bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary First and Second Molars in a Qatari Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Al-Obaid Maryam Mohammed , Al-Sheeb Fatima Abdullah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of roots and canal configuration of maxillary first and second molars in Qatari population.
Materials and Methods A total of 544 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records of Qatari patients were included in this study. The CBCT images were reviewed by two endodontists. The age, sex, bilateral symmetry, root number, and canal configuration according to Vertucci were tabulated.
Results About 97.5% maxillary first molars had three roots and 2.5% had two roots. Maxillary second molar showed 88.2% three roots, 7.3% two roots, 3.3% single root, and 1.2% four roots. For maxillary first molars, the most common Vertucci classifications for the mesiobuccal root were type IV (2-2, 35.9%) and type II (2-1, 21.1%). For maxillary second molars, the most common Vertucci classifications for the mesiobuccal root were type IV (2-2, 27%), type III (1-2-1, 21.3%), type I (1, 19.6%), and type II (2-1, 18.9%). In maxillary first molar, 53.1% right is different from the left and in maxillary second molars, 60.2% right is different from the left.
Conclusions In Qatari population, three roots are common in maxillary molars. Mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars is predominant with Vertucci type IV (2-2) and type II (2-1). Maxillary second molars showed variable Vertucci classification. High bilateral asymmetry was found in canal configuration of the same individuals that should be considered during root canal treatment of two opposite molars.
The Retrospective Analysis of Google Queries Related to Cardiovascular Diseases Symptoms in the Years 2004–2019
Authors: Kamiński Mikołaj , Borger Michał , Bogdański Paweł 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Internet enables immediate access to health-related information. We aimed to rank the complaints related to cardiovascular diseases among Google users globally and locally as well as investigate secular and seasonal trends in the years 2004 to 2019. We used Google Trends (GT) to identify and analyze course over time and regional interest of seven topics: “Chest pain,” “Cyanosis,” “Edema,” “Orthopnea,” “Palpitation,” “Shortness of breath,” and “Syncope.” We analyzed secular trends using the seasonal Mann–Kendall test and seasonal variation using time series decomposition. We calculated the interest of all topics in proportion to the relative search volume (RSV) of “Chest Pain.” Globally the most popular topics were: “Edema” (proportion to RSV of “Chest pain,” 1.39), “Chest pain” (1.00), and Syncope (0.71). “Chest pain” was predominately searched in n = 25 countries, while “Edema” in n = 24, “Syncope” in n = 9, and “Shortness of breath” in n = 3. The RSV of all topics increases over time and the most dynamically for “Chest pain” (4.30 RSV/year), “Shortness of breath” (3.87 RSV/year), and “Palpitations” (3.69 RSV/year). Interest in “Chest pain,” “Cyanosis,” “Orthopnea,” “Palpitations,” and “Syncope” peaks in fall and winter, while interest in “Edema” in midsummer and “Shortness of breath” in April. Google users were particularly interested in “Edema,” “Chest pain,” and “Syncope.” The interest in cardiovascular diseases-related symptoms increases over time and presents explicable seasonal variations. The Internet plays the acquisition of health-related information; thus, professionals should create and recommend evidence-based information sources for their patients.
Defining Anastomotic Leak and the Clinical Relevance of Leaks
Authors: Ellis Clayton Tyler , Maykel Justin A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSurgeons universally dread gastrointestinal anastomotic leaks, yet the precise definition is not widely agreed on despite international consensus guidelines. Likewise, leaks are not uniformly reported which makes comparisons across studies flawed. Leak rates range from 1 to 3% for ileocolonic, 0.5 to 18% for colorectal, and 5 to 19% for coloanal anastomoses. The sequelae of an anastomotic leak vary but generally correlate with the need for a change in clinical management, from minimal changes to the need for reoperation. Short- and long-term outcomes can be life-altering or life-threatening. Temporary or permanent stomas may be necessary and low pelvic anastomotic leaks may affect bowel function. For cancer patients, leaks can delay treatment and negatively affect oncologic outcomes. In Crohn's patients, leaks are associated with higher recurrence rates. In essence, the lack of agreement on the definition of an anastomotic leak inhibits meaningful understand of its epidemiology, prevention, and treatment.
