bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Injury Caused by Rifle Bullet Impacting Bulletproof Plate: Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Huang Xingyuan , Hu Xiaoping , Cai Zhihua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: In wars, when bullets impact the bullet-proof helmet, kinetic energy will be transferred from the skull to brain tissue, resulting in the rapid deformation, stretching, shearing and final destruction of the soft tissue. In recent years, with the continuous upgrading of protective equipment, the penetration ability of bullets into protective equipment has gradually decreased, but the problem of head injuries caused by deformation of the back of the helmet has become increasingly prominent. It is of great significance and value to study the brain trauma caused by the bullet impact of the bullet-proof helmet.Methods: First proceeded the rifle bullet impact physical brain model experiment and the results were used to verify the simulation process of high-speed bullet impact, simulated the bullet hitting brain model from different directions (front, side, rear) and different incident angles (0°, 15°, 30°), then evaluated the craniocerebral injury by analyzing skull stress, intracranial pressure, principal strain, and shear strain.Results: When impact from the rear, the peak intracranial pressure and skull stress increase by 20%-25% compared to the front impact, and the principal strain and shear strain are 1.5-2.2 times than that of the front impact. In the same impact direction, the severity of brain injury will increase with the increase of incident angle. When the incident angle increases from 0° to 15°, the intracranial pressure and skull stress both increase, the principal strain and shear stress increase sharply with 6-7 times.Conclusions: Under different shock conditions, the dynamic response of the brain is sensitive, and the impact position and angle of the bullet have important influences on the brain. It is more likely to be caused injury during rear impact, and as the incident angle increases, the severity of the injury will become more serious.
Genome-Wide Association Study and QTL Mapping Revealed Genetic Loci for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Chinese Hexaploid Wheat
Authors: Shi Chaonan , Geng Junyou , Ren Yan , Zheng Yueting , Liu Chunyi , Hu Huiting , Lv Xialei , Pei He , Chen Feng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) greatly affects wheat yield worldwide and could also downgrade quality. In this study, a total of 406 wheat cultivars were investigated for FHB disease index (DI). Results indicated that the FHB DI of 95% of the tested cultivars showed more than scale 2. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 321 SNPs significantly related to FHB resistance on all chromosomes with 2.71–13.32% phenotypic variance explained (PVE). An important genetic locus gFHB-5A (329,828,930 to 595,372,995 bp) was identified to modulate FHB resistance in two panels, and the incidence of resistant alleles at the gFHB-5A1a locus were increasing with time in the tested cultivars. Two loci of gFHB-2B (9,740,162 to 68,200,954 bp) with PVE values of 2.73–3.57% and gFHB-7A (515,126,041 to 537,557,064 bp) with PVE values of 2.71–7.04% were identified to be significantly associated with FHB resistance. Linkage analysis in a bi-parental population identified the QTL FHB.hau-4D flanked by markers wPt-8836 and wPt-4572 with PVE value of 8.9%. This study identified new genetic loci to control FHB resistance and provided useful information of marker-assist selection in wheat FHB resistance breeding.
The Role of Secondary Cytoreductive Surgery in Primary Platinum-sensitive Recurrent HGSOC&nbsp;Patients With Different BRCA1/2&nbsp;Mutation Status: a Retrospective Study
Authors: Bu Hualei , Wang Xia , Ma Yana , Peng Jin , Feng Shuai , Fu Mengdi , Chen Jingying , Nie Lekai , Jin Chengjuan , Zhang Youzhong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: The value of secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) for platinum-sensitive recurrent high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients and the effects of BRCA1/2 mutation status on the value of surgery are inconclusive.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted in HGSOC patients with primary platinum-sensitive recurrence who were admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Shanghai General Hospital from January 2015 to August 2019. The DESKTOP Trial Score was used to assess whether patients could be included in the study. Relevant medical records were collected, including age at diagnosed, FIGO stage, germline BRCA1/2 mutations status, platinum-free interphase (PFI), recurrence characteristics, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).Results: A total of 195 HGSOC patients were included in the study, including 80 (41.0%) patients with BRCA1/2 germline mutation (BRCAmut) and 115 (59.0%) patients with germline BRCA1/2 wild-type (BRCAwt). SCS improved FPS in patients undergoing secondary cytoreductive surgery, regardless of BRCA1/2 mutation status (BRCAmut, median PFS, 16.3 vs 12.9 months, p = 0.003; BRCAwt, median PFS, 15.3 vs 11.0 months, p = 0.001). There was a significant survival benefit in BRCAwt patients undergoing SCS (median OS, 70.6 vs 52.5 months, p = 0.021), however, compared with chemotherapy alone, SCS in BRCAmut patients did not improve overall survival (median OS, 77.5 vs 76.8 months, p = 0.827).Conclusions: SCS is recommended for platinum-sensitive recurrent HGSOC patients with BRCAwt. BRCA1/2 genetic test for all HGSOC patients is necessary to specify appropriate post-recurrence treatment strategies.
