bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blowout Well Response: TOTAL Large Scale Exercise Drill in the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Tripp Alex 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
In March 2019, TOTAL planned and executed the first of its kind Large Scale Exercise (LSE) in Nigeria. Before this operator led LSE, capping equipment had not been deployed in Africa. Since this was the first exercise of the sort to be undertaken in Nigeria, there were several objectives defined at the outset of the exercise: test the entire response chain (logistics, preparation, execution and communication);demonstrate to the Nigerian authorities that a comprehensive and efficient response could be executed in a timely manner; anddocument, record lessons learned and then feed them back to the local affiliate and others to improve future response operations
For this exercise, TOTAL deployed its Subsea Emergency Response System (SERS) which was commissioned for construction at the beginning of 2012. Two systems were developed for drilling and production hydrocarbon blowout scenarios. The LSE's focus was to deploy the capping system while also taking the opportunity to simulate pumping dispersant. TOTAL has two SERS's that are stored in Pointe Noire, Congo and Luanda, Angola. Due to the readiness of the system in Congo (recently tested and the appropriate connector installed), it was chosen to be used for the LSE.
An abandoned appraisal well was chosen for the exercise due to it being free from subsea infrastructure. The detailed work scope for the LSE was as follows:
SERS ○ Controls Distribution Unit (CDU) deployment○ Flying Lead Deployment Frame (FLDF) deployment○ Diverter Spool Assembly (DSA) deployment○ Connection of the Hydraulic Flying Leads (HFL's) and Electric Flying Leads (EFL's)○ Landing the DSA and locking the connector by Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV)○ Performing an Acoustic Communication System (ACS) test
Subsea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) ○ Deploying the Hose Deployment Frame (HDF)○ Deploying the routing manifold on Coiled Tubing (CT)○ Connecting all hoses with the ROV○ Simulating pumping dispersant over the well
All equipment was successfully deployed and tested with all objectives achieved. The highlights of the operations were as follows: ○ 20 days from Congo SERS equipment loadout until the end of operations○ Approximately 27 hours from OneSubsea (OSS) arrival on the vessel until the DSA was locked on the wellhead○ DSA connector lock and unlock between 4 to 5 minutes○ 52.1 bbls of simulated dispersant pumped within a one hour timeframe
Synthesis of photochemical transformations of oil in the sea
Authors: Ward Collin P. , Overton Edward B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract:
In this presentation and article, we synthesize findings from a workshop about our understanding of the interplay between crude oil photochemical oxidation and oil spill response, emphasizing how this understanding has evolved since the 2010 DWH spill. Our discussion is guided by one overarching questions: what role does photochemical oxidation play towards informing effective oil spill response operations? We show that prior to the DWH spill, our understanding of the relative importance of oil weathering processes, specifically photochemical weathering, was incomplete. We further explore how accounting for photochemical changes to oil's properties (physical and chemical) could improve the effectiveness of oil spill response operations, specifically chemical dispersant applications. Lastly, we identify priority knowledge gaps related to this guiding research question.
Oil Spill Thickness Determination from L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Jones Cathleen E. , Jaruwatanadilok Sermsak , Duan Xueyang , Holt Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTEfficient and effective oil spill response requires accurate information regarding slick location, extent, and thickness to direct remediation activities. Of these three, the most challenging to determine is thickness. Ideally, the needed information would be provided by remote sensing instruments, particularly those operating from space. In this study we consider the capability of L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for identifying oil layer thickness for slicks in open water given the range of oil properties and environmental conditions typical in this setting. The goal is to determine layer thickness with precision equivalent to that of the Bonn Agreement Oil Appearance Code. Here we report preliminary results of an ongoing study to determine whether either relative or absolute slick thickness can be determined from L-band SAR. The study has an experimental component, which uses low noise airborne SAR data acquired over slicks to evaluate the capability to determine relative thickness, i.e., to differentiate sheen from zones of varying thicker oil within a slick. The component of the study to evaluate whether absolute thickness can be determined from SAR uses backscatter simulations within a physics-based model of electromagnetic scattering from slicked and unslicked ocean surfaces accounting for oil properties, meteorological conditions, and sea state. As part of the theoretical component of the study, we evaluate the backscatter sensitivity to oil characteristics to determine which properties most influenced the SAR measurements. These results are used to determine whether the oil-to-water ratio or the oil thickness can be quantified with reasonable accuracy based upon SAR backscatter intensities alone or whether it requires calibration to go from relative to absolute thickness. The ratio of the backscatter contrast between clean and slicked ocean surfaces is shown to be sensitive to variations within slicks that well correlate with the oil layer thickness. Determination of absolute thickness is much more challenging given the variation of oil properties as the oil weathers on the sea surface.
