bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Protoplasm and of Inorganic Gels: an Analogy
Authors: Seifriz William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTWhen a dividing echinoderm egg, in the metaphase of mitosis, is subjected to the pressure of the surface tension existing between a cover slip and a thin film of water, the entire mitotic figure, consisting of a highly viscous jelly cortex which encloses the dilute polar regions and the spindle, suddenly collapses, leaving not a vestige of the structural features of the preceding karyokinetic figure. This collapse is analogous to the sudden breakdown of certain inorganic gels, namely, of iron oxide, as described by Schalek and Szegvary, and of metallic cadmium, as described by Svedberg. In all three cases the sudden liquefaction is brought on by mechanical disturbance, in protoplasm by pressure, and in the two inorganic gels by stirring or shaking. These analogous phenomena tend to support the micellar hypothesis of the structure of gels, a structure in which the colloidal units are connected one to the other to form a three - dimensional network.
Picric Acid Violet Light Assisted Photodegradation Mediated by Germanene-Based Materials
Authors: Bouša Daniel , Marvan Petr , Kosina Jiří , Sturala Jiri , Sofer Zdeněk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Germanene belongs to a family of 2D materials structurally similar to graphene. Germanene-based materials prepared from Zintl phase CaGe2 were modified during their synthesis to yield materials with various covalently bonded groups. Germanane and its derivates exhibit strong luminescence properties which can be altered via surface modification and bring even more interesting possible applications. In this work, germananes terminated by hydrogen and methyl groups (Ge-H and Ge-Me) were used for photodegradation of picric acid solution in the presence of H2O2 and violet light irradiation. Here, we show successful decomposition of picric acid solution using both Ge-based materials in a significantly shorter time compared to blank reaction.
Isomerization of Unprotected Aldoses to 2-Deoxyaldonic Acids Induced by Visible Light/Quinuclidine/Water-Soluble Iridium Complex in Water
Authors: Masuda Yusuke , Tsuda Hiromu , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We herein report that a visible light/quinuclidine/water-soluble iridium complex system is highly effective for promoting the isomerization reaction of aldoses to 2-deoxyaldonic acids in water. The product yields and functional group compatibility are much better than those observed with a UV light/water-soluble benzophenone system.
AgBF4-Mediated Chlorine-Fluorine Exchange Fluorination for the Synthesis of Pentafluorosulfanyl (Hetero)arenes
Authors: Tanagawa Kazuhiro , Zhao Zhengyu , Saito Norimichi , Shibata Norio 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We report a new protocol to form pentafluorosulfanyl (hetero)arenes via chlorine-fluorine exchange of (hetero)aryl tetrafluorosulfanyl chlorides by AgBF4. The method enables access to electron-deficient pentafluorosulfanyl(hetero)arenes, which are targets that are difficult to synthesize. Two advantages of AgBF4 are its ease of handling and stability. This would be a general transformation protocol.
T1 mapping for the diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis: correlation with Cambridge classification system
Authors: Cheng Monica , Gromski Mark A , Fogel Evan L , DeWitt John M , Patel Aashish A , Tirkes Temel 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
This study aims to determine if T1 relaxation time of the pancreas can detect parenchymal changes in early chronic pancreatitis (CP).

Methods:
This study retrospectively analyzed 42 patients grouped as no CP (Cambridge 0; n = 21), equivocal (Cambridge 1; n = 12) or mild CP (Cambridge 2; n = 9) based on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings using the Cambridge classification as the reference standard. Unenhanced T1 maps were acquired using a three-dimensional dual flip-angle gradient-echo technique on the same 1.5 T scanner with the same imaging parameters.

Results:
There was no significant difference between the T1 relaxation times of Cambridge 0 and 1 group (p = 0.58). There was a significant difference (p = 0.0003) in the mean T1 relaxation times of the pancreas between the combined Cambridge 0 and 1 (mean = 639 msec, 95% CI: 617, 660) and Cambridge 2 groups (mean = 726 msec, 95% CI: 692, 759). There was significant difference (p = 0.0009) in the mean T1 relaxation times of the pancreas between the Cambridge 0 (mean = 636 msec, 95% CI: 606, 666) and Cambridge 2 groups (mean = 726 msec, 95% CI: 692,759) as well as between Cambridge 1 (mean = 643 msec, 95% CI: 608, 679) and Cambridge 2 groups (mean = 726 msec, 95% CI: 692,759) (p = 0.0017). Bland–Altman analysis showed measurements of one reader to be marginally higher than the other by 15.7 msec (2.4%, p = 0.04).

