bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the physicochemical and in vitro release properties of lutein by gelatin/octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)‐modified starch composite as vehicles
Authors: Su Ya , Sun Menglin , Zhao Mengyuan , Xu Baoguo , Li Jianlin , Zheng Tiesong 
Published: November 2021

SummaryIn this study, the lutein was microencapsulated by complex coacervation with gelatin and OSA starch as vehicles, and the physicochemical and in vitro release properties of the microcapsules were evaluated followed by the spray drying or freeze‐drying method. Preliminary assays of coacervation indicated that a higher encapsulation efficiency was obtained at the gelatin/OSA starch volume ratio of 5:4 and the core/wall material volume ratio of 1:8 (v/v) followed by the spray‐drying method. The lutein‐gelatin‐OSA microcapsules had a higher solubility, antioxidant activity, thermostability, relative humidity stability and sustained in vitro release compared to the free lutein. Fourier transform infrared data indicated that the encapsulated lutein interacted with gelatin and OSA starch was mainly through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The freeze‐dried microcapsule was observed with a more regular shape, smaller particle size in morphology and confirmed with better thermal stability from the differential scanning calorimetry results while the spray‐dried microcapsules obtained a higher cumulative release rate of lutein and higher antioxidant activity. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the design and commercial application of gelatin‐OSA starch complex‐based delivery systems for hydrophobic nutraceuticals with desired physicochemical properties and digestive performance.
Modelling Excess Zeros in Count Data: A New Perspective on Modelling Approaches
Authors: Haslett John , Parnell Andrew C. , Hinde John , de Andrade Moral Rafael 
Published: November 2021

SummaryWe consider the analysis of count data in which the observed frequency of zero counts is unusually large, typically with respect to the Poisson distribution. We focus on two alternative modelling approaches: over‐dispersion (OD) models and zero‐inflation (ZI) models, both of which can be seen as generalisations of the Poisson distribution; we refer to these as implicit and explicit ZI models, respectively. Although sometimes seen as competing approaches, they can be complementary; OD is a consequence of ZI modelling, and ZI is a by‐product of OD modelling. The central objective in such analyses is often concerned with inference on the effect of covariates on the mean, in light of the apparent excess of zeros in the counts. Typically, the modelling of the excess zerosper seis a secondary objective, and there are choices to be made between, and within, the OD and ZI approaches. The contribution of this paper is primarily conceptual. We contrast, descriptively, the impact on zeros of the two approaches. We further offer a novel descriptive characterisation of alternative ZI models, including the classic hurdle and mixture models, by providing a unifying theoretical framework for their comparison. This in turn leads to a novel and technically simpler ZI model. We develop the underlying theory for univariate counts and touch on its implication for multivariate count data.
Functional connectivity in sympatric spiny rats reflects different dimensions of Amazonian forest‐association
Authors: Dalapicolla Jeronymo , do Prado Joyce Rodrigues , Percequillo Alexandre Reis , Knowles L. Lacey 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimUnderstanding how the landscape influences gene flow is important in explaining biodiversity, especially when co‐distributed taxa across heterogeneous landscapes exhibit species‐specific habitat associations. Here, we test predictions about the effects of forest‐type on population connectivity in two sympatric species of spiny rats that differ in their forest associations. Specifically, we evaluate the hypothesis that seasonal floodplain forests (várzea) provide linear connectivity, facilitating gene flow among individuals, while non‐flooded forests (terra‐firme) may diminish the functional connectivity.LocationWestern Amazon, South America.TaxonProechimys simonsi (non‐flooded forests, terra‐firme) and Proechimys steerei (seasonal floodplain forests, várzea).MethodsWe analyse about 13,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms along with characterizations of landscape heterogeneity for two forest types to test for differences in the functional connectivity. Influence of the landscape and environmental variables are quantified using maximum‐likelihood population effect models to identify the relative importance of variables in explaining the gene flow.ResultsThere are significant differences in functional connectivity between species. However, the genomic data does not support the conventional hypotheses of higher connectivity for inhabitants of várzea than those of terra‐firme. Stronger genetic structure in P. steerei than P. simonsi based on isolation by distance models suggests reduced gene flow in species associated with várzea forests. Isolation by resistance reinforces that wetland habitats inhibit and promote the functional connectivity in P. simonsi and P. steerei, respectively, although large distances along the rivers can prevent gene flow in P. steerei.Main conclusionInterpreting differences between connectivity in taxa apparent from genetic analyses through the lens of a single dimension of Amazonian heterogeneity—that is, forest type—may be an oversimplification. Our statistical modelling and fit of the data to different models points to specific environmental and habitat differences between the ecological divergent spiny rat species that may contribute to differences in the genetic structure of these sympatric taxa.
Organisation of the musculature of the rat stomach
Authors: Di Natale Madeleine R. , Patten Lauren , Molero Juan C. , Stebbing Martin J. , Hunne Billie , Wang Xiaokai , Liu Zhongming , Furness John B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe strengths, directions and coupling of the movements of the stomach depend on the organisation of its musculature. Although the rat has been used as a model species to study gastric function, there is no detailed, quantitative study of the arrangement of the gastric muscles in rat. Here we provide a descriptive and quantitative account, and compare it with human gastric anatomy. The rat stomach has three components of the muscularis externa, a longitudinal coat, a circular coat and an internal oblique (sling) muscle in the region of the gastro–oesophageal junction. These layers are similar to human. Unlike human, the rat stomach is also equipped with paired muscular oesophago‐pyloric ligaments that lie external to the longitudinal muscle. There is a prominent muscularis mucosae throughout the stomach and strands of smooth muscle occur in the mucosa, between the glands of the corpus and antrum. The striated muscle of the oesophageal wall reaches to the stomach, unlike the human, in which the wall of the distal oesophagus is smooth muscle. Thus, the continuity of gastric and oesophageal smooth muscle bundles, that occurs in human, does not occur in rat. Circular muscle bundles extend around the circumference of the stomach, in the fundus forming a cap of parallel muscle bundles. This arrangement favours co‐ordinated circumferential contractions. Small bands of muscle make connections between the circular muscle bundles. This is consistent with a slower conduction of excitation orthogonal to the circular muscle bundles, across the corpus towards the distal antrum. The oblique muscle merged and became continuous with the circular muscle close to the gastro–oesophageal junction at the base of the fundus, and in the corpus, lateral to the lesser curvature. Quantitation of muscle thickness revealed gradients of thickness of both the longitudinal and circular muscle. This anatomical study provides essential data for interpreting gastric movements.
Common Sense, New Sense or Non‐Sense? A Critical Discursive Perspective on Power in Collective Sensemaking
Authors: Vaara Eero , Whittle Andrea 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite a growing interest in power in sensemaking, our understanding of how power is linked with language is still theoretically underdeveloped. To this end, we develop a critical discursive perspective on sensemaking comprised of a three‐part theoretical framework that elucidates the discursive underpinnings of power in organisational sensemaking. We first explain how discursive practices are used to turn cues into meaning. We then conceptualize how power operates within three layers of discursive practices: discursive strategies, genres, and discourses. This leads us to explain how the resulting sense can be conceptualized as common sense, new sense, or non‐sense. The main contribution of this paper is to help us understand how discursive practices underpin the operation of power in organisational sensemaking, thus adding a missing piece to sensemaking research. Our discursive analysis also advances understanding of the role of language in sensemaking more generally, has methodological implications for sensemaking research, and helps to move critical discourse studies forward in organisational contexts.
