bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking for the right balance between human and economic costs during COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Seghieri Chiara , La Regina Micaela , Tanzini Michela , Tartaglia Riccardo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Since the beginning of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease outbreak, there has been a heated debate about public health measures, as they can presumably reduce human costs in the short term but can negatively impact economies and well-being over a longer period.

Materials and methods
To study the relationship between health and economic impact of COVID-19, we conducted a secondary research on Italian regions, combining official data (mortality due to COVID-19 and contractions in value added of production for a month of lockdown). Then, we added the tertiles of the number of people tested for COVID-19 and those of health aids to evaluate the correspondence with the outcome measures.

Results
Five regions out of 20, the most industrialized northern regions, which were affected both earlier and more severely by the outbreak, registered both mortality and economic value loss above the overall medians. The southern regions, which were affected later and less severely, had low mortality and less economic impact.

Conclusions
Our analysis shows that considering health and economic outcomes in the assessment of response to pandemics offers a bigger picture perspective of the outbreak and could allow policymakers and health managers to choose systemic, ‘personalized’ strategies, in case of a feared second epidemic wave.
Heroin Fatality in a Feline: A Case Report with Postmortem Liver Concentrations
Authors: Buchweitz John P , Zyskowski Justin , Lehner Andreas F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A case of feline intoxication and fatality with the illicit drug heroin is described. A 5-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was recently diagnosed with an active pneumonitis and left at home for a couple of days under the care of another resident. Upon return, the owner found his cat dead with strong suspicion of foul play. The cat was necropsied by a local veterinary clinic to retrieve the liver for diagnostic toxicology. The postmortem liver sample screened positive for 6-acetylmorphine and 6-acetylcodeine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Deconvolution techniques were applied to chromatograms, which revealed the additional presence of morphine and mirtazapine. Subsequent quantitation of mirtazapine, heroin, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine and 6-acetylcodeine was performed by gas chromatography--tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Although companion animal fatalities arising from toxicities are a likely consequence of drug abuse in a home, this is the first reported case of a malicious feline fatality resulting from heroin with quantitation of heroin metabolites.
Midwakh: Assessment of Levels of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nicotine in Dokha Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Samara Fatin , Alam Isra Arshad , ElSayed Yehya 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Midwakh, which originated in the Middle East, has started to spread globally with different brands commercialized online and in local stores across Europe and the USA. Dokha is the tobacco used in midwakh. To this day, risk of midwakh smoking is poorly understood. Three different types of dokha were evaluated in this study, classified as cold, medium, and hot using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The concentrations of nicotine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in raw and smoked dokha samples were measured, and the results were compared to data in the literature on different types of tobacco products. PAH concentrations were used to estimate the toxic equivalency quotient, daily exposures, incremental lifetime cancer risk, and hazard quotient. The level of nicotine in raw dokha exceeded by far the levels reported in cigarettes, cigar, waterpipe, and chewing tobacco. Although only a portion of the nicotine is released into the smoke, the amount of nicotine in dokha smoke exceeded those reported for cigarettes. Two PAHs were found in raw dokha at trace amounts and 12 PAHs were detected in dokha smoke in amounts that exceeded those reported for cigarette smoke. The PAHs distribution showed a specific pattern in the smoke and a higher risk factor than that obtained for cigarettes and other tobacco products. Dokha products present a potential higher risk and immediate action should be taken to avoid its global consumption.
The Development and Validation of a Novel Designer Benzodiazepines Panel by LC–MS-MS
Authors: Mastrovito Rebecca A , Papsun Donna M , Logan Barry K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Novel illicit benzodiazepines are among the most active areas of new illicit drug manufacture and use. We describe a method for the detection and quantification of etizolam and its metabolite α-hydroxyetizolam, flubromazolam, clonazolam, diclazepam, delorazepam, bromazepam, flubromazepam, phenazepam, flualprazolam, flunitrazolam, and nitrazolam in human whole blood. After addition of internal standards, samples are buffered and extracted using a liquid–liquid extraction. Analysis is performed using positive-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for detection and quantitation. Calibration ranges were established based on the method performance and differed from compound to compound. Replicates at the lowest calibration point for each compound performed within 5% of CV (Coefficient of Variation). The correlation coefficient was &gt;0.990 for all compounds. Relative standard deviation for all compounds was ≤10% of CV and accuracy was  ±10% for both within- and between-run experiments. The maximum average intra- and inter-run imprecision were 5.7%. The maximum average intra- and inter-run imprecision was −8.7%. As part of evaluating the scope for relevancy, samples testing positive in immunoassay but confirmed to be negative in traditional benzodiazepine confirmation method were re-analyzed using this method. The presence of at least one novel benzodiazepine was identified in 70% of these samples. The appearance of these novel “designer” benzodiazepines demonstrates the challenge for toxicology testing and the need for continually updated confirmation methods.
