bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic frequency-dependent characteristics of PP- and PS-waves in partially saturated double-porosity rocks
Authors: Qin Xilin , Gui Zhixian , Yang Fei , Liu Yuanyuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMost frequency-dependent AVO inversions are currently based on an approximate equation derived using an isotropic medium. However, actual reservoirs usually show anisotropy, such as shale reservoirs, tight sandstone reservoirs and fractured reservoirs. We propose a joint frequency-dependent AVO (JFAVO) inversion in an anisotropic medium based on a periodic layered double-porosity medium. This JFAVO will allow us to quantitatively study the influence of fluids on the dispersion of PP- and PS-wave velocities and anisotropic parameters. First, we used a double-porosity medium to analyse the frequency-dependent characteristics of velocities and anisotropy parameters. We found that the anisotropic parameters show obvious dispersions, similar to those of velocities. Then, we derived the JFAVO inversion based on Rüger's equation to extract the dispersion of velocities and anisotropic parameters. Finally, we analysed the stability and applicability of the inversion algorithm, and used three sets of models to analyse the sensitivity of dispersion properties to fluids. The numerical analysis results show that PP-wave velocity dispersion and anisotropic parameter δ dispersion are sensitive to fluids, whereas, the velocity dispersion of the PS-wave is not. When saturation exceeds 80%, the velocity dispersion and anisotropic parameter dispersion properties are not sensitive to fluids.
An Application of Damped Diffusion for Modeling Volatility Dynamics
Authors: Hung Mao-Wei , Ko Yi-Chen , Wang Jr-Yan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a damped constant elasticity variance (CEV) stochastic volatility (DCEV) model, which remedies the possible explosive behavior of the CEV model and also accommodates the mean-reverting dynamics more appropriately than the nonlinear drift (NLD) stochastic volatility model. As the DCEV model maintains the linear drift, an analytic formula is available to efficiently infer latent variances from VIX levels, after which both its physical and risk-neutral parameters can be simultaneously estimated with the maximum-likelihood approach given S&P 500 returns and inferred variances. The DCEV model outperforms the CEV and NLD models in in-sample fitting performance and in out-of-sample variance forecasting under the physical measure. It also exhibits superior ability in out-of-sample option pricing over the CEV and Heston’s (1993) models under the risk-neutral measure. This satisfactory performance demonstrates the suitability of describing volatility dynamics with the DCEV model and the potential of applying this to study other issues.
The professional project of graphic designers and universities’ visual identities
Authors: Moldenæs Turid , Pettersen Hilde Marie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Contrary to earlier research on why universities change their visual identities from traditional to more abstract ones, resting on a demand-side approach, we offer an explanation based on a supply-side approach. We argue that universities’ change of visual identities toward abstract symbols reflects a professional logic shared by graphic designers and discuss the mechanisms and institutional agents that have fueled the professional project of graphic designers and the institutionalization of their professional logic. Simultaneously, we make visible the role of a professional group—the graphic designers—that have escaped the gaze of earlier organizational research.
An episode of giddy, irritable mood with increased energy and goal-directed activity
Authors: Smith Joshua R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania and major depressive episodes. The diagnostic criteria for mania require the presence of distinct periods of abnormal mood characterized by euphoria, expansiveness, or irritability. The change in mood is accompanied by increased activity or energy as well as other symptoms such as grandiosity, decreased sleep, increased speech, flight of ideas, distractibility, agitation, and increased involvement in risky behaviors. The assessment of bipolar disorder should include a detailed psychiatric history ascertaining the presence of current or previous mood symptoms. Children and adolescents are more likely to present with either rapidly fluctuating or a mixed mood state. Bipolar disorder is associated with high relapse rates, even among those receiving treatment. The first-line medication class is second-generation antipsychotics. Additional psychosocial treatments such as psychoeducation, psychotherapy, and community engagement can also be helpful.
Chronically irritable mood with frequent temper outbursts
Authors: Deaver Lauren N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a new diagnostic addition to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The core feature of the disorder is chronic, severe, and persistent irritability that manifests as frequent temper outbursts that are inconsistent with the patient’s developmental level. The temper outbursts can be verbal or behavioral including physical aggression or property destruction. Between outbursts, the child remains persistently irritable or angry for most of the day, nearly every day. These symptoms persist across time and settings and are easily observable by others. Psychotherapeutic interventions including parent training and individual psychotherapy are critical components of a comprehensive treatment plan. Since DMDD is a new diagnosis, there are no published randomized controlled medication trials. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or second-generation antipsychotics may be considered for decreasing irritability.
