bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ownership Structure and Audit Quality on Firm Performance
Authors: Angsoyiri Dramani 
Published: April 2021

The study examined the effect of ownership structure and audit quality on firm performance of listed companies in Ghana. The research employed a quantitative research approach; secondary data was extracted from various annual reports and financial statements of the selected companies. The target population was all 42 listed companies on the Ghana Stock Exchange. The sample size was 20 companies selected from all industries. The study period was 2013-2018 resulted in 160 firm-yearly empirical observations. The study used return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as the performance measure. Ownership structure was measured using managerial ownership and institutional ownership, audit quality was also measured with the auditor’s reputation, audit committee size and audit committee independence. The control variables used were board size and firm size. The researcher found a weak positive correlation between institutional and managerial ownership and firm performance. Moreover, there was a positive effect of audit quality on firm performance. It implies that the engagement of the services of the Big 4 audit firms has an incremental effect on firm performance. Audit committee size posited a positive effect on firm performance whereas audit committee independence was seen to harm firm performance. Similarly, board independence showed a positive effect on ROE and a negative effect on ROA. Board size, however, indicated a positive effect on firm performance. The researcher recommended the pressing need of diversifying shareholdings in firms as a sweetener to attract more skills and expertise among shareholders that can be tapped to enhance the performance of firms. However, managers should be protected from unnecessary shareholding meddling.
Association of COVID-19 with obesity
Authors: Khalid Sidra 
Published: April 2021

COVID-19 is a disease that cause respiratory illness due to novel corona virus. It was reported to WHO on December 31,2019 for the first time. The outbreak of this disease started from Wuhan city, China. Now COVID-19 pandemic is spreading worldwide mostly in Europe and North America, these regions have high prevalence of obesity.
In the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease, obesity assumes a significant job. The insusceptible framework, which is official in the pathogenesis of COVID19, assumes a significant job in weight instigated fat tissue aggravation. In the fat tissue the irritation brings about metabolic brokenness conceivably prompting dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin obstruction, hypertension and cardiovascular sickness. Obesity has been expanded the vulnerability to contaminations.
In this pandemic, a large number of obese individual with Covid-19 are reported. Infection rate in obese is greater due to poor immunity, comorbidity and inadequate nutritional needs. Statistical analysis showed that about 41.7% patients reported in New York city were obese. Whereas 40% obese have been reported in United State of America with Covid-19. A report from UK indicated that 38% obese were admitted in ICU with Covid-19. According to Chinese researchers, obese individuals are 3-times more prone toward the development of Covid-19. So recent analysis indicated that obesity is the major risk factor of Covid-19.
In COVID-19, overweight and obese patients have high danger of metabolic difficulties and eternal infections that stoutness works. More nutrition care is required for such patients. As nutrition is a key factor for keeping up human wellbeing, for example, dense impervious framework and satisfactory admission of supplements and dietary enhancements. Tolerant with COVID-19 create contamination from slight to serious indications bound to the dietary status. Consequently, assessing wholesome status of individuals with contamination turns out to be increasingly significant. Through dietary help, we can bring down the danger of oxidative pressure, infection contamination and expands invulnerability framework among obese people especially.
STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI KOMUNITAS TRASH HERO KENDARI DALAM MENGKAMPANYEKAN GERAKAN PEDULI LINGKUNGAN DI KOTA KENDARI
Authors: Arwan Arwan , La Tarifu La Tarifu , Saidin Saidin 
Published: April 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalahuntuk mengetahui strategi komunikasi yang digunakan oleh komunitas Trash Hero Kendari dalam mengkampanyekan gerakan peduli lingkungan di Kota Kendari. Penelitian ini berlokasi Kota Kendari. Informan penelitian sebanyak 5 orang ditentukan dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yakni memilih pihak-pihak yang dianggap mengetahui secara akurat topik-topik terkait permasalahan penelitian ini. Jenis data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari data kuantitatif dan data kualitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data mencakup proses reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Starategi komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh komuitas Trash Hero Kendari menerapkan kombinasi dari elemen-elemen komunikasi Harold D Laswell. Penyampaian pesan memalui media sosial merupakan strategi utama yang digunakan oleh Trash Hero Kendari. Kata-kata Kunci: Strategi komunikasi; Komunitas; Trash Hero; Kampanye; Lingkungan.
A Moral Examination of the Therapeutic Use Exemption in Anti-Doping
Authors: Gleaves John 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Events surrounding the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro brought increased scrutiny on the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA) Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) policy. Some critics even called for abolishing the TUE policy as a potential reform to improve anti-doping. This article describes the TUE policy outlined in the 2015 International Standards for Therapeutic Use Exemptions and then provides a moral argument for having TUEs based on medical rights. Next, the article discusses two types of criticisms of the TUE policy. The first, labeled “in practice” criticisms, proves to have no merit. The second, categorized as “in principle” criticisms, mostly fails to undermine the TUE policy. However, one branch of the “in principle” criticism, asserted by Dimeo and Møller, does raise doubts about the TUE policy’s use of the treatment-enhancement distinction. Ultimately, the article argues that the criteria for approving a TUE should drop objections to enhancement when faced with legitimate medical conditions that offer no alternative accepted therapies. The article suggests that the medical community’s ability to determine medical necessity and best practice guidelines provides sufficient criteria to prevent fraudulent TUE applications and thus should not rely on the treatment-enhancement distinction to deny TUE requests that conform to accepted medical practices. With such reforms, the article concludes that not only are critics wrong to call for an end to WADA’s TUE policy, but that such a TUE policy helps sports in the Olympic Movement achieve their highest ideals.
Acute Versus Delayed Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for the Primary Treatment of Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Seidel Henry D. , Bhattacharjee Sarah , Koh Jason L. , Strelzow Jason A. , Shi Lewis L. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction:
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) is gaining popularity as a treatment option for proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients. The impact of surgical timing on outcomes of primary rTSA is unclear. This study compared the rates of revision and complication, and surgery day cost of treatment between acute and delayed primary rTSA patients.

