bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Drilling Fluid Advisory System Utilizing Bayesian Network
Authors: Al-Yami Abdullah Saleh , Wagle Vikrant B , Al-Rubaii Mohammed Murif , Abubacker Ziaudeen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Using the right drilling fluid with optimal rheology and filtration properties is one of the most important factors in successful drilling and completion operations. Designing the right drilling fluid depends on a variety of factors viz. formation lithology, wellbore geometry, temperature, pressure, and drilling objectives. To the best of the author's knowledge there is no standard drilling fluid advisory system to aid drilling engineers and scientists to formulate effective drilling fluids systems for the entire well sections.
The paper describes a drilling fluid advisory system based on Artificial Bayesian Intelligence. The advisory system includes a Bayesian decision network (BDN) model that receives inputs and outputs recommendations based on Bayesian probability determinations. This advisory system has been designed to aid drilling engineers when designing drilling fluids for their operations. This paper describes a module that was created in this advisory system. This module was created based on several inputs viz. well geometry (vertical and horizontal), temperature, pressure, productivity.
To create the drilling fluids module within the advisory system, a number of drilling fluid specialists/experts were interviewed to gather the information required to determine the best practices as a function of the above inputs. These best practices were then used to build decision trees that would allow the user to take an elementary data set and end up with a decision that honors the best practices. The designing process of this advisory system also included a number of standard lab tests that start from quality assurance, initial designing and finally using field samples to confirm the success of the application.
The study also discusses several field cases that validate the drilling fluids advisory system. The novel drilling fluid advisory system based on Artificial Bayesian Intelligence has been designed to aid drilling engineers and scientists to formulate effective drilling fluids systems for the entire well sections.
Is early surgical intervention effective for traumatic severe cervical spinal cord injury?
Authors: Yamamoto Koji , okuda akinori , Maegawa Naoki , Konishi Hironobu , Miyazaki Keita , Tada Yusuke , Kogeichi Yohei , Takano Keisuke , Asai Hideki , Kawai Yasuyuki , Urisono Yasuyuki , Shigematsu Hideki , Kawamura Kenji , Fukushima Hidetada , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background

This study aimed to determine whether surgery within 24 h improves the neurological prognosis and reduces the complications associated with surgery for traumatic severe cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI).
Methods

The data of 42 patients with traumatic severe CSCI with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) grades of A–B who underwent surgery between December 2007 and May 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The participants were divided into early surgery (< 24 h) and late surgery (> 24 h) groups. Using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with propensity score adjustment for confounding factors, the AIS grade before and 1 month following surgical treatment as the primary outcome were compared. The secondary outcome was the intensive care unit length of stay (ICU-LOS) and occurrence of respiratory complications and cardiac arrest.
Results

In the early surgery group (n = 32, 76%), the average time to surgery was 10.25 h (4–23 h). The IPTW analysis indicated significant differences in neurological improvement according to the AIS grade at 1 month following surgery (odds ratio [OR]: 17.1 95% confidence interval [Cl]: 1.9–156.7, p = 0.012), ICU-LOS > 7 days (OR: 0.14 95% Cl: 0.02–0.90, p = 0.04), respiratory complications (OR: 0.08 95% Cl: 0.01–0.73, p = 0.03), and cardiac arrest (OR: 0.13 95% Cl: 0.02–0.85, p = 0.03).
Conclusions

Early surgery (within 24 h) for traumatic severe CSCI may be effective in improving the neurological prognosis, and preventing a long ICU-LOS and postoperative complications.
TNFɑ-induced LDL cholesterol accumulation involve elevated LDLR cell surface levels and SR-B1 downregulation in human arterial endothelial cells
Authors: Okoro Emmanuel Ugochukwu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Excess lipid droplets are frequently observed in arterial endothelial cells at sites of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Here, the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFɑ) in modulating low density lipoprotein (LDL) content in confluent primary human aortic endothelial cells (pHAECs) was investigated. TNFɑ promoted up to 2 folds increase in cellular cholesterol, which was resistant to ACAT inhibition. The cholesterol increase was associated with increased 125I-LDL surface binding. Using the non-hydrolysable label, Dil, TNFɑ could induce a massive increase in Dil-LDL by over 200 folds. The elevated intracellular Dil-LDL was blocked with excess unlabeled LDL and PCSK9, but not oxidized LDL (oxLDL), receptor associated protein (RAP), or apolipoprotein (apoE) depletion. Moreover, TNFɑ-induced increase of LDL-derived lipids was elevated through lysosome inhibition. Using specific LDLR antibody, the Dil-LDL accumulation was reduced by over 99%. Effects of TNFɑ included LDLR cell surface increase by 138%, and very large increases in ICAM-1 total and surface proteins, respectively. In contrast, that of scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) was reduced. Additionally, LDLR antibody bound rapidly in TNFɑ-treated cells by about 30 folds, inducing a migrating shift in the LDLR protein. The effect of TNFɑ on Dil-LDL accumulation was inhibited by the antioxidant tetramethythiourea (TMTU) dose-dependently, but not by inhibitors against NF-κB, stress kinases, ASK1, JNK, p38, or apoptosis caspases. Grown on transwell inserts, TNFɑ did not enhance apical to basolateral LDL cholesterol or Dil release. It is concluded that TNFɑ promotes LDLR functions through combined increase at the cell surface and SR-B1 downregulation.
