bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early bird catches the worm? The relation between school schedule, sleep quality, and depression in Croatian adolescents
Authors: Kurtovic Ana , Hnojcik Adrijana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSleep problems and depression increase in adolescence. Adolescents tend to go to sleep at a later time, which results in shorter sleep duration especially if they attend school in the morning. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between school schedule (morning school schedule and afternoon school schedule), sleep quality, and depression in Croatian adolescents. A total of 253 students of third and fourth grades of high school (17 and 18 years of age) completed measures of sleep quality and depression. Results have shown that participants who attend school in the morning also sleep less, have more difficulties in daily functioning due to problem with sleep and are more depressed, but their habitual sleep efficiency is better than in participants who attend school in the afternoon. Furthermore, depression was correlated with poorer sleep latency, sleep duration, more sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, daytime dysfunction, as well as poorer global sleep quality index. Finally, morning school schedule, poorer sleep duration, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction predicted depression, with sleep duration and daytime dysfunction mediating the relation between school schedule and depression.
Decision‐making in screening positive participants who follow up with colonoscopy in the Dutch colorectal cancer screening programme: A mixed‐method study
Authors: Bertels Lucinda , Knottnerus Bart , Bastiaans Lottie , Danquah Augustina , van Henk , Dekker Evelien , van Kristel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo explore worry and decision‐making processes used by faecal immunochemical test (FIT)‐positive participants in the Dutch national screening programme for colorectal cancer.MethodsA mixed‐methods study consisting of 22 semi‐structured interviews in FIT‐positive participants who underwent the recommended colonoscopy within 4–6 months after the FIT result, followed by a widespread questionnaire in a larger target population (N = 1495).ResultsIn the interviews, we recognised two different decision‐making processes. The first is an affective heuristic decision process where the decision to participate is made instantly and is paired with high‐risk perception, worry and (severe) emotional turmoil. The second is a more time‐consuming analytical decision process in which participants describe discussing options with others. In the questionnaire, high levels of cancer worry (CWS > 9) were reported by 34% of respondents. Decisional difficulties were reported by 15% of respondents, and 34% of respondents reported discussing the positive FIT result with their GP. Individuals with high levels of cancer worry contacted their GP less often than those with low levels.ConclusionsThe Dutch two‐step screening programme may result in high levels of cancer worry in a non‐cancer population. More research is needed to monitor worry and its role in decision‐making in cancer screening, as well as ways to facilitate decision‐making for participants.
Cytokine profile in Egyptian children and adolescents with COVID‐19 pneumonia: A multicenter study
Authors: Shafiek Hala K. , El Lateef Hanan M. Abd , Boraey Naglaa F. , Nashat Mohamed , Abd‐Elrehim Ghada A. B. , Abouzeid Heba , Hafez Sahbaa F. M. , Shehata Hassan , Elhewala Ahmed A. , Abdel‐Aziz Alsayed , Zeidan Nancy M. S. , Soliman Mohammed M. , Sallam Mohammad M. , Nawara Abdalla M. , Elgohary Elsayed A. , Badr Abdallah I. , Selim Dalia M. , Razek Suzan A. , Abdel Raouf Batoul M. , Elmikaty Hani A. , Ibrahim Lamya M. , Shahin Gehan H , Nabil Rehab M. , Ibrahim Mohamed A. M. , Salem Hanan F. , Moustafa Ahmed A. M. , Elshehawy Naglaa A. , Abdel‐Aziz Marwa M. , Eltrawy Heba H. , Osman Sherif F. , Fouad Rania A. , Afify Mona R. , Mohamed Mohamed Y. , Yousif Yousif M. , Yousef Aly A. , Arafa Mohamed A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo date, the cytokine profile in children and adolescent with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has not been reported.ObjectivesWe investigated serum levels of a panel of key cytokines in children and adolescent with COVID‐19 pneumonia with a primary focus on “cytokine storm” cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐17, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, interferon (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and two chemokines interferon‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10) and IL‐8. We also studied whether these cytokines could be potential markers for illness severity in COVID‐19 pneumonia.MethodsNinety‐two symptomatic patients aged less than 18 years with confirmed COVID‐19 pneumonia and 100 well‐matched healthy controls were included in this multi‐center study. For all patients, the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in respiratory fluid specimens was detected by real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We measured serum concentrations of studied cytokines by using flow cytometry.ResultsPatients with COVID‐19 had significantly higher median IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐17, TNF‐α, and IP‐10 serum levels than did control children (all p < 0.01). Patients with severe COVID‐19 pneumonia had significantly higher median IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IP‐10 serum levels as compared with those with moderate COVID‐19 pneumonia; all p < 0.01. ROC analysis revealed that three of the studied markers (IL‐6, IL‐1β, and IP‐10) could predict severe COVID‐19 pneumonia cases with the largest AUC for IL‐6 of 0.893 (95% confidence interval: 0.84–0.98; p < 0.01).ConclusionOur study shows that pediatric patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia have markedly elevated serum IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐17, TNF‐α, and IP‐10 levels at the initial phase of the illness indicating a cytokine storm following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Moreover, serum IL‐6, IL‐1β, and IP‐10 concentrations were independent predictors for severe COVID‐19 pneumonia.
A note on confidence intervals for the restricted mean survival time based on transformations in small sample size
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroya , Kada Akiko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRestricted mean survival time (RMST) is one measure now used to summarize time‐to‐event type data, but it has been pointed out that the distribution of differences in RMST deviates markedly from a normal distribution for controlled clinical trials with small sample sizes. Therefore, we conducted a numerical simulation of the RMST in which the one‐sample survival time follows a Weibull distribution, comparing eight different confidence intervals combining two types of variance with four types of variable transformations, including no transformation. The evaluation items were the coverage probability and the above and below error probabilities for the true value. The variance types were based on Greenwood's formula and its Kaplan–Meier correction. The arcsine square root transformation, logit transformation, and complementary log–log transformation were used as the variable transformations. When the sample size was small and the event rate was low, the confidence interval of the untransformed RMST tended to have a small coverage probability and to be overestimated. Variance by Kaplan–Meier correction improved the coverage. The problems of coverage and overestimation were also improved by variable transformations, and in particular, applying the logit transformation and the complementary log–log transformation both resulted in substantial improvements. Our study suggested that it is preferable to construct the confidence intervals of RMST using the logit transformation for variances based on Greenwood's formula in small sample size trials. The SAS code to replicate the analyses is available at https://github.com/HiroyaHashimoto/SAS-Programs.
Metal‐Free One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐(2‐Hydrazinyl) Thiazole Derivatives Using Graphene Oxide in a Green Solvent and Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Das Arindam , Dey Sovan , Chakraborty Sumit , Barman Anup , Naresh Yadav Ram , Gazi Rabiul , Jana Madhurima , Firoj Hossain Md. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn efficient, one‐pot three‐component reaction in the synthesis of a wide range of 2,4‐disubstituted hydrazinyl thiazole scaffolds in ethanol at room temperature has been developed by the reaction of carbonyl compounds, phenacyl bromides, and thiosemicarbazide, using graphene oxide (GO) as a catalyst. The present catalytic method has many significant advantages such as shorter reaction time, broad substrate scope, low catalyst loading, environmentally benign solvent media, easy handling, and operational simplicity at room temperature. The products are identified based on their various spectroscopic data. The GO catalyst has a high reusability rate and is simple to recover. A mechanistic study suggests that the reaction takes placeviaa thiosemicarbazone intermediate, which is isolated and confirmed in this study using spectroscopic techniques. Thereafter, a molecular docking study has been performed to evaluate the binding affinity of hydrazinyl thiazole derivative as a possible inhibitor on the protein active site of human α‐amylase and glucosamine 6‐phosphate synthase
On‐Surface Synthesis of Variable Bandgap Nanoporous Graphene
Authors: Wang Dingguan , Lu Xuefeng , Arramel  , Yang Ming , Wu Jishan , Wee Andrew T. S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTuning the bandgap of nanoporous graphene is desirable for applications such as the charge transport layer in organic‐hybrid devices. The holy grail in the field is the ability to synthesize 2D nanoporous graphene with variable pore sizes, and hence tunable band gaps. Herein, the on‐surface synthesis of nanoporous graphene with variable bandgaps is demonstrated. Two types of nanoporous graphene are synthesized via hierarchical CC coupling, and are verified by low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and non‐contact atomic force microscopy. Nanoporous graphene‐1 is non‐planar, and nanoporous graphene‐2 is a single‐atom thick planar sheet. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements reveal that nanoporous graphene‐2 has a bandgap of 3.8 eV, while nanoporous graphene‐1 has a larger bandgap of 5.0 eV. Corroborated by first‐principles calculations, it is proposed that the large bandgap opening is governed by the confinement of π‐electrons induced by pore generation and the non‐planar structure. The finding shows that by introducing nanopores or a twisted structure, semi metallic graphene is converted into semiconducting nanoporous graphene‐2 or insulating wide‐bandgap nanoporous graphene‐1.
