bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Radiotherapy in Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Helou Joelle , Loblaw Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Radiation is a standard treatment approach in the treatment of prostate cancer, in either a definitive or postoperative setting. There is mounting evidence of improved cancer outcomes with higher doses of radiation in all risk categories, including low-risk prostate cancer patients. Technical advances with the emergence of inverse planning intensity-modulated techniques combined with image guidance have allowed for dose escalation using external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). However, despite more accurate treatment delivery, dose-escalated radiation has consistently translated into increased toxicity. Stereotactic body radiotherapy and brachytherapy offer great means of dose escalation to the prostate without increasing the dose to the surrounding organs. Radiation options for low-risk patients include hypofractionated EBRT and brachytherapy monotherapy. Intermediate-risk patients can be divided into favorable and unfavorable groups. For favorable-risk disease, monotherapeutic approaches could be considered, whereas for unfavorable intermediate-risk and high-risk disease, a combination of therapies must be considered. In the postoperative setting, adjuvant radiation improves biochemical outcomes in patients with adverse pathologic features (pT3 and/or positive margins).

This review contains 2 figures, 5 tables, 1 video and 135 refereces
Key words: prostate cancer, radiation therapy, brachytherapy, stereotactic ablative body radiation, hypofractionation, hormonal therapy
Clinical Aspects of Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Knopman David 
Published: January 2021

The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been well established, but there is a widespread misunderstanding about the relationship between dementia (a syndrome) and AD (a cause of dementia). AD is the most common etiology that causes dementia in mid- and late life. The prototypical clinical presentation is that of a gradually worsening problem with learning new information, that is, a short-term memory deficit, accompanied by cognitive impairment in other domains, including language, spatial cognition, and executive functioning, as well as changes in personality and behavior. A key element of the diagnosis of dementia is that daily functioning is impaired. The concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as the earliest symptomatic presentation of a dementing illness is now widely accepted. MCI due to AD typically presents with isolated problems with learning and memory without substantial loss of ability to function in daily life. Less common variants of AD are now recognized and include a disorder in which spatial and visual cognitive dysfunction occurs or in which word-finding problems predominate at the onset of symptoms. Although AD as a cause of dementia is the most common among etiologies, AD often co-occurs with other neurodegenerative diseases and with cerebrovascular disease. The presence of multietiology dementia in which AD is a contributor is particularly common in the eighth decade of life and beyond.
This review contains 1 figure, 3 tables, and 28 references
Keywords: Alzheimer disease, cognitive impairment, dementia, mild cognitive impairment
Specific Antibiotic Agents
Authors: Letourneau Alyssa R. , Calderwood Michael S. 
Published: January 2021

The simultaneous use of multiple antibiotics in a shotgun fashion should be avoided because of the problems of drug toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions, microbial superinfections, and antagonisms between certain agents. Most bacterial infections can be treated satisfactorily with a single antibiotic agent. There are a limited number of situations, however, in which the simultaneous administration of different antibiotics is warranted. This review covers specific antimicrobial agents, including β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, polymyxins, tetracyclines, macrolides, clindamycin, nitroimidazoles, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, lipoglycopeptides, oxazolidinones, daptomycin, streptogramins, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, rifamycins, and fidaxomicin, and provides empirical therapy recommendations. Figures show an overview of penicillin antibiotics, an overview of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and a positive D-zone test for inducible clindamycin resistance. Tables list antibacterial guidelines for initial inpatient empirical therapy and empirical sepsis guidelines.