Weaning and Extubation Assisted with Conversational Hypnosis: A systematic review
Authors: Wormser Johan , Romanet Christophe , Bellaïche Aurel , Philippart François 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Patients admitted in intensive care units often receive mechanical ventilation. Prior to extubation, weaning process could be a major cause of dyspnea and anxiety in awake intubated patients. Hypnosis is commonly used to manage anxiety and pain. Our hypothesis is that hypnosis would decrease stress during the weaning and extubation process.Methods: This systematic review follows PRISMA Guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020171445). Web of Science, MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched until 11 March 2020. We included all interventional trials assessing hypnotherapy for intubated patients whom were undergoing weaning or extubation. Two of the authors independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias from identified trials.Results: One study fulfilled our selection. This case series included 2 patients. Eleven sessions were completed. Dyspnea was not assessed/reported. Hypnotherapy decreased anxiety during the weaning process from a median of 1 point (Interquartile Range: 1.0-2.5). Increase in oxygen saturation is also reported. There was no evidence of neither an anxiety reduction or an oxygen saturation improvement. This is due to the scarcity of publication and the methodological design of the one selected study.Conclusions: We cannot conclude whether or not hypnosis could be recommended in the weaning process of intubated patients. Further studies are needed to assess hypnosis effects.Registration: The present systematic review was registered in the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD42020171445.
Genomic Signatures of Pre-Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Ortiz Arturo Torres , Coronel Jorge , Vidal Julia Rios , Bonilla Cesar , Moore David , Gilman Robert , Balloux Francois , Kon Onn Min , Didelot Xavier , Grandjean Louis 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Recent advances in bacterial whole-genome sequencing have resulted in the identification of a comprehensive catalogue of genomic signatures of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. With a view to pre-empting the emergence of drug-resistance, we hypothesized that pre-existing balanced polymorphisms in drug susceptible genotypes (“pre-resistance mutations”) could increase the risk of acquiring antimicrobial resistance in the future.
In order to identify a pathogen genomic signature of future drug resistance we undertook whole-genome sequencing on 3135 culture positive isolates from different patients sampled over a 17-year period in Lima, Peru.
Reconstructing ancestral whole genomes on time-calibrated phylogenetic trees we identified no single drug resistance in Peru predating 1940. Moving forward in evolutionary time through the phylogenetic tree from 1940, we apply a novel genome-wide survival analysis to determine the hazard of drug resistance acquisition at the level of lineage, mono-resistance state, and single-nucleotide polymorphism. We demonstrate that lineage 2 has a significantly higher incidence of drug resistance acquisition than lineage 4 (HR 3.36, 95% CI 2.10 - 5.38,p-value =4.25×10-7) and estimate that the hazard of evolving rifampicin following isoniazid resistance acquisition is 14 times that of genomes with a susceptible background (HR 14.45,95% CI 8.46 - 15.50, p-value<10−15). Our findings are validated in a separate publicly available dataset from Samara, Russia. After controlling for population structure, we also show that a deletion in a gene coding for the cell surface protein lppP predisposes to the acquisition of drug resistance in susceptible genotypes (HR 6.71, 95% CI4.82-11.22, p-value =1.17×10−9).
Prediction of future drug resistance in susceptible pathogens together with targeted expanded therapy has the potential to prevent drug resistance emergence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogens. Prospective cohort studies of participants with and with-out these polymorphisms should be undertaken with a view to implementing personalized pathogen genomic therapy. This approach could be employed to preempt and prevent the emergence of drug resistance and other important traits in other organisms.
