bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomedical Research Using Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Walker Rebecca L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the ethical significance of the translational value of biomedical research using live nonhuman animals. By “translational value” is meant how well or poorly animal research results in specific improvements in human medicine. While other animal as well as environmental benefits may also result from biomedical research using animals, the primary objective of most such research continues to be human health benefit. The translational value of animal research is first considered in light of a historical and regulatory perspective on the nexus of human and nonhuman animal experimentation. Next, common competing perceptions about the value of animal research for human health are addressed. Finally, consideration of intellectual virtue and barriers to its achievement are introduced as crucial and little recognized factors in these debates.
From Reproductive Rights to Reproductive Justice
Authors: Ziegler Mary 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article illuminates potential obstacles facing the reproductive justice movement and the way those obstacles might be overcome. Since 2010, reproductive justice—an agenda that fuses access to reproductive health services and demands for social justice—has energized feminist scholars and activists and captured broader public attention. Abortion rights advocates in the past dismissed reproductive justice claims as risky and unlikely to appeal to a broad enough audience. These obstacles are not as daunting as they first appear. Reframing the abortion right as a matter of women’s equality may eliminate some of the constitutional hurdles facing a reproductive justice approach. The political obstacles may be just as surmountable. Understanding the history of the constitutional discourse concerning reproductive justice and reproductive rights may allow us to move beyond the impasse that has defined the relationship between the two for too long.
Revelation in Christian Scripture
Authors: Giambrone Anthony 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
‘Revelation in Christian Scripture’ is an immensely evocative theme, focused upon two intertwined events: the climactic apocalypse of the Father’s Eternal Son in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ and the son-making effect realized in those who receive the good news of this mysterious happening. The unmediated mediation of access to God that Jesus imparts through the gift of his Spirit gives a paradoxical colour to the conception of Revelation in Christian Scripture. The equally paradoxical notion of a prophesied novum further shapes Christian Scripture’s construction of Revelation. The manifold ways that the revelation of Jesus is related to the prior revelation made through Moses mirrors the complex relationship between Old and New Covenants and the progressive and epochal structure of divine pedagogy. The mapping of this bipartite structure onto the contours of the written Bible exposes the sacred text as itself a revelatory communication of the mystery.
Revelation in Phenomenology
Authors: Mezei Balázs M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the notion of revelation in the work of the main representatives of the phenomenological movement. This movement has a crucial importance in understanding the philosophical landscape today. Emerging from Austrian and German sources, phenomenology became the leading philosophical school in Europe by the mid-twentieth century. Later developments led to the emergence of French phenomenology, which has defined Continental thought in more than one way. The persistent focus of the phenomenological movement has been the nature and content of religious experience or the religious phenomenon. And while some of the phenomenologists, like Jean-Paul Sartre, proposed a different course for this kind of thinking, the problem of religion has become central to most of the phenomenological authors. This explains the fact that the phenomenological notion of divine disclosure or revelation has always been in the centre of this movement. One can even say that the philosophical problem of revelation is the central subject matter in the history of phenomenology beginning with Franz Brentano through Max Scheler, Paul Ricœur, Emmanuel Lévinas, and Jean-Luc Marion. The work of these and other authors has exerted a tremendous influence on contemporary philosophy. However, the problem of revelation per se is the crucial problem of philosophy, as is demonstrated by the history and problematic of the phenomenological movement. This chapter offers an overview of this history and also an outline of the problem of revelation from the point of view of what can be termed ‘apocalyptic phenomenology’.
Revelation in the Jewish Tradition
Authors: Solomon Norman 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter opens with a note on the naive concept of revelation as it appears in the Hebrew Scriptures. An account of the accommodation of Jewish thought to Hellenistic models by Philo leads to a remark on Talmud and early Jewish mysticism. Medieval philosophers such as Saadia and Maimonides attempted not only to present Jewish belief and practice in rational form but to justify its claim to possession of the only authentic revelation; the kabbalistic or mystical reaction is described. The moral, historical, and scientific concerns brought into focus by Spinoza, who appealed to reason as the criterion of what constituted revelation, are then outlined; Jewish responses to issues he raised are discussed. The chapter shows how Jewish responses to the Enlightenment generated different interpretations of revelation, leading to the formation of Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox denominations of Judaism. Moving rapidly through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, we survey interpretations of revelation by Jewish thinkers including Hermann Cohen (‘progressive’ revelation), Martin Buber (revelation as ‘encounter’), J. D. Soloveitchik (halakha as a priori system), Abraham J. Heschel (between immanence and transcendence), Emil Fackenheim (Holocaust theology), and Tamar Ross (feminism, ‘cumulative’ revelation), concluding with a selection of contemporary thinkers who reinterpret the language of revelation in non-dogmatic terms.
