bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual outcomes and safety of an extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens: results of a pivotal clinical trial
Authors: Chang Daniel H. , Janakiraman Devi Priya , Smith Pamela J. , Buteyn Anne , Domingo Joy , Jones Jason J. , Christie William C. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
To compare the effectiveness and safety of the TECNIS Symfony intraocular lens (IOL; ZXR00) with the TECNIS 1-piece monofocal IOL (ZCB00).

Setting:
15 sites in the United States.

Design:
Prospective, randomized, patient-masked/evaluator-masked clinical trial.

Methods:
Randomized participants received either the ZXR00 or ZCB00 IOL bilaterally. The 6-month postoperative outcomes included monocular and binocular distance, intermediate, and near visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent refraction and refractive cylinder, spectacle wear, and visual symptoms.

Results:
Overall, 299 patients were implanted with a study IOL (ZXR00 IOL, n = 148; ZCB00 IOL control, n = 151). At the 6-month follow-up, mean binocular uncorrected distance VA was comparable between ZXR00 and ZCB00 IOL recipients (P = .1011). The ZXR00 IOL group had significantly better mean binocular uncorrected intermediate VA and uncorrected near VA (both P < .0001) than the ZCB00 IOL group. The mean binocular distance-corrected intermediate VA and distance-corrected near VA were also better in the ZXR00 IOL group (both P < .0001). More ZXR00 IOL recipients reported wearing spectacles none of the time or a little of the time for overall vision at 6 months compared with the ZCB00 IOL group (85.0% vs 59.9%, P < .0001). In the ZXR00 IOL–implanted patients, low incidence rates of night glare (mild to moderate, 2.7%), halo (mild to moderate, 13.6%; severe, 2.7%), and starbursts (mild to moderate, 7.5%; severe, 1.4%) were reported.

Conclusions:
The TECNIS Symfony IOL provided comparable distance vision and improved uncorrected and distance-corrected intermediate and near vision, along with decreased spectacle wear and low incidence rates of dysphotopsia, compared with the TECNIS 1-piece monofocal IOL.
Prognostic factors, symptom evolution, and quality of life of posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathy
Authors: Van der Cruyssen Fréderic , Peeters Frederik , De Laat Antoon , Jacobs Reinhilde , Politis Constantinus , Renton Tara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Neurosensory disturbances (NSDs) caused by injury to the trigeminal nerve can affect many aspects of daily life. However, factors affecting the persistence of NSDs in patients with posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathies (PTTNs) remain largely unknown. The identification of such risk factors will allow for the phenotyping of patients with PTTNs, which is crucial for improving treatment strategies. We therefore aimed to identify the prognostic factors of NSD persistence, pain intensity, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with PTTNs and to use these factors to create a prognostic prediction model. We first performed a bivariate analysis using retrospective longitudinal data from 384 patients with NSDs related to posttraumatic injury of the trigeminal nerve (mean follow-up time: 322 ± 302 weeks). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. The multivariable prediction model to predict persistent NSDs was able to identify 76.9% of patients with persistent NSDs, with an excellent level of discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.84; sensitivity: 81.8%; specificity: 70.0%). Furthermore, neurosensory recovery was significantly associated with sex; injury caused by local anesthesia, extraction, third molar surgery, or endodontic treatment; and the presence of thermal hyperesthesia. Pain intensity and QoL analysis revealed several factors associated with higher pain levels and poorer QoL. Together, our findings may aid in predicting patient prognosis after dental, oral, and maxillofacial surgery and might lead to personalized treatment options and improved patient outcomes.
Self-Reported Physical Demands Associated With Crops and Job Tasks Among Latinx Hired Child Farmworkers
Authors: Quandt Sara A. , Arnold Taylor J. , Arcury Thomas A. , Talton Jennifer W. , Daniel Stephanie S. 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
Physical demands of work performed by Latinx hired child farmworkers are poorly understood. This paper describes crops, tasks performed, and the most common dimensions of physical demands of work in this population.

