies of Russian and American historians, sociologists and economists
have been used as a scientifi c material for this research.
INFLUENCE OF TOP MANAGEMENT SUPPORT ON PROCUREMENT REGULATORY COMPLIANCE LEVEL IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA
Authors: Ndung’u Nderui , Were Dr. Susan , Mwangangi Dr. Patrick 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: This research focused on the influence of top management support on procurement regulatory compliance level in public universities in Kenya. Methodology: The study used Ex-post facto design, the research design was chosen because the study aimed at investigating the causal relationship on variables, which cannot be controlled by the researcher. The researcher applied the census sampling technique to select the sample size of 31 public universities and 333 respondents. The study was informed by the Principal-Agent Theory. Primary data was collected through the use of questionnaires issued to the procurement staffs in the sampled universities. This study undertook a census because the sample size was small. Data collected from the field was coded and cleaned to remove outliers or missing values and categorized manually according to the questionnaire items using frequency distribution tables and percentages. The researcher used both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of statistical package of Social Science (SPSS) version 24 to analyze the data.Findings: Top management was found to be satisfactory significant in contribution as a factor to procurement regulatory compliance level. The p value 0.000 was less than the conventional probability of 0.05 at a testing at 95% level of significance. Motivation and rewards to staff can be used as a strategy to combat the personal interest that arise in preference to fulfill their duties and assignments. Management acts as the framework to the functionality of the procurement department and activities thereof. Top management making efforts on motivating the staff individually leads to an exemplary performance.Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: Deficient checking and assessment of the functioning in an organization is connected to the non-attendance to a controllable situation. The existing hindrances from the top management for the staffs to engage and enhance adoption and application of total quality management in procurement should be eradicated. Disciplinary steps should be taken on staff with unbecoming behaviors in effort to uphold ethical practice. There should be freedom of staff to discharge their duties as assigned to them by the top management
Penerapan Metode Kepemimpinan Transformasional untuk Mewujudkan Sekolah Sehat
Authors: Prasetya Heri 
Published: March 2021

Penulisan Best Practice ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan metode kepemimpinan transformasional dapat mewujudkan Sekolah Sehat di SMPN 2 Kasihan. Metode penulisan Best Practice ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus karena penulisan Best Practice ini bertujuan untuk menggali informasi dengan mempertahankan keutuhan subjek penulisan sebagai satu kesatuan yakni Best Practice penyelenggaraan sekolah dengan metode kepemimpinan transformasional di SMPN 2 Kasihan. Penulisan Best Practice ini menggali informasi dengan teknik, observasi, angket dan studi dokumen untuk dianalisis dan diinterpretasikan. Hasil penerapan metode kepemimpinan transformasional menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata sekolah sehat sebelum dilaksanakan tindakan sebesar 2.5 dengan kualifikasi Cukup dan setelah dilakukan tindakan meningkat menjadi rata-rata 3.64 atau meningkat 45.6% dengan kualifikasi Baik. Kualitas lingkungan sekolah mengalami peningkatan dari rata-rata 2.4 sebelum tindakan dan setelah tindakan mencapai rata-rata 3.4 atau peningkatan sebesar 41.66%. Kualitas budaya hidup bersih dan sehat juga mengalami peningkatan dari sebelum tindakan rata-rata 2.75 atau Cukup menjadi rata-rata 3.88 atau Baik, dengan peningkatan kualitas sebesar 41.09%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan metode kepemimpinan transformasional dapat mewujudkan Sekolah Sehat di SMPN 2 Kasihan.
Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Berbantuan Crossword Puzzle untuk Meningkatan Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar Sosiologi
Authors: Herdiwati Herdiwati 
Published: March 2021

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui peningkatan motivasi dan hasil belajar sosiologi pada penerapan model Problem Based Learning berbantuan media crossword puzzle. Pembelajaran model Problem Based Learning berbantuan media crossword puzzle untuk mata pelajaran sosiologi agar menarik, mempermudah belajar dan memahami materi ajar dengan kata-kata kunci atau terminologi yang terdapat pada materi. Siswa membuat media crossword puzzle secara kelompok, dan menjawab pertanyaan pada media crossword puzzle secara kelompok maupun individu. Teknis analisa data dengan tekhnik deskriptif kualitatif dalam proses belajar mengajar dan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan kriteria hasil belajar yang diperoleh melalui evaluasi. Penggunaan pembelajaran model Problem Based Learning berbantuan media crossword puzzle dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa yaitu pada siklus I sebesar 74,78% dan pada siklus II sebesar 80,76%. Sedangkan hasil belajar pada siklus I diperoleh rata-rata sebesar 8,6 dan siklus II rata-rata 8,9.
Model of value-oriented health-creating management of the methodical Association of teachers
Authors: Цибульникова В.Е. 
Published: March 2021

