bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are African primary physicians suspicious enough? Challenges of multiple myeloma diagnosis in Africa
Authors: Thokerunga Erick , Ntege Christopher , Ahmed Abdullahi Omar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy of plasma cells belonging to a spectrum of monoclonal protein-secreting disorders known as paraproteinemias. It is classically characterized by accumulated plasma cells in the bone marrow, renal insufficiency, hypercalcemia, and bone lesions (CRAB). Despite studies in the USA indicating that the incidence of multiple myeloma is twice as much in Americans of African descent compared to white Americans and those of Asian descent, African countries have some of the lowest incidence rates and prevalence of the cancer. It is generally thought that this is not entirely factual given the paucity of research into the cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, coupled with other diagnostic challenges such as economic hardships, and poor health-seeking behaviors. In this mini review, we explored the state of multiple myeloma diagnosis across sub-Saharan Africa, outlining the challenges to diagnosis and proposing possible solutions.

Main body
Due to the lack of routine checkups in people > 40 years across sub-Saharan Africa, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) are often accidentally diagnosed. This is due to a very low awareness of multiple myeloma among primary care clinicians and the general population. Other major challenges to multiple myeloma diagnosis across Africa include a chronic shortage of human resource (pathologists, cytotechnologists, and histotechnologists), and a prohibitive cost of diagnostic services that discourages early diagnosis.

Conclusion
To improve multiple myeloma diagnosis in Africa, a systems approach to thinking among policy makers, philanthropic organizations, and oncologists must be adopted. Governments must invest in health insurance coverage for cancer patients concurrently with heavy investments in human resource training and diagnostic infrastructure scale up. Creative approaches such as digital pathology, online training of clinicians, research and capacity building collaborations among African institutions, European and American institutions, and pharmaceutical companies as seen with other cancers should be explored for multiple myeloma too.
Exploring prevention and management of secondary health conditions in people with spinal cord injury in South Africa
Authors: Pilusa Sonti , Myezwa Hellen , Potterton Joanne 
Published: December 2021

Background/Aims Preventative care for people with spinal cord injury is neglected, even though secondary health conditions are prevalent among this group. There is limited information on preventative care for secondary health conditions among people with spinal cord injury. This study aimed to explore how people with spinal cord injury prevent and manage secondary health conditions. Methods A total of 17 individuals with spinal cord injury attending an outpatients clinic at a public rehabilitation hospital were interviewed face to face. All the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic content analysis. Results The participants used different strategies to prevent and manage secondary health conditions, such as medication, assistive devices, self-management, resilience coping strategies and therapeutic approaches. The participants found prevention of secondary health conditions ‘challenging’ and some of the strategies were ineffective. Conclusions Although many strategies are used by people with spinal cord injury to prevent and manage secondary health conditions, the experience is difficult. To minimise the occurrence and the consequence of secondary health conditions among people with spinal cord injury, health professionals must promote and support preventative care for secondary health conditions.
Die Komparativ- und Superlativformen besser/am besten/das Beste als Varianten in modalen Vergleichskonstruktionen
Authors: Höhmann Doris 
Published: December 2021

It is well known that linguistic variants play a key role in the acquisition of language skills in the first, second or foreign language as well as in writing and translation processes and in general in communicative interactions. Thus, a major research goal is the systematic investigation of intra- and interlinguistic variation. Due to its complexity, its qualitative-quantitative analysis continues to be a challenging issue, but it seems to become more and more feasible thanks to both the possibility of compiling very large corpora and the availability of high-performing corpus-linguistic tools.
The paper discusses a corpus-linguistic pilot study concerning the use of besser, am besten and das Beste as pragmatic markers in a cross-linguistic perspective. In particular, the analysis focusses on selected superlative and comparative constructions on the left periphery used for expressing advice. The data basis consists mainly of German and Italian comparable very large web corpora and, to a lesser extent, of bilingual sentence pairs drawn from parallel corpora. As will be shown, even restricting the analysis to a very small segment of microvariation, in both languages the modal constructions appear to be characterized by the combination of numerous overlapping and interplaying variants and by different tendencies in language use.
Ratatouille: The TikTok Musical, TikTok Creators, directed by Lucy Moss (2020)
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: December 2021