Methods:
Elderly patients with proximal humeral fracture who underwent primary rTSA within a year of fracture were identified in a national insurance database from 2005 to 2014. Patients were separated into acute (<4 weeks) or delayed (>4 weeks) cohorts based on the timing of rTSA. The univariate 1-year rates of revision and complication and surgery day cost of treatment were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted, accounting for the factors of age, sex, obesity, diabetes comorbidity, and tobacco use.

Results:
Four thousand two hundred forty-five (82.6%) acute and 892 (17.4%) delayed primary rTSA patients were identified. Acute rTSA was associated with a higher surgery day cost (acute $15,770 ± $8,383, delayed $14,586 ± $7,271; P < 0.001). Delayed rTSA resulted in a higher 1-year revision rate (acute 1.7%, delayed 4.5%; P < 0.001) and surgical complication rates of dislocation (acute 2.8%, delayed 6.1%; P < 0.001) and mechanical complications (acute 1.9%, delayed 3.4%; P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis identified delayed primary treatment as independently associated with increased risk of revision (odds ratio: 2.29, 95% confidence interval 1.53 to 3.40; P < 0.001) and dislocation (OR: 2.05, 95% confidence interval 1.45 to 2.86; P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Delayed primary rTSA was associated with higher short-term rates of revision and dislocation compared with acute primary rTSA. Our results suggest that delaying rTSA, whether because of attempted nonsurgical treatment or patients' lack of access, may result in increased complication and additional surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Level III
Whose narratives?
Authors: Verde Alfredo 
Published: April 2021

Whose narratives? The Self as (also) an alien – for a complex concept of ‘Self’ in narrative criminology
This paper, answering to a recent critique by Ben Laws to the concept of Self developed by narrative criminology, and recognizing its importance, shows that narrative criminology has formulated a complex dynamic definition of it, in addressing both the limit-experiences and the unconscious dimension. Such enlargement can be attained by adding to narrative criminology the contributions of psychosocial criminology, that considers also the emotional dimension of crime narratives and the enjoyment connected to crime: the offender Self, in this perspective, is a multiplex, not completely definable, sometimes alien entity, which can be exposed analysing in depth criminal narratives.
Alsof slachtofferschap een verhaal is: de narratieve victimologie en haar grenzen
Authors: Pemberton Antony 
Published: April 2021

