bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Search for smart evaders with sweeping agents
Authors: Francos Roee M. , Bruckstein Alfred M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSuppose in a given planar circular region, there are smart mobile evaders and we want to find them using sweeping agents. We assume the sweeping agents are in a line formation whose total length is predetermined. We propose procedures for designing a sweeping process that ensures the successful completion of the task, thereby deriving conditions on the sweeping velocity of the linear formation and its path. Successful completion of the task means that evaders with a given limit on their velocity cannot escape the sweeping agents. We present results on the search time given the initial conditions.
Double burden of underweight and overweight among Indian adults: spatial patterns and social determinants
Authors: Bhandari Pravat , Gayawan Ezra , Yadav Suryakant 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:The current study explores the spatial patterns of underweight and overweight among adult men and women in districts of India and identifies the micro-geographical locations where the risks of underweight and overweight are simultaneously prevalent, after accounting for demographic and socio-economic factors.Design:We relied on BMI (weight (kg)/height squared (m2)), a measure of nutritional status among adult individuals, from the 2015–2016 National Family and Health Survey. Underweight was defined as <18·5 kg/m2 and overweight as ≥25·0 kg/m2.Setting:We adopted Bayesian structured additive quantile regression to model the underlying spatial structure in underweight and overweight burden.Participants:Men aged 15–54 years (sample size: 108 092) and women aged 15–49 years (sample size: 642 002).Results:About 19·7 % of men and 22·9 % of women were underweight, and 19·6 % of men and 20·6 % of women were overweight. Results indicate that malnutrition burden in adults exhibits geographical divides across the country. Districts located in the central, western and eastern regions show higher risks of underweight. There is evidence of substantial spatial clustering of districts with higher risk of overweight in southern and northern India. While finding a little evidence on double burden of malnutrition among population groups, we identified a total of sixty-six double burden districts.Conclusions:The current study demonstrates that the geographical burden of overweight in Indian adults is yet to surpass that of underweight, but the coexistence of double burden of underweight and overweight in selected regions presents a new challenge for improving nutritional status and necessitates specialised policy initiatives.
Correlative Approach for Atom Probe Sample Preparation of Interfaces Using Plasma Focused Ion Beam Without Lift-Out
Authors: Rielli Vitor Vieira , Theska Felix , Primig Sophie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlasma focused ion beam microscopy (PFIB) is a recent nanofabrication technique that is suitable for site-specific atom probe sample preparation. Higher milling rates and fewer artifacts make it superior to Ga+ FIBs for the preparation of samples where large volumes of material must be removed, for example, when trying to avoid lift-out techniques. Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) is a method that has facilitated phase identification and crystallographic measurements in such electron transparent samples. We propose a procedure for preparing atom probe tomography (APT) tips from mechanically prepared ribbons by using PFIB. This is highly suitable for the preparation of atom probe tips of interfaces such as interphase boundaries from challenging materials where lift-out tips easily fracture. Our method, in combination with TKD, allows the positioning of regions of interest such as interfaces close to the apex of the tip. We showcase the efficacy of the proposed method in a case study on Alloy 718, where the interface between γ-matrix and δ-phase has not been yet extensively explored through APT due to preparation challenges. Results show depletion of γ″-precipitates near the γ/δ interface. A quantitative evaluation of the composition of phases in the bulk versus near the interface is achieved.
DEFORMATIONS OF THE VERONESE EMBEDDING AND FINSLER
-SPHERES OF CONSTANT CURVATURE
Authors: Lange Christian , Mettler Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe establish a one-to-one correspondence between, on the one hand, Finsler structures on the

$2$
-sphere with constant curvature

$1$
and all geodesics closed, and on the other hand, Weyl connections on certain spindle orbifolds whose symmetric Ricci curvature is positive definite and whose geodesics are all closed. As an application of our duality result, we show that suitable holomorphic deformations of the Veronese embedding

$\mathbb {CP}(a_1,a_2)\rightarrow \mathbb {CP}(a_1,(a_1+a_2)/2,a_2)$
of weighted projective spaces provide examples of Finsler

