bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The international law of jurisdiction: A TWAIL perspective
Authors: Chimni B. S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe concept of jurisdiction is a relatively undertheorized category of international law. Mainstream international law scholarship advances an ahistorical and asocial account of the rules of jurisdiction in international law. The present article contends that any serious understanding of the categories and rules of jurisdiction, in particular that of extraterritorial jurisdiction, calls for deep appreciation of the evolving material structures over time. It argues that the key factors that have influenced the evolution and development of the doctrine, rules, and practices of jurisdiction are the emergence of the modern state, capitalism, and imperialism. In order to appreciate this contention there is a need to undertake on the one hand a genealogical analysis of modern state and capitalism and on the other hand problematize the categories ‘territory’ and ‘extraterritorial’. The internal relationship between capitalism and imperialism has meant that, despite the territorial organization of the international system, a process of harmonization of legal rules has taken place across geographical spaces in both colonial and postcolonial eras. The outcome is a critical loss of policy and legal space for nations of the Global South. In the colonial era the outcome was achieved through legislation in the instance of colonized nations and through capitulation regimes in the case of semi-colonies. The strategy of advanced capitalist states in the postcolonial era for achieving harmonization of laws has been multi-layered and multi-dimensional. The article concludes by touching on two models of reform of the rules and practices of jurisdiction viz., liberal and subaltern internationalism.
High‐Pressure Elasticity of δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH Single Crystals and Seismic Detectability of Hydrous MORB in the Shallow Lower Mantle
Authors: Satta Niccolò , Criniti Giacomo , Kurnosov Alexander , Boffa Ballaran Tiziana , Ishii Takayuki , Marquardt Hauke 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOxyhydroxides like δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH may stabilize “water” in Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) subducted into the Earth's lower mantle. The single‐crystal elasticity of δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH has not been experimentally constrained, hampering an accurate evaluation of the seismic detectability of this high‐pressure solid solution, and the presence of “water,” in the deep Earth. Here, we report the first experimental single‐crystal elasticity results of δ‐(Al0.97Fe0.03)OOH measured by X‐ray diffraction and Brillouin spectroscopy. We use our results to compute seismic properties of hydrous and anhydrous MORB at pressures and temperatures expected in slabs at shallow lower mantle conditions. We show that hydrous MORB is less dense than anhydrous MORB, but has faster aggregate seismic velocities. This suggests that hydration in MORB has an effect on velocities opposite to that observed in other lithologies, and further indicates that hydration of MORB increases the seismic contrast to the background mantle.
The Fine‐Scale Structure of Long Beach, California, and Its Impact on Ground Motion Acceleration
Authors: Castellanos Jorge C. , Clayton Robert W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe metropolitan Los Angeles region represents a zone of high‐seismic risk due to its proximity to several fault systems, including the San Andreas fault. Adding to this problem is the fact that Los Angeles and its surrounding cities are built on top of soft sediments that tend to trap and amplify seismic waves generated by earthquakes. In this study, we use three dense petroleum industry surveys deployed in a 16 × 16‐km area at Long Beach, California, to produce a high‐resolution model of the top kilometer of the crust and investigate the influence of its structural variations on the amplification of seismic waves. Our velocity estimates reveal substantial lateral contrasts and correlate remarkably well with the geological background of the area, illuminating features such as the Newport‐Inglewood fault, the Silverado aquifer, and the San Gabriel river. We then use computational modeling to show that the presence of these small‐scale structures have a clear impact on the intensity of the expected shaking, and can cause ground‐motion motion acceleration to change by several factors over a subkilometer horizontal scale. These results shed light onto the scale of variations that can be expected in this type of tectonic settings and highlight the importance of resolution in modern‐day seismic hazard estimates.
