bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scattering amplitudes for all masses and spins
Authors: Arkani-Hamed Nima , Huang Tzu-Chen , Huang Yu-tin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We introduce a formalism for describing four-dimensional scattering amplitudes for particles of any mass and spin. This naturally extends the familiar spinor-helicity formalism for massless particles to one where these variables carry an extra SU(2) little group index for massive particles, with the amplitudes for spin S particles transforming as symmetric rank 2S tensors. We systematically characterise all possible three particle amplitudes compatible with Poincare symmetry. Unitarity, in the form of consistent factorization, imposes algebraic conditions that can be used to construct all possible four-particle tree amplitudes. This also gives us a convenient basis in which to expand all possible four-particle amplitudes in terms of what can be called “spinning polynomials”. Many general results of quantum field theory follow the analysis of four-particle scattering, ranging from the set of all possible consistent theories for massless particles, to spin-statistics, and the Weinberg-Witten theorem. We also find a transparent understanding for why massive particles of sufficiently high spin cannot be “elementary”. The Higgs and Super-Higgs mechanisms are naturally discovered as an infrared unification of many disparate helicity amplitudes into a smaller number of massive amplitudes, with a simple understanding for why this can’t be extended to Higgsing for gravitons. We illustrate a number of applications of the formalism at one-loop, giving few-line computations of the electron (g − 2) as well as the beta function and rational terms in QCD. “Off-shell” observables like correlation functions and form-factors can be thought of as scattering amplitudes with external “probe” particles of general mass and spin, so all these objects — amplitudes, form factors and correlators, can be studied from a common on-shell perspective.
Celestial diamonds: conformal multiplets in celestial CFT
Authors: Pasterski Sabrina , Puhm Andrea , Trevisani Emilio 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We examine the structure of global conformal multiplets in 2D celestial CFT. For a 4D bulk theory containing massless particles of spin s = $$ \left\{0,\frac{1}{2},1,\frac{3}{2},2\right\} $$

0

1
2

1

3
2

2

we classify and construct all SL(2,ℂ) primary descendants which are organized into ‘celestial diamonds’. This explicit construction is achieved using a wavefunction-based approach that allows us to map 4D scattering amplitudes to celestial CFT correlators of operators with SL(2,ℂ) conformal dimension ∆ and spin J. Radiative conformal primary wavefunctions have J = ±s and give rise to conformally soft theorems for special values of ∆ ∈ $$ \frac{1}{2}\mathbb{Z} $$

1
2

ℤ
. They are located either at the top of celestial diamonds, where they descend to trivial null primaries, or at the left and right corners, where they descend both to and from generalized conformal primary wavefunctions which have |J| ≤ s. Celestial diamonds naturally incorporate degeneracies of opposite helicity particles via the 2D shadow transform relating radiative primaries and account for the global and asymptotic symmetries in gauge theory and gravity.
5-HT2C receptor perturbation has bidirectional influence over instrumental vigour and restraint
Authors: Härmson Oliver , Grima Laura L. , Panayi Marios C. , Husain Masud , Walton Mark E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe serotonin (5-HT) system, particularly the 5-HT2C receptor, has consistently been implicated in behavioural control. However, while some studies have focused on the role 5-HT2C receptors play in regulating motivation to work for reward, others have highlighted its importance in response restraint. To date, it is unclear how 5-HT transmission at this receptor regulates the balance of response invigoration and restraint in anticipation of future reward. In addition, it remains to be established how 5-HT2C receptors gate the influence of internal versus cue-driven processes over reward-guided actions. To elucidate these issues, we investigated the effects of administering the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084, both systemically and directly into the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), in rats performing a Go/No-Go task for small or large rewards. The results were compared to the administration of d-amphetamine into the NAcC, which has previously been shown to promote behavioural activation. Systemic perturbation of 5-HT2C receptors—but crucially not intra-NAcC infusions—consistently boosted rats’ performance and instrumental vigour on Go trials when they were required to act. Concomitantly, systemic administration also reduced their ability to withhold responding for rewards on No-Go trials, particularly late in the holding period. Notably, these effects were often apparent only when the reward on offer was small. By contrast, inducing a hyperdopaminergic state in the NAcC with d-amphetamine strongly impaired response restraint on No-Go trials both early and late in the holding period, as well as speeding action initiation. Together, these findings suggest that 5-HT2C receptor transmission, outside the NAcC, shapes the vigour of ongoing goal-directed action as well as the likelihood of responding as a function of expected reward.
Floer Theory of Higher Rank Quiver 3-folds
Authors: Smith Ivan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study threefolds Y fibred by $$A_m$$

