bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Velomobiles and Urban Mobility: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Rose Geoffrey , Liang Alex 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs the transport challenges facing urban areas intensify, innovative solutions are required to address the social, economic and environmental impacts arising from overreliance on private motor vehicles. Velomobiles offer a range of advantages but do not feature on the radar screen of urban transport policy makers. This chapter explores the challenges and opportunities of increased adoption of velomobiles as an urban mobility option. A scan of existing velomobiles is used to define typical characteristics of these vehicles and place them into perspective against relevant travel options before they are assessed in the context of typical vehicle regulations and facility design guidelines. The opportunities and challenges associated with greater adoption of velomobiles in the context of urban travel are examined through the lenses of technology adoption and the sociotechnical framing of independent travel options. Shared mobility is identified as one potential way of broadening the base for velomobile adoption in urban areas.
“Enchanted with Europe”: Family Migration and European Law on Labour-Market Integration
Authors: Isaakyan Irina , Triandafyllidou Anna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the European legal platform for alleviating the main barriers in the labor market integration of dependent family migrants in the EU. Namely, the chapter looks at the work of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in relation to cases that involve recognition of professional qualifications and establishment of residence status. The study looks at how family reunification provisions, EU citizen status and in particular provisions for EU citizens and their family members when they move to another Member State, affect indirectly the status situation of third country nationals and their labour market integration by facilitating or hampering the recognition of their skills. This chapter is based on desk research, notably literature review (including published reports from the SIRIUS research) and analysis of legislative documents (EU Directives and ECJ case-law). We specifically look at the ECJ case-law on status and recognition and at related Directives involving family migrants. We study conditions under which the ECJ makes a decision in favour of the migrant-plaintiff. The discussion of our findings shows a complex interplay between family migration, gender bias and European law.
Accessing the Danish Labour Market: On the Coexistence of Legal Barriers and Enabling Factors
Authors: Bjerre Liv , Pace Michelle , Sen Somdeep 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHistorically, Denmark was a “first-mover” as a signatory to liberal international humanitarian laws and conventions, especially with regard to refugees. Yet, in recent years Denmark has cherished the role of a different kind of “first mover” – namely as hardliner when it comes to immigration policies. This is evident in the existent political discourse and restrictive immigration policies personified not least in the number of times Denmark has altered (and tightened) immigration regulations. Yet, we demonstrate that, while “barriers” exist in terms of entering Denmark, the Danish labour market structure is such that it ends up facilitating refugees’ integration and legally protecting their labour rights. To be sure, this protection is a way of guaranteeing the rights of Danish workers who would adversely be affected by the proliferation of an unregulated labour market where refugees are compelled to work under worse legal and economic conditions. However, the Danish case ends up being one where, counterintuitively, legal barriers (to entering the labour market) coexist alongside enabling factors (legal guarantees) of refugees’ rights.
‘Providing for Children… Deprived of a Normal Home Life’: The Curtis Report and the Post-war Policy Landscape of Children’s Out-of-Home Care
Authors: Lynch Gordon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines how child-care policy in Britain in the early post-war period was shaped by the publication of the 1946 Curtis report, whose recommendations were substantially implemented in the 1948 Children Act. The chapter considers both the report’s position on the administrative restructuring of children’s care and its importance in articulating standards of good practice in child-care based on broad concepts from child psychology. The report’s recommendations specifically for child migration are discussed as well as the different ways in which voluntary societies involved in this work engaged with the Curtis Committee on this issue. Whilst strengthening controls over child migration to a limited extent, the subsequent 1948 Children Act introduced separate obligations for the emigration of children from the care of local authorities compared to voluntary societies, thus creating a two-tier administrative system that was to have significant consequences for many child migrants.
‘Avoiding Fruitless Controversy’: UK Child Migration and the Anatomy of Policy Failure
Authors: Lynch Gordon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis concluding chapter explores why it was that post-war child migration to Australia was allowed to resume and continue by the UK Government despite known failings in these schemes. It is argued that one factor was the sheer administrative complexity of a multi-agency programme operating over different national jurisdictions and large distances which made control and oversight of conditions for British child migrants harder to achieve. Despite concerns that the post-war welfare state would be a powerful, centralised mechanism, the history of these programmes demonstrates British policy-makers’ sense of the limits of their powers—limits arising from lack of resource, the perceived need to avoid unproductive conflict with powerful stakeholders, the wish to respect boundaries of departmental policy remits and assumptions about the value of following policy precedents. The chapter concludes by considering how fine-grained analyses of such policy failures can contribute to public debates about suitable redress.
