bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Euphemism in laxative TV commercials: at the crossroads between politeness and persuasion
Authors: Crespo-Fernández Eliecer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Despite the stigma attached to human defecation and people’s reluctance to talk about it openly, there are certain communicative situations in which one cannot evade referring to the elimination of body wastes. This is the case of laxative TV commercials, a type of discourse focused on the infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels that constitutes a breeding ground for euphemism. In this regard, following a socially-oriented approach to discourse analysis, politeness theory, and cognitive linguistics, the purpose of this paper is to gain an insight into the way euphemism works in a sample of contemporary American TV commercials advertising laxatives. The analysis reveals that euphemism – mostly in the form of metonymy and understatement – and non-euphemistic metaphors and similes serve as face-saving mechanisms for the company’s self-presentational purposes and are ultimately used as part of a sales strategy aiming to attract the interest of viewers.
Lexikalischer Zugriff bei Mehrsprachigen: Eine Studie zur visuellen Verarbeitung von Kognaten im Polnischen als Erstsprache
Authors: Długosz Kamil 
Published: April 2021

SummaryResearch into cross-linguistic influence in L3 acquisition and processing has recently shown remarkable growth. However, still little is known about reverse interactions, i. e. the effects of L2 and L3 on L1. This study investigates visual cognate processing in Polish to determine whether lexical access in the dominant L1 is susceptible to the influence of the non-dominant L2 and L3. A group of 13 Polish learners of German and English participated in a lexical decision task in which both double and triple cognates were examined in comparison to control non-cognates and non-words. In line with the pattern found in most similar studies, the results reveal no cognate facilitation effect, thus indicating that L1 lexical access in multilinguals may also be selective with respect to L2 and L3. The theoretical consequences for L1 lexical processing in the multilingual mind are discussed.
A new surgical method of treatment spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage
Authors: Du Ning , Wang Xinjun , Zhang Xuyang , Xie Jingwei , Zhou Shaolong , Wu Yuehui , Guo Yongkun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to determine the safety and effectiveness of DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy for treating intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods
This retrospective study included clinical data from 260 patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH who received neuroendoscopic hematoma removal. Patients were separated into groups based on the surgery method they received: DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy (69 cases) and standard neuroendoscopy (191 cases). All patients were followed up for 6 months. Multivariate logistic regression analyzed the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients. The outcomes of the two groups were compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves.

