bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Incomplete Commodification and Its Creeping Counterpart
Authors: Ram Natalie , Hennette Vauchez Stéphanie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of incomplete commodification and its creeping counterpart. The course of commodification of human tissues—including blood, sperm, and eggs—is both the same and opposite for the United States and Europe. The law on the ground in each system may be quite different, but the lived experiences of individuals providing these body products are becoming increasingly similar. Within both systems, compensation for human transplantable organs—and at least some tissues—is proscribed by law. Even where the law does not formally proscribe remuneration for body product providers, many continue to donate without payment. But monetary exchange also appears in both systems to some degree. In Europe, even though voluntary unpaid donation remains the norm, most systems allow forms of compensation. Moreover, the US prohibition on profit-seeking in body products is only partial. These similarities in policy and practices might appear commonsensical, yet they also reflect a remarkable convergence in international norms despite substantially different background assumptions and legal frameworks.
Land and Climate
Authors: Goebel McDermott Anthony 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to develop an overall view of the relations between human societies and the natural world in Central America from the beginning of human settlement to our time. The main findings reveal how the Isthmus’s biophysical features deeply conditioned human material and cultural development by playing a decisive though inconspicuous role in shaping the human societies that once inhabited the region and do so in present times. As to the socioenvironmental transformations generated by human action on the ecosystems, it is argued that the Isthmus’s environmental history was marked by brakes and jerks due to its structural character of extractive and productive activities that witnessed important modernization processes. Furthermore, the modernizing imprint of more recently developed activities significantly affected ecological change and landscape transformation. It is believed that regional history can be thought of as a long, complex socioecological transition, whose corollary is the significant dilapidation of the greatest wealth this geographical space has boasted since the beginning of human settlement: its biological and cultural diversity.
Youth of the Global South and Why They Are Worth Studying
Authors: Cooper Adam , Swartz Sharlene , Ramphalile Molemo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While real place-based differences exist between groups of youth, the simple global North-South binary is problematic. This essay explores this paradox arguing that differences and the binary itself are the result of historical processes that are continually in flux. These histories-in-the-present are illuminated with descriptive statistics (wealth, violence, human development, inequality) that illustrate empirical differences between Southern and Northern youth. Unpacking the concept of Southern youth using Southern theory shows that material conditions in the Global South mean that many more Southern youth diverge from what is considered a normal transition into adulthood in industrialized nations in late modernity, with implications for the category or life-phase of ‘youth.’ The concepts of ‘precarity’ and the practice of ‘the hustle’ are then used to suggest how a Global South youth studies agenda might simultaneously center issues like livelihoods, struggle, and the formation of sociopolitical consciousness. Southern youth as maestros of the hustle simultaneously assert a form of being young that is not based on deficit or romanticism, is thoroughly modern, and which foreground material realities.
Social Network Interviewing as an Emancipatory Southern Methodological Innovation
Authors: Swartz Sharlene , Mahali-Bhengu Alude 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay offers an example of a new methodology developed by Southern scholars in the Global South that takes seriously the aim of emancipation: research that attempts to include and benefit those who participate. Called Social Network Interviewing, the method draws on participatory action research as well as theories of social capitals in order to offer a scaffolded series of questions with which young people can engage with their networks about an issue of interest or concern for both. Drawing on three research studies in which it was used, the eight stages of Social Network Interviewing are described, which include selecting appropriate members of social networks to interview, formulating the topic for investigation, and developing questions collaboratively while aligning them to a conceptual framework. These questions include discussing current scripts and norms circulating within social networks, interrogating contexts for barriers and enablers of action, self-reflection and critique of current behaviors, differentiating between individual and collective action, developing strategies for social and systemic change, and enlarging supportive networks.
Integrity and Accountability in Australian Government and Politics
