bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Happens if the Brain Goes Elsewhere? Reflections on Head Transplantation and Personal Embodiment
Authors: Cherry Mark J 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBrain transplants have long been no more than the subject of science fiction and engaging thought experiments. That is no longer true. Neuroscientists have announced their intention to transplant the head of a volunteer onto a donated body. Response has been decidedly mixed. How should we think about the moral permissibility of head transplants? Is it a life-saving/life-enhancing opportunity that appropriately expands the boundaries of medical practice? Or, is it a bioethical morass that ought not to be attempted? For the purposes of this paper, I set aside questions regarding the surgical operation’s technological plausibility so as to focus on very basic questions regarding personal identity and the morality of head transplantation. The analysis begins with an exploration of the embodiment of persons. It considers whether persons can be conceptually distinguished from all parts of their body, even if they cannot be physically separated from some parts without loss of personhood. It argues that in most cases replacing body parts with reasonably similar parts will not destroy the conditions for sustaining personhood. However, as I explore, the phenomenology of personhood is such that some physical changes may prove to be too significant to maintain personal identity successfully over time. Given such complexity and the significance of the costs involved, the moral permissibility of head transplantation likely depends on recognizing that persons may give permission to collaborate in common activities, including projects with which others deeply disagree, provided that they only utilize the services and resources of free and consenting others.
The clash of ‘E’ and ‘S’ of ESG: just transition on the path to net zero and the implications for sustainable corporate governance and finance
Authors: Gözlügöl Alperen A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Climate change is one of the highest-ranking issues on the political and social agenda. Corporations are one of the main actors that will play a major role in the decarbonization of the economy. They need to put forward a net zero strategy and targets, transitioning to net zero by 2050. Yet, an important but rather overlooked stakeholder group in the sustainability debates can pose a significant stumbling block in this transition: employees. Although climate action has huge benefits by ameliorating adverse environmental events and is expected to have an overall positive impact on employment, net-zero transition in companies, especially in the energy sector in certain regions, will cause substantial adverse employment effects for the workforce. This has the potential to slow down or even derail the necessary climate action in companies. In this regard, just transition is a promising concept, which calls for a swift and decisive climate action in corporations while taking account of and mitigating adverse effects for their workforce. If well implemented, it can accelerate net-zero transition in companies. This potential clash of environmental (E) and social (S) aspects of environmental, social and governance agenda, materialized in the companies’ net-zero transition, and its potential remedy, just transition, have important implications for corporate governance and finance, especially for directors’ duties and executive remuneration, sustainability disclosures, institutional investors’ engagement and green finance.
Developing a platform for production of the oxylipin KODA in plants
Authors: Ihara Yuta , Wakamatsu Takayuki , Yokoyama Mineyuki , Maezawa Daisuke , Ohta Hiroyuki , Shimojima Mie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
KODA (9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid) is a plant oxylipin involved in recovery from stress. As an agrichemical, KODA helps maintain crop production under various environmental stresses. In plants, KODA is synthesized from α-linolenic acids via 9-lipoxygenase (9-LOX) and allene oxide synthase (AOS), although the amount is usually low, except in the free-floating aquatic plant Lemna paucicostata. To improve KODA biosynthetic yield in other plants such as Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana, we developed a system to overproduce KODA in vivo via ectopic expression of L. paucicostata 9-LOX and AOS. The transient expression in N. benthamiana showed that the expression of these two genes is sufficient to produce KODA in leaves. However, stable expression of 9-LOX and AOS (with consequent KODA production) in Arabidopsis plants succeeded only when the two proteins were targeted to plastids or the endoplasmic reticulum/lipid droplets. Although only small amounts of KODA could be detected in crude leaf extracts of transgenic Nicotiana or Arabidopsis plants, subsequent incubation of the extracts increased KODA abundance over time. Therefore, KODA production in transgenic plants stably expressing 9-LOX and AOS requires specific sub-cellular localization of these two enzymes and incubation of crude leaf extracts, which liberates α-linolenic acid via breakdown of endogenous lipids.
Real-Life Effectiveness and Safety of Baricitinib as Adjunctive to Standard-of-Care Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Tziolos Nikolaos , Karofylakis Emmanouil , Grigoropoulos Ioannis , Kazakou Pinelopi , Koullias Emmanouil , Savva Athina , Kranidioti Hariklia , Pelekanou Aimilia , Boulouta Anna , Pirounaki Maria , Tsiodras Sotirios , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Boumpas Dimitrios T , Kavatha Dimitra , Thomas Konstantinos , Vassilopoulos Dimitrios , Antoniadou Anastasia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Therapeutic options for hospitalized patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (sCOVID-19) are limited. Preliminary data have shown promising results with baricitinib, but real-life experience is lacking. We assessed the safety and effectiveness of add-on baricitinib to standard-of-care (SOC) including dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with sCOVID-19.

