bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for dark energy in the matter-dominated era
Authors: Bull Philip , White Martin , Slosar Anže 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Most efforts to detect signatures of dynamical dark energy (DE) are focused on late times, z ≲ 2, where the DE component begins to dominate the cosmic energy density. Many theoretical models involving dynamical DE exhibit a ‘freezing’ equation of state however, where w → −1 at late times, with a transition to a ‘tracking’ behaviour at earlier times (with w ≫ −1 at sufficiently high redshift). In this paper, we study whether constraints on background distance indicators from large-scale structure (LSS) surveys in the post-reionization matter-dominated regime, 2 ≲ z ≲ 6, are sensitive to this behaviour, on the basis that the DE component should remain detectable (despite being strongly subdominant) in this redshift range given sufficiently precise observations. Using phenomenological models inspired by parameter space studies of Horndeski (generalized scalar-tensor) theories, we show how existing CMB and LSS measurements constrain the DE equation of state in the matter-dominated era, and examine how forthcoming galaxy surveys and 21 cm intensity mapping instruments can improve constraints in this regime at the background level. We also find that the combination of existing CMB and LSS constraints with DESI will already come close to offering the best possible constraints on H0 using BAO/galaxy power spectrum measurements, and that either a spectroscopic follow-up of the LSST galaxy sample (e.g. MegaMapper or SpecTel) or a Stage 2/PUMA-like intensity mapping survey, both at z ≳ 2, would offer better constraints on the class of models considered here than a comparable cosmic variance-limited galaxy survey at z ≲ 1.5.
The NIRVANDELS Survey: a robust detection of α-enhancement in star-forming galaxies at z ≃ 3.4
Authors: Cullen F , Shapley A E , McLure R J , Dunlop J S , Sanders R L , Topping M W , Reddy N A , Amorín R , Begley R , Bolzonella M , Calabrò A , Carnall A C , Castellano M , Cimatti A , Cirasuolo M , Cresci G , Fontana A , Fontanot F , Garilli B , Guaita L , Hamadouche M , Hathi N P , Mannucci F , McLeod D J , Pentericci L , Saxena A , Talia M , Zamorani G 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We present results from the NIRVANDELS survey on the gas-phase metallicity (Zg, tracing O/H) and stellar metallicity (Z⋆, tracing Fe/H) of 33 star-forming galaxies at redshifts 2.95 &lt; z &lt; 3.80. Based on a combined analysis of deep optical and near-IR spectra, tracing the rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV; 1200–2000 Å) and rest-frame optical (3400–5500 Å), respectively, we present the first simultaneous determination of the stellar and gas-phase mass–metallicity relationships (MZRs) at z ≃ 3.4. In both cases, we find that metallicity increases with increasing stellar mass (M⋆) and that the power-law slope at M⋆ ≲ 1010M⊙ of both MZRs scales as $Z \propto M_{\star }^{0.3}$. Comparing the stellar and gas-phase MZRs, we present direct evidence for super-solar O/Fe ratios (i.e. α-enhancement) at z &gt; 3, finding (O/Fe) = 2.54 ± 0.38 × (O/Fe)⊙, with no clear dependence on M⋆.
Spectral and timing evolution of MAXI J1631–479 during the 2018–19 outburst with NICER
Authors: Rout Sandeep K , Méndez Mariano , Belloni Tomaso M , Vadawale Santosh 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The X-ray transient MAXI J1631–479 went into outburst on 2018 December 21 and remained active for about seven months. Owing to various constraints it was monitored by NICER only during the decay phase of the outburst for about four months. The NICER observations were primarily in the soft state with a brief excursion to the hard intermediate state. While the soft state spectrum was dominated by thermal disc emission, the hard intermediate state spectrum had maximum contribution from the thermal Comptonization. Almost all intermediate-state power spectra had a Type-C low frequency quasi-periodic oscillation (within 4–10 Hz), often accompanied by a harmonic component. The frequency of these oscillations increased and the fractional rms decreased with inner-disc temperature suggesting a geometric origin. The rms spectra during the intermediate state had a hard shape from above 1 keV. Below 1 keV the shape could not be constrained in most cases, while only a few observations showed a rise in amplitude.
Symmetric wave modes in coronal flux tubes with magnetically twisted layer
Authors: Lopin Igor P 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The properties of axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic wave modes are studied for the model of coronal magnetic tube, consisting of a central cord with homogeneous axial magnetic field, surrounded by an annulus with twisted magnetic field. This model mimics the coronal loops with radially localized magnetic twist. The derived dispersion relation is solved numerically. A number of limiting cases are examined analytically. The two families of axisymmetric modes are found to exist in the model. The first one includes an infinite number of fast-sausage modes (FSMs), modified by the twist and the second one is a set of modes with frequencies, lying in a narrow band, closed to Alfvén frequency of a twisted layer ωA0. The fundamental FSM (the mode of the lowest radial order) exists as a trapped mode for the entire range of axial wavenumbers. Its phase speed is always below the Alfvén speed of a magnetically twisted layer. This mode has a weak dispersion in the range of long and intermediate wavelengths. The higher radial order FSMs were found to be less sensitive to the presence of the magnetic twist. Both the fundamental FSM in the case of a weak magnetic twist and a set of symmetric modes for arbitrary twist have very similar frequencies, which are nearly equal to ωA0. This property implies that aforementioned wave modes behave like Alfvén torsional modes in the twisted annulus and like the radial modes in the untwisted core and environment, moreover they are strongly coupled. The main results of the study are discussed in the framework of their applications to coronal seismology.
Evaluation of a Smoking Cessation Patient Decision Aid That Integrates Information About E-Cigarettes
Authors: Kollath-Cattano Christy , Thrasher James F , Salloum Ramzi G , Albano Andrew W , Jindal Meenu , Durkin Martin , Strayer Scott M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Smokers increasingly use e-cigarettes to try to quit smoking, even more than recommended cessation methods. However, few smokers discuss the range of cessation options with their physicians. Decision aids can inform smokers about smoking cessation options, including evidence about e-cigarettes, and encourage smokers to engage in shared decision making with their physician.

