bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative label‐free proteomics of tilapia gill epithelium: confirmation of established and identification of novel responses to salinity change (1182.4)
Authors: Li Johnathon , Kültz Dietmar 
Published: June 2021

Label‐free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics was employed to analyze effects of salinity stress on the molecular phenotype, i.e. proteome, of gill epithelium in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Fresh water (FW) acclimated tilapia were acclimated to 34 ppt, 70 ppt, and 90 ppt salinity and gill proteins extracted and trypsin‐digested for analysis by LFQ LC‐MS/MS. More than 600 proteins were identified with high identification scores (>85% represented by >5 MS/MS peptides, FDR < 2%). The overall effect of salinity acclimation on protein regulation ratios in gill epithelium (salinity exposed gill epithelia compared to FW handling controls) was found to be proportional to the degree of salinity stress. Salinity‐induced changes in tilapia gill epithelial proteome directly reflected known salinity effects on gills of euryhaline fish, including an increase in the size and number of mitochondria‐rich ionocytes, activities of specific ion transporters, and induction of specific molecular chaperones. Confirming such known effects of salinity on tilapia gill epithelium at the proteome level validated the LFQ workflow. In addition to confirming known salinity stress responses, novel gill proteins involved in salinity acclimation of tilapia, notably protein NDRG1, were identified by this workflow. We propose that protein NDRG1 participates in gill epithelial remodeling during salinity acclimation of euryhaline fish. Moreover, we conclude that LFQ proteomics represents a powerful tool for gaining deep insight into effects of environmental salinity stress on the molecular phenotype of osmoregulatory tissues in euryhaline fish. Supported by NSF grant IOS‐1049780.Grant Funding Source: NSF IOS‐1049780
α‐Glucosidase inhibiting activity and antioxidant properties of grape pomace extracts (134.5)
Authors: Kadouh Hoda , Sun Shi , Zhou Kequan 
Published: June 2021

While grape pomace contains considerable amounts of polyphenols, dietary antioxidants have been associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. We have previously reported strong α‐glucosidase inhibition exhibited by red wine grape pomace extracts, implying a potential role in diabetes management. In the current study, we aim to understand the relationships between this activity and antioxidant capacity of these extracts. Chambourcin, Merlot, Norton, Petit Verdot, Syrah and Tinta Cão red wine grape pomaces extracted with 50% acetone were evaluated for antioxidant properties via common antioxidant assays. At 2 mg/ml, Merlot, Syrah and Tinta Cão appeared to have the highest respective total phenolic content expressed as 0.29, 0.28 and 0.26 mg gallic acid equivalents/ mg extract. At 5 mg/ml, Chambourcin, Merlot and Tinta Cão exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity, at 58%, 51% and 49%, respectively. At 0.1 mg/ml, Tinta Cão exceeded all other varieties in oxygen radical (AAPH) absorbing capacity, at 4878 uM trolox equivalents/ g extract. A strong positive correlation was observed between these results and our previous findings of 95%, 88% and 85% α‐glucosidase inhibition exhibited by Tinta Cão, Syrah and Merlot pomace extracts, respectively. Results were significant, suggesting that the α‐glucosidase inhibiting potency of grape pomace extracts may be related to their richness in antioxidants.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the United States Department of Agriculture
Towards a comprehensive view of the neural‐electrode tissue interface: image analysis for neural engineering applications (153.8)
Authors: Kolarcik Christi , Lesniak Andrew , Castro Carlos , Demetris Anthony , Gaunt Robert , Cui X. 
Published: June 2021

Biocompatibility issues limit the longevity of neural interfacing devices designed to restore sensory‐motor function. However, a comprehensive systems‐level understanding of the device‐tissue interface is lacking. We combined immunohistochemistry, high‐resolution digital slide scanning and computational image analyses to evaluate the response associated with floating microelectrode arrays implanted into feline dorsal (sensory) or ventral (motor) lumbosacral roots (n = 16 animals; 2 implants/animal). Paraffin‐embedded sections were stained with a variety of chemical (hematoxylin/eosin, Nissl/Luxol fast blue) and antibody‐based [NF200 (axons), S100 (Schwann cells), vimentin (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, astrocytes), NeuN (neuronal nuclei), caspase‐3 (apoptotic cell death), MAC387 (monocytes/macrophages), GLUT1 (glucose transporter)] stains. Digital images were analyzed using NearCyte software. Intensity of the inflammatory reaction as a function of distance from the electrode‐tissue interface was quantified. Neural degeneration in the spinal cord proximal and distal to the site of array implant was compared to the contralateral, non‐implanted side. Neuronal density and nearest neighbor relationships were mapped and electrode performance metrics considered. This work provides a more comprehensive, quantitative profile of the neural electrode‐tissue interface. Ongoing work aims to incorporate multiplexed immunohistochemistry such that more in‐depth social interactions can be assessed in the context of the tissue architecture.Grant Funding Source: Supported by DARPA Contract N66001‐11‐C‐4171.
Examining the upper respiratory tract of Neanderthals and other later Pleistocene human fossils: analysis of form and function (17.6)
Authors: Márquez Samuel , Pagano Anthony , Delson Eric , Laitman Jeffrey 
Published: June 2021

