bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mythic Elements of Chinatown
Authors: Bishop Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In Chinatown, Jerry Goldsmith’s score negotiates conflicting senses of mythic atemporality and expressive immediacy. The score draws upon avant-garde sounds, a “presentist” gesture that allegorizes the film’s tale of corruption for the world of the seventies, negating the “period” quality associated with genre pastiche. At the same, a jazz-inflected main theme and director Roman Polanski’s neoclassicist formalism balance seventies allegory with a sense of “pastness.” The tension between these two dimensions of the score suggests a mythic suspension of temporality, whereas the elemental connotations of musical timbre (water, earth) convey the film’s atmosphere of paranoia with discomforting immediacy. Drawing upon philosopher Gaston Bachelard’s work on the phenomenology of elemental images within the poetic imagination, this chapter attempts to understand musical timbre as a form of mythic immanence that allows us imaginative access to modernity’s terrors, whose actuality we must wrestle with in order to claim a position of ethical engagement.
Radio, Memory, and the Past in the Nostalgia Film
Authors: Bishop Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Several prominent New Hollywood filmmakers experimented with limiting their soundtracks to ostensibly diegetic source music. In particular, two films associated with a trend of fifties nostalgia use the compiled pop scoring and the medium of radio to articulate complex sensibilities of the past. Both films experiment with the aesthetic flow of radio broadcasting, while adopting the image of the radio signal itself as a technological-aesthetic metaphor for melancholy temporal distance. In The Last Picture Show, radio conveys a sense of entrapment in the film’s world, and a sense of the fragility of the connections linking past and present. In American Graffiti, radio broadcast cultivates a precious, yet melancholy sense of communal identity. In this way, both films articulate a paradoxical attitude toward the past, a nostalgic desire to conjure what has been lost to time, which coexists with an awareness of the impossibility of this recovery outside of imagined experience.
Introduction
Authors: Gautreau Justin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The book’s introduction traces the emergence of so-called motion picture fiction in the pages of industry fan magazines. Such novels as Robert Carlton Brown’s My Experience as a Film Favorite (published in Photoplay in 1913 and 1914) and, later, Edward J. Clode’s My Strange Life: The Intimate Life Story of a Moving Picture Actress (published in 1915 as a standalone book) positioned readers to imagine themselves as stars at a time when the film industry was promoting itself as a place of romance and opportunity. The function of motion picture fiction, however, took a swift turn following a string of celebrity scandals in the 1920s. After laying out the structure for the rest of the book and touching on other studies on the Hollywood novel, the introduction highlights the Hollywood novel’s relevance to and resonance with film theory and more contemporary scandal in the entertainment industry.
Evidence, Mechanisms, and Complexity
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of evidence in public policy. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often thought to provide the most rigorous way of establishing causal claims. On this basis it has been claimed that what public policy requires is a solid evidence base of RCTs, which are then synthesized into an account of ‘what works’. The chapter argues that this is mistaken. Even if it can be shown with confidence that an intervention had a particular size of effect within a trial population at a particular time, this does not show that the intervention will work in a wide range of contexts, or in a policymaker’s particular context. A number of factors, including the greater difficulty of controlling for confounding factors, and the greater variability in causal networks, make evidence less likely to travel in public policy than in clinical medicine.
Which Risks to Health Matter Most?
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses how to prioritize public health policies. Public health interventions need to be justifiable to individuals, but designing approaches to prioritization that are adequately justifiable to individuals can be extremely difficult. One tool for clarifying the problem, which has been widely explored in the philosophical literature, is the idea of a claim—where the strength of an individual’s claim depends on features such as how badly off they are, their capacity to benefit, the time at which their need arises, and whether the bad that will befall them is certain or merely possible. The chapter argues that it is mistaken to think that there is a single and uniquely correct way of measuring claims. Approaches to prioritization need to be pluralistic, and need to reflect on the measures most appropriate for a particular policy challenge.
