bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From administrative to political order? Global legal history, the organic law, and the constitution of mandate Syria, 1925–1930
Authors: Mestyan Adam 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article explores the making of the State of Syria after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. I argue that an event-based approach in global legal history offers a useful perspective for studying the transition from imperial to international and national systems. Drawing on new archival research in France and Saudi Arabia, I focus upon the creation of the 1928 Syrian constitution in the League’s mandate to show the administrative framework of political orders. First, I describe the French administrative logic through the story of the international ‘organic law’. Second, I describe the way the organic law necessitated the Syrian political constitution. The constrained constitutional process resulted in a clash and a compromise about a Muslim president between secularist republicans and exiled, Saudi-related Muslim monarchists. Global history can profit from this approach by rethinking decolonization as administrative reorganization and by focusing on dissenting, non-state actors in state-making.
Narrative and nuclear weapons politics: the entelechial force of the nuclear origin myth
Authors: Considine Laura 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper contributes a novel way to theorise the power of narratives of nuclear weapons politics through Kenneth Burke's concept of entelechy: the means of stating a things essence through narrating its beginning or end. The paper argues that the Manhattan Project functions narratively in nuclear discourse as an origin myth, so that the repeated telling of atomic creation over time frames the possibilities of nuclear politics today. By linking Burke's work on entelechy with literature on narrative and eschatology, the paper develops a theoretical grounding for understanding the interconnection of the nuclear past, present, and future. The paper supports its argument by conducting a wide-ranging survey of academic and popular accounts of the development of the atomic weapon in the US Manhattan Project. It reveals a dominant narrative across these accounts that contains three core tropes: the nuclear weapon as the inevitable and perfected culmination of humankind's tendency towards violence; the Manhattan Project as a race against time; and the nuclear weapon as a product of a fetishized masculine brilliance.
Maternal childhood trauma and prenatal stressors are associated with child behavioral health
Authors: Ahmad Shaikh I. , Rudd Kristen L. , LeWinn Kaja Z. , Mason W. Alex , Murphy Laura , Juarez Paul D. , Karr Catherine J. , Sathyanarayana Sheela , Tylavsky Frances A. , Bush Nicole R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMaternal adversity and prenatal stress confer risk for child behavioral health problems. Few studies have examined this intergenerational process across multiple dimensions of stress; fewer have explored potential protective factors. Using a large, diverse sample of mother–child dyads, we examined associations between maternal childhood trauma, prenatal stressors, and offspring socioemotional-behavioral development, while also examining potential resilience-promoting factors. The Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning and Early Childhood (CANDLE) study prospectively followed 1503 mother–child dyads (65% Black, 32% White) from pregnancy. Exposures included maternal childhood trauma, socioeconomic risk, intimate partner violence, and geocode-linked neighborhood violent crime during pregnancy. Child socioemotional-behavioral functioning was measured via the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (mean age = 1.1 years). Maternal social support and parenting knowledge during pregnancy were tested as potential moderators. Multiple linear regressions (N= 1127) revealed that maternal childhood trauma, socioeconomic risk, and intimate partner violence were independently, positively associated with child socioemotional-behavioral problems at age one in fully adjusted models. Maternal parenting knowledge moderated associations between both maternal childhood trauma and prenatal socioeconomic risk on child problems: greater knowledge was protective against the effects of socioeconomic risk and was promotive in the context of low maternal history of childhood trauma. Findings indicate that multiple dimensions of maternal stress and adversity are independently associated with child socioemotional-behavioral problems. Further, modifiable environmental factors, including knowledge regarding child development, can mitigate these risks. Both findings support the importance of parental screening and early intervention to promote child socioemotional-behavioral health.
