bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In‐field and out‐of‐field microdosimetric characterisation of a 62 MeV proton beam at CATANA
Authors: James Benjamin , Tran Linh T. , Bolst David , Prokopovich Dale A. , Lerch Michael , Petasecca Marco , Guatelli Susanna , Povoli Marco , Kok Angela , Petringa Giada , Cirrone Giuseppe A.P. , Jackson Michael , Rosenfeld Anatoly B. 
Published: April 2021

PurposeA 5 and 10 μm thin silicon on insulator (SOI) 3D mushroom microdosimeter was used to characterize both the in‐field and out‐of‐field of a 62 MeV proton beam.MethodsThe SOI mushroom microdosimeter consisted of an array of cylindrical sensitive volumes (SVs), developed by the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, was irradiated with 62 MeV protons at the CATANA (Centro di AdroTerapia Applicazioni Nucleari Avanzate) facility in Catania, Italy, a facility dedicated to the radiation treatment of ocular melanomas. Dose mean lineal energy, (), values were obtained at various depths in PMMA along a pristine and spread out Bragg peak (SOBP). The measured microdosimetric spectra at each position were then used as inputs into the modified Microdosimetric Kinetic Model (MKM) to derive the RBE for absorbed dose in a middle of the SOBP 2Gy (RBED). Microdosimetric spectra were obtained with both the 5 and 10 μm 3D SOI microdosimeters, with a focus on the distal part of the BP. The in‐field and out‐of‐field measurement configurations along the Bragg curve were modeled in Geant4 for comparison with experimental results. Lateral out‐of‐field measurements were performed to study secondary particles’ contribution to normal tissue’s dose, up to 12 mm from the edge of the beam field, and quality factor and dose equivalent results were obtained.ResultsComparison between experimental and simulation results showed good agreement between one another for both the pristine and SOBP beams in terms of and RBED. Though a small discrepancy between experiment and simulation was seen at the entrance of the Bragg curve, where experimental results were slightly lower than Geant4. The dose equivalent value measured 12 mm from the edge of the target volume was 1.27 ± 0.15 mSv/Gy with a value of 2.52 ± 0.30, both of which agree within uncertainty with Geant4 simulation.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that SOI microdosimeters are an effective tool to predict RBED in‐field as well as dose equivalent monitoring out‐of‐field to provide insight to probability of second cancer generation.
Use of the North American Standard Gill Net for Sampling the Invasive White Perch: Information from Three Kansas Reservoirs
Authors: Sowards Bryan , Waters Micah , Johnson Craig , Neely Ben C. , Shoup Daniel E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The invasive White Perch Morone americana occurs intermittently throughout Kansas and is ubiquitous in three Kansas reservoirs. However, a paucity of information on the effectiveness of sampling gears for providing accurate and precise estimates of size structure and relative abundance for White Perch precludes reasonable assessments of the effectiveness of control measures. The North American standard gill net has been used to sample White Perch in Kansas since 2010. Previous studies have provided selectivity curves for several species that are sampled with this gear to mitigate overall size bias, which is inherently present in gill-net catches. However, White Perch populations have not been included in these initial studies. We fit selectivity models to catch data from three Kansas reservoirs to adjust the gill-net catch data for contact selectivity. We used the most parsimonious selectivity curve to adjust the values for White Perch capture at length for 10 years of catch data. Most of the adjusted samples resulted in meaningful changes to the length distributions. To test for the effectiveness of the North American standard gill net for sampling White Perch populations, we measured the precision of the relative abundance estimates for White Perch and the frequency of obtaining 100 stock-size fish with a standard sampling effort from 9 to 10 years of historical gill-net samples. Our results suggest the North American standard gill net provides precise and robust estimates for the relative abundance of stock-sized White Perch, but a correction factor that is derived from the selectivity curve might be needed to accurately estimate relative abundance for small individuals and to evaluate population size structure.
Lessons learned teaching during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Incorporating change for future large science courses
Authors: Brown Sandra , Krzic Maja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDue to the COVID‐19 pandemic we were confronted with the transition of a large, on‐campus introductory soil science course into an online setting. This created several challenges, such as providing meaningful learning experiences to engage first‐ and second‐year students, and restructuring course content for the online environment. The objective of our article is to document the transition from on‐campus to online teaching and learning, through the consolidation of existing course material and the development of new resources to engage students in an introductory soil science course. We compare on‐campus, distance education, and online blended teaching and learning approaches for the same course, and provide lessons learned that may be applicable to other large introductory science courses. Our experience included the use of virtual laboratories, traditional online course materials, synchronous and asynchronous discussions, and the use of question banks for online exams. Recognizing the narrow preparation window, we focused on developing resources that provide benefits beyond COVID‐19.
