bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Piled Modifiers, Buried Verbs, and Other Turgid Prose in the American Political Science Review
Authors: DeScioli Peter , Pinker Steven 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTAcademic writing is notoriously difficult to read. Can political science do better? To assess the state of prose in political science, we examined a recent issue of the American Political Science Review. We evaluated the articles according to the basic principles of style endorsed by writing experts. We find that the writing suffers most from heavy noun phrases in forms such as noun noun noun and adjective adjective noun noun. Further, we describe five contributors that swell noun phrases: piled modifiers, needless words, nebulous nouns, missing prepositions, and buried verbs. We document more than a thousand examples and demonstrate how to revise each one with principles of style. We also draw on research in cognitive science to explain why these constructions confuse, mislead, and distract readers.
Executive control in bilingual aphasia: a systematic review
Authors: Mooijman Saskia , Schoonen Rob , Roelofs Ardi , Ruiter Marina B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMuch research has been dedicated to the effects of bilingualism on executive control (EC). For bilinguals withaphasia, the interplay with EC is complex. In this systematic review, we synthesize research on this topic and provide an overview of the current state of the field. First, we examine the evidence for EC deficits in bilingual persons with aphasia (bPWA). We then discuss the domain generality of bilingual language control impairments. Finally, we evaluate the bilingual advantage hypothesis in bPWA. We conclude that (1) EC impairments in bPWA are frequently observed, (2) experimental results on the relationship between linguistic and domain-general control are mixed, (3) bPWA with language control problems in everyday communication have domain-general EC problems, and (4) there are indications for EC advantages in bPWA. We end with directions for experimental work that could provide better insight into the intricate relationship between EC and bilingual aphasia.
A Fast Algorithm for Elastic Wave‐Mode Separation Using Deep Learning With Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Fomel Sergey , Pham Nam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWave‐mode separation and wave‐vector decomposition aims to separate a full elastic wavefield into different wavefields corresponding to their respective wave mode. The wave mode separation process allows the handling of different wave modes independently, which is important to ensure the accuracy of migration. Most of the previously developed algorithms require the knowledge of polarization vectors that are calculated using the Christoffel equation in the wave‐number domain by using the anisotropic parameters of the mesh nodes. This process can be really expensive, especially for quasi‐differential operators. We propose to implement a framework using deep neural networks (DNNs) for elastic wave‐mode separation in a heterogeneous anisotropic medium. To avoid the necessity of solving the Christoffel equation at each spatial location of the medium, we develop an efficient algorithm using generative adversarial networks (GANs). In particular, we propose a wave‐mode decoupling workflow where we train the neural network using five to six time slices for a particular source location and test on all other time slices for that source location, as well as for all other source locations that are not a part of training. Numerical examples of increasing complexity show that the proposed approach provides an effective wave‐mode decomposition method for heterogeneous and strongly anisotropic media.
Mantle Flow Patterns Beneath the Junction of Multiple Subduction Systems Between the Pacific and Tethys Domains, SE Asia: Constraints From SKS‐Wave Splitting Measurements
Authors: Cao Lingmin , He Xiaobo , Zhao Liang , Lü ChuanChuan , Hao Tianyao , Zhao Minghui , Qiu Xuelin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe region around the Celebes Sea, SE Asia, is evolving within a convergent tectonic environment involving the Pacific plate to the east and the Indian‐Australian plate to the south. It is arguably one of the most tectonically complex regions in the world and serves as an ideal setting to study dynamic interactions between the Pacific and Tethys tectonic domains. The issue of which subducting plate plays a leading role in governing the regional mantle flow is not well understood. Mantle flow can be characterized by seismic anisotropy observations, providing clues for understanding regional tectonics. We conducted SKS‐wave splitting analysis by using data from seven seismic stations located around the Celebes Sea. Our results, when combined with previous observations, suggest the presence of various types of mantle flow in this area, including (a) corner flow in the mantle wedge above the westward‐subducting Molucca Sea (Sangihe) slab, (b) two‐layer anisotropy related to the eastward‐subducting Molucca Sea (Halmahera) slab, (c) deflected flow due to proximity to the Sangihe slab's edges, (d) trench‐normal mantle flow beneath southeastern Borneo due to the subduction of the Indian‐Australian plate, and (e) Northwest Borneo‐Palawan trough‐parallel mantle flow beneath northeastern Borneo. Various types of mantle flow indicate that the dynamic interactions of adjacent subduction zones played crucial roles in influencing the regional upper mantle dynamics between the Tethys and western Pacific domains since the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent in the Mesozoic.