Methods
This study is a 2-center, observational, retrospective cohort study of patients with sCOVID-19, comparing outcomes and serious events between patients treated with SOC versus those treated with SOC and baricitinib combination.

Results
We included 369 patients with sCOVID-19 (males 66.1%; mean age 65.2 years; median symptom duration 6 days). The SOC was administered in 47.7% and combination in 52.3%. Patients treated with the combination reached the composite outcome (intensive care unit [ICU] admission or death) less frequently compared with SOC (22.3% vs 36.9%, P = .002). Mortality rate was lower with the combination in the total cohort (14.7% vs 26.6%, P = .005), and ICU admission was lower in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (29.7% vs 44.8%, P = .03). By multivariable analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36–2.44, per 10-year increase), partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = .52–0.68, per 10 units increase), and use of high-flow nasal cannula (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, .16–0.74) were associated with the composite outcome, whereas baricitinib use was marginally not associated with the composite outcome (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, .26–1.03). However, baricitinib use was found to be significant after inverse-probability weighted regression (OR = 0.93; 95% CI, .87–0.99). No difference in serious events was noted between treatment groups.

Conclusions
In real-life settings, addition of baricitinib to SOC in patients hospitalized with sCOVID-19 is associated with decreased mortality without concerning safety signals.
Dietary exposures and allergy prevention in high-risk infants
Authors: Abrams Elissa M , Orkin Julia , Cummings Carl , Blair Becky , Chan Edmond S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Infants at high risk for developing a food allergy have either an atopic condition (such as eczema) themselves or an immediate family member with such a condition. Breastfeeding should be promoted and supported regardless of issues pertaining to food allergy prevention, but for infants whose mothers cannot or choose not to breastfeed, using a specific formula (i.e., hydrolyzed formula) is not recommended to prevent food allergies. When cow’s milk protein formula has been introduced in an infant’s diet, make sure that regular ingestion (as little as 10 mL daily) is maintained to prevent loss of tolerance. For high-risk infants, there is compelling evidence that introducing allergenic foods early—at around 6 months, but not before 4 months of age—can prevent common food allergies, and allergies to peanut and egg in particular. Once an allergenic food has been introduced, regular ingestion (e.g., a few times a week) is important to maintain tolerance. Common allergenic foods can be introduced without pausing for days between new foods, and the risk for a severe reaction at first exposure in infancy is extremely low. Pre-emptive in-office screening before introducing allergenic foods is not recommended. No recommendations can be made at this time about the role of maternal dietary modification during pregnancy or lactation, or about supplementing with vitamin D, omega 3, or pre- or probiotics as means to prevent food allergy.
A Budget Impact Analysis of Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease: The Medicaid Perspective
Authors: DeMartino Patrick , Haag Meredith B. , Hersh Alyssa R. , Caughey Aaron B. , Roth Joshua A. 
Published: December 2021

(Abstracted from JAMA Pediatr 2021;175(6):617–623)
Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects approximately 100,000 people in the United States, with a promising gene therapy option for treatment likely to enter the market soon. However, this therapy is expected to cost over $1 million.
Intrauterine Device Use, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Fertility: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Peipert Jeffrey F. , Zhao Qiuhong , Schreiber Courtney A. , Teal Stephanie , Turok David K. , Natavio Melissa , Cordon Sabrina , Daggy Joanne 
Published: December 2021

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021;225:157.e1–157.e9)
The perception exists among patients and their health care providers that impaired fertility and infection can be caused by intrauterine device (IUD), despite a retrospective cohort study evaluating IUD use and subsequent infertility finding of no significant association. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the association of IUD use as well as past sexually transmitted infection (STI) and time to conception in a cohort of women discontinuing contraceptive IUD to attempt conception.
The Association of Preoperative Medication Administration and Preoperative and Intraoperative Factors With Postoperative Urinary Retention After Urogynecologic Surgery
Authors: Schmidt Payton , Kobernik Emily K. , Fairchild Pamela S. , Anderson Alec , Lanham Michael , Berger Mitchell B. 
Published: December 2021

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2021;27:527–531)
Between 2% and 42% of women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) or urinary incontinence experience postoperative urinary retention (PUR) within 4 weeks of surgery. PUR is managed by using urinary catheters to avoid bladder distension, but this increases the risk for urinary tract infections and patient dissatisfaction.
Early Predictors of Poor Neurologic Outcomes in a Prospective Cohort of Infants With Antenatal Exposure to Zika Virus
Authors: Tiene Sophia Finn , Cranston Jessica S. , Nielsen-Saines Karin , Kerin Tara , Fuller Trevon , Vasconcelos Zilton , Marschik Peter B. , Zhang Dajie , Pone Marcos , Pone Sheila , Zin Andrea , Brickley Elizabeth , Orofino Dulce , Brasil Patricia , Adachi Kristina , da Costa Ana Carolina C. , Lopes Moreira Maria Elisabeth 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Identify early predictors of poor neurodevelopment in infants with antenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure.

Methods:
Analysis of a prospective cohort of infants with antenatal ZIKV exposure confirmed by maternal or infant RT-PCR or IgM during the epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Clinical findings before 3 months of age were associated with Bayley-III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development conducted after 6 months of age.

Results:
ZIKV exposure was confirmed in 219 cases; 162 infants were normocephalic, 53 were microcephalic, 4 had no head circumference recorded because of perinatal death/LTFU. Seven of the 112 normocephalic infants developed secondary microcephaly between 3 weeks and 8 months of age. Among the normocephalic at birth cohort, the mean HCZ among normal, at risk, and developmentally delayed children was significantly different (ANOVA, P = 0.02). In particular, the mean HCZ of the developmentally delayed group was significantly lower than that of the normal group (Tukey’s test, P = 0.014). HCZ was more strongly associated with lower expressive language scores (P = 0.04) than receptive language scores (P = 0.06). The rate of auditory abnormalities differed among the normal, at risk, and developmentally delayed groups (Chi-squared test, P = 0.016), which was driven by the significant difference between the normal and at risk groups (post hoc test, P = 0.011, risk ratio 3.94). Auditory abnormalities were associated with both expressive and receptive language delays (P = 0.02 and P = 0.02, respectively).