Highly Dispersed Mo2C Nanodots in Carbon Nanocages Derived from Mo‐Based Xerogel: Efficient Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Du Qianqian , Zhao Ruihua , Guo Tianyu , Liu Lu , Chen Xiaojun , Zhang Jie , Du Jianping , Li Jinping , Mai Liqiang , Asefa Tewodros 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe production of hydrogen via electrochemical water splitting has the potential to enable the utilization of hydrogen‐powered fuel cells on a large scale. However, to realize this technology, inexpensive, noble metal‐free electrocatalysts possessing high performances for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are needed. Mo2C nanoparticles recently receive much attention as alternative noble metal‐free electrocatalysts because their electronic structures are akin to that of Pt. However, the synthesis of Mo2C at nanoscale with high catalytic activity for HER remains a great challenge. Moreover, although efforts have been made to prevent their aggregation, the particles coalesce during high temperature carbonization, which is typically used to produce such transition metal carbides. Here, the synthesis of Mo2C nanodots that are well‐dispersed within 3D cage‐like carbon microparticles using rationally designed Mo‐based xerogels, which are prepared via the sol–gel process as precursors, is reported. During their pyrolysis, the xerogels maintain their structures while the Mo species in them transform into well‐dispersed Mo2C nanodots in situ. The as‐synthesized Mo2C nanodots exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for HER, in both alkaline and acidic media, while remaining largely stable. The work also demonstrates a promising synthetic route and procedure to other well‐dispersed yet stable nanocatalysts.
Mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities of dual Ni/photoredox‐catalyzed C(sp2)–C(sp3) cross‐couplings
Authors: Yuan Mingbin , Gutierrez Osvaldo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe merging of photoredox and nickel catalysis has revolutionized the field of C–C cross‐coupling. However, in comparison to the development of synthetic methods, detailed mechanistic investigations of these catalytic systems are lagging. To improve the mechanistic understanding, computational tools have emerged as powerful tools to elucidate the factors controlling reactivity and selectivity in these complex catalytic transformations. Based on the reported computational studies, it appears that the mechanistic picture of catalytic systems is not generally applicable, but is rather dependent on the specific choice of substrate, ligands, photocatalysts, etc. Given the complexity of these systems, the need for more accurate computational methods, readily available and user‐friendly dynamics simulation tools, and data‐driven approaches is clear in order to understand at the molecular level the mechanisms of these transformations. In particular, we anticipate that such improvement of theoretical methods will become crucial to advance the understanding of excited‐state properties and dynamics of key species, as well as to enable faster and unbiased exploration of reaction pathways. Further, with greater collaboration between computational, experimental, and spectroscopic communities, the mechanistic investigation of photoredox/Ni dual‐catalytic reactions is expected to thrive quickly, facilitating the design of novel catalytic systems and promoting our understanding of the reaction selectivity.This article is categorized under:
Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte‐Carlo Methods
Defect Types
Authors: Faisal Nadimul , Cora Ömer Necati , Bekci Muhammed Latif , Śliwa Romana Ewa , Sternberg Yehuda , Pant Shashank , Degenhardt Richard , Prathuru Anil 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the common types of defects found in various structural materials and joints in aircraft. Materials manufacturing methods (including large-scale production) have been established in the aircraft industry. However, as will be seen in this chapter, manufacturing defects and defects during in-service conditions are very common across all material types. The structural material types include metals, composites, coatings, adhesively bonded and stir-welded joints. This chapter describes the defect types as a baseline for the description of their detection with the methods of Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_5 to 10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_8. Based on the understanding of the defect types, there is great expectation for a technical breakthrough for the application of structural health monitoring (SHM) damage detection systems, where continuous monitoring and assessment with high throughput and yield will produce the desired structural integrity.
New physics explanations of aμ in light of the FNAL muon g − 2 measurement
Authors: Athron Peter , Balázs Csaba , Jacob Douglas H. J. , Kotlarski Wojciech , Stöckinger Dominik , Stöckinger-Kim Hyejung 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Fermilab Muon g −2 experiment recently reported its first measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment $$ {a}_{\mu}^{\mathrm{FNAL}} $$

