bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the Activity of Students Through the Implementation of The Picture and Picture Assisted Media Visual Audio Media in SDN Citembong 01 Bantarsari
Authors: Khaeruman Khaeruman 
Published: September 2021

<p><em>The purpose of this research was to improve student learning outcomes in science grade V elementary schools with a Google meet assisted Project Based Learning (Picture and Picture) learning model. The research conducted was a Classroom Action Research (PTK) with three cycles, with each cycle consisting of two meetings. The stages of each cycle are planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. Each meeting is carried out a pre test and post test to determine the progress of students. In the first cycle the students who completed after carrying out the post test were 74%. In the second cycle students who completed after carrying out the post test were 87%. In the third cycle students who completed after carrying out the post test were 90%. These results indicate that the Project Based Learning (Picture and Picture) learning model can improve student learning outcomes, especially grade V science at SDN 2 Cilongok. </em></p>
Reliable Detection of Water Cut in Inlet Piping Under Stratified Flow Conditions for Mature Fields and WIO and OIW Emulsion Layers in Crude Oil Settling Tanks with Novel Sensor Technology
Authors: Laakkonen Pasi , Nissinen Antti , Lehtikangas Ossi , Hartikainen Jouni , Kaunisto Pekka , Tienhaara Mika 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Mature fields operations, which are almost 70% of today's production have a high water cut content. For each barrel of oil produced there can be 3 or more barrels of water. This means that operational conditions are challenging and might not be ideal for the facilities. In crude oil tanks, one of the most crucial operation parameter is the settling time of oil and water. Especially with heavy oils and high water cut, the operational conditions can be challenging with the existence of emulsion/rag layers in the tank. Most common level detection instrumentation struggle with detecting the proper interface levels leading to faulty control that can cause costly remediation and loss of revenue. This paper presents a novel solution by applying electric tomography pipe and probe sensors.

Methods, Procedures, Process
In electrical tomography, multiple electrodes are attached on the surface of the sensor and excitations are applied to some electrodes and responses are measured from other electrodes. Assuming a fast separation in the following crude oil tank, the operator expects the flow being stratified already in incoming trunk line. In real life this is not often the case: The incoming flow is turbulent meaning that there is no clear water/oil interface. To overcome this a pipe sensor is needed to monitor the flow regime and hence there is a possibility to control the a) chemical feed and b) flow speed to get the flow stratified.
As soon as the flow is stratified in a trunk line it will be guided to a crude oil settling tank for an additional separation. In this tank there is a possibility to apply a probe sensor to monitor reliably the emulsion layer between water and oil. This allows settling time, process parameters and chemicals to be optimized to get a clear separation and hence improving the oil and water quality for a further processing.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
Results from pipe sensor operation in crude oil pipelines will be shared. The results will show an accurate water cut profile across the pipe cross section even under stratified flow conditions.
Additionally, probe sensor results in a crude oil tank operation will be shared and hence confirming the reliability and robustness of the probe sensor operation in tanks.
One of the key features of the pipe and probe sensors is the full functionality even under severe contamination with deposits on the sensor surfaces. The operational principle of this method will be shared and verified by experimental results.

Novel/Additive Information
The sensor technology for the tank inspection and piping uses novel electrical tomography with compact electronic and fast-acting computation with high resolution. This type of technology for settling tank application is new.
Fast, Environmentally Sound and Efficient Well Clean-Up Operations: Lessons Learned and Best Practices from Operations Around the World
Authors: Shumakov Yakov , Hollaender Florian , Zhandin Alexander 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Well clean-up is one of the most complex operations performed at the wellsite today. During clean-up, a well is flowing for the first time after initial completion or workover operations through temporary surface facilities to either conduct a welltest or to simply condition the well before connecting it to production facilities. Currently, there are no practical recommendations available that would summarize clean-up experiences and guide operating companies through the process of efficiently planning well clean-up operations.
Conventional well clean-up operations are inherently challenging owing to the requirements for accurate data measurements, safe handling and disposal of produced fluids (hydrocarbons, completion brine, water, and solids). Experience has shown that it is nearly impossible to perform well clean up within pre-defined constraints and target criteria without an appropriate design, equipment selection and operations planning to account for the specificities of each situation.
Steady-state flow simulators have been the standard tool to model pressure and temperature changes along the wellbore and through temporary production system during well clean-up process. Those assume either final stabilized conditions or a limited number of intermediate ones and formed the basis for equipment selection. But this approach has critical limitations in modelling flowing well behavior and fast-changing flowing conditions, and therefore in assessing operational flow assurance risks and the dynamic capability of the surface plant to handle produced fluids.
