bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary assessment of genotoxic effects induced by radiation from EAST using Vicia faba micronucleus assay
Authors: Zhang Hong , Hu Liqun , Zhong Guoqiang , Huo Zhipeng , Chen Yuqing , Zhao Sheng , Huang Liangsheng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
During long-pulse deuterium plasma operations in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), a mixed radiation field is generated, which is mainly composed of fusion neutrons, gamma rays, and x-rays. More accurate and effective dose monitoring methods have been developed and established to determine the ionizing radiation intensity both for the stable operation of the device and for the radiation safety of personnel. As far as we know, there are few reports about the biological effects of radiation induced by fusion neutrons and γ radiation, which are of vital importance for the assessment of radiation hazards presented by fusion devices, such as EAST, to human beings and the environment. In this study, three positions in the EAST hall were selected to detect genotoxic effects induced by nuclear fusion radiation using a Vicia faba micronucleus (MN) test for the first time. The doses of neutrons and gamma rays at these places were measured by thermoluminescence dosimeters four times between June 2019 and May 2020. The radiation doses decreased as the distances from the EAST device shell gradually increased from S1 to S3. The radiation in the EAST hall resulted in a significant induction of MN in the Vicia faba root tip cells compared to a negative control, which was different from the MN frequency induced by fission neutrons, γ-rays and other kinds of radiation in previous studies. These results indicate the existence of potential genotoxic effects induced by radiation from EAST which is different from other radiation and suggest that personnel should not be permitted to enter the experimental hall during the discharge process, and that radiation protection measures should be taken during necessary maintenance to avoid radiation damage. These newly acquired results will certainly increase our knowledge about the biological effects induced by radiation from nuclear fusion and provide good data support for developing more effective environmental and personnel fusion radiation protection.
Functionalized carbonized monarch butterfly wing scales (FCBW) ornamented by β-Co(OH)2 nanoparticles: an investigation on its microwave, magnetic, and optical characteristics
Authors: Peymanfar Reza , Ghorbanian-Gezaforodi Shaghayegh 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this research, a bioinspired carbon structure was applied as a novel, unique, green, affordable, light weight, thin, and broadband microwave absorbing material. Briefly, the monarch butterfly wing scales were pyrolyzed and then CBWs were functionalized using oxidative treatments, following that they were ornamented by hexagonal β-Co(OH)2 nanoparticles to improve their microwave absorbing features based on an innovative complementary method by combining sonochemistry and hydrothermal routes. Noticeably, the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was used as a practical medium to fabricate the microwave absorbers developing an integrated structure and augmenting the relaxation loss mechanism. Various analyses were applied to identify the prepared samples including x-ray powder diffraction, diffuse reflection spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer, and vector network analyzer. The net-like morphology of FCBWs were fully coated by the hierarchical hexagonal β-Co(OH)2 nanoparticles. FCBW illustrated a saturation magnetization of 0.06 emu g−1 originated from its defects, distortions, dislocations, unique morphology, as well as folding, developing localized magnetic moments. Noticeably, inserting FCBWs narrow the energy bandgap of β-Co(OH)2 nanoparticles, amplifying their light absorption and polarizability, desirable for the microwave attenuation. As revealed, FCBW/β-Co(OH)2/PAN nanocomposite gained strong reflection loss (RL) of 68.41 at 9.08 GHz, while FCBW/PAN achieved broadband efficient bandwidth as wide as 7.97 GHz (RL > 10 dB) with a thickness of 2.00 mm. More significantly, β-Co(OH)2/PAN nanocomposites demonstrated salient efficient bandwidth of 3.62 GHz (RL > 20 dB) with only 2.50 mm in thickness. Noteworthy, the eye-catching microwave absorptions were obtained by only filler loading of 10 Wt%. The remarkable microwave absorbing properties of the samples were generated from their microwave absorbing mechanisms which were scrupulously dissected. More significantly, the negative imaginary parts were obtained, originated from the produced secondary fields.
