bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent reactive oxygen species mediates TGF-β1-induced podocyte migration
Authors: Chen Chien-An , Chang Jer-Ming , Chen Hung-Chun , Chang Eddy-Essen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Podocyte migration results in proteinuria and glomerulonephropathy. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) can mediate podocyte migration; however, the crosstalk between them is unclear. This study determined the relationships between these factors. ER stress biomarkers (GRP78, p-eIF2α or CHOP), intracellular ROS generation, integrin-β3 and cell adhesion and migration were studied in a treatment of experiment using TGF-β1 with and without the ER stress inhibitors: 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA, a chemical chaperone), salubrinal (an eIF2α dephosphorylation inhibitor) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an antioxidant). ER stress biomarkers (p-eIF2α/eIF2α and GRP78), ROS generation and intergrin-β3 expression increased after TGF-β1 treatment. NAC down-regulated the expression of GRP78 after TGF-β1 treatment. 4-PBA attenuated TGF-β1-induced p-eIF2α/eIF2α, CHOP, ROS generation and intergrin-β3 expression. However, salubrinal did not inhibit TGF-β1-induced p-eIF2α/eIF2α, CHOP, ROS generation or integrin-β3 expression. NAC abrogated TGF-β1-induced integrin-β3 expression. At 24 h after treatment with TGF-β1, podocyte adhesion and migration increased. Furthermore, NAC, 4-PBA and an anti-interin-β3 antibody attenuated TGF-β1-induced podocyte adhesion and migration. This study demonstrated that TGF-β1-induced ER stress potentiates the generation of intracellular ROS to a high degree through the PERK/eIF2α/CHOP pathway. This intracellular ROS then mediates integrin-β3 expression, which regulates podocyte migration.
The Effects of Rapid Rewarming on Tissue Salvage in Severe Frostbite Injury
Authors: Rogers Charlotte , Lacey Alexandra M , Endorf Frederick W , Punjabi Gopal , Whitley Angela , Gayken Jon , Fey Ryan , Schmitz Kyle , Nygaard Rachel M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Frostbite is a high morbidity injury caused by soft tissue freezing, which can lead to digit necrosis requiring amputation. Rapid rewarming is a first-line treatment method that involves placing affected digits into a warm water bath. This study aims to assess the clinical practices for frostbite at facilities outside of dedicated burn centers, and any impact these practices have on tissue salvage. Retrospective chart review at a single burn center identified frostbite patients admitted directly or as transfers over a 7-year period. Records were reviewed to identify initial treatment strategies. If given, time to thrombolytics from admit was noted. Tissue salvage rates were calculated from radiologically derived tissue at-risk scores and final amputation scores. One-hundred patients were transferred from outside facilities, and 108 were direct admissions (N = 208). There was no significant difference in group demographics. Rapid rewarming was the initial treatment modality more commonly in direct admit patients (P = .016). The use of rapid rewarming did not correlate with tissue salvage (P = .112). Early use of thrombolytics had a positive impact on tissue salvage (P = .003). Thrombolytics were given 1.2 hours earlier in direct admit patients (P = .029), however there was no difference in tissue salvage rates between the groups (P = .127). Efforts should focus on larger scale study to further assess the effectiveness of rapid rewarming. Although rapid rewarming did not significantly impact tissue salvage in this study, we continue to recommend its use over less studied treatment methods, and continue to view it as an important bridge to burn center transfer and administration of thrombolytic therapy.
Higher Admission Frailty Scores Predict Increased Mortality, Morbidity, and Healthcare Utilization in the Elderly Burn Population
Authors: Iles Kathleen A , Duchesneau Emilie , Strassle Paula D , Chrisco Lori , Howell Thomas Clark , King Booker , Williams Felicia N , Nizamani Rabia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale is a validated rapid assessment of frailty phenotype and predictor of mortality in the geriatric population. Using data from a large tertiary care burn center, we assessed the association between admission frailty in an elderly burn population and inpatient outcomes. This was a retrospective analysis of burn patients ≥65 years from 2015 to 2019. Patients were assigned to frailty subgroups based on comprehensive medical, social work, and therapy assessments. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate associations between admission frailty and 30-day inpatient mortality. Our study included 644 patients (low frailty: 262, moderate frailty: 345, and high frailty: 37). Frailty was associated with higher median TBSA and age at admission. The 30-day cumulative incidence of mortality was 2.3%, 7.0%, and 24.3% among the low, moderate, and high frailty strata, respectively. After adjustment for age, TBSA, and inhalation injury, high frailty was associated with increased 30-day mortality, compared to low (hazard ratio 5.73; 95% confidence interval 1.86, 17.62). Moderate frailty also appeared to increase 30-day mortality, although estimates were imprecise (hazard ratio 2.19; 95% confidence interval 0.87–5.50). High frailty was associated with increased morbidity and healthcare utilization, including need for intensive care stay (68% vs 37% and 21%, P &lt; .001) and rehab or care facility at discharge (41% vs 25% and 6%, P &lt; .001), compared to moderate and low frailty subgroups. Our findings emphasize the need to consider preinjury physiological state and the increased risk of death and morbidity in the elderly burn population.
Infections in Patients With Major Burns: A Retrospective Study of a Burn Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ozlu Ozer , Basaran Abdulkadir 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Burn-related infections are challenging conditions to manage and can cause several complications entailing a complicated treatment. In this study, infection in burn patients hospitalized in burn intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital is investigated. This retrospective study was conducted between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020 in burn ICU of a tertiary care hospital. Patients with an ICU stay less than 48 hours and survival less than 72 hours were not included in the study. The demographic and clinical data as well as referral status, the type of infections and the isolated microorganisms, antibiotics used for prophylaxis, outcomes, and the mortality rate are evaluated retrospectively from patient files and the hospital registries. A total of 311 patients were included in our study cohort with a mean age of 22.11 ± 20.9 years. The burned TBSA was 28.07 ± 17.1 and abbreviated burn severity index was 5.76 ± 2.3. There were 155 patients with 283 infections and the infection rate was 45.8 per 1000 patient days. The most commonly isolated microorganisms were Candida species in bloodstream and urinary tract infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn wound infections. Most of the deaths (86.7%) occurred in patients with infections. In major burns strict adherence to isolation procedures, avoiding delays in referrals, early excision, and early wound closure are important measures to reduce infections. Each burn center should develop appropriate antibiotic strategies due to their culture results and prophylaxis with broad-spectrum antibiotics should be avoided.