Kenya's National Framework to Enhance the Response Capability to Oil Spills
Authors: Rios Jose M. , Taylor Elliott , Muthike Stellamaris , Mbaru Michael 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Investment in the oil and gas sector in the East Africa region should commingle with the incorporation of best practices in oil spill emergency response. Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream operations must focus on prevention of emergencies but always be prepared to implement response actions if all engineering and safety defenses fail. Elements of environmental stewardship, applied scientific research, and technology are among key considerations needed in contingency planning to mitigate the socioeconomic and ecological consequences of hydrocarbon releases.
Kenya is in the process of realizing its oil and gas potential. The country has started injection and production testing of its oil reserves in Turkana and has initiated oil export through the Port of Mombasa. These activities, coupled with increased rate of sea borne trade and planned relocation of Kipevu Oil Terminal to an offshore platform, places the country at risk of oil spills and therefore the need to have a robust system of spill prevention, preparedness and response.
The World Bank's International Development Assistance (IDA) recognized the relevance of enhancing preparedness and response capability and, through the Kenya Ministry of Petroleum and Mining, initiated the development of the national framework for onshore and offshore oil prevention, preparedness, and response capacity in Kenya. The project is divided into four phases (Identification, Development, Implementation, and Kenya's Regional (East Africa) Response Capacity Enhancement) and four primary deliverables: National Oil Spill Contingency Plan for Marine and Navigable WatersOnshore National Oil Spill Contingency PlanNational Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) Guidance ManualNational Oiled Wildlife Response and Preparedness Guidance Manual
This paper provides an overview of the four phases, describes the approach used to meet the project objectives, and provides an overview of the national oil spill contingency plans and national guidance manuals.
Evolution of Federal Oil Pollution Research Planning
Authors: Vocke William T. , Miller Eric J. , Hudson Candi , Lundgren Scott , Conmy Robyn N. , Trego Kirsten R. , Baillie Carol A. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the evolution of the Interagency Coordinating Committee on Oil Pollution Research (ICCOPR) Oil Pollution Research and Technology Plan (R&T Plan) to address changing oil pollution risks associated with advancements in the energy industry practices. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) Title VII required development of an R&T Plan to identify the resources needed for the government research programs. The 1992 R&T Plan and its 1997 revision marked a major advancement in how the United States (U.S.) planned its oil pollution research. The first two plans met the needs of their time but were outdated when the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 revealed a wide range of new research needed to address the risks associated with advancements in industry practices.
ICCOPR responded to the new challenges by revising the Charter and establishing a six-year R&T Plan revision cycle. In September 2015, ICCOPR released the FY 2015–2021 R&T Plan, which established a new baseline plan for current and future planning. This paper describes the structured review process used to analyze more than 900 research needs identified since OPA 90 was enacted. The paper explains the new research classification process that established four Classes, 25 Standing Research Areas (SRAs), and 150 priority research needs in the R&T Plan.
ICCOPR is working on the first revision in the new six-year planning cycle to cover the FY2022–2027 timeframe. The paper describes the factors being evaluated to update the list of priority needs. These factors include how well current priorities have been addressed and new or emerging oil pollution risks. An update on the status of addressing the priorities will be presented, including the number of SRAs addressed by ICCOPR agencies and others.
