bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐scarring patchy alopecia: What else, apart from alopecia areata?
Authors: Pisano Luigi , Di Pietro Michela , Santi Raffaella , Grandi Vieri , Bosi Alberto , Santucci Marco , Pimpinelli Nicola , Difonzo Elisa Margherita 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA 67‐year‐old woman presented with a 3‐month history of patchy alopecia areata (AA)‐like hair loss and multiple painful enlarged lymph nodes at cervical, nuchal, and left axillary site. The patient was on follow‐up for IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, stable for many years. A punch biopsy from a patch of the temporal scalp revealed the presence of B‐cell lymphoid infiltrates consistent with marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma (MZL). Other staging examinations were conducted to make a definitive diagnosis of nodal MZL with secondary cutaneous involvement. The patient showed a complete remission of the alopecia, without evidence of scarring, after immunochemotherapy for lymphoma.
Adaptation in the face of adversity: Decrements and enhancements in children's cognitive control behavior following early caregiving instability
Authors: Fields Andrea , Bloom Paul A. , VanTieghem Michelle , Harmon Chelsea , Choy Tricia , Camacho Nicolas L. , Gibson Lisa , Umbach Rebecca , Heleniak Charlotte , Tottenham Nim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCognitive control is typically described as disrupted following exposure to early caregiving instability. While much of the work within this field has approached cognitive control broadly, evidence from adults retrospectively reporting early‐life instability has shown more nuanced effects on cognitive control, even demonstrating enhancements in certain subdomains. That is, exposure to unstable caregiving may disrupt some areas of cognitive control, yet promote adaptation in others. Here, we investigated three domains of cognitive control in a sample of school‐age children (N = 275, Age = 6‐12 years) as a function of early caregiving instability, defined as the total number of caregiving switches. Results demonstrated that caregiving instability was associated with reduced response inhibition (Go/No‐Go) and attentional control (Flanker), but enhanced cognitive flexibility (Dimensional Change Card Sort Task Switching). Conversely, there were no statistically significant associations with group (i.e., institutional care versus foster care) or maltreatment exposure and these patterns. These findings build on the specialization framework, suggesting that caregiving instability results in both decrements and enhancements in children's cognitive control, consistent with the hypothesis that cognitive control development is scaffolded by early environmental pressures.
Labor market competition over the business cycle
Authors: Monte Daniel , Pinheiro Roberto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWith a duopsony model, we study how earnings inequality, firm size distribution, and labor market slack vary across local labor markets and the business cycle. In booms, due to high aggregate productivity, there is fierce competition with resulting high wages and full employment. During recessions, there is labor market slack and firms enjoy local market power. In periods in which the economy is moving into or out of a recession, there is an “accommodation” phase, with firms shrinking their labor forces and paying lower wages instead of competing for poached workers. We show that the impact of economic shocks on wage dispersion and inequality may vary not only due to the nature of the shock, but also based on which equilibrium the economy may have settled in.
The cohort effect of political change on language speaking: Evidence from Hong Kong
Authors: Zheng Xian , Zhou Yonghong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt has been proven that language is a symbol of culture and politics. This study investigates the cohort effect of Hong Kong's handover on the language spoken in adulthood based on the 2006 and 2011 Hong Kong population censuses. We find that Mandarin is more likely to be used by Hong Kong natives who were exposed to the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 during their school‐age years, especially the generation that were exposed during their primary‐school years. This cohort insisted on speaking Mandarin, even when the political environment changed from 2006 to 2011. Our evidence reveals that the political change that occurs during one's school‐age years has a long‐term impact on an individual's behaviour in adulthood. Further discussion indicates that exposure to political change such as regime transfer during school‐age years impacts an individual's national identity.
Disentangling the correlated evolution of body size, life history, and ontogeny in miniaturized chelydroid turtles
Authors: Cordero Gerardo A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOrganismal miniaturization is defined by a reduction in body size relative to a large ancestor. In vertebrate animals, miniaturization is achieved by suppressing the energetics of growth. However, this might interfere with reproductive strategies in egg‐laying species with limited energy budgets for embryo growth and differentiation. In general, the extent to which miniaturization coincides with alterations in animal development remains obscure. To address the interplay among body size, life history, and ontogeny, miniaturization in chelydroid turtles was examined. The analyses corroborated that miniaturization in the Chelydroidea clade is underlain by a dampening of the ancestral growth trajectory. There were no associated shifts in the early sequence of developmental transformations, though the relative duration of organogenesis was shortened in miniaturized embryos. The size of eggs, hatchlings, and adults was positively correlated within Chelydroidea. A phylogenetically broader exploration revealed an alternative miniaturization mode wherein exceptionally large hatchlings grow minimally and thus attain diminutive adult sizes. Lastly, it is shown that miniaturized Chelydroidea turtles undergo accelerated ossification coupled with a ~10% reduction in shell bones. As in other vertebrates, the effects of miniaturization were not systemic, possibly owing to opposing functional demands and tissue geometric constraints. This underscores the integrated and hierarchical nature of developmental systems.