Conclusion:
T1 mapping is a practical method capable of quantitatively reflecting morphologic changes even in the early stages of chronic pancreatitis, and demonstrates promise for future implementation in routine clinical imaging protocols.

Advances in knowledge:
T1 mapping can distinguish subtle parenchymal changes seen in early stage CP, and demonstrates promise for implementation in routine imaging protocols for the diagnosis of CP.
Automated detection of pneumonia cases using deep transfer learning with paediatric chest X-ray images
Authors: Salehi Mohammad , Mohammadi Reza , Ghaffari Hamed , Sadighi Nahid , Reiazi Reza 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
Pneumonia is a lung infection and causes the inflammation of the small air sacs (Alveoli) in one or both lungs. Proper and faster diagnosis of pneumonia at an early stage is imperative for optimal patient care. Currently, chest X-ray is considered as the best imaging modality for diagnosing pneumonia. However, the interpretation of chest X-ray images is challenging. To this end, we aimed to use an automated convolutional neural network-based transfer-learning approach to detect pneumonia in paediatric chest radiographs.

Methods:
Herein, an automated convolutional neural network-based transfer-learning approach using four different pre-trained models (i.e. VGG19, DenseNet121, Xception, and ResNet50) was applied to detect pneumonia in children (1–5 years) chest X-ray images. The performance of different proposed models for testing data set was evaluated using five performances metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity/recall, Precision, area under curve, and F1 score.

Results:
All proposed models provide accuracy greater than 83.0% for binary classification. The pre-trained DenseNet121 model provides the highest classification performance of automated pneumonia classification with 86.8% accuracy, followed by Xception model with an accuracy of 86.0%. The sensitivity of the proposed models was greater than 91.0%. The Xception and DenseNet121 models achieve the highest classification performance with F1-score greater than 89.0%. The plotted area under curve of receiver operating characteristics of VGG19, Xception, ResNet50, and DenseNet121 models are 0.78, 0.81, 0.81, and 0.86, respectively.

Conclusion:
Our data showed that the proposed models achieve a high accuracy for binary classification. Transfer learning was used to accelerate training of the proposed models and resolve the problem associated with insufficient data. We hope that these proposed models can help radiologists for a quick diagnosis of pneumonia at radiology departments. Moreover, our proposed models may be useful to detect other chest-related diseases such as novel Coronavirus 2019.

Advances in knowledge:
Herein, we used transfer learning as a machine learning approach to accelerate training of the proposed models and resolve the problem associated with insufficient data. Our proposed models achieved accuracy greater than 83.0% for binary classification.
The feasibility of targeted test-trace-isolate for the control of SARS-CoV-2 variants
Authors: Bradshaw William , Huggins Jonathan , Lloyd Alun , Esvelt Kevin 
Published: April 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 reportedly exhibits substantially higher transmission than the ancestral strain and may generate a major surge of cases before vaccines become widely available, while the P.1 and B.1.351 variants may be equally transmissible and also resist vaccines. All three variants can be sensitively detected by RT-PCR due to an otherwise rare del11288-11296 mutation in orf1ab; B.1.1.7 can also be detected using the common TaqPath kit. Testing, contact tracing, and isolation programs overwhelmed by SARS-CoV-2 could slow the spread of the new variants, which are still outnumbered by tracers in most countries. However, past failures and high rates of mistrust may lead health agencies to conclude that tracing is futile, dissuading them from redirecting existing tracers to focus on the new variants. Here we apply a branching-process model to estimate the effectiveness of implementing a variant-focused testing, contact tracing, and isolation strategy with realistic levels of performance. Our model indicates that bidirectional contact tracing can substantially slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants even in regions where a large fraction of the population refuses to cooperate with contact tracers or to abide by quarantine and isolation requests.
Broadband plasmon-induced transparency modulator in the terahertz band based on multilayer graphene metamaterials
Authors: Zhang Zhenbin , Liu Zhimin , Zhou Fengqi , Wang Jiawei , Wang Yuqing , Zhang Xiao , Qin Yipeng , Zhuo Shanshan , Luo Xin , Gao Enduo , Yi Zao 
Published: April 2021

