bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Worldwide trend in human papillomavirus–attributable cancer incidence rates between 1990 and 2012 and Bayesian projection to 2030
Authors: Wu Jie , Xiao Fenqiang , Zheng Yang , Lin Yushi , Wang Hong‐Liang 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThere is a paucity of global comparative trend analyses of all human papillomavirus (HPV)–attributable cancers. In addition, most analyses by international sources only describe past trends; few studies have projected the future trend of HPV‐attributable cancers.MethodsData were used from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5plus) database that contains annual incidence by cancer site, age, and sex, as well as corresponding populations. Age‐standardized HPV‐attributable cancer incidence rates were calculated and plotted from 1990 through 2012. A Bayesian age‐period‐cohort model was used to project the HPV‐attributable cancer incidence rates of each country up to 2030.ResultsA significant but small decreasing trend worldwide in the HPV‐attributable cancer incidence rate was observed with an average annual percent change (AAPC) of –0.3 (95% CI, –0.6 to –0.1). Notably, Uganda had a consistently increasing trend of HPV‐attributable cancer incidence rate, with an AAPC of 1.7 (95% CI, 0.6‐2.9). U‐shaped trends were observed in some high‐income countries because of a recent increase in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Most countries experience a decreasing or stable trend in HPV‐attributable cancers incidence rates between 1990 and 2030. However, Japan, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Costa Rica, and Uganda will have an increasing trend during the projection period.ConclusionsAnalyses revealed favorable downward trends in HPV‐attributable cancer incidence rates in most of the included countries. However, the persistently increasing trend in HPV‐attributable cancer incidence rates in Uganda and the recent increase in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer incidence rates in some high‐income countries may present a new challenge for global HPV‐attributable cancer prevention.Lay Summary

Analyses revealed favorable downward trends in human papillomavirus (HPV)–attributable cancer incidence rates in most of the included countries.

However, the persistently increasing trend in HPV‐attributable cancer incidence rates in Uganda and the recent increase in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer incidence rates in some high‐income countries may present a new challenge for global HPV‐attributable cancer prevention.
Substance use, substance use disorders, and treatment in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors—Results from a national survey
Authors: Ji Xu , Cummings Janet R. , Mertens Ann C. , Wen Hefei , Effinger Karen E. 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundSubstance use can exacerbate cancer‐related morbidity and mortality in adolescent/young adult (AYA) cancer survivors and place them at increased risk for adverse health outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess substance use, misuse, and substance use disorders [SUDs], as well as receipt of treatment for SUDs, among AYA cancer survivors.MethodsThe authors used data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (2015‐2018) to identify a nationally representative sample of AYAs aged 12 to 34 years. Outcomes assessed past‐year tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use; misuse of prescription opioids; SUDs; and SUD treatment. Multiple logistic regression was estimated to compare outcomes between 832 AYAs who reported a cancer history (survivors) and 140,826 AYAs who did not, adjusting sequentially for sociodemographic characteristics and health status.ResultsIn regressions adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, survivors were more likely than a noncancer comparison group of peers to use alcohol (6% relative increase; P = .048) and illicit drugs (34% relative increase; P = .012), to misuse prescription opioids (59% relative increase; P < .001), and to have a marijuana (67% relative increase; P = .011), illicit drug (77% relative increase; P < .001), or prescription opioid (67% relative increase; P = .048) SUD. When further adjusting for health status, survivors were still 41% more likely (P < .001) to misuse prescription opioids than noncancer peers. Among those with SUDs, survivors were more likely than peers to receive treatment (unadjusted, 21.5% vs 8.0%; adjusted, P < .05).ConclusionsAYA survivors were as likely as or more likely than noncancer peers to report substance use problems. These findings underscore the importance of interventions to reduce substance use and improve SUD treatment among AYA cancer survivors.Lay Summary

The authors assessed substance use, misuse, and substance use disorders, as well as the receipt of treatment for substance use disorders, among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors.

In a nationally representative AYA sample, cancer survivors, despite their increased risk for morbidity and early mortality, were as likely as or more likely than peers without cancer to experience substance use problems.

In particular, survivors had a significantly higher rate of prescription opioid misuse than peers.

However, only 1 in 5 AYA survivors who experienced substance use disorders received treatment.

