bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Outcomes for Children Affected by Parental Involvement with the Criminal Justice System in Scotland
Authors: Long Tony , Lockwood Kelly , Loucks Nancy , Nugent Briege , Raikes Ben , Sharratt Kathryn , Gallagher Louise 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWith 20-27,000 children in Scotland experiencing a parent’s imprisonment and many more their parent’s involvement in the wider criminal justice system, it is vital that children’s needs and preferences are understood and acted upon. Parental imprisonment or involvement with the justice system short of imprisonment is a cause of deleterious chronic stress and adverse childhood experience. This 18-month participative study in Scotland was designed to establish the problems of having a parent involved in the criminal justice system and to co-produce solutions with affected families. The experiences of 14 children and young people were elicited through interviews (supplemented with input from parents and professionals), followed by a family consultation event. Schools elicited complex relationships of both stress and threat, an outlet, and a means for positive achievement despite the stressors. Schools need proactively to identify children who are struggling emotionally and to provide sensitive, discreet support. Children felt victimised by authorities and the community, experiencing devastating family disruption and loss of childhood. Community-based interventions could educate others about the impact on children of victimisation. Young people emphasised the need to humanise their experience from point-of-arrest to years after release. They sought more child-friendly prison visiting, physical contact, and meaningful activity with their parent. Parents wanted the development of parent-to-parent and young people-led support groups. A means to signpost affected families to self-support groups is needed. A model of symbiotic harm is used to offer theoretical context to the findings.
Assessing the Health and Economic Impact of a Potential Menthol Cigarette Ban in New York City: a Modeling Study
Authors: Li Yan , Sisti Julia , Flórez Karen R. , Albrecht Sandra S. , Viswanath Anita , Davila Marivel , Cantrell Jennifer , Brahmbhatt Diksha , Thompson Azure B. , Jasek John , Chambers Earle C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMenthol in cigarettes increases nicotine dependence and decreases the chances of successful smoking cessation. In New York City (NYC), nearly half of current smokers usually smoke menthol cigarettes. Female and non-Latino Black individuals were more likely to smoke menthol-flavored cigarettes compared to males and other races and ethnicities. Although the US Food and Drug Administration recently announced that it will ban menthol cigarettes, it is unclear how the policy would affect population health and health disparities in NYC. To inform potential policymaking, we used a microsimulation model of cardiovascular disease (CVD) to project the long-term health and economic impact of a potential menthol ban in NYC. Our model projected that there could be 57,232 (95% CI: 51,967–62,497) myocardial infarction (MI) cases and 52,195 (95% CI: 47,446–56,945) stroke cases per 1 million adult smokers in NYC over a 20-year period without the menthol ban policy. With the menthol ban policy, 2,862 MI cases and 1,983 stroke cases per 1 million adults could be averted over a 20-year period. The model also projected that an average of $1,836 in healthcare costs per person, or $1.62 billion among all adult smokers, could be saved over a 20-year period due to the implementation of a menthol ban policy. Results from subgroup analyses showed that women, particularly Black women, would have more reductions in adverse CVD outcomes from the potential implementation of the menthol ban policy compared to males and other racial and ethnic subgroups, which implies that the policy could reduce sex and racial and ethnic CVD disparities. Findings from our study provide policymakers with evidence to support policies that limit access to menthol cigarettes and potentially address racial and ethnic disparities in smoking-related disease burden.
The Incoherence of Institutional Reform: Decentralization as a Structural Solution to Immediate Political Needs
Authors: Faguet Jean-Paul , Shami Mahvish 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInstitutional reforms are structural changes in the rules and norms of authority, with effects that are long-term and unpredictable on government, politics, and society. But leaders may undertake them to solve unrelated, discrete, short-term political problems. Understanding the latter is key to understanding the characteristics of many real reforms, and hence their fate. We introduce the concept ofinstrumental incoherenceand use it to construct a theory of decentralization where reform is motivated by orthogonal objectives. We show that reformers’ incentives map onto the specifics of reform design via their side effects, not their main effects, which in turn lead to the medium- and long-term consequences eventually realized. We characterize downwardly accountable decentralization, which ties the hands of the center to empower local voters, vs. upwardly accountable decentralization, which ties the hands of local government to empower the center. We use these ideas to explain highly divergent outcomes in two extreme cases, Bolivia and Pakistan, using detailed, original evidence. Our analysis likely extends to a broader class of reforms where the incentives of agents pursuing a change, and the effects of that change, are highly asymmetric in time and dimension.
