bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E‐cigarette and vaping product use‐associated lung injury in the pediatric population: A critical review of the current literature
Authors: Kaslow Jacob A. , Rosas‐Salazar Christian , Moore Paul E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUse of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), also known as e‐cigarettes, in the adolescent population has significantly increased over the past several years. This rise led to an outbreak of e‐cigarette or vaping product use‐associated lung injury (EVALI) in the summer of 2019. Since that time, numerous case reports and case series on vaping and EVALI have been published but the majority of literature highlights the adult population with few articles focusing on pediatric patients. Given the addictive nature of these products and the lack of full understanding of the human health effects, there is concern that use of ENDS may have lasting impacts on users, especially adolescents and young adults. The goal of this review is to critically assess published data on ENDS use in children, report our institutional experience, discuss the reasons why the use of ENDS have increased among young individuals, outline the current understanding of EVALI as it pertains to the pediatric population, and discuss future opportunities for health policy implementation.
Role of sweat ion ratios in diagnosing cystic fibrosis
Authors: Treggiari Davide , Tridello Gloria , Menin Laura , Borruso Antonella , Pintani Emily , Iansa Patrizia , Cipolli Marco , Melotti Paola 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSweat chloride (Cl−) concentration is the gold standard for diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF). This is, however, challenging among patients with borderline values. Previous studies have reported that the sweat Cl−/Na+ ratio may be useful for diagnosing CF; however, little is known about Cl−/K+ and (Cl− + Na+)/K+ ratios. This study aimed to retrospectively define the most appropriate outcome of the sweat test. Samples of sweat were collected using the Gibson and Cooke method. Cl−, Na+, and K+ were further quantified in 2084 participants—1283 CF and 801 non‐CF—based on clinical diagnosis. Among those with borderline sweat Cl− values (n = 502), 34.8% had CF. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve was calculated to evaluate the diagnostic value of the ion ratios. In the overall population, all the ratios significantly discriminated CF from non‐CF, whereas in the borderline group, only Cl−/Na+ significantly discriminated CF and non‐CF subjects, regardless of age.
Assimilation of GNSS reflectometry delay‐Doppler maps with a two‐dimensional variational analysis of global ocean surface winds
Authors: Huang Feixiong , Garrison James L. , Mark Leidner S. , Grieco Giuseppe , Stoffelen Ad , Annane Bachir , Hoffman Ross N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDirect remote‐sensing observations (e.g., radar backscatter, radiometer brightness temperature, or radio occultation bending angle) are often more effective for use in data assimilation (DA) than the corresponding geophysical retrievals (e.g., ocean surface winds, soil moisture, or atmospheric water vapor). In the particular case of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS‐R), the lower‐level delay‐Doppler map (DDM) observable shows a complicated relationship with the ocean surface wind field. Prior studies have demonstrated DA using GNSS‐R wind retrievals inferred from DDMs. The complexity of the DDM dependence on winds, however, suggests that the alternative approach of ingesting DDM observables directly into DA systems, without performing a wind retrieval, may be beneficial. We demonstrate assimilation of DDM observables from the NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission into global ocean surface wind analyses using a two‐dimensional variational analysis method. Bias correction and quality‐control methods are described. Several models for the required observation‐error covariance matrix are developed and evaluated, with the conclusion that a diagonal matrix performs as well as a fully populated matrix empirically tuned to a large ensemble of CYGNSS observation data. The 10‐m surface winds from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational forecast are used as the background (i.e., prior in the variational analysis). Results are compared with independent scatterometer (the advanced scatterometer (ASCAT), the oceansat‐2 Scatterometer (OSCAT)) winds. For one month (June 2017) of data, the root‐mean‐square difference (RMSD) was reduced from 1.17 to 1.07 m·s−1 and bias from −0.14 to −0.08 m·s−1 for the wind speed at the specular point. Within a 150‐km wide swath along the specular point track, the RMSD was reduced from 1.20 to 1.13 m·s−1. These RMSD and bias statistics are smaller than other CYGNSS wind products available at this time.
The robust minimal controllability and observability problem
Authors: Ramos Guilherme , Silvestre Daniel , Silvestre Carlos 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we study the Robust Minimal Controllability and Observability Problem (rMCOP). The scenario that motivated this question is related to the design of a drone formation to execute some task, where the decision of which nodes to equip with a more expensive communication system represents a critical economic choice. Given a linear time‐invariant system for each of the vehicles, this problem consists of identifying a minimal subset of state variables to be actuated and measured, ensuring that the overall formation model is both controllable and observable while tolerating a prescribed level of inputs/outputs that can fail. Based on the tools in the available literature, a naive approach would consist of enumerating separately all possible minimal solutions for the controllability and observability parts. Then, iterating over all combinations to find the maximum intersection of sensors/actuators in the independent solutions, yielding a combinatorial problem. The presented solution couples the design of both controllability and observability parts through a polynomial reformulation as a minimum set multi‐covering problem under some mild assumptions. In this format, the algorithm has the following interesting attributes: (i) only requires the solution of a single covering problem; 9ii) using polynomial approximations algorithms, one can obtain close‐to‐optimal solutions to the rMCOP.