Neanderthals are one of the most intensely studied groups of extinct humans, as aspects of their phylogeny and functional morphology remain controversial. They have long been described as cold adapted but recent analyses of their nasal anatomy suggest that traits formerly considered adaptations may be the result of genetic drift. Here we describe our previous and current studies on the nasal complex (NC; nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, connecting pathways) of Neanderthals and other later Pleistocene fossils from Europe and Africa. A geographically diverse sample of modern human crania was used to establish an anatomical baseline for populations inhabiting cold and tropical climates. Nasal complex morphology was analyzed via traditional and geometric morphometrics and CT imaging. Results indicate that Neanderthals possessed NC's that fall outside the range of modern human variation in several traits, including paranasal sinus morphology. In particular, they exhibited greater relative piriform aperture area (the product of width and height) and a relatively longer cartilaginous Eustachian tube as measured from Procrustes‐corrected sets of three‐dimensional coordinate data. The NC components of the upper respiratory tract remain a critical but poorly understood area that may yet offer novel insight into one of the greatest continuing controversies in paleoanthropology.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NSF and IGERT
Duodenal expression of heme and non‐heme iron transporters and tissue partitioning of dietary heme and non‐heme iron in a rat mode of iron overload (246.8)
Authors: Cao Chang , Thomas Carrie , Insogna Karl , O'Brien Kimberly 
Published: June 2021

Dietary heme is an important Fe source yet the regulation of heme absorption and tissue partitioning of absorbed heme remain undefined. In a rat model of Fe overload, we aimed to 1) examine duodenal heme and non‐heme Fe transporters in relation to hepcidin, and 2) to compare utilization of absorbed heme and non‐heme Fe by erythroid (RBCs) and Fe storage tissues (liver and spleen). Twelve male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to receive injections of PBS (control) or Fe dextran providing a total of 16 mg (Moderate Fe) or 48 mg Fe (High Fe) over 2 weeks. After Fe loading, rats were gavaged with 57Fe‐FeSO4 and 58Fe‐porcine RBC. Duodenal Fe transporter expression and tissue isotopic enrichment were assessed 10‐days post‐dosing. Fe injection in the High Fe group suppressed duodenal transcript expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (Dmt1) and duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb) by 70% but did not impact heme carrier protein 1 (Hcp1) or Ferroportin. Liver hepcidin expression correlated with Dmt1, Dcytb and Ferroportin but not with Hcp1. Tissue isotopic analysis found greater non‐heme than heme Fe incorporation into RBC (80.5% vs. 71.3%, p = 0.02) while this relationship was reversed in the spleen (2.7% vs. 7.5%, p = 0.01). Fe status and hepcidin had no impact on duodenal Hcp1 expression. Differential tissue utilization of absorbed heme vs. non‐heme Fe suggests that heme Fe is exported in an alternate form from non‐heme Fe.Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA 2008‐0857
Clinical and metabolomic predictors of weight loss in overweight and obese adults in an energy‐restricted controlled feeding trial (248.5)
Authors: Piccolo Brian , Newman John , Gertz Erik , Woodhouse Leslie , Souza Elaine , Gustafson Mary , Sheets Caitlin , Fiehn Oliver , Keim Nancy , Adams Sean , Van Loan Marta 
Published: June 2021

