bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a novel Candida metapsilosis isolate reveals multiple hybridization events
Authors: O’Brien Caoimhe E , Zhai Bing , Ola Mihaela , Bergin Sean A , Ó Cinnéide Eoin , O’Connor Ísla , Rolling Thierry , Miranda Edwin , Babady N Esther , Hohl Tobias M , Butler Geraldine 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Candida metapsilosis is a member of the Candida parapsilosis species complex, a group of opportunistic human pathogens. Of all the members of this complex, C. metapsilosis is the least virulent, and accounts for a small proportion of invasive Candida infections. Previous studies established that all C. metapsilosis isolates are hybrids, originating from a single hybridization event between two lineages, parent A and parent B. Here, we use MinION and Illumina sequencing to characterize a C. metapsilosis isolate that originated from a separate hybridization. One of the parents of the new isolate is very closely related to parent A. However, the other parent (parent C) is not the same as parent B. Unlike C. metapsilosis AB isolates, the C. metapsilosis AC isolate has not undergone introgression at the mating type-like locus. In addition, the A and C haplotypes are not fully collinear. The C. metapsilosis AC isolate has undergone loss of heterozygosity with a preference for haplotype A, indicating that this isolate is in the early stages of genome stabilization.
Determination of Illegally Used Chemical Dyes in the Chinese Herbal Medicine “Red Flower Oil”
Authors: He Yi , Lu Jing , He Fengyan , Zhang Yumei , Wang Feifei , Liu Jingjing , Zheng Xiaowei , Dai Zhong , Ma Shuangcheng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Red flower oil is a group of herbal medicinal liniments widely used in China and Southeast Asia. The color of red flower oil is adjusted to red or brownish-red by adding natural dyes.

Objective
The objective of this study is to identify and quantify the synthetic dyes illegally used in red flower oil.

Methods
Thirty-two batches of red flower oil (from nine manufacturers) were collected from different cities in China. High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–MS) analysis was performed to identify the chemical dyes in the samples, and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) was used to quantify the chemical dyes.

Results
Sudan I, Sudan IV, and Solvent Red 207 were detected in nine batches of preparations (from three manufacturers) with concentration ranges of 101.7–214.9 μg/mL for Sudan I, 24.0–41.0 μg/mL for Sudan IV, and 147.5–221.7 μg/mL for Solvent Red 207.

Conclusion
In present study, sudan I, sudan IV, and solvent red 207 were detected in red flower oil. The control of chemical dyes in food and drug should be further studied and not limited to sudan dyes.

Highlights
It is the first report about the detection of solvent red 207 in food and drug. The illegal use of those chemical dyes should be regarded as serious violation of good manufacturing practice (GMP) and might be dangerous for the patients.
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS): SARS-CoV-2 as an Example of the Technology’s Potential Pediatric Infectious Disease Applications
Authors: Handel Andrew S , Muller William J , Planet Paul J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has emerged as a potentially powerful tool in clinical diagnosis, hospital epidemiology, microbial evolutionary biology, and studies of host-pathogen interaction. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic provides a framework for demonstrating the applications of this technology in each of these areas. In this Supplement, we review applications of mNGS within the discipline of pediatric infectious diseases.
QED in the exact renormalization group
Authors: Igarashi Yuji , Itoh Katsumi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The functional flow equation and the quantum master equation are consistently solved in perturbation for chiral symmetric QED with and without four-fermi interactions. Due to the presence of a momentum cutoff, unconventional features related to gauge symmetry are observed even in our perturbative results. In the absence of the four-fermi couplings, a one-loop calculation gives us the standard results of anomalous dimensions and the beta function for the gauge coupling, and therefore the Ward identity, Z1 = Z2. This is a consequence of the regularization-scheme independence in the one-loop computation. We also find a photon mass term. When included, four-fermi couplings contribute to the beta function and the Ward identity is also modified, Z1 ≠ Z2, due to a term proportional to the photon mass multiplied by the four-fermi couplings.
A practical guide to vitiligo differential diagnoses in primary care
Authors: Delgado Patricia , Crumpton Kristen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract:
Primary care providers often encounter different types of pigmentary disorders such as vitiligo. This article arms the provider with the most common vitiligo differential diagnoses, with key findings and tips to identify specific hypopigmentary diseases. Readers will be better-prepared to provide safe and effective care and recommend referrals to appropriate specialties.
Instrumented Versus Noninstrumented Spinal Fusion for Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Hirase Takashi , Ling Jeremiah F. , Haghshenas Varan , Weiner Bradley K. 
Published: October 2021

