bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral zombies: why algorithms are not moral agents
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn philosophy of mind, zombies are imaginary creatures that are exact physical duplicates of conscious subjects for whom there is no first-personal experience. Zombies are meant to show that physicalism—the theory that the universe is made up entirely out of physical components—is false. In this paper, I apply the zombie thought experiment to the realm of morality to assess whether moral agency is something independent from sentience. Algorithms, I argue, are a kind of functional moral zombie, such that thinking about the latter can help us better understand and regulate the former. I contend that the main reason why algorithms can be neither autonomous nor accountable is that they lack sentience. Moral zombies and algorithms are incoherent as moral agents because they lack the necessary moral understanding to be morally responsible. To understand what it means to inflict pain on someone, it is necessary to have experiential knowledge of pain. At most, for an algorithm that feels nothing, ‘values’ will be items on a list, possibly prioritised in a certain way according to a number that represents weightiness. But entities that do not feel cannot value, and beings that do not value cannot act for moral reasons.
The impact of air pollution on birthweight: evidence from grouped quantile regression
Authors: Pons Martina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEstimates of the average effect of pollution on birthweight might not provide a complete picture if more vulnerable infants are disproportionately more affected. To address this, I focus on the distributional effect of particulate matter pollution (PM$$_{2.5}$$

2.5

) on birthweight. To estimate the impact, this paper uses grouped quantile regression, a methodology developed by Chetverikov et al. (Econometrica 84(2): 809–833, 2016), which allows estimating the impact of a group-level treatment on an individual-level outcome when there are group-level unobservables. The analysis reveals nonhomogeneous effects indicating that pollution disproportionately affects infants in the lower tail of the conditional distribution, whereas average effects suggest only minimal and not economically significant impact of pollution on birthweight. The findings are also consistent across different specifications.
Quantitative CT radiomics-based models for prediction of haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome in primary intracerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Pszczolkowski Stefan , Manzano-Patrón José P. , Law Zhe K. , Krishnan Kailash , Ali Azlinawati , Bath Philip M. , Sprigg Nikola , Dineen Rob A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To test radiomics-based features extracted from noncontrast CT of patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage for prediction of haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome and compare them with radiological signs and clinical factors.

Materials and methods
Seven hundred fifty-four radiomics-based features were extracted from 1732 scans derived from the TICH-2 multicentre clinical trial. Features were harmonised and a correlation-based feature selection was applied. Different elastic-net parameterisations were tested to assess the predictive performance of the selected radiomics-based features using grid optimisation. For comparison, the same procedure was run using radiological signs and clinical factors separately. Models trained with radiomics-based features combined with radiological signs or clinical factors were tested. Predictive performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) score.

Results
The optimal radiomics-based model showed an AUC of 0.693 for haematoma expansion and an AUC of 0.783 for poor functional outcome. Models with radiological signs alone yielded substantial reductions in sensitivity. Combining radiomics-based features and radiological signs did not provide any improvement over radiomics-based features alone. Models with clinical factors had similar performance compared to using radiomics-based features, albeit with low sensitivity for haematoma expansion. Performance of radiomics-based features was boosted by incorporating clinical factors, with time from onset to scan and age being the most important contributors for haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome prediction, respectively.

Conclusion
Radiomics-based features perform better than radiological signs and similarly to clinical factors on the prediction of haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome. Moreover, combining radiomics-based features with clinical factors improves their performance.

Key Points
• Linear models based on CT radiomics-based features perform better than radiological signs on the prediction of haematoma expansion and poor functional outcome in the context of intracerebral haemorrhage.
• Linear models based on CT radiomics-based features perform similarly to clinical factors known to be good predictors. However, combining these clinical factors with radiomics-based features increases their predictive performance.
Focal pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation is related to plaque presence, plaque type, and stenosis severity in coronary CTA
Authors: Ma Runlei , van Assen Marly , Ties Daan , Pelgrim Gert Jan , van Dijk Randy , Sidorenkov Grigory , van Ooijen Peter M. A. , van der Harst Pim , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the association of pericoronary adipose tissue mean attenuation (PCATMA) with coronary artery disease (CAD) characteristics on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).

Methods
We retrospectively investigated 165 symptomatic patients who underwent third-generation dual-source CCTA at 70kVp: 93 with and 72 without CAD (204 arteries with plaque, 291 without plaque). CCTA was evaluated for presence and characteristics of CAD per artery. PCATMA was measured proximally and across the most severe stenosis. Patient-level, proximal PCATMA was defined as the mean of the proximal PCATMA of the three main coronary arteries. Analyses were performed on patient and vessel level.

