bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Based on the Georgia road tunnel slope location optimization
Authors: Zhang Xiaowei , Di Chen , Wang Fuhua , Wang Yetao , Liu Zhen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to maintain the stability of the mountain under the premise of reducing the cost in the tunnel construction, to Georgia highway and tunnel as an example, put forward in the process of excavation of tunnel, in the case of guarantee the stability of the mountain, reduce the excavated volume of the mountain, the mountain slope forward 4 m, and using numerical analysis software MIDAS to two kinds of schemes are numerically simulated, compared to the original plan and put forward solution two kinds of working conditions of the mountain slope ground stress, stress and settlement of slope of tunnel lining first. The numerical simulation results show that after the mountain slope is moved forward, the peak value of ground stress of the mountain decreases, the shear stress of the initial lining decreases, and the slope settlement is basically the same as the original plan. Generally speaking, the settlement value of the vault decreases, and the uplift value of the arch bottom increases by 2mm. Therefore, in future tunnel construction, according to the corresponding geological conditions, the slope can be appropriately moved in front of the mountain to reduce the amount of mountain excavation and save costs.
Research on the Influence of Rainfall Weather on Urban Road Characteristics
Authors: Li Menghan , Li Wei , Wang Heng , Wang Zhenfeng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to ensure the high-quality operation of urban traffic, the impact of rainfall on urban road characteristics was studied. Taking Zhengzhou as an example, the traffic volume, headway time and vehicle start loss time under different rainfall were counted. By studying the mechanism of the basic capacity and actual capacity of roads affected by rainfall, the changes in the degree of impact of rainfall on roads and other traffic environments are determined.
Study on Traffic Status and Carbon Emission of Urban Transport in Beijing
Authors: Fang Hai , Bian Li 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
At present, most of the literatures on transportation carbon emissions in China are to calculate the total amount of transportation carbon emissions. There are few literatures on carbon emission of specific transportation mode. There are few literatures on the calculation and analysis of urban traffic carbon emissions in Beijing. The historical data in these documents are very early, which can not effectively evaluate the current situation of urban transport in Beijing. Firstly, this paper analyzes the travel situation of Beijing residents in recent years. Then, based on the average daily passenger traffic volume and travel share rate of Beijing residents, a statistical model of urban transport vehicle energy consumption is established. Finally, the carbon emission of Beijing passenger transport is estimated.
Fire, water, and biodiversity in the Sierra Nevada: a possible triple win
Authors: Stephens Scott L , Thompson Sally , Boisramé Gabrielle , Collins Brandon M , Ponisio Lauren C , Rakhmatulina Ekaterina , Steel Zachary L , Stevens Jens T , van Wagtendonk Jan W , Wilkin Kate 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Reducing the risk of large, severe wildfires while also increasing the security of mountain water supplies and enhancing biodiversity are urgent priorities in western US forests. After a century of fire suppression, Yosemite and Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks located in California’s Sierra Nevada initiated programs to manage wildfires and these areas present a rare opportunity to study the effects of restored fire regimes. Forest cover decreased during the managed wildfire period and meadow and shrubland cover increased, especially in Yosemite’s Illilouette Creek basin that experienced a 20% reduction in forest area. These areas now support greater pyrodiversity and consequently greater landscape and species diversity. Soil moisture increased and drought-induced tree mortality decreased, especially in Illilouette where wildfires have been allowed to burn more freely resulting in a 30% increase in summer soil moisture. Modeling suggests that the ecohydrological co-benefits of restoring fire regimes are robust to the projected climatic warming. Support will be needed from the highest levels of government and the public to maintain existing programs and expand them to other forested areas.
Long-term success of low-frequency subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson’s disease depends on tremor severity and symptom duration
Authors: Vijiaratnam Nirosen , Girges Christine , Wirth Thomas , Grover Timothy , Preda Francesca , Tripoliti Elina , Foley Jennifer , Scelzo Emma , Macerollo Antonella , Akram Harith , Hyam Jonathan , Zrinzo Ludvic , Limousin Patricia , Foltynie Thomas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease can develop axial symptoms, including speech, gait and balance difficulties. Chronic high-frequency (&gt;100 Hz) deep brain stimulation can contribute to these impairments while low-frequency stimulation (&lt;100 Hz) may improve symptoms but only in some individuals. Factors predicting which patients benefit from low-frequency stimulation in the long term remain unclear. This study aims to confirm that low-frequency stimulation improves axial symptoms, and to go further to also explore which factors predict the durability of its effects. We recruited patients who developed axial motor symptoms while using high-frequency stimulation and objectively assessed the short-term impact of low-frequency stimulation on axial symptoms, other aspects of motor function and quality of life. A retrospective chart review was then conducted on a larger cohort to identify which patient characteristics were associated with not only the need to trial low-frequency stimulation, but also those which predicted its sustained use. Among 20 prospective patients, low-frequency stimulation objectively improved mean motor and axial symptom severity and quality of life in the short term. Among a retrospective cohort of 168 patients, those with less severe tremor and those in whom axial symptoms had emerged sooner after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation were more likely to be switched to and remain on long-term low-frequency stimulation. These data suggest that low-frequency stimulation results in objective mean improvements in overall motor function and axial symptoms among a group of patients, while individual patient characteristics can predict sustained long-term benefits. Longer follow-up in the context of a larger, controlled, double-blinded study would be required to provide definitive evidence of the role of low-frequency deep brain stimulation.
Central role of c-Src in NOX5- mediated redox signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells in human hypertension
Authors: Camargo Livia L , Montezano Augusto C , Hussain Misbah , Wang Yu , Zou Zhiguo , Rios Francisco J , Neves Karla B , Alves-Lopes Rheure , Awan Fazli R , Guzik Tomasz J , Jensen Thomas , Hartley Richard C , Touyz Rhian M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Aims
NOX-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mediators of signalling pathways implicated in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction in hypertension. Among the numerous redox-sensitive kinases important in VSMC regulation is c-Src. However, mechanisms linking NOX/ROS to c-Src are unclear, especially in the context of oxidative stress in hypertension. Here, we investigated the role of NOX-induced oxidative stress in VSMCs in human hypertension focusing on NOX5, and explored c-Src, as a putative intermediate connecting NOX5-ROS to downstream effector targets underlying VSMC dysfunction.

