bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of a provincial ear, nose and throat service in a British city prior to the National Health Service: Nottingham and South Nottinghamshire (1886–1947)
Authors: Bradley Patrick J 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt was in twentieth-century Britain that the two distinct surgical disciplines, otology and laryngology, became united under the title oto-laryngology. Aural departments were established in general hospitals in the hands of specialists long before throat departments. The development and politics of the specialty occurred in London, while provincial services commenced in the early eighteenth century, with ophthalmologists, setting up a clinic or dispensary, progressing onto a hospital.MethodsThe following resources were used: the Nottinghamshire Archives; Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham Libraries and The Local Studies Library, Nottingham Central Library.ResultsThe Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose was established in 1886, staffed by part-time general practitioners. The Nottingham Children's Hospital appointed two qualified surgeons in the 1910s and subsequently the General Nottingham Hospital appointed them as honorary assistant surgeons. Both hospitals provided access to beds, not available to the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose. Following The Education Act of 1907, Nottingham created a School Health Services. By the 1920s, Nottingham had four institutions providing clinical and surgical ENT services. The National Hospitals Survey conducted in 1945 recommended that the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose be closed and amalgamated with The General Hospital Nottingham.ConclusionThe General Hospital Nottingham was slow to create a service for the diagnosis and treatment of ENT diseases and disorders, but established a Departmental Service by 1927. The surgical staffing was common to all four of the ENT services from mid-1930.
Seasonal variation of patulous Eustachian tube diagnoses using climatic and national health insurance data
Authors: Lee S , Choi S-W , Kim J , Lee H M , Oh S-J , Kong S-K 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to analyse if there were any associations between patulous Eustachian tube occurrence and climatic factors and seasonality.MethodsThe correlation between the monthly average number of patients diagnosed with patulous Eustachian tube and climatic factors in Seoul, Korea, from January 2010 to December 2016, was statistically analysed using national data sets.ResultsThe relative risk for patulous Eustachian tube occurrence according to season was significantly higher in summer and autumn, and lower in winter than in spring (relative risk (95 per cent confidence interval): 1.334 (1.267–1.404), 1.219 (1.157–1.285) and 0.889 (0.840–0.941) for summer, autumn and winter, respectively). Temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity had a moderate positive (r = 0.648), negative (r = –0.601) and positive (r = 0.492) correlation with the number of patulous Eustachian tube cases, respectively.ConclusionThe number of patulous Eustachian tube cases was highest in summer and increased in proportion to changes in temperature and humidity, which could be due to physiological changes caused by climatic factors or diet trends.
Enacting Border Governance through Multi-scalar Violence: Exclusion and discrimination of Rohingya people in Rakhine state
Authors: YONI NYANA 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile international focus has been on armed violence and Rohingya refugee flows from Rakhine state, this article pays attention to the myriad forms of ‘everyday discrimination’ that Muslim Rohingya people have experienced over a prolonged time. These forms of discrimination were observed by the author and reported by Rohingya informants in three areas of Rakhine state during research conducted in 2015. The article argues that systemic discrimination against Rohingya people can be understood as the violent enactment of bordering processes by both state and non-state actors at multiple scales, thus contributing to border governance. Bordering processes can be observed at the national level through the construction of citizenship in law and documentation; at the sub-national level through the restriction of travel and mobility at the township and village levels in Rakhine state; at the household level through household registrations and the control of births, marriages, and family relationships; as well as at the individual level through arrests, detention, and acts of violence. The border is enacted through such processes, with Rohingya people treated as an embodiment of both a political boundary between Myanmar and Bangladesh, and a social boundary constructing the Muslims as ‘fearsome and disgusting others’ by the country's non-Rohingya groups, particularly by the majority Bamar Buddhist population.