A
m

-surfaces over a curve S of positive genus. An ideal triangulation of S defines, for each rank m, a quiver $$Q(\Delta _m)$$

Q
(

Δ
m

)

, hence a $$CY_3$$

C

Y
3

-category $$\mathcal {C}(W)$$

C
(
W
)

for any potential W on $$Q(\Delta _m)$$

Q
(

Δ
m

)

. We show that for $$\omega $$
ω
in an open subset of the Kähler cone, a subcategory of a sign-twisted Fukaya category of $$(Y,\omega )$$

(
Y
,
ω
)

is quasi-isomorphic to $$(\mathcal {C},W_{[\omega ]})$$

(
C
,

W

[
ω
]

)

for a certain generic potential $$W_{[\omega ]}$$

W

[
ω
]

. This partially establishes a conjecture of Goncharov (in: Algebra, geometry, and physics in the 21st century, Birkhäuser/Springer, Cham, 2017) concerning ‘categorifications’ of cluster varieties of framed $${\mathbb {P}}GL_{m+1}$$

P
G

L

m
+
1

-local systems on S, and gives a symplectic geometric viewpoint on results of Gaiotto et al. (Ann Henri Poincaré 15(1):61–141, 2014) on ‘theories of class $${\mathcal {S}}$$
S
’.
Einfluss des Demenzgrades auf die motorischen Fähigkeiten von Senioren
Authors: Schumacher Anneke , Prinz Alexander , Witte Kerstin 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Der progrediente Verlauf einer Demenzerkrankung äußert sich sowohl in den zunehmenden Beeinträchtigungen der kognitiven Funktionen als auch in den motorischen Fähigkeiten der Betroffenen und wirkt damit auf die Mobilität und Selbstständigkeit im Alltag aus. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, ob und inwiefern der Schweregrad der Demenz ausgewählte motorische Leistungsfähigkeiten beeinflusst.

Methodik
In die Studie wurden 32 SeniorenInnen mit einer leichten Demenz (Gruppe A; Altersdurchschnitt: 84,3 ± 6,1 Jahre) und 27 SeniorInnen mit einer mittelschweren Demenz (Gruppe B; Altersdurchschnitt: 85,6 ± 5,5 Jahre) eingeschlossen, deren Einstufung anhand des Mini-Mental-Status-Tests (MMST) erfolgte. Zum Einsatz kamen folgende motorische Testverfahren: Handdynamometer (Gesamtkraftfähigkeit), Fall-Stab-Test (motorische Reaktionsfähigkeit), Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques (FICSIT‑4; Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit), Timed-up-and-go-Test (TUG) und der modifizierte Chair-Rising-Test (CRT; beide analysieren die Mobilität und Transferleistung im Alltag).

Ergebnisse
Gruppe A weist im Gegensatz zur Gruppe B eine signifikant bessere motorische Leistungsfähigkeit in allen motorischen Tests, außer dem Fall-Stab-Test, auf. Die größten Unterschiede liegen bei CRT (p = 0,000) und TUG (p = 0,011).

