bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−C Bond Formation via C(sp2)−F Bond Cleavage
Authors: Fu Liyan , Chen Qiang , Nishihara Yasushi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe activation of a carbon‐fluorine bond is one of the most challenging topics in modern synthetic organic chemistry due to their low reactivity compared to other carbon‐halogen bonds. In this review, we present the recent developments since 2015 on cross‐coupling reactions that form C−C bonds via cleavage of C(sp2)−F bonds. Not only the conventional activation of C(sp2)−F bonds, but also decarbonylative or carbonyl‐retentive cleavage of C(acyl)−F bonds will be introduced. This paper mainly describes new protocols for the formation of C(sp2)−C(sp3), C(sp2)−C(sp2), and C(sp2)−C(sp) bonds via transition‐metal‐catalyzed cleavage of C(sp2)−F bonds.
Using cardiac ionic cell models to interpret clinical data
Authors: Corrado Cesare , Avezzù Adelisa , Lee Angela W. C. , Mendoca Costa Caroline , Roney Caroline H. , Strocchi Marina , Bishop Martin , Niederer Steven A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFor over 100 years cardiac electrophysiology has been measured in the clinic. The electrical signals that can be measured span from noninvasive ECG and body surface potentials measurements through to detailed invasive measurements of local tissue electrophysiology. These electrophysiological measurements form a crucial component of patient diagnosis and monitoring; however, it remains challenging to quantitatively link changes in clinical electrophysiology measurements to biophysical cellular function. Multi‐scale biophysical computational models represent one solution to this problem. These models provide a formal framework for linking cellular function through to emergent whole organ function and routine clinical diagnostic signals. In this review, we describe recent work on the use of computational models to interpret clinical electrophysiology signals. We review the simulation of human cardiac myocyte electrophysiology in the atria and the ventricles and how these models are being used to link organ scale function to patient disease mechanisms and therapy response in patients receiving implanted defibrillators, \cardiac resynchronisation therapy or suffering from atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. There is a growing use of multi‐scale biophysical models to interpret clinical data. This allows cardiologists to link clinical observations with cellular mechanisms to better understand cardiopathophysiology and identify novel treatment strategies.This article is categorized under:
Cardiovascular Diseases > Computational Models
Cardiovascular Diseases > Biomedical Engineering
Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Comments on chiral algebras and Ω-deformations
Authors: Bobev Nikolay , Bomans Pieter , Gautason Fridrik Freyr 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Every six-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (2, 0) SCFT on R6 contains a set of protected operators whose correlation functions are controlled by a two-dimensional chiral algebra. We provide an alternative construction of this chiral algebra by performing an Ω-deformation of a topological-holomorphic twist of the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (2, 0) theory on R6 and restricting to the cohomology of a specific supercharge. In addition, we show that the central charge of the chiral algebra can be obtained by performing equivariant integration of the anomaly polynomial of the six-dimensional theory. Furthermore, we generalize this construction to include orbifolds of the R4 transverse to the chiral algebra plane.
Structure of flavor changing Goldstone boson interactions
Authors: Sun Jin , Cheng Yu , He Xiao-Gang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
General flavor changing Goldstone boson (GB) interactions with fermions from a spontaneous global U(1)G symmetry breaking are discussed. This GB may be the Axion, solving the strong QCD CP problem, if there is a QCD anomaly for the assignments of quarks U(1)G charge. Or it may be the Majoron, producing seesaw Majorana neutrino masses by lepton number violation, if the symmetry breaking scale is much higher than the electroweak scale. It may also, in principle, play the roles of Axion and Majoron simultaneously as far as providing solution for the strong CP problem and generating a small Majorana neutrino masses are concerned. Great attentions have been focused on flavor conserving GB interactions. Recently flavor changing Axion and Majoron models have been studied in the hope to find new physics from rare decays in the intensity frontier. In this work, we will provide a systematic model building aspect study for flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) GB interactions in the fermion sectors, or separately in the quark, charged lepton and neutrino sectors and will identify in detail the sources of FCNC interactions in a class of beyond standard model with a spontaneous global U(1)G symmetry breaking. We also provide a general proof of the equivalence of using physical GB components and GB broken generators for calculating GB couplings to two gluons and two photons, and discuss some issues related to spontaneous CP violation models. Besides, we will also provide some details for obtaining FCNC GB interactions in several popular models, such as the Type-I, -II, -III seesaw and Left-Right symmetric models, and point out some special features in these models.
Has the origin of the third-family fermion masses been determined?
