bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D hybrid imaging based on gravity migration and regularized focusing inversion to predict the Poyang Basin interface
Authors: Xu Zhengwei , Wang Rui , Xiong Wei , Wang Jian , Wang Dian 
Published: May 2021

Describing and understanding the basement relief of sedimentary basins is vital for oil and gas exploration. The traditional method to map an interface in each spatial direction is based on 3D modeling of gravity Bouguer anomalies with variable lateral and vertical density contrasts using a priori information derived from other types of geoscience data sets as constraints (e.g., well and/or seismic data). However, in the preexploration stage, vertical gravity [Formula: see text], which is sometimes the only available geophysical data, is typically used to recover smooth density contrast distributions under a generic set of constraints. Apparently, the use of the [Formula: see text] component is not sufficient to produce geologically reasonable interpretations with high resolution. To address this, we have developed a novel process of hybrid inversion, combining gravity migration and inversion using the same [Formula: see text] data set, to distinguish the complicated interface between basement and sedimentary basin rocks from a full-space inverted density distribution volume. First, a 3D-migrated model delineating the basic sedimentary basin structure is derived using a focusing gravity iterative migration method, where a priori information is not necessary. Subsequently, under the framework of the regularized focusing conjugate inversion algorithm, a high-resolution density contrast model is inverted for delineation of the basement boundary by integrating the 3D-migrated density model as a priori information. We examine the method using one synthetic example and a field data case, of which a transformed resolution density matrix is developed from logarithmic space to qualitatively evaluate the practical resolutions. The high resolution of the density distribution of the Cretaceous basement with a clear interface is achieved and verified by limited seismic data and strata markers in limited wells.
The Golden Hour: Sustainability and Clinical Outcomes of Adequate Time to Antibiotic Administration in Children with Cancer and Febrile Neutropenia in Northwestern Mexico
Authors: Gonzalez Miriam L. , Aristizabal Paula , Loera-Reyna Adriana , Torres Dara , Ornelas-Sánchez Mario , Nuño-Vázquez Laura , Aguilera Marco , Sánchez Alicia , Romano Mitzy , Rivera-Gómez Rebeca , Relyea George , Friedrich Paola , Caniza Miguela A. 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE Time to antibiotic administration (TTA) is a commonly used standard of care in pediatric cancer settings in high-income countries. Effective interventions to improve outcomes in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia (FN) often address timely and appropriate antibiotic administration. We assessed the effectiveness of a locally adapted multimodal strategy in decreasing TTA in a resource-constrained pediatric cancer center in Mexico. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study between January 2014 and April 2019. A three-phase (phase I: execution, phase II: consolidation, phase III: sustainability) multimodal improvement strategy that combined system change, FN guideline development, education, auditing and monitoring, mentoring, and dissemination was implemented to decrease TTA in inpatient and ambulatory areas. Sustainability factors were measured by using a validated tool during phases I and III. RESULTS Our population included 105 children with cancer with 204 FN events. The baseline assessment revealed that only 50% of patients received antibiotics within 60 minutes of prescription (median time: inpatient, 75 minutes; ambulatory, 65 minutes). After implementing our improvement strategy, the percentage of patients receiving antibiotics within 60 minutes of prescription increased to 88%. We significantly decreased median TTA in both clinical areas during the three phases of the study. In phase III (sustainability), the median TTA was 40 minutes ( P = .023) in the inpatient area and 30 minutes ( P = .012) in the ambulatory area. The proportion of patients with sepsis decreased from 30% (baseline) to 5% (phase III) ( P = .001). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that locally adapted multimodal interventions can reduce TTA in resource-constrained settings. Mentoring and dissemination were novel components of the multimodal strategy to improve FN-associated clinical outcomes. Improving local infrastructure, ongoing monitoring systems, and leadership engagement have been key factors to achieving sustainability during the 5-year period.
