bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Random Forest Model to Identify Invasive Carp Eggs Based on Morphometric Features
Authors: Goode Katherine , Weber Michael J. , Matthews Aaron , Pierce Clay L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Three species of invasive carp—Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Bighead Carp H. nobilis—are rapidly spreading throughout North America. Monitoring their reproduction can help to determine establishment in new areas but is difficult due to challenges associated with identifying fish eggs. Recently, random forest models provided accurate identification of eggs based on morphological traits, but the models have not been validated using independent data. Our objective was to evaluate the predictive performance of egg identification models developed by Camacho et al. (2019) for classifying invasive carp eggs by using an independent data set. When invasive carp were grouped as one category, predictive accuracy was high at the following levels: family (89%), genus (90%), species (91%), and species with reduced predictor variables (94%). Invasive carp predictive accuracy decreased when we only considered observations from newly sampled locations (family: 9%; genus: 22%; species: 30%; species with reduced predictor variables: 70%), suggesting potential differences in egg characteristics among locations. Random forest models using a combination of previous and new data resulted in high predictive accuracy for invasive carp (96–98%) when invasive carp were grouped as one class for all models at the family, genus, and species levels. The two most influential predictor variables were average membrane diameter and average embryo diameter; the probability of predicting an invasive carp egg increased with these metrics. High predictive accuracy metrics suggest that these trained and validated random forest models can be used to identify invasive carp eggs based on morphometric variables. However, decreased performance at new locations suggests that more research would be beneficial to determine the models’ applicability to a larger spatial region.
Higher‐order explicit schemes based on the method of characteristics for hyperbolic equations with crossing straight‐line characteristics
Authors: Lakoba Taras I. , Jewell Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe develop method of characteristics schemes based on explicit Runge–Kutta and pseudo‐Runge–Kutta third‐ and fourth‐order solvers along the characteristics. Schemes based on Runge–Kutta solvers are found to be strongly unstable for certain physics‐motivated models. In contrast, schemes based on pseudo‐Runge–Kutta solvers are shown to be only weakly unstable for periodic boundary conditions and essentially stable for the more physically relevant nonreflecting boundary conditions. Our implementation of nonreflecting boundary conditions does not rely on interpolation.
Single daily dosing versus divided dosing intravenous ondansetron to prevent chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting among children: A comparative randomized double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Ruktrirong Jittra , Traivaree Chanchai , Monsereenusorn Chalinee , Photia Apichat , Lertvivatpong Nawachai , Rujkijyanont Piya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundChemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common complication in cancer treatment. Ondansetron is an effective antiemetic drug widely used to prevent CINV; however, the effective administrative dosing strategies among pediatrics remain unclear. The study aimed to investigate clinical effectiveness of single daily dosing versus divided dosing ondansetron.MethodsIn all, 194 children undergoing chemotherapy were randomized to receive either single daily dosing (0.3 mg/kg/dose) or divided dosing (0.15 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours) intravenous ondansetron for 24 hours. Clinical parameters including number of emesis episodes, nausea scores, appetite levels, parent's satisfaction, and adverse effects within 24 hours were analyzed.ResultsNo significant differences were found between the two dosing strategies concerning number of emesis episodes and parent's satisfaction. However, nonleukemic hematologic malignancies and concurrent administration of intrathecal methotrexate–hydrocortisone–cytarabine (IT‐MHA) were associated with increased risk of acute‐phase vomiting. Interestingly, none of the patients aged under 7 years, receiving divided dosing ondansetron, presented nausea symptoms compared with those receiving single daily dosing (p‐value .034). No significant differences regarding headache were observed between the two dosing strategies and none of the patients experienced QTc prolongation.ConclusionOndansetron administered as divided dosing should be considered among children aged under 7 years to prevent chemotherapy‐induced nausea and among patients receiving low emetogenic chemotherapy to maintain their appetite. Both administrative dosing strategies were well tolerated with no significant adverse effects.
