bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staying ‘Covid‐safe’: Proposals for embedding behaviours that protect against Covid‐19 transmission in the UK
Authors: Michie Susan , West Robert , Pidgeon Nick , Reicher Stephen , Amlôt Richard , Bear Laura 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesThe Scientific Pandemic Insights group on Behaviours (SPI‐B) as part of England’s Scientific Advisory Group on Emergencies (SAGE), were commissioned by the UK Cabinet Office to identify strategies to embed infection control behaviours to minimize Covid‐19 transmission in the long term.MethodsWith minimal direct evidence available, three sources of information were used to develop a set of proposals: (1) a scoping review of literature on sustaining behaviour change, (2) a review of key principles used in risk and safety management, and (3) prior reports and reviews on behaviour change from SPI‐B. The information was collated and refined through discussion with SPI‐B and SAGE colleagues to finalize the proposals.ResultsEmbedding infection control behaviours in the long‐term will require changes to the financial, social, and physical infrastructure so that people in all sections of society have the capability, opportunity, and motivation needed to underpin those behaviours. This will involve building Covid‐safe educational programmes, regulating to ensure minimum standards of safety in public spaces and workspaces, using communications and social marketing to develop a Covid‐safe culture and identity, and providing resources so that all sections of society can build Covid‐safe behaviours into their daily lives.ConclusionsEmbedding ‘Covid‐safe’ behaviours into people’s everyday routines will require a co‐ordinated programme to shape the financial, physical, and social infrastructure in the United Kingdom. Education, regulation, communications, and social marketing, and provision of resources will be required to ensure that all sections of society have the capability, opportunity, and motivation to enact the behaviours long term.
Quantitative dSTORM super‐resolution microscopy localizes Aurora kinase A/AURKA in the mitochondrial matrix
Authors: Durel Béatrice , Kervrann Charles , Bertolin Giulia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground informationMitochondria are dynamic organelles playing essential metabolic and signaling functions in cells. Their ultrastructure has largely been investigated with electron microscopy (EM) techniques. However, quantifying protein‐protein proximities using EM is extremely challenging. Super‐resolution microscopy techniques as direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) now provide a fluorescent‐based, quantitative alternative to EM. Recently, super‐resolution microscopy approaches including dSTORM led to valuable advances in our knowledge of mitochondrial ultrastructure, and in linking it with new insights in organelle functions. Nevertheless, dSTORM is mostly used to image integral mitochondrial proteins, and there is little or no information on proteins transiently present at this compartment. The cancer‐related Aurora kinase A/AURKA is a protein localized at various subcellular locations, including mitochondria.ResultsWe first demonstrate that dSTORM coupled to GcoPS can resolve protein proximities within individual submitochondrial compartments. Then, we show that dSTORM provides sufficient spatial resolution to visualize and quantify the most abundant pool of endogenous AURKA in the mitochondrial matrix, as previously shown for overexpressed AURKA. In addition, we uncover a smaller pool of AURKA localized at the OMM, which could have a potential functional readout. We conclude by demonstrating that aldehyde‐based fixatives are more specific for the OMM pool of the kinase instead.ConclusionsOur results indicate that dSTORM coupled to GcoPS colocalization analysis is a suitable approach to explore the compartmentalization of non‐integral mitochondrial proteins as AURKA, in a qualitative and quantitative manner. This method also opens up the possibility of analyzing the proximity between AURKA and its multiple mitochondrial partners with exquisite spatial resolution, thereby allowing novel insights into the mitochondrial functions controlled by AURKA.SignificanceProbing and quantifying the presence of endogenous AURKA – a cell cycle‐related protein localized at mitochondria – in the different organelle subcompartments, using quantitative dSTORM super‐resolution microscopy.
