bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chickpea protein ingredients: A review of composition, functionality, and applications
Authors: Grasso Nadia , Lynch Nicola L. , Arendt Elke K. , O'Mahony James A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a pulse consumed all over the world, representing a good source of protein, as well as fat, fiber, and other carbohydrates. As a result of the growing global population the demand for the protein component of this pulse is increasing and various approaches have been proposed and developed to extract same. In this review the composition, functionality, and applications of chickpea protein ingredients are described. Moreover, methods to enhance protein quality have been identified, as well as applications of the coproducts resulting from protein extraction and processing. The principal dry and wet protein enrichment approaches, resulting in protein concentrates and isolates, include air classification, alkaline/acid extraction, salt extraction, isoelectric precipitation, and membrane filtration. Chickpea proteins exhibit good functional properties such as solubility, water and oil absorption capacity, emulsifying, foaming, and gelling. During protein enrichment, the functionality of protein can be enhanced in addition to primary processing (e.g., germination and dehulling, fermentation, enzymatic treatments). Different applications of chickpea protein ingredients, and their coproducts, have been identified in research, highlighting the potential of these ingredients for novel product development and improvement of the nutritional profile of existing food products. Formulations to meet consumer needs in terms of healthy and sustainable foods have been investigated in the literature and can be further explored. Future research may be useful to improve applications of the specific coproducts that result from the extraction of chickpea proteins, thereby leading to more sustainable processes.
Characterizing changes in Maillard reaction indicators in whole milk powder and reconstituted low‐temperature pasteurized milk under different preheating conditions
Authors: Li Yong , Jia Xiaodi , Wang Zhaojun , He Zhiyong , Zeng Maomao , Chen Jie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe chemical properties and quality of milk powder and reconstituted milk can be changed by preheating treatment during milk powder processing. The effect of preheating conditions (low‐temperature pasteurization [LT], high‐temperature pasteurization [HT], extended shelf‐life [ESL], ultra‐high‐temperature [UHT], and in‐container sterilization [CS]), on furosine, furfural compounds, and advanced glycation end products were investigated in milk powders and reconstituted milk. The results revealed that Maillard reaction indicators were affected by preheating intensity; contents of furosine, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), 2‐furfural, Nε‐(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), and Nε‐(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) increased, whereas lysine and 5‐methyl‐furfural (MF) decreased in both milk powder and reconstituted milk with an increase in the intensity of preheating. CML and CEL contents in reconstituted milk increased by 1.7‐ to 2.4‐fold and 1.3‐ to 1.6‐fold, respectibely. The content of CML and CEL in high‐preheating powders was 11%–34% and 18%–123% higher than that in LT samples, respectively. Compared with milk powder, furosine was reduced by 22%–55% and MF by 57%–69% in reconstituted milk; HMF increased by 12%–52%, CML and CEL increased 1.7–2.4 times and 1.3–1.6 times, respectively. A superposition effect was observed between preheating intensity and heat process times, which increased the content of Maillard reaction products.Practical ApplicationOur findings revealed the promotion effect of higher preheating conditions on Maillard reaction indicators in milk powder and reconstituted low‐temperature pasteurized milk. The results will help reduce some of the harmful Maillard reaction indicators (e.g., advanced glycation end products) formed during heat processing and assist customers in selecting dairy products with low amounts of Maillard reaction products.