A Scaling Approach for Retention Properties of Crystalline Rock: Case Study of the In‐Situ Long‐Term Sorption and Diffusion Experiment (LTDE‐SD) at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden
Authors: Tachi Yukio , Ito Tsuyoshi , Gylling Björn 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe in‐situ long‐term sorption and diffusion (LTDE‐SD) experiment performed at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden aims at increasing knowledge of sorption and diffusion processes of radionuclides in natural fractures and granodiorite matrix under in‐situ conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive modeling exercise focusing on the scaling approach for sorption and diffusion parameters from laboratory to in‐situ conditions using the LTDE‐SD data set for six representative radionuclides. The near‐surface heterogeneities at both the fracture surface and rock matrix were evaluated by the conceptual model with high porosity, diffusivity, and sorption capacity, as well as their gradual changes at the near‐surface zones. The modeling results for non‐sorbing Cl‐36 and weak‐sorbing Na‐22 validated the model concept and parameter estimation of porosity and diffusivity by considering a 5‐mm‐thick disturbed zone with gradual parameter changes and an undisturbed matrix characterized by constant parameters. The effective diffusivities (De) of these cationic and anionic tracers showed typical cation excess and anion exclusion effects; however, the cation excess diffusion was more pronounced due to the heterogeneous pore networks in this granodiorite. The modeling results for high‐sorbing tracers (Cs‐137, Ra‐226, Ni‐63, and Np‐237) with different sorption mechanisms validated the scaling approaches of distribution coefficients (Kd) as a function of particle size and their relation to near‐surface disturbances. Sorption dependence on particle size could be understood in relation to different sorption mechanisms and mineralogical features. This modeling exercise provided key recommendations toward better scaling approaches for estimating reliable De and Kd parameters under in‐situ conditions.
Influence of Thermal Stratification on the Structure and Evolution of the Martian Core
Authors: Greenwood Sam , Davies Christopher J. , Pommier Anne 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe apparent end of the internally generated Martian magnetic field at 3.6–4.1 Ga is a key event in Martian history and has been linked to insufficient core cooling. We investigate the thermal and magnetic evolution of the Martian core and mantle using parameterized models and considered three improvements on previous studies. First, our models account for thermal stratification in the core. Second, the models are constrained by estimates for the present‐day areotherm. Third, we consider core thermal conductivity, , values in the range 5–40 W as suggested by recent experiments on iron alloys at Mars core conditions. The majority of our models indicate that the core of Mars is fully conductive at present with core temperatures greater than 1940 K. All of our models are consistent with the range of W . Models with an activation volume of 6 (0) require a mantle reference viscosity of Pa s.
Formation of Pancake, Rolling Pin, and Cigar Distributions of Energetic Electrons at the Dipolarization Fronts (DFs) Driven by Magnetic Reconnection: A Two‐Dimensional Particle‐In‐Cell Simulation
Authors: Huang Kai , Lu Quanming , Lu San , Wang Rongsheng , Wang Shui 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation is performed to study the formation of the pitch angle distribution of energetic electrons at dipolarization fronts (DFs) driven by magnetic reconnection. The energetic electrons at DFs are originated from the lobe region, and experience a two‐step acceleration process at the reconnection x‐line and the DFs, respectively. Three kinds of pitch angle distributions commonly observed in the magnetotail, Pancake, Rolling pin, and Cigar distributions, are formed in sequence during the propagation of the DFs. In the early stage, Pancake distributions are formed through betatron acceleration. During this stage, the flux of energetic electrons with pitch angles around 0° and 180° is low because these electrons have no time to be reflected many times at the DFs to obtain sufficient Fermi acceleration. However, the electrons with pitch angles around 90° are difficult to be trapped around the DFs for a long time, and their flux saturates quickly; while the electrons with pitch angles around 0° and 180° can be trapped inside the closed field lines and they get continuous Fermi acceleration during the propagation of the DFs. Therefore, in the later stage, the flux of energetic electrons with pitch angles around 0° and 180° gradually increases and at last exceeds that of energetic electrons with pitch angles around 90°, forming Rolling pin and Cigar distributions in sequence.
