bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer Risk in Normal Weight Individuals with Metabolic Obesity: A Narrative Review
Authors: Liu Bethina , Giffney Hugh E. , Arthur Rhonda S. , Rohan Thomas E. , Dannenberg Andrew J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Obesity represents one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide. Current clinical practice relies on body mass index (BMI) to define the obesity status of an individual, even though the index has long been recognized for its limitations as a measure of body fat. In normal BMI individuals, increased central adiposity has been associated with worse health outcomes, including increased risks of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. The condition leading to these outcomes has been described as metabolic obesity in the normal weight (MONW). More recent evidence suggests that MONW is associated with increased risk of several obesity-related malignancies, including postmenopausal breast, endometrial, colorectal, and liver cancers. In MONW patients, the false reassurance of a normal range BMI can lead to lost opportunities for implementing preventive interventions that may benefit a substantial number of people. A growing body of literature has documented the increased risk profile of MONW individuals and demonstrated practical uses for body composition and biochemical analyses to identify this at-risk population. In this review, we survey the current literature on MONW and cancer, summarize pathophysiology and oncogenic mechanisms, highlight potential strategies for diagnosis and treatment, and suggest directions for future research.
Association Between Coffee Intake and Incident Heart Failure Risk
Authors: Stevens Laura M. , Linstead Erik , Hall Jennifer L. , Kao David P. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Coronary heart disease, heart failure (HF), and stroke are complex diseases with multiple phenotypes. While many risk factors for these diseases are well known, investigation of as-yet unidentified risk factors may improve risk assessment and patient adherence to prevention guidelines. We investigated the diet domain in FHS (Framingham Heart Study), CHS (Cardiovascular Heart Study), and the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) to identify potential lifestyle and behavioral factors associated with coronary heart disease, HF, and stroke.

Methods:
We used machine learning feature selection based on random forest analysis to identify potential risk factors associated with coronary heart disease, stroke, and HF in FHS. We evaluated the significance of selected variables using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusted for known cardiovascular risks. Findings from FHS were then validated using CHS and ARIC.

Results:
We identified multiple dietary and behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease outcomes including marital status, red meat consumption, whole milk consumption, and coffee consumption. Among these dietary variables, increasing coffee consumption was associated with decreasing long-term risk of HF congruently in FHS, ARIC, and CHS.

Conclusions:
Higher coffee intake was found to be associated with reduced risk of HF in all three studies. Further study is warranted to better define the role, possible causality, and potential mechanism of coffee consumption as a potential modifiable risk factor for HF.
Effects of a 2-Year Primary Care Lifestyle Intervention on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Höchsmann Christoph , Dorling James L. , Martin Corby K. , Newton Robert L. , Apolzan John W. , Myers Candice A. , Denstel Kara D. , Mire Emily F. , Johnson William D. , Zhang Dachuan , Arnold Connie L. , Davis Terry C. , Fonseca Vivian , Lavie Carl J. , Price-Haywood Eboni G. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. ,   For the PROPEL Research Group
Published: February 2021

Background:
Intensive lifestyle interventions (ILIs) are the first-line approach to effectively treat obesity and manage associated cardiometabolic risk factors. Because few people have access to ILIs in academic health centers, primary care must implement similar approaches for a meaningful effect on obesity and cardiometabolic disease prevalence. To date, however, effective lifestyle-based obesity treatment in primary care is limited. We examined the effectiveness of a pragmatic ILI for weight loss delivered in primary care among a racially diverse, low-income population with obesity for improving cardiometabolic risk factors over 24 months.

Methods:
The PROPEL trial (Promoting Successful Weight Loss in Primary Care in Louisiana) randomly allocated 18 clinics equally to usual care or an ILI and subsequently enrolled 803 (351 usual care, 452 ILI) adults (67% Black, 84% female) with obesity from participating clinics. The usual care group continued to receive their normal primary care. The ILI group received a 24-month high-intensity lifestyle-based obesity treatment program, embedded in the clinic setting and delivered by health coaches in weekly sessions initially and monthly sessions in months 7 through 24.