Special Considerations of Anastomotic Leaks in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Jeganathan N. Nimalan A. , Koltun Walter A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRates of anastomotic leak following intestinal resections in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease are significantly influenced by clinical characteristics. While the literature can be contradictory due to significant heterogeneity in the published data, several common themes appear to consistently arise. With respect to Crohn's disease, low serum albumin, preoperative abscess, reoperative abdominal surgery, and steroid use are associated with an increased risk of postoperative intra-abdominal septic complications. On the contrary, biologic therapy, immunomodulator use, and method of anastomosis appear not to confer increased anastomotic-related complications. Undoubtedly, a low rate of anastomotic leakage is inherent to procedures within colorectal surgery but diligent attention must be paid to identify, optimize, and, therefore, reduce known risks.
The Efficacy of Hydrodilatation for the Prevention of Vasospasm following Microsurgical Anastomosis
Authors: Serin Merdan , Bayramiçli Mehmet , Çilingir Kaya Özlem Tuğçe , Levent Hilal Nişva , Akdeniz Doğan Zeynep Deniz , Ercan Alp , Kurt Yazar Sevgi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background Vasospasm is a major problem following microsurgical reconstruction which can result in the partial or complete loss of the flap tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of hydrodilatation for the prevention of vasospasm.
Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were used for this experimental study. Femoral arteries of were exposed, photographed, and transected. In group 1, group 2, and group 3 papaverine solution, hydrodilatation, and minimal mechanical dilatation (control group) was performed, respectively. The anastomosis was completed and the arteries were photographed again 10 minutes after completion of the anastomosis. Following 7-day period samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy were obtained.
Results The mean vessel diameters prior to transection were 0.43, 0.45, and 0.52 mm in the papaverine, hydrodilatation, and control groups, respectively. The mean vessel diameter 10 minutes following the completion of anastomosis was 0.76, 0.75, and 0.51 mm in the papaverine, hydrodilatation, and control groups, respectively. Median score for papaverine group regarding histological parameters of regular endothelial lining and lumen, neutrophil infiltration, vascular congestion, and edema in tunica adventitia was 2, 3, 2, and 3 positive, respectively. Median score for the papaverine group regarding histological parameters of regular endothelial lining and lumen, neutrophil infiltration, vascular congestion, and edema in tunica adventitia was 3, 3, 3, and 3 positive, respectively. All the histological scores were negative in the control group. The difference between the control group and the experiment groups 1 and 2 was significant regarding all four histological parameters (p < 0.05).
Conclusion Hydrodilatation and papaverine application were both effective in preventing vasospasm following microsurgical intervention but papaverine caused slightly less damage to the endothelial lining and less edema in the tunica adventitia when compared with the hydrodilatation. Hydrodilatation group showed a vasodilatory effect that was statistically similar to that of papaverine, which has a proven efficacy.
Thenar and Hypothenar Muscle Coverage on the Transverse Carpal Ligament
Authors: Alsafar Farah , Li Zong-Ming 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background The purpose of the study was to examine the coverage of thenar and hypothenar muscles on the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) in the radioulnar direction through in vivo ultrasound imaging of the carpal tunnel. We hypothesized that the TCL distance covered by the thenar muscle would be greater than that by the hypothenar muscle, and that total muscle coverage on the TCL would be greater than the TCL-alone region.
Methods Ultrasound videos of human wrist were collected on 20 healthy subjects. Automated algorithms were used to extract the distal cross-sectional image of the trapezium-hamate level. Manual tracing of the anatomical features was conducted.
Results Thenar muscles covered a significantly larger distance (11.9 ± 1.8 mm) as compared with hypothenar muscles (1.7 ± 0.8 mm) (p < 0.001). The TCL covered by thenar and hypothenar muscles was greater than the TCL-alone length (p < 0.001). The thenar and hypothenar muscle coverage on the TCL, as normalized to the total TCL length, was 61.0 ± 7.5%.
