bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PNEUMOPERITONEUM IN PREPARATION FOR CORRECTION OF A LARGE ABDOMINAL HERNIA IN AN INFANT
Authors: Pines Bernard 
Published: December 2021

The preoperative use of artificial pneumoperitoneum was found to be a valuable aid in the possible solution to the problem of definitive operative closure of massive ventral abdominal hernia in the young patient. The method of its use in a 22-month-old child is described in detail.
The rationale for the use of this procedure is discussed generally.
RELIABILITY OF BILIRUBIN DETERMINATIONS IN ICTERUS OF THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: Mather Alan 
Published: December 2021

In view of the increasing necessity for close collaboration between the clinical laboratory and the pediatrician who is faced with multiplying problems in management of diseases of the newborn, it may not be amiss for a clinical chemist to point out some of the limitations to the assistance he is called upon to render in chemical evaluation of jaundice.
Granting that symptomatic battles against increasing levels of bilirubin in the serum constitute the clinical objective in these cases, there appears to be a growing sensitivity of the pediatrician in his reaction to smaller and smaller changes between consecutive bilirubin assays.
GENETIC CONTROL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
Authors: Bonner David M. 
Published: December 2021

The Present Paper deals with the cell, but we should not forget that the problems of the cell are at the same time the problems of the whole organism. I would like to consider briefly the gene and the cell, i.e., the relationship of genetic material to metabolism. I would like to consider this problem not only in terms of the cell, but in terms of man as well, since the field of biological research is not a field solely of academic interest. The problems of gene action and of the genetic control of metabolism are fields which are rapidly developing as fields of major importance to medicine, and, in fact, the impact of genetics may be perhaps felt most keenly in the years ahead in the field of pediatrics.
In discussing the genetic control of cellular metabolism, one might first ask: What is meant when we speak of the genetics of a cell or of man? Basically, we are concerned with the nature and action of the material which is transmitted from cell to cell or from organism to organism, and which determines the traits of the succeeding generation. It has been clearly shown that the genetic material of the cell resides in its chromosomes, and that chemically, it is a polydeoxyribonucleotide, designated DNA for short.1,2
What makes one think that genetic material controls cellular metabolism? In recent years, the cytology of human cells has enjoyed a great resurgence of interest. It is now possible to grow human cells in tissue culture, and by this means human chromo somes can be studied with great care and precision.
UNCLASSIFIED MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Blatman Saul , Middlebrook Gardner 
Published: December 2021

The importance of the "Unclassified Mycobacteria" as agents of human disease is becoming increasingly evident.1 Those who have previously considered many strains of Mycobacteria to be nonpathogenic are now investigating their role in cervical adenitis, in pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, and as the etiologic agents in certain types of skin granulomata. In pediatrics the problem of cervical adenitis has been a particularly difficult one, and perhaps some of the perplexities of "tuberculous adenitis" can now be solved.2-4
Some investigators chose to label this group of acid-fast organisms as the "Atypical Mycobacteria"; Middlebrook and his coworkers use the term "Unclassified Mycobacteria," because as Mycobacteria they are not atypical; they are simply as yet poorly studied and unclassified.
PYURIA IN INFANCY OFTEN INDICATES A MALIGNANT PROCESS
Authors: MARSHALL VICTOR F. 
Published: December 2021

IF PYURIA in infancy is directly related to a high incidence of continuing renal hazards, an increasing rate of disability and a tendency to a shortened life, it can be considered often as a sign of malignancy. Follow-up studies of many if not most patients who had pyuria in infancy and childhood demonstrate all too well these malignant features.
Pyuria is not a disease entity. Pyelitis and cystitis are essentially descriptive diagnoses and accordingly lead to empiricism in therapy. However, descriptive diagnoses and empiricism in therapy have been important early steps out of the morass of uncertainty. Refinements in description, multiplication of facts gleaned from investigation, and therapeutic results tend to identify cause.
THE ADRENAL GLAND IN THE HUMAN FETUS
Authors: Lanman Jonathan T. 
Published: December 2021

