bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capillary‐bridge forces between solid particles: Insights from lattice Boltzmann simulations
Authors: Yang Lei , Sega Marcello , Harting Jens 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLiquid capillary‐bridge formation between solid particles has a critical influence on the rheological properties of granular materials and, in particular, on the efficiency of fluidized bed reactors. The available analytical and semi‐analytical methods have inherent limitations, and often do not cover important aspects, like the presence of non‐axisymmetric bridges. Here, we conduct numerical simulations of the capillary bridge formation between equally and unequally sized solid particles using the lattice Boltzmann method, and provide an assessment of the accuracy of different families of analytical models. We find that some of the models taken into account are shown to perform better than others. However, all of them fail to predict the capillary force for contact angles larger than π/2, where a repulsive capillary force attempts to push the solid particle outward to minimize the surface energy, especially at a small separation distance. We then apply the most suitable model to study the impact of capillary interactions on particle clustering using a coupled lattice Boltzmann and Discrete Element method.
Proca Metamaterials, Massive Electromagnetism, and Spatial Dispersion
Authors: Mikki Said 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA class of electromagnetic metamaterials (MTMs) is investigated, which the author dubs Proca MTMs, constituting a medium behaving like a “relativistic material” for potential use in electromagnetic applications. This work is motivated by numerous previous results on particular structures such as plasma, waveguides, photonic crystals, magnetic materials, where it has been observed that photons may acquire mass in some dispersive domains. In this approach, it is rigorously proved using a field‐theoretic approach that Maxwell theory inside certain classes of nonlocal (spatially‐dispersive) metamaterials is equivalent to Proca theory in vacuum, where in the latter photons acquire a nonzero mass (massive electromagnetism.) An explicit closed‐form general expression for the Proca MTM dielectric function is given. It turns out that the key to the operation of Proca MTM is spatial dispersion, and hence Proca MTMs represent an important example of the more general family of nonlocal MTMs. The author's analysis involves multiphysics aspects, utilizing concepts and methods taken from classical electromagnetism, special relativity, quantum theory, electromagnetic materials, and antenna theory. Extensive discussion of the physics, computational methods, and design parameters of Proca MTMs is provided to further understand the nature of massive electromagnetism in nonlocal (spatially‐dispersive) MTMs. As a concrete application, the main ingredients of Proca antennas are developed as an example of the emerging technology of nonlocal antennas, where the author establishes that a single Proca dipole possesses a perfect isotropic radiation pattern, a noteworthy departure from conventional local antennas (radiators in vacuum and temporally dispersive media) where such radiation characteristics is impossible.
Effects of nanometer magnesium hydroxide on soil cadmium form under different cadmium levels
Authors: You Lelin , Li Wenyi , Xu Weihong , Zhang Chunlai , Hu Xiaofeng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCd is one of the most serious and harmful heavy metals in the world. Nanomaterials as a new passivating agent for heavy metals in soil have become a hot issue. But nanometer magnesium hydroxide application to heavy metal pollution in soils has not been reported. The laboratory culture experiments were conducted to study the effect of nanometer magnesium hydroxide and ordinary magnesium hydroxide (100, 200, and 300 mg kg−1) as cadmium passivators on soil cadmium form under different cadmium levels (1, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg−1). The results showed that the soil Cd distribution ratio of exchangeable Cd (EX‐Cd FDC) was 66.7% to 81.8% at cadmium levels of 1, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg−1, identifying it as the main form of soil cadmium. Soil EX‐Cd FDC reached the lowest level on the 14th day of culture. Addition of both nanometer magnesium hydroxide and ordinary magnesium hydroxide decreased the EX‐Cd FDC of the soil at each cadmium level. With increasing amount, the soil EX‐Cd FDC followed a decreasing trend. During the 0–28 days of culture, at the levels of 1, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg−1 cadmium, the EX‐Cd FDC of soil treated with nanometer magnesium hydroxide and ordinary magnesium hydroxide decreased by 11.4% to 67.7%, 7.8% to 37.2%, 7.7% to 36.4%, and 5.0% to 28.8% (nanometer magnesium hydroxide) and .5% to 49.5%, .6% to 15.0%, 1.0% to 18.1%, and .7% to 14.6% (common magnesium hydroxide), respectively, compared with control. Under the same application amount, nanometer magnesium hydroxide achieved a better effect than ordinary magnesium hydroxide in reducing soil EX‐Cd FDC. The antagonism between Cd and Mg competes for exchange sites during soil adsorption or Mg2+ forms hydroxy‐magnesium through OH− coordination in the soil via hydrolysis equilibrium. This facilitates the formation of precipitates, such as carbonates in Cd2+, and reduces active‐state cadmium in soil. The effect of nanometer magnesium hydroxide in passivating active cadmium on cadmium‐contaminated soil exceeds that of common magnesium hydroxide.
