bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Many ways to make darker flies: Intra‐ and interspecific variation in Drosophila body pigmentation components
Authors: Lafuente Elvira , Alves Filipa , King Jessica G. , Peralta Carolina M. , Beldade Patrícia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBody pigmentation is an evolutionarily diversified and ecologically relevant trait with substantial variation within and between species, and important roles in animal survival and reproduction. Insect pigmentation, in particular, provides some of the most compelling examples of adaptive evolution, including its ecological significance and genetic bases. Pigmentation includes multiple aspects of color and color pattern that may vary more or less independently, and can be under different selective pressures. We decompose Drosophila thorax and abdominal pigmentation, a valuable eco‐evo‐devo model, into distinct measurable traits related to color and color pattern. We investigate intra‐ and interspecific variation for those traits and assess its different sources. For each body part, we measured overall darkness, as well as four other pigmentation properties distinguishing between background color and color of the darker pattern elements that decorate each body part. By focusing on two standard D. melanogaster laboratory populations, we show that pigmentation components vary and covary in distinct manners depending on sex, genetic background, and temperature during development. Studying three natural populations of D. melanogaster along a latitudinal cline and five other Drosophila species, we then show that evolution of lighter or darker bodies can be achieved by changing distinct component traits. Our results paint a much more complex picture of body pigmentation variation than previous studies could uncover, including patterns of sexual dimorphism, thermal plasticity, and interspecific diversity. These findings underscore the value of detailed quantitative phenotyping and analysis of different sources of variation for a better understanding of phenotypic variation and diversification, and the ecological pressures and genetic mechanisms underlying them.
C−C Bond Formation between the μ‐Alkylidyne Ligands in a Diruthenium Bis(μ‐alkylidyne) Complex; σ‐ and π‐Aromaticity of the Ru2C2 Core
Authors: Takao Toshiro , Seki Koichi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractZn‐free μ‐ethylidyne‐μ‐propylidyne complex, [(Cp*Ru)2(μ‐CMe)(μ‐CEt)] (2 b; Cp*=C5Me5) was synthesized by the treatment of [(Cp*Ru)2(μ‐CMe)(μ‐CEt)(μ‐ZnCl2)] (1 b) with ethylenediamine. Similarly, bis(μ‐ethylidyne) complex [Cp*Ru(μ‐CMe)]2 (2 a) was synthesized from [Cp*RuCl2]2. Although the bis(μ‐alkylidyne) complexes 2 a, b adopted a coordinatively unsaturated 32‐electron configuration, these complexes were unreactive toward acetylene, ethylene, and H2. Adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) analysis suggested that the enhanced stability of 2 a and 2 b was due to the dual aromaticity of the planar Ru2C2 core, viz. σ‐ and π‐aromaticity. On the other hand, complexes 2 a and 2 b reacted with π‐acidic CO to yield a μ‐η2:η2‐alkyne complex, [(Cp*Ru)2(μ‐η2:η2‐MeCCR)(μ‐CO)] (6 a, R=Me; 6 b, R=Et) via C−C bond formation between the μ‐alkylidyne ligands, along with Ru−Ru bond formation. Dearomatization of the Ru2C2 core is crucial for this transformation. Complex 6 a further reacted with CO in the presence of methanol to yield [Cp*Ru(CO)(μ‐CO)]2 (7) by liberating 2‐butyne.
Successive interferencecancelation‐inspiredchannel estimation for downlinknon‐orthogonalmultiple access
Authors: Sekokotoana Lehlohonolo , Takawira Fambirai , Oyerinde Olutayo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a channel estimation (CE) scheme composed of two successive interference cancelation‐inspired approaches for a two‐user power domain downlink non‐orthogonal multiple access system. One approach is intended for the weaker user, and the other approach is intended for the stronger user. Both CE approaches employ a constant step‐size least mean squares (CSS‐LMS) algorithm, using partial pilots to estimate a Rayleigh flat fading channel with a Jake's Doppler spectrum. Closed‐form analytical expressions for the CE error variance are presented for each approach and the mean square error (MSE) is used as the performance metric. Through simulation, the CE performance of the stronger user and the weaker user is assessed for different probabilities of error in detection of the unknown pilot. A reasonable probability of error in detection is then selected and employed in evaluating the CE performance of both schemes against their theoretical analyses. Overall, the theoretical analysis matches the simulation results.