Climate Change and Women's Health: A Scoping Review
Authors: Desai Zalak , Zhang Ying 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClimate change is a significant global health threat that is, underpinned by the existing issue of gender inequality. A scoping review was conducted to better understand the relationship between climate change and women's health. We found a notably higher proportion of existing studies focused on low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Most of the studies included were published after 2010, with predominantly qualitative study designs. Four key themes were identified, including women's exposure to climate change risks, the impacts on women's health, factors contributing to the vulnerability, and responding strategies in addressing climate change. The scoping review indicates that women's health is at higher risks due to the vulnerability to climate change, especially in LMICs. Meanwhile, it is beneficial to have insights from women in terms of adaptation and mitigation strategies to build stronger resilience. Mixed methods are strongly recommended to support evidence‐based policy making in responding to climate change.
Modeling of Possible Plume Mechanisms on Europa
Authors: Vorburger Audrey , Wurz Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPlumes spewing water high above Europa's surface have been inferred from several observation campaigns in the past decade. Whereas the occasional existence of plumes on Europa has thus been confirmed, the origin of the plumes remains uncertain. Most notably, it is still unclear whether the inferred plumes are of oceanic origin, possibly containing information about the ocean's habitability, or if they are of surficial nature, offering information on the highly processed surface instead. In this study, we use a Monte‐Carlo model to analyze three different plume models, two of which are surficial (near‐surface liquid inclusion and diapir), and one of which originates in the sub‐surface ocean (oceanic plume). We analyze all relevant Lyman‐ and OI 1304 emission mechanisms to determine the three models' emission profiles. These profiles are then compared to the Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectograph measurements presented by Roth, Saur, et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247051) with the goal of determining which ab initio model fits these measurements best. Our analyses show that all three models investigated produce similar Lyman‐ and OI 130.4 nm emission profiles, with differences being perceivable only on scales well below the HST resolution and sensitivity. Since none of the models contradict the Roth, Saur, et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247051) observations, none of them can be ruled out as being the acting force behind the observed plumes. The currently available optical measurements are thus not sufficient to determine the physical nature of Europa's plumes, identification of which can only be achieved through higher resolution images or in situ measurements.
CCREM: New Reference Earth Model From the Global Coda‐Correlation Wavefield
Authors: Ma Xiaolong , Tkalčić Hrvoje 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe existing reference Earth models have provided an excellent one‐dimensional representation of Earth's properties as a function of its radius and explained many seismic observations in a broad frequency band. However, some discrepancies still exist among these models near the first‐order discontinuities (e.g., the core‐mantle and the inner‐core boundaries) due to different data sets and approaches. As a new paradigm in global seismology, the analysis of coda‐correlation wavefield is fundamentally different from interpreting direct observations of seismic phases or free oscillations of the Earth. The correlation features exist in global correlograms due to the similarity of body waves reverberating through the Earth's interior. As such, there is a great potential to utilize the information stored in the coda‐correlation wavefield in constraining the Earth's internal structure. Here, we deploy the global earthquake‐coda correlation wavefield as an independent data source in the 15–50 s period interval to increase the Earth's radial structure constraints. We assemble a data set of multiple pronounced correlation features and fit both their travel times and waveforms by computing synthetic correlograms through a series of candidate models. Misfit measurements for correlation features are then computed to search for the best‐fitting model. The model that provides an optimal representation of the correlation features in the coda‐correlation wavefield is CCREM. It displays differences in radial seismic velocities, especially near the first‐order discontinuities, relative to previously proposed Earth‐reference models. This is the first application of the earthquake‐coda correlation wavefield in constraining the whole Earth's radial velocity structure.
Future Changes in the Indian Ocean Walker Circulation and Links to Kenyan Rainfall
Authors: King James A. , Washington Richard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEast Africa is vulnerable to hydroclimatic variability and change, and therefore reliable projections of future rainfall are important for climate change adaptation planning. However, the region's climate is affected by complex multi‐scalar processes and poorly represented in climate models, leading to uncertainty surrounding rainfall change. The importance of circulation features in controlling long‐term rainfall variability provides an opportunity to constrain projections. We use a process‐based climate model evaluation methodology to demonstrate links between Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) rainfall biases over Kenya and circulation biases in the Indian Ocean Walker Circulation (IOWC). During both the long and short rains, models with wet biases in historical runs continue to be wet in future. Wet future projections are associated with enhanced easterly winds over the equatorial Indian Ocean, as well as decreasing vertical velocity over Kenya and increasing vertical velocity over the Maritime Continent. We demonstrate that models with a simulated IOWC which is close to reanalysis in historical runs project different changes to Kenyan rainfall than those which do not. In particular, the projected rainfall increase during the long rains is confined to a single month (April) in these models. We call for a renewed focus on the Walker Circulation as a way to constrain uncertain rainfall projections elsewhere in the tropics.