Conclusions:
Clear predictors of neurodevelopment in normocephalic ZIKV-exposed children have not been previously identified. Our findings demonstrate that smaller HCZ and auditory abnormalities in these infants correlate with poor neurodevelopment as toddlers. Language delay is the most prominent developmental concern among these children, who will require frequent auditory and speech evaluations throughout childhood.
Childhood Invasive Bacterial Disease in Kathmandu, Nepal (2005–2013)
Authors: Carter Michael J. , Gurung Meeru , Pokhrel Bhishma , Bijukchhe Sanjeev Man , Karmacharya Sudhir , Khadka Bijay , Maharjan Anju , Bhattarai Suraj , Shrestha Swosti , Khadka Bibek , Khulal Animesh , Gurung Sunaina , Dhital Bijaya , Prajapati Krishna G. , Ansari Imran , Shah Ganesh P. , Wahl Brian , Kandasamy Rama , Pradhan Rahul , Kelly Sarah , Voysey Merryn , Murdoch David R. , Adhikari Neelam , Thorson Stephen , Kelly Dominic , Shrestha Shrijana , Pollard Andrew J. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Invasive bacterial disease (IBD; including pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in low-income countries.

Methods:
We analyzed data from a surveillance study of suspected community-acquired IBD in children <15 years of age in Kathmandu, Nepal, from 2005 to 2013 before introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). We detailed the serotype-specific distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and incorporated antigen and PCR testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from children with meningitis.

Results:
Enhanced surveillance of IBD was undertaken during 2005–2006 and 2010–2013. During enhanced surveillance, a total of 7956 children were recruited of whom 7754 had blood or CSF culture results available for analysis, and 342 (4%) had a pathogen isolated. From 2007 to 2009, all 376 positive culture results were available, with 259 pathogens isolated (and 117 contaminants). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was the most prevalent pathogen isolated (167 cases, 28% of pathogens), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (98 cases, 16% pathogens). Approximately, 73% and 78% of pneumococcal serotypes were contained in 10-valent and 13-valent PCV, respectively. Most cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) were among children ≥5 years of age from 2008 onward. Antigen and PCR testing of CSF for pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b and meningococci increased the number of these pathogens identified from 33 (culture) to 68 (culture/antigen/PCR testing).

Conclusions:

S. enterica serovar Typhi and S. pneumoniae accounted for 44% of pathogens isolated. Most pneumococcal isolates were of serotypes contained in PCVs. Antigen and PCR testing of CSF improves sensitivity for IBD pathogens.
Venomous Snake and Spider Bites in Pregnancy
Authors: Chen Emily , Dotters-Katz Sarah , Kuller Jeffrey A. , Varvoutis Megan 
Published: December 2021

Importance
Venomous snake and spider bites are relatively rare in the Unites States and even more so in the pregnant population. However, the impact of a venomous bite, also known as an envenomation, can be serious in a pregnant patient. Thus, providers in endemic and high-risk areas must be familiar with the management of envenomation in the pregnant population.

Objective
The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on the most common snake and spider envenomations in the United States, the effects of envenomation on maternal and fetal health, and the management of envenomation in pregnancy.

Evidence Acquisition
Original research articles, review articles, and guidelines on snake and spider envenomation were reviewed.

Results
Snake envenomation carries higher risks of maternal morbidity and fetal morbidity and mortality than spider envenomation. Although the data are limited, current literature suggests that both snake and spider antivenom can be used in the pregnant population without significant adverse outcomes. However, the risks of an adverse hypersensitivity reaction with antivenom administration should be weighed carefully with the benefits.

Conclusions and Relevance
The use of antivenom therapy in the symptomatic envenomated pregnant population is likely safe with the appropriate monitoring and follow-up. Knowledge of the indications for antivenom therapy and proper escalation of care are vital to optimizing maternal and fetal outcomes. More research is needed to determine the effects of both envenomation and antivenom therapy on the pregnant patient and their fetus.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians

Learning Objectives
After participating in this activity, the provider should be better able to identify the most common venomous snakes and spiders in the United States; describe the maternal presentation and potential maternal and fetal effects of envenomation; and explain the appropriate use of antivenom therapy in pregnancy.
Interventions Using mHealth Strategies to Improve Screening Rates of Cervical Cancer: A Scoping Review
Authors: Bhochhibhoya Shristi , Dobbs Page D. , Maness Sarah B. 
Published: December 2021