Authors: Baker Michael J. , Cox Peter , Volkas Raymond R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Precision measurements of the Higgs couplings are, for the first time, directly probing the mechanism of fermion mass generation. The purpose of this work is to determine to what extent these measurements can distinguish between the tree-level mechanism of the Standard Model and the theoretically motivated alternative of radiative mass generation. Focusing on the third-family, we classify the minimal one-loop models and find that they fall into two general classes. By exploring several benchmark models in detail, we demonstrate that a radiative origin for the tau-lepton and bottom-quark masses is consistent with current observations. While future colliders will not be able to rule out a radiative origin, they can probe interesting regions of parameter space.
Einsatz neuer Medien in der pädiatrischen Psychosomatik
Authors: Felnhofer A. , Fischer-Grote L. 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungNeue Medien wie Smartphone-Apps oder virtuelle Realitäten (VR) finden zunehmend Anwendung in der pädiatrischen Psychosomatik. In der Diagnostik liegen die Vorteile in der Erfassung von Daten im Alltag sowie in der realitätsnahen und zugleich standardisierten Erfassung mithilfe der VR. In der Behandlung lassen sich selbstadministrierte und hybride Technologien von computerassistierten und computerspielbasierten Interventionen unterscheiden, die allesamt zunehmend in der pädiatrischen Psychosomatik zum Einsatz kommen, so z. B. bei Schmerzerkrankungen, Enkopresis, chronischen Erkrankungen oder auch begleitenden Depressionen und Ängsten. Durch das Auslösen alltagsnaher Reaktionen bei gleichzeitiger maximaler Kontrolle bieten VR auch in der Forschung große Vorteile. Nichtsdestotrotz sind Kontraindikationen wie Psychosen, Epilepsie und Migräne zu beachten. Eine umfassende Schulung des Fachpersonals ist daher für die Nutzung neuer Medien in der Diagnostik, Behandlung und Forschung essenziell.
Bullying behaviours and other conduct problems: longitudinal investigation of their independent associations with risk factors and later outcomes
Authors: Ganesan Keertana , Shakoor Sania , Wertz Jasmin , Agnew-Blais Jessica , Bowes Lucy , Jaffee Sara R. , Matthews Timothy , Arseneault Louise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Bullying behaviours and other conduct problems often co-occur. However, we do not yet know whether bullying behaviours are associated with early factors and later poor outcomes independently of conduct problems. While there are differing, specific interventions for bullying behaviours and for conduct problems, it is unclear if such specificity is justified given parallels between both behaviours.

Methods
We used prospective data from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative sample of 2232 children. Mothers and teachers reported on children’s bullying behaviours and conduct problems at ages 7 and 10. We collected measures of risk factors, including temperament and family factors, when children were age 5. We assessed behavioural, emotional, educational and social problems when participants reached the ages of 12 and 18.

Results
Bullying behaviours and conduct problems co-occurred in childhood. Our findings indicated that bullying behaviours and other conduct problems were independently associated with the same risk factors. Furthermore, they were associated with the same poor outcomes at both ages 12 and 18. Despite this, bullying behaviours were uniquely associated with behavioural, emotional, educational and social problems at age 18.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that anti-bullying programmes and interventions aimed at reducing conduct problems could benefit from greater integration. Furthermore, our study highlights the mental health problems children who bully may face in later years and the need to consider those in intervention plans.
Investigation of microstructure, mechanical and machinability properties of Mo-added steel produced by powder metallurgy method
Authors: Erden Mehmet Akif , Yaşar Nafiz , Korkmaz Mehmet Erdi , Ayvacı Burak , Nimel Sworna Ross K , Mia Mozammel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study presents the impact of molybdenum (Mo) inclusion on microstructure, mechanical, and machinability behavior of steels manufactured with powder metallurgy (PM) approach. PM steel samples with different molybdenum ratios were pressed at 750-MPa pressing pressure and sintered in the atmosphere-controlled tube furnace at 1400°C for 1 h. While particle size and distribution of phases of PM steels with different molybdenum ratios were determined by optical microscope, mechanical properties were determined by applying tensile test. The results were observed that 3% Mo weight-added steel displayed the maximum yield and tensile strength. In addition, the machinability properties of 3% Mo-added steel, which has the highest yield and tensile strength, were investigated. In this work, we researched the thrust force and surface roughness as machinability output, and drilling parameters on the output were determined by utilizing analysis of variance. Finally, SEM images were taken from the inner surfaces of the machined holes and the fractured surfaces from tensile test, and information about the machinability of this alloy produced with PM was presented. As a result, an increase in yield and tensile strength and a reduction in strain were identified with the increase in Mo content. Moreover, the coated cutting tools are better on the machining output than the uncoated cutting tools in terms of green environment. The most important factors on the Fz and Ra are the coating condition and the feed rate with 56.53% and 43.62% PCR, respectively.