Biotic Resistance of Native Communities and Alien Propagule Pressure are Consistent Predictors of Invasion Success During Grassland Establishment
Authors: Rojas-Botero Sandra Liliana , Kollmann Johannes , Teixeira Leonardo H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Invasive alien plants challenge ecosystems restoration. Thus, understanding factors determining the establishment of invasive plants is crucial to improve restoration outcomes. Some key drivers of invasibility of plant communities have been studied, but results are inconsistent, and combined effects have not been addressed. We investigated the contribution of three drivers of invasion success during early phases of restoration, i.e., biotic resistance, invasive propagule pressure, and environmental fluctuations.We compared the contribution of these drivers in a series of mesocosms experiments using designed grasslands as a model system, and Solidago gigantea as invasive model species. Two grassland communities were designed according to competitive trait hierarchies with different sowing patterns, reflecting variation in biotic resistance. We then manipulated invader propagule pressure and applied different scenarios of environmental fluctuation, i.e., flood, heat, and N fertilization. Alien biomass was considered as proxy for invasion success, while native biomass represented restoration success.There were consistent effects of biotic resistance to S. gigantea invasion via competitive trait hierarchies in the three experiments. Communities dominated by species with high-competition traits were more resistant regardless of environmental fluctuation. Clumped seeding of the native community reduced invasibility, whereas larger invasive propagule size increased invasion. The effects of environmental fluctuation were less consistent and context-dependent, thus playing a secondary role when compared to biological drivers of invasion. Restoration initiatives on grasslands impacted by invasive plants should consider biotic resistance of the restored community as a key driver and the importance of controlling further arrivals of invasive species during community assembly.
Sequencing of Methylase-Accessible Regions In Integral Circular Extrachromosomal DNA Reveals Differences In Chromatin Structure
Authors: Chen Weitian , Weng Zhe , Xie Zhe , Xie Yeming , Zhang Chen , Chen Zhichao , Ruan Fengying , Wang Juan , Sun Yuxin , Fang Yitong , Guo Mei , Tong Yiqin , Li Yaning , Tang Chong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background Although extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) has been intensively studied for several decades, the mechanisms underlying its tumorigenic effects have been revealed only recently. In the majority of conventional sequencing studies, the high-throughput short-read sequencing largely ignores the epigenetic status of most ecDNA regions except for the junctional areas. MethodsHere, we developed the sequencing of enzyme-accessible chromatin in circular DNA (CCDA-seq) method, which uses methylase to label open chromatin without fragmentation and exonuclease to enrich the ecDNA sequencing depth, followed by long-read nanopore sequencing. ResultsUsing CCDA-seq, we observed significantly different patterns in nucleosome/regulator binding in ecDNA at a single-molecule resolution. ConclusionsThese results deepen the understanding of ecDNA regulatory mechanisms.
Mercury Distribution in an Upper St. Lawrence River Wetland Dominated by Cattail (Typha Angustifolia)
Authors: Brahmstedt Evie S , Crespo Carla N Ayala , Holsen Thomas M , Twiss Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Legacy mercury (Hg) exists in Upper St. Lawrence River wetland hydric soils and is impacted by a new water level management plan (established in 2017) implemented to restore biodiversity and reduce the monotypic nature of riparian wetlands, currently dominated by Typha spp.. The distribution of Hg within the various components of a riparian wetland provides insight into potential impacts of water level fluctuations. Hydric soil represents 83% of the wetland Hg burden while wetland plant biomass contributed 17%, mostly due to organic detritus (13%). Although Typha roots had a bioconcentration factor of 1.2 (relative to hydric soils) and had the highest total Hg among living tissues (25 ± 9.3 ng/g dry wt.), detritus had the highest overall Hg content (110 ± 53 ng/g dry wt.). While root tissue Hg correlated significantly with soil Hg (p = 0.045), it was determined here that Typha spp. has limited use as a biomonitor in wetlands with low levels of Hg contamination, as in this ecosystem. Hg contained within the organic detritus contributed more to the overall Hg burden in these monotypic Typha wetlands than any other tissue or biomass component analyzed. Consequently, shifts in the plant community that are expected to result from a new water level management plan may alter Hg storage within these wetlands and affect its mobility in this ecosystem.
Seasonal Variation in Acute Dacriocystitis
Authors: Ertan Elif , İnan Sibel , Doğan İsmet , İnan Ümit Übeyt 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objectives: Seasonal variation is possible in some medical conditions.Acute dacryocystitis is very disturbing clinical picture and can develop in any time of the year in patients with lacrimal duct obstruction. We aimed to investigate whether there is a seasonal relationship with the emergence of acute dacryocystitis.Material and Methods:The files of the patients who applied to the ophthalmology outpatient clinic with the complaints of tearing and discharge for five years and diagnosed with acute dacryocystitis were analyzed retrospectively. Age, gender, date of occurrence of the complaints and the date of diagnosis of acute dacryocystitis were recorded. In order to determine the seasonal relationship, the data regarding the number of cases who applied every month of the year were analyzed statistically by Rayleigh test.Results: The mean age of 60 patients (45 females, 15 males) included in the study was 54.70 ± 16.80 years. It was found that all patients were not equally likely to arrive at the hospital and the onset of their complaints throughout the months of the year (p <0.05). The frequency of applications was higher between May and August.Conclusion: There seems to be a seasonal relationship with the timing of the acute dacryocystitis. In our series, more acute dacryocystitis cases were encountered in the first spring-summer months. The reason for the increase of acute dacryocystitis cases in hot seasons of the year may be due to the increase in infectious agents in these seasons.
