bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential and practice of arboreal camera trapping
Authors: Moore Jennifer F. , Soanes Kylie , Balbuena Diego , Beirne Christopher , Bowler Mark , Carrasco‐Rueda Farah , Cheyne Susan M. , Coutant Opale , Forget Pierre‐Michel , Haysom Jessica K. , Houlihan Peter R. , Olson Erik R. , Lindshield Stacy , Martin Jonathan , Tobler Mathias , Whitworth Andrew , Gregory Tremaine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Arboreal camera trapping is a burgeoning method providing a novel and effective technique to answer research questions across a variety of ecosystems, and it has the capacity to improve our understanding of a wide range of taxa. However, while terrestrial camera trapping has received much attention, there is little guidance for dealing with the unique challenges of working in the arboreal realm.

Our review draws on the expertise of researchers from six continents and the broader literature to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of arboreal camera trapping, and challenges to consider when using this technology. We also include mini‐guides with detailed information on the current arboreal camera trap literature, mounts used to install arboreal cameras, tree climbing pointers and safety tips, methods for deploying cameras without climbing, and tips for managing interference with camera function.

We find that arboreal camera traps have been most commonly used in the study of mammals in forests; however, there is potential for this method to be applied to a broad range of habitats including urban areas, and taxa such as birds, amphibians, invertebrates, and plants. Methods in arboreal camera trapping could be improved by developing a greater understanding of the factors affecting detection of species. The most common challenges of arboreal camera trapping are camera placement and camera site access. These can be overcome by understanding correct camera orientation, managing potential sources of interference in front of cameras, utilizing appropriate cameras mounts and training researchers properly.

Given the benefits and opportunities presented by arboreal camera trapping, it is likely to become an ever‐more popular method of studying arboreal species and systems. The information synthesized in this review provides guidance for future studies to help direct more reliable and robust ecological inferences from arboreal camera trapping.
ALPACA: A fast and accurate computer vision approach for automated landmarking of three‐dimensional biological structures
Authors: Porto Arthur , Rolfe Sara , Maga A. Murat 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLandmark‐based geometric morphometrics has emerged as an essential discipline for the quantitative analysis of size and shape in ecology and evolution. With the ever‐increasing density of digitized landmarks, the possible development of a fully automated method of landmark placement has attracted considerable attention. Despite the recent progress in image registration techniques, which could provide a pathway to automation, three‐dimensional (3D) morphometric data are still mainly gathered by trained experts. For the most part, the large infrastructure requirements necessary to perform image‐based registration, together with its system specificity and its overall speed, have prevented its wide dissemination.Here, we propose and implement a general and lightweight point cloud‐based approach to automatically collect high‐dimensional landmark data in 3D surfaces (Automated Landmarking through Point cloud Alignment and Correspondence Analysis). Our framework possesses several advantages compared with image‐based approaches. First, it presents comparable landmarking accuracy, despite relying on a single, random reference specimen and much sparser sampling of the structure's surface. Second, it can be efficiently run on consumer‐grade personal computers. Finally, it is general and can be applied at the intraspecific level to any biological structure of interest, regardless of whether anatomical atlases are available.Our validation procedures indicate that the method can recover intraspecific patterns of morphological variation that are largely comparable to those obtained by manual digitization, indicating that the use of an automated landmarking approach should not result in different conclusions regarding the nature of multivariate patterns of morphological variation.The proposed point cloud‐based approach has the potential to increase the scale and reproducibility of morphometrics research. To allow ALPACA to be used out‐of‐the‐box by users with no prior programming experience, we implemented it as a SlicerMorph module. SlicerMorph is an extension that enables geometric morphometrics data collection and 3D specimen analysis within the open‐source 3D Slicer biomedical visualization ecosystem. We expect that convenient access to this platform will make ALPACA broadly applicable within ecology and evolution.
Decreased antiviral immune response within the central nervous system of aged mice is associated with increased lethality of West Nile virus encephalitis
Authors: Funk Kristen E. , Arutyunov Artem D. , Desai Pritesh , White James P. , Soung Allison L. , Rosen Sarah F. , Diamond Michael S. , Klein Robyn S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen that causes disease syndromes ranging from a mild flu‐like illness to encephalitis. While the incidence of WNV infection is fairly uniform across age groups, the risk of lethal encephalitis increases with advanced age. Prior studies have demonstrated age‐related, functional immune deficits that limit systemic antiviral immunity and increase mortality; however, the effect of age on antiviral immune responses specifically within the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. Here, we show that aged mice exhibit increased peripheral organ and CNS tissue viral burden, the latter of which is associated with alterations in activation of both myeloid and lymphoid cells compared with similarly infected younger animals. Aged mice exhibit lower MHCII expression by microglia, and higher levels of PD1 and lower levels of IFNγ expression by WNV‐specific CD8+ T cells in the CNS and CD8+CD45+ cells. These data indicate that the aged CNS exhibits limited local reactivation of T cells during viral encephalitis, which may lead to reduced virologic control at this site.
Care transitions and social needs: A Geriatric Emergency care Applied Research (GEAR) Network scoping review and consensus statement
Authors: Gettel Cameron J. , Voils Corrine I. , Bristol Alycia A. , Richardson Lynne D. , Hogan Teresita M. , Brody Abraham A. , Gladney Micaela N. , Suyama Joe , Ragsdale Luna C. , Binkley Christine L. , Morano Carmen L. , Seidenfeld Justine , Hammouda Nada , Ko Kelly J. , Hwang Ula , Hastings Susan N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesIndividual‐level social needs have been shown to substantially impact emergency department (ED) care transitions of older adults. The Geriatric Emergency care Applied Research (GEAR) Network aimed to identify care transition interventions, particularly addressing social needs, and prioritize future research questions.MethodsGEAR engaged 49 interdisciplinary stakeholders, derived clinical questions, and conducted searches of electronic databases to identify ED discharge care transition interventions in older adult populations. Informed by the Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patients’ Assets, Risks, and Experiences (PRAPARE) framework, data extraction and synthesis of included studies included the degree that intervention components addressed social needs and their association with patient outcomes. GEAR convened a consensus conference to identify topics of highest priority for future care transitions research.ResultsOur search identified 248 unique articles addressing care transition interventions in older adult populations. Of these, 17 individual care transition intervention studies were included in the current literature synthesis. Overall, common care transition interventions included coordination efforts, comprehensive geriatric assessments, discharge planning, and telephone or in‐person follow‐up. Fourteen of the 17 care transition intervention studies in older adults specifically addressed at least one social need within the PRAPARE framework, most commonly related to access to food, medicine, or health care. No care transition intervention addressing social needs in older adult populations consistently reduced subsequent health care utilization or other patient‐centered outcomes. GEAR stakeholders identified that determining optimal outcome measures for ED–home transition interventions was the highest priority area for future care transitions research.ConclusionsED care transition intervention studies in older adults frequently address at least one social need component and exhibit variation in the degree of success on a wide array of health care utilization outcomes.
Exploring the effect of glaucomatous visual field defects of current drivers on a neuropsychological test battery
Authors: Tigchelaar Iris , de Waard Dick , Jansonius Nomdo M. , Leinonen Markku T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeThis study explores the effect of glaucomatous visual field defects on several neuropsychological tests that are often used in research and in clinical settings.MethodsNineteen glaucoma patients and nineteen healthy participants, which are current drivers and older than 65 years old were included. All participants completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), the Snellgrove Maze Task (SMT) and the Digit Span Test (DST). All participants were also tested on contrast sensitivity and near and far visual acuity. For the glaucoma patients, visual field tests were downloaded from hospital servers.ResultsOn the MoCA test, glaucoma patients scored lower than the healthy group, but not significantly. On the MoCA‐Blind, the difference was statistically significant. Glaucoma patients also had lower percentile scores on the TMT, with a significant difference in the TMT‐A, but this difference largely disappeared in the calculated TMT B‐A index, which isolates the cognitive component. The BVRT and SMT showed no significant differences between both groups. In the only non‐visual test, the DST, glaucoma patients outperformed the healthy group. Glaucoma severity did not influence results, except for the BVRT on which the moderate/severe group has better scores.ConclusionUsing visual items might lead to conclusions about cognition when it should be one about vision. Therefore, careful selection of tests is needed when examining cognition in glaucoma patients.
Uncovering the vertebrate scavenger guild composition and functioning in the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Naves‐Alegre Lara , Morales‐Reyes Zebensui , Sánchez‐Zapata José Antonio , Durá‐Alemañ Carlos Javier , Gonçalves Lima Leilda , Machado Lima Lourival , Sebastián‐González Esther 
Published: July 2021

AbstractScavenging is widespread among vertebrates, being very important for maintaining certain ecosystem functions. Despite this, the scavenger communities remain poorly known in some biomes, especially in the Neotropics. Our main objective was to describe for the first time the scavenger community and identify the factors affecting scavenging efficiency in the Brazilian Cerrado. We analyzed the effects of vegetation cover, time of carcass placement and carcass weight, on scavenger species richness, individual abundances, carcass detection and consumption times, and carcass consumption rate. We monitored 11 large and 45 small carcasses using automatic cameras. We documented a total of 19 vertebrate scavenging species, four species of vultures and 15 facultative scavengers. We found that carcass size was the most important factor affecting the scavenger assemblage and consumption patterns. Large carcasses were dominated by vultures, whereas small carcasses were consumed mainly by facultative scavengers. We also found differences between large and small carcasses in all carcass consumption variables except for detection time. However, we did not find an effect of vegetation cover or time of carcass placement on scavenging patterns. The negligible role of mammals and non‐raptor birds in large carcasses is also noteworthy, probably due to the consumption and foraging efficiency of the vultures, and the more frugivorous habits of the mesocarnivores. Our results show a highly diverse and efficient scavenging vertebrate community in the Brazilian Cerrado, and the need to preserve them in the face of the significant habitat transformations suffered by this biodiversity hotspot.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Glycoprotein non–metastatic melanoma protein B functions with growth factor signaling to induce tumorigenesis through its serine phosphorylation
Authors: Wang Chen , Okita Yukari , Zheng Ling , Shinkai Yasuhiro , Manevich Lev , Chin Jas M. , Kimura Tomokazu , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Kumagai Yoshito , Kato Mitsuyasu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Glycoprotein non–metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB), a type I transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in many cancers, including breast cancer, has been shown to be a prognostic factor. We previously reported that GPNMB overexpression confers tumorigenic potential, as evidenced by invasive tumor growth in vivo, sphere formation, and cellular migration and invasion to non–tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells. In this study, we focused on the serine (S) residue in the intracellular domain of GPNMB (S530 in human isoform b and S546 in mouse), which is predicted to be a phosphorylation site. To investigate the roles of this serine residue, we made an antibody specific for S530‐phosphorylated human GPNMB and a point mutant in which S530 is replaced by an alanine (A) residue, GPNMB(SA). Established GPNMB(SA) overexpressing cells showed a significant reduction in sphere formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo as a result of decreased stemness‐related gene expression compared to that in GPNMB(WT)‐expressing cells. In addition, GPNMB(SA) impaired GPNMB‐mediated cellular migration. Furthermore, we found that tyrosine kinase receptor signaling triggered by epidermal growth factor or fibroblast growth factor 2 induces the serine phosphorylation of GPNMB through activation of downstream oncoproteins RAS and RAF.
Current progress and future perspectives of research on intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Shimada Kazuyuki , Kiyoi Hitoshi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntravascular large B‐cell lymphoma is a rare disease of the large B cells characterized by selective growth in the lumina of small vessels in systemic organs. Since first reported in 1959, the difficulty of obtaining sufficient tumor cells from biopsy specimens has hampered the elucidation of its underlying biology. Recent progress using xenograft models and plasma cell‐free DNA has uncovered genetic features that are similar to those of activated B‐cell type diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, including MYD88 and CD79B mutations and frequent alterations in immune check point‐related genes such as PD‐L1 and PD‐L2. Given the improvement in clinical outcomes and a higher risk of secondary central nervous system (CNS) involvement in the rituximab era, a phase 2 trial of R‐CHOP combined with high‐dose methotrexate and intrathecal chemotherapy as a CNS‐oriented therapy has been conducted. This trial, the PRIMEUR‐IVL study, has displayed good progression‐free survival and a low cumulative incidence of secondary CNS involvement. Long‐term follow‐up within this trial is still ongoing. Further understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and improvements in clinical outcomes are still needed.
Clonal hematopoiesis and associated diseases: A review of recent findings
Authors: Asada Shuhei , Kitamura Toshio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent genome‐wide studies have revealed that aging or chronic inflammation can cause clonal expansion of cells in normal tissues. Clonal hematopoiesis has been the most intensively studied form of clonal expansion in the last decade. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is an age‐related phenomenon observed in elderly individuals with no history of hematological malignancy. The most frequently mutated genes in CHIP are DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1, which are associated with initiation of leukemia. Importantly, CHIP has been the focus of a number of studies because it is an independent risk factor for myeloid malignancy, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all‐cause mortality. Animal models recapitulating human CHIP revealed that CHIP‐associated mutations alter the number and function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and promote leukemic transformation. Moreover, chronic inflammation caused by infection or aging confers a fitness advantage to the CHIP‐associated mutant HSPCs. Myeloid cells, such as macrophages with a CHIP‐associated mutation, accelerate chronic inflammation and are associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. This positive feedback loop between CHIP and chronic inflammation promotes development of atherosclerosis and chronic heart failure and thereby increases the risk for CVD. Notably, HSPCs with a CHIP‐associated mutation may alter not only innate but also acquired immune cells. This suggests that CHIP is involved in the development of solid cancers or immune disorders, such as aplastic anemia. In this review, we provide an overview of recent findings on CHIP. We also discuss potential interventions for treating CHIP and preventing myeloid transformation and CVD progression.
Effect of prone position ventilation on right heart function in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Lu Huaihai , Zhang Pei , Liu Xuefang , Jin Liwei , Zhu He 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe respiratory disease with a high mortality rate. It is characterized by acute onset of pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, and the need of mechanical ventilation. As the primary treatment, ventilation has been considered effective in treating patients with ARDS. Recently, numerous studies have shown that prone position ventilation demonstrates more efficacy compared with traditional supine position. However, the potential impact of the non‐physiological prone position on patients remains unclear. Current study aims to evaluate the effect of prone position ventilation on right heart function in ARDS patients.MethodsFollowing Berlin Diagnostic Criteria, 80 eligible patients were recruited and randomly assigned into prone position ventilation group and supine position ventilation group. Different ventilation methods were implemented in these two groups.ResultsBoth positions showed the beneficial effects, as evidenced by decreased PV score and APACHE II score, enhanced blood gas index and right heart function parameters, and the prognosis analysis. However, compared with those receiving SPV treatment, the patients demonstrated greater benefits from PPV treatment, with significant differences in PV score (p < 0.01) and APACHE II score (p < 0.001), blood gas index such as PAPm (p < 0.05), and right heart function indicators (p < 0.05).ConclusionProne position mechanical ventilation is more beneficial than supine position ventilation in improving the blood gas status of patients with moderate to severe ARDS, and it is more helpful to reduce the load on the right heart and promote the recovery of patients.
Time course effect of corticospinal excitability for motor imagery
Authors: Takenaka Yuma , Suzuki Tomotaka , Sugawara Kenichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study examined the effect of temporal changes in corticospinal excitability in motor imagery (MI) and the effect of real‐time guides for MI on excitability changes. The MI task involved wrist flexion and motor evoked potentials using transcranial magnetic stimulation were recorded and examined from the flexor carpi radialis. Ballistic (momentary MI) and tonic (continuous MI) conditions were used, and the duration of each MI was different. In Experiment 1, each MI task was performed using an acoustic trigger. In Experiment 2, a real‐time guide was presented on a computer screen, which provided a visual indication of the onset and duration of the MI task through via moving dots on the screen. The results indicate that the corticospinal excitability changed differently, depending on the duration of MI. Additionally, with real‐time guides, the change in corticospinal excitability became clearer. Thus, corticospinal excitability changes due to the temporal specificities of MI, as well as with actual motor output. Moreover, if MI is actively performed without a guide, it is likely to show an unintended change in corticospinal excitability. It is suggested that when MI is performed with visual guide, the excitatory changes of the corticospinal tract might be different from the actual motor output. Therefore, when using MI for mental practices, it is possible to improve the effect of a guide for MI, such as a visual indicator for motor output. Additionally, when examining neural activities in MI, it may be necessary to consider the characteristics of motion performed by MI.
Change agents or defending the status quo? How senior leaders frame workplace gender equality
Authors: Cortis Natasha , Foley Meraiah , Williamson Sue 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSenior leaders are usually understood to be ideally positioned to drive the organizational changes needed to promote workplace gender equality. Yet seniority also influences leaders' values and attitudes, and how they interpret evidence of inequalities, determine organizational priorities, and design and implement remedies. This article examines leaders' perceptions of workplace gender equality using system justification theory to explain survey data from Australia's public sector (n = 2292). Multivariate analysis indicates that male and female leaders more positively rate the gender equality climate in their agencies, compared with lower‐level staff, and that male leaders show most propensity to defend the status quo. Findings call into question the effectiveness of change strategies that rely on leadership and buy‐in of those whose privilege is embedded in existing arrangements, and problematize dominant organizational approaches casting senior leaders as effective change agents for gender equality. The article helps to explain gendered power dynamics, which produce and sustain organizational inequalities and make workplace equality so hard to achieve, and points to ways to strengthen practical approaches to promote equality in organizations.