bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
48 Chyle Leak Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Tertiary HPB Unit 14-year Experience and a Proposed Management Algorithm
Authors: Russell T , Tanase A , Aroori S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Chyle leak (CL) is an uncommon complication of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Its incidence, risk factors, and effect on prognosis are not well described and optimum management remains debated. This study aims to calculate the incidence of CL, identify risk factors, consider effect on patient outcome, and propose a simple management algorithm.

Method
This is a retrospective review of all patients who developed CL following PD between January 2006 and April 2020. The following details were obtained from a prospectively maintained database: age, ASA grade, BMI, details of operation, tumour histology, length of stay, and mortality.

Results
A total of 560 patients underwent PD and 17 (3.04%) developed CL. These patients had significantly higher BMI (P &lt; 0.01) and significantly longer operation times (P &lt; 0.05). CL patients had a higher rate of portal vein (PV) tumour adherence, PV resection, and intra-operative blood transfusion although this was not statistically significant. Sixteen CL patients (94.1%) were managed successfully with a non-operative approach.

Conclusions
3.04% of patients who underwent PD developed CL. CL was associated with higher BMI and longer operation time. CL did not affect length of stay. The vast majority of CL cases can be managed successfully with a non-operative approach.
A New and Efficient Lattice-Based Online/Offline Signature From Perspective of Abort
Authors: Zhang Pingyuan , Jiang Han , Zheng Zhihua , Wang Hao , Xu Qiuliang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Lattice-based online/offline signature is attractive for the merit of resisting quantum attacks besides the short online response time. Prior to this work, the hash-sign-switch paradigm lattice-based online/offline signatures usually increase the length of each signature, and the Fiat–Shamir candidates are highly inefficient due to multiple aborts in online signing phase. In this work we mainly address its efficient issue and propose a new paradigm of its construction in the perspective of abort. In this paradigm, one tries to remove one or more aborts from online to offline signing phase by $\Gamma $-transformation. Specifically, this work proposes an efficient lattice-based online/offline signature scheme with fewer online aborts and thus allows the signer to obtain a valid signature by fewer online repetitions. Through this way, the resulting scheme can reduce much online signing time with the same signature size. The performance evaluation shows that our scheme is efficient and practical.
Human Ubiquilin 2 and TDP-43 copathology drives neurodegeneration in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Saxton Aleen D , Kraemer Brian C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating, fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes rapid muscle wasting. It shares a spectrum of symptoms and pathology with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). These diseases are caused by aberrant activity of a set of proteins including TDP-43 and UBIQUILIN-2 (UBQLN2). UBQLN2 encodes a ubiquitin-like adaptor protein involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation pathway. Mutations in the PXX domain of UBQLN2 cause familial ALS. UBQLN2 aggregates in skein-like inclusions with other ALS and FTLD associated proteins including TDP-43 and ubiquitin. To facilitate further investigation of UBQLN2-mediated mechanisms of neurodegeneration, we made Caenorhabditis elegans transgenic lines pan-neuronally expressing human UBQLN2 cDNAs carrying either the wild-type UBQLN2 sequence or UBQLN2 with ALS causing mutations. Transgenic animals exhibit motor dysfunction accompanied by neurodegeneration of GABAergic motor neurons. At low levels of UBQLN2 expression, wild-type UBQLN2 causes significant motor impairment and neurodegeneration that is exacerbated by ALS associated mutations in UBQLN2. At higher levels of UBQLN2 expression, both wild-type and ALS mutated versions of UBQLN2 cause severe impairment. Molecular genetic investigation revealed that UBQLN2 dependent locomotor defects do not require the involvement of the endogenous homolog of TDP-43 in C. elegans (tdp-1). However, co-expression of wild-type human TDP-43 exacerbates UBQLN2 deficits. This model of UBQLN2-mediated neurodegeneration may be useful for further mechanistic investigation into the molecular cascades driving neurodegeneration in ALS and ALS-FTLD.
Associations of Loneliness and Social Isolation With Health Span and Life Span in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Crowe Christopher L , Domingue Benjamin W , Graf Gloria H , Keyes Katherine M , Kwon Dayoon , Belsky Daniel W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Loneliness and social isolation are emerging public health challenges for aging populations.