(Abstracted from Prev Med 2021;143:106387)
Despite significant improvement through the past decade in implementation and adoption of cervical cancer screening and prevention worldwide, in 2018, the global age standardized incidence and mortality rates were 13.1 and 6.9 per 100,000 women, respectively. Current screening guidelines suggest a papillomavirus test (Papanicolaou test) every 3 years for women aged 21 through 65 years.
Does Aspirin Prescribed to Women Deemed High Risk for Preterm Pre-Eclampsia at 11–13+6 Weeks Gestation Affect the Prevalence of Small for Gestational Age Neonates?
Authors: Park Felicity , O'Brien Cecelia , Phung Jason , Emeto Theophilus , Hyett Jon 
Published: December 2021

(Abstracted from Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2021;61:347–353)
Previous studies have reported that aspirin can be used to reduce the prevalence of both early-onset preeclampsia (ePET) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). The prevention of FGR would improve both pregnancy and infant outcomes and could also reduce costs to the health care system.
Association of Maternal Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy With Early Childhood Health Outcomes
Authors: Mehrabadi Azar , Dodds Linda , MacDonald Noni E. , Top Karina A. , Benchimol Eric I. , Kwong Jeffrey C. , Ortiz Justin R. , Sprague Ann E. , Walsh Laura K. , Wilson Kumanan , Fell Deshayne B. 
Published: December 2021

(Abstracted from JAMA 2021;325:2285–2293)
Vaccination for seasonal influenza is an important health intervention, even for pregnant women. Influenza vaccination helps to reduce the risk of severe influenza illness for the mother and child.
Association of Simulation Training With Rates of Medical Malpractice Claims Among Obstetrician-Gynecologists
Authors: Schaffer Adam C. , Babayan Astrid , Einbinder Jonathan S. , Sato Luke , Gardner Roxane 
Published: December 2021

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2021;138:246–252)
In the United States, adverse events occur in approximately 2% to 16% of deliveries. Root cause analysis and medical malpractice claims data point to issues in communication as the most common problem in these cases.
Imaging-based Machine-learning Models to Predict Clinical Outcomes and Identify Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Janssen Boris V. , Verhoef Severano , Wesdorp Nina J. , Huiskens Joost , de Boer Onno J. , Marquering Henk , Stoker Jaap , Kazemier Geert , Besselink Marc G. 
Published: December 2021

Objective:
To perform a scoping review of imaging-based machine-learning models to predict clinical outcomes and identify biomarkers in patients with PDAC.

Summary of Background Data:
Patients with PDAC could benefit from better selection for systemic and surgical therapy. Imaging-based machine-learning models may improve treatment selection.

Methods:
A scoping review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses-scoping review guidelines in the PubMed and Embase databases (inception-October 2020). The review protocol was prospectively registered (open science framework registration: m4cyx). Included were studies on imaging-based machine-learning models for predicting clinical outcomes and identifying biomarkers for PDAC. The primary outcome was model performance. An area under the curve (AUC) of ≥0.75, or a P-value of ≤0.05, was considered adequate model performance. Methodological study quality was assessed using the modified radiomics quality score.

Results:
After screening 1619 studies, 25 studies with 2305 patients fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All but 1 study was published in 2019 and 2020. Overall, 23/25 studies created models using radiomics features, 1 study quantified vascular invasion on computed tomography, and one used histopathological data. Nine models predicted clinical outcomes with AUC measures of 0.78–0.95, and C-indices of 0.65–0.76. Seventeen models identified biomarkers with AUC measures of 0.68–0.95. Adequate model performance was reported in 23/25 studies. The methodological quality of the included studies was suboptimal, with a median modified radiomics quality score score of 7/36.

Conclusions:
The use of imaging-based machine-learning models to predict clinical outcomes and identify biomarkers in patients with PDAC is increasingly rapidly. Although these models mostly have good performance scores, their methodological quality should be improved.