bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Radiographic Domain for Evaluating Indications in Abdominal Wall Transplantation
Authors: Hollins Andrew W. , Napier Kyle , Wildman-Tobriner Benjamin , Erdmann Ralph , Sudan Debra L. , Ravindra Kadiyala V. , Erdmann Detlev , Atia Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Background
There is currently no description of abdominal domain changes in small bowel transplantation population or consensus of criteria regarding which patients are at high risk for immediate postoperative abdominal wall complications or would benefit from abdominal wall vascularized composite allotransplantation.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was performed on 14 adult patients receiving intestinal or multivisceral transplantation. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography scans were reviewed, and multiple variables were collected regarding abdominal domain and volume and analyzed comparing postoperative changes and abdominal wall complications.

Results
Patients after intestinal or multivisceral transplantation had a mean reduction in overall intraperitoneal volume in the immediate postoperative period from 9031 cm3 to 7846 cm3 (P = 0.314). This intraperitoneal volume was further reduced to an average of 6261 cm3 upon radiographic evaluation greater than 1 year postoperatively (P = 0.024). Patients with preexisting abdominal wound (P = 0.002), radiation, or presence of ostomy (P = 0.047) were significantly associated with postoperative abdominal wall complications. No preoperative radiographic findings had a significant association with postoperative abdominal wall complications.

Conclusions
Computed tomography imaging demonstrates that intestinal and multivisceral transplant patients have significant reduction in intraperitoneal volume and domain after transplantation in the acute and delayed postoperative setting. Preoperative radiographic abdominal domain was not able to predict patients with postoperative abdominal wall complications. Patients with abdominal wounds, ostomies, and preoperative radiation therapy were associated with acute postoperative abdominal complications and may be considered for need of reconstructive techniques including abdominal wall transplantation.
Gender-Affirming Mastectomy in Transmasculine Patients
Authors: Rothenberg Kara A. , Gologorsky Rebecca C. , Hojilla J. Carlo , Tang Annie , M. Cohan Caitlin , Beattie Genna , Yokoo Karen M. 
Published: February 2021

Background
Obesity can often be a barrier to gender-affirming top surgery in transmasculine patients because of concern for increased surgical site complications.

Study Design
All adult patients (N = 948) within an integrated health care system who underwent gender-affirming mastectomy from 2013 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the relationship between obesity and surgical site complications or revisions.

Results
One third of patients (n = 295) had obese body mass index (BMI), and those patients were further stratified into obesity class I (BMI of 30–34.9 kg/m2, 9.4%), class II (BMI of 35–39.9 kg/m2, 8.9%), and class III (BMI of ≥40 kg/m2, 2.9%). A majority of patients across BMI categories underwent double incision surgery. There were no significant differences in complications or revisions between patients with obesity versus those with normal BMI, when BMI was treated as a categorical or continuous variable and when evaluating only patients who underwent double incision surgery.

Conclusions
Obesity alone should not be considered a contraindication for gender-affirming mastectomy. Attention should be given to several modifiable risk factors identified in this study, including lesser incision surgical techniques, tobacco use, and testosterone use. Further research is needed to understand risks associated with the highest BMI (≥40 kg/m2) patients and to assess patient satisfaction with surgical outcome.
Confirmation bias is adaptive when coupled with efficient metacognition
Authors: Rollwage Max , Fleming Stephen M. 
Published: February 2021

Biases in the consideration of evidence can reduce the chances of consensus between people with different viewpoints. While such altered information processing typically leads to detrimental performance in laboratory tasks, the ubiquitous nature of confirmation bias makes it unlikely that selective information processing is universally harmful. Here, we suggest that confirmation bias is adaptive to the extent that agents have good metacognition, allowing them to downweight contradictory information when correct but still able to seek new information when they realize they are wrong. Using simulation-based modelling, we explore how the adaptiveness of holding a confirmation bias depends on such metacognitive insight. We find that the behavioural consequences of selective information processing are systematically affected by agents' introspective abilities. Strikingly, we find that selective information processing can even improve decision-making when compared with unbiased evidence accumulation, as long as it is accompanied by good metacognition. These results further suggest that interventions which boost people's metacognition might be efficient in alleviating the negative effects of selective information processing on issues such as political polarization.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
Reframing social categorization as latent structure learning for understanding political behaviour
Authors: Lau Tatiana 
Published: February 2021

