bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress priming affects fungal competition ‐ evidence from a combined experimental and modelling study
Authors: Wesener Felix , Szymczak Aleksandra , Rillig Matthias C. , Tietjen Britta 
Published: February 2021

SummaryPriming, an inducible stress defence strategy that prepares an organism for an impending stress event, is common in microbes and has been studied mostly in isolated organisms or populations. How the benefits of priming change in the microbial community context and, vice versa, whether priming influences competition between organisms, remain largely unknown. In this study, we grew different isolates of soil fungi that experienced heat stress in isolation and pairwise competition experiments and assessed colony extension rate as a measure of fitness under priming and non‐priming conditions. Based on this data, we developed a cellular automaton model simulating the growth of the ascomycete Chaetomium angustispirale competing against other fungi and systematically varied fungal response traits to explain similarities and differences observed in the experimental data. We showed that competition changes the priming benefit compared with isolated growth and that it can even be reversed depending on the competitor's traits such as growth rate, primeability and stress susceptibility. With this study, we transfer insights on priming from studies in isolation to competition between species. This is an important step towards understanding the role of inducible defences in microbial community assembly and composition.
Nitrous oxide versus lidocaine versus no analgesic for in‐office hysteroscopy: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Solano Calvo JA , del Valle Rubido C , Rodríguez‐Miguel A , de Abajo FJ , Delgado Espeja JJ , González Hinojosa J , Fernández Muñoz L , Zapico Goñi Á 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of inhaled nitrous oxide (INO) on pain control during in‐office hysteroscopy with 1% lidocaine paracervical infiltration and no analgesic.DesignSingle‐blind stratified randomised clinical trial with masked assessment by a third party.SettingDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in a Spanish hospital.PopulationWomen who underwent hysteroscopy.MethodsPatients were stratified into three groups according to the purpose of the hysteroscopy (biopsy, polypectomy or tubal sterilisation) and then assigned to different treatment groups through a permuted‐blocks randomisation within strata. Pain scale was provided by a gynaecologist totally blinded to procedures and treatments. Effects were assessed using a one‐way analysis of variance following an intention‐to‐treat approach.Main outcome measuresVisual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 100 mm.ResultsA total of 314 women were included: 105 to INO, 104 to 1% lidocaine and 105 to no analgesic. Baseline characteristics were comparable. Mean VAS score after the procedure was 34.7 ± 25.8 mm, 36.1 ± 22.9 mm (P = 1.0) and 47.3 ± 28.2 mm (P = 0.001) for INO, 1% lidocaine and no analgesic, respectively. No adverse events were reported in 91 (86.7%) patients in the INO group compared with 79 (76%) in the 1%‐lidocaine group (P = 0.04) and 85 (81%) in the no‐analgesic group (P = 0.26).ConclusionINO was as effective as 1% lidocaine in pain control for in‐office hysteroscopy and was better tolerated. The no‐analgesic group presented the poorer results, so was the least recommended clinical option.
Obstetric anal sphincter injury after episiotomy in vacuum extraction: an epidemiological study using an emulated randomised trial approach
Authors: Ankarcrona V , Zhao H , Jacobsson B , Brismar Wendel S 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo emulate a randomised controlled trial investigating whether lateral or mediolateral episiotomy compared with no episiotomy reduces the prevalence of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) in nulliparous women delivered with vacuum extraction.DesignA population‐based observational study.SettingSweden.Population63 654 nulliparous women delivered with vacuum extraction derived from the Swedish Medical Birth Register 2000–2011, with a live singleton baby with no known malformations in cephalic presentation in gestational week ≥34+0, and subject to lateral or mediolateral episiotomy or no episiotomy.MethodsThe effect of episiotomy was calculated using a causal doubly robust estimation method based on propensity scores. Results are presented as the average treatment effect and numbers needed to treat (NNT).Main outcome measuresOASIS (third‐ and fourth‐degree perineal injury) in nulliparous women delivered with vacuum extraction.ResultsEpisiotomy was associated with a reduction in OASIS from 15.5% to 11.8%, average treatment effect of –3.66% (95% CI −4.31 to −3.01) and NNT 27. Third‐degree perineal injuries were reduced from 14.0% to 10.9% (−3.08, 95% CI −3.71 to −2.42) with NNT 32. Fourth‐degree perineal injuries were reduced from 1.6% to 1.0 % (−0.58%, 95% CI −0.79 to −0.37) with NNT 172.ConclusionsLateral or mediolateral episiotomy reduced the prevalence of OASIS in nulliparous women delivered with vacuum extraction, compared to women with no episiotomy.Tweetable abstractTo prevent one case of OASIS in first‐time mothers delivered with vacuum, 27 episiotomies had to be performed.
