bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How planets grow by pebble accretion
Authors: Brouwers M. G. , Ormel C. W. , Bonsor A. , Vazan A. 
Published: June 2021

Context. In the theory of pebble accretion, planets form by the subsequent accretion of solids (micron-sized dust and larger pebbles) and gas. The amount of nebular gas that a planet can bind is limited by its cooling rate, which is set by the opacity of its envelope. Accreting dust and pebbles contribute to the envelope opacity and, thus, influence the outcome of planet formation.
Aims. Our aim is to model the size evolution and opacity contribution of solids inside planetary envelopes. We then use the resultant opacity relations to study emergent trends in planet formation.
Methods. We design a model for the opacity of solids in planetary envelopes that accounts for the growth, fragmentation, and erosion of pebbles during their sedimentation. It also includes a separate dust component, which can be both replenished and swept up by encounters with pebbles, depending on the relative velocities. We formulate analytical expressions for the opacity of pebbles and dust and map out their trends as a function of depth, planet mass, distance, and accretion rate.
Results. The accretion of pebbles rather than planetesimals can produce fully convective envelopes, but only in lower-mass planets that reside in the outer disk or in those that are accreting pebbles at a high rate. In these conditions, pebble sizes are limited by fragmentation and erosion, allowing them to pile up in the envelope. At higher planetary masses or reduced accretion rates, a different regime applies, where the sizes of sedimenting pebbles are only limited by their rate of growth. The opacity in this growth-limited regime is much lower and declines steeply with depth and planet mass but is invariant with the pebble mass flux. Our results imply that the opacity of a forming planet’s envelope cannot be approximated by a value that is constant with either depth or planet mass. Applying these results to the Solar System, we argue that Uranus and Neptune could not have maintained a sufficiently high opacity to avoid runaway gas accretion unless they both experienced sufficiently rapid accretion of solids and formed late.
Molecular mapping of the PDS70 system
Authors: Cugno G. , Patapis P. , Stolker T. , Quanz S. P. , Boehle A. , Hoeijmakers H. J. , Marleau G.-D. , Mollière P. , Nasedkin E. , Snellen I. A. G. 
Published: June 2021

Context. Determining the chemical properties of the atmosphere of young forming gas giants might shed light on the location their formation occurred and the mechanisms involved.
Aims. Our aim was to detect molecules in the atmosphere of the young forming companion PDS70 b by searching for atmospheric absorption features typical of substellar objects.
Methods. We obtained medium-resolution (R ≈ 5075) spectra of the PDS70 planetary system with the SINFONI integral field spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope. We applied molecular mapping, based on cross-correlation with synthetic spectra, to identify signatures of molecular species in the atmosphere of the planet.
Results. Although the planet emission is clearly detected when resampling the data to lower resolution, no molecular species could be identified with the cross-correlation technique. We estimated upper limits on the abundances of H2O, CO, and CH4 (log(Xmol) < −4.0, − 4.1, and − 4.9, respectively) assuming a clear atmosphere, and we explored the impact of clouds, which increase the upper limits by a factor of up to 0.7 dex. Assuming that the observations directly probe the planet’s atmosphere, we found a lack of molecular species compared to other directly imaged companions or field objects. Under the assumption that the planet atmosphere presents similar characteristics to other directly imaged planets, we conclude that a dusty environment surrounds the planet, effectively obscuring any feature generated in its atmosphere. We quantify the extinction necessary to impede the detection (AV ≈ 16−17 mag), pointing to the possibility of higher optical thickness than previously estimated from other studies. Finally, the non-detection of molecular species conflicts with atmospheric models previously proposed to describe the forming planet.
Conclusions. To reveal how giant planets form a comprehensive approach that includes constraints from multiple techniques needs to be undertaken. Molecular mapping emerges as an alternative to more classical techniques like SED fitting. Specifically tuned atmospheric models are likely required to faithfully describe the atmospheres of forming protoplanets, and higher spectral resolution data may reveal molecular absorption lines despite the dusty environment enshrouding PDS70 b.