This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 48 references.
Keywords: β-Lactam Antibiotics ,penicillins,Cephalosporins, Carbapenems , monobactams, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Polymyxins, Tetracyclines, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin
Abnormal Menstrual Bleeding
Authors: Hsiao Chu , Dumeny Leanne , Holliday Candice P. , Spiryda Lisa 
Published: January 2021

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common presentation that can occur in all age groups. AUB is an umbrella term for any uterine bleeding that occurs outside a woman’s normal pattern in volume, regularity, and/or timing. AUB is described by using frequency, regularity, duration, and volume or by using PALM-COEIN (Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy and premalignant conditions; Coagulopathy, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, Iatrogenic, Not yet classified). Workup for AUB comprises a history (with a detailed menstrual history), physical examination (including a pelvic and bimanual examination), lab tests, and imaging (primarily transvaginal ultrasonography). For treatment, medical therapies should be considered before surgical therapies, especially when fertility is desired. The decisions for treatment are based on etiology, fertility concerns, contraindications, or patient preference. Of the medical therapies, there are hormonal and nonhormonal therapies. The most common treatments for AUB are levonorgestrel intrauterine device, tranexamic acid, oral contraceptives, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The most common surgical treatments are myomectomy, endometrial ablation, uterine artery embolization, and hysterectomy.

This review contains 7 figures, 10 tables and 45 references
Key words: abnormal uterine bleeding, adenomyosis, contraceptives, endometrial, fibroids, hysterectomy, menorrhagia
Gastrointestinal Diseases in Pregnancy
Authors: Cai Jennifer X , S. de Silva Punyanganie 
Published: January 2021

During pregnancy many chronic gastrointestinal disorders can undergo exacerbations. In addition, pregnant women are often susceptible to new gastrointestinal symptoms. The goal of care is to control symptoms, minimize exposure to excessive tests and medications and rule out any urgent need for surgery. Efforts should be made to minimize risk to mother and fetus when performing diagnostic endoscopic and radiologic tests. In this chapter, we will review the current management of common gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease, constipation, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease and gall stone disease. The safety of medications used to treat gastrointestinal disease will be reviewed and new treatment guidelines and concepts will be discussed.
This review contains 5 tables, 4 figures and 55 references.
Key words: appendicitis, cholelithiasis, constipation, Crohn’s disease, gall stones, gastrointestinal disease, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, jaundice, pregnancy, ulcerative colitis
Pneumonia and Other Pulmonary Infections
Authors: Serrano Karen D. , Fruhan Scott A. 
Published: January 2021

Pulmonary infections span a wide spectrum, ranging from self-limited to life threatening. Pneumonia refers to infection of lung parenchyma, specifically the alveolar or gas-exchanging portions of the lung. Taken together, pneumonia and influenza rank as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading infectious cause of death in the United States and the world. Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB, historically a leading cause of death worldwide, remains an enormous global public health epidemic in much of the developing world. Rates of coinfection with HIV are high, and HIV increases the morbidity and mortality associated with TB. This review details the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of pulmonary infection, including pneumonia, empyema, pulmonary abscess, and tuberculosis (TB). Figures show chest radiographs of reactivation pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV-infected patients with proven culture-confirmed tuberculosis, prominent hilar adenopathy with clear lung fields, and bilateral interstitial changes; and treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis. Tables list major causes of pulmonary infection, host defence mechanisms against pulmonary infection, initial empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with suspected community-acquired pneumonia, initial antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in outpatients, initial antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in patients who require hospitalization, antibiotic choices for aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia severity index scoring, and mortality by pneumonia severity index point score.

This review contains 2 figures, 9 tables, and 87 references
Key words: Pulmonary infections; Pneumonia; Tuberculosis; Lung infection; Mycobacteria; Community-acquired pneumonia; Health care-associated pneumonia; Aspiration pneumonia; Empyema; Legionnaires disease
Ventilator Weaning
Authors: Brajcich Brian , Hwalek Ann , Posluszny Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Ventilator weaning/liberation is a complex process that requires focus on a patient’s respiratory mechanics, strength, awareness, airway patency, and secretions while also keeping in mind a patient’s overall clinical status and critical illness. The recommendations in the chapter are based on evidence-based medicine when available. When no clear data can definitively guide patient management, clinical guidelines and accepted practices are described. Our hope is that the reader finds this chapter as a reliable and safe way to approach ventilator liberation.