Methods
We followed N = 11 302 U.S. Health and Retirement Study participants aged 50–95 from 2006 to 2014 to measure persistence of experiences of loneliness and exposure to social isolation. We tested associations of longitudinal loneliness and social isolation phenotypes with disability, morbidity, mortality, and biological aging through 2018.

Results
During follow-up, 18% of older adults met criteria for loneliness, with 6% meeting criteria at 2 or more follow-up assessments. For social isolation, these fractions were 21% and 8%. Health and Retirement Study participants who experienced loneliness and were exposed to social isolation were at increased risk for disease, disability, and mortality. Those experiencing persistent loneliness were at a 57% increased hazard of mortality compared to those who never experienced loneliness. For social isolation, the increase was 28%. Effect sizes were somewhat larger for counts of prevalent activity limitations and somewhat smaller for counts of prevalent chronic diseases. Covariate adjustment for socioeconomic and psychological risks attenuated but did not fully explain associations. Older adults who experienced loneliness and were exposed to social isolation also exhibited physiological indications of advanced biological aging (Cohen’s d for persistent loneliness and social isolation = 0.26 and 0.21, respectively). For loneliness, but not social isolation, persistence was associated with increased risk.

Conclusions
Deficits in social connectedness prevalent in a national sample of U.S. older adults were associated with morbidity, disability, and mortality and with more advanced biological aging. Bolstering social connectedness to interrupt experiences of loneliness may promote healthy aging.
Label3DMaize: toolkit for 3D point cloud data annotation of maize shoots
Authors: Miao Teng , Wen Weiliang , Li Yinglun , Wu Sheng , Zhu Chao , Guo Xinyu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
The 3D point cloud is the most direct and effective data form for studying plant structure and morphology. In point cloud studies, the point cloud segmentation of individual plants to organs directly determines the accuracy of organ-level phenotype estimation and the reliability of the 3D plant reconstruction. However, highly accurate, automatic, and robust point cloud segmentation approaches for plants are unavailable. Thus, the high-throughput segmentation of many shoots is challenging. Although deep learning can feasibly solve this issue, software tools for 3D point cloud annotation to construct the training dataset are lacking.

Results
We propose a top-to-down point cloud segmentation algorithm using optimal transportation distance for maize shoots. We apply our point cloud annotation toolkit for maize shoots, Label3DMaize, to achieve semi-automatic point cloud segmentation and annotation of maize shoots at different growth stages, through a series of operations, including stem segmentation, coarse segmentation, fine segmentation, and sample-based segmentation. The toolkit takes ∼4–10 minutes to segment a maize shoot and consumes 10–20% of the total time if only coarse segmentation is required. Fine segmentation is more detailed than coarse segmentation, especially at the organ connection regions. The accuracy of coarse segmentation can reach 97.2% that of fine segmentation.

Conclusion
Label3DMaize integrates point cloud segmentation algorithms and manual interactive operations, realizing semi-automatic point cloud segmentation of maize shoots at different growth stages. The toolkit provides a practical data annotation tool for further online segmentation research based on deep learning and is expected to promote automatic point cloud processing of various plants.
A Theorem of Chernoff on Quasi-analytic Functions for Riemannian Symmetric Spaces
Authors: Bhowmik Mithun , Pusti Sanjoy , Ray Swagato K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An $L^2$ version of the classical Denjoy–Carleman theorem regarding quasi-analytic functions was proved by P. Chernoff on $\mathbb {R}^n$ using iterates of the Laplacian. We give a simple proof of this theorem that generalizes the result on $\mathbb {R}^n$ for any $p\in [1, 2]$. We then extend this result to Riemannian symmetric spaces of compact and noncompact type for $K$-biinvariant functions.
