bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibiting Kiss1 Neurons With Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonists to Treat Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Vasomotor Symptoms
Authors: McCarthy Elizabeth A , Dischino Daniel , Maguire Caroline , Leon Silvia , Talbi Rajae , Cheung Eugene , Schteingart Claudio D , Rivière Pierre J M , Reed Susan D , Steiner Robert A , Navarro Victor M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Context
Recent evidence suggests that vasomotor symptoms (VMS) or hot flashes in the postmenopausal reproductive state and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the premenopausal reproductive state emanate from the hyperactivity of Kiss1 neurons in the hypothalamic infundibular/arcuate nucleus (KNDy neurons).

Objective
We demonstrate in 2 murine models simulating menopause and PCOS that a peripherally restricted kappa receptor agonist (PRKA) inhibits hyperactive KNDy neurons (accessible from outside the blood–brain barrier) and impedes their downstream effects.

Design
Case/control.

Setting
Academic medical center.

Participants
Mice.

Interventions
Administration of peripherally restricted kappa receptor agonists and frequent blood sampling to determine hormone release and body temperature.

Main Outcome Measures
LH pulse parameters and body temperature.

Results
First, chronic administration of a PRKA to bilaterally ovariectomized mice with experimentally induced hyperactivity of KNDy neurons reduces the animals’ elevated body temperature, mean plasma LH level, and mean peak LH per pulse. Second, chronic administration of a PRKA to a murine model of PCOS, having elevated plasma testosterone levels and irregular ovarian cycles, suppresses circulating levels of LH and testosterone and restores normal ovarian cyclicity.

Conclusion
The inhibition of kisspeptin neuronal activity by activation of kappa receptors shows promise as a novel therapeutic approach to treat both VMS and PCOS in humans.
Women's Experience of Child Death Over the Life Course: A Global Demographic Perspective
Authors: Alburez-Gutierrez Diego , Kolk Martin , Zagheni Emilio 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The death of a child affects the well-being of parents and families worldwide, but little is known about the scale of this phenomenon. Using a novel methodology from formal demography applied to data from the 2019 Revision of the United Nations World Population Prospects, we provide the first global overview of parental bereavement, its magnitude, prevalence, and distribution over age for the 1950–2000 annual birth cohorts of women. We project that the global burden of parental bereavement will be 1.6 times lower for women born in 2000 than for women born in 1955. Accounting for compositional effects, we anticipate the largest improvements in regions of the Global South, where offspring mortality continues to be a common life event. This study quantifies an unprecedented shift in the timing of parental bereavement from reproductive to retirement ages. Women in the 1985 cohort and subsequent cohorts will be more likely to lose an adult child after age 65 than to lose a young child before age 50, reversing a long-standing global trend. “Child death” will increasingly come to mean the death of adult offspring. We project persisting regional inequalities in offspring mortality and in the availability of children in later life, a particular concern for parents dependent on support from their children after retirement. Nevertheless, our analyses suggest a progressive narrowing of the historical gap between the Global North and South in the near future. These developments have profound implications for demographic theory and highlight the need for policies to support bereaved older parents.
Methods and guidance on conducting, reporting, publishing and appraising living systematic reviews: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Iannizzi Claire , Akl Elie A , Kahale Lara A , Dorando Elena , Mosunmola Aminat Abina , Barker James M , McKenzie Joanne E. , Haddaway Neal R , Piechotta Vanessa , Skoetz Nicole 
Published: August 2021

Background: The living systematic review (LSR) approach is based on an ongoing surveillance of the literature and continual updating. A few guidance documents address the conduct, reporting, publishing and appraisal of systematic reviews (SRs), but the methodology described is either not up-to date or not suitable for LSRs and misses additional LSR-specific considerations. The objective of this scoping review is to systematically collate methodological literature and guidance on how to conduct, report, publish and appraise the quality of LSRs. The scoping review will allow the mapping of the existing evidence on the topic to support LSRs authors seeking guidance and identify related gaps. Methods: To achieve our objectives, we will conduct a scoping review to survey and evaluate existing evidence, using the standard scoping review methodology. We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane using the OVID interface. The search strategy was developed by a researcher experienced in developing literature search strategies with the help of an information specialist. As for searching grey literature, we will seek existing guidelines and handbooks on LSRs from organizations that conduct evidence syntheses using the Lens.org website. Two review authors will extract and catalogue the study data on LSR methodological aspects into a standardized and pilot-tested data extraction form. The main categories will reflect proposed methods for (i) conducting LSRs, (ii) reporting of LSRs, (iii) publishing and (iv) appraising the quality of LSRs. Data synthesis and conclusion: By collecting these data from methodological surveys and papers, as well as existing guidance documents and handbooks on LSRs, we might identify specific issues and components lacking within current LSR methodology. Thus, the systematically obtained findings of the scoping review could be used as basis for the revision of existing methods tools on LSR, for instance a PRISMA statement extension for LSRs.
Fair and Square: A Retention Model of Managerial Compensation
Authors: Ellingsen Tore , Kristiansen Eirik Gaard 
Published: August 2021

We propose a model of how the retention motive shapes managerial compensation contracts. Once employed, a risk-averse manager acquires imperfectly portable skills whose value is stochastic because of industry-wide demand shocks. The manager’s actions are uncontractible, and the perceived fairness of the compensation contract affects the manager’s motivation. If the volatility of profits is sufficiently large and outside offers are sufficiently likely, the equilibrium contract combines a salary with an own-firm stock option. The model’s predictions are consistent with empirical regularities concerning contractual shape, the magnitude of variable pay, the lack of indexation, and the prevalence of discretionary severance pay.This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, behavioral economics and decision analysis.
Light-induced in situ active tuning of the LSPR of gold nanorods over 90  nm
Authors: Ghosh Piue , Thambi Varsha , Kar Ashish , Chakraborty Arup Lal , Khatua Saumyakanti 
Published: August 2021

We demonstrate an easy and controllable method for light-induced active tuning of the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanorods (AuNRs) over

∼

94

n
m

. The red-shift of the LSPR can be controlled by varying the time of exposure to a 532 nm laser. The tuning is achieved by photo-induced dissolution of individual AuNRs by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) under continuous illumination. The dissolution of the AuNRs increases the aspect ratio, and consequently the LSPR exhibits a gradual but large redshift. A key feature is that it is possible to selectively tune the LSPR of a specific AuNR in a group while leaving the others totally unaffected. Such controllable, light-induced, post-synthesis fine-tuning of the LSPR is useful for tailoring the plasmonic response of individual AuNRs for a wide range of applications.
Deep-UV-enhanced supercontinuum generated in a tapered gas-filled photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Suresh Mallika Irene , Hammer Jonas , Joly Nicolas Y. , Russell Philip St.J. , Tani Francesco 
Published: August 2021

We present the use of a linearly down-tapered gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber in a single stage, pumped with pulses from a compact infrared (IR) laser source, to generate a supercontinuum (SC) carrying significant spectral power in the deep ultraviolet (UV) [200–300 nm]. The generated SC extends from the near IR down to

∼

213

n
m

with 0.58 mW/nm and down to

∼

220

n
m

with 0.83 mW/nm in the deep UV.
Modal properties of a beam carrying OAM generated by a circular array of multiple ring-resonator emitters
Authors: Zhou Huibin , Song Hao , Zhao Zhe , Zhang Runzhou , Song Haoqian , Pang Kai , Zou Kaiheng , Liu Cong , Su Xinzhou , Hu Nanzhe , Bock Robert , Lynn Brittany , Tur Moshe , Willner Alan E. 
Published: August 2021

We investigate the modal properties of a beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) generated by a circular array (ring) of multiple micro-ring emitters (rings) analytically and via simulation. In such a “ring-of-rings” structure,

N

emitters generate

N

optical vortex beams with the same OAM-order

l

0

at the same wavelength. The output beam is a coherent combination of the

N

vortex beams located at different azimuthal positions, having the same radial displacement. We derive an analytical expression for the output optical field and calculate the OAM-order power spectrum of the generated beam. The analytical expression and simulation results show that (1) the OAM spectrum of the output beam composes equidistant OAM spectral components, symmetrically surrounding

l

0

with a spacing equal to

N

; (2) the envelope of the OAM spectrum broadens with an increased radius of the circular array or the value of

l

0

; and (3) the OAM components of the generated beam could be tuned either by changing the value of

l

0

,

corresponding to different spectrum envelopes, or by adding different linear phase delays to the micro-ring emitters, which does not affect the envelope of the OAM spectrum.
Strong optomechanical coupling in chain-like waveguides of silicon nanoparticles with quasi-bound states in the continuum
Authors: Yang Shuaifeng , Wan Lei , Wang Fugen , Potapov Alexander A. , Feng Tianhua 
Published: August 2021

We propose and demonstrate that strong optomechanical coupling can be achieved in a chain-like waveguide consisting of silicon nanorods. By employing quasi-bound states in the continuum and mechanical resonances at a frequency around 10 GHz, the optomechanical coupling rate can be above 2 MHz and surpass most microcavities. We have also studied cases with different optical wave numbers and size parameters of silicon, and a robust coupling rate has been verified, benefiting the experimental measurements and practical applications. The proposed silicon chain-like waveguide of strong optomechanical coupling may pave new ways for research on photon–phonon interaction with microstructures.
Are men who have sex with men at higher risk for HIV in Latin America more aware of PrEP?
Authors: Assaf Ryan D. , Konda Kelika A. , Torres Thiago S. , Vega-Ramirez E. Hamid , Elorreaga Oliver A. , Diaz-Sosa Dulce , Diaz Steven D. , Pimenta Cristina , Robles Rebeca , Medina-Mora Maria Elena , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Caceres Carlos , Veloso Valdilea G. 
Published: August 2021

Introduction
PrEP awareness in Latin America has been poorly characterized, with studies in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru highlighting awareness of 65% among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM). We assessed the association between higher risk of HIV infection, indicative of PrEP eligibility, and PrEP awareness among MSM from these countries.

Methods
This was a secondary analysis of a web-based survey advertised on social media platforms from March-June 2018 in Brazil, Mexico and Peru. Eligible individuals were cisgender MSM, ≥18 years old, HIV negative or of unknown status, who lived in these countries, and provided informed consent. Higher risk of HIV infection was defined as having 10 or more points in the HIV Risk Index for MSM (HIRI-MSM). We used multivariable Poisson regression models to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) testing the association between higher risk for HIV and PrEP awareness.

Results
After exclusions, 19,457 MSM were included in this analysis. In Brazil, 53.8% were classified as higher risk for HIV, 51.9% in Mexico, and 54.2% in Peru. Higher risk for HIV was minimally associated with PrEP awareness among those in Brazil (aPR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.06), but no such association was observed in Mexico or Peru. Having more than a high school education, high income, daily use of geosocial networking (GSN) applications, and substance use were associated with PrEP awareness.

Conclusion
Higher risk of HIV infection was associated with increased PrEP awareness in Brazil. However, this association was weak indicating that PrEP awareness could be strengthened with further prevention efforts. In the remaining countries, results were non-conclusive between risk and awareness. Interventions to increase PrEP awareness are paramount to increase PrEP willingness and uptake and in turn prevent new HIV infections. Social media platforms could play an important role to achieve this goal.
Factors associated with serious outcomes of pneumonia among children in a birth cohort in South Africa
Authors: Le Roux David M. , Nicol Mark P. , Vanker Aneesa , Nduru Polite M. , Zar Heather J. 
Published: August 2021

Background
Child hospitalization for pneumonia remains common, and pneumonia is a major cause of child mortality. Early identification of clinical factors associated with serious outcomes may help target risk-mitigation strategies.

Methods
Pneumonia cases occurring in the Drakenstein Child Health Study, a prospective birth cohort outside Cape Town, South Africa were analysed, and factors associated with serious outcomes of pneumonia were identified. Pregnant women were enrolled antenatally, followed through pregnancy, and mother-child pairs from birth to 2 years. Active surveillance for pneumonia was done. Children hospitalized with pneumonia had chest radiography and blood drawn for inflammatory markers; course, outcome and duration of hospitalization were investigated. Serious outcomes were defined as in-hospital mortality or admission to intensive care unit (ICU). Prolonged hospitalization was also explored as a proxy for severity. Features associated with serious outcomes or prolonged hospitalization were analysed using modified Poisson regression.

Results
Among 1143 live born infants, there were 174 hospitalized pneumonia events in 133 children under 2 years. Three children (1.7%) died, 14 (8%) required ICU admission for respiratory support. In modified Poisson regression, age < 2 months, preterm birth, or hypoxia (oxygen saturation <92%) were significantly associated with serious outcomes. Preterm birth, low birth weight, HIV exposure, stunting, or underweight-for-age (UWFA) were associated with prolonged hospitalization. Chest radiography, elevated C reactive protein, white blood cell and neutrophil counts were not useful to predict death or ICU admission in children hospitalized with pneumonia.

Conclusions
In this cohort, death from pneumonia was rare, but clinical features associated with serious outcomes and prolonged hospitalization were identified. These may help with risk stratification, to identify children who may benefit from enhanced monitoring or earlier escalation to respiratory support.
Mortality due to breast cancer in a region of high socioeconomic vulnerability in Brazil: Analysis of the effect of age-period and cohort
Authors: Dantas de Araújo Santos Camargo Juliana , dos Santos Juliano , Simões Taynãna César , Carvalho Jovanka Bittencourt Leite de , Silva Glauber Weder dos Santos , Dantas Eder Samuel Oliveira , Rodrigues Weverton Thiago da Silva , Freire Flávio Henrique Miranda de Araújo , Meira Karina Cardoso 
Published: August 2021

Introduction
Breast cancer is an important public health problem worldwide, with important disparities in incidence, mortality, and survival rates between developed and developing countries due to inequalities regarding access to measures for the prevention and treatment of the disease. In Brazil, there are higher rates of incidence and a downward trend in mortality in regions of greater socioeconomic development.

Objective
To evaluate the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on breast cancer mortality in women aged 20 years and older in the states of the Northeast Region of Brazil, an area of high socioeconomic vulnerability, from 1980 to 2019.

Methods
The death records were extracted from the DATASUS Mortality Information System website (Department of National Health Informatics) from the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Estimable functions were used to estimate the age-period and cohort models (APC) using the Epi library from the R statistical software version 6.4.1.

Results
The average breast cancer mortality rate for the period was 20.45 deaths per 100,000 women. The highest coefficients per 100,000 women were observed in the states of Pernambuco (21.09 deaths) and Ceará (20.85 deaths), and the lowest in Maranhão (13.58 deaths) and Piauí (15.43 deaths). In all of the locations, there was a progressive increase in mortality rates in individuals over 40 years of age, with higher rates in the last five-year period (2015–2019). There was an increase in the risk of death for the five-year period of the 2000s in relation to the reference period (1995–1999) in the Northeast region and in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Maranhão, Paraíba, and Piauí. In addition, there was an increased risk of death for women born after the 1950s in all locations.

Conclusion
The highest mortality rates in all five-year periods analyzed were observed in states with greater socioeconomic development, with an increase in mortality rates in the 2000s, and a higher risk of death in the younger cohorts.
Pharmacists’ perceptions of the use of internet-based medication information by patients: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Alefishat Eman , Abu Farha Rana , Zawiah Mohammed 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
The credibility and the reliability of Internet webpages to seek medication-related information is questionable. The main objective of the current study was to evaluate perception and experience of pharmacists with the use of Internet-based medication information by their patients.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted to evaluate perception and experience of pharmacists with the use of Internet-based medication information by their patients. During the study period, 200 pharmacists were approached to participate in the study using a paper-based survey to assess their perceptions and current experience with the use of Internet-based medication information by their patients. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean/standard deviation for continuous variables, and frequency/percentages for qualitative variables). Also, simple linear regression was utilized to screen factors affecting pharmacists’ perception scores of the use of Internet-based medication information.

Results
Among 161 recruited pharmacists, the majority (n = 129, 80.1%) reported receiving inquiries from patients about Internet-based medication information within the last year. Among them, only 22.6% (n = 29) of pharmacists believed that Internet-based medication information is somewhat or very accurate. Unfortunately, only 24.2% (n = 31) of them stated that they always had enough time for their patient to discuss their Internet-based medication information.
Regarding pharmacists’ perception of the use of Internet-based medication information by their patients, more than half of the pharmacists (>50%) believe that Internet-based medication information could increase the patient’s role in taking responsibility. On the other hand, 54.7% (n = 88) of the pharmacists believed that Internet-based medication information would contribute to rising the healthcare cost by obtaining unnecessary medications by patients. Finally, pharmacists’ educational level was found to significantly affect their perception scores toward patient use of Internet-based medication information where those with higher educational level showed lower perception score (r = -0.200, P-value = 0.011).

Conclusion
Although pharmacists felt that usage of Internet-based data by patients is beneficial, they also have believed that it has a negative impact in terms of rising the healthcare cost, and it promotes unnecessary fear or concern about medications. We suggest that pharmacists be trained on principles of critical appraisal to become professional in retrieval information on the Internet that might improve their delivery of healthcare information and their recommendations to patients.
A comparison of multidimensional qualities discriminant of selection in elite adolescent Australian basketball athletes
Authors: Joseph Jacob , McIntyre Fleur , Joyce Christopher , Scanlan Aaron , Cripps Ashley 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
The aims of this study were to (1) quantify the multidimensional attributes of male and female basketball athletes under 16 years of age (U16) and under 18 years of age (U18), and (2) identify attributes that distinguish selection into a talent pathway according to sex and age group.

Methods
67 male and 71 female athletes competing in U16 and U18 selection trials for a state based Australian basketball talent pathway completed a multidimensional testing battery. The test battery consisted of anthropometric, physical (20- linear sprint, countermovement jump height, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2), technical (Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test), tactical (video decision making), and psychological (Sports Orientation Questionnaire, Psychological Performance Inventory-Alternative) assessments. Mean differences and independent t-tests were used to assess comparative differences between selected and non-selected athletes within each age and sex cohort. Stepwise discriminant analyses were used to identify attributes that were the strongest discriminators of selection in each group (male U16, male U18, female U16, and female U18).

Results
The discrimminant models showed for male U16 athletes smaller height (ES = -0.18) and greater shooting accuracy (ES = 0.52) was most discriminant of selection. Results were largely homogenous for male U18 athletes with lower visualisation score (ES = -0.62) most discriminant of selection. In female cohorts, faster 20-m sprint time (ES = -0.66) and taller height (ES = 0.58) was most discriminant of selection in U16 athletes while greater shooting accuracy (ES = 0.67), countermovement jump height (ES = 1.04), and height (ES = 0.65) was most discriminant of selection in U18 athletes.

Conclusions
These results emphasise the differing selection priorities within adolescent basketball cohorts according to sex and age group. The testing of anthropometric, physical and technical attributes may hold particular utility in adolescent female basketball given their identified importance to selection across U16 and U18 cohorts.