bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Production in International Law: Forces and Processes
Authors: Bianchi Andrea 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
How knowledge of international law is produced, by what forces and processes it is shaped, how one can determine what issues are deemed relevant to the field, what questions can be competently raised by the members of the profession and the discipline, and who has the authority to provide them with an answer, are all issues that lie at the heart of this chapter. Particular attention will be paid to the concepts of both epistemic communities and discursive policies. In light of the interaction of the different forces and actors at play in the production of knowledge, an attempt will be made to sketch out the main trends of the contemporary episteme of international law. The final part of the chapter tackles the issue of how to bring to light and make visible the invisible frames of knowledge production in international law, by using critical theory and the power of legal imagination.
The Discipline as a Field of Struggle
Authors: Rasulov Akbar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an inquiry into the discipline of international law as a social form. What is that content which is contained within this form? What sort of social structure does it presume and enable? Taking as its point of departure the concept of knowledge production, this chapter develops a critical account of international law as a field of theoretical labour and ideological contestation. How is the process of knowledge-production in international law today actually set up? What are those basic products which it produces? What kind of added value does it add to them and how is this value extracted and appropriated in practice? This chapter seeks to explain the disciplinary politic that surrounds these and other related issues as a reflection of discursively sublimated inter-group conflicts, the ultimate object of which is the internal distribution of resources and the power to decide the intra-disciplinary division of labour.
Metaphors of International Law
Authors: Cohen Harlan Grant 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores international law in search of its hidden and not-so-hidden metaphors. Along the way, it discovers a world inhabited by states, where rules are picked when ripe, where trade keeps boats forever afloat on rising tides. But it also unveils a world in which voices are silenced, inequality ignored, and hands washed of responsibility. Part of a shared cognitive system, metaphors provide a language to describe the law’s operation, help international lawyers identify legal subjects and doctrinal categories, and provide normative justifications for the law. Exploring metaphors’ operation at these levels, this chapter describes how metaphors help construct a shared, tangible universe of legal meaning. But it also reveals how metaphors help hide international law’s dark side, blind international lawyers to alternative worlds, and prejudge legal outcomes. Metaphors, key, nearly invisible building blocks of the international law we know, become key also to its demolition, restoration, or remodelling.
Revisiting the Memory of Solferino: Knowledge Production and the Laws of War
Authors: Benvenisti Eyal , Lustig Doreen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
During the course of the second half of the 19th century, the rules regulating the conduct of armies during hostilities were internationally codified for the first time. The conventional narrative attributes the codification of the laws of war to the campaign of civil society, especially that of the founders of the Red Cross—Henry Dunant and Gustav Moynier. In what follows, we problematize this narrative and trace the construction of this knowledge. We explore how the leading figures of the Red Cross, who were aware of the shortcomings of their project, were nonetheless invested in narrating its history as a history of success. Their struggle to control the narrative would eventually confer the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) with considerable interpretive and agenda-setting authority in the realm of the laws of war. We dwell on the meaning of this conscious exercise in knowledge production and its normative ramifications.
Knowledge Production, Big Data, and Data-driven Customary International Law
Authors: Megiddo Tamar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the role of ‘Data-Driven Customary International Law’ in shifting power relations with respect to the identification of customary international norms. Evidence of states’ practice and legal positions is required to determine that a new norm of customary international law has crystallized. And yet, international courts have often settled for anecdotal evidence and impressionistic analysis. However, recent academic works have crowd-sourced data collection, compiled big datasets, and applied computerized analysis methods to make comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the development of customary norms. I argue that this new mode of knowledge production may democratize both the data collected (giving greater weight to smaller states from the global periphery) and the potential contributors to the production process (including lawyers from different countries and language capabilities). Nevertheless, such production requires scientific sophistication and resources, which once more give actors from rich, developed countries a greater role in developing the law.
Going by the Book: What International Law Textbooks Teach Us Not to Know
Authors: Bernardino Ana Luísa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
International law textbooks are one of the most powerful invisible frames of our discipline. This chapter analyses some of the most influential international law textbooks as important objects of study that shed light on both processes of social cognition and knowledge production. It examines international law textbooks as engines of sociomental control that delimit the realm of the ‘relevant’ in international law. It also highlights how textbooks’ unarticulated assumptions, silences, and implicit messages help to constitute the discipline of international law, not only in the sense of influencing what counts as international law, but also what one thinks about and what one does as an international lawyer.