Extracting Reliable P‐Wave Reflections From Teleseismic P Wave Coda Autocorrelation
Authors: Zhou Jinju , Zhang Wei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecently, many studies have demonstrated the use of teleseismic P wave coda autocorrelation for imaging lithosphere structures. However, the reliability of the extracted reflections remains uncertain and a means of evaluation is lacking. In this study, we propose a velocity analysis method that conveniently solves this problem in place of a synthetic experiment. This method considers the average velocity used for the moveout correction as an unknown quantity and then uses a continuously varying average velocity for the moveout correction. Finally, this method obtains a stacked result that varies with the average velocity and the vertical two‐way travel time to produce a diagram. This method is similar to the velocity analysis method used in exploration seismology. In this diagram, reliable reflections correspond to focused energy clusters, while noise lacks this feature. Therefore, this method helps determine which reflections are reliable, while also finding the appropriate parameters for data processing. Synthetic data tests demonstrate the validity of this method as well as a test of field data for station BOSA in the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa, which illustrates the successful application of the method in the case of a sharp and flat Moho discontinuity. Finally, we applied the method to the NCISP‐6 dense array and observed obvious energy clusters, representing reflections from the Moho discontinuity in the results for most stations. The depth and shape of the Moho discontinuity determined by this test are consistent with receiver function results, which verify the robustness of this method in relatively complex applications.
Terrestrial and Atmospheric Controls on Surface Energy Partitioning and Evaporative Fraction Regimes Over the Tibetan Plateau in the Growing Season
Authors: Yang Chenyi , Ma Yaoming , Yuan Yuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLand‐atmosphere interactions are an essential component of the climate system. However, no detailed description of the underlying effects of the surface forcing of the atmosphere has been established. In this study, GLEAM, MODIS, and ERA5 were the input set of multiple analysis algorithms, "segmentation" was the core idea of the analysis method. The study area is segmented into six surface response functional groups, and the multidimensional evaporation regime function was segmented into piecewise functions controlled by segment authoritative variables. Inspired by the surface heat balance equation and moisture‐limited, energy‐limited evaporation regimes, we chose soil moisture content and the net radiation flux to represent the moisture and energy status, respectively, and chose the leaf area index (LAI) to characterize the vegetation cover to investigate the primary effects of surface parameters on the energy partitioning of the land surface and evaporative regime. The results show that though a coupling strength 1.8 times greater was obtained when the LAI was used as the response variable instead of soil moisture, soil moisture was still the highest response variable in the regression tree analysis. This is consistent with the essence of the evaporative fraction and indicates that water should be the most fundamental response variable. The evaporative regime was subdivided from two phases into five phases according to the effects such as water extraction by vegetation, photosynthesis, soil shading, and roughness changes, each with an authoritative response variable.
Long‐Term Variation and Source Apportionment of Black Carbon at Mt. Waliguan, China
Authors: Dai Mingming , Zhu Bin , Fang Chenwei , Zhou Shunwu , Lu Wen , Zhao Delong , Ding Deping , Pan Chen , Liao Hong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) is a significant driver of global climate change, and its long‐term variation is affected by a combination of anthropogenic activities and meteorological diffusion conditions. However, distinguishing the effects of these two factors on BC variation has proven difficult. In this study, we used the China Black Carbon Observational Network data set to assess the diurnal, seasonal, and long‐term BC trends at Mt. Waliguan (WLG) from 2008 to 2017. The mean BC concentration at WLG was 449 ± 366 ng/m3, with a decreasing trend of 2 %yr−1, which was mainly related to emission reduction measures in China. The BC concentration at WLG was higher under easterly air masses than that under westerly air masses, which suggests that the former are conducive to BC transport from the highly polluted eastern regions. Due to the origin and velocity of air masses, the BC concentration at WLG in summer is higher than that in winter. The intensity of the Tibetan Plateau monsoon had an important positive influence on the easterly air masses frequency, which modulated BC transport to WLG in summer. According to the concentration‐weighted trajectory analysis, the high‐potential BC source regions were distributed in Lanzhou, Chengdu, and Xi'an urban agglomerations as well as in northern India. Community Atmosphere Model 5 simulations with a BC‐tagging technique inferred North Central China, Northwest China, and Indian Peninsula to be the major BC source regions to WLG, accounting for 56.1%, 17.5%, and 12.1% of the total BC, respectively.
