bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comments on the Cutting of Metal Plates With High Explosive Charges
Authors: Drummond W. E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The problem of the cutting of metal plates with high explosive charges is analyzed by treating the metal hydrodynamically. The hydrodynamic problem is solved in the linearized approximation and it is assumed that the metal splits wherever the pressure becomes sufficiently negative. It is shown that such negative pressures occur where two rarefaction waves meet and the predicted location of these splits is in qualitative agreement with experiment.
An Experimental Study of Initial and Subsequent Yield Surfaces in Plasticity
Authors: Naghdi P. M. , Essenburg F. , Koff W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Experimental results for twenty-five tubular specimens of a 24S-T-4 aluminum alloy, subjected to combined torsion-tension-reversed torsion, are reported in a study of the initial and two subsequent yield surfaces covering the first and the fourth quadrant of the axial stress-shear stress plane. Results are also given for two additional specimens subjected to tension followed by torsion, in order to compare the values of the initial shear modulus at the initiation of twist with the elastic shear modulus.
Further Studies of Stress Distribution in Rotating Disks and Cylinders Under Elevated-Temperature Creep Conditions
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The analysis previously given for stress in rotating disks having central holes and under steady-state creep conditions is extended to cases where the radial and tangential stresses are equal over all or a portion of the disk, both constant and variable-thickness cases being considered. In addition, the solid rotating disk and the long rotating solid cylinder are treated, peak stresses above the elastic values being found under certain conditions. Charts are presented for determining ratios σtm/σtav between peak stress and average stress, for various diameter ratios, disk contours, and values of n in the power-function stress-creep rate relation. These indicate somewhat lower ratios of peak to average stress for the variable-thickness disks. Based on the theoretical results, curves of stress distribution are also worked out for several typical cases.
Large Deflection of Stiffened Plates
Authors: Soper W. G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The problem of nonlinear deflection of orthogonally stiffened plates subjected to static lateral load is treated using the concept of equivalent orthotropic plates. Equations are derived which are the appropriate generalizations of von Karman’s equations for isotropic plates. Rectangular plates are considered in detail, and an approximate solution is obtained through trigonometric series. The solution allows for rotational constraint along the plate boundary. All cases from simple support to complete fixity of boundary can therefore be treated.
Pitch and Curvature Corrections for Helical Springs
Authors: Ancker C. J. , Goodier J. N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The tension and torsion helical springs of round cross section have been analyzed by a “thin-slice” method [1]. The effects of both curvature and pitch are included. The results of this analysis are given and discussed in this paper. Stresses, deflections, curvature changes, diametral contractions, and coupling effects are included.
A Simple Approach to an Approximate Two-Dimensional Cascade Theory
Authors: Schilhansl Max J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The following simple approach to an approximate theory of incompressible two-dimensional flow past cascades, Fig. 1, is based on the so-called singularity method, in which the blade sections are replaced by sheets of vortexes, sources and sinks, and the flow induced by these singularities is calculated. The condition that the flow must be tangential to the blade surface, sometimes termed as the tangency condition, leads to a relation between the geometrical shape of the blade sections (camber and thickness), the cascade parameters (solidity and stagger angle), and the singularity distributions along the mean camber lines. As soon as these distributions are known, the pressure distribution and the lift may be determined. The calculation of the velocities at the blades is the most laborious portion of the whole problem. It has been carried out by various authors [1–4], with different mathematical methods. In this paper, a short, simple method of calculating the velocities induced by the singularities will be described. This approach has already been applied by others [5, 6], in less elaborate form.
An Improvement of the Holzer Method
Authors: Mahalingam S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method of obtaining the next trial frequency from the results given by the previous Holzer table. The basis of the method is the effect of a small (fictitious) change in moment of inertia on the natural frequency of the torsional system. Although basically different, the method leads to a result which is very close to that given by Crandall and Strang. The relative merits of the two methods depend on whether the trial frequency is above or below the exact one and on whether or not the next approximation will overshoot the exact value.
P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy or dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary revascularisation: individual patient level meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Valgimigli Marco , Gragnano Felice , Branca Mattia , Franzone Anna , Baber Usman , Jang Yangsoo , Kimura Takeshi , Hahn Joo-Yong , Zhao Qiang , Windecker Stephan , Gibson Charles M , Kim Byeong-Keuk , Watanabe Hirotoshi , Song Young Bin , Zhu Yunpeng , Vranckx Pascal , Mehta Shamir , Hong Sung-Jin , Ando Kenji , Gwon Hyeon-Cheol , Serruys Patrick W , Dangas George D , McFadden Eùgene P , Angiolillo Dominick J , Heg Dik , Jüni Peter , Mehran Roxana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective

To assess the risks and benefits of P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy compared with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and whether these associations are modified by patients’ characteristics.

Design
Individual patient level meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Data sources

Searches were conducted in Ovid Medline, Embase, and three websites (
www.tctmd.com
,
www.escardio.org
,
www.acc.org/cardiosourceplus
) from inception to 16 July 2020. The primary authors provided individual participant data.

Eligibility criteria

Randomised controlled trials comparing effects of oral P2Y
12
monotherapy and DAPT on centrally adjudicated endpoints after coronary revascularisation in patients without an indication for oral anticoagulation.

Main outcome measures
The primary outcome was a composite of all cause death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, tested for non-inferiority against a margin of 1.15 for the hazard ratio. The key safety endpoint was Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 3 or type 5 bleeding.

Results

The meta-analysis included data from six trials, including 24 096 patients. The primary outcome occurred in 283 (2.95%) patients with P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy and 315 (3.27%) with DAPT in the per protocol population (hazard ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 1.09; P=0.005 for non-inferiority; P=0.38 for superiority; τ
2
=0.00) and in 303 (2.94%) with P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy and 338 (3.36%) with DAPT in the intention to treat population (0.90, 0.77 to 1.05; P=0.18 for superiority; τ
2
=0.00). The treatment effect was consistent across all subgroups, except for sex (P for interaction=0.02), suggesting that P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy lowers the risk of the primary ischaemic endpoint in women (hazard ratio 0.64, 0.46 to 0.89) but not in men (1.00, 0.83 to 1.19). The risk of bleeding was lower with P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy than with DAPT (97 (0.89%)
v
197 (1.83%); hazard ratio 0.49, 0.39 to 0.63; P<0.001; τ
2
=0.03), which was consistent across subgroups, except for type of P2Y
12
inhibitor (P for interaction=0.02), suggesting greater benefit when a newer P2Y
12
inhibitor rather than clopidogrel was part of the DAPT regimen.

Conclusions

P2Y
12
inhibitor monotherapy was associated with a similar risk of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, with evidence that this association may be modified by sex, and a lower bleeding risk compared with DAPT.

