bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro effectiveness of an aqueous extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves on bacteria causing healthcare associated infection in Valledupar
Authors: Melo Rios Aslenis Emidia , Jimenez Rios Hedilka , Pedraza Claros Bertilda , Castrillon Mejia Jeraldin , Fuentes Arias Ailyn 
Published: January 2021

Background: Globally, the need to address strategies for preventing infections associated with health care has increased worldwide. In the city of Valledupar, Colombia, reports of bacteria resistant to chemical or enzymatic biocides in hospital environments and surfaces are increasingly frequent, evidencing the importance of conducting studies aimed at identifying alternative active ingredients for disinfectant products. Objective: Evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of Neem leaves extract over bacteria strains isolated from different areas and surfaces of a health institution in Valledupar, compared to disinfectants for hospital use, an enzymatic detergent, and a commercial chemical disinfectant. Methods: Biocidal activities on bacteria isolated from hospital surfaces, such as Acinetobacter baumanni, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus sp, and Stenotrophomonas malthophila were analyzed. The Neem leaves extract was evaluated at concentrations of 3, 4, and 5 % for each bacterium during 15-minute contact time, incubated at 37 °C for 18 hours. We compared two antimicrobial chemicals, a disinfectant (based on formaldehyde, cetrimide, and glutaraldehyde), and an enzymatic detergent (based on protease, lipase, and amylase). Results: The aqueous Neem extract did not show significant differences with the other treatments with 99.48 to 100% inhibition against bacteria of the species Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus sp.; Bacillus subtilis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains were the most resistant strains inhibited by enzymatic detergent and disinfectant, respectively. None of the products evaluated were effective against all in vitrostrains. Conclusions: These data show Neem’s bacteriostatic properties, its potential in in-hospital products, and the need to combine different active ingredients in a disinfection plan.
Breast cancer and breast self-examination awareness among undergraduate students of the University of Bamenda, Cameroon
Authors: Aphrodite Choumessi T. , Stephanie Tchamba T.G. , Geayeal Ngwamenter , Philemon Atabonkeng E. 
Published: January 2021

Background: Breast self-examination (BSE) is an individual check-up to identify any health problem in the breast, especially breast cancer. However, though the university is the place of high education, the level of the student knowledge about breast cancer and BSE remains not quite known. This study aimed to identify awareness on breast cancer and BSE among the student population of The University of Bamenda, Cameroon.Methods: A well designed descriptive study was carried out using a structured questionnaire to look at the awareness about breast cancer, its possible risk factors, signs and symptoms as well as the awareness on BSE among the students.Results: Out of the studied population of 255 participants who completed the questionnaire, a good portion (91.76%) of the respondents have heard about breast cancer. Only 38.43% respondents knew some signs and symptoms of breast cancer while 44.31% had an idea of the treatment. The population pointed alcohol consumption and smoking, use of contraceptives and exposure to pesticides as possible risk factors of breast cancer. BSE was practiced by only 23.92% and only 20.39% of the participants suggested a monthly screening frequency. Across age ranges, 20 to 24 years old and 25-29 years old participants had almost 5 times more chances to have heard about BSE than younger people.Conclusions: Summarily, the present study demonstrated that the general had poor knowledge of the signs and symptoms of breast cancer and the BSE practice, though the population aged 20-29 years old has relatively heard about breast cancer and BSE.
Health profile of the inmates at women prisoner ward, Ranchi: findings of a health camp
Authors: Sunderam Shalini , Kumari Anju Prabha , Kumar Satish , Kumari Gunjan , Kashyap Vivek 
Published: January 2021

Background: There is scanty data revealing the health profile of the female prisoners, so there was a felt need to assess the actual situation inside the prison. Aim and objectives were to obtain the socio-demographic information of the inmates of the women prisoner ward and to assess the health status of the study population.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among the inmates, at central jail Hotwar, Ranchi, on 28th February 2020 during a health checkup camp, conducted by Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi. Out of total 102 females residing there, only 59 females participated in the study and were interviewed using pretested semi structured questionnaire. This was followed by general examination. The collected data was entered in Ms Excel sheet and then analyzed. Results: The mean age (SD) of the participants was 23.65(6.02) years. Maximum participants (94.9%) were from Jharkhand, 84.74 % were unmarried and 59.5%of the participants had no formal education. On general examination, 37.28% participants were found anemic and 5.08% were underweight. Conclusions: The present study revealed that majority of the participants residing there are of productive age group. The prevailing health problem is same as of general population and fortunately preventable.
Estimation of R0 for COVID-19 in India through different mathematical model and their comparison
Authors: Dwivedi Nidhi , Gupta Sujata , Dwivedi Archana 
Published: January 2021