a
μ
FNAL

, which is in full agreement with the previous BNL measurement and pushes the world average deviation $$ \Delta {a}_{\mu}^{2021} $$
∆

a
μ
2021

from the Standard Model to a significance of 4.2σ. Here we provide an extensive survey of its impact on beyond the Standard Model physics. We use state-of-the-art calculations and a sophisticated set of tools to make predictions for aμ, dark matter and LHC searches in a wide range of simple models with up to three new fields, that represent some of the few ways that large ∆aμ can be explained. In addition for the particularly well motivated Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, we exhaustively cover the scenarios where large ∆aμ can be explained while simultaneously satisfying all relevant data from other experiments. Generally, the aμ result can only be explained by rather small masses and/or large couplings and enhanced chirality flips, which can lead to conflicts with limits from LHC and dark matter experiments. Our results show that the new measurement excludes a large number of models and provides crucial constraints on others. Two-Higgs doublet and leptoquark models provide viable explanations of aμ only in specific versions and in specific parameter ranges. Among all models with up to three fields, only models with chirality enhancements can accommodate aμ and dark matter simultaneously. The MSSM can simultaneously explain aμ and dark matter for Bino-like LSP in several coannihilation regions. Allowing under abundance of the dark matter relic density, the Higgsino- and particularly Wino-like LSP scenarios become promising explanations of the aμ result.
Statistical optimisation of polyhydroxyalkanoate production in Bacillus endophyticus using sucrose as sole source of carbon
Authors: Geethu M. , Chandrashekar H. Raghu , Divyashree M. S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMicroorganisms have been contemplated as a promising source for the inexhaustible synthesis of many novel materials utilizing renewable sources. Among many of such products, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) remains as an essential biodegradable polymer with functions similar to conventional plastics. Bacillus endophyticus is capable of accumulating biopolymer PHA in nutrient limiting conditions with excess of carbon source. Screening and optimizing the parameters for increased PHA production was done statistically. The optimized medium gave a maximum yield of 46.57% which was in well agreement with the given predicted value provided by response surface methodology model yield of 47.02%. Optimal media conditions when extrapolated in bioreactor gave an even higher production percentage of 49.9. This is the first report highlighting 49% of polyhydroxybutyrate statistically using sucrose as a source. The main highlight of the study was the use of wild type strain for producing high quality PHA using simple carbon source which can be a starting platform for using this strain for large scale PHA production industrially. FTIR and 1HNMR analysis confirmed the polymer produced.
Association of iron rim lesions with brain and cervical cord volume in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Authors: Weber Claudia E. , Krämer Julia , Wittayer Matthias , Gregori Johannes , Randoll Sigurd , Weiler Florian , Heldmann Stefan , Roßmanith Christina , Platten Michael , Gass Achim , Eisele Philipp 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objectives
In multiple sclerosis (MS), iron rim lesions (IRLs) are indicators of chronic low-grade inflammation and ongoing tissue destruction. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of IRLs with clinical measures and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers, in particular brain and cervical cord volume.

Methods
Clinical and MRI parameters from 102 relapsing MS patients (no relapses for at least 6 months, no contrast-enhancing lesions) were included; follow-up data obtained after 12 months was available in 49 patients. IRLs were identified on susceptibility-weighted images (SWIs). In addition to standard brain and spinal cord MRI parameters, normalised cross-sectional area (nCSA) of the upper cervical cord was calculated.

Results
Thirty-eight patients had at least one IRL on SWI MRI. At baseline, patients with IRLs had higher EDSS scores, higher lesion loads (brain and spinal cord), and lower cortical grey matter volumes and a lower nCSA. At follow-up, brain atrophy rates were higher in patients with IRLs. IRLs correlated spatially with T1-hypointense lesions.

Conclusions
Relapsing MS patients with IRLs showed more aggressive MRI disease characteristics in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Key Points
• Multiple sclerosis patients with iron rim lesions had higher EDSS scores, higher brain and spinal cord lesion loads, lower cortical grey matter volumes, and a lower normalised cross-sectional area of the upper cervical spinal cord.
• Iron rim lesions are a new lesion descriptor obtained from susceptibility-weighted MRI. Our data suggests that further exploration of this lesion characteristic in regard to a poorer prognosis in multiple sclerosis patients is warranted.
Failure rates of common grafts used in ACL reconstructions: a systematic review of studies published in the last decade
Authors: Haybäck Gerwin , Raas Christoph , Rosenberger Ralf 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Introduction
In this review paper, graft failure rates of different graft types (hamstring tendon autografts, bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts, quadriceps tendon autografts and diverse allografts) that are used for surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament are compared and statistically analysed.

Methods
Literature search was conducted in PubMed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria. A total of 194 studies, which reported graft failure rates of at least one of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction methods mentioned above, were included in this systematic review. To be able to compare studies with different follow-up periods, a yearly graft failure rate for each reconstruction group was calculated and then investigated for significant differences by using the Kruskal–Wallis test.

Results
Overall, a total of 152,548 patients treated with an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were included in the calculations. Comparison of graft types showed that hamstring tendon autografts had a yearly graft failure rate of 1.70%, whereas the bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft group had 1.16%, the quadriceps tendon autograft group 0.72%, and the allografts 1.76%.

Conclusion
The findings of this meta-data study indicate that reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament using quadriceps tendon autografts, hamstring tendon autografts, patellar tendon autografts or allografts does not show significant differences in terms of graft failure rates.