bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Growth Mechanism of Hexagonal Boron Nitride in the Presence of Lithium Oxide
Authors: Xie Yifan , Yang Jinguang , Wu Ping , Meng Yunlong , Zhang Shiping , Wang Li 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) by the reaction of boron oxide (B2O3) and NH3 represents an environmentally friendly and economical preparation process. Employing a catalyst to improve the issues including low conversion and reaction rate is important to facilitate the implementation of this method. In this study, we studied the effect of adding lithium oxide (Li2O) with a mass fraction of 14%–25% on the reaction process between B2O3 and NH3 at 1000–1200 °C. During the reaction process, Li2O reacts with B2O3 to form a lithium borate melt. The lithium borate melt facilitates the diffusion of NH3, and benefits to the dissolution and precipitation of BN, thus promoting the growth of h‐BN. A nearly complete conversion to h‐BN was observed by adding Li2O with a mass fraction of 17% when heating at 1200 °C for 240 min. The products exhibit good crystallinity (graphitization index of 3.4) and a sheet structure, with a thickness of 32 nm and a diameter of 400–500 nm. These results provide a reference for optimizing the preparation process of h‐BN.
Synergistic Effects of CeO2/Ag/ZnO Nanocomposites for Environmental and Antimicrobial Applications
Authors: Krishnan Bama , Karthik Palani , Prakash Natarajan , Mukkannan Azhagurajan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this study, an eco‐friendly hydrothermal synthesis method was developed to synthesis a CeO2/Ag/ZnO nanocomposites. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Ultraviolet‐Visible (UV–vis) Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD confirmed a well‐ordered structure in the CeO2/Ag/ZnO nanocomposites, while FTIR identified the presence of ZnO and Ag bands. SEM revealed distinct phase morphologies and TEM mapping indicated the spherical nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity was tested under visible light with Rhodamine B (Rh‐B) dye, showing effective degradation. Additionally, the nanocomposites exhibited strong antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in contaminated lake water. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated notable cytotoxic effects on HEK 293 cells. This novel, eco‐friendly synthesis approach presents CeO2/Ag/ZnO nanocomposites as promising materials for the photocatalytic breakdown of organic pollutants, antibacterial applications, and cytotoxic activities, showcasing their potential for diverse environmental and biomedical uses.
A Novel Dendrobine‐Derived Phase‐Transfer Catalyst
Authors: Shen Xiaojiang , Liu Yijun , Chen Shuo , Dong Fawu , Hu Jiangmiao , Ge Shulin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe development of novel and efficient chiral catalysts has always been a focus of research in the field of organic synthesis. In this paper, we present the design, synthesis, and application of a new chiral phase‐transfer catalyst derived from Dendrobine alkaloid using simple synthetic methods with competitive yields. Meanwhile, the unique chiral skeleton structure of our catalyst was conducive to chiral induction in asymmetric catalysis and has been successfully utilized in the asymmetric alkylation of β‐keto esters, leading to excellent reactivity and good enantioselectivity in the formation of chiral 1H‐inden‐1‐ones.
Metal‐Free Synthesis of Fullerene‐Fused 3,4‐Dihydropyrimido[1,6‐a]Indol‐1(2H)‐Ones via Radical Cyclization
Authors: Fu Hua‐Yu , Liu Xiu‐Shan , Bai Shu‐Wan , Li Fa‐Bao , Wang Jie , Wang Yu‐Yang , Liu Li 
Published: December 2024

AbstractA series of fullerene‐fused 3,4‐dihydropyrimido[1,6‐a]indol‐1(2H)‐one compounds were synthesized by the N─H/C─H sequential relay radical heteroannulation reaction of [60]fullerene with N‐alkoxy‐1H‐indole‐1‐carboxamides promoted by di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) and iodine (I2) in the presence of succinimide. This protocol avoids the use of expensive metal salts and shows high regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group tolerance. A plausible formation mechanism for fullerene‐fused 3,4‐dihydropyrimido[1,6‐a]indol‐1(2H)‐ones is proposed.
