bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Legislative/Legal History of Prescription Drug Advertising and Promotion Regulation
Authors: Li Stephen , Gibbs Iris 
Published: July 2021

Purpose: The communication by pharmaceutical companies of promotional messages about their products has long been controversial, but deemed to be necessary by the pharmaceutical industry so that health care professionals and in some cases patients/consumers can be made aware of the latest developments through the communication vehicles they are accustomed to seeing – in the case of health care professionals, through medical advertising, direct mail, visits by company representatives, and attendance at medical meetings, and in case of patients, through the news media and television advertising. On the other hand, critics argue that such promotion, which sometimes reduces complex medical issues to advertising slogans, is inappropriate for products intended to treat and cure diseases, and that health care professionals should learn about new products from peer-reviewed medical literature. Consequently, advertising, and promotional programs are heavily regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, the laws themselves raise constitutional issues of infringement on free speech. Over the past few years, a number of lawsuits have been decided that help clarify the role of the FDA and the extent of its authority in regulating what companies or their employees say about their products. These court decisions are important because they help define how health care professionals and patients/consumers receive medical information. Methods: This overview is intended to identify, in non-technical language, some of the more controversial and challenging issues involved in the FDA’s efforts to regulate marketing communications by drug companies and how the courts view them. Results: The recent lawsuits often involve complex and far-reaching legal issues. But when examined in toto, as this paper does, they have reflected a view by the courts that truthful and non-misleading statements by drug companies about their products can be legally communicated even when the medical information is not formally approved by the FDA and included in the FDA-approved labeling. The lawsuits thus have led to an environment in which the FDA continues to oversee with great fervor the activities of drug companies in communicating medical information but at the same time having some flexibility in keeping health care professionals and patients up to date with th latest information about medical research and new therapeutic products. Conclusion: How pharmaceutical products are marketed has been deemed by the U.S. Congress to be important enough to need to be subject to federal regulation. The issues create a tension between the need for medical information to be accurate and balanced, and the guarantees of free speech. This review provides an important perspective on how this tension is being resolved, even as dramatic advances in both medical products and technology create new challenges.
Chemopreventive Effect of Stoechospermum marginatum against Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis Induced by 1, 2-Dimethyl Hydrazine
Authors: Kalaiselvi L. , Sriram P. , Gokulakannan R. , Parthiban M. , Kannan T.A. , Preetha S.P. , Vijayarani K. , Pazhanivel N. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Colon cancer is the one most prevalent malignancy in the world and its incidence is increasing due to changing life styles, environmental factors, etc. Conventional chemotherapy for cancer is limited due to development of chemoresistance and severe side effects. Natural products have received great attention in the recent years owing to its reduced toxicity and side effects. The present was undertaken to evaluate chemopreventive potential of ethanolic extract of Stoechospermum marginatum in experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Methods: Healthy male wistar rats were divided into 6 groups and received following treatments: Vehicle (Group I); S. marginatum extract (Group II), DMH alone (Group III), DMH + 5-Fluorouracil (Group IV), DMH +S. marginatum extract at 100 mg/kg (Group V) and DMH +S. marginatum extract at 200 mg/kg (Group VI). Colon tumour was induced using 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Result: S. marginatum extract ameliorated oxidative damaging effects of DMH. S. marginatum extract increased expression of Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9; decreased expression of Bcl-2 and restored levels of COX-2 compared to tumor control. Reduced aberrant crypt foci, hyperplastic and inflammatory changes in colon were observed with S. marginatum compared to tumour control. The findings suggest chemopreventive potential of S. marginatum.
Penerapan Model Dynamic Conditional Correlation GARCH Pada Data Saham
Authors: Fitriana Ika , Herdiani Erna Tri , Tinungki Georgina Maria 
Published: July 2021

Stock is one of the popular financial market instruments. Issuing shares are one of the company's choices when deciding to fund a company. The uncertainty of stock prices in the stock market is an important event to be taken into consideration in making a decision by investors so that a model is needed to describe a stock event. GARCH Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) is a model with a conditional and variance time-dependent that describes the dynamics of stock volatility. This study discusses the DCC GARCH model equation which is applied to the LQ 45 data. The model obtained for BCA shares 𝑸t = + + so it can be concluded that DCC GARCH is more appropriate for BCA shares.
