bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Honesty and dishonesty in gossip strategies: a fitness interdependence analysis
Authors: Wu Junhui , Számadó Szabolcs , Barclay Pat , Beersma Bianca , Dores Cruz Terence D. , Iacono Sergio Lo , Nieper Annika S. , Peters Kim , Przepiorka Wojtek , Tiokhin Leo , Van Lange Paul A. M. 
Published: October 2021

Gossip, or sharing information about absent others, has been identified as an effective solution to free rider problems in situations with conflicting interests. Yet, the information transmitted via gossip can be biased, because gossipers may send dishonest information about others for personal gains. Such dishonest gossip makes reputation-based cooperation more difficult to evolve. But when are people likely to share honest or dishonest gossip? We build formal models to provide the theoretical foundation for individuals' gossip strategies, taking into account the gossiper's fitness interdependence with the receiver and the target. Our models across four different games suggest a very simple rule: when there is a perfect match (mismatch) between fitness interdependence and the effect of honest gossip, the gossiper should always be honest (dishonest); however, in the case of a partial match, the gossiper should make a choice based on their fitness interdependence with the receiver and the target and the marginal cost/benefit in terms of pay-off differences caused by possible choices of the receiver and the target in the game. Moreover, gossipers can use this simple rule to make optimal decisions even under noise. We discuss empirical examples that support the predictions of our model and potential extensions.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.
Gossip and reputation in everyday life
Authors: Dores Cruz Terence D. , Thielmann Isabel , Columbus Simon , Molho Catherine , Wu Junhui , Righetti Francesca , de Vries Reinout E. , Koutsoumpis Antonis , van Lange Paul A. M. , Beersma Bianca , Balliet Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Gossip—a sender communicating to a receiver about an absent third party—is hypothesized to impact reputation formation, partner selection, and cooperation. Laboratory experiments have found that people gossip about others' cooperativeness and that they use gossip to condition their cooperation. Here, we move beyond the laboratory and test several predictions from theories of indirect reciprocity and reputation-based partner selection about the content of everyday gossip and how people use it to update the reputation of others in their social network. In a Dutch community sample (N= 309), we sampled daily events in which people either sent or received gossip about a target over 10 days (ngossip= 5284). Gossip senders frequently shared information about targets’ cooperativeness and did so in ways that minimize potential retaliation from targets. Receivers overwhelmingly believed gossip to be true and updated their evaluation of targets based on gossip. In turn, a positive shift in the evaluation of a target was associated with higher intentions to help them in future interactions, and with lower intentions to avoid them in the future. Thus, gossip is used in daily life to impact and update reputations in a way that enables partner selection and indirect reciprocity.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.
Evaluating mechanisms that could support credible reputations and cooperation: cross-checking and social bonding
Authors: Samu Flóra , Takács Károly 
Published: October 2021

Gossip is believed to be an informal device that alleviates the problem of cooperation in humans. Communication about previous acts and passing on reputational information could be valuable for conditional action in cooperation problems and pose a punishment threat to defectors. It is an open question, however, what kind of mechanisms can make gossip honest and credible and reputational information reliable, especially if intense competition for reputations does not exclusively dictate passing on honest information. We propose two mechanisms that could support the honesty and credibility of gossip under such a conflict of interest. One is the possibility of voluntary checks of received evaluative information from different sources and the other is social bonding between the sender and the receiver. We tested the efficiency of cross-checking and social bonding in a laboratory experiment where subjects played the Prisoner's Dilemma with gossip interactions. Although individuals had confidence in gossip in both conditions, we found that, overall, neither the opportunities for cross-checking nor bonding were able to maintain cooperation. Meanwhile, strong competition for reputation increased cooperation when individuals' payoffs depended greatly on their position relative to their rivals. Our results suggest that intense competition for reputation facilitates gossip functioning as an informal device promoting cooperation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.
Gossip and competitive altruism support cooperation in a Public Good game
Authors: Giardini Francesca , Vilone Daniele , Sánchez Angel , Antonioni Alberto 
Published: October 2021

When there is an opportunity to gain a positive reputation, individuals are more willing to sacrifice their immediate self-interest. Partner choice creates opportunities for competitive altruism, i.e. individuals compete to be regarded as more generous and to be chosen for future partnerships. Tests of the competitive altruism hypothesis have focused so far on reputation based on direct observation, whereas the role of gossip has not been theoretically and empirically addressed. Partner choice can create an incentive to cooperate and to send truthful messages, but it can also work in the opposite direction. In order to understand the consequences of partner choice on cooperation and gossip, we designed an experimental study in which participants played a sequence of Public Goods games and gossip rounds. In our two treatments, we observed that cooperation increased when there was an opportunity to be selected, but also that cooperators sent more honest messages than defectors, and that this strategy was prevalent in the treatment in which inter-group competition was implemented. We also found evidence that participants detached themselves from the information more often when lying. Taken together, our study fills a theoretical and empirical gap by showing that partner choice increases both cooperation and honesty of gossip.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.