Affiliating with political parties, voting and building coalitions all contribute to the functioning of our political systems. One core component of this is social categorization—being able to recognize others as fellow in-group members or members of the out-group. Without this capacity, we would be unable to coordinate with in-group members or avoid out-group members. Past research in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience examining social categorization has suggested that one way to identify in-group members may be to directly compute the similarity between oneself and the target (dyadic similarity). This model, however, does not account for the fact that the group membership brought to bear is context-dependent. This review argues that a more comprehensive understanding of how we build representations of social categories (and the subsequent impact on our behaviours) must first expand our conceptualization of social categorization beyond simple dyadic similarity. Furthermore, a generalizable account of social categorization must also provide domain-general, quantitative predictions for us to test hypotheses about social categorization. Here, we introduce an alternative model—one in which we infer latent groups of people through latent structure learning. We examine experimental evidence for this account and discuss potential implications for understanding the political mind.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
The sociocognitive processes of ideological obsession: review and policy implications
Authors: Bélanger Jocelyn J. 
Published: February 2021

Understanding what motivates people to join violent ideological groups and engage in acts of cruelty against others is of great social and societal importance. In this paper, I posit that one necessary element is ‘ideological obsession’—an ideological commitment fuelled by unmet psychological needs and regulated by inhibitory and ego-defensive mechanisms. Drawing from evidence collected across cultures and ideologies, I describe four processes through which ideological obsession puts individuals on a path towards violence. First, ideological obsession deactivates moral self-regulatory processes, allowing unethical behaviours to be carried out without self-recrimination. Second, ideologically obsessed individuals are easily threatened by information that criticises their ideology, which in turn leads to hatred and violent retaliation. Third, ideological obsession changes people's social interactions by making them gravitate towards like-minded individuals who support ideological violence. As these social networks become more interconnected, they amplify one's adherence to violent extremism. Finally, ideologically obsessed individuals are prone to psychological reactance, making them immune to communication strategies intended to dissuade them from using violence. In fact, messages espousing non-violence can have the opposite effect by reinforcing their violence-supporting ideology. I conclude by presenting evidence-based strategies to prevent radicalisation leading to violence for individuals in pre-criminal spaces.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
Corrections of political misinformation: no evidence for an effect of partisan worldview in a US convenience sample
Authors: Ecker Ullrich K. H. , Sze Brandon K. N. , Andreotta Matthew 
Published: February 2021

Misinformation often has a continuing effect on people's reasoning despite clear correction. One factor assumed to affect post-correction reliance on misinformation is worldview-driven motivated reasoning. For example, a recent study with an Australian undergraduate sample found that when politically situated misinformation was retracted, political partisanship influenced the effectiveness of the retraction. This worldview effect was asymmetrical, that is, particularly pronounced in politically conservative participants. However, the evidence regarding such worldview effects (and their symmetry) has been inconsistent. Thus, the present study aimed to extend previous findings by examining a sample of 429 pre-screened US participants supporting either the Democratic or Republican Party. Participants received misinformation suggesting that politicians of either party were more likely to commit embezzlement; this was or was not subsequently retracted, and participants' inferential reasoning was measured. While political worldview (i.e. partisanship) influenced the extent to which participants relied on the misinformation overall, retractions were equally effective across all conditions. There was no impact of political worldview on retraction effectiveness, let alone evidence of a backfire effect, and thus we did not replicate the asymmetry observed in the Australian-based study. This pattern emerged despite some evidence that Republicans showed a stronger emotional response than Democrats to worldview-incongruent misinformation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
Political ideology, cooperation and national parochialism across 42 nations
Authors: Romano Angelo , Sutter Matthias , Liu James H. , Balliet Daniel 
Published: February 2021

