bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking and Informing: A Reality Check on Class Teachers and Teacher Librarians
Authors: Henri James 
Published: April 2021

The literature suggests that twenty first century schools must pay as much attention to how students learn as they do to what students learn. Part of the `how students learn' encompasses attempts to address student mastery of the processes of becoming informed. At one time it was considered the role of the teacher librarian to teach students information skills or an information process. At one time it was assumed that class teachers could teach these skills and this process. In more recent times it has been suggested that teacher librarians and class teachers must form partnerships to enable the building of a school culture that facilitates an emphasis on ways of learning rather than on what is learned.

A number of writers have suggested that the key agent in the fight for information literate schools is the teacher. The teacher is at the front line working with students on a day to day basis and influencing student expectation and behaviour. As teaching practice changes from teacher focused quantitative approaches to student centred and more qualitative approaches the importance of the teacher as role model and mentor becomes paramount.
A common thread to these approaches is the assumption that class teachers and /or teacher librarians are themselves information literate. That is, it is assumed that teachers (and especially teacher librarians) have mastered the processes of becoming informed. It is assumed that they work with an information-processing model (whether that entails a formal model or a systematic approach) and that they themselves employ higher order thinking skills when undertaking complex information tasks.
This paper reports on a project that tested the validity of these assumptions. It seeks in part to identify whether or not teachers understand the information process and whether they are able to use a process to undertake a complex information task. Are teachers equipped to act as role model and mentor to their students? Does being employed as a teacher librarian (as distinct from being a qualified teacher librarian) make a difference to understanding, and use of, an information process?
Information Literacy as a National Agenda: A Case Study of Singapore
Authors: Butterworth Margaret 
Published: April 2021

Singapore is a small country in South East Asia with a population of some 3.7 million. It achieved independence from Britain in 1965 and since then has made remarkable progress as a nation, so much so that other countries are now looking closely at its policies with a view to discovering its secrets of success. While the policies attracting attention range from Singapore's national pension scheme to the way in which traffic flow is controlled, the major area of interest here is to investigate the country's promotion of information literacy.
Singapore is largely devoid of natural resources, so there has always been an emphasis on seeing people as capital. As in many Asian countries, cheap labour was at first the basis for building strong manufacturing industries to earn revenue by exporting goods to richer nations. Economic growth would occur as long as inputs of labour and of capital investment went on growing, but eventually this would slow because the sources of these inputs are finite. Krugman (1994) described this as the "perspiration theory": success was based on working harder, not working smarter. Krugman's writings aroused hostile reaction in many Asian countries, but even he did not predict the extent of the economic crisis in the region during the late 1990's. By this time, though, Singapore's leaders were working on the problem and laying the foundations that would produce a workforce with something more to offer than perspiration.
"As soon as the sword was sheathed, the book was opened again"
Authors: Gillis-Carlebach Miriam 
Published: April 2021

This paper deals with the question, whether reading could be forgotten by skilled readers deprived from reading during a long period. Forty questionnaires and interviews of Israeli Holocaust survivors - who actually were cut off from all reading activities during their imprison - were analyzed and summarized.
A number of interesting facts came up: There was hardly any desire or possibility to read in KZ-Camps, nevertheless a strong strive for a high cultural level was felt in order to keep the minds sane, such as 'reading as if' in many variations: Reading by heart, citing poems, discussing philosophic questions, imagining recipes, etc. were reported as a means to conserve the taste of reading. But, reading Camp-orders or an occasional piece of paper was not considered reading (only books or newspapers), while writing even a tiny single note was considered writing.
The first reading-experience after liberation was "strange," but only in a few cases was real difficulty encountered in going back to reading, in no case was reading forgotten. General sadness was expressed about the lost years of reading.
After release: free newspaper reading was not only expressed as "back to literature," but served as a means to the acquisition of the new language (Hebrew). Only very few cases indicated reading encouragement or ambitious book-education of the second generation.
Combined School/Public Libraries in Israel at the High School Level: Some Results of an Exploratory Field Study
Authors: Hiram Miriam , Yitzhaki Moshe 
Published: April 2021

The issue of combined school-public libraries has long concerned researchers and practitioners in the field and is well documented in literature. A literature survey reveals opinion articles as well as empirical field studies, especially in the US, Canada, UK, Australia and Germany, which attempt to determine the advantages and disadvantages of this model, and possible factors associated with its success in practice. Despite the importance of the topic and its potential of budget savings and greater efficiency in use of resources, no large-scale empirical study of the extent and performance of combined school-public libraries in Israel has been conducted.
The study aimed to empirically investigate the combined school-public libraries on the high school level existing in Israel. The main research tools were three different written closed questionnaires sent to the school librarian, school principal and one of the school teachers. In 1996 questionnaires were mailed to all 65 schools known to have some type of combination libraries: 26 had a combined school-public library, while in the remaining 39 schools the library was a branch of a regional or municipal public library. Questionnaires were also mailed to 40 randomly-chosen schools, having a 'regular' (i.e. not combined) library, to serve as a control group. Response rate was about 50% and the final sample included 51 libraries: 18 -combined, 11-'branches', and 22-'regular' ones.