Crown Accuracy and Time Efficiency of Cement‐Retained Implant‐Supported Restorations in a Complete Digital Workflow: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Ren Shuxin , Jiang Xi , Lin Ye , Di Ping 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeThis is a clinical study to compare complete digital workflows generated using intraoral scanning and the split‐file technique with a conventional workflow for cement‐retained implant‐supported restorations.Materials and methodsForty patients requiring posterior single‐unit implant restorations were included. Twenty patients were randomly assigned to the complete digital workflow group, involving intraoral scanning and manufacture of cement‐retained crowns using the split‐file technique (test group). The remaining 20 patients were assigned to the hybrid workflow group (control group), involving conventional impressions and CAD‐CAM fabricated crowns based on stone casts. Scanning of the crowns was performed before and after clinical adjustment using an intraoral scanner (TRIOS Color; 3Shape). Two 3D digital models were trimmed and superimposed to evaluate changes in dimensions using Geomagic Control 2014 software. Chair‐side and laboratory times for the entire workflow were recorded. Independent‐sample t tests were used for the statistical analysis.ResultsAll crowns were inserted without refabrication. The average maximum occlusal adjustment of the crowns, measured as maximum deviation of occlusal area in superimposed pre and post scans, was −212.7 ± 150.5 and −330.7 ± 192.5 µm in the test and control groups, respectively (p = 0.037). The average area of occlusal adjustment, measured as area of deviation larger than 100 µm, was 8.4 ± 8.1 and 17.1 ± 12.3 mm2 in the test and control groups, respectively (p = 0.012). The mesial and distal contact adjustment amounts, maximum deviations of proximal area, were −33.0 ± 96.2 and −48.6 ± 70.5 µm in the test group, and −3.7 ± 66.7 µm and −11.4 ± 106.7 µm in the control group, respectively. The mean chair‐side time was 20.20 ± 3.00 and 26.65 ± 4.53 minutes in the test and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean laboratory time was 43.70 ± 5.56 and 84.55 ± 5.81 minutes in the test and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001).ConclusionsSingle‐unit cement‐retained crowns with complete digital workflows required fewer crown adjustments and had shorter clinical and laboratory times compared to conventional impressions and hybrid workflows. Digital impressions and the split‐file technique provided customized abutments and cement‐retained crowns, thus broadening the indications for digital workflows for implants.
On commodity tax harmonization and public goods provision
Authors: Kotsogiannis Christos , Lopez‐Garcia Miguel‐Angel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper argues that Pareto improvements based on harmonizing tax reforms expressed in terms of the divergence between actual and optimal tax structures and over/under provision of public goods require the use of ‘pseudo‐optimal’ taxes instead of optimal ones. ‘Pseudo‐optimal’ taxes are defined as those obtained using the optimal tax formulas but evaluated at any arbitrary initial tax structure. Within this context the paper reconfirms existing results showing that tax harmonization emerges as a strong policy instrument in achieving a potential Pareto‐improvement.
Nutrient requirement equations for Indian goat by multiple regression analysis and least cost ration formulation using a linear and non‐linear stochastic model
Authors: Patil Vishal , Gupta Radha , Duraisamy Rajendran , Kuntal Ravinder Singh 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn elaborate multiple regression analysis was done to arrive a nutrient requirement equation for goat including dry matter intake, DMI (kg/day), total digestible nutrient, TDN (g/day) and crude protein, CP (g/day) based on animal body weight (BW) (kg) and average daily gain (ADG)(g/day). The derived equations were highly significant (p < 0.001) and had high R2 (0.99) values. The estimated values of TDN, CP and DMI are compared with NRC (1981), Kearl (Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing Countries, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 1982), as well as ICAR (Livestock Management, 2013). The estimated total TDN and CP requirements at different body weights and ADG are close to the values of recommended feeding standards of Mandal et al. (Small Ruminant Res., 58, 2005, 201). The estimated DMI values are close to the values of ICAR (Livestock Management, 2013) but lower (26.5%–43.8%) as compared to NRC (1981). Regressed values are used to develop a linear programming (LP) model and a stochastic model (SM) for least‐cost ration formulation for the Indian goat breed, whose average BW is about 45 kg and ADG is 130 (g/day), and which is solved using LP simplex and Generalised Reduced Gradient (GRG) nonlinear of Microsoft Excel. The models satisfy the nutrient requirement calculated by regression equations with minimum specified level of variation (usually 5%–10%) in CP and TDN. Both methods adequately meet the nutritional requirements. Therefore, an electronic sheet is developed in Excel to calculate DMI, TDN and CP for different body weights, ADG and formulate the ration by LP and stochastic model.