Aims and Methods
This study aimed to evaluate a smoking cessation decision aid that included e-cigarette risks and benefits. Adult smokers were recruited from primary care clinics for two research phases: (1) usability and acceptability testing of the decision aid (n = 37); and (2) pre-post study that compared usual care (n = 90) with implementation of the decision aid in clinics (n = 90). For the latter, outcome measures included frequency of clinical discussions of readiness to quit, methods to quit in general, and of specific cessation methods, in addition to decisional conflict, communication satisfaction, and overall patient satisfaction.

Results
Smokers indicated high usability and acceptability of the decision aid. In the pre-post evaluation, decision aid implementation was associated with higher rates of smokers: being asked if they were ready to quit smoking (89% vs. 67%, respectively; p &lt; .001); discussing methods for smoking cessation in general (81% vs. 48%; p &lt; .001); and discussing specific cessation methods (NRT 55% vs. 26%, p &lt; .001; prescription medications 26% vs. 12%, p = .022). Decision aid use was also associated with higher overall patient satisfaction with the physician visit.

Conclusions
Smoking cessation decision aids that incorporate information about e-cigarettes are acceptable among smokers and can lead to evidence-based clinical discussions about smoking cessation.

Implications
Smokers use e-cigarettes more than recommended cessation methods when they are trying to quit smoking, yet few physicians discuss the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes with their patients who smoke. This study presents preliminary findings about the feasibility and usability of a clinically based iPad-delivered smoking cessation decision aid that integrates information about e-cigarettes. Although promising, further research with randomized designs, larger samples, and longer-term follow-up is needed to determine whether this type of intervention can effectively promote cessation of all tobacco products and, for those not ready to quit smoking, the use of e-cigarettes for harm reduction.
Evaluation of 6 Commercial SARS-CoV-2 Serology Assays Detecting Different Antibodies for Clinical Testing and Serosurveillance
Authors: Nicholson Suellen , Karapanagiotidis Theo , Khvorov Arseniy , Douros Celia , Mordant Francesca , Bond Katherine , Druce Julian , Williamson Deborah A , Purcell Damian , Lewin Sharon R , Sullivan Sheena , Subbarao Kanta , Catton Mike 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Serological testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) complements nucleic acid tests for patient diagnosis and enables monitoring of population susceptibility to inform the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response. It is important to understand the reliability of assays with different antigen or antibody targets to detect humoral immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection and to understand how antibody (Ab) binding assays compare to those detecting neutralizing antibody (nAb), particularly as we move into the era of vaccines.

