bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the tuning of plateaus in atmospheric and oceanic 14C records to derive calendar chronologies of deep-sea cores and records of 14C marine reservoir age changes
Authors: Bard Edouard , Heaton Timothy J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. We assess the methodology of the so-called 14C plateau tuning (PT) technique used to date marine sediment records and determine 14C marine reservoir ages (MRAs) as recently reviewed by Sarnthein et al. (2020). The main identified problems are linked to the assumption of constant MRA
during 14C age plateaus; the lack of consideration of foraminifera
abundance changes coupled to bioturbation that can create spurious plateaus
in marine sediments; the assumption that plateaus have the same shapes and
durations in atmospheric and oceanic records; the implication that
atmospheric 14C / 12C peaked instantaneously from one plateau to the next; that the 14C plateaus represent 82 % of the total time spent between 14 000 and 29 000 cal yr BP, whereas during the remaining 18 % of
the time, the radiocarbon clock was running almost 5 times faster than the
radioactive decay; that the sparsity, combined with the level of analytical
uncertainties and additional noise, in both atmospheric and marine data do
not currently allow one to reliably or robustly identify plateaus (should
they exist) beyond 15 000 cal yr BP; and that the determination and
identification of plateaus in the deep-sea cores is reliant upon significant
changes in sedimentation rate within those marine sediments which are, a
priori, unknown and are not verified with an independent method. The concerns we raise are supported and strengthened with carbon cycle
box model experiments and statistical simulations of pseudo-atmospheric and
pseudo-marine records, allowing us to question the ability to identify and
tune 14C age plateaus in the context of noisy and sparse data.
Implementation of innovations for sustainable development: global trends and kazakhstan's model
Authors: Doszhan R. D. , Kozhakhmetova A. K. , Bekenov E. V. 
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the researchis analysis of foreign experience of application of sustainable innovation at the heart of a successful business case for adaptation in the domestic market.Methodology.In the course of the research, general scientiﬁc methods were used: analysis and synthesis at the stage of familiarization with the object of research, comparison, systematic review of the literature, the case study method and modeling to adapt foreign experience of the transition to sustainable innovations.Originality / value of research.The introduction of sustainable innovative practices in Kazakhstan will expand the issues of their application in the business context. Despite the fact that some domestic researchers have analyzed the essence of sustainable innovations, the practice of applying them in companies has not yet been studied. It is important to emphasize the importance of research that provides more and more evidence of a positive relationship between sustainable innovation and organizational performance [36]. In this regard, the study of the experience of successful global leading companies in the ﬁeld of sustainable innovations for adaptation in the domestic market is very relevant.Findings.As a result of a systematic literature review, the main trends of the global market that need to be taken into account when conducting a sustainable business were identiﬁed. And also, after studying the cases of successful foreign companies focused on sustainable innovation, an adapted model was proposed for the transition of domestic enterprises to sustainable development, the main drivers of sustainable innovation were identiﬁed, such as the presence of a developed infrastructure in the market, the inclusion of sustainable development in the company's mission, collaboration with companies from various industries and countries, a strong relationship between science and the business environment.
Introduction: New Critical Directions in Global South Studies
Authors: Armillas-Tiseyra Magalí , Mahler Anne Garland 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This introductory article to the special issue takes stock of the scholarly impact of the last fifteen years of Global South studies scholarship in the field of literary and cultural studies, and comparative literature in particular. It contends that the Global South offers a dynamic framework for comparison of economic, political, and cultural inequalities beyond state-centric forms of analysis, and for this reason, is uniquely germane to the interests of comparative literature. The Global South has become a significant category for the field not in spite of its conceptual indeterminacy, but precisely because the resulting lack of fixity provides an adaptive and multiscalar comparative framework. That is, it offers an opportunity to shift the scale through which we compare, in which North–South or South–South analysis may occur across national lines or from block to block. True to the relational and directional spirit of the concept, the editors understand Global South studies as a series of directions or movements, a confluence of critical currents emerging from a variety of already existing fields. Ultimately, this introduction traces those critical coordinates and points to recent and promising directions in this scholarship as it intersects with comparative literature today.
A Poetics of the Writers' Conference: Literary Relation in the Cold War World
Authors: Mangalagiri Adhira 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article offers a poetics of the writers' conference as conducted via channels of Cold War–era cultural diplomacy through a reading of the Asian Writers' Conference (New Delhi, 1956), a largely forgotten predecessor of the better-known Afro-Asian Writers' Conferences. Focusing particularly on the Chinese writers in attendance, I read the conference literarily, with an eye to its aesthetics and the particular performance of transnational literary relation that it engendered. The Conference's fortuitous confluence with the Hundred Flowers Campaign in China unexpectedly made possible an approach to transnational literary exchange that actively eschewed and rebelled against state intervention in the literary sphere. As such, the Asian Writers' Conference effected a form of transnational literary relation that thrived in its self-avowed uselessness to mandates of diplomacy. The Conference warns against the tendency in South–South studies to valorize the decentering of colonial powers as cultural mediators without a critical engagement with the nation-state's overseeing presence once it occupies that agential role in transnational literary exchange.
Confiança dos empregados no laboratório de análises clínicas em que trabalham:
Authors: Pedroso Juliani Marcio , Carvalho Tatim Denise 
Published: August 2021

