bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Generation Analysis of Pollen Flow Across a Landscape. II. Relation Between Φft, Pollen Dispersal and Interfemale Distance
Authors: Austerlitz Frédéric , Smouse Peter E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study the behavior of Φft, a recently introduced estimator of instantaneous pollen flow, which is basically the intraclass correlation of inferred pollen cloud genetic frequencies among a sample of females drawn from a single population. Using standard theories of identity by descent and spatial processes, we show that Φft depends on the average distance of pollen dispersal (δ) and on the average distance between sampled mothers (x1¯). Provided that mothers are sampled far enough apart (x1¯&gt;5δ), Φft becomes independent of x1¯ and is then inversely proportional to the square of δ. Provided that this condition is fulfilled, δ is directly estimable from Φft. Even when x1¯&lt;5δ, estimation can easily be achieved via numerical evaluation. We show that the relation between Φft and δ is only modestly affected by the shape of the distribution function, a result of importance, since this shape is generally unknown. We also study the impact of adult density within the population on Φft, showing that to achieve the correct inference of δ from Φft it must be taken into account, but that it has no effect on the distance at which mothers must be sampled.
A Novel Method for Estimating Substitution Rate Variation Among Sites in a Large Dataset of Homologous DNA Sequences
Authors: Pesole Graziano , Saccone Cecilia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present here a novel method to estimate the site-specific relative variability in large sets of homologous sequences. It is based on the simple idea that the more closely related are the compared sequences, the higher the probability of observing nucleotide changes at rapidly evolving sites. A simulation study has been carried out to support the reliability of the method, which has been applied also to analyzing the site variability of all available human sequences corresponding to the two hypervariable regions of the mitochondrial D-loop.
Estimation of Effective Population Size and Migration Rate From One- and Two-Locus Identity Measures
Authors: Vitalis Renaud , Couvet Denis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Standard methods for inferring demographic parameters from genetic data are based mainly on one-locus theory. However, the association of genes at different loci (e.g., two-locus identity disequilibrium) may also contain some information about demographic parameters of populations. In this article, we define one- and two-locus parameters of population structure as functions of one- and two-locus probabilities for the identity in state of genes. Since these parameters are known functions of demographic parameters in an infinite island model, we develop moment-based estimators of effective population size and immigration rate from one- and two-locus parameters. We evaluate this method through simulation. Although variance and bias may be quite large, increasing the number of loci on which the estimates are derived improves the method. We simulate an infinite allele model and a K allele model of mutation. Bias and variance are smaller with increasing numbers of alleles per locus. This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt of a joint estimation of local effective population size and immigration rate.
Induced polarization effects in airborne transient electromagnetic data collected in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Grombacher Denys , Auken Esben , Foged Nikolaj , Bording Thue , Foley Neil , Doran Peter T , Mikucki Jill , Dugan Hilary A , Garza-Giron Ricardo , Myers Krista , Virginia Ross A , Tulaczyk Slawek 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYAirborne electromagnetics (EM) is a geophysical tool well suited to mapping glacial and hydrogeological structures in polar environments. This non-invasive method offers significant spatial coverage without requiring access to the ground surface, enabling the mapping of geological units to hundreds of metres depth over highly varied terrain. This method shows great potential for large-scale surveys in polar environments, as common targets such as permafrost, ice and brine-rich groundwater systems in these settings can be easily differentiated because of their significant contrasts in electrical properties. This potential was highlighted in a 2011 airborne EM survey in the McMurdo Dry Valleys that mapped the existence of a large-scale regional groundwater system in Taylor Valley. A more comprehensive airborne EM survey was flown in November 2018 to broadly map potential groundwater systems throughout the region. Data collected in this survey displayed significant perturbations from a process called induced polarization (IP), an effect that can greatly limit or prevent traditional EM workflows from producing reliable geological interpretations. Here, we present several examples of observed IP signatures over a range of conditions and detail how workflows explicitly designed to handle IP effects can produce reliable geological interpretations and data fits in these situations. Future polar EM surveys can be expected to encounter strong IP effects given the likely presence of geological materials (e.g. ice and permafrost) that can accentuate the influence of IP.