Diagnostic utility of MDCT in evaluation of persistent stridor in children: Large airway causes and benefit of additional findings
Authors: Sodhi Kushaljit S. , Rana Pratyaksha , Bhatia Anmol , Saxena Akshay K. , Mathew Joseph L. , Winant Abbey J. , Lee Edward Y. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the diagnostic utility of MDCT in the evaluation of persistent stridor in children for the underlying large airway causes and benefit of additional findings.MethodsAll consecutive pediatric patients who underwent MDCT for the evaluation of persistent stridor from December 2018 to February 2020 were included. Two pediatric radiologists independently reviewed MDCT studies for the presence of abnormalities at six large airway levels: (1) nasopharynx, (2) oropharynx, (3) glottis, (4) subglottis, (5) trachea, and (6) mainstem bronchi. In addition, studies were evaluated for the presence of non‐airway abnormalities. Interobserver agreement between two reviewers was evaluated with kappa statistics.ResultsThere were a total of 40 pediatric patients (age range: 1 day–4 years. MDCT detected large airway abnormalities in 20 (50%) out of 40 patients, including 4 (20%) in nasopharynx, 4 (20%) in glottis, 4 (20%) in trachea, 3 (15%) in subglottis, 3 (15%) in mainstem bronchi, and 2 (10%) in oropharynx. Non‐airway abnormalities were seen in 13 (32.5%) children, including 9 (69%) in the lungs, 3 (23%) in the soft tissue, and 1 (8%) in the bone. The remaining 7 (17.5%) studies were normal. There was excellent interobserver agreement seen for detecting large airway and non‐airway abnormalities (k > 0.90).ConclusionMDCT has high diagnostic utility in diagnosing large airway causes of persistent stridor in children. It can also provide additional information regarding non‐airway abnormalities. Therefore, MDCT has the potential to be utilized as a noninvasive problem‐solving imaging modality in pediatric patients with persistent stridor.
The improvement in continuity and integrity of survivorship care for breast cancer survivors in Chinese healthcare system
Authors: Lou Shuchang , Li Jun , Xu Dejing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBreast cancer is a major threat to human health. For a long term, breast cancer and the side effects of cancer treatments affect health and life quality of cancer survivors. With the development of medical technology for breast cancer in recent decades, the long‐term survival rate of breast cancer patients has been dramatically improved. There is an urgent need to identify and establish a health care model that could provide more customized, long‐term, and comprehensive medical services for breast cancer patients, especially for those in China. Multiple cancer survivorship care plans that have been widely used in Western countries, such as chronic care, shared care, and disease‐specific model, were summarized from original researches, systemic reviews, and health guidelines published by national and international health organizations. In currently available cancer survivorship care plans, oncology nurses played an indispensable significant role. But current existing cancer survivorship care plans could not be directly implemented in China due to different cultural backgrounds between Eastern and Western countries. Some adjustments and modifications need to be done on the basis of existing survivorship care plan to make it more suitable to Chinese patients' needs and with Chinese characteristics. For providing continuous and integrated high‐quality cancer survivorship care suitable for Chinese health care system, innovative technologies (telehealth, internet‐based symptom monitoring, mobile applications, etc.) could be rationally used as supplementary tools for current cancer survivorship care plans.
Nonparametric goodness‐of‐fit testing for parametric covariate models in pharmacometric analyses
Authors: Hartung Niklas , Wahl Martin , Rastogi Abhishake , Huisinga Wilhelm 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe characterization of covariate effects on model parameters is a crucial step during pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses. Although covariate selection criteria have been studied extensively, the choice of the functional relationship between covariates and parameters, however, has received much less attention. Often, a simple particular class of covariate‐to‐parameter relationships (linear, exponential, etc.) is chosen ad hoc or based on domain knowledge, and a statistical evaluation is limited to the comparison of a small number of such classes. Goodness‐of‐fit testing against a nonparametric alternative provides a more rigorous approach to covariate model evaluation, but no such test has been proposed so far. In this manuscript, we derive and evaluate nonparametric goodness‐of‐fit tests for parametric covariate models, the null hypothesis, against a kernelized Tikhonov regularized alternative, transferring concepts from statistical learning to the pharmacological setting. The approach is evaluated in a simulation study on the estimation of the age‐dependent maturation effect on the clearance of a monoclonal antibody. Scenarios of varying data sparsity and residual error are considered. The goodness‐of‐fit test correctly identified misspecified parametric models with high power for relevant scenarios. The case study provides proof‐of‐concept of the feasibility of the proposed approach, which is envisioned to be beneficial for applications that lack well‐founded covariate models.
GFS model fidelity in capturing the transition of low‐pressure area to monsoon depression
Authors: Sarkar Sahadat , Mukhopadhyay Parthasarathi , Dutta Somenath , Phani Murali Krishna R. , Kanase Radhika D. , Prasad V. S. , Deshpande Medha S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLow‐pressure areas and monsoon depressions are the synoptic‐scale systems that contribute largely to the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. India Meteorological Department currently uses a high‐resolution (∼12 km) Global Forecasting System (GFS) model for short‐ and medium‐range operational forecasts over the Indian region. In this study, we have evaluated the performance of the GFS model in capturing the transition of low‐pressure areas (LPAs) to monsoon depressions (L2D). GFS has a good fidelity in capturing synoptic variance over the Indian region, and can simulate the composite precipitation structure for L2D cases. The upper‐level warm core temperature structure is prominent for L2D cases, while it is at the lower level for the cases where the LPA does not intensify and remains as low (RL) pressure area. GFS can simulate the upper‐level warm core temperature structure up to 24 hr. The model has good fidelity in capturing the upper‐level potential vorticity maxima for L2D cases but amplitude is underestimated as the lead time increases. GFS fails to reproduce the potential vorticity structure and amplitude for RL cases. Positive lower‐ to middle‐level heating to the west/southwest sector of the system is seen for L2D cases but the heating is at the lower level for RL cases. Heating structures for L2D cases are slightly underestimated by GFS but it fails to simulate the structure for RL cases. The model greatly underestimates the vertical velocity for L2D cases and RL cases with increasing lead time. Positive moisture convergence is seen at the lower level near the system centre. GFS underestimates the moisture convergence for both the cases and the southward tilt with height is also not captured well. GFS has good fidelity in simulating the dynamical parameters associated with L2D cases but shows lesser fidelity for RL cases.
