bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal nutrition and its intergenerational links to non-communicable disease metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Wilkins Elizabeth , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Pullar Jessie , Demaio Alessandro R. , Roberts Nia , Perez-Blanco Karla-Maria , Noonan Katharine , Townsend Nick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death and disability globally, while malnutrition presents a major global burden. An increasing body of evidence suggests that poor maternal nutrition is related to the development of NCDs and their risk factors in adult offspring. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of this evidence.

Methods
We searched eight electronic databases and reference lists for primary research published between 1 January 1996 and 31 May 2016 for studies presenting data on various dimensions of maternal nutritional status (including maternal exposure to famine, maternal gestational weight gain (GWG), maternal weight and/or body mass index (BMI), and maternal dietary intake) during pregnancy or lactation, and measures of at least one of three NCD metabolic risk factors (blood pressure, blood lipids and blood glucose) in the study population of offspring aged 18 years or over. Owing to high heterogeneity across exposures and outcomes, we employed a narrative approach for data synthesis (PROSPERO= CRD42016039244, CRD42016039247).

Results
Twenty-seven studies from 10 countries with 62,607 participants in total met our inclusion criteria. The review revealed considerable heterogeneity in findings across studies. There was evidence of a link between maternal exposure to famine during pregnancy with adverse blood pressure, blood lipid, and glucose metabolism outcomes in adult offspring in some contexts, with some tentative support for an influence of adult offspring adiposity in this relationship. However, the evidence base for maternal BMI, GWG, and dietary intake of specific nutrients during pregnancy was more limited and revealed no consistent support for a link between these exposures and adult offspring NCD metabolic risk factors.

Conclusion
The links identified between maternal exposure to famine and offspring NCD risk factors in some contexts, and the tentative support for the role of adult offspring adiposity in influencing this relationship, suggest the need for increased collaboration between maternal nutrition and NCD sectors. However, in view of the current scant evidence base for other aspects of maternal nutrition, and the overall heterogeneity of findings, ongoing monitoring and evaluation using large prospective studies and linked data sets is a major priority.
An enhanced approach to simulation-based mastery learning: optimising the educational impact of a novel, National Postgraduate Medical Boot Camp
Authors: Scahill Emma L. , Oliver Nathan G. , Tallentire Victoria R. , Edgar Simon , Tiernan James F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) is an effective, evidence-based methodology for procedural skill acquisition, but its application may be limited by its resource intensive nature. To address this issue, an enhanced SBML programme has been developed by the addition of both pre-learning and peer learning components. These components allowed the enhanced programme to be scaled up and delivered to 106 postgraduate doctors participating in a national educational teaching programme.

Methods
The pre-learning component consisted of an online reading pack and videos. The peer learning component consisted of peer-assisted deliberate practice and peer observation of assessment and feedback within the SBML session. Anonymised pre- and post-course questionnaires were completed by learners who participated in the enhanced programme. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative data was obtained.

Results
Questionnaires were distributed to and completed by 50 learners. Both sections of the pre-learning component were highly rated on the basis of a seven-point Likert scale. The peer learning component was also favourably received following a Likert scale rating. Peer observation of the performance and assessment process was rated similarly by first and second learners.
The thematic analysis of the reasons for which peer-assisted deliberate practice was considered useful showed that familiarisation with equipment, the rehearsal of the procedure itself, the exchange of experiences and sharing of useful tips were important. The thematic analysis of the reasons why peer observation during ‘performance, assessment and feedback’ was useful highlighted that an ability to compare a peer’s performance to their own and learning from observing a peer’s mistakes were particularly helpful.

