bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensation and the Grammar of Life
Authors: Cumhaill Clare Mac , Wiseman Rachael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anscombe’s published writings, lectures, and notes on sensation offer material for a sophisticated critique of philosophical theories of perception and a novel analysis of the concept of sensation. Her philosophy of perception begins with the traditional question, ‘What are the objects of sensation?’, but the response is a grammatical rather than ontological enquiry. What, she asks, are the characteristics of the grammatical object of sensation verbs? Anscombe’s answer is: sensation verbs take ‘intentional objects’, where an ‘intentional object’ is a description which has the characteristics of the concept of intention—characteristics elucidated in detail in her Intention. This allows Anscombe to reject two opposing positions—that the objects of sensation are sense data, and that they are ordinary objects. Both views, she argues, fail to recognize the grammatical fact that verbs of sensation take intentional objects. This chapter sets out Anscombe’s analysis and outlines the case for a grammatical methodology. Along the way, it will be shown that Anscombe’s philosophy of perception should not be read as forerunning contemporary representationalism.
An Unheard of Thing
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the objectives and logistics behind the massacre of nine noblemen at Saint-Leu-d’Esserent on 28 May 1358, the first incident in what became the Jacquerie. This attack was carefully planned and enacted by a geographically diverse group who came together for that purpose. It was not a spontaneous uprising in that village by its normal population. Strategic interests linked to the military and political predicament of Paris clearly motivated the attack: the nobles killed included the nephew of one of the murdered marshals, and his entourage was probably headed for Creil, a fortress allowing the Dauphin to block the Oise River. This attack may have been carried out on the villagers’ own initiative, rather than at Marcel’s order. Close relations between town and countryside meant that there were many opportunities for cooperation, and villagers were certainly aware of the situation in Paris. But whether anyone envisaged the confrontation at Saint-Leu as the opening salvo in a massive, inter-regional uprising is unclear, especially as rural revolts were still uncommon. Rather, the events in Saint-Leu-d’Esserent and environs may have been conceived as a limited operation to accomplish a particular aim, which took on a different character afterward.
Good Love and Hard Words
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter opens with the murder of Étienne Marcel and the fall of Paris to the Dauphin at the end of August, and focuses on how the crown and its subjects negotiated the social and emotional—as well as the legal and political—consequences of the Jacquerie. While the crown began by enacting spectacularly harsh penalties against its enemies in Paris, it almost immediately moved to a policy of forgiveness and reconciliation. After publicly executing prominent reformers, the crown issued general pardons to those who participated in the Parisians’ treachery, the Jacquerie, and the Counter-Jacquerie. This was both a practical necessity and an astute political move that allowed the crown to place itself above the fray and to impose its own interpretation of events. But as the subsequent proliferation of individualized pardons and lawsuits show, subjects’ own stories were more varied, demonstrating different ways of thinking about the revolt. Long-running lawsuits and the failure even of extra-judicial agreements reveal enduring barriers to reconciling people to the past, as well as to one another. Relations between some individuals remained emotionally fraught, roiled by anger and anxiety for decades after the revolt, manifesting in the exchange of ‘hard words’ and homicidal quarrels.
Modern Applications of Graph Theory
Authors: Zverovich Vadim 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book discusses many modern, cutting-edge applications of graph theory, such as traffic networks and Braess’ paradox, navigable networks and optimal routing for emergency response, backbone/dominating sets in wireless sensor networks, placement of electric vehicle charging stations, pedestrian safety and graph-theoretic methods in molecular epidemiology. Because of the rapid growth of research in this field, the focus of the book is on the up-to-date development of the aforementioned applications. The book will be ideal for researchers, engineers, transport planners and emergency response specialists who are interested in the recent development of graph theory applications. Moreover, this book can be used as teaching material for postgraduate students because, in addition to up-to-date descriptions of the applications, it includes exercises and their solutions. Some of the exercises mimic practical, real-life situations. Advanced students in graph theory, computer science or molecular epidemiology may use the problems and research methods presented in this book to develop their final-year projects, master’s theses or doctoral dissertations; however, to use the information effectively, special knowledge of graph theory would be required.
Establishing Measurement Invariance across Time within an Accelerated Longitudinal Design
Authors: Pampaka Maria 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter provides a review of the potential value of accelerated longitudinal designs (ALD) for research, through (i) a systematic literature review, and (ii) an original investigation showing in particular the importance of evaluation of measurement invariance. It empirically draws on a large-scale UK study with a substantial aim to map teaching practices with students’ learning outcomes (including dispositions) in mathematics during secondary school. The focus here is on the methodological implications of combining the separate cohorts of students’ outcomes into a longitudinal model of progression for the whole secondary school trajectory and in particular the measurement methods involved to make this possible. Other challenges are also explored in the context of a comprehensive procedure that covers the validation of the construct of mathematics disposition and subsequent multilevel modelling to account for the complex longitudinal design.
