bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multidisciplinary and Formal Nutrition Education is Needed in Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Daley Brian James , McClave Stephen , Van Way Charles , Gramlich Leah , Cherry‐Bukoweic Jill , Collier Bryan , Lawson Christy 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionA needs assessment survey was constructed to determine faculty resources and commitment for nutrition education from Graduate Medical educators. The null hypothesis was all specialties had insufficient faculty resources to educate about current nutritional practice.Methods and A needs assessment was sent in a survey format of 25 questions to 495 ACGME Residency Program Directors in Anesthesia, Family Medicine, Medicine, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Surgery. There was a 14% response rate (72 programs), consistent with similar studies on the topic.ResultsThe majority of respondents were primary care programs (32 Family Medicine, 23 Medicine and one Pediatric). Most program directors had a fair knowledge of nutrition themselves, with 10% reporting expert knowledge, and 41 programs did not identify an expert. The majority of experts were often not considered formal Graduate Medical educators (MDs = 37, RD = 38, Pharm D= 13, RN= 12 and PhD =7). Nutrition education occurs informally, by non‐MD providers as only 19 residencies had a formal nutrition course. Seventy seven percent of residencies felt they did not meet the required educational goals for and 72% felt a national curriculum would overcome this obstacle.ConclusionsThere is indeed a dearth of nutrition education in current graduate medical education. Most programs lack the expertise/commitment to teach a formal course but recognize the need to meet educational requirements. Most programs rely on non‐MD multidisciplinary experts to teach residents. A broad based, diverse specialty educational program taught by MDs and other non‐MD experts is needed for training in nutrition during residency.
A hands on model of skeletal muscle reflexes, tone and innervation
Authors: Nielson Jonathan , Carvalho Helena 
Published: June 2021

Neuroscience is rapidly advancing field and a large body of information is becoming available. The complexity of these topics can create misconceptions and lead students to feel overwhelmed in their approach to the large amount of information. In an effort to facilitate the learning process and engage students we developed a model of a skeletal motor unit and its innervations. The model is easily constructed of a wood base, 1″×3″ wood boards, a hinge, elastic, string and images of a spine segment. It can be manipulated to demonstrate the action of muscle across a joint with the motor input and sensory output that allow purposeful movement and maintenance of muscle tone. The model also demonstrates how the sensory information changes as the muscle moves and what affect that has on motor nerve action. The interactive model was developed and demonstrated with a group of first and second year medical students at VTCSOM. The students were given a 5‐minute didactic style lecture and then given 5 minutes with the model. 55% of students identified the model as useful to their understanding of the topics it presents, several suggestions we given to improve the model. In conclusion a simple model was constructed with an inexpensive material that addresses a complex and important topic in neuroscience.Financial support: Center for Instructional Development and Educational Research at Virginia Tech
The pea‐shaped human pisiform results from the evolutionary loss of a growth plate
Authors: Kjosness Kelsey Marie , Hines Jasmine E. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Reno Philip L. 
Published: June 2021

The human pisiform is a small nodular bone that serves as the distal attachment for the powerful forearm muscle, the flexor carpi ulnaris. In contrast, most other mammals, including primates and the ancestral hominid Australopithecus afarensis, possess a pisiform that is substantially elongated. An underappreciated fact is that in these species the pisiform develops from two separate ossification centers. A secondary center implies the presence of a growth plate (similar to the calcaneus) whose loss could serve as an evolutionary mechanism underlying human pisiform reduction. Here we perform a histological analysis of pisiform ossification in juvenile mice. We confirm the existence of a pisiform growth plate with distinct organized columnar and hyptertrophic chondrocyte zones. We also conducted a comparative analysis of hominoid pisiform ossification and confirm that epiphyses are present in Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo but not in humans. In addition, the initial ossification occurs substantially earlier in apes relative to humans, thus raising questions concerning the homology of the human pisiform and the two distinct ossification centers of other mammals. The research is funded by Penn State University.Grant Funding Source: Pennsylvania State University
An Experimental Study Comparing Active Mobilization to Passive Flexion‐Active Extension‐Active Flexion after Flexor Tendon Repair in Zone Two
Authors: Ding Zihai , Lee Hongliang 
Published: June 2021