Conclusion
The SBML programme described has been enhanced by the addition of pre-learning and peer learning components which are educationally valued and allow its application on a national scale.
SMARCA4-deficient thoracic tumor detected by [18F]FDG PET/CT
Authors: Okazaki Tsubasa , Yokoyama Kota , Tsuchiya Jyunichi , Honda Takayuki , Ishikawa Yuya , Kirimura Susumu , Miyazaki Yasunari , Tateishi Ukihide 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
SMARCA4-deficient thoracic tumor (SMARCA4-DTT) is a distinct entity of undifferentiated thoracic malignancies newly introduced in 2015. Due to its unique clinical characteristic with aggressive thoracic tumor mostly observed in heavy smoker man with emphysema, with poor prognosis, many physicians are becoming increasingly aware of the disease; however, reports on 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoroglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET/CT) have been limited; thus, this disease is not yet widely known to nuclear medicine clinicians. As a first step in discussing the usefulness of [18F]FDG PET/CT for this disease, we present a case in which [18F]FDG PET/CT played a clinically important role.

Case
A 74-year-old heavy smoker man with an anamnesis of severe emphysema characterized by pleural thickening and abnormal enhancement in CT underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT for further examination. [18F]FDG-avid pleural nodules infiltrating into the chest wall were detected and pathologically diagnosed as SMARCA4-DTT with biopsy.

Conclusion
SMARCA4-deficient thoracic tumor should be considered in a [18F]FDG-avid aggressive thoracic tumor in heavy smoker men with emphysema.
Decolorization of Malachite green dye by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia a compost bacterium
Authors: Alaya Vasudhaudupa , Kodi Rajesh Kumar , Ninganna Earanna , Gowda Balakrishna , Shivanna M. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe release of triphenylmethane dyes, like malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV), into the environment is a cause of concern due to its toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.ResultA bacterial strain that is capable of decolorizing both dyes was isolated from the composted neem oil-seed cake. The strain was characterized asStenotrophomonas maltophiliabased on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and designated as isolate TPMD-1. The kinetic study of the dye degradation revealed the efficiency of the above isolate to degrade MG. The effect of substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and agitation on the decolorization of MG by the isolate was also studied. The MG degradation rate was slightly more in neutral pH at 28–30 °C and 150 rpm. The UV-spectroscopy, HPLC, and FTIR analyses of the dye sample before and after bacterial treatment revealed the high ability ofS. maltophiliaTPDM-1 in the removal of MG from the media. The genetic snapshot of the isolate by PCR amplification and sequencing showed the presence of genes 'lac’and ‘tmr’that codes for laccase and triphenylmethane reductase.ConclusionThis study presented the first report ofStenotrophomonas maltophiliain the degradation and detoxification of MG dye by oxidoreduction, which could be used for the bioremediation of aquatic environments contaminated by MG.
Aversion to Off-label Prescribing in Clinical Pediatric Weight Management: The Quintessential Double Standard
Authors: San Giovanni Christine B , Sweeney Brooke , Skelton Joseph A , Kelsey Megan M , Kelly Aaron S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Context
Pediatric obesity is now recognized as a chronic disease; yet few treatment options exist besides lifestyle modification therapy and bariatric surgery. We describe the limited availability of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved antiobesity medications for adolescents and compare this to what is available for adults. We offer a rationale for off-label prescribing to assist with lifestyle modification therapy. We also highlight the need for more pharmacotherapy options and additional research into novel treatments for pediatric obesity.

Case Description
We describe a patient who is struggling with managing her weight and starting to develop complications of obesity. We offer a framework in which off-label prescribing may be beneficial to patients who have been engaging in lifestyle modification therapy yet fail to see improvement.