Conclusions More than 50% of the TCL at the distal carpal tunnel is covered by thenar and hypothenar muscles. Knowledge of muscular attachments to the TCL improves our understanding of carpal tunnel syndrome etiology and can guide carpal tunnel release surgery.
A single-frequency single-resonator laser on erbium-doped lithium niobate on insulator
Authors: Li Tieying , Wu Kan , Cai Minglu , Xiao Zeyu , Zhang Hongyi , Li Chao , Xiang Junmin , Huang Yi , Chen Jianping 
Published: October 2021

Erbium-doped lithium niobate on insulator (Er:LNOI) is a promising platform for photonic integrated circuits as it adds gain to the LNOI system and enables on-chip lasers and amplifiers. A challenge for the Er:LNOI laser is to increase its output power while maintaining single-frequency and single (-transverse)-mode operation. In this work, we demonstrate that single-frequency and single-mode operation can be achieved even in a single multi-mode Er:LNOI microring by introducing mode-dependent loss and gain competition. In a single microring with a free spectral range of 192 GHz, we have achieved single-mode lasing with an output power of 2.1 µW, a side-mode suppression of 35.5 dB, and a linewidth of 0.9 MHz.
The magnetic proximity effect at the MoS2/CrI3 interface
Authors: Yin Zhi-Bo , Chen Xiao-Yan , Wang Yun-Peng , Long Meng-Qiu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The vicinity to a two-dimensional magnetic material provides a simple and effective way to break the valley degeneracy of transition-metal dichalcogenides because of the magnetic proximity effect. Based on first-principles calculations, we study the band structure of a MoS2/CrI3 van der Waals heterostructure and its manipulation by vertical electric fields. A huge valley splitting of about 19.60 meV, equivalent to an external magnetic fields of about 89.0 T can be generated by an electric field of 0.115 V Å−1. The electric field causes discontinuous changes in the valley splitting. The electric field drives the bands of MoS2 across those of CrI3. At the critical electric fields, the interlayer orbital hybridization leads to the energy level repulsion and an abrupt exchange of the band index. We also study the effect of interlayer distance on the valley splitting and observe a more significant electric field modulation. This work deepens our understanding on the interfacial magnetic proximity effect as a result of the orbital hybridization across the van der Waals gap.
Superintegrability of Calogero–Moser systems associated with the cyclic quiver
Authors: Fairon Maxime , Görbe Tamás 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study complex integrable systems on quiver varieties associated with the cyclic Noquiver, and prove their superintegrability by explicitly constructing first integrals. We interpret them as rational Calogero–Moser systems endowed with internal degrees of freedom called spins. They encompass the usual systems in type A

n−1 and B

n
, as well as generalisations introduced by Chalykh and Silantyev in connection with the multicomponent KP hierarchy. We also prove that superintegrability is preserved when a harmonic oscillator potential is added.
Introduction
Authors: Castronovo Russ , Hutner Gordon 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The introduction to this special issue provides the occasion and discusses the exigency of examining the political, aesthetic, historical, and pedagogical functions of literary criticism at this moment in the twenty-first century. By considering others who have taken up similar inquiries, notably Matthew Arnold, Edward Said, and Northrop Frye, this introduction takes stock of the current state of criticism and makes some projections about its future. It discerns that critical practice is often a function of mood. To that end, it identifies how four moods—urgency, buoyancy, hopelessness, and scholasticism—hover over the functions of criticism at the present time.
Apple, Obliquebanded Leafroller Control with Spinosad in Summer, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Spinosad DE-105 1.6% was evaluated for its ability to control OBLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at Mattawa, WA. The trees were 3-yr-old Delicious on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The 50% egg hatch and 50% + 14 d treatments were applied 28 Jun and 10 Jul, and the 100% egg hatch and 100% + 14 d treatments were applied 10 Jul and 24 Jul. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 28 Jul. The total number of live OBLR larvae found in a 10-min search on all 8 trees of a treatment replication was counted.