The relationship between self-traumatized and self-vulnerable automatic associations and posttraumatic stress symptoms among adults who have experienced a distressing life event
Authors: Blackwell Simon E. , Ehring Thomas , Gladwin Thomas E. , Margraf Jürgen , Woud Marcella L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractConvergent evidence supports a crucial role for dysfunctional appraisals in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most research in this area has used self-report measures, assessing only explicit forms of such negative cognitions; the relevance of their more automatically-activated counterparts, as assumed by cognitive models, remains relatively unexplored. The current study aimed to further our understanding of the potential utility of measuring automatic dysfunctional associations in the context of posttraumatic stress. The relationship between scores on two different implicit association tests (IATs) and posttraumatic stress symptoms was investigated in a sample of adults (N = 279) who reported having experienced a potentially traumatic negative life event. Participants completed the two IATs (one assessing self-traumatized associations, the other self-vulnerable associations), a self-report measure of dysfunctional appraisals, and measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms and other aspects of psychopathology online. Scores indicating higher levels of dysfunctional associations on both IATs were associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Only scores on the IAT measuring self-vulnerable associations, and not the IAT measuring self-traumatized associations, continued to show an association with posttraumatic stress symptoms after controlling for explicit dysfunctional appraisals. Overall, the results indicate the value of investigating PTSD-relevant automatic associations to further develop our understanding of cognitive processes implicated in posttraumatic stress.
Middle Triassic bivalve traces from central Europe (Muschelkalk, Anisian): overlooked burrows of a common ichnofabric
Authors: Stachacz Michał , Knaust Dirk , Matysik Michał 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe ichnotaxonomy, producers and ethology of the bivalve trace fossil Oravaichnium Plička and Uhrová, 1990 are revised, and the mode of formation is discussed. The ichnogenus is compared with other mollusc trace fossils such as Protovirgularia, Lockeia and Ptychoplasma, as well as the common, cosmopolitan trace fossils Planolites and Palaeophycus, which are morphologically similar to Oravaichnium. A lectotype of Oravaichnium hrabei Plička and Uhrová, 1990 is defined and illustrated. Oravaichnium carinatum isp. nov. from the Middle Triassic of Poland and Germany is described and interpreted as a bivalve burrow. It differs from the relatively rare O. hrabei by a carinate rather than subquadrate cross section. However, O. carinatum isp. nov. shows a great variation of morphology and transitional forms with O. hrabei are common. Similarly, transitional forms of Oravaichnium with other bivalve ichnogenera, especially Protovirgularia, also occur. The studied Triassic ichnoassemblage clearly indicates that bivalve burrows are much more common than previously believed and are represented by repichnia, fodinichnia and cubichnia. The occurrence of similar ichnofabrics containing Oravaichnium in other Triassic succession of the Germanic and Tethys basins and elsewhere suggests a much wider distribution than hitherto known. It is evident that bivalves, most likely nuculids, participated greatly in bioturbation, and the Middle Triassic infaunalisation is one of the most important steps in Phanerozoic evolution of ichnocoenoses.
Cold comfort: Arctic seabirds find refugia from climate change and potential competition in marginal ice zones and fjords
Authors: Bonnet-Lebrun Anne-Sophie , Larsen Thomas , Thórarinsson Thorkell Lindberg , Kolbeinsson Yann , Frederiksen Morten , Morley Tim I. , Fox Derren , Boutet Aude , le Bouard Fabrice , Deville Tanguy , Hansen Erpur Snær , Hansen Thomas , Roberts Patrick , Ratcliffe Norman 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClimate change alters species distributions by shifting their fundamental niche in space through time. Such effects may be exacerbated by increased inter-specific competition if climate alters species dominance where competitor ranges overlap. This study used census data, telemetry and stable isotopes to examine the population and foraging ecology of a pair of Arctic and temperate congeners across an extensive zone of sympatry in Iceland, where sea temperatures varied substantially. The abundance of Arctic Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia declined with sea temperature. Accessibility of refugia in cold water currents or fjords helped support higher numbers and reduce rates of population decline. Competition with temperate Common guillemots Uria aalge did not affect abundance, but similarities in foraging ecology were sufficient to cause competition when resources are limiting. Continued warming is likely to lead to further declines of Brünnich’s guillemot, with implications for conservation status and ecosystem services.
Sources of Students’ Difficulties with Proof By Contradiction
Authors: Rabin Jeffrey M. , Quarfoot David 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe literature on proof by contradiction (PBC) is nearly unanimous in claiming that this proof technique is “more difficult” for students than direct proof, and offers multiple hypotheses as to why this might be the case. To examine this claim and to evaluate some of the hypotheses, we analyzed student work on proof construction problems from homework and examinations in a university “Introduction to Proof” course taught by one of the authors. We also conducted stimulated-recall interviews with student volunteers probing their thought processes while solving these problems, and their views about PBC in general. Our results suggest that the knowledge resources students bring to bear on proof problems, and how these resources are activated, explain more of their “difficulties” than does the logical structure of the proof technique, at least for this population of students.
