bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is a compassionate response in the emergency department? Learner evaluation of an End‐of‐Life Essentials online education module
Authors: Rawlings Deb , Winsall Megan , Yin Huahua , Devery Kim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the End‐of‐Life Essentials education module ‘Emergency Department End‐of‐Life Care’ and explore learners' views on what constitutes a compassionate response in the ED.MethodsThe present study used a multi‐methods approach. Learners comprised a mix of nurses, doctors and allied health professionals. A quantitative pre‐post evaluation analysis of learners' (n = 959) knowledge, skills, attitude and confidence was conducted, along with a qualitative thematic content analysis on learner responses (n = 538) to the post‐evaluation question, ‘What is a compassionate response for you in the emergency department?’ Data were extracted for a 12‐month period, 6 May 2019 to 6 May 2020.ResultsLearners' post‐evaluation ranks of knowledge, skill, attitude and confidence were significantly higher than the pre‐evaluation ranks (P < 0.001). Emerging themes from the qualitative data were organised into three overarching categories: communication skills (e.g. listening and use of names), care discussion and provision (e.g. provide information and discuss care plans) and humanising healthcare (e.g. emotional support and empathy, taking the time, and offering kindness and comfort).ConclusionThe ‘Emergency Department End‐of‐Life Care’ module had a significant positive impact on learners in relation to perceived knowledge, skill, attitude and confidence. This evaluation suggests that the End‐of‐Life Essentials ED module could be a useful online learning resource for health professionals.
Development of a risk prediction model of pneumothorax in percutaneous computed tomography guided transthoracic needle lung biopsy
Authors: Weon JangHo , Robson Scott , Chan Ronald , Ussher Simon 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionTo retrospectively evaluate the incidence of and the risk factors for pneumothorax and intercostal catheter insertion (ICC) after CT‐guided lung biopsy and to generate a risk prediction model for developing a pneumothorax and requiring an ICC.Methods255 CT‐guided lung biopsies performed for 249 lesions in 249 patients from August 2014 to August 2019 were retrospectively analysed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Risk prediction models were established using backward stepwise variable selection and likelihood ratio tests and were internally validated using split‐sample methods.ResultsThe overall incidence of pneumothorax was 30.2% (77/255). ICC insertion was required for 8.32% (21/255) of all procedures. The significant independent risk factors for pneumothorax were lesions not in contact with pleura (P < 0.001), a shorter skin‐to‐pleura distance (P = 0.01), the needle crossing a fissure (P = 0.004) and emphysema (P = 0.01); those for ICC insertion for pneumothorax were a needle through emphysema (P < 0.001) and lesions in the upper lobe (P = 0.017). AUC of the predictive models for pneumothorax and ICC insertion were 0.800 (95% CI: 0.745–0.856) and 0.859 (95% CI: 0.779–0.939) respectively. Upon internal validation, AUC of the testing sets of pneumothorax and ICC insertion were 0.769 and 0.822 on average respectively.ConclusionThe complication rates of pneumothorax and ICC insertion after CT‐guided lung biopsy at our institution are comparable to results from previously reported studies. This study provides highly accurate risk prediction models of pneumothorax and ICC insertion for patients undergoing CT‐guided lung biopsies.
Current status and perspectives of spread through air spaces in lung cancer
Authors: Ikeda Toshihiro , Kadota Kyuichi , Go Tetsuhiko , Haba Reiji , Yokomise Hiroyasu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization classification of 2015, spread through air spaces (STAS) is a newly recognized pattern of invasion in lung adenocarcinoma. Many researchers have reported that STAS is recognized in all histological subtypes, and there is a strong association between STAS and prognosis in lung cancer. However, there are several technical issues associated with STAS, such as distinction between the actual in vivo phenomenon and an artifact, difficulty in assessing STAS in frozen specimens, and establishing the relationship between morphological and molecular properties of STAS. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge and the outlook of the STAS phenomenon from the perspective of surgeons, pathologists, and radiologists.
