bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dye-based identification of the orientation of tissue for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty: A laboratory-based study
Authors: Donthineni Pragnya Rao , Vaddavalli Pravin Krishna 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
To describe the features enabling the identification of the orientation of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) lenticule with the assistance of vital dyes.

Methods:
This is a blinded experimental lab-based study, including 30 microkeratome prepared precut DSAEK lenticules. The lenticules were divided into control and study arms which included 10 unstained and 20 stained lenticules, respectively. In the study arm, vital dyes like trypan blue (TB), brilliant blue (BB), indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein stain (FS) were used to stain 5 lenticules each. They were examined by experienced (group 1) and novice surgeons (group 2) to identify the correct orientation of the lenticule. The results were tabulated and analyzed.

Results:
Of the 30 lenticules examined, the average of total scores obtained by each observer was higher (78%) in group 1 as compared to group 2 (65.3%) which was statistically significant (P < 0.005). In group 1, the accuracy of identifying the correct orientation of unstained lenticules was 70% which improved to 82% on staining. The accuracy in group 2 was 58% with unstained lenticules which improved to 69% on staining. Within the study arm, irrespective of surgical experience, the accuracy was highest with BB (86%), followed by TB (82%), ICG (72%) and FS (62%).

Conclusion:
This study found that the accuracy of identifying the orientation of DSAEK lenticules increased with experience and with the assistance of staining using vital dyes. This accuracy improved with blue dyes like brilliant blue and trypan blue, irrespective of the level of experience.
Automated iris volume analysis and trabecular meshwork length using anterior segment optical coherence tomography - Application in pseudoexfoliation and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma
Authors: Rao Aparna , Vupparaboina Kiran Kumar , Padhy Debananda , Raj Niranjan , Pradhan Amiya , Goud Abilash , Peguda Hari Kumar , Jana Soumya , Richariya Ashutosh 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the iris and angle parameters in psuedoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT).

Methods:
Patients with PXF or PXG were compared using ASOCT with primary open-angle glaucoma POAG eyes as controls in this noninterventional comparative study conducted at a tertiary eye care center in East India. All angle parameters, TM length, and iris thickness were analyzed from the enhanced depth imaging (EDI) single scans obtained. Quadrant scans were used for the calculation of iris volume using a custom-built in-house software. In particular, the software performs multiple operations including edge detection, connected components, and thresholding to localize and segment the iris. Differences in the iris volume/thickness and TM length in PXF and PXG with POAG were analyzed.

Results:
A total of 225 eyes were included, which included 75 PXG and 98 PXF cases and 52 POAG with a mean age of 67 ± 9.7 years at presentation. The algorithm repeatability and reproducibility was also established with correlation coefficients more than 99% which was substantiated with Bland-Altman plots. The iris volume (calculated in 197 images of 225 eyes) did not differ significantly in PXF and PXG eyes, although both had significantly greater volume compared to POAG eyes. The iris volume or other angle parameters including TM length did not correlate with clinical variables such as IOP, age, or visual field indices.

Conclusion:
Iris parameters or TM length do not explain pathogenesis of glaucoma in pseudoexfoliation.
Digitally assisted three-dimensional surgery – Beyond vitreous
Authors: Bawankule Prashant K , Narnaware Shilpi H , Chakraborty Moumita , Raje Dhananjay , Phusate Rinkle , Gupta Richa , Rewatkar Kaustubh , Chivane Anurag , Sontakke Suraj 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the application and safety of three-dimensional (3D) visualization system in varied anterior segment procedures and Scleral Buckle.

Methods:
This was a prospective observational study of 313 eyes. Patients undergoing phacoemulsification (PE) with intraocular lens (IOL), trabeculectomies, glaucoma triple procedure (GTP), scleral fixated (SF) IOL, and scleral buckle (SB) were included in the study. Cases were randomly distributed in 3D visualization system (learning and post-learning phase) and conventional microscope group. Parameters studied were complications (intraoperative and early postoperative), surgical outcomes, and surgeon’s perspective on various parameters (through a validated questionnaire) like surgical time, time lag, learning curve, ease of doing various steps and its value as an educational tool, for both groups [Questionnaires 1 and 2].

