bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines for Perioperative Spine: Preoperative Pulmonary Evaluation and Optimization
Authors: Mohamed Basma , Wang Marjorie C , Bisson Erica F , Dimar John , Harrop James S , Hoh Daniel J , Mummaneni Praveen V , Dhall Sanjay 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
There are no current recommendations for preoperative pulmonary evaluation and management of patients undergoing elective spine surgery.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this guideline is to determine preoperative risk factors for perioperative and postoperative pulmonary adverse events and to determine the optimal preoperative evaluation and management of at-risk patients.

METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and the Cochrane Library for studies relevant to postoperative pulmonary adverse events in patients undergoing spine surgery. Clinical studies evaluating preoperative patient risk factors and preoperative diagnostic and treatment interventions were selected for review.

RESULTS
The literature search yielded 152 abstracts relevant to the PICO (patient/population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes) questions included in this chapter. The task force selected 65 articles for full-text review, and 24 were selected for inclusion in this systematic review. Twenty-three articles addressed preoperative patient risk factors. One article addressed preoperative diagnostic studies of pulmonary function. There were no studies meeting the inclusion criteria for preoperative pulmonary treatment.

CONCLUSION
There is substantial evidence for multiple preoperative patient factors that predict an increased risk of a postoperative pulmonary adverse event. Individuals with these risk factors (functional dependence, advanced age [≥65 yr], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, weight loss, and obstructive sleep apnea) who are undergoing spine surgery should be counseled regarding the potential increased risk of a perioperative and postoperative pulmonary adverse events. There is insufficient evidence to support any specific preoperative diagnostic test for predicting the risk of postoperative pulmonary adverse events or any treatment intervention that reduces risk. It is suggested, however, to consider appropriate preoperative pulmonary diagnostic testing and treatment to address active pulmonary symptoms of existing or suspected disease.
The full guidelines can be accessed at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/browse-guidelines-detail/5-preoperative-pulmonary-evaluation-optimization.
Short-term Mortality Outcomes of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis in Antiretroviral Therapy–Naïve and –Experienced Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Kalata Newton , Ellis Jayne , Kanyama Cecilia , Kuoanfank Charles , Temfack Elvis , Mfinanga Sayoki , Lesikari Sokoine , Chanda Duncan , Lakhi Shabir , Nyazika Tinashe , Chan Adrienne K , van Oosterhout Joep J , Chen Tao , Hosseinipour Mina C , Lortholary Olivier , Wang Duolao , Jaffar Shabbar , Loyse Angela , Heyderman Robert S , Harrison Thomas S , Molloy Síle F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
An increasing proportion of patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis have received antiretroviral therapy (ART) before presentation. There is some evidence suggesting an increased 2-week mortality in those receiving ART for &lt;14 days compared with those on ART for &gt;14 days. However, presentation and outcomes for cryptococcal meningitis patients who have recently initiated ART, and those with virologic failure and/or nonadherence, are not well described.

Methods
Six hundred seventy-eight adults with a first episode of cryptococcal meningitis recruited into a randomized, noninferiority, multicenter phase 3 trial in 4 Sub-Saharan countries were analyzed to compare clinical presentation and 2- and 10-week mortality outcomes between ART-naïve and -experienced patients and between patients receiving ART for varying durations before presentation.

Results
Over half (56%; 381/678) the study participants diagnosed with a first episode of cryptococcal meningitis were ART-experienced. All-cause mortality was similar at 2 weeks (17% vs 20%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.6–1.2; P = .35) and 10 weeks (38% vs 36%; HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.8–1.32; P = .82) for ART-experienced and ART-naïve patients. Among ART-experienced patients, using different cutoff points for ART duration, there were no significant differences in 2- and 10-week mortality based on duration of ART.