Weight loss (WL) induced by energy restriction is highly variable even in controlled clinical trials. An integrative analysis of the plasma metabolome coupled to traditional clinical variables may reveal a WL “responder” phenotype. Therfore, we predicted WL in overweight and obese individuals on an energy‐restricted diet in a controlled feeding trial using the plasma metabolome in addition to clinical indices, body composition parameters, plasma endocrine and inflammatory markers, dietary parameters, and physical activity (PA) measurements. A total of 940 pre‐intervention (PrI) and post‐intervention (PoI) variables were assessed. Partial least squares regression accurately predicted weight loss along latent variable 1 (root mean error of prediction (RMSEP) = 1.81 kgs; Q2 = 0.43) and revealed that PrI light and moderate PA were associated with high weight loss, whereas PoI sedentary PA and 2‐ketoisocaproic acid were associated with low weight loss. Network correlation analysis revealed a direct connection between lower PrI respiratory quotient, higher PoI 3‐hydroxybutanoic acid and higher PoI citric acid (P < 0.00001) in high weight losers. Our results suggest that habitual light‐to‐moderate PA are accompanied by distinct blood amino acid and lipid metabolic signatures and correlated with WL in overweight and obese individuals under controlled conditions.Grant Funding Source: Supported by: Nat. Dairy Council; CA Dairy Res. Council; USDA; NCRR (UL1 RR024146); NIH (U24 DK097154)
A church‐based, diet and supervised physical activity intervention for rural, southern African American adults improves diet quality, physical activity, and blood lipids (251.6)
Authors: Tussing‐Humphreys Lisa , Thomson Jessica 
Published: June 2021

Epidemic levels of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease are rampant in the largely rural Lower Mississippi Delta (LMD) region. We assessed the effectiveness of a six‐month, church‐based, diet and supervised physical activity (PA) intervention for improving diet quality (measured by the Healthy Eating Index‐2005) and increasing PA of LMD African American adults. Eight churches were assigned to intervention (n=5) or control (n=3). The intervention involved 9 one hour group didactic sessions and weekly supervised PA. Assessments included dietary, PA, anthropometric, and clinical measures. Statistical tests for group comparisons included chi square and McNemar’s tests for categorical variables, and mixed model regression for continuous variables. Retention was 79% (96/122) for control and 76% (217/287) for intervention churches. Several diet quality components, including fruit, vegetables, and total quality improved significantly in the intervention group. Similarly, increases in PA were apparent in the intervention group, while PA decreased in the control group. Significant decreases in blood lipids and trending (0.05 < p 蠄 0.10) reductions in weight and BMI were observed for the intervention group. Results from this study indicate that a church‐based, diet and supervised PA intervention improves diet quality and increases PA of LMD African American adults.Grant Funding Source: Funding was provided by US DHHS HRSA Grant # 6 U1FRH07411 and the USDA Agricultural Research Service
Link of maternal restriction versus reward to child obesity and BMI differs with level of maternal education (252.6)
Authors: Hubbs‐Tait Laura , Shriver Lenka , Okwonga Ajok , Kimble Ashley , Page Melanie , Topham Glade , Harrist Amanda 
Published: June 2021

Study objective was to evaluate separate relations of maternal Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) restriction and reward to child obesity for maternal education subgroups to clarify the debate on restriction as cause vs. consequence of obesity. Participants were 245 mothers and children (135 boys) followed from 1st to 3rd grade. Maternal education subgroups: 25% high school only; 38% vo‐tech graduates/some college; 37% college graduates. CFQ was measured when children were 1st graders; child anthropometrics, annually. Restriction scores were: CFQ Restrict6 (6 items, α=.70) and CFQ Reward (2 items, α=.80). For children of college graduates, Restrict6 was linked to BMI and odds of obesity in 1st grade (OR=3.40, p = .046). For children of vo‐tech/some‐college mothers, CFQ Reward predicted child BMI and odds of obesity in 1st (OR=2.08, p=.01), 2nd (OR=1.17, p=.02), and 3rd (OR=1.53, p=.07) grade. For children of high‐school‐only mothers, Restrict6 and Reward were unrelated to BMI and obesity. Thus, only for children of college‐educated mothers could CFQ Restrict6 be a response to child obesity in 1st grade. For children of vo‐tech/some college mothers, Reward might cause obesity or maintain it over time. Given the different relations of maternal restriction and reward to child obesity by education level, new obesity prevention efforts are needed that target unique behaviors of subgroups of parents.Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA 2004‐05545
Quantification and bioaccessibility of California pistachio bioactives (259.1)
Authors: Liu Yuntao , Blumberg Jeffrey , Chen C‐Y. 
Published: June 2021

Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) contain an array of bioactives including carotenoids, chlorophylls, phenolics, and tocols. The content of these constituents has not been methodically quantified. Our objective was to optimize extraction protocols for lipophilic nutrients and then quantify the content of 20 bioactives (2 phenolic acids, 9 flavonoids, 4 carotenoids, 2 chlorophylls, and 3 tocols) in the skin, nutmeat, and whole nut of California pistachios. The dominant bioactives in whole pistachios are lutein (42.35 µg/g fresh weight), chlorophyll A (142.24), γ‐tocopherol (182.20), flavan‐3‐ols (catechins) (199.18), luteolin (217.89), myricetin (135.18), and cyanidin‐3‐galactose (38.34) in each nutrient class. Most phenolics are present in the skin except luteolin and myricetin, while the lipophilic nutrients are dominantly present in the nutmeat. Digestion with a gastrointestinal mimic employed to approximate the bioaccessibility of pistachio constituents showed <10% of most hydrophilic compounds are released from pistachio matrices, as well as <7% of lutein and γ‐tocopherol. In conclusion, 9 lipophilic and 11 hydrophilic bioactives in California pistachios have been systematically quantified. (Supported by American Pistachio Growers and USDA)Grant Funding Source: Supported by American Pistachio Growers and USDA
Inhibitory effects of epoxy metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid on human colon cancer stem cells (261.3)
Authors: Xu Fei , Lee Sing , Hammock Bruce , Zhang Guodong , Xiao Hang 
Published: June 2021

Epidemiological and preclinical evidence supports that omega‐3 dietary fatty acids such as DHA reduce the risks of cancers, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) are the cytochrome P450 epoxygenases (CYP450) metabolites of DHA, and have been reported to mediate some of the health‐promoting effects of DHA. Increasing evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be responsible for occurrence of malignant tumors. Herein we investigated the inhibitory effect of EDPs on human colon CSCs. CSC‐ associated tumor spheres were obtained from human cancer stem cells. The inhibitory effect of 19, 20‐EDP and a mixture of six different EDPs (i.e. 7‐, 8‐, 10, 11‐, 13, 14‐, 16, 17‐ and 19, 20‐EDP) were determined on both HT29 and HCT116 colon cancer cells. The results showed that both 19, 20‐EDP and EDPs mix showed a dose‐dependent inhibition on human colon CSCs. For example, treatment with 19, 20‐EDP at 1µM for 10 days caused 55% inhibition on tumor spheres derived from HT29 cells, while EDPs mix at same total concentration caused 71% inhibition. Most interestingly, 19, 20‐EDP and EDPs mix at a very low concentration of 0.1 µM still resulted in significant inhibition (33% and 55%, respectively) on tumor spheres derived from HT29 cell line. Overall, our study for the first time demonstrated the inhibitory effects of EDPs on human colon CSCs.Grant Funding Source: Supported by funding from NIH, AICR and USDA
Vitamin D/Ca2+‐dependent calpain and caspases: novel molecular targets for obesity‐related breast cancer drug discovery (261.5)
Authors: Sergeev Igor 
Published: June 2021

Removal of breast cancer cells (BCC) via apoptosis results in a decrease in tumor size. Induction of apoptosis in adipocytes decreases adiposity due to long‐term reduction in adipose tissue mass. The hormone 1,25(OH)2‐vitamin D3 (1,25D) triggers apoptosis in both BCC and mature adipocytes via apoptotic Ca2+ signal ‒ a sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+. This signal acts as an initiator of apoptosis that directly recruits Ca2+‐dependent apoptotic effectors, calpain and caspase‐12, in BCC and adipocytes. Normal mammary epithelial cells are resistant to Ca2+‐mediated apoptosis because Ca2+ regulatory mechanisms in these cells do not support the apoptosis‐inducing Ca2+ signal. Remarkably, high vitamin D and Ca intakes activate Ca2+‐mediated apoptotic pathway in adipose tissue and decrease body and fat weight gain in obese mice. Induction of apoptosis with 1,25D in adipocytes, particularly in the tumor‐surrounding adipose tissue involved in tumor progression, contributes to anticancer effects of the hormone. The 1,25D ‒ Ca2+ link between breast cancer and obesity supports rationale to include the vitamin D/Ca2+‐dependent apoptotic proteases as molecular targets for discovery of new therapeutic and preventive agents for breast cancer and obesity as well as to consider increasing vitamin D and Ca intakes as a promising approach to protecting against breast cancer and decreasing adiposity. Supported by USDA 2009‐35200‐05008 and SD00H325.Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA
Association between 100% fruit juice consumption and nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight in children (2‐18 yrs.): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007‐2010 (262.8)
Authors: Nicklas Theresa , Rodriguez Gabriela , O'Neil Carol , Fulgoni Victor 
Published: June 2021

