bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the synthesis and theoretical calculation of a chlorine‐substituted thiosemicarbazone derivative
Authors: Wei Chenli , Wang Sifan , Deng Jingwen , Guo Zeyu , Qi Fan , Huang Jie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the compound (E)‐N‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐2‐(3‐chlorobenzylidene)thiosemicarb‐azone was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR. The crystal structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction tool, indicating that the compound belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system of the Fdd2 space group, where a = 14.0472(12) Å, b = 57.148(4) Å, c = 7.9633(6) Å, the chemical formula is C16H16ClN3S, Mr = 317.83, V = 6392.7(9) Å3, Z = 16, Dc = 1.321 Mg/m3, F(000) = 2656, R = 0.0339, wR = 0.0903. Analysis of crystal data shows that the molecular conformation has good planarity. Hirshfeld surface and two‐dimensional (2D) fingerprints were used to analyze the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. In addition, a more comprehensive theoretical calculation studies were carried out on synthetic compound, such as potential energy surface (PES) scan, reduced density gradient (RDG), and independent gradient model (IGM) analysis, atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis, highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) and UV‐visible spectra analysis. The combination of experimental and theoretical data proved that non‐covalent bonds play a vital role in maintaining the stability of molecule. Finally, molecular docking was used to research the interaction between the synthetic compound and the receptor protein (4C2L). Meanwhile, the results obtained by in vitro antifungal assay indicated that the synthetic compound possesses the most remarkable inhibitory effect for Fusarium graminearum.
Modeled (1990–2100) variations in active‐layer thickness and ice‐wedge activity near Salluit, Nunavik (Canada)
Authors: Gagnon Samuel , Allard Michel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSimulations with a one‐dimensional heat transfer model (TONE) were performed to reproduce the near surface ground temperature regime in the four main types of soil profiles found in Narsajuaq River Valley (Nunavik, Canada) for the period 1990–2100. The permafrost thermal regime was simulated using climate data from a reanalysis (1948–2002), climate stations (1989–1991, 2002–2019) and simulations based on climate warming scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (2019–2100). The model was calibrated based on extensive field measurements made between 1989 and 2019. The results were used to estimate when soil thermal contraction cracking will eventually stop and to forecast the melting of ice wedges due to active‐layer thickening. For the period 1990–2019, all soil profiles experienced cracking every year until 2006, when cracking became intermittent during a warm period before completely stopping in 2009–2010, after which cracking resumed during colder years. Ice‐wedge tops melted from 1992 to 2010 as the active layer thickened, indicating that top‐down ice‐wedge degradation can occur simultaneously with cracking and growth in width. Our predictions show that ice wedges in the valley will completely stop cracking between 2024 and 2096, first in sandy soils and later in soils with thicker organic horizons. The timing will also depend on greenhouse gas concentration trajectories. All ice wedges in the study area will probably experience some degradation of their main body before the end of the century, causing their roots to become relict ice by the end of the 21st century.
Large trees in tropical rain forests require big plots
Authors: Harris David J. , Ndolo Ebika Sydney T. , Sanz Crickette M. , Madingou Mady P.N. , Morgan David B. 
Published: April 2021

Societal Impact StatementGlobally, the conservation value of big trees is linked to biodiversity and carbon sequestration. We studied trees, greater than 80 cm in diameter, in a forest in the Republic of Congo. We found that more than 100 species reach this size and the most abundant species is Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum), which is exploited for global timber markets. More than 40% of the large tree species are used by local people for food. Our results show that big trees are important to local people in the Congo Basin in addition to being the focus of industrial logging and in many areas the basis for the formal economy.Summary

The main aim of this paper is to establish standard techniques for surveying the biggest trees in tropical rain forests.

One hundred and thirty hectares (13 plots of 10 ha) of unlogged mixed species terra firma forest in the Republic of Congo were surveyed for trees greater than 80 cm in diameter.

More than 100 species of tree exceed 80 cm in diameter and one species, Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sapele or Sapelli), dominates this size class.