Mirror Symmetry for a Cusp Polynomial Landau–Ginzburg Orbifold
Authors: Basalaev Alexey , Takahashi Atsushi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor any triple of positive integers $A^{\prime} = (a_1^{\prime},a_2^{\prime},a_3^{\prime})$ and $c \in{{\mathbb{C}}}^*$, cusp polynomial ${ f_{A^\prime }} = x_1^{a_1^{\prime}}+x_2^{a_2^{\prime}}+x_3^{a_3^{\prime}}-c^{-1}x_1x_2x_3$ is known to be mirror to Geigle–Lenzing orbifold projective line ${{\mathbb{P}}}^1_{a_1^{\prime},a_2^{\prime},a_3^{\prime}}$. More precisely, with a suitable choice of a primitive form, the Frobenius manifold of a cusp polynomial ${ f_{A^\prime }}$ turns out to be isomorphic to the Frobenius manifold of the Gromov–Witten theory of ${{\mathbb{P}}}^1_{a_1^{\prime},a_2^{\prime},a_3^{\prime}}$. In this paper we extend this mirror phenomenon to the equivariant case. Namely, for any $G$—a symmetry group of a cusp polynomial ${ f_{A^\prime }}$, we introduce the Frobenius manifold of a pair$({ f_{A^\prime }},G)$ and show that it is isomorphic to the Frobenius manifold of the Gromov–Witten theory of Geigle–Lenzing weighted projective line ${{\mathbb{P}}}^1_{A,\Lambda }$, indexed by another set $A$ and $\Lambda $, distinct points on ${{\mathbb{C}}}\setminus \{0,1\}$. For some special values of $A^{\prime}$ with the special choice of $G$ it happens that ${{\mathbb{P}}}^1_{A^{\prime}} \cong{{\mathbb{P}}}^1_{A,\Lambda }$. Combining our mirror symmetry isomorphism for the pair $(A,\Lambda )$, together with the “usual” one for $A^{\prime}$, we get certain identities of the coefficients of the Frobenius potentials. We show that these identities are equivalent to the identities between the Jacobi theta constants and Dedekind eta–function.
Competition policy during pandemics: how to urgently produce healthcare goods and services while avoiding economic disaster
Authors: Banks Nicolo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pandemics present two emergencies: a war against a pathogen and an economic recession. Historically, the US has been forced to relax its antitrust enforcement policies during its largest wartime mobilizations in order to urgently produce goods and services needed in the war effort. Likewise, when the COVID-19 pandemic began, companies should have been allowed to collaborate with each other and with the US government to adequately respond to the increased demand for healthcare goods and services. Guidance from antitrust agencies during the coronavirus pandemic suggested a willingness to allow such collaborations, but the guidance lacked specificity. This article suggests specific policies that the antitrust agencies should implement during pandemics in order to give companies confidence that they can legally engage in collaborations that will hasten the production and distribution of urgently needed healthcare goods and services.
However, relaxing antitrust laws has historically caused and prolonged economic downturns. Thus, during a pandemic, the federal government should relax antitrust laws, but that relaxation could exacerbate the inevitable economic downturn caused by social distancing policies. Accordingly, this article suggests how the US government could use non-antitrust regulations to mitigate the systemic financial risk created by that relaxation in antitrust laws.
181 Utilization of the Nutrack Livestock Monitoring System to Identify Changes in General and Spatial Behaviors of Newly Weaned Nursery Exposed to an Endotoxin Challenge
Authors: Holliday Aaaron J , Mote Benny E , Psota Eric , Hulbert Lindsey E , Jaberi-Douraki Majid , Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie D , Goering Mikayla , Mumm Jared M , Bortoluzzi Eduarda M Mazzardo , Schmidt Ty B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Incorporation of precision livestock technology has the potential to provide swine producers with the means to rapidly and accurately identify immune-compromised pigs, allowing for accurate and timely interventions. The objective of this study was to utilize the NUtrack System (NUtrack) to identify changes in general (lying, standing and sitting) and spatial behaviors (at the feeder and meters/day) of newly weaned pigs exposed to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. To achieve this objective, 12 nursery pens with 192 weaned pigs (16 pigs/pen) were randomly assigned to three treatments (4 pens/treatment): Control (saline injection), Mixed (8 pigs/pen received an LPS challenge and 8 pigs received saline injection) and 100% (all pigs received LPS). The LPS challenge consisted of a bolus subcutaneous injection at 300 µg/kg BW (E. coli O111:B4). Prior to placement, NUtrack was installed above the 12 nursery pens and initiated continuous data capture for the duration of the nursery phase (43 days). Ten days after placement in the nursery pens pigs received the assigned challenge (LPS or sham). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS specific for repeated measures (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Regardless of treatment group, general special behaviors were similar (P = &gt;0.28) prior to the LPS challenge (days 1–9). Following LPS challenge (day 10), spatial behaviors decreased (P = &lt;0.01) and time associated with general behaviors increased (P = &lt;0.01) for LPS challenged pigs when compared to pigs not challenged (Control and 50% non-challenged). This change in both general and spatial behaviors remained until day 12. In addition, general and spatial behaviors of the 50% treatment (challenged and non-challenged) were different (P = &lt; 0.03), when compared to Controls. Results suggest precision livestock technology, like the NUtrack System, has the potential to monitor changes in behaviors following an endotoxin challenge.
