bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daniel, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon
Authors: Munnich Olivier 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A major issue in the study of the book of Daniel is the question of the replacement of an earlier translation (Dan-o’) by a later one (Dan-θ’). The study of a pre-Hexaplaric witness (Pap. 967) helps define the main tendencies of the Hexaplaric recension (MS 88 and Syrohexapla). In the papyrus the adaptation of the o’ text to the Hebrew–Aramaic Vorlage stops suddenly at the beginning of chapter 4. Another key question relates to the quantitative and qualitative differences between the later translation (Dan-θ’) and the MT text. The different placement of the deuterocanonical additions is less problematic than the inversion of the chapter order in the oldest part of the Dan-o’ tradition (chs. 5–6 after chs. 7–8 in Pap. 967), which has to be considered together with the qualitative differences between these chapters in Dan-o’ and MT. In the book of Daniel the Greek evidence witnesses to the complexity of the Hebrew–Aramaic text, and the doublets of the Dan-o’ tradition merit particular attention.
The Twelve Minor Prophets
Authors: Dogniez Cécile 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter relates to the series of twelve books of the Minor Prophets of the Greek Bible. They differ in order from their counterparts in the Hebrew Bible. Dated to the first half of the second century bce, the Greek rendering of the Twelve Minor Prophets was probably carried out in Alexandria by a single translator. The Septuagint version of the Twelve fluctuates between a very literal translation style that reproduces the original word for word by preserving even the word order of the phrase, and a free rendering displaying individual interpretations, creativity, and stylistic concerns. Frequently cited in the New Testament, the fathers of the Church devoted entire commentaries to the books of the Twelve.
Proverbs
Authors: Cuppi Lorenzo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For a long time the LXX translation of the book of Proverbs has puzzled scholars by its translation technique, which produced a literary version embellished with relatively free renderings, together with omissions, additions, doublets, and differently ordered sections. These peculiar features have raised on the one hand an ongoing debate on the value of LXX Proverbs for text-critical purposes, and on the other, much enquiry regarding the translator’s education and the cultural interplay between Hellenism and Judaism reflected in the rendering. A further challenge to those working on the book in either its Hebrew or LXX form is presented by the difficulties in distinguishing recensional readings, including Hexaplaric material, from the Old Greek.
Deuterocanonical and Apocryphal Books
Authors: Salvesen Alison G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The terms ‘deuterocanonical’ (a later, Catholic, term) or ‘apocryphal’ (used by early Church writers) are popularly used to refer to religious books from the Judeo-Christian tradition perceived as having a lower status than those books regarded as normative for doctrine. Both ‘deuterocanonical’ and ‘apocryphal’ imply the recognition of a contrasting fixed group of authoritative scriptural works, with which the ‘deuterocanonical’ and ‘apocryphal’ books are associated. This chapter focuses on books transmitted in early Greek Christian pandect Bibles and associated with the LXX corpus, but whose status was debated within Christian circles and largely unrecognized by rabbinic Judaism. It explores the original language, date, Greek text form, and witnesses to those complete books most commonly listed in modern times as deuterocanonical, along with some semi-independent works including the Letter of Jeremiah, the Prayer of Manasseh, and Psalm 151. (The additions to Esther, Daniel, and Jeremiah are covered in Chapters 18, 20, and 22 in this volume, on Jeremiah, Daniel, and the Megillot respectively.)
The Scrolls from the Judean Desert and the Septuagint
Authors: Ulrich Eugene 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Hebrew and Greek biblical scrolls found in the middle of the twentieth century in caves at Qumran and other sites along the Dead Sea have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the LXX. Some Greek scrolls prove to be witnesses to the original Greek translation four centuries earlier than our previous manuscripts. They penetrate further behind other manuscripts to offer readings closer to the OG than previously available. In turn, some Hebrew scrolls provide a text which, though at variance from the traditional MT, displays the type of Hebrew edition from which the OG was translated. They confirm that the OG is generally a faithful translation of whichever Hebrew text lay before the translator, as opposed to a paraphrase of the MT or a ‘theological’ or ‘actualizing’ translation.