Study Design:
Systematic review.

Objective:
This systematic review compares radiographic and clinical outcomes between instrumented and noninstrumented posterolateral lumbar spine fusions for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis.

Summary of Background Data:
The optimal method of fusion for instability from degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis remains to be an area of debate amongst spine surgeons. There are no prior comprehensive systematic review of comparative studies that compares outcomes between instrumented and noninstrumented posterolateral spine fusions for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis.

Materials and Methods:
A systematic review was registered with PROSPERO and performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Ovid MEDLINE databases. All level I–III comparative studies published in the English language investigating the clinical outcomes between instrumented and noninstrumented posterolateral spine fusions for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis were included.

Results:
Seven studies (672 patients, 274 noninstrumented, 398 instrumented) were analyzed. One randomized study was level I evidence, 2 randomized studies were level II, and 4 nonrandomized studies were level III. Mean follow-up ranged from 1.4 to 5.9 years. Instrumented patients had a higher rate of solid fusion (87.6% vs. 77.1%, P=0.023) and a lower rate of definitive pseudarthrosis (5.3% vs. 19.9%, P<0.001). However, there was no difference in overall functional improvement at final follow-up between the 2 treatment groups (75.0% vs. 81.7%, P=0.258). In addition, there was no difference in reoperation or complication rates.

Conclusions:
For the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, there are significantly higher rates of fusion among patients undergoing instrumented posterolateral fusion compared with noninstrumented posterolateral fusion. However, there is no difference in overall functional improvement, pain-related outcome scores, reoperation rates, or complication rates between the 2 treatment groups.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—systematic review of level I–III studies.
Comparison of Outcomes Between Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Percutaneous Kyphoplasty for the Treatment of Kümmell’s Disease
Authors: Huang Xusheng , Chang Hong , Xu Hualiang , Chen Xiang , Wang Hua , Song Yancheng 
Published: October 2021

Study Design:
A meta-analysis.

Objective:
The aim is to compare the efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) in treating Kümmell’s disease (KD) without neurological deficits.

Summary of Background Data:
PVP and PKP are routine methods for the treatment of KD without neurological deficits; however, whether PVP or PKP is superior is a matter of debate.

Materials and Methods:
According to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Knowledge were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials or cohort studies. Two authors independently collected data and assessed the methodologic quality of the included studies. Intraoperative and postoperative clinical outcomes, cement leakage, refracture rate, and the costs during hospitalization were evaluated.

Results:
Five observational studies comparing 119 PVP and 128 PKP patients were included in qualitative and quantitative reviews. All of the included s studies had evidence of good quality, as assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. On the basis of meta-analysis the operation time [weighted mean difference: −10.65; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): −11.94 to −9.35; P<0.00001] and hospitalization cost (weighted mean difference: −2.38; 95% CI: −2.87 to −1.89; P<0.00001) were less for PVP, while the cement leakage rate was lower for PKP (odds ratio: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.58–5.82; P<0.001). Together, the data indicated that the differences in cement volume, visual analog scale score, Oswestry disability index score, Cobb angle, anterior vertebral height, and refracture rate were not significantly different.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study suggest that PVP and PKP are safe and effective for the treatment of KD. PVP required less operative time and was more affordable, but PKP was superior given the lower cement leakage rate. Additional high-quality randomized controlled trials designed to support these findings are warranted.
Kirsten rat sarcoma inhibitors in clinical development against nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Yunchang , Hu Lanlin , Xu Chuan 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
The unique structure made Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) ‘undruggable’ for quite an extended period. The functional mechanism of this small protein is well illustrated. However, there is no precision medicine for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients burden with KRAS mutation. The attempts made by scientists to make challenge history against KRAS mutation and their druggable targets are worth elucidating.