Results
The prognostic modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was significantly better (P = 0.027) in the DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy group than in the standard neuroendoscopy group. Logistic regression analysis showed that DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy is an independent protective factor for a favorable outcome (model 1: odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, P = 0.015; model 2: OR = 0.40, P = 0.013). Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to show that the median time for a favorable outcome was 66 days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 48.50–83.50 days) in the DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy group and 104 days (95% CI = 75.55–132.45 days) in the standard neuroendoscopy group. Log-rank testing showed that the DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy group had a lower pulmonary infection rate (χ
2 = 4.706, P = 0.030) and a better prognosis (χ
2 = 5.223, P = 0.022) than the standard neuroendoscopy group. The survival rate did not differ significantly between the DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy group and the standard neuroendoscopy group (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
The use of DTI in neuroendoscopic hematoma removal can significantly improve neurological function outcomes in patients, but it does not significantly affect the mortality of patients.
Hypothesengetriebene Analyse von Ausfallursachen
Authors: Uhlmann Eckhart , Polte Julian , Simsek Deniz , Koutrakis Nikolaos-Stefanos , Epping Mario 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDie Zuverlässigkeit von Werkzeugmaschinen ist ein entscheidender Faktor für die Sicherung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit produzierender Unternehmen. Maschinenhersteller können durch Datenanalysen Ausfallursachen in der Produktplanung entgegenwirken und Maschinen systematisch verbessern. Viele Unternehmen stehen allerdings bei der Durchführung vor großen Herausforderungen. Der folgende Beitrag addressiert diese Problematik und stellt eine Methodik vor, die Unternehmen bei der zielgerichteten Datenanalyse unterstützt.**
Reverse Engineering Ein Matrix-organisierter Ansatz zur Element-Funktions-Assoziation
Authors: Meyer Tobias , Hartig Sascha , Musienko Eugen , Fette Marc , Wulfsberg Jens P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Das Ersatzteilgeschäft stellt einen wichtigen Wirtschaftszweig vieler Unternehmen dar. Da Ersatzteile jedoch aus Gründen der Wirtschaftlichkeit nicht für einen unbegrenzten Zeitraum vorgehalten werden können, sind Verfügbarkeitsengpässe bei älteren Produkten die Regel. Fehlen zusätzlich Zeichnung oder CAD-Modelle der betreffenden Bauteile, so ist eine Nach- oder Eigenfertigung schwierig. Abhilfe schafft das Reverse Engineering, in welchem aus einem gegebenen Bauteil neue Konstruktionsunterlagen erzeugt werden. Im Zuge dessen bietet sich neben der reinen Modelaufnahme die Gelegenheit zur Bauteiloptimierung, etwa um Vorteile der additiven Fertigung nutzbar zu machen. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit einem Matrix-organisierten Ansatz zur Element-Funktions-Assoziation, welcher nicht nur die Rekonstruktion, sondern auch die systematische Optimierung eines bestehenden Bauteils erlaubt.**
Interactions of Whisking and Touch Signals in the Rat Brainstem
Authors: Ebert Coralie , Bagdasarian Knarik , Haidarliu Sebastian , Ahissar Ehud , Wallach Avner 
Published: April 2021

Perception is an active process, requiring the integration of both proprioceptive and exteroceptive information. In the rat's vibrissal system, a classical model for active sensing, the relative contribution of the two information streams was previously studied at the peripheral, thalamic, and cortical levels. Contributions of brainstem neurons were only indirectly inferred for some trigeminal nuclei according to their thalamic projections. The current work addressed this knowledge gap by performing the first comparative study of the encoding of proprioceptive whisking and exteroceptive touch signals in the oralis (SpVo), interpolaris (SpVi), and paratrigeminal (Pa5) brainstem nuclei. We used artificial whisking in anesthetized male rats, which allows a systematic analysis of the relative contribution of the proprioceptive and exteroceptive information streams along the ascending pathways in the absence of motor or cognitive top-down modulations. We found that (1) neurons in the rostral and caudal parts of the SpVi convey whisking and touch information, respectively, as predicted by their thalamic projections; (2) neurons in the SpVo encode both whisking and (primarily) touch information; and (3) neurons of the Pa5 encode a complex combination of whisking and touch information. In particular, the Pa5 contains a relatively large fraction of neurons that are inhibited by active touch, a response observed so far only in the thalamus. Overall, our systematic characterization of afferent responses to active touch in the trigeminal brainstem approves the hypothesized functions of SpVi neurons and presents evidence that SpVo and Pa5 neurons are involved in the processing of active vibrissal touch.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe present work constitutes the first comparative study of the encoding of proprioceptive (whisking) and exteroceptive (touch) information in the rat's brainstem trigeminal nuclei, the first stage of vibrissal processing in the CNS. It shows that (1) as expected, the rostral and caudal interpolaris neurons convey primarily whisking and touch information, respectively; (2) the oralis nucleus, whose function was previously unknown, encodes both whisking and (primarily) touch touch information; (3) a subtractive computation, reported at the thalamic level, already occurs at the brainstem level; and (4) a novel afferent pathway probably ascends via the paratrigeminal nucleus, encoding both proprioceptive and exteroceptive information.
The Image of an Architect and Masonic Symbols in Works by Milorad Pavić
Authors: Huk Zoriana 
Published: April 2021