Prescription medication use by emergency department doctors to improve work and academic performance, and to manage stress and anxiety
Authors: Eggink Karin M , Taylor Simone E , Judkins Simon , Taylor David McD 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine medications used by ED doctors to improve work and academic performance, and to manage stress and anxiety.MethodsWe undertook an online, voluntary, anonymous survey of ACEM fellows and trainees.ResultsOne hundred and thirty‐nine (46.5%) respondents used a medication under examination. Sleep aids included melatonin (19.1% of respondents) and benzodiazepines (8.7%). Medications to improve performance included modafinil (4.7%), pseudoephedrine (2.0%), melatonin (2.0%) and beta blockers (1.3%). Some medications were taken prior to shifts. Medications to manage stress and anxiety included benzodiazepines (3.0%) and beta blockers (2.0%).ConclusionMedication use is common and support for some doctors may be required.
A chromosome‐level assembly of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a genomic resource to study beetle and invasion biology
Authors: Chen Mengyao , Mei Yang , Chen Xu , Chen Xi , Xiao Da , He Kang , Li Qiang , Wu Mengmeng , Wang Su , Zhang Fan , Li Fei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), is a well‐known model organism for genetic studies and is also a well‐studied natural enemy used for pest control. It became an invasive species after being introduced to North America and Europe as a pest control agent. Though two genome assemblies for this insect have been previously reported, a high‐quality genome assembly at the chromosome level is still not available. Here, we obtained a new chromosome‐level genome assembly of H. axyridis by combining various sequencing technologies, namely Illumina short reads, PacBio long reads, 10X Genomics and Hi‐C. The chromosome‐level genome assembly is 423 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 45.92 Mb. Using Hi‐C data 1,897 scaffolds were anchored to eight chromosomes. A total of 730,068 repeat sequences were identified, making up 51.2% of the assembled genome. After masking these repeat sequences, we annotated 22,810 protein‐encoding genes. The X chromosome and Y‐linked scaffolds were also identified by resequencing male and female genomes and calculating the male to female coverage ratios. Two gene families associated with environmental adaptation, odorant receptor and cytochrome P450, were analysed and showed no obvious expansion in H. axyridis. We successfully constructed a putative biosynthesis pathway of harmonine, a defence compound in the haemolymph of H. axyridis, which is a key factor for H. axyridis strong immunity. The chromosome‐level genome assembly of H. axyridis is a helpful resource for studies of beetle biology and invasive biology.
Panoramic: A package for constructing eukaryotic pan‐genomes
Authors: Glick Lior , Mayrose Itay 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe study of intraspecific genomic variation in eukaryotic species has been the focus of numerous genome resequencing projects in recent years. One emerging approach for the analysis of intraspecific diversity uses the concept of a pan‐genome, which theoretically represents the full set of genomic sequences and coding genes from all individuals of a given species. This approach has many advantages over reference‐based methods and has been successfully applied to study both prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. However, the process of pan‐genome construction still presents considerable scientific and technical challenges, especially for eukaryotic species with large and complex genomes. Although general approaches for the construction of pan‐genomes have been devised, currently available software tools implement only certain modules of the entire computational procedure. Therefore, each pan‐genome project requires the development of tailored analysis pipelines, thus complicating and prolonging the process and impairing research reproducibility and comparison across studies. Here, we present Panoramic, a software package for the automatic construction of eukaryotic pan‐genomes. Panoramic takes raw sequencing reads as input and applies two alternative approaches for pan‐genome construction. Panoramic makes pan‐genome construction a considerably easier task by providing simple user interface and efficient data processing algorithms. We demonstrate the use of Panoramic by constructing the pan‐genome of the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana from sequencing data of 20 diverse ecotypes.