Conclusions
In this study, there were no significant differences in mortality at 2 and 10 weeks between ART-naïve and -experienced patients and between ART-experienced patients according to duration on ART.
The Politics of Higher Police Education: An International Comparative Perspective
Authors: Terpstra Jan , Schaap Dorian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Several countries have introduced mandatory higher education for all police officers. However, we have scant empirical knowledge about the arguments and debates underlying these systems. This contribution unpacks the ‘politics of higher police education’ in Norway, Finland, and North Rhine-Westphalia. We discuss the circumstances and dominant actors’ views, expectations, and arguments involved in the introduction and evolution of higher police education, and how to understand similarities and differences between these three countries. We find that similar arguments recurred in each case: helping the police adapt to a changing society, making the police profession more attractive, preventing police education from lagging behind similar professions, and improving police–citizen relationships. Specific historical or political contexts and organizational arrangements also played important roles in the introduction and shaping of higher police education. The higher police education systems as such are seen as legitimate, but there are fierce ongoing debates on both substance and form.
Small-interfering RNA for c-Jun attenuates cell death by preventing JNK-dependent PARP1 cleavage and DNA fragmentation in nitrogen mustard-injured immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Ye Feng , Dan Guorong , Zhao Yuanpeng , Yu Wenpei , Cheng Jin , Chen Mingliang , Sai Yan , Zou Zhongmin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Sulfur mustard (a type of vesicant) can directly damage lung bronchial epithelium via aerosol inhalation, and prevalent cell death is an early event that obstructs the respiratory tract. JNK/c-Jun is a stress response pathway, but its role in cell death of the injured cells is not clear. Here, we report that JNK/c-Jun was activated in immortalized human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells exposed to a lethal dose (20 μM) of nitrogen mustard (NM, a sulfur mustard analog). c-Jun silencing using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) rendered the cells resistant to NM-mediated cell death by blocking poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) cleavage and DNA fragmentation. In addition, the transduction of upstream extrinsic (Fasl-Fas-caspase-8) and intrinsic (loss of Bcl-2 and mitochondrial membrane potential, ΔΨm) apoptosis pathways, as well as phosphorylated (p)-H2AX (Ser139), an epigenetic marker contributing to DNA fragmentation and PARP1 activity, was partially suppressed. To mimic the detachment of cells by NM, HBE cells were trypsinized and seeded on culture plates that were pre-coated with poly-HEMA to prevent cell adhesion. The JNK/c-Jun pathway was found to be activated in the detached cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that JNK/c-Jun pathway activation is necessary for NM-caused HBE cell death and further suggest that c-Jun silencing may be a potential approach to protect HBE cells from vesicant damage.
A National Study of Progression Policies and Course Repetition in Prelicensure Registered Nursing Programs
Authors: Lewis Lisa S. , Willingham Tonya L. , Milner Ann Marie T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The literature lacks description of the incidence of nursing students failing and repeating courses. Nursing student repeaters delay graduation and entry into the workforce; they are also at risk for attrition.

AIM
The aim of the study was to describe the incidence of nursing student repeaters and progression policies in the United States.

METHOD
A national survey of prelicensure nursing program deans and directors was conducted.

RESULTS
Invitations were sent to 2,055 nursing programs; the response rate was 32 percent. The annual incidence of nursing student course repetition was found to be 11.5 percent. Progression policies varied widely.

CONCLUSION
Nursing student repeaters are a significant population, and examination of progression policies is warranted.
Clinical Evaluation in Prelicensure Baccalaureate Nursing Programs: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Butts Patsy J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

AIM
The aim of the study was to understand and describe how clinical nurse educators evaluate prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students in clinical practicums.

BACKGROUND
Clinical evaluation is used to determine nursing students’ competency. There is no consensus about how competency is defined, which may lead to inconsistent clinical evaluation of students.

METHOD
Clinical nurse educators who evaluate baccalaureate nursing students in clinical practicums participated in semistructured interviews via a web-conferencing platform.

RESULTS
Three categories emerged from the data: decision-making about practicum grades, making final determinations of clinical competency, and clinical nurse educator training in the clinical evaluation process. Five subcategories emerged: determinants in process, relevance of time, issues with practices, deeming students competent, and relevance of course structure.

CONCLUSION
Implications for nursing education are offered related to the need for standardization in clinical evaluation.
Histone acetylation at the sulfotransferase 1a1 gene is associated with its hepatic expression in normal aging
Authors: Kronfol Mohamad M. , Abudahab Sara , Dozmorov Mikhail G. , Jahr Fay M. , Halquist Matthew S. , McRae MaryPeace , Wijesinghe Dayanjan S. , Price Elvin T. , Slattum Patricia W. , McClay Joseph L. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives
Phase II drug metabolism is poorly studied in advanced age and older adults may exhibit significant variability in their expression of phase II enzymes. We hypothesized that age-related changes to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in phase II drug metabolism may contribute to these effects.

Methods
We examined published epigenome-wide studies of human blood and identified the SULT1A1 and UGT1A6 genes as the top loci showing epigenetic changes with age. To assess possible functional alterations with age in the liver, we assayed DNA methylation (5mC) and histone acetylation changes around the mouse homologs Sult1a1 and Ugt1a6 in liver tissue from mice aged 4–32 months.