The work of recent years has clarified the function of the human fetal adrenal gland to a point where a reasonable explanation of its several peculiarities appears possible. We believe that the fetal adrenal is a steroidogenic organ with a high biogenetic capacity. Its steroid products are qualitatively similar to those of the adult gland, but certain quantitative differences may be present. There is indirect evidence that relatively little aldosterone is produced or required by the fetus. The placenta serves to regulate electrolyte homeostasis in the mammalian fetus.
We believe that the primary adrenotropin stimulating the fetal adrenal is ACTH from the fetal pituitary and that the enlargement of the fetal adrenal reflects the intensity of the stimulus. Since there is some evidence that in the fetus, as in the adult, adrenal steroids control a feed-back mechanism operating between the pituitary and adrenal, we believe that strong ACTH stimulation reflects an increased fetal demand for corticosteroidogenesis. This increased demand could be secondary to either defective production of steroids by the fetal adrenal or increased metabolism of steroids by the fetus. A likely, though unproved, mechanism is destruction of corticosteroids in the placenta. We believe that species differences in fetal adrenal size, and the atrophic adrenals in human anencephalic monsters, reflect variations in the intensity of fetal pituitary ACTH stimulation, and that the poorly differentiated glomerular zone common to all mammals reflects the lack of stimulation by the tropic hormone for aldosterone. There is at present no evidence that the apparently active human fetal adrenal gland plays a critical role in normal fetal development.
We have attempted to indicate those numerous areas where appropriate data with which to test our interpretation of fetal adrenal physiology are not presently available. It would be surprising if our concept survives these tests entirely unmodified. We hope, however, that this interpretation may indicate profitable areas for further work, and that it is sufficiently well founded on observation and experimentation that its basic concepts will prove to be reliable.
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
Authors: Wheatley George M. 
Published: December 2021

ONE OF THE IMPORTANT AREAS of child health which pediatrics has tended to overlook is the medical care of the adolescent. Here is a group of the population in the age group 15-19 numbering in the United States 12,847,000 as of July 1, 1959 exclusive of the Armed Forces, and in Canada 1,375,700 as of June 1, 1960. Except for a few outstanding school health services and adolescent clinics, their health needs have received relatively little study by any medical group.
This is not a new thought. I can recall hearing the care of the adolescent discussed at Academy meetings for many years, usually in the corridors. At some luncheon, probably the School Health Committee's, perhaps 15 years ago, a resolution was passed which declared the pediatrician's responsibility for child health extended to about age 20. Periodically pediatric authorities have called attention to the need to work with this age group. The latest mention of this is in the Presidential address of Dr. Samuel Levine of the American Pediatric Society, who called for "a special effort to understand the puzzling problems and potential of adolescents."
Several years ago at the request of the Executive Board, I tried to discover the attitude of pediatricians toward the care of the adolescent. It was not a scientific study, but correspondence with perhaps 50 wellknown practitioners and teachers. The replies were on the whole enthusiastic, and recommended Academy action to give more recognition to this age group in our program. They gave suggestions and descriptions of ways in which individual physicians were serving this age group.
PROCEEDINGS
Authors: Belford William W. 
Published: December 2021

AFTER SOME 30 years a member of the Academy and 6 years on the Executive Board, I come to this occasion very much aware of the great honor given me. Those before me have given us their concepts and philosophy of pediatrics and of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and what it has done. I am very humble in my comments about things as they appear to me.
In the lives of all of us there is always something to be done—unfinished business. There is unfinished business for the American Academy of Pediatrics too. The last 10 years seem to have increased the number of factors and items of this unfinished business. There is so much to be done for the welfare of children! It is encouraging, though sometimes confusing, that so many groups are interested in the welfare of children besides pediatricians.
It is good that the Fellows of the Academy takes part in the activities of these other organizations, for many of these lack pediatric guidance. The Academy's official liaison representatives to these groups are appreciated and we give them our thanks for their unselfish and outstanding efforts. It is evident that this phase of the work in child care will increase, and pediatricians must have an increasing role in the work of these organizations which are interested in various aspects of child health and welfare. The National Council of Organizations for Children and Youth now numbers 596 organizations as members.
The recent White House Conference on Children and Youth was a huge affair! It was quite evident that there was a vast amount of knowledge unusued though known to one group but not realized or suspected to be available by others.
ISONIAZID TREATMENT FOR TUBERCULIN REACTORS
Authors:   COMMITTEE OF SECTION ON DISEASES OF THE CHEST
Published: December 2021

THE EFFECTIVENESS of isoniazid in preventing the extrapulmonary complications of primary tuberculosis in infants and young children has now been established. Considering the severely damaging and often fatal forms the complications can take, such as meningitis and skeletal tuberculosis, this treatment is indeed a welcomed discovery.
The large control study by the Public Health Service that established the efficacy of this treatment was developed at the urging of pediatricians who had observed that children whose tuberculosis was treated with isoniazid did not develop meningitis or other sequelae. Through the participation of 33 pediatric clinics throughout the United States, 2,750 children with asymptomatic primary tuberculosis were entered in the study. The principal criterion for selecting children for the study was a reaction to the intermediate dose (5 TU) of tuberculin of induration in diameter of at least 5 mm. Children, 3 years of age or older, had in addition, roentgenographic evidence of primary tuberculosis.
GENETIC STUDIES ON THE CONGENITALLY HYPOTHYROID
Authors: Neel James V. , Carr Edward A. , Beierwaltes William H. , Davidson Ruth T. 
Published: December 2021

