bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bringing the Local Back In: How Schools Work Differently in Different Neighborhood Contexts
Authors: Nast Julia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLocal settings have not been central to the debate on educational inequality. If researchers have taken neighborhoods into account, they have focused on (social) compositions, peer group effects, or school access. Yet I draw on interviews and observations at two Berlin schools to suggest that neighborhoods are also important as they shape the organizational practices of teachers and other educational professionals. Combining a Bourdieusian perspective and new institutional theory, I show how local settings become important as social, symbolic, and administrative units. As such, neighborhoods structure the interplay of institutional pressures and objective power relations both within and between schools. This perspective not only allows for a better understanding of the processes producing educational inequality; it also highlights that institutional changes might play out differently in different contexts, with consequences for neighborhood inequality in the field of education and beyond.
Spaces of Solidarity and Spaces of Exception: Migration and Membership During Pandemic Times
Authors: Triandafyllidou Anna 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter starts by introducing the policy and political context of the Covid-19 crisis, surveying some of the changes it brought to immigration policies in different countries: border closures for non-citizens; disruption for temporary migrants; and special arrangements for essential (migrant) workers like doctors and nurses or farmworkers to ensure emergency wards are staffed and the food processing chain is not disrupted. The chapter critically reviews these changes and discusses the main analytical and policy questions which the book addresses. It investigates how the pandemic forces us to rethink notions like membership, citizenship, belonging, but also solidarity, community, essential services or ‘essential’ workers. Migrants expose tensions and contradictions within these concepts and values. Citizens (who may carry the virus) cannot be banned from return to the homeland as they travel internationally or domestically; by contrast, temporary migrants or asylum seekers may be locked in their dormitories because of an outbreak in their midst to prevent spread and protect the citizens. This chapter shows that the specific tensions of the global pandemic for migration are linked to the more long-term tensions of globalisation, migration, and the nation-state, suggesting that the pandemic is but a magnifying lens. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book’s contents.
Internal Migration and the Covid-19 Pandemic in India
Authors: Rajan S Irudaya , Bhagat R. B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter looks at the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on internal migrants in India. According to the 2011 Census, there are over 450 million internal migrants, of which a massive 54 million are inter-state migrants. A large number of these migrants consist of labourers who comprise a huge percentage of the informal sector workforce, both in the rural and urban areas of India, and are vital to the country’s economy. These workers are also some of the most vulnerable, with inadequacies in terms of working conditions and coverage of social safety nets, and are also largely absent from India’s policy discourses. This chapter highlights the size and extent of internal migration as well as its distribution across different states in India. It shows how the current crisis and lockdowns have affected their lives and livelihoods. It particularly looks at the responses of central and various state governments – at destinations and origins – to ensure migrants’ wellbeing. It also analyses the socioeconomic impact of the migrant exodus from major destinations and looks at solutions to enable and ensure that migration patterns in the future are sustainable, and more importantly, ensure migrants’ rights and dignity.
Vulnerability and Resilience in the Covid-19 Crisis: Race, Gender, and Belonging
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDuring the early months of the 2020 pandemic, migrants who travelled to the United States to pick crops, scrub floors, stock warehouses, and tend to elders became ‘heroes’ for performing necessary labour – unless they were surplus bodies crammed into prison-like detention waystations before being deported for the crime of arriving without proper papers. The pandemic intensified states of precarity. Especially among those labelled as ‘essential workers’, the lack of protective equipment and labour rights put them on the frontline of exposure. But domestic and home care workers, meatpackers, fieldhands, and others in the US stepped out of the shadows to demand inclusion in social assistance, occupational health and safety laws, and other state benefits. This chapter historicises the recent hardships and the organising of (im)migrant workers: it shows that the policies of Donald J. Trump were not an aberration, but part of a national pattern of racial differentiation with gendered inflections. Vulnerability, however, is only part of the story. Workers remained resilient in the face of the hidden enemy of Covid-19, as they sought safe and decent living and working conditions.
Sanctuary Cities and Covid-19: The Case of Canada
Authors: Paquet Mireille , Benoit Noémie , Atak Idil , Joy Meghan , Hudson Graham , Shields John 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn Canada, urban centres have been especially hit by the Covid-19 pandemic and this public health crisis has generated particular risks for non-status and precarious migrants. Using official data and published research, this chapter explores how city sanctuary policies in Canada have addressed these pandemic risks and, more broadly, the future for Canadian sanctuary policies in the post-Covid-19 recovery. We highlight the specificities of sanctuary policies in the Canadian context and document that while cities have not rescinded these interventions during the pandemic, they also have not built on them when developing COVID-19 responses for urban residents. We propose that this demonstrates the need to maintain pressure for reforms that increase the resources and capacities of cities in Canada so that they can be in a better position to implement and institutionalise policies for non-status and precarious migrants.
