bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Approach in the Correction of the Midcheek Groove: The Liquid Malar-lift Technique
Authors: Bagci Bulent 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
The liquid malar-lift technique describes an approach to correct the midcheek groove by injecting monophasic cross-linked hyaluronic acid into the deep medial cheek fat, deep lateral cheek fat, and the superficial fat compartments, that is the superficial medial cheek fat and superficial middle cheek fat, respectively. The selective volume loss in the deep fat compartments of the face with aging is restored with the liquid malar-lift technique, and the midcheek groove is corrected in harmony with the patient’s unique facial anatomy.
Hydrosurgical Debridement Allows Effective Wound Bed Preparation of Pressure Injuries: A Prospective Case Series
Authors: Matsumine Hajime , Giatsidis Giorgio , Takagi Mika , Kamei Wataru , Shimizu Mari , Takeuchi Masaki 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Pressure injuries (PIs) are common in hospitalized patients, with incidence exceeding 50% in high-risk patients. Immobilization causes a prolonged compression of vascular networks in tissues overlying bony prominences, leading to ischemia and ulceration. Traditionally, PIs are treated with a combination of surgical debridement and reconstruction. This approach can be invasive for debilitated patients who cannot tolerate prolonged surgeries and extensive tissue resection. Hydrosurgery uses high-pressure irrigation to low-invasively debride and cleanse wounds; its use has shown positive outcomes in burn and chronic wounds care. Here, we hypothesize that hydrosurgery allows low-invasive yet effective wound bed preparation in truncal PIs.

Methods:
We conducted a single-center, prospective, uncontrolled case series. Inclusion criteria for this study were presence of a truncal PI (stage III or IV) and an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of ≥2 (no exclusion criteria). Measured outcomes included duration of hydrosurgery, postsurgical local (dehiscence, infection, seroma) or systemic complications in the first 30 days, and PI recurrence rate (6-month follow-up).

Results:
Seven patients (3 sacral, 2 greater trochanteric, and 2 ischial tuberosity PIs) were enrolled for this study. Average duration of hydrosurgery was 12 minutes (±3.1). No local or systemic complications were observed at a 30-day follow-up (0/7, 0%). All flaps (6/7, 86%) and graft (1/7, 14%) reconstructions successfully survived, and no PI recurrence was reported within a 6-month follow-up (0/7, 0%).

Conclusions:
Hydrosurgery seems to allow safe, low-invasive, and effective wound bed preparation in truncal PIs. Larger controlled trials are needed to confirm this preliminary evidence, to guide its broader adoption for improved care of high-risk patients with PIs.
Keystone Flap Type IIIB: A New Variation for Coverage of Defects at Joint Regions
Authors: Bauer Benedikt A. , Christen Samuel , Spiegl Matthias K. F. , Müller Daniel Andreas , Grünert Jörg G. 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
Soft tissue defect reconstruction at joint regions is a challenging problem due to the sparse excessive tissue and late complication of constrigent scar formation. Priorly irradiated tissue, often the case in sarcoma patients, is especially problematic. The keystone design perforator island flap is safe and reliable. We now present a new keystone flap design, which is particularly suitable for the reconstruction of large soft tissue defects at joint regions. It provides a cutaneous component without the need for a skin graft and therefore minimizes the risk of contracture. Donor site morbidity is negligible. Furthermore, it offers a favorable aesthetic result compared to other flaps, eg, a muscular flap. We propose a new keystone flap design as an extension of Behan's classification, the Keystone flap type IIIb.
A Case of Traumatic Intractable Leg Ulcer with Lymphorrhea Diagnosed Using ICG Lymphography
Authors: Osada Atsuyoshi , Yamaki Takashi , Kamei Wataru , Yamamoto Yusuke , Sakurai Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
We report a case of traumatic lower extremity ulcers with lymphorrhea in a 37-year-old woman. She presented intractable ulcers without lymphedema for nearly 6 months after a traumatic injury. She was treated conservatively for 6 months at a referral hospital. Unfortunately, during conservative treatment, cellulitis was developed. Even though the inflammation resolved, the ulcer did not heal. We suspected persistent lymphorrhea as the cause of refractory ulcer, and for that reason, we performed indocyanine green lymphography. The lymphatic vessel damage site was identified; also, a collateral lymphatic vessel connected toward the central side was recognized. The lymph fluid drainage site was selectively ligated. The lymphorrhea and ulcers healed 1 month after ligation. Ulcers with lymphorrhea can be persistent and refractory to treatment. Indocyanine green lymphography can be a feasible diagnostic technique. It can identify the site of leakage and is thus useful for treatment. There are fewer reports on the evaluation of lymphorrhea with video presentation. Here, we report a case with video presentation.