Main findings were: the number of combined libraries has risen constantly over the decades which seems to be an interesting trend, especially in view of the recent decline reported in the US and Canada. Regarding space and seats the situation in the regional libraries was much better than in the urban ones. Concerning opening hours the urban combined libraries were open longer than the regional combined ones and the control group. The combined libraries, mainly the urban ones, were open for more afternoon hours, all of them were open during school vacations, and they had a higher average number of weekly librarian hours per school. Regional combined libraries had a much larger number of books per student and periodicals and computers per library than the urban combined ones and the control group. The mean number of users of the reading-room was about the same (usually low) in all types of libraries in afternoon hours, but differed considerably in the mornings, probably due to different teaching methods.
About half the librarians, the school principals and the teachers in the combined libraries rated their combined library as 'very successful', while the rest rated it as only 'partially successful', or expressed dissatisfaction, pointing out serious problems. Regional librarians were much more satisfied with the combined model, compared to their urban colleagues. Findings indicated that the combined model is more likely to succeed in a regional library, in a rural setting, than in an urban one.
Individual Research Projects (with emphasis on Biology) Conducted by Students in Academic High Schools in Israel
Authors: Statter S. , Tamir P. 
Published: April 2021

In this study we examined, and described in detail, how research projects are carried out in Israeli high schools, with emphasis on the subject of biology. We attempted to specify the problems and difficulties invoked and, where possible, to suggest improvements that can help the student who does a research project to attain the status of independent study.
The work was done in the framework of two methods, namely, the quantitative approach and the qualitative approach, and in three stages:
Stage 1: A national survey by means of a questionnaire (was sent to the principals of high schools). It was found that: The research projects are generally optional; In some of the schools an individual or goup project is required. The principals provided profiles of the student who is qualified to do a research project

Stage 2: Review of proposaLs, evaluations, and achievements of students who did research projeds in biology. It was found that: Close to half of those who submit proposals do not complete their projects, instead dropping out at one stage or another of the project. The assessments concentrated on three areas: (1 ) the extemal form of the research paper; (2) the use of scientific tools; and (3) the project as a whole.

Stage 3: Mutidisciplinary workshop dass for doing research projects. From the inormation that was obtained from the different questionnaires, it emerged that: The research projects influenced the development of personal and interpersonal skills, and strengthened self-confidence, initiative, responsibility, and independence.
An Interdisciplinary Model for Assessing Learning
Authors: Grover Robert , McMahon Lakin Jacqueline , Dickerson Jane 
Published: April 2021

During the 1994-95 school year the Kansas Association of School Librarians Research Committee conducted a literature review and held a two-day summer institute to develop an interdisciplinary model for assessing learning across the curriculum. Participating were teachers, administrators, library media specialists, and Kansas State Board of Education curriculum specialists. During the 1995-96 school year the committee presented the model to teachers and library media specialists at professional meetings and workshops for reactions. The model has been revised and is being tested in Kansas schools during the 1996-97 school year.
The model is based on the “Big Six” model for information problem-solving by Eisenberg and Berkowitz (1990) and is derived from an analysis of Kansas content standards for language arts, social studies, mathematics, science, reading, and library media. The model divides student assignments in these six subject areas into five parts, using terminology from the standards for each subject. Rubrics have been developed for each of the five parts of an assignment. This paper will recount development of the model, delineate elements of the model, reveal preliminary findings of the current research project which tests the model, and discuss implications for implementing the model.
ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN BUAH PALA (Myristica fragrans) MENGGUNAKAN FUNGSI BOLTZMANN
Authors: Dalengkade Mario Nikolaus , Karwur Ferry Fredy 
Published: April 2021