Schlussfolgerung
Bezüglich der Handkraft, der Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit und der Mobilität weisen Menschen mit einem höheren Demenzgrad eine geringere Leistungsfähigkeit auf. In nachfolgenden Studien zur Auswirkung der Demenzerkrankung auf unterschiedliche Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten sollte deshalb stets eine Einteilung der Demenzgrade erfolgen. Zudem ist zu empfehlen, dass sich Interventionsprogramme auf die allgemeine Kraft- sowie Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit fokussieren sollten.
Modelling concrete and abstract concepts using brain-constrained deep neural networks
Authors: Henningsen-Schomers Malte R. , Pulvermüller Friedemann 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA neurobiologically constrained deep neural network mimicking cortical area function relevant for sensorimotor, linguistic and conceptual processing was used to investigate the putative biological mechanisms underlying conceptual category formation and semantic feature extraction. Networks were trained to learn neural patterns representing specific objects and actions relevant to semantically ‘ground’ concrete and abstract concepts. Grounding sets consisted of three grounding patterns with neurons representing specific perceptual or action-related features; neurons were either unique to one pattern or shared between patterns of the same set. Concrete categories were modelled as pattern triplets overlapping in their ‘shared neurons’, thus implementing semantic feature sharing of all instances of a category. In contrast, abstract concepts had partially shared feature neurons common to only pairs of category instances, thus, exhibiting family resemblance, but lacking full feature overlap. Stimulation with concrete and abstract conceptual patterns and biologically realistic unsupervised learning caused formation of strongly connected cell assemblies (CAs) specific to individual grounding patterns, whose neurons were spread out across all areas of the deep network. After learning, the shared neurons of the instances of concrete concepts were more prominent in central areas when compared with peripheral sensorimotor ones, whereas for abstract concepts the converse pattern of results was observed, with central areas exhibiting relatively fewer neurons shared between pairs of category members. We interpret these results in light of the current knowledge about the relative difficulty children show when learning abstract words. Implications for future neurocomputational modelling experiments as well as neurobiological theories of semantic representation are discussed.
A monolithic approach toward coupled electrodynamic–thermomechanical problems with regard to weak formulations
Authors: Ricoeur A. , Wingen M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWeak formulations of boundary value problems are the basis of various numerical discretization schemes. They are classically derived applying the method of weighted residuals or a variational principle. For electrodynamical and caloric problems, variational approaches are not straightforwardly obtained from physical principles like in mechanics. Weak formulations of Maxwell’s equations and of energy or charge balances thus are frequently derived from the method of weighted residuals or tailored variational approaches. Related formulations of multiphysical problems, combining mechanical balance equations and the axioms of electrodynamics with those of heat conduction, however, raise the additional issue of lacking consistency of physical units, since fluxes of charge and heat intrinsically involve time rates and temperature is only included in the heat balance. In this paper, an energy-based approach toward combined electrodynamic–thermomechanical problems is presented within a classical framework, merging Hamilton’s and Jourdain’s variational principles, originally established in analytical mechanics, to obtain an appropriate basis for a multiphysical formulation. Complementing the Lagrange function by additional potentials of heat flux and electric current and appropriately defining generalized virtual powers of external fields including dissipative processes, a consistent formulation is obtained for the four-field problem and compared to a weighted residuals approach.
Current and future state of groundwater salinization of the northern Elbe-Weser region
Authors: González Eva , Deus Nico , Elbracht Jörg , Azizur Rahman M. , Wiederhold Helga 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSalinization of the upper aquifer of the northern Elbe-Weser region almost extends to the surface. Chloride content exceeds 250 mg/l and the groundwater is therefore, according to the German Drinking Water Ordinance, not suitable as drinking water. The chloride content in the aquifer originates from early flooding with seawater which occurred during the Holocene sea level rise. Depth and extent of the salinization were mapped by airborne electromagnetic surveys and validated by groundwater analyses. In the transition zone between the marshlands and geest areas, the fresh-saline groundwater interface falls to a depth of > −175 m NHN. Due to the extensive drainage of the marshlands, seepage of fresh groundwater is impeded. Instead, an upconing of the fresh-saline groundwater interface appears due to an upwardly directed hydraulic gradient. Due to climate change, chloride concentrations will increase along the coastlines. Further inland, a decrease of chloride content in near-surface groundwater will occur.
Good Scientific Practice and Academic Reviews
Authors: Hörnle Tatjana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAcademic reviews (hereinafter “reviews”) are an integral part of legal journals. While their purpose and usefulness are at times disputed, all sub-disciplines of legal studies nevertheless argue in equal measure that a lack of substantial academic exchange by way of reviews would result in the impoverishment of scientific discourse. In German criminal law scholarship, two recent cases have sparked debate about whether certain rules should govern the publication of such reviews. The following remarks are intended to provide a thought-provoking impulse on the matter.
Identification of Components of the Aggregation Pheromone of the Guam Strain of Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, and Determination of Stereochemistry
