bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of natural products on discovery of, and innovation in, crop protection compounds
Authors: Sparks Thomas C , Bryant Robert J 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNatural products (NPs) have long been an important source of, and inspiration for, developing novel compounds to control weeds, pathogens and insect pests. In this review, we use a dataset of 800 historic, current and emerging crop protection compounds to explore the influence of NPs on the introduction of new crop protection compounds (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides) as a function of time. NPs, their semisynthetic derivatives (NPDs) and compounds inspired by NPs (NP mimics, NPMs) account for 17% of all crop protection compounds. NPs, NPDs, and NPMs have been a fairly constant source of new agrochemicals over the past 70 years. NP synthetic equivalents (NPSEs) is a fourth group of NP‐related crop protection compounds composed of synthetic compounds which by chance also happen to have an NP model (but are not involved in the discovery). If NPSE compounds are also included, then 50% of all crop protection compounds hypothetically could have had a NP origin. Similar trends also hold true for the impact of NPs on the discovery of new modes of action (MoA) or innovation in crop protection compounds as measured by the number of first‐in‐class compounds. NPs have had the largest impact on the numbers and global sales (2018 USD) of insecticides compared to fungicides and herbicides. The present analysis highlights NPs as a long‐standing and continuing source of new chemistry, new MoAs and innovation in crop protection compound discovery. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Introduction
Authors: Sause Markus G. R. , Jasiūnienė Elena , Pullin Rhys 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aerospace industry is aiming for a cleaner means of transport. One way to achieve this is by making transportation lighter, thus directly improving fuel efficiency and reducing environmental impact. A further aim, of the industry, is to reduce maintenance time to lessen operating costs, which can result in a reduction of air transport costs, benefitting both passenger and freight services. Current developments to support these aims include using advanced materials, with the current generation of aerospace structures being 50% composite materials. These materials offer a weight reduction whilst maintaining adequate stiffness; however, their damage mechanics are very complex and less deterministic than those of metals. This results in an overall reduced benefit. Structures are manufactured thicker using additional material to accommodate unknown or unpredictable failure modes, which cannot be easily detected during maintenance. A way to overcome these issues is the adoption of a structural health monitoring (SHM) inspection system.
Conclusions
Authors: Jasiūnienė Elena , Sause Markus G. R. , Samaitis Vykintas , Aggelis Dimitrios G. , Limongelli Maria Pina , Vanlanduit Steve 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe state of the art of structural health monitoring damage detection systems reviewed in this book shows that it is a promising area of technologies. SHM damage detection systems in civil aviation are still mostly limited to lab applications because there are still issues, which need to be solved for such systems to be integrated in an aircraft structure. Therefore, further research is needed to solve the current drawbacks/limitations of the existing SHM approaches such that this technology can be used in aircrafts.Despite the current limitations, SHM application for damage detection in aircrafts would make the flying safer and the structure lifetime longer and reduce the maintenance time and costs considering that the maintenance could be performed not at the predetermined intervals, but upon the need based on the condition that would be determined by the SHM systems used. We conclude some of the important differences and the common challenges to the methods reviewed in this book and provide an outlook on the next steps to a successful implementation.
Aerospace Requirements
Authors: Sharif Khodaei Zahra , Grigg Stephen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter covers the overview of requirements arising in the aerospace industry for operating a structural health monitoring (SHM) system. The requirements are based on existing standards and guidelines and include both requirements on the physical components of the system (such as sensors, data acquisition systems and connectors) and their functional requirements (such as reliability, confidence measure and probability of detection). Emphasis has been given to on-board and ground-based components because they have different functionality requirements. An important factor in the reliability of the system is the effect of the environment and operational loads on the reliability of the diagnosis and, consequently, prognosis. The recommended guidelines for testing the reliability of the system under varying operational conditions are presented. This chapter is then finalized by reporting on methodologies for optimal sensor number and placement, based on different sensor technologies and different optimization algorithms.
Ultrasonic Methods
Authors: Samaitis Vykintas , Jasiūnienė Elena , Packo Pawel , Smagulova Damira 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUltrasonic inspection is a well recognized technique for non-destructive testing of aircraft components. It provides both local highly sensitive inspection in the vicinity of the sensor and long-range structural assessment by means of guided waves. In general, the properties of ultrasonic waves like velocity, attenuation and propagation characteristics such as reflection, transmission and scattering depend on composition and structural integrity of the material. Hence, ultrasonic inspection is commonly used as a primary tool for active inspection of aircraft components such as engine covers, wing skins and fuselages with the aim to detect, localise and describe delaminations, voids, fibre breakage and ply waviness. This chapter mainly focuses on long range guided wave structural health monitoring, as aircraft components require rapid evaluation of large components preferably in real time without the necessity for grouding of an aircraft. In few upcoming chapters advantages and shortcommings of bulk wave and guided wave ultrasonic inspection is presented, fundamentals of guided wave propagation and damage detection are reviewed, the reliability of guided wave SHM is discussed and some recent examples of guided wave applications to SHM of aerospace components are given.
