bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-VEGF Treatment Patterns in Patients With Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Clinical Practice
Authors: Singh Rishi P. , Yu Justin S. , B Guruprasad , Agashivala Neetu 
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To characterize on-label anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment patterns in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in clinical practice in the U.S.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Retrospective cohort analysis using administrative claims data from the IQVIA Open Source Databases. Treatment-naïve patients in the U.S. who received one or more wet AMD-related anti-VEGF injection from July 1, 2013, to April 30, 2017, were included. The main outcome was the injection interval closest to Month 12.

RESULTS:
This study included 21,960 patients who initiated an anti-VEGF agent (ranibizumab, aflibercept, or bevacizumab): 5,489 initiated aflibercept and 4,253 initiated ranibizumab. Among ranibizumab, aflibercept, and all anti-VEGF eyes, 38.1% (n = 2,035), 33.5% (n = 3,262), and 40.0% (n = 12,505) of patient eyes had injection intervals of less than 8 weeks, respectively, at Month 12 with the mean (standard deviation) number of injections over 12 months being 8.0 (2.4), 7.6 (2.4), and 7.8 (2.5).

CONCLUSION:
A substantial proportion of patients receive injections more frequently than every 8 weeks within the first year of treatment.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2021;52:263–272.]
A Posttranscriptional Pathway of CD40 Ligand mRNA Stability Is Required for the Development of an Optimal Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Narayanan Bitha , Prado de Maio Diego , La Porta James , Voskoboynik Yekaterina , Ganapathi Usha , Xie Ping , Covey Lori R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) mRNA stability is dependent on an activation-induced pathway that is mediated by the binding complexes containing the multifunctional RNA-binding protein, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) to a 3′ untranslated region of the transcript. To understand the relationship between regulated CD40L and the requirement for variegated expression during a T-dependent response, we engineered a mouse lacking the CD40L stability element (CD40LΔ5) and asked how this mutation altered multiple aspects of the humoral immunity. We found that CD40LΔ5 mice expressed CD40L at 60% wildtype levels, and lowered expression corresponded to significantly decreased levels of T-dependent Abs, loss of germinal center (GC) B cells and a disorganized GC structure. Gene expression analysis of B cells from CD40LΔ5 mice revealed that genes associated with cell cycle and DNA replication were significantly downregulated and genes linked to apoptosis upregulated. Importantly, somatic hypermutation was relatively unaffected although the number of cells expressing high-affinity Abs was greatly reduced. Additionally, a significant loss of plasmablasts and early memory B cell precursors as a percentage of total GL7+ B cells was observed, indicating that differentiation cues leading to the development of post-GC subsets was highly dependent on a threshold level of CD40L. Thus, regulated mRNA stability plays an integral role in the optimization of humoral immunity by allowing for a dynamic level of CD40L expression on CD4 T cells that results in the proliferation and differentiation of pre-GC and GC B cells into functional subsets.
An Antigen Capture Assay for the Detection of Mycolactone, the Polyketide Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans
Authors: Warryn Louisa , Dangy Jean-Pierre , Gersbach Philipp , Gehringer Matthias , Altmann Karl-Heinz , Pluschke Gerd 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Mycolactone is a cytotoxin responsible for most of the chronic necrotizing pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer). The polyketide toxin consists of a 12-membered lactone ring with a lower O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain and an upper C-linked side chain. Mycolactone is unique to M. ulcerans and an immunological Ag capture assay would represent an important tool for the study of Buruli ulcer pathogenesis and for laboratory diagnosis. When testing sets of mycolactone-specific mouse mAbs, we found that Abs against the hydrophobic lower side chain only bind mycolactone immobilized on a solid support but not when present in solution. This observation supports previous findings that mycolactone forms micellar structures in aqueous solution with the hydrophobic region sequestered into the inner core of the aggregates. Although an Ag capture assay typically requires two Abs that recognize nonoverlapping epitopes, our search for matching pairs of mAbs showed that the same mAb could be used both as capture and as detecting reagent for the detection of the mycolactone aggregates. However, the combination of a core-specific and a core/upper side chain–specific mAb constituted the most sensitive ELISA with a sensitivity in the low nanogram range. The results of a pilot experiment showed that the sensitivity of the assay is sufficient to detect mycolactone in swab samples from Buruli ulcer lesions. Although the described capture ELISA can serve as a tool for research on the biology of mycolactone, the assay system will have to be adapted for use as a diagnostic tool.
Selective Activation of MST1/2 Kinases by Retinoid Agonist Adapalene Abrogates AURKA-Regulated Septic Arthritis
