bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographically guided percutaneous transhepatic liver biopsy after pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Sanada Yukihiro , Sakuma Yasunaru , Onishi Yasuharu , Okada Noriki , Yamada Naoya , Hirata Yuta , Miyahara Go , Katano Takumi , Horiuchi Toshio , Omameuda Takahiko , Ogaki Keiko , Otomo Shinya , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Sata Naohiro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundComplications associated with ultrasonographically guided percutaneous transhepatic liver biopsy (PTLB) after liver transplantation (LT) have been rarely reported, and there is no consensus about its safety. We retrospectively reviewed the safety and outcomes of PTLB after pediatric LT.MethodsBetween January 2008 and December 2019, 8/1122 (0.71%) pediatric patients who underwent ultrasonographically guided PTLB after LT developed complications. The median age at PTLB was 7.8 years (range 0.1–17.9). Grafts included left lobe/left lateral segment in 1050 patients and others in 72. PTLB was performed using local anesthesia±sedation in 1028 patients and general anesthesia in 94.ResultsComplications after PTLB included acute cholangitis in 3 patients, sepsis in 2, respiratory failure due to over‐sedation in 1, subcapsular hematoma in 1, and intrahepatic arterioportal fistula in 1. The incidence of complications of PTLB in patients with biopsy alone and those with simultaneous interventions was 0.49% and 3.19%, respectively (p = .023). Patients who developed acute cholangitis, respiratory failure, subcapsular hematoma, and arterioportal fistula improved with non‐operative management. Of two patients with sepsis, one underwent PTLB and percutaneous transhepatic portal vein balloon dilatation and developed fever and seizures the following day. Sepsis was treated with antibiotic therapy. Another patient who underwent PTLB and exchange of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter developed fever and impaired consciousness immediately. Sepsis was treated with antibiotic therapy, mechanical ventilation, and continuous hemofiltration.ConclusionsPercutaneous transhepatic liver biopsy after pediatric LT is safe. However, combining liver biopsy with simultaneous procedures for vascular and biliary complications is associated with an increased risk of complications.
Agency, Causation, and Empiricism
Authors: Beni Majid D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrice claims that the agency theory of causation could be understood as a sophisticated form of either realism or empiricism (but not a simple‐minded form of any of them). In this paper, I argue that the agency theory could find a more congenial ally in constructive empiricism (rather than realism) and show that this new alliance would be profitable to both constructive empiricism and the agency theory of causation.
Evaluation of equine corneal disease using ultrasound biomicroscopy
Authors: Keenan Alessandra V. , Townsend Wendy M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical use of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to evaluate equine corneal disease.MethodsImages were obtained using a 50‐MHz probe ultrasound biomicroscopy system (Quantel Aviso) and Clear Scan® probe cover. Six horses with corneal disease were evaluated via UBM for lesion size, lesion depth, and continuity of Descemet's membrane. Horses were sedated and received auriculopalpebral nerve blocks and application of topical anesthetic prior to UBM.ResultsUltrasound biomicroscopy was easily performed in all cases. UBM evaluation of three cases of corneo‐limbal squamous cell carcinoma yielded information regarding lesion depth for planning of keratectomies using fixed‐depth keratomes and subsequent β‐radiation therapy. Corneal depth and continuity of Descemet's membrane were determined in two horses with stromal abscesses and allowed for planning of therapeutic options. In one horse with a corneal foreign body, UBM contributed to accurate assessment of the foreign body's stromal depth, which could not be assessed during ophthalmic examination due to extensive corneal cellular infiltrate. The information regarding corneal depth allowed for more accurate pre‐surgical planning in patients with opaque corneal lesions.ConclusionsUltrasound biomicroscopy was easily performed and provided useful information regarding lesion depth and continuity of Descemet's membrane for patients with corneo‐limbal squamous cell carcinoma, stromal abscesses, and a corneal foreign body, allowing for increased precision in pre‐surgical planning and development of therapeutic protocols.
On the Collapse of a Hemispherical Cavity Seated on a Surface
Authors: Oza Hasmukh P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
From a study of cavitation, the author has worked out the independent theory outlined in the paper. An idealized problem is demonstrated, in which a small hemispherical cavity, with vacuum inside, in a semi-infinite mass of homogeneous incompressible fluid acted upon by no body forces, the pressure at infinity being supposed constant, is seated at rest on a solid infinite plane surface: To investigate the motion.
The Optical Investigation of Fluid Flow
Authors: Weller R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper points out that the methods of photoelastic stress analysis can be carried over to the study of the flow of fluids by making use of the double refraction developed in viscous shear. The effect is referred to as the “photoviscous effect.” Suitable liquids are tabulated, the method of calibration is described, and qualitative results are shown for a few simple conditions obtained in an experimental liquid tunnel.