PurposeBoth passive flexion‐active extension and active rehabilitation have shown advantages and disadvantages in tendon healing, but few studies have combined these two rehabilitation protocols to identify their ideal balance.MethodsA tendon injury model was employed in white Leghorn chickens. Thirty‐two animals were randomly assigned into four groups. We compared a UA group (UA=Unrestricted Active flexion rehabilitation regimen) with PAA‐5, PAA‐9.5 and PAA‐14 groups (PAA‐X=Passive flexion‐Active extension regimen followed by Active mobilization at 5 days, 9.5 days, and 14 days post operation, respectively). The tensile properties and range of motion of the three interphalangeal joints were evaluated for three postoperative weeks.ResultsIn terms of tensile properties of operated foot, PAA‐14 was higher than any other group, and PAA‐5 was the lowest. There was no significant difference between the PAA‐9.5 and UA. For the range of motion, there were significant differences between all four groups: UA increased the most, PAA‐14 increased the last and PAA‐5 increased more than did PAA‐9.5. For the rupture rate, UA and PAA‐5 were higher than were PAA‐9.5 and PAA‐14.ConclusionThe results indicate that the PAA‐9.5 and UA may give the best balance (tensile properties, range of motion, rupture rates) of these rehabilitation protocols. PPA‐9.5 and UA have the similar moderate tensile properties. When considering an increased range of motion, the UA method may be the most appropriate despite its higher rupture rate. When considering a lower rupture rate, PAA‐9.5 may be the most suitable.
Comparing various epithelial cell lines as in vitro models for Francisella tularensis non‐phagocytic infections
Authors: Lo Karen Y , Chua Michael D , Abdulla Salima , Law HT , Guttman Julian A 
Published: June 2021

The potential bioterrorism agent Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis (F. tularensis) causes the disease tularemia; if untreated the disease can result in up to 60% mortality. As an intracellular bacterium, F. tularensis invades and occupies non‐phagocytic epithelial cells of its host – a process critical to the development of disease. To study epithelial infections, many cell culture models have been developed; yet choosing a suitable model from the literature is challenging due to varied infection parameters and inaccurate assessments of intracellular bacterial loads. In our lab, we have developed an epithelial cell model using a murine surrogate of F. tularensis Francisella tularensis subspecies novicida (F. novicida) and the cultured hepatocyte cell line BNL CL.2. Since our model emulates the murine model of tularemia, we hypothesize BNL CL.2 cells will be more susceptible to F. novicida infection compared to other models currently present in the literature. We assessed 8 different models with the same parameters using antibiotic survival assays and an immunofluorescence strategy to label intracellular vs extracellular bacteria. We found that while COS‐7, CMT‐93, and HEK‐293 cell lines may be suitable for studying specific aspects of infection such as invasion or replication; overall, BNL CL.2 cells were the most appropriate cell line to study F. tularensis epithelial infections in vitro.Grant Funding Source: NSERC and CIHR
Pericytes connect the blood vessels of hosts and grafts within 24 hours after cell sheet transplantation
Authors: Morikawa Shunichi , Ezaki Taichi 
Published: June 2021

The prompt establishment of blood circulation between grafts and hosts is indispensable for the success of transplantation. In this study, we sought to elucidate how the blood circulation between grafted cell sheets and host tissues is accomplished. The multi‐layered cell sheets were fabricated by culturing rat heart cells; the heart cells contained vascular endothelial cells, which eventually formed tubular structures in the cell sheets during the cultivation period before grafting on rat dorsal muscles.As early as 24h after grafting, blood vessels were extended from host tissues and entered into grafted cell sheets. At the same time, blood inflow from the hosts into the cell sheets was confirmed by intravenous injection of tracer dyes into the hosts. In the cell sheets, the host blood vessels were chimerically connected with intrinsic endothelial tubes of the cell sheets. Interestingly, the chimeric vessel junctions were surrounded by NG2 proteoglycan / alpha smooth muscle actin‐positive pericytes; moreover, type‐IV collagen / griffonia simplicifolia lectin I‐positive vascular basement membrane ensheathed these pericytes and the vessel junctions collectively.We conclude that pericytes connect the blood vessels of hosts and grafts by producing basement membrane as a scaffold for the blood vessels that extend from host tissues toward grafted cell sheets within 24 h after transplantation.
Lung bioscaffolds: comparative lung decellularization techniques
Authors: Ferng Alice , Qu Ning , Hemphill Courtney , Khalpey Zain 
Published: June 2021