Buah yang berasal dari Myristica fragrans merupakan sumber minyak atsiri dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi. Penelitian mengenai buah M. fragrans selama ini hanya memfokuskan pada indentifikasi senyawa bioaktif, penerapannya, dan yield-nya. Tapi penyelidikan mengenai perubahan fisik yakni diameter buah belum adanya pengkajian. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini memfokuskan pada perubahan diameter buah menggunakan fungsi Boltzmann , dan penggunaan fungsi yang dimaksud menunjukan luaran berupa garfik sigmoid semilogaritma. Dari grafik tersebut mencirikan tiga fase perubahan kumulatif diameter. Fase pertama terjadi selama tiga minggu, fase ke dua delapan minggu, dan fase ketiga yakni dua minggu. Disamping itu interpretasi mampu menjelaskan sebab akibat perubahan diameter tersebut.
The Salaries of Officials and Officers in the Russian Empire
Authors: Mironov Boris N. , Surer Jan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article analyzes changes in both the nominal and real salaries of Russian officials and officers. The study draws upon data concerning provincial administrations, which employed a significant portion of officials, and the infantry, in which most of the officer corps served, from the introduction of monetary salaries in 1763 (for officials) and in 1711 (for officers) to 1913. A table of the changes in nominal salaries was compiled from legislative and regulatory documents, and, with the use of a consumer price index constructed by the author, time series of the real salaries of officials and officers of various ranks were obtained by decades over 150 years.
Constitutional Reform and the Value of Social Citizenship
Authors: Smyth Regina , Sokhey Sarah Wilson 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Viewed through the lens of social policy, Russia’s 2020 constitutional reform codifies existing priorities without addressing the issues that have fragmented the meaning of social citizenship. Placing these changes in theoretical and historical context, we identify the core causes of inequity in the social welfare system, the sustained gap between state promises, and Russians’ lived experience. Our case studies highlight the sources of shared social grievances and the obstacles to national collective action that maintain stability in the facing of increased localized protest actions. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of observing the opposing forces of continuity and change in Russian politics as they define and redefine the meaning of social citizenship.
From Constitution to Law: Implementing the 2020 Russian Constitutional Changes
Authors: Noble Ben , Petrov Nikolay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although 4 July 2020 saw the coming into force of constitutional changes in Russia, this was far from the end of the story. Most clearly, these changes to the 1993 constitution required implementation, including through amendments to, and the writing of new pieces of, federal legislation. In part, this process was the mundane work of legal bureaucrats, tweaking and creating many pieces of legislation to reflect the new constitutional text. But the implementation process also reveals much more about the broader constitutional reform project. This article reviews the implementation process, discussing its complexity, the improvisation shown when fleshing out certain new constitutional details, its relationship with other political developments, and the chasm laid bare between Putin’s promise of the rebalancing of power in his 15 January 2020 Address to the Federal Assembly versus the reality of reform in practice.
Association of hospital characteristics with outcomes for pediatric neurosurgical accidental trauma patients
Authors: Samuels Shenae , Kimball Rebekah , Hagerty Vivian , Levene Tamar , Levene Howard B. , Spader Heather 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE
In the pediatric population, few studies have examined outcomes for neurosurgical accidental trauma care based on hospital characteristics. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between hospital ownership type and children's hospital designation with primary outcomes.

METHODS
This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project 2006, 2009, and 2012 Kids’ Inpatient Database. Primary outcomes, including inpatient mortality, length of stay (LOS), and favorable discharge disposition, were assessed for all pediatric neurosurgery patients who underwent a neurosurgical procedure and were discharged with a primary diagnosis of accidental traumatic brain injury.

RESULTS
Private, not-for-profit hospitals (OR 2.08, p = 0.034) and freestanding children's hospitals (OR 2.88, p = 0.004) were predictors of favorable discharge disposition. Private, not-for-profit hospitals were also associated with reduced inpatient mortality (OR 0.34, p = 0.005). A children's unit in a general hospital was associated with a reduction in hospital LOS by almost 2 days (p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS
Management at freestanding children's hospitals correlated with more favorable discharge dispositions for pediatric patients with accidental trauma who underwent neurosurgical procedures. Management within a children's unit in a general hospital was also associated with reduced LOS. By hospital ownership type, private, not-for-profit hospitals were associated with decreased inpatient mortality and more favorable discharge dispositions.
Robotic thermocoagulative hemispherotomy: concept, feasibility, outcomes, and safety of a new “bloodless” technique
Authors: Chandra P. Sarat , Doddamani Ramesh , Girishan Shabari , Samala Raghu , Agrawal Mohit , Garg Ajay , Ramanujam Bhargavi , Tripathi Madhavi , Bal Chandrashekar , Nehra Ashima , Tripathi Manjari 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE
The authors present a new “bloodless” technique for minimally invasive robotic thermocoagulative hemispherotomy (ROTCH). Such a method is being described in the literature for the first time.

