bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conflict prevention by Bayesian persuasion
Authors: Hennigs Raphaela 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDrawing upon the Bayesian persuasion literature, I show that a mediator can provide conflicting parties strategically with information to decrease the ex‐ante war probability. In a conflict between two parties with private information about military strength, the mediator generates information about each conflicting party's strength and commits to sharing the obtained information with the respective opponent. The conflicting parties can be convinced not to fight each other. The conflicting parties benefit from mediation, as the ex‐ante war probability is reduced. The benefit is taken up by weak conflicting parties. This benefit is larger when war is costlier and when the war probability absent mediation is higher.
Novel classification and biogeography ofLeptolejeunea(Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) with implications for the origin and evolution of the Asian evergreen broad‐leaved forests
Authors: Shu Lei , Jin Xin‐Jie , Zhu Rui‐Liang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have greatly improved our understanding of the classification of the large liverwort family Lejeuneaceae, the frequent incongruencies between morphology‐based taxonomy and molecular phylogeny have hindered our understanding of evolutionary diversification within the group. Here we focus onLeptolejeunea(Spruce) Steph., a pantropical epiphyllous genus in Lejeuneaceae with 40 species. Phylogenetic studies on the genus have been hampered by insufficient taxon sampling, leaving the deep phylogenetic relationships within this group unresolved. We present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus to date with sampling of over 80% of species, including the enigmaticLeptolejeunea spinistipula(Mizut.) X.L.He endemic to Borneo. Based on data from three molecular markers with representatives ofLeptolejeuneaand its allies,Leptolejeuneaappeared to be monophyletic following the exclusion ofL. spinistipulaand its transfer toSoellaR.L.Zhu, L.Shu, Qiong He & Y.M.Wei. A total‐evidence approach was taken to resolve the backbone phylogeny ofLeptolejeuneaand a first infrageneric classification ofLeptolejeunea, including a new subgenus and three new sections, is proposed based on integrated molecular and morphological evidence. Reconstruction of the evolutionary history showed a wide ancestral area ofLeptolejeuneaduring the Paleogene that arose in mainland Asia, followed by an accelerated speciation rate. Across the biogeographical history ofLeptolejeunea, long‐distance dispersal had profound effects on population expansion. Our findings suggest that Australasia is a source of biodiversity of Asian evergreen broad‐leaved forests that have been established since the Oligocene and rose after the early Miocene.
An examination of nectar production in 34 species of Dendrobium indicates that deceptive pollination in the orchids is not popular
Authors: Jia Li‐Bing , Huang Shuang‐Quan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNectar, the most common floral reward, is generally used to determine whether an orchid species involves deceptive pollination. Estimates of the deceptive pollination systems with nectarless flowers have ranged from one quarter to one third of the nearly 30 000 species of orchids. These estimates, however, are biased towards temperate‐zone, usually terrestrial, orchids. Here we investigated nectar production and property in 34 epiphytic orchid species of the Southeast Asian genus Dendrobium. Twenty‐one species were observed producing nectar. The amount and sugar concentration (in bagged flowers) of 12 species varied from 0.45 to 2.78 μL and from 8.1% to 31.1%. The nectar was sucrose‐dominant, typical of bee‐pollinated flowers. Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationship indicated that transition of nectar secretion occurred in the genus. Spur length was positively correlated with flower size but species with relatively long spurs tended to produce small volume of nectar. Nectar production was strikingly variable among and within individuals in some species, suggesting that a vital measurement of bagged and fresh flowers is needed. Given that the quantitative measurement of nectar or floral reward in orchid species remains scarce, an estimate of deceptive pollination systems awaits further survey in diverse genera.
Portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma: Des liaisons dangereuses…
Authors: Allaire Manon , Rudler Marika , Thabut Dominique 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsPortal hypertension (PHT) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are major complication of cirrhosis which significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality. In this review, we aim to describe the consequences of both angiogenesis and inflammation in the pathogenesis of PHT and HCC, but also the difficulty to propose adapted treatment when PHT and HCC coexist in the same patients.MethodsStudies for review in this article were retrieved from the PubMed database using literature published in English until March 2021.ResultsPortal hypertension occurs secondary to an increase of intrahepatic vascular resistances, the opening of portosystemic collateral vessels and the formation of neovessels, related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Recently, bacterial translocation‐mediated inflammation was also identified as a major contributor to PHT. Interestingly, VEGF and chronic inflammation also contribute to HCC occurrence. As PHT and HCC often coexist in the same patient, management of PHT and its related complications as well as HCC treatment appear more complex. Indeed, PHT‐related complications such as significant ascites may hamper the access to HCC treatment and the presence of HCC is also independently associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding related to PHT. Due to their respective mechanism of action, the combination of Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab for advanced HCC may impact the level of PHT and its related complications and to date, no real‐life data are available.ConslusionsAppropriate evaluation and treatment of PHT remains a major issue in order to improve the outcome of HCC patients.
