bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar surges related to UV bursts
Authors: Nóbrega-Siverio D. , Guglielmino S. L. , Sainz Dalda A. 
Published: September 2021

Context. Surges are cool and dense ejections typically observed in chromospheric lines and closely related to other solar phenomena such as UV bursts or coronal jets. Even though surges have been observed for decades now, questions regarding their fundamental physical properties such as temperature and density, as well as their impact on upper layers of the solar atmosphere remain open.
Aims. Our aim is to address the current lack of inverted models and diagnostics of surges, as well as to characterize the chromospheric and transition region plasma of these phenomena.
Methods. We have analyzed an episode of recurrent surges related to UV bursts observed with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) in April 2016. The mid- and low-chromosphere of the surges were unprecedentedly examined by getting their representative Mg IIh&k line profiles through the k-means algorithm and performing inversions on them using the state-of-the-art STiC code. We have studied the far-UV spectra focusing on the O IV 1399.8 Å and 1401.2 Å lines, which were previously unexplored for surges, carrying out density diagnostics to determine the transition region properties of these ejections. We have also used numerical experiments performed with the Bifrost code for comparisons.
Results. Thanks to the k-means clustering, we reduced the number of Mg IIh&k profiles to invert by a factor 43.2. The inversions of the representative profiles show that the mid- and low-chromosphere of the surges are characterized, with a high degree of reliability, by temperatures mainly around T = 6 kK at −6.0 ≤ log10(τ)≤ − 3.2. For the electronic number density, ne, and line-of-sight velocity, VLOS, the most reliable results from the inversions are within −6.0 ≤ log10(τ)≤ − 4.8, with ne ranging from ∼1.6 × 1011 cm−3 up to 1012 cm−3, and VLOS of a few km s−1. We find, for the first time, observational evidence of enhanced O IV emission within the surges, indicating that these phenomena have a considerable impact on the transition region even in the weakest far-UV lines. The O IV emitting layers of the surges have an electron number density ranging from 2.5 × 1010 cm−3 to 1012 cm−3. The numerical simulations provide theoretical support in terms of the topology and location of the O IV emission within the surges.
Schockraummanagement
Authors: Wengert Alexander , Wohlrath Bernd , Schweigkofler Uwe 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDer reibungslose Behandlungsablauf schwerverletzter Patienten im Schockraum ist in herausragender Weise abhängig vom Faktor Mensch. Funktionierende Kommunikation, Übersicht über die Situation und effektives Hand-in-Hand-Arbeiten sind Schlüsselfaktoren eines erfolgreichen Schockraummanagements. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die kritischen Phasen der Patientenanmeldung, -übergabe und -versorgung im Schockraum unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Kommunikation und Organisation zu beleuchten.
Praktische Umsetzung einer Insulintherapie bei Typ-2-Diabetes
Authors: Liebl Andreas 
Published: September 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn Deutschland sind eine Vielzahl basaler und prandialer Insuline auf dem Markt, die sich erheblich in ihrer Pharmakokinetik und in ihrem Einsatzbereich unterscheiden. Der Start einer Insulintherapie bei Typ-2-Diabetes erfolgt im Allgemeinen in Form einer basalunterstützten oralen Therapie (BOT). Moderne, lang und gleichmäßig wirksame Insulinanaloga verringern das Hypoglykämierisiko und erlauben eine freie Wahl des Injektionszeitpunkts. Absolut entscheidend für das Gelingen ist die konsequente Titration der Dosis. Eine basale Überinsulinisierung ist dabei unbedingt zu vermeiden. In einem späteren Schritt kann die schrittweise Zugabe von prandialem Insulin erfolgen. Das Zählen von Broteinheiten (BEs) zur Insulindosisanpassung ist bei Typ-2-Diabetes fast nie sinnvoll. Die häufigsten Probleme bei der Insulintherapie sind Hypoglykämien, Gewichtszunahme, initiale Sehstörungen sowie schwer beherrschbare Insulinresistenzen. Für all diese Probleme gibt es erprobte Strategien und zahlreiche Tipps und Tricks, die im Einzelfall zu erstaunlichen Erfolgen führen können.