Recurrent episodes of intense fear, shortness of breath, racing heart, and sweating
Authors: Macenski Christina L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Panic disorder consists of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks accompanied by persistent worry about future attacks and/or a maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks. A panic attack is defined as an abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes that occurs in conjunction with several other associated symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Features of panic disorder that are more common in adolescents than in adults include less worry about additional panic attacks and decreased willingness to openly discuss their symptoms. All patients with suspected panic disorder should undergo a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory workup to exclude medical causes of panic attacks. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) including interoceptive exposures is the gold standard therapy intervention. Medications including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) can also help reduce symptoms.
A girl without stranger danger
Authors: Deaver Lauren N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) is a rare disorder of childhood affecting a small number of children who experience extreme neglect or abuse in early childhood such as institutional rearing. The characteristic feature of DSED is disinhibited, socially indiscriminate social behavior that begins prior to the age of five years. Children with DSED exhibit reduced reticence in approaching unfamiliar adults, overly familiar behavior, lack of checking back with their caregiver after venturing away, and willingness to leave with an unfamiliar adult. The assessment includes a psychiatric evaluation and observation of how the child interacts with their caregiver and unfamiliar adults. There are no medication treatments for DSED; however, psychiatric comorbidities may benefit from psychopharmacology. The cornerstone of treatment for DSED is providing the child with an emotionally available attachment figure. It may be necessary to limit the child’s exposure to strangers for several months to reduce socially indiscriminate behaviors.
Pain and immunity
Authors: Beggs Simon 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and immune system are inextricably linked. The complexity of their interactions is still being unraveled, but the list of processes mediated wholly or in part by neuroimmune interactions continues to grow. The influence of the immune system is crucial for normal nervous system development both pre- and postnatally, for maintaining neuronal homeostasis in the mature CNS and modulating synaptic plasticity. Aberrations in this crosstalk have been implicated in many neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. It is not feasible to explore neuronal function at any point in the lifespan, in health or disease, without considering the influence of the immune system. In the adult animal it is now well established that pain chronicity is maintained by immune influence upon the neuronal nociceptive system, although, fascinatingly, there is now evidence for a marked sexual dimorphism in how the immune and nervous systems interact. This holds true for pain in early life, where the two still-developing systems provide a very different environment to mediate nociception and pain. Of particular interest is how the immune system and sex interact to early life painful events to prime pain responses in later life.
Pediatric chronic pain and mental health
Authors: Pavlova Maria , Miller Jillian Vinall , McGrath Patrick J. , Noel Melanie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pediatric chronic pain is prevalent, disabling, and costly. Even if resolved by adulthood, chronic pain confers a heightened risk of developing mental health problems. Indeed, chronic pain is often comorbid with mental health problems, particularly anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These comorbidities are tied to decreased functioning, increased suffering, and poor treatment response. Yet, mental health is rarely directly addressed in pediatric chronic pain treatments. In this chapter, we review epidemiological evidence of co-occurring chronic pain and mental health problems, relevant theoretical models to account for this co-occurrence, and proposed intrapersonal, interpersonal, and neurobiological factors that may underlie these comorbidities. An overview of existing treatments and their efficacy in addressing co-occurring pain and mental health problems is supplemented by a clinician’s perspective on treating chronic pain comorbid with psychological symptoms. We outline future research directions and advocate for an urgent need to assess and treat mental health in youth with chronic pain.
Sleep and pain in children and adolescents
Authors: de la Vega Rocío , Dudeney Joanne , Palermo Tonya M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of sleep assessment and evidence-based treatment of sleep difficulties in children and adolescents with chronic pain. We begin with a review of sleep measures in a number of domains, providing recommendations of well-established subjective measures that have demonstrated reliability and validity in pediatric pain populations. We review the use of objective measures of sleep, including actigraphy to assess sleep patterns in youth with chronic pain, and polysomnography to assess sleep architecture and diagnose sleep disordered breathing. We describe the indications for referrals for overnight sleep studies. Because of the high prevalence of insomnia in youth with chronic pain we emphasize treatment of insomnia treatment, including an overview of the core strategies. Finally, we illustrate clinical assessment and management of sleep problems in a case example of an adolescent with chronic pain.
