bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Modelling for Spatially Misaligned Health Areal Data: A Multiple Membership Approach
Authors: Gramatica Marco , Congdon Peter , Liverani Silvia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDiabetes prevalence is on the rise in the United Kingdom, and for public health strategy, estimation of relative disease risk and subsequent mapping is important. We consider an application to London data on diabetes prevalence and mortality. In order to improve the estimation of relative risks, we analyse jointly prevalence and mortality data to ensure borrowing strength over the two outcomes. The available data involve two spatial frameworks, areas (Middle Layer Super Output Areas, MSOAs) and general practices (GPs) recruiting patients from several areas. This raises a spatial misalignment issue that we deal with by employing the multiple membership principle. Specifically, we translate areal spatial effects to explain GP practice prevalence according to proportions of GP populations resident in different areas. A sparse implementation in RStan of both the multivariate conditional autoregressive (MCAR) and generalised MCAR (GMCAR) with multiple membership allows the comparison of these bivariate priors as well as exploring the different implications for the mapping patterns for both outcomes. The necessary causal precedence of diabetes prevalence over mortality allows a specific conditionality assumption in the GMCAR, not always present in the context of disease mapping. Additionally, an area-locality comparison is considered to locate high versus low relative risk clusters.
Factorized estimation of high‐dimensional nonparametric covariance models
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Jie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEstimation of covariate‐dependent conditional covariance matrix in a high‐dimensional space poses a challenge to contemporary statistical research. The existing kernel estimators may not be locally adaptive due to using a single bandwidth to explore the smoothness of all entries of the target matrix function. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to address this issue, where we factorize the target matrix into factors and estimate these factors in turn by the kernel approach. The resulting estimator is further regularized by thresholding and optimal shrinkage. Under certain mixing and sparsity conditions, we show that the proposed estimator is well‐conditioned and uniformly consistent with the underlying matrix function even when the sample is dependent. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed estimator significantly outperforms its competitors in terms of integrated root‐squared estimation error. We present an application to financial return data.
The ‘dirty work’ of risk in Northern Territory renal services
Authors: Puszka Stefanie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn remote Indigenous communities, people with end stage kidney disease have limited access to dialysis services and the vast majority of patients contend with urban displacement in order to access treatment. Through ethnographic encounters with Yolŋu renal patients and other actors in Northern Territory healthcare systems, this paper explores how the threats posed by end stage kidney disease are multiply conceptualised and imbued with different forms of moral and political value. Drawing on Mary Douglas’ cultural theory of risk, I consider how Yolŋu, health professionals and health policymakers construct topographies of safety and danger. I argue that medical risk is deployed in Northern Territory healthcare systems to perform the ‘dirty work’ of governing uncertainties and threats to renal patients’ health and of distributing treatment amongst patients and over space. The ‘dirty work’ of medical risk recasts questions of value and the distribution of resources into matters of safety and liability.
Association of Veterinary Hematology and Transfusion Medicine (AVHTM) Transfusion Reaction Small Animal Consensus Statement (TRACS). Part 1: Definitions and clinical signs
Authors: Davidow Elizabeth B. , Blois Shauna L. , Goy‐Thollot Isabelle , Harris Lauren , Humm Karen , Musulin Sarah , Nash Katherine J , Odunayo Adesola , Sharp Claire R. , Spada Eva , Thomason John , Walton Jenny , Wardrop K. Jane 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo use a systematic, evidence‐based consensus process to develop definitions for transfusion reactions in dogs and cats.DesignEvidence evaluation of the literature was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. Reaction definitions were generated based on synthesis of human and veterinary literature. Consensus on the definitions was achieved through Delphi‐style surveys. Draft recommendations were made available through industry specialty listservs and comments were incorporated.ResultsDefinitions with imputability criteria were developed for 14 types of transfusion reactions.ConclusionsThe evidence review and consensus process resulted in definitions that can be used to facilitate future veterinary transfusion reaction research.
Thyroid storm in a dog secondary to thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Merkle Jennifer E. , Boudreaux Bonnie , Langohr Ingeborg , Hegler Ashley , Ryan Kirk , Fletcher Jon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentation, clinical course, and management of a dog with thyroid storm (TS) secondary to a functional thyroid carcinoma.Case summaryA 12‐year‐old neutered female Golden Retriever was evaluated for severe weight loss, hyperthermia, and tachycardia. The dog had a ventral neck mass and markedly increased thyroxine concentration. Cervical ultrasound showed a suspected left thyroid mass with invasion into the jugular vein. Despite aggressive therapy, the patient progressed to a clinical TS. Postmortem examination was supportive of the clinical diagnosis.New or unique information providedTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of TS in a dog.
