bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in anterior segment parameters of normal subjects during accommodation using a Scheimpflug imaging system
Authors: Jitendra Yadav , Kumar De Tapas , Kumar Sah Sanjay , Das Anyam Sandip 
Published: April 2021

Background: Accommodation changes ocular parameters, such as the anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and pupil diameter (PD), which can reflect a risk of angle-closure glaucoma. Previous studies of changes in ocular anterior segment parameters, have used high diopters or maximum amplitude. Here, we focused on normal accommodation at a reading distance of 30‒40 cm. The aim of this study was to assess changes in anterior segment parameters during a normal accommodative state, using a Scheimpflug imaging system.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 emmetrope subjects (mean ± SD of age: 22 ± 4.0 years) who met the inclusion criteria and provided informed consent were enrolled. Clinical history, refraction, amplitude of accommodation, slit lamp examination, Goldman applanation tonometry, and Pentacam investigations were performed on all subjects. Accommodative and non-accommodative targets were induced via the Pentacam. Two seconds were allowed for accommodation or relaxation prior to measurements in each eye.
Results: Eighty normal eyes were evaluated; a small but statistically significant change in ACV, ACA, and PD during accommodation (P < 0.01, < 0.01, and < 0.05, respectively) was observed. The ACD did not change substantially with accommodation (P = 0.29). The mean ± SD values of ACV, ACD, ACA, and PD before and after accommodation were 151.85 ± 24.04 mm3 and 145.38 ± 23.30 mm3, 2.87 ± 0.28 mm and 2.86 ± 0.27 mm, 35.06° ± 3.68° and 33.84° ± 3.72°, and 3.46 ± 0.57 mm and 3.41 ± 0.53 mm, respectively.
Conclusions: Accommodation changes ocular parameters, such as ACV, ACA, and PD, in healthy young emmetropes. Interestingly, the ACD remains unaltered during accommodation. Nevertheless, although these changes were statistically significant, they were not clinically significant in our study.
Blue light-induced retinal damage: a brief review and a proposal for examining the hypothetical causal link between person digital device use and retinal injury
Authors: Kozlowski Michael R. 
Published: April 2021

Background: There is growing concern that the increased use of personal digital devices, which emit a high proportion of their light in the blue wavelengths, may have harmful effects on the retina. Extensive historical as well as current research demonstrates that exposure to high energy visible light (blue light) can damage the retina under certain circumstances. There are, however, no studies that directly address whether blue light at the intensities emitted by digital devices can potentially cause such harm. The present review aimed to examine whether blue light exposure from computers, tablets, and cell phones can, when used habitually over a prolonged period of time, be harmful to the retinal.
Methods: A search of the literature on blue light-induced retinal damage was performed using a number of scientific search engines, including BioOne Complete™, Google Scholar™, Paperity™, PubMed™, and ScienceOpen™. Studies most significant for addressing the question of possible harmful effects of blue light emitted by personal digital devices were selected from this search and reviewed.
Results: The data from the selected studies were summarized and their limitations in addressing the question of whether the blue light from personal digital devices is capable of producing retinal damage were addressed. Based on these limitations, a practical experimental protocol for collecting the additional data needed was proposed. Data from pilot experiments are presented that indicate the practicality of this approach.
Conclusions: The currently available data on the effects of blue light on the retina are not sufficient to refute the hypothesis that the use of personal digital devices could, over a lifetime, produce retinal damage. Additional studies, such as those proposed in this article, are needed to resolve this issue.
الإدارة الإلكترونية كمدخل لتحسين جودة مؤسسات التعليم العالي في ليبيا: دراسة نظرية للتجارب العربية والأجنبية الرائدة في هذا المجال
Authors: ضو صلاح عبدالسلام , المصراتي سالمة مفتاح 
Published: April 2021

