bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural determinants of HIV/STI prevalence, HIV/STI/sexual and reproductive health access, and condom use among immigrant sex workers globally
Authors: McBride Bronwyn , Shannon Kate , Strathdee Steffanie A. , Goldenberg Shira M. 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
Given stark health inequities among precarious and criminalized workers, we aimed to apply a structural determinants framework to systematically review evidence on HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence, access to HIV/STI/SRH services, and condom use among im/migrant sex workers (ISWs) globally.

Methods:
Systematic search of peer-reviewed studies published in English (2009–2019). Eligible studies reported HIV/STI, access to HIV/STI/SRH services, and/or condom use outcomes and/or lived experiences among ISWs. Quantitative and qualitative data were synthesized using a structural determinants framework.

Results:
Of 425 studies screened, 29 studies from 15 countries were included. HIV prevalence ranged from 0.3 to 13.6% and varied across settings, with highest prevalence among undocumented ISWs in a high-income country (Portugal). Precarious immigration status was a structural factor associated with poorer HIV/STI outcomes, whereas qualitative narratives showed ISWs’ lived experiences as strongly shaped by policing and stigma. Despite disparities, in some settings, HIV and STI prevalence were lower and odds of condom use with clients were higher among ISWs relative to non-im/migrant sex workers. This review identified a paucity of research on SRH and male and gender-diverse ISWs. Across legislative settings, criminalization of SW and im/migrant status, policing, and migration-related marginalization were prominent structural barriers to ISWs’ HIV/STI/SRH access.

Conclusion:
This review identified important inequities and variation in HIV/STI prevalence among ISWs globally. Our findings highlight impacts of the intersections of migration and criminalization, and suggest a need to reform criminalized sex work laws; address punitive policing and immigration enforcement; enable safer indoor work environments; and expand community-based interventions towards promoting HIV/STI/SRH access and health equity among ISWs.
HIV, hepatitis C virus and risk of new-onset left ventricular dysfunction in women
Authors: Shitole Sanyog G. , Lazar Jason M. , Hanna David B. , Kim Ryung S. , Anastos Kathryn , Garcia Mario J. , Tien Phyllis C. , Lima João A.C. , Kaplan Robert C. , Kizer Jorge R. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
HIV and HCV have each been linked with cardiac dysfunction. Studies of HIV have often lacked appropriate controls and primarily involved men, whereas data for HCV are sparse.

Methods:
We performed repeat echocardiography over a median interval of 12 years in participants from the Women's Interagency HIV Study in order to evaluate the relationships of HIV and HCV with incident left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (systolic or diastolic).

Results:
Of the 311 women included (age 39 ± 9), 70% were HIV-positive and 20% HCV-positive. Forty three participants (13.8%) developed LV dysfunction, of which 79.1% was diastolic. Compared with participants with neither infection, the group with HIV--HCV coinfection showed a significantly increased risk of incident LV dysfunction after adjustment for risk factors [RR = 2.96 (95% CI = 1.05–8.31)], but associations for the HCV monoinfected and HIV monoinfected groups were not statistically significant [RR = 2.54 (0.83–7.73) and RR = 1.66 (0.65–4.25), respectively]. Comparison of HCV-positive and HCV-negative women showed a significantly increased risk independent of covariates [RR = 1.96 (1.02–3.77)] but this was not the case for HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative women [RR = 1.43 (0.76–2.69)]. There was no evidence of HCV-by-HIV interaction. A more restrictive definition of LV diastolic dysfunction led to fewer incident cases, but a similar, though nonsignificant, risk estimate for HCV.

