bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education and Support: Tilting the Scale Toward Exclusive Breastfeeding
Authors: Pitcock Naomi , Pineda Kimberly , Ossinova Natasha , Yoder Laura 
Published: May 2021

The Hispanic population in the United States is growing, and healthcare providers are challenged to design targeted, culturally appropriate programs to improve health outcomes related to breastfeeding.ObjectivesThis study was designed to detect the exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate among Hispanic women who chose education plus peer support versus peer support only. In addition, this study further evaluates ¡Tengo Leche!, an educational program previously evaluated in the literature.MethodsThe sample (n = 103) consisted of Hispanic pregnant, low-income, and uninsured women. A two-group quasi-experimental design was used to test the educational intervention combined with peer support (n = 35) versus stand-alone peer support (n = 68). The education-plus group (n = 35) voluntarily participated in the education portion. All participants received the inpatient peer counseling. The participants' breastfeeding intention was gathered through chart review.ResultsEBF at discharge was significantly higher (c2 = 4.51, p = .02) among mothers in the education plus peer support group, who were more likely to be exclusively breastfeeding at discharge (46.7%) versus the peer-support-only group (24.6%).ConclusionsThe outcomes of this study may provide guidance for designing culturally competent interventions with a focus on cost-effective and outcome-driven interventions to increase EBF.
A resposta da política científica e tecnológica à pandemia da COVID-19 / Science and technology policy in the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Neves Fabrício Monteiro , Sobral Fernanda Antônia 
Published: May 2021

Este artigo busca mapear a resposta do Estado brasileiro à pandemia da Covid-19, instalada no país desde março de 2020, levando-se em conta suas instituições do sistema nacional de ciência e tecnologia. Para isso, em um primeiro momento, discutiremos as respostas dadas em outros países, com ênfase no sistema de fomento e no arcabouço institucionalizado de pesquisa. Discutimos, posteriormente, a resposta do governo brasileiro que, desde o início, pôs em questão a real gravidade da situação. Finalmente, mostramos como a capacidade previamente instalada do sistema científico e tecnológico no Brasil, mesmo em contexto governamental de evidente oposição, respondeu, ainda que precariamente, à pandemia. Com isso, o que se quer argumentar é que, a despeito de toda limitação orçamentária e falta de apoio governamental, a existência prévia de uma rede de instituições de ciência e tecnologia possibilitou uma resposta à pandemia.Palavras-chave: Covid-19; política científica, tecnológica e de inovação; pandemia; Sociologia da ciência. ***This article seeks to map the Brazilian state’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic, set up in the country since March 2020, taking into account its institutions of the national science and technology system. To this end, we will first discuss the responses given in other countries, with focus on the funding system and the institutionalized research framework. We will then debate the response of the Brazilian government, which from the beginning questioned the real gravity of the situation. Finally, we show how the previously installed capacity of the scientific and technological system in Brazil, despite evident governmental opposition, responded, even precariously, to the pandemic. The argument is that despite of the budgetary constraints and lack of government support, the previous existence of a network of science and technology institutions enabled a response to the pandemic.Keywords: Covid-19; scientific, technological and innovation policy; pandemic; Sociology of science.
Quando e como uma doença desaparece. A varíola e sua erradicação no Brasil, 1966/1973 / When and how a disease disappears. Smallpox and its eradication in Brazil, 1966/1973
Authors: Hochman Gilberto 
Published: May 2021

Este artigo aborda o programa de erradicação da varíola no Brasil (1966-1973), para analisar o fim de doenças e epidemias em contextos locais. O foco recai sobre os antecedentes de um marco específico e crucial desse processo: o anúncio oficial de seu desaparecimento em agosto de 1973 em pleno regime militar. O objetivo do artigo é compreender como as dimensões políticas, científicas e sanitárias se entrecruzaram na pouca repercussão de uma conquista da saúde pública que mobilizou recursos, governos, população e organizações internacionais. O artigo, baseado em fontes primárias e secundárias, está dividido em quatro partes. A primeira discute as questões gerais relativas ao fim de epidemias e desaparecimento de doenças em contextos locais. A segunda apresenta a dinâmica política e sanitária e as características da campanha de erradicação da varíola entre 1966 e 1980, em suas faces internacional e nacional. A terceira discute os desafios, as desconfianças e as incertezas que envolveram a determinação de que a varíola estava eliminada no Brasil do regime militar entre os anos de 1970 e 1973. Na conclusão, retoma-se a questão do término de epidemias e doenças em contextos históricos e nacionais à luz da erradicação da varíola.Palavras-chave: varíola, governo militar, saúde pública, doença, epidemias. ***This article discusses the smallpox eradication program in Brazil (1966-1973) to analyze the end of diseases and epidemics in local contexts. The focus is on the background of a specific and crucial milestone in this process: the official announcement of its disappearance in August 1973 in the midst of the military regime. The objective of the article is to understand how the political, scientific and health dimensions intertwined in the little repercussion of a public health achievement that mobilized resources, governments, populations, and international organizations. The article, based on primary and secondary sources, is divided into four parts. The first discusses general issues related to the end of epidemics and the disappearance of diseases in local contexts. The second presents the political and health dynamics, and the smallpox eradication campaign’s characteristics between 1966 and 1980, in its international and national aspects. The third discusses the challenges, suspicions, and uncertainties that involved the determination that smallpox was eliminated in Brazil, during the military regime, between 1970 and 1973. In the conclusion, ending epidemics and diseases in historical and national contexts is taken up in the light of the eradication of smallpox.Keywords: smallpox, military government, public health, diseases, epidemics.
Works of A. F. Pisemsky in the libraries of Siberia and the Far East in the pre-revolutionary period
Authors: Timofeeva Yu. V. , Panchenko A. M. 
Published: May 2021

