bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacotherapy for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease during the COVID-19: A Narrative Review
Authors: Mahmoud Mansour Adam 
Published: February 2021

Background: COVID-19 is considered the most challenging global pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 are more vulnerable to renal impairment especially those admitted to the Intensive Care Units (ICUs).
Objective: In this review we discuss the epidemiology, the pathophysiology, the clinical implications and specific COVID-19 therapy in CKD patients.
Results: The prevalence of CKD patients with COVID-19 varies between 0.7 to 47.6%. Patients with CKD ought to be encouraged to take extra precautions (isolation, distancing, wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)) to limit the risk of exposure to the virus. Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and SARS-CoV-2 interactions, through the binding of the virus to ACE-2, have produced speculations of both likely damage and advantage of RAS inhibitor use during the pandemic. Remidisivir should be avoided in CKD patients (Cr Cl<30ml/min) with COVID-19. In addition, the doses of nephrotoxic medications (chloroquine phosphate and dexamethasone) that are recommended to be used in the management of COVID-19 should be adjusted according to creatinine clearance and dialysis.
Conclusion: COVID-19 may worsen the impaired kidney function and increase mortality. Care givers should pay especial attention to medications dosing in COVID-19 patient with CKD history.
Sex Differences in Cognitive Decline Among US Adults
Authors: Levine Deborah A. , Gross Alden L. , Briceño Emily M. , Tilton Nicholas , Giordani Bruno J. , Sussman Jeremy B. , Hayward Rodney A. , Burke James F. , Hingtgen Stephanie , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Manly Jennifer J. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Gaskin Darrell J. , Sidney Stephen , Sacco Ralph L. , Tom Sarah E. , Wright Clinton B. , Yaffe Kristine , Galecki Andrzej T. 
Published: February 2021

ImportanceSex differences in dementia risk are unclear, but some studies have found greater risk for women.ObjectiveTo determine associations between sex and cognitive decline in order to better understand sex differences in dementia risk.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used pooled analysis of individual participant data from 5 cohort studies for years 1971 to 2017: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Offspring Study, and Northern Manhattan Study. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate changes in each continuous cognitive outcome over time by sex. Data analysis was completed from March 2019 to October 2020.ExposureSex.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was change in global cognition. Secondary outcomes were change in memory and executive function. Outcomes were standardized as t scores (mean [SD], 50 [10]); a 1-point difference represents a 0.1-SD difference in cognition.ResultsAmong 34 349 participants, 26 088 who self-reported Black or White race, were free of stroke and dementia, and had covariate data at or before the first cognitive assessment were included for analysis. Median (interquartile range) follow-up was 7.9 (5.3-20.5) years. There were 11 775 (44.7%) men (median [interquartile range] age, 58 [51-66] years at first cognitive assessment; 2229 [18.9%] Black) and 14 313 women (median [interquartile range] age, 58 [51-67] years at first cognitive assessment; 3636 [25.4%] Black). Women had significantly higher baseline performance than men in global cognition (2.20 points higher; 95% CI, 2.04 to 2.35 points; P &amp;lt; .001), executive function (2.13 points higher; 95% CI, 1.98 to 2.29 points; P &amp;lt; .001), and memory (1.89 points higher; 95% CI, 1.72 to 2.06 points; P &amp;lt; .001). Compared with men, women had significantly faster declines in global cognition (−0.07 points/y faster; 95% CI, −0.08 to −0.05 points/y; P &amp;lt; .001) and executive function (−0.06 points/y faster; 95% CI, −0.07 to −0.05 points/y; P &amp;lt; .001). Men and women had similar declines in memory (−0.004 points/y faster; 95% CI, −0.023 to 0.014; P = .61).Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this cohort study suggest that women may have greater cognitive reserve but faster cognitive decline than men, which could contribute to sex differences in late-life dementia.
