bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
267 Effect of Hay Type on the Winter Growth of Bos Grunniens Raised in Eastern Kentucky
Authors: Lehmkuhler Jeffrey W , Dike Gregory , McCarty Mary , Crites Benjamin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Bos grunniens (yak) have been utilized as a source of fiber, milk, dung, meat and transportation in the high-altitude regions of Asia for centuries. Limited research has been conducted on the species in North America. The objective of this on-farm research was to evaluate the effect of hay type on growth rate of growing yaks. Forages evaluated included alfalfa (A), orchardgrass-red clover (O) and a cool-season pasture grass species mixture (P). The experimental design was a partially balanced 3x3 Latin square with an extra pen. Yaks were stratified to pens by age and sex resulting in a pen of mixed sex (3 males/2 females) recently weaned calves, a pen of five yearling females, and two pens of five yearling males. Each period lasted for 45 days and animal weights were collected at the beginning and end to assess weight change and daily gain. Hay offered was weighed and feeding losses were visually estimated to determine hay DM disappearance. Forage samples were collected and analyzed for nutrient content. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. No carryover effects were noted and means were separated using Tukey’s multiple comparison test where α=0.10. Forage type had a significant impact on period weight change of growing yaks during the winter with O having greater weight gain (9.5 kg) than P (-4.7 kg) with A being intermediate (8.5 kg). Forage DM disappearance when expressed as percent of body weight was greater for A (2.70) compared to P (2.25) while O (2.28) was not different from either. Forage type and quality can impact weight gain and forage disappearance during the winter months for growing yaks with higher quality forage providing greater weight gain.
272 Effect of Frame Size and Supplementation on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Cattle Finished on Novel Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Pastures
Authors: Murray Adam R , Moore Richard L , Moore Mikayla F , Isengildina-Massa Olga , Greiner Scott P , Pent Gabriel J , Wilson Thomas B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objectives were to investigate the effects of frame score (FS) and supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of cattle finished on novel endophyte-infected fescue pastures. This 2-yr experiment used 80 Angus-sired, crossbred steers and heifers bred for divergent FS. Cattle were allotted to 5 treatments: 1) non-supplemented small frame (S-NON; FS = 3.0 ± 0.9), 2) supplemented small frame (S-SUPP), 3) non-supplemented large frame (L-NON; FS = 4.7 ± 0.6), 4) supplemented large frame (L-SUPP), and 5) grain-based control feedlot ration (CON; FS = 4.2 ± 0.6; target ADG = 1.36 kg/day). Daily rations were delivered individually using Calan gates. Pasture supplement contained corn gluten feed, a commercially available rumen-protected prilled vegetable fat, and dried molasses fed at 0.5% of BW. Treatments started on 7/8/2019 and 5/21/2020, and ended in November of each yr when cattle were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Results were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with main effects of treatment, sire, sex, yr, and yr x treatment, with contrast statements comparing large vs. small frame, pasture supplemented vs. non-supplemented, and control vs. pasture groups. As expected, CON had greater (P &lt; 0.001) growth performance (final BW and ADG) and carcass characteristics (HCW, subcutaneous fat, marbling, dressing percentage (DRESS%) than pasture groups, and tended to have greater (P=0.053) REA. Relative to pasture groups, CON had greater (P &lt; 0.001) Minolta L* and a* lean tissue values, and decreased (P &lt; 0.001) b* values for fat tissue. While non-supplemented cattle had decreased (P = 0.016) yield grades (YG), supplemented cattle had greater (P &lt; 0.050) final BW, ADG, subcutaneous fat, HCW, marbling, and DRESS% compared to non-supplemented cattle. Small framed cattle tender to have decreased (P = 0.056) YG; but, large framed cattle had greater (P = 0.006) HCW, and tended (P = 0.060) to have greater ultrasound subcutaneous fat. Results support low-level supplementation in pasture-finishing systems to improve carcass value.