Background: The cases of novel coronavirus (COVID- 2019)-infected pneumonia started since the 19th of December, 2019, in Wuhan (Central China). A large scale outbreak of the disease resulted in a pandemic. This outbreak of the COVID -19 disease has spread on a wide scale. World health organization (WHO) has identified the ongoing outbreak of corona virus disease (COVID 2019) as pandemic on 11 March 2020. Basic reproduction number (R0)- is one of the most important predictors of epidemic severity. It can help to understand the path of the epidemic and to assess the effectiveness of the various interventions to control the epidemic. The purpose of this study is to estimate R0 by using five methods based on the Indian COVID-19 dataset and compare them. Methods: We obtained data on daily confirmed, recovered and deaths cases from official site of ministry of health and family welfare. We implemented 5 mathematical methods to calculate R0. We estimated the number of active cases till 14th of April. We also compare these methods to find out the best method to predict R0.Results: The estimated R0 for the AR, EG, ML, TD, and gamma-distributed methods were 1.0004, 2.102, 1.895, 1.872 and 1.46 respectively. The computed R0 in the TD method is closer to the actual R0 and have a good fit on data as confirmed with MSE criterion.Conclusions: Awareness of the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 is useful for controlling the spread of disease and for planning. It is therefore necessary to know the best method that has better performance.
Age at menarche in urban school-going girls: association between socio-economic status, BMI and physical activity
Authors: Behel Amrita , Raje Leena 
Published: January 2021

Background: Menarche, one of the most reliable markers of pubertal maturity, is a result of a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Since accelerated pubertal development is an important determinant of prognostic disease risk, especially in developing countries, attention must be focused on this important public health aspect. Methods: Total 200 school-going girls aged between 10-15 years studying in municipal, public-funded and private schools in Mumbai were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria of having attained menarche only in the last three months. Sociodemographic and anthropometric details were collected using a structured schedule and physical activity data was collected using the physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents.Results: Socioeconomic status and family size were found to significantly influence the age of onset of menarche (p<0.001). Anthropometric indices of height, weight and BMI were found to have significant negative correlations indicating that taller, heavier girls reached menarche earlier than their shorter and lighter peers (p<0.000). Level of physical activity was also found to be an important contributing factor to age at menarche such that a higher level of physical activity was observed in girls with higher mean menarcheal age (p<0.000). Conclusions: Age at menarche was found to be influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, BMI and physical activity.
Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding biomedical waste management amongst healthcare workers in a teaching hospital from a north eastern state of India
Authors: Hina Tado Nabam , Das Shubhabrata , Das Munmee 
Published: January 2021

Background: Bio-medical waste (BMW) means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities or in the production or testing of biological or in any health camp activities. Proper management of BMW ensures protection of public health and environment against any adverse effect associated with such waste materials. Several studies have reported that health care workers lack adequate level of awareness and right attitude regarding proper BMW management which ultimately reflects as incorrect practice of handling and disposal of bio medical waste. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare workers regarding bio-medical waste management.Methods: This study was conducted at Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Arunachal Pradesh, India. Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted and questionnaire were administered to 313 healthcare workers of TRIHMS who consented to participate in the study. A predesigned questionnaire for knowledge, attitude and practice study was used for data collection. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and STATA 13.Results: Study results show that the average knowledge score was highest amongst nurses (10±2.6) and least in class IV staffs (7.2±1.9). Amongst all participants laboratory technicians were mostly average or poor on the attitude score. Overall only 23 percent (n=73) of the healthcare workers were found to be performing good BMW management practice.Conclusions: Our study revealed that there is significant variation in knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding biomedical waste management among healthcare workers.
Prevalence of depression among school going adolescents in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies
Authors: Kamath Prashanthi , Dsouza Sushma Marita , Mahapatra Subhransu , Jayakumar Sruthi 
Published: January 2021

