bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Exploration of Large-Scale UI Datasets with Design Maps
Authors: Leiva Luis A , Hota Asutosh , Oulasvirta Antti 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDesigners are increasingly using online resources for inspiration. How to best support design exploration without compromising creativity? We introduce and study Design Maps, a class of point-cloud visualizations that makes large user interface datasets explorable. Design Maps are computed using dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques, which we analyze thoroughly in this paper. We present concepts for integrating Design Maps into design tools, including interactive visualization, local neighborhood exploration and functionality to integrate existing solutions to the design at hand. These concepts were implemented in a wireframing tool for mobile apps, which was evaluated with actual designers performing realistic tasks. Overall, designers find Design Maps supporting their creativity (avg. CSI score of 74/100) and indicate that the maps producing consistent whitespacing within cloud points are the most informative ones.
Labour Rights in Special Economic Zones: Between Unilateralism and Transnational Law Diffusion
Authors: Cotula Lorenzo , Mouan Liliane 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Special economic zones (SEZs) have spread rapidly over the past 20 years, including in many low- and middle-income countries keen to attract private investment for industrial development. But while much debate has focused on their economic performance and success factors and on links with the wider architecture of international economic law, there are enduring concerns over respect for labour rights in SEZs. These concerns are partly rooted in features of the legal regimes that underpin SEZs, such as arrangements that qualify the application of ordinary labour law, or ineffective systems to ensure compliance. This article discusses the law governing labour rights in SEZs, drawing on the case studies of Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Kenya—three countries reflecting different generations of SEZ legislation, types of SEZs, and regulatory approaches. The article explores the complex interplay of different ‘unilateral’ and international legal regimes, the structural features that affect labour rights in SEZs, and possible ways forward for research and practice.
When Does Competition Become Conflict? Technology, Geography, and the Offense–Defense Balance
Authors: Blagden David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIs there a meaningful offense–defense balance of technological, geographical, and human factors that substantially affects war likelihood and severity? Key contemporary policy debates are certainly infused with the notion, from the dangers of crisis instability in East Asia to the possible first-move advantages of cyber weaponry. Defensive realist theory, meanwhile, raises the possibility of inferring intent from external posture choices. Yet for offensive realists, such signaling is a doomed hope, because of aggressors’ incentives to conceal their hostile intentions before turning extant military technology to offensive ends. This article suggests that both perspectives misstate the causal role of the offense–defense balance. Competition may be a general condition of international politics—but it only manifests itself as a military conflict, defined as “cold” or ultimately “hot” war, under certain conditions. Specifically, the feasibility of advancing political goals via aggression rests on prevailing military technology, taken in its geographical context—that is, offense–defense calculations. Via three sub-theoretical cases—the “stopping power of water,” conventional blitzkrieg, and nuclear counterforce innovation—the article shows that the offense–defense balance affects conflict likelihood and severity even within offensive realism, specifically by affecting deterrence prospects. But this does not mean, as defensive realism posits, that the distinguishability of defense dominance promises a route out of the security dilemma.
Toll-like receptor-7/8 agonist kill Leishmania amazonensis by acting as pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory agent
Authors: Kaushik Deepender , Granato Juliana T , Macedo Gilson C , Dib Paula R B , Piplani Sakshi , Fung Johnson , da Silva Adilson D , Coimbra Elaine S , Petrovsky Nikolai , Salunke Deepak B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Evaluation of the anti-Leishmanial activity of imidazoquinoline-based TLR7/8 agonists.

Methods
TLR7/8-active imidazoquinolines (2 and 3) were synthesized and assessed for activity against Leishmania amazonensis-intracellular amastigotes using mouse peritoneal macrophages. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines was determined in infected and non-infected macrophages.

