bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the Curriculum to Introduce Transferable Skill Sets to Undergraduate Students
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: February 2021

The next generation of scientists will be expected to find innovative solutions to problems that are greater in scale and magnitude than we have ever faced before. Since these challenges will be faced early in an academic career, young scientists will not have the opportunity to develop the necessary skills over a lifetime before they are called upon to lead. To address this gap a partnership has been formed between the leadership studies program and the STEM faculty at Austin College to develop a curriculum of integrated skills in order to prepare our graduates to work on these new scientific frontiers. The STEM Teaching and Research (STAR) Leadership Program at Austin College combines transferrable skill sets from leadership studies with STEM education to produce future leaders of the scientific community. This unique pedagogy pioneered at Austin College embraces the liberal arts tradition by teaching and practicing leadership behaviors through seamless integration into STEM disciplines through multiple courses across the entire curriculum, rather than as a separate course of study. We strive to engage all science students in the study and practice of leadership in their personal and professional lives, and to promote personal, team, and organizational effectiveness in both the classroom and through research. This curriculum is rich in intentional instruction of awareness, ability, and commitment through a complete integration into the existing scientific learning environment. Instruction is layered into courses and laboratory components at every level of the curriculum to give the students multiple opportunities to develop their skills from freshman through senior year. The work presented will give specific examples of how the STAR curriculum enhances the awareness of acting responsibly through the recognition of ethical issues in an undergraduate biochemistry course. Preliminary assessment data from the STAR program demonstrate significant increases in all student learning outcomes through their undergraduate experience. Additionally, no gaps in attainment of leadership behaviors by students have been observed from factors that may typically associate with achievement gaps in STEM (i.e. first generation status, race/ethnicity, or gender).Support or Funding InformationFinancial support for this project was provided in part by a grant from the W. M. Keck FoundationThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Program Impact on Nutritional Status among Children Aged 6 to 24 Months in Rural Malawi: Findings from a Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Hurley Kristen , Kang Yunhee , Monclus Assumpta Bou , Ruel‐Bergeron Julie , Oemcke Rachel , Wu Lee Shu Fune , Mitra Maithilee , Phuka John , Klemm Rolf , West Keith , Christian Parul 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the 18‐month impact of a program providing a daily lipid‐based nutrient supplement (LNS) and social and behavior change communication (SBCC) to promote infant and young child feeding practices from 6–23 months, on undernutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight) and linear‐ and ponderal growth [length‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ), weight‐for‐length (WLZ), weight‐for‐age (WAZ) z‐score] in rural Malawi.MethodsTwo cohorts of infants (n=348), aged 6–7 months, were enrolled in the program (n=176) and comparison (n=172) districts, respectively, and followed‐up at 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Child weight and length were taken at each visit and converted to z‐scores using the WHO child growth standards. Multilevel mixed‐effects linear regression models estimated the program impact on growth, accounting for within individual and village correlations, and adjusted for age, sex, and baseline nutritional status.ResultsPercentages of children stunted and wasted were comparable at enrollment in both districts: 42.4% and 1.5% (districts combined), but underweight was higher in the program district (15.4% vs. 6.5%;p<0.01). A trend toward a higher LAZ emerged in the program district at 12 (+0.13 z;p=0.15) and 18 (+0.14 z; p=0.19) months of age, that was significant at 24 (+0.34 z; p=0.003) months. Similarly, significant program impact on WAZ was noted at 12 (+0.20 Z; p=0.03), continued at 18 months (+016 Z; p=0.08), and became larger at 24 months of age (+0.32 Z; p=0.003) in program over comparison district. No statistically significant differences between groups were notable for WLZ at any visit. Further, at 18 and 24 months of age, the percent of children underweight was lower by 8.3% (p=0.04) and 9.8% (p=0.02), respectively, in the program vs. comparison district. No significant reduction in the percent of children stunted or wasted between groups were found at any visit.ConclusionsFindings suggest that a daily provision of LNS and SBCC messaging from 6–23 months of age in rural Malawi may improve linear growth and underweight.Support or Funding InformationThis study was funded by the Children's Investment Fund Foundation, UK.
Pain for Greater Than 4 Days Is Highly Predictive of Concomitant Osteomyelitis in Children With Septic Arthritis
Authors: Siddiqui Ali A. , Andras Lindsay M. , Illingworth Kenneth D. , Skaggs David L. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
There is no evidence-based consensus on the risk factors for concomitant osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical parameters predictive of concomitant osteomyelitis in children with septic arthritis.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted on patients with septic arthritis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between January 2004 and October 2016 at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Medical charts were reviewed for information including symptoms, diagnosis of osteomyelitis, serum laboratory studies, joint fluid analyses, imaging results, and treatment. Positive diagnosis of osteomyelitis was defined as a hyperintense signal of osseous structures on T2-weighted MRI consistent with infection per attending pediatric radiologist final read.