Revelation after the Holocaust
Authors: Glazov Gregory Yuri 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The challenges which the Holocaust presents to reflections, especially Judeo-Christian, on divine revelation may be introduced by surveying how some poets, philosophers, and psychologists who have debated the seemliness of finding meaning in its barbarity have identified the search for this meaning to be intrinsic to conscience and necessary to human resistance against the banality of evil. However, by being the Nazi attempt and failure to exterminate the Jewish people in particular, the Holocaust must be defined in ways that address the sense of betrayal and abandonment fostered in its Jewish victims by their biblical conceptions of being the recipients and bearers of divine revelation. These definitions represent the Holocaust either as an event continuous with Jewish heritage and history, or so discontinuous as warranting either their negation or reformation in ways that suggest the contours of a new revelation. The many Jewish biblical and theological models guiding reflection on the Holocaust militate against reductionistic positions which represent it as a divine punishment and open up to representing the Jewish people as a Servant given to participate in the anguish which God nurtures for the created world. The extent to which the Holocaust was facilitated by Christian theological contempt for Judaism, and the extent to which this contempt was fostered by Christian scripture and tradition, all these stand to reveal the need for Christians to renew their understanding of Christian-Jewish relationships in general and of the relationship of Christology to Jewish suffering in particular.
Divine Revelation in West Africa and Central Africa
Authors: Young Josiah Ulysses 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines divine revelation in West Africa and Central Africa, with a historical focus on the relation of biblical beliefs to African traditional religions. It discusses the African independent churches, specifically the Église de Jésus-Christ sur la Terre par le Prophète Simon Kimbangu; Vincent Mulago’s essay in Des prêtres noirs s’interrogent (1956); specific essays from the book Biblical Revelation and African Beliefs (1969); and Engelbert Mveng’s book L’Art d’Afrique noire: liturgie cosmique et langage religieux (1964). The chapter also examines the recent scholarship of the Ghanaian theologian Mercy Oduyoye and the Congolese scholars Oscar Bimwenyi-Kweshi and Kä Mana. Regarding the relationship between divine revelation and African traditional religions, it discusses J. B. Danquah’s book The Akan Doctrine of God (1944), the arguments of the Congolese Egyptologist Mubabinge Bilolo, and the West African scholar Ntumba Museka.
Revelation as Biblical History
Authors: Bradshaw Timothy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The term revelation means an unveiling to a recipient who otherwise would not be able to see something hidden. It has a gift quality, and needs to be received if a revelation happens. Revelation in Christianity needs an informational dimension in order for understanding of the revealer, who is God with distinctive characteristics, notably empathetic love, mercy, and grace, and this God invites faith, trust, and responsive self-giving. Ultimately revelation is consummated in Jesus Christ. History has several vital dimensions and is a dynamic reality of the past receiving meaning from future events. The narrative structure of biblical history functioned to mediate Christ to the early Church, and critical-historical analysis produced a certain eclipse of biblical narrative and a turn to the human phenomenology of subjective feeling, away from the gift quality of revelation. The First World War revived eschatological concerns and brought a new sense of inbreaking divine revelation. A Hegelian concern for the revelatory capacity of universal history followed, with radical and postmodern proposals for engaging with and being engaged by the texts and gift of revelation.
Music and Divine Revelation
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Music has been perennially associated with divine revelation. This chapter asks why this might be the case, with special reference to the self-revelation of God in the Christian faith. It begins by outlining the theology of music offered by Augustine in his De musica, in which the numerical character of the cosmos, to which sounding music is attuned, is said to give access to God. This is set alongside Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), for whom music more than any other art shares in and awakens that dimension of human experience he regards as distinctively religious. Critical questions are asked of both theologians, in the light of which some four fundamental yet oft-neglected themes and trajectories of classical Christian theology are explored with respect to music’s revelatory potential: the priority of God’s revealing action, the social and embodied character of revelation, creation’s revelation of the divine, and revelation through language.
Stakeholder Model of Change
Authors: Lewis Laurie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the various ways in which opposing and/or contradictory entities unfold and play out with regard to change in organizations. This is undertaken from two different viewpoints. First, from a micro-phenomenological perspective it examines how insights derived from critical theory and other critical traditions have influenced the development of change strategies, interventions, and techniques. Second, at a more macro-level, it explores the extent to which particular schools of thought with regard to organizational change and organization development (OD) have embraced and/or resisted, the inevitable and unavoidable critical challenges and opportunities presented by opposing agents, competing interests, conflicting entities, and contrasting meanings in organizations. The chapter concludes by discussing the scope for, and possible directions of, critical change scholarship and practice in the future.
