bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field based lower limb strength tests provide insight into sprint and change of direction ability in academy footballers
Authors: Jones Steven , Mullen Rich , Clair Zoe , Wrigley Russ , Andersen Thor Einar , Williams Morgan 
Published: August 2021

Conducting field‐based strength assessments is embedded within football academy development processes. Yet, there is a limited understanding of how hip and groin strength assessments relate to vital game‐based tasks such as sprinting and change of direction (COD) performance. Our aim was to explore field‐based strength assessments and their relationships with both sprint and COD performance in male academy footballers. Participants (n = 146; age 14.2 ± 2.2 years; stature 166.3 ± 15.4 cm; body mass 55.6 ± 15.6 kg) performed maximal countermovement jump (CMJ), Nordic hamstring strength (NHS), isometric hip adductor (ADD)/abductor (ABD), 5 m, 10 m, 20 m sprints, and modified 505 agility test. All strength measures were allometrically scaled to account for body weight. Between‐limb differences were reported as imbalance scores. Principal component analysis reduced sprint and COD variables to a single “running ability” component score. Scaled strength and imbalance, when controlled for age, were associated with “running ability” (adjusted R2 = 0.78, p < 0.001). Significant effects on “running ability” included the following: age, CMJ impulse, NHS, and hip‐ADD. When the sprint and COD variables were explored independently, age and CMJ‐impulse were featured in all sprint and COD models. For 10 m and 20 m sprint distances, hip‐ADD emerged as a significant effect. Mean 505 performance was explained by age, CMJ‐impulse, hip‐ADD, but also with the addition of NHS. Our findings suggest that insight into the underpinning strength qualities of “running ability” of academy footballers can be obtained from a suite of field‐based tests.
Phosphorus availability from magnesium‐modified P‐enriched Douglas fir biochar as a controlled release fertilizer
Authors: Arwenyo Beatrice , Varco Jac J. , Dygert Andrew , Mlsna Todd 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is one of the essential elements required for plant growth and development. However, worldwide, many agricultural soils can be deficient in P. The use of fertilizers and manures as a source of P can be costly, limited in supply in some regions of the world and ecologically unfavourable. Nutrient‐enriched biochar has been suggested as a relatively cost‐effective and eco‐friendly P source. This study investigated P availability from Douglas fir biochar modified with magnesium chloride and potassium hydroxide solutions only (B), and modified P‐enriched Douglas fir biochar B50, B100 and B150 corresponding to B treated with 50, 100 and 150 mg P L−1 solutions of potassium phosphate monobasic. Triple super phosphate fertilizer (FC) and a control treatment without phosphate added (C) used as a reference treatment. Treatments were added to soil in varied amounts to obtain the same P rate of 30 kg P ha−1. Aboveground biomass dry weight yield (R2 = .7) and plant height (R2 = .86) improved with P contents. After harvest, residual soil P for the FC treatment was significantly greater than all other treatments (p‐value = 1.7848 E‐6, R2 = .8). Plant height and aboveground dry weight biomass were greater with B150 compared to B50 at the same total P loading, suggesting that the greater P concentration of the biochar (B150) resulted in less tightly bound P and was therefore more available for plant uptake. This study showed promise of utilizing P‐enriched Douglas fir biochar as a slow‐release P fertilizer.
Late endosomal/lysosomal accumulation of a neurotransmitter receptor in a cellular model of Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome
Authors: Sharma Ashwani , Kumar G. Aditya , Chattopadhyay Amitabha 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSmith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a congenital and developmental malformation syndrome associated with defective cholesterol biosynthesis. It is characterized by accumulation of 7‐dehydrocholesterol (the immediate biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol in the Kandutsch‐Russell pathway) and an altered cholesterol to total sterol ratio. Because SLOS is associated with neurological malfunction, exploring the function and trafficking of neuronal receptors and their interaction with membrane lipids under these conditions assume significance. In this work, we generated a cellular model of SLOS in HEK‐293 cells stably expressing the human serotonin1A receptor (an important neurotransmitter G‐protein coupled receptor) using AY 9944, an inhibitor for the enzyme 3β‐hydroxy‐steroid‐∆7‐reductase (7‐DHCR). Using a quantitative flow cytometry based assay, we show that the plasma membrane population of serotonin1A receptors was considerably reduced under these conditions without any change in total cellular expression of the receptor. Interestingly, the receptors were trafficked to sterol‐enriched LysoTracker positive compartments, which accumulated under these conditions. To the best of our knowledge, our results constitute one of the first reports demonstrating intracellular accumulation and misregulated traffic of a neurotransmitter GPCR in SLOS‐like conditions. We believe these results assume relevance in our overall understanding of the molecular basis underlying the functional relevance of neurotransmitter receptors in SLOS.
