bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative metabolism and heat shock-enhanced chemiluminescence in Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Fisher P. R. , Karampetsos P. , Wilczynska Z. , Rosenberg L. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During early differentiation starving Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae produce a burst of light that is enhanced by heat shock at the beginning of development. We report here pharmacological, genetic and spectral evidence that the chemiluminescence results from lipid peroxidation reactions following oxygen reduction by leakage of electrons from ubiquinone in mitochondrial electron transport, andperhaps by peroxisomal oxidation of urate. Our results are consistent with the view that heat shock causes oxidative stress, which in turn induces heat shock proteins and production of reduced oxygen metabolites.
Notice of some new species of british fresh-water diatomaceæ
Authors: Gregory William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Having examined with some minuteness the fossil Diatoms in the Mull earth and in the Glenshira sand, both of which deposits yielded a very large number of species, I felt desirous to compare with them the species at present living in our waters. Accordingly I obtained, from various friends, gatherings from a great many different localities, both in England and in Scotland. Those which I have been able to study with some care, up to the present time, are almost all from fresh water, and, postponing to a future opportunity an account of the marine gatherings, I propose now very briefly to notice the results obtained from a number of fresh-water gatherings, more especially with reference to such species as are either altogether new or new to Britain.
Leuckart on the micropyle and minute structure of the egg-shell in insects
Authors: Archiv Müller’s 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Author, from observations made upon the ova of 180 insects belonging to the most various groups, is induced to come to the following conclusions. As regards more especially the existence of a micropyle, he conceives that no doubt can be entertained with respect to the following points : That this apparatus is characteristic of all insect ova ;That it consists sometimes of a simple, sometimes of a compound orifice, which passes through the tunics of the ovum, and servesFor the admission of the spermatic filaments.
Remarks on DR. Stein’S Doctrine respecting the Acineta-Forms
Authors: Cienkowski Dr. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Stein’s observations respecting the Infusoria have justly excited great astonishment among the micrographers. The wonderful phenomena of “Alternation of Generations” have been represented by this observer as occurring more extensively among the Protozoa than perhaps in any other class of animals. The Vorticellina, in consequence of a process of “encysting,” are transformed into Acinetœ, and these again into Vorticellæ, by means of internal motile embryos, which are emitted from them.
Description of a new form of naked-eyed medusa (Thaumantias achroa), with histological details
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
On the 13th of August, 1856, after filling a marine aquarium, containing about three gallons of water, I detected a small naked-eyed Medusa swimming vigorously near the surface. This minute creature was immediately made the subject of careful study, and it turned out to be a species of Thaumantias new to Britain (fig. 1, Pl. I). So far as I can ascertain, it has not been described by any author abroad; I have therefore thought it worthy of a separate notice. The water containing the Medusa had been procured four days previously from the shore near Leith, and had been kept in an earthen vessel hermetically closed. The animal was only preserved alive until the 16th of the same month, in consequence of injuries sustained during a prolonged and often-repeated microscopic examination.
On the cultivation of mosses
Authors: Higgins H. H. , Ward N. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I send a few particulars respecting the cultivation of Mosses, of which about two hundred and forty species have been planted in my bryarium, which is a glass case about 4 feet 6 inches long, 22 inches from back to front, and 26 inches in height. It is fitted with shelves, and has two doors, one of which is generally left only partially closed. The plants are in separate pots, and are never removed from the case, but are kept in the shade and frequently watered with a syringe. Care is taken to procure suitable kinds of soil; but in most instances the soil is sparingly used, the pots being more than half filled with drainage.
Notes of the Microscopical Examination of a Loose Cartilage from the Knee Joint
Authors: Webb W. Woodham 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The cartilage on which these observations were made, was removed from the knee-joint of an elderly man in the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, by my friend Mr. Cadge, surgeon to that institution. It was of somewhat larger size than is usual in such formations, and was of a flattened and elongated shape. Its general appearance was that of a nodule of fibro-cartilage, but the section towards the interior gave rise to a rough gritty sensation, and showed a darker and uneven surface. When dried, the internal parts were quite opaquè, and crumbled away if scraped.
On the Optical Powers of the Microscope
Authors: Rylands P. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The period has not yet arrived when even all those who employ the microscope methodically, as a means of scientific investigation, possess an intelligent comprehension of the principles on which it is constructed and the nature of its powers as an optical instrument. There is a large region beyond mere manipulation, into which few apparently care to enter. The writers of our introductory treatises have been curiously imitative in dealing with this portion of their duty. They indulge us with nearly the same very elementary diagrams, refer us to Ross’s capital article “Microscope,” in the ‘Penny Cyclopædia,’ and then, with here and there only a trifling exception, leave the matter pretty much as they found it. Surely the time has arrived which calls for more than this; when an optical treatise on the microscope, worthy of the name, is not only desired by the few but required for the many. In the meantime, until this boon be granted, your pages will continue to do good service by dealing with these matters, and, as heretofore, in such a manner as to secure to your readers a large store of information.
