bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical fibre taper-enabled waveguide photoactuators
Authors: Xiao Jianliang , Zhou Tao , Yao Ni , Ma Shuqi , Pan Chenxinyu , Wang Pan , Fu Haoran , Liu Haitao , Pan Jing , Yu Longteng , Wang Shipeng , Yang Wenzhen , Tong Limin , Zhang Lei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Photoactuators have attracted tremendous interest yet most of them rely on free-space illumination, which requires a line-of-site low-loss optical path. While waveguide photoactuators can overcome this limitation, their actuating performances are fundamentally restricted by the nature of standard optical fibres. Herein, we demonstrated miniature photoactuators by embedding optical fibre taper (OFT) in a polydimethylsiloxane/Au nanorod-graphene oxide photothermal film. The special geometric features of OFT endow the OFT photoactuator (OPA) with microscale active layer thickness, high energy density and optical coupling efficiency. Hence, OPAs show large bending angles (> 270°), fast response (1.8 s for 180° bending), and low energy consumption (< 0.55 mW/°), significantly exceeding the performance of state-of-the-art waveguide photoactuators. As a proof-of-concept study, biomimetic chameleon tail and tongue are realized. A two-arm soft gripper is further demonstrated for capturing/moving small objects, which is challenging for free-space light-driven photoactuators. This study hopes to pave the way toward a new category of photoactuators.
Network Analysis for Estimating Standardization Trends in Genomics
Authors: Bae Eun Bit , Nam SeJin , Ahn Sun-Ju 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With the development of biotechnology in genomics, such as droplet digital PCR, sequencing device, gene analysis software, an increase in the clinical application of those new developed technologies in genomics is observed. However, the lack of established international standards regarding the use of genomics in clinics is of concern. To visualize trend of international standards in clinical genomics and explore high demanded sub-specific field, we performed a social network analysis. We searched 16,538 articles using the search keywords, “genomics and standard” and “clinical genomic sequence and standard”. All terms extracted from full text articles were classified into academic and technical categories and conducted general linear model analysis. Assuming from the results, research in the fields of software, proteomics and genetics terminology categories is likely to increase. From our results, such international critical issue of genomics, human genome project in 2003, primary US-FDA approval of sequencing device in 2013, and pandemic state of COVID-19 in 2020, were affected to research of standard in genomics. In further proposal and standardization of new items, summing critical social issues and research trends, we could suggest and considering promising sub-specific field of genomics.
Influence of Metal Transfer Behavior Under Ar And CO2 Shielding Gases On Geometry And Surface Roughness of Single And Multilayer Structures In GMAW-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Mild Steel
Authors: Yamaguchi Mitsugu , Komata Rikiya , Furumoto Tatsuaki , Abe Satoshi , Hosokawa Akira 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is advantageous for fabricating large-scale metallic components, however, a high geometric accuracy as that of other AM techniques cannot be achieved because of the deposition process with a large layer. This study focuses on the WAAM process based on gas metal arc welding (GMAW). To clarify the influence of shielding gas used to protect a molten metal during fabrication on the geometric accuracy of the built part obtained via the GMAW-based WAAM process, the influence of the metal transfer behavior on the geometry and surface roughness of the fabricated structures was investigated via visualization using a high-speed camera when single and multilayer depositions were performed under different heat inputs and gases. However, when using Ar gas, the heat flux from an arc to the workpiece is relatively low, limiting the depth of the molten pool during welding. The effect of its characteristics on the stair steps that are inevitably produced on the side face of the multilayer structure in the WAAM process was verified, and for a heat input of 1.17 kJ/cm under Ar gas, a higher geometric accuracy of the multilayer structure was obtained without interlayer cooling. The short circuit between the metal droplet and the fabricated surface, where the molten pool is insufficiently formed, resulted in a hump formation. Further, the metal transfer under Ar gas reduced the surface irregularities on the fabricated structure.
