bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generating and selecting resilient and maintainable locators for Web automated testing
Authors: Nguyen Vu , To Thanh , Diep Gia‐Han 
Published: February 2021

SummaryWeb user interface (UI) test automation strategies have been dominated by programmable and record–playback approaches. Of these, record–playback allows creating automation tests easily and reduces the cost of test generation. However, this approach increases the cost of test maintenance due to its unstable generated locators for identifying UI objects during playback. In this paper, we propose a new approach to generating and selecting resilient and maintainable locators. Our approach consists of two parts, a new XPath construction method and selecting the best XPath to locate the target element. Our XPath construction method relies on semantic structures of Web pages to locate the target element using its neighbors. We conducted an experiment on 15 popular websites. The results show that our approach outperforms the state‐of‐the‐practice/art Selenium IDE and Robula+ in locating target elements by effectively avoiding wrong locators. It also produces more readable XPaths (hence more maintainable tests) than do these approaches.
Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary viral disease: A review
Authors: Namazi Fatemeh , Khodakaram Tafti Azizollah 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLumpy skin disease is an emerging bovine viral disease, which is endemic in most African countries and some Middle East ones, and the elevated risk of the spread of disease into the rest of Asia and Europe should be considered. The recent rapid spread of disease in currently disease‐free countries indicates the importance of understanding the limitations and routes of distribution. The causative agent, Capripoxvirus, can also induce sheeppox and goatpox. The economic significance of these diseases is of great concern, given that they threaten international trade and could be used as economic bioterrorism agents. The distribution of capripoxviruses seems to be expanding due to limited access to effective vaccines and poverty within farming communities. This is largely due to the economic effects of the Covid‐19 pandemic and the imposition of crippling sanctions in endemic regions, as well as an increase in the legal and illegal trade of live animals and animal products, and also global climate change. The present review is designed to provide existing information on the various aspects of the disease such as its clinicopathology, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures, and the potential role of wildlife in the further spread of disease.
Improvement of wastewater sludge dewatering using ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, and calcium oxide (experimental investigation and descriptive statistical analysis)
Authors: Ranjbar Flora , Karrabi Mohsen , Danesh Shahnaz , Gheibi Mohammad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this research, application of chemical conditioners for the conditioning of sludge and their effects on the improvement of sludge thickening of the wastewater treatment plant in the city of Bojnourd (Iran) is investigated. The concentration of chemical conditioners, pH and coagulation and flocculation time is from among the parameters studied in this research work. The results obtained indicate that sludge volume reduction for the chemical conditioners used, including Ferric Chloride (FeCl3), Aluminum Sulfate (Al2 (SO4)3), and Calcium Oxide (CaO) are 41, 17, and 33 percent, respectively. The optimal concentration for FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, and CaO are 550, 1100, and 292 mg/L, respectively, and the optimal values of pH are 9, 7.5, and 10, respectively. The time to filtration (TTF) and reduction in sludge moisture content (SMC) for Ferric Chloride, Aluminum Sulfate, and Calcium Oxide are 45 s and 6.2%, 135 s and 3.3%, 190 s and 2.4% respectively.Practitioner points

Investigating the sludge conditioning by Ferric Chloride, Aluminum Sulfate, and Calcium Oxide.
Determining the optimal concentration, pH, and coagulation/flocculation time.
Calculating the time to filtration (TTF) and reduction in sludge moisture content (SMC).
Predicting the settled sludge volume using descriptive statistical analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Deborah C. , Kerns Becky K. , Patel-Weynand Toral , Finch Deborah M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInvasive species are a historical, long-term, and continually growing threat to the ecology, economy, and infrastructure of the United States. Widely recognized as one of the most serious threats to the health, sustainability, and productivity of native ecosystems, invasive species issues have commonly been viewed as problems specific to Federal, State, and private landowners. However, it is increasingly apparent that the impacts from these species are all encompassing, affecting ecosystem processes in addition to the economics of land management, public and private infrastructure, the energy sector, international trade, cultural practices, and many other sectors in the United States.
