bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foliar Arginine Application Improves Tomato Plant Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality
Authors: Wang Tianqi , Liu Qingqing , Wang Nanqi , Dai Jing , Lu Qiaofang , Jia Xi , Lin Lin , Yu Futong , Zuo Yuanmei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Tomatoes are important for human health, and there is an urgent need to increase tomato yield and quality worldwide. Arginine is proven to be beneficial for crop storage quality and stress resistance in plants; however, its effects on tomato production and quality have not been fully investigated. This study demonstrated the effects of spray application of arginine on tomato growth, yield, and quality. Arginine treatment significantly increased the nitrogen concentration in the aboveground tomato plant parts and fruit, net photosynthetic rate, stem diameter, dry mass weight, and root activity. It is suggested that increased nitrogen accumulation following arginine application is mainly due to arginine uptake as organic nitrogen, higher expression of the LeNRT1.1 gene, and increased root activity. The increased nitrogen levels improved photosynthesis and promoted tomato plant growth. Moreover, foliar arginine application enhanced fruit size, weight, and yield. Arginine treatment had a positive effect on tomato quality as indicated by the concentrations of lycopene, vitamin C, soluble solid, soluble sugar, and titratable acids, and the sugar-acid ratio. Arginine application has potential to improve tomato production by regulating plant development and enhancing fruit yield and quality.
Monitoring Protein Denaturation of Egg White Using Passive Microwave Radiometry (MWR)
Authors: Goryanin Igor , Ovchinnikov Lev , Kobayashi Binsei T. , Vesnin Sergey G. , Ivanov Yuri D. , Panarin Igor , Kulbachevsky Anton , Kharybina Tatyana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Passive microwave radiometry (MWR) is a measurement technique based on the detection of passive radiation in the microwave spectrum from different objects. This radiation in equilibrium is known to be proportional to the thermodynamic temperature of an emitting body. We hypothesize that living systems feature other mechanisms of emission that are based on protein unfolding and water rotational transitions. To understand the nature of these emissions, microwave radiometry has been used in several in vitro experiments. In our study, we performed pilot measurements of microwave emissions from egg whites during denaturation induced by ethanol. Egg whites are 10% proteins such as albumins, mucoproteins, and globulins. We found a novel phenomenon that microwave emissions changed without a corresponding change of the water thermodynamic temperature. increase 100 times faster than thermodynamic temperature. We have also found striking differences between microwave emission and thermodynamic temperature kinetics. Therefore, we hypothesize that these two processes are unrelated, contrary to what was thought before. It is known that some pathologies like stroke or brain trauma feature increased microwave emissions. We hypothesize that this phenomenon originates from protein denaturation and is not related to the thermodynamic temperature. So, our finding could explain first time the reason for microwave emissions increase after trauma and postmortem. It could be used for the development of novel diagnostics methods. The MWR method is inexpensive, and it does not require fluorescent or radioactive labels. It can be used in different areas of basic and applied pharmaceutical research, including kinetics studies in biomedicine.
Overuse of Steroid Drugs Methylprednisolone and Dexamethasone (Oral) Causes a Diabetic Patient to Become Infected with the Black Fungus in the Corona Virus.
Authors: Chouhan Ashwin Singh , Parihar Bharat , Rathod Bharti , Prajapat Ramprasad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background Overuse of both methylprednisolone and dexamethasone drug on a corona patient can result in serious side effects and new infections may appear during their use. Prolonged use of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone may produce posterior subcapsular glaucoma, glaucoma with potential damage to the optic nerves, and may accelerate the establishment of secondary ocular infections caused by fungi or viruses.It has also been observed that more methylprednisolone and dexamethasone drug increases the level of glucose in the body, leading to normal corona patients who do not have any disease and diabetes after recovering from excessive consumption of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone drug.Materials and Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among 50 COVID doctors from the department's outpatient pool of COVID patients, distributing questionnaires to all subjects of different age groups. The questionnaire included information related to the name, age, gender and various factors that affect the doctor's choice of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone.Result and Discussion A total of 50 doctors and some medical stores from across India were included in the survey. Doctors prescribed more methylprednisolone and dexamethasone medicine than steroid medicines to corona patients. In our research, most side effects were observed for corona patients taking methylprednisolone and dexamethasone drug. Conclusion This research had shown that overdose of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone drug take diabetes patient he has serious eye effect and cause black fungus.