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Spectrum Red Softgels in Healthy Participants
Authors: Peters Erica N , Mosesova Irina , MacNair Laura , Vandrey Ryan , Land M Hunter , Ware Mark A , Turcotte Cynthia , Bonn-Miller Marcel O 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Due to a lack of published pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) data, informed physician and patient decision-making surrounding appropriate dosing of cannabis for medical purposes is limited. This Phase 1, multiple-dose study evaluated the safety, tolerability, PK and PD of Spectrum Red softgels (2.5 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and &lt;0.25 mg cannabidiol (CBD)). Participants (n = 41) were randomized to one of five groups: 5 mg THC and 0.06 mg CBD daily (Treatment A), 10 mg THC and 0.12 mg CBD daily (Treatment B), 15 mg THC and 0.18 mg CBD daily (Treatment C), 20 mg THC and 0.24 mg CBD daily (Treatment D) or placebo. Study medication was administered in divided doses, every 12 h, ∼60 min after a standardized meal, for 7 consecutive days. All treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) (65/65) were of mild-to-moderate severity; none was serious. The highest number of TEAEs (30/65) occurred on the first day of treatment. The most common TEAEs included somnolence, lethargy and headache (reported by eight, seven and five participants, respectively). On Day 7, maximum observed plasma concentration of 11-carboxy-THC increased by 2.0- and 2.5-fold as the dose doubled between Treatments A and B and between Treatments B and D, respectively. Mean peak post-treatment ratings of self-reported subjective effects of ‘feel any effect’ and ‘dazed’ differed between Treatment D and placebo on Days 1, 3 and 7. Over a week of twice-daily dosing of Spectrum Red softgels, daily doses of THC up to 20 mg and of CBD up to 0.24 mg were generally safe and became better tolerated after the first day of treatment. A prudent approach to improve tolerability with Spectrum Red softgels might involve initial daily doses no higher than 10 mg THC and 0.12 mg CBD in divided doses, with titration upward over time as needed based on tolerability.
3D-printed models for periacetabular osteotomy surgical planning
Authors: Markhardt B Keegan , Beilfuss Matthew A , Hetzel Scott J , Goodspeed David C , Spiker Andrea M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and clinical benefits of using 3D-printed hemipelvis models for periacetabular osteotomy preoperative planning in the treatment of hip dysplasia. This retrospective study included 28 consecutive cases in 26 patients, with two bilateral cases, who underwent periacetabular osteotomy between January 2017 and February 2020 and had routine radiographs, CT and MR imaging. Of these, 14 cases [mean patient age 30.7 (SD 8.4) years, 11 female] had routine preoperative imaging, and 14 cases [mean patient age 28.0 (SD 8.7) years, 13 female] had routine preoperative imaging and creation of a full-scale 3D-printed hemipelvis model from the CT data. The expected surgical cuts were performed on the 3D-printed models. All patients underwent Bernese periacetabular osteotomy. Operative times, including time to achieve proper acetabular position and total periacetabular osteotomy time, fluoroscopy radiation dose and estimated total blood loss were compiled. ANOVA compared outcome variables between the two patient groups, controlling for possible confounders. On average, patients who had additional preoperative planning using the 3D-printed model had a 5.5-min reduction in time to achieve proper acetabular position and a 14.5-min reduction in total periacetabular osteotomy time; however, these changes were not statistically significant (P = 0.526 and 0.151, respectively). No significant difference was identified in fluoroscopy radiation dose or total blood loss. Detailed surgical planning for periacetabular osteotomy using 3D-printed models is feasible using widely available and affordable technology and shows promise to improve surgical efficiency.