A triple active galactic nucleus in the NGC 7733–7734 merging group
Authors: Yadav Jyoti , Das Mousumi , Barway Sudhanshu , Combes Francoise 
Published: June 2021

Context. Galaxy interactions and mergers can lead to supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries, which become active galactic nucleus (AGN) pairs when the SMBHs start accreting mass. If there is a third galaxy involved in the interaction, then a triple-AGN system can form.
Aims. Our goal is to investigate the nature of the nuclear emission from the galaxies in the interacting pair NGC 7733–NGC 7734 using archival VLT/MUSE integral field spectrograph data and study its relation to the stellar mass distribution traced by near-infrared (NIR) observations from the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO).
Methods. We conducted NIR observations using the SAAO and identified the morphological properties of bulges in each galaxy. We used MUSE data to obtain a set of ionized emission lines from each galaxy and studied the ionization mechanism. We also examined the relation of the galaxy pair with any nearby companions with far-ultraviolet observations using the UVIT.
Results. The emission line analysis from the central regions of NGC 7733 and NGC 7734 shows Seyfert and low ionization nuclear emission-line regions type AGN activity. The galaxy pair NGC 7733−34 also shows evidence of a third component, which has Seyfert-like emission. Hence, the galaxy pair NGC 7733−34 forms a triple-AGN system. We also detected an extended narrow-line region associated with the nucleus of NGC 7733.
Robotic Resection of Pulmonary Epithelial Myoepithelial Carcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Jindani Rajika , Lopez Michael A. , Miquel Tatiana P. , Sylvin Erik 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background Pulmonary epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma (P-EMC) is an extremely rare, well-differentiated, and malignant neoplasm originating from submucosal bronchial glands in the lung. EMCs arise mainly in the salivary glands.
Case Description This case represents an asymptomatic 78-year-old male with a remote 75-pack-year history of smoking who presents with a solitary endobronchial lesion, which is suggestive of a primary lung EMC, detected on annual screening chest computed tomography (CT) scan.
Conclusion A recent review of literature reveals less than 50 documented cases of the pulmonary subtype of this tumor worldwide. We are reporting a unique case of robot-assisted pulmonary lobectomy for a P-EMC.
Outcomes after Surgery for Endocarditis among Intravenous Drug Users and Nonusers
Authors: Huuskonen Antti , Kesävuori Risto , Raivio Peter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background The optimal treatment strategy for intravenous drug users (IVDU) with infective endocarditis (IE) is controversial. We therefore sought to investigate outcomes among IVDUs after surgery for IE.
Methods We retrospectively reviewed all 192 consecutive patients who underwent an operation for IE between 2005 and 2016 in the Helsinki University Hospital. Forty-seven patients (24.5%) were IVDUs and 145 (75.5%) were non-IVDUs. Mortality and reinfection and reoperation rates were evaluated.
Results IVDUs were younger (29.9 vs. 63.8 years, p < 0.001) and had less cardiovascular risk factors and lower EuroSCORE II (4.3 vs. 7.3%, p < 0.001), but Staphylococcus aureus infection (66.0 vs. 23.4%, p < 0.001), tricuspid valve endocarditis (34.0 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001), and liver disease (63.8 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001) occurred more often in IVDUs than in non-IVDUs. Thirty-day mortality of IVDUs was 8.5% and that of non-IVDUs was 6.9% (p = 0.711). Survival of IVDUs at 5 years was 70.8 ± 7.4% and survival of non-IVDUs was 67.9 ± 4.7% (p = 0.678). Relative to an age- and sex-matched general population, IVDUs had 58.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.7–101.9; p < 0.001) and non-IVUD 4.4 (95% CI: 3.1–6.2; p < 0.001) standardized mortality ratio. IVDUs had a higher reinfection rate at 5 years (25.8 ± 7.7% vs. 3.0 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and a higher early reoperation rate than non-IVDUs (10.6 vs. 1.4%, p = 0.003).