Combined-Stress Tests on 24S-T Aluminum-Alloy Tubes
Authors: Osgood W. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Combined-stress tests were made on five 24S-T aluminum-alloy tubes, 1 3/4 in. ID × 0.05 in. thick. The ratios of circumferential (hoop) stress to axial stress were 0, 1/2, 1, 2, and ∞. The tubes were tested to failure and sufficient measurements of circumferential strain and axial strain were taken to plot stress-strain curves almost up to rupture. The results are presented in the form of two sets of stress-strain curves for each ratio of stresses, namely, maximum shearing stress plotted against maximum shearing strain, and octahedral shearing stress plotted against octahedral shearing strain. In each plot the maximum deviation of the curves is about ± 5 per cent. A method of evaluating small octahedral shearing strains from the data is given which does not assume Poisson’s ratio to be 1/2.
The Calculated Performance of Dynamically Loaded Sleeve Bearings
Authors: Burwell J. T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The general equations for the film pressure and load capacity of a dynamically loaded sleeve bearing which have been derived by Harrison (1) and Swift (2) are discussed. Conclusions about the performance of the bearing under constant load, constant rotating load, and periodic alternating load of various frequencies as well as cases where the shaft is not rotating are drawn. A method is developed, based upon these equations, for analyzing any dynamically loaded bearing whose polar load diagram is known, and the method is applied to two actual bearings as examples, namely, a Diesel-engine connecting-rod bearing, and a radial-aircraft-engine master-rod bearing. It is shown that the results of these calculations can be simply generalized to apply to bearings under all other operating conditions, provided only that the shape of the load-versus-time curve remains unchanged.
A Numerical Solution for the Torsion of Hollow Sections
Authors: Colin E. C. , Newmark N. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a numerical method for solving directly the problem of the torsion of a bar of constant cross section having one or more internal longitudinal holes. The method involves the use of finite differences and can be used with either the iteration procedure due to Liebmann (1), or the relaxation procedure attributed to Southwell (2). The method avoids the necessity of combining a number of separate solutions since it establishes the necessary conditions around the hole by a special condition which amounts in general to treating the entire hole as a single point in a network, and determining the elevation of this point (i.e., the elevation of the stress function for torsion at the boundary of the hole) by a relation similar in form to that used for regular points of the network. The calculations by this method appear to converge at least as rapidly as for a section without a hole.
A Circle Intersection Method for Bi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Zhou Jianhua , Li Mian , Fu Xiaojin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems are encountered in many applications, of which bi-objective problems are frequently met. Despite the computational efforts, the quality of the Pareto front is also a considerable issue. An evenly distributed Pareto front is desirable in certain cases when a continuous representation of the Pareto front is needed. In this paper, a new approach called circle intersection (CI) is proposed. First, the anchor points are computed. Then in the normalized objective space, a circle with a proper radius of r centering at one of the anchor points or the latest obtained Pareto point is drawn. Interestingly, the intersection of the circle and the feasible boundary can be determined whether it is a Pareto point or not. For a convex or concave feasible boundary, the intersection is exactly the Pareto point, while for other cases, the intersection can provide useful information for searching the true Pareto point even if it is not a Pareto point. A novel MOO formulation is proposed for CI correspondingly. Sixteen examples are used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method and results are compared to those of normalized normal constraint (NNC), multi-objective grasshopper optimization algorithm (MOGOA), and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). Computational results show that the proposed CI method is able to obtain a well-distributed Pareto front with a better quality or with less computational cost.
An Energy-Based Framework for Nonlinear Kinetostatic Modeling of Compliant Mechanisms Utilizing Beam Flexures
Authors: Chen Guimin , Ma Fulei , Bai Ruiyu , Zhu Weidong , Magleby Spencer P. , Howell Larry L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although energy-based methods have advantages over the Newtonian methods for kinetostatic modeling, the geometric nonlinearities inherent in deflections of compliant mechanisms preclude most of the energy-based theorems. Castigliano’s first theorem and the Crotti–Engesser theorem, which do not require the problem being solved to be linear, are selected to construct the energy-based kinetostatic modeling framework for compliant mechanisms in this work. Utilization of these two theorems requires explicitly formulating the strain energy in terms of deflections and the complementary strain energy in terms of loads, which are derived based on the beam constraint model. The kinetostatic modeling of two compliant mechanisms are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the explicit formulations in this framework derived from Castigliano’s first theorem and the Crotti–Engesser theorem.