Calcification in thymomas can predict invasiveness to surrounding organs
Authors: Yoshida Mitsuteru , Kondo Kazuya , Miyamoto Naoki , Kawakami Yukikiyo , Tangoku Akira 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThymomas are the most common type of anterior mediastinal tumors. Calcification is sometimes observed in thymomas using computed tomography (CT), and it is more frequent in invasive thymomas than in noninvasive thymomas. However, the significance of calcification in thymomas remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of calcification in thymomas on invasiveness to surrounding organs and investigate the characteristics of thymoma cases with calcification at our institution.MethodsWe included thymoma patients treated at our institution between 2000 and 2016, and evaluated their characteristics, including demographics, calcification on CT, histology, Masaoka stage, and myasthenia gravis status. The patients were categorized into calcification (C) and noncalcification (NC) groups.ResultsAmong 51 included patients, 11 (21.6%) had calcification. A higher proportion of group C patients had World Health Organization histological type B2 and B3 tumors (high‐risk) than type A, AB, and B1 tumors (low‐risk; p = 0.0477). The number of patients with Masaoka stages III and IV were significantly higher in the C group than in the NC group (p < 0.0001). The C group patients had significantly higher rates of invasion to the mediastinal pleura, pericardium, lung, phrenic nerve, and chest wall and pleural dissemination than the NC group patients.ConclusionsCalcification reflects invasiveness of tumors to surrounding organs and tissues, and may thus predict thymoma stage and histologically high‐risk thymomas. Calcification in thymomas may also predict the pathological stage and help decide therapeutic methods and surgical approaches to treat thymomas based on the calcification status according to CT findings.
Gain of PITRM1 peptidase in cortical neurons affords protection of mitochondrial and synaptic function in an advanced age mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Du Fang , Yu Qing , Yan Shijun , Zhang Zhihua , Vangavaragu Jhansi Rani , Chen Doris , Yan Shi Fang , Yan Shirley ShiDu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction is one of the early pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulation of cerebral and mitochondrial Aβ links to mitochondrial and synaptic toxicity. We have previously demonstrated the mechanism by which presequence peptidase (PITRM1)‐mediated clearance of mitochondrial Aβ contributes to mitochondrial and cerebral amyloid pathology and mitochondrial and synaptic stress in adult transgenic AD mice overexpressing Aβ up to 12 months old. Here, we investigate the effect of PITRM1 in an advanced age AD mouse model (up to 19–24 months) to address the fundamental unexplored question of whether restoration/gain of PITRM1 function protects against mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction associated with Aβ accumulation and whether this protection is maintained even at later ages featuring profound amyloid pathology and synaptic failure. Using newly developed aged PITRM1/Aβ‐producing AD mice, we first uncovered reduction in PITRM1 expression in AD‐affected cortex of AD mice at 19–24 months of age. Increasing neuronal PITRM1 activity/expression re‐established mitochondrial respiration, suppressed reactive oxygen species, improved synaptic function, and reduced loss of synapses even at advanced ages (up to 19–24 months). Notably, loss of PITRM1 proteolytic activity resulted in Aβ accumulation and failure to rescue mitochondrial and synaptic function, suggesting that PITRM1 activity is required for the degradation and clearance of mitochondrial Aβ and Aβ deposition. These data indicate that augmenting PITRM1 function results in persistent life‐long protection against Aβ toxicity in an AD mouse model. Therefore, augmenting PITRM1 function may enhance Aβ clearance in mitochondria, thereby maintaining mitochondrial integrity and ultimately slowing the progression of AD.
Calcium‐permeable AMPA receptor activity and GluA1 trafficking in the basolateral amygdala regulate operant alcohol self‐administration
Authors: Faccidomo Sara , Cogan Elizabeth S. , Hon Olivia J. , Hoffman Jessica L. , Saunders Briana L. , Eastman Vallari R. , Kim Michelle , Taylor Seth M. , McElligott Zoe A. , Hodge Clyde W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAddiction is viewed as maladaptive glutamate‐mediated neuroplasticity that is regulated, in part, by calcium‐permeable AMPA receptor (CP‐AMPAR) activity. However, the contribution of CP‐AMPARs to alcohol‐seeking behavior remains to be elucidated. We evaluated CP‐AMPAR activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) as a potential target of alcohol that also regulates alcohol self‐administration in C57BL/6J mice. Operant self‐administration of sweetened alcohol increased spontaneous EPSC frequency in BLA neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens as compared with behavior‐matched sucrose controls indicating an alcohol‐specific upregulation of synaptic activity. Bath application of the CP‐AMPAR antagonist NASPM decreased evoked EPSC amplitude only in alcohol self‐administering mice indicating alcohol‐induced synaptic insertion of CP‐AMPARs in BLA projection neurons. Moreover, NASPM infusion in the BLA dose‐dependently decreased the rate of operant alcohol self‐administration providing direct evidence for CP‐AMPAR regulation of alcohol reinforcement. As most CP‐AMPARs are GluA1‐containing, we asked if alcohol alters the activation state of GluA1‐containing AMPARs. Immunocytochemistry results showed elevated GluA1‐S831 phosphorylation in the BLA of alcohol as compared with sucrose mice. To investigate mechanistic regulation of alcohol self‐administration by GluA1‐containing AMPARs, we evaluated the necessity of GluA1 trafficking using a TET‐ON AAV encoding a dominant‐negative GluA1 c‐terminus (GluA1ct) that blocks activity‐dependent synaptic delivery of native GluA1‐containing AMPARs. GluA1ct expression in the BLA reduced alcohol self‐administration with no effect on sucrose controls. These results show that CP‐AMPAR activity and GluA1 trafficking in the BLA mechanistically regulate the reinforcing effects of sweetened alcohol. Pharmacotherapeutic targeting these mechanisms of maladaptive neuroplasticity may aid medical management of alcohol use disorder.