Analysis of heat and mass transfer phenomena in peristaltic transportation of hyperbolic tangent fluid in tapered channel
Authors: Abbas Zaheer , Rafiq Muhammad Y. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe mathematical and theoretical impacts of heat and mass transportation on the peristaltic process of electrically conducting hyperbolic tangent liquid in an asymmetric tapered channel are considered. Flow in porous space is categorized through modified Darcy's law. The mechanism of heat transfer is also examined in conjunction with viscous dissipation. Both Soret and Dufour impacts are also included to study mass flux generated by a temperature gradient and energy flux affected by concentration differences. Lubrication approximation theory is implemented to simplify the two‐dimensional flow equations of hyperbolic tangent liquid using a Cartesian coordinate system. The significant role of numerous implicated parameters on the flow phenomenon is summarized numerically via graphs. The present outcome reveals that liquid velocity declines with an enhancement of Darcy's number, whereas its diminutions with an increase of Weissenberg's number. Moreover, the temperature of fluid enhances with a boost in Dufour number.
Closing the osteon: Do osteocytes sense strain rate rather than fluid flow?
Authors: Smit Theodoor H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOsteons are cylindrical structures of bone created by matrix resorbing osteoclasts, followed by osteoblasts that deposit new bone. Osteons align with the principal loading direction and it is thought that the osteoclasts are directed by osteocytes, the mechanosensitive cells that reside inside the bone matrix. These osteocytes are presumably controlled by interstitial fluid flow, induced by the physiological loading of bones. Here I consider the stimulation of osteocytes while the osteon is closed by osteoblasts. In a conceptual finite element model, bone is considered a poro‐elastic material and subjected to locomotion‐induced loading conditions. It appears that the magnitude of flow is constant along the closing cone, while shear strain rate in the bone matrix diminishes linearly with the deposition of bone. This suggests that shear strain rate, rather than fluid flow, is the physical cue that controls osteocytes and bone deposition in newly formed osteons.
Advances in chitooligosaccharides chemical modifications
Authors: Chapelle Camille , David Ghislain , Caillol Sylvain , Negrell Claire , Desroches Le Foll Myriam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChitooligosaccharides (COS) differ from chitosan by their molar mass: those of COS are defined to be lower than 20 kg mol−1. Their functionalization is widely described in the literature and leads to the introduction of new properties that broaden their application fields. Like chitosan, COS modification sites are mainly primary amine and hydroxyl groups. Among their chemical modification, one can find amidation or esterification, epoxy‐amine/hydroxyl coupling, Schiff base formation, and Michael addition. When depolymerized through nitrous deamination, COS bear an aldehyde at the chain end that can open the way to other chemical reactions and lead to the synthesis of new interesting amphiphilic structures. This article details the recent developments in COS functionalization, primarily focusing on amine and hydroxyl groups and aldehyde‐chain end reactions, as well as paying considerable attention to other types of modification. We also describe and compare the different functionalization protocols found in the literature while highlighting potential mistakes made in the chemical structures accompanied with suggestions. Such chemical modification can lead to new materials that are generally nontoxic, biobased, biodegradable, and usable in various applications.
