bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Interrater Disagreement on Essential Tremor Using a Standardized Tremor Elements Assessment
Authors: Becktepe Jos , Gövert Felix , Balint Bettina , Schlenstedt Christian , Bhatia Kailash , Elble Rodger , Deuschl Günther 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with upper limb action tremor frequently exhibit additional neurological signs of uncertain significance. Clinicians vary in their interpretation, and interrater agreement on the final diagnosis is poor.ObjectivesA new clinical tool for assessing the presence or absence of clinical signs that are important in axis‐1 classification of tremor patients is introduced: the Standardized Tremor Elements Assessment (STEA). Interrater agreement is determined, and signs leading to disagreement in the final diagnosis are identified.MethodsThree tremor‐focussed and one dystonia‐focussed movement disorder specialists rated 59 videos of patients with upper limb action tremor syndromes using STEA. Interrater agreements for final diagnosis and STEA items were calculated.ResultsInterrater agreement regarding the final diagnosis was higher within the group of tremor specialists and poor between dystonia and tremor specialists. Greater agreement was found for items characterizing tremor than for signs of dystonia.ConclusionsClinical signs leading to diagnostic disagreement were identified with STEA, and STEA should therefore be useful in future studies of diagnostic disagreement. The thresholds for considering neurological signs as soft versus significant for ataxia, parkinsonism, dystonia, etc. are critically important in tremor classification and must be studied across movement disorder subspecialties, not simply within a pool of tremor specialists.
Photonic crystal based photoelectrochemical cell for solar fuels
Authors: Zhang Xiwen , John Sajeev 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe solar fuel production efficiency of photoelectrochemical cells based on TiO2 is primarily limited by the low optical absorption coefficient and concomitant long penetration depth of visible light compared with the minority charge carrier diffusion length. A TiO2 photoelectrode consisting of a slanted conical‐pore photonic crystal immersed in water and integrated on a reflective back‐contact is proposed to reduce the light penetration depth by more than 10 times and branch the electron and hole transports into dimensions matching their diffusion lengths. This brings the photoelectrolytic process into the high‐efficiency operating regime. The maximum achievable photocurrent density for a lightly doped TiO2 with the imaginary part of the dielectric constant 0.01 in the visible range reaches 7.65 mA cm‐2.
Convergence analysis of reproducing kernel particle method to elliptic eigenvalue problem
Authors: Hu Hsin‐Yun , Chen Jiun‐Shyan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this work we aim to provide a fundamental theory of the reproducing kernel particle method for solving elliptic eigenvalue problems. We concentrate on the convergence analysis of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, as well as the optimal estimations which are shown to be related to the reproducing degree, support size, and overlapping number in the reproducing kernel approximation. The theoretical analysis has also demonstrated that the order of convergence for eigenvalues is in the square of the order of convergence for eigenfunctions. Numerical results are also presented to validate the theoretical analysis.
First-in-Class Selective HDAC6 Inhibitor (ACY-1215) Has a Highly Favorable Safety Profile in Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Lymphoma
Authors: Amengual Jennifer E. , Lue Jennifer K. , Ma Helen , Lichtenstein Renee , Shah Bijal , Cremers Serge , Jones Simon , Sawas Ahmed 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Trial Information
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02091063 Sponsor: Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Principal Investigator: Jennifer E. Amengual IRB Approved: Yes

Lessons Learned
Oral selective HDAC6 inhibitors could allow for decreased toxicity compared to pan-class inhibitors, and increased ease of use. ACY-1215 is well tolerated and led to disease stabilization in 50% of patients treated on a twice-daily dosing schedule. Rational drug combinations with ACY-1215 improve efficacy in patients with lymphoma. Biomarkers such as XBP-1 level or HDAC6-score may improve patient selection.

Background
ACY-1215, ricolinostat, is an oral, first-in-class isoform-selective HDAC6 inhibitor. HDAC6 is a class IIb deacetylase and plays a critical role in protein homeostasis via the unfolded protein response (UPR). Lymphocytes generate a large repertoire of antibodies and depend on an activated UPR to maintain proteostasis. Lymphomas utilize this biology to evade programmed cell death. In preclinical models of lymphoma, ACY-1215 disrupted proteostasis, triggering apoptosis.