Word embeddings and semantic shifts in historical Spanish: Methodological considerations
Authors: Hu Hai , Amaral Patrícia , Kübler Sandra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWord embeddings have recently been applied to detect and explore changes in word meaning on large historical corpora. While word embeddings are useful in many Natural Language Processing tasks, there are a number of questions that need to be addressed concerning accuracy and applicability of these methods for historical data. There is a scarce literature on the stability and replicability of these embeddings, especially on small corpora, which are common in historical work. It also remains unclear whether methods used to evaluate embeddings in contemporary data can also be used for historical data sets. Our overarching goal is to use word embeddings for investigating semantic shifts in the history of Spanish. In the work presented here, we focus on methodological questions that arise. We first examine the stability and applicability of three commonly used word embeddings models on a small corpus of medieval and classical Spanish. Comparing our results with a study on the word algo as a test case, we show that a rank-averaging method can produce more stable results from the embeddings. We corroborate previous theoretical work while demonstrating the applicability of our method when training word embeddings on small corpora for the analysis of semantic change. Second, we investigate how best to evaluate different embeddings models. We show that an existing analogy test cannot be used without modification. Our new analogy test, consisting of roughly 10,000 questions for medieval and classical Spanish, will be released with the article.
On the relationship between gas content, star formation, and global H i asymmetry of galaxies on the star-forming main-sequence
Authors: Watts Adam B , Catinella Barbara , Cortese Luca , Power Chris , Ellison Sara L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Observations have revealed that disturbances in the cold neutral atomic hydrogen (H i) in galaxies are ubiquitous, but the reasons for these disturbances remain unclear. While some studies suggest that asymmetries in integrated H i spectra (global H i asymmetry) are higher in H i-rich systems, others claim that they are preferentially found in H i-poor galaxies. In this work, we utilize the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) and extended GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey (xGASS) surveys, plus a sample of post-merger galaxies, to clarify the link between global H i asymmetry and the gas properties of galaxies. Focusing on star-forming galaxies in ALFALFA, we find that elevated global H i asymmetry is not associated with a change in the H i content of a galaxy, and that only the galaxies with the highest global H i asymmetry show a small increase in specific star formation rate (sSFR). However, we show that the lack of a trend with H i content is because ALFALFA misses the ‘gas-poor’ tail of the star-forming main-sequence. Using xGASS to obtain a sample of star-forming galaxies that is representative in both sSFR and H i content, we find that global H i asymmetric galaxies are typically more gas-poor than symmetric ones at fixed stellar mass, with no change in sSFR. Our results highlight the complexity of the connection between galaxy properties and global H i asymmetry. This is further confirmed by the fact that even post-merger galaxies show both symmetric and asymmetric H i spectra, demonstrating that merger activity does not always lead to an asymmetric global H i spectrum.
On the multiwavelength variability of Mrk 110: two components acting at different time-scales
Authors: Vincentelli F M , McHardy I , Cackett E M , Barth A J , Horne K , Goad M , Korista K , Gelbord J , Brandt W , Edelson R , Miller J A , Pahari M , Peterson B M , Schmidt T , Baldi R D , Breedt E , Hernández Santisteban J V , Romero-Colmenero E , Ward M , Williams D R A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the first intensive continuum reverberation mapping study of the high accretion-rate Seyfert galaxy Mrk 110. The source was monitored almost daily for more than 200 d with the Swift X-ray and ultraviolet (UV)/optical telescopes, supported by ground-based observations from Las Cumbres Observatory, the Liverpool Telescope, and the Zowada Observatory, thus extending the wavelength coverage to 9100 Å. Mrk 110 was found to be significantly variable at all wavebands. Analysis of the intraband lags reveals two different behaviours, depending on the time-scale. On time-scales shorter than 10 d the lags, relative to the shortest UV waveband (∼1928 Å), increase with increasing wavelength up to a maximum of ∼2 d lag for the longest waveband (∼9100 Å), consistent with the expectation from disc reverberation. On longer time-scales, however, the g-band lags the Swift BAT hard X-rays by ∼10 d, with the z-band lagging the g-band by a similar amount, which cannot be explained in terms of simple reprocessing from the accretion disc. We interpret this result as an interplay between the emission from the accretion disc and diffuse continuum radiation from the broad-line region.
