bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects Induced by a Weak Static Magnetic Field of Different Intensities on HT‐1080 Fibrosarcoma Cells
Authors: Gurhan Hakki , Bruzon Rodolfo , Kandala Sahithi , Greenebaum Ben , Barnes Frank 
Published: March 2021

In this study, we investigated the effects of weak static magnetic fields (SMFs) on HT‐1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Exposures to SMFs for four consecutive days were varied from 0.5 to 600 µT for treated units, while exposures to control units were held at 45 µT. Growth rates were measured by comparing cell counts, whereas membrane potentials, mitochondrial calcium, mitochondrial superoxide (O2−), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), intercellular pH, and oxidative stress were measured by using fluorescent dyes. The relative cell growth rates vary with the angle of the SMFs. Increases in the magnitude of the SMFs increased concentrations of mitochondrial calcium and membrane potential and decreased intracellular pH. H2O2, an important reactive oxygen species (ROS), increases at 100 and 200 µT, decreases at 300 and 400 µT and increases again at 500 and 600 µT. Overall, oxidative stress increases slightly with increasing SMFs, while superoxide and NO concentrations decrease. These results indicate that weak SMFs can accelerate and inhibit cell growth rates and induce alterations in ROS. Changes in ROS and oxidative stress are important for various cell functions. Calcium influx into mitochondria was one of the initial steps into the corresponding changes. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society
Blinatumomab as first salvage versus second or later salvage in adults with relapsed/refractory B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of a pooled analysis
Authors: Topp Max S. , Stein Anthony S. , Gökbuget Nicola , Horst Heinz‐August , Boissel Nicolas , Martinelli Giovanni , Kantarjian Hagop , Brüggemann Monika , Chen Yuqi , Zugmaier Gerhard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlinatumomab is a BiTE® immuno‐oncology therapy indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) B‐cell precursor (BCP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).AimsTo assess the efficacy and safety of blinatumomab as first salvage versus second or later salvage in patients with r/r BCP ALL.Materials & MethodsPatient‐level pooled data were used for this analysis. In total, 532 adults with r/r BCP ALL treated with blinatumomab were included (first salvage, n = 165; second or later salvage, n = 367).ResultsCompared with patients who received blinatumomab as second or later salvage, those who received blinatumomab as first salvage had a longer median overall survival (OS; 10.4 vs. 5.7 months; HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.26–1.97; P < .001) and relapse‐free survival (10.1 vs. 7.3 months; HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.98–1.93; P = .061), and higher rates of remission (n = 89 [54%] vs. n = 150 [41%]; odds ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41–0.85; P = .005), minimal residual disease response (n = 68 [41%] vs. n = 118 [32%]), and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT) realization (n = 60 [36%] vs. n = 88 [24%]), and alloHSCT in continuous remission (n = 33 [20%] vs. n = 52 (14%]). In a subgroup analysis, there was no apparent effect of prior alloHSCT on median OS in either salvage group. The safety profile of blinatumomab was generally similar between the groups; however, cytokine release syndrome, febrile neutropenia, and infection were more frequent with second or later salvage than with first salvage.DiscussionIn this pooled analysis, the logistic regression analyses indicated greater benefit with blinatumomab as first salvage than as second or later salvage, as evident by the longer median OS, longer median RFS, and higher rates of remission.ConclusionOverall, blinatumomab was beneficial as first salvage and as second or later salvage, but the effects were favorable as first salvage.