Conclusion
Lifestyle modification therapy is necessary but often insufficient in stimulating clinically meaningful weight loss when used alone in children and adolescents who struggle with weight management. Until more FDA-approved antiobesity medications are available, pediatricians may be able to help more patients achieve weight reduction goals by familiarizing themselves with the responsible use of off-label medications and implementing these tools to improve clinical outcomes. There is a critical need for more pharmacotherapy options to help pediatric patients in managing their weight and preventing or improving the insidious complications resulting from untreated obesity.
Some Experiments on Sea-urchin Eggs with Desoxynucleic Acids from Sea-urchin Sperms
Authors: Hörstadius Sven 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Dr. I.Joanlorch, of King’s College, London, and I have made some experiments on sea-urchin eggs with desoxynucleic acids (DNA) prepared from sperms of several sea-urchin species by Professor Erwin Chargaff, of Columbia University, New York.
Radiation Malformations Belonging to the Cyclopia–Arrhinencephalia–Otocephalia Group in the Mouse Foetus
Authors: Murakami Ujihiro , Kameyama Yoshiro , Majima Akio , Sakurai Tsuneyoshi 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTMice were subjected to a single whole-body X-radiation of 200 r. on the 9th day of pregnancy and embryos and foetuses derived from them were examined from the 13th to 19th day of pregnancy. Besides some exencephalias, hydrocephaluses, harelips and cleft-palates, a spectrum of malformations grossly classified into the following three groups was observed at comparatively high frequencies (over 32 per cent.). The first group : an apparently univentricular telencephalon accompanied by a beak-like appearance of the snout and eyes approaching the median. The second group : a reduction in the size of the telencephalon associated with a tapering of the snout and a tendency to synophthalmia. The third group : the tapering snout which may be accompanied by fusing nostrils. Besides, two cases of microtia were found. Microscopic findings suggest that these three groups present a spectrum of malformations belonging to the cyclopia-arrhinencephalia-otocephalia group. However, no typical cyclopias were detected. During the most sensitive developmental stage, the 9th day of pregnancy, 3-5 brain vesicles are formed and the anterior neuropore is closed. That this phase of basic morphogenesis of the nervous system is most sensitive to teratogenic influences is in harmony with both the results of experimental embryologists employing lower vertebrates and those of human pathologists.
Teratological Changes in the Offspring of Chicken Embryos Treated with Tyrode or with Tyrode plus DNA
Authors: Martinovitch Petar N. , Kanazir Dušan T. , Kneževitch Zoran A. , Simitch Marta M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTTyrode salt solution when injected into the blood-stream of young chicken embryos will cause the appearance of malformed embryos in the 1st and 2nd filial generation derived from the recipient birds. The frequency of malformed embryos appears to be correlated with the amount of substance injected. The rate of the appearance of malformations at least in the 1st filial generation is increased when DNA dissolved in Tyrode is injected into the recipient embryo. It also appears that the percentage of malformed embryos rises if the amount of DNA is increased by repeated intermittent injections. The recipient embryos themselves do not develop malformations unless relatively high doses are given to them by repeated injections. Tyrode solution has a definite injurious effect on the gonad of recipient female birds and on the gonads of their Fx progeny, which is expressed in a number of ways. The same effect has been observed in the recipients of both the F1 and F2 from DNA-treated birds.
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Early Developing Chick Embryos
Authors: Shepard Thomas H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe wet weight of developing Heisdorf and Nelson chick embryos was found to be comparable to that of other types of chick embryos. Unexpectedly high amounts of protein were observed in homogenates of chick embryos up to the 5th day of development. The total nitrogen values of similar preparations increased steadily and were in keeping with the findings of others. The specific activity of carbonic anhydrase (units/mg. nitrogen or protein) of whole embryos increased abruptly between the 4th and 5th days. The increase occurred in both the anterior and posterior portion of the embryo and was not due solely to accumulation in the retinae. After days of development intracellular localization of carbonic anhydrase activity appeared in the soluble fraction. By the techniques used there was no change between the 1st and 5th day in the percentage distribution of protein or nitrogen in the centrifuged fractions.
