bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equity
Authors: Scholtz Werner 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter critically analyses the notion of equity in international environmental law. It begins by discussing the meaning of equity in international law and briefly reflecting on familiar examples of the manifestation of equity in international environmental law treaties. The prominence of intergenerational and intra-generational equity in international environmental law warrants a subsequent critical analysis of the content, legal status, and relationship between these forms of equity. This discussion indicates that although the two components of equity may prima facie be in conflict, they constitute important complementary aspects of sustainable development. The chapter then calls for the progressive development of aspects of intra-generational and intergenerational equity that may have profound consequences for international environmental law.
Soft Law
Authors: Boyle Alan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews how soft law has become a significant part of the evolutionary system of environmental law-making for three main reasons. First, it may be easier to reach agreement when the form is non-binding. The soft law approach allows states to tackle a problem collectively at a time when they do not want to shackle their freedom of action too firmly. Secondly, soft law instruments will normally be easier to supplement, amend, or replace than treaties, since all that is required is the adoption of a new resolution by the relevant international institution. Thirdly, it may be easier for some states to adhere to non-binding instruments because they can avoid the domestic treaty ratification process, and perhaps escape democratic accountability for the policy to which they have agreed. Whether soft law instruments have the same effect as a treaty, or any legal effect at all, will depend on the particular instrument and its relationship to customary international law and to specific treaties.
Private and Quasi-Private Standards
Authors: Scott Joanne 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of private and quasi-private standards in the environmental domain. While many of these standards involve the labelling of compliant products, others do not. The chapter begins by defining the concept of private and quasi-private standards, examining their rise and the reasons for this. A standard is considered to be private when the document in question is adopted by one or more non-governmental entities, including for example firms, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and trade unions. Private standards may be firm- or sector-specific, or they may focus on a particular commodity such as sugar, palm oil, or soy. Meanwhile, the concept of a quasi-private standard is less clear and needs to be carefully defined. The chapter then looks at how these standards interact with international law in a variety of important ways. It also assesses the effectiveness and legitimacy of private and quasi-private standards.
Non-State Actors
Authors: Angstadt J. Michael , Betsill Michele 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes non-state actors (NSAs), which encompass a range of entities that collectively extend international environmental law beyond traditional state authority in numerous regimes. Characterized by considerable breadth and diversity, NSAs exist within the traditional, state-centric treaty architecture while simultaneously contesting its structure. Because diverse institutional actors can satisfy the definition of ‘non-state actor’, the chapter analyses a subset of NSAs: non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It first defines NGOs, identifying some common characteristics that influence their ability to advance international environmental law, and noting fundamental criteria used to distinguish among NGOs. The chapter then discusses three key functions that NGOs perform in contemporary international environmental law: serving as activists engaged in agenda-setting functions; performing diplomacy to shape and facilitate international rule-making processes; and contributing to rule-making, implementation, and enforcement in contemporary global governance. It concludes by forecasting strong continued NGO participation in developing non-treaty international environmental law.
Sub-National Actors
Authors: Osofsky Hari M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolving role of sub-national actors in international environmental law. As a matter of formal law, international environmental law is formed among sovereign nation-states; sub-national actors are treated as sub-units of their nation-states. However, sub-national actors, through transnational networks, are playing a growing role in international environmental governance. The chapter focuses on three aspects of sub-national actors' participation in international environmental law. First, it considers why including sub-national actors is crucial to solving international environmental problems. Second, it examines the emergence of networks interacting with international environmental law-making and each other at transnational, national, and sub-national scales. Third, it analyses how those networks interact directly with the formal processes of international environmental law-making and develop the parallel voluntary agreements in which sub-national actors pledge to uphold commitments made by nation-states.
Investment
Authors: Miles Kate 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between international investment law and international environmental law. The contestation between the fields that emerged in the context of investor-state arbitration was blunt and initially resulted in the rules of international investment law being prioritized over the obligations of states under multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), domestic environmental protection policies and decision-making, and the host state's public welfare regulatory space. Responding to that contest, the new generation bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and free trade agreements (FTAs) reflect the desire of states to work within a more balanced version of the environment/investment nexus. It is not yet, however, at a point where it can be said to be equally balanced in the engagement of international environmental law and international investment law, and there is evidently still room for significant improvements in the way in which environmental issues are understood and interpreted by arbitrators in investor-state disputes. But the culture and context in which the environment and investment are meeting is most definitely shifting and it is hoped that the trajectory continues still further in that direction.
