bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Student participation in everyday school life—Linking different perspectives
Authors: Müller-Kuhn Daniela , Herzig Pascale , Häbig Julia , Zala-Mezö Enikö 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough student participation is required by convention and law, this is no guarantee of its implementation in everyday school life. The main aim of this article is to show how student participation is perceived by members of the school community and how it occurs in their daily routines. This article examines how students and teachers perceive student participation in upper primary and lower secondary school and which correlations between student participation and student characteristics exist. Furthermore, we investigate which practices of student participation appear in school life and which correlations between student participation and other dimensions can be observed in the daily routine.The analysis was based on a mixed methods design which enabled the combination of different perspectives, namely of students, teachers and the observer. Survey data from 762 students aged 9 to 15 and 182 teachers as well as ethnographic observations in six classes were analyzed for this paper, using data from the Swiss research project “Strengthen Participation—Improve School”.The investigation led to the following main findings: while students perceive some participation, teachers perceive quite a lot of student participation. In addition, students are significantly less satisfied with student participation in their school than teachers. Correlations between student participation and the students’ gender, school grade, school performance and attitude towards school exist. In everyday school life, students participate in aspects of content, school organization and social spheres. Further there are observable differences regarding school grade and gender.
Der Zusammenhang von Schuleinstellung und Qualität kind- und klassenbezogener pädagogischer Beziehungen von Lehrkräften
Authors: Schürer Sina , van Ophuysen Stefanie , Michalke Sophie 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungEine positive affektive Einstellung gegenüber Schule als Ort des Lernens, Leistens und Zusammenlebens kann als zentrale Komponente des schulischen Wohlbefindens gelten. Die Sicherung schulischen Wohlbefindens ist neben der Förderung von Lernprozessen und -leistungen ein grundlegender Auftrag von Schule. Neben Merkmalen des individuellen Kindes und der Unterrichtsgestaltung hat sich insbesondere die Lehrkraft-Schüler/in-Beziehung als Prädiktor des Wohlbefindens herausgestellt. Die Lehrkraft-Schüler/in-Beziehung ist eine pädagogische Beziehung, die professionell-orientiert ist und zur Förderung eines positiven Schulerlebens ausgerichtet ist, indem 1) positive Interaktionen und Wertschätzung sowie 2) fachlich und emotionale Hilfestellung gewährleistet und 3) Mitbestimmung ermöglicht wird. Diese pädagogische Beziehung wird in einer sozialen Gruppe – der Klasse – ausgeübt, weshalb es sinnvoll ist, diesen Gruppenbezug einzubinden. So ergibt sich neben der Lehrkraft-Schüler/in-Beziehung auch eine Lehrkraft-Klassen-Beziehung. In bisheriger Forschung wird der Gruppenbezug vernachlässigt oder durch Aggregierung von Individualbeziehungen nicht adäquat abgebildet. Die vorliegende Studie differenziert zwischen kindbezogener und klassenbezogener pädagogischer Beziehung. Es wird erwartet, dass sich eine höhere positive affektive Schuleinstellung zeigt, wenn die Beziehung der Lehrkraft zum individuellen Kind sowie zur Klasse als Ganzes vom Kind als positiv wahrgenommen wird. Im Rahmen einer standardisierten schriftlichen Befragung wurden Daten von 477 Schüler/innen (Jahrgang 5/6) aus drei Gymnasien in Nordrhein-Westfalen erhoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der Mehrebenenstruktur können Effekte beider Beziehungsfacetten auf die Schuleinstellung regressionsanalytisch nachgewiesen werden. Weitere Forschungsdesiderate werden aufgezeigt und Implikationen für die schulische Praxis werden diskutiert.
