bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural v/s Commercial Trypsin Isolated from Liver Waste of Labeo Rohita
Authors: Sharma Charu , Gothalwal Ragini 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The mounting human population and the massive amount of waste generated from the same is receiving particular attention towards valorization of waste. According to the annual report of FAO, (2018) the human consumption of fish protein has reached 87% in 2016 from 67% during 1960s. Aquaculture only has contributed to 5.8% annual growth rate among food sectors in the past decade. In this milieu, disposal of fish visceral waste is becoming a major menace to fishery industries exerting a great economic and environmental impact. Being perishable in nature, the organic portion of the waste decomposes rapidly and acts as a breeding ground for microbes. Moreover, the hefty and indiscriminate use of antibiotics and disinfectants in farmed animals is developing resistant strains, thus raising environment and ecological concerns. In order to solve such problem, the present investigation focussed upon employing the visceral trypsin as a cell dissociating agent. The efficacy of trypsin obtained from viscera of Labeo rohita upon KB cell line (Doubling time 50 hrs) was assessed in terms of cell viability. The cytotoxic effect of the visceral trypsin at 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% concentration were investigated at three time points (10 sec, 15 sec and 20 sec). Commercial (bovine) trypsin was considered as control. A time dependent decrease in cell viability upon gradually increasing the concentration was observed in all groups of treatment. The lowest reduction in cell viability (2%) was observed with 1% concentration at 15 sec and 20sec. Although, commercial trypsin was found more efficient than trypsin isolated from waste during this study but the potency of visceral trypsin observed cannot be ruled out. Thus, the application of this enzyme as a cell-dissociating agent suggested it as a comparable candidate with commercial trypsin.
Elucidation of Triadic Relationship Among Light Environment, Host Plant Quality, and Feeding Behavior of Zizeeria maha (Kollar) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) IN Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidales: Oxalidaceae)
Authors: Yamaguchi Mei Sharie Ann , Yamaji Keiko , Matsuyama Shigeru 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the dynamics of light-plant-insect interaction, the light affects plant metabolisms which may directly influence the production of defensive secondary metabolites and may consequently alter the feeding behavior of herbivores. The present study aimed to investigate the triadic interactions by using Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidales: Oxalidaceae) and its specialist herbivore, Zizeeria maha (Kollar) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), in relation to the light intensity of plant habitats and physicochemical properties of the plants which would affect the larval feeding behavior of Z. maha. Firstly, leaves of O. corniculate in the field with seven different light conditions were collected. A part of which was subjected to chemical analyses, and the rest was fed to Z. maha larvae to evaluate growth and feeding activity; larval period, death rate, weight, amount of consumption, and amount of frass were measured to calculate the relative growth rate, approximate digestion rate, and relative consumption rate. Secondly, light/shade mock environment test tests were conducted with laboratory-grown O. corniculata. The results under both field and laboratory conditions showed positive effects of light intensity on the production of the defensive compound, oxalic acid, in the plants. Furthermore, the larval feeding activity was higher when fed with leaves in higher light intensities. These results relate to our previous study that demonstrated oxalic acid stimulates the feeding of Z. maha larvae. Thus, the triadic interaction among light, O. corniculata, and Z. maha larvae could be explained by the light-driven up-regulated production of oxalic acid positively influenced the larval feeding.
Balancing Selection in Structured Populations of Three-Spined Sticklebacks
Authors: Thorburn Doko-Miles , Sagonas Kostas , Lenz Tobias , Chain Frederic , Feulner Philine , Bornberg-Bauer Erich , Reusch Thorsten , Milinski Manfred , Eizaguirre Christophe 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Balancing selection describes evolutionary processes that maintain genetic diversity. To date, the number of impacted genes and underlying biological functions remain elusive. Using 60 three-spined stickleback genomes (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from five recently diverged lake-river population-pairs, we performed genome-wide scans across two levels of organization: population-pairs and populations. We overlapped Tajima’s D and Watterson’s estimator metrics and verified signals with additional summary statistics, and evaluated alternative explanations: neutral evolution, population