Analysis of Hazards for Autonomous Driving
Authors: Schwalb Edward 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Hazard analysis is the core of numerous approaches to safety engineering, including the functional safety standard ISO-26262 (FuSa) and Safety of the Intended Function (SOTIF) ISO/PAS 21448. We focus on addressing the immense challenge associated with the scope of training and testing for rare hazard for autonomous drivers, leading to the need to train and test on the equivalent of &gt;108 naturalistic miles. We show how risk can be estimated and bounded using the probabilistic hazard analysis. We illustrate the definition of hazards using well-established tests for hazard identification. We introduce a dynamic hazard approach, whereby autonomous drivers continuously monitor for potential and developing hazard, and estimate their time to materialization (TTM). We describe systematic TTM modeling of the various hazard types, including environment-specific perception limitations. Finally, we show how to enable accelerated development and testing by training a neural network sampler to generate scenarios in which the frequency of rare hazards is increased by orders of magnitude.
Stochastic Finite Element Thermal Analysis of a Ball Grid Array Package
Authors: Upreti Rahul , Chintamani Siddarth , Patil Sandeep , Akbariyeh Ashkan , Dennis Brian H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a straight-forward finite element approach for the quantification of electronic package thermal performance under uncertainty. The method makes use of high accuracy sensitivity calculations and a gradient-based minimization method. The approach was applied to the thermal analysis of a ball grid array (BGA) package under uncertainty to illustrate its capabilities. The effect of uncertainty in the heat source, heat transfer coefficient, ambient temperature, and thermal conductivities of the component materials on the probability of exceeding a specified average junction temperature at the die-heat-spreader interface was studied. In addition, the performance and accuracy of two different methods for computing the required sensitivities were compared. Results showed that the average junction temperature probability was more sensitive to some system parameters over others, providing crucial information for selecting the manufacturing tolerance of BGA package components. For parameters identified as especially sensitive, selecting components with tighter tolerances will reduce uncertainty and increase the overall reliability. And for less sensitive parameters, selecting larger tolerance could help reduce manufacturing costs.
Underfill Flow in Flip-Chip Encapsulation Process: A Review
Authors: Ng Fei Chong , Abas Mohamad Aizat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The scope of review of this paper focused on the precuring underfilling flow stage of encapsulation process. A total of 80 related works has been reviewed and being classified into process type, method employed, and objective attained. Statistically showed that the conventional capillary is the most studied underfill process, while the numerical simulation was mainly adopted. Generally, the analyses on the flow dynamic and distribution of underfill fluids in the bump array aimed for the filling time determination as well as the predictions of void occurrence. Parametric design optimization was subsequently conducted to resolve the productivity issue of long filling time and reliability issue of void occurrence. The bump pitch was found to the most investigated parameter, consistent to the miniaturization demand. To enrich the design versatility and flow visualization aspects, experimental test vehicle was innovated using imitated chip and replacement fluid, or even being scaled-up. Nonetheless, the analytical filling time models became more accurate and sophiscasted over the years, despite still being scarce in number. With the technological advancement on analysis tools and further development of analytic skills, it was believed that the future researches on underfill flow will become more comprehensive, thereby leading to the production of better packages in terms of manufacturing feasibility, performances, and reliability. Finally, few potential future works were recommended, for instance, microscopic analysis on the bump–fluid interaction, consideration of filler particles, and incorporation of artificial intelligence.
Nonlinear Dynamics of the Parametric Pendulum With a View on Wave Energy Harvesting Applications
Authors: Dotti Franco E. , Virla Juan N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this article, nonlinear dynamics tools are employed to quantify the ability of pendulum harvesters to recover energy from the sea waves. The versatility of pendulum harvesters is highlighted, as it is shown that devices can be scaled to produce usable energy from 6 W to 10 kW. Several aspects of the pendulum's dynamics having a key influence on power generation are discussed using bifurcation diagrams, parameter spaces, and basins of attraction. Parameter ranges that minimize the need for a control action are identified, and an explanation is provided on why tilting the pendulum's plane of rotation improves power generation. A practical mathematical model of the parametric pendulum is formulated for such a purpose. This model incorporates the possibility of accounting arbitrary number of concentric masses while allowing a simple and direct correlation between dimensionless approaches and the myriad possible physical configurations of the system.
