bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revised focal depths and velocity model for local earthquakes in the Adak Seismic zone
Authors: Toth Thomas , Kisslinger Carl 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA technique suggested by Hales et al. (1981) for determining hypocentral depths that are relatively independent of the velocity model originally used to locate the earthquakes is applied to a carefully selected set of earthquakes located with the Adak Seismic Network. The origin times are taken from the Wadati diagram for each event and the epicentral distances from the standard hypocenter solution are assumed to be correct. A straight-ray interpretation, based on the use of a single average velocity from the hypocenter to the surface, is then used to determine the average velocity and the depth from the slope and intercept of the linear X2 − T2 plot.From the Adak catalog for August 1974 to May 1983, 8046 located events, 579 earthquakes with good P-data and 347 with good S-data were selected on the basis of excellent time picks, good quality solutions, and reliable Wadati and X2 − T2 plots. The revised depths show that the sharp cutoff of the shallower main thrust zone activity at 26 km seen in the Adak data set is an artifact of the routine location procedure. Routine depths are found to be systematically too shallow by a mean amount of 4.35 km, with origin times 0.20 sec too early.The velocities derived in this study agree with those in the standard model for depths below 80 km, but are higher than the standard values at shallower depths. The two models can be reconciled by invoking small gradients of velocity in the uppermost three layers, but this result is not unique. The results indicate local variations of the shallower velocities within the Adak seismic zone, one of which, low velocities beneath the volcanic arc, has been found in an earlier, independent study.
Analysis of wave-induced pore pressure changes recorded during the 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquake sequence
Authors: Mavko Gerald M. , Harp Ed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Acceleration and wave-induced pore pressure were recorded in a saturated sand during the 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquake sequence. For the largest event recorded, the pore pressure was observed to be proportional to vertical surface acceleration during the P-wave arrivals and proportional to horizontal surface velocity during the S-wave arrivals. The results can be quantitatively explained with a linear elastic model of a porous saturated medium, such that pore pressure depends on dilatation and is independent of shear strain. A slight frequency dependence in the ratio of pore pressure to dilatation indicates local fluid flow on the scale of individual pores. The good agreement between observations and theory indicates that the deformation was primarily linear, even though maximum shear strains were close to the typical thresholds for liquefaction.
Source depth estimation using multi-station waveform data
Authors: Roy Falguni 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA depth estimation procedure has been described which essentially attempts to identify depth phases by analyzing multi-station waveform data (hereafter called level II data) in various ways including deconvolution, prediction error filtering, and spectral analysis of the signals. In the absence of such observable phases, other methods based on S-P, ScS-P, and SKS-P travel times are tried to get an estimate of the source depth. The procedure was applied to waveform data collected from 31 globally distributed stations for the period between 1 and 15 October 1980. The digital data were analyzed at the temporary data center facilities of the National Defense Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.During this period, a total number of 162 events in the magnitude range 3.5 to 6.2 were defined by analyzing first arrival time data (hereafter called level I data) alone. For 120 of these events, it was possible to estimate depths using the present procedure. The applicability of the procedure was found to be 100 per cent for the events with mb &gt; 4.8 and 88 per cent for the events with mb &gt; 4. A comparison of level I depths and level II depths (the depths as obtained from level I and level II data, respectively) with that of the United States Geological Survey estimates indicated that it will be necessary to have at least one local station (Δ &lt; 10°) among the level I data to obtain reasonable depth estimates from such data alone.Further, it has been shown that S wave travel times could be successfully utilized for the estimation of source depth.
On wave fronts and interfaces in anelastic media
Authors: Richards Paul G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhen a wave front is incident upon an interface between two anelastic media, the amplitudes of transmitted and converted waves can grow exponentially with distance from the interface. Such phenomena can be reconciled with radiation conditions. For waves from finite sources within multi-layered anelastic media, and particularly for waves studied by generalized rays, the choice between scattered waves that grow and those that decay can usefully be made with reference to the corresponding elastic problem, rather than relying on radiation conditions.
