bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clostridioides difficile binary toxin binding component (CDTb) increases virulence in a hamster model
Authors: Simpson Morgan , Bilverstone Terry , Leslie Jhansi , Donlan Alexandra , Uddin M Jashim , Petri William , Marin Natasha , Schwan Carsten , Kuehne Sarah , Minton Nigel P. , Petri William A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClostridioides difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infection, in part due to the existence of binary toxin (CDT)-expressing hypervirulent strains. We have previously shown that CDT interacts with the TLR2/6 heterodimer to induce inflammation, and in this study we further explore this interaction as well as the contribution of the separate components of CDT, CDTa and CDTb. We found that the binding component, CDTb, is capable of inducing inflammation. Additionally, complementation of a CDT-deficient C. difficile strain with CDTb alone restored virulence in a hamster model of C. difficile infection. Overall, this study demonstrates that the binding component of C. difficile binary toxin contributes to virulence during infection.
Excretion of triacylglycerol as a matrix lipid facilitating apoplastic accumulation of a lipophilic metabolite shikonin
Authors: Tatsumi Kanade , Ichino Takuji , Isaka Natsumi , Sugiyama Akifumi , Okazaki Yozo , Higashi Yasuhiro , Kajikawa Masataka , Fukuzawa Hideya , Toyooka Kiminori , Sato Mayuko , Ichi Ikuyo , Shimomura Koichiro , Ohta Hiroyuki , Saito Kazuki , Yazaki Kazufumi 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYPlants produce a large variety of lipophilic metabolites, many of which are secreted by cells and accumulated in apoplasts. The mechanism of secretion remains largely unknown, because hydrophobic metabolites, which may form oil droplets or crystals in cytosol, inducing cell death, cannot be directly secreted by transporters. Moreover, some secondary metabolic lipids react with cytosolic components leading to their decomposition. Lipophilic metabolites should thus be solubilized by matrix lipids and compartmentalized by membrane lipids. The mechanism of lipophilic metabolite secretion was assessed using shikonin, a red naphthoquinone lipid, in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Cell secretion of shikonin also involved the secretion of about 30% of triacylglycerol (TAG), composed predominantly of saturated fatty acids. Shikonin production was associated with the induction of large amounts of the membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine. Together with in vitro reconstitution, these findings suggest a novel role for TAG as a matrix lipid for the secretion of lipophilic metabolites.
Barley guanine nucleotide exchange factorHvGEF14 is an activator of the susceptibility factorHvRACB and supports host cell entry byBlumeria graminisf.sp.hordei
Authors: Trutzenberg Adriana , Engelhardt Stefan , Hückelhoven Ralph 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn barley (Hordeum vulgare), the function of ROPs appears central to polar cell development and the interaction outcome with parasitic fungi but little is known about ROP activation. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) facilitate the exchange of GDP with GTP and thereby turn ROPs into a signalling-activated ROP-GTP state. Plants possess a unique class of GEFs harbouring a plant specific ROP nucleotide exchanger domain (PRONE). We performed phylogenetic analyses and annotated barley PRONE GEFs.HvGEF14is expressed in leaf epidermal tissue and downregulated after inoculation withBlumeria graminisf.sp.hordei. Protein-protein interaction assays indicate thatHvGEF14 and the type I barley ROP proteinHvRACB can interact in yeast andin planta. Overexpression ofHvGEF14 further recruited the ROP-GTP downstream interactorHvRIC171 to the cell periphery and let to interaction ofHvRACB with an extended CRIB (Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding motif) peptide ofHvRIC171 in a similar manner as constitutively activatedHvRACB. Finally, the over expression ofHvGEF14led to enhanced susceptibility to fungal entry whileHvGEF14RNAi provoked a trend to more penetration resistance.HvGEF14 might therefore play a role in the activation ofHvRACB in barley epidermal cells, which is crucial for fungal penetration success.HighlightThe activated GTPaseHvRACB is a susceptibility factor of barley in response toBlumeria graminisf.sp.hordei. The newly discovered guanine nucleotide exchange factorHvGEF14 is aHvRACB activator.
Food waste: an exploratory investigation of causes, practices and consequences perceived by Brazilian supermarkets and restaurants
Authors: Watanabe Eluiza Alberto de Morais , Nascimento Caroline Rodrigues do , Freitas Michele Gasparoto Moreira Teixeira de , Viana Mayra Monteiro 
Published: August 2021

