bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process design and network shape evaluation of multi-target collaborative navigation
Authors: Liu Rui , Greve Klaus , Jiang Nan , Cui Pengyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe spatial distribution of collaborative targets and the information collaboration process are two important factors affecting the efficiency of real-time collaborative navigation. Addressing these factors, this paper presents the following work. First, the collaborative communication process between navigation targets is designed and illustrated with an application example. Second, the feature and error condition of the spatial distribution of collaborative targets is analysed. Then, a method based on CGDOP (collaborative geometric dilution of precision) value is proposed for the evaluation of the actual spatial distribution conditions of collaborative targets. Finally, a simulated experiment is conducted to evaluate the collaborative navigation process and the collaboration effect of the collaborative navigation network in different spatial shapes. Overall, the results of this study optimised the observation and application efficiency of navigation data, and improved the stability and reliability of real-time navigation service through multi-target collaborative navigation.
An archaeological look at ‘international custom as evidence of a general practice accepted as law’ and Article 38 of the World Court’s Statute
Authors: Haggenmacher Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractArticle 38, paragraph 1(b), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is universally considered to be an authentic definition of custom as a principal source of international law, not least by the International Law Commission (ILC) in its recently completed work on the identification of international customary law. At the same time, though, the formula has constantly met with severe strictures concerning its very formulation. Given the text as it stands, this paradoxical dissonance cannot be satisfactorily resolved, but it can at least be tentatively explained by retracing the genesis of the clause a century ago, at the price, however, of a complete reappraisal of the whole of Article 38. Notoriously, Article 38 originated in a proposal of Baron Descamps, the president of the Advisory Committee of Jurists in charge of devising the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ). Yet the ambivalent but crucial role of the Descamps Proposal in drafting the article has not hitherto been realized. In fact, owing to the debates it aroused and to its misapprehension as a draft article instead of a merely exploratory basis of discussion, it has directly led to the shortcomings of Article 38 and especially of its clause on customary law.
Detecting the Inverted-U in fMRI Studies of Schizophrenia: A Comparison of Three Analysis Methods
Authors: Thomas Michael L. , Duffy John R. , Swerdlow Neal , Light Gregory A. , Brown Gregory G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:Cognitive tasks are used to probe neuronal activity during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to detect signs of aberrant cognitive functioning in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ). However, nonlinear (inverted-U-shaped) associations between neuronal activity and task difficulty can lead to misinterpretation of group differences between patients and healthy comparison subjects (HCs). In this paper, we evaluated a novel method for correcting these misinterpretations based on conditional performance analysis.Method:Participants included 25 HCs and 27 SZs who performed a working memory (WM) task (N-back) with 5 load conditions while undergoing fMRI. Neuronal activity was regressed onto: 1) task load (i.e., parametric task levels), 2) marginal task performance (i.e., performance averaged over all load conditions), or 3) conditional task performance (i.e., performance within each load condition).Results:In most regions of interest, conditional performance analysis uniquely revealed inverted-U-shaped neuronal activity in both SZs and HCs. After accounting for conditional performance differences between groups, we observed few difference in both the pattern and level of neuronal activity between SZs and HCs within regions that are classically associated with WM functioning (e.g., posterior dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal association cortices). However, SZs did show aberrant activity within the anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Conclusions:Interpretations of differences in neuronal activity between groups, and of associations between neuronal activity and performance, should be considered within the context of task performance. Whether conditional performance-based differences reflect compensation, dedifferentiation, or other processes is not a question that is easily resolved by examining activation and performance data alone.