Relationship between Fusobacterium nucleatum and antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer liver metastasis
Authors: Sakamoto Yuki , Mima Kosuke , Ishimoto Takatsugu , Ogata Yoko , Imai Katsunori , Miyamoto Yuji , Akiyama Takahiko , Daitoku Nobuya , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Baba Yoshifumi , Iwagami Shiro , Yamashita Yo‐ichi , Yoshida Naoya , Komohara Yoshihiro , Ogino Shuji , Baba Hideo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFusobacterium nucleatum has been detected in 8%‐13% of human colorectal cancer, and shown to inhibit immune responses against primary colorectal tumors in animal models. Thus, we hypothesized that the presence of F. nucleatum might be associated with reduced T cell density in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM). We quantified F. nucleatum DNA in 181 CRLM specimens using quantitative PCR assay. The densities of CD8+ T cells, CD33+ cells (marker for myeloid‐derived suppressor cells [MDSCs]), and CD163+ cells (marker for tumor‐associated macrophages [TAMs]) in CRLM tissue were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Fusobacterium nucleatum was detected in eight (4.4%) of 181 CRLM specimens. Compared with F. nucleatum‐negative CRLM, F. nucleatum‐positive CRLM showed significantly lower density of CD8+ T cells (P = .033) and higher density of MDSCs (P = .001). The association of F. nucleatum with the density of TAMs was not statistically significant (P = .70). The presence of F. nucleatum is associated with a lower density of CD8+ T cells and a higher density of MDSCs in CRLM tissue. Upon validation, our findings could provide insights to develop strategies that involve targeting microbiota and immune cells for the prevention and treatment of CRLM.
Effect of weight‐loss diets prior to elective surgery on postoperative outcomes in obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pavlovic Natalie , Boland Robert A. , Brady Bernadette , Genel Furkan , Harris Ian A. , Flood Victoria M. , Naylor Justine M. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThis systematic review investigated the effects of weight‐loss diets before elective surgery on preoperative weight loss and postoperative outcomes in people with obesity. Electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2021. Inclusion criteria were prospective cohort or randomised controlled studies that compared effects of weight‐loss diets to standard care on postoperative outcomes in adults with obesity awaiting surgery. Participants with cancer or undergoing bariatric surgery were excluded. Data on preoperative weight change, length of stay, postoperative complications and patient‐reported outcome measures were extracted and synthesised in meta‐analyses. One randomised controlled trial involving total knee arthroplasty and two that investigated general surgery were eligible that included 173 participants overall. Each study compared low‐calorie diets using meal replacement formulas to usual care. There is very‐low‐quality evidence of a statistically significant difference favouring the intervention for preoperative weight loss (mean difference [MD] −6.67 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] −12.09 to −1.26 kg; p = 0.02) and low‐quality evidence that preoperative weight‐loss diets do not reduce postoperative complications to 30 days (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% CI 0.08–1.42; p = 0.14) or length of stay (MD −3.72 h, 95% CI −10.76 to 3.32; p = 0.30). From the limited data that is of low quality, weight loss diets before elective surgery do not reduce postoperative complications.
Is synoptic operative reporting necessary for Crohn's disease surgery? Variability in surgical reports across inflammatory bowel disease referral centres
Authors: Mujukian Angela , Truong Adam , Steinhagen Emily , Prashansha Vaidya , Lightner Amy L. , Morin Frédéric , Zaghiyan Karen , de Buck van Overstraeten Anthony , Fleshner Phillip 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimIleocolic resection (ICR) is the most commonly performed operation in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. The surgical report is a vital tool for accessing information to gauge a patient's long‐term prognosis and guide treatment decisions. Dictated narrative reports are the traditional method for surgical documentation but often lack essential information. The objective was to assess the quality of operation note in CD patients undergoing ICR.MethodThis was a multi‐institutional retrospective cohort collaborative study involving four tertiary inflammatory bowel disease referral centres in the USA and Canada. The patients were consecutive CD patients undergoing ICR between 2014 and 2020. There were no interventions. The main outcome measures were the variability and frequency of 28 critical items in the operation note.ResultsAn analysis of 400 consecutive operation reports in four institutions (n = 100/institution) revealed significant variability in almost all variables. The initial surgical approach and wound protector use were the most consistently or frequently reported across all inflammatory bowel disease centres. The limitation was that this was a retrospective cohort study with inevitable selection bias.ConclusionsThis study highlights the need for synoptic reporting in CD patients undergoing ICR.