MX2 mediates establishment of interferon response profile, regulates XAF1, and can sensitize melanoma cells to targeted therapy
Authors: Juraleviciute Marina , Nsengimana Jérémie , Newton‐Bishop Julia , Hendriks Gert J. , Slipicevic Ana 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMX2 is an interferon inducible gene that is mostly known for its antiviral activity. We have previously demonstrated that MX2 is also associated with the tumorigenesis process in melanoma. However, it remains unknown which molecular mechanisms are regulated by MX2 in response to interferon signaling in this disease. Here, we report that MX2 is necessary for the establishment of an interferon‐induced transcriptional profile partially through regulation of STAT1 phosphorylation and other interferon‐related downstream factors, including proapoptotic tumor suppressor XAF1. MX2 and XAF1 expression tightly correlate in both cultured melanoma cell lines and in patient‐derived primary and metastatic tumors, where they also are significantly related with survival. MX2 mediates IFN growth‐inhibitory signals in both XAF1 dependent and independent ways and in a cell type and context‐dependent manner. Higher MX2 expression renders melanoma cells more sensitive to targeted therapy drugs such as vemurafenib and trametinib; however, this effect is XAF1 independent. In summary, we uncovered a new mechanism in the complex regulation of interferon signaling in melanoma that can influence both survival and response to therapy.
Disparate outcomes in nonsmall cell lung cancer by immigration status
Authors: Chau Brittney , Ituarte Philip HG , Shinde Ashwin , Li Richard , Vazquez Jessica , Glaser Scott , Massarelli Erminia , Salgia Ravi , Erhunmwunsee Loretta , Ashing Kimlin , Amini Arya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate overall survival (OS) outcomes by race, stratified by country of origin in patients diagnosed with NSCLC in California.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2012. Race/ethnicity was defined as White (W), Black (B), Hispanic (H), and Asian (A) and stratified by country of origin (US vs. non‐US [NUS]) creating the following patient cohorts: W‐US, W‐NUS, B‐US, B‐NUS, H‐US, H‐NUS, A‐US, and A‐NUS. Three multivariate models were created: model 1 adjusted for age, gender, stage, year of diagnosis and histology; model 2 included model 1 plus treatment modalities; and model 3 included model 2 with the addition of socioeconomic status, marital status, and insurance.ResultsA total of 68,232 patients were included. Median OS from highest to lowest were: A‐NUS (15 months), W‐NUS (14 months), A‐US (13 months), B‐NUS (13 months), H‐US (11 months), W‐US (11 months), H‐NUS (10 months), and B‐US (10 months) (p < 0.001). In model 1, B‐US had worse OS, whereas A‐US, W‐NUS, B‐NUS, H‐NUS, and A‐NUS had better OS when compared to W‐US. In model 2 after adjusting for receipt of treatment, there was no difference in OS for B‐US when compared to W‐US. After adjusting for all variables (model 3), all race/ethnicity profiles had better OS when compared to W‐US; B‐NUS patients had similar OS to W‐US.ConclusionForeign‐born patients with NSCLC have decreased risk of mortality when compared to native‐born patients in California after accounting for treatments received and socioeconomic differences.
A survey on analysis and detection of Android ransomware
Authors: Sharma Shweta , Kumar Rakesh , Rama Krishna C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSmart‐phones have become a necessity for users due to their abundance of services such as global positioning system, Wi‐Fi, voice/video calls, SMS, camera, and so forth. It contains personal information of users including photos, documents, messages, and videos. Android‐based smart‐phones enriched with many applications (commonly known as apps) fascinates users to use this ubiquitous technology up to a full extent. With open architecture and 73% of market share, Android is the most popular mobile operating system (OS) among developers. At the same time, the increasing popularity of Android OS woos attackers or cyber‐criminals to exploit its vulnerabilities. The attackers write malicious code to harm the device and grab users' sensitive information. For example, ransomware (a form of malware) demands ransom from victims to liberate the ceased material for illegal financial gain. The existing survey papers cover the analysis and detection of generic Android malware. The focus of this survey paper is to present an in‐depth threat scenario of Android ransomware. This article not only provides a comprehensive survey on analysis and detection methods for Android ransomware since its beginning (2015) till date (2020); but also presents observations and suggestions for researchers and practitioners to carry out further research.
Covalent Cross‐Linking of Metal‐Organic Cages: Formation of an Amorphous Cationic Porous Extended Framework for the Uptake of Oxo‐Anions from Water
Authors: Deng Shu‐Qi , Li Dian‐Mei , Mo Xiao‐Jing , Miao Yi‐Ling , Cai Song‐Liang , Fan Jun , Zhang Wei‐Guang , Zheng Sheng‐Run 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInvited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Sheng‐Run Zheng and Wei‐Guang Zhang from South China Normal University, China. The cover picture shows an amorphous cationic porous metal‐organic material that constructed from the covalent linking of large cationic metal‐organic cage for the removal of toxic oxo‐anions from water with high capacities and rapid kinetics. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.202000570.
Rational Functionalization Towards Redox‐Active TEMPO Stable Free‐Radical‐Hydrochar Composites
Authors: Patrinoiu Greta , Calderon‐Moreno Jose M. , Somacescu Simona , Musuc Adina M. , Spataru Tanta , Ionita Petre , Carp Oana 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough both stable free organic radicals and biomass‐derived hydrochars have emerged as appealing, green, multifunctional materials, their association has not been explored. In this study, strength is found to lie in their union, which primarily leads to stable redox‐active free‐radical‐hydrochar composites that can generate unexpected opportunities for the development of advanced metal‐free sustainable materials. The composites are obtained by a straightforward green one‐pot hydrothermal procedure. The loading of stable free radicals of nitroxide type and their localization is engineered by the nature of the carbohydrate and the reaction status; vigorous reaction parameters promote faster nucleation and growth kinetics of the hydrochar products, leading to a covalent immobilization of redox species on the surface of the carbonaceous microspherical aggregates. The nitroxide free‐radical‐hydrochar materials demonstrate enhancements in terms of both electrocatalytic activity and capacitive features.
Impact analysis of electric vehicle charging station integration with distributed generators on power systems
Authors: Aggarwal Surbhi , Singh Amit Kumar 
Published: March 2021

SummaryIn the modern era, the transportation sector is undergoing a revolution in which low‐carbon, green transportation, and sustainable development are the primary goals. The successful deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector depends on fast charging station, charging process, autonomy, and EVs on‐road price. This paper focuses on the installation of a fast charging station, a case study of IEEE 24‐bus test system. The paper presents siting of charging stations with different power ratings of 5, 25, 50, and 100 MW onto the load bus lines in a different test case system keeping in mind the violation of voltage magnitude limit (0.95 < V < 1.05) and line ratings. Four different test cases have been analyzed using Newton–Raphson (NR) method for the integration of charging stations.The random charging of EVs results in power fluctuations at the grid side, power quality issues, and equipment loss of life. Distributed generators (DGs) are an effective way to improve the quality of energy services. Proper siting and sizing of DGs are done, taking into account four different test cases with pre‐installed charging stations to overcome the network's losses and maintain the system's stability.
EPPAS: Energy‐efficient privacy‐preserving and physically secure mutual authentication scheme for secure communication in smart grid systems
Authors: Subramani Jegadeesan , Muneeswaran Dhamodaran , Maria Azees , Arunachalam Murugan , Neelagandan Ramesh Babu 
Published: March 2021

SummaryElectricity generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption are efficiently monitored and controlled by the next‐generation power grid called a smart grid systems (SGs) with the help of information and communication technology (ICT). Due to this ICT intervention, the SGs are facing a lot of security threats. The main security threats are tampering of smart meters and meter data because they are fixed in the customer places without any hardware security. This may result in inaccurate billing and wrong decisions related to grid management. To overcome these issues, an energy‐efficient privacy‐preserving and physically secure mutual authentication scheme is proposed for providing secure communication in SGs by using the one‐way hash functions, bitwise exclusive‐OR operations, physically unclonable functions (PUFs), and reverse fuzzy extractor. The security and performance analysis section ensures that the proposed scheme provides essential security features with less computation and communication overhead compared to that of other existing schemes. Therefore, it is better suitable for resource‐limited SGs.
