bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review Article: Anabolic‐Androgenic Steroids, Violence, and Crime: Two Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Pope Harrison G. , Kanayama Gen , Hudson James I. , Kaufman Marc J. 
Published: April 2021

Background and ObjectivesAnabolic‐androgenic steroid (AAS) use has become a major worldwide substance use disorder, affecting tens of millions of individuals. Importantly, it is now increasingly recognized that some individuals develop uncharacteristically violent or criminal behaviors when using AAS. We sought to summarize available information on this topic.MethodsWe reviewed the published literature on AAS‐induced behavioral effects and augmented this information with extensive observations from our clinical and forensic experience.ResultsIt is now generally accepted that some AAS users develop uncharacteristically violent or criminal behaviors while taking these drugs. Although these behaviors may partially reflect premorbid psychopathology, sociocultural factors, or expectational effects, accumulating evidence suggests that they are also attributable to biological effects of AAS themselves. The mechanism of these effects remains speculative, but preliminary data suggest a possible role for brain regions involved in emotional reactivity, such as the amygdala and regions involved in cognitive control, including the frontal cortex. For unknown reasons, these effects appear idiosyncratic; most AAS users display few behavioral effects, but a minority develops severe effects.Conclusion and Scientific SignificanceProfessionals encountering AAS users in clinical or forensic settings should be alert to the possibility of AAS‐induced violence or criminality and should employ strategies to assess whether AAS is indeed a contributory factor in a given case. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of AAS‐induced violence and to explain why only a subset of AAS users appears vulnerable to these effects. (Am J Addict 2021;00:00–00)
Nutrition risk prevalence and associated health and social risk factors in Māori and non‐Māori: Results from the New Zealand Health, Work and Retirement Study
Authors: Tkatch Melaney T. , Towers Andy J. , Keller Heather H. , Wham Carol A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the nutrition risk prevalence and associated health and social risk factors amongst community‐living Māori and non‐Māori older adults in New Zealand.MethodsAs part of the 2014 Health, Work and Retirement postal survey, 2914 community‐living older adults (749 Māori) aged 49‐87 years completed the Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition (SCREEN II‐AB) to determine nutrition risk status and sociodemographic and health measures.ResultsHalf (50.2%) of Māori and 32.7% of non‐Māori were at nutrition risk. Independent risk factors were as follows: for Māori, being unpartnered and rating general health as fair, and for non‐Māori, being unpartnered and rating general health as fair or poor, lower life satisfaction, higher number of health conditions and emotional loneliness.ConclusionsFindings highlight the need for culturally appropriate intervention strategies, which provide opportunity for older adults to eat with others, especially for those who are unpartnered and lonely.
Sowing the Seeds: Radicalization as a Political Tool
Authors: Lehmann Todd C. , Tyson Scott A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDo radicalized individuals with no logistical assistance from opposition groups generate liabilities or advantages for opposition leaders? To address this question, we develop a theory that articulates a novel strategic channel connecting radicalization, defined as self‐motivation to dissent, to repression targeting an opposition group's operational capacity or its leadership. Our main result shows that targeted repression is strictly decreasing in the proportion of radicalized citizens. We endogenize opposition leaders' decision to radicalize citizens and show that opposition leaders, even absent any direct benefit to radicalize, nevertheless invest effort into radicalization. Thus, radicalization is a political tool to deter repression by decreasing its usefulness. To better understand this strategic consequence, we analyze two common policy interventions—economic and psychological—and show that improving economic conditions reduces both radicalization efforts and dissent, while making individuals psychologically less susceptible to radicalization can sometimes backfire and increase dissent because it increases leaders' radicalization efforts.
Use of non‐insulin antidiabetic drugs in children and young adults – A Scandinavian drug utilization study from 2010–2019
Authors: Jensen Helene K. , Rasmussen Lotte , Furu Kari , Karlstad Øystein , Linder Marie , Cesta Carolyn E. , Pottegård Anton 
Published: April 2021

Knowledge on utilization patterns of non‐insulin antidiabetic drugs in childhood and youth is limited. Therefore, we conducted a population‐based drug utilization study using publicly available aggregate data on use of non‐insulin antidiabetics from 2010 to 2019 in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) in individuals aged up to 24 years. For each non‐insulin antidiabetic drug, we calculated the annual prevalence proportion of users, overall and for specific age groups.From 2010 to 2019, the prevalence of non‐insulin antidiabetic users in Scandinavia increased 37% from 0.43 to 0.59/1000 individuals. The prevalence proportions were highest among female adolescents and young adults, but the largest relative increase in use was seen among 10–14‐year‐olds (78%). Metformin was by far the most widely used non‐insulin antidiabetic drug with a prevalence proportion of 0.51/1000 in 2019, followed by glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) analogues, which, however, showed an eight‐fold relative increase during the study period.