Improved Representation of Low‐Level Mixed‐Phase Clouds in a Global Cloud‐System‐Resolving Simulation
Authors: Noda Akira T. , Seiki Tatsuya , Roh Woosub , Satoh Masaki , Ohno Tomoki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLow‐level mixed‐phase clouds are important for Earth's climate but are poorly represented in climate models. A one‐moment microphysics scheme from Seiki and Roh (2020, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0266.1) improves the representation of supercooled water and verifies it with a single‐column model. We evaluate the performance of this scheme using a global cloud‐system‐resolving simulation. We show that the scheme has several major improvements over the original scheme on which it is based, which underestimated the generation of supercooled droplets. The new scheme suppresses the original scheme's tendency to overestimate the conversion of cloud water to rain, vapor to cloud ice, and cloud water to cloud ice. It greatly improves the previously underestimated production of low‐level mixed‐phase clouds at middle‐to‐high latitudes, particularly over the ocean at the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. It also increases the lifetime of liquid clouds, thus improving the simulation of low‐level liquid clouds in western coastal regions of the tropics. The temperature dependency of the ratio of mass fraction of liquid cloud to the sum of ice and liquid clouds, F, reveals that mixed‐phase clouds statistically develop in a much wider range of temperature (−30°C ∼ 0°C), which supports the development of more mixed‐phase clouds in our simulation. The change to a wider range of F at given temperature is expected to be important, because it allows more complex feedback processes to arise from different cloud phase regimes. An improved simulation in seasonal variation of shortwave radiation and its cloud radiative effect are also identified.
Trace Metal Evidence for Deglacial Ventilation of the Abyssal Pacific and Southern Oceans
Authors: Pavia Frank J. , Wang Shouyi , Middleton Jennifer , Murray Richard W. , Anderson Robert F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe deep ocean has long been recognized as the reservoir that stores the carbon dioxide (CO2) removed from the atmosphere during Pleistocene glacial periods. The removal of glacial atmospheric CO2 into the ocean is likely modulated by an increase in the degree of utilization of macronutrients at the sea surface and enhanced storage of respired CO2 in the deep ocean, known as enhanced efficiency of the biological pump. Enhanced biological pump efficiency during glacial periods is most easily documented in the deep ocean using proxies for oxygen concentrations, which are directly linked to respiratory CO2 levels. We document the enhanced storage of respired CO2 during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the Pacific Southern Ocean and deepest Equatorial Pacific using records of deglacial authigenic manganese, which form as relict peaks during increases in bottom water oxygen (BWO) concentration. These peaks are found at depths and regions where other oxygenation histories have been ambiguous, due to diagenetic alteration of authigenic uranium, another proxy for BWO. Our results require that the entirety of the abyssal Pacific below approximately 1,000 m was enriched in respired CO2 and depleted in oxygen during the LGM. The presence of authigenic Mn enrichment in the deep Equatorial Pacific for each of the last five deglaciations suggests that the storage of respired CO2 in the deep ocean is a ubiquitous feature of late‐Pleistocene ice ages.
Construction of hollow polydopamine nanoparticle based drug sustainable release system and its application in bone regeneration
Authors: Wang Lu , Liu Shuwei , Ren Chunxia , Xiang Siyuan , Li Daowei , Hao Xinqing , Ni Shilei , Chen Yixin , Zhang Kai , Sun Hongchen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNanomaterial-based drug sustainable release systems have been tentatively applied to bone regeneration. They, however, still face disadvantages of high toxicity, low biocompatibility, and low drug-load capacity. In view of the low toxicity and high biocompatibility of polymer nanomaterials and the excellent load capacity of hollow nanomaterials with high specific surface area, we evaluated the hollow polydopamine nanoparticles (HPDA NPs), in order to find an optimal system to effectively deliver the osteogenic drugs to improve treatment of bone defect. Data demonstrated that the HPDA NPs synthesized herein could efficiently load four types of osteogenic drugs and the drugs can effectively release from the HPDA NPs for a relatively longer time in vitro and in vivo with low toxicity and high biocompatibility. Results of qRT-PCR, ALP, and alizarin red S staining showed that drugs released from the HPDA NPs could promote osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in vitro. Image data from micro-CT and H&E staining showed that all four osteogenic drugs released from the HPDA NPs effectively promoted bone regeneration in the defect of tooth extraction fossa in vivo, especially tacrolimus. These results suggest that the HPDA NPs, the biodegradable hollow polymer nanoparticles with high drug load rate and sustainable release ability, have good prospect to treat the bone defect in future clinical practice.
