bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimerization of small G-protein H-Ras induced by chemical modification at hyper variable region with caged compound
Authors: Nahar Rufiat , Iwata Seigo , Morita Daiki , Tahara Yuhei , Sugimoto Yasunobu , Miyata Makoto , Maruta Shinsaku 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The lipid-anchored small G protein Ras is a central regulator of cellular signal transduction processes, thereby functioning as a molecular switch. Ras forms a nanocluster on the plasma membrane by modifying lipids in the hypervariable region (HVR) at the C-terminus to exhibit physiological functions. In this study, we demonstrated that chemical modification of cysteine residues in HVR with caged compounds (instead of lipidation) induces multimerization of H-Ras. The sulfhydryl-reactive caged compound, 2-nitrobenzyl bromide, was stoichiometrically incorporated into the cysteine residue of HVR and induced the formation of the Ras multimer. Light irradiation induced the elimination of the 2-nitrobenzyl group, resulting in the conversion of the multimer to a monomer. Size-exclusion chromatography coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and small-angle x-ray scattering analysis revealed that H-Ras forms a pentamer. Electron microscopic observation of the multimer showed a circular ring shape, which is consistent with the structure estimated from x-ray scattering. The shape of the multimer may reflect the physiological state of Ras. It was suggested that the multimerization and monomerization of H-Ras were controlled by modification with a caged compound in HVR under light irradiation.
A Target Site Mutation Associated With Diamide Insecticide Resistance in the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is Widespread in South Georgia and Florida Populations
Authors: Dunn Thomas P ‘Sam’ , Champagne Donald E , Riley David G , Smith Hugh , Bennett John E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Laboratory colonies of diamondback moth (DBM) larvae were established from larvae collected from four sites in Georgia and Florida where diamide, specifically chlorantraniliprole, insecticide resistance was recently documented. Based on dose–response experiments, these colonies exhibited 109- to 4,298-fold resistance to chlorantraniliprole, compared to a commercially available susceptible control colony. Colonies exhibited 50- to 107-fold resistance to another diamide, cyantraniliprole, based on similar dose–response experiments. All colonies were screened for the presence of four known mutations in the ryanodine receptor (RyR), the target of diamide insecticides, previously associated with resistance in Asian DBM populations. One mutation, G4946E, was identified in colonies from all four field sites, but not the susceptible control colony. Three additional RyR target site mutations, E1338D, Q4594L, and I4790M, were not identified in any of the screened samples. The estimated allele frequency of the G4946E mutation in these colonies ranged from 32 to 90%. These data are consistent with recently reported chlorantraniliprole control failures in Georgia and Florida. It is likely that the G4946E mutation is currently an important contributing factor to chlorantraniliprole resistance in Georgia and Florida DBM populations.
Essential Oil ofRosmarinus officinalisEcotypes and Their Major Compounds: Insecticidal and Histological Assessment AgainstDrosophila suzukiiand Their Impact on a Nontarget Parasitoid
Authors: Trombin de Souza Michele , Trombin de Souza Mireli , Bernardi Daniel , Oliveira Daiana da Costa , Morais Maíra Chagas , de Melo Douglas José , Richardi Vinicius Sobrinho , Zarbin Paulo Henrique Gorgatti , Zawadneak Maria Aparecida Cassilha 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEssential oils (EOs) produced by plants in the Lamiaceae family may provide new insecticidal molecules. Novel control compounds are needed to control Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), a severe economic invasive pest of thin-skinned fruit crops. Thus, we characterized the main compounds of EOs from three rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis ecotypes (ECOs) and evaluated their toxicity to D. suzukii adults, deterrence of oviposition behavior, and histological alterations in larvae. Additionally, we analyzed the lethal and sublethal effect on the pupal parasitoid Trichopria anastrephae. The main compounds identified in the R. officinalis ECOs were α-pinene, camphor and 1,8-cineole. In bioassays via topical application or ingestion, ECOs and their major compounds showed high toxicity on D. suzukii adults and a lower concentration could kill 50% and 90% of flies compared to spinetoram. The dry residues of a-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor provided a repellent effect by reducing D. suzukii oviposition by ~47% compared to untreated fruit. Histological sections of 3rd instar larval D. suzukii posttreatment revealed damage to the fat body, Malpighian tubules, brain, salivary gland, and midgut, which contributed to high larval and pupal mortality. Survival and parasitism by adult T. anastrephae were not affected. Thus, R. officinalis EO and their compounds have potential for developing novel insecticides to manage D. suzukii.
