bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putting Intersectionality to Work: Non-governmental Organizations
Authors: Bond Johanna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Just as the UN treaty bodies have been increasingly willing to consider intersectionality in the international human rights context, many nongovernmental organizations have also incorporated an intersectional approach into their human rights advocacy. NGOs enjoy a symbiotic relationship with the treaty bodies, holding the treaty bodies accountable for their human rights work while also accepting guidance from the treaty bodies as to how best to engage with the UN system. This reciprocal dynamic makes NGOs a fruitful source for exploring their potential to advocate for intersectional approaches within the United Nations and for examining ways in which the treaty bodies might also encourage NGOs to use intersectional frameworks in their own advocacy work. The growing acceptance of intersectionality within the United Nations and within the civil society sector is mutually reinforcing and holds the promise of more comprehensive remedies for human rights victims.
Ressentiment
Authors: Reginster Bernard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter attempts to circumscribe the character of ressentiment, the affect that plays a prominent role in Nietzsche’s genealogical account of Christian morality. This affect, and the revengefulness that is closely associated with it, is a response to suffering when it is construed as challenging the agent’s standing, understood in a fundamental non-moral sense of having the world reflect her will, or having her presence in the world make a difference in it. Suffering is so construed when it is experienced from the perspective of a special drive, the will to power, or the drive toward bending the world to one’s will. Revenge aims to bolster or restore power when it is threatened, and the adoption of the conceptual apparatus of Christian morality, including its new values, is a particular way to do so: by altering the agent’s will (her values), it alters what counts as power for her.
Asceticism
Authors: Reginster Bernard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the idealization of asceticism, itself motivated by an extreme form of ressentiment motivated by the construal of all human suffering as a threat to the agent’s power. I circumscribe the “priestly” (or moral) asceticism that poses problem for Nietzsche and discuss the ways in which it is a paradoxical phenomenon. The ascetic solution to the problem of suffering consists in “interpreting it under the perspective of guilt,” or as punishment. I attempt to determine both the nature of the problem of suffering and how this ascetic strategy is meant to address it. I then describe Nietzsche’s functional critique of this ascetic strategy: it is “ruinous” to the health of the agent. Drawing on his conception of health and sickness, I suggest that, when ascetic morality functions in service to the will to power of the agent, it undermines it. Its functionality is self-undermining.
The Crisis (Musical Staves)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with the musical stages that accompany Dante’s ballata in an early twentieth-century English translation. Although the music is a modern fabrication, it calls attention to the distinctive form of the ballata which Dante considers defective in the De vulgari eloquentia because it requires the kind of musical accompaniment these staves provide. This chapter examines how this formal defect also encodes a thematic problem of relying on Beatrice’s greeting. This chapter shows how Dante deals with this crisis through the praise style expressed in the self-sufficient (not defective) form of the canzone Donne ch’avete intelletto. While the canzone’s significance has been widely recognized, this chapter shows how Dante’s expression of this new idea of love by plotting these different poetic forms draws on the two books he read after Beatrice’s death, Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy and Cicero’s De amicitia. The final section discusses how several later readers transformed and even erased Dante’s innovative idea of love.
The Interruption (Picture Frame)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s reframing of his painting The Salutation of Beatrice to consider the significance of Dante’s decision to present Beatrice’s death as an interruption that cuts off his composition of a canzone with the beginning of Jeremiah’s Lamentations. Exploring the adaptations of Dante’s fracture in Barthes, Glück, and Goodman, this chapter highlights Dante’s formal innovation which also interrupts the rhythm of reading that Dante uses the divisions to establish and then upset after Beatrice’s death. The chapter also explores the larger political implications of Dante’s quotation of Lamentations, which were controversially elaborated by Gabriele Rossetti, but anticipate Dante’s bold presentation of Beatrice in Earthly Paradise, where he overcomes his personal mourning by situating Beatrice in a broad political procession of world history.
The Other Woman (Collation)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the significance of Dante’s decision to include his desires for another woman, whom he calls the ‘donna gentile’. Beginning with Kirkup’s discovery of a fresco in the Florentine Bargello that depicts a young Dante, the chapter explores how later readers have dealt with Dante’s introduction of this conflict of desires, which begins with Dante’s own reconsideration of the episode in the Convivio. While some have claimed that Dante later revised the work, this conflict of desires is crucial to the logic of his work. Although less widely adapted than his encounter with Beatrice, the ‘donna gentile’ episode has attracted some of Dante’s most attentive readers, from contemporaries such as Cino da Pistoia and Cecco d’Ascoli to the modernist poets W. B. Yeats and Eugenio Montale. Arguing for the profound significance of this episode, this chapter highlights Dante as not only the lover of Beatrice, but also the poet of multiple loves.