In this study, multilayer graphene metamaterials comprising graphene blocks and graphene ribbon are proposed to realize dynamic plasmon-induced transparence (PIT). By changing the position between the graphene blocks, PIT phenomenon will occur in different terahertz bands. Furthermore, PIT with a transparent window width of 1 THz has been realized. In addition, the PIT shows redshifts or blueshifts or disappears altogether upon changing the Fermi level of graphene, and hence a frequency selector from 3.91 to 7.84 THz and an electro-optical switch can be realized. Surprisingly, the group index of this structure can be increased to 469. Compared with the complex and fixed structure of previous studies, our proposed structure is simple and can be dynamically adjusted according to demands, which makes it a valuable platform for ideas to inspire the design of novel electro-optic devices.
Multimode optical parametric amplification in the phase-sensitive regime
Authors: Frascella G. , Zakharov R. V. , Tikhonova O. V. , Chekhova M. V. 
Published: April 2021

Phase-sensitive optical parametric amplification of squeezed states helps to overcome detection loss and noise and thus increases the robustness of sub-shot-noise sensing. Because such techniques, e.g., imaging and spectroscopy, operate with multimode light, multimode amplification is required. Here we find the optimal methods for multimode phase-sensitive amplification and verify them in an experiment where a pumped second-order nonlinear crystal is seeded with a Gaussian coherent beam. Phase-sensitive amplification is obtained by tightly focusing the seed into the crystal, rather than seeding with close-to-plane waves. This suggests that phase-sensitive amplification of sub-shot-noise images should be performed in the near field. A similar recipe can be formulated for the time and frequency, which makes this work relevant for quantum-enhanced spectroscopy.
Welche datenbasierten Servicemodelle sind erfolgsversprechend für KMU der Maschinen‑, Anlagen‑, Elektro- und Metallindustrie?
Authors: Vogt Helen , Ehrat Matthias , Fuchs Rainer , Holler Manuel 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDurch die Möglichkeiten des Internet of Things (IoT) sind industrielle Produkte heute in der Lage, Anbieter und Kunden miteinander zu vernetzen. Produktbasierte Daten entstehen in allen Phasen des Produktlebenszyklus. Sie eröffnen den Anbietern die Möglichkeit, neue datenbasierte Servicemodelle zu entwickeln, um neuen Kundennutzen zu schaffen, der letztendlich durch neue digitale Geschäftsmodelle monetarisiert werden kann. Doch welche Ansätze bringen wirklichen Mehrwert für den Anbieter und sind damit den Implementierungsaufwand wert? Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, welche Servicemodelle für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) der Maschinen‑, Anlagen‑, Elektro- und Metallindustrie erfolgversprechend sind. Es konnten zehn Servicemodelle identifiziert werden, die für die Unternehmen einen grundsätzlich hohen Mehrwert, jedoch teilweise unterschiedliche Implementierungsaufwände aufweisen. Die Vergütungsmodelle, mit denen die Servicemodelle bevorzugt monetarisiert werden können, erwiesen sich als vom Servicemodell selbst sowie von der Branche abhängig. In Summe wurde die Realisierungswahrscheinlichkeit für die datenbasierten Servicemodelle und die damit verbundenen digitalen Geschäftsmodelle innerhalb der nächsten drei Jahre noch als moderat eingeschätzt.
Enhanced passive surveillance dengue infection among febrile children: Prevalence, co-infections and associated factors in Cameroon
Authors: Nkenfou Celine Nguefeu , Fainguem Nadine , Dongmo-Nguefack Félicitée , Yatchou Laeticia Grace , Kameni Joel Josephine Kadji , Elong Elise Lobe , Samie Amidou , Estrin William , Koki Paul Ndombo , Ndjolo Alexis 
Published: April 2021