The objective of this systematic review was to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression among schoolgoing adolescents in India by using Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI 1 or BDI 2). A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and Google Scholar to identify cross-sectional school-based studies published during 1990-2020. Studies with pre-identified mental illness were excluded. Heterogeneity between studies were examined and estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot and Egger’s test. We included 13 studies in the meta-analysis. The random effect meta-analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of depression among school going adolescents was 53% (95% CI: 41% - 65%). By gender, the prevalence was 50% (95 % CI: 38%–62%) in males and 57% (95% CI: 46% - 69%) in females. The subgroup analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence increased with the education levels (High school: 42%; High school and pre-university: 55%; and Pre-university: 67%). In this review we found that more than half of the school going adolescents in India suffered from depression that ranged from mild to severe. These results draw attention to re-look at the mental health policy and newer public health approaches to address depression. Further, strengthening school-based mental health services, along with the community and center-based care is crucial to prevent and effective management of depression among adolescents.
Mecanismos de solução de conflitos intra-administrativos
Authors: Accioly João Pedro 
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho analisa os conflitos havidos no interior da Administração Pública, entre os seus diversos órgãos e entidades. Examinaremos as causas, as formas de prevenção e, centralmente, os métodos de resolução dos litígios intra-administrativos pelo Presidente da República, pelo Advogado-Geral da União, por autocomposição dos contendentes – especialmente no âmbito da Câmara de Conciliação e Arbitragem da Administração Federal –, por arbitramento pelo Consultor-Geral da União, por arbitragem privada e pelo Poder Judiciário. A partir de pesquisas bibliográficas e análises de decisões, especialmente sob o prisma qualitativo, propõem-se parâmetros que recomendam ou contraindicam cada uma das formas de solução de conflitos que serão examinadas.
A saga legislativa dos heróis e heroínas brasileiros
Authors: Dantas Fabiana Santos 
Published: January 2021

