bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐Profile Beam‐Steering Metasurface Lens Antenna Utilizing Defocused Array Feed Without Amplitude–Phase Network
Authors: Fu Zi‐Hao , Yang Xue‐Song 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThe present study introduces a low‐profile beam‐steering metasurface lens antenna (MLA) that is excited by a defocused array antenna (DAA), eliminating the need for amplitude and phase excitation modulation. First, we modify an ultrathin Huygens' unit cell to provide greater angular stability, which is intended for use in beam‐steering lens antennas. Subsequently, we analyze the effect of the focal–diameter ratio (F/D) on the beam‐steering performance of the lens. Further, a one‐dimensional (1D) MLA equipped with a DAA is modeled. Based on this model, we investigate the influence of DAA distance from the lens, DAA diameter, and F/D on radiation directivity and scanning capability. By adjusting the distance between the DAA and the lens, sub‐arrays located in different regions of the DAA can be excited with uniform amplitude and phase, enabling dual‐polarized single‐beam scanning radiation. This excitation technique eliminates the need for amplitude and phase modulation networks, thereby reducing beam‐steering costs and the complexity of the feed network. Finally, a 1010 MLA prototype excited by a 52‐unit dual‐polarized DAA is simulated and fabricated. The simulation and measurement results demonstrate that the proposed MLA achieves a scanning range of ± 15°/± 16° in the E/H‐plane at 10.3 GHz, with a gain fluctuation of less than 2.35/2.25 dB.
A Terpyridine Based 1,2,3‐Triazol‐1,4‐diyl‐Fluoroionophore‐A Fluorometric Study Towards 3d Metal Ions in Acetonitrile
Authors: Schwarze Thomas , Müller Holger , Sperlich Eric , Kelling Alexandra , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we report on the sensing role of the 1,2,3‐triazol unit in a 1,4‐diyl arrangement in a fully π‐conjugated fluorescent probe 1 (cf. Scheme 1) towards the fluorometric detection of 3d metal ions. The 1,2,3‐triazol‐1,4‐diyl‐fluoroionophore 1 was designed in a donor(D)‐acceptor(A) arrangement with a 1,2,3‐triazol unit as a π‐linker between a terpyridine (A) ionophore and a diethylaminocoumarin (D) fluorophore to study the fluorescence behavior towards the divalent 3d metal ions Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. This fluoroionophore 1 is based on an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and shows a moderate quantum yield (φf) of 0.508 in acetonitrile. A modulation of the ICT process in 1 through Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ leads to a small red shift of the lowest energetically lying absorption UV/Vis absorption band and to a very strong 3d metal ion induced fluorescence quenching. It should be considered, that the installation of a 1,2,3‐triazole unit as a fully π‐linker in ICT probes originates no ratiometric fluorescence response towards Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+.
Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Public Attitudes Toward Epilepsy (PATE‐J) Scale
Authors: Hatakeda Junichi , Shimazaki Hiroumi , Kuramochi Izumi , Iwayama Takayuki , Kobayashi Sayaka , Matsuki Hideyuki , Yoshimasu Haruo , Lim Kheng Seang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAimThis study aimed to develop and validate a Japanese version of the Public Attitudes Toward Epilepsy (PATE‐J) Scale to measure attitudes towards epilepsy among the general Japanese population.MethodsThe study employed a cross‐sectional design using an online survey of 537 participants from the general public in Japan, with follow‐up surveys at 2 weeks and 3 months. The PATE Scale was translated following standard guidelines and validated by conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the complete data set to assess the original two‐factor structure of the PATE Scale. Internal consistency assessment, and convergent validity testing with the Modified Epilepsy Stigma Scale (M‐ESS), Perceived Devaluation Discrimination Scale (PDDS), and Epilepsy Knowledge Scale (EKS) were carried out.ResultsCFA confirmed the two‐factor structure of the PATE‐J, comprising “Personal Domain” and “General Domain.” The model showed acceptable fit indices (χ²(76) = 607.974, comparative fit index = 0.849, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.820, root‐mean‐square error of approximation = 0.114, standardized root‐mean‐square residual = 0.078) and high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.87 for Personal Domain and 0.75 for General Domain). Strong correlations with the M‐ESS (r = 0.713, p < 0.001), and weaker correlations with the PDDS, along with a negative correlation with the EKS (r = −0.306, p < 0.001), highlighted the PATE‐J's distinctiveness. No significant associations were found between demographic factors and PATE‐J scores.ConclusionThe PATE‐J demonstrates strong psychometric properties and cultural relevance for measuring public attitudes toward epilepsy in Japan. Its validated two‐factor structure supports cross‐cultural comparisons and provides a reliable tool for assessing public attitudes, informing interventions, and guiding education campaigns.
