bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early life predictors of late life cerebral small vessel disease in four prospective cohort studies
Authors: Backhouse Ellen V , Shenkin Susan D , McIntosh Andrew M , Bastin Mark E , Whalley Heather C , Valdez Hernandez Maria , Muñoz Maniega Susana , Harris Mathew A , Stolicyn Aleks , Campbell Archie , Steele Douglas , Waiter Gordon D , Sandu Anca-Larisa , Waymont Jennifer M J , Murray Alison D , Cox Simon R , de Rooij Susanne R , Roseboom Tessa J , Wardlaw Joanna M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Development of cerebral small vessel disease, a major cause of stroke and dementia, may be influenced by early life factors. It is unclear whether these relationships are independent of each other, of adult socio-economic status or of vascular risk factor exposures.
We examined associations between factors from birth (ponderal index, birth weight), childhood (IQ, education, socio-economic status), adult small vessel disease, and brain volumes, using data from four prospective cohort studies: STratifying Resilience And Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) (n = 1080; mean age = 59 years); the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort (n = 118; mean age = 68 years); the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936; n = 617; mean age = 73 years), and the Simpson’s cohort (n = 110; mean age = 78 years). We analysed each small vessel disease feature individually and summed to give a total small vessel disease score (range 1–4) in each cohort separately, then in meta-analysis, adjusted for vascular risk factors and adult socio-economic status.
Higher birth weight was associated with fewer lacunes [odds ratio (OR) per 100 g = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.88 to 0.99], fewer infarcts (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.99), and fewer perivascular spaces (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91 to 0.99). Higher childhood IQ was associated with lower white matter hyperintensity burden (OR per IQ point = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 0.998), fewer infarcts (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97 to 0.998), fewer lacunes (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97 to 0.999), and lower total small vessel disease burden (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96 to 0.999). Low education was associated with more microbleeds (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.33 to 2.72) and lower total brain volume (mean difference = −178.86 cm3, 95% CI = −325.07 to −32.66). Low childhood socio-economic status was associated with fewer lacunes (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.95).
Early life factors are associated with worse small vessel disease in later life, independent of each other, vascular risk factors and adult socio-economic status. Risk for small vessel disease may originate in early life and provide a mechanistic link between early life factors and risk of stroke and dementia. Policies investing in early child development may improve lifelong brain health and contribute to the prevention of dementia and stroke in older age.
Oral Fluoroquinolone Use and the Risk of Acute Liver Injury: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Nibell Olof , Svanström Henrik , Inghammar Malin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Antibiotics are considered to be among the most frequent causes of drug-related acute liver injury (ALI). Although many ALIs have mild and reversible clinical outcomes, there is substantial risk of severe reactions leading to acute liver failure, need for liver transplant, and death. Recent studies have raised concerns of hepatotoxic potential related to the use of fluoroquinolones.

Methods
This study examined the risk of ALI associated with oral fluoroquinolone treatment compared with amoxicillin (419 930 courses, propensity score matched 1:1). The information on drug use was collected from a national, registry-based cohort derived from all Swedish adults aged 40–85 years.

Results
During a follow-up period of 60 days, users of oral fluoroquinolones had a &gt;2-fold risk of ALI compared to users of amoxicillin (hazard ratio, 2.32 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.01–5.35). The adjusted absolute risk difference for use of fluoroquinolones as compared to amoxicillin was 4.94 (95% CI, .04–16.3) per 1 million episodes.

Conclusions
In this propensity score–matched study, fluoroquinolone treatment was associated with an increased risk of ALI in the first 2 months after starting treatment.
Diuretic vs. placebo in intermediate-risk acute pulmonary embolism: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Lim Pascal , Delmas Clément , Sanchez Olivier , Meneveau Nicolas , Rosario Roger , Bouvaist Helene , Bernard Anne , Mansourati Jacques , Couturaud Francis , Sebbane Mustapha , Coste Pierre , Rohel Gwenole , Tardy Bernard , Biendel Caroline , Lairez Olivier , Ivanes Fabrice , Gallet Romain , Dubois-Rande Jean-Luc , Fard Damien , Chatelier Gilles , Simon Tabassome , Paul Muriel , Natella Pierre-André , Layese Richard , Bastuji-Garin Sylvie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aims
The role of diuretics in patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) is controversial. In this multicentre, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned normotensive patients with intermediate-risk PE to receive either a single 80 mg bolus of furosemide or a placebo.

