bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Analysis of NGC 2158 in the Gaia Era: Photometric Parameters, Apex, and Orbit
Authors: Sariya Devesh P. , Jiang Ing-Guey , Sizova M. D. , Postnikova E. S. , Bisht D. , Chupina N. V. , Vereshchagin S. V. , Yadav R. K. S. , Rangwal G. , Tutukov A. V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present an investigation of NGC 2158 using Gaia DR2 data. We identified 800 most likely cluster members with membership probability higher than 90%. The mean proper motions of this object are determined as (μ

x
= −0.203 ± 0.003, μ

y
= −1.99 ± 0.004) mas yr−1. The limiting radius, log(age), and distance of the cluster are obtained as 23.5 arcmin, 9.38 ± 0.04 Gyr, and 4.69 ± 0.22 kpc, respectively. The overall mass function slope (0.93 ± 0.14) is flatter than the Salpeter value (1.35) within the mass range of 1.17–1.44 M
⊙. This cluster also shows the mass-segregation effect and our study demonstrates that NGC 2158 is a dynamically relaxed open cluster. Using the apex diagram (AD), the apex coordinates of the cluster are obtained in different ways and are examined using the (μ

U
,μ

T
) diagram. The best value of the apex coordinates is determined as A = 8724 ± 160, D = −3661 ± 530. We also determined the orbit of the cluster and found that NGC 2158 moves almost in the solar antapex direction. The resulting spatial velocity of NGC 2158 is 51 km s−1. A significant oscillation along the Z-coordinate up to 529 pc is detected. Various scenarios regarding the origin of this cluster are also discussed.
Photometric Dissection of Intracluster Light and Its Correlations with Host Cluster Properties
Authors: Kluge M. , Bender R. , Riffeser A. , Goessl C. , Hopp U. , Schmidt M. , Ries C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We explore several ways to dissect brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and their surrounding intracluster light (ICL) using a surface brightness (SB) cut, a luminosity cut, excess light above a de Vaucouleurs profile, or a double Sérsic decomposition. Assuming that all light above

is attributable to the ICL, we find that an average fraction of

of all diffuse light centered on the BCG belongs to the ICL. Likewise, if we assume that all light fainter than

mag arcsec−2 belongs to the ICL, the average ICL fraction is

. After fitting a de Vaucouleurs profile to the inner parts of the SB profile, we detect excess light at large radii, corresponding to an average ICL fraction of

. Finally, by decomposing the SB profile into two Sérsic functions, we find an average ICL fraction of