Recent developments in the pathogenesis of pruritus in bullous pemphigoid
Authors: Sun Chao , Feng Suying 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBullous pemphigoid (BP) is a common autoimmune bullous disease which mainly affects the elderly. The incidence of BP is gradually increasing and associated with high mortality. This disease is clinically characterized by intensely pruritic and widespread bullous lesions. Alternative therapy options for pruritus in patients with BP are limited primarily because pathophysiological mechanisms of itching in BP are still unclear. This review aims to explain crucial concepts of the pathogenesis of pruritus in BP. Vital findings in recent years will be summarized, and cofactors of the pathogenesis of pruritus will be discussed in detail. We will summarize knowledge on pathogenic factors in the immunologic level conducing to skin pruritus in BP.
Experimental analyses for electronic structure of barium zirconate‐strontium zirconate proton‐conducting solid solution
Authors: Matsuo Hiroki , Murakami Tatsuya , Otomo Junichiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn proton‐conducting oxides, analyses for their electronic structure contribute to the understanding of interactions between defects in them. In this study, electronic band alignment of (1−x)BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ(BZY)–xSrZr0.95Y0.05O3−δ(SZY) proton‐conducting solid‐solution system (BSZY) which has high defect concentration and the deep valence band is experimentally investigated. By using thin‐film specimens for optical absorption measurements, absorption edges derived from electron transition from the valence band to the conduction band which was insensitive to the proton incorporation were clearly observed in spite of the high defect concentration. The obtained optical band gap energy increased from 5.61 to 5.89 eV with increasing x, which was consistent with a composition dependence of Zr(Y)O6 octahedral tilting. Ultraviolet photon‐yield spectroscopy (UV‐PYS) measurements under vacuum condition revealed that BZY and SZY had ionization energy of 6.98 and 7.31 eV, respectively, and thus the absolute energy levels of the valence band maximum and the conduction band minimum of BSZY were experimentally clarified. We propose that the combination of the optical absorption measurements using thin‐film specimens and the UV‐PYS measurements under vacuum condition is effective in evaluating fundamental electronic structures of proton‐conducting oxides.
Description of the growth hormone gene of the Australasian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, and associated intra‐ and interspecific genetic variation
Authors: Irving Kate , Wellenreuther Maren , Ritchie Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe growth hormone (GH) gene of the marine teleost, the Australasian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), was identified and characterized from the reference genome showing it was approximately 5577 bp in length and consisted of six exons and five introns. Large polymorphic repeat regions were found in the first and third introns, and putative transcription factor binding sites were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the GH genes of perciform fish showed largely conserved coding regions and highly variable noncoding regions among species. Despite some exon sequence variation and an amino acid deletion identified between C. auratus and its sister species Chrysophrys/Pagrus major, the amino acid sequences and putative secondary structures were largely conserved across the Sparidae. A population‐level assessment of 99 samples caught at five separate coastal locations in New Zealand revealed six variable alleles at the intron 1 site of the C. auratus GH gene. A population genetic analysis suggested that C. auratus from the five sample locations were largely panmictic, with no evidence for departure from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and have a high level of heterozygosity. Overall these results suggest that the GH gene is largely conserved across the coding regions, but some variability could be detected.
The Death Penalty and Historical Change in Spain
Authors: Oliver Olmo Pedro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article studies the long duration of the death penalty in Spain until its abolition in the Constitution of 1978. After analysing the plurality of theoretical approaches and possibilities offered by archival sources and specialised historiography (particularly those produced by specialists in the history of law and social history), I synthesise the Spanish answers to the major questions posed in the international historiographical debate on this issue. I then review the formality and the religious and juridical content of these “ceremonies of torment” in order to understand the scope of the practice of the death penalty in processes of social change: what did political power transmit from the scaffolds and what type of social impact was generated by public executions? How did the institutions that exercised the death penalty evolve? Why, during the transition from the Old Regime to the liberal state, was the death penalty used more regularly than before? How many prisoners were in fact executed, for what crimes, and using what procedures and techniques? Finally, after confirming that in the decades straddling the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the death penalty was on the decline, being counteracted by abolitionist discourse in the field of penal sentencing, I examine the functions played by political executions in the repressive dynamics of the Civil War and Francoism.