Accounting conservatism and corporate cash levels: Empirical evidence from Latin America
Authors: Manoel Aviner Augusto Silva , Moraes Marcelo Botelho da Costa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResearch Question/IssuesThe aim of this research is to shed light on the role accounting conservatism plays in the determination of firms' cash levels. Previous literature suggests that conservatism is a governance mechanism that can alleviate agency problems associated with managers' investment decisions. Hence, we hypothesize that strong conservatism limits managers' ability to expend cash to benefit themselves. For that, we used an unbalanced panel data of firms from Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru) with data available from 2000 to 2018.Research Findings/InsightsOur results are, for the most part, consistent with our theoretical predictions. Indeed, we find strong and robust evidence that Latin American firms with more conservative accounting policies have higher cash holdings as a result of a reduction in cash misappropriation. These results are robust to alternative measures of conservatism, after controlling for other factors associated with timely loss recognition, for country fixed effects and after a battery of robustness checks.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur analyses suggest that increased conservatism has the potential to bring real economic benefits to organizations, serving as an efficient mechanism that reduces agency costs regarding cash management by inducing a more efficient use of cash holdings. Therefore, we contribute to the international literature on conservatism, cash holdings, and corporate governance by demonstrating the importance of conservatism in firms' decisions on how cash is employed. These findings are particularly interesting because cash expropriation can have a devastating impact on shareholder wealth.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsGiven the ongoing debate about whether neutrality, as opposed to conservatism, is a desirable feature in financial reports, by documenting how conservatism reduces agency problems related to cash management, we also provide practical implications for accounting standard‐setters.
Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single‐ and multiple‐dose administration of islatravir (MK‐8591) in adults without HIV
Authors: Matthews Randolph P. , Ankrom Wendy , Friedman Evan , Jackson Rudd Deanne , Liu Yang , Mogg Robin , Panebianco Deborah , De Lepeleire Inge , Petkova Magdalena , Grobler Jay A. , Stoch Selwyn Aubrey , Iwamoto Marian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIslatravir (MK‐8591) is a nucleoside analogue in development for the treatment and prevention of HIV‐1. Two phase 1 trials were conducted during initial evaluation of islatravir: rising single doses (Study 1) and rising multiple doses (Study 2) of oral islatravir in male and female participants without HIV (aged 18–60 years). Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of islatravir (plasma) and islatravir‐triphosphate (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were assessed. In Study 1, 24 participants, assigned to 1 of 3 panels, received alternating single doses of islatravir in a fasted state from 5 mg to 400 mg, or placebo, over 3 dosing periods; a 30 mg dose was additionally assessed following a high‐fat meal. In Study 2, 8 participants per dose received 3 once‐weekly doses of 10, 30, or 100 mg islatravir or placebo in a fasted state. For each panel in both trials, 6 participants received active drug and 2 received placebo. Islatravir was generally well‐tolerated, with no serious adverse events or discontinuations due to adverse events. Islatravir was rapidly absorbed (median time to maximum plasma concentration 0.5 hours); plasma half‐life was 49–61 h; intracellular islatravir‐triphosphate half‐life was 118–171 h. Plasma exposure increased in an approximately dose‐proportional manner; there was no meaningful food effect. There was a modest degree of intracellular islatravir‐triphosphate accumulation after multiple weekly dosing. After single oral doses of islatravir greater than or equal to 5 mg, intracellular islatravir‐triphosphate levels were comparable to levels associated with efficacy in preclinical studies. These results warrant continued clinical investigation of islatravir.