State of the Art for Evaluation of Inventive Design Solution Concepts
Authors: Yehya Muhammad Irshad , Houssin Remy , Coulibaly Amadou , Chibane Hicham 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe concepts of solutions resulting from the inventive design process measures are generally described in a declarative manner, which does not allow having a shareable formal or visual representation between partners of the project. In addition, the absence of a model does not allow evaluation and compare competing concepts. In this paper, most relevant work regarding inventive design solution concept presented along with potential merits and demerits and highlighted the need of a systematic method to evaluate behavioral performance of solution concepts.
Towards a Better Understanding of Open Source Hardware Design Reuse in Company-Community Collaboration
Authors: Ezoji Amer , Pinquie Romain , Boujut Jean François 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe open-source-software movement that emerged in the late 90s has recently extended to hardware. In this paper, we try to better understand how the reuse of design solutions facilitates company-community collaboration. On the one hand, based on existing research studies, we analyze three fundamental questions - 1) who wants to reuse a design? 2) Why do they want to reuse a design?, and 3) How do they reuse a design? - from a company perspective and a community perspective. On the other hand, we identified that companies and communities must create a common understanding of the design problems and solution and they could benefit in reusing design artifact to speed up the development time and improve the quality and transferability of the results. However, this research shows that companies and communities don’t use the same type of tools and methods to reuse design knowledge which may cause some problems for collaboration [2].
Constraint Analysis and Optimization of NES System Based on Variable Pitch Spring
Authors: Wu Zhenhang , Paredes Manuel , Seguy Sébastien 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study proposes the realization of a device with a pure cubic stiffness mechanism to suppress a wide range of vibrations, which is known as the Nonlinear Energy Sink. Deciding how to construct a light, reliable NES device is always a challenge. According to our design, the device can counterbalance the undesirable linear stiffness that emerges from the intrinsic property of a variable pitch spring. Our goal is to reduce the mass of the spring while keeping the same cubic stiffness. Through the multifaceted analysis of the nonlinear constraint, we try to explore the full potential of NES device to reduce its mass. Meanwhile, a global search method, Multi Start, is applied by repeatedly running a local solver. Finally, a new design with different variable pitch distribution is proposed.
Generative Design in the Transmission System of a Skateboard
Authors: Iturrate Mikel , Amezua Xabier , Garikano Xabier , Oriozabala Jose Antonio , Martin Iñaki , Solaberrieta Eneko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGenerative design (GD) is a new way of designing products that respond to the current characteristics of the 4.0 industry era. It allows the customization of designs and helps to minimize process times and material quantities. In the case study, two parts of the transmission system of a skateboard have been designed using GD of Solid Edge ST10. The design has been customized for 67 kg users who will use the skateboard for riding and not for jumping or doing tricks. On the other hand, the aim was to minimize the weight and the use of material for its manufacture. Once the initial solid is defined, the software generates specific designs for different levels of mass reduction or product quality. An axle with a mass reduction of 70% from the initial solid and a base with reduction of 60% have been proposed. The GD more than an alternative is a requirement to respond to the demands of the 4.0 industry in which customization and cost reduction are one of the fundamental pillars. This type of design, at the same time, forces to adapt the manufacturing processes so that it is necessary to manufacture in additive manufacturing (AM) machines.
A Topology Optimization Method for Stochastic Lattice Structures
Authors: Cucinotta Filippo , Raffaele Marcello , Salmeri Fabio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStochastic lattice structures are very powerful solutions for filling three-dimensional spaces using a generative algorithm. They are suitable for 3D printing and are well appropriate to structural optimization and mass distribution, allowing for high-performance and low-weight structures. The paper shows a method, developed in the Rhino-Grasshopper environment, to distribute lattice structures until a goal is achieved, e.g. the reduction of the weight, the harmonization of the stresses or the limitation of the strain. As case study, a cantilever beam made of Titan alloy, by means of SLS technology has been optimized. The results of the work show the potentiality of the methodology, with a very performing structure and low computational efforts.
Analysis of the Accuracy of Reconstruction of a Human Cornea by Two Geometric Modelling Techniques: A Comparative Study
Authors: Cañavate F. J. F. , Cavas F. , Velázquez J. S. , Bolarín J. M. , Alió J. L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study compares two techniques of reconstruction and representation of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the human cornea, both for healthy and for keratoconus eyes, in a CAD software environment using raw tomographic data, by two different methods: a mesh model (obtained from a grid of points) and a NURBS surface model. After reconstruction, a morpho-geometric analysis was made, and several parameters were defined and measured in a set of 100 healthy eyes and 61 keratoconus eyes, detecting the statistical analysis significant differences between methods for both groups. Mesh method proved to be more accurate, but less eyes could be modelled. Volumetric and surface measurement values showed a total equivalence between both methods, so these would be the ones to use when modelling eyes for keratoconus detection and characterization purposes.