The Nature of the Commonwealth
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
An important catalyst for the upsurge of interest in analysing earthly political communities came in 1510, when the French king Louis XII called a Council of the Church to Pisa. Like previous Councils, it encouraged debate about the location, representation, and exercise of power, but the Council at Pisa was especially notable because its defenders—including Jacques Almain and John Mair—leaned heavily on the concept of natural law in making their case against the Pope. By appealing to natural law they made clear that they saw their writings as relevant not only to the internal workings of the Church, but to all communities, temporal as well as ecclesiastical. Soon new arguments began to circulate in Europe in which the basis of political power was grounded in natural law rather than in any direct grant of power from God. These arguments helped to explain why political power was diffused among a number of independent communities rather than united in the Empire, and they could also be used to show how and why the Church was different from the state or temporal community. This chapter also considers alternative ideas about the relationship between Christianity and politics, including those developed by Thomas More, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Francesco Guicciardini.
Church and Commonwealth in the Catholic World
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Early in 1532, the Catholic professor Fransisco de Vitoria lectured his students ‘On the Power of the Church’ at the University of Salamanca. Efforts like this to defend the status of the Church led, perhaps paradoxically, to a new appreciation of the state’s foundations and its basis in the order of nature. Vitoria was anxious to protect the authority of the universal Church, he also believed that there should exist a multiplicity of civil powers, each with its own integrity and degree of autonomy. While there could only be one true Church, there could and should be many commonwealths; he, like many others, was sceptical of imperial ambitions in the temporal sphere. His thinking, and that of other Catholics like Bartolomé de Las Casas, generated a critique of political or temporal empire that would gather momentum as reports of Spanish cruelty in the New World began to circulate. Yet there were also Catholics, like Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, who embraced the pursuit of empire and sought to defend it, often using classical ideas but adapting them to current circumstances. As this clash of beliefs unfolded, it came to include lengthy reflection on power, natural rights and authority, including the influential work of Fernando Vázquez de Menchaca. At the heart of the debate was a question about the relationship between a universal natural law and the particular rules and commands of specific communities, be they the Catholic Church or localized political communities.
The Science of Politics
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In 1576 Louis Le Roy published a new and expanded edition of his translation of Aristotle’s Politics. In the late-sixteenth century, the starting point for academic political reflection remained the Politics, a text which underlined the importance of participation in the constitution. Although Bodin’s alternative concept of sovereignty was widely admired, many readers were troubled by Bodin’s political and religious ideas and wanted to preserve a role for the Aristotelian idea of political justice and for the Church. The effect was a revitalization of politics as an academic disciple or science, in which the civil community was examined alongside the Church. Leading figures in this process include John Case and Richard Hooker in England and Pierre Grégoire in France. In Emden, Johannes Althusius developed a political theory which he described as a reworking of Aristotle; he emphasized the concept of ‘consociation’ and used it to defend the sovereignty of the people. Henning Arnisaeus challenged Althusius’s claims, preferring to see sovereignty as divisible, shared in the Holy Roman Empire between the Emperor and the Princes, and requiring the use of arcana imperii or secrets of state. This chapter shows that the Aristotelian tradition remained important as a way of portraying a hierarchically organized political society as natural to human beings, but that in the wake of Bodin’s writing there was a shift in emphasis away from questions of virtue and distributive justice and towards a discussion of the nature of sovereign power.
Beyond Sovereignty
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Most texts examined so far were designed to explain where power lay within a local, seemingly autonomous political community. But local circumstances were shaped by the international situation, and the relationship between the local political community and the wider human society of which it was part became an increasingly important issue towards the end of the sixteenth century. In the face of continuing Habsburg dominance on the European continent, Protestants like Alberico Gentili began to articulate new ideas of a shared human society and of the law of peoples (ius gentium), using these to justify military intervention. The relationship between the law of peoples, the law of war, and Christian principles came to be debated more intensely, especially as political tensions deepened. With the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618, calls for solidarity among co-religionists intensified, but this period also saw a major new account of the laws of nature which explicitly distinguished these from Christianity (although not from religion). In De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625), Hugo Grotius argued that the authority of the civil magistrate needed to be connected to the natural law if his commands were to be seen as legitimate, while he defined this natural law in terms of ‘strict right’, distinct from considerations of virtue, distributive justice, or Christian charity. His achievement was to suggest how human beings with diverse opinions about salvation and merit could live peacefully together.
