bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substances of emerging concern in Baltic Sea water: Review on methodological advances for the environmental assessment and proposal for future monitoring
Authors: Kanwischer Marion , Asker Noomi , Wernersson Ann-Sofie , Wirth Marisa A. , Fisch Kathrin , Dahlgren Elin , Osterholz Helena , Habedank Friederike , Naumann Michael , Mannio Jaakko , Schulz-Bull Detlef E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Baltic Sea is among the most polluted seas worldwide. Anthropogenic contaminants are mainly introduced via riverine discharge and atmospheric deposition. Regional and international measures have successfully been employed to reduce concentrations of several legacy contaminants. However, current Baltic Sea monitoring programs do not address compounds of emerging concern. Hence, potentially harmful pharmaceuticals, UV filters, polar pesticides, estrogenic compounds, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or naturally produced algal toxins are not taken into account during the assessment of the state of the Baltic Sea. Herein, we conducted literature searches based on systematic approaches and compiled reported data on these substances in Baltic Sea surface water and on methodological advances for sample processing and chemical as well as effect-based analysis of these analytically challenging marine pollutants. Finally, we provide recommendations for improvement of future contaminant and risk assessment in the Baltic Sea, which revolve around a combination of both chemical and effect-based analyses.
Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence in National Defence
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria , McNeish David , Blanchard Alexander , Edgar Elizabeth 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDefence agencies across the globe identify artificial intelligence (AI) as a key technology to maintain an edge over adversaries. As a result, efforts to develop or acquire AI capabilities for defence are growing on a global scale. Unfortunately, they remain unmatched by efforts to define ethical frameworks to guide the use of AI in the defence domain. This article provides one such framework. It identifies five principles—justified and overridable uses, just and transparent systems and processes, human moral responsibility, meaningful human control and reliable AI systems—and related recommendations to foster ethically sound uses of AI for national defence purposes.
COVID-19 diagnosis from chest x-rays: developing a simple, fast, and accurate neural network
Authors: Nikolaou Vasilis , Massaro Sebastiano , Fakhimi Masoud , Stergioulas Lampros , Garn Wolfgang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Chest x-rays are a fast and inexpensive test that may potentially diagnose COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus. However, chest imaging is not a first-line test for COVID-19 due to low diagnostic accuracy and confounding with other viral pneumonias. Recent research using deep learning may help overcome this issue as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated high accuracy of COVID-19 diagnosis at an early stage.

Methods
We used the COVID-19 Radiography database [36], which contains x-ray images of COVID-19, other viral pneumonia, and normal lungs. We developed a CNN in which we added a dense layer on top of a pre-trained baseline CNN (EfficientNetB0), and we trained, validated, and tested the model on 15,153 X-ray images. We used data augmentation to avoid overfitting and address class imbalance; we used fine-tuning to improve the model’s performance. From the external test dataset, we calculated the model’s accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and F1-score.

Results
Our model differentiated COVID-19 from normal lungs with 95% accuracy, 90% sensitivity, and 97% specificity; it differentiated COVID-19 from other viral pneumonia and normal lungs with 93% accuracy, 94% sensitivity, and 95% specificity.

