bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms related to its use and misuse
Authors: Schenk Susan , Highgate Quenten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMethylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine analogue that preferentially stimulates the release of serotonin (5HT) and results in relatively small increases in synaptic dopamine (DA). The ratio of drug‐stimulated increases in synaptic DA, relative to 5HT, predicts the abuse liability; drugs with higher DA:5HT ratios are more likely to be abused. Nonetheless, MDMA is a drug that is misused. Clinical and preclinical studies have suggested that repeated MDMA exposure produces neuroadaptive responses in both 5HT and DA neurotransmission that might explain the development and maintenance of MDMA self‐administration in some laboratory animals and the development of a substance use disorder in some humans. In this paper, we describe the research that has demonstrated an inhibitory effect of 5HT on the acquisition of MDMA self‐administration and the critical role of DA in the maintenance of MDMA self‐administration in laboratory animals. We then describe the circuitry and 5HT receptors that are positioned to modulate DA activity and review the limited research on the effects of MDMA exposure on these receptor mechanisms.image
Central actions of insulin during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Ladyman Sharon R. , Brooks Virginia L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPregnancy and lactation are highly metabolically demanding states. Maternal glucose is a key fuel source for the growth and development of the fetus, as well as for the production of milk during lactation. Hence, the maternal body undergoes major adaptations in the systems regulating glucose homeostasis to cope with the increased demand for glucose. As part of these changes, insulin levels are elevated during pregnancy and lower in lactation. The increased insulin secretion during pregnancy plays a vital role in the periphery; however, the potential effects of increased insulin action in the brain have not been widely investigated. In this review, we consider the impact of pregnancy on brain access and brain levels of insulin. Moreover, we explore the hypothesis that pregnancy is associated with site‐specific central insulin resistance that is adaptive, allowing for the increases in peripheral insulin secretion without the consequences of increased central and peripheral insulin functions, such as to stimulate glucose uptake into maternal tissues or to inhibit food intake. Conversely, the loss of central insulin actions may impair other functions, such as insulin control of the autonomic nervous system. The potential role of low insulin in facilitating adaptive responses to lactation, such as hyperphagia and suppression of reproductive function, are also discussed. We end the review with a list of key research questions requiring resolution.
Genetic basis of susceptibility to low‐dose paraquat and variation between the sexes in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Lovejoy Pamela C. , Foley Kate E. , Conti Melissa M. , Meadows Samantha M. , Bishop Christopher , Fiumera Anthony C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractToxicant resistance is a complex trait, affected both by genetics and the environment. Like most complex traits, it can exhibit sexual dimorphism, yet sex is often overlooked as a factor in studies of toxicant resistance. Paraquat, one such toxicant, is a commonly used herbicide and is known to produce mitochondrial oxidative stress, decrease dopaminergic neurons and dopamine (DA) levels, and decrease motor ability. While the main effects of paraquat are well‐characterized, less is known about the naturally occurring variation in paraquat susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to map the genes contributing to low‐dose paraquat susceptibility in Drosophila melanogaster, and to determine if susceptibility differs between the sexes. One hundred of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) lines were scored for susceptibility via climbing ability and used in a genome‐wide association study (GWAS). Variation in seventeen genes in females and thirty‐five genes in males associated with paraquat susceptibility. Only two candidate genes overlapped between the sexes despite a significant positive correlation between male and female susceptibilities. Many associated polymorphisms had significant interactions with sex, with most having conditionally neutral effects. Conditional neutrality between the sexes probably stems from sex‐biased expression which may result from partial resolution of sexual conflict. Candidate genes were verified with RNAi knockdowns, gene expression analyses, and DA quantification. Several of these genes are novel associations with paraquat susceptibility. This research highlights the importance of assessing both sexes when studying toxicant susceptibility.