Proof of Concept Experience in the SPES Experiment: First Solutions for Potentiometers Replacement in System Maintenance
Authors: Paderno Diego , Bodini Ileana , Zenoni Aldo , Donzella Antonietta , Centofante Lisa , Villa Valerio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is a large facility, currently under advanced construction at the INFN-LNL (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro) for the production of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs). Coordinated efforts are being dedicated to the development and upgrading of both the accelerator complex and the up-to-date experimental set-ups. This paper describes a work of upgrading as far as the inspection and maintenance of the system is concerned, and it deals with human-centered design methods to reduce the time spent in the radioactive environment of the facility during ordinary maintenance operations and to simplify them, also considering stress conditions of the operator and the mandatory wearable radiation protection devices (such as tracksuit, gloves, oxygen tank mask) which make simple operations difficult.
Design Rules Application in Manufacturing Industries: A State of the Art Survey and Proposal of a Context-Aware Approach
Authors: Huet Armand , Pinquie Romain , Veron Philippe , Segonds Frederic , Fau Victor 
Published: April 2021

Abstract[Context] In manufacturing industries, the design of a product needs to comply with many design rules. These rules are essentials as they help industrial designers to create high quality design in an efficient way. [Problem] However, the management of an ever-increasing number of design rules becomes a real problem, especially for new designers. Even if there exists some knowledge management tools for design rules, their capabilities are still limited and many companies continue to store their design rules in unstructured documents. Nowadays, design rule application is still a difficult task that needs a circular validation process between many expert services in a manufacturing company. [Proposition] In this paper, we will analyze the main existing approaches for design rules application from which we will demonstrate the need of a new approach to improve the current state-of-the-art practices. To minimize rule application impact on the design process, we propose to develop a Context-Aware Design Assistant that will perform design rule recommendation on the fly while designing using computer-aided technologies. Our Design Assistant relies on the modelling of the design rules and the design context in a single knowledge graph that can fuel a recommendation engine. [Future Work] In future work, we will describe the technical structure of the Context-Aware Design Assistant and develop it. The potential outcome of this research are: a better workflow integration of design rules application, a proactive verification of design solutions, a continuous learning of design rules, the detection and automation of design routines.
Engaging in Product Development as Means to Understand the Basics of Design
Authors: Rizzuti Sergio , De Napoli Luigi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTeaching product design is not a trivisal task. Considering the experience done along 20 years of teaching at master level class in mechanical engineering it is possible to take stock. The model followed is Project-Based Learning and this method can be licensed as the model that gives greater satisfaction to all attendees. Students give high score to the survey organized by university at the end of the course to assess didactic validity. Also, teachers have many stimuli when discussing with students the activities proposed. The course is based on the development of an industrial product that solves a problem, eventually posed by industry or emerged by customers. Based on the course schedule, the different phases of product development put in evidence the steps that require divergent thinking and those where it is necessary to employ convergent thinking. A case study allows explaining all the phases of product design.
Influence of the Hole Surface Integrity on the Fatigue Strength of an Aluminium Drilled Part
Authors: Lacombe Alexandra , Landon Yann , Paredes Manuel , Chirol Clément , Benaben Audrey 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFatigue strengths of aluminium 2024-T351 open-hole specimens drilled by axial and orbital drilling processes are compared. Two drilling diameters (Ø) are studied: 6.35 mm and 9.53 mm. Surface integrity characterization tests are conducted in order to study the link between drilling processes, surface integrity and fatigue life. Fatigue test results show an increase of the fatigue life for specimens drilled by axial drilling for Ø = 9.53 mm and no significant difference in fatigue life between the two drilling processes for Ø = 6.35 mm. Surface integrity results show no impact of the roughness on the fatigue strength but a potential positive influence of the hole microhardness on the fatigue life.
Impact of the first COVID-19 shutdown on patient volumes and surgical procedures of a Level I trauma center
Authors: Kreis Carolin A. , Ortmann Birte , Freistuehler Moritz , Hartensuer René , Van Aken Hugo , Raschke Michael J. , Schliemann Benedikt 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
In Dec 2019, COVID-19 was first recognized and led to a worldwide pandemic. The German government implemented a shutdown in Mar 2020, affecting outpatient and hospital care. The aim of the present article was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 shutdown on patient volumes and surgical procedures of a Level I trauma center in Germany.

Methods
All emergency patients were recorded retrospectively during the shutdown and compared to a calendar-matched control period (CTRL). Total emergency patient contacts including trauma mechanisms, injury patterns and operation numbers were recorded including absolute numbers, incidence proportions and risk ratios.

