bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late‐Quaternary miliolite (biogenic carbonate) deposits and their implications for sea‐level fluctuations and climatic variability
Authors: Durga Prasad A. , Bhattacharya Falguni , Chauhan Gaurav , Balaji D. , Thakkar M.G. , Rao Y. Srinivasa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe western coast of India (Kachchh) has ubiquitous preservations of Quaternary carbonate deposits popularly known as “miliolites”. Field‐based detail documentation of the nature and distribution of miliolites supported by sedimentology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microtextural studies indicates that the miliolites were primarily deposited by wind as aeolinites and are termed “primary miliolites (PM)”. These were subsequently fluvially eroded and deposited and such deposits are termed “secondary miliolites (SM)”. The PM are dated between 28 ka to 16 ka largely clustering around the Last Glacial Maxima (LGM). In comparison, the fluvially reworked SM occurs as valley‐fill deposits and were deposited episodically during 23 ka to 10 ka before present. Climatically, the deposition of PMs suggests enhanced aridity whereas SMs represent episodic strengthening of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). The bedding attitudes of the PMs indicate that they were deposited predominantly by the northeasterly winds whereas the presence of the deflation lag deposits suggests downwind migration of sands during the equilibrium condition (reduced sediment supply). The aeolian parameters (based on the grain size and wind velocities) for PMs indicate high shear velocity (~23 to 48 cm−1) and high transport rate (< 0.1 to 0.2 g/cm s). The short average flying distance implies that the biogenic sands were transported in multiple pulses (from coast to inland) at rates varying from ~200 m/h to ~1 km/h. Comparing our data with related occurrences along the biologically productive coasts in the mid‐latitudinal belt indicates that the regional/global aridity during the lowered sea level was responsible for inland occurrences of aeolinites, particularly during the LGM. The strengthened northeast monsoon winds during the LGM was conducive to upwelling and production of biogenic carbonates along the coasts. The subsequent reworking of the aeolinites were mainly the results of local variability in precipitation.
Where will widening occur in an outwash braidplain? A new approach to detecting controls on fluvial lateral erosion in a glacierized catchment (north‐western Spitsbergen, Svalbard)
Authors: Weckwerth Piotr , Sobota Ireneusz , Greń Katarzyna 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe dynamics of fluvial system evolution depend on fluvial processes and their driving forces associated with climatic variations, which affect changes in the morphology of river channels and floodplains. Neither channel slope and morphology, nor the properties of fluvial sediment have previously been considered as determinants of active braidplain widening on outwash plains (formed from valley/alpine glaciers and confined by pre‐existing topography) in the High Arctic region and in the forefields of retreating glaciers. Factors determining widening of braidplain activity of the Waldemar River outwash (north‐western Spitsbergen, Svalbard) were analysed on the basis of geomorphological, sedimentological, glaciological and meteorological research, and indicate significant multiple correlations between meltwater discharge, precipitation, braidplain width, morphology of the braided channel and the textural features of braidplain deposits. The capability of multivariate adaptive regression splines to detect these relationships was described, and threshold values were identified. The results indicate that the rate of active braidplain widening is proportional to the meltwater outflow in proglacial rivers, which can decrease despite a growing rate of glacial ablation. A proposed model enables us to predict zones of braidplain prone to widening activity in the High Arctic (humid) outwash fans and plains as well as fans developed in arid intermountain basins. The necessary conditions to activate braidplain widening processes were (1) spatial changes in the outwash feeding system due to glacier terminus retreat and (2) crossing the thresholds in passive factors (S and d50) controlling lateral erosion intensity. As a result, the braidplain reached a new dynamic equilibrium, in which high‐magnitude–low‐frequency extreme meltwater discharges were of particular importance in terms of braidplain dynamics and are the dominant controls on the pattern of distributary channels.
