bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of soil N2O emission and nitrogen utilization to organic matter in the wheat and maize rotation system
Authors: Shu Xiaoxiao , Wang Yanqun , Wang Yaling , Ma Yang , Men Mingxin , Zheng Yunpu , Xue Cheng , Peng Zhengping , Noulas Christos 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilizer regulator could increase N utilization of crops and reduce N losses in the North China Plain. We investigated the effects of reduced inorganic-N rate combined with an organic fertilizer on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. Simultaneously studied the effect of different treatments on N use efficiency (NUE), N balance and net income. After reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the wheat-corn rotation system, the results showed that the cumulative emission of soil N2O from the RN40% + HOM [40% of RN (recommended inorganic-N rate) with homemade organic matter] treatment was 41.0% lower than that of the RN treatment. In addition, the N production efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and apparent utilization were significantly increased by 50.2%, 72.4% and 19.5% than RN, respectively. The use of RN40% + HOM resulted in 22.0 and 30.1% lower soil N residual and N losses as compared with RN. After adding organic substances, soil N2O cumulative emission of RN40% + HOM treatment decreased by 20.9% than that of the HAN (zinc and humic acid urea at the same inorganic-N rate of RN) treatment. The N production efficiency, N agronomic efficiency and NUE of RN40% + HOM treatment were 36.6%, 40.9% and 15.3% higher than HAN’s. Moreover, soil residual and apparent loss N were 23.3% and 18.0% less than HAN’s. The RN40% + HOM treatment appears to be the most effective as a fertilizer control method where it reduced N fertilizer input and its loss to the environment and provided the highest grain yield.
Structural changes in brains of patients with disorders of consciousness treated with deep brain stimulation
Authors: Raguž Marina , Predrijevac Nina , Dlaka Domagoj , Orešković Darko , Rotim Ante , Romić Dominik , Almahariq Fadi , Marčinković Petar , Deletis Vedran , Kostović Ivica , Chudy Darko 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDisorders of consciousness (DOC) are one of the major consequences after anoxic or traumatic brain injury. So far, several studies have described the regaining of consciousness in DOC patients using deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, these studies often lack detailed data on the structural and functional cerebral changes after such treatment. The aim of this study was to conduct a volumetric analysis of specific cortical and subcortical structures to determine the impact of DBS after functional recovery of DOC patients. Five DOC patients underwent unilateral DBS electrode implantation into the centromedian parafascicular complex of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. Consciousness recovery was confirmed using the Rappaport Disability Rating and the Coma/Near Coma scale. Brain MRI volumetric measurements were done prior to the procedure, then approximately a year after, and finally 7 years after the implementation of the electrode. The volumetric analysis included changes in regional cortical volumes and thickness, as well as in subcortical structures. Limbic cortices (parahippocampal and cingulate gyrus) and paralimbic cortices (insula) regions showed a significant volume increase and presented a trend of regional cortical thickness increase 1 and 7 years after DBS. The volumes of related subcortical structures, namely the caudate, the hippocampus as well as the amygdala, were significantly increased 1 and 7 years after DBS, while the putamen and nucleus accumbens presented with volume increase. Volume increase after DBS could be a result of direct DBS effects, or a result of functional recovery. Our findings are in accordance with the results of very few human studies connecting DBS and brain volume increase. Which mechanisms are behind the observed brain changes and whether structural changes are caused by consciousness recovery or DBS in patients with DOC is still a matter of debate.