Kaige and ‘Theodotion’
Authors: Kreuzer Siegfried 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the so-called Kaige and Kaige-Theodotion text of the Septuagint tradition. The Kaige Recension is a revision of the generally somewhat more freely translated original Septuagint (Old Greek) towards the now (late second-/early first-century bce) relevant form of the Hebrew text, the so-called proto-Masoretic text that at least started in the first century bce. The identification of the Kaige Recension also solved the problem that Theodotionic readings had been identified in writings from the first century ce, i.e. long before the traditional dating of the translator Theodotion in the late second century ce. However, there remains the question of a meaningful relationship between ‘Kaige’ and Theodotion.
Citations in the New Testament
Authors: Lincicum David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The New Testament and the Septuagint share a bound fate in their common reception. Indeed, the Septuagint functions as the great predecessor text that serves as an ‘encyclopaedia’ for the authors of the New Testament, and so makes sense of many distinctive modes of expression and theological concepts which the earliest Christian authors employ. This chapter surveys the New Testament’s debt to the Septuagint’s language, ideas, and canon, then goes on to offer a brief overview of the individual writings of the New Testament from the perspective of their use of the Greek Jewish Scriptures.
Origen’s Hexapla
Authors: Gentry Peter J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An Old Testament containing perhaps six editions in parallel columns was produced by the church father Origen (d. 253/4 ce). Surviving evidence for this work is meagre: colophons, a few manuscripts with evidence of the columnar form, marginal notes in manuscripts giving readings from non-LXX editions, and testimony from some patristic writers who had some contact with Origen’s work. Currently, almost every point in the description of this work is debated, and scholars are at a point where all the sources of evidence on the Hexapla need to be examined afresh. Key questions include Origen’s purpose in creating it; possible precedents in Alexandria; the extent of the Hexapla; which editions were included beside the Old Greek; the use of text-critical symbols; the role of Pamphilus and Eusebius in later recensions of the Hexapla; the relation of the so-called Tetrapla to the Hexapla.
The Vetus Latina (old latin)
Authors: Bogaert Pierre-Maurice 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The translations of the Old Testament into Latin, from c.200 ce onwards, were based on the LXX rather than the Hebrew. Due to the eventual triumph of Jerome’s translation according to the Hebrew (later known as the Vulgate), the witnesses to the Old Latin (Vetus Latina) are poorly preserved, but this latter text was the one that was quoted and commented on by the Latin Church fathers, who in turn frequently use commentaries by Greek fathers on the LXX. In this way the Old Latin acts as a link between the LXX and the Latin fathers. The early texts of the LXX sometimes differ from the textus receptus, and consequently also their Latin translations. Differences may be local or great, e.g. the order of chapters in Exodus, Jeremiah, Daniel, and Proverbs. Qumran has shown that some of these differences are attested in Hebrew. The Old Latin translated from the Old Greek (whether preserved or not) represents a form of the Old Testament distinct from the Masoretic Text.
Christian Theology
Authors: Barton John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The differences between the Septuagint and the Hebrew Old Testaments are not a matter of indifference for Christian theology. At the textual level, the LXX reflects ideas more typical of postbiblical Judaism and early Christianity, such as eschatology, messianism, and resurrection. At the canonical level, it can be argued (as for example by Hartmut Gese) that including the Greek books in the Old Testament better symbolizes the continuity of the Testaments for Christians. Five specific issues are: (1) Unlike the Hebrew Bible, the LXX has no fixed and stable text; (2) The term ‘canon’ is a slippery one, and it is unclear exactly what the LXX canon contains; (3) The LXX may not be a single ‘work’ susceptible of a holistic interpretation; (4) The attempt to write a ‘Theology of the LXX’ might be worthwhile; and (5) It might be possible to see both LXX and MT as canonical.