Transfer of the Posterior Tibial Tendon for Chronic Peroneal Nerve Palsy
Authors: Wakefield Connor J. , Hamid Kamran S. , Lee Simon , Lin Johnny , Holmes George B. , Bohl Daniel D. 
Published: July 2021

» The common peroneal nerve (CPN) is one of the most frequently injured nerves of the lower extremity.» One-third of patients who develop CPN palsy proceed to chronic impairment without signs of recovery.» Ankle-foot orthoses can provide improvement with respect to gait dysfunction and are useful as a nonsurgical treatment option.» Severe cases of CPN palsy demonstrating no signs of recovery may require operative intervention with tendon transfer.
Noncontact Surface Roughness Evaluation of Milling Surface Using CNN-Deep Learning Models
Authors: Bhandari Binayak , Park Gijun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the analysis of end milled machined surfaces backed with experimental and deep learning model investigations. The effect of process parameters like spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, cutting speed, and machining duration were investigated to find machined surface roughness using Taguchi orthogonal array. The experiments were conducted on Aluminum A3003, a common material widely used in industries. Following standard DOE using Taguchi orthogonal array, surface roughness was recorded for each machining experiment. Surface roughnesses for the current study were categorized into four classes viz., fine, smooth, rough, and coarse based on the roughness value Ra. Images of the machined surface were used to develop CNN models for surface roughness class prediction. The prediction accuracies of the CNN models were compared for five types of optimizers. It was found that RAdam optimizer performed better among others with the training and test accuracy of 96.30% and 92.91% respectively. The accuracy of the prediction is higher than 90% thus has the potential to substitute human quality control procedures, saving time, energy, and cost. Conversely, the developed CNN model can assist in acquiring preferred machining conditions in advance. Finally, it can eliminate the dependency on expensive surface roughness measuring devices and have enormous practical applications in quality control processes.
Clinicopathological Characteristics and Outcomes of 23 Patients with Secretory Carcinoma of Major Salivary Glands
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Liu Sirui , Fu Kun , Gao Ning , Li Rui , He Wei , Gao Zhenjie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This retrospective study investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of secretory carcinoma of salivary glands (SCSG) in 23 patients with histopathologically confirmed SCSG between January 2010 and December 2020. In total, 13 males and 10 females were enrolled (ratio, 1.3:1) from 10 to 69 years of age (median 45 y); the average disease duration was 2.44 y (0.25–20 y). Twenty-one patients (91.3%) had SCSG in the parotid gland, and two (8.7%) in the submandibular gland. All patients had single nodules with diameters of 0.8–4.8 cm (average 2.6 cm); five with lymph node metastases, and two with distant metastases. Immunohistochemically, tumors stained positive for S-100, mammaglobin, CK7, and GATA3, and negative for DOG1, P63, and calponin, with Ki-67 positivity from 1–50%. ETV6 gene rearrangement was confirmed in 15 patients. All patients underwent oncological resection, four had radioactive particles implanted postoperatively, one received chemotherapy, and seven underwent chemoradiotherapy. Six patients had regional recurrences, two distant metastases, and one died before the last follow-up. SCSGs are typically indolent, with a low locoregional recurrence rate and excellent survival. Prognosis is correlated to clinical stage, pathological grade, and surgical procedures.