Experimental study of density effect and natural convection in a latent heat storage unit with paraffin wax and air
Authors: Lanka Sandeep Raj , Bandaru Durga Prasad , Sane Sreenivasulu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExperimental analysis is carried out on tube in tube type heat exchanger. The phase change material (PCM) is melted under the influence of high‐temperature air as HTF. PCM density effect is presented with the temperature change in axial and radial positions. During charging, the lower elevation temperature curve's intersection with the higher elevation's temperature curves is identified. The earliest intersection is found at 20 minutes with 51°C. The late intersection is found at 62 minutes and 75°C. Natural convection jump phenomenon is also spotted. Each temperature curve in middle and outer radial positions is classified into three categories (before the jump, during the jump, and after the jump). Natural convection jumps are found in the range of 2.667 to 8.5°C/minute. The density effect and natural convection jump are found to be insignificant during discharging.
Immigration counter-acts local micro-evolution of a major fitness component: Migration-selection balance in free-living song sparrows
Authors: Reid Jane M. , Arcese Peter , Nietlisbach Pirmin , Wolak Matthew E. , Muff Stefanie , Dickel Lisa , Keller Lukas F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOngoing adaptive evolution, and resulting “evolutionary rescue” of declining populations, requires additive genetic variation in fitness. Such variation can be increased by gene flow resulting from immigration, potentially facilitating evolution. But, gene flow could in fact constrain rather than facilitate local adaptive evolution if immigrants have low additive genetic values for local fitness. Local migration-selection balance and micro-evolutionary stasis could then result. However, key quantitative genetic effects of natural immigration, comprising the degrees to which gene flow increases the total local additive genetic variance yet counteracts local adaptive evolutionary change, have not been explicitly quantified in wild populations. Key implications of gene flow for population and evolutionary dynamics consequently remain unclear. Our quantitative genetic analyses of long-term data from free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) show that mean breeding value for local juvenile survival to adulthood, a major component of fitness, increased across cohorts more than expected solely due to drift. Such micro-evolutionary change should be expected given nonzero additive genetic variance and consistent directional selection. However, this evolutionary increase was counteracted by negative additive genetic effects of recent immigrants, which increased total additive genetic variance but prevented a net directional evolutionary increase in total additive genetic value. These analyses imply an approximate quantitative genetic migration-selection balance in a major fitness component, and hence demonstrate a key mechanism by which substantial additive genetic variation can be maintained yet decoupled from local adaptive evolutionary change.
Brown seaweed Cystoseiraschiffneri as a promising source of sulfated fucans: Seasonal variability of structural, chemical, and antioxidant properties
Authors: Benslima Abdelkarim , Sellimi Sabrine , Hamdi Marwa , Nasri Rim , Jridi Mourad , Cot Didier , Li Suming , Nasri Moncef , Zouari Nacim 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharide, was extracted from the brown seaweed Cystoseira schiffneri during 4 harvest periods (December, April, July, and September) and studied for its structural and chemical properties. The Cystoseira schiffneri fucoidan (CSF) showed important variation in sulfate content ranging from 7.8% in December to 34.8% in July. This was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies showing characteristic signals of sulfated polysaccharides. Molecular mass of the CSF varied as a function of season from 3,745 in December to 26,390 Da in July. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy showed that CSF fractions were “mannogalactofucans” composed mainly of mannose, fucose, and galactose with low levels of other monosaccharides. Moreover, interesting in vitro antioxidant activities that depend on the harvest season were noted for CSF. Thus, the present work might contribute to establish criteria for extracting bioactive fucoidans from an endemic Tunisian seaweed C. schiffneri.
Dental radiation dosimetric maps from intensity‐modulated radiation therapy planning for head and neck cancers
Authors: Polce Simran , Gogineni Emile , Antone Jeffrey , Ghaly Maged , Keith Frank Douglas , Segal Joshua D. , Parashar Bhupesh 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to create dental radiation maps to calculate the mean dose to individual teeth, maxilla and mandible using intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).MethodsEighteen common clinical settings were chosen. Radiation plans were extracted, and each tooth was contoured at its junction with the gingiva and labeled based on the Universal/American numbering system.ResultsAll patients were treated with prescribed doses of 50–70 Gy in 1.66–2 Gy/fraction. Patients receiving mean doses >50 Gy to the teeth, mandible, and maxilla included those with advanced tumors of the oral cavity and gross lymphadenopathy of level 1b.ConclusionWe believe this to be the first study generating dosimetric maps of estimated doses to each tooth and each third of the mandible and the maxilla for common examples of head and neck cancer faced by radiation oncologists. Adoption of these dental maps may help improve clinical workflow efficiency.