Body composition and risk of major gynecologic malignancies: Results from the UK Biobank prospective cohort
Authors: Yun Peng , Xia Bin , Tian Xiao‐hui , Gong Ting , Liu An‐ran , Yuan Jin‐qiu , Li Fang‐ping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between body composition and subsequent risk of the major gynecologic malignancies.MethodsThis is a prospective analysis of participants from the UK Biobank. We measured baseline body composition and confirmed cancer diagnosis through linkage to cancer and death registries. We evaluated hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence interval (CIs) with COX models adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsWe document 1430 cases of the top three gynecologic malignancies (uterine corpus cancer 847 cases, ovarian cancer 514 cases, and cervical cancer 69 cases) from 245,084 female participants (75,307 were premenopausal and 169,777 were postmenopausal). For premenopausal women, whole body fat‐free mass (WBFFM) was associated with an increased risk of uterine corpus cancer (Adjusted HR per unit increase 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06). For postmenopausal women, compared with the first quartile, the fourth quartile of WBFFM and whole body fat mass(WBFM) was associated with 2.16 (95% CI 1.49–3.13) times and 1.89 (95% CI 1.31–2.72) times of increased uterine corpus cancer risk, respectively. Regarding the distribution of body fat mass (FM)/fat‐free mass (FFM), FFM distributed in the trunk was associate with increased uterine corpus cancer risk in premenopausal (HR 1.18,95% CI 1.07–1.31) and postmenopausal women (HR 1.13,95% CI 1.09–1.18). Meanwhile, FM/FFM distributed in the limbs present an U‐shaped associations with uterine corpus cancer risk. We did not observe any association between aforementioned body composition indices with ovarian or cervical cancer.ConclusionFM is associated with an increased risk of uterine corpus cancer in postmenopausal women. Meanwhile, FFM is found to be a risk factor for uterine corpus cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. No association of body composition with ovarian or cervical cancer was observed.
Using deep learning to identify bladder cancers with FGFR‐activating mutations from histology images
Authors: Velmahos Constantine S. , Badgeley Marcus , Lo Ying‐Chun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway has been proven to be an important therapeutic target in bladder cancer. FGFR‐targeted therapies are effective for patients with FGFR mutation, which can be discovered through genetic sequencing. However, genetic sequencing is not commonly performed at diagnosis, whereas a histologic assessment of the tumor is. We aim to computationally extract imaging biomarkers from existing tumor diagnostic slides in order to predict FGFR alterations in bladder cancer.MethodsThis study analyzed genomic profiles and H&E‐stained tumor diagnostic slides of bladder cancer cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 418 cases). A convolutional neural network (CNN) identified tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). The percentage of the tissue containing TIL (“TIL percentage”) was then used to predict FGFR activation status with a logistic regression model.ResultsThis predictive model could proficiently identify patients with any type of FGFR gene aberration using the CNN‐based TIL percentage (sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.42, AUROC = 0.76). A similar model which focused on predicting patients with only FGFR2/FGFR3 mutation was also found to be highly sensitive, but also specific (sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.85, AUROC = 0.86).ConclusionTIL percentage is a computationally derived image biomarker from routine tumor histology that can predict whether a tumor has FGFR mutations. CNNs and other digital pathology methods may complement genome sequencing and provide earlier screening options for candidates of targeted therapies.
Indication for management of oropharyngocutaneous fistulas after head and neck reconstruction using a “stick‐shaped platysma flap” technique
Authors: Matsuura‐Midorikawa Mari , Rikimaru Hideaki , Rikimaru‐Nishi Yukiko , Migita Hisashi , Tanaka Hiroaki , Oyama Mai , Kiyokawa Kensuke 
Published: June 2021

Key Clinical MessageThe main strength of the stick‐shaped platysma flap technique is it provides adequate tissue volume, while being comparatively simple to perform. It is a highly efficient and straightforward method to close intractable fistulas with minimal morbidity.