Oxygen-deficient Cu doped NiFeO nanosheets hydroxide as electrode material for efficient oxygen evolution reaction and supercapacitor
Authors: Zhang Ding , Tang Xiaoning , Yang Zhaoguang , Yang Ying , Li Haipu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The development of renewable energy conversion and storage has triggered the development of electrode materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and supercapacitors. Here we report a highly active Cu doped NiFe nanosheets hydroxide electrode with rich oxygen vacancies (OVs) (denoted as H-NiFeCuO/NF) prepared by in situ anodic electrodeposition on the three-dimensional macroporous nickel foam (NF) substrate followed by heat treatment with H2. The as-prepared H-NiFeCuO/NF electrode showed the initial potential of 1.44 V (versus RHE) for OER and 980 F g−1 specific capacity as supercapacitor in 1 M KOH. Further investigation suggested that the tuning of composition and structure by doping copper ions and creating OVs helped accelerate the electrochemical reactions. This practice provides an efficient approach for the fabrication of heteromultimetallic hydroxide monolithic electrode with high performance in OER or supercapacitor application.
Stability of Cu-islands formed on Si substrate via ‘dewetting’ under subsequent thermal cycling
Authors: Sonawane Dipali , Kumar Praveen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Very thin metallic films deposited on a substrate often dewet upon thermal exposure, forming discrete islands of micrometer and nanometer-sized metal particles. Herein, Cu islands on Si substrate, which were formed due to agglomeration (or ‘dewetting’) of Cu thin film at 600 °C, were exposed to thermal cycling, and the ensuing evolution in their morphology was monitored. Thermal cycling was performed between either −25 °C and 150 °C or 25 °C and 400 °C, using different heating and cooling rates. With faster heating-cooling rates, a change in the shape and size of the Cu islands was observed, whereas a slow heating-cooling rate did not induce noticeable effect on their morphology. Furthermore, the formation of new nano- and micro-sized particles, probably through the dewetting of the ultra-thin layer of Cu that was left intact during the initial agglomeration treatment, was observed during the thermal cycling performed at fast rates up to 400 °C. Finite element analysis, incorporating Anand’s viscoplasticity model, revealed the existence of high strain energy density in the vicinity of the particle-Si interface when the thermal cycling is carried at a faster ramp rate, suggesting the pivotal role of thermal stresses, in addition to the maximum temperature, in controlling the morphology of the Cu particles and the dewetting of the residual ultra-thin layer of Cu on Si.
Direct writing of silicon nanostructures using liquid-phase electron beam induced deposition of hydrosilanes
Authors: Masuda Takashi , Mori Masahiro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Solid Si (wafer) and gaseous Si (silane) are generally used as starting materials for fabricating Si devices. In this study, a liquid precursor (liquid-phase hydrosilane) for semiconducting Si, called liquid Si (liq-Si), was synthesized to establish a liquid pathway for fabricating Si. Although the liquid-to-solid Si conversion can be induced by heating at 400 °C, conversion without heating was realized herein by electron-beam (EB) irradiation. This study is the first to irradiate liq-Si with EB. Size-controllable Si nanodots, with diameters of the order of 100 nm, were directly deposited at any point by liquid-phase electron-beam-induced deposition (LP-EBID) with a beam diameter of 50 nm. This approach yielded less-contaminated deposits at the detection limit of energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, as opposed to typical EBID, wherein carbon impurities up to 90% are found. The processing resolution of LP-EBID is potentially 1 nm or less. Therefore, this non-heating deposition technique realizes the direct writing of Si nanostructures and would be a powerful tool for Si nanofabrication.
Timing the opening and closure of the aortic valve using a phonocardiogram envelope: a performance test for systolic time intervals measurement