Network medicine links SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 infection to brain microvascular injury and neuroinflammation in dementia-like cognitive impairment
Authors: Zhou Yadi , Xu Jielin , Hou Yuan , Leverenz James B. , Kallianpur Asha , Mehra Reena , Liu Yunlong , Yu Haiyuan , Pieper Andrew A. , Jehi Lara , Cheng Feixiong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundDementia-like cognitive impairment is an increasingly reported complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this complication remain unclear. A better understanding of causative processes by which COVID-19 may lead to cognitive impairment is essential for developing preventive interventions.MethodsIn this study, we conducted a network-based, multimodal genomics comparison of COVID-19 and neurologic complications. We constructed the SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interactome from protein-protein interaction assay and CRISPR-Cas9 based genetic assay results, and compared network-based relationships therein with those of known neurological manifestations using network proximity measures. We also investigated the transcriptomic profiles (including single-cell/nuclei RNA-sequencing) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) marker genes from patients infected with COVID-19, as well as the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in the brains of AD patients not infected with SARS-CoV-2.ResultsWe found significant network-based relationships between COVID-19 and neuroinflammation and brain microvascular injury pathways and processes which are implicated in AD. We also detected aberrant expression of AD biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with COVID-19. While transcriptomic analyses showed relatively low expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in human brain, neuroinflammatory changes were pronounced. In addition, single-nucleus transcriptomic analyses showed that expression of SARS-CoV-2 host factors (BSGandFURIN) and antiviral defense genes (LY6E,IFITM2,IFITM3, andIFNAR1) was significantly elevated in brain endothelial cells of AD patients and healthy controls relative to neurons and other cell types, suggesting a possible role for brain microvascular injury in COVID-19-mediated cognitive impairment. Notably, individuals with the AD risk alleleAPOEE4/E4 displayed reduced levels of antiviral defense genes compared toAPOEE3/E3 individuals.ConclusionOur results suggest significant mechanistic overlap between AD and COVID-19, strongly centered on neuroinflammation and microvascular injury. These results help improve our understanding of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations and provide guidance for future development of preventive or treatment interventions.
Scaling down the microbial loop: data-driven modelling of growth interactions in a diatom-bacterium co-culture
Authors: Daly Giulia , Perrin Elena , Viti Carlo , Fondi Marco , Adessi Alessandra 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn intricate set of interactions characterizes marine ecosystems. One of the most important is represented by the so-called microbial loop, which includes the exchange of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from phototrophic organisms to heterotrophic bacteria. Here, it can be used as the major carbon and energy source. Arguably, this interaction is one of the foundations of the entire ocean food-web. Carbon fixed by phytoplankton can be redirected to bacterial cells in two main ways; either i) bacteria feed on dead (eventually lysed) phytoplankton cells or ii) DOM is actively released by phytoplankton cells (a widespread process that may result in up to 50% of the fixed carbon leaving the cell). In this work, we have set up a co-culture of the model diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutumand the model chemoheterotrophic bacteriumPseudoalteromonas haloplanktisTAC125 and used this system to study the interactions between these two representatives of the microbial loop. We show that the bacterium can indeed thrive on diatom-derived carbon and that this growth can be sustained by both diatom dead cells and diatom-released compounds. These observations were formalized in a network of putative interactions betweenP. tricornutumandP. haloplanktisand implemented in a mathematical model that reproduces the observed co-culture dynamics, suggesting that our hypotheses on the interactions occurring in this two-player system can accurately explain the experimental data.
Chronic inflammation in ulcerative colitis causes long term changes in gobletcell function
Authors: Singh Varsha , Johnson Kelli , Yin Jianyi , Lee Sunny , Lin Ruxian , Yu Helen , In Julie G. , Foulke-Abel Jennifer , Zachos Nicholas 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveOne of the features of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a defect in the protective mucus layer. This has been attributed to a reduced number of goblet cells (GC). However, it is not known whether abnormal GC mucus secretion also contributes to the reduced mucus layer. Our aims were to test the hypothesis that GC secretion was abnormal in UC with the changes persistent in colonoids even in the absence of immune cells.DesignColonoids were established from intestinal stem cells of healthy subjects (HS) and from patients with UC (inactive and active sites). Colonoids were maintained as undifferentiated (UD) or induced to differentiate (DF) and studied as 3D or monolayers on Transwell filters. Total RNA was extracted for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Carbachol and PGE2mediated stimulation followed by examination of mucus layer by MUC2 IF/confocal microscopy and TEM were performed.ResultsColonoids derived from patients with UC can be propagated over many passages; however, they exhibit a reduced rate of growth and TEER compared with colonoids from HS. Differentiated UC colonoid monolayers form a thin and non-continuous mucus layer. UC colonoids have increased expression of secretory lineage markers: ATOH1 and SPDEF, including MUC2 positive GCs and ChgA positive enteroendocrine cells but failed to secrete mucin when exposed to the cholinergic agonist carbachol and PGE2, which caused increased secretion in HS. Exposure to TNF-α (5days), reduced the number of GC with a greater percentage decrease in UC colonoids compared to HS.ConclusionsAbnormal mucus layer in UC is due to long term changes in epithelial cells that lead to abnormal mucus secretion as well as effects of the inflammatory environment to reduce the number of GC. This continued defect in GC mucus secretion may be involved in UC recurrence.
