bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CFD Modeling of a Fiberglass Furnace
Authors: Jian Christopher Q. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the fiberglass production process, glass is produced from various batch ingredients in a glass furnace. The molten glass is then delivered, through a delivery system that is often called the front-end system, to the various downstream forming operations. Multiple complex processes take place in the glass furnace, which include the turbulent reacting flow in the combustion space; laminar flow dominated by natural convection in the molten glass; fusion of raw batch materials to form molten glass; radiation and convective heat transfer between the combustion space and the molten glass; bubbling flows in the glass; and Joule heating within the molten glass, etc. The main task of the glass furnace is to convert raw batch materials into glass and thermally and chemically condition the glass before being delivered to the front-end system. One of the major tasks of a front-end system is to insure that the glass is conditioned to the specifications required by the forming operations while maintaining the highest glass quality. Improperly designed and/or operated furnace and front end delivery system can cause a number of problems to the forming operations, ranging from poor glass quality with defects to shortened furnace service life. CFD has become an increasingly important tool for glass manufacturers to guide and optimize such system designs and operations. The current work is part of an effort to leverage CFD resources in the decision-making processes in engineering, operations, and businesses. The furnace modeling was performed using the recently implemented batch melting model jointly developed by Owens Corning and Fluent, Inc., which features three-dimensional simulation of an entire glass furnace including combustion, bubbling, and electrical boosting. The thermal coupling procedure between the combustion space, batch, and the melting tank along with the associated convergence issues are discussed. The modeling results are presented along with comparison with field measurements.
Assessment and Performance Analysis of Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Whitfield A. , Johnson M. A. , Dosanjh M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A centrifugal compressor performance analysis and assessment procedure is described which is based on the measurement of the basic performance characteristics of the compressor only. It is shown that a useful assessment of the compressor performance can be carried out within the uncertainty bounds of a one-dimensional analysis common to a more detailed experimental study. The analysis procedure provides details of the impeller performance in terms of relative velocity diffusion ratio, and details of the impeller/diffuser interface in terms of the absolute flow angle, incidence angle and Mach number. If the compressor design incorporates a vaneless diffuser the flow angle at the volute inlet can be found, leading to a good assessment of the volute performance. The procedure was applied to a small turbocharger compressor with a vaneless diffuser and a number of gas pipeline compressors with vaned diffusers. The ability to derive the required aerodynamic parameters and the limitations involved are described with reference to one of the gas pipeline compressors and the turbocharger compressor.
The Influence of Inlet Flow Distortion on the Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor and the Development of Improved Inlet Using Numerical Simulations—Part II: Development of Improved Inlet for a Centrifugal Compressor Using Numerical Simulations
Authors: Kim Yunbae , Engeda Abraham , Aungier Ron , Direnzi Greg 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Part I of this paper reported the experimental investigation on the effect of the curved inlet pipe flow distortion on a centrifugal compressor performance, which motivated the need of a new inlet design as well as a clear picture of the detailed flow field in the existing inlet design using numerical simulations. In Part II, new designs of different inlet systems as well as the design methods are discussed based on the comparison of flow properties at pipe exit of each design. The goal of the compressor inlet system design is to reduce the secondary flow and provide uniform flow for a compressor. Two design approaches are reported in this paper, one of which is the location of vanes and the other is the length of curvature radius, resulting in four new designs. The vanes are spaced in such a way that each passage shares the same pressure difference in radial direction. Numerical simulation results are presented in terms of mass averaged parameters and flow structures on the exit cross-sectional area. The design of original bend pipe with two vanes inside shows advantages over others.
Modeling of Disc Shaped FGM Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Almajid Abdulhakim , Taya Minoru 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The mechanical behavior of a disk shaped piezoelectric actuator was studied using modified classical lamination theory (CLT) for circular plate. The modified CLT accounts for piezoelectric coupling terms. CLT is capable of predicting the stress field and out of plane displacement of disk shaped laminated piezoelectric layers under applied electric field. The analysis was applied to different types of piezoelectric actuators.