Authors: Jiménez-González Aída 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective. This work explored the reliability of using points on the heart sounds envelope as indicators of the opening and closure of the aortic valve (AVO, AVC) to measure the pre-ejection period (PEP) and the left ventricular ejection time (LVET). Approach. 36 phonocardiograms (PCGs) from healthy subjects and cardiovascular disease subjects were denoised using single-channel independent component analysis (SCICA) and, from the Hilbert envelopes, the positions of the S1 and S2 peaks were detected (pS1, pS2). Complementarily, the positions of the local maxima of S1 and S2 (mS1, mS2) and the points surrounding pS1 and pS2 (tS1, tS2) were obtained. Finally, the reliability of these points (and the corresponding PEP and LVET intervals) was evaluated by the calculation of three error indexes (ePEP, eLVET, and score) and by comparison to reference annotations provided by echocardiography using the Bland–Altman analysis and the paired T-test. Main results. The results indicated that, from a total of 920 and 341 heartbeats in the healthy and diseased groups, respectively, the timing points given by pS1 and pS2 (or mS1 and mS2) were unlikely to substitute for the reference annotations and, thus, are unreliable for measuring the PEP and LVET intervals in the PCG. The t-points evaluation, on the other hand, indicated that tS1 was likely to substitute for AVO and was thus reliable for measuring the PEP using the PCG, with median and interquartile ranges of 0.3(8.3) ms and −0.2(7.5) ms for each group. Future work will generate an envelope with higher temporal resolution, from where tS1 and tS2 can be more accurately detected to improve the PEP and LVET measurements on a larger dataset. Significance. The statistical tests revealed that the envelope of S1 is suitable for extracting a timing point from which the pre-ejection interval can be reliably quantified, and discarded the local maximum used in other studies.
Bionic measurement of defecation in a swine model
Authors: Wang Yanmin , Sun Daming , Han Ling , Wang Mengjun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective. Fecobionics was used to assess pressures, orientation, bending, shape, and cross-sectional area (CSA) changes during defecation. This study aimed to evaluate the device feasibility and performance in swine. Approach. Twelve pigs had wired or wireless Fecobionics devices inserted in the rectum. The bag was distended to simulate feces in the rectum. Fecobionics data were acquired simultaneously during the whole experiment. Six pigs were euthanized immediately after the procedure for evaluation of acute injury to anorectum (acute group). The remaining pigs lived two weeks before euthanasia for evaluation of long-term tissue damage and inflammation (chronic group). Signs of discomfort were monitored. Main results. All animals tolerated the experiment well. The chronic animals showed normal behavior after the procedure. Mucosal damage, bleeding, or inflammation was not found in either group. Fecobionics was defecated 1 min 35 s–61 min 0 s (median 8 min 58 s) after insertion. The defecation lasted 0 min 20 s–4 min 25 s (median 1 min 52 s). The device was almost straight inside rectum (160°–180°) but usually bended 5°–20° during contractions. The three pressure sensors showed simultaneous and identical increase during rectal or abdominal muscle contractions, indicating the location inside rectum. During defecation, the maximum rear pressure was 114.1 ± 14.3 cmH2O whereas the front pressure gradually decreased to 0 cmH2O, indicating the front passed anus. CSA decreased from 1017.1 ± 191.0 mm2 to 530.7 ± 46.5 mm2 when the probe passed from the rectum through the anal canal. Significance. Fecobionics provides defecatory measurements under physiological conditions in pigs without inducing tissue damage.
Soft x-ray tomograms are consistent with the magneto-hydrodynamic equilibrium in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
Authors: Schilling Jonathan , Thomsen Henning , Brandt Christian , Kwak Sehyun , Svensson Jakob 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Soft x-ray tomograms are inferred from experimental data obtained during the recent operational phases of the superconducting, optimized stellarator Wendelstein 7-X. It is shown that the reconstructed soft x-ray emission profiles of the plasma are consistent with the numerically calculated magneto-hydrodynamic equilibrium of Wendelstein 7-X. In order to obtain reliable tomograms, the full chain of electrical and geometrical influences on the x-ray observation has to be taken into account. This has been achieved by formulation and application of an extended forward model. The forward model has been verified using phantom data derived from surrogate tomograms.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition-grown tunnel junctions for low forward voltage InGaN light-emitting diodes: epitaxy optimization and light extraction simulation
