bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technologies of Peace
Authors: Duursma Allard , Karlsrud John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of the digital revolution and new information and communication technologies on peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The chapter is concerned with how digital and web-based information and communication technologies can be used to prevent and manage armed violence, foster inclusive societies, and ensure a durable and high-quality peace. The UN is increasingly adopting new technologies, particularly within the field of peacekeeping. To increase situational awareness, UN peacekeeping staff have crowdsourced information and used drones and satellite imagery. In addition, the analysis of peacekeeping data holds great potential for early warning. New technological tools can help foster collaboration, transform attitudes, and give a stronger voice to local communities. Online platforms have been used to monitor elections, document human rights abuses, and facilitate communication between members of different sides in a conflict. However, since one cannot simply assume that technology will change everything for the better, it is crucial to be aware of the ethical implications of the use of new peace technologies. The UN needs to be careful that early warning is translated into early action. Peacekeepers and peacebuilders should also be vigilant when it comes to mitigating the possible abuse and negative side effects of the use of peace technologies. The chapter concludes that peace technologies significantly influence the prospects for peacekeeping and peacebuilding, particularly when the use of technology helps peacekeepers and peacebuilders be more people-centric.
Statebuilding
Authors: Chandler David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how international statebuilding has shifted from problem-solving to a new discursive regime of acceptance and affirmation. It seeks to explore how the shift to bottom-up or postliberal approaches in the early 2000s led to a focus on epistemological barriers to intervention and an appreciation of complexity. It describes a process of reflection upon statebuilding as a policy practice, whereby the need to focus on local context and relations in order to take problems seriously further undermines confidence in the Western episteme. In other words, the bottom-up approach, rather than resolving the crisis of policy practices of statebuilding, seems to have further intensified it. It is argued that the way out of this crisis is to reject the problem-solving external authority and instead to “unlearn” from the opportunities opened up through the practices of exploring and engaging with the “other.”
Reconciliation and Peacebuilding
Authors: Kelly Gráinne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
There is near universal agreement on the need for reconciliation following violent conflict, and yet the specific elements of what reconciliation involves, how it relates to wider peacebuilding processes, and how to achieve it remain contested. In the context of a growth in intrastate conflicts, this chapter outlines some of the key debates around reconciliation as a process or end-state and explores its key components or tasks. In addition, it describes the multilevel nature of reconciliation and the requirement to tailor interventions accordingly. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future paths of inquiry that might add greater clarity and nuance to the challenge of reconciliation after conflict.
Environmental Peacebuilding
Authors: Krampe Florian , Swain Ashok 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
For international and domestic actors, postconflict situations constitute one of the most difficult policy arenas to understand and operate within. In this context, the sustainable management of natural resources to prevent conflict and build peace—before, during, or after conflict—has received increasing scholarly attention over the past three decades. Emphasizing the potential for environmental cooperation to support peace and stability, researchers have focused on the ecological foundations for a socially, economically, and politically resilient peace. This chapter takes stock of the current state of the art on environmental peacebuilding, providing a summary of the most common definitions before looking back at the development of environmental peacebuilding along the two most noticeable perspectives and the remaining challenges and pathways for future research.
Peace Formation and the Reshaping of International Peacebuilding
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Contrary to most debates about state formation and the development of international peacebuilding, this chapter outlines an alternative perspective on the shaping of local-to-global political community based upon the hybrid political orders produced by the agency of subaltern actors engaged in peaceful forms of politics after war. Drawing on long-standing critical debates it investigates the positive potential of peace formation, outlining the theoretical development of this concept as a parallel process and often in opposition to modern state formation and the evolution of the international peace architecture with which it is often bound.
Gender, Security, and Peacebuilding
Authors: Smith Sarah 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how gender is relevant to, shapes, and is shaped by security and peacebuilding. It considers gender issues in security and peacebuilding, examines gender policy in peacebuilding, and provides a reflection on the future of the field based on the significant contributions of feminist work to security and peace theorizing. It highlights two significant contributions of feminist and gender theory in security and peacebuilding: making visible previously marginalized experiences and knowledge and exposing the gendered logics that inform this exclusion and are fundamentally entwined with and productive of the priorities and practices of security and peacebuilding. This means that rectifying gender-discriminatory understandings of peace and security requires a reconceptualization of what constitutes security and peace, and the institutions and processes that pursue these goals. These imperatives are directed at both peace and security governance as well as peace and conflict studies as a field of academic study.