The ‘Forgotten’ middle class: An analysis of the effects of globalisation
Authors: Pleninger Regina , de Haan Jakob , Sturm Jan‐Egbert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the effects of globalisation on the income share of the middle class. Our findings suggest that globalisation, proxied by the KOF Economic Globalization Index, reduces the income share of the middle class. The income share of the poorest 20% also drops due to globalisation, while that of the richest 20% increases. We find that only de facto and not de jure measures of globalisation have statistically significant effects on income shares and inequality. Our results are robust for alternative definitions of the middle‐class income share and hold for trade and financial globalisation. When we distinguish between groups of countries, we find that our main result is driven by low‐ and middle‐income countries; for high‐income countries, we do not find evidence that globalisation has an effect on the income share of the middle class.
Retrospective evaluation of the prognostic utility of quick sequential organ failure assessment scores in dogs with surgically treated sepsis (2011‐2018): 204 cases
Authors: Stastny Tereza , Koenigshof Amy M. , Brado Glenn E. , Chan Elton K. , Levy Nyssa A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prognostic utility of admission quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) scores for in‐hospital mortality in a population of dogs with surgically treated sepsis.DesignRetrospective cohort study of dogs from January 2011 to January 2018.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsOne thousand three hundred nine cases were identified with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis requiring surgical source control. Two hundred and four dogs with surgically treated sepsis met inclusion criteria, defined as: meeting 2 or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria with a documented source of infection. One hundred and forty‐three cases of septic peritonitis, 26 cases of septic soft tissue infection, 20 cases of pyometra, and 15 cases of pyothorax were evaluated.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsOverall in‐hospital mortality was 63 of 204 (30.9%). Patients with a qSOFA ≥ 2 were more likely to die or be euthanized (odds ratio [OR] 7.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9‐16.4; P < 0.0001). Survivor and nonsurvivor qSOFA scores were significantly different in all categories. Dogs with septic peritonitis and a qSOFA ≥ 2 had an increased risk of postoperative complications (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.3‐11.1; P = 0.02). qSOFA scores were correlated with length of hospitalization in survivors of all‐cause surgical sepsis (r = 0.28, P = 0.0007), septic peritonitis (r = 0.33, P = 0.001), and septic soft tissue infection (r = 0.59, P = 0.004).ConclusionsThis was the first study to retrospectively evaluate the prognostic utility of qSOFA scores in dogs surgically treated for sepsis. Dogs diagnosed with septic peritonitis and other causes of surgically treated sepsis with a qSOFA ≥ 2 may have a higher risk of in‐hospital mortality, although future prospective studies are necessary.
