bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time-resolved secondary triton burnup 14 MeV neutron measurement by a new scintillating fiber detector in middle total neutron emission ranges in deuterium large helical device plasma experiments
Authors: Ogawa K. , Isobe M. , Sangaroon S. , Takada E. , Nakada T. , Murakami S. , Jo J. , Zhong G. Q. , Zhang Yipo , Tamaki S. , Murata I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA middle-sensitivity scintillating fiber detector (hereafter middle Sci-Fi detector) that works at a deuterium-tritium neutron flux of ~105-107 cm−2s−1 was utilized to measure secondary deuterium-tritium neutron emission rates with high temporal resolution at a total neutron emission rate of 1013 to 1015 n/s, where strong magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities were observed in the large helical device deuterium plasma experiments. The gain and angular characteristics of the middle Sci-Fi detector were evaluated in an accelerator-based deuterium-tritium neutron source in the intense 14 MeV neutron source facility at Osaka University. Observation of 1 MeV triton transport due to MHD instability was performed by a middle Sci-Fi detector whose deuterium-tritium neutron counting rate was approximately 20 times higher than that of the conventional Sci-Fi detector. Fusion-born triton transport due to energetic-particle-driven MHD instability was observed using the middle Sci-Fi detector due to its high detection efficiency and high discrimination ability of deuterium-tritium neutrons from the sea of deuterium-deuterium neutrons.
Converting an Under-Construction Healthcare Facility into a COVID-19 Screening and Emergency Response Centre During Complete Lockdown in India
Authors: Siddharth Vijaydeep , Kausar Mohammad , Krishna Reddy K Vamsi , Arif T.P. , Sinha Tejprakash , Bhoi Sanjeev , Khanna Puneet , Singhal Maneesh 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn view of the COVID-19 surge, the construction of the Burns and Plastic Surgery Block at AIIMS, New Delhi was expedited at war footing level and converted into a COVID-19 Emergency response Centre (ERC). Engineering works were completed in a speedy manner and various patient care areas were equipped as deemed necessary for providing tertiary care to COVID-19 patients. A highly spirited team comprising of Emergency Medicine Specialists, Anesthesia and Critical Care specialist, Hospital Administrators and Nursing Officers was formed. Effective segregation of patient care areas into clean, contaminated, and intermediate zones was done using physical barriers and air conditioning modifications. The screening area for patients suspected of having COVID-19 was created in addition to a 2-step process i.e., Triage 1 and Triage 2, thereafter, patients requiring admission would be referred to the emergency area. An in-house designed and fabricated sampling booth was created to bring down the use of PPEs and for better infection control. The ERC has a general ward and state of the art intensive care units. Mobilizing resources (machinery, manpower, consumables etc.) during the lockdown required commitment from top leadership, motivated teams, expeditious procurement, coordination with multiple agencies working on site, expediting statutory clearances, coordination with police services, transportation of labor etc.
Dr Livingstone, I Presume?
Authors: Engel Pascal 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPresumption is often discussed in law, less often in epistemology. Is it an attitude? If so where can we locate it within the taxonomy of epistemic attitudes? Is it a kind of belief, a judgment, an assumption or a supposition? Or is it a species of inference? There are two basic models of presumption: judgmental, as a kind of judgment, and legal, taken from the use of presumptions in law. The legal model suggests that presumption is a practical inference, whereas the judgmental model suggests that presumption is an epistemic attitude. I argue that presumption is neither a practical inference nor a merely epistemic attitude: it involves both, within the category of what we may call the inquiring attitudes.
A Model of Inclusion for Children With Disability in NSW Community Preschools
Authors: Quick Tracey , Flatley Beth , Sellwood Claire , Alam Oishee , Vukovich Ildi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe New South Wales (NSW) Government supports the meaningful participation of children with disability and additional learning needs in community-based not-for-profit preschools. Funding and sector capacity building is provided under the Disability and Inclusion Program to support access and participation in educational programs. Research and theories, which highlight the essential factors for successful inclusion, have been used to guide the development of the program. Baseline data were collected from 680 survey respondents from NSW community preschools regarding barriers to inclusion and supports needed to ensure that inclusion for children with additional needs is successful. Attitude to inclusion was not reported to be a major barrier; however, educators reported the need for specialist support and appropriate training. Data from the program continue to reveal the reality of inclusion for children and the role played by funding and ongoing capacity-building support.
The Great Illusion: blueprints of collaboration between revolutions in Italy and Germany (1848)
Authors: Lissi Stefano 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn April 1848, a proclamation of friendship to the Germans sent by the Provisional Government of Milan to the Fünfzigerausschuss (Committee of Fifty) in Frankfurt was rejected by the latter, creating widespread outrage in Italy. Concurrently, a parallel controversy over the possession of South Tyrol arose between the two revolutions. This article provides an exploratory analysis of these two episodes, examining the role they played in shaping relations between the two revolutions, and in influencing the image Italians had of the revolution in Germany. Shedding light on an episode until now overlooked by historiography, this article seeks to contribute to the salient debate on the peculiar relationship between internationalist ideals and nationalist claims during the 1848 revolution. It argues that the disillusioning impact on revolutionary audiences of specific ‘episodes of friction’, such as those examined in this article,was greater than the ‘natural convergence of goals’ of the various national revolutions in 1848.
Headquarters Control and Its Legitimation in a Chinese Multinational Corporation: The Case of Huawei
Authors: Hong Jacky F. L. , Snell Robin Stanley 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTBased on interviews and documentary analysis, we analyzed the mechanisms being adopted by the HQ of Huawei, a Chinese MNC, for controlling the outputs and processes of its foreign subsidiaries and social behaviours within them and how these controls were supported by corresponding strategies of legitimation. The controls comprise key performance indicators, standard operating procedures, divided subsidiary mandates, HQ-centric rotational expatriation, military-style induction, public oath-taking and self-criticism ceremonies, and training in and role-modelling of core values. The HQ provides comprehensive legitimation for each of these control mechanisms, drawing on five strategies of legitimation, which comprise espousals of organizational benefits, inducement, affirmation, moral exhortation, and narrativization. In many cases, the legitimizing statements have been provided by Mr. Ren, Huawei's founder and CEO, whose authority appears to have been important in conferring legitimacy to the HQ. The historical path of Huawei's development as an MNC has also been salient in conferring legitimacy to the HQ. Our findings suggest that interviewees regard the controls as legitimate, that the subsidiaries broadly comply with the controls, and that micro-political contestation is largely absent.
EVERY GRADED IDEAL OF A LEAVITT PATH ALGEBRA IS GRADED ISOMORPHIC TO A LEAVITT PATH ALGEBRA
Authors: VAŠ LIA 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe show that every graded ideal of a Leavitt path algebra is graded isomorphic to a Leavitt path algebra. It is known that a graded ideal I of a Leavitt path algebra is isomorphic to the Leavitt path algebra of a graph, known as the generalised hedgehog graph, which is defined based on certain sets of vertices uniquely determined by I. However, this isomorphism may not be graded. We show that replacing the short ‘spines’ of the generalised hedgehog graph with possibly fewer, but then necessarily longer spines, we obtain a graph (which we call the porcupine graph) whose Leavitt path algebra is graded isomorphic to I. Our proof can be adapted to show that, for every closed gauge-invariant ideal J of a graph
$C^*$
-algebra, there is a gauge-invariant
$*$
-isomorphism mapping the graph
$C^*$
-algebra of the porcupine graph of J onto
$J.$
Social engagement and allostatic load mediate between adverse childhood experiences and multimorbidity in mid to late adulthood: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Atkinson Leslie , Joshi Divya , Raina Parminder , Griffith Lauren E. , MacMillan Harriet , Gonzalez Andrea 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with multimorbidity in adulthood. This link may be mediated by psychosocial and biological factors, but evidence is lacking. The current study evaluates this mediation model.MethodWe analyzed data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (N= 27 170 community participants). Participants were 45–85 years at recruitment, when allostatic load and social engagement data were collected, and 3 years older at follow-up, when ACEs and multimorbidity data were collected. Structural equation modeling was used to test for mediation in the overall sample, and in sex- and age-stratified subsamples, all analyses adjusted for concurrent lifestyle confounds.ResultsIn the overall sample, ACEs were associated with multimorbidity, directly,β= 0.12 (95% confidence interval 0.11–0.13) and indirectly. Regarding indirect associations, ACEs were related to social engagement,β= −0.14 (−0.16 to −0.12) and social engagement was related to multimorbidity,β= −0.10 (−0.12 to −0.08). ACEs were related to allostatic load,β= 0.04 (0.03–0.05) and allostatic load was related to multimorbidity,β= 0.16 (0.15–0.17). The model was significant for males and females and across age cohorts, with qualifications in the oldest stratum (age 75–85).ConclusionsACEs are related to multimorbidity, directly and via social engagement and allostatic load. This is the first study to show mediated pathways between early adversity and multimorbidity in adulthood. It provides a platform for understanding multimorbidity as a lifespan dynamic informing the co-occurrence of the varied disease processes represented in multimorbidity.
Foreign Economic Involvement in Angola and Mozambique
Authors: El-Khawas Mohamed A. 
Published: August 2021

