bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subwavelength grating waveguide filter based on cladding modulation with a phase-change material grating
Authors: Badri S. Hadi , Farkoush Saeid Gholami 
Published: March 2021

Subwavelength engineering and utilizing phase-change materials with large contrast in their optical properties have become powerful design tools for integrated silicon photonics. Reversible phase-transition of phase-change materials such asGe2Sb2Te5(GST) provide a new degree of freedom and open up the possibility of adding new functionalities to the designed devices. We present an optical filter based on a silicon subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide evanescently coupled to phase-change material loading segments arranged periodically around the SWG core. The effect of the GST loading segments’ geometry and their distance from the SWG core on the filter’s central wavelength and bandwidth are studied with three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations. The employment of GST in the structure adds a switching functionality with an extinction ratio of 28.8 dB. We also examine the possibility of using the proposed structure as a reconfigurable filter by controlling the partial crystallization of the GST offering a blueshift of more than 4 nm.
Ultra-flat, low-noise, and linearly polarized fiber supercontinuum source covering 670–1390  nm
Authors: Genier Etienne , Grelet Sacha , Engelsholm Rasmus D. , Bowen Patrick , Moselund Peter M. , Bang Ole , Dudley John M. , Sylvestre Thibaut 
Published: March 2021

We report an octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum (SC) fiber laser
with excellent noise and polarization properties. This was achieved by
pumping a highly birefringent all-normal dispersion photonic crystal
fiber with a compact high-power ytterbium femtosecond laser at
1049 nm. This system generates an ultra-flat SC spectrum from 670 to
1390 nm with a power spectral density higher than 0.4 mW/nm and a
polarization extinction ratio of 17 dB across the entire bandwidth. An
average pulse-to-pulse relative intensity noise down to 0.54% from 700
to 1100 nm was measured and found to be in good agreement with
numerical simulations. This highly stable broadband source could find
strong potential applications in biomedical imaging and spectroscopy
where an improved signal-to-noise ratio is essential.
Factors related to daily use of the paretic upper limb in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke–A retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Tashiro Syoichi , Kuroki Miho , Okuyama Kohei , Oshima Osamu , Ogura Miho , Hijikata Nanako , Nakamura Takuya , Oka Asako , Kawakami Michiyuki , Tsuji Tetsuya , Liu Meigen 
Published: March 2021

AimsThe present study aimed to determine factors associated with the frequency of paralyzed upper extremity (UE) use in chronic stroke patients with severe UE functional deficiency.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 138 consecutive patients, and 117 was analyzed (median age, 55 [range, 18–85] years; median stroke duration, 24.5 [range, 7–302] months) with chronic hemiparetic stroke who were admitted to our hospital for intensive upper extremity rehabilitation. The mean Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) UE score was 28.6. All of them are independent in their activity of daily living (ADL) and without remarkable cognitive deficits. Amount-of-use score of Motor Activity Log-14 (MAL-AOU) was applied as the index of daily use of affected UE. The following parameters were examined as the explanatory variables: demographics, proximal and distal sub-scores of FMA UE, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and sensory function scores in the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS).ResultsThe median MAL-AOU score was 0.57 [range, 0.28–0.80]. Ordinal regression analysis revealed that FMA proximal, FMA distal, and SIAS sensory function (touch) were associated with AOU score of MAL-14 (Pseudo R-square = 0.460).ConclusionNot only motor but also sensory function, especially tactile sensation, play a crucial role in the daily use of affected UE in chronic stroke patients with severe UE hemiparesis.
Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes
Authors: Omaiye Esther E. , Williams Monique , Bozhilov Krassimir N. , Talbot Prue 
Published: March 2021

Background
The atomizers of electronic cigarettes (ECs) contain metals that transfer to the aerosol upon heating and may present health hazards. This study analyzed 4th-generation EC pod atomizer design features and characterized their elemental/metal composition.

Methods
Eleven EC pods from six brands/manufacturers were purchased at local shops and online. Pods were dissected and imaged using a Canon EOS Rebel SL2 camera. Elemental analysis and mapping of atomizer components was done using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer.