$2$
-spheres of constant curvature whose geodesics are all closed.
A wideband, compact, high gain, low-profile, monopole antenna using wideband artificial magnetic conductor for off-body communications
Authors: Hazarika Bidisha , Basu Banani , Nandi Arnab 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA wideband staircase pattern defected ground monopole antenna integrated with an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) reflector has been proposed for C-band (4–8 GHz) and ITU band (8.01–8.5 GHz) applications. The integrated antenna consists of a staircase antenna at top, a 2 × 2 AMC reflector at the bottom and an air substrate as gap between them. The AMC offers 18.5% ± 90° reflection phase bandwidth from 6.10 to 7.32 GHz. The AMC layer has achieved mu-negative properties in the designated band. The AMC proffers polarization independent behavior in the respective frequency band depicting robustness in AMC reflection phase characteristics. The integrated antenna has offered a wide impedance bandwidth of 2.78 GHz (42.8% at 6.5 GHz and 34.1% at 8.15 GHz) due to the defected ground monopole. The integration of wideband AMC beneath the staircase monopole antenna alters the out of phase radiation to in-phase planer pattern which enhances the peak gain up to 9.7 dB. It reduces the 1-g averaged specific absorption rate to 0.223 and 0.324 W/kg at the two designated bands. The structure maintains almost similar bandwidth and gain due to artificial human body loading.
Thallium Isotope Fractionation During Magma Degassing: Evidence From Experiments and Kamchatka Arc Lavas
Authors: Nielsen Sune G. , Shu Yunchao , Wood Bernard J. , Blusztajn Jerzy , Auro Maureen , Norris C. Ashley , Wörner Gerhard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThallium (Tl) isotope ratios are an emerging tool that can be used to trace crustal recycling processes in arc lavas and ocean island basalts (OIBs). Thallium is a highly volatile metal that is enriched in volcanic fumaroles, but it is unknown whether degassing of Tl from subaerial lavas has a significant effect on their residual Tl isotope compositions. Here, we present Tl isotope and concentration data from degassing experiments that are best explained by Rayleigh kinetic isotope fractionation during Tl loss. Our data closely follow predicted isotope fractionation models in which TlCl is the primary degassed species and where Tl loss is controlled by diffusion and natural convection, consistent with the slow gas advection velocity utilized during our experiments. We calculate that degassing into air should be associated with a net Tl isotope fractionation factor of αnet = 0.99969 for diffusion and natural gas convection (low gas velocities) and αnet = 0.99955 for diffusion and forced gas convection (high gas velocities). We also show that lavas from three volcanoes in the Kamchatka arc exhibit Tl isotope and concentration patterns that plot in between the two different gas convection regimes, implying that degassing played an important role in controlling the observed Tl isotope compositions in these three volcanoes. Literature inspection of Tl isotope data for subaerial lavas reveals that the majority of these appear only minorly affected by degassing, although a few samples from both OIBs and arc volcanoes can be identified that likely experienced some Tl degassing.
Modeling a Large Coastal Upwelling Event in Lake Superior
Authors: Li Yaru , Beletsky Dmitry , Wang Jia , Austin Jay , Kessler James , Fujisaki‐Manome Ayumi , Bai Peng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn extraordinary strong wind‐driven upwelling event occurred in Lake Superior in summer of 2010 when the lake was strongly stratified. In this paper, a detailed three‐dimensional (3‐D) investigation of the current and thermal structures during the upwelling event was conducted using in situ observations, remote sensing products, and the results of a long‐term numerical simulation. A 3‐D finite‐volume coupled ice–ocean model tailored for the Laurentian Great Lakes was employed for this purpose. The model was validated with temperature observations at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration buoys and mooring data from 2010. The upwelling event observed in satellite imagery and at a mooring station was reproduced by the model, showing a cooling of as much as 10°C in August 2010 along the northwestern coast. The relationship between the alongshore wind and the offshore thermocline displacement (upwelling front) derived in theoretical work (Csanady, 1977, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC082i003p00397) was used to calculate upwelling front movement offshore and found to be in in close agreement with model prediction. A significant correlation between alongshore wind stress and lake temperature change in the upwelling zone was found with a correlation coefficient of −0.87. A simple linear heat balance model explained most of variability in temperature.
Effect of Forest Canopy Structure on Wintertime Land Surface Albedo: Evaluating CLM5 Simulations With In‐Situ Measurements