In vitro evaluation of the effect of the electronic cigarette aerosol, Cannabis smoke, and conventional cigarette smoke on the properties of gingival fibroblasts/gingival mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: El‐Mouelhy Abir Tarek Mansour , Nasry Sherine Adel , Abou El‐Dahab Omnia , Sabry Dina , Fawzy El‐Sayed Karim 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe current study aimed to evaluate the effect of electronic cigarette (EC) aerosol, Cannabis, and conventional cigarettes smoke on gingival fibroblast/gingival mesenchymal stem cells' (GF/G‐MSCs) of never smokers.Material and MethodsHuman GF/G‐MSCs (n = 32) were isolated and characterized using light microscopy, flow cytometry, and multilineage differentiation ability. Following the application of aerosol/smoke extracts, GF/G‐MSCs were evaluated for cellular proliferation; colony‐forming units (CFU‐F) ability; cellular viability (using the MTT assay); mitochondrial depolarization using JC‐1 dye; and genes’ expression of ATM, p21, Oct4, and Nanog.ResultsColony‐forming units and viability (OD 450 nm) were significantly reduced upon exposure to Cannabis (mean ± SD; 5.5 ± 1.5; p < .00001, 0.47 ± 0.21; p < .05) and cigarettes smoke (2.3 ± 1.2 p < .00001, 0.59 ± 0.13, p < .05), while EC aerosol showed no significant reduction (10.8 ± 2.5; p = .05, 1.27 ± 0.47; p > .05) compared to the control group (14.3 ± 3, 1.33 ± 0.12). Significantly upregulated expression of ATM, Oct4, and Nanog (gene copies/GADPH) was noticed with Cannabis (1.5 ± 0.42, 0.82 ± 0.44, and 1.54 ± 0.52, respectively) and cigarettes smoke (1.52 ± 0.75, 0.7 ± 0.14, and 1.48 ± 0.79, respectively; p < .05), whereas EC aerosol caused no statistically significant upregulation of these genes compared to the control group (0.63 ± 0.1, 0.31 ± 0.12, and 0.64 ± 0.46, respectively; p > .05). The p21 gene was not significantly downregulated in EC aerosol (1.22 ± 0.46), Cannabis (0.71 ± 0.24), and cigarettes smokes (0.83 ± 0.54) compared to the control group (p = .053, analysis of variance).ConclusionCannabis and cigarettes smoke induce DNA damage and cellular dedifferentiation and negatively affect the cellular proliferation and viability of GF/G‐MSCs of never smokers, whereas EC aerosol showed a significantly lower impact on these properties.
Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses following oral administration
Authors: Waitt Wolker Laura H. , Veltri Charles A. , Pearman Krista , Lozoya Maria , Norris Jeffrey W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses and validate a method for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of serum levels. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics were determined using 10 healthy, adult horses. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose (0.25 mg/kg) were determined using blood samples collected prior to and at several time points over 7 days following administration. Serum concentrations of fluoxetine and its bioactive metabolite norfluoxetine were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to an accurate mass/high‐resolution mass spectrometer. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental model. Time to maximum serum concentration and serum half‐life of fluoxetine was 1.5 and 15.6 h, respectively. Steady‐state serum concentrations were evaluated using five horses each receiving fluoxetine (0.25 mg/kg, PO, q24hrs) for 8 weeks and were found to be 62.9 ± 25.5 ng/ml on average. Norfluoxetine was not detected in any sample.
Species differ in their responses to wind: the underexplored link between species fine‐scale occurrences and variation in wind stress
Authors: Momberg Mia , Hedding David William , Luoto Miska , le Roux Peter Christiaan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractQuestionsSpecies distribution models have traditionally relied heavily on temperature and precipitation, often ignoring other potentially important variables. However, recent advances have shown other climatic variables, including snow cover and solar radiation, may strongly improve predictions of species occurrence. Wind has long been known to have mechanical and physiological impacts on plants, but has not yet received adequate attention as a driver of species distributions.LocationMarion Island, sub‐Antarctic.MethodsUsing data from 1,440 plots in a chronically windy system, we test if wind stress (a combination of wind exposure and wind speed) improves species distribution models of vascular plant species, examining predictions for both species occurrence and cover.ResultsWind stress was a significant predictor of the occurrence of 12 of the 16 species, even after accounting for seven other ecophysiologically important abiotic variables. Species showed differential responses to wind, but wind stress was among the four most important drivers for the majority of species when modelling occurrence patterns (10 of 16) and variation in cover (12 of 16). Further, wind stress was more important than all temperature and precipitation variables in predicting the occurrence of six species (and three species’ cover).ConclusionsWind conditions were most influential for species that are characteristic of open, wet environments and for pteridophyte species, likely due to high wind speeds and exposure increasing the potential for moisture loss. This research highlights the value of incorporating wind metrics into species distribution models, particularly under changing wind patterns.
