bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diverse mixing states of amine-containing single particles in Nanjing, China
Authors: Zhong Qi En , Cheng Chunlei , Wang Zaihua , Li Lei , Li Mei , Ge Dafeng , Wang Lei , Li Yuanyuan , Nie Wei , Chi Xuguang , Ding Aijun , Yang Suxia , Chen Duohong , Zhou Zhen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The mixing states of particulate amines with different chemical components are of great significance in studying the formation and evolution processes of amine-containing particles. In this work, the mixing states of single particles containing trimethylamine (TMA) and diethylamine (DEA) are investigated using a high-performance single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer located in Nanjing, China, in September 2019. TMA- and DEA-containing particles accounted for 22.8 % and 5.5 % of the total detected single particles, respectively. The particle count and abundance of the TMA-containing particles in the total particles notably increased with enhancement of ambient relative humidity (RH), while the DEA-containing particles showed no increase under a high RH. This result suggested the important role of RH in the formation of particulate TMA. Significant enrichments of secondary organic species, including
43C2H3O+, 26CN−, 42CNO−, 73C3H5O2-, and 89HC2O4-, were
found in DEA-containing particles, indicating that DEA-containing particles
were closely associated with the aging of secondary organics. The
differential mass spectra of the DEA-containing particles showed a much higher abundance of nitrate and organic nitrogen species during the nighttime than during the daytime, which suggested that the nighttime production of particulate DEA might be associated with reactions of gaseous DEA with HNO3 and/or particulate nitrate. In the daytime, the decrease in DEA-containing particles was observed with the enrichment of oxalate and
glyoxylate, which suggested a substantial impact of photochemistry on the
aging process of DEA-containing particles. Furthermore, more than 80 %
of TMA- and DEA-containing particles internally mixed with nitrate, while
the abundance of sulfate was higher in the DEA-containing particles
(79.3 %) than in the TMA-containing particles (55.3 %). This suggested
that particulate DEA existed both as nitrate and sulfate aminium salts,
while the particulate TMA primarily presented as nitrate aminium salt. The
different mixing states of the TMA- and DEA-containing particles suggested
their different formation processes and various influencing factors, which
are difficult to investigate using bulk analysis. These results provide
insights into the discriminated fates of organics during the evolution
process in aerosols, which helps to illustrate the behavior of secondary
organic aerosols.
Evolution under dark conditions of particles from old and modern diesel vehicles in a new environmental chamber characterized with fresh exhaust emissions
Authors: Vansevenant Boris , Louis Cédric , Ferronato Corinne , Fine Ludovic , Tassel Patrick , Perret Pascal , Kostenidou Evangelia , Temime-Roussel Brice , D'Anna Barbara , Sartelet Karine , Cerezo Véronique , Liu Yao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric particles have several impacts on health and the environment, especially in urban areas. Parts of those particles are not fresh and have undergone atmospheric chemical and physical processes. Due to a lack of representativeness of experimental conditions and experimental artifacts such as particle wall losses in chambers, there are uncertainties on the effects of physical processes (condensation, nucleation and
coagulation) and their role in particle evolution from modern vehicles. This study develops a new method to correct wall losses, accounting for
size dependence and experiment-to-experiment variations. It is applied to the evolution of fresh diesel exhaust particles to characterize the physical
processes which they undergo. The correction method is based on the black
carbon decay and a size-dependent coefficient to correct particle
distributions. Six diesel passenger cars, Euro 3 to Euro 6, were driven on a chassis dynamometer with Artemis Urban cold start and Artemis Motorway cycles. Exhaust was injected in an 8 m3 chamber with Teflon walls. The
physical evolution of particles was characterized during 6 to 10 h.
Increase in particle mass is observed even without photochemical reactions due to the presence of intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds. These compounds were quantified at
emission and induce a particle mass increase up to 17 % h−1, mainly for the older vehicles (Euro 3 and Euro 4). Condensation is 4 times
faster when the available particle surface is multiplied by 6.5. If initial particle number concentration is below [8–9] × 104 cm−3, a nucleation mode seems to be present but not
measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The growth of nucleation-mode particles results in an increase in measured [PN]. Above this threshold, particle number concentration decreases due to coagulation, up to −27 % h−1. Under those conditions, the chamber and experimental setup are well suited to characterizing and quantifying the process of coagulation.