On the sparse multiscale representation of 2‐D Burgers equations by an efficient algorithm based on multiwavelets
Authors: Nemati Saray Behzad , Lakestani Mehrdad , Dehghan Mehdi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this work, we design, analyze, and test the multiwavelets Galerkin method to solve the two‐dimensional Burgers equation. Using Crank–Nicolson scheme, time is discretized and a PDE is obtained for each time step. We use the multiwavelets Galerkin method for solving these PDEs. Multiwavelets Galerkin method reduces these PDEs to sparse systems of algebraic equations. The cost of this method is proportional to the number of nonzero coefficients at each time step. The results illustrate, by selecting the appropriate threshold while the number of nonzero coefficients reduces, the error will not be less than a certain amount. The L2 stability and convergence of the scheme have been investigated by the energy method. Illustrative examples are provided to verify the efficiency and applicability of the proposed method.
A Photolabile Carboxyl Protecting Group for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Yang Hongpeng , Peng Tao , Wen Xiaoxue , Chen Tingting , Sun Yunbo , Liu Shuchen , Wang Gang , Zhang Shouguo , Wang Lin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA new kind of photolabile protecting group (PLPG) for carboxyl moieties was designed and synthesized as the linker between resin and peptide. This group can be used for the protection of amino acid carboxyl groups. The peptide was synthesized on Nph (2‐hydroxy‐3‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐heptanoic acid)‐derivatized resins and could be cleaved under UV exposure, thus avoiding the necessity for harsh acid‐mediated resin cleavage. The PLPG has been successfully used for solid‐phase synthesis of peptides.
Radially grown carbon nanomaterials on hollow glass microspheres and their application in composite foams with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding
Authors: Imran Mohammed , Pal Soumen , Upadhyay Kahaly Mousumi , Rahaman Ariful 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the current study, we investigated the effect of processing temperature in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the formation of carbon nanomaterials over the hollow glass microsphere. The surface morphology and structural information of the carbon nanomaterials (CNM)‐coated hollow glass microsphere (HGM) were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, the 5‐CH [CNF‐coated HGM (Synthesizing temperature in CVD being 500 °C)], 6‐CH [MWCNT‐coated HGM (Synthesizing temperature in CVD being 600 °C)], and 7‐CH [MWCNT‐coated HGM (Synthesizing temperature in CVD being 700 °C)] were individually used as fillers in the epoxy composite foam. Thorough characterization of mechanical and thermo‐mechanical behavior suggests that compression stress, compression modulus, and storage modulus of 6‐CH‐based composite foam are higher than the 5‐CH‐ and 7‐CH‐based composite foam with the contribution of 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness over the frequency of 8–12 GHz increased from 15 dB for without HGM to 21 dB, 25 dB, and 23 dB for 5‐CH, 6‐CH‐, and 7‐CH‐based composite foam, respectively. It is also noticed that, 6‐CH‐based composite foams presented the highest EMI‐SE compared to 5‐CH‐ and 7‐CH‐based composite foams. Enhanced mechanical, thermo‐mechanical, and shielding properties of 6‐CH‐based composite foams are due to improved morphology and quality of CNT grown at 600°C.
Self‐efficacy, psychological distress, and marital quality in young and middle‐aged couples facing lymphoma: The mediating effect of dyadic coping
Authors: An Huiying , Chen Changying , Du Ruofei , Cheng Chunyan , Wang Panpan , Dong Shiqi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study explored the mediating role of dyadic coping between self‐efficacy, psychological distress and marital quality among young and middle‐aged couples facing lymphoma.MethodsA total of 243 couples in which the patients were lymphoma were recruited to complete Dyadic Coping Inventory, Locke–Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale for both. And Strategies Used by People to Promote Health, Fear of Progression Questionnaire‐Short Form for patients; General Self‐Efficacy Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for spouses. We used the statistical programs SPSS 20.0 and SPSS Amos 20.0 for data analysis.ResultsThere were significant correlations between patient‐spouse's dyadic coping and marriage quality scores. The patients' dyadic coping scores were significantly associated with their self‐efficacy, fear of cancer recurrence scores, marriage quality, their spouse's self‐efficacy, and marriage quality. The spouses' dyadic coping scores were significantly associated with their self‐efficacy, anxiety, and marriage quality. The actor–partner interdependence mediation model analysis mediator effect of dyadic coping in the relationship between self‐efficacy, psychological distress, and marriage quality had a good fit, with χ2/df = 17.106, p = 0.194; root mean square error of approximation = 0.036; GFI = 0.992; CN = 243.ConclusionsFor both patient and spouses, dyadic coping mediated impact of self‐efficacy on marriage quality of themselves and their spouses, and individuals' dyadic coping mediated impact their psychological distress on marriage quality of themselves and spouses. The study highlighted the need for couple‐based interventions and including strategies combined with individual and dyadic therapy for both partners.
