bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mining and predictive characterization of resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei Otth) using two subsets of barley genetic resources
Authors: Amouzoune Mariam , Amri Ahmed , Benkirane Rachid , Kehel Zakaria , Al-Jaboobi Muamer , Moulakat Adil , Abderrazek Jilal , Rehman Sajid 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSustainable barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production will require access to diverse ex-situ conserved collections to develop varieties with high yields and capable of overcoming the challenges imposed by major abiotic and biotic stresses. This study aimed at searching efficient approaches for the identification of new sources of resistance to barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei Otth). Two subsets, Generation Challenge Program Reference set (GCP) with 188 accessions and leaf rust subset constructed using the filtering approach of the Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) with 86 accessions, were evaluated for the seedling as well as the adult plant stage resistance (APR) using two barley leaf rust (LR) isolates (ISO-SAT and ISO-MRC) and in four environments in Morocco, respectively. Both subsets yielded a high percent of accessions with a moderately resistant (MR) reaction to the two LR isolates at the seedling stage. For APR, more than 50% of the accessions showed resistant reactions in SAT2018 and GCH2018, while this rate was less than 20% in SAT2017 and SAT2019. Statistical analysis using chi-square test of independence revealed the dependency of LR reaction on subsets at the seedling (ISO-MRC), as well as at the APR (SAT2017 and SAT2018) stage. At seedling stage, the test of goodness of fit showed that GCP subset yielded higher percentages of resistant accessions than FIGS-LR in case of ISO-MRC isolate but the two subsets did not differ for ISO-SAT. At APR, FIGS approach performed better than GCP in yielding higher percentages of accessions in case of SAT2017 and SAT2018. Although some of the tested machine learning models had moderate to high accuracies, none of them was able to find a strong and significant relationship between the reaction to LR and the environmental conditions showing the needs for more fine tuning of approaches for efficient mining of genetic resources using machine learning.
Daily Life and Challenges Faced By Households With Permanent Childhood Developmental Disability in Rural Tanzania – A Qualitative Study
Authors: Castellani Joëlle , Kimbute Omari , Makasi Charles , Mrango Zakayo E. , Paulus Aggie T. G. , Evers Silvia M. A. A. , Hardy Pip , Sumner Tony , Keiya Augusta , Mihaylova Borislava , Faiz Mohammad Abul , Gomes Melba 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSevere developmental disability in children affects the life of the child and entire household. We conducted a qualitative study to understand how caregivers manage severe developmental disabilities in children in rural Africa. Families and six children (out of 15 children) who had serious permanent sequelae from a cerebral infection in Handeni, Tanzania, were contacted and invited to a workshop to recount their experience living with severe developmental disabilities. After consent, individual interviews were conducted first through recording of individual digital stories and then through individual semi-structured interviews. Pre-determined key categories were used to analyse the data. Our results showed that developmental disabilities required constant care and reduced the autonomy of the children. Schooling had not been attempted or was halted because of learning problems or inability to meet specialized school costs. Parents were under constant physical, emotional and financial stress. Their occupational earnings decreased. Some families sold their assets to survive. Others began to rely on relatives. Understanding the consequences of developmental disability helps to identify where social support should be focused and improved.
Trustworthy simulations and their epistemic hierarchy
Authors: Mättig Peter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe analyze the usage of computer simulation at the LHC and derive seven jointly necessary requirements for a simulation to be considered ’trustworthy’, such that it can be used as proxy for experiments. We show that these requirements can also be applied to systems without direct experimental access and discuss their validity for properties that have not yet been probed. While being necessary, these requirements are not sufficient. Such trustworthy simulations will be analyzed for the relative epistemic statuses of simulation and material measurements, from which we argue that claims of their parity are unfounded. Instead, using credibility as a measure for epistemic status, and in view of the temporal and epistemic dependence of simulation on material measurements, we argue that the latter have a higher epistemic status than the former. We further argue that suggestions to qualify the epistemic status by ’defocussing’ on the material connection to the target system of either human or natural experiments are misleading.
