bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Breastfeeding
Authors: McKinney Chelsea O. , Hahn-Holbrook Jennifer , Chase-Lansdale P. Lindsay , Ramey Sharon L. , Krohn Julie , Reed-Vance Maxine , Raju Tonse N.K. , Shalowitz Madeleine U. ,   on behalf of the Community Child Health Research Network
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES
Breastfeeding rates differ among racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Our aim was to test whether racial/ethnic disparities in demographic characteristics, hospital use of infant formula, and family history of breastfeeding mediated racial/ethnic gaps in breastfeeding outcomes.

METHODS
We analyzed data from the Community and Child Health Network study (N = 1636). Breastfeeding initiation, postnatal intent to breastfeed, and breastfeeding duration were assessed postpartum. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate relative odds of breastfeeding initiation, postnatal intent, and duration among racial/ethnic groups and to test the candidate mediators of maternal age, income, household composition, employment, marital status, postpartum depression, preterm birth, smoking, belief that “breast is best, ” family history of breastfeeding, in-hospital formula introduction, and WIC participation.

RESULTS
Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were most likely to initiate (91%), intend (92%), and maintain (mean duration, 17.1 weeks) breastfeeding, followed by English-speaking Hispanic mothers (initiation 90%, intent 88%; mean duration, 10.4 weeks) and white mothers (initiation 78%, intent 77%; mean duration, 16.5 weeks); black mothers were least likely to initiate (61%), intend (57%), and maintain breastfeeding (mean duration, 6.4 weeks). Demographic variables fully mediated disparities between black and white mothers in intent and initiation, whereas demographic characteristics and in-hospital formula feeding fully mediated breastfeeding duration. Family breastfeeding history and demographic characteristics helped explain the higher breastfeeding rates of Hispanic mothers relative to white and black mothers.

CONCLUSIONS
Hospitals and policy makers should limit in-hospital formula feeding and consider family history of breastfeeding and demographic characteristics to reduce racial/ethnic breastfeeding disparities.
Bullying and Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Holt Melissa K. , Vivolo-Kantor Alana M. , Polanin Joshua R. , Holland Kristin M. , DeGue Sarah , Matjasko Jennifer L. , Wolfe Misty , Reid Gerald 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Over the last decade there has been increased attention to the association between bullying involvement (as a victim, perpetrator, or bully-victim) and suicidal ideation/behaviors. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the association between bullying involvement and suicidal ideation and behaviors.

METHODS
We searched multiple online databases and reviewed reference sections of articles derived from searches to identify cross-sectional studies published through July 2013. Using search terms associated with bullying, suicide, and youth, 47 studies (38.3% from the United States, 61.7% in non-US samples) met inclusion criteria. Seven observers independently coded studies and met in pairs to reach consensus.

RESULTS
Six different meta-analyses were conducted by using 3 predictors (bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, and bully/victim status) and 2 outcomes (suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors). A total of 280 effect sizes were extracted and multilevel, random effects meta-analyses were performed. Results indicated that each of the predictors were associated with risk for suicidal ideation and behavior (range, 2.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.67–2.69] to 4.02 [95% CI, 2.39–6.76]). Significant heterogeneity remained across each analysis. The bullying perpetration and suicidal behavior effect sizes were moderated by the study’s country of origin; the bully/victim status and suicidal ideation results were moderated by bullying assessment method.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings demonstrated that involvement in bullying in any capacity is associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. Future research should address mental health implications of bullying involvement to prevent suicidal ideation/behavior.
Change of School Playground Environment on Bullying: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Farmer Victoria L. , Williams Sheila M. , Mann Jim I. , Schofield Grant , McPhee Julia C. , Taylor Rachael W. 
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether increasing risk and challenge in primary school playgrounds influences interactions between children.

METHODS
In a 2-year cluster-randomized controlled trial, 8 control schools were asked to not change their play environment, whereas 8 intervention schools increased opportunities for risk and challenge (eg, rough-and-tumble play), reduced rules, and added loose parts (eg, tires). Children (n = 840), parents (n = 635), and teachers (n = 90) completed bullying questionnaires at baseline, 1 (postintervention), and 2 (follow-up) years.

RESULTS
Intervention children reported higher odds of being happy at school (at 2 years, odds ratio [OR]: 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–2.25) and playing with more children (at 1 year, OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.29–2.15) than control children. Although intervention children indicated they were pushed/shoved more (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.03–1.71), they were less likely to tell a teacher (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.52–0.92) at 2 years. No significant group differences were observed in parents reporting whether children had “ever” been bullied at school (1 year: P = .23; 2 years: P = .07). Intervention school teachers noticed more bullying in break time at 1 year (difference in scores: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.06–0.34; P = .009), with no corresponding increase in children reporting bullying to teachers (both time points, P ≥ .26).