Authors: Nwokora Zim 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The integrity and accountability research agenda in Australia has been primarily concerned with the problem of corruption in public life. This chapter provides an overview of this scholarship, including its central concepts and motivations, and develops the argument that the anti-corruption research agenda has been heavily influenced by public debates about corruption. Therefore, as the problem of corruption (and, just as importantly, the perceptions of this problem) has changed in form, so too has the focus of anti-corruption research. The chapter tracks the development of this literature against the backdrop of the practical history of corruption in Australia. The author argues that in recent years there has been a significant shift towards a more politicized and less bureaucratic understanding of corruption. This break from the past has serious implications for how corruption might be effectively confronted in the future.
Political Psychology and Experimentation
Authors: Martin Aaron 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPolitical psychology has much to say about, for example, the role of emotion in shaping political attitudes and behaviours, intergroup conflict, and individual and group decision-making. This chapter defines what is meant by the term ‘political psychology’ and then traces the roots of political psychology in Australia, concentrating on the contributions of A. F. Davies and Graham Little. This chapter also highlights developments in political psychology, the most notable of which has been the rise in the use of experiments in the last few decades. The chapter concludes by outlining the growing field of behavioural insights—which draws heavily on political psychology—that has been taken up by government and other public organizations, and by pointing to the strengths and deficits in Australian political psychology.
Clinical Utility of TMS-EMG Measures
Authors: Chen Robert , Chen Kai-Hsiang Stanley 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for clinical diagnosis and follow-up. We first introduce methods to measure corticospinal excitability, intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory circuits and cortico-cortical connections. We then discuss the use of TMS in several neurological disorders. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) can be used to detect myelopathy and to localize the lesions, while the triple stimulation technique has higher sensitivity. CMCT can also detect upper motor neuron involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. The ipsilateral silent period and CMCT are helpful for differentiating atypical parkinsonism from Parkinson’s disease. Distinct patterns of cortical excitability findings can be obtained from different genetic forms of hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia. Reduction of short afferent inhibition (SAI) in Alzheimer disease and reduction of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in fronto-temporal dementia can be reliable indicators to differentiate these two diseases. Patients with diffuse Lewy body dementia and hallucination also have reduced SAI. The results of motor evoked potential measurements in the early stage of stroke are predictive of the long-term motor outcome. SICI, CMCT, and rest motor threshold are useful measurements to monitor extent of clinical disability. We conclude that TMS has clinical diagnostic utility in a broad range of neurological diseases.
Constitution Making
Authors: van Lier Felix-Anselm , Seidel Katrin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBe it in established democracies or in countries emerging from violent political conflict, constitution-making processes have become a key activity in moments of profound political and social change. Over the last three decades, the field of constitution making has witnessed an explosion of academic research from a variety of disciplines. This chapter sketches recent developments in the field, both in academia and in practice, and offers an overview of the conceptual and methodological approaches that have informed the study of such processes so far. The aim of the chapter is to introduce the reader to nascent anthropological research on constitution making and to explore how anthropological methods and theory can serve to address existing knowledge gaps and complement, nuance, and perhaps challenge existing approaches to constitution making.
The Impact of Childhood Obesity on Joint Alignment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Molina-Garcia Pablo , Miranda-Aparicio Damian , Ubago-Guisado Esther , Alvarez-Bueno Celia , Vanrenterghem Jos , Ortega Francisco B 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
It has been suggested that overweight/obesity (OW/OB) impairs the normal alignment of children and adolescents’ musculoskeletal system. However, to date, no study has systematically reviewed or quantified the effect of OW/OB on the development of joint malalignments in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the association between OW/OB and joint alignment in children and adolescents and to quantify the evidence on whether children and adolescents with OW/OB have a higher risk of developing joint malalignments than their peers of normal weight.