Hurricane Michael Altered the Structure and Function of Longleaf Pine Woodlands
Authors: Kenney G. , Staudhammer C. L. , Wiesner S. , Brantley S. T. , Bigelow S. W. , Starr G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTropical cyclones can physically alter ecosystems, causing immediate and potentially long‐lasting effects on carbon dynamics. In 2018, Hurricane Michael hit the southeastern United States with category 5 winds at landfall and category 2 winds reaching over 100 miles inland, resulting in extensive damage. Longleaf pine woodlands in the path of the hurricane were damaged, but severity varied based on the storm track. We used a combination of eddy covariance measurements, airborne LiDAR, and forest inventory data to determine whether hurricane affects structure, function, and recovery of two longleaf pine woodlands at the ends of an edaphic gradient. We found that the carbon sink potentials in both sites were diminished following the storm, with reductions in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) primarily due to lower rates of photosynthesis, as respiration only increased marginally. The xeric site carbon losses and physiological reductions were smaller following the disturbance, which led to the recovery of ecosystem physiological activity to prestorm rates before that of the mesic site, as indicated by maximum ecosystem CO2 uptake rates. Two years following the hurricane both stands continued to have reduced NEE, which signaled altered function. We expect both locations to recover their lost carbon stocks in ∼10–35 years; however, long‐term studies are needed to examine how longleaf woodlands respond to compounding disturbances, such as drought, fire, or other wind storms, which vary significantly across the ecosystem's range. Additionally, hurricanes are intensifying due to climate change, potentially amplifying the degree to which they will alter this ecosystem in the future.
Effects of Uplift on Carboniferous Exhumation and Mountain Glaciations in Pericratonic Areas of SW Gondwana, Central Argentina
Authors: Dávila Federico M. , Martina Federico , Parra Mauricio , Ávila Pilar 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe late Paleozoic ice age (or LPIA) glaciations in Gondwana were the longest and most widespread in Phanerozoic history. Despite their paleobiogeographic significance for Earth evolution, their drivers are strongly debated. In this work, we used field observations (upper Paleozoic glaciogenic strata lapping onto Mississippian granites), low‐temperature cooling ages (apatite fission track), thermochronology modeling (apatite and zircon fission track, and apatite U‐Th/He data) and landscape numerical simulations in a pericratonic scenario far away from the late Paleozoic plate margin to demonstrate that exhumation, tectonic uplift and glaciations were coeval and genetically linked. Considering low temperatures alone cannot drive a glaciation, we propose that this uplift and mountain building were key controls to trap humid air masses within the interior foreland of SW Gondwana.
What Can We Learn From the Water Retention Characteristic of a Soil Regarding Its Hydrological and Agricultural Functions? Review and Analysis of Actual Knowledge
Authors: Assouline Shmuel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe soil properties of the upper soil layer determine the partitioning between infiltration, runoff, and evaporation, key processes related to soil agricultural and hydrological functioning. It is therefore important to have some information on these soil functions based on available and easy‐to‐measure properties. This study presents what we can learn a‐priori from the soil water retention characteristic (WRC) on some important hydrological and agricultural functions. Based on a mathematical expression of the soil WRC, it is possible to estimate: the characteristic length, LC, related to the disruption of hydraulic continuity of the water liquid phase in the soil; the saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks; the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of water and air, K(θw) and K(θa); the saturation degree SeFC at field capacity and how long it will take to reach that state; the available water content in the soil, AWC; the capillary head at the wetting front, ψf; the infiltration capacity curve based on the Green and Ampt model, qcap(t); the time to ponding, tp, for any prescribed wetting rate; the cumulative water loss during stage‐1 evaporation; the duration of stage‐1 evaporation. All these a‐priori estimates are valuable and sometimes necessary for efficient design and planning in agricultural and hydrological applications. The values of these estimates depend upon the specific mathematical expression chosen to represent the WRC.