Melanocortin receptor activation alleviates amyloid pathology and glial reactivity in an Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mouse model
Authors: Lau Jackie K. Y. , Tian Min , Shen Yang , Lau Shun-Fat , Fu Wing-Yu , Fu Amy K. Y. , Ip Nancy Y. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying treatment. AD progression is characterized by cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal and glial dysfunctions. Neuropeptides govern diverse pathophysiological processes and represent key players in AD pathogenesis, regulating synaptic plasticity, glial cell functions and amyloid pathology. Activation of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neuropeptide and its receptor from the melanocortin receptor (MCR) family have previously been shown to rescue the impairment in hippocampus-dependent synaptic plasticity in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. However, the functional roles of MCR signaling in AD conditions, particularly in glial functions, are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential benefits of MCR activation in AD. In APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we demonstrate that MCR activation mediated by the central administration of its agonist D-Tyr MTII substantially reduces Aβ accumulation, while alleviating global inflammation and astrocytic activation, particularly in the hippocampus. MCR activation prominently reduces the A1 subtype of reactive astrocytes, which is considered a key source of astrocytic neurotoxicity in AD. Concordantly, MCR activation suppresses microglial activation, while enhancing their association with amyloid plaques. The blunted activation of microglia may contribute to the reduction in the neurotoxic phenotypes of astrocytes. Importantly, transcriptome analysis reveals that MCR activation restores the impaired homeostatic processes and microglial reactivity in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the potential of MCR signaling as therapeutic target for AD.
Strong and sustainable primary healthcare is associated with a lower risk of hospitalization in high risk patients
Authors: Sawicki Olga A. , Mueller Angelina , Klaaßen-Mielke Renate , Glushan Anastasiya , Gerlach Ferdinand M. , Beyer Martin , Wensing Michel , Karimova Kateryna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn 2004, Germany introduced a program based on voluntary contracting to strengthen the role of general practice care in the healthcare system. Key components include structured management of chronic diseases, coordinated access to secondary care, data-driven quality improvement, computerized clinical decision-support, and capitation-based reimbursement. Our aim was to determine the long-term effects of this program on the risk of hospitalization of specific categories of high-risk patients. Based on insurance claims data, we conducted a longitudinal observational study from 2011 to 2018 in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Patients were assigned to one or more of four open cohorts (in 2011, elderly, n = 575,363; diabetes mellitus, n = 163,709; chronic heart failure, n = 82,513; coronary heart disease, n = 125,758). Adjusted for key patient characteristics, logistic regression models were used to compare the hospitalization risk of the enrolled patients (intervention group) with patients receiving usual primary care (control group). At the start of the study and throughout long-term follow-up, enrolled patients in the four cohorts had a lower risk of all-cause hospitalization and ambulatory, care-sensitive hospitalization. Among patients with chronic heart failure and coronary heart disease, the program was associated with significantly reduced risk of cardiovascular-related hospitalizations across the eight observed years. The effect of the program also increased over time. Over the longer term, the results indicate that strengthening primary care could be associated with a substantial reduction in hospital utilization among high-risk patients.
Jaw shape and mechanical advantage are indicative of diet in Mesozoic mammals
Authors: Morales-García Nuria Melisa , Gill Pamela G. , Janis Christine M. , Rayfield Emily J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractJaw morphology is closely linked to both diet and biomechanical performance, and jaws are one of the most common Mesozoic mammal fossil elements. Knowledge of the dietary and functional diversity of early mammals informs on the ecological structure of palaeocommunities throughout the longest era of mammalian evolution: the Mesozoic. Here, we analyse how jaw shape and mechanical advantage of the masseter (MAM) and temporalis (MAT) muscles relate to diet in 70 extant and 45 extinct mammals spanning the Late Triassic-Late Cretaceous. In extant mammals, jaw shape discriminates well between dietary groups: insectivores have long jaws, carnivores intermediate to short jaws, and herbivores have short jaws. Insectivores have low MAM and MAT, carnivores have low MAM and high MAT, and herbivores have high MAM and MAT. These traits are also informative of diet among Mesozoic mammals (based on previous independent determinations of diet) and set the basis for future ecomorphological studies.