Methods
PubMed and Web of Science databases were systematically searched from inception to March 9, 2020. Studies investigating the association between OW/OB and joint alignment in children and adolescents were selected. Nonoriginal articles, participants with movement pattern diseases, and adolescents studied while pregnant were excluded. Two independent reviewers conducted the study selection and data extraction. Qualitative synthesis of evidence and random effect meta-analyses (risk ratio [RR]) were performed.

Results
Seventy-three studies (5 longitudinal and 68 cross-sectional) met the inclusion criteria involving 1,757,107 children and adolescents. There was consistent evidence supporting associations of OW/OB with rounded shoulder, lumbar hyperlordosis, genu valgum, and flatfoot. Our meta-analysis showed that children and adolescents with OW/OB had a significantly higher risk of lumbar hyperlordosis (RR = 1.41), genu valgum (RR = 5.92), flatfoot (RR = 1.49), and any joint malalignment (RR = 1.68) when compared with their peers of normal weight. The presence of genu valgum and flatfoot were the most robust results.

Conclusion
Based on these findings, OW/OB is associated with the presence of joint malalignments in children and adolescents.

Impact
This is the first study that has systematically reviewed the effect of OW/OB on the development of joint malalignments in children and adolescents.
Hope as fundamental human response to loss and grief experiences in the time of COVID-19
Authors: Gopez Jose Ma W 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced changes in almost every aspect of human life, including the process of grieving. Due to strict safety measures, the grieving experience of the bereaved becomes more overwhelming and challenging. In this testing time, Gabriel Marcel’s ideas on hope can be a fundamental response to loss and grief. In situations wherein despair is experienced, responding with hope can help us cope with the complicated process of grieving.
Comparative effectiveness of guselkumab in psoriatic arthritis: results from systematic literature review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Mease Philip J , McInnes Iain B , Tam Lai-Shan , Eaton Kiefer , Peterson Steve , Schubert Agata , Chakravarty Soumya D , Parackal Anna , Karyekar Chetan S , Nair Sandhya , Boehncke Wolf-Henning , Ritchlin Christopher 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
The efficacy of the novel interleukin (IL)-23p19 inhibitor guselkumab for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has recently been demonstrated in two phase 3 trials (DISCOVER-1 & -2) but has not been evaluated vs other targeted therapies for PsA. The objective was to compare guselkumab to targeted therapies for PsA for safety and joint and skin efficacy through network meta-analysis (NMA).

Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted in January 2020 to identify randomized controlled trials. Bayesian NMAs were performed to compare treatments on American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20/50/70 response, mean change from baseline in van der Heijde-Sharp (vdH-S) score, Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) 75/90/100 response, adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs).

Results
Twenty-six phase 3 studies evaluating 13 targeted therapies for PsA were included. For ACR 20 response, guselkumab 100 mg every 8 weeks (Q8W) was comparable to IL-17A inhibitors and subcutaneous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. Similar findings were observed for ACR 50 and 70. For vdH-S score, guselkumab Q8W was comparable to other agents except intravenous TNF therapies. Results for PASI 75 and PASI 90 response suggested guselkumab Q8W was better than most other agents. For PASI 100, guselkumab Q8W was comparable to other active agents. For AEs and SAEs, guselkumab Q8W ranked highly but comparative conclusions were uncertain. Similar results were observed for all outcomes for guselkumab 100 mg every four weeks.

Conclusions
In this NMA, guselkumab demonstrated favorable arthritis efficacy comparable to IL-17A and subcutaneous TNF inhibitors while offering better PASI response relative to many other treatments.
Patients with psychiatric diagnoses have lower quality of life than other patients with juvenile rheumatic disease: a prospective study
Authors: Kosola Silja , Relas Heikki 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Transition of adolescents with chronic diseases from paediatric healthcare to adult care requires attention to maintain optimal treatment results. We examined changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and disease activity among JIA patients with or without concomitant psychiatric diagnoses after transfer to an adult clinic.

Methods
We prospectively followed 106 consecutive patients who were transferred from the New Children’s Hospital to the Helsinki University Hospital Rheumatology outpatient clinic between April 2015 and August 2019 and who had at least one follow-up visit. HRQoL was measured using 15D, a generic instrument.

Results
The patients’ median age at transfer was 16 years and disease duration 4.0 years. Patients were followed for a median of 1.8 years. Disease activity and overall HRQoL remained stable, but distress (dimension 13 of 15D) increased during follow up (P=0.03). At baseline, patients with at least one psychiatric diagnosis had lower overall 15D scores [mean 0.89 (s.d. 0.14) vs 0.95 (s.d. 0.05), P &lt;0.01] and higher disease activity [DAS28mean 1.88 (s.d. 0.66) vs 1.61 (s.d. 0.31), P = 0.01] than patients without psychiatric diagnoses. The difference in overall 15D persisted over the study period.

Conclusion
Transition-phase JIA patients with psychiatric diagnoses had lower HRQoL than other JIA patients. Despite reduced disease activity and pain, HRQoL of patients with psychiatric diagnoses remained suboptimal at the end of follow-up. Our results highlight the necessity of comprehensive care and support for transition-phase JIA patients.
Relationship of serum vitamin D levels with diabetic microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhao Wei-Jing , Xia Xin-Yi , Yin Jun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background:
Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to be associated with diabetic microvascular complications, but previous studies have only focused on the relationship between vitamin D and specific complications. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between vitamin D level and diabetic microvascular complications in general, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study of 815 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Clinical information and laboratory results were collected from the medical records. The relationship between vitamin D and the three diabetic microvascular complications was investigated.

