bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying cost‐effective recovery actions for a critically endangered species
Authors: Pritchard Rachel A. , Kelly Ella L. , Biggs James R. , Everaardt Annika N. , Loyn Richard , Magrath Michael J. L. , Menkhorst Peter , Hogg Carolyn J. , Geary William L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThreatened species managers are often required to make swift decisions in the face of considerable uncertainty. We tested a structured approach for evaluating conservation options for the critically endangered orange‐bellied parrot. The Orange‐bellied Parrot Recovery Team provides advice to government agencies to inform the allocation of a limited number of captive‐bred birds to different release scenarios. Using a structured expert elicitation approach, we determined that scenarios where more fledglings were released were more cost‐effective compared to other options. Following this finding in 2019, the recovery team adjusted plans and allocated additional birds to fledgling release, a response that contributed to an increase in wild birds migrating in 2020 and 2021. The challenges facing orange‐bellied parrot conservation, including limitations in animals, time and resources, and high uncertainty, are common for threatened species recovery programs. Here we show that a structured process can help managers grapple with these complex trade‐offs to make timely decisions.
Ecological integrity is both real and valuable
Authors: Karr James R. , Larson Eric R. , Chu Ellen W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEcological integrity has been criticized as a “bad fit as a value” for conservation biology and restoration ecology. But work over the past four decades centered on ecological integrity—especially biological integrity—has given rise to effective methods for biological monitoring and assessment to better understand the disintegration of living systems, including under scenarios of rapid climate change. Revealing when and where living systems have been altered by human activity, such methods have been adapted and applied most comprehensively in streams and rivers, but also in other ecosystems, ranging from tropical forests to marine coral reefs and on all continents except Antarctica. Equally important, restoration and maintenance of biological integrity is already a fundamental goal in law and offers an inspiring framework for communication and engagement—among scientists, resource managers, law‐ and policymakers, and the public. This essay builds the case that ecological integrity has proved both real and valuable as a conservation paradigm.
Defining and bridging the barriers to more effective conservation of island ecosystems: A practitioner's perspective
Authors: Burt April J. , Nuno Ana , Bunbury Nancy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe failure to meet global biodiversity targets clearly indicates the need for biodiversity management and conservation efforts to be more effective, and this in turn requires better understanding of the current barriers to success. Islands are known as biodiversity hotspots but nowhere has biodiversity loss been so acute as in island ecosystems. To identify the barriers to effective island ecosystem conservation, we conducted 32 semistructured interviews with conservation and management practitioners from island nations in the Western Indian Ocean region. Practitioners described 33 barriers to meeting their objectives under 12 overarching topics and suggested 14 solutions to these. Most barriers described by interviewees existed at organization level (55%), followed by national (24%) and site/project level (21%). Of the 33 barriers described by practitioners, the most commonly associated cause was limited capacity (23.5%), followed by lack of government coordination and limited resources (both 21.6%), lack of incentives (11.8%), poor leadership (11.7%), and finally interpersonal issues interfering with progress (9.8%). Most solutions centered around bridging capacity gaps. By defining these barriers, we can bring them forward for discussion and allocate resources and efforts to bridging them. Only by doing so can we increase the effectiveness of our management efforts and maximize our chances of achieving global biodiversity targets.
What feeds onQuercus ilexL.? A biogeographical approach to studying trophic interactions in a Mediterranean keystone species
Authors: Hernández‐Agüero Juan Antonio , Ruiz‐Tapiador Ildefonso , Cayuela Luis 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimHolm oak (Quercus ilexL.) is regarded as a keystone plant species. Trophic interactions may affect the distribution and abundance of phytophagous species, but the number of arthropod species that use holm oak as a food resource and their levels of host specificity are not yet known. Here, we aimed to quantify these species, their feeding strategies and conservation status, the taxonomic relatedness in each trophic guild and their degree of host specificity on holm oak.LocationOur study covered the whole distribution area ofQ. ilexin the central‐western Mediterranean Basin.MethodsWe reviewed the existing literature and compiled information about all arthropod species that feed onQ. ilex, as well as their feeding strategies and conservation status. We also investigated the relationships between trophic guilds and the taxonomic relatedness of species, and assessed the degree of climatic niche overlap with holm oak.ResultsWe found that 605 species feed on seven different parts of the holm oak plant (i.e. feeding strategies). More than 90% of these species lack a conservation status assessment, and eight are threatened by human activities, either as vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered. A significant phylogenetic relationship was found between taxonomic relatedness and groups of arthropods that feed on the same part of the plant (i.e. trophic guilds). Twenty per cent of the species had similar niches, thereby indicating the potentially high host dependence of these species.Main conclusionsThis study highlights the significance of a keystone tree species for arthropod conservation and the need for further research into the distribution and conservation status of arthropod species in Mediterranean holm oak woodlands.
