bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MOBSTER – IV. Detection of a new magnetic B-type star from follow-up spectropolarimetric observations of photometrically selected candidates★
Authors: David-Uraz A , Shultz M E , Petit V , Bowman D M , Erba C , Fine R A , Neiner C , Pablo H , Sikora J , ud-Doula A , Wade G A 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present results from the spectropolarimetric follow-up of photometrically selected candidate magnetic B stars from the MOBSTER (Magnetic OB[A] Stars with TESS: probing their Evolutionary and Rotational properties) project. Out of four observed targets, one (HD 38170) is found to host a detectable surface magnetic field, with a maximum longitudinal field measurement of 105 ± 14 G. This star is chemically peculiar and classified as an α2 CVn variable. Its detection validates the use of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) to perform a photometric selection of magnetic candidates. Furthermore, upper limits on the strength of a putative dipolar magnetic field are derived for the remaining three stars, and we report the discovery of a previously unknown spectroscopic binary system, HD 25709. Finally, we use our non-detections as case studies to further inform the criteria to be used for the selection of a larger sample of stars to be followed up using high-resolution spectropolarimetry.
Detection of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutated Glioblastomas Through Anomaly Detection Analytics
Authors: Taha Birra , Li Taihui , Boley Daniel , Chen Clark C , Sun Ju 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The rarity of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase mutated (mIDH) glioblastomas relative to wild-type IDH glioblastomas, as well as their distinct tumor physiology, effectively render them “outliers”. Specialized tools are needed to identify these outliers.

OBJECTIVE
To carefully craft and apply anomaly detection methods to identify mIDH glioblastoma based on radiomic features derived from magnetic resonance imaging.

METHODS
T1-post gadolinium images for 188 patients and 138 patients were downloaded from The Cancer Imaging Archive's (TCIA) The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) glioblastoma collection, and from the University of Minnesota Medical Center (UMMC), respectively. Anomaly detection methods were tested on glioblastoma image features for the precision of mIDH detection and compared to standard classification methods.

RESULTS
Using anomaly detection training methods, we were able to detect IDH mutations from features in noncontrast-enhancing regions in glioblastoma with an average precision of 75.0%, 69.9%, and 69.8% using three different models. Anomaly detection methods consistently outperformed traditional two-class classification methods from 2 unique learning models (67.9%, 67.6%). The disparity in performances could not be overcome through newer, popular models such as neural networks (67.4%).

CONCLUSION
We employed an anomaly detection strategy in the detection of IDH mutation in glioblastoma using preoperative T1 postcontrast imaging. We show these methods outperform traditional two-class classification in the setting of dataset imbalances inherent to IDH mutation prevalence in glioblastoma. We validate our results using an external dataset and highlight new possible avenues for radiogenomic rare event prediction in glioblastoma and beyond.
A proof of concept for neutralizing antibody-guided vaccine design against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Zhang Li , Cao Lei , Gao Xing-Su , Zheng Bin-Yang , Deng Yong-Qiang , Li Jing-Xin , Feng Rui , Bian Qian , Guo Xi-Ling , Wang Nan , Qiu Hong-Ying , Wang Lei , Cui Zhen , Ye Qing , Chen Geng , Lu Kui-Kui , Chen Yin , Chen Yu-Tao , Pan Hong-Xing , Yu Jiaping , Yao Wenrong , Zhu Bao-Li , Chen Jianping , Liu Yong , Qin Cheng-Feng , Wang Xiangxi , Zhu Feng-Cai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mutations and transient conformational movements of receptor binding domain (RBD) that make neutralizing epitopes momentarily unavailable, present immune escape routes to SARS-CoV-2. To mitigate viral escape, we developed a cocktail of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) targeting epitopes located on different domains of spike (S) protein. Screening of a library of monoclonal antibodies generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of COVID-19 convalescent patients yielded potent NAbs, targeting N-terminal domain (NTD) and RBD domain of S, effective at nM concentrations. Remarkably, combination of RBD-targeting NAbs and NTD-binding NAb, FC05, enhanced the neutralization potency in cell-based assays and animal model. Results of competitive SPR assays and cryo-EM structures of Fabs bound to S unveil determinants of immunogenicity. Combinations of immunogens, identified in NTD and RBD of S, when immunized in rabbits and macaques elicited potent protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, two immunizations of this combination of NTD and RBD immunogens provided complete protection in macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, without observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. These results provide a proof-of-concept for neutralization-based immunogen design targeting SARS-CoV-2 NTD and RBD.
Dynamic Change and Clinical Relevance of Postinfectious SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses
Authors: Mallon Patrick W G , Tinago Willard , Leon Alejandro Garcia , McCann Kathleen , Kenny Grace , McGettrick Padraig , Green Sandra , Inzitari Rosanna , Cottere Aoife G , Feeney Eoin R , Savinelli Stefano , Doran Peter ,   All Ireland Infectious Diseases Cohort Study Group, Gavin P , Eustace J , Horgan M , Sadlier C , Lambert J , McGinty T , Low J , Whelan B , McNicholas B , Yousif O , Courtney G , DeBarra E , Kelly C , Bracken T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Although reports suggest that most individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop detectable antibodies postinfection, the kinetics, durability, and relative differences between immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses beyond the first few weeks after symptom onset remain poorly understood.