Conclusions
Our parsimonious CNN shows that it is possible to differentiate COVID-19 from other viral pneumonia and normal lungs on x-ray images with high accuracy. Our method may assist clinicians with making more accurate diagnostic decisions and support chest X-rays as a valuable screening tool for the early, rapid diagnosis of COVID-19.
Entwicklungsaufgaben angehender Primarlehrpersonen in Berufspraktischen Studien
Authors: Leineweber Sabine , Billich-Knapp Melanie , Košinár Julia 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungBasierend auf dem Konzept der Entwicklungsaufgaben wurden im Kontext der Bildungsgangforschung Entwicklungsaufgaben für Lehrpersonen zunächst theoretisch herausgearbeitet und anschliessend über empirische Studien bestätigt/konkretisiert. Für den Berufseinstieg von Lehrer*innen liegt bereits seit Jahren ein Kanonmodell vor, das erst in jüngster Zeit phasenspezifisch erweitert wurde. Es umfasst die EntwicklungsaufgabenIdentitätsstiftende Rollenfindung, Adressatenbezogene Vermittlung, Anerkennende KlassenführungundMitgestaltende Kooperation. Die Ausbildung von Lehrpersonen wurde im Hinblick auf berufsphasenspezifische Anforderungen lange nicht in den Blick genommen. Mit dem hier vorgestellten Projekt wird ausgehend von qualitativem Interview-Datenmaterial die subjektive Bedeutsamkeit von in der berufspraktischen Ausbildung erfahrenen Anforderungen durch Studierende fokussiert. Es konnten fünf Entwicklungsaufgaben identifiziert werden, von denen sich zwei als anschlussfähig an das Kanonmodell für den Berufseinstieg erweisen (Adressatenbezogene VermittlungundAnerkennende Klassenführung). Die drei weiteren analysierten Entwicklungsaufgaben weisen Unterschiede zum Kanonmodell auf und verdeutlichen damit die berufsbiographische Phasenspezifität (Sich in Ausbildung befinden, Zusammenarbeit mit verschiedenen Akteur*innen, Ein berufliches Selbstverständnis entwickeln). Mit den Ergebnissen wird dem Desiderat der systematischen, empirisch begründeten Ermittlung von Anforderungen begegnet, die sich subjektiv für Studierende in Praktika konstituieren – die sich aber nicht zwangsläufig an die hochschulisch definierten Standards und Entwicklungsziele anschliessen müssen.
The contribution of simulated patients to meaningful student learning
Authors: Lovink Annelies , Groenier Marleen , Van der Niet Anneke , Miedema Heleen , Rethans Jan-Joost 
Published: October 2021

Introduction Communication training with simulated patients (SPs) is widely accepted as a valuable and effective means of teaching communication skills. However, it is unclear which elements within SP-student encounters make these learning experiences meaningful. This study focuses on the SP’s role during meaningful learning of the student by giving an in-depth understanding of the contribution of the SP from a student perspective.
Methods Fifteen bachelor Technical Medicine students were interviewed. Technical medicine students become technical physicians who optimize individual patient care through the use of personalized technology. Their perceptions of meaningful learning experiences during SP-student encounters were explored through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results Three main themes were identified that described what students considered to be important for meaningful learning experiences. First, SPs provide implicit feedback-in-action. Through this, students received an impression of their communication during the encounter. Implicit feedback-in-action was perceived as an authentic reaction of the SPs. Second, implicit feedback-in-action could lead to a process of reflection-in-action, meaning that students reflect on their own actions during the consultation. Third, interactions with SPs contributed to students’ identity development, enabling them to know themselves on a professional and personal level.
Discussion During SP encounters, students learn more than just communication skills; the interaction with SPs contributes to their professional and personal identity development. Primarily, the authentic response of an SP during the interaction provides students an understanding of how well they communicate. This raises issues whether standardizing SPs might limit opportunities for meaningful learning.
Multilevel quadrature for elliptic problems on random domains by the coupling of FEM and BEM
Authors: Harbrecht Helmut , Schmidlin Marc 
Published: October 2021

AbstractElliptic boundary value problems which are posed on a random domain can be mapped to a fixed, nominal domain. The randomness is thus transferred to the diffusion matrix and the loading. While this domain mapping method is quite efficient for theory and practice, since only a single domain discretisation is needed, it also requires the knowledge of the domain mapping. However, in certain applications, the random domain is only described by its random boundary, while the quantity of interest is defined on a fixed, deterministic subdomain. In this setting, it thus becomes necessary to compute a random domain mapping on the whole domain, such that the domain mapping is the identity on the fixed subdomain and maps the boundary of the chosen fixed, nominal domain on to the random boundary. To overcome the necessity of computing such a mapping, we therefore couple the finite element method on the fixed subdomain with the boundary element method on the random boundary. We verify on one hand the regularity of the solution with respect to the random domain mapping required for many multilevel quadrature methods, such as the multilevel quasi-Monte Carlo quadrature using Halton points, the multilevel sparse anisotropic Gauss–Legendre and Clenshaw–Curtis quadratures and multilevel interlaced polynomial lattice rules. On the other hand, we derive the coupling formulation and show by numerical results that the approach is feasible.
A Bismut–Elworthy inequality for a Wasserstein diffusion on the circle
Authors: Marx Victor 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe introduce in this paper a strategy to prove gradient estimates for some infinite-dimensional diffusions on $$L_2$$