The paper analyzes works by the Serbian postmodernist writer Milorad Pavić. It attempts to prove that he possesses knowledge of royal art and uses masonic symbols in his writing related to geometry and architecture, including the radiant delta, compass, masonic gloves, and clepsydra. It is assumed that under the influence of these particular ideas, the writer creates the leading image of an architect and the motif of construction as freemasons believe in the Great Architect of the Universe. In the short novel Damascene, according to speculative masonry’s beliefs, the building of the church projects the building of a temple in a human soul. M. Pavić, as an architect, creates a structure of every novel, which he identifies with the golden section. This paper finds special symbols of the divine proportion in his prose, including snail’s shells, pyramids, and violins. A dynamic structure as an embodiment of the open work concept and a broad spectrum of themes provide artistic communication with a creative recipient. A reader has an opportunity to choose their own style of reading and solving textual puzzles because Pavić’s prose represents a wide variety of themes, symbols, images, and allusions that embody the secrets of Freemasonry, allowing for various interpretations.
Jornalismo de serviço e biopoder: uma análise de conteúdo de TV
Authors: Bertolini Jeferson 
Published: April 2021

Este artigo apresenta resultados de pesquisa que relaciona jornalismo e biopoder (técnica de poder que busca produzir corpos economicamente ativos). O trabalho usa análise de conteúdo. Adota o programa Bem Estar, da Rede Globo, como objeto de estudo. O texto diz que o jornalismo colabora com o biopoder quando traduz e faz circular o saber médico, que cria normas relativas ao corpo. Essa colaboração, aparentemente involuntária, ocorre sobretudo em programas de televisão sobre saúde e bem-estar, via jornalismo de serviço. Palavras-chave: Jornalismo; Biopoder; Saúde
Wolontariat jako forma zatrudnienia przez parafie na przykładzie muzyka kościelnego
Authors: Nieczarowska Aleksandra 
Published: April 2021

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę zmierzenia się z prawną oceną praktyki zatrudniania przez parafie rzymskokatolickie w Polsce wolontariuszy na stanowisku muzyka kościelnego (organisty). Formalnie tego typu umowy zakładają oczywistą fikcję sprowadzającą się do nierzeczywistego stwierdzenia, iż „pełnoetatowy” organista w kościele parafialnym jako wolontariusz nie otrzymuje wynagrodzenia od parafii ani od osób trzecich. Co istotne, umowa o wolontariat pozwala parafii na znaczne ograniczenie pracowniczych kosztów stałych związanych z odprowadzaniem podatku dochodowego lub składek na ubezpieczenia społeczne czy zdrowotne, wobec czego z punktu widzenia parafii wydaje się być dosyć atrakcyjną formą współpracy. Przepisy ustawy o działalności pożytku publicznego i o wolontariacie określają, że podmiotem korzystającym z pracy wolontariuszy może być parafia rzymskokatolicka, przy czym warunkiem koniecznym jest posiadanie przez parafię statutu przewidującego jako jeden z celów również działalność pożytku publicznego. Z punktu widzenia prawa kanonicznego oraz świeckiego powstanie parafii nie jest uzależnione od posiadania statutu regulującego funkcjonowanie tej kościelnej osoby prawnej. W tradycji Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce, co do zasady, nie praktykuje się wydawania statutów dla parafii (według stanu na dzień 5 lutego 2019 roku w Krajowym Rejestrze Sądowym zarejestrowana jest tylko jedna parafia rzymskokatolicka jako organizacja pożytku publicznego), w związku z czym okoliczność ta stanowi przesłankę przesądzającą o braku możliwości zatrudniania wolontariuszy. Wobec powyższego, aby parafia mogła korzystać z pracy wolontariuszy, konieczne jest uchwalenie statutu przewidującego obok działalności duszpasterskiej również działalność pożytku publicznego. Jednakże wykluczenie przeszkody natury podmiotowej związanej ze statusem parafii jako podmiotu mogącego korzystać z pracy wolontariuszy nie eliminuje przeszkód związanych z istotą wolontariatu sprowadzającą się do nieodpłatnej pracy wolontariusza. Wobec powyższego zatrudnianie przez parafie wolontariuszy do wykonywania regularnej pracy w kościele parafialnym na stanowisku organisty należy uznać jako sprzeczne z przepisami powszechnie obowiązującego prawa krajowego oraz normami prawa kanonicznego.
Legitymacja czynna domu zakonnego Ojców Augustianów w Krakowie w postępowaniu regulacyjnym
Authors: Walencik Dariusz 
Published: April 2021