Direct Anterior Approach in Lateral Decubitus Position Versus Supine Position for Unilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study
Authors: Zhao Wenbo , Li Shanwu , Yin Yi , Wang Zhiqiang , Sun Guanjun , Peng Xu , Lan Jiaping , Ye Yongjie 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical efficacy of the direct anterior approach in lateral decubitus position (L‐DAA) and supine position (S‐DAA) for unilateral total hip arthroplasty.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on 89 patients who underwent primary unilateral total hip arthroplasty in our department between August 2016 and December 2017. There were 46 patients who underwent L‐DAA and 43 patients who underwent S‐DAA. The body mass index (BMI), operation time, blood loss, preoperative Hb, first day and third day postoperative Hb, incision length, hospital stay, preoperative and postoperative Harris score, preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, radiological evaluation, intraoperative and postoperative complication, postoperative absolute length difference of lower extremity were recorded and analyzed. P < 0.05 was set as the significant difference.ResultsAll patients were followed up for 8–23 months, with an average of 15.6 months. No significant differences were found in preoperative and postoperative Harris scores, preoperative Hb, incision lengths, radiological evaluations, preoperative and postoperative VAS scores, and hospital stay (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were detected in BMI, blood loss, first day and third day postoperative Hb, and operation time (P < 0.05). There were no postoperative complications in the L‐DAA and S‐DAA groups. During the operation, two cases of proximal femoral fracture occurred in the L‐DAA group, four in the S‐DAA group, and the difference was statistically significant. There were significant differences found in the postoperative absolute length difference of lower extremity between the two groups.ConclusionCompared with the S‐DAA approach, the L‐DAA approach had the advantages of shorter operation time and less blood loss. Compared with S‐DAA, it was easier to expose the proximal femur, and lower BMI was required in L‐DAA. However, it was more difficult to compare the length of both lower extremities in the L‐DAA approach than in the S‐DAA approach.
Tinea corporis incognito due to Microsporum Gypseum: Report of eight cases in children
Authors: Starace Michela , Carpanese Miriam Anna , Alessandrini Aurora , Piraccini Bianca Maria , Patrizi Annalisa , Neri Iria 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicrosporum gypseum is a geophilic saprophyte for which soil is the natural habitat. Tinea corporis caused by Microsporum gypseum is rare and usually occurs after direct contact with the soil or healthy carrier animals. We present a case series of eight children with tinea corporis caused by M gypseum, with unusual clinic presentations mimicking dermatitis.
Time Matters: How Default Resolution Times Impact Final Loss Rates
Authors: Betz Jennifer , Kellner Ralf , Rösch Daniel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Using access to a unique bank loss database, we find positive dependencies of default resolution times (DRTs) of defaulted bank loan contracts and final loan loss rates (losses given default, LGDs). Due to this interconnection, LGD predictions made at the time of default and during resolution are subject to censoring. Pure (standard) LGD models are not able to capture effects of censoring. Accordingly, their LGD predictions may be biased and underestimate loss rates of defaulted loans. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian hierarchical modelling framework for DRTs and LGDs. In comparison to previous approaches, we derive final DRT estimates for loans in default which enables consistent LGD predictions conditional on the time in default. Furthermore, adequate unconditional LGD predictions can be derived. The proposed method is applicable to duration processes in general where the final outcomes depend on the duration of the process and are affected by censoring. By this means, we avoid bias of parameter estimates to ensure adequate predictions.
Functional central limit theorems for persistent Betti numbers on cylindrical networks
Authors: Krebs Johannes , Hirsch Christian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe study functional central limit theorems for persistent Betti numbers obtained from networks defined on a Poisson point process. The limit is formed in large volumes of cylindrical shape stretching only in one dimension. The results cover a directed sublevel‐filtration for stabilizing networks and the Čech and Vietoris–Rips complex on the random geometric graph. The presented functional central limit theorems open the door to a variety of statistical applications in topological data analysis and we consider goodness‐of‐fit tests in a simulation study.
Efficacy of postoperative antibiotic use after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs: A systematic review
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Torres Bryan T. , Sandberg Gabriella S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveA systematic review of published data to determine whether postoperative antibiotic use after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) decreases infection rates.Study designSystematic review.MethodsA broad bibliographic search was performed in three online databases through March 2020 for publications on postoperative antibiotic use after TPLO in dogs. Search terms included dog, canine, TPLO, tibial plateau leveling osteotomy, infection, antibiotic, and antimicrobial. Articles that met inclusion criteria were evaluated for level of evidence (LoE) by a modified Oxford Level of Evidence (mOLE) and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) classification and evaluation.ResultsThirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Effect of antibiotic use was the primary question in four studies. Among those, 50% (2/4) were assigned a mOLE of 1b and a GRADE of moderate, while the other 50% (2/4) were assigned a mOLE of 4b or 4c with a GRADE of low. The two studies with the highest LoE did not provide evidence of the benefit of antibiotic usage. Results of only one study provided evidence to support the use of postoperative antibiotics. The remaining nine studies provided evaluation of antibiotic use secondarily and were all assigned a low LoE. Among these, 78% (7/9) provided evidence to support the use of postoperative antibiotics.ConclusionWe found little evidence to support the use of postoperative antibiotics to reduce the risk of surgical site infections in dogs after TPLO. The answer to this clinical question is complicated by the lack of prospective studies and inconsistent treatment protocols in the evaluated studies.Clinical significanceThe clinical impact of postoperative antibiotic administration on infection rates after TPLO is uncertain.