The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response
Authors: White Helen K. , Karras Stacee 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Each marine oil spill presents unique circumstances and challenges that require careful consideration of which response options are most appropriate for mitigating impacts to local communities and the environment, which may include the use of dispersants. Dispersants are chemical countermeasures that reduce the amount of floating oil by promoting the formation of small droplets that remain or become entrained in the water column, where they are subjected to greater dissolution and dilution. During the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, an unprecedented volume of dispersants was used at the surface and in the deep ocean. The spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill science, especially regarding dispersant use. Building on two previous reports and using this new information, a committee of experts convened by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) conducted a review and evaluation of the science on dispersant use. The committee's review focused on various aspects of dispersant use in offshore marine oil spills, including dispersant and oil fate and transport, human health considerations, biological effects, decision making, and alternative response options, among others. The findings and recommendations of the committee were published in the recent report, The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response (available for free download at https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25161/the-use-of-dispersants-in-marine-oil-spill-response). The presentation summarizes the committee's findings and recommendations within the context of oil spill response science and technology. A key area of consideration is how they relate to and support a robust decision making process in the event dispersants are considered for use in future spills.
Controlling and Documenting Dispersant Effectiveness During Subsea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) - A Novel System for Dispersant Dosage and In-Situ Monitoring of Oil Droplet and Gas Bubble Sizes
Authors: Brandvik Per Johan , Davies Emlyn , Nepstad Raymond , Nordmark Leiv-Ove 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Subsea dispersant injection (SSDI) has been implemented as a response method since it was first used in large-scale during the Macondo subsea blow-out in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Oil and gas operators have access to SSDI equipment through multiple suppliers of response equipment. This equipment is a crucial part of the capping and containment package offered in the event of a subsea blow-out. The concept is used to ensure access to the spill site (remove surface oil), improve working conditions (reduce exposure to volatile oil components) and finally be used as a response option to reduce environmental impact form the spill (reduce surfacing & stranding of oil and increase natural biodegradation of dispersed oil as small droplets).
However, a subsea blow-out of 12 000 m3/day, would require 800–1600 m3 of dispersant for the first week with a dosage of 1–2%. Controlling the dispersant dosage could be critical, especially, since the initial volume of available dispersants could be limited.
This paper presents a new system for automatic dispersant dosage control. The system monitors the size distribution of the released oil droplets and gas bubbles. The injected dosage of dispersant is then automatically adjusted to obtain a desired oil droplet size. The dispersant dosage from a hydraulically operated valve is adjusted based on a real-time signal from a silhouette camera (SilCam) positioned in the rising oil & gas plume. The SilCam is used to quantify oil droplet and gas bubble distributions. The SilCam can be held in place by a Remote operated Vehicle (ROV) and all signals are brought to the operator onboard the supply vessel via the ROV's umbilical cord. The concept is tested by down-scaled experiments at SINTEF and verified in full-scale by Oceaneering in a large ROV test pool.
This study was headed by Oceanering in close cooperation with SINTEF and funded by the Norwegian Research Council and multiple Norwegian energy companies; Equinor Petroleum AS, Lundin Norge AS, ENI Norge AS, Total E&P Norge AS and ConocoPhillips Scandinavia AS.
Benchmark and Legal Framework Study on Oil Spill Prompt Response and Contingency Resources for Oil & Gas Offshore Structures: A Global Cooperation
Authors: Salvi Raisa Gabriela , Singer Eugenio , Sahlit Sergio de Mesquita , Leite Luísa Mathias , Burger Kathryn , Steer Rob 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
A well-developed legal and regulatory framework on contingency planning and response arrangements with establishment of clear responsibilities and coordination between government and industry is one of the success keys for an effective oil spill preparedness and response strategy. Furthermore, international co-operation and mutual assistance in preparing for and responding to major oil pollution incidents have become critical in order to reduce potential impacts to the environment and populations.
