bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does international patent collaboration have an effect on entrepreneurship?
Authors: Alonso-Martínez Daniel , González-Álvarez Nuria , Nieto Mariano 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEntrepreneurship is one of the main pillars of growth in any economy. Achieving a high rate of entrepreneurship in a region has become the priority objective of governments and firms. However, in many cases, new firm creation is conditioned by relations or collaboration in innovation with agents from other countries. Previous literature has analyzed the mechanisms that foster entrepreneurship. This paper attempts to shed light on the influence of international patent collaboration (IPC) on entrepreneurial activity at country level taking into account the timing of this relationship. An empirical study is proposed to verify whether IPC leads to greater entrepreneurship and to analyze the gestation period between international patenting actions and firm creation. Using the Generalized Method of Moments, the two hypotheses proposed were tested in a data panel of 30 countries for the period 2005–2017. Results show the influence of IPC in promoting entrepreneurship in the same year, but especially in the following year. The study offers implications for entrepreneurs and public agents. IPC affects the integration and interaction of international agents in a country, favors the production of new knowledge, and increases positive externalities in a territory. All this facilitates the creation of new companies with a high innovative component.
Substrate binding modes of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides to human ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) and inhibition by their bisphosphonic acid derivatives
Authors: Scaletti Emma , Huschmann Franziska U. , Mueller Uwe , Weiss Manfred S. , Sträter Norbert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman ecto-5-nucleotidase (CD73) is involved in purinergic signalling, which influences a diverse range of biological processes. CD73 hydrolyses AMP and is the major control point for the levels of extracellular adenosine. Inhibitors of CD73 thus block the immunosuppressive action of adenosine, a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, ADP and ATP are competitive inhibitors of CD73, with the most potent small-molecule inhibitors to date being non-hydrolysable ADP analogues. While AMP is the major substrate of the enzyme, CD73 has been reported to hydrolyse other 5′-nucleoside monophosphates. Based on a fragment screening campaign at the BESSY II synchrotron, we present the binding modes of various deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside monophosphates and of four additional fragments binding to the nucleoside binding site of the open form of the enzyme. Kinetic analysis of monophosphate hydrolysis shows that ribonucleotide substrates are favoured over their deoxyribose equivalents with AMP being the best substrate. We characterised the initial step of AMP hydrolysis, the binding mode of AMP to the open conformation of CD73 and compared that to other monophosphate substrates. In addition, the inhibitory activity of various bisphosphonic acid derivatives of nucleoside diphosphates was determined. Although AMPCP remains the most potent inhibitor, replacement of the adenine base with other purines or with pyrimidines increases the Ki value only between twofold and sixfold. On the other hand, these nucleobases offer new opportunities to attach substituents for improved pharmacological properties.
Two-dimensional Mapping of Bulk Residual Stress Using Cut Mouth Opening Displacement
Authors: Chighizola C. R. , Hill M. R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Prior work described an approach for mapping the two-dimensional spatial distribution of biaxial residual stress in plate-like samples, the approach combining multiple slitting measurements with elastic stress analysis.

Objective
This paper extends the prior work by applying a new variation of the slitting method that uses measurements of cut mouth opening displacement (CMOD) rather than back-face strain (BFS).

Methods
First, CMOD slitting is validated using an experiment where: BFS and CMOD are measured simultaneously on the same sample during incremental slitting; two residual stress profiles are computed, one from the BFS data and a second from the CMOD data; and the two residual stress profiles are compared. Following validation, multiple adjacent CMOD slitting measurements are used to construct two-dimensional maps of residual stress in plates cut from quenched aluminum.