Skin trauma rapidly induces thermoregulatory plexus hyperemia, while an increased nutritive papillary capillary function can be detected after 24 h
Authors: Wikslund Liv Kristin , Amundsen Vivian Shubira , Kvernebo Anne Kari , Standal Øyvind Krøvel‐Velle , Kvernebo Knut 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveClinical assessments and laser Doppler perfusion measurements (LDPM) of skin microcirculation have limited value, as they fail to capture events regulated by local metabolic needs at a papillary capillary level. This study aimed to examine the ability of computer‐assisted video microscopy (CAVM) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) to assess skin nutritive perfusion—compared to LDPM.MethodsHealthy volunteers (n = 10) were examined after (≈1 and ≈24 h) an incision (5 × 1 mm) on the forearm, at 0.1 mm (only with CAVM), 2−3 mm, and 30 mm from the trauma.ResultsNo changes were detected by CAVM after ≈1 h. After ≈24 h, 0−1 mm from the trauma, both CAVM parameters were increased: functional capillary density (capillary crossings/mm, 11.8 ± 1.4 vs. 7.3 ± 1.2, p < .01) and capillary flow velocities (CFV, %capillaries with brisk flow, 10 ± 6.8 vs. 1 ± 1, p < .01). At a distance of 2−3 mm, only CFV was increased (6.2 ± 6.1 vs. 1 ± 1, p < .05). DRS and LDPM measurements increased 2−3 mm from the trauma line in relation to baseline after both ≈1 and ≈24 h, that is, with DRS (%microvascular oxygen saturation): 45.8 ± 7.4% (baseline), 70.0 ± 12.5% (≈1 h), and 73.1 ± 10.4% (≈24 h), p < .01 and with LDPM (a.u.): 7.2 ± 2.5 (baseline), 28.3 ± 18.7 (≈1 h), and 45.9 ± 16.3 (≈24 h), p < .01.Conclusions≈24 h after skin trauma, an increased function of the nutritive papillary capillaries can be detected by CAVM.
Minorities as citizens: The legal advocacy of language rights by the Hungarian minority in Romania
Authors: Huszka Beáta 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the assertion of language rights through legal mobilization by the Hungarian minority in Romania, thus examining this emergent kind of mobilization aimed at the claiming of rights, often rights recognized by law, but not enforced in practice. This incongruity between rights on paper and their execution provokes interethnic rivalry for the visibility of language and culture, in which the exclusive ownership of sovereignty is marked by the dominance of national language in physical spaces coined as ‘linguistic territoriality’ (Csergő, 2007), fostering parallel, monolingual public spheres. Applying Rancière's theory to the case of the Hungarian minority in Romania, it is argued that civil society activists' legal mobilization initiatives are a manifestation of ‘politics’ in the Rancièreian sense as they challenge the distribution of public spaces along ethnic lines through pushing forward their integrative vision of the same spaces—thus ‘seeking the litigious distribution of places and roles’ (Rancière, 2003, p. 201).
Understanding the expectations of nursing students following the first clinical internship: A qualitative study
Authors: Leyva‐Moral Juan M. , Aguayo‐González Mariela , San Rafael Gutiérrez Sabiniana , Jiménez Pera Miguel , Mestres‐Soler Olga 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to describe how nursing students' expectations are achieved in their first clinical internship, as part of a longitudinal qualitative study conducted in a public nursing school in Barcelona, Spain. Data in the current phase were collected in 2019 from students (n = 15) after completing an internship for the first time, recruited with purposive sampling until data saturation was reached in semi‐structured interviews, and thematic analysis was performed on the interview content. Positive factors that had a powerful influence on students included the accessibility at the internship location and the experience with the clinical instructor, when these provided assessment and integration of the student in the health team. Practical learning is mediated by chance in terms of the center, service, teacher, and clinical instructor assigned. It is crucial to establish consensual measures among all the actors involved to facilitate the efficacy of teaching and learning.