How trading in commodity futures option markets impacts commodity futures prices
Authors: Luo Xingguo , Lin Yuting , Yu Xiaoli , He Feng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the information content of the futures option markets trading activities in determining commodity futures returns. Our findings suggest that position changes in the commodity futures option markets provide incremental predictive power for commodity futures returns in addition to the effects of commodity futures markets position changes. Particularly, for both commercial traders and noncommercial traders, options position changes impact the futures price in the same direction as futures position changes. Furthermore, the nonmomentum of position changes of options market contributes overwhelmingly relative to the idiosyncratic risk and hedging pressure in the case of noncommercial trading.
Early water management in South Asia: Geochronology and micromorphology of rock pools and small‐scale water catchment features in Karnataka, India
Authors: Gaggioli Amanda M. , Bauer Andrew M. , Morrison Kathleen D. , Lycett Mark T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractArchaeologists and historians of South Asia have long emphasized the significance of large‐scale irrigation reservoirs to historical developments and precolonial land use. However, comparatively little attention has been directed at an extensive corpus of small‐scale water‐retention features, such as culturally modified weathering pans and rock pools. In this contribution, we provide the first geoarchaeological evidence from such features in southern India. Geochronological assessments, depositional models, and sediment and micromorphological analyses from two sites in northern Karnataka indicate that inhabitants used and modified these features in at least the first millennium BCE. Throughout later historical periods, even after the development of large‐scale, primarily elite‐sponsored, irrigation reservoirs, inhabitants continued to rely on small, dispersed water‐retention features. Our findings have implications for current debates concerning the introduction of water‐management practices in southern India, which appear to begin in association with dispersed land‐use practices rather than intensive irrigated agriculture, and also corroborate the importance of decentralized water management to historical processes more globally.
Regulation of aquaporin‐4 expression in the central nervous system investigated using M23‐AQP4 null mouse
Authors: Pisani Francesco , Simone Laura , Mola Maria Grazia , De Bellis Manuela , Frigeri Antonio , Nicchia Grazia Paola , Svelto Maria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn astrocytes, unknown mechanisms regulate the expression of M1 and M23 isoforms of water channel aquaporin‐4 (M1‐AQP4 and M23‐AQP4). The ratio between these two isoforms controls the AQP4 assembly state in the plasma membrane known as orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs). To give new insights into these mechanisms, here, we explore the regulation of AQP4 expression in the spinal cord of a CRISPR/Cas9 M23‐null mouse model (M23‐null). In the M23‐null spinal cord OAP assembly, the perivascular localization of AQP4 and M1‐AQP4 protein were drastically reduced. In heterozygous, M1‐AQP4 was proportionally reduced with M23‐AQP4, maintaining the isoform ratio unaffected. We hypothesize a role of the M23‐AQP4 in the regulation of M1‐AQP4 expression. M1‐AQP4 transcription, splicing and M1‐AQP4 protein degradation were found to be unaffected in M23‐null spinal cord and in M23‐null astrocyte primary culture. The translational control was investigated by mRNA‐protein pull down and quantitative mass spectrometry, to isolate and quantify AQP4 mRNA binding proteins (AQP4‐RBPs). Compared to WT, in M23‐null spinal cord, the interaction between AQP4 mRNA and polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1, a positive regulator of AQP4 translation, was higher, while interaction with the RNA helicase DDX17 was lower. In astrocyte primary cultures, DDX17 knockdown upregulated AQP4 protein expression and increased cell swelling, leaving AQP4 mRNA levels unchanged. Here, we identify AQP4‐RBPs and provide evidence that in mouse spinal cord M23‐AQP4 deletion changes the interaction between AQP4 mRNA and some RBPs involved in AQP4 translation. We describe for the first time the RNA helicase DDX17 as a regulator of AQP4 expression in astrocytes.
Lenvatinib Targets FGF Receptor 4 to Enhance Antitumor Immune Response of Anti–Programmed Cell Death‐1 in HCC
Authors: Yi Chenhe , Chen Lirong , Lin Zhifei , Liu Lu , Shao Weiqing , Zhang Rui , Lin Jing , Zhang Jubo , Zhu Wenwei , Jia Huliang , Qin Lunxiu , Lu Lu , Chen Jinhong 
Published: May 2021

Background and Aims
Recently, clinical trials of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in HCC have displayed an impressive objective response rate. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism for optimal patient selection.

