bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of volume averaging effect‐free continuous photon beam profiles from discrete ionization chamber array measurements using a machine learning technique
Authors: Mund Karl , Maloney Luke , Lu Bo , Wu Jian , Li Jonathan , Liu Chihray , Yan Guanghua 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeThe use of the ionization chamber array ICProfiler (ICP) is limited by its relatively poor detector spatial resolution and the inherent volume averaging effect (VAE). The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of reconstructing VAE‐free continuous photon beam profiles from ICP measurements with a machine learning technique.MethodsIn‐ and cross‐plane photon beam profiles of a 6 MV beam from an Elekta linear accelerator, ranging from 2 × 2 to 10 × 10 cm2 at 1.5 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm depth, were measured with an ICP. The discrete measurements were interpolated with a Makima method to obtain continuous beam profiles. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were trained to restore the penumbra of the beam profiles. Plane‐specific (in‐ and cr‐plane) ANNs and a combined ANN were separately trained. The performance of the ANNs was evaluated using the penumbra width difference (PWD, the difference between the penumbra widths of the reconstructed and the reference profile). The plane‐specific and the combined ANNs were compared to study the feasibility of using a single ANN for both in‐ and cross‐plane.ResultsThe profiles reconstructed with all the ANNs had excellent agreement with the reference. For in‐plane, the ANNs reduced the PWD from 1.6 ± 0.7 mm at 1.5 cm depth to 0.1 ± 0.1 mm, from 1.8 ± 0.6 mm at 5.0 cm depth to 0.1 ± 0.1 mm, and from 2.4 ± 0.1 mm at 10.0 cm depth to 0.0 ± 0.0 mm; for cross‐plane, the ANNs reduced the PWD from 1.2 ± 0.4 mm at 1.5 cm depth, 1.2 ± 0.3 mm at 5.0 cm depth, and 1.6 ± 0.1 mm at 10.0 cm depth, to 0.1 ± 0.1 mm.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the feasibility of using simple ANNs to reconstruct VAE‐free continuous photon beam profiles from discrete ICP measurements. A combined ANN can restore the penumbra of in‐ and cross‐plane beam profiles of various fields at different depths.
Dosimetry verification of three‐dimensional printed polylactic acid template‐guided precision 125I seed implantation for lung cancer using a desktop three‐dimensional printer
Authors: Han Xiaoyan , Fang Shu , Sheng Rui , Wang Yi , Zhou Jinhua , Wang Jiong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of polylactic acid (PLA) template puncture route planning by comparing preoperative and postoperative dosimetry using computerized tomography (CT)‐guided implantation of 125I radioactive seeds.MethodsA total of 28 patients who underwent 125I seed implantation between January 2018 and June 2019 were selected for the statistical study of seed dosimetry. All patients received preoperative treatment planning system (TPS) planning, of which 13 patients in the experimental 3D template group underwent intraoperative puncture and implantation using the PLA template planning route. The other 15 patients in the traditional control group underwent intraoperative puncture and implantation using CT images for guidance. By calculating the dose‐volume histogram, preoperative and postoperative D90 values and postoperative V90 values were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe mean D90 values in the template group before and after surgery were 136.06 ± 7.10 and 134.72 ± 7.85 Gy, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference. The preoperative and postoperative mean D90 values in the traditional group were 132.97 ± 8.04 and 126.06 ± 9.19 Gy, respectively, which were statistically significantly different. The mean postoperative V90 values in the template and traditional groups were 93.80 ± 1.34% and 88.42 ± 6.55 %, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference.ConclusionsThe preoperative TPS plan for the experimental group guided by the PLA template was almost the same as that for the final guided particle implantation. The dose parameters in the experimental group were also better than those in the traditional group, making the use of the presented PLA template more efficient for clinical applications.