Lagrangian Transport and Chaotic Advection in Three-Dimensional Laminar Flows
Authors: Speetjens Michel , Metcalfe Guy , Rudman Murray 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTransport and mixing of scalar quantities in fluid flows is ubiquitous in industry and Nature. While the more familiar turbulent flows promote efficient transport and mixing by their inherent spatio-temporal disorder, laminar flows lack such a natural mixing mechanism and efficient transport is far more challenging. However, laminar flow is essential to many problems, and insight into its transport characteristics of great importance. Laminar transport, arguably, is best described by the Lagrangian fluid motion (“advection”) and the geometry, topology, and coherence of fluid trajectories. Efficient laminar transport being equivalent to “chaotic advection” is a key finding of this approach. The Lagrangian framework enables systematic analysis and design of laminar flows. However, the gap between scientific insights into Lagrangian transport and technological applications is formidable primarily for two reasons. First, many studies concern two-dimensional (2D) flows, yet the real world is three-dimensional (3D). Second, Lagrangian transport is typically investigated for idealized flows, yet practical relevance requires studies on realistic 3D flows. The present review aims to stimulate further development and utilization of know-how on 3D Lagrangian transport and its dissemination to practice. To this end, 3D practical flows are categorized into canonical problems. First, to expose the diversity of Lagrangian transport and create awareness of its broad relevance. Second, to enable knowledge transfer both within and between scientific disciplines. Third, to reconcile practical flows with fundamentals on Lagrangian transport and chaotic advection. This may be a first incentive to structurally integrate the “Lagrangian mindset” into the analysis and design of 3D practical flows.
Direct Re-Usability of Lead-Plated Tin Bronze as Negative Plate for Lightweight Lead-Acid Battery
Authors: Yang Tong , Qian Shengqiang , Luo Yuting , Wang Xinhu , Wang Zhenwei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Lead-plated tin-bronze mesh was adopted as the negative grid to assembly 2V-DZM-20Ah lead-acid battery. Compared with the conventional negative plate, the weight of each tin-bronze plate was reduced by about 17 g, the weight of the single cell was reduced by 13.67%, and the mass specific capacity of the single cell was increased by about 7 Wh · kg−1. The sulfation of the negative side was suppressed due to the high electronic conductivity of bronze-based negative plate. The failure expansion of the positive side was also restricted due to the strong negative structure. The dissembled negative grid of lead-plated tin bronze after 450 cycles of 100% discharge of degree was still intact and dense. After the dissembled negative grid was reassembled into a 2-V single cell, the battery exhibited similar performance to that with a new one. Generally speaking, the direct re-usability of tin-bronze-based grid sharply simplifies the grid recovery and opens a greatly attracting direction for developing lightweight, high-energy technique of lead-acid batteries.
Frictional Characteristics of Carbide Ceramics in Water
Authors: Zhang Wei , Chen Xiaoyu , Yamashita Seiji , Kubota Mitsuhiro , Kita Hideki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Frictional characteristics of carbide ceramics (SiC, B4C–SiC, and B4C) sliding against SiC balls in water were measured over a wide range of test conditions. Carbide ceramics can obtain hydrodynamic lubrication with low friction coefficients at 20 and 40 N; however, carbide ceramics cannot obtain hydrodynamic lubrication with low friction coefficients at 5 N. Carbide ceramics exhibit lower friction coefficients at 20 and 40 N than those at 5 N in each lubrication regime. Carbide ceramics can exhibit a wider application range with low friction at high loads (20 and 40 N). The low friction of carbide ceramics is achieved by the combination of hydrodynamic lubrication and tribochemical reactions. The products of tribochemical reactions of carbide ceramics improve the viscosity of water at or near the worn surfaces of carbide ceramics, promoting the hydrodynamic lubrication for carbide ceramics. B4C ceramic shows lower friction coefficients than those of SiC and B4C–SiC ceramics in boundary lubrication and mixed lubrication at 20 and 40 N.