The paper describes in detail today's challenges during well clean-up operations that combine the need for operational safety, minimal environmental footprint and flow assurance considerations that have to be balanced with costs and production performance optimization. The paper provides practical recommendations and presents multiple case studies highlighting the results and lessons learned from applying a novel, unique workflow based on the application of a transient-multiphase flow simulator. Combined with modern well-testing equipment such as modern test separators, remotely actuated adjustable chokes or environmentally friendly fluid disposal techniques, such advanced design allows performing clean-up operations efficiently while remaining within time, rates, pressure or emissions limits.
Pump Up the Volume - Massive Water Injection Increase through Open Water Stimulations
Authors: Roy Alistair , Bird Anastasia , Bremner Samuel , Winstone Lara , Hashimov Rustam , Weir Doug , Espinoza Perez Judith 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of subsea stimulation treatments within one field including a novel dual vessel approach that was developed and successfully implemented on multiple wells. The methodology that enabled stimulations of high volume, complexity and precision is described, including observed results and opportunities for continuous improvement. In a harsh low oil price environment such cost-efficient stimulations can unlock additional potential for many subsea developments.
Three West of Shetlands (WoS) injectors stimulation campaigns successfully delivered 11 subsea well treatments with a novel dual vessel batch approach in 2020 delivering operations of outstanding efficiency and reservoir results while driving costs down. A construction vessel provided remotely operated vehicle (ROV) support including deploying the well control package, whereas the stimulation vessel ran its own downline to facilitate optimized use of its dedicated pumping system and large chemical handling capacity. To enable deep water stimulation, the quick connect downline was engineered and project specific equipment installed onto the stimulation vessel allowing deployment to 450m water depth.
Notable cost reductions in excess of 34% were achieved utilizing the efficiency offered by manifold entry for batch treatments to minimise the number of subsea re-connection operations while the stimulation vessel allowed much larger bulk loadouts and optimised the number of vessel loadings for continuous operations. This novel dual vessel approach for batch subsea stimulations allowed multiple well access through ‘daisy chains’ within isolated pipeline segments, while keeping injection operations live to other wells from the Glen Lyon Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessel (FPSO) in the Schiehallion field.
Improved HSE performance was achieved through reduced chemical handling and transportation. Real time data solutions for onshore monitoring were developed which aided the management of COVID-19 risks. The post-stimulation injection rate from the stimulation has signifcantly improved in all wells, resulting in large additional injection capacity for the field. Maintaining increased injection capacity has proved to be a challenge. The acquired understanding regarding water quality and longevity of treatments will allow identification of further continuous improvement opportunities to enable sustainable stimulation results.
The Use of Controlled Dissolution Glasses to Consolidate and Create Permeable or Impermeable Minerals in Formation
Authors: Olsen Max , Hatlebakk Ragni , Holcroft Chris , Stavland Arne , Giske Nils Harald , Magallanes Marlin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Scope
Controlled dissolution glasses form a permanent consolidating mineral matrix inside formations with either permeable or impermeable properties. The unique solution has a low injection viscosity and can be easily injected into a wide range of formations. The application method is simple and does not require multiple fluids or pre- and post-flushing. This paper focuses on the benefits of controlled dissolution glasses and potential applications in the oil and gas industry.

Methods, Procedures, Process
Controlled dissolution glasses have been researched extensively by Glass Technology Services (GTS) since 1999 for the biomedical industry, nuclear waste storage industry, and defense and aerospace industries. GTS together with operators have been performing research and development for the oil industry over the last 10 years.
The research investigated different glass compositions to determine their injectability and change in formation properties post-treatment. Sandstone, chalk, and shale formations were used in the testing. Flow testing using a Hoek cell and a core flood apparatus was used to determine the post-treatment permeability. For post-treatment strength measurement, Brazilian tensile strength tests and modified cone penetration tests were used to determine tensile strength and shear strength respectively. The testing evaluated different mixing fluids, such as water and different brines, compatibility, corrosion testing, and concentrations.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
The testing identified different glass compositions and concentrations that are suitable for different applications and formations. Certain glass compositions increase tensile strength significantly while also maintaining the permeability in the formation. Other glass compositions have similar tensile strength increase, but result in an impermeable seal. The liquid glass solutions react with the formation to form a mineral precipitation inside the formation. The reaction with the formation occurs quickly at downhole conditions, within hours of placement. The glass can be mixed with water and variety of brines to form a stable solution across a range of densities.
