bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Essential Materials and Processes for Nano‐Imprinted Optics
Authors: Perento Jukka , Roozeman Robert , Poutanen Mikko , Kylmä Janne , Rantala Juha 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOptical 3D sensors and augmented reality (AR) glasses are prime application examples of the rapidly growing interest in photonics‐based devices. Mobile devices are being equipped with 3D sensors for fingerprint and face recognition as well as with lidar, which is also utilized to help the navigation of autonomous vehicles. In addition, immersive AR glasses have been developed for augmented reality applications. These applications benefit from diffractive optics, whereas nanoimprint lithography (NIL) provides an affordable and reliable means to mass produce the same. The NIL‐compatible optical materials with a high refractive index presented here are proven to be pivotal in enabling the commercial breakthrough of these applications.
Elucidating dynamic behavior of synthetic supramolecular polymers in water by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry
Authors: Lou Xianwen , Schoenmakers Sandra M. C. , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Garcia‐Iglesias Miguel , Casellas Nicolás M. , Fernández‐Castaño Romera Marcos , Sijbesma Rint P. , Meijer E. W. , Palmans Anja R. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA comprehensive understanding of the structure, self‐assembly mechanism, and dynamics of one‐dimensional supramolecular polymers in water is essential for their application as biomaterials. Although a plethora of techniques are available to study the first two properties, there is a paucity in possibilities to study dynamic exchange of monomers between supramolecular polymers in solution. We recently introduced hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX‐MS) to characterize the dynamic nature of synthetic supramolecular polymers with only a minimal perturbation of the chemical structure. To further expand the application of this powerful technique some essential experimental aspects have been reaffirmed and the technique has been applied to a diverse library of assemblies. HDX‐MS is widely applicable if there are exchangeable hydrogen atoms protected from direct contact with the solvent and if the monomer concentration is sufficiently high to ensure the presence of supramolecular polymers during dilution. In addition, we demonstrate that the kinetic behavior as probed by HDX‐MS is influenced by the internal order within the supramolecular polymers and by the self‐assembly mechanism.
Selecting packaging material for dry food products by trade‐off of sustainability and performance: A case study on cookies and milk powder
Authors: Baele Maarten , Vermeulen An , Adons Dimitri , Peeters Roos , Vandemoortele Angelique , Devlieghere Frank , De Meulenaer Bruno , Ragaert Peter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlternative packaging concepts for two dry, shelf‐stable food products were evaluated. A trade‐off between recyclability (monolayer materials) and performance (multilayered high‐barrier materials) was made for the packaging materials. Caramellized cookies were packaged in flowpacks made of PP film (OTR 1307 cc/m2/d, WVTR 5 g/m2/d), acryl‐coated PVdC/PP film (OTR 21.8 cc/m2/d, WVTR 4.2 g/m2/d) as a reference material and metallized PP (MPP) film (OTR 31.2 cc/m2/d, WVTR 0.4 g/m2/d) and stored at 22°C and 50% relative humidity. Texture was compromised after 6 months of storage for the former two materials, while the latter provided an extension of textural acceptability. Whole milk powder was packaged in unsealed PE bags as a reference, representing a typical paper bag with a PE liner that is stapled shut without a seal. Alternative packages were sealed PE bags (OTR 1464 cc/m2/d, WVTR 3 g/m2/d), PE/PA/EVOH/PA/PE (OTR 0.25 cc/m2/d, WVTR 0.95 g/m2/d) and PA/EVOH/PA/PE (OTR 1.24 cc/m2/d, WVTR 8 g/m2/d) multilayer bags, and PP/Al/PE (OTR 0.1 cc/m2/d, WVTR 0.1 g/m2/d) bags and stored at room temperature and relative humidity between 70% and 90%. Unsealed bags were found to be unacceptable for storage at high humidity, due to excessive caking, discolouration and mould growth. Sealed PE bags provided adequate protection against moisture, yet not against oxygen ingress, leading to oxidative off‐odours. The barrier efficiency of PA/EVOH/PA/PE was compromised by the high humidity. Both PE/PA/EVOH/PA/PE and PP/Al/PE bags provided adequate protection for over a year.
