bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standard model gauge fields localized on non-Abelian vortices in six dimensions
Authors: Arai Masato , Blaschke Filip , Eto Minoru , Kawaguchi Masaki , Sakai Norisuke 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A brane-world SU(5) grand unified theory model with global non-Abelian vortices is constructed in six-dimensional spacetime. We find a solution with a vortex associated to SU(3) separated from another vortex associated to SU(2). This 3–2 split configuration achieves a geometric Higgs mechanism for SU(5) → SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) symmetry breaking. A simple deformation potential induces a domain wall between non-Abelian vortices, leading to a linear confining potential. The confinement stabilizes the vortex separation moduli, and ensures the vorticities of the SU(3) and SU(2) groups are identical. This dictates the equality of the numbers of fermion zero modes in the fundamental representation of SU(3) (quarks) and SU(2) (leptons), leading to quark/lepton generations. The standard model massless gauge fields are localized on the non-Abelian vortices thanks to a field-dependent gauge kinetic function. We perform fluctuation analysis with an appropriate gauge fixing and obtain a four-dimensional effective Lagrangian of unbroken and broken gauge fields at quadratic order. We find that SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) gauge fields are localized on the vortices and exactly massless. Complications in analyzing the spectra of gauge fields with the nontrivial gauge kinetic function are neatly worked out by a vector-analysis-like method.
Central Bank Swap Lines: Evidence on the Effects of the Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Bahaj Saleem , Reis Ricardo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Theory predicts that central-bank lending programs put ceilings on private domestic lending rates, reduce ex post financing risk, and encourage ex ante investment. This article shows that with global banks and integrated financial markets, but domestic central banks, then lending of last resort can be achieved using swap lines. Through them, a source central bank provides source-currency credit to recipient-country banks using the recipient central bank as the monitor and as the bearer of the credit risk. In theory, the swap lines should put a ceiling on deviations from covered interest parity, lower average ex post bank borrowing costs, and increase ex ante inflows from recipient-country banks into privately issued assets denominated in the source-country’s currency. Empirically, these three predictions are tested using variation in the terms of the swap line over time, variation in the central banks that have access to the swap line, variation in the days of the week in which the swap line is open, variation in the exposure of different securities to foreign investment, and variation in banks’ exposure to dollar funding risk. The evidence suggests that the international lender of last resort is very effective.
One-year renal outcome in lupus nephritis patients with acute kidney injury: a nomogram model
Authors: Sun Fangfang , Wang Huijing , Zhang Danting , Han Fei , Ye Shuang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
To develop a short-term renal outcome prediction model for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with LN.

Methods
Two lupus AKI cohorts from two independent centres during 2013–2019 were included: a derivation cohort from a rheumatology centre and a validation cohort from a nephrology centre. Clinical characteristics and renal histologic features were obtained. The outcome measurement was the recovery of kidney function within 12 months. Lasso regression was used for feature selection. Prediction models with or without pathology were built and a nomogram was plotted. Model evaluation including calibration curve and decision curve analysis was performed.

Results
A total of 130 patients were included in the derivation cohort and 96 patients in the validation cohort, of which 82 and 73 patients received a renal biopsy, respectively. The prognostic nomogram model without pathology included determinants of SLE duration, days from AKI onset to treatment and baseline creatinine level [C-index 0.85 (95% CI 0.78, 0.91) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.70, 0.88) for the two cohorts]. A combination of histologic tubulointerstitial (TI) fibrosis in the nomogram gave an incremental predictive performance (C-index 0.93 vs 0.85; P = 0.039) in the derivation cohort but failed to improve the performance in the validation cohort (C-index 0.81 vs 0.79; P = 0.78). Decision curve analysis suggested clinical benefit of the prediction models.

Conclusion
The predictive nomogram models might facilitate more accurate management for lupus patients with AKI.
The Consilia by Learned Physicians Pietro Andrea Mattioli and Francesco Partini: Dialectic Relations between Doctrine, Empirical Knowledge and Use of the Senses in Sixteenth-century Europe
Authors: Quaranta Alessandra 
Published: October 2021