Monastic Nomocanons II
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 builds on the discussion of Chapter 5, taking a closer look at the content and material character of the monastic nomocanons produced under Norman rule. It observes that the manuscripts can be divided into three broad categories in which text and aesthetics are closely aligned: ‘traditional’ monastic nomocanons of the Southwest (i.e. Calabria, Lucania, Sicily); ‘deluxe’ nomocanons of Rossano and Messina; and two nomocanons produced by St Nicholas of Casole in the Salento. The traditional nomocanons are characterised by archaic textual content (primarily the Nomocanon in Fifty Titles) and simple, old-fashioned Italo-Greek ornamental styles. By contrast, the ‘deluxe’ nomocanons of Rossano and Messina were based on an eleventh-century Byzantine model imported in the early twelfth century by St Bartholomew of Simeri, even mimicking the Perlschrift calligraphy and Blüttenblat style of art. Like the traditional nomocanons, the deluxe manuscripts were evidently intended for use as practical reference guides. The Casulan manuscripts, for their part, demonstrate a unique connection to twelfth-century Byzantium, containing Aristenos’ commentary on the Synopsis of Canons (c. 1130) and a unique witness to Arsenios of Philotheou’s (different) Synopsis of Canons. The Casulan nomocanons represent a more didactic turn, in which canon law is used more as a source for teaching correct religious practice than as the basis of a formal juridical system.
The Salentine Group
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 addresses a group of nomocanons produced in the Salento peninsula between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. These manuscripts stand out from the others in the book, as they were not produced for monasteries, bishops, or lay judges, but for the secular clergy and parish priests of the Salento. The chapter explores their distinctive aesthetic style and material characteristics, which are highly consistent across the group but noticeably different from those of other Italo-Greek nomocanons. It also discusses their textual content, pointing out that the manuscripts contain lengthy appendices consisting of texts that would have been of particular interest to Salentine Greek clergy of the late Middle Ages, covering subjects like clerical marriage and Lenten fasting. These were all topics on which the Greek church diverged from the Latin, and it seems that the texts were included as a way to defend the Greeks’ distinctive religious practices. The chapter also highlights a fascinating marginal abbreviation that occurs in multiple Salentine nomocanons, ‘Against the Latins’, which was used by scribes and readers to highlight canons that were felt to be especially useful in this effort.
The Fake News about Fake News
Authors: Coady David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is widely believed that we are facing a problem, caused by something called ‘fake news’. Governments and other powerful institutions around the world have adopted a variety of measures to restrict the reporting and dissemination of claims they deem to be fake news. Many of these measures are clear breaches of fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and freedom of the press. This chapter arsgues that, contrary to common opinion, there is no new or growing problem of fake news. There is instead a new and growing problem caused by the term ‘fake news’. Although this term has no fixed meaning it does have a fixed function. It functions to restrict permissible public speech and opinion in ways that serve the interests of powerful people and institutions.
Conspiracy Theories and Evidential Self-Insulation
Authors: Napolitano M. Giulia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
What are conspiracy theories? And what, if anything, is epistemically wrong with them? This chapter offers an account on which conspiracy theories are a unique way of holding a belief in a conspiracy. Specifically, conspiracy theories are taken to be self-insulating beliefs in conspiracies. On this view, conspiracy theorists have their conspiratorial beliefs in a way that is immune to revision by counter-evidence. It is argued that conspiracy theories are always irrational. Although conspiracy theories involve an expectation to encounter some seemingly disconfirming evidence (allegedly planted by the conspirators), resistance to all counter-evidence cannot be justified on these grounds.
Trust No One?
Authors: Baurmann Michael , Cohnitz Daniel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConspiracy theorists are typically sceptical about the trustworthiness of central governmental institutions. Some philosophers have argued that, therefore, conspiracy theorists in general play an important role in modern democracies. Their scepticism may lead to the exposure of actual governmental conspiracies and strengthens institutions of open societies that control the different branches of government. This chapter argues that this optimism is misplaced. Belief in false conspiracy theories doesn’t make one interested in strong controlling institutions. On the contrary, it is not surprising that the conspiracy theorists who voted people like Trump into office don’t mind at all when the president questions the very legitimacy of such institutions.
