bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN ADAPTATION OF THE CAPILLARY pH ELECTRODE FOR PRACTICAL USE
Authors: Cook Charles D. , Cherry Ruth B. , Karlberg Petter 
Published: December 2021

CAPILLARY electrodes for pH meters have been applied to the accurate determination of pH when only limited samples were available. This type of electrode has proved particularly valuable for the study of plasma or blood from infants or small animals. However, the problem of frequent plugging and breakage encountered while filling and rinsing the capillary by gravity and/or capillary action has made the micro pH electrode difficult, if not impractical, to use for routine work. Other authors have described a suction system applicable only to the cleansing of a different type of capillary electrode.
The accompanying diagram shows how a simple suction system may be attached to the Beckman capillary to allow easy, controlled filling with buffer solutions, plasma or blood, and to permit thorough rinsing.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: Margileth A. M. 
Published: December 2021

1. A case of cytomegalic inclusion disease of the newborn is reported. The incidence, etiology, pathology, clinical and laboratory findings, differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment are discussed.
2. This is the fourth case of cytomegalic inclusion disease diagnosed prior to death, and the second case which is still living.
3. Any infant with the following features may be considered as a possible case of cytomegalic inclusion disease: (a) Prematurity; (b) evidence of erythroblastosis with jaundice, hemolytic anemia, reticulocytosis, and an increasing serum bilirubin with a negative Coombs test; (c) thrombopenia with bleeding manifestations; and (d) hepatosplenomegaly.
4. The finding of cytomegalic inclusion cells in the urine confirms the diagnosis.
5. The importance of making a presumptive diagnosis of cytomegalic inclusion disease within the first 24 to 36 hours of life has been emphasized since exchange transfusion may be the initial treatment of choice.
6. Cortisone is apparently of value in suppressing the hemolytic process and in improving the thrombopenia. Gamma globulin may be of value in milder cases which do not receive exchange transfusion.
In conclusion, we now have methods of diagnosing and treating cytomegalic inclusion disease of the newborn; a disease which has usually been fatal and, presumptively, is caused by the salivary gland virus. The infection apparently occurs during intrauterine life. Further viral diagnostic studies must be made to clarify the etiology and pathogenesis of this clinically new viral disease.
RENAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN
Authors: Barnett Henry L. , Metcoff Jack 
Published: December 2021

Incidence and Epidemiology
A frequent kidney disease in childhood, is usually recognized if gross hematuria is present, but may not be recognized in the absence of this manifestation. In the presence of epidemics of this disease it has been discovered that nearly 20 times the number of recognized cases of the disease may exist in a community as otherwise unrecognized cases unless specially sought for. Acute hemorrhagic nephritis is often associated with infections caused by Group A, Type 12 Hemohytic streptococcus. The occurrence of acute nephritis following infection with one of the specific nephrogenic streptococci may account for the limited recurrence of instances of acute nephritis; owing to development of type-specific immunity. Current knowledge concerning the incidence of acute hemorrhagic nephritis is largely based on data from hospital statistics.
Clinical Course
The clinical course of acute nephritis indicates that between 90 and 95 per cent of children with this disease recover completely; 3 to 5 per cent die, usually in the acute phase during the first week of the disease, and that the remaining 2 to 5 per cent develop chronic glomerulonephritis. Few patients with glomerulonephritis have a long latent interval following the acute phase, with subsequent chronic glomerulonephritis; the chronic form of the disease usually occurs, if at all, within a few years of the initial episode. Few if any patients with acute glomerulonephritis in childhood subsequently develop the nephrotic syndrome. The nephrotic syndrome has been observed only following explosive onsets of acute nephritis associated with variable periods of anuiria, and obvious extensive nephron damage.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: Askin John A. , Glaser Kurt 
Published: December 2021

IN SPITE of a short period of sovereignty— less than 7 years—the State of Israel is playing an important role in matters pertaining not only to the Middle East but, in some respects, in matters of importance to the whole world. In medicine the advances in Israel have been no less striking than the progress made in other fields. It is felt that the pediatricians of our country might be interested to learn about Israel's medical status, particularly pertaining to pediatrics.
Palestine, of which the present Israel is a part, was in Old Testament times known as Canaan or Philistia because of the tribes which lived there. Palestine was the home of the Jewish people from the time Joshua conquered the land, about 1400 B.C., until the Romans destroyed the Jewish State in the year 70 A.D. Around 630 A.D. the country came under Moslem power. From 1516 to the end of World War I Palestine was a part of the Turkish Empire. In 1917, the British Government issued the famous Balfour Declaration which promised the Jews of the world that they could build a national homeland in Palestine. The League of Nations made the land a British mandate in 1920. From then until World War II Palestine was at several occasions plunged into violent civil war between the Jews and the Arabs. After World War II in 1947 Great Britain announced a decision to give up the Mandate.
STUDIES OF 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS. VII: EFFECTS OF THERAPY ON CONCENTRATION OF 17-HYDROCORTICOSTEROIDS IN THE PLASMA OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Seely J. Rodman , Ely Robert S. , Done Alan K. , Ainger Lorin E. , Kelley Vincent C. 
Published: December 2021