Experimental Strategy and Mechanistic View to Boost the Photocatalytic Activity of Cs3Bi2Br9 Lead‐Free Perovskite Derivative by g‐C3N4 Composite Engineering
Authors: Romani Lidia , Speltini Andrea , Dibenedetto Carlo Nazareno , Listorti Andrea , Ambrosio Francesco , Mosconi Edoardo , Simbula Angelica , Saba Michele , Profumo Antonella , Quadrelli Paolo , De Angelis Filippo , Malavasi Lorenzo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe rational design of heterojunctions based on metal halide perovskites (MHPs) is an effective route to create novel photocatalysts to run relevant solar‐driven reactions. In this work, an experimental and computational study on the synergic coupling between a lead‐free Cs3Bi2Br9 perovskite derivative and g‐C3N4 is presented. A relevant boost of the hydrogen photogeneration by more than one order of magnitude is recorded when going from pure g‐C3N4 to the Cs3Bi2Br9/g‐C3N4 system. Effective catalytic activity is also achieved in the degradation of the organic pollutant with methylene blue as a model molecule. Based upon complementary experimental outputs and advanced computational modeling, a rationale is provided to understand the heterojunction functionality as well as the trend of hydrogen production as a function of perovskite loading. This work adds further solid evidence for the possible application of MHPs in photocatalysis, which is emerging as an extremely appealing and promising field of application of these superior semiconductors.
Lead‐Free Double Perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6: Fundamentals, Applications, and Perspectives
Authors: Lei Hongwei , Hardy David , Gao Feng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCs2AgBiBr6, as a benchmark lead‐free double perovskite, has emerged as a promising alternative to lead‐based perovskites because of its high stability, non‐toxicity, exceptional optoelectronic properties, and multifunctionality. To encourage further research on Cs2AgBiBr6 and its broad applications, in this review, its fundamental properties including the structure‐property relation, synthesis, stability, origin of absorption and photoluminescence, electron‐phonon coupling, role of defects, charge carrier dynamics, and bandgap modulation are comprehensively emphasized. The recent progress on the wide applications including solar cells, light/X‐ray detectors, and ferroelectric/magnetic devices are highlighted. Moreover, the challenges of Cs2AgBiBr6 materials and related applications are discussed and perspectives are provided for guiding the future development of this research area.
Photo‐Polymerization Induced Hierarchical Pattern via Self‐Wrinkling
Authors: Gao Xiaxin , Li Jin , Li Tiantian , Su Zhilong , Ma Xiaodong , Yin Jie , Jiang Xuesong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHierarchical patterns are widely found on the biological skins in nature and can provide unique functions to surfaces such as wettability, optical, and adhesive properties. Herein, a facile and robust strategy to generate the self‐wrinkling pattern on the surface of the photo‐curing coating is proposed, which comprises a crosslinking monomer, photoinitiator, and fluorinated copolymer as additive. The fluorinated copolymer, which contains fluorocarbon chains possessing low surface‐energy, tertiary amine as coinitiator, and anthracene in the side chain, can self‐assemble to the top layer for constructing the gradient photo‐crosslinking system. Upon the irradiation of ultraviolet (UV) light, the mismatch of shrinkage caused by the gradient photo‐crosslinking leads to the formation of wrinkles, the morphology of which can be regulated by monomer proportion, the content of fluorinated copolymer, and the thickness of the film. Taking the spatiotemporal advantages of light, the hierarchical patterns of wrinkle are generated by programmed exposure with photomask, which has potential applications in anti‐counterfeiting and encapsulation of light‐emitting diode (LED) chip for displaying. This strategy provides a rapid and universal alternative method to fabricate a hierarchical pattern of the surface.
Nanoconfinement‐Controlled Synthesis of Highly Active, Multinary Nanoplatelet Catalysts from Lamellar Magic‐Sized Nanocluster Templates
Authors: Baek Woonhyuk , Bootharaju Megalamane S. , Lorenz Severin , Lee Sanghwa , Stolte Sven , Fainblat Rachel , Bacher Gerd , Hyeon Taeghwan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMagic‐sized semiconductor nanoclusters (MSCs) possessing intermediate stability are promising precursors for synthesizing low‐dimensional nanostructures that cannot be achieved by direct methods. However, uncontrolled diffusion of MSCs in their colloidal‐state poses challenges in utilizing them as precursors and/or templates for the controlled synthesis of nanomaterials. Herein, a nanoconfined diffusion‐limited strategy to synthesize large CdSe nanoplatelets through the solid‐state transformation of (CdSe)13 MSCs is designed, wherein MSCs serve as both precursors and lamellar bilayer templates. In sharp contrast, in the colloidal‐state, these MSCs are grown to CdSe nanoribbons or nanorods. Furthermore, the nanoconfined route is used not only to transform (CdSe)13, Mn2+:(CdSe)13, and Mn2+:(Cd1−xZnxSe)13 MSCs but also to dope Cu+, producing Cu+:CdSe, Mn2+/Cu+:CdSe, Mn2+/Cu+:Cd1−xZnxSe nanoplatelets, respectively. The resulting multinary nanoplatelets with controlled compositions exhibit unique optical and magneto‐optical properties through characteristic exciton transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, synergistic effects have made quinary Mn2+/Cu+:Cd0.5Zn0.5Se nanoplatelets efficient and reusable catalysts for chemical fixation of CO2 with epoxide (turnover frequency: ≈200/h) under mild conditions. This nanoconfined synthetic strategy paves the way to synthesize diverse shape‐controlled multi‐component nanostructures for optoelectronic and other catalytic applications.
