bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress behaviors in captive robust capuchins: Effects of humidity, visitors, management and sex
Authors: de la Barrera Cardozo Marina , Chiba de Castro Wagner A. , Aguiar Lucas M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWild robust capuchins (Sapajus spp.) are omnivorous neotropical primates that live in relatively large groups in extensive home and daily ranges with activity budgets dominated by traveling, foraging, and object manipulation, meaning that enclosed spaces can result in significant deprivation. Space restriction, manipulation by caretakers, and the chronic presence of visitors, can disrupt the animals' welfare, altering their normal activities and inducing stress behaviors. We aimed to study the behavioral repertoire, activity budget, and frequency of stress behaviors (stereotypes and self‐directed behaviors) between two captive groups of robust capuchins in a public zoo in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, to understand how much their behavioral homeostasis has been affected. More specifically, we assessed the effect of environmental variables (temperature, relative air humidity, number of visitors, and food management) and sex on the frequency of stress behaviors. Capuchins showed a high frequency of stress behaviors, which represented around 10% of their activity budget (though the frequencies were unevenly distributed among the individuals), and traveling was positively correlated with stereotypes. We found that high relative air humidity appears to induce more stereotypes, high numbers of visitors appear to increase self‐directed and vigilance behaviors and reduce stereotypes, food management can increase both kinds of stress behaviors, and females demonstrated more frequent stress behaviors than males, but individual variation may play a role. Capuchins in the group with a greater space restriction showed more stereotypes, while those in the group with more individuals showed more self‐directed behaviors. Our study shows that the stress behaviors performed by the capuchins are complex and it is difficult to determine a single cause, because many traits could be involved. Despite that, this study enlightens us to direct some approaches to help these animals to meet their ecological and social needs, mitigating their stress.
Investigation of Autosomal Genetic Sex Differences in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Blauwendraat Cornelis , Iwaki Hirotaka , Makarious Mary B. , Bandres‐Ciga Sara , Leonard Hampton L. , Grenn Francis P. , Lake Julie , Krohn Lynne , Tan Manuela , Kim Jonggeol J. , Gibbs Jesse R. , Hernandez Dena G. , Ruskey Jennifer A. , Pihlstrøm Lasse , Toft Mathias , van Hilten Jacobus J. , Marinus Johan , Schulte Claudia , Brockmann Kathrin , Sharma Manu , Siitonen Ari , Majamaa Kari , Eerola‐Rautio Johanna , Tienari Pentti J. , Grosset Donald G. , Lesage Suzanne , Corvol Jean‐Christophe , Brice Alexis , Wood Nick , Hardy John , Gan‐Or Ziv , Heutink Peter , Gasser Thomas , Morris Huw R. , Noyce Alastair J. , Nalls Mike A. , Singleton Andrew B. ,   and the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC)
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveParkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Men are on average ~ 1.5 times more likely to develop PD compared to women with European ancestry. Over the years, genomewide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic risk factors for PD, however, it is unclear whether genetics contribute to disease etiology in a sex‐specific manner.MethodsIn an effort to study sex‐specific genetic factors associated with PD, we explored 2 large genetic datasets from the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium and the UK Biobank consisting of 13,020 male PD cases, 7,936 paternal proxy cases, 89,660 male controls, 7,947 female PD cases, 5,473 maternal proxy cases, and 90,662 female controls. We performed GWAS meta‐analyses to identify distinct patterns of genetic risk contributing to disease in male versus female PD cases.ResultsIn total, 19 genomewide significant regions were identified and no sex‐specific effects were observed. A high genetic correlation between the male and female PD GWAS were identified (rg = 0.877) and heritability estimates were identical between male and female PD cases (~ 20%).InterpretationWe did not detect any significant genetic differences between male or female PD cases. Our study does not support the notion that common genetic variation on the autosomes could explain the difference in prevalence of PD between males and females cases at least when considering the current sample size under study. Further studies are warranted to investigate the genetic architecture of PD explained by X and Y chromosomes and further evaluate environmental effects that could potentially contribute to PD etiology in male versus female patients. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:41–48