Quantum‐classical path integral evaluation of reaction rates with a near‐equilibrium flux formulation
Authors: Bose Amartya , Makri Nancy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractQuantum‐classical formulations of reactive flux correlation functions require the partial Weyl–Wigner transform of the thermalized flux operator, whose numerical evaluation is unstable because of phase cancelation. In a recent paper, we introduced a non‐equilibrium formulation which eliminates the need for construction of this distribution and which gives the reaction rate along with the time evolution of the reactant population. In this work, we describe a near‐equilibrium formulation of the reactive flux, which accounts for important thermal correlations between the quantum system and its environment while avoiding the numerical instabilities of the full Weyl–Wigner transform. By minimizing early‐time transients, the near‐equilibrium formulation leads to an earlier onset of the plateau regime, allowing determination of the reaction rate from short‐time dynamics. In combination with the quantum‐classical path integral methodology, the near‐equilibrium formulation offers an accurate and efficient approach for determining reaction rate constants in condensed phase environments. The near‐equilibrium formulation may also be combined with a variety of approximate quantum‐classical propagation methods.
Entanglement entropy: non-Gaussian states and strong coupling
Authors: Fernández-Melgarejo José J. , Molina-Vilaplana Javier 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this work we provide a method to study the entanglement entropy for non-Gaussian states that minimize the energy functional of interacting quantum field theories at arbitrary coupling. To this end, we build a class of non-Gaussian variational trial wavefunctionals with the help of exact nonlinear canonical transformations. The calculability bonanza shown by these variational ansatze allows us to compute the entanglement entropy using the prescription for the ground state of free theories. In free theories, the entanglement entropy is determined by the two-point correlation functions. For the interacting case, we show that these two-point correlators can be replaced by their nonperturbatively corrected counterparts. Upon giving some general formulae for general interacting models we calculate the entanglement entropy of half space and compact regions for the ϕ4 scalar field theory in 2D. Finally, we analyze the rôle played by higher order correlators in our results and show that strong subadditivity is satisfied.
Function of Drosophila Synaptotagmins in membrane trafficking at synapses
Authors: Quiñones-Frías Mónica C. , Littleton J. Troy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Synaptotagmin (SYT) family of proteins play key roles in regulating membrane trafficking at neuronal synapses. Using both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent interactions, several SYT isoforms participate in synchronous and asynchronous fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) while preventing spontaneous release that occurs in the absence of stimulation. Changes in the function or abundance of the SYT1 and SYT7 isoforms alter the number and route by which SVs fuse at nerve terminals. Several SYT family members also regulate trafficking of other subcellular organelles at synapses, including dense core vesicles (DCV), exosomes, and postsynaptic vesicles. Although SYTs are linked to trafficking of multiple classes of synaptic membrane compartments, how and when they interact with lipids, the SNARE machinery and other release effectors are still being elucidated. Given mutations in the SYT family cause disorders in both the central and peripheral nervous system in humans, ongoing efforts are defining how these proteins regulate vesicle trafficking within distinct neuronal compartments. Here, we review the Drosophila SYT family and examine their role in synaptic communication. Studies in this invertebrate model have revealed key similarities and several differences with the predicted activity of their mammalian counterparts. In addition, we highlight the remaining areas of uncertainty in the field and describe outstanding questions on how the SYT family regulates membrane trafficking at nerve terminals.
Strategy for the realisation of the International Height Reference System (IHRS)
Authors: Sánchez Laura , Ågren Jonas , Huang Jianliang , Wang Yan Ming , Mäkinen Jaakko , Pail Roland , Barzaghi Riccardo , Vergos Georgios S. , Ahlgren Kevin , Liu Qing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn 2015, the International Association of Geodesy defined the International Height Reference System (IHRS) as the conventional gravity field-related global height system. The IHRS is a geopotential reference system co-rotating with the Earth. Coordinates of points or objects close to or on the Earth’s surface are given by geopotential numbersC(P) referring to an equipotential surface defined by the conventional valueW0 = 62,636,853.4 m2 s−2, and geocentric Cartesian coordinatesXreferring to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS). Current efforts concentrate on an accurate, consistent, and well-defined realisation of the IHRS to provide an international standard for the precise determination of physical coordinates worldwide. Accordingly, this study focuses on the strategy for the realisation of the IHRS; i.e. the establishment of the International Height Reference Frame (IHRF). Four main aspects are considered: (1) methods for the determination of IHRF physical coordinates; (2) standards and conventions needed to ensure consistency between the definition and the realisation of the reference system; (3) criteria for the IHRF reference network design and station selection; and (4) operational infrastructure to guarantee a reliable and long-term sustainability of the IHRF. A highlight of this work is the evaluation of different approaches for the determination and accuracy assessment of IHRF coordinates based on the existing resources, namely (1) global gravity models of high resolution, (2) precise regional gravity field modelling, and (3) vertical datum unification of the local height systems into the IHRF. After a detailed discussion of the advantages, current limitations, and possibilities of improvement in the coordinate determination using these options, we define a strategy for the establishment of the IHRF including data requirements, a set of minimum standards/conventions for the determination of potential coordinates, a first IHRF reference network configuration, and a proposal to create a component of the International Gravity Field Service (IGFS) dedicated to the maintenance and servicing of the IHRS/IHRF.
Detection of glucosamine as a marker for Aspergillus niger: a potential screening method for fungal infections
Authors: Allison Christopher L. , Moskaluk Alex , VandeWoude Sue , Reynolds Melissa M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSeveral species of fungus from the genus Aspergillus are implicated in pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients. Broad screening methods for fungal infections are desirable, as cultures require a considerable amount of time to provide results. Herein, we developed degradation and detection methods to produce and detect D-glucosamine (GlcN) from Aspergillus niger, a species of filamentous fungus. Ultimately, these techniques hold the potential to contribute to the diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. In the following studies, we produced GlcN from fungal-derived chitin to serve as a marker for Aspergillus niger. To accomplish this, A. niger cells were lysed and subjected to a hydrochloric acid degradation protocol. Products were isolated, reconstituted in aqueous solutions, and analyzed using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in tandem with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that GlcN was produced from A. niger. To validate these results, products obtained via fungal degradation were compared to products obtained from the degradation of two chitin polymers. The observed retention times and mass spectral extractions provided a two-step validation confirming that GlcN was produced from fungal-derived chitin. Our studies qualitatively illustrate that GlcN can be produced from A. niger; applying these methods to a more diverse range of fungi offers the potential to render a broad screening method for fungal detection pertinent to diagnosis of fungal infections.
Graphical abstract
Individual behavioural traits not social context affects learning about novel objects in archerfish
Authors: Jones Nick A. R. , Spence-Jones Helen C. , Webster Mike , Rendell Luke 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLearning can enable rapid behavioural responses to changing conditions but can depend on the social context and behavioural phenotype of the individual. Learning rates have been linked to consistent individual differences in behavioural traits, especially in situations which require engaging with novelty, but the social environment can also play an important role. The presence of others can modulate the effects of individual behavioural traits and afford access to social information that can reduce the need for ‘risky’ asocial learning. Most studies of social effects on learning are focused on more social species; however, such factors can be important even for less-social animals, including non-grouping or facultatively social species which may still derive benefit from social conditions. Using archerfish,Toxotes chatareus, which exhibit high levels of intra-specific competition and do not show a strong preference for grouping, we explored the effect of social contexts on learning. Individually housed fish were assayed in an ‘open-field’ test and then trained to criterion in a task where fish learnt to shoot a novel cue for a food reward—with a conspecific neighbour visible either during training, outside of training or never (full, partial or no visible presence). Time to learn to shoot the novel cue differed across individuals but not across social context. This suggests that social context does not have a strong effect on learning in this non-obligatory social species; instead, it further highlights the importance that inter-individual variation in behavioural traits can have on learning.Significance statementSome individuals learn faster than others. Many factors can affect an animal’s learning rate—for example, its behavioural phenotype may make it more or less likely to engage with novel objects. The social environment can play a big role too—affecting learning directly and modifying the effects of an individual’s traits. Effects of social context on learning mostly come from highly social species, but recent research has focused on less-social animals. Archerfish display high intra-specific competition, and our study suggests that social context has no strong effect on their learning to shoot novel objects for rewards. Our results may have some relevance for social enrichment and welfare of this increasingly studied species, suggesting there are no negative effects of short- to medium-term isolation of this species—at least with regards to behavioural performance and learning tasks.