Magnitudes and moments of duration
Authors: Bakun William H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCoda-duration τ at 42 of the stations in the U.S. Geological Survey's central California seismic network (CALNET) for earthquakes in five source regions of central California—the Parkfield and San Juan Bautista sections of the San Andreas fault, the Sargent fault, the Coyote Lake section of the Calaveras fault, and the Livermore area—are used to obtain empirical formulas relating local magnitude ML and seismic moment M0 to τ and epicentral distance Δ. Models with log2 τ fit the data better than those assuming a log τ dependence. For 55 earthquakes with 1.1. ≦ ML ≦ 5.3, ML = 0.92 + 0.607 (±0.005)log2 τ + 0.00268(± 0.00012)Δ. These ML assume a Wood-Anderson seismograph magnification of 2800; 0.15 should be subtracted from these ML for continuity with magnitudes obtained from or calibrated against typical (magnification ∼ 2000) Wood-Anderson seismographs. For 53 earthquakes with 18.4 ≦ log M0 ≦ 22.3, log M0 = 17.97 + 0.719(± 0.0007)log2 τ + 0.00319(±0.00013)Δ. These relations provide unbiased estimates of ML for 1.5 ≲ ML ≲ 5.3 and 19 ≲ log M0 ≲ 22.3. Station corrections can significantly improve the accuracy and precision of ML and log M0 estimates, particularly if τ from a small number of stations are used. Regional variations in station corrections reflect an increase in coda duration toward the south within the CALNET.
Comparison of two surface-wave magnitude scales:Mof Gutenberg and Richter (1954) andMSof “Preliminary determination of epicenters”
Authors: Lienkaemper J. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Prague formula (Vanek et al., 1962), which is used for Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE) magnitudes, exceeds that of Gutenberg (1945) by 0.19 unit of MS, leading to the false assumption that mean MS of PDE are inherently 0.19 larger than Gutenberg and Richter (1954) magnitudes, MGR. Recomputation of MS using Gutenberg's methods and Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) notepad data shows that MS values in the G-R notepads are ∼0.1 unit of MS too large on average, while MGR values are 0.05 larger still. Total inflation of MGR over recomputed MS values is 0.16 on average. MS for the same events recomputed with the Prague formula are thus only 0.03 unit of MS higher on average than MGR. Thus, PDE values of MS are on average directly comparable to MGR. This relationship probably is a consequence of the Prague formula having been calibrated to Gutenberg's revised magnitudes and MGR values.Surface-wave magnitude residuals summed over many events appear to fit a normal Gaussian distribution with a standard deviation of 0.28 unit-of-MS for two large independent samples. Thus, anomalous single-station MS values can be excluded from averaging, using probabilistic criteria rather than the ad hoc criteria used currently, and standard deviations of MS from the mean are valid estimates of error.
Historical seismicity of Peninsular India
Authors: Rao B. Ramalingeswara , Rao P. Sitapathi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWell-documented historical earthquake data from 1340 to 1983 has been analyzed and reported in this work so as to understand the seismicity and associated phenomena of Peninsular India. It has been the belief among earth scientists that the Peninsular Shield is aseismic, as the region attained stability long ago. However, the earthquake at Koyna (10 December 1967), Bhadrachalam (13 April 1969), Broach (23 March 1970), Hyderabad (30 June 1983) etc., altered this concept and it has now widely accepted that seismic activity is still continuing on a mild scale. As such, a need has arisen to take into consideration historical as well as recent seismological data to study the seismic status of Peninsular India.Using the well-known ‘frequency-magnitude” relation of Gutenberg and Richter (1954), an attempt has been made to derive “a” and “b” and the ratio (a/b). The values as obtained for Peninsular India are 4.4, 0.85, and 5.17, which are typical of moderately active zones the world over. Recurrence periods of earthquake magnitude 6.75 and 7.0 are calculated to be 21 and 35 yr, respectively. Further, the historical seismicity correlates well with the protocontinents such as Dharwar, Aravalli, and Singhbhum in the Peninsular Shield. It is observed that seismicity in a broad sense is defined by the protocontinents with low intracontinental seismicity, while the lineaments and rift valleys are from zones of moderate seismicity.