Early Warning Evaluation of Tuberculosis and Meteorological Factors in Shanxi Province based on Dynamic Bayesian Network
Authors: Li Mei-Chen , Zhang Zhuang , Ren Hao , Fan Yue-Ling , Song Wei-Mei , Fan Li-Yu , Quan Di-Chen , Gao Jian-Wei , Chen Li Min , Qiu Li Xia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major global public health problem. However, there haven’t been reported the study of meteorological factors related to the incidence of tuberculosis in Shanxi Province. Therefore, it is very urgent to establish an early warning system that easily operate of tuberculosis. The epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Shanxi Province were described, and the Dynamic Bayesian Network early warning model was established by time series cross-correlation analysis and Bayesian Network. The incidence showed an overall downward trend from 2008 to 2017 with certain seasonal characteristics. Based on cross-correlation analysis, it is reasonable to use Dynamic Bayesian model fitting with meteorological factors lagging for 2 months. Comparison of classification and recognition performance of the Dynamic Bayesian Network, Bayesian Network and support vector machine model shows that Dynamic Bayesian Network has the highest classification accuracy in the two regions. In Shanxi Province, tuberculosis cluster in time, space and time and space, and incidence peak is in spring and early summer, seven meteorological factors are the main factors affecting the incidence of tuberculosis. The classification and recognition performance of the Dynamic Bayesian Network early warning model of tuberculosis-meteorological factors is significantly better than the others, and can better predict the future.
Superiority of Adipose-Derived CD34+ Cells Over Adipose-Derived Stem Cells In Promoting Ischamic Tissue Survival
Authors: Liu Yan-Jun , Zhang Tian-Yu , Tan Poh-Ching , Zhang Pei-Qi , Xie Yun , Li Qing-Feng , Zhou Shuang-Bai 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Tissue ischemia usually leads to necrosis and is a threatening condition associated with reconstructive surgery. Promoting the survival of ischemic tissue is critical for improving clinical outcomes. Although various solutions based on stem cells have been reported, there are still limitations to clinical translation. The aim of this study was to develop an effective method to promote the survival of ischemic tissue.Methods: Adipose-derived CD34+ and CD34- cells were obtained by magnetic bead sorting from the stromal vascular faction (SVF). Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were collected by subculture. The angiogenic capacities of CD34+ cells, CD34- cells and ADSCs were evaluated in vitro by comparing mRNA and protein expression. Random axial flaps in nude mice were used to evaluate the efficacy of these cells in protecting tissue from necrosis. The effect of these cells in preventing inflammation was also evaluated.Results: Our data suggest that CD34+ cells expressed higher levels of angiogenetic factors and lower levels of inflammatory factors than the other cell types. More vessel branches were formed when human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with conditioned medium from CD34+ cells than conditioned medium from the other cell types. Compared to ADSCs, CD34+ cells showed significantly higher efficacy in promoting tissue survival. More CD31+ cells and higher levels of angiogenic factors were observed in tissues from the CD34+ group than in those from the other groups. Lower levels of the proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1b and higher levels of anti-inflammatory factors were found in the CD34+ group than in the other groups.Conclusion: Adipose-derived CD34+ cells showed better efficacy in improving ischemic tissue survival than ADSCs by reducing tissue inflammation and promoting angiogenesis. CD34+ cells can be obtained easily and may be suitable for clinical applications.
Intraoperative radiotherapy with low energy x-rays after neurosurgical resection of brain metastases – Augsburg University Medical Center experience
Authors: Kahl Klaus-Henning , Balagiannis Nikolaos , Höck Michael , Schill Sabine , Roushan Zoha , Shiban Ehab , Müller Heiko , Grossert Ute , Konietzko Ina , Sommer Björn , Maurer Christoph J. , Berlis Ansgar , Heidecke Volkmar , Janzen Tilman , Stüben Georg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is the predominant method for localized brain radiotherapy (LBRT) after resection of brain metastases (BM). Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with 50kV x-rays is an alternative way to irradiate the resection cavity focally after BM surgery with the option to shorten the overall treatment time and limit normal tissue irradiation.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of all patients who underwent neurosurgical resection of BM and 50kV x-ray IORT between 2013 and 2020 at Augsburg University Medical Center.Results We identified 40 patients with 44 resected BM treated with 50kV x-ray IORT. Median diameter of the resected metastases was 2.8 cm (range 1.5–5.9 cm). Median applied dose was 20 Gy. All patients received standardized follow-up (FU) including 3-monthly MRI of the brain. Mean FU was 14.4 months, with a median MRI FU for patients alive of 12.2 months. Median overall survival (OS) of all treated patients was 26.4 months (estimated 1-year OS 61.6%). The observed local control (LC) rate of the resection cavity was 88.6% (estimated 1-year LC 84.3%). Distant brain control (DC) was 47.5% (estimated 1-year DC 33.5%). Only 25% of all patients needed WBI in the further course of disease. The observed radionecrosis rate was 2.5%.Conclusion IORT with 50kV x-rays is a safe and appealing way to apply LBRT after neurosurgical resection of BM with low toxicity and excellent LC. Close MRI FU is paramount to detect distant brain failure (DBF) early.