Wie legitim ist der Kohlekompromiss? Spannungsfelder und Verhandlungsdynamiken im Prozess der Kohlekommission
Authors: Löw Beer David , Gürtler Konrad , Herberg Jeremias , Haas Tobias 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Legitimität von Expert*innenkommissionen in Demokratien ist stets umstritten, weil Aushandlungsprozesse verlagert werden, die eigentlich in demokratisch legitimierten Gremien stattfinden sollten. Zugleich wird ihre Problemlösungsfähigkeit häufig gelobt. Die bisherige politikwissenschaftliche Forschung zur Legitimität von Expert*innenkommissionen konzentriert sich vor allem auf eine Beurteilung ihrer Funktionen im politischen System sowie auf einzelne Aspekte oder Dimensionen von Legitimität. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein umfassendes Kriteriensystem zur Beurteilung der Legitimität der Kommission Wachstum, Strukturwandel und Beschäftigung („Kohlekommission“, KWSB) entwickelt. Es beinhaltet die Input- (Inklusivität, politische Verantwortlichkeit), Throughput- (Accountability im Prozess, Transparenz, deliberative Arbeitsqualität, Inklusivität und Offenheit) und Outputlegitimität (Problemlösungsfähigkeit und Gemeinwohlorientierung). Dabei wird die Legitimität der KWSB auf Basis von Dokumentenanalysen und Interviews mit 14 der 28 Kommissionsmitglieder bzw. deren Stellvertreter*innen beurteilt. Durch die Kommission wurde ein Vorschlag entwickelt, wie ein schrittweiser Kohleausstieg mit erheblichen Unterstützungsleistungen für die betroffenen Regionen, Beschäftigten und Unternehmen aussehen kann. Über den gesamten Kommissionsprozess sind allerdings intransparente Verantwortlichkeiten, eine Privilegierung der Positionen einzelner Mitglieder sowie ein Ergebnis zu bemängeln, dessen Gemeinwohlorientierung wegen der hohen Kosten des Beschlusses und der geringen klimapolitischen Ambition umstritten ist. Zum Schluss des Aufsatzes wird diskutiert, wie die Legitimität vergleichbarer Kommissionen durch Regulierung sowie direktdemokratische Elemente erhöht werden könnte.
Brauer indecomposability of Scott modules with semidihedral vertex
Authors: Koshitani Shigeo , Tuvay İpek 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present a sufficient condition for the $kG$-Scott module with vertex $P$ to remain indecomposable under the Brauer construction for any subgroup $Q$ of $P$ as $k[Q\,C_G(Q)]$-module, where $k$ is a field of characteristic $2$, and $P$ is a semidihedral $2$-subgroup of a finite group $G$. This generalizes results for the cases where $P$ is abelian or dihedral. The Brauer indecomposability is defined by R. Kessar, N. Kunugi and N. Mitsuhashi. The motivation of this paper is the fact that the Brauer indecomposability of a $p$-permutation bimodule (where $p$ is a prime) is one of the key steps in order to obtain a splendid stable equivalence of Morita type by making use of the gluing method due to Broué, Rickard, Linckelmann and Rouquier, that then can possibly be lifted to a splendid derived (splendid Morita) equivalence.
FREEDOM OF THOUGHT?
Authors: Schauer Frederick 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Freedom of thought is often explicitly protected in constitutions and human rights documents, and even more often employed as a rallying cry against state tyranny. It is not so clear, however, just what freedom of thought is, what it would be to threaten it, and how, if at all, it differs from basic liberty or freedom. This essay seeks to analyze the idea of freedom of thought, to pose some skeptical questions about its alleged independent existence, and to ask, again with a skeptical mindset, what it is to protect it and why its protection should be so commonly valued.
FREE EXPRESSION OR EQUAL SPEECH?
Authors: Bejan Teresa M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe classical liberal doctrine of free expression asserts the priority of speech as an extension of the freedom of thought. Yet its critics argue that freedom of expression, itself, demands the suppression of the so-called “silencing speech” of racists, sexists, and so on, as a threat to the equal expressive rights of others. This essay argues that the claim to free expression must be distinguished from claims to equal speech. The former asserts an equal right to express one’s thoughts without interference; the latter the right to address others, and to receive a hearing and consideration from them, in turn. I explore the theory of equal speech in light of the ancient Athenian practice of isegoria and argue that the equality demanded is not distributive but relational: an equal speaker’s voice should be counted as “on a par” with others. This ideal better captures critics’ concerns about silencing speech than do their appeals to free expression. Insofar as epistemic and status-harms provide grounds for the suppression and exclusion of some speech and speakers, the ideal of equal speech is more closely connected with the freedom of association than of thought. Noticing this draws attention to the continuing—and potentially problematic—importance of exclusion in constituting effective sites of equal speech today.
