bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management and outcomes of a COVID‐19 outbreak in a nursing home with predominantly Black residents
Authors: Beiting Kimberly J. , Huisingh‐Scheetz Megan , Walker Jacob , Graupner Jeffrey , Martinchek Michelle , Thompson Katherine , Levine Stacie , Gleason Lauren J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesFew studies present clinical management approaches and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreaks in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). We describe outcomes of a clinical management pathway for a large COVID‐19 outbreak in an urban SNF with predominantly racial minority (>90% black), medically complex, older residents.DesignSingle‐center, retrospective, and observational cohort study (March 1, 2020–May 31, 2020).Setting and ParticipantsAll subacute and long‐term care residents at an urban SNF between March 1, 2020 and May 31, 2020 (Chicago, IL).InterventionA multicomponent management pathway was developed to manage a large COVID‐19 outbreak in an SNF.MeasurementsChart review was used to extract demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, lab results, and clinical outcomes over 12 weeks, which were summarized and compared between residents with and without COVID‐19.ResultsA multicomponent clinical management pathway was used to care for residents with COVID‐19, which included frequent scheduled clinical and laboratory evaluation, use of intravenous fluids, supplemental oxygen, antibiotics when indicated, and goals‐of‐care discussions. Of the 204 residents, 172 (84.3%) tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 during the 3‐month period, with 50.5% symptomatic, 9.3% presymptomatic, and 24.5% asymptomatic, with a 30‐day mortality rate of 15.7%. Predominant symptoms were low‐grade fever >99 °F, anorexia, delirium, and fatigue. While in the facility, approximately one‐quarter of residents experienced hypernatremia [Na > 145 mEq/L] (24.5%), acute kidney injury [Cr > 0.03 mg/dL or 1.5× baseline] (29.7%), or leukopenia [WBC < 4.8 1000/mm3] (39.4%).ConclusionWe present the first available clinical strategy guiding the medical management of a COVID‐19 syndrome in an urban SNF, caring for largely black residents, which may lead to improved mortality.
The link between product service lifetime and GHG emissions: A comparative study for different consumer products
Authors: Glöser‐Chahoud Simon , Pfaff Matthias , Schultmann Frank 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe production, use, and final disposal of goods are directly linked to various environmental impacts caused along their supply chains and over their entire life cycles. When assessing these impacts for energy‐consuming products such as consumer electronics, not only the emissions caused during production but also the energy consumption during the use phase need to be taken into account in order to provide a holistic view on environmental impacts. However, the interplay between a product's lifetime, reduction of demand through higher durability, energy consumption, and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cannot be generalized but requires very specific analyses, which take into account product‐related aspects and their temporal changes as well as the (changing) properties of the energy and use system. This contribution provides a quantitative assessment of the interrelation between product lifetime and environmental impacts, particularly GHG emissions, using refrigerators and mobile phones as exemplary products with differing characteristics. Whereas in the case of refrigerators, the strongest impact is caused during the use phase because of high energy consumption and related emissions, mobile phones as representatives of classical consumer electronics have their highest environmental impact during production. To assess impacts for both product categories, two simulation models of product life cycles based on methods from dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) are linked with life cycle inventory (LCI) data and LCA results for the respective products, focusing on the impact category of global warming potential (GWP). By systematically evaluating different scenarios, we show major influences on the overall GHG emissions over a product's lifetime capturing temporal developments and modifications within the target system at European scale. In the case of refrigerators, we show that there is a trend towards increasing optimum lifetimes and that current energy efficiency improvements of new devices do not justify early replacement of older devices and, hence, a reduction of service lifetime. This is also because the GHG emissions of electricity production have continuously decreased with an increasing share of renewable energy sources. Regarding mobile phones, we emphasize the counterproductive effect of unused storage time (hibernation) when taking efforts for increasing the service lifetimes aiming at a reduction of demand for new, resource‐consuming devices.
