bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental assessment platform for cities racing to net zero
Authors: Bahaj A S , Turner P , Mahdy M , Leggett S , Wise N , Alghamdi A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The UK was the first major economy to pass a Climate Change Act in 2008, which was revised in 2019 to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. In 2019, Southampton City Council (SCC) declared a climate emergency setting ambitious targets for the city to become carbon neutral under the banner Green City Charter (GCC), which was signed by 70 city-based organisations. There is, however, no specific methodology to quantify progress towards the targets. Here we present the outcomes from developing the GCC Tracker in collaboration with local authorities and stakeholders. The approach is based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process, with expertise agreed weights to measure the success or otherwise of carbon environmental commitments. The outcome is the Green City Tracker encompassing an assessment matrix that provides ratings and quantifies annual progress for achieving committed targets. The Tracker was applied to 10 institutions and the results show their ratings as a function of each sub-criteria and as an overarching rating. The approach highlighted the importance of generating a universally applicable and time/resource efficient processes in order to incentivise organisation participation. The Tracker was widely accepted by regional local authorities with a plan to widely adapt it to other cities declared targets.
Geometrically activated thermal mass: wood vs. concrete
Authors: Fortin Remy , Craig Salmaan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Designing for climate resilience and carbon neutrality implies low-emission structures that double as thermal mass. In this study, the effect of using geometry to maximize natural surface convection on an internal thermal mass is investigated. Wood and concrete thermal masses are optimized for both instantaneous heat transfer and transient heat storage, and compared. It is found that the addition of optimally-sized fins can double or triple the convection coefficient at the interior surface, provided the thermal conductivity of the fins is sufficiently high. Doubling or tripling the surface heat transfer translates to an equivalent increase in dynamic energy storage, so long as the mass thickness, wall area, and vent openings are recalibrated to maintain thermal synchrony at the building-level.
Development of strategy for combined smart ventilated window and PCM energy storage control for residential building energy saving
Authors: Hu Yue , Heiselberg Per Kvols 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper studies the energy renovation of a residential building with new façade solutions combining smart ventilated window (VW) and PCM energy storage and the corresponding control strategy to ensure energy savings. The study is carried out by Energyplus modelling comparing the energy consumption and thermal comfort of an apartment before and after renovation. A detailed control strategy is introduced and simulated. The modelling results of the apartment before and after retrofit indicate that with the designed control strategies, the average energy saving percentage of the apartment with PCM energy storage and VW compared to the apartment without PCM energy storage and VW is 29%. The rooms with PCMVWs achieve higher energy saving than the rooms with only VWs. The PCM energy storage improves energy performance of the VWs for both heating and cooling seasons. With the renovation, the thermal comfort of all the rooms are improved for cooling season.
Mechanical characterization of a concrete masonry block enhanced with micro-encapsulated phase changing materials
Authors: Salem Talal , Kazma Mohamad , Bitar Judy , Moussa Joseph , Falah Dalia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Global energy demand has been increasing exponentially in the last three decades, which has been exacerbated by climate change. To alleviate the energy load, researchers have been exploring innovative passive techniques to enhance the thermal performance of building envelopes. This research evaluates a novel building envelope solution, which includes the development of a Concrete Masonry Unit that is integrated with bio-based micro-encapsulated Phase Changing Materials. The mechanical behaviour of the enhanced CMU is investigated to study the applicability of PCMs into the no-slump concrete mix. Compatibility with the applicable standards opens a broader prospect for thermal characterization and building performance simulations of PCM enhanced CMU building envelopes.
Competing processes in generation of the third optical harmonic in air under femtosecond infrared repetitively pulsed excitation
Authors: Gladyshev V O , Sharandin E A , Skrabatun A V , Nikolaev P P 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Parametric interaction of electromagnetic and gravitational waves with the radiation generation at the third harmonic wavelength is one of the ways to detect gravitational interaction in a material medium. To implement the effect in question, superstrong fields must be used, but in this case competing nonlinear processes arise, leading to the generation of the third harmonic as a result of laser radiation filamentation. This paper investigates the characteristics of the radiation recorded for femtosecond (250 fs) laser pulses with a wavelength of λ = 1032 nm focused in air. The threshold pump power made it possible to observe the formation of a filament with concomitant generation of narrow-band radiation at the focus of the lens at the third harmonic wavelength λ = 344 nm. The research presents spectral and spatial dependences of ultraviolet radiation (λ = 344 nm) at pumping power of infrared radiation (λ = 1032 nm) of 500 mW. Energy dependences of the third harmonic generation efficiency in the power range from 150 to 1750 mW are obtained.
