bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interventions to treat fear of childbirth in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Webb Rebecca , Bond Rod , Romero-Gonzalez Borja , Mycroft Rachel , Ayers Susan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundBetween 5% and 14% of women suffer from fear of childbirth (FOC) which is associated with difficulties during birth and in postnatal psychological adjustment. Therefore, effective interventions are needed to improve outcomes for women. A systematic review and meta-analysis was used to identify effective interventions for treating women with FOC.MethodsLiterature searches were undertaken on online databases. Hand searches of reference lists were also carried out. Studies were included in the review if they recruited women with FOC and aimed to reduce FOC and/or improve birth outcomes. Data were synthesised qualitatively and quantitatively using meta-analysis. The literature searches provided a total of 4474 citations.ResultsAfter removing duplicates and screening through abstracts, titles and full texts, 66 papers from 48 studies were identified for inclusion in the review. Methodological quality was mixed with 30 out of 48 studies having a medium risk of bias. Interventions were categorised into six broad groups: cognitive behavioural therapy, other talking therapies, antenatal education, enhanced midwifery care, alternative interventions and interventions during labour. Results from the meta-analysis showed that most interventions reduced FOC, regardless of the approach (mean effect size = −1.27;z= −4.53,p< 0.0001) and that other talking therapies may reduce caesarean section rates (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.48–0.90).ConclusionsPoor methodological quality of studies limits conclusions that can be drawn; however, evidence suggests that most interventions investigated reduce FOC. Future high-quality randomised controlled trials are needed so that clear conclusions can be made.
SOURCES OF VARIATION IN SECOND AND NATIVE LANGUAGE SPEAKING PROFICIENCY AMONG COLLEGE-AGED SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS
Authors: Botezatu Mona Roxana , Guo Taomei , Kroll Judith F. , Peterson Sarah , Garcia Dalia L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe evaluated external and internal sources of variation in second language (L2) and native language (L1) proficiency among college students. One hundred and twelve native-English L2 learners completed measures of L1 and L2 speaking proficiency, working memory, and cognitive control and provided self-ratings of language exposure and use. When considering learner-external variation, we found that more frequent L2 exposure predicted higher L2 and L1 proficiency, while earlier L2 exposure predicted higher L2 proficiency, but poorer L1 maintenance. L1–L2 distance limited crosslinguistic transfer of print-to-sound mappings. When considering learner-internal variation, we found that L1 and L2 proficiency were highly correlated and that better working memory, but not cognitive control, accounted for additional variance in L2 and L1 proficiency. More frequent L2 exposure was associated with better cognitive control.
‘You run out of hope’: an exploration of low-income parents’ experiences with food insecurity using Photovoice
Authors: Lindow Payge , Yen Irene H , Xiao Mingyu , Leung Cindy W 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:Using an adaption of the Photovoice method, this study explored how food insecurity affected parents’ ability to provide food for their family, their strategies for managing household food insecurity and the impact of food insecurity on their well-being.Design:Parents submitted photos around their families’ experiences with food insecurity. Afterwards, they completed in-depth, semi-structured interviews about their photos. The interviews were transcribed and analysed for thematic content using the constant comparative method.Setting:San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA.Participants:Seventeen parents (fourteen mothers and three fathers) were recruited from a broader qualitative study on understanding the experiences of food insecurity in low-income families.Results:Four themes were identified from the parents’ photos and interviews. First, parents described multiple aspects of their food environment that promoted unhealthy eating behaviours. Second, parents shared strategies they employed to acquire food with limited resources. Third, parents expressed feelings of shame, guilt and distress resulting from their experience of food insecurity. And finally, parents described treating their children to special foods to cultivate a sense of normalcy.Conclusions:Parents highlighted the external contributors and internal struggles of their experiences of food insecurity. Additional research to understand the experiences of the food-insecure families may help to improve nutrition interventions targeting this structurally vulnerable population.