On the relationship between environmental suitability and habitat use for three neotropical mammals
Authors: Contreras-Díaz Rusby G , Falconi Manuel , Osorio-Olvera Luis , Cobos Marlon E , Soberón Jorge , Townsend Peterson A , Lira-Noriega Andrés , Álvarez-Loayza Patricia , Luis Gonçalves André , Hurtado-Astaiza Johanna , Gonzáles Rocío del Pilar Rojas , Zubileta Ingrid Serrano , Spironello Wilson Roberto , Vásquez-Martínez Rodolfo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRecent studies have used occupancy models (OM) and ecological niche models (ENM) to provide a better understanding of species’ distributions at different scales. One of the main ideas underlying the theoretical foundations of both OM and ENM is that they are positively related to abundance: higher occupancy implies higher density and more suitable areas are likely to have more abundant populations. Here, we analyze the relationship between habitat use measured in terms of occupancy probabilities from OM and environmental suitability derived from ENM in three different Neotropical mammal species: Leopardus wiedii, Cuniculus paca, and Dasypus novemcinctus. For ENM, we used climatic and vegetation cover variables and implemented a model calibration and selection protocol to select the most competitive models. For OM, we used a single-species, single-season model with site covariates for camera-trap data from six different sites throughout the Neotropical realm. Covariates included vegetation percentage, normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, and elevation. For each site, we fit OM using all possible combinations of variables and selected the most competitive (ΔAICc &lt; 2) to build an average OM. We explored relationships between estimated suitability and occupancy values using Spearman correlation analysis. Relationships between ENM and OM tended to be positive for the three Neotropical mammals, but the strength varied among sites, which could be explained by local factors such as site characteristics and conservation status of areas. We conjecture that ENM are suitable to understand spatial patterns at coarser geographic scales because the concept of the niche is about the species as a whole, whereas OM are more relevant to explain the distribution locally, likely reflecting transient dynamics of populations resulting from many local factors such as community composition and biotic processes.
Traumatic rupture of a hemorrhagic hepatic cyst: a case presentation and literature review
Authors: Turner Megan Jenkins , Barghuthi Lutfi , Davis Tyler , Ismael Hishaam 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hemorrhagic hepatic cyst with or without rupture is rare cause of acute abdomen with less than 20 cases reported in the literature. A standardardized management algorithm is currently not present, but literature suggests surgical management is ideal for definitive treatment and successful patient outcome. We report a case of a 39-year-old female with a chief complaint of sudden onset abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Abdominal computed tomography scan showed a large, 12-cm cyst in the right hepatic lobe with a hemorrhagic component. Successful laparoscopic operative management was conducted without post-operative complications such as recurrent bleeding. When managing patients with an acute abdomen, ruptured hepatic hemorrhagic cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis and prompt surgical management should be considered as primary management.
Simulating the Consequences of Adaptive Survey Design in Two Household Panel Studies
Authors: Watson Nicole , Cernat Alexandru 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Adaptive survey design has been proposed as a solution to the decreasing response rates and higher costs associated with surveys. Much of the adaptive survey design research to date focuses on cross-sectional surveys, yet it seems there is greater potential for this approach within longitudinal surveys as data on the respondent and their survey experience builds each wave. We consider the short- to medium-term impacts of modifications to fieldwork processes in the context of two household panels. We use waves 11–16 of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey and waves 1–6 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (also known as Understanding Society) to simulate eight alternative follow-up strategies. Cases are targeted based on their likelihood to improve sample balance (representativeness), as measured by the R-indicator, or to provide a response, or a combination of these components. Both individual- and household-level targeting are considered. We assess the extent to which these adjustments to fieldwork efforts impact the response rates, sample representativity, and cost. We find that if the follow-up fieldwork effort were reduced by 25 percent the least detrimental strategy is where the best households in terms of improving the R-indicator or the response rates are issued to field for follow-up. This approach resulted in the same sample balance as obtained with full follow-up practice, saved between 17 and 25 percent of follow-up calls but dropped the full balanced panel response rate over four years by 8–12 percentage points.
Development and Implementation of DIGEST: The Digital Interactive Gastroenterology Education Suite for Trainees
Authors: Reeves Patrick T , Min Steve B , Kolasinski Nathan T 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Clinical clerkship curricula should exist to provide rotating learners on subspecialty rotations with consistent exposure to specific topics geared toward the discipline of interest, such as pediatric gastroenterology (GI). We aim to describe our experience developing and implementing DIGEST: the Digital Interactive Gastroenterology Education Suite for Trainees, a novel, online GI curriculum delivered to virtual, rotating learners during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic stay-at-home order.

