bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High incidence of serious infections requiring hospitalisation in human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1-positive rheumatoid arthritis: A case-controlled observational study
Authors: Hashiba Yayoi , Umekita Kunihiko , Kimura Masatoshi , Iwao Chihiro , Iwao Kosho , Kariya Yumi , Kubo Kazuyoshi , Miyauchi Shunichi , Kudou Risa , Rikitake Yuki , Kawaguchi Takeshi , Matsuda Motohiro , Takajo Ichiro , Inoue Eisuke , Hidaka Toshihiko , Okayama Akihiko 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
We aimed to assess the clinical features of human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of HTLV-1 infection on incidences of serious infections requiring hospitalisation (SIH) and malignancies.

Methods
A total of 150 sex- and age-matched HTLV-1-negative and 50 HTLV-1-positive RA patients were enrolled from the HTLV-1 RA Miyazaki Cohort Study. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from this cohort database. The incidence rate (IR) for SIH and malignancies from 2015 to 2020 was analysed.

Results
The median age and female ratio in the study population were 70 years old and 80%, respectively. Although no differences were found in inflammatory marker values between the two groups, the patient global assessment and Health Assessment Questionnaire scores were higher in HTLV-1-positive RA patients. In HTLV-1-negative RA patients, the IR for SIH was 6.37/100 person-years (PY) and 1.32/100 PY for malignancies. In HTLV-1-positive RA patients, SIH occurred in 11.1/100 PY and malignancies in 2.46/100 PY. The crude IR ratio comparing SIH between two groups was 1.74 (95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.84), which was a significant increase.

Conclusions
HTLV-1-positive RA patients may worsen RA symptoms. HTLV-1 may be a risk factor for SIH.
Effect of administration of immunoglobulin preparations on the results of tests for autoantibodies
Authors: Yasuda Naomi , Nishikawa Masako , Shimosaka Hironori , Ono Yoshikazu , Yatomi Yutaka 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
We encountered the case in whom the results of autoantibodies tests became transiently positive after high-dose immunoglobulin therapy and investigated the effect of administration of these preparations on autoantibodies tests in subjects with autoimmune diseases who had received high-dose immunoglobulin therapy.

Methods
We measured the autoantibodies in residual serum samples after routine clinical testing from eight subjects with autoimmune diseases who had received high-dose immunoglobulin therapy. We also measured the autoantibodies in available immunoglobulin preparations.

Results
Tests for autoantibodies conducted before and after immunoglobulin therapy revealed a positive conversion of the results for anti-Sjogren’s syndrome antigen A (SS-A) antibody, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody, anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) antibody, and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody. In five cases in which changes in the antibody titres of anti-SS-A antibody after the high-dose immunoglobulin administration, it was found that the titres decreased by about 50% from 10 to 20 days after and the test result became negative 25– 30 days later.

Conclusions
In patients receiving high-dose immunoglobulin therapy, there appears to be a high likelihood of positive conversion of tests for anti-SS-A antibody, GAD antibody, Tg antibody, and TPO antibody after the treatment, so that cautious interpretation of the results is of importance.
Elevated 2HG does not cause features of tumorigenesis
Authors: Adam Julie , Finch Alina , Sepulveda Catarina , Ducker Martin , Torroba Maria Blanca , Krell Daniel , Kriaucionis Skirmantas , Szele Francis , Ratcliffe Peter , Soga Tomoyoshi , Kranc Kamil , Tomlinson Ian , Bardella Chiara 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Gliomas are the most frequent brain tumours, representing 75% of all primary malignant brain tumours in adults. IDH1 (and IDH2) driver mutations occur in &gt;80% of low grade gliomas and secondary GBMs, in &lt;10% of primary GBMs and other cancers. How IDH1/2 mutations contribute to tumorigenesis is mostly unknown. IDH1/2 convert isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, but when mutated possess a novel enzymatic function that reduces α-ketoglutarate to D2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). Indeed 2HG accumulates in IDH1/2-mutant tumours, and this discovery suggested that 2HG may have a role in IDH1/2-mutant tumours onset and progression, possibly by causing dysregulations of various enzymes in the cells. Studies are undergoing to clarify the causative role of 2HG in IDH1/2-mutant tumours, but it is still not clear whether 2HG is the driver/oncometabolite. Our aim is to understand the role of 2HG in developing and adult mouse tissues and whether its accumulation might cause features of gliomagenesis.