Some properties of energies in nonsynchronous reference frames in cosmology
Authors: Grib Andrey A , Pavlov Yuri V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is shown that use of non synchronous reference frame in cosmology can lead to unusual behavior of the energy of particles: it can have not only positive but also negative and zero energies. A special example of the model with the scale factor a(t) ∼ t is considered.
Completely geometric theory I: gravitation
Authors: Siparov S V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In order to describe motions in arbitrary physical systems, a geometric approach is proposed, in which the goal is not to find the Lagrangian, but to find the geometry of space that models the experimental space. The requirement that the observed trajectory coincides with the geodesic makes it possible to use geometric identity to find the equation for the metric. As a result, it is possible to give an interpretation of a number of observations that do not have such in the existing theories.
On the force caused by a null Einstein-Maxwell field with the plane symmetry
Authors: Timofeev V N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article shows that a large flat platform with a constant current, which flows over its surface, accelerates time. It is also shown that if an alternating current flows along the surface of a flat platform while creating a null electromagnetic field then a force repelling from the platform acts on the test particle located near it. This force has no gravitational nature and arises as a result of the curvature of space-time by the electromagnetic field of a flat platform with an alternating current.
Summary of the R&D of 20-inch MCP-PMTs for neutrino detection
Authors: Wu Q. , Qian S. , Cao Y. , Huang G. , Jin M. , Jin Z. , Li D. , Liu H. , Li K. , Liu S. , Ma L. , Ren L. , Si S. , Sun J. , Tian J. , Wang X. , Zhan H. , Zhu Y. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) in China aiming to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy is under construction. A new kind of large area microchannel-plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) was put forward for the JUNO by the researchers in Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in China. After breaking through several core technotical barriers, the 20-inch MCP-PMT prototype with great performance was successfully produced by the MCP-PMT group in China and got 75% PMT orders (15,000 pics) from JUNO. The mass production line and batch test system was completed in North Night Vision Technology Co., Ltd. (NNVT). The performance of the MCP-PMT including the gain, the quantum efficiency, the P/V ratio, the dark count rate and the transit time spread can be batch tested. During the mass production process, the technical progress in the cathode deposition method improved the quantum efficiency of the photocathode from 30% to 35%. The aging behaviour, temperature effect, the after-pulse distribution and the flash signal of the 20-inch MCP-PMT are all detailly studied. By August of 2020, the 15,000 MCP-PMTs, which will be installed as the central liquid scintillator detector of JUNO, have been completed and delivered to Jiangmen. The average QE at 400 nm for the 15,000 pieces of MCP-PMTs is 32%.
What is an artificial muscle? A comparison of soft actuators to biological muscles
Authors: Higueras-Ruiz Diego R , Nishikawa Kiisa , Feigenbaum Heidi , Shafer Michael 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Interest in emulating the properties of biological muscles that allow for fast adaptability and control in unstructured environments has motivated researchers to develop new soft actuators, often referred to as ‘artificial muscles’. The field of soft robotics is evolving rapidly as new soft actuator designs are published every year. In parallel, recent studies have also provided new insights for understanding biological muscles as ‘active’ materials whose tunable properties allow them to adapt rapidly to external perturbations. This work presents a comparative study of biological muscles and soft actuators, focusing on those properties that make biological muscles highly adaptable systems. In doing so, we briefly review the latest soft actuation technologies, their actuation mechanisms, and advantages and disadvantages from an operational perspective. Next, we review the latest advances in understanding biological muscles. This presents insight into muscle architecture, the actuation mechanism, and modeling, but more importantly, it provides an understanding of the properties that contribute to adaptability and control. Finally, we conduct a comparative study of biological muscles and soft actuators. Here, we present the accomplishments of each soft actuation technology, the remaining challenges, and future directions. Additionally, this comparative study contributes to providing further insight on soft robotic terms, such as biomimetic actuators, artificial muscles, and conceptualizing a higher level of performance actuator named artificial supermuscle. In conclusion, while soft actuators often have performance metrics such as specific power, efficiency, response time, and others similar to those in muscles, significant challenges remain when finding suitable substitutes for biological muscles, in terms of other factors such as control strategies, onboard energy integration, and thermoregulation.