Results
The two residual stress versus depth profiles, each computed separately from BFS or CMOD data, are in agreement, with compression near the plate boundaries (-150 MPa) and tension near the plate center (100 MPa); differences between the two stress profiles have a maximum of 25 MPa and a RMS of 7.2 MPa. Repeated biaxial residual stress mapping measurements show the CMOD technique is repeatable, and complementary contour method measurements show the mappings are valid. Aspects of CMOD and BFS deformations during slitting are also described and show they are generally complementary but that CMOD slitting is favorable in narrow samples.
The Value of Subjective Visual Vertical in Diagnosis of Vestibular Migraine
Authors: Li Fei , Xu Jin , Li Gen-ru , Gao Rui , Shang Chen-yong , Tian E. , Kong Wei-jia , Zhuang Jian-hua , Zhang Su-lin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective
To study the value of the subjective visual vertical (SVV) in the diagnosis of vestibular migraine (VM).

Methods
This study recruited 128 VM patients and 64 age-matched normal subjects. We detected the SVV during the interval between attacks in both groups, in sitting upright, and the head tilted at 45° to the left or right. We then examined the correlation between the SVV results with the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) and canal paresis (CP).

Results
It was found there was a significant difference in SVV at the upright position between VM patients and normal controls (P=0.006) and no significant difference was found at the tilts of 45° to the left or right between the two groups. The SVV results at the upright position were significantly correlated with cervical VEMP (P=0.042) whereas not significantly correlated with CP and VEMP. There existed no significant difference in the conformity to the Müller effect (M effect) between the two groups. ROC analysis exhibited that the sensitivity, specificity of SVVs at the upright were 67.200% and 62.500% respectively. The diagnostic value of SVV at the upright position was significantly higher than that at tilts of 45° to the left and right (P=0.006). Nonetheless the diagnostic accuracy was relatively low.

Conclusion
Abnormality in SVV possibly stems from the lasting functional disorder of cerebellar or high-level cortical centers in VM patients or is linked to the vestibular compensation. The SVV is of low diagnostic value for VM and the value of SVV in VM warrants further study.
Scalp Acupuncture Protects Against Neuronal Ferroptosis by Activating The p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway in Rat Models of Intracranial Haemorrhage
Authors: Li Ming-Yue , Dai Xiao-Hong , Yu Xue-Ping , Zou Wei , Teng Wei , Liu Peng , Yu Xin-Yang , An Qi , Wen Xin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) can be a catastrophic event; even if the initial stages of the pathology were well-managed, a number of patients experience varied residual neurological deficits following the insult. Ferroptosis is a recently identified type of cell demise which is tightly linked to the neurological impairment associated with ICH. In the current work, the prophylactic impact of scalp acupuncture (SA) therapy on autologous blood injection murine models of ICH was investigated in order to establish whether SA could mitigate the secondary damage arising following ICH by moderating ferroptosis. The pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this process were also explored. Ludmila Belayev tests were utilised for the characterisation of neurological damage. Haematoxylin–eosin staining was employed in order to determine the cerebral impact of the induced ICH. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron titres in peri-haemorrhagic cerebral tissues were appraised using purchased assay kits. Transmission electron microscopy delineated mitochondrial appearances within nerve cell bodies from the area of haemorrhage. Western blotting techniques were utilised to assay the degree of protein expression of NeuN, sequestosome 1 (p62), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1). The frequencies of Nrf2, GPX4 and FTH1 positive cells, respectively, were documented with immunohistochemical staining. The results demonstrated that therapy with SA after ICH mitigated MDA and iron sequestration, diminished the appearance of contracted mitochondria with increased outer mitochondrial membrane diameter within the nerve cell bodies, and suppressed neuronal ferroptosis. The pathways responsible for these effects may encompass amplified p62, Nrf2, GPX4 and FTH1 expression, together with decreased Keap1 expression. Application of SA reduced identified neurobehavioural abnormalities after ICH; no disparities were observed between the consequences of SA therapy and deferoxamine delivery. It can be surmised that intervention with SA enhanced recovery after ICH by triggering the antioxidant pathway, p62/Keap1/Nrf2, and causing FTH1 and GPX4 upregulation, factors that participate in diminishing excess iron and thus in mitigating lipid peroxidation insults arising from ferroptosis following ICH.
Spatial distribution and the facility evaluation of the service and rest areas in the toll motorway network of the European Union
Authors: Pérez-Acebo Heriberto , Romo-Martín Ander , Findley Daniel J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAmong safety countermeasures for roads, service and rest areas play a vital role, providing a place to stop or rest during a journey and offering services such as petrol stations. Due to their importance, they must be logically distributed along routes at convenient locations with respect to travel itineraries and must be conveniently equipped. These needs become even more apparent on motorways that charge a toll to use the road, because drivers tend avoid leaving the motorway until they have reached their planned destination or departure point. The objective of this paper is to explore the spatial distribution of the service and rest areas on the toll motorways (or freeways) in the European Union (EU) and their facilities. Additionally, the distance and facility specifications established by the regulations of each country were compared. The EU was selected for this evaluation because of the virtual inexistency of borders and the substantial international traffic volumes that result from this relatively free flow of traffic between countries. Countries with a toll road network over 100 km were included: Italy, Portugal, France, Spain, Poland, Greece, and the Slovak Republic. Analysis of average and maximum distances between areas and the facilities provided showed a great variability due to different distribution policies. Few regulations exist that establish maximum distances between areas. Standardization of the spatial distribution of these facilities, on both free and tolled roadways, in the EU would benefit drivers, especially on long journeys, creating a consistent and predictable network of areas and services.
The impact of endogenous estrogen exposures on the characteristics and outcomes of estrogen receptor positive, early breast cancer
Authors: Korzets Yasmin , Yariv Orly , Mutai Raz , Moore Assaf , Shochat Tzippy , Yerushalmi Rinat , Goldvaser Hadar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Menstrual and parity history might impact the risk for breast cancer. Data on the impact of these factors on other tumor characteristics are limited.