Role of Well-Dispersed Carbon Nanotubes and Limited Matrix Degradation on Tribological Properties of Flame-Sprayed PEEK Nanocomposite Coatings
Authors: Li Yupeng , Man Zhiqiang , Lin Xinyu , Wei Lai , Wang Haonan , Lei Mingkai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
High-performance carbon nanotubes reinforced polyether ether ketone (CNTs/PEEK) nanocomposites display an excellent combination of mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties. It is a challenge to deposit high-performance CNTs/PEEK nanocomposite coatings via the coating techniques based on solution or melting processes due to low solubility and high melting point of PEEK for tribological applications. In this work, the CNTs/PEEK nanocomposite coatings with CNTs contents of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt% were prepared by flame spraying of mixed PEEK and CNTs powders using mechanical blending (MB) and ultrasound dispersion (UD) methods. The flame-sprayed CNTs/PEEK nanocomposite coatings using UD powders preserved good CNTs dispersion, low porosity, and surface roughness, adhesive coating–substrate interfaces. The thermal degradation of PEEK ascribed to overheating of in-flight particles and flame-rescanning coatings was limited by good CNTs dispersion in flame-sprayed CNTs/PEEK nanocomposite coatings with an increase of CNT contents. The good dispersion of CNTs aided in initiating crystallization and confined crystalline growth resulting in high crystallinity degree and small crystallite size of PEEK matrix in the flame-sprayed CNTs/PEEK nanocomposite coatings. The uniform nanocomposite coatings with well-dispersed CNTs and few PEEK degradation in optimum content of 1.0 wt% preserved enhanced microhardness and superiorly tribological properties. The well-dispersed CNTs bonding with PEEK matrix enhanced the mechanical strength to restrict the generation of fatigue cracks from defects of voids, which promoted self-lubrication and wear resistance of flame-sprayed CNTs/PEEK nanocomposite coatings.
Are Two Heads Better Than One for Computer-Aided Design?
Authors: Phadnis Vrushank , Arshad Hamza , Wallace David , Olechowski Alison 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the availability of cloud-based software, ubiquitous internet, and advanced digital modeling capabilities, a new potential has emerged to design physical products with methods previously embraced by the software engineering community. One such example is pair programming, where two coders work together synchronously to develop one piece of code. Pair programming has been shown to lead to higher-quality code and user satisfaction. Cutting-edge collaborative computer-aided design (CAD) technology affords the possibility to apply synchronous collaborative access in mechanical design. We test the generalizability of findings from the pair programming literature to the same dyadic configuration of work in CAD, which we call pair CAD. We performed human subject experiments with 60 participants to test three working styles: individuals working by themselves, pairs sharing control of one model instance and input, and pairs able to edit the same model simultaneously from two inputs. We compare the working styles on speed and quality and propose mechanisms for our observations via interpretation of patterns of communication, satisfaction, and user cursor activity. We find that on a per-person basis, individuals were faster than pairs due to coordination and overhead inefficiencies. We find that pair work, when done with a single shared input, but not in a parallel mode, leads to higher-quality models. We conclude that it is not software capabilities alone that influence designer output; choices regarding work process have a major effect on design outcomes, and we can tailor our process to suit project requirements.
Double-Helix Linear Actuators
Authors: Sabelhaus Andrew P. , Zampaglione Kyle , Tang Ellande , Chen Lee-Huang , Agogino Adrian K. , Agogino Alice M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Many robotic systems require linear actuation with high forces, large displacements, and compact profiles. This article presents a series of mechanisms, termed double-helix linear actuators (DHLAs), designed for this purpose. By rotating the fixed end of a double-helix linear actuator, its helix angle changes, displacing at the free end. This article proposes two concepts for DHLA designs, differing in their supporting structure, and derives kinematic and geometric models for both. Prototypes of each concept are presented, and for the more promising “continuous-rails” design, hardware tests are conducted that validate the actuator’s kinematic model and characterize its force transmission properties. The final prototypes can exert both tension and compression forces, can displace up to 75% of their total length, and show consistent trends for torque versus force load. These designs have the potential to overcome the force and displacement limitations of other linear actuators while simultaneously reducing size and weight.
Generation and Enforcement of Process-Driven Manufacturability Constraints: A Survey of Methods and Perspectives for Product Design
Authors: Patterson Albert E. , Lee Yong Hoon , Allison James T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Design-for-manufacturing (DFM) concepts have traditionally focused on design simplification; this is highly effective for relatively simple, mass-produced products, but tends to be too restrictive for more complex designs. Effort in recent decades has focused on creating methods for generating and imposing specific, process-derived technical manufacturability constraints for some common problems. This paper presents an overview of the problem and its design implications, a discussion of the nature of the manufacturability constraints, and a survey of the existing approaches and methods for generating/enforcing the minimally restrictive manufacturability constraints within several design domains. Five major design perspectives or viewpoints were included in the survey, including the system design (top-down), product/component design (bottom-up), the manufacturing process-dominant case (product/component design under a specific process), the part-redesign perspective, and sustainability perspective. Manufacturability constraints within four design levels or scales were explored as well, ranging from macro-scale to sub-micro-scale design. Very little previous work was found in many areas, revealing several gaps in the literature. What is clearly needed is a more general, design-method-independent approach to collecting and enforcing manufacturability constraints.