Authors: Hall David R. , Harte Steven J. , Farman Dudley I. , Ero Mark , Pokana Alfred 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) (CRB), is endemic to tropical Asia where it damages both coconut and oil palm. A new invasion by CRB occurred on Guam in 2007 and eradication attempts failed using commonly applied Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) isolates. This and subsequent invasive outbreaks were found to have been caused by a previously unrecognized haplotype, CRB-G, which appeared to be tolerant to OrNV. The male-produced aggregation pheromone of the endemic, susceptible strain of O. rhinoceros (CRB-S) was previously identified as ethyl 4-methyloctanoate. Following reports from growers that commercial lures containing this compound were not attractive to CRB-G, the aim of this work was to identify the pheromone of CRB-G. Initial collections of volatiles from virgin male and female CRB-G adults from the Solomon Islands failed to show any male- or female-specific compounds as candidate pheromone components. Only after five months were significant quantities of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid produced by males but not by females. No other male-specific compounds could be detected, in particular methyl 4-methyloctanoate, 4-methyl-1-octanol, or 4-methyl-1-octyl acetate, compounds identified in volatiles from some other species of Oryctes. Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate elicited a strong electroantennogram response from both male and female CRB-G, but these other compounds, including 4-methyloctanoic acid, did not. The enantiomers of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid were conveniently prepared by enzymatic resolution of the commercially-available acid, and the enantiomers of the acid, but not the ester, could be separated by gas chromatography on an enantioselective cyclodextrin phase. Using this approach, both ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid produced by male CRB-G were shown to be exclusively the (R)-enantiomers whereas previous reports had suggested male O. rhinoceros produced the (S)-enantiomers. However, re-examination of the ester and acid produced by male CRB-S from Papua New Guinea showed that these were also the (R)-enantiomers. In field trapping experiments carried out in the Solomon Islands, both racemic and ethyl (R)-4-methyloctanoate were highly attractive to both male and female CRB-G beetles. The (S)-enantiomer and the corresponding acids were only weakly attractive. The addition of racemic 4-methyloctanoic acid to ethyl 4-methyloctanoate did significantly increase attractiveness, but the addition of (R)- or (S)-4-methyloctanoic acid to the corresponding ethyl esters did not. Possible reasons for the difference in assignment of configuration of the components of the CRB pheromone are discussed along with the practical implications of these results.
Cohort and Trajectory Analysis in Multi-Agent Support Systems for Cancer Survivors
Authors: Manzo Gaetano , Calvaresi Davide , Jimenez-del-Toro Oscar , Calbimonte Jean-Paul , Schumacher Michael 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the past decades, the incidence rate of cancer has steadily risen. Although advances in early and accurate detection have increased cancer survival chances, these patients must cope with physical and psychological sequelae. The lack of personalized support and assistance after discharge may lead to a rapid diminution of their physical abilities, cognitive impairment, and reduced quality of life. This paper proposes a personalized support system for cancer survivors based on a cohort and trajectory analysis (CTA) module integrated within an agent-based personalized chatbot named EREBOTS. The CTA module relies on survival estimation models, machine learning, and deep learning techniques. It provides clinicians with supporting evidence for choosing a personalized treatment, while allowing patients to benefit from tailored suggestions adapted to their conditions and trajectories. The development of the CTA within the EREBOTS framework enables to effectively evaluate the significance of prognostic variables, detect patient’s high-risk markers, and support treatment decisions.
Corporate social responsibility and bank risk
Authors: Neitzert Florian , Petras Matthias 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe concept of sustainable banking has developed significantly in recent years. Previous research found that corporate social responsibility reduces firm risk, yet this empirical evidence refers almost exclusively to non-financial companies and it remains unclear whether the risk-mitigating effect stems from the environmental, social, or governance pillar. The paper aims to analyse the impact of corporate social responsibility activities on bank risk and to explore its determinants. Using a sample of 582 banks worldwide over the period from 2002 to 2018, we confirm a risk-reducing effect of the corporate social responsibility activity on an aggregated level. The decomposition of this effect suggests that environmental activities determine this risk mitigation. In contrast, social and governance activities do not show similarly unambiguous results. In this way, our analysis highlights the great importance of environmental aspects in banks’ risk management.
Tragedy, Modernity and Political Life
Authors: Osborne Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
What are the links between tragedy, politics and modernity? Diverse currents in social and critical theory have tackled this question; some arguing that modernity has itself a tragic structure insofar as its promises are undermined by their own realisation, others that the diversity of worldviews (the ‘warring Gods’ referred to by Max Weber) has tragic—because un-reconcilable—form. After briefly reviewing some of these issues, the paper looks more specifically at tragic structure in relation to (European) modernity and political reason. The French Terror has unique significance in this context, signalling as it does the failure of any kind of political rationality that seeks to take unmediated, universal form. The consequences of this failure are also, in a way, tragic in so far as they involve contradictions and irresolvable dilemmas of ongoing, everyday political existence. As a result—and perhaps this should itself be seen as much in terms of tragedy as triumphalism—our modernity condemns us to liberalism.
A revision of the genus Ruagea (Meliaceae: Melioideae)
Authors: Pennington Terence D. , Barker Amy , Rojas-Andres Blanca M. 
Published: November 2021