Learning from Hanoi to imagine the future of water distribution
Authors: Derrible Sybil , Truong Thanh T. M. , Pham Hung T. , Nguyen Quan H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn many countries, water distribution systems consist of large, highly pressurized pipe networks that require an excessive amount of energy and that are vulnerable to large-scale contamination. To imagine the future of water distribution, we can learn from Hanoi, Vietnam, where water is distributed at low pressures and most buildings are equipped with a basement tank, a rooftop tank, and separate water treatment processes, resulting in a system that consumes less energy and that is more resilient.
Accelerating climate research and action in cities through advanced science-policy-practice partnerships
Authors: Solecki William , Delgado Ramos Gian Carlo , Roberts Debra , Rosenzweig Cynthia , Walsh Brenna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCities have become increasingly recognized as key sites for climate research and action. Recently, these efforts have been significantly advanced through science-policy-practice partnerships. The objective of this paper is to assess how these partnerships are structured, the research and action agenda that underpins them, and how this agenda is being articulated and implemented. The assessment also helps to define some of the conceptual and operational gaps faced by the science-policy-practice community and how they can be addressed. The work evaluates the critical conditions for promoting these advances including the definition and fulfillment of knowledge needs, the integration of different perspectives and approaches, establishment of pathways to finance the urban climate research and action community, and creation and promotion of new partnerships. The paper concludes with a series of strategies and recommendations for how targeted policy adjustments can accelerate and support the production of actionable knowledge and this integrated researcher-policymaker-practitioner community.
Infrastructure resilience to navigate increasingly uncertain and complex conditions in the Anthropocene
Authors: Chester Mikhail , Underwood B. Shane , Allenby Braden , Garcia Margaret , Samaras Constantine , Markolf Samuel , Sanders Kelly , Preston Benjamin , Miller Thaddeus R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInfrastructure are at the center of three trends: accelerating human activities, increasing uncertainty in social, technological, and climatological factors, and increasing complexity of the systems themselves and environments in which they operate. Resilience theory can help infrastructure managers navigate increasing complexity. Engineering framings of resilience will need to evolve beyond robustness to consider adaptation and transformation, and the ability to handle surprise. Agility and flexibility in both physical assets and governance will need to be emphasized, and sensemaking capabilities will need to be reoriented. Transforming infrastructure is necessary to ensuring that core systems keep pace with a changing world.
Water-filled technique for therapeutic pancreato-biliary EUS in patients with surgically altered anatomy
Authors: Mangiavillano Benedetto , Carrara Silvia , Eusebi Leonardo H. , Auriemma Franceasco , Bianchetti Mario , Repici Alessandro 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOne of the main challenges encountered by endosonographers is performing diagnostic and interventional pancreato-biliary endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) procedures in the presence of surgically altered upper gastrointestinal anatomy. We describe the water-filled technique (WFT) for EUS examination and treatment of the pancreato-biliary region in patients with surgically altered upper gastrointestinal anatomy. Using the WFT, the scope is advanced up to the gastro-jejunal anastomosis and, after placing the tip of the scope 2 cm beyond it, enlargement of the jejunal lumen is obtained by water instillation of the jejunal loop. An enlargement of more than 1.5 cm allows advancement of the tip of the scope under EUSguidance up to the duodenum, in a retrograde way. The WFT is useful for reaching the ampullary area and performing diagnostic and therapeutic EUS in patients with surgically altered anatomy. The technique is also reproducible and can be easily used by endoscopists who regularly perform EUS.
Direct endoscopic necrosectomy in infected pancreatic necrosis using lumen-apposing metal stents: Early intervention does not compromise outcome
Authors: Albers David , Meining Alexander , Hann Alexander , Ayoub Younan Kabara , Schumacher Brigitte 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background and study aims Infection of pancreatic necrosis is a dreaded complication requiring an intervention. Nevertheless, the optimal timing of the first intervention is unclear, and consensus data are sparse. This retrospective two-center study evaluated direct endoscopic necrosectomy using lumen apposing metal stents in case of proven or suspected infected pancreatic necrosis in an early stage of the disease.