Understanding the local structure of disordered carbons from cellulose and lignin
Authors: Meng Yujie , Contescu Cristian I. , Liu Peizhi , Wang Siqun , Lee Seung-Hwan , Guo Junjie , Young Timothy M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn electron microscopy investigation was performed to understand the relationship between the microstructure and properties of carbonized cellulose and lignin (softwood kraft lignin) relative to the structure of the original biomass components. Structure details at micro- and molecular levels were investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Atomic-resolution images revealed the presence of random disordered carbon in carbonized cellulose (C-CNC) and of large domains of well-ordered carbon with graphite sheet structure in carbonized lignin (C-Lignin). These structural differences explain why C-CNC exhibits higher surface area and porosity than C-Lignin. The presence of certain well-ordered carbon in carbonized lignin indicates some of the carbon in lignin are graphitized with heat treatment temperature up to 950 °C. This result is encouraging for future endeavors of attaining acceptable modulus of carbon fiber from lignin given suitable modifications to the chemistry and structure of lignin. The results of this research contribute to an improved understanding of the carbonization mechanism of the key cellulose and lignin components of biomass materials.
On the way toward regulatable expression systems in acetic acid bacteria: target gene expression and use cases
Authors: Fricke Philipp Moritz , Klemm Angelika , Bott Michael , Polen Tino 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are valuable biocatalysts for which there is growing interest in understanding their basics including physiology and biochemistry. This is accompanied by growing demands for metabolic engineering of AAB to take advantage of their properties and to improve their biomanufacturing efficiencies. Controlled expression of target genes is key to fundamental and applied microbiological research. In order to get an overview of expression systems and their applications in AAB, we carried out a comprehensive literature search using the Web of Science Core Collection database. The Acetobacteraceae family currently comprises 49 genera. We found overall 6097 publications related to one or more AAB genera since 1973, when the first successful recombinant DNA experiments in Escherichia coli have been published. The use of plasmids in AAB began in 1985 and till today was reported for only nine out of the 49 AAB genera currently described. We found at least five major expression plasmid lineages and a multitude of further expression plasmids, almost all enabling only constitutive target gene expression. Only recently, two regulatable expression systems became available for AAB, an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-inducible system for Komagataeibacter rhaeticus and an l-arabinose-inducible system for Gluconobacter oxydans. Thus, after 35 years of constitutive target gene expression in AAB, we now have the first regulatable expression systems for AAB in hand and further regulatable expression systems for AAB can be expected.

Key points
• Literature search revealed developments and usage of expression systems in AAB.
• Only recently 2 regulatable plasmid systems became available for only 2 AAB genera.
• Further regulatable expression systems for AAB are in sight.
Knee articular cartilage injury treatment with matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI): correlation at 24 and 120 months between clinical and radiological findings using MR arthrography
Authors: Calvi Marco , Curti Marco , Ossola Christian , Duvia Marta , Angeretti Maria Gloria , Ronga Mario , Genovese Eugenio Annibale 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the long-term evolution of matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) with magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography and verify the correlation between radiological and clinical findings.Materials and methodsTwenty-six patients (20 m/6f) were diagnosed with knee chondral injuries and treated with MACI implantation. Each patient received MR arthrography and clinical examination at mid-term (range 22–36 months) and long term (range 96–194 months) after surgery. MR arthrography was performed with dedicated coil and a 1.5-Tesla MR unit. The modified MOCART scale was used to evaluate the status of chondral implants. Implant coating, integration to the border zone, and the surface and structure of the repaired tissue were evaluated. Presence of bone marrow oedema was evaluated. The Cincinnati Knee Rating System (CKRS) was used for clinical assessment.ResultsAt long term, 4/26 patients had complete alignment; 5/26 had a complete integration of the margins; in 4/26 cases, the implant surface was undamaged; in 14/26 cases, the reparative tissue was homogeneous. In 9/26 cases, the implant showed isointense signal compared to articular cartilage, while the presence of subchondral bone oedema was documented in 19/26 cases. The average radiological score decreased from 59.2 (mid-term) to 38.6 (long term). The average clinical score decreased from 8.9 to 8.3.ConclusionsDecrease in clinical results was not significant (0.6 pointsp = .06), but mMOCART scores decreased significantly (p = .00003). Although imaging studies showed deterioration of the grafts, the patients did not have significant clinical deterioration (231/250).
Hospital Frailty Risk Score predicts adverse events in revision total hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Meyer Matthias , Schwarz Timo , Renkawitz Tobias , Maderbacher Günther , Grifka Joachim , Weber Markus 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is a validated risk stratification model referring to the cumulative deficits model of frailty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the HFRS as a predictor of 90-day readmission and complications after revision total hip (rTHA) and knee (rTKA) arthroplasty.

Methods
In a retrospective analysis of 565 patients who had undergone rTHA or rTKA between 2011 and 2019, the HFRS was calculated for each patient. Rates of adverse events were compared between patients with low and intermediate or high frailty risk. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between the HFRS and post-operative adverse events.

Results
Patients with intermediate or high frailty risk showed higher rates of readmission (30days: 23.8% vs. 9.9%, p = 0.006; 90days: 26.2% vs. 13.0%, p < 0.018), surgical complications (28.6% vs. 7.8%, p < 0.001), medical complications (11.9% vs. 1.0%, p < 0.001), other complications (28.6% vs. 2.3%, p < 0.001), Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications (14.3% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.009), and transfusion (33.3% vs. 6.1%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed a high HFRS as independent risk factor for surgical complications (OR = 3.45, 95% CI 1.45-8.18, p = 0.005), medical complications (OR = 7.29, 95% CI 1.72-30.97, p = 0.007), and other complications (OR = 14.15, 95% CI 5.16-38.77, p < 0.001).

Conclusion
The HFRS predicts adverse events after rTHA and rTKA. As it derives from routinely collected data, the HFRS could be implemented automated in hospital information systems to facilitate identification of at-risk patients.
The Bacteriology of Acute Cholecystitis: Comparison of Bile Cultures and Clinical Outcomes in Diabetic and Non‐Diabetic Patients
Authors: Kaplan Uri , Handler Chovav , Chazan Bibiana , Weiner Noam , Hatoum Ossama A. , Yanovskay Anna , Kopelman Doron 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcute cholecystitis is one of the most common acute surgical diseases. Diabetic patients have been shown to have an increased risk for gallbladder disease, but the correlation between the severity of gallstone disease and diabetes is still debated. The aim of this study is to examine the possible difference in the disease process between patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and those without.Patients and methodsA retrospective study was conducted of all patients who underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy between 2005 and 2015 at Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel. Demographic and medical history including data on bile and blood culture results, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical outcomes were retrieved from patient files.ResultsThe cohort included 272 patients. Mean age was 68 years old, 50.74% were male and 43.75% had diabetes mellitus. Bile cultures were obtained from 252 (92.64%) patients and were positive in 134 (53.2%) patients. In 11 patients (4%) two pathogens were isolated. Blood cultures obtained from 231 patients and were positive in 35 (15.2%). Escherichia coli was the most common isolate, and was seen in 22.3% of positive bile cultures and 40% of blood cultures. Although diabetic patients had significantly more positive bile cultures, the severity of the disease, according to the Tokyo guidelines, was not higher.ConclusionsAcute cholecystitis was neither more severe nor had significant difference in bacteriological properties when comparing diabetic patients to non‐diabetic ones.
Microbiome–miRNA interactions in the progress from undifferentiated arthritis to rheumatoid arthritis: evidence, hypotheses, and opportunities
Authors: Lu Haifeng , Yao Yujun , Yang Jiezuan , Zhang Hua , Li Lanjuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe human microbiome has attracted attention for its potential utility in precision medicine. Increasingly, more researchers are recognizing changes in intestinal microbiome can upset the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors of host immune system, potentially contributing to arthritis immunopathogenesis. Patients who develop rheumatoid arthritis from undifferentiated arthritis can face multiple irreversible joint lesions and even deformities. Strategies for identifying undifferentiated arthritis patients who have a tendency to develop rheumatoid arthritis and interventions to prevent rheumatoid arthritis development are urgently needed. Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis and shifts in the miRNA profile affect undifferentiated arthritis progression, and may play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiologic process via stimulating inflammatory cytokines and disturbing host and microbial metabolic functions. However, a causal relationship between microbiome–miRNA interactions and rheumatoid arthritis development from undifferentiated arthritis has not been uncovered yet. Changes in the intestinal microbiome and miRNA profiles of undifferentiated arthritis patients with different disease outcomes should be studied together to uncover the role of the intestinal microbiome in rheumatoid arthritis development and to identify potential prognostic indicators of rheumatoid arthritis in undifferentiated arthritis patients. Herein, we discuss the possibility of microbiome–miRNA interactions contributing to rheumatoid arthritis development and describe the gaps in knowledge regarding their influence on undifferentiated arthritis prognosis that should be addressed by future studies.
Pros and cons for the evidence of adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis in marsupials
Authors: Jastroch Martin , Polymeropoulos Elias T. , Gaudry Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe thermogenic mechanisms supporting endothermy are still not fully understood in all major mammalian subgroups. In placental mammals, brown adipose tissue currently represents the most accepted source of adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. Its mitochondrial protein UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) catalyzes heat production, but the conservation of this mechanism is unclear in non-placental mammals and lost in some placentals. Here, we review the evidence for and against adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis in marsupials, which diverged from placentals about 120–160 million years ago. We critically discuss potential mechanisms that may be involved in the heat-generating process among marsupials.