Recent findings
The appearance of orphan drug AMG510 in the market specifically targeting KRASG12C is a tremendous breakthrough. Several KRAS inhibitors are under development now. More studies focus on combo treatment of KRAS inhibition and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Recent preclinical and clinical investigations have been reported that NSCLC patients with KRAS mutation can benefit from ICIs.

Summary
The current review elucidates the development of KRAS inhibitors from basic research to clinical precision medicines. We retrospectively analyze the development of KRAS mutation targeting drugs and discuss the investigations for future development of KRAS inhibitors.
Beyond the 21-cm Notch-to-nipple Myth: Golden Proportions in Breast Aesthetics
Authors: Sandberg Lars Johan , Tønseth Kim Alexander , Kloster-Jensen Kristine , Liu Jun , Reece Gregory , Halle Martin , Edsander-Nord Åsa , Höckerstedt Anna , Kauhanen Susanna , Tindholdt Tyge Tind , Gunnarsson Gudjon Leifur , Selber Jesse Creed 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The 21-cm notch-to-nipple distance has been accepted without academic scrutiny as a key measure in breast aesthetics. The Fibonacci sequence and phi ratio occur frequently in nature. They have previously been used to assess aesthetics of the face, but not the breast. This study aims to assess if the static 21-cm measure or the proportional phi ratio is associated with ideal breast aesthetics.

Method:
Subclavicular-breast height and breast width were used to calculate the aesthetic ratio. Subjects were subsequently aesthetically rated. A one-sample t-test was used to determine if the ratio for each breast differed from phi. Breast scores with one, both, or no breasts were compared with an optimal phi ratio. Analysis of variance was performed. Tukey–Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons was used when pairwise comparisons were conducted.

Results:
Five subjects (14%) had bilateral optimal phi ratio breasts. Four subjects (11%) had one breast with an optimal phi ratio. Subjects with bilateral optimal phi ratios had significantly higher overall breast scores than those with only one optimal breast (Δ = 0.86, P = 0.025) or no optimal breast (Δ = 0.73, P = 0.008). Distance from optimal Fibonacci nipple position was moderately to strongly correlated with aesthetic score (−0.630, P = 0.016). No correlation was found between 21-cm notch-to-nipple distance and aesthetic score.

Conclusion:
The bilateral optimal phi ratio is correlated with high overall aesthetic scores, as is the optimal Fibonacci nipple position. No correlation was found between 21-cm notch-to-nipple distance and overall aesthetic score.
Low Mean Nocturnal Baseline Impedance is Associated With a Pathological Acid Exposure Time in Children
Authors: Rosado‐Arias Yolainis , Toro‐Monjaraz Erick Manuel , Cervantes‐Bustamante Roberto , Zarate‐Mondragon Flora , Cadena‐Leon Jose , Ignorosa‐Arellano Karen , Loredo‐Mayer Alejandro , Ramírez‐Mayans Jaime 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBackground:The baseline impedance (BI) and the mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) serve as markers of mucosal integrity in patients with pathologic acid exposure time (AET). This work aims to investigate the association between the BI and MNBI with the AET in children.Methodology:A retrospective study was performed in children ⩽18 years old with suspicion of gastroesophageal reflux disease who underwent both endoscopy and pH‐impedance monitoring (pH‐MII). Esophagitis was graded according to the Los Angeles classification. The pathological AET was determined depending on the age (≥5% in patients >1 year and ≥10% in those ages ⩽1 year). For the BI, 60 s measurements were taken every 4 h, and for the MNBI, 3 10 min measurements were taken between 1.00 and 3:00 AM; then, they were averaged. The means of BI and MNBI were compared with each other, with the AET, and other variables.Results:Sixty‐eight patients were included, 25% of patients presented pathological AET. The mean of the MNBI was higher than BI in channels 6 (2195 vs 1997 Ω, P = 0.011) and 5 (2393 vs 2228 Ω, P = 0.013). BI and MNBI at channel 6 were lower in patients with pathological AET than in those with normal AET (1573 vs 2138 Ω, P = 0.007) and (1592 vs 2396 Ω, P = 0.004), respectively.Conclusions:Children with pathological AET had lower impedance values than those with normal AET. BI and MNBI measurements should be part of the routine MII‐pH assessment in children.
Effects of Esterified Hyaluronic Acid, Adipose Tissue, and Blood Glue on Survival of Diced Cartilage Grafts
Authors: Ozturk Semra Kulekci , Habesoglu Tulay Erden , Ihvan Aysenur , Palaoglu Ibrahim , Cokay Baris Ilke , Habesoglu Mehmet Ozgur 
Published: October 2021