Is it costly to deceive? People are adept at detecting gossipers' lies but may not reward honesty
Authors: Fonseca Miguel A. , Peters Kim 
Published: October 2021

The possibility that gossipers may share dishonest reputational information is a key challenge to claims that gossip can shore up cooperation in social groups. It has been suggested that imposing social costs on dishonest gossipers should increase the honesty of these reputational signals. However, at present, there is little evidence of people's willingness to impose costs on dishonest gossipers; there is also little evidence of their ability to detect gossipers' lies in the first place. This paper aims to shed light on people's abilities to detect dishonest gossip and their treatment of those who share it. To do this, we report the results of two trust game studies using the strategy method (study 1) and repeated interactions in the laboratory (study 2). We show that in an environment where gossipers tell spontaneous lies people are more inclined to believe honest than dishonest gossip. We also show that people are more likely to treat favourably gossipers they believe to be honest, but that this does not always result in more favourable treatment for gossipers who were actually honest. We discuss the implications for the potential utility of social sanctions as a tool for securing honesty.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.
Competitive gossip: the impact of domain, resource value, resource scarcity and coalitions
Authors: Hess Nicole H. , Hagen Edward H. 
Published: October 2021

Those with better reputations often obtain more resources than those with poorer reputations. Consequently, gossip might be an evolved strategy to compete for valuable and scarce material and social resources. Influenced by models of non-human primate competition, we test the hypotheses that gossip: (i) targets aspects of reputation relevant to the domain in which the competition is occurring, (ii) increases when contested resources are more valuable, and (iii) increases when resources are scarcer. We then test hypotheses derived from informational warfare theory, which proposes that coalitions strategically collect, analyse and disseminate gossip. Specifically, we test whether: (iv) coalitions deter negative gossip, and (v) whether they increase expectations of reputational harm to competitors. Using experimental methods in a Mechanical Turk sample (n= 600), and survey and ego network analysis methods in a sample of California sorority women (n= 74), we found that gossip content is specific to the context of the competition; that more valuable and scarcer resources cause gossip, particularly negative gossip, to intensify; and that allies deter negative gossip and increase expectations of reputational harm to an adversary. These results support social competition theories of gossip.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.
Seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Palestine in 2020
Authors: Rayan I , Qaddomi SE , Najjar O , Abbas S , Mousa K , Iraqi L , Abdelkreem Aly E , Abu Khader K , Barakat A , Salman R 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 affected different countries in different ways. Palestine had recorded over 140,000 cases by the end of 2020. The WHO/PNIPH, WHO/EMRO, and the Palestinian MoH carried out a serological survey in Palestine in order to estimate the actual number of COVID-19 infections up to the end of December 2020. A sample stratified by region, district, residence area (urban, rural, and refugee camp), and accounting for gender, was taken from Gaza and the West Bank. Data from participants were also collected, including demographic, socio-economic, and health conditions. The results show that 39% of the Palestinian population (38% of the West Bank and 40% of Gaza) had been infected with COVID-19 by the end of December, almost 10 times the number detected by targeted Rt-PCR testing. Several factors were calculated to be significant such as diabetes, smoking, gender, age, and residence.Summary of findingsThe following table is a summary of all findings presented in this report. The P values in green are below 0.05, which makes the result statistically significant; red is not statistically significant. In binary comparisons (when comparing two numbers), the odds were calculated, meaning how much more likely the presence of seropositivity is if the condition is satisfied. For example, those who were previously diagnosed as COVID-19 positive using Rt PCR were 2.5 times as likely to be seropositive than those who were not diagnosed.
Comparison of antibody immune responses between BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in naïve and previously infected individuals
Authors: Al-Sadeq Duaa W. , Shurrab Farah M. , Ismail Ahmed , Amanullah Fathima Humaira , Thomas Swapna , Aldewik Nader , Yassine Hadi M. , Abdul Rahim Hanan F. , Abu-Raddad Laith , Nasrallah Gheyath K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTwo mRNA vaccines, Pfizer-BNT162b2 and Moderna-mRNA-1273, were granted the US Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization for preventing COVID-19. However, little is known about the difference in antibody responses induced by the two mRNA vaccines in naïve and individuals with a previous history of infections (PI group). Therefore, we investigated the levels of anti-S-RBD total antibodies (IgM, IgA, and IgG), anti-S-RBD IgG, and anti-S-RBD IgA in these two groups 1-13 (median=6) weeks following administration of two doses of mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 vaccines. Results showed that in naïve-vaccinated group, the mRNA-1327 vaccine induces significantly higher levels of S-RBD total antibodies (3.5-fold; p<0.001), S-RBD IgG (2-fold-p<0.01), and S-IgA (2.1-fold, p<0.001) than the BNT162b2 vaccine. In the PI-vaccinated group, both vaccines produce significantly higher S-RBD total antibodies level than those of the naïve-vaccinated group. The PI group produced a higher level of S-RBD IgG than the naïve-BNT162b2 (p=0.05) but not more than the naïve-mRNA-1273 (p=0.9) group. Interestingly, the PI-vaccinated group produced a comparable level of IgA ratio to the naïve-mRNA-1273 group but significantly higher than the naïve-BNT162b2 group (1.6-fold, p<0.001). Our results showed that the mRNA-1327 vaccine is more immunogenic and induces a greater antibody response than the BNT162b2 vaccine.
