bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cycling of intracellular free calcium and intracellular pH in Xenopus embryos: a possible role in the control of the cell cycle
Authors: Grandin Nathalie , Charbonneau Michel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The scope of this commentary is to propose the incorporation of recent data, obtained from Xenopus eggs and embryos, into the models of cell cycle regulation by MPF, a universal M-phase Promoting Factor operating in most, if not all, mitotic cells, from yeast to human. These new data are: (1) the cycling activity of MPF in Xenopus eggs is temporally and functionally related to the cycling activity of intracellular pH (pHi) (Grandin and Charbonneau, 1990a); (2) cell division in Xenopus embryos is accompanied by oscillations of the intracellular free calcium activity ([Ca2+]1) (Grandin and Charbonneau, 1991). There is now definitive evidence that one of the molecular components of the cell cycle, the ‘master oscillator’ (or cytoplasmic clock), is represented by MPF (Masui and Markert, 1971) and its correlated cdc2 kinase activity and cyclin level (see, for instance, Draetta and Beach, 1989; Murray, 1989; Murray and Kirschner, 1989). In addition, a variety of different systems have revealed a direct implication of [Ca2+]1 variations in mitotic events (reviewed by Berridge and Irvine, 1989; Hepler, 1989). Although Xenopus embryonic cells have become, in addition to yeast, one of the most important systems for studying the molecular biology of the cell division cycle, almost no attention has been paid to the possible involvement of ionic messengers, particularly Ca2+, in the control of mitosis in Xenopus embryos. This lack of attention to the possible role of [Ca2+]1 variations in the cell division cycle of Xenopus embryos was due to their repeatedly noted absence. However, the recent demonstration of Ca2+ oscillations occurring with a periodicity equal to that of the cell division cycle in Xenopus embryos (Grandin and Charbonneau, 1991) now offers an opportunity of re-evaluating the already proposed models of cell division.
Rapid and transient reorganization of the cytoskeleton in GH3B6 cells during short-term exposure to thyroliberin
Authors: Moortele Solange Van De , Rosenbaum Etelka , Tixier-Vidal AndrÉe , Tougard Claude 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The cytoskeletal organization of the rat pituitary tumor cell line GH3B6 was analysed using immunofluorescence, in basal conditions and after stimulation by thyroliberin (TRH). Under basal conditions, a dense and entangled cytoplasmic microtubule network, a perinuclear cage of cytokeratin fibers, and a diffuse distribution of F-actin were revealed.
Short-term stimulation of these cells by TRH induces a first early phase of PRL release (0-2 min), concomitant with a rarefaction of cytoplasmic PRL-containing granules, followed by a second plateau phase (5-30 min), concomitant with modifications of the Golgi zone. We show that TRH induced early and transient modifications in the cytoskeletal distribution during these short periods of stimulation. First, after 2 min of stimulation, small fluorescent tubulin blebs appeared under the plasma membrane. Then, after 5 min they disappeared, and a thin actin network, accentuated by thicker fibers, organized transiently in the cytoplasm. After 30 min, the microtubules and cytokeratin networks had extended throughout the cytoplasm and the actin distribution was diffuse again.
So, in this study, we have shown the existence of a parallelism between the redistribution of intracellular PRL compartments and the reorganization of cytoskeletal elements, during exposure to TRH. We could not clearly correlate these modifications with transduction mechanisms involved in TRH action.
The intermediate filament-related system of higher plant cells shares an epitope with cytokeratin 8
Authors: Ross Joanne H. E. , Hutchings Amanda , Butcher Geoffrey W. , Lane E. Birgitte , Lloyd Clive W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is now apparent that plants possess intermediate filament (IF) antigens that exist either as cytoplasmic fibrillar bundles (FBs) or in a finer form, codistributing with the microtubule arrays. In a previous study a monoclonal antibody (AFB) against the fibrillar bundles was shown to recognize representatives of what may be considered as a ‘core’ group of type III IFs. Here a monoclonal antibody is described that extends the range of similarity to cytokeratin. MAC322 stains the cytokeratin network in PtK2 cells, unlike AFB that stained vimentin. Like other anti-IF antibodies successfully used against plants, it stains their microtubule-associated system but is also able to stain FBs, with or without methanol pretreatment. By immunoblotting, MAC322 does not recognize the acidic (type I) cytokeratino in MCF7 and TR146 epithelial cell lines but recognizes cytokeratin 8. This was confirmed by a positive cross-reaction against recombinant human cytokeratin 8. This type II polypeptide is known to be characteristic of simple epithelia, to occur in the earliest stages of amphibian development, and also in some non-epithelial and dedifferentiated cells.
The sharing of a cytokeratin 8 epitope between higher plants and animals reinforces the idea that IF forms evolved before the two kingdoms diverged.
