bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Settlement yields in large‐scale in situ culture of Caribbean coral larvae for restoration
Authors: Miller Margaret W. , Latijnhouwers Kelly R. W. , Bickel Aric , Mendoza‐Quiroz Sandra , Schick Mark , Burton Keoki , Banaszak Anastazia T. 
Published: July 2021

The dire state of coral reefs demands a rapid increase in the scale and efficiency of coral restoration methods in addition to mitigating local and global stressors. Larval propagation can provide vast numbers of coral propagules from an individual spawning event and increased genetic diversity in restored populations. The conversion of embryos collected from wild, broadcast‐spawning populations to settlers that can be outplanted to the reef is a key component of this production process. We present preliminary results on settlement yield (i.e. % embryos converted to settled polyps on outplantable substrates) following in situ mass culture in floating mesocosms (Coral Rearing In‐situ Basins, or CRIBs; 5.6 m3 volume, 5.4 m2 surface area) that can be implemented independent of land‐based facilities. Ten trials over 2 years were conducted in three locations using five Caribbean broadcast‐spawning species. Embryos were added at different stocking densities and settlement was scored 2–4 weeks after fertilization. Two trials failed, resulting in no effective settlement, but the remaining eight trials resulted in between 1% and 11% settlement yield (overall mean 5.3%) and 77–100% of substrates exposed to larvae acquired settlers (average production: 700 substrates trial−1). Parallel land‐based trials showed a similar range (<1–14%) and mean (3.6%) settlement yield over nine trials. These values are also similar to the previously published lab and field‐based trials using Pacific Acropora spp. Continued optimization of CRIB design and execution is expected to improve consistency, overall yield, and efficiency in the production of sexual propagules for restoration.
Creep deformation measurement of ex‐service 12% Cr steel over nonuniform stress fields using digital image correlation
Authors: van Rooyen Melody , Forsey Alexander N. , Gungor Salih , Becker Thorsten H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDeterioration assessment of materials is essential to the continued effective operation of critical components in thermal power plants. Establishing the degree of creep exhaustion of power engineering alloys operating at high temperatures and stresses guides maintenance strategies to ensure reliable plant operation. Within progressive inspection philosophies, traditional laboratory‐based creep testing is often difficult to conduct on ex‐service steel due to the limited material availability from which to machine standard specimen geometries. This work investigates a technique for the measurement of creep strain curves at several stresses and at 600°C from a single test using a nontraditional specimen geometry together with full‐field strain measurement through digital image correlation (DIC). Of interest is ex‐service X20CrMoV12‐1 (X20) which is widely used in older, subcritical thermal power plants. The paper aims to show that multiple creep curves can be resolved over a spatially varying stress field using DIC whilst preserving material economy. Differences in creep behaviour between ex‐service X20 with varying levels of service exposure are evident from quantitative comparisons of the creep strain and rate curves through threshold stress computation which agrees with hardness measurements and microstructural observation of subgrains and precipitates using electron microscopy. These single‐specimen tests yield high densities of creep data which can be used in the calibration of creep damage models for characterisation of ex‐service X20.
A kinematic reconstruction of Iberia using intracontinental strike‐slip corridors
Authors: Frasca Gianluca , Manatschal Gianreto , Cadenas Patricia , Miró Jordi , Lescoutre Rodolphe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite considerable progress in restoring rifted margins, none of the current kinematic models can restore the Mesozoic motion of the Iberian block in full agreement with the circum‐Iberian geology. This conflict requires a revision of the kinematic description at the onset of divergence. The circum‐Iberian region has a unique geological dataset that allows calibration and testing of kinematic reconstructions and therefore it is an ideal candidate for testing intracontinental restoration approaches. Here we define intracontinental deforming regions, referred to as strike‐slip corridors, based on alignments of Mesozoic rift basins and/or transfer zones bordering rigid continental blocks. We use these strike‐slip corridors and data from the southern N‐Atlantic and Tethys to define the motion path of the Flemish Cap, Ebro and Iberia continental blocks. The resulting Mesozoic kinematic model for the Iberian block is compatible with recently published data and interpretations describing the Mesozoic circum‐Iberian geology. Large‐scale intracontinental strike‐slip corridors may offer a valid boundary condition for reconstructing continental block motion at the onset of divergence in intracontinental settings.
The spillover effect of trade policy along the value Chain: Evidence from China's rare earth‐related sectors
Authors: Chen Zhe , Hu Zhongzhong , Li Kai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study examines the heterogeneous spillover effects of an export control policy from an upstream sector to its related downstream sectors. In 2010, China implemented tough policies on rare earth production and export that created a significant price premium for rare earth in foreign markets, thus offering downstream sectors in China cost advantages over their foreign competitors. This study exploits China's policy as an exogenous shock and performs a detailed examination of Chinese customs data. The results show that the export control policy has increased the export price of rare earth downstream products from China, whereas the effects on export quantity and value have been heterogeneous across sectors: they are significant for sectors in which the rare earth cost share is high, and the elasticity of substitution is low.