Maternal exercise during pregnancy modulates mitochondrial function and redox status in a sex-dependent way in adult offspring’s skeletal muscle
Authors: Hözer R.M. , dos Santos B.G. , August P.M. , Rodrigues K.S. , Maurmann R.M. , Flores E.B. , Matté C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMaternal exercise has shown beneficial effects on mother and child. Literature confirm progeny’s cognition improvement, and upregulation in neurotrophins, antioxidant network, and DNA repair system. Considering that there is a lack of information demonstrating the impact of maternal exercise on offspring’s skeletal muscle, we aimed to investigate the mitochondrial and redox effects elicited by maternal swimming. Adult female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control sedentary, free swimming, and swimming with overload (2% of the body weight). Exercised groups were submitted weekly to five swimming sessions (30 min/day), starting 1 week prior to the mating and lasting to the delivery. Gastrocnemius and soleus muscle from 60-day-old offspring were analyzed. Our results clearly showed a sex-dependent effect. Male soleus showed increased mitochondrial functionality in the overload group. Female muscle from the overload group adapted deeply. Considering the redox status, the female offspring delivered to overload exercised dams presented reduced oxidants levels and protein damage, allied to downregulated antioxidant defenses. We also observed an increase in the mitochondrial function in the gastrocnemius muscle of the female offspring born from overload exercised dams. Soleus from female delivered to the overload exercise group presented reduced mitochondrial activity, as well as reduced reactive species, protein carbonyls, and antioxidant network, when compared to the male. In conclusion, maternal exercise altered the redox status and mitochondrial function in the offspring’s skeletal muscle in a sex-dependent way. The clinical implication was not investigated; however, the sexual dimorphism in response to maternal exercise might impact exercise resilience in adulthood.
Dynamic Earthquake Triggering in Southern California in High Resolution: Intensity, Time Decay, and Regional Variability
Authors: Miyazawa Masatoshi , Brodsky Emily E. , Guo Huiyun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEarthquake triggering by seismic waves has been recognized as a phenomenon for nearly 30 years. However, our ability to study dynamic triggering has been limited by our ability to capture the triggering stresses accurately and record the resultant earthquakes. Here we use full waveforms from a dense seismic network and a modern, high‐resolution seismic catalog to measure triggering in Southern California from 2008 to 2017 based on interevent time ratios. We find that the fractional seismicity rate change, which we term triggering intensity or triggerability, as a function of peak strain change for the period of ∼20 s due to distant earthquakes is monotonically increasing and compatible with earlier measurements made with a disjoint data set from 1984 to 2008. A triggering strain of 1 microstrain is equivalent to the local productivity generated by an M1.8 earthquakes. This result implies that a prediction of seismicity rate changes can be made based on recorded ground shaking using the same formalism as currently used for aftershock prediction. For a teleseismic event, this small level of triggering occurs throughout the region and thus aggregates to a regional effect. We find that the triggering rate decays after the triggerer follows an Omori‐Utsu law, but at a much slower rate than a typical aftershock sequence. The slow decay rate suggests that an ancillary process such as creep or fluid flow must be part of dynamic triggering. The prevalence of triggering in areas of creep or fluid involvement reinforces this inference. A triggering cascade of secondary earthquakes is insufficient to explain the data.
Recipe for a Saturn‐Like Dynamo
Authors: Yan C. , Stanley S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Cassini Grand Finale orbits provided detailed observations of Saturn’s internal magnetic field. Unique characteristics of the observed field, such as its axisymmetry and power spectrum, provide constraints on dynamo processes deep in Saturn’s interior. Here, we use numerical dynamo simulations to explore what ingredients are necessary in a dynamo in order to produce the unique “Saturn‐like” surface magnetic field. We find that characteristics of Saturn’s magnetic field can be sensitive to properties of a stably stratified helium rain‐out layer and thermal perturbations at the top of the layer. Our best models suggest that a relatively thick stably stratified helium rain‐out layer may extend out to 70% of Saturn’s radius, likely imprinted with weak heat flux out of the equatorial region and strong heat flux out of high latitudes. These results may provide new constraints on stable stratification inside Saturn and its thermal evolution.