Middle Bronze Age cemeteries, ‘double barrows’ and mortuary houses in the Upper Dniester Basin, Western Ukraine: Geophysical prospection and archaeological verification
Authors: Romaniszyn Jan , Niebieszczański Jakub , Cwaliński Mateusz , Rud Vitaliy , Hildebrandt‐Radke Iwona , Spychalski Waldemar , Kochkin Ihor , Jarosz Paweł , Bahyrycz Cezary , Staniuk Robert , Panakhyd Halyna , Makarowicz Przemysław 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article discusses two cases of so‐called double barrows from the Middle Bronze Age Komarów culture cemetery in Bukivna, in the Upper Dniester Basin (Ukraine), in order to demonstrate the potential of incorporating geophysical image analysis, excavations and sedimentological studies towards identifying subterranean funerary architecture. The magnetometer prospection of the Bukivna necropolis revealed the presence of a specific dipolar anomaly within the extent of a double barrow. The excavations uncovered burnt wooden‐clay constructions related to mortuary houses. The sedimentological samples collected from the features below the mound provided data for the increased ferrous content. Another double barrow located in the Pidhoroddia cemetery was prospected by means of magnetometry, which did not reveal any similar anomaly within the magnetometry plan, thus providing evidence for a possible lack of discussed mortuary structure.
Optimization of the Forward‐Osmosis Performance with a Low‐Concentration Draw Solution Using Response Surface Modeling
Authors: Karunakaran Aghilesh , Mungray Alka A. , Agarwal Smriti , Garg Manoj Chandra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractForward osmosis (FO) has recently gained interest in wastewater treatment and seawater and brackish groundwater desalination. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the prediction and optimization of the FO process using a low‐concentration draw solution (DS). The process variables were the feed solution (FS) temperature, the DS concentration, and the FS concentration. These variables were subjected to regression models and had R2 values > 0.9. The FS temperature had a negative impact on the weight transfer from the DS, while the FS and DS concentrations had a direct correlation with the performance. At an FS temperature of 29 °C, the DS at 13 986 mg L−1 and the FS at 1702 mg L−1 produced the best results, thereby lowering the DS regeneration costs. Under this condition, the models were experimentally validated, confirming the predictive ability of the models.
Tailoring Valence Tautomerism by Using Redox Potentials: Studies on Ferrocene‐Based Triarylmethylium Dyes with Electron‐Poor Fluorenylium and Thioxanthylium Acceptors
Authors: Casper Larissa A. , Linseis Michael , Demeshko Serhiy , Azarkh Mykhailo , Drescher Malte , Winter Rainer F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThree new electrochromic ferrocenyl triarylmethylium dyes with fluorenylium (1 a+,1 b+) or thioxanthylium (1 c+) residues were selected in order to keep the intrinsic differences of redox potentials for ferrocene oxidation and triarylmethylium reduction small and to trigger valence tautomerism (VT). UV/Vis/NIR and quantitative EPR spectroscopy identified paramagnetic diradical isomers1 a..+–1 c..+alongside diamagnetic forms1 a+–1 c+, which renders these complexes magnetochemical switches. The diradical forms1 a..+–1 c..+as well as the one‐electron‐reduced triarylmethyl forms of the complexes were found to dimerize in solution. For radical1 a., dimerization occurs on the timescale of cyclic voltammetry; this allowed us to determine the kinetics and equilibrium constant for this process by digital simulation. Mößbauer spectroscopy indicated that1 a+and1 b+retain VT even in the solid state. UV/Vis/NIR spectro‐electrochemistry revealed the poly‐electrochromic behaviour of these complexes by establishing the distinctly different electronic absorption profiles of the corresponding oxidized and reduced forms.