While the final treatment for end‐stage lung failure remains lung transplantation, less than 20% of donor lungs are considered suitable for transplantation. An innovation to improve the donor lung pool supply involves decellularization of lungs to provide an acellular three‐dimensional bioscaffold that can be reseeded with lung specific progenitor cells. With no existing gold standard method for lung decellularization to date, it is important to establish an efficient and effective method that removes all DNA and intracellular structural proteins. These techniques also involve testing the bioscaffold integrity, and instituting a cryopreservation method such that a lung bioscaffold repository can be created.Rat lungs were decellularized using static and continuous perfusion decellularization protocols. Static decellularization was done using a 24 and 72‐hour protocol, and continuous decellularization was done using a 75 hour protocol. Triton X‐100, Sodium Deoxycholate or Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, NaCl, and porcine pancreatic DNAase was used to decellularize the lungs, with the variation being a difference in incubation times. Differences between techniques were determined by histological analysis via H&E and DAPI stains evaluating nuclei and structural proteins. Bioscaffold integrity tests following both decellularization and cryopreservation were also performed.Grant Funding Source: N/A
Profiling miRNAs in Renal Neoplasms for Diagnosis and Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Sam Soya , Schned Alan R. , Tsongalis Gregory J. , Tafe Laura J. 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) consists of three main histologic subtypes each with a distinct biological behavior and response to current therapeutics. Oncocytomas (OC) are an important differential diagnosis. Altered miRNA expression plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The objective of this study was to profile miRNA expression signatures of histologically categorized renal neoplasms (RN).MethodsMiRNA was isolated from archived samples of a clear cell (ccRCC) and papillary (pRCC) RCC, an OC and normal kidney using the miRNeasy FFPE Kit (Qiagen). MiRNA was tailed and ligated to FlashTag‐Bitoin‐HSR and run on the Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA v3.0 Arrays as per the manufacturer's protocol. Data were analyzed using the Expression Console software and Partek Genomics Suite.ResultsAll 4 specimens had analyzable results. Our initial data demonstrate differential expression of miRNAs in the RN: miR‐210, miR‐1269, and miR‐205 are up‐regulated in ccRCC, miR‐187 is up‐regulated in OC and miR‐31 is up‐regulated in pRCC.ConclusionThe GeneChip miRNA 3.0 Array includes 1733 mature human miRNAs and can be used with FFPE. MiRNA profiling of RN is warranted to generate an algorithm to accurately subtype small biopsies and histologically challenging cases for treatment stratification.
Nuclear factor one controls a voltage‐sensitive developmental switch required for late neuronal maturation
Authors: Ding Baojin , Wang Wei , Kilpatrick Daniel L. 
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to examine how gene expression related to synapse formation is regulated during neuronal maturation. Lentiviral transduction of mouse cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and cerebella tissues of gene knock out mouse were used together with microarray, qRT‐PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitationon (ChIP) assays. These approaches identified a Nuclear Factor One (NFI)‐regulated temporal switch program linked to dendrite and synapse formation in developing mouse CGNs. One central feature of this program was temporally‐regulated NFI occupancy of late‐expressed gene promoters. Further, the NFI switch program and NFI occupancy were regulated by membrane potential‐dependent activation of the calcineurin (CaN)/Nuclear factor of activated T‐cell, cytoplasmc (NFATc) pathway. NFATc4 occupied the promoters of late‐expressed NFI program genes in immature mouse cerebellum, and its binding was temporally down‐regulated with development. NFI temporal binding and switch gene expression were up‐regulated in the developing cerebellum of Nfatc4 (−/−) mice. These findings suggest that NFI‐regulates transcription of late expressed genes through its temporal occupancy, which serves as a critical link between membrane potential and synapse formation via the CaN/NFATc4 pathway.Grant Funding Source: PHS grant NS063047 to DLK
Cytotoxicity screening of a series of semiconductor quantum dots for their potential biomedical use
Authors: Ermilov Eugeny , Kuzyniak Weronika , Adegoke Oluwasesan , Sekhosana Kutloano , Hoffmann Bjoern , Nyokong Tebello , Pries Axel R. , Höpfner Michael 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundQuantum dots (QDs) are promising candidates for a wide variety of biomedical applications, such as imaging, biosensing and drug delivery. However, the major drawback of QDs is their potential cytotoxicity. The major goal of the present study was to examine cytotoxic effects of a series of newly synthesized CdTe or CdSe QDs with/without ZnS shell and different cappings to estimate their potential use in biomedicine.Methods & ResultsProliferation studies using the human pancreatic carcinoid cell line BON and the esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line Kyse70 revealed that CdTe and CdSe QDs with or without ZnS shell and coated with 3‐mercaptopropionic acid were highly cytotoxic even at low nanomolar concentrations. By contrast capping with L‐glutathione (GSH) or thioglycolic acid (TGA) reduced the cytotoxicity of CdTe and CdSe QDs to reach IC50 values in the micromolar range. Additional investigations using chorioallantoic membranes of fertilized chicken eggs (CAM assay) to which QDs were applied topically or injected intravenously confirmed the good tolerability in vivo.ConclusionThe specific surface coating as well as core material has significant impact on QD toxicity in cells and tissues. The novel TGA‐ and GSH‐capped QDs characterized in this investigation merit further elucidation as promising candidates for biomedical applications.
Phosphoserine Aminotransgerase I Is A predictor of Early Recurrence and Poor Prognosis of Resected Stage I Non‐small Cell Lung Cancer That Induces Metastasis via MMP1 Activation
Authors: Chan Yung‐Chieh , Liu Yu‐Peng , Su Chia‐Yi , Jan Yih‐Hua , Yang Yi‐Fang , Chang Yu‐Chan , Lai Chu‐Ching , Hsaio Michael 
Published: June 2021