89 Effects of a Novel Heat Lamp Compared to Conventional Heat Lamps on Litter Performance
Authors: Harper Heath , Silva Gustavo , Peterson Beau A , Connor Joe , Petersen Amos , Hanson Chris 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate differences in productivity (mortality, number of pigs weaned and litter weights) and electricity usage between farrowing crates equipped with the HAVEN device or standard heat lamps. The HAVEN is a heat element designed to create a microclimate for newborn pigs. A total of 314 sows (Camborough; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were initially allotted to the study in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) based on parity (P1, P2, P3+). Treatments consisted of control group (standard heat lamps) and treatment group (HAVEN device). Around d112 of gestation the sows were moved to the farrowing house and randomly allotted to the treatment. After farrow, litters were cross-fostered within treatment until 24-h after farrowing to equalize litter number to teat count. Litter size and weight were collected at the time of cross-fostering and at weaning. Sows had an ad libitum access to feed and water during lactation. Data were analyzed as an RCBD using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with litter as the experimental unit and block as a random effect. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments on litter growth performance. However, there were significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) between the Control and Haven groups on piglets mortality and removals (%). The Control group had a higher incidence of mortality when compared to the Haven group (11.42% vs. 9.06%, respectively). In addition, the Control group had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) percentage of pigs removed compared to the Haven group (18.41% vs. 15.55%, respectively). Regarding electricity usage, on average the HAVEN device consumed 1.55 Wh/day compared to 2.41 Wh/day from the heat lamp. In conclusion, under the conditions of this trial the HAVEN provided production benefits reducing mortality and removals (%), and also potential savings in electricity.
91 Maternal Programming of the Piglet Microbiome from Birth to Weaning
Authors: Law Kayla , Lozinski Brigit , Torres Ivanellis , Hillbrands Adrienne , Nelson Emma , Johnston Lee , Gomez Andres 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate seeding of the piglet microbiome, in the context of maternal programming in pre/perinatal environments. Maternal programming refers to maternal factors that predetermine offspring development and health. We hypothesized that increased sanitation level in maternal environments affects development of piglet fecal and nasal microbiomes, and physiological performance. Six sows were allocated randomly to two treatment groups: farrowing stalls cleaned with (D; n = 3) or without (ND; n = 3) disinfectant. Swabs were collected from stall floors, drinkers and feeders, and from sows’ vaginal, rectal, oral and udder surfaces at d109 of gestation and the day before farrowing. Fecal and nasal swabs were collected from piglets at days: 0 (within 24h of birth), 7, 14, and 21 postpartum. Nine piglets were selected randomly from each sow (n = 27/treatment) for microbiome analyses. DNA was extracted from swabs and the V4 variable region of the 16srRNA bacterial gene was sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Sequence data were analyzed using DADA2 and various packages within the R statistical software. Although environmental microbiomes were different between D and ND stalls (PERMANOVA, R2=0.474, P = 0.031) after cleaning, no compositional differences were detected among any D or ND sow samples. However, at d0, ND compared with D piglets exhibited higher gut (Shannon’s H, P = 9.131e-08) and nasal (P = 6.164e-08) alpha diversity. ND piglets also displayed greater nasal bacterial diversity at d21 (P = 0.036), and different gut (R2=0.06–0.129, P = 0.001) and nasal (R2=0.136–0.196, P = 0.001) microbiome compositions across all timepoints. However, D piglets exhibited higher average birth (P = 3.773e-05) and weaning weights (P = 5.803e-06) compared to ND piglets. These results indicate that sanitation level during farrowing persistently alters swine microbiomes and growth performance.