associated with the outer Sérsic component. Our measured ICL and BCG+ICL luminosities agree well with predictions from high-resolution simulations where the outer Sérsic component traces the unrelaxed, accreted stellar material. BCG and ICL properties defined in this way are correlated with cluster parameters to study the coevolution of BCGs, ICL, and their host clusters. We find positive correlations between BCG+ICL brightness and cluster mass, cluster velocity dispersion, cluster radius, and integrated satellite brightness, confirming that BCG/ICL growth is indeed coupled with cluster growth. On average, the ICL is better aligned than the BCG with the host cluster in terms of position angle, ellipticity, and centering. That makes it a potential dark-matter tracer.
Heliosheath Proton Distribution in the Plasma Reference Frame
Authors: Zirnstein E. J. , Dayeh M. A. , Heerikhuisen J. , McComas D. J. , Swaczyna P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Properties of the inner heliosheath (IHS) plasma are inferred from energetic neutral atom (ENA) observations by ∼1 au spacecraft. However, the Compton–Getting effect due to the plasma velocity relative to the spacecraft is rarely taken into account, even though the plasma speed is a significant fraction of the ENA speed. In this study, we transform Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) ENA spectra to the IHS plasma frame using flow profiles from a 3D heliosphere simulation. We find that proton spectra in the plasma frame are steeper by ∼30% to 5% at ∼0.5 to 6 keV, respectively, compared to ENAs in the spacecraft frame. While radial plasma flows contribute most to the Compton–Getting effect, transverse flows at mid/high latitudes and the heliosphere flanks account for up to ∼30% of the frame transformation for IBEX-Hi at ∼0.7 keV and up to ∼60% for IBEX-Lo at ∼0.1 keV. We determine that the majority of IHS proton fluxes derived from IBEX-Hi measurements in 2009–2016 are statistically consistent with power-law distributions, with mean proton index ∼2.1 and standard deviation ∼0.4. We find significantly fewer spectral breaks in IBEX observations compared to early analyses, which we determine were a product of the “ion gun” background prevalent in ∼2009–2012 before corrections made by McComas et al. in subsequent data releases. We recommend that future analyses of the IHS plasma utilizing ENA measurements take into account the Compton–Getting effect including radial and transverse flows, particularly IBEX and Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe measurements below ∼10 keV.
Atmosphere Escape Inferred from Modeling the Hα Transmission Spectrum of WASP-121b
Authors: Yan Dongdong , Guo Jianheng , Huang Chenliang , Xing Lei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The escaping atmospheres of hydrogen driven by stellar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) have been detected around some exoplanets by the excess absorption of Lyα in the far-ultraviolet band. In the optical band the excess absorption of Hα is also found by ground-based instruments. However, it is not certain if the escape of the atmosphere driven by XUV can result in such absorption. Here we present the XUV-driven hydrodynamic simulation coupled with the calculation of detailed level population and the process of radiative transfer for WASP-121b. Our fiducial model predicts a mass-loss rate of ∼1.28 × 1012 g s−1 for WASP-121b. Due to the high temperature and Lyα intensity predicted by the fiducial model, many hydrogen atoms are populated into the first excited state. As a consequence, the transmission spectrum of Hα simulated by our model is broadly consistent with the observation. Compared with the absorption of Hα at different observation times, the stellar XUV emission varies in the range of 0.5–1.5 times fiducial value, which may reflect the variation of the stellar activity. Finally, we find that the supersonic regions of the planetary wind contribute a prominent portion to the absorption of Hα by comparing the equivalent width of Hα, which hints that a transonic outflow of the upper atmosphere driven by XUV irradiation of the host star can be detected by a ground-based telescope and that Hα can be a good indicator of escaping atmosphere.
Quantifying the Hypervolatile Abundances in Jupiter-family Comet 46P/Wirtanen
Authors: McKay Adam J. , DiSanti Michael A. , Cochran Anita L. , Bonev Boncho P. , Russo Neil Dello , Vervack Ronald J. , Gibb Erika , Roth Nathan X. , Saki Mohammad , Khan Younas , Kawakita Hideyo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present analysis of IR and optical spectroscopy of Jupiter-family comet (JFC) 46P/Wirtanen obtained in 2019 January, when the comet had sufficient geocentric velocity to enable studies of the hypervolatiles CO and CH4, as well as [O i] emission. These species could not be studied near closest approach in mid-December because there was insufficient Doppler shift to separate the cometary emission from their corresponding telluric absorption lines. We employed the [O i] observations as a proxy for the CO2/H2O ratio, as CO2 cannot be observed directly from the ground, and space-based assets sensitive to CO2 were not able to observe 46P during this apparition. We focused our analysis on H2O, CO, CH4, C2H6, CH3OH, and CO2 (via [O i] emission). We detected strong emissions from H2O, C2H6, and CH3OH. Over the 3 nights, we found evidence for changing mixing ratios, mostly due to a variable H2O production rate. In 46P, C2H6 and CH3OH are enriched compared to cometary averages, with mixing ratios relative to H2O of ∼1% and ∼3%, respectively. Measurements of CH4 and CO have been especially rare in JFCs. We report significant 3σ upper limits on CH4/H2O < 0.97% and CO/H2O < 0.54%. They place CH4 being near-average or depleted, and CO being strongly depleted in 46P compared with Oort cloud comets. 46P has comparable CO/H2O to the few other measurements in JFCs, but enriched in C2H6 and CH3OH. Our inferred CO2/H2O mixing ratio is ∼15%, though accounting for systematic uncertainties from the lack of knowledge of [O i] photochemistry means a value between 10% and 20% is likely. The compositional profile of 46P is similar to another small, hyperactive comet: 103P/Hartley 2. The mechanism of CO2-driven water-rich ice grain production proposed for 103P/Hartley 2 may be operating on 46P as well.
A Latent Profile Analysis to Categorize and Describe Athletes Based on Factors Related to Concussion Disclosure
Authors: Milroy Jeffrey , Sanders Lindsey , Mendenhall Brandon , Dudley William B. , Wyrick David 
Published: February 2021

Context
Collegiate student-athletes continue competing after experiencing symptoms of a concussion. Self-report of concussion symptoms is a critical element of the recovery process. Identifying factors related to concussion disclosure can aid in encouraging self-reporting.