Prevalence of low back pain among intensive care nurses: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Sang Shuyan , Wang Jing , Jin Jiayao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundLow back pain (LBP) is a ubiquitous health problem affecting most of healthcare staff. However, there have been not effort to derive robust prevalence estimates of LBP among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses.Aims and objectivesTo determine the prevalence of LBP among ICU nurses.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted. Five databases were searched: Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, and CINHAL databases. Original research that reported the prevalence of LBP among ICU nurses using a 12‐month recall period were included. In order to assess methodological quality, we used a quality rating system which is specifically developed for LBP studies. Cochran's Q and the I2 test were applied to assess heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was applied to identify factors that may contribute to heterogeneity. Presence of potential publication bias was assessed by using Egger's test and visual inspection of the symmetry in funnel plots.ResultsTwenty‐seven studies reporting data from 2004 to 2020 on the prevalence of LBP in a defined ICU nurses were included (participants:6258; range: 3‐1345). Twenty‐one (77.8%) studies were of “high” quality. Among the included studies, the lowest and the highest prevalence were found to be 34.5% and 100.0%, respectively. Meta‐analysis of included studies yielded a pooled prevalence of 12‐month LBP at 76.0% (95% CI, 69.0%‐81.8%). (I2 = 96.0%, Chi‐squared = 722, P‐value < .01).ConclusionLBP is prevalent among ICU nurses. Greater attention is urgently needed to address this burdensome health problem among ICU nurses, particularly with an emphasis to develop preventive strategies.Relevance to clinical practiceThe results of our meta‐analysis have important consequences for ICU nurse managers. Our finding of high prevalence rate of LBP among ICU nurses suggests that more attention should be devoted to develop and apply prevention programs for ICU nurses to manage this global issue.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway mediates the early heat stress response of developing rice seeds
Authors: Sandhu Jaspreet , Irvin Larissa , Liu Kan , Staswick Paul , Zhang Chi , Walia Harkamal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA transient heat stress occurring during early seed development in rice (Oryza sativa) reduces seed size by altering endosperm development. However, the relationship between the timing of the stress and specific developmental stage on heat sensitivity is not well‐understood. To address this, we imposed a series of non‐overlapping heat stress treatments and found that young seeds are most sensitive during the first two days after flowering. Temporal transcriptome analysis of developing, heat stressed (35°C) seeds during this window shows that Inositol‐requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways are the early (1–3 h) drivers of heat stress response. We propose that increased JA levels under heat stress may precede ER stress response as JA application promotes the spliced form of OsbZIP50, an ER response marker gene linked to IRE1‐specific pathway. This study presents temporal and mechanistic insights into the role of JA and ER stress signalling during early heat stress response of rice seeds that impact both grain size and quality. Modulating the heat sensitivity of the early sensing pathways and downstream endosperm development genes can enhance rice resilience to transient heat stress events.
The role of parental education on the relationship between gestational age and school outcomes
Authors: Bilsteen Josephine Funck , Ekstrøm Claus Thorn , Børch Klaus , Nybo Andersen Anne‐Marie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals born preterm may experience difficulties beyond the neonatal period, such as poorer school outcomes. However, whether these outcomes are modified by family factors is less well‐known.ObjectivesTo investigate whether parental educational level modify the relationship of gestational age with completion of final examinations and grade point average in compulsory education.MethodsThis nationwide register‐based cohort study included singletons born in Denmark during 1995‐2001. We investigated the differences in the associations between gestational age (24‐44 weeks) and two school outcomes at 16 years according to parental educational level (lower (≤10 years), intermediate (11‐13 years), and higher (>13 years)). Mixed‐effect logistic regression and mixed‐effect linear regression were used to model completion of final examination and grade point average, respectively.ResultsOf the 425 101 singletons, 4.7% were born before 37 weeks. The risk of not completing final examination increased with shorter gestational age and lower parental educational level. For instance, among adolescents whose parents had a lower educational level, the risk increased from 23.9% (95% CI, 23.1, 24.6) for those born in week 40 to 36.6% (95% CI, 31.5, 42.1) for those born in week 28. For adolescents whose parents had a higher educational level, the corresponding risk increase was 5.9% (95% CI, 5.7, 6.1) to 10.5% (95% CI, 8.6, 12.8), respectively. Grade point average decreased with shorter gestational age in adolescents born before 30 weeks and with lower parental educational level. The associations between gestational age and grade point average were similar across parental educational levels. For completions of final examination, the associations with gestational age were weaker with higher parental educational level.ConclusionsShorter gestational age and lower parental educational level were associated with poorer school outcomes. Our findings suggest that parental educational level mitigates the adverse effects of shorter gestational age on some school outcomes.
Buddhism and race in the United States
Authors: McNicholl Adeana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBuddhist Studies developed alongside the rise of racial sciences and the colonization of so‐called “heathen” bodies, lands, and resources. Colonialism, race, and racialization have constituted the ways “real” Buddhism is positioned against “Other” Buddhisms. In this article, I provide an overview of scholarship on Buddhism and race in the United States. Racial whiteness has been constitutive of normative understandings of Buddhism. White normative understandings of religion have also impacted the religious and racial subjectivities of minoritized Buddhists in the United States. If we are to provincialize white religious and racial categories, I argue we must prioritize the religious and racial subjectivities of Asian American and other racialized Buddhists.
