bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galactosyl transferase-dependence of neurita outgrowth on substratumbound laminin
Authors: Thomas William A. , Schaefer Andrew W. , Treadway R. Morris 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The cell surface enzyme β 1–4 galactosyl transferase (galtase) has been implicated in a number of cellular events involving adhesion and recognition, among them migration of neural crest and mesenchymal cells as well as initiation and elongation of neurites from PC 12 cells. Results presented here demonstrate that reagents that specifically alter galtase activity modulate the rate of neurite outgrowth from chick dorsal root ganglia on substrata coated with the large extracellular matrix glycoprotein, laminin (LN), a known substrate for galtase activity. Not all neurites responded equally to reagent addition, and in every experiment a subset of neurites was ostensibly unaffected by reagent, even at the highest concentration tested. Those neurites that were affected demonstrated an ability to adapt to the continued presence of reagent and resume normal elongation. These results support the hypothesis that cell surface galtase activity plays an important role in mediating neurite elongation and suggest further that differential expression of galtase at the nerve growth cone might contribute to axonal guidance through glycoconjugate-rich environments in vivo.
Time course of opsin expression in developing rod photoreceptors
Authors: Knight Jennifer K. , Raymond Pamela A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have investigated the time course of rod photoreceptor determination in the goldfish retina. Rod precursor cells located in the outer nuclear layer of the mature retina continuously generate rod photoreceptors. In this study, we asked when rod precursor cells begin to express opsin, which would signal their commitment to the rod pathway of differentiation. There are three possibilities: a rod precursor could express opsin while still mitotic, at or shortly after the terminal mitosis but before differentiation, or during differentiation.
We used immunocytochemistry with antibodies against bromodeoxyuridine, BrdU (a thymidine analogue) and against opsin to determine when during the mitotic history of a cell the expression of opsin first occurred, taking a double labelled cell to be evidence of commitment to the rod cell fate. We found that the first double labelled cells appeared at 4 days after BrdU injection. The number of double labelled cells increased to peak at 10 days, and then fell. These results support the hypothesis that dividing rod precursor cells are probably multipotent stem cells not committed to the rod cell fate.
Expression and regulation of the abd-A gene of Drosophila
Authors: Macias Ana , Casanova Jordi , Morata Gines 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have developed a specific polyclonal antibody that recognizes the protein products of the abdominal-A (abdA) gene, a member of the bithorax complex of Drosophila. The normal expression domain extends from parasegments 7 to 13, in good correspondence with previous genetic and molecular results. However, while the anterior border of expression is precisely demarcated by a parasegmental boundary, the posterior border does not coincide with a lineage boundary. Within the normal domain, the expression of abd-A shows intrametameric modulation; the amount of product is higher in posterior compartments and in the most anterior cells of the anterior compartments and then gradually decreases. We have examined the effect on abd-A expression of a number of mutations, some mapping within and others outside the abd-A transcription unit. Those mapping to the transcription unit eliminate or severely reduce the amount of abd-A antigen, while those mapping outside produce an abnormal distribution of abd-A protein. Finally, we show that the abd-A gene is down-regulated in part of the Abdominal-B (Abd-B) domain, precisely in those regions where the Abd-B gene is expressed at high levels.
Somatostatin receptors are restricted to a subpopulation of osteoblast-like cells during endochondral bone formation
Authors: Mackie Eleanor J. , Trechsel Ulrich , Bruns Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Specific binding sites for the peptide hormone somatostatin have previously been demonstrated in long bones from neonatal rats. In the present study, the distribution of somatostatin receptors during embryonic bone formation has been investigated using the stable radio-iodinated somatostatin analogue, SDZ 204–090. Somatostatin receptors in rat long bones were first detectable at the time of invasion of the cartilage model by osteogenic cells. Initially, receptors were detectable throughout the region occupied by osteogenic cells. As bone growth proceeded, however, receptors were restricted to the region of most recent invasion of the hypertrophic cartilage, where osteoid had not yet been deposited. In vivo labelling studies in neonatal rats were carried out to identify the cells bearing somatostatin receptors. Receptors were present in a restricted region of the metaphysis, immediately adjacent to the hypertrophic cartilage. Chondrocytes, osteoclasts and mature osteoblasts were not labelled by the radioligand. The labelled cells were often apposed to remnants of cartilage matrix and stained positively for the osteoblast marker, alkaline phosphatase. Thus the cells with specific somatostatin-binding sites were probably osteoblast precursor cells. Specific binding was detectable in all endochondral bones examined, including those of the skull, but no specific binding was found in the membrane bones of the skull. These data suggest that somatostatin is involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation during endochondral bone formation.