Results:
Complications rates were not different in two groups. Surgical outcomes (anatomical and physiological) were similar in both the groups. Mean duration of surgery in PE+IOL, Trabeculectomy, GTP in learning stage by 3D was significantly higher than Microscope, which became insignificant in postlearning stage. For, SB and SFIOL, duration between two groups were insignificantly different. There was significant learning struggle in PE+IOL, SB, and Trabeculectomy. Image resolution, depth perception, illumination and postural comfort was graded higher for 3D surgery across the stages. Time lag, poor color contrast, and field of view were appreciated during the learning stage. Educational relevance of 3D was higher, as appreciated by resident and nurses.

Conclusion:
3D surgery is as safe, faster, and predictable after initial learning struggle. Even in anterior segment procedure, no apparent lag was appreciated after learning curve.
Changes in astigmatism after horizontal muscle recession strabismus surgery
Authors: Karakosta Christina , Bougioukas Konstantinos I , Karra Martha , Kontopanos Georgios , Methenitis Georgios , Liaskou Maria , Paraskevopoulos Konstantinos , Kokolaki Anna 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in astigmatism after unilateral recession of horizontal rectus muscles in pediatric patients.

Methods:
The authors retrospectively evaluated the medical history of 52 children with esotropia or exotropia, that underwent a unilateral recession strabismus surgery. The intervention group consisted of the 52 eyes that underwent strabismus surgery, and the control group consisted of the other 52 fellow unoperated eyes of the same participants. The intervention group was divided into medial and lateral rectus muscle subgroups, and four subgroups based on the astigmatism axis preoperatively (A: with-the-rule astigmatism, B: no astigmatism, C: intermediate meridians, D: against-the-rule astigmatism). All patients were examined one day preoperatively, and then, six weeks postoperatively. Paired tests were conducted, and the significant level was set to 0.05 or was adjusted for subgroups.

Results:
A mean difference 0.43 D of astigmatism (95% CI: 0.27, 0.59) was observed after the surgery between intervention and control group (P < 0.001). Astigmatism change (postoperative - preoperative) in subgroup A was 0.50 D (P < 0.001) and in subgroup B was 0.75 D (P < 0.001). Moreover, astigmatism changes of 0.50 D were found in both lateral (P < 0.001) and medial rectus muscle group (P = 0.002).

Conclusion:
Strabismus surgery appears to be associated with alterations in astigmatism, and in particular increase in cylindrical power in the eyes that had with-the-rule astigmatism or no astigmatism preoperatively. Those changes should be considered when planning the operation, to avoid transforming clinically non-significant astigmatism into clinically significant.
Assessment of road safety parameters in the city of Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Nkurunziza David , Tafahomi Rahman , Faraja Irumva Augustin 
Published: June 2021

Increase in vehicular population has led to increase in road crashes. This is particularly very evident in low- and middle-income countries. Rwanda is no exception to this problem. While various factors influence the occurrence of a crash, it is argued that road design can make roads either safe or unsafe to drive. This research examines geometric parameters of roads in the City of Kigali, with emphasis on checking their safety parameters in comparison with design standards of AASHTO 2011. The case study of this research was „KN 123 St‟, a two-lane asphalt road located in the center of the City of Kigali. Road parameters like lane widths, curve radii, super-elevation, sight distances and slope grades were examined. The research found various areas of improvement, inconsistencies and non-conformities. The findings established a clear relationship between ignored safety parameters during design and construction, and road crashes that happened on specifically identified hazardous spots. For instance, there is an extreme abrupt change in lane widths over the whole length at a rate of 74%. Unsafe sharp curves make half of all evaluated horizontal curves. Curves with the smallest radii have already recorded many crashes. The study found that super-elevation values have been inadequately computed, designed, and constructed with an average variance of 5%. About 80% of assessed vertical curves had insufficient stopping sight distance and 90% of headlight sight distance likewise. Apart from geometric parameters, high operating speeds of car drivers and motorcyclists, lack of shoulders, lack of zebra crossings and left sidewalk were found as extra causes of traffic injuries. While widening of the road could potentially help meet most safety parameters, it is arguably expensive and unrealistic. Therefore, this study recommends speed governance, forgiving roadside features, traffic signalization, and road markings as tools to alert drivers where most crash-prone areas are.
Keywords: Road safety, Geometric design, Safety assessment, Road Crashes, AASHTO 2011
Reviewing the links between climate change and resource conflict
Authors: Anthonia Abugu Nkechinyere , Bello Yero Ahmed , Oliatan Odele Muyiwa , Macaulay Irene Amahagbor 
Published: June 2021