Results
Mean proximal PCATMA was −96.2 ± 7.1 HU and −95.6 ± 7.8HU for patients with and without CAD (p = 0.644). In arteries with plaque, proximal and lesion-specific PCATMA was similar (−96.1 ± 9.6 HU, −95.9 ± 11.2 HU, p = 0.608). Lesion-specific PCATMA of arteries with plaque (−94.7 HU) differed from proximal PCATMA of arteries without plaque (−97.2 HU, p = 0.015). Minimal stenosis showed higher lesion-specific PCATMA (−94.0 HU) than severe stenosis (−98.5 HU, p = 0.030). Lesion-specific PCATMA of non-calcified, mixed, and calcified plaque was −96.5 HU, −94.6 HU, and −89.9 HU (p = 0.004). Vessel-based total plaque, lipid-rich necrotic core, and calcified plaque burden showed a very weak to moderate correlation with proximal PCATMA.

Conclusions
Lesion-specific PCATMA was higher in arteries with plaque than proximal PCATMA in arteries without plaque. Lesion-specific PCATMA was higher in non-calcified and mixed plaques compared to calcified plaques, and in minimal stenosis compared to severe; proximal PCATMA did not show these relationships. This suggests that lesion-specific PCATMA is related to plaque development and vulnerability.

Key Points
• In symptomatic patients undergoing CCTA at 70 kVp, PCATMAwas higher in coronary arteries with plaque than those without plaque.
• PCATMAwas higher for non-calcified and mixed plaques compared to calcified plaques, and for minimal stenosis compared to severe stenosis.
• In contrast to PCATMAmeasurement of the proximal vessels, lesion-specific PCATMAshowed clear relationships with plaque presence and stenosis degree.
Olfactory training with Aromastics: olfactory and cognitive effects
Authors: Oleszkiewicz Anna , Bottesi Laura , Pieniak Michal , Fujita Shuji , Krasteva Nadejda , Nelles Gabriele , Hummel Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The olfactory system can be successfully rehabilitated with regular, intermittent stimulation during multiple daily exposures to selected sets of odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT). OT has been repeatedly shown to be an effective tool of olfactory performance enhancement. Recent advancements in studies on OT suggest that its beneficial effects exceed olfaction and extend to specific cognitive tasks. So far, studies on OT provided compelling evidence for its effectiveness, but there is still a need to search for an optimal OT protocol. The present study examined whether increased frequency of OT leads to better outcomes in both olfactory and cognitive domains.

Method
Fifty-five subjects (28 females; Mage = 58.2 ± 11.3 years; 26 patients with impaired olfaction) were randomly assigned to a standard (twice a day) or intense (four times a day) OT. Olfactory and cognitive measurements were taken before and after OT.

Results
OT performed twice a day was more effective in supporting olfactory rehabilitation and interventions targeted to verbal semantic fluency than OT performed four times a day, even more so in subjects with lower baseline scores.

Conclusions
OT is effective in supporting olfactory rehabilitation and interventions targeted to verbal semantic fluency. However, it may be prone to a ceiling effect, being efficient in subjects presenting with lower baseline olfactory performance and lower verbal semantic fluency.
A thermodynamically consistent quasi-double-porosity thermo-hydro-mechanical model for cell dehydration of plant tissues at subzero temperatures
Authors: Eurich Lukas , Schott Rena , Shahmoradi Shahla , Wagner Arndt , Borja Ronaldo I. , Roth-Nebelsick Anita , Ehlers Wolfgang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMany plant tissues exhibit the property of frost resistance. This is mainly due to two factors: one is related to metabolic effects, while the other stems from structural properties of plants leading to dehydration of their cells. The present contribution aims at assessing the impact of ice formation on frost-resistant plant tissues with a focus on structural properties specifically applied to Equisetum hyemale. In this particular case, there is an extracellular ice formation in so-called vallecular canals and the pith cavity, which leads to a dehydration of the tissue cells to avoid intracellular ice formation, what would be fatal for the cells and subsequently for the whole plant. To address the underlying phenomena in the plant, a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model based on the Theory of Porous Media is introduced as the modelling framework. The dehydration of the tissue cells is referred to as of quasi-double-porosity nature, since the water is mobile within the intercellular space, but confined to the cells in the intracellular space and consequently kinematically coupled to them. However, the mass exchange of water across the cell wall is considered. The presented numerical example shows the strong coupling of the underlying processes as well as the quasi-double-porosity feature. Finally, it supports the experimental finding of the vallecular canals as the main location of ice formation.
Extra-basal ganglia iron content and non-motor symptoms in drug-naïve, early Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Kim Minkyeong , Yoo Seulki , Kim Doyeon , Cho Jin Whan , Kim Ji Sun , Ahn Jong Hyun , Mun Jun Kyu , Choi Inyoung , Lee Seung-Kyun , Youn Jinyoung 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Although iron dyshomeostasis is associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis, the relationship between iron deposition and non-motor involvement in PD is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated basal ganglia and extra-basal ganglia system iron contents and their correlation with non-motor symptoms in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients.