Summary
The present article focuses on the medical practice of Pietro Andrea Mattioli from Siena and Francesco Partini from Rovereto (Trent), learned physicians who worked for the Habsburg courts in the second half of the sixteenth century. They paid particular attention to the body signs of disease and described them in detail through the senses of sight, touch, smell and taste. Such a method allowed them to formulate a plausible diagnosis, which concerned not only a general humoral imbalance but also often a specific organ. Furthermore, the empirical data they observed were interpreted in the light of Galenic medicine, a fluid and adaptable system, capable of including relatively new elements. Partini and Mattioli’s medical consultations reveal peculiar aspects of body examination and offer the opportunity both to seize the inventiveness of Galenic medicine and to explore the complex relationship between learned physicians and the written medical tradition.
Mycorrhiza helper bacterium Bacillus pumilus HR10 improves growth and nutritional status of Pinus thunbergii by promoting mycorrhizal proliferation
Authors: Wang Ya-Hui , Hou Liang-Liang , Wu Xiao-Qin , Zhu Mei-Ling , Dai Yun , Zhao Yin-Juan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) play an important role in mediating mycorrhizal symbiosis, which improves the growth and nutrient uptake of plants. This study examined the growth-promoting effects and mechanisms of pine growth after inoculation with the MHB Bacillus pumilus HR10 and/or Hymenochaete sp. Rl. The effect of B. pumilus HR10 on Hymenochaete sp. Rl growth, enzyme activity and gene expression related to mycorrhiza formation were determined. The growth, root activity, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content and chlorophyll fluorescence activity of Pinus thunbergii and the mycorrhizal colonization intensity of Hymenochaete sp. Rl-inoculated pine seedlings after inoculation with B. pumilus HR10 were also evaluated. The results showed that B. pumilus HR10 promoted growth, regulated the expression of mycorrhizal-related genes and affected the β-1,3-glucanase activity of Hymenochaete sp. Rl. The mycorrhizal colonization intensity of pine seedlings co-inoculated with B. pumilus HR10 and Hymenochaete sp. Rl was 1.58-fold higher than seedlings inoculated with only Hymenochaete sp. Rl. Inoculation with B. pumilus HR10 and/or Hymenochaete sp. Rl increased lateral root number and root activity of pine seedlings and chlorophyll fluorescence activity of pine needles compared with the control. Bacillus pumilus HR10 facilitated nutrient uptake by enhancing the mycorrhizal proliferation of pine and induced greater photosynthesis and root activity of pine seedlings, which confirms its role as an outstanding plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanism of B. pumilus HR10 promotion of mycorrhizal symbiosis.
Diverging responses of water and carbon relations during and after heat and hot drought stress in Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Rehschuh Romy , Ruehr Nadine K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Forests are increasingly affected by heatwaves, often co-occurring with drought, with consequences for water and carbon (C) cycling. However, our ability to project tree resilience to more intense hot droughts remains limited. Here, we used single tree chambers (n = 18) to investigate transpiration (E), net assimilation (Anet), root respiration (Rroot) and stem diameter change in Scots pine seedlings in a control treatment and during gradually intensifying heat or drought-heat stress (max. 42 °C), including recovery. Alongside this, we assessed indicators of stress impacts and recovery capacities.
In the heat treatment, excessive leaf heating was mitigated via increased E, while under drought-heat, E ceased and leaf temperatures reached 46 °C. However, leaf electrolyte leakage was negligible, while light-adapted quantum yield of photosystem II (F′v/F′m) declined alongside Anet moderately in heat, but strongly in drought-heat seedlings, in which respiration exceeded C uptake. Drought-heat largely affected the hydraulic system as apparent in stem diameter shrinkage, declining relative needle water content (RWCNeedle) and water potential (ΨNeedle) reaching −2.7 MPa, alongside a 90% decline of leaf hydraulic conductance (KLeaf).
Heat alone resulted in low functional impairment and all measured parameters recovered quickly. Contrary, following drought-heat, the recovery of KLeaf was incomplete and stem hydraulic conductivity (KS) was 25% lower than the control. However, F′v/F′m recovered and the tree net C balance reached control values 2 days post-stress, with stem increment rates accelerating during the second recovery week. This indicates a new equilibrium of C uptake and release in drought-heat seedlings independent of hydraulic impairment, which may slowly contribute to the repair of damaged tissues. In summary, Scots pine recovered rapidly following moderate heat stress, while combined with drought, hydraulic and thermal stress intensified, resulting in functional damage and slow recovery of hydraulic conductance. This incomplete hydraulic recovery could critically limit evaporative cooling capacities and C uptake under repeated heatwaves.
Phylodynamic study of the conserved RNA structure encompassing the hemagglutinin cleavage site encoding region of H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses
Authors: Dupré Gabriel , Hoede Claire , Figueroa Thomas , Bessière Pierre , Bertagnoli Stéphane , Ducatez Mariette , Gaspin Christine , Volmer Romain 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) evolve from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) of the H5 and H7 subtypes. This evolution is characterized by the acquisition of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) motif in the hemagglutinin (HA) that leads to an extended viral tropism and severe disease in poultry. One key unanswered question is whether the risk of transition to HPAIVs is similar for all LPAIVs H5 or H7 strains, or whether specific determinants in the HA sequence of some H5 or H7 LPAIV strains correlate with a higher risk of transition to HPAIVs. Here, we determined if specific features of the conserved RNA stem-loop located at the HA cleavage site-encoding region could be detected along the LPAIV to HPAIV evolutionary pathway. Analysis of the thermodynamic stability of the predicted RNA structures showed no specific patterns common to HA sequences leading to HPAIVs and distinct from those remaining LPAIVs. However, RNA structure clustering analysis revealed that most of the American lineage ancestors leading to H7 emergences via recombination shared the same viral RNA (vRNA) structure topology at the HA1/HA2 boundary region. Our study thus identified predicted secondary RNA structures present in the HA of H7 viruses, which could promote genetic recombination and acquisition of a multibasic cleavage site motif (MBCS).
Later Life Workplace Index: Validation of an English Version
Authors: Finsel Julia S , Wöhrmann Anne M , Wang Mo , Wilckens Max R , Deller Jürgen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractResearch on measures for organizational practices targeted toward older employees has grown during the past decade. However, existing measures tend to capture the construct with unidimensional scales, use single-item operationalizations, or focus on specific domains. Thus, the Later Life Workplace Index (LLWI) was developed to serve as a multidimensional framework for measuring organizational practices for the aging workforce. The LLWI covers 9 domains, namely organizational climate, leadership, work design, health management, individual development, knowledge management, transition to retirement, continued employment after retirement, and health and retirement coverage. The index has recently been operationalized and validated in Germany. Given that the quantitative evidence for the framework is limited to Germany so far, we aimed to translate and validate an English version of the LLWI using a sample of older U.S. employees (N = 279). Findings regarding the psychometric properties of the measure are presented, supporting the domain level factor structure through confirmatory factor analyses, but revealing some redundancy among the items for the overall 9 domain factor structure. Multigroup factor analyses comparing the U.S. sample to a German sample (N = 349) further confirmed configural and (partial) metric measurement invariance of the English version of the LLWI. Results also supported convergent and discriminant validity as well as criterion and incremental validity regarding individual level attitudinal, health-related, intention, and behavioral outcomes. Based on these findings, implications for the use of the LLWI in research and practice and future research directions are discussed.
Orogastric Tube Insertion in Extremely Low Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Benefield Danielle , Salas Ariel A. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Orogastric (OG) tube insertion is a frequent practice performed by nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Combining the nose–ear–mid-umbilicus (NEMU) method with a birth weight (BW)–based method to determine optimal insertion length of OG tubes could reduce misplacement in extremely low birth-weight (ELBW) infants.