Omnidirectional Control of Large Electrical Output in a Topological Antiferromagnet
Authors: Higo Tomoya , Li Yufan , Kondou Kouta , Qu Danru , Ikhlas Muhammad , Uesugi Ryota , Nishio‐Hamane Daisuke , Chien C. L. , Otani YoshiChika , Nakatsuji Satoru 
Published: February 2021

AbstractControl of magnetization direction is essential for the wide application of ferromagnets; it defines the signal size of memory and sensor. However, the magnetization itself causes a dilemma. While its size matters to obtain strong responses upon its reversal, the large magnetization concomitantly suppresses the range of its directional control because of the demagnetizing field. On the other hand, realization of the desired magnetic anisotropy requires careful engineering of crystalline and interfacial effects to overcome the demagnetization barrier. Thus, it would be ideal if one could find alternative magnets that carry no magnetization but strong responses. The discovery of a topological metallic state in the antiferromagnet Mn3Sn is significant; they host a large Berry curvature in momentum space, enabling the observation of disproportionately large transverse responses such as anomalous Hall and Nernst effects, the key functionalities for replacing ferromagnets in the magnetic devices. Here, the experimental realization of omnidirectional control of the large responses in an antiferromagnet is reported. In particular, it is demonstrated that the absence of shape anisotropy enables the omnidirectional control, and lifts the shape constraint in designing the magnetic devices. This work lays the technological foundation for developing simple‐structured high‐performance devices including multi‐level memory and heat flux sensor.
Skin Electronics: Next‐Generation Device Platform for Virtual and Augmented Reality
Authors: Kim Jae Joon , Wang Yan , Wang Haoyang , Lee Sunghoon , Yokota Tomoyuki , Someya Takao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are overcoming the physical limits of real‐life using advances in devices and software. In particular, the recent restrictions in transportation from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic are making people more interested in these virtual experiences. However, to minimize the differences between artificial and natural perception, more human‐interactive and human‐like devices are necessary. The skin is the largest organ of the human body and interacts with the environment as the site of interfacing and sensing. Recent progress in skin electronics has enabled the use of the skin as the mounting object of functional devices and the signal pathway bridging humans and computers, with opening its potential in future VR and AR applications. In this review, the current skin electronics are summarized as one of the most promising device solutions for future VR/AR devices, especially focusing on the recent materials and structures. After defining and explaining VR/AR systems and the components, the advantages of skin electronics for VR/AR applications are emphasized. Next, the detailed functionalities of skin electronic devices, including the input, output, energy devices, and integrated systems, are reviewed for future VR/AR applications.
Flexible Protective Film: Ultrahard, Yet Flexible Hybrid Nanocomposite Reinforced by 3D Inorganic Nanoshell Structures
Authors: Bae Gwangmin , Choi Gwang‐Mun , Ahn Changui , Kim Sang‐Min , Kim Wonsik , Choi Youngjun , Park Dawon , Jang Dongchan , Hong Jung‐Wuk , Han Seung Min , Bae Byeong‐Soo , Jeon Seokwoo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEmerging flexible optoelectronics requires a new type of protective material that is not only hard but also flexible. Organic–inorganic (O–I) hybrid materials have been used as a flexible cover window to increase wear resistance and polymer‐like flexibility. However, the hardness of O–I hybrid materials is much lower than that of metals and ceramics due to the low intrinsic hardness of the organic matrix and limited volume fraction of inorganic reinforcement. Herein, a new type of hybrid nanocomposite combining an O–I hybrid material with continuous and ordered 3D inorganic nanoshell as an additional reinforcement is proposed. The 3D alumina nanoshell uniformly embedded in the epoxy‐siloxane molecular hybrid (ESMH) enables a rule of mixture without a loss in flexibility. Two types of reinforcements comprising siloxane molecules and 3D alumina shell ensure a metal‐like hardness (1.3 GPa), which is significantly higher than that of the typical polymers and polymer nanocomposites. The 3D hybrid nanocomposite films show superb impact resistance due to the 3D alumina nanoshell that effectively suppresses crack propagation. Inch‐scale 3D hybrid nanocomposite films also endure 20 000 bending cycles without failure and maintain high transparency (>82.0% at 550 nm) in the visible regions.