structure, associated overdominance, or demographic change. Candidate windows exhibiting signals of balancing selection spanned 2.31% (population-pair) and 3.10% (population) of the autosomes. These candidate windows had extended linkage disequilibrium and were enriched in intergenic and non-synonymous SNPs. We identified 715 (population-pair) and 1,010 (population) candidate genes under balancing selection. Importantly, using conservative thresholds, we found a small proportion of candidate genes overlapped with highly differentiated loci or regions of potential associated overdominance. There was little evidence of confounding effects originating from demographic change. Overall, candidate genes under balancing selection were associated with functions related to interactions with the environment (olfaction and receptor signalling pathways). Our results demonstrate selection that maintains standing genetic variation is common and evolves in response to local environmental pressures, playing an important role in adaptation.
Research On Exercise Fatigue Estimation Method of Pilates Rehabilitation Based On ECG and sEMG Feature Fusion
Authors: Li Dujuan , Chen Caixia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose. Fatigue estimation is of great significance to improve the accuracy of intention recognition and avoid secondary injury in Pilates rehabilitation. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used to estimate fatigue with low and unstable recognition rates. To improve the rate, this paper fused electrocardiogram (ECG) signal and sEMG signal under three different states, and the classification model of the improved proved particle swarm optimization support vector machine (IPSO-SVM) algorithm was established. Methods. Twenty subjects performed 150 minutes of Pilates rehabilitation exercise. ECG and sEMG signals were collected at the same time. After necessary preprocessing, the IPSO-SVM classification model based on feature fusion was established to identify three different fatigue states (relaxed, transition, and tired). The model effects of different classification algorithms and different fused data types were compared. Results. Compared with common physiological signal classification methods such as BP neural network algorithm(BPNN), K-nearest neighbor(KNN), and Linear discriminant analysis(LDA), IPSO-SVM had obvious advantages in the classification effect of sEMG and ECG signals, the average recognition rate was 87.83%. The recognition rates of sEMG and ECG fusion feature classification models were 94.25%, 92.25%, 94.25%. The recognition accuracy and model performance was significantly improved. Conclusion. The sEMG and ECG signal after feature fusion form a complementary mechanism. At the same time, IPOS-SVM can accurately detect the fatigue state in the process of Pilates rehabilitation. This study establishes technical support for establishing relevant man-machine devices and improving the safety of Pilates rehabilitation.
Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Risk of Cerebral Infarction in Northwest Han Chinese Population
Authors: Ma Wenbing , Zhang Liting , Yang Shuang , Zhang Suya , Dong Haiyan , Li Houli , Dong Weihua , Lu Xiaoyun , Feng Weiyi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variation may be involved in the development of Cerebral Infarction (CI). Serum lipid levels are known risk factors for CI, but the effect of the ApoE gene polymorphism on lipid metabolism remains unclear. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the role of ApoE genotypes in CI risk and the relationships between ApoE gene polymorphism and serum lipid levels among the population of northwest China.patients and methods: 517 CI patients and 517 non-CI controls were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain reaction and hybridization were used to test the ApoE gene polymorphisms.results: Patients with CI had a significantly higher frequency of ε3/ε4 genotype (OR =2.057, 95% CI = 1.477–2.864, P<0.001) and ε4 allele (OR =1.818, 95% CI = 1.364–2.424, P<0.001) than control participants. When stratifying by age and sex, it was found that statistically significant differences in the distribution and frequencies of the ε3/ε4 genotype(OR =3.067, 95% CI = 1.675–5.614, P<0.001 in age ≤60 years; OR =1.735, 95% CI = 1.156–2.604, P=0.008 in age >60 years and OR =2.206, 95% CI = 1.474–3.301, P<0.001 in males) and ε4 allele (OR =1.709, 95% CI = 1.201–2.432, P=0.001) in males and ε4 allele (OR =2.072, 95% CI = 1.281–3.353, P=0.003 in age ≤60 years; OR =1.704, 95% CI = 1.189–2.444, P=0.003 in age>60 years; OR =1.709, 95% CI = 1.201–2.432, P=0.001 in males and OR =2.046, 95% CI = 1.246–3.361, P=0.004 in females ) were observed between patients and controls. ε4 carriers had significantly lower ApoE level and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ApoB and ApoB/ApoA-I levels than ε2 carriers in both two groups. Additionally, control participants with ε4 carriers had significantly higher levels of lipoprotein and lower total cholesterol (TC) levels than ε2 carriers, CI patients with ε4 carriers had significantly lower level of ApoA-I than ε2 carriers. After adjusting for other established risk factors, drinking, hypertension, lipoprotein, triglycerides (TG) and ε4 allele were significant independent risk factor for CAD. ε4 allele presence was associated with a nearly two-fold higher CI risk.Conclusions: This study provides evidence that ε4 allele, drinking, hypertension, lipoprotein and TG levels are independent risk factor for CI among patients in Northwest China. Also, these data might be clinically useful in allowing for more individualized preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Computational Discovery of a miRNA and its Putative Target Genes in Ziziphus Jujuba using Genome-wide Expressed Sequence Tags