This review contains 4 figures, 6 tables and 77 references
Key Words: ABCDE bundle, diaphragm dysfunction, negative inspiratory force, reintubation, RSBI, sedation, spontaneous breathing trial, tracheostomy, ventilator liberation, ventilator weaning
Diet And Nutrition In The Treatment Of Prediabetes And Diabetes
Authors: Villasmil Priscilla Escalona , Siegel Richard D 
Published: January 2021

The incidence of type 2 diabetes has been increasing dramatically throughout the world, closely linked to Westernized dietary patterns, physical inactivity, and rising rates of obesity, and has become a challenging health problem. Lifestyle changes are effective measures to prevent diabetes, and diet is one of the most important components of diabetes treatment. There is now strong evidence from epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or at least delayed in those at high risk for progressing to diabetes by a combination of diet and physical activity resulting in weight loss. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is the process by which the nutrition prescription is customized for patients with diabetes. RCTs have demonstrated a positive effect of MNT in diabetes management. Studies documenting the effectiveness of MNT for type 1 and 2 diabetes report improvements in hemoglobin A1C and in other outcomes. A nutrition prescription should be individualized for each patient based on individual preferences, cultural background, and social and financial context. Lifestyle interventions should be considered monotherapy in prediabetes and the initial treatment of type 2 diabetes. Evidence from prospective cohort studies and RCTs has shown the importance of eating patterns in the prevention and management of diabetes. With the worldwide increase in obesity, it will be important to get further evidence of how lifestyle interventions affect clinical outcomes such as microvascular and macrovascular disease.

This review contains 6 figures, 6 tables and 90 references
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, nutrition, prevention, obesity, lifestyle, glucose, diet, physical activity
Acute Testicular Torsion: Presentation and Diagnosis
Authors: Berrondo Claudia , Mevorach Robert A. , Cubillos Jimena 
Published: January 2021

Testicular torsion is the most common pediatric urologic emergency and is a common cause of acute scrotal pain. Timely diagnosis is important for testicular salvage,as treatment delayed beyond 6 hours from the onset of symptoms is the most predictive factor of testicular death. There is a bimodal distribution of age with extravaginal torsion most commonly presenting in the neonatal period and intravaginal torsion most commonly presenting around the onset of puberty. Intermittent testicular torsion presents a unique challenge in making an accurate diagnosis, as patients most often present when asymptomatic. Several risk factors exist, although bell-clapper deformity is the most important. The diagnosis is made largely on history or physical examination. In equivocal cases, imaging with color Doppler ultrasonography may be helpful in making the diagnosis. Additional tools including near-infrared spectroscopy and Testicular Workup for Ischemia and Suspected Torsion score may be helpful in diagnosing testicular torsion. Possible long-term effects on fertility and hormonal function are also often a concern for the patient and clinician.
This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 34 references.
Keywords: acute, infarction, ischemia, orchidopexy, scrotum, spermatic cord, testis, torsion
Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction: Surgical Treatment
Authors: Gao Yunliang , Rosenberg Shilo , Ginsberg David 
Published: January 2021

Surgery in patients with a neurogenic bladder aims at protecting the upper urinary tract while maximizing the patient’s continence status. It is carried out when other modalities, such as medication and minimal invasive procedures, fail to produce optimal results. Factors to consider are the patients’ level and completeness of the neurologic injury, gender, habitus, dexterity and cognitive functions as well as renal function, and bowel availability. Surgery of the neurogenic lower urinary tract (LUT) aims to create a low pressure and continent system when possible, mainly achieved by the use of bowel segments. The incorporation of bowel into the LUT is associated with potential complications that make lifelong surveillance obligatory. Recently, technologic innovations have changed the way LUT reconstruction could be carried out. Robotic surgery is now a legitimate option for LUT reconstruction in both adults and pediatric patients. In the future, regenerative medicine could provide organs that would obviate the need for an intraperitoneal surgery and bowel manipulation with its associated complications. However, currently, this technology has not produced consistent results, and its utilization is not widespread. In this review, we discuss the available surgical treatment options of patients with a neurogenic bladder.
This review contains 5 figures, 1 table, and 56 references.
Key Words: bladder augmentation, bladder neck closure, neurogenic bladder, neuromodulation, sling, sphincterotomy, surgery, treatment
Post-Stroke Quality of Life Outcomes After Instituting New Stroke Care Quality Indicators
Authors: Awawdi Khaled , Armon Carmel , Kimiagar Itzhak , Tarabeih Mahdi , Rakia Riad Abu 
Published: January 2021