Development of a new thermal time model for describing tuber sprouting of Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.)
Authors: Mijani Sajad , Rastgoo Mehdi , Ghanbari Ali , Nassiri Mahallati Mehdi , González‐Andújar José L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTubers are the main means of propagation in purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), one of the most troublesome weeds competing in crop and pasture systems throughout the world. Tuber sprouting is highly linked to temperature, the main environmental factor limiting the growth of purple nutsedge. In the present study, a new thermal time model was developed for describing the temperature‐dependent tuber sprouting of purple nutsedge. This model was validated based on results from a laboratory tuber sprouting experiment performed under different temperature regimes. The proposed model is an integration of three equations comprising those of Gompertz, Dent like, and Segmented (GDS) functions, developed for describing cumulative sprouting, final sprouting and sprouting rate of purple nutsedge tubers respectively. The Gompertz‐based model fitted the data well (R2 = 0.94, RMSE %< 10). This model was also able to predict lag time (time up to start of sprouting), final sprouting and sprouting rate. A Weibull‐based model was only able to estimate temperature thresholds based on the final sprouting. Whereas, the GDS model predicted related temperature thresholds according to both final sprouting (optimal in the range of 20.31–29.72°C) and the absolute sprouting rate (optimum at 29.96°C). In conclusion, the proposed model is simple and includes parameters of a biological significance, simultaneously generating estimates of useful temperature thresholds and fitting cumulative tuber sprouting of purple nutsedge. Our study has also proved the superiority of the absolute sprouting rate index when calculating the temperature thresholds.
Development of a Harmonic Balance Method-Based Numerical Strategy for Blade-Tip/Casing Interactions: Application to NASA Rotor 37
Authors: Colaïtis Yann , Batailly Alain 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this study, a frequency-domain approach based on the harmonic balance method coupled to a predictor-corrector continuation algorithm is implemented for the qualitative analysis of blade-tip/casing contacts in aircraft engines. Unilateral contact and dry friction are taken into account through a regularized penalty law. To enhance the robustness of the methodology, particular attention is paid to the mitigation of the Gibbs phenomenon. To this end, the employed Alternating Frequency/Time scheme features a Lanczos σ-approximation so that spurious oscillations of the computed nonlinear contact forces become negligible. This approach is applied in combination with a model reduction technique on an industrial compressor blade: NASA rotor 37. In order to assess the influence of both the contact law regularization and the Lanczos σ-approximation, obtained results are thoroughly compared to an existing time integration-based numerical strategy relying on a Lagrange multiplier-based approach for contact treatment and that was previously confronted to experimental results. Presented results underline the very good agreement between the proposed methodology and the reference time integration numerical strategy. The proposed developments thus complement existing results on blade-tip/casing contact adding a much needed qualitative understanding of the interaction and an accurate assessment of the contact stiffening phenomenon.
The unevenness of the north Iberian crustal root, a snapshot of an elusive stage in margin reactivation
Authors: Fernández-Viejo Gabriela , Cadenas Patricia , Acevedo Jorge , Llana-Fúnez Sergio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCrustal roots are identified in collision chains worldwide. Frequently mirroring the summits of mountain systems, they elegantly encapsulate the concept of isostasy. The rugged topography of northern Iberia results from convergence with the European plate during the Alpine orogeny that formed the Pyrenean-Cantabrian mountain range. From east to west, the range comprises three distinct parts: the Pyrenees, the Basque Cantabrian region, and the Cantabrian Mountains. The identification of the Pyrenean root in the 1980s and the observation of a similar geometry beneath the Cantabrian range in the 1990s gave place to the current view of crustal thickening as a continuous feature, resulting from the northward subduction of Iberian crust. Recent developments in rift architecture have delivered a complex rifting template for the area prior to convergence, and contrasting views based on two-dimensional restorations have led to a debate over its evolution. A crucial geophysical constraint is Moho topography. Using two different data sets and techniques, we present the most accurate Moho surface to date, evidencing abrupt changes throughout the orogen. The complexity of hyperextended margins underlies the current Moho topography, and this is ultimately transferred to the nonuniform orogenic pattern found in northern Iberia.
Reactions of Malononitrile Dimer with Isothiocyanates
Authors: Dotsenko V. V. , Bespalov A. V. , Russkikh A. A. , Kindop V. K. , Aksenov N. A. , Aksenova I. V. , Shcherbakov S. V. , Ovcharov S. N . 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The reaction of 2-amino-1,1,3-tricyanopropene (malononitrile dimer) with
isothiocyanates leads to 1-substituted
4,6-diamino-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles or
4,6-diamino-2-(phenylimino)-2H-thiopyran-3,5-dicarbonitrile, depending on the conditions.