Conclusion:
Among mostly middle-aged women, HCV but not HIV infection was associated with a pronounced risk of incident LV dysfunction. Although the influence of residual confounding cannot be excluded, these findings bolster the potential benefits that could be realized by adopting recent recommendations for expanding HCV screening and treatment.
Risk for incident diabetes is greater in prediabetic men with HIV than without HIV
Authors: Slama Laurence , Barrett Benjamin W. , Abraham Alison G. , Palella Frank J. , Kingsley Lawrence , Viard Jean Paul , Lake Jordan E. , Brown Todd T. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Diabetes mellitus is a major comorbidity in people with HIV (PWH). Hyperglycemia below diabetic range defines prediabetes (prediabetes mellitus). We compared the progression from prediabetes mellitus to diabetes mellitus in PWH and people without HIV (PWOH).

Methods:
Fasting glucose was measured semiannually in the MACS since 1999. Men with prediabetes mellitus (fasting glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dl, confirmed within a year by fasting glucose in the prediabetes mellitus range or HbA1c between 5.7 and 6.4%) were included. The first visit with prediabetes mellitus was the baseline visit. Incident diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting glucose at least 126 mg/dl, confirmed at a subsequent visit, or self-reported diabetes mellitus, or use of anti-diabetes mellitus medication. We used binomial transition models to compare the progression from prediabetes mellitus to diabetes mellitus by HIV serostatus, adjusted for age, number of previous prediabetes mellitus to diabetes mellitus transitions, ethnicity, BMI, family history of diabetes mellitus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Results:
Between 1999 and 2019, 1584 men (793 PWH; 791 PWOH) with prediabetes mellitus were included. At baseline, PWH were younger (48 vs. 51 years, P < 0.01), had lower BMI (26 vs. 27), were more frequently nonwhite (47 vs. 30%), and HCV-infected as per last measure (8 vs. 4%) than PWOH (all P < 0.01). Over a median 12-year follow-up, 23% of participants developed diabetes mellitus. In adjusted analyses, the risk for incident diabetes mellitus was 40% (95% CI: 0--80%) higher among PWH than PWOH (P = 0.04).

