bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining data from consumers and traditional medicine practitioners to provide a more complete picture of Chinese bear bile markets
Authors: Hinsley Amy , Hu Sifan , Chen Haochun , Garshelis David , Hoffmann Michael , Lee Tien Ming , Moyle Brendan , Qiu Yingjie , Ruan Xiangdong , Wan Anita Kar Yan , Zhou Jiemin , Milner‐Gulland E. J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Understanding wildlife consumption is essential for the design and evaluation of effective conservation interventions to reduce illegal trade. This requires understanding both the consumers themselves and those who influence their behaviour. For example, in markets for wildlife‐based medicines, both consumers and medical practitioners have a role in which products are consumed.

We used mixed methods to triangulate data on bear bile consumption from 3,646 members of the public, 80 pharmacy workers and 38 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) doctors in four provincial capital cities across China. Bear bile can be sold legally in packaged TCM products made from farmed bile, or sold illegally, often as raw gallbladders from wild bears. We interviewed medical practitioners, and surveyed the public using both direct questions (DQ) and the Unmatched Count Technique (UCT), an indirect method used to improve reporting of sensitive behaviours. We applied a ‘combined’ UCT‐DQ analysis to produce a more robust consumption estimate.

In all, 140 (3.8%) survey respondents directly reported recent (<3 years) bile consumption, but the combined UCT‐DQ estimate was 11.2%. In total, 14 survey respondents (0.4% sample and 10% recent consumers) self‐reported recent wild bile consumption. Almost a quarter of doctors and half of pharmacy workers had ever prescribed bile.

Around half of doctors and over a quarter of pharmacy workers said that bear bile was the best medicine in certain situations. More than half of doctors and over a third of pharmacy workers thought wild bile was more effective than farmed, although we found no evidence of wild bile being formally prescribed. Consumers could name specific treatment uses of bile but almost half of recent consumers did not know the source of bile they had consumed.

We show that gathering perspectives from different wildlife market actors can generate a more complete picture of trade. In China, bile consumption may be limited by its specific TCM treatment uses, but whether practitioner views on the greater effectiveness of wild bile are passed to consumers must be investigated further. With potential overlap between farmed and wild consumption, any interventions to change these markets must carefully consider how both consumers and practitioners may react.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Use of sedating medications around nursing home admission in Denmark
Authors: Pottegård Anton , Lundby Carina , Jarbøl Dorte Ejg , Larsen Søren Post , Hoppe Bettina Clauber , Hoffmann Helene , Thompson Wade 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo examine use of sedating medications around the time of nursing home admission in Denmark.MethodsWe conducted a register‐based drug utilization study, describing patterns of commonly used medications with sedative effects leading up to and after nursing home admission using data from 94 Danish nursing homes between 2015 and 2017.ResultsWe identified 5179 residents (median age 84 years, 63% female) and described monthly incidence and total use of benzodiazepines (BZDs), Z drugs, mirtazapine/mianserin, quetiapine, promethazine, and melatonin. The proportion of unique users of sedating medications was similar before and after admission (42% before vs. 40% after) despite an increase in total use after admission. The overall incidence of sedating medications peaked in the 6 months before and 6 months after admission (peaking at 4.6 per 100 person‐months 1 month after admission). The most commonly initiated medications were mirtazapine/mianserin, followed by BZDs and Z drugs. Total use of sedating medications increased leading up to admission (peaking at 1001 defined daily doses per 100 residents per month 1 month after admission) and decreased gradually after admission.ConclusionsSedative medication initiation increases sharply leading up to admission in Danish nursing homes. Mirtazapine/mianserin is a commonly used agent in nursing homes, despite limited evidence on benefits and harms. Efforts to promote rational use of these medications in nursing homes remain warranted.
Trend changes of national zolpidem users and exposure cases after FDA drug safety communications
Authors: Zhou Esther H. , Feng Zhou , Pinnow Ellen , Lee Joann , Bak Daniel , Ready Travis , Dal Pan Gerald J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the impact of FDA's 2013 zolpidem Drug Safety Communications (DSCs), which recommended lowering the initial dose to mitigate drowsiness, on national estimates of zolpidem users and zolpidem exposure cases.MethodsWe analyzed trend changes of national zolpidem users from the IQVIA Total Patient Tracker (TPT) and zolpidem exposure cases reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS), 2009–2018. To control for time varying confounding, the adjusted trends were analyzed using simple and controlled interrupted time series (ITS). We also adjusted for seasonal changes. Three sedating antidepressants were used together as a control.ResultsThe national estimates of high‐dose zolpidem users in TPT decreased significantly in the month immediately post‐DSC; the absolute level decrease was −12.51 (95% CI: −14.12, −10.89) per 10 000 U.S. population relative to sedating antidepressants. The trend continuously decreased post‐DSC, resulting in a 59% overall decrease by the end of the study period. There was a larger decrease in high‐dose zolpidem use in females than in males. There was a level decrease of zolpidem exposure cases in the NPDS immediately post‐DSC, −0.37 absolute decline (95% CI, −0.53, −0.20) per 10 000 national zolpidem users; or −1.33 absolute decline (95% CI, −1.54, −1.13) per 1000 total NPDS exposure cases relative to sedating antidepressants. Similar patterns were observed for cases reporting drowsiness. The results from the single ITS and controlled ITS were similar.ConclusionsZolpidem users and exposure cases decreased significantly post‐DSC, suggesting practitioners and patients became aware of and responded to the zolpidem DSCs.