Актуальность исследования вызвана необходимостью совершенствования системы методической работы в современной общеобразовательной организации. Цель исследования – теоретически обосновать и экспериментально апробировать модель ценностно-ориентированного здоровьесозидающего управления методическим объединением учителей. На первом этапе исследования были определены задачи деятельности методического объединения, выявлены показатели кадрового потенциала учителей, проведен анализ методической работы педагогического коллектива. На втором этапе исследования была разработана и апробирована экспериментальная модель ценностно-ориентированного здоровьесозидающего управления методическим объединением учителей. Авторами определены принципы, организационная структура, цели и ценностно-смысловое ядро организационной культуры, направления деятельностишкольной методической службы. Охарактеризованы функции, подфункции и задачи руководителя методического объединения с учетом целостного управленческого цикла. Определена роль технологии наставничества в решении задач совершенствования учебно-методической компетенции учителей. Представленная экспериментальная модель показала свою эффективность, определяемую по результатам повторных диагностик.
The relevance of the study is caused due to the need to enhance the system of methodological work in a modern general education organization. The purpose of the study is to theoretically justify and experimentally test the model of value-oriented healthy-reducing management of the teachers’ methodological association. At the first stage of the study, the tasks of the methodological association were determined, indicators of the personnel potential of teachers were identified, and the methodological work of the pedagogical team was analyzed. At the second stage of the study, an experimental model of value-oriented health-reducing management of the methodological association of teachers was developed and tested. The authors defined the principles, organizational structure, goals and the value-meaning core of an organizational culture, the fields of activity of the school methodological service. The functions, sub-functions and tasks of the head of the methodological association are described taking into account a holistic management cycle. The role of mentoring technology in solving the problems of enhancing the teaching and methodological competence of teachers has been determined. The presented experimental model showed its effectiveness, determined by the results of repeated diagnoses.
Personal characteristics of adolescents with a high level of virtual autization as a problem of socio-psychological safety of the educational environment
Authors: Рязанова А.А. , Гилемханова Э.Н. 
Published: March 2021

В статье рассмотрена проблема виртуальной аутизации подростков как одна из актуальных проблем социально-психологической безопасности современной образовательной среды школы в условиях глобальной цифровизации. В теоретической части исследования приведены ключевые риски виртуального пространства, а также рассмотрены основные детерминирующие факторы чрезмерного поглощения виртуальной реальностью. В эмпирической части исследования представлены результаты сравнительного анализа социально-психологических характеристик подростков с высоким и низким уровнем виртуальной аутизации. Цель данной работы заключалась в определении социально-психологических особенностей, наиболее характерных для подростков с высоким уровнем виртуальной аутизации. В исследовании участвовало 1379 респондентов, в возрасте от 12 до 17 лет. Сравнительный анализ, который был проведен с помощью критерия U-Манна-Уитни, показал, что поведенческие, мотивационные и эмоционально-волевые характеристики при высоком уровне виртуальной аутизации становятся наиболее выраженными у подростков. Данные особенности подростков с высоким уровнем виртуальной аутизации обусловливают проблемы межличностного взаимодействия и эффективности обучения в школе
The article considers the problem of virtual autization of adolescents as one of the pressing problems of socio-psychological safety of the modern educational environment of the school in the context of global digitalization. The theoretical part of the study presents the key risks of virtual space, as well as the main determinants of excessive absorption by virtual reality. The empirical part of the study presents the results of a comparative analysis of the socio-psychological characteristics of adolescents with high and low levels of virtual autization. The purpose of this work was to determine the socio-psychological characteristics most characteristic of adolescents with a high level of virtual autization. The study involved 1,379 respondents, aged 12 to 17 years. A comparative analysis that was carried out using the U-Mann-Whitney test showed that a number of behavioral, motivational and emotionally strong-willed characteristics with a high level of virtual autism become most pronounced in adolescents. These features of adolescents with high levels of virtual autization cause problems of interpersonal interaction and school effectiveness.
Historical Perspectives and Legal Aspects of Cyber Warfare
Authors: Jovanovski Zoran , Iliev Andrej , Ilieva Nikolovska Anita 
Published: March 2021