Authors: Malle Johanna , Rutter Nick , Webster Clare , Mazzotti Giulia , Wake Leanne , Jonas Tobias 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLand Surface Albedo (LSA) of forested environments continues to be a source of uncertainty in land surface modeling, especially across seasonally snow covered domains. Assessment and improvement of global scale model performance has been hampered by the contrasting spatial scales of model resolution and in‐situ LSA measurements. In this study, point‐scale simulations of the Community Land Model 5.0 (CLM5) were evaluated across a large range of forest structures and solar angles at two climatically different locations. LSA measurements, using an uncrewed aerial vehicle with up and down‐looking shortwave radiation sensors, showed canopy structural shading of the snow surface exerted a primary control on LSA. Diurnal patterns of measured LSA revealed strong effects of both azimuth and zenith angles, neither of which were adequately represented in simulations. In sparse forest environments, LSA were overestimated by up to 66%. Further analysis revealed a lack of correlation between Plant Area Index (PAI), the primary canopy descriptor in CLM5, and measured LSA. Instead, measured LSA showed considerable correlation with the fraction of snow visible in the sensor's field of view, a correlation which increased further when only considering the sunlit fraction of visible snow. The use of effective PAI values as a simple first‐order correction for the discrepancy between measured and simulated LSA in sparse forest environments substantially improved model results (64%–76% RMSE reduction). However, the large biases suggest the need for a more generic solution, for example, by introducing a canopy metric that represents canopy gap fraction rather than assuming a spatially homogeneous canopy.
On the Assessment of Day‐To‐Day Occurrence of Equatorial Plasma Bubble
Authors: Das S. K. , Patra A. K. , K. Niranjan  
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we address the day‐to‐day variation in the development of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) using simultaneous observations made by the 30 MHz Gadanki Ionospheric Radar Interferometer (GIRI) and ionosonde (DPS‐4D) from Gadanki and C/NOFS. We show that wave‐like variations with horizontal wavelengths of 200–660 km observed prior to sunset have a close connection with EPB spacings. We also show that the locations of EPB development at their origins, which varied on a day‐to‐day basis, were as large as 2600 km from Gadanki. A detailed analysis clearly reveals the cause of such variability and provides clue as to where the background ionospheric conditions led to the growth of the Rayleigh Taylor instability (RTI) generating EPB and where they failed. Results clearly show that while ionosonde observations show great potential for understanding day‐to‐day variation and predicting EPB development overhead (within ±1° longitude), they are inadequate to assess the growth potential of EPB at longitudes away from a longitude zone of about ±1° from overhead. A detailed analysis suggests that the day‐to‐day variability in EPB development is governed by large scale wave structures (LSWS) and it is inferred that the LSWS troughs (low electron density) are the sites for the EPB development. Results further suggest that LSWS with horizontal wavelength of 200–660 km acts as seed for the growth of the RTI resulting in EPBs with same spacing. While the sources of LSWS remain to be identified, it is suggested that observations with longitudinally distributed ground‐based sensor, viz., ionosonde, preferably separated by 250–300 km, would be an immediate step forward in this effort.
Exchange Flow and Material Transport Along the Salinity Gradient of a Long Estuary
Authors: Xiong Jilian , Shen Jian , Qin Qubin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMost estuaries are characterized by non‐uniform axial topography with shallow shoals near the mouth. Previous studies have addressed the impacts of the axial topographic variations on mixing and estuarine circulations yet seldom on material transport and retention. This study investigates the longitudinal structure and mechanisms of exchange flow and material transport of Chesapeake Bay (CB), featuring a shallow sill in the lower bay, by applying total exchange flow (TEF) algorithm, tracer experiments, and partial residence time (PRT) using a validated 32‐years numerical model simulation. A retention coefficient was adopted to quantify the material retention rate using two characteristic PRTs: with and without incorporating water parcels returning to a concerned region. It is found that shoaling from the Rappahannock Shoal to the mouth causes persistent downwelling, strong reflux, and the highest material retention rate in the middle of the bay. The gravitational circulation and the river outflow dominate the transport of salt and riverine dissolved materials (RDMs), whereas the contribution of the tidal oscillatory process is localized near the mouth. The dominance of river outflow over the gravitational circulation for transporting RDMs is confined within the upper bay, where PRTs exhibit distinct seasonality. PRTs show small seasonality in the middle to the lower bay controlled by the exchange flow. The present analysis combining TEF, efflux/reflux theory, and PRT is applicable to other coastal aquatic ecosystems to characterize the water exchange and renewal efficiency along the salinity gradient and understand the contributions of transport to biogeochemical processes.
Exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol during rat pregnancy leads to impaired cardiac dysfunction in postnatal life
Authors: Lee Kendrick , Laviolette Steven R. , Hardy Daniel B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Cannabis use in pregnancy leads to fetal growth restriction (FGR), but the long-term effects on cardiac function in the offspring are unknown, despite the fact that fetal growth deficits are associated with an increased risk of developing postnatal cardiovascular disease. We hypothesize that maternal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) during pregnancy will impair fetal development, leading to cardiac dysfunction in the offspring.