Stage I non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is potentially curable after completely resection. However, recurrence may occur in 30 % of the stage I cases and influence prognosis. It is important to identify biomarkers that can predict the early recurrence in Stage I lung cancer patients. By using publicly available microarray database, we have identified Phosphoserine Aminotransferase I (PSAT1) which overexpression is associated with poor prognosis (P<0.001) with hazard ratio of 2.09 (P=0.00048) in stage I and II of lung cancer patients. The immunohistochemical staining was carried out with 104 specimens of NSCLC, which showed higher PSAT1 expression level in tumor tissue than adjacent non‐tumor tissue (P<0.011). High PSAT1 immunoreactivity was relevant to shorter disease free survival (P=0.034) in early stage adenocarcinoma. Two way complementary overexpression and knockdown of PSAT1 in low invasive and high invasive lung cancer cell promotes invasion and migration, respectively. Furthermore, high‐throughput promoter screening showed significant activation of MMP1 promoter (10‐fold, P<0.01) by PSAT1 expression.MMP1 knockdown in PSAT1 overexpressed cells inhibited invasion, suggested that MMP1 is a downstream target of PSAT1 in lung cancer cells. In summary, our results indicate that PSAT1 is a novel predictor in stage I NSCLC, which promote cell invasion through the activation of MMP1 pathway.
Insulin receptor isoform B is downregulated in intestinal stem cells and tumors, limits colon cancer cell growth, and promotes differentiation
Authors: Bortvedt Sarah , Mah Amanda , Van Landeghem Laurianne , Simmons Jim , Santoro M. Agostina , Lund P. Kay 
Published: June 2021