Results:
A total of 71 patients with 73 septic joints were included. The mean age was 6±4 (0.1 to 17) years and the mean follow-up was 14.9±24.1 (1.0 to 133.1) months. Septic arthritis with concomitant osteomyelitis occurred in 43 of 71 (61%) patients, whereas 28 of 71 (39%) patients had septic arthritis alone. Inflammatory markers such as white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein on admission were not associated with concomitant osteomyelitis. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that positive joint fluid bacterial culture (P=0.021) and pain for >4 days before admission (P=0.004) are independent risk factors for concomitant osteomyelitis in children with septic arthritis. Among the 24 septic arthritis patients with pain for >4 days before presentation, 96% (23/24) had concomitant osteomyelitis, whereas 43% (20/47) of patients with pain for ≤4 days had concomitant osteomyelitis.

Conclusion:
Pain for >4 days before presentation is an independent predictor of osteomyelitis in children with septic arthritis. In pediatric septic arthritis, MRI should be considered, particularly in patients presenting with pain for >4 days as 96% of these patients had concomitant osteomyelitis.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Fetal Vesicoallantoic Cyst and Intraabdominal Defects: An Unusual Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Delvaux Mathieu , Sznajer Yves , Marbaix Etienne , Biard Jean Marc , Hubinont Corinne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present an unusual and, until now, unreported case of vesicoallantoic cyst associated with multiple malformations in a fetus. A differential diagnosis is discussed, including the hypothesis of a genetic disorder.
Genetics of hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis
Authors: Gill Praneet K. , Dron Jacqueline S. , Hegele Robert A. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose of review
The relationship between elevated triglyceride levels (i.e. hypertriglyceridemia) and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has been investigated for decades. Recent genetic studies have sought to resolve the decades-old question of a causal relationship.

Recent findings
Genetic studies seem to demonstrate associations between elevated triglyceride levels and ASCVD risk. Mendelian randomization studies suggest this association may be causal. However, simultaneous pleiotropic effects of metabolically linked lipid variables – such as non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and HDL cholesterol -- often go unaccounted for in these studies. Complex underlying pleiotropic interactions of triglycerides with these lipid fractions together with unmeasured intercalated nonlipid-related mechanisms, such as inflammation and coagulation, impair the ability of genetic studies to implicate a direct role for triglycerides on ASCVD risk. One potential mechanism seems largely driven by the cholesterol carried within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants, rather than their triglyceride content.

Summary
Although the exact mechanisms linking elevated triglyceride levels to ASCVD remain to be determined, new therapeutics that reduce triglyceride levels might be advantageous in certain patients. Newer investigational triglyceride-lowering therapies derived from human genetics target key proteins, such as apo C-III and ANGPTL3. Although these treatments clearly lower triglyceride levels, their efficacy in atherosclerotic risk reduction remains unproven.
OnabotulinumtoxinA affects cortical recovery period but not occurrence or propagation of cortical spreading depression in rats with compromised blood–brain barrier
Authors: Melo-Carrillo Agustin , Strassman Andrew M. , Schain Aaron J. , Broide Ron S. , Cai Brian B. , Rhéaume Catherine , Brideau-Andersen Amy D. , Ashina Sait , Flores-Montanez Yadira , Brin Mitchell F. , Burstein Rami 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) is an Food and Drug Administration-approved, peripherally acting preventive migraine drug capable of inhibiting meningeal nociceptors. Expanding our view of how else this neurotoxin attenuates the activation of the meningeal nociceptors, we reasoned that if the stimulus that triggers the activation of the nociceptor is lessened, the magnitude and/or duration of the nociceptors' activation could diminish as well. In the current study, we further examine this possibility using electrocorticogram recording techniques, immunohistochemistry, and 2-photon microscopy. We report (1) that scalp (head) but not lumbar (back) injections of BoNT-A shorten the period of profound depression of spontaneous cortical activity that follows a pinprick-induced cortical spreading depression (CSD); (2) that neither scalp nor lumbar injections prevent the induction, occurrence, propagation, or spreading velocity of a single wave of CSD; (3) that cleaved SNAP25—one of the most convincing tools to determine the anatomical targeting of BoNT-A treatment—could easily be detected in pericranial muscles at the injection sites and in nerve fibers of the intracranial dura, but not within any cortical area affected by the CSD; (4) that the absence of cleaved SNAP25 within the cortex and pia is unrelated to whether the blood–brain barrier is intact or compromised; and (5) that BoNT-A does not alter vascular responses to CSD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of peripherally applied BoNT-A's ability to alter a neuronal function along a central nervous system pathway involved in the pathophysiology of migraine.
European Whites May Need Lower Minimum Therapeutic Clozapine Doses Than Those Customarily Proposed
Authors: Schoretsanitis Georgios , Smith Robert L. , Molden Espen , Solismaa Anssi , Seppälä Niko , Kopeček Miloslav , Švancer Patrik , Olmos Ismael , Vázquez Marta , Iglesias-Garcia Celso , Iglesias-Alonso Ana , Spina Edoardo , de Leon Jose 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose/Background
A nomogram from a British naturalistic study proposed that the clozapine dosing needed to reach a serum concentration of 350 ng/mL ranged from 265 mg/d (female nonsmokers) to 525 mg/d (male smokers). Some European reviews have used these dosing recommendations, which seem greater than what we found in an Italian White sample ranging from 245 mg/d (female nonsmokers) to 299 mg/d (male smokers). Five other published samples of European Whites were added to the Italian sample to estimate clozapine doses recommended for reaching 350 ng/mL.

Methods/Procedures
Average clozapine metabolizers were obtained by eliminating outliers with confounding variables: (1) psychiatric inducers and inhibitors; (2) doses less than 100 mg/d; and (3) when possible, patients with inflammation, obesity, or using oral contraceptives. The study included 1363 average metabolizer European Whites: the Italian sample and 5 new samples. Mean averages that reached serum concentration levels of 350 ng/mL were calculated after stratification by sex and smoking status in each sample. Then, weighted mean averages were obtained by combining the 6 samples.

Findings/Results
The estimated weighted mean clozapine dosages ranged from 236 to 368 mg/d (236 mg/d in 218 female nonsmokers, 256 mg/d in 340 male nonsmokers, 357 mg/d in 269 female smokers, and 368 mg/d in 546 male smokers).

Implications/Conclusions
Our recommended dosages are less than those recommended in Europe. Future studies in European Whites need to replicate these recommended doses for average metabolizer patients after sex and smoking stratification and further explore clozapine dosing for those with relevant clinical confounders.
Markers of Bile Acid Metabolism in Pediatric Diarrhea Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Healthy Controls
Authors: Beinvogl Beate C. , Manini Mhd Louai , Camilleri Michael , Donato Leslie J. , Harmsen William Scott , Absah Imad , Burch Elizabeth , Schechter Neil L. , Nurko Samuel 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:Excessive fecal bile acids in adults have been associated with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS‐D), but their role in pediatric IBS‐D is unknown. Serum markers including 7α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one (C4) and fibroblast growth factor‐19 (FGF‐19) were validated in adults to detect bile acid diarrhea (BAD) compared to 48‐hour fecal bile acid collection (48FBA). Our aims were to assess fasting serum C4 and FGF–19 and 48FBA in a pediatric population, to compare measurements in IBS‐D patients and healthy controls (HC), and to determine the prevalence of BAD among children with IBS‐D.Methods:Using a cross‐sectional design, 26 patients with IBS‐D and 56 HC were recruited in two pediatric tertiary care centers. Fasting serum C4 and FGF‐19 and 48FBA were obtained. Participants completed a 7‐day bowel diary coinciding with stool collection. Associations were analyzed using Spearman correlations.Results:Mean age was 14.7 ± 2.5 years (42.3% female) in IBS‐D and 12.6 ± 2.4 years (39.3% female) in HC. There was a significant correlation of C4 with 48FBA (r = 0.48, P < 0.05) and an inverse association with FGF‐19 (r = –0.43, P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted in C4 (P = 0.32), FGF‐19 (P = 0.1), or 48FBA (P = 0.5) between IBS‐D and HC groups; however, 20% of IBS‐D patients had elevated C4 and 28% had low FGF‐19 values.Fecal primary BA was significantly correlated with stool frequency (r = 0.45, P < 0.002).Conclusions:Correlations of C4 with 48FBA and FGF‐19 are confirmed in a pediatric population. Twenty percent of pediatric patients with IBS‐D had abnormal fasting serum C4. This serum test could be applied to identify BAD in pediatric IBS‐D.
A Diet High in Fat and Fructose Induces Early Hepatic Mitochondrial Aging
Authors: Bramlage Kristin S. , Bhattacharjee Jashdeep , Kirby Michelle , Myronovych Andriy , Gupta Rohun , Gonzalez Rosa‐Maria Salazar , Xanthakos Stavra , Bove Kevin , Kohli Rohit 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTTo investigate the effect of high fructose diet on ultrastructure and content of hepatic mitochondria, we randomized 6–8 weeks old male C57Bl6/J mice to ad lib chow or high‐fat‐high‐fructose (HF2) diet for 32 weeks. HF2‐fed mice gained more weight, had higher plasma alanine aminotransferase, and fasting glucose levels and increased hepatic triglyceride content at all time points compared to chow‐fed mice. HF2‐fed mice had lower mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratio compared to chow‐fed mice. HF2‐fed mice had lower average mitochondrial surface area and the number of mitochondria compared to chow‐fed mice. HF2‐fed mice had higher expression of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress marker Chop, compared to chow‐fed mice. A diet high in fat and fructose leads to enhanced hepatic mitochondrial aging, depletion, and dysfunction, which may be important determinants of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathogenesis.
Pediatric‐onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease Has Only a Modest Effect on Final Growth
Authors: Assa Amit , Assayag Noa , Balicer Ran D. , Gabay Hagit , Greenfeld Shira , Kariv Revital , Ledderman Natan , Matz Eran , Dotan Iris , Ledder Oren , Yerushalmy‐Feler Anat , Turner Dan , Cohen Shlomi 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:The impact of pediatric‐onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on growth is debated. We aimed to investigate the effect of IBD on anthropometric measures at young adulthood.Methods:Children diagnosed with Crohn disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) (2005–2019) were identified in a national database along with matched non‐IBD controls.Results:Overall, 2229 IBD cases (68% CD) were matched to 4338 controls. Only females with CD differed in final height from controls (z scores: −0.37 ± 1.09 vs −0.25 ± 1.06, respectively; P = 0.01), corresponding to a mean difference of 0.7 ± 0.2 cm (all females) and 1.2 ± 0.3 cm in females diagnosed <14 years (P = 0.02). Final height was reduced in both sexes according to adjusted mean height difference analysis (−0.43 cm, 95% confidence interval −0.85 to −0.02; P = 0.04). This difference increased in patients with CD who underwent abdominal surgery (−0.91 cm, 95% confidence interval −1.39 to −0.42; P = 0.01). The proportion of patients with CD achieving final height z scores of −1 and zero differed significantly from controls for both males (71.1% and 34.8% vs 79.1% and 43.0%, respectively; P < 0.001) and females (67.7% and 30.4% vs 79.6%, and 43.3%, respectively; P < 0.001). Patients treated with anti‐tumor necrosis factor agents during growth potential had similar height improvement to other regimens. Predominantly, patients with CD were leaner, with a greater proportion of subjects with underweight, compared with controls.Conclusions:In pediatric‐onset IBD, absolute final height was modestly affected by females with CD. Nevertheless, greater proportions of both sexes with early diagnosis of CD failed to achieve normal final height, compared with controls.
The Effect of Nutritional Therapy on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolism in Pediatric Crohn Disease
Authors: Lev‐Tzion Raffi , Ben‐Moshe Tehila , Abitbol Guila , Ledder Oren , Peleg Sarit , Millman Peri , Shaoul Ron , Kori Michal , Assa Amit , Cohen Shlomi , Strich David , Revel‐Vilk Shoshana , Tiomkin Maayan , Levine Arie , Sigall Boneh Rotem , Turner Dan 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:Both the inflammatory burden of Crohn disease (CD) and corticosteroids have a negative effect on bone density. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) avoids corticosteroids and promotes endoscopic healing. We aimed to explore the effect of nutritional therapy on bone health in pediatric CD.Methods:This was a planned sub‐study of a clinical trial enrolling children with new‐onset mild‐moderate CD. Children were randomized to either 6 weeks EEN followed by 6 weeks 25% partial enteral nutrition (PEN) or 6 weeks of 50% PEN with a CD exclusion diet followed by 6 weeks of 25% PEN with exclusion diet. Bone formation and resorption were measured at baseline, week 12 and week 24 by serum C‐Propeptide of Type I Procollagen (CICP) and type I Collagen N‐Telopeptide (NTX), respectively. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan at baseline and week 24.Results:Median CICP improved from 130 ng/mL (106–189) at baseline to 223 (143–258) at week 12 and 193 (143–252) at week 24 (P = 0.016 for both, n = 29 children). Median NTX remained unchanged (P = 0.45 and P = 0.45). Thirty‐six children had DXA scans performed at diagnosis; 81% and 33% had z scores of <−1 and <−2, respectively. DXA z scores did not improve from baseline (adjusted total body less head [TBLH] BMD −1.62 ± 0.87) to week 24 (−1.76 ± 0.75; P = 0.30, n = 21 with both scans).Conclusions:Low bone density is common in new‐onset mild‐moderate pediatric CD. CICP, a sensitive marker of bone formation, improved following dietary intervention but this was not associated with improved BMD.
Identifying Language Features Associated With Needs of Ovarian Cancer Patients and Caregivers Using Social Media
Authors: Lee Young Ji , Jang Hyeju , Campbell Grace , Carenini Giuseppe , Thomas Teresa , Donovan Heidi 
Published: February 2021