Stability criteria and convective mass transfer from the falling spherical drops, part I: Bingham plastic fluids
Authors: Nirmalkar Neelkanth , Alam Md J. , Gupta Anoop K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis work deals with the flow and mass transfer around a falling spherical drop in Bingham plastic fluids. Bubbles, drops, and particles are often dispersed in a suspending fluid of non‐Newtonian nature. For example, suspensions of particles in a polymer solution are used in hydraulic fracturing slurries and swarms of bubbles are used in airlift bioreactors containing various biomacromolecules, as well as in foam production, degassing, and de‐volatilization of polymer melts. Governing equations for momentum and mass transfer and the Bingham constitutive equation are solved over a wide range of dimensionless groups as Reynolds number, ; Schmidt number, ; Bingham number, ; and viscosity ratio (0.1 and 10). The local underline transport processes are expressed using streamlines, concentration contours, and sheared and un‐sheared regions, whereas the average transport quantities are reported in terms of drag coefficient, critical yield‐stress parameter, and Sherwood number. A co‐existence of sheared and un‐sheared regions occurs within the flow domain due to the fluid‐yield stress. The sheared regions progressively diminish with the increasing value of the Bingham number. On the other hand, inertial effects (increasing ) promotes the expansion of the sheared region in the flow domain. The new modified dimensionless groups are defined by re‐scaling the governing equations based on the effective viscosity of the fluid. Finally, the present numerical values of the drag and average Sherwood number are correlated using the new modified dimensionless numbers.
Experimental and numerical evaluation of the performances of type‐C and three‐segment demisters used in cooling towers
Authors: Tang Ya , Xu Yu Ting , He Chang , Zhang Bing Jian , Chen Qing Lin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDemisters have become a key vapour‐liquid separation device for eliminating mist and preventing any escape of liquid droplets from cooling towers. In this paper, the overall performances of two types of demisters, namely type‐C and three‐segment demisters, are systematically investigated by using both experimental and numerical methods. The validation results show that the numerical results agree well with experimental data. On this basis, the underlying influences of key operating parameters, such as the circulating pressure of the pump, spray water flow rate, inlet gas velocity, and droplet size on the overall performance, are revealed. The results show that the overall separation efficiency is more sensitive to the gas velocity and increasing the gas velocity leads to two distinct declining stages of the overall separation efficiency for both demisters. The first stage appears due to the competition between the drag force and the inertial/centrifugal forces, while the next stage arises mainly due to the droplet re‐entrainment. The geometric design of the type‐C demister is more conducive to the separation of the fine droplets due to the presence of the hook plate, even at a relatively low gas velocity. Besides, the type‐C demister has more potential to reduce the power consumption while achieving a higher profit for a given grade separation efficiency.
POLARIO – A simple low‐cost‐polarimeter for the chemistry lesson
Authors: Helfensteller Ronny , Flint Alfred 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMit den Themen optische Aktivität und Mutarotation beschäftigen sich Schülerinnen und Schüler der Sekundarstufe II mit überaus komplexen Sachverhalten. Umso wichtiger ist es, dass diese Themen mit einfachen, anschaulichen Experimenten untermauert werden können. Im folgenden Artikel wird eine Bauanleitung für ein Low‐Cost‐Polarimeter vorgestellt, welches schnell und einfach mit wenig Materialaufwand im Chemieunterricht eingesetzt werden kann.
Digitalization and computational thinking in lower secondary science education using the example of paper chromatography
Authors: Kraska Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDie Papierchromatographie ist ein einfaches und ungefährliches Experiment, das sich für die Unterstufe eignet. Neben der Vermittlung der fachlichen Inhalte ermöglicht die Papierchromatographie auch den Einsatz von Modellierung und Simulation, da sich die submikroskopischen Vorgänge so vereinfachen lassen, dass sie für Schülerinnen und Schüler am Anfang der Sekundarstufe nachvollziehbar sind. Hier wird über den Einsatz digitaler Methoden in Ergänzung zu der experimentellen Durchführung der Papierchromatographie in einem Wahlpflichtfach Naturwissenschaften in der Klassenstufe 6 berichtet. Im Anschluss an eine Reihe von Experimenten wurde die Chromatographie zunächst über ein Spiel und anschließend im Computer simuliert. Ein solches Simulationsprogramm erlaubt die Variation der Parameter, um das Modell zu erkunden sowie die Einführung des Teilchenmodells und der molekularen Wechselwirkung. Die Umsetzung in einer graphischen Programmierumgebung wie zum Beispiel Scratch erlaubt die Programmierung durch die Schülerinnen und Schüler in dieser Altersklasse. So können schon früh Modellierung und Simulation als wichtige Bestandteile des naturwissenschaftlichen Arbeitens eingeführt werden.