Methods
Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly selected and administered 3 mg/kg of Δ9-THC or saline as a vehicle daily via intraperitoneal injection from gestational days 6 to 22, followed by echocardiogram analysis of cardiac function on offspring at postnatal days 1 and 21. Heart tissue was harvested from the offspring at 3 weeks for molecular analysis of cardiac remodelling.

Results
Exposure to Δ9-THC during pregnancy led to FGR with a significant decrease in heart-to-body weight ratios at birth. By 3 weeks, pups exhibited catch-up growth associated with significantly greater left ventricle anterior wall thickness with a decrease in cardiac output. Moreover, these Δ9-THC-exposed offsprings exhibited increased expression of collagen I and III, decreased matrix metallopeptidase-2 expression, and increased inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, all associated with cardiac remodelling.

Conclusions
Collectively, these data suggest that Δ9-THC-exposed FGR offspring undergo postnatal catch-up growth concomitant with cardiac remodelling and impaired cardiac function early in life.

Impact

To date, the long-term effects of perinatal Δ9-THC (the main psychoactive component) exposure on the cardiac function in the offspring remain unknown.

We demonstrated, for the first time, that exposure to Δ9-THC alone during rat pregnancy results in significantly smaller hearts relative to body weight.

These Δ9-THC-exposed offsprings exhibited postnatal catch-up growth concomitant with cardiac remodelling and impaired cardiac function.

Given the increased popularity of cannabis use in pregnancy along with rising Δ9-THC concentrations, this study, for the first time, identifies the risk of perinatal Δ9-THC exposure on early postnatal cardiovascular health.
ODFM, an omics data resource from microorganisms associated with fermented foods
Authors: Whon Tae Woong , Ahn Seung Woo , Yang Sungjin , Kim Joon Yong , Kim Yeon Bee , Kim Yujin , Hong Ji-Man , Jung Hojin , Choi Yoon-E , Lee Se Hee , Roh Seong Woon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractODFM is a data management system that integrates comprehensive omics information for microorganisms associated with various fermented foods, additive ingredients, and seasonings (e.g. kimchi, Korean fermented vegetables, fermented seafood, solar salt, soybean paste, vinegar, beer, cheese, sake, and yogurt). The ODFM archives genome, metagenome, metataxonome, and (meta)transcriptome sequences of fermented food-associated bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic microorganisms, and viruses; 131 bacterial, 38 archaeal, and 28 eukaryotic genomes are now available to users. The ODFM provides both the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool search-based local alignment function as well as average nucleotide identity-based genetic relatedness measurement, enabling gene diversity and taxonomic analyses of an input query against the database. Genome sequences and annotation results of microorganisms are directly downloadable, and the microbial strains registered in the archive library will be available from our culture collection of fermented food-associated microorganisms. The ODFM is a comprehensive database that covers the genomes of an entire microbiome within a specific food ecosystem, providing basic information to evaluate microbial isolates as candidate fermentation starters for fermented food production.
Decision support for the quickest detection of critical COVID-19 phases
Authors: Braca Paolo , Gaglione Domenico , Marano Stefano , Millefiori Leonardo M. , Willett Peter , Pattipati Krishna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDuring the course of an epidemic, one of the most challenging tasks for authorities is to decide what kind of restrictive measures to introduce and when these should be enforced. In order to take informed decisions in a fully rational manner, the onset of a critical regime, characterized by an exponential growth of the contagion, must be identified as quickly as possible. Providing rigorous quantitative tools to detect such an onset represents an important contribution from the scientific community to proactively support the political decision makers. In this paper, leveraging the quickest detection theory, we propose a mathematical model of the COVID-19 pandemic evolution and develop decision tools to rapidly detect the passage from a controlled regime to a critical one. A new sequential test—referred to as MAST (mean-agnostic sequential test)—is presented, and demonstrated on publicly available COVID-19 infection data from different countries. Then, the performance of MAST is investigated for the second pandemic wave, showing an effective trade-off between average decision delay $$\Delta$$
Δ
and risk $$R$$
R
, where $$R$$
R
is inversely proportional to the time required to declare the need to take unnecessary restrictive measures. To quantify risk, in this paper we adopt as its proxy the average occurrence rate of false alarms, in that a false alarm risks unnecessary social and economic disruption. Ideally, the decision mechanism should react as quick as possible for a given level of risk. We find that all the countries share the same behaviour in terms of quickest detection, specifically the risk scales exponentially with the delay, $$R \sim \exp {(-\omega \Delta )}$$

R
∼
exp

(
-
ω
Δ
)

, where $$\omega$$
ω
depends on the specific nation. For a reasonably small risk level, say, one possibility in ten thousand (i.e., unmotivated implementation of countermeasures every 27 years, on the average), the proposed algorithm detects the onset of the critical regime with delay between a few days to 3 weeks, much earlier than when the exponential growth becomes evident. Strictly from the quickest-detection perspective adopted in this paper, it turns out that countermeasures against the second epidemic wave have not always been taken in a timely manner. The developed tool can be used to support decisions at different geographic scales (regions, cities, local areas, etc.), levels of risk, instantiations of controlled/critical regime, and is general enough to be applied to different pandemic time-series. Additional analysis and applications of MAST are made available on a dedicated website.
Production and properties of non-cytotoxic pyomelanin by laccase and comparison to bacterial and synthetic pigments
Authors: Lorquin Faustine , Ziarelli Fabio , Amouric Agnès , Di Giorgio Carole , Robin Maxime , Piccerelle Philippe , Lorquin Jean 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPyomelanin is a polymer of homogentisic acid synthesized by microorganisms. This work aimed to develop a production process and evaluate the quality of the pigment. Three procedures have been elaborated and optimized, (1) an HGA-Mn2+ chemical autoxidation (PyoCHEM yield 0.317 g/g substrate), (2) an induced bacterial culture of Halomonas titanicae through the 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid-1-hydroxylase route (PyoBACT, 0.55 g/L), and (3) a process using a recombinant laccase extract with the highest level produced (PyoENZ, 1.25 g/g substrate) and all the criteria for a large-scale prototype. The chemical structures had been investigated by 13C solid-state NMR (CP-MAS) and FTIR. Car–Car bindings predominated in the three polymers, Car–O–Car (ether) linkages being absent, proposing mainly C3-C6 (α-bindings) and C4-C6 (β-bindings) configurations. This work highlighted a biological decarboxylation by the laccase or bacterial oxidase(s), leading to the partly formation of gentisyl alcohol and gentisaldehyde that are integral parts of the polymer. By comparison, PyoENZ exhibited an Mw of 5,400 Da, was hyperthermostable, non-cytotoxic even after irradiation, scavenged ROS induced by keratinocytes, and had a highly DPPH-antioxidant and Fe3+-reducing activity. As a representative pigment of living cells and an available standard, PyoENZ might also be useful for applications in extreme conditions and skin protection.