Methods
Within a large, well-phenotyped, diverse, prospective cohort of subjects with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–confirmed infection and historical controls derived from cohorts with high prevalence of viral coinfections and samples taken during prior flu seasons, we measured SARS-CoV-2 serological responses (both IgG and IgM) using commercially available assays. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and relationship with disease severity and mapped the kinetics of antibody responses over time using generalized additive models.

Results
We analyzed 1001 samples from 752 subjects, 327 with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 (29.7% with severe disease) spanning a period of 90 days from symptom onset. Sensitivity was lower (44.1%–47.1%) early (&lt;10 days) after symptom onset but increased to &gt;80% after 10 days. IgM positivity increased earlier than IgG-targeted assays, but positivity peaked between days 32 and 38 post–onset of symptoms and declined thereafter, a dynamic that was confirmed when antibody levels were analyzed, with a more rapid decline observed with IgM. Early (&lt;10 days) IgM but not IgG levels were significantly higher in those who subsequently developed severe disease (signal/cutoff 4.20 [0.75–17.93] vs 1.07 [0.21–5.46]; P = .048).

Conclusions
This study suggests that postinfectious antibody responses in those with confirmed COVID-19 begin to decline relatively early postinfection and suggests a potential role for higher IgM levels early in infection in the prediction of subsequent disease severity.
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Household Members and Other Close Contacts of COVID-19 Cases: A Serologic Study in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland
Authors: Dupraz Julien , Butty Audrey , Duperrex Olivier , Estoppey Sandrine , Faivre Vincent , Thabard Julien , Zuppinger Claire , Greub Gilbert , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Pasquier Jérôme , Rousson Valentin , Egger Malik , Steiner-Dubuis Amélie , Vassaux Sophie , Masserey Eric , Bochud Murielle , Gonseth Nusslé Semira , D’Acremont Valérie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission within households and other close settings using serological testing is scarce.

Methods
We invited coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases diagnosed between February 27 and April 1, 2020, in Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, to participate, along with household members and other close contacts. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G antibodies were measured using a Luminex immunoassay. We estimated factors associated with serological status using generalized estimating equations.

Results
Overall, 219 cases, 302 household members, and 69 other close contacts participated between May 4 and June 27, 2020. More than half of household members (57.2%; 95% CI, 49.7%–64.3%) had developed a serologic response to SARS-CoV-2, while 19.0% (95% CI, 10.0%–33.2%) of other close contacts were seropositive. After adjusting for individual and household characteristics, infection risk was higher in household members aged ≥65 years than in younger adults (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.63; 95% CI, 1.05–12.60) and in those not strictly adhering to simple hygiene rules like hand washing (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.02–3.17). The risk was lower when more than 5 people outside home were met during semiconfinement, compared with none (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.16–0.74). Individual risk of household members to be seropositive was lower in large households (22% less per each additional person).