Dengue virus (DENV) causes a spectrum of diseases ranging from asymptomatic, mild febrile to a life-threatening illness: dengue hemorrhagic fever. The main clinical symptom of dengue is fever, similar to that of malaria. The prevalence of dengue virus infection, alone or in association with other endemic infectious diseases in children in Cameroon is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dengue, malaria and HIV in children presenting with fever and associated risk factors.
Dengue overall prevalence was 20.2%, Malaria cases were 52.7% and HIV cases represented 12.6%. The prevalence of dengue-HIV co-infection was 6.0% and that of Malaria-dengue co-infection was 19.5%. Triple infection prevalence was 4.3%. Dengue virus infection is present in children and HIV-Dengue or Dengue- Malaria co-infections are common. Dengue peak prevalence was between August and October. Sex and age were not associated with dengue and dengue co-infections. However, malaria as well as HIV were significantly associated with dengue (P = 0.001 and 0.028 respectively). The diagnosis of dengue and Malaria should be carried out routinely for better management of fever.
Experiencing one’s own body and body image in living kidney donors–A sociological and psychological study
Authors: Kowal Katarzyna , Zatorski Mateusz , Kwiatkowski Artur 
Published: April 2021

Background
The aim of the study was to perform an in-depth exploratory analysis of the experience and image of one’s body among living kidney donors.

Method
The research was carried out using mixed methodology. The study on experiencing one’s own body was carried out using the sociological methodology of the grounded theory (qualitative research). This method was supplemented with psychometric measurement–the Body Esteem Scale (quantitative research). The basic research method was the in-depth interview. Using this method, a group of 25 living kidney donors who had not experienced any serious health or psychological problems after donation was examined. The participants of the study came from three transplant centers in Poland.

Results
The data from the sociological interviews indicate that the donors: 1. do not experience radical changes in the functioning of their body; 2. maintain full control over it and do not feel the absence of a kidney in the body; 3. consciously and reflectively take care of their body after donation. In addition, the sociological research indicates that caring for one’s own body also includes the transferred organ. The kidney donors experience a kind of bodily identity extension, including the recipient’s body. However, the personal and social identity of the studied kidney donors is not disturbed in any way. The psychometric data correspond to the sociological results and indicate: 1. a lack of extreme emotional assessments about one’s body; 2. awareness of one’s own body and consistency of its image; 3. reduced emotional assessment of body zones directly related to the surgery; 4. differences in body image between the sexes.

Conclusions
The research results presented in the text indicate not only the possibility, but also the need for triangulation of research methods in the study of the experience and image of one’s own body in living kidney donors. The proposed research approach employing mixed methodology within the fields of sociology and psychology for researching the phenomenon of living kidney donation is not very common.
Are underprivileged and less empowered women deprived of respectful maternity care: Inequities in childbirth experiences in public health facilities in Pakistan
Authors: Hameed Waqas , Uddin Mudassir , Avan Bilal Iqbal 
Published: April 2021

Background
Attainment of healthcare in respectful and dignified manner is a fundamental right for every woman regardless of the individual status. However, social exclusion, poor psychosocial support, and demeaning care during childbirth at health facilities are common worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We concurrently examined how women with varying socio-demographic characteristics are treated during childbirth, the effect of women’s empowerment on mistreatment, and health services factors that contribute to mistreatment in secondary-level public health facilities in Pakistan.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted during August–November 2016 among 783 women who gave birth in six secondary-care public health facilities across four contiguous districts of southern Sindh. Women were recruited in health facilities and later interviewed at home within 42 days of postpartum using a WHO’s framework-guided 43-item structured questionnaire. Means, standard deviation, and average were used to describe characteristics of the participants. Multivariable linear regression was applied using Stata 15.1.

Results
Women experiencing at least one violation of their right to care by hospital staff during intrapartum care included: ineffective communication (100%); lack of supportive care (99.7%); loss of autonomy (97.5%); failure of meeting professional clinical standards (84.4%); lack of resources (76.3%); verbal abuse (15.2%); physical abuse (14.8%); and discrimination (3.2%). Risk factors of all three dimensions showed significant association with mistreatment: socio-demographic: primigravida and poorer were more mistreated; health services: lesser-education on birth preparedness and postnatal care leads to higher mistreatment; and in terms of women’s empowerment: women who were emotionally and physically abused by family, and those with lack of social support and lesser involvement in joint household decision making with husbands are more likely to be mistreated as compared to their counterparts. The magnitude of relationship between all significant risk factors and mistreatment, in the form of β coefficients, ranged from 0.2 to 5.5 with p-values less than 0.05.

