bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief stimuli cast a persistent long-term trace in visual cortex
Authors: Fritsche Matthias , Solomon Samuel G. , de Lange Floris P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVisual processing is strongly influenced by the recent stimulus history – a phenomenon termed adaptation. Prominent theories cast adaptation as a consequence of optimized encoding of visual information, by exploiting the temporal statistics of the world. However, this would require the visual system to track the history of individual briefly experienced events, within a stream of visual input, to build up statistical representations over longer timescales. Here, using an openly available dataset from the Allen Brain Observatory, we show that neurons in the early visual cortex of the mouse indeed maintain long-term traces of individual past stimuli that persist despite the presentation of several intervening stimuli, leading to long-term and stimulus-specific adaptation over dozens of seconds. Long-term adaptation was selectively expressed in cortical, but not in thalamic neurons, which only showed short-term adaptation. Early visual cortex thus maintains concurrent stimulusspecific memory traces of past input, enabling the visual system to build up a statistical representation of the world to optimize the encoding of new information in a changing environment.Significance StatementIn the natural world, previous sensory input is predictive of current input over multi-second timescales. The visual system could exploit these predictabilities by adapting current visual processing to the long-term history of visual input. However, it is unclear whether the visual system can track the history of individual briefly experienced images, within a stream of input, to build up statistical representations over such long timescales. Here, we show that neurons in early visual cortex of the mouse brain exhibit remarkably long-term adaptation to brief stimuli, persisting over dozens of seconds, and despite the presentation of several intervening stimuli. The visual cortex thus maintains long-term traces of individual briefly experienced past images, enabling the formation of statistical representations over extended timescales.
Structures of the germline-specific Deadhead and thioredoxin T proteins fromDrosophila melanogasterreveal unique features among thioredoxins
Authors: Freier Regina , Aragón Eric , Bagiński Błażej , Pluta Radoslaw , Martin-Malpartida Pau , Ruiz Lidia , Condeminas Miriam , Gonzalez Cayetano , Macias Maria J. 
Published: February 2021

Thioredoxins (Trxs) are ubiquitous enzymes that regulate the redox state in cells. InDrosophila, there are two germline-specific Trxs, Deadhead (Dhd) and thioredoxin T (TrxT), that belong to the lethal(3)malignant brain tumor signature genes and to the `survival network' of genes that mediate the cellular response to DNA damage. Dhd is a maternal protein required for early embryogenesis that promotes protamine–histone exchange in fertilized eggs and midblastula transition. TrxT is testis-specific and associates with the lampbrush loops of the Y chromosome. Here, the first structures of Dhd and TrxT are presented, unveiling new features of these two thioredoxins. Dhd has positively charged patches on its surface, in contrast to the negatively charged surfaces commonly found in most Trxs. This distinctive charge distribution helps to define initial encounter complexes with DNA/RNA that will lead to final specific interactions with cofactors to promote chromatin remodeling. TrxT contains a C-terminal extension, which is mostly unstructured and highly flexible, that wraps the conserved core through a closed conformation. It is believed that these new structures can guide future work aimed at understanding embryo development and redox homeostasis inDrosophila. Moreover, due to their restricted presence in Schizophora (a section of the true flies), these structures can help in the design of small-molecular binders to modulate native redox homeostasis, thereby providing new applications for the control of plagues that cause human diseases and/or bring about economic losses by damaging crop production.
CSR disclosure and firm performance: evidence from an emerging market
Authors: P. Fahad , Busru Showkat Ahmad 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure on firm performance, considering both firm profitability and firm value in an emerging market, India.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines the effect of CSR disclosure on firm performance using panel regressions for the final sample that consists of 386 companies listed in the BSE 500 index, India. It covers all major players in the capital market for ten years from 2007–2016.FindingsThe result shows a trend toward the negative effect of CSR disclosure on firm profitability and firm value in India; this negative effect is mainly influenced by environmental disclosure score and social disclosure score. An adverse effect of firm profitability and firm value on CSR disclosure is also observed to underline the inverse relationship.Practical implicationsThe study provides implications to consumers, investors, managers and policymakers. Firstly, consumers have to be more aware of CSR initiatives of companies, and they should support those companies to do more. Secondly, investors can use the ESG disclosure score as a signal for the level of CSR activities, which negatively affects firm performance. Thirdly, managers have to consider CSR more seriously and spend CSR amount wisely after proper research and not just to meet the mandatory limit. In addition, managers have to take necessary actions to make the public aware of the CSR activities of the company to gain an advantage in the future. Finally, policymakers have to give more emphasis on the promotion of CSR activities to reach the ultimate consumers who lie in the remote areas of the country, and more awareness has to be given to them regarding CSR activities.Originality/valueThe findings contribute to the literature by providing insights on CSR disclosure and firm performance relationship in India, an emerging market with increasing international attention where such studies are scant and less clear, especially after the amendments in the Companies Act, 2013. Furthermore, the measurement of CSR disclosure using environmental, social and governance (ESG) score is novel in the Indian context.
Constraint absorption in emerging economies: the role of business groups
Authors: Ahmed Mueen , Pratap Sankalp 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the motivation for firms in emerging economies to engage in constraint absorption. It illustrates the mechanisms that enable business group (BG) affiliated firms to manage interdependencies vis-à-vis standalone firms in emerging economies.

