bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging error compensation method for through‐focus scanning optical microscopy images based on deep learning
Authors: Qu Yufu , Ren Jiajun , Peng Renju , Wang Qianyi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThrough‐focus scanning optical microscopy (TSOM) is a model‐based nanoscale metrology technique which combines conventional bright‐field microscopy and the relevant numerical simulations. A TSOM image is generated after through‐focus scanning and data processing. However, the mechanical vibration and optical noise introduced into the TSOM image during image generation can affect the measurement accuracy. To reduce this effect, this paper proposes a imaging error compensation method for the TSOM image based on deep learning with U‐Net. Here, the simulated TSOM image is regarded as the ground truth, and the U‐Net is trained using the experimental TSOM images by means of a supervised learning strategy. The experimental TSOM image is first encoded and then decoded with the U‐shaped structure of the U‐Net. The difference between the experimental and simulated TSOM images is minimised by iteratively updating the weights and bias factors of the network, to obtain the compensated TSOM image. The proposed method is applied for optimising the TSOM images for nanoscale linewidth estimation. The results demonstrate that the proposed method performs as expected and provides a significant enhancement in accuracy.
Digitomotography in children with oro‐facial dysfunction (OFD, oro‐facial myofunctional disorders) and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)
Authors: Stahl Friederike , Pollex Dörte , Mathmann Philipp , Weinhold Leonie , Rohrbach Saskia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundOro‐facial dysfunctions (OFDs; oro‐facial myofunctional disorders) in children and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) often cause severe problems in articulation, chewing, swallowing and oral posture.ObjectivesPathognomonic symptoms could yet not be identified, but central problems in planning, programming, timing and automating oro‐facial, as well as other fine motor skills, are assumed to be affected.MethodsTo investigate the nature of motor and coordinative deficits in OFD and CAS, digitomotography was applied. The testing focused on recording frequency, force, rhythm and regularity of the index finger including speeded and metronome tapping tasks. 25 children with OFD (7 girls and 18 boys, age 7.9 ± 2.3) and 5 children with CAS (0 girls and 5 boys, age 7.6 ± 2.3), and 31 healthy controls (12 girls and 19 boys, age 9.3 ± 2.2) were tested. Statistical significance was accepted at α = 0.05. ANOVA test, non‐parametric Mann‐Whitney U test, Kruskal‐Wallis test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used.ResultsCross‐sectional data revealed consistent significant differences between children with OFD and healthy controls concerning frequency, force, rhythm and regularity of index finger tapping. Individuals with CAS showed particularly low results. Tapping results correlated with disease burden.ConclusionThese findings support that underlying superordinated sensorimotor deficits exist. This may help phenotyping and influence diagnostical and therapeutical approaches.
The impact of an undergraduate students' culture on their learning about mental health: A scoping review
Authors: Hansen Alison , McGarry Denise , Johnson Amanda , Roche Michael A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMental disorders are highly prevalent. This necessitates undergraduate students in health‐related courses are provided with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to deliver safe care. Research confirms undergraduate health students maintain discriminative, stigmatizing, and inaccurate beliefs and attitudes toward those experiencing mental disorders. However, there is a paucity of research exploring how culture influences these beliefs. This scoping review addressed the question: ‘What is the impact of an undergraduate student's culture on their learning about mental health?’ A systematic search was undertaken of the MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, and ERIC databases. Results indicate variance between students' cultural beliefs in their attitudes toward and knowledge of mental disorders and understanding of interventions and treatment. None of the identified studies reviewed the ramifications for pedagogy beyond anecdotal suggestions. Educators need to acknowledge the potential impact that students' cultural beliefs have on their learning about mental health and consider appropriate learning activities to acknowledge the role of culture. Research of the impact of undergraduate students' culture on their learning about mental health will provide an evidence base for the development of these learning activities.
Mothers' habitual smartphone use, infants during breastfeeding, and mother–infant bonding: A longitudinal study
Authors: Inoue Chiaki , Hashimoto Yuri , Ohira Mitsuko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe excessive use of digital media by breastfeeding mothers may reduce their responsiveness to their child. However, there are no longitudinal studies focusing on breastfeeding during infancy. This study aimed to examine mothers' habitual use of smartphones and their observations of their infants during breastfeeding and identifies changes in the relationship between mother's breastfeeding habits and bonding with their infants. This is a quantitative descriptive study based on a questionnaire survey conducted on the Internet. Two questionnaires were sent to and collected from Japanese mothers who were the registered members of the survey company; the first questionnaire was completed 1 to 3 months postdelivery and the second 6 months after the first (approximately 9 months after delivery). In total, 195 participants participated. Smartphone use during breastfeeding was habitual, but mothers simultaneously observed their infants. Mothers habitually used smartphones during breastfeeding shortly after giving birth; however, there was little connection to subsequent negative emotions toward their children or problems with bonding. It is necessary to continue to evaluate the behavior of the mother and child.
