bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional drought‐related canopy dynamics across pantropical forests: a satellite‐based statistical analysis
Authors: Liu Liyang , Gong Fanxi , Chen Xiuzhi , Su Yongxian , Fan Lei , Wu Shengbiao , Yang Xueqin , Zhang Jing , Yuan Wenping , Ciais Philippe , Zhou Chenghu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDroughts cause extreme anomalies in tropical forest growth, but the direction and magnitude of tropical forests in response to droughts are still widely debated. Here, we used four satellite‐based canopy growth proxies (CGPs), including three optical and one passive microwave, and in situ fluxes observations from eddy covariance (EC) measurements for a retrospective investigation of the impacts of historical droughts on tropical forest growth from a statistical point of view. Results indicate two opposite directions in drought‐related canopy dynamics across pantropical forests. The canopy of tropical forests with higher CGPs is more vulnerable to drought stress and recovers faster in the post‐drought recovery period. In contrast, the canopy of tropical forests with lower CGPs increases during the drought period and declines in the subsequent recovery period, which is beyond general expectation. In situ measurements from eddy‐covariance flux towers showed that forests with higher gross primary production and latent heat flux decreased photosynthesis and evapotranspiration during the drought period but increased photosynthesis and evapotranspiration faster during the post‐drought recovery period, supporting the findings from satellite observations. Our statistical analysis against climatic factors predicts that higher‐CGPs tress with probably taller and bigger canopies are more responsive to shortage of water availability caused by drought; while lower‐CGPs tress with shorter and smaller canopies are more responsive to sunlight availability and tend to increase their canopy leaves and enhance photosynthesis in sunnier days during the drought period. Our results highlight the differences in tropical forests in responding to drought stress, which are worth incorporated in Earth system models for time‐series evaluations.
Simultaneously Enhanced Efficiency and Operational Stability of Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells via Solid‐Additive‐Mediated Aggregation Control
Authors: Zhang Xue , Cai Jinlong , Guo Chuanhang , Li Donghui , Du Baocai , Zhuang Yuan , Cheng Shili , Wang Liang , Liu Dan , Wang Tao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe additive strategy is widely used in optimizing the morphology of organic solar cells (OSCs). The majority of additives are liquid with high boiling points, which will be trapped within device and consequently deteriorate performance during operation. In this work, solid but volatile additives 2‐(4‐fluorobenzylidene)‐1H‐indene‐1,3(2H)‐dione (INB‐F) and 2‐(4‐chlorobenzylidene)‐1H‐indene‐1,3(2H)‐dione (INB‐Cl) are designed to replace the common 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) in nonfullerene OSCs. These additives present during solution casting but evaporate after moderate heating. Molecular dynamics simulations show that they can reduce the adsorption energy to improve π‐π stacking among nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) molecules, an effect that enhances light absorption and electron mobility. Both INB‐F and INB‐Cl enhance efficiency, with INB‐F achieving a maximum efficiency of 16.7% from 15.1% of the reference PBDB‐T‐2F (PM6):BTP‐BO‐4F (Y6‐BO) cell, and outperforming DIO. Remarkably, they can simultaneously enhance the operational stability, with the INB‐F‐treated OSC maintaining over 60% of the initial efficiency after 1000 h operation, demonstrating a T80 lifetime of 523 h, which is a significant improvement over T80 values of 66.2 h for the reference and 6.6 h for DIO‐treated OSC. The simultaneously enhanced efficiency and operational lifetime are also effective in PM6:BTP‐BO‐4Cl (Y7‐BO) OSCs, demonstrating a universal strategy to improve the performance of OSCs.