Methods:
Survey interviews were conducted in 2017 with 202 Latinx children aged 10 to 17 years employed on North Carolina farms. Analysis focused on job characteristics for the past week and included factor analysis of an 18-item questionnaire on physical work demands.

Results:
The most common crops and tasks reported were topping/suckering tobacco and picking sweet potatoes or berries. Three factors (awkward postures, repetitive motion, strenuous work) accounted for 53% of the variance in physical demands.

Conclusions:
Follow-up of hired child farmworkers should be undertaken to understand the long-term effects of physical work demands on their health.
Negative Employment Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychological Distress
Authors: Matthews Timothy A. , Chen Liwei , Chen Zhuo , Han Xuesong , Shi Lu , Li Yan , Wen Ming , Zhang Donglan , Li Hongmei , Su Dejun , Li Jian 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
We examined associations of negative employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic with mental health in a national sample of U.S. workers, and whether the associations differed by race.

Methods:
Data were from the Health, Ethnicity, and Pandemic Study, a cross-sectional survey. The effects of negative employment changes on psychological distress in 1510 workers were examined via linear regression, and stratified analyses were conducted across racial subgroups.

Results:
After adjustment for covariates, compared to workers with no change in employment, those who experienced permanent job loss had the highest psychological distress (β and 95% CI = 3.27 [1.89, 4.65]). Permanent job loss had the greatest effect on psychological distress in Blacks and Asians.

Conclusion:
Negative employment changes related to the pandemic may have deleterious impacts on workers’ mental health, with disproportionate effects on racial minorities.
Admission Rates Following Day-Case Major Otologic Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Derks Laura S. M. , Borgstein Isabelle L. A. , Lammers Marc J. W. , Kamalski Digna M. A. , Thomeer Hans G. X. M. , Grolman Wilko , Stokroos Robert J. , Wegner Inge 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
To assess whether day-case major otologic ear surgery is a safe and feasible alternative to inpatient surgery, while maintaining equal complication rates, and to identify causes of admission after day-case surgery.

Data sources:
PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane.

Review methods:
A systematic search was conducted. Studies reporting original data on the effect of day-case ear surgery on admission rate, patient satisfaction, and/or postoperative complications were included. Risk of bias of the selected articles was assessed using criteria based on the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias.

Results:
A total of 1,734 unique studies were retrieved of which 35 articles discussing 34 studies were eligible for data extraction. The admission rates ranged from 0% to 88% following day-case endaural surgery, 0% to 13% following day-case stapes surgery, 0% to 82% following day-case mastoid surgery, and 0% to 15% following day-case cochlear implant surgery. Patient and parent satisfaction regarding day-case surgery ranged from 67% to 99%. Five studies comparing day-case and inpatient otologic surgery showed no difference in hearing outcome, postoperative complications, or patient satisfaction.

Conclusion:
The highest pooled admission rate was seen following day-case mastoid surgery. Studies comparing day-case and inpatient care suggest hearing results and postoperative complication rates in day-case otologic surgery are similar to inpatient otologic surgery in both children and adults. Therefore, day-case major otologic surgery seems to be a safe and feasible alternative to inpatient surgery for both children and adults.
Current Evidence for Simulation-Based Training and Assessment of Myringotomy and Ventilation Tube Insertion: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hovgaard Lisette Hvid , Al-Shahrestani Fahd , Andersen Steven Arild Wuyts 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
Myringotomy and ventilation tube insertion (MT) is a key procedure in otorhinolaryngology and can be trained using simulation models. We aimed to systematically review the literature on models for simulation-based training and assessment of MT and supporting educational evidence.

Databases Reviewed:
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Directory of Open Access Journals.

Methods:
Inclusion criteria were MT training and/or skills assessment using all types of training modalities and learners. Studies were divided into 1) descriptive and 2) educational interventional/observational in the analysis. For descriptive studies, we provide an overview of available models including materials and cost. Educational studies were appraised using Kirkpatrick's level of educational outcomes, Messick's framework of validity, and a structured quality assessment tool.

