bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of long‐term water level drawdown on functional plant trait composition of northern peatlands
Authors: Laine Anna M. , Korrensalo Aino , Kokkonen Nicola A. K. , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Understanding how plant communities respond to increased evaporation and consequent water level drawdown (WLD) is critical for predicting the functioning of northern peatlands under climate change. Functional traits provide a quantitative link between vegetation and ecosystem functions and, therefore, constitute a useful concept for predicting responses to climate change.

We studied the impact of long‐term experimental WLD on vascular plant and moss traits at a rich fen, poor fen and bog. Vegetation change was followed over a 15‐year period. In the final study year, the traits of the most common plant species were measured from control and WLD areas at each peatland type.

We found equally high interspecific trait variation for Sphagnum mosses and vascular plants while the intraspecific variation was greater in the mosses.

Community‐weighted mean (CWM) traits varied between sites; WLD had the strongest impact on those traits that the dominant plant group originally had high values for, and in most cases, WLD further increased these values. In the vascular‐plant‐dominated rich fen, WLD led to taller plants with a greater specific leaf area, features that under the prevailing water table were also greatest at that site. In the bog, characterized by dense Sphagnum moss stands with small individuals, WLD further enhanced these properties that increase the ability of a moss stand to remain moist under drier conditions. The poor fen was transitional between the two extremes, both in its vegetation composition and in its trait responses.

Structural equation models (SEM) showed that WLD in the fens, indirectly via other traits, increased photosynthetic capacity while the impact in the bog site was the opposite. In the poor fen and bog, WLD directly increased vascular plant respiration while the increase in the rich fen was through other traits. WLD directly increased and decreased Sphagnum respiration in the poor fen and bog, respectively. Overall, the traits of the vascular plant and Sphagnum communities in the bog were more dependent on each other than they were in the fens.

Based on these findings, it is evident that fens and bogs respond differently to WLD. This should be considered when predicting the effects of climate change on peatland carbon cycling.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The enemy of my enemy is not always my friend: Negative effects of carnivorous arthropods on plants
Authors: Cuny Maximilien A. C. , Bourne Mitchel E. , Dicke Marcel , Poelman Erik H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Plants are members of complex communities of which arthropods are the most speciose members. The role of carnivores in shaping the outcome of multi‐trophic interactions by top‐down control of herbivores has been well studied. Particularly, the positive impacts of natural enemies of herbivores on plants through direct (consumptive) and indirect (non‐consumptive) effects on their prey and hosts have received considerable interest, while multi‐trophic interactions that result in negative effects on plants have received little attention.

Negative impacts of carnivorous arthropods have been documented and arise when carnivores directly affect plants and/or their interactions with beneficial arthropods. In general, negative effects may be compensated by positive effects of other carnivorous arthropods, but their presence and significance is likely to be underestimated in tri‐trophic interactions.

Recent studies have revealed that the composition and dynamics of the plant and arthropod community have a significant effect on plant fitness. Therefore, we encourage an approach that accounts for a larger community of species and interactions associated with plants, including interaction types in which carnivores may negatively affect plants.

This review highlights specific interaction types that ultimately lead to negative effects of carnivores on plants. This synthesis presents alternative hypotheses to those that predict that carnivores invariably benefit plants. Testing potential costs and benefits of carnivores to plants will advance our understanding of indirect plant defence.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Synergistic effects of exercise and catalase overexpression on gut microbiome
Authors: Chen See Jeremy R. , Amos Deborah , Wright Justin , Lamendella Regina , Santanam Nalini 
Published: July 2021