National policies on oil spill coordination and response vary from nation to nation. Governments are encouraged to ratify the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation of 1990 (OPRC 90) and develop laws and procedures for preparing for and responding to oil spills. This is often accomplished through the preparation of a national contingency plan under the auspices of an agreed national regulatory authority (IPIECA, 2000).
Following recent oil spills, such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon within the Gulf of Mexico, interest on oil spill legislation has risen among stakeholders, as regional and national policies in some regions of the globe became stricter, notably on the need of available contingency resources, as well as transboundary and coordinated response (as required, for example, by the recent Europewide Safety of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations). In this context, a benchmark and legal framework study on oil spill prompt response and contingency resources for Oil & Gas offshore infrastructures was performed, focusing on six relevant Oil & Gas production areas: United States, Canada, North Sea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. The continuous process of information gathering, review and consolidation throughout the analysis comprehended an establishment of a cooperation network of Oil & Gas consultant experts from these different areas of interest, including communication with local regulatory agencies in cases of uncertainties.
The intent of this paper is to present the benchmarking and comparison of the legal requirements and regulatory framework on the availability of oil spill prompt response and contingency resources of these six areas of interest, as well as discuss potential legal weaknesses and opportunities for improvements on their regional and national contingency system.
An Overview of Wellhead Burning: Fundamental Science to Burn Performance Prediction
Authors: Tuttle Steven G. , Fisher Brian T. , Kessler David A. , Pfützner Christopher J. , Skiba Aaron W. , Jacob Rohit J. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTWhile wellhead burning has been an oil field hazard for generations, the development of capping response technologies and practices by industry experts has enabled the oil exploration community to shift its views of wellhead burning from a hazard to an oil spill response tool. This review covers some of the fundamental scientific aspects and technical issues of wellhead burning that engineers and policy makers will need to consider as this mitigation strategy is examined as a standard oil spill response tactic. For context, we examine a potential wellhead blowout scenario over a range of oil flows and examine the regimes of two-phase pipe flows, their dependence on wellbore velocities and gas-liquid ratios, and how those regimes will influence the burn efficiency with some insight from our experimental observations from two-phase spray burn testing. Among the critical findings that we present is that the worst-case discharge flow rate cannot be assumed to be the worst-case wellhead burning scenario.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Myofibroblasts Using α- SMA in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Turning into Malignancy- A Case Report and Review
Authors: Purkait Swapan Kumar , Abhinandan . , Priya Nimisha , Singh Sriyanshi , Singh Sneha 
Published: December 2021

Oral submucous fibrosis is a premalignant condition, characterized by fibrosis in oral mucosa causing stiffness of mucosa and leading to reduced mouth opening. The malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis is very high among the rest of the premalignant conditions. Chronic chewing of arecanut causes production of myofibroblasts. These myofibroblasts plays an important role in neoangiogenesis as well as disintegration of the basement membrane at the tumor invasive front leading to carcinoma. Here, we are doing an Immunohistochemical study using alpha SMA for proper microscopic visulizations of myofibroblastic activity in an OSF patient, encompassing the pathogenesis and malignant potentiality of the disease.
Desulfitisporaceae fam. nov.
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

N.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfitisporaceae
, the family of the genus
Desulfitispora
.

“Firmicutes B” / Desulfitisporia / Desulfitisporales / Desulfitisporaceae fam. nov.

The family
Desulfitisporaceae
includes endospore‐forming, Gram‐positive, obligately anaerobic, and haloalkaliphilic bacteria with fermentative and respiratory metabolism inhabiting anaerobic sediments in soda lakes. They utilize a limited number of electron donors, including pyruvate, lactate, crotonate and H
2
, and sulfur and nitrogen compounds as electron acceptors. Pyruvate and crotonate can also be dismutated. The family consists of a single genus
Desulfitispora
, which includes the type species
Desulfitispora alkaliphila
and the second species
Desulfitispora elongata
.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 38.8 (genome type species) to 40.3 (
T
m
,
D. elongata
).