Cost‐effective Analyses of an Urban Public School District's Classroom Breakfast Program
Authors: Walker Elaine , Sutherland Marcia E. , Coppola Nanci , Williams‐Barker Annalesa 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUNDWe assessed the cost‐effectiveness and student outcomes related to providing breakfast in the classroom (BIC) setting versus breakfast in the traditional school cafeteria (Cafe).METHODSThe sample included 2906 African American and Hispanic students attending urban elementary and middle schools in a city in the Northeastern United States. Teachers and other school personnel completed interviews. Teachers completed an online survey.RESULTSSchool absences were lower for students in the BIC program than in the Cafe program. The school suspension rate was lower for the BIC students than the Cafe students. A larger percentage of BIC students (80%) ate breakfast than Cafe students (30%). The BIC program was more cost‐effective than the Cafe program.CONCLUSIONSOur findings demonstrate that low‐income students in the BIC program showed improved attendance and increased breakfast consumption. Students who consume a healthy in‐class breakfast may develop better eating habits and academic performance.
Dorsal mediastinal haemorrhage in dogs: 4 cases (2010–2018)
Authors: Peak K. , Walker D. , Agthe P. 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThis retrospective case series describes the clinical presentation and CT findings of dogs with presumed mediastinal haemorrhage with no apparent identifiable underlying cause.Materials and MethodsMedical records were searched for dogs with presumed or suspected mediastinal haemorrhage of non‐thymic origin. For all dogs, data on signalment, history, physical examination, treatment and outcome were collected by reviewing the medical records. Follow‐up information was collected by telephone interviews with the owners and/or their primary‐care veterinarians.ResultsFour dogs were included. All survived to discharge with apparent resolution of the mediastinal haemorrhage (based on repeat imaging and/or clinical signs) with supportive treatment alone. Follow‐up information was available from 2 months to 5 years following discharge, and none of the patients showed a recurrence of clinical signs during this period.Clinical SignificanceThis case series highlights that presumed haemorrhage into the mediastinum can occur in dogs without an obviously identifiable cause and, whilst rare, should be considered as a cause of dorsal mediastinal masses and may be successfully managed with supportive care alone.
Complex reticulate evolution of speckled brush‐furred rats (Lophuromys) in the Ethiopian centre of endemism
Authors: Komarova Valeria A. , Kostin Danila S. , Bryja Josef , Mikula Ondřej , Bryjová Anna , Čížková Dagmar , Šumbera Radim , Meheretu Yonas , Lavrenchenko Leonid A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Ethiopian highlands represent a remarkable biodiversity ‘hot spot’ with a very high number of endemic species, even among vertebrates. Ethiopian representatives of a species complex of speckled brush‐furred rats (Lophuromys flavopunctatus sensu lato) inhabit highland habitats ranging from low‐elevation forests to Afroalpine grasslands. These may serve as a suitable model for understanding evolutionary processes leading to high genetic and ecological diversity in montane biodiversity hot spots. Here, we analyse the most comprehensive genetic data set of this group, comprising 315 specimens (all nine putative Ethiopian Lophuromys taxa sampled across most of their distribution ranges) genotyped at one mitochondrial and four nuclear markers, and thousands of SNPs from ddRAD sequencing. We performed phylogenetic analyses, delimited species and mapped their distribution and estimated divergence time between species (under the species‐tree framework) and mitochondrial lineages. We found significant incongruence between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies, most probably caused by multiple interspecific introgression events. We discuss alternative scenarios of Ethiopian Lophuromys evolution, from retention of ancestral polymorphism to hybridization upon secondary contact of partially reproductively isolated lineages leading to reticulate evolution. Finally, we use the diversity of the speckled brush‐furred rats for the description of the main biogeographic patterns in the fauna of the Ethiopian highlands.