The study relevance is due to the anniversary of the writer (200th anniversary of his birth), the demand for his works among the residents of the Siberian-Far-Eastern region in the pre-revolutionary period, the importance of studying library funds to reconstruct the potential reading circle of the region's population. Due to the lack of comprehensive studies of library collections of pre-revolutionary libraries in Siberia and the Far East, this article first considers the presence of works by A. F. Pisemsky in the libraries of the region in the late XIX - early XX centuries. The article objective is to identify the writer’s works in the libraries of the Siberian-Far Eastern region during this period. Tasks are to: 1) reconstruct the repertoire of the works by A. F. Pisemsky in the libraries of the region in the pre-revolutionary period; 2) calculate quantitative indicators of their availability; 3) identify lifetime editions of the writer in library collections. The author applies the comparative analysis, statistical, chronological, source-based methods. Information is given from 34 catalogs of pre-revolutionary libraries of Siberia. They reflect the funds of 24 libraries located in 4 provincial, 5 regional and 4 county centers of the region. The libraries of municipal public and local commercial and public meetings prevail among them, chosen as the most open and, thereby, most accessible for readers. For the first time, quantitative indicators of the presence of the works of A. F. Pisemsky in Siberian and Far Eastern libraries in the pre-revolutionary period were calculated and analyzed. The study results show that many of them had works by the writer during the period under review. Their funds included most of the famous works of this author. The most frequently found publications have been identified, as well as publishers whose products were presented in the libraries of the region. The revealed data allow reconstructing partly library collections and the potential repertoire of reading of Siberian and Far Eastern residents in the late XIX – early XX centuries, clarifying and supplying the picture of library business in the region in the pre-revolutionary period.
FORMATION OF TIME PARAMETERS OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF AN ECOLOGY SYSTEM PROJECT
Authors: Kovtun Tatiana 
Published: May 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the features of the life cycle of an ecological system project, the functioning of which is based on the principles of circular economy as a modern economic model that allows achieving the goals of sustainable development. The relevance of the presented research is confirmed by the need to take into account the eco-destructive impact on the environment in the implementation of economic activities, since the technogenic linear type of economy created over the past centuries has led to an environmental crisis and turned out to be unable to ensure balanced civilizational development without damage to the environment. The issues of the structure of the life cycle of an ecological system project are considered, which takes into account the ecological orientation of this type of projects. It is proposed to include five phases in the life cycle of an ecological system project: pre-investment, investment, operational, regenerative and revitalization, which are divided into stages during which the intermediate result of the project is created. Using the tools of category theory, a graphical model of the project life cycle was created, in which successive and overlapping links are established between phases. The links between the stages of the life cycle are analyzed, represented by objects (domains and codomains) and morphisms (sequential and parallel, incoming and outgoing) of the category «Life Cycle of an Ecological System Project». The relationship between the duration of stages of the same or different phases of the project life cycle has been determined. The time parameters of the phases, stages and time intervals of the project life cycle have been determined. A mathematical model of the life cycle of an ecological system project is presented for two options for determining the duration of the life cycle: strictly and loosely defined. A compensation mechanism has been proposed to stabilize the life cycle duration in the case of its strict definition, which provides for the adjustment of the duration of codomains in certain morphisms of the category.
A Novel Approach To Predict Gas Flow in Entire Knudsen Number Regime through Nanochannels with Various Geometries
Authors: Pang Yu , Fan Dian , Chen Shengnan 
Published: May 2021