Catching-up and Leapfrogging in Key Manufacturing Sectors
Authors: Lee Keun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 assesses China’s catching-up and leapfrogging in key manufacturing sectors compared with the Korean experience. It explains the varying records of market catch-up by referring to diverse aspects of technological and market regimes, such as modularity, degrees of embodied technical change, tacitness of knowledge, knowledge accessibility, and frequency of innovations. Easy access to foreign technologies from developed countries (mobile phones vs. semiconductors), high degree of modularity (mobile phones vs. automobiles and semiconductors), and frequent changes in the generations of technologies or short cycle times of technologies (mobile phones and telecommunications systems vs. automobiles) generally help latecomers catch up. More importantly, sectors with a high degree of tacit knowledge (e.g., automobiles) tend to show a slower speed of catch-up than the manufacturers of telecommunications equipment with a high degree of explicit knowledge. Whether markets feature segmentation (or the existence of low-end niche segments for Chinese latecomers) seems to play an important role in the market regimes. Chinese firms manage to achieve initial success from a low-end market in segmented market conditions (e.g., telecommunications equipment and mobile phones) or markets protected by the government (e.g., telecommunications equipment). Conversely, they face high entry barriers in markets with no such segmentation (e.g., memory chips), which is one of the reasons for their slow progress in the memory chip sector (see also Chapter 4). These cases also suggest that technological regimes are not the only paramount determining factor; the outcomes are affected by the roles of actors, including firms and governments.
The Value Gap
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Evaluations about what is good (period) and what is good for someone shape much of ethics. The two value notions ‘good’ and ‘good for’ mark the deep-rooted divide between the impersonally and personally valuable—the value divide on which The Value Gap centres. Past and contemporary philosophers have argued it is a mistake to believe that these two value notions give rise to unresolvable value conflicts. This book argues that they are wrong. Part I considers two views to that effect, which share the idea that one of the two value notions is either flawed or at best conceptually dependent on the other notion. The views disagree, however, about whether it is good or good-for that is the flawed concept. These approaches deny the central idea of this work, namely that goodness and goodness-for are independent value notions that cannot be fully understood in terms of one another. Part II provides an analysis of impersonal and personal goodness in terms of a fitting-attitude analysis. By elaborating a more nuanced understanding of the analysis’ key elements—reasons and pro- and con-attitudes—the book challenges a common idea, namely that our beliefs about practical and moral dilemmas can be dismissed as being conceptually confused. The gap between favouring what is good and what is good for someone appears insurmountable.
Challenging Mooreanism
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
‘Challenging Mooreanism’ puts forward some arguments against Mooreanism, the formal view that either final good-for is an incoherent value notion or, ultimately, at best a disguised reference to what is finally good. The chapter concludes that Mooreans bar us from making some evaluations, which, in principle, we should be able to endorse or reject on substantive grounds. Mooreanism is therefore in at least some respects, inferior to value dualism. The arguments focus on the so-called ‘localisation manoeuvre’, which Mooreans tend to employ in order to argue that they can in fact make sense of some uses of ‘good for someone’. The general idea behind this manoeuvre is to reduce claims such as ‘x is good for a’ to claims about non-relational goodness located in a, or at least related to a in some relevant way. Mooreans will not insist that this is always possible. Sometimes people are linguistically confused when they maintain that something is finally good for someone. However, sometimes speakers make sense even if they express themselves in terms of what is finally good for a person, and when that happens, they locate a non-relational good to the person. Or so the Mooreans argue. The arguments against Mooreanism turn on some evaluations referring to overall and pro tanto values that Mooreanism qua formal value theory should be able to analyse. However, it is argued that the localisation manoeuvre cannot be applied to these evaluations.
Challenging Good-For Monism
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
‘Challenging Good-For Monism’ takes on the good-for monist, who maintains that both value dualism and Mooreanism get things wrong. For the good-for monist there is one fundamental final value, and it is final goodness-for. The first challenge to this kind of monism concerns value aggregation. It is showed why value dualism has an advantage over good-for monism when dualism explains why we should favour what common sense dictates in certain cases involving aggregation. A second challenge concerns good-for monism’s understanding of certain thick value concepts. The argument here is simple, but it nonetheless requires some unravelling. The point is that to be appropriately analysed, certain thick value concepts require impersonal goodness or at least impersonal normativity. Finally, the chapter considers whether good-for monism is able to avoid some of its problems by endorsing a popular subjectivist strategy for analysing good-for. This strategy fails, however. To conclude, good-for monism fails to provide us the tools with which to understand a common response to core issues in normative ethics. It also bars us from making some evaluations involving thick evaluative terms, which, in principle, we should be able to endorse or reject on substantive grounds.
