bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Wildfire Smoke on Cloud Microphysics during the September 2020 Pacific Northwest Wildfires
Authors: Conrick Robert , Mass Clifford F. , Boomgard-Zagrodnik Joseph P. , Ovens David 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDuring late summer 2020, large wildfires over the Pacific Northwest produced dense smoke that impacted the region for an extended period. During this period of poor air quality, persistent low-level cloud coverage was poorly forecast by operational numerical weather prediction models, which dissipated clouds too quickly or produced insufficient cloud coverage extent. This deficiency raises questions about the influence of wildfire smoke on low-level clouds in the marine environment of the Pacific Northwest.This paper investigates the effects of wildfire smoke on the properties of low-level clouds, including their formation, microphysical properties, and dissipation. A case study from 12-14 September 2020 is used as a testbed to evaluate the impact of wildfire smoke on such clouds. Observations from satellites and surface observing sites, coupled with mesoscale model simulations, are applied to understand the influence of wildfire smoke during this event. Results indicate that the presence of thick smoke over Washington led to decreased temperatures in the lower troposphere which enhanced low-level cloud coverage, with smoke particles altering the microphysical structure of clouds to favor high concentrations of small droplets. Thermodynamic changes due to smoke are found to be the primary driver of enhanced cloud lifetime during these events, with microphysical changes to clouds as a secondary contributing factor. However, both the thermodynamic and microphysical effects are necessary to produce a realistic simulation.
Use of Botulinum Toxin Injections for the Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure: Results From an American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Survey
Authors: Borsuk Daniel J. , Studniarek Adam , Park John J. , Marecik Slawomir J. , Mellgren Anders , Kochar Kunal 
Published: June 2021

Background Chronic anal fissure (CAF) is commonly treated by colorectal surgeons. Pharmacological treatment is considered first-line therapy. An alternative treatment modality is chemical sphincterotomy with injection of botulinum toxin (BT). However, there is a lack of a consensus on the BT administration procedure among colorectal surgeons. Methods A national survey approved by the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) Executive Council was sent to all members. An eight-question survey was sent via ASCRS email correspondence between December 2019 and February 2020. Questions were derived from available meta-analyses and expert opinions on BT use in CAF patients and included topics such as BT dose, injection technique, and concomitant therapies. The survey was voluntary and anonymous, and all ASCRS members were eligible to complete it. Responses were recorded and analyzed via an online survey platform. Results 216 ASCRS members responded to the survey and 90% inject 50-100U of BT. Most procedures are performed under MAC anesthesia (56%). A majority of respondents (64%) inject into the internal sphincter and a majority (53%) inject into 4 quadrants in the anal canal circumference. Some respondents perform concomitant manual dilatation (34%) or fissurectomy (38%). Concomitant topical muscle relaxing agents are not used uniformly among respondents. Discussion Injection of BT for CAF is used commonly by colorectal surgeons. There is consensus on BT dosage, administration site, technique, and the use of monitored anesthesia care.
The relationship of childhood maltreatment to deviant behaviours among young Iraqi adults: A cross sectional study
Authors: Al Shawi Ameel F. , Sarhan Yassen T. 
Published: June 2021

Background: The exposure to stressful events during childhood may have prolonged effects and is associated with a higher risk of psychopathology during adulthood. Objective: To assess the relationship between exposure to childhood maltreatment and the occurrence of deviant behaviours among Iraqi young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done from October 2018 to April 2019. A non -random convenient sample that consisted of young adults of age between 18 and 20 years. The childhood maltreatment was measured by Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, while the deviant behaviours were assessed by Deviant Behaviour Variety Scale. Results: The participants were 401. There was a positive correlation between ACE score and deviant behaviours score. The male subjects had higher mean of deviant behaviour variety score compare to that of the female subjects. The linear regression model showed that exposure to physical abuse (β = 0.180, p < 0.001), sexual abuse (β = 0.138, p = 0.003) during the first 18 years of age significantly predicts the variety of deviant behaviours. Conclusion: Childhood maltreatment was associated with high risk for deviant behaviours among young Iraqi adults. The physical abuse was the main predictor for deviant behaviours in adulthood.
Circular RNA expression profile in transgenic diabetic mouse kidneys
Authors: Xiong Xuan , Liu Changchun , Shen Meiren , Yang Qian , Zhao Qiang , Li Xiaoyan , Zhong Xiaoshi , Wang Zhiwei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important complications in patients with diabetes. The etiology and pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy remain unclear. Several studies have indicated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in numerous human diseases and normal physiology; however, to date, no study has focused on the comprehensive expression profile of circRNAs in the kidneys of diabetic mice. Therefore, we aimed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs in diabetic mouse kidneys to explore the possible roles of dysregulated circRNAs in diabetic nephropathy development.