PurposeSustainable food consumption is crucial to protect the environment and to promote a better quality of life. Our study analyses and compares the causes, perceived consequences of food waste and practices to mitigate it in supermarkets and restaurants.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted 17 semi-structured interviews with managers or other responsible persons with mastery of information about food waste of restaurants (self-service and à la carte) and supermarkets. The data were analysed via thematic content analysis.FindingsThe leading causes of food waste for the interviewed supermarkets and restaurants were improper handling by the staff, ineffective stock control management and lack of employee training. Supermarkets perceived other causes such as inadequate food packaging, refrigeration and temperature issues and dishonesty of carriers. The perceived consequences of food waste were mainly related to the economic aspect. Regarding adopting practices to reduce waste, some highlights are employee training, waste management by a specialized employee, assertive demand forecasting, meal preparation in the store and food donation. Just the supermarkets employ price reduction as a practice to reduce food waste. We concluded that, in general, supermarkets perceive more causes for waste than restaurants but do not necessarily present practices to mitigate these additional causes.Originality/valueThis research expanded the scope of studies about food waste and reveals procedures that those in charge can implement to reduce food waste. Our study analysed the causes, practices and consequences of food waste in two types of food channels (supermarkets and restaurants, in different formats). The literature does not clearly disclose aspects assigned to different food marketing channels, especially in emerging economies.
Critical predictors of burnout among civil engineers at construction sites: a structural equation modelling
Authors: Gumusburun Ayalp Gulden 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThe construction industry has always been regarded as a stressful and task-driven industry with high levels of work pressure. When the stressful situations are prolonged, job burnout becomes unavoidable for construction professionals. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the critical predictors of burnout among civil engineers at construction sites in Turkey and identify the impact of those determined burnout predictors on various burnout dimensions.Design/methodology/approachThe possible causes of burnout for civil engineers at construction sites were determined using an extensive literature review and were further studied using a questionnaire. The obtained data were analysed statistically using SPSS 22 and LISREL 8.7 software. Correlation analysis, exploratory and confirmatory analysis, and structural equation modelling were performed on this collected data, and a structural model was developed.FindingsThree critical factors affecting burnout levels of civil engineers in construction sites were determined; among them “organisational injustice” and “competitive pricing and lack of contract management” were identified as the critical predictors of burnout in the emotional-exhaustion and cynicism dimensions. Based on these predictors, potential solutions and recommendations are proposed that are anticipated to decrease the burnout among civil engineers at construction sites.Originality/valueAlthough there are several works of research regarding the burnout among construction professionals, there is limited research that has provided insight into the specific factors causing burnout among civil engineers. This research presents a structural model of the predictors obtained by a confirmatory factor analysis for decreasing the burnout level of civil engineers at construction sites. The current study represents the first comprehensive quantitative determination of the factors and predictors of burnout among civil engineers at construction sites in Turkey.
You deserve the bad (or good) service: the role of moral deservingness in observers’ reactions to service failure (or excellence)
Authors: Palmeira Mauricio , Koo Minjung , Sung Hyun-Ah 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to examine how observers evaluate a company that provides service failure (or excellence) to an immoral versus a moral customer. This study introduces the concept of deservingness to the service literature and suggests that observers appreciate when a company delivers “justice” – either bad service to an immoral customer or good service to a moral customer – and thus evaluate the company more favorably.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper presents three online studies using scenarios (ns = 205, 199 and 181) and one lab study (n = 89) using a confederate to manipulate customer morality.

Findings
Across four studies, this study finds that a service failure has a less negative impact on observers’ company evaluations when observers consider the target customer immoral, and thus deserving of the bad outcome. Conversely, the positive impact of observing service excellence is enhanced when observers consider the target customer to be moral, and thus deserving of a good outcome. This effect occurs because the perception of deservingness leads observers to experience more positive feelings about the service outcome and these positive feelings transfer over to observers’ evaluations of the service provider.

Research limitations/implications
The mechanism shares some similarities with the concept of immanent justice reasoning, whereby individuals draw a causal link between someone’s prior immoral behavior and an unrelated negative outcome. However, the studies go one step further by showing that such causal reasoning, at least on a moral level, can impact the judgments of the other party (in this case, the company involved in the service outcome).

Practical implications
Service providers need to be particularly attentive when serving customers who are viewed in a positive light, as an observed failure that affects a moral customer can be particularly damaging to company evaluations. Conversely, companies should make efforts to publicize when exceptional service is given to nice, admirable customers, as this is particularly effective at improving evaluations.

