bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glosa aprobująca do wyroków Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 6 czerwca 2018 r. w sprawach II FSK 1525/16 i II FSK 1526/16
Authors: Smoter Karol 
Published: July 2021

W glosowanych orzeczeniach Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego poruszono problematykę skutków prawnych polecenia darczyńcy w kontekście obniżenia wartości darowizny, a tym samym podstawy opodatkowania w świetle przepisów o spadku i ustawa o podatku od darowizn. Zgodnie z treścią art. 7 ust. 2 ustawy o podatku od spadków i darowizn, jeżeli obdarowany został obciążony obowiązkiem wykonania polecenia, wartość obciążenia z tego tytułu stanowi ciężar darowizny, o ile zostało ono wykonane. Zgodnie ze stanowiskiem organów podatkowych i sądów administracyjnych niższej instancji, zarządzenie darczyńcy obniża podstawę opodatkowania tylko wtedy, gdy obowiązek wykonania tego polecenia w sensie ekonomicznym uszczupla majątek obdarowanego.Odmienne stanowisko zajął Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, który orzekł, każde polecenie darczyńcy, o ile zostało wykonane, stanowi ciężar darowizny, niezależnie od tego, czy obdarowany, czy też osoba trzecia stała się beneficjentem tego polecenia. Zdaniem Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego każde realizowane polecenie darczyńcy stanowi ciężar darowizny. Pogląd ten wynika z koncepcji, że niedopuszczalne jest stosowanie rozszerzającej interpretacji przepisów prawa podatkowego i wypełnianie luki w prawie podatkowym w taki sposób, że interpretator wprowadza dodatkowy warunek, od którego spełnienia zależy wystąpienia skutków prawnych polecenia darczyńcy. Dlatego też niedopuszczalne jest różnicowanie skutków prawnych polecenia darczyńcy ze względu na to, kto jest jego beneficjentem.
Rapidly progressive ACTH-dependent Cushing’s disease masquerading as ectopic ACTH-producing Cushing’s syndrome: illustrative case
Authors: Yu Siyuan , Karsy Michael , Miller Jeffrey , Beldick Stephanie R. , Curtis Mark T. , Rosen Marc , Evans James J. 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
Cushing’s disease (CD) remains a challenging condition to diagnose and treat. This case study highlights the challenges of diagnosing CD when faced with discrepant clinical, biochemical, and radiological findings.

OBSERVATIONS
A 62-year-old man presented with rapid evolution of symptoms, including depression, fatigue, and extreme muscle atrophy, which resulted in the patient being a wheelchair user over the course of a few months. His rapid clinical course in conjunction with hypercortisolemia in the setting of a pituitary macroadenoma involving the cavernous sinus, two large pulmonary nodules, and urine-free cortisol levels in the thousands suggested an aggressive ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) source. After extensive testing ruled out CD from an ectopic source and because of the patient’s abrupt clinical deterioration, the authors concluded that the source was likely an aggressive pituitary adenoma. Therefore, the authors performed an endonasal transsphenoidal approach for resection of the pituitary adenoma involving the cavernous sinus, and the patient was scheduled for radiosurgery to control tumor progression.

LESSONS
Although extremely high levels of cortisol and ACTH are associated with ectopic Cushing’s syndrome, they may also indicate an aggressive form of CD. Suspicion should be maintained for hypercortisolemia from a pituitary source even when faced with discrepant information that may suggest an ectopic source.
Symptomatic contralateral osteophyte fracture with migration causing lumbar plexopathy during oblique lumbar interbody fusion: illustrative case
Authors: Pennicooke Brenton , Guinn Jeremy , Chou Dean 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
While performing lateral lumbar interbody fusion surgery, one of the surgical goals is to release the contralateral side with a Cobb elevator, allowing distraction of the interbody space. Many times, there are large osteophytes on the contralateral side, and the osteophytes can be split open with the Cobb or blunt instrument. It is extremely rare for the actual osteophyte to break off from the vertebral body into the contralateral psoas muscle and lumbar plexus.

OBSERVATIONS
The authors report a case of symptomatic lumbar plexopathy caused by an osteophyte fracture after an oblique lumbar interbody fusion requiring a right-sided anterior approach to excise the bony fragment. They illustrate the case with imaging that the radiologist did not comment on, and they also show a video of the surgical excision of the osteophyte through a right-sided anterior lumbar retroperitoneal approach. The authors also show how the patient had spontaneous right-sided electromyography (EMG) firing before excision of the osteophyte and how the EMG firing resolved after excision.