Functionalized 1,8‐Diazaiptycenes as Monomers for Aromatic Oligoamide Foldamers
Authors: Kerff Francois , Liu Cui‐Lian , Mu Xiao , Gilbert Ugo , Smal Louis , Meinertzhagen Loic , Kauffmann Brice , Robeyns Koen , Singleton Michael L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDiversification of the structures and the applications possible for foldamers rely on expansion of the building block library available for their synthesis. In this work, we describe the synthesis of a range of three dimensional heteroaromatic monomers, based on iptycene scaffolds, that are suitable for the synthesis of aromatic oligoamide foldamers. These units can be obtained in gram quantities in up to 80 % yield through [4+2] cycloaddition between diester, diamine, and amino acid derivatives of 1,8‐diazaanthracenes and a variety of dienophiles. X‐ray structural studies of the monomers and an oligomer show that the new motif orients the two heterocyclic rings and attached groups at an angle of approximately 120° to each other, opening new geometric considerations for the design of this class of foldamer.
The Missing Piece: Concentration Dependence of Donor‐Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct (DASA) Reactivity
Authors: Alves Jessica , Wiedbrauk Sandra , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Blinco James P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDonor‐Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts (DASAs) are molecular photoswitches that reversibly isomerize from a linear to a cyclized form upon visible light irradiation. In the cyclized form, these molecules selectively react with a thiol in a thiol‐Michael addition. Driven by the complexity of the switching mechanism and chemical properties of DASAs, the effect of concentration (ranging from 1 to 5 mM DASA) on the thiol‐Michael addition was investigated. We find that the rate limiting step in the reaction is the photochemically induced DASA isomerization, as higher concentrations of thiol do not alter the rate at which the thiol‐Michael adduct (TMA) is formed. Moreover, the kinetics of the product formation were found to be more significantly affected by irradiation at higher concentrations. In two distinct scenarios, where either the concentration or the molar equivalence of the reaction partner was kept constant, the TMA was found to be more efficiently formed under irradiation at higher concentrations. These findings indicate that the DASA reactivity towards thiol‐Michael reactions appear to be equilibrium‐driven at lower concentrations and light‐driven at higher concentrations.
Fallow replacement cover crops in a semi‐arid High Plains cropping system
Authors: Holman Johnathon D. , Obour Augustine K. , Assefa Yared 
Published: April 2021

AbstractReplacing portions of fallow between sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] harvest and wheat (Triticum aestivum) planting with cover crops provides opportunity to increase productivity and profitability in dryland winter wheat–sorghum–fallow (WSF) cropping systems. The objective of this study was to identify potential spring fallow replacement cover crops and management to optimize productivity and resource use efficiency of a WSF system. The study was conducted 2013–2018 at Garden City, KS. Three crop rotation phases (WSF, SFW, and FWS) were the main plot, and fallow replacement cover crops were the sub plot. Cover crop treatments were further split into hayed and cover crop left standing groups to estimate forage potential. Results showed precipitation utilization and storage efficiency (PUtSE) increased by 146% for grain cover crop, 50% for cover crop hayed, and 38% for cover crop left standing compared with fallow. Available soil water at wheat planting (ASWPww) was not different between cover crop left standing and fallow. Spring triticale [×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus (Secale × Triticum)] had up to 182% more forage accumulation over other forage cover crops and a 108% grain yield advantage over other grain cover crops. Our findings showed fallow replacement, forage‐hayed, and grain cover crops have a greater PUtSE than fallow which may increase economic returns if subsequent crop yields are not reduced. Cover crops left standing had a moderate PUtSE advantage and similar ASWPww compared to fallow, and cover crop left standing, or fallow would be the best choice if the production goal is to maximize ASWPww and subsequent crop yields.