A memória dos heróis e heroínas nacionais é parte importante da narrativa de construção da Nação e integra o patrimônio cultural brasileiro. O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar a motivação, os procedimentos, os requisitos e a legislação que os consagra, verificando a eficácia dessa forma de lembrança celebrativa. A discussão sobre a forma de conceder o título honorífico é relevante para aperfeiçoar os critérios e os procedimentos, como meio de potencializar a presença dos heróis nacionais no cotidiano dos cidadãos, efetivando o seu direito à memória, e também de sistematizar e interpretar esse universo normativo disperso e pouco conhecido. O resultado esperado é contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do tema através de um panorama e da contextualização da discussão, realizada através de um breve estudo de caso sobre Tiradentes, bem como de documentos legislativos e bibliografia pertinente.
A teoria das escolhas trágicas na Administração Pública à luz da Lei nº 13.655/2018
Authors: Rodrigues Maria Victória 
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho desenvolve-se em um cenário nacional marcado pelo descrédito na Administração Pública, ao tempo em que trata de questões atinentes à proteção da confiança no Estado e à reserva do possível, objetivando identificar razoabilidade e proporcionalidade nas decisões administrativas. Neste sentido, busca-se a análise do custo-benefício, como orientador das escolhas trágicas, por meio dos juízos de adequação, conveniência e oportunidade, com demonstração ipso facto da inexistência de liberdade do gestor público no que respeita ao interesse público, com base na Lei nº 13.655/2018, que altera a “Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro” (LINDB). É imprescindível diagnosticar inicialmente as demandas sociais, utilizando critérios históricos, antropológicos, de afetação, orçamentários, técnicos, dentre outros; e, somente após este momento, efetuar a prognose, para alcançar a melhor solução, retirando, assim, o arbítrio do administrador.
Diverse Roles of Akt in T cells
Authors: Abdullah Leena , Hills L. Benjamin , Winter Evan B. , Huang Yina H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Akt kinases translate various external cues into intracellular signals that control cell survival, proliferation, metabolism and differentiation. This review discusses the requirement for Akt and its targets in determining the fate and function of T cells. We discuss the importance of Akt at various stages of T cell development including β-selection during which Akt fulfills the energy requirements of highly proliferative DN3 cells. Akt also plays an integral role in CD8 T cell biology where its regulation of Foxo transcription factors and mTORC1 metabolic activity controls effector versus memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Finally, Akt promotes the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th1, Th17 and Tfh cells but inhibits the development of Treg cells. We also highlight how modulating Akt in T cells is a promising avenue for enhancing cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
How submarine channels (re)shape continental margins
Authors: Pettinga Luke A. , Jobe Zane R. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTSubmarine landscapes, like their terrestrial counterparts, are sculpted by autogenic sedimentary processes toward morphologies at equilibrium with their allogenic controls. While submarine channels and nearby, inter-channel continental-margin areas share boundary conditions (e.g., terrestrial sediment supply, tectonic deformation), there are significant differences between the style, recurrence, and magnitude of their respective autogenic sedimentary processes. We predict that these process-based differences affect the rates of geomorphic change and equilibrium (i.e., graded) morphologies of submarine-channel and continental-margin longitudinal profiles. To gain insight into this proposed relationship, we document, classify (using machine learning), and analyze longitudinal profiles from 50 siliciclastic continental margins and associated submarine channels which represent a range of sediment-supply regimes and tectonic settings. These profiles tend to evolve toward smooth, lower-gradient longitudinal profiles, and we created a “smoothness” metric as a proxy for the relative maturity of these profiles toward the idealized equilibrium profile.Generally, higher smoothness values occur in systems with larger sediment supply, and the smoothness of channels typically exceeds that of the associated continental margin. We propose that the high rates of erosion, bypass, and deposition via sediment gravity flows act to smooth and mature channel profiles more rapidly than the surrounding continental margin, which is dominated by less-energetic diffusive sedimentary processes. Additionally, tectonic deformation will act to reduce the smoothness of these longitudinal profiles. Importantly, the relationship between total sediment supply and the difference between smoothness values of associated continental margins and submarine channels (the “smoothness Δ”) follows separate trends in passive and active tectonic settings, which we attribute to the variability in relative rates of smoothness development between channelized and inter-channel environments in the presence or absence of tectonic deformation. We propose two endmember pathways by which continental margins and submarine channels coevolve towards their respective equilibrium profiles with increased sediment supply: 1) Coupled Evolution Model (common in passive tectonic settings), in which the smoothness Δ increases only slightly before remaining static, and 2) Decoupled Evolution Model (common in active tectonic settings), in which the smoothness Δ increases more rapidly and to a greater final value. Our analysis indicates that the interaction of the allogenic factors of sediment supply and tectonic deformation with the autogenic sedimentary processes characteristic of channelized and inter-channel areas of the continental margin may account for much of the variability between coevolution pathways and depositional architectures.
DIFFERENTIAL WEATHERING OF DIAGENETIC CONCRETIONS AND THE FORMATION OF NEOPROTEROZOIC ANNULATED DISCOIDAL STRUCTURES
Authors: SCHWID MAXWEL F. , XIAO SHUHAI , NOLAN MORRISON R. , AN ZHIHUI 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTAnnulated discoidal structures are common in many Neoproterozoic and particularly Ediacaran successions. Their interpretations, especially their biogenicity, are often contentious. Some of them (e.g., Aspidella and related forms) are demonstrably biological structures and may represent holdfasts of frondose Ediacara-type organisms. Others may represent fluid escape structures or tool marks produced by the rotation of tethered organisms. Here we show that differential chemical weathering of diagenetic dolomite concretions can also produce annulated discoidal structures that could be mistaken as Ediacara-type discoidal fossils. Using transmitted-light and cathodoluminescence microscopy in conjunction with Raman and energy dispersive spectroscopy, we analyzed dolomitized discoidal concretions embedded in a phosphorite matrix from the Ediacaran Miaohe Member of South China. Our observations reveal that pervasive and displacive syn-compactional dolomitization of the concretions and differential compaction of surrounding sediment led to the formation of biconvex or upward-convex primary laminae within the concretions. When exposed along parting surfaces and/or bedding planes, disparities in the weatherability of the warped primary laminae within the concretions resulted in the formation of circular annuli that mimic Neoproterozoic discoidal structures, some of which have been contentiously interpreted as discoidal fossils. These findings emphasize the importance of thin-section petrographic observations in the study of discoidal dubiofossils in order to assess their origin as diagenetic concretions or as discoidal macrofossils.