Decreased Astrocytic CCL2 Accounts for BAF-312 Effect on PBMCs Transendothelial Migration Through a Blood Brain Barrier in Vitro Model
Authors: Spampinato Simona F. , Merlo Sara , Costantino Giuseppe , Sano Yasuteru , Kanda Takashi , Sortino Maria Angela 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDisruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a common event in several neurological diseases and in particular, in multiple sclerosis (MS), it contributes to the infiltration of the central nervous system by peripheral inflammatory cells. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive molecule with pleiotropic effects. Agonists of S1P receptors such as fingolimod and siponimod (BAF-312) are in clinical practice for MS and have been shown to preserve BBB function in inflammatory conditions. Using an in vitro BBB model of endothelial-astrocytes co-culture exposed to an inflammatory insult (tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ; T&I), we show that BAF-312 reduced the migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) through the endothelial layer, only in the presence of astrocytes. This effect was accompanied by decreased expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1. BAF-312 also reduced the activation of astrocytes, by controlling NF-kB and NLRP3 induction and preventing the increase of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokines. Reduction of CCL2 by BAF-312 may be responsible for the observed effects and, accordingly, addition of exogenous CCL2 was able to counteract BAF-312 effects and rescued T&I responses on PBMC migration, ICAM-1 expression and astrocyte activation. The present results further point out BAF-312 effects on BBB properties, suggesting also the key role of astrocytes in mediating drug effects on endothelial function.
Graphical abstract
The Lived Body and Embodied Instructional Practices in Maritime Basic Safety Training
Authors: Viktorelius Martin , Sellberg Charlott 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the role of the lived body in maritime professional training. By focusing on how instructors include students’ subjective experiencing bodies as an educational resource and context for directives and demonstrations, the study aims at informing training of professionals for survival in emergency situations onboard ships. Drawing on a mobile video ethnography and on phenomenological analyses of the presence/absence of the body in experience, the study illustrates how instructors direct students’ attention towards or away from their appearing corporal field depending on the stage of the training. The article documents three instructional practices incorporating students’ lived embodiment during training: coping with distress by foregrounding the lived body, backgrounding the lived body for outer-directed action and imagining others’embodied experiences. The study contributes to our understanding of intercorporeal practices in instructional interaction and guidance in simulation-based vocational training.
Situating Mindfulness, Part 2: Early Buddhist Soteriology
Authors: Anālayo Bhikkhu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs the second of three articles, the present essay continues to explore the character of selected aspects of early Buddhism in order to assess its potential relevance as a reference point for those engaged in research on mindfulness in psychology. The exploration, which proceeds in critical dialogue with suggestions made by Donald Lopez Jr. and Evan Thompson, covers the topics of the role of mindfulness as a means for progress to awakening, the path to and the realization of awakening, the implications of the doctrines of not self and of the four noble truths, and the centrality of meditation in early Buddhism. The proposed conclusion is that a deserved criticism of a tendency toward unbalanced presentations of Buddhist thought, so as to be palatable to Western preferences, has gone overboard in the opposite direction, resulting in inaccurate evaluations and exaggerated claims that call for a correction and a sober reassessment of the actual evidence. Such reassessment shows that there is considerable room for an open dialogue between contemporary psychology and Buddhist meditation practice traditions regarding their common ground in the aspiration to understand the workings of the mind with a view to alleviating unnecessary suffering.