Notes on Arachnoidiscus, Pleurosigma, Amphiprora, Eunotia, and Amphora
Authors: Walker-Arnott G. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Arachnoidiscus.—Since my observations on this genus were published in the last number of this Journal, at p. 160, my attention has been called to the ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,’ for 1848, vol. i, p. 393, in which there is a translation of Ehrenberg’s paper on Hemiptychus. I am likewise informed by another correspondent that it was published in the ‘Berlin Proceedings’ for 1848, p. 7. I have not access to the original, but from what is said in the translation, it is clear that Ehrenberg got his specimens from Mr. Topping, of London ; and as it is generally well understood that the Arachnoidiscus was obtained by Mr. Topping from Ichaboe guano, the suspicion I threw out is verified. Whether it was certainly from Patagonia, that the Danish vessel Waldemar (spoken of by Ehrenberg) brought its cargo of guano, I know not ; Ehrenberg understood this, and his information may have been correct, although doubts arise from the following considerations. From that guano Ehrenberg obtained the diatom which he has called Entopyla australis, for which he quotes as a synonym his former Surirella (?) australis ; now my impression, from studying attentively his generic character, is that the Entopyla australis is the same as my Eupleuria (or Gephyria) incurvata, which is from Ichaboe and Saldanha Bay guano -, while his Sur. australis, from the Falkland Islands, and not, I believe, from guano at all, is probably my Eu. ocellata. But it is almost impossible to determine this point without seeing perfect specimens.
On Triceratium and some New Allied Forms, with figures of the same
Authors: Wallich Surgeon G. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
“The want of short characters/’ observes Professor Walker-Arnott, “(intended to place clearly before the mind the few essential points of difference between supposed new and already known forms or species) cannot be supplied by figures or diffuse descriptions of the entire object, as these leave quite in the dark the precise marks of distinction observed by the writer, if such actually existed.”
Remarks on the Structure of the Gregarinæ, and on the Development of G. (Monocystis) Sipunculi, Köll.
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Striation of the Tunics of Gregarinida.—Whilst the term Gregarines has been in everybody’s mouth in relation to a parasitic growth on hair—which could only have been ascribed to these organisms as a result of profound ignorance—there has been on the other hand considerable advance in our knowledge of the life-history and structure of those Protozoa to which the name Gregarina rightly belongs, in consequence of the admirable investigation by Professor Edouard van Beneden of the Gregarina parasite in the small intestine of the lobster.
The Minute Anatomy of the Brachiate Echinoderms
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the following pages I propose to give some account of the work that has been done during the last few years upon the minute anatomy of the Starfishes, Ophiurids, and Crinoids. I do not intend to touch upon the question of the skeleton at all, as I have already discussed its morphology in the pages of this Journal.1 At present I aim only at giving an intelligible account of what appear to be well-established discoveries in the anatomy and physiology of the nervous, vascular, and generative systems of these three groups.
Studies on the Comparative Anatomy of Sponges.: II. On the Anatomy and Histology of Stelo-spongus flabelliformis, Carter; with Notes on the Development
Authors: Dendy Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The species upon the study of which the present paper is based, was first described by Mr. H. J. Carter, F.R.S., in 1885 (6), under the name Stelospongus flabelliformis. The first specimens were dredged by Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson, M.A., and forwarded by him to England as part of a large collection entrusted to Mr. Carter for description. Mr. Carter’s description is unfortunately brief and unaccompanied by figures, and he does not enter into any details concerning the anatomy of the Sponge. He notes, however, in a subsequent paper (7), that it is characterised by the presence of very large embryos, and this remark first led me to the identification of my specimens.
On Some Points in the Natural History of Fungia
Authors: Lister J. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During a visit to the Seychelles Islands at the latter end of last and the beginning of the present year I was so fortunate as to find species of the Madreporian Coral Fungia, both in the fixed and free conditions. Owing to the-shortness of the time now at my disposal I have not been able to examine the material I have brought home as completely as I hope to on some future occasion, but as it throws light on some of the stages of the life-history of this group of Corals which have hitherto been obscure, a preliminary account may not be without interest.
Studies on the Structure and Formation of the Calcareous Skeleton of the Anthozoa