Detection of aluminium hydroxide‐induced granulomas in sheep by computed tomography: A feasible approach for small ruminant lentiviruses diagnosis and research
Authors: Rodríguez‐Largo Ana , Castells Enrique , de Miguel Ricardo , Gómez Álex , Ruiz Héctor , Pérez Marta , Reina Ramsés , Ferrer Luis M. , Luján Lluís 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAluminium (Al) hydroxide use as adjuvant induces local formation of long‐lasting subcutaneous granulomas in sheep. Macrophages within these granulomas have been identified as a new small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) replication site in naturally infected animals. Diagnosis of Al hydroxide‐induced granulomas in sheep is mostly based on postmortem observations but little information is available on in vivo detection. Computed tomography (CT) is used for studying these reactions in other animal species. To determine if CT could be a tool for in vivo diagnosis and research of subcutaneous Al hydroxide‐induced granulomas in sheep. A retrospective survey on thoracic CT scans was performed on 46 adult sheep. Analysis included absence or presence, number and location of subcutaneous nodules. Thoracic CT scans and pathological studies were prescribed to two further sheep. Single or multiple subcutaneous nodules were detected in 26 (56.52%) sheep. One or two nodules per animal were most often observed (36.95%). Size ranged between 1.5 and 4.5 cm. Pre‐contrast two‐dimensional (2D) CT images showed focal or multifocal increases in subcutaneous tissue thickness. Post‐contrast 2D CT images revealed hypointense areas in the centre. Histopathology indicated the presence of granulomas composed by a large number of activated macrophages, surrounding a central core of necrosis. Large intracytoplasmic Al‐positive aggregates were demonstrated by lumogallion staining. CT is a useful tool to detect subcutaneous Al hydroxide‐induced granulomas in vivo in sheep. CT provides a diagnostic and research tool that can be very useful in future works in Al hydroxide‐induced pathology, SRLV infection, or both.
Combining nanomedicine and immune checkpoint therapy for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Boone Christine E. , Wang Lu , Gautam Aayushma , Newton Isabel G. , Steinmetz Nicole F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCancer immunotherapy has emerged as a pillar of the cancer therapy armamentarium. Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) is a mainstay of modern immunotherapy. Although ICT monotherapy has demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy in some patients, the majority do not respond to treatment. In addition, many patients eventually develop resistance to ICT, disease recurrence, and toxicity from off‐target effects. Combination therapy is a keystone strategy to overcome the limitations of monotherapy. With the integration of ICT and any therapy that induces tumor cell lysis and release of tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs), ICT is expected to strengthen the coordinated innate and adaptive immune responses to TAA release and promote systemic, cellular antitumor immunity. Nanomedicine is well poised to facilitate combination ICT. Nanoparticles with delivery and/or immunomodulation capacities have been successfully combined with ICT in preclinical applications. Delivery nanoparticles protect and control the targeted release of their cargo. Inherently immunomodulatory nanoparticles can facilitate immunogenic cell death, modification of the tumor microenvironment, immune cell mimicry and modulation, and/or in situ vaccination. Nanoparticles are frequently multifunctional, combining multiple treatment strategies into a single platform with ICT. Nanomedicine and ICT combinations have great potential to yield novel, powerful treatments for patients with cancer.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: A next generation contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Chen Can , Ge Jianxian , Gao Yun , Chen Lei , Cui Jiabin , Zeng Jianfeng , Gao Mingyuan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs a research hotspot, the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents has attracted great attention over the past decades for improving the accuracy of diagnosis. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles with core diameter smaller than 5.0 nm are expected to become a next generation of contrast agents owing to their excellent MRI performance, long blood circulation time upon proper surface modification, renal clearance capacity, and remarkable biosafety profile. On top of these merits, USPIO nanoparticles are used for developing not only T1 contrast agents, but also T2/T1 switchable contrast agents via assembly/disassembly approaches. In recent years, as a new type of contrast agents, USPIO nanoparticles have shown considerable applications in the diagnosis of various diseases such as vascular pathological changes and inflammations apart from malignant tumors. In this review, we are focusing on the state‐of‐the‐art developments and the latest applications of USPIO nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents to discuss their advantages and future prospects.This article is categorized under:
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Au70S20(PPh3)12 as Superatomic Analog to 18‐electron Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLigand‐protected gold clusters are usually understood in terms of the superatom concept, where certain species are able to behaves as prototypical molecules. Here, we discuss the metalloid cluster Au70S20(PPh3)12 in terms of the bonding characteristics of its inner 18‐cluster electron Au224+ core. Our interpretation is based on a SP3‐hybridized core involving four fused Au6 units denoting four equivalent hybridized localized orbitals, with the remaining electrons from the 1D10 state remaining as formally non‐bonding orbitals. Such characteristics expose a rationalization of Au70S20(PPh3)1 as a superatomic analog for a transition metal complex, following the 18‐electron rule, mimicking the classical bonding picture of the tetrahedral Ni(CO)4 complex. The Au22 core as an aggregate of Au6 units encourages the search for further examples of SP3‐cluster nodes precluding larger aggregates, contributing to the design opportunities of functional clusters and nanoparticles.