Barriers and enablers of intensive care unit nurses' assessment and management of patients' pain
Authors: Hamdan Khaldoun M. , Shaheen Abeer M. , Abdalrahim Maysoon S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundInadequate pain assessment and management is a problem in hospitalized patients that impairs their well‐being. Intensive care unit nurses' pain practices are affected by several barriers and enablers.Aims and objectivesTo explore intensive care unit nurses' pain education, perceived barriers, and enablers of pain assessment and management practices among critically ill patients.DesignA cross‐sectional descriptive design was used in the study.MethodsConvenience sampling technique was used, including 300 nurses recruited from 22 intensive care units in Jordan. The Pain Assessment and Management for Critically Ill Adults Survey was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, spearman correlation, and chi‐square tests were used to analyse the data.ResultsOnly 127 (42.3%) of the nurses reported moderate to extreme satisfaction about receiving professional development education related to pain among critically ill patients. Nurse workload (65.3%), patient instability (54.4%), patient inability to communicate (53.3%), and sedation interfering with pain assessment (50%) were reported by nurses as the most frequent barriers impacting pain assessment and management. Enablers of pain assessment and management reported most frequently were “pain assessment and management is a unit priority” (63.7%), “enthusiastic and motivated staff” (61.3%), “protocols and guidelines are in use” (57.4%), and “standardized assessment tools are in use” (57%). Some barriers and enablers to pain assessment and management and pain education differed significantly according to nurses' experience and hospital type.ConclusionThis study identified a range of enablers and barriers to pain assessment and management practices perceived by intensive care unit nurses. Nurse workload was an important barrier while making pain assessments, and management a unit priority was an important enabler for pain assessment and management. Frequent assessment of barriers and enablers of pain assessment and management is needed in critical care units to improve nurses' practices. Pain education should be included in the hospitals' continuous educational program.
Mass spectrometry‐based quantification and spatial localization of small organic acid exudates in plant roots under phosphorus deficiency and aluminum toxicity
Authors: Gomez‐Zepeda David , Frausto Moises , Nájera‐González Héctor‐Rogelio , Herrera‐Estrella Luis , Ordaz‐Ortiz José‐Juan 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYLow‐molecular‐weight organic acid (OA) extrusion by plant roots is critical for plant nutrition, tolerance to cations toxicity, and plant–microbe interactions. Therefore, methodologies for the rapid and precise quantification of OAs are necessary to be incorporated in the analysis of roots and their exudates. The spatial location of root exudates is also important to understand the molecular mechanisms directing OA production and release into the rhizosphere. Here, we report the development of two complementary methodologies for OA determination, which were employed to evaluate the effect of inorganic ortho‐phosphate (Pi) deficiency and aluminum toxicity on OA excretion by Arabidopsis roots. OA exudation by roots is considered a core response to different types of abiotic stress and for the interaction of roots with soil microbes, and for decades has been a target trait to produce plant varieties with increased capacities of Pi uptake and Al tolerance. Using targeted ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐HRMS/MS), we achieved the quantification of six OAs in root exudates at sub‐micromolar detection limits with an analysis time of less than 5 min per sample. We also employed targeted (MS/MS) matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to detect the spatial location of citric and malic acid with high specificity in roots and exudates. Using these methods, we studied OA exudation in response to Al toxicity and Pi deficiency in Arabidopsis seedlings overexpressing genes involved in OA excretion. Finally, we show the transferability of the MALDI‐MSI method by analyzing OA excretion in Marchantia polymorpha gemmalings subjected to Pi deficiency.
Comparison of prenatal anti‐D titration testing by gel and tube methods: A review of the literature
Authors: Lieberman Lani , Andrews Jennifer , Evans Michael D. , Cohn Claudia S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAntenatal titration testing is traditionally performed using a manual tube test. Tube testing has limitations; it is a manual, time‐consuming method with wide interobserver variability. Gel‐based testing is an attractive alternative because it is more precise and can be automated. This study's objective was to summarize the published literature that assessed the relationship between titrations performed by tube and gel for anti‐D alloimmunized pregnancies.Study Design and MethodsA comprehensive literature search was performed. Articles were selected if research was original and compared at least five pairs of anti‐D titration tests performed by gel and tube. Differences in the number of dilutions between gel and tube methods were compared overall by study and cell type using linear models.ResultsA total of 512 articles were identified; eight were included, and titer data from 384 tube and gel pairs were abstracted. The median anti‐D titer in tube was 8 (range 0–2048) and by gel was 64 (range 0–4096). Anti‐D gel titration results were 2.1 (95% CI; 1–3.3) additional dilutions greater than in tube. Most studies utilized double‐dose reagent cells for testing. At a tube titer of 16, the sensitivity and specificity of gel titrations is maximal (91% and 94% respectively) at a gel titer of 64.ConclusionOverall, titrations performed by gel were two dilutions higher than the corresponding tube titer. For titrations, double‐dose reagent cells should be considered to standardize practice. A rigorous prospective study is needed to compare tube titrations with gel titrations using a standardized process.