مع أواخر القرن العشرين وكنتيجة للتطورات التكنولوجية, حدثت طفرة هائلة ترتب عليها ضرورة إستخدام المؤسسات التعليمية لأنماط إدارية حديثة تواكب التطور التكنولوجي، حيث برزت ما يعرف "بالإدارة الإلكترونية", والتي مكنت بعض المؤسسات التعليمية من معالجة وثائقها وعملياتها الإدارية بطريقة إلكترونية أدت إلى إنحسار المعاملات الورقية. أيضآ, تعبر جودة العملية التعليمية عن مدى توافر معايير الجودة في جميع مكوناتها والتي تعتبر من العمليات التي تحتاج الكثير من الوقت والجهد والتكلفة. المؤسسات الليبية كغيرها ملزمة بإستخدام الإدارة الالكترونية للتواصل مع جميع أنظمتها الفرعية ولضمان التفاعل المستمر لجميع مكوناتها بهدف التحسين المستمر وتحقيق أعلى معدلات الجودة. فكرة هذه الدراسة هي إعطاء تصور واضح لمفهوم الإدارة الإلكترونیة وأهمیة تطبیقها ودورها في تحسين جودة العملية التعليمية في مؤسسات التعلیم العالي الليبية, وصولآ إلى تحديد أهم الإستراتيجيات الممكن تطبيقها لتحقيق هذه الجودة. قدمت هذه الدراسة إطارآ نظريآ من خلال الإعتماد على المنهج الاستقرائي والاستنباطي والذي يضمن تحليل ملامح الوضع الراهن للادارة الإلكترونیة ودورها في تحسين مستوى الجودة من خلال عرض لأهم التجارب العربية والأجنبية الرائدة في مجال الإدارة الالكترونية للاستفادة منها كتجارب لتحسين مستويات الجودة. أهم نتائج الدراسة أن الادارة الالكترونية هي مطلباً أساسياً فى كل الدول التي تسعى الى الإرتقاء بالمنظومة التعليمية بالإضافة الى إمكانية تنفيذ كافة المعاملات إلكترونيآ عن طريق الإستخدام المكثف لتكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات. أيضآ أوصت الدراسة بضرورة الإطلاع على التجارب المختلفة للإدارة الالكترونية والاستفادة من نتائج تجاربهم, وما هي متطلبات وتحديات إستخدامها فيما يخص الموارد البشرية والمادية وصناعة البرمجيات الالكترونية, بالإضافة إلى العمل على إنشاء قاعدة بيانات في وزارة التعليم العالي وربط الجامعات بها بما يوفر سرعة تبادل المعلومات والوصول إليها.
Kepuasan Pasien Terhadap Kualitas Pelayanan Di Apotek Leontin Farma BSD Maret – April Tahun 2020
Authors: Aulia Gina , Holidah Holidah , Sipayung Liswati Friana 
Published: April 2021

A Drugstore is where the pharmacists practice as pharmaceutical service facility. Based on Indonesia government regulation no. 51, year 2009, Pharmaceutical services is a direct responsible services to the patience regarding pharmaceutical preparation. The purpose of this study is to determine of patient satisfactory regarding Pharmaceutical services based on reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and appearances dimension. The type of this research is a descriptive study by giving a questionnaire about the assessment patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services to 100 respondents who came to Leontin Farma BSD drugstore with Quota Sampling technique. Based on results obtained 58% male patients. Most patient visits by age were 42-59 years as many as 35 patients. As for assessment system about description of patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services based on the 5-dimensional questionnaire in the reliability section, 100% very satisfied; responsiveness, 100% is very satisfied; assurance,100% very satisfied; empathy, 100% very satisfied and appearance with 100% were very satisfied.Therefore, the results on patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at Leontin Farma the BSD drugstore in March-April 2020 are 100% with a very satisfied category. In the future hopefully the pharmacy officer can be more friendly with pharmaceutical services since can affects the quality of the drugstore.
Educação infantil diante da pandemia causada pela Covid-19: no cenário o programa Rio Preto Educ Ação
Authors: Sommerhalder Aline , Fernandes Bessa de Oliveira Raiza , Alcassas Masson Giseli 
Published: April 2021