As if victimization is a story: narrative victimology and its limits
This article adopts German philosopher Hans Vaihinger’s Philosophy of “as if” as a vehicle to sketch the main features of the emerging research domain of narrative victimology, as well as address some of its limitations. Vaihinger emphasizes the importance of useful untruths, i.e. things we know to be untrue, but nevertheless behave as if they are not, if that strengthens their use as instruments for us to find our way more easily in the world. This applies to our daily lives, but also to our societal institutions and the models and metaphors that underlie our approaches to (social) science. The paper argues that the narrative metaphor of the historical event is often more apt to enhance our understanding of victimological phenomena than that of the mechanism, which is the default metaphor of (social) science. The paper subsequently describes four areas of inquiry of narrative victimology: victimisation’s impact on (life) stories; narratives in the aftermath of victimization; narratives of victim’s experiences with justice processes and the coincidence and juxtaposition of the victims’ narrative with narratives of other significant parties. For all its merits however, the narrative metaphor is also a “useful untruth”, equipped with its own limitations, for instance the difficulty of language in describing first hand experiences of victims and the possibility that narrative structures will be imposed upon victim experiences.
Revisiting Gandhi’s Idea of Trusteeship in the Context of Globalization and Inequality
Authors: Joseph Stefy V , Reddy Mucheli Rishvanth 
Published: April 2021

Mahatma Gandhi’s idea of trusteeship is a pragmatic model of development that aims to attain economic equality in society. This idea is an alternative to communism and capitalism and is based on nonviolence and inclusivity. Trusteeship seeks to resolve the conflict between labour and capital by emphasizing on equitable distribution of work and wages, giving equal importance to manual and mental labour, promoting people to labour for their own bread, creating a society in which all the people are entitled only to as much wealth as required to satisfy their needs and have time for leisure. Trusteeship replaces competition with cooperation by promoting wealthy people to voluntarily abdicate their wealth for the underprivileged. It aims to transform self-interested individuals to work for group-interest. This idea is relevant for the present times when inequality is widening the gap between rich and poor, and weakening the prospects of inclusive development. Trusteeship is a workable solution that can ensure sustainable progress in contemporary times.
Původ bipartity legisakčního řízení
Authors: Záliš Pavel 
Published: April 2021

Článek se v první části věnuje teoriím zabývajícími se důvody a okolnostmi vedoucí k rozdělení legisakčního řízení do dvou fází, tj. in iure, jež se odehrávala před úředníkem a apud iudicem, v němž spor rozhodoval jmenovaný soudce. V základních rysech představuje ty teorie, které podstatným způsobem ovlivnily poznání a další směr výzkumu v této oblasti. V další části pojednává v kontextu zaměření tohoto článku municipálním zákonem lex Irnitana, který nabízí vhled do reformovaného formulovaného procesu, který mimo jiné upravuje volnost sporných stran při výběru osoby soudce. Poslední část nabízí pohled z perspektivy právně-antropologických a etnografických výzkumů probíhajících v minulém století v moderních primitivních společnostech, které mohou pro účely studia římského práva poskytnout širší vhled a napomoci ozřejmit motivace a důvody vedoucí k bipartitě římského procesu. Antropologické materiály totiž umožňují lépe pochopit právní i mimoprávní vazby, které jsou determinovány sociální strukturou archaických a primitivních komunit. Díky tomu můžeme identifikovat některé tradované omyly týkající se přístupu archaických a primitivních společností k právu.
Nekonečný příběh Nejvyšší rady soudnictví: Kdo ji chce a proč ji pořád nemáme?
Authors: Šipulová Katarína , Urbániková Marína , Kosař David 
Published: April 2021