Key findings
The imidazoquinolines, 2 and 3, were primarily agonists of TLR7 with compound 3 also showing modest TLR8 activity. Docking studies showed them to occupy the same binding pocket on TLR7 and 8 as the known agonists, imiquimod and resiquimod. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibited the growth of L. amazonensis-intracellular amastigotes with the most potent compound (3, IC50 = 5.93 µM) having an IC50 value close to miltefosine (IC50 = 4.05 µM), a known anti-Leishmanial drug. Compound 3 induced macrophages to produce ROS, NO and inflammatory cytokines that likely explain the anti-Leishmanial effects.

Conclusions
This study shows that activating TLR7 using compounds 2 or 3 induces anti-Leishmanial activity associated with induction of free radicals and inflammatory cytokines able to kill the parasites. While 2 and 3 had a very narrow cytotoxicity window for macrophages, this identifies the possibility to further develop this chemical scaffold to less cytotoxic TLR7/8 agonist for potential use as anti-Leishmanial drug.
Impact of 3-deazapurine nucleobases on RNA properties
Authors: Bereiter Raphael , Himmelstoß Maximilian , Renard Eva , Mairhofer Elisabeth , Egger Michaela , Breuker Kathrin , Kreutz Christoph , Ennifar Eric , Micura Ronald 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Deazapurine nucleosides such as 3-deazaadenosine (c3A) are crucial for atomic mutagenesis studies of functional RNAs. They were the key for our current mechanistic understanding of ribosomal peptide bond formation and of phosphodiester cleavage in recently discovered small ribozymes, such as twister and pistol RNAs. Here, we present a comprehensive study on the impact of c3A and the thus far underinvestigated 3-deazaguanosine (c3G) on RNA properties. We found that these nucleosides can decrease thermodynamic stability of base pairing to a significant extent. The effects are much more pronounced for 3-deazapurine nucleosides compared to their constitutional isomers of 7-deazapurine nucleosides (c7G, c7A). We furthermore investigated base pair opening dynamics by solution NMR spectroscopy and revealed significantly enhanced imino proton exchange rates. Additionally, we solved the X-ray structure of a c3A-modified RNA and visualized the hydration pattern of the minor groove. Importantly, the characteristic water molecule that is hydrogen-bonded to the purine N3 atom and always observed in a natural double helix is lacking in the 3-deazapurine-modified counterpart. Both, the findings by NMR and X-ray crystallographic methods hence provide a rationale for the reduced pairing strength. Taken together, our comparative study is a first major step towards a comprehensive understanding of this important class of nucleoside modifications.
The interplay of Western diet and binge drinking on the onset, progression, and outlook of liver disease
Authors: Skinner R Chris , Hagaman Joel A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, the two most prevalent liver diseases worldwide, share a common pathology but have largely been considered disparate diseases. Liver diseases are widely underestimated, but their prevalence is increasing worldwide. The Western diet (high-fat, high-sugar) and binge drinking (rapid consumption of alcohol in a short period of time) are two highly prevalent features of standard life in the United States, and both are linked to the development and progression of liver disease. Yet, few studies have been conducted to elucidate their potential interactions. Data shows binge drinking is on the rise in several age groups, and poor dietary trends continue to be prevalent. This review serves to summarize the sparse findings on the hepatic consequences of the combination of binge drinking and consuming a Western diet, while also drawing conclusions on potential future impacts. The data suggest the potential for a looming liver disease epidemic, indicating that more research on its progression as well as its prevention is needed on this critical topic.
Conscience and the Burden Inquiry—What Should Be Investigated in Exemption Cases, and Why?
Authors: Ciszewski Wojciech 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article focuses on a crucial segment of a discussion regarding the legitimacy of conscientious exemptions, namely the burden inquiry. The controversy around this issue involves different ways of identifying the proper object of the inquiry, and the types of evidence that should be considered in the assessment. I claim that there are three main approaches in the discussion regarding these issues: the incommensurable religious costs account, the subjective religious costs account, and the objective religious costs account. In the article, the peculiarity of each position is highlighted and the evaluation of main arguments is provided. I argue that the main justifications advanced for the incommensurable religious costs account and the subjective religious costs account do not stand up to critical scrutiny, and that the objective religious costs account is the most plausible position in this debate.
