bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Plateaus in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and Their Application in Cosmology
Authors: Xu Fan , Tang Chen-Han , Geng Jin-Jun , Wang Fa-Yin , Wang Yu-Yang , Kuerban Abudushataer , Huang Yong-Feng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
For gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with a plateau phase in the X-ray afterglow, a so-called L–T–E correlation that tightly connects the isotropic energy of the prompt GRB (E

γ,iso) with the end time of the X-ray plateau (T

a
) and the corresponding X-ray luminosity at the end time (L
X) has been found. Here we show that there is a clear redshift evolution in the correlation. Furthermore, because the power-law indices of L
X and E

γ,iso in the correlation function are almost identical, the L–T–E correlation is insensitive to cosmological parameters and cannot be used as a satisfactory standard candle. On the other hand, based on a sample including 121 long GRBs, we establish a new three-parameter correlation that connects L
X, T

a
, and the spectral peak energy E
p, i.e., the L–T–E
p correlation. This correlation strongly supports the so-called Combo-relation established by Izzo et al. After correcting for the redshift evolution, we show that the de-evolved L–T–E
p correlation can be used as a standard candle. By using this correlation alone, we are able to constrain the cosmological parameters as

Ω

m

=

0.389

−
0.141

+
0.202

(1σ) for the flat ΛCDM model, or

Ω

m

=

0.369

−
0.191

+
0.217

and

w
=
−

0.966

−
0.678

+
0.513

(1σ) for the flat wCDM model. Combining with other cosmological probes, more accurate constraints on the cosmology models are presented.
The Nature of Black Hole Shadows
Authors: Bronzwaer Thomas , Falcke Heino 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A distinct visual signature occurs in black holes that are surrounded by optically thin and geometrically thick emission regions. This signature is a sharp-edged dip in brightness that is coincident with the black hole’s shadow, which is the projection of the black hole’s unstable-photon region on the observer’s sky. We highlight two key mechanisms that are responsible for producing the sharp-edged dip: (i) the reduction of intensity observed in rays that intersect the unstable-photon region, and thus the perfectly absorbing event horizon, versus rays that do not (blocking); and (ii) the increase of intensity observed in rays that travel along extended, horizon-circling paths near the boundary of the unstable-photon region (path-lengthening). We demonstrate that the black hole shadow is a distinct phenomenon from the photon ring, and that models exist in which the former may be observed but not the latter. Additionally, we show that the black hole shadow and its associated visual signature differ from the more model-dependent brightness depressions associated with thin-disk models because the blocking and path-lengthening effects are quite general for geometrically thick and optically thin emission regions. Consequentially, the black hole shadow is a robust and fairly model-independent observable for accreting black holes that are in the deep sub-Eddington regime, such as low-luminosity active galactic nuclei.
The Stability Boundary of the Distant Scattered Disk
Authors: Batygin Konstantin , Mardling Rosemary A. , Nesvorný David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The distant scattered disk is a vast population of trans-Neptunian minor bodies that orbit the Sun on highly elongated, long-period orbits. The orbital stability of scattered-disk objects (SDOs) is primarily controlled by a single parameter—their perihelion distance. While the existence of a perihelion boundary that separates chaotic and regular motion of long-period orbits is well established through numerical experiments, its theoretical basis as well as its semimajor axis dependence remain poorly understood. In this work, we outline an analytical model for the dynamics of distant trans-Neptunian objects and show that the orbital architecture of the scattered disk is shaped by an infinite chain of exterior 2:j resonances with Neptune. The widths of these resonances increase as the perihelion distance approaches Neptune’s semimajor axis, and their overlap drives chaotic motion. Within the context of this theoretical picture, we derive an analytic criterion for instability of long-period orbits, and demonstrate that rapid dynamical chaos ensues when the perihelion drops below a critical value, given by

q

crit

=

a

N

ln
(
(

24

2

/

5
)
(

m

N

/

M

⊙

)

a

/

a

N

5

/

2

)