Coexistence in an African pastoral landscape: Evidence that livestock and wildlife temporally partition water resources
Authors: Connolly Erin , Allan James , Brehony Peadar , Aduda Alice , Western Guy , Russell Samantha , Dickman Amy , Tyrrell Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAfrican rangelands support substantial wildlife populations alongside pastoralists and livestock. Recent wildlife declines are often attributed to competition with livestock over water and grazing, in part because livestock are thought to spatially displace wildlife. However, more evidence is needed to understand this interaction and inform rangeland management. Here, we analysed the temporal overlap between wildlife and livestock at water points in a community‐governed area of Kenya's South Rift Valley, which is a dry season refuge where Maasai pastoralists, livestock and wildlife co‐occur. We used camera traps to capture images at water points in two time periods: first, when nearby settlements were unoccupied, and second, as people and their herds moved into the area. We measured wildlife activity (independent detections per hour) and the difference in temporal overlap between livestock and wildlife. We found no evidence that daily wildlife activity declined despite increased human and livestock settlement. However, temporal partitioning between livestock and wildlife at watering points increased with wildlife using water resources more at night. Maasai corral livestock overnight to protect them from predation, allowing wildlife to persist in a livestock‐dominated landscape. Our study demonstrates humans and wildlife co‐adapting to mitigate competition for shared water resources, thereby facilitating spatial coexistence.
Effectiveness of wildlife underpasses and culverts in connecting elephant habitats: a case study of new railway through Kenya’s Tsavo National Parks
Authors: Okita‐Ouma Benson , Koskei Michael , Tiller Lydia , Lala Fredrick , King Lucy , Moller Richard , Amin Rajan , Douglas‐Hamilton Iain 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTransportation networks can be a major impediment to wildlife movements. We assessed the use of wildlife underpasses and culverts along a newly constructed railway in Kenya's Tsavo National Parks by African elephants (L. africana). We collared ten elephants with GPS satellite transmitters within 20 km of the railway in March 2016 and analysed their movement data to March 2019. Eight elephants used the underpasses although one did not cross the adjacent highway. The remaining two neither used the underpasses nor crossed the highway despite ranging in the vicinity. Their median speed significantly increased to 0.65 km/hr from 0.45 km/hr before crossing the railway, then slowed to 0.32 km/hr after crossing. Females in family groups moved faster than the lone bulls when using the underpasses. Seventy‐eight per cent of all crossings made were at night. The fast speeds and the nocturnal patterns are behavioural responses of elephants in risky landscapes or under stress. Disturbance from vehicles traffic on the adjacent highway and from newly developed human settlements may have limited use of underpasses. Wildlife crossing structures, signage and speed bumps along the highway; relocation of the illegal human settlements; and inter‐agency coordination are requisites for enhancing Tsavos' elephant habitat connectivity.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist inhibits aeroallergen‐induced activation of ILC2 and neutrophilic airway inflammation in obese mice
Authors: Toki Shinji , Newcomb Dawn C. , Printz Richard L. , Cahill Katherine N. , Boyd Kelli L. , Niswender Kevin D. , Peebles R. Stokes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundObesity is a risk factor for the development of asthma. However, pharmacologic therapeutic strategies that specifically target obese asthmatics have not been identified. We hypothesize that glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) treatment inhibits aeroallergen‐induced early innate airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma in the setting of obesity.MethodsSWR (lean) and TALLYHO (obese) mice were challenged intranasally with Alternaria alternata extract (Alt‐Ext) or PBS for 4 consecutive days concurrent with GLP‐1RA or vehicle treatment.ResultsTALLYHO mice had greater Alt‐Ext‐induced airway neutrophilia and lung protein expression of IL‐5, IL‐13, CCL11, CXCL1, and CXCL5, in addition to ICAM‐1 expression on lung epithelial cells compared with SWR mice, and all endpoints were reduced by GLP‐1RA treatment. Alt‐Ext significantly increased BALF IL‐33 in both TALLYHO and SWR mice compared to PBS challenge, but there was no difference in the BALF IL‐33 levels between these two strains. However, TALLYHO, but not SWR, mice had significantly higher airway TSLP in BALF following Alt‐Ext challenge compared to PBS, and BALF TSLP was significantly greater in TALLYHO mice compared to SWR mice following airway Alt‐Ext challenge. GLP‐1RA treatment significantly decreased the Alt‐Ext‐induced TSLP and IL‐33 release in TALLYHO mice. While TSLP or ST2 inhibition with a neutralizing antibody decreased airway eosinophils, they did not reduce airway neutrophils in TALLYHO mice.ConclusionsThese results suggest that GLP‐1RA treatment may be a novel pharmacologic therapeutic strategy for obese persons with asthma by inhibiting aeroallergen‐induced neutrophilia, a feature not seen with either TSLP or ST2 inhibition.