Data Reduction Strategies
Authors: Bhowmik Basuraj , Quqa Said , Sause Markus G. R. , Pakrashi Vikram , Droubi Mohamad Ghazi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBased on the variety of methods available for gathering data for the aircraft health status, the challenge is to reduce the overall amount of data in a trackable and safe manner to ensure that the remaining data are characteristic of the current aircraft status. This chapter will cover available data reduction strategies for this task and discuss the data intensity of the SHM methods of Chaps.10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_5to10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_8and established approaches to deal with the acquired data. This includes aspects of algorithms and legal issues arising in this context.
Theoretische und empirische Grundlagen
Authors: Kenner Steve 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungPartizipation, Handeln, Beteiligung oder Teilhabe, Engagement und Aktion – diese Auswahl zeigt die Vielfalt an Begrifflichkeiten, die das Feld der Partizipationsforschung prägt. Noch unberücksichtigt sind dabei die antithetischen Paare wie „verfasst / nicht verfasst“, „legal / illegal“ oder „sozial / politisch“. Allein die Begriffsvielfalt und die Dialektik sozialen und politischen Handelns offenbart die Herausforderung dieses Forschungsgegenstandes.
Forschungsdesign zur empirischen Untersuchung
Authors: Kenner Steve 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungBevor die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Feldforschung vorgestellt werden, gilt es zunächst, das Forschungsfeld und das Forschungsdesign zu beschreiben, um damit die gebotene Transparenz im Forschungsprozess zu erreichen. In diesem Kapitel werden neben den Gütekriterien auch das Sample und das methodische Vorgehen beschrieben.
Politische Aktion als Bildungserfahrung. Analyse
Authors: Kenner Steve 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungFür die im Folgenden zusammengefasste exemplarische Darstellung der vielfältigen Vorstellungen, Sinnbildungen und Erfahrungen der selbstbestimmt politisch aktiven Jugendlichen werden exemplarisch ihre Deutungsmuster zu den Begriffen Politik und Demokratie skizzenhaft dargestellt und anschließend ihre Erfahrungen in der politischen Aktionen systematisch analysiert.
Ausblick – Emanzipatorische und partizipative politische Bildung
Authors: Kenner Steve 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungAktuelle Untersuchungen zum politischen Interesse und zur Bereitschaft für politisches Engagement von Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigen, dass längst nicht mehr die Rede sein kann von einer politikverdrossenen Generation. Das politische Interesse steigt. Und besonders bemerkenswert ist, dass das politische Interesse von jungen Menschen heute vor allem auch gesellschaftspolitische Schlüsselprobleme in den Blick nimmt. Mit diesem Kapitel werden die Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Studie zusammengefasst.
State-operator correspondence in celestial conformal field theory
Authors: Crawley Erin , Miller Noah , Narayanan Sruthi A. , Strominger Andrew 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The bulk-to-boundary dictionary for 4D celestial holography is given a new entry defining 2D boundary states living on oriented circles on the celestial sphere. The states are constructed using the 2D CFT state-operator correspondence from operator insertions corresponding to either incoming or outgoing particles which cross the celestial sphere inside the circle. The BPZ construction is applied to give an inner product on such states whose associated bulk adjoints are shown to involve a shadow transform. Scattering amplitudes are then given by BPZ inner products between states living on the same circle but with opposite orientations. 2D boundary states are found to encode the same information as their 4D bulk counterparts, but organized in a radically different manner.
The role of gender-specific factors in the choice of specialty training in obstetrics and gynecology: results from a survey among medical students in Germany
Authors: Riedel Maximilian , Hennigs André , Dobberkau Anna Maria , Riedel Caroline , Bugaj Till Johannes , Nikendei Christoph , Amann Niklas , Karge Anne , Eisenkolb Gabriel , Tensil Maria , Recker Florian , Riedel Fabian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The field of obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) is facing growing competition for young professionals in Germany, with high interest rates among female graduates and a declining proportion of male students who choose residency training in the field. The aim of this study is to analyze general and gender-dependent factors that influence the decision for or against specialty training in OB/GYN among medical students in Germany.

Methods
Between February and November 2019, n = 346 medical students in their 5th and 6th year of undergraduate training at Heidelberg University received a questionnaire with 44 items.