Results
Diabetic BKS-Leprem2Cd479/Nju (BKS-DB/Nju) mice and their nondiabetic wild-type littermates of C57BL/KsJ wild-type (WT) mice were used as experimental animals. Among all circRNAs identified by high-throughput RNA sequencing, four circRNAs were upregulated and ten were downregulated in diabetic mouse kidneys compared to those in nondiabetic mouse kidneys. After verification using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays, we found that circR_1084, circR_182, circR_4, circR_50, circR_596, circR_897, and circR_203 were downregulated, whereas circR_627, circR_628, circR_735, and circR_801 were upregulated in the renal tissues of 8- and 16-week-old BKS-DB/Nju mice compared to those in WT mice.

Conclusion
We studied the circRNA expression profile in the kidneys of diabetic mice. Differentially expressed circRNAs may be useful as candidate biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy. Collectively, our results provide a novel theoretical basis for further investigation of the regulatory roles of circRNA in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
A retrospective analysis of high sensitivity cardiac troponin-T ranges in non-myocardial infarction emergency department visits
Authors: Kong Nathan , Chua Rhys F. M. , Besser Stephanie A. , Heelan Louise , Nathan Sandeep , Spiegel Thomas F. , van Wijk Xander M. R. , Tabit Corey E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Current evidence suggests that high sensitivity cardiac troponin-T (hs-cTnT) values differ based on sex, race, age, and kidney function. However, most studies examining the relationship of hs-cTnT and these individual factors are in healthy participants, leading to difficulty in interpreting hs-cTnT values in the Emergency Department (ED) setting. We seek to examine the relationship between hs-cTnT values and sex, race, age, and kidney function in a contemporary, urban academic setting.

Methods
ED visits from June 2018 through April 2019 with at least 1 hs-cTnT and no diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at an academic medical center in the south side of Chicago were retrospectively analyzed. Median hs-cTnT values were stratified by sex (male or female), race (African American or Caucasian), age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and stage of chronic kidney disease.

Results

9679 encounters, representing 7989 distinct patients, were included for analysis (age 58 ± 18 years, 59% female, 85% black). Males had significantly higher median hs-cTnT values than females (16 [8–34] vs. 9 [6–22] ng/L, p < 0.001), African Americans had a significantly lower median value than Caucasians (10 [6–24] vs. 15 [6–29] ng/L, p < 0.001), and those with atrial fibrillation (27 [16–48] vs. 9 [6–19] ng/L, p < 0.001) and heart failure (28 [14–48] vs. 8 [6–15] ng/L, p < 0.001) had higher median values than those without. Median hs-cTnT values increased significantly with increased age and decreased eGFR. All relationships continued to be significant even after multivariable regression of sex, age, race, eGFR, presence of atrial fibrillation, and presence of heart failure (p < 0.01).

Conclusions
Analysis of hs-cTnT in non-AMI patients during ED encounters showed that males have higher values than females, African Americans have lower values than Caucasians, those with atrial fibrillation and heart failure have higher values than those without, and that older age and lower eGFR were associated with higher median values.
Prognostic relevance of elevated plasma osmolality on admission in acute decompensated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from PURSUIT-HFpEF registry
Authors: Nakagawa Akito , Yasumura Yoshio , Yoshida Chikako , Okumura Takahiro , Tateishi Jun , Yoshida Junichi , Tamaki Shunsuke , Yano Masamichi , Hayashi Takaharu , Nakagawa Yusuke , Yamada Takahisa , Nakatani Daisaku , Hikoso Shungo , Sakata Yasushi ,   Osaka CardioVascular Conference (OCVC) Heart Failure Investigators
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Complicated pathophysiology makes it difficult to identify the prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). While plasma osmolality has been reported to have prognostic importance, mainly in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), its prognostic meaning for HFpEF has not been elucidated.

Methods
We prospectively studied 960 patients in PURSUIT-HFpEF, a multicenter observational study of acute decompensated HFpEF inpatients. We divided patients into three groups according to the quantile values of plasma osmolality on admission. During a follow-up averaging 366 days, we examined the primary composite endpoint of cardiac mortality or heart failure re-admission using Kaplan–Meier curve analysis and Cox proportional hazard testing.

Results
216 (22.5%) patients reached the primary endpoint. Kaplan–Meier curve analysis revealed that the highest quantile of plasma osmolality on admission (higher than 300.3 mOsm/kg) was significantly associated with adverse outcomes (Log-rank P = 0.0095). Univariable analysis in the Cox proportional hazard model also revealed significantly higher rates of adverse outcomes in the higher plasma osmolality on admission (hazard ratio [HR] 7.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.25–23.92, P = 0.0009). Multivariable analysis in the Cox proportional hazard model also showed that higher plasma osmolality on admission was significantly associated with adverse outcomes (HR 5.47; 95% CI 1.46–21.56, P = 0.0113) independently from other confounding factors such as age, gender, comorbid of atrial fibrillation, hypertension history, diabetes, anemia, malnutrition, E/e′, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide elevation.

