bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing prehistoric constructed languages: world-building and its role in understanding prehistoric languages
Authors: Schreyer Christine , Adger David 
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we compare the languages each of the authors invented as prehistoric languages for popular culture media. Schreyer's language,Beama, was created for the filmAlpha(2018), while Adger's language,Tan!aa Kawawa ki,was created for a television series on how early hominins spread throughout the world (the series was green-lit but then cancelled). We argue that though this creative process may seem far removed from classical research paradigms on language evolution, it can provide some insight into how disparate research on the possible properties of prehistoric languages can be brought together to illustrate how these languages might have worked as whole linguistic systems within these imagined worlds, as well as in prehistory.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Reconstructing prehistoric languages’.
Testing methods of linguistic homeland detection using synthetic data
Authors: Wichmann Søren , Rama Taraka 
Published: March 2021

Two families of quantitative methods have been used to infer geographical homelands of language families: Bayesian phylogeography and the ‘diversity method'. Bayesian methods model how populations may have moved using a phylogenetic tree as a backbone, while the diversity method assumes that the geographical area where linguistic diversity is highest likely corresponds to the homeland. No systematic tests of the performances of the different methods in a linguistic context have so far been published. Here, we carry out performance testing by simulating language families, including branching structures and word lists, along with speaker populations moving in space. We test six different methods: two versions of BayesTraits; the relaxed random walk model of BEAST 2; our own RevBayes implementations of a fixed rate and a variable rates random walk model; and the diversity method. As a result of the tests, we propose a hierarchy of performance of the different methods. Factors such as geographical idiosyncrasies, incomplete sampling, tree imbalance and small family sizes all have a negative impact on performance, but mostly across the board, the performance hierarchy generally being impervious to such factors.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Reconstructing prehistoric languages'.
The history of number words in the world's languages—what have we learnt so far?
Authors: Calude Andreea S. 
Published: March 2021