Soil organic carbon stabilization mechanisms and temperature sensitivity in old terraced soils
Authors: Zhao Pengzhi , Fallu Daniel Joseph , Cucchiaro Sara , Tarolli Paolo , Waddington Clive , Cockcroft David , Snape Lisa , Lang Andreas , Doetterl Sebastian , Brown Antony G. , Van Oost Kristof 
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Being the most common human-created landforms, terrace construction has resulted in an extensive perturbation of the land surface. However, our
mechanistic understanding of soil organic carbon (SOC) (de-)stabilization mechanisms and the persistence of SOC stored in terraced soils is far from
complete. Here we explored the factors controlling SOC stability and the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of abandoned prehistoric agricultural
terrace soils in NE England using soil fractionation and temperature-sensitive incubation combined with terrace soil burial-age
measurements. Results showed that although buried terrace soils contained 1.7 times more unprotected SOC (i.e., coarse particulate organic carbon)
than non-terraced soils at comparable soil depths, a significantly lower potential soil respiration was observed relative to a control
(non-terraced) profile. This suggests that the burial of former topsoil due to terracing provided a mechanism for stabilizing SOC. Furthermore, we
observed a shift in SOC fraction composition from particulate organic C towards mineral-protected C with increasing burial age. This clear
shift to more processed recalcitrant SOC with soil burial age also contributes to SOC stability in terraced soils. Temperature sensitivity
incubations revealed that the dominant controls on Q10 depend on the terrace soil burial age. At relatively younger ages of soil burial, the
reduction in substrate availability due to SOC mineral protection with aging attenuates the intrinsic Q10 of SOC decomposition. However, as
terrace soil becomes older, SOC stocks in deep buried horizons are characterized by a higher temperature sensitivity, potentially resulting from the
poor SOC quality (i.e., soil C:N ratio). In conclusion, terracing in our study site has stabilized SOC as a result of soil burial
during terrace construction. The depth–age patterns of Q10 and SOC fraction composition of terraced soils observed in our study site differ
from those seen in non-terraced soils, and this has implications when assessing the effects of climate warming and terrace abandonment on the
terrestrial C cycle.
Towards using state-of-the-art climate models to help constrain estimates of unprecedented UK storm surges
Authors: Howard Tom , Williams Simon David Paul 
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Our ability to quantify the likelihood of present-day extreme sea level (ESL) events is limited by the length of tide gauge records around the UK, and this results in substantial uncertainties in return level curves at many sites. In this work, we explore the potential for a state-of-the-art climate model, HadGEM3-GC3, to help refine our
understanding of present-day coastal flood risk associated with extreme storm surges, which are the dominant driver of ESL events for the UK and wider European shelf seas. We use a 483-year present-day control simulation from HadGEM3-GC3-MM
(1/4∘ ocean, approx. 60 km atmosphere in mid-latitudes) to drive a north-west European shelf seas model and generate a new dataset of simulated UK storm surges. The variable analysed is the skew surge (the difference between the high water level and the predicted astronomical high tide), which is widely used in analysis of storm surge events. The modelling system can simulate skew surge events comparable to the catastrophic 1953 North Sea storm surge, which resulted in widespread flooding, evacuation of 32 000 people, and hundreds of fatalities across the UK alone, along with many hundreds more in mainland Europe. Our model simulations show good agreement with an independent re-analysis of the 1953 surge event at the mouth of the river Thames. For that site, we also revisit the assumption of skew surge and tide independence. Our model results suggest that at that site for the most extreme surges, tide–surge interaction significantly attenuates extreme skew surges on a spring tide compared to a neap tide. Around the UK coastline, the extreme tail shape parameters diagnosed from our simulation correlate very well (Pearson's r greater than 0.85), in terms of spatial variability, with those used in the UK government's current guidance (which are diagnosed from tide gauge observations), but ours have smaller uncertainties. Despite the strong correlation, our diagnosed shape parameters are biased low relative to the current guidance. This bias is also seen when we replace HadGEM3-GC3-MM with a reanalysis, so we conclude that the bias is likely associated with limitations in the shelf sea model used here. Overall, the work suggests that climate model simulations may prove useful as an additional line of evidence to inform assessments of present-day coastal flood risk.