Zur kenntniss des generationswechsels und der Parthenogenesis bei den Insecten
Authors: Leuckart Von Rud. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The author commences with some general remarks on the bibliography and history of the subject,* and proceeds to describe the ovaries of the oviparous and viviparous Aphides. His observations on these insects, though not carried so far, agree very closely with those previously made by Professor Huxley.
The Rotation of Coloured Discs Applied to facilitate the Study of the Laws of Harmonious Colouring, and to the Multiplication of Images of Objects into Kaleidoscopic Combinations
Authors: Gorham John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper I purpose to show how the rotation of coloured discs may be adapted—first, to assist in the investigation of the laws of harmonious colouring, and secondly, to the construction of combinations of perfect symmetry of form and colour, which result from the multiplication of images of simple patterns used as objects. Such combinations are so beautiful that they may be said to vie with, even if not to surpass, those of the kaleidoscope; and although the principle of multiplication is different in the two instruments, yet the resemblance between the figures is sufficiently strong to induce me to designate the apparatus which produces such forms by rotation as the Kaleidoscopic Colour-top.
Half-hours with the Microscope; being a popular guide to the use of the microscope as a means of amusement and instruction
Authors: West Tuffen 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This unpretending little book is really one of considerable worth, and will be found interesting to a large class of incipient microscopic observers, who use their instrument more for the purposes of rational amusement than with any actual scientific object. Its great value depends upon the plates, which are filled to repletion with accurate and well-drawn figures of a vast number of objects culled with much discrimination, from almost every department of natural history. To say that the figures have been executed by Tuffen West is to say that they are good and faithful representations of what they profess to delineate—and as we presume the objects were themselves selected by that gentleman, his judgment appears to have been as well exerted in that selection as his skill in the representation of the things selected.
Researches on the Development of the Gregarinæ
Authors: Beneden Edouard Van 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of the Gregarinæ has been the object of a great number of investigations, and has exercised the sagacity of a number of distinguished observers. Nevertheless, at the present time it is not fully elucidated. The relation existing between the Gregarinæ and the psorospermic vesicles was first perceived by von Siebold,1 Henle,2 and von Frantzius,3 and definitely demonstrated by the beautiful researches of Stein,4 Kôlliker,5 and Lieberkühn.6 It appears well established that, although sometimes two Gregarinæ conjugate, fusing subsequently into a common mass in one and the same cyst (Stein), yet the conjugation does not necessarily precede the encystment, and often a single Gregarine transforms itself into a vesicle (Bruch, Frantzius, Leuckart, and myself), to give birth, quite as in the first case, to a great number of psorosperms. There are certain Gregarinæ in which the conjugation is never observed; others which one finds always apposed (Zygocystis, Didymophyes), either by their analogous extremities, or by their opposite extremities (Gregarinæ).
Reviews: A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids Parti
Authors: Allman Geo J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although, generally speaking, it is better to await the completion of a work before it is reviewed, it is impossible, in the present instance, not to welcome the appearance, though only in part, of Professor Allman’s long and anxiously looked for Monograph on the Hydroida. In one sense, moreover, the present part of the monograph may be regarded as an independent work, seeing that it is entirely devoted to the consideration of the life history of the Hydroida, or their “general morphological or physiological relations as a great natural group,” whilst the second part will be devoted more especially to the consideration of the Tubularinæ, including a description in detail of all the genera and species of which that subdivision is composed.
On the Phenomena Accompanying the Maturation and Impregnation of the Ovum
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The brilliant discoveries of Strasburger and Auerbach have caused the attention of a large number of biologists to be turned to the phenomena accompanying the division of nuclei and the maturation and impregnation of the ovum. The results of the recent investigations on the first of these points formed the subject of an article by Mr. Priestley in the sixteenth volume of this Journal, and the object of the present article is to give some account of what has so far been made out with reference to the second of them. The matters to be treated of naturally fall under two heads : (1) the changes attending the ripening of the ovum, which are independent of impregnation ; (2) the changes which are directly due to impregnation.
On the Nature of Fermentation
Authors: Lister Joseph 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Gentlemen,—In making my first appearance as a teacher in King’s College, I cannot refrain from expressing my deep sense of the honour conferred upon me by the invitation to occupy the chair which I now hold; and, at the same time, my earnest hope that the confidence thus reposed in me may not prove to have been misplaced.