Background
Online health communities (OHCs) can be a source for clinicians to learn the needs of cancer patients and caregivers. Ovarian cancer (OvCa) patients and caregivers deal with a wide range of unmet needs, many of which are expressed in OHCs. An automated need classification model could help clinicians more easily understand and prioritize information available in the OHCs.

Objective
The aim of this study was to use initial OHC postings to develop an automated model for the classification of OvCa patient and caregiver needs.

Methods
We collected data from the OvCa OHC and analyzed the initial postings of patients and caregivers (n = 853). Two annotators coded each posting with 12 types of needs. Then, we applied the machine learning approach with bag-of-words features to build a model to classify needs. F1 score, an indicator of model accuracy, was used to evaluate the model.

Results
The most reported needs were information, social, psychological/emotional, and physical. Thirty-nine percent of postings described information and social needs in the same posting. Our model reported a high level of accuracy for classifying those top needs. Psychological terms were important for classifying psychological/emotional and social needs. Medical terms were important for physical and information needs.

Conclusions
We demonstrate the potential of using OHCs to supplement traditional needs assessment. Further research would incorporate additional information (eg, trajectory, stage) for more sophisticated models.

Implications for Practice
This study shows the potential of automated classification to leverage OHCs for needs assessment. Our approach can be applied to different types of cancer and enhanced by using domain-specific information.