Good-For Unitarianism
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The background of ‘Good-For Unitarianism’ is the following: It has been suggested that the author’s analysis of good-for from 2011 introduced a new sense of the expression ‘good for’ and that ‘good for’ accordingly is an ambiguous expression. This suggestion is by no means far-fetched. However, there are also reasons, as this chapter will evince, to question that the author’s proposal turns ‘good for’ into a strict ambiguous term. Good-for unitarianism is the view that final goodness-for can be given a single unambiguous conceptual analysis. Good-for disunitarians hold that non-instrumental good-for comes in two (or more) varieties. The chapter outlines some arguments in favour of disunitarianism, but concludes that these arguments fail to show that unitarianism is false. A distinction is next made between narrow and wide unitarianism. According to an influential kind of narrow unitarianism, there is an analytic connection between well-being and good-for. Wide unitarianism is open to there being very different kinds of bearers of good-for. The narrow version is rejected. The chapter thereafter presents some possible scenarios that support wide unitarianism and its core idea that good-for conceptually admits of more value bearers than what is bearing well-being.
The Logical Consequence of Fitting Attitudes
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Any fitting-attitude (FA) analysis which understands value ultimately in terms of reasons and pro- and con-attitudes will have limited wiggle room if it is to respect the kind of radical division between good and good-for that earlier chapters have outlined. Essentially, its proponents can either introduce two different normative notions, one relating to good and the other to good-for, or distinguish two kinds of attitude, one corresponding to the analysis of good and the other corresponding to the analysis of good-for. ‘The Logical Consequence of Fitting Attitudes’ outlines why the latter, ‘attitudinal’ approach is preferable. Unfortunately, the attitudinal approach faces a challenging problem: the logical consequence argument. According to it, the attitudinal approach has the unwelcome consequence that whatever is good for someone is also, necessarily, non-relationally good. That is bad news—especially if you are a value dualist. The next chapter (Chap. 8) is devoted to resolving this issue.
Mind The Value Gap
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In ‘Mind the Value Gap’, the author takes the liberty of assuming that his main points and arguments in the book are correct. This allows him to address in a more direct fashion certain issues that would arise if there were a value divide with cracks extending far and wide into our evaluative and normative notions. The discussion paints a somewhat bleak picture of our relation to values and reasons. Whatever it is that we do, and that calls for justification, we find ourselves stuck with a split vision of our deliberative opportunities. We can start from what is either good or good for us or someone. The reasons belonging to the impersonal side of the gap do not affect the reasons on the personal side, and vice versa. In this, the book’s final chapter, the author voices some thoughts about whether, and to what extent, we should mind the value gap. Several approaches to the value gap are considered.
Hermeneutic Dissection in the Lyric
Authors: Hegele Arden 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter charts developments in anatomy in the wake of the French Revolution, and shows how Romantic lyrics model a reading practice informed by anatomical medicine. Surgical tropes from the advances in morbid anatomy, for example, inform William Wordsworth’s most important poems. Referring to medical advances in battlefield dissection and autopsy that occurred during the French Revolution, Wordsworth turns from social analysis to self-critique as he performs his retrospective analyses of the “growth of the poet’s mind” and the “spots of time.” Responding to Wordsworth’s model of interpretation, the critic Francis Jeffrey and the poet John Keats developed a practice of dissective reading, an influential protocol that crossed between literature and medicine in the Romantic period. Dissective reading anticipates symptomatic close reading through a segmentation of surface and underlying structures, and invokes dismemberment as a tool for converting critical reading into authorial auto-exegesis. Examples drawn from Wordsworth and Keats reveal how Romantic lyrics offer up the poet’s own body as the subject of surgical (and critical) analysis, treating critical readings as diagnoses of the poets themselves.
Postmortem, Elegy, and Genius
Authors: Hegele Arden 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to the medical field of pathology, sketching out a new theory of how discursive practices of medicine might be dependent on literary models by examining the history of the postmortem report in relation to the Romantic elegy. It explores a brief moment in the early nineteenth century when medical postmortem reports became widely available to the reading public. Using commemorative responses to the death of John Keats as the central example, but also reading the widely published postmortem reports of the deaths of Napoleon Bonaparte, Lord Byron, and Ludwig van Beethoven, which afforded readers an unexpected degree of closeness with the metaphorically charged bodies of the departed, the chapter focuses on how the postmortem report provides a protocol for interpreting mortality across a range of memorial genres in medical and literary fields. The postmortem report is shown to adopt certain generic qualities of earlier epitaphs, while later elegies by Percy Shelley and Alfred Tennyson continue to display the medical genre’s influence. The postmortem report is revealed to participate in a mutual exchange with literary conventions, as it first appropriates generic conventions from epitaphic literature, and then asserts a scientific protocol of taxonomical classification within humanistic discourse. When used in this commemorative field, reading bodily symptomology becomes a hermeneutics of consolation that brings its readers into intimacy with figures of genius.