The Command of God as a Moral Norm
Authors: McKenny Gerald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Barth’s divine command ethics claims that God’s grace to human beings in Jesus Christ is the norm of human action. In Jesus Christ, God both poses and answers the question of the good of human action, which is the question of its conformity to grace. Rather than a norm of a distinctively Christian way of acting or form of life, Barth argues that this is a moral norm that pertains to human action as such. When moral philosophy considers the question of conformity to the good that is posed to human action, it implicitly attests the grace of God which poses this question. And when moral philosophy considers the answers to the question of the good that derive from reason or experience, it implicitly attests the grace of God as the answer to the question. In its explicit attestation of the grace of God as the norm of human action, theological ethics makes use of this implicit attestation in moral philosophy. Barth thus endorses the traditional position according to which theology articulates the moral norm with the assistance of philosophy. However, Barth’s claim that the norm of human action is a revealed norm, and not a rational norm that is clarified, specified, and extended by revelation, qualifies the goodness of the human creature, fails to secure the mutual accountability of those who are inside and outside the circle of revelation, and limits the grounds on which Christians and others cooperate with one another in moral endeavors.
The Command of God as a Morally Binding Norm
Authors: McKenny Gerald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As a version of divine command ethics, Barth’s theological ethics answers the two fundamental questions posed to every divine command ethics, namely, how is it that God’s command determines the good of human action, and why is it that human beings must accept what God determines as good? Barth’s answer to both question is that in Jesus Christ, God both poses the question of the good to human beings and answers it in their place. In him, God’s goodness both confronts other human beings as the norm of their goodness and fulfills that norm in their place. It therefore determines the good of human action insofar as Jesus Christ is the human being who takes the place of other human beings. And other human beings must accept what God thereby determines as their good because—again, insofar as Jesus Christ has taken their place—their good is already a reality in him, in whom they exist as the human beings they are. The problem is that while the grace of God in Jesus Christ is the genuinely human good of other human beings insofar as they exist in Jesus Christ, it is, precisely as grace, a good that constitutes them from outside and not a good that fulfills them as the kind of creature they are.
The Continuity of God’s Commands
Authors: McKenny Gerald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
For Barth, the command of God is a moral norm, which pertains to human action as such, and not only to a particular way of acting or form of life. As a moral norm, so understood, it should be rationally intelligible. A minimum condition of its rational intelligibility is its continuity from one instance of divine commanding to another. Yet Barth seems to deny the continuity of God’s commands by insisting that they are irreducibly particular requirements issued by God in distinct events of encounter with a human being. However, Barth also insists that particular commands are all specifications of what is finally the one command of God and that they thereby exhibit a formal consistency in their multiplicity. And he insists that God’s commands exhibit the constancy of what he takes to be the character or standards that will always pertain to them. Nevertheless, Barth’s effort to demonstrate the constancy of God’s commands fails, leaving him vulnerable to the charge that God’s particular commands are arbitrary.
Divine Action and Human Action
Authors: McKenny Gerald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Throughout his work, Barth is determined to consider human action in relation to divine action, and not in itself. This determination poses three questions. First, can Barth make human action intelligible as the agent’s own action? Second, does he leave human action unstable, lacking anything that secures its continuity throughout its engagements with divine action? Third, is the agent who encounters divine action a fully and genuinely human agent with the full range of agential capacities? Barth adequately answers all three questions, but it is unclear that he can answer any of them in a fully satisfactory way without the notion of habits as persistent tendencies of action. Without such a notion, Barth cannot account for morally good action as a persistent tendency enabled by grace—that is, as virtue. This limitation limits the plausibility of this theological ethics.
How Stereotypes Deceive Us
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Stereotypes sometimes lead us to make poor judgements of other people, but they also have the potential to facilitate quick, efficient, and accurate judgements. How can we discern whether any individual act of stereotyping will have the positive or negative effect? How Stereotypes Deceive Us addresses this question. It identifies various factors that determine whether or not the application of a stereotype to an individual in a specific context will facilitate or impede correct judgements and perceptions of the individual. It challenges the thought that stereotyping only and always impedes correct judgement when the stereotypes that are applied are inaccurate, failing to reflect social realities. It argues instead that stereotypes that reflect social realities can lead to misperceptions and misjudgements, and that inaccurate but egalitarian social attitudes can facilitate correct judgements and accurate perceptions. The arguments presented in this book have important implications for those who might engage in stereotyping and for those at risk of being stereotyped. They have implications for those who work in healthcare and those who have mental health conditions. How Stereotypes Deceive Us provides a new conceptual framework—evaluative dispositionalism—that captures the epistemic faults of stereotypes and stereotyping, providing conceptual resources that can be used to improve our own thinking by avoiding the pitfalls of stereotyping, and to challenge other people’s stereotyping where it is likely to lead to misperception and misjudgement.