Methods and results
Eligible patients had at least a simplified PE Severity Index (sPESI) ≥1 with right ventricular dysfunction. The primary efficacy endpoint assessed 24 h after randomization included (i) absence of oligo-anuria and (ii) normalization of all sPESI items. Safety outcomes were worsening renal function and major adverse outcomes at 48 hours defined by death, cardiac arrest, mechanical ventilation, or need of catecholamine. A total of 276 patients underwent randomization; 135 were assigned to receive the diuretic, and 141 to receive the placebo. The primary outcome occurred in 68/132 patients (51.5%) in the diuretic and in 49/132 (37.1%) in the placebo group (relative risk = 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.61; P = 0.021). Major adverse outcome at 48 h occurred in 1 (0.8%) patients in the diuretic group and 4 patients (2.9%) in the placebo group (P = 0.19). Increase in serum creatinine level was greater in diuretic than placebo group [+4 µM/L (−2; 14) vs. −1 µM/L (−11; 6), P &lt; 0.001].

Conclusion
In normotensive patients with intermediate-risk PE, a single bolus of furosemide improved the primary efficacy outcome at 24 h and maintained stable renal function. In the furosemide group, urine output increased, without a demonstrable improvement in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, or arterial oxygenation.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02268903.
Aortic dissection and ruptures in adult congenital heart disease in Texas from 2009 to 2019
Authors: Well Andrew , Mizrahi Michelle , Johnson Gregory , Patt Hanoch , Fraser Charles D , Mery Carlos M , Beckerman Ziv 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Acute thoracic aortic dissection and rupture (TADR) has an incidence of 5–7 per 100 000-person years. Today, most children with congenital heart disease (CHD) survive to become adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). This study evaluates TADR in patients with ACHD in a large, hospitalized patient population over 11 years to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and outcomes associated with TADR.

METHODS
This was a retrospective review of the Texas Inpatient Discharge Data Set from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2019. All non-trauma discharges of patients ≥18 years were included. ACHD discharges were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD-9)/10 diagnosis codes. TADR were identified using 2 definitions: TADR1 is an ICD-9/10 code for TADR, and TADR2 is TADR1 with an ICD-9/10 procedure code for aortic intervention. Descriptive, univariate and logistic regression statistics were used.

RESULTS
A total of 22 154 664 eligible discharges were identified, of which 12 584 (0.06%) were TADR1 and a subgroup of 5699 (0.03%) were TADR2. CHD was more prevalent in TADR1 (0.2% vs 0.05%; P &lt; 0.001) and TADR2 (0.3% vs 0.04%; P &lt; 0.001). Adjusting for known TADR risk factors, CHD had an odds ratio of 1.69 (95% confidence interval: 1.09–2.63; P = 0.020) for TADR1 and an odds ratio of 1.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.99–2.88; P = 0.056) for TADR2. No in-hospital deaths were found in patients with CHD with TADR.

CONCLUSIONS
ACHD discharges had a higher frequency of TADR versus the general population (0.9–1.2 vs 0.3–0.6 per 1000 discharges). There is an indication that CHD confers an increased adjusted odds of TADR. As the ACHD population continues to grow in number as well as age, it will be important to continue to assess the risk of TADR from CHD and how traditional risk factors impact this risk.
‘I’m not an anti-vaxer!’—vaccine hesitancy among physicians: a qualitative study
Authors: Ecker Franziska , Kutalek Ruth 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Over the last years, research interest in vaccine hesitancy has increased. Studies usually focus on perceptions of parents and have largely neglected the group of health care providers. However, doctors’ notions on vaccination have a major impact on the decision-making process of their patients. We were interested to understand the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy among physicians, with a particular focus on the measles vaccine. Furthermore, we aimed to understand the underlying perceptions of measles that may be associated with vaccine hesitant decisions.