Coda
Authors: Hegele Arden 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The coda extends the relationship between nineteenth-century techniques of medico-literary exegesis to reading practices in the present day. The four mobile protocols discussed in the book—dissective reading, the postmortem, free indirect style, and semiological diagnostics—offer a new portrait of the cultural interchange between Romantic literary and medical fields. They also set the stage for contemporary reading practices, especially symptomatic reading. The coda argues that the much-maligned practice of symptomatic reading might be rehabilitated through a reconsideration of the history of its origins in Romantic protocols of diagnosis, which anticipate present-day debates in literary analysis about the ethics of critique. In dialogue with the medical and health humanities, the coda offers an optimistic reconsideration of symptomatic reading as a rich, transhistorical instance of how literary scholarship might draw on and inform the medical sciences.
Sisters and Sisterhood
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This is a book about the possibilities for, and experiences of, working-class women in the militant suffrage movement. It uses the Kenney family as a case study through which to understand who these women were, what they wanted, and what the vote meant to them. It identifies why they became politically active, their experiences as activists, and the benefits they gained from their political work. It stresses the need to see working-class women as significant actors and autonomous agents in the suffrage campaign. It shows why and how some women became politicized, why they prioritized the vote above all else, and how this campaign came to dominate their lives. It also places the suffrage campaign within the broader trajectory of their lives in order to stress how far the personal and political were intertwined for these women. It addresses questions of class and gender, politics and activism, and agency and identity in the early twentieth century, engaging with recent historiographical research around politicization, networks, and transnationalism. It is a history of education, faith, and social mobility as well of suffrage, and of teachers, theosophists, political activists, social reforms, friends and sisters, as well as suffragettes.
Introduction
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This Introduction sets the scene for the rest of the book by raising the problem of evil; a problem that for theist and atheist alike, makes us doubt the value of the world. To value the world requires that we find something of final positive value. When we experience final positive value we feel pleasure, however the intrinsic reward of pleasure cannot always satisfy us. We must find a value that works even when our lives are going badly. It is proposed that, while the quest for moral value cannot satisfy this requirement, aesthetic value can.
The Beautiful
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter links the value we take in beauty with our practical drive for knowledge. The contemporary ‘processing fluency’ account of aesthetic pleasure is examined and rejected. Instead, it is claimed that beautiful objects appear to be perfectly fitting together, which stimulates a rewarding sense that knowledge of the object is highly accessible. The nature of ugliness is then considered. On the face of it, ugliness presents a significant problem for Aestheticism, for how can everything be aesthetically valuable if some of it is ugly? As an initial response, the notion of ‘difficult beauty’ is appealed to.
The Dramatic
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of dramatic value. Dramatic value is identified in three major forms: dramatic narratives, musical dramas, and dramatic appearances. It is observed that dramatic objects typically possess attention-absorbing intensities. This leads to a discussion of the rich experience account of aesthetic value; however it is argued that rich experience is not a distinct aesthetic value. Instead it is argued that the aesthetic value of drama lies in the exciting sense of an agent’s capacities being stretched. It is also possible to experience dramatic value with respect to our own activities. It is claimed that experiencing dramatic value, especially with respect to our own lives, is an important way to embrace struggle.
The Tragic
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The paradox of tragedy is introduced in this chapter. It is noted that it is harder to value real-life tragedies or suffering than artistic tragedies. Accounts attempting to reconcile us with tragedy by means of the overall beauty of the world are too distanced and callous. An account of the value of tragedy that is simultaneously ethically appropriate is required. It is argued that tragic works of art are ethically appropriate when they properly acknowledge suffering. The same is possible for real-life tragedy. Meanwhile, tragic works of art help us to see that we can positively value individuals for their own sake—described as sympathetic value—even while we do not value those individuals’ suffering. Sympathetic value is also applicable to bad people. Finally the possibility of sympathetic objects is introduced, and connected with the Japanese aesthetic concept of ‘wabi’.