Dynamic insulin‐stimulated mTOR/GSK3 signaling in peripheral immune cells: Preliminary evidence for an association with lithium response in bipolar disorder
Authors: Tye Susannah J. , Borreggine Kristin , Price J. Blair , Sutor Shari L. , Cuéllar‐Barboza Alfredo B. , McElroy Susan L. , Biernacka Joanna M. , Frye Mark A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionA key mechanism of lithium is the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), two contributors to insulin signaling. We explored the relationship between these markers and clinical response to lithium in bipolar disorder (BD).MethodsThirty‐four subjects with BD who had been taking lithium for ≥2 years and had a maintenance lithium Alda score defined as either high (≥7; n = 20) or low (≤2; n = 14) were included in the study. Baseline protein expression of GSK3β and mTOR (total and phosphorylated (p)) was obtained from a buffy coat. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a subset of each group (n = 11) were stimulated with insulin (10 µg) and change in protein expression was determined using Western blot.ResultsIn buffy coat samples, significantly higher levels of pmTOR were present in subjects with an Alda score ≤2 (lithium non‐responsive), relative to those with scores ≥7 (lithium‐responsive). No differences were observed for pGSK3β. In contrast, functional PBMC responses to 5 min of insulin stimulation demonstrated robust increases in pGSK3β (87.05 ± 43.41%) and pmTOR (105.7 ± 66.48%) in the lithium responsive group only. This contrasted observed decreases in pGSK3β (34.08 ± 16.12%) and pmTOR (37.84 ± 14.39%) 5 mins post‐insulin in non‐responders.ConclusionsDynamic increases in pmTOR and pGSK3β post‐insulin stimulation may reflect an immunometabolic state that facilitates lithium response. Further prospective analyses are needed to replicate and extend these preliminary findings and further investigate the role of insulin signaling in lithium response in BD.
Mitochondrial protein import as a quality control sensor
Authors: Maity Sebabrata , Chakrabarti Oishee 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMitochondria are organelles involved in various functions related to cellular metabolism and homoeostasis. Though mitochondria contain own genome, their nuclear counterparts encode most of the different mitochondrial proteins. These are synthesised as precursors in the cytosol and have to be delivered into the mitochondria. These organelles hence have elaborate machineries for the import of precursor proteins from cytosol. The protein import machineries present in both mitochondrial membrane and aqueous compartments show great variability in pre‐protein recognition, translocation and sorting across or into it. Mitochondrial protein import machineries also interact transiently with other protein complexes of the respiratory chain or those involved in the maintenance of membrane architecture. Hence mitochondrial protein translocation is an indispensable part of the regulatory network that maintains protein biogenesis, bioenergetics, membrane dynamics and quality control of the organelle. Various stress conditions and diseases that are associated with mitochondrial import defects lead to changes in cellular transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. Dysfunction in mitochondrial protein import also causes over‐accumulation of precursor proteins and their aggregation in the cytosol. Multiple pathways may be activated for buffering these harmful consequences. Here, we present a comprehensive picture of import machinery and its role in cellular quality control in response to defective mitochondrial import. We also discuss the pathological consequences of dysfunctional mitochondrial protein import in neurodegeneration and cancer.
Home ownership, income and oral health of children in Australia—A population‐based study
Authors: Fleitas Alfonzo Ludmila , Bentley Rebecca , Singh Ankur 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveIncome inequalities in children's oral health have been well described. It is plausible that the security of tenure reflected by the ownership status of children's housing dynamically interacts with household income to shape these inequalities. We examined whether housing tenure modifies the known association between household income and oral health.MethodsData were analysed on 3344 10‐ to 11‐year‐old children from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Multivariable regression models tested associations between household income and dental caries and tooth loss due to caries. Effect modification by home ownership (yes/no) was tested on the additive and multiplicative scales. Models were adjusted for sex, Indigenous status, main language spoken at home, area of residence, main carer education and family arrangement.ResultsChildren in households in the low income group had worse oral health than children in the high group for caries and tooth loss. Models only weakly supported an additive interaction for tooth loss; that is, the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) for low household income was −0.903 (−2.38; 0.571) for tooth loss and −0.076 (−0.42; 0.271) for dental decay, although we note that the low proportion of children from low‐income homeowning households (6%) reduces the power to detect interactions. Notably, our models suggest renters in both high‐ and low‐income categories had the highest risk of tooth loss compared to owners (PR for high‐income renters: 2.19 (95% CI: 1.25, 3.85); PR for low‐income renters: 2.11 (95% CI: 1.42, 3.16)).ConclusionOur study confirms that children in low‐income households have poorer oral health outcomes than their high‐income counterparts. Our findings additionally suggest that children in rental households may fare the worst of all housing and income combinations considered. Improving the security of housing for families privately renting may have wider health benefits that currently acknowledged.