O fenômeno confiança tem sido considerado fundamental para o comprometimento e atingimento de resultados nas organizações. Este estudo teve como propósito analisar os antecedentes da confiança entre os empregados de um laboratório de análises clínicas. Realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa por meio da aplicação de um questionário com dados sociodemográficos e, também, de uma escala de confiança do tipo Likert objetivando atingir o público-alvo formado por 55 empregados da organização de saúde. As informações analisadas e quantificadas permitiram mensurar os fatores relevantes para o construto confiança, sendo: promoção do crescimento do empregado, solidez organizacional, normas relativas à demissão de empregados, reconhecimento financeiro organizacional e padrões éticos. Os resultados mostraram que os fatores nos quais os empregados apontaram maior grau de concordância em relação à confiança organizacional foram a solidez organizacional e na sequência padrões éticos.
2021/14 End of the Achbita saga in Belgium: National judge rejects indirect discrimination and criticises duty to look for alternative position in case of refusal to comply with neutrality policy (BE)
Authors: Busschaert Gautier 
Published: August 2021

2021/14 End of the Achbita saga in Belgium: National judge rejects indirect discrimination and criticises duty to look for alternative position in case of refusal to comply with neutrality policy (BE)
On 12 October 2020, the Labour Court of Appeal of Ghent ruled that there was no indirect discrimination in the case of Mrs. Achbita, because a policy of neutrality does not disadvantage Muslim women who want to wear a headscarf more than any other worker. The Labour Court of Appeal was also of the opinion that the employer should not examine alternative job positions.
2021/16 Employer’s right of selection upon unilateral termination of the employment relationship (BG)
Authors: Tchakarova Kalina 
Published: August 2021

2021/16 Employer’s right of selection upon unilateral termination of the employment relationship (BG)
The Bulgarian Supreme Court of Cassation in a decision of 2 February 2021 has ruled that in cases where the selection process is not a mandatory part of the termination procedure it is entirely up to the employer to conduct the selection and base its termination decisions on the results of such selection.
2021/20 Qualification of on-call duty as actual working time (LU)
Authors: Molitor Michel 
Published: August 2021

2021/20 Qualification of on-call duty as actual working time (LU)
In its decision rendered on 28 February 2019, the Luxembourg Court of Appeal (Cour d’appel de Luxembourg) examined under which circumstances on-call duty performed at the workplace qualifies as actual working time.The issue raised was whether the time spent at night by an employee (i.e. the presence of an employee at the workplace) performing the work of a live-in carer was to be considered as ‘actual working time’.The Court expressly referred to EU case law and decided that the concept of actual working time is defined by two criteria, namely (i) whether the employee during such a period must be at the employer’s disposal, and (ii) the interference with the employee’s freedom to choose their activities.In view of the working hours provided for in the employment contract and in the absence of evidence proving that the employee would not have been at the employer’s home during her working hours, the Court found that the employee stayed at the employer’s home at night and at the employer’s request. It was irrelevant in this respect whether it was for convenience or not. It was further established that the employee could not leave during the night and return to her home and go about her personal business, so that the hours she worked at night were to be considered as actual working time.Given that the employee’s objections regarding her salary were justified (as the conditions of her remuneration violated statutory provisions), the Court decided that the dismissal was unfair.
China’s new five year plan and its economic policy changes
Authors: Munkhuu Erdenebayar 
Published: August 2021