Registration
PROSPERO CRD42020176853.
Identification of candidate gene variants of monogenic diabetes using targeted panel sequencing in early onset diabetes patients
Authors: Lee Dong-Hwa , Kwak Soo-Heon , Park Hee Sue , Ku Eu Jeong , Jeon Hyun Jeong , Oh Tae Keun 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionMonogenic diabetes is attributed to genetic variations in a single gene. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is the most common phenotype associated with monogenic diabetes, but is frequently misdiagnosed as either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Increasing our basic understanding of genetic variations in MODY may help to improve the accuracy of providing the correct diagnosis and personalize subsequent treatment regimens in different racial populations. For this reason, this study was designed to identify nucleotide variants in early onset diabetes patients with clinically suspected MODY in a Korean population.Research design and methodsAmong 2908 Korean patients diagnosed with diabetes, we selected 40 patients who were diagnosed before 30 years old and were clinically suspected of MODY. Genetic testing was performed using a targeted gene sequencing panel that included 30 known monogenic diabetes genes. The pathogenicity of the identified variants was assessed according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG-AMP) guidelines.ResultsA total of six rare missense variants (p.Ala544Thr in HNF1A, p.Val601Ile and p.His103Tyr in ABCC8, p.Pro33Ala in PDX1, p.Gly18Glu in INS, and p.Arg164Gln in PAX4) in five distinct MODY genes were identified in five patients. In addition, a variant was identified in mitochondrial DNA at 3243A>G in one patient. The identified variants were either absent or detected at a rare frequency in the 1000 Genomes Project. These variants were classified as uncertain significance using the ACMG-AMP guidelines.ConclusionUsing a targeted gene sequencing panel, we identified seven variants in either MODY genes or mitochondrial DNA using a Korean patient population with early onset diabetes who were clinically suspected of MODY. This genetic approach provides the ability to compare distinct populations of racial and ethnic groups to determine whether specific gene is involved in their diagnosis of MODY.
Degenerative cervical spine changes among early career fighter pilots: a 5-year follow-up
Authors: Keskimölö Tuomas , Pernu J , Karppinen J , Niinimäki J , Oura P , Leino T , Honkanen T 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionDegenerative changes of the cervical spine often cause disability and flight duty limitations among Finnish Air Force (FINAF) fighter pilots. We aimed to study the effect of +Gz exposure on degenerative changes in the cervical spine by comparing cervical MRIs of FINAF fighter pilots and controls.MethodsAt baseline, the volunteer study population consisted of 56 20-year-old FINAF male fighter pilots (exposure group) and 56 21-year-old Army and Navy cadets (control group). Both groups underwent MRI of the cervical spine at the baseline and after 5 years. Degenerative changes evaluated using MRI included intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (Pfirrmann classification), disc herniations, uncovertebral arthrosis, Schmorl’s nodes, Modic changes, spinal canal stenosis, kyphosis and scoliosis.ResultsThe degree of IVD degeneration in the whole cervical spine increased significantly in both populations with no between-group differences. The prevalence of disc herniations also tended to increase in both populations with no difference in the incidence over the follow-up. However, pilots proved to have more disc herniations at the baseline and at the follow-up. There were virtually no between-group differences in other assessed degenerative changes.DiscussionWe found that IVD degeneration and the prevalence of disc herniations increased at a similar rate for fighter pilots and non-flying military students when all cervical levels were summed up. The lack of difference may be explained by the relatively low cumulative +Gz exposure during the first 5 years of a pilots’ career.
Intensity of statin therapy and muscle symptoms: a network meta-analysis of 153 000 patients
Authors: Davis John W , Weller Susan C 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo estimate relative risk (RR) of statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms by statin therapy intensity.SettingNetwork meta-analysis assessing multicentre randomised controlled trials (RCTs) across several countries.ParticipantsPubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane database and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched through January 2021 for doubled-blinded RCTs testing the effect of statin therapy on lipids with at least 1000 participants and 2 years of intended treatment. Two coders assessed articles for final inclusion, quality and outcomes. Treatment intensity was categorised according to American Heart Association definitions.OutcomesPairwise and network meta-analysis (NMA) estimated RR and risk difference with random effects modelling. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I2statistic. Outcomes included muscle symptoms (any, myalgia and attrition due to muscle symptoms), rhabdomyolysis and elevated creatine kinase (CK) (>10 × upper limit of normal).ResultsOf 2919 RCTs, 24 (n=152 461) met inclusion criteria. NMA results indicated risk was significantly greater for high compared with moderate intensity statin therapy for any muscle problem (RR=1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.07; I2=0%), myalgia (RR=1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.08; I2=0%, number needed to harm (NNH)=173), attrition due to muscle problems (RR=1.37, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.73, I2=0%, NNH=218) and elevated CK (RR=4.69, 95% CI 2.50 to 8.80; I2=7%, NNH=527). Risk also was significantly higher for high intensity compared with placebo for any muscle problem (RR=1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09, I2=0%), myalgia (RR=1.13, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.23; I2=0%, NNH=182), attrition due to muscle problems (RR=1.55, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.08, I2=0%, NNH=187) and elevated CK (RR=5.37, 95% CI 2.48 to 11.61; I2=7%, NNH=589). Due to inconsistency of results across sensitivity analyses, estimates were inconclusive for rhabdomyolysis and CK. There were no significant differences in risk between moderate intensity therapy and placebo for all outcomes.ConclusionsFor approximately each 200 patients on high intensity statins, one additional patient may experience myalgia or discontinue therapy due to muscle problems compared with moderate intensity therapy.Trial registration numberCRD42019112758.
Protocol for a randomised controlled trial on the feasibility and effects
of 10-hour time-restricted eating on cardiometabolic disease risk among
career firefighters doing 24-hour shift work: the Healthy Heroes
Study
Authors: Manoogian Emily N C , Zadourian Adena , Lo Hannah C , Gutierrez Nikko R , Shoghi Azarin , Rosander Ashley , Pazargadi Aryana , Wang Xinran , Fleischer Jason G , Golshan Shahrokh , Taub Pam R , Panda Satchidananda 
Published: June 2021