Effects of chelates (EDTA, EDDS, NTA) on Phytoavailability of HMs (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) using Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)
Authors: Nguyen Ngoc Son Hai , Sanderson Peter , Qi Fangjie , Du Jianhua , Nguyen Ngoc Nong , Bolan Nanthi , Naidu Ravi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper summarises a study of the application of the synthetic chelate ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and the natural chelates ethylenediamine-N,N-disuccinic acid (EDDS) and nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to enhance ryegrass uptake of the heavy metal(oid)s (HMs) (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) from contaminated soils in mining sites. The study compares the effects of these chelates (EDTA, EDDS and NTA) on the phytoavailability of HMs (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) using ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) through the single addition and sequential addition methods. The results show that application of EDTA, EDDS and NTA significantly increases ryegrass’s (Lolium multiflorum) shoot uptake of some HMs when compared with no EDTA, EDDS or NTA application, particularly through sequential chelate treatment (EDTA 0.5:1 + 0.5:1; NTA 0.5:1 + 0.5:1; EDDS 0.5:1 + 0.5:1). EDTA 0.5:1 + 0.5:1 was more effective at increasing the concentration of Pb in shoots than were the other chelates (EDDS and NTA) and controls. Moreover, the concentrations of Zn in the shoots of ryegrass in LH significantly increased with the application of split dose (0.5:1 + 0.5:1). The plants displayed symptoms of toxicity including yellow and necrotic leaves at the end of the experiment. The selected chelates (EDTA, EDDS and NTA) led to a significant decrease in plant biomass (yield) 28 days after transfer with a maximum decrease in EDTA treatment (0.5:1 + 0.5:1) soils. This decrease was 3.43-fold in HT, 3-fold in LH and 1.59-fold, respectively, relative to the control. HM concentration and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in pore water, provided an explanation for why fresh weight was significantly reduced with application of chelates in sequential dose (EDTA 0.5:1 + 0.5:1 and NTA 0.5:1 + 0.5:1).
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of siRNA Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Vaezi Mehran , Movahedpour Ahmad , Taheri-Anganeh Mortaza , Ameri Mehrdad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We investigated the encapsulation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in carbon nanotube (CNT) using molecular dynamics simulation. siRNAs can be used to silence specific genes effectively if they remain intact while they are delivered to their target cells. Along with the various drug delivery systems designed for this purpose, CNTs are a promising one. Based on their shape, siRNA can encapsulate inside CNTs and protect them from degradation. However, several factors can affect siRNA encapsulation inside CNTs including temperature and CNT diameter. Herein, we conducted a simulation study to evaluate the impact of these factors in the placement of siRNA. Our results can be considered in designing further experimental siRNA delivery systems using carbon nanotubes.