Background: In 2013 the Israel Ministry of Health identified the care and treatment of acute cerebral ischemic stroke as failing to achieve expected standards. The Ministry decided to raise standards by defining and instituting, nationwide, a battery of linked care quality indicators to be applied across all relevant facilities and contexts. Five indicators were selected for five key junctures in the AIS care process.
Methods: This paper presents and analyses the effects of the implementation of these new care quality indicators on the post-discharge quality of life outcomes of Israeli stroke sufferers. The patient sample comprises patients from Israel’s Central region, where stroke care provision and access is relatively high, and from the peripheral North region, where provision and access are limited.
Results: Those who were not treated with thrombolytic treatment and/or cerebral blood vessel catheterization, those who suffered severer strokes, women, the older age groups, non-Jews and North region residents display significantly worse physical functioning outcomes and worse quality of life outcomes on all indicators.
Conclusions: Stroke care access and provision disparities translate into significantly higher rates of post-discharge disability, impaired physical and social functioning, and a lower quality of life.
The effectiveness of healthcare improvement by the deployment of care indicators is closely associated with the lifestyle, socio-demographic and socioeconomic status of different population groups. The effective implementation of quality care indicators also relies heavily on closing the access and provision gaps between the populations living in central and peripheral areas. Two obvious directions for action are to expand and improve the rehabilitation care network and to combat the age discrimination in hospital stroke treatment.
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA ANIMASI KOMPUTER PADA PEMBELAJARAN LAJU REAKSI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR KIMIA MELALUI DI KELAS XI IPA SMA NEGERI 1 SIBOLGA
Authors: Sinaga Nurmariana Okto Delima 
Published: January 2021

Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah: (1) Meningkatkan aktifitas belajar siswa pada materi reaksi redoks menggunakan metode pembelajarn tutor sebaya; (2) Meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada meteri reaksi redoks menggunakan metrode pembelajarn tutor sebaya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Pembelajaran tutor sebaya dapat memeperbaiki aktifitas belajar siswa. Hasil dari observasi terhadap seluruh aktifitas siswa pada siklus I dan siklus II menunjukkan rata–rata aktifitas siswa mengalami peningkatan; (2) Pembelajaran tutor sebaya dapat memperbaiki hasil belajar siswa. Hasil dari analisis terhadap nilai rata-rata kelas berdasarkan perbandingan antara kelompok pada siklus I dan siklus II dan anlisis terhadap nilai individu siswa yang diperoleh dari tes akhir pembelajarn mengalami peningkatan Kata Kunci: peningkatan hasil belajar kimia, media animasi computer, laju reaksi Abstract: The purpose of this class action research are: (1) Improving the learning activities of students on the material using the redox reaction pembelajarn method of peer tutoring; (2) Improve student learning outcomes in a redox reaction using METRODE meteri pembelajarn peer tutors. The results of this study indicate that: (1) Learning Touch ups can peer tutor students' learning activities. The results of observations of all activities of the students in the first cycle and the second cycle shows the average activity of students has increased; (2) Learning peer tutors can improve student learning outcomes. Results from the analysis of the average value of the class based on the comparison between the groups in the first cycle and the second cycle and anlisis the individual values obtained from tests students end pembelajarn increased Keywords: learning outcome chemistry, computer animation media, the reaction rate
FUNDAMENTALISME ISLAM: TELAAH TERHADAP PEMIKIRAN POLITIK HIZBUT TAHRIR INDONESIA (HTI)
Authors: Azmy Ana Sabhana 
Published: January 2021