International Political Sociology of Peacebuilding
Authors: Goetze Catherine , de Guevara Berit Bliesemann 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how sociological methods, concepts, and theories have been engaged to study international peacebuilding. Sociology is used in three ways to study peacebuilding: as general ontological understanding of the research object as a “society” in which policymakers can intervene in order to achieve specific policy goals; as a set of observation methods; and as a reference in social theory and philosophy that allows criticizing peacebuilding’s configurations of power and inequality. Given their substantially different epistemologies, these ways draw a very uneven image of what that society actually is, how it “works,” and how it affects or is affected by peacebuilding.
Title IX
Authors: Buzuvis Erin E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Title IX, the federal civil rights law that prohibits sex discrimination in education, is well known for transforming girls’ and women’s sports. Since its early history, Title IX has embraced a system of sex segregation in sports. However, Title IX’s “separate but equal” regime is increasingly being challenged by feminists who argue that it has not done enough to eliminate gender disparities and inequities in sport and is fundamentally incompatible with the inclusion and fair treatment of transgender and nonbinary athletes. The first two sections of this article trace the history of Title IX as it has been applied to sports. The article then canvasses the feminist arguments for and against sex segregation in sports and makes the case that a regime of strict sex separation is no longer the best strategy for assuring girls’ and women’s success in sports and dislodging pernicious stereotypes of women’s inferior athleticism.
Disputed Conceptions of Motherhood
Authors: Hendricks Jennifer S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article examines feminist efforts to disentangle womanhood, biological motherhood, and social motherhood in order to promote equality in the law. It argues that this approach has produced important feminist influence and results in some areas of law but has led to a lack of feminist influence in areas where biological and social motherhood overlap, such as parental rights, reproductive technology, and surrogacy. Just as the law needed a theoretical boost that went beyond gender neutrality to see the gendered harm of sexual harassment at work, it needs a feminist account of pregnancy and birth that recognizes that these biological processes have social, relational dimensions.
Historical International Political Economy
Authors: Morrison James Ashley 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The field of International Political Economy (IPE) is steeped in history; and most IPE scholarship today remains historical in a broad sense. Yet, IPE scholars have never been more diverse in their modes of engagement with history, in the influence they ascribe to the weight of history, or in their beliefs about the potential for human progress. This chapter analyzes each of these developments. First, it considers the field’s major modes of engaging history: holistic, comparative, and deep. This includes the use of both old and new historical methods, techniques, and approaches. The chapter then surveys the broad range of views scholars take on the influence of the past on subsequent outcomes, from accounts of strong path dependency to those of perennial change. Last, this chapter discusses the evergreen debates about whether, and how, studying the past can lead to our emancipation from it. Throughout, the chapter highlights opportunities for more “constructive engagement” across distinct bodies of scholarship.
Revelation and Trinity
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to reflect upon the Trinity’s revelation of the Trinity, since only God can reveal God. It turns first to the scriptural testimony (specifically the Gospels of Matthew and John) and asks whether this testimony warrants Trinitarian faith. It then addresses the problem that if the Gospels warrant Trinitarian faith, how is it that the Church in the fourth century almost rejected the truth of the Trinity? After arguing that the pro-Trinitarian Fathers were correct in their claims about the scriptural testimony, the final section turns to the revelatory power of Scripture and the development of doctrine in the Church, in light of historical-critical exegesis.
Divine Revelation and the Holy Spirit
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Ponder an immediate dilemma. The propositional content of divine revelation generally includes reference to the Trinity, and thus includes reference to the Holy Spirit. To be specific, the Holy Spirit is understood to be a Person in the Trinity, that Person, in contrast to the Father and the Son, who proceeds eternally from the Father. This vision of the triune God is clearly grounded in part in divine revelation. So any appeal to the activity of the Holy Spirit as critical in claims about divine revelation will already assume the existence of the Holy Spirit; hence, the whole operation is prima facie hopelessly circular. We appeal to divine revelation to underwrite claims about the existence of the Spirit as one Person in the Holy Trinity; we then appeal to the Holy Spirit to articulate and underwrite our claims about divine revelation. How can this be? After resolving this dilemma, this chapter proceeds as follows: first, it develops and deploys a schema for thinking through the relation between revelation and the action of the Holy Spirit; secondly, it suggests that representative material on the work of the Holy Spirit systematically operates on a reductionist and narrow range of issues; finally, it offers a diagnosis of what has gone wrong and makes a handful of suggestions for future research.