Mechanical bistability of the mesoderm epithelium facilitates mesoderm invagination duringDrosophilagastrulation
Authors: Guo Hanqing , Swan Michael , He Bing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractApical constriction driven by non-muscle myosin II (“myosin”) provides a well-conserved mechanism to mediate epithelial folding. It remains unclear how contractile forces near the apical surface of a cell sheet drive out-of-the-plane bending of the sheet and whether myosin contractility is required throughout folding. By optogenetic-mediated acute inhibition of myosin, we find that duringDrosophilamesoderm invagination, myosin contractility is critical to prevent tissue relaxation during the early, “priming” stage of folding but is dispensable for the actual folding step after the tissue passes through a stereotyped transitional configuration. The binary response suggests that the mesoderm is mechanically bistable during gastrulation. Combined modeling analysis and experimental measurements suggest that the observed mechanical bistability may arise from apicobasal shrinkage of the surrounding ectoderm, which promotes mesoderm invagination by facilitating a buckling transition. Our results suggest thatDrosophilamesoderm invagination requires a joint action of local myosin contractility and mechanical bistability of the epithelium to trigger epithelial buckling.
Elimination of GPI2 suppresses glycosylphosphatidylinositol GlcNAc transferase activity and alters GPI glycan modification inTrypanosoma brucei
Authors: Jenni Aurelio , Knüsel Sebastian , Nagar Rupa , Benninger Mattias , Häner Robert , Ferguson Michael A. J. , Roditi Isabel , Menon Anant K. , Bütikofer Peter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane protein anchors is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum by transfer of GlcNAc from the sugar nucleotide UDP-GlcNAc to phosphatidylinositol. The reaction is catalyzed by GPI GlcNAc transferase, a multi-subunit complex comprising the catalytic subunit Gpi3/PIG-A, as well as at least five other subunits including the hydrophobic protein Gpi2 which is essential for activity in yeast and mammals, but whose function is not known. Here we exploitedTrypanosoma brucei(Tb), an early diverging eukaryote and important model organism, to investigate the function of Gpi2. We generated trypanosomes that lack TbGPI2 and found that in TbGPI2-null parasites (i) GPI GlcNAc transferase activity is reduced but not lost, in contrast with the situation in yeast and human cells, (ii) the GPI GlcNAc transferase complex persists, but its architecture is affected, with loss of at least the TbGPI1 subunit, and (iii) the GPI anchors of the major surface proteins are underglycosylated when compared with their wild-type counterparts, indicating the importance of TbGPI2 for reactions that are expected to occur in the Golgi apparatus. Additionally, TbGPI2-null parasites were unable to perform social motility, a form of collective migration on agarose plates. Immunofluorescence microscopy localized TbGPI2 to the endoplasmic reticulum as expected, but also to the Golgi apparatus, suggesting that in addition to its expected function as a subunit of the GPI GlcNAc transferase complex, TbGPI2 may have an enigmatic non-canonical role in Golgi-localized GPI anchor modification in trypanosomes.
Ciliary Hedgehog signaling regulates cell survival to build the facial midline
Authors: Abrams Shaun , Reiter Jeremy F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCraniofacial defects are among the most common phenotypes caused by ciliopathies, yet the developmental and molecular etiology of these defects is poorly understood. We investigated multiple mouse models of human ciliopathies (includingTctn2, Cc2d2aandTmem231mutants)and discovered that each displays hypotelorism, a narrowing of the midface. As early in development as the end of gastrulation,Tctn2mutants displayed reduced activation of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway in the prechordal plate, the head organizer. This prechordal plate defect preceded a reduction of HH pathway activation andShhexpression in the adjacent neurectoderm. Concomitant with the reduction of HH pathway activity,Tctn2mutants exhibited increased cell death in the neurectoderm and facial ectoderm, culminating in a collapse of the facial midline. Enhancing HH signaling by decreasing the gene dosage of a negative regulator of the pathway,Ptch1,decreased cell death and rescued the midface defect in bothTctn2andCc2d2amutants. These results reveal that ciliary HH signaling mediates communication between the prechordal plate and the neurectoderm to provide cellular survival cues essential for development of the facial midline.
Population-specific genome graphs improve high-throughput sequencing data analysis: A case study on the Pan-African genome
Authors: Tetikol H. Serhat , Narci Kubra , Turgut Deniz , Budak Gungor , Kalay Ozem , Arslan Elif , Demirkaya-Budak Sinem , Dolgoborodov Alexey , Jain Amit , Kabakci-Zorlu Duygu , Brown Richard , Semenyuk Vladimir , Davis-Dusenbery Brandi 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTGraph-based genome reference representations have seen significant development, motivated by the inadequacy of the current human genome reference to represent the diverse genetic information from different human populations and its inability to maintain the same level of accuracy for non-European ancestries. While there have been many efforts to develop computationally efficient graph-based toolkits for NGS read alignment and variant calling, methods to curate genomic variants and subsequently construct genome graphs remains an understudied problem that inevitably determines the effectiveness of the overall bioinformatics pipeline. In this study, we discuss obstacles encountered during graph construction and propose methods for sample selection based on population diversity, graph augmentation with structural variants and resolution of graph reference ambiguity caused by information overload. Moreover, we present the case for iteratively augmenting tailored genome graphs for targeted populations and demonstrate this approach on the whole-genome samples of African ancestry. Our results show that population-specific graphs, as more representative alternatives to linear or generic graph references, can achieve significantly lower read mapping errors and enhanced variant calling sensitivity, in addition to providing the improvements of joint variant calling without the need of computationally intensive post-processing steps.
Changes in HIV Treatment Differentiated Care Utilization During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Zambia
Authors: Jo Youngji , Rosen Sydney , Sy Karla Therese L , Phiri Bevis , Huber Amy N , Mwansa Muya , Shakwelele Hilda , Haimbe Prudence , Mwenechanya Mpande M , Mulenga Priscilla Lumano , Nichols Brooke E 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundDifferentiated service delivery (DSD) models aim to lessen the burden of HIV treatment on patients and providers in part by reducing requirements for facility visits and extending dispensing intervals. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, minimizing patient contact with healthcare facilities and other patients, while maintaining treatment continuity and avoiding loss to care, has become more urgent, resulting in efforts to increase DSD uptake. We assessed the extent to which DSD coverage and antiretroviral treatment (ART) dispensing intervals have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia.MethodsWe used patient data from Zambia’s electronic medical record system (SmartCare) for 737 health facilities, representing about 3/4 of all ART patients nationally, to compare the numbers and proportional distributions of patients enrolled in DSD models in the six months before and six months after the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in Zambia in March 2020. Segmented linear regression was used to determine whether the introduction of COVID-19 into Zambia further accelerated the increase in DSD scale-up.ResultsBetween September 2019 and August 2020, 181,317 patients aged 15+ (81,520 and 99,797 from September 1, 2019 to March 1, 2020 and from March 1 to August 31, 2020, respectively) enrolled in DSD models in Zambia. Overall participation in all DSD models increased over the study period, but uptake varied by model. The rate of acceleration increased in the second period for home ART delivery (152%), ≤2-month fast-track (143%), and 3-month MMD (139%). There were significant decelerations in the increase in enrolment for 4-6-month fast-track (−28%) and ‘other’ models (−19%).ConclusionsParticipation in DSD models for stable ART patients in Zambia increased after the advent of COVID-19, but dispensing intervals diminished. Eliminating obstacles to longer dispensing intervals, including those related to supply chain management, should be prioritized to achieve the expected benefits of DSD models and minimize COVID-19 risk.
Rotavirus A Genome Segments Show Distinct Segregation and Codon Usage Patterns
Authors: Hoxie Irene , Dennehy John J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReassortment of the Rotavirus A (RVA) 11-segment dsRNA genome may generate new genome constellations that allow RVA to expand its host range or evade immune responses. Reassortment may also produce phylogenetic incongruities and weakly linked evolutionary histories across the 11 segments, obscuring reassortant-specific epistasis and changes in substitution rates. To determine the co-segregation patterns of RVA segments, we generated time-scaled phylogenetic trees for each of the 11 segments of 789 complete RVA genomes isolated from mammalian hosts and compared the segments’ geodesic distances. We found that segments 4 (VP4) and 9 (VP7) occupied significantly different treespaces from each other and from the rest of the genome. By contrast, segments 10 and 11 (NSP4 and NSP5/6) occupied nearly indistinguishable treespaces, suggesting strong co-segregation. Host-species barriers appeared to vary by segment, with segment 9 (VP7) presenting the least conservation by host species. Bayesian skyride plots were generated for each segment to compare relative genetic diversity among segments over time. All segments showed a dramatic decrease in diversity around 2007 coinciding with the introduction of RVA vaccines. To assess selection pressures, codon adaptation indices and relative codon deoptimization indices were calculated with respect to common host genomes. Codon usage varied by segment with segment 11 (NSP5) exhibiting significantly higher adaptation to host genomes. Furthermore, RVA codon usage patterns appeared optimized for expression in humans and birds relative to the other hosts examined, suggesting that translational efficiency is not a barrier in RVA zoonosis.