Historical development of cyber warfare follows three major historical periods: first period follows the technological advances of information technology during the 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1990, second period is from the end of the Cold War to the terrorist attacks in United States during 11-th september 2001 year and the third period is from the terrorist attacks in United States during 11-th september 2001 year onwards. Each of the mentioned historical periods follows a specific doctrine and strategy of dealing with the national security threats from cyberspace. The world super powers and the world states, introduce appropriate strategies and national policies to deal with the consequences of this kind of warfare. Expression of cyberspace is linked to a short story titled "Burning Chrome" in the 1982 year written by American author William Gibson. In the following years, this word turned out to be conspicuously related to online PC systems. According to NATO, people are part of cyberspace. According to this, NATO defines that cyberspace is more than just internet, including not only hardware, software and information systems, but also peoples and social interaction with these networks. The first cyber warfare weapon ever known in history was Stuxnet. Stuxnet's objective was to physically annihilate a military target. Stuxnet has contaminated more than 60,000 PCs around the world, mostly in Iran. While international cooperation is essential, each nation should in near future develop a National foundation, its own national cyber security strategy, authorities and capabilities. Every nation state, should require effective coordination and cooperation among governmental entities at the national and sub-national levels as well as the private sector and civil society. The main hypothesis of this paper is to present the historical development and perspectives of cyber warfare and accordingly propose the best legal concepts, national doctrines and strategies for dealing with this modern type of warfare.
PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN KERJA DAN KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA DINAS PERDAGANGAN DAN PERINDUSTRIAN KABUPATEN MUSI BANYUASIN
Authors: Marsih Yeni 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui untuk mengetahui pengaruh lingkungan kerja dan kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Perdagangan Dan Perindustrian Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuesioner, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, uji asumsi klasik, regresi linier berganda, koefisien determinan dan uji hipotesis (uji t) dan uji F.
Hasil pengujian hipotesis ujit t (H1) telah membuktikan terdapat pengaruh antara kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja pegawai. Melalui hasil perhitungan yang telah dilakukan diperoleh nilai t hitung sebesar 2,379. Hasil pengujian hipotesis (uji t) Lingkungan Kerja menunjukkan nilai t hitung > t tabel (2,379 > 1,989), maka Ho ditolak, artinya secara parsial ada pengaruh signifikan antara Lingkungan Kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai. Jadi dari kasus ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara parsial Lingkungan Kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Perdagangan dan Perindustrian Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin dan Hasil pengujian hipotesis (H2) telah membuktikan terdapat pengaruh antara kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja pegawai. Melalui hasil perhitungan yang telah dilakukan didapat nilai t hitung sebesar 2,388. Hasil nilai t hitung > t tabel (2,388 > 1,989), maka H0 ditolak, artinya secara parsial ada pengaruh signifikan antara kepemimpinan dan kinerja pegawai. Jadi dari kasus ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara parsial kepemimpinan ada pengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Perdagangan dan Perindustrian Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari pengujian pengaruh variabel bebas secara simultan terhadap variabel terikatnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji F. Hasil perhitungan statistik menunjukkan nilai Fhitung = 6,036, maka diperoleh nilai Fhitung 6,036 > dari Ftabel 3,11. Maka Ho ditolak dan menerima Ha. Hal ini berarti bahwa hipotesis yang menyatakan bahwa secara simultan variable ada pengaruh lingkungan kerja dan kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Dinas Perdagangan Dan Perindustrian Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin.
Kata Kunci : Lingkungan Kerja, Kepemimpinan, Kinerja Pegawai
Measurement report: Long-range transport patterns into the tropical northwest Pacific during the CAMP2Ex aircraft campaign: chemical composition, size distributions, and the impact of convection
Authors: Hilario Miguel Ricardo A. , Crosbie Ewan , Shook Michael , Reid Jeffrey S. , Cambaliza Maria Obiminda L. , Simpas James Bernard B. , Ziemba Luke , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Nguyen Phu , Turk F. Joseph , Winstead Edward , Robinson Claire E. , Wang Jian , Zhang Jiaoshi , Wang Yang , Yoon Subin , Flynn James , Alvarez Sergio L. , Behrangi Ali , Sorooshian Armin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The tropical Northwest Pacific (TNWP) is a receptor for pollution sources throughout Asia and is highly susceptible to climate change, making it imperative to understand long-range transport in this complex aerosol-meteorological environment. Measurements from the NASA Cloud, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex; 24 August to 5 October 2019) and back trajectories from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) were used to examine transport into the TNWP from the Maritime Continent (MC), peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA), East Asia (EA), and the West Pacific (WP). A mid-campaign monsoon shift on 20 September 2019 led to distinct transport patterns between the southwest monsoon (SWM; before 20 September) and monsoon transition (MT; after 20 September). During the SWM, long-range transport was a function of southwesterly winds and cyclones over the South China Sea. Low- (high-) altitude air generally came from MC (PSEA), implying distinct aerosol processing related to convection and perhaps wind shear. The MT saw transport from EA and WP, driven by Pacific northeasterly winds, continental anticyclones, and cyclones over the East China Sea. Composition of transported air differed by emission source and accumulated precipitation along trajectories (APT). MC air was characterized by biomass burning tracers while major components of EA air pointed to Asian outflow and secondary formation. Convective scavenging of PSEA air was evidenced by considerable vertical differences between aerosol species but not trace gases, as well as notably higher APT and smaller particles than other regions. Finally, we observed a possible wet scavenging mechanism acting on MC air aloft that was not strictly linked to precipitation. These results are important for understanding the transport and processing of air masses with further implications for modeling aerosol lifecycles and guiding international policymaking to public health and climate, particularly during the SWM and MT.