Conclusions IVDUs and non-IVDUs had comparable survival at 5 years, but IVDUs had a very significantly increased risk of death in comparison to an age- and sex-matched general population. IVDUs had higher reinfection and early reoperation rates. Survival was poor after medically treated reinfection.
Delayed Discharge after Thoracic Surgery under the Guidance of ERAS Protocols
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Jiaqi , Wang Guige , Guo Chao , Chen Yeye , Huang Cheng , Li Shanqing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have been applied in thoracic surgery and are beneficial to patients. However, some issues about ERAS are still pending.
Methods A total of 1,654 patients who underwent thoracic surgery under the guidance of ERAS protocols were enrolled in this study. We set the length of postoperative stay (LOPS) as our key research indicator. Patients were divided into routine discharge group and delayed discharge group based on LOPS. Causes of delayed discharge were analyzed to improve management of postoperative recovery.
Results Male, old age, underlying disease (coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, old cerebral infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and arrhythmia), intensive care unit (ICU) stay, type of insurance, and lower forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) are the independent impact factors causing delayed discharge. Increased nonchylous drainage (INCD) and prolonged air leakage were the two leading causes for delayed discharge.
Conclusion Patients should have personalized recovery goal under the same ERAS protocols. We should accept that patients in poor general condition have a prolonged LOPS. More stringent ICU stay indications should be developed to increase postoperative patients' ERAS protocols compliance. Further research on chest tube management will make a contribution to ERAS protocols.
Black Aortic Valve: Incidental Finding of Alkaptonuria
Authors: Putz Christina , Putz Franz Josef , Keyser Andreas , Schmid Christof 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background Alkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder of tyrosine metabolism, which results in accumulation of homogentisic acid in various tissues, including the cardiovascular system.
Case Description We report on a 64-year-old man with mixed aortic valve disease who underwent conventional aortic valve replacement. Intraoperative aortotomy revealed black pigmentation of the intima of the ascending aorta and the aortic valve was observed with thickened and calcified dark black leaflets. Histopathological diagnosis of ochronosis of the aortic valve was made.
Conclusion Despite several previous signs and symptoms, the diagnosis of alkaptonuria was not established until aortic valve replacement.
German Heart Surgery Report 2020: The Annual Updated Registry of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Beckmann Andreas , Meyer Renate , Lewandowski Jana , Markewitz Andreas , Gummert Jan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBased on a longtime voluntary registry, founded by the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (GSTCVS) in 1980, well-defined data of all cardiac, thoracic and vascular surgery procedures performed in 78 German heart surgery departments during the year 2020 are analyzed. Under the more than extraordinary conditions of the ongoing worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, a total of 161,817 procedures were submitted to the registry. A total of 92,809 of these operations are summarized as heart surgery procedures in a classical sense. The unadjusted in-hospital survival rate for the 29,444 isolated coronary artery bypass grafting procedures (relationship on-/off-pump 3.6:1) was 97.2%. For the 35,469 isolated heart valve procedures, (17,471 transcatheter interventions included), the survival rate was 96.7%. Concerning short- and long-term circulatory support, a total of 2,852 extracorporeal life support/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation implantations, respectively, 843 assist device implantations (left/right/biventricular assist device, total artificial device), were registered. In 2020, the number of isolated heart transplantations increased to 340, a rise of 2.1% compared with the previous year. The isolated lung transplantations amounted to 291, a decrease of 6.4%.This annually updated registry of the GSTCVS represents voluntary public reporting by accumulating actual information for nearly all heart surgical procedures in Germany, constitutes advancements in heart medicine, and represents a basis for quality management for all participating institutions. In addition, the registry demonstrates that the provision of cardiac surgery in Germany is up to date, appropriate, and nationwide patient treatment is guaranteed all the time.