For a number of years the leaders of many African nations have voiced concern about the impact of foreign economic activity in the Portuguese-administered territories in southern Africa. They have argued that as long as a major part of Portugal's revenues are expended on military operations, particularly to suppress liberation movements in the territories, the income from such foreign economic activity helps Portugal maintain its grasp over the African territories.Largely as a result of African efforts, a United Nations resolution was passed in 1965 that recognized the relationship between foreign economic investment and Portugal's failure to grant self-determination and independence to the territories. The resolution requested that all specialized UN agencies refrain from granting assistance to Portugal and that all states refrain from any financial activity with Portugal that would impede the attainment of independence for Mozambique and Angola.Relatively little scholarly attention, however, has been paid to the role of foreign economic activity in the Portugueseadministered territories. Perhaps one reason for this is the paucity of hard data on the economic activity in each territory; another is the inherent difficulty of tracing the larger impact of any economic investment. Nevertheless, because of the importance of the issue some assessment seems warranted. This paper represents an attempt to contribute to that assessment. First, the dimensions of foreign economic investment in the territories are examined, with special emphasis on Mozambique and Angola during the decade following the outbreak of wars of liberation. Second, some comment is offered on the influence of such economic activity on efforts to attain independence within Portuguese Africa.
The Black American Reaction to Apartheid
Authors: Nagan Winston P. 
Published: August 2021

