bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a New Genus of Synascidians from Japan
Authors: Oka Asajiro , Willey Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe remarkable compound Ascidian which we1 are about to describe was collected in quantity by one of us at Moroiso, a place which stands at the head of a small bay to the north of Misaki, some fifty miles south of Tokio. It was found in the months of July and August, hanging downwards from the lower surface of the shelving rocks between the tide-marks, and is therefore exposed at low water at certain times of the year. It was soon regarded as probably a new form, and such has since proved to be the case.
A New Branchiate Oligochæte (Branchi ura Sowerbyi)
Authors: Beddard Frank E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We are acquainted at present with three genera of Oligo-chæta which render the Cuvierian name of “Annélides abranches sétigères” no longer applicable to the group. Dero has been known since the time of Rosel and Otto Friederich Müller, the latter of whom recognised the branchial function of the ciliated processes at the anal extremity of the body. Alma nilotica, originally described by Grube,1 and lately reinvestigated by Levinsen,2 is, according to Grube, much like a Rhynchelmis in general habit. It has paired sigmoid setae; the posterior sixty segments or so are furnished with short dorsally placed processes, more numerous upon the anterior than the posterior of these segments. The name given by Levinsen is Digitibranchus niloticus; but this worm is, in all probability, generically and specifically identical with Alma nilotica. The third branchiate form has been quite lately described in this Journal3 by Professor A. G. Bourne. It is a Naid furnished with long processes on the anterior segments which lodge the dorsal setæ. I shall refer more particularly to the structure of these processes in describing a quite new type of branchiate Oligochætous Annelid which I propose to name.
The Pigment Cells of the Retina
Authors: Boden J. S. , Sprawson F. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In preparing a specimen of the retinal pigment cells from a sheep’s eye in the practical histology class at King’s College one of us (S.) noticed that these were not all hexagonal in shape, as is usually described, but that many had seven sides; and on searching through the specimen, cells with varying numbers of sides were found. On showing this to Professor Halliburton he suggested that we should examine a large number of specimens from different animals, in order to ascertain if the same irregularities exist there. This we have done, and the present paper contains the results of the investigation. The descriptions and figures in the various text-books are taken from Max Schultze’s work on the subject.1 In all, the cells are represented as being perfect hexagons, and the existence of cells of other shapes is not mentioned.
Note on the Existence of a pair of Sub-cutaneous Orifices in the Head of the Eel and Conger
Authors: Houghton Rev. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Having been occupied at intervals during the last three months in. dissecting a number of eels (Anguilla acutirostris) and a couple of Congers, I observed the invariable presence of two sub-triangular openings in the fleshy portion of the head, just at its juncture with the spinal column. My first impression with regard to the use of these orifices was that they were connected with the auditory organs, and that they probably led to the vestibular cavity. Although so far, I believe, as has hitherto been observed, the existence of external auditory organs in the whole class of fishes is very exceptional—the skates amongst the cartilaginous order, and a few of the members belonging to the Gadidæ and Clupeidæ amongst the osseous order alone possessing them— still I thought it not improbable that the eel, which is commonly supposed to hear well, and which is occasionally an overland traveller, might prove another exception to the general rule. I may observe that Mr. Cholmondeley Pennell, in his recently published work, ‘The Angler Naturalist’ (p. 397), asserts the presence of an “ear or auditory aperture “amongst the various mucus pores about the head, but from the most minute examination of a large number of eels’ heads I can confidently affirm that no such external auditory aperture exists. I have, therefore, no doubt that Mr. Pennell must have mistaken two of the mucus pores for ears.
On the Illusive Appearances produced by some Transparent Objects
Authors: Beck Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
To view an object by passing light through it, or, as it is commonly termed, to look at it as transparent, is a method of examination not only peculiar to the microscope, but also one to which the naked eye is quite unaccustomed. It frequently conveys to the mind most imperfect ideas of an object, and in very many instances it produces appearances which even in shape bear no resemblance to the true structure: of this fact, which is somewhat difficult of proof, most conclusive evidence may be furnished by a careful examination of the scales of Lepisma Saccharina.