‘V2’ and clitic placement
Authors: Pescarini Diego 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn medieval Romance, as well as in present-day western Ibero-Romance, enclisis and proclisis alternate in finite main positive clauses. Such alternations are usually subsumed under the so-called Tobler-Mussafia law, which has been subject to several reformulations in order to relate clitic placement to other syntactic properties. This chapter shows that the hypothesis linking enclisis and verb movement is ultimately correct, although the examples supporting the hypothesis are relatively rare, the correlation between enclisis and verb movement is a bit more complicated than assumed in part of the literature, and no formal machinery proposed so far accounts adequately for clitic placement. This chapter endorses Benincà’s (1995, 2006) hypothesis, according to which the verb moves in two steps, yielding, respectively, subject inversion and V2 orders, when the verb targets a lower position in the left periphery, and enclisis, when the verb climbs higher.
Deriving enclisis in ‘V1’ clauses
Authors: Pescarini Diego 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe chapter deals with the syntax of early Romance clauses exhibiting enclisis, which usually occurs when the verb occupies the first position in the clause (V1) or is immediately preceded by topics. This chapter accounts for enclisis/V1 within languages that exhibit properties of V2 systems. The analysis is based on two hypotheses: (i) V2 results from a Criterion that triggers fronting of an XP to the Operator/Focus position; and (ii) V1 and enclisis result when no XP is fronted and, instead, the inflected verb is merged in the Operator/Focus position via Long Head Movement (Lema and Rivero’s 1991). When the verb performs Long Head Movement, clitics cannot undergo incorporationd into the verb and enclisis results. Besides enclisis, the above analysis provides a better account of other phenomena such as the syntax of focus expletives, Stylistic Fronting, mesoclisis, and fragment answers.
Conclusions
Authors: Pescarini Diego 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMy intentions in writing this book were (i) to collect phenomena and put them in logical/chronological order and (ii) to engage with the analysis of some (syntactic) phenomena that yield variation across space and time such as enclisis/proclisis alternations, clitic climbing, and cluster formation. Concluding remarks are organized in two lists. The first mainly restates known empirical conclusions, refines previous analyses, or establishes very general theoretical anchors that may provide some guidelines for future research. The second focuses on more specific conclusions relating to generative theorizing.
Hearkening Unto Joshua, 1901‒1909
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses Roosevelt’s domestic policies and his personal family life as president. His 1901 dinner with black educator Booker T. Washington and his 1902 settling of a coal strike endeared him to reformers. In 1904 he won election in his own right. As a tolerant Protestant, Roosevelt appointed the first Jew to a cabinet position in 1906, supported the Mormon senator Reed Smoot, and defended the Unitarianism of his hand-picked successor William Howard Taft. At the same time he faced backlash for attempting to remove “In God We Trust” from the national coinage. Theodore and Edith Roosevelt also raised their children in the Christian faith and quietly encouraged their devotion.
Chronicling a Blood-spattered Isle
Authors: Falk Oren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter implements the general model of violence on case studies from the history of medieval Iceland, especially the Battle of Helgastaðir (1220) and other episodes from the life of Guðmundr Arason, Bishop of Hólar (r.1203–37). It also establishes how structural analysis of sagas—using the concepts of récit, histoire, and uchronia—nuances the picture of history reconstructed from such sources, tracing the transformation of occurrences (what happened) into events (experienced manifestations of meaning). Guðmundar saga A, the main textual source consulted here, demonstrates how uchronia, the ideology of the past, enabled texts to function autonomously of authorial intent: uchronic texts may reveal truths their authors were ignorant of, let alone truths they wished to suppress. By unpacking the ways brute force inflects both the historical social contests recorded in the saga and the narrative tensions of the recording process itself, this chapter highlights the necessity of examining violence in terms of a complex negotiation of power, signification, and risk. In the course of this investigation, various details of medieval Icelandic history are filled in, deepening and qualifying the general portrayal offered in the Introduction. Readers with little background in Icelandic history are familiarized with the contours of this history, while experts find some of its truisms (such as the categorical distinction between farmers and chieftains, or the supposed uniqueness of Iceland in high medieval Europe) re-examined
Violence, Naturally
Authors: Falk Oren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In medieval Iceland, to be human was to be violent, but the converse was equally true: to be violent was to be human. The preceding chapters explore hostilities within communities and between them; this chapter, an excursion into eco-history, carries the examination of Norse violence beyond species boundaries. The sagas, realistic accounts of a society clinging by its fingernails to a volcanic outcrop at the edge of the Arctic, are remarkably reluctant to address the perils posed by the natural environment. To explain this anomaly, this chapter contrasts the sagas’ silence about Nature both with their own fixation on human violence and with the attitudes towards natural phenomena in adjacent genres, mainly hagiography and annals. Representation supplemented practice; humanizing violence in the sagas allowed Icelanders to exercise a measure of control over risks from beyond the social world, risks they could do little about in reality. That such representation flies so boldly in the face of facts highlights the symbiosis between violence and uchronia: forcing their world to make sense required Icelanders to convert real natural hazards into uchronic accounts of human physical nastiness
Lorenz Heidenreich (1480–1557) and Oswald Pergener (1490s–1546)
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first chapter gives an overview of the Reformation in the six towns and shows how the lack of a political centre led to continual compromise. The size and economic importance varied greatly in the six towns, resulting in different patterns of reform, including Zwinglianism, popular preaching, and convents which survived the Reformation. The chapter asks when religious change turned into ‘the introduction of Lutheranism’, showing that the six towns took individualistic and unique paths towards establishing the Reformation. The biographical focal points for this chapter are Lorenz Heidenreich (1460–1557) and Oswald Pergener (1490s–1546). Heidenreich was a Wittenberg-educated Lutheran preacher, yet there is no indication that any problems existed between him and a group of Zwinglians in the town. The presence of the Zwinglians shows how, especially in the early phase of the Reformation, the towns of the Lusatian League differed significantly in their religious outlook.