‘Keeping silent to keep the peace’: changes in grandmother's access to their grandchildren following the loss of the son/father
Authors: Regev Irit , Hochman Yael , Segev Einav 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRelations between grandmothers and their grandchildren following the loss of the son/father have not been studied to date. The present article focuses on this experience, as reflected in the stories of grandmothers (bereaved mothers) and spouses (widows) after the loss, and explores the perception of grandparenthood following the loss of the son/husband. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten grandmothers (bereaved mothers) and spouses (widows) who were recruited as a convenience sample. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. The findings revealed three key patterns of the grandmother–grandchild relations, as perceived by the two groups of women. The patterns indicate complex relations between widows and bereaved mothers, which have implications for the access of the grandmothers to their grandchildren and for their perception of grandparenthood. The study sheds light on the patterns of relations in families that have lost the son/husband/father. The change in power balance between family members and the asymmetry in the family structure created by the absence of the son/husband affect grandparenthood relations. The study emphasises the role of the widows, as the middle generation, in shaping or mediating relationships following the loss. The findings stress the importance of clinical intervention with both the bereaved mothers and the widows.
Space, scale, and global politics: Towards a critical approach to space in international relations
Authors: Lambach Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSpace matters for global politics but the treatment thereof in International Relations (IR) has been uneven. There is broad interest in spatial aspects across many research communities but only a nascent theoretical discussion and little cross-field communication. This article argues for a fuller engagement of IR scholars with sociospatial concepts and proposes a spatial approach to global politics based on four essential dimensions: a spatial ontology, the constructedness of space, a scalar perspective, and the interaction of materiality and ideas. As one possible way of integrating these aspects into a more specific concept, the article elaborates a framework of spatial practices and uses the example of Arctic Security research to illustrate the upsides of such a spatial approach for IR research.
Suffrutex grasslands in south-central Angola: belowground biomass, root structure, soil characteristics and vegetation dynamics of the ‘underground forests of Africa’
Authors: Gomes Amândio L. , Revermann Rasmus , Gonçalves Francisco M. P. , Lages Fernanda , Aidar Marcos P. M. , Sanguino Mostajo Graciela A. , Finckh Manfred 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite its importance for carbon stocks accounting, belowground biomass (BGB) has seldom been measured due to the methodological complexity involved. In this study, we assess woody BGB and related carbon stocks, soil properties and human impact on two common suffrutex grasslands (Brachystegia- and Parinari grasslands) on the Angolan Central Plateau. Data on BGB was measured by direct destructive sampling. Soil samples were analysed for select key parameters. To investigate vegetation dynamics and human impact, we used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and fire data retrieved via Google Earth Engine. Mean belowground woody biomass of sandy Parinari grasslands was 17 t/ha and 44 t/ha in ferralitic Brachystegia grasslands of which 50% correspond to carbon stocks. As such, the BGB of Brachystegia grasslands almost equals the amount of aboveground biomass (AGB) of neighbouring miombo woodlands. Almost the entire woody BGB is located in the top 30 cm of the soil. Soils were extremely acid, showing a low nutrient availability. Both grassland types differed strongly in EVI and fire seasonality. The Parinari grasslands burnt almost twice as frequent as Brachystegia grasslands in a 10-year period. Our study emphasizes the high relevance of BGB in suffrutex grasslands for carbon stock accounting.
Conformal geodesics on gravitational instantons
Authors: DUNAJSKI MACIEJ , TOD PAUL 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe study the integrability of the conformal geodesic flow (also known as the conformal circle flow) on the SO(3)–invariant gravitational instantons. On a hyper–Kähler four–manifold the conformal geodesic equations reduce to geodesic equations of a charged particle moving in a constant self–dual magnetic field. In the case of the anti–self–dual Taub NUT instanton we integrate these equations completely by separating the Hamilton–Jacobi equations, and finding a commuting set of first integrals. This gives the first example of an integrable conformal geodesic flow on a four–manifold which is not a symmetric space. In the case of the Eguchi–Hanson we find all conformal geodesics which lie on the three–dimensional orbits of the isometry group. In the non–hyper–Kähler case of the Fubini–Study metric on $\mathbb{CP}^2$ we use the first integrals arising from the conformal Killing–Yano tensors to recover the known complete integrability of conformal geodesics.