Carbon cycle in tropical upland ecosystems: a global review
Authors: Castillo-Figueroa Dennis 
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Along with habitat transformation, climate change has profound impacts on biodiversity and may alter ecosystem services on which human welfare depends. Many studies of the carbon cycle have focused on lowland tropical forests; however, upland forests have been less explored despite their pivotal role in carbon sequestration. Here, I synthesized the state of knowledge on the allocation of carbon in its different stocks (aboveground, belowground, and soil) as well as in its main fluxes (plant decomposition, respiration, and litterfall) in tropical upland ecosystems of the planet. In November 2020, a systematic review was carried out to identify references published from 2000 to 2020 through a combination of key terms in Google Scholar and Scopus databases, thus analysing bibliographic, geographical, methodological, and carbon cycling information of the global upland tropics (between 23.5∘ N–23.5∘ S). After analysing a total of 1967 references according to inclusion–exclusion criteria, 135 references published in the last 20 years were selected. Most of the studies were conducted in the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest of South America. The main factors studied were elevation and forest type. Forest structure and soil variables were largely associated when studying carbon cycling in these ecosystems. Estimations of carbon stocks comprised three-fourths of the total studies, while the remaining fraction focused on carbon fluxes. Aboveground biomass and carbon in soils were highly investigated, while plant decomposition and respiration were the components that received the least attention. Even though in the last 20 years there was a slight increase in the number of studies on carbon cycle in tropical upland forests, I found bias associated with the biomes and ecoregions studied (especially in the Andes). Elevation was the main factor examined but other essential aspects such as the successional gradient, landscape management, diversity–productivity relationship, faunal and microbial effect, trophic cascades, and Gadgil effect require more attention. The inclusion of different litter species and origins (i.e. roots and stems) and theoretical frameworks including home-field advantage, substrate–matrix interaction, and phenology–substrate match may provide explanatory mechanisms to better understand litter decomposition over these forests. Despite respiration being a paramount link that is closely tied to above- and belowground compartment, this flux constitutes one of the important gaps to fulfil in future research. For a comprehensive understanding of the carbon cycle in upland forests, it is necessary to obtain information on its main fluxes and integrate them into climate change mitigation plans.
Potensi Antibakteri Sediaan Sabun Cair Ekstrak Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
Authors: Rahmawati Ismi , Maulida Riesky , Aisyah Siti 
Published: December 2021

Ekstrak kulit buah nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang menyebabkan infeksi pada kulit. Salah satu pencegahan infeksi dengan menggunakan sabun cuci tangan antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat mutu fisik, stabilitas dan aktivitas antibakteri dari sediaan sabun cair ekstrak kuit nanas terhadap S. aureus ATCC 25923.
Ekstrak kulit buah nanas yang diperoleh dari maserasi dengan pelarut ethanol 70%, diformulasikan menjadi sabun cair cuci tangan. Formulasi sabun cair dibuat dengan masing-masing konsentrasi 3%, 6%, dan 9%. Sediaan sabun cair setiap formula di uji mutu fisik dengan parameter organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, berat jenis, viskositas, tinggi busa. Uji stabilitas dengan metode freeze thaw dengan parameter organoleptis, pH, dan viskositas. Hasil formulasi diuji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus ATCC 25923 dengan metode difusi sumuran. Sediaan dilakukan uji panelis dengan beberapa responden. Analisis data mutu fisik, stabilitas dan aktivitas diuji statistik SPSS dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%.