Methods and results
VSMC from arteries from normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) subjects were studied. NOX1,2,4,5 expression, ROS generation, oxidation/phosphorylation of signalling molecules, and actin polymerization and migration were assessed in the absence and presence of NOX5 (melittin) and Src (PP2) inhibitors. NOX5 and p22phox-dependent NOXs (NOX1–4) were down-regulated using NOX5 siRNA and p22phox-siRNA approaches. As proof of concept in intact vessels, vascular function was assessed by myography in transgenic mice expressing human NOX5 in a VSMC-specific manner. In HT VSMCs, NOX5 was up-regulated, with associated oxidative stress, hyperoxidation (c-Src, peroxiredoxin, DJ-1), and hyperphosphorylation (c-Src, PKC, ERK1/2, MLC20) of signalling molecules. NOX5 siRNA reduced ROS generation in NT and HT subjects. NOX5 siRNA, but not p22phox-siRNA, blunted c-Src phosphorylation in HT VSMCs. NOX5 siRNA reduced phosphorylation of MLC20 and FAK in NT and HT. In p22phox- silenced HT VSMCs, Ang II-induced phosphorylation of MLC20 was increased, effects blocked by melittin and PP2. NOX5 and c-Src inhibition attenuated actin polymerization and migration in HT VSMCs. In NOX5 transgenic mice, vascular hypercontractilty was decreased by melittin and PP2.