Whole‐exome sequencing and adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy in individuals with infantile spasms
Authors: Demarest Scott , Calhoun Jeff , Eschbach Krista , Yu Hung‐Chun , Mirsky David , Angione Katie , Shaikh Tamim H , Carvill Gemma L , Benke Tim A ,   the WES Support Group
Published: November 2021

AimTo identify additional genes associated with infantile spasms using a cohort with defined infantile spasms.MethodWhole‐exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 21 consented individuals with infantile spasms and their unaffected parents (a trio‐based study). Clinical history and imaging were reviewed. Potentially deleterious exonic variants were identified and segregated. To refine potential candidates, variants were further prioritized on the basis of evidence for relevance to disease phenotype or known associations with infantile spasms, epilepsy, or neurological disease.ResultsLikely pathogenic de novo variants were identified in NR2F1, GNB1, NEUROD2, GABRA2, and NDUFAF5. Suggestive dominant and recessive candidate variants were identified in PEMT, DYNC1I1, ASXL1, RALGAPB, and STRADA; further confirmation is required to support their relevance to disease etiology.InterpretationThis study supports the utility of WES in uncovering the genetic etiology in undiagnosed individuals with infantile spasms with an overall yield of five out of 21. High‐priority candidates were identified in an additional five individuals. WES provides additional support for previously described disease‐associated genes and expands their already broad mutational and phenotypic spectrum.
Risk factors associated with hypoxaemia in horses undergoing general anaesthesia: A retrospective study
Authors: Hovda Tyne , Love Lydia , Chiavaccini Ludovica 
Published: November 2021

SummaryBackgroundHypoxaemia is a common concern during equine general anaesthesia. The prevalence and predictors of hypoxaemia in horses undergoing elective anaesthesia in particular are poorly documented.ObjectivesTo determine and compare the prevalence of hypoxaemia (defined as PaO2 ≤ 80 mm Hg, on the lowest value recorded) in horses undergoing anaesthesia for exploratory laparotomy and elective procedures, and to identify risk factors in both subpopulations.Study designRetrospective cohort study.MethodsData were collected from 774 records of 708 horses undergoing general anaesthesia between April 2017 and August 2020. Potential predictors of hypoxaemia in horses undergoing anaesthesia for exploratory laparotomy or elective procedures were investigated separately by univariable penalised maximum likelihood logistic regression, followed by multivariable analysis. The lowest recorded PaO2was used as a single data point for the determination of hypoxaemia and arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ratio analysis.ResultsHypoxaemia was recorded in 23% horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy compared with 3.8% horses undergoing elective anaesthesia (P < .001). Multivariable analysis showed that weight above 550 kg, large intestinal lesions, and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) above 30 cmH2O were significantly associated with hypoxaemia in horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Soft tissue procedures and PIP >30 cmH2O were significantly associated with hypoxaemia during elective anaesthesia.Main limitationsThis study only considered the minimum PaO2recorded during anaesthesia. Duration and treatment of hypoxaemia were not considered.ConclusionsBased on the lowest PaO2value during anaesthesia, in our population, horses undergoing anaesthesia for exploratory laparotomy were over six times more likely to become hypoxaemic than horses undergoing elective procedures. Bodyweight, type of procedure, and high PIP were predictors of hypoxaemia.