L
2

-Wasserstein spaces. For a specific example of a diffusion on the $$L_2$$

L
2

-Wasserstein space of the torus, we get a Bismut-Elworthy-Li formula up to a remainder term and deduce a gradient estimate with a rate of blow-up of order $$\mathcal O(t^{-(2+\varepsilon )})$$

O
(

t

-
(
2
+
ε
)

)

.
An analysis of contributing mining factors in coal workers’ pneumoconiosis prevalence in the United States coal mines, 1986–2018
Authors: Shekarian Younes , Rahimi Elham , Shekarian Naser , Rezaee Mohammad , Roghanchi Pedram 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the United States, an unexpected and severe increase in coal miners’ lung diseases in the late 1990s prompted researchers to investigate the causes of the disease resurgence. This study aims to scrutinize the effects of various mining parameters, including coal rank, mine size, mine operation type, coal seam height, and geographical location on the prevalence of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) in surface and underground coal mines. A comprehensive dataset was created using the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Employment and Accident/Injury databases. The information was merged based on the mine ID by utilizing SQL data management software. A total number of 123,589 mine-year observations were included in the statistical analysis. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model was used to conduct a statistical analysis on a total of 29,707, and 32,643 mine-year observations for underground and surface coal mines, respectively. The results of the econometrics approach revealed that coal workers in underground coal mines are at a greater risk of CWP comparing to those of surface coal operations. Furthermore, underground coal mines in the Appalachia and Interior regions are at a higher risk of CWP prevalence than the Western region. Surface coal mines in the Appalachian coal region are more likely to CWP development than miners in the Western region. The analysis also indicated that coal workers working in smaller mines are more vulnerable to CWP than those in large mine sizes. Furthermore, coal workers in thin-seam underground mine operations are more likely to develop CWP.
Classification of the Real Roots of the Quartic Equation and their Pythagorean Tunes
Authors: Prodanov Emil M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPresented is a very detailed two-tier analysis of the location of the real roots of the general quartic equation$$x^4 + a x^3 + b x^2 + c x + d = 0$$x4+ax3+bx2+cx+d=0with real coefficients and the classification of the roots in terms ofa,b,c, andd, without using any numerical approximations. Associated with the general quartic, there is a number of subsidiary quadratic equations (resolvent quadratic equations) whose roots allow this systematization as well as the determination of the bounds of the individual roots of the quartic. In many cases the root isolation intervals are found. The second tier of the analysis uses two subsidiary cubic equations (auxiliary cubic equations) and solving these, together with some of theresolvent quadratic equations, allows the full classification of the roots of the general quartic and also the determination of the isolation interval of each root. These isolation intervals involve the stationary points of the quartic (among others) and, by solving some of theresolvent quadratic equations, the isolation intervals of the stationary points of the quartic are also determined. The presented classification of the roots of the quartic equation is particularly useful in situations in which the equation stems from a model the coefficients of which are (functions of) the model parameters and solving cubic equations, let alone using the explicit quartic formulæ , is a daunting task. The only benefit in such cases would be to gain insight into the location of the roots and the proposed method provides this. Each possible case has been carefully studied and illustrated with a detailed figure containing a description of its specific characteristics, analysis based on solving cubic equations and analysis based on solving quadratic equations only. As the analysis of the roots of the quartic equation is done by studying the intersection points of the “sub-quartic”$$x^4 + ax^3 + bx^2$$x4+ax3+bx2with a set of suitable parallel lines, a beautiful Pythagorean analogy can be found between these intersection points and the set of parallel lines on one hand and the musical notes and the staves representing different musical pitches on the other: each particular case of the quartic equation has its own short tune.