Impact of Multimodal Analgesia in Critically Ill Burn Patients
Authors: Young Sierra R , Duby Jeremiah J , Louie Erin L , Palmieri Tina L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Opioids are the mainstay of treatment for burn pain. However, these medications may be associated with respiratory depression and dependence. Multimodal analgesia is an alternative method that utilizes both opioid and nonopioid medications with different mechanisms. This study examines the impact of multimodal therapy for postoperative pain control in a burn intensive care unit.  This was a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the burn unit at a tertiary medical center. Consecutively admitted patients with burns greater than or equal to 10% TBSA and intensive care unit length of stay greater than 7 days were eligible for inclusion (2012–2018). Patients were excluded if they received an opioid infusion greater than 48 hours.  Patients treated with multimodal analgesia were compared to those treated with opioids alone. Data were calculated for 5 days after surgery. There were 98 patients in the nonmultimodal group and 97 in the multimodal group. Mean cumulative opioid dose was lower in the multimodal group (1028.7 mg vs 1423.2 mg, P = .0031). Patients with greater than 20% burns had a larger reduction in mean opioid equivalents in the multimodal group (1106 vs 1594 mg, P = .009) compared to patients with burns less than 20% (940 vs 1282 mg, P = .058). There was no difference in mean pain scores on postoperative day 5 (6.2 ± 2.2 vs 5.5 ± 2.3, P = .07) or at intensive care unit discharge (4.7 ± 2.4 vs 4.7 ± 2.8, P = .99). The use of multimodal analgesia significantly reduced cumulative opioid equivalent dose without compromising pain control.
Putting the case for a pluralistic economic geography
Authors: Martin Ron 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOver the past decade or so, concern has grown in economic geography over whether the discipline has become too pluralised, characterised by the proliferation of conceptual schemas, theoretical approaches and local narratives, between which there is often little communication or coherence, thereby militating against the identification of a clear and generally agreed disciplinary identity and ‘core’ research agenda. In response, some economic geographers have argued that what is now needed is an ‘integrative turn’, in order to arrest and reverse this process of pluralisation. This article explores the complex issue of pluralism and argues there are convincing arguments in support of pluralism, on pragmatic grounds, as a purposive–strategic endeavour, and on normative–melioristic grounds. At the same time, the article explores in some detail the ideas of ‘integrative pluralism’ and ‘boundary objects’ as ways of achieving communication between different perspectives while preserving the advantages of pluralism.
Space use and activity of capybaras in an urban area
Authors: Serra-Medeiros Samara , Ortega Zaida , Antunes Pamela Castro , Miraglia Herrera Heitor , Oliveira-Santos Luiz Gustavo Rodrigues 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Due to the rapid growth of urban environments, interactions between animals and humans in cities are increasingly common. Large mammals, such as capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), provide benefits to people and biodiversity of urban areas, but can also result in conflicts, such as animal–vehicle collisions or disease transmission. As a consequence, understanding the space use of urban capybara, and the effect of human activity on capybaras, is conducive to the promotion of coexistence. We studied the home range and the role of human disturbance on activity and habitat selection of urban capybaras in the city of Campo Grande (Brazil). We monitored nine groups of capybaras living at four parks: two parks subjected to high human visitation on workdays and two on weekends. Home range of the urban capybaras in the study is larger than those reported in previous studies of wild capybaras. The capybaras under study presented a bimodal activity pattern, which was delayed on days of high human presence, increasing animals’ nocturnality. In addition, habitat selection was completely altered on days of high human presence, leading animals to increase avoidance of urban areas and reversing the selectivity patterns for forests, grasslands, and water bodies, that capybaras show on days with low human presence. Even when completely surrounded by an anthropic environment, our results indicate that a mosaic of grasslands near a water body and forested areas will allow capybaras to maintain daily activity and large home ranges. However, human presence significantly altered the daily activity patterns and habitat selection of capybara. Urban planners should account for these data to improve the coexistence of capybaras with humans and thereby minimize the potential for conflicts.
Deferred Reference of Proper Names
Authors: Kijania-Placek Katarzyna , Banaś Paweł 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we argue that proper names have deferred uses. Following Geoffrey Nunberg, we describe the deferred reference mechanism by which a linguistic expression refers to something in the world by exploiting a contextually salient relation between an index and the referent in question. Nunberg offered a thorough analysis of deferred uses of indexicals but claimed that proper names do not permit such uses. We, however, offer a number of examples of uses of proper names which pass grammatical tests for deferred usage, as put forward by Nunberg.
Optimizing Recruitment of Black Adolescents into Behavioral Research: A Multi-Center Study
Authors: Ellis Deborah A , Rhind Jillian , Carcone April Idalski , Evans Meredyth , Weissberg-Benchell Jill , Buggs-Saxton Colleen , Boucher-Berry Claudia , Miller Jennifer L , Al Wazeer Mouhammad , Drossos Tina , Dekelbab Bassem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Adolescents of color are underrepresented in behavioral health research. Study aims were to quantify the amount and types of outreach effort needed to recruit young Black adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their primary caregiver into a clinical trial evaluating a parenting intervention and to determine if degree of recruitment difficulty was related to demographic, diabetes-related, or family characteristics.