Introduction
Career firefighters experience chronic circadian rhythm disruption,
increasing their risk of cardiometabolic disease. The recent discovery
that eating patterns regulate circadian rhythmicity in metabolic organs
has raised the hypothesis that maintaining a consistent daily cycle of
eating and fasting can support circadian rhythms and reduce disease
risks. Preclinical animal studies and preliminary clinical trials have
shown promising effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) to reduce
disease risk without compromising physical performance. However, there
is a lack of research on TRE in shift workers including firefighters.
This study aims to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of 10-hour
TRE on health parameters that contribute to cardiometabolic disease
risks among career firefighters who work on a 24-hour shift
schedule.

Methods and analyses
The Healthy Heroes Study is a randomised controlled parallel
open-label clinical trial with 150 firefighters over 1 year.
Firefighters are randomised with a 1:1 ratio to either the control or
intervention group. The control group receives Mediterranean diet
nutritional counselling (standard of care, ‘SOC’). The intervention
group receives the same SOC and a self-selected 10-hour TRE window.
After the 2-week baseline, participants enter a 3-month monitored
intervention, followed by a 9-month self-guided period with follow-up
assessments. The impact of TRE on blood glucose, body weight, body
composition, biomarkers (neuroendocrine, inflammatory and metabolic),
sleep and mood is evaluated. These assessments occur at baseline, at the
end of intervention and at 6, 9 and 12-month follow-ups. Temporal
calorie intake is monitored with the smartphone application
myCircadianClock throughout the study. Continuous glucose monitors,
wrist-worn actigraphy device and questionnaires are used to monitor
glucose levels, activity, sleep and light exposure.

Ethics and dissemination
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the
University of California San Diego and the Salk Institute for Biological
Studies. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts,
reports and presentations.

Trial registration number
NCT03533023; Pre result.
Implementation of a diagnostic decision aid for people with memory complaints and their general practitioners: a protocol of a before and after pilot trial
Authors: Linden Iris , Wolfs Claire , Perry Marieke , Metsemakers Job , van der Weijden Trudy , de Vugt Marjolein , Verhey Frans R , Handels Ron , Olde Rikkert Marcel , Dirksen Carmen , Ponds Rudolf W H M 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionResearchers, policy-makers and healthcare professionals often stress the importance of an early dementia diagnosis. Empirical evidence, however, is scarce leading to a lack of consensus on the necessity of diagnosing dementia early. We emphasise the need for a ‘timely’ diagnosis, that is, one that occurs at the right moment for a person with memory complaints and his/her significant other. As the optimal timing differs between individuals, the implementation of shared decision making (SDM), preferably by the general practitioner (GP), as the start of a diagnostic trajectory, could help to determine this timely moment. SDM, however, is rarely practised with respect to dementia diagnoses. Therefore, in the context of the Shared Decision-Making regarding Dementia Diagnosis project, a patient decision aid (PtDA) for ‘timely’ dementia diagnosis in general practice will be developed. This protocol will describe the planned before and after evaluation of its implementation.Methods and analysisIn a mixed-methods pilot study, we will investigate decision-making processes and experiences regarding a diagnostic trajectory before and after the introduction of a PtDA for people with memory complaints, their significant others and their GPs. The ‘before group’ will receive diagnostics as usual from their GPs. The ‘after group’ will use the PtDA. We expect the PtDA to increase the level of SDM and to contribute to a timely and personalised diagnostic trajectory. Data will be collected using semistructured interviews, questionnaires and information retrieved from people with memory complaints’ medical records.Ethics and disseminationThis study protocol was approved by the Medical Review Ethics Committee of the Maastricht University Medical Centre. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed international journals and presented at conferences. This study was funded by the public funded Dutch Research Institute for Care and Medical Sciences (ZonMw).Trial registration numberNCT04531956.
Cryptaphelenchus abietis n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Cryphalus piceae (Ratzeburg) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) emerged from Abies veitchii Lindl. (Pinaceae) from Nagano, Japan
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Ekino Taisuke , Degawa Yousuke 
Published: June 2021

