bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral neomycin and bacitracin are effective in preventing surgical site infections in elective colorectal surgery: a multicentre, randomized, parallel, single-blinded trial (COLORAL-1)
Authors: Arezzo Alberto , Mistrangelo Massimiliano , Bonino Marco Augusto , Salusso Paola , Forcignanò Edoardo , Vettoretto Nereo , Botteri Emanuele , Cillara Nicola , Ottonello Roberto , Testa Valentina , De Rosa Francesco Giuseppe , Corcione Silvia , Passera Roberto , Morino Mario 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeveral regimens of oral and intravenous antibiotics (OIVA) have been proposed with contradicting results, and the role of mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is still controversial. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of oral antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing Surgical Site Infections (SSI) in elective colorectal surgery. In a multicentre trial, we randomized patients undergoing elective colorectal resection surgery, comparing the effectiveness of OIVA versus intravenous antibiotics (IVA) regimens to prevent SSI as the primary outcome (NCT04438655). In addition to intravenous Amoxicillin/Clavulanic, patients in the OIVA group received Oral Neomycin and Bacitracin 24 h before surgery. MBP was administered according to local habits which were not changed for the study. The trial was terminated during the COVID-19 pandemic, as many centers failed to participate as well as the pandemic changed the rules for engaging patients. Two-hundred and four patients were enrolled (100 in the OIVA and 104 in the IVA group); 3 SSIs (3.4%) were registered in the OIVA and 14 (14.4%) in the IVA group (p = 0.010). No difference was observed in terms of anastomotic leak. Multivariable analysis indicated that OIVA reduced the rate of SSI (OR 0.21 / 95% CI 0.06–0.78 / p = 0.019), while BMI is a risk factor of SSI (OR 1.15 / 95% CI 1.01–1.30 p = 0.039). Subgroup analysis indicated that 0/22 patients who underwent OIVA/MBP + vs 13/77 IVA/MBP- experienced an SSI (p = 0.037). The early termination of the study prevents any conclusion regarding the interpretation of the data. Nonetheless, Oral Neomycin/Bacitracin and intravenous beta-lactam/beta-lactamases inhibitors seem to reduce SSI after colorectal resections, although not affecting the anastomotic leak in this trial. The role of MBP requires more investigation.
Effects of incentive framing on performance and effort: evidence from a medically framed experiment
Authors: Lagarde Mylène , Blaauw Duane 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe study the effects on performance of incentives framed as gains or losses, as well as the effort channels through which individuals increase performance. We also explore potential spill-over effects on a non-incentivised activity. Subjects participated in a medically framed real-effort task under one of the three contracts, varying the type of performance incentive received: (1) no incentive; (2) incentive framed as a gain; or (3) incentive framed as a loss. We find that performance improved similarly with incentives framed as losses or gains. However, individuals increase performance differently under the two frames: potential losses increase participants’ performance through a greater attention (fewer mistakes), while bonuses increase the time spent on the rewarded activity. There is no spill-over effect, either negative or positive, on the non-incentivised activity. We discuss the meaning and implications of our results for the design of performance contracts.