The Development of an Inherited Tooth Defect in the Mouse
Authors: Grewal M. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAbsence of third molars occurs in some inbred strains of mice (CBA and A) in which these teeth are small, and in the mutant Crooked-tail (Cd/Cd) in which all the molars and the lower incisors are reduced in size. Both in CBA and in Cd/Cd mice, the teeth which will later be absent are represented by tooth germs at first. On the 6th and 5th day after birth respectively, these tooth germs are arrested in the ‘cap’ stage or a little before. They do not invaginate to form a ‘bell’ and ultimately regress. The mechanism of this regression has not been elucidated.
The Effect of Chlorpromazine on the Embryonic Development of the Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)
Authors: Eyal-Giladi Hefzibah , Eyal Zwi 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAxolotl embryos at various stages of development were placed in different concentrations of chlorpromazine for varying periods of time. The embryos were then reared up to stage 46 and examined with a binocular microscope. The deleterious effect of CPZ on the embryos was found to be greater the higher the concentration and the longer the time of treatment. The following degrees in the potency of the effect were noted: (a) almost immediate stoppage of development followed by death and cytolysis; (b) development up to stage 37–38, followed by cessation of development and degeneration; (c) development to the final stage (46) accompanied by microcephaly and pronounced defects in the eyes, gills, pigmentation, and axial organs, as judged by the external appearance of the larvae; (d) development to the final stage (46) of normal larvae with a tendency to a reduced amount of melanin in the melanophores of certain parts of the body (particularly the top of the head); (e) the development of larvae which appeared to be completely normal. In the discussion an attempt was made to coordinate the arrest of development at stages 37–38 with Løvtrup and Werdinius’s respiration curve of developing axolotl embryos. It was found that these critical stages correspond to the second period of constant oxygen consumption prior to a rapid rise in respiration. The assumption was formulated that as a result of the effect of CPZ the embryos are unable to increase their respiratory rate in subsequent stages, with resultant cessation of development followed by degeneration. A comparison stressing both similarities and differences between the effects of CPZ and other teratogenic substances was made.
Increase in Cell Number as a Factor in the Growth of the Organs and Tissues of the Young Male Rat
Authors: Enesco M. , Leblond C. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While the organs and tissues of the young rat are known to increase in size with age (Donaldson, 1924), little is known of the role played by the component cells in this increase. There is evidence that cells enlarge (Levi, 1906; Plenk, 1911) and new cells are added (Strasburger, 1893), but we do not know to what extent the enlargement and proliferation of the cells cause the growth of organs and tissues. The present work is an attempt to clarify this problem.
Transfer of Primordial Germ-cells between Two Subspecies of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Blackler A. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Anura the primordial germ-cells are discernible in the dorsal crest endoderm of tail-bud stages of development and may be traced from this position throughout their migration into the undifferentiated gonadal rudiment. These facts have been established by the descriptive studies of a number of workers (see review by Johnston, 1951), the cells being recognizable by their large size, the retention of yolk platelets long after their disappearance in neighbouring cells, the sharply defined and often kidney-shaped nuclear membrane, and the poor staining affinity of the nuclear contents.
Cell polarity during wound healing in an insect epidermis
Authors: Nubler-Jung K. , Bonitz R. , Sonnenschein M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe insect integument displays uniform posterior orientation of cuticular denticles or bristles formed by the epidermal cells. We want to understand how cell polarities become uniformly oriented in the plane of the epidermal sheet.Here we test whether directed cell migration disturbs the orientation of denticles. Burning a circular area of epidermal cells beneath the cuticle causes cells to migrate into the resulting wound and the cuticle pattern observed after the subsequent moult depends on the time interval between burning and ecdysis. After a short wound-healing period cuticular protrusions tend to point away from the wound. With increasing wound healing periods they tend to point more and more towards the wound centre. These results suggest that the migrating cells tend to orient cuticular protrusions in the direction of cell movement while continued cell movement will bend nascent cuticular protrusions outwards. Cell shape may also determine denticle orientation.I propose that the asymmetric localization of cell components known to determine the . orientation of cell migration may also determine denticle orientation in insect epidermal cells.