Constructionism and AI: A history and possible futures
Authors: Kahn Ken , Winters Niall 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConstructionism, long before it had a name, was intimately tied to the field of Artificial Intelligence. Soon after the birth of Logo at BBN, Seymour Papert set up the Logo Group as part of the MIT AI Lab. Logo was based upon Lisp, the first prominent AI programming language. Many early Logo activities involved natural language processing, robotics, artificial game players, and generating poetry, art, and music. In the 1970s researchers explored enhancements to Logo to support AI programming by children. In the 1980s the Prolog community, inspired by Logo's successes, began exploring how to adapt logic programming for use by school children. While there have been over 40 years of active AI research in creating intelligent tutoring systems, there was little AI‐flavoured constructionism after the 1980s until about 2017 when suddenly a great deal of activity started. Amongst those activities were attempts to enhance Scratch, Snap!, and MIT App Inventor with new blocks for speech synthesis, speech recognition, image recognition, and the use of pre‐trained deep learning models. The Snap! enhancements also include support for word embeddings, as well as blocks to enable learners to create, train, and use deep neural networks. Student and teacher project‐oriented resources highlighting these new AI programming components appeared at the same time. In this paper, we review this history, providing a unique perspective on AI developments—both social and technical—from a constructionist perspective. Reflecting on these, we close with speculations about possible futures for AI and constructionism.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic

There exist excellent broad surveys of the current status of teaching machine learning in schools, for example Marques et al. (2020). There are historical collections of AI and education research papers that include descriptions of constructionist activities, for example Yazdani (1984).

What this paper adds

This paper adds an in‐depth focus on historical and current efforts on AI and education that support constructionist teaching. This focus enables us to delve deeper than a broad survey. Uniquely, we provide a 50‐year historical perspective on constructionist AI tools, trials, and research. Grounded in this history and our survey of current tools and projects, we provide speculations about future directions.

Implications for practice and/or policy

We hope our descriptions of current AI programming tools for non‐experts placed in a broad historical context will be of use to teachers wishing to introduce AI to their students in a constructionist manner, as well as to developers and researchers aiming to support such teaching.
Developing preservice teachers' understanding of computational thinking: A constructionist approach
Authors: Butler Deirdre , Leahy Margaret 
Published: May 2021

AbstractResearch relating to the development of computational thinking (CT) at primary school level is still in its infancy despite indications that it is most effective when introduced in primary/early secondary education. Teachers are pivotal to ensuring children develop CT, so it is essential they are effectively prepared, starting at preservice level, to incorporate CT into pedagogical practices. Grounded in constructionist principles and adopting the stance that CT be developed as part of subject areas other than computer science, this qualitative study presents findings focused on the understandings of CT of 51 preservice teachers who engaged in a digital learning specialism. Carried out over a 2‐year period, the research investigated preservice teachers' understandings of CT and how the design of the specialism helped to develop their understanding. Findings highlight deep understandings of CT among the preservice teachers who were able to make connections between constructionism and the development of CT. They also demonstrated a high level of pedagogical knowledge, indicating they understood why they designed particular challenges for children as part of their classroom experience. Findings are relevant for the design of teacher preparation programmes illustrating how CT can be effectively embedded to combine theory and practice.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topicExisting research base in relation to preservice teacher education and computational thinking is limited.When computational thinking is introduced as part of initial teacher education, preservice teachers:develop more accurate and increased understandings of computational thinkingdemonstrate more positive attitudes towards the implementation of computational thinking in the classroom.Duration of module seems to be a significant factor. A 1‐week module might be enough to develop preservice teachers' surface‐level understanding of computational thinking, but it would not provide them with enough knowledge to embed computational thinking in meaningful ways in the classroom (Yadav et al., 2014).What this paper addsAdopting the stance that computational thinking should be developed as part of subject areas other than computer science.This paper presents and discusses findings from the implementation of a model for preservice teacher education grounded in constructionism, that supports preservice primary teachers in building an understanding of CT as well as the pedagogical knowledge necessary for embedding CT into their classroom practice.Implications for practice and/or policyThe insights gained from this study are particularly relevant for the design of teacher preparation programmes indicating how CT can be effectively embedded to combine theory and practice.This will ensure that CT concepts are not developed in a decontexualised manner but are embedded within the prescribed curriculum in a relevant and meaningful manner.