Objectives:
Diced cartilage grafts are used for correcting nasal dorsal deformities and irregularities. However, cartilage resorption is among most common problems after rhinoplasty. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of esterified hyaluronic acid, adipose tissue, and blood glue on the viability of diced cartilage grafts.

Methods:
A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were used for the study. Cartilage grafts were obtained from 1 side ear and diced. The rats were divided into 4 groups (6 in each group): bare diced cartilage (group 1), diced cartilage wrapped with adipose tissue (group 2), diced cartilage blended with blood glue (group 3), and diced cartilage wrapped with esterified hyaluronic acid (group 4). The grafts were inserted into the subcutaneous pockets of the back of same rat. After 2 months follow-up specimens were harvested for histopathological and dimensional examination. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson-Trichrome, and Elastic Van-Gieson. Chronic inflammation, loss of chondrocyte nucleus, vascularization, foreign body reaction, collagen content of matrix, and extent of elastic fiber were assessed under light microscopy.

Results:
Foreign body reaction in adipose tissue and blood group was significantly higher than bare cartilage and esterified hyaluronic acid group (P = 0.001). With respect to loss of chondrocyte nucleus esterified hyaluronic acid group had significant higher rate of nucleus loss than other groups (P = 0.002).

Conclusions:
This study suggests that blood glue, esterified hyaluronic acid and autologous adipose tissue have not beneficial effects in improving viability of diced cartilage grafts.
Assessment of long-range cross-correlations in cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular interactions
Authors: Nakata Akio , Kaneko Miki , Taki Chinami , Evans Naoko , Shigematsu Taiki , Kimura Tetsuya , Kiyono Ken 
Published: October 2021

We propose higher-order detrending moving-average cross-correlation analysis (DMCA) to assess the long-range cross-correlations in cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular interactions. Although the original (zeroth-order) DMCA employs a simple moving-average detrending filter to remove non-stationary trends embedded in the observed time series, our approach incorporates a Savitzky–Golay filter as a higher-order detrending method. Because the non-stationary trends can adversely affect the long-range correlation assessment, the higher-order detrending serves to improve accuracy. To achieve a more reliable characterization of the long-range cross-correlations, we demonstrate the importance of the following steps: correcting the time scale, confirming the consistency of different order DMCAs, and estimating the time lag between time series. We applied this methodological framework to cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular time series analysis. In the cardiorespiratory interaction, respiratory and heart rate variability (HRV) showed long-range auto-correlations; however, no factor was shared between them. In the cardiovascular interaction, beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure and HRV showed long-range auto-correlations and shared a common long-range, cross-correlated factor.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced computation in cardiovascular physiology: new challenges and opportunities’.
Optimizing phase variability threshold for automated synchrogram analysis of cardiorespiratory interactions in amateur cyclists
Authors: Cairo Beatrice , de Abreu Raphael Martins , Bari Vlasta , Gelpi Francesca , De Maria Beatrice , Rehder-Santos Patrícia , Sakaguchi Camila Akemi , da Silva Claudio Donisete , De Favari Signini Étore , Catai Aparecida Maria , Porta Alberto 
Published: October 2021