Phonembewusstheit nach schriftsprachlichem Input
Authors: Berendes Karin , Wagner Wolfgang , Böhme Richard 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung. Es wird ein standardisiertes Testverfahren zur Erfassung der Phonembewusstheit nach schriftsprachlichem Input von angehenden Primarschullehrkräften (kurz: TEPP) vorgestellt. Basierend auf der Bedeutung der Phonembewusstheit für den Schriftspracherwerb wurden Aufgaben zu deren Erfassung mit unterschiedlichen Aufgabenformaten (Multiple Choice, halboffenes Antwortformat) auf unterschiedlichen Operationsebenen (z. B. Segmentieren, Manipulieren) entwickelt. Diese Aufgaben wurden anhand einer Stichprobe von 271 Lehramtsstudierenden von fünf baden-württembergischen Pädagogischen Hochschulen sowie einer Hochschule in Bayern erprobt. Im Rahmen eines zweiparametrischen logistischen (2PL) Item-Response-Theorie-Modells wurden zunächst 14 Items aufgrund niedriger Diskriminationsparameter (α < 0.80) ausgeschlossen. Für die verbleibenden 22 Items wurde ein einparametrisches Modell berechnet, das akzeptable Infit-Statistiken ( Weighted Mean Square, WMNSQ, sowie t-Statistiken: 0.82 ≤ WMNSQ ≤ 1.08, -1.9 ≤ t ≤ 1.2) sowie eine hinreichende Person Separation Reliability von .80 ergab. Die psychometrischen Kennwerte der Itemauswahl sprechen dafür, dass das entwickelte Verfahren geeignet ist, um Leistungsunterschiede von angehenden Primarschullehrkräften mit hinreichender Genauigkeit abzubilden.
Comparison of Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Scintillation Forecasting Techniques Using a Physics‐Based Model
Authors: Nugent L. D. , Elvidge S. , Angling M. J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe temporal change in height of a specific electron density can be used as a proxy for vertical plasma drift (PVPD) at the magnetic equator. The use of PVPDs as a predictor of low‐latitude ionospheric scintillation during the subsequent evening has previously been shown to have forecasting skill when using ionosonde data. The implementation of this approach using a physics‐based model is proposed to provide greater forecast antecedence without the need for local ionosondes. For the first time, the physics‐based model PVPD method is compared to another forecasting approach that uses a physics‐based model to calculate Rayleigh‐Taylor growth rates (RTGRs). In equinoctial test cases considered, when appropriate scintillation observation thresholds are selected, PVPD forecasting is shown to have skill similar to or better than the RTGR method using the same physics‐based model. PVPD forecasting requires only electron densities and corresponding altitudes. Therefore, this approach could be applied using an ionospheric data assimilation model whereas the majority of these models do not provide output for all variables required for RTGR forecasting. The forecasting skill in these test cases, the simplicity of physics‐based PVPD forecasting, and the suitability of this method for use of ionospheric data assimilation model output make this method attractive as a forecasting tool in an operational setting if skill can be further demonstrated for a wide range of conditions. However, both PVPD and RTGR forecasting skill are shown to be limited during solstitial months with high scintillation activity. This may be improved by using a data assimilation model.
Reviewing the Impact of Land Use and Land‐Use Change on Moisture Recycling and Precipitation Patterns
Authors: te Wierik Sofie A. , Cammeraat Erik L. H. , Gupta Joyeeta , Artzy‐Randrup Yael A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGreen water, or plant‐available soil moisture, is a substantial subset of terrestrial fresh water. Land‐use change (LUC) alters green water dynamics through interactions on the micro‐level (i.e., between the soil and vegetation) and on the macro‐level (i.e., between the land surface and atmosphere). Ongoing global deforestation, and growing interest in reforestation projects, begs the question whether such large‐scale LUCs have major eco‐hydrological impacts via the process of terrestrial moisture recycling. This requires a systematic, mechanistic understanding of green water dynamics in relation to LUC. Hence, this literature review addresses the above question via a scoping review that draws from papers covering empirical observations and simulated approximations on the hydrological effects of LUC from different parts of the world. The results show that some regions are more vulnerable to LUC than others and can affect local as well as distant hydrology of landscapes. Furthermore, we find that many studies focus on the global level or on tropical rainforests, through which we identify a knowledge gap for temperate regions and drylands. We derive analytical tools and directions for further research that can improve understanding of the effects of LUC on moisture recycling patterns to minimize unexpected hydrological impacts for nature and society.