Methods
We translated these findings into a multi-institution, open-label, dose-escalation phase Ib/II study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy in patients with relapsed and refractory lymphoma.

Results
Twenty-one patients with heavily pretreated lymphoma were accrued. Patients in the phase Ib portion were enrolled on one of two dose cohorts [Arm A: 160 mg daily (n = 3) or Arm B: 160 mg twice daily (n = 10)]. ACY-1215 was well tolerated. There were no dose limiting toxicities. Most adverse events were grade 1–2, including diarrhea (57%), nausea (57%), and fatigue (43%). Grade 3–4 toxicities were rare and included anemia (9.5%) and hypercalcemia (9.5%). An additional 8 patients were enrolled on the phase II portion, at 160 mg twice daily. Sixteen patients were evaluable for response. ACY-1215 did not result in any complete or partial responses in patients treated. Eight patients had stable disease (50%) lasting a median duration of 4.5 months, all of whom were treated twice daily. Disease progressed in eight patients (50%) at cycle 2. Five patients were not evaluable due to disease progression prior to cycle 2. The median PFS was 56 days.

Conclusion
ACY-1215 is an oral selective HDAC6 inhibitor that was safe in patients with relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancies and led to disease stabilization in half of the evaluable patients.
Facile way of dynamically tailoring microporous structures in polyvinylidene fluoride films prepared by thermally induced phase separation
Authors: Yang Bin , Chen Qinting , Ding Mengya , Pan Yang , Zhang Peng , Wang Shuqing , Qian Jiasheng , Miao Jibin , Xia Ru , Chen Peng , Shi You , Tu Youlei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPolyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films were prepared via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) using diphenyl carbonate as the diluter in an attempt to disclose the competitive relationship between crystal growth and droplet growth during phase separation process. By varying the quenching temperature different temperature gradient fields were established, which were theoretically evaluated via enthalpy transformation method. The effects of polymer concentration and quenching temperature on evolution of hierarchical morphologies in TIPS films were systematically investigated. According to the morphological characteristics, the cross‐sectional morphology of the films with lower polymer concentration (ΦP = 25%) could be divided into three layers; while that of higher polymer concentration counterpart (ΦP = 55%) only presented a bi‐layered structure. The reason for this could be ascribed to the effect of cooling rate on both crystal growth and droplet growth during TIPS process, which further determined the formation of the hierarchical structure in microporous films. With an increasing quenching temperature, both pore size and porosity of PVDF films increased, accompanied by an improvement on both thermal stability and dynamic mechanical thermal property. The present study could insightfully supply a facile route to fabricate structure‐controllable microporous films of crystalline polymers via an appropriate regulation of the TIPS quenching parameters.
Robust principal component analysis‐based prediction of protein‐protein interaction hot spots
Authors: Sitani Divya , Giorgetti Alejandro , Alfonso‐Prieto Mercedes , Carloni Paolo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractProteins often exert their function by binding to other cellular partners. The hot spots are key residues for protein‐protein binding. Their identification may shed light on the impact of disease associated mutations on protein complexes and help design protein‐protein interaction inhibitors for therapy. Unfortunately, current machine learning methods to predict hot spots, suffer from limitations caused by gross errors in the data matrices. Here, we present a novel data pre‐processing pipeline that overcomes this problem by recovering a low rank matrix with reduced noise using Robust Principal Component Analysis. Application to existing databases shows the predictive power of the method.
Where are the new herbicides?