Results:

As recently demonstrated, participants receiving the PROPEL ILI lost significantly more weight over 24 months than those receiving usual care (mean difference, −4.51% [95% CI, −5.93 to −3.10];
P
<0.01). Fasting glucose decreased more in the ILI group compared with the usual care group at 12 months (mean difference, −7.1 mg/dL [95% CI, −12.0 to −2.1];
P
<0.01) but not 24 months (mean difference, −0.8 mg/dL [95% CI, −6.2 to 4.6];
P
=0.76). Increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were greater in the ILI than in the usual care group at both time points (mean difference at 24 months, 4.6 mg/dL [95% CI, 2.9–6.3];
P
<0.01). Total:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and metabolic syndrome severity (
z
score) decreased more in the ILI group than in the usual care group at both time points, with significant mean differences of the change of −0.31 (95% CI, −0.47 to −0.14;
P
<0.01) and −0.21 (95% CI, −0.36 to −0.06;
P
=0.01) at 24 months, respectively. Changes in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure did not differ significantly between groups at any time point.

Conclusions:
A pragmatic ILI consistent with national guidelines and delivered by trained health coaches in primary care produced clinically relevant improvements in cardiometabolic health in an underserved population over 24 months.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02561221.
Predicting MEG resting-state functional connectivity from
microstructural information
Authors: Messaritaki Eirini , Foley Sonya , Schiavi Simona , Magazzini Lorenzo , Routley Bethany , Jones Derek K. , Singh Krish D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Understanding how human brain microstructure influences functional connectivity is an important endeavor. In this work, magnetic resonance imaging data from 90 healthy participants were used to calculate structural connectivity matrices using the streamline count, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and a myelin measure (derived from multicomponent relaxometry) to assign connection strength. Unweighted binarized structural connectivity matrices were also constructed. Magnetoencephalography resting-state data from those participants were used to calculate functional connectivity matrices, via correlations of the Hilbert envelopes of beamformer time series in the delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. Nonnegative matrix factorization was performed to identify the components of the functional connectivity. Shortest path length and search-information analyses of the structural connectomes were used to predict functional connectivity patterns for each participant. The microstructure-informed algorithms predicted the components of the functional connectivity more accurately than they predicted the total functional connectivity. This provides a methodology to understand functional mechanisms better. The shortest path length algorithm exhibited the highest prediction accuracy. Of the weights of the structural connectivity matrices, the streamline count and the myelin measure gave the most accurate predictions, while the fractional anisotropy performed poorly. Overall, different structural metrics paint very different pictures of the structural connectome and its relationship to functional connectivity.
Integrated clinical animal behaviour
Authors: Wynne Clive D.L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper I outline the drawbacks with the two main behavioural approaches to animal behaviour problems and argue that each alone is insufficient to underpin a field of clinical animal behaviour. Applied ethology offers an interest in an animal’s spontaneous behaviour in natural contexts, understood within an ecological and evolutionary framework but lacks an awareness of mechanisms that can be manipulated to modify the behaviour of individual animals. Behaviourism in the form of Applied Behavior Analysis offers a toolkit of techniques for modifying the behaviour of individual animals, but has seldom been applied to non-human species, and often overlooks phylogenetic aspects of behaviour. Notwithstanding the historical animosities between the two fields of animal behaviour they are philosophically highly compatible — both being empiricist schools stemming ultimately from Darwin’s insights. Though each individually is incomplete, I argue that an integrated approach that synthesizes the strengths of each holds great promise in helping the many animals who need our assistance to survive and thrive in human-dominated environments.
Capitalism Has No Clothes: the Unexpected Shock of the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Cárdenas-García Jaime F. , Soria De Mesa Bruno , Castro Diego Romero 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 has undeniably changed the world forever. Capitalism in the United States and Europe can no longer feel immune from the effects of epidemics that were at one point in time the concern of minor countries, such as the recent (2014–2016) Ebola epidemic in Western Africa. This article examines how COVID-19 not only showed that Capitalism has no clothes in its inability to respond effectively to this momentous event, but shows the burgeoning of the impact on its slow-motion decline. This is evident from the still-unresolved healthcare crisis in the United States, which allows runaway contagion, sickness, and death due to a careless governmental attitude that prioritizes capital over human lives; the economic impact, which sidelines millions of workers into unemployment, leaving them without a way to sustain themselves due to a miserly and short-sighted governmental response; and the political and social cost that is yet to be determined.
Contribution of Business Entities in the Fight against COVID-19 in South Africa
Authors: Bala Samkelo , Kang’ethe Simon M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Unequivocally, South Africa, amid an environment of paucity of resources and ever-increasing cases of coronavirus, faces an arduous challenge of fighting the scourge of coronavirus. This has necessitated the need to assess the role of business entities as complementary stakeholders. This article applied qualitative paradigm and case-study design that allowed an investigation of 13 postgraduate participants to explore the contribution of business entities against coronavirus in South Africa. The article established gaps embedded in the contribution made by business entities against COVID-19; weaker support by Eastern Cape business entities against COVID-19; and business entities donating personal protective equipment to communities and food to the disadvantaged communities. This article recommends that business entities increase their complementary role to the government by increasing their contribution to needy communities.
Staying or Moving
Authors: Sprenger Guido 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
James C. Scott claimed that upland Southeast Asians consider their good life as dependent on their autonomy from the state. Given that the state today is present in various forms in the uplands, current uplanders can be considered as post-Zomian. Staying and moving represent two contrastive values in this region whose realisation serves to make a good life possible. This article considers these values through the issue of resettlement in Laos, a situation in which local values intersect with or contradict government planning. Even in situations in which the state demonstrates its hegemony and force, ethnic Rmeet uplanders tend to stress their own agency. Therefore, resettlement and its avoidance may both appear as the realisation of local values, sometimes in the shape of ‘village agency’, as the good life is seen as life in a community.
Erasmus on Miracles and the Gift of Languages
Authors: Krans Jan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This contribution explores an important New Testament annotation by Erasmus, in which he deals with miracles and the quality of the Greek of the New Testament. A side remark in the short 1516 form of the annotation immediately provoked fierce opposition, which is shown to have led to significant expansions by Erasmus. The annotation also had a significant reception history in New Testament scholarship, the beginnings of which are sketched below.
Microfinancial Drivers of Women Empowerment: Do Self-help Group Membership and Family Size Moderate the Relation?
Authors: Rai Vinita , Shrivastava Monica 
Published: February 2021