Conclusions
During semiconfinement, household members of a COVID-19 case were at very high risk of getting infected, 3 times more than close contacts outside home. This highlights the need to provide clear messages on protective measures applicable at home. For elderly couples, who were especially at risk, providing external support for daily basic activities is essential.
Banking Sector and Corporate Structures—The Scope of the Recovery and Resolution Framework
Authors: Schillig Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The financial system is populated by a wide variety of different institutions, within and across jurisdictions. Their structure and legal nature is largely path-dependent on the applicable regulatory regime, which in turn may be the result of historical accident rather than conscientious planning. This chapter seeks to delineate the scope of application of the recovery and resolution frameworks. In this context it is necessary to have a closer look at the structure of the banking and financial sectors in the jurisdictions under consideration. Despite considerable convergence, significant differences remain. This has consequences for the prevalent corporate and organizational structures, which, in turn, have important implications for recovery and resolution planning and for the application of resolution tools and powers. Structural reform efforts seek to further improve resolvability.
Early Intervention
Authors: Schillig Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Financial Stability Board recommended that all national supervisors should have the mandate and powers to identify risks and intervene early in order to prevent unsound practices and take appropriate measures to reduce the impact of potential stresses on financial institutions and to safeguard against systemic risks. Accordingly, the BRRD and SRM contain new powers for the competent authorities to intervene early before an institution’s financial and economic situation has deteriorated to a point where resolution is the only viable alternative. The chapter starts with some theoretical reflections, focusing on the incentives of the actors involved. It then discusses the early intervention framework under BRRD and SRM and national transposition in the UK and Germany. It also covers the US prompt corrective action framework and early remediation under Dodd–Frank.
Bail-In
Authors: Schillig Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Bail-in—the recapitalization of a failing institution through a write down and conversion to equity of some of its liabilities—has emerged as many regulators’ and commentators’ favoured approach for resolving large and complex financial institutions. The chapter starts with a conceptual delineation of bail-in and contingent capital, before the bail-in tool under BRRD and SRM and its implementation in the UK and Germany are analysed. Having discussed all resolution tools available under the EU resolution framework, these are applied in a hypothetical case study of the resolution of the Belgian–Dutch Fortis group that failed in 2008. The EU framework may be contrasted with bail-in under the Dodd–Frank Act as envisaged by the FDIC.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Ashdown Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Supreme Court’s decision in Pitt v Holt and Futter v Futter is now the crucial landmark in the life of the Re Hastings-Bass doctrine. Lord Walker’s judgment, together with Lloyd LJ’s in the Court of Appeal, will continue to be the subject of debate and criticism, and there certainly remain detailed technical questions which will require close judicial attention in future. But it has achieved an enormous amount in reformulating the Re Hastings-Bass rule so as to accord with the essential principles of English trusts law: it has now been put beyond doubt that it is a duty- (rather than results-) oriented rule, which can be invoked only on proof of the trustees’ breach of duty, and the consequence of which is to render the impugned exercise of power or discretion voidable. The tangled case law of the 1990s and 2000s has been swept away by the Supreme Court, and as yet it has not been replaced by an extensive body of case law applying that decision and filling in the gaps—although that will doubtless follow. As such, this is an opportune moment at which to look at the Re Hastings-Bass rule more broadly, to examine the processes through which it has been, and will continue to be, moulded and refined, and to consider likely future developments. In this respect it is also useful to look beyond the English courts to see how the Re Hastings-Bass rule has fared offshore, and the extent to which it has taken on an independent life, divergent from the English experience.
Germany
Authors: Spahlinger Andreas , Kortz Helge 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and authors bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
Compromising Shareholder Claims Generally and in Listed Companies
Authors: Mallon Christopher , Waisman Shai Y , Schrock Ray C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In both UK and US bankruptcy proceedings, shareholders rank lowest in terms of recovery. In consensual restructurings, however, shareholders in both jurisdictions may be able to position themselves to retain some potential upside in exchange for their cooperation in the restructuring process. Likewise, in the context of non-consensual arrangements, shareholders in both the US and UK may also seek to leverage their position, especially in cases where they have an influence in the restructured business, whether this is by virtue of their involvement as management or key employees, or in providing further funds to the distressed business. As a matter of UK law, various restructuring techniques exist which facilitate the compromise of shareholder rights, or allow them in certain circumstances to be left out of the restructuring entirely; we consider these techniques in this chapter. In summary however, both in the US and as a matter of UK law, a consensual solution is often the preferred route so shareholder cooperation is often sought, and to this extent the shareholders may continue to influence the restructuring process.
Retaining a Proprietary Interest by Agreement
Authors: Calnan Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the requirements for the retention of a proprietary interest. It distinguishes the creation of a proprietary interest from the retention of such an interest. It further discusses how a retained proprietary interest can be lost. The nemo dat principle is discussed. It discusses the reservation of title to goods, exceptions to the nemo dat principle, and the effect of mixing, fixing, or manufacturing assets.
Tracing at Law
Authors: Calnan Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains what tracing is. Differing descriptions of the expression are discussed. Tracing does not seek to examine intention; tracing imposes a proprietary interest. The chapter discusses the principles of tracing at common law and how a person becomes a legal owner of a substitute asset. In particular, the rules as to indentification of a substitute asset are discussed. The chapter contains a detailed discussion of the case law on tracing at common law. Attempts to distinguish tracing from ‘following’ are discussed. The chapter distinguishes tracing against the wrongdoer from tracing against a third party.