What does modularity mean?
Authors: Zelditch Miriam L. , Goswami Anjali 
Published: August 2021

AbstractModularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of research in organismal biology across multiple disciplines including genetics, developmental biology, functional morphology, population and evolutionary biology. While the wealth of new data, and also new theory, has provided exciting and novel insights, the concept of modularity has become increasingly ambiguous. That ambiguity is underlain by diverse intuitions about what modularity means, and the ambiguity is not merely about the meaning of the word—the metrics of modularity are measuring different properties and the methods for delimiting modules delimit them by different, sometimes conflicting criteria. The many definitions, metrics and methods can lead to substantial confusion not just about what modularity means as a word but also about what it means for evolution. Here we review various concepts, using graphical depictions of modules. We then review some of the metrics and methods for analyzing modularity at different levels. To place these in theoretical context, we briefly review theories about the origins and evolutionary consequences of modularity. Finally, we show how mismatches between concepts, metrics and methods can produce theoretical confusion, and how potentially illogical interpretations can be made sensible by a better match between definitions, metrics, and methods.
Introducing the youth residential rehabilitation service: An operational and experiential overview of a psychosocial residential support option for young people experiencing mental health challenges
Authors: Spies Rebecca , Ennals Priscilla , Egan Rebecca , Hemus Philippa , Gonzales Regine , Droppert Kathryn , Tidhar Michael , McMullan Sarah , Lessing Kate , Wood Tom , Bride Rachael , Bendall Sarah , Simmons Magenta 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimA range of residential supports is available for young people experiencing mental health challenges. One Australian example is the Youth Residential Rehabilitation Service, which provides up to 12 months of intensive psychosocial support in a residential setting to young people aged 16–25 experiencing serious mental health challenges. This paper aimed to add to the scant literature on these services, describing the experiences of young people and staff members across the duration of a stay.MethodsThis study drew on collaborative autoethnography to engage and centre the direct lived experience of young people who had lived, and staff who had worked, in a Youth Residential Rehabilitation Service.ResultsWe identified three phases that young people typically journey through during their stay at the service. The Arriving phase was marked by appropriate referrals, a warm welcome, a period of settling in and the development of trusting relationships. The Discovering phase saw young people identifying and enacting their strengths, hopes and values. Community connections were a focus of the Continuing phase as lives after service exit were envisioned and created.ConclusionsDrawing on collaborative autoethnography methods represents one approach to amplify the voice of young people in service design and evaluation. This paper richly described some of the possibilities and complexities of the Youth Residential Rehabilitation Service experience, which can be used to inform the service's pacing and structure of support.
Carbon emission savings and short‐term health care impacts from telemedicine: An evaluation in epilepsy
Authors: Blenkinsop Stephen , Foley Aideen , Schneider Natascha , Willis Joseph , Fowler Hayley J. , Sisodiya Sanjay M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveHealth systems make a sizeable contribution to national emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change. The UK National Health Service is committed to being a net zero emitter by 2040, and a potential contribution to this target could come from reductions in patient travel. Achieving this will require actions at many levels. We sought to determine potential savings and risks over the short term from telemedicine through virtual clinics.MethodsDuring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐2‐CoV) pandemic, scheduled face‐to‐face epilepsy clinics at a specialist site were replaced by remote teleclinics. We used a standard methodology applying conversion factors to calculate emissions based on the total saved travel distance. A further conversion factor was used to derive emissions associated with electricity consumption to deliver remote clinics from which net savings could be calculated. Patients’ records and clinicians were interrogated to identify any adverse clinical outcomes.ResultsWe found that enforced telemedicine delivery for over 1200 patients resulted in the saving of ~224 000 km of travel with likely avoided emissions in the range of 35 000–40 000 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) over a six and half month period. Emissions arising directly from remote delivery were calculated to be <200 kg CO2e (~0.5% of those for travel), representing a significant net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Only one direct adverse outcome was identified, with some additional benefits identified anecdotally.SignificanceThe use of telemedicine can make a contribution toward reduced emissions in the health care sector and, in the delivery of specialized epilepsy services, had minimal adverse clinical outcomes over the short term. However, these outcomes will likely vary with clinic locations, medical specialties and conditions.
