bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Byproduct Feeds in Southeastern Beef Production Systems
Authors: Poore Matthew H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Byproducts are an important component of many beef production systems in the southeast. A variety of byproducts are used as supplemental nutrition for pastured cattle, and a byproduct-based total mixed ration is commonly used in backgrounding enterprises. Byproducts of corn (wet and dry milling), soybean, cotton, peanuts, rice, citrus, brewing and vegetable processing are widely available. Regional availability will determine what optimal byproducts will be for a given area. The value of an alternative feed for beef cattle is commonly determined based on the TDN and CP levels relative to corn and soybean meal (the Peterson Method). This simple approach allows the user to calculate a $ per ton value at a given corn and soybean meal price, but may result in misleading information. Research comparing alternative feeds to the standard often find that a “realized value” is different than the calculated value. Intake may be stimulated or depressed by a given ingredient. Hidden costs including handling and shrinkage are often a problem for wet materials. Sometimes dramatic side effects occur despite a high calculated value for the feed. For example, fermented sweet potato cannery waste has a very high nutritive value that is realized when fed at low levels in a total mixed ration. However, when fed free-choice, it may cause severe dental erosion resulting in reduced gains in yearlings and early tooth loss in cows. Culled cured sweet potatoes coming from cold storage have a high calculated value yet can cause death in cows because of a lung toxin. There is actually a limited amount of research published with byproducts in southern beef production systems. Due to diversity of forage-base and wide variety of ingredients with potential associative effects, more research is needed to fully understand how byproducts are best utilized.
Concentrate Supplementation Frequency Effects on Early-weaned Beef Calves Grazing Annual Ryegrass
Authors: Oliveira Hugo , Vendramini Joao , Moriel Philipe , Gomes Vinicius , da Silva Hiran , Palmer Elizabeth A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrate supplementation frequency effects on forage characteristics and performance of early-weaned beef calves grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The experiments were conducted in Ona, FL from February to April (Exp. 1) and June (Exp. 2) 2019 and 2020. In Exp. 1, thirty-two early-weaned calves (82±12 d of age) were allocated to 8 annual ryegrass pastures (4 calves/pasture) and supplemented with 1% BW. Treatments were 2 concentrate supplementation frequencies, daily (DAILY) or three times per week (3X; Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) distributed in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Calves receiving the 3X treatment had the daily supplement level multiplied by 7 d and divided by 3 feeding days. Pastures (experimental units; 0.4 ha/pasture) were grazed with a continuous and fixed stocking rate. There was no difference in herbage mass (P = 0.85; mean = 3050 kg/ha), herbage allowance (P = 0.91; mean = 3.0 kg DM/kg BW), CP (P = 0.88; mean = 17.5%), and in vitro digestible organic matter (P = 0.82; mean = 74%). In addition, there was no difference in ADG (P = 0.60, mean = 0.65 kg/d), plasma urea nitrogen (P = 0.88; mean = 10 mg/dL), and glucose (P = 0.45; mean = 72 mg/dL). In Exp. 2, twenty early-weaned calves from Exp. 1 were maintained in the same treatment and placed in a drylot with individual stall for forage DM intake, total DM intake, and in vivo digestibility measurements. Treatments were the same described in Exp. 1 distributed in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates. Calves receiving the DAILY treatment had greater forage DM intake (P = 0.02; 1.8 vs. 1.6% BW), total DM intake (P &lt; 0.01; 2.7 vs. 2.5% BW), and in vivo digestibility (P &lt; 0.01; 87 vs. 85%) than 3X. Feeding three times per week may be a feasible management practice to decrease the cost of labor related to feeding early-weaned beef calves.