Authors: Qu Ren‐Yu , He Bo , Yang Jing‐Fang , Lin Hong‐Yan , Yang Wen‐Chao , Wu Qiong‐You , Li Qing X , Yang Guang‐Fu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHerbicide resistance has become one of the foremost problems in crop production worldwide. New herbicides are required to manage weeds that have evolved resistance to the existing herbicides. However, relatively few herbicides with new modes of action (MOAs) have been discovered in the past two decades. Therefore, the discovery of new herbicides (i.e., new chemical classes or MOAs) remains a primary but ongoing strategy to overcome herbicide resistance and ensure crop production. In this mini‐review, starting with the inherent characteristics of the target proteins and the inhibitor structures, we propose two strategies for the rational design of new herbicides and one computational method for the risk evaluation of target mutation‐conferred herbicide resistance. The information presented here may improve the utilization of known targets and inspire the discovery of herbicides with new targets. We believe that these strategies may trigger the sustainable development of herbicides in the future. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Renewable energy public–private partnerships in developing countries: Determinants of private investment
Authors: Fleta‐Asín Jorge , Muñoz Fernando 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this research, we study, for the first time, the determinants of private investment participation in public–private partnership (PPPs) projects in renewable energies. We analyse a broad sample formed by 1,371 PPPs from 63 developing countries in the period 1997–2016. Using a Tobit estimation technique, our findings reveal that PPPs that are smaller, younger, where the private partner takes more responsibilities, and the prime revenue source comes from the electricity consumers' payments, show a greater degree of private investors' participation. In addition, better institutional and economic environments impact positively on the attractiveness of private investment. Other interesting findings are that the support of multilateral development banks (MDBs) positively affects the participation of private investors in renewable energy PPPs, and this becomes more important when the institutional and economic frameworks are weaker. The article sheds light for practitioners and policymakers on promoting actions that reinforce the determinants that positively affect private participation. In this way, government actions that promote the institutional financing of third parties, as well as improvements to their institutions and economic environment, enable efforts to be prioritised due to the positive impact it has on private participation. Similarly, good indicators of these factors allow private investors to select projects that will be more successful.
Encapsulating Copper Nanocrystals into Metal–Organic Frameworks for Cascade Reactions by Photothermal Catalysis
Authors: Wang Lin , Li Shu‐Rong , Chen Yu‐Zhen , Jiang Hai‐Long 
Published: January 2021

AbstractComposite materials with multifunctional properties usually possess synergetic effects in catalysis toward cascade reactions. In this work, a facile strategy to the encapsulation of octahedral Cu2O nanocrystals (NCs) by metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is reported, and an oriented growth of MOF enclosures (namely, HKUST‐1) around Cu2O NCs with desired feedstock ratio is achieved. The strategy defines the parameter range that precisely controls the etching rate of metal oxide and the MOF crystallization rate. Finally, the Cu@HKUST‐1 composites with uniform morphology and controlled MOF thickness have been successfully fabricated after the reduction of Cu2O to Cu NCs in HKUST‐1. The integration of Cu NCs properties with MOF advantages helps to create a multifunctional catalyst, which exhibits cooperative catalytic activity and improved recyclability toward the one‐pot cascade reactions under mild conditions involving visible‐light irradiation. The superior performance can be attributed to the plasmonic photothermal effect of Cu NCs, while HKUST‐1 shell provides Lewis acid sites, substrates and H2 enrichment, and stabilizes the Cu cores.
2D Redox‐Active Covalent Organic Frameworks for Supercapacitors: Design, Synthesis, and Challenges
Authors: Li Miao , Liu Jingjuan , Zhang Ting , Song Xiaoyu , Chen Weihua , Chen Long 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDue to the tunable skeletons, variable pore environments, and predesignable structures, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be served as a versatile platform to tailor redox activities for efficient energy storage. Redox‐active COFs with specific functional groups can not only promote high‐speed mass transport in the permanently open channels, but also provide dense active sites for reversible redox reactions so as to efficiently adsorb the electrolyte ions, thus becoming emerging and promising electroactive materials. This review summarizes the design principles and synthetic methods of redox‐active COFs, with a focus on surveying the representative advances in supercapacitors. The key progress, major challenges, and future directions in this promising field are highlighted as well.