Results:
The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH] D) level of patients with DPN and/or DN was significantly lower than that of T2DM patients without any microvascular complications (P < 0.01). Univariate analysis showed that the 25 (OH) D level was related to DPN and DN, but not DR. After adjustment, the 25 (OH) D level was confirmed to be an independent protective factor for DPN (odds ratio [OR]: 0.968, P = 0.004]) and DN (OR: 0.962, P = 0.006). The prevalence of DPN and DN increased significantly as the serum 25 (OH) D levels decreased. Furthermore, patients with both DPN and DN had the lowest concentration of serum 25 (OH) D (P < 0.001), and the prevalence of macroalbuminuria increased more abruptly than that of microalbuminuria across the 25 (OH) D tertiles. Among the patients with vitamin D insufficiency, those with DPN presented more comorbid macroalbuminuria than those without DPN (15.32% vs. 4.91%; P = 0.001).

Conclusions:
Vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with higher risk of DPN and DN, but not DR, in T2DM patients. Further, it may be a potential predictor for both the occurrence and severity of DPN and DN.
Safety of Endoscopic Snare Ampullectomy for Adenomatous Ampullary Lesions: Focus on Pancreatic Stent Placement to Prevent Pancreatitis
Authors: Gambitta Pietro , Aseni Paolo , Villa Federica , Fontana Paola , Armellino Antonio , Vertemati Maurizio 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Ampullary tumors, although relatively uncommon, are increasingly diagnosed due to ongoing progress in imaging technology and the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopic ampullectomy (EA) has become the preferred treatment option over surgery due to its lower morbidity for benign ampullary adenomas. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and outcome of EA in 30 patients with benign-appearing ampullary lesions with particular emphasis on the accuracy of preampullectomy histology and technical details of the pancreatic duct drainage to prevent postprocedural pancreatitis.

Materials and Methods:
Data from a cohort of 30 patients who underwent EA were retrospectively analyzed. Histologic characteristics of the ampullomas, accuracy of histology of pre-EA biopsy specimen, safety of the procedure, recurrence rate, as well as the clinical outcome of all patients, are analyzed and discussed.

Results:
Endoscopic resection was successful as a definitive treatment in 25 patients (83.3%). Five patients required additional surgery. In 8 patients, a definitive histologic specimen revealed an adenocarcinoma (3 in situ and 5 invasive). The diagnostic accuracy obtained by preresection biopsy specimen was low (0.70). Pancreatic duct stent placement after snare resection was unsuccessful in 9 patients, and 3 of them developed pancreatitis after EA.

Conclusions:
EA appears to be a relatively safe alternative to surgery as the first therapeutic option for selected patients with benign-appearing ampullary adenomas. A correct preoperative evaluation by endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography can help to define the anatomy of the pancreatic duct to improve the success rate of pancreatic stent placement which seems to offer a protective role in the prevention of postprocedural pancreatitis.
Identification of Somatic Structural Variants in Solid Tumors By Optical Genome Mapping
Authors: Goldrich David Y. , LaBarge Brandon , Chartrand Scott , Zhang Lijun , Sadowski Henry B. , Zhang Yang , Pham Khoa , Way Hannah , Lai Chi-Yu Jill , Chun Pang Andy Wing , Clifford Benjamin , Hastie Alex R. , Oldakowski Mark , Goldenberg David , Broach James R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGenomic structural variants comprise a significant fraction of somatic mutations driving cancer onset and progression. However, such variants are not readily revealed by standard next generation sequencing. Optical genome mapping (OGM) surpasses short read sequencing in detecting large (>500bp) and complex structural variants (SVs) but requires isolation of ultra-high molecular weight DNA from the tissue of interest. We have successfully applied a protocol involving a paramagnetic nanobind disc to a wide range of solid tumors. Using as little as 6.5mg of input tumor tissue, we show successful extraction of high molecular weight genomic DNA that provides a high genomic map rate and effective coverage by optical mapping. We demonstrate the system’s utility at identifying somatic SVs affecting functional and cancer-related genes for each sample. Duplicate/triplicate analysis of select samples shows intra-sample reliability but also intra-sample heterogeneity. We also demonstrate that simply filtering SVs based on a GRCh38 human control database provides high positive and negative predictive values for true somatic variants. Our results indicate that the solid tissue DNA extraction protocol, OGM and SV analysis can be applied to a wide variety of solid tumors to capture SVs across the entire genome with functional importance in cancer prognosis and treatment.