bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It’s Sort Of Romantic
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to the British musical in the 1950s. As in the 1920s, the spirit of “America” was again prominent in the 1950s. The American influence on British shows is clear, for example when producer Emile Littler commissioned the score to Love From Judy (1952) from Hugh Martin and Jack (later Timothy) Gray. Indeed, we can see many “American” touches in the musicals of the 1950s. The most completely “American” musical was Grab Me a Gondola (1956). The only un-American about Gondola was its modest staging: the sets looked cheap, the orchestra contained only thirteen players, and the twenty-three-person cast wasn’t enough to constitute a chorus. Nevertheless, the overall effect was that of a guilty pleasure, and the show's popularity as seen through its 673 performances convinced many a producer to try to find a way to slip American elements into British forms, even pantomime. Looking at those musicals which were free of foreign influence, we can see that many had period settings, charm, and a decorous attitude. These musicals include Dear Miss Phoebe (1950) and Peter Tranchell and James Ferman's Zuleika (1957).
Ape Ancestor (About Seven Million Years Ago)
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
If you had been born as one of your ancestors who lived seven million years ago, you would have been an ape living in an African forest. This ancestor would also be the ancestor of the chimpanzees and bonobos that still live in African forests. You would have already possessed some of the characteristics that make humans an unusual animal. You would have had a large brain (but not nearly as large as the brain you have now). You would have taken a long time to grow and reach maturity (but not has long as it took you as a human). And, by watching your mother as she foraged and negotiated her social life, you would have gained a head start on learning how to survive in your environment. Your mother wouldn’t have actively tried to teach you, but having her around as a model and protectors would help you learn.
The Presence of the Past
Authors: Bishop Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the tumultuous era of the late sixties and early seventies, several currents of American art and culture coalesced around a broad sensibility that foregrounded and explored the immediacy of lived experience as both an aesthetic and political imperative. But in films set in the historical past, this sensibility acquired complex additional resonances by speaking to the ephemerality of the present moment through a framework of history, myth, nostalgia, and other forms of temporal alienation and distance. The Presence of the Past explores the implications of this complex moment in Hollywood cinema through several prominent examples released in the years 1967 to 1974. Key genres are explored in detailed case studies: the outlaw film (Bonnie and Clyde and Badlands), the revisionist Western (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, McCabe and Mrs. Miller), the neo-noir (Chinatown), and the nostalgia film (The Last Picture Show and American Graffiti). In these films, “the past” is more than a matter of genre or setting. Rather, it is a richly diverse, often paradoxical concern in its own right, whose study bridges diverse conceptual territories within soundtrack studies, including the sixties pop score, myth criticism, media technologies, and the role of classical music in compilation scoring. Against a broader background of an industry and film culture that were witnessing a stylistic and aesthetic diversification in the use of music and sound design, The Presence of the Past argues for the film-philosophical importance of the soundtrack for cultivating an imagined experiential understanding of the past.
Introduction
Authors: Bishop Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In film culture of the late sixties and seventies, often between the cracks of more dominant forms and topics of discourse, we can locate a concern with the historical past as a complex field of imagined experiential presence. This concern was fueled by and found expressive purchase in the era commonly known as the New Hollywood cinema. This “presence” of the past played out not just as cultural allegory, but as a complex dialectic of presence and absence that became tangible in diverse genres and aesthetic sensibilities. These sensibilities were mutually inscribed into broader culture discourses of the sixties and seventies, as well as into the transformational changes of film culture, criticism, theory, and industrial filmmaking. Stylistically, they also become significant to the increasing diversity and eclecticism of film music and the development of the creative category of sound design.
Badlands and the Music of Temporal Immanence
Authors: Bishop Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As an eccentric outlaw crime film, Terrence Malick’s Badlands employs expressive sensory immersion, eccentric humor, and a concern for the relationship between history and human experience. The past, in Badlands, is a complex ontological ground for the characters’ (and audiences’) senses of being in the world, a temporalized film world akin to a field of pure immanence within the uncanny strangeness of material reality. A film set in the fifties, but far more concerned with transhistorical philosophical questions, Badlands uses the musical soundtrack to explore these existential concerns. Within this musically heterogeneous film, the two most important sources of compiled non-diegetic classical music (the pedagogical music of Carl Orff and Gunild Keetman and the early compositions of Erik Satie) function as active philosophical agents, cultivating embodied states of play and melancholy that strive, albeit ambiguously and inconclusively, to create meaning from the raw immediacy of experience.