Seismic Velocity Heterogeneity of the Hikurangi Subduction Margin, New Zealand: Elevated Pore Pressures in a Region With Repeating Slow Slip Events
Authors: Yarce Jefferson , Sheehan Anne , Roecker Steven , Mochizuki Kimihiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe investigated the seismic velocity structure of the Hikurangi margin in New Zealand to uncover the physical features of the subduction zone and explore the relationships between microearthquake seismicity, seismic velocity structure, and slow slip events. Using local earthquake tomography with data collected from both temporary ocean bottom seismometers and on‐land permanent seismic stations, we used the tomography code TomoFD to iteratively perform a damped least squared inversion of absolute P and S arrival times to obtain relocated hypocenters and generate 3D velocity models for Vp and Vp/Vs. The seismic tomography images show two high Vp/Vs anomalies, one offshore and adjacent to a subducted seamount and the other beneath the North Island of New Zealand. The ∼50‐km wide offshore anomaly extends ∼10 km beneath the plate interface and lies directly beneath the area that slipped at least 50 mm during the 2 week‐long 2014 slow slip event. High Vp/Vs values may be related to high pore fluid pressures from subducted sediments, and such increases in pore fluid pressures have been suggested to trigger the occurrence of slow slip events in active subduction zones. The second onshore high Vp/Vs anomaly is located in the overlying plate and subducting slab and correlates with areas suggested by other geophysical techniques to be rich in fluids. Our seismic imaging supports interpretations that subduction processes in the Hikurangi margin are highly dependent on physical features such as subducted seamounts and fluid‐rich sediments.
Dual‐Porosity Flow Diagnostics for Spontaneous Imbibition in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Spooner V. E. , Geiger S. , Arnold D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe extend single‐porosity flow diagnostics to dual‐porosity systems using a novel retardation factor R to account for the effect of fracture‐matrix transfer on breakthrough times and displacement efficiency during two‐phase flow in fractured reservoirs. R is based on an analytical solution for capillary‐driven fluid exchange between the fractures and rock matrix. By linearizing R the time‐of‐flight τ⋆ is adjusted to include fracture‐matrix transfer and derive new metrics, the dynamic Lorenz coefficient to quantify the dynamic heterogeneity, and the dual‐porosity sweep efficiency Ev⋆ to estimate how efficiently the injected fluid displaces the reservoir fluid over time. We have tested different formulations of R across three case studies with increasing complexity to analyze the applicability and limitations of dual‐porosity flow diagnostics. This analysis reveals that as long as flow in the fractures is faster than fracture‐matrix transfer, dual‐porosity flow diagnostics provide useful approximations when assessing displacement efficiencies and identifying the wells that are at most and least likely to experience early breakthrough. We show that and Ev⋆ can be combined with stochastic optimization algorithms to improve the displacement efficiency in a 3D reservoir case study. Since a single dual‐porosity flow diagnostics calculation requires less than 1 min while a full‐physics simulation takes 2 h, we can now quickly screen a large parameter space to identify scenarios that need to be studied in more detail using full‐physics simulations. Hence, our new dual‐porosity flow diagnostics complement and accelerate state‐of‐the‐art uncertainty quantification and optimization workflows for fractured reservoirs.
Transcranial photobiomodulation prevents PTSD-like comorbidities in rats experiencing underwater trauma
Authors: Li Yong , Dong Yan , Yang Luodan , Tucker Lorelei , Yang Baocheng , Zong Xuemei , Hamblin Michael R. , Zhang Quanguang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMaladaptive fear memory processing after a traumatic event is a major contributor to the development of the comorbidities related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An intervention to normalize this process could be a first-line treatment to prevent PTSD development. However, little progress has been made in identifying interventions that can prevent trauma survivors from developing PTSD. A treatment that could help trauma survivors cope with traumatic memories and decrease the prevalence of PTSD is thus in high demand. This study was designed to investigate the potential beneficial effects of early photobiomodulation (PBM) interventions to prevent PTSD-like comorbidities in animals. PTSD-like comorbidities in rats were induced by an underwater trauma (UWT) procedure, followed by multiple swimming sessions on later days for memory recall. Immediately after UWT and swimming, rats were restrained with or without PBM treatment (808 nm, 25 mW/cm2, 3 J/day). PTSD-like commodities, such as anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, and cognitive dysfunction, were reproduced in UWT-rats. These comorbidities, however, could be prevented by early PBM interventions. By measuring the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) as neuronal activity markers, we found that PBM treatment differentially regulatedArcandc-fosexpression in the hippocampus and amygdala, two PTSD-related brain regions. Additionally, PBM boosted ATP production and regulated protein expression in the hippocampus following stress. Our results demonstrate that PBM can modulate brain activity in response to traumatic and stressful events and that early PBM intervention can prevent the occurrence of PTSD-like comorbidities in rats.