Nickel Iron Diselenide for Highly Efficient and Selective Electrocatalytic Conversion of Methanol to Formate
Authors: Li Junshan , Xing Congcong , Zhang Yu , Zhang Ting , Spadaro Maria Chiara , Wu Qianbao , Yi Yunan , He Shenglan , Llorca Jordi , Arbiol Jordi , Cabot Andreu , Cui Chunhua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe electro‐oxidation of methanol to formate is an interesting example of the potential use of renewable energies to add value to a biosourced chemical commodity. Additionally, methanol electro‐oxidation can replace the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction when coupled to hydrogen evolution or to the electroreduction of other biomass‐derived intermediates. But the cost‐effective realization of these reaction schemes requires the development of efficient and low‐cost electrocatalysts. Here, a noble metal‐free catalyst, Ni1−xFexSe2 nanorods, with a high potential for an efficient and selective methanol conversion to formate is demonstrated. At its optimum composition, Ni0.75Fe0.25Se2, this diselenide is able to produce 0.47 mmol cm−2 h−1 of formate at 50 mA cm−2 with a Faradaic conversion efficiency of 99%. Additionally, this noble‐metal‐free catalyst is able to continuously work for over 50 000 s with a minimal loss of efficiency, delivering initial current densities above 50 mA cm−2 and 2.2 A mg−1 in a 1.0 m KOH electrolyte with 1.0 m methanol at 1.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. This work demonstrates the highly efficient and selective methanol‐to‐formate conversion on Ni‐based noble‐metal‐free catalysts, and more importantly it shows a very promising example to exploit the electrocatalytic conversion of biomass‐derived chemicals.
Engineering Heterogeneous NiS2/NiS Cocatalysts with Progressive Electron Transfer from Planar p‐Si Photocathodes for Solar Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Sijie , Yang Gaoliang , Ge Peng , Lin Huiwen , Wang Qi , Ren Xiaohui , Luo Shunqin , Philo Davin , Chang Kun , Ye Jinhua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe sluggish transfer of electrons from a planar p‐type Si (p‐Si) semiconductor to a cocatalyst restricts the activity of photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution. To overcome such inefficiency, an elegant interphase of the semiconductor/cocatalyst is generally necessary. Hence, in this work, a NiS2/NiS heterojunction (NNH) is prepared in situ and applied to a planar p‐Si substrate as a cocatalyst to achieve progressive electron transfer. The NNH/Si photocathode exhibits an onset potential of +0.28 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) and a photocurrent density of 18.9 mA·cm−2 at 0 VRHE, as well as a 0.9% half‐cell solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency, which is much superior compared with those of NiS2/Si and NiS/Si photocathodes. The enhanced performance for NNH/Si is attributed to the contact between the sectional n‐type semiconducting NNH and the planar p‐Si semiconductor through a p‐Si/n‐NiS/n‐NiS2 manner that functions as a local pn‐junction to promote electron transfer. Thus, the photogenerated electron is transferred from p‐Si to n‐NiS within NNH as the progressive medium, followed by to Ni2+ and/or S22− of the defect‐rich n‐NiS2 phase as the key active sites. This systematic work may pave the way for planar Si‐based PEC applications of heterogeneous metal sulfide cocatalysts through the progressive transfer of electrons.
Near‐Infrared‐Responsive Photocatalysts
Authors: Yang Yi , Tan Haiyan , Cheng Bei , Fan Jiajie , Yu Jiaguo , Ho Wingkei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBroadening the absorption of light to the near‐infrared (NIR) region is important in photocatalysis to achieve efficient solar‐to‐fuel conversion. NIR‐responsive photocatalysts that can utilize diffusive solar energy are attractive for alleviating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Over the past few years, considerable progress on the component and structural design of NIR‐responsive photocatalysts have been reported. This study aims to systematically summarize recent progress toward the material design and mechanism optimization of NIR‐responsive photocatalysts in this area. Depending on the main strategies for harvesting NIR photons, NIR‐responsive photocatalysts can be categorized as direct NIR‐light photocatalysts, indirect NIR‐light photocatalysts, and photothermal photocatalysts. Furthermore, the construction and application of different NIR‐responsive photocatalytic systems are summarized. Conclusions and perspectives are presented to further explore the potential of NIR‐responsive photocatalysts in this field.