Empoderamiento femenino y desarrollo local en la España vaciada. Caso de estudio: Teruel
Authors: Tárraga Davia Josefa Belén , Morales Pérez Soledad 
Published: July 2021

Los movimientos feministas han puesto de manifiesto las desigualdades de género existentes en nuestra sociedad. El sector turístico, aunque supone una fuente importante de empleo femenino, no está exento de sufrir estas desigualdades. Este trabajo pretende dar un impulso a la escasa investigación en turismo bajo la perspectiva de género en España. Por un lado, consideramos que el turismo puede ser una herramienta para el empoderamiento femenino y la disminución de las desigualdades de género. y, por otro, el ámbito territorial donde se desarrolla nuestra investigación es la provincia de Teruel que refleja muy bien los efectos de la “España vaciada”. El objetivo principal es analizar el emprendimiento femenino en el sector turístico en zonas despobladas y sus efectos sobre el desarrollo local y el empoderamiento femenino individual y colectivo. La investigación cualitativa desarrollada a través de entrevistas a mujeres del medio rural de la provincia de Teruel concluye que el papel de la mujer rural ha sido completamente invisibilizado. A pesar de ello, en la actualidad se hace visible otra identidad de mujer rural que emprende en negocios turísticos sostenibles que generan un beneficio común en el territorio donde están ubicados. El emprendimiento ha sido clave para el empoderamiento individual y colectivo donde el asociacionismo ha tenido un papel fundamental. Nuestro estudio sugiere que es necesario implementar políticas públicas y privadas que impulsen la creación de empresas turísticas gestionadas por mujeres como una vía para abordar la despoblación y generar un desarrollo local sostenible.
Using Pixel-Based Image Classification to Identify City Structure Development in Balikpapan City, East Kalimantan
Authors: Salam Hafadz , Damayanti Astrid , Indra Tito Latif , Dimyati Muhammad 
Published: July 2021

A city structure is a composition of forming a city. The shape of its city can characterize the development. City development must be sustainable, then the city structure formed must also support sustainable development. Pixel-based image classification is a method used in remote sensing to quickly and multi-temporally identify structures of development of the city. Balikpapan is a National Activity Center (PKN) that has a strategic location for national and international transport routes and, therefore, can accelerate the development of the city. The study aims to identify the development of city structures formed in Balikpapan from 2009, 2014, and 2019 by using pixel-based image classification and overlay analysis. The variables of this study are developed land, non-developed land, vegetation land, and water body. The study results show the development of the city structure by forming several core structures in Balikpapan, or called multi-nuclei, on city structure theory by Harris and Ullman in 1945. The built-up area dominates the development of the city structure, and development dominates from southern to eastern of Balikpapan City. The city center formed has a role as Central Business District (CBD), and the sub-city center created helps the city center to equalize sustainable development for a better future. The development of the city structure in Balikpapan provides direction to help adjust the city in the future.
Los riesgos de una lingüística desmemoriada: a propósito de la etimología puquina de "inca"
Authors: Cerrón-Palomino Rodolfo 
Published: July 2021

En el presente artículo quisiéramos proponer la filiación originariamente puquina del nombre <inca>, cuya “biografía” fue retocada sucesivamente por el aimara, el quechua y el castellano, con una serie de ajustes y reajustes formales y semánticos, como resultado de reacomodos idiomáticos sufridos tanto espontánea como deliberadamente. En función de ello, y luego de ofrecer algunos antecedentes sobre el tema, nuestra discusión está organizada en dos grandes secciones: en la primera ofreceremos la etimología del término en forma y significado, postulando su filiación prístina puquina; en la segunda, someteremos a examen y discusión minuciosa la tesis recientemente postulada por César Itier (2019), consistente en atribuirle al término un origen quechua. Demostraremos que la propuesta ofrecida por el colega carece de sustento lingüístico y filológico, constituyendo una prueba de cómo la adhesión a la tesis del “quechuismo primitivo” (Cerrón-Palomino 2019) puede conducir a conclusiones realmente insostenibles no solo desde el punto de vista puramente lingüístico, sino, también, y de modo más dramático, en sus proyecciones interpretativas respecto de las instituciones sociopolíticas y organizativas del incario.