The testing and results to date have laid the foundation for use in a variety of consolidation and P&A applications in oil and gas wells. Testing is ongoing for a chalk and sandstone consolidation solution and for a sealing solution.

Novel/Additive Information
These novel glass solutions can solve many of the production and instability challenges that plague weak formations. The glasses can be injected into very low permeability formation to either seal or consolidate.
Feasibility of Repurposing Offshore Decommissioned Gas Rigs into Fish Farms
Authors: Pal Saptarshi , Kuo Chengi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the past 70 years the world has relied extensively for its energy needs based on hydrocarbons produced significantly offshore. In recent years many installations with fixed platforms and pipelines are reaching the end of their useful life and are required by law to be decommissioned and removed if an approved alternative use cannot be found. This process coincides with focus on decarbonization arising from global warming and climate change. The conventional way of decommissioning is to remove the structure and take it onshore for disposal. Such an activity costs around £28 million for smaller UKCS installations in the Southern North Sea. Possible alternative solutions include their use as a research-leisure complex and artificial reef. Such an approach would have less impact on the environment and it is therefore worthwhile to explore the feasibility of repurposing these decommissioned UKCS platforms.
The paper begins by highlighting the background to UKCS offshore decommissioning and farming fish life-cycle. This is followed by a critical review of the three options of total and partial removals and leave-on-site. It is found that repurposing decommissioned platforms for aquaculture farm has not been given sufficient attention and thus offers scope for a project to explore the feasibility of such a solution. Existing offshore fish farming in various countries are examined before using a decision-making matrix to select the most suitable UKCS installation for conversion and this led to using a normally unattended gas platform for the case study.
The focus for this paper is on design and operation of an unattended fish farm and its cost benefit analysis. The former covers fish cage selection, capacity calculation, fish handling procedures, fish feed characteristics, feed demand, designing feed logistics and storage system. The processing facilities are layout on two decks and power needs are generated using a hybrid system of diesel and Li-ion battery. The possibility of using renewable sources by connecting to wind energy grids was also considered. For the latter capital and operating expenditure, revenue generated and maintenance costs are estimated before performing net present value prediction of the profitability of the fish farm over 10 years with for example up to 8 cages and three discount rates.
The main conclusions derived are: It is technically feasible to convert a decommissioned gas platform to a fish farm and the operation can be economic. However, liability transfer implications in a repurposed offshore decommissioned gas platforms to fish farms were not established to verify the project viability.
The conversion of unattended offshore gas platforms in the UKCS to an automated offshore fish farm is a novel solution which has not been implemented in the North Sea before. The work will provide an economic and environmental friendly solution to decommissioning offshore platforms and provide with a possible profitable investment.
Net Zero Facilities - Green Power Generation Offshore
Authors: Varney James , Dyson Richard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The largest contributor to operational emissions from upstream oil and gas operations is power generation from gas turbines (contributing 13.2M tonnes of CO2 and 67.5% of offshore emissions in 2018).
To meet global climate targets, it is critical that the oil and gas industry address the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from its operations.
Given that production facilities built today may operate for 20-30 years, they must be future-proofed for ongoing operation; in this timeframe, industries, governments and countries have committed to significant reductions in emissions. If facilities are not designed with green power in mind, there is a risk that carbon pricing may cause projects to become uneconomic before their planned end-of-life - an expensive folly.
To meet GHG emission targets and de-risk projects it is essential that operators design, and construct facilities powered by green sources. This will future-proof their operations, ensuring that operators are active participants in a carbon neutral future. This is a tenet for survival in a world with pressure to decarbonise from shareholders, financial institutions and society itself. This paper presents a pathway to a green powered facility, identifying the associated opportunities and challenges.
A Decision Quality framework was used to identify methods for achieving green powered facilities including:
Power import from green sources (onshore and offshore) Green Power Purchase Agreements Renewable microgrids Integration with hydrogen networks Facility demanning to reduce power demand Engineered offsetting methods (excluding nature-based offsetting) Digital Transformation of design and operations - remote operation and monitoring.
Design concepts were created to test solutions to removing gas turbines from offshore facilities. Traditional approaches to facility design were challenged at every level and an optimal, green-powered design was identified based on the above assessments integrating the latest techniques and technology. The study team determined the potential limits to offshore electrification and identified solutions to the typical barriers found in these types of project.