Protecting-Group-Free Total Synthesis of Anticancer (±)-Melotenine A
Authors: Ngernmeesri Paiboon , Thanetchaiyakup Adisak , Rattanarat Hassayaporn , Aree Sudaporn , Duangthongyou Tanwawan , Nanok Tanin , Chuanopparat Nutthawat 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMelotenine A, isolated from Melodinus tenuicaudatus, possesses significant anticancer activity against several human cancer cell lines. The synthesis of (±)-melotenine A was achieved without the use of any protecting groups in 11 steps with an overall yield of 6.7%. The key steps of our strategy were a Diels–Alder reaction to construct the tetracyclic framework and ring-closing metathesis to form the seven-membered ring of (±)-melotenine A.
Direct Copper-Catalyzed C-3 Arylation of Diphenylphosphine Oxide Indoles
Authors: Yang Shang-Dong , Huang Xiao-Ling , Li Chong , Wang Juan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe have developed a simple and effective method for the C-3 arylation of phosphorus-containing indole compounds in the presence of CuI under mild conditions. This reaction provides a reliable method for the modification of ligands.
Safety with Innovation in Colon and Rectal Robotic Surgery
Authors: Keller Deborah S. , Jenkins Christina N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRobotic colorectal surgery has been touted as a possible way to overcome the limitations of laparoscopic surgery and has shown promise in rectal resections, thus shifting traditional open surgeons to a minimally invasive approach. The safety, efficacy, and learning curve have been established for most colorectal applications. With this and a robust sales and marketing model, utilization of the robot for colorectal surgery continues to grow steadily. However, this disruptive technology still requires standards for training, privileging and credentialing, and safe implementation into clinical practice.
Knowledge Representation and Management: Interest in New Solutions for Ontology Curation
Authors: Dhombres Ferdinand , Charlet Jean ,   Section Editors for the IMIA Yearbook Section on Knowledge Representation and Management
Published: September 2021

Summary
Objective: To select, present and summarize some of the best papers in the field of Knowledge Representation and Management (KRM) published in 2020.
Methods: A comprehensive and standardized review of the medical informatics literature was performed to select the most interesting papers of KRM published in 2020, based on PubMed queries. This review was conducted according to the IMIA Yearbook guidelines.
Results: Four best papers were selected among 1,175 publications. In contrast with the papers selected last year, the four best papers of 2020 demonstrated a significant focus on methods and tools for ontology curation and design. The usual KRM application domains (bioinformatics, machine learning, and electronic health records) were also represented.
Conclusion: In 2020, ontology curation emerges as a significant topic of research interest. Bioinformatics, machine learning, and electronics health records remain significant research areas in the KRM community with various applications. Knowledge representations are key to advance machine learning by providing context and to develop novel bioinformatics metrics. As in 2019, representations serve a great variety of applications across many medical domains, with actionable results and now with growing adhesion to the open science initiative.