Knowledge of the relationship between climate change and resource conflict is paramount in resolving resource conflict between farmers and herdsmen in Nigeria. However, there is yet no general agreement on how climate change causes or influences resource conflict. Thus, a review of existing literature that link climate change and resource conflict was conducted for identification of the missing link. These were achieved through the review of literature published in the era of the recent global climate change from late 90s to date. Selections of papers were based on the topic and date of publication. Result showed that there is general agreement that climate change influence resource conflicts. Some of the authors agreed that climate change cannot cause resource conflict in isolation but through influences on other factors that affect resource availability, accessibility and utility. These factors are also influenced by policies and socio-cultural system. Thus, resource conflict may be a secondary or tertiary effect of climate change. Climate change solution is scares in literature that linked climate change and resource conflict. Thus, future studies should be focused on climate change solution to resource conflict.
Keywords: Climate change, Resource conflict, Literature review, Famers
Molecular characterisation of fungi associated with sewage-impacted soil
Authors: Iyanyi N. G. , Ataga A. E. , Obichi E. A , Agbasoga S. C. 
Published: June 2021

The decay of faecal matter from a septic system causes the arousal of fungi in the surrounding soil. These fungi can cause diseases if there is sewage spillage containing untreated or improperly treated wastewaters. Molecular techniques of identification of fungi have shown to be more dependable than traditional methods of identifying fungal species. This study was carried out to identify the fungal species associated with soil obtained from sewage-impacted soil near a septic tank using both traditional cultural techniques and molecular method. Fungi associated with the soil samples were isolated using serial dilution and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) method. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was extracted from the pure cultures of fungal isolates using Quick DNA Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep kit. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungal isolates was carried out using universal primer pair; ITS4 and ITS5. The PCR products were sequenced and the sequences were blasted against National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. The result of the nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the identity of the isolates as Trichoderma harzanium with 580 base pairs and Aspergillus welwitschiae with 560 base pairs. Sequences of the isolates were aligned and compared with sequences on GenBank and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The cultural method only aided in suggesting the suspected genera of the isolates while the molecular method was able to identify the isolates to the species level. This study will promote the knowledge of the fungal species associated with sewage-impacted soil and also aid researchers in proffering ways to enhance the prevention/control of diseases associated with sewage spill.
Keyword: Septic tank, fungi, soil, phylogeny, sequencing
2-dimensional modeling of high-resolution aeromagnetic data over Yola arm of the upper Benue trough, Northeastern Nigeria
Authors: Hayatudeen Musa , Bassey Nsikak E. , Rasaq Bello 
Published: June 2021

2-D modeling of high-resolution aeromagnetic data over the area investigated was carried out with the aid of Oasis MontajTM software in order to get the total magnetic intensity map as well as the residual map from where the modeling was carried out. The data was acquired for Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) in 2010 by Fugro international of Netherlands. The specifications of the data were terrain clearance of 80 m, flight line spacing of 500 m and a tie line spacing of 5000 m. The area investigated in this work is located between longitude 120 00' - 130 30' E and Latitude 80 00' – 100 00'N. GM-SYS module of the Oasis montaj was used for this research, with depocentres, structural patterns, basement geometry and morphology as well as estimates of the physical character of the cause to an investigated anomaly determined. The models reveal the horst and graben structures of the basement and the various faults that segmented the area into block patterns. The results revealed sediment thickness in the range of 2-5 km for the models which are in agreement with the results obtained by various researchers in the area. Horst and graben were identified in the models which confirmed the rifting nature of the Benue Trough. The authors of this research are of the view that these depocentres, structural patterns and basement geometry may be a promising site for hydrocarbon traps and reservoirs.
Keywords: Aeromagnetic Data, GM-SYS, Modeling, Horst, Graben.
Techniques for Ensuring Fault Ride-Through Capability of Grid Connected DFIG-Based Wind Turbine Systems: A Review
Authors: Shuaibu M. , Abubakar A.S. , Shehu A.F. 
Published: June 2021

