bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract 057: Estimating the Benefits of the Proposed FDA Sodium Reformulation Policy on Cardiovascular Disease, Disparities and Economic Costs
Authors: Pearson-Stuttard Jonathan , Kypridemos Chris , Collins Brendan , Huang Yue , Bandosz Piotr , Whitsel Laurie , Capewell Simon , Mozaffarian Dariush , Wilde Parke , O'Flaherty Martin , Micha Renata 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Sodium consumption is a leading modifiable risk factor for CVD mortality and morbidity in the US. In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), following recent effective examples in several other countries, proposed voluntary sodium targets for industry to reduce sodium in processed foods.

Aim:
We aimed to estimate the potential CVD, equity and economic impacts of implementing this policy.

Methods:
We used the validated US IMPACT Food Policy microsimulation model to estimate the CVD cases averted, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained and cost-effectiveness from 2017-2036 of the FDA sodium reformulation policy in US adults (30+ years). Model inputs included national demographics and sodium intakes from NHANES, FDA short- and long-term sodium reformulation targets, sodium effects on blood pressure and of blood pressure on CVD from meta-analyses, government costs to administer and monitor the policy and industry reformulation costs, and validated healthcare and productivity costs. We modelled 3 scenarios:

a) Optimal, 100% compliance of 10-year reformulation targets
b) Modest, 50% compliance of 10-year reformulation targets
c) Pessimistic, 100% compliance of 2-year reformulation targets with no further progress
Costs were inflated to 2017 US dollars and outputs were discounted annually by 3%. We took a societal perspective for this analysis. Rigorous probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.

Results:
The optimal scenario achieving the 10-year sodium reduction targets could prevent ~ 450,000 CVD cases (95% Uncertainty Interval: 240,000-740,000), gain 2.1 million QALYs (1.7m-2.4m), and produce $41billion ($14bn-$81bn) cost-savings from 2017-2036. The modest and pessimistic scenarios were also cost-saving, with both health gains and savings about one half and one quarter, respectively, of the optimal scenario.

Relative disparities between non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black populations would be reduced in all scenarios. The pessimistic scenario yielded the largest reduction in absolute disparities (70,000 CVD cases (33,000-120,000) prevented in non-Hispanic blacks vs. 13,000 (0-54,000) in non-Hispanic whites). The optimal scenario would prevent approximately 4.6% (130,000 cases (65,0000-220,000)) of all CVD cases in non-Hispanic blacks compared to 1.5% (220,000 cases (120,000-360,000)) in non-Hispanic whites. Despite a smaller population, total net savings would be over 50% larger in non-Hispanic blacks than non-Hispanic whites ($19bn vs $12bn) in the optimal scenario.

Conclusions:
Implementing and even partly achieving the FDA sodium reduction targets could generate substantial health gains and net cost savings. Crucially, this policy could also reduce CVD disparities between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white populations.
Ambient Pollutants and Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Greater Boston
Authors: Wilker Elissa H. , Mostofsky Elizabeth , Fossa Alan , Koutrakis Petros , Warren Andrew , Charidimou Andreas , Mittleman Murray A. , Viswanathan Anand 
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose—
Associations between exposures to ambient air pollution and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have been inconsistent, and data on stroke subtypes are currently limited.

Methods—

We obtained information on all cases of deep or lobar hematomas from ICH patients who were admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, MA, between 2006 and 2011. We linked the date of admission with 1- to 7-day moving averages of fine particulate matter (PM
2.5
), black carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone from area monitors. We conducted time-stratified bidirectional case-crossover analyses to assess associations between pollutants and stroke. We also investigated whether associations differed by hemorrhage location and type.

Results—

There were 577 cases of ICH (295 deep, 282 lobar). Overall, there was no evidence of elevated ICH risk after increases in PM
2.5
, black carbon, or nitrogen dioxide in the whole population. However, there was suggestion of heightened risk with higher levels of ozone for averages longer than 1 day although CIs were wide. In models stratified by ICH location, associations with ozone remained positive for patients with lobar (3-day moving average odds ratio, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.18–2.22) but not deep ICH (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.65–1.20). Larger estimates were observed among participants with a probable diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (odds ratio, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.25–3.96).