Evaluation of coccygeal and radial artery Doppler blood pressure measurements in sick cats with and without abnormalities in tissue perfusion
Authors: De Rosa Sage M. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Reineke Erica L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare systolic blood pressure measured by Doppler (SBP) taken from the coccygeal artery versus common digital branch of the radial artery in cats with normal and poor perfusion parameters.DesignProspective, observational study.SettingUniversity Teaching Hospital.AnimalsEighty‐five cats presenting to the emergency service for which prior emergency treatment was not received and a blood pressure was indicated on triage.InterventionsSystolic blood pressure was measured by Doppler using the radial and coccygeal arteries. Cats were categorized as having normal or poor tissue perfusion based on physical examination.Measurements and Main ResultsAgreement was poor between coccygeal and radial SBP overall with absolute and relative bias (95% limits of agreement) of 23 (–51 to 96) mm Hg and 16% (–38% to 69%), respectively. In cats with poor perfusion, the agreement was absolute bias = 28 mm Hg and relative bias = 22% and with normal perfusion absolute bias = 22 mm Hg, and relative bias = 12%. The median (interquartile range) coccygeal SBP was significantly different from the radial SBP 141 (50) mm Hg versus 120 (45) mm Hg, P < 0.001. In multivariate linear regression, heart rate was negatively associated with coccygeal SBP (r2 = 0.088, P = 0.049), and pale mucous membrane color (P = 0.034) and poor pulse quality (P = 0.007) were independently associated with lower radial SBP (r2 = 0.18).ConclusionsMedian coccygeal SBP is significantly greater than radial SBP in sick cats with both normal perfusion and hypoperfusion. Agreement between coccygeal and radial SBP is poor in cats and cannot be used interchangeably. As clinically significant differences exist between sites, the authors recommend obtaining SBP from both sites initially and choosing to monitor and trend changes with the one site that correlates most with physical examination findings.
Time restricted eating for the prevention of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Cienfuegos Sofia , McStay Mara , Gabel Kelsey , Varady Krista A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractType 2 diabetes can potentially be prevented by targeted lifestyle and weight loss interventions. Time restricted eating (TRE) is a form of intermittent fasting that has emerged as a novel diet strategy to reduce body weight and improve glycaemic control. TRE involves eating within a certain window of time (usually 4 to 10 h), and water‐fasting for the remaining hours of the day. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of TRE on body weight and markers of glycaemic control in human subjects. We also aim to provide mechanistic insights into the effect of TRE on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Results to date reveal that TRE produces mild weight loss (1%–4% from baseline) and energy restriction, when food consumption is restricted to 4–10 h/day. TRE also reduces fasting insulin and improves insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes and those with obesity. Moreover, TRE improves glucose tolerance and decreases serum glucose excursions. The possible mechanisms underlying these benefits include increased autophagic flux, mild elevations in ketone bodies, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the stimulation of β‐cell responsiveness. While these preliminary results offer promise for the use of TRE in the prevention of type 2 diabetes, larger and longer‐term human trials will be needed to confirm these findings.
image
Cortical layer‐specific modulation of neuronal activity after sensory deprivation due to spinal cord injury
Authors: Zaforas Marta , Rosa Juliana M. , Alonso‐Calviño Elena , Fernández‐López Elena , Miguel‐Quesada Claudia , Oliviero Antonio , Aguilar Juan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCortical areas have the capacity of large‐scale reorganization following sensory deafferentation. However, it remains unclear whether this phenomenon is a unique process that homogeneously affects the entire deprived cortical region or whether it is susceptible to changes depending on neuronal networks across distinct cortical layers. Here, we studied how the local circuitry within each layer of the deafferented cortex forms the basis for neuroplastic changes after immediate thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) in anaesthetized rats. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from deafferented hindlimb somatosensory cortex showed that SCI induces layer‐specific changes mediating evoked and spontaneous activity. In supragranular layer 2/3, SCI increased gamma oscillations and the ability of these neurons to initiate up‐states during spontaneous activity, suggesting an altered corticocortical network and/or intrinsic properties that may serve to maintain the excitability of the cortical column after deafferentation. On the other hand, SCI enhanced the infragranular layers’ ability to integrate evoked sensory inputs leading to increased and faster neuronal responses. Delayed evoked response onsets were also observed in layer 5/6, suggesting alterations in thalamocortical connectivity. Altogether, our data indicate that SCI immediately modifies the local circuitry within the deafferented cortex allowing supragranular layers to better integrate spontaneous corticocortical information, thus modifying column excitability, and infragranular layers to better integrate evoked sensory inputs to preserve subcortical outputs. These layer‐specific neuronal changes may guide the long‐term alterations in neuronal excitability and plasticity associated with the rearrangements of somatosensory networks and the appearance of central sensory pathologies usually associated with spinal cord injury.Key points
Sensory stimulation of forelimb produces cortical evoked responses in the somatosensory hindlimb cortex in a layer‐dependent manner.