Political ideology has been hypothesized to be associated with cooperation and national parochialism (i.e. greater cooperation with members of one's nation), with liberals thought to have more cooperation with strangers and less national parochialism, compared to conservatives. However, previous findings are limited to few—and predominantly western—nations. Here, we present a large-scale cross-societal experiment that can test hypotheses on the relation between political ideology, cooperation and national parochialism around the globe. To do so, we recruited 18 411 participants from 42 nations. Participants made decisions in a prisoner's dilemma game, and we manipulated the nationality of their interaction partner (national ingroup member, national outgroup member or unidentified stranger). We found that liberals, compared to conservatives, displayed slightly greater cooperation, trust in others and greater identification with the world as a whole. Conservatives, however, identified more strongly with their own nation and displayed slightly greater national parochialism in cooperation. Importantly, the association between political ideology and behaviour was significant in nations characterized by higher wealth, stronger rule of law and better government effectiveness. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the association between political ideology and cooperation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
Assessment of Motion Bias on the Detection of Dopamine Response to Challenge
Authors: Levine Michael A. , Calabro Finnegan , Izquierdo-Garcia David , Chonde Daniel B. , Chen Kevin T. , Hong Inki , Price Julie C. , Luna Beatriz , Catana Ciprian 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT11C-Raclopride (RAC) positron emission tomography (PET) is used to study dopamine response to pharmacological and behavioral challenges. Behavioral challenges produce smaller responses than pharmacological challenges and are more susceptible to sources of bias, including motion bias. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of motion bias within the context of a behavioral task challenge, examining the impact of different motion correction strategies, different task response magnitudes, and intra-versus interframe motion.MethodsSeventy healthy young adults were administered bolus plus constant infusion 11C-Raclopride (RAC) and imaged for 90 min on a 3-Tesla simultaneous PET/magnetic resonance (MR) scanner during which a functional MRI (fMRI) reward task experiment was conducted. Kinetic analysis was performed using an extension of the multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM), which encoded the task response as a unit step function at the start of the task (t = 40 min). The quantitative impacts of different approaches to motion correction (frame-based, reconstruction-based, none) were compared using voxel maps of change in binding potential (ΔBPND). Motion bias was compared to task effect by simulating different levels of ΔBPND (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%) in conjunction with simulating high and no motion. Intraframe motion was simulated using motion estimates derived from the simultaneously acquired MR data. The relative impact of intraframe motion was evaluated by comparing maps of bias in ΔBPND before and after applying frame-based motion correction.ResultsAmong the high-motion subjects, failure to perform motion correction resulted in large artifacts. Frame- and reconstruction-based approaches both corrected for motion effectively, with the former showing moderately more intense ΔBPND values (both positive and negative) in and around the striatum. At low task response magnitudes, simulations showed that motion bias can have a greater relative effect. At 5% ΔBPND, motion bias accounted for 60% of the total bias, while at 10% ΔBPND, it accounted for only 34%. Simulating high-temporal resolution motion, frame-based motion correction was shown to counteract the majority of the of the motion bias effect. The remaining bias attributable to intraframe motion accounted for only 8% of the total.ConclusionMotion bias can have a corrupting effect on RAC studies of behavioral task challenges, particularly as the magnitude of the response decreases. Applying motion correction mitigates most of the bias, and specifically correcting for interframe motion provides the bulk of the benefit.
Time-restricted feeding near dawn entrains long-term behavioral changes through the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Zhai Qiaocheng , Zeng Yizhun , Gu Yue , Zhang Tao , Yuan Baoshi , Wang Tao , Yan Jie , Qin Han , Yang Ling , Chen Xiaowei , Vidal-Puig Antonio , Xu Ying 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a master circadian pacemaker known to integrate light intensity and seasonal information with peripheral tissues to coordinate daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. However, the contribution of food information to the regulation of the SCN network remains controversial. Here, we identified the effect induced by time-restricted feeding (TRF) at dawn, but not at another time widow, inducing a robust and long-term shift in locomotor behavior and increased wakefulness. Comparing the oscillations of intracellular Ca2+signals in the SCN GABAergic neurons of freely moving mice, before and after TRF, revealed significant activation of these neurons in dawn-TRF mice. Moreover, RNA-seq profiling in the dawn TRF-induced behavioral changes identified altered expressed genes involved in regulating extracellular exosome, ion transporters, and ECM-receptor interaction, but not core clock genes. Furthermore, injection in the SCN of insulin-like growth factor (IGF2) inhibitor Chromeceptin, targeting the most upregulated gene in extracellular exosome, abolished the after effect induced by ZT0-4 TRF. Finally, GABAergic-neuron-specific disruption of the potassium-chloride cotransporterKcc2intensified the dawn TRF-induced after effect, indicating thatKcc2encodes food intake derived signals that control SCN clock entrainment. Thus, our study functionally links SCN GABAergic neuron activity and central clock entrainment regulation to both hunger- and food-response-related behaviors in mice.
