bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quantum encryption design featuring confusion, diffusion, and mode of operation
Authors: Hu Zixuan , Kais Sabre 
Published: December 2021

AbstractQuantum cryptography—the application of quantum information processing and quantum computing techniques to cryptography has been extensively investigated. Two major directions of quantum cryptography are quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum encryption, with the former focusing on secure key distribution and the latter focusing on encryption using quantum algorithms. In contrast to the success of the QKD, the development of quantum encryption algorithms is limited to designs of mostly one-time pads (OTP) that are unsuitable for most communication needs. In this work we propose a non-OTP quantum encryption design utilizing a quantum state creation process to encrypt messages. As essentially a non-OTP quantum block cipher the method stands out against existing methods with the following features: 1. complex key-ciphertext relation (i.e. confusion) and complex plaintext-ciphertext relation (i.e. diffusion); 2. mode of operation design for practical encryption on multiple blocks. These features provide key reusability and protection against eavesdropping and standard cryptanalytic attacks.
Clinical impact of left atrial enlargement in Korean patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Cho Min Soo , Park Hyoung-Seob , Cha Myung-Jin , Lee So-Ryoung , Park Jin-Kyu , Kim Tae-Hoon , Lee Jung Myung , Park Junbeom , Park Hyung Wook , Kang Ki-Woon , Shim Jaemin , Uhm Jae-Sun , Kim Jin-Bae , Kim Changsoo , Lee Young Soo , Choi Eue-Keun , Joung Boyoung , Kim Jun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe sought to evaluate the clinical implication of LAE based on left atrial anterior–posterior (LA AP) dimension or LA volume index (LAVI) in Korean patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We enrolled 8159 AF patients from the CODE-AF registry. The primary outcome was rate of stroke or systemic embolism (SSE). The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe LAE by LA AP dimension was 30.6%, 18.5%, and 21.4%, and by LAVI (available in 5808 patients) was 15.7%, 12.5% and 37.8%, respectively. Compared with no or mild LAE, patients with significant LAE (moderate to severe LAE, n = 3258, 39.9%) were associated with a higher rate of SSE (2.5% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.001). Multivariable analysis suggested presence of significant LAE by LA AP dimension was associated with a higher risk of SSE in the overall population (HR 1.57, 95% CI: 1.14–2.17, P = 0.005) and in patients using anticoagulants (n = 5836, HR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.23–2.63, P = 0.002). Patients with significant LAE by LAVI were also at higher risk of SSE (HR 1.58, 95% CI: 1.09–2.29, P = 0.017). In conclusion, significant LAE by LA dimension or LAVI was present in 39.9% and 50.2% of AF patients, respectively, and was associated with a higher rate of SSE.
Prevalence and outcomes of malaria as co-infection among patients with human African trypanosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kotepui Kwuntida Uthaisar , Masangkay Frederick Ramirez , De Jesus Milanez Giovanni , Kotepui Manas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHuman African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is endemic in Africa; hence, the possibility of co-infection with malaria among patients with HAT exists. The present study investigated co-infection with malaria among patients with HAT to provide current evidence and characteristics to support further studies. Potentially relevant studies that reported Plasmodium spp. infection in patients with HAT was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The risk of bias among the included studies was assessed using the checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection in patients with HAT was quantitatively synthesized using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses of study sites and stages of HAT were performed to identify heterogeneity regarding prevalence among the included studies. The heterogeneity of the outcome among the included studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics for consistency. Publication bias was assessed if the number of included studies was 10 or more. For qualitative synthesis, a narrative synthesis of the impact of Plasmodium spp. infection on the clinical and outcome characteristics of HAT was performed when the included studies provided qualitative data. Among 327 studies identified from three databases, nine studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence of Plasmodium spp. co-infection (692 cases) among patients with HAT (1523 cases) was 50% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 28–72%, I2 = 98.1%, seven studies). Subgroup analysis by type of HAT (gambiense or rhodesiense HAT) revealed that among patients with gambiense HAT, the pooled prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection was 46% (95% CI = 14–78%, I2 = 96.62%, four studies), whereas that among patients with rhodesiense HAT was 44% (95% CI = 40–49%, I2 = 98.3%, three studies). Qualitative syntheses demonstrated that Plasmodium spp. infection in individuals with HAT might influence the risk of encephalopathy syndrome, drug toxicity, and significantly longer corrected QT time. Moreover, longer hospital stays and higher treatment costs were recorded among co-infected individuals. Because of the high prevalence of malaria among patients with HAT, some patients were positive for malaria parasites despite being asymptomatic. Therefore, it is suggested to test every patient with HAT for malaria before HAT treatment. If malaria is present, then antimalarial treatment is recommended before HAT treatment. Antimalarial treatment in patients with HAT might decrease the probability of poor clinical outcomes and case fatality in HAT.