Prevalence of Targetable Mutations in Black Patients With Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Costa Philippos A. , Saul Eduardo E. , Paul Yonette , Iyer Sunil , da Silva Laercio Lopes , Tamariz Leonardo , Lopes Gilberto 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE: Inferior outcomes of Black patients with lung cancer compared with other racial groups are often linked to socioeconomic factors. It is crucial to determine whether a varying prevalence of targetable mutations limits treatments and contributes to disparities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis on the prevalence of lung cancer EGFR, ALK, ROS-1, and BRAF mutations in Black patients compared with White, Hispanic, and Asian patients. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov databases. We selected studies reporting the prevalence of at least one mutation in the Black population. We calculated the pooled prevalence of mutations using fixed effects, exact binomial distributions, and Freeman-Turkey double arcsine transformation to stabilize the variances. RESULTS: Twenty studies with 11,867 patients were included. In Black patients, EGFR was the most prevalent mutation (6%; 95% CI, 5 to 7), followed by BRAF (1%; 95% CI, 0 to 2), ALK (1%; 95% CI, 0 to 2), and ROS-1 (0%; 95% CI, 0 to 1). Black patients had a lower prevalence of EGFR mutations than White, Hispanic, and Asian patients ( P < .01). BRAF mutations were less prevalent in Black compared with White patients ( P < .05), and ALK mutations were less prevalent when compared with Hispanic patients ( P < .05). CONCLUSION: EGFR is the most frequent mutation found in Black patients, although its prevalence is lower than that in other races. Black patients have a low overall prevalence of ALK, ROS-1, and BRAF mutations. Given that disproportional eligibility for targeted therapies may be contributing to inferior outcomes, research focused on the Black population is needed to evaluate specific tumor characteristics and therapeutic strategies.
Perceived Institutional Barriers Among Clinical and Research Professionals: Minority Participation in Oncology Clinical Trials
Authors: Niranjan Soumya J. , Wenzel Jennifer A. , Martin Michelle Y. , Fouad Mona N. , Vickers Selwyn M. , Konety Badrinath R. , Durant Raegan W. 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE: In general, participation rates in cancer clinical trials are very low. However, participation rates are especially low among the socially disadvantaged and racial and ethnic minority groups. These groups have been historically under-represented in cancer clinical trials. Although many patient-related barriers have been studied, institutional factors that are essential for building clinical research infrastructure around the clinical trial enterprise in academic medical centers have been underexplored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed perspectives of cancer center professional stakeholders on the institutional factors that can potentially influence racial and ethnic minority recruitment for cancer clinical trials. Ninety-one qualitative interviews were conducted at five US cancer centers among four stakeholder groups: cancer center leaders, principal investigators, referring clinicians, and research staff. Qualitative analyses examined response data focused on institutional factors related to minority recruitment for cancer clinical trials. RESULTS: Four prominent themes emerged regarding institutional barriers among clinical and research professionals. (1) There are no existing programs currently being used to recruit or retain minorities to clinical trials. (2) Institutional efforts are needed to increase trial participation and are not specific to potential minority participants. (3) Access to cancer clinical trials and navigation within an Academic Medical Center need to be simplified to better facilitate recruitment of minority patients. (4) Community outreach by cancer centers will increase clinical research awareness in the community. CONCLUSION: Our research highlights the need to address institutional barriers to improve the success of minority recruitment. To increase participation among minority populations, medical centers must address mutable institutional barriers such as setting specific minority recruitment goals for cancer clinical trials, ensuring that cancer clinical trials are accessible, especially to minority patients, and supporting sustained community outreach programs to increase clinical research awareness.
