bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing dietary ecology of extinct strepsirrhines (Primates, Mammalia) with new approaches for characterizing and analyzing tooth shape
Authors: Fulwood Ethan L. , Shan Shan , Winchester Julia M. , Gao Tingran , Kirveslahti Henry , Daubechies Ingrid , Boyer Doug M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe morphological and ecological diversity of lemurs and lorisiformes once rivaled that of the rest of the primate order. Here, we assemble a dataset of 3D models representing the second mandibular molars of a wide range of extant and fossil strepsirrhines encompassing this diversity. We use these models to distill quantitative descriptors of tooth form and then analyze these data using new analytical methods. We employ a recently developed dental topography metric (ariaDNE), which is less sensitive to details of random error in 3D model quality than previously used metrics (e.g., DNE); Bayesian multinomial modeling with metrics designed to measure overfitting risk; and a tooth segmentation algorithm that allows the shapes of disaggregated tooth surface features to be quantified using dental topography metrics. This approach is successful at reclassifying extant strepsirrhine primates to known dietary ecology and indicates that the averaging of morphological information across the tooth surface does not interfere with the ability of dental topography metrics to predict dietary adaptation. When the most informative combination of dental topography metrics is applied to extinct species, many subfossil lemurs and the most basal fossil strepsirrhines are predicted to have been primarily frugivorous or gummivorous. This supports an ecological contraction among the extant lemurs and the importance of frugivory in the origins of crown Strepsirrhini, potentially to avoid competition with more insectivorous and folivorous members of Paleogene Afro-Arabian primate faunas.
CODIFICATION, CONSOLIDATION, RESTATEMENT? HOW BEST TO SYSTEMISE THE MODERN LAW OF TORT
Authors: Giliker Paula 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe law of tort (or extra or non-contractual liability) has been criticised for being imprecise and lacking coherence. Legal systems have sought to systemise its rules in a number of ways. While civil law systems generally place tort law in a civil code, common law systems have favoured case-law development supported by limited statutory intervention consolidating existing legal rules. In both systems, case law plays a significant role in maintaining the flexibility and adaptability of the law. This article will examine, comparatively, different means of systemising the law of tort, contrasting civil law codification (taking the example of recent French proposals to update the tort provisions of the Code civil) with common law statutory consolidation and case-law intervention (using examples taken from English and Australian law). In examining the degree to which these formal means of systemisation are capable of improving the accessibility, intelligibility, clarity and predictability of the law of tort, it will also address the role played by informal sources, be they ambitious restatements of law or other means. It will be argued that given the nature of tort law, at best, any form of systemisation (be it formal or informal) can only seek to minimise any lack of precision and coherence. However, as this comparative study shows, further steps are needed, both in updating outdated codal provisions and rethinking the type of legal scholarship that might best assist the courts.
Evolving Statutory Derivative Action Principles in South Africa: The Good Faith Criterion and Other Legal Grounds
Authors: Mupangavanhu Brighton M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe recent Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) judgment in Lazarus Mbethe v United Manganese of Kalahari raises jurisprudential questions regarding statutory derivative actions in South Africa. For example, the SCA did not agree with the court a quo's ruling that the discretion to be exercised by the court is limited by provisions of section 165(5). The SCA also questioned whether it is necessary for South African courts to follow the good faith criterion in the Australian case of Swansson v Pratt as adopted into South African law through Mouritzen v Greystones Enterprises (Pty) Ltd & Another. This article contributes to these questions, and proposes possible criteria for other requirements in section 165(5)(b) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. These other requirements are that the statutory derivative action proceedings must involve “a trial of a serious question of material consequence to a company” and that proceedings be “in the best interests of the company”.
Molecular characterization of European Pygorchis Looss, 1899
Authors: Heneberg P. , Sitko J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Adult trematodes of the genus Pygorchis Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae) parasitize the cloaca of birds. The genus contains three species, all of which are rarely reported and molecular phylogenetics of which have not been applied. The absence of reference DNA sequences limit studies of their indistinct larval forms. Based on the materials that were obtained from birds of the Czech origin, we performed a molecular characterization of both currently known Pygorchis spp., which are known from the Palearctic, the type species Pygorchis affixus Looss, 1899 and Pygorchis alakolensis Zhatkanbaeva, 1967, and provided morphological description of the examined P. alakolensis specimen. We found that the two species were of similar dimensions; the only difference was in the position of testes and in the extent of vitelline follicles. However, the position of testes in P. affixus was variable, and approximately 10% of examined P. affixus individuals had testes positioned obliquely. The second feature that allows differential diagnostic, the extent of vitelline follicles, was more reproducible as the vitelline follicles of P. affixus did not extend beyond the intestinal caeca, or, in exceptional cases, they extended them at only one side. In the examined P. alakolensis individual, the testes were positioned obliquely, and the vitelline follicles extended beyond the intestinal caeca. We reported P. alakolensis for the first time from Europe; previously, it was known only from Central Asian lakes and rivers. We confirmed the classification of Pygorchis into Philophtalmidae.