A systematic review of instruments to measure health literacy of patients in emergency departments
Authors: Hesselink Gijs , Cheng Joey , Schoon Yvonne 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesKnowledge of patient's health literacy (HL) in the emergency department (ED) can facilitate care delivery and reduce poor health outcomes. This systematic review investigates HL measurement instruments used in the ED and their psychometric properties, accuracy in detecting limited HL, and feasibility.MethodsWe searched in five biomedical databases for studies published between 1990 and January 2021, evaluating HL measurement instruments tested in the ED on internal consistency, criterion validity, diagnostic accuracy, or feasibility. Reviewers screened studies for relevance and assessed methodologic quality with published criteria. Data were synthesized around study and instrument characteristics and outcomes of interest.ResultsOf the 2,376 references screened, seven met our inclusion criteria. Studied instruments varied in objective (n = 5) and subjective (n = 6) measurement of HL skills, and in HL constructs measured. The Brief Health Literacy Screen (BHLS) and the Subjective Numeracy Scale demonstrate acceptable and good internal consistency across studies. None of the instruments perform consistently well on criterion validity. The Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine–Revised and the Newest Vital Sign, both objective tests with short administration times, demonstrate good accuracy in one study with high risk of bias. The BHLS, a short subjective measure, shows moderate accuracy across studies including one with low risk of bias.ConclusionsSeveral short instruments seem valid in measuring HL and accurate in detecting limited HL among ED patients, each with its practical advantages and disadvantages and specific measurement of HL. Additional research is necessary to develop a robust evidence base supporting these instruments.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy evaluation of roots subjected to activation protocol in endodontic microsurgery
Authors: Iandolo Alfredo , Abdellatif Dina , Barbosa Ana Flávia A. , Scelza Giuseppe , Gasparro Roberta , Sammartino Pasquale , Silva Emmanuel J. N. L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study evaluated the penetration of the irrigant subject to activation after performing retro‐preparation in endodontic microsurgery. Forty mandibular premolars were prepared and filled. Subsequently, 1 mm from the root apex was cut using a multi‐blade bur and the retro‐preparation was performed. In group 1, the retro‐cavity was cleaned with 2 mL of saline and then with 2 mL of 5.25% NaOCl gel mixed with 0.1% Rhodamine B. In group 2, the retro‐cavity was cleaned with 2 mL of saline, 17% EDTA gel was activated ultrasonically for 30 s and 5.25% NaOCl gel was mixed with 0.1% Rhodamine B and activated for 30 s. After 7 days, the roots were cut at 1mm from the apex and the slices were evaluated with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The samples of group 2 showed statistically better results. The activation protocol proposed resulted in enhanced irrigant penetration when compared to the traditional.
Efficiency of forest carbon policies at intensive and extensive margins
Authors: Li Rong , Sohngen Brent , Tian Xiaohui 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe economic potential of forest carbon sequestration is widely acknowledged. However, no consensus has been reached regarding the appropriate policy instrument for promoting carbon sequestration. In this study, we develop a dynamic framework to measure the effects and efficiencies of alternative carbon policies. A stylized optimal control model of the timber market is first employed to illustrate the mechanisms through which different policies affect the decision making of the forest sector at the extensive margin (i.e., changing forest areas) and the intensive margin (i.e., changing harvest ages). We then introduce carbon price projections and species‐specific production information into a multi‐age dynamic timber market model. Different carbon policies are simulated numerically. Our results reveal that a carbon tax on forest emissions without compensating for sequestration leads to net carbon emissions and, thus, is the least efficient policy choice. Further, policies that do not increases carbon uptake at the intensive margin result in very high efficiency losses. A per‐hectare land subsidy may be more than 10 times more expensive than a per‐ton carbon tax and subsidy policy or a carbon subsidy policy.