Summary
Various unified gas flow (UGF) and apparent permeability models have been proposed to characterize the complex gas transport mechanisms in shale formations. However, such models are typically expressed as combinations of multiple gas flow mechanisms so that they cannot predict gas velocity profile. In this study, we develop a novel approach to predict the gas velocity profile in the entire Knudsen number (Kn) regime for circular and noncircular (i.e., square, rectangular, triangular and elliptical) nanochannels and investigate the effects of cross-sectional geometry on gas transport in nanochannels. To this end, a new UGF model is proposed to describe the gas flow behaviors in the entire Kn regime, considering the effects of gas slippage, bulk diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion, and cross-sectional geometry of flow channel. In addition, the boundary condition of the semianalytical second-order slip model applicable to various cross-sectional geometries is modified by adjusting the slip coefficients through the comparison between the proposed UGF model and the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equation with second-order slip boundary condition. As a result, the velocity profile of free gas in the entire Kn regime for the nanochannel with a specific cross section can be determined by solving the second-order slip model with adjusted slip coefficients via the finite element method. The results indicate that the geometry of the cross section has a significant influence on the mass flow rate and gas velocity profile in nanochannels. The predicted mass flow rates for the nanochannels with identical hydraulic diameter decrease with the cross-sectional geometry in the sequence as ellipse &gt; equilateral triangle &gt; rectangle &gt; square &gt; circle. However, the ranking of velocity profiles for such nanochannels, which is governed by the cross-sectional geometry, also varies with Kn. These findings indicate that the developed approach can predict the synergetic gas transport (i.e., gas slippage, bulk diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, and surface diffusion) and gas velocity profile in nanochannels with different cross-sectional geometries for a wide range of Kn, which gives insight into the characterization of gas flow behaviors in nanoporous shale.
Increasing Treatment Lifetime through Sustained Release of Scale Inhibitor from Scale Inhibitor Nanoparticles
Authors: Guan Huili , Lim Austin , Hernandez Joshua , Liang Jenn-Tai 
Published: May 2021

SummaryScale can cause flow assurance issues because of damage to the near-wellbore region and in production facilities. Scale inhibitors are often used to help mitigate these problems. The main focus of this proof-of-concept study is to examine the ability of a newly developed crosslinked nanosized scale inhibitor (NSI) particle to inhibit scale formation through sustained release of scale inhibitor into a model brine and increase scale inhibitor treatment lifetime. Results from minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) measurements showed that, at 95°C, the MIC decreased gradually from 10 ppm at day 0 to 5 ppm after 9 days and eventually reached a very low MIC of 2 ppm after 49 days. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that the sustained release of linear scale inhibitor from the NSI would result in a decrease in MIC over time caused by an increased amount of linear scale inhibitor being released into the model brine. Also, attaching 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic functional group (AMPS) to NSI successfully inhibits the pseudoscale formation when the scale inhibitor comes into contact with the calcium and magnesium in the model brine. Results from sandpack floods showed that NSI increased the treatment lifetime from 3 pore volumes (PV) postflush throughput, for the traditional scale inhibitor, to 35 to 105 PV postflush throughput. These results support our hypothesis that sustained release of the trapped NSI nanoparticles can improve the treatment lifetime.
Impact of the myosin heavy chain 9 gene single nucleotide polymorphism on inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: badr eman , Al-Aliem Ahmed Ezz El-Arab Abd , El-Shayeb Elsayed Ibrahem , Taman Ahmed Megahed Ahmed , Gadallah Abd El-naser Abd El-atty 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background

To date, the cause of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a mystery. A balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis maintains intestinal tissue homeostasis. Dissociation-induced myosin-actin contraction results in stem cell apoptosis. This study aiming to evaluate the influence of the myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on inflammatory bowel disease.
Subjects and methods:

The study carried on eighty patients with IBD and seventy controls. All participants subjected to history taking, thorough physical examination examination, colonoscopy and laboratory investigations. Genotyping performed for rs3752462 and rs4821480 by SNP assay real-time PCR methods.
Results

On analyzing rs4821480, The TG and GG genotypes have significant increased distribution among the IBD patients as compared to the controls with 5.3 fold increase in the risk of IBD and higher prevalence of GG genotype in patients with low hemoglobin level and higher BMI. While on analyzing rs3753462 CT and TT genotypes were significantly more frequent in the in the IBD patients as compared to the controls with 4.6 fold increase in the risk of IBD.
Conclusion