Summary
An undescribed Cryptaphelenchus species was isolated from a bark beetle, Cryphalus piceae that had emerged from a dead log of the Veitch’s fir, Abies veitchii, collected from Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano, Japan. The new species is characterised by its female post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) of less than one vulval body diam. in length and female posterior body end (tail) conical with elongate posterior part and variably shaped tip, seven male genital papillae, which are composed/arranged as a precloacal P1, P2 pair slightly anterior to cloacal opening, and two small pairs of glandpapillae near tail tip and very narrow bursal flap-like cuticular extension surrounding the male tail. In addition to these characters, the male apophysis appears wing-like in ventral view. In possessing an elongate posterior part, Cryptaphelenchus abietis n. sp. shares the female tail shape with C. borlossi, C. leptocaudus and C. sutoricus, and shares a short PUS with C. iranicus, C. varicaudatus, C. baujardi and C. paravaricaudatus. However, the new species can be distinguished from these species by other typological and morphometric characters and its molecular phylogenetic status. Phylogenetically, the new species is closest to Bursaphelenchus minutus, but can be clearly distinguished by morphological and molecular sequence characters.
Apprentissages non formels et développement des compétences professionnelles dans les centres de métiers à Kinshasa
Authors: Alokpo Dieudonné Musa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Non-formal apprenticeship opportunities have a clear record of effectiveness, as evidenced by several research studies. After completing short-term vocational training, apprentices demonstrate the required vocational skills. How is learning constructed in a non-formal learning process? What forms of interaction are developed? What are the determinants of the effectiveness demonstrated by apprentices?
This article answers these questions by analysing data from a survey that evaluates the elements of the training context and the level of skills acquired by apprentices. It shows that there is great flexibility in the organisation and techniques of learning, as well as permanent interdependence between apprentices, which facilitates the co-construction of skills.
The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (waapp)
Authors: Fadairo Olushola Samuel , Keita Moussa Sanguiana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An understanding of how the System of Rice Intensification method of the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP) has influenced sustainable solutions to smallholder paddy farmers’ challenges of poor yield and marketing in Kindia Prefecture, Guinea informed this study.
Causal research design was used, involving a survey of 126 beneficiaries and 78 non-beneficiaries of waapp. Data were collected mainly on the farmers’ enterprise characteristics: improvement in productivity, sales, and income from paddy. Data were summarised using descriptive, t-test and regression statistics at α0.05.
waapp- and non-waapp-participating farmers had >10 years of farming experience. Most waapp farmers (67.5%) achieved higher sales and income from paddy than in the past. The productivity of the waapp farmers was higher and significantly different from that of the non-waapp farmers (t = 3.173; p < 0.05). Farmers’ opinion of market prospects after waapp intervention (β = 0.190) and their age (β = 0.237) significantly influenced their change in productivity. The waapp increased paddy production.