Objective
To use latent profile analysis to categorize and describe athletes based on factors related to concussion disclosure.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Web-based survey.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 2 881 (52.4% female; 65.3% in-season; 40% collision sport) student-athletes from 16 National Collegiate Athletic Association member institutions.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Student-athlete concussion expectations, attitudes, and norms were the profile variables and reporting intentions served as the distal outcome variable. We conducted latent profile analysis using select profile variables to determine the optimal number of classes. Differences in concussion-reporting intentions by profile assignment were then examined. Lastly, the extent to which a student-athlete's sex, season status, and level of contact predicted his or her intentions to report a concussion within each profile was investigated.

Results
Five unique student-athlete profiles emerged, including 1 profile that was most risky and another that was least risky. Females had significantly higher odds of being in the least risky profile. Those participating in collision sports had significantly higher odds of being in the top 2 most risky profiles. Contact-sport and in-season athletes were less likely to be in the least risky profile.

Conclusions
With a better understanding of student-athlete profiles, athletic trainers have an opportunity to encourage concussion disclosure. Prompt disclosure would allow student-athletes to begin the return-to-play protocol in a more timely manner.
Gender differences in the association between social support and caregiver alcohol use in posttraumatic stress disorder of east Taiwan adolescents
Authors: Kao Ching-Yi , Bradshaw Tyler , Mazarakis Theodoris 
Published: February 2021

Objectives:
This study investigates traumatic experiences in a sample of high-risk Taiwanese adolescents in rural areas of Taiwan; correlation with psychosocial factors is assessed with focus on social support and caregiver alcohol use.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study using stratified cluster sampling. Structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic characteristics, social support (Taiwan Relationship Inventory for Children and Adolescents), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (Chinese version of UCLA-PTSD Reaction Index) from a sample of 751 adolescents (54.6% females) with 61.2% response rate in high schools in Hualien County, Taiwan.

Results:
Girls with trauma experiences manifested significantly higher PTSD scores, concurrent with higher number of traumatic events (TE), while the likelihood of reporting trauma and subsequent PTSD symptoms was similar in both genders. Increased risk of reported trauma and PTSD in adolescent Taiwanese is strongly associated with caregiver alcohol use and lack of social support, particularly in girls.

Conclusion:
We found that girls reported higher numbers of TE which was concurrent with significantly higher PTSD scores. Early detection of alcohol use disorders among caregivers as well as assessment of quality of family interaction would benefit at risk adolescents through specifically tailored interventions to address these factors.
Algunos rasgos de la delincuencia en España a comienzos del siglo XXI
Authors: Díez Ripollés Jose Luis 
Published: February 2021

En un momento en que las decisiones político­criminales en España han pasado a tener una relevancia social, mediática y política hasta hace poco desconocida, este trabajo pretende poner de relieve, sirviéndose casi en exclusiva de gráficos estadísticos, cual es la realidad de la delincuencia en España al comienzo del siglo XXI. El objetivo es evitar visiones estereotipadas de la criminalidad española.
THE EFFECT OF MUDHARABAH FINANCING ON THE PROFITABILITY OF ROA AND ROE OF SHARIA RURAL BANKS (BPRS) IN INDONESIA 2017-2018
Authors: Asy-Syaffa Khansa , Buchori Nur S , Firmansyah Firmansyah 
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this research is to analyze The Influence of Mudharabah Financing as the dependent variable (X) To The Return On Asset (ROA) as independent variables (Y1) and Return On Equity (ROE) as independent variables (Y2), of The Sharia Rural Banking (BPRS) in Indonesia in 2017-2018. This analysis used 106 BPRS that are made as a sample. The data sources used are secondary data sources from reports on financial publications of each Syariah Rural Banking at the OJK. This type of research is quantitative with Cross Section data method. The analysis technique used is the Eviews 10 for students. The results of this study indicate that Mudharabah Financing has no significant effect on the Ratio On Asset with a regression coefficient and a significance level of 0,16more than 0.05. While Mudharabah Financing has no significant effect with the regression coefficient of 0,16 with a significance level 0,00 less than 0.05
SISTEM KONTROL SUHU DAN PENDETEKSI GERAKAN PADA RUANGAN LABORATORIUM BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO R3 DENGAN MODUL REAL TIME CLOCK (RTC) DAN PASSIVE INFRARED RECEIVER (PIR) (STUDI KASUS : LABORATORIUM POLITEKNIK SAINS & TEKNOLOGI WIRATAMA MALUKU UTARA)
Authors: Muksin Julkifli , A. Hi Musa Munawir , Ambarita Arisandy , Ibrahim Adelina , Hadad Sitna Hajar 
Published: February 2021