273 Effect of Bioadditives on the Bioproductive Behavior and Histomorphometric Changes of cobb-500 Chicks
Authors: Miranda José E , Astudillo Fabian , Marin Alfredo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the probiotic action of two bioadditives and their behavior on the bioproductive parameters and histomorphometric changes of CoBB-500 chickens, in the first 21 days of age. 450 Cobb-500 chicks were used, distributed in three groups of 150 animals each. Control (T1); microbial culture A (T2) and microbial culture B (T3). Substrate T2 (molasses-vinasse) fermented with Lactobacillus acidophillus, L. bulgariccus spp. T3 (molasses-vinasse) fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV). A completely randomized design was used to evaluate live weight, mean daily gain, diarrheal incidence, mortality, relative weight of the digestive tract organs, and histomorphometric changes. In the evaluations carried out at 21 days of age, the weight gain in the chicks that consumed biopreparations (T2 and T3) was higher (P&gt; 0.05). Chickens that consumed biopreparation did not die during the study. The relative weight of the digestive tract organs was higher (P &lt;0.001) in treatments T2 and T3. The length and width of the villi were better in groups T2 and T3 (P &lt;0.05), the depth of the crypts was greater (P &lt;0.05) in T1. Regarding the depth / length relationship of the villi T2 and T3 it was better (P &lt;0.05). It concludes that the inclusion of biopreparations in chicken feed improves weight gain, development and growth of organs of digestive importance. Likewise, a reduction in the occurrence of diarrhea and animal mortality is achieved.
274 Comparison of Two Ultrasound Systems for Estimation of Carcass Attributes in Feedlot Steers
Authors: Jesko Noah P , Perkins Thomas L , Lawrence Ty E , Richeson John , Looney Charles 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sixty-eight (68) crossbred steers were evaluated using two real-time, B-mode ultrasound units to estimate final carcass attributes. The cattle were ultrasounded at the West Texas A&M research feedlot (Canyon, Texas) and carcass data was collected at the West Texas A&M Meats Laboratory (Canyon, Texas) or Tyson Fresh Meats (Amarillo, Texas). Objectives of the study were 1) to compare ultrasound live animal data to carcass attributes at harvest 2) to evaluate the performance differences between the ALOKA 500 (ALK) and the EVO ultrasound units All ultrasound images were captured by the same Ultrasound Guidelines Council (UGC) certified technician with images being processed at the UltraInsights Laboratory (Pierce, Colorado). The correlations between 12th rib fat thickness of the carcass (FTC) and ultrasound (FTU) were 0.84 for the ALK and 0.85 for the EVO, with no differences being found between the two units (P = 0.15). Correlations between the 12-13th rib carcass ribeye area (REAC) and ultrasound ribeye area (REAU) were 0.69 for the ALK and 0.66 for the EVO. There was no difference in REAU size between the two units. Carcass marbling score (MS) and ultrasound intramuscular fat (IMFU) correlations were 0.78 for the ALK and 0.84 for the EVO. The IMF data were found to be different between the two units, with the EVO measuring a mean IMFU value of 6.03 and the ALK a value of 5.26 with the change of 0.77 being different (P &lt; 0.01). It is concluded that both ultrasound units performed favorably when predicting FTC and marbling score but were not highly correlated for REAU. It was found that the predictions between the two units on FT and REA were the same, though the EVO was higher on both. The IMFU values between the ALK and EVO were different, with the EVO again predicting higher values.
269 Validation of an Automatic Scale Equipped with Solar Panels for Grazing Beef Cattle
Authors: Pancini Stefania , Pent Gabriel J , White Robin R , Goncherenko Guillermo , Wege Dias Nicholas W , Haines Hannah , Mercadante Vitor R G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Body weight (BW) is used to detect health and nutritional disorders in cattle, as well as calculate profitability of the production system based on weight gain curves. In grazing systems, measuring BW frequently implies moving animals, which is labor intense, stressful, and reduces grazing time and feed intake. All of which negatively impacts animal performance. An automated scale in the pasture can reduce labor and animal handling, while ensuring an accurate BW estimation. Our objective was to evaluate the functionality and accuracy of an automatic wireless scale system equipped with solar panels (SmartScale, C-LOCKTM), when compared to a conventional scale located at the cattle working facility. Eight multiparous beef cows were weighed in a 14-day interval for a period of 57 days with a conventional scale, while at the same time BW was measured daily with an automated scale located at the pasture in front of the water trough. This wireless system registers BW every time the animal approaches the water trough and automatically transmit it to a server via cellular network. Correlation between weighing systems was evaluated through a linear regression (R Core Team, 2019), where the adjusted R2 value was 0.99, determining an excellent linear relationship between values obtained by the conventional scale and values obtained by the automated scale. In addition, the automated scale registered the time of day, time spent in the scale, and number of daily visits. The probability to find an animal at the scale varies between 15% to 20% during daylight, decreasing under 9% during the night, with 2.56±1.50 average number of visits per day, where animals spend in average 2.94±1.84 minutes. In conclusion, the automated scale has the ability to measure BW with great precision and has potential to be used as a complimentary instrument to evaluate animal behavior in grazing systems.