Engineering Polymer Glue towards 90% Zinc Utilization for 1000 Hours to Make High‐Performance Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiao Yiding , Li Fangyan , Jin Xin , Lei Qingsong , Li Luhe , Wang Lie , Ye Tingting , He Er , Wang Jiacheng , Chen Hao , Lu Jiang , Gao Rui , Li Qianming , Jiang Chang , Li Jianwei , He Guanjie , Liao Meng , Zhang Huigang , Parkin Ivan P. , Peng Huisheng , Zhang Ye 
Published: September 2021

AbstractZinc (Zn) metal is considered the promising anode for “post‐lithium” energy storage due to its high volumetric capacity, low redox potential, abundant reserve, and low cost. However, extravagant Zn is required in present Zn batteries, featuring low Zn utilization rate and device‐scale energy/power densities far below theoretical values. The limited reversibility of Zn metal is attributed to the spontaneous parasitic reactions of Zn with aqueous electrolytes, that is, corrosion with water, passive by‐product formation, and dendrite growth. Here, a new ion‐selective polymer glue coated on Zn anode is designed, isolating the Zn anode from the electrolyte by blocking water diffusion while allowing rapid Zn2+ ion migration and facilitating uniform electrodeposition. Hence, a record‐high Zn utilization of 90% is realized for 1000 h at high current densities, in sharp contrast to much poorer cyclability (usually < 200 h) at lower Zn utilization (50–85%) reported to date. When matched with the vanadium‐based cathode, the resulting Zn‐ion battery exhibited an ultrahigh device‐scale energy density of 228 Wh kg−1, comparable to commercial lithium‐ion batteries.
Stretchable Thin Film Mechanical‐Strain‐Gated Switches and Logic Gate Functions Based on a Soft Tunneling Barrier
Authors: Chae Soosang , Choi Won Jin , Fotev Ivan , Bittrich Eva , Uhlmann Petra , Schubert Mathias , Makarov Denys , Wagner Jens , Pashkin Alexej , Fery Andreas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMechanical‐strain‐gated switches are cornerstone components of material‐embedded circuits that perform logic operations without using conventional electronics. This technology requires a single material system to exhibit three distinct functionalities: strain‐invariant conductivity and an increase or decrease of conductivity upon mechanical deformation. Herein, mechanical‐strain‐gated electric switches based on a thin‐film architecture that features an insulator‐to‐conductor transition when mechanically stretched are demonstrated. The conductivity changes by nine orders of magnitude over a wide range of tunable working strains (as high as 130%). The approach relies on a nanometer‐scale sandwiched bilayer Au thin film with an ultrathin poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomeric barrier layer; applied strain alters the electron tunneling currents through the barrier. Mechanical‐force‐controlled electric logic circuits are achieved by realizing strain‐controlled basic (AND and OR) and universal (NAND and NOR) logic gates in a single system. The proposed material system can be used to fabricate material‐embedded logics of arbitrary complexity for a wide range of applications including soft robotics, wearable/implantable electronics, human–machine interfaces, and Internet of Things.
All‐Optical and Label‐Free Stimulation of Action Potentials in Neurons and Cardiomyocytes by Plasmonic Porous Metamaterials
Authors: Bruno Giulia , Melle Giovanni , Barbaglia Andrea , Iachetta Giuseppina , Melikov Rustamzhon , Perrone Michela , Dipalo Michele , De Angelis Francesco 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOptical stimulation technologies are gaining great consideration in cardiology, neuroscience studies, and drug discovery pathways by providing control over cell activity with high spatio‐temporal resolution. However, this high precision requires manipulation of biological processes at genetic level concealing its development from broad scale application. Therefore, translating these technologies into tools for medical or pharmacological applications remains a challenge. Here, an all‐optical nongenetic method for the modulation of electrogenic cells is introduced. It is demonstrated that plasmonic metamaterials can be used to elicit action potentials by converting near infrared laser pulses into stimulatory currents. The suggested approach allows for the stimulation of cardiomyocytes and neurons directly on commercial complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor microelectrode arrays coupled with ultrafast pulsed laser, providing both stimulation and network‐level recordings on the same device.