Energy
Authors: Redgwell Catherine 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter assesses the dominant narratives that emerge in discussion of energy and environment. One narrative is of energy activities as a pollution threat to be prevented, reduced, controlled, and eliminated. In another, more recent narrative, energy and environmental objectives are viewed more synergistically, and this is in the context of the role of energy—especially renewable energy and energy efficiency—in environmental protection and sustainable development. It is in the sustainable energy context that one sees some alignment, even convergence, of energy and environment. This convergence arises because environmental issues are increasingly drivers of energy law and policy, both nationally and internationally. In turn, response to the adverse impacts of energy activities is a key stimulus for the development of international environmental law, both substantively in fields such as nuclear energy and marine environmental protection, and procedurally, such as the duty to consult and to notify.
Recent Work of the International Law Commission
Authors: Shelton Dinah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the International Law Commission's (ILC) recent consideration of the topic of jus cogens. It was not until 2015 that the ILC decided to include the topic in its program of work and appointed South African member Dire Tladi as special rapporteur for the topic. The initial report of Tladi addressed conceptual matters such as the nature and definition of jus cogens norms. At its 69th Session in 2017, the ILC had before it the second report submitted by the Special Rapporteur which aimed to set forth the criteria for the identification of peremptory norms, using the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) as a starting point. Meanwhile, the third report of the Special Rapporteur considered the consequences and legal effects of peremptory norms of general international law. Finally, the fourth report, presented in 2019, dealt with the question of the existence of regional jus cogens and the contentious issue of whether or not to include an illustrative list of jus cogens norms in the conclusions to the study.
Functions of Jus Cogens
Authors: Shelton Dinah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the functions of jus cogens. The asserted functions of jus cogens are particularly important because the very definition of the term is often stated in relation to the primary function it serves, that is, on its being a norm from which no states can derogate by mutual agreement. A second function is sometimes asserted: that jus cogens imposes a duty on all states to respect such norms and as a consequence any unilateral act in violation of a jus cogens norm would be null and void. There is little state practice or jurisprudence in respect to either function; the actual function appears to be more expressive, being an important though symbolic declaration of societal values. The chapter discusses each of these functions in turn before providing some concluding remarks on jus cogens.
SYST-02. DUAL INHIBITION OF BCL-2 AND EGFR IN A PRECLINICAL MODEL OF LUNG CANCER BRAIN METASTASIS
Authors: Blethen Kathryn , Sprowls Samuel , Arsiwala Tasneem , Fladeland Ross , Panchal Dhruvi , Shah Neal , Kielkowski Brooke , Gao Weimin , Lockman Paul 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Lung cancer is the most prevalent malignancy to affect both men and women. Around 80% of all lung cancers are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This subtype of lung cancer is also the most likely to metastasize to the brain. Clinically, the common treatment for NSCLC is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), due to the high occurrence of EGFR mutations. However, the cancer cells quickly develop resistance to the EGFR TKIs. This resistance and the added difficulty of delivering drugs across the blood-tumor barrier in efficacious concentrations to treat brain lesions are important to consider when developing treatment strategies for lung cancer brain metastases. Our study utilizes a NSCLC cell line, PC-9-Br6, which was developed in our laboratory to preferentially metastasize to the brain. This cell line was demonstrated by our collaborator to express higher levels of Bcl-2 in comparison to the parental PC-9-P cell line. We hypothesized combining novel Bcl-2 inhibitors (ABT-199/ABT-263) with an EGFR inhibitor (gefitinib) would increase survival and decrease tumor burden in our clinically relevant mouse model of lung cancer brain metastases.
SYST-06. PHASE II TRIAL OF PAXALISIB (GDC-0084) IN COMBINATION WITH TRASTUZUMAB FOR PATIENTS WITH HER2-POSITIVE BREAST CANCER BRAIN METASTASES (BCBM)
Authors: Leone Jose Pablo , Tayob Nabihah , Pereslete Alyssa , Ligibel Jennifer , Parsons Heather , Bi Wenya , Zhao Jean , Winer Eric , Lin Nancy 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR is an important pathway in BCBM. Mutations in PIK3CA or PTEN loss are associated with trastuzumab resistance. Inhibition of PI3K and mTOR led to durable responses in 3 of 5 patient-derived xenografts (PDX) models of BCBM. Paxalisib is a potent, brain-penetrant inhibitor of class I PI3K and mTOR.