Design/methodology/approach
The propositions outlined in this study are rooted in the theoretical lens of resource dependence theory (RDT). The authors integrate RDT with the resource-based view and institutional theory to explain the effect of BG affiliation on the relationship between the two types of interdependence (i.e. mutual dependence and power imbalance) and the likelihood of constraint absorption.

Findings
This paper theorizes that BG affiliation influences the relationship between mutual dependence/power imbalance and the likelihood of constraint absorption. However, if both the firms in a dyad are affiliated to a BG, the likelihood of constraint absorption is likely to be low owing to a process called “co-optation” even if mutual dependence or power imbalance between the firms is high.

Originality/value
This paper highlights how BG affiliated firms are better at managing contingencies in the external environment vis-à-vis standalone firms. This paper also advises managers that the type of organizational form is an important factor to be considered while engaging in constraint absorption in an emerging economy.
Prioritising the mobilisation of emergency medical services: patient making at the healthcare gateway
Authors: Allen Davina 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the socio-material practices through which organisational understanding of patients is accomplished in order to prioritise calls and mobilise emergency medical services at the gateway of the healthcare system.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of this paper is an ethnographic study of the co-ordination of collective action in an emergency services control room in the Welsh NHS, with data generation and analysis informed by Translational Mobilisation Theory.FindingsMobilisation of emergency medical services entails the translation of callers' undifferentiated problems into response priority categories, which are used by dispatch operators to mobilise crews. A central actor in these processes is the computerised Medical Priority Dispatch System. While designed to enable non-clinically qualified call handlers to triage calls in a standardised way, the system constrains caller–call handler interaction, which negatively impacts the categorisation process. Analysis of these interactional difficulties and associated mitigation strategies highlights opportunities for intervening to support co-ordination at this healthcare boundary.Originality/valueOrthodox approaches to improving interface management are founded on a conceptualisation of “patients” as immutable actors in care transfer processes. Translational Mobilisation Theory brings into view the multiple versions of the “patient” produced by healthcare systems and offers a framework for analysing the mechanisms of action necessary to create organisational understandings of patients at boundary crossings. While the ambulance control centre is a singular case, the paper illustrates the value of attending to these processes in interface organisation.
Integrated thinking, orchestration of the six capitals and value creation
Authors: Herath Roshan , Senaratne Samanthi , Gunarathne Nuwan 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how the integrated thinking of a chief executive officer (CEO) impacts the management’s orchestration of the six capitals to create value in an organization.Design/methodology/approachFollowing a case study approach, data was gathered on two business organizations in Sri Lanka through interviews, focus group discussions and documentary analyzes. Thematic and cross-case analyzes were used in analyzing the data based on an analytical framework that was developed using systems and resource orchestration theories.FindingsThe study finds that the integrated thinking perspective of the CEO determines which capitals to embrace in the pursuit of value creation by an organization. A broader perspective on the integrated thinking of the CEO can lead to a sustainable perspective for value creation focusing on integrated corporate responsibility. On the contrary, a constrained perspective of integrated thinking can lead to a business case perspective for value creation that focuses mainly on the key areas of responsibility extended for operational efficiency. These different perspectives result in differences in value creation in organizations over time.Practical implicationsThe capitals embraced in the integrated thinking perspective of a CEO should be translated into objectives, strategies and performance measurement and implemented at every level of the company to create value. This perspective of a CEO can be institutionalized through the adoption of accredited management systems. To foster value creation, managers should use a variety of information technology platforms and internal networks.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies that explore how the perception of integrated thinking of the CEO impacts value creation in an organization through a combination of resource orchestration and systems thinking theory lenses.
Parametric study on tensile and flexural properties of ULTEM 1010 specimens fabricated via FDM
Authors: Pandelidi Chrysoula , Maconachie Tobias , Bateman Stuart , Kelbassa Ingomar , Piegert Sebastian , Leary Martin , Brandt Milan 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is increasingly being explored as a commercial fabrication method due to its ability to produce net or near-net shape parts directly from a computer-aided design model. Other benefits of technology compared to conventional manufacturing include lower cost for short runs, reduced product lead times and rapid product design. High-performance polymers such as polyetherimide, have the potential for FDM fabrication and their high-temperature capabilities provide the potential of expanding the applications of FDM parts in automotive and aerospace industries. However, their relatively high glass transition temperature (215 °C) causes challenges during manufacturing due to the requirement of high-temperature build chambers and controlled cooling rates. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of ULTEM 1010, an unfilled polyetherimide grade.