Abstrak: Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah merancang Sistem kontrol suhu dan pendeteksi gerakan dalam ruangan laboratorium berbasis arduino uno R3 dengan modul Real Time Clock (RTC) dan Passive Infrared Receiver (PIR). Dalam penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah SDLC dan alat bantu perancangan menggunakan Flowchart, fritzing. Sistem pengontrolan suhu dan Pendeteksi Gerakan dalam ruangan yang dirancang mengunakan komponen utama terdiri dari mikrokontroler, sensor suhu (DHT22), sensor gerak (PIR), modul RTC, LCD, relay, dan kipas. Pengujian sesor PIR dengan jarak 1-5 meter dengan waktu yang digunakan dari 0-90 detik sensor masi mendeteksi adanya pergerakan, dengan adanya pergerakan yang terdeteksi oleh sensor PIR maka Relay aktif kipas berputar, kemudian LCD sebagai indikator menampilkan kipas ON dan ada pergerakan keterangan ruangan sedang ada orang. pengujian sensor PIR terhadap kepekaan sudut sekeliling ruangan, pengujian dimulai dari nilai sudut 0°-45° 1-4 meter PIR masih mendeteksi adanya Pergerakan. Selain itu pengujian sensor DHT22 dengan suhu normal 28°C, Sistem ini dapat membantu pihak kampus dalam mengontrol suhu dan mendeteksi gerakan dalam ruangan secara otomatisKata kunci: Pengontrolan, Suhu, Gerakan, Arduino UnoAbstract: The purpose of this research is to design a temperature control system and motion detection in a laboratory room based on Arduino Uno R3 with Real-Time Clock (RTC) and Passive Infrared Receiver (PIR) modules. In this study, the method used is SDLC and design tools using flowcharts, fritzing. Indoor temperature control and motion detection systems are designed using the primary components consisting of a microcontroller, temperature sensor (DHT22), a motion sensor (PIR), RTC module, LCD, relay, and fan. Testing the PIR sensor with a distance of 1-5 meters with the time used from 0-90 seconds, the sensor still detects movement. With the motion detected by the PIR sensor, the active relay fan rotates. The LCD as an indicator displays the fan ON. There is the movement of room information. There are people. Testing the PIR sensor on the corner's sensitivity around the room, the test starts from an angle value of 0 ° -45 ° 1-4 meters. PIR still detects movement. In addition to testing the DHT22 sensor with an average temperature of 28 ° C, this system can automatically help the campus control temperature and automatically detect indoor movement.Keywords: Control, Temperature, Movement, Arduino Uno
Fundo estocástico de ondas gravitacionais
Authors: Gomes do Nascimento João Paulo , Carvalho Fábio Cabral 
Published: February 2021

Ondas gravitacionais são previsões teóricas da relatividade geral de Einstein, as quais são formadas quando o tecido do espaço-tempo é deformado. Em outubro de 2017 o observatório LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory) conseguiu detectar diretamente ondas gravitacionais gerada pela fusão de duas estrelas de nêutrons, descoberta essa que se mostrou de grande importância para a astronomia moderna pelo fato de essas ondas trazerem consigo informações das fontes que as geraram. No presente artigo, estudamos o fundo estocástico de ondas gravitacionais gerado devido a fusão de estrelas de nêutrons, usando diferentes modelos cosmológicos. Para isso utilizamos duas parametrizações dependentes do tempo na equação de estado \omega(z), com o objetivo de verificar quais seriam as consequências finais no fundo estocástico gerado por essas ondas, em comparação ao que o modelo padrão da cosmologia prevê.
Análise computacional da estabilidade de compostos atípicos de carbono aplicada à astroquímica
Authors: Moura Porto Joel Augusto , Rodrigues Sérgio Paulo Jorge 
Published: February 2021