In accordance with longstanding tradition, China approved its 14th Five-Year National Plan for Economic and Social Development in2021-2025 in March this year. The national plan emphasizes innovation, production, technology, and security, and sets a long-term goal for 2035. The key to the successful implementation of the national plan is to expand its domestic demand, which will be the main driver of economic growth in the future. However, there are several challenges China may face in implementing its national plan such as insufficient incomes of households, ineffective use of resource, global pandemic and China-U.S. rivalry.The first part of the article outlines the main objectives, strategies, and characteristics of China’s new five-year national plan, the second part analyzes the changes in the country’s economic development policy, and the third part discusses the challenges and feasibility of the plan. In the final part, the author shares his views on the potential implications of China’s new national plan on the Mongolian economy and the issues to be addressed.
БНХАУ-ын шинэ таван жилийн төлөвлөгөө, эдийн засгийн бодлогын өөрчлөлт
Хураангуй:
БНХАУ уламжлалт ёсоороо энэ оны 3 дугаар сард 2021-2025 онд эдийн засаг, нийгмийг хөгжүүлэх XIV таван жилийнтөлөвлөгөөгөө баталлаа. Уг төлөвлөгөө шинэтгэл, үйлдвэрлэл, технологи, аюулгүй байдлыг чухалчилж, мөн 2035 оныг хүртэлх урт хугацааны зорилтыг дэвшүүлснээрээ онцлог байна. Төлөвлөгөөгөө амжилттай хэрэгжүүлэх түлхүүр бодлого нь дотоодын зах зээлийг эрчимжүүлж эдийн засгийн өсөлтийн үндсэн хөдөлгөгч хүч болгох бөгөөд өрхүүдийн орлого хангалттай өндөр бус, нөөц ашиглалтын үр өгөөж тааруу, цар тахал, Хятад Америкийн сөргөлдөөн зэрэг багагүй сорилт тулгарч буй. Энэхүү өгүүллийн эхний хэсэгт Хятадын шинэ таван жилийн төлөвлөгөөний голлох зорилт, стратеги, онцлогийг дурдаж, хоёрдугаар хэсэгт тус улсын эдийн засгийн хөгжлийн бодлогод гарч буй өөрчлөлтөд дүн шинжилгээ хийн, гуравдугаар хэсэгт тулгарч буй сорилт, биелэгдэх боломжийн талаар авч үзэж, төгсгөлд нь Монгол Улсын эдийн засагт үзүүлж болох нөлөө, анхаарах асуудлын тухайд санал бодлоо хуваалцлаа.
Түлхүүр үг: XIV таван жилийн төлөвлөгөө, хос эргэлт стратеги, сорилт ба боломж, нөлөө
Mongolist scholar N.P.Shastina
Authors: U.V Kuzmin , Jamsran Urangua 
Published: August 2021

The article presents the biography of N. P. Shastina (1898-1980), a well-known researcher of the history and historiography of Mongolia and Russian-Mongolian relations. The main attention is paid to the works of N.P.Shastina devoted to the history of Russian-Mongolian studies, works of the leading Mongolian scholars of the country. Her contribution to the study of the history of Russian Mongolian studies and Russian science of the XIX century is shown.