Type genus
:
Desulfitispora
Sorokin and Muyzer 2010, VL134.
Pectobacterium
Authors: Coutinho Teresa A , Shin Gi Yoon , van der Waals Jacquie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPec.to.bac.te'ri.u,m. N.L. suff.pecto‐, pertaining to pectin; from Gr. adj.pêktos, curdled, congealed; N.L. neut. n.bacterium, a small rod; N.L. neut. n.Pectobacterium, a pectolytic bacterium.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacterales / Pectobacteriaceae / PectobacteriumCells of the genusPectobacteriumare Gram‐negative rods, 0.5–1.0 × 1.0–3.0 μm, with rounded ends, which mostly occur alone or in pairs, sometimes in chains. Cells are usually motile by means of peritrichous flagella. They are facultatively anaerobic, catalase‐positive, and oxidase‐negative. Cells are pectinolytic. They utilize arabinose, arbutin, β‐methylglucoside, citrate, fructose, fumarate, galactose, gluconate, glucose, glycerol, mannitol, mannose, pectin, ribose, salicin, succinate, and sucrose but not adipate, betaine, benzoate, butanol, gallate, methanol, oxalate, propionate, or sorbose as sole carbon source. They produce β‐galactosidase and H2S. The major fatty acids include C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, and C17:1ω8cand C17:0. The known habitats are in water, soil, insects, and as pathogenic bacteria causing vascular wilts and soft rots in a range of food crops and ornamental plants.DNA G + C content (mol%): 50.5–56.1 (Tmand genome analysis).Type species:Pectobacterium carotovorumWaldee 1945AL.
Methylotenera
Authors: Afshin Yasmine , Delherbe Nathalie , Kalyuzhnaya Marina G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMe.thy.lo.te'ne.ra. N.L. neut. n.methylumthe methyl group; N.L. pref.methylo‐, pertaining to the methyl radical; L. fem. adj.teneradelicate; N.L. fem. n.Methylotenera, delicate, methyl‐utilizing organism.Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Nitrosomonadales / Methylophilaceae / MethyloteneraThe genusMethylotenera, part of theMethylophilaceaefamily, unites obligately and facultatively methylotrophic bacteria. Three species have been described:Methylotenera mobilis,Methylotenera versatilis, andMethylotenera oryzisoli. Cells of these methylotrophs are Gram‐negative rods or ovals that do not form resting bodies and reproduce by binary fission. Some strains are motile. All described genus members can use methylamine as a single source of carbon, energy, and nitrogen. The oxidation of methylamine has been demonstrated to occur via methylamine dehydrogenase or theN‐methylglutamate pathway. Methanol utilization has been reported for most isolates.Methyloteneraspecies use the pyrroloquinoline quinone‐dependent methanol dehydrogenase enzyme (XoxF), which requires rare earth elements as cofactors. The oxidation of methanol is often coupled with dissimilatory nitrate reduction. All tested strains use the ribulose monophosphate pathway for C1‐carbon assimilation. Some members are capable of multicarbon substrate utilization, such as fructose and pyruvate. Genomic evidences suggest the presence of the methylcitric acid cycle, while the Krebs cycle is incomplete. Nitrate and ammonia can serve as nitrogen sources. Some strains can use urea. Tests conducted for catalase and cytochrome oxidase are positive. The major fatty acids are C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6cand C16:0. The genomes of 18 strains, representative of all threeMethyloteneraspecies, have been sequenced. Genome sizes range from 1.65 to 3.06 Mb, with a DNA G + C content of 41–50 (mol%).Methyloteneraresides in a wide array of habitats, including polluted soil, marine and freshwater, acid mine drainage, terrestrial soils, and lake and glaciered sedimentary ecosystems.Type species:Methylotenera mobilisKalyuzhnaya et al. 2006VP.