Electronic Promoter Breaks the Linear Scaling Relationship: Ultra‐Rapid High‐Temperature Synthesis of Heterostructured CoS/SnO2@C as a Bifunctional Oxygen Catalyst for Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Wang Nan , Fang Tingxue , An Tinghui , Wang Yuhao , Li Jiaqi , Yu Shuming , Sun Honghai , Xiang Dong , Bo Xiangjie , Cai Kedi 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLi‐O2 batteries urgently needs high discharge capacity and stable cycling performance, requiring effective and reliable bifunctional catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, Hovenia acerba Lindl‐like heterostructure composed of cobalt sulfide and tin dioxide supported on carbon substrate (CoS/SnO2@C) is prepared via CO2 laser irradiation technology. The half‐wave potential of CoS/SnO2@C for the ORR is 0.88 V, while the overpotential of the OER at 10 mA cm−2 is as low as 270 mV. The Li‐O2 batteries employing the bifunctional CoS/SnO2@C catalyst displays a high discharge specific capacity of 3332.25 mAh g−1 and long cycling life of 226 cycles. Additionally, theory calculations demonstrate that the construction of heterostructure decreases energy barrier of the rate‐determining step (RDS) for both ORR and OER. Notably, SnO2 behaves as the electronic promoter to optimize the electronic structure of heterostructure interface and triggers charge redistribution of CoS, which weakens the adsorption strength of the *O‐intermediates and allows to break the linear scaling relationship, thus further enhancing the catalytic performance of CoS/SnO2@C. This research furnishes directions for the design of heterogeneous catalysts, highlighting its great potential for application in rechargeable Li‐O2 batteries.
Coupling ZnN4 Atomic Sites with Graphitic Nitrogen for Enhanced Ammonium Production via Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction
Authors: Li Qianghua , Ma Yixuan , Zeng Qingling , Liu Wenjun , Wang Chunfeng , Han Shun , Cao Peijiang , Zhu Deliang , Fang Ming 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) presents a promising alternative to the traditional Haber‐Bosch process for synthesizing ammonium (NH3) under mild conditions. Supported single atoms have emerged as active catalysts for this conversion; however, the efficiency of NH3 production are limited by the modest activity and selectivity of these catalysts. In this study, it is demonstrated that zinc single atoms supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon (ZnNCs), derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8), possess remarkable catalytic performance for this conversion, achieving an unprecedented selectivity (exceeding 90%) for NH3 formation across a broad potential range (−0.4–−0.8 V vs. RHE). Comprehensive analyses reveal that the incorporation of a graphitic nitrogen atom adjacent to the Zn‐N4 site precisely modulates the reaction pathway, enabling a unique dual‐site adsorption and cascading reaction route for NH3 formation. These findings not only uncover a novel reaction mechanism for the NO3RR but also have the potential to inspire the development of more efficient NO3RR catalysts.
Magnetic Field‐Driven NiCo‐3DOMC Modified Separators for Effective Lithium Polysulfide Mitigation and Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Jianli , Ai Qinghui , Wang Yang , Du Zepu , Chen Qiang , Hou Guangya , Tang Yiping 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) face challenges from the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and slow redox kinetics. In this study, a NiCo‐Doped 3D Ordered Mesoporous Carbon (NiCo‐3DOMC) composite material is synthesized using a gel‐crystalline template and sol–gel method to modify polypropylene separators in LSBs. Density Functional Theory calculations and experiment results demonstrate that under a magnetic field, the NiCo‐3DOMC enhances adsorption and catalyzes the conversion of LiPSs, effectively mitigating the shuttle effect and boosting redox kinetics. This improvement is due to the material's porous structure and active catalytic sites. Enhanced by magnetohydrodynamic effects and NiCo spin polarization, the modified separators in LSBs deliver a high initial capacity of 1544.21 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, maintain superior rate performance at 565.49 mAh g−1 at 3 C, and show prolonged cycling stability with only 0.06% capacity decay per cycle over 470 cycles. Even with a sulfur loading of 3.78 mg cm−2, an initial capacity of 884 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C is achieved. This approach marks a significant advancement in LSB performance, leveraging magnetic field applications to improve battery technology.