Patients and methods Forty-nine patients with infected pancreatic necrosis were included. Sequent direct endoscopic necrosectomies after lumen apposing metal stent insertion (LAMS) were performed until the resolution of necrosis. In all patients, the first endoscopic intervention was performed within the first 30 days after first proof of pancreatic necrosis. Primary outcome parameters were inflammatory activity, days spent in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and mortality.
Results The patient cohort received median 4 necrosectomies (3–5) after a median of 7 days (3–11) after first proof of pancreatic necrosis. Technical and clinical success were achieved in 98.3 % and 87.8 %, respectively; the mortality rate was 8.2 %. The median C-reactive protein level decreased from 241 mg/L (182.9–288.9) before the intervention to a median of 23.3 mg/L (18–60) after therapy. The median time period in the ICU was 5 days (3–9).
Conclusions Early endoscopic therapy in the form of direct endoscopic necrosectomy after LAMS placement within the first 30 days after proof of pancreatic necrosis is effective and does not result in poor outcome. Our retrospective data suggest that early intervention before walled-off necrosis is formed is tenable when it is essential due to the patient's clinical deterioration.
Severe Acute Thromboinflammation: Case Report of Individualized Homeopathic Treatment
Authors: Waisse Silvia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThromboinflammation is a still not well-understood phenomenon, which has recently come to the foreground as a function of its relevance in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The patient described in the present case report exhibited acute fever, giant urticaria, elevated acute phase reactants, and very high d-dimer levels, thus characterizing thromboinflammation. She was diagnosed as a COVID-19 suspect case, which was not confirmed; urticarial vasculitis was ruled out. Homeopathic treatment was started with the earliest clinical manifestations, resulting in rapid and drastic reduction of inflammation and hypercoagulability within the first 12 hours, and full recovery on 10-day follow-up assessment. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of homeopathy in a severe acute disorder, and points to the need to include laboratory testing in homeopathic clinical assessment to achieve an accurate picture of disease, and to avoid the risk of passing over life-threatening disorders.
fMRI Resting-State Connectivity between Language and Nonlanguage Areas as Defined by Intraoperative Electrocortical Stimulation in Low-Grade Glioma Patients
Authors: van Lieshout Jasper , Debaene Wouter , Rapp Marion , Noordmans Herke Jan , Rutten Geert-Jan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background and Objectives It remains to be determined whether noninvasive functional imaging techniques can rival the clinical potential of direct electrocortical stimulation (DES). In this study, we compared the results of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to those of DES for language mapping. Our goals were twofold: (1) to replicate a previous study that demonstrated that resting-state connectivity (RSC) was significantly larger between positive DES language sites than between negative DES language sites and (2) to compare the spatial resolution of rs-fMRI to that of DES.
Methods We conducted a retrospective study of nine low-grade glioma patients. Language sites were identified by intraoperative DES. We compared RSC values between and within groups of DES-positive and DES-negative regions of interest (ROIs). Both close-negative sites (i.e., DES-negative sites <1 cm apart from and on the same gyrus as DES-positive sites) and far-negative sites (i.e., purely randomly chosen sites not in the vicinity of the tumor or of the DES-positive sites but on the same lobe) were included. Receiver operating characteristics were used to quantify comparisons.
Results Functional connectivity between all positive language sites was on average significantly higher than between all close-negative sites and between all far-negative sites. The functional connectivity between the positive language ROIs and their respective close-negative control sites was not smaller than between all positive language sites.
Conclusion rs-fMRI likely reflects similar neural information as detected with DES, but in its current form does not reach the spatial resolution of DES.
Imaging Review of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Cook Cristi Reeves , Wissman Robert D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPosterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries can often be missed on physical examination, especially in multiligament knee injuries. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to imaging the PCL should be implemented whenever history and examination findings indicate relative risk. Radiography, including a posterior-stress view, and magnetic resonance imaging, when available, provide consistently accurate diagnosis of PCL pathology and common knee comorbidities. Computed tomography and ultrasonography can be useful modalities with potential advantages with respect to availability and access, specific comorbidities, and/or cost-effectiveness.