Methods
Data were drawn from a multi-center clinical trial. Participants (N = 155) were recruited from seven pediatric diabetes clinics. Contact log data were used to quantify both number/type of contacts prior to study enrollment as well as length of time to enrollment. Families were coded as having expedited recruitment (ER) or prolonged recruitment (PR). Baseline study data were used to compare ER and PR families on sociodemographic factors, adolescent diabetes management and health status and family characteristics such as household organization and family conflict.

Results
Mean length of time to recruit was 6.6 months and mean number of recruitment contacts was 10.3. Thirty-nine percent of the sample were characterized as PR. These families required even higher levels of effort (mean of 9.9 months to recruit and 15.4 contacts). There were no significant between-group differences on any baseline variable for ER and PR families, with the exception of family income.

Conclusions
Researchers need to make persistent efforts in order to successfully enroll adolescents of color and their caregivers into clinical trials. Social determinants of health such as family resources may differentiate families with prolonged recruitment within such samples.
Understanding Variation in Longitudinal Data Using Latent Growth Mixture Modeling
Authors: Mara Constance A , Carle Adam C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
This article guides researchers through the process of specifying, troubleshooting, evaluating, and interpreting latent growth mixture models.

Methods
Latent growth mixture models are conducted with small example dataset of N = 117 pediatric patients using Mplus software.

Results
The example and data show how to select a solution, here a 3-class solution. We also present information on two methods for incorporating covariates into these models.

Conclusions
Many studies in pediatric psychology seek to understand how an outcome changes over time. Mixed models or latent growth models estimate a single average trajectory estimate and an overall estimate of the individual variability, but this may mask other patterns of change shared by some participants. Unexplored variation in longitudinal data means that researchers can miss critical information about the trajectories of subgroups of individuals that could have important clinical implications about how one assess, treats, and manages subsets of individuals. Latent growth mixture modeling is a method for uncovering subgroups (or “classes”) of individuals with shared trajectories that differ from the average trajectory.
High affinity promoter binding of STOP1 is essential for early expression of novel aluminum-induced resistance genes GDH1 and GDH2 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tokizawa Mutsutomo , Enomoto Takuo , Ito Hiroki , Wu Liujie , Kobayashi Yuriko , Mora-Macías Javier , Armenta-Medina Dagoberto , Iuchi Satoshi , Kobayashi Masatomo , Nomoto Mika , Tada Yasuomi , Fujita Miki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yamamoto Yoshiharu Y , Kochian Leon V , Koyama Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Malate efflux from roots, which is regulated by the transcription factor STOP1 (SENSITIVE-TO-PROTON-RHIZOTOXICITY1) and mediates aluminum-induced expression of ALUMINUM-ACTIVATED-MALATE-TRANSPORTER1 (AtALMT1), is critical for aluminum resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Several studies showed that AtALMT1 expression in roots is rapidly observed in response to aluminum; this early induction is an important mechanism to immediately protect roots from aluminum toxicity. Identifying the molecular mechanisms that underlie rapid aluminum resistance responses should lead to a better understanding of plant aluminum sensing and signal transduction mechanisms. In this study, we observed that GFP-tagged STOP1 proteins accumulated in the nucleus soon after aluminum treatment. The rapid aluminum-induced STOP1-nuclear localization and AtALMT1 induction were detected in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor, suggesting that post-translational regulation is involved in these events. STOP1 also regulated rapid aluminum-induced expression for other genes that carry a functional/high-affinity STOP1-binding site in their promoter, including STOP2, GLUTAMATE-DEHYDROGENASE1 and 2 (GDH1 and 2). However STOP1 did not regulate Al resistance genes which have no functional STOP1-binding site such as ALUMINUM-SENSITIVE3, suggesting that the binding of STOP1 in the promoter is essential for early induction. Finally, we report that GDH1 and 2 which are targets of STOP1, are novel aluminum-resistance genes in Arabidopsis.
Imperative Transparency
Authors: Martínez Manolo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractI respond to an objection recently formulated by Barlassina and Hayward against first-order imperativism about pain, according to which it cannot account for the self-directed motivational force of pain. I am going to agree with them: it cannot. This is because pain does not have self-directed motivational force. I will argue that the alternative view—that pain is about dealing with extramental, bodily threats, not about dealing with itself—makes better sense of introspection, and of empirical research on pain avoidance. Also, a naturalistic theory of body-involving commands falls straightforwardly out of our most prominent naturalistic metasemantic accounts, while the token-reflexive contents that would underlie self-directed motivation are more problematic.
Prognosis and treatment effects of HIV-associated talaromycosis in a real-world patient cohort
Authors: Klus Jonathan , Ly Vo Trieu , Chan Cliburn , Le Thuy 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTalaromycosis is a leading cause of AIDS-associated opportunistic infections and death in Southeast Asia. We have recently shown in the Itraconazole versus Amphotericin for Talaromycosis (IVAP) trial that induction therapy with amphotericin B reduced mortality over 24 weeks, but not during the first 2 weeks. Antifungal treatment effects in real-world settings have not been rigorously evaluated. Using data obtained from patient records at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from 2004 to 2009, we first developed a prognostic model using Bayesian logistic regression to identify predictors of death. Second, we developed a causal model using propensity score matching to assess the treatment effects of amphotericin B and itraconazole.Our prognostic model identified intravenous drug use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.01), higher respiratory rate (OR = 1.12), higher absolute lymphocyte count (OR = 1.62), a concurrent respiratory infection (OR = 1.67) or central nervous system infection (OR = 2.66) as independent predictors of death. Fever (OR = 0.56) was a protective factor. Our prognostic model exhibits good in-sample performance and out-of-sample validation, with a discrimination power of 0.85 and 0.91, respectively. Our causal model showed no significant difference in treatment outcomes between amphotericin B and itraconazole over the first 2 weeks (95% credible interval: 0.62, 2.50).Our prognostic model provides a simple tool based on routinely collected clinical data to predict individual patient outcome. Our causal model shows similar results to the IVAP trial at 2 weeks, demonstrating an agreement between real-world data and clinical trial data.
Hierarchical black hole mergers in multiple systems: constrain the formation of GW190412-, GW190814-, and GW190521-like events
Authors: Liu Bin , Lai Dong 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The merging black hole (BH) binaries GW190412, GW190814, and GW190521 from the third LIGO/VIRGO observing run exhibit some extraordinary properties, including highly asymmetric masses, significant spin, and component mass in the ‘mass gap’. These features can be explained if one or both components of the binary are the remnants of previous mergers. In this paper, we explore hierarchical mergers in multiple stellar systems, taking into account the natal kick and mass-loss due to the supernova explosion (SN) on each component, as well as the merger kick received by the merger remnant. The binaries that have survived the SNe and kicks generally have too wide orbital separations to merge by themselves, but can merge with the aid of an external companion that gives rise to Lidov–Kozai oscillations. The BH binaries that consist of second-generation BHs can also be assembled in dense star clusters through binary interactions. We characterize the parameter space of these BH binaries by merger fractions in an analytical approach. Combining the distributions of the survived binaries, we further constrain the parameters of the external companion, using the analytically formulated tertiary perturbation strength. We find that to produce the three LIGO/VIRGO O3 events, the external companions must be at least a few hundreds M⊙, and fall in the intermediate-mass BH and supermassive BH range. We suggest that GW190412, GW190814, and GW190521 could all be produced via hierarchical mergers in multiples, likely in a nuclear star cluster, with the final merger induced by a massive BH.
Using artificial neural networks to extract the 21-cm global signal from the EDGES data
Authors: Choudhury Madhurima , Chatterjee Atrideb , Datta Abhirup , Choudhury Tirthankar Roy 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The redshifted 21-cm signal of neutral hydrogen is a promising probe into the period of evolution of our Universe when the first stars were formed (Cosmic Dawn), to the period where the entire Universe changed its state from being completely neutral to completely ionized (Reionization). The most striking feature of this line of neutral hydrogen is that it can be observed across an entire frequency range as a sky-averaged continuous signature, or its fluctuations can be measured using an interferometer. However, the 21-cm signal is very faint and is dominated by a much brighter Galactic and extragalactic foregrounds, making it an observational challenge. We have used different physical models to simulate various realizations of the 21-cm global signals, including an excess radio background to match the amplitude of the Experiment to Detect the Global EoR Signature (EDGES) 21-cm signal. First, we have used an artificial neural network (ANN) to extract the astrophysical parameters from these simulated data sets. Then, mock observations were generated by adding a physically motivated foreground model and an ANN was used to extract the astrophysical parameters from such data. The R2 score of our predictions from the mock observations is in the range of 0.65–0.89. We have used this ANN to predict the signal parameters giving the EDGES data as the input. We find that the reconstructed signal closely mimics the amplitude of the reported detection. The recovered parameters can be used to infer the physical state of the gas at high redshifts.