Review of: Ratatouille: The TikTok Musical, TikTok Creators, directed by Lucy Moss (2020)
Benefit Concert for the Actor’s Fund, TodayTix, 1 January 2021
Bernstein and Robbins: The Early Ballets, Sophie Redfern (2021)
Authors: Gardner Kara Anne 
Published: December 2021

Review of: Bernstein and Robbins: The Early Ballets, Sophie Redfern (2021)
Rochester, NY: The University of Rochester Press, 293 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-64825-005-7, h/bk, USD $99.00
Victorians on Broadway: Literature, Adaptation, and the Modern American Musical, Sharon Aronofsky Weltman (2020)
Authors: Kunze Peter C. 
Published: December 2021

Review of: Victorians on Broadway: Literature, Adaptation, and the Modern American Musical, Sharon Aronofsky Weltman (2020)
Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 338 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-81394-431-9, h/bk, USD $75.00
Developing a model to determine the number of vehicles lane changing on freeways by Brownian motion method
Authors: Afandizadeh Shahriar , Bigdeli Rad Hamid 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Lane change maneuvers are essential on car trips. Drivers change lanes to follow the desired route to reach their destination or improve their driving condition or level of service. To change lanes, a driver must consider several factors that affect safety. Due to the lack of appropriate data and consequently the lack of appropriate models to determine the number of lane-changes on the road (as an influential factor in accidents), this study attempts to collect proper data in a new way. Thus, the Qazvin-Karaj freeway was selected as the case study. After installing the imaging cameras and performing the image processing, SPSS and Expert Design statistical software were used to model development. The Brownian motion model was also used to construct the driver change lane model. The results showed that logarithmic model number 2 reported a better coefficient of determination than other models with a value of 0.472. Then models 3 and 9 were ranked with R
2 of 0.451 and 0.442, respectively. Also, the Expert Design model with R
2 (0.786) could have a better fit. The value of the response variable (Nch
+ 0.52)0.74 was obtained three-dimensionally against the changes of distance from the front vehicle (Df
) and distance from the rear vehicle (Db
). Variable values of distance from the front car and distance from the rear vehicle have more effective values on the number of lane changes than left and right distance values. The observed and Brownian data had a slight mean difference (0.018), and also, the standard deviation was so small. Also, the correlation in this data pair is 0.912, which is a suitable value and indicates a slight difference between the outputs of the Brownian model and the observations.
Finite element method for stress and strain analysis of FGM hollow cylinder under effect of temperature profiles and inhomogeneity parameter
Authors: Sharma Dinkar , Kaur Ramandeep , Sandhir Munish , Sharma Honey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study represents a numerical analysis of stress and strain in the functionally graded material (FGM) hollow cylinder subjected to two different temperature profiles and inhomogeneity parameter. The thermo-mechanical properties of a cylinder are assumed to vary continuously as power law function along the radial coordinate of a cylinder. Based on equilibrium equation, Hooke's law, stress-strain relationship in the cylinders, and other theories from mechanics second order differential equation is obtained that represents the thermoelastic field in hollow FGM cylinder. To find a numerical solution of governing differential equation, the finite element method (FEM) with standard discretization approach is used. The analysis of numerical results reveals that stress and strain in the FGM cylinder are significantly depend upon variation made in temperature profile and inhomogeneity parameter n. The results show good agreement with results available in the literature. It is shown that thermoelastic characteristics of the FGM cylinder are controlled by controlling the value of the above discussed parameters. Moreover, these results are very useful in various fields of engineering and science as FGM cylinders have a wide range of applications in these fields.
The Paternalistic Turn in Behavioral Law and Economics: A Critique
Authors: Rizzo Mario J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The application of behavioral economics to law and economics has taken a paternalistic turn. Behavioralists believe that the fundamental assumptions regarding individual behavior in standard theory do not reflect reality. If individuals are not “rational” in the standard economic sense, then there will be decisionmaking failures: people cannot be relied upon to make individually optimal decisions and thus to maximize welfare as they see it. This Article is organized as follows. Part One is a prelude and gives context. Part Two discusses the fundamental normative standard in behavioral public policy: true preferences. I then proceed to outline the causes of the divergence between true preferences and actual observed preferences. Part Three analyzes some of the knowledge problems is ascertaining the presence of cognitive and behavioral biases. Part Four presents a case study of the difficulties of behavioral policy analysis in the area of consumer credit. Part Five concludes.
THE PRESIDENT'S PAGE
Authors: BLACK WM. C. 
Published: December 2021

