bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contract Law Theory and The Concept of ‘Ownership’
Authors: Hoffmann Jan Felix 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Contract law and property law are traditionally viewed to be two separate fields of private law shaped by different principles. Over the past years a theory of contract law thoroughly drawing on the concept of “ownership” has been promoted by common law scholars. It leads at its core to the conclusion that the distinction between absolute and relative rights is irrelevant inter partes and that, therefore, a theoretical division between contract and property cannot be strictly maintained. This touches upon the fundamental distinction between absolute and relative rights raising the question why a contract does not automatically lead to an absolute right with regard to the substance of the promised performance.
The Ambition of Public Justification in Contract
Authors: Kreitner Roy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This review of Peter Benson’s Justice in Transactions focuses on the book’s attempt to combine the juridical vision of contract with contract’s social role in providing a coherent framework for market relations. The combination is challenging because the juridical conception ignores particular interests, needs, purposes, and preferences of contracting parties, while the market is precisely a system for satisfying needs or obtaining substantive satisfactions. The review suggests that Benson’s treatment of the combination is open to two readings: one reading claims that contract as we know it actually succeeds in achieving public justification; the other reading claims that contract could potentially be a justified institution, but only if the background regime of rights was transformed so that juridical and substantive equality were more closely aligned.
The Public of Contract, and of its Justification
Authors: Rödl Sebastian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In his most enlightening book Benson undertakes to give a public justification of contract law, which he distinguishes from a philosophical justification. This essay argues that this opposition is unsound. Benson’s justification is philosophical because it is internal: the justification contract provides for itself. As the justification is internal, the subject of the justification – those who, through it, understand the authority of contract – is the subject of what is justified: the subject of contract. This is the true public of the justification of contract law. And its justification to that public is nothing other than its philosophical justification. In a second step, the essay sketches how the justification of contract law develops so as to reveal its subject to be a concrete universal: civil society. Since that is understood in its philosophical justification, that, too, does not place the publicity of contract law in opposition to its philosophical understanding.
Research on the conservation and sustainable development strategies of modern historical heritage in the Dabie Mountains based on GIS
Authors: Pang Yicun , Dong Wei , Liu Yaqiong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With the advancement of China’s economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the conservation and sustainable development of historical architectural heritage has become the focus of the current and future society. However, there are still many deficiencies in the conservation and development of modern architectural cultural heritage. Due to the scattered distribution of heritage space and the lack of overall planning in the process of conservation and development, there are some problems, such as uneven development in various regions, insufficient integration of resources, serious destruction of cultural heritage, and so on. This article takes the modern historical and cultural heritage of the Dabie Mountains as the research object and integrates its resources according to different types with the Geographical Information System platform to establish the historical heritage basic database. Data attributes are analyzed through dot density, traffic accessibility, and other spatial elements, whose results are used to evaluate the conservation and utilization status of the regional historical heritage. On that basis, combined with the distribution characteristics of historical resources, this article puts forward the conservation planning scheme based on the level and focus, and the sustainable development structure of group development and linkage development, so as to realize the transformation from section conservation to sustainable development. It also presents new ideas and technical methods for historical heritage conservation and sustainable development of the Dabie Mountains.
Opening up the court: analyzing player performance across tennis Grand Slams
Authors: Gallagher Shannon K. , Frisoli Kayla , Luby Amanda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In tennis, the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, and US Open are the four most prestigious events (Grand Slams). These four Grand Slams differ in the composition of the court surfaces, when they are played in the year, and which city hosts the players. Individual Grand Slams come with different expectations, and it is often thought that some players achieve better results at some Grand Slams than others. It is also thought that differences in results may be attributed, at least partially, to surface type of the courts. For example, Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer, and Serena Williams have achieved their best results on clay, grass, and hard courts, respectively. This paper explores differences among Grand Slams, while adjusting for confounders such as tour, competitor strength, and player attributes. More specifically, we examine the effect of the Grand Slam on player performance for matches from 2013 to 2019. We take two approaches to modeling these data: (1) a mixed-effects model accounting for both player and tournament features and (2) models that emphasize individual performance. We identify differences across the Grand Slams at both the tournament and individual player level.