Method
A constitutive D2hgdh Knock-out mouse (D2hgdh KO) was generated and the relative molecular and cellular analysis were performed.

Results
Brains dissected from D2hgdh KO mice appeared to be histologically normal. No differences were found in the proliferation and labelling retaining capacity of neural stem and progenitors cells (NSC/NPC) of the D2hgdh KO mice compared to controls. A comprehensive metabolites analysis showed that D2hgdh KO mouse accumulated 2HG in various organs and tissues, included total brains and in the NSC/NPC microdissected from the subventricular zone, the site of origin of many human gliomas. The DNA amount of 5mC and 5hmC extracted from brains of D2hgdh KO mice was similar to controls. A normal number of haematopoietic progenitors was also found.

Conclusion
Although D2hgdh KO mice accumulated 2HG in all tissues analysed, they did not develop any abnormalities and remained completely asymptomatic. This suggests that a mere increment of 2HG in developing and adult tissues may be not sufficient to cause tumorigenesis (and gliomagenesis), leading some doubts on the oncogenic roles of the 2HG in IDH1/2-mutant tumours.
Effects of the tumour microenvironment on protoporphyrin IX accumulation in glioblastoma
Authors: Walker Paul , Finch Alina , Wykes Victoria , Watts Colin , Tennant Dan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour and has a poor prognosis. Standard clinical intervention involves the resection of the tumour volume, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, achieving gross-total resection is challenging due to poorly defined boundaries as a result of tumour infiltration. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) utilises an apparently selective accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) that occurs in areas of glioblastoma after systemic administration of the metabolite 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). We have investigated the metabolic basis for the heterogeneity of the PPIX fluorescent signal, and its implications for glioma biology.

Method
Using glioblastoma cell lines and patient-derived primary cells, we have monitored the uptake of 5-ALA and conversion to the fluorescent molecule PPIX. Stable isotope tracing coupled with GCMS and LCMS was used to analyse intra- and extracellular metabolite levels arising from exogenous 5-ALA administration under both normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (1% O2) conditions.

Results
Uptake of exogenous 5-ALA from culture media and conversion to PPIX is observed in a time and dose-dependent manner in both normoxia and hypoxia. High levels of PPIX accumulation are associated with reduced cell proliferation despite the majority of the PPIX synthesised not being retained within the tumour cell, but exported into the medium. Under hypoxic conditions, reduced fluorescence is observed as a result of the decrease in oxygen availability likely affecting the oxygen-dependent enzymes. Stable isotope tracing experiments indicate an increase in the glutamine-derived succinate pool in response to exogenous 5-ALA, which is dependent on flux through the heme pathway.

Conclusion
Our data suggest that different microenvironments within the tumour alter the activity of the heme biosynthetic pathway, resulting in differential fluorescence in glioblastoma. It paves the way by which we could work to alter the glioblastoma microenvironment in order to further improve the use of FGS in guiding surgery across these devastating tumours.
Inequitable Distribution of FTP Marketing by Neighborhood Characteristics: Further Evidence for Targeted Marketing
Authors: Rose Shyanika W , Anesetti-Rothermel Andrew , Westneat Susan , van de Venne Judy , Folger Shanell , Rahman Basmah , Azam Tofial , Zhou Yitong , Debnam Charles , Ribisl Kurt , Cohn Amy M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Flavored tobacco products (FTPs) are disproportionately used among young people and racial/ethnic minority populations. However, few studies have examined the retail distribution of such product marketing beyond menthol cigarettes. This study created geographic-based predictions about marketing of FTPs (overall, cigarettes, cigars, e-cigarettes, and smokeless) in stores across Washington, DC neighborhoods. We examined neighborhood-level demographic correlates of the amount of FTP and non-FTP marketing.