Evaluating Soybean Cultivars for Forage Yield and Nutritive Values
Authors: Thompson Serena , Koebernick Jenny , Carrell Russell C , Cole Madison , Dillard S Leanne L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata) are frequently utilized by equine producers in the Southeast. However, challenges related to their production have producers searching for alternative legume options. In 2019 and 2020, five soybean cultivars, “Tower of Leaves,” “Stonewall,” “Laredo,” “AG79X9,” and “AG64X8,” were evaluated for yield and nutritive value. Soybeans were grown at two row spacings (36 and 71 cm), two locations (Central and South Alabama), and harvested at three heights (10, 15, and 20 cm; HH). Forages were harvested using a plot harvester, dried at 55°C, and ground to 1 mm. Forage quality was determined using a NIRS, with verification by wet chemistry analyses. The study was a randomized, complete block design (n = 4) and statistical analysis was carried out using PROC Glimmix of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Inst., - Cary, NC). Forage yields were greatest in “Stonewall” and “Tower of Leaves,” and lowest in “Laredo” (2,074, 1,978, and 1,348 kg/ha, respectively). Across years, HH and forage cultivar had a significant effect on yield (P &lt; 0.0001). As expected, yield increased as HH decreased (P &lt; 0.0001). In 2019, crude protein (CP) was affected by HH (P &lt; 0.0001), with 10 cm having lower CP than 15 and 20 cm (14 vs 16%, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were affected (P &lt; 0.01) by HH and variety. “Stonewall” had the lowest NDF (30.84%) and ADF (29.27%; P &lt; 0.01). “Stonewall” and “AG79X9” had the greatest TDN (74 and 73%, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). The cultivar “Stonewall” shows promise as a forage, with greater yields and moderate forage nutritive value compared with the other cultivars tested. Further research is needed to evaluate “Stonewall” in mixtures with other warm-season annual forages.
Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoid Administration on Feed Intake in Beef Cattle
Authors: McCarty Keelee J , Long Nathan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Calves (n = 63) from Angus crossbred cows were weighed and randomly assigned to treatments within 4 h of parturition (d 0). Each calf was intravenously infused with either a low cortisol [LC; n = 22, 3.5 µg hydrocortisol sodium succinate/kg body weight (BW)], high cortisol (HC; n = 20, 7.0 µg/kg BW), or a sham infusion control (CON; n = 21, similar volume of saline). Each calf was administered a second infusion of its respective treatment 24 h postpartum. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture before infusion and daily from d 0–17 of age and analyzed for leptin concentrations using a validated radioimmunoassay. Animal BW was collected every 14 d from d 0 until the end of the study. Heifers (n = 31; 367±4 d of age) and steers (n = 32; 385±4 d of age) entered a Growsafe system to measure feed intake (FI) and were allowed a 2-wk adjustment period to a commercial ration (1.27 Mcal NEm/kg and 15.8% CP and 0.45 Mcal NEg/kg and 13.8% CP, respectively; DM basis). Heifer body condition score (BCS) was collected at the beginning and end of the trial. Heifers were fed for 70 d and steers until they obtained a 12th rib back fat (BF) thickness of 1.15 cm. Data were analyzed via ANOVA or repeated measures using appropriate models of SAS. Serum leptin concentrations observed a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.0028), in which HC and LC were decreased compared to CON from d 2–17 of age. Calf birth BW and adjusted 205-d BW did not differ (P &gt; 0.056) between treatments. Heifer BW gain, BCS change, and number of feed events were increased (P = 0.001) in LC compared to HC and CON. Steers did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.080) in BW, BW gain, or BF thickness. However, LC steers observed greater daily FI (P = 0.047) and tended to have greater final BW (P = 0.080). In summary, exogenous cortisol administered to calves at parturition reduced leptin concentrations and improved FI of beef steers during a feeding trial.
Evaluation of Prenatal Transportation Stress on the Number of Pituitary Corticotrophs in Mature Brahman Cows
Authors: Kamilar Victoria , West Sarah , Littlejohn Brittni P , Long Charles R , Riley David G , Riggs Penny K , Randel Ron D , Welsh Thomas H , Cardoso Rodolfo C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Prenatal transportation stress (PNS) results in calves that are more temperamental and have greater circulating concentrations of cortisol compared to control calves. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate whether PNS alters the number of pituitary corticotrophs in mature Brahman cows. We hypothesized that the increased circulating cortisol concentrations previously characterized in this bovine model is associated with developmental changes in the anterior pituitary leading to an increased number of corticotrophs. Pregnant Brahman cows (n = 48) were transported in trailers for 2-hour periods at 60±5, 80±5, 100±5, 120±5, and 140±5 days of gestation. Non-transported pregnant cows (n = 48) were designated as the Control group. Control and PNS offspring heifers were managed together under the same environmental conditions. At approximately 5 yr of age, randomly selected non-pregnant cows (Control, n = 8; PNS, n = 6) were humanely harvested and the whole pituitaries were collected. Pituitaries were weighed, fixed in paraformaldehyde, serially dehydrated with graded ethanol, embedded in paraffin blocks, and cut into 5-μm sections. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect cells expressing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as a marker for corticotrophs. Three comparable sections from the midsagittal plane from each animal were processed using an ovine ACTH-specific antibody (Dr. A.F. Parlow, NIDDK). Five fields of view were analyzed per section (15 fields per animal). Anterior pituitary gland weight did not differ (P &gt; 0.10) between groups (Control = 2.11 ± 0.12 g; PNS = 2.10 ± 0.15 g). The mean number of ACTH-positive cells between control (531±56 cells/section) and PNS cows (477±49 cells/section) also did not differ (P &gt; 0.10). In conclusion, the number of pituitary corticotrophs in mature Brahman cows was not affected by prenatal transportation stress and is likely not a mechanism mediating the increased circulating cortisol concentrations seen in this bovine model of fetal programming.