Understanding the dependence of storm splitting on numerical models: Comparing UM and WRF
Authors: Dipankar Anurag , Rajagopalan Ragi , Huang Xiang‐Yu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article performs a systematic study to understand the dependence of the splitting of an initially axisymmetric storm on the various components of the Unified Model (UM) and Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). The models are adapted to keep their differences at a minimum. Results at km‐scale grid resolution show that the models differ significantly even under a controlled environment with no surface and radiative forcing. The initial storm in UM splits into two within the first hour. WRF also produces two separate updraughts, but it does not split entirely because of a secondary downdraught that falls just ahead of the original updraught. The cold pool from this downdraught converges with the oncoming winds at lower levels to generate a ring of updraughts connecting the two. UM also shows a similar secondary downdraught, but it is relatively weak. Experiments with the successive reduction in complexity of the microphysics scheme show that the models start to differ with the inclusion of rain processes. Sensitivity experiments with the magnitude of turbulent mixing length do not impact this aspect of model behaviour. Resolution sensitivity experiments show that the storm does not split in UM for a horizontal resolution of O(100 m), whereas WRF behaves consistently across all the resolutions. Through further analyses, we argue that the formal accuracy of the model dynamical core has no control in deciding whether the initial storm will undergo a split or not.
A particle flow filter for high‐dimensional system applications
Authors: Hu Chih‐Chi , van Leeuwen Peter Jan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA novel particle filter proposed recently, the particle flow filter (PFF), avoids the long‐existing weight degeneracy problem in particle filters and, therefore, has great potential to be applied in high‐dimensional systems. The PFF adopts the idea of a particle flow, which sequentially pushes the particles from the prior to the posterior distribution, without changing the weight of each particle. The essence of the PFF is that it assumes the particle flow is embedded in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, so that a practical solution for the particle flow is obtained. The particle flow is independent of the choice of kernel in the limit of an infinite number of particles. Given a finite number of particles, we have found that a scalar kernel fails in high‐dimensional and sparsely observed settings. A new matrix‐valued kernel is proposed that prevents the collapse of the marginal distribution of observed variables in a high‐dimensional system. The performance of the PFF is tested and compared with a well‐tuned local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) using the 1,000‐dimensional Lorenz 96 model. It is shown that the PFF is comparable to the LETKF for linear observations, except that explicit covariance inflation is not necessary for the PFF. For nonlinear observations, the PFF outperforms LETKF and is able to capture the multimodal likelihood behavior, demonstrating that the PFF is a viable path to fully nonlinear geophysical data assimilation.
Underutilised Indigenous Vegetables’ (UIVs) Business in Southwestern Nigeria: Climate Adaptation Strategies
Authors: Tanimonure V. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe impact of climate change, especially on agricultural sector, calls for a global and more localized strategies such as cultivation of underutilized indigenous vegetables (UIVs) which adapt better to local climate change. This chapter, therefore, examines the perception of UIVs farmers to climate change, their experiences of UIVs’ responses to climate change, adaptation strategies employed, and the determinants of the decision to adopt them in Southwest Nigeria. The study uses quantitative and qualitative primary household data from 191 UIVs farmers, 8 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and secondary climate data from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Descriptive and econometric analyses are employed in the data analyses. The results show that farmers’ perceptions of climate change are high temperature and a high variability in rainfall pattern that has affected the yield, increased insects, pests, and diseases infestations, and reduced soil fertility. The results further show that the responses of UIVs to these resultant effects differ as such, and adaptation strategies farmers adopt are UIVs-specific. The adaptation strategies mostly employed by the UIVs farmers are cultivating UIVs along the river bank and the least is agroforestry and perennial plantation. The determinants of the decision to adopt adaptation strategies include UIVs revenue, age, years of experience, access to climate information, climate change awareness, agro ecological zone, and access to credit. Thus, promotion of UIVs business is advocated and provision of information on climate change essential and will encourage farmers to adopt appropriate climate change adaptation strategies to boost UIVs business.