METHODS
This is a single-center, phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of paxalisib with trastuzumab for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) metastases in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Patients will receive paxalisib (45 mg daily) and trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading dose, then 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks). Two cohorts will be enrolled: Cohort A: a single-arm, two-stage, phase II cohort; and Cohort B: a pre-surgical window cohort. Inclusion criteria include unequivocal evidence of new and/or progressive HER2-positive CNS metastases, at least one measurable (≥10 mm) CNS metastasis (Cohort A), clinical indication for CNS metastasis resection (Cohort B). Primary endpoint for Cohort A is objective response rate (ORR) in the CNS per Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Brain Metastases (RANO-BM) criteria. For Cohort B, the primary endpoint is the correlation between p4EBP1 levels in the resected CNS tumor tissue from patients and intracranial response to paxalisib/trastuzumab in the PDX model generated from the same patient. Secondary endpoints include overall survival, safety and patient-reported outcomes. Mandatory blood and cerebrospinal fluid with optional tumor biopsy will be collected at baseline, on-treatment and at progression. In Cohort A, we will enroll 37 patients in a Simon two-stage design. If ≥4 responses are seen, the regimen will be considered successful. This design has 90% power with alpha &lt;10%. Cohort B will enroll 10 patients. The trial opened in February, 2019 and 8 patients have been enrolled. NCT03765983.
Economic Expectations
Authors: Vermeulen Karla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Economic Expectations” explores how Generation Disaster’s career hopes have been shaped by the depressed economy of their youth, the mortgage crisis that destroyed many families’ primary investments, and the current competition for work in a job market that was still recovering from the Great Recession and then crashed again due to the pandemic. Many members of the group express serious pessimism about their financial prospects, including their chances of securing satisfying work and being able to retire. Others are more optimistic, particularly if they started off with more resources. This divide in expectations reinforces the growing income and wealth gaps between segments of the population and demonstrates that the myth of the “American Dream” is not available to everyone.
The Embodied God
Authors: Wilson Brittany E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book focuses on God’s body in the New Testament. While there are various views in the New Testament regarding God’s body, this work argues that Luke-Acts stands out as an important example of a New Testament text that portrays God as visible and corporeal. According to Luke, God is a visible, concrete being who can take on a variety of different forms, as well as a being who is intimately intertwined with human fleshliness in the form of Jesus. In this way, the God of Israel does not adhere to the incorporeal deity of Platonic philosophy, especially as read through post-Enlightenment eyes. Luke’s portrayal of God instead finds more affinity with Greco-Roman traditions that conceive of the divine in corporeal terms, and above all, with the God found in the pages of Jewish Scripture. Moreover, Luke’s depiction of Jesus as an embodied being has both similarities and dissimilarities with Luke’s depiction of Israel’s God and points ahead to future controversies concerning Jesus’s divinity and humanity in the early church. Indeed, in Luke-Acts and beyond, questions concerning God’s body are intimately intertwined with Christology and shed light on how to understand Jesus’s own visible embodiment in relation to God.
Subnational Capital Finance
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the book by presenting the main arguments that information resolution is a necessary component of SNG capital market development and access to external financing. It also argues that local policy and management agency vis-à-vis financial sector firms is critical to achieve SNG governance tasks in the face of decentralized governance and growing local service pressures. This chapter defines the key terminology of information problems, information institutions, and information resolution. It situates the focus on SNGs, and more narrowly on policy makers at the city level, that are embedded within the national contexts and financial markets. Finally, the chapter identifies the book’s contributions and details the organization of the book’s remaining chapters.
Diel Vertical Migration of Aquatic Crustaceans—Adaptive Role, Underlying Mechanisms, and Ecosystem Consequences
Authors: Dawidowicz Piotr , Pijanowska Joanna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe phenomenon of diel vertical migration (DVM) of planktonic crustaceans, recognized by biologists for at least 2 centuries, is a special case of habitat selection behavior by pelagic animals, with their depth preference changing over a diel cycle in a way that prevents encounters with visually oriented predators (mostly fish). Migrating populations usually move toward cold, dark deep-water strata deprived of algal food when there is sufficient ambient light and move back to food-rich and warm surface waters after dusk. DVM has been recognized in pelagic representatives of all aquatic phyla of the animal kingdom and is considered the most massive diel biomass displacement on Earth. DVM can be observed in nearly all lentic freshwater and marine environments. As zooplankton occupy the central position in pelagic food webs, their massive migrations dramatically affect ecological functioning of offshore biota, particularly the efficiency of primary production utilization, energy flow, and biogeochemical pathways of essential nutrients such as carbon fluxes. The phenomenon of DVM is perhaps the most suitable for quantitative description and the major environmental factors underlying the fitness consequences of DVM, including vertical gradients of light intensity (predation risk), temperature related metabolic rates, food concentration (growth and fecundity), and others, are easy to monitor track in the field and to manipulate in laboratory systems. DVM, as inducible behavior, can be experimentally manipulated, both in the field and in the laboratory, which, in turn, makes it possible to design experiments convenient for testing specific hypotheses on various proximate and ultimate factors underlying this behavior. These characteristics make DVM suitable for investigating the evolution of animal behavior, its adaptive value, and ecosystem consequences. In the fondest memory of our friend Konrad Ciechomski with whom we made, years ago, our first steps into the world of plankton migrations.