Methods
We evaluated the performance of 6 commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), including a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT), for detection of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG), total or nAb. A result subset was compared with a cell culture–based microneutralization (MN) assay. We tested sera from patients with prior reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction–confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, prepandemic sera, and potential cross-reactive sera from patients with other non-COVID-19 acute infections.

Results
For sera collected &gt;14 days post–symptom onset, the assay achieving the highest sensitivity was the Wantai total Ab at 100% (95% CI, 94.6%–100%), followed by 93.1% for Euroimmun NCP-IgG, 93.1% for GenScript sVNT, 90.3% for Euroimmun S1-IgG, 88.9% for Euroimmun S1-IgA, and 83.3% for Wantai IgM. Specificity for the best-performing assay was 99.5% for the Wantai total Ab, and for the lowest-performing assay it was 97.1% for sVNT (as per the Instructions for Use [IFU]). The Wantai Total Ab had the best agreement with MN at 98% followed by Euroimmun S1-IgA, Euro NCP-IgG, and sVNT (as per IFU) with 97%, 97% and 95%, respectively; Wantai IgM had the poorest agreement at 93%.

Conclusions
Performance characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 serology assays detecting different antibody types are consistent with those found in previously published reports. Evaluation of the surrogate virus neutralization test in comparison to the Ab binding assays and a cell culture–based neutralization assay showed good result correlation between all assays. However, correlation between the cell-based neutralization test and some assays detecting Ab’s not specifically involved in neutralization was higher than with the sVNT. This study demonstrates the reliability of different assays to detect the humoral immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can be used to optimize serological test algorithms for assessing antibody responses post–SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.
Danger-associated molecular pattern molecules and the receptor for advanced glycation end products enhance ANCA-induced responses
Authors: Page Theresa H , Chiappo Derick , Brunini Francesca , Garnica Josep , Blackburn Jack , Dudhiya Fayaz , Prendecki Maria , McAdoo Stephen P , Pusey Charles D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The pro-inflammatory activities of the calgranulins and HMGB1 can be counteracted by sRAGE, the soluble form of their shared receptor. To understand the role of these molecules in AAV and their potential as therapeutic targets we have studied (i) the relationship between these DAMPS and disease activity; (ii) the expression of RAGE and sRAGE in biopsy tissue and peripheral blood; and (iii) the effect of these molecules on ANCA-mediated cytokine production.

Methods
We examined circulating levels of calgranulins (S100A8/A9 and S100A12), HMGB1 and sRAGE by ELISA. RAGE was examined in AAV kidney and lung biopsies by immunohistochemistry and RAGE expression was monitored in peripheral blood by qPCR. In vitro, the effect of co-stimulating PBMC with ANCA and S100A8/A9 on cytokine production was studied by ELISA.

Results
We found significantly raised levels of calgranulins and HMGB1 in active AAV regardless of clinical phenotype (PR3+/MPO+ AAV). Levels of calgranulins showed significant correlations with each other. RAGE protein and message was raised in peripheral blood and in cells infiltrating kidney and lung biopsy tissue, while sRAGE was lowered. Furthermore, ANCA-mediated production of IL-8 from PBMC was significantly enhanced by the presence of S100A8/A9 in a RAGE/TLR4-dependent manner.