Tools and Technologies for Quantifying Spread and Impacts of Invasive Species
Authors: Reeves Matt , Ibáñez Inés , Blumenthal Dana , Chen Gang , Guo Qinfeng , Jarnevich Catherine , Koch Jennifer , Sapio Frank , Schwartz Michael K. , Meentemeyer Ross K. , Wylie Bruce K. , Boyte Stephen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe need for tools and technologies for understanding and quantifying invasive species has never been greater. Rates of infestation vary on the species or organism being examined across the United States, and notable examples can be found. For example, from 2001 to 2003 alone, ash (Fraxinusspp.) mortality progressed at a rate of 12.97 km year−1(Siegert et al. 2014), and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is expected to increase dominance on 14% of Great Basin rangelands (Boyte et al. 2016). The magnitude and scope of problems that invasive species present suggest novel approaches for detection and management are needed, especially those that enable more cost-effective solutions. The advantages of using technologically advanced approaches and tools are numerous, and the quality and quantity of available information can be significantly enhanced by their use. They can also play a key role in development of decision-support systems; they are meant to be integrated with other systems, such as inventory and monitoring, because often the tools are applied after a species of interest has been detected and a threat has been identified. In addition, the inventory systems mentioned in Chap.10are regularly used in calibrating and validating models and decision-support systems. For forested areas, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data are most commonly used (e.g., Václavík et al. 2015) given the long history of the program. In non-forested systems, national inventory datasets have not been around as long (see Chap.10), but use of these data to calibrate and validate spatial models is growing. These inventory datasets include the National Resources Inventory (NRI) (e.g., Duniway et al. 2012) and the Assessment Inventory and Monitoring program (AIM) (e.g., McCord et al. 2017). Similarly, use of the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) database is growing as well (e.g., Evangelista et al. 2017). The consistent protocols employed by these programs prove valuable for developing better tools, but the data they afford are generally limited for some tools because the sampling intensity is too low.
Impacts of Invasive Species in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States
Authors: Mayfield Albert E. , Seybold Steven J. , Haag Wendell R. , Johnson M. Tracy , Kerns Becky K. , Kilgo John C. , Larkin Daniel J. , Lucardi Rima D. , Moltzan Bruce D. , Pearson Dean E. , Rothlisberger John D. , Schardt Jeffrey D. , Schwartz Michael K. , Young Michael K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe introduction, establishment, and spread of invasive species in terrestrial and aquatic environments is widely recognized as one of the most serious threats to the health, sustainability, and productivity of native ecosystems (Holmes et al. 2009; Mack et al. 2000; Pyšek et al. 2012; USDA Forest Service 2013). In the United States, invasive species are the second leading cause of native species endangerment and extinction, and their costs to society have been estimated at $120 billion annually (Crowl et al. 2008; Pimentel et al. 2000, 2005). These costs include lost production and revenue from agricultural and forest products, compromised use of waterways and terrestrial habitats, harm to human and animal health, reduced property values and recreational opportunities, and diverse costs associated with managing (e.g., monitoring, preventing, controlling, and regulating) invasive species (Aukema et al. 2011; Pimentel et al. 2005). The national significance of these economic, ecological, and social impacts in the United States has prompted various actions by both legislative and executive branches of the Federal Government (e.g., the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990; the Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Act of 2002; Executive Order 13112 of 1999, amended in 2016).
Effects of Climate Change on Invasive Species
Authors: Finch Deborah M. , Butler Jack L. , Runyon Justin B. , Fettig Christopher J. , Kilkenny Francis F. , Jose Shibu , Frankel Susan J. , Cushman Samuel A. , Cobb Richard C. , Dukes Jeffrey S. , Hicke Jeffrey A. , Amelon Sybill K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMean surface temperatures have increased globally by ~0.7 °C per century since 1900 and 0.16 °C per decade since 1970 (Levinson and Fettig 2014). Most of this warming is believed to result from increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activity. Temperature increases have been greater in winter than in summer, and there is a tendency for these increases to be manifested mainly by changes in minimum (nighttime low) temperatures (Kukla and Karl 1993). Changes in precipitation patterns have also been observed, but are more variable than those of temperature. Even under conservative emission scenarios, future climatic changes are likely to include further increases in temperature with significant drying (drought) in some regions and increases in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events (IPCC 2007). For example, multimodel means of annual temperature from climate projections predict an increase of 3–9 °C in the United States over the next century combined with reductions in summer precipitation in certain areas (Walsh et al. 2014). These changes will affect invasive species in several ways. Furthermore, climate change may challenge the way we perceive and consider nonnative invasive species, as impacts to some will change and others will remain unaffected; other nonnative species are likely to become invasive; and native species are likely to shift their geographic ranges into novel habitats.
