bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noise Assisted Image Encryption and Decryption using 2-D Chaotic System
Authors: Biswas Namrata , Mohamed I. Raja 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a new two-dimensional (2-D) chaos-based color image encryption and decryption scheme is proposed in which the noise signal is selected randomly to set the initial values for a chaotic system which also enhances the security of the system. The 256-bit hash value of noise is transformed into one-time initial values for the state variables of this proposed chaotic system. XOR operation is further carried out to diffuse the pixels. Finally, statistical and security analyses are performed for understanding the effectiveness of the proposed system. Experimental results confirm that the proposed chaos-based cryptosystem is efficient and suitable for information (image) transmission in a highly secured way.
Traumatic Dental Injuries: A Survey of Knowledge and Attitudes Among Family Physicians in Turkey
Authors: GOK Adem , ATAS Osman 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background/Aim: Individuals exposed to trauma are most often brought or directed to the nearest healthcare facility by their relatives. In Turkey, most widely available healthcare services are provided by family physicians at primary care Family Health Centers and patients expect receiving treatment for TDI from medical doctors when they do not immediate access to a dentist. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitude about traumatic dental injuries among family physicians working at family health centersin Turkey. Material and methods: A total of 110 family physicians participated in the study. Participants were family physicians who attended a meeting organized by Elazığ Provincial Directorate of Health. A self-administered questionnaire consisting of 16 multiple choice questions assessing both demographic data, knowledge and attitude about traumatic dental injuries was distributed to family physicians during the meeting.Results: The results obtained from 86 fully responded questionnaire forms, %75 of family physicians didn't receive any education on TDI. 86% of Family physicians feel that they don't have adequate knowledge about TDI. 53.5% of the family physicians reported that they have come across patients with TDI at least once at their practice. 39.5% of the physicians did not know the importance of extra-oral time. Sterile sponge was selected as the best transport media for avulsed tooth by 22.6% of the participants. Regarding physicians’ attitude, 75% think that education should be provided in medical schools about TDI.Conclusions: This study revealed that the majority of family physicians lack the knowledge needed to manage avulsion and crown fracture cases. Hence, educational programs are necessary during and after medical training for family physicians to provide proper management for traumatic dental injuries.
Evaluation of Nigerian Medicinal Plants Extract on Human P-glycoprotein and
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Induction: Implications for Herb-drug Interaction
Authors: Amaeze Ogochukwu , Marques Emily S. , Wei Wei , Lazzaro Sarah , Johnson Nathaniel , Varma Manthena V.S. , Slitt Angela 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Herbal medicine represents a significant component of disease prevention and therapy in
most African countries. Herb-drug interactions (HDI) can arise from the co-administration of herbal and orthodox
medicines.

Objective:
This study assessed the potential for HDI of V. amygdalina, O. gratissimum, M. oleifera, A. indica, and P.
nitida extracts using in vitro assays. Little is known about these medicinal plants' potential for drug interaction despite their extensive use in Nigeria for several disease conditions.

Method:
The medicinal plant crude extracts were evaluated for Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme induction using
cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Enzyme activity was determined by quantifying probe substrate metabolism and
metabolite formation using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. The extracts were evaluated for the potential to inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity using human embryonic kidney membrane vesicles
over-expressing human P-gp. The herbal extracts in vivo drug interaction potential was predicted based on the USFDA drug interaction guidance.

Result:
O. gratissimum and P. nitida methanol extracts induced CYP1A2 enzyme activity by greater than 3-fold. P.
nitida methanol extracts showed over 2-fold induction of CYP1A2 mRNA expression. O. gratissimum methanol
extract induced CYP2B6 mRNA expression over 2-fold. P. nitida and A. indica methanol extracts showed potent
inhibition of P-gp activity (IC50: 3.8 and 5.4 µg/mL), respectively, while V. amygdalina and M. oleifera methanol
extracts showed moderate P-gp inhibition (IC50: 12.1 and 37.2 µg/mL, respectively).

