bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The frontier of social impact finance in the public sector: Theory and two case studies
Authors: Becchetti Leonardo , Pisani Fabio , Salustri Francesco , Semplici Lorenzo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSocial impact bonds (SIBs) are a novel and innovative form of public‐private partnership financing social services performed by a best‐practice selected non‐governmental third entity. In our paper we outline a SIB theoretical model identifying government and private investors' participation constraints and we discuss the conflicts of interests that may arise among the different actors involved in presence of asymmetric information. We apply our theoretical model to two investment cases concerning contrast to jail recidivism and health budget project. We show conditions for viability of the SIB scheme in both cases under reasonable parametric conditions, provide sensitivity analysis on crucial parameters, and calculate participants' payoffs under different assumptions.
Education and training in psychiatry in South Asian countries
Authors: Kallivayalil Roy Abraham , Enara Arun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract“Show me a sane man and I will cure him for you.”—Carl Jung. Essentially, Jung was saying that a sane man does not exist. Emotional problems and difficulties are present in a benign form in the vast majority of people. Therefore, psychiatric education should focus on the very common nature of mental and emotional problems. Training of psychiatrists to provide the best quality care and conduct the highest quality research continues to remain a priority across the globe. The treatment and training gaps in many countries continue despite the sustained efforts at improving these, especially in low‐ and middle‐income (LAMI) countries. Although many LAMI countries have improved curricula for undergraduate and postgraduate training, yet the treatment and training gap continues. This article will look to explore education and training in psychiatry in some of the South Asian countries with a special focus on India.
Use of modern technology in psychiatry training in a middle‐income country
Authors: Ouanes Sami , Larnaout Amine , Jouini Lamia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecent advances in information technology (IT) provided us with novel teaching solutions, with the potential of a new enhanced learning experience, that is, more adapted to the needs and preferences of the younger generations of psychiatric trainees. These tools include the use of online/virtual whiteboards, live surveys/polls, live quizzes, virtual classrooms, and virtual reality. In the present paper, we describe the implementation of modern technology in psychiatric training in Tunisia, a North‐African middle‐income country. We discuss the potential benefits arising from this implementation, and we report the challenges and difficulties. Overall, the implementation of these modern technology‐based tools in psychiatric training has been successful, with a very few obstacles. It seems that the integration of these novel approaches is possible even in middle and low‐income countries without much hassle. These tools can enhance trainees' participation, motivation, and engagement, thereby potentially improving learning outcomes. Most disadvantages are related to potential technical glitches, and are likely to improve as technology progresses. Teaching is the art of tailoring the educational tools to the learning objectives and to the learners' characteristics and preferences. To achieve optimal learning outcomes, it is often needed to use a mixture of different “modern” and “less modern” techniques.
Training and education in digital psychiatry: A perspective fromAsia‐Pacificregion
Authors: Orsolini Laura , Jatchavala Chonnakarn , Noor Isa Multazam , Ransing Ramdas , Satake Yuto , Shoib Sheikh , Shah Bigya , Ullah Irfan , Volpe Umberto 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundDigital mental health interventions and digital psychiatry have been rapidly implemented over the past decade, particularly with the intent to offer a cost‐effective solution in those circumstances in which the current mental health services and infrastructure are not able to properly accommodate the patients' needs. However, mental health workforce is often poorly theoretical/practical trained in digital psychiatry and in delivering remote consultations safely and effectively, not being common to own curricula‐specific training requirements in digital psychiatry and skills.MethodsA web‐based international cross‐sectional survey was carried out by a working group constituted by one or two national representative(s) of each WHO South‐East Asia and Western Pacific Regions (APAC), with the aim to evaluate the level of training, knowledge, experience, and perception regarding the topic of digital psychiatry in a sample constituted by medical students, psychiatry trainees, and early career psychiatrists from APAC.ResultsAn overall lack of theoretical and/or practical training on new digital tools and digital health interventions in psychiatry was observed. The level of training influences knowledge background, which, in turns, influences young professionals' perceptions and opinions regarding digital psychiatry and interventions in mental health.ConclusionImplementing psychiatry training programs may significantly improve the level of knowledge and use of digital tools in mental healthcare. Moreover, mental health services and infrastructures should be properly adapted to the digital era, considering the overall weak and heterogeneous technical support and equipment, issues of internet connectivity, and other administrative‐related challenges observed in APAC.