THE IMPORTANCE of congenital hypothyroidism as a cause of human disability varies greatly from one part of the world to another, bearing a well-known relationship to the availability of dietary iodine. However, even in areas where the iodine supply is adequate, or in areas of endemic cretinism where iodized salt has been introduced, severe hypothyroidism remains one of the important endocrine disorders of childhood. The present report is concerned with the genetic aspects of an attempt to obtain a comprehensive picture of congenital hypothyroidism in the state of Michigan at the present time.
Recent advances in techniques for the study of thyroid disease, as well as the even earlier recognition and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism, have rendered obsolescent, in nonendemic areas, the traditional division of cretins into goitrous and nongoitrous or athyrotic. Thus, current techniques permit the recognition of minute or ectopic thyroid glands in the former "athyrotic" group while prompt recognition and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism may forestall, at least temporarily, the development of a goiter in a potentially "goitrous cretin," and even conceivably, in the face of long continued therapy, lead to the degeneration to a small remnant of a thyroid which in the absence of treatment would have assumed immense proportions. Further, as brought out in the summary of Wilkins et al. the goiter of a "goitrous cretin" not infrequently fails to appear before the second decade; a study at the age level of the present one accordingly cannot rely on physical examination alone for a classification. There is thus the need for an extremely careful use of both terms and techniques in any over-all approach to congenital hypothyroidism such as this purports to be.
SUBJECTS
The present report stems from genetic studies on 54 index cases (propositi) with severe hypothyroidism, representing 50 sibships. These persons were located in the following manner:
1) Through a review of the charts of all patients on whom the diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism was made at the University Hospital between 1930 and 1959. This review yielded a total of 54 diagnosed cases, of whom 28 in 26 sibships are included in the present series. The remaining 26 cases are not included in the study for the following reasons: a) laboratory and other studies not yet complete on 14 patients, b) 5 patients either live out of state or cannot be located, c) diagnosis not confirmed in 2 cases, d) 2 patients deceased, and e) family unable to cooperate in 3 cases.
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Werboff Jack , Gottlieb Jacques S. , Havlena Joan , Word Thomas J. 
Published: December 2021

Pregnant albino rats received daily injections of reserpine, iproniazid, 5-HTP, BAS, or sterile water during the second trimester of pregnancy. Offspring of these animals were evaluated on a battery of behavioral measures.
There were no uniform effects of the administration of drugs to pregnant mothers. These drugs did have generally adverse effects on maternal mortality and total resorption of the litter. Iproniazid appeared to be most toxic.
Significant neonatal mortality occurred in all experimental groups, with 100% mortality of the offspring of mothers receiving iproniazid. Weight of the experimental offspring was less than that of the control offspring, with differences becoming more apparent as the animals grew older. No effect on motor maturation was observed. Activity on the small open field test yielded inconclusive results. However, activity on the inclined plane revealed that offspring of mothers that had been treated with 5-HTP and BAS were significantly faster than control offspring.
Increased activity and increased emotionality was observed in the experimental offspring on the open field test. Greater susceptibility to seizures produced by audiogenic stimuli was also found in the experimental animals. In contrast, there were no defects in learning ability in the experimental offspring in either the maze learning or conditioned avoidance behavior situation.
ENZYMES IN SERUM IN KWASHIORKOR
Authors: Edozien J. C. 
Published: December 2021

Amylase, alkaline phosphatase, pseudocholinesterase, GOT, GPT and ICD concentrations have been determined in the serum of healthy Nigerians and in children with kwashiorkor.
The activities of amylase, alkaline phosphatase and pseudocholinesterase in serum are significantly reduced in kwashiorkor.
GOT, GPT and ICD activities in serum are increased in approximately 50% of cases of kwashiorkor. The excess enzymes are derived principally from skeletal muscle but also from liver.
In 7.5% of kwashiorkor patients the enzyme changes in serum resemble the pattern in acute hepatic cell necrosis. This type of case will probably progress to liver cirrhosis if the patient survives.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE RADIOACTIVE IODOPYRACET (DIODRAST) RENOGRAM IN PEDIATRIC SUBJECTS
Authors: Feitel Morris , Oliver William J. 
Published: December 2021

The procedure for performing the radioactive iodopyracet renogram in children has been described. Confirmation of the test as a useful method for detection of unilateral renal disease has been demonstrated for children, as previously reported for adults.
At the present stage of development, the major use of the procedure relates to its advantage as a screening test for subjects with hypertension, either with known renal disease or in those in whom renal abnormalities are not defined by the usual kidney function studies.
EPIDEMIC PLEURODYNIA (BORNHOLM DISEASE) DUE TO COXSACKIE B-5 VIRUS
Authors: Bain H. W. , McLean D. M. , Walker Selma J. 
Published: December 2021