Andreas Günther (1502–1570)
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The third chapter approaches the continuities and breaks in urban governments of the Lusatian towns through the last Catholic mayor of Kamenz, Andreas Günther (1502–1570). He illustrates that the complexities of the towns meant that Catholics continued to be influential long after the introduction of Lutheranism. Günther was involved in negotiations with the king of Bohemia and retained his position as an important urban actor for his whole life. The chapter draws attention to the distinctive nature of the Lusatian towns, showing how they functioned and how they differed from other urban centres. The emergence of Lutheran preachers as central actors changed the towns, as did political events in Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire. These complexities make Upper Lusatia one of the most fascinating areas in this period.
The Oxford Latin Syntax
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Volume II of the Oxford Latin Syntax deals with the syntax and pragmatics of complex sentences in Latin and other topics that transcend the simple clause (which is the content of Volume I). The volume starts with a chapter on subordination in general, followed by chapters on subordinate clauses that function as argument or as satellite in their sentence. Separate chapters are devoted to subordinate clauses governed by nouns and adjectives and to relative clauses. In addition there are chapters on coordination, comparison, secondary predicates, information structure of clauses and sentences including the use of emphatic particles, word order, and various discourse phenomena such as sentence connection. As in Volume I, the description of the Latin material is based upon texts from roughly 200 bc to ad 450. The Latin texts that are discussed are provided with an English translation. Supplements contain further examples to illustrate the main text. The grammatical framework used is mainly that of Functional Grammar but the description is accessible for readers without a modern linguistic background.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase TaMKK5 mediates immunity via the TaMKK5–TaMPK3–TaERF3 module
Authors: Wang Kai , Shao Zhengyu , Guo Feilong , Wang Ke , Zhang Zengyan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sharp eyespot disease, caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, seriously threatens production of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Despite considerable advances in understanding the mechanisms of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in innate immunity in model plant species, the roles of MAPK cascades in wheat are unknown. In this study, we identified a wheat MAPK kinase TaMKK5, located on chromosome 6B, and deciphered its functional role in the innate immune responses to R. cerealis attack. The TaMKK5-6B transcript level was elevated after R. cerealis infection and was higher in resistant wheat genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. Overexpressing TaMKK5-6B increased resistance to sharp eyespot and upregulated the expression of multiple defense-related genes in wheat, including the MAPK gene TaMPK3, the ethylene response factor gene TaERF3, the calcium-dependent protein kinase gene TaCPK7-D, the glutathione s-transferase-1 gene TaGST1, Defensin, and Chitinase 2, while TaMKK5 knock-down compromised the resistance and repressed the expression of these defense-related genes. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and phosphorylation assays showed that TaMKK5 physically interacted with TaMPK3, and phosphorylated and activated TaMPK3, and that TaMPK3 interacted with and phosphorylated TaERF3. The TaMKK5–TaMPK3 cascade modulates the expression of TaGST1, Defensin, and Chitinase 2 through TaERF3. Collectively, TaMKK5 mediates resistance to sharp eyespot through the TaMKK5–TaMPK3–TaERF3 module and by upregulating the expression of defense-related genes in wheat. This study provides insights into the role of the wheat MAPK cascades in innate immunity. TaMKK5-6B is a promising gene for breeding wheat cultivars that are resistant to sharp eyespot.