Effect of probiotic and fisetin supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and small intestinal morphology in broiler chickens
Authors: Sumanu Victory Osirimade , Aluwong Tagang , Ayo Joseph Olusegun , Ogbuagu Ngozi Ejum 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We studied the dietary effects of probiotic and fisetin supplementation on performance parameters, carcass characteristics and small intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Sixty (one-day-old) Arbo Acre breed of broiler chickens were allotted into 4 groups of 15 each randomly: Group I, Control was administered only distilled water; Group II, fisetin (5 mg/kg); Group III, probiotic (4.125×106 cfu/100 mL); and Group IV, probiotic and fisetin (4.125×106 cfu/100 mL and 5 mg/kg, respectively) for the first one week of life. All administrations were performed orally through gavage. Broiler chickens supplemented with probiotic and probiotic+fisetin had greater feed intake significantly (P<0.05) at weeks 5 and 6, when compared respectively with those of the control and fisetin groups which had lesser feed intake values. Body weight gain was of great significance (P<0.05) in the probiotic-supplemented broiler chickens, while that of the control was less. Carcass quality of the probiotic-supplemented group was higher in significance (P<0.05) than any other treatment group which had lower qualities. The pH changes in the breast muscle was lesser significantly (P<0.05) in the probiotic+fisetin group, when compared with those of the control group which had greater changes. The villus height/crypt height ratio was higher in significance (P<0.05) in the treatment groups, while that of the control group was lower. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of probiotic may enhance broiler chickens’ productivity, by improving performance, carcass weight, pH, and small intestinal morphology as compared to fisetin supplementation.
Percepciones sobre calidad del agua fluvial en administradores de unidades productivas de la cuenca del río Savegre, Costa Rica
Authors: Espinoza-Cisneros Édgar 
Published: July 2021

Resumen
[Introducción] En las ciencias de la sostenibilidad se reconoce, cada vez más, la importancia de entender las cogniciones y su rol en las decisiones ambientales. En conjunto con avances en teorizaciones sobre las cogniciones en general y las percepciones en particular, los análisis de las cogniciones ambientales en contextos particulares son imprescindibles para procesos efectivos de planificación ambiental. [Objetivo] En este artículo se examinan las percepciones ambientales de 109 administradores de unidades productivas en 15 comunidades de la cuenca del río Savegre, Costa Rica, en torno a la calidad del agua fluvial y sus amenazas asociadas. [Metodología] Las percepciones se capturaron a través de encuestas en persona y se analizaron con pruebas estadísticas no-paramétricas y técnicas de ranking. [Resultados] Las percepciones ambientales varían significativamente entre sectores de la cuenca, rangos de distancia al río, tipos de actividad productiva primaria, y niveles de educación formal. Además, la cobertura boscosa y los regímenes de protección ambiental se perciben como factores favorecedores de la calidad del agua fluvial, mientras que los factores desfavorecedores y amenazas prioritarias se relacionan casi en su totalidad con actividades productivas en la cuenca, especialmente la expansión de las fronteras agrícolas y ganaderas, la acuicultura y pesca destructiva, y la contaminación por agroquímicos. [Conclusiones] Se concluye que, en esta cuenca, las percepciones ambientales en torno a la calidad del agua fluvial están determinadas en gran medida por factores geográficos y contextuales, y que los administradores, a su vez, muestran patrones perceptivos donde se reconoce el impacto ecológico de las mismas actividades productivas que se han desarrollado en la cuenca en las últimas décadas.
El poder estatal y el territorio fronterizo: Costa Rica y su región Norte en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, vista a través del lente de los proyectos viales
Authors: Villalobos Cubero Lissy Marcela 
Published: July 2021

Este artículo consiste en una aproximación a la forma en que el Estado costarricense buscaba aún, en la segunda del siglo XX, incorporar la región Norte a los proyectos emanados desde el centro del país. Se toman los proyectos viales como un hilo conductor, los cuales revelan las dimensiones de vínculo territorial intra e inter regional, teniendo presente el contexto de Guerra Fría y la inestabilidad política en Centroamérica, que hacía, de estas zonas fronterizas, espacios de importante dinamismo y progresivo cambio. Las principales fuentes utilizadas fueron de carácter cartográfico, correspondientes a los censos de 1973 y 1984, para reconstruir el entramado de comunicaciones durante esas décadas.
Changes in liver function test levels in HIV patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Longitudinal study in Lima, Peru
Authors: Moya-Salazar Jeel , Barrial-Vega Miriam , Arrieta-Calderón Ruth , Contreras-Pulache Hans 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Estimating and monitoring changes in liver function tests is necessary to prevent the occurrence of chronic liver disease in HIV patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
Objective: To determine the variation liver profile test levels in HIV patients undergoing HAART.
Materials and methods: Retrospective longitudinal study conducted in 100 HIV patients treated at the Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue, Lima, Peru, between 2015 and 2017. Patients in all stages of clinical infection under HAART and with liver function panel results for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and total protein (TP) were included. Three follow-up liver function tests (every 3 months) were performed while undergoing HAART and participants were categorized as having normal or elevated levels for all liver markers. Differences between the samples analyzed were determined using the paired-samples T test, with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of p<0.05.