Conclusion
There are glaring inequalities in terms of the way women are treated during childbirth in public health facilities. Measures of socio-demographic, health services, and women’s empowerment showed a significant independent association with mistreatment during childbirth. At the health system level, there is a need for urgent solutions for more inclusive care to ensure that all women are treated with compassion and dignity, complemented by psychosocial support for those who are emotionally disturbed and lack social support.
Seroprevalence of meningococcal serogroup C bactericidal antibodies in the Portuguese population, a decade after vaccine introduction in the National Immunisation Programme
Authors: Gonçalves Paulo , Sáez-López Emma , Carneiro Sofia , Simões Maria João 
Published: April 2021

Background
The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease due to serogroup C (MenC) decreased in Portugal since the introduction of the conjugate vaccine (MCC) in the free market in 2001 and in the National Immunisation Plan in 2006. Considering the potential waning of the antibody response reported in the literature, the different vaccination schemes that were used in our country over the past decade, and that Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C continues to circulate, the Portuguese population may currently be at increased risk of infection. In the absence of national data, we evaluated the seroprotection level of the Portuguese population against MenC, in order to identify the protected fraction of the population and ponder on the necessity of a booster dose of the MCC vaccine.

Methods
We measured serum bactericidal antibody levels against MenC in a representative sample of the population (n = 1500) aged 2–64 years who participated in the 2015/2016 National Serological Survey.

Results
A total of 31.1% (466/1500, 95%CI: 29–33%) of the individuals studied were protected against MenC. The geometric mean titre was 6.5. The proportion of seroprotected was particularly low in children aged 2–4 years (<16%) who received a single dose of the vaccine at 12 months of age (vaccination strategy since 2012). The proportion of seroprotected was higher (44.7% to 53.5%) in adolescent and young adults (15–24 years of age), resulting from vaccination during the catch-up campaign at 5–15 years of age. The highest protection rates were observed when the vaccine was administered during adolescence.

Conclusion
The small fraction of population seroprotected, combined with the already known waning effect of the antibody response over time, may indicate that the Portuguese population will become progressively more exposed to the risk of infection. Taking in consideration our results, we recommend to change the current vaccination strategy and introduce a booster dose of the MCC vaccine during adolescence.
Treatment profiles and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients at private hospital in Jakarta
Authors: Ramatillah Diana Laila , Isnaini Suri 
Published: April 2021

Background
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that causes COVID-19, which has become a worldwide pandemic. However, until now, there is no vaccine or specific drug to prevent or treat COVID-19.

Objectives
To find out the effective treatment as an antiviral agent for COVID-19, to determine the correlation between sociodemography with clinical outcomes and duration of treatment, and to determine the relationship between comorbidities with clinical outcomes and duration of treatment for COVID-19 patients.

Methods
A prospective cohort study was conducted in this study. This study included only confirmed COVID-19 patients who were admitted to the hospital during April-May 2020. Convenience sampling was used to select 103 patients, but only 72 patients were suitable for inclusion.

Results
The survival analysis for COVID-19 patients using the Kaplan Meier method showed that patients receiving Oseltamivir + Hydroxychloroquine had an average survival rate of about 83% after undergoing treatment of about ten days. Gender (p = 0.450) and age (p = 0.226) did not have a significant correlation with the duration of treatment for COVID-19 patients. Gender (p = 0.174) and age (p = 0.065) also did not have a significant correlation with clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients. Comorbidities showed a significant correlation with duration of treatment (p = 0.002) and clinical outcome (p = 0.014) of COVID-19 patients.

Conclusion
The most effective antiviral agent in this study based on treatment duration was the combination of Oseltamivir + Hydroxychloroquine. The higher the patient’s average treatment duration is, the lower the average survival rate for COVID-19 patients.