Genome insights give cause for optimism in the ongoing battle to save the vaquita
Authors: Whibley Annabel 
Published: February 2021

Whilst the global threat to biodiversity is accelerating, recent advances in sequencing and assembly technologies, along with decreasing costs, are ushering in a golden age for biodiversity genomics. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Morin et al. report an exceptionally high‐quality draft genome assembly of the vaquita (Phocoena sinus), a porpoise first described in 1958 and currently numbering fewer than 20 individuals in the wild. On the brink of extinction and described as critically endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), a precipitous population decline since the 1990 s has been due to bycatch in gillnets in the Upper Gulf of California.
Social norms as a predictor of smoking uptake among youth: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression of prospective cohort studies
Authors: East Katherine , McNeill Ann , Thrasher James F. , Hitchman Sara C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsSocial norms towards smoking are a key concept in tobacco control policy and research. However, the influence and strength of different types of social norms on youth smoking uptake is unclear. This study aimed to examine, quantify and compare evidence of the longitudinal associations between different types of social norms towards smoking and youth smoking uptake (initiation and escalation).MethodsSystematic review searching four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL) from January 1998 to October 2020. Evidence synthesis via narrative review, meta‐analysis pooling unadjusted associations (initiation only, due to heterogeneity in escalation outcomes) and meta‐regression comparing effect sizes by norm type and study characteristics. Studies included observational prospective cohort studies using survey methodology with youth aged ≤24 years. Measurements included longitudinal associations between descriptive norms (perceived smoking behaviour) and injunctive norms (perceived approval/disapproval of smoking) among social network(s) and subsequent smoking initiation or escalation.ResultsThirty articles were identified. In the narrative review, smoking initiation (but not escalation) was consistently predicted by two norms: parental and close friend smoking. Associations between smoking uptake and other descriptive norms (smoking among siblings, family/household, partner, peers, adults) and all injunctive norms (perceived approval of smoking among parents, siblings, close friends/peers, partner, teachers, people important to you, the public) were less consistent or inconclusive. In the meta‐analysis pooling unadjusted associations, 17 articles were included (n = 27 767). Smoking initiation was predicted by the following descriptive norms: smoking among parents [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.88, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.56–2.28], close friends (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.99–3.23), siblings (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.93–3.08), family/household (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.36–1.76) and adults (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.02–1.75), but not peers (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.92–1.42). Smoking initiation was also predicted by two injunctive norms, perceived approval of smoking among parents (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.27–2.38) and the public (OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 3.21–6.49), but not close friends/peers (OR = 2.36, 95% CI = 0.86–6.53) or people important to the individual (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.98–1.58).ConclusionsIn this systematic review (narrative and meta‐analysis), descriptive norms of parents’ and close friends’ smoking behaviour appeared to be consistent predictors of youth smoking initiation, more so than the descriptive norms of more distal social networks and injunctive norms.
Pathogenesis of uteroplacental acute atherosis: An update on current research
Authors: Li Shu , Hu Yan‐Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUteroplacental acute atherosis is a type of arterial vascular disease that affects the placenta during pregnancy and predominates in the maternal spiral arteries in the decidua basalis layer of the pregnant uterus. This condition is characterized by fibrin‐like necrosis of the blood vessel walls, the accumulation of macrophages containing fat (foam cells), and the infiltration of macrophages around blood vessels. Uteroplacental acute atherosis is rare in normal pregnancy but occurs more frequently in patients with pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia, spontaneous preterm labor, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, mid‐trimester spontaneous abortion, fetal death, and small‐for‐gestational age. It is believed that the mechanisms underlying the development of uteroplacental acute atherosis are related to the incomplete physiological transformation of spiral arteries, placental inflammation, abnormal lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. In this review, we describe the pathogenesis of uteroplacental acute atherosis to provide reference guidelines for the future prevention and treatment of uteroplacental acute atherosclerotic disease.