Conclusion
We define NOX5/ROS/c-Src as a novel feedforward signalling network in human VSMCs. Amplification of this system in hypertension contributes to VSMC dysfunction. Dampening the NOX5/ROS/c-Src pathway may ameliorate hypertension-associated vascular injury.
The negative association between skeletal muscle and fat mass wasting caused by oesophagectomy in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Peiyu , Liu Qi , Chen Xiankai , Liu Xianben , Li Yin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This prospective observational study aimed to investigate postoperative skeletal muscle and fat mass wasting and their clinical significance in oesophageal cancer patients undergoing minimally invasive McKeown oesophagectomy.

METHODS
Bioelectrical impedance analyses of body compositions were conducted before surgery and 1, 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. Curve-fitting analysis was used to describe the relationship between changes in the skeletal muscle mass index (ΔSMI) and fat mass index (ΔFMI). A logistic regression-based nomogram was established using the R tool.

RESULTS
Among the 78 patients, 74.4% were male, and the mean age was 64.8 [standard deviation (SD): 6.6] years. Decreased SMIs and FMIs were concentrated in the first 4 weeks after surgery, with proportions of −3.42% (SD: 4.58) and −17.7% (SD: 11.9), respectively. A negative relationship between ΔFMI and ΔSMI was detected by linear regression (coefficient −0.341, P &lt; 0.001). Based on the median ΔSMI to ΔFMI ratio (35.5%), 2 postoperative weight loss types were defined: SMI-dominated (SMDT) and FMI-dominated (FMDT) types. SMDT patients reported increased feeding-related problems, poorer functional status and more unhealthy symptoms than FMDT patients within 12 weeks after surgery. SMDT patients also showed poorer 2-year overall survival (71.1% vs 87.3%, P = 0.021) and disease-free survival (60.5% vs 84.9%, P = 0.032) than FMDT patients. A nomogram based on baseline and perioperative parameters was established to quantify postoperative SMDT and FMDT tendencies with good accuracy (C-index: 0.897).

CONCLUSIONS
The negative relationship between ΔFMI and ΔSMI indicated differentiated metabolism post-oesophagectomy. SMDT was associated with adverse therapeutic outcomes and warranted aggressive interventions.