Identifying factors determining the survival time of under-five year children in rural parts of Ethiopia
Authors: Adulo Lema Abate , Zewudie Samuel Getachew 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In Ethiopia, the remarkable progress in child survival was made. However, Ethiopia is ranked as fifth burden countries of under-five deaths, particularly in rural areas. Therefore, this study was aimed to identify determinants that causes under-five death in the rural parts of Ethiopia. Only 7301 women from rural residence who had under-five children were involved in this study. Descriptive, None-parametric and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were used to examine the determinants associated with the under-five mortality. This study revealed that 6.5% of children were died before reaching their fifth birthday in the rural parts of Ethiopia. Sex, place of delivery, family size, Mother education, number of under-five children, contraceptive use and source of drinking water had significant effect on the survival time of under-five children. Conclusion: A significant risk factors associated with under-five mortality in rural areas were identified in this study. Children delivered at home, children from uneducated mothers, children from not using contraceptive method mothers, drink water from not piped source had higher risk of death. Giving awareness about benefits of delivering in health facility and uses of contraceptive method, improving mother education and infrastructure like sources of water, decreases mortality of under-five children.
Long-range transport of 2D excitons in dynamic acoustic lattice
Authors: Peng Ruoming , Ripin Adina , Ye Yusen , Zhu Jiayi , Wu Changming , Lee Seokhyeong , Li Huan , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Cao Ting , Xu Xiaodong , Li Mo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Excitons are elementary optical excitation in semiconductors. The ability to manipulate and transport these quasiparticles would enable excitonic circuits and devices for quantum photonic technologies. Recently, interlayer excitons in 2D semiconductors have emerged as a promising candidate for engineering excitonic devices due to long lifetime, large exciton binding energy, and gate tunability. However, the charge-neutral nature of the excitons leads to a weak response to the in-plane electric field and thus inhibits transport beyond the diffusion length. Here, we demonstrate the directional transport of interlayer excitons in bilayer WSe2 driven by the dynamic potential lattice induced by surface acoustic waves (SAW). We show that at 100 K, the SAW-driven excitonic transport is activated above a threshold acoustic power and reaches a distance at least ten times longer than the diffusion length, only limited by the device size. Temperature-dependent measurement reveals the transition from the diffusion-limited regime at low temperature to an acoustic field-driven regime at elevated temperature. Our work shows that acoustic waves are an effective, contact-free means to control exciton dynamics and transport, promising for realizing 2D materials-based excitonic devices such as exciton transistors, switches, and transducers.
Cypermethrin and Ivermectin Resistance in Field Populations of Rhipicephalus Sanguineus Sensu Lato (Latrielle, 1806) Collected From Dogs in South India
Authors: Sunkara Prathyusha , Chennuru Sreedevi , Krovvidi Sudhkar , Ch Jyothisree 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The abuse of acaricides for control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks led to a strong selection pressure for acaricide resistance. Data on acaricide resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. populations from India is meager though veterinarians frequently report treatment failures. The present study was aimed to characterize the level of resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. against most commonly used drugs, cypermethrin and ivermectin in Andhra Pradesh, south India. Fourteen adult female tick populations were collected from naturally infested dogs at veterinary clinics, residence and stray dog in nine state municipal corporations/municipalities. Information on the history of dog treatment with acaricides was obtained by interviewing dog owners. The larval packet test (LPT) and larval immersion test (LIT) were used on the larvae of ticks to test for resistance to cypermethrin and ivermectin, respectively. Mortality data of each tick population was analyzed by probit analysis. Corresponding to the most susceptible population, thirteen (92.6%) and six (42.9%) tick populations were regarded as resistant to cypermethrin and ivermectin, respectively. The phenotypic level of cypermethrin (resistance ratios at LC50% varied from 1.55 to 13.29) and ivermectin (resistance ratios at LC50% ranged from 1.16 to 4.79) resistance varied distinctly between the populations. Additionally, all the populations were tested using PCR to demonstrate the frequency of the point mutation in sodium channel gene that corresponds with resistance of R. sanguineus s.l. to cypermethrin. A nucleotide substitution (T2134C) on domain III segment VI of the sodium channel gene was noticed in phenotypically resistant tick populations on DNA sequencing. Ivermectin resistance in the brown dog ticks is reported for the first time from India.