275 Access to Shade Mitigate Heat Stress and Improves Growth Performance in Lambs During Summer
Authors: Joy Aleena , Dunshea Frank R , Leury Brian J , Clarke Iain J , DiGiacomo Kristy , Prathap Pragna , Zhang Minghao , Chauhan Surinder S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of provision of shade on behavior, physiology, and growth of Merino lambs exposed to natural Australian summer conditions. Sixty Merino lambs were randomly allocated to either pasture with shade (n = 30;paddock with trees) or a pasture without shade (n = 30;paddock without any trees) for one month during southern-Australian summer (February-2021). Sheep were grazing on the pastures as per standard protocols followed on the farm with ad libitum access to water. Lambs were monitored twice daily between 0900-1000h and 1400-1600h to record their behavior, and physiological parameters were recorded on hot days (environmental temperature (T) &gt;30°C). Behavioral patterns were represented as the proportion of animals doing specific activities in each treatment group. Grazing was the most frequent activity observed in animals during morning measurement (&gt; 60% in both groups). However, high temperature (T &gt; 30°C) decreased grazing behavior in sheep to &lt; 5% in both treatments. Standing behavior was significantly greater (65.2 vs 21.6%; P &lt; 0.05) for animals under non-shade treatment, while lying behavior was more frequent (17.3 vs 76.3%; P &lt; 0.01) in animals having access to shade. Significantly more animals were seeking water troughs (P &lt; 0.05) in the non-shade group (33.2%) compared to the shade group (10.3%). On an average hot day (T &gt;28°C), most lambs in the shade group were seeking shade (P &lt; 0.01), and when the temperature exceeded &gt;32°C, 90% of the lambs were seeking tree shade. Sheep with access to shade exhibited lower (P &lt; 0.01) respiration rate (117breaths/min) and rectal temperature (39.7°C) than non-shade group (151breaths/min;40.2°C). Overall, access to shade improved (P &lt; 0.001) average daily gain (+0.047kg/day) in sheep compared to the non-shade group (-0.028kg/day). In conclusion, our research confirms that providing access to shade is an effective ameliorative strategy to mitigate heat-stress in sheep during summer heatwaves.
279 ReBreed21, a Rapid Reinsemination Program: Fertility in Bos Indicus Cattle of Different Parities
Authors: Andrade João Paulo N , Monteiro Pedro L , Prata Alexandre B , Robl Adelino , Leite José , Pimenta Cesar , Dias José , Guimarães Afonso , Lippe Beatriz , Ribeiro Heuller , Merhi Same , Hartmann Diego , Sartori Roberto , Wiltbank Milo C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study evaluated efficiency of a reinsemination program allowing timed AI (TAI) every 21 days (ReBreed21; RB21) vs. a traditional Resynch program in Nellore females (n = 2,085) of different parities. First TAI followed estradiol (E2)/progesterone (P4)-based synchronization, and was considered d0. For RB21 (n= 1,357), cows received P4 insert on D12. On D19, P4 was removed, followed by treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and 0.6 mg E2 Cypionate (RB21+EC, n = 60) or nothing (RB21, n=687). On D21, Doppler ultrasound was used to determine CL blood flow [&lt; 25%=nonpregnant (NP)] and NP cows received TAI immediately together with 25µg licerelin acetate (GnRH). A second RB21 program using the same groups was done in cows that received TAI on D21 to allow a third potential TAI on D42. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on D33 after each TAI. Cows designated pregnant on D21 but NP on D33, were termed False-Positive (FP). On D33, all control (n = 728) designated NP and FP cows were resynchronized with P4+E2 protocol for the second TAI at D42. Data were analyzed with SAS and shown in Table 1. For all cows, there were no differences in the three groups (Control, RB21, RB21+EC) for pregnancy/AI (P/AI). In nulliparous heifers, cumulative pregnancies were greater for both RB21 groups compared to Controls at D21 or D42 of the breeding season. Primiparous cows had greater cumulative pregnancies at D21 but not D42. Primiparous cows at second TAI had lower P/AI in RB21 (34.2%) vs. Control (51.7%); however, RB21-EC (55.8%) was similar to Control. No other parities had differences between RB21 and RB21+EC. Multiparous cows had high fertility at first TAI [69.3% (418/603)] and no differences between groups in cumulative pregnancies (P = 0.23). Thus, ReBreed21 program increases the reproductive efficiency in Nulliparous and Primiparous but not Multiparous Bos Indicus cattle. Adding EC to RB21 program only improves P/AI in Primiparous cows.