Isolated Left Subclavian Artery, Multiple Ventricular Septal Defects and Pulmonary Hypertension In A Child: A Case Report
Authors: Khalilian Mohammadreza , Hekmat Manouchehr , Sadr Saeed , Tavallai-Zavvareh Abdolhossein , Tahouri Tahmineh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

solated left subclavian artery is a rare congenital aortic arch anomaly in which the left subclavian artery is connected to the pulmonary artery via a patent Ductus Arteriosus or a remnant of it, instead of the arota. Generally, it is associated with the right aortic arch and other congenital heart defects, mostly tetralogy of Fallot. Isolated left subclavian artery can cause subclavian steal syndrome, pulmonary steal syndrome and size or blood pressure discrepancy between the two upper limbs. We present a 14-months-old infant with isolated left subclavian artery, multiple ventricular septal defects and pulmonary hypertension. To our knowledge, it is a rare anomaly which can influence the surgical planning and outcomes.
Black Carbon Particles Needs Attention in Climate Change Mitigation Policies
Authors: Verma Ram Lal , Ambade Balram 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Climate change poses enormous challenges to human civilization in food security, water security, and health security. Anthropogenic emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) are made responsible for climate change. The climate change mitigation agreements and treaties, from the Kyoto Protocol (1997) to the Paris Agreement (2015), are mainly focusing on emission reduction of GHGs. The Copenhagen Accord (2009) set the target of emission reduction of GHGs to the level of 1990, intending to keep the global warming below 2-degree centigrade (°C) above the temperature level of the pre-industrial era. The Paris Agreement (2015) further pursued efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C by reducing emissions of GHGs to 40 Gigatonne (Gt CO-eq) by 2030. However, assuming the countries will achieve the target of emission reduction of GHGs by 2030, the target of keeping global warming below 1.5°C is unlikely to achieve because the Paris Agreement (2015) has not included emission reduction of black carbon (BC) particles in the intergovernmental negotiation. The BC particles are strong climate warming agents whose climate forcing is more than half of that of carbon dioxide (CO2) – the main GHG. This article argues for the inclusion of BC mitigation measures in the climate change mitigation measures. As BC also causes severe health impacts, BC mitigation will bring multiple co-benefits for health and environment, including a quick fixing of climate change problems in a few weeks, since the residence time of BC in the atmosphere is about a week.
Economics of Great Green Wall: Opportunities for improved targeting and efficiency
Authors: Mirzabaev Alisher , Sacande Moctar , Motlagh Farinaz , Shyrokaya Anastasiya , Martucci Antonio 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Sahel region is confronted with a severe problem of land degradation, which is jeopardizing livelihoods and stymieing efforts to eradicate food insecurity. The Great Green Wall programme is a colossal initiative designed to improve communities’ resilience and restore degraded ecosystems by planting locally suitable native trees and grasses. We evaluated the economic costs and benefits of land restoration under this programme. The results show that the average annual costs of land degradation due to land use and land cover changes in the entire Sahel region during 2001–2018 period were equal to 3 billion USD. Every USD invested into land restoration is found to yield from 1.7 USD to 2.9 USD. About 10 years are needed for all land restoration activities to reach positive benefit-cost ratios from the social perspective. The amount of investments needed for land restoration across the Sahel is estimated to be between 18–70 bln USD.
Recruiting people facing social disadvantage: the experience of the Free Meds study
Authors: Norris Pauline , Cousins Kimberly , Cousins Kimberly , Churchward Marianna , Churchward Marianna , Keown Shirley , Keown Shirley , Hudson Mariana , Hudson Mariana , Isno Leina , Pereira Leilani , Klavs Jacques , Tang Lucy Linqing , Roberti Hanne , Smith Alesha 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background

Researching access to health services, and ways to improve equity, frequently requires researchers to recruit people facing social disadvantage. Recruitment can be challenging, and there is limited high quality evidence to guide researchers. This paper describes experiences of recruiting 1068 participants facing social disadvantage for a randomised controlled trial of prescription charges, and provides evidence on the advantages and disadvantages of recruitment methods.
Methods

Those living in areas of higher social deprivation, taking medicines for diabetes, taking anti-psychotic medicines, or with COPD were eligible to participate in the study. Several strategies were trialled to meet recruitment targets. We initially attempted to recruit participants in person, and then switched to a phone-based system, eventually utilising a market research company to deal with incoming calls. We used a range of strategies to publicise the study, including pamphlets in pharmacies and medical centres, media (especially local newspapers) and social media.