Materials and Methods
A general needs assessment in 2019 identified a lack of standardized educational experience amongst the rotating learners on pediatric GI service. The COVID-19 pandemic compelled us to transition our curriculum from our institution’s secure share drive to the GOOGLE classroom. A program evaluation was undertaken and included learner responses to content and confidence questionnaires and a health care professions education (HPE) expert’s response to a course quality assessment rubric.

Results
Feasibility—the final DIGEST product was free of charge to create but incurred direct and indirect costs of time and training on behalf of the authors. Acceptance—7 possible learners participated and responded to the questionnaires (100% response rate). Learners reported a superior learning experience and increased confidence with DIGEST. An HPE expert reported that the course design of DIGEST met or exceeded expectations in all categories.

Conclusions
DIGEST is a novel pediatric GI curriculum for rotating learners that could be rapidly deployed, or adapted, for a wide range of clinical disciplines within the Military Health System.
The Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sociosexual Behaviors in the South Korean Military Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Oh Tae Hoon , Baeck Jong Hyun , Lee Seung Ryeol , Park Dong Soo , Yu Young Dong 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
This study evaluated the epidemiological factors of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among South Korean troops including the prevalence, therapeutic methods, and sexual risk behaviors.

Material and Methods
The medical records of the STIs diagnosed troops at the Armed Forces Capital Hospital (AFCH) for 36 months (between January 2018 and December 2020) were retrospectively reviewed. The data collection for the study began after obtaining research approvals from the institutional ethics committee of AFCH. The patients were classified into two subgroups, pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID-19 groups. The clinical parameters of the patients including STI-related symptoms and underlying diseases were analyzed. The sociosexual conduct of the two study groups was evaluated and compared by using a survey questionnaire.

Results
Overall, 138 STI patients with mean age of 21.2 years were included (pre-COVID-19: 106 patients/COVID-19: 32 patients). 32.6% of the patients received college education before the military service. Regarding previous history of STIs, 24 patients (17.4%) had previous experience of STIs, which occurred before participation in the current study. Initial urine analysis results showed that 95 (68.8%) and 79 patients (57.2%) showed pyuria and bacteriuria, respectively. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (29.7%) was the most commonly identified pathogen. Each pathogen was treated with the therapies recommended by the current treatment guidelines, and no patient showed any recurrence of the disease during follow-up. Both pre-COVID-19 (91.5%) and COVID-19 (93.8%) groups showed high rates of binge drinking during off-duty. The pre-COVID-19 group had a greater number of patients (21.7%) having multiple sex partners (during the past 12 months) than the COVID-19 group (15.6%). The COVID-19 group had 18.8% of the troops involved in sexual activity even after the onset of STI-related clinical symptoms, whereas the rate was significantly higher than 2.8% of the pre-COVID-19 group (P = .001). The COVID-19 groups showed a significantly higher number of patients (four patients, 12.5%) experiencing suicidal ideation than the pre-COVID-19 group (two patients, 1.9%) (P = .010). Both groups showed &lt;40% of condom use rates at the last sexual intercourse.