Methods
We enrolled 14 drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients and 12 age/sex-matched normal controls. All participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging to obtain the effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Deep brain structures, including the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala, were delineated using the FSL-FIRST; the substantia nigra, red nucleus, and dentate nucleus were segmented manually. Inter-group differences in R2* and QSM values, as well as their association with clinical parameters of PD, were investigated.

Results
Substantia nigra and putamen R2* values were significantly higher in PD patients than in normal controls, despite no significant difference in QSM values. Regarding the non-motor symptom scales, PD sleep scale score negatively correlated with R2* values in the red nucleus and right amygdala, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic scores were positively correlated with R2* values in the right amygdala and left hippocampus, and cardiovascular sub-score of Non-Motor Symptoms Scale for PD was positively associated with the QSM value in the left hippocampus.

Conclusion
In this study, iron content in the extra-basal ganglia system was significantly correlated with non-motor symptoms, especially sleep problems and dysautonomia, even in early-stage PD.
Economics of mental well-being: a prospective study estimating associated health care costs and sickness benefit transfers in Denmark
Authors: Santini Ziggi Ivan , Becher Hannah , Jørgensen Maja Bæksgaard , Davidsen Michael , Nielsen Line , Hinrichsen Carsten , Madsen Katrine Rich , Meilstrup Charlotte , Koyanagi Ai , Stewart-Brown Sarah , McDaid David , Koushede Vibeke 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Previous literature has examined the societal costs of mental illness, but few studies have estimated the costs associated with mental well-being. In this study, a prospective analysis was conducted on Danish data to determine 1) the association between mental well-being (measured in 2016) and government expenditure in 2017, specifially healthcare costs and sickness benefit transfers.

Methods
Data stem from a Danish population-based survey of 3,508 adults (aged 16 + years) in 2016, which was linked to Danish registry data. A validated scale (WEMWBS) was used for the assessment of mental well-being. Costs are expressed in USD PPP. A two-part model was applied to predict costs in 2017, adjusting for sociodemographics, health status (including psychiatric morbidity and health behaviour), as well as costs in the previous year (2016).

Results
Each point increase in mental well-being (measured in 2016) was associated with lower healthcare costs ($− 42.5, 95% CI = $− 78.7, $− 6.3) and lower costs in terms of sickness benefit transfers ($− 23.1, 95% CI = $− 41.9, $− 4.3) per person in 2017.