Low‐dose immune tolerance induction therapy in children of Arab descent with severe haemophilia A, high inhibitor titres and poor prognostic factors for immune tolerance induction treatment success
Authors: Elalfy Mohsen , Elghamry Islam , Hassab Hoda , Elalfy Omar , Andrawes Nevine , El‐Ekiaby Magdy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionImmune Tolerance Induction (ITI) is the first‐choice therapy to eradicate Factor VIII (FVIII) neutralizing antibodies in patients with haemophilia A (HA). There is limited published data on ITI from East Mediterranean countries.AimTo assess the effectiveness of a low‐dose ITI regimen to eradicate FVIII neutralizing antibodies in children with severe HA and high‐titre inhibitors.MethodsA prospective, single‐arm study was conducted in children with HA (FVIII < 1 IU/dl), high‐titre inhibitors and poor prognostic factors for successful ITI. Patients were treated with ∼50 IU/kg plasma‐derived FVIII containing von Willebrand factor (pdFVIII/VWF) concentrate (Koate‐DVI, Grifols) three times a week. Time to achieve tolerance, total and partial success were analysed after ITI. Annual bleeding rate (ABR), number of target joints, FVIII recovery and school absence were compared before and after ITI.ResultsTwenty patients with median (range) age of 6.2 (3–12) years and pre‐ITI inhibitor titre of 36.5 (12–169) BU were enrolled. ITI lasted ≤12 months (early tolerization) in 45% of patients. Median follow‐up was 12 months (3–22) and total response rate was 80% (60% total success; 20% partial success). Patients with two and three poor prognosis factors achieved overall success rate of 60% and 50%, respectively. ABR, target joints and school absence were reduced after ITI by 60%, 50% and 44.1%, respectively. In successful ITI tolerized patients, FVIII recovery was 90 (60–100)%.ConclusionA low‐dose ITI therapy using a pdFVIII/VWF concentrate achieved at least partial tolerance in 80% of patients, and reduced annual bleeds in children with high inhibitor titres and at least one poor prognosis factor for ITI treatment success.
Identifying key threats to a refugial population of an endangered Hawaiian moth
Authors: Elliott Christine H. , Gillett Conrad P. D. T. , Parsons Elliott , Wright Mark G. , Rubinoff Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The dramatic worldwide decline in insect biodiversity has highlighted the need for insect conservation. However, management is hindered by incomplete knowledge of what drives species mortality. Even when drivers are identified, it can be difficult to quantify their effects.
Using data from six naturally occurring cohorts observed over 2 years, we created partial ecological life tables for Blackburn's sphinx moth, Manduca blackburni, a federally listed endangered moth endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. We identified mortality factors impacting eggs and quantified mortality for both eggs and larvae of M. blackburni.
Life table analysis demonstrated that total mortality was above 99%, highlighting the severe threats faced by this critically endangered species. Disappearance, likely driven by invasive ants, and predation were the two primary causes of egg mortality. While egg mortality contributed the most to total mortality, apparent mortality was high for all developmental stages observed, indicating substantial risk throughout the moth's pre‐adult life cycle.
Our results show that M. blackburni likely experiences unsustainably high mortality across its pre‐pupal life stages and highlight the dangers invasive predators pose for the focal species and naïve species in general. The threats facing M. blackburni may bear directly on other declining insect species and their management. Future conservation efforts should focus on mitigating the impacts of invasive ants and other arthropod predators to promote species recovery for this charismatic Hawaiian endemic.
Oromandibular parafunction in chronic graft‐versus‐host disease: novel association and treatment approach
Authors: Joshi Purwa , Kiers Lynette , Evans Andrew , Ritchie David , Szer Jeff , Cruse Belinda 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD) complicating allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation rarely involves the nervous system; oromandibular parafunction has not been previously reported. We describe five patients with cGVHD, presenting with bruxism, limitation of mouth opening, jaw locking, pain and masseter hypertrophy. Pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. Targeted botulinum toxin injections were an effective treatment with minimal side‐effects.
Making white spots disappear! Do minimally invasive treatments improve incisor opacities in children with molar‐incisor hypomineralisation?