Management of Landscapes for Established Invasive Species
Authors: Poland Therese M. , Juzwik Jennifer , Rowley Allen , Huebner Cynthia D. , Kilgo John C. , Lopez Vanessa M. , Olson Deanna H. , Pearson Dean E. , Progar Robert , Rabaglia Robert , Rothlisberger John D. , Runyon Justin B. , Sing Sharlene E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLong-term management strategies are invoked once an invasive species has become established and spread beyond feasible limits for eradication or containment. Although an invasive species may be well-established in small to large geographical areas, prevention of its spread to non-affected areas (e.g., sites, regions, and cross-continent) through early detection and monitoring is an important management activity. The level for management of established invasive species in the United States has increasingly shifted to larger geographical scales in the past several decades. Management of an invasive fish may occur at the watershed level in the western States, with watershed levels defined by their hydrologic unit codes (HUC) ranging from 2 digits at the coarsest level to 8 digits at the finest level (USGS 2018). Invasive plant management within national forests, grasslands, and rangelands can be implemented at the landscape level (e.g., Chambers et al. 2014), although management can still occur at the stand or base level. Landscapes in this chapter refer to areas of land bounded by large-scale physiographic features integrated with natural or man-made features that govern weather and disturbance patterns and limit frequencies of species movement (Urban et al. 1987). These are often at a large physical scale, such as the Great Basin.
On the time evolution of cosmological correlators
Authors: Céspedes Sebastián , Davis Anne-Christine , Melville Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Developing our understanding of how correlations evolve during inflation is crucial if we are to extract information about the early Universe from our late-time observables. To that end, we revisit the time evolution of scalar field correlators on de Sitter spacetime in the Schrödinger picture. By direct manipulation of the Schrödinger equation, we write down simple “equations of motion” for the coefficients which determine the wavefunction. Rather than specify a particular interaction Hamiltonian, we assume only very basic properties (unitarity, de Sitter invariance and locality) to derive general consequences for the wavefunction’s evolution. In particular, we identify a number of “constants of motion” — properties of the initial state which are conserved by any unitary dynamics — and show how this can be used to partially fix the cubic and quartic wavefunction coefficients at weak coupling. We further constrain the time evolution by deriving constraints from the de Sitter isometries and show that these reduce to the familiar conformal Ward identities at late times. Finally, we show how the evolution of a state from the conformal boundary into the bulk can be described via a number of “transfer functions” which are analytic outside the horizon for any local interaction. These objects exhibit divergences for particular values of the scalar mass, and we show how such divergences can be removed by a renormalisation of the boundary wavefunction — this is equivalent to performing a “Boundary Operator Expansion” which expresses the bulk operators in terms of regulated boundary operators. Altogether, this improved understanding of the wavefunction in the bulk of de Sitter complements recent advances from a purely boundary perspective, and reveals new structure in cosmological correlators.
The BH3 mimetic (±) gossypol induces ROS-independent apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in human A375 melanoma cells in vitro
Authors: Haasler Lisa , Kondadi Arun Kumar , Tsigaras Thanos , von Montfort Claudia , Graf Peter , Stahl Wilhelm , Brenneisen Peter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA major challenge in current cancer therapy is still the treatment of metastatic melanomas of the skin. BH3 mimetics represent a novel group of substances inducing apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of (±) gossypol (GP), a natural compound from cotton seed, on A375 melanoma cells and the underlying biochemical mechanisms. To prevent undesired side effects due to toxicity on normal (healthy) cells, concentrations only toxic for tumor cells have been elaborated. Viability assays were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of GP in A375 melanoma and normal (healthy) cells. For the majority of experiments, a concentration of 2.5 µM GP was used resulting in a ROS-independent but caspase-dependent cell death of A375 melanoma cells. At this level, GP was non-toxic for normal human epidermal melanocytes. GP has a very short half-life, however, it was demonstrated that only the “parent” compound and not decomposition products are responsible for the cytotoxic effect in A375 melanoma cells. GP significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential accompanied by a Drp1-dependent loss of mitochondrial integrity (fragmentation) in tumor cells. Taken together, GP induced a ROS-independent intrinsic apoptosis leading to the conclusion that within a specific concentration range, GP may work as effective anticancer drug without harmful side effects.