The diagnostic accuracy of saliva testing for SARS‐CoV‐2: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Atieh Momen A. , Guirguis Marina , Alsabeeha Nabeel H. M. , Cannon Richard D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionEarly detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is paramount for controlling the progression and spread of the disease. Currently, nasopharyngeal swabbing (NPS) is the standard method for collecting specimens. Saliva was recently proposed as an easy and safe option with many authorities adopting the methodology despite the limited evidence of efficacy.ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the current literature on the use of saliva test for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and carry out a meta‐analysis to determine its diagnostic accuracy.Materials and methodsProspective studies were searched for in electronic databases, complemented by hand‐searching relevant journals. The risk of bias and applicability were assessed using the revised Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) tool. Meta‐analyses and meta‐regression modeling were performed to calculate the diagnostic accuracy and examine sources of heterogeneity.ResultsA total of 16 studies were included with 2928 paired samples. The overall meta‐analysis showed a high sensitivity and specificity for saliva test at 0.88 (95% CI 0.82–0.92) and 0.92 (95% CI 0.75–0.98), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio was calculated at 87 (95% CI 19–395) and area under the curve was calculated as 0.92 (95% CI 0.90–0.94) suggesting very good performance of the saliva tests in detecting SARS‐CoV‐2.ConclusionSaliva testing has a very good discriminative and diagnostic ability to detect of SARS‐CoV‐2. Additional large and well‐designed prospective studies are needed to further validate the diagnostic accuracy and determine a safe sample collection method prior to its recommendation for mass application.Clinical relevanceSaliva demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. The use of saliva will allow for self‐collection of specimens and specimen collection in outpatient and community clinics.
Permafrost thaw induced abrupt changes in hydrology and carbon cycling in Lake Wudalianchi, northeastern China
Authors: Yao Yuan , Huang Yongsong , Zhao Jiaju , Wang Li , Ran Youhua , Liu Weiguo , Cheng Hai 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Lakes in the permafrost zone have been proposed to serve as key outlets for methane and carbon dioxide emissions. However, there has been no geological record of the hydrological and biogeochemical responses of lakes throughout the thawing of surrounding permafrost. We use multiple biomarker and isotopic proxies to reconstruct hydrological and biogeo-chemical changes in Lake Wudalianchi in northeastern China during regional thawing of the permafrost. We show permafrost thawing, as indicated by lignin degradation, initiated rapid lake water freshening as a result of the opening of groundwater conduits, and negative organic δ13C excursion due to increased inorganic and organic carbon fluxes. These hydro-logical changes were followed, with an ∼5–7 yr delay, by abrupt and persistent increases in microbial lake methanotrophy and methanogenesis, indicating enhanced anaerobic organic decomposition and methane emissions from lakes as permafrost thaws. Our data provide a detailed assessment of the processes involved during permafrost thaw, and highlight the importance of lakes in ventilating greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Catheter insertion depths in less-invasive surfactant administration
Authors: Maiwald Christian Achim , Neuberger Patrick , Franz Axel R , Engel Corinna , Michel Jörg , Esser Michael , Poets Christian F 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionLess-invasive surfactant administration (LISA) under continuous positive airway pressure is increasingly used for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress. Different procedures are described, but data on the optimal catheter insertion depth are sparse.ObjectiveTo generate data for recommending an optimal catheter insertion depth in LISA.MethodsWe examined 112 anterior–posterior chest X-rays from intubated infants and determined the carina’s vertebral projection, whenever possible. After that, distances between the middle of cervical vertebra 4 (C4) and thoracic vertebra 2 and the middle of C4 to thoracic vertebra 3, respectively, were measured. Results were plotted against infant’s weight.ResultsA weight-based chart and recommendations for the optimal intratracheal catheter position in infants with a body weight between 350 and 4000 g were created.ConclusionsGenerated data offer standardisation and may thus help to find a balance between risk of surfactant reflux and unilateral surfactant administration.
Prognostic ability of STarT Back Screening Tool combined with work-related factors in patients with low back pain in primary care: a prospective study
Authors: Unsgaard-Tøndel Monica , Vasseljen Ottar , Nilsen Tom Ivar Lund , Myhre Gard , Robinson Hilde Stendal , Meisingset Ingebrigt 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivePrimary care screening tools for patients with low back pain may improve outcome by identifying modifiable obstacles for recovery. The STarT Back Screening Tool (SBST) consists of nine biological and psychological items, with less focus on work-related factors. We aimed at testing the prognostic ability of SBST and the effect of adding items for future and present work ability.MethodsProspective observational study in patients (n=158) attending primary care physical therapy for low back pain. The prognostic ability of SBST and the added prognostic value of two work items; expectation for future work ability and current work ability, were calculated for disability, pain and quality of life outcome at 3 months follow-up. The medium and high-risk group in the SBST were collapsed in the analyses due to few patients in the high-risk group. The prognostic ability was assessed using the explained variance (R2) of the outcomes from univariable and multivariable linear regression and beta values with 95% CIs were used to assess the prognostic value of individual items.ResultsThe SBST classified 107 (67.7%) patients as low risk and 51 (32.3%) patients as medium/high risk. SBST provided prognostic ability for disability (R2=0.35), pain (R2=0.25) and quality of life (R2=0.28). Expectation for return to work predicted outcome in univariable analyses but provided limited additional prognostic ability when added to the SBST. Present work ability provided additional prognostic ability for disability (β=−2.5; 95% CI=−3.6 to −1.4), pain (β=−0.2; 95% CI=−0.5 to −0.002) and quality of life (β=0.02; 95% CI=0.001 to 0.04) in the multivariable analyses. The explained variance (R2) when work ability was added to the SBST was 0.60, 0.49 and 0.47 for disability, pain and quality of life, respectively.ConclusionsAdding one work ability item to the SBST gives additional prognostic information across core outcomes.Clinical trial number:NCT03626389
Cohort profile: indigenous human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma study - a prospective longitudinal cohort
Authors: Jamieson Lisa M , Garvey Gail , Hedges Joanne , Leane Cathy , Hill Isaac , Brown Alex , Ju Xiangqun , Sethi Sneha , Roder David , Logan Richard M , Johnson Newell , Smith Megan , Antonsson Annika , Canfell Karen 
Published: June 2021

PurposeOur aims are to: (1) estimate prevalence, incidence, clearance and persistence of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Indigenous Australians; (2) identify risk factors associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)-related HPV types (HPV 16 or 18); (3) develop HPV-related health state valuations and; (4) determine the impact on OPSCC and cervical cancers, and the cost-effectiveness of extending publicly-funded HPV vaccination among Indigenous Australians.ParticipantsParticipants were recruited from February 2018 to January 2019. Twelve-month follow-up occurred from March 2019 to March 2020. Participants provided socio-demographic characteristics, health-related behaviours including tobacco and alcohol use and sexual history. Health state preferences in regard to HPV vaccination, knowledge regarding HPV infection, OPSCC and cervical cancer were collected using a two-stage standard gamble approach. Participants provided saliva samples and DNA for microbial genotyping was extracted.Findings to dateOf the 910 participants who were positive for β-globin at baseline, 35% had any oral HPV infection. The most prevalent HPV types were 13 or 32 (Heck’s disease; 23%). The second most prevalent types were associated with OPSCC (HPV 16 or 18; 3.3%). Of the 645 participants who were positive for β-globin at 12-month follow-up, 43% had any HPV infection. Of these, 33% were HPV types 13 or 32 and 2.5% were HPV 16 or 18. Some 588 participants had β-globin positive oral samples at baseline and 12-month follow-up. The prevalence of any oral HPV infection increased from 34% at baseline to 44% at 12-month follow-up; due to increases in HPV types 13 or 32 (20% at baseline and 34% at 12-month follow-up).Future plansFurther funding will be sought to continue follow-up of this cohort, and to include (after a full medical history) a thorough clinical examination of the external head and neck; a complete oral examination and examination of the oropharynx. Blood tests for early stage OPSCC will also be undertaken.
Development and clinical implementation of a structured, simulation-based training programme in laparoscopic appendectomy: description, validation and evaluation
Authors: Skjold-Odegaard Benedicte , Ersdal Hege Langli , Assmus Jörg , Nedrebo Bjorn Steinar Olden , Sjo Ole , Soreide Kjetil 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundLaparoscopic appendectomy is a common procedure in general surgery but is likely underused in structured and real-life teaching. This study describes the development, validation and evaluation of implementing a structured training programme for laparoscopic appendectomy.Study designA structured curriculum and simulation-based programme for trainees and trainers was developed. All general surgery trainees and trainers were involved in laparoscopic appendectomies. All trainees and trainers underwent the structured preprocedure training programme before real-life surgery evaluation. A standardised form evaluated eight technical steps (skills) of the procedure as well as an overall assessment, and nine elements of communication (feedback), and was used for bilateral evaluation by each trainee and trainer. A consecutive, observational cohort over a 12-month period was used to gauge real-life implementation.ResultsDuring 277 eligible real-life appendectomies, structured evaluation was performed in 173 (62%) laparoscopic appendectomies, for which 165 forms were completed by 19 trainees. Construct validity was found satisfactory. Inter-rater reliability demonstrated good correlation between trainee and trainer. The trainees’ and trainers’ stepwise and overall assessments of technical skills had an overall good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.88). The vast majority (92.2%) of the trainees either agreed or strongly agreed that the training met their expectations.ConclusionStructured training for general surgery residents can be implemented for laparoscopic appendectomy. Skills assessment by trainees and trainers indicated reliable self-assessment. Overall, the trainees were satisfied with the training, including the feedback from the trainers.
Does simulation training in final year make new graduates feel more prepared for the realities of professional practice?
Authors: Carpenter Ciara , Keegan Tom , Vince Gill , Brewster Liz 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionThe transition from medical student to doctor has long been a source of concern, with widespread reporting of new graduates’ lack of preparedness for medical practice. Simulation has been suggested as a way to improve preparedness, particularly due to the difficulties in allowing full autonomy for patient care for undergraduate medical students. Few studies look at simulation alone for this purpose, and no studies have compared different simulation formats to assess their impact on preparedness.MethodsThis mixed-method study looked at two different simulation courses in two UK universities. Data were collected in two phases: immediately after the simulation and 3–4 months into the same students’ postgraduate training. Questionnaires provided quantitative data measuring preparedness and interviews provided a more in-depth analysis of experiential learning across final year and how this contributed to preparedness.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two courses for overall preparedness, stress or views on simulation, and no significant differences in opinions longitudinally. Although the study initially set out to look at simulation alone, emergent qualitative findings emphasised experiential learning as key in both clinical and simulated settings. This inter-relationship between simulation and the student assistantship prepared students for practice. Longitudinally, the emphasis on experiential learning in simulation was maintained and participants demonstrated using skills they had practised in simulation in their daily practice as doctors. Nevertheless, there was evidence that although students felt prepared, they were still scared about facing certain scenarios as foundation doctors.DiscussionThe results of this study suggest that simulation may positively affect students’ preparedness for practice as doctors. Simulation will never be a replacement for real clinical experience. However, when used prior to and alongside clinical experience, it may have positive effects on new doctors’ confidence and competence, and, therefore, positively impact patient care.
Cumulative burden of clinically significant aortic stenosis in community-dwelling older adults
Authors: Owens David S , Bartz Traci M , Buzkova Petra , Massera Daniele , Biggs Mary L , Carlson Selma D , Psaty Bruce M , Sotoodehnia Nona , Gottdiener John S , Kizer Jorge R 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesCurrent estimates of aortic stenosis (AS) frequency have mostly relied on cross-sectional echocardiographic or longitudinal administrative data, making understanding of AS burden incomplete. We performed case adjudications to evaluate the frequency of AS and assess differences by age, sex and race in an older cohort with long-term follow-up.MethodsWe developed case-capture methods using study echocardiograms, procedure and diagnosis codes, heart failure events and deaths for targeted review of medical records in the Cardiovascular Health Study to identify moderate or severe AS and related procedures or hospitalisations. The primary outcome was clinically significant AS (severe AS or procedure). Assessment of incident AS burden was based on subdistribution survival methods, while associations with age, sex and race relied on cause-specific survival methods.ResultsThe cohort comprised 5795 participants (age 73±6, 42.2% male, 14.3% Black). Cumulative frequency of clinically significant AS at maximal 25-year follow-up was 3.69% (probable/definite) to 4.67% (possible/probable/definite), while the corresponding 20-year cumulative incidence was 2.88% to 3.71%. Of incident cases, about 85% had a hospitalisation for severe AS, but roughly half did not undergo valve intervention. The adjusted incidence of clinically significant AS was higher in men (HR 1.62 [95% CI 1.21 to 2.17]) and increased with age (HR 1.08 [95% CI 1.04 to 1.11]), but was lower in Blacks (HR 0.43 [95% CI 0.23 to 0.81]).ConclusionsIn this community-based study, we identified a higher burden of clinically significant AS than reported previously, with differences by age, sex and race. These findings have important implications for public health resource planning, although the lower burden in Blacks merits further study.