Introduction: Problematising the Maintenance of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Beaumont Paul 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The nuclear era has prompted a great deal of investigation into how best to manage nuclear weapons, but far less on how states maintain them. Indeed, Security Studies was for a long time mainly concerned with studying nuclear weapons management strategies: deterrence, arms control, and addressing the security challenges related to new nuclear technology. Amidst this, the question of why states maintain nuclear weapons typically receives short shrift: it’s security silly. Yet, only nine nuclear weapon-armed states exist, while 186 get by without nuclear weapons, and most seem content with non-nuclear status. Thus, it makes sense to consider the few states that maintain such unpopular, yet expensive weapons to be a puzzle. Indeed, picking up and running with Nick Ritchie’s notion of “nuclear regimes of truth”, this chapter proposes a research agenda studying the discursive maintenance of nuclear weapons. That is, how governments manage to (re)produce foreign policy discourses that constitute nuclear weapons as legitimate and desirable. In short, such an approach aims to make nuclear weapon states strange. Thus, while the rest of the book explores Britain’s nuclear regime of truth, this introductory chapter lays the groundwork for post-positivist scholars to investigate and unsettle other societies’ nuclear regimes of truth too.
CP violation from charged Higgs bosons in the three Higgs doublet model
Authors: Logan Heather E. , Moretti Stefano , Rojas-Ciofalo Diana , Song Muyuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We demonstrate a new type of cancellation of contributions to the electron and neutron electric dipole moments (EDMs) that occurs in three Higgs doublet models (3HDMs) when CP violation appears in the charged Higgs sector. The cancellation becomes exact when the two physical charged Higgs bosons in the model are degenerate in mass. Depending on the model parameters, degeneracies at the 10% level are however sufficient to evade current bounds on the electron and neutron EDMs. We demonstrate that viable parameter space remains with both charged Higgs bosons lighter than 500 GeV and large CP-violating phases while also satisfying theoretical constraints from perturbativity and experimental ones from $$ \overline{B} $$

B
¯

→ Xsγ and direct searches.
Notes on hyperloops in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 Chern-Simons-matter theories
Authors: Drukker Nadav , Tenser Marcia , Trancanelli Diego 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We present new circular Wilson loops in three-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 quiver Chern-Simons-matter theory on S3. At any given node of the quiver, a two-parameter family of operators can be obtained by opportunely deforming the 1/4 BPS Gaiotto-Yin loop. Including then adjacent nodes, the coupling to the bifundamental matter fields allows to enlarge this family and to construct loop operators based on superconnections. We discuss their classification, which depends on both discrete data and continuous parameters subject to an identification. The resulting moduli spaces are conical manifolds, similar to the conifold of the 1/6 BPS loops of the ABJ(M) theory.
Fishnet four-point integrals: integrable representations and thermodynamic limits
Authors: Basso Benjamin , Dixon Lance J. , Kosower David A. , Krajenbrink Alexandre , Zhong De-liang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We consider four-point integrals arising in the planar limit of the conformal “fishnet” theory in four dimensions. They define a two-parameter family of higher-loop Feynman integrals, which extend the series of ladder integrals and were argued, based on integrability and analyticity, to admit matrix-model-like integral and determinantal representations. In this paper, we prove the equivalence of all these representations using exact summation and integration techniques. We then analyze the large-order behaviour, corresponding to the thermodynamic limit of a large fishnet graph. The saddle-point equations are found to match known two-cut singular equations arising in matrix models, enabling us to obtain a concise parametric expression for the free-energy density in terms of complete elliptic integrals. Interestingly, the latter depends non-trivially on the fishnet aspect ratio and differs from a scaling formula due to Zamolodchikov for large periodic fishnets, suggesting a strong sensitivity to the boundary conditions. We also find an intriguing connection between the saddle-point equation and the equation describing the Frolov-Tseytlin spinning string in AdS3 × S1, in a generalized scaling combining the thermodynamic and short-distance limits.
