bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Reduction Depths of Tooth Preparation for Porcelain Laminate Veneers Assisted by Different Tooth Preparation Guides: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Gao Jing , He Jinxiu , Fan Lin , Lu Jiayi , Xie Chenyang , Yu Haiyang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the accuracy (trueness and precision) of reduction depths of guided veneer preparation assisted by four tooth preparation guides.Materials and MethodsFifty resin artificial teeth were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): a freehand group (F), silicone guide group (S), thermoplastic guide group (T), 3D printed uniform guide group (D), and 3D printed auto‐stop guide group (A). A preparation for a window veneer on the maxillary right central incisor was performed by two surgeons who used tooth preparation guides for assistance. The maxillary right central incisors were scanned before and after the preparation. The reduction depths were measured in the cervical, middle, and incisal thirds of the prepared surface, and depth maps were created using Geomagic Control X software. The accuracy of the reduction depths at each third was evaluated using both trueness and precision values. The trueness of the reduction depths was determined by calculating the mean absolute differences (MADs) compared to the planning depth, and precision was determined by the standard deviation (SD). The collected data were statistically analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and the least significant difference test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe MAD ± SD values of the reduction depths in the cervical‐third region in groups F, S, T, D, and A were 0.19 ± 0.04, 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.09 ± 0.02, 0.07 ± 0.02, and 0.05 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. In the middle‐third region, the MAD ± SD values of groups F–A were 0.19 ± 0.05, 0.13 ± 0.02, 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.06 ± 0.01, and 0.05 ± 0.01 mm. In the incisal‐third region, the MAD ± SD values were 0.27 ± 0.05, 0.16 ± 0.04, 0.11 ± 0.03, 0.07 ± 0.01, and 0.05 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Significant differences in trueness and precision values were found across different groups (F = 45.378, p = 0.000), where group F showed higher MADs than the other 4 groups (p = 0.000), and the highest MADs were detected in group S among the 4 groups in all regions (p = 0.000). Group T showed significantly higher MADs than groups D (P = 0.008) and A (p = 0.001), except in the cervical‐third region, where no significant difference was observed between groups T and D (p = 0.077). There was no significant difference between groups D and A (p = 0.148). The deviation map showed significant differences among groups (F = 15.963, p = 0.000), group T presented less deviation than group F (p = 0.000) and group S (p = 0.027) and showed more deviation than group A (p = 0.007).ConclusionTooth preparation guides provided more accuracy for veneer preparation than freehand preparation. Among the 4 guides, the 3D printed auto‐stop guide presented the lowest absolute difference (0.05 mm) and the silicone guide showed the highest absolute difference of preparation (0.12–0.16 mm).
Variations in New Zealand and Australian guidelines for the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia: A secondary analysis from the hypoglycaemia Prevention with Oral Dextrose gel Trial (hPOD)
Authors: Rajay Aakash B , Harding Jane E ,   hPOD Study Group
Published: December 2021

AimWe observed wide variation in the management of babies at risk of hypoglycaemia who participated in the hPOD (hypoglycaemia Prevention with Oral Dextrose gel) multicentre trial of prophylactic dextrose gel. The aim of this study was to identify whether this may be due to variations in the clinical guidelines used by participating hospitals.MethodsGuidelines for management of neonatal hypoglycaemia used by participating hospitals were reviewed. Recommendations regarding definition, risk factors, monitoring and treatment were compared between countries, hospital type (tertiary or secondary) and neonatal intensive care unit size (≤12 cots and >12 cots).ResultsThe 18 hospitals used 20 guidelines. The recommended diagnostic threshold for hypoglycaemia ranged from <2.0 mmol/L to <2.6 mmol/L, and glucose oxidase method of testing was recommended in seven (47%) of 15 guidelines. There was broad agreement about which infants should be monitored. Oral dextrose was the recommended first line of treatment in 17 of 20 guidelines, but the glucose threshold at which this should be used varied (≤2.6 mmol/L in New Zealand, 1.5–2.6 mmol/L in Australia). Re‐checking blood glucose concentrations after oral dextrose was recommended at 30 min in most (10/11, 91%) New Zealand guidelines but at 60 min in most (4/6, 67%) Australian guidelines. There was greatest variation in recommended thresholds for referral to paediatric services or neonatal intensive care unit, and administration of intravenous dextrose. There were no significant differences between guidelines used by tertiary and secondary hospitals, or large and small hospitals.ConclusionThere is wide variation in guideline recommendations for the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia across New Zealand and Australian neonatal units.
Phenotypic plasticity in plant height shaped by interaction between genetic loci and diurnal temperature range
Authors: Mu Qi , Guo Tingting , Li Xianran , Yu Jianming 
Published: December 2021

