bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispatched nurses’ experience of wearing full gear personal protective equipment to care for COVID‐19 patients in China—A descriptive qualitative study
Authors: Chen Feifei , Zang Yuli , Liu Yuan , Wang Xiaomin , Lin Xingfeng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesWe explored dispatched nurses’ experiences of wearing full gear personal protective equipment to care for patients with coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) in Wuhan, China.BackgroundFull gear personal protective equipment is the primary and foremost measure to prevent the contact and transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2); however, working in full gear personal protective equipment may hinder nursing care activities and thus negatively affect patients’ and nurses’ health.DesignThis descriptive qualitative inquiry followed the COREQ guidelines.MethodsIndividual semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted in a purposive sample of 15 frontline nurses who were dispatched to the outbreak epicentre from March to April 2020. Verbatim transcripts were content analysed.ResultsFour themes emerged from the data: inadequate preparedness for working with full gear personal protective equipment, full gear personal protective equipment stimulated stress responses, coping strategies and professional growth. Participants learned a great deal from problem‐focussed and emotion‐focussed strategies to tackle challenges related to the prolonged wearing of full gear personal protective equipment for quality nursing care and reduced risk of exposure. They became more vigilant to the adherence to evolving protocols and appropriate training concerning full gear personal protective equipment use.ConclusionsFrontline nurses confronted various but diminishing challenges related to the use of full gear personal protective equipment when caring for patients with COVID‐19 across the approximate 40‐day period. Consistent use of coverall personal protective equipment to protect from SARS‐CoV‐2 in high exposure settings would be feasible if nurses were better prepared; therefore, scenario‐based skill training concerning the prolonged use of full gear personal protective equipment should be offered regularly and intensively.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study informs future decisions concerning improved full gear personal protective equipment‐related psychomotor training and promoting ways for nurses to cope with the stress that comes from working in highly contiguous environments.
A polysomnography study examining the association between sleep and postoperative delirium in older hospitalized cardiac surgical patients
Authors: Ibala Reine , Mekonnen Jennifer , Gitlin Jacob , Hahm Eunice Y. , Ethridge Breanna R. , Colon Katia M. , Marota Sophia , Ortega Cristy , Pedemonte Juan C. , Cobanaj Marisa , Chamadia Shubham , Qu Jason , Gao Lei , Barbieri Riccardo , Akeju Oluwaseun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHospitalized older patients who undergo elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are prone to postoperative delirium. Self‐reported shorter sleep and longer sleep have been associated with impaired cognition. Few data exist to guide us on whether shorter or longer sleep is associated with postoperative delirium in this hospitalized cohort. This was a prospective, single‐site, observational study of hospitalized patients (>60 years) scheduled to undergo elective major cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 16). We collected and analysed overnight polysomnography data using the Somté PSG device and assessed for delirium twice a day until postoperative day 3 using the long version of the confusion assessment method and a structured chart review. We also assessed subjective sleep quality using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. The delirium median preoperative hospital stay of 9 [Q1, Q3: 7, 11] days was similar to the non‐delirium preoperative hospital stay of 7 [4, 9] days (p = .154). The incidence of delirium was 45.5% (10/22) in the entire study cohort and 50% (8/16) in the final cohort with clean polysomnography data. The preoperative delirium median total sleep time of 323.8 [Q1, Q3: 280.3, 382.1] min was longer than the non‐delirium median total sleep time of 254.3 [210.9, 278.1] min (p = .046). This was accounted for by a longer delirium median non‐rapid eye movement (REM) stage 2 sleep duration of 282.3 [229.8, 328.8] min compared to the non‐delirium median non‐REM stage 2 sleep duration of 202.5 [174.4, 208.9] min (p = .012). Markov chain modelling confirmed these findings. There were no differences in measures of sleep quality assessed by the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Polysomnography measures of sleep obtained the night preceding surgery in hospitalized older patients scheduled for elective major cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are suggestive of an association between longer sleep duration and postoperative delirium.
HIF‐1α controls palatal wound healing by regulating macrophage motility via S1P/S1P1 signaling axis
Authors: Hutami Islamy Rahma , Izawa Takashi , Khurel‐Ochir Tsendsuren , Sakamaki Takuma , Iwasa Akihiko , Tomita Shuhei , Tanaka Eiji 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the role of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) signaling, the expression profile of M1 and M2 macrophages, and the role of the sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor system in palatal wound healing of heterozygous HIF‐1α‐deficient (HIF‐1α HET) mice.Materials and methodsHIF‐1α HET and wild‐type (WT) littermates underwent palatal tissue excision at the mid‐hard palate. Histological analysis, immunostaining, real‐time PCR, Western blotting (WB), and cellular migration assays were performed to analyze wound closure and macrophage infiltration.ResultsDMOG pretreatment showed an acceleration of palatal wound closure in WT mice. In contrast, the delayed palatal wound closure was observed in HIF‐1α HET mice with diminished production of Col1a1, MCP‐1, and MIP‐1α, compared with WT mice. Decreased infiltration of M1 macrophage (F4/80+TNF‐α+, F4/80+iNOS+) and M2 macrophage (F4/80+Arginase‐1+, F4/80+CD163+) was observed. The numbers of F4/80+S1P1+ macrophages of HIF‐1α HET wounded tissues were significantly lower compared with WT tissues. S1P treatment of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) significantly upregulated expression of S1P1 in WT mice compared with HIF‐1α HET. Phosphorylation of MAPK rapidly decreased in BMMs of HIF‐1α HET mice than in BMMs of WT mice by S1P stimulation. Moreover, S1P enhanced HIF‐1α expression via S1P1 receptors to affect macrophage migration.ConclusionsHIF‐1α deficiency aggravates M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration and controls macrophage motility via S1P/S1P1 signaling. These results suggest that HIF‐1α signaling may contribute to the regulation of palatal wound healing.
Attentive immobility in the face of inevitable distal threat—Startle potentiation and fear bradycardia as an index of emotion and attention
Authors: Szeska Christoph , Richter Jan , Wendt Julia , Weymar Mathias , Hamm Alfons O. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring fear conditioning, a cue (CS) signals an inevitable distal threat (US) and evokes a conditioned response that can be described as attentive immobility (freezing). The organism remains motionless and monitors the source of danger while startle responses are potentiated, indicating a state of defensive hypervigilance. Although in animals vagally mediated fear bradycardia is also reliably observed under such circumstances, results are mixed in human fear conditioning. Using a single‐cue fear conditioning and extinction protocol, we tested cardiac reactivity and startle potentiation indexing low‐level defensive strategies in a fear‐conditioned (n = 40; paired presentations of CS and US) compared with a non‐conditioned control group (n = 40; unpaired presentations of CS and US). Additionally, we assessed shock expectancy ratings on a trial‐by‐trial basis indexing declarative knowledge of the previous contingencies. Half of each group underwent extinction under sham or active transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), serving as additional proof of concept. We found stronger cardiac deceleration during CS presentation in the fear learning relative to the control group. This learned fear bradycardia was positively correlated with conditioned startle potentiation but not with declarative knowledge of CS‐US contingencies. TVNS abolished differences in heart rate changes between both groups and removed the significant correlation between late cardiac deceleration and startle potentiation in the fear learning group. Results suggest, fear‐conditioned cues evoke attentive immobility in humans, characterized by cardiac deceleration and startle potentiation. Such defensive response pattern is elicited by cues predicting inevitable distal threat and resembles conditioned fear responses observed in rodents.
Dissolution of ooids in seawater‐derived fluids – an example from Lower Permian re‐sedimented carbonates, West Texas, USA
Authors: Laya Juan Carlos , Albader Ahmad , Kaczmarek Stephen , Pope Michael , Harris Paul “Mitch” , Miller Brent 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Selective dissolution of metastable minerals and certain pore types, such as moldic and oomoldic pores, are widely accepted to indicate diagenesis by meteoric fluids in carbonate rocks. In this study, oomoldic‐rich re‐sedimented carbonates from the Happy Field in the Midland Basin, which contain no evidence of subaerial environments, indicate that such pores may form in other settings. Ooid dissolution in the reservoir was evaluated through petrography, scanning electron microscopy, stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C), elemental geochemistry, and X‐ray diffraction of bioclasts, ooids and associated cements. Cements are primarily dogtooth and equant low‐magnesium calcite, poikilotopic celestine is present, and late‐stage low‐magnesium calcite occurs in lesser amounts. Equant low magnesium calcite cements are interpreted to reflect the initial stages of pore filling, synchronous with aragonitic ooid dissolution, thus implying that oomoldic pores and equant cements formed in similar fluids. Although the prominent equant low magnesium calcite cement textures mimic those often associated with meteoric fluids, geochemistry suggests a marine origin. The equant cements have δ18O (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) ratios between −2.0‰ and −3.5‰, and δ13C (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) ratios between 4‰ and 5‰. Magnesium/calcium ratios show values, ranging from 5 to 142 mmol/mol (n = 223, average 23.2 and SD = 20.1). Strontium/calcium ratios present values from 0.3 to 2.6 mmol/mol (n = 223, average 0.71 mmol/mol, SD = 0.35). Geochemical data coincide with typical low‐latitude Permian marine carbonate values and further signify diagenesis within the marine phreatic realm. To explain this process, the results indicate that the dissolution of aragonite ooids and precipitation of early cements occurred in environments ranging between the seafloor to shallow burial dominated by undersaturated marine fluids. Undersaturation was triggered by organic matter decomposition occurring at the seafloor and in the shallow subsurface immediately below. These findings have broader implications for marine and burial carbonate diagenesis as well as diagenesis of re‐sedimented deposits.
A bacterial stimulation assay for bronchoalveolar lavage immune cells from young children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Liu Haipei , Sarkar Sohinee , Azzopardi Kristy , Day Sophie , Yeow Serene , Ranganathan Sarath , Sutton Philip ,   the Australian Respiratory Early Surveillance Team for Cystic Fibrosis (AREST CF)
Published: March 2021

AbstractCystic Fibrosis (CF) is primarily a progressive lung disease, characterized by chronic pulmonary infections with opportunistic pathogens. Such infections typically commence early in life, producing an inflammatory response marked by IL‐8 chemokine production and neutrophilic infiltration, major contributory factors in CF progression. Studying this inflammation, especially early in life, is critical for developing new strategies for preventing or slowing disruption to the structural integrity of the CF airways. However, evaluating the immune responses of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from children with CF faces technical challenges, including contamination carried from the lung due to pre‐existing infections and low cell number availability. Here, we describe a technique for preparing BAL cells from young children with CF and using those cells in a bacterial stimulation assay. Initial antibiotic treatment proved essential for preventing resident bacteria from overgrowing BAL cell cultures, or non‐specifically activating the cells. ACTB, identified as an optimal reference gene, was validated for accurate analysis of gene expression in these cells. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were used as bacterial stimulants to evaluate the immune response of BAL cells from young children with CF. Addition of gentamicin prevented bacterial overgrowth, although if added after 3 hours of culture an extremely variable response resulted, with the bacteria causing a suppressive effect in some cultures. Addition of gentamicin after 1 hour of culture completely prevented this suppressive effect. This technique was then able to reproducibly measure the IL‐8 response to stimulation with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, including co‐stimulation with both bacteria.
Personalized collection of plasma from healthy donors: A randomized controlled trial of a novel technology‐enabled nomogram
Authors: Hartmann Jan , Ragusa Michael J. , Burchardt Elmar R. , Manukyan Zorayr , Popovsky Mark A. , Leitman Susan F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSource plasma is essential to support the growing demand for plasma‐derived medicinal products. Supply is short, with donor availability further limited by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. This study examined whether a novel, personalized, technology‐based nomogram was noninferior with regard to significant hypotensive adverse events (AEs) in healthy donors.Study Design and MethodsIMPACT (IMproving PlasmA CollecTion) was a prospective, multicenter, double‐blinded, randomized, controlled trial carried out between January 6 and March 26, 2020, in three U.S plasma collection centers. Donors were randomly assigned to the current simplified 1992 nomogram (control) or a novel percent plasma nomogram (PPN) with personalized target volume calculation (experimental). Primary endpoint was the rate of significant hypotensive AEs. Noninferiority (NI) was tested with a margin of 0.15%. Collected plasma volume was a secondary endpoint.ResultsA total of 3443 donors (mean [SD] BMI: 32 [7.74] kg/m2; 65% male) underwent 23,137 donations (median [range]: 6 [1–22] per subject). Ten significant hypotensive AEs were observed (six control; four experimental), with model‐based AE incidence rate estimates (95% CI) of 0.051% (0.020%–0.114%) and 0.035% (0.010%–0.094%), respectively (p = .58). NI was met at an upper limit of 0.043% versus the predefined margin of 0.15%. There was no statistical difference between total AEs (all AE types:p = .32). Mean plasma volume collected was 777.8 ml (control) versus 841.7 ml (experimental); an increase of 63.9 ml per donation (8.2%;p < .0001).ConclusionThis trial showed that a novel personalized nomogram approach in healthy donors allowed approximately 8% more plasma per donation to be collected without impairing donor safety.
Numerical and Experimental Aerodynamic Investigation of an S-Shaped Intermediate Compressor Duct With Bleed
Authors: Siggeirsson Elias M. V. , Andersson Niklas , Burak Olander Markus 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A series of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to analyze the effects a rotor off-take bleed has on the performance of an intermediate compressor duct (ICD). To validate the CFD results, a comparison is made to measurements obtained from an experimental facility located at GKN Aerospace Engine Systems in Sweden. To achieve a deeper understanding of the flow physics, hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes/large eddy simulation (RANS/LES) simulations are performed for a single operating condition. The CFD simulations are capable of predicting the behavior when extracting large amount of air through the bleed pipe, where an improved prediction is obtained with the hybrid simulation. The performance of the ICD is severely compromised with increased amount of bleed as the flow delivered to the downstream component is highly disturbed. The disturbed flow is caused by the extraction of axial flow through the bleed pipe, increasing the incidence into the low-pressure compressor’s outlet guide vanes (OGVs) resulting in unfavorable velocity profiles into the ICD. This behavior causes the flow to separate at the OGV blades, where the separation increases with increasing bleed. Furthermore, when including the full bleed system, significant circumferential distortions are observed, showing the necessity of the integrated design.
Aerodynamic Investigation of a Composite Low-Speed Fan for UHBR Application
Authors: Rodrigues Martin , Soulat Laurent , Paoletti Benoit , Ottavy Xavier , Brandstetter Christoph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A composite fan stage representative of a modern Ultra High Bypass Ratio (UHBR) architecture has been investigated experimentally on a novel test facility at Ecole Centrale de Lyon. These measurements show indications for strong overloading of the tip region resulting in extensive blockage of the blade passage. The performance of the fan is analyzed with extensive instrumentation including radial profiles upstream and downstream of the rotor. Unsteady pressure measurements help to interpret the flow structure in the tip region. The results are presented across a range of operating points on the design speedline. At the stability limit, the machine suffers from non-synchronous vibrations, which result from small-scale aerodynamic disturbances propagating between the leading edges. Detailed analysis of the occurring waveforms is presented for two operating speeds. In order to further analyze the observed phenomena, a numerical study has been conducted using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver elsA. The results of steady calculations are discussed in comparison with the detailed experiments. Unsteady simulations near the stability limit accurately predict the aerodynamic disturbances observed during non-synchronous vibrations (NSV). The obtained results are unusual for typical state-of-the-art transonic fans, as they show the same behavior as high-pressure compressor front stages, dominated by a blockage caused by tip-leakage flow. Even though flutter is not observed, the observed non-synchronous vibration mechanism is a critical aeroelastic phenomenon which is of great interest for future designs of low-speed fans.
Effectiveness of Continuous Aerobic Versus High-Intensity Interval Training on Atherosclerotic and Inflammatory Markers in Boys With Overweight/Obesity
Authors: Paahoo Alireza , Tadibi Vahid , Behpoor Nasser 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disease whose first steps can be initiated from childhood. Therefore, we examined the effects of 2 training models on salusins levels, inflammatory markers, and lipid profile in boys with overweight/obesity. Method: Forty-five boys with overweight/obesity with the mean age of 11.06 (1.0) years were randomly divided into three groups of 15: a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group (100%–110% of maximum aerobic speed); an aerobic training group (40%–70% of heart rate reserve); and a control group. The intervention included 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks. Results: Findings showed significant improvements in serum levels of salusins, salusins ratio, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and total cholesterol (TC) in both training groups (P < .001). Also, the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and cholesterol index improved significantly (P < .01). Except for the TG, HIIT caused higher improvements than aerobic training (P < .001 for salusin-α, salusins ratio, IL-6, CRP, TC, HDL, AIP, and cholesterol index; and P < .01 for salusin-β and LDL). Conclusion: The present study shows that HIIT has more positive effects than aerobic exercise on the atherosclerotic and inflammatory factors, as well as lipid profile variables in children with overweight/obesity.
Mo isotope records from Lower Cambrian black shales, northwestern Tarim Basin (China): Implications for the early Cambrian ocean
Authors: Zhu Guangyou , Li Tingting , Zhao Kun , Li Chao , Cheng Meng , Chen Weiyan , Yan Huihui , Zhang Zhiyao , Algeo Thomas J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe widely developed black shales deposited during the early Cambrian recorded paleoenvironmental information about coeval seawater. Numerous studies have been conducted on these shales to reconstruct the paleomarine environment during this time period. However, most research has been conducted on stratigraphic sections in South China, and equivalent studies of sections from other cratons are relatively rare. Here, we report Mo isotopic compositions as well as redox-sensitive trace-element and iron (Fe) speciation data for black shales of the Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation from the Tarim block (i.e., a small craton). The Fe speciation data show high FeHR/FeT and Fepy/FeHR ratios, indicating roughly sustained euxinic bottom-water conditions during their deposition. Based on Mo isotopic compositions (δ98/95Mo), we further classified the euxinic black shales into two intervals: a lower interval (0–21.3 m) and an upper interval (21.3–32.3 m). The lower interval is characterized by variable Mo isotopic compositions (−2.12‰ to +0.57‰, mean = –0.52‰ ± 0.72‰), with an obvious negative excursion in its middle portion. The overlying upper interval has relatively heavy δ98/95Mo values up to +1.42‰ (mean = +0.62‰ ± 0.37‰). We ascribe δ98/95Mo differences in the lower and upper intervals to inadequate aqueous H2S concentrations for quantitative thiomolybdate formation under euxinic conditions. The most negative Mo isotope excursion may have been caused by upwelling hydrothermal inputs during a transgression, consistent with significantly elevated total organic carbon (TOC) contents, Mo and U enrichments, and Fe supply. Relatively positive δ98/95Mo values in the upper interval have roughly similar variations with other coeval sections, indicating such variations were common for early Cambrian euxinic deposits, and they were most likely caused by local differences in [H2S]aq. Compilation of Mo isotope data from the early Cambrian and earlier times further indicates relatively oxygenated seawater, especially the deep-marine areas during the early Cambrian before reaching a state like modern seawater.