Este estudo tem como foco a educação infantil em contexto de pandemia causada pela Covid-19, uma vez que muito se tem visto e se discutido sobre esta etapa, sendo as atividades pedagógicas a distância fator de preocupação por parte de pesquisadores e educadores da primeira infância. Se caracteriza como um estudo de natureza qualitativa, como estudo de caso documental e objetiva apresentar e discutir brevemente alguns aspectos da implementação de um Programa Educacional Municipal, criado em contexto pandêmico, evidenciando possibilidades de trabalho, mas também alguns limites e desafios. Os dados indicaram estratégias e ferramentas que possibilitaram a continuidade de vínculo entre escolas, professores(as), crianças e famílias, bem como a continuidade de trabalho dos docentes. Infere-se, também, a necessidade de avaliação constante de ações e propostas vinculadas a esse Programa, objetivando que sejam intencionais, efetivas e não excludentes, garantindo os direitos educacionais de bebês e crianças, mesmo em um cenário tão complexo, urgente e inédito.
Palavras-chave: educação infantil, pandemia pelo Covid-19, atividades pedagógicas a distância.
Systematics of ‘lithistid’ tetractinellid demosponges from the Tropical Western Atlantic—implications for phylodiversity and bathymetric distribution
Authors: Schuster Astrid , Pomponi Shirley A. , Pisera Andrzej , Cárdenas Paco , Kelly Michelle , Wörheide Gert , Erpenbeck Dirk 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundAmong all present demosponges, lithistids represent a polyphyletic group with exceptionally well-preserved fossils dating back to the Cambrian. Knowledge of their recent diversity, particularly in the Tropical Western Atlantic Ocean (TWA) where they are common in deep waters, is scarce making any comparison between present and past major ‘lithistid’ faunas difficult. In addition, the lack of sufficient molecular and morphological data hamper any predictions on phylogenetic relationships or phylodiversity from this region. The Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI, Fort Pierce, Florida) holds the largest collection of TWA lithistid sponges worldwide, however, the majority remain to be taxonomically identified and revised.Principal FindingsIn this study we provide sequences of 249 lithistid demosponges using two independent molecular markers (28S rDNA (C1-D2) andcox1mtDNA). In addition, a morphological documentation of 70 lithistid specimens is provided in the database of the Sponge Barcoding Project (SBP). This integrated dataset represents the largest and most comprehensive of the TWA lithistids to date. The phylogenetic diversity of ‘lithistid’ demosponges in the Bahamas and Jamaica are high in comparison to other TWA regions; Theonellidae and Corallistidae dominate the fauna, while Neopeltidae and Macandrewiidae are rare. A proposed tetractinellid suborder, one undescribed genus and several undescribed species are recognized and the Pacific ‘lithistid’ genera,HerengeriaandAwhiowhio, are reported from the TWA for the first time. The higher-taxa relationships of desma-bearing tetractinellids are discussed and topics for revision suggested.ConclusionThis first integrative approach of TWA ‘lithistid’ demosponges contributes to a better understanding of their phylogenetic affinities, diversity and bathymetric distribution patterns within the TWA. As in the Pacific, the TWA ‘lithistid’ demosponges dominate deep-water habitats. Deeper taxonomic investigations will undoubtedly contribute to a better comparison between present major ‘lithistid’ faunas and their fossil record in the Mesozoic.
The Explanatory Roles of Habit and Intention on Alcohol Consumption by Adults at Home
Authors: Aplin Daniel , Kuntsche Sandra , Cook Megan , Callinan Sarah 
Published: April 2021

Aims: The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of intention and habit in predicting adults’ drinking behaviour within the home setting.
Measures: A convenience sample of 414 Australians aged between 35 and 60 were recruited through targeted Facebook advertising. Eligibility criteria for study participation included reporting consuming alcohol at least once a week at home. Participants completed self-report measures of alcohol consumption, habit strength regarding home drinking behaviour, and intentions to consume alcohol. Differences in home drinking controlling for age and gender, by level of habit, and intention were examined using ANCOVA.
Results: Increases in intention were associated with an increase in home drinking. However, with habit and intention entered in the same model, only habit was a significant predictor of the amount of alcohol consumed in the home. For Australians, habit is a stronger predictor of alcohol consumption than intention.
Conclusions: Given that a large proportion of people are doing the majority of their drinking when at home, home-based interventions which target the habitual nature of home consumption may help to reduce consumption and related harm.
Sexual Stimulants: Prevalence and Associated Factors Amongst Married Women in Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto State, Nigeria
Authors: Ango U. M. , Oche M. O. , Bello M. M. , Yunusa E. U. , Umar M. T. , Adamu A. , Adamu B. H. , Adetoro S. M. , Shija D. T. 
Published: April 2021