Results: Participants’ mean age was 33±9.56 years and 67% were male. Mean serum AST, ALT and ALP values decreased between the first and the third measurement (p=0.021, p=0.076 and p=0.002, respectively). No significant differences in GGT and TP levels were observed between the three measurements, nor between patients with normal and elevated AST, ALT, ALP and TP values, but significant differences were observed for GGT (p=0.010).
Conclusions: Variations in liver marker levels were observed in all participants, with a decreasing trend in AST, ALT and ALP between the early and late stages of HAART, implying that this therapy could play a role in liver tissue damage.
Determination of eugenitin in mouse blood by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Lin Chongliang , Song Dezhen , Jiang Haodong , Luo Lvqi , Bao Xi , Yu Xiaomin , Ma Jianshe , Wang Xianqin , Jiang Xiajuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Eugenitin is a non-volatile chromone derivative which is always found in dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum L. (Merr.) & L.M. Perry. Until now, there were no reports about the pharmacokinetics of eugenitin in biological fluids. A UPLC-MS/MS method developed to determine eugenitin in mouse blood. The blood samples were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chrysin (internal standard, IS) and eugenitin were gradient eluted by mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (0.1% formic acid) in a BEH C18 column. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of m/z 221.1→206.0 for eugenitin and m/z 255.1→152.9 for IS with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used for quantitative detection. The calibration curve ranged from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL (r > 0.995). The accuracy ranged from 98 to 113%, the precision was less than 12%, and the matrix effect was between 86 and 94%, the recovery was better than 81%. The developed method was successfully used for pharmacokinetics of eugenitin in mice after intravenous (5 mg/kg) and oral (20 mg/kg) administration, and the absolute availability of eugenitin was 12%.
Szemészeti tünetek és szemészeti társbetegségek monoklonális gammopathiával járó kórképekben
Authors: Szentmáry Nóra , Kormányos Kitti , Tóth Gábor , Sándor Gábor László , Németh Orsolya , Csorba Anita , Czakó Cecília , Kovács Klaudia , Nagy Zoltán Zsolt , Varga Gergely , Gopcsa László , Mikala Gábor 
Published: July 2021

Összefoglaló.
Célkitűzés: A monoklonális fehérjetermeléssel járó
haematológiai kórképek szemészeti tüneteinek és szemészeti társbetegségeinek
összefoglalása irodalmi adatok alapján. Módszer: A
Pubmedben rendelkezésre álló adatok kigyűjtése, elemzése és
összefoglalása. Eredmények: Immunglobulin-lerakódás a szem
szövetei közül leggyakrabban a szaruhártyában figyelhető meg (paraproteinaemiás
vagy immuntaktoid keratopathia). A monoklonális fehérjeszaporulattal járó
plazmasejtes betegség gyakoribb szemészeti jelei pedig a paraproteinaemiás
keratopathia mellett a kristályhordozó histiocytosis (CSH), a hypercupremiás
keratopathia, a foveolaris drusen/maculopathia és az orbitalis plasmocytoma. A
ritkább szemészeti jelek/tünetek közé az akut/krónikus uveitis, a Doyne retina
dystrophia és az arteria vagy vena centralis retinae elzáródása tartoznak.
Szemészeti mellékhatás szisztémás szteroidok és a belantamab mafotidin
alkalmazásakor jelentkeznek. Következtetések: A monoklonális
gammopathiával járó kórképek sokszínű szemészeti panaszokkal jelentkezhetnek a
klinikai gyakorlatban, aminek felismerése a megfelelő kivizsgálás elindításával
a szemész feladata. A betegek kezelése és gondozása során a haematológusok és
szemészek együttműködése a számos ismert szemészeti tünet és társbetegség miatt
elengedhetetlen. A megfelelő szemészeti kezeléssel a látóélesség és ezáltal a
betegek életminősége jelentősen javítható.
Summary.
Purpose: To summarize ocular symptoms and ocular comorbidities
of monoclonal gammopathy, based on literature data. Methods: A
comprehensive Pubmed search has been performed to summarize
ocular symptoms and comorbidities before January 2021. Results:
Immunglobulin deposition was most commonly observed in the corneal tissue
(paraproteinaemic or immuntactoid keratopathy). Beside paraproteinaemic
keratopathy, the most common ocular signs and ocular comorbidities of plasma
cell disorders with monoclonal gammopathy are crystal-storage histiocytosis
(CSH), hypercupremic keratopathy, foveolar drusen/maculopathy and orbital
plasmocytoma. Less common ocular signs are acute/chronic uveitis, Doyne retinal
dystrophy, central retinal artery or vein occlusion. Ophthalmic side effects are
expected following the use of systemic steroids or belantamab mafotidin.