Becoming Working Class: Domestic Workers and the Claim to Localness in Mumbai
Authors: Parpiani Maansi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn India, many women from former untouchable caste groups (Dalits) are domestic workers. Despite attempts at seeking formal, legal recognition, they continue to be seen by the state as part of a broad, ambiguous category of “informal workers” whose work is stigmatized and not legislated for. In this essay, I suggest that the discourses and practices of a neighborhood‐level Dalit domestic workers’ union in Mumbai reconceptualize domestic work as “formal” work. The workers assert themselves as formal workers (kamgaar) owing to their long histories of work in specific neighborhoods, relationships of trust with employers, and their ability to negotiate long‐standing employment with them. Though domestic work does not align with the state’s definition of formal work (for example, through the presence of written contracts), for the workers, it was their own qualities, origins, social positions, and relationships that defined the formality of work rather than the other way around. Centering respect and dignity in their own work, their union also facilitated the articulation of the caste and gender‐based prejudices that have not only kept domestic workers outside the ambit of formal recognition but also have brought about routine encounters with violence and harassment for Dalit women in the local neighborhood.
Potential drug‐drug interactions in acute poisonings managed in the intensive care unit: Occurrence, risk factors and relationship to patient severity on admission
Authors: Mainoli Beatrice , Gonçalves Nilza , Ferreira Joaquim J. , Mégarbane Bruno 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBeyond the direct toxicity resulting from each drug in the poisoned patient, additional toxicities may result from drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). We aimed to determine the frequency of potential DDIs in the poisoned patient and investigate whether DDIs are associated with severity. We conducted a 1‐year cohort study in a toxicological ICU. DDIs were identified using an electronic interaction‐checker tool. Among our 354 ICU poisoned patients, 134 (38%) presented at least one potential DDI between acute poisoning drugs and 180 (51%) at least one potential DDI between acute poisoning and long‐term treatment drugs. Using multivariate analyses, previous suicide attempt was associated with the presence of potential DDIs between acute poisoning drugs in suicide attempt patients (P = 0.014). Chronic alcoholism (P = 0.005) and tobacco smoking (P = 0.022) were associated with the presence of potential DDIs between acute poisoning and long‐term treatment drugs in recreational drug users. Presence of potential DDIs between acute poisoning and long‐term treatment drugs was associated with catecholamine infusion (P = 0.022) in suicidal self‐exposure patients. Presence of potential pharmacodynamic DDIs between acute poisoning and long‐term treatment drugs was associated with aspiration pneumonia onset in recreational drug users (P = 0.03). ICU poisoned patients present a high rate of potential DDIs that may influence the outcome.
Interleukin‐25 recognition by its unique receptor IL‐17Rb via two discrete linear and cyclic epitopes
Authors: Wu Tao , Ma Huaijun , He Ping , Zhang Cheng , Wu Qingchen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInterleukin‐17 (IL‐17) is a family of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and has been involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The IL‐17E, also known as IL‐25, is a distinct member of this family that binds to its unique receptor IL‐17Rb to induce the activation of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain enhancer of activated B cells. Here, we systematically examined the intermolecular recognition and association of IL‐25 with IL‐17Rb and demonstrated that the IL‐25 primarily adopts two discrete linear and cyclic epitopes to interact with IL‐17Rb. The two epitopes are separately located in the monomers 1 and 2 of IL‐25 homodimer and cover sequences 125DPRGNSELLYHN136 and 77ELDRDLNRLPQDLY90. They totally contribute 71.6% binding energy to the full‐length IL‐25. The linear epitope targets a site spanning over the extracellular fnIIID1 and fnIIID2 domains of IL‐17Rb, while the cyclic epitope primarily binds at the fnIIID1 domain. In addition, we also found that the linear and cyclic epitopes are natively folded into ordered single‐stranded and double‐stranded conformations in IL‐25 protein context, respectively, but would become largely disordered when splitting from the context to be free peptides, which, however, cannot bind effectively to IL‐17Rb as them in the native state. In this respect, we extended the cyclic epitope to cover the whole IL‐25 double‐stranded region and added a disulfide bridge across its two strands at three selected anchor residue pairs. It is revealed that the disulfide‐stapled peptides can be constrained into a native‐like conformation and thus exhibit an improved binding potency to IL‐17Rb as compared to their unstapled counterpart.