Multiple coordinated cellular dynamics mediate CA1 map plasticity
Authors: Mizuta Kotaro , Nakai Junichi , Hayashi Yasunori , Sato Masaaki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the hippocampus, spatial and nonspatial information are jointly represented as a neural map in which locations associated with salient features are over‐represented by increased densities of relevant place cells. Although we recently demonstrated that experience‐dependent establishment of these disproportionate maps is governed by selective stabilization of salient place cells following their conversion from non‐place cells, the underlying mechanism for pre‐established map reorganization remained to be understood. To this end, we investigated the changes in CA1 functional cellular maps imaged using two‐photon calcium imaging in mice performing a reward‐rearrangement task in virtual reality. Mice were pre‐trained on a virtual linear track with a visual landmark and a reward in two distinct locations. Then, they were re‐trained on the same track with the exception that the location of reward was shifted to match the landmark location. We found that, in contrast to de novo map formation, robust map reorganization occurred through parallel coordination of new place field formation, lateral shifting of existing place fields, and selective stabilization of place fields encoding salient locations. Our findings demonstrate that intricate interplay between multiple forms of cellular dynamics enables rapid updating of information stored in hippocampal maps.
Factors associated with secondary traumatic stress and burnout in neonatal care staff: A cross‐sectional survey study
Authors: Scott Zoe , O'Curry Sara , Mastroyannopoulou Kiki 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionHigh rates of secondary traumatic stress and burnout have been found across nursing populations. However, few studies have focused on neonatal staff.ObjectiveThe objectives of this article are to explore the prevalence and severity of secondary traumatic stress (STS) and burnout in neonatal staff, and identify risk factors and protective factors for STS and burnout within this population with the aim of informing future staff support.MethodsA quantitative, cross‐sectional study using a survey design was conducted; 246 neonatal staff reported measures of STS, burnout, self‐compassion and satisfaction with ward climate.ResultsNeonatal staff reported high rates of moderate–severe STS and burnout. STS and burnout were negatively associated with self‐compassion and satisfaction with ward climate, suggesting them to be protective factors against STS and burnout. STS was found to be a risk factor for burnout and vice versa.ConclusionInterventions that increase understanding of STS and burnout, nurture self‐compassion, provide support and enhance stress management could help mitigate the impact of STS and burnout amongst neonatal staff.
Rspo1–LGR4 axis in BMSCs protects bone against radiation‐induced injury through the mTOR‐dependent autophagy pathway
Authors: Chen Xiaodan , Chen Lingling , Tan Jiali , Zhang Liping , Xia Juan , Cheng Bin , Zhang Weizhen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used to repair radiation‐induced bone damage, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of MSCs in the maintenance of bone homeostasis under radiation stress remains largely unknown. In this study, the role and mechanisms of R‐spondin 1 (Rspo1)–leucine‐rich repeat‐containing G protein‐coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) axis on the initiation of self‐defense of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and maintenance of bone homeostasis under radiation stress were investigated. Interestingly, radiation increased levels of Rspo1 and LGR4 in BMSCs. siRNA knockdown of Rspo1 or LGR4 aggravated radiation‐induced impairment of self‐renewal ability and osteogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs. However, exogenous Rspo1 significantly attenuated radiation‐induced depletion of BMSCs, and promoted the lineage shift towards osteoblasts. This alteration was associated with the reversal of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and autophagy decrement. Pharmacological and genetic blockade of autophagy attenuated the radio‐protective effects of Rspo1, rendering BMSCs more vulnerable to radiation‐induced injury. Then bone radiation injury was induced in C57BL6J mice to further determine the radio‐protective effects of Rspo1. In mice, administration of Rspo1 recombinant protein alleviated radiation‐induced bone loss. Our results uncover that Rspo1–LGR4–mTOR–autophagy axis are key mechanisms by which BMSCs initiate self‐defense against radiation and maintain bone homeostasis. Targeting Rspo1–LGR4 may provide a novel strategy for the intervention of radiation‐induced bone damage.
