bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
User involvement in digital systems design: Case studies of mobile money innovation in Kenya
Authors: Ongwae Juliet , Duncombe Richard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis research explores the design of mobile money value‐added services in Kenya that engage marginalized users during the design process. Building on past research that sets out principles for user centered design (UCD), and drawing upon evidence from three case studies, the research finds that system designers follow UCD principles, but decisions to involve users are largely born out of pragmatism, to increase the probability of acceptance of the system, whereas the users main concern were the associated costs, and there was (at least in the early stages) resistance to involvement. This resistance was borne out of a tension between the motivation of the system designers (which was largely non‐altruistic) and the motivation of the users who became involved in the projects through self‐interest or some coercion. The research concludes that system designers require greater appreciation of diversity in interests, asymmetric power and cross‐cultural differences when applying UCD methods. The research extends current knowledge with regard to design interventions in the development of mobile money applications in sub‐Saharan Africa and the recommendations formulated from this research provide practitioners with actionable knowledge to reflect on their current tools and techniques to ensure better localized design processes.
ACT‐enhanced group behavior therapy for trichotillomania and skin‐picking disorder: A feasibility study
Authors: Asplund Mia , Rück Christian , Lenhard Fabian , Gunnarsson Tove , Bellander Martin , Delby Hanna , Ivanov Volen Z. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of ACT‐enhanced Group Behavior Therapy (AEGBT) for mixed diagnosis groups including patients with trichotillomania (TTM) and skin‐picking disorder (SPD) in routine psychiatric care.MethodAdult patients (N = 40) with TTM and/or SPD received 10 weeks of AEGBT followed by five booster sessions. The primary outcome measure for TTM was the Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale (MGH‐HPS) and for SPD the Skin Picking Scale‐Revised (SPS‐R), assessed at posttreatment and at booster sessions.ResultsResults showed significant reductions in hair pulling and skin‐picking severity from baseline to posttreatment and large effect sizes at posttreatment. Improvements remained significant at the 12‐month follow‐up for patients with SPD, but not for patients with TTM. Group attendance was high and few patients dropped out from treatment. The group format enabled therapists to see 25% more patients compared with an individual format.ConclusionThe results provide initial support for the feasibility and efficacy of an adapted treatment approach for TTM and SPD.
Prognostic impact of muscle and fat mass in patients with heart failure
Authors: Konishi Masaaki , Akiyama Eiichi , Matsuzawa Yasushi , Sato Ryosuke , Kikuchi Shinnosuke , Nakahashi Hidefumi , Maejima Nobuhiko , Iwahashi Noriaki , Kosuge Masami , Ebina Toshiaki , Hibi Kiyoshi , Misumi Toshihiro , von Haehling Stephan , Anker Stefan D. , Tamura Kouichi , Kimura Kazuo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundCachexia, characterized by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass, is a poor prognostic factor in patients with heart failure (HF). However, there is limited investigation on the prognostic impact of muscle and fat mass separately in HF. We hypothesized that muscle and fat mass have different effects on the prognosis of HF.MethodsThis was an observational cohort study of 418 patients (59% were men) admitted with a diagnosis of HF (71 ± 13 years [mean ± standard deviation]), with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 39 ± 16%, including 31.3%, 14.8%, and 53.8% of patients with preserved LVEF (LVEF ≥ 50%), mid‐range LVEF (40–50%), and reduced (<40%) LVEF, respectively. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry was performed with the patients in the stable state after decongestion therapy.ResultsThe mean body mass index of patients was 22.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2, and the mean appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) index was 6.88 ± 1.23 kg/m2 in men and 5.59 ± 0.92 in women; 54.1% of the patients showed reduced muscle mass defined by the international cut‐off value (7.0 kg/m2 for men and 5.4 for women). The mean fat mass was 20.4 ± 7.2% in men and 27.2 ± 8.6% in women. During a median follow‐up of 37 months, 92 (22.0%) of 418 patients with HF died (1 and 3 year mortality: 8.4% and 17.3%, respectively). Lower values of both skeletal muscle and fat mass were independently associated with increased risk of mortality adjusted for age, sex, haemoglobin, New York Heart Association functional class, and height squared (hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval of 0.825 [0.747–0.908] per 1 kg increase of ASM, P < 0.001, and 0.954 [0.916–0.993] per 1 kg increase of fat mass, P = 0.018, respectively).ConclusionsMore than half of the patients with HF showed reduced muscle mass. Lower values of both muscle and fat mass were associated with higher mortality in HF.