Ileal microbial shifts after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass orchestrate changes in glucose metabolism through modulation of bile acids and L-cell adaptation
Authors: Dang Jerry T. , Mocanu Valentin , Park Heekuk , Laffin Michael , Tran Caroline , Hotte Naomi , Karmali Shahzeer , Birch Daniel W. , Madsen Karen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRoux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)-induced glycemic improvement is associated with increases in glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreted from ileal L-cells. We analyzed changes in ileal bile acids and ileal microbial composition in diet-induced-obesity rats after RYGB or sham surgery to elucidate the early and late effects on L-cells and glucose homeostasis. In early cohorts, there were no significant changes in L-cell density, GLP-1 or glucose tolerance. In late cohorts, RYGB demonstrated less weight regain, improved glucose tolerance, increased L-cell density, and increased villi height. No difference in the expression of GLP-1 genes was observed. There were lower concentrations of ileal bile acids in the late RYGB cohort. Microbial analysis demonstrated decreased alpha diversity in early RYGB cohorts which normalized in the late group. The early RYGB cohorts had higher abundances of Escherichia–Shigella but lower abundances of Lactobacillus, Adlercreutzia, and Proteus while the late cohorts demonstrated higher abundances of Escherichia–Shigella and lower abundances of Lactobacillus. Shifts in Lactobacillus and Escherichia–Shigella correlated with decreases in multiple conjugated bile acids. In conclusion, RYGB caused a late and substantial increase in L-cell quantity with associated changes in bile acids which correlated to shifts in Escherichia–Shigella and Lactobacillus. This proliferation of L-cells contributed to improved glucose homeostasis.
Efficient detection of aortic stenosis using morphological characteristics of cardiomechanical signals and heart rate variability parameters
Authors: Shokouhmand Arash , Aranoff Nicole D. , Driggin Elissa , Green Philip , Tavassolian Negar 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecent research has shown promising results for the detection of aortic stenosis (AS) using cardio-mechanical signals. However, they are limited by two main factors: lacking physical explanations for decision-making on the existence of AS, and the need for auxiliary signals. The main goal of this paper is to address these shortcomings through a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU), where the physical causes of AS are determined from IMU readings. To this end, we develop a framework based on seismo-cardiogram (SCG) and gyro-cardiogram (GCG) morphologies, where highly-optimized algorithms are designed to extract features deemed potentially relevant to AS. Extracted features are then analyzed through machine learning techniques for AS diagnosis. It is demonstrated that AS could be detected with 95.49–100.00% confidence. Based on the ablation study on the feature space, the GCG time-domain feature space holds higher consistency, i.e., 95.19–100.00%, with the presence of AS than HRV parameters with a low contribution of 66.00–80.00%. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed method is evaluated by conducting analyses on the classification of the AS severity level. These analyses are resulted in a high confidence of 92.29%, demonstrating the reliability of the proposed framework. Additionally, game theory-based approaches are employed to rank the top features, among which GCG time-domain features are found to be highly consistent with both the occurrence and severity level of AS. The proposed framework contributes to reliable, low-cost wearable cardiac monitoring due to accurate performance and usage of solitary inertial sensors.
Improving the Efficiency of the Digits-in-Noise Hearing Screening Test: A Comparison Between Four Different Test Procedures
Authors: Dambha Tasneem , Swanepoel De Wet , Mahomed-Asmail Faheema , De Sousa Karina C. , Graham Marien A. , Smits Cas 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
This study compared the test characteristics, test–retest reliability, and test efficiency of three novel digits-in-noise (DIN) test procedures to a conventional antiphasic 23-trial adaptive DIN (D23).