Results

Enrolling people on the phone was cheaper on average than recruiting in person, but as we refined our approach over time, the cost of the latter dropped significantly. In person recruitment had many advantages, such as enhancing our understanding of potential participants’ concerns. Forty-nine percent of our participants are Māori, which we attribute to having Māori researchers on the team, recruiting in areas of high Māori population, team members’ existing links with Māori health providers, and engaging and working with Māori providers.
Conclusions

Recruiting people facing social disadvantage requires careful planning and flexible recruitment strategies. Support from organisations trusted by potential participants is essential.
Registration:

The Free Meds study is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001486213).
A study of structural, optical and ferromagnetic properties of sol-gel derived Cr and Fe co-doped CeO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Shenghong , Zhang Yueli 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Cr and Fe co-doped CeO2 nanoparticles (Ce0.98−xCrxFe0.02O2: where x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) were prepared by sol-gel method. Effects of additional Cr dopant on structural, optical and magnetic properties of Fe doped CeO2 nanoparticles have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorption spectra, Raman spectroscopy (Raman) and physical property measurement system (PPMS). XRD and Raman studied showed that all samples are single-phase of CeO2 original cubic fluorite crystal structure, Cr can readily be incorporated into the lattice of Fe doped CeO2 and no ferromagnetic secondary phase was found. With the increase of Cr doping concentration, the grain size and crystal quality decreases. The values of optical bandgap energy extracted from the absorption coefficient increase with the increase of Cr doping concentration. The PPMS studied show hysteresis phenomenon, which indicates that the samples have ferromagnetic properties at 300 K. With the increase of Cr content, the saturation magnetization increase obviously. Based on the results of XRD and Raman, it can be concluded that the ferromagnetism is the intrinsic property of the sample.
Causes of Altered Ventricular Mechanics in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy—an In-Silico Study
Authors: Kovacheva Ekaterina , Gerach Tobias , Schuler Steffen , Ochs Marco , Dössel Olaf , Loewe Axel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a common heart disease causing alteration in the mechanical behaviour of the left ventricle (LV). Decreased myocardial velocities, reduced strain and strain rates have been reported clinically. These alterations result from underlying pathological mechanisms in the tissue: increased wall thickness, altered active and passive force development and/or fiber disarray, which are cumbersome to measure clinically. With a numerical study, we aim to answer: how the variability in each of these mechanisms contributes to altered mechanics of the LV and if the deformation obtained in in-silico experiments is comparable to values reported from clinical measurements. Results: We conducted an in-silico sensitivity study on physiological and pathological mechanisms potentially underlying the clinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype. Deformation and mechanical behaviour of whole heart models was evaluated globally and regionally. Hypertrophy of the LV affected the course of strain, strain rate and wall thickening—the root mean squared difference of the wall thickening between control (mean thickness 10 mm) and hypertrophic geometries (17 mm) was >10 %. A reduction of active force development by 40 % led to less overall deformation: maximal radial strain reduced from 26 % to 21 %. A five-fold increase in tissue stiffness caused a more homogeneous distribution of the strain values among the 17 AHA segments. Fiber disarray led to minor changes in the circumferential and radial strain. A combination of pathological mechanisms led to reduced and slower deformation of the LV and halved the longitudinal shortening of the left atria. Conclusions: This study uses a computer model to determine the changes in LV deformation caused by pathological mechanisms that are presumed to underlay hypertrophic cardiomybopathy. This knowledge can complement imaging-derived information to obtain a more accurate diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Visible and real sizes of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine
Authors: Nesteruk Igor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To simulate how the number of COVID-19 cases increases versus time, various data sets and different mathematical models can be used. In particular, previous simulations of the COVID-19 epidemic dynamics in Ukraine were based on smoothing of the dependence of the number of cases on time and the generalized SIR (susceptible-infected-removed) model. Since real number of cases is much higher than the official numbers of laboratory confirmed ones, there is a need to assess the degree of data incompleteness and correct the relevant forecasts. We have improved the method of estimating the unknown parameters of the generalized SIR model and calculated the optimal values ​​of the parameters. It turned out that the real number of diseases exceeded the officially registered values ​​by about 4.1 times at the end of 2020 in Ukraine. This fact requires a reassessment of the COVID-19 pandemic dynamics in other countries and clarification of world forecasts.