1

/

2

. This expression constitutes an analytic boundary between the “detached” and actively “scattering” subpopulations of distant trans-Neptunian minor bodies. Additionally, we find that within the stochastic layer, the Lyapunov time of SDOs approaches the orbital period, and show that the semimajor axis diffusion coefficient is approximated by



a

∼
(
8

/

(
5
π
)
)
(

m

N

/

M

⊙

)



M

⊙

a

N

exp
​

−

q

/

a

N

2

/

2

. We confirm our results with direct N-body simulations and highlight the connections between scattered-disk dynamics and the Chirikov Standard Map. Implications of our results for the long-term evolution of minor bodies in the distant solar system are discussed.
Intégrer la mobilité résidentielle dans une politique de maintien à domicile
Authors: Hillcoat-Nallétamby Sarah , Ogg Jim , Sardani Alexandra 
Published: October 2021

Cet article aborde la question de l’inclusion de la mobilité résidentielle dans une politique du « vieillir chez soi » et des mesures pratiques qui peuvent être mises en place pour faciliter un changement de domicile. La présentation d’une étude qualitative galloise permet d’explorer la manière dont un nouveau service, « Moving by Choice », a permis aux personnes âgées de déménager volontairement de leur domicile vers un habitat intermédiaire. Dix-huit personnes âgées ont été interrogées sur leur expérience du service, qui proposait des informations et des conseils personnalisés, ainsi qu’un soutien financier et pratique. Initialement conçu comme un simple service d’information, Moving by Choice est devenu un service d’accompagnement avant, pendant et après le déménagement. La présence physique d’un « caseworker » pendant le processus du déménagement, un soutien psychologique et l’implication des proches sont des facteurs importants qui aident les individus à faire des choix informés concernant un déménagement vers un habitat intermédiaire. Les résultats suggèrent qu’un tel service peut être développé pour faciliter la prise de décision des personnes âgées pendant leur transition résidentielle.
Déménager dans une résidence pour aînés au Québec : une stratégie pour faire face à la vulnérabilité
Authors: Boubaker Rana , Negron-Poblete Paula , Morales Ernesto 
Published: October 2021

Les individus âgés passent plus de temps dans leur logement et leur quartier, de sorte que les caractéristiques de l’environnement résidentiel influencent particulièrement leur expérience du vieillissement. Comme cette expérience peut être caractérisée par des situations de vulnérabilités individuelle, économique ou sociale, elle peut aussi être marquée par une vulnérabilité face à l’environnement. Cet essai présente, à travers une étude de la littérature, la manière dont l’environnement physique contribue à la construction de la vulnérabilité chez l’aîné et son influence sur sa mobilité résidentielle. Nous avons choisi de nous référer aux textes récents qui ont été publiés, en majorité entre 2000 et 2019, pour examiner les différentes formes de vulnérabilités chez les aînés et présenter le concept de « vulnérabilité environnementale ». Face à elle, les personnes âgées peuvent développer diverses réponses qui constituent les stratégies de « défense » ou des moyens de « faire face » à cette situation. La mobilité vers une résidence pour aînés est une de ces réponses. Cet article présente d’abord le concept de vulnérabilité chez les aînés et ses différentes dimensions, notamment « la vulnérabilité environnementale » ; il expose ensuite le rôle de l’environnement physique et social dans la mobilité vers une résidence collective pour aînés. Enfin sont présentées les différentes propriétés environnementales de la résidence pour aînés, au niveau architectural et urbain, qui contribuent à la création du nouveau chez-soi et favorisent la qualité de vie chez la personne âgée qui déménage vers ce type de milieu résidentiel.
Clinical profile of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in first & second wave of the pandemic
Authors: Kumar Gunjan , Mukherjee Aparna , Sharma Ravendra K. , Menon Geetha R. , Sahu Damodar , Wig Naveet , Panda Samiran , Rao Vishnu Vardhan , Singh Sujeet , Guleria Randeep , Bhargava Balram 
Published: October 2021

Background & objectives:
India witnessed a massive second surge of COVID-19 cases since March 2021 after a period of decline from September 2020. Data collected under the National Clinical Registry for COVID-19 (NCRC) were analysed to describe the differences in demographic and clinical features of COVID-19 patients recruited during these two successive waves.