This study aims at developing a model that would assess women empowerment due to microfinance activities and evaluates the moderating role of self-help group (SHG) membership and family size in women empowerment. Factor analysis and partial least square structural equation modelling are employed to meet the objective of the study. Multigroup analysis is used to assess the moderating role of SHG membership and family size. The data are examined using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.3.2 software. Findings reveal that the overall empowerment of women who belong to SHG is more influenced by social empowerment due to microfinance, while non-SHG members who have availed microfinance services feel more empowered due to their economic and psychological empowerment. Women with family size of four or less are more empowered due to their economic and social empowerment, while psychology played a more significant role in women with family size of more than four. The government and microfinance institutions (MFIs) should organise more awareness programmes to help women avail the microfinance services so that the economic activities conducted by them can lift the country’s economy. Women should be motivated to joins SHGs to reduce the chances of domestic violence and to increase their social holding. JEL Classification: C380, D140, G210
Looking Up at the Ivory Tower: Juvenile Court Judges’ and Attorneys’ Perceptions of Research Use
Authors: Murphy Kelly , Hickman Shelby , Jones Rebecca M. 
Published: February 2021

Objectives: Explore how judges and attorneys define, acquire, interpret (i.e., determine the accuracy and relevancy), and use research in their decision-making in delinquency cases. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 judges, 15 prosecutors, and 13 defense attorneys. We used stratified purposeful sampling, stratifying participants by region of the U.S. and urbanicity. Results: Judges and attorneys have a sound understanding of how research can enhance their work. Typically, judges and attorneys acquire research from intermediaries. Beyond being a conduit for research, intermediaries play an important role in vetting the quality of research and identifying viable recommendations for practice. While practitioners are willing to use research, they feel that their ability to do so is limited by factors such as state policy, funding, and inaccessibility of research. Conclusions: While we caution generalization of the findings, this study contributes to the evidence-base on the use of research by documenting that judges and attorneys most often use research conceptually (i.e., research changes their perspective which then changes their behavior). Although respondents also reported using research-based tools to make specific decisions (instrumental use), many reported overriding research when they felt it conflicted with their judgment, suggesting that political use of research may be prevalent.
Robust Testing in Outpatient Settings to Explore COVID-19 Epidemiology: Disparities in Race/Ethnicity and Age, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2020
Authors: Ahmed Sharia M. , Shah Rashmee U. , Fernandez Valerie , Grineski Sara , Brintz Benjamin , Samore Matthew H. , Ferrari Matthew J. , Leung Daniel T. , Keegan Lindsay T. 
Published: February 2021