281 The Effects of Whole Cottonseed Supplementation on Performance, Breeding Soundness Exams, and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Concentrations in the Blood and Semen of Beef Bulls
Authors: Davis Dylan B , Jones Lee , Hernandez Shane R R , Welch Christina B , Tucker Jennifer J , Fontes Pedro L , Holton Matthew P , Stewart R Lawton 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the effects of whole cottonseed containing gossypol on post-pubertal beef bulls. In a two-year study, 46 Angus and Red Angus bulls (body weight 457.0 ± 85.2 kg; 16 to 20-months of age) were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 levels of whole cottonseed supplementation while receiving ad libitum roughage. The treatments included: DD (n = 14, control; 3.18 kg/d of dried distillers grain, W/D (n = 16; 1.59 kg/d of whole cottonseed and 1.59 kg/d of dried distillers grain), or WW (n = 16 3.18 kg/d of whole cottonseed). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. In both years, bulls were weighed, administered a breeding soundness exam, and morphological characteristics of spermatozoa were measured on d 0, 28, and 60. In year 1, blood and semen samples were collected on d 0, 28, and 60 to measure manganese superoxide dismutase activity. There was no treatment effect for blood or semen manganese superoxide dismutase concentration (P &gt; 0.255). There was a treatment effect (P &lt; 0.02) for average daily gain as bulls fed WW gained less compared to those fed WD and DD (0.96, 1.23, and 1.39 kg/d, respectively). No treatment effect was observed for scrotal circumference (P &gt; 0.50). There were no treatment × time interactions, treatment, or time main effects for percentages of normal spermatozoa, spermatozoa with coiled or folded tails, or proximal droplets (P &gt; 0.12). There was a treatment effect on the amount of swollen midpiece or abnormal head as bull in the DD treatment had a greater (P &lt; 0.02) percentage of other abnormalities compared to WW, but WD was not different (P &gt; 0.16). Inclusion of whole cottonseed may affect average daily gain, but does not affect reproductive parameters of beef bulls.
278 Understanding Biosecurity Perceptions in Pennsylvania Pig Producers
Authors: Brownawell Elizabeth M , Hines Elizabeth A , Falcone Linda , Gambino Chris 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The group mental model of swine-related biosecurity for producers and experts was assessed and compared using network analysis. The proper implementation of biosecurity plans reduces the risk of biological hazards that could cripple the industry. Recently collected survey data show producer motivation to adopt a biosecurity protocol is not driven solely by the value of the operation (Hines and Falcone, unpublished). Other motivating factors exist for how producers perceive risk relating to biosecurity management. To identify how pig producers and experts conceptualize biosecurity, open-ended survey questions were asked. Survey responses (n = 123) were coded using a newly developed codebook. Intercoder reliability was established using Krippendorff’s a. Code co-occurrence was used to build a network diagram showing producer and expert mental models, or depiction of the interdependent relationships among values, beliefs, behavior, and cognitive processes of decision making. Analyses of code co-occurrence revealed differences between producers and experts. The results suggest PA-based producers think of biosecurity relating to the protection of their property (ie. inward protection) which was closely associated with limiting access of “outsiders.” Also, the mental model diagram suggests producers think about biosecurity more broadly due to less clustering of ideas. Whereas experts think about biosecurity more specifically relating to two to three themes. Specifically, the expert biosecurity diagram revealed record keeping as an important component of biosecurity, which was strongly related to how experts think about cleanliness and limiting outsider access. Regarding strategies to address biohazard risks, both producers and experts recognize several options. However, experts proved to have stronger connections between concepts. Specifically, the diagrams revealed experts see all strategies as connected. From an expert perspective, strategies to address biohazard risks should be implemented simultaneously. These findings are the first step to designing communication to bridge the gaps between expert and producer understanding of biosecurity.