Developmental trajectories of ADHD symptoms in a large population-representative longitudinal study
Authors: Murray Aja Louise , Hall Hildigunnur Anna , Speyer Lydia Gabriela , Carter Lara , Mirman Daniel , Caye Arthur , Rohde Luis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has suggested that there is substantial heterogeneity in the developmental trajectories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Sometimes, qualitative distinctions between trajectories with different ages of onset and/or patterns of remission are made; however, little is known about the predictors and broader clinical meaningfulness of these candidate ‘developmental subtypes’ of ADHD symptoms.MethodsWe applied latent class growth analysis to data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS;N= 11 316; ages 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14) to evaluate whether developmental trajectories of ADHD symptoms differing in early life predictors could be identified. Our optimal model included six trajectory groups, labelledunaffected(34.9% of the sample),mildly affected(24.1%),subclinical remitting(12.8%),pre-school onset partially remitting(14.1%),developmentally increasing(7.6%) andpre-school onset persistent(6.4%).ResultsFactors such as gender, conduct problems, cognitive ability, maternal education, premature birth, peer problems and school readiness scores differentiated between specific ADHD symptom trajectories.ConclusionsTaken together, our findings provide preliminary evidence that distinguishing different trajectories of ADHD symptoms could be clinically informative.
Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale Screen Version: initial screening for suicide risk in a psychiatric emergency department
Authors: Bjureberg Johan , Dahlin Marie , Carlborg Andreas , Edberg Hanna , Haglund Axel , Runeson Bo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSuicide screening is routine practice in psychiatric emergency (PE) departments, but evidence for screening instruments is sparse. Improved identification of nascent suicide risk is important for suicide prevention. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association between the novel Colombia Suicide Severity Rating Scale Screen Version (C-SSRS Screen) and subsequent clinical management and suicide within 1 week, 1 month and 1 year from screening.MethodsConsecutive patients (N = 18 684) attending a PE department in Stockholm, Sweden between 1 May 2016 and 31 December 2017 were assessed with the C-SSRS Screen. All patients (52.1% women; mean age = 39.7, s.d. = 16.9) were followed-up in the National Cause of Death Register. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves analyses were conducted. Optimal cut-offs and accuracy statistics were calculated.ResultsBoth suicidal ideation and behaviour were prevalent at screening. In total, 107 patients died by suicide during follow-up. Both C-SSRS Screen Ideation Severity and Behaviour Scales were associated with death by suicide within 1-week, 1-month and 1-year follow-up. The optimal cut-off for the ideation severity scale was associated with at least four times the odds of dying by suicide within 1 week (adjusted OR 4.7, 95% confidence interval 1.5–14.8). Both scales were also associated with short-term clinical management.ConclusionsThe C-SSRS Screen may be feasible to use in the actual management setting as an initial step before the clinical assessment of suicide risk. Future research may investigate the utility of combining the C-SSRS Screen with a more thorough assessment.
The long shadow of childhood trauma for depression in midlife: examining daily psychological stress processes as a persistent risk pathway
Authors: Mayer Stefanie E. , Surachman Agus , Prather Aric A. , Puterman Eli , Delucchi Kevin L. , Irwin Michael R. , Danese Andrea , Almeida David M. , Epel Elissa S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildhood trauma (CT) increases the risk of adult depression. Buffering effects require an understanding of the underlying persistent risk pathways. This study examined whether daily psychological stress processes – how an individual interprets and affectively responds to minor everyday events – mediate the effect of CT on adult depressive symptoms.MethodsMiddle-aged women (N = 183) reported CT at baseline and completed daily diaries of threat appraisals and negative evening affect for 7 days at baseline, 9, and 18 months. Depressive symptoms were measured across the 1.5-year period. Mediation was examined using multilevel structural equation modeling.ResultsReported CT predicted greater depressive symptoms over the 1.5-year time period (estimate = 0.27, s.e. = 0.07, 95% CI 0.15–0.38, p < 0.001). Daily threat appraisals and negative affect mediated the effect of reported CT on depressive symptoms (estimate = 0.34, s.e. = 0.08, 95% CI 0.22–0.46, p < 0.001). Daily threat appraisals explained more than half of this effect (estimate = 0.19, s.e. = 0.07, 95% CI 0.08–0.30, p = 0.004). Post hoc analyses in individuals who reported at least moderate severity of CT showed that lower threat appraisals buffered depressive symptoms. A similar pattern was found in individuals who reported no/low severity of CT.ConclusionsA reported history of CT acts as a latent vulnerability, exaggerating threat appraisals of everyday events, which trigger greater negative evening affect – processes that have important mental health consequences and may provide malleable intervention targets.