Effective processing and evaluation of chemical imaging data with respect to morphological features of the zebrafish embryo
Authors: Halbach Katharina , Holbrook Timothy , Reemtsma Thorsten , Wagner Stephan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA workflow was developed and implemented in a software tool for the automated combination of spatially resolved laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data and data on the morphology of the biological tissue. Making use of a recently published biological annotation software, FishImager automatically assigns the biological feature as regions of interest (ROIs) and overlays them with the quantitative LA-ICP-MS data. Furthermore, statistical tools including cluster algorithms can be applied to the elemental intensity data and directly compared with the ROIs. This is effectively visualized in heatmaps. This allows gaining statistical significance on distribution and co-localization patterns. Finally, the biological functions of the assigned ROIs can then be easily linked with elemental distributions. We demonstrate the versatility of FishImager with quantitative LA-ICP-MS data of the zebrafish embryo tissue. The distribution of natural elements and xenobiotics is analyzed and discussed. With the help of FishImager, it was possible to identify compartments affected by toxicity effects or biological mechanisms to eliminate the xenobiotic. The presented workflow can be used for clinical and ecotoxicological testing, for example. Ultimately, it is a tool to simplify and reproduce interpretations of imaging LA-ICP-MS data in many applications.Graphical abstract
Development of a modified standard apparatus for heat transfer measurements in highly viscous binary fluids
Authors: Fleer Ann-Christin , Richter Markus , Span Roland 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA modified so-called standard apparatus for heat transfer measurements in highly viscous binary fluids has been developed. It covers a viscosity range from 0.2 mPa∙s up to 1000 Pa∙s and is designed for measurements over a temperature range from 273 to 423 K. Concept and setup of the apparatus are described in detail, and uncertainties of the different elements of the measurement chain are discussed. An estimation for the total uncertainty of the heat transfer coefficient is ∆α/α = 16% (k = 2). Model mixtures consisting of polydimethylsiloxane of three different viscosities and n-pentane were chosen. The composition of the fluid is calculated with the refractive index and the temperature; a corresponding correlation was developed. N-pentane evaporates on a heated test tube, which is exchangeable and thus enables the investigation of the influence of the surface structure and of the material on the heat transfer coefficient. The design of the test tubes has been adapted to very high temperatures on the tube surface. The effects of the mandatory remixing of the two components on the heat transfer coefficient have been investigated. The modified standard apparatus was validated with pure n-pentane and the data was compared to published data in literature.
Children and Adolescents Treated for Valvular Aortic Stenosis Have Different Physical Activity Patterns Compared to Healthy Controls: A Methodological Study in a National Cohort
Authors: Skovdahl Pia , Kjellberg Olofsson Cecilia , Sunnegårdh Jan , Fridolfsson Jonatan , Börjesson Mats , Buratti Sandra , Arvidsson Daniel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPrevious research in children and adolescents with congenital heart defects presents contradictory findings concerning their physical activity (PA) level, due to methodological limitations in the PA assessment. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to compare PA in children and adolescents treated for valvular aortic stenosis with healthy controls using an improved accelerometer method. Seven-day accelerometer data were collected from the hip in a national Swedish sample of 46 patients 6–18 years old treated for valvular aortic stenosis and 44 healthy controls matched for age, gender, geography, and measurement period. Sports participation was self-reported. Accelerometer data were processed with the new improved Frequency Extended Method and with the traditional ActiGraph method for comparison. A high-resolution PA intensity spectrum was investigated as well as traditional crude PA intensity categories. Children treated for aortic stenosis had a pattern of less PA in the highest intensity spectra and had more sedentary time, while the adolescent patients tended to be less physically active in higher intensities overall and with less sedentary time, compared to the controls. These patterns were evident using the Frequency Extended Method with the detailed PA intensity spectrum, but not to the same degree using the ActiGraph method and traditional crude PA intensity categories. Patients reported less sports participation than their controls in both age-groups. Specific differences in PA patterns were revealed using the Frequency Extended Method with the high-resolution PA intensity spectrum in Swedish children and adolescents treated for valvular aortic stenosis.
Generation of a novel affibody molecule targeting Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP
Authors: Li Mingyang , Shi Wei , Yang Jia , Wang Qi , Dong Haiyan , Chen Jun , Zhang Lifang , Zhu Shanli 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide and the most prevalent cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. At present, there is no available vaccine, and recurrences after antibiotics treatment are substantial problems. Major outer membrane protein (MOMP) accounts for 60% of the outer mass of C. trachomatis, functioning as trimeric porin, and it is highly antigenic. Therefore, MOMP is the most promising candidate for vaccine developing and target therapy of Chlamydia. Affibody, a new class of affinity ligands derived from the Z-domain in the binding region of Staphylococcus aureus protein A, has been the focus of researchers as a viable alternative to antibodies. In this study, the MOMP-targeted affibody molecule (ZMOMP:461) was screened by phage-displayed peptide library. Further, the affinity and specificity were characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and Western blot. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) indicated that the MOMP-binding affibody could recognize native MOMP in HeLa229 cells infected C. trachomatis. Immunoprecipitation assay confirmed further that ZMOMP:461 molecule specifically recognizes the epitope on relaxed trimer MOMP. Our findings provide strong evidence that affibody molecule (ZMOMP:461) serves as substitute for MOMP antibody for biological applications and has a great potential for delivering drugs for target therapy.

Key points

• We screened a novel affibody molecule ZMOMP:461 targeting Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP.
• ZMOMP:461 recognizes the recombinant and native MOMP with high affinity and specificity.
• ZMOMP:461 could be internalized into live target cells.