bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORRECTED TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART
Authors: Anderson Ray C. , Lillehei C. Walton , Lester Richard G. 
Published: December 2021

Corrected transposition of the great vessels is described, together with the probable embryologic basis for the defect. This defect has assumed great importance because of the necessity of recognizing its presence before surgical exploration for correction of the frequently associated ventricular septal defects and pulmonary stenosis. The presence of corrected transposition interferes with the surgical approach because of the anomalous coronary pattern and the inverted location of the defects.
The physical and laboratory findings in 17 patients are tabulated and discussed. These included six with a ventricular septal defect, three with pulmonary stenosis, one with a ventricular and an atrial septal defect, one with a ventricular septal defect and left-sided atrioventricular valve stenosis, one with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis, two with a reversing patent ductus arteriosus, and three with a ventricular septal defect and a small leftsided ventricle.
The electrocardiogram usually shows A-V block, most often first degree, or A-V dissociation, inverted QRS patterns in the precordial leads (qR in V1 and RS in V6), peaked P waves in lead 2, widened QRS complexes, and upright T waves in the precordial leads, beginning either in RV4 or V1. Roentgenograms may demonstrate an unusual appearance of the upper left border of the heart. The main pulmonary artery may deeply indent the barium-filled esophagus, and the left pulmonary artery may be noted to be medially placed.
The diagnosis can be definitely established by angiocardiography in the anteriorposterior view. The main pulmonary artery lies medially, and the aorta arises from the upper left border of the heart. Also diagnostic is the anomalous and difficult course taken by the cardiac catheter in entering the medially-placed pulmonary artery. This defect should be suspected in all patients where the pulmonary artery cannot be entered at cardiac catheterization.
If pulmonary stenosis is present, the second sound below the left clavicle will not be as soft as usually noted with this defect.
Certain considerations deemed of value to the surgical management of the associated intracardiac defects occurring in this series of patients with corrected transposition are presented.
ACCIDENTAL INFECTION WITH VACCINIA VIRUS
Authors: Cramblett Henry G. , Szwed Clarence F. , Utz John P. , Kasel Julius A. , McCullough Norman B. 
Published: December 2021

A patient with accidental vaccinia of the eyelids, face, nose, lips and pharynx is reported. Clinically the lesions underwent a vaccinoid (partial immune) type of response, which was consistent with some degree of pre-existing, partial immunity, even though by accepted standards the child had not been previously successfully vaccinated.
Application of a rapid method for detecting the presence of vaccinia virus, using combined tissue-culture and serologic techniques, is described. Isolation of the virus in 1-day-old suckling mice is also discussed. Other laboratory methods useful in the diagnosis of infections due to vaccinia are presented.
General considerations of the clinical aspects of vaccination are reviewed.
The complications of vaccination and their treatment are discussed.
SOME COMPLICATIONS OF TRANSFUSION, ENDOCRINE THERAPY AND OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Chute A. L. 
Published: December 2021

IN NO FIELD has medical opinion reversed itself so completely as in that of blood letting versus blood replacement.
A short time ago while visiting the reconstructed colonial town of Williamsburg, one saw the tools of the old barber surgeons. A copy of a manuscript on the wall stated that George Washington was bled on several occasions during his terminal illness, without seeming benefit.
In this paper, I would like to emphasize some of the ills of blood replacement rather than withdrawal.
Due to the impetus given by life-saving transfusions during the war, blood transfusion has become universally available in all parts of the country. This has not proved an unmixed blessing, however, for the dangers associated with blood transfusion have also been greatly multiplied thereby.
The factors which give rise to these dangers are as follows: 1) those associated with donor; 2) those associated with stored blood; 3) those associated with act of transfusion; 4) those associated with recipient.
1. Factors Associated with Donor
1. Homologous serum jaundice.
2. Allergic reactions.
3. Transmission of tropical and other infections.
The danger of transmitting the virus which causes jaundice is greater than may be realized, and is rebated to the incidence of the carrier state in the population. The incidence in the general population has been estimated as from 0.1% to 0.5% to 0.35%. In one Army Camp in the United States it was found to be as high as 5%.
As one might expect the danger of transmission is greatest the more recently the donor has had jaundice, but some work in Germany suggests that even 6 years or more after having hepatitis, donors may transmit the virus to 3.6% of recipients.
PERINATAL PULMONARY PATHOLOGY
Authors: Briggs J. N. , Hogg Georgina 
Published: December 2021