Translating antenatal magnesium sulphate neuroprotection for infants born <28 weeks' gestation into practice: A geographical cohort study
Authors: Doyle Lex W. , Spittle Alicia J. , Olsen Joy E. , Kwong Amanda , Boland Rosemarie A. , Lee Katherine J. , Anderson Peter J. , Cheong Jeanie L. Y. ,   for the Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundMagnesium sulphate was introduced for fetal neuroprotection in Australia in 2010. The aim of this study was to determine how often antenatal magnesium sulphate is used currently and its association with cerebral palsy in children born <28 weeks' gestation.Materials and MethodsParticipants comprised all survivors born <28 weeks' gestational age in the state of Victoria in 2016‐17, and earlier, in 1991‐92, 1997, 2005. Rates of cerebral palsy, diagnosed at two years for the 2016‐17 cohort, and at eight years in the earlier cohorts, were compared across eras. Within 2016‐17, the proportions of children exposed to antenatal magnesium sulphate were determined, and rates of cerebral palsy were compared between those with and without exposure to magnesium sulphate.ResultsOverall, cerebral palsy was present in 6% (11/171) of survivors born in 2016‐17, compared with 12% (62/499) of survivors born in the three earlier eras (odds ratio (OR) 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25–0.94; P = 0.032). Data were available for 213/215 (99%) survivors born in 2016‐17, of whom 147 (69%) received magnesium sulphate. Data on cerebral palsy at two years were available for 171 (80%) survivors with magnesium data. Cerebral palsy was present in 5/125 (4%) children exposed to magnesium sulphate and in 6/46 (13%) of those not exposed (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.08–0.96; P = 0.043).ConclusionsAntenatal magnesium sulphate is being translated into clinical practice for infants born <28 weeks' gestation, but there is room for improvement. It is associated with lower rates of cerebral palsy in survivors.
Trans‐urethral snare stent removal: a novel, self‐constructed innovation for simultaneous ureteral stent removal and safety guidewire insertion
Authors: Adam Ahmed , Bhattu Amit S. , Lawrentschuk Nathan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundUreteral stent insertion and subsequent removal remains one of the most common procedures performed in endourology. We aimed to evaluate a novel, one‐step method, permitting simultaneous stent removal and guidewire passage using a self‐constructed suture snare via standard cystoscopy. This method should be used prior to ureteroscopy, in cases of minimal stent encrustation and peri‐ureteral mucosal oedema, where identification and subsequent cannulation of the ureteral orifice may be a challenge.MethodsA self‐constructed suture snare is constructed using an open‐ended ureteral catheter to facilitate this novel ‘Switch’ technique. Operative duration, cost feasibility and potential complications with this novel method were assessed in patients with an indwelling stent duration above 100 days.ResultsAge inclusion in this study ranged from 21 to 35 years, with kidney, ureter and bladder scores below 6, in the five patients assessed. Previous ureteral stent indwelling time ranged from 106 to 315 days. Reasons for (pre‐stented) ureteroscopy were mostly stone related. The overall recorded procedure time for the Switch technique was successfully performed in less than 96 s (range 68–95 s) in all cases within this series. No procedure‐related complications were reported.ConclusionUtilizing the suture snare, the novel Switch technique was successfully performed in all cases assessed. This method is both time and cost feasible and could be easily utilized in resource‐limited areas, regional centres or in cases where a stent grasper is not available, may have malfunctioned or cannot adequately approximate due to distal ureteral stent encrustation.