Addressing new challenges in smart urban planning using Information and Communication Technologies
Authors: Pérez‐delHoyo Raquel , Mora Higinio , Nolasco‐Vidal José Manuel , Abad‐Ortiz Rubén , Mollá‐Sirvent Rafael A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCities today face the challenge of achieving more participatory and inclusive urban planning. Information and Communication Technologies make it possible to have access to information on the preferences and real uses that citizens make of urban public space; activities that are not always those foreseen in the original planning of cities. This knowledge provides a new understanding of urban capabilities and opportunities that enables planning closer to citizens' needs and designing cities more intelligently and effectively. Thus, a new, more social urbanism, where the citizen is a participant and not a mere observer, is possible with the help of technology. This work studies the potential of geolocated data generated by citizens and retrieved from social networks of sport, which analysis has been possible with the support of the measurement and visualization tools offered by geographic information systems accessible online, open access cartography available on the Internet, among other resources.
Experimental study on seismic performance of shear wall with precast concrete hollow molds
Authors: Zhang Xin , Wang Yan , Lu Zheng , Yuan Yao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA new type of connection between shear walls is proposed for the shear wall with precast concrete hollow molds (PCHM). The overlapping reinforcements are inserted into the PCHM before pouring concrete into the hollow in this method. Full‐scale test specimens are tested under low cyclic loading test to analyze their seismic performance, such as failure modes, hysteretic characters, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and ductility. For the precast specimen, although the penetrating crack appears at the horizontal connection, there is no large slippage leading to anchorage failure and disengagement of interfaces. Generally, compared with cast‐in‐situ shear walls, shear walls with PCHM have no large difference in bearing capacity, failure mode, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation and ductility. Therefore, the proposed shear wall with the new type of connection method is worth popularizing and utilizing in practical engineering projects with similar design procedure to cast‐in‐situ structures.
Prospects for Greater Peace
Authors: Cilliers Jakkie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, Cilliers assesses historical and present conflict dynamics across Africa and how they relate to governance, demographics and socioeconomics. Woven throughout is a discussion on the role of peacekeepers and external involvement more broadly, the surge of terrorism in Africa and how these two phenomena bear upon one another. It assesses the origins, nature and implications of the declining trends in armed conflict and the emergence of urban protests as the key feature of violence and instability in much of Africa. In an alternative future scenario, Cilliers assesses what development outcomes Africa could expect if it were to succeed in reducing levels of instability in a scenario named Silencing the Guns.
Wanted: A Revolution in Agriculture
Authors: Cilliers Jakkie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAgriculture is the backbone of many African economies. Cilliers explores the history and role of agriculture in development, and the likely future trajectory of agriculture in Africa along the Current Path, drawing lessons from other regions. Improvements in this sector, particularly access to finance and use of modern technology can unlock the significant potential to achieve food security, improve health and nutrition outcomes, create agribusiness ventures that influence employment, earn foreign exchange through exports and promote economic prosperity. The chapter concludes with a scenario that emulates the impact of a revolution in agriculture on food security and growth.
Changing Productive Structures
Authors: Cilliers Jakkie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, Cilliers offers various explanations for Africa’s lack of sustained, structural economic transformation from low-value economic activities towards high-value services and manufacturing, and explores the challenges associated with the continent failing to industrialise. He offers historical context for how this situation emerged, drawing from global datasets such as trade data from the UN Conference on Trade and Development. The chapter then proceeds to look to the future of industrialisation in Africa in the context of technology-driven changes to the manufacturing sector globally via the fourth industrial revolution, which could offer the continent opportunities to gain a foothold in global value chains. The latter portion of the chapter models key interventions in a Made in Africa scenario, and examines its economic impact to 2040.