Methods
We conducted photographic audits of interior and exterior tobacco marketing in 96 Washington, DC tobacco retailers visited by 149 young adult respondents between 2018–2019. We created a geographic predictive surface of overall and product-specific tobacco marketing and then estimated the average predicted amount of marketing at the census-tract level using zonal statistics. Using linear regression, we examined neighborhood demographic correlates (race/ethnicity, family poverty, and youth population under 18) of FTP and non-FTP marketing.

Results
The predicted amount of non-FTP ads/displays were evenly distributed with no neighborhood variability (Range 8.46–8.46). FTP marketing overall was geographically concentrated with greater range across neighborhoods (Range 6.27–16.77). Greater FTP marketing overall and flavored cigar marketing was available in neighborhoods with higher percentages of Black residents. Flavored cigar marketing was less available in neighborhoods with more Hispanic residents, but there was greater flavored smokeless tobacco marketing. Nonflavored marketing overall and by product did not vary across neighborhoods.

Conclusions
This study provides evidence of disproportionate distribution of FTP marketing in Black neighborhoods, especially for flavored cigars, at the point-of-sale. Policies that restrict the sale of FTPs may enhance health equity.

Implications
Tobacco marketing has frequently been shown to be more prevalent in neighborhoods with lower household income and more Black residents. Using geographic-based predictions, we find that greater flavored tobacco marketing in these neighborhoods, not decreased marketing for nonflavored tobacco, is driving this disparity. Targeting Black neighborhoods with increased marketing of flavored tobacco products, which has been found to be more appealing, easier to use, and harder to quit is a social justice issue.
Novel System of Simulation Models for Aneurysm Clipping Training: Description of Models and Assessment of Face, Content, and Construct Validity
Authors: Belykh Evgenii , Giovani Andrei , Abramov Irakliy , Ngo Brandon , Bardonova Liudmila , Zhao Xiaochun , Loymak Thanapong , Mooney Michael A , Sheehy John P , McBryan Sarah , Tanikawa Rokuya , Lawton Michael T , Preul Mark C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Aneurysm clipping simulation models are needed to provide tactile feedback of biological vessels in a nonhazardous but surgically relevant environment.

OBJECTIVE
To describe a novel system of simulation models for aneurysm clipping training and assess its validity.

METHODS
Craniotomy models were fabricated to mimic actual tissues and movement restrictions experienced during actual surgery. Turkey wing vessels were used to create aneurysm models with patient-specific geometry. Three simulation models (middle cerebral artery aneurysm clipping via a pterional approach, anterior cerebral artery aneurysm clipping via an interhemispheric approach, and basilar artery aneurysm clipping via an orbitozygomatic pretemporal approach) were subjected to face, content, and construct validity assessments by experienced neurosurgeons (n = 8) and neurosurgery trainees (n = 8).

RESULTS
Most participants scored the model as replicating actual aneurysm clipping well and scored the difficulty of clipping as being comparable to that of real surgery, confirming face validity. Most participants responded that the model could improve clip-applier-handling skills when working with patients, which confirms content validity. Experienced neurosurgeons performed significantly better than trainees on all 3 models based on subjective (P = .003) and objective (P < .01) ratings and on time to complete the task (P = .04), which confirms construct validity. Simulations were used to discuss clip application strategies and compare them to prototype clinical cases.