Spinal cord injury favours the input statistics of corticocortical connections between intact and deafferented cortices.
After spinal cord injury supragranular layers exhibit better integration of spontaneous corticocortical information while infragranular layers exhibit better integration of evoked sensory stimulation.
Cortical reorganization is a layer‐specific phenomenon.
Comparison of Fitbit One and ActivPAL3TM in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis in a Free-Living Environment
Authors: Mehrabani Golnoush , Gross Douglas P. , Aminian Saeideh , Manns Patricia J. 
Published: August 2021

Walking is the most common and preferred way for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) to be active. Consumer-grade wearable activity monitors may be used as a tool to assist people with MS to track their walking by counting the number of steps. The authors evaluated the validity of Fitbit One activity tracker in individuals with MS by comparing step counts measured over a 7-day period against ActivPAL3TM(AP). Twenty-five ambulatory adults with MS with an average age 51.7 (10.2) years and gait speed 0.98 (0.47) m/s, median Expanded Disability Status Scale 5.5 (2.5–6.5), and 15 years post-MS diagnosis wore Fitbit One (using both waist and ankle placement) and AP for 7 consecutive days. Validity of Fitbit One for measuring step counts against AP was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland–Altman plots, andttests. Regardless of wearing location (waist or ankle), there was good agreement between steps recorded by Fitbit One and AP (ICC: .86 [.82, .90]). The ankle-worn Fitbit measured steps more accurately (ICC: .91 [.81, .95]) than the waist-worn Fitbit (ICC: .81 [.62, .85]) especially in individuals (n = 12) who walked slowly (gait speed = 0.74 m/s). Fitbit One as a user-friendly, inexpensive, consumer-grade activity tracker can accurately record steps in persons with MS in a free-living environment.
Association Between Accelerometer and Parental Reported Weekend and Weekday Sleeping Patterns and Adiposity Among Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Coyle-Asbil Bridget , Coyle-Asbil Hannah J. , Ma David W.L. , Haines Jess , Ann Vallis Lori 
Published: August 2021

Sleep is vital for healthy development of young children; however, it is not understood how the quality and quantity vary between the weekends and weekdays (WE–WD). Research focused on older children has demonstrated that there is significant WE–WD variability and that this is associated with adiposity. It is unclear how this is experienced among preschoolers. This study explored: (a) the accuracy of WE–WD sleep as reported in parental logbooks compared with accelerometers; (b) the difference between WE and WD total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and timing, as assessed by accelerometers; and (c) the association between the variability of these metrics and adiposity. Eighty-seven preschoolers (M = 46; 4.48 ± 0.89 years) wore an accelerometer on their right hip for 7 days. Parents were given logbooks to track “lights out” times (sleep onset) and out of bed time (sleep offset). Compared with accelerometers, parental logbook reports indicated earlier sleep onset and later sleep offset times on both WEs and WDs. Accelerometer-derived total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and onset/offset were not significantly different on the WEs and WDs; however, a sex effect was observed, with males going to bed and waking up earlier than females. Correlation analyses revealed that variability of sleep onset times throughout the week was positively correlated with percentage of fat mass in children. Results suggest that variability of sleep onset may be associated with increased adiposity in preschool children. Additional research with larger and more socioeconomically and racially diverse samples is needed to confirm these findings.