Conclusions
Higher plasma osmolality on admission was prognostically important for acute decompensated HFpEF inpatients.
Coordinated action of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins on competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network members in primary human keratinocytes
Authors: László Brigitta , Antal László , Gyöngyösi Eszter , Szalmás Anita , Póliska Szilárd , Veress György , Kónya József 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
miRNAs and lncRNAs can regulate cellular biological processes both under physiological and pathological conditions including tumour initiation and progression. Interactions between differentially expressed diverse RNA species, as a part of a complex intracellular regulatory network (ceRNA network), may contribute also to the pathogenesis of HPV-associated cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the global expression changes of miRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs driven by the E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV16, and construct a corresponding ceRNA regulatory network of coding and non-coding genes to suggest a regulatory network associated with high-risk HPV16 infections. Furthermore, additional GO and KEGG analyses were performed to understand the consequences of mRNA expression alterations on biological processes.

Methods
Small and large RNA deep sequencing were performed to detect expression changes of miRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs in primary human keratinocytes expressing HPV16 E6, E7 or both oncoproteins. The relationships between lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were predicted by using StarBase v2.0, DianaTools-LncBase v.2 and miRTarBase. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was visualized with Cytoscape v3.4.0. GO and KEEG pathway enrichment analysis was performed using DAVID v6.8.

Results
We revealed that 85 miRNAs in 21 genomic clusters and 41 lncRNAs were abnormally expressed in HPV E6/E7 expressing cells compared with controls. We constructed a ceRNA network with members of 15 lncRNAs – 43 miRNAs – 358 mRNAs with significantly altered expressions. GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses identified numerous cancer related genes, furthermore we recognized common miRNAs as key regulatory elements in biological pathways associated with tumorigenesis driven by HPV16.

Conclusions
The multiple molecular changes driven by E6 and E7 oncoproteins resulting in the malignant transformation of HPV16 host cells occur, at least in part, due to the abnormal alteration in expression and function of non-coding RNA molecules through their intracellular competing network.
Disc hemorrhage following peripapillary retinoschisis in glaucoma: a case report
Authors: Lee Won June , Seong Mincheol 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Disc hemorrhage (DH) is an important factor often associated with the development and especially progression of glaucoma. In contrast, some studies have reported peripapillary retinoschisis in glaucoma, but it is not recognized as a pathognomonic finding, and opinions on the clinical significance of retinoschisis are not consistent. Here,we present the case of DH following peripapillary retinoschisis in the same area within the same glaucomatous eye.

Case presentation
A 70-year-old man with high intraocular pressure (IOP) was referred to the glaucoma clinic. At the time of the baseline study, the IOP was 30mmHg, and peripapillary retinoschisis was discovered at 7 o’clock on the periphery of the optic nerve with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Accompanying retinal nerve fiber layer defect were manifest in the inferotemporal part with red-free fundus photography. Under the impression of open-angle glaucoma, we prescribe latanoprost ophthalmic solution. Eight months later, the IOP was 17mmHg, and the peripapillary retinoschisis had disappeared. DH was observed in the inferotemporal area in the same direction as that of the previous peripapillary retinoschisis.

Conclusions
The case presented here are the first to report on the relationship between peripapillary retinoschisis and DH. Hopefully future studies will reveal the actual connection between peripapillary retinoschisis and DH.
A multicentric study on stigma towards people with mental illness in health sciences students
Authors: Masedo Ana , Grandón Pamela , Saldivia Sandra , Vielma-Aguilera Alexis , Castro-Alzate Elvis S. , Bustos Claudio , Romero-López-Alberca Cristina , Pena-Andreu J. Miguel , Xavier Miguel , Moreno-Küstner Berta 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
There is evidence of negative attitudes among health professionals towards people with mental illness but there is also a knowledge gap on what training must be given to these health professionals during their education. The purpose of this study is to compare the attitudes of students of health sciences: nursing, medical, occupational therapy, and psychology.

Methods
A comparative and cross-sectional study in which 927 final-year students from health sciences university programmes were evaluated using the Mental Illness: Clinicians’ Attitudes (both MICA-2 and MICA-4) scale. The sample was taken in six universities from Chile and Spain.

Results
We found consistent results indicating that stigma varies across university programmes. Medical and nursing students showed more negative attitudes than psychology and occupational therapy students in several stigma-related themes: recovery, dangerousness, uncomfortability, disclosure, and discriminatory behaviour.