This article concerns the problems connected with the Black American reaction to apartheid in South Africa reaction which appears to have been largely ignored by social scientists, opinion poll samplers, opinion leaders, and even the distributors of foundation grants. A discussion such as this one is, perforce, impressionistic. Hopefully, however, it will contribute to the construction of sound hypotheses about the character of the Black American reaction to apartheid.The reader should perhaps be warned that I do not subscribe to the doctrine of intellectual neutrality. The perspectives from which I write are informed by clearly articulated value postulates or preferences.
National Security Study Memorandum 39 and the Future of United States Policy toward Southern Africa
Authors: Lockwood Edgar 
Published: August 2021

For observers of U.S. policy toward Africa, this has been the fall of the "Nissem."Newspaper and magazine articles by Tad Szulc and Jack Anderson, based on the text of National Security Study Memorandum 39 of 1969 (NSSM 39), have popularized an alleged Nixon " tilt " toward Southern Africa's white regimes, stemming from a preference for protection of U.S. economic interests over ideals of democracy and decency. The State Department, embarrassed and flustered by the leak of another secret document, has tried to downplay its significance (calling it merely a preliminary study), and has disclaimed any change in policy.
Testimony on Rhodesia and United States Foreign Policy
Authors: Lockwood Edgar 
Published: August 2021

I appreciate very much this opportunity to present our views on what the United States should do to encourage political progress in Rhodesia.Since the establishment of the Washington Office on Africa in the fall of 1972, we have devoted much of our efforts to working with sympathetic members of Congress and citizens across the country to improve United States policy toward Rhodesia and specifically to repeal the Byrd Amendment, which three-and-a-half years ago created a statutory violation of this country’s treaty obligation to comply with the United Nations sanctions program. So we are pleased to participate in hearings on southern Africa and especially this one on Rhodesia.
Testimony on Rhodesia
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: August 2021

Mr. Chairman, Members of the sub-committee, I am grateful for this opportunity to appear before you and to testify about Rhodesia.Rhodesia is a strategically located colony with great potential. Whether called Rhodesia or Zimbabwe, it has a valuable resource base and could, under favorable circumstances, serve once again as the fulcrum of a prosperous and progressive Southern Africa.
African Population Growth and Politics
Authors: Abate Yohannis 
Published: August 2021

The population of Africa in 1977 is estimated to be 423 million, which is about 10.3 percent of the world population. For a quarter of the world’s land area, that is a small population.Africa’s share of world population declined between 1650 and 1920, partly because the population of Europe and the Americas was increasing gradually through factors associated with the Industrial Revolution, and partly because of the ravages of the slave trade and the European colonial pacification measures. Since the 1920s, however, Africa’s population has been growing fast, and its share of world population could reach 13 percent by the year 2000.
How can Africa Develop in its Own Interest?
Authors: McBride Robert H. 
Published: August 2021

A volume published some years ago, called How to Lie with Statistics, took an extremist view of the problem raised by its title. Unreliability of statistics is my starting point for a necessarily brief analysis of what appears a significant problem for sub-Saharan Africa: how can Africa develop in the interests of its own people, as distinct from the largely European beneficiaries of the African economy today; and how can “development” take place, as opposed to mere “growth”?The distinctions between development and growth have been analyzed penetratingly in, for example, Basil Davidson’s Can Africa Survive? and in the articles in Africa in the Seventies and Eighties, edited by Frederick Arkhurst, especially in the editor’s comments.
The Fundamentals of Nigerian Foreign Policy
Authors: Stremlau John S. 
Published: August 2021