Cuerpo y afecto en Noches de adrenalina (1981) de Carmen Ollé
Authors: Fernández-Cozman Camilo Rubén , Medina Rondón Katherine Geraldine , Rosado Lazo Nardy Luz 
Published: July 2021

Este artículo plantea un análisis de Noches de adrenalina de la poeta peruana Carmen Ollé, a partir de la noción de cuerpo performático y afecto. El sujeto poético cuestiona los roles impuestos a las mujeres por la sociedad androcéntrica y manifiesta el desplazamiento migratorio de la periferia (Lima) a Europa (el centro). Asimismo, Ollé propone la liberación del cuerpo apoyada en teóricos de la Anti-Psiquiatría y la Psiquiatría Radical como una crítica implícita a la Psiquiatría, el Psicoanálisis y la religión. Por ello, postula la emergencia de un deseo queer.
Evaluación tomográfica del cóndilo y fosa mandibular en el tratamiento de las maloclusiones Clase II y Clase III. Revisión de Literatura.
Authors: Chávez–Sevillano Manuel Gustavo , Vidigal Junior Guaracilei Maciel , Quintão Cátia Cardoso Abdo 
Published: July 2021

El tratamiento de varias maloclusiones esqueléticas en pacientes niños y jóvenes son realizadas aplicándose fuerzas ortopédicas, buscando alterar el crecimiento o abrir suturas en determinadas regiones anatómicas. El cóndilo (CO) y la fosa mandibular (FM) son regiones que han sido sometidas a fuerzas intensas esperando su remodelación ósea como parte del tratamiento. Debido a los clásicos registros bidimensionales utilizados para evaluar las alteraciones morfológicas anatómicas, muchos resultados han sido controversiales. Con el uso de las tomografías y las modernas técnicas de superposiciones tomográficas, es posible identificar dichos cambios morfológicos de manera cuantitativa y cualitativa en las estructuras óseas. Se realizó una revisión de literatura integrada de las alteraciones morfológicas del CO y la FM evaluados por medio de la tomografía computarizada (TC) y la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC) en pacientes con maloclusiones esqueléticas Clase II y Clase III que usaron aparatos con fuerzas ortopédicas. El objetivo fue identificar en la literatura los cambios morfológicos que ocurrieron en el CO y la FM después de aplicar los más aceptados protocolos de tratamientos de las respectivas maloclusiones. De esta manera nos permitirá eliminar factores intervinientes como distorsiones, superposiciones no deseadas de estructuras anatómicas y diversos errores de medición que tienen como característica los clásicos registros bidimensionales y que alteran la correcta información.
Measuring the Low-Income Earner on Housing Access in Urban Areas of Indonesia and Malaysia
Authors: Mohamad Mazliza , Yubaidi Ricco Survival , Hussein Safinaz Mohd , Ismail Rahmah , Isa Suzanna Mohamed , Abdul Aziz Saidatul Nadia 
Published: July 2021

The ratio between the increased demand and limited land makes affordable housing in urban areas more difficult to accommodate. Indonesia and Malaysia, as populous countries, face problems related to housing access, especially for low-income earners in urban areas. The research was undertaken for two reasons. First, problems related to housing access for low-income earners in urban areas should be solved as soon as possible. Second, it is necessary to conduct a study in order to analyze and compare these two countries in measuring low-income earners on housing access in urban areas. To this end, the normative legal approach was applied. The materials used in this study were relevant statutes, rules, regulations, journals, articles, thesis, seminar papers, and electronic materials. The result showed that the fulfillment of housing access highly depends on the state’s developmental goals. It is also associated with principles of development that each country adheres to. The government is expected to provide accurate data in measuring low-income earners on housing access. Identification of beneficiaries by combining income classification and ability to housing access may facilitate policymakers with ease when taking affirmative measures. It is necessary to suggest initiative collaboration involving academicians, business sectors, community, and government (ABCG) in Indonesia and Malaysia to provide adequate housing in urban areas.