Effects of elevation and selective disturbance on soil climate and vegetation in big sagebrush communities
Authors: Roundy Bruce A. , Chambers Jeanne C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChanging climatic conditions prompt concerns about vegetation response to disturbance under future compared to past conditions. In this long‐term study, we examined soil climate and vegetation differences at lower, mid, and upper elevations in two separate locations in the Great Basin, USA. We hypothesized that soil climate and vegetation associations across the elevational gradient could help predict responses under future warming and drying. We measured soil water availability, soil temperatures, and vegetation cover in relation to fire and perennial herb removal at each elevation for 13–17 yr after treatment. Seasonal soil water availability increased, while soil temperature‐related variables decreased with increasing elevation. Soil water availability in spring was positively correlated with October through June precipitation (r2 = 0.53), while water availability in spring through fall was positively correlated with perennial plant cover (r2 = 0.65). Partition models separated low, mid, and high elevations by spring soil water availability and growing degree days when soil water was available (R2 = 0.93). Current soil climate and vegetation conditions at lower elevations could indicate future conditions at higher elevations under a warmer and drier climate. During the first years after removal of perennial grasses and forbs, there was an increase in soil water availability in spring at 13–30 cm soil depth that was associated with sagebrush establishment, particularly at upper elevations. In subsequent years, sagebrush continued to dominate even though little difference in soil water availability existed between disturbed and undisturbed plots. This indicates that quickly establishing sagebrush preempted resources and reduced perennial herb recovery. Resource preemption after disturbance will likely be a major driver of plant succession in the future as in the past. Species that establish best under future warmer and drier conditions are most likely to dominate after disturbance. A negative correlation (r2 = 0.34) between the standard deviation of annual spring soil water availability and perennial vegetation cover, which helps resist annual grass invasion, supports the hypothesis that greater resource fluctuation is associated with greater plant community invasibility. Current responses to fire and loss of native plant cover across elevational gradients can indicate future responses under a warmer and drier climate.
Clarifications of the Carbonyl and Water Absorptions in Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectra from Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Authors: Azizian Hormoz , Dugan Michael E. R. , Kramer John K. G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectrum of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) shows two minor carbonyl absorptions at 5280 and 5180 cm–1 that has been used to assess their authenticity. To establish components absorbing at 5280 cm–1, volatile aldehydes and ketones, triacylglycerol (TAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), free fatty acids (FFA), phenolics, and water are investigated and sometimes added to refined olive oil (ROO). Except TAG, the remaining carbonyls contribute to 5280 cm–1 by broadening peak. Water absorption is demonstrated by its removal using Na2SO4 or deuterium oxide addition; FT‐NIR spectral changes are reconstituted by water addition. Water absorption depends on being free or complexed with polar compounds in oil. The size of absorption is not related to abundance, but on unique absorption specificity of components; water shows the strongest absorption. Heat removes water and volatiles, leaving behind DAG, FFA, and phenolics, and makes it possible to differentiate absorption of water, volatile and non‐volatile carbonyls. Cloudy olive oils are analyzed using FT‐NIR methodology after warming for 3 min at 50 °C. FT‐NIR index values are replaced by a new calibration model based on correlating gravimetric mass loss of water plus volatiles with spectral changes. The FT‐NIR methodology is expanded to include EVOOs with 15.5% to 21% linoleic acid.Practical Applications: Testing for authenticity of EVOOs remains a challenge because adulterations continue to be a problem due to economic gains. Spectroscopy methods, specifically FT‐NIR, are much preferred to targeted chemical methods because they measure all constituents in products and are non‐destructive and fast. The current universal FT‐NIR methodology assesses 13 different parameters: five major FAs, and the DAG and FFA contents. The FT‐NIR index value measuring the content of moisture plus volatiles is now replaced by a gravimetric determination. The methodology identifies four major types of adulterants, high in oleic acid, linoleic acid, palm olein or ROO. The composition of olive oils makes it necessary to develop five oil‐specific groups, but cloudy samples still need to be clarified by slight warming before measuring. The value of this universal FT‐NIR methodology will increase after being adopted by commercial and in regulatory settings.