Throughout nearly twenty years of often tumultuous post-colonial history, Nigerian foreign policy has been surprisingly consistent. It may be too early to judge the capabilities and determination of the new civilian government of Alhaji Shehu Shagari, but if the past is any guide, the basic concerns of Nigerian foreign policy are not likely to change.Future decisions will probably continue to reflect the pursuit of three vital and interrelated domestic objectives: to build greater national unity by overcoming deep regional, ethnic, and religious differences; to achieve rapid economic development for a nation that, despite great oil wealth, has a per-capita income of less than $400; and to complete the process of full self-determination which has yet to encompass all sectors of the modern economy. Among the three, the quest for national integration has been of paramount concern.
Education and Transformation in Tanzania
Authors: Samoff Joel 
Published: August 2021

Note: Since this brief review of educational reform in Tanzania is intended to offer insight into a number of problems that confront those involved in transforming the recently independent societies of southern Africa, and since my research on these issues is still at a preliminary stage, I present my comments in schematic form. A brief note on resources and selected citations appear at the end.At the end of colonial rule in Africa, almost everywhere the formal educational system was assigned major roles in the construction of the new society. Skilled personnel had to be trained to replace the departing Europeans. The vast expansion of social services required many new doctors, engineers, and architects. The increased responsibilities of the public sector required managers, accountants, and planners. And, of course, there had to be a rapid increase in the teaching corps, at all levels.
U.S. Policy and Black Refugees
Authors:   The Honorable Shirley Chisholm (D-NY)
Published: August 2021

The debate over who is a “legitimate refugee” involves more than just a quarrel over definitions. Haitians and African refugees, largely Ethiopians, have come to our shores in much the same manner as previous groups. The reaction to the arrival of these groups, however, must be seen in the context of legal and political changes in American society.The “first asylum” phenomenon of persons fleeing to the United States as their first place of refuge from persecution has become the primary focus of any policy decisions affecting our refugee and immigration laws. Further, the “first asylum” issue has blurred the distinctions between refugees and immigrants.
The UN High Commission for Refugees and the Refugee Crisis in Africa: High Commissioner’s statement to informal meeting of permanent representatives of African States accredited to the United Nations Office at Geneva, March 9, 1982
Authors: Hartling Poul 
Published: August 2021

Africa remains the continent with the greatest number of refugees. All over the continent, refugees arrive in countries facing their own development problems and difficulties; they are, nevertheless, received with generosity and hospitality, in line with deep-rooted traditions that have remained alive thoughout the turmoil of events.I cannot but emphasize once more, at the outset of this gathering, my profound appreciation for this approach of African governments and peoples to the refugee problem. This attitude brings considerable relief to the plight of the refugees and is an example to the world; it is also an ever-present asset in our relationship with the governments and in our co-operation with the Organization of African Unity, the multiple aspects of which are being constantly developed and reinforced in the most positive humanitarian spirit.
Notes on the Civil and Political Strife in Uganda
Authors: Tall Mamadou 
Published: August 2021

Idi Amin’s eight-year reign as dictator of Uganda produced one of the most vicious regimes in Africa’s recent history. The number of people who met violent death at the hands of the regime’s agents is estimated to have been as high as 100,000.When the regime was swept away by Tanzanian troops in April 1979, it was expected by Ugandans as well as foreign observers that at long last, political and social violence would abate. However, the events of the last three years have belied these hopes and expectations.
Her majesty, the queen of sounds: Cultural sustainability and heritage in organ craftsmanship and music
Authors: Gerner Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOrgan craftsmanship and music are inextricably linked with each other. In Germany, a particularly rich symbiosis between craftspeople, composers, and performing artists has evolved over the centuries. In recognizing the transmission of this intangible cultural know-how from generation to generation, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) inscribed organ craftsmanship and music together in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2017. This article elucidates how this inscription influences the perception and self-concept of organ craftsmanship and music, both in theoretic-intellectual and in virtual terms. Complementing the qualitative content analysis of literature and documents, narrative first-hand accounts/expert interviews with organ craftspeople/organ builders have been conducted and interpreted. Taking into account a dual nexus of cultural sustainability and intangible cultural heritage, sustainable value creation, substantial claims, multi-perspective visibility, and facilitative reassurance were analyzed and assessedvis-à-visorgan craftsmanship and music. Including organ craftsmanship and music in UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity demonstrates an appreciation for sustainable value creation related to the quadruple bottom-line of sustainability – that is, addressing economic, environmental, and societal aspects, including culture as a fully integrated dimension; claims substantial rights for safeguarding and invoking/activating heritage; enhances visibility of performing organists, assigned organ builders, frequent practitioners, and nominated organ experts; and enables reassurance of passion and self-positioning with organ craftsmanship and music.