SummaryExercise influences metabolic parameters in part by modulating redox stress and as recently suggested, by affecting the gut microbiome. However, whether excess endogenous antioxidant potentiates or interferes with the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut microbiome is not known. A comparison of the gut microbiome of C57Bl6 (C57/WT) mice to the ‘stress‐less’ catalase overexpressing mice models ([Tg(CAT)±] and Bob‐Cat), that were either exercised or remained sedentary, showed differences in both alpha and beta diversity. The significant variation was explained by genotypes along with exercise, suggesting a synergistic relationship between exercise and genotypic traits. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis also revealed differential taxa within the exercised/genotype cohorts in contrast to those within sedentary/genotype cohorts. Functional pathway predictions from PICRUSt2 showed enrichment for the metabolism of short‐chain fatty acids, butanoate and propanoate pathways in exercised groups. Spearman correlations between enriched taxa and metabolic parameters showed correlations with body or fat weight in some of the cohorts. However, there were significant correlations of differential taxa among all cohorts against parameters that predict energy metabolism, such as respiratory exchange ratio and energy expenditure. Overall, our study showed that there was a synergistic beneficial influence of antioxidant overexpression and exercise on the gut microbiome.
Interactions between risk assessors and risk managers during three major food incidents in Europe
Authors: Focker M. , van den Borne B. H. P. , Fischer M. , Schuh E. , Mader A. , Andersson M. G. , Ali B. M. , van der Fels‐Klerx H. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRisk analysis consists of risk assessment (RA), risk management (RM), and risk communication (RC). In most countries, RA and RM of food safety are separated to achieve a high scientific integrity, and typically occur in sequential order. However, in case of a food safety incident, even though being separate processes, RA and RM are performed simultaneously due to great time pressure and expected high impacts. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the observed interactions between RA and RM processes, during three major food incidents in Europe, and to provide suggestions for possible improvement. Based on the differences observed between the three cases, strengths and weaknesses of each system have been identified. The enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) crisis in 2011 in Germany, the horsemeat scandal in 2013 in Ireland, and the fipronil incident in 2017 in the Netherlands were used as case studies. Timelines of these incidents and crisis management procedures in place in each of the three countries provided the basis for further analysis. First, results showed that details of the communication processes between RA and RM bodies were frequently lacking in crisis management protocols. Second, RA, RM, and RC processes differed for each incident, due to differences in estimated risk for public health, but also due to differences in the organization within a country. Based on our results, we recommend that crisis management protocols should contain a section on communication between RA, RM, and on communication between member states in the EU.
Effects of supervised exercise program and home exercise program in patients with systemic sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yakut Hazal , Özalevli Sevgi , Aktan Ridvan , Özgen Alpaydın Aylin , Merih Birlik Ahmet , Can Gerçek 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo compare the effects of supervised exercise and home exercise program in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).MethodsThirty‐seven SSc patients were included. Patients with SSc were allocated into 2 groups as supervised and home exercise. Breathing, aerobic and resistance exercises were performed with a physiotherapist for 12 weeks in the supervised exercise group. Breathing, posture and aerobic exercises were given to the home exercise group as a home program for 12 weeks. All patients were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks later in terms of functional capacity, pulmonary functions, respiratory‐peripheral muscle strength, dyspnea severity, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and fatigue level.ResultsSignificant improvements were observed in the functional capacity, measured by 6 minute walking test in the supervised exercise group (before = 376.21 ± 65.50, after = 518.78 ± 75.84 m) and home exercise group (before = 384.44 ± 68.14, after = 432.7 ± 70.8 m; (P < .05). Respiratory‐peripheral muscle strength (with the exception of inspiratory muscle strength and upper limb strength in the home exercise group) and HRQoL were significantly increased and fatigue level was significantly decreased in the supervised exercise and home exercise groups (P < .05). However, pulmonary functions and dyspnea severity were significantly improved only in the supervised exercise group (P < .05). The supervised exercise program was found superior to the home exercise program for change in all parameters (P < .05).ConclusionThis study suggests that exercise interventions should be applied in addition to the medical treatments of patients with SSc as supervised and home exercise programs play an important role in the functionality and health status of these patients.
Suppression and acceptance in unipolar depression: Short‐term and long‐term effects on emotional responding