Originality/value
Researchers have examined how allocations of responsibility affect observers' evaluation of service encounters. This paper adds deservingness as an alternate mechanism and examines service excellence as well.
Loyal customers’ tipping points of spending for services: a reciprocity perspective
Authors: Teichmann Karin 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
Controversy exists about the shape of the relationship between loyalty and profitability. This paper aims to address the possibly nonlinear effects of behavioral loyalty (BLOY) on customer spending (as a proxy for profitability). Building on social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity, it examines the asymmetries between BLOY and customer spending and the moderating influence of personal communication (PCOMM) as a social reward and dispositional positive reciprocity as process evidence.

Design/methodology/approach
Study 1a (n = 309) gathered customer data from four restaurants and Study 1b (n = 252) data from hotel guests after they checked out. Study 2 is an experimental study with two manipulated factors (BLOY and PCOMM). In total, 295 participants from a large German online panel completed the study.

Findings
The results indicate an inverted-U shaped relationship between BLOY and customer spending: after reaching a turning point, customers gradually curb spending as their BLOY further increases. High PCOMM acts as a reciprocal response while triggering additional customer spending particularly at higher levels of behavioral loyalty; positive reciprocity adjusts the differences in customer spending when social rewards such as PCOMM are present.

Research limitations/implications
The asymmetric relationship between BLOY and customer spending is tested only for hedonic service settings.

Practical implications
Not all loyal customers spend more – companies need to meet their reciprocal obligations before they can benefit from increased customer spending.

Originality/value
The present research re-considers the nature of the relationship between BLOY and customer spending and reveals an inverted-U shaped relationship, with a turning point beyond which greater customer loyalty decreases customer spending. It finds converging process evidence for the mechanism of reciprocity underlying this relationship. This study also details the financial impact of BLOY on the firm by investigating actual customer spending.
To empower or oppress: approaching duality in educational histories
Authors: Keynes Matthew R. , Marsden Beth 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThis paper introduces key themes and debates in education and educational history that engage education's complicity in injustice and violence, as well as those that continue to position education as a vehicle for positive change and possibility. The paper introduces the papers that comprise the special issue “Challenges of Contested Spaces: Constructing Difference and its Legacies in Educational History”.Design/methodology/approachThe paper canvasses pertinent historiographical, theoretical and methodological debates that shed light on education's dual capacity to empower and oppress.FindingsPapers in this collection reveal the many ways that agendas justified in the name of education, training and reform have often invoked that name as justification for actions that harmed, discriminated or oppressed, and yet also, how despite this, education can still be imagined as a space of possibility and transformation.Originality/valueThe paper offers a summative introduction to the themes and papers of the special issue.
Workplace affective well-being: gratitude and friendship in helping millennials to thrive at work
Authors: Badri Siti Khadijah Zainal , Yap Wai Meng , Ramos Hazel Melanie 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between gratitude and workplace friendship with affective well-being (AWB) at work amongst millennial employees. Specifically, it details the mediating effect of workplace friendship in explaining the linkages between gratitude and AWB at work.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used a sample of 272 millennial workers in this study. A survey invitation was sent out to all of the respondents through email. A 20-item job-related AWB (Van Katwyk et al., 2000) scale was used to measure AWB. Workplace friendship was measured using six-items of the workplace friendship scale (Nielsen et al., 2000) and gratitude was measured using McCullough et al.’s (2002) six-item gratitude questionnaire (GQ-6).

Findings
The study found that gratitude and workplace friendship enhanced workplace AWB among millennial workers. Workplace friendship functioned as a mediator, which delivered the effect from gratitude towards workplace AWB. Gratitude was found to positively predict workplace friendship and subsequently workplace friendship positively predicted workplace AWB.

Practical implications
Nurturing positive feelings at work through excellent psychosocial resources and healthy work friendships would improve millennial workers well-being. Henceforth, encouraging millennial employees to cultivate workplace friendships, can help the manager to enhance millennial employees’ feeling of belongingness, and thus, promote better AWB.