Approach and Results
First, in patients with HCC, lenvatinib‐treated recurrent tumors had lower programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression and regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration compared with matched primary tumors. Consistently, in C57BL/6 wild‐type mice receiving anti–programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) therapy, PD‐L1 expression and Treg infiltration in s.c. tumors were reduced when adding lenvatinib to the scheme. Mechanistically, on the one hand, FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) was the most pivotal target in PD‐L1 down‐regulation by lenvatinib in vitro. Furthermore, lenvatinib reinforced the proteasomal degradation of PD‐L1 by blocking the FGFR4–glycogen synthase kinase 3β axis and rescued the sensitivity of interferon‐γ‐pretreated HCC cells to T‐cell killing by targeting FGFR4. On the other hand, the level of IL‐2 increased after anti‐PD‐1 treatment, but IL‐2‐mediated Treg differentiation was blocked by lenvatinib through targeting FGFR4 to restrain signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) phosphorylation. By regulating the variations in the number of Tregs and the tumor FGFR4 level in C57BL/6–forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3DTR
) mice, we found that high levels of FGFR4 and Treg infiltration sensitized tumors to the combination treatment. Finally, high levels of FGFR4 and Foxp3 conferred immune tolerance but better response to the combined therapy in patient cohorts.

Conclusions
Lenvatinib reduced tumor PD‐L1 level and Treg differentiation to improve anti‐PD‐1 efficacy by blocking FGFR4. Levels of FGFR4 expression and Treg infiltration in tumor could serve as biomarkers for screening patients with HCC using lenvatinib plus anti‐PD‐1 combination therapy.
Macro‐ and microstructures of the digestive tract in the Eurasian collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky 1838): Adaptive interplay between structure and dietary niche
Authors: El‐Mansi Ahmed A. , El‐Bealy Eman A. , Rady Ahmed M. , Abumandour Mohamed A. , El‐Badry Dina A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe describe the functional morphology of the digestive tract of the Eurasian collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto using anatomical, morphometric, histological, histochemical, and ultrastructure techniques, and relate our findings to the species' dietary niche. Our results revealed that the esophagus is displaced on both sides of the neck and has highly folded tunica mucosa, which confer greater elasticity for efficient swallowing and passage of food to the crop. The proventriculus is delicate and its mucosal layer contains polymorphic glands with dense profound and superficial secretory units that open to the luminal surface by gastric pores. The ventriculus is biconvex and lined with a keratinized koilin membrane. The tubular glands within the mucosal lining include the isthmus, the neck, and the basal segment that comprise chief and basal cells with prominent nuclei. At the cuticle‐mucosal interface, pyramidal vertical rodlets of the cuticle are secreted and superficially covered by a thin film of a horizontal matrix. The mucosa of the ileum form pyramidal villi that are oriented perpendicularly to the central lumen. Enterocytes infiltrated with goblet cells make up the epithelial lining of the villi. There are subtle differences in the thicknesses of corresponding tunics together with histochemical reactions of alcian blue (AB) and Masson–Goldner trichrome (MT) for their microstructures. Overall, our findings reveal remarkable convergence of both macro‐and microstructures in S. decaocto to other granivorous species, and offer further evidence of the close association between functional morphology and feeding style relative to food swallowing, digestion, and absorption.
Submesoscale physicochemical dynamics directly shape bacterioplankton community structure in space and time
Authors: Fadeev Eduard , Wietz Matthias , von Appen Wilken‐Jon , Iversen Morten H. , Nöthig Eva‐Maria , Engel Anja , Grosse Julia , Graeve Martin , Boetius Antje 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSubmesoscale eddies and fronts are important components of oceanic mixing and energy fluxes. These phenomena occur in the surface ocean for a period of several days, on scales between a few hundred meters and few tens of kilometers. Remote sensing and modeling suggest that eddies and fronts may influence marine ecosystem dynamics, but their limited temporal and spatial scales make them challenging for observation and in situ sampling. Here, the study of a submesoscale filament in summerly Arctic waters (depth 0–400 m) revealed enhanced mixing of Polar and Atlantic water masses, resulting in a ca. 4 km wide and ca. 50 km long filament with distinct physical and biogeochemical characteristics. Compared to the surrounding waters, the filament was characterized by a distinct phytoplankton bloom, associated with depleted inorganic nutrients, elevated chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as twofold higher phyto‐ and bacterioplankton cell abundances. High‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterioplankton communities revealed enrichment of typical phytoplankton bloom‐associated taxonomic groups (e.g., Flavobacteriales) inside the filament. Furthermore, linked to the strong water subduction, the vertical export of organic matter to 400 m depth inside the filament was twofold higher compared to the surrounding waters. Altogether, our results show that physical submesoscale mixing can shape distinct biogeochemical conditions and microbial communities within a few kilometers of the ocean. Hence, the role of submesoscale features in polar waters for surface ocean biodiversity and biogeochemical processes need further investigation, especially with regard to the fate of sea ice in the warming Arctic Ocean.
