bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic domains and domain wall pinning in atomically thin CrBr3 revealed by nanoscale imaging
Authors: Sun Qi-Chao , Song Tiancheng , Anderson Eric , Brunner Andreas , Förster Johannes , Shalomayeva Tetyana , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Gräfe Joachim , Stöhr Rainer , Xu Xiaodong , Wrachtrup Jörg 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe emergence of atomically thin van der Waals magnets provides a new platform for the studies of two-dimensional magnetism and its applications. However, the widely used measurement methods in recent studies cannot provide quantitative information of the magnetization nor achieve nanoscale spatial resolution. These capabilities are essential to explore the rich properties of magnetic domains and spin textures. Here, we employ cryogenic scanning magnetometry using a single-electron spin of a nitrogen-vacancy center in a diamond probe to unambiguously prove the existence of magnetic domains and study their dynamics in atomically thin CrBr3. By controlling the magnetic domain evolution as a function of magnetic field, we find that the pinning effect is a dominant coercivity mechanism and determine the magnetization of a CrBr3 bilayer to be about 26 Bohr magnetons per square nanometer. The high spatial resolution of this technique enables imaging of magnetic domains and allows to locate the sites of defects that pin the domain walls and nucleate the reverse domains. Our work highlights scanning nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry as a quantitative probe to explore nanoscale features in two-dimensional magnets.
Raw biomass electroreforming coupled to green hydrogen generation
Authors: Zhao Hu , Lu Dan , Wang Jiarui , Tu Wenguang , Wu Dan , Koh See Wee , Gao Pingqi , Xu Zhichuan J. , Deng Sili , Zhou Yan , You Bo , Li Hong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite the tremendous progress of coupling organic electrooxidation with hydrogen generation in a hybrid electrolysis, electroreforming of raw biomass coupled to green hydrogen generation has not been reported yet due to the rigid polymeric structures of raw biomass. Herein, we electrooxidize the most abundant natural amino biopolymer chitin to acetate with over 90% yield in hybrid electrolysis. The overall energy consumption of electrolysis can be reduced by 15% due to the thermodynamically and kinetically more favorable chitin oxidation over water oxidation. In obvious contrast to small organics as the anodic reactant, the abundance of chitin endows the new oxidation reaction excellent scalability. A solar-driven electroreforming of chitin and chitin-containing shrimp shell waste is coupled to safe green hydrogen production thanks to the liquid anodic product and suppression of oxygen evolution. Our work thus demonstrates a scalable and safe process for resource upcycling and green hydrogen production for a sustainable energy future.
Bi-directional regulation of cognitive control by distinct prefrontal cortical output neurons to thalamus and striatum
Authors: de Kloet Sybren F. , Bruinsma Bastiaan , Terra Huub , Heistek Tim S. , Passchier Emma M. J. , van den Berg Alexandra R. , Luchicchi Antonio , Min Rogier , Pattij Tommy , Mansvelder Huibert D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) steers goal-directed actions and withholds inappropriate behavior. Dorsal and ventral mPFC (dmPFC/vmPFC) circuits have distinct roles in cognitive control, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we use neuroanatomical tracing techniques, in vitro electrophysiology, chemogenetics and fiber photometry in rats engaged in a 5-choice serial reaction time task to characterize dmPFC and vmPFC outputs to distinct thalamic and striatal subdomains. We identify four spatially segregated projection neuron populations in the mPFC. Using fiber photometry we show that these projections distinctly encode behavior. Postsynaptic striatal and thalamic neurons differentially process synaptic inputs from dmPFC and vmPFC, highlighting mechanisms that potentially amplify distinct pathways underlying cognitive control of behavior. Chemogenetic silencing of dmPFC and vmPFC projections to lateral and medial mediodorsal thalamus subregions oppositely regulate cognitive control. In addition, dmPFC neurons projecting to striatum and thalamus divergently regulate cognitive control. Collectively, we show that mPFC output pathways targeting anatomically and functionally distinct striatal and thalamic subregions encode bi-directional command of cognitive control.