The Nature of Septuagint Greek
Authors: Evans Trevor V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Language provides core evidence for addressing most of the central questions of LXX studies. The achievement of an accurate understanding of the special nature of the Greek in which the LXX is composed is thus a key scholarly desideratum. Although the corpus does not lightly yield its linguistic secrets, significant progress has been made in recent scholarship. This chapter considers the linguistic and stylistic heterogeneity of the LXX corpus. It outlines the development of the main lines of interpretation, from emphasis on the ‘Semitic’ features of translation Greek to focus on natural Greek characteristics. It also traces the history of LXX lexicography from Rosenbach to Muraoka, taking into account the oblique impact of recent large-scale translation projects. Lastly it addresses the dynamic current state of research, and points to results that may flow from systematic analyses of the material that locate it within its broader linguistic context as a set of key specimens of early Koine Greek.
The Books of Kings
Authors: Kauhanen Tuukka , Piquer Otero Andrés , Tekoniemi Timo , Torijano Pablo A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The books of Kings have some of the most challenging text-historical problems in all of the Hebrew Bible. The Septuagint edition (known as 3–4 Kingdoms) differs widely from MT Kings in both individual readings and the ordering of the textual units. These differences can be traced to its Hebrew Vorlage. The translation from the Hebrew was made in a highly literal, albeit not slavish, style. The study of the Septuagint of Kings is further complicated by the fact that most of its text was later subjected to the Kaige revision and that this revised text form is now found in most Greek witnesses. Thus the Old Greek translation is best preserved in different Greek manuscript traditions in different sections of Kings. Often the daughter versions, especially the Old Latin, are of great significance for the text-critical study of both the Old Greek and also its probable Vorlage.
Philo and the Septuagint
Authors: Pearce Sarah J. K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the fundamental place of the LXX in the writings of Philo of Alexandria, with particular attention to the treatment of the LXX text in the following: (1) the Questions and Answers on Genesis and Exodus; (2) the Allegorical Commentary; (3) the Exposition of the Law; (4) the Life of Moses Books 1–2. It also discusses questions of Philo’s citation practice; terminology applied to Jewish sacred books; the transmission history of Philo’s scriptural citations; his presentation of the translation of the books of Moses on the island of Pharos (Mos. 2.25–44); his use of etymologies; and his knowledge of Hebrew.
The Social and Historical Setting of the Septuagint
Authors: Aitken James K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The history of both Palestine and the regions forming the Diaspora is one of changing political power and rivalry between empires. For many Jews living in these areas the change in ruler had little effect on daily life. The one noticeable difference would have been the rise in the use of Greek, which would especially have been stimulated in Judea by the Hasmonean and Herodian courts. In such a context translation into Greek could have been possible, and the later a translation is placed in the Second Temple period the greater chance it could have been translated outside of Egypt. However, for the Diaspora communities our evidence is scant and nothing more than speculation is feasible, although social circumstances render translation there a possibility.
The Social and Historical Setting of the Septuagint
Authors: Capponi Livia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the civic status, political role, and social standing of the Jewish community in Egypt from its establishment under Ptolemy I until its destruction at the time of the Diaspora Revolt under Trajan, and beyond. It revises some debated issues, such as the relationship between Macedonian and Jewish status in Ptolemaic Egypt, the role of Jews as ‘guardians of the river’, the Augustan reforms and their consequences under Gaius and Claudius, the migration of Jewish rebels after 70 ce, and the traces of some Egyptian solidarity with the Jewish rebels under Trajan. Its aim is to show the complexities of a region where Egyptian and Jewish cultures were in close contact since the very ancient past, and which cannot be explained through a simplistic categorization ‘Judaism versus Hellenism’.
New Testament
Authors: Wagner J. Ross 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Septuagint research has vital contributions to make to contemporary conversations in New Testament studies. Nowhere is this more evident than in current debates about the interpretation of Israel’s Scriptures in the New Testament writings and the nature of New Testament Greek. Key areas of investigation include the influence of the LXX on the vocabulary of the NT; the pluriformity of Greek scriptural texts in the first century ce; the difficulty of distinguishing between citation, allusion, citations from memory, and echoes of Scripture in Greek.