Systemic Climate Change Litigation, Standing Rules and the Aarhus Convention: A Purposive Approach
Authors: Kelleher Orla 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article explores whether an exceptional approach to standing rules is needed to square the gatekeeping function of the courts of states/international organisations that are signatories to the Aarhus Convention with the complexity and urgency of the climate crisis. The central claim is that standing rules do not necessarily need to be reconstructed to resolve this conflict. Rather, what European states and the European Union need to do is take their procedural human rights obligations under the Aarhus Convention seriously.
The Ugandan Human Rights (Enforcement) Act of 2019: Addressing Some of the Likely Challenges to its Implementation
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Article 50(4) of the Constitution provides that ‘Parliament shall make laws for the enforcement of the rights and freedoms under this Chapter [the Bill of Rights].’ In January 2019, the Ugandan Parliament passed the Human Rights (Enforcement) Act to give effect to Article 50(4) of the Constitution. The Act was assented to by the president in March 2019. This Act has the potential to revolutionize the protection of human rights in many ways such as holding public officials accountable for human rights violations; compensating victims of human rights violations; criminalizing the violation of human rights; and requiring courts to nullify trials if a non-derogable right of the accused has been violated. It also stipulates the time within which a victim of a human rights violation has to institute a claim for compensation. Cases have started to emerge from the High Court on some of these issues. The purpose of this article is to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the relevant provisions of this Act, on the issues above, and suggest ways in which the Act can be interpreted by courts to better protect human rights in Uganda. Weakness of the Act include: failure to define some of the offences which means that people will not be prosecuted for violating some non-derogable rights; the fact that the sentence provided for in the Act is not applicable to juristic persons means that they will not be punished for violating human rights; the Act does not address the issue of costs and the danger of excluding evidence which was not obtained through violating a non-derogable. The Act would have to be amended to address these shortcomings.
Toward a Humanistic Discourse: Approaches to Gaining Public Support for Taiwanese Comfort Women
Authors: Kang Shu-Hua 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The socio-political context of Taiwan has long impeded the full recognition of surviving Comfort Women and the issues they face. This paper examines the public discourses with which activists have engaged to gain public support for survivors in such a challenging environment. Besides the dominant discourses centred on nationalism and women’s human rights, there is also a ‘humanistic discourse’ that has been undertheorized. This article discusses how activists in Taiwan initiated a humanistic public discourse that emphasizes the individual human characteristics of Comfort Women survivors, resisting the collective image reinforced by other narratives. By reflecting on the author’s professional experience of arts-based social activism in this field, the paper offers new perspectives on Comfort Women discourses and the implications for human rights practice.
Reflecting on the Genocide Convention in its Eighth Decade
Authors: Adanan Amina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
9 December 2018 marked the 70th anniversary of the adoption of the Genocide Convention by the United Nations General Assembly. Article 6 of the Convention explicitly grants adjudicatory jurisdiction to the territorial state and to an international penal tribunal. Yet, the textual content of the Article has not prevented other types of extraterritorial jurisdiction from applying to the crime, such as universal criminal jurisdiction. This article analyses the development of universal jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, and proposes that the main advancements occurred as a result of a number of key events in the 20th century. Providing a review of state practice and opinio juris, the article analyses how universal jurisdiction applies to genocide and outlines its scope.
Multimodal Assessment of Medication Adherence Among Youth With Migraine: An Ancillary Study of the CHAMP Trial
Authors: Reidy Brooke L , Powers Scott W , Coffey Christopher S , Chamberlin Leigh A , Ecklund Dixie J , Klingner Elizabeth A , Yankey Jon W , Korbee Leslie L , Porter Linda L , Peugh James , Kabbouche Marielle A , Kacperski Joanne , Hershey Andrew D ,   for the CHAMP Investigators
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objective
Examine preventive medication adherence among youth with migraine.