Latent variable selection in multidimensional item response theory models using the expectation model selection algorithm
Authors: Xu Ping‐Feng , Shang Laixu , Zheng Qian‐Zhen , Shan Na , Tang Man‐Lai 
Published: December 2021

The aim of latent variable selection in multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models is to identify latent traits probed by test items of a multidimensional test. In this paper the expectation model selection (EMS) algorithm proposed by Jiang et al. (2015) is applied to minimize the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for latent variable selection in MIRT models with a known number of latent traits. Under mild assumptions, we prove the numerical convergence of the EMS algorithm for model selection by minimizing the BIC of observed data in the presence of missing data. For the identification of MIRT models, we assume that the variances of all latent traits are unity and each latent trait has an item that is only related to it. Under this identifiability assumption, the convergence of the EMS algorithm for latent variable selection in the multidimensional two‐parameter logistic (M2PL) models can be verified. We give an efficient implementation of the EMS for the M2PL models. Simulation studies show that the EMS outperforms the EM‐basedL1regularization in terms of correctly selected latent variables and computation time. The EMS algorithm is applied to a real data set related to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
Irreversible inhibitors of the proline racemase unveil innovative mechanism of action as antibacterial agents against Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Gateau Cécile , Melo Guilherme D. , Uriac Philippe , Tasseau Olivier , Renault Jacques , Blondel Arnaud , Gouault Nicolas , Barbut Frédéric , Minoprio Paola 
Published: December 2021

AbstractProline racemases (PRAC), catalyzing the l‐proline and d‐proline interconversion, are essential factors in eukaryotic pathogens such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma vivax, and Clostridioides difficile. If the discovery of irreversible inhibitors of T. cruzi PRAC (TcPRAC) led to innovative therapy of the Chagas disease, no inhibitors of CdPRAC have been discovered to date. However, C. difficile, due to an increased incidence in recent years, is considered as a major cause of health threat. In this work, we have taken into account the similarity between TcPRAC and CdPRAC enzymes to design new inhibitors of CdPRAC. Starting from (E) 4‐oxopent‐2‐enoic acid TcPRAC irreversible inhibitors, we synthesized 4‐aryl substituted analogs and evaluated their CdPRAC enzymatic inhibition against eleven strains of C. difficile. This study resulted in promising candidates and allowed for identification of (E)‐4‐(3‐bromothiophen‐2‐yl)‐4‐oxobut‐2‐enoic acid 20 that was chosen for complementary in vivo studies and did not reveal in vivo toxicity.
Multiple function of lncRNA MALAT1 in cancer occurrence and progression
Authors: Malakoti Faezeh , Targhazeh Niloufar , Karimzadeh Haniye , Mohammadi Erfan , Asadi Milad , Asemi Zatollah , Alemi Forough 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLong non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have received particular attention in the last decade due to its engaging in carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. Metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a lncRNA that plays physiological and pathological roles in many aspects of genome function as well as biological processes involved in cell development, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and migration. In this article, we will review the effects of lncRNA MALAT1 on the progression of six prevalent human cancers by focusing on MALAT1 ability to regulate post‐transcriptional modification and signaling pathways.
Effects of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on the prognosis of COVID‐19
Authors: Apaydin Tugce , Polat Hamza , Dincer Yazan Ceyda , Ilgin Can , Elbasan Onur , Dashdamirova Saida , Bayram Feyza , Tukenmez Tigen Elif , Unlu Ozan , Tekin Ahmet F. , Arslan Ebru , Yilmaz Ipek , Haklar Goncagul , Ata Pınar , Gozu Hulya 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeVitamin D deficiency has emerged as another potential risk factor for coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) due to the immunomodulatory effects of 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH)D]. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms such as Fok I, Bsm I, Apa I, and Taq I are also associated with different courses of viral infections. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the VDR gene polymorphism at Fok I, Taq I, Bsm I, and Apa I genotypes and the prognosis of COVID‐19 in respect to vitamin D deficiency.MethodsTwo‐hundred ninety‐seven patients with COVID‐19 were enrolled. Serum 25 (OH)D levels were measured. Four variant regions of the VDR gene, FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI were determined.ResultsEighty‐three percent of subjects had vitamin D deficiency, and 40.7% of the whole group had severe deficiency. Median 25 (OH)D level was 11.97 ng/ml. Vitamin D levels were not related to inflammatory markers, disease severity, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality. While disease severity was related to Fok I Ff genotype, it was Taq TT genotype for ICU admission. Moreover, the ApaI aa genotype was common among the patients who were died. None of the deceased subjects had the Fok I FF genotype.Conclusion25 (OH)D levels were not related to the severity and mortality of COVID‐19. VDR gene polymorphisms are independently associated with the severity of COVID‐19 and the survival of patients.