Authors: Liverant Gabrielle I. , Gallagher Matthew W. , Arditte Hall Kimberly A. , Rosebrock Laina E. , Black Shimrit K. , Kind Shelley , Fava Maurizio , Kaplan Gary B. , Kamholz Barbara W. , Pineles Suzanne L. , Sloan Denise M. 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesTransdiagnostic treatments increasingly include emotion regulation training focused on use of emotional suppression and acceptance. Despite the frequent use of these treatments in depression, little is known about the effects of these strategies in this population.DesignAn experimental study.MethodsEighty Veterans with unipolar depression participated in a study examining effects of these strategies on emotional responding (subjective, behavioural, and physiological). Physiological measures included: heart rate (HR), respiration (Resp), skin conductance (SC), and corrugator electromyography. On Day 1, participants were randomised to one of three conditions (acceptance, suppression, or control) and underwent an autobiographical sad mood induction. On Day 2, participants underwent a similar mood induction one week later.ResultsThe suppression group demonstrated reduced physiological reactivity (Resp and SC) on Day 1. However, the suppression group reported decreased positive affect on Day 2.ConclusionsResults support short‐term effectiveness and longer term costs from suppression use among depressed individuals. Findings may inform application of transdiagnostic emotion regulation treatments and suggest suppression functions differently in depressed versus other clinical populations.
Wernicke’s encephalopathy precipitated by neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and Graves’ disease: A tale of clinical and radiological dilemmas
Authors: Ghosh Ritwik , Dubey Souvik , Ray Adrija , Roy Dipayan , De Kaustav , Mandal Arpan , Naga Dinobandhu , Swaika Bikash Chandra , Pandit Alak , Benito‐León Julián 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), an autoimmune astrocytopathy, may share common clinico‐radiological features with Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE). A variant of NMOSD, known as area postrema syndrome (APS), that presents with intractable hiccups and associated vomiting, might lead to the depletion of nutrients if not detected and treated early. Autoimmune thyroid disorders (i.e., Graves’ disease) may be associated with NMOSD. Rarely, thyrotoxicosis can give rise to thiamine depletion and WE.Case presentationHere, we present a case of untreated hyperthyroidism in an Indian female who presented with thyrotoxicosis and later developed WE, possibly also contributed by NMOSD (APS)‐induced recurrent vomiting. The patient recovered with antithyroid drugs, parenteral thiamine, and immunomodulatory therapy. The possible pathogenic mechanisms have been discussed.ConclusionOur case establishes the importance of considering NMOSD variants in metabolic encephalopathy, especially if neuroimaging is suggestive and in the backdrop of another autoimmune disorder.
Full or intensity‐reduced high‐dose melphalan and single or double autologous stem cell transplant with or without bortezomib consolidation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Straka Christian , Salwender Hans , Knop Stefan , Vogel Martin , Müller Jürgen , Metzner Bernd , Langer Christian , Sayer Herbert , Jung Wolfram , Dürk Heinz A. , Bassermann Florian , Gramatzki Martin , Rösler Wolf , Wolf Hans‐Heinrich , Brugger Wolfram , Engelhardt Monika , Fischer Thomas , Liebisch Peter , Einsele Hermann 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveA post hoc subgroup analysis of two phase III trials (NCT00416273, NCT00416208) was carried out to investigate the influence of 100/140 and 200 mg/m² melphalan as well as single/double autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) on progression‐free survival (PFS). Additionally, the effect of bortezomib consolidation on PFS was analyzed.MethodsFollowing induction therapy and high‐dose melphalan with subsequent ASCT, patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) were randomized 1:1 to either four 35‐day cycles of bortezomib consolidation (1.6 mg/m² IV on days 1, 8, 15, 22) or observation.ResultsOf the 340 patients included in this analysis, 13.5% received 1 × MEL100/140, 22.9% 2 × MEL100/140, 31.2% 1 × MEL200, and 32.4% 2 × MEL200. With higher cumulative melphalan dose, PFS improved (P = .0085). PFS curves of patients treated with 2 × MEL100/140 and 1 × MEL200 were very similar. The superior dose effect of MEL200 over MEL100/140 was non‐existent in the bortezomib consolidation arm but pronounced in the observation arm (P = .0015). Similarly, double ASCT was only beneficial in patients without bortezomib consolidation (P = .0569).ConclusionsFull dose melphalan and double transplantation seem advantageous only as long as patients are not receiving bortezomib consolidation afterwards.
Institutional vulnerability and trust in public agencies: Views from both sides of the street
Authors: Spink Peter , Lotta Gabriela , Burgos Fernando 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article seeks to contribute to the discussion of the dynamics of trust in street‐level public sector work, especially in settings where relationships between agencies, frontline workers, and society are fragile. Data was gathered in different vulnerable areas of the city of São Paulo, Brazil using interviews with frontline workers and complemented with field notes from a five‐year longitudinal study in one high‐density area with a history of violence. Concern was to understand how, despite a lack of reciprocal trust, citizens and service providers create ways of meeting daily demands and how, in doing so, they see each other. Results show that in vulnerable settings, issues of inter‐agency cooperation and territorial connectivity between different public sector services can be more important than individual agency performance in helping citizens find solutions to the problems they are facing. In the absence of an effective inter‐institutional framework, trust is quickly eroded.
Effect of toothbrush bristle stiffness and toothbrushing force on the abrasive dentine wear