Originality/value
Investment on employee’s human capital and values can be valuable resources to increase millennial employees’ performance at work. Millennial workers are a unique generation that put emphasis on the subjective experience. Hence, capitalising on their subjective experience can be one of the keys to better increase their well-being and performance at work.
Reaching hard-to-reach people through digital means – Citizens as initiators of co-creation in public services
Authors: Jalonen Harri , Kokkola Jussi , Laihonen Harri , Kirjavainen Hanna , Kaartemo Valtteri , Vähämaa Miika 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThis paper considers the potential of social media for developing public services. The paper approaches social media as a context that can provide information that might otherwise be unattainable. The focus of analysis is on a special hard-to-reach group of marginalized youths who appear to have isolated themselves from society.Design/methodology/approachThe authors answer the question: How can the experiences of socially withdrawn youth as shared on social media be used to enrich the knowledge base relating to the initiation phase of co-creation of public services? The data retrieved from the Finnish discussion forum are analyzed using the combination of unsupervised machine learning and discourse analysis.FindingsThe paper contributes by outlining a method that can be applied to identify expertise-by-experience from digital stories shared by marginalized youths. To overcome the challenges of making socially withdrawn youths real contributors to the co-creation of public services, this paper suggests several theoretical and managerial implications.Originality/valueCo-creation assumes an interactive and dynamic relationship where value is created at the nexus of interaction. However, the evidence base for successful co-creation, particularly with digital technology, is limited. This paper fills the gap by providing findings from a case study that investigated how social media discussions can be a stimulus to enrich the knowledge base of the co-creation of public services.
An empirical investigation of buyer–supplier relationship typologies and their behavioral and performance outcomes
Authors: Li Jin , Chai Linlin , Tangpong Chanchai , Hong Michelle , Traub Rodney D. 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
This study aims to examine empirically the existence of four classical and four emerging buyer–supplier relationship (BSR) types and how they differ in terms of behavioral dynamics and performance measures.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses an online survey to collect data from 371 purchasing managers in the USA.

Findings
A cluster analysis statistically supports the existence of five of these eight BSR types, including strategic/bilateral partnership, market/discrete, supplier-led collaboration, captive supplier/buyer dominant and captive buyer/supplier dominant BSRs. Further, ANOVA tests show that these five BSRs differ in terms of behavioral outcomes and performance measures.

Research limitations/implications
This study is based on a cross-sectional survey so it cannot examine how these BSR types may evolve over time, and it is not suitable to examine some rare types of BSRs. In addition, this study does not consider contextual factors that may moderate the influence of BSR types on the behavioral dynamics and performance measures.

Practical implications
Managers should consider the potential to be able to develop and enhance a strategic/bilateral relationship with their supply chain partners, which in at least some circumstances can lead to superior performance results. Similar observations can be made with respect to supplier-led and, to a lesser degree, buyer-led collaboration.

Originality/value
Most existing research of the BSR types is largely a product of theoretical classifications, and there is also a lack of research of their performance implications. This study fills these gaps in the literature.
What small businesses in developing country think of cybersecurity risks in the digital age: Indonesian case
Authors: Yudhiyati Ratna , Putritama Afrida , Rahmawati Diana 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
This study aims to identify and analyse the issues faced by internet-based small businesses in developing countries regarding cybersecurity and document how these businesses address the risks.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used the qualitative method. Respondents were internet-based small businesses selected by using theoretical sampling. Data were collected by using interviews and observations. The validity of the analysis was ensured by using triangulation and member checking.

Findings
This study reveals that small businesses managed to identify the loss of physical and monetary assets as possible damage. However, only a few businesses identified loss of intangible assets as possible cyber risks. Most small businesses had used basic cybersecurity measures to protect data access and some primary business activities. Unfortunately, they rarely take initiatives in preventing and early detecting cyber risks.

Research limitations/implications
Findings of this study cannot be generalised as it aims to obtain new insights and document unexplored findings. Thus, if this study’s findings are going to be generalised, it is necessary to conduct an additional study. Secondly, this study did not assess how far small business had fulfilled the relevant information security framework as assessment required additional research, and this study only aimed to map the current situation in small businesses.

Practical implications
This study emphasised the importance of identifying valuable assets or resources when implementing cybersecurity measures. Focusing on security measures to protect identified assets from cyber risk will make the efforts more efficient and effective than using standardised cybersecurity measures. Third-party developers can also use this study to understand small businesses’ current cybersecurity implementation and their characters to design online platforms that suit these needs. Governments can also design educational activities that address small businesses’ lack of knowledge.

Originality/value
Most studies which focus on small businesses and information technology (IT) usually only discuss how they use IT. This study also brings new contributions by focusing on developing countries and specifically addresses internet-based technology cyber risk faced by e-commerce businesses. The qualitative method is used as most studies in e-commerce adoption were positivistic in nature, and inductive-based studies were rarely found on the topic.