LESSONS
Although the literature is plentiful with regard to ipsilateral approach–related complications, the authors discuss the literature with regard to contralateral complications after minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion.
Awake craniotomy for glioblastoma in COVID-19–positive patients and delivering the standard of care: illustrative case
Authors: Alvarez Reinier , Kotecha Rupesh , McDermott Michael W. , Siomin Vitaly 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
Providing the standard of care to patients with glioblastoma (GBM) during the novel coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a challenge, particularly if a patient tests positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Further difficulties occur in eloquent cortex tumors because awake speech mapping can theoretically aerosolize viral particles and expose staff. Moreover, microscopic neurosurgery has become difficult because the use of airborne-level personal protective equipment (PPE) crowds the space between the surgeon and the eyepiece. However, delivering substandard care will inevitably lead to disease progression and poor outcomes.

OBSERVATIONS
A 60-year-old man with a left insular and frontal operculum GBM was found to be COVID-19 positive. Treatment was postponed pending a negative SARS-CoV-2 result, but in the interim, he developed intratumoral hemorrhage with progressive expressive aphasia. Because the tumor was causing dominant hemisphere language symptomatology, an awake craniotomy was the recommended surgical approach. With the use of airborne-level PPE and a surgical drape to protect the surgeon from the direction of potential aerosolization, near-total gross resection was achieved.

LESSONS
Delaying the treatment of patients with GBM who test positive for COVID-19 will lead to further neurological deterioration. Optimal and timely treatment such as awake speech mapping for COVID-19–positive patients with GBM can be provided safely.
Papillary glioneuronal tumor growing slowly for 26 years: illustrative case
Authors: Shinno Kazuma , Arakawa Yoshiki , Minamiguchi Sachiko , Terada Yukinori , Tanji Masahiro , Mineharu Yohei , Kikuchi Takayuki , Haga Hironori , Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
Papillary glioneuronal tumors (PGNTs) are classified as a type of World Health Organization grade I mixed neuronal-glial tumor. Most PGNTs involve cystic formations with mural nodules and solid components in the cerebral hemispheres, and PGNTs occur mainly in young adults. The long-term prognosis of PGNTs remains unclear.

OBSERVATIONS
A 38-year-old male had been diagnosed with an arachnoid cyst associated with epilepsy in a local hospital. The initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study showed the tumor as a heterogeneously enhanced nodule in the left postcentral gyrus. Subsequent MRI studies showed slow growth of the tumor for 26 years. He underwent gross total resection to control his epilepsy. The histopathological findings revealed pseudopapillary structures involving hyalinized blood vessels with a single or pseudostratified layer of cuboidal glial cells with round nuclei and scant cytoplasm. At the periphery of the lesion, Rosenthal fibers and acidophilic granule bodies were observed in the gliotic brain tissue. Immunohistochemically, some interpapillary cells were positive for NeuN. On the basis of these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a PGNT.

LESSONS
This PGNT showed slow growth for 26 years. When recognizing a slowly growing tumor in the cerebral hemispheres of relatively young people that is associated with epileptic seizures, PGNT should be considered as a differential diagnosis.
Robot-assisted revision of sacroiliac joint fusion using a triangular titanium implant in an S2-alar-iliac trajectory: illustrative case
Authors: Triano Matthew , Fayed Islam , Sandhu Faheem A. 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunction can lead to significant pain and disability, greatly impairing quality of life. Arthrodesis may take up to 1 year to occur, after which revision can be considered. There is a need for highly accurate and reproducible techniques for revision that allow for purchase through undisturbed bone to prevent prolonged pain and disability. Moreover, a minimally invasive technique for revision would be favorable for recovery, particularly in elderly patients.

OBSERVATIONS
An 84-year-old man with a prior history of lumbar fusion presented with severe buttock pain limiting ambulation and sitting because of the failure of arthrodesis after SIJ fusion 1 year earlier. He underwent revision using a triangular titanium implant (TTI) in an S2-alar-iliac (S2-AI) trajectory under robotic guidance, which is a novel technique not yet described in the literature. The patient’s pain largely resolved, he was able to ambulate independently, and his quality of life improved tremendously. There were no complications of surgery.