Seropositivity to Nucleoprotein to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections: a tool to detect breakthrough infections after COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: van den Hoogen Lotus L. , Smits Gaby , van Hagen Cheyenne C.E. , Wong Denise , Vos Eric R.A. , van Boven Michiel , de Melker Hester E. , van Vliet Jeffrey , Kuijer Marjan , Woudstra Linde , Wijmenga-Monsuur Alienke J. , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H. , Stoof Susanne P. , Reukers Daphne , Wijsman Lisa A. , Meijer Adam , Reusken Chantal B.E.M. , Rots Nynke Y. , van der Klis Fiona R.M. , van Binnendijk Robert S. , Hartog Gerco den 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundWith COVID-19 vaccine roll-out ongoing in many countries globally, monitoring of breakthrough infections is of great importance. Antibodies persist in the blood after a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Since COVID-19 vaccines induce immune response to the Spike protein of the virus, which is the main serosurveillance target to date, alternative targets should be explored to distinguish infection from vaccination.MethodsMultiplex immunoassay data from 1,513 SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR-tested individuals (352 positive and 1,161 negative) with a primary infection and no vaccination history were used to determine the accuracy of Nucleoprotein-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in detecting past SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also described Spike S1 and Nucleoprotein-specific IgG responses in 230 COVID-19 vaccinated individuals (Pfizer/BioNTech).ResultsThe sensitivity of Nucleoprotein seropositivity was 85% (95% confidence interval: 80-90%) for mild COVID-19 in the first two months following symptom onset. Sensitivity was lower in asymptomatic individuals (67%, 50-81%). Participants who had experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection up to 11 months preceding vaccination, as assessed by Spike S1 seropositivity or RT-qPCR, produced 2.7-fold higher median levels of IgG to Spike S1 ≥14 days after the first dose as compared to those unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 at ≥7 days after the second dose (p=0.011). Nucleoprotein-specific IgG concentrations were not affected by vaccination in naïve participants.ConclusionsSerological responses to Nucleoprotein may prove helpful in identifying SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination. Furthermore, it can help interpret IgG to Spike S1 after COVID-19 vaccination as particularly high responses shortly after vaccination could be explained by prior exposure history.
Effectiveness and Safety of MSC Cell Therapies for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Qu Wenchun , Wang Zhen , Engelberg-Cook Erica , Siddik Abu Bakar , Bu Guojun , Allickson Julie G. , Kubrova Eva , Caplan Arnold I. , Hare Joshua M. , Ricordi Camillo , Pepine Carl J. , Kurtzberg Joanne , Pascual Jorge M. , Mallea Jorge M. , Rodriguez Ricardo L. , Nayfeh Tarek , Saadi Samer , Richards Elaine M. , March Keith , Sanfilippo Fred P. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTMSC (a.k.a. mesenchymal stem cell or medicinal signaling cell) cell therapies have shown promise in decreasing mortality in ARDS and suggest benefits in treatment of COVID-19 related ARDS. We performed a meta-analysis of published trials assessing the effectiveness and adverse events (AE) of MSC cell therapy in individuals hospitalized for COVID-19. Systematic searches were performed in multiple databases through April 8th, 2021. Reports in all languages including randomized clinical trials (RCTs), comparative observational studies, and case series/case reports were included. Random effects model was used to pool outcomes from RCTs and comparative observational studies. Outcome measures included all-cause mortality, serious adverse events (SAEs), AEs, pulmonary function, laboratory and imaging findings. A total of 413 patients were identified from 25 studies, which included 8 controlled trials (3 RCTs), 5 comparative observational studies, (n=300) and 17 case-series/case reports (n=113). The patients age was 60.5 years (mean), 33.7% were women. When compared with the control group, MSC cell therapy was associated with reduction in all-cause mortality (RR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.75, I2=0.0%; 3 RCTs and 5 comparative observational studies, 300 patients), reduction in SAEs (IRR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.90, I2=0.0%; 3 RCTs and 2 comparative studies, n=219), no significant difference in AE rate. A sub-group with pulmonary function studies suggested improvement in patients receiving MSC. These findings support the potential for MSC cell therapy to decrease all-cause mortality, reduce SAEs, and improve pulmonary function compared to conventional care. Large scale double-blinded, well-powered RCTs should be conducted to further explore these results.
