bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of chloride ion concentration, temperature, and surface roughness on pitting corrosion of CoCrFeNi medium‐entropy alloy
Authors: Wang Dongpeng , Li Xin , Chen Zhen , Wang Shuai , Wang Yuxin , Liu Weihong , Li Weili , Xue Rongjie , Liu Chain T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe influence and susceptibility of chloride ion concentration, temperature, and surface roughness on corrosion behavior of single‐phase CoCrFeNi medium‐entropy alloy (MEA) was examined in NaCl solution. Potentiodynamic polarization results revealed that the corrosion performance of the sample deteriorated with an increase of the chloride ion concentration, temperature, and surface roughness. The pitting potential decreased drastically for samples with higher surface roughness. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the charge transfer resistance decreased when chloride ion concentration, temperature, and surface roughness increased. Scanning electron micrographs also indicated an increased extent of corrosion damage, especially for the sample with higher surface roughness. It is found that the corrosion resistance is closely related to the wettability of samples, and the surface with the highest roughness shows higher hydrophilicity. The combined results suggested that the pitting damage is more sensitive to surface roughness. Our findings provide a further understanding of the corrosion mechanism of MEAs and guide their applications as structural materials.
Branched/Hyperbranched Copolyesters from Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Citric Acid as Delivery Agents and Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds
Authors: Sengupta Srijoni , Singh Abhishek , Dutta Koushik , Sahu Ram Prasad , Kumar Satish , Goswami Chandan , Chawla Saurabh , Goswami Luna , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMultifunctional branched/hyperbranched copolymers from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and citric acid (CA) are synthesized by varying the mole compositions of PVA and CA and are used as a prospective vehicle for encapsulation and release of bioactive molecules and as a potential scaffold for cell adhesion and growth. The branched architecture is established from spectroscopy and rheological measurements. All the copolymers have shown a lower hydrodynamic size and viscosity than the linear, high molecular weight PVA because of spherical and more compact architecture. Importantly, the size of the highly branched copolymer is found independent of pH which proved that the branch ends are capped with OH groups. Lower viscosity at equivalent solid content, biocompatibility, high antibacterial property, and presence of adequate macromolecular voids make the branched/hyperbranched copolymers a potential platform for encapsulation and release of gentamicin and other bioactive molecules. The macromolecular voids and chain end functionality also promote adhesion and growth of differentiated primary cells as well as undifferentiated stem cells implying that the copolyester can also be used as a potential 2D/3D scaffold for tissue engineering applications.
Hooking and Handling Mortality of Trout Captured in the Bald Eagle Creek Trout Tournament, Pennsylvania
Authors: Carline Robert F. , Jackson Mark F. , Nale Mark A. , Wijeyakulasuriya Dhanushi A. , Niu Xiaoyue 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
For many years bait has been banned in catch-and-release trout fisheries owing to anticipated high rates of hooking mortality. Recent studies that have been conducted in streams have found relatively low rates of hooking mortality. The objective of this study was to quantify the rates of hooking and handling mortality of stocked trout that were caught by recreational anglers using the terminal tackle of their choice during a 2-d tournament for three consecutive years on a small stream in central Pennsylvania. Each year, we affixed T-bar anchor tags to more than 800 Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and golden Rainbow Trout and stocked them in an 11-km stream reach. All of the tagged trout that were alive when they were checked in were eligible for cash prizes. After processing, the trout were monitored for 9 d in a hatchery. Anglers brought in 423–591 tagged trout each year. The rates for hooking and handling mortality among years ranged from 3.9% to 8.0%. Mortality of Rainbow Trout (7.4%) was the highest among the three species. The trout were caught on natural and manufactured baits (87.9%), artificial lures (10.8%), and flies (1.3%); mortality was not related to terminal tackle. Trout that had hooks left embedded in them or had blood in their holding container had the highest mortality. Time from capture to check-in, holding method, hook type, or hook size did not influence mortality. This study demonstrated low mortality of trout that were caught primarily with bait and subjected to more handling stress than they would normally experience in catch-and-release waters. We suggest that these results support the notion that bait fishing can be allowed without negative population-level effects in streams where regulations require that most or all angled trout are released.