An Empirical Study of Supply Chain Frangibility and Risk Management in Indian Automobile Industry
Authors: Ankit Arora , Rajesh Rajagopal 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The automobile sector in India is one the key segment of Indian economy as it contributes to 4% of India’s GDP and 5% of India’s Industrial production. The supply chain of any firm is generally dependent on six driving factors out of which three are functional (information, inventory, and facilities) and 3 are logistic (sourcing, pricing, and transportation). The risk causing factors in supply chains consists of various levels of sub-factors under them. Say for instance, under supply risk, the sub-factors can be poor logistics at supplier end, poor material quality etc., under demand risk, the sub-factors can be inaccurate demand forecasting, fluctuating demand, bullwhip effect, and under logistics risk, the sub-factors can be poor transportation network, shorter lead time, stock outs. Through this study, we observe to find the effect of these factors in the supply chain. We use Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) technique to prioritize the various types of risk into zones namely high, medium and low risk factors. Also, we use the Best Worst Method (BWM), a multi-criteria decision-making technique to find out the overall weightings of different risk factors. The combination of these methods can help an organization to prioritize various risk factors and proposing a proper risk mitigation strategy leading to increase in overall supply chain efficiency and responsiveness.
Promotive Effects of Cellulolytic Enzymes Produced by Biomass-Degrading Bacteria on Saccharification of Different Pretreated Corn Stovers
Authors: Wu Yanwen , Shrestha Sarita , Guo Haipeng , Zhang Jinchi , Wang Haisong , Qin Wensheng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Enzymatic saccharification of corn stover can be enhanced by partially replacing commercial enzymes with bacterial crude enzyme extracts. Three bacteria, Bacillus sp. A0, Bacillus sp. CH20S1, and Exiguobacterium sp. AS2B, were cultured in a media with corn stover as the substrate. The cultural conditions were monitored and optimized to maximize CMCase and xylanase activity in the crude enzyme extracts. After 72 h of hydrolysis of corn stover with diluted crude enzymes (DCE) from the three strains, reducing sugars were released from non-pretreated and pretreated corn stovers. Values of the released sugars ranged from 48.23–71.69 mg g− 1, which were lower than those released by commercial cellulase (100–400 mg g− 1). The synergistic effects were observed when 12 FPU g− 1 and 4 FPU g− 1 of commercial cellulase were added to the DCE of the CH20S1 strain producing 315.90 mg g− 1 and 320.65 mg g− 1 reducing sugars, respectively. It was shown that an effective combination of bacterial DCE with commercial enzymes could achieve more cost-efficient saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass compared to either of the two enzymes used alone.
Dissipation Pattern of Five Pesticides in Vegetable Samples
Authors: Shoeb Mohammad , Munia Zerin Sultana , Nahar Nilufar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pesticides are frequently used in agricultural fields in Bangladesh. Residual pesticides in vegetable samples above maximum residue limits (MRL) are illegal use of pesticides and absence of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP). The Government made Safe Food Law to ensure safe food for all citizens of the country. To assess the dissipation of pesticides in vegetable samples for consumer safety, five locally banded pesticides i.e., Vitaban (chlorpyrifos), Double (mixture of imidacloprid and cypermethrin), Nitro (mixture of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin), Acephate and Reeva (lambda cyhalothrin) were applied to eight different vegetables at the dose which farmers apply in their field in a large vegetable cultivation area. Samples were harvested from the farmer’s fields at 2h (0 day) after application of pesticides and analyzed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 days keeping them at ambient temperature. Samples were extracted following Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method and cleaned up using primary secondary amine (PSA), and finally analysed by Gas Chromatograph Electron Captured Detector (GC-ECD. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, acephate and lambda cyhalothrin were 0.019 and 0.057, 0.019 and 0.057, 0.009 and 0.027, 0.019 and 0.057, and 0.009 and 0.057 µg/mL, respectively. Recoveries of these pesticides in these vegetables samples were within acceptable range of 74–110%. Level below MRL value of cypermethrin was found to be 2–5 days while chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, acephate and lambda cyhalothrin treated vegetables were varied 3–8 days and considered to consume after these days, respectively.