Results
EC pods varied in size and design. The internal atomizer components were similar across brands except for variations occurring mainly in the wicks and filaments of some products. The filaments were either Elinvar (nickel, iron, and chromium) (36.4%), nichrome (36.4%), iron-chromium (18.2%), or nickel (9%). Thick wires present in 55% of the atomizers were mainly nickel and were joined to filaments by brazing. Wire-connector joints were Elinvar. Metal air tubes were made of Elinvar (50%), nickel, zinc, copper, and tin (37.5%), and nickel and copper (12.5%). Most of the wick components were silica, except for two pods (PHIX and Mico), which were mainly ceramic. Connectors contained gold-plated nickel, iron-chromium multiple alloys of nickel, zinc, gold, iron, and copper. Wick chambers were made of Elinvar. Outer casings were either nickel, copper-tin, or nickel-copper alloys. Magnets were nickel with minor iron, copper, and sulfur. Some frequently occurring elements were high in relative abundance in atomizer components.

Conclusions
The atomizers of pods are similar to previous generations, with the introduction of ceramic wicks and magnets in the newer generations. The elements in EC atomizers may transfer into aerosols and adversely affect health and accumulate in the environment.
Fear of hypoglycaemia in paediatric diabetes: a literature review
Authors: Fernando Abiramy , Patel Vinod 
Published: March 2021

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic childhood illnesses and, despite ongoing technological advances, hypoglycaemia remains an inevitable therapeutic risk. Hypoglycaemia results in unpleasant physiological outcomes, social embarrassment and – in extremis – life-threatening consequences. Overlying this inescapable clinical risk is a fear of this risk, ranging from fleeting to overwhelming, and substantially impacting the trajectory of diabetes.Aim: The aim of this literature review is to identify, summarise and critically appraise works pertaining to the development, impact and management of paediatric fear of hypoglycaemia (FoH).Methods: A search was conducted on Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO for studies published between 2000 and 2020, with cross-referencing searches for articles not detected in the original keyword search. Study quality was assessed using recognised tools, and relevant data were extracted systematically.Results: Forty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. FoH was a moderate problem throughout the studies, increased by a history of hypoglycaemia and predisposition to psychological stress. There was conflicting evidence on the influence of age, diabetes duration, technology and parental demographics. Some studies showed a significant impact on glycaemic control and quality of life (QoL), more consistently for the latter. Only 13 intervention trials were included, showing mixed success with cutting-edge technology, and decent gains with psychological interventions.Conclusions: FoH is clearly a ubiquitous issue among some families with type 1 diabetes. Prospective longitudinal studies are required to assess potential risk factors at diagnosis, monitor for the development of FoH at regular intervals, and enable a more comprehensive assessment of the long-term impact on glycaemic control and QoL. Further randomised controlled trials must demonstrate the value of technological and psychological therapies in order to make such interventions commonplace offerings for families suffering from intractable fear.
Transcatheter Artery Embolization for Postoperative Haemorrhage after Arterio-Venous Malformation – Safer Option
Authors: Subrat Panda , Nalini Sharma , Aisha Khan Dina , Anusmita Saha , Rituparna Das , Pranjal Phukan 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Hemorrhage is one of the commonest and dreaded complications especially with pelvic surgeries. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasias (GTN) are notorious for their propensity to bleed torrentially and metastasis to vital organs. GTN is associated with an arterio-venous malformation (AVM) about 10-15% of the time, which can lead to bleeding after surgery or after complete remission. After the failure of conventional management with chemotherapy or surgery one is compelled to take another modality of management. One of such methods is the use of transcatheter artery embolization in cases of GTN or post-hysterectomy cases of GTN. Transcatheter artery embolization (TAE) was effective in controlling bleeding due to arterio-venous malformation in 96% of cases.Case: 46 years P2L2A5 (para 2, living issue 2, abortion 5) post-hysterectomy patient presented with bleeding from the vagina after surgery. Twice she underwent vaginal vault repair after hysterectomy but failed. Ultrasonography (USG) showed arterio-venous malformation (AVM); angiography revealed massive extravasation from (left internal iliac artery and abnormal vascularity from the right internal iliac. She was taken up for bilateral internal iliac arteries embolization but again had a heavy bout of bleeding after one week. CT scan confirmed a residual lesion and she underwent a repeat embolization after which the bleeding stopped. Serum BHCG was advised during workup and it was 1997 IU/ml. A diagnosis of GTN was confirmed. The patient was discharged after two cycles of chemotherapy with advice to review for the third one on an outpatient department basis.Conclusion: We concluded that TAE is an effective and safer alternative to surgery in postoperative bleeding from AV malformation in the case of GTN. It can be repeated and should be made to more liberal use in emergency settings.
Review of New Clinical Aspects of Cardiac Pathology in Patients with COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Alonderytė Audrė , Navickas Giedrius , Samalavičius Robertas Stasys , Šerpytis Pranas 
Published: March 2021