Authors: Warner Claire , Hasmun Noren N. , Elcock Claire , Lawson Jennifer A. , Vettore Mario V. , Rodd Helen D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildren with molar‐incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) frequently seek aesthetic treatment for incisor opacities. Surprisingly, few studies have evaluated the clinical success of such interventions.AimTo quantify the effectiveness of minimally invasive treatments in reducing enamel opacity visibility in children with MIH.DesignThis in vitro study used digital clinical images of 23 children aged 8–16 years with MIH who underwent microabrasion and/or resin infiltration for the management of incisor opacities. Standard images were taken pre‐treatment and 6 months post‐treatment. Image software (Image‐Pro Plus®V7) was employed to convert 24‐bit RGB images to 16‐bit greyscale and 145× magnification. Measurement repeatability was assessed using intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Post‐treatment changes in visible opacity area (mm2) and brightness (greyscale value) were tested using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for related samples.ResultsThe mean total opacity surface area significantly reduced from 14.3 mm2 (SD = 7.5) to 9.4 mm2 (SD = 9.0) post‐treatment. The proportion of tooth surface affected by the opacity also significantly reduced from 22.5% (SD = 10.5) to 14.7% (SD = 12.7). The mean maximum opacity brightness significantly reduced from 53 066 greyscale value (SD = 4740) to 49 040 (SD = 3796). ICC was good/excellent (0.75–1.0).ConclusionMinimally invasive treatment is effective in reducing the size and brightness of discrete incisor opacities. Future research should compare objective findings with patient‐reported outcomes.
Iron stress response and bioaccumulation potential of three fungal strains isolated from sewage-irrigated soil
Authors: El-Sayed Manal T. , Ezzat Saeid M. , Taha Asmaa S. , Ismaiel Ahmed A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aims
Contamination with heavy metal (HM) is a severe environmental issue. Therefore, there is a pressing need to create environmentally safe and cost-effective HM bioremediation approaches.

Methods and Results
Three iron-tolerant fungal strains were isolated from sewage-irrigated soils, molecularly identified and deposited in the GenBank as Aspergillus flavus MT639638, A. terreus MT605370 and Fusarium oxysporum MT605399. The fungal growth, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), tolerance index (TI), removal efficiency, bioaccumulation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined. Based on MIC values, A. flavus MT639638 was the most resistant strain. F. oxysporum displayed the highest percent removal efficiency (93.65% at 4000 mg L−1) followed by A. flavus (92.92%, at 11,000 mg L−1), and A. terreus (91.18% at 3000 mg L−1). F. oxysporum was selected based on its highly sensitivity for further characterization of its response to Fe(II) stress using TEM, SEM and EDX, in addition to HPLC analysis of organic acids. These analyses demonstrated the localization of bioaccumulated Fe(II) and ultrastructural changes induced by iron and indicated induction release of organic acids.

Conclusions
Our fungal strains showed an effective capacity for removal of Fe(II) via bioaccumulation and biosorption mechanisms which were supported by instrumental analyses. The iron tolerance potentiality was mediated by induction of selected antioxidative enzymes and biomolecules.

Significance and Impact of the Study
This study depicts a potential utilization of the three fungal strains for the bioremediation of iron-contaminated soils.
Parenting moderates the etiology of callous‐unemotional traits in middle childhood
Authors: Tomlinson Rachel C. , Hyde Luke W. , Dotterer Hailey L. , Klump Kelly L. , Burt S. Alexandra 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundCallous‐unemotional (CU) traits are associated with chronic and escalating trajectories of antisocial behavior. Extant etiologic studies suggest that heritability estimates for CU traits vary substantially, while also pointing to an environmental association between parenting and CU traits.MethodsWe used twin modeling to estimate additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) influences on CU traits, measured with the Inventory of Callous‐Unemotional Traits (ICU) and its subscales. Our sample included 600 twin pairs (age 6–11, 230 monozygotic) from neighborhoods with above‐average levels of family poverty, a risk factor for antisocial behavior. We examined the extent to which correlations between parenting, measured via parent and child report on the Parental Environment Questionnaire, and CU traits reflected genetic versus environmental factors. Then, we tested whether parenting moderated the heritability of CU traits.ResultsIn the context of lower‐income neighborhoods, CU traits were moderately to highly heritable (A = 54%) with similar moderate‐to‐high nonshared environmental influences (E = 46%). Bivariate models revealed that associations between CU traits and warm parenting were genetic (rA = .22) and environmental (rE = .19) in origin, whereas associations between CU traits and harsh parenting were largely genetic in origin (rA = .70). The heritability of CU traits decreased with increasing parental warmth and decreasing harshness.ConclusionsCallous‐unemotional traits are both genetic and environmental in origin during middle childhood, but genetic influences are moderated by parenting quality. Parenting may be an important target for interventions, particularly among youth with greater genetic risk.