Laguncularia Racemosa Leaves from a Mangrove of the Southeast Atlantic Coast, Brazil: Epicuticular Wax, Morphoanatomical Traits and Minerals
Authors: Victório Cristiane Pimentel , Santos Mayara Silva dos , Dias Aimêe Cordeiro , Bento João Pedro Silvério Pena , Souza Marcelo da Costa , Simas Naomi Kato , Arruda Rosani do Carmo de Oliveira 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Leaves of Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. were collected from the following mangroves along Brazil’s southeastern Atlantic coast: Coroa Grande (CG), Pedra de Guaratiba (PG) and Marambaia (M). This work aimed to evaluate the presence of minerals by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES); the chemical composition of epicuticular waxes by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the leaf morphoanatomical features. Results revealed variation in metal contents among mangroves in the following ranges: Al (0.307–0.73), Cd (0.004–0.016) and Pb (0.095–0.325) mg/mL by ICP-OES. Leaf epicuticular wax contained more than 50% of triterpenes, in particular the pentacyclic triterpenes lupeol (41.61–55.63%) and β-amyrin (8.81–16.35%), as well as n-alkanes, such as hentriacontane and tetratetracontane. In particular, we observed differences in the micromorphology of the epicuticular wax in the leaves of plants from each of the three evaluated sites, especially around stomatal entrances. Histochemical reaction indicated the presence of zinc in fiber cell walls and druse crystals of leaves.
Generalization Enhancement of Artificial Neural Network For Turbulence Closure By Feature Selection
Authors: Zhu Linyang , Zhang Weiwei , Tu Guohua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Feature selection targets for selecting relevant and useful features, and is a vital challenge in turbulence modeling by machine learning methods. In this paper, a new posterior feature selection method based on validation dataset is proposed, which is an efficient and universal method for complex systems including turbulence. Different from the priori feature importance ranking of the filter method and the exhaustive search for feature subset of the wrapper method, the proposed method ranks the features according to the model performance on the validation dataset, and generates the feature subsets in the order of feature importance. Using the features from the proposed method, a black-box model is built by artificial neural network (ANN) to reproduce the behavior of Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model for high Reynolds number (Re) airfoil flows in aeronautical engineering. The results show that compared with the model without feature selection, the generalization ability of the model after feature selection is significantly improved. To some extent, it is also demonstrated that although the feature importance can be reflected by the model parameters during training process, artificial feature selection is still very necessary.
Generation of Continuous Hybrid Zig-zag and Contour Paths For 3D Printing
Authors: Gomez Gorka , Cortés Camilo , Creus Carles , Amilibia Maialen Zelaia , Moreno Aitor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The generation of the printing paths is a decisive step in additive manufacturing (AM). There is a variety of patterns that offer different characteristics, but those that are strictly continuous become especially relevant in certain types of AM by extrusion, with materials like bioinks, carbon or clays, since they do not allow the retraction of the material and travelling movements result in the generation of artefacts. In this work, we present (1) a method that generates continuous paths to fill 2D polygons with a hybrid zig-zag and contour pattern with any direction and line separation,which is based on the extension of an algorithm that decomposes the 2D area to be filled into convex areas, (2) a method to join the subpolygon trajectories such that a continuous path that fills the whole polygon is obtained, and (3) a publicly available dataset of 2D polygons that are relevant to test the performance of the algorithms.
A Novel Grey Power-markov Model for the Prediction of China's Electricity Consumption
Authors: Sun Liqin , Yang Youlong , Ning Tong , Zhu Jiadi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The grey prediction models of time series are widely used in demand forecasting because only limited data can be used to build the models and no statistical hypothesis is needed. In this paper, a grey power Markov prediction model (RGPMM(λ,1,1)) with time-varying parameters is proposed. This model is based on the principle of “new information priority”, combined with rolling mechanism and Markov theory, and the prediction residual error is modified to further improve the prediction accuracy. Compared with the classic grey models, the new model not only overcomes the inherent defect of poor adaptability to the original data, but also uses real-time information to better reflect the nonlinear characteristics of the original data, so it can be used to describe and predict the nonlinear development trend of things. In order to verify the validity and applicability of the model, the proposed model is used to forecast the total electric consumption in China. The experimental results show that the proposed model has a better prediction effect than other grey models. The proposed model is used to forecast China’s total electricity consumption in the next six years from 2018 to 2023.