Renewable energy sources (RES) are being integrated to electrical grid to complement the conventional sources to meet up with global electrical energy demand. Among other RES, Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) have gained global electricity market competitiveness because of the flexible regulation of active and reactive power, higher power quality, variable speed operation, four quadrant converter operation and better dynamic performance. Grid connected DFIG-based WECS are prone to disturbances in the network because of direct connection of stator windings to grid. The ability of the Wind Turbine (WT) to remain connected during grid faults is termed the Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capability. The grid code requirement for integrating the DFIG-based WTs to power networks specified that they must remain connected and support the grid stability during grid disturbances of up to 1500 ms. The use of compensation devices offers the best FRT compliance thereby protecting the DFIG and the converters from voltage fluctuations and over currents during the grid fault. The paper presents a review of techniques employed in ensuring FRT compliance. The article also proposes the state-of-the-art techniques for compensating voltage sag/swell and limiting the fault short-circuit current.
Keywords: Renewable energy sources, DFIG, wind turbine system, fault ride-through, grid codes, dual-functional DVR
Multi-Type FACTS Controllers for Power System Compensation: A Case Study of the Nigerian 48-Bus, 330 kV System
Authors: Nkan I.E. , Okpo E.E. , Okoro O.I. 
Published: June 2021

Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices have provided proficient answers to power system instabilities faced in the systems operations today with very little infrastructural investment fund. This paper investigates the effects of the installation of the combination of two kinds of FACTS controllers; static VAR compensator (SVC) and thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) compared with the installation of SVC or TCSC alone in the system. Voltage magnitude profile, active and reactive power losses of the three scenarios were achieved in the Nigerian 48-bus power system network using power system analysis toolbox (PSAT) in MATLAB environment. Simulation results obtained without and with FACTS devices optimally placed using voltage stability sensitivity factor (VSSF), revealed that the percentage decrease of the net real and reactive power losses of the combined SVC and TCSC was the highest at 31.917% whereas that of the standalone SVC and TCSC stood at 19.769% and 30.863% respectively. This shows that in addition to their capabilities to maintain acceptable voltage profile, the combination of SVC and TCSC has better compensating effect as they mitigate against power losses which was observed in their high percentage decrease in power losses compared to the standalone FACTS devices.
Keywords: FACTS, optimum location, PSAT, SVC, TCSC, VSSF
Contabilidad Atmosférica: Una Propuesta Desde La Sustentabilidad
Authors: Moreno Ginna 
Published: June 2021

La contaminación del recurso atmosférico ha contribuido al cambio climático a través de los gases efecto invernadero (GEI), parte de estos gases son emisiones que las empresas generan en el desarrollo de sus actividades y no contabilizan, ni rinden cuenta pública de ellas. Es necesaria la existencia de un sistema de gestión e información ambiental sustentable, para contribuir a la salud y salvaguarda de los ecosistemas.
El objetivo de la presente investigación es el de fundamentar la contabilización del recurso atmosférico en función de la sustentabilidad natural; para lo cual se hace un estudio cualitativo y documental de tipo inductivo, explicativo y propositivo, en el cual se propone a las organizaciones, la contabilización de los impactos positivos y negativos generados frente al recurso aire, a través de los criterios de reconocimiento, medición, presentación y revelación de información en las cuentas biocontables. Se concluye que la investigación contribuye a la medición de impactos organizacionales y a generar cambios en las prácticas de producción y consumo hacia interacciones de mercado más responsables y comprometidas con la naturaleza.
Impacto de la Violencia en las Letras de Canciones Autóctonas del Pacifico Nariñense
Authors: Rodríguez Arias Juan Pablo 
Published: June 2021