The Archetypal Homoleptic Lanthanide Quadruple‐Decker—Synthesis, Mechanistic Studies, and Quantum Chemical Investigations
Authors: Münzfeld Luca , Hauser Adrian , Hädinger Pauline , Weigend Florian , Roesky Peter W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReduction of [SmIII(COT1,4‐SiiPr3)(BH4)(thf)] (COT1,4‐SiiPr3=1,4‐(iPr3Si)3C8H6) with KC8 resulted in [SmIII/II/III(COT1,4‐SiiPr3)4], the first example of a homoleptic lanthanide quadruple‐decker. As indicated by an analysis of the bond metrics in the solid‐state, the inner Sm ion is present in the divalent oxidation state, while the outer ones are trivalent. This observation could be confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. Mechanistic studies revealed not only insight into possible formation pathways of [SmIII/II/III(COT1,4‐SiiPr3)4] but also resulted in the transformation to other mixed metal sandwich complexes with unique structural properties. These are the 1D‐polymeric chain structured [KSmIII(COT1,4‐SiiPr3)]n and the hexametallic species [(tol)K(COT1,4‐SiiPr3)SmII(COT1,4‐SiiPr3)K]2 which were initially envisioned as possible building blocks as part of different retrosynthetically guided pathways that we developed.
Metal–organic frameworks based on a benzimidazole flexible tetracarboxylic acid: Selective luminescence sensing Fe3+, magnetic behaviors, DFT calculations, and Hirshfeld surface analyses
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Xiong Dingqi , Fu Pengkun , Yun Meng , Yang Qinglin , Jia Mei‐Mei , Dong Xiuyan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFour novel metal–organic frameworks constructed from benzimidazole flexible tetracarboxylic acid ligand, 1‐(3,5‐dicarboxylbenzyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole‐5,6‐dicarboxylic acid (H4L), have been prepared by a solvothermal method in the presence of N‐donor ancillary ligands (1,10‐phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline monohydrate, 4,4′‐bibp = 1,4‐di[pyridine‐4‐yl]benzene), namely, [Co2(L)(H2O)3]n (1), {[Cd2(L)(1,10‐phen)(H2O)]·2H2O}n (2), {[Co4(L)2(4,4′‐bibp)2(H2O)7]·4H2O}n (3), and {[Ni4(L)2(4,4′‐bibp)2(H2O)7]·4H2O}n (4). Complexes 1 and 2 show a 3D supramolecular structure and crystallize in monoclinic space group P21/c. Complexes 3 and 4 are isomorphous and crystallize in monoclinic space group Pn, and the respective metals exhibit a similar coordination environment. The H4L ligand behaved in different coordinated modes in Complexes 1–4, namely, μ6‐η1:η1:η1:η0:η1:η1:η1:η1:η1 in 1, μ6‐η1:η1:η1:η1:η1:η1:η2:η1:η1 in 2, there are two coordination modes (μ5‐η0:η1:η1:η0:η1:η1:η1:η0:η1 and μ5‐η1:η1:η1:η0:η1:η1:η1:η0:η1) in 3 and 4. Furthermore, photoluminescence and magnetic properties have been studied. The results indicate that Complexes 3 and 4 show strong antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic coupling through M–O–C–O–M interactions, respectively. In particular, Complex 2 can sensitively and selectively detect Fe3+ in aqueous systems, and the limit of detection (LOD) values of Fe3+ is ∼0.19 mM.
The anticancer activity of carbazole alkaloids
Authors: Song Feng , Liu Dan , Huo Xiankai , Qiu Di 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChemotherapy is the first choice for the majority of cancers, but severe side effects and drug resistance restrict the actual clinical efficacy. Carbazole alkaloids, mainly from the Rutaceae family, possess favorable donor ability, good planarity, rich photophysical properties, and excellent biocompatibility. Carbazole alkaloids could not only intercalate in DNA but could also inhibit telomerase and topoisomerase and regulate protein phosphorylation. Hence, carbazole alkaloids are useful in providing lead hits/candidates for the development of novel anticancer agents. This review summarizes the research progress made regarding the anticancer properties of carbazole alkaloids, covering articles published from January 2010 to June 2021.