Role of the Ionospheric Conductance Profile in Sub‐Alfvénic Moon‐Magnetosphere Interactions: An Analytical Model
Authors: Simon Sven , Liuzzo Lucas , Addison Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe develop an analytical model of the Alfvén wings generated by the interaction between a moon's ionosphere and its sub‐Alfvénic magnetospheric environment. Our approach takes into account a realistic representation of the ionospheric Pedersen conductance profile that typically reaches a local minimum above the moon's poles and maximizes along the bundle of magnetospheric field lines tangential to the surface. By solving the equation for the electrostatic potential, we obtain expressions for various quantities characterizing the interaction, such as the number flux and energy deposition of magnetospheric plasma onto the surface, the spatial distribution of currents within the Alfvén wings and associated magnetic field perturbations, as well as the Poynting flux transmitted along the wings. Our major findings are: (a) Deflection of the magnetospheric plasma around the Alfvén wings can reduce the number flux onto the surface by several orders of magnitude. However, the Alfvénic interaction alone does not alter the qualitative shape of the “bullseye”‐like precipitation pattern formed without the plasma interaction. (b) Due to the deflection of the upstream plasma, the energy deposition onto the moon's exosphere achieves its minimum near the ramside apex and maximizes along the flanks of the interaction region. (c) Even when the ionospheric conductance profile is continuous, the currents along the Alfvén wings exhibit several sharp jumps. These discontinuities generate spikes in the magnetic field that are still observable at large distances to the moon. (d) The magnitude and direction of the wing‐aligned currents are determined by the slope of the ionospheric conductance profile.
Parp mutations protect from mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Yu Yizhou , Fedele Giorgio , Celardo Ivana , Loh Samantha H. Y. , Martins L. Miguel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease associated with the accumulation of a toxic form of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are linked to mitochondrial impairment. The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is essential for both mitochondrial bioenergetics and nuclear DNA repair through NAD+-consuming poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Here we analysed the metabolomic changes in flies overexpressing Aβ and showed a decrease of metabolites associated with nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, which is critical for mitochondrial function in neurons. We show that increasing the bioavailability of NAD+ protects against Aβ toxicity. Pharmacological supplementation using NAM, a form of vitamin B that acts as a precursor for NAD+ or a genetic mutation of PARP rescues mitochondrial defects, protects neurons against degeneration and reduces behavioural impairments in a fly model of Alzheimer’s disease. Next, we looked at links between PARP polymorphisms and vitamin B intake in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. We show that polymorphisms in the human PARP1 gene or the intake of vitamin B are associated with a decrease in the risk and severity of Alzheimer’s disease. We suggest that enhancing the availability of NAD+ by either vitamin B supplements or the inhibition of NAD+-dependent enzymes such as PARPs are potential therapies for Alzheimer’s disease.
SMG5-SMG7 authorize nonsense-mediated mRNA decay by enabling SMG6 endonucleolytic activity
Authors: Boehm Volker , Kueckelmann Sabrina , Gerbracht Jennifer V. , Kallabis Sebastian , Britto-Borges Thiago , Altmüller Janine , Krüger Marcus , Dieterich Christoph , Gehring Niels H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEukaryotic gene expression is constantly controlled by the translation-coupled nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. Aberrant translation termination leads to NMD activation, resulting in phosphorylation of the central NMD factor UPF1 and robust clearance of NMD targets via two seemingly independent and redundant mRNA degradation branches. Here, we uncover that the loss of the first SMG5-SMG7-dependent pathway also inactivates the second SMG6-dependent branch, indicating an unexpected functional connection between the final NMD steps. Transcriptome-wide analyses of SMG5-SMG7-depleted cells confirm exhaustive NMD inhibition resulting in massive transcriptomic alterations. Intriguingly, we find that the functionally underestimated SMG5 can substitute the role of SMG7 and individually activate NMD. Furthermore, the presence of either SMG5 or SMG7 is sufficient to support SMG6-mediated endonucleolysis of NMD targets. Our data support an improved model for NMD execution that features two-factor authentication involving UPF1 phosphorylation and SMG5-SMG7 recruitment to access SMG6 activity.
