bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying nursing at Australian satellite university campuses: A review of teaching, learning and support
Authors: Hays Catherine , Devine Susan , Wongtongkam Nualnong , Glass Beverley 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDistribution of the Australian health workforce is uneven, with the majority of health professionals favouring metropolitan areas over rural and remote regions. Although nurses account for the largest proportion of the Australian rural and remote health workforce, difficulties with staff recruitment and retention can impact the health care outcomes of these vulnerable populations. Satellite university campuses that offer undergraduate nursing programs might therefore contribute to a more sustainable rural and remote nursing workforce. This narrative literature review aimed at investigating the barriers and enablers that affect students enrolled at satellite nursing campuses, education delivery methods and academic and non‐academic strategies employed to enhance the student learning experience. The literature was reviewed across 6 health and education databases. After screening, 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed, and the data were synthesised using a thematic approach. Three themes arose from the review: student characteristics and associated barriers and enablers to studying nursing at a satellite campus; teaching strategies and learning experiences; and academic and pastoral support. Students studying at satellite campuses were found to have different education experiences and faced challenges unique to their context; however, home support networks and small class sizes were seen as enabling factors. Education delivery methods and support strategies varied depending on remoteness and resources available. Consideration of the factors that affect satellite campus nursing students has the potential to increase student satisfaction and retention, which could result in a more sustainable rural and remote nursing workforce.
A phase I study of high dose camostat mesylate in healthy adults provides a rationale to repurpose the TMPRSS2 inhibitor for the treatment of COVID‐19
Authors: Kitagawa Junsaku , Arai Hayato , Iida Hiroyuki , Mukai Jiro , Furukawa Kenji , Ohtsu Seitaro , Nakade Susumu , Hikima Tomohiro , Haranaka Miwa , Uemura Naoto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCamostat mesylate, an oral serine protease inhibitor, is used to treat chronic pancreatitis and reflux esophagitis. Recently, camostat mesylate and its active metabolite 4‐(4‐guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid (GBPA) were reported to inhibit the infection of cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by inhibiting type II transmembrane serine protease. We conducted a phase I study to investigate high‐dose camostat mesylate as a treatment for coronavirus disease 2019. Camostat mesylate was orally administered to healthy adults at 600 mg 4 times daily under either of the following conditions: fasted state, after a meal, 30 min before a meal, or 1 h before a meal, and the pharmacokinetics and safety profiles were evaluated. In addition, the time of plasma GBPA concentration exceeding the effective concentration was estimated as the time above half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) by using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation. Camostat mesylate was safe and tolerated at all dosages. Compared with the fasted state, the exposure of GBPA after a meal and 30 min before a meal was significantly lower; however, no significant difference was observed at 1 h before a meal. The time above EC50 was 11.5 h when camostat mesylate 600 mg was administered 4 times daily in the fasted state or 1 h before a meal. Based on the results of this phase I study, we are currently conducting a phase III study.
Are body surface area based estimates of liver volume applicable to children with overweight or obesity? An in vivo validation study
Authors: Hosey‐Cojocari Chelsea , Chan Sherwin S. , Friesen Chance S. , Robinson Amie , Williams Veronica , Swanson Erica , O’Toole Daniel , Radford Jansynn , Mardis Neil , Johnson Trevor N. , Leeder J. Steven , Shakhnovich Valentina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe liver is the primary organ responsible for clearing most drugs from the body and thus determines systemic drug concentrations over time. Drug clearance by the liver appears to be directly related to organ size. In children, organ size changes as children age and grow. Liver volume has been correlated with body surface area (BSA) in healthy children and adults and has been estimated by functions of BSA. However, these relationships were derived from “typical” populations and it is unknown whether they extend to estimations of liver volumes for population “outliers,” such as children with overweight or obesity, who today represent one‐third of the pediatric population. Using computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, this study measured liver volumes in 99 children (2–21 years) with normal weight, overweight, or obesity and compared organ measurements with estimates calculated using an established liver volume equation. A previously developed equation relating BSA to liver volume adequately estimates liver volumes in children, regardless of weight status.