High-intensity short-duration grazing during spring is not an effective habitat management tool for Northern Bobwhites in Colorado
Authors: Behney Adam C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Many wildlife species, like Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), are reliant on periodic environmental disturbance to maintain heterogeneity in vegetation patterns. The Northern Bobwhite is a species of conservation concern requiring different vegetation types for nesting and brood-rearing stages, as well as for protection from predators and extreme weather. In northeastern Colorado, there are few management options to increase disturbance, other than domestic livestock grazing, to manage Northern Bobwhite habitat. As high-intensity short-duration grazing has shown promise as a mode of disturbance to manage Northern Bobwhite habitat in other regions, I used a randomized block design to test the effect of spring high-intensity short-duration grazing on Northern Bobwhites and their habitat in northeastern Colorado from 2016 to 2019. Specifically, I monitored Northern Bobwhite nest and brood survival and habitat selection in relation to grazing treatments over 3 years. I found that grazing had no effect on nest or brood survival or brood habitat selection, but Northern Bobwhites selected against grazed plots for nesting. Nest survival was negatively influenced by percent litter around the nest, and Northern Bobwhites selected nest sites with more grass cover and less bare ground. Broods selected habitat with less bare ground and more woody vegetation. Grazing affected vegetation immediately after grazing, but these effects weakened or disappeared by the end of the growing season. One exception to this overall pattern was forbs, which tended to be more abundant on grazed plots throughout the growing season. Overall, I found neutral effects of grazing on Northern Bobwhite nest and brood survival and habitat selection and neutral to positive benefits to the vegetation. Spring high-intensity short-duration grazing does not appear to be an effective tool to manage Northern Bobwhite nest or brood habitat in northeastern Colorado.
Patenting of Genes, Plants, and Animals
Authors: Grubb Philip W , Thomsen Peter R , Hoxie Tom , Wright Gordon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the law governing the patentability of human genes, plants, and animals. Here one can no longer stay at the objective level of scientific findings and patent laws, but must consider the broader issues of ethics, social policy, and politics. Many persons, for different reasons, are opposed to the granting of patents for living organisms; the same persons believe that someone who patents a human gene somehow acquires control of human life, or even of an individual from whose tissue the gene was isolated. Where the invention can be useful in the diagnosis or treatment of disease, the majority of the public may accept the need for such patents, but opposition to genetic modification of food crops and to patents on the resulting transgenic plants is more widespread.
Preparation and photocatalytic performance of metallic Nb0.9Ta0.1S2/2D-C3N4 composite
Authors: Chen Hanxiang , Yi Jianjian , Mo Zhao , Song Yanhua , Yang Wenshu , Liu Jingyuan , Zhu Xianglin , Li Huaming , Xu Hui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPhotocatalysis technology has potential application in the field of energy and environment. How to expand visible light utilization and promote the separation efficiency of the carriers are the key issues for the high active photocatalysts preparation and future practical applications. In this work, a ternary metal sulfide Nb0.9Ta0.1S2 was prepared and used as an electron collector in the photocatalytic application. As a result, the generated electrons are quickly transferred to the surface of the composite to participate in the reaction. It was demonstrated that the photocatalytic activity of 2D-C3N4 was enhanced after the modification of Nb0.9Ta0.1S2. The Nb0.9Ta0.1S2/2D-C3N4 composite material was synthesized by solvothermal method. The composition of 5% Nb0.9Ta0.1S2/2D-C3N4 showed the highest H2 evolution rate of 1961.6 μmolg−1h−1, which was 6.6 times that of 2D-C3N4. The 15% Nb0.9Ta0.1S2/2D-C3N4 exhibited the best activity in Rhodamine B degradation rate of 97% in 2 h, which is 50% higher than that of 2D-C3N4. Nb0.9Ta0.1S2/2D-C3N4 can be used as electron trap to promote the effective separation of electron–hole pairs. This work provides benchmarks in exploring low-cost and efficient cocatalyst.