New Intercostal Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Access: No Touch
Authors: Lutter Georg , Lozonschi Lucian , Frank Derk , Puehler Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTranscatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is routinely performed via the transfemoral or transapical route. Subclavian, transcarotid, and transaortic access are described as alternative routes for TAVR. The small intercostal approach can be used for a safe TAVR without touching the ribs and sternum.
Evaluation of the MANTA Vascular Closure Device in Transfemoral TAVI
Authors: Kmiec Lukasz , Zerdzitzki Matthaeus , Schmid Christof , Debl Kurt , Sossalla Samuel , Hilker Michael , Holzamer Andreas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background The MANTA vascular closure device (VCD) is a novel collagen plug-based VCD for large bore arteriotomies. The current literature regarding complication rates of this device is quite variable and mostly limited to relatively small case series.
Methods This study is retrospective analysis of the MANTA VCD-related main access site complications according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) criteria during the hospital stay. Particular attention was paid to the detailed analysis of multislice computed tomography with regard to the anatomy of the access vessel and the puncture site itself.
Results A total of 524 patients underwent transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TF TAVI) including the use of the MANTA device (18F) for percutaneous vascular closure. A group of 22 patients was excluded from the study due to incomplete imaging data. During the study period, we observed 28 major (5.6%) and five minor (1.0%) MANTA device-related vascular complications. There was no patient death related to these adverse events. Female gender, vessel angulation at the puncture site, and at least moderate calcification of the dorsal vessel segment were identified as independent predictors for major complications.
Conclusions The MANTA device is a feasible option for vascular closure of large bore arteriotomies in patients undergoing TF TAVI or other percutaneous transfemoral interventions. Furthermore, we have identified novel predictors for device failure/complications that should be taken into account for selection of the appropriate closure device. To our knowledge, this report is one of the largest case series analyzing the use of the MANTA VCD.
“I didn't know you could do that”: A Pilot Assessment of EHR Optimization Training
Authors: Gold Rachel , Bunce Arwen , Davis James V. , Nelson Joan C. , Cowburn Stuart , Oakley Jee , Carney Stacie , Horberg Michael A. , Dearing James W. , Melgar Gerardo , Bulkley Joanna E. , Seabrook Janet , Cloutier Heath 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background Informatics tools within electronic health records (EHRs)—for example, data rosters and clinical reminders—can help disseminate care guidelines into clinical practice. Such tools' adoption varies widely, however, possibly because many primary care providers receive minimal training in even basic EHR functions.
Objectives This mixed-methods evaluation of a pilot training program sought to identify factors to consider when providing EHR use optimization training in community health centers (CHCs) as a step toward supporting CHC providers' adoption of EHR tools.
Methods In spring 2018, we offered 10 CHCs a 2-day, 16-hour training in EHR use optimization, provided by clinician trainers, and customized to each CHC's needs. We surveyed trainees pre- and immediately post-training and again 3 months later. We conducted post-training interviews with selected clinic staff, and conducted a focus group with the trainers, to assess satisfaction with the training, and perceptions of how it impacted subsequent EHR use.
Results Six CHCs accepted and received the training; 122 clinic staff members registered to attend, and most who completed the post-training survey reported high satisfaction. Three months post-training, 80% of survey respondents said the training had changed their daily EHR use somewhat or significantly.
Conclusion Factors to consider when planning EHR use optimization training in CHCs include: CHCs may face barriers to taking part in such training; it may be necessary to customize training to a given clinic's needs and to different trainees' clinic roles; identifying trainees' skill level a priori would help but is challenging; in-person training may be preferable; and inclusion of a practice coach may be helpful. Additional research is needed to identify how to provide such training most effectively.