Results
During the shutdown period, we observed a decrease of emergency patient cases (417) compared to CTRL (575), a decrease of elective cases (42 vs. 13) and of the total number of operations (397 vs. 325). Incidence proportions of emergency operations increased from 8.2 to 12.2% (shutdown) and elective surgical cases decreased (11.1 vs. 4.3%). As we observed a decrease for most trauma mechanisms and injury patterns, we found an increasing incidence proportion for severe open fractures. Household-related injuries were reported with an increasing incidence proportion from 26.8 to 47.5% (shutdown). We found an increasing tendency of trauma and injuries related to psychological disorders.

Conclusion
This analysis shows a decrease of total patient numbers in an emergency department of a Level I trauma center and a decrease of the total number of operations during the shutdown period. Concurrently, we observed an increase of severe open fractures and emergency operations. Furthermore, trauma mechanism changed with less traffic, work and sports-related accidents.
Eckpunkte evidenzbasierter Gesundheitsinformationen
Authors: Koch Klaus 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungEvidenzbasierte Gesundheitsinformationen sollen Menschen durch verlässliche und verständliche Inhalte zu informierten Entscheidungen in Gesundheitsfragen befähigen und dabei ihre persönlichen Ziele und Erwartungen einbeziehen. Um dies zu erreichen, sind bei der Erstellung von Gesundheitsinformationen eine Reihe von Anforderungen zu beachten, die in diesem Beitrag dargestellt werden. Dazu zählen unter anderem eine systematische Recherche, eine begründete Auswahl der geeigneten Evidenz und die Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Evidenz zur Kommunikation von Zahlen, Risikoangaben und Wahrscheinlichkeiten. Bei der Umsetzung müssen zudem die Fragen, Kompetenzen und Nutzungsgewohnheiten der jeweiligen Zielgruppe beachtet werden. Eine Reihe von deutschsprachigen Informationsangeboten zeigt, dass die Umsetzung der Anforderungen auch für die breite Öffentlichkeit praktikabel ist.
Global longitudinal strain improves risk assessment after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a comparative prognostic evaluation of left ventricular functional parameters
Authors: Holzknecht Magdalena , Reindl Martin , Tiller Christina , Reinstadler Sebastian J. , Lechner Ivan , Pamminger Mathias , Schwaiger Johannes P. , Klug Gert , Bauer Axel , Metzler Bernhard , Mayr Agnes 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aim
We aimed to investigate the comparative prognostic value of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), fast manual long-axis strain (LAS) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) determined by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods and results
This observational cohort study included 445 acute STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Comprehensive CMR examinations were performed 3 [interquartile range (IQR): 2–4] days after pPCI for the determination of left ventricular (LV) functional parameters and infarct characteristics. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as composite of death, re-infarction and congestive heart failure. During a follow-up of 16 [IQR: 12–49] months, 48 (11%) patients experienced a MACE. LVEF (p = 0.023), MAPSE (p < 0.001), LAS (p < 0.001) and GLS (p < 0.001) were significantly related to MACE. According to receiver operating characteristic analyses, only the area under the curve (AUC) of GLS was significantly higher compared to LVEF (0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64–0.73; p < 0.001 vs. 0.60, 95% CI 0.55–0.65; p = 0.031. AUC difference: 0.09, p = 0.020). After multivariable analysis, GLS emerged as independent predictor of MACE even after adjustment for LV function, infarct size and microvascular obstruction (hazard ratio (HR): 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.27; p = 0.030), as well as angiographical (HR: 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.28; p = 0.037) and clinical parameters (HR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.05–1.29; p = 0.003).

Conclusion
GLS emerged as independent predictor of MACE after adjustment for parameters of LV function and myocardial damage as well as angiographical and clinical characteristics with superior prognostic validity compared to LVEF.

Graphic abstract
Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturability of Copper
Authors: Bonesso Massimiliano , Rebesan Pietro , Gennari Claudio , Mancin Simone , Dima Razvan , Pepato Adriano , Calliari Irene 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOne of the major benefits of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) technology is the possibility of fabrication of complex geometries and features in only one-step of production. In the case of heat exchangers in particular, this is very convenient for the fabrication of conformal cooling channels which can improve the performance of the heat transfer capability. Yet, obtaining dense copper parts printed via LPBF presents two major problems: the high reflectivity of 1 μm (the wavelength of commonly used laser sources) and the high thermal conductivity of copper that limits the maximum local temperature that can be attained. This leads to the formation of porous parts.In this contribution, the influence of the particle size distribution of the powder on the physical and mechanical properties of parts produced via LPBF is studied. Three copper powders lots with different particle size distributions are used in this study. The effect on densification from two laser scan parameters (scan speed and hatching distance) and the influence of contours scans on the lateral surface roughness is reported. Subsequently, samples manufactured with the optimal process parameters are tested for thermal and mechanical properties evaluation.