bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspergillus fumigatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Zofia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus fumigatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A human and animal pathogen. Also found in soils, plants seeds, sludge, compost, wood chips (IMI, 1992). DISEASES:
On animals
: The species causes aspergillosis, a respiratory infection. It has been reported in nearly all domesticated animals and birds. Contributory factors appear to be stress of captivity and immaturity (Smith, 1989). The most common infection is that of the respiratory tract in birds (Jauniaux & Coignoul, 1994), poultry, lambs (Smith, 1989) and cattle (Pawaiya & Charan, 1995). It also causes mycotic abortion in cattle, guttural pouch lesions in horses and nasal and systemic lesions in dogs (Kozakiewicz, 1994). The infection of incubating eggs by
A. fumigatus
is another economic problem. Penetration of the egg by germinating conidia occurs at the time of laying. Modern techniques of large-scale egg production are to blame.
On man: Aspergillus fumigatus
is the causal agent of aspergillosis, farmer's lung disease, aspergillomas and invasive aspergillosis (Mathews & Chandy, 1995). Factors which cause growth of this species in humans include susceptibility through various chemotherapy treatments, prolonged use of antibiotics (particularly the broad spectrum drugs), and certain surgical operations such as open-heart techniques (Tang
et al.
, 1994; Graham
et al.
, 1995). Immuno-suppressed patients are particularly susceptible. Prevalence appears to be seasonal with autumn/early winter the dominant season. It has also been isolated from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients (Viale
et al.
, 1994; Martinez-Jabaloya
et al.
, 1995; Donisi
et al.
, 1995). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, but as a thermotolerant species tends to be found on produce undergoing heating.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Apium graveolens
var.
dulce
(celery),
A. graveolens
var.
rapaceum
(celeriac). Symptomless infection of other crop plants and weeds may occur (66, 4005). Race 1 was reported to produce root lesions on inoculated
Asparagus
seedlings (68, 2953). The fungus can also cause vascular wilt of Mexican sunflower (
Tithonia rotundifolia
'Torch') (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1966), peas (
Pisum sativum
) (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1967),
Asparagus
, Aubergine/Eggplant (
Solanum melongena
) and cotton (
Gossypium arboreum
'Rozi',
G. barbadense
'Coastland', 'Sakel') (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1969). DISEASE:
Fusarium
yellows. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Taiwan; Europe: France; North America: Canada (British Columbia, Ont), USA (widespread).
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium cepa
L. (onion, shallots),
A. sativum
L. (garlic) (see notes below concerning
F
.
oxysporum
f.sp.
garlic), A. fistulosum
L. (Japanese bunching onion),
A. chinense G
. Don (rakkyo);
Asparagus
(68, 2953);
Oxalis
spp. (56, 1835). DISEASE: Basal rot of bulbs. Damping off of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia. Australasia: India, Israel, Japan, Philippines, Tasmania. Europe: Greece, Hungary, Italy. North America: USA. South America: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Via seed, infected planting material or movement of soil. Local dispersal is by slimy micro- and macroconidia moved by water flow and splash droplets.
Inocybe dulcamara
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu Roland 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Inocybe dulcamara
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ectomycorrhizal with conifers and deciduous trees. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Europe, North Africa. TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Panaeolus sphinctrinus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu Roland 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Panaeolus sphinctrinus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Grows in pastures, on dung of horses and cows. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, South America, Europe, Iceland, North Africa, Canary Islands, Israel, Siberia, Japan (Dennis 1986). TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Ophiodothella panamensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ophiodothella panamensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cordia heterophylla, C. sulcata
(
Boraginaceae
). DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are air-dispersed, possibly penetrating new host tissue by means of appressoria; conidia are probably spermatial in function.
Polystigma rubrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Polystigma rubrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Prunus domestica, Prunus institia
(syn.
Prunus domestica
subsp.
institia
),
Prunus spinosa
. Records on
Prunus salicina
(e.g. 46, 1510; 52, 1801) have not been verified. DISEASE: Large brightly coloured spots on leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Armenia, Austria, Belgium (17, 68), Bulgaria (16, 392), Channel Islands, China, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece (52, 2856), Hungary, India (60, 6325), Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan (46, 1510), Kazakhstan (61, 1062), Kirghizia (61, 1062), unverified, Korea (52, 1801), unverified), Lebanon (49, 982), Lithuania (42, 308), Moldova (Fatina, 1989), Netherlands (Oudemans, 1897), Poland, Portugal (Sousa da Câmara, 1916), Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain (7, 407), Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan (47, 576), Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan (61, 1062, unverified). TRANSMISSION: Stromata develop throughout late spring and summer on living leaves, producing conidia in summer and autumn, and ascospores from fallen overwintered leaves the following spring. Conidiomata sometimes persist in an apparently viable condition until the ascomata are mature. Transmission is by air-dispersal of ascospores.