Design of a THz-driven compact relativistic electron source
Authors: Turnár Sz. , Hebling J. , Fülöp J. A. , Tóth Gy. , Almási G. , Tibai Z. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA THz-pulse-driven compact, < 150 mm in total length, two-stage electron accelerator setup was designed. It uses 2 × 2 pairs of nearly counter-propagating focused THz pulses. The effects of the initial bunch charge and the propagation direction of the THz pulses on the energy of the accelerated electrons were investigated by numerical simulations. Generation of 8 fC electron bunches with up to 340 keV energy; only 2.0% energy spread and compressed on-target duration of 200 fs is predicted using single-cycle low-frequency THz pulses with less than 4.5 mJ total energy.
Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis of the postoperative effect of symptomatic discoid lateral meniscus
Authors: Yang Shun-Jie , Li Jian , Xue Yang , Zhang Zhong , Chen Gang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe postoperative effect of arthroscopy in the treatment of symptomatic discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) varies greatly among individuals. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors affecting the postoperative outcomes of symptomatic DLM.Materials and methodsAccording to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients with symptomatic single-knee DLM who underwent arthroscopic surgery at our hospital from 9/2008 to 9/2015 were included. Retrospectively collected 16 factors probably affecting postoperative outcomes. The Ikeuchi grade system was used to evaluate the knee joint function. Univariate analysis was performed by Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test or Mann–WhitneyUtest, and multivariate analysis by ordered logistic regression.P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA sum of 502 patients was included, including 353 females (70.3%) and 149 males (29.7%). Difference between preoperative and postoperative Ikeuchi grade was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Female was bad to obtain a good Ikeuchi grade (P = 0.009, OR 0.458). Outerbridge grade (P = 0.018, OR 0.638) was negatively correlated with Ikeuchi grade. BMI (P = 0.001, OR 0.875) and work intensity (P = 0.020, OR 0.611) were inversely correlated with Ikeuchi grade. Age of onset (P < 0.001, OR 0.956) and symptoms duration (P < 0.001, OR 0.988) were negatively correlated with Ikeuchi grade. Besides, compared to total meniscectomy, meniscoplasty with a repair was an unfavourable factor for Ikeuchi grade (P = 0.044, OR 0.245).ConclusionsWith the increase of BMI, work intensity, age of onset, duration of symptoms, and the severity of cartilage lesion, the postoperative results become worse. Moreover, female and meniscoplasty with repair are risk factors for the postoperative outcomes.
“From chemo to chemo”—the temporal paradox of chemotherapy
Authors: Moskalewicz Marcin , Popova Yanna , Wiertlewska-Bielarz Jadwiga 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To uncover the experience of time in women undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.

Methods
A combination of consensual qualitative research and Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenology.

Results
The key phenomenon found and pre-reflectively organizing the patients’ experience was the temporal paradox of chemotherapy—a sense of both acceleration and deceleration in between chemotherapy sessions that desynchronizes patients with the time of others.

Conclusion
The experienced paradoxes concentrating around the timings of the chemotherapy treatments are of particular relevance for supportive care. It is particularly important to acknowledge the disturbing effect of the cyclical nature of chemotherapy.