For over 100 years, researchers from various disciplines have been enthralled and occupied by the study of number words. This article discusses implications for the study of deep history and human evolution that arise from this body of work. Phylogenetic modelling shows that low-limit number words are preserved across thousands of years, a pattern consistently observed in several language families. Cross-linguistic frequencies of use and experimental studies also point to widespread homogeneity in the use of number words. Yet linguistic typology and field documentation reports caution against positing a privileged linguistic category for number words, showing a wealth of variation in how number words are encoded across the world. In contrast with low-limit numbers, the higher numbers are characterized by a rapid and morphologically consistent pattern of expansion, and behave like grammatical phrasal units, following language-internal rules. Taken together, the evidence suggests that numbers are at the cross-roads of language history. For languages that do have productive and consistent number systems, numeralsonetofiveare among the most reliable available linguistic fossils of deep history, defying change yet still bearing the marks of the past, while higher numbers emerge as innovative tools looking to the future, derived using language-internal patterns and created to meet the needs of modern speakers.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Reconstructing prehistoric languages’.
A Pilot Study of Train-of-Four and Post-Tetanic Count Monitoring with the TetraGraph Electromyograph Compared to the TwitchView Monitor Electromyograph
Authors: Bussey Logan , Jelacic Srdjan , Togashi Kei , Bowdle Andrew 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundQuantitative twitch monitoring is recommended for avoiding residual neuromuscular blockade. Electromyograph twitch monitors are a form of quantitative twitch monitoring. The TwitchView electromyograph has been previously validated against “gold standard” mechanomyography, and may serve as a comparator for other monitors. We have previously shown that the GE electromyograph monitor overcounted twitches, frequently misinterpreting noise as a twitch. This is a pilot study to evaluate the performance of the TetraGraph electromyograph in comparison to the TwitchView electromyograph.MethodsTwitchView and TetraGraph electrodes were applied to opposite arms of patients prior to induction of anesthesia. Post-tetanic count, train-of-four count and train-of-four ratio were then measured approximately every 5 minutes during an unrestricted general anesthetic. Measurements were not made for 10 minutes following neuromuscular blocking drugs or reversal agents.ResultsEight patients were enrolled. The mean baseline train-of-four ratio was 1.02 (SD=0.04) for the TwitchView and 0.99 (SD=0.03) for the TetraGraph (p=0.22). Bland Altman analysis of all of the train-of-four ratio data found that average TwitchView train-of-four values were larger with a bias of 0.10. Train-of-four counts and train-of-four ratios were generally less when measured with TetraGraph than when measured with TwitchView.In 83% (209/253) of data pairs, the result from TetraGraph was less than the result from TwitchView and in 6% (16/253) of data pairs, the result from TetraGraph was greater than the result from TwitchView (p<0.0001). In 11% (28/253) of data pairs, the result from TetraGraph was the same as TwitchView [95%CI 7.35% 16.0%]. Evaluation of individual patient results confirmed the overall results. In some cases there were large discrepancies, such as 4 twitches reported by the TwitchView when the TetraGraph reported a post-tetanic count.ConclusionsUsers of the TetraGraph electromyograph should be aware that significant underestimation of post-tetanic-count, train-of-four count and train-of-four ratio may occur. This could result in administration of unnecessary reversal agents, excessive doses of reversal agents, or delay in extubation. We are undertaking a comparison of the TetraGraph monitor to mechanomyography to confirm the results of this pilot study.
Weekly SARS-CoV-2 screening of asymptomatic students and staff to guide and evaluate strategies for safer in-person learning
Authors: Doron Shira , Ingalls Robin R. , Beauchamp Anne , Boehm Jesse , Boucher Helen W. , Chow Linda H. , Corridan Linda , Goehringer Katey , Golenbock Doug , Larsen Liz , Lussier David , Testa Marcia , Ciaranello Andrea 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundData suggest that COVID-19 transmission in K-12 schools is uncommon, but few studies have confirmed this using widespread screening of asymptomatic individuals.ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence of asymptomatic COVID-19, document the frequency of in-school transmission, and confirm feasibility of widespread asymptomatic screening in schools.DesignProspective observational studySettingSingle mid-sized suburban school district including 10 schools and a central office.ParticipantsDistrict staff and studentsInterventionsAsymptomatic screening PCR for SARS-CoV-2MeasurementsConcurrent with a hybrid model and layered mitigation, weekly pooled testing of staff and secondary students was offered using saliva samples collected at home. Identification of >1 case in a school prompted investigation for possible in-school transmission. Staff and families were surveyed about satisfaction with the screening program.ResultsFrom weeks 1-18, rates of incident COVID-19 in the surrounding community rose steadily. Weekly staff and student screening identified 0-7 asymptomatic cases/week. In week 7, 5 cases were identified among staff who shared an office setting. Enhancements to mitigation strategies were undertaken. The proportion of survey respondents self-reporting comfort with in-person learning before versus after implementation of screening increased.LimitationsBecause screening testing was not mandatory, the results from the participating population might not represent the entire school community.ConclusionsIn this school district with layered mitigation measures, in-school transmission was rare. The program identified a cluster with in-school staff-to-staff transmission and spurred enhancement of safety strategies. A weekly COVID-19 screening program can provide critical data to inform mitigation efforts, and provides school-specific, current data to inform decisions about in-person learning models. Screening provided reassurance and identified asymptomatic cases.FundingThe Wellesley Education Foundation provided funding for the testing.
Older biological age is associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes: A cohort study in UK Biobank
Authors: Wang Qingning , Codd Veryan , Raisi-Estabragh Zahra , Musicha Crispin , Bountziouka Vasiliki , Kaptoge Stephen , Allara Elias , Angelantonio Emanuele Di , Butterworth Adam S. , Wood Angela M. , Thompson John R. , Petersen Steffen E , Harvey Nicholas C. , Danesh John N. , Samani Nilesh J. , Nelson Christopher P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundOlder chronological age is the most powerful risk factor for adverse coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) outcomes. It is uncertain, however, whether older biological age, as assessed by leucocyte telomere length (LTL), is also associated with COVID-19 outcomes.MethodsWe associated LTL values obtained from participants recruited into UK Biobank (UKB) during 2006-2010 with adverse COVID-19 outcomes recorded by 30 November 2020, defined as a composite of any of the following: hospital admission, need for critical care, respiratory support, or mortality. Using information on 131 LTL-associated genetic variants, we conducted exploratory Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses in UKB to evaluate whether observational associations might reflect cause-and-effect relationships.FindingsOf 6,775 participants in UKB who had tested positive for infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the community, there were 914 (13.5%) with adverse COVID-19 outcomes. The odds ratio (OR) for adverse COVID-19 outcomes was 1·17 (95% CI 1·05-1·31; P=0·004) per 1-SD shorter usual LTL, after adjustment for chronological age, sex and ethnicity. Similar ORs were observed in analyses that: adjusted for additional risk factors; disaggregated the composite outcome and reduced the scope for selection or collider bias. In MR analyses, the OR for adverse COVID-19 outcomes was directionally concordant but non-significant.InterpretationShorter LTL, indicative of older biological age, is associated with higher risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes, independent of several major risk factors for COVID-19 including chronological age. Further data are needed to determine whether this association reflects causality.FundingUK Medical Research Council, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and British Heart Foundation.
Psychosocial impact of the Covid-19 pandemic: Identification of most vulnerable populations
Authors: Farrés Judith , Ruiz José Luis , Mas José Manuel , Arias Lilibeth , Sarrias Maria-Rosa , Armengol Carolina , Cardona Pere-Joan , Muñoz-Moreno José A. , Vilaplana Miriam , Arranz Belén , Usall Judith , Serrano-Blanco Antoni , Vilaplana Cristina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the aim of analyzing the psychosocial impact of Covid-19 pandemic on society in general and health care workers in particular, we developed a 74-question survey questionnaire which was shared through social media. After analyzing 56,656 responses obtained during the first pandemic peak, the results showed an early and important negative impact on family finances, fear of working with Covid-19 patients and ethical issues related to Covid-19 care among healthcare workers (HCW). We have identified 7 target groups at higher risk of impaired mental health and susceptible to benefiting from an intervention: women, under 42 years of age, people with care burden, socio-economically deprived groups, people with unskilled or unqualified jobs, Covid-19 patients, and HCW working with Covid-19 patients. These results should encourage the active implementation of specific strategies to increase resilience in these groups and to prepare an adequate organizational response.Summary boxWhat is already known?Studies in small cohorts have reported an important impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the general population at several levelsAccording to previous studies in small cohorts, approximately 20% of the population suffered from impaired mental health status due to the pandemicWhat are the new findings?We have studied 56,656 survey questionnaires to assess the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on health status, family finances, habits, general health and mental health status, and ethics, especially in health care workersWe have identified 7 target groups susceptible to benefitting from an intervention, and which should be taken into account when designing new contention measures against the pandemicWhat do the new findings imply?The design and active implementation of interventions to build individual resilience, especially for the targeted populations described, and preparation of an appropriate organizational response are keyThe results obtained in this project could help local and national Governments to design or adjust coping measures against future outbreaks
Calculating absorption dose when X-ray irradiation modifies material quantity and chemistry
Authors: Berejnov Viatcheslav , Rubinstein Boris , Melo Lis G. A. , Hitchcock Adam P. 
Published: March 2021