CONCLUSION
This novel aneurysm clipping model can be used safely outside the wet laboratory; it has high face, content, and construct validity; and it can be an effective training tool for microneurosurgery training during aneurysm surgery courses.
Restructuring and Divestitures
Authors: Feldman Emilie R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Divestitures are major corporate restructuring transactions that narrow firm boundaries by removing one or more of a company’s businesses, subsidiaries, or divisions. Globally, divestitures account for about 30 to 40 percent of overall dealmaking activity and create more than double the shareholder value of mergers and acquisitions (M&A), their expansionary counterparts. Yet, restructuring and divestitures have been relatively understudied in the field of management. This chapter presents an agenda for research into the phenomena of restructuring and divestitures by surveying past and current literature about them and laying out some productive directions for future research in this domain. The core insight is that although divestitures are often seen as reactive solutions to problems within organizations, these transactions are and should be viewed by managers as proactive, strategic tools that have the potential to create significant value for the companies that undertake them.
Bryher’s Family Closet
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces Bryher’s “illegitimate” roots, vaguer than H.D.’s, in spite of her family’s amassed wealth. Her father, an accounting genius, married Bryher’s mother, Hannah Glover, when he had not yet achieved his fame in shipping lines. One of the many invisible women in the working class and in this book, possibly a milliner, Hannah’s origins are shrouded in mystery. John became Sir John Ellerman, his shipping lines buttressing England’s imperial reach. Sir John was suspected of being Jewish, though it cannot be confirmed. Bryher grew up in a house of secrecy but idealized her childhood; her parents, as if they were on the run, took her on many exotic travels. She was in Paris for the 1900 World Exhibition and rode a camel in Egypt. She modeled her inner life on boys’ books.
Love & Art
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Hilda became H.D. when Pound named her poems “Imagist,” using her trim initials to prove the movement’s aesthetic restraint. She fell in love with Richard Aldington, who joined her and Amy Lowell in writing Imagist poems. The Great War broke into their writing. Aldington enlisted. During the war, H.D. suffered his adultery and fled to Cornwall with a lover, while Bryher found a pen pal in Lowell, who introduced her to H.D.’s poems and the 1916 Sea Garden, with its raw, haunted landscape. Bryher met H.D., just then in Bryher’s favored topography of Druidic Cornwall. Encouraged by H.D., Aldington and Bryher exchanged letters; he enjoyed her autobiographical Development.
Romance of Rescue & “the Jellyfish Experience”
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows H.D. and Bryher launching their enduring and prolific intimacy. Not long after their meeting, H.D. discovered she was pregnant with Cecil Gray’s child. With Bryher’s encouragement, she delivered Perdita, surviving severe pneumonia in 1918. As if in Sappho’s gymnasium, H.D. took Bryher under her wing, introducing her to Havelock Ellis and sexology. Ellis confirmed Bryher’s sense that she was really a boy. In the Scillies, H.D. and Bryher shared a vision they called “the jellyfish experience,” suggesting a “womb brain” existed. The world in fragments, they sought intimacy and nudity in nature, throwing off the claustrophobic customs of Victorianism. They cultivated a joined or overlapping psyche as their “receiving station,” trying to re-create the world through their love. Making an unofficial custody arrangement, H.D. let the eager Bryher take charge of Perdita, leaving her to write, rotating in as co-mother. This chapter introduces the idea of “chosen kin.”
Questing America & Marianne Moore
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
H.D. headed with Bryher and infant to America to introduce them to her recently widowed mother. They visited Marianne Moore and her mother. The chapter focuses on the dual relationships Bryher developed with Moore, her boyish double, the other with bisexual Robert McAlmon, then a male model working on a low-budget journal, Contact, with William Carlos Williams. McAlmon fell for Bryher. While traveling to California and back through Chicago, Bryher composed West, an autobiographical travelogue and portrait of her crush on Moore. In Carmel, H.D. and Bryher posed nude. In New York again, Bryher announced at tea with the Moores and Scofield Thayer, editor of the Dial, that she had married McAlmon at a registry office. She did it to shield H.D. and Perdita, and in exchange, McAlmon could pursue his great wish to write and explore Europe. The marriage wounded Moore, who thought him unsuitable for the fencing, adventurous Bryher.
Film Morphing into Borderline