Increasing Risk of Ecological Change to Major Rivers of the World With Global Warming
Authors: Thompson J. R. , Gosling S. N. , Zaherpour J. , Laizé C. L. R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe hydrological characteristics of a river, including the magnitude and timing of high and low flows, are important determinants of its ecological functioning. Climate change will alter these characteristics, triggering ecological changes in river ecosystems. This study assesses risks of ecological change in 321 major river basins across the globe due to global warming relative to pre‐industrial conditions of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0°C. Risks associated with climate‐driven changes to high and low flows, relative to baseline (1980–2010; 0.6°C warming), are investigated using simulations from nine global hydrological models forced with climate projections from five global climate models, resulting in an ensemble of 14,445 baseline‐scenario members for each warming scenario (9 × 5 × 321). At the global‐scale, the likelihood of high risks of significant ecological change in both high and low flows increase with global warming: across all basins there is a medium‐high risk of change in high (low) flows in 21.4% (22.4%) of ensemble members for 1.0°C warming, increasing to 61.5% (63.2%) for 3.0°C. Risks are particularly pronounced for low flows at 3.0°C for many rivers in South America, southern Africa, Australia, southern Europe and central and eastern USA. Results suggest that boreal regions are least likely to see significant ecological change due to modified river flows but this may be partly the result of the exclusion of processes such as permafrost dynamics from most global hydrological models. The study highlights the ecological fragility and spatial heterogeneity of the risks that unmitigated climate change poses to global river ecosystems.
Structuring Climate Service Co‐Creation Using a Business Model Approach
Authors: Rubio‐Martin Adria , Mañez Costa María , Pulido‐Velazquez Manuel , Garcia‐Prats Alberto , Celliers Louis , Llario Ferran , Macian Javier 
Published: October 2021

AbstractClimate services are tools or products that aim to support climate‐informed decision making for the adaptation to climate change. The market for climate services is dominated by public institutions, despite the efforts made by the European Commission to increase private enterprise in the market. The business model perspective has been proposed as a framework for enabling market growth through the development of appropriate business models for the provision of climate services. However, there is a lack of structured knowledge on how to approach climate service design and development from a business model standpoint. In this contribution, we first analyze the role of stakeholders in the design and development of climate services and identify opportunities for engaging users in the creation process. Afterward, we explain our approach to climate service design and development using a business model perspective. To illustrate the proposed approach, we describe the co‐creation of a climate service to support the adaptation to climate change of the urban water supply system in Valencia, Spain, and discuss the main findings and lessons learned from applying this approach.
Fate of Warm Pacific Water in the Arctic Basin
Authors: Lin Peigen , Pickart Robert S. , Våge Kjetil , Li Jianqiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPacific Summer Water (PSW) plays a critical role in the ecosystem of the western Arctic Ocean, impacting sea‐ice melt and providing freshwater to the basin. Most of the water exits the Chukchi Sea shelf through Barrow Canyon, but the manner in which this occurs and the ultimate fate of the water remain uncertain. Using an extensive collection of historical hydrographic and velocity data, we demonstrate how the PSW outflow depends on different wind conditions, dictating whether the warm water progresses eastward or westward away from the canyon. The current carrying the water westward along the continental slope splits into different branches, influenced by the strength and extent of the Beaufort Gyre, while the eastward penetration of PSW along the shelfbreak is limited. Our results provide the first broad‐scale view of how PSW is transferred from the shelf to the basin, highlighting the role of winds, boundary currents, and eddy exchange.
The Influence of Ocean Coupling on Simulated and Projected Tropical Cyclone Precipitation in the HighResMIP–PRIMAVERA Simulations
Authors: Huang Huanping , Patricola Christina M. , Collins William D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study aims to quantify the impacts of atmosphere–ocean coupling on simulated and projected tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation globally. We used global climate model (GCM) simulations over 1950–2050 from the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) and compared its fully coupled atmosphere–ocean GCMs (AOGCMs) with atmosphere‐only GCMs (AGCMs). We find that ocean coupling generally leads to decreased TC precipitation over ocean and land. Large‐scale sea surface temperature (SST) biases are critical drivers of the precipitation difference, with secondary contributions from local TC–ocean feedbacks via SST cold wakes. The two driving factors, attributed to ocean coupling in the AOGCMs, influence TC precipitation in association with decreased TC intensity and specific humidity. The AOGCMs and AGCMs consistently project TC precipitation increases in 2015–2050 relative to 1950–2014 over ocean for all basins, and for landfalling TCs in the North Atlantic and western North Pacific.