Ekstrak kulit nanas mengandung senyawa kimia flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin dan fenol. Hasil uji mutu fisik ketiga formula sabun cair ekstrak kulit nanas memiliki kualitas mutu fisik yang sesuai SNI 2588:2017. Uji stabilitas dengan metode freeze thaw ketiga sediaan stabil sampai siklus ke lima (satu siklus 48 jam). Ketiga formula sediaan sabun cair memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus ATCC 25923. Formula dengan konsentrasi 9% tidak berbeda signifikan dengan kontrol positif dan memiliki diameter daya hambat yang paling tinggi sebesar 21,78±0,84mm. Sediaan dengan konsentrasi 9% paling disukai para panelis.
Upper thermal threshold of Lepidurus arcticus (Branchiopoda, Notostraca) in lakes on the southern outreach of its distribution range
Authors: Qvenild Tore , Fjeld Eirik , Fjellheim Arne , Hammar Johan , Hesthagen Trygve , Lakka Hanna-Kaisa 
Published: December 2021

The Arctic tadpole shrimp Lepidurus arcticus has a circumpolar distribution and the Scandes (Fennoscandian Mountains) marks its southernmost limit in Europe. Within this area, 391 natural and 88 regulated lakes with L. arcticus have been identified, of which 87% are above the treeline. The lakes hosting L. arcticus decrease in altitude from south to north, which results from its temperature preferences. The majority of the locations are at a lower lake air temperature than 11°C which is equivalent to a water temperature near 14°C. This is assumed to be near the upper thermal threshold for L. arcticus. In lakes that exceed this average summer water temperature (1 July – 15 September), sustainable populations seem to be rare. In warmer lakes, life cycle mismatches are assumed to explain the absence of L. arcticus, most likely by affecting the embryo and juvenile stages. The distribution appears to be dichotomous, with one large northern area north of 65°N and one separated southern “island”. Only two locations of L. arcticus are known for the area between latitudes 62.88 and 64.39°N. In this part of the Scandes, the lakes are likely too warm to host L. arcticus as most of them are situated below 700 m a.s.l. This may also be the case in the northernmost region, north of 70°N, where only 11 populations are recorded. Most of the lakes in this area typically occurs below 400 m a.s.l. L. arcticus populations are sensitive to fish predation, and dense fish populations may be another stressor limiting its distribution. In contrast to water bodies in the High Arctic where L. arcticus only exists in shallow, fishless ponds, in the Scandes they co-exist with fish in 97% of the findings. Global warming has already modified the environment of the Scandes, and populations of L. arcticus are at threat in many of the small and shallow water bodies at low altitudes.
Ideology, Morality, and Metaphor in Indigenous History: A New Zealand Case Study
Authors: Moon Paul 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The rise in the practice of “indigenous history” in New Zealand has occurred partially in response to the perceived need to revise historical narratives that have allegedly contributed to perpetuating the subjugation of the indigenous Māori population. This explicitly ideological orientation positions the researching and writing of indigenous history as a means to an extra-historical end: the transformation of “history into justice.” It also imposes a moral function on indigenous history, requiring historical evidence to be configured in order to conform to the postmodernist historical metanarrative. This work surveys some of the implications of such an approach to the practice of history.
End(s) of the Harmonization in the European Union: Centrifuging or Engineering?
Authors: Unver Mehmet Bilal 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The European Union (EU) harmonization has an evolving and dynamic nature. Different theoretical approaches (e.g., regulatory competition, coevolution, reflexive harmonization) are often echoed to delve into the EU harmonization. This article, going through these theories, endeavors to explain the harmonization discourse in the EU with a focus on the electronic communications sector. To understand the trajectory of the EU harmonization in this sector, two areas (“network access” and “spectrum regulation”) are selected as the subject-matter of the research. In conclusion, the legislative steps taken so far are found to restrict regulatory experimentation and innovation that this sector needs in the face of increasing challenges.