Bioderived and degradable polymers for transient electronics
Authors: Uva Azalea , Lin Angela , Babi Jon , Tran Helen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs single‐use electronics become more prevalent in our society, a shift towards devices with alternative disposal fates will be required to address rising levels of electronic and plastic waste. Adopting transient electronics is one solution for inadvertent litter of future single‐use electronics as they are designed to automatically break down in environmental conditions after their intended use. However, the selection of appropriate source materials to make these transient devices is vital to ensure environmental compatibility. This mini‐review aims to highlight recent advancements in bioderived polymers that can be used as substrates or encapsulants, the largest weight percentage in a device, in transient electronics. The chemical and biological degradation of these bioderived polymers is also discussed to present potential non‐toxic byproducts and factors affecting degradation rates. Lastly, the potential outlook of transient electronics in biomedical, environmental, and consumer applications are proposed to demonstrate the wide scope of opportunities to be explored. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Genetic counselor use of self‐involving responses in a clinical setting: A qualitative investigation
Authors: Kashmola‐Perez Iman , McCarthy Veach Patricia , Schema Lynn , Redlinger‐Grosse Krista 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSelf‐involving responses are direct expressions of genetic counselors’ here‐and‐now feelings about/reactions to patients. Strategic, sparing use of self‐involving responses may enhance practitioner genuineness, likeability, and trustworthiness, decrease patient anxiety, and increase patient trust and engagement. Conversely, they may threaten patients who are uncomfortable with emotional expression or confuse them about the counselor's intentions. Despite theorized benefits and risks, no study has explored genetic counselor self‐involving responses. This study explored whether clinical genetic counselors use self‐involving responses with their patients, reasons for doing so, and their perceptions of when and why the responses work well versus poorly. Two‐hundred sixty‐eight genetic counselors, invited via a National Society of Genetic Counselors e‐blast, completed an online screening survey. Eighty‐nine percent reported using self‐involving responses with patients, and 17 were purposively selected to participate in semi‐structured phone interviews. Thematic analysis yielded themes regarding potential benefits, risks, counselor factors and context, and patient factors related to using self‐involving responses. Benefits include conveying counselor conditions for facilitating counseling process (e.g., genuineness, building rapport, focusing the session, and encouraging the patient to open‐up), and counseling outcomes by validating decision‐making. Risks of use include hindering counseling processes and outcomes by misperceiving patient feelings, boundary crossing, and being unduly directive. Factors, both from the counselor and the context of the session, include comfort with the technique, mastery of clinical skills, minimal knowledge of patient emotions, type of counseling session, and counselor practice specialty. Patient factors include prior rapport with the counselor, and patient emotionality and cultural background. Findings underscore the need for training about this technique. Future research could examine patients’ perceptions of self‐involving statements and differences in self‐involvement across practice specialties and counseling modalities.