Results:
Forty-six studies were included consisting of 21 descriptive studies and 25 educational studies. Thirty-one unique physical and three virtual reality simulation models were identified. The studies report moderate to high realism of the different simulators and trainees and educators perceive them beneficial in training MT skills. Overall, simulation-based training is found to reduce procedure time and errors, and increase performance as measured using different assessment tools. None of the studies used a contemporary validity framework and the current educational evidence is limited.

Conclusion:
Numerous simulation models and assessment tools have been described in the literature but educational evidence and systematic implementation into training curricula is scarce. There is especially a need to establish the effect of simulation-based training of MT in transfer to the operating room and on patient outcomes.
Parametric Assessment of the Effect of Cochlear Implant Positioning on Brain MRI Artefacts at 3 T
Authors: Dewey Rebecca Susan , Dineen Robert A. , Clemence Matthew , Dick Olivier , Bowtell Richard , Kitterick Padraig T. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cochlear implants (CIs) is impacted by image artefacts.

Hypothesis:
The optimal positioning of the CI to minimize artefacts is unknown. This study aimed to characterize the dependence of the extent and distribution of the artefact on CI positioning.

Methods:
Three normally hearing individuals underwent magnetic resonance imaging using a standard T1-weighted 3D sequence. Scans were acquired with a non-functioning CI placed underneath a swimming cap at four plausible scalp positions on each side, and without the CI in situ. The artefact in each image was assessed quantitatively using voxel-based techniques. Two radiologists also independently rated the likely impact of the artefact on the detection of pathology for 20 neuroradiological locations.

Results:
The procedure was well tolerated. The most postero-inferior CI positions resulted in the smallest apparent artefacts. Radiological evaluations suggested that artefacts would likely limit pathology detection in the ipsilateral temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, regardless of CI location. Pathology detection in contralateral structures and anterior corpus callosum was rarely affected. Certain CI locations appeared to selectively spare ipsilateral structures, for example, postero-inferior CI locations selectively spared ipsilateral midbrain, deep grey matter, and frontal lobes.

Conclusion:
A CI placed under a swimming cap is a feasible tool for observing the effect of CI location on image usability within a single subject and potentially informing surgical planning. Regardless of CI placement, artefacts involving ipsilateral parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes severely limited diagnostic image utility. Between 35% and 70% of neuroradiological features were deemed unaffected by the implant.
Disulfiram repurposing in the combined chemotherapy of Chagas disease
Authors: Saraiva Roberto Magalhães , Portela Luciana Fernandes , Silveira Gabriel Parreiras Estolano da , Gomes Natalia Lins da Silva , Pinto Douglas Pereira , Silva Aline Campos de Azevedo da , Sangenis Luiz Henrique Conde , Carneiro Fernanda Martins , Almeida-Silva Juliana , Marinho Patricia Wink , Sperandio-Silva Gilberto Marcelo , Estrela Rita de Cássia Elias , Hasslocher-Moreno Alejandro Marcel , Mediano Mauro Felippe Felix , Moreira Otacilio C. , Britto Constança , Perez Sandra Aurora Chavez , Viçosa Alessandra Lifsitch , Suarez-Fontes Ana Márcia , Vannier-Santos Marcos André 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
Chagas disease (CD) has high morbimortality and the available trypanocidal treatment, including benznidazole (BZ), has limited efficacy in chronic patients. Furthermore, BZ causes adverse effects (AE) that prevent treatment completion in up to 30% of patients. The use of repositioned drugs or drug combination may provide an effective trypanocidal treatment. Disulfiram (DF) may enhance BZ activity and decrease BZ related AE. This study aims to assess the safety of a new combination of drugs for CD therapy, assuming BZ as the drug of choice plus DF as repositioned drug.