Fragmentation of Care Among Black Women With Breast Cancer and Comorbidities: The Role of Health Systems
Authors: Doose Michelle , Sanchez Janeth I. , Cantor Joel C. , Plascak Jesse J. , Steinberg Michael B. , Hong Chi-Chen , Demissie Kitaw , Bandera Elisa V. , Tsui Jennifer 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE: Black women are disproportionately burdened by comorbidities and breast cancer. The complexities of coordinating care for multiple health conditions can lead to adverse consequences. Care coordination may be exacerbated when care is received outside the same health system, defined as care fragmentation. We examine types of practice setting for primary and breast cancer care to assess care fragmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of Black women diagnosed with breast cancer in New Jersey who also had a prior diagnosis of diabetes and/or hypertension (N = 228). Following breast cancer diagnosis, we examined types of practice setting for first primary care visit and primary breast surgery, through medical chart abstraction, and identified whether care was used within or outside the same health system. We used multivariable logistic regression to explore sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with care fragmentation. RESULTS: Diverse primary care settings were used: medical groups (32.0%), health systems (29.4%), solo practices (23.7%), Federally Qualified Health Centers (8.3%), and independent hospitals (6.1%). Surgical care predominately occurred in health systems (79.8%), with most hospitals being Commission on Cancer–accredited. Care fragmentation was experienced by 78.5% of Black women, and individual-level factors (age, health insurance, cancer stage, and comorbidity count) were not associated with care fragmentation ( P > .05). CONCLUSION: The majority of Black breast cancer survivors with comorbidities received primary care and surgical care in different health systems, illustrating care fragmentation. Strategies for care coordination and health care delivery across health systems and practice settings are needed for health equity.
Cancer Disparities and Black American Representation in Clinical Trials Leading to the Approval of Oral Chemotherapy Drugs in the United States Between 2009 and 2019
Authors: Ajewole Veronica B. , Akindele Oyinkansola , Abajue Uzoamaka , Ndulue Okwuoma , Marshall Jazzmin J. , Mossi Yhenew T. 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE: Over the past 10 years, oral chemotherapy made up about half (45.6%) of all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved oncolytic and hematologic medications. Given the disparity in incidence and mortality rate because of certain cancers among Black Americans (BAs) in the United States, a review of BA’s representation in the clinical trials that lead to the development and FDA approval of oral chemotherapy drugs becomes imperative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reporting of race and inclusion of BA in clinical trials that led to the approval of oral chemotherapy medications by the FDA from 2009 to 2019 in the United States. Additionally, we evaluated the inclusion of BAs in clinical trials of three cancer types with the highest disparity rates among BAs (lung, breast, and prostate). METHODS: A retrospective review of all FDA-approved oral chemotherapy drug from 2009-2019 was obtained using the FDA’s Hematology/Oncology Approvals & Safety Notifications website. Reports of racial and demographics inclusion were obtained from the clinical trials registry. RESULTS: Primary outcome: 142 clinical trials led to FDA approval of 81 oral chemotherapy agents between 2009 and 2019, among which 74 (52%) reported on at least one race and were included in our analysis. 35,933 participants were enrolled in these 74 clinical trials, among which 25,684 (71.47%), 6,061 (16.87%), 889 (2.47%), and 826 (2.30%) were White, Asian, Black, and Hispanic, respectively. BAs were also under-represented in the clinical trials of three cancer types with the highest disparity rates among this population. CONCLUSION: BAs were under-represented in clinical trials leading to FDA approval of oral chemotherapy drugs. There should be more BAs in cancer clinical trials to increase the generalizability of the results, improve outcomes, and eventually close the health disparity gap among this patient population.