Methods
Adherence (self-report, pill count, and blood serum drug levels) was assessed as an ancillary study that utilized data from 328 CHAMP Study participants (ages 8–17). CHAMP was a multisite trial of preventive medications. Participants completed a prospective headache diary during a six-month active treatment period during which youth took amitriptyline, topiramate, or placebo pill twice daily. Self-reported medication adherence was collected via daily diary. At monthly study visits, pill count measures were captured. At trial month 3 (trial midpoint) and 6 (end of active trial), blood serum drug levels were obtained. Self-report and pill count adherence percentages were calculated for the active trial period, at each monthly study visit, and in the days prior to participants’ mid-trial blood draw. Percentages of nonzero drug levels were calculated to assess blood serum drug level data. Adherence measures were compared and assessed in context of several sociodemographic factors. Multiple regression analyses investigated medication adherence as a predictor of headache outcomes.

Results
Self-report and pill count adherence rates were high (over 90%) and sustained over the course of the trial period. Serum drug level adherence rates were somewhat lower and decreased significantly (from 84% to 76%) across the trial period [t (198) = 3.23, p = .001]. Adherence measures did not predict headache days at trial end; trial midpoint serum drug levels predicted headache-related disability.

Conclusions
Youth with migraine can demonstrate and sustain relatively high levels of medication adherence over the course of a clinical trial.
The Antibiotic Likelihood Index: A New Measure of Antimicrobial Stewardship for Pediatric Primary Care Based on Reason for Visit
Authors: Vernacchio Louis , Herigon Joshua C , Hatoun Jonathan , Patane Laura Burckett , Correa Emily Trudell 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Quality metrics for antibiotic prescribing by pediatricians are limited. We sought to define a novel measure that assesses clinicians’ overall antibiotic prescribing.

Methods
Using electronic health record (EHR) data from 2018 to 2019 for children 3 months to 17 years of age from 53 practices within a large pediatric network, we grouped encounters into Reason for Visit categories using the classification system of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and analyzed the proportion of encounters with an antibiotic prescription. Categories were sorted according to the attributable proportion of encounters with an antibiotic prescribed. The proposed metric—the Antibiotic Likelihood Index (ALI)—was defined as the proportion of encounters with an antibiotic prescribed among categories that accounted for &gt;80% of all encounters with an antibiotic prescribed. The ALI was calculated for the entire network and for individual prescribers, and the distribution among prescribers was described.

Results
Six Reason for Visit categories—cough, ear complaints, fever, sore throat, rash, and congestion/upper respiratory infection—accounted for 82.4% of all antibiotics prescribed. Among the 222 682 encounters for the top 6 categories combined, 67 368 (30.3%) had an antibiotic prescribed, defined as the ALI for the entire sample. The index among individual prescribers ranged from 7.5% to 57.2% (interquartile range 24.3% to 34.9%). The correlation for individual prescribers between 2018 and 2019 was high (R2 = 0.80).