Stress Corrections After Necking Using a Two-Parameter Equation for the Radius of Curvature
Authors: Lu Feng , Mánik Tomáš , Holmedal Bjørn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUniaxial tensile tests were conducted at room temperature, 100 °C and 150 °C, for obtaining necking-corrected stress–strain curves until fracture. The necking correction is based on specimen contours estimated from images recorded during testing. Axisymmetric tensile specimens of an AA6082 alloy artificially aged at different times were tested. The radius of the minimal cross-section area and the necking-curvature radius R were experimentally obtained. For all cases, a/R as a function of the strain after the onset of necking ɛ − ɛu shows a characteristic nonlinear transition into a linear asymptotic relationship. Based on the tests, a new two-parameter curve was proposed for the a/R relationship. The slope of the linear part of the new model equals 1.1, as in the Le Roy model. An additional parameter is introduced, which controls the part of the curve with the nonlinear transition. This region increases at increased testing temperature and varies for different aging times. The proposed equation and the necking corrections were verified by finite element modeling analysis.
Electrical-Driven Delamination of Flexible Piezoelectric System and Its Applications in Surface Energy Testing
Authors: Qi Luqiao , Shi Yan , Hunag Cheng , Li Zhi , Gao Cun-Fa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present work, a novel experiment for the flexible piezoelectric system was introduced. The flexible piezoelectric film was spontaneously in contact with the soft substrate conformably. After driven by the pure electrical load, the delamination between the film substrate systems can be observed visually. By thoroughly analyzing and eliminating the influence of gravity, the “force” that prevents the delamination points to the effect of surface energy. Apparently, the deformation of the flexible film is quite small, and a linear constitutive model still dominates the mechanics of the system in this scenario. Moreover, different from the traditional piezoelectric system, the Maxwell stress cannot be neglected in the current experiment. A simple mechanics model is derived in this study to reveal the mechanism behind the experiment.
Mobility of Alpha-Actinin Along Growing Actin Filaments Might Affect the Cellular Chirality
Authors: Li Xi , Chen Bin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chirality is a widespread feature existing in nature and can be critical in the proper functions of some organisms. In our previous work, a rotational clutch-filament model for a radial fiber was built to reveal the critical role of α-actinin in the cellular chiral swirling. Here, we assume two mobility modes of α-actinin along actin filaments. In Mode A, where α-actinin concomitantly moves together with a growing filament, our model analysis suggests that cells cannot swirl clockwise; in Mode B, where α-actinin is fixed along the axial direction of the radial fiber instead, our model analysis suggests that both counter-clockwise and clockwise chiral swirling occur, consistent with experiments. Thus, our studies suggest that how α-actinin moves along growing filaments within a radial fiber would strongly affect cellular swirling. In addition, the previous rotational clutch-model has been improved by considering the elastic response of a radial fiber to a torque and distributed biomechanical properties of varied cell phenotype.
Down-Hole Directional Drilling Dynamics Modeling Based on a Hybrid Modeling Method With Model Order Reduction
Authors: Ke Chong , Song Xingyong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a dynamics model for the down-hole directional drilling system based on a hybrid modeling method with model order reduction. Due to the long dimension of the drill string, a drilling model purely based on numerical methods such as the finite element method (FEM) may require a large number of meshes, which induces high computational intensity. By using a hybrid method combining FEM and the transfer matrix method (TMM), the order of the model can be significantly reduced. To further reduce the modeling order, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-Galerkin projection-based approach is applied, and a set of linear normal modes (LNMs) are identified to create a reduced-order projection subspace. To this end, simulation results are presented to prove that the method can effectively capture the dominant modes of the drilling dynamics, and a computationally efficient and high fidelity reduced-order hybrid model can be reached for real-time state estimation and control design.
In-School, Out-of-School, and Weekend Physical Activity Levels Vary Across Sociodemographic Subgroups of US Adolescents
Authors: Johnson Ashleigh M. , Gabriel Kelley Pettee , Ranjit Nalini , Kohl Harold W. , Springer Andrew E. 
Published: March 2021

Background: In response to conflicting findings for activity levels across sociodemographic groups, this study examined differences in adolescents’ in-school, out-of-school, and weekend physical activity (PA) by sociodemographic subgroups using representative US data. Methods: Data were obtained from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating study. Multiple regression models compared in-school, out-of-school, and weekend PA by gender and race/ethnicity, and examined potential modification of associations by grade (middle vs high school) and socioeconomic status (lower vs higher). Results: Final analytic sample was 1413 adolescents (Mean age = 14.5 y, 51.3% female, 64.5% white). Compared with whites, in-school PA was significantly higher among blacks and those classified as other race/ethnicity for middle school (69.8 and 71.0, respectively, vs 66.4 min/d), and among Hispanics for high school (52.7 vs 48.4 min/d). Hispanics’ (vs whites’) out-of-school PA was significantly lower for middle school (63.7 vs 66.6 min/d), but higher for high school (54.0 vs 51.8 min/d). In-school PA was significantly higher among adolescents of lower (vs higher) socioeconomic status among males and Hispanics (all Ps < .05). Conclusions: The relation of race/ethnicity with PA varies by grade and time of day/week. Socioeconomic status findings contradict previously reported findings. Efforts to increase PA based on sociodemographic disparities should consider potential interaction effects.