Virtual Education in Pediatric Surgery during the COVID-19 Era: Facing and Overcoming Current Challenges
Authors: Aubert Ophelia , Wagner Richard , Gerardo Rodrigo , Tamaro Gaia , Zani Augusto , Ponsky Todd , Lacher Martin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted our way of living in an unprecedented manner. Medical professionals at all levels have been forced to adapt to the novel virus. The delivery of surgical services and the subsequent learning opportunities for surgical residents have especially been disrupted and the pediatric surgical community has not been exempted by this. This article highlights the challenges imposed by the pandemic and outlines the various learning modalities that can be implemented to ensure continued learning opportunities throughout the pandemic and beyond. Furthermore, it aims to show how the utilization and expansion of technologies maintain and further increase the communication, as well as the exchange of and access to knowledge among peers. Virtual education-, application-, and simulation-based learning and social media, as well as telemedicine and online conferences, will play a considerable role in the future of surgical specialties and surgical education.
‘The School Was Closed, So When They Brought Me A Husband I Couldn’t Say No’: Exploring the Gendered Experiences of Child Marriage Amongst Adolescent Girls and Boys in Ethiopia
Authors: Emirie Guday , Jones Nicola , Kebede Meti 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChild marriage is increasingly recognised as a development priority given its far-reaching life-course and inter-generational consequences. Despite rapid progress, Ethiopia remains in the top five countries globally in terms of absolute numbers of married girls, with significant sub-national variation in the drivers and patterning of child marriage. This article applies a capabilities framing in a novel way to move debates beyond a sole focus on girls and a single modality of marriage. It explores the gendered experiences of child marriage amongst girls and boys in Amhara and Oromia regions, drawing on semi-structured interviews with 190 adolescents, 44 parents and 20 key informants from 2017 to 2020. The findings highlight context-specific economic and gender norms drivers of adolescent-initiated and parent-arranged child marriages, and their differential effects on girls and boys. The article concludes by discussing policy and programming implications in line with the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda commitment to leave no one behind.
Generation of few-cycle radiation pulses in the IR spectral range (1.3 – 2.2 μm) using wide-aperture BBO crystals pumped by a terawatt Ti : sapphire laser
*
Authors: Migal E.A. , Suleimanova D.Z. , Potemkin F.V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Different schemes of parametric amplification (PA), aimed at designing a source of femtosecond near-IR (1.3 – 2.2 μm) radiation, are compared by solving a system of truncated equations describing three-wave mixing. A terawatt Ti : sapphire laser with an energy of 60 mJ and a pulse duration of 50 fs is used as a pump source for PA schemes. The dependences of the output energies, pulse durations, and spectral widths of signal and idler waves on the BBO crystal length for two types of phase matching and on the group-delay dispersions for the pump and signal waves is investigated. It is shown that in the case of direct PA, using a type-II phase-matching BBO crystal of optimal length, one can obtain signal (1.333 μm) and idler (2 μm) waves with pulse durations of 34 and 32 fs, respectively, with a total energy conversion efficiency up to 40 %. The application of double chirping scheme increases the total conversion efficiency to 60 %; however, the spectral width of generated pulses decreases. The spectral width can only be increased by reducing the conversion efficiency. In this case, a more simple and compact solution is the scheme of direct PA with a transform-limited pump pulse.
Adaptive system for correcting optical aberrations of high-power lasers with dynamic determination of the reference wavefront
Authors: Kotov A.V. , Perevalov S.E. , Starodubtsev M.V. , Zemskov R.S. , Alexandrov A.G. , Galaktionov I.V. , Kudryashov A.V. , Samarkin V.V. , Soloviev A.A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We present the results of the aberration correction of laser radiation wavefront using a dynamic method for determining the reference wavefront. The method, which is based on the processing of synchronously obtained data on the near- and far-field zones, significantly improves the focusing quality with active wavefront correction, especially under conditions of dynamic aberrations. An increase in the Strehl number S from 0.7 to 0.86 is demonstrated when a beam 18 cm in diameter is focused by an F/2.5 parabolic mirror.