Authors: Fernando Salpadoruge Sanjana Supun Tharaka , Zakeel Mohamed Cassim Mohamed , Safeena Mohamed Ismail Sithy 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background Ziziphus jujuba is an important fruit crop which is increasingly becoming popular among consumers due to its medicinal properties. Increasing worldwide demand for the fruit poses new challenges to the industry which includes the need for accelerated cultivar development of jujubes. To embark on cultivar development with improved traits such as high yield and disease resistance, molecular and conventional breeding, and genetic engineering become imperative. But inadequate trait-enhancing alleles or gene pleiotropism limit the direct use of several identified genes. To overcome these issues, microRNAs (miRNAs) can be utilized in breeding of jujubes as genetic modulators to fine-tune the regulation of gene expression, thus the discovery of miRNAs becomes important. Methods and results In this study using a computational approach, we identified one potential miRNA (zju-miR-215-3p) from 2904 expressed sequence tags. The miRNA showed down regulation of five target proteins (AP-2 complex subunit alpha, C2H2-type domain-containing protein, sentrin-specific protease 1, hydrolase_4 domain-containing protein and putative alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase) and their suppression appears to be helpful to the plant to overcome stress conditions. Conclusion The miRNA identified in this study is associated with five potential target proteins, most of which are implicated in metabolic and developmental processes associated with plant growth and reproduction. Future studies are necessary to validate the miRNA by RNA sequencing and to confirm the molecular functions of the down regulations of target proteins.
Reaction Kinetics Modelling for Dry Anaerobic Digestion of Hura Crepitans Invasive Species Lignocellulosic Biomass
Authors: Olugbemide Akinola David , Likozar Blaž , Oberlintner Ana , Novak Uroš , Lawrence Ekebafe 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this research study, the impact of the feedstock to the inoculum (F/I) amount ratio in the dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) of Hura crepitans leaves was evaluated. Measured biogas volumes, as well as the chemical kinetic predictions for exponential, logistic and Gompertz model, depicting the agreement of the simulations over time, were also determined. From the F/I equivalents 2, 4 and 6 at 22 % of packed total solids, which were considered in analysis test procedure, the DAD digester with F/I number 4 was the most promising in terms of biogas’ production rate. Its daily methane/carbon dioxide was 690 mL, while cumulative generation productivity was greater than 2 L/sample, respectively. On the other hand, the DAD reaction with F/I contained 6, recorded the lowest related expressed primary matter of < 1 L. An associated early commencement of the organic material breakdown in all bio vessels was indicative of a good start-up phase, which is one of the challenges, often encountered in DAD process. Furthermore, applied experimental methods revealed the direct correlation phenomena between biodegradability physical constants, measured molecular CH4/CO2 synthesis and simulations. Hura crepitans being an invasive plant species makes its lignocellulosic fractions desired in terms of valorisation, as it is not competing with agricultural crop products. Modelling can, moreover, contribute to consecutive operation optimisation, scaling and integrating, also taking dynamics under consideration. As opposed to bio-refining wood residues, where individual cellulose, hemicellulose or lignin biopolymers can be attained, degradation to yield CH4 is robust, as well as compatible in combustion.
Clinicopathological Features' Correlation and Genes’ Expression of NEAT1, lincRNA-ROR and Oct4 in Iranian Patients with Gastric Cancer
Authors: Chaleshi Vahid , Nourian Mahyar , Zamani Naghmeh , Mehrvar Narjes , Iravani Shahrokh , Jalaeikhoo Hasan , Vosough Massoud 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play a critical role in the initiation and development of Gastric Cancer(GC). The aim of this study was to consider the expression of NEAT1, lincRNA-ROR and Oct4 and finally evaluate the correlation between their expression and clinical characteristics in Iranian patients with GC.
Methods