In considering how I could best discharge my duty as the person selected to deliver the Introductory Address of the Medical Session, I have felt that two courses were open to me: either to spend the short but important time at my disposal in an endeavour to convey to the student some sense of the exalted privileges, and correspondingly high responsibilities, of the beneficent calling to which he proposes to devote himself, or to treat on some special subject, in the hope that I might say something which should have interest and, if possible, even instruction, not only for the student, but also for the eminent men whom I have the honour to see around me. The latter is the course which I have decided to follow, and the subject which I have selected is a short account of an inquiry in which I have been engaged in the interval between the cessation of my official duties in Edinburgh and their commencement here. The object of that investigation was to obtain, if possible, some more precise and definite knowledge of the essential nature of a class of phenomena which interest alike the physician, the surgeon, and the accoucheur. I allude to the changes in organic substances which are designated by the general term fermentation.
Original Communications: Note on Gyrodactylus Elegans
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Mr. Bradley, F.L.S., having lately drawn the attention of parasitologists to the occurrence of Gyrodactylus on Sticklebacks taken from the ponds on Hampstead Heath, I have recently sought for this curious genus of ectozoa on Gasterostei obtained from the Serpentine in Hyde Park.
Observations on Vegetable Amœboid Bodies
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a communication published in ‘Microscopical Trans.,’ April, 1860, I pointed out an amoeboid condition in the zoospore of Volvox globator, which I had observed some years previously, and compared this observation with some of a kindred nature by other naturalists.
On the Spinal Nerves of Amphioxus
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In an interesting memoir devoted to the elucidation of a series of points in the anatomy and development of the Vertebrata, Schneider1 has described what he believes to be motor nerves in Amphioxus, which spring from the anterior side of the spinal cord. According to Schneider these nerves have been overlooked by all previous observers except Stieda.
The Coffee-leaf Disease of Ceylon
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the last ten years a parasitic fungus has devastated the coffee plantations of Ceylon and Southern India, and is now slowly spreading eastward through the coffee-growing countries of the old world. Its history commands our attention as the enemy of one of the most important industries of the tropical possessions of the empire. In itself, moreover, it is an interesting biological study, supplying, as it does, a striking analogy in its first appearance, progress, and effects, to the epidemic diseases of animals, in regard to which, however, so far, there is only a presumptive probability in favour of the view that the physiological disturbances or organic lesions which are characteristic of them are due to the introduction into their tissues and subsequent multiplication thereof some extraneous organism.
On the structure and homologies of the germinal layers of the embryo1
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe discovery by Pander and Von Baer that the young embryos of vertebrated animals were formed of distinct layers of cells known as the germinal layers, and that there were special and constant relations between these layers and the adult organs throughout the group, remained for a long time an isolated fact. In 1859 Huxley made an important step towards the explanation of the nature of these layers by comparing them with the ectoderm and endoderm of the Hydrozoa.
Contributions to the Minute Anatomy of the Nasal Mucous Membrane
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the present paper I propose to describe the structure of the organ of Jacobson, and of the mucous membrane lining the anterior portion of the nasal cavity in the adult guinea-pig, and in future papers, soon to follow, to extend these observations to the same organs in the rabbit, mouse, dog, ape, and man.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. X. On the Supposed Presence of Symbiotic Algæ in Antedon rosacea
Authors: Herbert Carpenter P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The anatomical monograph on Antedon rosacea which has been recently published by Messrs. Vogt and Yung,1 contains the exposition of a new theory as to the nature of the sacculi, those problematical structures which have hitherto so completely puzzled all the various naturalists who have devoted any attention to the Crinoidea. These vesicular bodies, to which the name sacculi was given by Dr. Carpenter,2 were regarded by him as possibly sense-organs, by Edward Forbes as ovaries, by Wyville Thomson as calcareous glands, and as possibly excretory organs by Perrier,3 with whom Ludwig4 was inclined to agree ; while Vogt and Yung describe them as symbiotic algæ,5
Studies on Earthworms.No. III. Criodrilus lacuum, Hoffmeister
Authors: Benham William Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Thanks to the kindness of Dr. Örley, who, at Professor Ray Lankester’s request, sent him a bottle containing a large number of Criodrilus preserved in spirit, and including both sexually mature and young specimens, as well as cocoons, I have been enabled to make a study of this interesting worm. The specimens are all in a good state of preservation, and I have been able to add several new facts concerning its anatomy. This is the first time that figures illustrating the general anatomy of Criodrilus have been published. Hoffmeister1 gives a coloured figure of the worm, and of the cocoon, showing their natural size and appearance, but with no details as to setæ, pores, &c.; Vejdovsky2 has already published excellent figures of various portions or organs of the worm; e. g. the ovary, nephridial funnel, setæ, transverse section of the body, so that I have not repeated these. Dr. Örley3 added drawings of the prostomium, as well as of that of another worm which he described as Criodrilus dubiosus; but in his paper, published in the present number of this Journal, he makes no reference to this worm. He, however, mentions Allolobophora dubiosa as occurring with C. lacuum, so that, presumably, they are one and the same animal. But with all these figures no general view of the worm has been given.