Influence of Steelhead Trout Stocking Size and Location on Emigration and Adult Returns
Authors: Markham James L. , Robinson Jason M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Effective stocking programs are an essential part of maintaining most high-quality tributary steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss fisheries in the Great Lakes, requiring sufficient numbers of stocked fish to survive, imprint, and return as adults. New York’s Lake Erie tributaries have long supported popular and economically important recreational steelhead fisheries, attracting anglers from across the country. Recent research has illustrated New York’s dependence on “stray” steelhead from other jurisdictions, making New York fisheries vulnerable to other agencies’ management decisions. We hypothesized that the limited contribution by New York-stocked steelhead was attributable to poor poststocking survival and imprinting due to the smaller stocking size relative to other Lake Erie jurisdictions. We took an experimental approach to describe how the combination of stocking size and within-stream stocking location interact to influence emigration and adult returns and identify mechanisms that may be driving these relationships, with the goal of identifying stocking strategies that improve adult returns. Stocked steelhead &gt;150 mm total length emigrated from the stream by the end of May; small-size steelhead tended to remain in the stream and exhibited upstream migration. The residual population of steelhead lost body condition and likely experienced high mortality. Adult returns from large-size fish that were stocked 6.4 km upstream were 4.1 times greater than small-size fish stocked upstream and six times greater than fish stocked near the lake confluence (0.8 km upstream). We conclude that many of the steelhead stocked by New York are too small to imprint and emigrate, instead remaining as stream residents that experience poor survival and ultimately make minimal contributions to the adult fishery. Increases in the stocking size of New York steelhead coupled with stocking well upstream of the lake confluence would result in increased adult returns of New York-stocked fish to their streams of origin and improved fishery performance and resiliency.
A qualitative study of recorded telephone support calls with mothers of preterm infants: Expressing both positive and negative feelings
Authors: Jonsson Anna , Jakobsson Magdalena , Ericson Jenny 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo describe the structure and content of telephone support calls between mothers of preterm infants and support team members after hospital discharge.DesignThis is a qualitative study.MethodsData consisted of 19 recordings of telephone calls that occurred between March 2013 and December 2015. The calls were made by support team members to mothers within two weeks of discharge from the neonatal unit. Analyses were performed using content analysis.ResultsOne category referred to what the support team members said that facilitated or did not facilitate the conversation. It was found that the support team members managed to have conversations that were tailored to the mother's current needs and conversations where the focus was on what the support team members thought was important. A second category referred to the topics the mothers talked about and that the mothers expressed both negative and positive feelings.
Viscosity reduction in polymer nanocomposites: Insights from dynamic neutron and X‐ray scattering
Authors: Senses Erkan , Kitchens Christopher L. , Faraone Antonio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe addition of nanoparticles to a polymer matrix can in certain cases induce a reduction in viscosity, with respect to the pure matrix, in the resulting composites. This counterintuitive phenomenon cannot be explained using the most common rheological models. For this reason, it has been chosen as a good example in this paper to demonstrate the value and methods of dynamic X‐ray and neutron scattering techniques for the investigation of polymer nanocomposites. An overview of the main results on this topic is presented together with an introduction to the basic concepts relating to X‐ray photon correlation spectroscopy, neutron backscattering, and neutron spin echo measurements.
Structurally‐tuned benzo[1,2‐b:4,5:b']dithiophene‐based polymer as a dopant‐free hole transport material for perovskite solar cells
Authors: Opoku Henry , Lee Ji Hyeon , Nketia‐Yawson Benjamin , Ahn Hyungju , Lee Jae‐Joon , Jo Jea Woong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFor highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs), hole transport material (HTM) should be designed and synthesized to afford suitable energy levels, high charge transport, efficient passivation ability, and high device stability. Here, we systematically modulated benzo[1,2‐b:4,5:b']dithiophene‐based polymer by finely controlling the thienyl and pyridyl contents within the conjugated backbone in order to develop a high performance dopant‐free HTM for PSCs. We found that the optimized copolymer with 25% of pyridine content exhibits improved energy level, charge transport, and morphology compared with control homopolymers. As a result, remarkably high power conversion efficiencies up to 21.1% were achieved by employing the optimized polymer as a dopant‐free HTM in PSCs.
Feasibility of long‐term home noninvasive ventilation program in a general pediatric unit: 21 years' experience in Hong Kong
Authors: Tsang Yuk‐Ping , To Ching‐Yee , Tsui Cheuk‐Kiu , Leung Shuk‐Yu , Kwok Ka‐Li , Ng Daniel Kwok‐Keung 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term home noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is increasingly employed in children with sleep‐disordered breathing and chronic respiratory failure. While studies suggest its successful implementation in tertiary care centers, little is known about the situation in a general care setting. Hence, we aim to evaluate the clinical profiles of these children in a general pediatric unit over the past two decades.MethodsData collected retrospectively on patients younger than 18 years old receiving long‐term home NIV from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2017 in a Hong Kong regional general pediatric unit were reviewed.ResultsThe number of children on home NIV increased more than 10‐fold over the past two decades. In total, 114 children were commenced on NIV during the 21‐year period. Upper airway obstruction was the most common cause (77%), followed by neuromuscular diseases (16%), pulmonary disorders (4%), and abnormal ventilatory control (3%). Continuous positive airway pressure was the most common NIV type (59%). To date, 46% of the children remained in our NIV program, while 18% discontinued NIV support. NIV adherence increased significantly with follow‐up (median of 78.6% and 82.5% at baseline and last follow‐up, respectively). Sixty‐five percent of the children used NIV for at least 4 h on 70% of the days monitored. Higher body mass index was associated with lower adherence.ConclusionPediatric home NIV is feasible in the general care setting with good outcomes and adherence. As the demand for NIV service grows, input from local hospitals will be of increasing importance and should be considered upon healthcare planning.