Antiseizure medication adherence trajectories in Medicare beneficiaries with newly treated epilepsy
Authors: Terman Samuel W. , Kerr Wesley T. , Marcum Zachary A. , Wang Lu , Burke James F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study was undertaken to characterize trajectories of antiseizure medication (ASM) adherence in adults with newly treated epilepsy and to determine predictors of trajectories.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study using Medicare. We included beneficiaries with newly treated epilepsy (one or more ASM and none in the preceding 2 years, plus International Classification of Diseases codes) in 2010–2013. We calculated the proportion of days covered (proportion of total days with any ASM pill supply) for 8 quarters or until death. Group‐based trajectory models characterized and determined predictors of trajectories.ResultsWe included 24 923 beneficiaries. Models identified four groups: early adherent (60%), early nonadherent (18%), late adherent (11%), and late nonadherent (11%). Numerous predictors were associated with being in the early nonadherent versus early adherent group: non‐White race (e.g., Black, odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5–1.8), region (e.g., South vs. Northeast: OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1–1.4), and once daily initial medication (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0–1.3). Predictors associated with decreased odds of being in the early nonadherent group included older age (OR = .9 per decade, 95% CI = .9–.9), female sex (OR = .9, 95% CI = .8–1.0), full Medicaid eligibility (OR = .6, 95% CI = .4–.8), neurologist visit (OR = .6, 95% CI = .6–.7), and initial older generation ASM (OR = .6, 95% CI = .6–.7).SignificanceWe identified four ASM adherence trajectories in individuals with newly treated epilepsy. Whereas risk factors for early nonadherence such as race or geographic region are nonmodifiable, our work highlighted a modifiable risk factor for early nonadherence: lacking a neurologist. These data may guide future interventions aimed at improving ASM adherence, in terms of both timing and target populations.
Declining fungal diversity in Arctic freshwaters along a permafrost thaw gradient
Authors: Kluge Mariana , Wauthy Maxime , Clemmensen Karina Engelbrecht , Wurzbacher Christian , Hawkes Jeffrey A. , Einarsdottir Karolina , Rautio Milla , Stenlid Jan , Peura Sari 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClimate change–driven permafrost thaw has a strong influence on pan‐Arctic regions, via, for example, the formation of thermokarst ponds. These ponds are hotspots of microbial carbon cycling and greenhouse gas production, and efforts have been put on disentangling the role of bacteria and archaea in recycling the increasing amounts of carbon arriving to the ponds from degrading watersheds. However, despite the well‐established role of fungi in carbon cycling in the terrestrial environments, the interactions between permafrost thaw and fungal communities in Arctic freshwaters have remained unknown. We integrated data from 60 ponds in Arctic hydro‐ecosystems, representing a gradient of permafrost integrity and spanning over five regions, namely Alaska, Greenland, Canada, Sweden, and Western Siberia. The results revealed that differences in pH and organic matter quality and availability were linked to distinct fungal community compositions and that a large fraction of the community represented unknown fungal phyla. Results display a 16%–19% decrease in fungal diversity, assessed by beta diversity, across ponds in landscapes with more degraded permafrost. At the same time, sites with similar carbon quality shared more species, aligning a shift in species composition with the quality and availability of terrestrial dissolved organic matter. We demonstrate that the degradation of permafrost has a strong negative impact on aquatic fungal diversity, likely via interactions with the carbon pool released from ancient deposits. This is expected to have implications for carbon cycling and climate feedback loops in the rapidly warming Arctic.