X-ray absorption is a sensitive and versatile tool for chemical speciation. However, when high doses are used, the absorbed energy can change the composition, amount and structure of the native material, thereby changing the aspects of the absorption process on which speciation is based. How can one calculate the dose when X-ray irradiation affects the chemistry and changes the amount of the material? This paper presents an assumption-free approach which can retrieve from the experimental data all dose-sensitive parameters – absorption coefficients, composition (elemental molecular units), material densities – which can then be used to calculate accurate doses as a function of irradiation. This approach is illustrated using X-ray damage to a solid film of a perfluorosulfonic acid fluoropolymer in a scanning transmission soft X-ray microscope. This new approach is compared against existing dose models which calculate the dose by making simplifying assumptions regarding the material quantity, density and chemistry. While the detailed measurements used in this approach go beyond typical methods to experimental analytical X-ray absorption, they provide a more accurate quantitation of radiation dose, and help to understand mechanisms of radiation damage.
TVR cinemas: film prioritization and negotiation during crisis
Authors: Mittal Rajkumari , Sinha Parul 
Published: March 2021

Learning outcomes
Following are the learning outcomes: recognize the significance of project management as an integrated approach for managing projects in an unprecedented situation. Identify the issues related to managing contemporary projects such as shorter product life cycles, changing customer preferences and last-minute risks. Evaluate the role of sub-domains of project management such as project prioritization, project negotiation, project portfolio system, project risk assessment and management and project stakeholder management.

Case overview/synopsis
It is the year 2020, and the entire world is struggling to cope up with the crisis caused by the corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic. Normal life has come to a standstill. All industries have realized the significance of developing innovative strategies to move to the new normal situation. This case describes the plight of TVR Cinemas, a business vertical of Tiya Group, which caters to the business of production and distribution of Bollywood and Hollywood movies in India. With the lock-down of the Indian subcontinent, the multiplex business is badly hurt. With new norms of sanitation, social distancing, and a ‘stay home stay safe policy’ the company has to devise new ways to sustain in the market. This case invites students to put themselves in the shoes of the company project manager, Mr. Ramchandani, to provide recommendations about deciding ways to release seven pipe-lined Bollywood movie projects, deciding on the appropriate over-the-top (OTT) partner for tie-ups, and devising strategic steps to recover the reputation of the company by launching an OTT platform themselves.

Complexity academic level
The case is useful for introducing basics of project management along with decision making for projects in an uncertain situation. This case can be used for the students of undergraduate/postgraduate/executive level across the modules of project management/project risk management and negotiation management.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 9: Operations and logistics.
The role of Muslim women in managing the family during crisis: corona pandemic as a model
Authors: Fawaris Haifa F. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
This study aims to clarify the role of Muslim women in managing their families during the corona pandemic crisis. To achieve this aim, the researcher applied the descriptive and analytical approach.