Epilogue and Conclusion
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws together the themes of the book and looks forward to the later-seventeenth century. It argues that for much of the sixteenth century politics was subordinate to religion; temporal authorities needed the additional sanctions provided by religious belief if they were to exert any power over the consciences of individuals. The effect was to entangle temporal power in the deepening conflicts over religious truth, and thus to reveal the brittleness of any conception of political authority which relied on the support of the Church. At the same time, older traditions of political thought did not go away and often became stronger. The circulation of classical ideas, the discovery of new peoples, the growing interest in historical change and development all suggested alternative ways of legitimizing political power, often using natural law and avoiding any reliance on specifically Christian commitments. What happened in the early-seventeenth century, and most obviously in the writing of Hugo Grotius, was a move not only to ground political society in a particular conception of human nature (conceived of juridically, as a source of rights and obligations) but also to detach Christianity from that view of human nature. It was this understanding of human beings which enabled the development of a social contract tradition through the seventeenth century and beyond, and became an important source for modern liberalism. The questions it raised would help to shape the thought of the next century.
A BTB-TAZ protein is required for gene activation byCauliflower mosaic virus 35Smultimerized enhancers
Authors: Irigoyen Sonia , Ramasamy Manikandan , Misra Anjali , McKnight Thomas D , Mandadi Kranthi K 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BTB-TAZ DOMAIN PROTEIN 2 (BT2) contains an N-terminal BTB domain, a central TAZ zinc-finger protein–protein interaction domain, and a C-terminal calmodulin-binding domain. We previously demonstrated that BT2 regulates telomerase activity and mediates multiple responses to nutrients, hormones, and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Here, we describe the essential role of BT2 in activation of genes by multimerized Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (35S) enhancers. Loss of BT2 function in several well-characterized 35S enhancer activation-tagged lines resulted in suppression of the activation phenotypes. Suppression of the phenotypes was associated with decreased transcript abundance of the tagged genes. Nuclear run-on assays, mRNA decay studies, and bisulfite sequencing revealed that BT2 is required to maintain the transcriptionally active state of the multimerized 35S enhancers, and lack of BT2 leads to hypermethylation of the 35S enhancers. The TAZ domain and the Ca++/calmodulin-binding domain of BT2 are critical for its function and 35S enhancer activity. We further demonstrate that BT2 requires CULLIN3 and two bromodomain-containing Global Transcription factor group E proteins (GTE9 and GTE11), to regulate 35S enhancer activity. We propose that the BT2-CULLIN3 ubiquitin ligase, through interactions with GTE9 and GTE11, regulates 35S enhancer activity in Arabidopsis.
Brachypodium distachyon UNICULME4 and LAXATUM-A are redundantly required for development
Authors: Liu Shengbin , Magne Kévin , Daniel Sylviane , Sibout Richard , Ratet Pascal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In cultivated grasses, tillering, leaf, and inflorescence architecture, as well as abscission ability, are major agronomical traits. In barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), and brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon), NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE (NBCL) genes are essential regulators of vegetative and reproductive development. Grass species usually possess 2–4 NBCL copies and until now a single study in O. sativa showed that the disruption of all NBCL genes strongly altered O. sativa leaf development. To improve our understanding of the role of NBCL genes in grasses, we extended the study of the two NBCL paralogs BdUNICULME4 (CUL4) and BdLAXATUM-A (LAXA) in the nondomesticated grass B. distachyon. For this, we applied reversed genetics and generated original B. distachyon single and double nbcl mutants by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats – CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) approaches and genetic crossing between nbcl targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) mutants. Through the study of original single laxa CRISPR–Cas9 null alleles, we validated functions previously proposed for LAXA in tillering, leaf patterning, inflorescence, and flower development and also unveiled roles for these genes in seed yield. Furthermore, the characterization of cul4laxa double mutants revealed essential functions for nbcl genes in B. distachyon development, especially in the regulation of tillering, stem cell elongation and secondary cell wall composition as well as for the transition toward the reproductive phase. Our results also highlight recurrent antagonist interactions between NBCLs occurring in multiple aspects of B. distachyon development.
Quantitative Sensory Testing Protocols to Evaluate Central and Peripheral Sensitization in Knee OA: A Scoping Review
Authors: Rankin Jonathan , Rudy-Froese Benjamin , Hoyt Curtis , Ramsahoi Keenu , Gareau Liam , Howatt William , Carlesso Lisa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
This scoping review analyzed various quantitative sensory testing methodologies used in the assessment of sensitization and how sensitization is defined in people with knee osteoarthritis.