This cross-sectional study was performed on 41 gastric tumor tissue samples with matched normal adjacent tumor tissues. The RNA level of lncRNA NEAT1 and lincRNA ROR and Oct4 genes were assessed using the quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction. B2M was used as an internal control. Also, the relative expression of lncRNA NEAT1 and lincRNA ROR compared Oct4 in GC tissues was evaluated. The 2 −ΔΔCq method was used to determine the expression fold changes.
Results

A significant association was observed between the levels of lincRNA ROR and Oct4 genes in gastric tumor tissues comparing normal adjacent tissues (Mean = 1.558, p= 0.014), (Mean = 3.337, p< 0.001) and (Mean= 4.385, p<0.001), respectively. In addition, clinicopathological data comparing with lncRNAs and Oct4 mRNA expression levels in gastric cancer tissues showed no significant association. Here, we found that significant association between the levels of lincRNA ROR expression comparing oct4 mRNA level in gastric cancer tissues (R=0.417; P=0.024).
Conclusion

Our results Showed that lincRNA ROR and Oct4 have a significant association in gastric cancer. Also, our results indicate the first suggestion that lincRNA ROR expression correlated with oct4 mRNA level in gastric cancer tissues.
The Genetic Control of Polyacetylenes Involved in Bitterness of Carrots (Daucus Carota L.): Identification of QTLs and Candidate Genes From the Plant Fatty Acid Metabolism
Authors: Dunemann Frank , He Wanying , Böttcher Christoph , Reichardt Sven , Nothnagel Thomas , Heuvelmans Paul , Hermans Freddy 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background

Falcarinol-type polyacetylenes (PAs) such as falcarinol (FaOH) and falcarindiol (FaDOH) are produced by several Apiaceae vegetables such as carrot, parsnip, celeriac and parsley. They are known for numerous biological functions and contribute to the undesirable bitter off-taste of carrots and their products. Despite their interesting biological functions, the genetic basis of their structural diversity and function is widely unknown. A better understanding of the genetics of the PA levels present in carrot roots might support breeding of carrot cultivars with tailored PA levels for food production or nutraceuticals.
Results

A large carrot F2 progeny derived from a cross of a cultivated inbred line with an inbred line derived from a Daucus carota ssp. commutatus accession rich in PAs was used for linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Ten QTLs for FaOH and FaDOH levels in roots were identified in the carrot genome. Major QTLs for FaOH and FaDOH with high LOD values of up to 40 were identified on chromosomes 4 and 9. To discover putative candidate genes from the plant fatty acid metabolism, we examined an extended version of the inventory of the carrot FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 (FAD2) gene family. Additionally, we used the carrot genome sequence for a first inventory of ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) genes possibly involved in PA biosynthesis. We identified genomic regions on different carrot chromosomes around the found QTLs, that contain several FAD2 and CER1 genes within their 2-LOD confidence intervals. With regard to the major QTLs on chromosome 9 three putative CER1 decarbonylase gene models are proposed as candidate genes.
Conclusion

The present study increases the current knowledge on the genetics of PA accumulation in carrot roots. Our finding, that carrot candidate genes from the fatty acid metabolism are significantly associated with major QTLs for both major PAs, will facilitate future functional gene studies and a further dissection of the genetic factors controlling PA accumulation. Characterization of such candidate genes will have a positive impact on carrot breeding programs aimed at both lowering or increasing PA concentrations in carrot roots.
Interaction between envelope protein of Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus and Hippo signaling pathway is inferred from transcriptome analysis of naturally infected Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis
Authors: Duan XuJie , Yang Hui , Zhang Liang , Li Huiping , Sun Zhiwei Zhi , Du Xiaoyue , Zhang Pei , Chen Sixu , Liu Ran , Liu Shuying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA) is a contagious lung epithelial tumor of sheep caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), which causes severe economic losses for the sheep industry in the world. The specific oncogenic mechanism of JSRV is not yet clarified.