Two-Dimensional Locally Nash Groups
Authors: Baro ElÍas , De Vicente Juan , Otero Margarita 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe give a classification of connected abelian locally (real) Nash groups of dimension two. We first consider Painlevé’s description of meromorphic maps admitting an algebraic addition theorem and analyse the algebraic dependence of such maps. We then give a classification of connected abelian locally complex Nash groups of dimension two, from which we deduce the corresponding real classification. As a consequence, we obtain a classification of two-dimensional abelian irreducible algebraic groups defined over $\mathbb{R}$.
Willing, Caring and Capable: Gendered Ideals of Vernacular Preparedness in Finland
Authors: Hart Linda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article analyzes women’s own emergency preparedness courses within voluntary defense training Finland as a site of “vernacular security”. The article introduces a subcategory of vernacular security, “vernacular preparedness” to illustrate what woman citizens familiar with voluntary defense training make of security and defense policies where they are seen as key actors in producing grass-roots security, both as private citizens and when serving state institutions. The interviewees, both participants and course leaders, situate themselves within a gendered division of security labor characterized by male conscription. This produces a civic ideal of a psychologically resilient, altruistically caring, and physically capable civilian whose preparedness covers concerns ranging from emergencies and disasters to potential wartime efforts.
Transcriptomic and Functional Analyses Reveal Roles of AclR, a luxR-type Global Regular, in Regulating Motility and Virulence of Acidovorax citrulli
Authors: Guan Wei , Wang Tielin , Huang Qi , Zhao Mei , Tian Eryuan , Liu Yanfeng , Liu Bo , Yang Yuwen , Zhao Tingchang 
Published: March 2021

LuxR-type transcriptional regulators are essential for many physiological processes in bacteria, including pathogenesis. Acidovorax citrulli is a seedborne bacterial pathogen responsible for bacterial fruit blotch, which causes great losses in melon and watermelon worldwide. However, the LuxR-type transcriptional factors in A. citrulli have not been well studied, except for the previously reported LuxR-type regulatory protein, AcrR, involved in regulating virulence and motility. Here, we characterized a second LuxR-type regulator, AclR, in the group II strain Aac-5 of A. citrulli by mutagenesis, virulence and motility assays, and transcriptomic analysis. Deletion of aclR resulted in impaired twitching and swimming motility and flagellar formation and diminished virulence but increased biofilm formation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 1,379 genes were differentially expressed in the aclR mutant strain, including 29 genes involved in flagellar assembly and 3 involved in pili formation, suggesting a regulatory role for AclR in multiple important biological functions of A. citrulli. Together, our results not only indicate that AclR plays a global role in transcriptional regulation in A. citrulli influencing motility, biofilm formation, and virulence but also provide perspective regarding the regulatory network of biological functions in A. citrulli. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Three Common Symbiotic ABC Subfamily B Transporters inMedicago truncatulaAre Regulated by a NIN-Independent Branch of the Symbiosis Signaling Pathway
Authors: Roy Sonali , Breakspear Andrew , Cousins Donna , Torres-Jerez Ivone , Jackson Kirsty , Kumar Anil , Su Yangyang , Liu Cheng-Wu , Krom Nick , Udvardi Michael , Xu Ping , Murray Jeremy D. 