Migrant Care Labour, Covid-19, and the Long-Term Care Crisis: Achieving Solidarity for Care Providers and Recipients
Authors: Gahwi Lena , Walton-Roberts Margaret 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGlobally there is a care crisis in terms of the quantity of care needed for an aging population and the quality of both the care provided and work conditions of those providing this care. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and heighted this crisis of care. In this chapter we review the issue with a particular focus on long-term care (LTC) facilities and the type and skill mix of labour, including the degree to which immigrant workers are over-represented in this sector. We offer some conceptual reflections on elder care as a matter of social justice and ethics in terms of those needing and providing care. These concerns take on a specific global dimension when we understand the transnationalisation of care, or the care provisioning function of what are termed global care chains. We contextualise how this migrant labour is positioned within this sector through international comparisons of funding models for LTC, which also allows us to understand the structural conditions within which this globally-sourced workforce is positioned. We then highlight two significant contributing factors to the current LTC crisis that were intensified and exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic using Ontario, Canada, as an example: the role of the private sector and the unsustainable extraction of profits from this service, and the gendered and racialised devaluing of migrant labour so essential to the sector.
Pandemic Shock Absorbers: Domestic Workers’ Activism at the Intersection of Immigrants’ and Workers’ Rights
Authors: Rosińska Anna , Pellerito Elizabeth 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDuring the current global pandemic, when the family or household has been considered the most basic unit of quarantine, the role of the domestic worker – someone who by definition crosses the threshold and enters the space of the home – became problematised quickly. These workers’ ‘outsider’ status – transgressing the boundaries not just of the physical household space, but often also of race, immigration status, and class – has meant that some household workers were more readily regarded as disease vectors who were too risky to allow into the home and let go with little or no warning. In the United States, many of the federal and state relief bills responding to the pandemic continue to exclude the sector or undocumented immigrant workers or both from accessing relief measures. Drawing on an online ethnography of organisations and policy reviews, we analyse the multilevel response of domestic workers’ organisations to address the crisis at both the federal and local levels, with focus on the state of Massachusetts. This chapter tackles the variety of ways in which worker centres in the United States have been at the frontline of the response to domestic workers’ needs, addressing a gap in mainstream and otherwise insufficient relief measures provided by the government. Because of these gaps and the sheer level of need faced by these workers and their families, these centres did what they were prepared to do: continue the service provision, education, organising, and advocacy efforts while expanding their efforts in each of these areas of work.
A Spiritual Journey
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThere is often a gap between the Qur’an and what is labelled “Islamic”. In fact, most egregious claims within Islam can be attributed not to the Qur’an but to hadith, the collection of reports about the sayings and actions of the prophet Muhammad. Consider that the most highly regarded collection of hadith, by Bukhari, had required the venerable man to sift through no less than 600,000 reports as part of his monumental effort (which took him 16 years), and the fact that Bukhari was born 178 years after the Prophet’s passing. This is no small technicality, for all schools of Islamic jurisprudence draw heavily on hadith in formulating their moral guidelines (sharia) and establishing their Islamic laws (aka sharia law).
Women Were Not Meant to Be Subordinate to Men
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn the Qur’anic account, human beings are God’s representatives on earth, His viceroys (aka caliphs). Men and women are explicitly entrusted with being each other’s protectors, or walis, and with building up their societies. Yet despite these Qur’anic prescriptions of a male-female partnership, the idea of men as “guardians” of women managed to take root and persists to this day in many places, making men the gateway to women’s education, professional life, social life, marriage—their very existence. How is this possible? Because two verses, 4:34 and 2:228, have traditionally been (mis)interpreted so as to completely overturn the Qur’anic message of equality and partnership, and to place men in charge, despite the historical record from Muhammad’s life as recorded in none other than the hadith literature, and from medieval times.
Inheritance: No, Women Did Not Get the Short End of the Stick
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn constructing a socio-economic identity for women, the Qur’an introduces their right to inherit as a pillar of its vision for a just society. But at the same time, inheritance allocations henceforth would be tied directly to family responsibilities, hence the 2:1 ratio for sons-to-daughters for a society where women were almost never breadwinners. This conditionality is found in the much-misunderstood verse 4:34 that we must re-read in the context of its neighbouring verses, which are specifically on inheritance. It would be wrong to conclude that women got the short end of the stick for two reasons: a) because every man’s and every woman’s inheritance could now potentially come from multiple relatives and not just from parents, so it is hard to know precisely where the chips will ultimately fall for a given person; and b) because the Qur’an allocated no financial responsibilities to women the way it did to men, so the net effect could be in favour of either, relatively speaking. However in today’s world, many daughters and wives are very much breadwinners for their families, yet no religious authority has so far acted upon the conditionality expressed in verse 4:34.