Proton gradients from light-harvesting E. coli control DNA assemblies for synthetic cells
Authors: Jahnke Kevin , Ritzmann Noah , Fichtler Julius , Nitschke Anna , Dreher Yannik , Abele Tobias , Hofhaus Götz , Platzman Ilia , Schröder Rasmus R. , Müller Daniel J. , Spatz Joachim P. , Göpfrich Kerstin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBottom-up and top-down approaches to synthetic biology each employ distinct methodologies with the common aim to harness living systems. Here, we realize a strategic merger of both approaches to convert light into proton gradients for the actuation of synthetic cellular systems. We genetically engineer E. coli to overexpress the light-driven inward-directed proton pump xenorhodopsin and encapsulate them in artificial cell-sized compartments. Exposing the compartments to light-dark cycles, we reversibly switch the pH by almost one pH unit and employ these pH gradients to trigger the attachment of DNA structures to the compartment periphery. For this purpose, a DNA triplex motif serves as a nanomechanical switch responding to the pH-trigger of the E. coli. When DNA origami plates are modified with the pH-sensitive triplex motif, the proton-pumping E. coli can trigger their attachment to giant unilamellar lipid vesicles (GUVs) upon illumination. A DNA cortex is formed upon DNA origami polymerization, which sculpts and deforms the GUVs. We foresee that the combination of bottom-up and top down approaches is an efficient way to engineer synthetic cells.
Giant conductivity of mobile non-oxide domain walls
Authors: Ghara S. , Geirhos K. , Kuerten L. , Lunkenheimer P. , Tsurkan V. , Fiebig M. , Kézsmárki I. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAtomically sharp domain walls in ferroelectrics are considered as an ideal platform to realize easy-to-reconfigure nanoelectronic building blocks, created, manipulated and erased by external fields. However, conductive domain walls have been exclusively observed in oxides, where domain wall mobility and conductivity is largely influenced by stoichiometry and defects. Here, we report on giant conductivity of domain walls in the non-oxide ferroelectric GaV4S8. We observe conductive domain walls forming in zig-zagging structures, that are composed of head-to-head and tail-to-tail domain wall segments alternating on the nanoscale. Remarkably, both types of segments possess high conductivity, unimaginable in oxide ferroelectrics. These effectively 2D domain walls, dominating the 3D conductance, can be mobilized by magnetic fields, triggering abrupt conductance changes as large as eight orders of magnitude. These unique properties demonstrate that non-oxide ferroelectrics can be the source of novel phenomena beyond the realm of oxide electronics.
A smart multiantenna gene theranostic system based on the programmed assembly of hypoxia-related siRNAs
Authors: Gong Xue , Wang Haizhou , Li Ruomeng , Tan Kaiyue , Wei Jie , Wang Jing , Hong Chen , Shang Jinhua , Liu Xiaoqing , Liu Jing , Wang Fuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe systemic therapeutic utilisation of RNA interference (RNAi) is limited by the non-specific off-target effects, which can have severe adverse impacts in clinical applications. The accurate use of RNAi requires tumour-specific on-demand conditional activation to eliminate the off-target effects of RNAi, for which conventional RNAi systems cannot be used. Herein, a tumourous biomarker-activated RNAi platform is achieved through the careful design of RNAi prodrugs in extracellular vesicles (EVs) with cancer-specific recognition/activation features. These RNAi prodrugs are assembled by splitting and reconstituting the principal siRNAs into a hybridisation chain reaction (HCR) amplification machine. EVs facilitate the specific and efficient internalisation of RNAi prodrugs into target tumour cells, where endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs) promote immediate and autonomous HCR-amplified RNAi activation to simultaneously silence multiantenna hypoxia-related genes. With multiple guaranteed cancer recognition and synergistic therapy features, the miRNA-initiated HCR-promoted RNAi cascade holds great promise for personalised theranostics that enable reliable diagnosis and programmable on-demand therapy.