Published: March 2021

Several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and nodulation have been identified. We describe three previously unreported ABC subfamily B transporters, named AMN1, AMN2, and AMN3 (ABCB for mycorrhization and nodulation), that are expressed early during infection by rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These ABCB transporters are strongly expressed in symbiotically infected tissues, including in root-hair cells with rhizobial infection threads and arbusculated cells. During nodulation, the expression of these genes is highly induced by rhizobia and purified Nod factors and is dependent on DMI3 but is not dependent on other known major regulators of infection, such as NIN, NSP1, or NSP2. During mycorrhization their expression is dependent on DMI3 and RAM1 but not on NSP1 and NSP2. Therefore, they may be commonly regulated through a distinct branch of the common symbiotic pathway. Mutants with exonic Tnt1-transposon insertions were isolated for all three genes. None of the single or double mutants showed any differences in colonization by either rhizobia or mycorrhizal fungi, but the triple amn1 amn2 amn3 mutant showed an increase in nodule number. Further studies are needed to identify potential substrates of these transporters and understand their roles in these beneficial symbioses.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics
Authors: Janes Lindsay E. , Connor Lauren M. , Moradi Amir , Alghoul Mohammed 
Published: March 2021

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Compare and contrast the various types of botulinum toxin on the market. 2. Appropriately select patients for treatment with cosmetic botulinum toxin. 3. Understand the common injection patterns for treating various regions of the face with cosmetic botulinum toxin. 4. List the complications associated with treating various regions of the face with cosmetic botulinum toxin.

Summary:
Nonsurgical rejuvenation of the face with botulinum toxin is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the United States. This article reviews the current evidence in treating different regions of the face: upper face, lower face, masseter, and platysma. Dosing and complications associated with different facial regions are reviewed.
An Effective, Reproducible, and Cost-Effective Approach for Achieving Symmetry in Bicoronal Incisions in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Craniofacial Surgery
Authors: Adetayo Oluwaseun A. , Mountziaris Paschalia M. , Chattha Anmol , Nair Lakshmi , Adamo Matthew A. 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
Bicoronal incisions are frequently used for exposure and access to the craniofacial skeleton. A zigzag design is often used to camouflage the resultant scar. Often, free-hand zigzag drawings require several correction attempts to ensure symmetry because of the need for replication of multiple limbs of the bicoronal incision that need to be similar lengths, distance, and angles from each other. The authors present a novel technique using a template that rapidly and consistently achieves symmetric zigzag bicoronal incisions. The device is a hairstyling device that is inherently geometric in its design. Retrospective results of pediatric craniofacial patients from 2010 to 2018 are presented. Patients undergoing endoscopic reconstructions and patients who had prior operations at other institutions were excluded from the study. Fifty-two patients met inclusion criteria, with age at surgery ranging from 3 to 207 months (mean, 17 months). Follow-up ranged from 1 to 66 months (mean, 26 months). Data collected included demographics, type of surgery, and operative outcomes, including incision-related complications. Using this dynamic hairstyling device in a novel application as a template results in a fast, effective, and easily reproducible symmetric bicoronal zigzag incision in all cases. This technique eliminates the need for adjusting the length and angles of bicoronal incisions, and it can be adapted across a variety of head sizes and shapes in both pediatric and adult populations.
Uncertainty quantification in classical molecular dynamics
Authors: Wan Shunzhou , Sinclair Robert C. , Coveney Peter V. 
Published: March 2021

Molecular dynamics simulation is now a widespread approach for understanding complex systems on the atomistic scale. It finds applications from physics and chemistry to engineering, life and medical science. In the last decade, the approach has begun to advance from being a computer-based means of rationalizing experimental observations to producing apparently credible predictions for a number of real-world applications within industrial sectors such as advanced materials and drug discovery. However, key aspects concerning the reproducibility of the method have not kept pace with the speed of its uptake in the scientific community. Here, we present a discussion of uncertainty quantification for molecular dynamics simulation designed to endow the method with better error estimates that will enable it to be used to report actionable results. The approach adopted is a standard one in the field of uncertainty quantification, namely using ensemble methods, in which a sufficiently large number of replicas are run concurrently, from which reliable statistics can be extracted. Indeed, because molecular dynamics is intrinsically chaotic, the need to use ensemble methods is fundamental and holds regardless of the duration of the simulations performed. We discuss the approach and illustrate it in a range of applications from materials science to ligand–protein binding free energy estimation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Reliability and reproducibility in computational science: implementing verification, validation and uncertainty quantificationin silico’.