The Role of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluating Prostate Adenocarcinoma: A Partially‐Blinded Retrospective Study of a Prostatectomy Patient Cohort With Whole Gland Histopathology Correlation and Application of PI‐RADS or TNM Staging
Authors: Sridhar Sajeev , Abouelfetouh Zeyad , Codreanu Ion , Gupta Nakul , Zhang Shu , Efstathiou Eleni , Karolyi Daniel K. , Shen Steven S. , LaViolette Peter S. , Miles Brian , Martin Diego R. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundDynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the current Prostate Imaging‐Reporting and Data System version 2.1 (PI‐RADS v2.1) is considered optional, with primary scoring based on T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Our study is designed to assess the relative contribution of DCE MRI in a patient‐cohort with whole mount prostate histopathology and spatially‐mapped prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) for reference.MethodsWe performed a partially‐blinded retrospective review of 47 prostatectomy patients with recent multi‐parametric MRI (mpMRI). Scans included T2WI, DWI with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping, and DCE imaging. Lesion conspicuity was scored on a 10‐point scale with ≥ 6 considered “positive,” and image quality was assessed on a 4‐point scale for each sequence. The diagnostic contribution of DCE images was evaluated on a 4‐point scale. The mpMRI studies were assigned PI‐RADS scores and tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) T‐stage with blinded comparison to spatially‐mapped whole‐mount pathology. Results were compared to the prospective clinical reports, which used standardized PI‐RADS templates that emphasize T2WI, DWI and ADC.ResultsPer lesion sensitivity for PCa was 93.5%, 82.6%, 63.0%, and 58.7% on T2WI, DCE, ADC and DWI, respectively. Mean lesion conspicuity was 8.5, 7.9, 6.2, and 6.1, on T2W, DCE, ADC and DWI, respectively. The higher values on T2WI and DCE imaging were not significantly different from each other but were both significantly different from DWI and ADC (p < 0.001). DCE scans were determined to have a marked diagnostic contribution in 83% of patients, with the most common diagnostic yield being detection of contralateral peripheral zone tumor or delineating presence/absence of extra‐prostatic extension (EPE), contributing to more accurate PCa staging by PI‐RADS or TNM, as compared to histopathology.ConclusionWe demonstrate that DCE may contribute to lesion detection and local staging as compared to T2WI plus DWI‐ADC alone and that lesion conspicuity using DCE is markedly improved as compared to DWI‐ADC. These findings support modification of PI‐RADS v2.1 to include use of DCE acquisitions and that a TNM staging is feasible on mpMRI as compared to surgical pathology.
Microphysical variation of precipitation traveling inward along the principal rainband of typhoon Ampil (2018)
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Bao Xuwei , Li Qingqing , Lin Limin , Deng Lin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCoastal areas are frequently hit by tropical cyclones (TCs), causing loss of life and property. Previous studies have identified that heavy rain events in coastal areas were mainly caused by TC rainbands rather than the rapidly dissipating eyewalls. For example, the quasi‐stationary and long‐lasting principal rainband relative to the TC vortex is more capable of producing persistent localized heavy precipitation. Unlike previous studies that focused on the thermodynamic structure in the rainbands of TCs, this study investigates the microphysical characteristics and their impact on the distribution of intense precipitation in a principal rainband of typhoon Ampil (2018). Using polarimetric radar observations, a size‐sorting radar signature was found inward along the principal rainband of Ampil. In detail, larger (smaller) average differential reflectivity ZDR (specific differential phase KDP) was evident in the upwind zone. The largest KDP and a maximum of horizontal reflectivity ZH (indicating heavy precipitation) were located in the transition zone, while the smallest values of the three polarimetric variables were observed in the downwind zone. The evolution of dynamics and convection along the principal rainband was discussed to explain the microphysical differences in various portions of the principal rainband and the reason why the most intense precipitation occurred in the transition zone.