Methods
A single center retrospective cohort study comprising all women with estrogen receptor (ER) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative, early breast cancer whose tumors were sent to OncotypeDX analysis. The prespecified subgroups were investigated: age of menarche (< 12 vs. ≥ 12 years), number of deliveries (0 vs. ≥ 1 childbirth and ≥ 5 childbirth vs. other), age of first delivery (≥ 30 years vs. younger age) and postmenopausal compared to premenopausal. The impact of age of menopause was also assessed categorically, using early (< 45 years) and late age of menopause (> 55 years). Differences in tumor characteristics were evaluated using T-test or Mann Whitney for continuous variables or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Outcomes were assessed by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, with the log-rank test.

Results
A total of 620 women were included. After median follow-up of 10.4 years, early menopause was associated with significantly worse disease-free survival (HR = 2.26, p = 0.004) and overall-survival (HR = 2.60, p = 0.004), and multiparity was associated with significant worse disease-free survival (HR = 2.16, p = 0.026). These differences remain significant in multivariate analyses. Post-menopausal women were more likely to have stronger ER intensity (p = 0.002) but progesterone receptor (PR) positivity was less frequent (p = 0.009(. Early age of menarche was associated with PR positivity (p = 0.039). No other associations were found between the evaluated subgroups and tumor characteristics.