1. Data are presented concerning plasma 17-OHCS concentrations in patients receiving therapy for rheumatic fever. Serial values were obtained for individual patients receiving bed rest, cortisone orally or intramuscularly, lyophylized ACTH, ACTH-gel or salicylates.
2. The groups treated with bed rest or salicylates developed no elevations of their plasma 17-OHCS; those given cortisone orally or lyophylized ACTH intramuscularly demonstrated a variable pattern of levels of plasma steroids; and those receiving cortisone or ACTH-gel intramuscularly showed sustained elevations of plasma 17-OHCS during therapy.
3. It is suggested that successful hormone therapy of rheumatic fever is not dependent upon sustained elevations of adrenal cortical steroids in the plasma.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: Bluestone Seymour S. , Deaver George G. 
Published: December 2021

1. The handicapped are an integral part of society to-day and do not exist as a group apart with separate lives. Their needs and nights are the same as those of any other person; their problems are the problems of all people and should be considered as a part of those of the whole society.
2. The handicapped person should be regarded as a whole person, physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally, rather than within the narrow confines of his handicap.
3. Plans should be made with and for the handicapped person on the basis of his abilities, not disabilities, and of capabilities, not limitations, to most fully develop his assets.
4. If these plans are to be reflected in care and treatment services for the handicapped, teamwork of the highest order is required of professional personnel in the medical, therapeutic, educational, social and vocational adjustment fields.
An outline of the objectives, philosophy, and methods of such teamwork has been presented. Rehabilitation is not prescribed in capsule form. It comes only in long hours and weeks and years of ceaseless efforts and tedious training given by dedicated persons. We have made no attempt to elaborate on the techniques employed in representative patients, but hope to make this the subject of a future report.
Rehabilitation has been shown to be both feasible and rewarding. The results of the team approach to the rehabilitation of adults has far surpassed any other method. While objective analysis of pediatric rehabilitation is not yet available, it is axiomatic that the results must be equally commendable. Countless previously hopelessly crippled children have already been salvaged.
Every community should have access to a rehabilitation center such as has been described, where the total needs of the handicapped child can be evaluated and appropriate recommendations made. The majority of such children can then he referred for treatment through existing community resources. Only the more complex problems would remain at the center for more elaborate handling by the team method.
The pediatrician must recognize his responsibility as an active participant in the rehabilitation of children and indeed, must assume the leadership of this challenging new field.
INFANTILE SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIA
Authors: Perlstein Meyer A. , Hood Philip N. 
Published: December 2021

From this study the following conclusions emerge regarding the relation of intelligence of infantile spastic hemiplegics to various factors.
The spastic hemiplegics of the present series were retarded approximately 20 I.Q. points below normal individuals. The mean I.Q. scores and the incidence of mental retardation were in close agreement with several early reports. The marked difference from the recent reports of Hohman and others reporting consecutive series of cerebral palsied patients is attributed to the fact that the present study is based upon a selective population.
Left and right hemiplegics did not differ significantly either in mean I.Q. scores or in the incidence of mental deficiency.
Male and female hemiplegics did not differ significantly, either in mean I.Q. scores or in the incidence of mental deficiency.
The mean I.Q. scores of the congenital and acquired cases did not differ significantly nor was there a greater incidence of mental deficiency in either of the 2 groups.
Mental deficiency was significantly related to the presence of convulsions in this series of spastic hemiplegics; the mean I.Q. score of the convulsives was significantly lower than that for the nonconvulsives by 12 I.Q. points.
There was a significantly greater number of mental defectives below the age of 6 than above that age, although the mean I.Q. scores did not differ significantly between the 2 groups.
When the subjects were grouped into age levels of 1-year intervals, there was no greater incidence of mental deficiency nor did the mean I.Q. scores differ significantly at any year level.
The infectious and traumatic groups of acquired etiologies showed no significant difference in mean I.Q. scores.
The toxemia of pregnancy group showed approximately the same incidence of mental deficiency and the same mean I.Q. score as the group composed of all other congenital etiologies of spastic hemiplegia.
GLYCOGEN DISEASE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Zellweger H. , Dark A. , Haidar G. A. Abu 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of glycogen storage disease primarily affecting the skeletal muscle are presented. The patients were not related to each other, but both are from consanguineous families. In both cases a tentative clinical diagnosis was confirmed by skeletal muscle biopsy.
Histologic studies of the skeletal muscle reveal a picture similar to that found in glycogen disease of the myocardium. Individual fibers show severe vacuolization with massive deposits of glycogen within the vacuoles. Large quantities of a basophilic material (presumably identical with that found in myocardial glycogenosis) are also found within the vacuoles. This material is characterized as an acid mucopolysaccharide; its histochemical and tinctorial properties are described. A method is given for avoiding the apparent discrepancy which may occur between the histochemical and biochemical estimations of glycogen content of skeletal muscle. The destruction of skeletal muscle is so severe and so extensive that the clinical signs of neurological involvement present in both our cases can be quite adequately and entirely accounted for by the local muscular damage.
Previously reported cases of glycogen disease of skeletal muscle are reviewed. It was found that Werdnig-Hoffmann's progressive muscular atrophy could be distinguished from glycogen disease of skeletal muscle by the early appearance of pseudo-bulbar symptoms (especially dysphagia) in the latter disease.
The relationship between the myocardial and the skeletal muscle forms of glycogen disease is discussed. Although clinically the 2 conditions may appear as 2 distinct entities, quantitative laboratory methods show considerable overlap in the 2 conditions.
Skeletal muscle biopsy is indicated in every instance of progressive muscular weakness in order not to miss a possible case of glycogen storage disease primarily affecting skeletal muscle. The high glycogen content estimated biochemically and the histological picture described above are pathognomonic for this disease.
MODIFICATION OF SELF-RETAINING ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ELECTRODES FOR USE ON PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Eisner Victor 
Published: December 2021