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Borderline, the threesome’s full-length film of 1930, starring Paul and Eslanda Robeson, with H.D. acting a jealous racist. The Robesons bonded with Bryher, opening her eyes to racism in the locals, fueling her decision to build a Bauhaus, Kenwin (after Kenneth and Winifred), in another canton. Borderline was hailed by Pabst as avant-garde; all the participants suffered emotional depletion. Bryher continued work on Close Up as a vehicle for revealing mounting white supremacy. Bryher had a crush on a Viennese film star, Elisabeth Bergner, also suffering from bodily dysphoria—and terror of Nazis. Reporting violence inflicted upon Jews and anyone not Aryan, Bryher ended the innovative journal; she became an activist. Bryher contacted Freud, who agreed to take on H.D. as analysand, and hired a mentally unstable housekeeper, who mirrored H.D.’s and Bryher’s own repressions. Bryher started attending the International Psychoanalytic Congress.
Enter Freud
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
H.D. traveled to Vienna for her first sessions with Freud in March 1933, mentally anchoring Bryher in the therapy sanctum while she worked through their Corfu visions, which led Freud to think she was “stuck” in the “pre-Oed stage.” Freud also thought H.D. wanted to be Moses and establish a new religion. During her stay, H.D. crossed barbed wire and armed soldiers to reach the opera. Bryher came twice, and in June, their tram was stopped for a bomb search. In July, Sir John died, leaving an emotional vacuum for the illegitimate heiress. After the funeral, her brother announced his plan to marry, just when Bryher thought he might help her care for their mother. Bryher channeled her angry grief, harnessing money to help refugees gain necessary papers, and wrote Manchester based on a trip there to help Bergner’s stage fright, only to be rejected.
“Group Consciousness” & Ion
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While Bryher purchased Life and Letters To-Day, making Herring the literary editor, H.D. opened her doors at her new flat, 49 Lowndes, as “semi-professional analyst,” sifting through her friends’ tangles faced in analysis. Frustrated letters from Bryher arrived from Kenwin about Perdita’s desire for more attention from her birth mother. H.D. translated Ion, the play she worked on when they first met and when she was carrying Perdita. This play worked on mother loss and love. After a visit from Gertrude Stein and Thornton Wilder, H.D. reclaimed herself as a poet, applying experimental techniques in her translation. Bryher left for New York, establishing connections for refugees and tracking Bergner’s performance of Escape Me Never. Macpherson, living in New York, showed Perdita the city, while the plays they saw enacted the very crisis faced in Ion, catharsis for mother guilt, the disorientation of exile, and illegitimacy.
Séance Nights
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter begins with air raids, narrated in H.D.’s The Gift. Writing this autobiographic novel, H.D. rediscovered ancestral history about her mother’s religion and the dissenter on her father’s side, Thomas Doolittle, who preached during the Great Fire of London. Bryher attended an auction of Violet Hunt’s furniture, obtaining her tripod William Morris table. After they attended Hugh Dowding’s talk at Wigmore Hall, the pair had weekly séances with Arthur Bhaduri; initially most of the messages came for Bryher from her father. Dowding recoiled from H.D.’s suggestion they join his circle, which characteristically gave her energy to finish the second section of Trilogy, Tribute to the Angels. Osbert Sitwell arranged a reading with Eliot, Edith Sitwell, and H.D., among others, with the royal princesses in attendance. Norman Pearson arrived and arranged for Perdita to work for the OSS.
Losing One’s Mind to Find It
Authors: McCabe Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
H.D. began Sword Went Out to Sea, when she began solo contact with the dead airman, Dowding’s “boys” (the very material of the novel in process), and a fresh rejection from the Admiral, triggered H.D.’s breakdown at Lowndes. H.D. sent Bryher to “the Cave” (the basement), fearing a bomb was about to destroy St. Paul’s, starting the Third World War. H.D. projected her fears upon Bryher, left to arrange for her care, and her difficult transport from Lowndes. The couple’s hiatus in their communication was a first. Dr. Theodore Brunner insisted Bryher not write to the patient. Though H.D. was delusional and severely undernourished, Bryher recognized many of her symptoms as enlarged versions of usual habits, such as assigning metaphoric value to objects. Once recovering, H.D. did not remember how she ended up at the Kusnacht clinic in Zurich, where she was greeted by the couple’s friend, Dr. Schmideberg. Everyone there spoke German. Bryher wrote in spite of the doctor’s insistence not to. Once her connection with Bryher was reestablished and letters resumed, H.D. recovered, though she complained about her captivity and the shock treatments, though eventually she thought they, too, helped. Bryher sent tapestries from Lowndes and fresh colorful wool, encouraging H.D. to weave and to finish her essay on Renaissance poets to join the Claribel poems in By Avon River.