Radiation Environment at the Surface and Subsurface of the Moon: Model Development and Validation
Authors: Dobynde Mikhail I. , Guo Jingnan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA comprehensive understanding of the lunar radiation environment is essential in preparing for future human exploration of the Moon. The radiation environment on the Moon includes primary space radiation and secondary radiation, which is induced in the lunar soil. Both primary and secondary radiation may pose severe health issues to future crews on the Moon. In this work, we build a detailed radiation environment model “Radiation Environment and Dose at the Moon (REDMoon)” for the lunar surface and subsurface. We use the GEANT4 (GEometry ANd Tracking) Monte‐Carlo code and “response function” approach to calculate type‐, energy‐, angular‐, depth‐, and time‐dependent particle spectra induced by galactic cosmic rays at the surface and subsurface of the Moon. Calculated radiation particle fluxes on and beneath the surface are in good agreement with previous experimental and numerical results while offering more details on the lunar radiation fields, such as angular and depth information. The depth profile of secondary particle spectra in the lunar soil has a maximum between 0.5 and 1 m below the surface, depending on particle type and energy. The angular distribution of secondary particles (in particular neutron, ‐rays, electrons) with energy 1 MeV is mostly isotropic, while higher energy particles preferentially propagate downward. Our model provides full coverage of the spatial, directional, and energy information of the radiation field at the surface and subsurface of the Moon, which can serve for designing future human bases on the Moon.
Determining the Effect of Varying Magmatic Volatile Content on Lunar Magma Ascent Dynamics
Authors: Lo M. , La Spina G. , Joy K. H. , Polacci M. , Burton M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Moon is not volcanically active at present, therefore, we rely on data from lunar samples, remote sensing, and numerical modeling to understand past lunar volcanism. The role of different volatile species in propelling lunar magma ascent and eruption remains unclear. We adapt a terrestrial magma ascent model for lunar magma ascent, considering different compositions of picritic magmas and various abundances of H2, H2O, and CO (measured and estimated) for these magmas. We also conduct a sensitivity analysis to investigate the relationship between selected input parameters (pre‐eruptive pressure, temperature, conduit radius, and volatile content) and given outputs (exit gas volume fraction, velocity, pressure, and mass eruption rate). We find that, for the model simulations containing H2O and CO, CO was more significant than H2O in driving lunar magma ascent, for the range of volatile contents considered here. For the simulations containing H2 and CO, H2 had a similar or slightly greater control than CO on magma ascent dynamics. Our results showed that initial H2 and CO content has a strong control on exit velocity and pressure, two factors that strongly influence the formation of an eruption plume, pyroclast ejection, and overall deposit morphology. Our results highlight the importance of (a) quantifying and determining the origin of CO, and (b) understanding the abundance of different H‐species present within the lunar mantle. Quantifying the role of volatiles in driving lunar volcanism provides an important link between the interior volatile content of the Moon and the formation of volcanic deposits on the lunar surface.
Anticipatory Drainage Base Management for Groundwater Level Optimization
Authors: van de Craats D. , van der Zee S. E. A. T. M. , Leijnse A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractControlled drainage is normally operated on a seasonal timescale to increase availability of water and to limit nutrient loss to surface water. It is conceivable that with more frequent, or even daily, management of the drainage base, controlled drainage can be both more efficient and effective. With the analytical successive steady state model presented here, rapid simulations of groundwater level and discharge as a function of time for a field under either regular or controlled drainage are feasible. The model includes effects of sudden changes in drainage base as well as damping and attenuation of dynamics by the unsaturated zone. It is validated against a numerical model and shows good agreement with numerical results. We demonstrate how this analytical model may facilitate anticipatory drainage base management based on ensemble weather forecasts, such that groundwater levels can be maintained at a theoretical optimal level.