Graphene and Carbon Nanotube‐based Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Dopamine
Authors: Islam Santa , Shaheen Shah Syed , Naher Shamsun , Ali Ehsan Muhammad , Aziz Md. Abdul , Ahammad A. J. Saleh 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter, which is created and released from the central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in human activities, like cognition, emotions, and response to anything. Maladjustment of DA in human blood serum results in different neural diseases, like Parkinson's and Schizophrenia. Consequently, researchers have started working on DA detection in blood serum, which is undoubtedly a hot research area. Electrochemical sensing techniques are more promising to detect DA in real samples. However, utilizing conventional electrodes for selective determination of DA encounters numerous problems due to the coexistence of other materials, such as uric acid and ascorbic acid, which have an oxidation potential close to DA. To overcome such problems, researchers have put their focus on the modification of bare electrodes. The aim of this review is to present recent advances in modifications of most used bare electrodes with carbonaceous materials, especially graphene, its derivatives, and carbon nanotubes, for electrochemical detection of DA. A brief discussion about the mechanistic phenomena at the electrode interface has also been included in this review.
Social cognitive skills groups increase medial prefrontal cortex activity in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Ibrahim Karim , Soorya Latha V. , Halpern Danielle B. , Gorenstein Michelle , Siper Paige M. , Wang A. Ting 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFew studies have examined the neural mechanisms of change following social skills interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined the neural effects of social cognitive skills groups during functional MRI (fMRI) tasks of irony comprehension and eye gaze processing in school‐aged children with ASD. Verbally fluent children (ages 8–11) were randomized to social cognitive skills groups or facilitated play comparison groups. Behavioral assessments and fMRI scans were obtained at baseline and endpoint (12 weeks). During fMRI, children completed two separate tasks to engage social cognition circuitry: comprehension of potentially ironic scenarios (n = 34) and viewing emotionally expressive faces with direct or averted gaze (n = 24). Whole‐brain analyses were conducted to examine neural changes following treatment. Regression analyses were also conducted to explore the relationship between neural and behavioral changes. When comparing the two groups directly, the social cognitive skills group showed greater increases in activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), implicated in theory of mind, relative to the comparison group for both irony comprehension and gaze processing tasks. Increased mPFC activity during the irony task was associated with improvement in social functioning on the Social Responsiveness Scale across both groups. Findings indicate that social cognitive skills interventions may increase activity in regions associated with social cognition and mentalizing abilities.Lay SummarySocial skills groups are a common intervention for school‐aged children with ASD. However, few studies have examined the neural response to social skills groups in school‐aged children with ASD. Here, we report on a study evaluating neural outcomes from an empirically supported social cognitive skills training curriculum using fMRI. This study seeks to understand the effects of targeting emotion recognition and theory of mind on the brain circuitry involved in social cognition in verbally fluent children ages 8–11. Results indicate increased neural activity in the mPFC, a region considered to be a central hub of the “social brain,” in children randomized to social cognitive skills groups relative to a comparison group that received a high‐quality, child‐directed play approach. In addition, increased activation in the mPFC during an irony comprehension task was associated with gains in social functioning across both groups from pre‐ to post‐treatment. This is the first fMRI study of social skills treatment outcomes following a randomized trial with an active treatment condition in school‐aged children with ASD.
Strategies for valorization of crop residues into biofuels and other value‐added products
Authors: Kamusoko Reckson , Jingura Raphael M. , Parawira Wilson , Chikwambi Zedias 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAgricultural systems produce vast amounts of crop residues (CR) as by‐products. More than 200 billion tonnes per year of CR are produced worldwide. They are mostly used as animal feed or disposed of by incorporation into soil for fertility purposes and by burning. Traditional CR management practices have environmental and techno‐economic implications. Crop residues are an excellent bioresource, with multiple untapped applications. There is a significant lack of knowledge about commercializing the conversion of CR into value‐added products in a sustainable way. A biorefinery concept is an important option that can transform CR into useful products. This paper reviews the potential state‐of‐the‐art options for valorization of CR into multiple product streams. The paper focuses on 13 products. These are biogas, bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, biomethanol, pyrolytic products, enzymes, bioactive compounds, animal feed, mushroom, single‐cell protein, organic acids, and biocomposites. The product streams can be divided into three categories: biofuels, animal feed and food, and phytochemicals. Biofuel production is the most promising strategy for the valorization of CR at large‐scale biorefineries. Anaerobic digestion and fermentation are preferred to thermochemical conversions because they are cost effective and have improved conversion efficiency. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd