bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the evidence that counter‐wildlife crime interventions are effective for conserving African, Asian and Latin American wildlife directly threatened by exploitation? A systematic map protocol
Authors: Rytwinski Trina , Öckerman Siri L. A. , Taylor Jessica J. , Bennett Joseph R. , Muir Matthew J. , Miller Jennifer R. B. , Pokempner Amy , Lam Wai Yee , Pickles Robert S. A. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Human activities are driving a global biodiversity crisis. In response, a broad range of conservation actions have been implemented. With finite resources available, and a rapidly narrowing window, the scientific and policy communities have acknowledged the need to better understand the effectiveness of interventions for conserving threatened species.

Given the recent emphasis on the use of counter wildlife crime interventions (i.e. those that directly protect wildlife from illegal harvest, detect and sanction rule‐breakers, and interdict and control illegal wildlife commodities), there is a clear need to summarize the available evidence on biological and threat reduction outcomes of such actions to help make evidence‐informed management and funding decisions.

Here, we present a protocol for a systematic map that will collate the existing body of literature addressing the effectiveness of counter‐wildlife crime interventions for protecting targeted species. Our focus will be on select species or species groups directly threatened by exploitation (i.e. illegal harming whether by harvest as a resource or for control/persecution) and native to Africa, Asia and Latin America, which are regions that have experienced significant wildlife populations declines.

The systematic map will aim to capture available evidence found in commercially published and grey literature. We will search for the literature using four publication databases, Google Scholar, 36 specialist websites and databases and sources identified through a call for evidence among relevant networks. Eligibility screening will be conducted at two stages: (1) title and abstract and (2) full text. Relevant information from included papers will be extracted and entered into a searchable, coded database (MS‐Excel).

Narrative synthesis and descriptive statistics will describe the key characteristics of the relevant evidence base (e.g. geographic location, species, interventions, direct threats, outcomes and study designs). Using visual heat maps, we will identify key knowledge gaps warranting further research and clusters of evidence that could serve as topics for future systematic reviews.

The resulting map will guide further exploration on evaluating the effectiveness of counter‐wildlife crime interventions, and aid in building an evidence base that supports both management and funding decisions to ensure efficient use of limited resources and maximal conservation benefits.
In‐Liquid Plasma for Surface Engineering of Cu Electrodes with Incorporated SiO2 Nanoparticles: From Micro to Nano
Authors: Menezes Pramod V. , Elnagar Mohamed M. , Al‐Shakran Mohammad , Eckl Maximilian J. , Menezes Prashanth W. , Kibler Ludwig A. , Jacob Timo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA robust and efficient route to modify the chemical and physical properties of polycrystalline copper (Cu) wires via versatile plasma electrolysis is presented. Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (11 nm) are introduced during the electrolysis to tailor the surface structure of the Cu electrode. The influence of these SiO2 nanoparticles on the structure of the Cu electrodes during plasma electrolysis over a wide array of applied voltages and processing time is investigated systematically. Homogeneously distributed 3D coral‐like microstructures are observed by scanning electron microscopy on the Cu surface after the in‐liquid plasma treatment. These 3D microstructures grow with increasing plasma processing time. Interestingly, the microstructured copper electrode is composed of CuO as a thin outer layer and a significant amount of inner Cu2O. Furthermore, the oxide film thickness (between 1 and 70 µm), the surface morphology, and the chemical composition can be tuned by controlling the plasma parameters. Remarkably, the fabricated microstructures can be transformed to nanospheres assembled in coral‐like microstructures by a simple electrochemical treatment.
Nanomedicine Strategies to Circumvent Intratumor Extracellular Matrix Barriers for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Xu Xiaoxuan , Wu Yao , Qian Xindi , Wang Yuqi , Wang Jiaoying , Li Jie , Li Yaping , Zhang Zhiwen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe dense and heterogeneous physical network of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in tumors represents a formidable barrier that limits intratumor drug delivery and the therapeutic efficacy of many anticancer therapies. Here, the two major nanomedicine strategies to circumvent intratumor ECM barriers: regulating the physiochemical properties of nanomedicines and remodeling the components and structure of the ECM are summarized. Nanomedicines can be rationally regulated by optimizing physiochemical properties or designed with biomimetic features to promote ECM permeation capability. Meanwhile, they can also be designed to remodel the ECM by modulating signaling pathways or destroying the components and architecture of the ECM via chemical, biological, or physical treatments. These efforts produce profound improvements in intratumor drug delivery and anticancer efficacy. Moreover, to aid in their anticancer efficacy, feasible approaches for improving ECM‐circumventing nanomedicines are proposed.
Biomimic Binding Affinity Gradients Triggered GSH‐Response of Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Cascade Chemo/Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wang Qinghua , Li Xianglong , Mao Jiayi , Qin Xing , Yang Shaobo , Hao Jina , Guan Mengjia , Cao Yuanyuan , Li Yongsheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn eukaryotes and prokaryotes, some copper transportations driven by gradient copper‐binding affinities exhibit typical glutathione (GSH)‐responsive features. Inspired by these delicate endogenous processes, a biomimic copper‐ion mediated GSH‐responsive nanomedicine is designed based on the gradient copper‐binding strengths between polydopamine (PDA) species and GSH. The nanomedicine is constructed as core‐shell nanoparticles with copper‐polydopamine (Cu‐PDA) coordinated shell and micellar core encapsulating chemotherapeutic drug of β‐lapachone (β‐lapa). In tumor cells, the excess intracellular GSH will reduce and extract the Cu(II) from the Cu‐PDA network, triggered by the binding affinity gradients between Cu‐PDA and Cu‐GSH, resulting in the breaking of the shell and the releasing of β‐lapa and Fenton agent copper. The additional Fenton reaction of copper ions induces excess oxidative damage of tumor cells assisted by the abundant H2O2 amplified by β‐lapa, achieving cascade anticancer effects combining chemodynamic therapy with chemotherapy. This multilevel anticancer system exhibits an efficient tumor inhibitory rate and a negligible systematic toxicity for normal organs in vivo, presenting a new bioinspired GSH‐responsive strategie to develop stimuli‐responsive structures.
Well‐Defined Mannosylated Polymer for Peptide Vaccine Delivery with Enhanced Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Lv Shixian , Song Kefan , Yen Albert , Peeler David J. , Nguyen Dinh Chuong , Olshefsky Audrey , Sylvestre Meilyn , Srinivasan Selvi , Stayton Patrick S. , Pun Suzie H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPeptide‐based cancer vaccines offer production and safety advantages but have had limited clinical success due to their intrinsic instability, rapid clearance, and low cellular uptake. Nanoparticle‐based delivery vehicles can improve the in vivo stability and cellular uptake of peptide antigens. Here, a well‐defined, self‐assembling mannosylated polymer is developed for anticancer peptide antigen delivery. The amphiphilic polymer is prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and the peptide antigens are conjugated to the pH‐sensitive hydrophobic block through the reversible disulfide linkage for selective release after cell entry. The polymer–peptide conjugates self‐assemble into sub‐100 nm micelles at physiological pH and dissociate at endosomal pH. The mannosylated micellar corona increases the accumulation of vaccine cargoes in the draining inguinal lymph nodes and facilitates nanoparticle uptake by professional antigen presenting cells. In vivo studies demonstrate that the mannosylated micelle formulation improves dendritic cell activation and enhances antigen‐specific T cell responses, resulting in higher antitumor immunity in tumor‐bearing mice compared to free peptide antigen. The mannosylated polymer is therefore a simple and promising platform for the delivery of peptide cancer vaccines.
Di(Thioether Sulfonate)‐Substituted Quinolinedione as a Rapidly Dissoluble and Stable Electron Mediator and Its Application in Sensitive Biosensors
Authors: Nandhakumar Ponnusamy , Lee Woohyeong , Nam Sangwook , Bhatia Aman , Seo Jia , Kim Gyeongho , Lee Nam‐Sihk , Yoon Young Ho , Joo Jung Min , Yang Haesik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe commonly required properties of diffusive electron mediators for point‐of‐care testing are rapid dissolubility, high stability, and moderate formal potential in aqueous solutions. Inspired by nature, various quinone‐containing electron mediators have been developed; however, satisfying all these requirements remains a challenge. Herein, a strategic design toward quinones incorporating sulfonated thioether and nitrogen‐containing heteroarene moieties as solubilizing, stabilizing, and formal potential‐modulating groups is reported. A systematic investigation reveals that di(thioether sulfonate)‐substituted quinoline‐1,4‐dione (QLS) and quinoxaline‐1,4‐dione (QXS) display water solubilities of ≈1 m and are rapidly dissoluble. By finely balancing the electron‐donating effect of the thioethers and the electron‐withdrawing effect of the nitrogen atom, formal potentials suitable for electrochemical biosensors are achieved with QLS and QXS (−0.15 and −0.09 V vs Ag/AgCl, respectively, at pH 7.4). QLS is stable for >1 d in PBS (pH 7.4) and for 1 h in tris buffer (pH 9.0), which is sufficient for point‐of‐care testing. Furthermore, QLS, with its high electron mediation ability, is successfully used in biosensors for sensitive detection of glucose and parathyroid hormone, demonstrating detection limits of ≈0.3 × 10−3 m and ≈2 pg mL−1, respectively. This strategy produces organic electron mediators exhibiting rapid dissolution and high stability, and will find broad application beyond quinone‐based biosensors.
Tailored Double Emulsions Made Simple
Authors: Wang Junwei , Hahn Simon , Amstad Esther , Vogel Nicolas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDouble emulsions, such as water‐in‐oil‐in‐water droplets, are important material platforms for conducting fundamental research and for technological applications. To date, well‐defined double‐emulsion droplets consisting of a single water core and a thin oil shell can be exclusively formed with sophisticated microfluidic devices. The fabrication, preparation, and operation of such devices is challenging, which reduces the availability of tailored double emulsions to a limited community of experts. Here, a simple method is introduced to produce single‐core double emulsions with high yield in large quantities, using a vortex mixer. Utilizing the density difference between the dispersed droplet and the continuous phase, this two‐step emulsification method can achieve very small core droplet diameters below 10 μm and ultrathin shells with thicknesses below 1 μm. A detailed picture of the formation mechanism is provided and it is demonstrated that the process can be extended to produce multishell and multicore emulsions. Finally, its application is demonstrated to produce structurally colored colloidal supraparticles with unprecedented uniformity and yield. The method allows the creation of tailored double emulsions with minimal time, cost, effort, and expertise, and may widen its application to nonspecialized scientific communities.
Patterned Electrode Assisted One‐Step Fabrication of Biomimetic Morphing Hydrogels with Sophisticated Anisotropic Structures
Authors: Zhu Qing Li , Dai Chen Fei , Wagner Daniel , Khoruzhenko Olena , Hong Wei , Breu Josef , Zheng Qiang , Wu Zi Liang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAnisotropic structures are ubiquitous in nature, affording fascinating morphing behaviors. Biomimetic morphing materials can be developed by spatially controlling the orientations of molecules or nanofillers that produce anisotropic responses and internal stresses under external stimuli. However, it remains a serious challenge to fabricate materials with sophisticated anisotropic architectures. Here, a facile strategy to fabricate morphing hydrogels with elaborately ordered structures of nanosheets, which are oriented under distributed electric field and immobilized by polymerization to form a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) matrix, is proposed. Diverse sophisticated anisotropic structures are obtained by engineering the electric field through the patterns and relative locations of the electrodes. Upon heating, the monolithic hydrogels with through‐thickness and/or in‐plane gradients in orientation of the nanosheets deform into various three‐dimensional configurations. After incorporating gold nanoparticles, the hydrogels become photoresponsive and capable of programmable motions, for example, dynamic twisting and flipping under spatiotemporal stimuli. Such a strategy of using patterned electrodes to generate distributed electric field should be applicable to systems of liquid crystals or charged particles/molecules to direct orientation or electrophoresis and form functional structures. The biomimetically architectured hydrogels would be ideal materials to develop artificial muscles, soft actuators/robots, and biomedical devices with versatile applications.