CONVENTIONAL electrocardiographic electrodes are ill-adapted to use on small premature infants. The size of these electrodes and the necessity of using rubber straps to attach them make it difficult to obtain adequate electrical contact without the risk of injury to the baby. Furthermore, such electrodes cause sufficient discomfort so that a vigorous infant rarely lies quietly. The "infant-size" electrodes are scarcely better on the smaller babies. We have had no success using suction type electrodes.
Lepeschkin in 1951 described a self-retaining precordial electrode designed for use on adults. The following apparatus is constructed to permit the use of Lepeschkin electrodes for all leads on extremely small infants.
A BAROMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING VENTILATION IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Drorbaug James E. , Fenn Wallace O. 
Published: December 2021

A barometric method for measurement of ventilation of newborn infants is described.
Experiments with cats are reported to show the degree of accuracy obtainable at present. The variation from standard methods was found to average±1 per cent.
Minute volume, frequency, and tidal volume of premature infants measured by the barometric method are within the range of such measurements made by plethysmographic methods.
The barometric principle deserves further study since it offers the possibility of securing ventilation data with a minimum disturbance to the infant.
PEDIATRIC SURGERY—A FIVE-YEAR (1949-1954) REVIEW
Authors: Pickett Lawrence K. , Krovetz L. Jerome 
Published: December 2021

SURVEYS of pediatric wards throughout the country show the steady growth in the percentage of patients classed as surgical as opposed to those treated medically. In many centers, the surgical patients outnumber the medical ones. Obviously much of this shift is due to the use of antibiotics for infection, with more home care now possible for diseases previously requiring hospital care. Fathered by Dr. William E. Ladd, whose career was so admirably reviewed by Dr. Thomas H. Lanman recently, the growth of the sub-specialty of pediatric surgery has been rapid. Increasing numbers of surgeons are devoting their entire time to the care of children.
As the problems of children are dealt with more uniformly and the results of treatment of the varied embryological mishaps improve, there are increasing reports in the literature of value for those centering their attentions on these problems. Editorial comment has been made from various centers as to the proper training for a pediatric surgeon, and the place of this specialty in the ever growing list of sub-specialties.
Two contributions to the field in text form have been presented. Ladd and Gross first emphasized abdominal surgery of infants and children. In 1953, Gross presented the compilation of the experiences at the Boston Children's Hospital in a very complete form covering the cases at that hospital and referring to the work of many others.
In 1948, Coe edited a group of papers on various aspects of the surgery of infants and children, as presented before the meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
THE INFLUENCE OF SURGERY ON RENAL FUNCTION IN INFANCY
Authors: Calcagno Philip L. , Rubin Mitchell I. , Singh Walter S. A. 
Published: December 2021

The data presented suggest that post-operative oliguria in a variety of surgical procedures in infants is, at least in large measure, due to dehydration.
The renal tubular capacity, as regards concentration, in the immediate post-surgical state is maintained.
There is no apparent defect in the capacity of the kidney to excrete water in the post-surgical period in these infants.
These data provide no justification for inducing dehydration in the postoperative period, on the premise of impaired renal function in infants and young children.
NEUROBLASTOMA IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Koop C. Everett , Kiesewetter W. B. , Horn Robert C. 
Published: December 2021