Machine learning algorithm to perform ASA Physical Status Classification
Authors: Pozhitkov Alexander , Seth Naini , Kidambi Trilokesh D. , Raytis John , Achuthan Srisairam , Lew Michael W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification System defines peri-operative patient scores as 1 (healthy) thru 6 (brain dead). The scoring is used by the anesthesiologists to classify surgical patients based on co-morbidities and various clinical characteristics. The classification is always done by an anesthesiologist prior operation. There is a variability in scoring stemming from individual experiences / biases of the scoring anesthesiologists, which impacts prediction of operating times, length of stay in the hospital, necessity of blood transfusion, etc. In addition, the score affects anesthesia coding and billing. It is critical to remove subjectivity from the process to achieve reproducible generalizable scoring.MethodsA machine learning (ML) approach was used to associate assigned ASA scores with peri-operative patients’ clinical characteristics. More than ten ML algorithms were simultaneously trained, validated, and tested with retrospective records. The most accurate algorithm was chosen for a subsequent test on an independent dataset. DataRobot platform was used to run and select the ML algorithms. Manual scoring was also performed by one anesthesiologist. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the consistency of scoringResultsRecords of 19,095 procedures corresponding to 12,064 patients with assigned ASA scores by 17 City of Hope anesthesiologists were used to train a number of ML algorithms (DataRobot platform). The most accurate algorithm was tested with independent records of 2325 procedures corresponding to 1999 patients. In addition, 86 patients from the same dataset were scored manually. The following ICC values were computed: COH anesthesiologists vs. ML – 0.427 (fair); manual vs. ML – 0.523 (fair-to-good); manual vs. COH anesthesiologists – 0.334 (poor).ConclusionsWe have shown the feasibility of using ML for assessing the ASA score. In principle, a group of experts (i.e. physicians, institutions, etc.) can train the ML algorithm such that individual experiences and biases would cancel each leaving the objective ASA score intact. As more data are being collected, a valid foundation for refinement to the ML will emerge.
Analytical performance of eleven SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid tests for Delta variant
Authors: Bekliz Meriem , Adea Kenneth , Essaidi-Laziosi Manel , Escadafal Camille , Sacks Jilian A , Kaiser Laurent , Eckerle Isabella 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlobal concerns arose as the emerged and rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. To date, few data on routine diagnostic performance for Delta are available. Here, we investigate the analytical performance of eleven commercially available antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) for Delta VOC in comparison with current and earlier VOCs (Alpha, Beta and Gamma) and early pandemic variant using cultured SARS-CoV-2. Comparable sensitivity was observed for Delta for the majority of Ag-RDTs.
Hyaluronidase-1-mediated glycocalyx impairment underlies endothelial abnormalities in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Authors: Wu Kan-Xing , Yeo Natalie Jia Ying , Ng Chun-Yi , Chioh Florence Wen Jing , Qiao Fan , Tian Xianfeng , Binxia Yang , Narayanan Gunaseelan , Tay Hui-Min , Hou Han-Wei , Dunn N Ray , Su Xinyi , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy , Cheung Christine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), a subtype of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is characterized by polyp-like dilatation of blood vessels and turbulent blood flow in the choroid of the eye. Gold standard anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy often fails to regress polypoidal lesions in patients. Current animal models have also been hampered by their inability to recapitulate such vascular lesions. These underscore the need to identify VEGF-independent pathways in PCV pathogenesis.ResultsWe cultivated blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) from PCV patients and normal controls to serve as our experimental disease models. When BOECs were exposed to heterogeneous flow, single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that PCV BOECs preferentially adopted migratory-angiogenic cell state, while normal BOECs undertook proinflammatory cell state. PCV BOECs also had a repressed protective response to flow stress by demonstrating lower mitochondrial functions. We uncovered that elevated hyaluronidase-1 in PCV BOECs led to increased degradation of hyaluronan, a major component of glycocalyx that interfaces between flow stress and vascular endothelium. Notably, knockdown of hyaluronidase-1 in PCV BOEC improved mechanosensitivity through activation of Krüppel-like factor 2, a flow-responsive transcription factor, which in turn modulated PCV BOEC migration. Barrier permeability due to glycocalyx impairment in PCV BOECs was also reversed by hyaluronidase-1 knockdown. Correspondingly, hyaluronidase-1 was detected in PCV patient vitreous humor and plasma samples.ConclusionsHyaluronidase-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic modality in preserving glycocalyx integrity and endothelial stability in ocular diseases with vascular origin.