Polypharmacy and mortality association by chronic kidney disease status: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study
Authors: Cashion Winn , McClellan William , Judd Suzanne , Goyal Abhinav , Kleinbaum David , Goodman Michael , Prince Valerie , Muntner Paul , Howard George 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany Americans take multiple medications simultaneously (polypharmacy). Polypharmacy's effects on mortality are uncertain. We endeavored to assess the association between polypharmacy and mortality in a large U.S. cohort and examine potential effect modification by chronic kidney disease (CKD) status. The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke cohort data (n = 29 627, comprised of U.S. black and white adults) were used. During a baseline home visit, pill bottle inspections ascertained medications used in the previous 2 weeks. Polypharmacy status (major [≥8 ingredients], minor [6–7 ingredients], and none [0–5 ingredients]) was determined by counting the total number of generic ingredients. Cox models (time‐on‐study and age‐time‐scale methods) assessed the association between polypharmacy and mortality. Alternative models examined confounding by indication and possible effect modification by CKD. Over 4.9 years median follow‐up, 2538 deaths were observed. Major polypharmacy was associated with increased mortality in all models, with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals ranging from 1.22 (1.07–1.40) to 2.35 (2.15–2.56), with weaker associations in more adjusted models. Minor polypharmacy was associated with mortality in some, but not all, models. The polypharmacy–mortality association did not differ by CKD status. While residual confounding by indication cannot be excluded, in this large American cohort, major polypharmacy was consistently associated with mortality.
The ethnic composition and population dynamics of local communities in Australia
Authors: O'Donnell James , Evans Ann 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSuperdiversity has become a popular concept to describe the cumulative impact of successive waves of migration in high immigration nations. How superdiversity impacts on local communities is less well understood. In this study, detailed ethnicity data are collected and harmonised for local communities from the Australian 2006, 2011 and 2016 Censuses. Local communities are organised into categories using an existing typology. The ethnic, economic and demographic diversity of communities are assessed, and their subsequent population dynamics are analysed. The results indicate that most minority populations in Australia live in highly mixed or majority dominated communities rather than in segmented clusters. Recent immigrants disproportionately arrive in already diverse communities, which, in addition to internal migration flows, are helping to substantially alter the ethnic composition of the local population. Important information is therefore revealed on the patterns and dynamics of local communities that are helping to shift and reproduce their populations.
Same‐sex marriage and neighbourhood landscape overlap—A revised understanding of the spatial distribution of gay men and lesbians
Authors: Wimark Thomas , Fortes De Lena Fernanda 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObstacles to family formation have been removed in many countries outside of the Anglophone world for quite some time. Conventional knowledge suggests that this phenomenon should make gay men and lesbians more similar to the general population. In this study, however, we show that differences linger. By classifying Swedish neighbourhoods into multiscalar neighbourhood landscapes, we show that same‐sex married individuals differ from both married individuals and the general population. Same‐sex married individuals are concentrated in cores in metropolitan cities characterised by the ownership tenure form and apartment buildings. In general, same‐sex individuals avoid remote rural areas, but same‐sex females are quite present in rural towns. Same‐sex males are concentrated to areas that border deprived areas but not to deprived areas. These results suggest that there is a need to move beyond legal agendas and consider what drives the residential mobility of the gay and lesbian population.
Urban intensification of convective rainfall over the Singapore – Johor Bahru region
Authors: Simón‐Moral Andres , Dipankar Anurag , Doan Quang‐Van , Sanchez Claudio , Roth Matthias , Becker Erik , Huang Xiang‐Yu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSimulations of five November months (2010–2014) using the urban version of the numerical weather prediction system of the Meteorological Service Singapore (uSINGV) are used to analyse the urban effect on convective precipitation over Singapore and Johor Bahru (Malaysia). The model is able to closely predict locations where rainfall peaks occur, but rainfall totals are overestimated compared to radar data. The temporal variability of rainfall in the region shows that urban areas increase the frequency and severity of rainfall events and that such impact increases with the rainfall intensity. Results show that low‐level moisture advection is enhanced in this coastal conurbation as a result of the strengthening of wind convergence. The latter is likely caused by increasing sea‐breeze strength due to lower surface pressure over the urban area, and higher urban surface roughness, respectively. As a consequence, more precipitable water is available in the region, enhancing convection and increasing the probability of heavy rainfall over the centre and north of Singapore island and Johor Bahru. Stronger convection further increases moisture advection from the vicinity. By studying the temporal variability and the spatial distribution of rainfall events, the present study provides new insights on the urban impact on heavy rainfall in tropical areas. The conclusions are only valid for the November inter‐monsoon period, when local forcing, rather than large‐scale influences, dominates rainfall generation.