Thyroid function and dysfunction in preterm infants—Challenges in evaluation, diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Zdraveska Nikolina , Kocova Mirjana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThyroid hormone levels have a crucial role for optimal brain development from gestation through the first 2 postnatal years. However, thyroid hormones vary with gestational age, and their levels vary between term and preterm infants. Preterm newborns are prone to thyroid dysfunction which is now more frequently observed with the advances of neonatal care and improved survival of extremely premature infants. Thus, hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity associated with delayed TSH elevation is very common in low birth weight premature infants most likely due to the immaturity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary thyroid axis. Furthermore, postnatal illness, medications and iodine status may contribute to the thyroid dysfunction or affect the interpretation of the thyroid function tests. Despite available guidelines, timing of screening and optimal treatment of thyroid dysfunction in premature infants remains controversial. Furthermore, it is unknown whether untreated thyroid dysfunction in premature babies affects neurodevelopmental outcome. In the vast majority of preterm infants, hypothyroxinaemia is transient; however, permanent hypothyroidism due to thyroid dysgenesis or enzyme defects might also occur. Therefore, careful monitoring of thyroid function and long‐term follow‐up is needed to assess an appropriate therapeutic approach. This article reviews thyroid physiology in preterm infants, the influences of gestation and other neonatal conditions on thyroid function tests, optimal timing of screening and possible predictors to differentiate transient hypothyroxinaemia from permanent hypothyroidism.
Consider the context: An analysis of personal social networks of caregivers of children participating in a paediatric weight management program
Authors: D'Silva Chelsea , Thompson Bronwyn , Fierheller Dianne , Martel Sara , Yousefi Nooraie Reza , Zenlea Ian 
Published: April 2021

SummarySocial networks influence the health and well‐being of children and families. This study aimed to identify and understand the social networks of caregivers of children participating in the KidFit Health and Wellness Clinic, a paediatric weight management program. An egocentric social network analysis was used. Caregivers with children enrolled in KidFit participated in semi‐structured interviews by completing a personal network map and discussing the individuals in their social networks and their influence on them and their family. Twenty‐two caregivers (90.9% mothers) completed the interview. Four structural patterns were identified within the networks: existence of a core, star‐shaped network, well‐connected network and existence of multiple clusters. Healthcare providers and family had the most influence within the caregivers' networks. With the exception of healthcare providers, individuals who communicated less frequently with caregivers tended to have less influence on caregivers. Internet resources, activity‐related resources and social media were the top three services, resources or supports that caregivers reported accessing. It is important that practitioners working with children and families within paediatric settings recognize the unique sociocultural context of each family. Reconceptualising a care model that includes community and incorporates services, supports and resources beyond the clinic could enhance treatment.
Clinical study of atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery and lower extremities in patients with obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Li Xiaolong , Wang Pu , Huang Li 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to explore the relationship between young and middle‐aged patients with obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and atherosclerotic plaque of the carotid artery and lower extremities.MethodsA total of 110 patients diagnosed with OSAHS by polysomnography in the researchers’ hospital from September 2018 to September 2019 were selected as the research objects. The enrolled patients were divided into a mild group (36 cases), a moderate group (38 cases), and a severe group (36 cases). Another 36 healthy subjects were set up as the non‐OSAHS group. All the selected subjects were examined by color Doppler ultrasound of the carotid artery and lower extremity arteries.ResultsThe detection rate of atherosclerotic plaque of the carotid artery and/or lower extremities in patients with OSAHS was significantly higher than that in the non‐OSAHS group (P< 0.05), and the incidence of plaque tended to increase along with an increase in the degree of OSAHS.ConclusionThe findings indicate that OSAHS might be an independent influencing factor for atherosclerosis.
Evaluating Organizational Identity of Zoos to Enhance Conservation
Authors: Maynard Lily , Adams Alison E. , Jacobson Susan K. , Monroe Martha C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractZoos, aquariums, and museums are expanding their identities and efforts to support wildlife conservation, but their impact is unclear. We apply a business theory of organizational identity to assess how conservation identities are created and applied. We examine three foundational and three practical components of identity using semi‐structured interviews with zoo directors and conservation directors at eight institutions. Our qualitative analysis highlights the well‐established organizational identity constructs among zoos and aquariums, while elucidating the constructs with room for further development and application to activate conservation identities. Each organization shared some conservation strategies and successes, yet the leaders also identified gaps and barriers to reaching conservation goals, including how some zoos perceive their conservation identity competes against other organizational identities and goals. This research provides insights into ways museums can build and reinforce their identities when supporting environmental and social causes. Additionally, the organizational identity framework provides an evaluation tool for examining museums’ integrated identities, strategies, and practices.