Persistent follicular granulosa cell senescence and apoptosis induced by methotrexate leading to oocyte dysfunction and aberrant embryo development
Authors: Fu Jingbo , Liu Yang , Wang Chen , Zhang Hongxia , Yu Bin , Wang Ye , Zhu Haiying 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEvidence from clinical cases indicates an association between the low success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ovarian injury due to previous methotrexate (MTX) administration. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and propose reasonable clinical drug guidelines to improve the quality of oocytes and the development of embryos before pregnancy. In this study, we established a mouse model with previous MTX exposure to validate the effects of MTX on reproductive function in female mice. We observed that MTX administration could result in a decrease in the success rate of fertilization and an aberrant embryonic development in both natural fertilization and IVF, even after completion of five to six ovulation cycles after MTX withdrawal. Further research revealed senescence and apoptosis of follicular granulosa cells (GCs), accompanied by arrested follicle development and aberrant estradiol and anti‐Mullerian hormone levels. Supportive evidence indicated that MTX administration induced senescence and apoptosis of human GCs in vitro, and the effects were consistent with the high levels of p21, p53, and oxidative stress. We further demonstrated that folic acid (FA) could improve oocyte function and embryonic development in vivo and in vitro by protecting GCs against apoptosis and senescence. Based on these findings, we propose the implementation of extended intervals between MTX exposure and conception or IVF and recommend FA as a special dietary supplement during this interval period; however, prospective inquiry in humans is necessary to further understand the relationship between MTX and FA recovery.
Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in echocardiography
Authors: Nabi Wafa , Bansal Agam , Xu Bo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractArtificial intelligence and machine learning approaches have become increasingly applied in the field of echocardiography to streamline diagnostic and prognostic assessments, and to support treatment decisions. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have been applied to aid image acquisition and automation. They have also been applied to the integration of clinical and imaging data. Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in echocardiography in conjunction with health information databases may be promising in improving the classification and treatment of many cardiac conditions. This review article provides an overview of the applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in echocardiography.
Expectations, Experiences and Perceptions of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residents to Training in Nigeria
Authors: Fomete Benjamin , Adebayo Ezekiel T. , Oginni Fadekemi O. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeHow surgical residents fare during their training could enhance job satisfaction and fulfilment post‐training. But there is paucity of literature on the experiences of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) trainees during residency training. The aim of this study was to report the expectations, experiences and perceptions of OMS residents towards training in Nigeria.MethodsCross‐sectional study of OMS residents in accredited Nigerian training institutions was conducted between September and December, 2017. Study tool was adapted from that used for general surgery residents in the United States. Results were analysed using Microsoft Excel for Windows 10.ResultsSixty‐eight of seventy‐three questionnaires were returned (response rate was 93%). More respondents were males (86.8%) than females (13.2%). 44.1% of all respondents were aged 35–39 years. Senior residents (n=31, 45.6%) were more than those in the junior cadre. The most important reason for choosing OMS residency training was for knowledge (72.1%) followed by the prospect of better pay (8.8%). Most residents believed their opinions were important (66.7%) and looked forward to their daily work (72.1%) but were dissatisfied with the didactic teaching aspect by consultants (57.3%) and felt the hours and stress of working were straining their family life, respectively (91.0% and 76.7%).ConclusionMost OMS residents were happy and expected to gain knowledge from the training. However, some were dissatisfied with the training duration and level of didactic teaching by consultants and the impact of residency training on family life. There is need to improve didactic teaching and ensure adequate work/family balance for better OMS residency training in Nigeria.