Background: COVID-19 disease is a huge burden for society and healthcare specialists. As more information is gathered about this new disease, it becomes clear that it affects not only respiratory, but also cardiovascular system.Materials and Methods: The aim of this review is to analyse the information about myocardial injury caused by COVID-19 and overview treatment options for these patients in publications which were published in the last 5 years. The data for this overview were collected in the PubMed database. Full-text articles were used for analysis when their title, summary, or keywords matched the purpose of the review. Only publications published in English that appeared in the last 5 years were analysed. For the analysis 14 publications were selected and analysed.Conclusion: COVID-19 infection could mimic ST-elevation myocardial infarction and it is crucial to differentiate the main cause and choose the appropriate treatment. Cardiovascular complications are related with poorer prognosis and higher mortality. This should be thoroughly considered by the healthcare specialists in order to choose appropriate treatment strategy. Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) due to plaque rupture should receive dual antiplatelet therapy and full-dose anticoagulation if it is not contraindicated. Therefore, priority should be given to the acute coronary syndrome given the low evidence of new antiviral treatment effectiveness. Number of agents which are under investigation for COVID-19 may have interactions with oral antiplatelet drugs. Selected patients could receive immunosuppressive treatment as well as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to recovery.
The Preventable Productivity Burden of Kidney Disease in Australia
Authors: Savira Feby , Ademi Zanfina , Wang Bing H. , Kompa Andrew R. , Owen Alice J. , Liew Danny , Zomer Ella 
Published: March 2021

Significance Statement
Kidney disease is associated with reduced work productivity. The authors describe the preventable productivity burden of kidney disease in Australia over 10 years (2020–2029), using the novel metric “productivity-adjusted life year” (PALY). The PALY resembles the quality-adjusted life year, but it adjusts years of life lived for productivity loss resulting from ill health instead of quality-of-life impairment. They demonstrate that, if 10% of future cases of kidney disease can be prevented over this period, >7500 PALYs could be saved, equivalent to a gain of US$1.1 billion in gross domestic product. These results have potential to inform policy makers regarding the need and the substantial financial incentive for the prevention of kidney disease.

Background
Kidney disease is associated with impaired work productivity. However, the collective effect of missed work days, reduced output at work, and early withdrawal from the workforce is rarely considered in health-economic evaluations.

Methods
To determine the effect on work productivity of preventing incident cases of kidney disease, using the novel measure “productivity-adjusted life year” (PALY), we constructed a dynamic life table model for the Australian working-age population (aged 15–69 years) over 10 years (2020–2029), stratified by kidney-disease status. Input data, including productivity estimates, were sourced from the literature. We ascribed a financial value to the PALY metric in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per equivalent full-time worker and assessed the total number of years lived, total PALYs, and broader economic costs (GDP per PALY). We repeated the model simulation, assuming a reduced kidney-disease incidence; the differences reflected the effects of preventing new kidney-disease cases. Outcomes were discounted by 5% annually.