Skewness and kurtosis in stochastic thermodynamics
Authors: Wampler Taylor , Barato Andre C 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The thermodynamic uncertainty relation is a prominent result in stochastic thermodynamics that provides a bound on the fluctuations of any thermodynamic flux, also known as current, in terms of the average rate of entropy production. Such fluctuations are quantified by the second moment of the probability distribution of the current. The role of higher order standardized moments such as skewness and kurtosis remains largely unexplored. We analyze the skewness and kurtosis associated with the first passage time of thermodynamic currents within the framework of stochastic thermodynamics. We develop a method to evaluate higher order standardized moments associated with the first passage time of any current. For systems with a unicyclic network of states, we conjecture upper and lower bounds on skewness and kurtosis associated with entropy production. These bounds depend on the number of states and the thermodynamic force that drives the system out of equilibrium. We show that these bounds for skewness and kurtosis do not hold for multicyclic networks. We discuss the application of our results to infer an underlying network of states.
Differentiation of aspirated nasal air from room air using analysis with a differential mobility spectrometry-based electronic nose: a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Virtanen Jussi , Anttalainen Anna , Ormiskangas Jaakko , Karjalainen Markus , Kontunen Anton , Rautiainen Markus , Oksala Niku , Kivekäs Ilkka , Roine Antti 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Over the last few decades, breath analysis using electronic nose (eNose) technology has become a topic of intense research, as it is both non-invasive and painless, and is suitable for point-of-care use. To date, however, only a few studies have examined nasal air. As the air in the oral cavity and the lungs differs from the air in the nasal cavity, it is unknown whether aspirated nasal air could be exploited with eNose technology. Compared to traditional eNoses, differential mobility spectrometry uses an alternating electrical field to discriminate the different molecules of gas mixtures, providing analogous information. This study reports the collection of nasal air by aspiration and the subsequent analysis of the collected air using a differential mobility spectrometer. We collected nasal air from ten volunteers into breath collecting bags and compared them to bags of room air and the air aspirated through the device. Distance and dissimilarity metrics between the sample types were calculated and statistical significance evaluated with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After leave-one-day-out cross-validation, a shrinkage linear discriminant classifier was able to correctly classify 100% of the samples. The nasal air differed (p < 0.05) from the other sample types. The results show the feasibility of collecting nasal air by aspiration and subsequent analysis using differential mobility spectrometry, and thus increases the potential of the method to be used in disease detection studies.
Identification of the Architectural Housing Form and the Existence of Ulos Communities in Hutaraja Village, Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Tobing R R , Sakti A K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tourism has played a major role in boosting the economy of every country in the world. Nonetheless, the COVID-19 pandemic has obviously taken its toll since it hit Indonesia over a year ago. This condition has urged the Indonesian government to diligently make optimal changes, especially in improving regions that have been neglected this whole time, with the purpose of establishing a tourist destination that will prove interesting to tourists. Parahyangan Catholic University plays a role in providing information in the form of scientific studies regarding architecture of the traditional Batak Toba habitation in the Samosir regency of North Sumatera province. The Hutaraja village has been selected as the object of research with the foundation being the existence of ulos fabric artisan communities as an appealing feature. This ulos fabric plays an important role in the cultural lives of the Toba Bataknese, and may have potential in value and aesthetic uniqueness. The purpose of this study is to identify the relation between the architectural housing form and the existence of the ulos fabric artisan communities. The study has been conducted through a qualitative approach with exploratory and explanatory methods. Its findings show that the Hutaraja village’s housing form is strongly related to both cultural and environmental aspects. On the other hand, the existence of ulos fabric artisan communities has been discovered to change the attributes of interior and exterior housing forms.
Effect of Adding Different Levels of Astaxanthin Extracted From an Algae Haematococcus Pluvialis to The Diet on Some Immunological Characteristics of Broilers Reared Under Natural and Elevated Environmental Conditions'
Authors: Awadh Ihab A. J. , Zangana Bushra S.R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the poultry farm/Department of Animal Production/College of Agriculture/Al-Qasim Green University And for two experiments, The first for the period from 27/4/2019 to 7/6/2019 and the second from 1/7/2019 to 4/8/2019 for the second experiment to see the effect of adding different levels of astaxanthin to the broiler diet on some immune characteristics of broilers raised under environmental conditions Natural and elevated. Use 240 unsexed birds of one day age ROSS 308 strain, distributed randomly into five treatments by 48 birds/treatment and the birds of each treatment were divided into three replicates (16 birds/replicate). The chicks were fed on three diets that included the initiator, growth and final 23, 21.5 and 19.44% crude protein respectively, and the representative energy was 3000.5, 3100.7 and 3199.25 kcal/kg feed, respectively, in addition to the astaxanthin powder at levels 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg of feed for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, respectively. The results of the first trial showed a significant superiority (P<0.05) for treatment T2 in the relative weight of the fabrichia gland and for the fabrichia index, and significant superiority for treatment T5 and T3 in the size standard of antibodies directed against Newcastle disease, while treatment T2 and T3 outperformed the size criterion of antibodies directed against camboro disease compared With the control treatment T1, and the second trial, the additional factors T2, T3, T4 and T5 achieved significant superiority (P<0.01) in all the immunological characteristics studied by treatment T1. It is concluded from this study that the addition of astaxanthin to the broiler meat diet led to an improvement in the immune characteristics of broilers raised under normal and elevated environmental temperatures.