Laser solid-phase synthesis of single-atom catalysts
Authors: Peng Yudong , Cao Jianyun , Sha Yang , Yang Wenji , Li Lin , Liu Zhu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSingle-atom catalysts (SACs) with atomically dispersed catalytic sites have shown outstanding catalytic performance in a variety of reactions. However, the development of facile and high-yield techniques for the fabrication of SACs remains challenging. In this paper, we report a laser-induced solid-phase strategy for the synthesis of Pt SACs on graphene support. Simply by rapid laser scanning/irradiation of a freeze-dried electrochemical graphene oxide (EGO) film loaded with chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6), we enabled simultaneous pyrolysis of H2PtCl6 into SACs and reduction/graphitization of EGO into graphene. The rapid freezing of EGO hydrogel film infused with H2PtCl6 solution in liquid nitrogen and the subsequent ice sublimation by freeze-drying were essential to achieve the atomically dispersed Pt. Nanosecond pulsed infrared (IR; 1064 nm) and picosecond pulsed ultraviolet (UV; 355 nm) lasers were used to investigate the effects of laser wavelength and pulse duration on the SACs formation mechanism. The atomically dispersed Pt on graphene support exhibited a small overpotential of −42.3 mV at −10 mA cm−2 for hydrogen evolution reaction and a mass activity tenfold higher than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. This method is simple, fast and potentially versatile, and scalable for the mass production of SACs.
A 3D flexible neural interface based on a microfluidic interconnection cable capable of chemical delivery
Authors: Kang Yoo Na , Chou Namsun , Jang Jae-Won , Choe Han Kyoung , Kim Sohee 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe demand for multifunctional neural interfaces has grown due to the need to provide a better understanding of biological mechanisms related to neurological diseases and neural networks. Direct intracerebral drug injection using microfluidic neural interfaces is an effective way to deliver drugs to the brain, and it expands the utility of drugs by bypassing the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In addition, uses of implantable neural interfacing devices have been challenging due to inevitable acute and chronic tissue responses around the electrodes, pointing to a critical issue still to be overcome. Although neural interfaces comprised of a collection of microneedles in an array have been used for various applications, it has been challenging to integrate microfluidic channels with them due to their characteristic three-dimensional structures, which differ from two-dimensionally fabricated shank-type neural probes. Here we present a method to provide such three-dimensional needle-type arrays with chemical delivery functionality. We fabricated a microfluidic interconnection cable (µFIC) and integrated it with a flexible penetrating microelectrode array (FPMA) that has a 3-dimensional structure comprised of silicon microneedle electrodes supported by a flexible array base. We successfully demonstrated chemical delivery through the developed device by recording neural signals acutely from in vivo brains before and after KCl injection. This suggests the potential of the developed microfluidic neural interface to contribute to neuroscience research by providing simultaneous signal recording and chemical delivery capabilities.
Failure rates associated with guided versus non-guided dental implant placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Abdelhay Nancy , Prasad Soni , Gibson Monica Prasad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective
The purpose of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate implant failure rates and their association with guided and free-hand implant placement techniques.

Materials and methods
A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Medline via Ovid, Cochrane database, and Google Scholar. The search was completed in September 2020. Series of meta-analyses were conducted to compare implant failure rates with guided and free-hand techniques.

Results
A total of 3387 articles were identified from the electronic search. After applying the inclusion criteria, eight articles were selected for qualitative assessment and four for quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). The included studies had a risk ratio of 0.29 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.58), P < 0.001 for the use of guided implant placement. Implant failure rates were affected by the different placement techniques indicated by the test for overall effect (Z = 3.53, P = 0.0004). The incidence of implant failure in guided surgery versus free-hand surgery was found to be 2.25% and 6.42%, respectively.

Conclusion
Both guided and free-hand implant placement techniques resulted in a high implant survival rate. However, implant failure rates were almost three times higher in the free-hand implant placement category. A guided implant placement approach is recommended for a successful outcome.
Heterogeneous integration of single-crystalline rutile nanomembranes with steep phase transition on silicon substrates
Authors: Lee Dong Kyu , Park Yunkyu , Sim Hyeji , Park Jinheon , Kim Younghak , Kim Gi-Yeop , Eom Chang-Beom , Choi Si-Young , Son Junwoo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnrestricted integration of single-crystal oxide films on arbitrary substrates has been of great interest to exploit emerging phenomena from transition metal oxides for practical applications. Here, we demonstrate the release and transfer of a freestanding single-crystalline rutile oxide nanomembranes to serve as an epitaxial template for heterogeneous integration of correlated oxides on dissimilar substrates. By selective oxidation and dissolution of sacrificial VO2 buffer layers from TiO2/VO2/TiO2 by H2O2, millimeter-size TiO2 single-crystalline layers are integrated on silicon without any deterioration. After subsequent VO2 epitaxial growth on the transferred TiO2 nanomembranes, we create artificial single-crystalline oxide/Si heterostructures with excellent sharpness of metal-insulator transition ($$\triangle \rho /\rho$$
△
ρ
/
ρ
> 103) even in ultrathin (<10 nm) VO2 films that are not achievable via direct growth on Si. This discovery offers a synthetic strategy to release the new single-crystalline oxide nanomembranes and an integration scheme to exploit emergent functionality from epitaxial oxide heterostructures in mature silicon devices.