The Role of Tuffs in Sealing Volcanic Conduits
Authors: Kanakiya Shreya , Adam Ludmila , Rowe Michael C. , Lindsay Jan M. , Esteban Lionel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAcid‐sulphate alteration commonly changes the physicochemical properties of volcanic conduits. Although several conduit pressurization models suggest hydrothermal sealing, little experimental evidence exists from conduit‐filling rocks on the development of such a seal. Here we show that acid‐sulphate alteration affects conduit‐filling lavas and tuffs differently, with implications for their role in sealing the conduit. In lavas, alteration creates fluid pathways and decreases rock stiffness by dissolving primary minerals. In contrast, in the inherently porous tuffs, alteration reduces fluid pathways and increases rock stiffness by precipitating secondary minerals. Compaction of tuffs under subsurface pressures together with such alteration‐related sealing can form low porosity and low permeability zones within the conduit. Such zones could promote fluid‐pressure build‐up and predispose the volcano to explosive eruptions. We discuss our results in the context of observed seismicity and ground deformation and suggest using our elastic properties data to constrain geophysical inversions of acid‐sulphate altered volcanic conduits.
Influence of Vertical Wind Shear on the Ocean Response to Tropical Cyclones Based on Satellite Observations
Authors: Sun Jingru , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Soden Brian J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe here investigate the effects of tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced rainfall asymmetries driven by vertical wind shear on ocean salinity and temperature response to TCs using satellite and in situ observations. On average, TCs tend to initially freshen the ocean surface due to heavy rainfall and subsequently salinity from upwelling and vertical mixing, with strongest surface salinification on the right‐hand side of the Northern Hemisphere TCs. The direction of shear has been found to control the location of maximum TC rainfall, resulting in more freshwater accumulation on the right‐hand side of the right‐sheared storms. The accumulated freshwater strengthens salinity stratification and inhibits right‐side biased vertical mixing, reducing subsequent surface salinification by 0.15–0.3 psu and slightly suppressing the surface cooling by about 0.15°C, relative to left‐sheared storms. Thus, the directionality of shear can impact ocean‐TC coupling.
Micro‐Blocks in NE Asia Amalgamated Into the Unified Amuria Block by ∼300 Ma: First Paleomagnetic Evidence From the Songliao Block, NE China
Authors: Zhang Donghai , Huang Baochun , Meert Joseph G. , Zhao Guochun , Zhao Jie , Zhao Qian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAmuria formed in the late Paleozoic through amalgamation of the Mongolia and Songliao‐Jiamusi blocks in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The exact timing of the assembly is critical towards unraveling the Phanerozoic evolution of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean (PAO) and assembly of the Asian blocks in Pangea. Here, we report the first Permo‐Carboniferous paleomagnetic data from the Songliao‐Jiamusi block, aiming to constrain its relative paleoposition with respect to Mongolia. A stable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) was isolated from 313–292 Ma volcanic‐sedimentary sequences of the Dashizhai Formation. The ChRM yields a primary record of the geomagnetic field with positive fold, reversal and paleosecular variation tests. Along with published paleomagnetic data and geological constraints, we proposed a new reconstruction for the CAOB at 300 Ma. Our model posits that the Songliao‐Jiamusi and Mongolia blocks were welded into the unified Amuria block situated along the northern side of the PAO (∼34°N). On the southern side of the PAO, the Xilinhot and North China blocks were situated at equatorial paleolatitudes and were not amalgamated with Amuria until 250 Ma. This finding provides new insights into Asian paleogeography and the reconstruction of the Pangea supercontinent.
Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Overhanging Riverbank Stability
Authors: Zhang Kaili , Gong Zheng , Zhao Kun , Wang Keyu , Pan Siqi , Coco Giovanni 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOverhanging riverbank stability is a key feature of bank retreat. Although different mechanisms of bank collapse have been studied by many researchers, prediction of cantilever failure patterns and understanding of three‐dimensional failure surfaces continue to puzzle scientists. To address this problem, we conducted laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the stability of overhanging riverbank. In the laboratory experiments, we analyzed the characteristics of failure surface using a three‐dimensional laser scanner. Results show that with decreased ratio between bank height and near‐bank water depth, there is a transition from a ‘tensile failures followed by toppling failure’ pattern to a ‘shear failure’ pattern. Flow infiltration in our experiments leads to a sharp decrease in soil shear strength and consequently the occurrence of shear failure. For toppling failure, the observed upper retreat distance is much greater than the lower undermining depth, thus challenging the widely adopted assumption of a constant failure surface along the endpoint of the cantilever. Also, we found that failure surface distance can be characterized by twice the width of the overhanging block. As for the failure surface angle, a negative linear correlation is proposed with respect to bank retreat distance, implying a distinct distribution of bank stability along the arched‐shape bank line induced by bank collapse events. Overall, our study deepens understanding of overhanging stability, providing a new perspective on bank retreat process, critical for the morphodynamics of rivers and estuaries.
Glacial Catchment Erosion From Detrital Zircon (U‐Th)/He Thermochronology: Patagonian Andes
Authors: Falkowski S. , Ehlers T. A. , Madella A. , Glotzbach C. , Georgieva V. , Strecker M. R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlpine glacial erosion exerts a first‐order control on mountain topography and sediment production, but its mechanisms are poorly understood. Observational data capable of testing glacial erosion and transport laws in glacial models are mostly lacking. New insights, however, can be gained from detrital tracer thermochronology. Detrital tracer thermochronology works on the premise that thermochronometer bedrock ages vary systematically with elevation, and that detrital downstream samples can be used to infer the source elevation sectors of sediments. We analyze six new detrital samples of different grain sizes (sand and pebbles) from glacial deposits and the modern river channel integrated with data from 18 previously analyzed bedrock samples from an elevation transect in the Leones Valley, Northern Patagonian Icefield, Chile (46.7°S). We present 622 new detrital zircon (U‐Th)/He (ZHe) single‐grain analyses and 22 new bedrock ZHe analyses for two of the bedrock samples to determine age reproducibility. Results suggest that glacial erosion was focused at and below the Last Glacial Maximum and neoglacial equilibrium line altitudes, supporting previous modeling studies. Furthermore, grain age distributions from different grain sizes (sand, pebbles) might indicate differences in erosion mechanisms, including mass movements at steep glacial valley walls. Finally, our results highlight complications and opportunities in assessing glacigenic environments, such as dynamics of sediment production, transport, transient storage, and final deposition, that arise from settings with large glacio‐fluvial catchments.
Turbine layout optimisation for large‐scale offshore wind farms–A grid‐based method
Authors: Taylor Peter , Yue Hong , Campos‐Gaona David , Anaya‐Lara Olimpo , Jia Chunjiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study presents a new turbine layout optimisation approach using a grid‐based problem formulation for improved design performance and computational efficiency for industrial‐scale applications. A particle swarm optimisation algorithm is employed in the wind turbine layout optimisation, in which a micro‐siting function is proposed to allow solutions 50 m of deviation while maximising energy capture without compromising maritime navigation or search and rescue operations. Solutions are assessed by a wind farm model, comprising the Larsen wake model, a multiple wake effect summation method, and a rotor‐effective wind speed calculation. A novel look‐up function is populated by on‐the‐fly algorithm and is used to reduce the number of model evaluations by approximately 95%. A gigawatt scale hypothetical site is presented to test the model on a realistically complex scenario. A set of design solutions generated by the algorithm are compared to empirical designs, with the algorithm outperforming the empirical solutions by 7.55% on average, in terms of net‐present‐value of energy capture minus the capital cost of turbines. The numerical efficiency and design effectiveness are examined and further improvements discussed.