Landscapes of cellular phenotypic diversity in breast cancer xenografts and their impact on drug response
Authors: Georgopoulou Dimitra , Callari Maurizio , Rueda Oscar M. , Shea Abigail , Martin Alistair , Giovannetti Agnese , Qosaj Fatime , Dariush Ali , Chin Suet-Feung , Carnevalli Larissa S. , Provenzano Elena , Greenwood Wendy , Lerda Giulia , Esmaeilishirazifard Elham , O’Reilly Martin , Serra Violeta , Bressan Dario ,   IMAXT Consortium, Ali H. R. , Al Sa’d M. , Alon S. , Aparicio S. , Battistoni G. , Balasubramanian S. , Becker R. , Bodenmiller B. , Boyden E. S. , Bressan D. , Bruna A. , Burger Marcel , Caldas C. , Callari M. , Cannell I. G. , Casbolt H. , Chornay N. , Cui Y. , Dariush A. , Dinh K. , Emenari A. , Eyal-Lubling Y. , Fan J. , Fatemi A. , Fisher E. , González-Solares E. A. , González-Fernández C. , Goodwin D. , Greenwood W. , Grimaldi F. , Hannon G. J. , Harris O. , Harris S. , Jauset C. , Joyce J. A. , Karagiannis E. D. , Kovačević T. , Kuett L. , Kunes R. , Küpcü Yoldaş A. , Lai D. , Laks E. , Lee H. , Lee M. , Lerda G. , Li Y. , McPherson A. , Millar N. , Mulvey C. M. , Nugent F. , O’Flanagan C. H. , Paez-Ribes M. , Pearsall I. , Qosaj F. , Roth A. J. , Rueda O. M. , Ruiz T. , Sawicka K. , Sepúlveda L. A. , Shah S. P. , Shea A. , Sinha A. , Smith A. , Tavaré S. , Tietscher S. , Vázquez-García I. , Vogl S. L. , Walton N. A. , Wassie A. T. , Watson S. S. , Weselak J. , Wild S. A. , Williams E. , Windhager J. , Whitmarsh T. , Xia C. , Zheng P. , Zhuang X. , Mills Gordon B. , Ali H. Raza , Cosulich Sabina S. , Hannon Gregory J. , Bruna Alejandra , Caldas Carlos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe heterogeneity of breast cancer plays a major role in drug response and resistance and has been extensively characterized at the genomic level. Here, a single-cell breast cancer mass cytometry (BCMC) panel is optimized to identify cell phenotypes and their oncogenic signalling states in a biobank of patient-derived tumour xenograft (PDTX) models representing the diversity of human breast cancer. The BCMC panel identifies 13 cellular phenotypes (11 human and 2 murine), associated with both breast cancer subtypes and specific genomic features. Pre-treatment cellular phenotypic composition is a determinant of response to anticancer therapies. Single-cell profiling also reveals drug-induced cellular phenotypic dynamics, unravelling previously unnoticed intra-tumour response diversity. The comprehensive view of the landscapes of cellular phenotypic heterogeneity in PDTXs uncovered by the BCMC panel, which is mirrored in primary human tumours, has profound implications for understanding and predicting therapy response and resistance.
Spin dynamics and Griffiths singularity in the random quantum Ising magnet PrTiNbO6
Authors: Li Yuesheng , Li Qiao-Yi , Li Wei , Liu Tao , Voneshen David J. , Biswas Pabitra K. , Adroja Devashibhai 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn crystalline magnets, interaction randomness is usually thought as a negative factor preventing interesting quantum phenomena to occur. However, intriguing interplay between randomness and quantumness can also leads to unique phenomena in the strongly correlated materials. Among others, the random transverse-field Ising spin chain (RTIC) hosts a renowned quantum Griffiths phase. Although the RTIC model has been regarded as a toy model for long, here we materialize this model with the compound PrTiNbO6, which has a disordered ground state with pronounced quantum fluctuations and continuous spin excitations. The observed anomalous spin dynamics of PrTiNbO6 can be accounted by the RTIC model with a consistent set of parameters determined from fitting the thermodynamic data, and it is ascribed to the quantum Griffiths rare regions in the system. Our results provide a concrete example of quantum Griffiths magnet, and offer an ideal experimental platform for investigating the dynamical properties of random many-body system.