SummaryThe neotropical genusRuageaH.Karst. is revised. Fifteen species are recognised, including threeR. obovataT.D.Penn.,R. beckiiT.D.Penn. andR. parvifructaT.D.Penn. which are described as new to science. A key to the species is presented, along with information on the morphology, distribution, ecology, conservation assessments, local names, uses and field characters. All species are mapped and illustrated with line drawings and all specimens seen are cited in a list of exsiccatae.
Gemeinschaft selbst bauen
Authors: Hilti Nicola , Lingg Eva 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDas hier vorgestellte angewandte Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt „‚Wohnen im Rohbau‘, ‚Hallenwohnen‘ und ‚Selbstausbauloft‘ – neue Wohnkonzepte zwischen Gemeinschaft und Selbstbau“ ist am Institut für Soziale Arbeit und Räume der OST – Ostschweizer Fachhochschule (Standort St. Gallen) angesiedelt und befasst sich mit drei Wohnkonzepten, die derzeit in der Schweiz als neuste und vielleicht auch radikalste gelten können: dem „Wohnen im Rohbau“, dem „Hallenwohnen“ und dem „Selbstausbauloft“, allesamt von Wohnbaugenossenschaften getragen. Diese drei genannten Konzepte werden mittels verschiedener qualitativer Methoden untersucht. Ziel der Studie ist es, praxisrelevante Erkenntnisse über Herausforderungen und Gelingensbedingungen bezogen auf 1) die Projektentwicklung und -planung, 2) die Projektumsetzung sowie 3) die Aneignung durch die Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner im Wohnen und deren Zusammenleben zu gewinnen und für künftige ähnliche Projekte nutzbar zu machen. Übergeordnet gilt es, einen Beitrag zur Diversifizierung und Bedürfnisorientierung des schweizerischen Wohnungsmarktes zu leisten. Denn dieser zeichnet sich nach wie vor durch eine relativ hohe Standardisierung aus – bei gleichzeitig zunehmender Pluralisierung und Ausdifferenzierung von Wohnbedürfnissen und Haushaltsformen.
Convergence analysis of a Galerkin boundary element method for electromagnetic resonance problems
Authors: Unger Gerhard 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper a convergence analysis of a Galerkin boundary element method for resonance problems arising from the time harmonic Maxwell’s equations is presented. The cavity resonance problem with perfect conducting boundary conditions and the scattering resonance problem for impenetrable and penetrable scatterers are treated. The considered boundary integral formulations of the resonance problems are eigenvalue problems for holomorphic Fredholm operator-valued functions, where the occurring operators satisfy a so-called generalized Gårding’s inequality. The convergence of a conforming Galerkin approximation of this kind of eigenvalue problems is in general only guaranteed if the approximation spaces fulfill special requirements. We use recent abstract results for the convergence of the Galerkin approximation of this kind of eigenvalue problems in order to show that two classical boundary element spaces for Maxwell’s equations, the Raviart–Thomas and the Brezzi–Douglas–Marini boundary element spaces, satisfy these requirements. Numerical examples are presented, which confirm the theoretical results.