The allele G of rs4821480 and T of rs3753462 of MYH9 gene associated with more susceptibility to IBD.
Feeding habits of five dominant fish species from Matang Mangrove Estuaries, Malaysia based on stomach contents and stable isotope analyses
Authors: Azim M. K. Mohd , Amin S. M. Nurul , Mazumder D. , Arshad A. , Yusoff F. M. , Saintilan N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The centres of mangrove biodiversity and productivity have been under-represented in studies of fish diet and habitat utilization, particularly in relation to environmental changes between wet and dry seasons. Feeding habits of five dominant fish species (Thryssa kammalensis, Ambassis gymnocephalus, Escualosa thoracata, Stolephorus baganensis and Johnius belangerii) were investigated from two sites in the Matang Mangrove ecosystem, Perak Malaysia, with sampling encompassing both wet and dry seasons. The stomach fullness of the fish was on average significantly higher in the wet season (48%) than in the dry season (32%) with isopods and copepods forming a more important component of the fish diet during the wet season than the dry season. The stomach contents of each species were, on average: T. kammalensis {(Animal based (A) = 50.11%, Plant based (P) = 38.24%)}, A. gymnocephalus (A = 50.35%, P = 37.99%), E. thoracata (A = 42.09%, P = 44.4%), S. baganensis (A = 38.17%, P = 46.55%) and J. belangerri (A = 25.35%, P = 58.86%). Therefore, all five fish species can be considered omnivorous. The similarity among diets varied from 60-80% during the wet and dry season. During the dry season, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of the samples had less variation, indicating narrow dietary sources compared to the wet season where the distribution of their isotopic values was larger. Seasons should be considered for planning mangrove management, as results of this study found contracted trophic breadth for commercially valuable fish in the dry season.
Fair National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets Under Multiple Equity Perspectives - A Synthesis Framework
Authors: Ganti Gaurav , Geiges Andreas , Jeffery Louise , Fekete Hanna , Gidden Matthew J. , Schaeffer Michiel , Hare Bill , Höhne Niklas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Equity is one of the key principles underpinning the global climate regime and is all the more essential given the heterogenous, self-differentiated nature of the Paris Agreement. The scientific community has proposed several effort-sharing schemes to operationalise equity – reflecting not only the multi-faceted nature of the problem but also a long history of disagreement that continues to date. We outline a synthesis framework that draws on existing estimates in the literature to develop a “fair share range” for each country within which we identify a common position, which, when applied to the ranges of all countries, results in the collective achievement of the desired temperature goal. A series of methodological choices regarding the treatment of the underlying literature and translation into a temperature equivalence are tested. We demonstrate the consistency of this framework (across different methodological choices) with the principle of “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities” – members of the OECD have the most stringent allocations, while only a few African and Asian countries (including India) have emission allocations that are above their 2010 emission levels. A few OECD members, including the European Union and Great Britain, have emission allocations in 2030 that are either close to, or less than zero. Consistency with their fair share of mitigation will require them to provide appropriate levels of international finance and support to facilitate emission reductions in developing countries. These conclusions are robust to various methodological choices.
Osteoid Osteoma Intracanalis of the Cervical Spine : a rare case
Authors: Ibrahim Sabri , Tandean Steven , Irsyad Muhammad Ari , Lizen Nindi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundOsteoid osteoma is benign, accounted for 10–40% of spine tumours, Majority occurred in the lumbar spine which occurred in 59%, in spine frequently located in lamina, pedicles, or the transverse and spinous process. Pain is the most common symptoms, classically almost present at night and may awaken the patients. Imaging with CT scan may reveal a focal dense lesion with sclerotic reactive bone, and calcification may appeared. On MRI it may not be as specific as CT. CT guided radiofrequency ablation was safe and effective in spinal osteoid osteoma, but with proximity to neurological structures may not indicated in this group of patientsCase PresentationFemale 61 years old, came to our emergency department with chief complaint of weakness of lower extremities. This has occurred for 5 years and worsening every year. History of neck pain was found. Patient also complained about numbness in both hand and foot for the last 5 years. On physical examination, hyporeflex was found in lower extremities, with motoric of 2 and motoric of 4 in the hand. Sensation was normal in patient. Laminectomy was done on C7/T1, after laminectomy, the flavum ligament was still present, after resecting the ligament, the compact bone in vertebral canal compressing the spinal cord contralaterally, resulting thinning of spinal cord. Using high speed drill, the bone was drilled slowly until reaching the posterior corpus vertebrae.DiscussionOsteoid osteoma comprised of 10–12% total spinal tumour with cell origin of osteoblast and occurred in 1st and 2nd decade of life, occurred mostly in lumbar and predominant in female. Osteoid osteoma comprised of 10–12% total spinal tumour with cell origin of osteoblast and occurred in 1st and 2nd decade of life and occurance is mostly present in lumbar, cervical and dominantly arising from posterior elements. Surgery is the preferred in patients with no recurrency and low remission of symptoms.ConclusionOsteoid osteoma is a benign case of spinal tumour and occurance is also low in all spinal tumor. Radiculopathy is the most common symptoms nonetheless neurological deficit is rarely present. Patients may respond well after surgery with no complication found.