A high-quality bonobo genome refines the analysis of hominid evolution
Authors: Mao Yafei , Catacchio Claudia R. , Hillier LaDeana W. , Porubsky David , Li Ruiyang , Sulovari Arvis , Fernandes Jason D. , Montinaro Francesco , Gordon David S. , Storer Jessica M. , Haukness Marina , Fiddes Ian T. , Murali Shwetha Canchi , Dishuck Philip C. , Hsieh PingHsun , Harvey William T. , Audano Peter A. , Mercuri Ludovica , Piccolo Ilaria , Antonacci Francesca , Munson Katherine M. , Lewis Alexandra P. , Baker Carl , Underwood Jason G. , Hoekzema Kendra , Huang Tzu-Hsueh , Sorensen Melanie , Walker Jerilyn A. , Hoffman Jinna , Thibaud-Nissen Françoise , Salama Sofie R. , Pang Andy W. C. , Lee Joyce , Hastie Alex R. , Paten Benedict , Batzer Mark A. , Diekhans Mark , Ventura Mario , Eichler Evan E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe divergence of chimpanzee and bonobo provides one of the few examples of recent hominid speciation1,2. Here we describe a fully annotated, high-quality bonobo genome assembly, which was constructed without guidance from reference genomes by applying a multiplatform genomics approach. We generate a bonobo genome assembly in which more than 98% of genes are completely annotated and 99% of the gaps are closed, including the resolution of about half of the segmental duplications and almost all of the full-length mobile elements. We compare the bonobo genome to those of other great apes1,3–5 and identify more than 5,569 fixed structural variants that specifically distinguish the bonobo and chimpanzee lineages. We focus on genes that have been lost, changed in structure or expanded in the last few million years of bonobo evolution. We produce a high-resolution map of incomplete lineage sorting and estimate that around 5.1% of the human genome is genetically closer to chimpanzee or bonobo and that more than 36.5% of the genome shows incomplete lineage sorting if we consider a deeper phylogeny including gorilla and orangutan. We also show that 26% of the segments of incomplete lineage sorting between human and chimpanzee or human and bonobo are non-randomly distributed and that genes within these clustered segments show significant excess of amino acid replacement compared to the rest of the genome.
Prediction of blood pressure change during surgical incision under opioid analgesia using sympathetic response evoking threshold
Authors: Kamiya Satoshi , Nakamura Ryuji , Saeki Noboru , Kondo Takashi , Miyoshi Hirotsugu , Narasaki Soushi , Morio Atsushi , Kawamoto Masashi , Hirano Harutoyo , Tsuji Toshio , Tsutsumi Yasuo M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOpioid inhibition of nociceptive stimuli varies in individuals and is difficult to titrate. We have reported the vascular stiffness value (K) as a standard monitor to quantify sympathetic response with high accuracy. On the contrary, among individuals, a considerable variation in the rate of change in K for constant pain has been observed. In this study, we proposed a new index, the minimum stimulus intensity value that evoked the response on K (MECK: Minimum Evoked Current of K), and evaluated its accuracy in predicting sympathetic response to nociceptive stimuli under constant opioid administration. Thirty patients undergoing open surgery under general anesthesia were included. After anesthetic induction, remifentanil was administered at a constant concentration of 2 ng/ml at the effect site followed by tetanus stimulation. MECK was defined as the minimal current needed to produce a change in K. MECK significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with the rate of change of systolic blood pressure during skin incision (ROCBP). Bland–Altman plot analysis using the predicted ROCBP calculated from MECK and the measured ROCBP showed that the prediction equation for ROCBP was highly accurate. This study showed the potential of MECK to predict blood pressure change during surgical incision under opioid analgesia.Clinical trial registration Registry: University hospital medical information network; Registration number: UMIN000041816; Principal investigator's name: Satoshi Kamiya; Date of registration: July 9th, 2019.