Authors: Li Panpan , Li Hongjian , Zhang Haojun , Iza Mike , Speck James S , Nakamura Shuji , DenBaars Steven P 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the detailed optimization of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown tunnel junctions (TJs) utilizing selective area growth (SAG) for regular size (0.1 mm2) and micro-size InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs and µLEDs). Finite-difference time-domain simulations show that the SAG apertures result in a more directional light emission of far-field radiation pattern for the SAG TJ LEDs grown on patterned sapphire substrate. Moreover, it is noted that the n-InGaN insertion layer and Si-doped concentration in the n+GaN TJs layer is essential to realize a low forward voltage (V
f) in TJs LEDs. For both 0.1 mm2 LEDs and µLEDs, the V
f is independent on the SAG aperture space varied from 3 to 8 µm when the Si-doping level in the n+GaN layer is as high as 1.7 × 1020 cm−3. The optimized TJ LEDs exhibit a comparable differential resistance of 1.0 × 10−2 Ω cm2 at 100 A cm−2 and a very small voltage penalty of 0.2–0.3 V compared to the conventional indium tin oxide contact LEDs. The low V
f penalty is caused by a higher turn on voltage, which is the smallest one among the MOCVD-grown TJs LEDs and comparable to the best molecular beam epitaxy-grown TJs LEDs.
Thermally activated polaron tunnelling conduction mechanism in Sr2MnO4 synthesized by quenching in ambient atmosphere
Authors: Nirala Gurudeo , Yadav Dharmendra , Upadhyay Shail 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The oxide Sr2MnO4 was synthesized using the solid-state reaction technique. Quenching in air from 1500 °C to room temperature yielded the pure phase powder of Sr2MnO4. The purity of synthesized powder was further examined by FTIR analysis. The Rietveld refinement of XRD data confirmed the tetragonal structure and I4/mmm space group. The band gap, computed from the Tauc’s plot, was found to be 1.15 eV. The XPS analysis depicted the presence of Mn3+ and Mn4+ valence states. Measurement of the AC electrical conductivity over wide temperature (30 °C–500 °C) and frequency (0.020–2 MHz) ranges were carried out. The conduction mechanism changed from small polaron tunnelling (<270 °C) to non-overlapping large polaron tunnelling (>270 °C). The frequency versus imaginary part of the impedance (Z″) and modulus (M″) plots exhibited a change in the conduction domain with increase in temperature. This result was further verified by the Ghosh’s scaling of the conductivity spectra.
Pseudopotential form factors and electronic band structures for AlAs, AlP, BAs, BP, 3C-SiC, and cubic-GaN
Authors: Ng Jun Da , Danner Aaron 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This letter introduces the pseudopotential method from first principles and demonstrates its use to determine the band structures of various semiconductors. An annotated Mathematica program, which is made available in the supplementary information, has been written to calculate fully vectorial electronic band structures in materials with diamond or zincblende crystal structures. The program could be modified for other crystal types. Making use of recently measured energy gap values for various zincblende crystals, the pseudopotential form factors of AlAs, AlP, BAs, BP, 3C-SiC, and cubic GaN, have been calculated with an iterative method and the complete electronic band structures are given. This extends the series of known form factors for semiconductors with diamond and zincblende crystal structures.
Probing Systematic Bias in Low-redshift Type Ia Supernova Measurements by Cross Analyzing Surface Brightness and Hubble Residuals
Authors: Solak H. , Kessler R. , Jones D. O. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
For low-redshift (z < 0.1) SN Ia samples used in several cosmological analyses over the past decade, we probe for systematic bias by looking for correlations between surface brightness (SB) measurements and Hubble residuals (HR). For 292 SNe Ia, we measure SB at the location of the SN Ia from publicly available Pan-STARRS (PS1) images. The Hubble residuals are from two recent measurements with low-z SNe Ia that overlap the PS1 footprint: (1) the DES 3 yr cosmology analysis, with 120 overlapping low-z SNe Ia from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics surveys and Carnegie Supernova Project, and (2) the PS1 single-telescope analysis, with 172 overlapping low-z SNe Ia from the Foundation Supernova Survey. This study is motivated by previous reports of anomalous inefficiencies and flux scatter for transients on bright galaxies. We compare HR distributions of the bright and faint halves of the SB distribution: the mean HR values differ by