These findings underscore the importance of interventions toward reducing substance use and improving access to treatment among AYA survivors.
A physiologically realistic virtual patient database for the study of arterial haemodynamics
Authors: Jones Gareth , Parr Jim , Nithiarasu Perumal , Pant Sanjay 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study creates a physiologically realistic virtual patient database (VPD), representing the human arterial system, for the primary purpose of studying the effects of arterial disease on haemodynamics. A low dimensional representation of an anatomically detailed arterial network is outlined, and a physiologically realistic posterior distribution for its parameters constructed through the use of a Bayesian approach. This approach combines both physiological/geometrical constraints and the available measurements reported in the literature. A key contribution of this work is to present a framework for including all such available information for the creation of virtual patients (VPs). The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is used to sample random VPs from this posterior distribution, and the pressure and flow‐rate profiles associated with each VP computed through a physics based model of pulse wave propagation. This combination of the arterial network parameters (representing a virtual patient) and the haemodynamics waveforms of pressure and flow‐rates at various locations (representing functional response and potential measurements that can be acquired in the virtual patient) makes up the VPD. While 75,000 VPs are sampled from the posterior distribution, 10,000 are discarded as the initial burn‐in period of the MCMC sampler. A further 12,857 VPs are subsequently removed due to the presence of negative average flow‐rate, reducing the VPD to 52,143. Due to undesirable behaviour observed in some VPs—asymmetric under‐ and over‐damped pressure and flow‐rate profiles in left and right sides of the arterial system—a filter is proposed to remove VPs showing such behaviour. Post application of the filter, the VPD has 28,868 subjects. It is shown that the methodology is appropriate by comparing the VPD statistics to those reported in literature across real populations. Generally, a good agreement between the two is found while respecting physiological/geometrical constraints.
Causality‐based online streaming feature selection
Authors: Li Longzhu , Lin Yaojin , Zhao Hong , Chen Jinkun , Li Shaozi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOnline streaming feature selection, as a well‐known and effective preprocessing approach in machine learning, is an eternal topic. Amount of online streaming feature selection algorithms have achieved a great deal of success in classification and prediction tasks. However, most of these existing algorithms only concentrate on the relevance between features and labels, and neglect the causal relationships between them. Discovering the potential causal relationships between features and labels, that is, the Markov blanket (MB) of class label, which can build a more interpretable and robust classification model. In this paper, we put forward a causality‐based online streaming feature selection algorithm with neighborhood conditional mutual information. First, we apply neighborhood symmetrical uncertainty to discover a candidate Markov blanket (CMB) with causal information. Then, neighborhood conditional mutual information instead of conditional independence test is used to delete the false positives in CMB, which can significantly alleviate the computational cost. Moreover, we utilize the updated CMB to choose the true spouses, which may be mistakenly deleted during the process of removing false positives, and then acquire an optimal MB as the online selected feature subset. Finally, causality‐based online streaming feature selection with neighborhood conditional mutual information is compared with four well‐established online streaming feature selection methods on 13 real‐world datasets. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms these online streaming feature selection algorithms.
SMOSA: Spider monkey optimization‐based scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous Hadoop
Authors: Zhang Conghui , Guan Shaopeng , Li Yi , Sun Wenwen 
Published: May 2021

SummaryHadoop is a typical framework for processing big data. Task scheduling algorithms have a significant impact on the processing performance of Hadoop clusters. Existing scheduling algorithms of Hadoop fail to consider the performance differences between nodes in heterogeneous Hadoop clusters, causing problems such as uneven task allocation and low resource utilization. Aiming to solve this problem, we propose a spider monkey optimization‐based scheduling algorithm (SMOSA) for heterogeneous Hadoop. First, the cluster heartbeat mechanism is used to obtain information such as memories and CPUs of nodes to comprehensively consider the actual load capacity of each node. Then, the spider monkey optimization algorithm is adopted to find the optimal mapping relationship between tasks and resources by taking the task completion time as the objective function and updating the position of the spider monkey. Finally, we calculate the remaining rate of node hardware resources, and according to the task type, the node with the higher remaining rate of resource will give priority to the task. Data are compressed for I/O type tasks to reduce disk operations and increase the speed of task execution. Experimental results show that, compared with existing scheduling algorithms, the SMOSA can effectively reduce task execution time and can significantly improve scheduling efficiency and task execution speed especially in heterogeneous Hadoop clusters. For different types of tasks, the execution time can be reduced by up to 19%.
Lorlatinib Exposure‐Response Analyses for Safety and Efficacy in a Phase I/II Trial to Support Benefit–Risk Assessment in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Chen Joseph , Ruiz‐Garcia Ana , James Leonard P. , Peltz Gerson , Thurm Holger , Clancy Jill , Hibma Jennifer 
Published: May 2021