Authors: Yadav Preeti , Bhatt Bharat , Balaji Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Septic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by Staphylococcus aureus invasion of host synovium, which often progresses to impairment of joint functions. Although it is known that disease progression is intricately dependent on dysregulated inflammation of the knee joint, identification of molecular events mediating such imbalance during S. aureus–induced septic arthritis still requires detailed investigation. In this article, we report that Aurora kinase A (AURKA) responsive WNT signaling activates S. aureus infection–triggered septic arthritis, which results in inflammation of the synovium. In this context, treatment with adapalene, a synthetic retinoid derivative, in a mouse model for septic arthritis shows significant reduction of proinflammatory mediators with a simultaneous decrease in bacterial burden and prevents cartilage loss. Mechanistically, adapalene treatment inhibits WNT signaling with concomitant activation of HIPPO signaling, generating alternatively activated macrophages. Collectively, we establish adapalene as a promising strategy to suppress S. aureus–induced irreversible joint damage.
RALDH Activity Induced by Bacterial/Fungal Pathogens in CD16+ Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Boosts HIV Infection and Outgrowth in CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Cattin Amélie , Wacleche Vanessa Sue , Fonseca Do Rosario Natalia , Marchand Laurence Raymond , Dias Jonathan , Gosselin Annie , Cohen Eric A. , Estaquier Jérôme , Chomont Nicolas , Routy Jean-Pierre , Ancuta Petronela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
HIV reservoirs persist in gut-homing CD4+ T cells of people living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy, but the antigenic specificity of such reservoirs remains poorly documented. The imprinting for gut homing is mediated by retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A–derived metabolite produced by dendritic cells (DCs) exhibiting RA-synthesizing (RALDH) activity. RALDH activity in DCs can be induced by TLR2 ligands, such as bacterial peptidoglycans and fungal zymosan. Thus, we hypothesized that bacterial/fungal pathogens triggering RALDH activity in DCs fuel HIV reservoir establishment/outgrowth in pathogen-reactive CD4+ T cells. Our results demonstrate that DCs derived from intermediate/nonclassical CD16+ compared with classical CD16− monocytes exhibited superior RALDH activity and higher capacity to transmit HIV infection to autologous Staphylococcus aureus–reactive T cells. Exposure of total monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) to S. aureus lysates as well as TLR2 (zymosan and heat-killed preparation of Listeria monocytogenes) and TLR4 (LPS) agonists but not CMV lysates resulted in a robust upregulation of RALDH activity. MDDCs loaded with S. aureus or zymosan induced the proliferation of T cells with a CCR5+integrin β7+CCR6+ phenotype and efficiently transmitted HIV infection to these T cells via RALDH/RA–dependent mechanisms. Finally, S. aureus– and zymosan-reactive CD4+ T cells of antiretroviral therapy-treated people living with HIV carried replication-competent integrated HIV-DNA, as demonstrated by an MDDC-based viral outgrowth assay. Together, these results support a model in which bacterial/fungal pathogens in the gut promote RALDH activity in MDDCs, especially in CD16+ MDDCs, and subsequently imprint CD4+ T cells with gut-homing potential and HIV permissiveness. Thus, nonviral pathogens play key roles in fueling HIV reservoir establishment/outgrowth via RALDH/RA–dependent mechanisms that may be therapeutically targeted.
The Impact of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Use on All-cause Mortality in Acute Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Al-Zakwani Ibrahim , Al-Jarallah Mohammed , Rajan Rajesh , Sulaiman Kadhim , Dashti Raja , Bulbanat Bassam , Alsheikh-Ali Alawi A , Panduranga Prashanth , AlHabib Khalid F. , Suwaidi Jassim Al , Al-Mahmeed Wael , AlFaleh Hussam , Elasfar Abdelfatah , Al-Motarreb Ahmed , Ridha Mustafa , Bazargani Nooshin , Asaad Nidal , Amin Haitham , Salam Amar M. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
The impact of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) use in acute heart failure (AHF) patients in the Middle East is not well studied. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of MRA therapy on all-cause mortality in AHF patients in the Middle East stratified by left ventricular ejection fraction.

Methods:
Data were analyzed from 3792 consecutive patients admitted to 47 hospitals in 7 Middle Eastern countries.

Results:
The overall mean age was 59 ± 15 years and 62% (n = 2353) were male. At discharge, MRA therapy was prescribed in 34% (n = 1301) of the patients. A total of 54% (n = 2048) of the patients had AHF with reduced ejection fraction (EF) (HFrEF) (<40%), 23% (n = 880) had HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF) (40%–49%), and 23% (n = 864) had HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) (≥50%). MRA therapy was associated with lower cumulative all-cause 3-month mortality in those with HFrEF (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.55; 95% [confidence interval (CI): 0.37–0.80: P = 0.002), those with HFmrEF (aOR, 0.43; 95% CI: 0.19–0.99: P = 0.047), and in those with HFpEF (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.22–0.92: P = 0.029) when compared to those that were not on MRA therapy. MRA therapy was also associated with lower cumulative all-cause 12-month mortality in those with HFrEF (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49–0.86: P = 0.002) and in those with HFmrEF (0.52; 95% CI: 0.29–0.91: P = 0.021).