High-performance lasers for fully integrated silicon nitride photonics
Authors: Xiang Chao , Guo Joel , Jin Warren , Wu Lue , Peters Jonathan , Xie Weiqiang , Chang Lin , Shen Boqiang , Wang Heming , Yang Qi-Fan , Kinghorn David , Paniccia Mario , Vahala Kerry J. , Morton Paul A. , Bowers John E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSilicon nitride (SiN) waveguides with ultra-low optical loss enable integrated photonic applications including low noise, narrow linewidth lasers, chip-scale nonlinear photonics, and microwave photonics. Lasers are key components to SiN photonic integrated circuits (PICs), but are difficult to fully integrate with low-index SiN waveguides due to their large mismatch with the high-index III-V gain materials. The recent demonstration of multilayer heterogeneous integration provides a practical solution and enabled the first-generation of lasers fully integrated with SiN waveguides. However, a laser with high device yield and high output power at telecommunication wavelengths, where photonics applications are clustered, is still missing, hindered by large mode transition loss, non-optimized cavity design, and a complicated fabrication process. Here, we report high-performance lasers on SiN with tens of milliwatts output power through the SiN waveguide and sub-kHz fundamental linewidth, addressing all the aforementioned issues. We also show Hertz-level fundamental linewidth lasers are achievable with the developed integration techniques. These lasers, together with high-Q SiN resonators, mark a milestone towards a fully integrated low-noise silicon nitride photonics platform. This laser should find potential applications in LIDAR, microwave photonics and coherent optical communications.
Cold and heterogeneous T cell repertoire is associated with copy number aberrations and loss of immune genes in small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Chen Ming , Chen Runzhe , Jin Ying , Li Jun , Hu Xin , Zhang Jiexin , Fujimoto Junya , Hubert Shawna M. , Gay Carl M. , Zhu Bo , Tian Yanhua , McGranahan Nicholas , Lee Won-Chul , George Julie , Hu Xiao , Chen Yamei , Wu Meijuan , Behrens Carmen , Chow Chi-Wan , Pham Hoa H. N. , Fukuoka Junya , Wu Jia , Parra Edwin Roger , Little Latasha D. , Gumbs Curtis , Song Xingzhi , Wu Chang-Jiun , Diao Lixia , Wang Qi , Cardnell Robert , Zhang Jianhua , Wang Jing , Le Xiuning , Gibbons Don L. , Heymach John V. , Jack Lee J. , William William N. , Cheng Chao , Glisson Bonnie , Wistuba Ignacio , Andrew Futreal P. , Thomas Roman K. , Reuben Alexandre , Byers Lauren A. , Zhang Jianjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSmall-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is speculated to harbor complex genomic intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) associated with high recurrence rate and suboptimal response to immunotherapy. Here, using multi-region whole exome/T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing as well as immunohistochemistry, we reveal a rather homogeneous mutational landscape but extremely cold and heterogeneous TCR repertoire in limited-stage SCLC tumors (LS-SCLCs). Compared to localized non-small cell lung cancers, LS-SCLCs have similar predicted neoantigen burden and genomic ITH, but significantly colder and more heterogeneous TCR repertoire associated with higher chromosomal copy number aberration (CNA) burden. Furthermore, copy number loss of IFN-γ pathway genes is frequently observed and positively correlates with CNA burden. Higher mutational burden, higher T cell infiltration and positive PD-L1 expression are associated with longer overall survival (OS), while higher CNA burden is associated with shorter OS in patients with LS-SCLC.
Soluble guanylate cyclase signalling mediates etoposide resistance in progressing small cell lung cancer
Authors: Schenk Maximilian W. , Humphrey Sam , Hossain A. S. Md Mukarram , Revill Mitchell , Pearsall Sarah , Lallo Alice , Brown Stewart , Bratt Samuel , Galvin Melanie , Descamps Tine , Zhou Cong , Pearce Simon P. , Priest Lynsey , Greenhalgh Michelle , Chaturvedi Anshuman , Kerr Alastair , Blackhall Fiona , Dive Caroline , Frese Kristopher K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a 5-year survival rate of <7%. Rapid emergence of acquired resistance to standard platinum-etoposide chemotherapy is common and improved therapies are required for this recalcitrant tumour. We exploit six paired pre-treatment and post-chemotherapy circulating tumour cell patient-derived explant (CDX) models from donors with extensive stage SCLC to investigate changes at disease progression after chemotherapy. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is recurrently upregulated in post-chemotherapy progression CDX models, which correlates with acquired chemoresistance. Expression and activation of sGC is regulated by Notch and nitric oxide (NO) signalling with downstream activation of protein kinase G. Genetic targeting of sGC or pharmacological inhibition of NO synthase re-sensitizes a chemoresistant CDX progression model in vivo, revealing this pathway as a mediator of chemoresistance and potential vulnerability of relapsed SCLC.