Group intrusions by a brood parasitic fish are not cooperative
Authors: Blažek Radim , Polačik Matěj , Reichard Martin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBrood parasites relegate all parental duties to unrelated hosts. Host resistance against brood parasitism is most effective during egg laying and is best countered by surreptitious oviposition. This may be aided through distraction of host attention by the male partner or a larger cooperative group. Cuckoo catfish (Synodontis multipunctatus) parasitize the broods of mouthbrooding cichlids, which collect their eggs immediately after oviposition. Cuckoo catfish must time their intrusion precisely, as the temporal window for parasitism lasts only a few seconds. As the cuckoo catfish typically intrude host spawning as a group, we tested whether groups of catfish distract spawning cichlid pairs more successfully than a single catfish pair. We found that larger catfish groups were not more effective in parasitism, as parasitism success by groups of three catfish pairs increased only proportionally to single catfish pairs. The number of cichlid eggs in host clutches decreased at high catfish abundance, apparently due to elevated cuckoo catfish predation on the eggs. Hence, group intrusions do not represent cooperative actions, but incur an increased cost to the host cichlid from greater egg predation by cuckoo catfish.
Beyond Benson: From Law & Order: SVU to Holland’s Grenslanders, Female Masculinity in Crime Dramas Fall Victim to Feminized Tropes
Authors: Sowa Lauren Alexandra 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article analyzes television’s (2010s) female detectives, Olivia Benson of Law & Order: SVU (NBC, 1999–) and Tara Dessel of Grenslanders (AVROTROS, 2019), as a cross-cultural example of compromised and negotiated female masculinity. Their designed traits of “heterosexuality” and/or “the feminine” are used as countering affects to undermine the female masculinity and queer ambiguity of these characters. Through Detective Dessel, I demonstrate how race further complicates readings of female masculinity. I argue that television depictions of cis-woman characters are ill-served when the possibilities for masculinity or sexual ambiguity is obfuscated by conventionally feminine appearance, heterosexual love interests, and other narrative components.
Crystalline podocytopathy and tubulopathy linked to kappa light chain deposits in a context of smoldering multiple myeloma
Authors: Eymieux Sébastien , Miquelestorena-Standley Elodie , Rabot Nolwenn , Maisons Valentin , Touchard Guy , Blanchard Emmanuelle 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
A 42-year-old man with smoldering immunoglobulin G kappa multiple myeloma showed a heavy proteinuria composed of free light chain, prompting performance of a kidney biopsy. Electron microscopy revealed numerous rhomboid-shaped crystals labelled by the anti-kappa in immunogold, notably in the cytoplasm of podocytes, establishing the diagnosis of crystalline podocytopathy. This case illustrates a rare form of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance, and highlights the key role of electron microscopy and immunogold to better elucidate the location and composition of crystals.
Atherosclerosis is a major human killer and non-resolving inflammation is a prime suspect
Authors: Fredman Gabrielle , MacNamara Katherine C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The resolution of inflammation (or inflammation-resolution) is an active and highly coordinated process. Inflammation-resolution is governed by several endogenous factors, and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are one such class of molecules that have robust biological function. Non-resolving inflammation is associated with a variety of human diseases, including atherosclerosis. Moreover, non-resolving inflammation is a hallmark of ageing, an inevitable process associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Uncovering mechanisms as to why inflammation-resolution is impaired in ageing and in disease and identifying useful biomarkers for non-resolving inflammation are unmet needs. Recent work has pointed to a critical role for balanced ratios of SPMs and pro-inflammatory lipids (i.e. leucotrienes and/or specific prostaglandins) as a key determinant of timely inflammation resolution. This review will focus on the accumulating findings that support the role of non-resolving inflammation and imbalanced pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory mediators in atherosclerosis. We aim to provide insight as to why these imbalances occur, the importance of ageing in disease progression, and how haematopoietic function impacts inflammation-resolution and atherosclerosis. We highlight open questions regarding therapeutic strategies and mechanisms of disease to provide a framework for future studies that aim to tackle this important human disease.
