bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compliance with North Dakota’s smoke‐free law among vape and tobacco specialty shops
Authors: Buettner‐Schmidt Kelly , Miller Donald , Orr Megan , Rykal Katelyn , Swanson Kathleen , Berry Missy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine compliance with North Dakota's smoke‐free law in vape shops and other tobacco specialty shops selling electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or e‐liquids.DesignIn this 2019 descriptive study, shops (n = 35) were assessed for compliance with the smoke‐free law by observation of indoor and outdoor areas for smoking or vaping, or evidence of such activity in prohibited areas, and the presence of required no‐smoking signs.ResultsOnly two shops (5.7%) were fully compliant with the smoke‐free law. Full compliance for indoor and outdoor environments was 8.5% and 42.8%, respectively. Vaping occurred inside five shops (14.3%), and smoking occurred outdoors within required smoke‐free areas in two (5.7%) shops. Four (11.4%) and 17 (48.6%) shops complied with indoor and outdoor signage requirements, respectively.ConclusionsOverall compliance remained low, although much of the noncompliance was related to signage. Use or evidence of ENDS use occurred both indoors and outdoors where prohibited by law. Classifying ENDS as tobacco products would require tobacco licensure of shops selling ENDS and e‐liquids, aiding in identification of the shops for education and enforcement efforts to ensure compliance with the law and to improve public health protection.
Behavior in the use of face masks in the context of COVID‐19
Authors: Kellerer Jan D. , Rohringer Matthias , Deufert Daniela 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesInvestigation of potential erroneous behavior in the general public's use of face masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic.DesignWe conducted a naturalistic observational study in the period from April to June 2020.SampleIn two western Austrian provinces, a total of 2080 persons were observed in front of 24 grocery stores.MeasurementThe frequencies and types of erroneous behavior in the use of face masks were collected using a standardized observation form.ResultsA total of 2080 persons were observed. Almost one‐third of all observations (n = 648; 31.2%) showed erroneous behavior before positioning the face masks. Another 935 (45.0%) persons touched the face mask front during the adjustment via mouth and nose, 501 (24.1%) persons touched the face mask front in the period after the adjustment. A total of 116 (5.6%) persons showed erroneous behavior in each sequence of the observation unit. Overall, almost half of all people observed showed at least one erroneous behavior within the observation period.ConclusionsThe behavior of the general public in handling face masks is highly error‐prone. Decision makers must increasingly provide accompanying information and educational measures in order to encourage the population at risk to use face masks correctly.
Morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in Magnolia zenii Cheng seed during development
Authors: Wang Shan , Shen Yongbao , Bao Huapeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn understanding of the seed dynamics of endangered plant species, such as Magnolia zenii Cheng, is important for successful conservation. This study examined the morphological, physiological and biochemical changes that occur in M. zenii Cheng during seed development to determine the appropriate harvest stage. The appearance of the seeds was influenced by the physiological and biochemical changes occurring during the developmental period, during which the colour of the fruits changed from green to red, while that of the seed changed from light brown to dark brown. There was a significant decrease in the seed moisture content from 90 to 120 days after flowering (DAF); however, there was no significant change from 135 to 165 DAF. The seeds from 135 DAF onwards showed developed cotyledonary embryos. The seed viability exceeded 95% from 135 DAF onwards; however, the germination percentage was 0, hypothesising that the seeds of M. zenii Cheng might exhibit physiological dormancy under certain conditions of this experiment. There was a significant increase in the fat, soluble sugar and soluble starch content of the seeds while approaching maturity. There were significant changes in malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PDH), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGDH) and β‐amylase activities in the seeds during the developmental period. At 135–165 DAF, the MDH activity remained stable, whereas that of 6‐PGDH reached its maximum, indicating that the seeds underwent vigorous metabolism. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for researching seed dormancy and seed harvest time.
The Effect of Health and Economic Costs on Governments’ Policy Responses to COVID‐19 Crisis under Incomplete Information
Authors: Bel Germà , Gasulla Óscar , Mazaira‐Font Ferran A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has become an unprecedented health, economic, and social crisis. The present study has built a theoretical model and used it to develop an empirical strategy, analyzing the drivers of policy‐response agility during the outbreak. Our empirical results show that national policy responses were delayed, both by government expectations of the healthcare system capacity and by expectations that any hard measures used to manage the crisis would entail severe economic costs. With decision‐making based on incomplete information, the agility of national policy responses increased as knowledge increased and uncertainty decreased in relation to the epidemic's evolution and the policy responses of other countries.