The Economics of European Monetary Integration: The Pros and Cons of EMU Membership
Authors: Masciandaro Donato , Romelli Davide 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe recent global crisis challenged the stability of the European monetary integration process. That process, which is closely linked to the evolution of the European Monetary Union (EMU), has gone through two stages: the Common Market era, which ran from 1958 until 1993, and the Monetary Union era, which started in 1994 and gained new impetus after the global crisis with the publication of the Four Presidents’ Report in December 2012. The aim of the EMU has been to exchange rates, inflation and interest rates in order to boost capital mobility and trade, thereby promoting the growth of member countries. Thus far, the data shows that there has been nominal convergence of inflation and interest rates, while real convergence of per capita income has not occurred among the original euro area participants.
Banking Supervision
Authors: Christoph Ohler 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe sovereign debt crisis in Europe that started in early 2010 was the ground on which profound institutional reforms of the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) were put into place. It was triggered by the inability of Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and later on also Spain, to continue borrowing from the markets when fears increased that these Member States could default on their sovereign debt. The reasons why these Member States lost their access to the financial markets differed considerably, however. Greece had been suffering from a high level of indebtedness for many years, while rising sovereign debt in Ireland, Portugal and Spain was the result of public bail-outs of the national banking systems. The rescue measures in the latter countries had become necessary when, due to the financial crisis that preceded the debt crisis, a boom in the private housing markets came to a sudden halt. Common features of the development in all these countries were the high levels of sovereign debt and the strong dynamics of indebtedness, so that the governments lost their ability to borrow freely and at interest rates acceptable in the context of public budgetary systems.
State Aid For Financial Institutions
Authors: Müller-Ibold Till 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBanks play a central role in market economies. They facilitate payments and grant credit and they convert short to medium term deposits into much longer loans to companies, consumers, and governments, which are irreplaceable functions economically. But they do not only have a large economic impact; their proper functioning affects everybody’s day-to-day life. Any challenge to such proper functioning is therefore an immediate and significant political concern.
EMU Reform
Authors: Craig Paul , Markakis Menelaos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDiscourse concerning Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) reform is complex. This is in part because of the inherent complexity of the subject matter, and in part because the outcome, whatsoever that might be, will not be determined purely by economics. The European Union (EU) is quintessentially the art of the possible, and politics is of considerable importance in determining the parameters in this respect. There is, moreover, a temporal dimension to discussion of EMU reform, which in this context signifies the fact that the likely direction of change emerges over time, with successive high-level reports operating incrementally to lay the groundwork for change. Thus, the key staging posts for the next stage of EMU reform include the Four Presidents’ Report, the Five Presidents’ Report, the Commission’s Reflection Paper, and its 2017 Roadmap for completion of EMU.
Creditors’ Rights as a Class Remedy
Authors: Anderson Hamish 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The concept of insolvency proceedings as a class remedy is one consequence of the collective nature of insolvency proceedings under the Act. It explains the need for creditors’ rights to be exercised in accordance with the purposes of the legislation. The concept is a judicial construct which, although a logical progression from the statutory rules, is not mentioned in the legislation itself.
Disclosure and Declaration of Interests
Authors: Rosemary Langford 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
One instance of obvious conflict between the interests of the company and those of a director concerns contracts entered between the director (or an individual or entity associated with the director) and the company, also referred to as ‘self-dealing’. A classic example of self-dealing is the case of Aberdeen Railway Company Ltd v Blaikie Brothers, in which the director and chair of a company, Mr Blaikie, had a conflict of interest due to his role as managing partner of the firm that supplied office furniture to the company. This case was outlined in Chapter 4 where it was shown that, despite the fact that the price paid for the furniture was fair, the company was entitled to have the contract set aside due to Mr Blaikie’s conflict. Interestingly, some jurisdictions now provide a defence where the contract is fair to the company. Case law from each of the jurisdictions provides a rich source of examples of such conflicts. These include payment for services or purchase of goods, transfer of company money or assets to directors and their associates, and usurpation of company business. Some of these cases involve multiple directorships and corporate opportunities, which are more specifically discussed in Chapters
The Role of Other Duties
Authors: Rosemary Langford 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The general law duties to avoid conflicts and profits (the conflicts and profits rules) do not regulate all of the conflicts encountered by a director. In particular, where the conflict or profit involves the interests of a third party (such as a director’s spouse or family member, a creditor, a friend or a major shareholder), the duties to avoid conflicts and profits do not necessarily apply. Instead, the duties to act in good faith in the interests of the company and for proper purposes (the best interests and proper purposes rules) are engaged. It is also the duty to act in good faith in the interests of the company that regulates the conflicts faced by directors in relation to stakeholders. This chapter examines the law concerning conflicts involving third parties and the vexed topic of the interaction between directors’ duties and stakeholder interests. Stakeholders include employees, creditors, investors, suppliers, customers, local, national and global communities, and the environment as a whole. The importance of stakeholder interests (and particularly those of employees) and engagement with stakeholders has been emphasised in recent corporate governance reforms in the UK.