Time‐related changes in cell morphology and biomarker immunoreactivity for cells stored in a buffer‐based cell medium
Authors: Srebotnik Kirbis Irena , Prosen Lara , Strojan Flezar Margareta 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveBuffer‐based cell media (BBCM) are a valuable tool in the post‐collection processing of cytology samples, though with poorly defined effects on cell properties. In this study, time‐related changes in cell morphology and biomarker immunoreactivity were evaluated for cells stored at room temperature in a BBCM prepared with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).MethodsCytospins were prepared at five consecutive 24‐hour intervals (0, 24, 48, 72, 96) from three human cell lines (MCF7, SK‐MEL‐28, FaDu) suspended and stored in BBCM. Preservation of cell morphology was evaluated on Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins from the percentages of apoptotic cells. Preservation of immunoreactivity was evaluated for cytokeratins, oestrogen receptors, Ki67, and melanoma markers from the percentages of cells positive for the corresponding immunocytochemical reactions.ResultsCell morphology was well preserved for the majority of cells of the three lines stored for 24 and 48 hours (93%, 97%, 98% and 62%, 81%, 88%, respectively), while the majority of cells were apoptotic after 72 and 96 hours (70%, 47%, 39% and 77%, 70%, 59%, respectively). The immunoreactivity of cytokeratins remained unchanged during the entire 96 hours, while that of melanoma markers (S100, HMB45, Melan‐A) decreased by 27%, 2%, and 3%, respectively. The immunoreactivity of oestrogen receptors and Ki67 decreased by 29% and 17% after the first 24 hours, and was completely lost after 96 hours.ConclusionsA BBCM with the addition of BSA and EDTA facilitates good preservation of cell morphology and immunoreactivity of biomarkers for up to 48 hours at room temperature.
Effect of the use of music on definitional knowledge in an introductory statistics course: Evidence from a Pareto chart activity
Authors: Anderson Jan L. , Krasnozhon Leonid A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe traditional instructional approach combined with standard textbook examples provide a disengaging learning environment for students in introductory statistics courses. This article proposes and examines an experiential music‐based single‐class‐period learning activity for an introductory statistics course. This activity teaches students how to use graphical presentation of descriptive statistics, such as bar, pie, and Pareto charts. Studies in psychology and consumer research demonstrate that the music has positive short‐term effects on spatial‐temporal reasoning and sensorial response. We use a preclass postclass control‐group design to examine how the change of the method of instruction affects learning outcome. We find that the music‐based experiential learning activity has a positive effect on the definitional knowledge acquired by male students and students with higher grade point averages.
An Ecological Framework for Item Responding Within the Context of a Youth Risk and Needs Assessment
Authors: Vo Thao T. , French Brian F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe use and interpretation of educational and psychological test scores are paramount to individual outcomes and opportunities. Methods for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) are imperative for item analysis when developing and revising assessments, particularly as it pertains to fairness across populations, languages, and cultures. We discuss the practical application of third generation of DIF, which proposes an ecological framework for explaining why DIF occurs using sociological, community, and contextual variables as possible explanations of item responding. We examined school district clusters for DIF through a model‐based approach via multilevel logistic regression random‐intercept and random‐coefficient models to detect racial/ethnic DIF on a youth risk and needs assessment. We demonstrate how the use of district‐level administrative data as estimates of student's contextual environments shows promise to understand ecological sources of DIF and DIF variance. The implication of the work progresses DIF research, enhances the approach to understanding item responses, and provides a more accurate understanding of youth development through an ecological framework. Recommendations for practice and future studies are discussed.
Association of HMOX‐1 with sporadic Alzheimer’s disease in southern Han Chinese
Authors: Zhang Bei , Yu Hong‐Xiang , Zhi Nan , Cui Can , Han Ying‐Ying , Hu Min , Shen Hao , Bao Huan , Li Gang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThe aim of this study was to discover the associations between HMOX‐1 and Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsA total of 500 AD patients and 500 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Polymer chain reaction was used.ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference between AD patients and controls in both the dominant and recessive models of HMOX‐1 rs2071746 after adjustment for age, gender and education (dominant model: p = 0.047, odds ratio [OR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.78, adjusted; recessive model: p = 0.049, OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.00–1.80, adjusted). There was also a trend for an association between the dominant model and late‐onset AD after adjustment for age, gender and education (dominant model: p = 0.084, OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.96–1.95, adjusted).ConclusionsWe found an association between the dominant and recessive models of HMOX1 rs2071746 and AD.