Effects of Microplastics on the Feeding Rates of Larvae of a Coastal Fish: Direct Consumption, Trophic Transfer, and Effects on Growth and Survival
Authors: Uy Christine , Johnson Darren 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microplastics are now found throughout the world’s oceans, and although many organisms ingest microplastics, less is known about how plastics in seawater may affect key processes such as feeding rate, growth, and survival. We used a series of laboratory experiments to test whether microplastics in seawater affected the feeding rates of larvae of the California Grunion, Leuresthes tenuis. In addition, we tested whether trophic transfer of microplastics from zooplankton to larval fish can occur and affect growth and survival of fish. We measured feeding rates of grunion larvae at various concentrations of 75–90 µm and 125–250 µm polyethylene microplastics and under both still water and turbulent conditions. In these experiments, exposure to microplastics had modest effects on feeding rates, though responses may be somewhat complex. Low concentrations of microplastics increased feeding rates compared to the control, but at higher concentrations, feeding rates were indistinguishable from those in the control group though effects were small compared to natural variation in feeding rates among individual fish. Experiments to test for trophic transfer of microplastics revealed that grunion larvae that were fed brine shrimp exposed to high concentrations of microplastics had lower growth rates and elevated mortality rates. Overall, our results suggest that the direct effects of microplastics on feeding rates of California Grunion during the early larval phase are minor, while the trophic transfer of microplastics from zooplankton to larval fish may have significant effects on their growth and survival.
Molecular Characterization of E. Histolytica Strains Based on the Serine Rich Entamoeba Histolytica Protein (Srehp) And Chitinase Genes.
Authors: Ngobeni Renay , Samie Amidou 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Even though E. histolytica is recognized as an effective pathogen, what determines the outcome of this infection is still not well understood. The present study was carried out to determine the genetic characteristics of E. histolytica isolates from two different regions in South Africa. METHOD: Diarrheal and non-diarrheal stool samples were collected from patients of all ages from Giyani and Pretoria. Different PCR protocols were used to identify E. histolytica and amplify the serine rich E. histolytica protein (SREHP) and chitinase genes. The profiles obtained were compared among the different samples.RESULTS: Out of 111 stool samples collected, 51 were positive by either PCR or microscopy and 14 samples were positive by both methods. The serine- rich E. histolytica protein was amplified in 26 samples. Out of the 26 samples (19) different SREHP profiles were obtained. SREHP #2 was obtained in 5 different samples, 4 from Pretoria and 1 from Giyani (2 diarrheal and 3 non-diarrheal). The chitinase gene was amplified from 51 samples and 22 different chitinase profiles were obtained. Of all the profiles, profile #4 was found in 6 different isolates, 5 from Giyani and 1 from Pretoria (3 symptomatic and 3 asymptomatic). However, profile # 18 was only found in formed stools from Giyani. CONCLUSIONS. The results obtained in this study have further confirmed the genetic heterogeneity of E. histolytica for the SREHP and chitinase genes which might have a significant influence in the outcome of amebic infection, depending on the genetic profile of the infecting strain.
Determinants of Contraceptive use on Fertility Reduction in Rwanda
Authors: Muremyi Roger , Mutabazi David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Rwanda has shown a rise in the use of contraception from 17% to 52% between 2010 and 2015 due to the promotion of family planning. Despite, the increase in number of contraceptive use there still a high rate of fertility rate which is the increase of population growth in RwandaMethods: In this study, the determinants of contraceptive use on fertility rate reduction in Rwanda was assessed using the data from RDHS 2014/2015 and the sample was constituted with 5,954 household respondents where the targeted population were male between 15-59 years and female between 15-49 years of age, multinomial logistic regression was used to prove the full contribution of contraceptive use to the fertility reduction in the country in order to improve Rwandan’s welfare.Results: The findings from our study, indicated that gender, province, education level are statistically significant , thus (AOR=0.45, CI 95% -.8 561241 to -.6059524 ) indicate that women decreased the adjusted odd ratio on the use of contraceptive use compared to men at 45%., (AOR=1.077, CI95%, 0214347 to .099044) this means that there was an increase of the use of contraceptive use in other provinces compared to those located in Kigali city,( AOR=1.130, CI95%, .0 685488 to .1644038) increase of contraceptive use on the head of household with high level of education compared to those with lower level of education. Conclusion: The people who have higher level of education use contraceptive use compare to other level of education. Finally, policy makers should consider programs to keep girls in schools, at least up to secondary level. Furthermore, sexual and reproductive health programs should be encouraged in the adolescents.
