bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endocannabinoid Modulation Using Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition
in Tourette Syndrome: A Phase 1 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled
Study
Authors: Müller-Vahl Kirsten R. , Fremer Carolin , Beals Chan , Ivkovic Jelena , Loft Henrik , Schindler Christoph 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex neurodevelopmental
disorder characterized by chronic motor and vocal tics. While consistently
effective treatment is lacking, evidence indicates that the modulation of
endocannabinoid system is potentially beneficial. Lu AG06466 (previously
ABX-1431) is a highly selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase, the
primary enzyme responsible for the degradation of the endocannabinoid ligand
2-arachidonoylglycerol. This exploratory study aimed to determine the effect of
Lu AG06466 versus placebo on tics and other symptoms in patients with TS.
Methods In this phase 1b cross-over study, 20 adult patients with TS on
standard-of-care medications were randomized to a single fasted dose of Lu
AG06466 (40 mg) or placebo in period 1, followed by the other treatment
in period 2. The effects on tics, premonitory urges, and psychiatric
comorbidities were evaluated using a variety of scaled approaches at different
time points before and after treatment.
Results All scales showed an overall trend of tic reduction, with two out
of three tic scales (including the Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic
Severity Score) showing a significant effect of a single dose of Lu AG06466
versus placebo at various timepoints. Treatment with Lu AG06466 resulted in a
significant reduction in premonitory urges versus placebo. Single doses of Lu
AG06466 were generally well-tolerated, and the most common adverse events were
headache, somnolence, and fatigue.
Conclusion In this exploratory trial, a single dose of Lu AG06466 showed
statistically significant positive effects on key measures of TS symptoms.
New Avenues in Copper-Mediated Trifluoromethylation Reactions Using Fluoroform as the CF3 Source
Authors: Tsui Gavin Chit , Yang Xinkan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOrganic molecules containing the trifluoromethyl (CF3) group play a vital role in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. New trifluoromethylation methods should encompass capabilities to address issues in efficiency, selectivity, and CF3 source all at once. Fluoroform (CF3H), an industrial byproduct, has emerged as an attractive CF3 source. The reaction profile of the [CuCF3] reagent derived from fluo­roform has surpassed its original applications in cross-coupling-type trifluoromethylation. We have discovered a host of unique copper-mediated trifluoromethylation reactions using [CuCF3] from fluoroform, especially under oxidative conditions, to deliver efficient and selective synthesis of trifluoromethylated compounds.1	Introduction2	Construction of C–CF3 Bonds for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Building Blocks2.1	C(sp)–CF3 Bond Formation2.2	C(sp2)–CF3 Bond Formation2.3	C(sp3)–CF3 Bond Formation3	Domino Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Heterocycles3.1	3-(Trifluoromethyl)indoles3.2	3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzofurans3.3	2-(Trifluoromethyl)indoles4	Trifluoromethylative Difunctionalization of Arynes4.1	Trifluoromethylation–Allylation of Arynes4.2	1,2-Bis(trifluoromethylation) of Arynes5	Pentafluoroethylation of Unactivated Alkenes6	Conclusion
Chemoselective Reduction of Tertiary Amides by 1,3-Diphenyl­disiloxane (DPDS)
Authors: Hammerstad Travis A. , Hegde Pooja V. , Aldrich Courtney C. , Wang Kathleen J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA convenient procedure for the chemoselective reduction of tertiary amides at room temperature in the presence of air and moisture using 1,3-diphenyldisiloxane (DPDS) is developed. The reaction conditions tolerate a significant number of functional groups including esters, nitriles, secondary amides, carbamates, sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfonyl fluorides, halogens, aryl-nitro groups, and arylamines. The conditions reported are the mildest to date and utilize EtOAc, a preferred solvent given its excellent safety profile and lower environmental impact. The ease of setup and broad chemoselectivity make this method attractive for organic synthesis, and the results further demonstrate the utility of DPDS as a selective reducing agent.
Fracture Strength of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns with Modified Vertical Preparation: A Comparative In Vitro Study
Authors: Abdulazeez Marwah Ismael , Majeed Manhal A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different marginal designs (deep chamfer, vertical, and modified vertical with reverse shoulder) on the fracture strength and failure modes of monolithic zirconia crowns.