Intraoperative pathologically-calibrated diagnosis of lymph nodes involved by breast cancer cells based on electrical impedance spectroscopy; a prospective diagnostic human model study
Authors: Mahdavi Reihane , Yousefpour Narges , Abbasvandi Fereshteh , Ataee Hossein , Hoseinpour Parisa , Akbari Mohammad Esmaeil , Parniani Mohammad , Delshad Belal , Avatefi Maryam , Nourinejad Zeinab , Abdolhosseini Saeed , Mehrvarz Sajad , Hajighasemi Farzane , Abdolahad Mohammad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Nodal status evaluation is a crucial step in determining prognostic factors and managing treatment strategies for breast cancer patients. Preoperative (CNB), intraoperative (SLNB), and even postoperative techniques (Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded sectioning, FFPE) have definite limitations of precision or sometimes are time-consuming for the result declaration. The primary purpose of this prospective study is to provide a precise complementary system for distinguishing lymph nodes (LNs) involved by cancerous cells in breast cancer patients intraoperatively.

Methods
The proposed system, Electrical Lymph Scoring(ELS), is designed based on the dielectric properties of the under-test LNs. The system has a needle-shaped 2-electrode probe entered into SLNs or ALNs dissected from patients through standard surgical guidelines. Impedance magnitude in f = 1 kH (Z1kHz) and Impedance Phase Slope in frequency ranges of 100 kHz–500 kHz (IPS) were then extracted from the impedance spectroscopy data in a cohort study of 77 breast cancer patients(totally 282 dissected LNs) who had been undergone surgery before (n = 55) or after (n = 22) chemical therapies (non-neoadjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy). A new admittance parameterSymbol also proposed for LN detection in neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients.

Results
Considering the permanent pathology result as the gold standard checked by two independent expert pathologists, a significant correlation was observed between the presence of cancerous cells in LNs and individual ranges of the ELS electrical responses. Compared with normal LNs containing fatty ambient and immune cells, LNs involved by cancerous clusters would reduce the Z1kHz and increase the IPS. These changes correlate with fat metabolism by cancer cells due to their Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) in LN, which results in different dielectric properties between high and low-fat content of normal and cancerous LNs, respectively.

Conclusions
By finding the best correlation between our defined impedimetric parameters and pathological states of tested LNs, a real-time intraoperative detection approach was developed for highly-sensitive (92%, P<0.001) diagnosis of involved sentinel or axillary LNs. The impact of real-time intraoperative scoring of SLNs would make a pre-estimation about the necessity of excising further LNs to help the surgeon for less invasive surgery, especially in the absence of frozen-section equipment.

Graphical abstract

Highlights
Hegel on What Cannot Be Said: an Interpretation of the Ineffable in the Phenomenology's ‘Sense-Certainty’
Authors: Voogt Ariën 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt is often claimed that Hegel's philosophy cannot accept that something would remain beyond the grasp of conceptual language, and that his thought therefore systematically represses the possibility that something cannot be said. By analysing Hegel's account of the ineffable in the ‘Sense-Certainty’ chapter of the Phenomenology of Spirit, this article argues that Hegel does not repress, but firmly confronts the problem of what cannot be said. With the help of Giorgio Agamben's linguistic interpretation, it is shown that Hegel's conception of the ineffable must be understood from the perspective of his dialectical understanding of language. What appears to be ineffable is only the constitutive result of the dialectical negation that conceptual discourse enacts. Consequently, the ineffable in Hegel's thought cannot be said to remain external to and independent from conceptual language.
Evolvability in the fossil record
Authors: Love Alan C. , Grabowski Mark , Houle David , Liow Lee Hsiang , Porto Arthur , Tsuboi Masahito , Voje Kjetil L. , Hunt Gene 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe concept of evolvability—the capacity of a population to produce and maintain evolutionarily relevant variation—has become increasingly prominent in evolutionary biology. Paleontology has a long history of investigating questions of evolvability, but paleontological thinking has tended to neglect recent discussions, because many tools used in the current evolvability literature are challenging to apply to the fossil record. The fundamental difficulty is how to disentangle whether the causes of evolutionary patterns arise from variational properties of traits or lineages rather than being due to selection and ecological success. Despite these obstacles, the fossil record offers unique and growing sources of data that capture evolutionary patterns of sustained duration and significance otherwise inaccessible to evolutionary biologists. Additionally, there exist a variety of strategic possibilities for combining prominent neontological approaches to evolvability with those from paleontology. We illustrate three of these possibilities with quantitative genetics, evolutionary developmental biology, and phylogenetic models of macroevolution. In conclusion, we provide a methodological schema that focuses on the conceptualization, measurement, and testing of hypotheses to motivate and provide guidance for future empirical and theoretical studies of evolvability in the fossil record.