Składając wniosek, a następnie pozew w trybie przepisów art. 61 ust. 1 i art. 64 ust. 2 ustawy o stosunku państwa do Kościoła katolickiego w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej kościelna osoba prawna musi wykazać swoją legitymację czynną do złożenia wniosku (pozwu), jego popierania oraz nabycia prawa własności. Musi zatem wykazać, że jest tą kościelną osobą prawną, która została pozbawiona własności nieruchomości wskutek jej upaństwowienia (tożsamość podmiotów), lub że jest następcą prawnym tej osoby. Wystąpienie z roszczeniem o przywrócenie własności nieruchomości upaństwowionej nie jest uzależnione od tego, czy nieruchomość ta uprzednio stanowiła własność tej osoby prawnej. Może bowiem zachodzić zarówno następstwo prawne w ścisłym tego słowa znaczeniu, jak i określone przepisami ustawy o stosunku państwa do Kościoła katolickiego w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej uprawnienie do przywrócenia własności nieruchomości, należącej uprzednio do osoby prawnej tego Kościoła (następstwo sensu largo). Tożsamość lub następstwo prawne kościelnych osób prawnych wymagają wskazania podstawy prawnej nie tylko w prawie kanonicznym, lecz również w prawie polskim. W tym celu należy dokonać zarówno wykładni przepisów prawa materialnego, jak i procesowego. Nie ulega jednak wątpliwości, że w obowiązujących po jednostronnym wypowiedzeniu konkordatu z 1925 roku aż do 23 maja 1989 roku przepisach prawa polskiego takiej normy prawnej nie było, ponieważ ówczesny ustawodawca uchylał się od jej uchwalenia, mimo obowiązywania przepisu Konstytucji PRL w tym zakresie. Kwestie te zostały szczegółowo omówione w artykule na przykładzie nacjonalizacji i rewindykacji nieruchomości domu zakonnego Ojców Augustianów w Krakowie.
IV МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ КОНГРЕСС, ПОСВЯЩЕННЫЙ А. Ф. САМОЙЛОВУ “ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ И КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ. АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ АРИТМОЛОГИИ”
Authors: Editorial Article 
Published: April 2021

IV МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ КОНГРЕСС, ПОСВЯЩЕННЫЙ А. Ф. САМОЙЛОВУ “ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ И КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ. АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ АРИТМОЛОГИИ”7-8 АПРЕЛЯ 2021, Г. КАЗАНЬК 155-ЛЕТИЮ А. Ф. САМОЙЛОВАСБОРНИК ТЕЗИСОВ
Some Kind of Bond
Authors: Cavarzan Chiara 
Published: April 2021

Some Kind Of Bond is a film about a cemetery: a quiet and lonely place filled with life and memories. We observe the casual and the diligent visitors; we talk with them about their thoughts on death, loss and grief.
Some of them decide to invite us to their homes and together we go on an emotional journey through different personal experiences: the loss of a child, a grandparent and a mother.
Anti Human CX3CR1 VHH Molecule Attenuates Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia of Arteriovenous Fistula in Mouse Model
Authors: Misra Sanjay , Kilari Sreenivasulu , Yang Binxia , Sharma Amit , Wu Chih-Cheng , Vazquez-Padron Roberto I. , Broadwater John 
Published: April 2021

Significance Statement
Fractalkine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) mediates macrophage infiltration into the vasculature. In this study, we used humanized mice knocked in with the human CX3CR1 gene and inhibited CX3CR1 signaling using a variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only molecule (BI 655088) to test the hypothesis that blockade of CX3CR1 results in less of the venous neointimal hyperplasia formation that is associated with arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure. We also used human samples removed from failed AVFs combined with cell culture experiments. Our results demonstrate a novel role for CX3CR1 in reducing venous stenosis formation in AVFs.