Introduction
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How Stereotypes Deceive Us is a study of how stereotypes and stereotyping impact judgement and perception. It draws on work from philosophy and various other disciplines, including psychology and the social sciences, to provide a detailed study of when and how stereotypes lead us to misperceive and misjudge each other. The Introduction sets out the goals and main theses of the book. The interdisciplinary methodology adopted throughout the book is described. Finally, a detailed overview of the coming chapters is provided.
The Multiple Ways Stereotypes Deceive Us
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 begins the project of identifying precisely when and how stereotypes lead us to misperceive and misjudge each other. It is argued that there are multiple ways that stereotypes can lead us to make these errors. This multifactorial view of stereotyping contrasts with two existing views of stereotypes and stereotyping: the single and dual factor view. It is shown that, contrary to the single factor view, it is not only the extent to which a stereotype reflects reality that determines whether its application leads to misperceptions and misjudgements. And, contrary to the dual factor view, it is not only the accuracy of the stereotype and the quality of case-specific information that determines the same. This chapter outlines questions that can be asked about any specific act of stereotyping to establish whether it is likely to lead to misperception or misjudgement. In the process it provides a response to a common defence of stereotypes and stereotyping: that as long as a stereotype reflects reality there is epistemic value in applying it.
Stereotyping and Disclosure of Social Identity
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the position occupied by people who have aspects of their social identity that they could hide and which are likely to be stereotyped. It argues that they face a dilemma: if they disclose information about their social identity they are likely to be misperceived due to being stereotyped. However, if they choose not to disclose the same information they face being misperceived due to people failing to recognize those of their characteristics and needs that relate to their social identity. The claim that people face a dilemma of this kind is developed by considering the case study of people with mental health conditions, but it is shown that the claim applies more broadly, in other cases where people have aspects of their social identity that they could choose to hide or reveal.
International Organization as Technocratic Utopia
Authors: Steffek Jens 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As climate change and a pandemic pose enormous challenges to humankind, the concept of expert governance gains new traction. This book revisits the idea that scientists, bureaucrats, and lawyers, rather than politicians or diplomats, should manage international relations. It shows that this technocratic approach has been a persistent theme in writings about international relations, both academic and policy-oriented, since the 19th century. The technocratic tradition of international thought unfolded in four phases which were closely related to domestic processes of modernization and rationalization. The pioneering phase lasted from the Congress of Vienna to the First World War. In these years, philosophers, law scholars, and early social scientists began to combine internationalism and ideals of expert governance. Between the two world wars, a utopian period followed that was marked by visions of technocratic international organizations that would have overcome the principle of territoriality. In the third phase, from the 1940s to the 1960s, technocracy became the dominant paradigm of international institution-building. That paradigm began to disintegrate from the 1970s onwards, but important elements remain until the present day. The specific promise of technocratic internationalism is its ability to transform violent and unpredictable international politics into orderly and competent public administration. Such ideas also had political clout. This book shows how they left their mark on the League of Nations, the functional branches of the United Nations system, and the European integration project.
A global New Deal
Authors: Steffek Jens 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how technocratic internationalism survived the crisis of world order utopias in the 1940s and gained influence on the negotiation of the post-war order. The first section discusses the critique of modern rationalism in the war and post-war years. In the field of international thought, that critique came in the guise of a ‘realist’ backlash against the ‘idealism’ of the interwar period. The second section documents the enduring prominence of technocratic ideas during the Second World War. David Mitrany re-proposed his functional approach in his Working Peace System, a pamphlet that addressed policy-makers rather than academics. Regardless, this wartime version of Mitrany’s functionalism became the point of reference for subsequent generations of scholars. Technocratic thought gained political influence when American policy-makers projected the New Deal and its institutions onto the international plane in the founding of the United Nations system. The final section studies the co-existence of realist and technocratic figures of thought. Realist Hans J. Morgenthau came to advocate international cooperation in the field of low politics, but also multilateral control over nuclear technology. In doing so, he drew directly on Mitrany’s functionalism. E. H. Carr, the eminent British critic of utopianism, in the 1940s suggested a technocratic European planning authority and a bank of Europe to unite the continent.