Tissue polarity in an insect segment: denticle patterns resemble spontaneously forming fibroblast patterns
Authors: NüBler-Jung K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The insect integument displays planar tissue polarity in the uniform posterior orientation of denticles and bristles. How do cell polarities become uniformly oriented in the plane of the epidermal sheet? We have already shown that it is possible to disturb uniform denticle orientation in abdominal segments of Dysder-cus (Nübler-Jung, 1987). Here I report that abnormally oriented denticles tend to form small arrays with uniform orientation. Adjacent arrays with divergent orientations realize a small repertory of characteristic pattern elements. We obtain these pattern elements by orthogonal transformation of pattern elements that form spontaneously in confluent fibroblast cultures, which rely on autonomous cell behaviour, and which later simplify into patterns predicted by specific boundary conditions (Elsdale & Wasoff, 1976); the only additional parameter required is planar cell polarity. The abnormal patterns in Dysdercus may thus also form spontaneously and may also rely on autonomous cell behaviour. The normal pattern is predicted by the parallel segment boundaries.
I propose that the characteristic pattern elements in the larval epidermis may arise because elongated epidermal cells tend to arrange in parallel arrays and to orient in the same direction. The normal posterior orientation of cell polarities may result from orienting cues provided by the anterior and by the posterior intersegmental regions.
The relationship between intracellular calcium levels and limb bud chondrogenesis in vitro
Authors: Bee James A. , Jeffries Ros 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Under standard culture conditions, chondrogenic expression by stage-21 embryonic chick limb bud mesenchyme is dependent upon high cell plating densities. Alternatively, when cultured in suspension aggregating limb bud cells differentiate exclusively as cartilage. We have previously demonstrated that the aggregation of prechondrogenic limb bud cells is specifically mediated by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. In the present paper, we examine the involvement of calcium cations in chondrogenic expression in vitro. During cartilage differentiation, we demonstrate that limb bud cells elevate their intracellular Ca2+ levels to achieve a conserved plateau level. This increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels does not occur in sparse cell cultures, which also fail to demonstrate cartilage differentiation. Although elevation of extracellular Ca2+ concentration effects precocious chondrogenesis, ultimately this is substantially lower than in control cultures. In contrast, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels by the addition of 0·1 μM-A23187 readily stimulates precocious and extensive cartilage differentiation. 0· μM-A23187 initially elevates intracellular Ca2+ levels to that required for cartilage differentiation but this then continues to increase concomitant with a reduction in cartilage nodule size. 10 μM-retinoic acid completely inhibits chondrogenesis in vitro and elevates intracellular Ca2+ to particularly high levels. Our data indicate the central role of controlled intracellular Ca2+ levels to normal chondrogenic expression. Deviation from this level by cells that either fail to achieve or that exceed it inhibits subsequent cartilage development, and can cause a loss of phenotypic expression by differentiated cartilage.
Calcium: a regulation system emerges in plant cells
Authors: Gilroy S. , Blowers D. P. , Trewavas A. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Calcium occupies a pre-eminent place in the cellular control systems of animals (Campbell, 1983). Because of the cytotoxic effects of calcium, cells pay very particular attention to keeping cytoplasmic calcium levels very much lower than the normal extra-cellular 10−3M level; usually it is in the range 10−8–10−6M. This is accomplished using a variety of calcium-pumping systems located both in the plasma membrane and organelles and together these operate a very efficient calcium-stat system. But, in addition, cells use the temporary elevation of cytoplasmic calcium to between 10−6 and 10−5 M that may follow plasma membrane perturbation and alteration of calcium channel activity, as signals, eliciting a variety of predetermined responses. The concentration of cytoplasmic calcium is sensed by calcium-binding proteins, most notably calmodulin, and the calcium/calmodulin complex in turn modulates the activity of numerous enzymes and proteins. Calcium is also associated with other signalling systems such as IP3 and cyclic AMP.