Conclusions—
Exposure to ozone may be associated with incidence of lobar ICH, especially among those who have confirmed or probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Negotiation in the Contact Zone: Reading Joseph and Aseneth from a Postcolonial Perspective
Authors: Jun Sunhee 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In Joseph and Aseneth, religious difference is the decisive boundary that separates Aseneth (gentile) and Joseph (Jew). Therefore, Aseneth’s conversion is essential to cross over this boundary in the narrative. In this respect, one may see Joseph and Aseneth as a colonizing text that seems to romanticize Aseneth’s conversion. However, colonial realities never result one-sidedly from the intention of the powerful; they are full of ambiguity, ambivalence, and hybridity. Utilizing the postcolonial concept of contact zone, this article deals with which negotiations between the disparate groups occur in the contact zone, and consequently what unexpected changes happen after the encounter. The union of the two groups in Joseph and Aseneth is characterized as an ambiguous relation rather than as a unilateral assimilation. Aseneth becomes a shelter for anyone who is in danger beyond the religious boundary by redefining the identity given by the angel, City of Refuge.
The Past Time Uses of the Imperfect in the Aramaic of Daniel
Authors: Carver Daniel E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the Aramaic of Daniel, the imperfect expresses past situations 29 times. Scholars have long wrestled with these past time uses, and although important contributions have been made along the way, one of the most salient semantic issues that arise with these uses—the semantic intersection of imperfective aspect and telicity—has been overlooked. This study addresses this issue directly by providing a linguistic analysis of the past imperfective uses of the imperfect that describes their semantics in light of situation aspect and (un)boundedness. This study also describes the past modal use of the imperfect, and offers a linguistic explanation for how the imperfect acquired such a use. Ultimately, this study provides a linguistic analysis of the past time uses of the imperfect that fosters more artful and nuanced readings of the text in light of its semantic and functional sophistication.
The influence of variability in meridional over turning on global ocean circulation
Authors: Hu Aixue , Meehl Gerald A. , Rosenbloom Nan , Molina Maria J. , Strand Warren. G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation (AMOC) is an important global scale circulation and changes in AMOC can induce significant regional and global climate impacts. Here we study the stability of AMOC and its influence on global ocean circulation and the surface climate though analyzing a set of sensitivity experiments using the Community Climate System Model version 1 (CESM1). Results show that a collapsed AMOC can induce changes in global ocean circulation, such as reduced (or reversed) Bering Strait transport, weakened Indonesia throughflow and Agulhas current, but strengthened Drake Passage transport. It also changes the global wind pattern and surface temperature, such as a seesaw-like surface temperature change between Northern and Southern Hemispheres, a weakening of Indian-Australia summer monsoon, a southward shift of the Southern ocean westerlies, etc. We also found that AMOC and the Pacific deep meridional overturning circulation (or PMOC) do not form a natural seesaw under modern day climate and geography. A collapsed AMOC (active PMOC) is not stable under modern conditions if there is no additional freshwater (salt) input in the subpolar North Atlantic (Pacific), suggesting that the modern mean state of AMOC (PMOC) does not depend on local haline forcing although its variability and changes do.
Political trust in a multilevel polity: patterns of differentiation among more and less politically sophisticated citizens
Authors: Proszowska Dominika , Jansen Giedo , Denters Bas 
Published: July 2021

Differentiation in political trust attitudes occurs when citizens distinguish between different political institutions in terms of their trustworthiness. This article explores patterns of citizens’ (non-)differentiation between the local, national and European Union governance levels with regard to political trust. With unique Dutch data, we find that trust evaluations of each pair of governments (local–national/national–European Union/local–European Union) follows a distinct pattern. This suggests that citizens: (1) form more than one political trust attitude; and (2) use different cognitive mechanisms (like cognitive proximity and subjective rationality) to make sense of the political complexities in multilevel governance systems. Although general patterns found at the population level were largely reproduced at the subgroup level, that is, low and high political sophistication groups produced similar patterns of (non-)differentiation, highly politically sophisticated citizens tended to differentiate more – they are more likely to evaluate each governance level ‘on its own merits’. Our results are especially relevant in an era of declining trust, where governments want to regain citizens’ trust but are very much in the dark about which government level (if any) is the main culprit. Points for practitioners Citizens, particularly those with higher political interest, more exposure to political information and higher education, tend to differentiate in their trust orientations towards different governments. This suggests that citizens, to some extent, judge different governments in the multilevel system ‘on their own merits’. Therefore, politicians and public managers confronted with declining trust in their jurisdiction should seriously consider whether such a negative trend might not reflect citizens’ dissatisfaction with their governments’ lack of responsiveness to the specific demands of its citizens.
Decolonizing Our Feminist/ized Revolutions: Enfleshed Praxis from Southwest Colombia
Authors: Motta Sara C. 
Published: July 2021