Tulisan ini mendiskusikan pemikiran politik Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) sebagai bagian dari gerakan fundamentalisme Islam di Indonesia. HTI adalah gerakan dakwah yang berkembang di Indonesia di awal tahun 1980-an dengan pengaruh pendahulunya, yaitu Hizbut Tahrir. Terdapat tiga pertanyaan yang dicoba untuk dijawab dalam tulisan ini. Pertama, bagaimana pemikiran politik HTI terhadap demokrasi? Kedua, bagaimana konteks khilafah Islamiyyah yang diinginkan oleh HTI? Ketiga, bagaimana kiprah HTI dalam perpolitikan Indonesia? Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui bentuk hasil pemikiran dengan studi literatur, menggunakan data yang diperoleh melalui bahan kepustakaan yang relevan, baik buku ataupun dokumen-dokumen pendukung. Selain itu, wawancara via online juga dilakukan terhadap juru bicara HTI. Kesimpulan dari tulisan ini adalah bahwa fundamentalisme Islam dalam pemikiran HTI, dapat dilihat dari cara pandang terhadap demokrasi yang bagi mereka adalah sebagai sistem yang kufur dan sama sekali tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan Islam. HTI menyatakan bahwa sistem demokrasi itu bertentangan dengan hukum-hukum Islam. Khilafah Islamiyyah yang diinginkan oleh HTI adalah tegaknya kembali kekhilafahan yang merupakan lambang supremasi politik Islam, yang itu menjadi titik point atas Islam. Sedangkan peran HTI dalam politik di Indonesia dapat dilihat dari persentuhan mereka dengan pemerintah, diterbitkannya buletin Al-Islam yang berisi isu HAM, Amerika versus umat Islam, Keindonesiaan hingga pentingnya khilafah. HTI juga pernah mengirimkan surat pada Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dalam rangka mengajak pada penegakan sistem khilafah di Indonesia.
Pengaruh Herbisida Metil Metsulfuron Terhadap Struktur Komunitas Alga Perifiton
Authors: Kustia Dewa Satria Dharmawan , Sucahyo Sucahyo , Kasmiyati Sri 
Published: January 2021

INTISARI
Dewasa ini kegiatan pertanian tidak terlepas dari penggunaan herbisida kimia. Beberapa herbisida komersial menggunakan bahan aktif berupa metil metsulfuron (C14H15N5O6S) yang pada dasarnya bekerja mengubah pengaruh bahan kimia di dalam jaringan gulma yang dapat mematikan jaringan atau merusak sistem fisiologis yang dibutuhkan untuk kelangsungan hidup gulma. Karena pengaruh tersebut maka muncul pertanyaan apakah senyawa ini juga dapat mempengaruhi organisme non target seperti alga perifiton. Perifiton merupakan sekelompok organisme mikroskopis yang tumbuh menempel pada permukaan benda atau tumbuhan air, tidak menembus substrat, diam atau bergerak di permukaan substrat tersebut. Salah satu penyusun utama komunitas perifiton adalah alga. Alga perifiton di perairan memiliki peran yang besar dalam menentukan produktivitas primer dan sebagai bioindikator kualitas perairan. Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnnya menunjukkan jika beberapa bahan aktif pada konsentrasi tertentu berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produktivitas primer alga perifiton dan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan spesies alga tertentu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh herbisida berbahan aktif metil metsulfuron terhadap struktur komunitas alga perifiton. Parameter yang diukur antara lain kandungan klorofil a, nilai kepadatan, nilai kekayaan, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keseragaman, dan indeks dominansi serta identifikasi spesies alga penyusun perifiton. Penelitian dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium menggunakan sampel yang diambil dari Danau Rawa Pening, Kab. Semarang. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 21 hari dengan pemaparan herbisida dengan konsentrasi 0; 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; dan 0,4 mg/l. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi metil metsulfuron dan lama pemaparan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kandungan klorofil a (p<0,05) tetapi tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap indeks kepadatan, kekayaan, keanekaragaman, dominansi, dan keseragaman komunitas alga perifiton (p>0,05).
Kata kunci: Alga Perifiton, Metil Metsulfuron, Struktur Komunitas