Manajemen Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh pada Mata Pelajaran PAI dan BP SMP di Kota Tegal
Authors: Kurniawati Indah , B.S Abdul Wachid 
Published: July 2021

<strong></strong><p class="05Abstrak">Abstract</p><p class="06IsiAbstrak">Research on Distance Learning Management (PJJ) in the subject of Islamic Religious Education and Characteristics aims to identify distance learning management conducted on Islamic Education and BP SMP teachers in Tegal City. The distance learning management studied includes the Learning Management System (LMS) and PJJ Applications, the approaches and methods used, as well as the implications for competency attainment and the problems encountered. The Learning Management System and applications used are Google Classroom, WhatsApp, Google Form, Google Meeting, Zoom Cloud Meeting, and AGPAII Digital. The approach used is a scientific approach with the method of Problem Based Learning, Project Based Learning, Inquiry, and Discovery Learning. The implication of distance learning that is carried out is related to the achievement of students' competencies, including Attitude, Spiritual, Social, Knowledge and Skill Competencies. The training was carried out to overcome the problems faced, namely training on the use of LMS and PJJ applications, training on distance learning methods, and training on making ICT-based teaching materials. Effective communication with parents is needed in order to achieve competency attainment.</p><p class="061AbstrakIndonesia">Abstrak</p>Penelitian Manajemen Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ) pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi manajemen pembelajaran jarak jauh yang dilakukan pada guru PAI dan BP SMP di Kota Tegal. Manajeman pembelajaran jarak jauh yang diteliti meliputi Learning Management Sytem (LMS) dan Aplikasi PJJ, pendekatan dan metode yang digunakan, serta implikasi terhadap ketercapaian kompetensi dan permasalahan yang ditemui. Learning Management Sytem dan aplikasi yang digunakan adalah Google Classroom, WhatsApp, Google Form, Google Meeting, Zoom Cloud Meeting, dan AGPAII Digital. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan saintifik dengan metode Problem Based Learning, Project Based Learning, Inquiry, dan Discovery Learning. Implikasi dari pembelajaran jarak jauh yang dilakukan berhubungan dengan ketercapaian kompetensi peserta didik, meliputi Kompetensi Sikap, yakni Spiritual dan Sosial, Pengetahuan, dan Ketrampilan. Pelatihan dilakukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang dihadapi, yaitu Pelatihan penggunaan LMS dan Aplikasi PJJ, Pelatihan metode pembelajaran jarak jauh, dan pelatihan pembuatan bahan ajar berbasis TIK. Komunikasi efektif dengan orang tua diperlukan guna mencapai ketercapaian kompetensi.
Design of Portable Multicolor LED-Based Optical System for the Photobiomodulation Therapy on Wound Healing Process
Authors: Topaloglu Nermin , Balkaya Ufuk , Çevik Ziyşan Buse Yaralı 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Photobiomodulation is a practical and non-invasive treatment that triggers cell proliferation, cell differentiation, wound healing, new tissue formation, inflammation and pain reduction with low-level light therapy. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are energy-saving, affordable and safe alternatives to laser devices which are recently preferred in photobiomodulation. Although the wavelengths between 600-700 nm are most preferred ones, there is a lack of practical optical systems which study this mechanism in vitro with different wavelengths simultaneously. In this study, a portable and remotely controlled multicolor LED-based system was designed and tested on the wound healing process of human keratinocytes by irradiating the cells homogenously with 3 different wavelengths (460-475 nm as blue, 515-535 nm as green, and 585-595 nm as orange) on different experimental groups at the same time. Its proliferative and wound healing effect was evaluated with cell viability (MTT) analysis and cell migration (scratch) assay, respectively. It was observed that orange-LEDs were designated as the most triggering wavelength in terms of cell proliferation. Also, it was revealed with this device that different wavelengths can reach the intended accelerated wound healing process, so this optical system will be an advantageous design for future practical photobiomodulation studies in vitro.
A Method for Fault Detection in Wireless Sensor Network Based on Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Support Vector Machine Classification
Authors: Biswas Priyajit , Samanta Tuhina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Sensor nodes are tiny low-cost devices, prone to various faults. So, it is imperative to detect those faults. This paper presents a sensor measurement fault detection algorithm based on Pearson's correlation coefficient and the Support Vector Machine(SVM) algorithm. As environmental phenomena are spatially and temporally correlated but faults are somewhat uncorrelated, Pearson's correlation coefficient is used to measure correlation. Then we used SVM to classify faulty readings from normal reading. After classification, faulty readings are discarded. We used network simulator NS-2.35 and Matlab for evaluation of our proposed method. We evaluated our fault detection algorithm using performance metrics, namely, Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Specificity, Recall, F1 Score, Geometric Mean(G_mean), Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), and Area Under Curve(AUC).