Forty-five patients with neuroblastoma are reviewed, 41 more than 16 months post-operative. Fifteen of the forty-one are alive and well, a survival of 36.6 per cent.
There appears to be some correlation between survival of patients with neuroblastoma and a major surgical insult to the tumor. In 22 patients where biopsy alone was carried out, there was a mortality of 87 per cent. In 19 patients treated by a surgical attempt at radical removal of the tumor, without subsequent radiation therapy, 12 survived, a rate of 63 per cent.
Time age of the surviving patients at the time of diagnosis was 4.4 months as contrasted with an average of 34 months for those who died.
The survival of 11 of 15 patients for periods ranging from 16 months to 12 years after diagnosis is unrelated to x-ray therapy.
No patient in this series, free of gross metastases at the time of operation, has died up to the time of this report. Forty-nine per cent of the surviving patients had gross metastases, but no patient with metastases to lung or bone survived.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: Nicholson Jesse T. 
Published: December 2021

Cartilaginous tumors in children may be divided into peripheral and central types according to their location in long bones. The peripheral tumors are by and large osteochondromata. The central tumors are mainly enchondromata.
Cartilaginous tumors do not respond favorably to irradiation but are best treated by wide resection. Periosteal chondroma, chondroblastoma and chondromyxoidfibroma appear to respond to complete curettement and substitution of chips of bone.
Osteochondroma and enchondroma should be watched through the growth period. Their increase in size is gradual during this period.
Pain in, or enlargement of, a cartilaginous tumor, particularly after completion of growth, should be regarded as development of chondrosarcoma.
Surgical biopsy of a chondroma is indicated when diagnosis is questionable or when growth of the tumor is accelerated.
A STUDY OF THE UPTAKE OF IODINE (I-131) BY THE THYROID OF PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Martmer Edgar E. , Corrigan Kenneth E. , Charbeneau Harold P. , Sosin Allen 
Published: December 2021

In a series of 65 premature infants weighing from 991 to 2481 gm. and 5 full-term infants from 2522 to 2694 gm., who were from 1 to 63 days old, the uptake of I-131 by the thyroid 24 hours following the administration of 5 µc. orally or by means of a polyethylene tube in the stomach, as measured by both a Geiger-Mueller counter and a scintillation counter, ranged from 10 to 60 per cent. In 2 cases with an uptake of less than 10 per cent and 3 cases bordering 60 per cent, technicalities and the possible surreptitious use of thyroid by the mother may account for the variation. The range of uptake of I-131 as recorded in this series of infants is within the limits of normal as recorded in studies of children and adults using the Geiger-Mueller counter.
The difference in percentage uptake as recorded by the Geiger-Mueller counter and the scintillation counter, after acquiring experience with the equipment, was less than 5 per cent.
The technique, and the scintillation counter used, are described. I-131 administered orally or by a polyethylene tube in the stomach is well tolerated and in this series did not cause vomiting.
The activity of the thyroid gland in premature and full-term infants, as revealed by the uptake of I-131 24 hours following administration, is discussed and evidence is presented that in such individuals the thyroid functions in a manner similar to that found in children and adults.
GROUP THERAPY IN A CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL: PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Fineberg Henry H. , Johnson Margaret , Leiden Irving , Lynch Helen 
Published: December 2021

WE WISH to describe a therapy group formed as an experiment in a pediatric hospital setting. Part One of the paper presents the rationale and structure of the group. The second part is designed to give the reader a descriptive summary of the group and individual activity covering the series of 12 meetings, with no attempt at dynamic evaluation of the material presented. The latter will be reserved for a later communication.
Part One
Our interest in establishing a group program in this setting was based upon the observation that a prophylactic measure was needed for those children who, because of long hospitalizations, were not adequately stimulated for emotional growth. In addition, certain children showed a variety of emotional needs which we felt would be better understood and dealt with in a group program. These children may or may not have been considered "problems" on the ward.
It was decided that the social group worker would provide an opportunity for the children to function in a social group with as little adult-imposed restriction as was reasonable, so that the child could evidence as clearly as possible his characteristic patterns of behavior in a group of peers.
No formal psychodynamic diagnosis was made on any child prior to admission to the group. A tentative dynamic formulation in regard to behavior and personality organization was made for each child after each meeting. This aided appropriate handling of the child in the group and made it possible to give recommendations to hospital personnel who would influence the child when away from the group.
SEPTICEMIA OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: Smith Richard T. , Platou Erling S. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2021

The problem of neonatal septicemia has been considered and pertinent literature reviewed. Criteria for the diagnosis of this disease modified from the criteria of Silverman and Homan are presented.
Fifteen cases of septicemia occurring in the neonatal period are presented. The clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and bacterial etiology are considered and compared to those previously reported.
Early diagnosis and intensive broadspectrum antibiotic therapy resulted in the cure of 13 of 15 cases. There were 2 deaths.
The significance of these observations and the pathogenic mechanisms involved in this disease are discussed.