LESSONS
Placement of a TTI using an S2-AI trajectory is a safe and effective method for revision that can be considered for elderly patients. Robot-assisted navigation can be used to facilitate an accurate and reproducible approach using a minimally invasive approach.
Agro-economic efficiency of maize grain growing depending on the background of fertilization and foliar top dressing
Authors: Dudka M. I. , Yakunin O. P. , Pustovyi S. I. 
Published: July 2021

The influence of foliar top dressings on the background of mineral fertilizers N30P30K30 and N60P45K45 on the leaf surface area, grain yielding capacity and economic indices for the griowing of maize hybrids after sunflower was studied. It is found that against the background of fertilizer N60P45K45 compared to N30P30K30 leaf area of one plant was greater by 7.0 %. Under the influence of foliar top dressing, this indicator increased by 7.7–25.6 %. The middle-early ripening hybrid had advantage in terms of leaf surface area. The yielding capacity of maize on the background of mineral fertilizers N30P30K30 was 4.76 t/ha, on the background of N60P45K45 – 5.20 t/ha.	In the case of foliar top dressing with Carbamide at a dose of 10 kg/ha, grain yielding capacity increased compared to the control (without dressing) by 0.20 t/ha, at the dose of 20 kg/ha – by 0.24 t/ha. The addition of Zinc chelate, 1.5 l/ha, to 10 kg/ha of Carbamide, provided an increase in grain yielding capacity compared to the control by 0.30 t/ha, and up to 20 kg/ha of with Carbamide of Quantum-corn, 3.0 l/ha – by 0.34 t/ha. In the case of two foliar top dressings: with Carbamide and Zinc chelate in the phase of 5–6 leaves, Carbamide and the preparation of Quantum-corn in the phase of 8–9 leaves, the grain yielding capacity was higher than in the control by 0.41 t/ha. According to this indicator, the middle-early ripening hybrid DB Khotyn exceeded the early-ripening hybrid DN Pyvykha by 0.50 t/ha.	The cost figures of 1 ton of grain was lower for growing middle-early hybrid with a single spraying of crops with Сarbamide or Carbamide with the addition of microelements on the background of fertilizer N30P30K30 (2159–2259 UAH) and slightly higher (2212–2301 UAH) – on the background of N60P45K45 medium-early hybrid on the background of N60P45K45. The conditional net income with a single spraying of Carbamide (10214–10327 UAH/ha) and slightly less (10095–10164 UAH/ha) – Carbamide with the addition of Zinc chelate or Quantum corn. The level of profitability was highest (89.9 %) at growing of medium-early hybrid on the background of N30P30K30 and spraying crops with Carbamide, 10 kg/ha (5 % solution).	Key words: maize, fertilizer, foliar top dressing, hybrids, yielding capacity, economic efficiency.
Tingkat Konsumtif Remaja: Studi bina Keluarga Remaja, Gunung Pangilun, Padang, SUMBAR
Authors: Fitria Anggi , Mudjiran Mudjiran 
Published: July 2021

Remaja dalam mencapai dan memenuhi tugas perkembangannya harus mampu mempersiapkan diri dibidang ekonomi dalam artian disini remaja harus pintar di bidang perilaku kewirausahaan, hal ini bisa tercapai tentu dengan mengurangi sikap konsumtif. Sikap konsumtif adalah suatu sikap membeli barang-barang dan jasa yang sifatnya kurang di perlukan dan hanya mementingkan faktor keinginan dibandingkan faktor kebutuhan, serta tidak ada skala prioritas atau juga dapat diartikan sebagai gaya hidup yang bermewah-mewah sehingga orang yang konsumtif dapat dikatakan tidak lagi mempertimbangkan fungsi atau kegunaaan ketika membeli barang melainkan mempertimbangkan pretise yang melekat pada barang tersebut yang menkonsumsi barang atau jasa secara berlebihan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan sikap konsumtif remaja guna untuk bisa membantu Pembina BKR/ Konselor dalam upaya mengurangi sikap konsumtif remaja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Penyusunan tes melibatkan tiga ahli serta pelaksanaannya dibantu oleh Pembina BKR/Konselor. Instrument yang digunakan berupa pernyataan angket sikap konsumtif dengan menggunakan skala likert. Analisis data dilakukan dengan deskripsi dan hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa dari 30 remaja 1 (3,3%) orang berada pada kategori sangat tinggi, 10 orang (33,3%) berada pada kategori tinggi, 12 (40%) berada pada kategori sedang, 6 orang (20%) berada pada kategori rendah dan 1 orang (3,3%) orang berada pada kategori sikap konsumtif sangat rendah.
PENGGUNAAN MODEL SQ3R UNTUK MENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS IV SD
Authors: Selmedani Sari , Septiana Vini Wela , Lasari Yufi Latmini 
Published: July 2021