Divided‐wall distillation column design using molecular tracking
Authors: Montonati Gianluca , Nazemzadeh Nima , Abildskov Jens , Mansouri Seyed Soheil 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDivided‐wall column (DWC) is an intensified separation process and so far developing a simple procedure for designing these units has been challenging. In this work, the concept of molecular tracking has been integrated with conventional methods to build a simple and easy‐to‐use methodology for designing DWCs for multicomponent separations. Application of the proposed approach is highlighted through several three‐ and four‐component mixtures. The configuration obtained using molecular tracking gives a design with lower energy demands for the column reboiler, compared to other design methodology, which directly impacts the OPEX of the system.
Understanding afterschool engagement: Investigating developmental outcomes for adolescents
Authors: Sjogren Ashlee L. , Zumbrunn Sharon , Broda Michael , Bae Christine L. , Deutsch Nancy L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThough student engagement is hypothesized to be a factor in explaining student level differences in afterschool programs, the measurement of student engagement in this context is inconsistent, and findings from the small number of studies about how engagement impacts developmental and academic outcomes are mixed. In this study, we tested the factor structure of Wang and colleagues' school engagement scale with a sample of middle school students (N = 197) who attended an afterschool program in an urban setting. Results suggest that a bifactor model of engagement best fits the data, meaning that engagement consists of four specific factors (affective, behavioral, cognitive, social) and a global factor. We then used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between engagement, academic outcomes, and positive youth development (PYD). Results also showed positive associations with student mathematics achievement and PYD, but no significant associations were found between engagement and English achievement. This study provides a theoretically aligned way to measure engagement and evidence to support engagement as a key factor in predicting youth outcomes in an out‐of‐school context.
Evaluation of staging criteria for disposition and airway intervention in emergency department angioedema patients
Authors: Dass Conor , Mahaffa Maggie , Dang Elizabeth , Campbell Ronna , Ballas Zuhair , Lee Sangil 
Published: October 2021

AimAngioedema is a nonpitting edema that can lead to death secondary to airway obstruction. Previously, a staging system based on localization of the angioedema was proposed for risk stratification of likelihood of need for admission or airway intervention. This study aims to evaluate a staging system based on angioedema localization as a method of predicting need for admission or airway intervention.MethodsThis was a retrospective chart review of angioedema cases that presented to an academic emergency department (ED) from August 1, 2006, to January 31, 2018. Data were collected on location of swelling, treatment setting, and medical and procedural interventions. Cases were categorized by modified Ishoo criteria, defined as follows: 1, lips, face, periorbital, extremities, total body/diffuse swelling; 2, soft palate, posterior pharynx; 3, tongue; 4, larynx. Predictive probability of disposition by stage was then compared.ResultsA total of 320 patients were included in this study (median age, 44 years; 54.4% female). Stage 4 was more likely to require intensive care unit care without (probability 17%) and with (67%) airway intervention compared with stage 1 without (2.5%) and with (0.1%) airway intervention. Conversely, stage 1 was more likely to be treated in ED and discharged (85%) compared with stage 4 (0%). Stage 4 was also more likely to require airway intervention (67%) compared with other stages (1, 0.1%; 2, 8.6%; 3, 16%).ConclusionHigher‐stage patients were more likely to require higher levels of care and airway intervention. Thus, the staging system appears to be a valid method of predicting risk among ED angioedema patients.
Designer Outer Membrane Protein Facilitates Uptake of Decoy Molecules into a Cytochrome P450BM3‐Based Whole‐Cell Biocatalyst
Authors: Karasawa Masayuki , Yonemura Kai , Stanfield Joshua Kyle , Suzuki Kazuto , Shoji Osami 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe report an OmpF loop deletion mutant, which improves the cellular uptake of external additives into an Escherichia coli whole‐cell biocatalyst. Through co‐expression of the OmpF mutant with wild‐type P450BM3 in the presence of decoy molecules, the yield of the whole‐cell biotransformation of benzene could be considerably improved. Notably, with the decoy molecule C7AM‐Pip‐Phe the yield duodecupled from 5.7 % to 70 %, with 80 % phenol selectivity. The benzylic hydroxylation of alkyl‐ and cycloalkylbenzenes was also examined, and with the aid of decoy molecules, propylbenzene and tetralin were converted to 1‐hydroxylated products with 78 % yield and 94 % (R) ee for propylbenzene and 92 % yield and 94 % (S) ee for tetralin. Our results suggest that both the decoy molecule and substrate traverse the artificial OmpF channel, synergistically boosting whole‐cell bioconversions.