Conclusion:
Our studies suggested that the medicinal plants’ extracts can modulate CYP enzymes and P-gp activity
with the potential to cause herb-drug interaction in vivo.
Applications and Challenges of Machine Learning Methods in Alzheimer's
Disease Multi-Source Data Analysis
Authors: Li Xiong , Qiu Yangping , Zhou Juan , Xie Ziruo 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Recent development in neuroimaging and genetic testing technologies have made it possible to measure pathological features associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in vivo. Mining potential molecular markers of AD from high-dimensional, multi-modal neuroimaging and omics data will provide a new basis for early diagnosis and intervention in AD. In order to discover the real pathogenic mutation and even understand the pathogenic mechanism of AD, lots of machine learning methods have been designed and successfully applied to the analysis and processing of large-scale AD biomedical data.

Objective:
To introduce and summarize the applications and challenges of machine learning methods in Alzheimer's disease multi-source data analysis.

Methods:
The literature selected in the review is obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. The keywords of literature retrieval include Alzheimer's disease, bioinformatics, image genetics, genome-wide association research, molecular interaction network, multi-omics data integration, and so on.

Conclusion:
This study comprehensively introduces machine learning-based processing techniques for AD neuroimaging data and then shows the progress of computational analysis methods in omics data, such as the genome, proteome, and so on. Subsequently, machine learning methods for AD imaging analysis are also summarized. Finally, we elaborate on the current emerging technology of multi-modal neuroimaging, multi-omics data joint analysis, and present some outstanding issues and future research directions.
Inhibition of the Citrus Bacterial Pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri through Aloysia gratissima Essential Oil and Flourensia spp. Extracts and Prenylflavonoids
Authors: Castillo Miguel Ángel , Reyes María Guadalupe , Torres Elsa Mónica Farfán , Uriburu María Laura 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri is a gram-negative bacterium that affects
citrus crops, causing a disease known as citrus canker. Although essential oils and other compounds
isolated from plants represent a natural alternative to treat this disease, they have the disadvantage
of having low solubility in the media in which the bioassays to determine antimicrobial activity
are performed. This has led several researchers to evaluate the solubility of plant essential
oils in alternative solvents.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the solubility of the essential oil from Aloysia
gratissima as well as that of low-polarity extracts and pure compounds of the genus Flourensia in
diluted agar/Tween 80 solutions to test and improve their antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas
axonopodis pv. citri.

Methods:
Antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri was determined by
bioautography, agar diffusion, and microdilution methods.

Results:
The A. gratissima oil showed increased activity in the agar (0.15% m/v)/Tween80 (0.5%
v/v) 1:1 mixture, with MIC values ranging from 75 to 100 μL/mL, while Flourensia spp. extracts
were more soluble in agar solution (0.15% m/v). The pure compounds tested presented MIC values
ranging from 50 to 150 μg/mL.

Conclusion:
The proven antimicrobial activity of both Aloysia gratissima essential oil and Flourensia
spp. extracts and pure compounds allows proposing these natural products as potential antimicrobial
agents in the control of citrus canker.
The Use of Plant Fibers for Oligosaccharide Production with Libraries Constructed by Combinatorial Enzyme Technology
Authors: Wong Dominic W.S. 
Published: December 2021

:
Combinatorial chemistry involves the chemical or biological synthesis of libraries of the
diverse structural population of a template molecule and the screening for the variants expressing
desirable target properties. The approach has been a focus of research activity in modern drug discovery
and biotechnology for accelerating the discovery and development of novel therapeutic and
bioactive compounds. This review describes the application of combinatorial chemistry in enzyme
technology as a novel technique and invention developed in our laboratory to construct oligosaccharide
libraries in the conversion of plant fibers. The theory, mechanism, development, and
application of this combinatorial enzyme approach are presented for the first time. The potential
food and non-food uses of oligosaccharides are described. Citrus pectin and wheat insoluble fiber
have been used as substrates for combinatorial enzyme reactions. Generation of libraries of structural
variants of pectic oligosaccharides (oligoGalA) and feruloyl oligosaccharides (FOS) demonstrates
the feasibility and usefulness of the technique in the transformation of plant biomass to value-
added products.
Deficit financing approaches and the Nigerian sector’s output
Authors: Chinemerem Osuji Casmir , Andrew E.O Erhijakpor , Bruno Oshiobugie Omolegie 
Published: December 2021