Disenchantment and renewal
Authors: Steffek Jens 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how the tide turned against technocratic internationalism in the 1970s and 1980s. The first section describes a general backlash against bureaucracy as an organizational form that also affected international organizations. Thomas G. Weiss’s criticism of the United Nations and their bureaucracy serves as a key work to illustrate the shifting perception. The chapter then discusses the return of the state and intergovernmentalism in international theory. A new generation of liberal-internationalist literature, influenced by economics and rational choice theory, put the emphasis on actors’ behaviour, on political will, and on the conditions under which international cooperation was negotiated. Few authors now seemed to believe that objective problem pressure alone would induce international cooperation. Yet other elements of the functionalist account remained almost unquestioned. This is illustrated with the emergent literature on global environmental problems, to be tackled by new international ‘regimes’, which became a new field for expert-driven, de-politicized governance. Technocratic ideas about public planning were still present on the left of the political spectrum. The partisans of a New International Economic Order suggested global administrative bodies should manage and re-distribute the world’s resources, such as the minerals of the deep seabed.
Belief and Judgment
Authors: Marcus Eric 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
I develop an account of belief by way of discussing the following five interrelated truths: (i) to believe that p is to represent p as true; (ii) truth is a standard by which beliefs are assessed; (iii) a certain sense of the question ‘Why?’ has application to beliefs; (iv) beliefs are governed by the law of non-contradiction; and (v) a belief is the sort of thing one can bring to mind. To believe, I argue, is to represent a proposition as what one should represent as true. Paradigmatic beliefs (which I call judgments) are governed metaphysically, and not just normatively, by the law of non-contradiction. One cannot clearly and distinctly at once represent as true both a proposition and its contrary. I respond to a variety of objections to this position, including—at length—the objection that the account is undermined by the beliefs of non-human animals and human infants.
Norms, Procedures and Practices of Transnational Criminal Law in 18th and Early 19th-Century Europe
Authors: Härter Karl 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Karl Härter explores the 18th and 19th century ‘breeding ground’ of many of the transnational criminal procedures dealt with later in this volume. His focus is on early modern Europe and the ius commune, where, as he illustrates, acceptance of jurisdictional claims to enforce domestic law over conduct that occurred extra-territorially was driven by a shared interest in acting against certain kinds of criminals with loose connections to particular states.
Transnational Epistemic Communities
Authors: Lingen Kerstin von 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Kerstin von Lingen explores the parallel development of international prohibitions on the use of force and the crime against humanity to the prosaic development of transnational criminal law in the League era concerned with drugs and humans. Her main concern is to show how representatives from small states, scholars and NGO activists came to form a transnational epistemic community that pressed for change to first how state aggression is controlled under international law and then how crimes against civilians are to be dealt with in the latter phases of World War II.
Corporate Liability for Economic Crimes
Authors: Elliot Michael , Lüth Felix 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Michael Elliot and Felix Lüth examine the development of corporate criminal liability. Reaching back to its historical roots in the United States, they discuss how the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was internationalized through organizations like the OECD and FATF and in a more diluted fashion through the UN, giving corruption its current character as a public-sector problem committed by corrupt individuals rather than by institutions as a whole.
The Historical Development of International Law Enforcement Cooperation—The Case of Interpol
Authors: Hufnagel Saskia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Drawing out the theme of conflict between practice of police cooperation and political imperatives, Saskia Hufnagel shows how modern police cooperation grew up in continental Europe from harmonized practices imposed during the Napoleonic era. She shows how minimal political engagement and the overriding concern with technical matters carried through to the founding conferences that led to Interpol.
International Fundamental Values and Obligations Erga Omnes
Authors: Iovane Massimo , Rossi Pierfrancesco 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that international law is a value-oriented legal order, and that the way in which its fundamental values are safeguarded reflects the unique structural features of the international legal system. In lack of an international constitution in a formal sense, the international fundamental values materialize through the brute practice of states, international organizations, and a number of open-ended legal concepts allowing the legal relevance of the underlying ethical convictions of the international community. In the field of international responsibility, such is the function fulfilled by the concept of obligations erga omnes. This chapter maintains that lawful responses to breaches of obligations erga omnes should always bear some elements of collectiveness. This condition realizes not only through institutionalized processes but also by means of a wide range of collective, scarcely formalized procedures of concertation of state action which may take place in institutional, political, or diplomatic settings.