This paper demonstrates that a 75% reduction in emissions is achievable with current technology, in a grid with a high renewables component. The opportunities and challenges of net-zero power generation are presented, and a hierarchy of technologies show those which have the biggest impact. This will allow operators to make decisions on areas that present the biggest targets for power generation emissions reduction. The methodology can be adapted to any geographical region, considering available local infrastructure.
With grid-connected systems, as the grid decarbonises, so too will the offshore operations. The approach presented can be applied across many industries; long lifespan, capital intensive projects with large GHG footprints are particularly vulnerable to carbon taxes. These projects have much to gain from adopting green power generation early in system design.
Treatment Outcomes of Anterior Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocation Using an Acromioclavicular Joint Hook Plate Versus a Locking Plate: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Qu Yanzhen , Xie Xudong , Zhou Wu , Xia Tian , Cao Faqi , Mi Bobin , Xiong Yuan , Ye Zhewei , Liu Guohui 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: We aimed to compare the efficacy and functional outcomes of using an acromioclavicular joint hook plate (AJHP) versus a locking plate (LP) in the treatment of anterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation.Methods: Seventeen patients with anterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation were retrospectively analyzed from May 2014 to September 2019. Six patients were surgically treated with an AJHP, and 11 were surgically treated with an LP. Five male and one female patients composed the AJHP group, and nine male and two female patients composed the LP group. The mean age of all patients was 49.5 years.Results: Reduction and fixation were performed with AJHP or LP in all 17 patients. All patients were followed up for a mean duration of 14.4 months. There were no reported complications, wound infections, or instances of plate or screw breakage. The mean operative blood loss, operative time, and length of incision in the AJHP group were significantly better than those in the LP group. Shoulder girdle movement of the AJHP group was significantly better than that of the LP group.Conclusions: This study revealed that AJHP facilitated glenohumeral joint motion, reduced the risk of rupture of mediastinal structures, required a shorter incision, and had lesser blood loss and a shorter duration of operation compared with LP. However, some deficiencies require further improvement.
Performance Analysis of Machine Learning and Pattern Matching Techniques for Deep Packet Inspection in Firewalls
Authors: BibalBenifa J.V. , Krishnann Saravanan , Long Hoang , Kumar Raghvendra , Taniar David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Malware is essentially one of the major security issues that have the potential to break the computer operations instantly. Majority of the internet attacks are caused by malwares that are being distributed through HTTP over the Internet. A Firewall is essential to prevent such internet attacks for enhancing the security measures. The most efficient method to prevent Intrusion in the network is Deep Packet Inspection (DPI), which is presently implemented in advanced firewalls. This research work intends to detect and prevent the intrusion in the network using a hybrid method with DPI, Pattern Matching (PM), and Machine Learning (ML) techniques. In this present work, a hybrid method which involves the functionalities of both DPI and ML is used for classification and identification of attacks. Here, DPI is done by Boyer-Moore-Horspool (BMHP) pattern matching algorithm and ten ML algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Linear-SVM (L-SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), AdaBoost (Ada), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GaNB) and Bernouli Naive Bayes (BeNB) are employed for classification. Subsequently, the proposed work is evaluated in a sequential and parallel manner and it is customized for identifying the fuzzy, impersonation and Denial of Service (DoS)-based attacks. The proposed system is analyzed in different dimensions such as performance of ML methods and role of DPI in attack identification including the pattern matching efficiency. From the investigation, it is identified that BMHP algorithm has the least time and memory consumed values about 0.0028 sec and 125.4 Mib respectively. Similarly, SVM has the accuracy of 99.91% with the least time and memory consumed values about 18.185 sec and 303.5 MiB respectively.
Case Report: Giant Thyroid Cyst with Critical Airway Compresion
Authors: Torrente Irene Grao , Cabezudo Fátima Sánchez - , Vaquero María Antonia , Mate Paloma , Nuñez Sara , Balsa Jose Antonio , Novo Susana , Picardo Antonio Luis 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Thyroid nodules with cystic component are common and the vast majority of them do not cause symptoms. Their neck location, close to airway and vascular structures, makes them a potentially life-threating condition if they become bigger or suffer from an acute haemorrhage. In this case report we expose the case of a twenty-two year old man who went to our emergency service suffering from odynophagia and neck swelling. He was diagnosed with giant thyroid cyst and critical tracheal compression. Initially, in order to relieve symptoms, we carried out two ultrasound-guided aspirations; later, as final treatment, the patient underwent thyroid lobectomy. He progressed successfully without postoperative complications. In our experience, surgery is an effective and definitive treatment to consider in cases for big thyroid cyst in young patients.