On the Pelvic Girdle and Fin of Eusthenopteron
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Through the kindness of Mr. A. Smith Woodward, 1 I have recently had the opportunity of looking through the fossil fish acquired by the British Museum since the Catalogue was published. Amongst these was found a specimen of Eusthenopteron foordi, Whit., showing the endoskeleton of the pelvic girdle and fin, of which I here give a description. The interest attaching to this fossil is considerable, since, of all the numerous extinct fish usually included in the group “Crossopterygii,” it is the first and only one in which the parts of the skeleton of the pelvic girdle and its fin have been found complete and in their natural relations. 2
The Lateral Sensory Canals, the Eye-Muscles, and the Peripheral Distribution of certain of the Cranial Nerves of Mustelus lævis
Authors: Allis Edward Phelps 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I have recently had occasion to examine three series of sections of the head of embryos of Mustelus lævis, one of them being an embryo 12·2 cm. long. It was not my intention, when these sections were prepared, to make any extended study either of the lateral canals or of the cranial nerves of the fish ; the investigation I had proposed relating entirely to the innervation of the sensory organs of the ampullae. I have long had a very decided impression, opposed to that of most workers on the subject, that these ampullary organs must be genetically related to the terminal buds of ganoids and teleosts rather than to the pit organs of those fishes; and I thought that I should easily be able to get some positive evidence of this in the general course and position of the nerves that innervate them in advanced selachian embryos. This positive evidence I have wholly failed to get, for the very simple reason that, in the main nerve trunks, I could not distinguish in my sections the ampullary fibres from the lateral canal ones. Disappointed in this at the very beginning of the investigation, I nevertheless decided to quite carefully trace the lateral canals and the nerves that innervate them and the ampullæ, as far back as my sections went, that is, nearly to the level of the first gill slit. Careful consideration of these observations has fully convinced me, though indirectly, that the ampullary organs do represent the terminal buds of ganoids and teleosts, and not the pit organs. As, in this research, I was also led to trace the other cranial nerves of the region under consideration, and as my observations differ in certain respects from, and complete in others, the results of earlier writers on the subject, I have thought best to fully describe, not only the lateral canals of the head and the ampullary canals, but also the facial, trigeminal, and eye-muscle nerves, notwithstanding the fact that there will necessarily be, in these descriptions, a certain amount of repetition of well-known facts.
Oligotrema psammites: a New Ascidian belonging to the Family Molgulidæ
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The interesting little Ascidian which forms the subject of this paper was dredged by Dr. A. Willey from a depth of fifty fathoms off Lifu, New Britain, and was sent to me among a collection of Zoanthids made in the same locality. Externally the animal has so little resemblance to an Ascidian, and has so many features resembling those of Anthozoa, that it might well be mistaken for a member of the latter group. The body is sack-shaped and covered with grains of sand, like that of a Zoanthid. The mouth, or more correctly, the branchial aperture, is transversely elongated and bordered by tumid lips (Fig. 2), and there is a circlet of six pinnate arms or tentacles resembling those of an Alcyonariau surrounding the mouth. The internal organs can only be distinguished as a dark mass through the translucent walls of the body, and the atrial siphon is so small and inconspicuous that it might easily escape observation. My attention was at once attracted by the presence of six pinnate tentacles, and, suspecting that the animal was new to science, I cleared it for preliminary examination in dilute glycerine, which rendered the test transparent and exposed clearly the intestine, the atrial aperture, and the other structures shown in Fig. 1. Further examination left no doubt that the animal was an Ascidian.
A Contribution to the Morphology and Development of the Pectoral Skeleton of Teleosteans
Authors: Swinnerton H. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following pages contain the results of an investigation conducted chiefly on the salmon and the stickleback. These types were chosen as representative of lowly and of advanced teleosts respectively. The adult sturgeon and developmental stages of other teleosts were also examined in order to correct, confirm, and extend results.
Rhinosporidium kinealyi, n.g., n.sp., a new Sporozoön from the Mucous Membrane of the Septum Nasi of Man
Authors: Minchin E. A. , Fantham H. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The peculiar organism which forms the subject of this memoir was first brought to notice by Major F. O’Kinealy, I.M.S., occurring in a growth removed from a native patient at the Medical College Hospital, Calcutta, in May, 1894. The growth in question was described as “a small, vascular, pedunculated tumour, about the size and shape of a large pea, projecting into the vestibule of the left nasal fossa. It was a freely movable, painless growth, with all the appearances of a papilloma, and was attached by a short pedicle to the mucous membrane at the anterior and upper end of the cartilaginous septum, being entirely confined to that region.” The tumour was examined microscopically by Major J. C. Vaughan, I.M.S. then officiating Professor of Pathology at the Medical College. A section of the tumour was exhibited by Major O’Kinealy before the Laryngological Society of London, and his description of the case, including the report of Major Vaughan, was published in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Society for April, 1903 (1). Later on a second report, with drawings of the clinical appearances of the growth, was sent by Major O’Kinealy and published in the Society’s ‘Proceedings’ for December, 1903 (2). Since the original case seven or eight others had cropped up at the Medical College Hospital.