Монголч эрдэмтэн Н.П.Шастина Ю.В.Кузьмин
Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улсын нэрт судлаач Н.П.Шастина (1898-1980)-гийн Монгол судлалын бүтээлүүдийн үзэл санаа болон бүтээл туурвилын товч намтрыг нь дэлгэн тавьж байна. Чингэхдээ Н.П.Шастинагийн Оросын монгол судлалын түүх, тус орны тэргүүлэх монголч эрдэмтдийн намтар судлалд зориулсан бүтээлүүдэд гол анхаарлаа хандуулав. Мөн түүнчлэн Н.П.Шастинагаас XIX зууны Оросын Монгол судлал болон Оросын шинжлэх ухааны түүхийг судлахад оруулсан хувь нэмрийг цохон тэмдэглэсэн болно.
Түлхүүр үгс: Н.П.Шастина, Оросын Монгол судлал, түүх бичлэг, шинжлэх ухааны түүх, бүтээлч намтар
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Practices in the United States
Authors: Byerley Eva M. , Mohamed Mohamed W. , Grindeland Carlina J. , Muzzy Williamson Julia D. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
To survey current practices for the treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) among institutions in the United States to identify changes in national practice over time.

METHODS
Previous NAS management reports were referenced in the development of our 26-question electronic survey, which was distributed in the fall of 2019 to pediatric practitioners of 2 national clinical pharmacy organizations via email list servers. Not all questions required a response and responses from incomplete surveys were included. Institution demographics and NAS management strategies, including location of care, observation period, and inpatient and outpatient pharmacotherapy, were queried.

RESULTS
Seventy respondents representing institutions from all US geographic regions participated in the survey The most commonly reported inpatient observation durations were 3 (18 of 61, 29%) and 5 (22 of 61, 36%) days. Respondents indicated that neonates were typically transferred to the NICU if pharmacologic management was required (38 of 56, 68%). According to participants, first-line agents used for NAS management were morphine (45 of 56, 80%), methadone (5 of 56, 9%), clonidine (2 of 56, 4%), and buprenorphine (2 of 56, 4%). Among respondents, only 20% (11 of 56) reported that infants may be discharged home on pharmacotherapy, including morphine (n = 6), phenobarbital (n = 3), clonidine (n = 1), and methadone (n = 1).

CONCLUSIONS
Opioids are the most commonly used first-line agents for NAS management in the United States. The primary site of NAS management is the inpatient setting, as only 20% of institutions report discharging patients on pharmacotherapy.
Potassium-Containing Fluids for Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Guise Rebecca , Ausherman Kari , Vazifedan Turaj 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this process improvement project was to determine the appropriate potassium concentration of stocked IV fluids used in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters (CHKD) Emergency Department.

METHODS
This is a retrospective chart review from July 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019. Patients ≤21 years of age with laboratory-confirmed DKA were included. The primary outcome was to determine the most used potassium concentration (20 mEq/L or 40 mEq/L) for stocked IV fluids. Secondary efficacy and safety outcomes included the percent of appropriately ordered fluids per the DKA treatment protocol, percent of patients who maintained goal serum potassium concentration, comparison of time from physician ordering to administration of prescribed IV fluids (t-elapsed), and comparison of serum potassium concentrations between the point of care (POC) test and basic metabolic panel (BMP).

RESULTS
Of the 113 patients included, 73 (64.6%) received 40 mEq/L, 7 of whom received half potassium acetate plus half potassium phosphate, and 40 (35.4%) received 20 mEq/L potassium IV fluids. In 101 patients (89.4%), fluids were ordered appropriately per protocol. Of these patients, 53 (52.5%) maintained goal serum potassium concentration. The t-elapsed from physician ordering to administration of the prescribed fluid concentrations was not statistically significant. The mean POC versus BMP potassium concentration was statistically significant (4.56 mmol/L versus 4.96 mmol/L, respectively; 95% CI: −0.49 to −0.30; p &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
The CHKD pharmacy should stock the most used 40 mEq/L potassium IV fluids for DKA treatment.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Children Receiving Piperacillin-Tazobactam
Authors: Lu Hannah , Thurnherr Emily , Meaney Calvin J. , Fusco Nicholas M. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
Drug-induced kidney injury contributes to morbidity and mortality in hospitalized children. Antibiotics such as TZP have been implicated in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in adults; however, data are limited in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of AKI in hospitalized children receiving TZP.

METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized children between 2 months and 19 years of age who received TZP for at least 48 hours. Acute kidney injury was defined as a 50% increase from the initial serum creatinine (SCr) prior to TZP initiation. Serum creatinine values were adjusted for fluid balance using a validated approach. Severity of AKI was characterized using the Pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease (pRIFLE) criteria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the incidence and risk factors of AKI, with an alpha = 0.05.

RESULTS
A total of 65 subjects were included. Twenty-five (38.5%) required PICU admission. The incidence of AKI was 7.7% (n = 5) using adjusted SCr (13.37 cases/1000 patient-days). According to pRIFLE, 6.15% (n = 4) subjects met criteria for Risk (n = 3) or Injury (n = 1), and none developed Failure, Loss, or End-Stage (10.70 cases/1000 patient-days for Risk and Injury categories). No risk factors were identified. Hospital length of stay was longer in subjects who experienced AKI compared with those who did not (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of AKI in hospitalized children exposed to TZP was low. In those who did develop AKI, peak SCr occurred approximately 1 week after TZP initiation.
Opportunities for Antimicrobial Stewardship Among Pediatric Patients Prescribed Combination Antifungal Therapy
Authors: Scardina Tonya , Oikonomopoulou Zacharoula , Sun Shan , Muller William J. , Patel Sameer J. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
Combination antifungal therapy (CAF) may be prescribed to treat invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Data on the incidence of CAF among the pediatric population are limited. Antimicrobial stewardship for CAF includes therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and monitoring for adverse events. Primary outcome was to determine the incidence of CAF prescribed for documented proven, probable, and possible IFI. Secondary outcomes were to determine initial dose of antifungal therapy, determine incidence of adverse events, and evaluate our practice of TDM.

METHODS
Medical charts of patients who received CAF for proven, probable, or possible IFI within 6 years were reviewed. Patients age ≤18 years, prescribed CAF (defined as a second antifungal therapy started ≤72 hours of initial antifungal therapy) for at least 72 hours, and with normal liver function test results were included.

RESULTS
57 patients received CAF for 72 separate episodes: 35 episodes were proven IFI, 11 were probable IFI, and 26 were possible IFI. Initial dose of antifungal therapy varied, and 29.1% received a loading dose. A total of 10 patients experienced 14 adverse events that were related to antifungal therapy. In 63.8% of CAF episodes, TDM was conducted. Target antifungal concentrations were documented for 10 CAF episodes. Reason for discontinued of CAF was documented for 35 episodes. Of these episodes, 74% were discontinued after therapeutic antifungal concentrations were achieved.

CONCLUSIONS
There are opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship interventions in the method of TDM and monitoring for adverse events that could aid in management of CAF.
Re-evaluating Safe Osmolarity for Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition in Neonatal Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Fessler Amber G. , Rejrat Catherine E. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
To reach nutrition goals for neonatal patients, institutions often exceed the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommended maximum of 900 mOsm/L for peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN). Evidence is limited regarding the safety of PPN osmolarities above this maximum, specifically in neonatal patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if PPN with osmolarities ≥ 1000 mOsm/L is associated with an increased rate of line-related complications.

METHODS
This retrospective study included infants admitted to the Penn State Health Children's Hospital NICU from January 1, 2013, through July 31, 2018, who were receiving PPN, to assess if solutions with osmolarities ≥ 1000 mOsm/L versus &lt; 1000 mOsm/L are associated with increased rates of line-related complications.

RESULTS
A total of 200 patients were included in the study, and 618 individual PPN days were analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics were similar between groups. The PPN osmolarities ranged from 610 to 1267 mOsm/L. Overall, the incidence of line-related complications for PPN &lt; 1000 (n = 342 PPN days) and ≥ 1000 mOsm/L (n = 276 PPN days) was 28.9% and 29.0%, respectively (OR 1.00 [95% CI 0.72–1.40, p = 0.99]). Irrespective of PPN osmolarity, infants weighing &gt; 1.5 kg had significantly greater odds of experiencing line complications compared with patients &lt; 1 kg, but showed no difference compared with patients weighing 1 to 1.5 kg.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
There were no significant differences in the incidence of line-related complications in NICU patients receiving PPN with osmolarities 1000 to 1250 versus &lt; 1000 mOsm/L.