Quantum-chemical modeling of the IR spectra and reaction routes for the
synthesized compounds was carried out. In
silico predictive analysis of potential protein targets,
compliance with bioavailability criteria, and ADMET parameters was
performed.
Impact of early cholecystectomy on the readmission rate in patients with acute gallstone cholangitis: a retrospective single-centre study
Authors: Hoilat Gilles Jadd , Hoilat Judie Noemie , Abu-Zaid Ahmed , Raleig Julia , Toth Joseph , Mandal Amrenda , Sostre Vanessa , Carvounis Christos , Sapkota Bishnu 
Published: July 2021

Background and aimsThe pathogenesis of acute cholangitis (AC) occurs with biliary obstruction followed by bacterial growth in the bile duct. The leading cause of AC is obstructing gallstones. There have been conflicting theories about the optimal timing for cholecystectomy following AC. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of early cholecystectomy on the 30-day readmission rate, 30-day mortality, 90-day readmission rate and the length of hospital stay.MethodsThis retrospective study was performed between January 2015 and January 2021 in a high-volume tertiary referral teaching hospital. Included patients were 18 years or older with a definitive diagnosis of acute gallstone cholangitis who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with complete clearance of the bile duct as an index procedure. We divided the patients into two groups: patients who underwent ERCP alone and those who underwent ERCP with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) on the same admission (ERCP+LC). Data were extracted from electronic medical records. The primary endpoint of the study was the 30-day readmission rate.ResultsA total of 114 patients with AC met the inclusion criteria of the study. The ERCP+LC group had significantly lower rates of 30-day readmission (2.2% vs 42.6%, p<0.001), 90-day readmission (2.2% vs 30.9%, p<0.001) and 30-day mortality (2.2% vs 16.2%, p=0.017) when compared with the ERCP group. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients in the ERCP+LC group had 90% lower odds of 30-day readmission compared with patients who did not undergo LC during admission (OR=0.1, 95% CI (0.032 to 0.313), p<0.001).ConclusionPerforming LC on same day admission was associated with a decrease in 30-day and 90-day readmission rate as well as 30-day mortality.
Health expenditures by services and providers for 195 countries, 2000–2017
Authors: Schneider Matthew T , Chang Angela Y , Chapin Abigail , Chen Catherine S , Crosby Sawyer W , Harle Anton C , Tsakalos Golsum , Zlavog Bianca S , Dieleman Joseph L 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionNational Health Accounts are a significant source of health expenditure data, designed to be comprehensive and comparable across countries. However, there is currently no single repository of this data and even when compiled major gaps persist. This research aims to provide policymakers and researchers with a single repository of available national health expenditures by healthcare functions (ie, services) and providers of such services. Leveraging these data within statistical methods, a complete set of detailed health expenditures is estimated.MethodsA methodical compilation and synthesis of all available national health expenditure reports including disaggregation by healthcare functions and providers was conducted. Using these data, a Bayesian multivariate regression analysis was implemented to estimate national-level health expenditures by the cross-classification of functions and providers for 195 countries, from 2000 to 2017.ResultsThis research used 1662 country-years and 110 070 data points of health expenditures from existing National Health Accounts. The most detailed country-year had 52% of the categories of interest reported. Of all health functions, curative care and medical goods were estimated to make up 51.4% (uncertainty interval (UI) 33.2% to 59.4%) and 17.5% (UI 13.0% to 26.9%) of total global health expenditures in 2017, respectively. Three-quarters of the global health expenditures are allocated to three categories of providers: hospital providers (35.4%, UI 30.3% to 38.9%), providers of ambulatory care (25.5%, UI 21.1% to 28.8%) and retailers of medical goods (14.4%, UI 12.4% to 16.3%). As gross domestic product increases, countries spend more on long-term care and less on preventive care.ConclusionDisaggregated estimates of health expenditures are often unavailable and unable to provide policymakers and researchers a holistic understanding of how expenditures are used. This research aggregates reported data and provides a complete time-series of estimates, with uncertainty, of health expenditures by health functions and providers between 2000 and 2017 for 195 countries.