Method:

One hundred twenty participants with an average age of 42 years (
SD
= 19) were included. Participants were tested and retested with four different DIN procedures. Three new DIN procedures were compared to the reference D23 version: (a) a self-selected DIN (DSS) to allow participants to indicate a subjective speech recognition threshold (SRT), (b) a combination of self-selected and adaptive eight-trial DIN (DC8) that utilized a self-selected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) followed by an eight-trial adaptive DIN procedure, and (c) a fixed SNR DIN (DF) approach using a fixed SNR value for all presentations to produce a pass/fail test result.

Results:
Test–retest reliability of the D23 procedure was better than that of the DSS and DC8 procedures. SRTs from DSS and DC8 were significantly higher than SRTs from D23. DSS was not accurate to discriminate between normal-hearing and hard of hearing listeners. The DF and DC8 procedures with an adapted cutoff showed good hearing screening test characteristics. All three novel DIN procedure durations were significantly shorter (< 70 s) than that of D23. DF showed a reduction of 46% in the number of presentations compared to D23 (from 23 presentations to an average of 12.5).

Conclusions:
The DF and DC8 procedures had significantly lower test durations than the reference D23 and show potential to be more time-efficient screening tools to determine normal hearing or potential hearing loss. Further studies are needed to optimize the DC8 procedure. The reference D23 remains the most reliable and accurate DIN hearing screening test, but studies in which the potentially efficient new DIN procedures are compared to pure-tone thresholds are needed to validate these procedures.
Acoustic Features of Oral Reading Prosody and the Relation With Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension in Taiwanese Children
Authors: Chung Wei-Lun , Bidelman Gavin M. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:The study aimed to examine whether oral reading prosody—the use of acoustic features (e.g., pitch and duration variations) when reading passages aloud—predicts reading fluency and comprehension abilities.Method:We measured vocabulary, syntax, word reading, reading fluency (including rate and accuracy), reading comprehension (in Grades 3 and 4), and oral reading prosody in Taiwanese third-grade children (N = 109). In the oral reading prosody task, children were asked to read aloud a passage designed for third graders and then to answer forced-choice questions. Their oral reading prosody was measured through acoustic analyses including the number of pause intrusions, intersentential pause duration, phrase-final comma pause duration, child–adult pitch match, and sentence-final pitch change.Results:Analyses of variance revealed that children's number of pause intrusions differed as a function of word reading. After controlling for age, vocabulary and syntactic knowledge, and word reading, we found that different dimensions of oral reading prosody contributed to reading rate. In contrast, the number of pause intrusions, phrase-final comma pause duration, and child–adult pitch match predicted reading accuracy and comprehension.Conclusions:Oral reading prosody plays an important role in children's reading fluency and reading comprehension in tone languages like Mandarin. Specifically, children need to read texts prosodically as evidenced by fewer pause intrusions, shorter phrase-final comma pause duration, and closer child–adult pitch match, which are early predictive makers of reading fluency and comprehension.
Communication and Swallowing Disorders: The Effects of Climate Change
Authors: Sherratt Sue 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
The environment plays a key role in determining the health of populations, and climate change is considered to be the greatest threat to human health in the 21st century. However, despite extensive research on its increasing effects on health in general, extremely limited attention has been paid to its impact on communication and swallowing disorders (CSDs). This is surprising considering the substantial effect that the environment and climate change (air pollution, infectious diseases, and extreme weather events) have on these disorders.

Method:
This tutorial is written by a speech-language pathologist and audiologist to provide education and resources on the ramifications of climate change for the professions. It also offers strategies for speech-language pathologists and audiologists (SLPAs) to use and to incorporate into their practice.

Results and Conclusions:
The effects of climate change on the incidence, development, and exacerbation of CSDs, such as aphasia, developmental language disorders, and dysphagia, are described in detail. As health professionals, SLPAs have the trust and respect of their clients and their community; they also have a duty of care to safeguard the health of their clients. The combination of prevention, advocacy, and education roles places SLPAs in the perfect position to take action on the effects of climate change on these disorders. To fulfill these roles and to address the pressing issue of climate change, several steps, ranging from the individual client level to the global level, are provided.