CONCLUSIONS
Few negative outcomes were reported by children or parents, except for greater pushing/shoving in intervention schools. Whether this indicates increased resilience as indicated by lower reporting of bullying to teachers may be an unanticipated benefit.
Peer Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Substance Use: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Earnshaw Valerie A. , Elliott Marc N. , Reisner Sari L. , Mrug Sylvie , Windle Michael , Emery Susan Tortolero , Peskin Melissa F. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Peer victimization is common among youth and associated with substance use. Yet, few studies have examined these associations longitudinally or the psychological processes whereby peer victimization leads to substance use. The current study examined whether peer victimization in early adolescence is associated with alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use in mid- to late adolescence, as well as the role of depressive symptoms in these associations.

METHODS
Longitudinal data were collected between 2004 and 2011 from 4297 youth in Birmingham, Alabama; Houston, Texas; and Los Angeles County, California. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling.

RESULTS
The hypothesized model fit the data well (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.02; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.95). More frequent experiences of peer victimization in the fifth grade were associated with greater depressive symptoms in the seventh grade (B[SE] = 0.03[0.01]; P &lt; .001), which, in turn, were associated with a greater likelihood of alcohol use (B[SE] = 0.03[0.01]; P = .003), marijuana use (B[SE] = 0.05[0.01]; P &lt; .001), and tobacco use (B[SE] = 0.05[0.01]; P &lt; .001) in the tenth grade. Moreover, fifth-grade peer victimization was indirectly associated with tenth-grade substance use via the mediator of seventh-grade depressive symptoms, including alcohol use (B[SE] = 0.01[0.01]; P = .006), marijuana use (B[SE] = 0.01[0.01]; P &lt; .001), and tobacco use (B[SE] = 0.02[0.01]; P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS
Youth who experienced more frequent peer victimization in the fifth grade were more likely to use substances in the tenth grade, showing that experiences of peer victimization in early adolescence may have a lasting impact by affecting substance use behaviors during mid- to late adolescence. Interventions are needed to reduce peer victimization among youth and to support youth who have experienced victimization.
Social Dominance, School Bullying, and Child Health: What Are Our Ethical Obligations to the Very Young?
Authors: Halpern Jodi , Jutte Douglas , Colby Jackie , Boyce W. Thomas 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Recent research shows that by age 5, children form rigid social hierarchies, with some children consistently subordinated, and then later, bullied. Further, several studies suggest that enduring mental and physical harm follow. It is time to analyze the health burdens posed by early social dominance and to consider the ethical implications of ongoing socially caused harms.

METHODS
First, we reviewed research demonstrating the health impact of early childhood subordination. Second, we used philosophical conceptions of children’s rights and social justice to consider whether children have a right to protection and who has an obligation to protect them from social harms.

RESULTS
Collectively, recent studies show that early subordination is instantiated biologically, increasing lifetime physical and mental health problems. The pervasive, and enduring nature of these harms leads us to argue that children have a right to be protected. Further, society has a role responsibility to protect children because society conscripts children into schools. Society’s promise to parents that schools will be fiduciaries entails an obligation to safeguard each child’s right to a reasonably open future. Importantly, this role responsibility holds independently of bearing any causal responsibility for the harm. This new argument based on protecting from harm is much stronger than previous equality of opportunity arguments, and applies broadly to other social determinants of health.

CONCLUSIONS
Social institutions have a role responsibility to protect children that is not dependent on playing a causal role in the harm. Children’s rights to protection from social harms can be as strong as their rights to protection from direct bodily harms. Pediatrics 2015;135:S24–S30
Ten-Year Trends in Bullying and Related Attitudes Among 4th- to 12th-Graders
Authors: Waasdorp Tracy Evian , Pas Elise T. , Zablotsky Benjamin , Bradshaw Catherine P. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Bullying is a significant public health concern, and it has received considerable attention from the media and policymakers over the past decade, which has led some to believe that it is increasing. However, there are limited surveillance data on bullying to inform our understanding of such trends over the course of multiple years. The current study examined the prevalence of bullying and related behaviors between 2005 and 2014 and explored whether any such changes varied across schools or as a function of school-level covariates.

METHODS
Youth self-reports of 13 indicators of bullying and related behaviors were collected from 246 306 students in 109 Maryland schools across 10 years. The data were weighted to reflect the school populations and were analyzed by using longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling to examine changes over time.

RESULTS
The covariate-adjusted models indicated a significant improvement over bullying and related concerns in 10 out of 13 indicators (including a decrease in bullying and victimization) for in-person forms (ie, physical, verbal, relational) and cyberbullying. Results also showed an increase in the perceptions that adults do enough to stop bullying and students’ feelings of safety and belonging at school.