The Relation of the Nemertea to the Vertebrata
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In venturing at the close of my Report on the Nemertea, collected by ILM.S. “Challenger,” to leave the region of demonstrated facts and actual observations, and to enter upon that of speculation and suggestion, I gladly availed myself of the permission for so doing granted to me by the editor, Mr. John Murray. I thought it necessary to ask for that permission, because general speculations on the ancestry of the Chordata hardly appeared to me to fit into the framework of those Reports. My desire in this case to deviate from a rule which I held to be salutary, was due to the fact that of late these speculations have been conducted along very varying channels, an entirely new one having only very lately been opened by Bateson’s important series of papers on Balanoglossus. An attempt to give more depth to one of these channels, and thus to lead into it the attention of a greater number of my fellow-workers, especially commended itself to me, since it was my conviction that the lines laid down by myself in former publications derived considerable support from the “Challenger “material, and were thus entitled to a renewed and full consideration.
On the Fate of the Muscle-Plate, and the Development of the Spinal Nerves and Limb Plexuses in Birds and Mammals
Authors: Paterson A. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The late Professor Balfour1 showed that the spinal nerves in Elasmobranchs spring entirely from epiblastic origins, and the same has been proved conclusively regarding the roots at least of the spinal nerves in birds and mammals, by the researches of Milnes Marshall,2 His,3 and others. The most complete account of the early stages in the development of the nerves in higher Vertebrates is that of Marshall.2 He has traced the roots of the nerves from their origin from the spinal cord to the point when they unite together to form the mixed nerve. From that point onwards there is uncertainty. Though it is considered highly probable that the further growth of the nerves consists of an extension towards the periphery of the original epiblastic elements, still it has not been proved that this is so. It has not hitherto been shown that the nerve-trunks, after the junction of the two roots, are not formed from the cells of the mesoblast.
On the Hæmoglobin Crystals of Rodents’ Blood
Authors: Halliburton W. D. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The crystals of hæmoglobin since their first discovery have been described by various observers as occurring in no less than five out of the six crystallographic systems. Subsequent investigators have reduced this number to two, namely, the rhombic system, in which the hæmoglobin from, the blood of most animals crystallises; and the hexagonal system, in which that from the blood of certain rodents is said to crystallise.
On the Intra-Ovarian Egg of Some Osseous Fishes
Authors: Scharff Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following researches were carried out during the past summer while acting as assistant to Professor McIntosh, at the St. Andrew’s Marine Laboratory. The fresh material for the investigations was taken from St. Andrew’s Bay, which is extremely rich in all kinds of animal life. Professor McIntosh kindly placed at my disposal many preserved ovaries and ova from his large collection, which served me for sections. But my contributions to the history of development leave a good many gaps to be filled up by future observers, as I was not able to obtain a consecutive series of the ovaries of any species. If an ovary be opened it is generally found to contain eggs of a certain size only, and in order to get an entire succession of the various stages, ovaries of the same species should be procured at different seasons of the year. It is not possible to see all the phases of development in one and the same ovary. There is one form, however, which abounds near St. Andrews, and which, due to its spawning period being spread over several months, contains ova of almost all sizes. This is the gurnard (Trigla gurnardus). It is in many other points a very suitable object for investigation.
Studies on the Comparative Anatomy of Sponges: I. On the Genera Ridleia, n. gen., and Quasillina, Norman
Authors: Dendy Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some months ago, when going over the large collection of Sponges in the British Museum, I came upon a curious little specimen,1 which a cursory examination soon showed to be of exceptional interest. I was therefore led to make a careful investigation of the minute anatomy, and soon discovered that the specimen in question was the type of a new genus of Monaxonid Sponges allied to Quasillina on the one hand, and Suberites on the other. For purposes of comparison, I was further led to make as complete a re-examination as possible of the minute anatomy of Quasillina, which led to an almost complete confirmation of what Dr. Vosmaer has already published on the subject, and also to the discovery of some interesting new points.