I am in receipt of your form letter to all members of the Academy dated March 2, 1948 with the appended report of the American Academy of Pediatrics' "Committee for the Improvement of Child Health." I note with despair that this report was approved by the Academy's Executive Board, Chicago, February 8, 1948.
I cannot tell you how stunned and staggered I was as I read this vicious document which has received official approval by our Executive Board. I could not believe my eyes. Now that I have recovered from the initial shock somewhat, I wish to inform you of my complete, total, uncompromising disgust with this stupid and visionary report, and the clear implication that control of Academy affairs and of the pediatric survey have fallen into the hands of persons committed to the collectivist social philosophy.
No one is more desirous of the "good life" than I am. No one is more anxious than I for every child in America to have the best of pediatric care and guidance, and an ample share of all the other attributes of a full and abundant life. But only an impractical dreamer could write a report such as this or believe for one instant that adoption of any part of its recommendations could lead to anything but compulsion, coercion, bureaucracy, stateism, and despotism. The report clearly, baldly, and unequivocally cleaves to the communist social philosophy. I don't!
Therefore, please be advised that through my own personal sense of responsibility to the young men and women who choose medicine as a profession, to our honored profession itself, to the American children under my care now and in the future, to the concept of the dignity and worth of the individual, to my conviction that mankind can attain its future high destiny and maintain progress in that direction only through personal liberty under law, I am compelled to proffer my resignation from the American Academy of Pediatrics to become effective immediately, when and if this disastrous report or any part thereof is adopted by the Academy.
PROGNOSIS OF PALSIES FROM CRANIAL NERVE INVOLVEMENT IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: ZELLWEGER HANS U. , GABATHULER E. 
Published: December 2021

Seven-hundred thirteen cases of poliomyelitis with spinal paralysis, encephalitic or bulbar symptoms are reviewed. The mortality rate in bulbar cases was four times that in spinal cases, whereas early recovery after bulbar symptoms was twice that of spinal paralysis.
A follow-up study of 59 patients with 69 palsies from cranial nerve injury performed 2 to 18 years after the acute stage showed that 39 patients with 48 palsies were cured; 18 patients had together 19 palsies of minor degree. Two patients, one with involvement of the sixth and one with involvement of the seventh cranial nerve had more severe sequelae. None of the palsies affected the life of the patients.
Thus if patients with cranial nerve involvement stay alive the late prognosis is much better; the majority of the palsies disappear, the remaining ones have no crippling effect for the patient.
REACTIVITY OF THE SKIN OF THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: MATHESON ABE , NIERENBERG MARVIN , GREENGARD JOSEPH 
Published: December 2021