Methods

In this study, RNA was extracted from lung tissues of 3 naturally infected OPA cases and 3 healthy individuals for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to confirm the sequencing data. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot (WB) were performed to confirm the signaling pathway enriched by DEGs that was activated in naturally infected OPA cases. Cell viability, wound-healing, transwell and colony formation assays were performed to assess the cell malignant transformation of sheep trophoblast cells (STCs) transformed with JSRV- env lentivirus in vitro, and then WB was performed to confirm the signaling pathway that had been validated in the lung tissues.

Results

A total of 366 DEGs (154 up-regulated and 212 down-regulated) were identified by RNA-Seq of lung tissues of naturally infected OPA cases and healthy individuals. GO analysis showed that 366 DEGs were significantly enriched in 178 GO terms, including 114 biological processes, 19 cellular components and 45 molecular functions. KEGG analysis showed that the DEGs mainly enriched in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK and Hippo signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway has never been reported in naturally infected OPA cases. qRT-PCR results of 10 DEGs which were selected randomly were consistent with RNA-Seq results. The protein expression of

Hippo signaling pathway were up-regulated in naturally infected OPA lung tissues.

Cell viability, wound-healing, transwell and colony formation assays confirmed that JSRV- env lentivirus caused malignant transformation of STCs and JSRV Env increased the protein expression of Hippo signaling pathway.

Conclusions

This research first identified the changes in the transcriptome level of naturally infected OPA lung tissues. These data confirm that the Hippo signaling pathway is involved in the mechanism of OPA, clarify the interaction between Hippo signaling pathway and JSRV Env, provide further evidence for the tumorigenic mechanism of JSRV.
Comparison of different risk stratification rules to predict short-term adverse outcomes after syncope in older Chinese adults
Authors: Mu Hong , Liu Jiexin , Tang Hefei , Huang Cheng , Liu Limin , Yang Tiecheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: Older adults with syncope are commonly treated in the emergency department. Clinical decision rules have been developed to assess syncope patients, but there have been no application or comparative studies in older Chinese cohorts until now. This study aimed to compare the values of five existing rules in predicting the short-term adverse outcomes of older patients. Methods: From September 2018 to February 2021, older Chinese patients (≥60 yr) with syncope admitted to our hospital were investigated and evaluated by the Risk Stratification of Syncope in the Emergency Department (ROSE) rule, the San Francisco Syncope Rule (SFSR), the FAINT rule, the Canadian Syncope Risk Score (CSRS) and the Boston Syncope Criteria (BSC). After a one-month follow-up, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), positive likelihood ratios (PLR), and negative likelihood ratios (NLR) of each aforementioned rule were calculated and compared. Results: A total of 171 patients, with a mean age of 75.65±8.26 years and 48.54% male, were analysed in the study. Fifty-eight patients were reported to have experienced short-term adverse incidents during the month. The neurally mediated syncope group showed a significant sex-specific difference in adverse incidences but the cardiac syncope group did not. There were some factors associated with significant differences in adverse incidences, such as a history of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, as well as the levels of SpO2, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin T (TnT), while the levels of haemoglobin and creatinine suggested potential significance. In order of the ROSE, SFSR, FAINT, CSRS and BSC rules in the analysis, the sensitivities were 81.03%, 77.59%, 93.10%, 74.14% and 94.83%, the specificities were 86.73%, 84.96%, 38.94%, 60.18% and 56.64%, the NPVs were 89.91%, 88.07%, 91.67%, 81.93% and 95.52%, and the NLRs were 0.22, 0.26, 0.18, 0.43 and 0.09, respectively. Conclusions: This study revealed that the five mentioned rules for syncope risk stratification, with their own characteristics, all showed crucial significance for screening older adults. Therefore, physicians in the emergency department should flexibly understand and judge older patients’ potential risks according to the actual clinical situations.