Methods:
The NCRC, launched in September 2020, is an ongoing multicentre observational initiative, which provided the platform for the current investigation. Demographic, clinical, treatment and outcome data of hospitalized, confirmed COVID-19 patients were captured in an electronic data portal from 41 hospitals across India. Patients enrolled during September 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021 and February 1 to May 11, 2021 constituted participants of the two successive waves, respectively.

Results:
As on May 11, 2021, 18961 individuals were recruited in the registry, 12059 and 6903 reflecting in-patients from the first and second waves, respectively. Mean age of the patients was significantly lower in the second wave [48.7 (18.1) yr vs. 50.7 (18.0) yr, P<0.001] with higher proportion of patients in the younger age group intervals of <20, and 20-39 yr. Approximately 70 per cent of the admitted patients were ≥ 40 yr of age in both waves of the pandemic. The proportion of males were slightly lower in second wave as compared to the first [4400 (63.7%) vs. 7886 (65.4%), P=0.02]. Commonest presenting symptom was fever in both waves. In the second wave, a significantly higher proportion [2625 (48.6%) vs. 4420 (42.8%), P<0.003] complained of shortness of breath, developed ARDS [422(13%) vs. 880 (7.9%), P<0.001], required supplemental oxygen [1637 (50.3%) vs. 4771 (42.7%), P<0.001], and mechanical ventilation [260 (15.9%) vs. 530 (11.1%), P<0.001]. Mortality also significantly increased in the second wave [OR: 1.35 (95% CI: 1.19, 1.52)] in all age groups except in <20 yr.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The second wave of COVID-19 in India was slightly different in presentation than the first wave, with a younger demography, lesser comorbidities, and presentation with breathlessness in greater frequency.
Developing and Testing Strategies for Improving Cleanliness of Shared Sanitation in Low-Income Settlements of Kisumu, Kenya
Authors: Simiyu Sheillah , Antwi-Agyei Prince , Adjei Kwaku , Kweyu Raphael 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Sharing of sanitation is common in low-income settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, shared (limited) sanitation facilities have been thought to pose health risks due to poor hygiene levels. Interventions to improve user behavior and cleanliness of shared sanitation are few, both in literature and in practice. This study details the codesign and testing of strategies to improve the cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income areas of Kisumu City in Kenya. The strategies included a cleaning plan, monitoring system, and discussions among users, and were codesigned through workshops with stakeholders and group discussions with landlords and tenants. These strategies were tested in 38 compound houses through the Trials of Improved Practices approach over a 5-month period. Field staff visited the compounds, observed the cleanliness of the shared toilets, and through discussions, encouraged users to develop a formal cleaning system and a monitoring plan. The discussions built social capital and collective action and facilitated uptake of the cleaning plan with notable improvements in cleanliness of shared toilets. The results support the acceptability of shared sanitation in low-income settlements, the importance of codesigning and coproducing solutions with users, and the need to evaluate the effects of these strategies on cleanliness of shared sanitation.
Experimental Infection of Domestic Piglets (Sus scrofa) with Rift Valley Fever Virus
Authors: Clarke Lorelei L. , Mead Daniel G. , Ruder Mark G. , Carter Deborah L. , Bloodgood Jennifer , Howerth Elizabeth 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted phlebovirus (Family: Phenuiviridae, Order: Bunyavirales) causing severe neonatal mortality and abortion primarily in domestic ruminants. The susceptibility of young domestic swine to RVFV and this species’ role in geographic expansion and establishment of viral endemicity is unclear. Six commercially bred Landrace-cross piglets were inoculated subcutaneously with 105 plaque-forming units of RVFV ZH501 strain and two piglets received a sham inoculum. All animals were monitored for clinical signs, viremia, viral shedding, and antibody response for 14 days. Piglets did not develop evidence of clinical disease, become febrile, or experience decreased weight gain during the study period. A brief lymphopenia followed by progressive