An initial mapping of the decolonial feminisms emergent in Buenaventura and Cali, Southwest Colombia, in the Afro-Colombian and indigenous political Escuela de Mariposas de Alas Nuevas and Círculo de Hombres, Cali, shows that they move within and beyond a politics and epistemology of representation in a return to the enfleshed as territories of transformatory wisdoms and the embrace of ancestrality and feminist spirituality. Un mapeo inicial de los feminismos decoloniales surgidos en Buenaventura y Cali, en el suroeste de Colombia, dentro de las agrupaciones políticas afrocolombianas e indígenas Escuela de Mariposas de Alas Nuevas y Círculo de Hombres, Cali, muestra que se mueven dentro y fuera de una política y epistemología de representación y ejercen un retorno a lo encarnado como territorios de sabidurías transformadoras a la vez que abrazan la ancestralidad y la espiritualidad feminista.
In the Labyrinths of Dependent Urbanization: Rescue and Perspectives
Authors: Tonin Vitor Hugo 
Published: July 2021

At their peak, theories of underdevelopment and dependency guided social research in the most varied dimensions of life. The rapid increase in urban inequality was one of the main drivers of criticism of capitalist development in peripheral countries and gave rise to analyses of dependent urbanization. This interpretation was interrupted in the late 1970s with the crisis of dependency theory, the main reason for which was the political defeat of the continent’s new left. This rescue of this analytical matrix and its combination with current Marxist studies of the capitalist production of the city offer a more precise categorization of underdevelopment and greater refinement in dealing with levels of abstraction. It is now feasible to better situate existing links between dependency and urban development and thus to establish a dialogue with recent analytical contributions on urban development. This dialogue opens a path for the theoretical and methodological evolution of urban studies in peripheral countries. Em seu auge as teorias do subdesenvolvimento e dependência orientaram as investigações sociais nas mais variadas dimensões da vida. O acelerado aumento da desigualdade urbana foi um dos principais impulsionadores da crítica ao desenvolvimento capitalista nos países periféricos e deu origem às análises da urbanização dependente. Essa construção foi interrompida no final da década de 1970 com a crise da teoria da dependência cuja principal razão identificamos na derrota política da nova esquerda no continente. O resgate dessa matriz analítica e seu encontro com os atuais estudos marxistas da produção capitalista da cidade oferece atualmente uma categorização mais precisa do subdesenvolvimento e maior refinamento no trato dos níveis de abstração. Torna-se possível localizar melhor as mediações existentes entre a dependência e o urbano e, com isso, estabelecer um diálogo com as recentes contribuições analíticas sobre o urbano. Deste diálogo abre-se uma alameda para a evolução teórica-metodológica dos estudos urbanos nos países periféricos.
Systematic Review of Injuries in the Men’s and Women’s National Basketball Association
Authors: Lian Jayson , Sewani Faraz , Dayan Isaac , Voleti Pramod B. , Gonzalez David , Levy I. Martin , Musahl Volker , Allen Answorth 
Published: July 2021

Background: Numerous studies have reported the incidence and outcomes of injuries in the men’s and women’s National Basketball Association (NBA and WNBA, respectively). Purpose: To synthesize published data regarding the incidence and outcomes of all injuries in the NBA and WNBA in a comprehensive review. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we searched 3 electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase) for studies of all levels of evidence since 1990 pertaining to injuries sustained by active players in the NBA and WNBA. Studies were excluded if the cohort of interest included ≤3 active players. Results: The initial search of the 3 databases yielded 1253 unique studies, of which 49 met final inclusion criteria for this review. Only 4 studies included athletes in the WNBA. Based on the mean annual incidence, the 5 most common orthopaedic sports injuries sustained in the NBA were concussions (9.5-14.9 per year), fractures of the hand (3.5-5.5 per year), lower extremity stress fractures (4.8 per year), meniscal tears (2.3-3.3 per year), and anterior cruciate ligament tears (1.5-2.6 per year). Cartilage defects treated using microfracture, Achilles tendon ruptures, and anterior cruciate ligament injuries were 3 injuries that led to significant reductions in performance measurements after injury. Conclusion: With advances in sports technology and statistical analysis, there is rapidly growing interest in injuries among professional basketball athletes. High-quality prospective studies are needed to understand the prevalence and effect of injuries on player performance and career length. This information can inform preventative and treatment measures taken by health care providers to protect players and guide safe return to play at a high level.
Factor Structure of the Shoulder Instability Return to Sport After Injury Scale: Performance Confidence, Reinjury Fear and Risk, Emotions, Rehabilitation and Surgery
Authors: Olds Margie , Webster Kate E. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Rates of return to play after shoulder dislocation vary between 48% and 96%, and there has been scant attention given to the psychosocial factors that influence return to play after a shoulder injury. Purpose: To establish the factor structure of the Shoulder Return to Sport after Injury (SI-RSI) scale and examine how the SI-RSI is associated with the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The SI-RSI is designed to measure psychological readiness to return to play after shoulder dislocation and was administered to participants who had at least 1 episode of shoulder dislocation and were planning or had returned to sports. The WOSI was also completed by the participants, and descriptive data were gathered. Reliability (Cronbach α) and factor analysis of the SI-RSI were undertaken. Correlations between the SI-RSI and WOSI were made, and differences between various patient subgroups (first-time dislocations vs multiple episodes of instability, surgery vs no surgery, return to sports vs no return) were analyzed. Results: The SI-RSI had high internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.84) and was shown to have 4 distinct factors that represented the following constructs: performance confidence, reinjury fear and risk, emotions, and rehabilitation and surgery. Moderate correlations were seen between SI-RSI and WOSI scores. Participants who had undergone surgery scored significantly lower on the reinjury fear and risk subscale of the SI-RSI ( P = .04). Those who had sustained multiple dislocations were significantly more concerned about having to undergo rehabilitation and surgery again ( P = .007). Participants who had returned to sports had significantly greater fear and thought they were more at risk of reinjury ( P = .02). Conclusion: Athletes return to sports after a shoulder dislocation despite reporting high levels of fear and concern for their shoulder. High levels of fear and concern may underpin why rates of recurrent shoulder instability are so high. Four distinct elements of psychological readiness appeared to be present in this patient group.
Finance Capitalism versus Industrial Capitalism: The Rentier Resurgence and Takeover
Authors: Hudson Michael 
Published: July 2021