Geschlechtsspezifische Inanspruchnahme von ambulanten medizinischen
und präventiven Leistungen in einem ländlichen
Raum
Authors: Röding Dominik , Elkeles Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Ziel der Studie ist, repräsentative Ergebnisse zur
geschlechtsspezifischen Inanspruchnahme von Gesundheitsleistungen in einem
ländlich-peripheren Raum bereitzustellen.
Methoden In der 2008 durchgeführten Landgesundheitsstudie
wurden 1246 Erwachsene befragt. Angaben zur Inanspruchnahme ambulanter
Gesundheitsleistungen und verhaltenspräventiver Angebote wurden
bivariat und mittels multipler Regression ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse In bivariaten Analysen zeigen sich geschlechtsspezifische
Unterschiede nicht nur in der Inanspruchnahme von Urologen und
Gynäkologen, sondern auch von Allgemeinärzten,
Zahnärzten, Augenärzten und Radiologen sowie von
Präventionsangeboten zur Gewichtsreduktion, gesunden
Ernährung, Rückengymnastik und Stressbewältigung. Im
multivariaten Modell zeigt sich, dass Frauen gegenüber
Männern unabhängig von Alter, sozialem Status und
Gesundheitszustand höhere Chancen haben, ambulante ärztliche
Leistungen (OR 1,81; 95%-KI 1,11–2,94) und
verhaltenspräventive Angebote (OR 2,46; 95%-KI
1,62–3,74) in Anspruch zu nehmen.
Schlussfolgerung Die vorliegende Studie bestätigt damit
bisherige Befunde zur vom Gesundheitszustand unabhängigen
häufigeren Inanspruchnahme von Gesundheitsleistungen seitens der
Frauen. Eine Übertragbarkeit ist bei Regionalstudien zwar
grundsätzlich nie gegeben, solange aber keine anderen Studien
vorliegen, gehen wir davon aus, dass unsere Ergebnisse für andere
periphere Regionen ebenfalls gelten könnten.
Wie (un)gefährlich ist die einfache Fettleber?
Authors: Figge Anja , Jähnert Andreas , Canbay Ali 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungNeuere, nichtinvasive bildgebende Verfahren, die den Fettgehalt und die Steifigkeit der Leber bestimmen, werden zunehmend zur Verlaufskontrolle bei Patienten mit nichtalkoholischer Fettlebererkrankung (NAFLD) eingesetzt. Dadurch kann die Leberbiopsie Patienten mit unklaren Befunden vorbehalten bleiben. Westlicher Lebensstil, Veränderungen des enteralen Mikrobioms, Kofaktoren wie Begleiterkrankungen und Medikamente sowie genetische Prädispositionen beeinflussen die Krankheitsentstehung und -progression. Wichtigster prognostischer Faktor der NAFLD ist das Auftreten einer Leberfibrose. Jedoch finden sich zunehmend auch Komplikationen, insbesondere der primäre Leberzellkrebs bei NAFLD-Patienten, ohne dass eine nichtalkoholische Steatohepatitis (NASH) zuvor bekannt war oder eine fortgeschrittene Fibrose oder Zirrhose vorliegt. Eine Komorbidität der NAFLD mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 ist auch bei simpler Steatose mit einer erhöhten Sterblichkeit assoziiert. Die NAFLD als hepatische Manifestation des metabolischen Syndroms ist ein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen. Neben dem primären Leberzellkrebs lassen sich auch extrahepatische Neoplasien, insbesondere das kolorektale Karzinom und das Mammakarzinom, bei NAFLD-Patienten insgesamt, aber auch bei Patienten mit simpler Steatose gehäuft nachweisen. Somit sollte beim Umgang mit NAFLD-Patienten, auch bei simpler Steatose, über den „hepatologischen Tellerrand“ hinaus das Bewusstsein für die hier beschriebenen zahlreichen metabolischen, kardiovaskulären und neoplastischen Assoziationen geschärft werden. Es gilt bei dieser prävalenten Erkrankung, ganzheitliche Präventionskonzepte interdisziplinär zu prüfen und zu evaluieren. Die strukturierte Etablierung und Evaluierung spezialisierter Versorgungszentren für Patienten mit NAFLD, einschließlich der interdisziplinären Evaluation und Betreuung von Patienten mit simpler Steatose, stellen angesichts der aktuellen Datenlage und der Prävalenz eine große Herausforderung für sämtliche Akteure des Gesundheitssektors dar.