MORAL GRANDSTANDING AS A THREAT TO FREE EXPRESSION
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Moral grandstanding, or the use of moral talk for self-promotion, is a threat to free expression. When grandstanding is introduced in a public forum, several ideals of free expression are less likely to be realized. Popular views are less likely to be challenged, people are less free to entertain heterodox ideas, and the cost of changing one’s mind goes up.
FREE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA: HOW TO PROTECT OUR FREEDOMS FROM SOCIAL MEDIA THAT ARE FUNDED BY TRADE IN OUR PERSONAL DATA
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractI have argued elsewhere that in past history, freedom of speech, whether granted to few or many, was granted as bestowing some important benefit. John Stuart Mill, for example, in On Liberty, saw it as enabling us to learn from each other through discussion. By the test of benefit, I here argue that social media that are funded through trade in our personal data with advertisers, including propagandists, cannot claim to be supporting free speech. We lose our freedoms, if the personal data we entrust to online social media are used to target us with information, or disinformation, tailored as persuasive to different personalities, in order to maximize revenue from advertisers or propagandists. Among the serious consequences described, particularly dangerous because of its effect on democracy, is the use of such targeted advertisements to swing voting campaigns. Control is needed both of the social media and of any political parties that pay social media for differential targeting of voters based on personality. Using UK government documents, I recommend legislation for reform and enforcement.
A systematic review of the evidence supporting post-operative diuretic use following cardiopulmonary bypass in children with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Foote Henry P. , Hornik Christoph P. , Hill Kevin D. , Rotta Alexandre T. , Chamberlain Reid , Thompson Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground:Paediatric cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass induces substantial physiologic changes that contribute to post-operative morbidity and mortality. Fluid overload and oedema are prevalent complications, routinely treated with diuretics. The optimal diuretic choice, timing of initiation, dose, and interval remain largely unknown.Methods:To guide clinical practice and future studies, we used PubMed and EMBASE to systematically review the existing literature of clinical trials involving diuretics following cardiac surgery from 2000 to 2020 in children aged 0–18 years. Studies were assessed by two reviewers to ensure that they met eligibility criteria.Results:We identified nine studies of 430 children across four medication classes. Five studies were retrospective, and four were prospective, two of which included randomisation. All were single centre. There were five primary endpoints – urine output, acute kidney injury, fluid balance, change in serum bicarbonate level, and required dose of diuretic. Included studies showed early post-operative diuretic resistance, suggesting higher initial doses. Two studies of ethacrynic acid showed increased urine output and lower diuretic requirement compared to furosemide. Children receiving peritoneal dialysis were less likely to develop fluid overload than those receiving furosemide. Chlorothiazide, acetazolamide, and tolvaptan demonstrated potential benefit as adjuncts to traditional diuretic regimens.Conclusions:Early diuretic resistance is seen in children following cardiopulmonary bypass. Ethacrynic acid appears superior to furosemide. Adjunct diuretic therapies may provide additional benefit. Study populations were heterogeneous and endpoints varied. Standardised, validated endpoints and pragmatic trial designs may allow investigators to determine the optimal diuretic, timing of initiation, dose, and interval to improve post-operative outcomes.
Abnormal drainage pathway of a supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in a neonate: a case report
Authors: Jamaluddin Johan A. , Ali Norliza 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSupracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is commonly associated with a left-sided ascending vein draining into innominate vein. We present a case of a newborn with a right-sided ascending vein, draining into the right superior caval vein with stenosis at the SVC-ascending vein junction, posing a surgical dilemma in corrective surgery. Usage of three-dimensional computed tomographic scan was essential in delineating the anatomy and aiding surgery. The case demonstrates the rarity of this type of cardiac disease and the complications that develop.