Dynamic cytokinin signalling landscapes during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Nenadić Milica , Vermeer Joop E. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
By forming lateral roots, plants expand their root systems to improve anchorage and absorb more water and nutrients from the soil. Each phase of this developmental process in Arabidopsis is tightly regulated by dynamic and continuous signalling of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin. While the roles of auxin in lateral root organogenesis and spatial accommodation by overlying cell layers have been well studied, insights on the importance of cytokinin is still somewhat limited. Cytokinin is a negative regulator of lateral root formation with versatile modes of action being activated at different root developmental zones. Here, we review the latest progress made towards our understanding of these spatially separated mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated signalling that shape lateral root initiation, outgrowth and emergence and highlight some of the enticing open questions.
PREDICTION AND ERROR-BASED LEARNING IN L2 PROCESSING AND ACQUISITION
Authors: Bovolenta Giulia , Marsden Emma 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere is currently much interest in the role of prediction in language processing, both in L1 and L2. For language acquisition researchers, this has prompted debate on the role that predictive processing may play in both L1 and L2 language learning, if any. In this conceptual review, we explore the role of prediction and prediction error as a potential learning aid. We examine different proposed prediction mechanisms and the empirical evidence for them, alongside the factors constraining prediction for both L1 and L2 speakers. We then review the evidence on the role of prediction in learning languages. We report computational modeling that underpins a number of proposals on the role of prediction in L1 and L2 learning, then lay out the empirical evidence supporting the predictions made by modeling, from research into priming and adaptation. Finally, we point out the limitations of these mechanisms in both L1 and L2 speakers.
The Contribution of Bilingualism to Cognitive Functioning and Regional Brain Volume in Normal and Abnormal Aging
Authors: Torres Valeria L. , Rosselli Mónica , Loewenstein David A. , Lang Merike , Vélez-Uribe Idaly , Arruda Fernanda , Conniff Joshua , Curiel Rosie E. , Greig Maria T. , Barker Warren W. , Rodriguez Miriam J. , Adjouadi Malek , Vaillancourt David E. , Bauer Russell , Duara Ranjan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe examined the association between bilingualism, executive function (EF), and brain volume in older monolinguals and bilinguals who spoke English, Spanish, or both, and were cognitively normal (CN) or diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or dementia. Gray matter volume (GMV) was higher in language and EF brain regions among bilinguals, but no differences were found in memory regions. Neuropsychological performance did not vary across language groups over time; however, bilinguals exhibited reduced Stroop interference and lower scores on Digit Span Backwards and category fluency. Higher scores on Digit Span Backwards were associated with a younger age of English acquisition, and a greater degree of balanced bilingualism was associated with lower scores in category fluency. The initial age of cognitive decline did not differ between language groups. The influence of bilingualism appears to be reflected in increased GMV in language and EF regions, and to a lesser degree, in EF.
Access to verb bias and plausibility information during syntactic processing in adult Spanish–English bilinguals
Authors: Román Patricia , Kaan Edith , Dussias Paola E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn two experiments, we examine how proficient second language speakers integrate verb bias and plausibility information during online sentence comprehension. Spanish–English speakers and native English speakers read sentences in English in which a post-verbal noun phrase (NP) could be interpreted as a direct object or a sentential subject. To examine the role of verb bias, the post-verbal NP was preceded by a verb that is preferentially followed by a direct object (DO-bias verbs) or a sentential complement (SC-bias verbs). To assess the role of plausibility, the semantic fit between the verb and the post-verbal NP was either congruent or incongruent with the direct object interpretation. The results show that both second language speakers and native speakers used verb bias information to assign a grammatical role to the post-verbal ambiguous NP with small differences. Syntactic revision of an initially incorrect DO interpretation was facilitated by the presence of an implausible NP.
Like principal, like agent? Managerial preferences in employee-owned firms
Authors: Alves Guillermo , Blanchard Pablo , Burdin Gabriel , Chávez Mariana , Dean Andrés 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe relationship between firms’ owners and managers is a quintessential example of costly principal–agent interaction. Optimal design of monetary incentives and supervision mechanisms are the two traditional ways of reducing agency costs in this relationship. In this paper, we show evidence which is consistent with a third mechanism: firms have managers whose economic preferences are aligned with owners' interests. We uncover differences in economic preferences between managers employed in firms controlled by two distinct classes of ‘patrons’: employee-owned firms (worker cooperatives) and conventional investor-owned firms. In a high-stakes lab-in-the-field experiment, we find that co-op managers are less risk-loving and more altruistic than their conventional counterparts. We do not observe differences between the two groups in terms of time preferences, reciprocity, and trust. Our findings are consistent with existing evidence on worker cooperatives, such as their tendency to self-select into less risky industries and their compressed compensation structures.