Conclusion:
Among men with prediabetes mellitus, PWH had an increased risk of incident diabetes mellitus adjusted for competing risk factors, warranting the evaluation of diabetes mellitus prevention strategies.
The Most Common Relationship of a Midface Fracture in Maxillofacial Trauma Study
Authors: Ahmad Wan Muhamad Amir W. , Noor Nor Farid Mohd , Shaari Ramizu , Nawi Mohamad Arif Awang , Ghazali Farah Muna Mohamad , Aleng Nor Azlida , Rohim Rabiatul Adawiyah Abdul , Alam Mohammad Khursheed 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial fractures are the most common injuries among multiple trauma. About 5% to 10% of trauma patients having facial fractures. The objectives of this case study are to focus the most common mid-face fractures types’ and to determine the relationship of the midface fracture in maxillofacial trauma among the patient who attended the outpatient clinic in a Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. In this research paper, an advanced statistical tool was chosen through the multilayer perceptron neural network methodology (MLPNN). Multilayer perceptron neural network methodology was applied to determine the most associated predictor important toward maxillary bone injury. Through the predictor important classification analysis, the relationship of each bone will be determined, and sorting according to their contribution. After sorting the most associated predictor important toward maxillary bone injury, the validation process will be applied through the value of training, testing, and validation. The input variables of MLPNN were zygomatic complex fracture, orbital wall fracture, nasal bone fracture, frontal bone fracture, and zygomatic arch fracture. The performance of MLPNN having high accuracy with 82.2%. As a conclusion, the zygomatic complex fracture is the most common fracture trauma among the patient, having the most important association toward maxillary bone fracture. This finding has the highest potential for further statistical modeling for education purposes and the decision-maker among the surgeon.
Epidemiological Profile and Clinical Stage at Presentation of Eyelid Malignancies in a Multi-Ethnic Country
Authors: Dias Maurílio Roriz , Osaki Midori H. , Ferreira Carlos Alberto A. , Conti Marina L. , Cho Sabrina , Nicolau Zaira , Osaki Tammy H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEyelid malignancies are frequently seen in clinical practice. There is a lack of studies that have assessed the features of these lesions in mixed population countries. The epidemiologic profile, clinical stage at presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with eyelid malignancies were assessed, in order to better understand the features of these lesions in a multi-ethnic country. The medical records of patients who underwent eyelid tumor excision in a tertiary service in Brazil, from 2014 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. It was recorded for each patient: age, gender, time of onset, location, diagnosis, management, and follow-up. The medical records of 298 patients who presented with eyelid tumors were evaluated and 67 (22.4%) were malignant. The mean age of patients with malignancies was 52.93 years and 50% were male. Basal cell carcinoma was the most prevalent (61.2%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (29.9%) and sebaceous gland carcinoma (3%). The average time it took from appearance to surgical treatment was 3 years; the lower eyelid was the most affected for both basal cell carcinoma and SCC; 70% of SCCs were locally invasive at presentation and metastasis occurred in 15%. Basal cell carcinoma was the most common eyelid malignancy observed, however, its frequency was lower when compared to other western countries. The advanced stage at presentation may reflect the lack of education of the population to seek early care, and the lack of specialized tertiary centers in remote areas, resulting in delayed diagnosis.
Use of Dorsal Nasal Flap in Combination With Nasolabial Perforator Propeller Flap for Reconstruction of Nasal Skin Defects of Medium to Large Size; A Simpler Alternative to Frontal Flap
Authors: Demiröz Anil , Yildiz Tuğba Feryal , Öner Mehmet Beşir , Ercan Alp , Karatan Berrak , Kömürcü Hasan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Nasal reconstruction is one of the most challenging procedures in plastic surgery. To get optimal aesthetic and functional results, the surgeon should know all the options well. Forehead flap is the gold standard technique for closure of medium to large defects of the nose. Although it provides a very good color and texture match, it may become a difficult option in patients with poor condition. The aim of this study was to define a simpler technique for nasal reconstruction using combined local flaps.
Twelve patients, operated using a dorsal nasal flap combined with a nasolabial perforator propeller flap, were presented in the study. Properties of the patients, defect size and locations, and complications were evaluated.
The mean size of the reconstructed defects was 10.1 cm2. No flap loss was observed. Venous congestion was the most common complication and resolved spontaneously in all cases. Two cases had partial distal necrosis, which also healed spontaneously.
Closure was achieved successfully in all cases with a medium to large nasal defect using a combined dorsal nasal flap and nasolabial perforator propeller flap. This method can be used as an alternative to forehead flap.
Double Eyelid Blepharoplasty With Palpebral Margin Incision in Asian Eyelids
Authors: Yang Xuan , Gu Zichun , Li Hua , Wang Zhengcai , Cai Jiaqin , Ma Jingjing 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Double eyelid surgery is the most common plastic surgery in Asian women. The traditional full-incision method is widely used but leaves scars in the upper eyelid creases that are obvious when the eyes are closed, especially in Asians. Although the buried-suture method leaves no scars on the eyelids, it cannot be used to remove excess tissues or correct ptosis, which are common in Asian eyelids. Therefore, a palpebral margin incision technique has been developed. The aims of this study are to popularize this technology by presenting our clinical results of the palpebral margin incision technique and sharing our experience in details.

Methods:
This technique consists of 3 distinctive aspects:

Results:
This technique was performed in 112 Asian female patients, including 101 with a skin excision and 11 with no skin excision. The follow-up period was 1 year. Most (98.2%) of the patients gave good evaluations, reporting perfect curves of the upper eyelid folds and bilateral symmetry. No significant complications or apparent scarring occurred in any patients.