Results
n = 286 students (61.3 female; 38.7% male) participated in the study. 28% of the female students and 9% of the male students had considered OB/GYN for their specialty training. The students reported different general and gender-specific influencing factors in their choice of a specialty. Both genders desired a good work-life-balance, however, in comparison with their female colleagues, male students had heavily weighted factors related to their later careers and professional success, including competition among colleagues. Male students had gained little practical experience during compulsory internships (26.9% for females vs. 8.8% for males) or had chosen their final-year elective in OB/GYN (15.9% for females vs. 5.5% for males). Female students had worried about the negative effects of their sex on their career (35.4% for females vs. 5.9% for males).

Conclusion
OB/GYN must become more appealing and attractive to young female and male professionals alike. A better compatibility of career and family should go hand in hand with the implementation of differentiated, (extra) curricular teaching approaches that take the different preferences of female and male students into account.
Complexity of skeletal muscle degeneration: multi-systems pathophysiology and organ crosstalk in dystrophinopathy
Authors: Ohlendieck Kay , Swandulla Dieter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDuchenne muscular dystrophy is a highly progressive muscle wasting disorder due to primary abnormalities in one of the largest genes in the human genome, the DMD gene, which encodes various tissue-specific isoforms of the protein dystrophin. Although dystrophinopathies are classified as primary neuromuscular disorders, the body-wide abnormalities that are associated with this disorder and the occurrence of organ crosstalk suggest that a multi-systems pathophysiological view should be taken for a better overall understanding of the complex aetiology of X-linked muscular dystrophy. This article reviews the molecular and cellular effects of deficiency in dystrophin isoforms in relation to voluntary striated muscles, the cardio-respiratory system, the kidney, the liver, the gastrointestinal tract, the nervous system and the immune system. Based on the establishment of comprehensive biomarker signatures of X-linked muscular dystrophy using large-scale screening of both patient specimens and genetic animal models, this article also discusses the potential usefulness of novel disease markers for more inclusive approaches to differential diagnosis, prognosis and therapy monitoring that also take into account multi-systems aspects of dystrophinopathy. Current therapeutic approaches to combat muscular dystrophy are summarised.
Using citizen science for early detection of tree pests and diseases: perceptions of professional and public participants
Authors: Gupta Nidhi , Slawson David D. , Moffat Andy J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEarly detection of new tree pests and diseases is a vital element of national strategies to prevent their establishment and spread into a country or region, based on the rationale that it increases the chances of successful eradication. Given the limited capacity and financial resources of most national plant protection authorities, the use of public participants has recently been explored in a range of citizen science projects for its ability to supplement official surveillance. However, little is known about the motivations, expectations and experiences of members of the public involved in such activities and even less about the views of professionals and officials. In this study, evidence was obtained from structured interviews with professionals and volunteers engaged in five projects related to tree health surveillance. Some differences were noted between the two groups with a greater focus on personal aspects by members of the public and on strategic and institutional aspects by professionals. A striking feature was the agreement of the two groups that the projects had met or exceeded their expectations, and provided the proof of concept that tree health surveillance capacity can be increased by engaging and training citizens. Many participants shared concerns about the importance of securing both project longevity and volunteer participation over the long term. The paper discusses ways in which the motivations of tree health surveillance participants can be sustained over long periods with particular attention to recognition and reward.
Left atrial-left ventricular angle, a new measure of left atrial and left ventricular remodeling
Authors: Al-Mohaissen Maha A. , Chow Benjamin J. W. , Lee Terry , Chan Kwan-Leung 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe assessed the left atrial-left ventricular (LA-LV) long axis angulation value as a new measure of LA remodeling, and studied its predictors, its effect on two-dimensional LA volume (2D LAVol) estimation, and optimization techniques for 2D LAVol values. Retrospective electrocardiogram-gated coronary computed tomographic angiograms of 164 consecutive patients were reviewed. The LA–LV angle was measured in reconstructed 3-chamber views, and its predictors were determined. The LAVol measured by the area-length method after image optimization along the LV long axis (AL) and the LA long axis (AC–AL), was compared with that measured by the three-dimensional (3D)-volumetric method. LAVol calculation was modified to minimize differences from the 3D values. LA–LV angles ranged from 0° to 63°. In the univariate analysis, decreasing angulation was significantly associated with increasing LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), mitral regurgitation grade, LV and LA anteroposterior dimensions, and decreasing LV ejection fraction (LVEF). On multivariate analysis, increasing LVEDV, MR, and LA anteroposterior dimension inversely correlated with angulation; LVEF was positively correlated. The AL and 3D methods significantly differed only for patients with angles ≤ 29.9°. Conversely, LAVol was overestimated for all angules by AC–AL. Modification of AL LAVol using a regression equation, or by substituting the shortest with the longest and average LA lengths in patients with angles ≤ 29.9° and 30–39.9°, respectively neutralized the difference. The LA–LV angle is a new measure of LA and LV remodeling predicted by LV size and function, MR, and LA-anteroposterior dimension. AL formula modifications based on angulation in LV-optimized views better correlate with the 3D method than LA-view modification.