Record of the occurrence, new to Ireland, with Note, of a Peculiar Condition of the Volvocinaceous Alga, Stepha- Nosphzera Pluvialis (Cohn), and Observations thereon
Authors: Archer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
THE discovery in Ireland of the very interesting and very beautiful and apparently very rare organism, Stephanosphcera pluvialis (Cohn), would in itself alone be worthy of a record in the ‘Proceedings’ of this society. But inasmuch as, whilst I had a supply of this “Volvocine” in my possession, a remarkable phase or condition in its history—so far as I am aware, not before observed in this form, though not without parallels elsewhere—presented itself to my notice, the value of that record becomes thereby in so far enhanced.
Notes on the Development, Structure, and Origin of the Median and Paired Fins of Fish
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A great deal has been written in the last few years about the structure, development, and origin of the paired fins of fish, yet two rival and incompatible theories are still prevalent. According to the theory put forth by Gegenbaur (14, 15,16), the paired fins have been derived from gill structures, the gill-arch having been modified into the limb-girdle, and the fin itself, with its skeleton, having been derived from the gill-flap or septum, and its supporting gill-rays. This may shortly be called the “gill-arch theory.” The second theory, that of Balfour (1, 2), Thacher (35), and Mivart (23), holds that the paired fins are of the same nature as the unpaired median fins. According to this view, the limbs have been derived from paired longitudinal fin-folds, in which skeletal supports, the radials, or somactidia (Lankester), became developed as in the median fins, and subsequently gave rise to the limb-girdles. This may be called the “lateral fin-fold theory.” Each of these theories may claim to have among its numerous supporters the names of some of the most eminent exponents of the morphology of the vertebrates. Dohrn (10), Haswell (20), Rabi (31), Mollier (24, 25, 26), Harrison (19), Wiedersheim (36), A. Smith Woodward (37), and Dean (9) have written in favour of the lateral fold theory; Davidoff (8), Fürbringer (12), Braus (3—7), and others have supported its rival. It is unnecessary for me in these notes to give a history of the discussions to which the question has given rise; the literature has been recently reviewed by Mollier and Braus, and the whole subject is familiar to zoologists. But there are certain essential points which seem to be in danger of being obscured from view in a cloud of controversy, and it is in the hope of clearing up some of these points and of filling up certain gaps in the evidence that these notes have been published.
On the Development of Nebalia
Authors: Robinson Margaret 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It was at the suggestion of Professor W. F. R. Weldon that I began this investigation, and he kindly gave me the material which he had taken from the brood pouches of specimens obtained by dredging at Naples. Unfortunately it had been preserved some time when it came to me, and part of it (including some of the later stages) had been rendered of little use by the action of tannin from the corks of the bottles. I have, however, been able to work at six stages which are fairly consecutive, and seem important.
The Structure, Development, and Bionomics of the House-fly, Musca domestica, Linn
Authors: Hewitt C. Gordon 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper is intended to be the first of a series of three dealing with the anatomy, development and bionomics of the House-fly, Musca domestica, L. The second part will include an account of the anatomy of the larva, its development and the breeding habits of the fly ; the series will be concluded with an account of the bionomics of the fly with special reference to its relations with man.
The Development of the Head-muscles in Gallus domesticus, and the Morphology of the Head-muscles in the Sauropsida
Authors: Edgeworth F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Few papers have been published on the early stages of development of the head-muscles of Gallus and other birds, and on the insertion of the mandibular muscles into Meckel’s cartilage and the lower* jaw; but as yet there has been no description of the formation of all the muscles in any one bird which might serve as a basis for a discussion of their morphology. The following is a contribution to the subject founded on an investigation of Gallus.
The Eyes of Chrysochloris hottentota and C. asiatica
Authors: Sweet Georgina 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
After the completion of my work on the eye of Notoryetes typhlops, the opportunity was afforded me, through the kindness of Professor R. Broom, of Victoria College, Cape Colony, of examining the eyes of Chrysochloris hottentota and C. asiatica, which are herein described. I wish, therefore, to thank Professor Broom for my whole supply of material consisting of—
Contributions to the Cytology of the Bacteria
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT“Ich hoffe zuversichtlich, dass wir nicht mehr allzu weit von dem Augenblicke entfernt sind, wann es klar werden wird, dass die verschie- denartigsten Angaben, insofem dieselben einer ernsten mid gewissen-haften wissenschaftlichen Arbeit entspringen, alle in reinen Einklang gebracht werden, so dass ein nenes schemes Gebiiude, das der Bacterien- cytologie, in der allerfeinsten der Wissenschaften hoch emporragen wird.”—Mencl (1910).