Objective US-based descriptions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have focused on patients with severe disease. Our objective was to describe characteristics of a predominantly outpatient population tested for SARS-CoV-2 in an area receiving comprehensive testing. Methods We extracted data on demographic characteristics and clinical data for all patients (91% outpatient) tested for SARS-CoV-2 at University of Utah Health clinics in Salt Lake County, Utah, from March 10 through April 24, 2020. We manually extracted data on symptoms and exposures from a subset of patients, and we calculated the adjusted odds of receiving a positive test result by demographic characteristics and clinical risk factors. Results Of 17 662 people tested, 1006 (5.7%) received a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2. Hispanic/Latinx people were twice as likely as non-Hispanic White people to receive a positive test result (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-3.1), although the severity at presentation did not explain this discrepancy. Young people aged 0-19 years had the lowest rates of receiving a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2 (<4 cases per 10 000 population), and adults aged 70-79 and 40-49 had the highest rates of hospitalization per 100 000 population among people who received a positive test result (16 and 11, respectively). Conclusions We found disparities by race/ethnicity and age in access to testing and in receiving a positive test result among outpatients tested for SARS-CoV-2. Further research and public health outreach on addressing racial/ethnic and age disparities will be needed to effectively combat the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in the United States.
Diffusion kurtosis imaging assessment of the response to radiotherapy in a VX2 bone tumor model: an animal study
Authors: Guo Jia , Dong Cheng , Wu Zengjie , Sun Weikai , Li Xiaoli , Zhou Ruizhi , Xu Wenjian 
Published: February 2021

Background Neoadjuvant radiotherapy plays a vital role in the treatment of malignant bone tumors, and non-invasive imaging methods are needed to evaluate the response to treatment. Purpose To assess the value of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) for monitoring early response to radiotherapy in malignant bone tumors. Material and Methods Treatment response was evaluated in a rabbit VX2 bone tumor model (n = 35) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), DKI, and histopathologic examinations. Subjects were divided into three groups: pre-treatment, post-treatment, and control groups. The post-treatment group was subclassified into good response and poor response groups according to the results of histopathologic examination. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and DKI parameters (mean diffusion coefficient [MD] and mean kurtosis [MK]) were recorded. The relationship between ADC, DKI parameters, and histopathologic changes after radiotherapy was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The diagnostic performance of these parameters was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results MD in the good response group was higher after treatment than before treatment ( P < 0.001) and higher than that in the poor response group ( P = 0.009). MD was highly correlated with tumor cell density and apoptosis rate (r = −0.771, P < 0.001 and r = 0.625, P < 0.001, respectively). MD was superior to other parameters for determining the curative effect of radiotherapy, with a sensitivity of 75.0%, specificity of 100.0%, and area under the curve of 0.917 ( P < 0.001). Conclusion The correlations between MD, tumor cell density, and apoptosis suggest that MD could be useful for assessing the early response to radiotherapy in rabbit VX2 malignant bone tumors.
High-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging for depicting imaging features of unruptured intracranial vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms
Authors: Sui Binbin , Bai Xiaoyan , Gao Peiyi , Lin Yan , Zhang Yisen , Liang Jia , Yang Xinjian 
Published: February 2021

Objective To demonstrate the application value of high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (HR-VW-MRI) for depicting the imaging features of unruptured intracranial vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms (VBDAs). Methods HR-VW-MRI data of 49 patients with suspected unruptured VBDAs were retrospectively analyzed. The presence of intramural hematomas (IMH), double lumens, intimal flaps, and outer diameter enlargements were recorded. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated for both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) sequences. Additionally, IMH volumes were measured and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) involvement was analyzed. Results Thirty-five VBDAs were confirmed in 34 patients. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 0.889 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.730–0.964) and 0.769 (95% CI: 0.460–0.938) for 2D sequences, and 0.917 (95% CI: 0.764–0.978) and 0.846 (95% CI: 0.537–0.973) for 3D sequences, respectively. Intimal flaps were detected in 57.1%, 87.5%, and 71.4% of all cases on 2D pre-contrast T1-weighted, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted, and 3D T1-weighted black-blood (BB) images, respectively. There was no significant difference in IMH volume between 3D T1-weighted BB and magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo sequences. PICA involvement was best visualized using 3D T1 sequences. Conclusion 3D T1-weighted BB MRI provided good visualization of VBDA features, with large coverage, and was useful for detecting dissection flaps.