Magneto-Mechanical Characterization of Magnetostrictive Composites
Authors: Nersessian Nersesse , Carman Gregory P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes magneto-mechanical test results for magnetostrictive composites. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the behavior of magnetosrictive materials under combined magnetic and mechanical loading, and to determine fundamental properties used for design of actuator and sensor systems that incorporate these materials. Currently the composites are being used in sonar transducers. The magnetosrictive composite contains Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2) particulate embedded into an epoxy binder. Composite form is used due to the relative brittleness and limited operational frequencies of monolithic Terfenol-D. Three different tests were performed: 1) constant magnetic field with linearly varying load, 2) constant magnetic field with cyclically varying load around a bias load and 3) constant pre-load with varying magnetic field. Testing was performed on five different volume fraction composites, namely, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Parameters that were evaluated include strain output, magnetic field and elastic modulus. Results for the constant magnetic field tests indicate that modulus generally increases with increasing volume fraction and increasing H/Hmax. However, for low fields, an initial dip is noticed in modulus (i.e. ΔE effect) attributed to domains becoming more mobile at lower magnetic field levels. Results for the constant load test indicate a strong dependence of strain output on applied pre-stress. Results indicate that max strain peaks at a certain value of the pre-stress and then decreases for increasing pre-stress.
Shear Load Transfer in Shape Memory Alloy Fiber Reinforced Composites During Elastic Axisymmetric Deformations
Authors: Tsai Hungyu , Fan Xinjian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The axisymmetric elastic deformations in shape memory alloy (SMA) fiber reinforced composites are studied. We analyze the stress concentration near the interface between the fiber and the matrix as a result of a pre-described phase transformation in the active fiber. A typical model involving a single infinite fiber embedded in an infinite elastic matrix is studied. A portion of the fiber is allowed to undergo phase transformation along the axial direction so that its length is changed by the corresponding transformation strain (typically a few percentages), while the matrix is assumed to be linearly elastic and isotropic. Under certain bonding conditions, the deformation of fiber forces the matrix to deform in the elastic regime in order to accommodate the transformation strains.
The problem is formulated as axisymmetric deformations coupled with a finite transformation region in the fiber. In order to avoid infinite stresses found under perfect bonding conditions, we adopt a “spring” model which accounts for the elasticity of a transition layer at the interface. This model allows for relative displacements between the fiber and the matrix. A linear relation between this relative displacement and the shear stress is used. The exact elasticity solution (in integral form) to this problem is found using Love’s stress function and Fourier transform. Numerical integration is performed to produce the stress distributions. In particular, the shear load transfer profiles along the interface are calculated for various spring stiffness. It is found that the singularity is eliminated and the stress concentration factor depends on the stiffness of the transition layer.
A 700 Hz Valve for Dispensing High Viscosity Molten Polymers Using a Piezo-Electrically Driven Star Frame Mechanical Amplifier
Authors: Hassler Bill 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A valve was designed, built, and tested using a Star Frame mechanical amplifier driven by multilayered piezo-electric actuators. This valve was designed to dispense many different types of molten polymers, adhesives, and highly rilled coating materials. The valve was a simple ball and seat design with a stroke of 0.38 mm, a ball diameter of 2.4 mm, and a seating diameter of 1.5 mm. The valve was successfully tested with molten block copolymers with viscosities as high as 45,000 centipoise, at temperatures of up to 190 deg. C and at frequencies of up to 700 Hz continuous duty. The valve was also successfully tested at 1 kHz for short durations.
Forced Response and Random Vibration Analysis of Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Tarter James F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Finite element analysis has been used in conjunction with developed algorithms to analyze forced response and random vibration response of printed circuit boards. Analytical predictions have been compared to random vibration test data for model correlation and validation of the analysis methods. The described methods provide design data for predicting deflections and G levels as a function of frequency or predicting RMS levels for random excitation. These data are utilized for initiating design changes and guiding component placement. Deflection versus frequency contributions for random excitation are analyzed to identify critical design frequencies. Forced response contour plots include effects of modal coupling, modal participation factors, and system damping. These data provide a better description of the expected operating deflection shapes man a simple mode shape. All of these methods are used to improve design integrity and ensure specification compliance prior to hardware fabrication. The analyses utilize aggregate board properties, and do not currently provide data for individual components which are installed on the board.
Iterative Fixture Layout and Clamping Force Optimization Using the Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Kulankara Krishnakumar , Satyanarayana Srinath , Melkote Shreyes N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fixture design is a critical step in machining. An important aspect of fixture design is the optimization of the fixture, the primary objective being the minimization of workpiece deflection by suitably varying the layout of fixture elements and the clamping forces. Previous methods for fixture design optimization have treated fixture layout and clamping force optimization independently and/or used nonlinear programming methods that yield sub-optimal solutions. This paper deals with application of the genetic algorithm (GA) for fixture layout and clamping force optimization for a compliant workpiece. An iterative algorithm that minimizes the workpiece elastic deformation for the entire cutting process by alternatively varying the fixture layout and clamping force is proposed. It is shown via an example of milling fixture design that this algorithm yields a design that is superior to the result obtained from either fixture layout or clamping force optimization alone.