Large regional variability in coastal erosion caused by ENSO
Authors: Vos Kilian , Harley Mitchell , Turner Ian , Splinter Kristen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the Pacific Basin, El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate variability and drives substantial changes in oceanographic forcing, likely having a significant impact on Pacific coastlines. Yet, how sandy coasts respond to these basin-scale changes has to date been limited to a few long-term beach monitoring sites, predominantly on developed coasts. Here we use 35 years of Landsat imagery to map shoreline variability around the Pacific Rim (72,000 beach transects) and identify coherent patterns of beach erosion and accretion controlled by ENSO. We find that approximately one third of all beaches experience significant erosion during El Niño phases, with the Eastern Pacific particularly vulnerable to widespread erosion (most notably during the large 1997/1998 event). In contrast, La Niña events coincide with significant accretion for approximately one quarter of all beaches, although conversely drives substantial erosion in south-east Australia and other localized regions. The significant regional variability in coastal response to ENSO should be considered in light of future projected intensification and shifts in ENSO amplitudes and flavors.
Properties Evaluation of Fe95-xSi5Nix Under the Earth's Inner-Core Conditions: Insight from the Ab-Initio Investigation
Authors: Zidane Mustapha , Salmani El Mehdi , Elmoulat Meryem , EZ-ZAHRAOUY Hamid , Benyoussef Abdelilah 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this article we investigate under the same Earth's core conditions, the structural, electronic, and transport properties of Fe-Si-Ni ternary alloys based on Fe and 5% of Si with various concentrations 0%, 15%, 25%, and 40% of element Ni, by means of First-principles calculations. Based on Functional Density Theory (DFT). The Local Density Approximation (LDA) also has been adopted for the potential exchange correlation. We perform the calculation of electronic property at 360 GPa using the software Akai-KKR (machikaneyama), which used the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method along with coherent potential approximation (KKR-CPA). Afterward, we calculate the electrical resistivity of impurities formed on the Kubo-Greenwood formula with the vertex correction using SPR-KKR code, which is based on the relativistic polarized spin method. Then, we model the thermal conductivity by electrical resistivity for both varying in the range of 320–360 GPa and 4500-6000k of pressure and temperature, respectively; according to the conditions of the Earth’s inner core ICB using Wiedemann-Franz law. Hence, our results suggest that 85–115 µΩ·cm at 0 K and 320–360 GPa, then 225–285 µΩ·cm at 4500–6000 K and 360 GPa for electrical resistivity, and then 45–55 W·m− 1·K− 1 at 4500–6000 K and 360 GPa of thermal conductivity of Earth’s inner core. Lastly, the thermal and compositional convection is one of the major factors of global magnetic field that is generated by geodynamo driven.