Conclusions
Our study presents a relevant description of the attitudes of each university programme for education against stigma in the formative years. Results show that the biomedical understanding of mental disorders can have negative effects on attitudes, and that education based on the psychosocial model allows a more holistic view of the person over the diagnosis.
A quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation strategies to reduce highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subtype H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) in the Menoufia governorate, Egypt
Authors: Elsobky Yumna , Nganwa David , El Afandi Gamal , Byomi Ahmed , Reddy Gopal , Abdalla Ehsan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
The poultry industry in Egypt has been suffering from endemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H5N1 since 2006. However, the emergence of H9N2, H5N8, and H5N2 in 2011, 2016, and 2019 respectively, has aggravated the situation. Our objective was to evaluate how effective are the mitigation strategies by a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) model which used daily outbreak data of HPAI-H5N1 subtype in Egypt, stratified by different successive epidemic waves from 2006 to 2016.

Results
By applying the epidemiologic problem-oriented approach methodology, a conceptual scenario tree was drawn based on the knowledgebase. Monte Carlo simulations of QRA parameters based on outbreak data were performed using @Risk software based on a scenario-driven decision tree. In poultry farms, the expected probability of HPAI H5N1 prevalence is 48% due to failure of mitigation strategies in 90% of the time during Monte Carlo simulations. Failure of efficacy of these mitigations will raise prevalence to 70% with missed vaccination, while failure in detection by surveillance activities will raise it to 99%. In backyard poultry farms, the likelihood of still having a high HPAI-H5N1 prevalence in different poultry types due to failure of passive and active surveillance varies between domestic, mixed and reservoir. In mixed poultry, the probability of HPAI-H5N1 not detected by surveillance was the highest with a mean and a SD of 16.8 × 10–3 and 3.26 × 10–01 respectively. The sensitivity analysis ranking for the likelihood of HPAI-H5N1 in poultry farms due to missed vaccination, failure to be detected by passive and active surveillance was examined. Among poultry farms, increasing vaccination by 1 SD will decrease the prevalence by 14%, while active and passive surveillance decreases prevalence by 12, and 6%, respectively. In backyard, the active surveillance had high impact in decreasing the prevalence by 16% in domestic chicken. Whereas the passive surveillance had less impact in decreasing prevalence by 14% in mixed poultry and 3% in domestic chicken.

Conclusion
It could be concluded that the applied strategies were not effective in controlling the spread of the HPAI-H5N1 virus. Public health officials should take into consideration the evaluation of their control strategies in their response.
GNG5 is a novel oncogene associated with cell migration, proliferation, and poor prognosis in glioma
Authors: Zhang Wang , Liu Zhendong , Liu Binchao , Jiang Miaomiao , Yan Shi , Han Xian , Shen Hong , Na Meng , Wang Yanbiao , Ren Zhishuai , Liu Binfeng , Jiang Zhenfeng , Gao Yanzheng , Lin Zhiguo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough many biomarkers have been reported for detecting glioma, the prognosis for the disease remains poor, and therefore, new biomarkers need to be identified.GNG5, which is part of the G-protein family, has been associated with different malignant tumors, though the role ofGNG5in glioma has not been studied. Therefore, we aimed to identify the relationship betweenGNG5and glioma prognosis and identify a new biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of gliomas.MethodsWe used data on more than a thousand gliomas from multiple databases and clinical data to determine the expression ofGNG5in glioma. Based on clinical data and CGGA database, we identified the correlation betweenGNG5and multiple molecular and clinical features and prognosis using various analytical methods. Co-expression analysis and GSEA were performed to detectGNG5-related genes in glioma and possible signaling pathways involved. ESTIMATE, ssGSEA, and TIMER were used to detect the relationship betweenGNG5and the immune microenvironment. Functional experiments were performed to explore the function ofGNG5in glioma cells.ResultsGNG5is highly expressed in gliomas, and its expression level is positively correlated with pathological grade, histological type, age, and tumor recurrence and negatively correlated with isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, 1p/19 co-deletion, and chemotherapy. Moreover,GNG5as an independent risk factor was negatively correlated with the overall survival time. GSEA revealed the potential signaling pathways involved inGNG5function in gliomas, including cell adhesion molecules signaling pathway. The ssGSEA, ESTIMATE, and TIMER based analysis indicated a correlation betweenGNG5expression and various immune cells in glioma. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed thatGNG5could participate in glioma cell proliferation and migration.ConclusionsBased on the large data platform and the use of different databases to corroborate results obtained using various datasets, as well as in vitro and in vivo experiments, our study reveals for the first time thatGNG5, as an oncogene, is overexpressed in gliomas and can inhibit the proliferation and migration of glioma cells and lead to poor prognosis of patients. Thus,GNG5is a potential novel biomarker for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gliomas.