Exploring the Legacy of Central European Historical Winter Wheat Landraces
Authors: Cseh András , Poczai Péter , Kiss Tibor , Balla Krisztina , Berki Zita , Horváth Ádám , Kuti Csaba , Karsai Ildikó 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Historical wheat landraces are rich sources of genetic diversity offering untapped reservoirs for broadening the genetic base of modern varieties. Using a 20K SNP array, we investigated the accessible genetic diversity in a Central European bread wheat landrace collection with great drought, heat stress tolerance and higher tillering capacity. We discovered distinct differences in the number of average polymorphisms between Central and Western European collections, and identified a set of novel rare alleles present at low frequencies in the historical collection. The detected polymorphisms were unevenly distributed along the wheat genome, and polymorphic markers co-localized with genes of great agronomic importance. The efficiency of the highly diverse population for Genome-Wide Association study was confirmed and two significant marker trait associations with seed hardness were identified on the 5DS chromosome arm. The geographical distribution of the inferred Bayesian clustering revealed six genetically homogenous ancestral groups among the collection, where the Central European core bared an admixed background originating from four ancestral groups. We evaluated the effective population sizes (Ne) of the Central European collection and assessed changes in diversity over time, which revealed a dramatic ~97% genetic erosion between 1955 and 2015.
Gastrocnemius Medialis Contractile Behavior During Running Differs Between Simulated Lunar and Martian Gravities
Authors: Richter Charlotte , Braunstein Bjoern , Staeudle Benjamin , Attias Julia , Suess Alexander , Weber Tobias , Mileva Katya N , Rittweger Joern , Green David A , Albracht Kirsten 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The international partnership of space agencies has agreed to proceed forward to the Moon sustainably. Activities on the Lunar surface (0.16g) will allow crewmembers to advance the exploration skills needed when expanding human presence to Mars (0.38g). Whilst data from actual hypogravity activities are limited to the Apollo missions, simulation studies have indicated that ground reaction forces, mechanical work, muscle activation and joint angles decrease with declining gravity level. However, these alterations in locomotion biomechanics do not necessarily scale to gravity level, the reduction in gastrocnemius medialis activation even appears to level off around 0.2g, whilst muscle activation pattern remains similar. Thus, it is difficult to predict whether gastrocnemius medialis contractile behavior during running on Moon will basically be the same as on Mars. Therefore, this study investigated lower limb joint kinematics and gastrocnemius medialis behavior during running at 1g, simulated 0.38g and 0.16g on the vertical treadmill facility. The results reveal that hypogravity-induced alterations in joint kinematics and contractile behavior still persist between simulated running on Moon and Mars. This contrasts the idea of a ceiling effect and should be carefully considered when evaluating exercise prescriptions and the transferability of locomotion practiced in Lunar gravity to Martian gravity.