Design
A scoping review.

Setting
All clinical and research settings.

Subjects
Non-surgical adults with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods
This scoping review was guided by existing scoping review methodologies. Relevant studies were extracted from the following electronic databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica Database, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature. Abstract and full article screening and data extraction were performed in pairs. Information on quantitative sensory testing techniques and parameters was extracted and summarized in tables. General and technique specific definitions of sensitization were extracted from included texts.

Results
Our search yielded 4,199 articles, of which 50 were included in our review. The most common quantitative sensory test was pressure pain threshold. In total 28 unique testing sites were found speaking to the high degree of variability between studies. Sensitization was poorly defined with only 8 studies fully operationalizing it, 22 partially, and the remainder did not provide sufficient information to meet our criteria.

Conclusions
This scoping review has provided an overview of the most common methods of quantitative sensory testing being implemented in the assessment of nervous system sensitization to nociceptive signaling in people with knee osteoarthritis. This study provides a foundation for future development of quantitative sensory testing methodology for research and clinical practice in the osteoarthritis population.
External Focus of Attention Influences Cortical Activity Associated with Single Limb Balance Performance
Authors: Sherman David A , Lehmann Tim , Baumeister Jochen , Gokeler Alli , Donovan Luke , Norte Grant E 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
External focus (EF) of attention leads to improved balance performance. Consideration of the neuromodulatory effects of EF may inform its clinical utility in addressing neuroplastic impairments after musculoskeletal injuries. We aimed to determine whether electrocortical activity and balance performance changed with attentional foci that prioritized differing sensory feedback and whether changes in electrocortical activity and balance were associated.

Methods
Individuals who were healthy (n = 15) performed a single-limb balance task under 3 conditions: internal focus (IF), somatosensory focus [EF with a baton (EF-baton)], and visual focus [EF with a laser (EF-laser)]. Electrocortical activity and postural sway were recorded concurrently using electroencephalography and a triaxial force plate. Electroencephalographic signals were decomposed, localized, and clustered to generate power spectral density in θ and α-2 frequency bands. Postural sway signals were analyzed with center-of-pressure sway metrics (eg, area, distance, velocity) and knee angle. The relationship between percent change in clustered brain activity and task performance metrics was assessed.

Results
Both EF conditions resulted in increased cortical activity and improved balance performance compared to IF. EF-laser had the largest effect, demonstrating increased frontal θ power (d = 0.64), decreased central θ power (d = −0.30), and decreased bilateral motor, bilateral parietal, and occipital α-2 power (d = −1.38 to −4.27) as well as a shorter path distance (d = −0.94) and a deeper (d = 0.70) and less variable (d = −1.15) knee angle than IF. Weak to moderate associations exist between increases in cortical activity and improved balance performance (ρ = 0.405–0.584).

Conclusions
EF resulted in increased cortical activity associated with cognitive, motor, somatosensory, and visual processing. EF-laser, which prioritized visual feedback, had the largest and broadest effects. Changes in cortical activity resulting from EF were independently associated with improved balance performance.

Impact
This study demonstrates that goal-oriented attention results in functional increases in brain activity compared to internally directed self-focus. These results suggest EF may target neurophysiologic impairments and improve balance in clinical populations.
Iraq experience in handling the COVID-19 pandemic: implications of public health challenges and lessons learned for future epidemic preparedness planning
Authors: Lami Faris , Rashak Hiba Abdulrahman , Khaleel Hanan Abdulghafoor , Mahdi Sinan Ghazi , Adnan Firas , Khader Yousef S , Alhilfi Riyadh A , Lehlewa Asaad 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Iraq has been exceptionally challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the already exhausted healthcare system.

Objectives
To describe the epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in Iraq, the government’s response to the pandemic, and provide recommendations for further action.

Methods
A desk review of secondary data using the available reports on the epidemiological situation in Iraq as well as official governmental sources was conducted.

Results
The major surge in the number of COVID-19 cases occurred in the first week of June and continued to increase dramatically until mid-October when a significant decrease happened. With a few exceptions, the reproductive number R has been consistently above 1. Patients aged 30–39 years (25.6%) were the most affected, while those aged 60–69 years (26.7%) had the highest deaths rates. Iraq tried to contain the pandemic through several regulations: border control, enforcing curfew, mask-wearing, and social distancing, COVID-19 isolation centers, expanding lab capacity, contact tracing, as well as several supportive economic measures. However, the extent of implementing these regulations is questionable.

Conclusion
Additional administrative and scientific measures with special emphasis on handling mass gathering, coordination with media and better training of healthcare workers particularly on infection prevention and control.