Insulin receptor (IR) has been little studied in intestinal epithelium, despite evidence that obesity and hyperinsulinemia promote intestinal dysfunction and cancer. In other organs, two IR splice variants mediate metabolism (IR‐B) or growth (IR‐A). This study examined IR‐A and IR‐B in intestinal stem cells (ISC), progenitors, and differentiated lineages isolated from Sox9‐EGFP reporter mice, normal tissue (N) and tumors (T) of ApcMin/+ mice, and colorectal cancer cells (CRC). Effects of IR‐B overexpression were tested in Caco2 CRC. We hypothesized that IR‐B predominates in differentiated normal lineages or differentiated CRC, limits CRC proliferation, and promotes differentiation.ResultsIR‐A predominates in ISC and progenitors; IR‐B predominates in differentiated lineages. IR‐B is downregulated in T vs N of ApcMin/+ mice and aggressively growing CRC. In Caco2 CRC, IR‐A and IR‐B are both expressed during exponential growth, but IR‐B and an IR‐B splicing enhancer are dramatically upregulated during spontaneous differentiation. Overexpression of IR‐B in Caco2 CRC dramatically reduced proliferation, but accelerated and enhanced expression of the differentiation marker sucrase. We conclude that maintained or upregulated IR‐B expression may be critical to differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells or CRC and protective against colon cancer growth. Grants: F31AG040943, NIH DK040247–19.
Endothelial dysfunction driven by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species – proof of concept studies in CypD −/− mice
Authors: Daub Steffen , Kroeller‐Schoen Swenja , Steven Sebastian , Kossmann Sabine , Scholz Alexander , Oelze Matthias , Xia Ning , Treiber Nicolai , Scharffetter‐Kochanek Karin , Li Huige , Schulz Eberhard , Wenzel Philip , Münzel Thomas , Daiber Andreas 
Published: June 2021

There is growing body of evidence for a crosstalk between different enzymatic sources of oxidative stress. With the present study we sought to determine the underlying mechanisms of this crosstalk.ResultsNADPH oxidase (Nox) activation and triggered oxidative burst was assessed by chemiluminescence or fluorescence based assays and translocation of cytosolic Nox subunits in response to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) formation in human leukocytes. mtROS induced Nox activation was prevented by inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), protein kinase C or Nox activity. mtROS induced Nox‐dependent oxidative burst was absent in white blood cells with p47phox deficiency (regulatory cytosolic Nox2 subunit) or with cyclophilin D deficiency (regulatory mPTP subunit), whereas this crosstalk was amplified in white blood cells with mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency (MnSOD+/−).ConclusionsOur data show that mtROS trigger the activation of phagocytic and cardiovascular NADPH oxidases, which may have fundamental consequences on immune cell activation and progression of angiotensin II‐mediated hypertension.Research supportThe present work was supported by generous financial support by the Johannes Gutenberg University and Medical Center Mainz (MAIFOR and Forschungsfonds grants to A.D.), the German Research Foundation (DFG WE 4361/3–1 to P.W. and DFG KFO142 SCHA 411/15–2 to K.S.‐K.) and the Stiftung Mainzer Herz to all authors.
Towards effective food security interventions for HIV+ individuals: Impact of home delivered meals
Authors: Jin Sarah , Tavarez Isy , Boshnack Nick , Cole Chris , Fang Xindi , Shao Stephanie , Girguis Mariam , Gibson Britton , Humphries Debbie 
Published: June 2021

Nutrition interventions are increasingly recognized as pivotal to vulnerable HIV positive (+) patients.ObjectiveTo determine whether HIV+ individuals receiving home delivered meals have different rates of viral suppression when compared to HIV+ individuals who are not receiving home delivered meals.MethodsTwo chart reviews were conducted, comparing rate of viral suppression among HIV+ participants in Caring Cuisine (CC), a home delivered meals program, with HIV+ case management clients who did not receive home delivered meals. The first was a cross‐sectional study of current clients (n=164). The second was a five year retrospective matched case‐control study of clients with multiple measures of viral load at different time points with respect to initiation of CC participation (n=45 CC participants; n=90 for non‐CC participants).ResultsCross‐sectionally, CC clients had higher rates of viral load suppression (58.5% vs. 38.5%, p=<0.01) despite being older (p <0 .01) and with lower annual incomes (p<0.05). After six months of receiving home delivered meals, CC participants were more likely to have viral load suppression (OR=2.11; p=0.038) than matched non‐participants.ConclusionHome delivered meals may be an effective ancillary treatment for vulnerable HIV+ patients. Further research is needed to determine efficacy and effectiveness of this approach. Research Support: Yale School of Medicine