87 Effect of Number of Source Litters Used to Create Cross-fostered Litters on Piglet Pre-weaning Mortality and Weaning Weight
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Rivas Rafael Ovidio Bautista , Espinal Alicia Olivo , Harper Heath , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , Ellis Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sow litter sizes have increased over recent decades, increasing the need for cross-fostering. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the number of source litters used to create cross-fostered litters on piglet pre-weaning mortality (PWM) and weaning weight. A RCBD was used with 26 blocks of 5 litters (total 130 litters/1820 piglets), all litters consisted of 14 piglets. Blocking factors were farrowing day, sow parity, body condition score, and functional teat number, and the average and CV of piglet birth weight. Five cross-fostering treatments were compared: 0%, 1 source (all piglets remaining on the birth sow); 100%, 1 source (all piglets moved from birth to a different sow); 100%, 6+ sources (piglets from ≥ 6 birth sows used to form a litter on a different sow); 50%, 2 sources (7 piglets remaining with birth sow, 7 from one other sow); 50%, 4+ sources (7 piglets remaining with the birth sow, 7 from ≥ 3 other sows). The single-source litters were selected from those with &gt; 14 piglets at birth, with excess piglets removed. For other treatments, piglets were selected to meet blocking factors. Piglets were weighed 24 h after birth and at weaning (19.5 ± 0.50 d); all PWM was recorded. Weight data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS; PWM data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. Models included Treatment and sow within block. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of treatment on weaning weights. Pre-weaning mortality was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for the 0%, 1 source compared to the 50%, 2 source treatment, with the others being intermediate and generally not statistically different (Table 1). In conclusion, cross-fostering and/or mixing litters had no effect on weaning weights, but pre-weaning mortality was highest for the non-fostered treatment.
233 Effects of Harvest Maturity And/or Kernel Processing on Corn Silage Processing Score and Particle Size of Corn Silage
Authors: Hamilton Thomas , Walker Julie , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A single corn hybrid was used to evaluate harvest maturity (Mat) and/or kernel processing (KP) effects on corn silage processing score (CSPS) and particle size (PS). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial of 1) Mat (early and late) and 2) KP (no or yes). A single corn field was planted on April 27, 2020. There were 12 loads (experimental unit) per simple effect treatment mean. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. Early harvest occurred on August 28, 2020 [yield (as is) = 39.1 Mg/hectare; DM = 43.1%; CP, NDF, and starch = 6.5, 46.0, and 32.9%, respectively (DM basis)]. Late harvest occurred on September 9, 2020 [yield = 37.8 Mg/hectare (as is); DM = 49.2%; CP, NDF, and starch = 6.6, 49.8, and 37.5%, respectively (DM basis)]. The same equipment was used for both Mat with KP achieved by narrowing processing rollers. The CSPS was determined as the proportion of starch retained below a 4.75-mm sieve. Grain content (DM basis) of the corn silage was calculated from starch/0.72. Particle size was assessed using the Penn State Particle Separator. A Mat × KP interaction (P = 0.05) was detected for CSPS. Early/no and late/no had decreased (P ≤ 0.05) CSPS compared to early/yes and late/yes had the greatest CSPS (P ≤ 0.05) compared to others. Grain content was 13.9% greater in late compared to early (P = 0.01). A Mat × KP interaction (P = 0.03) was detected for PS. Early/no had the greatest (P ≤ 0.05) PS, early/yes and late/no were intermediate, and late/yes had decreased PS compared to others (P ≤ 0.05). These data indicate that Mat and KP influence CSPS synergistically. Producers should consider KP when corn silage is harvested at a later maturity to enhance CSPS.