Printable, Down/Up‐Conversion Triple‐Mode Fluorescence Responsive and Colorless Self‐Healing Elastomers with Superior Toughness
Authors: Yao Weijing , Tian Qingyong , Shi Jiaqi , Luo Chengsheng , Wu Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExpanding the practical application range of self‐healing materials has become an important challenge for developing smart materials. Herein, the synthesis of printable, triple‐mode fluorescence responsive, and colorless self‐healing elastomers, formed by the combination of disulfide cross‐linked polyurethane (PU) polymers, carbon dots (CDs) down‐conversion fluorescence materials, and lanthanide ions doped upconversion fluorescence materials. The PU elastomers with optimal mechanical properties and good restorability (recover large strain of 500% after relaxation at room temperature (R.T.) for 2 h) are selected to incorporate CDs for fabricating fluorescence responsive elastomers (denoted as PU‐CDs). Significantly, the prepared PU‐CDs exhibit not only superior tensile strength and toughness (20.95 MPa and 85.13MJ m–3, respectively) than the previously reported R.T. self‐healing elastomers but also show good self‐healing properties and achieve blue fluorescence emissions under the ultraviolet excitation. Furthermore, a series of dual‐mode fluorescence patterns based on formulated core@shell structural upconversion inks are prepared on the transparent PU‐CDs elastomers by a directly screen‐printing method. Self‐healing and integrating a series of fluorescence patterns and damaged electrical patterns can also be accomplished successfully. The designed self‐healing materials provide new ideas and important guidance for developing and applying the next generation of smart materials.
Perovskite Quantum Dots with Ultralow Trap Density by Acid Etching‐Driven Ligand Exchange for High Luminance and Stable Pure‐Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Bi Chenghao , Yao Zhiwei , Sun Xuejiao , Wei Xuecheng , Wang Junxi , Tian Jianjun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe research on metal halide perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with green and infrared emission has demonstrated significant progress in achieving higher functional performance. However, the realization of stable pure‐blue (≈470 nm wavelength) PeLEDs with increased brightness and efficiency still constitutes a considerable challenge. Here, a novel acid etching‐driven ligand exchange strategy is devised for achieving pure‐blue emitting small‐sized (≈4 nm) CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (QDs) with ultralow trap density and excellent stability. The acid, hydrogen bromide (HBr), is employed to etch imperfect [PbBr6]4− octahedrons, thereby removing surface defects and excessive carboxylate ligands. Subsequently, didodecylamine and phenethylamine are successively introduced to bond the residual uncoordinated sites of the QDs and attain in situ exchange with the original long‐chain organic ligands, resulting in near‐unity quantum yield (97%) and remarkable stability. The QD‐based PeLEDs exhibit pure‐blue electroluminescence at 470 nm (corresponding to the Commission Internationale del'Eclairage (CIE) (0.13, 0.11) coordinates), an external quantum efficiency of 4.7%, and a remarkable luminance of 3850 cd m−2, which is the highest brightness reported so far for pure‐blue PeLEDs. Furthermore, the PeLEDs exhibit robust durability, with a half‐lifetime exceeding 12 h under continuous operation, representing a record performance value for blue PeLEDs.
Analysis of External and Internal Disorder to Understand Band‐Like Transport in n‐Type Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Stoeckel Marc‐Antoine , Olivier Yoann , Gobbi Marco , Dudenko Dmytro , Lemaur Vincent , Zbiri Mohamed , Guilbert Anne A. Y. , D'Avino Gabriele , Liscio Fabiola , Migliori Andrea , Ortolani Luca , Demitri Nicola , Jin Xin , Jeong Young‐Gyun , Liscio Andrea , Nardi Marco‐Vittorio , Pasquali Luca , Razzari Luca , Beljonne David , Samorì Paolo , Orgiu Emanuele 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCharge transport in organic semiconductors is notoriously extremely sensitive to the presence of disorder, both internal and external (i.e., related to interactions with the dielectric layer), especially for n‐type materials. Internal dynamic disorder stems from large thermal fluctuations both in intermolecular transfer integrals and (molecular) site energies in weakly interacting van der Waals solids and sources transient localization of the charge carriers. The molecular vibrations that drive transient localization typically operate at low‐frequency (<a‐few‐hundred cm−1), which makes it difficult to assess them experimentally. Hitherto, this has prevented the identification of clear molecular design rules to control and reduce dynamic disorder. In addition, the disorder can also be external, being controlled by the gate insulator dielectric properties. Here a comprehensive study of charge transport in two closely related n‐type molecular organic semiconductors using a combination of temperature‐dependent inelastic neutron scattering and photoelectron spectroscopy corroborated by electrical measurements, theory, and simulations is reported. Unambiguous evidence that ad hoc molecular design enables the electron charge carriers to be freed from both internal and external disorder to ultimately reach band‐like electron transport is provided.