Correlates and Consequences of the 1918 Influenza in South Africa
Authors: de Kadt Daniel , Fourie Johan , Greyling Jan , Murard Elie , Norling Johannes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study the demographic and economic correlates of the 1918 influenza or “Spanish flu” that killed an estimated 6% of South Africa's population. While the pandemic has received some attention in South African historiography and from social scientists in other contexts, little is known about its long‐term impact on the country. Bringing together data from a range of new sources, including population and agricultural censuses, household surveys, and the voters’ rolls, we provide analyses that show, first, the factors that (do and do not) predict flu mortality across South Africa's magisterial districts, and, second, suggest some important consequences of the flu. Our results reveal a large but short‐lived demographic shock, and detectable, if small scale, long‐term economic consequences.
Mucormycosis associated with COVID‐19 in two kidney transplant patients
Authors: Arana Carolt , Cuevas Ramírez Rafael E. , Xipell Marc , Casals Joaquim , Moreno Asunción , Herrera Sabina , Bodro Marta , Cofan Frederic , Diekmann Fritz , Esforzado Núria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) predisposes patients to bacterial and fungal superinfections due to the impairment of the immunological system. Among the associated opportunistic fungal infections, mucormycosis is one of the least frequent but with the highest mortality. We describe two cases of mucormycosis in two kidney transplant recipients, while they were hospitalized for SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia, with rhinosinusal and musculoskeletal involvement, respectively.
Thymic epithelial tumours in 51 dogs: Histopathologic and clinicopathologic findings
Authors: Yale Andrew D. , Priestnall Simon L. , Pittaway Rachel , Taylor Angela J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCanine thymic epithelial tumours (TET) are uncommon and little is known about their behaviour. Previous attempts at histologic classification have varied, and as such reliable prognostic information is unavailable. The aim of this retrospective multi‐institutional study was to evaluate cases of canine TETs, irrespective of subtype, in order to identify useful histopathologic and clinicopathologic prognostic factors. Cases were included if the tumour arose from the cranial mediastinum and a diagnosis of TET was made on the basis of histopathology. Fifty‐one dogs were included. In addition to clinicopathologic data, histology samples were reviewed for the following features: mitotic count, percentage of necrosis, presence of Hassall's corpuscles, lymphocytic infiltrate, cellular pleomorphism and vascular or capsular invasion. The median survival time for all dogs was 449 days. The 1‐ and 2‐year survival rate was 52.6% and 26.3% respectively. On multivariable analysis surgical excision of the thymic tumour was associated with significantly prolonged survival; the presence of metastasis, myasthenia gravis and moderate or marked cellular pleomorphism were associated with significantly reduced survival. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate prognostic factors to aid treatment recommendations.
Displacement of center of mass in dogs in response to foot sensory stimulation
Authors: Izawa Kousuke , Fukunaga Koya , Hirota Yuji , Orito Kensuke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveEvaluate center of mass (CoM) displacement values during four‐limb and three‐limb standing with limb suspension in dogs before and after applying sensory stimulation to a forelimb or hindlimb.Study DesignExperimental study.AnimalsSix clinically normal beagles.MethodsA four force‐plate apparatus was built to assess static weight distribution. Dogs stood on the device with one limb in contact with each force plate. We created a plastic device to induce sensory stimulation so that lameness could not be detected visually when stimulating the paw. Experimenters confirmed the degree of lameness by walking before and after measurement. Body‐weight shifts were induced via suspension of each limb and transient sensory stimulation to the right forelimb or left hindlimb. CoMs of five postures were compared, with and without transient sensory stimulation.ResultsThe four‐limb CoM was located cranial to the center of the X‐ and Y‐axis coordinates (X: −0.82 ± 9.12, Y: 61.00 ± 5.82). During three‐limb standing with suspension of either forelimb, CoM shifted backward toward the contralateral side compared to four‐limb standing. During hindlimb suspension, CoM shifted to the contralateral side. With right forelimb sensory stimulation, there were large CoM changes for both four‐limb and three‐limb standing (X: −34.53 ± 9.09, Y: 52.21 ± 6.88). CoM changes were small with left hindlimb sensory stimulation (X: 6.47 ± 13.86, Y: 69.41 ± 5.55).ConclusionCoMs during four‐limb and three‐limb standing were influenced by sensory stimulation of a forelimb and, to a lesser extent, of a hindlimb.Clinical SignificanceStatic evaluation of CoM may aid clinicians in the diagnosis and recovery of forelimb lameness.