The Initial Upper Paleolithic in Central and East Asia: Blade Technology, Cultural Transmission, and Implications for Human Dispersals
Authors: Zwyns Nicolas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractArchaeological assemblages labeled as Initial Upper Paleolithic are often seen as possible evidence for dispersals ofHomo sapienspopulations in Eurasia, ca. 45,000 years ago. While most authors agree that the IUP can be recognized by a set of shared features, there is far less consensus on what these features are, and what they mean. Because of methodological challenges inherent to long distance comparisons, documenting and establishing a firm connection between archaeological assemblages remain difficult and often draw legitimate skepticism. There could be many reasons why Paleolithic hunter-gatherers used comparable technologies, but it usually comes down to two kinds of processes: cultural transmission or convergence. In other words, technological similarities may illustrate a cultural link between regions or may be caused by mechanisms of independent reinvention between more distantly related populations. Here, I focus on three assemblages from the Siberian Altai, Zabaikal region, and North Mongolia to address one main question: is there such thing as a united IUP in Central and East Asia, or are we looking at unrelated yet comparable adaptive processes? First, I describe the common structure of lithic blade production at the sites, with special attention to derived features relative to the regional sequence. After comparing the complexity of the production system with those of other lithic technologies, I suggest that this coherent, intricate, yet unprecedented technological pattern found across contiguous regions in Asia is better explained by transmission processes than by multiple unrelated reinventions, or local developments. The blade production system described in Siberia and Mongolia reoccur as a package, which is consistent with indirect bias and/or conformist cultural transmission processes. Overall, the results point toward close contact between individuals and hunter gatherer populations, and supports the recognition of a broad cultural unit to encapsulate Asian IUP assemblages. Considering other lines of evidence, the geographical and chronological distribution of Asian IUP lithic technology is consistent with a dispersal ofHomo sapienspopulations in Central and East Asia during the Marine Isotopic Stage 3, although the geographical origin of such movement is less clear.
SARS-CoV-2-Induced Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in a Young Adult: Case Report
Authors: Bulut Haldun , Herbers Alexandra H. E. , Hageman Ilse M. G. , Netten Paetrick M. , de Jonge Hendrik J. M. , Joustra Robert , van de Veerdonk Frank L. , de Jager Cornelis P. C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe describe a case of a previous healthy 20-year-old male athlete who presented with an atypical clinical profile with multiorgan involvement within five weeks after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggestive for multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS); MIS is a rare, potentially life-threatening complication associated with SARS-CoV-2. MIS shares similar clinical features compatible with several overlapping lifethreatening hyperinflammatory syndromes, such as incomplete Kawasaki Disease (KD) and toxic shock syndrome (TSS) associated to a cytokine storm suggestive of a macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) without fulfilling the criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), that may create a great challenge to distinguish between them. MIS should promptly be considered and treated, as uncontrolled MIS has a high mortality.In MIS cardiac involvement, heart failure may present as an additional problem, especially because volume loading is advised in accordance with proposed therapy. Carefully monitoring of the respiratory and cardiac status in response of resuscitation is therefore warranted.
The Micro‐Macro Coupling of Mass‐Loading in Symmetric Magnetic Reconnection With Cold Ions
Authors: Spinnangr Susanne F. , Hesse Michael , Tenfjord Paul , Norgren Cecilia , Kolstø Håkon M. , Kwagala Norah K. , Jørgensen Therese M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigate how magnetic reconnection is influenced by an inflow of a dense cold ion population. We compare two 2.5D Particle‐In‐Cell simulations, one containing the cold population and one without. We find that the cold population influences the reconnection process on both global and kinetic scales, and that the dominant contribution can be explained through mass‐loading. We provide an analysis of how these multiscale changes are related through kinetic processes in the ion diffusion region, the so‐called micro‐macro coupling of mass‐loading. The inertia of the cold ion population is found to be the significant link that connects the changes on different scales. The cold and warm populations exhibit counter streaming behavior when and after the ion diffusion region reorganizes itself in response to the arrival of the cold population. This signature of the cold population should be observable by spacecraft observatories such as MMS.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Maximum Entropy Production Method to Model Evaporation in Boreal and Temperate Forests
Authors: Isabelle P.‐E. , Viens L. , Nadeau D. F. , Anctil F. , Wang J. , Maheu A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe maximum entropy production (MEP) approach has been little used to simulate evaporation in forests and its sensitivity to input variables has yet to be systematically evaluated. This study addresses these shortcomings. First, we show that the MEP model performed well in simulating evaporation during snow‐free periods at six sites in temperate and boreal forests (0.68 ≤ NSE ≤ 0.82). Second, we computed a sensitivity coefficient S representing the proportion of change in the input variable transferred to the latent heat flux (λE). Net radiation (Rn) was the most influential variable (S ≈ 1) at all sites, indicating that an increase in Rn translates into an equivalent increase in λE. The MEP model avoided the issue of oversensitivity to air temperature (S < 0.5 at peak evaporation) and captured limitations to transpiration associated with the atmospheric evaporative demand. Overall, the MEP model offers a promising tool for climate change studies.