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Pregnancy Rate in Replacement Beef Heifers
Authors: Oosthuizen Nicola , Poole Rebecca K , Houghton Patsy L , Rippe Janet M , Lamb Graham C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Five years of breeding records from Bos taurus replacement beef heifers (n = 21,134) were examined to quantify the effects of environmental conditions during the breeding season on first service pregnancy rate (PR) to artificial insemination (AI). Heifers were developed at Heartland Cattle Company in McCook, NE between April and July each year (2014–2018) where they were AI following estrus synchronization and detected estrus. Weather data were collected from a weather station located approximately 7.2 km from the research site, and included average, minimum, and maximum temperature and relative humidity (RH). Average daily temperature and RH were used to calculate average, minimum, and maximum temperature-humidity index (THI). Weather variables were analyzed for the week preceding AI, the day of AI, and for the week following AI (including the day of AI). Overall first service PR was 72.4% and ranged from 70.3 to 73.8% by year. On the day of AI, temperatures ranged from -15 to 40°C with a mean of 15.6°C ± 0.04. Positive linear relationships were determined for average, minimum, and maximum temperatures with PR for the week preceding AI (P ≤ 0.006), the day of AI (P ≤ 0.001), and the week following AI (P &lt; 0.001). As average, minimum, and maximum temperature on the day of AI increased by 1°C, PR increased by 1.1, 1.0, and 0.7%, respectively. A positive linear relationship (P = 0.005) for maximum RH and a cubic relationship (P = 0.046) for minimum RH with PR were determined for the week preceding AI. Furthermore, positive linear relationships were determined for average, minimum, and maximum THI with PR for the week preceding AI (P ≤ 0.002), the day of AI (P ≤ 0.001), and the week following AI (P &lt; 0.001). Therefore, temperature and THI during the breeding season may have a greater impact on pregnancy outcomes than RH. Linear effects demonstrate that increasing temperature, within the homeothermy zone, at the time of AI has a positive impact on PR.
Effects of Calcium-ammonium Nitrate on in Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Using a Mature Mixed Winter Forage-based Substrate
Authors: Osorio Andrea M , Madrid Kenneth , Buitrago Sergio , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Ciriaco Francine M , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate in vitro total gas production (TGP), methane production, concentration of NH3-N, and digestibility of mixed winter forage (CP 10.2% and NDF 58.6%) incubated with calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN). In vitro fermentation consisted of 50 mL of a 4:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum and 0.7 g of substrate [DM; wheat, triticale, and rye (Triticum aestivum, Triticosecale rimpaui, and Secale cereal; FOR) or forage:corn (90:10; CORN)] incubated for 48 h. Treatments included: 1) FOR; 2) CORN; 3) CORN + 2% CAN (DM; NIT); and 4) CORN + 0.67% UREA (DM; UREA). Treatments NIT and UREA were isonitrogenous. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was determined after incubation for 48 h, followed by a 48-h incubation with HCl and pepsin solutions. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of day (block). There was a treatment effect (P = 0.024) on TGP where NIT decreased TGP compared with CORN (P = 0.023), and NIT was not different from UREA. A greater IVOMD (P = 0.017) was observed for CORN compared with FOR. No differences were observed in IVOMD between UREA and NIT. There were no differences (P = 0.727) among all treatments for concentration of NH3-N. Total methane production was lesser for NIT (P ≤ 0.018) compared with all other treatments. There was a treatment effect for molar proportion of acetate (P = 0.039) and acetate:propionate (P = 0.034) where NIT tended (P = 0.058) to have a greater molar proportion of acetate compared to UREA. Total VFA concentration was not affected by treatment (P = 0.454). Calcium-ammonium nitrate influenced in vitro ruminal fermentation of a mature mixed winter forage, decreasing methane production without negatively affecting IVOMD or concentration of VFA.