Results
Our projections indicate that, from 2020 to 2029, the estimated number of new kidney-disease cases will exceed 161,000. Preventing 10% of new cases of kidney disease during this period would result in >300 premature deaths averted and approximately 550 years of life and 7600 PALYs saved—equivalent to a savings of US$1.1 billion in GDP or US$67,000 per new case avoided.

Conclusions
Pursuing a relatively modest target for preventing kidney disease in Australia may prolong years of life lived and increase productive life years, resulting in substantial economic benefit. Our findings highlight the need for investment in preventive measures to reduce future cases of kidney disease.
Clinical cases: acute appendicitis in newbons
Authors: Bocharov Roman V. , Pogorelko Vladimir G. , Yushmanova Anna B. , Karavaev Andrey V. , Semchenko Ekaterina A. 
Published: March 2021

Aim. The goal of this study is to describe the clinical observations of acute appendicitis in two newborn infants.
This study was a retrospective analysis performed using data obtained from medical records. Two preterm infants had a gestational age of 33 weeks, a threat of pregnancy termination, rapid childbirth in one case, and a cesarean section in another. At birth, their body weights were low, 2340 and 2420 g, respectively. The condition of the babies was evaluated on the Apgar scale, and both scored 7/8 points. We studied the data of clinical, laboratory, and instrumental study data and surgical intervention protocols.
In the presented newborns, neonatal jaundice, respiratory failure of the III degree, and hypoxic perinatal damage to the central nervous system occurred from birth. On the first childs twelfth day and the second childs ninth day, they experienced a clinically acute inflammatory process in the abdominal cavity, confirmed by inflammation markers (high white blood cell counts and levels of C-reactive protein). According to the sonography of the abdominal organs, the absence of intestinal motility in the right abdominal cavity, the presence of intestinal wall pneumatosis, signs of conglomerate formation from the intestinal loops were revealed. The surgical interventions performed were a laparoscopy and a conversion to laparotomy. In both cases, inflammatory bowel changes corresponded to the course of necrotic enterocolitis, diagnosed with gangrenous-perforated appendicitis and purulent-fibrinous peritonitis. In the section, the mucous appendix was not changed.
Conclusion. The aggravated premorbid background in premature infants predisposes them to necrotic enterocolitis, which can occur in children of this age with isolated perforation of the appendix. The course of necrotic enterocolitis is complicated by the formation of purulent-fibrinous peritonitis due to the destruction of the appendix with minimal changes in its walls.
Acute period of polytrauma in children in the light of discriminant analysis
Authors: Bakovsky Vladislav B. , Golovkin Sergey I. , Kukharova Tatyana V. , Utkin Vladimir A. , Chalaya Elena N. , Shabaldin Nikita A. 
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The treatment of polytrauma in children requires identifying the signs that characterize the severity of the acute period and quantifying the priorities of the parameters. Collectively, these reflect the direction of drift of the leading pathophysiological manifestations at each stage of the patient withdrawal program from a state of severe shock.
Purpose. This study uses discriminant analysis to clarify the tactics of children with polytrauma in the first days of overcoming its consequences. It is based on the pathogenetically sound idea that each of the observed parameters role, together in the form of a vector, reflects injury severity and the childs prognosis.
Materials and methods. This analysis included 45 children (34 boys and 11 girls) with polytrauma aged from 2.5 to 17 years and hospitalized in Kemerovos intensive care unit. Two groups were analyzed: the survivors and those who were deceased. Both were dominated by severe traumatic brain injury (PMT). The injury severity score (ISS) scale was used for clinical assessment of injury severity.
Results. Combined with objectively obtained data on the structure of polytrauma in the direction of drift, a successful outcome is defined as a whole. It borders on the day to day priorities, potassium, PH, white blood count, and hematocrit. Also, the vector orientation pattern was observed to increase organ failure. This progressive decline occurred despite timely surgical intervention to stop internal bleeding, very active efforts to compensate for hypovolemia, acidosis, and the use of adequate means of detoxification. The deterioration in the child's condition manifests itself by increased potassium losses against the background of almost no reaction from leukocytes.
Conclusions. The application of discriminant analysis enables the better revelation of the peculiarities of a polytraumas multidimensional dynamics in children in the first few days of resuscitation. It also permits the numerical expression of the priorities of individual parameters that describe their state, and by the severity and individual patient response in real-time to optimize treatment.
Comparing Artificial Neural Networks with Traditional Ground-Motion Models for Small-Magnitude Earthquakes in Southern California
Authors: Klimasewski Alexis , Sahakian Valerie , Thomas Amanda 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTTraditional, empirical ground-motion models (GMMs) are developed by prescribing a functional form between predictive parameters and ground-motion intensity measures. Machine-learning techniques may serve as a fully data-driven alternative to widely used regression techniques, as they do not require explicitly defining these relationships. Although, machine-learning methods offer a nonparametric alternative to regression methods, there are few studies that develop and assess performance of traditional versus machine-learning GMMs side by side. We compare the performance and behavior of these two approaches: a mixed-effects maximum-likelihood (MEML) model and a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN). We develop and train both models on the same dataset from southern California. We subsequently test both models on a dataset from the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence, in a new region and on magnitudes outside the range of the training dataset, to examine model portability. Our models estimate horizontal peak ground acceleration, and the input parameters include moment magnitude (M) and hypocentral distance (Rhyp), and some include a site parameter, either VS30 or κ0.We find that, with our small set of input parameters, the ANN generally shows more site-specific predictions than the MEML model with more variation between sites, and, performs better than their corresponding MEML model, when applied “blind” to our testing dataset (in which the MEML random effects cannot be considered). Although, previous studies have found that κ0 may be a better predictor of site effects than VS30, we found similar performance, suggesting that including a site parameter may be more important than the physical meaning of the parameter. Finally, when applying our models to our Ridgecrest dataset, we find that both methods perform well; however, the MEML models perform better with the new dataset than the ANN models, suggesting that future applications of ANN models may need to consider how to accommodate model portability.
Análisis de la accesibilidad en las sedes de turismo de eventos en Barcelona
Authors: Montes Gavilán Tatiana 
Published: March 2021