Institutional Change
Authors: Micelotta Evelyn , Lounsbury Michael , Greenwood Royston 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the current state of research on change processes from an institutional perspective. It examines the longitudinal progression of research, illustrating the generative processes that drive change, the patterns of change over time, the mechanisms underpinning change, and its key outcomes. It distinguishes variance and process studies and zooms in on process-based research (i.e., temporal progression of event sequences), discussing implications for organizations, and similarities and differences between theoretical models of change. We conclude by noting that our typology of change pathways situates extant research to reveal important blind spots in the literature that require more systematic attention.
The Performative “Picture”
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the previous handbook chapters and considers how our conceptualization of change influences how it is explained, understood, or prescribed. It explores the contrast between the synoptic (or entitative) image of change, which conceives of change as happening to organizations (or parts thereof), and the performative (or enactivist) image, which looks at change from within: how the organization responds to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. By focusing on agency, the performative “picture” conceives of stability as an accomplishment. Even when stability is deliberately perturbed through episodic-cum-planned change, the latter always retains emergence—becomingness. From a performative perspective, when planned-cum-episodic change is initiated, what is worth exploring is how the rationale for change emerges, how it is articulated and connected with diverse narratives of change that may have been available, how diverse agents intra-act, and how possibilities emerge.
The Ordinary Concept of True Love
Authors: Earp Brian D. , Do Daniel , Knobe Joshua 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
When we say that what two people feel for each other is “true love,” we seem to be doing more than simply clarifying that it is in fact love they feel, as opposed to something else. That is, an experience or relationship might be a genuine or actual instance of love without necessarily being an instance of true love. But what criteria do people use to determine whether something counts as true love? This chapter explores three hypotheses. The first holds that the ordinary concept of true love picks out love that is highly prototypical. The second, that it picks out love that is especially good or valuable. The third, that people distinguish between psychological states that are “real” or not, and that it picks out love that is real. Two experiments provide evidence against the first hypothesis and in favor of the second and third. Implications for real-life disagreements about love are also discussed.
Multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 editing of DNA methyltransferases in rice uncovers a class of non-CG methylation specific for GC-rich regions
Authors: Hu Daoheng , Yu Yiming , Wang Chun , Long Yanping , Liu Yue , Feng Li , Lu Dongdong , Liu Bo , Jia Jinbu , Xia Rui , Du Jiamu , Zhong Xuehua , Gong Lei , Wang Kejian , Zhai Jixian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDNA methylation in the non-CG context is widespread in the plant kingdom and abundant in mammalian tissues such as the brain and pluripotent cells. Non-CG methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana is coordinately regulated by DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE (DRM) and CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) proteins but has yet to be systematically studied in major crops due to difficulties in obtaining genetic materials. Here, utilizing the highly efficient multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing system, we created single- and multiple-knockout mutants for all the nine DNA methyltransferases in rice (Oryza sativa) and profiled their whole-genome methylation status at single-nucleotide resolution. Surprisingly, the simultaneous loss of DRM2, CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT2), and CMT3 functions, which completely erases all non-CG methylation in Arabidopsis, only partially reduced it in rice. The regions that remained heavily methylated in non-CG contexts in the rice Os-dcc (Osdrm2/cmt2/cmt3a) triple mutant had high GC contents. Furthermore, the residual non-CG methylation in the Os-dcc mutant was eliminated in the Os-ddccc (Osdrm2/drm3/cmt2/cmt3a/cmt3b) quintuple mutant but retained in the Os-ddcc (Osdrm2/drm3/cmt2/cmt3a) quadruple mutant, demonstrating that OsCMT3b maintains non-CG methylation in the absence of other major methyltransferases. Our results showed that OsCMT3b is subfunctionalized to accommodate a distinct cluster of non-CG-methylated sites at highly GC-rich regions in the rice genome.
XI The Eighteenth Century
Authors: Lyons-Mcfarland Michelle , Milne Fiona , Scott Robert , Distel Kristin M 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter has four sections: 1. General and Prose; 2. The Novel; 3. Poetry; 4. Drama. Section 1 is by Michelle Lyons-McFarland; section 2 is by Fiona Milne; section 3 is by Robert Scott; section 4 is by Kristin M. Distel
Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Supported by Impella: Implications of Advanced Age and Refractory Shock on Outcomes
Authors: Boshara Andrew , Patel Ami , Alasaad Mohammad , Dutcheshen Karey J. , LaLonde Thomas A. , Schreiber Theodore L. , Mehta Rajendra H. , Kaki Amir , Rosman Howard S. 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVES:
With percutaneous left ventricular mechanical circulatory support devices becoming increasingly available for patients with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction and the lack of a clear mortality benefit to date, identifying optimal candidates for this technology is crucial. We studied the effectiveness of Impella Cardiac Pow (Abiomed, Danvers, MA) in various stages of cardiogenic shock and elderly cohorts.