Background
Fractalkine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) mediates macrophage infiltration and accumulation, causing venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH)/venous stenosis (VS) in arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The effect of blocking CX3CR1 using an anti–human variable VHH molecule (hCX3CR1 VHH, BI 655088) on VNH/VS was determined using a humanized mouse in which the human CX3CR1 (hCX3CR1) gene was knocked in (KI).

Methods
Whole-transcriptomic RNA sequencing with bioinformatics analysis was used on human stenotic AVF samples, C57BL/6J, hCX3CR1 KI mice with AVF and CKD, and in in vitro experiments to identify the pathways involved in preventing VNH/VS formation after hCX3CR1 VHH administration.

Results
Accumulation of CX3CR1 and CD68 was significantly increased in stenotic human AVFs. In C57BL/6J mice with AVF, there was increased Cx3cr1, Cx3cl1, Cd68, and Tnf-α gene expression, and increased immunostaining of CX3CR1 and CD68. In hCX3CR1-KI mice treated with hCX3CR1 VHH molecule (KI-A), compared with vehicle controls (KI-V), there was increased lumen vessel area and patency, and decreased neointima in the AVF outflow veins. RNA-seq analysis identified TNF-α and NF-κB as potential targets of CX3CR1 inhibition. In KI-A–treated vessels compared with KI-V, there was decreased gene expression of Tnf-
α, Mcp-1, and Il-1
β; with reduction of Cx3cl1, NF-κB, and Cd68; decreased M1, Ly6C, smooth muscle cells, fibroblast-activated protein, fibronectin, and proliferation; and increased TUNEL and M2 staining. In cell culture, monocytes stimulated with PMA and treated with hCX3CR1 VHH had decreased TNF-
α, CD68, proliferation, and migration.

Conclusions
CX3CR1 blockade reduces VNH/VS formation by decreasing proinflammatory cues.
CTLA4Ig Gene Transfer Prolongs Survival and Induces Donor-Specific Tolerance in a Rat Renal Allograft
Authors: TOMASONI SUSANNA , AZZOLLINI NADIA , CASIRAGHI FEDERICA , CAPOGROSSI MAURIZIO C. , REMUZZI GIUSEPPE , BENIGNI ARIELA 
Published: April 2021

Abstract.
Organ transplantation requires lifelong antirejection therapy, which carries the risk of infection and cancer. A revolutionary approach is to transduce the organ graft with immunomodulatory genes to render them tolerated with no need of systemic immunosuppression. Prolonged allograft survival was achieved by adenovirus-mediated transduction of the cold-preserved kidney with sequences encoding CTLA4Ig, a recombinant fusion protein that blocks T cell activation. Organ expression of the transgene was achieved associated with mild infiltration of mononuclear cells in the transfected kidney. Mixed lymphocyte reaction as well as the production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines were reduced. Thus, the gene transfer technique to prolong graft survival is indeed effective and safe and can induce donor-specific unresponsiveness. Pending appropriate large animal testing, ex vivo genetic manipulation of the organ before surgery may hopefully represent a major step forward in human transplant medicine.
Clinical profile and bacteriological eitiology in cases of acute exacerbation of COPD in a tertiary care: a tertiary care study
Authors: Neelamma K. A. Sahana , E. Dinesh Ragav 
Published: April 2021