Results
Our sample shows a significant loss of 5mC at Sult1a1 (β = −1.08, 95% CI [−1.8, −0.2], SE = 0.38, P = 0.011), mirroring the loss of 5mC with age observed in human blood DNA at the same locus. We also detected increased histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) with age at Sult1a1 (β = 0.11, 95% CI [0.002, 0.22], SE = 0.05, P = 0.04), but no change to histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). Sult1a1 gene expression is significantly positively associated with H3K9ac levels, accounting for 23% of the variation in expression. We did not detect any significant effects at Ugt1a6.

Conclusions

Sult1a1 expression is under epigenetic influence in normal aging and this influence is more pronounced for H3K9ac than DNA methylation or H3K27ac in this study. More generally, our findings support the relevance of epigenetics in regulating key drug-metabolizing pathways. In the future, epigenetic biomarkers could prove useful to inform dosing in older adults.
Feasibility and Outcomes of Corneal Transplantation Performed at Rural Centers: An Extension of the Pyramidal Model of Enhanced Eye Care at Rural Outreach
Authors: Rathi Varsha M. , Murthy Somasheila I. , Vaddavalli Pravin K. , Khanna Rohit C. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to report on the feasibility of setting up a system of corneal transplants at rural outreach centers and report the outcomes of the first 111 cases.

Methods:
Retrospective analysis of the outcomes of corneal transplantation performed on patients with optical indications between March 2016 and September 2019 at 4 secondary (rural) centers. The centers are a part of a network in the pyramidal model developed by L V Prasad Eye Institute. The graft clarity and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 1-year follow-up were analyzed.

Results:
Of the 111 patients, 34.23% underwent penetrating keratoplasty and 65.77% endothelial keratoplasty. The mean age was 59.4 ± 15.0 (range-17–86 years); 47.75% were men and 52.25% were women. The indications for surgery were bullous keratopathy (54.05%), corneal scar/adherent leukoma (23.42%), and repeat grafts (13.51%). At the end of 1 year, 69.37% grafts remained clear. Factors associated with graft failure included poor socioeconomic status and graft infiltrate in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Surgical technique of endothelial keratoplasty was associated with failure on multivariate analysis only. Of the 77 eyes with clear corneal grafts at 1 year, the preoperative mean logMAR BCVA was 1.91 ± 0.06, which improved to 0.90 ± 0.08 postoperatively. Overall, 84.4% had preoperative BCVA of <3/60. Postoperatively, 40% had BCVA of 6/18 or better.

Conclusions:
Our study showed that close to 70% grafts remained clear at 1 year. Graft failure was associated with poor socioeconomic status and graft infiltrates. This study established a viable model for delivery of corneal transplant surgery and care in a rural setup.
Intraocular Pressure Monitoring Using an Intraocular Sensor Before and After Glaucoma Surgery
Authors: Saxby Edward , Mansouri Kaweh , Tatham Andrew J. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, with evidence from landmark randomized controlled trials demonstrating visual field preservation with IOP reduction. Over recent years, the use of remote sensors has formed an increasingly important component of the management of chronic diseases. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the ability to remotely monitor IOP proved particularly useful when public stay at home orders have been in place.

Patients and Methods:
This report describes the first case of glaucoma surgery in a patient who had previously received an EYEMATE-IO implant. The EYEMATE-IO is an implant for IOP monitoring placed in the ciliary sulcus during cataract surgery.

Results:
Remote IOP monitoring enabled the clinician to identify sustained high IOP readings and the need for glaucoma surgery. Postoperatively, response to treatment could be monitored to ensure sufficient long-term IOP control.

Conclusion:
The EYEMATE-IO implanted during cataract surgery in this patient provided valuable remote continuous IOP information that guided timely glaucoma surgical interventions for poorly controlled IOP.
Long-term Results of Nd:YAG Goniopuncture on Viscocanalostomy and Phacoviscocanalostomy
Authors: Gupta Chandni , Logeswaran Abison , Mathews Divya 
Published: July 2021

Précis:
Laser goniopuncture (LGP) is an effective outpatient procedure which has been shown to maintain reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) 5 years following initial laser treatment in patients who have had viscocanalostomy (VC) (with or without phacoemulsification).

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to establish the long term (5 y) efficacy of neodymium-doped:yttrium aluminum-garnet LGP to lower IOP following VC or phacoviscocanalostomy (PVC) in patients with glaucoma.

Patients and Methods:
This retrospective study analyzed patients who underwent LGP following VC±phacoemulsification between 2009 and 2012 at the Stanley Eye Unit in Abergele. Reason for further intervention included either increasing IOP outside target range or worsening visual fields. Statistical analyses were performed comparing pregoniopucture values to those taken up to 5 years later.