This study examined the effect of deficit financing on Sectorial Output in Nigeria from 1986–2020. The independent variable in the study is deficit financing measured by domestic debt, foreign debt, budget deficit, and Foreign exchange reserve while the dependent variable in the study is Sectorial Output measured by Manufacturing Sector and Services Sector Output. Accordingly, the two models support the ARDL Methodology since they reported mixed integration. The study found that domestic debt has a positive significant effect on Sectorial Output in Nigeria. More so, Foreign Debt has a negative insignificant effect on Manufacturing Sector Output. However, it has a significant effect on the Services Sector Output in Nigeria. Again, the study found that Budget Deficit exerted a positive significant effect on Manufacturing Sector Output. However, it exerted a negative insignificant effect on Services Sector Output. While Foreign Reserve exerted a negative insignificant effect on Manufacturing Sector Output, Foreign Reserve had mixed effects on Services Sector Output; such effect tends to be statistically significant only in the short run. Lastly, the both inflation rate and the interest rate have a mixed effect on Sectorial Output.
Digital Approaches to Automated and Machine Learning Assessments of Hearing: Scoping Review
Authors: Wasmann Jan-Willem , Pragt Leontien , Eikelboom Robert , Swanepoel De Wet 
Published: December 2021

Background
Hearing loss affects 1 in 5 people worldwide and is estimated to affect 1 in 4 by 2050. Treatment relies on the accurate diagnosis of hearing loss; however, this first step is out of reach for >80% of those affected. Increasingly automated approaches are being developed for self-administered digital hearing assessments without the direct involvement of professionals.

Objective
This study aims to provide an overview of digital approaches in automated and machine learning assessments of hearing using pure-tone audiometry and to focus on the aspects related to accuracy, reliability, and time efficiency. This review is an extension of a 2013 systematic review.

Methods
A search across the electronic databases of PubMed, IEEE, and Web of Science was conducted to identify relevant reports from the peer-reviewed literature. Key information about each report’s scope and details was collected to assess the commonalities among the approaches.

Results
A total of 56 reports from 2012 to June 2021 were included. From this selection, 27 unique automated approaches were identified. Machine learning approaches require fewer trials than conventional threshold-seeking approaches, and personal digital devices make assessments more affordable and accessible. Validity can be enhanced using digital technologies for quality surveillance, including noise monitoring and detecting inconclusive results.

Conclusions
In the past 10 years, an increasing number of automated approaches have reported similar accuracy, reliability, and time efficiency as manual hearing assessments. New developments, including machine learning approaches, offer features, versatility, and cost-effectiveness beyond manual audiometry. Used within identified limitations, automated assessments using digital devices can support task-shifting, self-care, telehealth, and clinical care pathways.
Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence Among Dermatologists in Morocco: A National Survey
Authors: Chakiri Radia , Lahlou Laila 
Published: December 2021

Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a hot topic, and the use of AI in our day-to-day lives has increased exponentially. AI is becoming increasingly important in dermatology, with studies reporting accuracy matching or exceeding that of dermatologists in the diagnosis of skin lesions from clinical and dermoscopic images. However, little is known about the attitudes of dermatologists in Morocco toward AI.

Objective
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the attitudes of dermatologists in Morocco toward AI.

Methods
An online survey was distributed through Google Forms (Google LLC) to dermatologists in Morocco and was open from January to June 2021. Statistical analysis of the data collected was performed using Jamovi software. Any association for which the P value was <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
In total, 183 surveys were completed and analyzed. Overall, 79.8% of respondents were female, and the median age was 35 years (IQR 25-74 years). A total of 30.6% stated that they were not aware of AI, and 34.4% had a basic knowledge of AI technologies. Only 7.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that the human dermatologist will be replaced by AI in the foreseeable future. Of the entire group, 61.8% agreed or strongly agreed that AI will improve dermatology, and 70% thought that AI should be part of medical training. In addition, only 32.2% reported having read publications about AI. Female dermatologists showed more fear pertaining to the use of AI within dermatology (P=.01); this group also suggested that AI has a very strong potential in the detection of skin diseases using dermoscopic images (P=.03).

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate an overall optimistic attitude toward AI among dermatologists in Morocco. The majority of respondents believed that it will improve diagnostic capabilities.

Conflict of Interest
None declared.
A 9-Year Teledermoscopy Service: Retrospective Service Review
Authors: Teoh Novell Shu Chyng , Oakley Amanda 
Published: December 2021

Background
A teledermoscopy service was established in January 2010, where patients attended nurse-led clinics for imaging of lesions of concern and remote diagnosis by a dermatologist.