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Milne Edwards and Haime, and the older authors on coral structure, regarded the calcareous skeleton of the Madreporaria as a calcified mesoderm. In 1881 Dr. A. von Heider, of Graz (11), described a layer of rounded cells underlying the corallum of Cladocora, and named them calicoblasts, since he judged from their position that they must be the coral-forming elements. In the following year. G. von Koch (17), in a memoir on the development of Astroides calycularis, confirmed the observation of von Heider, and further demonstrated the fact that the calicoblast layer is a product of the basal ectoderm.
A Histochemical Study of the Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Epithelial Cells in the Epididymis of the Mouse
Authors: Christie A. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A histochemical study has been made of the cytoplasmic inclusions of the epithelial cells lining the storage section of the canal in the head of the epididymis of the mouse. Spherical bodies, usually situated in the vicinity of the nucleus and here referred to as juxta-nuclear bodies, are shown to consist of cerebroside with some phospholipid. The juxta-nuclear bodies have been regarded by other authors as derived from the nucleolus, but there is no histochemical similarity. A large supra-nuclear body exists, consisting of a matrix of protein and carbohydrate with enmeshed spheres. The latter do not colour with any dye or histochemical reagent used in this investigation. They are partially or completely surrounded by rims or crescents consisting wholly or mainly of lipid. Droplets and much smaller granules are present in the region between the supra nuclear body and the free border of the cell. The contents of the former show no histochemical evidence of the presence of organic matter, while the latter consist of protein and carbohydrate.
A Simple Pyronine /Methyl Green Technique
Authors: Jordan Barbara M. , Baker John R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Brachet’s pyronine /methyl green technique, which gives good results when made with certain foreign dyes, does not work well when British specimens of pyronine and methyl green are used. Instructions are given for making up and using a reliable staining solution containing dyes that are readily available in this country.
A Comparative Morphological Study of the Tracheal System in Larval Diptera. Part I
Authors: Whitten Joan M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The larval tracheal system of species representative of certain families in the Diptera Nematocera, Brachycera, and Cyclorrhapha is discussed. Detailed descriptions are given of the larval systems of members of the families Psychodidae, Trichoceridae, Anisopidae, Scatopsidae, Bibionidae, Phoridae, and Calliphoridae.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the dissimilarity between the tracheal systems of the species from the selected families—more particularly between the Diptera Nematocera and Cyclorrhapha—is superficial. The differences overlie what is in fact a series of tracheal systems in which the number and distribution of the main elements is remarkably constant. The homologies of these main elements in all three suborders are demonstrated. Correlation between the form of the central nervous system and the distribution of the tracheae is also shown.
Each described system is analysed into its main constituents and represented by a ‘larval tracheal pattern’. On close examination the patterns or plans of each system in the various families are shown to conform to a ‘general plan’ common to all the species described, and probably representative of a general larval plan for the whole order; it is suggested that it approaches what must be the primitive distribution of tracheae in the Diptera. It is also suggested that this pattern may prove of phylogenetic importance should it be possible to discover similar generalized patterns for the other insect orders. It is shown how the plan can be used in interpreting previous descriptions by other workers.
The results presented illustrate the stability and remarkable constancy of the basic pattern of the tracheal system throughout the main sub-divisions of the order. No correlation is seen between the form of the internal tracheal system and the variations shown by the spiracles, the elements of the tracheal system remaining constant in number and origin in all the species described.
In a future paper it is proposed to describe the systems of species from the remaining nematoceran families; considerable deviation from this general plan is to be seen, but the systems can be interpreted in the light of the present results.
An artificial intelligence deep learning model for identification of small bowel obstruction on plain abdominal radiographs
Authors: Kim DH , Wit H , Thurston M , Long M , Maskell GF , Strugnell MJ , Shetty D , Smith IM , Hollings NP 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
Small bowel obstruction is a common surgical emergency which can lead to bowel necrosis, perforation and death. Plain abdominal X-rays are frequently used as a first-line test but the availability of immediate expert radiological review is variable. The aim was to investigate the feasibility of using a deep learning model for automated identification of small bowel obstruction.