Conclusions
The impact of endogenous estrogen exposure had little effect on breast cancer characteristics of early stage, luminal disease. Early menopause and multiparity were associated with worse outcome.
Lesestrategien zur Unterstützung des Verstehens von Textaufgaben. Vermittlung und Routinen im Mathematikunterricht aus Sicht von Lehrkräften und Lernenden
Authors: Schmitz Anke , Karstens Fabiana 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungLesestrategien sind bedeutsam, wenn Textaufgaben zu bearbeiten sind und die in der Aufgabe dargestellte Situation verstanden werden muss. Die Studie betrachtet die Vermittlung von Lesestrategien im Mathematikunterricht aus Sicht von Lehrkräften sowie Lernenden und untersucht, in welcher Relation die Sichtweisen stehen. Im Fokus stehen beide Perspektiven, um basierend auf vorliegenden Konvergenzen Aufschluss über Unterrichtsroutinen zu erhalten und angesichts zunehmender Heterogenität differenzielle Wahrnehmungen in der Gruppe der Lernenden zu ermitteln. 60 Lehrpersonen und 261 Lernende wurden zur Vermittlung von (meta-)kognitiven Lesestrategiearten, der Instruktionsweise bei der Strategievermittlung sowie zur Relevanz von Lesestrategien im Unterricht befragt. Während zwischen beiden Perspektiven Konvergenzen in der Wahrnehmung der Vermittlung kognitiver Lesestrategien sowie der Relevanz der Thematik bestehen, unterscheiden sie sich bezüglich der Vermittlung metakognitiver Lesestrategien sowie der Instruktionsweise. Zudem zeigt eine profilspezifische Betrachtung der Wahrnehmungen innerhalb der Lernenden, dass sie die Vermittlung von Lesestrategien im Mathematikunterricht in Abhängigkeit des Leseverständnisses differenziell einschätzen: Lernende mit schlechteren Leseverständniswerten nehmen die Vermittlung von Lesestrategien im Unterricht in höherem Maße wahr als die Lernenden mit besseren Leseverständniswerten.
Longitudinal Risk Profiles for Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Dating Aggression: a Latent Profile Analysis with Spanish Adolescents
Authors: Nocentini Annalaura , Muñoz-Fernández Noelia , Menesini Ersilia , Sánchez-Jiménez Virginia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Understanding the specific risk profile for distinct forms of dating aggression (DA) is very informative to define cross-cutting interventions. The study aims to evaluate whether specific profiles of risk defined using a person-oriented approach predicted physical, sexual, and psychological DA after 6 months.

Methods
Eight hundred sixty-six Spanish adolescents were interviewed at two time points (50.5% male; average age = 15.04). Latent profile analysis at T1 was used to delineate profiles of individual and relational risk.

Results
A three-class model best represents the data: a “normative” class (N = 768; 88%); a “highly aggressive” class characterized by acceptance of violent norms, bullying behaviors, and anger dysregulation (N = 13, 1.5%); a “jealous-conflictual” class characterized by cognitive and emotional jealousy, negative couple quality, and anger dysregulation (N = 85, 10%). Controlling for age, sex, and longitudinal stability, physical DA was predicted significantly by the “highly aggressive” profile (β = .11; p < .05), psychological DA by the “jealous-conflictual” profile (β = .16; p < .01), and sexual DA by the “jealous-conflictual” (β = .20; p < .001) and “highly aggressive” profile as a trend (β = .08; p = .071).

Conclusions
Specific risk profiles differentially predict risk for physical, sexual, and psychological DA perpetration. A general aggressive pattern predicts physical DA and sexual DA weakly, whereas psychological and sexual DA are associated with a couple of risks, where the dimension of jealousy, control, and conflict characterizes the dynamic between partners.