Vapor–Solid Reaction Techniques for the Growth of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films
Authors: Hu Shenghan , Hou Peiran , Duan Changyu , Dou Yichen , Deng Xinyu , Xiong Wenjuan , Yuan Zhangwei , Liang Jiace , Peng Yong , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Ku Zhiliang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPerovskite solar cells are considered next‐generation photovoltaic technology due to their remarkable advancements in power conversion efficiency. To transition this technology from the lab to industry, the method for preparing perovskite thin films must support mass production. Currently, the solution‐based slot‐die technique is the primary method for depositing large‐area perovskite thin films. However, solution‐based methods are not standard in the semiconductor industry, where vapor‐based techniques are favored for their high controllability and reproducibility. The cost of vacuum facilities and the complexity of these processes hinder many researchers, resulting in vapor‐based technique development lagging behind solution‐based methods in device efficiency and scale. This review focuses on the progress in growing perovskite thin films using vapor–solid reaction techniques, which are believed to offer the most direct path to commercialization. By examining the crystallization and growth mechanisms of perovskite films and discussing specific optimization strategies for vapor–solid reactions, insights into future developments and challenges in fabricating perovskite solar cells using fully vacuum processes are concluded.
Fe‐Vacancies Manipulate Kondo Screening States in the d‐Orbital Kondo Lattice of Fe3‐xGeTe2 (x = 0.07–0.54)
Authors: Xu Hang , Zhao Mengting , Xu Shengjie , Xi Yilian , Zhang Jingwei , Feng Haifeng , Zhuang Jincheng , Cai Wei , Du Yi , Hao Weichang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractManipulating the electronic correlation is a long‐term issue in the Kondo regime. Based on the pioneer successes in many localized f‐orbital systems, further achievements in more itinerant d‐orbital systems will open up avenues for numerous systems to participate in enabling the understanding of the electron interactions toward quantum criticality. Here, by simply tuning the ratio of Fe vacancies (x) in d‐orbital Fe3‐xGeTe2 (x = 0.07–0.54), the effective mass of Kondo lattice (KL) Fe3‐xGeTe2 is modulated due to the change of spinless Kondo hole densities, through a series of scaling investigations including on the effective and spontaneous moments µeff and µspon, magnetic susceptibility χ, the Sommerfeld coefficient γ, and the resistivity coefficients A. By analyzing the Fermi liquid characteristics of KL via the two relations of AFL/γ2 and χ0Pauli/γ below T*, an orbital coupling between degenerate orbitals of local moment S and multiple conducting spins m are found. With increasing Fe vacancy concentration, the localization effect, and Kondo interactions can be manipulated simultaneously, and the change in 2S/m leads to a subtle over‐under‐over‐ Kondo screening states evolution in Fe3‐xGeTe2. This work expands the comprehension of Kondo screening and provides a facile method to control electron correlation.
African American Language in science education: A translanguaging perspective
Authors: Sedlacek Quentin C. , Lemmi Catherine , Feldman Kimberly , Ortiz Nickolaus , León Maricela 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIdeologies of language and race are deeply connected in the United States. Language practices associated with racially marginalized communities, such as African American Language (AAL) or Spanglish, are often heavily stigmatized. Such stigma is not grounded in empirical research on language, but rather in “raciolinguistic ideologies” that reproduce white supremacy and oppression in teacher education and in US classrooms—including science classrooms. Science education need not be this way, however. Translanguaging pedagogies can create space for students to use any and all types of languaging practices to engage in scientific sensemaking. Implementing translanguaging pedagogies to support scientific sensemaking will require science teachers to develop inclusive ideologies of language—not only the knowledge that multiple varieties of language are valid tools for sensemaking, but also the inclination and ability to formatively assess student thinking even when that thinking is not couched in canonical “science language.” In the present manuscript, we explore the relationships among teachers' language ideologies, their racial ideologies, their knowledge of language as an epistemic tool for teaching science, their self‐reported assessment practices, and their actual responses to several different samples of student science writing—including a writing sample that includes an oft‐stigmatized feature of African American Language. We show that teachers with more language‐inclusive ideologies—that is, those who take a translanguaging stance, and thus value the use of AAL in classrooms—appear to be better at formatively assessing and responding to student science writing compared to teachers with more language‐exclusive ideologies. We also show that seemingly race‐neutral ideologies of language are in fact strongly associated with oppressive ideologies of race, and that these language ideologies predict teachers' science formative assessment practices independently of existing measures of pedagogical knowledge. We discuss implications for science teaching, teacher education, and science education research.