Methods:
A total of 990 plain abdominal radiographs were collected, 445 with normal findings and 445 demonstrating small bowel obstruction. The images were labelled using the radiology reports, subsequent CT scans, surgical operation notes and enhanced radiological review. The data were used to develop a predictive model comprising an ensemble of five convolutional neural networks trained using transfer learning.

Results:
The performance of the model was excellent with an area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) of 0.961, corresponding to sensitivity and specificity of 91 and 93% respectively.

Conclusion:
Deep learning can be used to identify small bowel obstruction on plain radiographs with a high degree of accuracy. A system such as this could be used to alert clinicians to the presence of urgent findings with the potential for expedited clinical review and improved patient outcomes.

Advances in knowledge:
This paper describes a novel labelling method using composite clinical follow-up and demonstrates that ensemble models can be used effectively in medical imaging tasks. It also provides evidence that deep learning methods can be used to identify small bowel obstruction with high accuracy.
Semantic decisions in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders - functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Bryńska Anita , Wolak Tomasz , Naumczyk Patrycja , Srebnicki Tomasz , Wolańczyk Tomasz 
Published: April 2021

Cel pracyCel: ocena aktywacji fMRI w trakcie wykonywania zadań semantycznych u adolescentów z ASD.MetodaMateriał: 44 praworęcznych nastolatków płci męskiej w wieku 12-19 lat (śr. 14,3 ± 2,0) - 31 z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu, którzy spełniali kryteria DSM-IV-TR dla zespołu Aspergera oraz 13 prawidłowo rozwijających się nastolatków dobranych pod względem wieku i ręczności. Metoda: Badania czynnościowe (fMRI) przeprowadzono w czasie podejmowania decyzji semantycznych i kontrolnych decyzji fonologicznych w trzech kategoriach zadań: rzeczowniki konkretne, czasowniki o znaczeniach mnogich, słowa opisujące stany umysłu. Analizy statystyczne przeprowadzono na poziomie p<0,05 z korekcją FWE (family-wise error) oraz p<0,001.WynikiWyniki: w grupie ASD niższy sygnał BOLD wykazano w wielu obszarach mózgu (m.in. przedklinek, tylna część zakrętu obręczy, zakręt kątowy, zakręt parahipokampalny) niezależnie od kategorii zadania oraz sposobu przetwarzania. Najmniejsze różnice dla przetwarzania semantycznego stwierdzono dla rzeczowników konkretnych, największe dla słów opisujących stany umysłu.WnioskiWnioski: obecność odmiennych wzorców aktywacji w grupie ASD podkreśla rolę nieprawidłowej organizacji funkcjonalnej obszarów OUN związanych nie tylko z funkcjami językowymi w powstawaniu deficytów semantycznych.
PENGARUH KOMPOSISI PENGELOLA PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN (Studi pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia)
Authors: Putri Meyzia Irestia , Mujino Mujino , Rinofah Risal 
Published: April 2021