Materials and Methods Thirty sound human maxillary first premolar teeth with comparable size were used in this study. The teeth were divided randomly into three groups according to the preparation design (n = 10): (1) group A: teeth prepared with a deep chamfer finish line; (2) group B: teeth prepared with vertical preparation; and (3) group C: teeth prepared with modified vertical preparation, where a reverse shoulder of 1 mm was placed on the buccal surface at the junction of middle and occlusal thirds. All samples were scanned by using an intraoral scanner (CEREC Omnicam, Sirona, Germany), and then the crowns were designed by using Sirona InLab 20.0 software and milled with a 5-axis machine. Each crown was then cemented on its respective tooth with self-adhesive resin cement by using a custom-made cementation device. A single load to failure test was used to assess the fracture load of each crown by using a computerized universal testing machine that automatically recorded the fracture load of each sample in Newton (N).
Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed statistically by using one-way analysis of variance test and Bonferroni test at a level of significance of 0.05.
Results The highest mean of fracture load was recorded by chamfer (2,969.8 N), which followed by modified vertical (2,899.3 N) and the lowest mean of fracture load was recorded by vertical (2,717.9 N). One-way ANOVA test revealed a significant difference among the three groups. Bonferroni test showed a significant difference between group A and group B, while a nonsignificant difference was revealed between group C with group A and group B.
Conclusion Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the mean values of fracture strength of monolithic zirconia crowns of all groups were higher than the maximum occlusal forces in the premolar region. The modification of the vertical preparation with a reverse shoulder placed at the buccal surface improved the fracture strength up to the point that it was statistically nonsignificant with the chamfer group.
Divergent Synthesis of Chalcogenylated Quinolin-2-ones and Spiro[4,5]trienones via Intramolecular Cyclization of N-Aryl­propynamides Mediated by Diselenides/Disulfides and PhICl2
Authors: Du Yunfei , Li Xiaoxian , Zhang Beibei , Yu Zhenyang , Zhang Dongke , Shi Haofeng , Xu Lingzhi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe reaction of N-arylpropynamides with (dichloroiodo)benzene (PhICl2) and diselenides/disulfides resulted in a divergent synthesis of chalcogenylated quinolinones and spiro[4.5]trienes through intramolecular electrophilic cyclization and chalcogenylation. The chalcogenyl functional group was introduced by an electrophilic reactive organosulfenyl chloride or selenenyl chloride species, generated in situ from the reaction of disulfides/diselenides and PhICl2. Notably, the divergent cyclization pathways were determined by the substituent type on the aniline ring in N-arylpropynamide substrates. Substrates bearing a fluoro, methoxy or trifluoromethoxy group at the para-position of the aniline underwent an alternative spiralization pathway to give the 3-chalcogenylated spiro[4,5]trienones.
Duration of Exposure to General Endotracheal Anesthesia during Cesarean Deliveries at Term and Perinatal Complications
Authors: Swanson Kate , Liang Luzhou , Grobman William A. , Higgins Nicole , Roy Archana , Son Moeun 
Published: November 2021

Objective To examine whether the duration of time from initiation of general endotracheal anesthesia (GETA) to delivery for cesarean deliveries (CDs) performed is related to perinatal outcomes.
Study Design This is a retrospective study of patients with singleton nonanomalous gestations undergoing CD ≥37 weeks of gestation under GETA with reassuring fetal status at a single tertiary care center from 2000 to 2016. Duration from GETA initiation until delivery was calculated as the time interval from GETA induction to delivery (I-D), categorized into tertiles. Outcomes for those in the tertile with the shortest I-D were compared with those in the other two tertiles. The primary perinatal outcome was a composite of complications (continuous positive airway pressure or high-flow nasal cannula for ≥2 consecutive hours, inspired oxygen ≥30% for ≥4 consecutive hours, mechanical ventilation, stillbirth, or neonatal death ≤72 hours after birth). Secondary outcomes were 5-minute Apgar score <7 and a composite of maternal morbidity (bladder injury, bowel injury, and extension of hysterotomy). Bivariable and multivariable analyses were used to compare outcomes.