Learning from Local Government Research Partnerships in a Fragmented Political Setting
Authors: Mullin Megan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractResearch partnerships between scholars and local governments offer promise to advance scholarly understanding of local public administration and to improve the lives of people living and working in local communities. Yet political fragmentation complicates the prospect of broader learning from these partnerships and creates the risk that research partnerships will amplify disparities in local government performance. If scholars and practitioners are attentive to these risks, they can design research to facilitate learning across local government settings. Lessons from policy diffusion, program evaluation, and team science inform a set of recommendations for the conduct of local government research partnerships and the distribution of results.
How Asymptomatic Transmission Influences Mitigation and Suppression Strategies during a Pandemic
Authors: Biggs Adam T. , Littlejohn Lanny F. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAsymptomatic transmission complicates any public health strategies to combat a pandemic, which proved especially accurate in the case of COVID‐19. Although asymptomatic cases are not unique to COVID‐19, the high asymptomatic case rate raised many problems for developing effective public health interventions. The current modeling effort explored how asymptomatic transmission might impact pandemic responses in four key areas: isolation procedures, changes in reproduction rate, the potential for reduced transmission from asymptomatic cases, and social adherence to public health measures. A high rate of asymptomatic cases effectively requires large‐scale public health suppression and mitigation procedures given that quarantine procedures alone could not prevent an outbreak for a virus such as SARS‐CoV‐2. This problem only becomes worse without lowering the effective reproduction rate, and even assuming the potential for reduced transmission, any virus with a high degree of asymptomatic transmission will likely produce a pandemic. Finally, there is a concern that asymptomatic individuals will also refuse to adhere to public health guidance. Analyses indicate that, given certain assumptions, even half of the population adhering to public health guidance could reduce the peak and flatten the curve by over 90%. Taken together, these analyses highlight the importance of taking asymptomatic cases into account when modeling viral spread and developing public health intervention strategies.
Hemodialysis catheter malpositioned into the mediastinum: Lessons from two cases
Authors: Kang Seok Hui , Kim A Young , Do Jun Young 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHemodialysis catheter (HDC) using a tunneled cuffed catheter (TCC) is a viable option for acute hemodialysis. Vessel injury during catheter insertion can lead to malpositioning of the HDC into the mediastinum. We herewith present two malpositioned HDCs in various clinical settings. For the first case, the HDC was inserted without fluoroscopic guidance, but in the second case, the HDC was inserted under fluoroscopic guidance. Our first case involved HDC insertion via the right internal jugular vein (IJV), and the second case involved HDC insertion via the left IJV. We clinically suspected HDC malposition because of poor aspiration, despite good infusion via the two lumens. Chest radiography, computed tomography, and venography showed various abnormal positions of the HDC. Our case report provides additional information about malpositioned or malfunctioning HDCs in various clinical settings.
Drug dosing considerations in continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Jang Soo Min , Awdishu Linda 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients, which is associated with increased in‐hospital mortality. Delivering effective antibiotics to treat patients with sepsis receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (RRT) is complicated by variability in pharmacokinetics, dialysis delivery, lack of primary literature, and therapeutic drug monitoring. Pharmacokinetic alterations include changes in absorption, distribution, protein binding (PB), metabolism, and renal elimination. Drug absorption may be significantly changed due to alterations in gastric pH, perfusion, gastrointestinal motility, and intestinal atrophy. Volume of distribution for hydrophilic drugs may be increased due to volume overload. Estimation of renal clearance is challenged by the effective delivery of RRT. Drug characteristics such as PB, volume of distribution, and molecular weight impact removal of the drug by RRT. The totality of these alterations leads to reduced exposure. Despite our best knowledge, therapeutic drug monitoring of patients receiving continuous RRT demonstrates wide variability in antimicrobial concentrations, highlighting the need for expanded monitoring of all drugs. This review article will focus on changes in drug pharmacokinetics in AKI and dosing considerations to attain antibiotic pharmacodynamic targets in critically ill patients receiving continuous RRT.