The impact of autopsy participation on clinical residency
Authors: Katayama Kohta , Nishizaki Yuji , Shinozaki Tomohiro , Saitoh Yuta , Yano Tetsuhiro , Aoki Takuya , Noguchi Masayuki , Tokuda Yasuharu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundAutopsy has had an essential role in ensuring the quality of education and medical care. However, its role in clinical residency has not been clarified. This study assessed actual autopsy circumstances during clinical residency and evaluated the association between autopsy and clinical knowledge.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study involving postgraduate second year residents in Japan who took the General Medicine In‐Training Examination in 2019. We modeled the General Medicine In‐Training Examination scores of the residents to examine their association with autopsy experiences and the number of autopsy experiences to assess its predictors.ResultsOf 2715 postgraduate second year residents, 353 (13.8%) had no autopsy participation, and 1015 (39.7%) had only one experience. Although autopsy participation was not related to the mean General Medicine In‐Training Examination score, the residents' clinicopathological conference participation, self‐study for more than 60 min per day, and wish to be pathologists were significantly associated with autopsy experiences. They experienced more autopsies when they belonged to small‐sized hospitals in rural areas performing many autopsies.ConclusionWe reported the current status of autopsy in clinical residency and showed that more than half of the residents experienced no or only one autopsy. General Medicine In‐Training Examination scores were not correlated with the number of autopsy experiences.
Small‐World Networks and Their Relationship With Hippocampal Glutamine/Glutamate Concentration in Healthy Adults With Varying Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Zhang Hui , Chiu Pui W. , Ip Isaac , Liu Tianyin , Wong Gloria H.Y. , Song You‐Qiang , Wong Savio W.H. , Herrup Karl , Mak Henry K.F. 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundApolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele (ApoE4) is the most common gene polymorphism related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired synaptic dysfunction occurs in ApoE4 carriers before any clinical symptoms. It remains unknown whether ApoE4 status affects the hippocampal neuromodulation, which further influences brain network topology.PurposeTo study the relationship of regional and global network properties by using graph theory analysis and glutamatergic (Glx) neuromodulation in the ApoE isoforms.Study TypeProspective.SubjectsEighty‐four cognitively normal adults (26 ApoE4 and 58 non‐ApoE4 carriers).Field Strength/SequenceGradient‐echo echo‐planar and point resolved spectroscopy sequence at 3 T.AssessmentGlx concentration in bilateral hippocampi were processed with jMRUI (4.0), and graph theory metrics (global: γ, λ, small‐worldness in whole brain; regional: nodal clustering coefficient (Ci) and nodal characteristic path length (Li)) in top 20% highly connected hubs of subgroups (low‐risk: non‐ApoE4; high‐risk: APOE4) were calculated and compared.Statistical TestsTwo‐sample t test was used to compare metrics between subgroups. Correlations between regional properties and Glx by Pearson's partial correlation with false discovery rate correction.ResultsSignificant differences (P < 0.05) in Ci between subgroups were found in hubs of left inferior frontal, bilateral inferior temporal, and bilateral precentral gyri, right parahippocampus, and bilateral precuneus. In addition, there was a significant correlation between Glx in the left hippocampus and Ci in inferior frontal gyrus (r = −0.537, P = 0.024), right inferior temporal (r = −0.478, P = 0.043), right parahippocampus (r = −0.629, P = 0.016), left precentral (r = −0.581, P = 0.022), right precentral (r = −0.651, P = 0.003), left precuneus (r = −0.545, P = 0.024), and right precuneus (r = −0.567, P = 0.022); and Li in left precuneus (r = 0.575, P = 0.032) and right precuneus (r = 0.586, P = 0.032) in the high‐risk group, but not in the low‐risk group.Data ConclusionOur results suggested that healthy ApoE4 carriers exhibit poorer local interconnectivity. Moreover, the close relationship between glutamate and small‐world network properties in ApoE4 carriers might reflect a compensatory response to the impaired network efficiency.Evidence Level2Technical EfficacyStage 3
Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction responses when measuring health‐related micrometre and nanometre particle size fractions of crystalline quartz and the measurement of quartz in dust samples from the cutting and polishing of natural and artificial stones
Authors: Stacey Peter , Hall Samantha , Stagg Stephen , Clegg Francis , Sammon Christopher 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAround 560 000 workers in Great Britain are potentially exposed to respirable crystalline silica (RCS), which can cause disabling diseases, such as silicosis and lung cancer. These experiments assessed the performance of a new Raman spectroscopy method for measuring RCS, in samples of pure quartz powder with different median aerodynamic particle diameters and stone dusts from variety of natural and artificial stones. The relationship between the Raman response and particle size was characterised by measuring subfractions of the respirable quartz standard A9950 collected using the Sioutas impactor. Bulk samples of quartz standards A9950 and Quin B that provided the highest median particle size diameters were also measured. Health‐related thoracic and respirable particle size fractions, and the environmental monitoring fractions of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and PM0.5, were also collected during the powered cutting and polishing of sandstone and diorite (granite), engineered and sintered stones. All Raman spectroscopy results were compared with those from X‐ray diffraction (XRD), which was used as the reference technique. The Raman spectroscopy response closely followed the predicted crystallinity of RCS for different particle diameters. Raman spectroscopy obtained slightly higher percentages than XRD for particle size fractions below 1 μm. The Raman spectroscopy and XRD results were highly correlated for the thoracic, respirable and impactor fractions. The coefficients of determination were between 0.98 and 0.95. The slope coefficients for the correlation were 1.11 for the respirable fraction and 1.07 for the thoracic fraction. Raman spectroscopy is a promising alternative to XRD for measurement of RCS with a much lower limit of detection of 0.21 μg compared with 1 μg.
Optimizing the near‐field and far‐field properties of tips in tip‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Sifat Abid Anjum , Potma Eric O. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe process of tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) depends critically on the morphology near the apex of the tip used in the experiment. Many tip designs have focused on optimization of electromagnetic enhancement in the near‐field, which is controlled to a large extent by subtle details at the nanoscale that remain difficult to reproduce in the tip fabrication process. The use of focused ion beams (FIB) permit modification of larger features on the tip in a reproducible manner, yet this approach cannot produce sub‐20‐nm structures important for optimum near‐field enhancement. Nonetheless, FIB milling offers excellent opportunities for improving the far‐field radiation properties of the tip‐antenna, a feature that has received relatively little attention in the TERS research community. In this work, we use finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations to study both the near‐field and far‐field radiation efficiency of several tip‐antenna systems that can be constructed with FIB techniques in a feasible manner. Starting from blunt etched tips, we find that excellent overall enhancement of the TERS signal can be obtained with pillar‐type tips. Furthermore, by applying vertical grooves on the tip's shaft, the overall efficiency can be improved even more, producing TERS signals that are up to 10‐fold stronger than signals obtained from an ideal (unmodified) sharp tip of 10‐nm radius. The proposed designs constitute a feasible route toward a tip fabrication process that not only yields more reproducible tips but also promises much stronger TERS signals.
Study specific prediction intervals for random‐effects meta‐analysis: A tutorial
Authors: van Aert Robbie C. M. , Schmid Christopher H. , Svensson David , Jackson Dan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe pooled estimate of the average effect is of primary interest when fitting the random‐effects model for meta‐analysis. However estimates of study specific effects, for example those displayed on forest plots, are also often of interest. In this tutorial, we present the case, with the accompanying statistical theory, for estimating the study specific true effects using so called 'empirical Bayes estimates' or 'Best Unbiased Linear Predictions' under the random‐effects model. These estimates can be accompanied by prediction intervals that indicate a plausible range of study specific true effects. We coalesce and elucidate the available literature and illustrate the methodology using two published meta‐analyses as examples. We also perform a simulation study that reveals that coverage probability of study specific prediction intervals are substantially too low if the between‐study variance is small but not negligible. Researchers need to be aware of this defect when interpreting prediction intervals. We also show how empirical Bayes estimates, accompanied with study specific prediction intervals, can embellish forest plots. We hope that this tutorial will serve to provide a clear theoretical underpinning for this methodology and encourage its widespread adoption.
9.4‐inch 228‐ppi flexible micro‐LED display
Authors: Lee Seok‐Lyul , Cheng Chun‐Cheng , Liu Chan‐Jui , Yeh Cheng‐Nan , Lin Yu‐Chieh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA 9.4‐inch 228‐ppi full‐color micro‐LED display using the flexible low temperature polysilicon thin‐film transistor (LTPS‐TFT) backplane has been successfully developed. In order to solve the interconnection of tiny micro‐LEDs, those size are less than 30 μm, we introduced the flip‐chip soldering technology for high‐resolution flexible micro‐LED displays. Contrast ratio of >1,000,000:1 with a brightness of 700 nits was realized by the full‐color micro‐LED display with uniform brightness and color shift free at any off‐axis viewing angles. These supreme micro‐LED visual performances will provide a more comfortable user experience for high‐resolution flexible automotive applications.
Microbiology of Acute Maxillary Sinusitis in Children
Authors: Sawada Shoichi , Matsubara Shigenori 
Published: May 2021

Objectives/HypothesisAcute rhinosinusitis is a frequent common cold‐related complication in children. Despite the need for appropriate treatment, its underlying microbiology remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the microbiology of acute rhinosinusitis in children.Study DesignProspective non controlled study.MethodsThirty‐one pediatric acute maxillary sinusitis patients with severe symptoms were assessed. The subjects were 17 males and 14 females aged 5 to 14 years (mean age, 9.1 years). Maxillary sinus aspirates were collected and cultured, with subsequent viral and bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Bacteria were analyzed using culturing and PCR, and viruses were analyzed using PCR. The PCR kits used identify 18 types of respiratory viruses and 13 types of bacteria.ResultsAt least one pathogen was detected in 30 of 31 aspirates (97%) using PCR, and none of the aspirates contained respiratory viruses alone. Ten aspirates (32%) contained both viruses and bacteria. The most common viruses detected were rhinovirus (13%) and influenza virus (10%). The most common bacteria were Haemophilus influenzae (45%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (32%), Moraxella catarrhalis (16%), and Chlamydophila pneumoniae (13%). Bacteria were found in 21 of 31 cases (68%) via bacterial culturing. Culturing revealed that H influenzae was the most common pathogen (42%).ConclusionsIn pediatric acute maxillary sinusitis, respiratory bacteria were detected in 65% of the sinus aspirates and both bacteria and viruses in 32%. The most common viruses were rhinovirus and influenza virus, and the most common bacteria were H influenzae and S pneumoniae. Viral and bacterial PCR is useful for accurately investigating the microbiology in pediatric sinusitis.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2705–E2711, 2021
Microzooplankton grazing constrains pathways of carbon export in the subarctic North Pacific
Authors: McNair Heather M. , Morison Françoise , Graff Jason R. , Rynearson Tatiana A. , Menden‐Deuer Susanne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo identify the effect of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton abundance and size structure, we quantified phytoplankton growth and herbivorous grazing rates throughout the euphotic zone and across a light gradient on the North Pacific EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) cruise near Ocean Station Papa. During 30 days of continuous, Lagrangian observation in August and September of 2018, depth integrated chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations were stable and averaged 20 ± 2 mg m−2. Bottle‐incubation experiments revealed that phytoplankton growth was balanced by microzooplankton grazing even when phytoplankton growth rates varied from 0 to 0.4 d−1 in response to light manipulation. Microzooplankton grazing caused a decline in phytoplankton abundance that was balanced by increased phytoplankton cell size resulting in consistent phytoplankton biomass over time. Microzooplankton grazed phytoplankton at an average rate of 0.11 ± 0.17 d−1 which lead to an intrinsic phytoplankton growth rate of −0.07 ± 0.26 d−1. Predicted stocks from grazing experiments aligned closely (within 16%) with in situ Chl a dynamics and phytoplankton abundance, suggesting that the dominant loss process of phytoplankton was grazing by microzooplankton rather than physical mixing or sinking of phytoplankton. Consequently, microzooplankton played a critical role in regulating primary producer biomass and in transferring particulate organic carbon through the food web where a fraction could then be exported as byproducts of food web processes.