bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of chlorite authigenesis and influence on porosity maintenance in sandstones
Authors: Charlaftis Dimitrios , Jones Stuart J. , Dobson Katherine J. , Crouch Jonathan , Acikalin Sanem 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTChlorite is recognized as a key mineral for preserving reservoir quality in deeply buried sandstones, as chlorite coatings inhibit the nucleation of quartz overgrowths. A limited understanding of the mechanisms and conditions under which these authigenic chlorite coatings form prevents the accurate forward modeling of diagenesis and limits reservoir quality models critical to a wide range of geoscience applications. We present experimental data that show how authigenic chlorite grain coatings preserve porosity in deeply buried sandstone reservoirs, using a series of hydrothermal reactor experiments to simulate quartz cementation and capture the evolving porosity. To simulate reservoir evolution, berthierine-bearing sandstone samples (Lower Jurassic Cook Formation, Oseberg Field, 30/6-17R, Norway) were exposed to a silica-supersaturated Na2CO3 (0.1 M) solution for 72 hours at temperatures of between 100 and 250 °C. Quantification of the temperature-dependent changes in the volume of authigenic chlorite, the thickness and coverage of the clay coatings, and the sample porosity shows increases in chlorite volume (from ∼ 2% to ∼ 14%). This occurs by the transformation, of patchy amorphous berthierine into grain-coating Fe-chlorite cements through a mixture of the solid-state transformation and dissolution–precipitation mechanisms, siderite replacement, and direct precipitation on clay-free surfaces. With increasing temperature, the chlorite coatings increase from ∼ 3.8 μm to ∼ 5.4 μm thick and expand their grain surface coverage from ∼ 28% to ∼ 50%. The face-to-edge and face-to-face foliaceous structure of the clay coatings produced are morphologically similar to those observed in deeply buried sandstones. Only above temperatures of 175 °C is porosity preserved as a consequence of inhibition of quartz overgrowths and the generation of secondary porosity.Our quantitative approach enhances our knowledge regarding the temperature and mineral precursor influence on chlorite-coating authigenesis and therefore provides key insight for chlorite grain coatings for reservoir potential in sedimentary sequences greater than 2.5 km.
Immiscible metallic melts in the upper mantle beneath Mount Carmel, Israel: Silicides, phosphides, and carbides
Authors: Griffin William L. , Gain Sarah E.M. , Saunders Martin J. , Huang Jin-Xiang , Alard Olivier , Toledo Vered , O'Reilly Suzanne Y. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Xenolithic corundum aggregates in Cretaceous mafic pyroclastics from Mount Carmel contain pockets of silicate melts with mineral assemblages [SiC (moissanite), TiC, Ti2O3 (tistarite), Fe-Ti-Zr silicides/phosphides] indicative of magmatic temperatures and oxygen fugacity (fO2) at least 6 log units below the iron-wüstite buffer (ΔIW ≤ –6). Microstructural evidence indicates that immiscible, carbon-rich metallic (Fe-Ti-Zr-Si-P) melts separated during the crystallization of the silicate melts. The further evolution of these metallic melts was driven by the crystallization of two main ternary phases (FeTiSi and FeTiSi2) and several near-binary phases, as well as the separation of more evolved immiscible melts.
Reconstructed melt compositions fall close to cotectic curves in the Fe-Ti-Si system, consistent with trapping as metallic liquids. Temperatures estimated from comparisons with experimental work range from ≥1500 °C to ca. 1150 °C; these probably are maximum values due to the solution of C, H, P, and Zr. With decreasing temperature (T), the Si, Fe, and P contents of the Fe-Ti-Si melts increased, while contents of Ti and C decreased. The increase in Si with declining T implies a corresponding decrease in fO2, probably to ca. ΔIW-9. The solubility of P in the metallic melts declined with T and fO2, leading to immiscibility between Fe-Ti-Si melts and (Ti,Zr)-(P,Si) melts. Decreasing T and fO2 also reduced the solubility of C in the liquid metal, driving the continuous crystallization of TiC and SiC during cooling. The lower-T metallic melts are richer in Cr, and to some extent V, as predicted by experimental studies showing that Cr and V become more siderophile with decreasing fO2.
These observations emphasize the importance of melt-melt immiscibility for the evolution of magmas under reducing conditions. The low fO2 and the abundance of carbon in the Mt. Carmel system are consistent with a model in which differentiating melts were fluxed by fluids that were dominated by CH4+H2, probably derived from a metal-saturated sublithospheric mantle. A compilation of other occur-rences suggests that these phenomena may commonly accompany several types of explosive volcanism.
Determinant Factors of Sensory in Creating Autism Learning Environment
Authors: Ghazali Roslinda , Md Sakip Siti Rasidah , Samsuddin Ismail , Samra Heba 
Published: March 2021

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have difficulty sitting still, focusing, and attending the task. Creating a sensory environment would promote a conducive environment for them. Sensory sensitivity, sensory stimulation, sensory design, and physical learning environment are the key concepts contributing to the autism environment. The study goal is to explore the design criteria for creating a conducive environment for autism. This article is to examine the reliability and validity of the four main constructs. This is important to ensure the quality of achieving the data. The study's significance is to provide a guideline during the design stage and improve the autism learning environment.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Principal Component Analysis, Autism Environment.
eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2696
Exploring learners’ Acceptance and Attitude towards Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL)
Authors: Tengku Paris Tengku Nazatul Shima , Abdul Manap Nurma , Abas Hafiza , Ling Lo Mun 
Published: March 2021

Two main reasons contributing to the lack of mastery in English grammar by students are their apprehension towards the subject and their difficulty understanding tenses. To alleviate the fear and trigger learners' interest in learning grammar, an interactive digital board game was designed via MALL targeted at TESL students. This paper aims to explore these students' perceptions of the game. The game uses the Theory of Variation as a theoretical basis that acknowledges that discernment is a function of variation. A questionnaire and interviews were administered to the students. The findings show that the game helps enhance grammar learning.
Keywords: Digital board game, Grammar, Mobile Assisted Language Learning, Variation theory
eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2734
Effects of an mHealth App (Kencom) With Integrated Functions for Healthy Lifestyles on Physical Activity Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers: Observational Study of 12,602 Users
Authors: Hamaya Rikuta , Fukuda Hiroshi , Takebayashi Masaki , Mori Masaki , Matsushima Ryuji , Nakano Ken , Miyake Kuniaki , Tani Yoshiaki , Yokokawa Hirohide 
Published: March 2021

Background
Mobile health (mHealth) apps are considered to be potentially powerful tools for improving lifestyles and preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD), although only few have undergone large, well-designed epidemiological research. “kencom” is a novel mHealth app with integrated functions for healthy lifestyles such as monitoring daily health/step data, providing tailored health information, or facilitating physical activity through group-based game events. The app is linked to large-scale Japanese insurance claims databases and annual health check-up databases, thus comprising a large longitudinal cohort.

Objective
We aimed to assess the effects of kencom on physical activity levels and CVD risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus in a large population in Japan.

Methods
Daily step count, annual health check-up data, and insurance claim data of the kencom users were integrated within the kencom system. Step analysis was conducted by comparing the 1-year average daily step count before and after kencom registration. In the CVD risk analysis, changes in CVD biomarkers following kencom registration were evaluated among the users grouped into the quintile according to their change in step count.

Results
A total of 12,602 kencom users were included for the step analysis and 5473 for the CVD risk analysis. The participants were generally healthy and their mean age was 44.1 (SD 10.2) years. The daily step count significantly increased following kencom registration by a mean of 510 steps/day (P<.001). In particular, participation in “Arukatsu” events held twice a year within the app was associated with a remarkable increase in step counts. In the CVD risk analysis, the users of the highest quintile in daily step change had, compared with those of the lowest quartile, a significant reduction in weight (–0.92 kg, P<.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (–2.78 mg/dL, P=.004), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; –0.04%, P=.004), and increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+1.91 mg/dL, P<.001) after adjustment of confounders.

Conclusions
The framework of kencom successfully integrated the Japanese health data from multiple data sources to generate a large, longitudinal data set. The use of the kencom app was significantly associated with enhanced physical activity, which might lead to weight loss and improvement in lipid profile.
Classification Models for COVID-19 Test Prioritization in Brazil: Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Viana dos Santos Santana Íris , CM da Silveira Andressa , Sobrinho Álvaro , Chaves e Silva Lenardo , Dias da Silva Leandro , Santos Danilo F S , Gurjão Edmar C , Perkusich Angelo 
Published: March 2021

Background
Controlling the COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil is a challenge due to the population’s size and urban density, inefficient maintenance of social distancing and testing strategies, and limited availability of testing resources.

Objective
The purpose of this study is to effectively prioritize patients who are symptomatic for testing to assist early COVID-19 detection in Brazil, addressing problems related to inefficient testing and control strategies.

Methods
Raw data from 55,676 Brazilians were preprocessed, and the chi-square test was used to confirm the relevance of the following features: gender, health professional, fever, sore throat, dyspnea, olfactory disorders, cough, coryza, taste disorders, and headache. Classification models were implemented relying on preprocessed data sets; supervised learning; and the algorithms multilayer perceptron (MLP), gradient boosting machine (GBM), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR). The models’ performances were analyzed using 10-fold cross-validation, classification metrics, and the Friedman and Nemenyi statistical tests. The permutation feature importance method was applied for ranking the features used by the classification models with the highest performances.

Results
Gender, fever, and dyspnea were among the highest-ranked features used by the classification models. The comparative analysis presents MLP, GBM, DT, RF, XGBoost, and SVM as the highest performance models with similar results. KNN and LR were outperformed by the other algorithms. Applying the easy interpretability as an additional comparison criterion, the DT was considered the most suitable model.

Conclusions
The DT classification model can effectively (with a mean accuracy≥89.12%) assist COVID-19 test prioritization in Brazil. The model can be applied to recommend the prioritizing of a patient who is symptomatic for COVID-19 testing.
Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Yemen, 2017-2018: Surveillance Data Analysis
Authors: Moghalles Suaad Ameen , Aboasba Basher Ahmed , Alamad Mohammed Abdullah , Khader Yousef Saleh 
Published: March 2021

Background
As a consequence of war and the collapse of the health system in Yemen, which prevented many people from accessing health facilities to obtain primary health care, vaccination coverage was affected, leading to a deadly diphtheria epidemic at the end of 2017.

Objective
This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of diphtheria in Yemen and determine its incidence and case fatality rate.

Methods
Data were obtained from the diphtheria surveillance program 2017-2018, using case definitions of the World Health Organization. A probable case was defined as a case involving a person having laryngitis, pharyngitis, or tonsillitis and an adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nose. A confirmed case was defined as a probable case that was laboratory confirmed or linked epidemiologically to a laboratory-confirmed case. Data from the Central Statistical Organization was used to calculate the incidence per 100,000 population. A P value <.05 was considered significant.

Results
A total of 2243 cases were reported during the period between July 2017 and August 2018. About 49% (1090/2243, 48.6%) of the cases were males. About 44% (978/2243, 43.6%) of the cases involved children aged 5 to 15 years. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant symptom (2044/2243, 91.1%), followed by pseudomembrane (1822/2243, 81.2%). Based on the vaccination status, the percentages of partially vaccinated, vaccinated, unvaccinated, and unknown status patients were 6.6% (148/2243), 30.8% (690/2243), 48.6% (10902243), and 14.0% (315/2243), respectively. The overall incidence of diphtheria was 8 per 100,000 population. The highest incidence was among the age group <15 years (11 per 100,000 population), and the lowest incidence was among the age group ≥15 years (5 per 100,000 population). The overall case fatality rate among all age groups was 5%, and it was higher (10%) in the age group <5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access (Raymah, Abyan, Sa'ada, Lahj, and Al Jawf) had a very high case fatality rate (22%).

Conclusions
Diphtheria affected a large number of people in Yemen in 2017-2018. The majority of patients were partially or not vaccinated. Children aged ≤15 years were more affected, with higher fatality among children aged <5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access had a case fatality rate twice that of the World Health Organization estimate (5%-10%). To control the diphtheria epidemic in Yemen, it is recommended to increase routine vaccination coverage and booster immunizations, increase public health awareness toward diphtheria, and strengthen the surveillance system for early detection and immediate response.
Impact of the Protracted War in Yemen on the Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance System: Retrospective Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Al-Dubaiee Riham , AL Qassimi Mutaher , Al-Dar Ahmed , Al Serouri Abdulwahed , Khader Yousef 
Published: March 2021

Background
Highly sensitive acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, which includes immediate case investigation and specimen collection, is critical for achieving global polio eradication. In Yemen, the Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance System (AFPSS) was launched in 1998 to achieve the polio eradication target. Although Yemen was certified as a polio-free country in 2009, the protracted war since 2015 has placed the country at risk for polio reemergence.

Objective
The objectives of this analysis were to evaluate the performance of the Yemen AFPSS at both the national and governorate levels, and to assess the impact of the ongoing war on the performance.

Methods
Retrospective descriptive analysis was performed on Yemen secondary AFP surveillance data for the years 2014 (before the war) and 2015-2017 (during the war). Data comprising all children <15 years old reported as having AFP were included in the analysis. AFP surveillance performance was evaluated using World Health Organization–specified AFP surveillance indicators.

Results
At the national level, all indicators were met before and after the war except for “lab results received within ≤28 days,” which was unmet since the war erupted. Furthermore, the indicator “stool specimens arriving at a central level within ≤3 days” was unmet after the war but only in 2017. At the governorate level, although the indicators “adequacy” and “stool specimens arriving at the laboratory in good condition” were met before the war in all governorates, the former indicator was unmet in 9 (41%) governorates since the war erupted and the latter indicator was also unmet in 9 governorates (41%) but only in 2017.

Conclusions
The findings show that some AFP surveillance indicators were negatively impacted by eruption of the war in Yemen due to closure of the Sana’a capital airport and postponement of sample shipment to the reference laboratory, which remained under long-term poor storage conditions. To ensure rapid detection of polio cases, improving specimen collection, storage, and transportation, together with proper and timely shipment of specimens to the reference laboratory should be considered.
Provider Perception of Frailty Is Associated with Dialysis Decision Making in Patients with Advanced CKD
Authors: Brar Ranveer S. , Whitlock Reid H. , Komenda Paul V.J. , Rigatto Claudio , Prasad Bhanu , Bohm Clara , Tangri Navdeep 
Published: March 2021

Background and objectives
Frailty is common in patients with CKD. Little is known about the prevalence of frailty and its effect on prognosis and decisions surrounding dialysis modalities in patients with advanced CKD (eGFR<30 ml/min per 1.73 m2). Our objective was to determine the agreement between different frailty measures and physical function and their association with dialysis modality choice (home based versus in-center) and all-cause mortality in patients with advanced CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Our study was a prospective, multicenter, cohort study. In 603 patients with advanced CKD, we collected demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory results in addition to objective (Fried frailty criteria) and subjective measures of frailty (physician and nurse impressions) and physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery). Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association of frailty with dialysis modality choice and all-cause mortality, respectively.

Results
The prevalence of frailty varied with assessment tool used (Fried frailty criteria, 34%; Short Physical Performance Battery, 55%; physician impression, 44%; nurse impression, 36%). The agreement between all frailty and physical function measures was poor. We had 227 patients reach kidney failure and decide on a dialysis therapy, and 226 patients died during a mean follow-up of 1455 days. After adjusting for age, sex, and comorbid conditions, the Fried criteria and Short Physical Performance Battery were associated with a two-fold higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.47 to 2.61 and hazard ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval,1.42 to 2.76, respectively). Patients deemed as frail by physician and nurse frailty impressions were three to four times more likely to choose in-center dialysis (odds ratio, 3.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.56 to 7.44; odds ratio, 3.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.76 to 8.51, respectively).

Conclusions
We found that the agreement between objective and subjective measures of frailty and physical function was poor. Objective measures of frailty and physical function were associated with mortality, and subjective measures of frailty were associated with dialysis modality choice.
‎INSERTION OF A CONTRA-CONTINUOUS FUNCTION BETWEEN TWO ‎‎COMPARABLE CONTRA-$\alpha-$CONTINUOUS (CONTRA-$C-$CONTINUOUS) FUNCTIONS
Authors: Mirmiran Majid , Naderi Binesh 
Published: March 2021

‎A necessary and sufficient condition in terms of lower cut sets ‎are given for the insertion of a contra-continuous function ‎between two comparable real-valued functions on such topological ‎spaces that kernel of sets are open‎.
THE WEIGHT HIERARCHY OF HADAMARD CODES
Authors: Farhang Baftani Farzaneh , Maimani Hamid Reza 
Published: March 2021

The support of an $(n, M, d)$ binary code $C$ over the set $\mathbf{A}=\{0,1\}$ is the set of all coordinate positions $i$, such that at least two codewords have distinct entry in coordinate $i$. The $r$th generalized Hamming weight $d_r(C)$, $1\leq r\leq 1+log_2n+1$, of $C$ is defined as the minimum of the cardinalities of the supports of all subset of $C$ of cardinality $2^{r-1}+1$. The sequence $(d_1(C), d_2(C), \ldots, d_k(C))$ is called the Hamming weight hierarchy (HWH) of $C$. In this paper we obtain HWH for $(2^k-1, 2^k, 2^{k-1}$ binary Hadamard code corresponding to Sylvester Hadamard matrix $H_{2^k}$ and we show that $$d_r=2^{k-r} (2^r -1).$$ Also we compute the HWH of all $(4n-1, 4n, 2n)$ Hadamard code for $2\leq n\leq 8$.
I-LOCALIZED SEQUENCES IN METRIC SPACES
Authors: Nabiev Anar Adiloğlu , Savaş Ekrem , Gürdal Mehmet 
Published: March 2021

In this paper we have introduced the I-localized and the I^{∗}-localized sequences in metric spaces and investigate some basics properties of the I-localized sequences related with I-Cauchy sequences. Also we have obtained some necessary and sufficient conditions for the I-localized sequences to be an I-Cauchy sequences. It is also defined uniformly the I-localized sequences on metric spaces and its relation with I-Cauchy sequences has been obtained.
Preliminary screening, isolation and identification of microbial phytase producers from soil
Authors: Nagar Akshita , Kamble Asmita , Singh Harinder 
Published: March 2021

Phytate is a widely found form of phosphate in plant seeds that can be hydrolysed by phytase enzyme to release phosphate and myo-inositol intermediates. Phytase has been mainly used in feed and aquaculture to reduce the anti-nutritional effect and eutrophication caused by phytate. The present study focused on preliminary screening, isolation and characterization of phytase producers from soil. A total of eleven soil samples were collected and screened by plate assay on phytase screening media followed by isolation of phytase producers to obtain pure cultures. Biochemical assays, 16s rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and 16s rDNA sequencing were performed for identification of phytase producers. The intracellular and extracellular phytase activity was measured by a modified Heinonen method at pH 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5. The activity of bacterial phytase producers (PSD5TSB, CD5, VD5 FD5O, FD2 and FD5T) was compared with the wild type Escherichia coli phytase. The optimum pH for enzyme activity from the soil isolates was observed at pH 5. From soil samples from eleven different sources, presence of bacterial phytase producers was confirmed in four soil samples by this preliminary screening method. The simple plate screening and activity assay helped in isolating phytase producers from soil, which can be used as potential candidates for phytase production.