Wavepacket Self‐Rotation and Helical Zitterbewegung in Symmetry‐Broken Honeycomb Lattices
Authors: Liu Xiuying , Lunić Frane , Song Daohong , Dai Zhixuan , Xia Shiqi , Tang Liqin , Xu Jingjun , Chen Zhigang , Buljan Hrvoje 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe toolbox quantities used for manipulating the flow of light include typically amplitude, phase, and polarization. Pseudospins, such as those arising from valley degrees of freedom in photonic structures, have recently emerged as an excellent candidate for this toolbox, in parallel with rapid development of spintronics and valleytronics in condensed‐matter physics. Here, by employing symmetry‐broken honeycomb photonic lattices, valley‐dependent wavepacket self‐rotation manifested in spiraling intensity patterns is demonstrated, which occurs without any initial orbital angular momentum. Theoretically, it is shown that such wavepacket self‐rotation is induced by the Berry phase and results in Zitterbewegung oscillations. The frequency of Zitterbewegung is proportional to the gap size, while the helicity of self‐rotation is valley‐dependent, i.e., correlated with the Berry curvature. These results lead to new understanding of the venerable Zitterbewegung phenomenon from the perspective of topology and are readily applicable on other platforms such as 2D Dirac materials and ultracold atoms.
Stable CsPbBr3‐Glass Nanocomposite for Low‐Étendue Wide‐Color‐Gamut Laser‐Driven Projection Display
Authors: Lin Shisheng , Lin Hang , Chen Guoxin , Wang Bo , Yue Xiangming , Huang Qiugui , Xu Ju , Cheng Yao , Wang Yuansheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUp‐to‐date laser‐driven projection technology puts an urgent demand for green phosphor with stringent requirements on its performance. Herein, by virtue of a new architecture design based on CsPbBr3‐glass nanocomposite, i.e., CsPbBr3 glass ceramic film sintered on sapphire plate, the application availability of this famous green‐emitting phosphor is demonstrated in laser‐driven projection. The mono‐dispersed perovskite CsPbBr3 nanostructure in amorphous glass matrix and the negligible thermal corrosion during co‐sintering with low‐melting‐glass ensure good luminescent properties. The robust glass host and the carried sapphire substrate with high thermal conductivity contribute to good resistances to thermal shock, moisture, and blue laser irradiation. It is revealed that the thermal accumulation effect is relieved due to the pulsed excitation of rotatory “phosphor wheel,” and so the luminescence saturation threshold gets increased. The constructed prototype lighting source yields a low étendue of ≈0.41 mm2, a wide color gamut of 128.4% NTSC (95.9% Rec. 2020), and a moderate luminous flux of 174 lm. The present work highlights an unprecedented design that makes the seemingly impossible application of CsPbBr3 come true.
In silico modeling of the interaction between TEX19 and LIRE1, and analysis of TEX19 gene missense SNPs
Authors: Alzahrani Faisal A. , Hawsawi Yousef MohammedRabaa , Altayeb Hisham N. , Alsiwiehri Naif O. , Alzahrani Othman R. , Alatwi Hanan E. , Al‐Amer Osama M. , Alomar Suliman , Mansour Lamjed 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundTestis expressed 19 (TEX19) is a specific human stem cell gene identified as cancer‐testis antigen (CTA), which emerged as a potential therapeutic drug target. TEX19.1, a mouse paralog of human TEX19, can interact with LINE‐1 retrotransposable element ORF1 protein (LIRE1) and subsequently restrict mobilization of LINE‐1 elements in the genome.AimThis study aimed to predict the interaction of TEX19 with LIRE1 and analyze TEX19 missense polymorphisms. TEX19 model was generated using I‐TASSER and the interaction between TEX19 and LIRE1 was studied using the HADDOCK software.MethodsThe stability of the docking formed complex was studied through the molecular dynamic simulation using GROMACS. Missense SNPs (n=102) of TEX19 were screened for their potential effects on protein structure and function using different software.ResultsOutcomes of this study revealed amino acids that potentially stabilize the predicted interaction interface between TEX19 and LIRE1. Of these SNPs, 37 were predicted to play a probably damaging role for the protein, three of them (F35S, P61R, and E55L) located at the binding site of LIRE1 and could disturb this binding affinity.ConclusionThis information can be verified by further in vitro and in vivo experimentations and could be exploited for potential therapeutic targets.