Conclusions:
The palpebral margin incision technique has even broader indications than the traditional full-incision method and overcomes the disadvantages of traditional full-incision methods such as visible scars when the eyes are closed and damage to the vasoganglion and lymphatic capillary net, resulting in severe swelling. This method is suitable for patients of any age with any type of eyelid and can achieve a natural and stably lasting double eyelid and more desired cosmetic effect.
Pediatric Facial Fractures in South Australia: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes
Authors: Diab Jason , Flapper Walter J. , Grave Benjamin , Anderson Peter J. , Moore Mark H. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction:
Facial fractures of children are relatively infrequent compared to adults. There are variations in facial fractures depending on the socioeconomic, cultural, and educational factors of the country and time. Our aim is to describe epidemiological trends of facial fractures in the pediatric population, understand differences amongst the age groups, and the impact this has on clinical outcomes and management in South Australia.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted from January 2012 to January 2017 at the Women and Children's Hosptial, Adelaide. All facial fractures of children, aged 16 years and below, that attended or were referred to the unit were included in this study.

Results:
A total of 265 pediatric patients presented with a facial fracture with a male predominance. Some 49.1% occurred from a sports-related injury with bicycle motocross as the single most common type of sport. The mandible was the common fracture type with 21.9% of the total cohort having an associated injury. There were significant differences between boys and girls for age, age groups, mechanism of injury, and type of sport (P < 0.05). Boys were 2.3 times more likely to have a sport-related facial fracture than girls. Early adolescence were 5.2 times more likely to have an orbitozygomatic fracture than children of early childhood (P < 0.05). Age, associated injuries, and sport-related facial fractures were independently associated with increased length of stay (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
There are differences amongst boys and girls and an understanding of these differences can aid the diagnosis and management in a growing child's face.
Quadrant Excision of Benign Lesions: A Prospective Outcome Study of Pediatric Patients
Authors: Sepehripour Sarvnaz , Lloyd Mark S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Serial excision is a commonly used technique for the excision of large lesions. The procedure in children is challenging due to different skin quality and unpredictable scar patterns compared to adults. Quadrant excision is a modification of serial excision. The authors report quadrant excisions in 3 pediatric cases with facial congenital melanocytic naevi in aesthetically challenging areas. Based on our results we recommend the use of this technique in similar cases.
The Surgical Treatment of Robin Sequence: Neonatal Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis in the Unfavorable Patient
Authors: Shen Chen , Wang Maxime M. , Eisemann Bradley T. , Rodriguez Alcibiades J. , Rickert Scott M. , Flores Roberto L. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction:
Neonates with severe Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) can be treated by mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO), tongue-lip adhesion, or tracheostomy; however, there is an active debate regarding the indications of MDO in this patient population. Published algorithms identify tracheomalacia, bronchomalacia, laryngomalacia, hypotonic syndromes, and central sleep apnea as contraindications for MDO and indications for tracheostomy, but these comorbidities may exist along a spectrum of severity. The authors propose that appropriately selected neonates with PRS who concurrently express 1 or more of these traditional contraindications may be successfully treated with MDO.

Methods:
The authors performed a 5-year retrospective chart review of all neonates who underwent MDO for treatment of severe PRS. All patients expressed a comorbidity previously identified as an indication for tracheostomy. Pre- and postoperative characteristics were recorded. Apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) before and after MDO were compared using 2-tailed repeated measures t-test.

Results:
The authors identified 12 patients with severe PRS and conditions associated with contraindications to MDO: 9 (75.0%) patients had laryngomalacia, 6 (50.0%) patients had tracheomalacia, 2 (16.6%) patients had bronchomalacia, 1 (8.3%) patient had central sleep apnea, and 3 (25.0%) patients had hypotonia. Five (41.7%) patients underwent concurrent gastrostomy tube placement due to feeding insufficiency. Average birthweight was 3.0 kg. Average pre-op AHI was 34.8. Average post-op AHI was 7.3. All patients successfully underwent MDO with avoidance of tracheostomy.