Thymol blue – hands‐on synthesis & AR‐based learning materials
Authors: Tschiersch Anja , Banerji Amitabh , Remus Ludger 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn diesem Artikel werden die Synthese von Thymolblau als Schülerexperiment und passende Augmented‐Reality (AR)‐gestützte Lernmaterialien vorgestellt. Zudem wird der Kenntnisstand zur Synthese von Thymolblau sowie dessen pH‐abhängige Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehung vor dem Hintergrund neuerer Erkenntnisse diskutiert und es wird über Erfahrungen mit dem Einsatz des Experimentes in der schulischen und universitären Praxis und im Rahmen von Fortbildungen berichtet.
A SMAD4‐modulated gene profile predicts disease‐free survival in stage II and III colorectal cancer
Authors: Szeglin Bryan C. , Wu Chao , Marco Michael R. , Park Hyun Sung , Zhang Zeda , Zhang Bing , Garcia‐Aguilar Julio , Beauchamp R. Daniel , Chen X. Steven , Smith J. Joshua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundColorectal cancer is the second‐leading cause of cancer‐related mortality in the United States and a leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Loss of SMAD4, a critical tumor suppressor and the central node of the transforming growth factor‐beta superfamily, is associated with worse outcomes for colorectal cancer patients; however, it is unknown whether an RNA‐based profile associated with SMAD4 expression could be used to better identify high‐risk colorectal cancer patients.AimIdentify a gene expression‐based SMAD4‐modulated profile and test its association with patient outcome.Methods and resultsUsing a discovery dataset of 250 colorectal cancer patients, we analyzed expression of BMP/Wnt target genes for association with SMAD4 expression. Promoters of the BMP/Wnt genes were interrogated for SMAD‐binding elements. Fifteen genes were implicated and three tested for modulation by SMAD4 in patient‐derived colorectal cancer tumoroids. Expression of the 15 genes was used for unsupervised hierarchical clustering of a training dataset and two resulting clusters modeled in a centroid model. This model was applied to an independent validation dataset of stage II and III patients. Disease‐free survival was analyzed by the Kaplan‐Meier method. In vitro analysis of three genes identified in the SMAD4‐modulated profile (JAG1, TCF7, and MYC) revealed modulation by SMAD4 consistent with the trend observed in the profile. In the training dataset (n = 553), the profile was not associated with outcome. However, among stage II and III patients (n = 461), distinct clusters were identified by unsupervised hierarchical clustering that were associated with disease‐free survival (p = .02, log‐rank test). The main model was applied to a validation dataset of stage II/III CRC patients (n = 257) which confirmed the association of clustering with disease‐free survival (p = .013, log‐rank test).ConclusionsA SMAD4‐modulated gene expression profile identified high‐risk stage II and III colorectal cancer patients, can predict disease‐free survival, and has prognostic potential for stage II and III colorectal cancer patients.
Outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment in a single center in Brazil: A survival analysis study
Authors: Bonilha Thais A. , Obadia Danielle D. A. , Valveson Andressa C. , Land Marcelo G. P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common neoplasm in childhood. The probability of current overall survival (OS) is around 90% in developed countries. There are few studies that demonstrate the results in Brazil.AimThis work aims to analyze the results of children with ALL treated at a single institution in Rio de Janeiro.Methods and resultsRetrospective analysis survival study of a cohort of childhood ALL patients treated in Hemorio. Kaplan–Meier and log‐rank methods were used for the analysis of OS and events‐free survival (EFS) and the Cox proportional hazards regression model for multivariate analysis.The probability of OS and EFS at 6 years was 52% and 45%. The probability of OS and EFS in 6 years for patients aged 10‐17 years was 31% and 28% and for the younger was 65% and 55%, respectively (p < .001). A probability of OS and EFS in 6 years for patients with more than 100 000 leukocytes/mm3 at diagnosis was 19% and 16% and those with less than 100 000 were 62% (p = .007) and 55% (p = .008). Those who received less than 10 doses of native Escherichia coli asparaginase had a probability of OS and EFS in 6 years of 27% and 21% and those who received at least 10 doses were 74% and 65% (p < .001).ConclusionsThe presence of a high number of adolescents and high‐risk patients, as well as many patients who discontinued the use of asparaginase or any substitute led to a lower probability of OS and EFS in our cohort.