The Carbon-to-H2, CO-to-H2 conversion factors, and carbon abundance on kiloparsec scales in nearby galaxies
Authors: Jiao Qian , Gao Yu , Zhao Yinghe 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Using the atomic carbon [C i] ($^{3} \rm P_{1} \rightarrow {\rm ^3 P}_{0}$) and [C i] ($^{3} \rm P_{2} \rightarrow {\rm ^3 P}_{1}$) emission {hereafter [C i] (1 − 0) and [C i] (2 − 1), respectively} maps observed with the Herschel Space Observatory, and CO (1 − 0), H i, infrared and submm maps from literatures, we estimate the [C i]-to-H2 and CO-to-H2 conversion factors of α[C i](1 − 0), α[C i](2 − 1), and αCO at a linear resolution $\sim 1\,$kpc scale for six nearby galaxies of M 51, M 83, NGC 3627, NGC 4736, NGC 5055, and NGC 6946. This is perhaps the first effort, to our knowledge, in calibrating both [C i]-to-H2 conversion factors across the spiral disks at spatially resolved $\sim 1\,$kpc scale though such studies have been discussed globally in galaxies near and far. In order to derive the conversion factors and achieve these calibrations, we adopt three different dust-to-gas ratio (DGR) assumptions that scale approximately with metallicity taken from precursory results. We find that for all DGR assumptions, the α[C i](1 − 0), α[C i](2 − 1), and αCO are mostly flat with galactocentric radii, whereas both α[C i](2 − 1) and αCO show decrease in the inner regions of galaxies. And the central αCO and α[C i](2 − 1) values are on average ∼2.2 and 1.8 times lower than its galaxy averages. The obtained carbon abundances from different DGR assumptions show flat profiles with galactocentric radii, and the average carbon abundance of the galaxies is comparable to the usually adopted value of 3 × 10−5. We find that both metallicity and infrared luminosity correlate moderately with the αCO, whereas only weakly with either the α[C i](1 − 0) or carbon abundance, and not at all with the α[C i](2 − 1).
A multishock model for the density variance of anisotropic, highly magnetized, supersonic turbulence
Authors: Beattie James R , Mocz Philip , Federrath Christoph , Klessen Ralf S 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Shocks form the basis of our understanding for the density and velocity statistics of supersonic turbulent flows, such as those found in the cool interstellar medium (ISM). The variance of the density field, $\sigma ^2_{\rho /\rho _0}$, is of particular interest for molecular clouds (MCs), the birthplaces of stars in the Universe. The density variance may be used to infer underlying physical processes in an MC, and parametrizes the star formation (SF) rate of a cloud. However, models for $\sigma ^2_{\rho /\rho _0}$ all share a common feature – the variance is assumed to be isotropic. This assumption does not hold when a trans-/sub-Alfvénic mean magnetic field, ${B}_0$, is present in the cloud, which observations suggest is relevant for some MCs. We develop an anisotropic model for $\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}^2$, using contributions from hydrodynamical and fast magnetosonic shocks that propagate orthogonal to each other. Our model predicts an upper bound for $\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}^2$ in the high Mach number $(\mathcal {M})$ limit as small-scale density fluctuations become suppressed by the strong ${B}_0$. The model reduces to the isotropic $\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}^2\!-\!\mathcal {M}$ relation in the hydrodynamical limit. To validate our model, we calculate $\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}^2$ from 12 high-resolution, three-dimensional, supersonic, sub-Alfvénic magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) turbulence simulations and find good agreement with our theory. We discuss how the two MHD shocks may be the bimodally oriented overdensities observed in some MCs and the implications for SF theory in the presence of a sub-Alfvénic ${B}_0$. By creating an anisotropic, supersonic density fluctuation model, this study paves the way for SF theory in the highly anisotropic regime of interstellar turbulence.