Who Is More Likely to Become a Sustainable Corporation? An Empirical Research Based on Corporate Sustainability Performance
Authors: Lin Yongsheng , Zhang Yifan , Wang Feng , Dong Zhanfeng 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTTo achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs), it is imperative to discern the catalysts behind corporate sustainability performance (CSP) to attain sustainability. However, these drivers were commonly perceived as following parallel trajectories, neglecting their hierarchical progression nature and leading to misinterpretation when identifying their internal influencing mechanisms. Therefore, this paper employed a three‐layer hierarchical linear models (3 L‐HLM) on a sample comprising 6139 listed companies worldwide to investigate the factors influencing a firm's CSP outcomes from the external context and internal strength perspectives. Our findings reveal that country‐level sustainability performance and corporate financial performance (CFP) positively impact CSP, while sector‐level pollution degree negatively affects CSP. Furthermore, country‐level and sector‐level sustainability indirectly promote CSP by moderating the CFP‐CSP relationship, highlighting the context‐dependent nature of the improvement effect driven by CFP. Our study delivers policy implications for governments, investors and other stakeholders to further enhance sustainable development.
Photonic Inks with Dual‐Layer Security Features by Encapsulation of Color Tunable Fluorescent Dyes in PMMA Colloidal Microspheres
Authors: Lekshmanan Lekshmi , Pillai Adarsh S. , Thomas Meghana M. , Sukumaran Priyanka A. , Saif Safna , Thankamani Priya R. , Surendran Kuzhichalil P. , Pillai Saju , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai 
Published: December 2024

AbstractTo counter economic terrorism by preventing counterfeit currency, documents and high‐value commercial products, new‐generation security inks with multiple safety features are required. Herein, color‐tunable pyrylium and pyridinium dye‐encapsulated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) colloidal microspheres are reported to exhibiting brilliant emission and photonic properties. A combination of the PMMA colloidal photonic ink having structural color variation and the dye‐encapsulated colloidal photonic ink with fluorescence modulation is used for security labeling. The angle‐dependent structural color variations, a remarkable 250‐fold fluorescence enhancement, non‐toxicity, and the rare earth‐free formulation have made the ink novel and suitable for dual‐layer high‐security printing. Covert security patterns and labels are made overt under 365 nm UV light, while also exhibiting angle‐dependent structural color. The increased level of security with developed photonic colloidal inks is demonstrated with dual‐layer screen‐printed images and patterns on flexible substrates.
A new design model for anchorages with flexible elastic base plate for concrete breakout failure under tension loads
Authors: Sharma Akanshu , Eligehausen Rolf 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe current codes and standards for the design of anchorages against concrete cone breakout failure require the base plate to be rigid such that each anchor is subjected to almost equal load under concentric tension, and there is a linear distribution of anchor forces for groups under eccentric tension or bending. These are the basic requirements for the application of concrete capacity design (CCD) method, but in many cases, satisfying these requirements may need a rather thick base plate, which gets impractical. Using the CCD method for design of anchorages with flexible base plates (resulting in nonlinear distribution of anchor forces) can lead to rather unsafe designs. In this article, a new method for design of anchor groups with flexible base plate is proposed that modifies the resistance obtained by the CCD method based on the anchor force distribution to obtain the resistance valid for the anchorages with flexible base plate. First, the analytical method is conceptualized for its validity on simple cases and then it is extended for its application to more complicated cases. The results of the calculation method are compared and validated by the results of few available tests and further on several cases analyzed using the nonlinear spring model. The comparison of results show that the proposed method is suitable for the design of anchor groups with any given base plate thickness that results in a linear or nonlinear anchor force distribution.