Background: Acute exacerbation a prominent feature of COPD, is a major entity altering the course of the disease. These exacerbations are by complex interactions between host, bacteria, viruses and environment. Many studies done earlier indicate bacteria being the major cause of these exacerbations. This study is hence done to determine the bacteriological profile, haematological profile severity and grade clinical signs and symptoms based of ‘Gold’ criteria.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study, done on a total of 80 cases for a period of 18 months on patients admitted to Sathya Sai medical college with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cases of acute exacerbation of COPD satisfying the eligibility criteria were included in the study. Clinical and microbiological parameters were noted with special preference to sputum culture and spirometry.Results: Bacteria was not present in 46 (57.5%) of the study population. Klebsiella pneumoniae was present in 12 cases (15.0%), pseudomonas aeruginosa in 6 (7.5%), staphylococcus aureus in 6 (7.5%), streptococcus pneumoniae in 5 (6.2%) and actinobacter in 5 (6.2%). 34 cases were sensitive to antibiotics (52.5%). Majority being sensitive to ceftriaxone, piperacillin and levofloxacillin. 43 cases belonged to ‘Gold’ criteria on spirometry. Hyper inflated lung, tubular heart was present in 39 (48.8%) cases. With normal chest X-ray findings in the rest.Conclusions: Bacteria causing exacerbations is different in India as compared to other studies from different countries. Klebsiella pneumonia being most common organism followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pneumoniae and actinobacter. AECOPD patients with bacteria showed sensitivity to ceftriaxone, piperacillin and levofloxacillin. Hence, these etiology with sensitivity pattern should be kept in mind for starting a patient on empirical antibiotic therapy.
Atatürk Döneminde Kütahya’da Eğitim İstatistiklerinin Analizi
Authors: KUMAŞ Nursal 
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışmada Kütahya ilinin eğitim-öğretim yapısı örgün ve yaygın eğitim kapsamında Atatürk dönemiyle sınırlandırılarak incelendi. Çalışmada özellikle öğrenci, öğretmen, okul ve okur-yazar verileri üzerinde duruldu. Kütahya iliyle ilgili nüfus ve eğitim verileri Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun ve Maarif Vekâleti’nin istatistiklerinden elde edildi. Ayrıca Cumhuriyet Arşivi Belgeleri (BCA), Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Salnameleri, CHP’nin yayınladığı istatistik ve talimatnameler ve Kütahya gazetesinden de yararlanıldı. Sayısal veriler tablo ve grafik aracılığıyla metne aktarılıp anlamlandırıldı.
Kütahya ili genelinde 1927 yılında okuma-yazma oranı % 4,95 iken bu oran artış göstererek 1935 yılında % 11,54 oldu. Okuma-yazma oranındaki bu artışa rağmen Kütahya 1927-1935 döneminde Türkiye ortalamalarının altında kaldı. Kütahya ilinde örgün eğitim kurumları olarak anaokulu, ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise bulunmaktaydı. 1923-1924 dönemi itibarıyla il merkezinde ve Uşak ilçesinde birer anaokulunun faaliyet gösterdiği belirlendi. 1927-1928 döneminde il genelinde 124 ilkokul varken 1932-1933 döneminde bu rakam 154’ e çıktı. Dönem içinde Kütahya şehir merkezinde ve Uşak ilçesinde birer ortaokul mevcuttu. Kütahya Lisesi 1933 yılında liseye dönüştürülmesine karşın okulda çıkan yangın nedeniyle eğitim-öğretime ara verildi ve okul faaliyetlerine ancak 1937-1938 öğretim yılında başlayabildi. İl merkezi ve Uşak ilçesinde birer imam hatip okulu vardı. Ayrıca il merkezinde sanayi zirai okulu eğitim-öğretim faaliyetinde bulunmaktaydı. Şehirde yaygın öğretim kapsamında millet mektepleri ve Kütahya Halkevi Halk Dershaneleri ve Kursları Şubesi ön planda gelmekteydi. Simav Halkevi’nin ilgili şubeleri, şehirde yerel düzeyde yayım yapan Kütahya gazetesi ve iki kütüphane eğitim-öğretimi destekler nitelikte faaliyet göstermekteydi.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kütahya, Eğitim, Türk Eğitim Tarihi, Cumhuriyet Dönemi