277 Swine Producer Identities: Understanding Perceptions of a Good Producer
Authors: Gambino Chris , Brownawell Elizabeth M , Hines Elizabeth A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Studies on the social-psychological framework known as farmer identity have been conducted in the US, EU, and Australia. The focus of these studies is on understanding how farmer beliefs (i.e. Identities) translate into on-farm practices. For example, in 2015, Iowa farmers were surveyed and four identities emerged when asked which items were important to being a “Good Farmer.” Those identities were used to predict the support of soil and/or water policies in the state. Here, for the first time, we explore the identities of livestock producers. Specifically, Pennsylvania swine producer identities. Data were collected as part of a state-wide biosecurity survey. Eighty-four respondents answered some part of the survey, while 50 respondents completed all 31 items of the “Good Producer” question. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to explore producer perception of a good producer (i.e. producer identities). Using the Kaiser-Meyer-Okin Measure (KMO=0.532) and Barrtlett’s Test of Sphericity (sig. = 0.000) we determined PCA results to be acceptable for exploratory purposes. Five producer identities (friendly conservationist, civically-savvy, willing naturalist, productivist, and appearance-minded) were identified, explaining 58.15% of the variance in these data. Reliability analysis confirmed the strength of items defining each component (i.e. identity). These identities are being used in discussion with PA swine producers to understand how producers self-identify. These identities will be used to predict whether a producer has a formal biosecurity plan written.
526 Late-Breaking: Poor Maternal Diet Alters the Muscle Proteome at Mid-gestation in Sheep
Authors: Reed Sarah A , Balsbaugh Jeremy , Li Xiaomeng , Moore Timothy , Jones Amanda , Pillai Sambhu , Hoffman Maria L , Govoni Kristen E , Zinn Steven A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Maternal diet during gestation can negatively impact fetal development and postnatal growth and body composition. We hypothesized that poor maternal nutrition during gestation would alter protein expression in muscle at day 90 of gestation in sheep. Pregnant ewes (n = 24) were fed a control, restricted, or over-fed diet (100, 60, or 140% of NRC requirements for total digestible nutrients, respectively; n = 8 per treatment) starting at day 30 of gestation. At day 90 of gestation, fetal longissimus dorsi samples were collected (CON, RES, and OVER, respectively). Sarcoplasmic proteins were trypsin digested and subjected to multiplexed, label-based quantitative mass spectrometry analysis integrating Tandem Mass Tags. Differential expression of proteins was identified via two statistical techniques: ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc tests, and regularized regression via elastic net. Significance was set at P &lt; 0.05. Over-represented pathways containing differentially expressed proteins were identified by Reactome and included metabolism of proteins, immune system, cellular response to stress/external stimuli, developmental biology, and infectious disease. Within these pathways, 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit (PSMD) 1, PSMD6, and PSMD14, components of the 26 S proteasome, were reduced 6 to 10% in OVER relative to CON offspring. Proteins involved in elongation and initiation, including eukaryotic initiation factor (EIF) 2 subunit 3, EIF 4 gamma 2, and EIF 3 subunit B were reduced 8 to 15% in OVER relative to CON offspring. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1 and dual-specificity MAPK kinase (MEKK) 1 were increased by 12% in RES relative to OVER and CON offspring. Together, these data indicate that protein degradation and synthesis are altered in mid-gestation muscle development in OVER offspring, and that cell signaling related to cell proliferation is affected in RES offspring. These changes may contribute to the phenotypic and metabolic changes observed during fetal development and postnatal growth.