Mismatches at the syntax-semantics interface: The case of non-finite complementation in American Norwegian
Authors: Putnam Michael T. , Søfteland Åshild 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNon-finite complementation strategies found in American Norwegian (AmNo) (made available by the Corpus of American Nordic Speech (CANS)) reveal unique and diverging patterns when compared to both standard and dialectal Norwegian and English. We argue in this paper that the majority of these divergent structures are the result of overextension (Rinke & Flores, 2014; Rinke et al., 2018; Putnam & Hoffman, 2021; Kupisch, 2014), where heritage language speakers produce structures that differ from both grammars in an attempt to generate forms that are distinct from the more dominant language. Our treatment of these nuanced structures in AmNo shows that this heritage grammar significantly restricts bare (ornaked) TPs (Situations) serving as non-finite complements. To avoid bare TP-complements, AmNo has developed two distinct, yet related strategies, (1) reducing non-finite complements tovPs (Events), or (2) incorporating an additional element, a preposition, to ensure that the non-finite complement functions as the object of a preposition. We analyze this latter strategy as an instance of the emergence of structural salience (Polinsky, 2018) in the syntax of AmNo and suggest that this variation is best understood as a syntax–semantics interface phenomenon.
GPS-BDS-Galileo double-differenced stochastic model refinement based on least-squares variance component estimation
Authors: Hu Hong , Xie Xuefeng , Gao Jingxiang , Jin Shuanggen , Jiang Peng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStochastic models are essential for precise navigation and positioning of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). A stochastic model can influence the resolution of ambiguity, which is a key step in GNSS positioning. Most of the existing multi-GNSS stochastic models are based on the GPS empirical model, while differences in the precision of observations among different systems are not considered. In this paper, three refined stochastic models, namely the variance components between systems (RSM1), the variances of different types of observations (RSM2) and the variances of observations for each satellite (RSM3) are proposed based on the least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE). Zero-baseline and short-baseline GNSS experimental data were used to verify the proposed three refined stochastic models. The results show that, compared with the traditional elevation-dependent model (EDM), though the proposed models do not significantly improve the ambiguity resolution success rate, the positioning precision of the three proposed models has been improved. RSM3, which is more realistic for the data itself, performs the best, and the precision at elevation mask angles 20°, 30°, 40°, 50° can be improved by 4⋅6%, 7⋅6%, 13⋅2%, 73⋅0% for L1-B1-E1 and 1⋅1%, 4⋅8%, 16⋅3%, 64⋅5% for L2-B2-E5a, respectively.
A bathymetric compilation of the Cape Darnley region, East Antarctica
Authors: Smith Jodie , Nogi Yoshifumi , Spinoccia Michele , Dorschel Boris , Leventer Amy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Cape Darnley region in East Antarctica has been an area of scientific interest for a variety of disciplines over the last three decades. The recent acquisition of several high-resolution bathymetry datasets enabled the compilation of a detailed regional bathymetry grid. We present a high-resolution bathymetric compilation of the Cape Darnley region in East Antarctica, including areas of the Mac.Robertson Land shelf, slope and adjacent deep sea. A variety of data, single-beam and multibeam swath bathymetry and digitized depths from nautical charts were sourced from numerous institutions. The 100 m-resolution gridded bathymetric dataset improves previous bathymetric representations of the region and enables visualization of the seafloor morphology in unprecedented detail. The bathymetry grid has been constructed using a layered hierarchy approach based on the source of each dataset. This data compilation forms important baseline information for a range of scientific applications and end users including oceanographers, glacial modellers, biologists and geologists. The compilation will aid numerical modelling of ocean circulation, reconstruction of palaeo-ice streams and refinement of ice-sheet models.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF NON-NORM-ATTAINING OPERATORS
Authors: Dantas Sheldon , Jung Mingu , Martínez-Cervantes Gonzalo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this article, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of non-norm-attaining operators in
$\mathcal {L}(E, F)$
. By using a theorem due to Pfitzner on James boundaries, we show that if there exists a relatively compact set K of
$\mathcal {L}(E, F)$
(in the weak operator topology) such that
$0$
is an element of its closure (in the weak operator topology) but it is not in its norm-closed convex hull, then we can guarantee the existence of an operator that does not attain its norm. This allows us to provide the following generalisation of results due to Holub and Mujica. If E is a reflexive space, F is an arbitrary Banach space and the pair
$(E, F)$
has the (pointwise-)bounded compact approximation property, then the following are equivalent: (i)
$\mathcal {K}(E, F) = \mathcal {L}(E, F)$
;(ii)Every operator from E into F attains its norm;(iii)
$(\mathcal {L}(E,F), \tau _c)^* = (\mathcal {L}(E, F), \left \Vert \cdot \right \Vert )^*$
,where
$\tau _c$
denotes the topology of compact convergence. We conclude the article by presenting a characterisation of the Schur property in terms of norm-attaining operators.