Design/methodology/approach
In this research, mechanical properties were evaluated through tensile and flexural tests. Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of process parameters to the mechanical properties of the specimens, their main effects and interactions. The fractured surfaces were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy and porosity was assessed by X-ray microcomputed tomography.

Findings
A range of mean tensile and flexural strengths, 60–94 MPa and 62–151 MPa, respectively, were obtained highlighting the dependence of performance on process parameters and their interactions. The specimens were found to fracture in a brittle manner. The porosity of tensile samples was measured between 0.18% and 1.09% and that of flexural samples between 0.14% and 1.24% depending on the process parameters. The percentage porosity was found to not directly correlate with mechanical performance, rather the location of those pores in the sample.

Originality/value
This analysis quantifies the significance of the effect of each of the examined process parameters has on the mechanical performance of FDM-fabricated specimens. Further, it provides a better understanding of the effect process parameters and their interactions have on the mechanical properties and porosity of FDM-fabricated polyetherimide specimens. Additionally, the fracture surface of the tested specimens is qualitatively assessed.
Cannot give you because of living on the top of a castle: CEOs, corporate philanthropy and firm age
Authors: Cha Wonsuk , Rew Dongjun 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the role of firm age in the relationship between CEO characteristics (measured by founder status and civic engagement) and the level of corporate philanthropy which is one of the important components of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices (Carroll, 1991).Design/methodology/approachDrawing from upper echelons theory, this study argues that firm age functions as a barrier that limits the relationship between CEO characteristics and the level of corporate philanthropy. Moderated regression analysis (MRA) was used to analyze data from 146 publicly traded US firms between 2010 and 2017.FindingsThis study verified that there is a significantly positive relationship between CEO civic engagement and the level of corporate philanthropy although the relationship between CEO founder status and the level of corporate philanthropy was not found to be significant. Specifically, the relationship between CEO characteristics and the level of corporate philanthropy was weaker as firms get older. Overall, the results indicate that the organizational inertia of older firms can restrict the effect of CEO characteristics on corporate philanthropy.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides new insight into the underlying mechanisms between CEOs and firm age. This study also suggests that CEOs interpret corporate philanthropy as an important part of their civic engagement which broadly supports business legitimacy for their firm.Practical implicationsThis study provides lessons for executive selection and succession decisions toward CSR strategies. Specifically, this study provides a practical foundation of how executives’ civic engagement can be related to corporate philanthropy as an important dimension of CSR practices. Furthermore, this study suggests that shareholders pay more attention to the ultimate decision-maker, the CEO, in an organization as his or her background characteristics can reflect a firm’s social responsibility initiatives, including corporate philanthropy.Originality/valueThis study contributes to on-going scholarly work in the field of strategic leadership and corporate philanthropy literature. In addition, this study provides empirical evidence to the nature of scholarly conversations regarding the role of firm age in shaping the relationship between CEO characteristics and corporate philanthropy.
Recent changes in mountain birch forest structure and understory vegetation depend on the seasonal timing of reindeer grazing
Authors: Stark Sari , Ylänne Henni , Kumpula Jouko 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Subarctic forest‐tundra ecotones dominated by mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) are an important habitat for semi‐domestic reindeer Rangifer tarandus. The seasonal timing of reindeer grazing may direct vegetation trajectories in these systems, because in the summer ranges, mountain birches are subjected to browsing, while in the winter ranges, reindeer feed on understorey vegetation and arboreal lichens but leave the mountain birches intact.