Conclusions: Monoclonal gammopathy may present with diverse
ocular symptoms in the clinical practice, which should be examined and treated
through an ophthalmologist. Therefore, collaboration of haematologists and
ophthalmologists is essential for these patients. With appropriate ophthalmic
treatment, there is a significant improvement of best corrected visual acuity of
these patients, with a significant impact on their quality of life.
Effect of willingness of exercise on learning, memory and motor skills- An observational study
Authors: Rohini H N , Sumana H M  , Devi Kusuma , Girija B  
Published: July 2021

Cognition and motor skills both play a foundational role in the development of healthy perceptual, social life. Due to lack of exercise motor dysfunction and cognitive impairment is seen in young adults. Aerobic exercise has emerged as a lowcost treatment to improve neurocognitive function. Hence this study was undertaken to study the effects of willingness to exercise on cognition and motor skills. To measure learning, memory and motor skills in medical students. Department of physiology. An observational study. In this study the one hundred fifty students were given a self-prepared questionnaire which gives information about willingness to exercise. Among these students two groups were made based on inclusion and exclusion criteria each consisting 15 students. One group willing to exercise and other not willing to exercise. Every week a set of students were examined for learning, memory and motor skills by star mirror drawing apparatus,Recall and recognition testTweezer Dexterity testrespectively. The data obtained was entered in master chart and analysed using Student’s paired t test for statistical significance. The mean scores for the willingness to exercise group in recall -recognition and tweezer dexterity were higher. In star mirror tracing test the number of errors made by both the groups were same but standard deviation was less in willingness to exercise group than in normal control group. Willingness to exercise improves learning, memory and motor skills. WHO defines exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive improvement or maintenance of physical fitness. There is a positive relationship between physical activity and cognition in children aged 4-18 years. Hence it is responsibilities of parents and teachers to teach about importance of exercise.
Prenatal testosterone (2D: 4D Ratio) and its association with learning and memory in medical undergraduates – A cross-sectional study
Authors: Prathibha K Muthu , Joseph Kathrina , Pachaiyappan Dharunya , Harsha Soma Sri 
Published: July 2021

The 2D:4D ratio is a sexually dimorphic trait, negatively related to prenatal testosterone which in turn influences the areas in brain, critical for learning and memory. The objective of the present study was to compare the 2D:4D ratios between sexes, right / left hands and correlate with mean scores of learning and memory. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 116 participants (80 males and 36 females) of 18 -19 years of age. Lengths of index and ring fingers were measured using vernier calipers to calculate 2D:4D ratios. Free & Placement recall and Working visual memory (Visual N Back test) were assessed. Verbal learning ability was assessed using Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Mean 2D:4D ratios of right hand (0.96±0.051) were significantly lower than left hand (0.98±0.1; p = 0.036). Females had higher ratios than males in both hands. In Free recall (FR) and Placement Recall (PR) tests, average hits and errors scores of females and males were comparable. In Visual N Back test, there were statistically significant correlations between 2D:4D ratios and mean hits & errors scores (M &#62;F). The mean hits score in AVLT was lower in males (13.9±1.4) when compared to females (14.2±1.0). The findings of the present study can help us to associate a simple measure like 2D:4D ratio to learning abilities of an individual. Also, 2D:4D ratio, a non invasive measure can be used to evaluate one’s cognitive abilities with regard to memory and learning.
IMPACTS OF THE PARTIAL RELOCATION OF HAZARIBAGH TANNERIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH: FOCUS ON CHILDREN AND VULNERABLE POPULATION
Authors: Haque Shama E. , Nahar Nazmun , Chowdhury Sadia , Sakib Ali S. , Saif Ahsan , Hasan Samiha , Gomes Alice S. , Nezum Sadia T. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to determine whether the partial relocation of Hazaribagh tanneries has any effect on the area’s soil quality with respect to chromium and to determine a possible link between human exposure/diseases to chromium, with the focus being placed on children and vulnerable population.
Methodology: Geochemical sampling and public health research related to fieldwork (Focus Group Discussions, two In-Depth Interview, and Key Informant Interview).
Main Findings: The study indicates that there is a significant presence of chromium in the area’s soil two years following the partial relocation of Hazaribagh tanneries. Flu-like symptoms, generalized skin rash, and fertility issues are common in the vulnerable population. The residents are ignorant, belong to the marginalized section of the society, and do not fully comprehend of the impact of environmental exposure to chromium.
Applications of this study: The geochemical data may be used to identify in situ treatment technologies for remediation of the area’s soil. The public health data will allow health policymakers to generate ideas and implement solutions to one of the greatest health challenges faced by the impacted population.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is multidisciplinary by nature and employs science and technology to systematically develop an insight into the environmental contamination resulting from the release of untreated effluent and solid waste containing chromium.