Fastener-Induced Growth and Distortion in Large Compliant Assemblies
Authors: Mahanian Saba , Mattikalli Raju , Jones Alan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A systematic approach has been developed to predict fastener-induced growth and distortion in large compliant assemblies. Analytical growth and distortion formulas are developed for beam-type structures of arbitrary cross-section and an equivalent fastener force model is developed that can be applied to more complex finite element models.
A 3D Measurement of Cutting Tool Edge Based on Focus Error
Authors: Moon K. S. , Ling Z. K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study describes a technique for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) shape of cutting tool edge, based on a CCD image sensor along the optical axis and on subsequently analyzing the image data. The image of a cutting edge formed by an optical system, such as a lens, contains geometric information about the shape of cutting edge. The focus errors can be deduced from the observed image. This deduction requires digital image processing. The focus error computation and a sequence of images obtained by continuously varying the distance between the lens and the image detector provides the possibility of obtaining high-resolution 3D coordinate measurement of cutting tool edge. The proposed technique is supported by experiments and further applications of the technique are indicated.
Optimum Error Separation Technique for In-Situ Straightness Measurement in Diamond Turning
Authors: Yu Jianming , Li C. James 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In diamond turning, measurement of a workpiece without removing it from the machine tool needs an in-situ metrology system and an error separation technique. The traditional methods for error separation have their limitation in straightness measurement. In this paper, a thorough analysis is given for the non-periodic effect on error separation, and a new method is described to overcome the limitation in straightness measurement for short workpiece. The new method enables the use of a sampling interval smaller than the one permitted by the traditional techniques and gives more detailed information about the measured workpiece profile. Consequently, it is suitable for the in-situ measurements of short workpieces in diamond turning.
The Numerical Prediction of Grain Size During Hot Forming
Authors: Jin Quanlin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The grain size and its distribution have very important effects on mechanical behaviors of the formed parts, and the grain size evolution is controlled by multiple dynamic microstructure changes. Therefore, the numerical simulation of these microstructure changes will be significant for improving part quality. In this paper we discuss two important problems for the prediction grain size evolution. One is the constitutive relation considering the microstructure change processes, the another is the identification of the material constitutive parameters. Finally we present some numerical examples to show the influences of the process parameters on the grain size inhomogeneity and the influences of grain growth on the superplastic forming process.
Thermal Assessment and Enhancement of Molded Array (MAP) PBGA Packages for Handheld Telecommunication Applications
Authors: Adams V. H. , Chiriac V. A. , Lee T.-Y. Tom 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to characterize the thermal performance of Molded Array Plastic Ball Grid Array (MAP PBGA) packages for hand-held applications. Due to size constraints, these PBGA packages tend to have fine pitch solder ball arrays and small overall size. Thermal analysis is required to assess the design risks associated with this trend toward smaller size and increasing power dissipation requirements. A conjugate heat transfer problem, in which radiative losses from the exposed surfaces of the package and the printed wiring board to the walls of the wind tunnel, was solved for horizontal natural convection cooling conditions. Thermal model assumptions and development for the MAP PBGA package are provided. The model is benchmarked with measurements obtained for a 64 I/O 0.8 mm pitch, 8 mm MAP PBGA. Predictions for junction-to-ambient thermal resistance were within 10% of measured values.
Baseline simulations were conducted for 0.8 mm pitch MAP PBGA packages with substrate/die size combinations in the range of 6 to 12 mm substrate size and 3.81 to 7.62 mm die size. Junction-to-ambient thermal resistances varied over the range of 28.8 °C/W to 62.4 °C/W. Methods to improve thermal performance of these packages were investigated. Previous work indicated that effective conduction to the substrate by heat spreaders, metallic lids, mold compound, heat sinks, and their combinations promoted thermal performance. A necessary further step is to understand how effective area for heat spreading inside the package affects its thermal behavior, while varying the die size for package configurations with and without heat spreader. Studies were conducted to evaluate thermal performance improvement through the use of a copper heat spreader on the package top surface as it is affected by die size, package size, and substrate effective thermal conductivity. Substrate effective thermal conductivity is varied through the use of two and four layer substrates with thermal vias under the die. Results show a modest 1% to 15% reduction in junction-to-ambient thermal resistance for the MAP PBGA package sizes of interest.