Syrian refugee youths' science learning in a “dialogic” third space: Pushing boundaries in the Lebanese educational system through translanguaging
Authors: Salloum Sara , Al Debs Rena , BouJaoude Saouma 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore translanguaging space as a transformative third space, where alternative and competing discourses are celebrated and where science learning and the development of science's discourse and epistemic practices expand across overlapping boundaries (e.g., home, school, and community). The study focused on Syrian refugee youth adapting to learning science in English in the Lebanese multilingual educational system that esteems international languages (English or French) over Arabic. Our research questions included: (1) What translanguaging practices and functions emerge during a linguistically responsive life science unit designed for refugee multilingual learners? (2) How does a translanguaging space act as a third space for refugee learners to engage in meaning‐making and science practices and discourse around the topic of “respiration”? The study utilized a qualitative instrumental case‐study approach to generate data around refugee learners' languaging practices and their development of science understandings, practices, and discourse. We also engaged in participatory methodologies that challenge boundaries between researchers and participants. The data sources were 22 Zoom recordings, students' work, and participant‐generated feedback. Thematic analysis was used to analyze transcripts and students' work while adhering to trustworthiness criteria. Our findings center translanguaging as a justice‐oriented pedagogy that enables a productive and “inviting” third space for refugee multilingual learners to make meaning of phenomena by bringing together and extending their semiotic and epistemic repertoires. Serving multi‐tiered functions, translanguaging fostered dialogic connections that affirmed students' “outside” social spaces as valuable resources for meaning‐making in science classrooms. The implications discuss design features that support a fluid and purposeful translanguaging third space for asset‐oriented science learning.
Savviness of sixth graders: Student perspectives about translanguaging during science formative assessment
Authors: Fine Caitlin G. McC. , Braaten Melissa 
Published: December 2024

AbstractScience classroom assessment often requires multilingual learners to demonstrate ideas using only English‐language resources. These assessments can provide an incomplete picture of students' knowledge and limit subsequent learning opportunities. Increasingly, science teachers are incorporating translanguaging pedagogies in their instructional practices. Less is known about students' perspectives of translanguaging in science. In this manuscript, we employ equity‐as‐access and equity‐as‐transformation lenses to investigate multilingual learners' perspectives about translanguaging as a formative assessment practice. Data came from a larger participatory co‐design design study in a culturally and linguistically diverse middle school in the Mountain West. We qualitatively analyzed 8 focus group interview transcripts with 13 sixth‐grade students from across 4 formative assessment cycles. Analysis was both inductive and deductive. Findings suggest that sixth graders have savvy, nuanced views about translanguaging that bridge equity‐as‐access and equity‐as‐transformation lenses. They saw translanguaging as both supporting their English language development and as an important practice to allow them to focus bilingually on their science ideas without translating everything into English. Additionally, they highlighted tensions associated with welcoming translanguaging in schools with de facto English‐only languaging norms. This study has implications for teachers, assessment designers, and researchers. Findings signal structural/policy changes needed to authentically center translanguaging as an equity‐oriented practice across science assessment systems.