Self‐Assembly of Cholesterol‐Doxorubicin and TPGS into Prodrug‐Based Nanoparticles with Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Lysosome‐Dependent Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Olim Filipe , Neves Ana Rute , Vieira Mariana , Tomás Helena , Sheng Ruilong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDeveloping new easy‐to‐prepare functional drug delivery nanosystems with good storage stability, low hemotoxicity, as well as controllable drug delivery property, has attracted great attention in recent years. In this work, a cholesterol‐based prodrug nanodelivery system is prepared by self‐assembly of cholesterol‐doxorubicin prodrug conjugates (Chol‐Dox) and tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) using thin‐film hydration method. The Chol‐Dox/TPGS assemblies (molar ratio 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) are able to form nanoparticles with average hydrodynamic diameter of ≈140–214 nm, surface zeta potentials of ≈−24.2–−0.3 mV, and remarkable solution stability in 0.1 m PBS, 16 days). The Chol‐Dox/TPGS assemblies show low hemotoxicity and different cytotoxicity profiles in breast cancer cells (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231), which are largely dependent on the molar ratio of Chol‐Dox and TPGS. The Chol‐Dox/TPGS assemblies tend to enter into MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells through non‐Clathrin‐mediated multiple endocytosis and lysosome‐dependent uptake pathways, moreover, these nanoassemblies demonstrate lysosome‐dependent intracellular localization, which is different from that of free DOX (nuclear localization). The results demonstrate that the Chol‐Dox/TPGS assemblies are promising cholesterol‐based prodrug nanomaterials for breast cancer chemotherapy.Practical Applications: This work demonstrates a lipid prodrug‐based nanotherapeutic system. Herein the Chol‐Dox/TPGS nanoassemblies could serve as promising and controllable cholesterol‐based prodrug nanomaterials/nano‐formulations for potential breast cancer chemotherapy.
A review of methods for determining structural fire severity—Part II: Analysis and review
Authors: MacIntyre Jonathon D. , Abu Anthony K. , Moss Peter J. , Nilsson Daniel , Wade Colleen A. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThere is a risk of a building suffering unsustainable structural damage in the event of a large fire. Therefore, it is necessary to design buildings to withstand expected fires. A widely used simplified calculation method is the so‐called “time‐equivalence” method. There are significant concerns about the suitability of this method. This paper is part II of a twofold study examining the state of the art of time‐equivalence methods. The purpose of this paper is to identify methods and/or analysis concepts which show the potential for use in modern design. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis is used for this purpose. However, as there is a large number of time‐equivalence methods to assess, a numerical case study is first undertaken to identify methods which have sufficient accuracy to warrant further study. These analyses found that, while none of the time‐equivalence methods studied have sufficient accuracy for use in their present form, the methods derived using the equal energy concept provide a good basis to model the effects of fire on a structure. This study recommends that a new time‐equivalence method be developed using the equal energy approach.
Surgical treatment of the neck in patients with salivary gland carcinoma
Authors: Westergaard‐Nielsen Marie , Godballe Christian , Grau Eriksen Jesper , Larsen Stine Rosenkilde , Kiss Katalin , Agander Tina , Parm Ulhøi Benedicte , Wittenborg Charabi Birgitte , Ehlers Klug Tejs , Jacobsen Henrik , Johansen Jørgen , Kristensen Claus Andrup , Andersen Elo , Andersen Maria , Bjørndal Kristine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundElective neck dissection (END) in patients with salivary gland carcinoma is controversial and there are no universally accepted guidelines.MethodsPatients were identified from the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group. Between 2006 and 2015, 259 patients with primary salivary gland carcinoma were treated with END. Variables potentially associated with regional metastases were analyzed using logistic regression. Neck recurrence‐free survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsOccult metastases were found in 36 of the patients treated with END (14%) and were particularly frequent among patients with T3/T4 tumors and high‐grade histology tumors. In multivariate analyses, high‐grade histology and vascular invasion were associated with occult metastases.ConclusionWe recommend END of levels II and III for patients with high‐grade or unknown histological grade tumors, and for T3/T4 tumors. Levels I, II, and III should be included in END in patients with submandibular, sublingual, or minor salivary gland carcinomas.