Abstrak Penelitian berawal dari kenyataan di kelas IV SD Negeri 23 Lolong Kota Padang dalam pembelajaran sebagian peserta didik menganggap membaca merupakan kegiatan pembelajaran yang cenderung membuat bosan, jenuh dan malas untuk memahami isi bacaan itu sendiri, peserta didik kurang aktif karena menganggap membaca merupakan pembelajaran yang kurang menarik, lebih cenderung membuat keributan didalam kelas. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran SQ3R. Subjek penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas IV SD Negeri 23 Lolong Kota Padang, dengan jumlah peserta didik 17 orang yang terdiri dari 8 laki-laki dan 9 perempuan tahun ajaran 2020/2021 penelitian ini dilaksanakan 2 siklus setiap siklus terdiri dari 2 kali pertemuan meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan refleksi. Keberhasilan dalam penelitian ini mengalami peningkatan dari siklus ke siklus. Dimana hasil RPP siklus I dengan rata-rata 83% (B), pada siklus II dengan nilai rata-rata 86% (SB), dari aspek guru pada siklus I dengan niali rata-rata 86% (SB), pada siklus II dengan rata-rata nilai 94% (SB), sedangkan pada aspek peserta didik siklus I dengan rata-rata nilai 73% (C), pada siklus II dengan rata-rata nilai 94% (SB). Hasil belajar pada siklus hal ini menunjukkan bahwa diperoleh nilai rata-rata 66% (C), meningkat pada siklus II dengan nilai rata-rata 83% (B), dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan penggunaan model pembelajaran SQ3R dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik. Kata Kunci: model, SQ3R,membaca,pemahaman,SD
The Genesis of the Self
Authors: Mead George Herbert 
Published: July 2021

THE SELF THAT is central to all so-called mental experience has appeared only in the social conduct of human vertebrates. It is just because the individual finds himself taking the attitudes of the others who are involved in his conduct that he becomes an object for himself. It is only by taking the rôles of others that we have been able to come back to ourselves. […]
It is interesting to note that in the development of the individual child, there are two stages which present the two essential steps in attaining self-consciousness. The first stage is that of play, and the second that of the game, where these two are distinguished from each other. In play in this sense, the child is continually acting as a parent, a teacher, a preacher, a grocery man, a policeman, a pirate, or an Indian. It is the period of childish existence which Wordsworth has described as that of “endless imitation.” It is the period of Froebel’s kindergarten plays. In it, as Froebel recognized, the child is acquiring the rôles of those who belong to his society. This takes place because the child is continually exciting in himself the responses to his own social acts. In his infant dependence upon the responses of others to his own social stimuli, he is peculiarly sensitive to this relation. Having in his own nature the beginning of the parental response, he calls it out by his own appeals. The doll is the universal type of this, but before he plays with a doll, he responds in tone of voice and in attitude as his parents respond to his own cries and chortles. [...] That is, one calls or tends to call out in himself the same response that he calls out in the other.
The I in the Internet
Authors: Tolentino Jia 
Published: July 2021

IN THE BEGINNING the internet seemed good. “I was in love with the internet the first time I used it at my dad’s office and thought it was the ULTIMATE COOL,” I wrote, when I was ten, on an An­gelfire subpage titled “The Story of How Jia Got Her Web Addic­tion.” In a text box superimposed on a hideous violet background, I continued:
But that was in third grade and all I was doing was going to Beanie Baby sites. Having an old, icky bicky computer at home, we didn’t have the Internet. Even AOL seemed like a far-off dream. Then we got a new top-o’-the-line computer in spring break ’99, and of course it came with all that demo stuff. So I finally had AOL and I was completely amazed at the marvel of having a profile and chatting and IMS!!
The Self
Authors: James William 
Published: July 2021