Conclusion:
MRA therapy was associated with lower all-cause mortality at 3 months and at 12 months in AHF patients with reduced and mid-range EF in the Middle East.
Concurrent laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair and transurethral resection of prostate
Authors: Harvitkar Rafique Umer , Shetty Prakash Chandra , Joshi Abhijit 
Published: May 2021

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate concurrent laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) with determination of outcomes.

Materials and Methods:
This retrospective study was conducted at our hospital, from June 2011 to June 2020. Over 9 years, 17 patients with co-existing uncomplicated unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernia (primary/recurrent) and significant benign prostatic hypertrophy were operated in the same sitting. The following outcomes were compared: duration of the surgery, conversion to open hernia surgery, intraoperative and post-operative complications, duration of hospital stay, recurrence, time taken to resume normal activity and cost of the treatment.

Results:
This study included 17 patients with a mean age of 65 years (range of 50–87 years). The average time taken for the surgery was 115 min with no conversion to open hernia repair. The mean post-operative stay was 3.7 days. There were four patients (23.5%) with seromas identified at day 10, only two remained at 6 weeks and none at 12 weeks. None had significant bleeding intraoperatively or postoperatively. There was no superficial or deep wound infection (including mesh infection). There was no recurrence of inguinal hernia. Two patients (11.7%) developed post-TURP urethral stricture and underwent cystoscopic stricturoplasty, 3 and 2.5 months after the initial procedure.

Conclusion:
Concurrent TEP inguinal hernia repair and TURP is a practical, safe and cost-effective procedure.
Effects of Auditory and Visual Interference Control on Visuospatial Working Memory in Children with ADHD
Authors: Wangkawan Thitiya , Lai Cynthia , Munkhetvit Peeraya , Yung Trevor , Chinchai Supaporn 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Interference control is the cognitive control needed to prevent interference due to competition of relevant and irrelevant information that closely related to working memory. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of auditory and visual interference control on visuospatial working memory of children with ADHD.

Methods:
The participants included thirty children with ADHD and thirty normal control children aged 7–12 years old. All children took the computerized test of visuospatial working memory assessment. The test comprised the N-back and running Memory tasks divided into three conditions: noninterference, auditory interference, and visual interference in three levels of difficulty.

Results:
The results revealed that there was a significant difference in N-back with auditory interference (t = 2.13, P = 0.04) and N-back with visual interference task (t = 2.48, P = 0.02) between normal control children and children with ADHD. However, there was no significant difference in N-back with noninterference task (t = 1.61, P = 0.11) between normal control children and children with ADHD. There was a significant difference in running memory with noninterference (t = 5.34, P ≤ 0.001), running memory with auditory interference (t = 6.23, P ≤ 0.001), and running memory with visual interference task (t = 5.86, P ≤ 0.001) between normal control children and children with ADHD. In addition, the comparison of the mean score revealed that children with ADHD had poorer performance of interference control on visuospatial working memory tasks than normal control children in overall tasks.

Conclusion:
Children with ADHD exhibited inefficient control over themselves, especially in the interference condition tasks in which they performed more error responses when interacting in the tasks. The present study supports the evidence-based mechanisms of auditory and visual interference control in visuospatial working memory of children with ADHD.
Diálogo entre duas investigações acerca das Altas Habilidades/Superdotação: retratos da aprendizagem e trajetória de sujeitos em diferentes fases da vida
Authors: Costa Leandra , Fonseca Priscila 
Published: May 2021

Este trabajo surge de un esquema teórico de dos estudios cursados, uno de los cuales es Maestría yotro para Doctorado, ambos en el área de Educación Especial, dentro de la temática de Altas Competencias/Superdotación (AH/SD). En el primero, el foco fue investigar las representaciones de un joven identificado con AH/SD sobre identidad resiliente, en la segunda investigación se dio foco al estudio y validación deInstrumento dirigido a la Identificación de HA/SD en adultos mayores. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal en este El trabajo consistió en presentar brevemente las direcciones metodológicas de cada uno de los dos estudios. con el objetivo de luego compartir producciones teóricas que tengan como objeto la conceptualización de AH/ SD así como problematizaciones relacionadas con la adolescencia y la vejez, en las personas mayores. Por lo tanto se cree que los estudios dialogan entre sí y se defiende la necesidad de más investigaciones, especialmente comparativas entre sujetos con HA/DS a lo largo de sus etapas de la vida.
Intermitencias de la verdad: una aproximación a las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación desde diversos paradigmas de la ciencia
Authors: Segura Vera Marymili 
Published: May 2021