A series of 153 necropsies of liveborn infants was reviewed. Data from 110 of these and 26 stillborn infants were accepted for study. It was noted that 61.9% of the children died from major pulmonary disorders. Hyaline membrane was present in 33.6% of the 110 liveborn infants.
The time relationships of the various conditions was reviewed.
A new pathologic appearance—hyaline type of atelectasis but with the absence of the true membrane—was noted. This condition is considered to fall into the same clinical and pathologic group as hyaline membrane and pulmonary hemorrhage.
TRIMETHADIONE (TRIDIONE®) NEPHROSIS
Authors: HEYMANN WALTER 
Published: December 2021

TRIMETHADIONE (3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, Tridione® is a useful drug in the management of petit mal seizures. It may, however, like many pharmacologically effective agents, have untoward reactions. These can involve: 1) the central nervous system (diplopia, vertigo, headaches and hiccups); 2) the hematopoetic system (depression of bone marrow activity); 3) the skin (various forms of rashes, erythema exudativum multiforme and angioneurotic edema; and 4) the kidneys.
Renal complications of trimethadione administration are noted in two different forms. Microscopic hematuria and cellular casts have been reported, and 10 years ago, the nephrotic syndrome due to prolonged trimethadione treatment was first described by Barnett.
RENAL BIOPSY IN CHILDREN
Authors: VERNIER ROBERT L. , GOOD ROBERT A. 
Published: December 2021

RENAL biopsy offers invaluable aid in the clinical diagnosis of kidney disease and is an important technique in research designed to clarify the etiology, pathogenesis, and evaluation of therapeutic agents, in a variety of renal diseases.
The majority of the scientific reports describing renal biopsy have concerned adult patients. The few available reports of renal biopsy in children do not discuss the risks attending the procedure or the specific problems peculiar to kidney biopsy in children. A review of our experience in 150 renal biopsies in children may afford a basis for evaluation of these questions.
The available techniques of renal biopsy include: 1) surgical exploration and removal of a segment of kidney cortex, and 2) percutaneous needle biopsy.
METACHROMATIC LEUKO-ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: Hain Raymond F. , LaVeck Gerald D. 
Published: December 2021

Metachromatic leuko-encephalopathy is a familial degenerative disease of the central nervous system included with Schilder's disease as a type of diffuse cerebral sclerosis. The disease usually has its onset early in childhood and is characteried by progressive motor and mental deterioration with ataxia, muscular weakness, spasticity, optic atrophy, convulsions and finally dementia. The concentration of protein of the cerebrospinal fluid is frequently elevated.
The pathologic findings consist of demyelination, destruction of axons, gliosis and the accumulation of metachromatic granules in the brain and other organs. The metachromasia can be demonstrated in formalin-fixed frozen sections with a toluidine blue stain. It is not demonstrable in paraffin sections. Histochemical studies indicate this abnormal material is probably a complex of glycolipids and protein. It has been reported elsewhere that early diagnosis can be established by demonstrating the metachromatic materials in urinary sediment or in a real biopsy. An illustrative case has been presented.
ALTERATIONS OF pH, GASES AND HEMOGLOBIN IN BLOOD AND ELECTROLYTES IN PLASMA OF FETUSES OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: Kaiser Irwin H. , Goodlin Robert C. 
Published: December 2021

The pregnant diabetic at or near term, in the absence of clinical metabolic disorder, ordinarily exhibits only minor differences from normal pregnant women in regard to pH, content of gases, and concentration of hemoglobin in blood and concentration of electrolytes in plasma. The diabetic in labor is likely to evidence signs of metabolic acidosis which is only partially compensated.
The fetus of the diabetic, on the other hand, is frequently found to have marked changes in pH, pCO2 and oxygen saturation of the blood. There is a small decrease in total concentration of electrolytes, which is apparently related to dilution of the blood. Concentration of hemoglobin is slightly increased, but if dilution is taken into consideration, this probably represents a significant increase in total hemoglobin mass. The variability of several components of the blood is greater than in normal fetuses.
The changes in pH and pCO2 are sufficient, in their effect on dissociation of oxyhemoglobin, to account for the mean decrease in saturation observed in the fetuses of diabetics without any change in pO2. The average fetus, therefore, cannot properly be said to be hypoxic. However, individual fetuses are observed with very marked reductions in oxygen saturation which undoubtedly reflect true hypoxia. Biochemical alterations in these fetuses are out of proportion to maternal changes but, once proper pulmonary ventilation is established, can be readily reversed. It appears from this that the lesion is likely to be placental rather than maternal or fetal.
Biochemical deviations from normal in the present series are only irregularly related to neonatal difficulty. The two infants who died in the present study were the only prematures, and only one manifested severe and disproportional changes. The biochemical changes observed do not per se appear to be sufficient to account for the known neonatal difficulties of the infants of diabetic mothers, but, in aggravated form, might account for fetal death.
METABOLIC STUDIES OF NORMAL FULL-TERM INFANTS FED A PREPARED FORMULA PROVIDING INTERMEDIATE AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN
Authors: Fomon Samuel J. , May Charles D. 
Published: December 2021

Twelve normal full-term infants have been studied during ad libitum feeding of a prepared formula of cow's milk (Formula S) which provided an intake of protein intermediate between that of infants consuming human milk and that of infants receiving commonly employed formulas that supply two-thirds of the calories from cow's milk and one-third from additional carbohydrate.
Growth of the infants proceeded along normal developmental channels but, as in the case of infants fed human milk, the growth curves generally fell at or below the 50th percentiles of the Iowa Growth Charts. The studies were designed to compare nitrogen retention of groups of infants growing normally. Proper evaluation of growth of infants fed different foods would require larger numbers of infants in each group.
The mean concentrations of total protein and urea nitrogen in the serum were 5.3 gm/100 ml and 8.9 mg/100 ml, respectively.
The mean volume of intake was 198 mg/kg/day (providing 133 cal/kg/day) in metabolic balance studies performed during the first 1½ months of life and 142 ml/kg/day (providing 95 cal/kg/day) during similar studies performed between 4½ and 6 months of age. The mean intakes of nitrogen during the corresponding periods were 534 mg (= 3.3 gm protein) and 398 mg (= 2.5 gm protein)/kg/day, and the mean retentions of nitrogen were 211 and 102 mg/kg/day, respectively.
The retentions of nitrogen by infants ingesting Formula S ad libitum were as large as, or greater than, those of infants ingesting human milk ad libitum.
CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS OF CROUZON
Authors: Shiller Jack G. 
Published: December 2021

THIS REPORT describes an infant with craniofacial dysostosis noted at birth. As in the original description by Crouzon, the infant demonstrated a bony-hard protrusion of the skull in the region of the anterior fontanelle, with widening of the transverse diameter and anteroposterior shortening. In addition, the presence of relative prognathism and exophthalmos with divergent strabismus completed the classic picture.
Crouzon's first description of the syndrome was reported in 1912 in a woman and her son. Three years later he described a family in which 7 of 21 members were affected. That paper stressed the hereditary aspects of the syndrome. Since then few papers have been concerned with heredity. Atkinson collected 86 cases of the malformation, in which 56 patients had positive family histories. Fogh-Anderson suggested the pattern of simple dominance, when he described an affected mother who had affected children in two different marriages. One of hen pregnancies produced dizygotic twins, only one of whom was affected. Flippen reported a family in which 10 of 21 progeny in four generations were affected. He concluded that this represents the expression of ". . . an heterozygous, dominant trait."
Extensive investigation of the family history of the patient reported herein revealed the data which comprise the body of this report.
CASE REPORT
Clinical History
The patient was born at home and transferred immediately to Norwalk Hospital. At the time of admission he weighed 3,360 gm. Physical examination revealed a well-developed infant, normal except for the head which is better illustrated than described (Fig. 1). The skull malformation was bony-hard to palpation except for the anterior fontanelle, which measured less than 1 by 1 cm. All suture lines were closed. The posterior fontanelle was not palpable. Hypertelorism and exophthalmos were present. Bilateral divergent strabismus was observed intermittently. The optic fundi appeared normal.
Roentgenograms of the skull showed premature closure of all sutures. A small segment of the anterior fontanelle was open. The remainder of the protuberance in the midline anteriorly was supported by plates of bone (Fig. 2).
The infant sucked and swallowed well and had normal motor activity. Reflexes were normal. Two craniectomies were performed uneventfully for excision of bone in the area of the coronal sutures. He was discharged home at the age of 4 months with minimal noticeable change in skull shape.
Surgery in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: EBBS J. H. 
Published: December 2021

This textbook deals with surgery for the senior student and nurse. The general treatment of the important subjects of pre- and postoperative care, anesthesia and specialized conditions of infancy and childhood are features of early chapters. It is noted that numerous rare conditions are mixed in with common every-day surgical problems without indication of the incidence nor all common conditions dealt with. It is obvious that the textbook is not intended to replace a textbook of general surgery.
The description of the clinical features and treatment of most conditions is not complete, yet it is probably adequate for the student in medicine. On the other hand such conditions as intussusception are extremely well written and documented.
Negroes and Medicine
Authors: CRUMP E. PERRY 
Published: December 2021

The present position of the Negro physician in American medicine is by no means fortuitous, nor is it the result of timely official decree. Historically, the Negro doctor has faced the same rugged pattern of uphill struggle for initial training opportunities, for hospital staff privileges in the care and follow-up of his patients, and for recognition by and integrainto the major medical society (A.M.A.) in this county, as has his lay counterpart in analogous nonmedical settings.
In a well arranged, highly authentic book of some 400 pages, Dietrich C. Reitzes tells the story under the title, Negroes and Medicine.
COMPOSITION OF MUCOPROTEIN FRACTIONS FROM DUODENAL FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS AND FROM CONTROLS
Authors: Dische Zacharias , Sant'Agnese Paul di , Pallavicini Charles , Youlos Joshua 
Published: December 2021

The mucus of the duodenal fluid of children contains a mixture of carbohydrateprotein complexes with the character of mucoids and glycoproteins.
In duodenal fluids from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas about one-third in controls about 90%, of the mucoid material is soluble in trichloroacetic acid (TCA).
In duodenal fluids from patients with cystic fibrosis about one-third of the mucoid becomes denatured and insoluble in water when precipitated with an ethanolbenzene mixture.
The TCA-soluble mucoid from patients with cystic fibrosis and controls was separated by fractionated ethanol precipitation into four fractions: three precipitating at 50% (A); 67% (B); and 90% (C), respectively; and one soluble in 90% ethanol.
All four fractions contain as carbohydrate moiety a fucomucopolysaccharide.
Fractions C and D contain about equivalent amounts of galactose and mannose and in patients with cystic fibrosis only one hexosamine (glucosamine) in demonstrable amounts. Fractions A and B contain glucosamine as well as galactosamine in comparable amounts, but the hexose present is galactose to an extent of more than 80%.
The polysaccharides of all four mucoid fractions differ in their content of sialic acid. The least-soluble fraction A contains less of it than the more soluble fractions.
The content of sialic acid in the mucopolysaccharide of the water-insoluble mucoid, and of the TCA-insoluble water-soluble fraction from pooled duodenal fluids of patients with cystic fibrosis, approaches that of fraction A and is lower than that of other fractions.
The molar ratio of fucose to hexosamine in fraction A, and in the water-insoluble mucoid from patients with cystic fibrosis, is higher than in all fractions from controls.
MENTAL HYGIENE IN THE NEW PEDIATRICS
Authors: MAY CHARLES D. 
Published: December 2021

THE PRACTICE of the New Pediatrics in the office and the home is comprised preponderantly of supervision of growth and development of well children and treatment of the less profound disturbances of physical and mental health. Pediatricians have pioneered in efforts to incorporate mental hygiene into medical practice, although with considerable hesitation and confusion. It is particularly in this area, during the past two decades, that new concepts have been introduced—with inevitable disruption of the teaching as well as the practice of pediatrics. This may be the crux of the problems presented by the New Pediatrics.
Other recent advances, however impressive, have been more technical than conceptual. In general, progress in knowledge of infectious disease, nutrition, cardiology, metabolic disorders, endocrine disease and genetics has followed the natural course of discovery and increasing complexity that develops from application of new techniques to established concepts.
COMMITTEE OF THE SECTION ON DISEASES OF THE CHEST
Authors: ALWAY ROBERT H. , KENDIG EDWIN L. , NELSON WALDO E. , ROBINSON ARTHUR M. , SIFONTES JOSE E. , LINCOLN EDITH M. 
Published: December 2021

THE FACT has been established that children may acquire a primary tuberculosis infection with tubercle bacilli resistant to streptomycin. The source of the infection can often be traced to an adult previously treated with streptomycin from whom drug-resistant organisms can be cultured. Relatively little information about primary infections in children with bacilli showing drug resistance to isoniazid is available, and no reports have been published from the United States. The Committee therefore decided it was of importance to determine if possible the incidence of such infections.
Most of the 57 members of the Section on Diseases of the Chest are actively engaged in care of tuberculous children. A questionnaire was distributed to them in the spring of 1958 in an attempt to learn the incidence of initial infection with drug-resistant tubercle bacilli. Replies were received from everyone, but 20 individuals had little or no information to give. Thirty-seven members of the Section furnished information from 34 clinics.
The present report is based on the data supplied from 31 clinics in which cultures of gastric lavages were done regularly prior to treatment. Only 7 of these 31 clinics did drug-susceptibility studies on positive cultures routinely; 21 clinics reported that susceptibility studies were not done regularly, and 3 reported that drug susceptibility of cultures of tubercle bacilli was never tested.
It was possible to estimate that the seven clinics which did drug-susceptibility tests routinely had reported on a total group of about 2,500 tuberculous children, of whom about 1,800 had been under observation since the introduction of isoniazid into drug regimens. Only 4 of the 7 clinics which did drug-susceptibility tests routinely reported the finding of initial (pretreatment) drug-resistant cultures of tubercle bacilli. Only 2 of the 3 clinics reporting bacterial resistance to isoniazid did catalase tests routinely.
The method of expressing bacterial resistance varied in each clinic. In the present report we have considered that bacterial resistance to isoniazid was present if 1% of the total population grew in 0.2µg/ml, and bacterial resistance to streptomycin if 1% of the total population grew in 2.0µg/ml.
More About the Backward Child
Authors: RIGG L. ISOBEL 
Published: December 2021

As the title suggests, this book is by nature of a supplement to two previous publications, The Retarded Child and Training the Backward Child. The author intends the reader to be familiar with the earlier books. The present work is concerned with Miss Loewy's experiences in her small residential school for backward girls and she directs herself to "teachers, parents, and all concerned with the welfare of backward children."
The volume is divided into five sections: 1) General; 2) Sex and the Backward Child; 3) Delinquency and the Backward Child; 4) More About Education; and 5) Case Book.
American readers will experience some difficulty with the British terminology as well as some of the problems and suggestions. The stated attempt to avoid medical terms mystifies rather than simplifies.