Lorlatinib is a small molecule inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and c‐ROS oncogene 1 (ROS1) tyrosine kinases and is approved for the treatment of patients with ALK‐positive advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the phase I/II study (NCT01970865), potential exposure‐response (E‐R) relationships between lorlatinib and selected safety and efficacy end points were evaluated in patients with NSCLC. E‐R relationships were assessed for safety end points with incidence > 10% in all treated patients (n = 328). In total, 4 safety end points were assessed: hypercholesterolemia grade ≥ 3, hypertriglyceridemia grade ≥ 3, weight gain grade ≥ 2, and treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) grade ≥ 3. Using logistic regression, significant relationships were identified between lorlatinib plasma exposure and risk of hypercholesterolemia grade ≥ 3 (odds ratio (OR) 5.256) and risk of TEAE grade ≥ 3 (OR 3.214). The covariates baseline cholesterol and time on study prior to the event (TE) were associated with the probability of hypercholesterolemia grade ≥ 3. Baseline cholesterol and TE were found to have a statistically significant correlation with TEAE grade ≥ 3. Exposure‐efficacy relationships were assessed for objective response rate (ORR; n = 197) and intracranial objective response rate (IC‐ORR; n = 132). Lorlatinib plasma exposure was not identified as a statistically significant factor related to either efficacy end point. The only significant E‐R relationships identified for efficacy were between baseline alkaline phosphatase and baseline amylase with IC‐ORR (ORs 0.363 and 1.015, respectively). These findings support the lorlatinib indicated dose and dose modification guidelines regarding the management of lorlatinib‐related AEs.
Retinal imaging demonstrates reduced capillary density in clinically unimpaired APOE ε4 gene carriers
Authors: Elahi Fanny M. , Ashimatey Senyo B. , Bennett Daniel J. , Walters Samantha M. , La Joie Renaud , Jiang Xuejuan , Wolf Amy , Cobigo Yann , Staffaroni Adam M. , Rosen Howie J. , Miller Bruce L. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Kramer Joel H. , Green Ari J. , Kashani Amir H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionApolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, the strongest non‐Mendelian genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been shown to affect brain capillaries in mice, with potential implications for AD‐related neurodegenerative disease. However, human brain capillaries cannot be directly visualized in vivo. We therefore used retinal imaging to test APOE ε4 effects on human central nervous system capillaries.MethodsWe collected retinal optical coherence tomography angiography, cognitive testing, and brain imaging in research participants and built statistical models to test genotype–phenotype associations.ResultsOur analyses demonstrate lower retinal capillary densities in early disease, in cognitively normal APOE ε4 gene carriers. Furthermore, through regression modeling with a measure of brain perfusion (arterial spin labeling), we provide support for the relevance of these findings to cerebral vasculature.DiscussionThese results suggest that APOE ε4 affects capillary health in humans and that retinal capillary measures could serve as surrogates for brain capillaries, providing an opportunity to study microangiopathic contributions to neurodegenerative disorders directly in humans.
Endoscopic ultrasound fine needle biopsy was not more cost‐effective than fine‐needle aspiration with rapid on‐site evaluation in gastrointestinal lesions diagnosis
Authors: Sbeit Wisam , Khoury Tawfik 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and aimCost‐effectiveness comparison between endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided acquisition techniques by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and fine needle biopsy (FNB) in gastrointestinal lesions is still scarce. EUS‐FNB has been shown to be more cost‐effective than EUS‐FNA, however, when adding rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) to EUS‐FNA, it is unclear whether EUS‐FNB remains more cost‐effective. Our aim was to assess cost‐efficacy of EUS‐FNB as compared to EUS‐FNA with ROSE in gastrointestinal lesions.MethodAll patients who underwent EUS‐FNA with ROSE or EUS‐FNB at Galilee Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. Cost‐effectiveness analysis was based on the additional EUS sessions needed and on the average cost expenditure to achieve one final pathological diagnosis.ResultsSeventy‐four cases were included in the final analysis. Of them, 21 patients (28.4%) were in the EUS‐FNB group (group A), as compared to 53 patients (71.6%) who underwent EUS‐FNA with ROSE (group B). Additional EUS sessions needed to achieve one final pathological diagnosis were needed in 14.3% of group A patients vs 9.4% in group B patients (P = .5). and, the average cost for achieving one final pathological diagnosis was similar in both groups (1226 ± 369$ for group A vs 1158 ± 309.6.7$ for group B, P = .2). Notably, even after analyzing pancreatic and non‐pancreatic gastrointestinal lesions separately, there was no cost benefit of EUS‐FNB over EUS‐FNA with ROSE.ConclusionsCost‐effectiveness analysis was not different between EUS‐FNB vs EUS‐FNA with ROSE. Thus, the preference of one modality over the other should be based on availability and local expertise.
Plant history and soil history jointly influence the selection environment for plant species in a long‐term grassland biodiversity experiment