Godsends
Authors: Desmond William 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This is a reflection on the nature of revelation by means of the idea of the ‘godsend’. While seeming to be ordinary, this word carries communication of what is beyond the ordinary. A godsend suggests something like a chink or crack through which something is revealed—a kind of gap, or permeability, a porosity to a light that comes from a source beyond. In that gifted porosity is there an opening to revelation? Does the godsend say something about the surprise of revelation? In response I follow three steps: from word, to idea, to story. I begin by looking at the word and its etymology and consider what this implies. Then I look at the idea of revelation in connection with the claims of philosophical reason. Here my concern is to illuminate some theoretical considerations concerning reason and revelation, from the more reflective conceptual point of view, especially in relation to the modern sense of reason. Thirdly, I turn to story as true to the godsend, and I pay particular attention to a story that witnesses to a kind of fidelity to singularity, the story of Flannery O’Connor entitled ‘Revelation’.
Revelation and the new Atheism
Authors: Taylor James E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains a critical discussion of what three New Atheists—Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins, and Christopher Hitchens—presuppose about divine revelation. Though none of these authors discusses this concept directly, their explicit remarks about alleged divinely authored texts are based on presuppositions about what a genuine divine revelation would be like if God existed. These explicit remarks are contained in their content- and origin-based arguments for the conclusion that no book (Bible, Qur’ān, or Book of Mormon) was authored by God. The former arguments emphasize allegedly problematic textual inclusions and omissions and the latter arguments stress the allegedly problematic role of humans in the production of these texts. Criticism of their presuppositions focuses on problems with their hermeneutical assumptions and exegetical practices and also on their failure to consider the possibility of progressive revelation, dual (divine–human) authorship of the Bible, and alternative divine purposes and strategies for communicating with humans.
Divine Revelation in Islam
Authors: El-Bizri Nader 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The paramount form of divine revelation (waḥy) in Islam is the Qur’ān. Appropriate investigations show that revelation in Islam is onto-theological, and it is closely tied to the manifold modes of addressing the connection and distinction between the divine essence and its attributes (al-dhāt wa’l-ṣifāt). Such onto-theology is mediated via variegated methods of literal exegesis (tafsīr) and allegorical hermeneutics (ta’wīl) of Scripture, as impacted by the reception and assimilation of inherited narrations about the Prophetic sayings (ḥadīth) and biography (sīra) in relegated traditions, and as these were oriented by various theories and manners of praxis in jurisprudence, theology, mysticism, and philosophy. The approach to the question of revelation is, moreover, set within experiential and situated realms of concrete everydayness, which evoke various emotive dispositions in mood and affective comportments on the part of a Muslim believer (mu’min) in the confessional public expression of faith. This state of affairs is underpinned by a sense in which Islam is pictured as being a unified corpus by its majoritarian orthodoxy, with what this entails in terms of doctrinal leanings, and modes of quotidian social interactions, as guided or dictated by legal and jurisprudential frameworks, which are themselves grounded on differential modes of interpreting Scripture. Revelation is as such a phenomenon that can be grasped through the prism and perspective from within which Scripture is disclosed in terms of accrued doctrinal leanings and sectarian traditions, which historically constituted the diverse aspects of the credal understanding of the Islamic pluralist corpus.
Revelation and The Political
Authors: Tan Matthew John Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter will explore the varieties of political thought informed by divine revelation as understood in the Christian tradition. It will do so with reference to the metaphysical assumptions of what happens when transcendence meets history, and accordingly divide the inquiry into three archetypes. The first are the monists, for whom transcendence collapses into the temporal. The second are the dialecticians, for whom the uncrossable distinction between heaven and earth results in a struggle between the two. The third are the participationists, for whom the transcendent and the historical can harmoniously cohere through a ‘mediating third’ plane. For each mode, a brief sketch will be given of the writings of exemplary thinkers, and of the promises and pitfalls. In highlighting this variety, the aim of charting this map is to nuance the discussion currently taking place concerning the motivations and modus operandi of religiously informed political actors.
The Outcry and Revelation of the Truth that Sets us Free
Authors: Sung Jung Mo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
From the perspective of liberation theology, God does not reveal himself so that the human being may know something, but rather so that the human being may be more humane. Revelation is an act of liberation, which delivers the truth that is a prisoner of injustice and sin. In this sense, revelation is not a set of right doctrines (a subject-object relationship), but is a pedagogical process in which human beings, in their relationship to other people (a subject–subject relationship), discover that God does not discriminate among people, that in God all persons are equal in their fundamental dignity. This revelation of God in human history begins with the outcry of the poor and the victims of oppressive relationships and goes on in the discernment between God, who hears the outcry of the victims and calls them to liberation, and the idols and idolaters who do not listen to them and do not recognize their humanity.