Marx and many of his less radical contemporary reformers saw the historical role of industrial capitalism as being to clear away the legacy of feudalism—the landlords, bankers, and monopolists extracting economic rent without producing real value. However, that reform movement failed. Today, the finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE) sector has regained control of government, creating neo-rentier economies. The aim of this postindustrial finance capitalism is the opposite of industrial capitalism as known to nineteenth-century economists: it seeks wealth primarily through the extraction of economic rent, not industrial capital formation. Tax favoritism for real estate, privatization of oil and mineral extraction, and banking and infrastructure monopolies add to the cost of living and doing business. Labor is increasingly exploited by bank debt, student debt, and credit card debt while housing and other prices are inflated on credit, leaving less income to spend on goods and services as economies suffer debt deflation. Today’s new Cold War is a fight to internationalize this rentier capitalism by globally privatizing and financializing transportation, education, health care, prisons and policing, the post office and communications, and other sectors that formerly were kept in the public domain. In Western economies, such privatizations have reversed the drive of industrial capitalism. In addition to monopoly prices for privatized services, financial managers are cannibalizing industry by leveraging debt and high-dividend payouts to increase stock prices. JEL Classification: B26, N20, B51
Republicanism and populism: Articulation of plurality or plebeian democratism?
Authors: Chaguaceda Armando , Camero Ysrrael 
Published: July 2021

This article addresses – from a theoretical and historical perspective – the discussion on republicanism and populism, in connection to different ways of conceiving political modernity. It places republicanism and populism within the framework of contemporary democracies in the Latin American context, looking at the reciprocal interaction between these political traditions, and their relevance for understanding the current challenges of the liberal model in the region.
The use of implicit persuasion in decision-making about treatment for end-stage kidney disease
Authors: van Dulmen Sandra , Peereboom Emma , Schulze Lotte , Prantl Karen , Rookmaaker Maarten , van Jaarsveld Brigit C , Abrahams Alferso C , Roodbeen Ruud 
Published: July 2021

Background: There are various options for managing end-stage kidney disease. Each option impacts the lives of patients differently. When weighing the pros and cons of the different options, patients’ values, needs and preferences should, therefore, be taken into account. However, despite the best intentions, nephrologists may, more or less deliberately, convey a treatment preference and thereby steer the decision-making process. Being aware of such implicit persuasion could help to further optimise shared decision-making (SDM). This study explores verbal acts of implicit persuasion during outpatient consultations scheduled to make a final treatment decision. These consultations mark the end of a multi-consultation, educational process and summarise treatment aspects discussed previously. Methods: Observations of video-recorded outpatient consultations in nephrology ( n = 20) were used to capture different forms of implicit persuasion. To this purpose, a coding scheme was developed. Results: In nearly every consultation nephrologists used some form of implicit persuasion. Frequently observed behaviours included selectively presenting treatment options, benefits and harms, and giving the impression that undergoing or foregoing treatment is unusual. The extent to which nephrologists used these behaviours differed. Conclusion: The use of implicit persuasion while discussing different kidney replacement modalities appears diverse and quite common. Nephrologists should be made aware of these behaviours as implicit persuasion might prevent patients to become knowledgeable in each treatment option, thereby affecting SDM and causing decisional regret. The developed coding scheme for observing implicit persuasion elicits useful and clinically relevant examples which could be used when providing feedback to nephrologists.