New Constraints on the Lunar Optical Space Weathering Rate
Authors: Tai Udovicic C. J. , Costello E. S. , Ghent R. R. , Edwards C. S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpace weathering processes form submicroscopic metallic iron particles that are optically active, darkening and reddening the lunar surface over time. The optical effects of these particles depend on their size; nanophase iron darkens and reddens, while microphase iron darkens without reddening. Using available Kaguya Multiband Imager parameter maps believed to estimate submicroscopic iron abundance, we investigate trends that may be associated with abundance of nanophase and microphase iron near dated lunar craters. We observe that nanophase iron is strongly correlated with crater age, while microphase iron exhibits a weaker correlation. We present models for the highlands nanophase and microphase iron accumulation rates from 100 ka to 1 Ga. Our observations suggest that highlands nanophase iron abundance is a direct result of space weathering exposure, while highlands microphase iron abundance is likely influenced by lunar source materials or stochastic impact‐delivery mechanisms.
High‐Frequency Sea Ice Variability in Observations and Models
Authors: Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth Edward , Donohoe Aaron , Roach Lettie A. , DuVivier Alice , Bitz Cecilia M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe characterize high‐frequency variability of sea ice extent (HFVSIE) in observations and climate models. We find that HFVSIE in models is biased low with respect to observations, especially at synoptic timescales (<20 days) in the Arctic year‐round and at monthly timescales (30–60 days) in Antarctica in winter. Models show large spread in HFVSIE, especially in Antarctica. This spread is partly explained by sea ice mean‐state while model biases in sea level pressure (SLP) and wind variability do not appear to play a major role in HFVSIE spread. Extreme sea ice extent (SIE) changes are associated with SLP anomaly dipoles aligned with the sea ice edge and winds directed on‐ice (off‐ice) during SIE loss (gain) events. In observations, these events are also associated with distinct ocean wave states during the cold season, when waves are greater (smaller) and travel toward (away from) the sea ice edge during SIE loss (gain) events.
On the Interpretation of Natural Archives of Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity
Authors: Burn Michael. J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSediment records recovered from coastal lagoons and submerged sinkholes across the hurricane belt of the North Atlantic can provide high‐resolution archives of the passage of tropical cyclones spanning the last few millennia. These “event‐based” records of tropical cyclone activity mostly exhibit centennial‐scale variability, which has hitherto been attributed to climatic change. In a landmark study, Wallace et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl091145) show that the centennial‐scale signal exhibited by individual event‐based storm reconstructions is most likely explained by local‐scale stochastic processes that influence the course taken by individual storms and not by climatic change. Detecting a climate signal within proxy‐based storm records must now either rely on developing a composite signal derived from multiple “event‐based” records or by adopting a statistical approach to the reconstruction of storms. Future work needs to increase the density of study archives across the region and standardize and integrate diverse approaches to the reconstruction of hurricane activity.
Relationships Among Forearc Structure, Fault Slip, and Earthquake Magnitude: Numerical Simulations With Applications to the Central Chilean Margin
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Morgan Julia , Bangs Nathan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTwo adjacent segments of the Chile margin exhibit significant differences in earthquake magnitude and rupture extents during the 1960 Valdivia and 2010 Maule earthquakes. We use the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate the upper plate as having an inner and outer wedge defined by different frictional domains along the décollement. We find that outer wedge width strongly influences coseismic slip distributions. We use the published peak slip magnitudes to pick best fit slip distributions and compare our models to geophysical constraints on outer wedge widths for the margins. We obtain reasonable fits to published slip distributions for the 2010 Maule rupture. Our best‐fit slip distribution for the 1960 Valdivia earthquake suggests that peak slip occurred close to the trench, differing from published models but being supported by new seismic interpretations along this margin. Finally, we also demonstrate that frictional conditions beneath the outer wedge can affect the coseismic slip distributions.