Physical Spacing and Social Interaction Before the Global Pandemic
Authors: Creighton Mathew , Capistrano Daniel , Sorokowska Agnieszka , Sorokowski Piotr 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSubsequent to the arrival of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of COVID-19, policy to limit the further spread has focused on increasing distance between individuals when interacting, often termed social distancing although physical distancing is more accurate (Das Gupta and Wong in Canadian J Public Health 111:488–489, 2020; Gale in Is ‘social distancing’ the wrong term? Expert prefers ‘physical distancing,’ and the WHO agrees. The Washington Post, 2020; Sørensen et al. in Glob Health Promot, 28:5–14, 2021), and limiting the frequency of interaction by limiting/prohibiting non-essential and large-scale social gatherings. This research note focuses on social spacing, defined by distance and interaction, to offer a cross-cultural insight into social distancing and social interactions in the pre-pandemic period. Combining unique data on frequency of contact, religious service attendance and preferred interpersonal spacing in 20 countries, this research note considers variation in the extent to which physical distance was already practiced without official recommendations and underscores notable cross-cultural variation in the extent to which social interaction occurred. Results suggest that policy intervention should emphasize certain behavioral changes based on pre-existing context-specific patterns of interaction and interpersonal spacing rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. This research note is a descriptive first step that allows unique insight into social spacing and contact prior to the spread of SARS-CoV-2. It provides a baseline typology and a reference for future work on the cross-cultural implications of COVID-19 for pre-pandemic socio-cultural practice and vice versa.
First report of Gibellulopsis nigrescens on peppermint in Germany
Authors: Alisaac Elias , Götz Monika 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPeppermint is an important medicinal plant, and it is known for its essential oils and phenolic acids. Verticillium wilt is a vascular disease resulted from several Verticillium spp. causing significant economic losses in peppermint cultivation. In this study, the fungus Gibellulopsis nigrescens (syn. Verticillium nigrescens) was isolated from symptomless peppermint plants during the regular control of Verticillium wilt on peppermint in Germany. A pure fungal culture was prepared, and fungal DNA was extracted. Ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB), and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) were amplified, sequenced, and deposited in the GenBank. These sequences are located within the Gibellulopsis nigrescens cluster. Koch’s postulate was fulfilled, and the fungus was re-isolated from the inoculated plants. Up to our knowledge, this is the first report of Gibellulopsis nigrescens on peppermint in Germany.
Maßnahmen und Lösungen zur Arbeitsgestaltung für den Umgang mit der COVID-19 Pandemie: Eine systematische Analyse der Arbeit im Primär‑, Sekundär- und Tertiärsektor in Deutschland
Authors: Adam Caroline , Bengler Klaus , Brandl Christopher , Nitsch Verena , Ott Gritt , Pütz Sebastian , Schmauder Martin 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDie mit der Ausbreitung der COVID-19 Pandemie in Deutschland einhergehende Anforderung betriebliche Arbeitsabläufe an die gesetzlichen Hygiene- und Kontaktreduktionsvorgaben anzupassen, hat zu kurzfristigen und teilweise radikalen Veränderungen in der Arbeitswelt geführt. Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens COVID19LL wurde basierend auf 52 Interviews mit Unternehmens- und Organisationsvertretungen analysiert, welche pandemiebedingten Veränderungen im Kontext der Arbeit überregional und sektorenübergreifend auftreten, wie diese zu bewerten sind und welche neuen Arbeitsweisen sich auch in einer postpandemischen Zeit bewähren könnten. Im Einklang mit anderen Untersuchungen konnten eine steigende Flexibilisierung von Arbeitsort und Arbeitszeit, eine Beschleunigung der Digitalisierung von Arbeitsprozessen sowie Auswirkungen auf die Führungskultur festgestellt werden. Weitere zentrale Erfahrungen beziehen sich auf die Anpassung interner und externer Kommunikationsprozesse sowie den operativen Umgang mit krisenbedingten Herausforderungen. Anhand der gesammelten Daten wurden Handlungsempfehlungen für Unternehmen in Form von normativ-narrativen Szenarien abgeleitet.Praktische Relevanz: Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse zeigen in der Praxis erfolgreich umgesetzte Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung der krisenbedingten Herausforderungen sowie Ansätze für die künftige Weiterentwicklung von Arbeitsformen. Die Maßnahmen werden durch die Darlegung erforderlicher Rahmenbedingungen und Erfolgsfaktoren kontextualisiert, wodurch der Transfer in andere Unternehmen und Wirtschaftszweige gefördert wird.
Changes in production work when using smart wearables—results of a Delphi-based study
Authors: Blumberg Verena , Schulte Eva-Maria , Kauffeld Simone 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn industrial production, smart wearables (e.g. data glasses) are becoming more relevant to support employees. While economic aspects have so far been the focus of the introduction, changes for work design have been neglected. The aim of the Delphi study was to describe changes through the use of smart wearables and to derive implications for work design. Six description dimensions (application, implications for work design, data use, personalization, flexibility, introductory purpose) were identified and 18 scenarios were developed. The assessment of the scenarios in terms of desirability and degree of dissemination showed that scenarios for work-related and ergonomic support are particularly desirable and scenarios for changes in cooperation are considered particularly likely. Data usage is a relevant factor for the assumed degree of dissemination but not for the assessment of desirability. In operational practice, work design and economic aspects are important for assessing the scenarios.Practical Relevance: The results show possible development scenarios for production work when using smart wearables and highlight possible implications for work design. Positive and negative effects on task, knowledge, social and contextual characteristics are identified, which offer suggestions for a conscious selection and design of the use of technology in practice.
Erfolgreiche Einführung von Enterprise Collaboration Systems: Work Design und Mitarbeiterpartizipation als Voraussetzung für Nutzungsakzeptanz?
Authors: Sczogiel Susanne , Schmitt-Rüth Stephanie , Stöckl Andreas , Struck Olaf 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungEnterprise Collaboration Systems (ECS) ermöglichen den digitalen Kontakt sowie Austausch von Informationen und Wissen zwischen Individuen, Teams und Unternehmen. Durch die Einführung von ECS am Arbeitsplatz verändern sich Arbeitsaufgaben, -abläufe, -anforderungen und Kommunikationswege. Die Ansprüche an die Gestaltung eines neuen Work Designs sowie der Mitarbeiterpartizipation steigen rasant. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Arbeits- und organisationale Eigenschaften, welche mit der Nutzungsakzeptanz neuer Technologien zusammenhängen. Hierfür werden Work Design (in Form von Job-Stressoren und -Ressourcen), Vorerfahrungen mit Informationstechnologien und Mitarbeiterpartizipation untersucht. In einer schriftlichen Befragung (N = 212) in zwei Unternehmen, in denen ECS eingeführt wird, wurden Mitarbeitende bzgl. der Eigenschaften ihrer Arbeit, ihrer Organisation und ihrer eigenen Einstellungen bzgl. Technologien befragt. Es zeigten sich Zusammenhänge zwischen einigen Job-Stressoren und -Ressourcen und der Nutzungsakzeptanz. Auch die Vorerfahrungen mit Technologien hing mit Nutzungsakzeptanz zusammen, während Mitarbeiterpartizipation keinen Zusammenhang aufwies.Praktische Relevanz: Die Studie identifiziert potenzielle Arbeits- und organisationale Eigenschaften, welche vom Arbeitgeber beeinflussbar sind, die mit der Nutzungsakzeptanz von neuen Kommunikations- und Wissenstransfertechnologien, im Speziellen mit ECS, zusammenhängen. Die Erkenntnisse können bei der Einführung solcher neuen Technologien am Arbeitsplatz zur Verbesserung der Nutzungsakzeptanz verwendet werden.