Correlation between cytologic features and histologic grades in cutaneous and subcutaneous soft tissue sarcomas in dogs—A pilot study
Authors: Sanchez‐Redondo Sonia , Hare Cassia H. Z. , Constantino‐Casas Fernando , Williams Tim L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCurrently, canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) grading is based on histopathology. In humans, several studies have demonstrated concordance between cytologic grading systems for STS and histologic grade. The aim of this study was to correlate several cytologic parameters (smear cellularity, anisokaryosis, nucleolar malignancy score, multinucleation, and the number of mitotic figures per 200 cells) that form part of a human STS cytologic grading system, with histologic grades of canine cutaneous and subcutaneous STS. Three observers (blinded) reviewed the cytologic preparations independently from cases with confirmed histologic diagnoses of STS. A cytologic grading score was assigned for each parameter. Correlations between cytologic grading scores (averaged between observers) and histologic grades were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient, with statistical significance defined as P < .05. Twenty‐one cases were included in the study (10 Grade I STS, nine Grade II STS, and two Grade III STS). The number of mitotic figures (≥3) per 200 cells was the only parameter that showed a significant but weak, positive correlation with histologic grade (rs = .469; P = .032). No Grade I tumors had ≥3 mitotic figures per 200 cells; however, ≥3 mitotic figures per 200 cells were only observed in 33% of Grade II tumors and 50% (one out of two) of the Grade III tumors. This pilot study suggests that an increased number of mitotic figures seen on cytology might correlate with higher grade STS; however, the sensitivity of this parameter for grading STS appears to be low.
Interventions to change clinicians’ behavior in relation to suicide prevention care in the emergency department: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Shin Hwayeon Danielle , Cassidy Christine , Weeks Lori E. , Campbell Leslie Anne , Rothfus Melissa A. , Curran Janet 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This review aims to explore, characterize, and map the literature on interventions implemented to change emergency department clinicians’ behavior related to suicide prevention using the Behavior Change Wheel as a guiding theoretical framework.

Introduction:
An emergency department is a critical place for suicide prevention, yet many patients who present with suicide-related thoughts and behaviors are discharged without proper assessment or appropriate treatment. Supporting clinicians (who provide direct clinical care, including nurses, physicians, and allied health professionals) to make the desired behavior change following evidence-based suicide prevention care is an essential step toward improving patient outcomes. However, reviews to date have yet to take a theoretical approach to investigate interventions implemented to change clinicians’ behavior.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider literature that includes interventions that target emergency department clinicians’ behavior related to suicide prevention. Behavior change refers to observable practice changes as well as proxy measures of behavior change, including knowledge and attitudes. There are many ways in which an intervention can change clinicians’ behavior (eg, education, altering service delivery). This review will include a wide range of interventions that target behavior change regardless of the type, but will exclude interventions that exclusively target patients.

Methods:
Multiple databases will be searched: PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Embase. We will also include gray literature, including Google search, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and Scopus conference papers. Full texts of included studies will be reviewed, critically appraised, and extracted. Extracted data will be coded to identify intervention functions using the Behavior Change Wheel. Findings will be summarized in tables accompanied by narrative reports.