Tunable room-temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped two-dimensional van der Waals ZnO
Authors: Chen Rui , Luo Fuchuan , Liu Yuzi , Song Yu , Dong Yu , Wu Shan , Cao Jinhua , Yang Fuyi , N’Diaye Alpha , Shafer Padraic , Liu Yin , Lou Shuai , Huang Junwei , Chen Xiang , Fang Zixuan , Wang Qingjun , Jin Dafei , Cheng Ran , Yuan Hongtao , Birgeneau Robert J. , Yao Jie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe recent discovery of ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals has provoked a surge of interest in the exploration of fundamental spin interaction in reduced dimensions. However, existing material candidates have several limitations, notably lacking intrinsic room-temperature ferromagnetic order and air stability. Here, motivated by the anomalously high Curie temperature observed in bulk diluted magnetic oxides, we demonstrate room-temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped graphene-like Zinc Oxide, a chemically stable layered material in air, down to single atom thickness. Through the magneto-optic Kerr effect, superconducting quantum interference device and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements, we observe clear evidences of spontaneous magnetization in such exotic material systems at room temperature and above. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy results explicitly exclude the existence of metallic Co or cobalt oxides clusters. X-ray characterizations reveal that the substitutional Co atoms form Co2+ states in the graphitic lattice of ZnO. By varying the Co doping level, we observe transitions between paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and less ordered phases due to the interplay between impurity-band-exchange and super-exchange interactions. Our discovery opens another path to 2D ferromagnetism at room temperature with the advantage of exceptional tunability and robustness.
Telomeric DNA sequences in beetle taxa vary with species richness
Authors: Prušáková Daniela , Peska Vratislav , Pekár Stano , Bubeník Michal , Čížek Lukáš , Bezděk Aleš , Čapková Frydrychová Radmila 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTelomeres are protective structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, and disruption of their nucleoprotein composition usually results in genome instability and cell death. Telomeric DNA sequences have generally been found to be exceptionally conserved in evolution, and the most common pattern of telomeric sequences across eukaryotes is (TxAyGz)nmaintained by telomerase. However, telomerase-added DNA repeats in some insect taxa frequently vary, show unusual features, and can even be absent. It has been speculated about factors that might allow frequent changes in telomere composition in Insecta. Coleoptera (beetles) is the largest of all insect orders and based on previously available data, it seemed that the telomeric sequence of beetles varies to a great extent. We performed an extensive mapping of the (TTAGG)nsequence, the ancestral telomeric sequence in Insects, across the main branches of Coleoptera. Our study indicates that the (TTAGG)nsequence has been repeatedly or completely lost in more than half of the tested beetle superfamilies. Although the exact telomeric motif in most of the (TTAGG)n-negative beetles is unknown, we found that the (TTAGG)nsequence has been replaced by two alternative telomeric motifs, the (TCAGG)nand (TTAGGG)n, in at least three superfamilies of Coleoptera. The diversity of the telomeric motifs was positively related to the species richness of taxa, regardless of the age of the taxa. The presence/absence of the (TTAGG)nsequence highly varied within the Curculionoidea, Chrysomeloidea, and Staphylinoidea, which are the three most diverse superfamilies within Metazoa. Our data supports the hypothesis that telomere dysfunctions can initiate rapid genomic changes that lead to reproductive isolation and speciation.