Manuscripts, Papyri, and Epigraphy
Authors: Bossina Luciano 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Owing to their number, chronological distribution, and geographical diffusion, the manuscript witnesses of the Septuagint amount to one of the major corpora of Greek literature, comparable only to the New Testament and Homer. The LXX corpus was in constant evolution, covering all the major turning points in the history of Greek manuscripts: the transition from roll to codex, from majuscule to minuscule writing, from papyrus to parchment, and from parchment to paper. The variety of uses is also comprehensive. There are both luxury manuscripts written by professional calligraphers, and manuscripts for daily use created from recycled materials and using cursory handwriting. It is a corpus of relevance not solely for the biblical scholar, but also for the philologist, the palaeographer and codicologist, the historian, the art historian, the Byzantinist, the theologian, and more. This chapter will focus on the parchment and paper manuscripts between the fourth and the sixteenth centuries.
Xylem network connectivity and embolism spread in grapevine(Vitis viniferaL.)
Authors: Wason Jay , Bouda Martin , Lee Eric F , McElrone Andrew J , Phillips Ronald J , Shackel Kenneth A , Matthews Mark A , Brodersen Craig 
Published: February 2021

AbstractXylem networks are vulnerable to the formation and spread of gas embolisms that reduce water transport. Embolisms spread through interconduit pits, but the three-dimensional (3D) complexity and scale of xylem networks means that the functional implications of intervessel connections are not well understood. Here, xylem networks of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were reconstructed from 3D high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) images. Xylem network performance was then modeled to simulate loss of hydraulic conductivity under increasingly negative xylem sap pressure simulating drought stress conditions. We also considered the sensitivity of xylem network performance to changes in key network parameters. We found that the mean pit area per intervessel connection was constant across 10 networks from three, 1.5-m stem segments, but short (0.5 cm) segments fail to capture complete network connectivity. Simulations showed that network organization imparted additional resistance to embolism spread beyond the air-seeding threshold of pit membranes. Xylem network vulnerability to embolism spread was most sensitive to variation in the number and location of vessels that were initially embolized and pit membrane vulnerability. Our results show that xylem network organization can increase stem resistance to embolism spread by 40% (0.66 MPa) and challenge the notion that a single embolism can spread rapidly throughout an entire xylem network.
A semi-dominant NLR allele causes whole-seedling necrosis in wheat
Authors: Jia Haiyan , Xue Shulin , Lei Lei , Fan Min , Peng Shuxia , Li Tian , Nagarajan Ragupathi , Carver Brett , Ma Zhengqiang , Deng Junpeng , Yan Liuling 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) and apoptosis have key functions in development and disease resistance in diverse organisms; however, the induction of necrosis remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a semi-dominant mutant allele that causes the necrotic death of the entire seedling (DES) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the absence of any pathogen or external stimulus. Positional cloning of the lethal allele mDES1 revealed that this premature death via necrosis was caused by a point mutation from Asp to Asn at amino acid 441 in a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein containing nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeats. The overexpression of mDES1 triggered necrosis and PCD in transgenic plants. However, transgenic wheat harboring truncated wild-type DES1 proteins produced through gene editing that exhibited no significant developmental defects. The point mutation in mDES1 did not cause changes in this protein in the oligomeric state, but mDES1 failed to interact with replication protein A leading to abnormal mitotic cell division. DES1 is an ortholog of Sr35, which recognizes a Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici stem rust disease effector in wheat, but mDES1 gained function as a direct inducer of plant death. These findings shed light on the intersection of necrosis, apoptosis, and autoimmunity in plants.
Impact of Current Pain Status on Low-Barrier Buprenorphine Treatment Response Among Patients with Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Peck Kelly R , Ochalek Taylor A , Streck Joanna M , Badger Gary J , Sigmon Stacey C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is prevalent among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). However, the impact of CNCP on buprenorphine treatment outcomes is largely unknown. In this secondary analysis, we examined treatment outcomes among individuals with and without CNCP who received a low-barrier buprenorphine maintenance regimen during waitlist delays to more comprehensive opioid treatment.