Afterword: Novel Knowledge, or Cleansing Dirty Data: Toward Open-Source Histories of the Novel
Authors: Friedman Emily C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis afterword discusses the most important, most under-rewarded, and most unsexy aspect of data visualization: the production and use of reliable underlying data. Starting from the premise that visualizations are only as good as their underlying evidentiary base, Freidman addresses the contributions of digital projects that have laid the foundation for such practices, including massive multi-institution projects likeOrlando, mid-sized projects likeThe Early Novels Database(END), and the author’s own small-scale project,Manuscript Fiction in the Age of Print(MFAP). Following this assessment, the author proposes a set of guidelines for best practices in creating new data so that amendable, transformable visualizations can be produced, built on collective knowledge.
Biology of Chromatin
Authors: Paro Renato , Grossniklaus Ueli , Santoro Raffaella , Wutz Anton 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to chromatin. We will examine the organization of the genome into a nucleosomal structure. DNA is wrapped around a globular complex of 8 core histone proteins, two of each histone H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. This nucleosomal arrangement is the context in which information can be established along the sequence of the DNA for regulating different aspects of the chromosome, including transcription, DNA replication and repair processes, recombination, kinetochore function, and telomere function. Posttranslational modifications of histone proteins and modifications of DNA bases underlie chromatin-based epigenetic regulation. Enzymes that catalyze histone modifications are considered writers. Conceptually, erasers remove these modifications, and readers are proteins binding these modifications and can target specific functions. On a larger scale, the 3-dimensional (3D) organization of chromatin in the nucleus also contributes to gene regulation. Whereas chromosomes are condensed during mitosis and segregated during cell division, they occupy discrete volumes called chromosome territories during interphase. Looping or folding of DNA can bring regulatory elements including enhancers close to gene promoters. Recent techniques facilitate understanding of 3D contacts at high resolution. Lastly, chromatin is dynamic and changes in histone occupancy, histone modifications, and accessibility of DNA contribute to epigenetic regulation.
Chromatin Dynamics
Authors: Paro Renato , Grossniklaus Ueli , Santoro Raffaella , Wutz Anton 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is a very busy place. Not only during replication of the DNA, but at any time in the cell cycle specific enzymes need access to genetic information to process reactions such as transcription and DNA repair. Yet, the nucleosomal structure of chromatin is primarily inhibitory to these processes and needs to be resolved in a highly orchestrated manner to allow developmental, organismal, and cell type-specific nuclear activities. This chapter explains how nucleosomes organize and structure the genome by interacting with specific DNA sequences. Variants of canonical histones can change the stability of the nucleosomal structure and also provide additional epigenetic layers of information. Chromatin remodeling complexes work locally to alter the regular beads-on-a-string organization and provide access to transcription and other DNA processing factors. Conversely, factors like histone chaperones and highly precise templating and copying mechanisms are required for the reassembly of nucleosomes and reestablishment of the epigenetic landscape after passage of activities processing DNA sequence information. A very intricate molecular machinery ensures a highly dynamic yet heritable chromatin template.
RNA-Based Mechanisms of Gene Silencing
Authors: Paro Renato , Grossniklaus Ueli , Santoro Raffaella , Wutz Anton 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough epigenetic states are typically associated with DNA-methylation and posttranslational histone modifications, RNAs often play an important role in their regulation. Specific examples have already been discussed in the context of dosage compensation (see book ► Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_4 of Wutz) and genomic imprinting (see book ► Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_5 of Grossniklaus). In this Chapter, we will take a closer look at a particular class of RNAs implicated in gene silencing. Although the focus will lie on RNA-based silencing mechanisms in plants, many of its components, such as RNase III-related DICERLIKE endonucleases or small RNA-binding ARGONAUTE proteins, are conserved in animals, plants, and fungi. On the one hand, small RNAs are involved in post-transcriptional silencing by targeting mRNAs for degradation or inhibiting their translation, a feature that has been exploited for large-scale genetic screens. On the other hand, they also play a central role in transcriptional gene silencing, for instance in the repression of transposable elements across a wide variety of organisms. In plants, this involves a complex system whereby small RNAs derived from transposons and repeats direct DNA-methylation and repressive histone modifications in a sequence-specific manner. Recent results link this so-called RNA-dependent DNA-methylation to paramutation, a classical epigenetic phenomenon where one allele directs a heritable epigenetic change in another.
Continuous solutions to two iterative functional equations
Authors: Baron Karol 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBased on iteration of random-valued functions we study the problem of solvability in the class of continuous and Hölder continuous functions $$\varphi $$
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