The association between 100% FJ consumption with nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight was examined in children (n=6,090) using NHANES (2007‐2010) data. Consumers (n=2,337; 34%) were defined by four categories of 100% FJ consumption using a 24‐hour diet recall. Trend analysis (covariate adjusted) was conducted using appropriate sample weights. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios. Diet quality was calculated using the Healthy Eating Index‐2010 (HEI). Mean 100% FJ consumption was 3.6 oz/d, which contributed a mean of 47 kcal (2.6% of total energy intake). Compared with non‐consumers, children consuming 100% FJ had significantly increased (p<0.01) intakes of energy, carbohydrates, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins C and B6 and significantly (p<0.01) lower intakes of total fat, SFA, solid fat, added sugar, and sodium. Children consuming 100% FJ consumed significantly (p<0.01) more servings of whole fruit than non‐consumers; no differences were found in milk consumption. The total HEI score significantly increased (p<0.0001) with increased 100% FJ consumption (43.8 for 0 oz. to 52.3 for (>12 oz). There was no difference in the likelihood of being overweight/obese between 100% FJ consumers and non‐consumers. 100% FJ consumption was not excessive and was associated with better nutrient intakes and was not associated with the likelihood of being overweight/obese in children.Grant Funding Source: Supported by: Juice Products Association & USDA
The Shaping Healthy Choices Program results in improved nutrition and health‐related outcomes (273.6)
Authors: Scherr Rachel , Linnell Jessica , Smith Martin , Nicholson Yvonne , Spezzano Theresa , Bergman Jacqueline , Brian Kelley , Briggs Marilyn , Feenstra Gail , Hillhouse Carol , Keen Carl , Nguyen Lori , Ohmart Jeri , Ontai Lenna , Steinberg Francene , Sutter Carolyn , Young Heather , Zidenberg‐Cherr Sheri 
Published: June 2021

The Shaping Healthy Choices Program (SHCP) is a school‐based intervention that integrates 5 components: nutrition education; family and community partnerships; regional agriculture; foods available on school site; and school wellness policies. This study tests the hypothesis that schools using the SHCP during one school year will improve health‐related outcomes. Schools meeting inclusion criteria in Northern (NC) and Central Valley California (CV) were randomly assigned to control (C) or intervention (I) groups. Pre‐ and post‐assessments in 4th graders included: ability to name vegetables, using the Vegetable Preference Survey; dietary intake, using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire; and anthropometric data such as BMI. Students at the I schools scored higher than students at the C schools on the ability to correctly name vegetables. A 40% increase (P < 0.01) in vegetable intake servings per day (s/d) was observed in students who consumed 1 or less s/d at baseline at the NCI school; no differences were observed at other schools. Decreases in BMI (‐2.55, P< 0.001) and BMI percentile (‐8.87, P < 0.001) were observed at the NCI school; no differences were observed in other schools. Change in BMI percentile was negatively correlated with vegetable intake at the NCI school (r = ‐0.25; P < 0.02). The SHCP is a promising model for school‐based programs aimed at improving nutrition and health outcomes in students.Grant Funding Source: Supported by UCANR #11‐1018 & USDA 2011‐38420‐20082
A model dilemma: how assumptions about locomotion and birth have shaped the obstetrical dilemma (335.1)
Authors: Warrener Anna 
Published: June 2021

The obstetrical dilemma posits that the human female pelvis is under antagonistic selection pressures: narrow enough for efficient locomotion, but large enough to pass a large‐brained infant through the birth canal. This adaptive trade‐off is thought to explain the apparent difficulty of human childbirth, the helplessness of human neonates, and sex differences in human locomotor performance. However, core assumptions of the obstetrical dilemma model have gone untested. One assumption, that wider pelves in women increase locomotor cost, is based on a static biomechanical model of hip abductor function. Wider biacetabular width is thought to increase the external torque about the hip by moving the body center of mass farther from the hip joint, thereby increasing hip abductor muscle force and energetic cost to stabilize the pelvis. However, skeletal dimensions are actually poor proxies for the mechanical determinants of hip abductor function measured during locomotion and do not correlate significantly with locomotor cost. While this first assumption of the obstetrical dilemma can be empirically rejected, it is harder to directly assess the bases for and evolutionary history of cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) that uniquely imperils human birth. A novel hypothesis to be tested suggests that recent environmental conditions have made CPD more common today than through most of human evolutionary history.Grant Funding Source: National Science Foundation BCS#0850841, The Leakey Foundation, The Wenner‐Gren Foundation