Epithelial scatter factor and development of the chick embryonic axis
Authors: Stern Claudio D. , Ireland Grenham W. , Herrick Sarah E. , Gherardi Ermanno , Gray Julia , Perryman Marion , Stoker Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Scatter factor, a recently characterised protein secreted by certain embryonic fibroblasts, affects cultured epithelia by increasing cell motility, the breakdown of cell junctions and cell scattering. The process of gastrulation in higher vertebrate embryos, during which the primitive streak forms, involves an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation resembling the effects of the factor on cultured cells. The factor was applied locally to chick embryos, using both scatter-factorsecreting cell lines and inert carriers. We found that scatter factor can generate local supernumerary axial structures resembling primitive streak and/or neural plate and conclude that it may have primitive-streak- and/or neural-inducing activity in chick embryos.
Growth-factor-related proteins that are inducers in early amphibian development may mediate similar steps in amniote (bird) embryogenesis
Authors: Cooke Jonathan , Wong Adeline 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Xenopus and murine activin A homologues (XTC-MIF and WEHI-MIF) and Xenopus and bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGFs) are potent inducers of mesodermal and endodermal pathways of development in amphibian blastular animal cap cells. Porcine transforming growth factor β2 (TGF β2) is a weaker inducer in the same assay but human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is inactive. We have assayed these factors for evidence of homologous effects in bird development. Unlike amphibians, bird embryos never exhibit a clean segregation of a cell layer that has a uniform specification when uninduced, and can be cultured in isolation as an assay after exposure to soluble factors. We have therefore performed less direct experiments, of three types. We have briefly cultured early chick epiblast cells with and without factors and then assayed their capacity to attach and spread upon fibronectin, in comparison with young streak and substreak hypoblast cells. We have asked whether similar microculture with factors alters the ability of quail epiblast cells to disrupt morphogenesis, and to integrate into the structure, of host chick blastoderms into which they are seeded. Finally, whole early chick blastoderms have been preincubated with or without factors for a brief period before setting them up to develop in vitro under circumstances usually permitting successful formation of axial pattern. Strong effects of the activin-like factors, of bFGF and of TGF β2 were seen in all three procedures, while PDGF was essentially inactive. In epiblast cells, effective factors at picomolar concentrations induced stable spreading upon fibronectin, and a capacity to adhere and spread upon basal epiblast surface and prevent morphogenesis in host blastoderms. Preincubation of whole early blastoderms with these factors led to characteristic deviation from normal development over the subsequent 24 h. We therefore suggest that peptides from the particular families that are active as inducers in amphibian blastula ectoderm may mediate homologous or closely related steps in respecification throughout vertebrates.
Developmental expression of syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan, correlates with cell differentiation
Authors: Trautman Michael S. , Kimelman Judy , Bernfield Merton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Syndecan is an integral membrane proteoglycan that behaves as a matrix receptor by binding cells to interstitial matrix and associating intracellularly with the actin cytoskeleton. Using immunohistology, we have now localized this proteoglycan during the morphogenesis of various derivatives of the surface ectoderm in mouse embryos. Syndecan is expressed on ectodermal epithelia, but is selectively lost from the cells that differentiate into the localized placodes that initiate lens, nasal, otic and vibrissal development. The loss is transient on presumptive ear, nasal and vibrissal epithelia; the derivatives of the differentiating ectodermal cells that have lost syndecan subsequently re-express syndecan. In contrast, syndecan is initially absent from the mesenchyme underlying the surface ectoderm, and is transiently expressed when the surface ectoderm loses syndecan. These results demonstrate that expression of syndecan is developmentally regulated in a distinct spatiotemporal pattern. On epithelia, syndecan is lost at a time and, location that correlates with epithelial cell differentiation and, on mesenchyme, syndecan is acquired when the cells aggregate in proximity to the epithelium. This pattern of change with morphogenetic events is unique and not duplicated by other matrix molecules or adhesion receptors.