Female and male Grapholita molesta (Busck) adults responding to various acetic acid and ethanol lure ratios
Authors: Kong Weina , Wang Yi , Guo Yongfu , Chai Xiaohan , Hu Xuefeng , Li Jie , Ma Ruiyan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGrapholita molesta (Busck) is a menacing pest of fruit trees worldwide. A mixture of glucose, acetic acid, ethanol, and water (GAEWM) has been widely used for monitoring or trapping G. molesta adults. Previous research has shown that acetic acid captures more moths compared to ethanol; however, the respective roles of acetic acid and ethanol in bisexual attraction remain unknown. This study investigated the olfactory behaviours of virgin females, virgin males, and gravid females to variations in nine concentration levels of acetic acid (A) and ethanol (E) for GAEWM using electroantennography, a wind tunnel experiment, and a field test. There was a significant dose‐dependent response by moths to the GAEWM lure variations that affected the range of lure detection and the probability of a moth being trapped. In contrast, adult sex and mating status had the strongest effect on the behaviours associated with flying close to the trap. For medium level dosages of A and E, one combination with acetic acid exceeding ethanol content (A > E; #3, A:E = 3:1) elicited antennal detection by the test adults, and upwind flight of the females. In another combination with ethanol predominating (E > A; #7, A:E = 1:3), the lured traps caught more males than control groups. For low dosages, with the acetic acid level equal to ethanol (A = E; #1, A:E = 1:1), females flew upwind, and virgin females flew around the lure. For high level dosages, with A > E (#6, A:E = 3:2), the antennae of gravid females and virgin males reacted to the lure. These results concluded that the acetic acid to ethanol ratios of either 3:1 or 1:3 in GAEWM has the potential to improve the attraction of both G. molesta sexes to traps.
Analysis of the effect magnitude of different parameters on smile attractiveness
Authors: Al Hamad Khaled Q. , Almohammed Saleh N. , Baba Nadim Z. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect magnitude of different parameters on smile attractiveness.Materials and methodsA reference and 13 images were produced by manipulating 13 parameters. Image rating was performed with a 4‐point Likert scale from least attractive (1) to most attractive (4). Image raters included laypeople, dental students, dentists, and dental specialists. Friedman and Wilcoxon image were used for estimate of effect size. Parameters were classified into small (0.10‐ < 0.30), medium (0.30‐ < 0.5), or large (≥0.50).ResultsA total of 1040 people participated with good consistency (α = 0.861), and moderate reliability (0.64–0.7). The reference image had the highest rank (laypeople:11.79, dental background: 12.55). For effect size; gingival margin level (−0.11, −0.01), teeth width proportion (−0.09, −0.10), inverted smile arch (−0.09, −0.21), commissure line cant (−0.15, −0.17) and low smile (−0.24, −0.23) had small effect size; occlusal plane cant (−0.36, −0.49), midline cant (−0.36, −0.48), and midline shift (−0.37, −0.49) had medium effect size; diastema (−0.55, −0.54) and color (−0.56, −0.56) had large effect size for the laypeople and dental groups. High smile (−0.42, −0.51), incisor edge symmetry (−0.46, −0.54) had medium effect size in laypeople group and large effect size in the dental group. Width to length tooth proportion (−0.26, −0.39) had small effect size in the laypeople group and medium effect size in the dental group.ConclusionsSmile parameters had different effect magnitude on smile attractiveness and were classified into small, medium, or large parameters. Neither laypeople nor professionals have a collective judgment on what constitutes a beautiful smile.Clinical significanceThis study investigated the effect magnitudes of 13 smile parameters and presented a small, medium, and large smile parameters classification. It should provide the clinician with an insight into the expected effect each parameter has on the smile.