Conclusions
The ALI, a proposed new metric of pediatric antibiotic prescribing, can be readily calculated from EHR data and captures the range of antibiotic prescribing among pediatricians for common clinical scenarios.
Nicaraven mitigates radiation-induced lung injury by downregulating the NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad pathways to suppress the inflammatory response
Authors: Xu Yong , Zhai Da , Goto Shinji , Zhang Xu , Jingu Keiichi , Li Tao-Sheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is commonly observed in patients receiving radiotherapy, and clinical prevention and treatment remain difficult. We investigated the effect and mechanism of nicaraven for mitigating RILI. C57BL/6 N mice (12-week-old) were treated daily with 6 Gy X-ray thoracic radiation for 5 days in sequences (cumulative dose of 30 Gy), and nicaraven (50 mg/kg) or placebo was injected intraperitoneally in 10 min after each radiation exposure. Mice were sacrificed and lung tissues were collected for experimental assessments at the next day (acute phase) or 100 days (chronic phase) after the last radiation exposure. Of the acute phase, immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissues showed that radiation significantly induced DNA damage of the lung cells, increased the number of Sca-1+ stem cells, and induced the recruitment of CD11c+, F4/80+ and CD206+ inflammatory cells. However, all these changes in the irradiated lungs were effectively mitigated by nicaraven administration. Western blot analysis showed that nicaraven administration effectively attenuated the radiation-induced upregulation of NF-κB, TGF-β, and pSmad2 in lungs. Of the chronic phase, nicaraven administration effectively attenuated the radiation-induced enhancement of α-SMA expression and collagen deposition in lungs. In conclusion we find that nicaraven can effectively mitigate RILI by downregulating NF-κB and TGF-β/pSmad2 pathways to suppress the inflammatory response in the irradiated lungs.
DNA strand break induction of aqueous plasmid DNA exposed to 30 MeV protons at ultra-high dose rate
Authors: Ohsawa Daisuke , Hiroyama Yota , Kobayashi Alisa , Kusumoto Tamon , Kitamura Hisashi , Hojo Satoru , Kodaira Satoshi , Konishi Teruaki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Radiation cancer therapy with ultra-high dose rate exposure, so called FLASH radiotherapy, appears to reduce normal tissue damage without compromising tumor response. The aim of this study was to clarify whether FLASH exposure of proton beam would be effective in reducing the DNA strand break induction. We applied a simple model system, pBR322 plasmid DNA in aqueous 1 × TE solution, where DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs) can be precisely quantified by gel electrophoresis. Plasmid DNA were exposed to 27.5 MeV protons in the conventional dose rate of 0.05 Gy/s (CONV) and ultra-high dose rate of 40 Gy/s (FLASH). With both dose rate, the kinetics of the SSB and DSB induction were proportional to absorbed dose. The SSB induction of FLASH was significantly less than CONV, which were 8.79 ± 0.14 (10−3 SSB per Gy per molecule) and 10.8 ± 0.68 (10−3 SSB per Gy per molecule), respectively. The DSB induction of FLASH was also slightly less than CONV, but difference was not significant. Altogether, 27.5 MeV proton beam at 40 Gy/s reduced SSB and not DSB, thus its effect may not be significant in reducing lethal DNA damage that become apparent in acute radiation effect.
Omental infarction present with right upper quadrant pain, case report
Authors: Aolayan Khulud , Obaid Ghassan , Fadel Khaled , Alotaibi Abdulrahman M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Omental infarction is a rare cause of pain and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen. It arises in any quadrant that contains omentum when a compromised blood supply takes place. We report a morbid obese 45-year-old male with Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and coronavirus-disease-related pneumonia 2 months prior to his emergency presentation with acute epigastric and right upper quadrant pain. The patient was investigated by computed tomography (CT), and the provisional diagnosis was biliary colic from gallbladder stone. The patient’s pain was severe and not compatible with biliary colic. Diagnostic laparoscopy approached and an incidental finding of omental necrotic area. Excision of the infarcted omentum in addition to cholecystectomy was done. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful, and he was discharged home after 2 days. In our case, the CT image did not discover mental changes that may help us to make a preoperative diagnosis.
Zinc deficiency responses: bridging the gap between Arabidopsis and dicotyledonous crops
Authors: Thiébaut Noémie , Hanikenne Marc 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a widespread phenomenon in agricultural soils worldwide and has a major impact on crop yield and quality, and hence on human nutrition and health. Although dicotyledonous crops represent &gt;30% of human plant-based nutrition, relatively few efforts have been dedicated to the investigation of Zn deficiency response mechanisms in dicotyledonous, in contrast to monocotyledonous crops, such as rice or barley. Here, we describe the Zn requirement and impact of Zn deficiency in several economically important dicotyledonous crops, Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, Brassica oleracea, and Solanum lycopersicum. We briefly review our current knowledge of the Zn deficiency response in Arabidopsis and outline how this knowledge is translated in dicotyledonous crops. We highlight commonalities and differences between dicotyledonous species (and with monocotyledonous species) regarding the function and regulation of Zn transporters and chelators, as well as the Zn-sensing mechanisms and the role of hormones in the Zn deficiency response. Moreover, we show how the Zn homeostatic network intimately interacts with other nutrients, such as iron or phosphate. Finally, we outline how variation in Zn deficiency tolerance and Zn use efficiency among cultivars of dicotyledonous species can be leveraged for the design of Zn biofortification strategies.
Hospital and Laboratory Practice in an Integrated Medical System for HIV Infection Prevention Interventions at a Veteran Affairs Medical Center
Authors: Petersen Jeffrey M , Jhala Darshana N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objective
The impact of sexually transmitted infection (STI) results on prompting clinicians to consider pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) indication is sparse in the literature, particularly for veterans.