The Clinical Information Systems Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Reeves J. Jeffery , Pageler Natalie M. , Wick Elizabeth C. , Melton Genevieve B. , Tan Yu-Heng Gamaliel , Clay Brian J. , Longhurst Christopher A. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryObjective: The year 2020 was predominated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The objective of this article is to review the areas in which clinical information systems (CIS) can be and have been utilized to support and enhance the response of healthcare systems to pandemics, focusing on COVID-19.Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, the tables of contents of major informatics journals, and the bibliographies of articles were searched for studies pertaining to CIS, pandemics, and COVID-19 through October 2020. The most informative and detailed studies were highlighted, while many others were referenced.Results: CIS were heavily relied upon by health systems and governmental agencies worldwide in response to COVID-19. Technology-based screening tools were developed to assist rapid case identification and appropriate triaging. Clinical care was supported by utilizing the electronic health record (EHR) to onboard frontline providers to new protocols, offer clinical decision support, and improve systems for diagnostic testing. Telehealth became the most rapidly adopted medical trend in recent history and an essential strategy for allowing safe and effective access to medical care. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms were developed to enhance screening, diagnostic imaging, and predictive analytics - though evidence of improved outcomes remains limited. Geographic information systems and big data enabled real-time dashboards vital for epidemic monitoring, hospital preparedness strategies, and health policy decision making. Digital contact tracing systems were implemented to assist a labor-intensive task with the aim of curbing transmission. Large scale data sharing, effective health information exchange, and interoperability of EHRs remain challenges for the informatics community with immense clinical and academic potential. CIS must be used in combination with engaged stakeholders and operational change management in order to meaningfully improve patient outcomes.Conclusion: Managing a pandemic requires widespread, timely, and effective distribution of reliable information. In the past year, CIS and informaticists made prominent and influential contributions in the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Design and expected performance of a variable-radii sinusoidal spiral x-ray spectrometer for the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Pablant N. A. , Bitter M. , Efthimion P. C. , Gao L. , Hill K. W. , Kraus B. F. , Kring J. , MacDonald M. J. , Ose N. , Ping Y. , Schneider M. B. , Stoupin S. , Yakusevitch Y. 
Published: September 2021

A novel high-resolution x-ray spectrometer for point-like emission sources has been developed using a crystal shape having both a variable major and a variable minor radius of curvature. This variable-radii sinusoidal spiral spectrometer (VR-Spiral) allows three common spectrometer design goals to be achieved simultaneously: 1. reduction of aberrations and improved spectral (energy) resolution, 2. reduction of source size broadening, and 3. use of large crystals to improve total throughput. The VR-Spiral concept and its application to practical spectrometer design are described in detail. This concept is then used to design a spectrometer for an extreme extended x-ray absorption fine structure experiment at the National Ignition Facility looking at the Pb L3 absorption edge at 13.0352 keV. The expected performance of this VR-Spiral spectrometer, both in terms of energy resolution and spatial resolution, is evaluated through the use of a newly developed raytracing tool, xicsrt. Finally, the expected performance of the VR-Spiral concept is compared to that of spectrometers based on conventional toroidal and variable-radii toroidal crystal geometries showing a greatly improved energy resolution.
A single nucleobase tunes nonradiative decay in a DNA-bound silver cluster
Authors: Zhang Yuyuan , He Chen , de La Harpe Kimberly , Goodwin Peter M. , Petty Jeffrey T. , Kohler Bern 
Published: September 2021

DNA strands are polymeric ligands that both protect and tune molecular-sized silver cluster chromophores. We studied single-stranded DNA C4AC4TC3XT4 with X = guanosine and inosine that form a green fluorescent Ag106+ cluster, but these two hosts are distinguished by their binding sites and the brightness of their Ag106+ adducts. The nucleobase subunits in these oligomers collectively coordinate this cluster, and fs time-resolved infrared spectra previously identified one point of contact between the C2–NH2 of the X = guanosine, an interaction that is precluded for inosine. Furthermore, this single nucleobase controls the cluster fluorescence as the X = guanosine complex is ∼2.5× dimmer. We discuss the electronic relaxation in these two complexes using transient absorption spectroscopy in the time window 200 fs–400 µs. Three prominent features emerged: a ground state bleach, an excited state absorption, and a stimulated emission. Stimulated emission at the earliest delay time (200 fs) suggests that the emissive state is populated promptly following photoexcitation. Concurrently, the excited state decays and the ground state recovers, and these changes are ∼2× faster for the X = guanosine compared to the X = inosine cluster, paralleling their brightness difference. In contrast to similar radiative decay rates, the nonradiative decay rate is 7× higher with the X = guanosine vs inosine strand. A minor decay channel via a dark state is discussed. The possible correlation between the nonradiative decay and selective coordination with the X = guanosine/inosine suggests that specific nucleobase subunits within a DNA strand can modulate cluster–ligand interactions and, in turn, cluster brightness.