Marriage: A Sublime Institution, Not Mere Social Contract
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Qur’anic portrayal of marriage involves some tender imagery even as it establishes it as a social contract—seven centuries before it became so in Europe and 12 centuries before divorce terms were included in the latter. Monogamy is very much the norm as well as the ideal in the Qur’an, with polygyny only sanctioned in specific circumstances and under certain conditions. Muhammad’s personal story gives life to Qur’anic values in this regard, with 25 years of a monogamous marriage to his first wife followed by 12 years of polygyny after her death involving a total of 11 other women. Ten out of the 12 women he married over time were widows, unsurprising given the Qur’anic rationale for polygyny. Meanwhile, interfaith marriage is blessed in the Qur’an, i.e. without the non-Muslim party having to convert to Islam.
Divorce: Men Do Not Hold all the Cards—The Qur’an Actually Levels the Playing Field Through Mandated Process and Etiquette
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDivorce is a huge topic of concern for God in the Qur’an. Even as He makes clear that it is His least-favourable solution to marital discord and even as He counsels a period of reflection and even recommends mediation, God makes explicit His commandment that the divorce process be kind and fair to women in contrast to the then-prevailing customs. But custom to this day has been neither kind nor fair to women: the “wedding-knot” (‘isma) has been deemed by society to be held solely by the man, limiting a woman’s ability to obtain a divorce at all, much less a fair one. This has often also impacted women’s access to their own children upon divorce, surely a most unkind situation, one that is only emboldened by the false idea that men are “guardians” of women as it makes them feel even more entitled to be the sole guardians of their children.
Clothing: There Is No Dress Code for Women Beyond Covering their Private Parts, as with Men
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMost of us grow up assuming that the Qur’an stipulates that women must cover their hair and wear clothing that covers all skin except for the face, hands and feet. Yet there is no dress code whatsoever for either men or women beyond covering their private parts (and there is no ambiguity whatsoever in the Qur’an about what those are). Meanwhile the Qur’an refers to clothing as something that is meant to be beautiful, a gift from God that no one can forbid and states that, nonetheless, no clothing can rival the clothing of reverence. Why do we never hear of these beautiful verses?
Witnesses: A Woman’s Testimony Is Worth the Same as a Man’s, Except in Two Cases Where It May Count for More or Less
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Qur’an speaks of giving testimony in the context of five specific situations. In only one of these five cases does it make a distinction between witnesses on the basis of gender, namely in the case that relates to financial transactions, where two women may be required to testify in lieu of one man. The famous phrase about two women witnesses in that case, “so that if one of them forgets/errs the other can remind her”, is a reference not to the inferiority of women’s intellect but rather to the fact that women at the time did not engage in borrowing or lending and were moreover mostly illiterate, making them less effective witnesses should a dispute arise. Meanwhile another one of these five cases outlines when a woman’s testimony is worth more than a man’s, namely when a husband accuses his wife of infidelity—although we never hear anyone mentioning this extraordinary verse or highlighting the principle behind it.
Sexual Misconduct: What the Qur’an Tells Us about Pre-Marital vs Extra-Marital Sex
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn the Qur’an, sex outside marriage is a topic addressed to men and women equally, although society has come down much harder on women in this regard. A distinction is made between pre-marital and extra-marital sex (adultery), yet we hear almost nothing about that, with the two typically collapsed into a single category in the public discourse. While four witnesses are required to prove illicit sex of any kind, a mere expression of remorse is sufficient for the accused to be left alone per Qur’anic dictate. Where remorse is absent, the Qur’an takes a harder line against extra-marital sex and instructs “flogging”, an act of (limited) public shaming undertaken with harmless instruments, per the historical record, rather than the commonly held belief that its intention was corporal harm. How could it be otherwise, anyway, since women are prescribed the same number of “lashes” as men despite the physical differences between the two? As for stoning, it is not mentioned anywhere in the Qur’an.