Investigation of the Uncertainties of Simulated Optical Properties of Brown Carbon at Two Asian Sites Using a Modified Bulk Aerosol Optical Scheme of the Community Atmospheric Model Version 5.3
Authors: Xu Lulu , Peng Yiran , Ram Kirpa , Zhang Yanlin , Bao Mengying , Wei Jing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that brown carbon (BrC), an absorbing component in organic aerosol, has strong absorption in the near‐ultraviolet wavelengths, and contributes to regional and global radiative forcing (RF). However, the inclusion of BrC in global climate models leads to significant uncertainties in estimated RF, mainly attributed to uncertain BrC properties and relevant BrC parameters assigned in the model. In this study, we modified the bulk aerosol optical scheme (BAOS) in Community Atmospheric Model version 5.3 by including BrC absorption and evaluated the performance of the modified BAOS by comparing the simulated aerosol absorption with 2‐year surface observational data in two Asian cities, Kanpur, India and Nanjing, China. The mean relative errors in the simulated total aerosol absorption (Babs) and absorption Angstrom exponent in modified BAOS are around 35% in Kanpur and even below 20% in Nanjing. Our results show that the inclusion of BrC remedies the underestimated total aerosol absorption by 20% and 14% on average at Kanpur and Nanjing, respectively, exhibiting a better agreement with ground‐based observations of aerosol absorption at both sites. We also conducted a series of sensitivity experiments to quantify the uncertainties caused by varying parameters related to BrC. The model simulations suggest that the imaginary refractive index of BrC is the most significant factor contributing to the uncertainties in aerosol optical properties calculated in BAOS at the Kanpur site. While in the Nanjing site, both particle size distribution and mixing state have dominant impacts on the calculated aerosol optical properties.
Limited Presence of Permafrost Dissolved Organic Matter in the Kolyma River, Siberia Revealed by Ramped Oxidation
Authors: Rogers Jennifer A. , Galy Valier , Kellerman Anne M. , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Zimov Nikita , Spencer Robert G. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIncreasing Arctic temperatures are thawing permafrost soils and liberating ancient organic matter, but the fate of this material remains unclear. Thawing of permafrost releases dissolved organic matter (DOM) into fluvial networks. Unfortunately, tracking this material in Arctic rivers such as the Kolyma River in Siberia has proven challenging due to its high biodegradability. Here, we evaluate late summer abruptly thawed yedoma permafrost dissolved organic carbon (DOC) inputs from Duvannyi Yar. We implemented ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry alongside ramped pyrolysis oxidation (RPO) and isotopic analyses. These approaches offer insight into DOM chemical composition and DOC radiocarbon values of thermochemical components for a permafrost thaw stream, the Kolyma River, and their biodegraded counterparts (n = 4). The highly aliphatic molecular formula found in undegraded permafrost DOM contrasted with the comparatively aliphatic‐poor formula of Kolyma River DOM, represented by an 8.9% and 2.6% relative abundance, respectively, suggesting minimal inputs of undegraded permafrost DOM in the river. RPO radiocarbon fractions of Kolyma River DOC exhibited no “hidden” aged component indicative of permafrost influence. Thermostability analyses suggested that there was limited biodegraded permafrost DOC in the Kolyma River, in part determined by the formation of high‐activation energy (thermally stable) biodegradation components in permafrost DOM that were lacking in the Kolyma River. A mixing model based on thermostability and radiocarbon allowed us to estimate a maximum input of between 0.8% and 7.7% of this Pleistocene‐aged permafrost to the Kolyma River DOC. Ultimately, our findings highlight that export of modern terrestrial DOC currently overwhelms any permafrost DOC inputs in the Kolyma River.