Strategic Requirements-Based Product Design: A Tri-Tool Methodology For Advanced Circular Economy
Authors: Wallat Phillip , Low Jiwei , Tanzil Eldwin Darryl 
Published: December 2024

AbstractRedesigning and updating products represent time-consuming processes, even if the same methodology as the original design is applied. New political influences, economic factors and newly developed techniques must be taken into account. Reliable tools and robust methods to streamline the process are therefore necessary to support engineering designers in their decision making and potentially decrease the time to market for the revised product. Three tools with different focuses will be used to structure an efficient and comprehensive methodology either for new or redesign of a product in a circular economy. The first tool aligns the class of good of the product with four different circular approaches, establishes the basic framework of the methodology and provides the designer with a suitable circular approach. The next tool is a method-variants analyzer that serves as a guidance tool for the designer to understand the dynamic relationship of product type and design methodology in order to determine the most efficient method in each design phase The third tool will assist designers with specific tasks regarding the material of a certain part. Utilizing numerical values of the inherent chemical and physical properties of the material, it is possible to assess and align the parts’ performance in fulfilling assigned functions and the parts’ behavior throughout the recycling process. This subsequently improves the assessment of the product in correlations of recycling and functions fulfillments, and its evaluations for potentially better alternatives. Hence, with the combined approach of those three tools into one methodology, the design engineer will be assisted throughout the whole process with: swift feedback regarding the circular approach, most suitable for the goods type of the product; proposals for the necessary depth of the design process for each assembly as well as balancing functionality and recyclability of single parts.
Spontane intrazerebrale Blutungen
Authors: Fabisch Linda , Fandler-Höfler Simon 
Published: December 2024

Zusammenfassung
Spontane intrazerebrale Blutungen sind mit einer hohen Morbidität und Mortalität verbunden. Die häufigsten Ätiologien sind zerebrale Mikroangiopathien (Arteriolosklerose, zerebrale Amyloidangiopathie), seltener makrovaskuläre und andere Ursachen. Nachdem die Behandlung intrazerebraler Blutungen über lange Jahre keine entscheidenden Fortschritte zeigte, hat sich das Verständnis nun hin zu einem akuten Notfall, der unmittelbar behandelt werden muss, gewandelt: Die Kernpunkte der Akuttherapie sind ein sogenannter „care bundle“, der eine rasche Normalisierung des Blutdrucks (auf Werte < 140 mm Hg systolisch), die Antagonisierung einer möglichen Antikoagulation sowie die zeitnahe Evaluation möglicher neurochirurgischer Optionen (Hämatomleerung, externe Ventrikeldrainage und/oder Hirndrucksonde) umfasst, wobei minimal-invasive Techniken vorzuziehen sind. Eine Behandlung auf einer Stroke Unit oder spezialisierten Intensivstation ist vorteilhaft. Im weiteren Management ist es wichtig, die zugrunde liegende Ursache einer intrazerebralen Blutung zu erkennen. Hier werden in den meisten Fällen eine CT-Angiographie sowie eine MRT des Gehirns entscheidende Hinweise liefern. Basierend auf der Ursache kann eine gezielte individualisierte Sekundärprophylaxe einleitet werden, die ein engmaschiges Blutdruckmanagement, die direkte Behandlung zugrunde liegender Ursachen (z. B. arteriovenöse Malformationen) sowie die Evaluierung der Wiedereinleitung antithrombotischer Medikamente beinhalten kann. Zahlreiche weitere Studien werden das Verständnis, das Akutmanagement und die Sekundärprophylaxe in den kommenden Jahren weiter verbessern können.