Conclusions:
By employing an interdisciplinary evaluation of patient candidacy, MDO can safely and effectively treat upper airway obstruction and avoid tracheostomy in higher-risk neonatal patients with traditional indications for tracheostomy.
Using 3D Printing and Mirror Image Modeling in Orbital Floor Reconstruction
Authors: Akiki Ronald K. , Jehle Charles C. , Crozier Joseph , Woo Albert S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) modeling and printing technologies are increasingly utilized as tools to assist in complex craniofacial reconstructions. Herein, the authors report the intraoperative use of sterilized 3D models printed in-house to mold a custom resorbable implant in the case of a pediatric patient with a unilateral complex orbital fracture. The imaging was processed with open-source software. Two patient-specific orbital models were 3D-printed (Fig. 2): a life-size print of the patient's preoperative CT scan and a left orbit reconstructed to resemble its uninjured state using mirrored-imaging of the uninjured side. This construct ultimately served as a sterilized template to mold a resorbable implant intraoperatively. Post-operatively, the patient experienced no complications. At the 18-month follow-up, the patient had done well without diplopia, headaches or visual problems. The authors report a case of a successful orbit reconstruction assisted by mirrored-image computer modeling and patient-specific 3D printing.
Ultrasound Diagnosis of Prenatal Cleft Lip: How Does Its Accuracy Affect the Family?
Authors: Sasson Daniel C. , Rokni Alex M. , Shah Nikhil D. , Yuksel Selcen S. , Park Eugene , Gosain Arun K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Factors impacting the accuracy of ultrasound (US) diagnosis of cleft lip (CL) and its subsequent effect on parents are not well understood. Our objectives were to evaluate how the type of CL (complete versus incomplete) and associated cleft palate affect the accuracy of CL's prenatal diagnosis and to evaluate differences between parents’ perception of prenatal US in cases of true-positive versus false-negative results. The authors performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent repair for nonsyndromic CL following prenatal US. Patients were stratified by type of CL and associated cleft palate. Parents were called to determine if their child's CL was diagnosed via US and their perception of the results. Forty-seven children with complete and 40 with incomplete CL responded to phone calls. The presence of a complete CL (P = 0.001) and an associated cleft palate (P = 0.014) were independently associated with an increased likelihood of prenatal diagnosis. Parents who received a true-positive prenatal diagnosis of CL were more satisfied than those who received a false-negative diagnosis (P = 0.0063). True-positives perceived knowing of their child's diagnosis in advance to be more helpful than false-negatives believed it would have been. These results afford an improved context to interpret US studies and help physicians provide more informed prenatal counseling.
The Silicone Turkish Delight for Dorsal Augmentation in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Richardson Sunil , Khandeparker Rakshit Vijay Sinai , Dhara Vasantha , Diwaker Meghali 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Rhinoplasties are the most challenging facial aesthetic procedures with the majority of the cases requiring dorsal augmentation either in the form of autogenous or alloplastic materials. Although autogenous grafts are the gold standard, these grafts have their innate issues such as donor site morbidity, occasional displacement, resorption, tendency to warp or develop sharp edges over time with increased perceptibility and clinical visibility of the graft with time. These issues were addressed by Erol in 2000 who advocated the use of finely diced autologous cartilage wrapped in a monolayer of surgical and termed it Turkish delight. This technique has been extensively modified by surgeons across the world with an attempt to forgo the use of autogenous grafts preventing donor site morbidity and replacing it with alloplastic materials. Silicon's inert nature, resorption resistance, absence of a secondary surgical site and economical value make it a widely utilized allograft augmentation option in Asian countries. The authors hereby present a modification of the original Turkish delight technique by utilizing diced silicone pieces amalgamated with 1 to 2 ml of autologous blood and wrapped in monolayer of surgicel (oxidized cellulose). The technique produced clinically stable results in 27 patients who were followed up for a period of 24 to 60 months (average 30 months). Improved pliability, negated risk of graft extrusion with no donor site morbidity are the key advantages of this technique over conventional autologous grafts and silicon block augmentation techniques. These results point towards the viability of the technique for performing dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty.