bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre‐exercise casein hydrolysate ingestion activates AMP‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway in slow muscle fibers but not in fast fibers
Authors: Matsunaga Yutaka , Tamura Yuki , Minagawa Hidehiro , Nakamura Hirohiko , Saito Noriko , Takeda Yasuhiro , Hatta Hideo 
Published: June 2021

AimsThe aim of this study was to clarify the effect of casein hydrolysate ingestion on intracellular signal transduction pathway at rest or after exercise in skeletal muscle.MethodsEight weeks old male ICR mice were used and ingested either water or casein hydrolysate (0.2 mg/g BW) in this experiment. [Experiment 1: at rest] Mice were randomly divided into control group (CON) and casein hydrolysate ingestion group (CH). After ingestion, blood samples were collected from tail vein of mice (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 min). [Experiment 2: exercise] Mice were randomly divided into exercise group (Ex) and casein hydrolysate ingestion exercise group (CH+Ex). Mice were subjected to treadmill running (20 m/min, 60 min) 30 min after ingestion and blood samples were collected from tail vein of mice. Blood branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation were measured as intracellular signal transduction pathway.Results[Experiment 1] Positive main effects of casein hydrolysate on blood BCAA concentrations were observed (p<0.05). The phosphorylation status of AMPK showed no significant differences between the two groups. [Experiment 2] In plantaris muscle, the phosphorylation status of AMPK showed no significant differences between the two groups as with the case at rest. In contrast, in soleus muscle, the phosphorylation status of AMPK in CH+Ex group was significantly higher than that in Ex (p<0.05).ConclusionPre‐exercise casein hydrolysate ingestion activates AMP‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway in slow muscle fibers but not in fast fibers.
Differences in Bone Turnover and 25(OH)D Change in Indoor Athletes
Authors: Teager Cassidy , Redzic Maja , Cassity Evan , Thomas D. 
Published: June 2021

Differences in bone mineral density and bone turnover have been observed in several athlete types. However, athlete bone change in relation to vitamin D status has not been well characterized, especially in low impact sports such as swimming. The purpose of this study was to determine how vitamin D (25(OH)D) status is associated with bone turnover in collegiate swimmers and divers. Over 6 months, body composition (DXA), 25(OH)D, and bone turnover markers [Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP), and N‐terminal telopeptide (NTx)] were measured (13 female, 19 male; age 19.4±1.4 years). Participants were categorized into high, moderate, or low bone turnover groups at each time point. Mean 25(OH)D at baseline was 57±16ng/mL with an average 6 month change of ‐7.1±15ng/mL. At endpoint, mean BSAP and NTx were 33.4±13.6μg/L and 18.5±5μg/L respectively. At midpoint and endpoint, athletes with the highest rate of bone turnover had significantly different patterns of 25(OH)D change (midpoint: ‐16.5ng/mL; endpoint: ‐16.9ng/mL) compared to athletes with minimal turnover (‐2.2ng/mL, ‐3.3ng/mL; n=22, n=23)(p<.05) without significant differences in weight and body fat. Participants who shifted to a higher bone turnover group (n=5) lost more 25(OH)D than those who shifted to a lower turnover group (n=6; p=.002). These data suggest that monitoring vitamin D status may provide insight on bone turnover independent of body composition changes. Future studies should examine multiple markers of bone turnover to further elucidate the effects of vitamin D status on bone health of athletes.This project was supported by NIH CTSA UL1TR000117.
Fermented Dairy Products Consumption and Impact on Nutrients Intake and Nutritional Status by Anthropometric Data in Russian Adults: RLMS‐HSE
Authors: Martinchik Arsenii , Baturin Alexander , Keshabyants Evelina , Mihaylov Nikolay , Picard‐Deland Éliane , Marette André 
Published: June 2021

We analyzed the consumption of dairy products and association with the nutritional status of adults based on “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, RLMS‐HSE” 1994‐2012. Dietary intake (24h recall) and anthropometric data were collected by trained interviewers in >135,000 subjects during observational period. Per capita consumption (PCC) of drinking milk (including milk from prepared meals like porridges, milk soups, etc.) was varying from year to year but did not change critically during the period. PCC of fermented dairies increased by 3 times, while curd/curd products and hard cheeses increased by 2 times and 1.4 time, respectively. Among fermented dairies, kefir increased from 10.9 to 25.6 g/day and yogurt increased from 0.9g to 8.6 g/day. Yogurt consumption decreased with age in adults of both genders with the minimum values in older adults (蠅 60 yo). Higher kefir consumption, on the contrary, was observed in this latter population. In general, yogurt, kefir or the sum of fermented dairies was associated with higher intake of calcium, vitamin B2 and protein. Anthropometric data showed that adult yogurt consumers had lower mean values of BMI (T‐test P<0,001) and lower prevalence of overweight/obesity (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.68‐0.85, P<0,001) compared to non‐consumers. This was not observed in the group of kefir consumers.Our study showed that fermented dairies consumption is associated with higher nutrients intake. Results further suggested that yogurt consumption is associated with lower prevalence of overweight/obesity among adults.
Dietary Protein Food Pattern is Not Associated with Muscle Mass or Strength Among Protein Replete Adults
Authors: Mangano Kelsey , Sahni Shivani , Tucker Katherine , Douglas Kiel , Dufour Alyssa , McLean Robert , Hannan Marian 
Published: June 2021

Objective:To examine the cross‐sectional relation of dietary protein food pattern with measures of muscle mass and strength among 2,990 3rd Generation Framingham Study participants.Methods:Appendicular lean mass (ALM) normalized to height (kg/m2) was measured by whole body dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Quadriceps strength (kg) was measured by hand‐held dynamometer. Diet was assessed by Willett food frequency questionnaire. Participants were clustered into 6 groups determined by major source of protein using k‐means cluster analysis. Generalized linear regression compared crude and adjusted least‐squares mean ALM and quadriceps strength across protein food clusters. Secondary analyses stratified by age (蠄50y) and sex.Results:Average age was 46y; total protein 93g/d. Six protein food clusters were identified (Table). In crude models ALM in the legumes, grains and healthy cluster was significantly lower compared to other protein food clusters (Table). After adjustment associations were no longer significant. Quadriceps strength was not significantly different among protein food clusters. Neither ALM nor quadriceps strength differed among protein food clusters in analyses stratified by age or sex.ConclusionsAmong protein replete middle‐aged adults dietary protein food patterns were not significantly associated with lean mass or quadriceps strength.imageSources of support:NIH/NIA (T32‐AG023480), NHLBI Framingham Heart Study (N01‐HC‐25195), Framingham Osteoporosis Study (NIH R01AR041398), Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Healthy Aging award.
The Role of Hepatic AMPK in Metabolic Adaptation under High‐Protein Diet
Authors: Chalvon‐Demersay Tristan , Even Patrick , Viollet Benoit , Chaumontet Catherine , Tomé Daniel , Foretz Marc , Azzout‐Marniche Dalila 
Published: June 2021

High protein diets are recognized to reduce food intake and body fat gain. As hepatic AMPK is involved in the transduction of both amino acid signals and energy sensing, we tested the hypothesis that high protein diets can affect metabolism via this pathway. We, therefore, compared the metabolic responses of wild type and liver‐specific AMPK‐KO mice to a low, normal and high protein diet.24 wild–type (WT) and 24 liver specific AMPK‐KO (KO) C57BL/6 mice were respectively split in 3 groups (N=8/group) fed during 3 weeks on a low (5%, LP) normal (14%, NP) and high (55%, HP) protein diet. Food intake was measured, body composition was followed by Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and changes in the rates of glucose and lipid oxidation were assessed by indirect calorimetry following ingestion of a calibrated test meal.No difference in fat mass gain or food intake was observed between WT and KO mice under LP and HP diet but KO mice tended to eat more and to gain less fat mass when fed the NP diet. Results from indirect calorimetry showed that in KO mice fed the HP and LP diets the increase in glucose oxidation and decrease in lipid oxidation induced by ingestion of the test meal were of lower amplitude than in WT mice. Under NP diet, the responses were of the same amplitude but occurred with a delay of ~2 hours.This study suggests that consequences of the knockout of liver AMPK on energy homeostasis depend on the protein content of the diet; we observed no significant effect under LP and HP despite significant alterations of post‐meal glucose and lipid metabolism. In contrast, we observed reduced energy efficiency under NP diet associated with delayed changes in fuel oxidations after meal ingestion.
Phosphorylation Regulates Caspases Using Diverse Mechanisms
Authors: Hardy Jeanne , Serrano Bay , Eron Scott , Delgado‐Velazquez Elih , Zhao Yunlong 
Published: June 2021

Caspases and kinases are caught in a web of complex interplay, and the battle between them tips the scale toward cell death or survival. Each caspase is phosphorylated in different locations by different kinases, which leads to differential regulation for each caspase. For example, caspase‐9, an initiator of apoptosis, is extensively phosphorylated on all its domains by multiple kinases. In contrast, a single phosphorylation site has been identified in caspase‐6. Our work seeks to understand the molecular details and mechanisms of inhibition or activation by phosphorylation of various caspases.We have interrogated the reported phosphorylation sites in caspase‐3, ‐6, ‐7 and ‐9 using phosphomimetic mutagenesis to pinpoint individual residues that result in altered caspase activity when phosphorylated. For example, in caspase‐9, S183E behaves dramatically differently from the wild‐type enzyme and is catalytically incompetent even when expressed in its fully processed form. In vitro phosphorylation of caspase‐9 by Protein Kinase A (PKA) revealed that the phosphorylation of S183 is the predominant inhibitory event upon the action of this kinase, and functions by blocking substrate binding. Similarly, caspase‐6 is inhibited by Ark‐5 mediated phosphorylation at S257. Our x‐ray structure of S257D suggests that phosphorylation leads to alterations in the loops that form the active site bundle.To date, our findings suggest two major classes of effects of phosphorylation on caspase function: 1) inhibition by directly impacting substrate binding and 2) disrupting CARD domain:core domain interactions.
Natural low molecular mass organic compound shows catalytic activity
Authors: Kobayashi Michihiko , Nishiyama Tatsuya , Hashimoto Yoshiteru , Kumano Takuto 
Published: June 2021

Organocatalysts are catalysts being low molecular mass organic compounds derived from non‐metal elements. However, there is no report that organocatalysts of biological origins function in vivo. Here we report that the “natural” product, actinorhodin (ACT), produced by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) acts as a biocatalyst. During the screening of a new oxidase from streptomycetes, we found that supernatant of S. coelicolor A3(2) showed catalytic activity to oxidize l‐ascorbic acid (l‐ASC). The oxidase could not be purified, but, a correlation between the depth of color and the oxidase activity was obtained. We discovered that the addition of purified ACT to the reaction mixture containing l‐ASC as a substrate led to a decrease in the O2 concentration. We characterized ACT from enzymological standpoints. As a result, (i) oxidation reactions producing H2O2 proceeded on the addition of ACT to the reaction mixture; (ii) ACT was not consumed during the reactions; and (iii) a small amount of ACT consumed an excess amount of the substrates. Even under room temperature, atmospheric pressure and neutral pH, ACT showed catalytic activity in aqueous solution. ACT exhibited substrate specificity in the oxidation reactions. These findings reveal that ACT is discovered as a new member of organocatalyst. ACT is known as an antibiotic toward some microorganisms, but the action mechanism remains unknown. We also propose that bacterial death by ACT is caused by the toxicity of H2O2 produced.
The Glucose Ketone Index Calculator: A Simple Tool to Assess Therapeutic Efficacy for Metabolic Management of Brain Cancer
Authors: Meidenbauer Joshua , Seyfried Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Metabolic therapy using ketogenic diets (KD) is emerging as an alternative or complementary approach to the current standard of care for management of brain and other malignant cancers. This therapeutic strategy targets the aerobic fermentation of glucose (Warburg effect), which is the common metabolic malady of most tumors. The KD targets tumor energy metabolism by lowering blood glucose and by elevating blood ketones (β‐hydroxybutyrate). Brain tumor cells, unlike normal brain cells, cannot use ketone bodies effectively for energy when glucose becomes limiting. Although plasma levels of glucose and ketone bodies have been used alone to predict the therapeutic success of metabolic therapy, daily glucose levels can fluctuate widely in brain cancer patients. This can create difficulty in linking changes in blood glucose and ketones to efficacy of metabolic therapy. A program was developed (Glucose Ketone Index Calculator, GKIC) that tracks the ratio of blood glucose to ketones as a single value. We have termed this ratio the Glucose Ketone Index (GKI). The GKIC was used to compute the GKI for data published on blood glucose and ketone levels in humans and mice with brain tumors. The results showed a clear relationship between the GKI and therapeutic efficacy using ketogenic diets and calorie restriction. Hence, the GKIC is a simple tool that can help assess the efficacy of metabolic therapy in animal models and patients with malignant brain tumors and possibly other cancers that express aerobic fermentation. The GKI may also be useful in treating other disorders that are responsive to metabolic intervention, such as epilepsy.This work was supported by NIH grant NS055195 and the Jasse Walsh Scholarship.
Commercially produced snack food consumption among children 6‐23 months in urban Cambodia, Nepal, and Senegal
Authors: Pries Alissa , Feeley Alison , Mengkheang Khin , Adhikary Indu , Ndiaye Aminata , Huffman Sandra 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveConsumption of foods high in salt or sugar early in life can displace consumption of more nutritious foods during a crucial period of child growth and development. This study sought to assess consumption of commercially produced snack food products among young children in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Kathmandu, Nepal; and Dakar, Senegal.Methods:A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 222 Phnom Penh, 228 Kathmandu, and 218 Dakar mothers with a child 6‐23 months of age. Mothers were recruited from randomly sampled health facilities and dietary intake data were collected for their child.Results:Consumption of commercially produced snack foods (cookies/biscuits, candy/chocolate, chips/crisps, cakes/doughnuts or soft drinks) was highly prevalent. Three‐quarters (74.1%, n=169) of children in Kathmandu, 61.0% (n=133) in Dakar and 56.3% (n=125) in Phnom Penh had consumed a snack product in the day prior to interview. Almost all children had consumed a commercial snack product in the last week (91.2% [n=208] Kathmandu children, 81.2% [n=177] Dakar children; 82.0% [n=182] Phnom Penh children). When asked to name commercial baby food products, many Phnom Penh (21.6%, n=48) and Dakar (22.5%, n=49) mothers reported snack foods in this group of foods sold especially for young children. In Kathmandu, 17.1% (n=39) of mothers reported avoiding feeding commercial snack foods because they were unhealthy, however, almost all of these mothers had fed such a product in the previous week.ConclusionsThe majority of children 6‐23 months of age in this study had consumed commercial snack food products during the previous day and previous week. Given growing rates of obesity and concurrent rates of child undernutrition, high rates of snack food product consumption are of concern for nutrition interventions and policies.
Ghanaian Mothers' Complementary Feeding Practices and Perception on Children's Health
Authors: Egyir Bridget , Ramsay Samantha 
Published: June 2021

Objectives: To understand factors that influence Ghanaian mothers' introduction and variety of complementary foods, and capture their perception of the implications of complementary foods on children's health, growth, and development.Methods: Ghanaian mothers (n=99) with children 4‐24 months of age from the Central Region of Ghana were recruited to participate. Eleven focus groups interviews were conducted and a participant demographic questionnaire was administered. A focus group guide was developed to ask mothers' opinions about their complementary feeding practices. Sessions were audio recorded, and transcribed. The transcriptions were coded and analyzed to identify themes, meta‐themes, and to generate theories.Results: Participants reported inappropriate complementary feeding practices: early introduction of solids, early cessation of breastfeeding, inappropriate cues of introducing solids, and inadequate frequency of offering complementary foods. Mothers stated factors that influenced complementary feeding: finances, time, moms' food preference, convenience, and beliefs. Finance was the major determinant to the food offered to their children, irrespective of the implication. Mothers' knowledge about food, child health, and growth outcomes motivated their feeding practices. However, motivation was affected by the lack of support from spouse, picky eating habits of children, and finances. While over 80% (85) of the moms reported some knowledge about the effects of complementary feeding, 45% (45) of the children were undernourished. Some mothers held misconceptions about the effect of food on children's health.Implications: Ghanaian mothers identified challenges and misconceptions in complementary feeding, indicating the need for nutrition education and support.
Diarrhea In HIV‐Exposed Tanzanian Infants Is Reduced With Maternal Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Sztam Kevin , Liu Enju , Manji Karim , Kupka Roland , Kisenge Rodrick , Aboud Said , Bosch Ronald , Fawzi Wafaie , Duggan Christopher 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundUse of maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with higher survival among HIV‐exposed children, but data on its effect on child diarrhea, a major cause of morbidity, are limited.ObjectiveTo evaluate risk factors for diarrhea in HIV‐exposed infants in peri‐urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.MethodsHIV‐exposed infants were enrolled at age 6 weeks and followed for 24 months. Mothers kept written logs of monthly diarrhea episodes. Maternal and child factors were analyzed using generalizing estimating equations, including both time‐varying maternal ART use and child HIV infection on reports of subsequent diarrhea.Results2387 infants were enrolled from 2004‐08 in Dar es Salaam. With ART rollout, 429 mothers initiated ART during pregnancy and 151 initiated ART postpartum. 1814 diarrhea episodes were recorded. After controlling for maternal and child factors, maternal ART initiated during pregnancy was associated with a 21% reduction in subsequent diarrhea in children (RR 0.79, 95%CI 0.68‐0.91). Using maternal ART at any time reduced diarrhea risk by 23% (RR 0.77, 95%CI 0.67‐0.89). Other factors independently associated with diarrhea included HIV infection [RR 1.29 (1.10‐1.50)], exclusive breastfeeding [RR 0.67 (0.56‐0.80)] and higher spending on food [RR 0.67 (0.59‐0.77)].ConclusionsART use in mothers reduces risk of diarrhea in HIV‐exposed children. Future studies should examine the effect of maternal ART on other important childhood morbidities for HIV‐exposed children.SupportNIH R01HD043688‐01, K24HD058795
Artisanal Solar Drying of Nutritional and Medicinal Plants of High Cultural Value in Rural Panama
Authors: Bermudez Isaias , van der Have Thomas , Bermudez Odilia , dePerez Juana 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivePanama, a tropical country, has a long rainy season (9‐10 months) that limits the local processing of plants (e.g. drying and packaging) for use in cooking and for healing. Working with local residents from the community of El Cacao, Capira, Panama, we aimed to test a locally built solar oven for drying of nutritional and medicinal plants. The goal was to reach 60% or higher of moisture reduction.Methods: The solar oven was built as the central component of a local processing plant. We tested this oven for drying 4 leafy plants including cilantro, oregano, rosemary and bitter melon. We collected and analyzed data about two main parameters: temperature and time to achieve the set moisture reduction.Results: We ran initial tests of the absorption and uptake of heat by the solar oven, registering an average of 4.5 hr/day of solar radiation. The accumulated heat permitted the preliminary tests with the plants obtained from a local demonstration garden. We recorded the following drying times (hr.min) and mean temperatures (oF): rosemary, 17.15/90.0o; cilantro, 18.20/92o;oregano, 9.55/90.1o andbitter melon, 14.00/90.7o. The moisture reduction reached 83% for rosemary, 78% for cilantro, 65% for oregano and 61% for bitter melon. Unstructured testing sessions with local residents indicated that the desired organoleptic features of the dried plants were present at acceptable levels.Discussion: Compared to published reports, we reduced moisture in the tested plants in relatively short times and those moisture reductions were close to those obtained with traditional processes of one or more weeks of sun exposure values.Funding: CINSAG‐Panama
“Just The Facts, Ma'am”: The Gender Gap in Academia, from the Classroom to the Bank
Authors: Lee Lisa 
Published: June 2021

Women are now earning the majority of advanced degrees in the US and have expanded employment opportunities. Yet deep seeded inequities still exist that affect women's roles and opportunities for advancement in academia, which ultimately impact our economy. Case in point: men still outnumber women in leadership positions in academia, and women's median annual earnings still fall short compared to their male counterparts across all education levels.This session will begin by exploring research findings on the underlying causes of gender inequities in academia at various levels, ranging from students to the institutional leadership. The source of economic inequalities will be reviewed by highlighting gender based differences in the way men and women view money and the negotiation process, self‐worth, entitlement and mechanisms of proving self at work. These gender based differences have significant, lasting, and often negative impacts on women's careers and advancement within organization. Evidence‐based recommendations for overcoming gender gap in academia, starting from the classroom all the way to the economic issues, will be presented for supporting professional development of the attendees.