lymphocytosis was observed following inoculation in all piglets. Four piglets developed a brief viremia for 2 days post-inoculation and three of these had detectable virus in oronasal secretions three days post-inoculation. Primary inoculated piglets seroconverted and those that developed detectable viremias had the highest titers assessed by serum neutralization (1:64–1:256). Two viremic piglets had a lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis with glial nodules; RVFV was not detected by immunohistochemistry in these sections. While young piglets do not appear to readily develop clinical disease following RVFV infection, results suggest swine could be subclinically infected with RVFV.
Global Is Local: Does Formal Resident Global Health Medical Education Improve Clinical Care in the United States?
Authors: Erayil Serin Edwin , Lopez Heriberto , Shaughnessy Megan , Pogemiller Hope , Silva Rachel , Olson Andrew P. J. , Hendel-Paterson Brett , Walker Patricia , Stauffer William M. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
We administered a standardized 41-item questionnaire to a convenience sample of graduates of five residency programs with formal global health pathways and compared findings to a national cohort of practicing physicians to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of an overarching global health pathway on residency program graduates. Compared with the national cohort database, global health pathway graduates self-reported that they felt better prepared to treat immigrants, refugees, patients with limited English proficiency (LEP), racial/ethnic minorities, those with non-Western health beliefs, international travelers, and military veterans (P < 0.05). They were more likely to report using best practices when working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning patients, immigrant and refugee patients, patients with non-Western health beliefs, patients with LEP, and patients communicating via American Sign Language (P < 0.05). They also reported being more familiar with 11 of 14 high-impact or common infections encountered in travelers, immigrants, and military personnel (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that formal postgraduate training focused on global health improves knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported medical practices when caring for diverse and marginalized populations in the United States.
Improved gridded ammonia emission inventory in China
Authors: Li Baojie , Chen Lei , Shen Weishou , Jin Jianbing , Wang Teng , Wang Pinya , Yang Yang , Liao Hong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract. As a major alkaline gas in the atmosphere, NH3 significantly impacts atmospheric chemistry, ecological environment, and biodiversity. Gridded NH3 emission inventories can significantly affect the accuracy of model concentrations and play a crucial role in the refinement of mitigation strategies. However, several uncertainties are still associated with existing NH3 emission inventories in China. Therefore, in this study, we focused on improving fertilizer-application-related NH3 emission inventories. We comprehensively evaluated the dates and times of fertilizer application to the major crops that are cultivated in China, improved the spatial allocation methods for NH3 emissions from croplands with different rice types, and established a gridded NH3 emission inventory for mainland China with a resolution of 5 min × 5 min in 2016. The results showed that the atmospheric NH3 emissions in mainland China amounted to 12.11 Tg, with livestock waste (44.8 %) and fertilizer application (38.6 %) being the two main NH3 emission sources in China. Obvious spatial variability in NH3 emissions was also identified, and high emissions were predominantly concentrated in North China. Further, NH3 emissions tended to be high in summer and low in winter, and the ratio for the July–January period was 3.08. Furthermore, maize and rice fertilization in summer was primarily responsible for the increase in NH3 emissions in China, and the evaluation of the spatial and temporal accuracy of the NH3 emission inventory established in this study using the WRF-Chem and ground-station- and satellite-based observations showed that it was more accurate than other inventories.
Reconstruction of the mass and geometry of snowfall particles from multi-angle snowflake camera (MASC) images
Authors: Leinonen Jussi , Grazioli Jacopo , Berne Alexis 
Published: October 2021