I přesto, že diskuse o Nejvyšší radě soudnictví (NRS) trvá už několik dekád, komplexní analýza toho, jaké postoje ke zřízení NRS zastávají klíčoví aktéři, kterých se samospráva soudnictví týká – soudci, politici a praktikující právníci – doposud chybí. Cílem tohoto textu je tuto mezeru vyplnit a na základě rozhovorů se zástupci českých právnických, soudcovských a politických elit zmapovat argumenty, které rozdělují zastánce a odpůrce NRS. V článku si klademe tři hlavní otázky: 1) Jak se zástupci právnických, soudcovských a politických elit staví ke zřízení NRS a jakými argumenty svou pozici zdůvodňují? 2) Jakou by měla mít správa soudnictví podle nich ideální podobu? 3) Co tyto tři skupiny od vzniku NRS očekávají?Hlavní zjištění jsou následující. Soudci, politici a právníci identifikovali stejné dva klíčové problémy stávajícího systému: ministerstvo nemá kapacitu ani vizi, jak soudnictví spravovat, a mnohé kompetence proto deleguje na předsedy soudů. Příliš silné postavení předsedů soudů však vede k fragmentaci správy soudnictví a ohrožuje vnitřní nezávislost řadových soudců. Elity se nicméně liší v tom, zda zřízení NRS tyto problémy vyřeší. Většina soudců vznik NRS podporuje a očekává od ní sjednocení správy soudnictví a odbřemenění předsedů soudů. Část politiků by souhlasila s ustanovením slabého modelu NRS, pokud by kontury systému pořád nastavovalo ministerstvo spravedlnosti. Zároveň však tvrdí, že fragmentovaná správa je lepší zárukou proti ovládnutí soudnictví jednou skupinou. Právníci pak vidí v zřízení NRS více rizik než pozitiv a obávají se zapouzdření soudní moci. Klíč k řešení problémů vidí spíše v otázce právnického vzdělávání a zvýšení kvality soudního rozhodování. Současné debaty o správě soudnictví ani poslední novely zákona o soudech a soudcích však bohužel na tyto klíčové problémy identifikované respondenty dosud nereagovaly.
Evaluation of Four Practical Diets on the Growth and Survival of Juvenile Redclaw, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868)
Authors: Rigg Damian P. , Courtney Robert L. , Seymour Jamie E, , Jones Clive M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRedclaw, Cherax quadricariatus (von Martens) has shown promise as an aquaculture species but commercial development has been constrained by variability of production, perhaps due to poor survival and growth of early craylings. Diet contributes to survival and growth and previous studies have determined requirements for larger redclaw, but little research exists for the early craylings. An experiment was performed to evaluate survival and growth of early instar redclaw using four diets; Frippak (commercial shrimp diet), CSIRO compound diet, bloodworms, and on-grown Artemia. Bloodworms and Artemia produced significantly higher survival of craylings over two weeks than the two other diets. Artemia diet had a significantly higher weight increase than bloodworms or the CSIRO diet, but not Frippak, which did not differ from bloodworms or CSIRO. Biomass was significantly higher when fed Artemia. High mortality in the Frippak and CSIRO diet treatments were not wholly attributable to nutritional deficiencies as the manufactured diets became less physically accessible, potentially reducing intake, leading to difficulties completing ecdysis and eventually death. This study concluded that Artemia and bloodworms promoted highest survival, and Artemia and Frippak the highest weight gain. The best combination of survival, weight gain and biomass was with the Artemia diet.
Epigean Crayfish of the Potomac River Basin in West Virginia: Zoogeography, Natural History and Conservation
Authors: Loughman Zachary J. , Sykes Audrey M. , McKinney Matthew J. , Welsh Stuart A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Crayfish are an aquatic fauna of conservation concern, yet regional studies are lacking on zoogeography and life history. We compared recent and historical species distribution data and assessed conservation standings of native and nonindigenous crayfish of the Potomac River Basin in West Virginia. From 2007–2011, a total of 1764 crayfish were collected from 159 sites. Data collection included species abundance, morphometrics, and life history parameters. Percentages of the number of individuals of each species of the total catch were 36.3% (Cambarus bartonii), 34.6% (Faxonius obscurus), 23.4% (Faxonius virilis), 3.6% (Procambarus cf. zonangulus) and 2.0% (Cambarus carinirostris). Cambarus bartonii was present throughout the drainage, F. obscurus was collected primarily from the North Branch, South Branch, and Cacapon river watersheds, and C. carinirostris was only collected in the South Branch watershed. Two nonnative species, F. virilis and P. cf. zonangulus, were only present in tributaries downstream of the Cacapon River watershed. Spinycheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) were not collected during our survey, which suggests its possible extirpation from the West Virginia portion of its range. Our zoogeographic and life history data could serve as a baseline for future conservation-oriented monitoring efforts of the Potomac River watershed.
Potentially toxic metal(loid) distribution and migration in the bottom weathering profile of indigenous zinc smelting slag pile in clastic rock region
Authors: Peng Yishu , Yang Ruidong , Jin Tao , Chen Jun , Zhang Jian 
Published: April 2021