Results Two hundred eighteen maternal–perinatal dyads were analyzed. They were dichotomized based on I-D ≤4 minutes (those in the tertile with the shortest duration) or >4 minutes. Women with I-D >4 minutes were more likely to have prior abdominal surgery and less likely to have labored prior to CD. I-D >4 minutes was associated with significantly increased frequency of the primary perinatal outcome. This persisted after multivariable adjustment. In bivariable analysis, 5-minute Apgar <7 was more common in the group with I-D >4 minutes, but this did not persist in multivariable analysis. Frequency of maternal morbidity did not differ.
Conclusion When CD is performed at term using GETA without evidence of nonreassuring fetal status prior to delivery, I-D interval >4 minutes is associated with increased frequency of perinatal complications.
Key Points
Development of Sacral Ratio Percentile Card for Children: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Bahadir Kutay , Arikan-Ergun Bilgesu , Elhan Atilla Halil , Ergun Ergun , Aktug Tanju 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction Sacrospinal anomalies that may accompany anorectal malformations may cause fecal and urinary incontinence despite proper anomaly treatment. The sacral ratio has been suggested in the determination of both the prognosis in terms of incontinence and the need for further examination for sacrospinal anomalies. The normal and clinically decisive values of sacral ratio are given differently in publications. We aimed to determine the distribution of the sacral ratio in children under 12 months and to develop the sacral ratio percentile card that will enable one to give an age-independent parametric result in clinical evaluations.
Materials and Methods The files of patients under 1 year of age who had anteroposterior direct radiography including pelvis were reviewed retrospectively. Sacral ratio was studied for 360 patients, 30 patients per month. Percentile card was developed with LMS software and reference values were used as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10%.
Results The lowest sacral ratio value was 0.514 and the highest value was 0.936. There was no statistical difference between the mean sacral ratio of the cases when they were classified on a monthly basis (p = 0.191). Low percentile values were found slightly different at first 4 months of age.
Conclusion Although the mean of sacral ratio does not change significantly during the first year of life, values that are considered pathological for patients are within different percentile limits depending on age. Instead of using sacral ratio with some clinically decisive values, we think that parametric evaluation with the help of the percentile card will increase its clinical value.
Electromagnetically induced transparency under phase modulation of interacting radiations
Authors: Parshkov O.M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report the results of an analytical and numerical analysis of the evolution of nanosecond probe pulses in the case of electromagnetically induced transparency in the Λ-scheme of degenerate quantum transitions. It is assumed that the probe and control fields at the active medium input are elliptically polarised, and one of them is phase modulated. It is shown analytically that probe radiation in a medium is the sum of two normal modes propagating independently of each other. Because the group velocities of normal mode pulses are different, a single probe pulse entering the medium decays inside the medium into separate pulses, each of which transfers the energy of one of the normal modes. Numerical simulations have shown that with a sufficiently large phase modulation, normal modes, whose intensity on the input surface is described by a bell-shaped curve, turn into trains of subpulses in the medium. Phase modulation of the input field has practically no effect on the group propagation velocities of normal modes, but it reduces the transparency of the medium for probe radiation.
Application of complex fully connected neural networks to compensate for nonlinearity in fibre-optic communication lines with polarisation division multiplexing
Authors: Bogdanov S.A. , Sidelnikov O.S. , Redyuk A.A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A scheme is proposed to compensate for nonlinear distortions in extended fibre-optic communication lines with polarisation division multiplexing, based on fully connected neural networks with complex-valued arithmetic. The activation function of the developed scheme makes it possible to take into account the nonlinear interaction of signals from different polarisation components. This scheme is compared with a linear one and a neural network that processes signals of different polarisations independently, and the superiority of the proposed neural network architecture is demonstrated.