SummaryPhenotypic plasticity is observed widely in plants and often studied with reaction norms for adult plant or end‐of‐season traits. Uncovering genetic, environmental and developmental patterns behind the observed phenotypic variation under natural field conditions is needed.Using a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genetic population evaluated for plant height in seven natural field conditions, we investigated the major pattern that differentiated these environments. We then examined the physiological relevance of the identified environmental index by investigating the developmental trajectory of the population with multistage height measurements in four additional environments and conducting crop growth modelling.We found that diurnal temperature range (DTR) during the rapid growth period of sorghum development was an effective environmental index. Three genetic loci (Dw1,Dw3andqHT7.1) were consistently detected for individual environments, reaction‐norm parameters across environments and growth‐curve parameters through the season. Their genetic effects changed dynamically along the environmental gradient and the developmental stage. A conceptual model with three‐dimensional reaction norms was proposed to showcase the interconnecting components: genotype, environment and development.Beyond genomic and environmental analyses, further integration of development and physiology at the whole‐plant and molecular levels into complex trait dissection would enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation.
Scientific management of mandibular third molar germ: A case report and literature review
Authors: Zheng Lin‐wei , Sun Rui , Zhao Ji‐hong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWith the evolution of the human species, the mandibular third molars have varying degrees of impaction, and the impaction process will cause irreversible damage such as damage to the adjacent teeth. At the same time, there are serious intraoperative and postoperative complications in the extraction of impacted teeth. Whether the mandibular third molar is impacted or not, it may appear in the tooth germ stage. This article showed a case of routine mandibular third molar germ extraction and aims to discuss the analysis of the third molar angulation, retromolar space, crown width, root development, and other factors through the panoramic tomography taken during the tooth germ period and predict the possibility of third molar impaction. At the same time, according to the predicted results, preventive tooth germ extraction or scientific management of tooth germs for the highly likely impacted molars. Compared with fully mature impacted teeth, tooth germ extraction can reduce the difficulty of surgery and reduce trauma.
Hydrogen sulfide: an emerging component against abiotic stress in plants
Authors: Raza A. , Tabassum J. , Mubarik M. S. , Anwar S. , Zahra N. , Sharif Y. , Hafeez M. B. , Zhang C. , Corpas F. J. , Chen H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAs a result of climate change, abiotic stresses are the most common cause of crop losses worldwide. Abiotic stresses significantly impair plants' physiological, biochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms, limiting crop productivity under adverse climate conditions. However, plants can implement essential mechanisms against abiotic stressors to maintain their growth and persistence under such stressful environments. In nature, plants have developed several adaptations and defence mechanisms to mitigate abiotic stress. Moreover, recent research has revealed that signalling molecules like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse effects of environmental stresses in plants by implementing several physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Mainly, H2S helps to implement antioxidant defence systems, and interacts with other molecules like nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), phytohormones, etc. These molecules are well‐known as the key players that moderate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses. Currently, little progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of the protective role of H2S; however, it is imperative to understand the molecular basis using the state‐of‐the‐art CRISPR‐Cas gene‐editing tool. Subsequently, genetic engineering could provide a promising approach to unravelling the molecular basis of stress tolerance mediated by exogenous/endogenous H2S. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the beneficial roles of H2S in conferring multiple abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Further, we also discuss the interaction and crosstalk between H2S and other signal molecules; as well as highlighting some genetic engineering‐based current and future directions.
Who donates? Patterns of blood donation and donor characteristics at a university‐affiliated hospital‐based donor center
Authors: Sheykhsoltan Mana , Wu Wesley , Mei Zhen , Ward Dawn C. , Ziman Alyssa 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlood donors are a crucial element of the blood supply chain. Optimal recruitment strategies built upon the robust understanding of local donor behavior and demographics—specifically, the donor characteristics of our university‐affiliated hospital‐based donor center—improve outreach and retention of donors.Study design and methodsThis retrospective study analyzed blood donors' genders, ethnicities, and donation frequencies at a university‐affiliated hospital‐based donor center from 2014–2019, stratified into seven age cohorts. Donor ethnicity demographics were compared to the reported student, employee, and LA County population.ResultsFemale donors outnumbered male donors in all age cohorts. The majority of donors self‐identified (SI) as White (36.7%), Hispanic/Latino (21.6%), or Asian (19.1%). Older donors (age > 25) donated more frequently (4.1 vs. 2.3 donations per donor) than younger donors (age ≤ 25). Repeat donors who donated in multiple years during the study period were more likely to donate multiple times each year than those donors who only donated during 1 year.DiscussionOur donor demographics more closely reflect the university student and employee demographics than LA County demographics, demonstrating the broad local efforts of recruitment by student groups and donor center recruitment staff. However, non‐White populations continue to be underrepresented. The majority of donors only donated once during the study period. Recruitment strategies to increase donor engagement among underrepresented populations and increase the proportion of repeat donors are likely to prove most beneficial.
Very Large Eddy Simulation of Aero-Thermal Performance in Squealer Tip Gap
Authors: Yan Xin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To improve the resolution accuracy and get deep insight into the flow structures in squealer tip gap, the very large Eddy simulation (VLES) method was implemented into the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver with the user-defined function (UDF). Based on the published experimental data, the numerical accuracy of VLES method was validated. With the VLES method, the unsteady heat transfer coefficient distributions on the squealer tip and total pressure loss in the blade passage were computed. The influences of coherent vortex structures on aero-thermal performance in the squealer tip gap were analyzed. The results show that the Brown-Roshko vortices are the main driver for the formation of cavity vortex system. The direct impingement of pass-over leakage into the cavity is the main cause of high heat transfer area on the cavity floor near leading edge. The unsteady fluctuations of leakage rate through the tip gap reach about ±8% of the time-averaged value. The development of leakage vortex accounts for the major contribution of total pressure loss in the squealer tipped blade. Due to flow unsteadiness, the fluctuation of pitch-averaged total pressure loss coefficient induced by leakage vortex system reaches about ±30% of the time-averaged value. The unsteady fluctuation of pitch-averaged heat transfer coefficient on the cavity floor reaches about ±35% of the time-averaged value, while on the shroud surface it is only fluctuated by about ±10%.
Aero-Structural Coupling Strategy for a Morphing Blade Cascade Study
Authors: Abate Giada , Riemenschneider Johannes , Hergt Alexander 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The coupling of aerodynamics and structural mechanics is an important step in the design process of aeronautical devices with morphing parts. In this article, a 2D–3D coupling approach is developed to study a morphing blade cascade. Two shape memory alloy actuators are placed on the upper and lower sides of the blade to make possible the change in shape of the leading edge. In the present study, a preliminary design study is conducted by considering a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of an airfoil cascade coupled with a three-dimensional structural analysis of the whole 3D blade. A methodology is developed to match 2D and 3D meshes such that the aerodynamic loads can be easily transferred to the structural analysis. From there, the deformed blade geometry due to both aerodynamic loads and actuator work can be transferred back to the CFD solver, and the iterative aero-structural coupling loop can be repeated until convergence. The aero-structural coupling strategy developed in this study is also applied to a blade cascade study aiming to improve its performance by morphing the leading-edge of the blade. The results of this application show that by morphing the leading-edge blade of only few millimeters (less than 2 mm), it is possible to achieve a relevant performance improvement in terms of total pressure loss coefficient decrease of about 53% considering off-design conditions.
“Knowing That This Is My Place Is Very Positive”: The Case of a Swedish Table Tennis Club
Authors: Karlsson Michaela Elisabeth , Stambulova Natalia B. , Henriksen Kristoffer 
Published: December 2021