Tailoring c‐Axis Orientation in Epitaxial Ruddlesden–Popper Pr0.5Ca1.5MnO4 Films
Authors: Hoffmann‐Urlaub Sarah , Ross Ulrich , Hoffmann Jörg , Belenchuk Alexandr , Shapoval Oleg , Roddatis Vladimir , Ma Qian , Kressdorf Birte , Moshnyaga Vasily , Jooss Christian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInterest in layered Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) strongly correlated manganites of Pr0.5Ca1.5MnO4 as well as in their thin film polymorphs is motivated by the high temperature of charge orbital ordering above room temperature. The c‐axis orientation in epitaxial films is tailored by different SrTiO3 (STO) substrate orientations and CaMnO3 (CMO) buffer layers. Films on STO(110) show in‐plane alignment of the c‐axis parallel to the [100] direction. On STO(100), two possible directions of the in‐plane c‐axis lead to a mosaic like, quasi 2D nanostructure, consisting of RP, rock‐salt, and perovskite blocks. With the CMO buffer layer, Pr0.5Ca1.5MnO4 epitaxial films with c‐axis out‐of‐plane are realized. Different physical vapor deposition techniques as ion beam sputtering, pulsed laser deposition and metalorganic aerosol deposition are applied in order to distinguish effects of growth conditions from intrinsic epitaxial properties. Despite their very different growth conditions, surface morphology, crystal structure, and orientation of the thin films reveal a high level of similarity as verified by X‐ray diffraction, scanning, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. For different epitaxial relations stress in the films is relaxed by means of modified interface chemistry. The charge ordering in the films occurs at a temperature close to that expected in bulk material.
Quinones from Biopolymers and Small Molecules Milled into Graphite Electrodes
Authors: Liu Lianlian , Wang Lei , Solin Niclas , Inganäs Olle 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe redox reactions of quinones can be used in electrical energy storage systems. Biopolymers are one of the important sources for quinones due to sustainability and low cost. In this work, biomass materials that contain a large fraction of potential quinone groups are used to directly fabricate biomass/graphite hybrid material electrodes, without extraction or separation of the redox active components from other elements. Among these biomass electrodes based on barks, the bark from holm oak (Quercus ilex) and graphite hybrid electrode exhibits a discharge capacity of 20 mAh g−1, with 68% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. Moreover, various quinone chemicals from the biological world are used to generate the quinone/graphite hybrid material electrodes that display higher quinone loadings at the carbon electrodes. The alizarin/graphite hybrid material electrode presents a capacity of 70 mAh g−1, which is ≈30 times higher than that of the graphite electrode. It is demonstrated that barks and quinones are capable of exfoliating graphite into few‐layer graphene sheets with reduced crystallite size. Processing into electrodes is facilitated by the use of another biopolymer, proteins in the form of misfolded protein fibrils, which also help to improve the available charge in electrodes formed from biomass or quinones.
[Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene Mediated C‐3 Selenylation of Pyrido[1,2‐a]Pyrimidin‐4‐Ones Under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Ghosh Prasanjit , Chhetri Gautam , Perl Eliyahu , Das Sajal 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHerein, we report the [Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene mediated C−H bond arylselenylation of 4H‐Pyrido‐[1,2‐a]‐Pyrimidin‐4‐ones using readily available organodiselenides. This methodology is scalable and permits for the generation of a broad spectrum of functionally and structurally diverse selenoether derivatives in very promising yields (up to 98%). Notably, this protocol proceeds at ambient conditions and in the absence of a metal. The application of this methodology for the facile synthesis of ArSe substituted 5H‐thiazolo‐pyrido[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐ones is also demonstrated.magnified image
Asymmetric Cell Division of Fibroblasts is An Early Deterministic Step to Generate Elite Cells during Cell Reprogramming
Authors: Song Yang , Soto Jennifer , Wang Pingping , An Qin , Zhang Xuexiang , Hong SoonGweon , Lee Luke P. , Fan Guoping , Yang Li , Li Song 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCell reprogramming is considered a stochastic process, and it is not clear which cells are prone to be reprogrammed and whether a deterministic step exists. Here, asymmetric cell division (ACD) at the early stage of induced neuronal (iN) reprogramming is shown to play a deterministic role in generating elite cells for reprogramming. Within one day, fibroblasts underwent ACD, with one daughter cell being converted into an iN precursor and the other one remaining as a fibroblast. Inhibition of ACD significantly inhibited iN conversion. Moreover, the daughter cells showed asymmetric DNA segregation and histone marks during cytokinesis, and the cells inheriting newly replicated DNA strands during ACD became iN precursors. These results unravel a deterministic step at the early phase of cell reprogramming and demonstrate a novel role of ACD in cell phenotype change. This work also supports a novel hypothesis that daughter cells with newly replicated DNA strands are elite cells for reprogramming, which remains to be tested in various reprogramming processes.
A Review of Inorganic Photoelectrode Developments and Reactor Scale‐Up Challenges for Solar Hydrogen Production
Authors: Moss Benjamin , Babacan Oytun , Kafizas Andreas , Hankin Anna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGreen hydrogen, produced using solar energy, is a promising means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting devices can produce hydrogen using sunlight and integrate the distinct functions of photovoltaics and electrolyzers in a single device. There is flexibility in the degree of integration between these electrical and chemical energy generating components, and so a plethora of archetypal PEC device designs has emerged. Although some materials have effectively been ruled out for use in commercial PEC devices, many principles of material design and synthesis have been learned. Here, the fundamental requirements of PEC materials, the top performances of the most widely studied inorganic photoelectrode materials, and reactor structures reported for unassisted solar water splitting are revisited. The main phenomena limiting the performance of up‐scaled PEC devices are discussed, showing that engineering must be considered in parallel with material development for the future piloting of PEC water splitting systems. To establish the future commercial viability of this technology, more accurate techno‐economic analyses should be carried out using data from larger scale demonstrations, and hence more durable and efficient PEC systems need to be developed that meet the challenges imposed from both material and engineering perspectives.
High Li+ and Na+ Conductivity in New Hybrid Solid Electrolytes based on the Porous MIL‐121 Metal Organic Framework
Authors: Zettl Roman , Lunghammer Sarah , Gadermaier Bernhard , Boulaoued Athmane , Johansson Patrik , Wilkening H. Martin R. , Hanzu Ilie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSolid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) can leapfrog the development of all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs), enabling them to power electric vehicles and to store renewable energy from intermittent sources. Here, a new hybrid Li+ and Na+ conducting SSE based on the MIL‐121 metal‐organic framework (MOF) structure is reported. Following synthesis and activation of the MOF, the free carboxylic units along the 1D pores are functionalized with Li+ or Na+ ions by ion exchange. Ion dynamics are investigated by broadband impedance spectroscopy and by 7Li and 23Na NMR spin‐lattice relaxation. A crossover at 50 °C (Li+) and at 10 °C (Na+) from correlated to almost uncorrelated motion at higher temperature is observed, which is in line with Ngai's coupling model. Alternatively, in accordance to the jump relaxation model of Funke, at low temperature only a fraction of the jump processes are successful as lattice rearrangement in the direct vicinity of Li+ (Na+) is slow. 1H NMR unambiguously shows that Li+ is the main charge carrier. Conductivities reach 0.1 mS cm−1 (298 K, Na+) while the activation energies are 0.28 eV (Li+) and 0.36 eV (Na+). The findings pave the way towards development of easily tunable and rationally adjustable high‐performance MOF‐based hybrid SSEs for ASSBs.