The skin of the full term newborn infant reacts to various dilutions of histamine phosphate with erythema but no wheal formation, as contrasted to the skin of older children where, with the same technic (scratch), whealing was frequent.
The skin of the full term newborn infant is capable of fixing reagin locally.
Similar fixation of antibody (and skin reactions with tendency to smaller wheals) was shown in prematurely born infants of varying ages and weight.
The skin sites passively sensitized with serum containing reagin to egg showed erythema and whealing following the feeding of whole raw egg to both newborn infants and older children. This suggests that proteins or products of protein digestion, of sufficient complexity to be antigenic, are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of both newborn infants and older children.
The above experiments support the view that the skin of the newborn infant is capable of demonstrating an antigen antibody reaction and that such reaction may be in the nature of erythema or whealing.
Round Table Discussion
Authors: YANNET HERMAN , PERLSTEIN M. A. , SHELDON ALBERT J. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Yannet: Mental deficiency may be defined as an interference with the development of intellectual capacity resulting in social inadequacy. This may be so severe as to necessitate complete custodial care indefinitely; it may be so slight, that a simple change in environment or program may allow for relatively normal community activity with minimal to no supervision. For these different degrees of disability a wide variety of terms have been used. In decreasing order of disability, the terms most frequently employed including their definitions in terms of intelligence quotients are as follows:
1. Borderline: I.Q. 70-80
2. Moron or high grade: I.Q. 50-70
3. Imbecile or middle grade: I.Q. 20-49
4. Idiot or low grade: I.Q. 0-19
Such terms as feeblemindedness and mental retardation are generally used interchangeably for mental deficiency.
Obviously, not all children failing to adjust socially or follow normal paths of development are so because of basic mental deficiency. Certain other conditions, either superficially or strikingly resembling mental deficiency states, must be differentiated. These latter conditions require a different and sometimes highly specialized therapeutic approach and any considerable delay in their recognition may adversely affect subsequent adjustment. The most common of these conditions include the following which are briefly described:
1. Delay in Educational Maturation: There is considerable variation in the time at which children of normal intellectual capacity reach the stage at which they properly react to the usual educational procedures, normally introduced at about 6 years of age. This so-called period of "educational readiness", for want of a better term, includes many aspects such as attention span, personal relations and socialization status, and may occasionally be delayed 2 or 3 years.
STUDIES IN PANCREATIC FIBROSIS
Authors: NADAS ALEXANDER S. , COGAN GILBERT , LANDING BENJAMIN H. , SHWACHMAN HARRY 
Published: December 2021

1. The cardiac complications of pancreatic fibrosis were studied by clinical examination and autopsy.
2. Of 45 patients with severe pancreatic fibrosis studied clinically, 8 showed cor pulmonale. One of these eight died in right-heart failure, the others showed only electrocardiographic changes characteristic of right ventricular hypertrophy.
3. A comparison of the autopsy findings of 35 patients with pancreatic fibrosis with those of a control series showed no diagnostic differences in cardiac weight or absolute right ventricular thickness. The ratio of right to left ventricular thickness, however, was higher in the group with pancreatic fibrosis, as was the ratio of cardiac weight to body weight. Only 2 out of 35 autopsies showed visceral edema and congestion of significant degree, suggestive of frank right ventricular failure.
4. Physiologic and pathologic considerations are presented concerning the development of pure pulmonary hypertension and its relationship to cor pulmonale, compensated or decompensated.
5. The data presented here suggest that the pulmonary involvement associated with infection is still the principal threat to life in patients with pancreatic fibrosis and the one towards which major therapeutic efforts should be directed.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: HELMHOLZ HENRY F. 
Published: December 2021