Purpose:
The objective of this study was to determine whether combining the NEMU method with a BW-based method to determine insertion length of OG tubes reduces misplacement of OG tubes in ELBW infants younger than 6 hours.

Methods:
The study included 129 ELBW infants in the NICU younger than 6 hours. We compared the frequency of OG tube misplacements in ELBW infants during 2 different time periods. In period I, the insertion length of OG tubes was estimated with the NEMU method alone. In period II, the insertion length of OG tubes was estimated by combining the NEMU method with a BW-based method. OG tubes were considered misplaced if the tip was above the diaphragm (high) or near the pylorus (low) in radiographs obtained after placement.

Results:
Infants who had OG tubes placed by combining both methods were less likely to have low OG tubes (53% in period I vs 34% in period II; P < .05). The BW-based method alone predicted optimal OG tube insertion length in 57 of 89 infants (64%).

Implications for Practice and Research:
Combining the NEMU method with the BW-based method increases the probability of optimal OG tube placement in ELBW infants. Additional studies across multiple centers would validate the diagnostic accuracy of this method.

Video abstract available at
https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx.
Use of a Risk Analytic Algorithm to Inform Weaning From Vasoactive Medication in Patients Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Goldsmith Michael P. , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Futterman Craig , Gazit Avihu Z. , Baronov Dimitar , Tomczak Adam , Laussen Peter C. , Salvin Joshua W. 
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Advanced clinical decision support tools, such as real-time risk analytic algorithms, show promise in assisting clinicians in making more efficient and precise decisions. These algorithms, which calculate the likelihood of a given underlying physiology or future event, have predominantly been used to identify the risk of impending clinical decompensation. There may be broader clinical applications of these models. Using the inadequate delivery of oxygen index, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved risk analytic algorithm predicting the likelihood of low cardiac output state, the primary objective was to evaluate the association of inadequate delivery of oxygen index with success or failure of weaning vasoactive support in postoperative cardiac surgery patients.

DESIGN:
Multicenter retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Three pediatric cardiac ICUs at tertiary academic children’s hospitals.