Entre la inmensidad boscosa y marítima que embellece el paisaje del litoral pacífico nariñense, se esconden grandes silencios, torturas y masacres. La paradoja del paraíso en llamas a manos de un conflicto armado, hoy nos revela las necesidades de voces que no quieren callar más. Para esta comunidad, la música ha sido su única manera de denunciar y exorcizar todos los males, tristezas y miedos de un mundo que no les corresponde: la violencia.
En este trabajo de investigación, se llevó a cabo una revisión intensiva de algunas letras de canciones pertenecientes al género de la música afro pacífica, con el propósito de evidenciar, reconocer e identificar las diferentes problemáticas que se vienen presentando desde hace varios años en esta parte de Colombia, todas a partir de un contexto musical autóctono, cultural y focalizado.
Para reconocer dichas problemáticas presentes en las letras, se realizó una profunda revisión que permitieron identificar los factores que han dado surgimiento a esta situación, agudizándola y perpetuándola por varios años a partir del conflicto entre grupos armados ilegales, cultivos ilícitos, y otros catalizadores que han corroído la población; entre ellos la extorsión, el desplazamiento forzado masivo, la desaparición forzada y los asesinatos de líderes sociales, que son apenas algunos de los muchos rastros dejados por la violencia en la región.
COVID-19: contextualizando a pandemia em visita a literatura
Authors: Ferreira Eidimara , Fin Thais Caroline , Portella Marilene Rodrigues , Favretto Jéssica Lusa 
Published: June 2021

A Organização Mundial da Saúde, em 11 de março de 2020, anunciou a pandemia da doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) e desde então, o número de infectados vêm aumentando, ocasionando altas taxas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. Essa doença tornou-se uma emergência de saúde pública de interesse internacional, uma ameaça à saúde global com um número continuamente crescente de casos confirmados. Este capítulo tem por objetivo apresentar aspectos relacionados ao coronavírus, as variantes, a epidemiologia da doença e as medidas preventivas. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, realizada por meio eletrônico nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Pubcovid19 e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (MEDLINE). Conclui-se que a pandemia COVID-19 é a principal crise de saúde global da contemporaneidade porém, é muito mais que uma crise de saúde, é também uma crise socioeconômica sem precedentes, com efeitos sociais, econômicos e políticos, repercussões de difícil dimensionamento. A importância das medidas de prevenção, assim como estar atento aos sintomas e as formas de transmissão é imprescindível, pois abrange o indivíduo e também as suas relações interpessoais, evidenciando-se a importância da empatia. Ainda há um longo caminho até que se tenha total controle da mesma, através de um tratamento efetivo ou até mesmo evitando a Covid-19 com a vacinação.
On the Dissipative Extensions of the Conformable Fractional Sturm-Liouville Operator
Authors: PAŞAOĞLU Bilender , TUNA Hüseyin , YALÇINKAYA Yüksel 
Published: June 2021

In this work, we consider singular conformable fractional Sturm-Liouville
operators defined by the expression
\[
\varrho (y)=-T_{\alpha }^{2}y(t)+\frac{\xi ^{2}-\frac{1}{4}}{t^{2}}y(t)+%
p(t)y(t),\
\]
where $0 < t < \infty ,\ \xi \geq1~$and$\ p(.)\ $is real-valued functions defined on $[0,\infty )$ and satisfy the condition$\ p\left( .\right) \in L_{\alpha, loc}^{1}(0,\infty )$. We construct a space of boundary values for minimal symmetric singular conformable fractional Sturm-Liouville operators in limit-circle case at singular end point. Finally, we give a description of all maximal dissipative, accumulative and self-adjoint extensions of conformable fractional Sturm-Liouville operators with the help of boundary conditions.