Psychological Effects of COVID-19 on Pregnant Women and New Mothers Living in a US Hotspot
Authors: Nomura Yoko , Kittler Phyllis , Taveras Shantal , Sie Sheow Yun , Nelson Emily , Davey Katherine , Kaushal Riya , Rajendran Khushmand , Gordon Anne , Shereen A. Duke. , Phan Ha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: This study investigated COVID-19 related psychological distress among expectant and new mothers, with and without infection, in metropolitan New York. It also examined the trajectories of participants' distress during pregnancy and postpartum, and the moderating effect of socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: An online survey was conducted April through June 2020 among expectant and new mothers with infants (<12 months) (N=642). Associations between infection status and psychological symptoms, suicidal ideation, and substance use were examined. Changes in distress related to COVID-19 infection and SES were then examined. Results: We found elevated anxiety and depression among infected compared to uninfected women. Similarly, infected, compared to uninfected women, had elevated risk for suicidal thoughts (quite often, AOR=3.97, sometimes AOR=13.2), and for substance use [alcohol (AOR=3.30); tobacco (AOR=4.54); cannabis (AOR=7.01); heroin (AOR=7.09); cocaine (AOR=10.05)]. Differences in trajectories of distress across pregnancy between the two groups were significant. Among infected women, distress was consistently high throughout. Among uninfected women, it started low and intensified toward the end of pregnancy. SES further moderated the impact of infection on distress. During earlier trimesters, infected/low SES women had greatest, and uninfected/high SES women had lowest, levels of distress. Their trajectories converged nearing childbirth.Conclusions: New and expectant mothers, especially those infected, have suffered substantial psychological distress due to the pandemic. Moreover, SES moderated the trajectory of distress. Infected women who also had low SES experienced the highest distress levels among all groups. Mitigating strategies are imperative to alleviate this distress.
Changes from 1986 to 2018 in the Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight, Metabolic Control and Treatment in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Pastor-Fajardo María Teresa , Fajardo-Giménez María Teresa , Bosch-Giménez Vicente , Pastor-Rosado José 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: In recent decades, a global increase in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has been observed in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional, population study examined three groups (1986, 2007, and 2018) of children and adolescents aged <16 years diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the World Health Organization recommendations.Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in diabetic children and adolescents was 30.2% (95% CI: 23.1-38.3). There was a significant increase from 1986 to 2007 (11.9% to 41.7%, p=0.002) and from 1986 to 2018 (11.9% to 34.8%, p=0.012), but no significant differences were found from 2007 to 2018 (41.7% to 34.8%, p=0.492). The age at diagnosis was lower in the group with excess body mass (p=0.037). No significant differences were observed in age (p=0.690), duration of diabetes (p=0.163), distribution according to sex (p=0.452), metabolic control (HbA1c, p=0.909), or insulin units kg/day (p=0.566), in diabetic patients with overweight or obesity. From 2007 to 2018, the use of insulin analogs (p=0.009) and a higher number of insulin doses (p=0.007) increased significantly, with no increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.Conclusions: The evolution of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in diabetic children and adolescents during the study period is a reflection of the epidemic of childhood obesity in a global obesogenic environment.
A Highly Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of Complex α-Glycosyl Phosphosaccharides
Authors: Zhu Yugen , Zhang Xiaojuan , Yang Yutong , Ding Jiahao , Zhao Yun , Zhang Hongbin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A highly efficient and stereoselective approach to the synthesis of biologically important and complex α-glycosyl phosphosaccharides (GPSs) has been disclosed, employing direct gold(I)-catalyzed glycosylation of the weakly nucleophilic phosphoric acid acceptors. The broad substrate scope is demonstrated with more than 45 examples, including glucose (Glc), xylose, glucouronatose, galactose (Gal), mannose (Man), rhamnose (Rha), fucose (Fuc), 2-N3-2-dexoxymannose (ManN3), 2-N3-2-dexoxyglucose (GlcN3), 2-N3-2-dexoxygalactose (GalN3) and unnatural carbohydrates. Moreover, the glycosyl phosphotriester prepared herein was successfully applied to the one-pot synthesis of a GPS from Leishmania donovani, and an effective preparation of a trisaccharide diphosphate of GPS fragments from Hansenula capsulate via iterative elongation strategy is realized.