Objective
The study aimed to review the number of visits, patient characteristics, the efficiency of the service, and the diagnoses made.

Methods
We evaluated the waiting time and diagnosis of skin lesions for all patient visits from January 1, 2010, to May 31, 2019. The relationships between patient characteristics and the diagnosis of melanoma were specifically analyzed.

Results
The teledermoscopy clinic was attended by 6479 patients for 11,005 skin lesions on 8805 occasions. Statistically significant risk factors for the diagnosis of melanoma/melanoma in situ were male sex, European ethnicity, and Fitzpatrick skin type 2. Attendance was maximal during 2015 and 2016. The seasonal variation in visits 2011-2018 revealed a consistent peak at the end of summer and a dip at the end of winter. In the year 2010, 306 patients attended; 76% (233/306) of these were discharged to primary care and 24% (73/306) were referred to hospital for specialist assessment. For patients diagnosed by the dermatologist with suspected melanoma from January 1, 2010, to May 31, 2019, the median waiting time for an imaging appointment was 44.5 days (average 57.9 days, range 8-218 days). The most common lesions diagnosed were benign naevus (2933/11,005, 27%), benign keratosis (2576/11,005, 23%), and keratinocytic cancer (1707/11,005, 15%); melanoma was suspected in 5% (507/11,005) of referred lesions (Multimedia Appendix 1). The positive predictive value of melanoma/melanoma in situ was 61.1% (320 true positives and 203 false positives). The number needed to treat (ie, the ratio of the total number of excisions to the number with a histological diagnosis of melanoma/melanoma in situ) was 2.02.

Conclusions
Diagnoses were comparable to the experience of other teledermoscopy services. Teledermoscopy using a nurse-led imaging clinic can provide efficient and convenient access to dermatology by streamlining referrals to secondary care and prioritizing patients with skin cancer for treatment.

Conflicts of Interest
None declared.
A Validated Questionnaire to Evaluate Primary Care Pediatrician Satisfaction With the Use of Teledermatology
Authors: Palazón Cabanes Juan Carlos , Juan Carpena G , Berbegal García L , Martínez Miravete T , Palazón Cabanes B , Betlloch Mas I 
Published: December 2021

Background
Teledermatology (TD) is a branch of telemedicine focused on the evaluation of cutaneous lesions by dermatologists remotely, in order to avoid unnecessary in-person consults that could be otherwise resolved by this method, and to shorten the time required for prompt evaluation of cutaneous diseases.

Objective
This study aimed to create and validate a questionnaire to evaluate satisfaction with the use of TD among primary care pediatricians (PCPs) and to test the questionnaire in our health area before performing an intervention for the optimization of TD.

Methods
We first created a questionnaire based on previous publications. Then, an expert consultation was made before drafting the final version of the questionnaire. We tested it twice among pediatricians of different health areas, with a 1-month gap between both evaluations. Internal consistency, reproducibility, and validity of the questionnaire were evaluated. Finally, the validated questionnaire was tested among the PCPs of our health area, to analyze their responses.

Results
We registered 38 questionnaire responses. In all, 30 (78.9%) PCPs actively used TD several times within a month or a year; none of them used TD daily. Technical and health care quality of TD was mostly considered as good or very good. TD was regarded as similar or even better than face-to-face evaluation for most PCPs, whereas 7.9% (3/38) of PCPs thought TD was worse than conventional consults. Most PCPs considered TD as an effective, self-learning, and trustable tool, and 10.5% (4/38) of them identified that pictures captured by mobile phones were a barrier for its use, as it affects patient privacy. Technical problems, absence of exclusive devices for image taking, and delayed answers are some other barriers for TD that need to be overcome. Nonetheless, all PCPs were satisfied with TD, and all of them reported they would continue or start to use this tool.

Conclusions
TD has demonstrated to be an efficient tool, as it reduces waiting time and costs for dermatology evaluation, and it increases satisfaction among professionals. With our proposed questionnaire, we validated that quality, usability, efficacy, and satisfaction related to TD in our health area had a positive consideration among PCPs in general, but there still are barriers to overcome.