MIGRATION AND CORONACRISIS: CONSEQUENCES, PROSPECTS, DIRECTIONS OF RESPONSE
Authors: Malynovska Olena 
Published: December 2021

Labor migration abroad has a significant impact on the socio-economic and demographic development of Ukraine. Therefore, awareness of the consequences of the pandemic for migration processes, taking into account the migration component in developing a strategy for overcoming the crisis is extremely important. The article focuses on finding the key answers to adequately respond to migration challenges. The question is: ‘How does the crisis affect the situation of migrants? How does the crisis affect the intensity and direction of migration flows? How will these changes affect the development of the Ukrainian economy and society?’ There is not enough data on the dynamics of modern international migration. Therefore, the review of the hypothetical migration situation, as well as the development of recommendations for possible policy solutions, are based not only on their analysis, but also on generalizing the effects of previous economic crises on migration processes, identification and extrapolation to modern realities of their essential characteristics.
During the crisis, the demand for additional labor from abroad is declining, but this leads not so much to the return of migrants to their homeland, as to a decrease in emigration, but rather to its postponement. Not all countries and not all sectors of the economy are experiencing the crisis in the same way, so there is a flow of migrants from one area of employment to another, from the most affected by the crisis countries to more prosperous. It is not so much the power of migration flows that changes, but their direction and characteristics.
The return of migrants to Ukraine has not become widespread, it is only temporary, moreover, if the economic situation in the country will deteriorate, and in the countries of destination economic recovery will be successful, labor migration may intensify. Given the continuing labor migration from Ukraine, the state should significantly intensify its efforts to protect the rights and interests of Ukrainian citizens abroad. It is necessary to ensure access of migrants to medical services, social assistance, unemployment benefits, etc., to intensify the negotiation process with the countries of residence of migrant workers. Particular attention needs to be paid to supporting the repatriation flow, which can help reduce the shortage of workers needed by the economy, to serve a faster way out of the crisis.
THE RISE OF CHINA: IMPACT ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
Authors: Kapitonenko Mykola 
Published: December 2021

The article examines manifestations of China’s rise and the attendant risks for the international security system.
The author draws on a set of key approaches to measuring state power in his analysis of China’s hard and soft power as well as its structural capabilities. It has been demonstrated that China is closing the gap on the USA on key power indicators – the economic capabilities and military resources. However, a number of factors are slowing down its progress. With regard to the structural power, soft power and potential to engage allies the USA continues to hold significant advantages.
China’s hegemonic aspirations bring about considerable structural transformations into international politics and impact international security. Redistribution of power and influence would reconfigure alliances, and impose new limitations on the actions and expectations of states. The rise of China and growing tensions between China and the USA would cause a complex and large-scale impact on the security of not only those two states, but the rest of the world as well. At both global and bilateral levels, security institutions and structures will undergo changes.
The rise of bipolarity will escalate the standoff. The USA and China may become hostages to Thucydides Trap, whereby steps to maximize one’s security will lead to a greater threat – and eventually to a devastating conflict – as the other party will also try to reciprocate. China's rise may also pose a security dilemma for potential allies of both countries, weaken international institutions of cooperation and security, and engender a deep crisis of confidence.
Scenarios of how the system of international security could respond are examined from the perspective of a security dilemma, power transition theory, and hegemonic stability theory. While both theories view the situation as challenging, they differ in their analysis of the sources and scale of risks.
SPS-Bansho untuk Meningkatkan Aktivitas Belajar Matematika Peserta Didik SMPN 18 Tangerang
Authors: Rini Dyah Sinto 
Published: December 2021

This article is a best practice implemented by applying the learning model of SPS-Bansho (Structured Problem Solving using Bansho) at SMPN 18 Tangerang. This best practice has succeeded in increasing students’ mathematics learning activities during the learning process. The observation sheet was used to observe the students’ mathematics learning activities. All indicators of students’ mathematics learning activities were observed during the learning process. Students were challenged more to ask questions during a group or class discussions. They were able to respond to their friends' opinions well, participate in groups, and help friends in completing assignments. Students presented their work in front of the class, and they could summarize the material they have learned.