Associations and limited shared genetic aetiology between bipolar disorder and cardiometabolic traits in the UK Biobank
Authors: Fürtjes Anna E. , Coleman Jonathan R. I. , Tyrrell Jess , Lewis Cathryn M. , Hagenaars Saskia P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPeople with bipolar disorder (BPD) are more likely to die prematurely, which is partly attributed to comorbid cardiometabolic traits. Previous studies report cardiometabolic abnormalities in BPD, but their shared aetiology remains poorly understood. This study examined the phenotypic associations and shared genetic aetiology between BPD and various cardiometabolic traits.MethodsIn a subset of the UK Biobank sample (N= 61 508) we investigated phenotypic associations between BPD (ncases= 4186) and cardiometabolic traits, represented by biomarkers, anthropometric traits and cardiometabolic diseases. To determine shared genetic aetiology in European ancestry, polygenic risk scores (PRS) and genetic correlations were calculated between BPD and cardiometabolic traits.ResultsSeveral traits were significantly associated with increased risk for BPD, namely low total cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, high glycated haemoglobin, low systolic blood pressure, high body mass index, high waist-to-hip ratio; and stroke, coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes diagnosis. BPD was associated with higher polygenic risk for triglycerides, waist-to-hip ratio, coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes. Shared genetic aetiology persisted for coronary artery disease, when correcting PRS associations for cardiometabolic base phenotypes. Associations were not replicated using genetic correlations.ConclusionsThis large study identified increased phenotypic cardiometabolic abnormalities in BPD participants. It is found that the comorbidity of coronary artery disease may be based on shared genetic aetiology. These results motivate hypothesis-driven research to consider individual cardiometabolic traits rather than a composite metabolic syndrome when attempting to disentangle driving mechanisms of cardiometabolic abnormalities in BPD.
Effect of zinc chloride and sodium selenite supplementation on in vitro maturation, oxidative biomarkers, and gene expression in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocytes
Authors: Khalil Wael A. , Yang Chun-Yan , El-Moghazy Mostafa M. , El-Rais Mohamed S. , Shang Jiang-Hua , El-Sayed Ashraf 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThis study examined the effects of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) supplementation in maturation medium on in vitro maturation (IVM) rate, oxidative biomarkers and gene expression in buffalo oocytes. Ovaries from a slaughterhouse were aspirated and good quality cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) with at least four layers of compact cumulus cells and evenly granulated dark ooplasm were selected. COCs were randomly allocated during IVM (22 h) to one of four treatment groups: (1) control maturation medium (basic medium), or basic medium supplemented with (2) ZnCl2 (1.5 µg/ml), (3) Na2SeO3 (5 µg/l), or (4) ZnCl2 + Na2SeO3 (1.5 µg/ml + 5 µg/l, respectively). Oocytes were denuded after 22 h of IVM in the first four replicates. Specimens were fixed and stained to evaluate the stage of nuclear maturation. The spent medium was collected for biochemical assays of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide concentrations. A second four replicates were used for COCs for RNA extraction. The expression levels of antioxidant (SOD1, GPX4, CAT and PRDX1), antiapoptotic (BCL2 and BCL-XL) and proapoptotic (BAX and BID) genes were measured. Supplementation with ZnCl2 and Na2SeO3 during IVM increased the ratio of oocytes reaching metaphase II at 22 h, increased TAC and decreased MDA and H2O2 concentrations in the maturation medium (P < 0.05). Moreover, beneficial effects were associated with complementary changes in expression patterns of antioxidative, antiapoptotic and proapoptotic genes, suggesting lower oxidative stress and apoptosis. Supplementation medium with zinc chloride and sodium selenite improves the maturation rate, reduces oxidative stress and increases expression levels of antioxidative and antiapoptotic genes.