A kinematic analysis of ionized extraplanar gas in the spiral galaxies NGC 3982 and NGC 4152
Authors: Li Anqi , Marasco Antonino , Fraternali Filippo , Trager Scott , Verheijen Marc A W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a kinematic study of ionized extraplanar gas in two low-inclination late-type galaxies (NGC 3982 and NGC 4152) using integral field spectroscopy data from the DiskMass H α sample. We first isolate the extraplanar gas emission by masking the H α flux from the regularly rotating disc. The extraplanar gas emission is then modelled in the 3D position–velocity domain using a parametric model described by three structural and four kinematic parameters. Best-fitting values for the model are determined via a Bayesian MCMC approach. The reliability and accuracy of our modelling method are carefully determined via tests using mock data. We detect ionized extraplanar gas in both galaxies, with scale heights $0.83^{+0.27}_{-0.40}\, \mathrm{kpc}$ (NGC 3982) and $1.87^{+0.43}_{-0.56}\, \mathrm{kpc}$ (NGC 4152) and flux fraction between the extraplanar gas and the regularly rotating gas within the disc of 27 and 15 per cent, respectively, consistent with previous determinations in other systems. We find lagging rotation of the ionized extraplanar gas in both galaxies, with vertical rotational gradients $-22.24^{+6.60}_{-13.13} \, \mathrm{km\, s^{-1}\, kpc^{-1}}$ and $-11.18^{+3.49}_{-4.06}\, \mathrm{km\, s^{-1}\, kpc^{-1}}$, respectively, and weak evidence for vertical and radial inflow in both galaxies. The above results are similar to the kinematics of the neutral extraplanar gas found in several galaxies, though this is the first time that 3D kinematic modelling of ionized extraplanar gas has been carried out. Our results are broadly consistent with a galactic fountain origin combined with gas accretion. However, a dynamical model is required to better understand the formation of ionized extraplanar gas.
The cold dust content of the nearby galaxies IC 5325, NGC 7496, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599
Authors: Singh Swapnil , Ashby M L N , Vig Sarita , Ghosh S K , Jarrett T , Crawford T M , Malkan Matthew A , Archipley M , Vieira J D 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Star-forming galaxies are rich reservoirs of dust, both warm and cold. But the cold dust emission is faint alongside the relatively bright and ubiquitous warm dust emission. Recently, evidence for a very cold dust (VCD) component has also been revealed via millimetre/submillimetre (mm/sub-mm) photometry of some galaxies. This component, despite being the most massive of the three dust components in star-forming galaxies, is by virtue of its very low temperature, faint and hard to detect together with the relatively bright emission from warmer dust. Here, we analyse the dust content of a carefully selected sample of four galaxies detected by IRAS, WISE, and South Pole Telescope (SPT), whose spectral energy distributions (SEDs) were modelled to constrain their potential cold dust content. Low-frequency radio observations using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) were carried out to segregate cold dust emission from non-thermal emission in mm/sub-mm wavebands. We also carried out AstroSat/Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) observations for some galaxies to constrain their SED at shorter wavelengths so as to enforce energy balance for the SED modelling. We constructed their SEDs across a vast wavelength range (extending from UV to radio frequencies) by assembling global photometry from GALEX FUV + NUV, UVIT, Johnson BRI, 2MASS, WISE, IRAC, IRAS, AKARI, ISO PHOT, Planck HFI, SPT, and GMRT. The SEDs were modelled with cigale to estimate their basic properties, in particular to constrain the masses of their total and VCD components. Although the galaxies’ dust masses are dominated by warmer dust, there are hints of VCD in two of the targets, NGC 7496 and NGC 7590.
In vivotargets ofSalmonellaFinO include a FinP-like small RNA controlling copy number of a cohabitating plasmid
Authors: El Mouali Youssef , Gerovac Milan , Mineikaitė Raminta , Vogel Jörg 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFinO-domain proteins represent an emerging family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with diverse roles in bacterial post-transcriptional control and physiology. They exhibit an intriguing targeting spectrum, ranging from an assumed single RNA pair (FinP/traJ) for the plasmid-encoded FinO protein, to transcriptome-wide activity as documented for chromosomally encoded ProQ proteins. Thus, the shared FinO domain might bear an unusual plasticity enabling it to act either selectively or promiscuously on the same cellular RNA pool. One caveat to this model is that the full suite of in vivo targets of the assumedly highly selective FinO protein is unknown. Here, we have extensively profiled cellular transcripts associated with the virulence plasmid-encoded FinO in Salmonella enterica. While our analysis confirms the FinP sRNA of plasmid pSLT as the primary FinO target, we identify a second major ligand: the RepX sRNA of the unrelated antibiotic resistance plasmid pRSF1010. FinP and RepX are strikingly similar in length and structure, but not in primary sequence, and so may provide clues to understanding the high selectivity of FinO-RNA interactions. Moreover, we observe that the FinO RBP encoded on the Salmonella virulence plasmid controls the replication of a cohabitating antibiotic resistance plasmid, suggesting cross-regulation of plasmids on the RNA level.