Methods
Participants were 28 adults with OUD who received 12 weeks of buprenorphine treatment involving bimonthly clinic visits, computerized medication dispensing, and phone-based monitoring. At intake and monthly follow-up assessments, participants completed the Brief Pain Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Addiction Severity Index, and staff-observed urinalysis.

Results
Participants with CNCP (n = 10) achieved comparable rates of illicit opioid abstinence as those without CNCP (n = 18) at weeks 4 (90% vs 94%), 8 (80% vs 83%), and 12 (70% vs 67%) (P = 0.99). Study retention was also similar, with 90% and 83% of participants with and without CNCP completing the 12-week study, respectively (P = 0.99). Furthermore, individuals with CNCP demonstrated significant improvements on the BDI-II and Global Severity Index subscale of the BSI (P &lt; 0.05). However, those with CNCP reported more severe medical problems and smaller reductions in legal problems relative to those without CNCP (P = 0.03).

Conclusions
Despite research suggesting that chronic pain may influence OUD treatment outcomes, participants with and without CNCP achieved similar rates of treatment retention and significant reductions in illicit opioid use and psychiatric symptomatology during low-barrier buprenorphine treatment.
Identifying unmet needs in SSc-ILD by semi-qualitative in-depth interviews
Authors: Hoffmann-Vold Anna-Maria , Bendstrup Elisabeth , Dimitroulas Theodoros , Hesselstrand Roger , Morais Antonio , Peltomaa Ritva , Smith Vanessa , Welling Joep , Vonk Madelon C , Wuyts Wim A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Interstitial lung disease is frequent in SSc (SSc-ILD) and associates with significantly reduced quality of life. Here we aimed to analyse patient pathways, and experiences of patients and healthcare providers (HCPs) in order to identify unmet needs in the management of SSc-ILD patients.

Methods
Semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted in eight European countries looked at HCP (n = 95) and patient perspectives (n = 47) using two sets of 70 research questions. Pre-diagnostic, diagnostic and post-diagnostic phases of the patient pathway were systematically explored.

Results
(i) In the pre-diagnostic phase several gaps were identified by HCPs and patients in all participating countries: limited disease knowledge among primary care physicians and specialists, lack of accurate patient information, and delayed and/or inappropriate referral. (ii) The diagnostic phase is in most countries coordinated by rheumatologists, who are also the main point of care. Depending on the local health system, organization of multidisciplinary collaboration varies. HCPs issued lack of national guidelines, while patients stated difficulties obtaining disease-related information. (iii) In the post-diagnostic phase, HCPs and patients indicated lack of curative treatment, specialized nurses, and paramedical and psychological support. Patients and caregivers additionally expressed the need for clear information on SSc-ILD.

Conclusion
Lack of disease specific knowledge, gaps in national healthcare systems and insufficient information and support for patients and caregivers were identified as unmet needs to ensure timely diagnosis, provide better patient management and to improve quality of life in SSc-ILD patients.
Genome Sequence of the Fungus Trichoderma asperellum SM-12F1 Revealing Candidate Functions of Growth Promotion, Biocontrol, and Bioremediation
Authors: Li Lijuan , Zeng Xibai , Chen Jieyin , Tian Jian , Huang Jinqun , Su Shiming 
Published: February 2021

Trichoderma spp. are versatile probiotic fungi that are known to promote plant growth and disease resistance under biotic stress, abiotic stress, or both. They are often used to prevent plant diseases caused by pathogens, act as biofertilizers, and are used in mycoremediation. In our previous study, Trichoderma asperellum strain SM-12F1 was isolated from soils contaminated with arsenic (As), adjacent to a realgar mine. SM-12F1 promoted plant growth and was useful for biocontrol and bioremediation. However, the genomic sequence of this strain was not characterized. This study aimed to generate high-quality genome resources for T. asperellum SM-12F1, and to determine the genomic basis of mechanisms behind plant growth promotion, biocontrol, and bioremediation of As in soil. Genome data of this fungus will provide perspectives on the molecular basis underlying biocontrol activity and mycoremediation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .