bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bigger is not always better: Viability selection on body mass varies across life stages in a hibernating mammal
Authors: Jebb Alexandra H. M. , Blumstein Daniel T. , Bize Pierre , Martin Julien G. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBody mass is often viewed as a proxy of past access to resources and of future survival and reproductive success. Links between body mass and survival or reproduction are, however, likely to differ between age classes and sexes. Remarkably, this is rarely taken into account in selection analyses. Selection on body mass is likely to be the primary target accounting for juvenile survival until reproduction but may weaken after recruitment. Males and females also often differ in how they use resources for reproduction and survival. Using a long‐term study on body mass and annual survival in yellow‐bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer), we show that body mass was under stabilizing viability selection in the first years of life, before recruitment, which changed to positive directional selection as age increased and animals matured. We found no evidence that viability selection across age classes on body mass differed between sexes. By investigating the link between running speed and body mass, we show that the capacity to escape predators was not consistent across age classes and followed a quadratic relationship at young ages only. Overall, our results indicate that mature age classes exhibit traditional patterns of positive viability selection on body mass, as expected in a hibernating mammal, but that mass in the first years of life is subjected to stabilizing selection which may come from additional predation pressures that negate the benefits of the largest body masses. Our study highlights the importance to disentangle selection pressures on traits across critical age (or life) classes.
A rare 300 kilometer dispersal by an adult male white‐tailed deer
Authors: Moll Remington J. , McRoberts Jon T. , Millspaugh Joshua J. , Wiskirchen Kevyn H. , Sumners Jason A. , Isabelle Jason L. , Keller Barbara J. , Montgomery Robert A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite the key roles that dispersal plays in individual animal fitness and meta‐population gene flow, it remains one of the least understood behaviors in many species. In large mammalian herbivores, dispersals might span long distances and thereby influence landscape‐level ecological processes, such as infectious disease spread. Here, we describe and analyze an exceptional long‐distance dispersal by an adult white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the central United States. We also conducted a literature survey to compare the dispersal to previous studies. This dispersal was remarkable for its length, duration, and the life history stage of the dispersing individual. Dispersal is typical of juvenile deer seeking to establish postnatal home ranges, but this dispersal was undertaken by an adult male (age = 3.5). This individual dispersed ~300 km over a 22‐day period by moving, on average, 13.6 km/day and achieving a straight‐line distance of ~215 km, which was ~174 km longer than any other distance recorded for an adult male deer in our literature survey. During the dispersal, which occurred during the hunting season, the individual crossed a major river seven times, an interstate highway, a railroad, and eight state highways. Movements during the dispersal were faster (mean = 568.1 m/h) and more directional than those during stationary home range periods before and after the dispersal (mean = 56.9 m/h). Likewise, movements during the dispersal were faster (mean = 847.8 m/h) and more directional at night than during the day (mean = 166.4 m/h), when the individual frequently sheltered in forest cover. This natural history event highlights the unpredictable nature of dispersal and has important implications for landscape‐level processes such as chronic wasting disease transmission in cervids. More broadly, our study underscores how integrating natural history observations with modern technology holds promise for understanding potentially high impact but rarely recorded ecological events.
Seven decades of southern range dynamics of Canada lynx
Authors: Marrotte Robby R. , Bowman Jeff 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe range of the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) has contracted substantially from its historical range. Using harvest records, we found that the southern range of the lynx in Ontario in the late 1940s collapsed and then, in a short period of time, increased to its largest extent in the mid‐1960s when the lynx range spread south of the boreal forest for a decade. After this expansion, the southern range contracted northwards beginning in the 1970s. Most recently, there has been a slight expansion between 2010 and 2017. We have attributed these dynamics on the southern range periphery to the fluctuation of the boreal lynx population in the core of the species' range. In addition, connectivity to boreal lynx populations and snow depth seemed to condition whether the lynx expanded into an area. However, we did not find any evidence to suggest that these changes were due to anthropogenic landscape disturbances or competition. The boreal lynx population does not reach the peak abundance it once did, without which we would not expect to see large expansions of the southern lynx range as in the mid‐1960s. Our results suggest that the southern lynx range in Ontario has been driven by the magnitude of the boreal lynx population cycle, connectivity to the boreal forest, and snow conditions. Future persistence of lynx in the southern range periphery will likely depend on dynamics in the range core.
Plant community responses to integrating livestock into a reduced‐till organic cropping system
Authors: Larson Christian D. , Menalled Fabian D. , Lehnhoff Erik A. , Seipel Tim 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe problems with herbicide‐ and tillage‐based weed management in agriculture are well documented and have precipitated research into finding alternatives. Integrating livestock grazing into organic agroecosystems has benefits and is a viable method for terminating cover crops, yet its impacts on weed communities are largely unknown. This lack of knowledge is particularly true in semi‐arid environments, including the Northern Great Plains, where we conducted our research. We compared weed community responses (biomass, species richness, Simpson’s diversity, composition) of a sheep‐grazed organic cropping system with those of two contrasting cropping systems (high input conventional no‐till, tilled organic) across a five‐year crop rotation (safflower, sweet clover, winter wheat, lentils, winter wheat). We found that the conventional no‐till and tilled organic systems suppressed weed biomass and reduced species richness and diversity, while the grazed organic resulted in higher weed biomass, species richness, and diversity. During the first two years of the study, the composition of the two organic communities were distinct from the conventional no‐till communities but were indistinguishable from one another. Over the final three years of the study, grazed organic communities were tightly grouped and became distinct from both the tilled and conventional communities. We found that weed biomass and diversity were highest in the sweet clover and lowest in the winter wheat. The spring annual crops, safflower and lentil, demonstrated similar weed biomass, species richness, and composition. Our findings indicate that integrating livestock into cropping systems alters plant communities and increases the agroecosystem plant biodiversity of semi‐arid organic farming and that specific crops interact with cropping systems to alter agroecosystem plant communities. However, the increase in weed biomass associated with our grazing treatment makes this approach impractical as the sole weed management strategy and necessitates that integrating livestock into semi‐arid organic cropping systems must be part of a larger integrated weed management program.
Inconsistent browning of northeastern U.S. lakes despite increased precipitation and recovery from acidification
Authors: Lapierre Jean‐Francois , Collins Sarah M. , Oliver Samantha K. , Stanley Emily H. , Wagner Tyler 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMultiple studies have reported widespread browning of Northern Hemisphere lakes. Most examples are from boreal lakes that have experienced limited human influence, and browning has alternatively been attributed to changes in atmospheric deposition, climate, and land use. To determine the extent and possible causes of browning across a more geographically diverse region, we examined watercolor and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) time series in hundreds of northeastern U.S. lakes. The majority of lakes have increased in both DOC and color, but there were neither coherent spatial patterns in trends nor relationships with previously reported drivers. Color trends were more variable than DOC trends, and DOC and color trends were not strongly correlated, indicating a cause other than or in addition to increased loading of terrestrial carbon. Browning may be pronounced in regions where climate and atmospheric deposition are dominant drivers but muted in more human‐dominated landscapes with a limited extent of organic soils where other disturbances predominate.
A flower‐like α‐phase nickel‐cobalt‐manganese hydroxide modified with two‐dimensional Ti3C2 for high performance hybrid supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Jiaying , Chen Hanlin , Chen Zhi , Li Chao , Meng Xianhe , Fan Meiqiang , Ma Tingli 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA flower‐like nickel‐cobalt‐manganese hydroxide (NiCoMn‐OH) modified with two‐dimensional Ti3C2 nanoflakes has been synthesized via simple one‐step hydrothermal method. The NiCoMn‐OH/Ti3C2 composite exhibits a high specific capacity of 670.3 C/g at a specific current of 1 A/g, higher than 614.6 C/g for NiCoMn‐OH and 8.9 C/g for Ti3C2 at the same conditions. The improved electrochemical performance is due to that Ti3C2 is absorbed and distributed on the surface of NiCoMn‐OH in its situ synthesis process and enhances its electro‐activity. The hybrid supercapacitor based on NiCoMn‐OH/Ti3C2 and RGO shows high specific capacity of 177.5 C/g at 0.5 A/g and 103.1 C/g at 10 A/g, retaining 93.28% of initial capacity after 5000 charge/discharge cycles at 7 A/g. The hybrid supercapacitor also displays extraordinary specific energy of 41.15 Wh/kg at a specific power of 375 W/kg and 21.46 Wh/kg even at 7.5 kW/kg.
Stated versus revealed preferences: An approach to reduce bias
Authors: de Corte Kaat , Cairns John , Grieve Richard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStated preference (SP) survey responses may not predict actual behavior, leading to hypothetical bias. We developed an approach that harnesses large‐scale routine data to help SP surveys provide more accurate estimates of revealed preferences (RPs), within a study which elicited preferences for alternative changes to the blood service in England. The SP survey responses were used to predict the mean number of annual whole blood donations. Ex ante, the iterative survey design estimated hypothetical bias by contrasting pilot SP survey responses (N = 1254), with individually linked data on RPs, to inform the main SP survey design (N = 25,187). Ex post, the analysis recognized mediation of the relationship between SP and RP when blood donation is deferred. The pilot survey reported that donors' intended donation frequency of 3.2 (men) and 2.6 (women) times per year, exceeded their actual frequency by 41% and 30% respectively. Choice scenario attributes for the main SP survey were then modified, and over‐prediction subsequently decreased to 34% for men and 16% for women. The mediating effect of deferrals explained 29% (men) and 86% (women) of the residual discrepancy between SP and RP. Future studies can use this approach to reduce hypothetical bias, and provide more accurate predictions for decision‐making.
The interplay between relational job design and cross‐training in predicting employee job/task citizenship performance
Authors: Hernaus Tomislav , Černe Matej , Škerlavaj Miha 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDrawing on a relational perspective to human resource development and management (HRD/M), a multilevel and multisource field study has been conducted examining how HRM practices of job interaction requirements/task interdependence and HRD practice of cross‐training interplay in order to enhance employees' job/task citizenship performance (JCP). A two‐level research model from a sample of 43 organizations and 535 nested individuals demonstrates that socially enriched jobs (interactive and interdependent), when supplemented with organizational (system‐wide) cross‐training opportunities, increase extra efforts among employees to complete activities which are not part of their in‐role requirements. Thus, by applying a 1‐2‐1 moderation analysis, we offer new knowledge about social and cognitive aspects of human behavior above and beyond the traditional focus on narrowly defined job/task performance. In addition, we explicate how mutual understanding across job positions may practically contribute to achieving superior individual‐level JCP when relational architecture of the workplace is designed.
Higher Hand Grip Strength Is Associated With Greater Radius Bone Size and Strength in Older Men and Women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study
Authors: McLean Robert R. , Samelson Elizabeth J. , Lorbergs Amanda L. , Broe Kerry E. , Hannan Marian T. , Boyd Steven K. , Bouxsein Mary L. , Kiel Douglas P. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTMechanical loading by muscles elicits anabolic responses from bone, thus age‐related declines in muscle strength may contribute to bone fragility in older adults. We used high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR‐pQCT) to determine the association between grip strength and distal radius bone density, size, morphology, and microarchitecture, as well as bone strength estimated by micro–finite element analysis (μFEA), among older men and women. Participants included 508 men and 651 women participating in the Framingham Offspring Study with grip strength measured in 2011–2014 and HR‐pQCT scanning in 2012–2015. Separately for men and women, analysis of covariance was used to compare HR‐pQCT measures among grip strength quartiles and to test for linear trends, adjusting for age, height, weight, smoking, and physical activity. Mean age was 70 years (range, 50–95 years), and men had higher mean grip strength than the women (37 kg vs. 21 kg). Bone strength estimated by μFEA‐calculated failure load was higher with greater grip strength in both men (p < 0.01) and women (p = 0.04). Higher grip strength was associated with larger cross‐sectional area in both men and women (p < 0.01), with differences in area of 6% and 11% between the lowest to highest grip strength quartiles in men and women, respectively. Cortical thickness was positively associated with grip strength among men only (p = 0.03). Grip strength was not associated with volumetric BMD (vBMD) in men. Conversely, there was a trend for lower total vBMD with higher grip strength among women (p = 0.02), though pairwise comparisons did not reveal any statistically significant differences in total vBMD among grip strength quartiles. Bone microarchitecture (cortical porosity, trabecular thickness, trabecular number) was not associated with grip strength in either men or women. Our findings suggest that the positive association between hand grip strength and distal radius bone strength may be driven primarily by bone size. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A novel and stable hydroxylamine salt generated from betaine hydrochloride and its application in the synthesis of cyclohexanone oxime
Authors: Ren Xiaoliang , Yang Qiusheng , Wang Shufang , Guan Congcong , Zhang Dongsheng , Ding Xiaoshu , Wang Yanji 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDHydroxylamine (NH2OH) is an important chemical raw material, which is widely used in large‐scale synthesis of cyclohexanone oxime (COX) for nylon 6 manufacture. At present, inorganic acids are usually employed to stabilize NH2OH to form solid hydroxylamine salts. However, most of these hydroxylamine salts suffer from the problems of serious equipment corrosion, environmental pollution and difficult recovery of the inorganic acids. To address these issues, herein, a novel betaine hydrochloride hydroxylamine (BHA) was formulated and applied for the production of COX.RESULTSThe structure of BHA was identified using experimental analysis and density functional theory calculation. During the synthesis of COX from cyclohexanone (CYC), the BHA exhibited much higher reactivity than that of traditional NH2OH·HCl. Moreover, oximation reaction of CYC and BHA can also be conducted in CH3CN solution. And an almost 100% yield of COX was obtained under the conditions of 30 °C, 0.5 h and 1:1 molar ratio of BHA to CYC. Furthermore, the betaine hydrochloride released from BHA can be easily separated and recycled after the reaction, achieving a green route for the synthesis of COX.CONCLUSIONSA novel BHA was successfully prepared. It shows great advantage for use as an eco‐friendly and green carrier of NH2OH for preparing COX and forming a virtuous cycle. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Forward osmosis aided concentration of lycopene carotenoid from watermelon juice