El presente escrito tiene como finalidad analizar la evolución de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) como parte de la verdad aceptada por la ciencia en diferentes momentos de la historia occidental, así como los fundamentos y criterios de validez que han enmarcado el desarrollo de las tecnologías desde la perspectiva de diversos paradigmas científicos. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se realizó un análisis documental. Se concluye que la verdad, al igual que las TIC, cambia de acuerdo a los intereses, al enfoque que se quiera dar. La intermitencia de la verdad es lo que la hace apasionante y hace necesarios los criterios de validez científica, con los que nos permitimos consolidar ese destello –esa verdad- que a uno a varios interesa resaltar.
Bohler&#39;s Angle and Critical Angle of Gissane: Morphometry in Adult Indian Population
Authors: Mishra Pankaj K , Pathak Sharad , Tenguria Abha 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
For the quantification of intra-articular fracture of the calcaneus, different types of angles have been mentioned in the literature. Of these, the Bohler's angle (BA) and the critical angle of Gissane (CAG) are used in common practice. However, there is a great paucity of literature conducted on the Indian populace to find out the normal range of BA and CAG. In this article, our objective is to homologate and confirm the normal range of BA and the CAG in the Indian population and compare their values to the published international reference values.

Materials and methods
It is an observational cross-sectional study done between 2017 and 2019. X-rays were anonymized by hiding the identification data. The BA and CAG were measured together and by two authors simultaneously. Each angle was measured two times. Two-sample T-test was chosen to compare the means of the values and the p value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results
Three hundred and eighty-four (n = 384) X-rays were studied. The average age of the patients was 41.73 years. The mean (°) of BA was 33.53 ± (SD) 6.78 (max = 46.35, min = 16.23) and the mean (°) of CAG was 115.90 ± (SD) 11.00 (max = 142.88, min = 90.22).

Conclusion
The distinct apprehension of the normal dispersion of Bohler's angle and the CAG is utmost needed for the clinical practice in a population (racial) group. So, it is praiseworthy to conduct a multicenter study over a large Indian population (considering racial variation) with inter and intra-rater reliability.
How to cite this article
Mishra PK, Pathak S, Tenguria A. Bohler's Angle and Critical Angle of Gissane: Morphometry in Adult Indian Population. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia Pacific) 2021;8(2):72–75.
Cutaneous Myiasis of the Scalp Presenting as Bilateral Orbital Edema
Authors: Kaur Inderjit , Kaur Mandeep 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Background
Myiasis is the infestation of live human tissues by the larvae of flies, more commonly known as maggots. Wound myiasis occurs when fly larvae infest open wounds. This kind of infestation may be the result of facultative or obligatory parasites. Treatment with application of mineral oil and manual removal of maggots is the usual routine.

Case description
We report a case of 19-year-old female presenting with bilateral orbital edema. The differential diagnosis of eyelid erythema and edema is broad, ranging from benign, self-limiting dermatoses to malignant tumors and vision-threatening infections. History revealed that she had cutaneous myiasis of the scalp for which she was treated with mineral oil and maggots were removed manually a day prior to presentation. Irritant dermatitis by trickling of the mineral oil led to bilateral edema in this case. A definitive diagnosis usually can be made on physical examination of the eyelid, a careful evaluation of symptoms and history of exposure.

Conclusion
Detailed history and meticulous workup can be of great help in the differential diagnosis of bilateral orbital edema.
How to cite this article
Kaur M, Kaur I. Cutaneous Myiasis of the Scalp Presenting as Bilateral Orbital Edema. AMEI's Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2020;4(2):107-109.
Evaluation of Serum Calcium Levels in Patients with Epileptic Seizure
Authors: Fiza Bushra , Sinha Maheep , Sharma Shalu , Tiwari Sumit Kumar 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by an epileptic seizure. Epileptic seizures occur due to abnormal synchronous activity in the brain. Calcium is an essential component of bone. Hypocalcemia enhances neuronal excitability, and there are many causes of which include hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, and PTH resistance.

Materials and methods
The study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry in association with the Department of Neurology of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur. Fifty patients diagnosed for epileptic seizure and 50 controls, visiting the inpatient department (IPD) and outpatient department (OPD) of Neurology fulfilling the inclusion criteria, were enrolled for the study.

Result
The present study showed significantly lower level of serum calcium in patients with epileptic seizure when compared to controls.

Conclusion
The serum calcium was measured between epileptic seizure and controls. Our present study showed significantly lower value of calcium. It is therefore suggested that there should be regular screening for calcium in patients with epileptic seizure. The serum calcium is biomarker of bone metabolism; so, the correlation can be further studied with some more bone metabolism markers in epileptic seizure patients.
How to cite this article
Sharma S, Fiza B, Tiwari SK, et al. Evaluation of Serum Calcium Levels in Patients with Epileptic Seizure. J Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci Tech 2020;5(2):35–37.