Pain management in major pediatric trauma and burns
Authors: Palmer Greta M. , Babl Franz E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pain management in major pediatric trauma and burns remains challenging. The care phases include prehospital, the Emergency Department, ward, and intensive care, with multiple operative and procedural interventions (as inpatients and, later, outpatients). Distress, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (from the primary event, and in-hospital and postdischarge course), itch, deranged sleep, nociceptive and neuropathic pain occur frequently and can persist. This chapter presents the pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions employed during the various phases to address pain and associated issues in major trauma and burns patients.
Needle procedures
Authors: Taddio Anna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
All children undergo needle procedures as part of routine medical care. Numerous interventions are available for relieving pain from needle procedures. These interventions can be divided into four domains (4 Ps of pain management): Procedural, pharmacological, psychological, and physical. Treating needle pain reduces pain and distress and improves satisfaction with medical care. Other potential benefits include a reduction in the development of needle fear and subsequent healthcare avoidance behavior. Adoption of the 4 Ps into routine clinical practice is feasible and should become a standard of care in the delivery of health care for children. There are various effective approaches for translating the research evidence into practice that target different stakeholders involved in children’s health care, including children, parents, health providers, and educators. This chapter is a narrative review of the current knowledge about epidemiology, pain experience, practices and attitudes, evidence-based interventions, and knowledge translation for pain management during common needle procedures.
Pain in sickle cell disease
Authors: Dampier Carlton , Sil Soumitri 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) presents a potentially complex pain disorder to clinicians. Pain from vaso-occlusion of sickle erythrocytes can occur in multiple musculoskeletal locations, several internal viscera such as the spleen, and the penis. Such pain is typically intermittent in childhood, shares features of acute pain with other pain disorders, and often responds to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid analgesics. Adolescents with SCD often experience more frequent pain, and those with bone disease in spine, hips, or shoulders may experience chronic pain. Like other chronic pain disorders, this pain often responds poorly to opioids, but there is limited current clinical or research data to support alternative medications. Many cognitive behavior strategies are helpful as part of multidisciplinary pain management, particularly in adolescents, who may also benefit from psychological support to treat coexistent mood disorders, to increase coping skills, and to support appropriate school and family functioning. Future advances in pharmacological and psychological therapies are needed to ameliorate the substantial burden of pain in children and adolescents with SCD.
Postoperative pain management
Authors: Williams Glyn , Howard Richard F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Admission to hospital for surgery is a significant and potentially traumatic event. Fear of separation, an unknown environment, anticipation of pain, painful procedures, or adverse effects are all prominent causes of anxiety and stress that can increase the perception of pain and impact on the quality of perioperative care. Postoperative pain management begins prior to surgery using a biopsychosocial approach that includes the prevention and pharmacological treatment of pain alongside a holistic and well-coordinated strategy that allays fears and anxieties, and allows children and their carers to participate in the selection and implementation of safe and suitable analgesia. A successful postoperative pain management program will include ongoing training of hospital staff, adequate preparation of children and families that provides timely verbal and written information, and the development and implementation of audited institutional analgesic protocols that ensure the safety and efficacy of pain-management strategies in a child-friendly and secure environment.
Common pain problems in the outpatient setting
Authors: Berberich F. Ralph 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews an oft neglected aspect of pediatric pain, namely that which accumulates over time in office settings, a series of recurring “minor” insults. Relatively little attention is paid to this office-related pain as it often is considered tolerable, even acceptable, and not worthy of systematic efforts and policies to reduce it. Office pain seems to lack the weight associated with more consequent procedures carried out in hospitals. The section includes general principles addressing pain reduction, pain that accompanies normative developmental processes such as teething, colic and “growing pains”; pain resulting from infections such as otitis media and pharyngitis; and pain from office procedures such as circumcision and foreign body removal.
Neonatal and infant pain assessment
Authors: Bueno Mariana , Eriksson Mats , Stevens Bonnie J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pain assessment is an essential foundation to mitigate pain and its consequences in the developing child. However, pain assessment in neonates and infants is challenging and, to date, there is no “gold standard” infant pain indicator, measure, or approach. This chapter encompasses (1) a comprehensive evaluation of the most current and well validated neonatal/infant pain assessment measures; (2) an overview on biomarkers and cortical indicators on neonatal/infant pain; (3) the integration of recommendations on pain-assessment measures and practices within clinical practice guidelines, policies, and procedures; and (4) challenges associated with neonatal and infant pain assessment in terms of research, clinical, and knowledge translation issues.