This study aims to examine the effect of the composition of company managers on financial performance. The composition of the company management is proxied by using the number of independent commissioners, the board of commissioners, and the board of directors. The company's financial performance is measured by profitability ratios, namely Return On Investment (ROI). The population in this study are companies that are included in the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2010-2018.The sample selection technique used purposive sampling method. Based on the criteria that have been determined, 8 companies chosen as sample. The type of data used are secondary data in the form of annual reports and financial statements. Data analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis.The results of this study showed that simultaneously, independent commissioner, board of commissioner, and board of directors have a significant effect on ROI. Partially, independent commissioner, audit committee, board of commissioner, and board of directors has positive and significant effect on ROI. While another Good Corporate Governance proxy, which are the audit committee and board of directors have a positive effect but not significant on ROI.
Fiber polarizer based on selectively silver-coated large-core suspended-core fiber
Authors: Zhang Xian , Wang Caoyuan , Yu Ruowei , Xiao Limin , Zhu Xiao-Song , Shi Yi-Wei 
Published: April 2021

A tunable fiber polarizer based on the selectively silver-coated large-core suspended-core fiber (LSCF) was proposed. A thin silver layer was coated on the inner surface of two opposite air holes of the LSCF by the chemical liquid-phase deposition method. The

y

-polarized light (parallel to the two silver-coated air holes) will excite surface plasmon resonance and experience large transmission loss, while the

x

-polarized light does not, resulting in a fiber polarizer. By varying the liquid filled in the microchannels of the LSCF, the operating wavelength can be tuned in the visible and near infrared region along with the surface plasmon resonance wavelength. The dependence of the polarization characteristics on the fiber length was experimentally investigated. The maximum polarization extinction ratio (PER) of 20.1 dB, 19.6 dB, and 18.3 dB and insertion loss (IL) of 2.24 dB, 2.56 dB, and 2.08 dB are achieved with the optimal fiber length of 16 cm at the operating wavelengths of 565.4 nm, 626.7 nm, and 739.7 nm, respectively. Compared with the multimode fiber-based polarizers reported previously, the proposed selectively silver-coated LSCF polarizer exhibits higher PER and lower IL.
Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenoviruses in East Africa Community partner states of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2007–2020)
Authors: Umuhoza Therese , Bulimo Wallace D. , Oyugi Julius , Musabyimana Jean Pierre , Kinengyere Alison A. , Mancuso James D. 
Published: April 2021

Background
Viruses are responsible for a large proportion of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). Human influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory-syncytial-virus, and adenoviruses are among the leading cause of ARTIs. Epidemiological evidence of those respiratory viruses is limited in the East Africa Community (EAC) region. This review sought to identify the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenoviruses among cases of ARTI in the EAC from 2007 to 2020.

Methods
A literature search was conducted in Medline, Global Index Medicus, and the grey literature from public health institutions and programs in the EAC. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction. We used a random effects model to pool the prevalence estimate across studies. We assessed heterogeneity with the I2 statistic, and Cochran’s Q test, and further we did subgroup analysis. This review was registered with PROSPERO under registration number CRD42018110186.

Results
A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria for the studies documented from 2007 to 2020. The overall pooled prevalence of adenoviruses was 13% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6–21, N = 28829), respiratory syncytial virus 11% (95% CI: 7–15, N = 22627), and parainfluenza was 9% (95% CI: 7–11, N = 28363). Pooled prevalence of reported ARTIs, all ages, and locality varied in the included studies. Studies among participants with severe acute respiratory disease had a higher pooled prevalence of all the three viruses. Considerable heterogeneity was noted overall and in subgroup analysis.

Conclusion
Our findings indicate that human adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus are prevalent in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. These three respiratory viruses contribute substantially to ARTIs in the EAC, particularly among those with severe disease and those aged five and above.