Revelation and Cosmology
Authors: Barr Stephen M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Revelation takes many forms. The Book of Wisdom tells us that God reveals himself through the natural world: ‘From the greatness and beauty of created things comes a corresponding perception of their Creator’ (Wis. 13:5). St Paul echoes this in Rom. 1:20, where he says that God’s eternal power and divine nature, though invisible, are ‘seen through the things he has made’. This is called ‘natural revelation’. Christians believe that God has also revealed himself supernaturally, first through the prophets and definitively through the Incarnation. The Catholic Church teaches that this revelation has been given to the Church and that its content is to be found both in Sacred Scripture and in Sacred Tradition. This chapter will refer to that which has been supernaturally revealed as ‘divine revelation’. The topic of revelation and cosmology can be divided into two kinds of question, both of which will be discussed in this chapter. First, what does divine revelation teach us about the cosmos? Secondly Second, in what ways does the cosmos itself reveal something about God?
Quantum Mechanics and Revelation
Authors: Barr Stephen M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that quantum mechanics may have profound philosophical implications, but what those implications are has been debated for nearly a century. The question addressed in this chapter is whether it has any implications that touch upon the truths of Christian revelation. The short answer is that quantum mechanics does not say anything directly about revealed truths but does have implications relevant to certain philosophical truths that the Church regards as entailed by Christian revelation. These include the truths that human beings have free will and that human beings are not entirely reducible to matter or explicable in purely physical terms. Before getting to these questions, the chapter makes some preliminary remarks about quantum mechanics for context.
Revelation in the Visual Arts
Authors: van Bühren Ralf 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter deals with visual artworks as media of divine revelation. Readers gain insight into how Christianity as a religion of revelation has used images since the third century to transmit knowledge of God and his action in history. Early Christian pictures rate among the oldest communication media of revelation. Placed intentionally above the altar, the apse mosaics of late antique churches served anagogical purposes leading beyond the pictorial work to transcendent realities. The perception of images in the Middle Ages could represent the beginning of anagogical ascent towards the divine, engaging the viewer’s imagination. In Renaissance and baroque art occurred a rhetorical shift. Gazes and pointing gestures of the figures draw the viewer’s attention to the stage-like performance of the divine in a perspectival or visionary space. The issue frequently became controversial in contemporary history because the concord between artistic self-expression and the Judaeo-Christian understanding of revelation was no longer a given. At present, the individual responses to divine revelation continue.
Biblical Revelation and Biblical Inspiration
Authors: Yadav Sameer 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an overview of biblical inspiration and revelation. It distinguishes between two senses in which the concepts of revelation and inspiration might be regarded as ‘biblical’, the first having to do with how concepts of revelation and inspiration are defined withinthe text of the Christian Bible, and the second having to do with how theologians have applied those concepts tothe Christian Bible. After a brief discussion of revelation and inspiration in the Bible, it turns to focus on the inspired and revelatory status of the Bible itself. It gives a characterization of the two most influential types of theological theory about how the Bible reveals (propositionally versus manifestationally) before going on to explore how such theories might relate to doctrines of biblical inspiration that attempt to account for God’s role in guiding the textual mediation involved in propositional or manifestational revelation. Finally, the chapter raises the question of whether the notions of inspiration and revelation within the Bible underdetermine or overdetermine our theological theorizing about the Bible as revelatory and inspired text.
Afterword
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This Afterword attempts to summarize the main ways of interpreting revelation in this book. One group takes ‘revelation’ as a term which describes revelation as something which a group of people ‘believe’ happened, where this belief shapes the religiosity of the group. A second way of interpreting revelation sees it as actually given to the group from beyond itself, but as also expressive of a society. Thirdly, we find philosophical interpretations of revelation, as the self-disclosure of a reality or being which transcends individuals and social groups, but where reason rather than faith is pivotal in receiving the revelation. Fourthly, revelation is interpreted theologically, as the objective disclosure of a transcendent reality which can only be received in faith. It is claimed that the first three frameworks for understanding revelation depend upon the fourth, since it grounds their otherwise circular assumptions, such as the receptiveness of the human mind or the self-giving quality of being.