Diagnostic yield of a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan assay in patients with negative serum galactomannan results suspected to have invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Lim So Yun , Lee Yun Woo , Jung Jiwon , Kim Min Jae , Chong Yong Pil , Lee Sang‐Oh , Choi Sang‐Ho , Kim Yang Soo , Choi Eun‐Ji , Park Han‐Seung , Lee Jung‐Hee , Lee Je‐Hwan , Lee Kyoo‐Hyung , Kim Sung‐Han 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesThere are limited data in real clinical practice on the diagnostic value of a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid galactomannan (GM) assay in patients with suspected invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) who had negative serum GM results. Thus, we investigated the diagnostic performance of a BAL GM assay in patients with negative serum GM assay results who were suspected to have IPA.MethodsThis retrospective study was performed between May 2008 and April 2019 at a tertiary‐care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. All patients with suspected IPA whose serum GM assays revealed negative results who sequentially underwent BAL were enrolled in this study.ResultsA total of 341 patients with suspected IPA including four cases of proven IPA, 38 cases of probable IPA, 107 cases of possible IPA and 192 patients without IPA were enrolled. Of these 341 patients, 107 (31%) with possible IPA were excluded from the final analysis. Of 42 patients with proven and probable IPA who had initial negative serum GM results, 24 (57%) had positive BAL GM results (n = 24) or BAL fungal culture results (n = 8). In addition, BAL revealed evidence of other opportunistic infections including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (14% [26/190]), cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia (5% [9/188]) and respiratory viral pneumonia (6% [12/193]).ConclusionSequential BAL in patients with suspected IPA who had initial negative serum GM results provided additional diagnostic yield in approximately half of patients with evidence of another co‐infection.
Comparison of the effectiveness of Ankaferd Blood Stopper® and Emdogain in periodontal regeneration
Authors: Güler Şevki , Cetinkaya Burcu Ozkan , Kurt Bayrakdar Sevda , Ayas Bülent , Keles Gonca Cayir 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of Ankaferd Blood Stopper® (ABS) with enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) for treating fenestration defects in rats.Materials and MethodsForty‐eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (each n = 8). Fenestration defects were created in all rats, to which ABS, EMD, or saline (S) was then applied. The rats were grouped and sacrificed at one of two different time points, as follows: ABS‐10‐group, ABS‐treatment/sacrifice on day 10; EMD‐10‐group, EMD‐treatment/sacrifice on day 10; S‐10‐group, S‐treatment/sacrifice on day 10; ABS‐38‐group, ABS‐treatment/sacrifice on day 38; EMD‐38‐group, EMD‐treatment/sacrifice on day 38; and S‐38‐group, S‐treatment/sacrifice on day 38. Then, histomorphometric analysis including measurements of new bone area (NBA) and new bone ratio (NBR), and immunohistochemical analysis including the determination of osteopontin (OPN) and type‐III‐collagen (C‐III) expression were performed.ResultsThe NBA and NBR were significantly higher in the ABS‐10‐group and EMD‐10‐group compared to the S‐10‐group (p < .05), and in the EMD‐38‐group compared to the S‐38‐group (p < .05). The levels of C‐III and OPN immunoreactivity were significantly higher in the ABS‐10‐group compared to the S‐10‐group (p < .017).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggested that ABS can promote early periodontal regeneration, although its efficacy seems to decrease over time.
Congenital cutaneous non‐neural granular cell tumor mimicking herpetic infection: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Mancuso Jennifer Brescoll , Haddock Ellen S. , Tucker Suzanne , Newbury Robert , Hinds Brian , Tom Wynnis L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present a case of a female neonate with a cluster of six skin colored to yellowish pseudovesicular papules on her right forearm present since birth, initially thought to be a herpes simplex virus infection. Punch biopsy with immunostaining revealed a diagnosis of S100‐negative, CD163‐positive congenital cutaneous non‐neural granular cell tumor. Only four other reports are presented in the literature of this entity, three of which also presented on the arm with somewhat similar clinical findings. We briefly reviewed the subtypes of classic and S100‐negative non‐neural granular cell tumors.
An Unconfident Public: Explaining Perceptions of the 2016 Presidential Nominations
Authors: Jewitt Caitlin E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUsing an AP‐NORC survey, I analyze the impact of the electoral rules, voter demographics, and perceptions of the 2016 nominations on confidence in the fairness of the presidential nominations. I reveal that perceptions of outsider candidates affect confidence in the parties' processes. Believing that superdelegates are a good idea is associated with feeling more confident. Also, when citizens experience an electoral environment that matches what they believe to be the fairer rule, higher levels of confidence in the fairness of the processes result. These findings matter not only in their own right, but also for the potential influence on participation, the legitimacy of democracy, and party decisions about nominating rules.
Multilevel Climate Governance, Anticipatory Adaptation, and the Vulnerability‐Readiness Nexus
Authors: Kim Hyun , Marcouiller David W. , Woosnam Kyle Maurice 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAdapting to the social, economic, environmental, and health threats resulting from climate change requires successful multilevel governance and improved decision‐making processes. In this study, we evaluate explanatory relationships that support climate change adaptation. Based on the existing literature, we develop and apply a mixed‐methods approach to examine refined drivers of the vulnerability‐readiness nexus. This study examines the context of multilevel governance and the role of anticipatory adaptation in coping with climate risks at the county level in the U.S. Mississippi River Basin between 1990 and 2010. Our focus is on adaptation to climate change within the context of multilevel governance. Our results suggest that anticipatory adaptation and higher levels of regional capacities are particularly effective in adapting to climate change.
Fan Aerodynamics With a Short Intake at High Angle of Attack
Authors: Mohankumar Ben , Hall Cesare A. , Wilson Mark J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fans that are designed to maintain thrust at the high angle of attack (AOA) flight condition could exploit the cruise fuel burn benefit of a shorter intake design. This article considers how the fan rotor radial pressure ratio distribution and tip velocity triangle can be designed to improve thrust when coupled to a short intake operating at high AOA. Two AOA values are investigated using unsteady computational fluid dynamics: 20 deg (attached flow) and 35 deg (separated flow). Thrust at high AOA is governed by three key loss and work input mechanisms. (i) Rotor choking loss: flow is accelerated around the intake bottom lip and enters the rotor with high Mach numbers. Fans designed with a tip-high radial pressure ratio distribution reduced choking loss with a separated intake compared to a mid-high design, particularly when the tip velocity triangle was designed with high diffusion instead of high camber. (ii) Rotor–separation interaction loss: the rotor ingests low mass flow when operating inside the separation and the casing boundary layer separates. High diffusion tip designs strengthened the casing separation, but this penalty did not outweigh improved choking loss. (iii) Work input in radial flows: high AOA generates strong radial flows through the rotor, which alter both the amount and the way work is imparted on the flow. Fans designed with a mid-high radial pressure ratio distribution imparted high work on streamlines migrating toward the hub. Consolidating these findings, we propose two design philosophies for improved thrust at high AOA: high work (mid-high radial pressure ratio distribution) or low loss (tip-high radial pressure ratio distribution with high diffusion tip velocity triangle).
Effect of Axial Casing Groove Geometry on Rotor-Groove Interactions in the Tip Region of a Compressor
Authors: Koley Subhra Shankha , Chen Huang , Saraswat Ayush , Katz Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This experimental study characterizes the interactions of axial casing grooves (ACGs) with the flow in the tip region of an axial turbomachine. The tests involve grooves with the same inlet overlapping with the rotor blade leading edge, but with different exit directions located upstream. Among them, U grooves, whose circumferential outflow opposes the blade motion, achieve a 60% reduction in stall flowrate, but degrade the efficiency around the best efficiency point (BEP) by 2%. The S grooves, whose outlets are parallel to the blade rotation, improve the stall flowrate by only 36%, but do not degrade the BEP performance. To elucidate the mechanisms involved, stereo-PIV measurements covering the tip region and interior of grooves are performed in a refractive index-matched facility. At low flowrates, the inflow into both grooves, which peaks when they are aligned with the blade pressure side (PS), rolls up into a large vortex that lingers within the groove. By design, the outflow from S grooves is circumferentially positive. For the U grooves, fast circumferentially negative outflow peaks at the base of each groove, causing substantial periodic variations in the flow angle near the blade leading edge. At BEP, interactions with both grooves become milder, and most of the tip leakage vortex (TLV) remains in the passage. Interactions with the S grooves are limited; hence, they do not degrade the efficiency. In contrast, the inflow into and outflow from the U grooves reverses direction, causing entrainment of secondary flows, which likely contribute to the reduced BEP efficiency.
Shock metamorphism in samples from the Shili impact structure (Kazakhstan) and discussion of its size and age
Authors: Ferrière* Ludovic , Rajpriye Siddharth , Sapozhnikov Pavel , Baimagambetov Baurzhan 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Four impact structures are known from the Republic of Kazakhstan, most of which have been poorly studied. This includes the Shili impact structure, an ~1.5-km-wide circular feature visible in satellite imagery. It is located in the western part of Kazakhstan, in the Aktobe Region, where the structure is centered at 49°10.5′N and 57°50′E. While the structure was first considered to be a salt diapir, its impact origin was confirmed in 1989 based on the findings of rare shocked quartz grains and a few poorly developed “shatter cones.” In this contribution, we report the results of a field campaign and a detailed petrographic investigation of 15 quartz sandstone samples. We confirm the presence of rare shocked quartz grains with planar fractures (PFs) and planar deformation features (PDFs). The characterization of shocked quartz allows us to not only confirm the impact origin of the structure, but also to estimate a shock pressure of at least 16 GPa (with a local peak-shock pressure of at least 20 GPa) for some of the rocks now outcropping at the surface. Signs of postimpact hydrothermal alteration include the decoration of many of the PDFs and the occurrence of fractures filled with secondary silica in a few samples. The name and some statistics commonly reported for this structure are also discussed. We suggest the structure be referred as “Shili,” after the name of a nearby river and also that of a phytonym. The minimum original diameter of the Shili impact crater is estimated at ~4–5 km based on a minimum central uplift diameter of 1 km. An early Eocene to Pliocene age for the formation of the Shili impact structure is inferred based on stratigraphy.
Sharing a household with children and risk of COVID-19: a study of over 300 000 adults living in healthcare worker households in Scotland
Authors: Wood Rachael , Thomson Emma , Galbraith Robert , Gribben Ciara , Caldwell David , Bishop Jennifer , Reid Martin , Shah Anoop S V , Templeton Kate , Goldberg David , Robertson Chris , Hutchinson Sharon J , Colhoun Helen M , McKeigue Paul M , McAllister David A 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveChildren are relatively protected from COVID-19, due to a range of potential mechanisms. We investigated if contact with children also affords adults a degree of protection from COVID-19.DesignCohort study based on linked administrative data.SettingScotland.Study populationAll National Health Service Scotland healthcare workers and their household contacts as of March 2020.Main exposureNumber of young children (0–11 years) living in the participant’s household.Main outcomesCOVID-19 requiring hospitalisation, and any COVID-19 (any positive test for SARS-CoV-2) in adults aged ≥18 years between 1 March and 12 October 2020.Results241 266, 41 198, 23 783 and 3850 adults shared a household with 0, 1, 2 and 3 or more young children, respectively. Over the study period, the risk of COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation was reduced progressively with increasing numbers of household children—fully adjusted HR (aHR) 0.93 per child (95% CI 0.79 to 1.10). The risk of any COVID-19 was similarly reduced, with the association being statistically significant (aHR per child 0.93; 95% CI 0.88 to 0.98). After schools reopened to all children in August 2020, no association was seen between exposure to young children and risk of any COVID-19 (aHR per child 1.03; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.14).ConclusionBetween March and October 2020, living with young children was associated with an attenuated risk of any COVID-19 and COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation among adults living in healthcare worker households. There was no evidence that living with young children increased adults’ risk of COVID-19, including during the period after schools reopened.