CONCLUSIONS
Prevalence of bullying and related behaviors generally decreased over this 10-year period with the most recent years showing the greatest improvements in school climate and reductions in bullying. Additional research is needed to identify factors that contributed to this declining trend.
Violence and Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Austerman Joseph 
Published: November 2021

Education Gap
It is imperative to understand the etiology and risk factors that contribute to aggressive behaviors. Equally important is effectively assessing and using targeted management strategies to reduce pathologic aggression.

Objectives
After completing this article, readers should be able to:Recognize the biological and psychosocial determinants of aggression.Use effective interviewing and screening measures to assess aggressive behaviors.Coordinate psychosocial and biologic interventions to reduce aggression.
Pediatric Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for Primary Care
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

With contributions from the leading experts, Pediatric Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for Primary Care provides primary care pediatricians and other professionals who care for children comprehensive coverage of both common and rare congenital and acquired pediatric conditions.
https://shop.aap.org/pediatric-plastic-and-reconstruction-surgery-for-primary-care-paperback/
Mental Health of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth Compared With Their Peers
Authors: Becerra-Culqui Tracy A. , Liu Yuan , Nash Rebecca , Cromwell Lee , Flanders W. Dana , Getahun Darios , Giammattei Shawn V. , Hunkeler Enid M. , Lash Timothy L. , Millman Andrea , Quinn Virginia P. , Robinson Brandi , Roblin Douglas , Sandberg David E. , Silverberg Michael J. , Tangpricha Vin , Goodman Michael 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Understanding the magnitude of mental health problems, particularly life-threatening ones, experienced by transgender and/or gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth can lead to improved management of these conditions.

METHODS
Electronic medical records were used to identify a cohort of 588 transfeminine and 745 transmasculine children (3–9 years old) and adolescents (10–17 years old) enrolled in integrated health care systems in California and Georgia. Ten male and 10 female referent cisgender enrollees were matched to each TGNC individual on year of birth, race and/ or ethnicity, study site, and membership year of the index date (first evidence of gender nonconforming status). Prevalence ratios were calculated by dividing the proportion of TGNC individuals with a specific mental health diagnosis or diagnostic category by the corresponding proportion in each reference group by transfeminine and/or transmasculine status, age group, and time period before the index date.

RESULTS
Common diagnoses for children and adolescents were attention deficit disorders (transfeminine 15%; transmasculine 16%) and depressive disorders (transfeminine 49%; transmasculine 62%), respectively. For all diagnostic categories, prevalence was severalfold higher among TGNC youth than in matched reference groups. Prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for history of self-inflicted injury in adolescents 6 months before the index date ranged from 18 (95% CI 4.4–82) to 144 (95% CI 36–1248). The corresponding range for suicidal ideation was 25 (95% CI 14–45) to 54 (95% CI 18–218).

CONCLUSIONS
TGNC youth may present with mental health conditions requiring immediate evaluation and implementation of clinical, social, and educational gender identity support measures.
Proposition 8 and Homophobic Bullying in California
Authors: Hatzenbuehler Mark L. , Shen Yishan , Vandewater Elizabeth A. , Russell Stephen T. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Bias-based bullying is associated with negative outcomes for youth, but its contextual predictors are largely unknown. Voter referenda that target lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender groups may be 1 contextual factor contributing to homophobic bullying.

METHODS
Data come from 14 consecutive waves (2001–2014) of cross-sectional surveys of students participating in the California Healthy Kids Survey (N = 4 977 557). Student responses were aggregated to the school level (n = 5121). Using a quasi-experimental design, we compared rates of homophobic bullying before and after Proposition 8, a voter referendum that restricted marriage to heterosexuals in November 2008.

RESULTS
Interrupted time series analyses confirmed that the academic year 2008–2009, during which Proposition 8 was passed, served as a turning point in homophobic bullying. The rate of homophobic bullying increased (blinear = 1.15; P , .001) and accelerated (bquadratic = 0.08; P , .001) in the period before Proposition 8. After Proposition 8, homophobic bullying gradually decreased (blinear = 20.28; P , .05). Specificity analyses showed that these trends were not observed among students who reported that they were bullied because of their race and/or ethnicity, religion, or gender but not because of their sexual orientation. Furthermore, the presence of a protective factor specific to school contexts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth (gay-straight alliances) was associated with a smaller increase in homophobic bullying pre–Proposition 8.

CONCLUSIONS
This research provides some of the first empirical evidence that public campaigns that promote stigma may confer risk for bias-based bullying among youth.
Mental Health, Drug, and Violence Interventions for Sexual/Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Coulter Robert W. S. , Egan James E. , Kinsky Suzanne , Friedman M. Reuel , Eckstrand Kristen L. , Frankeberger Jessica , Folb Barbara L. , Mair Christina , Markovic Nina , Silvestre Anthony , Stall Ron , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: November 2021

CONTEXT
Compared with cisgender (nontransgender), heterosexual youth, sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) experience great inequities in substance use, mental health problems, and violence victimization, thereby making them a priority population for interventions.