Results:
Of the 620 VC and PVC procedures performed between 2009 and 2012, 218 eyes underwent LGP after a mean of 25 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.58 to 27.41] following surgery. Patients having a PVC had a longer mean time to goniopuncture compared with those who were phakic and had VC only (P<0.001). Immediately following goniopuncture IOP dropped, and a statistically significant reduction persisted at 5 year follow-up (P<0.001). Goniopuncture reduced IOP significantly from a pretreatment value of 21 to 15 mm Hg over 5 years (95% CI) (χ2
F
(4)=119.1, P<0.001). In total, 154 eyes (71%) were commenced on IOP-lowering medication at a mean of 14 months (95% CI: 12 to 17). At 5 years, successful IOP control was achieved in 73% (49 of 67) of eyes. There was no difference found between type of surgery and successful pressure control at 5 years (χ2
(1)=2.00, P=0.16).

Conclusion:
LGP is an effective procedure which maintains a statistically significant reduction in IOP in the long term.
Subcutaneous Soft Tissue Metastases in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Lubin David , Jafroodifar Abtin , Seth Rahul , Zaccarini Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Initial disease presentations are often surprising compared with expected clinical trajectories. We present a case of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma where the initial presentation was masquerading as a musculoskeletal soft tissue mass. Initial concern was for a hematoma after light trauma, but due to a pacemaker, MRI was contraindicated. Workup included a 99mTc-MDP bone scan where the lesion demonstrated activity. Further workup imaging was serendipitous, revealing a left upper lobe mass. Biopsy demonstrated poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of lung origin. Soft tissue metastasis can occur with lung adenocarcinoma, and although it constitutes a less frequent metastatic route, it is nevertheless clinically important.
Myelofibrosis Pattern in 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT of a Patient With Recurrence Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kunikowska Jolanta , Pełka Kacper 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We present the case of a 64-year-old man with prostate adenocarcinoma, Gleason score 7, after radical prostatectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy in 2015. Because of high risk and perineural invasion, hormonotherapy was indicated. PSA levels began to rise, and at PSA level of 0.9 ng/mL, he was referred for 68Ga-PSMAPET/CT. It showed focal uptake in the right femur and diffuse tracer accumulation in bone marrow. The patient was previously diagnosed with macrocytic anemia. He underwent bone marrow biopsy. Based on clinical, laboratory, and histopathology results, myelodysplastic fibrosis was diagnosed. Diffuse uptake of 68Ga-PSMA was the sign of the bone marrow stimulation.
FDG-Avid Tracheal Mass and Cartilage Involvements in ANCA-Negative Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
Authors: Tanaka Hiroki , Hosono Makoto , Kawabata Kazuna , Kageyama Goichi , Yamashita Mai 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A 57-year-old woman was referred for progressive dyspnea. CT showed a tracheal mass, suspicious of tracheal neoplasm. The lesion was partially resected, and nonspecific granulation tissue was observed on histology. Her symptoms and CT findings worsened. FDG PET/CT showed increased FDG accumulation in the nasal septum and left eustachian tube in addition to the tracheobronchial lesions. Although the patient was ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) negative, a differential diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis was established and confirmed pathologically. FDG PET/CT was useful for diagnosis of ANCA-negative granulomatosis with polyangiitis, in which tracheobronchial and cartilage lesions were prominent.
Photographic Nasal Soft Tissue Analysis From Preadolescence to Young Adulthood: Anthropometric Measurements
Authors: Golpinar Murat , Nahir Mert , Ozdemir Fikri , Sahin Bunyamin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The nose has a tremendous effect on facial esthetics and overall facial harmony, accordingly it contributes to the physical appearance of individuals. The aim of this study is to establish sex-related nasal soft tissue norms for preadolescents, adolescents, and young adults in Anatolian population. A total of 300 volunteers (150 males and 150 females) with ages varying from 10 to 24 years were divided into 6 subgroups according to gender and educational status. The anthropometric measurements of the nose in preadolescent, adolescent, and young adult males and females were performed on digital photographs. A total of 16 nasal parameters, 13 linear and 3 angular measurements, were analyzed for sex-related variations. A significant sexual dimorphism was observed for nasofrontal and nasolabial angles in adolescent and young adult groups (P < 0.001, P = 0.011, and P = 0.007, respectively). All linear measurements of the nose were larger in males as compared to females, except for left alar thickness, which were similar between males and females in young adult group. Of the 16 nasal measurements, 13 were found to be sexually dimorphic in certain age groups (P < 0.05). In Anatolian population, the nasal shape and dimensions displayed significant sexual dimorphism in preadolescents, adolescents, and young adults. The average values of nasal soft tissue in this population could serve as a database for the planning of cosmetic and reconstructive rhinoplasty in the pediatric and adult population and obtaining the desired outcomes.