Conclusion
The soldiers with STIs showed high rates of binge alcohol consumption, while the rates of engaging in safe sex by using condoms are markedly low. Although the COVID-19 group was under influence of social distancing and military base lockdown, the soldiers’ sociosexual conduct was not significantly different in the pre-COVID-19 group. The importance of education on alcohol misuse and safe sexual relationships should be taken more seriously within the military.
How gas flows shape the stellar–halo mass relation in the eagle simulation
Authors: Mitchell Peter D , Schaye Joop 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The difference in shape between the observed galaxy stellar mass function and the predicted dark matter halo mass function is generally explained primarily by feedback processes. Feedback can shape the stellar–halo mass (SHM) relation by driving gas out of galaxies, by modulating the first-time infall of gas on to galaxies (i.e. preventative feedback), and by instigating fountain flows of recycled wind material. We present and apply a method to disentangle these effects for hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation. We build a model of linear coupled differential equations that by construction reproduces the flows of gas on to and out of galaxies and haloes in the eaglecosmological simulation. By varying individual terms in this model, we isolate the relative effects of star formation, ejection via outflow, first-time inflow, and wind recycling on the SHM relation. We find that for halo masses $M_{200} \lt 10^{12} \, \mathrm{M_\odot }$ the SHM relation is shaped primarily by a combination of ejection from galaxies and haloes, while for larger M200 preventative feedback is also important. The effects of recycling and the efficiency of star formation are small. We show that if, instead of M200, we use the cumulative mass of dark matter that fell in for the first time, the evolution of the SHM relation nearly vanishes. This suggests that the evolution is due to the definition of halo mass rather than to an evolving physical efficiency of galaxy formation. Finally, we demonstrate that the mass in the circumgalactic medium is much more sensitive to gas flows, especially recycling, than is the case for stars and the interstellar medium.
Metallicity-suppressed collapsars cannot be the dominant r-process source in the milky way
Authors: Fraser Jack , Schönrich Ralph 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We develop a high-performance analytical model of Galactic Chemical Evolution, which accounts for delay time distributions and lock-up of stellar yields in a thermal-phased ISM. The model is capable of searching, for the first time, through the high-dimensional parameter space associated with the r-process enrichment of the Milky Way by its possible sources: Neutron Star Mergers and Collapsar events. Their differing formation mechanisms give these two processes different time dependencies, a property which has frequently been used to argue in favour of collapsars as the dominant r-process source. However, we show that even with large degrees of freedom in the allowed thermal, structural, and chemical properties of the galaxy, large regions of parameter space are in strong tension with the data. In particular, whilst we are able to find models in which neutron star mergers produce the majority of r-process material, the data rule out all models with dominant collapsar yields. With no other identified source, we conclude that Neutron Star Mergers must be the dominant contributors to the modern Milky Way r-process budget.
Japanese version of Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation is a useful outcome measure that potentially reflects hand function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who underwent total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: Harada Ryozo , Nishida Keiichiro , Matsuyama Yoshiyuki , Hashizume Kenzo , Wada Takuro , Nasu Yoshihisa , Nakahara Ryuichi , Horita Masahiro , Senda Masuo , Ozaki Toshifumi 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
We examined the relationship between the Japanese version of Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation (PREE-J) and other established subjective and objective outcome measures in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who underwent total elbow arthroplasty (TEA).

Materials and Methods
This study involved 46 elbows of 40 RA patients. We collected clinical data 1 year after surgery, including the PREE-J, the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and Hand20. The correlation and responsiveness to PREE-J were evaluated compared with other outcome measures preoperatively and postoperatively.

Results
Almost all outcome measures were improved significantly after surgery. Preoperative PREE-J was significantly correlated with preoperative DASH, Hand20, and MEPS. Interestingly, postoperative PREE-J did not correlate with postoperative MEPS. Multiple regression analyses revealed that preoperative grip strength [B = −0.09; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) −0.17 to −0.01, p = 0.03] and preoperative Hand20 (B = 0.31, 95% CI 0.03–0.58, p = 0.03) were significant factors that might influence the postoperative PREE-J.

Conclusions
The PREE-J was shown to correlate well with other preoperative outcome measures among the RA patients included in the current study. The postoperative PREE-J after TEA was influenced by the preoperative grip strength and function of the hand.