Sampled‐data implementation of extended PID control using delays
Authors: Zhang Jin , Fridman Emilia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe study the sampled‐data implementation of extended PID control using delays for the nth‐order stochastic nonlinear systems. The derivatives are approximated by finite differences giving rise to a delayed sampled‐data controller. An appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii (L‐K) method is presented to derive linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) for the exponential stability of the resulting closed‐loop system. We show that with appropriately chosen gains, the LMIs are always feasible for small enough sampling period and stochastic perturbation. We further employ an event‐triggering condition that allows to reduce the number of sampled control signals used for stabilization and provide ‐gain analysis. Finally, three numerical examples illustrate the efficiency of the presented approach.
Imbalanced classification: A paradigm‐based review
Authors: Feng Yang , Zhou Min , Tong Xin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA common issue for classification in scientific research and industry is the existence of imbalanced classes. When sample sizes of different classes are imbalanced in training data, naively implementing a classification method often leads to unsatisfactory prediction results on test data. Multiple resampling techniques have been proposed to address the class imbalance issues. Yet, there is no general guidance on when to use each technique. In this article, we provide a paradigm‐based review of the common resampling techniques for binary classification under imbalanced class sizes. The paradigms we consider include the classical paradigm that minimizes the overall classification error, the cost‐sensitive learning paradigm that minimizes a cost‐adjusted weighted type I and type II errors, and the Neyman–Pearson paradigm that minimizes the type II error subject to a type I error constraint. Under each paradigm, we investigate the combination of the resampling techniques and a few state‐of‐the‐art classification methods. For each pair of resampling techniques and classification methods, we use simulation studies and a real dataset on credit card fraud to study the performance under different evaluation metrics. From these extensive numerical experiments, we demonstrate under each classification paradigm, the complex dynamics among resampling techniques, base classification methods, evaluation metrics, and imbalance ratios. We also summarize a few takeaway messages regarding the choices of resampling techniques and base classification methods, which could be helpful for practitioners.
Engineering Durable Superhydrophobic Photocatalyst for Oil‐Water Separation and Degradation of Chemical Pollutants
Authors: Zhu Haiguang , Chen Long , Dou Xinyue , Liu Yong , Yuan Xun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWastewater treatment, especially for those containing insoluble oils and soluble chemical pollutants, has been a major concern in the field of environmental protection. Materials integrating both hydrophobicity and photocatalytic activity are good candidates in terms of separating insoluble oils from water and photodegrading soluble chemical pollutants. However, the wide application of such materials is curtailed by their susceptible photodecomposition issue. In this paper, we report the design of a durable yet efficient hydrophobic photocatalyst by immobilizing photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) on a carbonized melamine foam (CMF) for a three‐dimensional (3D) porous structure, and subsequently coating a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer on TiO2 surface (CMF‐TiO2‐PDMS). The key feature of the design is that the PDMS layer could re‐graft on the TiO2 surface via forming chemical bonds with TiO2 under UV illumination, granting the resulting CMF‐TiO2‐PDMS stable hydrophobicity to durably resist photocatalytic oxidation. As expected, the as‐designed CMF‐TiO2‐PDMS photocatalyst shows excellent durability in removing insoluble organic solvents and photodegrading soluble chemical pollutants under UV illumination. This study is interesting not only because it provides a paradigm in designing durable yet efficient hydrophobic photocatalyst for wastewater treatment, but also shed lights on the design of other multifunctional materials.
Discovery of Novel G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor 40 Agonist with Phenylacetic Acid Scaffold for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ge Wei , Yang Benhui , Chen Lianru , Zhou Zongtao , Jin Yao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe G‐protein‐coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) plays an important role in glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and therefore may be a promising anti‐diabetic target. In this study, we have replaced the phenylpropionic acid of GPR40 agonist GW9508 with phenylacetic acid to avoid β‐oxidation. The molecular modeling study based on phenylacetic acid scaffold suggested that the present series fitted very well with the binding pocket of GPR40. Further structure‐activity relationship study provided the optimal compound 6, which revealed better in vivo hypoglycemic effect than GW9508 both in normal and type 2 diabetic mice. These findings suggested that compound 6 was meaningful for further investigation and highlighted its potential as a lead compound.