A proof-of-concept model of compact and high-performance 87Sr optical lattice clock for space
Authors: Guo Feng , Tan Wei , Zhou Chi-hua , Xia Jian , Chen Ying-xin , Liang Ting , Liu Qiang , Liu Yun , He De-jing , Zhou Yong-zhuang , Wang Wen-hai , Shen Yong , Zou Hong-xin , Chang Hong 
Published: December 2021

A compact and robust design of an optical lattice clock with high stability and accuracy is needed for the implementation of optical clocks operating on the space station. Here, we present the proof-of-concept model of a 87Sr optical lattice clock for space constructed at the National Time Service Center. The design is different from that of a laboratorial optical clock in that it focuses on the aspects of compactness and robustness, such as the modular design, compact components, low power consumption, and all-fiber links. The physics package is placed on an aluminum alloy rack with dimensions of 40 × 55 × 28 cm3. As far as we know, this is the most compact physics package of the Sr optical clock reported. The time interleaved self-comparison frequency instability is determined to be 2.6 × 10−15/τ.
Biased M1 muscarinic receptor mutant mice show accelerated progression of prion neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Scarpa Miriam , Molloy Colin , Jenkins Laura , Strellis Bethany , Budgett Rebecca F. , Hesse Sarah , Dwomoh Louis , Marsango Sara , Tejeda Gonzalo S. , Rossi Mario , Ahmed Zeshan , Milligan Graeme , Hudson Brian D. , Tobin Andrew B. , Bradley Sophie J. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
The M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-receptor) plays a crucial role in learning and memory and is a validated drug target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, M1-receptor ligands have been demonstrated to display disease-modifying effects in preclinical models of neurodegenerative disease. By employing a genetic mouse model expressing a G protein–biased M1-receptor in combination with a mouse model of terminal neurodegenerative disease, we demonstrate here that the M1-receptor exerts an inherent neuroprotective activity that is dependent on its phosphorylation status. Thus, in AD drug development programs, M1-receptor ligands that maintain the receptor phosphorylation status will be more likely to lead to beneficial neuroprotective outcomes.
Student-teacher interaction in CLIL and non-CLIL elementary education
Authors: Alejo-González Rafael , Lucero Manuel , Schleppegrell Mary , Sánchez Ana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study analyzes interaction in a primary school science classroom. We compare the verbal scaffolding
strategies used by a teacher during lessons from the same instructional unit taught in CLIL (English) and regular (Spanish)
contexts. Results show that although there was no difference in the amount of information (‘content’) made available to students
through the interactions, different verbal strategies were used (precision, justification and
recall were more frequent in Spanish and exemplification in English) and that students were
more active in engaging with science knowledge in the Spanish context. We discuss these findings in relation to the level of
abstraction the teacher supported in interacting about science in the regular session, with implications for supporting children
in learning both content and language in CLIL contexts.
The role of grammar in spelling homophonous regular verbs
Authors: Chamalaun Robert J. P. M. , Bosman Anna M. T. , Ernestus Mirjam T. C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Can a lack of grammatical knowledge alone be held accountable for the spelling errors that are made for
homophonous verb forms and do these errors occur because spellers do not apply their grammatical knowledge? Three experiments with
secondary school pupils were conducted on Dutch weak prefix verbs. The results confirmed that pupils made many spelling errors and
also have great problems identifying the verb forms’ functions. Moreover, a direct correlation was revealed between a pupil’s
identification of the form’s grammatical function and its spelling. These results indicate that many errors result from pupils’
inability to determine the grammatical functions of the forms. If pupils know the form’s function, they are more likely to also
spell the form correctly. If they do not, they often choose the form’s homophone, especially if the homophone is more frequent
than the target form. Spelling education thus needs a strong grammatical basis.
Comment on ‘Do electromagnetic waves always propagate along null geodesics?’
Authors: Linnemann Niels , Read James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the propagation of Maxwellian electromagnetic waves in curved spacetimes in terms of the appropriate geometrical optics limit, notions of signal speed, and minimal coupling prescription from Maxwellian theory in flat spacetime. In the course of this, we counter a recent major claim by Asenjo and Hojman (2017) to the effect that the geometrical optics limit is partly ill-defined in Gödel spacetime; we thereby dissolve the present tension concerning established results on wave propagation and the optical limit.