Enhancing Weed Suppression in Plants by Artificial Stress Induction
Authors: Merkle Michael , Petschenka Georg , Belz Regina , Gerhards Roland 
Published: December 2024

AbstractVarious plant species from the Poaceae, Cannabaceae, and Brassicaceae families are used as cover crops to suppress weeds and volunteer crops through competition and allelopathy. This study examined the effects of artificially induced stress on the physiological processes, total phenolic content (TPC), and allelopathic potential of the plant species Avena strigosa, Cannabis sativa, and Sinapis alba at an early growth stage with the aim to increase their weed suppression abilities. Stress was induced at the 3–4 leaf stage in greenhouse-grown plants via harrowing, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application, insect stress simulation, or a combination of insect stress and harrowing. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II and shoot dry matter in the three plant species were only minimally or not affected a few days after treatment (DAT). Insect stress caused visible symptoms on treated leaves in all plants. The TPC in the shoot extracts of combined stress-treated C. sativa and insect-stressed S. alba was significantly higher by 1.7 and 1.9 times, respectively, five DAT compared to the shoot extracts from untreated control plants. Additionally, laboratory bioassays with aqueous shoot extracts from the untreated and treated plants were conducted to identify changes in allelopathic potential within the shoot tissues. The application of shoot extracts from MeJA-treated C. sativa and S. alba resulted in the lowest seed germination rates for the two weed species Alopecurus myosuroides and Stellaria media, as well as for the volunteer wheat Triticum aestivum, which were up to 65% lower 10 DAT compared to seeds treated with shoot extracts from non-stressed plants. However, the root-suppressing effect of the shoot extracts on weeds was not influenced by the stress treatments. This study reveals that artificial stress induction can be a suitable management strategy to enhance weed and volunteer cereal suppression in plants in an early growth stage but may vary between stress types and plant species, and requires further optimization and field testing.
Knowledge and merely predictive evidence
Authors: Schilling Anderson Haley 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A jury needs “proof beyond a reasonable doubt” in order to convict a defendant of a crime. The standard is vexingly difficult to pin down, but some legal epistemologists have given this account: knowledge is the standard of legal proof. On this account, a jury should deliver a guilty verdict just in case they know that the defendant is guilty. In this paper, I’ll argue that legal proof requires more than just knowledge that a defendant is guilty. In cases of “merely predictive evidence,” a jury knows that the defendant is guilty but does not have legal proof. What are they missing? Evidence that is causally downstream from the crime. Legal proof requires a “smoking gun.” The point generalizes outside of the courtroom. A professor needs to read a term paper before assigning a grade, even if she knows the student will produce A + work. You may know that your roommate will forget to water the plants while you are away—she is scatterbrained and always forgets these things—but you can’t blame her until you get back home and see that the plants are wilting. In order to have appropriate reactions or reactive attitudes, we must respond causally to what other people have done.
Sensitivity analysis on critical combinations of input parameters in DEM granular flow analysis
Authors: Xiao Junsen , Tozato Kenta , Nomura Reika , Otake Yu , Terada Kenjiro , Moriguchi Shuji 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGranular flow is a typical process that occurs in sediment disasters, including rockfalls, avalanches and landslides, etc. The runout distance in granular flow is closely associated with the ultimate impact range of these sediment disasters. However, this factor is often highly sensitive to various physical parameters and exhibits significant randomness. Hence the study of granular flow is crucial to elucidating the mechanism of such disasters and even to disaster prevention and mitigation. In recent years, a numerical simulation called discrete element method (DEM) that simulates at the particle level has been widely used in this field. Based on the above situation, this study aimed to capture the critical DEM input parameter combinations for risk assessment in a four-dimensional parameter space considering the particle size distribution. XGBoost feature importance is employed to decide the search priority, and its results indicate that the friction angle with bottom surface (FABS) and coefficient of restitution (COR) are the key parameters. The two key parameter spaces were then comprehensively explored using Gaussian process regression response surfaces. The correlation between the FABS and runout distance appeared as a convex function. The COR exhibited diverse degrees of approximately linear correlation with the runout distance throughout the granular flow. The particle size distribution indirectly led to inconsistencies between the bidisperse flow and other granular flows in the influence mechanisms of the key parameters. By clarifying this effect, we efficiently identified two critical parameter combinations for granular flow DEM simulation.