Combination of kaempferol and azithromycin attenuatesStaphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis via anti-biofilm effects and by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and SAPK
Authors: Gao Lei , Tang Zhipeng , Li Tianbo , Wang Jiangning 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTOsteomyelitis is bacterial infection of bone, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. This work aims to study the potential of azithromycin and kaempferol against chronic osteomyelitis induced by azithromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ARSA). It was noticed that rats tolerated the treatments with no diarrhoea or weight loss; also, no deaths were observed in rats. The treatment by azithromycin alone failed to inhibit bacterial growth and also had no effect on the infection condition of bone, although the treatment decreased the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), but did not improve the oxidative stress levels. Kaempferol monotherapy slightly inhibited bacterial growth and bone infection; the treatment also inhibited the levels of IL-6 and (TNF-α). The treatment also improved the antioxidant status. However, the combined treatment of azithromycin and kaempferol significantly suppressed bacterial growth and bone infection and modulated oxidative stress. In vitro, the combined treatment inhibited the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, and also suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK). The combined treatment also showed anti-biofilm activity in ARSA. The combination attenuates ARSA-induced osteomyelitis in rats compared with their treatments alone by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and SAPK and inhibiting biofilm formation.
Delayed cardiac tamponade caused by a staple line after wedge resection of the lung
Authors: Yamashita Takashi , Asai Katsuyuki 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An 80-year-old woman was diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma of the left lower lobe, clinical stage IA3. Taking the patient’s age and medical history into consideration, a wedge resection was performed. After the resumption of rivaroxaban on postoperative Day 3, the patient suddenly developed cardiac tamponade on postoperative Day 5. A drainage tube was placed by pericardiocentesis, and the haemodynamics recovered immediately. No recurrence of cardiac tamponade was observed. The confluence of staple lines is a risk factor for tissue damage. Some covering is recommended, especially when the stapling line contacts the pericardium on the left side.
Mistaken Identity: The Role of Autoantibodies in Endocrine Disease
Authors: Nelson Heather A , Joshi Hemant R , Straseski Joely A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Autoimmune endocrine diseases can be thought of as a case of mistaken identity. The immune system mistakenly attacks one’s own cells, as if they were foreign, which typically results in endocrine gland hypofunction and inadequate hormone production. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disorders (Hashimoto and Graves diseases) are the most common autoimmune endocrine disorders, while conditions such as Addison disease are encountered less frequently. Autoantibody production can precede clinical presentation, and their measurement may aid verification of an autoimmune process and guide appropriate treatment modalities.

Content
In this review, we discuss type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroid disorders, and Addison disease, emphasizing their associated autoantibodies and methods for clinical detection. We will also discuss efforts to standardize measurement of autoantibodies.

Conclusions
Autoimmune endocrine disease progression may take months to years and detection of associated autoantibodies may precede clinical onset of disease. Although detection of autoantibodies is not necessary for diagnosis, they may be useful to verify an autoimmune process.
How Representation Reduces Minority Criminal Victimization: Evidence from Scheduled Castes in India
Authors: Aneja Abhay , Ritadhi S K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we consider whether the representation of historically disenfranchised minorities in government can reduce violence suffered by these groups. To answer this question, we examine the impact of political parties that represent India’s marginalized Scheduled Castes (SCs). We address the endogenous selection of minority-favoring parties using state-level variation in aggregations of close election outcomes. We find that a 10 percentage-point increase in representation reduces the minority murder rate by 3 percentage points. An analysis of channels suggests that politicians respond to minority constituents by increasing police effort in responding to the victimization of SCs, which may have the effect of deterring future offenders. Moreover, improvements in self-reported attitudes toward government institutions suggest that our results are not the product of negative reporting bias in government crime statistics (JEL: J15, D72, K14).