The role of autophagy in bone homeostasis
Authors: Guo Yi‐Fan , Su Tian , Yang Mi , Li Chang‐jun , Guo Qi , Xiao Ye , Huang Yan , Liu Ya , Luo Xiang‐Hang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAutophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process and is considered one of the main catabolism pathways. In the process of autophagy, cells are digested nonselectively or selectively to recover nutrients and energy, so it is regarded as an antiaging process. In addition to the essential role of autophagy in cellular homeostasis, autophagy is a stress response mechanism for cell survival. Here, we review recent literature describing the pathway of autophagy and its role in different bone cell types, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Also discussed is the mechanism of autophagy in bone diseases associated with bone homeostasis, including osteoporosis and Paget's disease. Finally, we discuss the application of autophagy regulators in bone diseases. This review aims to introduce autophagy, summarize the understanding of its relevance in bone physiology, and discuss its role and therapeutic potential in the pathogenesis of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
TGF‐β/Alk5 signaling prevents osteoarthritis initiation via regulating the senescence of articular cartilage stem cells
Authors: Tan Qiaoyan , Wang Quan , Kuang Liang , Zhang Jinfan , Peng Xiuqin , Liang Sen , Liu Mi , Chen Hangang , Chen Shuai , Luo Xiaoqing , Qi Huabing , Li Can , Luo Fengtao , Huang Shuo , Ni Zhenhong , Jin Min , Su Nan , Yang Jing , Yang Peng , Chen Bo , Chen Liang , Du Xiaolan , Xie Yangli , Chen Lin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease. The surface of joint cartilage is a defensive and first affected structure of articular cartilage (AC) during the pathogenesis of OA. Alk5 signaling is critical for maintaining AC homeostasis, however, the role and underlying mechanism for the involvement of Alk5 signaling in the phenotypes of articular cartilage stem cells (ACSCs) at the surface of AC is still unclear. The role of Alk5 in OA development was explored using an ACSCs‐specific Alk5‐deficient (cKO) mouse model. Alterations in cartilage structure were evaluated histologically. Senescence was detected by SA‐β‐gal, while reactive oxygen species (ROS), MitoTracker, and LysoTracker staining were used to detect changes related to senescence. In addition, mice were injected intra‐articularly with ganciclovir to limit the detrimental roles of senescent cells (SnCs). Alk5 cKO mice showed a decreased number of the slow‐cell cycle cells and less lubricant secretion at the surface accompanied with drastically accelerated cartilage degeneration under ageing and surgically induced OA conditions. Further studies showed that Alk5 deficient ACSCs exhibited senescence‐like manifestations including decreased proliferation and differentiation, more SA‐β‐gal‐positive cells and ROS production, as well as significantly swollen mitochondria and lysosome breakdown. We further found that local limitation of the detrimental roles of SnCs can attenuate the development of posttraumatic OA. Taken together, our findings suggest that Alk5 signaling acts as an important regulator of the SnCs in the superficial layer during AC maintenance and OA initiation.
Cadherin‐11 deficiency mitigates high‐fat diet‐induced inflammatory atrial remodeling and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation
Authors: Fang Guojian , Cao Wei , Chen Long , Song Shuai , Li Yingze , Yuan Jiali , Fei Yudong , Ge Zhuowang , Chen Yuhan , Zhou Lei , Xiao Ying , Wan Yi , Wang Yuepeng , Wang Qunshan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia nowadays. The occurrence of AF is closely associated with obesity. Cadherin‐11 (Cad‐11), as a member of the cadherin family, can make a contribution to diet‐induced obesity and it will be informative to know whether Cad‐11 exerts its effects on atrial remodeling and AF vulnerability in a diet‐induced obesity model. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of Cad‐11 was significantly upregulated in the left atrium of AF patients with obesity and mice following 16 weeks of high‐fat diet (HFD) feeding. Further confirmed that Cad‐11 could regulate the activity of atrial fibroblasts by participating in inducing proinflammatory cytokines production. At animal levels, we found that although there was a lack of statistical difference in body weight, Cad‐11−/− mice could markedly improve impaired glucose tolerance and hyperlipidemia. Adverse atrial structural remodeling, including atrial enlargement, inflammation, and fibrosis provoked by HFD feeding were mitigated in Cad‐11−/− mice. Mechanistically, Cad‐11 activated mitogen‐activated protein kinases and nuclear factor‐κB for interleukin‐6 production in atrial fibroblasts that may contribute to the atrial fibrosis process in obesity‐related AF, suggesting Cad‐11 might be a new therapeutic target for obesity‐related AF.