Reflectogram shape deformation in distributed fibre systems in the presence of spontaneous noise in the probe radiation
Authors: Kalmykov N.I. , Kovalenko D.A. , Lobach I.A. , Kablukov S.I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report a study of the effect of spontaneous emission-induced noise in probe pulsed radiation on the reflectogram shape deformation in a distributed temperature sensor based on Raman scattering of light. Since the fraction of spontaneous emission in the used erbiumdoped amplifier can reach 50 % of the total power, this leads to deviations of reflectograms in the temperature sensor from the theoretical exponential dependence and, as a result, can yield a temperature measurement error of several degrees. Filtering the radiation with an amplitude modulator makes it possible to reduce these deviations. The influence of spontaneous emission on reflectograms is studied theoretically and experimentally.
Mid-IR supercontinuum generation initiated by two-cascade stimulated Raman scattering in D2-filled revolver fibre
Authors: Yatsenko Yu.P. , Gladyshev A.V. , Bufetov I.A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report a numerical study of coherent mid-IR supercontinuum generation at wavelengths above 2.4 μm, initiated by two-cascade stimulated Raman scattering in a deuterium-filled revolver fibre pumped by positively chirped picosecond pulses at a wavelength of 1.03 μm. It is shown that the highest efficiency of conversion to the second Stokes is ensured by fibre lengths at which the spectrum is strongly broadened by Kerr nonlinear effects. A range of optimal parameters (deuterium pressure, fibre length, pulse energy, and pulse duration) is found that ensure quantum efficiency at a level of 50 % and a mid-IR supercontinuum width above 1000 nm. The coherence properties of the supercontinuum are shown to be determined by the pulse duration, the magnitude of the pulse chirp, and dispersion characteristics in each transmission band of the fibre. We demonstrate the feasibility of generating a single compressed mid-IR pulse of 20-fs duration with an energy of 1.9 μJ.
All-glass single-mode microstructured optical fibres with a large-diameter core and low bending losses
Authors: Denisov A.N. , Semjonov S.L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAll-glass microstructured optical fibres (MOFs) with a core 20 μm in diameter and two rings of circular fluorine-doped silica glass elements with a reduced refractive index, different diameters, and different distances between them are theoretically studied. The properties of these MOFs are numerically analysed using the finite element method. The leakage losses for the fundamental and higher-order modes in the spectral range 0.75−1.65 μm are calculated for straight and bent MOFs. It is shown that the considered MOF design allows single-mode operation in the range 0.98−1.26 μm at a bending radius of down to 0.08 m, the leakage losses for the bent MOF at a wavelength of 1.05 μm being 0.046 dB m−1.
Genomic evidence for inbreeding depression and purging of deleterious genetic variation in Indian tigers
Authors: Khan Anubhab , Patel Kaushalkumar , Shukla Harsh , Viswanathan Ashwin , van der Valk Tom , Borthakur Udayan , Nigam Parag , Zachariah Arun , Jhala Yadavendradev V. , Kardos Marty , Ramakrishnan Uma 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Habitat fragmentation is sequestering species into small and isolated populations, with high chances of extinction. Are small and isolated populations at risk for extinction from inbreeding depression? Or does inbreeding and purging of deleterious alleles reduce such threat? Using whole genomes from several wild Indian tiger populations, we provide evidence supporting purging of highly deleterious variants in a small–isolated population. However, our analyses also indicate that the remaining highly deleterious alleles are at high frequencies, suggesting continued inbreeding depression despite some successful purging. We discuss the implications of our results for conservation, including possible genomics-informed genetic rescue strategies.
How chain dynamics affects crack initiation in double-network gels
Authors: Zheng Yong , Matsuda Takahiro , Nakajima Tasuku , Cui Wei , Zhang Ye , Hui Chung-Yuen , Kurokawa Takayuki , Gong Jian Ping 
Published: November 2021

SignificanceFracture in soft materials often couples a wide range of time and length scales. To date, research is mostly focused at the meso- and macroscale in which the continuum mechanics approach is expected to work, and the deformation surrounding the crack tip can be directly observed. Yet understanding at the network scale is very limited. A relevant question is how does chain dynamics at the network scale control fracture in rate-independent materials? Here, we study the role of polymer dynamics on the fracture and nonlinear crack tip behaviors of rate-independent double-network gels. We believe this work is crucially important for understanding the dynamic molecular process of fracture and for further facilitating theoretical approaches to predict failure in soft materials.