Authors: Hamza Blend , Tanner Moritz , Körner Philipp , Attin Thomas , Wegehaupt Florian Just 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the influence of toothbrush bristle stiffness and applied brushing force on the resulting abrasive dentine wear in vitro.MethodsOne hundred sixty bovine dentine samples were randomly allocated in eight groups (n = 20). Groups one to four were brushed with a soft‐bristle toothbrush with soft bristles applying 1, 2, 3 and 4 N brushing force, respectively. Groups five to eight were brushed with a medium‐bristle toothbrush applying the same aforementioned brushing forces (120 strokes/min, abrasive slurry (RDA = 121), 25 min). Profiles were recorded before and after the brushing sequence, and the median and interquartile range of abrasive dentine wear were calculated and compared using two‐way ANOVA and pairwise tests corrected after Tukey (α = 0.05).ResultsAt 1, 2 and 3 N brushing force, the tested toothbrushes caused no significantly different abrasive dentine wear. At 4 N brushing force, the medium‐bristle toothbrush caused statistically significantly higher abrasive force than the soft‐bristle toothbrush. Using the medium‐bristle toothbrush, abrasive dentine wear statistically significantly increased with increasing brushing force from 1 to 3 N. However, increasing the brushing force to 4 N did not result in statistically significantly higher wear. Using the soft‐bristle toothbrush, abrasive dentine wear statistically significantly increased with increasing brushing force from 1 to 2 N. However, increasing the brushing force to 3 or 4 N did not result in statistically significantly higher wear.ConclusionThe soft‐bristle toothbrush tends to cause less abrasive wear with increasing brushing force than the medium‐bristle toothbrush.
Leadless pacemakers in critically ill patients requiring prolonged cardiac pacing: A multicenter international study
Authors: Clementy Nicolas , Coelho Roxane , Veltmann Christian , Marijon Eloi , Tolosana José , Galand Vincent , Ploux Sylvain , Eschalier Romain , Simeon Edouard , Blessberger Hermann , Mueller‐Leisse Johanna , Pujol‐Lopez Margarida , Martins Raphaël , Ritter Philippe , Steinwender Clemens , Babuty Dominique 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundTemporary transvenous pacing in critically ill patients requiring prolonged cardiac pacing is associated with a high risk of complications. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of self‐contained intracardiac leadless pacemaker (LPM) implantation in this population.Methods and ResultsConsecutive patients implanted with a Micra LPM during the hospitalization in an intensive care unit were retrospectively included. Inclusion criteria were: more than or equal to 1 supracaval central venous line, or a ventilation tube, or intravenous antibiotic therapy for ongoing sepsis or bacteremia. Patients with a history of the previous implantation of a pacemaker were excluded. Out of 1016 patients implanted with an LPM, 99 met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 75 years and Charlson comorbidity index 7. LPM implantation was successfully performed in 98% of cases, with a perioperative complication rate of 5%, mainly cardiac injuries. In‐hospital mortality rate was 6%. No late (>30 days) device‐related complication occurred, especially no infection.ConclusionsLPM appears as an acceptable alternative to conventional temporary transvenous pacing in selected critically ill patients requiring prolonged cardiac pacing, especially regarding the risk of infection.
Too much theory and not enough practice? The challenge of implementation science application in healthcare practice
Authors: Rapport Frances , Smith James , Hutchinson Karen , Clay‐Williams Robyn , Churruca Kate , Bierbaum Mia , Braithwaite Jeffrey 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundImplementation science (IS) should contribute to maintaining high standards of care across healthcare systems and enhancing care practices. However, despite the evident need for greater and more rapid uptake and integration of evidence in practice, IS design and methodology fall short of the needs of effective translation.AimIn this paper we examine what it is about IS that makes it so appealing for effective uptake of interventions in routine practice, and yet so difficult to achieve. We propose a number of ways that implementation scientists could build mutual relationships with healthcare practitioners and other stakeholders including public members to ensure greater shared care practices, and highlight the value of IS training, collaborative educational events, and co‐designed research.DiscussionMore consideration should be given to IS applications in healthcare contexts. Implementation scientists can make a valuable contribution by mobilizing theory and improving practice. However, goals for an evidence‐based system may be more appropriately achieved through greater outreach and collaboration, with methods that are flexible to support rapid implementation in complex adaptive systems. Collective learning and mutual trust can be cultivated by embedding researchers into healthcare services while offering greater opportunities for practitioners to learn about, and engage in, implementation research.ConclusionTo bridge the worlds of healthcare practice and IS, researchers could be more consistent in the relationships they build with professionals and the public, communicating through a shared language and co‐joining practical approaches to effective implementation. This will build capacity for improved collaboration and foster respectful, interdisciplinary relationships.
UK Nutrition Research Partnership (NRP) workshop: Improving our understanding of the metabolic interplay between nutrition and physical activity (IN‐PACT)
Authors: Wallis Gareth A. , Chambers Edward S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article describes a UK Nutrition Research Partnership (UK NRP)/Medical Research Council (MRC) 'Hot Topic' workshop that aimed to develop a better understanding of the interplay between nutrition and physical activity and their effects on human metabolism at the mechanistic level. The article provides a rationale for the workshop and a summary of the objectives. The report then presents an overview of the topics discussed at the workshop and the priority research areas identified that would enable the development of integrated evidence‐based dietary guidelines with improved potential to transform long‐term health.