Temporal and regional differences in the expression pattern of distinct retinoic acid receptor-β transcripts in the chick embryo
Authors: Smith Susan M. , Eichele Gregor 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Retinoic add (RA) is a signaling molecule apparently involved in a variety of morphogenetic processes, such as patterning of developing and regenerating vertebrate limbs. RA binds to specific intracellular receptors that constitute a multigene family. RA receptors (RAR) bind to the regulatory region of specific target genes and thereby control the expression of these genes. Here we report the sequence and spatiotemporal expression pattern of RAR-β from chick. Northern blots of RNA from whole embryos and from limb buds reveal the presence of transcripts of 3.2, 3.4, and 4.6 kb in size. Using two riboprobes, one that hybridizes to all three RAR-β mRNAs and a second one, specific for the 4.6 kb transcript, we found by in situ hybridization a differential distribution of RAR-β transcripts in limb bud mesenchyme, in craniofacial mesenchyme and in hindbrain neuroectoderm. In the hindbrain the 4.6 kb mRNA exhibits an anterior boundary of expression at the level of the constriction between rhombomeres 5 and 6. Examination of neural plate stage embryos by in situ hybridization indicates that this boundary of expression is already defined by this stage. In addition to having several RA receptors that are expressed with distinct spatial patterns in the embryo, our data indicate that the expression pattern of transcripts derived from a single receptor gene can also be differentially expressed, thus providing another level for regulating RA action.
Retinoic acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins : II. Their differential pattern of transcription during early morphogenesis in mouse embryos
Authors: Ruberte Esther , Dolle Pascal , Chambon Pierre , Morriss-Kay Gillian 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In situ hybridization with 35S-labefled RNA probes was used to study the distribution of transcripts of genes coding for the retinoic acid receptors, RAR-α, βand -γ, and the cellular binding proteins for retinoic acid (CRABP I) and retinol (CRBP I), in mouse embryos during the period of early morphogenesis. Primary mesenchyme formation was associated with CRBP I labelling of both epiblast and mesenchyme of the primitive streak, while the CRABP probe labelled the migrating primary mesenchyme cells. Neural crest cell emigration and migration were associated with CRABP labelling of both neural epithelium (excluding the floor plate) and neural crest cells, while CRBP I expression was restricted to basal and apical regions of the epithelium (excluding the floor plate). The strongest neuroepithelial signal for CRABP was in the preotic hindbrain. RAR-β was present in presomitic stage embryos, being expressed at highest levels in the lateral regions. RAR-α was associated with crest cell emigration and migration, while RAR-γ was present in the primitive streak region throughout the period of neurulation. There was a change from RAR-β to RAR-γ expression at the junction between closed and open neural epithelium at the caudal neuropore. RAR-α and RAR-β were expressed at specific levels of the hindbrain and in the spinal cord. These distribution patterns are discussed in relation to segmental expression patterns of other genes, and to maturational changes in the caudal neuropore region. The CRABP transcript distribution patterns correlated well with known target tissues of excess retinoid-induced teratogenesis (migrating pri-mary mesenchyme and neural crest cells, preotic hindbrain), providing further support for our hypoth-esis that cells expressing CRABP are those that cannot tolerate high levels of RA for their normal developmen-tal function.