Hybridity, Adaptive Peacebuilding and Complexity
Authors: de Coning Cedric , McDonald-Colbert Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

AbstractComplexity science provides us with a theoretical framework for understanding how complex social systems lapse into violent conflict, and how they can prevent, or recover from conflict. For a peace process to become self-sustainable, resilient social institutions need to emerge from within, i.e. from the culture, history and socio-economic context of the relevant society. International actors can assist and facilitate this process, but if they interfere too much, they will undermine the self-organising processes necessary to sustain resilient social institutions. Adaptive Peacebuilding navigates this hybrid peacebuilding dilemma with an adaptive methodology where peacebuilders, together with the communities and people affected by the conflict, actively engage in a structured process to sustain peace and resolve conflicts by employing an iterative process of learning and adaptation. A complexity informed approach to hybrid peacebuilding aims to safeguard, stimulate, facilitate and create the space for societies to develop resilient capacities for self-organisation.
Frictional Binaries: Hybridity, Civil Society, and Liberal-Local Peacebuilding in Mindanao
Authors: Manaysay Ferth Vandensteen , Espesor Jovanie Camacho 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInternational and local civil society organisations have usually been identified amongst the key actors for the conceptual and practical development of liberal and post-liberal peace approaches. The concept of hybrid peacebuilding, for example, has highlighted the need to empower local civil society groups. Critics of the ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding, however, argue against the conceptual idealisation of hybridity. Using examples from Mindanao, this chapter contends that the debates on liberal-local hybridity can most meaningfully gain from asking questions not only about the processes of internationalisation and localisation, but also about the ways in which hybrid mechanisms are able to produce more or less stable outcomes. By turning into the agency of civil society actors, it suggests that the concept of hybridity, which is often represented using dichotomised categories (e.g. ‘liberal-international’ and ‘illiberal-local’), tends to oversimplify the conceptual intricacies and dynamic processes between top-down and bottom-up approaches. The analysis in the chapter aims to contribute to the discussions on hybridity by illustrating the manner civil society actors are able to negotiate their complexities within the frictional binaries of liberal ideas, institutions and resources vis-à-vis local practices, power relations and norms.
Rise of China’s Developmental Peace: Prospects for Asian Hybrid Peacebuilding
Authors: Wong KwokChung , Li Fujian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe rise of China represents an increase not only in Chinese military, political and economic power, but also in Chinese interests in becoming a more proactive player in the field of international peacebuilding, particularly in Asia, where it aims to protect stability and enhance the scope of its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). However, without a clear peacebuilding policy at home, China is not adopting a systematic and unified approach to peacebuilding despite its developmental peace having many traits that resemble the pursuit of hybrid peacebuilding that other major actors in the field have adopted to address the shortcomings of liberal peacebuilding. Asia is a conflict-prone region. This chapter examines the practice of developmental peace in Myanmar and Afghanistan/Pakistan to demonstrate the potential for peacebuilding with Chinese characteristics. The rise of China also brings an interesting style of peacebuilding that is focused on addressing conflict through economic development, while upholding the host country’s sovereign rights.
Conclusion: Alternative Theory and Practice of Peacebuilding in Asia
Authors: Uesugi Yuji , Deekeling Anna , Umeyama Sophie Shiori , McDonald-Colbert Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe concluding chapter summarises the findings of the previous chapters and presents their common assertions. The goal is to evaluate whether the existent gap between hybrid peacebuilding theory and its practice has been successfully closed. Building upon a complexity-informed framework of hybrid emergence, the mid-space actor typology is developed to link between an analytical framework and practical application. This volume has demonstrated that mid-space actors can provide viable focal points for establishing resilient and self-sufficient social institutions from within without dictating the content of such emergences. The case studies of Cambodia and Mindanao were examined to assess the on-the-ground operation of mid-space actors, and the cases of China and Japan illuminated how the conceptual framework of hybridity could improve contemporary peacebuilding models.
Zwischen Organisation und Verfahren: Rechtskommunikation in der vormodernen Gesellschaft
Authors: Schwarting Rena 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungBevor die Genese des RKG nachgezeichnet wird, geht es darum, ein historisches Verständnis über die gesellschaftlichen Strukturbedingungen der vormodernen Rechtskommunikation zu gewinnen.
Semantic 3D City Modeling and BIM
Authors: Kolbe Thomas H. , Donaubauer Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSemantic 3D city modeling and building information modeling (BIM) are methods for modeling, creating, and analyzing three-dimensional representations of physical objects of the environment. Digital modeling of the built environment has been approached from at least four different domains: computer graphics and gaming, planning and construction, urban simulation, and geomatics. This chapter introduces the similarities and differences of 3D models from these disciplines with regard to aspects like scale, level of detail, representation of spatial and semantic characteristics, and appearance. Exemplified by the international standards CityGML and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), information models from semantic 3D city modeling and BIM and their corresponding modeling approaches are explored, and the relationships between them are discussed. Based on use cases from infrastructure planning, approaches for integrating information from semantic 3D city modeling and BIM, such as semantic transformation between CityGML and IFC, are described. Furthermore, the role of semantic 3D city modeling and BIM for recent developments in urban informatics, such as smart cities and digital twins, is investigated and illustrated by real-world examples.