Methods
A retrospective search from June 2018 to February 2020 was performed to identify all patients who were HIV-negative at a regional Veteran Affairs Medical Center with a positive STI test result and review the medical chart of these patients.

Results
We identified 220 veterans who were HIV-negative with a positive STI test result. Of these 220 veterans, 51 unique patients were identified by the clinicians. In a provider-initiated discussion, PrEP was discussed with all 51 patients. In the end, 27 of these 51 patients started PrEP after discussion with their clinical providers.

Conclusion
Prior positive STI results successfully helped identify patients who may benefit from PrEP. Quality assurance studies on clinician reactions to test result reporting, particularly regarding highly effective preventive therapies, are important.
Social Scientists Operating in the Law: A Case Study of Family Assessment Experts in the Australian Family Law System
Authors: Rathus Zoe 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although the role of social science research in the family law system has been the subject of scholarly research for some time, less attention has been paid to how operating within the legal system might influence the work of social science and related expert witnesses who perform in that space. This article reports on interviews with family report writers, social science or similar expert witnesses, who provide assessments for the Australian family courts in contested cases about post-separation children’s arrangements. It explores the impact of the law, or how those professionals perceive the law is applied, and the complexity of the family law system on these expert witnesses, particularly when working with families with allegations of domestic and family violence. The study shows that the participants are deeply acculturated to the legal system. They know how to speak its language and are aware of the different audiences they speak to including the court, the lawyers and the parents. Although an understanding of the legal context is essential for expert witnesses, the study suggests that the legal system, and their experience of it, may influence their assessment framework, affect their recommendations, and consequently impact parenting orders. Although this article investigates the situation in Australia, the results raise questions for similar family law jurisdictions which rely on family assessment reports.
How narrow is the M87* ring? I. The choice of closure likelihood function
Authors: Lockhart Will , Gralla Samuel E 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of the core of the galaxy M87 suggest an observational appearance dominated by a ring of approximately 40 $\mu$as in diameter. The thickness of the ring is less certain: imaging efforts constrained it to be less than half the diameter (consistent with an imaging resolution of 20 $\mu$as), while visibility-domain modelling suggested a variety of fractional widths, including as low as $10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ on some days. The fractional width is very interesting as it has the potential to discriminate between different astrophysical scenarios for the source; in fact, the 10–$20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ range is so narrow as to be in tension with theoretical expectations. In the first of a series of papers on the width of the observed ring, we reproduce a subset of EHT visibility-domain modelling results and we explore whether alternative data analysis methods might favour thicker rings. We point out that the closure phase (and closure amplitude) likelihood function is not independent of residual station gain amplitudes, even at high signal-to-noise, and explore two approximations of practical interest: one standard in the field (and employed by the EHT collaboration), and a new one that we propose. Analysing the public data, we find that the new likelihood approximation prefers somewhat thicker rings, more in line with theoretical expectations. Further analysis is needed, however, to determine which approximation is better for the EHT data.