Evolutionary origin and systematic position of Euphorbia normannii (Euphorbiaceae), an intersectional hybrid and local endemic of the Stavropol Heights (Northern Caucasus, Russia)
Authors: Frajman Božo , Geltman Dmitry 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Caucasus is one of the richest areas in the world in terms of animal and plant diversity, harbouring 6400 plant species. As a part of the Northern Caucasus, the Stavropol Heights are renowned for their local endemism, highlighted by six species of flowering plants endemic to this area. One of them is the annual speciesEuphorbia normannii, described in 1891, but with uncertain taxonomic position. We here used nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and plastidtrnT–trnF sequences to infer the phylogenetic position ofE. normannii. The nuclear data inferred its position withinE.sect.Myrsiniteae, whereas the plastid data placed it withinE.sect.Pithyusa, thus indicating a hybrid origin. Relative genome size (RGS) data indicate thatE. normanniihas the highest RGS compared to three other annual species belonging to both sections (E. aleppica,E. gaillardotiiandE. falcata). Our data are inconclusive whetherE. normanniiis of allopolyploid or homoploid hybrid origin, or whether later hybridisation and plastid capture fromE.sect.Pithyusawas responsible for the incongruent phylogenetic signal. Morphologically,E. normanniiis distinct, as are all three before-mentioned annuals, which fall in predominately perennial sections. However, the species most similar toE. normanniiisE. falcatafromE.sect.Pithyusaand therefore we propose inclusion ofE. normanniiin this section.
4K 3-dimensional video microscope system (orbeye) for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery
Authors: Rotermund Roman , Regelsberger Jan , Osterhage Katharina , Aberle Jens , Flitsch Jörg 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
In previous reports on experiences with an exoscope, this new technology was not found to be applicable for transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. As a specialized center for pituitary surgery, we were using a 4K 3D video microscope (Orbeye, Olympus) to evaluate the system for its use in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in comparison to conventional microscopy.

Method
We report on 296 cases performed with the Orbeye at a single institution. An observational study was conducted with standardized subjective evaluation by the surgeons after each procedure. An objective measurement was added to compare the exoscopic and microscopic methods, involving surgery time and the initial postoperative remission rate in matched cohorts.

Results
The patients presented with a wide range of pathologies. No serious events or minor complications occurred based on the usage of the 4K 3D exoscope. There was no need for switching back to the microscope in any of the cases. Compared to our microsurgically operated collective, there was no significant difference regarding duration of surgery, complications, or extent of resection. The surgeons rated the Orbeye beneficial in regard to instrument size, positioning, surgeon’s ergonomics, learning curve, image resolution, and high magnification.

Conclusions
The Orbeye exoscope presents with optical and digital zoom options as well as a 4K image resolution and 3D visualization resulting in better depth perception and flexibility in comparison to the microscope. Split screen mode offers the complementary benefit of the endoscope which may increase the possibilities of lateral view but has to be evaluated in comparison to endoscopic transsphenoidal procedures in the next step.
Molecular characterization of clinical carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales from Qatar
Authors: Abid Fatma Ben , Tsui Clement K. M. , Doi Yohei , Deshmukh Anand , McElheny Christi L. , Bachman William C. , Fowler Erin L. , Albishawi Ahmed , Mushtaq Kamran , Ibrahim Emad B. , Doiphode Sanjay H. , Hamed Manal M. , Almaslmani Muna A. , Alkhal Abdullatif , Butt Adeel A. , Omrani Ali S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOne hundred forty-nine carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales from clinical samples obtained between April 2014 and November 2017 were subjected to whole genome sequencing and multi-locus sequence typing. Klebsiella pneumoniae (81, 54.4%) and Escherichia coli (38, 25.5%) were the most common species. Genes encoding metallo-β-lactamases were detected in 68 (45.8%) isolates, and OXA-48-like enzymes in 60 (40.3%). blaNDM-1 (45; 30.2%) and blaOXA-48 (29; 19.5%) were the most frequent. KPC-encoding genes were identified in 5 (3.6%) isolates. Most common sequence types were E. coli ST410 (8; 21.1%) and ST38 (7; 18.4%), and K. pneumoniae ST147 (13; 16%) and ST231 (7; 8.6%).