Versatile semi-batch apparatus for manometric measurement of gas–solid reaction rates
Authors: Heidlage Michael G. , Aloi M. J. , Safarik D. J. 
Published: September 2021

We describe the design, construction, operation, and performance of a simple and versatile semi-batch reactor that is especially useful for measurement of gas/solid reaction rates at pressures in the range of 1 mTorr to 1500 Torr. The reactor operates by repeatedly imposing small AC modulations of reactant gas pressure on top of a much larger DC pressure background. Based on the rate of pressure relaxation following each AC pulse, the reaction rate is determined. Our design is characterized by modular construction from off-the-shelf, ultra-high-vacuum-compatible components, which facilitate easy retrofitting and adaptation to a range of experimental conditions. Automated experiment control and data acquisition is accomplished via a custom National Instruments© LabView virtual instrument. Data analysis is automated using a custom series of Mathworks© Matlab scripts. We demonstrate reactor performance through measurements of hydrogenation kinetics for a composite H2 getter material consisting of 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene mixed with a palladium/carbon catalyst.
Realization of electrically driven AlGaN micropillar array deep-ultraviolet light emitting diodes at 286 nm
Authors: Melanson Bryan , Hartensveld Matthew , Liu Cheng , Zhang Jing 
Published: September 2021

We report on the realization of top-down fabricated, electrically driven, deep-ultraviolet (DUV) AlGaN micropillar array light emitting diodes (LEDs) with high output power density. Ordered arrays of micropillars with the inverse-taper profile were formed from an AlGaN epitaxial stack (epistack) using a Ni-masked Cl2 plasma dry etch and KOH-based wet etching. Following deposition of the n-contact, polydimethylsiloxane was spin-coated and etched-back to reveal the tips of the pillars to allow for formation of the p-contact. The DUV LEDs were tested at the wafer-level using a manual probe station to characterize their electrical and optical properties, revealing stable electroluminescence at 286 nm with a narrow 9-nm linewidth. Optical output power was found to be linearly related to current density, with output power densities up to 35 mW/cm2, comparable to the results reported for epitaxially grown DUV nanowire LEDs. Simulations revealed that the inverse-taper profile of the micropillars could lead to large enhancements in light extraction efficiency (ηEXT) of up to 250% when compared to micropillars with vertical sidewalls. The realization of ordered, electrically driven, top-down fabricated micropillar DUV LEDs with competitive output power represents an important step forward in the development of high-efficiency, scalable DUV emitters for a wide range of applications.
Athletes with unilateral patellar tendinopathy have increased subsequent lower extremity musculoskeletal injury risk
Authors: Fendri Thouraya , Rebai Haithem , Harrabi Mohammed Achraf , Chaari Fatma , Boyas Sébastien , Beaune Bruno , Sahli Sonia 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate static and dynamic postural balance inter‐limb asymmetries in athletes with unilateral patellar tendinopathy (UPT) and estimate subsequent lower extremity musculoskeletal injury risk compared to controls. Twenty‐eight athletes with UPT were recruited. Twenty‐eight healthy athletes served as controls. Static postural balance inter‐limb asymmetry (symmetry index: SI) was assessed based on differences in the mean centre of pressure (CoP) velocity (CoPv) values between the affected leg (AL) and non‐affected leg (NAL) for the UPT group, and the dominant leg (DL) and non‐dominant leg (NDL) for controls. Outcome variables were dynamic postural balance, assessed with inter‐limb asymmetry using the Y Balance Test (YBT), and injury risk. In static balance, SI values were significantly (P<0.001) higher in the UPT group compared to controls. In dynamic balance, normalized inter‐limb asymmetry values were also significantly higher in athletes with UPT compared to controls in anterior (P<0.001), posteromedial (P<0.001) and posterolateral (P<0.01) directions, and in the composite score (P<0.001). Furthermore, the incidence of sustaining a non‐contact lower extremity injury during the follow‐up period (10 months) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the UPT group compared to controls. Athletes with UPT had postural balance inter‐limb asymmetries. Moreover, they had increased subsequent lower extremity musculoskeletal injury risk compared to controls. Since most athletes with UPT continue to train and compete, adequate training and rehabilitation programmes should be implemented to prevent potential subsequent injury occurrence.