METHODS
A robotic system was used to plan five sets of different trajectories: anterior disconnection, middle disconnection, posterior disconnection, corpus callosotomy, and temporal stem and amygdalar disconnection. A special technique, called the “X” technique, allowed planar disconnection. Registration was performed with surface landmarks (n = 5) and bone fiducials (n = 1). Coregistration with O-arm images was performed one or two times to confirm the trajectories (once for middle disconnection, and once for disconnection of the temporal stem and amygdala or body of the corpus callosum). Impedance measured before ablation allowed for minor adjustments. Radiofrequency ablation was performed at 75°C–80°C for 60 seconds. Surgical procedures were performed with multiple twist drills. After removal of the electrode, glue was used to prevent CSF leak, and a single stitch was applied. Follow-up CT and MRI were immediately performed.

RESULTS
The pathologies included Rasmussen's encephalitis (n = 2), hemispheric cortical dysplasia (n = 2), posttraumatic encephalomalacia (n = 1), and perinatal insult (n = 1). The mean ± SD (range) age was 6.7 ± 3.6 years (5 months to 10.2 years), and the right side was affected in 4 patients. The mean ± SD seizure frequency was 7.4 ± 5.6 seizures per day (1 patient had epilepsia partialis continua). The mean ± SD number of trajectories was 15.3 ± 2.5, and the mean ± SD number of lesions was 108 ± 25.8. The mean ± SD maximum numbers of trajectories and lesions required for middle disconnection were 7.1 ± 1.7 and 57.5 ± 18.4, respectively. All but 1 patient had class 1 outcomes according to the International League Against Epilepsy Outcome Scale at a mean ± SD (range) follow-up of 13.5 ± 1.6 (12–16) months; the remaining patient had a class 2 outcome. The estimated blood loss was < 5 ml for all patients. Complications included repeat surgery (after 2 weeks) for a “skip” area (n = 1) and a small temporal hematoma (n = 1), which resolved.

CONCLUSIONS
ROTCH seems to be a safe, feasible, and bloodless procedure, with a very low morbidity rate and promising outcomes.
Development of best practices in the utilization and implementation of pediatric cervical spine traction: a modified Delphi study
Authors: Alexiades Nikita G. , Shao Belinda , Braga Bruno P. , Bonfield Christopher M. , Brockmeyer Douglas L. , Browd Samuel R. , DiLuna Michael , Groves Mari L. , Hankinson Todd C. , Jea Andrew , Leonard Jeffrey R. , Lew Sean M. , Limbrick David D. , Mangano Francesco T. , Martin Jonathan , Pahys Joshua , Powers Alexander , Proctor Mark R. , Rodriguez Luis , Rozzelle Curtis , Storm Phillip B. , Anderson Richard C. E. 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE
Cervical traction in pediatric patients is an uncommon but invaluable technique in the management of cervical trauma and deformity. Despite its utility, little empirical evidence exists to guide its implementation, with most practitioners employing custom or modified adult protocols. Expert-based best practices may improve the care of children undergoing cervical traction. In this study, the authors aimed to build consensus and establish best practices for the use of pediatric cervical traction in order to enhance its utilization, safety, and efficacy.

METHODS
A modified Delphi method was employed to try to identify areas of consensus regarding the utilization and implementation of pediatric cervical spine traction. A literature review of pediatric cervical traction was distributed electronically along with a survey of current practices to a group of 20 board-certified pediatric neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons with expertise in the pediatric cervical spine. Sixty statements were then formulated and distributed to the group. The results of the second survey were discussed during an in-person meeting leading to further consensus. Consensus was defined as ≥ 80% agreement on a 4-point Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree).

RESULTS
After the initial round, consensus was achieved with 40 statements regarding the following topics: goals, indications, and contraindications of traction (12), pretraction imaging (6), practical application and initiation of various traction techniques (8), protocols in trauma and deformity patients (8), and management of traction-related complications (6). Following the second round, an additional 9 statements reached consensus related to goals/indications/contraindications of traction (4), related to initiation of traction (4), and related to complication management (1). All participants were willing to incorporate the consensus statements into their practice.

CONCLUSIONS
In an attempt to improve and standardize the use of cervical traction in pediatric patients, the authors have identified 49 best-practice recommendations, which were generated by reaching consensus among a multidisciplinary group of pediatric spine experts using a modified Delphi technique. Further study is required to determine if implementation of these practices can lead to reduced complications and improved outcomes for children.