Perinatal Outcomes of Twin Pregnancies With Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes at 24–34 Weeks’ Gestation
Authors: Zhou Shuwei , Yang Yajun , Zhang XiaoYan , Mu Xiaoling , Quan Quan , Zhong Qimei , Mei Lingwei , Wang Lan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective: To describe the perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 34 weeks’ gestation and identify factors associated with discharge without severe or moderate-severe neonatal morbidity.Methods: This study was conducted as a retrospective analysis of twin pregnancies with PPROM occurring at 24 0/7 to 33 6/7 weeks’ gestation. Perinatal outcomes were assessed by gestational age (GA) at PPROM. Factors associated with discharge without severe or moderate-severe neonatal morbidity were identified using logistic regression analysis.Results: Of the 180 pregnancies (360 foetuses), only 17 (9.4%) women remained pregnant 7 days after PPROM. There were 10 (2.8%) cases of prenatal or neonatal death; 303 (84.2%) and 177 (49.2%) neonates were discharged without severe or moderate-severe morbidity, respectively. As GA at PPROM increased, the adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes decreased, especially after 32 weeks. The GA at PPROM and latency period were both significantly associated with discharge without severe or moderate-severe neonatal morbidity. Pregnancy complications and 5-min Apgar score < 7 increased severe neonatal morbidity.Conclusion: As GA at PPROM increased, the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes decreased. GA at PPROM and latency period were significantly associated with discharge without severe or moderate-severe neonatal morbidity.
Prognostic Factors for the Occurrence of Post-Operative Shoulder Stiffness After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Systematic Review
Authors: Stojanov Thomas , Modler Linda , Müller Andreas M. , Aghlmandi Soheila , Appenzeller-Herzog Christian , Loucas Rafael , Loucas Marios , Audigé Laurent 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
BackgroundPost-operative shoulder stiffness (POSS) is one of the most frequent complications after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). Factors specifying clinical prediction models for the occurrence of POSS should rely on the literature and expert assessment. Our objective was to map prognostic factors for the occurrence of POSS in patients after an ARCR.MethodsLongitudinal studies of ARCR reporting prognostic factors for the occurrence of POSS with an endpoint of at least 6 months were included. We systematically searched Embase, Medline, and Scopus for articles published between January 1, 2014 and February 12, 2020 and screened cited and citing literature of eligible records and identified reviews. The risk of bias of included studies and the quality of evidence were assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool and an adapted Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework. A database was implemented to report the results of individual studies. The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020199257).ResultsSeven cohort studies including 23 257 patients were included after screening 5013 records. POSS prevalence ranged from 0.51% to 8.75% with an endpoint ranging from 6 to 24 months. Due to scarcity of data, no meta-analysis could be performed. Overall risk of bias and quality of evidence was deemed high and low or very low, respectively. Twenty-two potential prognostic factors were identified. Increased age and male sex emerged as protective factors against POSS. Additional factors were reported but do require further analyses to determine their prognostic value.DiscussionAvailable evidence pointed to male sex and increased age as probable protective factors against POSS after ARCR. To establish a reliable pre-specified set of factors for clinical prediction models, our review results require complementation with an expert's opinion.
A Case Report of Primary Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcoma
Authors: Bai Xiaofang , Ruan Litao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma(PAS) is a very rare disease, the prevalence of it is about 0.001%-0.003%1. PAS is often misdiagnosed as acute or chronic pulmonary thromboembolism due to its clinical presentation and radiological findings. Thus early diagnosis is very crucial and may improve patient outcome.Case presentation: Here we report a case in a Chinese male which the symptom as presentation was episodes of shortness of breath. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a solid mass in the pulmonary valve orifice, which was demonstrated to be a pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma diagnosed by histopathology2. In this case the initial differential diagnosis included pulmonary embolism. Because the initial symptom of primary pulmonary artery sarcoma is extremely similiar to the pulmonary embolism. Half of them may be misdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism. Imaging studies are very helpful. Ultrasound and CT are the best due to their resolution and ability to assess the relationship of the mass with the surrounding structures. The final diagnosis is mostly made after surgical excision and this is the most effective treatment. At the same time, radiotherapy and chemotherapy after surgery is also a adjuvant treatment3.Conclusion: We report a very rare case of pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma, due to late diagnosis and delayed treatment in this case, the patient display a poor prognostic. Early diagnosis and right treatment can improve the prognosis of PAS and optimize overall health.