EFT for soft drop double differential cross section
Authors: Pathak Aditya , Stewart Iain W. , Vaidya Varun , Zoppi Lorenzo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We develop a factorization framework to compute the double differential cross section in soft drop groomed jet mass and groomed jet radius. We describe the effective theories in the large, intermediate, and small groomed jet radius regions defined by the interplay of the jet mass and the groomed jet radius measurement. As an application we present the NLL′ results for the perturbative moments that are related to the coefficients C1 and C2 that specify the leading hadronization corrections up to three universal parameters. We compare our results with Monte Carlo simulations and a calculation using the coherent branching method.
Superluminality in DHOST theory with extra scalar
Authors: Mironov S. , Rubakov V. , Volkova V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We consider DHOST Ia theory interacting gravitationally with an additional conventional scalar field minimally coupled to gravity. At the linearized level of perturbations about cosmological background, we find that in the presence of a slowly rolling extra scalar field, one of the modes generically propagates at superluminal speed. This result is valid for any stable cosmological background. We identify a subclass of DHOST Ia theories in which this superluminality property is absent, and all modes may propagate (sub)luminally. We discuss possible implications for the interacting DHOST Ia theories.
Collider constraints on dark mediators
Authors: Mies Hanna , Scherb Christiane , Schwaller Pedro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We explore the constraints current collider searches place on a QCD-like dark sector. A combination of multi-jet, multi-jet plus missing energy and emerging jets searches is used to derive constraints on the mediator mass across the full range of the dark meson lifetimes for the first time.The dark sector inherits a flavour structure from the coupling between the dark quarks and the SM quarks through the mediator. When this is taken into account, the differently flavoured dark pions become distinguishable through their lifetime. We show that also in these cases the above mentioned searches remain sensitive, and we obtain limits on the mediator mass also for the flavoured scenario.We then contrast the constraints from collider searches with direct detection bounds on the dark matter candidate itself in both the flavoured and unflavoured scenario. Using a simple prescription it becomes possible to display all constraints in the dark matter and mediator mass plane. Constraints from direct detection tend to be stronger than the collider constraints, unless the coupling to the first generation quarks is suppressed, in which case the collider searches place the most stringent limits on the parameter space.
Truncations of ordered abelian groups
Authors: D’Aquino Paola , Derakhshan Jamshid , Macintyre Angus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe give axioms for a class of ordered structures, called truncated ordered abelian groups (TOAG’s) carrying an addition. TOAG’s come naturally from ordered abelian groups with a 0 and a $$+$$
+
, but the addition of a TOAG is not necessarily even a cancellative semigroup. The main examples are initial segments $$[0, \tau ]$$

[
0
,
τ
]

of an ordered abelian group, with a truncation of the addition. We prove that any model of these axioms (i.e. a truncated ordered abelian group) is an initial segment of an ordered abelian group. We define Presburger TOAG’s, and give a criterion for a TOAG to be a Presburger TOAG, and for two Presburger TOAG’s to be elementarily equivalent, proving analogues of classical results on Presburger arithmetic. Their main interest for us comes from the model theory of certain local rings which are quotients of valuation rings valued in a truncation [0, a] of the ordered group $${\mathbb {Z}}$$
Z
or more general ordered abelian groups, via a study of these truncations without reference to the ambient ordered abelian group. The results are used essentially in a forthcoming paper (D’Aquino and Macintyre, The model theory of residue rings of models of Peano Arithmetic: The prime power case, 2021, arXiv:2102.00295) in the solution of a problem of Zilber about the logical complexity of quotient rings, by principal ideals, of nonstandard models of Peano arithmetic.
Manifold role of ubiquitin in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer
Authors: Sokolova Olga , Naumann Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInfection with H. pylori induces a strong host cellular response represented by induction of a set of molecular signaling pathways, expression of proinflammatory cytokines and changes in proliferation. Chronic infection and inflammation accompanied by secretory dysfunction can result in the development of gastric metaplasia and gastric cancer. Currently, it has been determined that the regulation of many cellular processes involves ubiquitinylation of molecular effectors. The binding of ubiquitin allows the substrate to undergo a change in function, to interact within multimolecular signaling complexes and/or to be degraded. Dysregulation of the ubiquitinylation machinery contributes to several pathologies, including cancer. It is not understood in detail how H. pylori impacts the ubiquitinylation of host substrate proteins. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing literature in this field, with an emphasis on the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in host cell homeodynamics, gastric pathophysiology and gastric cancer.