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a possibilidade de, por meio de recursos computacionais, calcular, de forma acessível , aproximações das propriedades estruturais de espécies químicas de interesse astroquímico. Para tal, utilizamos como exemplo as espécies de carbono do tipo C2, C3, C4, C5 que podem ser observadas no espaço interestelar. Estas espécies, além de serem de difícil obtenção e caracterização experimental, evidenciam muitas das características e limitações das abordagens teóricas. Para o presente trabalho, analisamos a estrutura, a geometria de equilíbrio, as energias nuclear, eletrônica e total destas espécies. Para calcular as frequências das espécies, foi calculada a hessiana no fim da otimização das estruturas. Foram usados o wxMacMolPlt® para o desenho e preparo das estruturas e o GAMESS® para o gerenciamento dos cálculos. Analisamos, numa perspectiva pedagógica, os resultados e as características dos cálculos para os compostos dicarbono, tricarbono, tetracarbono e pentacarbono lineares e tricarbono, tetracarbono e pentacarbono cíclicos.
Viver Juntos no Musa
Authors: Candotti Ennio 
Published: February 2021

O Museu da Amazônia, o Musa, é um museu vivo, a céu aberto na Reserva Ducke, uma floresta primária na cidade de Manaus. Os ecossistemas, a fauna e a flora desta floresta, têm sido estudados há mais de cinquenta anos pelos pesquisadores do INPA. O Musa está empenhado em divulgar para o grande público os segredos desta floresta. Mostrar ao vivo, em seu habitat natural, as plantas, os pássaros, insetos, flores e polinizadores. É propósito do Musa em suas exposições valorizar os saberes das culturas indígenas que habitaram e ainda habitam as florestas amazônicas. No Musa são também cultivadas e divulgadas práticas agrícolas compatíveis com a presença da floresta, explorando assim modos antigos de compreender o mundo que propiciam o ‘viver juntos’ de culturas e saberes de humanos e não humanos.
The Role of Teachers’ Digital Communication Skills in the Success of the Distance Learning Process in Private Universities in Lebanon
Authors: Makhzoum Violla , Berri Amine , Ajami Zeinab 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: This research study aims to examine the role of effective digital communication skills in the success of the distance learning process in the private universities in Lebanon. It also addresses the role of the teacher in motivating the students and acting as a facilitator to bridge the digital divide.
Approach/Methodology/Design: To achieve the goal of this research, a descriptive approach was adopted. Six private universities were selected as a sample for the study and they were selected randomly. A questionnaire was developed as a tool for data collection. To verify the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, we used the Cronbach coefficient test (Cronbach’s alpha). The researchers distributed 300 questionnaires to respondents from the selected private universities. Only 137 teachers responded, or (45.6%) of the total questionnaires distributed. For statistical analysis, the researchers used SPSS version 20.0.
Findings: The results of the study revealed that private universities in Lebanon were ready to handle online teaching during the CoViD-19 pandemic. The respondents indicated their ability to handle the newly- emerging digital technologies to tackle crisis. It is found out that the arithmetic average rate related to the extent of the role that the teacher plays in the success of the distance learning process is (3.80)with a “strong” degree. The arithmetic average rate of the teacher's possession of the skill of effective communication was (3.69), with a “strong” degree. As for the teacher’s role in the process of motivation, the average of the arithmetic mean was 3.59 with a “strong” degree, but it is closer to an “average” than to a “strong” degree.
Practical Implications: The study presents various implications for different stakeholders; it principally addresses a crucial recent issue, and thus serves as a source for teachers and administrators. The results of the study open new venues for further research on online learning.
Originality/value: The success of online learning is dependent on digital literacy. The familiarity with the new technological means that emerged during 2020 contributes to the success
Using Context Clues in Sentences by Cambridge IGCSE Students to Understand the Nonliteral Meanings of Words
Authors: Al Jumaily Dr. Samir 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The main objective of the study is to help Cambridge IGCSE students to develop their acquisition abilities as well as linguistic knowledge of figurative language to figure out the context-dependent meaning.
Approach/Methodology/Design: This is a type of qualitative study on how Cambridge IGCSE students can develop their analytical thinking skills to understand figurative language through using context clues theory in order to figure out the meanings of idioms and expressions used by authors.
Findings: A lot of progress in the use of figurative language was noticed. At the end of the course, students’ megacognitive skills highly improved and turned the students optimistic, after being frustrated at the beginning, to achieve the IGCSE Exams confidently. The study points out the necessity of teaching this type of language since students may encounter it in the Cambridge IGCSE Exams. It also focuses remarkably on the difference between literal and nonliteral language, and since these two are related to semantics and pragmatics, the scope of the study extended to cover the difference between the two.
Practical Implications: Through TBD, periodicals help college students develop their listening and writing skills, raise awareness on problematic language areas, and avoid biases in analyzing texts.
Originality/value: Through designing some sample lessons, the study tries to assist teachers to get immensely engaged in teaching different aspects of figurative language and how to approach teaching it.