Social needs screening during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Mayo Rachel , Kliot Tamara , Weinstein Rebecca , Onigbanjo Mutiat , Carter Rebecca 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundMillions of Americans lost their jobs as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic, placing immeasurable stress on families and making it difficult for parents to support their children's basic needs. Research shows that screening for social determinants of health is an important part of a child's well visit, noting that awareness of these factors leads to more holistic and improved quality of care. Due to increased precautions during the COVID‐19 pandemic and a significant decrease in well‐child visits and in‐person appointments, there was a marked decrease in the number of face‐to‐face opportunities for these screenings. In a time of increased need, methods such as telephone screenings represent an opportunity to assess needs and connect patients and families with helpful resources.MethodsThis study occurred in Baltimore, Maryland at the University of Maryland Pediatrics at Midtown outpatient practice (PAM). Five paediatric resident physicians and 17 medical students developed a telephone welfare screening tool and called families receiving primary care at the clinic over a 9‐week period. The team documented identified needs and used a community resources database to provide resources to families over the phone. Data regarding the identified needs was collected and analysed throughout the screening process.ResultsVolunteers contacted 671 families using our finalized screening tool. Of those, 349 answered the telephone call (52%), and 328 (49%) agreed to participate in the screening. Results showed that families commonly identified food insecurity (20%) and symptoms of depression (18%). This was consistent across families' home locations as analysed by postal ZIP code.ConclusionsThis study suggests that telephone screening is a feasible and informative method for identifying and addressing the social needs of paediatric primary care patients and their families. Furthermore, our study supports the notion that there are significant and widespread social needs resulting from the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Risk and protective factors of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in paediatric obesity: A nationwide nested case–control study
Authors: Putri Resthie R. , Casswall Thomas , Hagman Emilia 
Published: December 2021

SummaryNot all children with obesity carry a similar risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the effect of obesity severity, metabolic risk parameters, and obesity treatment outcome on later risk of NAFLD in paediatric obesity. We conducted a nested case–control study of children and adolescents enrolled in the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register (BORIS) (2001–2016). NAFLD was ascertained from the National Patient Register. Five controls per case were matched by sex and age at index date and at the obesity treatment initiation. Seventy‐six pairs (n cases = 76, n controls = 241) were included in the analysis (29% females, mean age at obesity treatment initiation was 10.8 ± 3.07 years). Mean age of NAFLD diagnosis was 14.2 ± 3.07 years. The risk for NAFLD increased with severe obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 3.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.69–5.89), impaired fasting glucose (OR: 5.29, 95% CI: 1.40–20.06), high triglycerides (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.22–4.43) and weight gain (OR: 4.67, 95% CI: 1.51–14.49 per body mass index standard deviation score [BMI SDS] unit). Relative weight loss of at least 0.25 BMI SDS units reduced NAFLD risk independently of other risk factors (OR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01–0.56). Severe obesity, impaired fasting glucose and high triglycerides are risk factors for future NAFLD in paediatric obesity. Successful obesity treatment almost eliminates the risk for NAFLD independently of obesity severity, IFG and high triglycerides.
THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD BOTANIC GARDEN: SHARING THE SCIENTIFIC WONDER AND IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS WITH THE WORLD
Authors: Thorogood Chris J. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryThe University of Oxford Botanic Garden is the UK's oldest botanic garden, established as a physic garden in 1621 in which medicinal plants were grown for teaching purposes. Today, the garden holds a collection of over 5000 taxa, some of which have international conservation importance. The collections of Oxford Botanic Garden are discussed with a focus on their historic, conservation and research value, and their potential for engaging people with the importance of plants at a time when it has never been more urgent in the face of global challenges.
SIBTHORP'S FLORA GRAECA EXPEDITION AND TEACHING LINNAEAN BOTANY IN OXFORD PHYSIC GARDEN
Authors: Harris Stephen A. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryJohn Sibthorp (1758–96) and Ferdinand Bauer (1760–1826) explored the eastern Mediterranean between 1786 and 1787, collecting specimens and seeds, and making field sketches. In Oxford, Bauer produced watercolours from his sketches as Sibthorp reorganised the Physic Garden to make it appropriate for teaching Linnaean botany. This paper shows how Sibthorp, a dedicated teacher, incorporated Bauer's illustrations and living plants collected during their travels, into his annual lecture course.
An unusual case of prenatal diagnosis of isolated subaortic left brachiocephalic vein with HDlive flow and spatiotemporal image correlation(STIC)
Authors: Li Tian‐gang , Ma Bin , Yao Li‐guo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSubaortic left brachiocephalic vein (LBCV) is rare in prenatal diagnosis. Reported herein is a case of subaortic a LBCV diagnosed using the HDlive flow and spatiotemporal image correlation with postnatal outcomes evaluation in our hospital.
Conflict monitoring and attentional adjustment during binocular rivalry
Authors: Drew Alice , Torralba Mireia , Ruzzoli Manuela , Morís Fernández Luis , Sabaté Alba , Pápai Márta Szabina , Soto‐Faraco Salvador 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo make sense of ambiguous and, at times, fragmentary sensory input, the brain must rely on a process of active interpretation. At any given moment, only one of several possible perceptual representations prevails in our conscious experience. Our hypothesis is that the competition between alternative representations induces a pattern of neural activation resembling cognitive conflict, eventually leading to fluctuations between different perceptual outcomes in the case of steep competition. To test this hypothesis, we probed changes in perceptual awareness between competing images using binocular rivalry. We drew our predictions from the conflict monitoring theory, which holds that cognitive control is invoked by the detection of conflict during information processing. Our results show that fronto‐medial theta oscillations (5–7 Hz), an established electroencephalography (EEG) marker of conflict, increases right before perceptual alternations and decreases thereafter, suggesting that conflict monitoring occurs during perceptual competition. Furthermore, to investigate conflict resolution via attentional engagement, we looked for a neural marker of perceptual switches as by parieto‐occipital alpha oscillations (8–12 Hz). The power of parieto‐occipital alpha displayed an inverse pattern to that of fronto‐medial theta, reflecting periods of high interocular inhibition during stable perception, and low inhibition around moments of perceptual change. Our findings aim to elucidate the relationship between conflict monitoring mechanisms and perceptual awareness.
Associations of sex, oral hygiene and smoking with oral species in distinct habitats at age 32 years
Authors: Benn Angela M. L. , Heng Nicholas C. K. , Thomson W. Murray , Sissons Chris H. , Gellen Lisa S. , Gray Andrew R. , Broadbent Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe oral microbiome is ecologically diverse, complex, dynamic, and little understood. We describe the microbiota of four oral habitats in a birth cohort at age 32 and examine differences by sex, oral hygiene, and current smoking status, dental caries, and periodontal health. Oral biofilm samples collected from anterior labial supragingival, posterior lingual supragingival, subgingival, and tongue sites of 841 Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study members were analysed using checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization; focusing on 30 ecologically important bacterial species. The four habitats exhibited distinct microbial profiles that differed by sex. Streptococcus gordonii was more dominant in supragingival and tongue biofilms of males; Porphyromonas gingivalis exhibited higher relative abundance in subgingival biofilm of females. Males had higher scores than females for periodontal pathogens at supragingival sites. The relative abundance of several putative caries and periodontal pathogens differed in smokers and non‐smokers. With poor oral hygiene significantly higher proportions of Gram‐negative facultative anaerobes were present in subgingival biofilm and there were higher scores for the principal components characterised by putative cariogenic and periodontal pathogens at each site. Distinctive microenvironments shape oral biofilms and systematic differences exist by sex, oral hygiene, and smoking status.