Authors: Vani Bukke , Kalyani Swayampakula , Pabba Manideep , Sridhar Sundergopal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe world is seeing a substantial rise in the awareness of the health benefits of concentrated fruit juices resulting from their nutritional, functional and sensory properties, which are similar to the availability of natural fresh fruits in the market. Watermelon concentrated juice is enriched with lycopene, an important ingredient used in functional foods such as energy drinks and nutraceutical supplements. Lycopene helps to combat the risk of cancer and heart disease, and has diuretic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Capturing the fresh flavor of watermelon without losing its nutritional value is a real challenge using current manufacturing techniques.RESULTSThe present investigation describes using an indigenous hydrophilized polyamide membrane for the concentration of watermelon juice by forward osmosis (FO). The process enables juice concentration by retaining the original taste, color and nutrient contents. Bench‐scale experimental trials were carried out using the FO process in a countercurrent flow direction at different liquid flow rates of 1.0 to 2.0 L min−1 and draw agent solution concentrations of 0.2 to 1.0 mol L−1 NaCl. The process ensured the recovery of 96.01% lycopene from the concentrated juice, which was found satisfactory with PRO/II simulation, by removal of 70–80% pure water from the juice.ConclusionsThe experimental results demonstrated that the lycopene concentration factor showed a 4.14‐fold increase and could be stored successfully at 4 ± 1 °C for 30 days; the degradation of lycopene followed first‐order reaction kinetics. Hence, the pure extracted lycopene can be recommended for use in food, medicine, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, coloring agents and pharmaceuticals. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Development of a new biomimetic method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles based on fungal metabolites: optimization and antibacterial activity
Authors: Cisternas Carla , Tortella Gonzalo , Seabra Amedea B , Pieretti Joana C , Araya‐Castro Karla , Hermosilla Edward , Cristina Diez Maria , Rubilar Olga 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDA biomimetic method was developed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Synthetic chemical compounds were used according to the metabolites present in the fungal extracts for the synthesis of AgNPs. The main objective of this study was to find a simple and effective synthesis method without the presence of a living organism.METHODOLOGYA central composite design combined with response surface methodology was used to optimize the necessary metabolite concentrations (flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), hydroquinone (HQ), and l‐cysteine (l‐cys)) for the synthesis of AgNPs. The design was assessed based on the size distribution and zeta potential of the nanoparticles. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella enterica was tested.RESULTSThe results demonstrated that AgNO3 (2 mmol L−1), HQ (20 mmol L−1), l‐cys (20 mmol L−1) and FAD (50.5 nmol L−1) at pH 8.4 were the optimal reaction parameters. The characterization allowed the determination of quasi‐spherical AgNPs with an average hydrodynamic size of 101 nm, a zeta potential of −24 mV and the presence of elemental silver (Ag0) in their composition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed silver and l‐cys interactions, supporting the role of l‐cys as a coating agent. The antibacterial activity showed that AgNPs displayed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 20–30 μg mL−1 and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 30–40 μg mL−1.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates the feasibility of the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 using synthetic metabolites, which mimic the reduction and synthesis of fungal biomass. Therefore, it represents a new biocompatible, eco‐friendly and fast method to produce AgNPs. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
A multi‐proxy record of abrupt cooling events during the Windermere Interstadial at Crudale Meadow, Orkney, UK
Authors: Francis Christopher P. , Engels Stefan , Matthews Ian P. , Palmer Adrian P. , Timms Rhys G. O. , Jourdan Anne‐Lise , Candy Ian 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThree clearly defined abrupt cooling events (ACEs) can be observed within Greenland Interstadial (GI)‐1 in the Greenland ice‐core records. However, the spatial variation in amplitude and timing of these ACEs is poorly understood due to the paucity of well‐dated records with quantified temperature reconstructions. This study presents high‐resolution chironomid‐inferred July air temperature (TJul) and oxygen isotope (δ18O) records from Crudale Meadow (Orkney Isles, UK). Three centennial‐scale ACEs punctuate the Windermere Interstadial at Crudale Meadow. The largest ACE shows an amplitude of 5.4 °C and a 1% isotopic decline and is centred on ~14.0 ka bp, consistent with the timing of the GI‐1d event in the Greenland stratigraphy. The two other observed ACEs are of smaller magnitude and are centred on ~13.6 ka bp and ~13.2 ka bp, with these smaller magnitude events tentatively correlated with the GI‐1cii and GI‐1b events, respectively, but lack sufficient chronological constraint to fully assess their timing. When comparing the Crudale Meadow record with other locations in the British Isles a strong relationship can be observed between the magnitude of TJul cooling and latitude, with a reduced signal in more southerly locations, indicating that oceanic forcing may be a key driver of the ACEs.