Deep Structure of the Lithosphere in the Central Tien Shan along the Son-Kul Magnetotelluric Sounding Profile
Authors: Rybin A. K. , Bataleva E. A. , Matiukov V. E. , Morozov Yu. A. , Nepeina K. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
New results of a detailed study of the deep structure of the Central Tien Shan along the Son-Kul magnetotelluric (MT) profile crossing the Son-Kul Lake are reported. Based on the results of magnetotelluric data modeling, the regional and local geoelectric anomalies in the lithosphere are studied and their quantitative characteristics are given. Geological interpretation of the geoelectric cross-section was carried out, which supported the existing ideas about the block–hierarchical structure of the upper part of the Earth’s crust. This corresponds to the tectonophysical concepts of the sequential inserted subordination of large and smaller elements of the zone–block structure consisting of stable blocks and limiting mobile zones, which are distinguished by the high dislocation of the geological substrate. The integral pattern of the distribution and morphology of zones of high electrical conductivity in this segment of the Central Tien Shan crust may reflect discretely localized palm tree–type structures associated with the evolution of transgressive suture zones of localized deformation during the Hercynian and Alpine tectogenesis.
Two-year add-on effect of using low concentration atropine in poor responders of orthokeratology in myopic children
Authors: Chen Zhi , Zhou Jiaqi , Xue Feng , Qu Xiaomei , Zhou Xingtao 
Published: March 2021

MethodsAxial elongation in 73 eyes of 73 subjects who completed 3 years of orthokeratology (ortho-k) treatment was retrospectively reviewed. During their first year of ortho-k treatment (phase 1), they all demonstrated an axial elongation of 0.30 mm or greater. They were then divided into two groups: orthokeratology and atropine (OKA) group (n=37) being treated with nightly 0.01% atropine in addition to ortho-k treatment for another 2 years and orthokeratology (OK) group (n=36) continued to be treated with ortho-k without atropine (phase 2). Axial elongation over time and between groups was compared.ResultsBaseline biometrics was similar between the two groups in phase 1 (all p>0.05). The mean axial elongation was 0.47±0.15, 0.21±0.15, 0.23±0.13 mm for the OKA group and 0.41±0.09, 0.30±0.11, 0.20±0.13 mm for the OK group during the first, second and third year, respectively. The cumulative axial elongation over 3 years was 0.91±0.30 mm for the OKA group and 0.91±0.24 mm for the OK group. The overall AL change was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.262). Baseline myopic refractive error had a significant impact on axial elongation over 3 years of treatment (p<0.001). None of baseline age (p=0.129), lens design (p=0.890) or treatment modality (p=0.579) had a significant impact on axial elongation.ConclusionsFor fast myopia progressors and poor responders of ortho-k, combining 0.01% nightly atropine did not significantly change the3-year axial elongation outcome as compared to ortho-k mono-therapy.
Home-based exercise in patients with refractory fatigue associated with primary biliary cholangitis: a protocol for the EXerCise Intervention in cholesTatic LivEr Disease (EXCITED) feasibility trial
Authors: Freer Alice , Williams Felicity , Durman Simon , Hayden Jennifer , Trivedi Palak J , Armstrong Matthew J 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionFatigue is the most commonly reported symptom of the liver disease primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). It affects 40%–80% of patients, has no effective treatment and is associated with heightened mortality risk. The pathogenesis is unknown, but muscle bioenergetic abnormalities have been proposed to contribute. Directly observed exercise has been shown to attenuate symptoms in small groups; however, due to the rare nature of the disease, home-based interventions need to be evaluated for feasibility, safety and efficacy.Methods and analysisThis is a phase 1/pilot, single-arm, open-label clinical trial evaluating a novel home-based exercise programme in patients with PBC with severe fatigue. Forty patients with moderate-severe fatigue (PBC40 fatigue domain score >33; other causes of fatigue excluded) will be selected using a convenience sampling method. A 12-week home-based exercise programme, consisting of individualised resistance, aerobic exercises and telephone health calls (first 6 weeks only), will be delivered. Measures of fatigue (PBC40 fatigue domain; fatigue impact scale), quality of life, sleep (Epworth Sleep Score), physical activity, anxiety and depression, aerobic exercise capacity (incremental shuttle walk test; Duke Activity Status Index) and functional capacity (short physical performance battery) will be assessed at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks following the intervention.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol is approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee London (IRAS 253115). Recruitment commenced in April 2019 and ended in March 2020. Participant follow-up is due to finish by December 2020. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication, conference presentation and social media.Trial registration numberNCT04265235.