An Integrated Strategy for Rapid Hemostasis during Tumor Resection and Prevention of Postoperative Tumor Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Antibacterial Shape Memory Cryogel
Authors: Liang Yongping , Li Meng , Huang Ying , Guo Baolin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe inevitable bleeding during tumor resection greatly increases the risk of tumor recurrence caused by metastasis of cancer cells with blood, and hemostasis and prevention of post‐operation tumor recurrence is still a challenge. However, a biomaterials approach for rapid hemostasis during tumor resection and simultaneous prevention of tumor recurrence is rarely reported. Here, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) nanoparticle‐enhanced multinetwork cryogels are proposed which provide an integrated treatment regimen for rapid hemostasis through intraoperative blood trigger shape recovery and enhanced coagulation, and prevention of postoperative cancer recurrence via sonodynamic anticancer in a hepatocellular carcinoma model. A series of antibacterial shape memory multifunctional cryogels are synthesized based on glycidyl methacrylate‐functionalized quaternized chitosan (QCSG), dopamine‐modified hyaluronic acid (HA‐DA), and hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME)‐loaded dopamine‐modified ZIF‐8 (ZDH). Blood loss in different bleeding models confirms good hemostasis of ZIF‐8 loading cryogels. Besides, in vitro tests confirm that QCSG/HA‐DA/ZDH (QH/ZDH) cryogels significantly killed cancer cells by generating reactive oxygen species under ultrasound. Finally, significantly reduced tumor recurrence after the resection of ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma further confirms the good effect of QH/ZDH cryogels in preventing recurrence by a coordinated strategy of intraoperative hemostasis and postoperative sonodynamic therapy by pH‐responsive HMME release, showing great potential in clinical application.
A reliable and secure method for network‐layer attack discovery and elimination in mobile ad‐hoc networks based on a probabilistic threshold
Authors: Ebazadeh Yaser , Fotohi Reza 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe wireless nature of mobile networks makes it vulnerable to all kinds of attacks. Therefore, designing a secure method for detecting intrusive nodes in this type of network seems necessary. Among the types of attacks on mobile ad‐hoc networks, the Grayhole attack is one of the most dangerous attacks. In this type of attack, a malicious node absorbs network traffic and then selectively deletes a number of received packets. In this paper, a method called RSA‐GRAY HOLE is used to detect and isolate the Grayhole attack. The proposed method not only detects the malicious node, but also disconnects it from the network and does not allow it to participate in the next routing process. The proposed method detects a malicious node in two steps; in the first step, it examines the validity of the nodes of a route to select a valid route. In the second step, the destination node detects the presence of malicious nodes in the route and after detecting the malicious nodes, disconnects them from the network. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed RSA‐GRAY HOLE method, the NS‐2 simulator was used and this method was compared with the DSR protocol under Grayhole attack. The simulation results show the superior performance of the proposed RSA‐GRAY HOLE method compared to the Grayhole DSR method in terms of throughput (23%), package delivery rate (26%), average delay (19%) and number of lost packets (20%).
Feature‐driven systems engineering procedure for standardized product‐line development
Authors: Granrath Christian , Kugler Christopher , Silberg Sebastian , Meyer Max‐Arno , Orth Philipp , Richenhagen Johannes , Andert Jakob 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNumerous systems engineering (SE) methods for the model‐based and textual specification of systems focus on managing complexity solely by partitioning the system based on physical structures or by defining different views of the system and therefore reach their limits in agile development. The increasing demand for an agile system development requires an agile systems engineering procedure for the model‐based and textual top‐down specification of systems. Although function‐based development, variant management, and product line development are well established in software engineering, previous work has failed to introduce methods for the agile specification of systems by combining established methods from systems and software engineering. For that purpose, this paper demonstrates a new SE methodology, which for the first time combines conventional SE methods with the agile development procedure of feature‐driven development. The methodology is systematically developed based on theoretical analyses and its suitability for the application‐specific definition of feature‐driven development processes is demonstrated using the example of reference architectures for XiL simulation models of electric vehicles. By applying feature‐driven development, the resulting CUBE methodology enhances collaboration in interdisciplinary development teams and enables companies to adapt development processes to a more agile top‐down specification of systems.
Spontaneous haemoperitoneum with extravasation of contrast medium on CT due to bee sting vasculitis in a dog
Authors: Colthurst Stephanie Midori Margaret , Simcock James Oliver , Kisielewicz Caroline , Hodge Priscilla , Rowan Conor 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA 9‐year old female spayed Boston Terrier was found to have a bee stinger in the left metacarpal pad and subsequently collapsed. Treatment for anaphylaxis was initiated. Haemoperitoneum was diagnosed by abdominal focussed assessment with sonography for trauma (AFAST) and abdominocentesis. Computed tomography revealed extravasation of contrast medium indicating active haemorrhage. Exploratory coeliotomy and liver lobectomy were performed as there was concern by the attending clinicians that an underlying liver mass may be present due to evidence of active haemorrhage. Histopathology reported marked, acute, multifocal centrilobular and portal haemorrhage with no concurrent underlying pathology such as neoplasia. Subsequent interpretation of the CT by a boarded radiologist reported no clear cause for the haemorrhage. The multifocal extravasation of the contrast medium suggested a multifocal or diffuse haemorrhagic process. Vasculitis and coagulopathy secondary to bee‐sting was concluded. The dog recovered and follow‐up ultrasound 9 weeks later was unremarkable, supporting a one‐off event.
A review of Forensic Entomology literature in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Weidner Lauren M. , Hans Krystal R. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTA comprehensive review of forensic entomology literature in the northeastern portion of the United States was conducted searching the earliest possible publication date through early 2020. Thirteen states and the capital were included in this region and yielded 172 publications. As a region, the main areas of the publications were arrival and decomposition, myiasis, and papers yielding information pertaining to biodiversity. However, there was a large fluctuation in total publications by state with Maryland producing over 30 publications, and Delaware and Vermont each producing one. Within this region only 15 publications from seven states were found concerning development, showing a severe deficiency in this category. Additional work is needed in this geographic area of the United States in most categories of work related to forensic entomology research.This article is categorized under:Forensic Biology > Interpretation of Biological EvidenceForensic Anthropology > Time Since Death EstimationCrime Scene Investigation > Crime Scene Examination
A review of the Forensic Entomology literature in the south‐eastern United States
Authors: Byrd Jason , Sutton Lerah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA comprehensive review of forensic entomology literature specifically relevant to the south‐eastern United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, the US Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico) revealed a significant deficit in the availability of literature that may be applied to forensic casework or otherwise beneficial to the forensic entomology practitioner. While there are numerous articles relevant to this geographic region on topics including biodiversity, ecology, behavior, and anecdotal case studies, very little literature is available on the development and methods necessary to conduct case evaluations in forensic entomology. A dramatic scarcity of literature in this region specific to insect species commonly encountered in forensic entomology casework (i.e., Calliphora livida (Hall), Calliphora terraenovae (Macquart), Cynomya cadaverina (Robineau‐Desvoidy), Cynomya mortuorum (Linnaeus), Lucilia cluvia (Walker), Lucilia coeruleiviridis (Macquart), Lucilia cuprina (Weidemann), Lucilia eximia (Weidemann), Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau‐Desvoidy)) that would be utilized for casework was also identified. To remedy this deficiency, additional development and succession studies must be conducted and published that address the most common species of insects encountered in forensic casework in the south‐eastern United States.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Biology > Forensic Entomology
A review of Forensic Entomology literature in the Mountain Prairie region of the United States
Authors: Hans Krystal R. , Yoho Kelie , Parrott Jonathan J. , Weidner Lauren M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA comprehensive review of literature in forensic entomology from the Mountain Prairie region of the United States was conducted. Eight states are included in this region, which provided 129 total publications. The main focus areas of published studies were arrival and decomposition, molecular/genetic, and biodiversity. While some states have produced a great deal of research and information pertaining to forensic entomology, others have produced very little. Within this region, there are very few reports of forensic entomology casework, which is crucial in this growing field. Additional work is needed in this area of the United States in many of the research areas related to forensic entomology.This article is categorized under:Forensic Biology > Forensic EntomologyCrime Scene Investigation > Crime Scene Examination
A review of the Forensic Entomology literature in the Pacific Southwest of the United States
Authors: Parrott Jonathan J. , Maley Samantha B. , Herrera‐Quiroz Demian D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractForensic entomology has progressed significantly in the last 30 years. Research into different sub‐areas of this discipline has greatly progressed the science and further increased the accuracy and precision of entomological evidence in the court room. This literature review examines the forensic entomology research that has been performed in the Pacific Southwest of the United States, specifically, California and Nevada. This review critically examines the literature and further sets out recommendations for forensic entomology to grow in both accuracy, precision and efficiently in the Pacific Southwest region.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Biology > Forensic Entomology
Forensic Entomology: An introduction to the literature of the United States
Authors: Weidner Lauren M. , Byrd Jason , Sutton Lerah , Hans Krystal R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractForensic entomology is a continuously growing field at a global level. However, available information is dependent upon the area in which forensic entomologists are located. Some areas lack basic foundational information including species composition, both spatially and temporally, as well as developmental data. This series of articles includes a comprehensive review of forensic entomological literature across the United States. Each article focuses on a specific geographic region of the United States, with a state level analysis, exposing areas that are currently lacking information related to forensically relevant insects. Using publications from the 1800s to June 2020, a total of 710 publications were found.This article is categorized under:Forensic Biology > Non‐Human DNA ProfilingForensic Anthropology > Time Since Death EstimationCrime Scene Investigation > Crime Scene ExaminationForensic Biology > Forensic Entomology
Observation of Soils: From the Field to the Microscope
Authors: Verrecchia Eric P. , Trombino Luca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs emphasized by W. Kubiëna, “… there exists no other method capable of revealing the nature and complexity of soil polygenesis in so much detail as thin-section micromorphology and at the same time enabling one to follow and explain its formation...”. This sentence, cited by Fedoroff (1971), highlights the aim of soil micromorphology: looking at a soil from the inside and at various scales, from the optical microscope to synchrotron imaging. Soils constitute multiscalar objects by definition, from their soilscape (at the landscape scale), to their profile and its horizons to the atomic interactions between the smallest minerals and organic molecules. Micromorphology enters the soil investigations at the multi-centimetre scale (see “File 3”) at which the thin section is made.
Basic Components
Authors: Verrecchia Eric P. , Trombino Luca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMineral and organic constituents belong to the basic components observed in soil thin sections. They can appear, for instance, as large rock fragments, or single minerals as sand grains; they can constitute large areas of micromass formed by clay minerals or display parts of plant roots or leaf fragments, i.e. organic material. These constituents comprise the body of the soil itself, and in soil micromorphology, they belong to the groundmass, as well as the material constituting the pedofeatures (see “10.1007/978-3-030-67806-7_1#Sec9”). Two types of basic components are recognized by Stoops (2003, 2021), those recognizable at the magnifications of the optical microscope and those which are not. Stoops (2003, 2021) pointed out the problem of the optical microscope resolution and the thickness of conventional thin sections. Indeed, it is preferable not to have a standard size limit between coarse and fine materials.
Pedofeatures Associated to Soil Processes
Authors: Verrecchia Eric P. , Trombino Luca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs stipulated by G. Stoops, “the aim of micropedology is to contribute to solving problems related to the genesis, classification and management of soils, including soil characterization in palaeopedology and archaeology. The interpretation of features observed in thin sections is the most important part of this type of research, based on an objective detailed analysis and description” (Stoops et al. 2018). To answer such questions, two major books contributed to the comparative knowledge necessary to tackle this objective: the first one was published in 1985 and used micromorphology to distinguish between different classes of soils (Douglas and Thompson 1985); the second one is an extensive guide of more than 1000 pages to the interpretation of micromorphological features encountered in thin sections of soil (Stoops et al. 2018). The aim of this Atlas is neither to be a substitution for these books nor a way to enter directly into the interpretation of soil genesis and classification. Nonetheless, this chapter presents the imprints of major soil processes that can be easily deduced from specific features observed in thin sections. These processes involve the dynamics of (a) clay, both translocation and swelling, (b) water, such as waterlogging, evaporation, and its role as ice and frost, (c) carbonate, gypsum, and iron oxyhydroxides, and finally (d) biogeochemical reactions within the solum.
The Future of Soil Micromorphology
Authors: Verrecchia Eric P. , Trombino Luca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe advancement of technology opens up new opportunities to soil micromorphology. Although a description using an optical microscope of the fabric and the various constituents of soils will be always necessary to investigate soil evolution, the uncovered thin section leaves soil material on which analyses can be performed. Since the 1970s, it was possible to observe thin sections at high resolution with the scanning electron microscope in its backscattered electron mode (see “10.1007/978-3-030-67806-7_1#Sec7”). It was also possible to generate chemical images with electron microprobes. But these conventional techniques, as well as new ones, greatly improve the study of matter interactions in soils, not only by enhancing the spatial resolution with incredible precision but also by providing chemical and mineralogical images, which substantially increased the accuracy of micromorphological diagnostics. By coupling morphological and chemical approaches, including stable isotope imaging in soil material, the future of soil micromorphology will undoubtedly offer new opportunities to solve specific problems, especially in the field of organomineral interactions in soils. It is wise to say that soil micromorphology, with its analytical and holistic approaches, will make it possible to build the necessary solid foundations needed for investigations that are increasingly oriented towards nanoscale objects: it will remind us that the trees should not hide the forest.