Amphibious Shear Wave Structure Beneath the Alaska‐Aleutian Subduction Zone From Ambient Noise Tomography
Authors: Feng Lili 
Published: May 2021

AbstractI present a 3‐D isotropic shear wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone offshore of the Alaska Peninsula, based on seismic data recorded by the Alaska Amphibious Community Seismic Experiment (AACSE) array and some other networks. The model derives from Rayleigh wave phase speed measurements extracted from ambient seismic noise. A new three‐station interferometry (Zhang et al., 2020) approach is applied to improve the data coverage of ambient noise surface waves. Based on the ambient noise Rayleigh wave dispersion data, a Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion is performed to produce the shear wave velocity model. There are several prominent structures captured by the model, including: (1) The major sedimentary basins across the study region are identified by model. (2) Crustal thickness estimates are related with the geological structures. (3) The imaged slab edge is consistent with both the Slab 2.0 model (Hayes et al., 2018) and earthquake locations. And lots of geological and tectonic features related to subduction zone are captured, including the serpentinized forearc and partial melting zone beneath the Aleutian arc volcanoes. (4) Near the Shumagin gap, reduction in Vs is observed at the uppermost part of the incoming Pacific plate, consistent with the active source study of Shillington et al. (2015). The Vs reduction reflects hydration of the oceanic plate which could be related to local seismicity variation.
Anthropogenic Speeding Up of South China Flash Droughts as Exemplified by the 2019 Summer‐Autumn Transition Season
Authors: Wang Yumiao , Yuan Xing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe emergence of flash drought has raised widespread attention due to its rapid development and devastating impacts, but whether climate change affects its evolution and intensity is still elusive. Here, we investigate a severe flash drought event that fully developed over South China within a month in August 2019 and persisted until November. It has a 1‐in‐229‐year rapid onset speed and 1‐in‐80‐year large intensity due to strong cyclonic anomaly over western North Pacific and persistent local geopotential height anomaly. The attribution based on the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) data shows that anthropogenic climate change has increased the likelihood of onset speed and intensity of the drought event by 24 ± 16% and 37 ± 9%, respectively, which is closely related to anthropogenic temperature increase and precipitation decrease. Our study implies that anthropogenic climate change accelerates the drought onset speed and increases the challenge for drought adaptation.
Subseasonal Forecasts of Opportunity Identified by an Explainable Neural Network
Authors: Mayer Kirsten J. , Barnes Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMidlatitude prediction on subseasonal timescales is difficult due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere and often requires the identification of favorable atmospheric conditions that may lead to enhanced skill (“forecasts of opportunity”). Here, we demonstrate that an artificial neural network (ANN) can identify such opportunities for tropical‐extratropical circulation teleconnections within the North Atlantic (40°N, 325°E) at a lead of 22 days using the network's confidence in a given prediction. Furthermore, layer‐wise relevance propagation (LRP), an ANN explainability technique, pinpoints the relevant tropical features the ANN uses to make accurate predictions. We find that LRP identifies tropical hot spots that correspond to known favorable regions for midlatitude teleconnections and reveals a potential new pattern for prediction in the North Atlantic on subseasonal timescales.
Impact of Lateral Flow on Surface Water and Energy Budgets Over the Southern Great Plains—A Modeling Study
Authors: Yang Zhao , Huang Maoyi , Berg Larry K. , Qian Yun , Gustafson William I. , Fang Yuanhao , Liu Ying , Fast Jerome D. , Sakaguchi Koichi , Tai Sheng‐Lun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs the horizontal grid spacing decreases, treatment of hydrologic processes in land surface models (LSMs), such as the lateral flow of surface and subsurface flow, need to be explicitly represented. Unlike previous studies that mainly focused on the mountainous regions, in this study, the offline Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)‐Hydro model is employed to study the impact of lateral flow on soil moisture and energy fluxes over the relatively flat southern Great Plains (SGP). The vast amount of measurements over the SGP provide a unique opportunity to assess the model behavior. In addition, newly developed land surface properties and input forcing are ingested into the model, in an attempt to reduce uncertainties associated with the initial and boundary forcing and help to identify model deficiencies. Our results show that the more realistic inputs (parameters, soil types, forcing) lead to larger underestimation of latent heat flux and dry bias, indicating the existence of model structural uncertainty (embedded errors) in WRF‐Hydro that need to be characterized to inform future model development efforts. Including lateral flow processes partly mitigates the model deficiencies in representing hydrologic processes and alleviates the dry bias. In particular, both surface and subsurface lateral flow increase soil moisture mainly over the lower elevations, except that subsurface flow also affects soil moisture over steeper terrains. Additional simulations are performed to assess the effect of routing resolution on model results. When LSM resolution is high, noticeable differences in soil moisture are produced between different routing resolutions especially over steep terrain. Whereas when LSM resolution is coarse, differences between routing resolutions become negligible, especially over flat terrain.