The maximum carbonyl ratio (MCR) as a new index for the structural classification of secondary organic aerosol components
Authors: Zhang Yun , Wang Kai , Tong Haijie , Huang Ru‐Jin , Hoffmann Thorsten 
Published: April 2021

RationaleOrganic aerosols (OA) account for a large fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matter and thus are affecting climate and public health. Elucidation of the chemical composition of OA is the key for addressing the role of ambient fine particles at the atmosphere–biosphere interface and mass spectrometry is the main method to achieve this goal.MethodsHigh‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is on its way to becoming one of the most prominent analytical techniques, also for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols. The combination of high mass resolution and accurate mass determination allows the elemental compositions of numerous compounds to be easily elucidated. Here a new parameter for the improved classification of OA is introduced – the maximum carbonyl ratio (MCR) – which is directly derived from the molecular composition and is particularly suitable for the identification and characterization of secondary organic aerosols (SOA).ResultsThe concept is exemplified by the analysis of ambient OA samples from two measurement sites (Hyytiälä, Finland; Beijing, China) and of laboratory‐generated SOA based on ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to Orbitrap MS. To interpret the results, MCR–Van Krevelen (VK) diagrams are generated for the different OA samples and the individual compounds are categorized into specific areas in the diagrams. The results show that the MCR index is a valuable parameter for representing atmospheric SOA components in composition and structure‐dependent visualization tools such as VK diagrams.ConclusionsThe MCR index is suggested as a tool for a better characterization of the sources and the processing of atmospheric OA components based on HRMS data. Since the MCR contains information on the concentration of highly electrophilic organic compounds in particulate matter (PM) as well as on the concentration of organic (hydro)peroxides, the MCR could be a promising metric for identifying health‐related particulate matter parameters by HRMS.
Knowledge sources, innovation objectives, and their impact on innovation performance: Quasi‐replication of Leiponen and Helfat (2010)
Authors: Srinivasan Ravi , Choo Adrian , Narayanan Sriram , Sarkar Soumodip , Tenhiälä Antti 
Published: April 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryThe well‐known study by Leiponen and Helfat (2010) examined how firms increased their odds of innovation success by pursuing multiple parallel innovation objectives and knowledge sources. We replicate their study across geographic and temporal contexts using three sets of data: from Finland (N = 884) in 2006–2008 and from other European countries in two different time periods (N = 36,480 in 2006–2008 and 24,326 in 2008–2010). Our results largely corroborate their core findings of the direct effects. We also find no evidence of diminishing returns to the breadth of innovation objectives, and we find at best slight evidence of diminishing returns to the breadth of knowledge sources. However, we find evidence of a significant negative interaction between knowledge sources and innovation objectives, contrary to Leiponen and Helfat's (2010) finding of a lack of evidence in a positive interaction. The new evidence of a negative interaction effect suggests that the positive effect of breadth in knowledge sources can also diminish contingent upon the breadth of innovation objectives.Managerial SummaryCompanies are increasingly searching for new sources of knowledge while simultaneously pursuing multiple strategic innovation objectives. The results of our analysis from two multicountry datasets show that increased number of knowledge sources and strategic objectives are likely to result in higher innovation performance, that is, increased revenue from new products or increased likelihood of new product introduction. However, simultaneously pursuing greater number of strategic objectives while seeking knowledge from a greater number of sources may not result in greater innovation success. Consequently, managers should either focus on a narrow set of objectives while increasing their search breadth or pursue a broader set of objectives while focusing on fewer sources of knowledge. There is evidence of slight reduction in the ability to introduce new products when firms pursue more than eight knowledge sources. Otherwise, there is no evidence of diminishing returns of knowledge sources on revenue from new products or diminishing returns of objectives on innovation performance.
Optimization of Extraction of Polyphenol from Panax Quinquefolius L. Using Central Composite Design/Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Zhu Suying 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCentral composite design and response surface methodology are adopted to explore the extraction process of polyphenols from Panax quinquefolius L., including the extraction time, extraction temperature, ethanol concentration, and the influence of interaction effects, and establish the multiple regression model. The results show that the optimal extraction conditions for polyphenols of P. quinquefolius L. are 61 °C of extraction temperature, 38 min of extraction time, 48% of ethanol concentration and the polyphenol yield is 79.53 ± 0.43 gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE g−1). The actual polyphenols extraction yield of P. quinquefolius L. is close to the predicted value, which is 99.21% of the predicted value. The extraction method is simple, low cost and can be used to extract polyphenols from P. quinquefolium L.