Extracting Sweetening and Bioactive Compounds From Stevia Rebaudiana Using Cellulase Enzyme
Authors: Al-Fekaiki Dhia F. , Al-Temimi Basair A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted to find out the sweetener and bioactive compounds in the Stevia plant’s enzyme extract and its antioxidant and antibacterial effect. The enzyme extract was used in a ratio of 1:15 (w: v) with the use of sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH=4) in an equal mixing ratio with the enzyme. Extraction was carried out at 55°C with a time of 25 minutes to extract and determine steviol glycosides using HPLC. Stevioside and Rebaudioside-A (5.101 and 3.027 mg/g) were obtained, respectively. The study showed that Stevia contains high amounts of phenols and flavonoids (83.052 and 71,765) mg/ml, respectively. The enzyme extract gave an antioxidant activity of 71.367% compared to BHT which gave an activity of 77.267%. It gave the highest inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, which was 14 mm, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The bioactive compounds were diagnosed by GC-MS and contained important bioactive compounds such as Hydroxydehydrostevic acid (steviol), 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-Ethylcatechol, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)-, Isosteviol methyl ester, gamma-Sitosterol.
Response Two Strawberry Cultivars (Fragaria X Ananassa Duch.) for Foliar Application of Two Organic Fertilizers
Authors: Mufty R.K. , Taha Sh. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study was undertaken during the seasons of 2019-2020. The xperiment examines the impact of Humic acid and Seaweed extract at three concentrations on growth, flowering and yield as a foliar spray and their interactions on growth, chemical composition, production and quality of strawberry at two strawberry cultivars (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) Albion and Rubygem.The results showed that the higher leaf dry weight, root dry weight, number of flowers, yield per plant, with Rubygem, higher value of Nitrogen % in leaf, phosphorus %, anthocyanin (Mg/100g F.Wt.) observed for Rubygem. As well as the higher value of root dry weight (g. plant -1), yield per plant (g. Plant-1) Nitrogen % in leaf recorded with Humic acid, treatment. Moreover, the combined treatment between organic fertilizers and two strawberry cultivars exhibited the significant effect in root dry weight (g. plant-1), Nitrogen % in leaf, phosphorus (%), number of flowers, yield per plant (g. plant-1) and anthocyanin (Mg/100g F.Wt.). As well as the combination between organic fertilizers and concentrations and organic fertilizers, two strawberry cultivars and concentrations had significantly effect in all the studied traits.
Effect The Addition Different Concentrations of Sodium Triphosphate and Sodium Lactate on The Microbial Count of Cold Ground Beef Meat
Authors: Al-Mamoori Ahmad K.Y. , Al-Rubeii Amera M. S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted in the laboratories of Al-Musaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University with the aim of studying the effect of adding sodium triphosphate salts at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% and sodium lactate at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% on the microbial count of ground beef and cooled for 24 hours at a temperature at 4 C. The results of the study indicated an increase in the rate of the total count of bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, coliforms, yeasts and molds in all ground meat samples, not treated with salt, than the permissible limits. As samples of ground meat not treated with trisodium and sodium lactate salts recorded the highest rate in the total Count of bacteria after 24 hours of cold storage at 4 ° C, when they reached 6.544 CFU The Count of these bacteria decreased by increasing the concentration of salts, so the minimal count of bacteria was at a concentration of 2% when adding both salts of sodium triphosphate and sodium lactate together as 3.426 CFU. also found a clear reduction in the count of Psychrophilic bacteria at a concentration of 2% for both salts as recorded the last treatment rate 2.127 CFU It is the minimal count compared to the other treatments, while the control treatments recorded the highest count 6.400 CFU. Also, the addition of different concentrations of sodium triphosphate and sodium lactate led to a gradual decrease in the counts of coliform bacteria, with an increase in the salt concentration, as it reached 1.204 CFU At aconcentration of 2%, while the control treatment was recorded 6.431 CFU It is a the highest value. Also there is a significant difference was found (P <0.05). In the count of yeasts and molds, which were significantly decreased by increasing the concentration of both salts, as they were 1.079 CFU In the last treatment, while the highest count recorded since reached 4.361 CFU When salts are not added. This is a clear indication of the existence of a synergistic action of these salts to reduce the increasing counts of bacteria, yeasts and molds by inhibiting these microbial species with increased concentration.