TODAY there are about 60,000 more people in the world to feed, clothe and house than there were yesterday; and tomorrow there will be 60,000 more than there are today. This continuous excess of births over deaths is more marked now than ever before in history, an excess of approximately 20,000,000 in a year. It is hardly necessary to point out here that a claim for great accuracy cannot be made for the figures given in this paper. Such as they are, however, they can support the main contention of this communication.
It is estimated that there are about 2,500,000,000 people in the world today. The population in 5000 B.C. has been reckoned at from 5 to 10 million; in 3500 B.C., from 20 to 40 million; between 1000-500 B.C. 100 million; between 100-500 A.D. 200 million; in 1825, 1 billion (1,000,000,000) and in 1930, 2 billion (2,000,000,000). The percentage increase in the years B.C. was 0.05%, from 1650-1750 A.D., 0.29% and from 1900 to 1950 A.D., 0.75%. It is estimated that at present the increase in population is about 1% a year, which figures out to an increase of 2 persons every 3 seconds, and 200,000,000 in a decade. In spite of World War II, Europe increased 20,000,000 in population from 1940 to 1950.
Pediatrician-led Community Child Health Initiatives: Case Summaries from the Evaluation of the Community Access to Child Health Program
Authors: Grason Holly , Aliza Barbara , Hutchins Vince L. , Guyer Bernard , Minkovitz Cynthia 
Published: December 2021

Objectives.
Case study investigations of projects identified with the Community Access to Child Health (CATCH) Program were conducted to illustrate the range of achievements of CATCH and to identify those elements related to successful or unsuccessful implementation.

Methods.
We developed a purposive sample of 12 projects, selected based on time of initiation (1989–1995), level of intensity of involvement in CATCH, project locus (statewide or local), nature of program service(s), project setting, and target population(s). Two investigators spent approximately 1.5 days at each site using a preestablished case study guide that included document review and multiple in-person interviews. A total of 171 interviews were conducted with project leadership and staff, community and institutional partners, and public health officials. In seven communities, we also met with individuals receiving project services (consumers).

Results and Conclusions.
The premise of CATCH that with information, support, and tools, pediatricians can be agents of change in their communities was confirmed. The CATCH pediatricians with whom we met capitalize on their status in the community as physicians, their expertise, and their programmatic and political connections to create opportunities to expand and improve health and social services for children. The specific leadership of these pediatricians is often key in overcoming political and cultural barriers to implement system changes. CATCH was and continues to be an effective program strategy for stimulating and enhancing community-based child health initiatives.
Regular Monitoring of Bone Age Is Useful in Children Treated With Growth Hormone
Authors: Kaufman Francine Ratner , Sy Judy P. 
Published: December 2021

Objective.
This study was undertaken to determine whether serial bone age (BA) radiographs were obtained in patients with growth hormone deficiency and to assess whether there were differences in outcome between subjects with and without monitoring of BA radiographs.

Research Design and Methods.
Data were collected from the National Cooperative Growth Study database on growth hormone-deficient subjects who were treated for at least 3 years. Comparisons were made among three groups of subjects: 1) those with BAs at entry versus those without; 2) those with BA values in the first year of follow-up if an entry radiograph had not been done versus those with no first-year examination; and 3) those with a BA at entry and yearly for 3 years versus those with no radiographs during the same period. Differences in the change in height standard deviation score (SDS); change in height age, age, pubertal progression, number of visits, growth hormone dosage; and number of growth hormone injections per week were compared.

Results.
Of the 6191 subjects assessed, 93% had at least one BA radiograph obtained; there was a mean of 3.6 ± 2.6 total number of BA radiographs per patient during the 5.2 ± 1.9 years of follow-up. Subjects with BA values at entry were older and had slightly higher cumulative height SDS and height age change compared with those without BA values at entry. Subjects with BA assessment during the first year were older and had shorter growth hormone treatment time and slightly better cumulative change in height SDS and height age than did those without BA in the first year. Comparing those with serial BA determination for the first 3 years of treatment versus those with no BA values, those with BA were older, more pubertal, seen more often, had more growth hormone injections per week of a comparable growth hormone dosage, and had slightly larger cumulative change in height SDS and height age than those without x-rays.

Conclusions.
These data suggest that National Cooperative Growth Study investigators find it of benefit to obtain baseline and follow-up measurements of BA in most subjects treated with growth hormone. Subjects with BA monitoring do slightly better than do those whose skeletal maturation is not measured. BA assessment should be considered part of the follow-up of patients treated with growth hormone therapy.