Methods
In order to get an in-depth view, semi-structured interviews with physicians were conducted. Doctors were eligible for the study if they articulated vaccine hesitant views and/or demonstrated vaccine hesitancy in their medical practice.

Results
We interviewed 12 physicians, of whom 11 had a medical practice with no contract with the Austrian social insurance (‘Wahlarzt’) and additional training in complementary and alternative medicine. We found perceptions of immunology, health and illness that were discordant with evidence-based medicine and closely related to alternative and complementary medicine. All participants argued for a delayed administration of the measles vaccine. We found a consistent inclination towards ‘individual vaccination’, which was explained as empowering parents and to strengthen their decision-making competencies. Most participants expressed doubts about the reliability of vaccine studies and were concerned with possible long-term effects.

Conclusions
Paying closer attention to doctors’ concerns on vaccination might help to design target-oriented interventions to specifically strengthen vaccine confidence.
Age-Friendly as Tranquilo Ambiente: How Sociocultural Perspectives Shape the Lived Environment of Latinx Older Adults
Authors: Plasencia Melanie Z 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesResearchers have increasingly considered the importance of age-friendly communities to improve the health and well-being of older adults. Studies have primarily focused on the built environment, such as community infrastructure, older adult behavior, and environmental expectations. Less is known about the role of cultural characteristics in shaping perceptions of age-friendly environments, especially among racial and ethnic minorities.Research Design and MethodsUsing an ethnographic methodological approach, including participant observation in a Latinx community near New York City and 72 semistructured interviews, this study examines how older Latinxs characterize age-friendly communities.ResultsLatinx older adults described their community as age-friendly through the concept Tranquilo Ambiente, translated as a calm or peaceful environment. More specifically, Tranquilo Ambiente includes (a) a sense of perceived personal safety, (b) ethnic and social connectedness, and (c) spatial and cultural accessibility.Discussion and ImplicationsThis study extends prior research that has largely considered structural or economic components to show how culture may also influence the well-being of older Latinxs, even if living in an underresourced area. The concept of Tranquilo Ambiente demonstrates that both structural and cultural environmental factors influence older Latinxs’ understandings of age-friendly communities. By utilizing a sociocultural lens, this research highlights how Latinx older adults benefit from an environment that supports their physical (e.g., well-lit and newly paved streets), social (e.g., city hall senior center), and cultural (e.g., events and programs that promote cultural heritage) needs.
The 2021 Historical Research lecture: Historians, accountabilities and judgement
Authors: Jordanova Ludmilla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Accountability’ may be a useful notion for reflecting on historians’ responsibilities, not just to students and peers but to their audiences, to ideas and to the past itself. The roles historians play in public life are of considerable interest given current controversies about ‘contested heritage’ that are strikingly polarized, with the lives of historical figures in the dock. To assess such roles, it is worth making comparisons with the situation a century ago, when the Institute of Historical Research was in its infancy. Furthermore, it may be productive to enlist the help of other disciplines. All such practices involve matters of judgement.
Four Lives, Two Cars, and a Colony
Authors: Lewis Su Lin , Bickers Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Prompted by the closure of archives and new ways of working during lockdown, Su Lin Lewis and Robert Bickers find an unexpected intersection in their own family histories. Photographs of their grandparents were taken a decade and a hundred miles apart but betray parallel histories of migration, war, and social aspiration amid the decolonization of Malaya and the birth of a new Malaysia. The car is a symbol of social mobility both forwards and up, in a colony whose wealth of natural resources helped fuel the postwar explosion of the global middle class. This piece reminds us that even when we are confined to our homes, with albums as our archives, we can also find new possibilities in the banality of everyday social histories, perhaps richer when woven together.
Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 After Infection or Vaccination in Children and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Dailey Joelynn , Kozhaya Lina , Dogan Mikail , Hopkins Dena , Lapin Blaine , Herbst Katherine , Brimacombe Michael , Grandonico Kristen , Karabacak Fatih , Schreiber John , Liang Bruce Tsan-Liang , Salazar Juan C , Unutmaz Derya , Hyams Jeffrey S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Characterization of neutralization antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving biologic therapies is crucial.

Methods
We performed a prospective longitudinal cohort study evaluating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (S-RBD) IgG positivity along with consistent clinical symptoms in patients with IBD receiving infliximab or vedolizumab. Serum was also obtained following immunization with approved vaccines. The IgG antibody to the spike protein binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 was assayed with a fluorescent bead-based immunoassay that takes advantage of the high dynamic range of fluorescent molecules using flow cytometry. A sensitive and high-throughput neutralization assay that incorporates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein onto a lentivirus and measures pseudoviral entry into ACE2-angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expressing human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells was used.

Results
There were 436 patients enrolled (mean age, 17 years, range 2–26 years; 58% male; 71% Crohn’s disease, 29% ulcerative colitis, IBD-unspecified). Forty-four (10%) of enrolled subjects had SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG antibodies. Compared to non-IBD adults (ambulatory) and hospitalized pediatric patients with PCR documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, S-RBD IgG antibody levels were significantly lower in the IBD cohort and by 6 months post infection most patients lacked neutralizing antibody. Following vaccination (n = 33), patients had a 15-fold higher S-RBD antibody response in comparison with natural infection, and all developed neutralizing antibodies to both wild type and variant SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions
The lower and less durable SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG response to natural infection in IBD patients receiving biologics puts them at risk of reinfection. The robust response to immunization is likely protective.
Reduced mortality during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan, 2020: a two-stage interrupted time-series design
Authors: Onozuka Daisuke , Tanoue Yuta , Nomura Shuhei , Kawashima Takayuki , Yoneoka Daisuke , Eguchi Akifumi , Ng Chris Fook Sheng , Matsuura Kentaro , Shi Shoi , Makiyama Koji , Uryu Shinya , Kawamura Yumi , Takayanagi Shinichi , Gilmour Stuart , Hayashi Takehiko I , Miyata Hiroaki , Sera Francesco , Sunagawa Tomimasa , Takahashi Takuri , Tsuchihashi Yuuki , Kobayashi Yusuke , Arima Yuzo , Kanou Kazuhiko , Suzuki Motoi , Hashizume Masahiro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a major global health burden. This study aims to estimate the all-cause excess mortality occurring in the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan, 2020, by sex and age group.

Methods
Daily time series of mortality for the period January 2015–December 2020 in all 47 prefectures of Japan were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. A two-stage interrupted time-series design was used to calculate excess mortality. In the first stage, we estimated excess mortality by prefecture using quasi-Poisson regression models in combination with distributed lag non-linear models, adjusting for seasonal and long-term variations, weather conditions and influenza activity. In the second stage, we used a random-effects multivariate meta-analysis to synthesize prefecture-specific estimates at the nationwide level.

Results
In 2020, we estimated an all-cause excess mortality of −20 982 deaths [95% empirical confidence intervals (eCI): −38 367 to −5472] in Japan, which corresponded to a percentage excess of −1.7% (95% eCI: −3.1 to −0.5) relative to the expected value. Reduced deaths were observed for both sexes and in all age groups except those aged &lt;60 and 70–79 years.

Conclusions
All-cause mortality during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan in 2020 was decreased compared with a historical baseline. Further evaluation of cause-specific excess mortality is warranted.
A global assessment of distance pharmacy education amid COVID-19: teaching, assessment and experiential training
Authors: Alzubaidi Hamzah , Jirjees Feras Jassim , Franson Kari L , Saidawi Ward , Othman Amna M , Rabeeah Zainab H , Al-Obaidi Hala Jehad , Hatahet Taher , Caliph Suzanne 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To explore pharmacy colleges’ experiences and challenges worldwide with the transition to online teaching during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods
From the six World Health Organization regions, 28 countries with the highest number of COVID-19 cases were identified, and 111 pharmacy colleges were randomly selected from these countries. Two online surveys were sent to faculty members and senior administrators. They assessed changes in teaching and learning, experiential training, assessment, readiness for and challenges with distance e-learning and work-related stress.

Key findings
Data were collected from 46 colleges. The majority (80.4%) of colleges transitioned to distance e-learning. On-site experiential training was discontinued in 55.5% of colleges and 25.0% redesigned on-site training into remote learning experiences. Assessments were modified in 75.9% of colleges. Assuring the integrity of assessments and delivering practical classes were the most prominent faculty challenges. The majority of faculty (75.0%) and administrators (61.9%) reported moderate work-related stress. Nevertheless, most academics felt that they received adequate support from their institutions and had positive perceptions of the transition to distance e-learning during the pandemic.

Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic required drastic changes for most programs’ teaching methods. Our results showed that educational institutions were somewhat able to support faculty and the needs of educational programs were largely met. However, academic rigour and provision of experiential training can be improved. Faculty emotional support and training needs were not fully addressed in these difficult times. These results shed light on how the global pharmacy academy has addressed the COVID-19 pandemic and help rethink crisis response models.
A low-order divergence-free H(div)-conforming finite element method for Stokes flows
Authors: Li Xu , Rui Hongxing 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a ${\textbf{P}_{1}^{c}}\oplus{RT0}-P0$ discretization of the Stokes equations on general simplicial meshes in two/three dimensions, which yields an exactly divergence-free and pressure-independent velocity approximation with optimal order. Our method has the following features. First, the global number of the degrees of freedom (DOFs) of our method is the same as the low-order Bernardi and Raugel ($B$-$R$) finite element method (Bernardi & Raugel, 1985, Analysis of some finite elements for the Stokes problem. Math. Comp., 44, 71–79), while the number of the nonzero entries of the former is about half of the latter in the velocity–velocity region of the coefficient matrix. Secondly, the ${\textbf{P}_{1}^{c}}$ component of the velocity, the $RT0$ component of the velocity and the pressure seem to solve a popular ${\textbf{P}_{1}^{c}}-{RT0}-P0$ discretization of a poroelastic-type system formally. Finally, our method can be easily transformed into a pressure-robust and stabilized ${\textbf{P}_{1}^{c}}-P0$ discretization for the Stokes problem via the static condensation of the $RT0$ component, which has a much smaller number of global DOFs. Numerical experiments illustrating the robustness of our method are also provided.
Quantifying Ethanol in Ethanol-Based Hand Sanitizers by Headspace Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (HS-GC/FID)
Authors: Costa Bruno Ruiz Brandão da , Haddad Lohanna Pereira El , Caleffo Piva Bigão Vítor Luiz , Martinis Bruno Spinosa De 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic sharply increased the demand for ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers, leading to a shortage of these products. Consequently, regulatory health agencies worldwide have altered their regulatory guidelines on ethanol quality to meet this high demand, raising concerns about product quality.

Objective
The aim of this study was to quantify ethanol content and to qualitatively assess common impurities in ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers by headspace (HS) gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID).

Methods
To quantify the ethanol content, 0.10 g of the sample was weighed in a 20 mL HS vial and 5 mL of deionized water was added. Regarding the qualitative approach, 0.25 g of the sample was weighed and 4 mL of deionized water was added. The samples were incubated and then 400 µL of the HS was injected into the GC/FID. Forty-eight products purchased in Brazil were analyzed.

Results
Thirteen products presented at least one nonconformity regarding the ethanol quantity. Two samples presented an average ethanol concentration below the lower limit considered effective. Twelve samples presented acetaldehyde or ethyl acetate.

Conclusion
The huge demand for ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers may have impacted their quality. Because concern with proper hand hygiene tends to remain an issue for a long period, more studies about quality control of hand sanitizers will be needed.

Highlights
A simple and fast HS-GC/FID method to quantify ethanol in ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers was developed, validated, and applied to commercial samples in Brazil. The regulatory authorities must be more vigilant to ensure that the commercially available products meet the recommended specifications.