Executive functions in children with heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jackson William M. , Davis Nicholas , Calderon Johanna , Lee Jennifer J. , Feirsen Nicole , Bellinger David C. , Sun Lena S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractContext:People with CHD are at increased risk for executive functioning deficits. Meta-analyses of these measures in CHD patients compared to healthy controls have not been reported.Objective:To examine differences in executive functions in individuals with CHD compared to healthy controls.Data sources:We performed a systematic review of publications from 1 January, 1986 to 15 June, 2020 indexed in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library.Study selection:Inclusion criteria were (1) studies containing at least one executive function measure; (2) participants were over the age of three.Data extraction:Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. We used a shifting unit-of-analysis approach and pooled data using a random effects model.Results:The search yielded 61,217 results. Twenty-eight studies met criteria. A total of 7789 people with CHD were compared with 8187 healthy controls. We found the following standardised mean differences: −0.628 (−0.726, −0.531) for cognitive flexibility and set shifting, −0.469 (−0.606, −0.333) for inhibition, −0.369 (−0.466, −0.273) for working memory, −0.334 (−0.546, −0.121) for planning/problem solving, −0.361 (−0.576, −0.147) for summary measures, and −0.444 (−0.614, −0.274) for reporter-based measures (p < 0.001).Limitations:Our analysis consisted of cross-sectional and observational studies. We could not quantify the effect of collinearity.Conclusions:Individuals with CHD appear to have at least moderate deficits in executive functions. Given the growing population of people with CHD, more attention should be devoted to identifying executive dysfunction in this vulnerable group.
Autonomous Technology and Dynamic Obligations: Uncrewed Maritime Vehicles and the Regulation of Maritime Military Surveillance in the Exclusive Economic Zone
Authors: MCKENZIE Simon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe development of uncrewed maritime vehicles [UMVs] has the potential to increase the scale of military maritime surveillance in the exclusive economic zones of foreign coastal states. This paper considers the legal implications of the expanded use of UMVs for this purpose. It shows how features of the legal regime—namely how its application depends on determining the intent of a vessel's operation (to distinguish marine scientific research from military surveillance), as well the obligation to have due regard—have a “dynamic” quality that will pose a challenge to UMVs operated by autonomous technology. The legal obligations will require equipping UMVs with the capacity to communicate something about their identity, the purpose of their mission, and to be able to have some capacity to be responsive to the economic and environmental interests of the coastal state.
Electron Bulk Heating at Saturn's Magnetopause
Authors: Cheng I. , Achilleos N. , Masters A. , Lewis G. , Kane M. , Guio P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMagnetic reconnection at the magnetopause (MP) energizes ambient plasma via the release of magnetic energy and produces an “open” magnetosphere allowing solar wind particles to directly enter the system. At Saturn, the nature of MP reconnection remains unclear. The current study examines electron bulk heating at MP crossings, in order to probe the relationship between observed and predicted reconnection heating proposed by Phan et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50917) under open and closed MP, and how this may pertain to the position of the crossings in the Δβ‐magnetic shear parameter space. The electron heating for 70 MP crossings made by the Cassini spacecraft from April 2005 to July 2007 was found using 1d and 3d moment methods. Minimum variance analysis was used on the magnetic field data to help indicate whether the MP is open or closed. We found better agreement between observed and predicted heating for events suggestive of locally “open” MP. For events suggestive of locally “closed” MP, we observed a cluster of points consistent with no electron heating, but also numerous cases with significant heating. Examining the events in the Δβ‐magnetic shear parameter space, we find 83% of events without evidence of energization were situated in the “reconnection suppressed” regime, whilst between 43% to 68% of events with energization lie in the “reconnection possible” regime depending on the threshold used. The discrepancies could be explained by a combination of spatial and temporal variability which makes it possible to observe heated electrons with different conditions from the putative reconnection site.
Energy‐Based Scenarios for Great Thrust‐Type Earthquakes in the Nankai Trough Subduction Zone, Southwest Japan, Using an Interseismic Slip‐Deficit Model
Authors: Noda Akemi , Saito Tatsuhiko , Fukuyama Eiichi , Urata Yumi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe propose a new energy‐based method to construct rupture scenarios for anticipated megathrust earthquakes by using an interseismic slip‐deficit model. Our method bridges the gap between two well‐known approaches, namely, kinematic and dynamic modeling. We construct the source model as a static‐slip distribution, greatly reducing the computational load, and then examine whether the model follows the mechanics of faulting from the perspective of the energy balance of fault rupture. To quantify the energy balance, we introduce “residual energy,” which is defined as the difference between the strain energy released by the fault slip and the energy dissipated on the fault. Positive residual energy is a necessary condition for earthquake generation, which means that even if slip deficits accumulate, an earthquake does not occur unless the strain energy accumulation exceeds the dissipated energy. We apply the method to interplate earthquakes in the Nankai trough subduction zone, southwest Japan. Assuming a stress accumulation time of 150 years, 5 out of 10 scenarios meet the necessary condition, and one of these models can explain the crustal deformation of a historical Nankai earthquake. The significant amount of strain energy released by a rupture off Cape Muroto makes the scenario involving rupture of the whole subduction zone possible. The estimation of residual energy suggests that fault ruptures reaching the Nankai trough require more strain energy than buried ruptures. All of the scenarios eventually meet the condition, because the strain energy increases more with time than the fracture energy predicted from empirical scaling relationships.