This case study is guided by the holistic ecological approach and aimed at (a) providing a holistic description of an athletic talent development environment using a table tennis club in Sweden as a case study and (b) examining the factors perceived as influential to the effectiveness of the club’s talent development. The holistic ecological approach’s two working models informed the data collection (through interviews, observation, and analysis of documents) and were subsequently transformed into empirical models, acting as a summary of the case. Findings revealed that the environment’s success in talent development can be seen as an outcome of the following key features: (a) flexible and supportive training groups, (b) opportunities to learn from senior elite athletes, (c) support through the club and sport-friendly schools, (d) support of the development of psychosocial skills, (e) regular and intensive training, (f) focus on long-term development and athletes as whole persons, (g) strong and coherent organizational culture centered around the basic assumption, “we are a community of committed members,” and (h) integrated efforts among the club and sport-friendly schools to support athletes’ development. This case study can inform other athletic talent development environments on how to optimize talent development processes.
Dr. Richard C. Nelson: An Important Multigenerational Father of Biomechanics
Authors: Norman Robert W. , McGill Stuart M. , Potvin James R. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Richard Nelson is internationally acknowledged in many countries as an extremely important leader in the emergence of biomechanics of human movement as a respected scientific discipline. As his PhD graduates, and, subsequently, their graduates, have become faculty members at many universities, Dr. Nelson’s influence has grown for more than 50 years via several generations of his biomechanics “children.” It was probably never known to him that he also had significant influence on all laboratory-based subdisciplines of the undergraduate and graduate education and faculty research programs of the then new (1967) Department of Kinesiology at the University of Waterloo, Canada. The teaching and research programs included not only biomechanics but also exercise and work physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, and neurophysiology of human movement.
Tectonism and metamorphism along a southern Appalachian transect across the Blue Ridge and Piedmont, USA
Authors: Stowell* Harold , Bollen* Elizabeth , McKay* Matthew P. , Thigpen* J. Ryan , Dickson* Hannah F. , Madden* Jeffrey R. , Fiechtner* Cobi , Ionescu* Adelie 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The Appalachian Mountains expose one of the most-studied orogenic belts in the world. However, metamorphic pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths for reconstructing the tectonic history are largely lacking for the southernmost end of the orogen. In this contribution, we describe select field locations in a rough transect across the orogen from Ducktown, Tennessee, to Goldville, Alabama. Metamorphic rocks from nine locations are described and analyzed in order to construct quantitative P-T-t paths, utilizing isochemical phase diagram sections and garnet Sm-Nd ages. P-T-t paths and garnet Sm-Nd ages for migmatitic garnet sillimanite schist document high-grade 460–411 Ma metamorphism extending south from Winding Stair Gap to Standing Indian in the Blue Ridge of North Carolina. In the Alabama Blue Ridge, Wedowee Group rocks were metamorphosed at biotite to staurolite zone, with only local areas of higher-temperature metamorphism. The Wedowee Group is flanked by higher-grade rocks of the Ashland Supergroup and Emuckfaw Group to the northwest and southeast, respectively. Garnet ages between ca. 357 and 319 Ma indicate that garnet growth was Neoacadian to early Alleghanian in the Blue Ridge of Alabama. The P-T-t paths for these rocks are compatible with crustal thickening during garnet growth.
Four-pomeron vertex
Authors: Braun M. A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe four-pomeron vertex is studied in the perturbative QCD. Its dominating terms of the leading (zeroth and first) orders in the coupling constant and subdominant in the number of colors are constructed. The vertex consists of two terms, one with a derivative in rapidity $$\partial _y$$