Methods:
This single-centre, open-label, phase I/II clinical trial was designed to evaluate the safety of the combined use of BZ plus DF for CD therapy. Participants are adults with indeterminate form of chronic CD, both sexes, aged from 18 to 70 years old and Trypanosoma cruzi polymerase chain reaction-positive. The primary outcome will be the occurrence of serious AE. The secondary outcome will be post-treatment Trypanosoma cruzi polymerase chain reaction negativization. Six groups of 9 patients will be sequentially tested. The first group will be allocated to receive BZ 100 mg/d + DF 250 mg/d for 60 days. Upon safety confirmation (<1/3 of participants with serious AE), the combination dose will be gradually increased and dispensed to 5 groups (group II:BZ 200 mg/day+DF 250 mg/d; group III:BZ 300 mg/d + DF 250 mg/d; group IV:BZ 100 mg/d + DF 500 mg/d; group V:BZ 200 mg/d + DF 500 mg/d; group VI: BZ 300 mg/d + DF 500 mg/d) for 60 days in order to determine the maximum tolerated dose.

Discussion:
Our hypothesis is that the drug combination will be well tolerated and allow the proposal of phase II trials in larger scale to test the efficacy of the new drug combination in CD. We expect that the studied combination will have less AEs with an efficacy similar or superior to the current treatment. This will allow the successful treatment of a greater number of patients while decreasing the treatment cost as less patients will need treatment for AEs.

Trial registration:
This study was registered on the Brazilian Clinical Trials Database - REBEC (RBR-5n4htp). Registered 7 January 2020. UTN Number: U1111-1246-1293. http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5n4htp/
Corticospinal Tract Microstructure Predicts Distal Arm Motor Improvements in Chronic Stroke
Authors: Kim Bokkyu , Schweighofer Nicolas , Haldar Justin P. , Leahy Richard M. , Winstein Carolee J. 
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:
The corticospinal tract (CST) is a crucial brain pathway for distal arm and hand motor control. We aimed to determine whether a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-derived CST metric predicts distal upper extremity (UE) motor improvements in chronic stroke survivors.

Methods:
We analyzed clinical and neuroimaging data from a randomized controlled rehabilitation trial. Participants completed clinical assessments and neuroimaging at baseline and clinical assessments 4 months later, postintervention. Using univariate linear regression analysis, we determined the linear relationship between the DTI-derived CST fractional anisotropy asymmetry (FAasym) and the percentage of baseline change in log-transformed average Wolf Motor Function Test time for distal items (ΔlnWMFT-distal_%). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) linear regressions with cross-validation and bootstrapping were used to determine the relative weighting of CST FAasym, other brain metrics, clinical outcomes, and demographics on distal motor improvement. Logistic regression analyses were performed to test whether the CST FAasym can predict clinically significant UE motor improvement.

Results:
lnWMFT-distal significantly improved at the group level. Baseline CST FAasym explained 26% of the variance in ΔlnWMFT-distal_%. A multivariate LASSO model including baseline CST FAasym, age, and UE Fugl-Meyer explained 39% of the variance in ΔlnWMFT-distal_%. Further, CST FAasym explained more variance in ΔlnWMFT-distal_% than the other significant predictors in the LASSO model.

Discussion and Conclusions:
CST microstructure is a significant predictor of improvement in distal UE motor function in the context of an UE rehabilitation trial in chronic stroke survivors with mild-to-moderate motor impairment.

Video Abstract available for more insight from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A350).
Review: Approaches to Visual-motor Control in Baseball Batting
Authors: Gray Rob 
Published: July 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
This review evaluates model-based online approaches to visual-motor control in baseball batting in light of research studies on this topic.
Throughout the history of research on baseball batting, there has been a presumptive winner in terms of how visual-motor control occurs for this complex skill. Because of the severe time constraints and the short duration of the action, it has been assumed that a baseball swing must involve model-based control. That is, hitting involves using an open-loop, pre-programmed movement that is parameterized based on situational probabilities, advance cues from the pitcher's delivery, and information early in the ball flight, which are used by an internal model to predict the future location of the ball. In this review, the author contrasts two variants of this type of model-based control (a 3D world model and spatial memory of trajectories) with an online control approach in which the batter uses only currently available perceptual information to control the swing prospectively via information-movement coupling. It is shown that the assumed necessity of predictive control in baseball batting is based on too narrow of a conception of online control. Although work still needs to be done to elucidate the specifics of the control, it is argued here that online control provides an account of visual-motor control in baseball batting that is both more parsimonious and more consistent with published research findings.
Visual and Ocular Characteristics of eSports Participants
Authors: Fogt Jennifer Swingle , Onate James , Emerson Angela , Kraemer William , Fogt Nick 
Published: July 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
The popularity of competitive video game play is growing rapidly. Little is known about the ocular characteristics of esports participants. Refractive error and binocular measures in young adult gamers were similar to population norms. However, tear breakup time was lower, and accommodative lag was higher.

PURPOSE
In a recent report, very young video game players were found to have greater levels of refractive error and heterophoria and reduced stereopsis. The purpose of this study was to assess the visual and ocular characteristics of a group of recreational esports athletes to determine if the findings in young children were similar to findings in a group of young adult video game players.

METHODS
Vision tests were performed on 36 college students during a video game combine event. Testing included high- and low-contrast visual acuity, autorefraction at distance and at 33 cm, stereoacuity, near heterophoria, and tear breakup time. Participants also indicated their level or rank in the game Overwatch.

RESULTS
Fifteen participants were myopic, and 21 did not wear vision correction. The mean local stereopsis was 31.9 seconds. The mean of the esophoric value was 3.2 prism diopters, and the mean of the exophoric value was 5.7 prism diopters. The mean lag of accommodation was 0.81 D. The mean tear breakup time was 5.8 seconds. Average hours of play did not differ between those who wore vision correction and those who did not. There were no significant relationships between the hours of play and the ocular findings.

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of refractive error and the mean heterophoria were similar to population norms, and the mean stereoacuity was normal. However, accommodative lag was slightly higher, and the tear breakup time was lower than expected. Differences in these latter values were also noted between high- and low-level Overwatch players.
Pre-participation Vision Screening and Comprehensive Eye Care in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes
Authors: Weise Katherine K. , Galt Sarah J. , Hale M. Heath , Springer Daniel B. , Swanson Mark W. 
Published: July 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Pre-participation physical evaluation and its vision screenings have been the mainstay of medical clearance for competitive play for decades. The ability of screening to address athlete's sports-specific vision needs is unknown.

METHODS
Fifty-eight intercollegiate football players consented to participate in a comprehensive, sports-specific eye examination in addition to the standard pre-participation vision screening. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined for screening's ability to detect athletes whose vision might improve with correction, athletes who had significant ocular findings that impact safety, and either of the two conditions together. The effect no recent eye examination added to pre-participation vision screening results was evaluated for change in screening yield. Descriptive statistics of the cohort and associations with no recent comprehensive eye examination were generated.

RESULTS
The pre-participation vision screening was able to identify three athletes not meeting visual acuity requirements for medical clearance to play without a comprehensive assessment. A failed screening was poorly able to identify athletes who might benefit from improved acuity (sensitivity, 9.1%; specificity, 100%), have sports-specific significant ocular findings (sensitivity, 10.5%; specificity, 97.3%), or have either together (sensitivity, 7.5%; specificity, 100%). Sixty percent (33/55) of athletes reported never having a comprehensive examination or one within the last 10 years. Fifty-eight percent (34/58) had improved best-corrected visual acuity after comprehensive examination, and 81% (47/58) had improved acuity or a sports-specific significant finding.

CONCLUSIONS
The pre-participation vision screening was largely able to identify athletes meeting the minimum visual acuity requirement for athlete clearance. It poorly identified those who might benefit from improved vision with refractive correction and those in whom sport-specific significant eye findings were noted. Comprehensive eye care had a clear benefit for the majority of athletes tested. This benefit needs to be balanced with the potential added costs and time constraints to players and athletic department staff.