Extreme Climate Anomalies Enhancing Cyanobacterial Blooms in Eutrophic Lake Taihu, China
Authors: Qin Boqiang , Deng Jianming , Shi Kun , Wang Jia , Brookes Justin , Zhou Jian , Zhang Yunlin , Zhu Guangwei , Paerl Hans W. , Wu Li 
Published: July 2021

AbstractClimate warming in combination with nutrient enrichment can greatly promote phytoplankton proliferation and blooms in eutrophic waters. Lake Taihu, China, is a large, shallow and eutrophic system. Since 2007, this lake has experienced extensive nutrient input reductions aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms. However, intense cyanobacterial blooms have persisted through 2017 with a record‐setting bloom occurring in May 2017. Causal analysis suggested that this bloom was sygenerically driven by high external loading from flooding in 2016 in the Taihu catchment and a notable warmer winter during 2016/2017. High precipitation during 2016 was associated with a strong 2015/2016 El Niño in combination with the joint effects of Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), while persistent warmth during 2016/2017 was strongly related to warm phases of AMO and PDO. The 2017 blooms elevated water column pH and led to dissolved oxygen depletion near the sediment, both of which mobilized phosphorus from the sediment to overlying water, further promoting cyanobacterial blooms. Our finding indicates that regional climate anomalies exacerbated eutrophication via a positive feedback mechanism, by intensifying internal nutrient cycling and aggravating cyanobacterial blooms. In light of global expansion of eutrophication and blooms, especially in large, shallow and eutrophic lakes, these regional effects of climate anomalies are nested within larger scale global warming predicted to continue in the foreseeable future.
A Coreflood‐on‐a‐Chip Study of Viscoelasticity's Effect on Reducing Residual Saturation in Porous Media
Authors: Du Yujing , Xu Ke , Mejia Lucas , Balhoff Matthew 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolymer aqueous solutions are widely used in nonaqueous phase liquid recovery and aquifer remediation processes due to their high viscosity. Additional reduction of residual saturation by polymer's viscoelasticity has recently been discovered which elevates the ultimate displacement efficiency. However, there is no consensus on how, and under what conditions, viscoelasticity reduces residual saturation. This is in part because most studies utilize relatively low salinity and high viscosity, which also contribute to higher recoveries. We separate the effects of viscosity, elasticity and salinity, by performing microfluidic experiments in long (30 cm) heterogeneous glass micromodels (coreflood‐on‐a‐chip). In the experiments, a highly viscous Newtonian aqueous phase flood is first performed so that the system reaches residual saturation, followed by polymer flood with varying elasticity and salinity. This is followed by another highly viscous Newtonian aqueous phase flood. We observe significant redistribution and reconnection of residual ganglia due to viscoelasticity induced instabilities during high‐viscoelasticity polymer floods, which results in residual ganglia remobilization that ultimately reduces residual saturation. In contrast, no fluid redistribution and saturation reduction are observed in low‐viscoelasticity polymer floods. During low salinity polymer floods (regardless of the relative elasticity), spontaneous emulsification occurs inside ganglia and results in ganglia swelling, which enhances ganglia reconnection when elastic instability happens, therefore amplifies the residual saturation reduction.