New Evidence for 4.32 Ga Ancient Silicic Volcanism on the Moon
Authors: Zeng Xiaojia , Li Xiongyao , Xia Xiao‐Ping , Liu Jianzhong , Cui Zexian , Yu Wen , Ouyang Ziyuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe currently available Apollo‐returned granitic lithology is restricted to only the nearside of the Moon (e.g., Procellarum KREEP Terrane [PKT]). In contrast, lunar meteorites represent randomly ejected crustal material, and they extend our understanding of the lunar magmatic history through time and space. Here, we report a 4,321.5 ± 5.2 Ma (2σ) granitic fragment found in lunar basaltic breccia meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 10,447, which is compositionally similar to the regoliths from the Moon's Non‐PKT regions. This granitic fragment has crystallization age similar to the oldest (∼4.32 Ga) granites sampled during the Apollo 12 and 17 missions, and adds to the growing evidence of ancient silicic volcanism on the Moon. In addition, this newly identified granitic fragment in the Th‐ and TiO2‐ poor breccia NWA 10447 provides evidence for that lunar granite may occur outside of the PKT of the Moon (i.e., the mare region with low Th and TiO2 contents).
Misconception of Waveform Similarity in the Identification of Repeating Earthquakes
Authors: Gao Dawei , Kao Honn , Wang Bei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIdentification of repeating earthquakes (repeaters) usually depends on waveform similarity expressed as the corresponding cross‐correlation coefficient (CC) above a prescribed threshold, typically ranging in 0.70–0.98. However, the robustness and effectiveness of such a strategy have rarely been fully examined. In this study, we examine whether CC is a valid proxy for repeater identification through both synthetic and real earthquake experiments. We reveal that CC is controlled by not only the interevent distance but also many other factors, including station azimuth, epicentral distance, and velocity structure. Consequently, CC lacks the resolution in identifying true repeaters. For reliable repeater identification, we should consider the interevent overlap. Specifically, we define an event pair to be true repeaters if their interevent separation is smaller than the source dimension of the larger event. Our results imply that a systematic recheck of previously identified repeaters and associated interpretations/hypotheses may be important and necessary.
Modes of Metabolic Performance of Pacific Reefs
Authors: Pisapia Chiara , Hochberg Eric J. , Carpenter Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that coral reef primary production rates are characterized by a series of absolute modes associated with dominant benthic cover classes (coral, algae, and sand). However, this hypothesis has yet to be fully tested. Similarly, there has been no investigation into the influence of differential light levels on modal productivity. Findings from this study support the hypothesis of modal metabolic performance, with coral, algal, and sand communities showing differences in gross ecosystem production (GEP). This lends support to census‐based estimates of regional to global GEP. At the same time, the data reveal large differences in the responses of different communities to light. Any given day may have vastly different GEP rates depending on cloudiness, hence it is critical to minimize this variation using approaches that account for the effects of light. Importantly, future comparative studies should incorporate a number of days at each site to provide a representative metabolic rate.
Dune Dynamics Drive Discontinuous Barrier Retreat
Authors: Reeves I. R. B. , Moore L. J. , Murray A. B. , Anarde K. A. , Goldstein E. B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBarrier islands and spits tend to migrate landward in response to sea‐level rise through the storm‐driven process of overwash, but overwash flux depends on the height of the frontal dunes. Here, we explore this fundamental linkage between dune dynamics and barrier migration using the new model Barrier3D. Our experiments demonstrate that discontinuous barrier retreat is a prevalent behavior that can arise directly from the bistability of foredune height, occurring most likely when the storm return period and characteristic time scale of dune growth are of similar magnitudes. Under conditions of greater storm intensity, discontinuous retreat becomes the dominant behavior of barriers that were previously stable. Alternatively, higher rates of sea‐level rise decrease the overall likelihood of discontinuous retreat in favor of continuous transgression. We find that internal dune dynamics, while previously neglected in exploratory barrier modeling, are an essential component of barrier evolution on time scales relevant to coastal management.