Barriers to and Facilitators of Recruitment of Adult African American Men for Colorectal Cancer Research: An Instrumental Exploratory Case Study
Authors: Rogers Charles R. , Matthews Phung , Brooks Ellen , Le Duc Nathan , Washington Chasity , McKoy Alicia , Edmonson Al , Lange LaJune , Fetters Michael D. 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE: Racial and ethnic minorities remain underrepresented in research and clinical trials. Better understanding of the components of effective minority recruitment into research studies is critical to understanding and reducing health disparities. Research on recruitment strategies for cancer-specific research—including colorectal cancer (CRC)—among African American men is particularly limited. We present an instrumental exploratory case study examining successful and unsuccessful strategies for recruiting African American men into focus groups centered on identifying barriers to and facilitators of CRC screening completion. METHODS: The parent qualitative study was designed to explore the social determinants of CRC screening uptake among African American men 45-75 years of age. Recruitment procedures made use of community-based participatory research strategies combined with built community relationships, including the use of trusted community members, culturally tailored marketing materials, and incentives. RESULTS: Community involvement and culturally tailored marketing materials facilitated recruitment. Barriers to recruitment included limited access to public spaces, transportation difficulties, and medical mistrust leading to reluctance to participate. CONCLUSION: The use of strategies such as prioritizing community relationship building, partnering with community leaders and gatekeepers, and using culturally tailored marketing materials can successfully overcome barriers to the recruitment of African American men into medical research studies. To improve participation and recruitment rates among racial and ethnic minorities in cancer-focused research studies, future researchers and clinical trial investigators should aim to broaden recruitment, strengthen community ties, offer incentives, and use multifaceted approaches to address specific deterrents such as medical mistrust and economic barriers.
Similar Stage-dependent Survival and Outcome in Sporadic and Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Raue Friedhelm , Bruckner Thomas , Frank-Raue Karin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContextLong-term data are scarce on large cohorts with sporadic (sMTC) and hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (hMTC).ObjectivesTo compare long-term disease-specific survival (DSS) and outcomes between sMTC and hMTC groups.DesignRetrospective analysis.SettingGerman tertiary referral center.PatientsA total of 673 patients with MTC that underwent surgery from January 1974 to July 2019.InterventionNone (observational study).Main Outcome MeasureDifferences between sMTC and hMTC in long-term, stage-dependent survival and outcomes.ResultsSurgery was performed at median ages of 49 years for sMTC (n = 477, 44% male) and 29 years for hMTC (n = 196, 43% male; P &lt; 0.0001). The mean follow-up times were 9.2 ± 8.0 (sMTC) and 14.6 ± 10.3 years (hMTC). Age and tumor stage at diagnosis were significantly different between the 2 groups (P &lt; 0.0001). The sMTC and hMTC groups had different overall DSS (log rank, P = 0.0183), but similar stage-dependent DSS (log rank, P = 0.1242-0.8981). In a multivariate analysis, sMTC and hMTC did not differ in DSS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.56; 95% CI, 0.94-2.57), but in both groups, a worse DSS was significantly associated with age at diagnosis (HR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.05), male sex (HR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.32–0.76), and stages III and IV at diagnosis (HR = 20.00; 95% CI, 2.74-145.91 and HR = 97.47; 95% CI, 13.07-726.67, respectively). The groups had significantly different (P &lt; 0.0001) outcomes (i.e., cured, minimal residual disease, structural detectable disease, and death), but similar stage-dependent outcomes (P = 0.9449-0.0511), except for stage III (P = 0.0489).ConclusionPatients with sMTC and hMTC had different ages of onset, but similar stage-dependent DSS and outcomes after the MTC diagnosis. This finding suggested that tumor behavior was similar in sMTC and hMTC.
Pedagogy to Disrupt the Echo Chamber
Authors: Traester Mary , Kervina Chris , Brathwaite Noel Holton 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article addresses the challenges of fake news and echo chambers in the digital age by exploring the possibility that susceptibility to misinformation derives not from an inevitable fault in the medium of digital publishing but, rather, from the slower development and adoption of pedagogies that leverage digital tools for reading. The authors examined student annotations and argue that focusing on reading using collaborative digital annotation can stimulate knowledge acquisition and personal belief formation and, further, can assist educators to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction and intervene where needed. Digital annotation tools promote affective and cognitive engagement with texts and enable both instructor-to-peer and peer-to-peer modeling of reading strategies.