Phenotypic diversity for phenological and agronomic traits in the UC‐Riverside cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) mini‐core collection
Authors: Dareus Rocheteau , Acharya Janam P. , Paudel Dev R. , Lopes De Souza Cleber Henrique , Tome Gouveia Beatriz , Chase Carlene A. , DiGennaro Peter , Mulvaney Michael J. , Koenig Rosalie , Rios Esteban F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is a multipurpose crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Characterizing cowpea phenotypes in germplasm collections is a crucial step to ensure future breeding efforts in the species. In this study, we estimated variance components and calculated genetic parameters for eight traits in 292 accessions from the University of California Riverside cowpea mini‐core collection, along with three lines released by the USDA, and seven cultivars. Broad‐sense heritability (H2) ranged from .21 to .83 for all accessions evaluated in Year 1, and from .16 to .83 for traits evaluated in 100 accessions during Year 2. Genotype × year correlations ranged from .45 to .99, illustrating consistency in phenotypic performance for some traits. Positive trait correlations were estimated for plant height and days to flowering, biomass at flowering (R1), and biomass at pod maturity (R6). Biomass at R1 and R6 were highly positively correlated. The USDA line US‐1137 showed high biomass production and can be used as forage and cover crop, whereas US‐1136, US 1138, and the cultivar Iron Clay showed superior traits as dual‐purpose (grain and/or fodder). Several accessions from the mini‐core outperformed cultivars and represent valuable genetic resources that can contribute to cowpea improvement. Moreover, these results showed that multiyear and/or multienvironment studies are needed to reliable select improved germplasm for agronomic traits. This study will provide cowpea breeders and geneticists with valuable phenotypic data to start new breeding efforts, and/or opportunities for gene discovery for key phenological and agronomic traits.
Sagebrush recovery patterns after fuel treatments mediated by disturbance type and plant functional group interactions
Authors: Chambers Jeanne C. , Urza Alexandra K. , Board David I. , Miller Richard F. , Pyke David A. , Roundy Bruce A. , Schupp Eugene W. , Tausch Robin J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFire and fuel management is a high priority in North American sagebrush ecosystems where the expansion of piñon and juniper trees and the invasion of nonnative annual grasses are altering fire regimes and resulting in loss of sagebrush species and habitat. We evaluated 10‐yr effects of woody fuel treatments on sagebrush recruitment and plant functional group interactions using Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project data. We used mixed‐effects ANOVAs to examine treatment effects on sagebrush density and cover and perennial and annual grass cover in expansion woodlands (prescribed fire and cut‐and‐leave) and annual grass invasion areas (prescribed fire, mowing, tebuthiuron herbicide application). We used piecewise structural equation models to evaluate interactions among sagebrush seedling density, juvenile and adult density, and cover and perennial and annual grass cover. Fuel treatments were equated to pulse or press disturbances varying in resource release and subsequent intra‐ and interspecific interactions. Prescribed fire, a high magnitude pulse disturbance with more severe effects in warm and dry sites, reduced sagebrush cover and decoupled associations among sagebrush seedlings, juvenile and adult density, and cover indicating changed population structure. Cutting and leaving trees, a low magnitude pulse disturbance in cooler and moister woodlands, increased sagebrush density and cover and generally had lesser effects on sagebrush intraspecific associations. Mowing, a moderate magnitude pulse disturbance, and tebuthiuron herbicide application, a multiyear press disturbance, reduced sagebrush cover and disrupted intraspecific relationships. Competitive release increased cover of perennial grass in all treatments but tebuthiuron. Annual grass increased in all treatments, especially prescribed fire and tebuthiuron. Annual and perennial grass interactions with sagebrush were generally rare, but in woodland treatments perennial grass suppressed annual grass through year 6. Treatments in cooler and moister woodland sites had more positive effects on sagebrush recruitment and perennial grass cover, less negative effects on sagebrush intraspecific interactions, and smaller increases in annual grass cover indicating potential increases in resilience to fire. In warmer and drier invasion sites, reductions in woody fuels resulted in lack of sagebrush recruitment, disruption of sagebrush intraspecific interactions, and progressive increases in annual grass indicating reduced resilience to fire and resistance to invaders.
Hierarchical Microspheres Constructed by Te@N‐Doped Carbon for Efficient Potassium Storage
Authors: Wang Xin , Qian Kun , Zhou Minfei , Li Muhan , Guo Cong , Li Jingfa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTellurium (Te) has attracted intensive attention for its potential as stationary energy storage system due to its high volumetric capacity and the intrinsic electronic conductivity. Nevertheless, this battery suffers from the low utilization of active Te and the vast volume variations during cycling. Hierarchical N‐doped carbon (N−C) porous microspheres etched from MnCO3 microsphere template are designed as a host for Te. The hierarchical microspheres, with abundant pores and voids, shortens the ions diffusion/electrons transport distances and buffers the volume expansion of the active materials. When constructed the K−Te battery, the Te@N−C electrode delivers a remarkable reversible capacity of 390 mA h g−1 (corresponding to 2437.5 mA h cm−3) at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles and 170 mA h g−1 (corresponding to 1062.5 mA h cm−3) after 2000 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. This novel design in this work may open up new opportunities for the development of the new energy storage systems with high volumetric energy density.
The relational nature of Evaluation Capacity Building: Lessons from facilitated evaluation partnerships
Authors: Buckley Jane , Hargraves Monica , Moorman Leslie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the nature and importance of the relationship between Evaluation Capacity Builders (ECBers) and their program partner(s) in the context of the Partnerships for Advancing Character program Evaluation (PACE) Project. PACE, a 3‐year initiative supported by the John Templeton Foundation, offered a unique opportunity to initiate, structure, support, and observe evaluation partnerships between an evaluation professional and a program team over 15 months. In this paper, after reviewing pertinent Evaluation Capacity Building (ECB) and adult education literature, we report on our qualitative inquiry into the PACE Evaluation Partnerships, in response to the following three research questions: (1) What did PACE participants consider to be positive characteristics of or contributing factors to the Evaluation Partnerships? (2) What did PACE participants identify as negative characteristics of or challenging factors to the partnerships? And (3) Are the patterns of positive/negative characteristics and contributing/challenging factors consistent with the hypothesis that relational qualities are important in Evaluation Capacity Building? The results of this analysis indicate that partnerships that were characterized by relational qualities (e.g., responsiveness, trust, mutual respect) tended to be more successful—in the eyes of the people in those relationships—than those that did not. Both the variety of the relationships described by the participants, as well as the emerging patterns, offer fertile ground for future questions about the relational nature of positive ECB relationships.
Applying the Systems Evaluation Protocol in the real world: Six case studies
Authors: Urban Jennifer Brown , Linver Miriam R. , Chauveron Lisa M. , Archibald Thomas , Hargraves Monica , Buckley Jane 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we present six case studies that illustrate the application of the Systems Evaluation Protocol (SEP) in different real‐world implementation conditions. The SEP is a step‐by‐step guide for how to implement Relational Systems Evaluation (RSE), accounting for the complex factors inherent in the larger systems within which a given program is embedded. We discuss the specific SEP steps used and products developed in each case study project, including an emphasis on how decisions were made to include particular SEP elements in different contexts. The six cases differ in terms of the scale of the programs involved, the nature of the SEP delivery or facilitation process, and the balance among multiple desired outcomes reflecting differential emphases on evaluation capacity building. As such, the cases reported here demonstrate that RSE, as implemented using the SEP, is a widely applicable approach to evaluation and ECB.
A view from the outside: Reflections on Relational Systems Evaluation
Authors: Bollinger Richard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper provides a review of the current volume and RSE. The author is a senior program officer at the John Templeton Foundation, which has funded some of the work described in this volume. He brings a unique perspective as he has both observed RSE in practice and experienced it first hand as a participant in strategic planning processes that use RSE. In addition, several of the grantees in his portfolio have implemented RSE as part of their projects. This paper offers reflections on these experiences as well as on the information presented in the volume and provides a critical review of RSE, including its strengths and weaknesses.