Hadith Corpus
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe traditional collections of hadith we have inherited were begun and completed roughly 200 and 300 years after the Prophet’s death, respectively. There was a vast amount of information to wade through—literally hundreds of thousands of reports. The compilers’ focus was on authenticating a report’s chain of transmission, not on assessing or validating its content. Many hadiths were included that the compilers openly acknowledged were unreliable, usually labelling them as such on a descriptive scale involving terms such as “weak” or “acceptable but unusual”. By contrast, the verses of the Qur’an were being memorised and written down on parchments as they were being revealed over the course of the 23 years of revelation, i.e. during Muhammad’s lifetime, and were compiled into a single volume just two years after his death in the year 632.
Domestic Violence: The Qur’an Does Not Instruct Husbands to Hit Their Wives for “Disobedience” or Anything Else
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhen the famous verse 4:34 is read all the way to the end and the ensuing verse 4:35 which continues the narrative is read together with it, the problematic phrase “strike them but not if they heed your counsel” is obviously revisiting the question of adultery discussed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_19, where a repentant unfaithful wife (or husband) is to be forgiven by society (25:68–71) and not flogged to cause shame even if there are witnesses to the fact. In other words, the whole of verse 4:34 is addressing society as a whole, the last part dealing specifically with adultery and not just any husband-wife conflict. Moreover in 4:35, God explicitly supports reconciliation between the couple if they so wish despite the wife’s infidelity, surely a move that would be contradictory if He had just told the husband to hit his wife!
Hadith Content
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIf you have always assumed that any hadith cited from one of the recognised Sahih or other collections must: (a) be attributable to the Prophet; (b) have both a solid (unbroken) and sound (reliable) chain of transmitters; and (c) relay a verified saying or event, then you would have been wrong.Moreover the scholars of the hadith compilations had a juristic bent, meaning that they were looking to derive laws in order to regulate society. They did not shy away from openly using weak hadith to justify establishing a certain law if in their own minds they were doing so for the greater good. This had its most negative and lasting impact in matters relating to women. There was also the challenge of myths, forgeries and mixed intentions to contend with in compiling hadiths. Overall, only a few dozen Prophetic hadiths are said to be reliable with absolute certainty, though many others can be said to be “most probably” reliable.Thus we must undertake a re-prioritisation of the Qur’an above all other sources so that hadith is assessed through the lens of the Qur’an rather than the other way round, as has astonishingly been the case.
Women Were Created with the Exact Same Spiritual and Intellectual Capacity as Men, So of Course They Can Lead
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThere is no justification whatsoever on a Qur’anic basis for preventing women from filling any leadership role, whether as religious leaders or imams or judges or heads of state. A large number of verses addressing men and women make it clear that both bear equal responsibility for building their societies. Moreover many Qur’anic verses addressing women’s issues came as a response to one or more woman’s activism at the time. Objectors to women’s leadership usually push back against women’s advancement primarily by citing supposed hadith denouncing women as such, and on some topics they appear to be virtually grasping at straws. A particularly strange yet common objection claims that the Prophet had said that no nation that entrusts its affairs to a woman can succeed, yet the historical evidence from his time and medieval jurist support for women as leaders tell a different story.
When Men Deprive Women of Their Free Will, They Are Not Protecting Anyone: They Are Obstructing God’s Plan
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIf women cannot make their own decisions, what is God to judge them on? Women will certainly get no credit for a “good deed” that is forced upon them, much less grow spiritually from it, any more than they will for or from any good their menfolk do. As the Qur’an never tires of telling us, every single soul—whether male or female—will ultimately face God individually. Yet once again, faux-hadith arguments denigrating women’s moral nature and intellectual capacity are deployed to justify restricting women’s freedoms, including an eye-popping one placed in the Prophet’s mouth that makes a wife’s access to heaven essentially dependent on being in her husband’s good graces. What if he is a despicable fellow?
Digitale Souveränität: Soziotechnische Bewertung und Gestaltung von Anwendungen algorithmischer Systeme
Authors: Hartmann Ernst A. 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDigitale Souveränität ist eng verbunden mit der Handlungsfähigkeit von Individuen und Organisationen. Auf der Ebene des Individuums können handlungs- und kontrolltheoretische Konzepte zu einer genaueren Beschreibung und Operationalisierung digitaler Souveränität beitragen. Auf der Ebene von Arbeitssystemen stehen seit Jahrzehnten erprobte Verfahren zur Bewertung und Gestaltung zur Verfügung. Aufbauend auf diesen methodisch-theoretischen Grundlagen wird ein Konzept für die soziotechnische Bewertung von Anwendungen algorithmischer Systeme – insbesondere auf Künstlicher Intelligenz basierter Systeme – in der Arbeitswelt vorgestellt. Die Potenziale dieses Konzepts für die Auditierung und Zertifizierung solcher Anwendungen, in Kooperation mit den anwendenden Unternehmen, werden diskutiert.