Breaking the Silents
Authors: Gautreau Justin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that Frances Marion’s novel Minnie Flynn and Adela Rogers St. Johns’s The Skyrocket revised Hollywood’s reductive depiction of not only the extra girl but also the female stars whose links to scandal effectively silenced their former success stories. In conceptualizing cinema’s lack of sound as complicit in the broader forms of silence surrounding women in Hollywood, their novels treat silent film as a technology of misrepresentation, one that divorced the woman’s body (her surface appearance) from her voice (her interior narrative) in the interests of a patriarchal industry. Unlike the industry’s one-dimensional depiction of the extra girl, these novels show women suffering at all levels of Hollywood’s social hierarchy—from extra, to star, to has-been.
Virtues of History: Exercises, Seminars, and the Emergence of the German Historical Discipline, 1830–1900
Authors: Eskildsen Kasper Risbjerg 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, historians across the world often started the history of the modern historical discipline with Leopold Ranke’s teaching at the University of Berlin during the 1830s. Ranke, they argued, here introduced a new style of training exercises, which afterwards defined the discipline. Some connected this history to a story of increasing standardization and institutionalization of education and research, culminating with the methodological textbooks, uniform training exercises, and large research institutes of the period. Many historians also associated Ranke’s exercises with certain epistemic virtues, such as carefulness, accurateness, and love of truth. These epistemic virtues, some argued, were products of the close relationship between teachers and students. The virtues, this chapter argues, also helped nineteenth-century historians assess the scribes, chroniclers, and historians of the past. The chapter illustrates this emphasis upon epistemic virtues through the example of Georg Waitz, who participated in Ranke’s famous exercises during the 1830s and whom nineteenth-century historians often described as his most prominent and loyal student. It especially focuses upon how Waitz conveyed the virtues of the Ranke school to his doctoral students in Göttingen and how this training influenced the students’ practices of interpretation and source criticism. Finally, the chapter discusses the tension between the educational ideas of the Ranke school and the standardization and institutionalization of education and research during the second half of the nineteenth century. The tension, it argues, illustrates that the emergence of the modern historical discipline cannot be explained solely with reference to the process of institutionalization.
Karl Barth's Moral Thought
Authors: McKenny Gerald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Does theological ethics articulate moral norms with the assistance of moral philosophy? Or does it leave that task to moral philosophy alone while it describes a distinctively Christian way of acting or form of life? These questions lie at the heart of theological ethics as a discipline. Karl Barth’s theological ethics makes a strong case for the first alternative. This book follows Barth’s efforts to present God’s grace as a moral norm in his treatments of divine commands, moral reasoning, responsibility, and agency. It shows how Barth’s conviction that grace is the norm of human action generates problems for his ethics at nearly every turn, as it involves a moral good that confronts human beings from outside rather than perfecting them as the kind of creature they are. Yet it defends Barth’s insistence on the right of theology to articulate moral norms, and it shows how Barth may lead theological ethics to exercise that right in a more compelling way than he did.
Transnational Criminal Courts
Authors: Wharton Sara , Currie Robert J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sara Wharton and Robert J Currie examine the various failed or not fully realized attempts to establish an alternative to national criminal jurisdiction over transnational crimes, in the shape of various different models of transnational criminal court. They range from the mixed commissions against slavery in the 19th century to the criminal chamber of the African Court sketched out in the Malabo Protocol. A variety of reasons appear to drive these initiatives but they have one thing in common—an incapacity within the current system to deal with certain kinds of transnational crime at all or in a politically acceptable manner.
Profitability without Investment
Authors: Andreoni Antonio , Robb Nishal , Huellen Sophie van 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sustained investment in productive capabilities and fixed-capital formation is a key driver of inclusive and sustainable structural transformation. Both historically and compared to other middle-income countries, South Africa has performed poorly in terms of sustaining domestic-productive investments. This failing has coexisted with the development of a stock market with the second-highest level of capitalization over gross domestic product (GDP) in the world, and high levels of profitability across several economic sectors. This chapter provides new evidence on the specific ways in which financialization of non-financial corporations in South Africa has resulted in low investment performances, focusing on two large, publicly listed corporations operating across different economic sectors between 2000 and 2019. The analysis shows that, despite sector heterogeneities: (1) corporations have increasingly financed operations, capital expenditure, and distributions to shareholders with debt; (2) the US dollar-denominated share of this debt has grown rapidly, exposing corporations to increased exchange and interest rate risk; and (3) distributions to shareholders, driven by dividends rather than share repurchases, have risen markedly. These financialization dynamics are attributed to the distribution of power in the domestic political economy and the subordinate nature of South Africa’s integration with global finance. Driving financialization, these two mutually reinforcing factors have undermined the translation of profits into domestic investment, reducing its capacity to drive structural transformation.
Introduction
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPredator–prey interactions represent an essential component of natural systems. By consuming other organisms, predators transfer energy from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels, simultaneously altering the abundance of prey and fueling growth of the predator population. The functional response describes the rate of foraging as a function of prey abundance, connecting predator–prey pairs in food webs. The functional response integrates nearly all aspects of biology, including genetics, morphology, behavior, parasites and disease, risk, and the abiotic environment. As a result, the functional response is a core construct that is essential for understanding and predicting the structure and dynamics of ecological systems. Because the functional response responds to temperature and other changes in the environment, the functional response is also essential for predicting the effects of climate change, managing and conserving species, and the evolution of interacting species.
Multi-species Functional Responses
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I extend the standard functional response model to communities in which predators are foraging on more than one kind of prey. This is an essential component of real foraging scenarios that is not yet widely represented in the functional response literature but is crucial to understanding food webs generally. Here I develop the multi-species functional response and describe it using my particular perspective on how we understand these functions in general. I review the importance of considering multiple prey types and the limited empirical work estimating multi-species functional responses.
Detecting Prey Preferences and Prey Switching
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter I consider the question of whether predators switch their preference for different types of prey as those prey change in abundance. There are numerous experiments in the literature focusing on this, but generally they have focused on a simplified analysis that ignores the functional response. Here I show why the functional response is crucial for understanding prey choice, and I show that null expectations considering a multi-species functional response lead to different interpretations than standard null expectations. I also derive null expectations for the proportion of prey consumed given the single-species functional response.
Legitimate Expectation
Authors: Daly Paul 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapters 2 to 7 laid out the argument that contemporary administrative law can be understood in terms of administrative law values. This chapter is less concerned with interpreting the decided cases than with prescribing how judges ought to deal with potential conflict between the values. The chapter’s extended case study of legitimate expectation allows the demonstration of how the values might guide the resolution of difficult administrative law questions. A pluralist account of legitimate expectation is set out, building on the values present in the decided cases. The chapter begins by explaining how the values of individual self-realisation, good administration, electoral legitimacy and decisional autonomy manifest themselves in the decided cases. It then proceeds to outline how the values should be reconciled so as to guide the resolution of difficult questions, focusing on the contentious areas of knowledge and reliance, substantive legitimate expectations and enforcement of ultra vires legitimate expectations.
The Necessity of Contingency
Authors: Özsu Umut 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Of all the standard criticisms of Marxism, the claim that it is wedded to a mechanical and deterministic account of history is among the most pervasive. It is also among the least defensible. This chapter argues that Marxism affords an especially strong set of analytical tools for explaining the contingencies of international law. Romanticising the concept of contingency as illuminative of aporia or ruptures—moments of radical uncertainty utterly at odds with the broader social contexts in which they register—risks relegating the events under scrutiny to the status of mutually unrelated accidents, to be lauded or lambasted in isolation or loose association. By contrast, a Marxist analysis of international law, one that is alive to the co-constitutive relations between class power and juridical authority, provides an explanatory framework within which contingencies may be comprehended. My argument proceeds in two stages. I first revisit some of the ways in which Marx engaged directly with questions of law and rights. I then draw upon Nicos Poulantzas’ theory of the state to propose a new Marxist approach to international law. My contention is that the question of law under capitalism is closely related to the question of contingency under capitalism, that the Marxist tradition’s responses to both questions are considerably more nuanced than they have generally been made out to be, and that being a ‘Marxist’ requires commitment not to the view that all contingency is illusory but simply to the view that contingency (like agency) is socially conditioned.