Derivative of Scorpion Neurotoxin BeM9 Is Selective for Insect Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
Authors: Chernykh M. A. , Kuldyushev N. A. , Peigneur S. , Berkut A. A. , Tytgat J. , Efremov R. G. , Vassilevski A. A. , Chugunov A. O. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Scorpion α-toxins are small proteins inhibiting the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. They can selectively act on either mammalian (mammal toxins) or insect channels (insect toxins), or affect both types of channels (α-like toxins). Currently no model has been proposed that fully explains the dependence of selectivity upon amino acid sequence, but some patterns have already been established. Thus, most mammal toxins have an aspartic acid residue in position 8, which is involved in the formation of the nest motif, but it is still not clear whether this residue interacts directly with channels. The objective of our study was to obtain a derivative of the α-like toxin BeM9 with the replacement of lysine in position 8 by glutamate (K8E), changing the charge, but excluding the formation of the nest motif. In addition, we replaced the tyrosine in position 17 with glycine (Y17G), which is characteristic of mammal toxins. Surprisingly, the double-mutant derivative BeM9EG lost its activity on mammalian channels, becoming an insect toxin. To explain these changes, we constructed models of BeM9 and BeM9EG complexes with channels, and also performed molecular dynamics of isolated toxins. Analysis of intermolecular contacts in the complexes did not explain the reason for the selectivity change. Nevertheless, the structure of intramolecular contacts and data on molecular mobility indicate an important role of residues K8 and Y17 in stabilizing a certain conformation of BeM9 loops. We assume that the replacement of these residues allosterically affects the efficiency of toxin binding to channels.
IgA1 Protease as a Vaccine Basis for Prevention of Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Zhigis L. S. , Kotelnikova O. V. , Zinchenko A. A. , Karlinsky D. M. , Prokopenko Yu. A. , Rumsh L. D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The review covers the study of the protective properties of IgA1 protease and the possibility of creating a vaccine preparation for the prevention of bacterial meningitis of various origins on its basis. Bacterial meningitis belongs to the group of socially dangerous diseases and is characterized by a severe course, numerous complications and high mortality. The approaches used at present in world practice to create antimicrobial vaccines are based on a narrow targeting against a specific pathogen. The development of a monocomponent vaccine against a wide range of bacterial pathogens with a common virulence factor is still relevant. IgA1 protease, a protein that is one of the main virulence factors of a number of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, can serve as such an antigen. Bacterial IgA1 protease is uniquely specific for immunoglobulins A1 (IgA1), cleaving peptide bonds in the hinge regions of the IgA1 in humans and other higher primates. Bacteria, getting on the mucous membrane, destroy IgA1, which acts as the first barrier to protect the body from infections. Neutralization of IgA1 protease at this stage can become an obstacle to the development of infection, hindering the adhesion of a number of pathogens that produce this protein. The data available in the literature on the mechanism of antibacterial protection are scattered and ambiguous. The review considers the literature data and the results of our own experiments on the protective activity of IgA1 protease. We have shown that the recombinant meningococcal IgA1 protease and some of its fragments protect mice from infection with a live virulent culture not only of meningococci of the main epidemic serogroups (A, B, C, and W135), but also of some of the most common virulent pneumococcal serotypes. The data obtained indicate the possibility of creating a monocomponent vaccine against these and, possibly, other bacterial infections. Currently, significant progress has been made in studying the structure and functions of secreted proteins in the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. In this review we describe protein translocation systems of N. meningitidis, which are related to the secretion of proteins in these bacteria, and also present modern data on the functions of these proteins. Analysis of experimental data on the structure of IgA1 protease of N. meningitidis and the formation of immunity during vaccination is of key importance in the development of prophylactic preparations.
Investigating high energy proton proton collisions with a multi-phase transport model approach based on PYTHIA8 initial conditions
Authors: Zheng Liang , Zhang Guang-Hui , Liu Yun-Fan , Lin Zi-Wei , Shou Qi-Ye , Yin Zhong-Bao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe striking resemblance of high multiplicity proton-proton (pp) collisions at the LHC to heavy ion collisions challenges our conventional wisdom on the formation of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). A consistent explanation of the collectivity phenomena in pp will help us to understand the mechanism that leads to the QGP-like signals in small systems. In this study, we introduce a transport model approach connecting the initial conditions provided by PYTHIA8 with subsequent AMPT rescatterings to study the collective behavior in high energy pp collisions. The multiplicity dependence of light hadron productions from this model is in reasonable agreement with the pp $$\sqrt{s}=13$$

s

=
13

TeV experimental data. It is found in the comparisons that both the partonic and hadronic final state interactions are important for the generation of the radial flow feature of the pp transverse momentum spectra. The study also shows that the long range two particle azimuthal correlation in high multiplicity pp events is sensitive to the proton sub-nucleon spatial fluctuations.