Effect of Anti-acaricide Treatment on Tick Species Present and Performance of Growing Beef Heifers
Authors: Hays Samantha R , Teel Pete D , Starns Heath D , Garza Nick E , Diaz-Gomez Jose M , Beall Sarah L , Tolleson Doug R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Edwards Plateau region of Texas is largely used for grazing cattle and small ruminants. Tick parasitism in range livestock can occur year-round with direct production losses manifested as body weight or condition. The objective was to assess two acaricide treatments on the active tick burden on livestock within two forage growing seasons (winter through summer). At the Sonora AgriLife Station, 22 Bos taurus crossbred heifers (248 ± 47 kg) were maintained on 97 hectares of rangeland. Tick burden was assessed by individual animal inspection every two wk from 18-Dec-2019 to 11-May-2020 (Season 1) and from 8-Jun-2020 to 3-Aug-2020 (Season 2). Acaricide treatment was applied each date to heifers chosen randomly to serve in the non-treated control (control: 11 heifers) or acaricide-treated (treatment: 11 heifers) groups. Season 1 acaricide treatment was a pour-on synthetic pyrethroid (11 dates) and Season 2 was a diluted synthetic pyrethroid whole-body spray (5 dates). Tick species observed included Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor albipictus. Tick burden (total counts) and body condition score differences were determined by analysis of variance procedures. For tick burden, there were significant differences (P &lt; 0.0012) between treatment (0.528 ± 0.06) and control (0.819 ± 0.06) heifers in Season 1 (0.673 ± 10.44), and no differences (P &gt; 0.11) between treatment (0.642 ± 0.07) and control (0.799 ± 0.07) heifers in Season 2 (0.721 ± 2.64). For body condition score, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.72) between treatment (5.61 ± 0.04) and control (5.59 ± 0.04) heifers in Season 1 nor Season 2 (5.51 ± 0.005 and 5.80 ± 0.47, respectively). Season 1 acaricide treatment was effective in controlling tick burden (efficacy = 3–4 wk) as compared to Season 2 (efficacy = 1–2 wk). Tick burdens observed under the conditions of this study had no effect on body condition.
Influence of Season of Birth, Breed and Reproductive Status on Carcass Traits of Male Hair Sheep Lambs
Authors: O’Brien Dahlia , Wildeus Stephan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Compared to intact males, castrated lambs generally grow slower and have lighter and fatter carcasses. However, short-scrotum lambs can retain growth and carcass composition of intact males. This study evaluated carcass traits of castrated and short-scrotum Barbados Blackbelly (BB; n = 16) and St. Croix (STX; n = 15) hair sheep lambs. Ram lambs born in December (DEC; n = 10) and April (n = 21) were used in the study and were either rendered short scrotum (SS; n = 17) or castrated (CA; n = 14) using elastrator bands at weaning (63 d). All lambs transitioned in dry lot for 2 mo before return to pasture. Lambs co-grazed in a rotational system, were moved based on visual assessment of forage availability and provided Bermuda grass hay when forage was limiting. Lambs were provided soy hull at 3% BW to ensure diet continuity between forage environments. At target weights of 40 kg, SS and CA lambs were slaughtered and carcass data recorded. Carcass data were analyzed with reproductive status, breed and season born as main effects. DEC (230 d) and STX lambs (251 d) attained target weights earlier (P &lt; 0.02) than APR (307 d) and BB (317 d) lambs. APR lambs had lower (P &lt; 0.04) breast (0.9 kg) and loin cut weights (2.1 kg) than DEC lambs (1.1 and 2.4 kg, respectively). Carcass length was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for SS (109 cm) than CA lambs (106 cm). There were also significant interactions (P &lt; 0.05). APR-STX lambs had the lowest dressing% (42%) compared to APR-BB (48%), DEC-STX (47%) and DEC-BB (46%) lambs. DEC-STX (109 cm) and APR-BB (109 cm) carcasses were longer than DEC-BB (104 cm) and APR-STX (106 cm) lambs. DEC-SS lambs (84 cm) had the greatest leg circumference, while CA-STX (16 mm) lambs had the greatest body wall thickness in this study. Data suggest that reproductive status, breed and birth season all had varying influences on carcass traits of lambs in this study.