Conflict of Interest
None declared.
Book review: Anthropomorphic images in rock art paintings and rock carvings
Authors: Motta Ana Paula 
Published: December 2021

Anthropomorphic Images in Rock Art Paintings and Rock Carvings
by Terence Meaden and Herman Bender
Archaeopress, 2020, pp. 322. ISBN 978-178-969-357-7
https://www.archaeopress.com/archaeopressshop/public/displayProductDetail.asp?id={19B19455-613A-41E7-968F-D99720CA62C2}
Terapi kelompok suportif untuk meningkatkan harga diri pada narapidana menjelang persiapan pulang
Authors: Hana Hana 
Published: December 2021

Subjects in this study were convicts who are in the process of preparing to go home. Assessment is used by using interviews, observations and providing a Self Esteem Inventory Scale. The intervention given to the subject was to provide therapy to supportive groups consisting of eight sessions. The aim of this intervention is to increase selfesteem in convict. The results of the intervention showed good changes where before taking therapy the results of the self-esteem scale of the five subjects were at a low level but after attending therapy the results of the subject scale increased. Two subjects rose to moderate levels and three subjects rose to high levels.
Askeleita kohti lapsiin kohdistuvan väkivallan riskiarvioinnin työkalua – kartoittava katsaus lapsiin kohdistuvan väkivallan riskitekijöistä
Authors: Leppäkoski Tuija , Laajasalo Taina , Mäkelä Jukka , Rajala Rika , Paavilainen Eija 
Published: December 2021

Lapsen oikeuksien sopimus velvoittaa jäsenvaltioita suojelemaan lasta kaikelta väkivallalta. Suojelutoimien onnistuminen edellyttää tehokkaita menetelmiä lapsen kokonaistilanteen arvioimiseksi. LASTA- yhteistyömalli luotiin 2014–2016 Varsinais-Suomen sairaanhoitopiirin alueella vastaamaan monialaista ja poikkihallinnollista yhteistyötä edellyttävään pahoinpitely- ja seksuaalirikosepäilyn selvittämiseen niissä tilanteissa, joissa poliisi on jo aloittanut esitutkinnan. LASTA -taustatietolomake on osa LASTA -yhteistyömallia.
Tässä katsauksessa kuvataan ensinnäkin lapsiin kohdistuviin väkivaltaepäilyihin liittyvän riski[1]arvioinnin tämänhetkistä tilannetta tuoreimman tutkimustiedon valossa. Toiseksi, katsauksessa kuvataan LASTA -taustatietolomakkeen kehittämisprosessia ja erityisesti sen pohjana ollutta kartoittavaa kirjallisuuskatsausta tuloksineen.
LASTA -lomake kehitettiin ja suunniteltiin monialaisena yhteistyönä. Tässä katsauksessa kuvattu LASTA -lomake sijoittuu toimintatavaltaan lähelle strukturoituja kliinisen riskiarvioinnin välineitä, joissa riskiarviointi tehdään käymällä järjestelmällisesti läpi tutkimuskirjallisuuden merkitseviksi osoittamat riskitekijät. LASTA -lomake koostuu rikosepäilyyn liittyvien perustietojen sekä terveydenhuollon ja lastensuojelun perustietojen osioista. Lasten pahoinpitely ja seksuaalinen hyväksikäyttö ovat seurausta monenlaisista tekijöistä, jotka ovat vuorovaikutuksessa toistensa kanssa. Mitä enemmän riskitekijöitä lapsella ja/tai perheellä on ympärillään, sitä herkemmin lapsi altistuu väkivallalle.
LASTA -lomake on yksi tapa jakaa tietoa viranomaisten kesken. LASTA -lomake ja siihen liittyvä toimintamalli vaativat kuitenkin lisätutkimusta. Lomakkeen aineisto vaatii analyysin lomakkeeseen sisällytettyjen riskitekijöiden toimivuudesta ja käytettävyydestä monialaisen yhteistyön osana. Vain tutkimusnäytön perusteella on mahdollista arvioida, voiko LASTA -lomake monialaisine yhteis[1]työmalleineen vähentää toistuvia lapsiin kohdistuvia väkivaltaepäilyjä tai viranomaisprosesseja. Tähänastisen kokemuksen perusteella LASTA -lomake ja lisääntynyt viranomaisyhteistyö auttaa kohdentamaan rajalliset resurssit oikein.