Abstract. This paper presents a method named 3D-GAN, based on a generative adversarial network (GAN), to retrieve the total mass, 3D structure and the
internal mass distribution of snowflakes. The method uses as input a triplet of binary silhouettes of particles, corresponding to the triplet of
stereoscopic images of snowflakes in free fall captured by a multi-angle snowflake camera (MASC). The 3D-GAN method is trained on simulated snowflakes of known characteristics whose silhouettes are statistically similar to real MASC observations, and it is evaluated by means of snowflake replicas printed in 3D at 1:1 scale. The estimation of mass obtained by 3D-GAN has a normalized RMSE (NRMSE) of 40 %, a mean normalized bias (MNB) of 8 % and largely outperforms standard relationships based on maximum size and compactness. The volume of the convex hull of the particles is retrieved with NRMSE of 35 % and MNB of +19 %. In order to illustrate the potential of 3D-GAN to study snowfall microphysics and highlight its complementarity with existing retrieval algorithms, some application examples and ideas are provided, using as showcases the large available datasets of MASC images collected worldwide during various field campaigns. The combination of mass estimates (from 3D-GAN) and hydrometeor classification or riming degree estimation (from independent methods) allows, for example, to obtain mass-to-size power law parameters stratified on hydrometeor type or riming degree. The parameters obtained in this way are consistent with previous findings, with exponents overall around 2 and increasing with the degree of riming.
Community Translation: Translation as a social activity and its possible consequences in the advent of Web 2.0 and beyond
Authors: O’Hagan Minako 
Published: October 2021

This introduction to the 10th issue of Linguistica Antverpiensia New Series – Themes in translation Studies (LANS-TTS) begins by discussing the central concept of community translation, highlighting its terminological ambiguity. This is in part due to the already well-established field of community interpreting where the term is often used to mean the written translation of public information for immigrants. It is also an indication of the terminological instability typical of an emerging paradigm. For example, community translation is used more or less synonymously with such terms as translation crowdsourcing, user-generated translation and collaborative translation. The meaning of the term as we discuss in this issue can be best specified when the concept is anchored in the context of Web 2.0 (second generation web-technologies). This in turn acknowledges its intrinsic tie to online communities and directs us to new dynamics resulting from general Internet users acting as translators. While participants in community translation are not necessarily all unpaid, untrained volunteers community translation is used by some organisations as a mechanism to obtain free translations by going outside the professional translation sphere. To this end the ethical question of profit-making enterprises accessing free labour on the pretext of openness and sharing remains. That said, the author believes community translation is far more than a dilettante, anti-professional movement. Building on the emerging picture from the contributions in this volume, the author suggests some of the future directions that research on community translation might take, emphasising the need to reflect on the current translation practices and be open to the new developments and opportunities arising from the free and social Internet.
Technological growth: a Brazil-World evolution and re-adaptation after COVID-19
Authors: Fontgalland Filho Glauco , Fontgalland Isabel Lausanne 
Published: October 2021

The year of 2020 became known as the year of the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic has been changing the socioeconomic structures of the world and the educational institutions in Brazil, halting face-to-face activities as time progressed in response to the social distancing measures. Arising from an early perspective of growth, Brazil had to take a leap of faith in readapting itself to the set conditions. According to the teaching method, technology-mediated learning has gained emphasis and makes room for distinguished human interactions. These teaching practices already existed, but only reached a small scale. Technology had to reshape its manners to comfort the demand and the new health requirements. This article presents and discusses the Brazilian perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for the use of new and readapting technologies for the evolution and survival of the pandemic. The main results imply that the enactment of digital inclusion policies seeking to reduce regional inequalities of internet access is a necessary condition for any online teaching strategy to flourish and that technological innovation is parallel to the time progression of the world’s condition.