Clinical registration number
The study protocol was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with the registration number ChiCTR1800018511.
17-α-Estradiol Has Sex-Specific Effects on Neuroinflammation That Are Partly Reversed by Gonadectomy
Authors: Debarba Lucas K , Jayarathne Hashan S M , Miller Richard A , Garratt Michael , Sadagurski Marianna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
17-α-Estradiol (17aE2) treatment from 4 months of age extends life span in male mice and can reduce neuroinflammatory responses in the hypothalamus of 12-month-old males. Although 17aE2 improves longevity in males, female mice are unaffected, suggesting a sexually dimorphic pattern of life-span regulation. We tested whether the sex-specific effects of 17aE2 on neuroinflammatory responses are affected by gonadal removal and whether hypothalamic changes extend to other brain regions in old age. We show that sex-specific effects of 17aE2 on age-associated gliosis are brain region specific and are partially dependent on gonadectomy. 17aE2 treatment started at 4 months of age protected 25-month-old males from hypothalamic inflammation. Castration before 17aE2 exposure reduced the effect of 17aE2 on hypothalamic astrogliosis in males. In contrast, sex-specific inhibition of microgliosis generated by 17aE2 was not significantly affected by castration. In the hippocampus, gonadectomy influenced the severity of gliosis and the responsiveness to 17aE2 in a region-dependent manner. The male-specific effects of 17aE2 correlate with increases in hypothalamic estrogen receptor alpha expression, specifically in gonadally intact males, consistent with the idea that 17aE2 might act through this receptor. Our results indicate that neuroinflammatory responses to 17aE2 are partially controlled by the presence of sex-specific gonads. Loss of gonadal function and age-associated neuroinflammation could, therefore, influence late-life health and disease onset, leading to sexual dimorphism in both aging and in response to drugs that modify the pace of aging.
Aztreonam/avibactam effect on pharmacodynamic indices for mutant selection ofEscherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniaeharbouring serine- and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases
Authors: Feng Kun , Jia Nan , Zhu Peijuan , Sy Serubbabel , Liu Yanfei , Dong Dandan , Zhu Shixing , Zhang Jiayuan , Liu Yuwei , Martins Frederico S , Gong Hugh , Lv Zhihua , Yu Mingming , Sy Sherwin K B , Zhu Yuanqi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesCeftazidime/avibactam is not active against MBL-producing bacteria. Combining ceftazidime/avibactam or avibactam with aztreonam can counter the resistance of MBL-producing Enterobacterales. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of avibactam could reduce or close the mutant selection window (MSW) of aztreonam in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae harbouring MBLs; MSW is a pharmacodynamic (PD) parameter for the selection of emergent resistant mutants.MethodsIn vitro susceptibility of 19 clinical isolates to ceftazidime/avibactam, aztreonam alone, and in co-administration (aztreonam/ceftazidime/avibactam and aztreonam/avibactam) was determined, as well as the mutant prevention concentration (MPC). The fraction of time within 24 h that the free drug concentration was within the MSW (fTMSW) and the fraction of time that the free drug concentration was above the MPC (fT&gt;MPC) in both plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were determined from simulations of 10 000 profiles. The joint PTA was used to derive a joint cumulative fraction of response (CFR).ResultsAll isolates were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam or aztreonam. Combining aztreonam and avibactam or ceftazidime/avibactam resulted in synergistic bactericidal activities against all isolates. Synergism was primarily due to the aztreonam/avibactam combination. For aztreonam/avibactam dosing regimens evaluated in clinical trials, fT&gt;MPC values were &gt;90% and &gt;80%, whereas fTMSW measures were &lt;10% and &lt;20% in plasma and ELF, respectively. The CFR was 100% for aztreonam/avibactam against the collection of clinical isolates.ConclusionsEffective antimicrobial combination optimized the PD parameters measuring selection for emergent mutants by increasing fT&gt;MPC and reducing fTMSW.
Cost-Sharing and Out-of-Pocket Cost for Women Who Received MRI for Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Pan I-Wen , Oeffinger Kevin C , Shih Ya-Chen Tina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The financial protection of the prevention provision of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) doesn’t apply to breast MRI but only to mammography for breast cancer screening. The purpose of the study is to examine the financial burden among women who received breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for screening.

Methods
This observational study used the Marketscan database. Women who underwent breast MRI between 2009 and 2017 and had screening mammography within 6 months of the MRI were included. We compared the time trend of the proportion of zero cost-share for women undergoing screening mammography and that for MRI. We quantified out-of-pocket (OOP) costs as the sum of copayment, coinsurance, and deductible and defined zero cost-share as having no OOP cost. We conducted multivariable logistic regression and 2-part model to examine factors associated with zero cost-share and OOP costs of MRI, respectively.

Results
During the study period, 16 341 women had a screening breast MRI. The proportion of screening MRI claims with zero cost-share decreased from 43.1% (2009) to 26.2% (2017). The adjusted mean OOP cost for women in high-deductible plans was more than twice the cost for their counterparts ($549 vs $251; 2-sided P &lt; .001). Women who resided in the South in the post–Affordable Care Act era were less likely to have zero cost-share and paid higher OOP costs for screening MRI.