Dynamic Exchange of Substituents in a Prebiotic Organocatalyst: Initial Steps towards an Evolutionary System
Authors: Closs Anna C. , Bechtel Maximilian , Trapp Oliver 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAll evolutionary biological processes lead to a change in heritable traits over successive generations. The responsible genetic information encoded in DNA is altered, selected, and inherited by mutation of the base sequence. While this is well known at the biological level, an evolutionary change at the molecular level of small organic molecules is unknown but represents an important prerequisite for the emergence of life. Here, we present a class of prebiotic imidazolidine‐4‐thione organocatalysts able to dynamically change their constitution and potentially capable to form an evolutionary system. These catalysts functionalize their building blocks and dynamically adapt to their (self‐modified) environment by mutation of their own structure. Depending on the surrounding conditions, they show pronounced and opposing selectivity in their formation. Remarkably, the preferentially formed species can be associated with different catalytic properties, which enable multiple pathways for the transition from abiotic matter to functional biomolecules.
Preparation and thermal performance of nitrocellulose coated by polydopamine
Authors: Yang Zhao , Fan Wen‐Hao , Ding Ya‐Jun , Xiao Zhong‐Liang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe existing stabilizers for nitrocellulose (NC) have various disadvantages of harming human health and polluting the environment, which does not meet the requirements of “green” propellants. This research work investigates the self‐polymerization of dopamine to prepare polydopamine (PDA) coated NC composites, and explores the effects of PDA on the thermal stability of NC. SEM, FT‐IR, and RAMAN were applied to investigate the changes of NC surface morphology and chemical structure. The results show that PDA is effectively coated on the NC surface and form a dense PDA film. The thermal decomposition behavior of NC was studied by TG and DSC, and the thermal decomposition activation energy was calculated. The results showed that the thermal stability of the physical mixture did not improve. The thermal stability of the complex increases first and then decreases with increasing of the concentration of dopamine hydrochloride. The optimal reaction conditions are that the concentration of dopamine hydrochloride is 3 g/L and the reaction time is 24 h. The thermal decomposition activation energy of the sample under the optimal conditions is 190.00 kJ/mol, 8.91% higher than that of NC (174.45 kJ/mol), which proves that PDA has the ability to improve the thermal stability of NC.
A Carbohydrate‐based Synthetic Approach to Diverse Structurally and Stereochemically Complex Chiral Polyheterocycles
Authors: Bhuyan Samuzal , Das Dharmendra , Chakraborty Amit , Mandal Susanta , Dhanabal Kumaraswamy , Roy Biswajit Gopal 
Published: October 2021

AbstractChiral polyheterocycles are one of the most frequently encountered scaffolds in natural products and in current drugs repertoire. A carbohydrate‐based diversity oriented synthetic (DOS) approach has been employed for gaining access to many structurally diverse and stereochemically complex rigid polyheterocyclic molecules with multiple chiral hydroxyl groups to enhance aqueous solubility. Inexpensive chiral pool of D‐Glucose has been judiciously exploited to get access of complex chiral polyheterocyclic structures using inexpensive, common achiral reagents and domino‐Knoevenagel hetero‐Diels‐Alder (DKHDA) reaction as one of the key synthetic tools. Stereochemistry of newly generated stereocenters of polycyclic structures are unambiguously determined through NMR and X‐ray crystallographic study. A chemoinformatic comparison (PCA and PMI) with 40 branded blockbuster drugs showed that newly generated polyheterocycles have good three‐dimensional scaffold diversity and most of these pass the Lipinski filter of drug‐likeness.