A multidisciplinary study unveils the nature of a Roman ink of the I century AD
Authors: Sibilia Mirta , Stani Chiaramaria , Gigli Lara , Pollastri Simone , Migliori Alessandro , D’Amico Francesco , Schmid Chiara , Licen Sabina , Crosera Matteo , Adami Gianpiero , Barbieri Pierluigi , Plaisier Jasper R. , Aquilanti Giuliana , Vaccari Lisa , Buson Stefano , Gonzato Federica 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA multi-instrumental approach combining highly sensitive Synchrotron Radiation-based techniques was used to provide information on the real composition of a dry black ink powder found in a bronze inkwell of the first century AD. The presence of Pb, Cu and Fe in the powder, revealed by XRF and ICP-OES data, leads to raise several hypotheses on their origin. The inkpot and its lid were also investigated by Hand-Held XRF, revealing a bronze alloy (Cu-Sn) with a certain amount of Fe and Pb. The lid was found to be particularly enriched in lead. XRPD, XAS and FTIR measurements showed a substantial presence of silicates and common clay minerals in the ink along with cerussite and malachite, Pb and Cu bearing-carbonates, respectively. These evidences support the hypothesis of an important contamination of the ink sample by the burial environment (soil) and the presence of degradation products of the bronze inkpot. The combined use of IR, Raman, and GC-MS evidenced that the black ink is mainly composed of amorphous carbon deriving from the combustion of organic material mixed with a natural binding agent, Arabic gum.
A short humorous intervention protects against subsequent psychological stress and attenuates cortisol levels without affecting attention
Authors: Froehlich Eva , Madipakkam Apoorva Rajiv , Craffonara Barbara , Bolte Christina , Muth Anne-Katrin , Park Soyoung Q. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPresentation of humor simultaneously with a stressful event has been shown to dampen the psychological and physiological responses of stress. However, whether a relatively short humorous intervention can be utilized to prevent the subsequent stress processing is still underinvestigated. Furthermore, it is unknown, whether such a humor intervention changes stress processing at a cost of cognitive functioning. According to the broaden-and-build theory inducing positive emotions may subsequently impact cognitive performance. Here, we investigated whether humor protects against subsequent stressors by attenuating both, psychological and physiological stress levels and whether this affects cognitive performance. Participants watched either a humorous or a neutral movie, underwent stress induction and performed in a visual search task. Compared to the control group, psychological stress levels and salivary cortisol levels were lower in the humor group, yet no differences were found in response times and accuracy rates for the visual search task. Our results demonstrate that a short humorous intervention shields against subsequent psychological stress leaving cognitive performance intact, thus making it highly applicable to improve mental and physical health in everyday life situations.
Impact of land cover and landfills on the breeding effect and nest occupancy of the white stork in Poland
Authors: Bialas Joanna T. , Dylewski Łukasz , Dylik Andrzej , Janiszewski Tomasz , Kaługa Ireneusz , Królak Tomek , Kruszyk Robert , Pawlukojć Krzysztof , Pestka Zuzanna , Polakowski Michał , Zbyryt Adam , Tobolka Marcin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFood wastes are among the factors with the greatest effects on animal populations. The white stork is among bird species that clearly profit from feeding at landfills, at least in Western Europe and North Africa. However, the rate and the consequences of this feeding are still unknown in the Central-Eastern European population, which differs from the western population not only in terms of migration routes but also in the greater availability of suitable natural breeding habitats due to less intensified agriculture. The aim of the study was to describe the use of landfills and its consequences in terms of probability of nest occupation and breeding effects in different regions of Poland. Although the most important factors influencing nest-site selection and breeding effect are still habitat quality and weather conditions, distance to landfills is important in selection of nest sites. White storks use landfills most intensively late in the breeding season, independently of the density of breeding pairs. The results suggest that the use of landfills is not currently essential in the Central-Eastern European population of the white stork, does not affect breeding effect, and may be more frequent in non-breeders. However, this phenomenon is still developing and requires continuous monitoring.
Indirect modulation of human visual memory
Authors: Kozak Stas , Herz Noa , Bar-Haim Yair , Censor Nitzan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConditions in which memories become maladaptive have inspired extensive research geared to modulate memory by targeting it directly and explicitly. Given limitations of direct memory modulation, we asked the following: can the target memories be modulated indirectly? To address this question, we uniquely targeted visual memories, and leveraged a paradigm utilizing instructions to either forget or remember newly encoded memories. We used a multi-domain approach, and applied the instructions to embedded verbal information presented during encoding (words), with the intention to indirectly modulate recognition of the target visual context memory itself (pictures). Accordingly, participants were presented with two lists of words, where each word was preceded and followed by pictures. Participants were instructed to either remember or forget the first list of words. As expected, the instruction to either remember or forget the words differentially influenced word memory strength. Importantly, the instruction regarding the words, indirectly modulated picture memory strength. Better memory for words resulted in reduced picture memory strength and vice versa, with the instruction to remember the words reducing picture memory strength. Together with a negative correlation between word and picture memory strength, the results suggest a competition for shared resources between memory for content and context. These findings may open new avenues to indirectly modulate maladaptive memories.
Comparison of platforms for testing antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Togo
Authors: Gwyn Sarah , Awoussi Marcel S. , Bakhtiari Ana , Bronzan Rachel N. , Crowley Kathryn , Harding-Esch Emma M. , Kassankogno Yao , Kilangalanga Janvier N. , Makangila Felix , Mupoyi Sylvain , Ngondi Jeremiah , Ngoyi Bonaventure , Palmer Stephanie , Randall Jessica M. , Seim Anders , Solomon Anthony W. , Stewart Raymond , Togbey Kwamy , Uvon Pitchouna A. , Martin Diana L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTrachoma, caused by repeated ocular infection withChlamydia trachomatis(Ct), is targeted for elimination as a public health problem. Serological testing for antibodies is promising for surveillance; determining useful thresholds will require collection of serological data from settings with different prevalence of the indicator trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF). Dried blood spots were collected during trachoma mapping in two districts each of Togo and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Anti-Ct antibodies were detected by multiplex bead assay (MBA) and three different lateral flow assays (LFA) and seroprevalence and seroconversion rate (SCR) were determined. By most tests, the district with > 5% TF (the elimination threshold) had five–sixfold higher seroprevalence and tenfold higher SCR than districts with < 5% TF. The agreement between LFA and MBA was improved using a black latex developing reagent. These data show optimization of antibody tests against Ct to better differentiate districts above or below trachoma elimination thresholds.
Improving hexaminolevulinate enabled cancer cell detection in liquid biopsy immunosensors
Authors: Chan Kit Man , Gleadle Jonathan , Li Jordan , Michl Thomas Danny , Vasilev Krasimir , MacGregor Melanie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHexaminolevulinate (HAL) induced Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence is commonly used to differentiate cancer cells from normal cells in vivo, as for instance in blue light cystoscopy for bladder cancer diagnosis. A detailed approach is here provided to use this diagnostic principle ex vivo in an immunosensor device, towards enabling non-invasive cancer diagnostic from body fluids, such as urine. Several factors susceptible to affect the applicability of HAL-assisted diagnosis in body fluids were tested. These included the cell viability and its impact on PpIX fluorescence, the storage condition and shelf life of HAL premix reagent, light exposure (360–450 nm wavelengths) and its corresponding effect on both intensity and bleaching of the PpIX fluorescence as a function of the microscopy imaging conditions. There was no significant decrease in the viability of bladder cancer cells after 6 h at 4 °C (student’s t-test: p > 0.05). The cellular PpIX fluorescence decreased in a time-dependent manner when cancer cells were kept at 4 °C for extended period of time, though this didn’t significantly reduce the fluorescence intensity contrast between cancer and non-cancer cells kept in the same condition for 6 h. HAL premix reagent kept in long term storage at 4 °C induced stronger PpIX fluorescence than reagent kept in the − 20 °C freezer. The PpIX fluorescence was negatively affected by repeated light exposure but increased with illumination intensity and exposure time. Though this applied to both healthy and cancer cell lines, and therefore did not statistically improved the differentiation between cell types. This study revealed important experimental settings that need to be carefully considered to benefit from the analytical potential of HAL induced fluorescence when used in technologies for the diagnosis of cancer from body fluids.
Phytochemical profile and rosmarinic acid purification from two Peruvian Lepechinia Willd. species (Salviinae, Mentheae, Lamiaceae)
Authors: Serrano Carlos A. , Villena Gretty K. , Rodríguez Eric F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe phytochemical profile of Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.) Epling and Lepechina floribunda (Benth.) Epling obtained by liquid chromatography associated with high-resolution mass spectrometry is presented. Forty eight compounds were detected exhibiting a variety of salvianolic acids and abietane phenolic diterpenoids. A simple procedure by cold evaporative crystallization to purify rosmarinic acid from these botanical species was also shown.
Potentially toxic elements pollution in road deposited sediments around the active smelting industry of Korea
Authors: Jeong Hyeryeong , Choi Jin Young , Ra Kongtae 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPotentially toxic elements (PTEs) were investigated in the different sizes of road deposited sediments (RDS) around the active smelting industry to understand their sources and to assess the pollution and ecological risk levels. The highest PTEs concentrations was shown near the raw materials import port and the smelting facilities. The fine particles of RDS showed extremely high PTEs concentrations. Zn has the highest mean concentration in the < 63 μm particle size of RDS, followed by Pb > Cu > As > Cr > Ni > Cd > Hg. The PTEs concentrations of this study were the highest values compared to the soils around the smelter and the RDS in urban and industrial areas in the world. This indicates that these PTEs pollution in RDS were mainly attributed to the transportation of raw materials for the smelting industry. According to nemerow pollution index calculation, RDS at all sampling sites with particles of less than 250 mm was seriously polluted with PTEs. The ecological risk was also found to be very high in all RDS fractions and highly toxic elements such as Cd, Pb and Hg pose extremely risk. Given the total amounts PTEs in the road surface, it is necessary to apply RDS removal management plan to reduce the PTEs pollution.
Incense smoke-induced oxidative stress disrupts tight junctions and bronchial epithelial barrier integrity and induces airway hyperresponsiveness in mouse lungs
Authors: Yamamoto Norio , Kan-o Keiko , Tatsuta Miyoko , Ishii Yumiko , Ogawa Tomohiro , Shinozaki Seiji , Fukuyama Satoru , Nakanishi Yoichi , Matsumoto Koichiro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent clinical studies have suggested that inhalation of incense smoke (IS) may result in impaired lung function and asthma. However, there is little experimental evidence to link IS with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and bronchial epithelial barrier function. Using mouse and cell culture models, we evaluated the effects of IS exposure on AHR, expression of multiple epithelial tight junction (TJ)- and adherens junction-associated mRNAs and proteins in the lungs, and the barrier function of bronchial epithelial cells assessed by transepithelial electronic resistance (TEER). Exposure of BALB/c mice to IS increased AHR and inflammatory macrophage recruitment to BALF; reduced claudin-1, -2, -3, -7, -10b, -12, -15, and -18, occludin, zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1], and E-cadherin mRNA expression; and caused discontinuity of claudin-2 and ZO-1 protein immunostaining in lung tissue. IS extract dose-dependently decreased TEER and increased reactive oxygen species production in bronchial epithelial cell cultures. Treatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine, but not glucocorticosteroids or long-acting β2-agonists, prevented the detrimental effects of IS. IS exposure can be problematic for respiratory health, as evidenced by AHR, increased recruitment of inflammatory macrophages and disruption of TJ proteins in the lung, and damage to epithelial barrier function. However, antioxidants may be useful for the treatment of IS-induced airway dysfunction.