Offset of openings in optic nerve head canal at level of Bruch’s membrane, anterior sclera, and lamina cribrosa
Authors: Lee Kyoung Min , Ahn Hyoung Jun , Kim Martha , Oh Sohee , Kim Seok Hwan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe compared the central retinal vascular trunk (CRVT) position, as a surrogate of lamina cribrosa (LC) offset, with the anterior scleral opening (ASCO) offset from the Bruch’s membrane opening (BMO). Based on the BMO-centered radial scans, the BMO and ASCO margins were demarcated, and each center was determined as the center of the best-fitted ellipse for each margin. The ASCO/BMO offset was defined as the offset between each center. Angular deviations and the extent of ASCO and CRVT offsets from the BMO center were compared directly. Incomplete demarcation of ASCO was found in 20%, which was associated with a larger BMO area and a larger ASCO offset from the BMO. The angular deviation of ASCO offset was associated with that of CRVT offset and that of the longest externally oblique border. The ASCO offset was smaller than the CRVT offset, and, unlike the CRVT offset, it was rarely deviated to the inferior side. The complete ASCO margin might not be demarcatable when determined on BMO-centered radial scans in the presence of an offset. Also, the ASCO, which reflects only the superficial scleral layer, might not reflect the LC position, because the LC might be shifted further from the ASCO.
Magnetised quark nuggets in the atmosphere
Authors: Sloan T. , VanDevender J. Pace , Neilsen Tracianne B. , Baskin Robert L. , Fronk Gabriel , Swaim Criss , Zakirov Rinat , Jones Haydn 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA search for magnetised quark nuggets (MQN) is reported using acoustic signals from hydrophones placed in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) in the USA. No events satisfying the expected signature were seen. This observation allows limits to be set on the flux of MQNs penetrating the Earth’s atmosphere and depositing energy in the GSL. The expected signature of the events was ​derived from pressure pulses caused by high-explosive cords between the lake surface and bottom at various locations in the GSL. The limits obtained from this search are compared with those obtained from previous searches and are compared to models for the formation of MQNs.
Geochemical and sedimentary constraints on the formation of the Venta Micena early Pleistocene site (Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain)
Authors: Granados Alejandro , Oms Oriol , Anadón Pere , Ibáñez-Insa Jordi , Kaakinen Anu , Jiménez-Arenas Juan Manuel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite the paleontological relevance of the terrestrial Early Pleistocene Venta Micena bonebed (Baza Basin, Spain), it lacks a comprehensive geochemical/sedimentological study. Here, we demonstrate that the 1.5-m-thick Venta Micena limestone formed in a relatively small freshwater wetland/pond located at the periphery of the large saline Baza paleolake. Two microfacies are observed, with high and low contents of invertebrate fossils, and which originated in the centre and margin of the wetland, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineralogy and paleohydrological characterization based on ostracod and bulk-rock geochemistry (δ13C and δ18O) indicate that the limestone reflects a general lowstand of the Baza lake, permitting the differentiation of freshwater wetlands that were fed by adjacent sources. Conversely, during highstands, the Baza lake flooded the Venta Micena area and the freshwater fauna was replaced by a saline one. Bulk-rock isotopic data indicate that the lower interval C1 of the limestone (bone-rich in marginal settings) displays general negative values, while the upper interval C2 (bone free) displays less negative values. The bones of predated mammals accumulated in the marginal areas, which were flooded and buried by recurring water-table fluctuations. Lake dynamics played a critical role in bone accumulation, which was previously considered as representing a hyena den.