We propose a procedure suitable for automated synchrogram analysis for setting the threshold below which phase variability between two marker event series is of such a negligible amount that the null hypothesis of phase desynchronization can be rejected. The procedure exploits the principle of maximizing the likelihood of detecting phase synchronization epochs and it is grounded on a surrogate data approach testing the null hypothesis of phase uncoupling. The approach was applied to assess cardiorespiratory phase interactions between heartbeat and inspiratory onset in amateur cyclists before and after 11-week inspiratory muscle training (IMT) at different intensities and compared to a more traditional approach to set phase variability threshold. The proposed procedure was able to detect the decrease in cardiorespiratory phase locking strength during vagal withdrawal induced by the modification of posture from supine to standing. IMT had very limited effects on cardiorespiratory phase synchronization strength and this result held regardless of the training intensity. In amateur athletes training, the inspiratory muscles did not limit the decrease in cardiorespiratory phase synchronization observed in the upright position as a likely consequence of the modest impact of this respiratory exercise, regardless of its intensity, on cardiac vagal control.
This article is part of the theme issue 'Advanced computation in cardiovascular physiology: new challenges and opportunities'.
Opening the black box: interpretability of machine learning algorithms in electrocardiography
Authors: Bodini Matteo , Rivolta Massimo W. , Sassi Roberto 
Published: October 2021

Recent studies have suggested that cardiac abnormalities can be detected from the electrocardiogram (ECG) using deep machine learning (DL) models. However, most DL algorithms lack interpretability, since they do not provide any justification for their decisions. In this study, we designed two new frameworks to interpret the classification results of DL algorithms trained for 12-lead ECG classification. The frameworks allow us to highlight not only the ECG samples that contributed most to the classification, but also which between the P-wave, QRS complex and T-wave, hereafter simply called ‘waves’, were the most relevant for the diagnosis. The frameworks were designed to be compatible with any DL model, including the ones already trained. The frameworks were tested on a selected Deep Neural Network, trained on a publicly available dataset, to automatically classify 24 cardiac abnormalities from 12-lead ECG signals. Experimental results showed that the frameworks were able to detect the most relevant ECG waves contributing to the classification. Often the network relied on portions of the ECG which are also considered by cardiologists to detect the same cardiac abnormalities, but this was not always the case. In conclusion, the proposed frameworks may unveil whether the network relies on features which are clinically significant for the detection of cardiac abnormalities from 12-lead ECG signals, thus increasing the trust in the DL models.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced computation in cardiovascular physiology: new challenges and opportunities’.
Echo state network models for nonlinear Granger causality
Authors: Duggento Andrea , Guerrisi Maria , Toschi Nicola 
Published: October 2021

While Granger causality (GC) has been often employed in network neuroscience, most GC applications are based on linear multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) models. However, real-life systems like biological networks exhibit notable nonlinear behaviour, hence undermining the validity of MVAR-based GC (MVAR-GC). Most nonlinear GC estimators only cater for additive nonlinearities or, alternatively, are based on recurrent neural networks or long short-term memory networks, which present considerable training difficulties and tailoring needs. We reformulate the GC framework in terms of echo-state networks-based models for arbitrarily complex networks, and characterize its ability to capture nonlinear causal relations in a network of noisy Duffing oscillators, showing a net advantage of echo state GC (ES-GC) in detecting nonlinear, causal links. We then explore the structure of ES-GC networks in the human brain employing functional MRI data from 1003 healthy subjects drawn from the human connectome project, demonstrating the existence of previously unknown directed within-brain interactions. In addition, we examine joint brain-heart signals in 15 subjects where we explore directed interaction between brain networks and central vagal cardiac control in order to investigate the so-called central autonomic network in a causal manner.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced computation in cardiovascular physiology: new challenges and opportunities’.