Innovative ionic liquids as functional agent for wood-polymer composites
Authors: Odalanowska Majka , Skrzypczak Andrzej , Borysiak Sławomir 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChemical modification of lignocellulosic fillers is a hydrophobization process that has been used for years in the production of wood-polymer composites (WPCs). However, finding new, more effective modifiers is still a big challenge and remains the subject of much research. This study involved the chemical modification of wood with the use of newly designed ammonium and imidazolium ionic liquids containing reactive functional groups. The effectiveness of the modification was confirmed using FTIR and XRD techniques. The effect of modification of wood on the supermolecular structure and morphology of wood-polymer composites was investigated by X-ray diffraction, hot stage optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. A significant influence of the modifier structure on the shaping of polymorphic varieties of the polymer matrix was demonstrated. The chemical modification also had significant effect on the nucleating properties of the wood fillers, which was confirmed by the determined crystallization parameters (crystallization half-time, crystallization temperature, crystal conversion). Moreover, the formation of a transcrystalline PP layer was noticed, which showed a large variation depending on the structure of the used ionic liquid. The obtained results correlated very well with the results of mechanical tests. It has been shown that it is possible to precisely design an ionic liquid containing a reactive functional group capable of interacting with hydroxyl groups of cellulose molecules. Moreover, the possibility of functionalizing the lignocellulosic material with innovative ionic liquids without the need to use organic solvents has not been demonstrated so far.
Graphic abstract
Automatic locking of a parametrically resonating, base-excited, nonlinear beam
Authors: Ben Shaya Nir , Bucher Izhak , Dolev Amit 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDescribed is a closed-loop control scheme capable of stabilizing a parametrically excited nonlinear structure in several vibration modes. By setting the relative phase between the spatially filtered response and the excitation, the open-loop unstable solution branches are stabilized under a 2:1 parametric excitation of a chosen mode of vibration. For a given phase, the closed-loop automatically locks on a limit cycle, through an Autoresonance scheme, at any desired point on the solution branches. Axially driven slender beams and nanowires develop large transverse vibration under suitable amplitudes and frequency base-excitation that are sensitive to small potential coupled field. To utilize such a structure as a sensor, stable and robust operation are made possible by the control scheme. In addition, an optimal operating point with large sensitivity to the sensed potential field can be set using phase as a tunable parameter. Detailed analysis of the dynamical behavior, experimental verifications, and demonstrations sheds light on some features of the system dynamics.
The value of statistical life in the context of road safety: new evidence on the contingent valuation/standard gamble chained approach
Authors: Sánchez-Martínez Fernando-Ignacio , Martínez-Pérez Jorge-Eduardo , Abellán-Perpiñán José-María , Pinto-Prades José-Luis 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study estimates the value of statistical life (VSL) on a road traffic accident using the Contingent Valuation/Standard Gamble chained approach. A large representative sample (n = 2020) is used to calculate a VSL for use in the evaluation of road safety programmes in Spain. The paper also makes some methodological contributions, by providing new evidence about the consistency of the chained method. Our main results are: (1) A range from 1.3 million euro to 1.7 million euro is obtained for the VSL in Spain in the context of road accidents. This range is in line with the values used in the same context in other European countries, although it is lower than those obtained in different contexts and with other methods. (2) The method performs much better in terms of scope sensitivity than the traditional contingent valuation method, which asks subjects about their willingness to pay for very small reductions in the risk of death. (3) We introduce a new ‘indirect’ chaining approach which reduces (but does not remove) the disparity between direct and indirect chaining approaches. More extreme VSL estimates are still obtained with this indirect method than with the direct one. (4) VSL estimates depend on the injury used. More specifically, we obtained a lower VSL when a more severe injury is used. (5) Framing the risk of death in the modified standard gamble question as “10nin 10,000” instead of “nin 1000” influences the value of VSL. We attribute this effect to the Ratio Bias.
The Day After the Bomb: Well-Being Effects of Terrorist Attacks in Europe
Authors: Colombo Emilio , Rotondi Valentina , Stanca Luca 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe study the non-monetary costs of terrorist attacks in France, Belgium and Germany between 2010 and 2017. Using four waves of the European Social Survey, we find that individual well-being is significantly reduced in the aftermath of a terrorist attack. We explore possible mechanisms, finding that terrorist attacks are negatively correlated with generalized trust, institutional trust, satisfaction with democracy and satisfaction with the government. Terrorist attacks are also found to be positively correlated with negative attitudes towards migrants and perceived discrimination. Contrary to expectations, the negative relationship between terrorism and well-being is less strong for Muslim immigrants. We interpret this finding as an indication that immigrants benefit more than natives from the institutional reaction following terrorist attacks.