Difficulties understanding L2 speech due to discourse- versus word-level elements
Authors: Kennedy Sara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this article, the constructs of intelligibility, comprehensibility, and discourse-level understanding in second
language (L2) speech are analyzed for their conceptual and methodological characteristics. The analysis is complemented by a case study of
listeners’ understanding of two matched L2 English speakers, who completed three speaking tasks over 17 weeks. One listening task focused on
word/phrase recognition and one focused on semantic and pragmatic understanding. Results showed two different profiles for the two speakers.
When listeners had difficulty understanding, for one speaker it was often due to word/phrase recognition problems, while for the other
speaker it was often due to ambiguity in the pragmatic or functional meaning of the speech. Implications are discussed for the ways in which
L2 speech is elicited, evaluated, and taught.
CSS J075415.6+191052 and NW Leo: Two Contact Binaries at Different Evolutionary Stages
Authors: Zhang Xu-Dong , Qian Sheng-Bang , Zhao Er-Gang , Zhi Qi-Jun , Dong Ai-Jun , Zhang Bin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Multi-color light curves of CSS J075415.6+191052 and NW Leo are presented and the photometric solutions suggest that CSS J075415.6+191052 is an A-subtype contact binary with low mass ratio (q = 0.178) while NW Leo has a high mass ratio (q = 0.707). For CSS J075415.6+191052, the RI light curves show weakening around the left shoulder of the secondary minimum, which indicates that there may be a dark spot on the secondary component. However, the light curves of BV bands are totally symmetric. It is unreasonable if the dark spot is caused by magnetic activity or mass transfer between the two components. Therefore, weakening of the light curves in this contact binary is caused by something else. A possible explanation is mass transferring from the primary component to the common convective envelope through the inner Lagrangian point, and this part of the mass, for some reason, weakens the RI bands of light from the secondary component. O − C analysis of NW Leo reveals a cyclic period change with a modulation period of 4.7 yr, which may be caused by the light travel time effect of a third body. The positions of CSS J075415.6+191052 and NW Leo in the P–J′orb diagram indicate that CSS J075415.6+191052 mainly abides by the angular momentum loss theory while NW Leo is dominated by the thermal relaxation oscillation theory.
Atypical, but not typical, antipsychotic drugs reduce hypersynchronized prefrontal-hippocampal circuits during psychosis-like states in mice: contribution of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors
Authors: Delgado-Sallent Cristina , Nebot Pau , Gener Thomas , Fath Amanda B , Timplalexi Melina , Puig M Victoria 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Neural synchrony and functional connectivity are disrupted in schizophrenia. We investigated changes in prefrontal-hippocampal neural dynamics during psychosis-like states induced by the NMDAR antagonist phencyclidine and subsequent rescue by two atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs), risperidone and clozapine, and the classical APD haloperidol. The psychotomimetic effects of phencyclidine were associated with prefrontal hypersynchronization, hippocampal desynchronization, and disrupted circuit connectivity. Phencyclidine boosted prefrontal oscillatory power at atypical bands within delta, gamma, and high frequency ranges, while irregular cross-frequency and spike-LFP coupling emerged. In the hippocampus, phencyclidine enhanced delta rhythms but suppressed theta oscillations, theta–gamma coupling, and theta–beta spike-LFP coupling. Baseline interregional theta–gamma coupling, theta phase coherence, and hippocampus-to-cortex theta signals were redirected to delta frequencies. Risperidone and clozapine, but not haloperidol, reduced phencyclidine-induced prefrontal and cortical-hippocampal hypersynchrony. None of the substances restored hippocampal and circuit desynchronization. These results suggest that AAPDs, but not typical APDs, target prefrontal-hippocampal pathways to elicit antipsychotic action. We investigated whether the affinity of AAPDs for serotonin receptors could explain their distinct effects. Serotonin 5-HT2AR antagonism by M100907 and 5-HT1AR agonism by 8-OH-DPAT reduced prefrontal hypersynchronization. Our results point to fundamentally different neural mechanisms underlying the action of atypical versus typical APDs with selective contribution of serotonin receptors.