Opioids in clinical practice
Authors: Meng Howard , Campbell Fiona , Strassels Scott A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Opioid use in clinical practice has changed significantly since they were first introduced. Liberal prescribing of opioids has contributed to the opioid crisis. Recent efforts in reducing opioid-related harms have resulted in the curbing of opioid prescriptions, yet deaths continue to increase. Clinicians should be aware of the mechanism of action and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic differences between various types and formulations of opioids. These differences inform how each opioid is best used in various clinical scenarios. The benefits of opioid administration should be weighed against the risks of opioid-related harms. Clinicians should be familiar with strategies of opioid use in acute and chronic pain settings to optimize pain outcomes for children.
Procedural pain distraction
Authors: Cohen Lindsey L. , Wright Laura A. , Martin Sarah R. , Shih Sharon , Donati Matthew 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focus on distraction as an intervention for children’s acute medical pain. We start by highlighting the consequences of untreated procedural pain for children. Next, we discuss the theoretical rationale for distraction and its anesthetic qualities. Subsequently, we present the literature examining the effectiveness of distraction for lowering children’s distress associated with immunizations, venous access, burn debridement, and cancer treatments. Then we synthesize the distraction for procedural pain literature, and we highlight some of the issues to consider when conducting research or applying distraction in clinical settings. We conclude the chapter with a vignette, which illustrates some of the nuances to consider when applying and personalizing distraction for a child undergoing an acute painful procedure.
Theory-informed approaches to translating pain evidence into practice
Authors: Yamada Janet , Hutchinson Alison M. , Li Shelly-Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Despite great strides in evidence-based pain assessment and management strategies, infants and children still experience acute pain (including multiple painful procedures) and chronic pain during hospitalization. Translating best evidence on pain assessment and management into clinical practice remains a challenge. The knowledge- or evidence-to-practice gap in pain in children can be addressed by implementing strategies, underpinned by knowledge translation theories, frameworks, and models, to promote and sustain practice change. A range of factors related to the organizational context and individual behavior play a role in the adoption of new pain assessment and management practices.
Sociodemographic disparities in pediatric pain management
Authors: Huguet Anna , Ezenwa Miriam O. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to present a narrative review of research studies examining sociodemographic predictors of disparities in pain management in children and adolescents. Findings from this review suggest that there are racial/ethnic disparities in the management of pain, but it is still not clear whether disparities by age, sex, insurance status, and residential area exist owing to the conflicting results and/or the reduced number of studies published. For the studies in which evidence of sociodemographic disparities exist, it is not clear whether the statistically significant sociodemographic disparities were also clinically meaningful, and the goal is to determine predictors of disparities in pain management. Future studies need to focus on determining the clinical meaningfulness of other findings and systematically testing explanatory models for possible sociodemographic disparities in pediatric pain management. Adequately addressing these gaps will help to advance the science of sociodemographic disparities in pediatric pain management.
Interaction of the galactic-centre super bubbles with the gaseous disc
Authors: Sofue Yoshiaki , Kataoka Jun 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
The interaction of Galactic centre (GC) super bubbles (GSBs) with the gaseous disc and halo of the Milky Way is investigated using radio continuum, X-ray, H i, and CO line surveys. The radio North Polar Spur (NPS) constitutes the brightest eastern ridge of GSB, brightening towards the galactic plane and reaching l = 22○, b = +2○ at the sharpest end, where it intersects the tangential direction of the 3-kpc-expanding ring and crater. Examination of the spur ridges reveals that the entire GSB, including the NPS and its counter spurs, constitutes a GC-symmetrical Ω/ Ʊ shape. The thickness and gas density of the H i and CO discs are shown to increase sharply from the inside (lower longitude) to the outside the 3-kpc crater. Formation of crater is explained by the sweeping of the upper layer of disc gas by the shock wave from the GC by the explosion ∼10 My ago with the emitted energy of several 1055 erg. Based on the discussion, a unified view on the structure and formation mechanism of GSB is presented.