OBJECTIVE
To systematically review interventions and their effectiveness in preventing or reducing substance use, mental health problems, and violence victimization among SGMY.

DATA SOURCES
PubMed, PsycINFO, and Education Resources Information Center.

STUDY SELECTION
Selected studies were published from January 2000 to 2019, included randomized and nonrandomized designs with pretest and posttest data, and assessed substance use, mental health problems, or violence victimization outcomes among SGMY.

DATA EXTRACTION
Data extracted were intervention descriptions, sample details, measurements, results, and methodologic rigor.

RESULTS
With this review, we identified 9 interventions for mental health, 2 for substance use, and 1 for violence victimization. One SGMY-inclusive intervention examined coordinated mental health services. Five sexual minority–specific interventions included multiple state-level policy interventions, a therapist-administered family-based intervention, a computer-based intervention, and an online intervention. Three gender minority–specific interventions included transition-related gender-affirming care interventions. All interventions improved mental health outcomes, 2 reduced substance use, and 1 reduced bullying victimization. One study had strong methodologic quality, but the remaining studies’ results must be interpreted cautiously because of suboptimal methodologic quality.

LIMITATIONS
There exists a small collection of diverse interventions for reducing substance use, mental health problems, and violence victimization among SGMY.

CONCLUSIONS
The dearth of interventions identified in this review is likely insufficient to mitigate the substantial inequities in substance use, mental health problems, and violence among SGMY.
Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults
Authors: Ryan Caitlin , Huebner David , Diaz Rafael M. , Sanchez Jorge 
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE
We examined specific family rejecting reactions to sexual orientation and gender expression during adolescence as predictors of current health problems in a sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults.

METHODS
On the basis of previously collected in-depth interviews, we developed quantitative scales to assess retrospectively in young adults the frequency of parental and caregiver reactions to a lesbian, gay, or bisexual sexual orientation during adolescence. Our survey instrument also included measures of 9 negative health indicators, including mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk. The survey was administered to a sample of 224 white and Latino self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults, aged 21 to 25, recruited through diverse venues and organizations. Participants completed self-report questionnaires by using either computer-assisted or pencil-and-paper surveys.

RESULTS
Higher rates of family rejection were significantly associated with poorer health outcomes. On the basis of odds ratios, lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who reported higher levels of family rejection during adolescence were 8.4 times more likely to report having attempted suicide, 5.9 times more likely to report high levels of depression, 3.4 times more likely to use illegal drugs, and 3.4 times more likely to report having engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse compared with peers from families that reported no or low levels of family rejection. Latino men reported the highest number of negative family reactions to their sexual orientation in adolescence.

CONCLUSIONS
This study establishes a clear link between specific parental and caregiver rejecting behaviors and negative health problems in young lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Providers who serve this population should assess and help educate families about the impact of rejecting behaviors. Counseling families, providing anticipatory guidance, and referring families for counseling and support can help make a critical difference in helping decrease risk and increasing well-being for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth.
Health and Care Utilization of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Rider G. Nicole , McMorris Barbara J. , Gower Amy L. , Coleman Eli , Eisenberg Marla E. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) adolescents have difficulty accessing and receiving health care compared with cisgender youth, yet research is limited by a reliance on small and nonrepresentative samples. This study’s purpose was to examine mental and physical health characteristics and care utilization between youth who are TGNC and cisgender and across perceived gender expressions within the TGNC sample.

METHODS
Data came from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, which consisted of 80 929 students in ninth and 11th grade (n = 2168 TGNC, 2.7%). Students self-reported gender identity, perceived gender expression, 4 health status measures, and 3 care utilization measures. Chi-squares and multiple analysis of covariance tests (controlling for demographic covariates) were used to compare groups.

RESULTS
We found that students who are TGNC reported significantly poorer health, lower rates of preventive health checkups, and more nurse office visits than cisgender youth. For example, 62.1% of youth who are TGNC reported their general health as poor, fair, or good versus very good or excellent, compared with 33.1% of cisgender youth (χ2 = 763.7, P &lt; .001). Among the TGNC sample, those whose gender presentation was perceived as very congruent with their birth-assigned sex were less likely to report poorer health and long-term mental health problems compared with those with other gender presentations.

CONCLUSIONS
Health care utilization differs between TGNC versus cisgender youth and across gender presentations within TGNC youth. With our results, we suggest that health care providers should screen for health risks and identify barriers to care for TGNC youth while promoting and bolstering wellness within this community.