The Spermatogenesis of Lepidosiren paradoxa
Authors: Agar W. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The material for this work was obtained during an expedition to the swamps of the Paraguayan Chaco, undertaken primarily for this purpose. The spot where the Lepidosirens were collected was a station of the South American Missionary Society called Naktetingma, about ninety miles west of Villa Concepcion, and about a league from the spot which Prof. Graham Kerr made his headquarters while collecting his material for working out the embryology of this fish. It is to him that I owe the whole idea of making this expedition. The expenses of the expedition were defrayed by the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society and by the managers of the Balfour Fund of the University of of Cambridge, to both of which bodies I should like to take this opportunity of conveying my thanks. I should also like to acknowledge my indebtedness to the South American Missionary Society for the help they so cordially gave me, and especially to the little band of missionaries at Naktetingma, who most generously provided me with horses, waggous, bullocks and a home during the whole of my stay in the Chaco, and more important still, procured Indian hunters for me, and, in fact, ensured the success of the expedition.
The Dorsal Vibratile Fin of the Rockling (Motella)
Authors: Stu:ir Thomson J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTMost collectors on our shores are familiar with the rockling, and have observed the series of free, vibrating rays situated slightly anterior to the ordinary dorsal fin. It is the object of the present paper to give an account of this vibratile fin, together with co-related parts, and to indicate its function as a whole.
Two New Species of the Phoronidea from Vancouver Island
Authors: Pixell H.L. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The animals described in this paper were obtained while I was working at the Marine Biological Station, Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, in the summer of 1911 during my tenure of the Reid Fellowship. They include two species—one belonging to the genus Phoronis (Wright, 1856), the other to the genus Phoronopsis (Gilchrist, 1907).
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Geoflrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has been shown in previous studies that Sacculina elaborates fatty material in its roots at the expense of its host, and it has been stated that the livers of infected crabs show a more constantly abundant supply of fat in the liver than normal crabs. Since the maturing ovary of the normal female crab also stores a fatty material in the form of yolk, and since at this time also the female shows an abundant supply of fat in the liver, and, moreover, exhibits characteristic changes in the blood, which becomes loaded with yellow lipochrome (lutein) and fatty material, the suggestion was advanced that the Sacculina roots played the same part in the metabolism of infected crabs as is normally played by the ovary of a maturing female crab, and that the alterations in the secondary sexual characters of infected crabs followed as a consequence of this fat-forming activity of the Sacculina roots.
Studies on the Development of the Veno-Lymphatics in the Tail-region of Polistotrema (Bdellostoma) stouti. First Communication : Formation of the Caudal Hearts
Authors: Allen William F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The purport of this and a following communication is to record certain facts and conclusions concerning the origin of the veno-lymphatics in the tail region of Polistotrema (Bdellostoma) stouti. This paper will include a description of the adult condition of these vessels and the manner in which the caudal hearts are formed. Shortly I hope to follow with a second communication on the development of the venolymphatics in the tail region.
Microscopical Researches on the Cattle Plague
Authors: Beale Dr. Lionel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the third report of the Cattle Plague Commissioners Dr. Beale’s observations bear particularly upon the facts of diseased conditions in general, and open out in a very special manner what may be called tissue actions as contradistinguished from blood alterations. Dr. Beale’s researches, if true in their inferential aspect, must very materially modify present pathological notions as to the nature of fevers and inflammatory conditions. Dr. Beale takes as his starting-point the congested state of the capillary vessels so constantly seen in rinderpest, and proceeds to show that as this is “by no means uniform in all different textures, or of equal degree in every part of the same tissue, while the capillaries of some organs (those between the uriniferous tubules of the kidney, those of the lobules of the liver, those of the mammary, and probably some other glands) are not as much congested as they are often found in healthy animals killed suddenly, it cannot be referred to any general impediment in the circulation” but, on the other hand, the congestion would seem to have a local origin, for there are patches of various sizes, but distinctly separated from one another by uncongested, or only slightly congested, portions of tissue …. the patches are of an intensely dark red colour, of circular form, as though the congestion had commenced at and radiated from a central spot. The result of the congestion is an increased pouring out of nutrient matter and a growth of the germinal matter (usually termed nuclei) of the vessels and tissues. Dr. Beale thinks that whatever causes the local congestion is the cause of rinderpest.