Itaconic acid-modified layered double hydroxide as a ‎novel adsorbent for effective removal of Congo red from aqueous solutions
Authors: Dinari Mohammad , Shabani Shirin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of Cu-Ca-Al/NO3-based layered double hydroxide through co-precipitation methodology. The prepared layered double hydroxide was then modified with itaconic acid. The physicochemical properties of the prepared materials were studied using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption technique. The prepared materials were then applied as novel adsorbents for the removal of Congo red as a model of an anionic dye from aqueous media. To reach maximum adsorption, the effect of parameters including sample solution pH, adsorbent amount, contact time, and initial concentration of Congo red on the adsorption process was investigated. Kinetic studies were also conducted to study the mechanism of adsorption. In this regard, the kinetic models of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion were studied. The results showed that the adsorption of Congo red onto Cu-Ca-Al-LDH and LDH-ITA adsorbents followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. To evaluate the equilibrium adsorption data, different isotherms including Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich were also applied. The data revealed that the Freundlich isotherm provided the best fit with the equilibrium data of both adsorbents. Maximum adsorption capacities of 81 and 84 mg g− 1 were obtained using Cu-Ca-Al-LDH and LDH-ITA adsorbents, respectively.
Temporal and geographic analysis of human trichinellosis incidence in Chile with risk assessment
Authors: Landaeta-Aqueveque Carlos , Ayala Salvador , Poblete-Toledo Denis , Canals Mauricio 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several Trichinella species around the world. In Chile, the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades, but has been neglected in recent years. The aims of this study were to analyze, geographically, the incidence of trichinellosis in Chile to assess the relative risk, as well as to analyze the temporal fluctuation in the incidence rates in the last decades. Using temporal data spanning 1964–2019, as well as geographical data from 2010–2019, the time series of cases was analyzed with ARIMA models to explore trends and periodicity. The Dickey–Fuller test was used to study trends, and the Portmanteau test was used to study white noise in the model residuals. The Besag–York–Mollie (BYM) model was used to create Bayesian maps of the level of risk relative to that expected by the overall population. The association of the relative risk with the number of farmed swine was assessed with Spearman’s correlation. The number of annual cases varied between 5 and 220 (mean: 65.13); the annual rate of reported cases varied between 0.03 and 1.9 cases per 105 inhabitants (mean: 0.53). The cases of trichinellosis in Chile showed a downward trend that has become more evident since the 1980s. No periodicities were detected via the autocorrelation function. Communes (the smallest geographical administrative subdivision) with high incidence rates and high relative risk were mostly observed in the Araucanía region. The relative risk of the commune was significantly associated with the number of farmed pigs and boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). The results allowed us to state that trichinellosis is not an (re)emerging disease in Chile, but local conditions must be further studied to identify the factors favoring the presence of outbreaks in some communes, particularly in Araucanía.
Cluster Weighted Model Based on TSNE Algorithm for High-Dimensional Data
Authors: Olobatuyi Kehinde 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Similar to many Machine Learning models, both accuracy and speed of the Cluster weighted models (CWMs) can be hampered by high-dimensional data, leading to previous works on a parsimonious technique to reduce the effect of ”Curse of dimensionality” on mixture models. In this work, we review the background study of the cluster weighted models (CWMs). We further show that parsimonious technique is not sufficient for mixture models to thrive in the presence of huge high-dimensional data. We discuss a heuristic for detecting the hidden components by choosing the initial values of location parameters using the default values in the ”FlexCWM” R package. We introduce a dimensionality reduction technique called T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (TSNE) to enhance the parsimonious CWMs in high-dimensional space. Originally, CWMs are suited for regression but for classification purposes, all multi-class variables are transformed logarithmically with some noise. The parameters of the model are obtained via expectation maximization algorithm. The effectiveness of the discussed technique is demonstrated using real data sets from different fields.
Assessing the impact of front grid metallization pattern on the performance of silicon solar cells
Authors: Siraj Saba , Tahir Sofia Akbar , Ali Adnan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The aim of this research work was to assess the impact of front and rear grid metallization pattern on the performance of silicon solar cells. We have investigated the effect of front grid metallization design and geometry on the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF) and efficiency (ŋ) of silicon solar cells by using Griddler 2.5 simulation program. We used different number of metal fingers ranging from 80–120 having width of 60 µm and different number of busbars ranging from 1–5 busbars on the front and rear side of solar cells for optimization. We have also calculated the efficiency and fill factor at different values of front contact resistance ranging from (0.1–100) mohm-cm2, front and rare layer sheet resistances ranging from (60–110) ohm/sq and different edge gaps. We found that the maximum efficiency and fill factor was obtained with those parameters, when front and rare contact resistances were taken as same. We have designed an optimized silicon solar cell with 115 number of fingers, 4 busbars, front and rare contact resistance of 0.1 mohm-cm2 and front and rare layer sheet resistance of 60 ohm/sq. In this way we were able to successfully optimize the silicon solar cell having efficiency and fill factor of 19.49 % and 81.36 % respectively, for our best optimized silicon solar cell.