The design of a high voltage responsivity terahertz detector based on improved grounding model
Authors: Liu Si‐yu , Zhang De‐hai , Meng Jin , Zhu Hao‐Tian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA high voltage responsivity detector in G‐band is designed in this paper. Different grounding models for the terahertz detector are analyzed and designed. Gold wire grounding design is superior to traditional grounding designs, which reduce the influence caused by the doping concentration, position and thickness error of conductive adhesive. Detectors are based on the Virginia Diodes Inc G‐band zero‐bias Schottky diode with low zero‐bias junction capacitance. The voltage responsivity test result of the gold wire grounding detector is about 1800 mV/mW in 210–220 GHz. The development of the detector provides the device basis for the realization of a terahertz focal plane imaging system.
Gender differences in clinical outcomes in myasthenia gravis: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Thomsen Jan L. S. , Vinge Lotte , Harbo Thomas , Andersen Henning 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroduction/AimsIt is uncertain whether clinical outcomes differ between male and female patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) while receiving standard clinical care.MethodsIn a prospective cohort study of 107 patients with MG receiving standard of care from 2012 to 2019, the Quantitative MG (QMG), the MG Composite (MGC), the MG Activities of Daily Living (MG‐ADL), and the MG Quality of Life 15‐Items (QOL15) were determined. Clinical outcomes were analyzed in relation to gender.ResultsMean follow‐up time was 4.8 (±0.4) y, and 70 patients completed all follow‐up assessments. Patients improved on all clinical scores: QMG ‐1.8 (P < .001), MGC ‐1.5 (P < .001), MG‐ADL ‐1.3 (P < .001), and QOL15 ‐3.0 (P < .001). Females improved less than males on the QMG (P = .01), MGC (P < .001), MG‐ADL (P = .006), and QOL15 (P < .001) independent of potential confounders. Males had moderate to strong correlations between changes in all clinical scales (r range 0.52 to 0.73), whereas females had weak correlations between changes in the QMG and MG‐ADL (r = 0.13), the QMG and QOL15 (r = 0.27), the MGC and MG‐ADL (r = 0.21), the MGC and QOL15 (r = 0.00), and the MG‐ADL and QOL15 (r = 0.31).DiscussionFemales improved less compared to males on objective and patient‐reported outcomes. Moreover, females improved more on objective measures than on patient‐reported outcomes. These gender differences should receive attention in clinical care and in the design of future trials.
Urodynamic and clinical features in women with overactive bladder: When to suspect concomitant voiding dysfunction?
Authors: Santis‐Moya Fernanda , Calvo Carlos Ignacio , Rojas Tania , Dell'Oro Arturo , Baquedano Paulina , Saavedra Alvaro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to describe the prevalence and type of female voiding dysfunction (FVD) in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) who were studied by urodynamics and its relationship with voiding symptoms.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study of female adult patients with OAB syndrome who underwent UDS in a University Hospital in Chile between January 2015 and April 2020. FVD was defined either as bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) or detrusor underactivity (DU). BOO was established if the Solomon‐Greenwell BOO index was higher than 18. DU was diagnosed when the invasive maximum flow rate (Qmax) was ≤15 ml/sec, detrusor pressure at Qmax (Pdet@Qmax) was ≤20 cmH2O and postvoid residual (PVR) was greater than 10%. Urodynamic data and clinical features were compared between groups.ResultsTwo hundred and ninety‐nine UDS were selected and analyzed. Bladder outlet obstruction was diagnosed in 59 patients (19.7%), whereas DU was found in 10 patients (3.3%). In the multivariate analysis, the logistic regression to predict BOO demonstrated that night‐time frequency, the presence of detrusor overactivity and a higher PVR were independent predictors of BOO. Instead, for DU, the only independent predictor was a smaller voided volume in the pressure‐flow study.ConclusionFemale voiding dysfunction was found in 23% of patients with overactive bladder. BOO is more frequent than DU, and should be suspected in patients with higher night‐time frequency, presence of detrusor overactivity and a high PVR. Instead, DU should be suspected in patients with a smaller voided volume.