Δ

HR

¯

= 0.031 ± 0.018, consistent with no difference at the 2σ level. We also perform a Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test for the bright and faint half HR distributions, and conclude that the two distributions are statistically consistent with a KS p-value of 0.07. However, if future studies with larger data sets find

Δ

HR

¯

∼
0.03

with high significance, this difference would be a leading systematic uncertainty in measurements of the dark energy equation of state, w.
Observational constraint on the dark energy scalar field *
Authors: Zhang Ming-Jian , Li Hong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study three scalar fields, namely the quintessence, phantom, and tachyon fields, to explore the source of dark energy via the Gaussian processes method from the background and perturbation growth rate data. The corresponding reconstructions suggest that the dark energy should be dynamical. Moreover, the quintom field, which is a combination of the quintessence and phantom fields, is powerfully favored by the reconstruction. The mean values indicate that the potential

in the quintessence field is a double exponential function, whereas

in the phantom field is a double Gaussian function. This reconstruction can provide an important reference for the scalar field study. The two types of data employed reveal that the tachyon field is disadvantageous for describing the cosmic acceleration.
Monte-Carlo simulation of the response of bare neutron counters at the South Pole to vertical secondary particles from cosmic rays
Authors: Pagwhan A , Zingsheim A , Nuntiyakul W , Sáiz A , Mangeard P-S , Ruffolo D , Evenson P , Madsen J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Neutron monitors (NM64) are standard ground-based detectors that measure the flux of primary cosmic rays at GeV energies in space by counting secondary particles (mostly neutrons) from atmosphere cascades. The atmospheric neutrons are detected by induced nuclear fission in a gas proportional counter. In the standard design, there is a lead ring to generate evaporation neutrons that are moderated by polyethylene before being detected in the 10BF3 gas counter. By omitting the lead, so called “bare counters” respond to lower energy particles on average and can be used in conjunction with NM64 to estimate the energy spectrum of the primary cosmic rays. The specific objective of this research is to refine the understanding of the lead-free neutron monitor now installed at the South Pole using Monte-Carlo FLUKA simulations. This design uses paraffin and wood to moderate high-energy neutrons and detects them with 3He gas-filled proportional counters. Latitude surveys have shown that they have different detection efficiency from either the NM64 or polyethylene moderated bare counters, but they have never been adequately modelled. Understanding the differences quantitatively is the goal of this work. We will also report the detection efficiency of the paraffin bare for other atmospheric particles.
Preliminary indirect measurement of cosmic-ray proton spectrum using Earth’s γ-ray data from Fermi Large Area Telescope
Authors: Payoungkhamdee Patomporn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cosmic rays (CRs) are high-energy particles, mostly protons, propagating in space. The rigidity (momentum per charge) spectrum of CRs is well described by a power law for which the spectral index is approximately 2.8 around 30 - 1000 GV. Recent measurements by PAMELA and AMS-02 indicate an abrupt change of the CR proton spectral index at about 340 GV. When CRs interact with the Earth’s upper atmosphere, γ rays can be produced and detected by space-based detectors. Here we use the Earth’s γ-ray data collected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope along with a proton-air interaction model to indirectly determine the CR proton spectral index and compare against observations by other instruments.
Traversable wormholes in massive gravity theory
Authors: Kamma Nopadhol , Wongjun Pitayuth , Nakarachinda Ratchaphat , Gumjudpai Burin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In general relativity (GR), negative pressure plays a role of wormhole tension, forbidding travelling through such a wormhole. The same problem is also found in a wormhole solution for GR with a cosmological constant. Here we consider it in the context of a modified gravitational theory so called massive gravity. Although, the massive gravity is constructed aiming in explaining the cosmic acceleration, the wormhole solution exists in this theory. There are many free parameters in wormhole solution for the de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley (dRGT) massive gravity. The necessity of the exotic matter can be alleviated. As a result, the wormhole with less size of throat, tension as well as volume of exotic matter can be obtained.