Authors: Dietrich Peter , Eisenhauer Nico , Otto Peter , Roscher Christiane 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLong‐term biodiversity experiments have shown increasing strengths of biodiversity effects on plant productivity over time. However, little is known about rapid evolutionary processes in response to plant community diversity, which could contribute to explaining the strengthening positive relationship. To address this issue, we performed a transplant experiment with offspring of seeds collected from four grass species in a 14‐year‐old biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment). We used two‐ and six‐species communities and removed the vegetation of the study plots to exclude plant–plant interactions. In a reciprocal design, we transplanted five “home” phytometers (same origin and actual environment), five “away‐same” phytometers (same species richness of origin and actual environment, but different plant composition), and five “away‐different” phytometers (different species richness of origin and actual environment) of the same species in the study plots. In the establishment year, plants transplanted in home soil produced more shoots than plants in away soil indicating that plant populations at low and high diversity developed differently over time depending on their associated soil community and/or conditions. In the second year, offspring of individuals selected at high diversity generally had a higher performance (biomass production and fitness) than offspring of individuals selected at low diversity, regardless of the transplant environment. This suggests that plants at low and high diversity showed rapid evolutionary responses measurable in their phenotype. Our findings provide first empirical evidence that loss of productivity at low diversity is not only caused by changes in abiotic and biotic conditions but also that plants respond to this by a change in their micro‐evolution. Thus, we conclude that eco‐evolutionary feedbacks of plants at low and high diversity are critical to fully understand why the positive influence of diversity on plant productivity is strengthening through time.
New method of isotopic analysis: baseline‐standardized isotope vector analysis shows trophic partitioning in loricariids
Authors: Black Corinthia R. , Armbruster Jonathan W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStable isotope analyses have refined the study of trophic niche diversity within an ecosystem, yet traditional trophic partitioning methods may not be appropriate to identify variation among groups with similar dietary requirements. By building on vector‐based analyses, we introduce a baseline‐standardized isotopic vector analysis (BaSIVA) to visualize dietary variation while accounting for isotopic discrepancies between locations. To test the effectiveness of our new method, we collected muscle samples from eleven species of Loricarioidea in five assemblages in Northern Peru. Loricarioidea is a large, ecomorphologically diverse superfamily of scraping‐feeding fishes. Most feed on an indistinguishable mix of detritus and algae, but some lineages have specialized diets of wood, seeds, and macroinvertebrates, making them an excellent group to study trophic variation. Isotopic data were collected using mass spectrometric isotope analyses, and communities were standardized by calculating a mean baseline (algae and periphyton) for each location. The entire community was shifted by subtracting the baseline of 15N and 13C from the consumers at each location, which allowed for comparison between assemblages. Incremental differences of 15N and 13C from the baseline were found via vector analysis, and the azimuth and module of each consumer were calculated. Standardization resulted in a significant shift of assemblages within the isotopic biplot, and vector analysis shows three trophic groups primarily described by differences in carbon assimilation. Isotopic variation between species may account for some diversification in jaw shape within the Loricarioidea, but BaSIVA suggests several instances of trophic overlap in different jaw morphologies. Moreover, results from BaSIVA are better able to delineate trophic groups than traditional trophic positioning methods while accounting for variation in basal resources. We suggest a baseline‐standardized vector analysis should be the standard for vector‐based stable isotope analysis in riverine environments with similar baseline resources.
Coastal woody encroachment reduces food quality for basal consumers
Authors: Goeke Janelle A. , Armitage Anna R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWoody plant encroachment (the replacement of grasses and forbs by woody shrubs and trees) is reshaping communities in both terrestrial and coastal environments, but little is known about its effects on basal consumers. We used interactions between fiddler crabs (Uca spp.) and the encroaching mangrove Avicennia germinans in Gulf of Mexico salt marshes to explore trophic interactions between basal consumers and encroaching shrubs. In a series of food preference trials, fiddler crabs consumed over five times more marsh (Spartina alterniflora) plant matter when given a choice between mangrove and marsh diets. In food quality trials, fiddler crabs stored 50% less energy, as measured by hepatopancreas lipid content, when restricted to a mangrove diet. These results demonstrate that mangrove encroachment may have negative consequences for salt marsh basal consumers, which may lead to deleterious population‐level effects and altered ecosystem carbon flows. As fiddler crabs are generalist consumers and mangroves share many physical and chemical characteristics with other encroaching woody species, negative consequences for basal consumers may be widespread in other environments undergoing woody shrub encroachment.