The Bending of Symmetrically Loaded Circular Plates of Variable Thickness
Authors: Conway H. D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This investigation was carried out with the object of obtaining a solution to the problem of a symmetrically loaded circular plate with a central hole, the thickness of the plate at any section being proportional to the distance of the section from the center of the plate. Six particular cases were investigated, and the values of the maximum stress and deflection calculated for various ratios of the external diameter of the plate to the diameter of the central hole. These values were compared with the corresponding values obtained for plates of constant thickness by A. M. Wahl and G. Lobo (1).
The Flutter of a Uniform Wing With Tip Weights
Authors: Goland Martin , Luke Y. L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Forming an extension of a previously published work (1), the present paper investigates the flutter of a uniform wing in free flight carrying a fuselage at its semispan and a weight at each wing tip. Wing-tip weights arise in practice when, for example, wing-tip fuel tanks are installed. The flutter system is studied by solving the differential equations for the wing motion. Solutions are carried out for two representative airplane configurations and the resultant speeds, frequencies, and mode shapes at flutter are compared with those obtained on the basis of conventional, Rayleigh-type flutter analyses. The methods of the original paper (1) are considerably refined, resulting in a significant reduction in the amount of labor required to effect a solution.
Vibration of a Nonlinear System During Acceleration Through Resonance
Authors: Meuser R. B. , Weibel E. E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
During acceleration of a machine through a critical speed, displacements and stresses may attain large values. For linear systems F. M. Lewis (1), and J. G. Baker (2) have studied different aspects of this problem, the former analytically, the latter by mathematical-machine methods. This paper presents a generalized solution obtained on the mechanical analyzer (3) for the effect of an accelerated sine-wave force on a spring-mass system having linear plus cubic elasticity and linear damping. The range of accelerations covered applies to electrically driven reciprocating machines and to other rapid starting units. Some interesting effects of nonlinearity on displacements and forces are pointed out.
Effect of Bending Rigidity of Stringers Upon Stress Distribution in Reinforced Monocoque Cylinder Under Concentrated Transverse Loads
Authors: Levy Robert S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Least-work analysis of stress distribution in a reinforced circular monocoque cylinder is extended to determine the effect of bending resistant stringers located at the points of application of concentrated transverse loads. Calculations for a numerical example, with applied loads diametrically opposed, indicate that neglect of stringer bending rigidity results in calculated maximum shear stresses approximately 20 per cent conservative in the fields of load application and 50 per cent unsafe in an intermediate field. Further calculations indicate that the bending rigidity of the stringer has less effect when all loads are applied at the same circumferential location. Comparison of shear stresses, calculated by the present method with strain-rosette readings, indicate good agreement.
Tensorial Analysis of Control Systems
Authors: Kron Gabriel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The equations of small oscillations superimposed upon a state of steady motion may usually be represented by a set of linear algebraic equations ZαβΔxβ = Δfα. When a complex dynamical system is given, such as a servomechanism, it is possible to establish the resultant equations by first removing all interconnections between the various amplification stages and finding the impedance matrix Zαβ of each isolated stage. The effect of their interconnection is representable by a matrix of transformation Cαα′. The impedance matrix Zα′β′ of the resultant system may be found without any physical analysis by a simple routine matrix manipulation involving Zαβ, Cαα′, its partial derivatives ∂Cαα′/∂xα and the steady-state force vector fα. (In oscillatory problems the law of transformation of the impedance matrix Zαβ is not that of a tensor.) The method is illustrated by setting up the differential equations of various types of speed-, pressure-, and position-governing systems used in central-station work.
The Effect of Size and Stored Energy on the Fracture of Tubular Specimens
Authors: Davis E. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Internal pressure tests on tubular specimens are described in this paper. Tests were run on three sizes of specimens. In one half of the tests, a high-pressure chamber was used in connection with the specimens to store additional energy in the test system. Both pure internal pressure and pure circumferential tension tests were made. The size effect as shown by the tests was negligible. The effect of the stored energy showed up only after the fracture actually started. In the high-energy tests, the extent of the fracture was much greater than in the low-energy tests.
The Interaction of Discontinuity Surfaces in Plastic Fields of Stress
Authors: Winzer Alice , Carrier G. F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A fundamental solution for problems associated with discontinuity surfaces in the field of stress has been developed by W. Prager, but the accuracy with which it approximates the stress field obtained in actual materials under the same boundary conditions has not been established. In this paper a study is made of the limited case in which the discontinuity surfaces may intersect when they separate fields of constant stress. The results may be applied to more general intersecting fields.
Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures Encountered in Gas-Turbine and Jet-Propulsion Processes
Authors: Kaye Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The presentation of data for gas mixtures on a molal basis reduces greatly the number of gas tables required for calculations of processes in a wide variety of mixtures. This simplification of the tabular data is illustrated in detail by consideration of several gas mixtures and of the processes encountered in the design of gas turbines. Three tables of products of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel with air are sufficient to permit calculations of all processes of interest, with an average error of about 0.1 per cent over a large range of hydrogen-carbon ratios of the fuel and over the range of fuel-air ratios for lean mixtures. Furthermore, these three tables may be used with the same error for calculations involving mixtures of air and octane vapor as well as for mixtures of air and water vapor.
Gyroscopic Effects on the Critical Speeds of Flexible Rotors
Authors: Green R. B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The forces and moments on rotating disks are found for the general case, and the various possible criticals of common rotor systems are determined and plotted for all degrees of gyroscopic effect. Specific examples are shown of a cantilever system, two simply supported single-disk systems, a double-disk system, and an infinite-disk system. Methods of solution are indicated for any case. The gyroscopic effect is shown for all possible ratios of shaft rotating frequency to whirl frequency.
Heat-Exchanger Tube-Sheet Design
Authors: Gardner K. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A semitheoretical method for the design of circular tube sheets is outlined based upon “deflection and ligament efficiencies.” These are roughly known from past experience with other design formulas, but experimental work is advocated for more accurate evaluation. A bayonet or U-tube sheet is considered as a modified solid plate and other types as modified solid plates on elastic foundations (the tubes themselves). Design equations are presented for both types with either simply supported or rigidly clamped boundaries.
Exergy and Energy Analysis of α-Fe2O3-Doped Al2O3 Nanocatalyst-Based Biodiesel Blends—Performance and Emission Characteristics
Authors: Anderson A. , Al-Mohaimeed Amal M. , Elshikh Mohamed Soliman , Praveenkumar T. R. , Sekar M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The current study emphasis on the engine performance and emission characteristics of rapeseed and soya biodiesel dispersion on a novel nanocatalyst at different concentrations of 25 ppm and 50 ppm. The results of this study were compared with those of conventional diesel at varying load conditions on a combustion ignition engine. An α-Fe2O3-doped Al2O3 was mixed with rapeseed biodiesel and soya biodiesel using an ultrasonicator at a frequency of 25 kHz. This study revealed that the incorporation of nanoparticles in biodiesel enhanced the performance of the blends by reducing the content of lignin and other unsaturated fatty acids. The improvement in the performance of the engine is mainly attributed to the high area-to-volume ratio of the nanocatalyst. Emissions of NOx. hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide during the combustion reaction increased significantly when nanoparticles were added at higher concentrations. Contrastingly, the emission of NOx in pure biodiesel was higher than that in conventional diesel. The addition of nanoparticles reduced CO emissions due to the presence of extra oxygen molecules and converted carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. Soya seed biodiesel blends with 50 ppm nanoparticles showed better engine performance and emission characteristics as compared with all other blends.
Annual Evaluation of a Model Predictive Controller in an Integrated Thermal-Electrical Renewable Energy System Using Clustering Technique
Authors: Narayanan Muthalagappan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Whitebox model in a model predictive controller (MPC) for energy systems, though does help in developing an accurate system model, requires a long time for optimization. In this article, an adaptation of the clustering technique used in hardware-in-the-loop testbench is proposed for evaluation of the MPC on an annual scale with selected six representative days in a year for that particular system and location. Initially, the various input parameters for clustering (algorithm, distance metric, and datapoint input dimensions) are studied for the selected thermal-electrical integrated renewable energy system (with solar thermal collectors, auxiliary gas boiler, stratified thermal storage, micro fuel cell combined heat and power (FC-CHP), photovoltaic system, a lithium-ion battery) for a Sonnenhaus standard single-family residential building. Finally, the proposed methodology is used to compare the annual derived energy values and key performance indicators (KPIs) for an MPC implementation with a status quo controller as a reference. Also, extreme exemplary weather days are investigated as the selected representative days were only average days in each season. Despite the conflict of using the FC-CHP on cold sunny days, instead of utilizing the battery and increased gas boiler energy input, a 9% increase in decentral system fraction is reported. Via the use of MPC instead of status quo controllers, the results indicate −18% space heating (SH) demand; +30% solar thermal energy production; −29% gas boiler energy supply; −52% power-to-heat thermal energy supply; −52% electrical fuel cell production; +240 kWh battery utilization; and −52% reduced grid import at the expense of 1.2% of the electrical load demand as grid import.