Life History Adaptation in Prey
Authors: Wellborn Gary A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPredation is a powerful agent of life history evolution in prey species, as demonstrated in diverse examples in crustaceans. Ubiquitous size- and age-selective predation mediates trade-offs among reproductive effort, survival, and growth, which cause evolution of constitutive and phenotypically plastic shifts in age and size at maturity. In accord with predictions of life history theory, comparative studies demonstrate that contrasting forms of selective predation generate divergent evolutionary changes in age- and size-specific allocation of reproductive effort within populations and species. Predation risk also influences egg and offspring size, and some crustaceans exhibit phenotypic plasticity in offspring size in response to chemical cues of predators. Because age-selective predation impacts the relative benefits of earlier versus later reproductive investment, predation may also shape senescence and life span of crustaceans. Additionally, individual differences in risk-taking behavior, sometimes termed “personalities,” have been examined in several crustaceans, and these may arise through among-individual variation in reproductive value. Finally, in some crustacean groups limb autotomy is a common, but costly, antipredator defense, and life history perspectives on autotomy suggest individuals may balance costs and benefits during predator encounters. Much of our understanding of predation’s role in life history evolution of prey derives from studies of crustaceans, and these organisms continue to be promising avenues to elucidate mechanisms of life history evolution.
Fulvia Enters the Scene
Authors: Schultz Celia E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fulvia first appears in the sources after her marriage to P. Clodius Pulcher. Their union was arranged by her stepfather, Gaius Licinius Murena, to help Clodius recover from a career-damaging scandal: he had been caught, dressed in women’s clothing, at an exclusively female ritual in honor of the goddess Bona Dea; he had snuck in for a tryst with the hostess of the event, the wife of Caesar. Marriage to Fulvia offered Clodius a certain amount of respectability; marriage to Clodius gave Fulvia entrée into a more exclusive social circle than she could have otherwise aspired to. The union was a happy one that produced two children, a son and a daughter, and it lasted until Clodius was murdered by his political rival, Milo. Fulvia played a crucial role in whipping up popular sentiment against Milo, and her testimony helped secure his eventual conviction for the crime.
Conclusion
Authors: Barany Zoltan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the Conclusion the book’s main themes and the trends that emerge from the analysis of the different dimensions of Gulf military affairs are summarized. The robustness and relevance of the explanatory variables to support the arguments of this study are also evaluated. A major theme that runs through the book is waste. In this section the waste of human potential, financial resources, and institutions (as opportunities), with particular attention of the GCC, is assessed. The book is ended by suggestions of how the effectiveness of Arabia’s armies might be improved.
Pick a Pocket Or Two
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book tells the full history of the British musical, from The Beggar's Opera (1728) to the present, by isolating the unique qualities of the form and its influence on the American model. To place a very broad generalization, the American musical is regarded as largely about ambition fulfilled, whereas the British musical is about social order. Oklahoma!'s Curly wins the heart of the farmer Laurey—or, in other words, the cowboy becomes a landowner, establishing a truce between the freelancers on horseback and the ruling class. Half a Sixpence, on the other hand, finds a working-class boy coming into a fortune and losing it to fancy Dans, whereupon he is reunited with his working-class sweetheart, his modest place in the social order affirmed. Anecdotal and evincing a strong point of view, the book covers not only the shows and their authors but the personalities as well—W. S. Gilbert trying out his stagings on a toy theatre, Ivor Novello going to jail for abusing wartime gas rationing during World War II, fabled producer C. B. Cochran coming to a most shocking demise for a man whose very name meant “classy, carefree entertainment.”