Dislocated College Students and the Pandemic: Back Home Under Extraordinary Circumstances
Authors: Hall Scott S. , Zygmunt Eva 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveThis research examines college students' experiences of dislocation during the COVID‐19 pandemic.BackgroundDue to governmental stay‐at‐home orders during the pandemic, families with “dislocated” (compelled to return home) college students would likely encounter unique stressors while also being limited in their normal ways of coping.MethodsUsing an online survey, the current study sought to discover how diverse individual characteristics and family living situations of 323 dislocated students associated with varying homelife experiences (e.g., intrusive parenting, students making an extra effort to spend time with family), and how such experiences associated with relationship changes during the quarantine.ResultsAnalyses detected some differences in the students' homelife experiences based on background and living situations, especially related to being a first‐year student, having been excited about returning home, and feeling accepted by parents about being home. Negative family relationship quality during the quarantine was most predicted by negative attitudes from students and parents about students being home, the student feeling less adultlike (based on treatment and own identity conception), and having low autonomy.ConclusionReturning home for quarantine was challenging for most students, and circumstances and attitudes appeared to contribute to how such challenges associated with family relationship changes.ImplicationsImplications for practitioners and universities are discussed in regard to preparing college students and their families for similar conditions.
Real‐time prediction method of fatigue life of bridge crane structure based on digital twin
Authors: Dong Qing , He Bin , Qi Qisong , Xu Gening 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe comprehensive effect of multiple factors that include the geometric characteristics, load status, service characteristics, and failure mechanism will affect the safety of bridge crane structure. To evaluate the security of the bridge crane structure, the real‐time prediction method of fatigue life of the bridge structure based on digital twin is proposed. The specific type of general bridge crane is selected as the physical entity of the research object, and the information acquisition system is utilized to get the current service status information about the physical entity. On this basis, combined with the historical service information and inherent information of physical entity, the fuzzy database is established. Meanwhile, twin data are formed by the clear quantification of fuzzy information and data processing technology. In accordance with structural characteristic and work cycle process of bridge crane, the analytical models of load, strength, defect, and fatigue life are established, respectively. The multi‐theoretical calculation model is completed by encapsulating the analysis models and transmitting information, and then the main factors affecting the fatigue life of bridge crane structure are determined. With that, the comprehensive evaluation coefficient is calculated by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory. The response relationship between the information data and the fatigue life of bridge crane structure is described by the Kriging surrogate model constructed with experimental design. Real‐time prediction of fatigue life of bridge crane structure is realized in a virtual space to depict the life cycle process. Taking QD20/10 t × 43 m × 12 m general bridge crane as an example, the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method are verified, which provides a strong theoretical basis for dependable service and timely scrapping of cranes.
Fine root dynamics across pantropical rainforest ecosystems
Authors: Huaraca Huasco Walter , Riutta Terhi , Girardin Cécile A. J. , Hancco Pacha Fernando , Puma Vilca Beisit L. , Moore Sam , Rifai Sami W. , del Aguila‐Pasquel Jhon , Araujo Murakami Alejandro , Freitag Renata , Morel Alexandra C. , Demissie Sheleme , Doughty Christopher E. , Oliveras Imma , Galiano Cabrera Darcy F. , Durand Baca Liliana , Farfán Amézquita Filio , Silva Espejo Javier E. , da Costa Antonio C.L. , Oblitas Mendoza Erick , Quesada Carlos Alberto , Evouna Ondo Fidele , Edzang Ndong Josué , Jeffery Kathryn J. , Mihindou Vianet , White Lee J. T. , N'ssi Bengone Natacha , Ibrahim Forzia , Addo‐Danso Shalom D. , Duah‐Gyamfi Akwasi , Djaney Djagbletey Gloria , Owusu‐Afriyie Kennedy , Amissah Lucy , Mbou Armel T. , Marthews Toby R. , Metcalfe Daniel B. , Aragão Luiz E. O. , Marimon‐Junior Ben H. , Marimon Beatriz S. , Majalap Noreen , Adu‐Bredu Stephen , Abernethy Katharine A. , Silman Miles , Ewers Robert M. , Meir Patrick , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFine roots constitute a significant component of the net primary productivity (NPP) of forest ecosystems but are much less studied than aboveground NPP. Comparisons across sites and regions are also hampered by