TBA equations and quantization conditions
Authors: Emery Yoan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
It has been recently realized that, in the case of polynomial potentials, the exact WKB method can be reformulated in terms of a system of TBA equations. In this paper we study this method in various examples. We develop a graphical procedure due to Toledo, which provides a fast and simple way to study the wall-crossing behavior of the TBA equations. When complemented with exact quantization conditions, the TBA equations can be used to solve spectral problems exactly in Quantum Mechanics. We compute the quantum corrections to the all-order WKB periods in many examples, as well as the exact spectrum for many potentials. In particular, we show how this method can be used to determine resonances in unbounded potentials.
On the τ flavor of the cosmic neutrino flux
Authors: Farzan Yasaman 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Observation of high energy cosmic neutrinos by ICECUBE has ushered in a new era in exploring both cosmos and new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). In the standard picture, although mostly νμ and νe are produced in the source, oscillation will produce ντen route. Certain beyond SM scenarios, like interaction with ultralight DM can alter this picture. Thus, the flavor composition of the cosmic neutrino flux can open up the possibility of exploring certain beyond the SM scenarios that are inaccessible otherwise. We show that the τ flavor holds a special place among the neutrino flavors in elucidating new physics. Interpreting the two anomalous events observed by ANITA as ντ events makes the tau flavor even more intriguing. We study how the detection of the two tau events by ICECUBE constrains the interaction of the neutrinos with ultralight dark matter and discuss the implications of this interaction for even higher energy cosmic neutrinos detectable by future radio telescopes such as ARA, ARIANNA and GRAND. We also revisit the 3 + 1 neutrino scheme as a solution to the two anomalous ANITA events and clarify a misconception that exists in the literature about the evolution of high energy neutrinos in matter within the 3 + 1 scheme with a possibility of scattering off nuclei. We show that the existing bounds on the flux of ντ with energy of EeV rules out this solution for the ANITA events. We show that the 3 + 1 solution can be saved from both this bound and from the bound on the extra relativistic degrees of freedom in the early universe by turning on the interaction of neutrinos with ultralight dark matter.
Multiple Sklerose Therapie Konsensus Gruppe (MSTKG): Positionspapier zur verlaufsmodifizierenden Therapie der Multiplen Sklerose 2021 (White Paper)
Authors: Wiendl Heinz , Gold Ralf , Berger Thomas , Derfuss Tobias , Linker Ralf , Mäurer Mathias , Stangel Martin , Aktas Orhan , Baum Karl , Berghoff Martin , Bittner Stefan , Chan Andrew , Czaplinski Adam , Deisenhammer Florian , Di Pauli Franziska , Du Pasquier Renaud , Enzinger Christian , Fertl Elisabeth , Gass Achim , Gehring Klaus , Gobbi Claudio , Goebels Norbert , Guger Michael , Haghikia Aiden , Hartung Hans‑Peter , Heidenreich Fedor , Hoffmann Olaf , Hunter Zoë R. , Kallmann Boris , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Klotz Luisa , Leussink Verena , Leutmezer Fritz , Limmroth Volker , Lünemann Jan D. , Lutterotti Andreas , Meuth Sven G. , Meyding-Lamadé Uta , Platten Michael , Rieckmann Peter , Schmidt Stephan , Tumani Hayrettin , Weber Martin S. , Weber Frank , Zettl Uwe K. , Ziemssen Tjalf , Zipp Frauke ,   die Multiple Sklerose Therapie Konsensus Gruppe (MSTKG)
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Multiple Sklerose ist eine komplexe, autoimmun vermittelte Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems, charakterisiert durch inflammatorische Demyelinisierung sowie axonalen/neuronalen Schaden. Die Zulassung verschiedener verlaufsmodifizierender Therapien und unser verbessertes Verständnis der Krankheitsmechanismen und -entwicklung in den letzten Jahren haben die Prognose und den Verlauf der Erkrankung deutlich verändert. Diese Aktualisierung der Behandlungsempfehlung der Multiple Sklerose Therapie Konsensus Gruppe konzentriert sich auf die wichtigsten Empfehlungen für verlaufsmodifizierende Therapien der Multiplen Sklerose im Jahr 2021. Unsere Empfehlungen basieren auf aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und gelten für diejenigen Medikamente, die in weiten Teilen Europas, insbesondere in den deutschsprachigen Ländern (Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz), zugelassen sind.