Ultraefficiently Calming Cytokine Storm Using Ti3C2Tx MXene
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Sun Xiaoyu , Guo Xin , Zhang Jinqiang , Yang Jian , Tao Shouxuan , Guan Jun , Zhou Lin , Han Jie , Wang Chengyin , Yao Hang , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuring the global outbreak of COVID‐19 pandemic, “cytokine storm” conditions are regarded as the fatal step resulting in most mortality. Hemoperfusion is widely used to remove cytokines from the blood of severely ill patients to prevent uncontrolled inflammation induced by a cytokine storm. This article discoveres, for the first time, that 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene sheet demonstrates an ultrahigh removal capability for typical cytokine interleukin‐6. In particular, MXene shows a 13.4 times higher removal efficiency over traditional activated carbon absorbents. Molecular‐level investigations reveal that MXene exhibits a strong chemisorption mechanism for immobilizing cytokine interleukin‐6 molecules, which is different from activated carbon absorbents. MXene sheet also demonstrates excellent blood compatibility without any deleterious side influence on the composition of human blood. This work can open a new avenue to use MXene sheets as an ultraefficient hemoperfusion absorbent to eliminate the cytokine storm syndrome in treatment of severe COVID‐19 patients.
Microfluidic‐Based Exosome Analysis for Liquid Biopsy
Authors: Lin Bingqian , Lei Yanmei , Wang Junxia , Zhu Lin , Wu Yuqi , Zhang Huimin , Wu Lingling , Zhang Peng , Yang Chaoyong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLiquid biopsy offers non‐invasive and real‐time molecular profiling of individual patients, and is thus considered a revolutionary technology in precision medicine. Exosomes have been acknowledged as significant biomarkers in liquid biopsy, as they play a central role in cell–cell communication and are closely related to the pathogenesis of most human malignancies. Nevertheless, in biofluids exosomes always co‐exist with other particles, and the cargo components of exosomes are highly heterogeneous. Thus, the isolation and molecular characterization of exosomes are still technically challenging. Microfluidics technology effectively addresses this challenge by virtue of its inherent advantages, such as precise manipulation of fluids, low consumption of samples and reagents, and a high level of integration. Recent advances in microfluidics allow in situ exosome capture and molecular detection with unprecedented selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art developments in microfluidics‐based exosome research, including exosome isolation approaches and molecular detection strategies, with highlights of the characterization of exosomal biomarkers in cancer liquid biopsy is summarized. The major challenges are also discussed and some perspectives for the future directions of exosome‐based liquid biopsy in microfluidic systems are presented.
High‐temperature stabilization of polypropylene using hindered phenol–thioester stabilizer combinations, Part 1: Optimization and efficacy via nondust blends
Authors: Allen Norman S. , Jones Andrew P. , Liauw Christopher M. , Edge Michele , Keck‐Antoine Klaus , Yeo Joeng‐Ho 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe thermal degradation of unstabilized polypropylene has been investigated under long‐term processing (twin extruder) and thermal aging at 150°C, with additive concentration studies on combinations of an established hindered phenolic antioxidant (pentaerythritol tetrakis (3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl) propionate) [S1010] and two popular thioesters (distearyl‐3,3′‐thiodipropionate [DSTDP] and didodecyl‐3,3′‐thiodipropionate [DLTDP]) using melt flow rate, carbonyl index and powder diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (oxidation induction time [OIT]) and ultimate embrittlement time (Fracture) on injection‐molded test pieces. It was found that 20:80 phenol:thioester ratios provided the best long‐term thermal stability (LTTS); however, this was the reverse for processing stabilization (80:20), underlining the antioxidant nature of the two stabilizers (long term vs. melt). Melt preblending of the stabilizers (to form a no‐dust blend) gave rise to improved LTTS. DRIFTS FTIR indicated that there was an improvement in preblending the additives, which removed any volatile impurities. Increased additive dispersion and localized potential efficacy in the stabilization cycle is important, as well as possible improved addition of the additives to the extruder rather than fine powder. The data are discussed in relation to the long‐term stabilization of polypropylene in high‐temperature applications such as under the bonnet of automobiles where minimizing stabilizer losses and maximizing synergy are important.