Colpoma juniperi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Colpoma juniperi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Juniperus communis
(bark, twig),
J. communis
subsp.
nana
(twig),
J. nana
[=
J. communis
subsp.
nana
] (twig),
J. sibirica
(twig),
Juniperus
sp. (twig). DISEASE:
Colpoma juniperi
is found on living and dead branches, typically on old bushes or trees in undisturbed natural forest, but also on long-established dwarf bushes at higher altitudes. Unlike branches on other plants inhabited by other species of
Colpoma
, those of
Juniperus
bearing
C. juniperi
are not noticeably brittle. It is usually found only on the lower part of the tree or bush, mostly near the centre of the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Estonia, Finland, former Czechoslovakia [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977], Greenland [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977], Iceland [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977], Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (Scotland), Ukraine. The fungus may also exist in the USA (New York) [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977], but this could be
Coccomyces petersii
incorrectly identified.
Colpoma juniperi
is common in northern Scandinavia, becoming rarer further south, and appears to be absent from Denmark [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977]. Altitude records exist up to 1850m (Ukraine), 870m (Norway) and 760m (Scotland). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions; ascomata containing ascospores have been observed from May to July; ascomata which no longer contain ascospores have been observed in September.
Rhytisma andromedae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhytisma andromedae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Andromeda glaucophylla
(leaf),
A. polifolia
(leaf),
Kalmia polifolia
(stem),
Lyonia ligustrina
(leaf),
Pieris phillyrifolia
(leaf). Almost all records are on
A. polifolia
. DISEASE:
Rhytisma andromedae
is found on living and dead leaves and, often, twigs. In Scandinavia and Britain, the stroma forms during July, and conidia are produced in July and August (exceptionally September); stromata with immature ascomata are found between March and May of the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Belarus, Canada (Newfoundland, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan), Eire, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Russia (Archangelsk Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Tver Oblast), Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), Ukraine, USA (Alaska, Georgia, Maine, Virginia). In Norway the fungus has been recorded from as far north as 70° and is known up to altitudes of about 700 m (Eckblad & Torkelsen, 1986). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions; ascomata contain ascospores have been observed from May to early August.
Erysiphe convolvuli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Heluta V. P. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erysiphe convolvuli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Powdery mildew of members of the Convolvulaceae only. Mycelium, conidiophores, conidia and ascomata form first white, then dirty-grey layers on damaged leaves.
Erysiphe convolvuli
can be used as an agent of biocontrol against any
Convolvulus
species which are malicious weeds. HOSTS:
Calystegia hederacea, C. sepium, C. silvatica, C. soldanella, Convolvulus althaeoides, C. ammanii, C. arvensis, C. askabadensis
(incl. C.
pseudocantabrica), C. divaricatus, C. fruticosus, C. galaticus, C. hamadae, C. hirsutus, C. lineatus, C. pilosellaefolius, C. sagittaefolius
, C.
scammonia, C. siculus, C. subhirsutus, C. tricolor, Ipomoea batatas
(?),
I
.
cymosa
(?). [Type host -
Convolvulus arvensis
] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Canary Islands, Egypt, Libya, Morocco. Asia (temperate areas only): Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia (north Caucasus, south and southwest Siberia), Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe (almost all): Austria, Bulgaria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Russia (European part), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (European part), UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America (introduced). South America: Argentina, Brazil (introduced). TRANSMISSION: By wind-dispersed conidia. The rôle of ascospores in disease transmission is unknown, although it has been supposed that they can cause the initial stage of the disease.
Asterina nyanzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Asterina nyanzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: recorded from
Grewia asiatica
(syn. G.
elastica), G. excelsa
(syn. G.
rothii), G. nyanzae
[recorded as such in the original publication and on the isotype in IMI but this name cannot be traced]. DISEASE: this species is a presumed biotroph, usually occurring on symptomless leaf tissue, especially where leaves are old. However, nutrition in
Asterina
has not been studied in any detail, and it is possible that the colonies gain energy from cuticular waxes or honeydew, and the appressoria are structures associated with attachment rather than parasitism. In one specimen studied, the colonies were associated with, and apparently causing poorly defined brown leaf spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: recorded from India, Nepal and Uganda. TRANSMISSION: this has not been studied, but presumably ascospores are wind-dispersed and conidia transmitted by water-splash.
Capnodium salicinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Capnodium salicinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: recorded from living leaves and twigs of a wide variety of species, including species
of Acer
(Aceraceae),
Baccharis
(Compositae),
Bursaria
(Pittosporaceae),
Castanospermum
(Leguminosae),
Casuarina
(Casuarinaceae),
Citrus
(Rutaceae),
Epacris
(Epacridaceae),
Helichrysum
(Compositae),
Leptospermum
(Myrtaceae),
Pittosporum
(Pittosporaceae),
Populus
(Salicaceae),
Salix
(Salicaceae),
Syncarpia
(Myrtaceae) and
Ulmus
(Ulmaceae). DISEASE: sooty mould; saprobic on honeydew and plant exudates, apparently without a deleterious effect on the plant apart from loss of photosynthetic capacity; this has been demonstrated for other species of
Capnodium
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: widely distributed; recorded from Australia, Cameroun, France, Hungary, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, USA (California, Montana, Wisconsin) and Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: the ascospores are presumably air-dispersed and the conidia transmitted via water-splash, but there is no experimental evidence to support these suppositions.
Septoria lavandulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria lavandulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Disease of living and withering leaves. The fungus causes small necrotic spots on the lower leaves of young plants (BOUNAURIO
et al.
, 1996). Further development of
S. lavandulae
retards growth of the whole infected plant and promotes premature defoliation (ZHUKOVA, 1977). HOSTS:
Lavandula angustifolia
(syn. :
L. spica
),
L. dentata, L. latifolia, L. officinalis, L. pyrenaica, L. stoechas, L. vera
(Lamiaceae). [Type host-
L. vera
.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Madeira. Europe: Bulgaria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sweden, UK, Ukraine. North America: USA (Ohio, Oklahoma). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne or splash dispersed conidia from infected bushes (WORMALD, 1925); also from infected plant débris.
Aspergillus sydowii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus sydowii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a soil species (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980), but also isolated from other substrata, including wallpaper, talc, paint and cotton yarn (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASE: On man isolated from keratomycosis (mycoses), bones, joints, lungs and the central nervous system (SMITH, 1989). In addition it has been isolated from onychomycosis (SUMMERBELL
et al.
, 1989), from AIDS patients (NEVES
et al.
, 1998) and as component of hospital air mycoflora (GOODLEY
et al.
, 1994). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.
Eurotium echinulatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Eurotium echinulatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A xerotolerant species and therefore isolated from relatively dry products and substrata such as spruce needles, linseed cake, table jelly, figs, grain and soil (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999; CBS, 1996). DISEASE: Not known to be a pathogen of animals (including man), but members of sect.
Aspergillus
(
A. glaucus
group) have been isolated from nails, mycetomas, paranasal tissue and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (SMITH, 1989). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.
Alternaria gaisen
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria gaisen
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Black spot of Japanese pear. HOSTS:
Pyrus pyrifolia
cv. Nijisseiki (
Rosaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Japan, Korea, Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Alternaria japonica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria japonica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Radish black spot. Lesions occur on leaves, petioles, stems, inflorescence, siliquae and the fungus also infects the seeds. HOSTS:
Brassica napus
(Napobrassica Group),
B. nigra, B. oleracea
(Botrytis & Capitata Groups),
B. rapa
(Chinensis, Pekinensis and Rapifera Groups,
B. rapa
subsp.
campestris
),
Matthiola incana, Raphanus sativus
(
Cruciferae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, South Africa. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan), USA (Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania). SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil. ASIA: Bhutan, China (Jilin, Sichuan), India (Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Iraq, Israel, Japan, Russia (Far East), Saudi Arabia, Thailand. EUROPE: Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, UK. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne or through plant debris remaining in the field.
Aulacostroma pandani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aulacostroma pandani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaves. HOSTS:
Pandanus copelandii, P. humilis, P. luzonensis, P. odoratissimus (Pandanaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Philippines. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Xanthomonas albilineans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas albilineans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Bambusa vulgaris, Coix lacryma-jobi, Cymbopogon citratus, Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum, Sorghum halepense, Zea mays
(
Poaceae
). Wild hosts:
Brachiaria piligera, Imperata cylindrica, Panicum maximum, Paspalum conjugatum, P. dilatatum, Pennisetum purpureum, Rottboellia cochinchinensis
(
Poaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf scald of sugarcane, considered to be one of the major diseases of this host. Two disease phases have been recorded: chronic and acute. In the chronic phase a typical white line (1-2 mm wide) runs parallel to the leaf veins almost the entire length of the leaf. Latterly, lines may become diffuse and redden, particularly in the middle of the stripe. Partial or total chlorosis of leaves occurs (scalding) and is accompanied by an inward curling. In the acute phase of the disease, sudden plant death occurs with few or no symptoms. The disease can remain dormant until environmental conditions are favourable for symptom expression. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo Democratic Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Texas). CENTRAL AMERICA: Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico (Vera Cruz), Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Säo Paulo, Sergipe), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), Fiji, French Polynesia, Papua New Guinea. TRANSMISSION: Primarily on infected cuttings and fluffs (mature flowers). The use of contaminated tools and harvesters aids local spread. Airborne infection has occurred and wet and stormy conditions are highly conducive to disease spread. Root to root infections have also been recorded (KLETT & ROTT, 1994).
Xanthomonas populi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas populi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Populus balsamifera, P. deltoides, P. euamericana, P. tremula, P. tremuloides
and
P. trichocarpa
×
P. deltoides
(
Salicaceae
). DISEASE: Bacterial canker of poplar. First visible on young branches which swell and crack producing a bacterial exudate. Large cankers may develop at these sites over several seasons, or other organisms may invade and cause rapid death of the distal part of the branch. The pathogen gains entry into the plant through wounds, e.g. leaf and stipule scars, insect punctures and frost cracks. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: China, Pakistan. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: The disease can be spread by the actions of wind and rain.