Past, present and future—sample environments for materials research studies in scattering and spectroscopy; a UK perspective
Authors: Terrill Nicholas J , Dent Andrew J , Dobson Barry , Beale Andrew M , Allen Lisa , Bras Wim 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption fine structure are two techniques that have been employed at synchrotron sources ever since their inception. Over the course of the development of the techniques, the introduction of sample environments for added value experiments has grown dramatically. This article reviews past successes, current developments and an exploration of future possibilities for these two x-ray techniques with an emphasis on the developments in the United Kingdom between 1980–2020.
Coupling-inspired metasurfaces for polarization-correlation customizable absorption
Authors: Li Yongfeng , Pang Yongqiang , Zheng Lin , Chen Hongya , Feng Mingde , Wang Jiafu , Zhang Jieqiu , Qu Shaobo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Polarization-correlation customizable metasurface absorbers based on circular dichroism (CD) meta-atoms were proposed in this paper, of which the polarization-correlation can be altered by controlling the coupling effect between the CD meta-atoms with the same chirality. CD meta-atoms implemented via introducing resistance film into chiral resonators were firstly proposed. Wideband, high-efficiency left-handed/right-handed CD meta-atoms were demonstrated, respectively, for which the left-handed/right-handed circularly polarized (LCP/RCP) incident wave was strongly absorbed but the RCP/LCP incident wave was reflected into LCP/RCP wave with high efficiency. The metasurface absorber consisting of CD-meta-atom pairs were put forward for polarization-correlation customizable absorption. The coupling between two CD meta-atoms was investigated by theoretical and simulation analysis, which can be manipulated by controlling the orientation angles of the CD meta-atoms. As a proof-of-concept, a polarization-insensitive absorber utilizing a C4 2 × 2 CD-meta-atom pair was designed, simulated and measured. Attributed to the strong coupling between the four CD meta-atoms, both LCP and RCP wave were strongly absorbed in a wide frequency range from 8 GHz to 20 GHz. This paves a new way for designing wideband metasurfaces with polarization-correlation customizable performance.
A probabilistic transcranial magnetic stimulation localization method
Authors: Kataja Juhani , Soldati Marco , Matilainen Noora , Laakso Ilkka 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to safely and noninvasively activate brain tissue. However, the characteristic parameters of the neuronal activation have been largely unclear. In this work, we propose a novel neuronal activation model and develop a method to infer its parameters from measured motor evoked potential signals. Approach. The connection between neuronal activation due to an induced electric field and a measured motor threshold is modeled. The posterior distribution of the model parameters are inferred from measurement data using Bayes’ formula. The measurements are the active motor thresholds obtained with multiple stimulating coil locations, and the parameters of the model are the location, preferred direction of activation, and threshold electric field value of the activation site. The posterior distribution is sampled using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. We quantify the plausibility of the model by calculating the marginal likelihood of the measured thresholds. The method is validated with synthetic data and applied to motor threshold measurements from the first dorsal interosseus muscle in five healthy participants. Main results. The method produces a probability distribution for the activation location, from which a minimal volume where the activation occurs with 95% probability can be derived. For eight or nine stimulating coil locations, the smallest such a volume obtained was approximately 100 mm3. The 95% probability volume intersected the pre-central gyral crown and the anterior wall of the central sulcus, and the preferred direction was perpendicular to the central sulcus, both findings being consistent with the literature. Furthermore, it was not possible to rule out if the activation occurred either in the white or grey matter. In one participant, two distinct activations sites were found while others exhibited a unique site. Significance. The method is both generic and robust, and it lays a foundation for a framework that enables accurate analysis and characterization of TMS activation mechanisms.