Historical Base and Legal Superstructure
Authors: Tedeschini Michele 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As international criminal law lives through an endless crisis, some commentators cast doubt on its suitability to confront episodes of mass atrocity. This chapter addresses the question of international criminal law’s necessity from a historical perspective, revisiting a moment in which the whole enterprise seemed on the verge of collapsing: Duško Tadić’s 1995 challenge to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Following out Susan Marks’s famous appeal, the analysis attempts to read both contingency and necessity into the reasoning which led the ICTY Trial and Appeals chambers to dismiss said challenge. It then claims that the judges’ approach can be interpreted through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of habitus, internalised history orienting individuals towards certain choices and away from others. But even when the behaviour of specific agents is at stake, using the habitus as an explanatory tool keeps redirecting towards questions of structure. Accordingly, it appears that in instances of groundless adjudication like the Tadić challenge, where international law is called to pronounce on the foundations of the very practices it supports, structure determines outcomes much more than human agency does. Yet, noting that any analytical concept is an authorial construct—including contingency and necessity, agency and structure—the chapter concludes by problematising its own findings, and by reminding scholars of the political responsibility intrinsic to historical inquiry.
What If Arvid Pardo Had Not Made his Famous Speech?
Authors: Ranganathan Surabhi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores whether and what might have changed had one famous speech not been made. The speech in question was Arvid Pardo’s November 1967 address to the First Committee of the UN General Assembly. Through the lens of tracking Pardo’s contribution which is both over- and understated in the literature, the chapter discusses why in the 1960s and after, states, international lawyers, and even civil society organisations became and have remained invested in the unlikely project of deep seabed mining. By retrieving the contingencies of the moment in which the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea was drafted and its provisions and concepts given fixed associations, the chapter argues for radical readings that might be truer to that treaty’s constitutional promise.
Contravention and Creation of Law during the French Revolution
Authors: Kolla Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Moments of infraction of international law can generate new law. These can also be important examples of contingency in the history of international law, if the process occurs as an unintended consequence of actors’ aims. The French Revolution was just such an instance. The transmission of sovereignty from the person of the king to the collective populace of France was a central feature of the Revolution. Unplanned by revolutionaries, the principle of popular sovereignty bled into international law and became a new justification for claims to territory—a precept which, by the twentieth century, came to be called national self-determination. This chapter explores how the will of the people became a force in international law, inadvertently from the perspective of revolutionaries, as a result of changing public opinion, claims of jurisprudential and moral legitimacy, and military force.
Polling for Peace
Authors: Faragher Megan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Reflecting on British public response to Italy’s incursion into Abyssinia in 1935, journalist F.W. Deedes argued that the 1934 Peace Ballot, a widespread national referendum evincing public support for the League of Nations, had successfully turned public opinion against interventionism. Completed by over eleven million people, the Peace Ballot was the most influential public opinion survey of the 1930s. It was also a press sensation, drawing praise by League advocates and disdain from conservative papers, which referred to it as a “Ballot of Blood.” This chapter traces both optimism and skepticism over polling when it first entered public discourse via the newspapers. While Waugh’s Scoop (1938) details the hapless efforts of the aesthete and nature-writer William Boot to provide honest reporting of the Abyssinian Crisis, the overwhelming powers of press magnates and their financial interests undermine his work by manipulating and capitalizing on public opinion. Waugh’s skeptical vision of public opinion in Scoop mirrored his public critiques of the research organization Mass-Observation, whose practices of public observation he likened to the actions of “keyhole-observers and envelope-steamers,” and whose methods, he argued, would empower authoritarians seeking to control public opinion. Mirroring similar themes of Storm Jameson’s novel None Turn Back (1936), Scoop not only critiques the newspaper trade, but also denounces institutionalized public opinion and its imbrication in the newspaper industry in the 1930s. Like other skeptics, Waugh challenges the utopian notion that polling fosters unmediated exposure to public thought; the mediation of polling through the political morass of newspapers elicited fears that polling would become just one more media cudgel with which to shape and manipulate public sentiment.
Origins
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How does a family lose its past? Portuguese Jew Abraham Rodrigues Brandon claimed his daughter Sarah had always been Jewish but shortly after her birth Sarah Brandon was baptized Anglican at Saint Michael’s Church in Bridgetown, Barbados. Like her brother Isaac, Sarah was born enslaved and would not be freed until the nineteenth century dawned, her manumission detailed in the record books of the same church. Sarah and her brother were enslaved by the Jewish Lopez family—and sometimes used their last name. Like most urban enslaved families, Sarah and Isaac’s family was matriarchal, with at least four generations living under the Lopez’s roof. Yet despite living amid the Jewish community, Sarah and Isaac technically were not part of it. This chapter traces how Sarah and Isaac Brandon’s British, Jewish, and African ancestors came to the Caribbean, and it investigates the challenges of colonial archives for understanding multiracial Jewish histories.