Clinico-Radiological Correlation in 26 Egyptian Children with Glutaric Acidemia Type 1
Authors: Sadek Abdelrahim A. , Aladawy Mohammed A. , Magdy Rofaida M. , Mansour Tarek M. M. , Othman Amr A. , Hawary Bahaa , Ibrahim Mohamed F. , Hassan Mohammed H. , Abdelkreem Elsayed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background Glutaric acidemia type 1 (GA1) is an inherited neurometabolic disease with significant morbidity. However, neuro-radiological correlation is not completely understood.
Objective The study aimed to characterize the neuroimaging findings and their association with neurological phenotype in GA1 children.
Methods Twenty-six Egyptian children (median age = 12 months) diagnosed with GA1 underwent clinical evaluation and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We objectively assessed the severity of neurological phenotype at the time of MRI using movement disorder (MD) and morbidity scores. Evaluation of brain MRI abnormalities followed a systematic and region-specific scoring approach. Brain MRI findings and scores were correlated with MD and morbidity scores, disease onset, and presence of seizures.
Results Fifteen (57.7%) cases had insidious onset, eight (30.8%) manifested acute onset, whereas three (11.5%) were asymptomatic. Ten (38.5%) cases had seizures, five of which had no acute encephalopathic crisis. Putamen and caudate abnormalities (found in all acute onset, 93.3 and 73.3% of insidious onset, and one of three asymptomatic cases) were significantly related to MD (p = 0.007 and 0.013) and morbidity (p = 0.005 and 0.003) scores. Globus pallidus abnormalities (50% of acute onset, 46.7% of insidious onset, and one of three of asymptomatic cases) were significantly associated with morbidity score (p = 0.023). Other MRI brain abnormalities as well as gray and white matter score showed no significant association with neurological phenotype. Younger age at onset, acute onset, and seizures were significantly associated with worse neurological manifestations.
Conclusion Patients with GA1 manifest characteristic and region-specific brain MRI abnormalities, but only striatal affection appears to correlate with neurological phenotype.
Estimating Risk of Pituitary Apoplexy after Resection of Giant Pituitary Adenomas
Authors: Butterfield John T. , Araki Takako , Guillaume Daniel , Tummala Ramachandra , Caicedo-Granados Emiro , Tyler Matthew A. , Venteicher Andrew S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background Pituitary apoplexy after resection of giant pituitary adenomas is a rare but often cited morbidity associated with devastating outcomes. It presents as hemorrhage and/or infarction of residual tumor in the postoperative period. Because of its rarity, its incidence and consequences remain ill defined.
Objective The aim of this study is to estimate the rate of postoperative pituitary apoplexy after resection of giant pituitary adenomas and assess the morbidity and mortality associated with apoplexy.
Methods A systematic review of literature was performed to examine extent of resection in giant pituitary adenomas based on surgical approach, rate of postoperative apoplexy, morbidities, and mortality. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach were compared.
Results Seventeen studies were included in quantitative analysis describing 1,031 cases of resection of giant pituitary adenomas. The overall rate of subtotal resection (<90%) for all surgical approaches combined was 35.6% (95% confidence interval: 28.0–43.1). Postoperative pituitary apoplexy developed in 5.65% (n = 19) of subtotal resections, often within 24 hours and with a mortality of 42.1% (n = 8). Resulting morbidities included visual deficits, altered consciousness, cranial nerve palsies, and convulsions.
Conclusion Postoperative pituitary apoplexy is uncommon but is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in subtotal resection cases. These findings highlight the importance in achieving a maximal resection in a time sensitive fashion to mitigate the severe consequences of postoperative apoplexy.