inconsistent methodologies, especially in tropical areas. Here, we present a novel dataset of fine root biomass, productivity, residence time, and allocation in tropical old‐growth rainforest sites worldwide, measured using consistent methods, and examine how these variables are related to consistently determined soil and climatic characteristics. Our pantropical dataset spans intensive monitoring plots in lowland (wet, semi‐deciduous, and deciduous) and montane tropical forests in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia (n = 47). Large spatial variation in fine root dynamics was observed across montane and lowland forest types. In lowland forests, we found a strong positive linear relationship between fine root productivity and sand content, this relationship was even stronger when we considered the fractional allocation of total NPP to fine roots, demonstrating that understanding allocation adds explanatory power to understanding fine root productivity and total NPP. Fine root residence time was a function of multiple factors: soil sand content, soil pH, and maximum water deficit, with longest residence times in acidic, sandy, and water‐stressed soils. In tropical montane forests, on the other hand, a different set of relationships prevailed, highlighting the very different nature of montane and lowland forest biomes. Root productivity was a strong positive linear function of mean annual temperature, root residence time was a strong positive function of soil nitrogen content in montane forests, and lastly decreasing soil P content increased allocation of productivity to fine roots. In contrast to the lowlands, environmental conditions were a better predictor for fine root productivity than for fractional allocation of total NPP to fine roots, suggesting that root productivity is a particularly strong driver of NPP allocation in tropical mountain regions.
Policy diffusion through leadership transfer networks: Direct or indirect connections?
Authors: Liu Weixing , Yi Hongtao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChange agents play important roles in the diffusion of policy innovation. Scholars argue that the career paths of change agents could facilitate the diffusion of innovation through network‐based mechanisms of portable innovation or policy wormholes, but have not fully distinguished between direct and indirect connections inherently important in a leadership transfer network. This study proposes an indirect portable innovation hypothesis and an indirect policy wormhole hypothesis to highlight the effects of leadership transfer networks through indirect network connections, extending the agent network diffusion (AND) model. We test the hypotheses empirically with the diffusion of local financial subsidy policies for new energy vehicles (NEVs) among cities in China from 2009 to 2016. The results confirm the effects of direct and indirect portable innovation and policy wormholes.
Quantitative and qualitative lipid improvement with chronic hepatitis C virus eradication using direct‐acting antivirals
Authors: Joshita Satoru , Yamashita Yuki , Okamoto Toru , Usami Yoko , Sugiura Ayumi , Yamazaki Tomoo , Kakino Akemi , Ota Masao , Sawamura Tatsuya , Umemura Takeji 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimDirect‐acting antivirals have revolutionized hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy by providing a high sustained virological response (SVR) rate and subsequent favorable lipid increases. Proprotein convertase subtilisin‐kexin like‐9 (PCSK9) plays an important role in regulating quantitative lipid levels. This study examined the interactions between quantitative PCSK9 and lipid changes, as well as qualitative lipid changes in terms of lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor‐1 ligand containing apolipoprotein B (LAB) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol uptake capacity (HDL‐CUC).MethodsPatients with chronic HCV infection (N = 231) who achieved an SVR by direct‐acting antivirals without lipid‐lowering therapy were included for comparisons of PCSK9, LAB, HDL‐CUC, and other clinical indices between pretreatment and SVR12 time points.ResultsLDL (LDL) cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels were quantitatively increased at SVR12, along with higher PCSK9 (all p < 0.0001). PCSK9 was significantly correlated with LDL cholesterol (r = 0.244, p = 0.0003) and apolipoprotein B (r = 0.222, p = 0.0009) at SVR12. Regarding qualitative LDL changes, LAB was significantly decreased and LAB/LDL cholesterol and LAB/apolipoprotein B proportions were improved at SVR12 (all p < 0.0001). In terms of qualitative HDL changes, HDL‐CUC was significantly ameliorated, along with HDL‐CUC/HDL cholesterol, HDL‐CUC/ apolipoprotein A1, and HDL‐CUC/ apolipoprotein A2 at SVR12 (all p < 0.0001).ConclusionsHCV eradication by direct‐acting antivirals may produce quantitative lipid profile changes, along with PCSK9 production recovery in addition to qualitative lipid improvement, which possibly confers the additional secondary benefits of atherosclerosis improvement and cardiovascular disease event reduction.
Endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, grade 1, is more aggressive in the elderly than in the young
Authors: Hachisuga Kazuhisa , Ohishi Yoshihiro , Tomonobe Hiroshi , Yahata Hideaki , Kato Kiyoko , Oda Yoshinao 
Published: May 2021

AimsThe aim of this study was to characterise grade 1 (G1) endometrioid carcinoma in the elderly, by using clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical features of surrogate markers of molecular subtypes.Methods and resultsWe retrospectively analysed tumour samples from 268 patients with G1 endometrioid carcinoma (<40 years, n = 24; 40–59 years, n = 169; ≥60 years, n = 75) for whom long‐term clinical follow‐up data were available. G1 endometrioid carcinoma in the elderly (≥60 years) was characterised by frequent deep myometrial invasion, less frequent endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), lack of benign hyperplasia (BH), less frequent squamous differentiation, and occasional aberrant p53 expression. In contrast, this condition in the young (<40 years) was characterised by frequent EIN, BH, and squamous differentiation. Univariate analysis revealed that elderly status (≥60 years), International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) 2009 stage and aberrant p53 expression were significantly associated with shorter progression‐free survival, and multivariate analysis revealed that elderly status and FIGO 2009 stage were independently associated with a poor prognosis.ConclusionsG1 endometrioid carcinoma in the elderly is more aggressive than that in the young, and elderly status is an independent predictor of shorter progression‐free survival in this condition. We propose that type 1 tumours can be subdivided into type 1a (young age at onset and indolent) and type 1b (old age at onset and relatively aggressive).
Similar yet distinct distributional patterns characterize native and exotic plant species richness across northern New Zealand islands
Authors: Mologni Fabio , Bellingham Peter J. , Tjørve Even , Cameron Ewen K. , Wright Anthony E. , Burns Kevin C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimA better understanding of plant invasions on islands can be gained from comparing patterns of exotic and native species richness. We asked four questions: (1) Is exotic species richness on islands related to native species richness? (2) If they are related, does this result from similar responses of native and exotic species to specific island characteristics? (3) Is residual variation in native‐exotic richness relationships associated with distinctive island characteristics? (4) Are relationships between species richness and island characteristics scale‐dependent, and do they differ between native and exotic species?LocationNorthern New Zealand.TaxonVascular plants.MethodsWe conducted field surveys and augmented our field data with previously published surveys to quantify the number of native and exotic plant species on 264 islands. We then explored the relationship of species richness and several island characteristics (e.g. area and isolation) using multiple and iterative regression techniques.ResultsSeventy‐two percent of among‐island variation in exotic species richness was positively related to native species richness. Both native and exotic richness increased with island area and declined with isolation and exposure to ocean‐borne disturbances (a proxy for salt spray, wave action, etc). However, exotic species responded more strongly to these three variables. Exotic richness also decreased with latitude and the distance from the nearest urban area, but native species did not. Island area was a better predictor of species richness on larger islands, whereas isolation and exposure were better predictors on smaller islands. Scale‐dependent relationships between species richness and island characteristics were stronger for exotic species.Main ConclusionsInsular distribution patterns of native and exotic plant species richness are governed by similar biogeographic principles. However, in New Zealand, exotic species exhibited subtle, yet distinctive, invasion patterns preferring larger, less isolated, less exposed islands that were located at higher latitudes and closer to urban areas.