Policy Implications
Findings suggested that physical DA, and at a lower level sexual DA, should be prevented using cross-cutting strategies on general aggression. Psychological and sexual DA might require more contextually based interventions.
The exploration of N6-deoxyadenosine methylation in mammalian genomes
Authors: Li Xuwen , Zhang Zijian , Luo Xinlong , Schrier Jacob , Yang Andrew D. , Wu Tao P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractN6-methyladenine (N6-mA, m6dA, or 6mA), a prevalent DNA modification in prokaryotes, has recently been identified in higher eukaryotes, including mammals. Although 6mA has been well-studied in prokaryotes, the function and regulatory mechanism of 6mA in eukaryotes are still poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that 6mA can serve as an epigenetic mark and play critical roles in various biological processes, from transposable-element suppression to environmental stress response. Here, we review the significant advances in methodology for 6mA detection and major progress in understanding the regulation and function of this non-canonical DNA methylation in eukaryotes, predominantly mammals.
Surface Modification of Space Exposed Materials Induced by Low Energetic Proton Irradiation
Authors: Keil Denise , Seiz Frederic , Bartels Nils , Riede Wolfgang , Sznajder Maciej , Renger Thomas , Spröwitz Tom 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to verify if commonly occurring space debris materials change their reflectivity and morphology after being exposed to low energy protons. Therefore, a set of six different materials frequently used in spacecraft engineering was irradiated with low energy (100 keV) protons to simulate the aging of their surfaces due to space radiation in low Earth orbit (LEO). A microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of the irradiated samples reveals that the tested materials containing organic polymers (Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)) show changes in surface morphology. Metallic surfaces did not show surface modifications but we found changes in the reflectivity of coated polyimide sheets, like used in Multi Layer Insulation blankets, during and after proton irradiation. Our results show that space materials exhibit significant changes after irradiation equivalent to the dose accumulated after 100 years in LEO. This knowledge is highly relevant for the interpretation of optical data related to the observation of space debris as well as to studies about laser-matter interaction for laser-based debris removal.
Gene expression profile in functioning and non-functioning nodules of autonomous multinodular goiter from an area of iodine deficiency: unexpected common characteristics between the two entities
Authors: Agretti P. , De Marco G. , Ferrarini E. , Di Cosmo C. , Montanelli L. , Bagattini B. , Chiovato L. , Tonacchera M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Toxic multinodular goiter is a heterogeneous disease associated with hyperthyroidism frequently detected in areas with deficient iodine intake, and functioning and non-functioning nodules, characterized by increased proliferation but opposite functional activity, may coexist in the same gland. To understand the distinct molecular pathology of each entity present in the same gland, the gene expression profile was evaluated by using the Affymetrix technology.

Methods
Total RNA was extracted from nodular and healthy tissues of two patients and double-strand cDNA was synthesized. Biotinylated cRNA was obtained and, after chemical fragmentation, was hybridized on U133A and B arrays. Each array was stained and the acquired images were analyzed to obtain the expression levels of the transcripts. Both functioning and non-functioning nodules were compared versus healthy tissue of the corresponding patient.

Results
About 16% of genes were modulated in functioning nodules, while in non-functioning nodules only 9% of genes were modulated with respect to the healthy tissue. In functioning nodules of both patients and up-regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 was observed, suggesting the presence of a possible feedback control of proliferation. Complement components C1s, C7 and C3 were down-regulated in both types of nodules, suggesting a silencing of the innate immune response. Cellular fibronectin precursor was up-regulated in both functioning nodules suggesting a possible increase of endothelial cells. Finally, Frizzled-1 was down-regulated only in functioning nodules, suggesting a role of Wnt signaling pathway in the proliferation and differentiation of these tumors. None of the thyroid-specific gene was deregulated in microarray analysis.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the main finding from our data is a similar modulation for both kinds of nodules in genes possibly implicated in thyroid growth.
Evaluating the Application of Heating Conductor Surfaces Inside Plasma Sprayed Coatings in Permanent Mold Metal Casting Processes for Local, Near-Surface Heat Release
Authors: Vossel T. , Gor S. , Pustal B. , Bührig-Polaczek A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWith casting being a complex process which involves several physical effects and interactions, a wide array of means for influencing such processes exist. Here, the liquid–solid phase change is of utmost importance, as it is a deciding factor for a part’s final properties. Especially with today’s high critical material property requirements, control of the solidification process is indispensable. For the most part, the cooling of a casting defines its solidification. What determines the cooling process is the heat balance of the system. The foundry industry has been using different approaches for influencing the heat balance for a long time. The application of different kinds of coatings with either insulating or heat transfer promoting properties as well as temperature control via cooling channels inside the mold is widely used. Progress in the field of plasma spraying of coatings and the application of heating conductor surfaces have rendered a new concept possible: The integration of heating conductors inside a coating allows for the release of heat in closest vicinity of the melt–mold interface. This paper depicts the use of numerical simulations to investigate the local application of heating conductor layers inside the mold surface coating for a permanent mold casting process and discusses concepts for influencing the heat balance that would not be possible with state-of-the-art cooling channel approaches.