Investigating the Effects of Land Use Change on Subsurface, Surface, and Atmospheric Branches of the Hydrologic Cycle in Central Argentina
Authors: Pal Sujan , Dominguez Francina , Bollatti Pablo , Oncley Steven P. , Yang Yi , Alvarez Javier , Garcia Carlos M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSince the 1970s, land cover in central Argentina has shifted away from perennial crops and grasses toward annual crops, largely soy. In this study, we use observations and modeling to understand how this shift in land use has affected the sub‐surface, surface, and atmospheric fluxes of moisture and energy in a flat agricultural area. We analyze the flux tower data from a paired site at Marcos Juarez in central Argentina during the period of the RELAMPAGO field campaign (2018–2019). When compared to perennial alfalfa, the observations over soy show lower evapotranspiration (ET) and specific humidity, higher sensible heat, higher outgoing shortwave radiation, and soil temperature. Water table (WT) depth is shallower below the soy than the alfalfa sites. To better understand the long‐term temporal behavior from 1970s to present, the Budyko framework is used to show that the trends in ET cannot be explained by climate variables alone. We then use the Noah‐MP land surface model calibrated at both soy and alfalfa sites. Long‐term simulations of the calibrated model suggests that ∼95% of precipitation is evaporated in the alfalfa site with negligible recharge and runoff. Contrarily in the case of soy, ET is about 68% of precipitation, leaving nearly 28% for recharge and 4% for runoff. Observed increases in streamflow and decreases in WT depth over time are likely linked to shifts in land cover. Furthermore, the partitioning of net radiation shifts from latent heat to sensible heat resulting in a 250% increase in Bowen ratio (from 0.2 to 0.7).
Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Boreal Lakes: High Spatial and Inter‐Annual Variability Controlled by Landscape Attributes and Wet‐Dry Periods
Authors: Pugh E. A. , Olefeldt D. , Leader S. N. , Hokanson K. J. , Devito K. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractConcentration and chemical composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) influence several lake functions; greenhouse gas exchange, nutrient cycling, food webs, and water treatability. To assess spatial and inter‐annual controls on DOC characteristics, 34 lakes were sampled annually for 8 years on the Boreal Plains, Western Canada—a region with heterogeneous surficial geology, and a sub‐humid climate with pronounced inter‐annual wet‐dry periods. Large spatial variability in long‐term average DOC concentration (10–49 mg C L−1) and aromaticity (SUVA254: 1.2–3.9 L mg−1 C m−1) among lakes was found. Higher DOC concentrations and aromaticity were associated with lakes in watersheds with fine‐textured surficial geology and with relatively large contributions through shallow, organic‐rich flow paths. Lake DOC aromaticity was also higher in lakes with lower evaporative enrichment, regardless of surficial geology, indicating shorter lake water residence times and less within‐lake degradation of allochthonous DOC. High inter‐annual variability for both DOC and aromaticity was observed, with coefficients of variation at 10.9 ± 4.6% and 11.1 ± 2.5% among lakes, respectively. Inter‐annual variability in DOC concentrations had low synchronicity among lakes, with patterns of variability linked to surficial geology and primarily responsive to short‐term cumulative precipitation. Conversely, inter‐annual variability in aromaticity had high synchronicity among lakes, driven by longer‐term cumulative precipitation and shifts in lake water residence times. Our study shows it is necessary to consider lake hydrogeomorphic setting and climate to understand spatial and inter‐annual variability in lake DOC characteristics and associated lake functions, and that Boreal Plains lakes have high climate sensitivity.