Factors influencing self-harm thoughts and self-harm behaviours over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: a longitudinal analysis of 49,324 adults
Authors: Paul Elise , Fancourt Daisy 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundThere is concern that the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath will result in excess suicides by increasing known risk factors such as self-harm, but evidence on how pandemic-related risk factors contribute to changes in these outcomes is lacking.AimsTo examine how different COVID-19-related adverse experiences and adversity worries contribute to changes in self-harm thoughts and behaviours.MethodData from 49,324 UK adults in the UCL COVID-19 Social Study were analysed (1 April 2020 to 17 May 2021). Fixed effects regressions explored associations between weekly within-person variation in five categories of adversity experiences and adversity worries with changes in self-harm thoughts and behaviours across age groups (18-29, 30-44, 45-59, and 60+ years).Results26.1% and 7.9% respondents reported self-harm thoughts and behaviours, respectively, at least once over the study period. More adverse experiences were more strongly related to outcomes than worries. The largest specific adversity contributing to increases in both outcomes was having experienced physical or psychological abuse. Financial worries increased the likelihood of both outcomes in most age groups, whilst having had COVID-19 increased the likelihood of both outcomes in young (18-29 years) and middle-aged (45-59 years) adults.ConclusionsFindings suggest that a significant portion of UK adults may be at increased risk for self-harm thoughts and behaviours during the pandemic. Given the likelihood that the economic and social consequences of the pandemic will accumulate, policy makers can begin adapting evidence-based suicide prevention strategies and other social policies to help mitigate its consequences.
Antiviral effect of a nucleic acid hydrolyzing scFv against oseltamivir resistant influenza A virus
Authors: Lee Yongjun , Kim Dongjun , Kim Taehyun , Oh Yeonsu , Kim Won-Keun , Lee Sukchan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInfluenza viral genome is frequently mutated due to antigenic shift and drift, and therefore the existing antiviral drugs have been suffered from low efficacy against the viruses. Here we report an innovative strategy for treating influenza Type A (IAV) infection by 3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) showing intrinsic viral RNA hydrolyzing activity, cell penetration activity and the epidermal cell penetration ability. In this study, we first analyzed antiviral activity directed by 3D8 scFv to three different strains, two oseltamivir-sensitive (A/PuertoRico/8/1934, A/X-31) and oseltamivir-resistant (A/Korea/2785/2009pdm) using cell culture models, suggesting that 3D8 scFv reduces viral genomic RNA. Moreover, we further addressed antiviral effect to analyze clinical outcomes inin vivomice model. Intranasal administered 3D8 scFv rescued the mice challenged by oseltamivir resistant H1N1. Consistent results are observed through IHC pathology and molecular virological analysis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 3D8 scFv has antiviral potential against a wide range of IAV.
Reduced binding and neutralization of infection- and vaccine-induced antibodies to the B.1.351 (South African) SARS-CoV-2 variant
Authors: Edara Venkata Viswanadh , Norwood Carson , Floyd Katharine , Lai Lilin , Davis-Gardner Meredith E. , Hudson William H. , Mantus Grace , Nyhoff Lindsay E. , Adelman Max W. , Fineman Rebecca , Patel Shivan , Byram Rebecca , Gomes Dumingu Nipuni , Michael Garett , Abdullahi Hayatu , Beydoun Nour , Panganiban Bernadine , McNair Nina , Hellmeister Kieffer , Pitts Jamila , Winters Joy , Kleinhenz Jennifer , Usher Jacob , O’Keefe James B. , Piantadosi Anne , Waggoner Jesse J. , Babiker Ahmed , Stephens David S. , Anderson Evan J. , Edupuganti Srilatha , Rouphael Nadine , Ahmed Rafi , Wrammert Jens , Suthar Mehul S. 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYThe emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein is raising concerns about the efficacy of infection- or vaccine-induced antibodies to neutralize these variants. We compared antibody binding and live virus neutralization of sera from naturally infected and spike mRNA vaccinated individuals against a circulating SARS-CoV-2 B.1 variant and the emerging B.1.351 variant. In acutely-infected (5-19 days post-symptom onset), convalescent COVID-19 individuals (through 8 months post-symptom onset) and mRNA-1273 vaccinated individuals (day 14 post-second dose), we observed an average 4.3-fold reduction in antibody titers to the B.1.351-derived receptor binding domain of the spike protein and an average 3.5-fold reduction in neutralizing antibody titers to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant as compared to the B.1 variant (spike D614G). However, most acute and convalescent sera from infected and all vaccinated individuals neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant, suggesting that protective immunity is retained against COVID-19.