N1-acetylspermidine is a determinant of hair follicle stem cell fate
Authors: Allmeroth Kira , Kim Christine S. , Annibal Andrea , Pouikli Andromachi , Koester Janis , Derisbourg Maxime J. , Andrés Chacón-Martínez Carlos , Latza Christian , Antebi Adam , Tessarz Peter , Wickström Sara A. , Denzel Martin S. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Stem cell differentiation is accompanied by increased mRNA translation. The rate of protein biosynthesis is influenced by the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine, which are essential for cell growth and stem cell maintenance. However, the role of polyamines as endogenous effectors of stem cell fate and whether they act through translational control remains obscure. Here, we investigate the function of polyamines in stem cell fate decisions using hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) organoids. Compared to progenitor cells, HFSCs showed lower translation rates, correlating with reduced polyamine levels. Surprisingly, overall polyamine depletion decreased translation but did not affect cell fate. In contrast, specific depletion of natural polyamines mediated by spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT; also known as SAT1) activation did not reduce translation but enhanced stemness. These results suggest a translation-independent role of polyamines in cell fate regulation. Indeed, we identified N1-acetylspermidine as a determinant of cell fate that acted through increasing self-renewal, and observed elevated N1-acetylspermidine levels upon depilation-mediated HFSC proliferation and differentiation in vivo. Overall, this study delineates the diverse routes of polyamine metabolism-mediated regulation of stem cell fate decisions.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Does the choosiness of female crickets change as they age?
Authors: Sarmiento-Ponce Edith Julieta , Rogers Stephen , Hedwig Berthold 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
For crickets, which approach singing males by phonotaxis, the female choosiness hypothesis postulates that young females should be more selective of male calling song patterns than older individuals. However, there is no information about the behavioural preferences of females over their complete adulthood. We analysed phonotaxis in female Gryllus bimaculatus throughout their entire adult lifetime and measured the impact of sound amplitude, carrier frequency and the temporal pattern of test songs on their auditory response. Females of all ages demonstrated their best responses to male calling songs with a pulse period of 34–42 ms, a carrier frequency of 4.5 kHz and a sound pressure level of 75 dB. The response profile to somewhat less optimal song types did vary with age, but not in a manner consistent with a simple loosening of selectiveness in older females. Age, however, had an effect on the overall strength of phonotaxis, as very old females showed an overall diminishing response to all song types. Our data suggest that although there are minor changes in the relative preferences of crickets to individual song elements as they age, the breadth of song patterns to which they will perform phonotaxis remains similar across age groups.
Uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern: A retrospective study in a district level hospital in Western Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Manoj , Adhikari Sudeep , Ghimire Kalpana , Tiwari Bishal , Koju Soni , Poudel Sajana , Khanal Sulab 
Published: May 2021

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of hospital visits. There is an increasing trend of resistance of uropathogens to antibiotics worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the common uropathogens, along with their antimicrobial susceptibility. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2018 to April 2020 at Beni hospital. All patients with urinary tract infection visiting Beni hospital during this time and who had urine culture sensitivity tests done were included in this study. Urine samples were first cultured on cystine lactose electrolyte-deficient agar by a semi-quantitative technique, and then incubated aerobically for 18–24 h at 37 °C. The identified bacterial isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: Of the 1173 samples, 164 (14%) samples showed significant growth. Escherichia coli (74%) was the most common causative organism. E. coli was sensitive in 113 cases (95%) out of 119. Amikacin was tested in 87 isolates that showed 99% sensitivity. Other commonly used antimicrobial agents had lower sensitivity rates: gentamicin (83%), ciprofloxacin (75%), ceftriaxone (59%), cefixime (56%), cotrimoxazole (55%), cefotaxime (41%), and ampicillin (38%). Conclusions: E.coli is the most common pathogen associated with urinary tract infection. Nitrofurantoin and amikacin can be good empirical agents for treating UTI in patients coming to Beni hospital.