Attention‐based image segmentation and classification model for the preoperative risk stratification of thyroid nodules
Authors: Jassal Karishma , Di Muzio Bruno , Edwards Melissa , Brown Wendy , Serpell Jonathan , Koohestani Afsaneh , Lee James C. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundDespite widespread use of standardized classification systems, risk stratification of thyroid nodules is nuanced and often requires diagnostic surgery. Genomic sequencing is available for this dilemma however, costs and access restricts global applicability. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to overcome this issue nevertheless, the need for black‐box interpretability is pertinent. We aimed to create an ultrasonographic segmentation and classification model that offers explainability and risk accountability.MethodologyFour hundred and fourteen ultrasonography images were collected from 105 patients undergoing thyroidectomy, divided into training and testing groups. Classification ground truth used is exclusively surgical histopathology. Relevant nodules were manually annotated by a dedicated study radiologist and surgeon. Three AI architectures with and without block attention modules were trained to identify the relevant nodule and the best performing was selected for the subsequent task in classifying identified nodules into benign or malignant. Gradient‐Weighted Class Activation Map is used to provide saliency mapping for visual interpretability.FindingsSuperior performance was recorded by the block attention model which stratified thyroid nodules into benign versus malignant with an accuracy of 93% versus 90%, F‐score 90% versus 89%, sensitivity 93% versus 91% and specificity 92% versus 91% on a training dataset versus a testing dataset respectively.GradCAMVisual interpretability maps demonstrate salient areas for a benign nodule diagnosis overlaps spongiform areas and malignant diagnosis salient areas overlap solid components of a partially cystic‐solid nodule and microcalcifications within nodules. These findings are consistent with established diagnostic criteria for benign and malignant nodules.ConclusionWe developed an image segmentation and classification model for the risk stratification of thyroid nodules benchmarking surgical histopathology as ground truth and providing visual interpretability.
Investigation of the safety of position‐based titanium plate fixation for costal cartilage injuries
Authors: Xie Zexin , Feng Lei , Zhou Xuetao , Yang Yang , Liang Zheng , Chen Menghui , Hou Chunjuan , Zhang Dongsheng 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundCostal cartilage injuries are unappreciated, and there is a paucity of reports on fixation methods. This study aims to evaluate the safety of titanium plate internal fixation for costal cartilage injuries.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 patients with costal cartilage injuries who underwent titanium plate internal fixation between April 2016 and November 2022 at our hospital. The internal fixation devices consisted of titanium plates and locking screws, securing 60 costal cartilage injury sites. Injuries were classified based on the fixation location: costal cartilage‐costal cartilage (22 sites), bone (sternum, rib)‐ costal cartilage (24 sites), and bone (sternum)‐ costal cartilage‐bone (rib) (14 sites). Follow‐ups at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively included CT assessments to evaluate injury healing and the presence of displacement or screw loosening.ResultsThe average lengths of the titanium plates used for the three different fixation positions were 6, 7, and 10 holes, respectively, with at least two locking screws securing each end. The maximum follow‐up period was 90 months, with 6 cases lost to follow‐up (3 at 1 month postoperatively, affecting 4 fixation sites, and 3 at 3 months postoperatively, affecting 6 fixation sites). Excluding these cases, all fixed costal cartilage injuries healed without nonunion or displacement, with two instances of screw loosening observed at 1 month postoperatively.ConclusionTitanium plate fixation with locking screws is a safe and effective method for treating costal cartilage injuries, with all patients showing good injury healing.
Ergebnisdarstellung der Grounded Theory
Authors: Schlachter Sabrina 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungAls Auswertungsergebnis wird die entwickelte Theorie zum Phänomen Differenzerleben als Balanceakt in Paarbeziehungen vorgestellt. Hierfür wird zuerst die sogenannte Story der Grounded Theory – also eine beschreibende Erzählung über das zentrale Phänomen – anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen erzählt. In den darauffolgenden Abschnitten werden die jeweiligen Kategorien des Kodierparadigmas ausführlich erläutert und miteinander in Verbindung gebracht. Abgerundet wird das Kapitel durch eine Einordnung des Phänomens in einen größeren Zusammenhang mithilfe der sogenannten Bedingungsmatrix und durch die Beschreibung von fünf Typen von Paaren mit spezifischen Umgangsweisen bzgl. des Phänomens.