Background
There are contaminated by potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) that the surface soil and the weathering profiles around the indigenous zinc smelting slag piles or smelters in the smelting area. However, few systematic studies are currently focusing on the PTM distribution and migration among the slag and its bottom weathering profile.

Methods
This research determined the concentrations of PTMs and pH values. And we analyzed PTM distribution in the two weathering profiles (slag-covered and slag-absent) with a small horizontal distance in the clastic rock region in the smelting area.

Results
The soil As and Pb contents, respectively, within the 30 and 50 cm depth in the slag-covered section were higher than those in the slag-absent profile. All soil Cd and Zn contents of the slag-covered core were significantly higher than those in the slag-absent weathering section.

Conclusions
Compared with the slag-absent weathering section, some PTMs (i.e., As, Cd, Pb and Zn) in the bottom weathering profile were polluted by these elements in the covered slag in the clastic rock region, and their depths were influenced by the slag to varying degrees. Additionally, with time, some PTMs (especially Cd and Zn) of the slag might finally contaminate the groundwater by leaching and infiltration through its bottom weathering profile in the clastic rock region.
Solvent‐Dependent Chemoselective and Stereoselective Approach to Synthesis of Spiro‐γ‐Lactams with Potent Anticancer Activity
Authors: Lei Jie , He Liu‐Jun , Tang Dian‐Yong , Wen Jingyuan , Yan Wei , Li Hong‐yu , Chen Zhong‐Zhu , Xu Zhi‐Gang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChemoselective approaches were developed for derivatizing diastereoselective chromanone spiro‐γ‐lactams through the Michael‐type addition by using amide as a weak nucleophile to construct the spiro‐carbon center under basic conditions. To expand the scope of this post‐Ugi cascade reaction, a new series of oxidized chromone derivatives was synthesized by altering solvent from EtOH to DMF. Compounds 7 a and 7 b which could be synthesized in one day, demonstrated comparable anticancer activities with legendary anticancer drug paclitaxel in the PANC and U87 cell lines. This methodology offers a new approach to construct spiro‐carbon centers with functionalized chromanones or chromones under mild reaction conditions.magnified image
Visible‐Light‐Induced Manganese‐Catalyzed Reactions: Present Approach and Future Prospects
Authors: Jamatia Ramen , Mondal Avijit , Srimani Dipankar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVisible‐light‐induced reactions have allowed researchers to attain unorthodox bond formation and elusive chemical processes under mild and inherently safe reaction conditions. However, these methods have relied heavily on Ru‐ and Ir‐based complexes or metal‐free chromophores. While the heavy transition metal complexes are limited by their high cost, toxicity, and adverse environmental effects. Metal‐free photo‐redox catalysts are restricted due to their poorer photo‐stability. In order to overcome these shortcomings, extensive research aimed towards utilizing 3d‐transition metals has come to the forefront. Manganese, in this regard, holds great promise as a versatile and economically sustainable 3d‐transition metal catalyst. Hence, it is not surprising that recent years have witnessed several advances in visible‐light‐mediated manganese catalysis in areas of organic, polymer, and materials chemistry. Manganese‐based heterogeneous systems have also been utilized to effect dimerization and oxygenation reactions showcasing the versatility of manganese. Moreover, manganese has enabled late‐stage functionalization of valuable medicinal compounds and natural products, which are all important from the viewpoint of medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry. In the present review, comprehensive discussions on the advances, significance, approaches, and mechanistic aspects have been added for each photochemical reaction process. Further, the reaction scope, limitations, and future prospects of visible‐light‐induced manganese catalysis have also been reviewed.magnified image