A Microporous Titanate‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework for Efficient Separation of Acetylene from Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Chen Huanxin , Li Xin , Liu Miaoyu , Zhang Yuxun , Liu Yong , Wen Hui‐Min 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeparation of acetylene (C2H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is of prime importance in the petrochemical industry, but their similarities in molecular size and volatility make it particularly difficult. A desired adsorbent for highly efficient C2H2/CO2 separation should have high selectivity and C2H2 uptake simultaneously, and the introduction of functional groups into MOFs is an effective strategy to achieve this purpose. Herein, we report a titanium‐based MOF material (MIL‐125‐NH2), featuring the suitable pore sizes and amino‐functionalized pore surfaces to show the preferential adsorption of C2H2 over CO2 with both high C2H2 uptake and C2H2/CO2 selectivity. Theoretical simulation results indicate that the preferential C2H2 adsorption is mainly attributed to multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between C2H2 molecule and amino functional groups.
Best Practices and Challenges to Sex Worker Community Empowerment and Mobilisation Strategies to Promote Health and Human Rights
Authors: Navarrete Gil Cynthia , Ramaiah Manjula , Mantsios Andrea , Barrington Clare , Kerrigan Deanna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSex workers face a number of health and human rights challenges including heightened risk for HIV infection and suboptimal care and treatment outcomes, institutional and interpersonal violence, labour rights violations, and financial insecurity. In response, sex worker-led groups have been formed and sustained across geographic settings to address these challenges and other needs. Over the last several decades, a growing body of literature has shown that community empowerment approaches among sex workers are associated with significant reductions in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Yet legal and policy environments, as well as funding constraints, have often limited the reach, along with the impact and sustainability, of such approaches.In this chapter, we first review the literature on community empowerment and mobilisation strategies as a means to collectively address HIV, violence, and other health and human rights issues among sex workers. We then utilise two case studies, developed by the sex worker-led groups APROASE in Mexico and Ashodaya Samithi in India, to illustrate and contextualise community empowerment processes and challenges, including barriers to scale-up. By integrating the global literature with context-specific case studies, we distil lessons learned and recommendations related to community empowerment approaches among sex workers.
Stigma, Denial of Health Services, and Other Human Rights Violations Faced by Sex Workers in Africa: “My Eyes Were Full of Tears Throughout Walking Towards the Clinic that I Was Referred to”
Authors: Richter Marlise , Buthelezi Kholi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn ethical and forward-looking health sector response to sex work aims to create a safe, effective, and non-judgemental space that attracts sex workers to its services. Yet, the clinical setting is often the site of human rights violations and many sex workers experience ill-treatment and abuse by healthcare providers. Research with male, female, and transgender sex workers in various African countries has documented a range of problems with healthcare provision in these settings, including: poor treatment, stigmatisation, and discrimination by healthcare workers; having to pay bribes to obtain services or treatment; being humiliated by healthcare workers; and, the breaching of confidentiality. These experiences are echoed by sex workers globally. Sex workers’ negative experiences with healthcare services result in illness and death and within the context of the AIDS epidemic act as a powerful barrier to effective HIV and STI prevention, care, and support. Conversely positive interactions with healthcare providers and health services empower sex workers, affirm sex worker dignity and agency, and support improved health outcomes and well-being. This chapter aims to explore the experiences of sex workers with healthcare systems in Africa as documented in the literature. Findings describe how negative healthcare workers’ attitudes and sexual moralism have compounded the stigma that sex workers face within communities and have led to poor health outcomes, particularly in relation to HIV and sexual and reproductive health. Key recommendations for policy and practice include implementation of comprehensive, rights-affirming health programmes designed in partnership with sex workers. These should be in tandem with structural interventions that shift away from outdated criminalized legal frameworks and implement violence prevention strategies, psycho-social support services, sex worker empowerment initiatives, and peer-led programmes.
Criminalisation, Health, and Labour Rights Among Im/migrant Sex Workers Globally
Authors: McBride Bronwyn , Janushev Trachje 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter introduces the structural determinants that shape health and labour rights among im/migrant sex workers globally. It explores issues related to criminalisation, mandatory health testing, precarious immigration status, economic marginalisation, racialisation, racism and discrimination, language barriers, and gender. This chapter examines how these factors shape health access, health outcomes, and labour rights among im/migrant sex workers in diverse contexts. These issues were explored through a review of academic literature, which was complemented by community consultations that elucidate the lived experiences of gender-diverse im/migrant sex workers from Europe and across the globe. Findings illustrate how shifting sex work criminalisation, public health and immigration regulations (e.g. sex worker registration, mandatory HIV/STI testing), and policing practices impact im/migrant sex workers and shape the labour environments in which they work. The chapter subsequently presents recommendations on policy and programmatic approaches to enhance health access and labour rights among im/migrant sex workers. Finally, it concludes by highlighting the ways in which im/migrant sex workers resist social and structural exclusion, stigma, and ‘victim’ stereotypes, highlighting their tenacity and leadership in the fight to advance labour and human rights among im/migrants and sex workers worldwide.