Obtaining comparable data of big trees from different sites across the tropics is a priority. We propose a standardised plot size of 10 ha, replicated 10 times for each forest type at different study sites and a minimum trunk diameter of 70 cm at breast height or above buttresses.
Thoracoabdominal asynchrony and paradoxical motion in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and healthy subjects during cough: A case control study
Authors: Marques Layana , Fregonezi Guilherme Augusto de Freitas , Marcelino Ana Aline , Dourado‐Júnior Mario Emílio Teixeira , Sarmento Antonio , Pennati Francesca , Aliverti Andrea , Resqueti Vanessa Regiane 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess thoracoabdominal asynchrony (TAA) and inspiratory paradoxical motion at different positionings in subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) versus healthy subjects during quiet spontaneous breathing (QB) and cough.MethodsThis is a case control study with a matched‐pair design. We assessed 14 DMD subjects and 12 controls using optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) during QB and spontaneous cough in 3 positions: supine, supine with headrest raised at 45°, and sitting with back support at 80°. The TAA was assessed using phase angle (θ) between upper (RCp) and lower rib cage (RCa) and abdomen (AB), as well as the percentage of inspiratory time the RCp (IPRCp), RCa (IPRCa), and AB (IPAB) moved in opposite directions.ResultsDuring cough, DMD group showed higher RCp and RCa θ (p < .05), RCp and AB θ (p < .05) in supine and 45° positions, and higher RCp and Rca θ (p = .006) only in supine position compared with controls. Regarding the intragroup analysis, during cough, DMD group presented higher RCp and AB θ (p = .02) and RCa and AB θ (p = .002) in supine and higher RCa and AB θ (p = .002) in 45° position when compared to 80°. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyzes were able to discriminate TAA between controls and DMD in RCa supine position (area under the curve: 0.81, sensibility: 78.6% and specificity: 91.7%, p = .001).ConclusionSubjects with DMD yields TAA with insufficient deflation of chest wall compartments and rib cage distortion during cough, by noninvasive assessment.
Reading Volume and Reading Achievement: A Review of Recent Research
Authors: Allington Richard L. , McGill-Franzen Anne M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAlthough there have been a substantial number of research studies focused on improving the field’s understanding of the development of the ability to read, very few of these studies have accounted for the potential role that extensive engagement in the act of reading might play in the development of reading proficiency. There are several views on the role, if any, that extensive reading plays in reading development. In this article, using research published since 2000, the evidence that reading volume plays a role in reading development now seems clearer.
Structural performance of superframed conjoined towers
Authors: Moon Kyoung Sun 
Published: April 2021

SummaryTall buildings have generally been developed as solo towers. As tall buildings become ever taller, how to produce reasonably increased structural depths against lateral wind loads and maintain desirable lease depths simultaneously are critical design considerations. Conjoined towers have great potential to resolve these structural and architectural design issues holistically. While many different structural configurations are possible for conjoined towers, the concept of superframed conjoined towers is a viable option for superior performance. In the superframed conjoined towers studied in this paper, multiple braced tube towers are connected also with horizontal braced tube link structures. Various parameters of the link structures, such as stiffness, numbers, and locations, impact the structural performance of the superframed conjoined towers. As the structural design of tall buildings is generally governed by lateral stiffness, this paper investigates the lateral performance of superframed conjoined towers with variously configured link structures. While emphasis is placed on static responses in relation to architectural design, basic dynamic properties are also studied.
Enhancing models of social and strategic decision making with process tracing and neural data
Authors: Konovalov Arkady , Ruff Christian C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEvery decision we take is accompanied by a characteristic pattern of response delay, gaze position, pupil dilation, and neural activity. Nevertheless, many models of social decision making neglect the corresponding process tracing data and focus exclusively on the final choice outcome. Here, we argue that this is a mistake, as the use of process data can help to build better models of human behavior, create better experiments, and improve policy interventions. Specifically, such data allow us to unlock the “black box” of the decision process and evaluate the mechanisms underlying our social choices. Using these data, we can directly validate latent model variables, arbitrate between competing personal motives, and capture information processing strategies. These benefits are especially valuable in social science, where models must predict multi‐faceted decisions that are taken in varying contexts and are based on many different types of information.This article is categorized under:
Economics > Interactive Decision‐Making
Neuroscience > Cognition
Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Integrating dairy manure for enhanced resource recovery at a WRRF: Environmental life cycle and pilot‐scale analyses
Authors: Bryant Casey , Coats Erik R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Twin Falls, Idaho wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), currently operates solely to achieve regulatory permit compliance. Research was conducted to evaluate conversion of the WWTP to a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) and to assess the WRRF environmental sustainability; process configurations were evaluated to produce five resources—reclaimed water, biosolids, struvite, biogas, and bioplastics (polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA). PHA production occurred using fermented dairy manure. State‐of‐the‐art biokinetic modeling, performed using Dynamita's SUMO process model, was coupled with environmental life cycle assessment to quantify environmental sustainability. Results indicate that electricity production via combined heat and power (CHP) was most important in achieving environmental sustainability; energy offset ranged from 43% to 60%, thereby reducing demand for external fossil fuel‐based energy. While struvite production helps maintain a resilient enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process, MgO2 production exhibits negative environmental impacts; integration with CHP negates the adverse consequences. Integrating dairy manure to produce bioplastics diversifies the resource recovery portfolio while maintaining WRRF environmental sustainability; pilot‐scale evaluations demonstrated that WRRF effluent quality was not affected by the addition of effluent from PHA production. Collectively, results show that a WRRF integrating dairy manure can yield a diverse portfolio of products while operating in an environmentally sustainable manner.Practitioner points

Wastewater carbon recovery via anaerobic digestion with combined heat/power production significantly reduces water resource recovery facility (WRRF) environmental emissions.
Wastewater phosphorus recovery is of value; however, struvite production exhibits negative environmental impacts due to MgO2 production emissions.
Bioplastics production on imported organic‐rich agri‐food waste can diversify the WRRF portfolio.
Dairy manure can be successfully integrated into a WRRF for bioplastics production without compromising WRRF performance.
Diversifying the WRRF products portfolio is a strategy to maximize resource recovery from wastewater while concurrently achieving environmental sustainability.
Solution of reactive flow in a rocket engine nozzle with Paraffin/Kerosene propellants
Authors: Nagler Jacob 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a simulation‐based solution for calculating rocket engine performance with liquid‐type propellants of Paraffin and Kerosene for oxidizer to fuel ratio that is given by a linear formula. The engine was divided into two main stages: combustion chamber and a nozzle. In the first phase, conditions were found in the combustion chamber, based on the assumption of equilibrium according to Barrere. Next, the flow in the nozzle was calculated based on the fluid in the combustion chamber. Three main theories were examined in order to find the flow conditions in the nozzle: equilibrium, frozen and mixed flows (Bray conditions). While the latter assumes the existence of the “Sudden Freezing Point” found by Bray, so that from this point to the end of the nozzle, the flow is assumed to be frozen. The use of the proposed simulation might contribute for multiple calculations performance (e.g., fuels with multiple intermediate reactions). Comparison between both types of fuels/propellants for the three described types of flow is presented alongside CEA software results, whereas good agreement between solutions was found. Also, the greater the ratio between hydrogen and carbon atoms, the better the engine performance for a particular oxidizer. Finally, it was found that an equilibrium flow model throughout the nozzle has a better nozzle performance compared to the other types of flows.
Designing Powder Metallurgy Process - The Influence of High Sintering Temperature on Dimensional and Geometrical Precision
Authors: Zago Marco , Cristofolini Ilaria , Amirabdollahian Sasan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe precision of parts produced by Powder Metallurgy (PM) strongly depends on the careful design of PM process parameters. Among them, high sintering temperature is generally considered as detrimental for dimensional and geometrical precision, and therefore neglected in industrial production. Nevertheless, high sintering temperature would strongly improve mechanical characteristics of PM parts, so that the real influence of high sintering temperature on dimensional and geometrical precision is of great interest for PM companies. This study investigates the influence of sintering temperature (up to 1350 °C) on dimensional and geometrical precision of real parts. Dimensional changes on sintering and the effect of sintering temperature have been evaluated. Geometrical characteristics have been measured both in the green and in the sintered state, and the real influence of sintering temperature has been highlighted. As a conclusion, it has been demonstrated that the larger shrinkage due to the high sintering temperature is not detrimental with respect to the dimensional precision, being it reliably predictable. Moreover, the influence on geometrical characteristics is unexpectedly low. The encouraging results of this study convinced the main PM companies in Europe to further investigate the influence of high sintering temperature, as partners in a Club Project within the European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA).
Cosmological singularities, entanglement and quantum extremal surfaces
Authors: Manu A. , Narayan K. , Paul Partha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study aspects of entanglement and extremal surfaces in various families of spacetimes exhibiting cosmological, Big-Crunch, singularities, in particular isotropic AdS Kasner. The classical extremal surface dips into the bulk radial and time directions. Explicitly analysing the extremization equations in the semiclassical region far from the singularity, we find the surface bends in the direction away from the singularity. In the 2-dim cosmologies obtained by dimensional reduction of these and other singularities, we have studied quantum extremal surfaces by extremizing the generalized entropy. The resulting extremization shows the quantum extremal surfaces to always be driven to the semiclassical region far from the singularity. We give some comments and speculations on our analysis.
Evidence for interventions to promote mental health and reduce stigma in Black faith communities: systematic review
Authors: Codjoe Louisa , Barber Sarah , Ahuja Shalini , Thornicroft Graham , Henderson Claire , Lempp Heidi , N’Danga-Koroma Joelyn 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
There are significant documented inequalities for the Black community in the UK in relation to mental health care. Research has also indicated that cultural difference exists in pathways into, and engagement with, mental health services. To reduce inequalities and improve engagement with mental health services, it is important that professionals utilise culturally appropriate community networks to increase mental health awareness and reduce stigma. This systematic review considers research in Black faith settings, with two linked aims to review the evidence for the effectiveness of (i) mental health interventions, and (ii) other health stigma interventions as the latter have been implemented in Black faith settings. The review identified ‘active ingredients’ of interventions for this population that can be applied in future work. The authors seek to draw from the mental health and wider health stigma literature to inform the design of the ON TRAC project, a collaborative partnership between King’s College London, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Black faith community groups in Southwark and Lambeth, London, in this currently under-researched area.