Gold digging: Searching for gut microbiota that enhances antitumor immunity
Authors: Hou Fengyi , Pan Zhiyuan , Yang Ruifu , Zhi Fachao , Bi Yujing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractProgrammed cell death protein‐1/programmed cell death‐ligand 1 and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 are two immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), exhibiting significant antitumor effects on multiple types of cancers in clinical practice. However, only some patients respond to ICI agents, which limits their widespread application. Recent findings revealed that the gut microbiota is relevant to host health through the modulation of host physical and immune functions. Therefore, the modulation of gut microbiota to achieve the desired taxa may be a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of immunotherapies. In this review, we classified the relative microbes according to their taxonomic information and aimed to clarify their modulatory functions and potent effects on ICI immunotherapy by focusing on recent trials investigating the relationships between the gut microbiota and ICIs.
Hepatocyte size fractionation allows dissection of human liver zonation
Authors: Ölander Magnus , Wegler Christine , Flörkemeier Inken , Treyer Andrea , Handin Niklas , Pedersen Jenny M. , Vildhede Anna , Mateus André , LeCluyse Edward L. , Urdzik Jozef , Artursson Per 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHuman hepatocytes show marked differences in cell size, gene expression, and function throughout the liver lobules, an arrangement termed liver zonation. However, it is not clear if these zonal size differences, and the associated phenotypic differences, are retained in isolated human hepatocytes, the “gold standard” for in vitro studies of human liver function. Here, we therefore explored size differences among isolated human hepatocytes and investigated whether separation by size can be used to study liver zonation in vitro. We used counterflow centrifugal elutriation to separate cells into different size fractions and analyzed them with label‐free quantitative proteomics, which revealed an enrichment of 151 and 758 proteins (out of 5163) in small and large hepatocytes, respectively. Further analysis showed that protein abundances in different hepatocyte size fractions recapitulated the in vivo expression patterns of previously described zonal markers and biological processes. We also found that the expression of zone‐specific cytochrome P450 enzymes correlated with their metabolic activity in the different fractions. In summary, our results show that differences in hepatocyte size matches zonal expression patterns, and that our size fractionation approach can be used to study zone‐specific liver functions in vitro.
Exosomes from donor‐derived adipose mesenchymal stem cells prolong the survival of vascularized composite allografts
Authors: Chen Zhizhao , Xue Shuai , Zhang Sheng , Cheng Ke , Ye Qifa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDonor‐derived adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) dampen the alloimmune response and exosomes are reported to have biological activity similar to their parent cells. Here, we investigated the roles of exosomes from donor‐derived ADMSCs (ADMSC‐exo) in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). Brown Norway‐to‐Lewis rat hindlimb transplantations were intravenously treated with either exosome from donor‐derived ADMSCs or phosphate‐buffered saline, combined with a short course of immunosuppression. We established that the treatment with ADMSC‐exo prolongs the survival time of VCA grafts. Skin and muscle samples from ADMSC‐exo‐treated animals showed no histological signs of rejection, but samples from controls showed rejection of degree III. Comparing to the control group, a significant increase of donor cell chimerism, Tr1 and Treg, while a decrease of CD4+ T and Th1 cells were observed in the ADMSC‐exo‐treated group. Our findings imply that ADMSC‐exo may be a valuable and safe treatment for extending VCA graft survival.