Dwindling Relevance of Large Volcanic Eruptions for Global Glacier Changes in the Anthropocene
Authors: Zemp Michael , Marzeion Ben 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLarge volcanic eruptions impact climate through the injection of ash and sulfur‐containing gases into the atmosphere. While the ash particles fall out rapidly, the gases are converted to sulfate aerosols that reflect solar radiation in the stratosphere and cause a lowering of the global mean surface temperature. Earlier studies have suggested that major volcanic eruptions resulted in positive mass balances and advances of glaciers. Here, we perform a multivariate analysis to decompose global glacier mass changes from 1961 to 2005 into components associated with anthropogenic influences, volcanic and solar activities, and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. We find that the global glacier mass loss was mainly driven by the anthropogenic forcing, interrupted by a few years of intermittent mass gains following large volcanic eruptions. The relative impact of volcanic eruptions has dwindled due to strongly increasing greenhouse gas concentrations since the mid‐20th century.
3D Modeling of Long‐Term Slow Slip Events Along the Flat‐Slab Segment in the Guerrero Seismic Gap, Mexico
Authors: Perez‐Silva Andrea , Li Duo , Gabriel Alice‐Agnes , Kaneko Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDuring the last two decades, quasi‐periodic long‐term slow slip events (SSEs) of magnitude up to Mw7.5 have been observed about every 4 years in the Guerrero Seismic Gap, Mexico. We present numerical simulations of the long‐term SSE cycles along the 3D slab geometry of central Mexico. Our model accounts for the hydrated oceanic crust in the framework of rate‐and‐state friction and captures the major source characteristics of the long‐term SSEs occurring between 2001 and 2014, as inferred from geodetic observations. Synthetic surface deformation calculated from simulated fault slip is in good agreement with the cumulative GPS displacements. Our results suggest that the flat‐slab segment of the Cocos plate aids the large magnitudes and long recurrence interval of the long‐term SSEs. We conclude that 3D slab geometry is an important factor in improving our understanding of the physics of slow slip events.
The Diel Cycle of NH3 Observed From the FY‐4A Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS)
Authors: Clarisse Lieven , Van Damme Martin , Hurtmans Daniel , Franco Bruno , Clerbaux Cathy , Coheur Pierre‐François 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLimiting excess atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is one of the great challenges for humanity in the 21st century but can only be achieved with adequate monitoring means in place. Here, we report the first NH3 measurements from the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard the Chinese FY‐4A satellite. The instrument scans almost all of Asia 10 times per day. We show that GIIRS′ unprecedented temporal sampling can be exploited to measure diurnal and nocturnal variations of NH3 and demonstrate this on two case studies over Punjab and the North China Plain. Day–night variations are found to be almost absent in winter, but can reach a factor 2–3 in the warmer months. These case studies are very promising given the future landscape of geostationary sounders, but also show that improved knowledge on lower tropospheric air temperatures and the vertical profile of NH3 is key to better exploit their measurements.
Extreme Curvature of Shallow Magma Pathways Controlled by Competing Stresses: Insights From the 2018 Sierra Negra Eruption
Authors: Davis Timothy , Bagnardi Marco , Lundgren Paul , Rivalta Eleonora 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEruptions at shield volcanoes often occur from radially aligned linear fissures fed by blade‐like magma‐filled cracks (dykes). The fissures of the 2018 Sierra Negra eruption were scattered on the flank of the volcano. Space‐borne radar interferometric data (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) revealed that, unexpectedly, part of the eruption was fed by a 15 km long, tortuous and flat‐lying crack (sill). Here we develop a framework that captures the full three‐dimensional (3D) kinematics of non‐planar intrusions. This includes both an analytical and comprehensive numerical scheme. We constrain the models such that they match the observed ground deformation at Sierra Negra. We show that the peculiar sill trajectory is due to the competing stress gradient magnitudes being close to one another throughout its propagation. By accounting for the interaction of all these factors, these 3D models open the possibility to understand and simulate the geometry of magma transport at volcanic systems.