The Me and the I.—Whatever I may be thinking of, I am always at the same time more or less aware of myself, of my personal existence. At the same time it is I who am aware; so that the total self of me, being as it were duplex, partly known and partly knower, partly object and partly subject, must have two aspects discriminated in it, of which for shortness we may call one the Me and the other the I. I call these “discriminated aspects,” and not separate things, because the identity of I with me, even in the very act of their discrimination, is perhaps the most ineradicable dictum of common-sense, and must not be undermined by our terminology here at the outset, whatever we may come to think of its validity at our inquiry’s end.
I shall therefore treat successively of (A) the self as known, or the me, the ‘empirical ego’ as it is sometimes called; and of (B) the self as knower, or the I, the ‘pure ego’ of certain authors.
PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KINERJA PADA KARYAWAN YAYASAN AKY CIREUNDEU
Authors: Asmalah Lia , Arianto Nurmin 
Published: July 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana komunikasi dan gaya kepemimpinan secara parsial atau simultan mempengaruhi kinerja karyawan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakan metode deskriptif berdasarkan teknik pengumpulan data berdasarkan kuesioner.Analisis data menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, uji penerimaan klasik, analisis regresi, analisis koefisien korelasi, analisis koefisien determinasi dan uji hipotesis.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian persamaan regresi Y = 7.834 + 0.107X1 + 0.679X2 menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi (X1) dan gaya kepemimpinan (X2) berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja karyawan. Nilai koefisien determinasi atau faktor yang mempengaruhi juga sebesar 0,647 atau 64,7%, dan sisanya 35,3% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. Misalkan nilai yang diterima dari uji F> Tabel F atau (99.270> 2690) juga didukung oleh ρ <Sig. 0,05 atau (0,000 <0,05). Oleh karena itu, H0 tolak, dan H3 diterima. Artinya, antara komunikasi dan gaya kepemimpinan memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar terhadap kinerja karyawan Yayasan AKY Cireundeu.
DETEKSI PROSES KOROSI PADA BAJA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN LAPISAN AKRILIK TERMODIFIKASI PHENOLPHTHALEIN
Authors: Priyotomo Gadang 
Published: July 2021

Masalah korosi merupakan salah satu pertimbangan biaya pemeliharaan dalam proses produksi industri minyak dan gas bumi, petrokimia dan geothermal. Salah satu metode mitigasi korosi adalah proses pelapisan polimer atau cat. Walaupun struktur di lapis oleh cat, proses korosi terjadi karena preparasi permukaan yang tidak benar. Proses deteksi dini korosi dibawah lapisan cat bisa salah satu kandidat untuk mengurangi kerusakan lebih lanjut. Material senyawa cerdik adalah phenolphthalein (PP) diperlukan sebagai indikator terjadinya korosi. Konsentrasi senyawa PP divariasikan dengan sebesar 0,01% ; 0,1 % dan 1% yang diimbuhkan ke lapisan berbasis akrilik. Pengujian perfoma lapisan cat melalui pengujian kabut garam (ASTM B117-97) selama 240 jam. Metode visualisasi secara makro dilakukan untuk melihat kerusakan cat. Perfoma senyawa PP pada cat dengan konsentrasi 0,01% dan 1% memberikan indikasi bercak warna jingga di waktu ekspos 24 jam. Reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi (elektrokimia) berlangsung pada daerah antar muka lapisan cat dan substrak baja melalui visualisasi warna jingga.
ANALISA KERUSAKAN PADA POROS DUDUKAN BOTTOM PLATE DARI MESIN PENCAMPUR CAT DAN UPAYA PENCEGAHANNYA
Authors: Rahardian Slamet 
Published: July 2021

Abstrak: Permintaan akan Cat tembok pada pasar domestic yang tinggi menuntut penggunaan mesin yang selalu dalam kondisi prima, namun pada prakteknya sering terjadi kerusakan mesin. Salah satu komponen yang sering terjadi kerusakan adalah Poros Dudukan Bottom Plate Pada Mesin Pencampur Cat. Kerusakan tersebut mengharuskan dilakukannya penghentian proses produksi untuk melakukan perbaikan, hal ini menyebabkan kerugian waktu dan biaya bagi perusahaan. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan adalah untuk mencari penyebab serta mengetahui mekanisme terjadinya kegagalan yang terjadi pada Poros Dudukan Bottom Plate dengan spesifikasi material baja karbon S45C. Hasil fraktografi menunjukkan bahwa permukaan patahan merupakan struktur martensit temper yang mempunyai kekerasan cukup tinggi dan bersifat getas (brittle) sehingga tidak ada deformasi plastis pada permukaan patahan, tetapi dapat mengurangi ketahanan material terhadap beban kerja unidirectional bending dan mempunyai konsentrasi teganggan yang tinggi. Kemudian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kerusakan yang terjadi pada Poros Dudukan Bottom Plate dari material S45C pada mesin pencampur cat disebabkan oleh patah lelah (fatique fracture), hal ini didukung oleh penjalaran patah dimulai dari satu sisi shaft dan daerah fatigue terjadi pada ¾ dari diameter Poros Dudukan Bottom Plate.Kata kunci: Poros Dudukan BottomPlate, Mesin Pencampur Cat, Analisa Kerusakan, Pengujian.