Vascular access, membranes and circuit for CRRT
Authors: Juncos Luis A. , Chandrashekar Kiran , Karakala Nithin , Baldwin Ian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe advances in the technology for providing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have led to an increase in its utilization throughout the world. However, circuit life continues to be a major problem. It leads not only to decreased delivery of dialysis but also causes blood loss, waste of disposables, alters dose delivery of medications and nutrition, and increases nurse workload, all of which increases healthcare cost. Premature circuit failure can be caused by numerous factors that can be difficult to dissect out. The first component is the vascular access; without a well‐placed, functioning access, delivery of CRRT becomes very difficult. This is usually accomplished by placing a short‐term dialysis catheter into either the right internal jugular or femoral vein. The tips should be located at the caval atrial junction or inferior vena cava. In addition to establishing suitable vascular access, a comprehensive understanding of the circuit facilitates the development of a methodical approach in providing efficient CRRT characterized by optimal circuit life. Moreover, it aids in determining the cause of circuit failure in patients experiencing recurrent episodes. This review therefore summarizes the essential points that guide providers in establishing optimal vascular access. We then provide an overview of the main components of the CRRT circuit including the blood and fluid pumps, the hemofilter, and pressure sensors, which will assist in identifying the key mechanisms contributing to premature failure of the CRRT circuit.
The structural roots of food insecurity: How racism is a fundamental cause of food insecurity
Authors: Bowen Sarah , Elliott Sinikka , Hardison‐Moody Annie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRates of food insecurity skyrocketed during the COVID‐19 pandemic, doubling overall and tripling among households with children. Even before the pandemic, the rate of food insecurity in the United States was “unusually high” compared to other rich democracies, and rates have not improved substantially over the last 25 years. What explains the lack of progress in addressing food insecurity? This article maps out an overview of the experiences, causes, and consequences of food insecurity in the United States. We demonstrate that racism is a fundamental cause of food insecurity, both because racism contributes to racial disparities in income and wealth, and because racism is linked to food insecurity independent of poverty and socioeconomic status. For example, people of color are more likely to experience racial discrimination, which is associated with food insecurity, and to live in states where stricter regulations and harsher punishments are tied to social assistance programs, including food assistance programs. Because racism is a fundamental cause of food insecurity, eliminating it requires going beyond “just” eliminating poverty. Instead, the fundamental cause must be tackled directly: racism itself, which is built into the structure of American society and entrenched in its institutions.
Fugitive coproduction: Conceptualising informal community practices in Scotland's hospitals
Authors: Stewart Ellen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWithin public administration, coproduction is a ubiquitous policy discourse, and increasingly an analytic lens through which public relationships with public services are viewed. This article reports an interpretive qualitative study of community practices around three changing hospitals in the Scottish NHS, comprising semi‐structured qualitative interviews with citizens, NHS staff, politicians and journalists, as well as non‐participant observation of community and NHS events. Initially focused on community opposition to top‐down hospital change, the study identified a surprising range of supportive community actions for their local hospitals, including volunteering, fundraising and innovative co‐delivered service models. Building on these examples, the paper presents a model of ‘fugitive coproduction,’ where individuals and groups within communities collaborate with local staff in ways which significantly shape the provision of local services, without permission or authorisation from relevant authorities, and in modes that are centrally concerned with immediate perceived need not strategic change. I argue that these forms of public action can make valuable contributions to public services, and that they hold lessons for the wider reform of public administration.
Design Engineering in the Age of Industry 4.0
Authors: Jiao Roger , Commuri Sesh , Panchal Jitesh , Milisavljevic-Syed Jelena , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh , Schaefer Dirk 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Industry 4.0 is based on the digitization of manufacturing industries and has raised the prospect for substantial improvements in productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction. This digital transformation not only affects the way products are manufactured but also creates new opportunities for the design of products, processes, services, and systems. Unlike traditional design practices based on system-centric concepts, design for these new opportunities requires a holistic view of the human (stakeholder), artefact (product), and process (realization) dimensions of the design problem. In this paper we envision a “human-cyber-physical view of the systems realization ecosystem,” termed “Design Engineering 4.0 (DE4.0),” to reconceptualize how cyber and physical technologies can be seamlessly integrated to identify and fulfil customer needs and garner the benefits of Industry 4.0. In this paper, we review the evolution of Engineering Design in response to advances in several strategic areas including smart and connected products, end-to-end digital integration, customization and personalization, data-driven design, digital twins and intelligent design automation, extended supply chains and agile collaboration networks, open innovation, co-creation and crowdsourcing, product servitization and anything-as-a-service, and platformization for the sharing economy. We postulate that DE 4.0 will account for drivers such as Internet of Things, Internet of People, Internet of Services, and Internet of Commerce to deliver on the promise of Industry 4.0 effectively and efficiently. Further, we identify key issues to be addressed in DE 4.0 and engage the design research community on the challenges that the future holds.