Design/methodology/approach
The Muslim women have had a prominent position consistent with the physical, psychological and mental characteristics that Allah has created them. This status is shown by: affirming their rights in all areas of life; affirming everything that preserved the dignity of women before Islam; and correcting all the conditions that detracted their dignity before the advent of Islam and making them responsible in public Islamic life on the level of: preserving Islam, spreading the Islamic call and achieving the civilization advancement of the Muslim nation.

Findings
The study resulted in many significant results. The most important one of the study results was that, in the context of woman rights and responsibilities she had assumed in Islam, the Muslim woman had a prominent position in Islam. In addition, the mother in the Muslim family had a significant role as a leader, who is capable of managing the family in corona crisis and supporting family members in all aspects such as faith, intellectual endeavors, psychological, social and health, so that they are real leaders.

Originality/value
The study recommends carrying out educational studies that identify and show the role of institutions other than the family in managing emergency crises.
Transdisciplinary sport and physical activity development in urban real-world labs
Authors: Wäsche Hagen , Beecroft Richard , Trenks Helena , Seebacher Andreas , Parodi Oliver 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to present a research approach that can contribute to a sustainable development of urban spaces for sports and physical activity, comprising theoretical reflections and directions for applied research.Design/methodology/approachThis research builds on an urban real-world lab in a city district. It is based on principles of transdisciplinary research and intense processes of participation.FindingsFive projects with regard to sport and physical activity development were implemented. The projects resulted in exchange and learning of citizens and other stakeholders as well as transformations of the social and built environment.Research limitations/implicationsInstead of top-down research and planning this approach enables bottom-up processes in which affected citizens and stakeholders can contribute to sport and physical activity development.Practical implicationsThe approach can help to integrate sport and physical activity development and transformative processes of sustainable development in urban areas.Social implicationsThrough participation and involvement, citizens can be empowered and social capital can be generated.Originality/valueUrban real-world labs are a new approach for sport and physical activity development. This approach opens up the possibility to include sport and physical activity development in processes of city development. Hence, urban real-world labs are able to address an integrated urban and sport development process and can be used for city marketing purposes.
Effects of an integrated intervention program for alcoholism (IIPA) on learning, memory and quality of life (QOL) in persons with alcohol dependence at the Centre for Addiction Medicine, Bengaluru, India
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Kumar Keshav J. , Benegal Vivek , Roopesh Bangalore N. , Ravi Girikematha S. 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThis study aims to examine the effectiveness of an integrated intervention program for alcoholism (IIPA) for improving verbal encoding and memory, visuospatial construction, visual memory and quality of life (QoL) in persons with alcohol dependence.Design/methodology/approachThe sample comprised treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent persons (n = 50), allotted into two groups: (1) the treatment as usual (TAU) group (n = 25) and (2) the treatment group (n = 25)]. The groups were matched on age (±1 year) and education (±1 year). The TAU group received standard pharmacological treatment, psychotherapeutic sessions on relapse prevention and yoga for 18 days, while the treatment group received IIPA sessions in addition to the usual treatment. Auditory verbal learning test, complex figure test and QoL scale were administered at pre- and post-treatment along with screening measures.FindingsThe two groups were comparable on demographic variables, clinical characteristics and outcome measures at baseline. Pre- to post-treatment changes (gain scores) comparison between the treatment and TAU groups revealed a significant difference in verbal encoding, verbal and visual memory, verbal recognition, visuospatial construction and QoL.Research limitations/implicationsThis study suggests that IIPA is effective for improving learning and memory in both modality (verbal and visual) and QoL in persons with alcoholism. The IIPA may help in better treatment recovery.Practical implicationsThe IIPA may help in treatment for alcoholism and may enhance treatment efficacy.Originality/valueIIPA is effective for improving learning and memory in both modalities and QoL in persons with alcohol dependence. The IIPA may help in better treatment recovery.
Intergenerational health impact of adverse environment in utero under civil conflict: evidence from Cambodia
Authors: Matsushima Midori 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThis study aims to empirically examine how the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979) in Cambodia continues to affect the health of the second generation.Design/methodology/approachThe 2000 and 2005 Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys were used in the analysis. The study sample were women with a child/children in 2000/2005. The sample population was identified according to whether the person was in utero “91 months or earlier before the Khmer Rouge regime,” “46–90 months before the Khmer Rouge regime” and “1–45 months before the Khmer Rouge regime” and during the Khmer Rouge regime. The authors then regressed the size of babies of the targeted population on the timing of the mothers being in utero.FindingsMothers who were in utero during the regime had a higher likelihood of giving birth to smaller-than-average babies. Additionally, mothers born in the areas that had a higher probability of death of children aged five or under during the regime were at risk of giving birth to smaller-than-average babies if they were in utero during that time.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to assess the impact of the Khmer Rouge regime on the health of the second generation.