PATIENTS:
Infants and children greater than 2 kg and less than 12 years following cardiac surgery, who required vasoactive infusions for greater than 6 hours in the postoperative period.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Postoperative patients were identified who successfully weaned off initial vasoactive infusions (n = 2,645) versus those who failed vasoactive wean (required reinitiation of vasoactive, required mechanical circulatory support, renal replacement therapy, suffered cardiac arrest, or died) (n = 516). Inadequate delivery of oxygen index for final 6 hours of vasoactive wean was captured. Inadequate delivery of oxygen index was significantly elevated in patients with failed versus successful weans (inadequate delivery of oxygen index 11.6 [sd 19.0] vs 6.4 [sd 12.6]; p < 0.001). Mean 6-hour inadequate delivery of oxygen index greater than 50 had strongest association with failed vasoactive wean (adjusted odds ratio, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.5–6.6). In patients who failed wean, reinitiation of vasoactive support was associated with concomitant fall in inadequate delivery of oxygen index (11.1 [sd 18] vs 8.9 [sd 16]; p = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS:
During the de-escalation phase of postoperative cardiac ICU management, elevation of the real-time risk analytic model, inadequate delivery of oxygen index, was associated with failure to wean off vasoactive infusions. Future studies should prospectively evaluate utility of risk analytic models as clinical decision support tools in de-escalation practices in critically ill patients.
LOW VULNERABILITY OF THE POSTERIOR EYE SEGMENT TO SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
Authors: Künzel Steffen Emil , Bürgel Thore , Künzel Sandrine Helene , Pohlmann Dominika , Zeitz Oliver , Joussen Antonia , Dubrac Alexandre 
Published: October 2021

Purpose:
Retinal manifestations have been described in COVID-19 patients, but it is unknown whether SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent in COVID-19, can directly infect posterior ocular tissues. Here, we investigate SARS-CoV-2 host factor gene expression levels and their distribution across retinal and choroidal cell types.

Methods:
Query of single-cell RNA sequencing data from human retina and choroid.

Results:
We find no relevant expression of two key genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in retinal cell types. By contrast, scarce expression levels could be detected in choroidal vascular cells.

Conclusion:
Given the current understanding of viral host cell entry, these findings suggest a low vulnerability of the posterior eye segment to SARS-CoV-2 with a potential weak spot in the vasculature, which could play a putative causative role in ocular lesions in COVID-19 patients. This may qualify the vasculature of the human posterior eye segment as an in vivo biomarker for life-threatening vascular occlusions in COVID-19 patients.
Cause of hospitalization and death in the antiretroviral era in Sub-Saharan Africa published 2008–2018
Authors: Ghislain Manimani Riziki , Mushebenge Gloire-Aime Aganze , Magula Nombulelo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background:
Worldwide despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome still causes morbidity and mortality among patients. In Sub-Saharan Africa, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome remains a major public health concern. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern antiretroviral therapy era in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods:
We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We searched relevant studies from 3 databases which are Google Scholar, PubMed, and CINAHL. Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles in duplicate, extracted data, and assessed bias. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion or arbitration of a third review author. R software version 3.6.2 was used to analyze the data. Maximum values were used in order to show which disease was mostly spread out by looking at the highest prevalence reported. This systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).

Results:
A total of 409 articles were obtained from the database search, finally 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for data extraction. Among them, 3 were conducted in Nigeria, 2 were conducted in Uganda, 3 were conducted in South Africa, 1 in Gabon, 1 in Ethiopia, 1 in Ghana, and 1 in Burkina Faso. In most of the included studies, tuberculosis was the leading cause of hospitalization which accounted for between 18% and 40.7% and it was also the leading cause of death and accounted for between 16% and 44.3%, except in 1 which reported anemia as the leading cause of hospitalization and in 2 which reported wasting syndrome and meningitis respectively as the leading causes of death. Opportunistic malignancies accounted between for 1.8% to 5% of hospitalization and 1.2% to 9.8% of deaths.

Conclusions:
Tuberculosis is the commonest cause of hospitalization and death in Sub-Saharan Africa, but it is always followed by other infectious disease and other non-AIDS related causes.
Cerebral astroblastoma with oligodendroglial-like cells
Authors: Gu Jian , Wang Yihua , Yu Juanhan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Rationale:
Astroblastoma is a rare tumor of the central nervous system with uncertain biological behavior and origin. Its histopathological features have been well established, while, to our knowledge, astroblastoma with oligodendroglial-like cells have not been reported.

Patient concerns:
A 15-year-old girl presented with nausea, vomiting, headache, and visual disturbance.

Diagnosis:
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large neoplasm in the left temporal. Histologically, the tumor showed solid and pseudopapillary structure. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. The oligodendroglial-like cells were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2. The antigen KI67 labeling index was about 4%. Sequencing for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172 gene mutations showed negative results. Furthermore, fluorescent analysis revealed neither 1p nor 19q deletion in the lesion. Based on these findings, the girl was finally diagnosed as astroblastoma.

Interventions:
A craniotomy with total excision of the tumor was performed.

Outcomes:
The follow-up time was 1 year, no evidence of disease recurrence was found in magnetic resonance imaging.

Lessons:
Cerebral astroblastoma with oligodendroglial-like cells is a clinically rare tumor of central nervous system. Clear distinction and diagnosis are critical.