Based on earlier research, we predicted that (a) summer browsing dampens ongoing vegetation ‘shrubification’ in semi‐dry and dry mountain birch forests and (b) ‘shrubification’ is accompanied by a decline in lichens. We tested these predictions through re‐analysing forest structure and understorey vegetation after 12 years in areas where winter and summer ranges had been separated since the 1980s. We also tested how changes in lichen abundances align with changes in shrub abundances through correlation analyses.

The number of tall mountain birch seedlings had increased twice as fast in winter than summer ranges, while big mountain birches had increased in summer ranges. The dominant evergreen dwarf shrub mountain crowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) had increased to a greater extent in winter ranges in a semidry habitat, and to a greater extent in summer ranges in a dry habitat. Deciduous dwarf shrub and graminoid biomass had increased similarly in summer and winter ranges.

We found no evidence to support that increasing shrub abundances had contributed to a decline in lichens; instead, the lichen cover increased with increasing number of mountain birch seedlings.

Synthesis and application. The vegetation trajectories of dry and semi‐dry subarctic mountain birch forests depend greatly on whether the area is used as a winter or a summer range for the reindeer. The recent changes in vegetation are likely to lead to improved summer forage availability for the reindeer, while the opposite may be true for the winter forage availability.
Low CyaA expression and anti‐cooperative binding of cAMP to CRP frames the scope of the cognate regulon of Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Arce‐Rodríguez Alejandro , Nikel Pablo I. , Calles Belén , Chavarría Max , Platero Raúl , Krell Tino , de Lorenzo Victor 
Published: February 2021

SummaryAlthough the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 bears a bona fide adenylate cyclase gene (cyaA), intracellular concentrations of 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are barely detectable. By using reporter technology and direct quantification of cAMP under various conditions, we show that such low levels of the molecule stem from the stringent regulation of its synthesis, efflux and degradation. Poor production of cAMP was the result of inefficient translation of cyaA mRNA. Moreover, deletion of the cAMP‐phosphodiesterase pde gene led to intracellular accumulation of the cyclic nucleotide, exposing an additional cause of cAMP drain in vivo. But even such low levels of the signal sustained activation of promoters dependent on the cAMP‐receptor protein (CRP). Genetic and biochemical evidence indicated that the phenomenon ultimately rose from the unusual binding parameters of cAMP to CRP. This included an ultratight cAMP‐CrpP. putida affinity (KD of 45.0 ± 3.4 nM) and an atypical 1:1 effector/dimer stoichiometry that obeyed an infrequent anti‐cooperative binding mechanism. It thus seems that keeping the same regulatory parts and their relational logic but changing the interaction parameters enables genetic devices to take over entirely different domains of the functional landscape.
The sensory and physical properties of Shortbread biscuits cooked using different sucrose granule size fractions
Authors: Tyuftin Andrey A. , Richardson Aislinn M. , O’ Sullivan Maurice G. , Kilcawley Kieran N. , Gallagher Eimear , Kerry Joseph P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA rich sugar diet has negative health implications so it is necessary to reduce sugar where possible. The objective of this study was to determine if different sugar size fractions could increase the sweetness intensity of Shortbread biscuits and therefore, permit sugar reduction. For this, the unground commercial sugar (Control, 102 to 378 µm) and two of its sieved separates, (Coarse (C), 228 to 377 µm and Fine (F), 124 to 179 µm) were investigated in biscuit formulation with the following content: Control 100% or 50%; (C), 100 or 50% and (F), 100 or 50% or its initial content. Biscuits were tested using sensory (hedonic and intensity), physical (dimensions, fracture properties, color), and compositional analyses. Trends showed that samples containing C‐sugar with its 50% content were more preferable than samples containing the Control and F‐ sugar fractions at the same level without impact upon acceptability of the final product in all three sugar fraction sizes. As sweetness intensity scores correlated directly with flavor liking scores, these findings promote the use of this sugar fraction in the formulation of low‐sugar baked biscuits. Sugar particle size manipulation could be used as a viable, cheap, technological approach to reduce sugar in baked goods and therefore promote consumer acceptable and commercially available baked biscuits products.Practical ApplicationIn order to reduce sucrose content in products one of the approaches might be via the utilization of small sugar particles which has been shown to increase the intensity of sweetness in chocolate brownies, which has been previously shown by Richardson et al. in 2018. This study investigates the use of a clean label approach in sugar reduction of short bread biscuits. This approach involves decreasing the sugar particles size and demonstrates how reducing the content to half of its initial content formulation will affect the sensory perception and physical properties.