Conclusions
Raised circulating calgranulins provide a good marker of disease activity in AAV and are unlikely to be counteracted by sRAGE. Increased RAGE expression in AAV indicates receptor stimulation in active disease that may exacerbate ANCA-induced cytokine production. Targeting the RAGE pathway may provide a useful therapeutic approach in AAV.
Sleep profile predicts the cognitive decline of mild-moderate Alzheimer’s disease patients
Authors: Targa Adriano D S , Benítez Iván D , Dakterzada Faridé , Carnes Anna , Pujol Montse , Jorge Carmen , Minguez Olga , Dalmases Mireia , Sánchez-de-la-Torre Manuel , Barbé Ferran , Piñol-Ripoll Gerard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo investigate the association between sleep and cognitive decline of patients with mild-moderate Alzheimer’s disease.MethodsObservational, prospective study, including consecutive patients diagnosed with mild-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected for amyloid-beta, total-tau, and phospho-tau levels determination. Also, overnight polysomnography was performed, followed by neuropsychological evaluations at baseline and after 12 months of follow-up. Principal component analysis revealed two profiles of patients in terms of sleep: one with a propensity to deepen the sleep (deep sleepers) and the other with a propensity to spend most of the time in the lighter sleep stage (light sleepers).ResultsThe cohort included 125 patients with a median [IQR] of 75.0 [72.0;80.0] years. Deep and light sleepers did not present differences in relation to the cerebrospinal fluid pathological markers and to the cognitive function at the baseline. However, there was a significant difference of −1.51 (95% CI: −2.43 to −0.59) in the Mini-mental state examination after 12 months of follow-up. Accordingly, sleep depth and cognitive decline presented a dose–response relationship (p-for-trend = 0.02). Similar outcomes were observed in relation to the processing speed (Stroop words test, p-value = 0.016) and to the executive function (Verbal fluency test, p-value = 0.023).ConclusionsConsidering the increased cognitive decline presented by light sleepers, the sleep profile may have a predictive role in relation to the cognitive function of patients with mild-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The modifiable nature of sleep sets this behavior as a possible useful intervention to prevent a marked cognitive decline.Clinical Trial InformationRole of Hypoxia Ans Sleep Fragmentation in Alzheimer’s Disease. and Sleep Fragmentation. Completed. NCT02814045
Undenatured type II collagen mitigates inflammation and cartilage degeneration in healthy Labrador Retrievers during an exercise regimen
Authors: Varney J L , Fowler J W , Coon C N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of undenatured type II collagen supplementation on inflammation and cartilage degeneration after exercise in healthy dogs. Forty healthy Labrador Retrievers (20 male/20 female; range 5-12 yr; average 8 yr) were sorted into two groups: undenatured type II collagen group receiving 40 mg UC-II (10 mg collagen type II/min. 3% undenatured type II collagen; Lonza Consumer Health, Inc.) and placebo group receiving 40 mg maltodextrin daily by capsule. After 2-wk loading, all dogs began an 11-wk endurance exercise regimen consisting of two weekly runs, starting at 5 km and increasing incrementally to 8 km, with one final 16 km run. Blood samples were collected at baseline, pre and post first 5 km run, and pre- and post-16 km run. Activity per kilometer was greater in male undenatured type II collagen vs. male placebo over all runs (P = 0.004), and average moving speed was greater in all undenatured type II collagen dogs compared with placebo over all runs (P &lt; 0.001). Hematology analysis indicated that during the first insult, undenatured type II collagen dogs had a greater lymphocyte count (P &lt; 0.001) and lymphocyte percentage (P = 0.001) vs. placebo dogs. Undenatured type II collagen dogs had a lesser neutrophil percentage (P = 0.042) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios (P = 0.001) compared to placebo dogs. For the final insult, undenatured type II collagen dogs had greater lymphocyte percentage (P = 0.013) and lesser mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.043) compared with placebo dogs. Both groups had significant changes between timepoints for several hematological parameters. Biomarker IL-6 was lesser in undenatured type II collagen dogs compared with placebo at post 5 km (P = 0.037). Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) was lesser in undenatured type II collagen dogs at post 16 km (P = 0.023), and only the placebo dogs had a significant increase in COMP from pre to post 16 km (P = 0.021). In summary, Labrador Retrievers supplemented with undenatured type II collagen had decreased inflammation and cartilage degeneration compared with nonsupplemented dogs during exercise.
The Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Movement Protein Overcomes Tm-22 Resistance in Tomato While Attenuating Viral Transport
Authors: Hak Hagit , Spiegelman Ziv 
Published: May 2021