Thirty years of mirena: A story of innovation and change in women’s healthcare
Authors: Gemzell‐Danielsson Kristina , Kubba Ali , Caetano Cecilia , Faustmann Thomas , Lukkari‐Lax Eeva , Heikinheimo Oskari 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince its introduction in 1990, the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) has played a key role in shaping the healthcare landscape of women. Here we explore the development of the first LNG‐IUS (Mirena®) and the early clinical trials that demonstrated its potential. We highlight the contraceptive and therapeutic benefits of Mirena®, and discuss how clinical practice has been changed since the introduction of LNG‐IUS and other long‐acting reversible contraceptive methods. The history of Mirena® is rich in innovation and has also paved the way to the development of smaller intrauterine systems with lower hormone doses. Along with Mirena®, these newer LNG‐IUS contribute to improving contraceptive choices for women, allowing them to select the option that is right for them and that meets their needs no matter their age, parity or circumstances.
Norwegian parents avoid placing infants in prone sleeping positions but frequently share beds in hazardous ways
Authors: Osberg Silje , Kalstad Trine Giving , Stray‐Pedersen Arne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimCampaigns to prevent prone sleeping and other modifiable risk factors have greatly reduced the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in Norway. Sleep‐related infant deaths still occur sporadically and may be preventable. We studied infants’ sleeping environments and whether parents followed safe sleep recommendations.MethodsParents with infants up to 12 months of age were invited to complete an online questionnaire from May to December 2018. It was publicised by health centres and on websites and social media.ResultsWe received 4886 responses and 4150 met the age criteria and were included. Just under two‐thirds (62.7%) reported routine bed‐sharing, and this practice was associated with increased nocturnal breastfeeding, single parents and having more than one child. A small number of infants under six months were occasionally placed prone when they were laid down to sleep (2.1%) and 29.7% were placed on their side. Nearly three‐quarters (72.6%) of the 2330 parents with infants under six months of age reported previous high‐risk behaviour, such as sleeping together on a sofa or bed‐sharing after smoking or drinking.ConclusionNorwegian parents rarely used prone sleeping positions for infants. However, bed‐sharing was common, including high‐risk scenarios such as smoking, alcohol use and sofas.
Role of oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) protein in megakaryocyte maturation, platelet production and functions: a study in patients with Lowe syndrome
Authors: Egot Marion , Lasne Dominique , Poirault‐Chassac Sonia , Mirault Tristan , Pidard Dominique , Dreano Elise , Elie Caroline , Gandrille Sophie , Marchelli Aurore , Baruch Dominique , Rendu John , Fauré Julien , Flaujac Claire , Gratacap Marie‐Pierre , Sié Pierre , Gaussem Pascale , Salomon Rémi , Baujat Geneviève , Bachelot‐Loza Christilla 
Published: February 2021

SummaryLowe syndrome (LS) is an oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL1) genetic disorder resulting in a defect of the OCRL protein, a phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 5‐phosphatase containing various domains including a Rho GTPase‐activating protein (RhoGAP) homology domain catalytically inactive. We previously reported surgery‐associated bleeding in patients with LS, suggestive of platelet dysfunction, accompanied with a mild thrombocytopenia in several patients. To decipher the role of OCRL in platelet functions and in megakaryocyte (MK) maturation, we conducted a case‐control study on 15 patients with LS (NCT01314560). While all had a drastically reduced expression of OCRL, this deficiency did not affect platelet aggregability, but resulted in delayed thrombus formation on collagen under flow conditions, defective platelet spreading on fibrinogen and impaired clot retraction. We evidenced alterations of the myosin light chain phosphorylation (P‐MLC), with defective Rac1 activity and, inversely, elevated active RhoA. Altered cytoskeleton dynamics was also observed in cultured patient MKs showing deficient proplatelet extension with increased P‐MLC that was confirmed using control MKs transfected with OCRL‐specific small interfering(si)RNA (siOCRL). Patients with LS also had an increased proportion of circulating barbell‐shaped proplatelets. Our present study establishes that a deficiency of the OCRL protein results in a defective actomyosin cytoskeleton reorganisation in both MKs and platelets, altering both thrombopoiesis and some platelet responses to activation necessary to ensure haemostasis.