Conclusions
Estimated reductions in costs related to mental well-being add to what is already known about potential savings related to the prevention of mental illness. It does so by illustrating the savings that could be made by moving from lower to higher levels of mental well-being both within and beyond the clinical range. Our estimates pertain to costs associated with those health-related outcomes that were included in the study, but excluding other social and economic outcomes and benefits. They cover immediate cost estimates (costs generated the year following mental well-being measurement) and not those that could follow improved mental well-being over the longer term. They may therefore be considered conservative from a societal perspective. Population approaches to mental health promotion are necessary, not only to potentiate disease prevention strategies, but also to reduce costs related to lower levels of mental well-being in the non-mental illness population. Our results suggest that useful reductions in both health care resource use and costs, as well as in costs due to sick leave from the workplace, could be achieved from investment in mental well-being promotion within a year.
A review: A Comprehensive Review of Soft and Rigid Wearable Rehabilitation and Assistive Devices with a Focus on the Shoulder Joint
Authors: Majidi Fard Vatan Hamed , Nefti-Meziani Samia , Davis Steve , Saffari Zahra , El-Hussieny Haitham 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe importance of the human upper limb role in performing daily life and personal activities is significant. Improper functioning of this organ due to neurological disorders or surgeries can greatly affect the daily activities performed by patients. This paper aims to comprehensively review soft and rigid wearable robotic devices provided for rehabilitation and assistance focusing on the shoulder joint. In the last two decades, many devices have been proposed in this regard, however, there have been a few groups whose devices have had effective therapeutic capability with acceptable clinical evidence. Also, there were not many portable, lightweight and user-friendly devices. Therefore, this comprehensive study could pave the way for achieving optimal future devices, given the growing need for these devices. According to the results, the most commonly used plan was Exoskeleton, the most commonly used actuators were electrical, and most devices were considered to be stationary and rigid. By doing these studies, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are also presented. The presented devices each have a new idea and attitude in a specific field to solve the problems of movement disorders and rehabilitation, which were in the form of prototypes, initial clinical studies and sometimes comprehensive clinical and commercial studies. These plans need more comprehensive clinical trials to become a complete and efficient plan. This article could be used by researchers to identify and evaluate the important features and strengths and weaknesses of the plans to lead to the presentation of more optimal plans in the future.
Political entrepreneurship: entrepreneurship ecosystem perspective
Authors: Belitski Maksim , Grigore Ana-Maria , Bratu Anca 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe use the entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective to study political entrepreneurship as a form of alignment between disruptive and unproductive entrepreneurs with authorities aiming to get privileged access to resources. Political entrepreneurship (PE) has emerged as a phenomenon in transition and developing economies and may compromise the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) objectives. Combining interview and survey data, this study provides an in-depth assessment of entrepreneurial ecosystems in a transition economy and the role that political entrepreneurs play in moderating the effect of resources on the quality of entrepreneurship. Our findings are generalizable to other transition and developing economies as we demonstrate what various configurations of factors increase stakeholders’ perception about EE and directly affect its quality. Our findings reveal that stakeholders appreciate the evolution trends towards mature and productive entrepreneurship, but the progress is slow, nonlinear, with setbacks, still seriously threatened by corruption, lack of competence, and the interference of the political factor as well as regional differences. This study offers implications on how to adopt a place-based and holistic approach to institutional reforms when policymakers aim at creating productive entrepreneurial ecosystems. This study implications are in the adoption of a place-based and holistic approach to institutional reforms when policymakers aim at creating productive entrepreneurial ecosystems. While political entrepreneurship may significantly distort an ecosystem, this study offers recommendations to managers and policymakers who plan to start a business in an environment with weak institutions and the rule of law.
Identity and typification of Achroomyces effusus (Pucciniomycotina, Basidiomycota)
Authors: Malysheva Vera , Schoutteten Nathan , Verbeken Annemieke , Spirin Viacheslav 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe identity of Achroomyces effusus is re-established with the use of morphological and DNA methods, and a neotype is selected. The species is conspecific with Colacogloea peniophorae, the generic type of Colacogloea, and has a priority over it. A new combination, C. effusa, is proposed.
On Sistotremastrum and similar-looking taxa (Trechisporales, Basidiomycota)
Authors: Spirin Viacheslav , Volobuev Sergey , Viner Ilya , Miettinen Otto , Vlasák Josef , Schoutteten Nathan , Motato-Vásquez Viviana , Kotiranta Heikki , Hernawati  , Larsson Karl-Henrik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe taxonomy of Sistotremastrum (Trechisporales, Basidiomycota) is revised based on morphology and DNA data. The genus is shown to be polyphyletic, and therefore it is split into two units—Sistotremastrum s. str. and Sertulicium, gen. nov. (typified with Corticium niveocremeum). Sistotremastrum s. str. is retained for eleven species of which eight are described as new while Sertulicium encompasses at least six species, including one new to science. Both of these genera are only distantly related to other representatives of the Trechisporales. Additionally, a new poroid neotropical species, Porpomyces abiens (Hydnodontaceae), is described as morphologically similar to some members of Sistotremastrum s. str.
The Fundamentality of Fundamental Powers
Authors: Giannotti Joaquim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDispositional essentialism is the view that all or many fundamental properties are essentially dispositional, orpowers. The literature on the dispositional essence of powers is abundant. In contrast, the question of how to understand the fundamentality of fundamental powers has received scarce interest. Therefore, the fundamentality of powers stands in need of clarification. There are four main conceptions of the fundamental, namely as that which is (i)metaphysically independent; or (ii)belonging to a minimally complete basis; or (iii)perfectly natural; or (iv)metaphysically primitive. Here, I present and discuss each of these approaches from the viewpoint of dispositional essentialism. I show that (i) is incompatible with the metaphysics of powers and (ii)–(iv) have more drawbacks than merits. Therefore, my conclusion is that the dispositional essentialist should seek an alternative. Although I offer no positive account, I pave the way to more fruitful views by identifying the shortcoming of these unpromising options.
Moving in synchrony with an avatar – presenting a novel and unbiased body sway synchronization paradigm
Authors: Scheer Clara , Horn Lisa , Jansen Petra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMoving in synchrony with one another is a fundamental mechanism that maintains human social bonds. Yet, not all individuals are equally likely to coordinate their behaviors with others. The degree of interpersonal coordination is greatly influenced by pre-existing characteristics of the interacting partners, like the cultural homogeneity of a group, shared goals, and the likability of the other person. Considering that most research questions necessitate an experimental set-up without such uncontrolled biases, we created a novel, unbiased paradigm: a human-avatar body sway synchronization paradigm. Participants’ body sway was measured by a force plate while being exposed to a medio-laterally moving avatar. Forty-nine participants were tested in a social condition (motionless vs. moving avatar) and a non-social control condition (motionless vs. moving column). The results revealed that participants increased their body sway on their medio-lateral axis while the avatar was moving. The participants did not increase their body sway in the non-social control condition, indicating that the participant’s movement was not simply caused by a basal motion perception process. The current study builds a methodological fundament that can help to reduce biases due to pre-existing rapport between interaction partners and serves as a valuable experimental paradigm for future synchrony studies.