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus is a new virus species in the Tobamovirus genus, causing substantial damage to tomato crops. Reports of recent tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) outbreaks from around the world indicate an emerging global epidemic. ToBRFV overcomes all tobamovirus resistances in tomato, including the durable Tm-22 resistance gene, which had been effective against multiple tobamoviruses. Here, we show that the ToBRFV movement protein (MPToBRFV) enables the virus to evade Tm-22 resistance. Transient expression of MPToBRFV failed to activate the Tm-22 resistance response. Replacement of the original MP sequence of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) with MPToBRFV enabled this recombinant virus to infect Tm-22-resistant plants. Using hybrid protein analysis, we show that the elements required to evade Tm-22 are located between MPToBRFV amino acids 1 and 216 and not the C terminus, as previously assumed. Analysis of ToBRFV systemic infection in tomato revealed that ToBRFV spreads more slowly compared with ToMV. Interestingly, replacement of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and ToMV MPs with MPToBRFV caused an attenuation of systemic infection of both viruses. Cell-to-cell movement analysis showed that MPToBRFV moves less effectively compared with the TMV MP (MPTMV). These findings suggest that overcoming Tm-22 is associated with attenuated MP function. This may explain the high durability of Tm-22 resistance, which had remained unbroken for over 60 years. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Natural Genetic Diversity in the Potato Resistance GeneRBConfers Suppression Avoidance fromPhytophthoraEffector IPI-O4
Authors: Karki Hari S. , Abdullah Sidrat , Chen Yu , Halterman Dennis A. 
Published: May 2021

RB is a potato gene that provides resistance to a broad spectrum of genotypes of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. RB belongs to the CC-NB-LRR (coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat) class of resistance (R) genes, a major component of the plant immune system. The RB protein detects the presence of class I and II IPI-O effectors from P. infestans to initiate a hypersensitive resistance response, but this activity is suppressed in the presence of the Class III effector IPI-O4. Using natural genetic variation of RB within potato wild relatives, we identified two amino acids in the CC domain that alter interactions needed for suppression of resistance by IPI-O4. We have found that separate modification of these amino acids in RB can diminish or expand the resistance capability of this protein against P. infestans in both Nicotiana benthamiana and potato. Our results demonstrate that increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that determine resistance activation and R protein suppression by effectors can be utilized to tailor-engineer genes with the potential to provide increased durability.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
FACE MASK CONTAMINATION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIA. A STUDY ON PATIENTS RECEIVING INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS
Authors: MARÍN-Nieto Juan , Reino-Perez Carmen , Santillana-Cernuda Genoveva , Díaz-Bernal José Manuel , Luque-Aranda Rafael , García-Basterra Ignacio 
Published: May 2021

Purpose:
To investigate the bacterial growth in the surgical face masks used by patients who received intravitreal injections and study the effect of povidone–iodine on the periocular area (PA) of masks.

Methods:
Forty patients who attended for intravitreal injections were divided in those with less (<4 hours) and more (>4 hours) than 4 hours of mask use. Each group was divided depending on the application or not of povidone–iodine in the PA of the mask. Bacterial load was studied on PA and mouth area samples.

Results:
The bacterial load in the PA was higher in the >4 hours group compared with the <4 hours group (13.2 vs. 48.75 colony-forming units/μL; P = 0.03). The contamination in the PA significantly decreased after applying povidone–iodine in the >4 hours group (P = 0.01). The use or not of povidone–iodine was strongly correlated to a positive culture (OR = 9.0, P = 0.00. CI 1.63–49.44).

Conclusion:
Surgical face masks worn for more than 4 hours present higher contamination in the PA than those with less use. Bacterial load in the PA is reduced with povidone–iodine on masks used for more than 4 hours. This contamination should be considered in the asepsis protocol of intravitreal injections.
The management of neurotrophic keratitis
Authors: Jabbour Samir , Ashton Christopher , Balal Shafi , Kaye Abigail , Ahmad Sajjad 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
The management of neurotrophic keratitis (NK) has evolved in the last decade. The present article reviews updated management guidelines of this entity, as well as future innovations in the field.

Recent findings
The advent of confocal microscopy has allowed for the first time to image corneal nerves. In addition, multiple novel topical treatments such as nerve growth factor have improved the prognosis of this disease, with many other in the pipeline. Finally, corneal nerve restoration is now possible with corneal neurotization procedures.

Summary
Many novel treatments based on agents that stimulate nerve regrowth are now available to treat NK. Improvement in neurotization procedures could also address advanced stages of this disease with surgery.