Global Sensitivity Analysis for U(VI) Transport for Integrating Coupled Thermal–Hydrological–Chemical Processes Models Into Performance Assessment Model
Authors: Ermakova Dinara , Wainwright Haruko , Zheng LianGe , Shirley Ian , Lu Hannah 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The long-term integrity of the bentonite buffer is of significant interest in the performance assessment (PA) of geological nuclear waste disposal. This study aims at understanding how the initial bentonite chemical composition and other geochemical parameters affect long-term chemical properties within the buffer, which will subsequently affect the transport. Using coupled thermal–hydrological–chemical (THC) models for migration of U(VI) in a generic repository, we performed a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to identify the influence of each parameter on the temporal evolution of a spatially averaged distribution coefficient for the entire buffer. Such an analysis can be used in a repository-scale PA. In this work, we used the toughreact software to model coupled THC processes in a generic clay repository with bentonite buffer. In this model, U(VI) is released from a canister via schoepite dissolution, which is assumed to occur 1000 yr after closure. U(VI) migrates through the bentonite buffer affected by two-site protolysis nonelectrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange (2 SPNE SC/CE). GSA results showed that adsorption density on smectite, pH, volume fractions of smectite, calcite, and Ca+2 aqueous concentration all play a significant role in U(VI) transport, since roughly 80% of adsorbed U(VI) is absorbed by smectite, and Ca+2 affects the aqueous complexation with U(VI). This work demonstrates the complex process models' potential usefulness that can be transferred to the PA model. It also provides information needed to proceed with the development of a reduced-order model, which has the potential to optimize repository designs, site characterization, and performance confirmation.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Train of Droplets Impinging Over a Hot Surface: From Film Evaporation to Leidenfrost Point
Authors: Guggilla Ganesh , Narayanaswamy Ramesh , Stephan Peter , Pattamatta Arvind 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
High-performance computing systems are needed in advanced computing services such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. Consequently, the increase in electron chip density results in high heat fluxes and requires good thermal management to maintain the servers. Spray cooling using liquid offers higher heat transfer rates and is efficient when implemented in electronics cooling. Detailed studies of fundamental mechanisms involved in spray cooling, such as single droplet and multiple droplet interactions are required to enhance the process's knowledge. The present work focuses on studying a train of two FC-72 droplets impinging over a heated surface. Experimental investigation using high-speed photography and infrared thermography is conducted. Simultaneously, numerical simulations using opensource CFD package, OpenFOAM are carried out, emphasizing the significance of contact angle hysteresis. The surface temperature is chosen as a parameter, and different boiling regimes along with dynamic Leidenfrost point for the present impact conditions are identified. Spreading hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of these consecutively impinging droplets till the Leidenfrost temperature are studied and compared.
Analytical Model Quantifying the Net Coolant Flow Rate to a Microstructured Copper Surface Validated With Two-Phase Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements
Authors: Harrison Matthew , Gess Joshua 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Using particle image velocimetry (PIV), the amount of fluid required to sustain nucleate boiling was quantified to a microstructured copper circular disk. Having prepared the disk with preferential nucleation sites, an analytical model of the net coolant flow rate requirements to a single site has been produced and validated against experimental data. The model assumes that there are three primary phenomena contributing to the coolant flow rate requirements at the boiling surface; radial growth of vapor throughout incipience to departure, bubble rise, and natural convection around the periphery. The total mass flow rate is the sum of these contributing portions. The model accurately predicts the quenching fluid flow rate at low and high heat fluxes with 4% and 30% error of the measured value, respectively. For the microstructured surface examined in this study, coolant flow rate requirements ranged from 0.1 to 0.16 kg/s for a range of heat fluxes from 5.5 to 11.0 W/cm2. Under subcooled conditions, the coolant flow rate requirements plummeted to a nearly negligible value due to domination of transient conduction as the primary heat transfer mechanism at the liquid/vapor/surface interface. PIV and the validated analytical model could be used as a test standard where the amount of coolant the surface needs in relation to its heat transfer coefficient or thermal resistance is a benchmark for the efficacy of a standard surface or boiling enhancement coating/surface structure.
Modeling and Simulation of a Retail Commercial Refrigeration System
Authors: Brownbridge Oliver , Sully Matthew , Noons Joshua , Albayati Ibrahim M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Commercial food outlets in the UK are responsible for 3% of the UK total energy consumption, with refrigeration systems account for 29% of this total. This highlights the potential and importance of huge energy saving within commercial refrigeration systems. In this paper, a validated model that simulates a commercial refrigeration system installed over 2000 sq. ft to mimic a real express store installed at the Riseholme Refrigeration Research Centre at the University of Lincoln, UK, is developed and presented. The detailed modeling of the display case using a temperature model comprising of three states includes air inside the display case, products, and the evaporator. Additionally, the model presents a holistic view of the whole system with each subsystem cohesively linked together. Further focus has been given on the high-temperature (HT) system due to the high level of installations of this system found in retail commercial refrigeration stores as well as low-temperature (LT) systems featuring doors which decrease the heat transfer from the store into the cases. It is concluded that the trends of the simulation results for the display case temperatures, expansion valve opening degree, suction line pressures, and compressors power consumption, all have high resemblance to the trends of collected data obtained from the Riseholme Refrigeration Research Centre. This supports the validation of the developed model.