El presente análisis evalúa el grado de accesibilidad de las sedes de turismo de eventos de Barcelona. En la primera parte se presenta el turismo de eventos como un sector en el que Barcelona es uno de los referentes mundiales pero que se ha visto frenado por la crisis económica. Si en momentos de dificultad lo natural es buscar nuevos nichos de mercado, el turismo accesible se ha revelado como uno de ellos. El tema se aborda desde la noción de accesibilidad universal atendiendo al desarrollo conceptual al que han contribuido organismos y organizaciones internacionales de referencia pero, sobre todo, analizando la normativa legal estatal y autonómica vigente que ampara tanto a infraestructuras y servicios como a las Tecnologías de la Información. El presente trabajo analiza también si hay factores ambientales como el económico o la concienciación social que influyan en la accesibilidad. Se pretende obtener una visión global cuantitativa y cualitativa del objeto de estudio y exponer cómo y por qué se están vulnerando las normativas legales que por derecho garantizan la accesibilidad universal.
Collection of available solar process heat related national and trans-national research and funding programs
Authors: Nitz Peter , Fluch Jürgen 
Published: March 2021

Within Task 64/IV Solar Process Heat, Subtask E Guideline to Market is aiming to support a wider penetration of solar thermal technologies in the supply of heating (and cooling) in industry, demonstrating Solar Heat for Industrial Processes (SHIP) to be an important contribution to the decarbonisation of the industrial sector. This requires not only to overcome technical and/or technological barriers, but it is crucial to also address on technical barriers. Whereas well suited system integration strategies, design tools, standardized procedures or modular components are all in all paramount for the development of reliable and prompt off the shelve solutions, experience shows that often non-technological barriers might have a critical role in the decision making process. Above all, competitiveness and investment/financing related barriers prove in many cases to be the bottleneck for the adoption of solar thermal technologies in the industrial framework.