Stellenwert des 1,5-T-MR-Linearbeschleunigers für die primäre Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms
Authors: Wegener Daniel , Zips Daniel , Gani Cihan , Boeke Simon , Nikolaou Konstantin , Othman Ahmed E. , Almansour Haidara , Paulsen Frank , Müller Arndt-Christian 
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Der potenzielle Nutzen des verbesserten Weichteilkontrastes von MR-Sequenzen gegenüber der Computertomographie (CT) für die Radiotherapie des Prostatakarzinoms ist bekannt und führt zu konsistenteren und kleineren Zielvolumina sowie verbesserter Risikoorganschonung. Hybridgeräte aus Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) und Linearbeschleuniger (MR-Linac) stellen eine neue vielversprechende Erweiterung der radioonkologischen Therapieoptionen dar.

Material und Methoden
Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über bisherige Erfahrungen, Indikationen, Vorteile und Herausforderungen für die Radiotherapie des primären Prostatakarzinoms mit dem 1,5-T-MR-Linac.

Ergebnisse
Alle strahlentherapeutischen Therapieindikationen für das primäre Prostatakarzinom können mit dem 1,5-T-MR-Linac abgedeckt werden. Die potenziellen Vorteile umfassen die tägliche MR-basierte Lagekontrolle in Bestrahlungsposition und die Möglichkeit der täglichen Echtzeitanpassung des Bestrahlungsplans an die aktuelle Anatomie der Beckenorgane (adaptive Strahlentherapie). Zusätzlich werden am 1,5-T-MR-Linac funktionelle MRT-Sequenzen für individuelles Response-Assessment für die Therapieanpassung untersucht. Dadurch soll das therapeutische Fenster weiter optimiert werden. Herausforderungen stellen u. a. die technische Komplexität und die Dauer der Behandlungssitzung dar.

Schlussfolgerung
Der 1,5-T-MR-Linac erweitert das radioonkologische Spektrum in der Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms und bietet Vorteile durch tagesaktuelle MRT-basierte Zielvolumendefinition und Planadaptation. Weitere klinische Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um die Patienten zu identifizieren, die von der Behandlung am MR-Linac gegenüber anderen strahlentherapeutischen Methoden besonders profitieren.
Trajectories of antidepressant use and characteristics associated with trajectory groups among young refugees and their Swedish-born peers with diagnosed common mental disorders—findings from the REMAIN study
Authors: Rahman S. , Filatova S. , Chen L. , Björkenstam E. , Taipale H. , Mittendorfer-Rutz E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to (1) identify the trajectories of prescribed antidepressants in refugee youth and matched Swedish-born peers diagnosed with common mental disorder (CMD) and (2) characterize the trajectories according to sociodemographic and medical factors.

Methods
The study population comprised 2,198 refugees and 12,199 Swedish-born individuals with both Swedish-born parents, aged 16–25 years in 2011, residing in Sweden and treated in specialised healthcare for CMD 2009–11. Group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify different trajectory groups of antidepressant use-based on annual defined daily dosages (DDDs). Multinomial logistic regression was applied to investigate the association of sociodemographic and medical characteristics with the identified trajectories. Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 values were estimated to evaluate the strength of these associations.

Results
Four trajectory groups of antidepressant use among young refugees were identified with following proportions and DDD levels in 2011: ‘low constant’ (88%, < 100), ‘low increasing’ (2%, ≈710), ‘medium decreasing’ (8%, ≈170) and ‘high increasing’ (2%, ≈860). Similar trajectories, however, with different proportions were identified in Swedish-born: 67%, 7%, 21% and 5%, respectively. The most influential factors discriminating the trajectory groups among refugees were ‘duration of stay in Sweden’ (R2 = 0.013), comorbid ‘other mental disorders’ (R2 = 0.009) and ‘disability pension’ (R2 = 0.007), while ‘disability pension’ (R2 = 0.017), comorbid ‘other mental disorders’ (R2 = 0.008) and ‘educational level’ (R2 = 0.008) were the most important determinants discriminating trajectory groups among Swedish-born youth.

Conclusion
The lower use of antidepressants in refugees with CMDs compared to their Swedish-born counterparts warrants health literacy programs for refugees and training in transcultural psychiatry for healthcare professionals.