Research progress on the hedgehog signalling pathway in regulating bone formation and homeostasis
Authors: Zhou Huan , Zhang Lei , Chen Yue , Zhu Chun‐Hui , Chen Fa‐Ming , Li Ang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBone formation is a complex regeneration process that was regulated by many signalling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, BMP and Hedgehog (Hh). All of these signalling have been demonstrated to participate in the bone repair process. In particular, one promising signalling pathway involved in bone formation and homeostasis is the Hh pathway. According to present knowledge, Hh signalling plays a vital role in the development of various tissues and organs in the embryo. In adults, the dysregulation of Hh signalling has been verified to be involved in bone‐related diseases in terms of osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and bone fracture; and during the repair processes, Hh signalling could be reactivated and further modulate bone formation. In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding on the function of Hh signalling in bone formation and homeostasis. Additionally, the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade to coordinate and mediate the osteogenesis process have been reviewed.
Topical application of hormone gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH‐A) stimulates reproduction in the endangered Texas blind salamander (Eurycea rathbuni)
Authors: Glass Campbell Lindsay , Anderson Kelsey A. , Marcec‐Greaves Ruth 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe present a landmark success of a pilot study in the noninvasive, topical hormonal stimulation of reproduction of salamanders using Texas blind salamanders (Eurycea rathbuni) as a model species. Improved reproduction is a critical milestone in the conservation of imperiled species. Captive reproduction of amphibians is often challenging due to specific and ambiguous environmental cues for each species. The Texas blind salamander is a federally listed troglobitic amphibian found only in the Edwards Aquifer beneath San Marcos, Texas. This species is long‐lived, paedomorphic, and obligately aquatic. As with other cave‐dwelling organisms, Texas blind salamanders exhibits delayed reproductive maturity and low reproductive output. The US Fish & Wildlife San Marcos Aquatic Resources Center maintains a captive assurance population of wild individuals to supplement natural populations in the case of a catastrophic impacts on the wild population. Despite housing this species since the 1980s, unassisted reproductive events remain infrequent and unpredictable. In 2020, we developed the noninvasive use of the topical application of GnRH‐A to stimulate reproduction in 12 females combined with 12 males during a pilot study, that resulted in 11 clutches over a five‐month period. These findings mark a significant increase from normally low production of 4.5 clutches annually (average from 2007 to 2019) and represent a landmark success for captive propagation of this species.
Assessment of the importance of increasing temperature and decreasing soil moisture on global ecosystem productivity using solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence
Authors: Dang Chaoya , Shao Zhenfeng , Huang Xiao , Qian Jiaxin , Cheng Gui , Ding Qing , Fan Yewen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe accurate assessment of the global gross primary productivity (GPP) of vegetation is the key to estimating the global carbon cycle. Temperature (Ts) and soil moisture (SM) are essential for vegetation growth. It is acknowledged that the global Ts has shown an increasing trend, yet SM has shown a decreasing trend. However, the importance of SM and Ts changes on the productivity of global ecosystems remains unclear, as SM and Ts are strongly coupled through soil‐atmosphere interactions. Using solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) as a proxy for GPP and by decoupling SM and Ts changes, our investigation shows Ts plays a more important role in SIF in 60% of the vegetation areas. Overall, increased Ts promotes SIF by mitigating the resistance from SM’s reduction. However, the importance of SM and Ts varies, given different vegetation types. The results show that in the humid zone, the variation of Ts plays a more important role in SIF, but in the arid and semi‐arid zones, the variation of SM plays a more important role; in the semi‐humid zone, the disparity in the importance of SM and Ts is difficult to unravel. In addition, our results suggest that SIF is very sensitive to aridity gradients in arid and semi‐arid ecosystems. By decoupling the intertwined SM‐Ts impact on SIF, our study provides essential evidence that benefits future investigation on the factors the influence ecosystem productivity at regional or global scales.
Sima, a Drosophila homolog of HIF‐1α, in fat body tissue inhibits larval body growth by inducing Tribbles gene expression
Authors: Noguchi Koji , Yokozeki Kyosuke , Tanaka Yuko , Suzuki Yasuhiro , Nakajima Kazuki , Nishimura Takashi , Goda Nobuhito 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLimited oxygen availability impairs normal body growth, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In Drosophila, hypoxic responses in the larval fat body (FB) disturb the secretion of insulin‐like peptides from the brain, inhibiting body growth. However, the cell‐autonomous effects of hypoxia on the insulin‐signaling pathway in larval FB have been underexplored. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of overexpression of Sima, a Drosophila hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) α homolog and a key component of HIF‐1 transcription factor essential for hypoxic adaptation, on the insulin‐signaling pathway in larval FB. Forced expression of Sima in FB reduced the larval body growth with reduced Akt phosphorylation levels in FB cells and increased hemolymph sugar levels. Sima‐mediated growth inhibition was reversed by overexpression of TOR or suppression of FOXO. After Sima overexpression, larvae showed higher expression levels of Tribbles, a negative regulator of Akt activity, and a simultaneous knockdown of Tribbles completely abolished the effects of Sima on larval body growth. Furthermore, a reporter analysis revealed Tribbles as a direct target gene of Sima. These results suggest that Sima in FB evokes Tribbles‐mediated insulin resistance and consequently protects against aberrant insulin‐dependent larval body growth under hypoxia.
Exploration of the utility of the Nursing Process and the Clinical Reasoning Cycle as a framework for forensic mental health nurses: A qualitative study
Authors: Maguire Tessa , Garvey Loretta , Ryan Jo , Willetts Georgina , Olasoji Michael 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTForensic mental health nursing (FMHN) is a specialized field, designed to meet the needs of people who have a serious mental illness across the criminal justice system, inpatient services and community. Frameworks can assist assessment, planning, intervention, documentation and evaluation of nursing care. However, there is no prior research investigating frameworks in FMHN. This study aimed to explore the Nursing Process (NP) and the Clinical Reasoning Cycle (CRC), with nurses, to determine a suitable framework for use service‐wide. A Nominal Group Technique was used to facilitate exploration of the two frameworks, where open‐ended verbal and written responses collected from a Nominal Group were thematically analysed, and the participants voted on their preferred framework. Seventeen nurses from a state‐wide forensic mental health (FMH) service participated. The four main themes were as follows: challenges to current practice, limitations of the NP, perceived benefits of the CRC and addressing implementation. Consensus was reached with the nurses selecting the CRC as the framework of choice. This is the first study to explore frameworks to guide practice in FMHN. Nurses in this study considered the CRC to be a suitable framework for novice through to expert, offering a contemporary framework to guide nursing care in complex FMH settings. Some adjustments to the existing cycle were suggested to emphasize recovery‐oriented practice, and inclusion of family and carers. Any changes to the cycle warrant exploration with the interdisciplinary team and consumer carer workforce.
Comparative survival of environmental and clinical Mycobacterium abscessus isolates in a variety of diverse host cells
Authors: Vang Charmie K. , Dawrs Stephanie N. , Oberlag Nicole M. , Gilmore Anah E. , Hasan Nabeeh A. , Honda Jennifer R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus (MABS) is an emerging, opportunistic pathogen found globally in freshwater biofilms and soil. Typically, isolates are treated as a uniform group of organisms and very little is known about their comparative survival in healthy host cells. We posit that environmentally- and clinically derived isolates, show differential infectivity in immune cells and resistance to innate defenses.

Methods and Results
Six MABS isolates were tested including three water biofilm/soil and three sputum-derived isolates. A clinical MABS type strain and an environmental isolate of Arthrobacter were also included. MABS counts were significantly higher compared to Arthrobacter after co-culture with Acanthamoeba lenticulata, BEAS-2B epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages and the THP-1 macrophage cell line. A rough sputum-derived MABS isolate emerged as an isolate with higher virulence compared to others tested, as both a pellicle and cord former, survivor in the human cell models tested, inducer of high and prolonged production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the capacity to evade LL-37.

Conclusions
Findings support intraspecies variation between MABS isolates.

Significance and Impact of the Study
These data indicate subversion of host immune defenses by environmental and clinical MABS isolates is nuanced and maybe isolate dependent, providing new information regarding the pathogenesis of NTM infections.