Methods
A systematic search of ten major medical and social sciences databases was conducted in 2019, for studies on mental health or other health stigma interventions in Black faith settings. PRISMA guidelines were followed and search terms and search strategy ensured all possible studies were identified for review.

Results
The review identified sixteen studies for inclusion. Ten were quantitative studies, four qualitative studies and two systematic reviews. Active ingredients of interventions included utilisation of ‘bottom up’ development of approaches and mental health champions. Multiple factors were found to influence effective implementation. Co-production and partnership working are key to ensure that an acceptable and accessible intervention is agreed.

Conclusion
Evidence for the effectiveness of interventions focused on mental health awareness and stigma reduction in the Black faith community is limited due to the low quality of studies. This review sheds light on the lessons learnt and necessary key requirements for interventions that can guide future projects.
Study registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018110068
Utility of pT3 substaging in lymph node-negative urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: do pathologic parameters add to prognostic sub-stratification?
Authors: Maas Moritz , Mischinger Johannes , Compérat Eva , Scharpf Marcus , Fend Falko , Todenhöfer Tilman , Stenzl Arnulf , Gakis Georgios , Rausch Steffen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The value of bladder cancer (BC) substaging into macroscopic (pT3b) and microscopic (pT3a) perivesical fat extension in lymph node (Ln)-negative patients is controversially discussed and limited evidence for prognostic relevance of additional histopathological factors in pT3 BC exists. We evaluated the prognostic value of pT3 substaging and established pathological and clinical parameters with focus on tumor invasive front (TIF) and tumor size.

Methods
Specimens of 52 patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC) for pT3 a/b muscle-invasive BC were reviewed and re-evaluated by a pathologist specialized in uropathology. Clinical variables and standard histopathologic characteristics were assessed including TIF and tumor size. Their value as prognosticators for overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was evaluated.

Results
Mean age of patients was 67.55 years. Tumors were staged pT3a in 28 patients (53.8%) and pT3b in 24 (46.8%). Median OS was 34.51 months. Median tumor size was 3.2 cm, median TIF was 11.0 mm. Differences in OS between pT3a and pT3b were not significant (p = 0.45). Carcinoma in situ (CIS) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were significantly associated with pT3b tumors. Univariate analysis could not identify pathological prognosticators like TIF or tumor size for OS and RFS (p for all > 0.05).

Conclusion
No significant differences in OS or RFS were observed comparing Ln-negative pT3 BC following radical cystectomy. Additional pathologic variables like TIF could not be identified as prognosticator. Relevance of pT3 BC substaging needs reevaluation in larger prospective cohorts.
Hearing loss among elderly people and access to hearing aids: a cross-sectional study from a rural area in Germany
Authors: Didczuneit-Sandhop Birgit , Jóźwiak Katarzyna , Jolie Manja , Holdys Josefine , Hauptmann Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Hearing loss is common and associated with reduced quality of life, particularly among elderly people. However, many patients do not use hearing aids. We evaluated the use of hearing aids among people with hearing loss by health services availability near their residence in a rural area in the state of Brandenburg, Germany.

Methods
Audiometry was performed in a convenience sample of subjects in ten towns and hearing loss was determined, defined as a threshold of ≥ 30 dB in at least one ear and at least one of the frequencies 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kHz. For each participant, age and gender were collected and whether or not hearing aids were available.

Results
Among 186 persons with an average age of 74 years (interquartile range 71–81), 97% had hearing loss [95% confidence interval (CI) 95–100]. Among 121 patients with hearing loss who reported whether or not they have a hearing aid, 93 had no hearing aid (77%, 95% CI 69–84). The proportion of hearing-impaired persons who do not have a hearing aid significantly increased with the absence of a hearing aid specialist or ear nose throat (ENT) physician or both in the town where the tests were performed (p trend = 0.001).

Conclusion
Hearing loss is common among elderly people in the study area and many people in rural areas in Germany may not be properly supplied with hearing aids due to lack of hearing aid specialists and/or ENT physicians close to their residence. Interventions to improve this situation are urgently required.