Influence of advanced shoe technology on the top 100 annual performances in men’s marathon from 2015 to 2019
Authors: Rodrigo-Carranza Víctor , González-Mohíno Fernando , Santos del Cerro Jesús , Santos-Concejero Jordan , González-Ravé José María 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe NIKE Vaporfly shoe was introduced in May 2017 as part of the original #Breaking2 Project (an event aimed to run the first marathon under 2 h). This new advanced shoe technology (NAST) changed the footwear design conception. The aim of this study was (i) to analyse the effect of NAST in men’s marathon performance, (ii) to analyse whether the changes in the environmental constraints (temperature and wind) and orography of the marathons, age and birthplace of the runners has changed from 2015 to 2019 and (iii) to analyse the impact of NAST on the historical 50 best performances. Data from top-100 men's marathon performances were collected in that timeframe. The shoes used by the athletes were identified (in 91.8% of the cases) by publicly available photographs. External and environmental conditions of each marathon and age and birthplace of the runners were also analysed. Marathon performances improved from 2017 onwards between 0.75 and 1.50% compared to 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.05). In addition, the improvement was greater in the upper deciles than in the lower ones (p < 0.001). Runners wearing NAST ran ~ 1% faster in marathon compared to runners that did not use it (p < 0.001). When conducting an individual analysis of athletes who ran with and without NAST, 72.5% of the athletes who completed a marathon wearing NAST improved their performance by 0.68% (p < 0.01). External and environmental conditions, age or birthplace of runners seems not to have influenced this performance improvement. NAST has had a clear impact on marathon performance unchanged in the environmental constraints (temperature and wind), orography, age, and birthplace of the runners but with differences between venues.
The role of good governance in the race for global vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Tatar Moosa , Faraji Mohammad Reza , Montazeri Shoorekchali Jalal , Pagán José A. , Wilson Fernando A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGovernments have developed and implemented various policies and interventions to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 vaccines are now being produced and distributed globally. This study investigated the role of good governance and government effectiveness indicators in the acquisition and administration of COVID-19 vaccines at the population level. Data on six World Bank good governance indicators for 172 countries for 2019 and machine-learning methods (K-Means Method and Principal Component Analysis) were used to cluster countries based on these indicators and COVID-19 vaccination rates. XGBoost was used to classify countries based on their vaccination status and identify the relative contribution of each governance indicator to the vaccination rollout in each country. Countries with the highest COVID-19 vaccination rates (e.g., Israel, United Arab Emirates, United States) also have higher effective governance indicators. Regulatory Quality is the most important indicator in predicting COVID-19 vaccination status in a country, followed by Voice and Accountability, and Government Effectiveness. Our findings suggest that coordinated global efforts led by the World Health Organization and wealthier nations may be necessary to assist in the supply and distribution of vaccines to those countries that have less effective governance.
The effect of new LED lighting systems on the colour of modern paints
Authors: Pintus Valentina , Szabó Ferenc , Gazdag-Kéri Renáta , Tóth Dávid Noel , Nagy Róbert , Csuti Péter , Sterflinger Katja , Schreiner Manfred 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis research focuses on the investigation of the effect of a new light emitting diode (LED)-lighting system which reproduces indoor museum conditions, on some self-made art paint colours (acrylic-, alkyd-, and linseed oil-based paints) often used in modern-contemporary art. A halogen lamp representing a traditional light source for museum lighting was also considered. Lighting-set-up and lighting optimization parameters were considered while Ultraviolet/Visible/Near Infrared (UV/Vis/NIR) spectrophotometry was used for investigating the colour change of the paint samples. Univariate analyses allowed determining the highest effect of the lighting systems on the linseed oil binder and ultramarine blue PB29 mixture upon ageing, according to the highest total colour change ΔE*ab. In a more specific and detailed way, variance analyses not only demonstrated the strong correlation between the type of binder and pigment used for the paint samples with the colour variation, but also showed that the short-wavelength blue LEDs influenced the change along the yellow–blue b* axis of the yellow and blue samples, whereas the halogen lamp mostly had an impact towards the red–green a* axis of mostly the green specimens.