Carpal Arch Changes in Response to Thenar Muscle Loading
Authors: Zhang Hui , Loss Jeremy , Li Zong-Ming 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study investigated the biomechanical effects of thenar muscles (abductor pollicis brevis (APB), superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis (sFPB), opponens pollicis (OPP)) on the transverse carpal ligament formed carpal arch under force application by individual or combined muscles (APB, sFPB, OPP, APB-sFPB, sFPB-OPP, APB-OPP, and APB-sFPB-OPP). In ten cadaveric hands, thenar muscles were loaded under 15% of their respective maximal force capacity, and ultrasound images of the cross section of the distal carpal tunnel were collected for morphometric analyses of the carpal arch. The carpal arch height and area were significantly dependent on the loading condition (p &lt; 0.01), muscle combination (p &lt; 0.05), and their interaction (p &lt; 0.01). The changes to arch height and area were significantly dependent on the muscle combinations (p = 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). The arch height and area increased under the loading combinations of APB, OPP, APB-sFPB, APB-OPP, or APB-sFPB-OPP (p &lt; 0.05), but not under the combinations of sFPB (p = 0.893) or sFPB-OPP (p = 0.338). The carpal arch change under the APB-sFPB-OPP or APB-OPP loading was greater than that under the loading of APB-sFPB (p &lt; 0.001). This study demonstrated that thenar muscle forces exert biomechanical effects on the transverse carpal ligament to increase carpal arch height and area, and these increases were different for individual muscles and their combinations.
Outdoor green space exposure and brain health measures related to Alzheimer’s disease: a rapid review
Authors: Besser Lilah 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesSummarise studies of outdoor green space exposure and brain health measures related to Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (ADRD), and determine scientific gaps for future research.DesignRapid review of primary research studies.Methods and outcomesPubMed, Embase and Web of Science Core Collection were searched for articles meeting the criteria published on/before 13 February 2020. The review excluded papers not in English, focused on transient states (eg, mental fatigue) or not using individual-level measures of brain health (eg, average school test scores). Brain health measures of interest included cognitive function, clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment/dementia/ADRD and brain biomarkers such as those from MRI, measures typically associated with ADRD risk and disease progression.ResultsTwenty-two papers were published from 2012 to 2020, 36% on <18 years old, 32% on 18–64 years old and 59% on ≥65 years old. Sixty-four per cent defined green space based on the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (‘greenness’/healthy vegetation) and 68% focused on cognitive measures of brain health (eg, memory). Seventeen studies (77%) found green space-brain health associations (14 positive, 4 inverse). Greater greenness/green space was positively associated various cognitive domains in 10 studies and with MRI outcomes (regional brain volumes, cortical thickness, amygdala integrity) in three studies. Greater neighbourhood greenness was associated with lower odds/risk of cognitive impairment/ADRD in some studies but increased odds/risk in others (n=4 studies).ConclusionsPublished studies suggest positive green space-brain health associations across the life course, but the methods and cohorts were limited and heterogeneous. Future research using racially/ethnically and geographically diverse cohorts, life course methods and more specific green space and brain health measures (eg, time spent in green spaces, ADRD biomarkers) will strengthen evidence for causal associations.
Physical fitness of Latin America children and adolescents: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Godoy-Cumillaf Andrés , Bizzozero-Peroni Bruno , Tomkinson Grant R , Brazo-Sayavera Javier 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionPhysical fitness (PF) is an important indicator of health in children and adolescents. Internationally, test batteries have been used to assess overall PF. In Latin America, however, while PF has been widely measured, there is no accepted test battery, making it difficult to monitor and/or compare the PF levels of Latin children. The aim of this study, therefore, is to systematically review and potentially meta-analyse the peer-reviewed literature regarding the assessment of PF in Latin American children and adolescents.Methods and analysisThis systematic review and meta-analysis will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols statement. The systematic literature search will be performed in MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, LILACS and Latindex (Spanish) to locate articles published up to April 2021. Eligible studies will include both descriptive and analytic study designs. Meta-analyses are planned for sufficiently homogeneous PF outcomes with regard to statistical and methodological characteristics. Narrative syntheses are planned for PF outcomes that are considered to be too heterogeneous. The statistical program STATA V.15 will be used for meta-analyses, with subgroup analyses performed according to the characteristics of included studies.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review and meta-analysis protocol is designed to provide updated evidence on the PF of Latin American children and adolescents. Findings from this review may be useful for teachers, researchers and other professionals responsible for paediatric fitness and health promotion/surveillance. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed scientific publications, conferences, educational talks and infographics.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020189892.