The origin of postembryonic neuroblasts in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Prokop Andreas , Technau Gerhard M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Embryonic and postembryonic neuroblasts in the thoracic ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster have the same origin. We have traced the development of threefold-labelled single precursor cells from the early gastrula stage to late larval stages. The technique allows in the same individual monitoring of progeny cells at embryonic stages (in vivo) and differentially staining embryonic and postembryonic progeny within the resulting neural clone at late postembryonic stages. The analysis reveals that postembryonic cells always appear together with embryonic cells in one clone. Further-more, BrdU labelling suggests that the embryonic neuroblast itself rather than one of its progeny resumes proliferation as a postembryonic neuroblast. A second type of clone consists of embryonic progeny only.
Xenopus Myf-5 marks early muscle cells and can activate muscle genes ectopically in early embryos
Authors: Hopwood N. D. , Pluck A. , Gurdon J. B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have cloned a Xenopus cDNA that encodes a homologue of the human myogenic factor, Myf-5. Xenopus Myf-5 (XMyf5) transcripts first accumulate in the prospective somite region of early gastrulae. The pattern of XMyf5 expression is similar to that of the Xenopus MyoD (XMyoD) gene, except that XMyf5 transcripts are largely restricted to posterior somitic mesoderm even before any somites have formed. Transient ectopic expression of XMyf5 activates cardiac actin and XMyoD genes in animal cap cells, but does not cause full myogenesis, even in combination with XMyoD. These results suggest that XMyf5 acts together with XMyoD as one of the set of genes regulating the earliest events of myogenesis, additional factors being required for complete muscle differentiation.
Basic FGF and TGF-β1 influence commitment to melanogenesis in neural crest-derived cells of avian embryos
Authors: Stocker Kate M. , Sherman Larry , Rees Sean , Ciment Gary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In previous studies, we showed that neural crest (NC)-derived cells from embryonic quail dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and peripheral nerve (PN), which do not normally give rise to melanocytes, become committed to melanogenesis following treatment in culture with the phorbol ester drug 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). These and other observations support the notion that melanocytes and Schwann cells are derived from a common bipotent intermediate in the neural crest lineage – the melanocyte/Schwann cell progenitor. In this study, we test the possibility that peptide growth factors found in the embryonic environment might act similarly to TPA to influence the fates of these cells. DRG and PN expiants were cultured in medium supplemented with a variety of growth factors, and then the cultures were examined for the presence of pigment cells. We found that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), but not various other growth factors, induced pigmentation in about 20 % of these cultures. When low concentrations of TPA were included in the culture medium, bFGF augmented the TPA-induced pigmen-tation, significantly increasing the proportion of pigmented cultures. These effects of bFGF were age-dependent, and could be blocked by addition of a bFGF-neutralizing antibody to the culture medium. In contrast to these stimulatory effects of bFGF, transforming growth factor-βl (TGF-β1) was found to inhibit the TPA- or bFGF-induced pigmentation of DRG cultures. These data suggest, therefore, that at least some NC-derived cells are responsive to bFGF and TGF-β1, and that these growth factors may play an important role in the control of NC cell fate.
Positioning and maintenance of embryonic body wall muscle attachments in C. elegans requires the mup-1 gene
Authors: Goh Phuay-Yee , Bogaert Thierry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
As part of a general study of genes specifying a pattern of muscle attachments, we identified and genetically characterised mutants in the mup-1 gene. The body wall muscles of early stage mup-1 embryos have a wild-type myofilament pattern but may extend ectopic processes. Later in embryogenesis, some body wall muscles detach from the hypodermis. Genetic analysis suggests that mup-1 has both a maternal and a zygotic component and is not required for postembryonic muscle growth and attachment, mup-1 mutants are suppressed by mutations in several genes that encode extracellular matrix components. We propose that mup-1 may encode a cell surface/extracellular matrix molecule required both for the positioning of body wall muscle attachments in early embryogenesis and the subsequent maintenance of these attachments to the hypodermis until after cuticle synthesis.
The spatial and temporal distribution of polarizing activity in the flank of the pre-limb-bud stages in the chick embryo
Authors: Hornbruch Amata , Wolpert Lewis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The presence of polarizing activity in the limb buds of developing avian embryos determines the pattern of the anteroposterior axis of the limbs in the adult. Maps of the spatial distribution and the strength of the signal within limb buds of different stages are well documented. Polarizing activity can also be found in Hensen’s node in the early embryo.