During the months of July to October, 1958, a widespread outbreak of epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease) occurred in Southern Ontario. In this epidemic three main disease entities were encountered: epidemic pleurodynia, acute benign pericarditis and aseptic meningitis, alone or in combination.
Sixty-nine patients were studied at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, and viral studies were carried out for many of them. Five of seven patients with pericarditis had associated pleurodynia, and seven patients had associated pleurodynia and aseptic meningitis. The clinical features of each of the three major entities encountered are presented.
Viral studies point to Coxsackie B5 virus as the common etiologic agent in the various disease entities encountered in this outbreak. It seems likely that the Coxsackie B viruses may be important etiologic agents in acute benign pericarditis.
Chronic constrictive pericarditis occurred as an end-result in one of the patients with acute benign pericarditis.
Neonatal Exchange Transfusions
Authors: SAND RICHARD E. 
Published: December 2021

A recent review of the charts of the last 100 consecutive neonatal exchange transfusions done at our hospital has uncovered some pertinent findings which were not presented in the article by Boggs and Westphal (Pediatrics, 26:745, 1960).
The original purpose of the survey was to attempt to demonstrate a direct correlation between "early exchanges" and fewer exchanges in controlling hyperbilirubinemia, especially in Rh incompatibility. It soon became evident that this could not be shown in a retrospective study, the most obvious reason being that earlier initial exchange transfusions are indicated in the more severe cases, which are also likely to require repeated transfusions.
ANGIOMATOSIS (HAMARTOMATOUS HEM-LYMPHANGIOMATOSIS)
Authors: Koblenzer Peter J. , Bukowski Martin J. 
Published: December 2021

A case is described of a diffuse, possibly generalized, abnormality of a hamartomatous nature of the peripheral vascular system. A number of cases from the literature, which also appear to belong in this category, are summarized. Histologic examination shows that lymph and blood vessels may both be involved, though this may be essentially an abnormality of the lymphatic system in which extensive venolymphatic communications occur.
The clinical manifestations vary according to the site of involvement and the extent of dissemination and also according to whether the lesions are predominantly hemangiomatous or lymphangiomatous.
The main features are osteolytic lesions, visceromegaly, cutaneous hemangiomas or lymphangiomas and massive effusions into any body cavity. The effusions are usually chylous, sanguineous or a mixture of both. Any or all of these features may be present in any one case.
The disease frequently has its onset in childhood or adolescence and tends to be progressive. If the lesions are widely disseminated or an effusion into a body cavity is present the outlook is grave.
Treatment so far has been unsuccessful. Surgery may occasionally have a place.
The term angiomatosis is employed to denote this condition not only to underline its potentially extensive nature but also to avoid debate as to whether it is essentially hemangiomatosis or lymphangiomatosis.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Lerner Herbert I. 
Published: December 2021

The patient was a 11½-month-old white female infant, whose mother was gravida III, para III. The pregnancy was entirely normal, with no virus infections or irradiation during the first trimester. The patient had edema of the dorsa of the hands and feet at birth. When she was first seen at 2½ months the edema of the hands had subsided and the skin was very lax. The dorsa of the feet still exhibited pitting edema. In addition, she had a short neck, low set ears, cutis laxa in the neck region, a shield-like chest with widely separated, hypoplastic nipples, a high arched palate, telangiectasia of the cheek and forehead, and hypoplasia of fingernails and toenails. The blood pressure was normal and femoral pulses were palpable. The external genitalia were normal. She was in the third percentile for height and weight on the Stuart growth curve, in contrast to her two older siblings, who had always been in the ninetieth percentile.
Buccal smears revealed a negative sexchromatin pattern. A diagnostic pneumoperitoneum at 5½ months of age revealed an indication of a small uterus with no demonstrable ovaries. There were no detectable levels of urinary gonadotropins at 4½, 5 and 6 months of age, but at 10 months between 0 and 5 mouse units were reported. Although these patients usually develop increased urinary gonadotropins at puberty, an investigator has reported three patients with gonadal dysgenesis who excreted increased amounts of gonadotropins in urine before puberty, the youngest being 2 years 8 months old.
Between 2 and 4 months of age the patient developed an infection of the urinary tract that indicated the possibility of a renal anomaly. Intravenous and retrograde urograms revealed normal findings, except for a bifid renal pelvis. A chromosomal count revealed five cells, with a diploid number of 45. Buccal smears from the parents were normal.