Aim: This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with the use of sexual stimulants (aphrodisiacs) among married women in Sokoto metropolis, Sokoto state, Nigeria.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 215 married women in Sokoto metropolis selected by multistage sampling technique. A set of pre-tested, semi-structured interviewer- administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the research variables. Data were analyzed using IBM® SPSS version 20 statistical package.
Results: A total of 215 married women were interviewed, out of which 209 were aware of sexual stimulants. Of the 209 respondents who were aware of sexual stimulants, majority 183 (85.0%) reported using one form of sexual stimulants or the other and up to 135 (73.8%) of those who used sexual stimulants were from monogamous setting, their main source of information concerning sexual stimulants was from family relatives 101 (55.2%). A large proportion of the respondents 127 (69.4%) used it to satisfy their spouses while majority (84.3%) of them reported increased sexual pleasure/satisfaction by them and their husbands. Complications developed by the respondents while using sexual stimulants include: vaginal itching 8(30.8%), vaginal discharge 5(19.2%), dryness of the vagina and irregular menstrual period 2 (7.7%) each, vaginal bruises, lower abdominal pain and painful intercourse 3 (11.5%) each.
Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of use of sexual stimulants among the respondents, with the substances being obtained from various sources and used for different reasons. A sizeable number of them opined that they used the substances to enhance their sexual satisfaction and that of their husbands. Since the pharmacological compositions of these substances have not been ascertained, there is need for community education on the health risks associated with the use of sexual stimulants as some of them may have adverse effects on the organs of the body.
Supplementary Foliar Applications and Their Effect on the Agronomic Behavior of Strawberry in a Vertical System
Authors: Cortez María del Pilar Marín , Naveda Antonio Flores , Vázquez Perpetuo Álvarez , López Josué Israel García , Olivo Armando Robledo , Chacon Xohitl Ruelas , Montejo Neymar Camposeco 
Published: April 2021

Aims: The objective was to evaluate the agronomic behavior of the strawberry crop under supplementary foliar applications in a vertical system.
Study Design: The experimental design used in each test was the completely randomized experimental model with six treatments and four repetitions each. The treatments were Control, Estimulante plus®, AeroBiot®, BasfoliarAktiv®, Basfoliar PS® and HPLS.
Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out under a greenhouse in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. From October 20, 2019 to February 20, 2020.
Methodology: The San Andreas strawberry variety was used, the vertical system consisted of 4” PVC tubes, 1.2 m long, with 5 cm diameter perforations, a mixture of peat moss and perlite was used as substrate in a ratio 70:30 %. The foliar applications were carried out every week, stimulant plus®, AeroBiot®, Basfoliar Activ® and HPLS were at a rate of 2 ml L-1, Basfoliar PS® was at a rate of 2 g L-1, the control was only distilled water.
Results: The foliar application of AeroBiot® statistically improved the average weight of the fruit and exceeded the control by 16.7 %, the length of the fruit was statistically similar between the applications of BasfoliarActiv®, AeroBiot®, Basfoliar PS® and HPLS, the rest of the variables showed a similar statistical behavior.
Conclusion: The agronomic performance of strawberry cultivation in a vertical system was similar between supplementary foliar applications of products containing macro and microelements, amino acids and protein hydrolysates, while worm leachates such as AeroBiot® improve the average weight of the fruit.
Evaluation of the response of Turkey strains to Salmonella and Newcastle vaccines
Authors: Ikpeme Ekei Victor 
Published: April 2021