Anticipating the future: prognostic tools as a complementary strategy to improve care for patients with febrile illnesses in resource-limited settings
Authors: Chandna Arjun , Osborn Jennifer , Bassat Quique , Bell David , Burza Sakib , D’Acremont Valérie , Fernandez-Carballo B Leticia , Kain Kevin C , Mayxay Mayfong , Wiens Matthew , Dittrich Sabine 
Published: July 2021

In low-income and middle-income countries, most patients with febrile illnesses present to peripheral levels of the health system where diagnostic capacity is very limited. In these contexts, accurate risk stratification can be particularly impactful, helping to guide allocation of scarce resources to ensure timely and tailored care. However, reporting of prognostic research is often imprecise and few prognostic tests or algorithms are translated into clinical practice.Here, we review the often-conflated concepts of prognosis and diagnosis, with a focus on patients with febrile illnesses. Drawing on a recent global stakeholder consultation, we apply these concepts to propose three use-cases for prognostic tools in the management of febrile illnesses in resource-limited settings: (1) guiding referrals from the community to higher-level care; (2) informing resource allocation for patients admitted to hospital and (3) identifying patients who may benefit from closer follow-up post-hospital discharge. We explore the practical implications for new technologies and reflect on the challenges and knowledge gaps that must be addressed before this approach could be incorporated into routine care settings.Our intention is that these use-cases, alongside other recent initiatives, will help to promote a harmonised yet contextualised approach for prognostic research in febrile illness. We argue that this is especially important given the heterogeneous settings in which care is often provided for patients with febrile illnesses living in low-income and middle-income countries.
National optimisation of accessibility to emergency obstetrical and neonatal care in Togo: a geospatial analysis
Authors: Curtis Andrew , Monet Jean-Pierre , Brun Michel , Bindaoudou Issa Abdou-Kérim , Daoudou Idrissou , Schaaf Marta , Agbigbi Yawo , Ray Nicolas 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesImproving access to emergency obstetrical and neonatal care (EmONC) is a key strategy for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. Access is shaped by several factors, including service availability and geographical accessibility. In 2013, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Togo used service availability and other criteria to designate particular facilities as EmONC facilities, facilitating efficient allocation of limited resources. In 2018, the MoH further revised and rationalised this health facility network by applying an innovative methodology using health facility characteristics and geographical accessibility modelling to optimise timely access to EmONC services. This study compares the geographical accessibility of the network established in 2013 and the smaller network developed in 2018.DesignWe used data regarding travel modes and speeds, geographical barriers and topographical and urban constraints, to estimate travel times to the nearest EmONC facilities. We compared the EmONC network of 109 facilities established in 2013 with the one composed of 73 facilities established in 2018, using three travel scenarios (walking and motorised, motorcycle-taxi and walking-only).ResultsWhen walking and motorised travel is considered, the 2013 EmONC network covers 81% and 96.6% of the population at the 1-hour and 2-hour limit, respectively. These figures are slightly higher when motorcycle-taxis are considered (82.8% and 98%), and decreased to 34.7% and 52.3% for the walking-only scenario. The 2018 prioritised EmONC network covers 78.3% (1-hour) and 95.5% (2-hour) of the population for the walking and motorised scenario.ConclusionsBy factoring in geographical accessibility modelling to our iterative EmONC prioritisation process, the MoH was able to decrease the designated number of EmONC facilities in Togo by about 30%, while still ensuring that a high proportion of the population has timely access to these services. However, the physical access to EmONC for women unable to afford motorised transport remains inequitable.
Using electronic health records to develop and validate a machine-learning tool to predict type 2 diabetes outcomes: a study protocol
Authors: Neves Ana Luisa , Pereira Rodrigues Pedro , Mulla Abdulrahim , Glampson Ben , Willis Tony , Darzi Ara , Mayer Erik 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, myocardial infarction, stroke and lower limb amputation. We are still unable, however, to accurately predict or identify which patients are at a higher risk of deterioration. Most risk stratification tools do not account for novel factors such as sociodemographic determinants, self-management ability or access to healthcare. Additionally, most tools are based in clinical trials, with limited external generalisability.ObjectiveThe aim of this work is to design and validate a machine learning-based tool to identify patients with T2DM at high risk of clinical deterioration, based on a comprehensive set of patient-level characteristics retrieved from a population health linked dataset.Sample and designRetrospective cohort study of patients with diagnosis of T2DM on 1 January 2015, with a 5-year follow-up. Anonymised electronic healthcare records from the Whole System Integrated Care (WSIC) database will be used.Preliminary outcomesOutcome variables of clinical deterioration will include retinopathy, chronic renal disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease or death. Predictor variables will include sociodemographic and geographic data, patients’ ability to self-manage disease, clinical and metabolic parameters and healthcare service usage. Prognostic models will be defined using multidependence Bayesian networks. The derivation cohort, comprising 80% of the patients, will be used to define the prognostic models. Model parameters will be internally validated by comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in the derivation cohort with those calculated from a leave-one-out and a 10 times twofold cross-validation.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received approvals from the Information Governance Committee at the WSIC. Results will be made available to people with T2DM, their caregivers, the funders, diabetes care societies and other researchers.