Biomarker and Carbon Isotopic Evidence of Marine Incursions in the Himalayan Foreland Basin During Its Overfilled Stage
Authors: Roy Biswajit , Roy Sohom , Goyal Kanva , Ghosh Sambit , Sanyal Prasanta 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe final stages of evolution of the Himalayan foreland basin (HFB) are preserved in the Siwalik Group of rocks deposited by meandering and/or braided rivers in the western and central regions of HFB. However, the time‐equivalent deposits in the eastern part of the foreland provide contradictory evidence of both terrestrial and marine environments. To address the ambiguity, molecular level characterization and stable isotopic composition of organic matter (OM) have been employed in the late Miocene‐Pliocene sequence of the eastern HFB. The n‐alkane distribution, carbon isotopic (δ13C) signature of n‐alkanes and distribution of hopane and sterane isomers suggest OM contributions from both marine and terrestrial sources during the late Miocene period. Increase in short‐chain n‐alkane abundance and gammacerane index, low pristane/phytane ratio, higher δ13C values, higher regular sterane/17α‐hopane, C31R/C30‐hopane and C27/C29 steranes ratios and presence of C30 sterane provides substantial evidence of stratified anoxic conditions and marine influences at specific stratigraphic intervals. During the late Miocene period, mixing of marine OM sources with terrestrial sources argue for marginal marine depositional conditions amid fluvial‐dominating environments. The entry of marine waters in the eastern HFB through the pre‐existing cratonic troughs possibly resulted from eustatic or relative sea‐level rise. No further evidence of marine incursions is observed in the younger Pliocene sediments. The higher detrital influx from the rising Himalayas, the onset of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation and evolution of physical barriers such as Shillong Massifs and Barind Tracts altogether led to the cessation of marine incursions into the HFB.
Multiscale Assessment of Agricultural Consumptive Water Use in California's Central Valley
Authors: Wong A. J. , Jin Y. , Medellín‐Azuara J. , Paw U K. T. , Kent E. R. , Clay J. M. , Gao F. , Fisher J. B. , Rivera G. , Lee C. M. , Hemes K. S. , Eichelmann E. , Baldocchi D. D. , Hook S. J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpatial estimates of crop evapotranspiration with high accuracy from the field to watershed scale have become increasingly important for water management, particularly over irrigated agriculture in semiarid regions. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment on patterns of annual agricultural water use over California's Central Valley, using 30‐m daily evapotranspiration estimates based on Landsat satellite data. A semiempirical Priestley‐Taylor approach was locally optimized and cross‐validated with available field measurements for major crops including alfalfa, almond, citrus, corn, pasture, and rice. The evapotranspiration estimates explained >70% variance in daily measurements from independent sites with an RMSE of 0.88 mm day−1. When aggregated over the Valley, we estimated an average evapotranspiration of 820 ± 290 mm yr−1 in 2014. Agricultural water use varied significantly across and within crop types, with a coefficient of variation ranging from 8% for Rice (1,110 ± 85 mm yr−1) to 59% for Pistachio (592 ± 352 mm yr−1). Total water uses in 2016 increased by 9.6%, as compared to 2014, mostly because of land‐use conversion from fallow/idle land to cropland. Analysis across 134 Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) further showed a large variation of agricultural evapotranspiration among and within GSAs, especially for tree crops, e.g., almond evapotranspiration ranging from 339 ± 80 mm yr−1 in Tracy to 1,240 ± 136 mm yr−1 in Tri‐County Water Authority. Continuous monitoring and assessment of the dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of agricultural evapotranspiration provide data‐driven guidance for more effective land use and water planning across scales.