Conditional versus Non-Conditional Incentives to Maximise Return of Participant Completed Questionnaires in Clinical Trials: A Cluster Randomised Study Within a Trial
Authors: Cook Johanna , Cook Jonathan A. , Bongard Emily , Heneghan Carl , Butler Chris C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
BackgroundHigh participant retention enhances the validity of clinical trials. A monetary incentive can increase retention, but it is not known if when it is provided matters. We aimed to determine whether there was a difference in the number follow-up trial questionnaires returned when a monetary incentive was given to participants at recruitment (non-conditional), compared to informing participants at recruitment that the incentive would be given only once a questionnaire had been returned (conditional).MethodA sub-study within the Antivirals for influenza-Like Illness, An rCt of Clinical and Cost effectiveness in primary CarE (ALIC4E) Trial. Matched sites were randomised using computer generated random numbers, to either a non-conditional or conditional incentive. Analyses were conducted according to randomised group irrespective of compliance with two-sided 5% level statistical significance level. The main analysis was regression accounting for site pair, with additional weighted, paired and non-parametric sensitivity analyses. The total number of vouchers distributed, the cost of administration and postage was calculated. ResultsOf the 42 randomised sites (21 to each intervention) only 28 recruited at least one participant with only 10 practice pairs recruiting participants at both constituent sites. Raw diaries return proportions were 0.58 and 0.73 for non-conditional and conditional incentive groups. Regression analysis adjusted for cluster pair showed no significant difference in returns, -0.09, (95% CI, -0.29, 0.10, p=0.336); when weighted there still no clear difference: 0.15 (-0.02, 0.31, p=0.068). There was no clear statistical evidence of a difference in time taken to return questionnaires, nor proportion of pages completed, by intervention group in the main analyses (all p>0.05). The conditional incentive was approximately £23 cheaper per diary returned based upon observed data. Conclusion There was no clear evidence of a difference in participant completed questionnaire returns according to the time at which an incentive is given, nor to completeness of the returned questionnaires, or the time to questionnaire return. There was substantial statistical uncertainty in findings, and some of the sensitivity analysis suggested that a meaningful benefit of a conditional incentive were plausible. The conditional approach cost less in cash terms.
Bacteria Patterns on Tonsillar Surface and Tonsillar Core Tissue among Patients Scheduled for Tonsillectomy at Bugando Medical Centre
Authors: Buname Gustave , Kiwale Gapto , Silago Vitus , Mushi Martha F , Mshana Stephen E 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background: Tonsillitis is an inflammation of tonsils due to either viruses or bacteria. Here we report the bacteria patterns on tonsillar surface and tonsillar core tissue among patients scheduled for tonsillectomy at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC), Mwanza Tanzania.Methods: The study included 120 patients planned for tonsillectomy between April and July 2019. Swab samples from tonsilar surface pre-tonsillectomy and core post-tonsillectomy were collected. Culture was performed following the microbiology laboratory standard operating procedures. Data analysis was done using STATA version 13 as per study objectives.Results: The slightly majority of participants were males 73 (60.83%) with median age of 6 [IQR 4-11] years. The proportion of culture positive growth was high on surface than in core swab samples 65(54.2%) vs 42(35.0%), p=0.003. The commonest bacterial pathogen detected from the surface and core were S. aureus 29(40.3%) and 22(51.2%), followed by S. pyogenes, 17(23.6%) and 11(25.6%), respectively. Features suggestive of tonsillitis on histology were reported in 83 (73.5%) of samples. Conclusion: More than two-third of patients undergoing tonsillectomy had positive culture of possible bacterial pathogens. Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant bacteria detected. More studies to investigate the treatment outcome of these patients are highly recommended.
Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered domestic ruminants in Northwest Ethiopia: seropositivity, bioassay and virulence assessment
Authors: Maru Moges , Damtie Debasu , Kenubih Ambaye , Maru Abiy , Adugna Biyansa , Dagnachew Shimelis , Tarekegn Zewdu Seyoum 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This study investigated the seropositivity, isolation and virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered domestic ruminants in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Three hundred thirty-five blood samples (135 sheep, 50 goats and 150 cattle) were collected from slaughterhouses. Antibodies against T. gondii were assayed using a commercial Toxo-Latex agglutination test. Tissue digestion was also conducted on 39 heart muscles of seropositive animals using the pepsin enzyme. The isolation of viable T. gondii from seropositive ruminants was also performed in white albino mice. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was found to be 55.8%. The species-wise prevalence of T. gondii seropositivity in cattle, goats and sheep was 59.3%, 58%, and 51.1%, respectively. From observed risk factors, sex (p < 0.033) and age of the sheep (p < 0.006) showed a significant association with T. gondii seropositivity. Similarly, in cattle, age (p < 0.005) and breed (p < 0.012) showed a statistically significant association with seropositivity of anti-T. gondii antibodies. In bioassayed mice, the overall viable T. gondii isolates were 38.5% and most of these isolates (87.18%) were avirulent. In conclusion, the high prevalence of T. gondii antibody and a high proportion of viable T. gondii observed in this study indicated the prevalent nature of the parasite and its zoonotic importance in the study areas where slaughtered domestic ruminants serve as an important human protein source. Education of the public about routes of T. gondii transmission and control methods is imperative to prevent T. gondii transmission.
Understanding the Weakening Relationship of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Indian Ocean Basin Mode During Boreal Winter
Authors: Hong Jin-Sil , Yeh Sang-Wook , Yang Young-Min , Lim Young-Kwon , Kim Kyu-Myong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
While it is known that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) leads the Indian Ocean Basin Mode (IOBM) with the same phase via the atmospheric bridge, we found that the relationship of PDO-IOBM during boreal winter is not stationary. Here, we investigated the PDO-IOBM relationship changes on low-frequency timescales by analyzing the observations, a long-term simulation of climate model with its large ensembles as well as the pacemaker experiments. A long-term simulation of climate model with its large ensemble simulations indicated that the non-stationary relationship of PDO-IOBM is intrinsic in a climate system and it could be at least partly due to internal climate variability. In details, we compared the PDO structures during the entire period with those during the period when the PDO-IOBM relationship was weak (i.e., 1976-2006). We found that the structures of sea surface temperature (SST) as well as its associated tropical Pacific convective forcing during the negative phase of PDO for 1976-2006 are far away from the typical structures of the negative PDO phase during the entire period, which were responsible for the weakening relationship of the PDO-IOBM in the observation. The results of the two pacemaker experiments support that a non-stationary relationship of PDO-IOBM is primarily due to the SST forcing in the Pacific.
Estimating Future Rainfall Distributions in a Changing Climate for Water Resource Planning: Victoria, Australia
Authors: Rauniyar Surendra P , Power Scott B 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Here we use observations and simulations from 40 global climate models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), under preindustrial, historical, and a high emission scenario (RCP8.5) to provide estimates of Victorian cool season (April-October) rainfall for the coming century. This includes a new method which exploits recent research that estimated the relative contribution of external forcing and natural variability to the observed multidecadal decline in cool season rainfall in Victoria from 1997s. The new method is aimed at removing the influence of external forcing on Victoria's cool-season rainfall, effectively rendering a stationary time-series. The resulting historical record is then modified by scaling derived from the mean projected change evident in climate models out to 2100. The results suggest that the median value of the All-Victoria rainfall PDF will decrease monotonically over the remainder of the 21st century under RCP8.5. The likelihood that All-Victoria rainfall in any given year from 2025 onward will be below the observed 5th percentile of the observations (291 mm) increases monotonically, becoming three times larger by the end of the century. The new method is assessed using cross-validation and its ability to hindcast observed multidecadal rainfall change. The latter indicates that CMIP5 models poorly replicate recent interdecadal rainfall change. So, while we have more confidence in the new method because it accounts for the non-stationarity in the observed climate, limitations in the CMIP5 models results in us having low confidence in the reliability of the estimated future rainfall distributions.