Selection Methods for Models to Predict Feedstuff Associative Effects in Goats
Authors: Tsukahara Yoko , Gipson Terry A , Puchala Ryszard , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Animal nutrition models can be useful to gain an understanding of factors responsible for and predict biological responses. However, specific models developed can vary among statistical methods employed, especially with relatively small datasets. In this meta-analysis study, independent variables selected by regression tree, stepwise regression, and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) analyses were compared. The database consisted of 135 treatment means (weighted by the number observations) from 25 publications in which goats consumed forage ad libitum with or without supplementation and was divided into three subsets of forage with a crude protein (CP) concentration &lt; 6% (Low; n = 46), 6–10% (Moderate; n = 50), and &gt; 10% (High; n = 39). Regression tree analysis was conducted with rpart of the R statistical programming language and stepwise regression (proc stepwise) and LASSO (proc glmselect) were conducted with SAS. The target variable was forage metabolizable energy (ME) intake relative to metabolic body weight (BW0.75) and potential predictor variables were supplement ME intake also scaled to BW0.75, forage organic matter (OM) digestibility and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration, and supplement concentrations of ME and CP. As shown in Table 1, supplement ME intake was selected with each method. Based on the order of selection, forage NDF concentration had larger impact than supplement ME intake with the Low dataset, whereas supplement ME intake was most important with Moderate and High datasets. Among the statistical methods evaluated, selected variables varied most with the Low dataset, were similar for the Moderate dataset, and were the same for Stepwise and LASSO approaches with the High dataset. In conclusion, model development to predict feedstuff associative effects in goats requires careful attention to variable selection that is impacted by statistical method and varies with forage composition.
Effects of Sericea Lespedeza on Feed Intake, Digestion, and Ruminal Methane Emission in Hair Sheep
Authors: Ribeiro Luana L , Puchala Ryszard , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Eighteen Katahdin (initial body weight of 74 kg; SEM=1.8) and 18 St. Croix ewes (55 kg; SEM=1.3) were used in an experiment with four 6-wk periods to determine effects of dietary level of Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) containing 5.8% condensed tannins (dry matter; DM) and other supplemental ingredients on feed intake, digestion, and ruminal methane emission. Diets were consumed ad libitum and included a concentrate supplement at 0.45% BW (DM). Alfalfa was the basal forage for control (CON), ionophore (ION; lasalocid at 33 mg/kg DM), coconut oil (3%; CCO), and soybean oil (3%; SBO) diets, and forage in moderate- and high-lespedeza diets was a 1:1 mixture of alfalfa and lespedeza and all lespedeza, respectively (MSL and HSL, respectively). Data were analyzed with a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement of treatments, period as a repeated measure, and a mixed effects model. Digestion and methane emission were determined in weeks 4, 10, 16, and 22. Total DM intake was similar among treatments (P = 0.070) but numerically greatest for HSL (1,197, 1,297, 1,491, 1,203, 1,195, and 1,207 g/d; SEM=81.1), OM digestibility ranked (P &lt; 0.05) CON, ION, CCO, and SBO &gt; MSL &gt; HSL (69.2, 57.6, 50.3, 66.3, 66.0, and 68.7%; SEM=1.57), and digestible OM intake was similar among treatments (P = 0.517; 697, 607, 589, 598, 635, and 690 g/d for CON, MSL, HSL, ION, CCO, and SBO, respectively; SEM=50.4). There were no interactions involving time in ruminal methane emission, which was greatest among treatments for CON (P &lt; 0.05) in MJ/d (1.39, 0.93, 0.90, 0.92, 0.85, and 0.96; SEM=0.069) and relative to digestible energy intake (20.6, 15.7, 16.8, 16.1, 13.7, and 13.9% for CON, MSL, HSL, ION, CCO, and SBO, respectively; SEM=1.223). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of Sericea lespedeza may offer a natural and sustainable means of decreasing ruminal methane emission by hair sheep as previously shown in goats, with a magnitude of impact similar to that of some other supplemental dietary ingredients.