Conclusions
Many women are subject to high financial burden when receiving MRI for breast cancer screening. Those enrolled in high-deductible plans and who reside in the South are especially vulnerable financially.
Selenomethionine alleviates LPS-induced JNK/NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent necroptosis by modulating miR-15a and oxidative stress in chicken lungs
Authors: Wang Bing , Cui Yuan , Zhang Qiaojian , Wang Shengchen , Xu Shiwen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Selenium (Se) was involved in many physiological processes in humans and animals. microRNAs (miRNAs) also played important roles in lung diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of miRNA in chicken lungs and the mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pneumonia remained unclear. To further study these mechanisms, we established a supplement of selenomethionine (SeMet) and/or LPS-treated chicken model and a cell model of LPS and/or high and low expression of miR-15a in chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cells. We detected the expression of some selenoproteins, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase1, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3), mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), miR-15a, and oxidative stress kits. Additionally, we observed the morphology of lungs by H.E. staining in vitro. The results indicated that necroptosis occurred in LPS-treated chicken and LMH cells. Moreover, LPS stimulation inhibited miR-15a, and increased the expression of JNK, NLRP3, caspase1, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. We also found that LPS treatment not only increased the content of H2O2 and MDA in the lungs but also increased the activities of iNOS and CAT and the content of GSH decreased. Conclusion: SeMet could reduce the oxidative damage and activate NLRP3 inflammasome reaction by stimulating miR-15a/JNK, thus reduced the pulmonary necroptosis induced by LPS.
New phenotypic synapomorphies delimit three molecular-based clades of New World direct-developing frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephaloidea)
Authors: Ospina-Sarria Jhon Jairo , Grant Taran 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBrachycephaloidea (composed of 1183 species) is the most diverse superfamily of amphibians. In recent years, molecular techniques utilizing genetic markers have significantly improved our understanding of the phylogeny of this superfamily. However, with the expansion of molecular techniques, phenotypic characters have received increasingly less attention. In an effort to highlight the contributions that phenotypic characters can make to understanding the phylogeny of Brachycephaloidea, we studied novel characters from pelvic and thigh musculature and digital discs on fingers. On this basis, we provide new phenotypic synapomorphies to recognize three clades previously recognized solely on the basis of DNA. The first two synapomorphies, related to the origins of the m. iliacus externus and m. tensor fasciae latae, diagnose Ceuthomantis and Phrynopus, respectively. The third synapomorphy, related to the relative size of the disc on finger I, diagnoses the Pristimantis conspicillatus species group, which is the largest species group within the species-rich genus Pristimantis. We conclude that phenotypic data are a valuable source of evidence in testing phylogenetic hypotheses of Brachycephaloidea and emphasize the need to reassess all phenotypic characters previously used in brachycephaloid taxonomy to delimit them objectively as transformation series and include them in total evidence analyses.
New insights into the systematics ofLumbricillusandMarionina(Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) inferred from Southern Hemisphere samples, including three new species
Authors: Klinth Mårten J , Rota Emilia , Martinsson Svante , Prantoni Alessandro L , Erséus Christer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnchytraeid worms collected in South Africa and on the Marion, South Orkney, South Georgia and South Shetland Islands during 2008–2015 were studied using morphology and seven genetic markers. Nine species were recognized: one terrestrial (Christensenidrilus blocki) and all the others marine littoral (five Lumbricillus and three Marionina s.s.). An estimated phylogeny including other enchytraeids from the Northern Hemisphere, many of which are members of Lumbricillus and some representing Marionina s.l., confirmed a non-monophyletic Lumbricillus, with some of its current species closely related to Grania or Marionina s.s. The phylogeny also corroborated a non-monophyletic Marionina s.l., with Marionina s.s. closely related to Grania and Lumbricillus s.l., but not to the remaining sequenced ‘Marionina’ or to Ch. blocki. These results provide a long-needed starting point for a revision of both Marionina and Lumbricillus. We provide morphological descriptions of all nine species, three of which are new to science: Lumbricillus finisafricae sp. nov., Lumbricillus nivalis sp. nov., and Marionina fusca sp. nov. Comments on three related species of Marionina s.s. based on re-examined type material are also provided.
Embracing Change: Online Quality Assurance and Faculty Satisfaction
Authors: Nininger Jami , Abbott Miriam 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Despite the accepted and evolutionary presence of online delivery in the higher education context, the quality of online nursing education continues to be scrutinized. Quality assurance initiatives place increased demands on the faculty community and may be perceived by faculty as excessive institutional control. Leveraging tools such as professional development, templates, and peer auditors, one program met quality assurance standards. Associated with the program’s quality assurance process, an analysis of student evaluations and faculty surveys indicates improved teaching efficacy and faculty satisfaction with courses.