DESIGN:
Retrospective review.

SETTING:
Data were collected for patients at a single community hospital between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019.

SUBJECTS:
Thirty-one consecutive adult patients with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction who received Impella Cardiac Pow support. Shock stages were defined by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention (Stages A–E).

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary outcome was in-hospital death across Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention cardiogenic shock stages and in patients greater than or equal to 80 and less than 80 years old. Secondary outcomes were Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 vascular and bleeding complications, stroke, and renal failure requiring dialysis. The median age of the study population was 64 years, with seven patients (23%) being greater than or equal to 80 years old. No patients were in Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention Stage A, whereas there were seven in B, eight in C, six in D, and 10 (32%) in E. Overall in-hospital mortality occurred in 61% of patients. All 10 patients in Stage E died before hospital discharge. Mortality occurred in 54% of patients (13/24) age less than 80 years compared with 86% of those 80 years or older (6/7). A total of 38.7% of patients (12/31) and 32.3% of patients (10/31) experienced Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 bleeding and vascular events, which were evenly distributed across Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention cardiogenic shock Stages.

CONCLUSIONS:
In conclusion, patients with shock in extremis and those 80 years old and older may have a prohibitively high mortality despite Impella use. These findings merit further prospective investigation in a larger number of patients to evaluate the effectiveness of Impella (and other left ventricular mechanical circulatory devices) and the inherent resource utilization in advanced cardiogenic shock and the elderly.
Impact of Different Approaches to Preparing Notes for Analysis With Natural Language Processing on the Performance of Prediction Models in Intensive Care
Authors: Mahendra Malini , Luo Yanting , Mills Hunter , Schenk Gundolf , Butte Atul J. , Dudley R. Adams 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate whether different approaches in note text preparation (known as preprocessing) can impact machine learning model performance in the case of mortality prediction ICU.

DESIGN:
Clinical note text was used to build machine learning models for adults admitted to the ICU. Preprocessing strategies studied were none (raw text), cleaning text, stemming, term frequency-inverse document frequency vectorization, and creation of n-grams. Model performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Models were trained and internally validated on University of California San Francisco data using 10-fold cross validation. These models were then externally validated on Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center data.

SETTING:
ICUs at University of California San Francisco and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

SUBJECTS:
Ten thousand patients in the University of California San Francisco training and internal testing dataset and 27,058 patients in the external validation dataset, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Mortality rate at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and University of California San Francisco was 10.9% and 7.4%, respectively. Data are presented as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI) for models validated at University of California San Francisco and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for models validated at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Models built and trained on University of California San Francisco data for the prediction of inhospital mortality improved from the raw note text model (AUROC, 0.84; CI, 0.80–0.89) to the term frequency-inverse document frequency model (AUROC, 0.89; CI, 0.85–0.94). When applying the models developed at University of California San Francisco to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center data, there was a similar increase in model performance from raw note text (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center: 0.72) to the term frequency-inverse document frequency model (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center: 0.83).

CONCLUSIONS:
Differences in preprocessing strategies for note text impacted model discrimination. Completing a preprocessing pathway including cleaning, stemming, and term frequency-inverse document frequency vectorization resulted in the preprocessing strategy with the greatest improvement in model performance. Further study is needed, with particular emphasis on how to manage author implicit bias present in note text, before natural language processing algorithms are implemented in the clinical setting.