Uncovering and classifying the role of driven nodes in control of complex networks
Authors: Shinzawa Yuma , Akutsu Tatsuya , Nacher Jose C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe widely used Maximum Matching (MM) method identifies the minimum driver nodes set to control biological and technological systems. Nevertheless, it is assumed in the MM approach that one driver node can send control signal to multiple target nodes, which might not be appropriate in certain complex networks. A recent work introduced a constraint that one driver node can control one target node, and proposed a method to identify the minimum target nodes set under such a constraint. We refer such target nodes to driven nodes. However, the driven nodes may not be uniquely determined. Here, we develop a novel algorithm to classify driven nodes in control categories. Our computational analysis on a large number of biological networks indicates that the number of driven nodes is considerably larger than the number of driver nodes, not only in all examined complete plant metabolic networks but also in several key human pathways, which firstly demonstrate the importance of use of driven nodes in analysis of real-world networks.
Airway gas temperature within endotracheal tube can be monitored using rapid response thermometer
Authors: Nakane Shigeharu , Tsuda Kennosuke , Kinoshita Masahiro , Kato Shin , Iwata Sachiko , Lin Yung-Chieh , Mizuno Mihoko , Saitoh Shinji , Iwata Osuke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInappropriate preparation of respiratory gases is associated with serious complications during mechanical ventilation. To develop a temperature monitoring system of respiratory gases within the endotracheal tube, four newborn piglets were studied using an ultra-rapid-response thermometer attached to the closed endotracheal tube suction system. Respiratory gas temperatures were monitored at the mouth-corner level of the endotracheal tube using three thermocouples (Tairway, inserted into the endotracheal tube via the closed suction system; Ttube_centre and Ttube_wall, embedded within the endotracheal tube 0.5 mm and 1.6 mm from the tube wall, respectively). Univariate analysis showed that inspiratory Ttube_centre and inspiratory Ttube_wall were positively correlated with inspiratory Tairway (both p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed the dependence of inspiratory Tairway on inspiratory Ttube_centre and Ttube_wall and deflation of endotracheal tube cuff (p < 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.046, respectively). Inspiratory gas temperature within the endotracheal tube can be monitored using a thermometer attached to the closed endotracheal tube suction system. Our system, with further validation, might help optimise respiratory gas humidification during mechanical ventilation.
Improvement of multisource localization of magnetic particles in an animal
Authors: Lin Chin-Wei , Liao Shu-Hsien , Huang Han-Sheng , Wang Li-Min , Chen Jyh-Horng , Su Chia-Hao , Chen Kuen-Lin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this simulation work, the linearized Bregman iterative algorithm was applied to solve the magnetic source distribution problem of a magnetic particle imaging (MPI) system for small animals. MPI system can apply an excitation magnetic field, and the induced magnetic field from the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be detected by the sensors of MPI system. With a gaussian distribution source at the upper side of the mouse brain, sensors set above the mouse brain and the constant excitation magnetic field, the average deviation of the calculated source distribution from the multiplane scanning along the axis away from the mouse brain and the closest plane scanning are 2.78 × 10–3 and 2.84 × 10–3 respectively. The simulated result showed that combination of multiplane scanning hardly improves the accuracy of the source localization. In addition, a gradient scan method was developed that uses gradient magnetic field to scan the mouse brain. The position of the maximum of the lead field matrix will be controlled by the gradient field. With a set up gaussian distribution source at the bottom of the mouse brain, the average deviation of the calculated source distribution from the gradient scan method and the constant field are 4.42 × 10–2 and 5.05 × 10–2. The location error from the two method are 2.24 × 10–1 cm and 3.61 × 10–1 cm. The simulation showed that this method can improve the accuracy compared to constant field when the source is away from the sensor and having a potential for application.