This research work was carried out to evaluate the immune response of 3 turkey strains to salmonella and Newcastle vaccines measured via antibody titre. The study deployed a total of 120 poults (40 black, 40 white and 40 lavender) strains. To ascertain the initial antibody titre of all the birds, blood samples were obtained from their wing veins immediately after acclimatization for salmonella and Newcastle antibody titre. The test for salmonella and Newcastle antibody titre responses of the birds were performed using widal and haemagglutination inhibition (HI), respectively. The birds were divided into two broad groups tagged as A and B, which represented Salmonella and Newcastle vaccines, respectively. Each group had 3 sub-groups denoting the 3 strains of turkey used for the study. After vaccination, blood samples were collected from all the birds at 3 and 5 days for laboratory assessment of antibody titre response. The results showed that there was significant increase (p<0.05) in the antibody titre response of all the turkey strains after vaccination. Results obtained on the time of exposure of the birds to vaccine revealed that higher antibody titre values were obtained from the black and white turkey strains at 3 days than at 5 days after administration of Newcastle vaccine, except in the lavender strain, which had higher titre value at 5 days after Newcastle vaccination. Following administration of salmonella vaccine, black and lavender strains had statistically higher antibody titre response (2.03 and 2.10 mean loge widal, respectively) than white strain (1.86 mean loge widal). Similarly, the black strain also had higher antibody titre value when Newcastle vaccine was administered (2.35 mean loge HI) followed by lavender (1.99 mean loge HI) and white strain (1.71 mean loge HI). Black strains showed more antibody titre response and by implication, stronger immunity to Salmonella and Newcastle vaccines. More importantly, the differential response of the 3 turkey strains to vaccine could give turkey breeders the choice of selection of turkey breeds for disease resistance breeding.
Assessment of the Quality of Liquid Digestate from Small-scale Anaerobic Biodigesters Used for Crop Irrigation in Urban and Peri-urban Maseru, Lesotho
Authors: Tanor Emmanuel B. , Lejone Itumeleng , Magama Sibusisiwe , Lebofa Mantopi Martina 
Published: April 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the quality of Liquid Digestate (LD) from selected small scale anaerobic digesters for biogas production and assess the suitability for crop irrigation.
Methodology: The selection of the parameters was guided by national standards and international guidelines for the agricultural use of wastewater and wastewater treatment products. The analysis was carried out using standard methods.
Results: The results showed that most of the parameters determined of the LD from the anaerobic reactors were within the ranges of the national standards and the FAO recommended guideline limits for crop irrigation with wastewater; pH (6.75-8.50), alkalinity 12.5-45.7 mg/L), EC 0.39-1.30dS/m), COD (82.3-158.0 mg.O2/L, SS (1.35-6.17 mg/L) and TDS (249.6-832.0 mg/L). The LD from the reactors contain some considerable amounts of plant nutrients; total nitrogen (11.5- 33.1 mg/L), ammonium nitrogen (2.3-22.0 mg/L), total phosphorous (1.5-121.6 mg/L) calcium (37.68-438 mg/L), magnesium (15.25-127-36 mg/L), sodium (4.67-32.47 mg/L), chloride (9.30-19.5 mg/L) and potassium (12.07-39.50 mg/L). The mean concentrations of the micronutrients cobalt (0.67-0.94 mg/L), copper (0.78-1.08 mg/L), iron (0.851.93 mg/L), manganese (0.09-0.20 mg/L), nickel (0.82-1.48 mg/L) and zinc (0.31-2.24 mg/L) were greater than the FAO guideline limits for wastewater used in crop irrigation, which suggests that the LD are potential low-cost biofertilizer. The level of toxic metals arsenic (0.65-0.87 mg/L), cadmium (0.70-0.97 mg/L), chromium (0.71-0.98 mg/L) and lead (0.55-1.46 mg/L), were higher than the recommended levels for use of treated wastewater in crop irrigation. The numbers of the common pathogenic microorganisms determined were much lower than the FAO and WHO recommended limits indicating that the liquid digestate will not pose any major health risk a biofertilizer.
Conclusion: The nutrients and other parameters indicated that the quality of the LD is good enough to be used for crop irrigation without any restrictions.However, the LD should be used with caution, because of the levels of the toxic metals, which may accumulate in the soil after prolonged application. Also, extension services on best practices for the agricultural application of the LD should be made available to potential users to mitigate any potential negative environmental and health impacts.
Development of Tinidazole Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Formulation and its Characterization
Authors: Devi K. Tirumala , Venkateswarlu B. S. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: The development of safe drug delivery systems for a therapeutic agent with less side effects and more bioavailability to the targeted site is very vital in drugs formulation. Tinidazole (TZ) is a drug used to treat giardiasis, amebiasis for colon infections and other infections also such as trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis. But the oral bioavailability for the current using drugs low. So, the current study was aimed to develop colon targeted drug delivery system for Tinidazole (TZ) with polymeric nanoparticles (NPs).
Methodology: The nanoparticles formulations of TZ were prepared with modified ionic gelation method using chitosan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) are in different combinations by magnetic stirring method followed by temperature modulated solidification. The solvent evaporation method applied to coat TZ nanoparticles with Eudragit S100. The prepared TZ nanoparticle were studied to evaluate physiochemical properties, In-vitro drug release, mucopenetration and In-vivo mucoadhesive studies were carried out.
Results: The results of study indicate, 1:1 ratio of chitosan and HPMCP formulation of nanoparticles provides better spatial interaction between them and TZ with spherical porous and the particles size was diverging between 202 - 236 nm. In vitro release of TZ followed Higuchi and first order equations better than zero order equation. The drug release results of nanoparticles formulations of TZ indicate that the NPs have potential as a drug delivery system compare to uncoated TZ and coated nanoparticles have comparatively less mucoadhesive detachment force.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the study was an evidence to use nanoparticles in colon targeted drug delivery systems for better bioavailability of drugs at targeted site and the biodistribution properties of drugs using nanoparticle will be depend on their composition, particle size and their adhesive abilities.