Selection of Industrial Coatings Based on Environmental and Societal Impact Characteristics
Authors: Gershenson J. K. , Dupont R. R. , Ratliff R. L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Product and process engineers need tools that allow them to weigh the environmental and societal impacts versus the cost of their component and process selection decisions early in the design process when information and time are scarce. This paper is intended as a framework for future development that combines the elements of industrial ecology, product design methodology, and auditing to shed light on the selection of industrial coatings to minimize environmental and societal impact. The coating selection method described herein is based on the concept of making design decisions early in the product development process but in a state of considerable information. By using the principles of industrial ecology, it is possible to understand the elements of environmental and societal impact for industrial coatings. By incorporating the principles of auditing, or more specifically environmental auditing, it is possible to understand which of these elements may be, or must be, reliably measured and how they can be measured. Industrial ecology and environmental auditing create the state of considerable information. This information can then be meshed with design decision making, or more specifically component and process selection, to understand how to trade off these elements to select an industrial coating with the least environmental and societal impact.
The goal is a toolset to permit the incorporation of environmental and societal impact measures into design and manufacturing decisions by relating environmental and societal characteristics to key performance variables. The foundation of this work is a method for quickly comparing different industrial coating choices based on their environmental and societal impacts and their performance in a given application.
Modeling the HSK (Hollow Shank Taper 1/10 Tapered Joint) Toolholder-Spindle Interface
Authors: Hanna Ihab M. , Agapiou John S. , Stephenson David A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The HSK toolholder-spindle connection was developed to overcome shortcomings of the 7/24 steep-taper interface, especially at higher speeds. However, the HSK system was standardized quickly, without detailed evaluation based on operational experience. Several issues concerning the reliability, maintainability, and safety of the interface have been raised within the international engineering community.
This study was undertaken to analytically investigate factors which influence the performance and limitations of the HSK toolholder system. Finite Element Models were created to analyze the effects of varying toolholder and spindle taper geometry, axial spindle taper length, drawbar/clamping load, spindle speed, applied bending load, and applied torsional load on HSK toolholders. Outputs considered include taper-to-taper contact pressures, taper-to-taper clearances, minimum drawbar forces, interface stiffnesses, and stresses in the toolholder. Static deflections at the end of the holder predicted by the models agreed well with measured values.
The results showed that the interface stiffness and load-carrying capability are significantly affected by taper mismatch and dimensional variations, and that stresses in the toolholder near the drive slots can be quite high, leading to potential fatigue issues for smaller toolholders subjected to frequent clamping-unclamping cycles (e.g., in high volume applications). The results can be used to specify minimum toolholder material properties for critical applications, as well as drawbar design and spindle/toolholder gaging guidelines to increase system reliability and maintainability.
Ultra-Violet Excimer Laser Micro-Patterning of Polymers
Authors: Kancharla Vijay V. , Chen Shaochen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two polymer materials, PDLA and PVA, have been patterned by ultra-violet (UV) Excimer laser micromachining for biomedical applications. In this work, Parametric investigations were conducted for both PVA and PDLA polymers using a XeCl (Xenon-chloride) Excimer laser of 308 nm wavelength. Laser machined micro-patterns were examined by a high-resolution optical microscope. A surface profilometer was used to measure the actual depths of the micromachined patterns. Results show that it is much easier to pattern PVA than PDLA at 308 nm wavelength. The micro-channels show distinguished edges, indicating that thermal damage to the surrounding polymer is minimized.
A Mechanistic Force Model of the 5-Axis Milling Process
Authors: Clayton Paul A. , Elbestawi Mohamed A. , El-Wardany Tahany , Viens Dan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a five-axis milling force model that can incorporate a variety of cutters and workpiece materials. The mechanistic model uses a discretized cutting edge to calculate an area of intersection which is multiplied by the specific cutting pressure to produce a force output along the primary cartesian coordinate system. By using an analytic description of the cutting edge with a non-specific cutter and workpiece intersection routine, a model was created that can describe a variety of cutting situations. Furthermore, a back propagation neural network is used to calibrate the model, providing robustness and scalability to the calibration process. Testing was performed on 1020 steel using various cutting parameters with a high speed steel two flute cutter and a tungsten carbide insert cutter. Furthermore, both linear cuts and a test die surface yielded good agreement between predicted and measured results.