Ascendant altruism and asset price bubbles
Authors: Bosi Stefano , Ha‐Huy Thai , Pham Cao‐Tung , Pham Ngoc‐Sang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe consider an overlapping generations economy with altruism toward parents and a long‐lived asset that delivers no dividends (pure bubble asset). We explore the role of ascendant altruism on the dynamic properties of equilibrium and rational bubbles in the cases of exogenous and endogenous growth.
Mechanisms of social evaluation in infancy: A preregistered exploration of infants’ eye‐movement and pupillary responses to prosocial and antisocial events
Authors: Tan Enda , Hamlin Jane Kiley 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPast research shows infants selectively touch and look longer at characters who help versus hinder others (Social evaluation by preverbal infants.Nature, 2007, 450, 557; Three‐month‐olds show a negativity bias in their social evaluations.Developmental Science, 2010, 13, 923); however, the mechanisms underlying this tendency remain underspecified. The current preregistered experiment approaches this question by examining infants’ real‐time looking behaviors during prosocial and antisocial events, and exploring how individual infants’ looking behaviors correlate with helper preferences. Using eye‐tracking, 34 five‐month‐olds were familiarized with two blocks of the “hill” scenario originally developed by Kuhlmeier et al. (Attribution of dispositional states by 12‐month‐olds.Psychological Science, 2003, 14, 402), in which a climber tries unsuccessfully to reach the top of a hill and is alternately helped or hindered. Infants’ visual preferences were assessed after each block of 6 helping and hindering events by proportional looking time to the helper versus hinderer in an image of the characters side by side. Results showed that, at the group level, infants looked longer at the helper after viewing 12 (but not after viewing 6) helping and hindering videos. Moreover, individual infants’ average preference for the helper was predicted by their looking behaviors, particularly those suggestive of an understanding of the climber's unfulfilled goal. These results shed light on how infants process helping/hindering scenarios, and suggest that goal understanding is important for infants’ helper preferences.
Social engagement for mental health: An international survey of older populations
Authors: Yen Hsin‐Yen , Chi Mei‐Ju , Huang Hao‐Yun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeSocial engagement is an important active aging strategy to promote older adults’ mental health. The purposes of this study were to compare social engagement in older populations around the world and explore associations with mental health outcomes.Materials and methodsAn international cross‐sectional survey was conducted from 2017 to 2019. Data were retrieved from The International Social Survey Programme for a secondary data analysis across 30 countries. This study applied the Taxonomy of Social Activities and its six levels as operational definitions for a consistent concept of social engagement for international comparisons.ResultsIn total, 9403 older adults with a mean age of 72.85 ± 6.40 years responded. The highest levels of older adults’ social engagement were found in Switzerland, Thailand, and New Zealand. Older adults of a higher age, with a lower educational level, who were permanently sick or disabled, who had no partner, who were widowed or whose civil partner had died, who lived alone, and who had lower self‐placement in society had significantly lower social engagement than did their counterparts. In the regression model, older adults’ social engagement positively predicted general health, self‐accomplishment, and life satisfaction, but negatively predicted loneliness and depression.ConclusionsIn aging societies worldwide, encouraging older adults' social engagement would be beneficial to promote mental health.Implications for nursing practice and health policiesCommunity professional nurses can develop strategies of social engagement based on the needs and sociodemographic factors of older adults to improve their mental health. Developing efficient strategies and local policies by learning from successful experiences in other countries is important to promote social engagement in aging societies.