We have mapped the distribution of polarizing activity as it emerges from Hensen’s node and spreads into the flank tissue of the embryo. There is a clear change in the local pattern of expression of polarizing activity between stage 8 and 18. Almost no activity is measured for stages 8 and 9. More or less uniform levels of around 10 % are spread along the flank lateral to the unsegmented somitic mesoderm from somite position 12 to 22 in stage 10 embryos. Some 6 to 8 h later at stage 12, there is a distinct peak of activity at somite position 18, the middle of the wing field. This peak increases at stages 13 to 15 and its position traverses to the posterior edge of the wing field. Full strength of activity is reached shortly before the onset of limb bud formation at stage 16 to 17. Stages 16 to 18 were investigated for polarizing activity in the wing and the leg field. Low levels of polarizing activity are present in the anterior leg field at stages 16 and 17 but have disappeared by stage 18 and all activity is confined to the posterior part of the leg bud.
A member of the RXR nuclear receptor family is expressed in neural-crest-derived cells of the developing chick peripheral nervous system
Authors: Rowe Annie , Eager Nicholas S. C. , Brickell Paul M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Retinoic acid (RA) affects differentiation and morphogenesis in various developmental systems and is believed to act through nuclear RA receptors that belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone family of ligand-binding transcription factors. Three closely related receptors, RARα, -β and -γ, with distinct expression patterns, have been identified and a fourth receptor, hRXR-α, which responds to RA but which has low homology to RAR-α, -β and -γ, was recently discovered. Here we report the isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a chicken homologue of hRXR-α (cRXR) and show that a cRXR transcript of 2.5 kb is expressed in a range of embryonic chick tissues. By in situ hybridization to sections from stage 24 and stage 27 chick embryos, we show that cRXR transcripts are expressed at high levels in the liver and in elements of the developing peripheral nervous system derived from the neural crest, including dorsal root ganglia, cranial ganglia, enteric ganglia and peripheral nerve tracts. At stage 16, in the posterior trunk region, cRXR transcripts are expressed by cells in the neural crest and in neural crest cells migrating into the sclerotome, indicating that neural crest cells express cRXR transcripts before overt differentiation into peripheral nervous tissue. This distribution suggests a novel role for RA in the developing peripheral nervous system, mediated by cRXR. In addition, it identifies cRXR as a marker for a specific population of neural-crest-derived cells.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2 and p42 during meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocyte: Antagonistic action of okadaic acid and 6-DMAP
Authors: Jessus Catherine , Rime Héléne , Haccard Olivier , Lint Johan Van , Goris Jozef , Merlevede Wilfried , Ozon RenÉ 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of p34cdc2 was estimated by immunoblotting with antiphosphotyrosine antibody during meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes. At the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), p34cdc2 is tyrosine dephosphorylated whereas a p42 protein, which might correspond to a MAP2 kinase, becomes tyrosine phosphorylated. No modification in the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of either proteins was noticed during the whole maturation process from GVBD until metaphase H. When added to prophase oocytes, 6-DMAP (6-dimethyl-aminopurine) blocks GVBD, M-phase-promoting factor (MPF) activation and Hl-histone, kinase activation induced by either progesterone, MPF transfer or okadaic acid microinjection. In each case, the tyrosine déphosphorylation reaction of p34cdc2 is inhibited. In meiosis I oocytes (just after the initiation of GVBD), 6-DMAP provokes the rephosphorylation of p34cdc2 on tyrosine residue(s), inactivation of MPF and Hl-histone kinase and re-entry of the cell into an interphase-like state. These processes are reversible by simply removing the agent. In contrast to the observations in prophase oocytes, okadaic acid is able to reverse the inhibitory effect of 6-DMAP in meiosis I oocytes on MPF and Hl-histone kinase activities and to initiate dephosphorylation of p34cdc2 on tyrosyl residue(s) even in the presence of 6-DMAP. Altogether, our results show that 6-DMAP and okadaic acid antagonistically control in vivo the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2.