∂
y

and the other with the BFKL interaction between pomerons. The corresponding part of the action and equations of motion are found. The iterative solution of the latter is possible only for rapidities smaller than 2 and quite large coupling constant $$\alpha _s$$

α
s

, of the order or greater than unity, when the quadruple pomeron interaction is relatively small. Also iteration of the part with $$\partial _y$$

∂
y

is unstable in the infrared region and compels to introduce an infrared cut. The variational approach with simple trying functions allows to find the minimum of the action at $$\alpha _s$$

α
s

of the order 0.2 and rapidities up to 25. Numerical estimates for O–O collisions show that actually the influence of the quadruple pomeron interaction turns out to be rather small.
Effect of Nb on
β
→

α

″

Martensitic Phase Transformation and Characterization of New Biomedical Ti-xNb-3Fe-9Zr Alloys
Authors: Jawed Syed Faraz , Rabadia Chirag Dhirajlal , Azim Fahad , Khan Saad Jawaid 
Published: December 2021

A new generation of Ti-xNb-3Fe-9Zr (

x
=
15

, 20, 25, 30, 35 wt %) alloys have been designed using various theoretical approaches including DV-xα cluster, molybdenum equivalency, and electron to atom ratio. Afterward, designed alloys are fabricated using cold crucible levitation melting technique. The microstructure and mechanical performances of newly designed alloys are characterized in this work using scanning electron microscope and universal testing machine, respectively. Each alloy demonstrates monolithic

β

phase except Ti-35Nb-3Fe-9Zr alloy which display dual

α

″

+
β

phases. Typically, niobium acts as an isomorphous beta stabilizer. However, in this work, formation of martensitic

α

″

phases occurs at 35 wt % of niobium among the series of newly designed alloys. Furthermore, none of the alloys fail till the maximum load capacity of machine, i.e., 100 KN except Ti-35Nb-3Fe-9Zr alloy. Moreover, the Vickers hardness test is carried out on Ti-xNb-3Fe-9Zr alloys which demonstrate slip bands around the indentation for each alloy. Notably, the deformation bands and cracks around the indentations of each alloy have been observed using optical microscopy; Ti-35Nb-3Fe-9Zr demonstrates some cracks along with slip bands around its indentation. The Ti-25Nb-3Fe-9Zr alloy shows the highest yield strength of

1043
±
20

MPa

, large plasticity of

32
±
0.5
%

, and adequate hardness of

152
±
3.90

Hv

among the investigated alloys. The Ti-25Nb-3Fe-9Zr alloy demonstrates good blend of strength and malleability. Therefore, Ti-25Nb-3Fe-9Zr can be used effectively for the biomedical applications.