bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrast-enhanced mammography: what the radiologist needs to know
Authors: Neeter Lidewij M.F.H. , Raat H.P.J. (Frank) , Alcantara Rodrigo , Robbe Quirien , Smidt Marjolein L. , Wildberger Joachim E. , Lobbes Marc B.I. 
Published: August 2021

Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is a combination of standard mammography and iodinated contrast material administration. During the last decade, CEM has found its place in breast imaging protocols: after i.v. administration of iodinated contrast material, low-energy and high-energy images are retrieved in one acquisition using a dual-energy technique, and a recombined image is constructed enabling visualisation of areas of contrast uptake.The increased incorporation of CEM into everyday clinical practice is reflected in the installation of dedicated equipment worldwide, the (commercial) availability of systems from different vendors, the number of CEM examinations performed, and the number of scientific articles published on the subject. It follows that ever more radiologists will be confronted with this technique, and thus be required to keep up to date with the latest developments in the field. Most importantly, radiologists must have sufficient knowledge on how to interpret CEM images and be acquainted with common artefacts and pitfalls.This comprehensive review provides a practical overview of CEM technique, including CEM-guided biopsy; reading, interpretation and structured reporting of CEM images, including the accompanying learning curve, CEM artefacts and interpretation pitfalls; indications for CEM; disadvantages of CEM; and future developments.
maxRatio improves the detection of samples with abnormal amplification profiles on QIAgen’s artus HIV-1 qPCR assay
Authors: Marongiu Luigi , Shain Eric B. , Martinelli Marianna , Pagliari Matteo , Allgayer Heike 
Published: August 2021

Background: Accurate viral load (VL) determination is paramount to determine the efficacy of anti-HIV-1 therapy. The conventional method used, fit-point (FP), assumes an equal efficiency in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) among samples that might not hold for low-input templates. An alternative approach, maxRatio, was introduced to compensate for inhibition in PCR. Methods: Herein, we assessed whether maxRatio could improve VL quantification using 2,544 QIAgen artus HI virus-1 RT-PCR reactions. The assay’s standard dilutions were used to build external standard curves with either FP or maxRatio that re-calculated the VLs. Results: FP and maxRatio were highly comparable (Pearson’s ρ=0.994, Cohen’s κ=0.885), and the combination of the two methods identified samples (n=41) with aberrant amplification profiles. Conclusions: The combination of maxRatio and FP could improve the predictive value of the assay.
Well-being, Interventions and Support during Epidemics (WISE): Protocol for a qualitative longitudinal study of older adults’ experiences during COVID-19
Authors: Guzman Viveka , Foley Ronan , Pertl Maria , Doyle Frank 
Published: August 2021

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has the potential to trigger multiple stress domains and lead to long-term repercussions in an individual’s quality of life, health, and well-being. Stressors from the pandemic are likely to be experienced in many ways by older adults with heterogeneous life experiences and supports available. In this context, it is necessary to tease out the underlying mechanisms leading to positive and negative well-being and mental health across interdependent individual, social and environmental factors. The aim of the present study is to explore community-dwelling older adults’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a particular focus on mental health and psychosocial well-being. Methods: An exploratory longitudinal qualitative study will be conducted with data collected through written submissions, narrative interviews and go-along interviews with older adults living in Irish community settings. To enable the exploration of participants’ responses to the evolving social, economic and environmental circumstances, data collection will take during the implementation of public health restrictions and once these are eased and the vaccination program is rolled out. Framework analysis will be carried out to identify data themes, linkages, and explanations within Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval has been granted by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Research Ethics Committee (REC202011028). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications, presentations at relevant conferences, and in consultation with Public and Patient Involvement (PPI) contributors. A lay summary of findings and infographic will be distributed to multiple stakeholders including our PPI panel, older people, caregivers, community organizations, charities, and media.
The management of tetanus in adults in an intensive care unit in Southern Vietnam
Authors: Hao Nguyen Van , Yen Lam Minh , Davies-Foote Rachel , Trung Truong Ngoc , Duoc Nguyen Van Thanh , Trang Vo Thi Nhu , Nhat Phung Tran Huy , Duc Du Hong , Anh Nguyen Thi Kim , Lieu Pham Thi , Thuy Tran Thi Diem , Thuy Duong Bich , Phong Nguyen Thanh , Truong Nguyen Thanh , Thanh Pham Ba , Tam Dong Thi Hoai , Puthucheary Zudin , Thwaites C Louise 
Published: August 2021

Background: Tetanus remains common in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) yet the evidence base guiding management of this disease is extremely limited, particularly with respect to contemporary management options. Sharing knowledge about practice may facilitate improvement in outcomes elsewhere. Methods: We describe clinical interventions and outcomes of 180 adult patients ≥16 years-old with tetanus enrolled in prospective observational studies at a specialist infectious diseases hospital in Southern Vietnam. Patients were treated according to a holistic management protocol encompassing wound-care, antitoxin, antibiotics, symptom control, airway management, nutrition and de-escalation criteria. Results: Mortality rate in our cohort was 2.8%, with 90 (50%) patients requiring mechanical ventilation for a median 16 [IQR 12-24] days. Median [IQR] duration of ICU stay was 15 [8-23] days. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction occurred in 45 (25%) patients. Hospital acquired infections occurred in 77 (43%) of patients. Conclusion: We report favourable outcomes for patients with tetanus in a single centre LMIC ICU, treated according to a holistic protocol. Nevertheless, many patients required prolonged intensive care support and hospital acquired infections were common.
Optimal Search and Discovery
Authors: Greminger Rafael P. 
Published: August 2021

This paper studies a search problem in which a consumer is initially aware of only a few products. At every point in time, the consumer then decides between searching among alternatives of which he is already aware and discovering more products. I show that the optimal policy for this search and discovery problem is fully characterized by tractable reservation values. Moreover, I prove that a predetermined index fully specifies the purchase decision of a consumer following the optimal search policy. Finally, a comparison highlights differences to classical random and directed search. This paper was accepted by Dmitri Kuksov, marketing.
Women in UK paediatric surgery: past, present, future
Authors: Konstantinidou S , Mullassery D 
Published: August 2021

Introduction Paediatric surgery is the surgical specialty with the highest representation of women. This study aims to explore the fascinating history, current role and future prospects of female paediatric surgeons in the UK. Materials and Methods A literature search was conducted in google and pubmed, national statistic reports and personal correspondence to gather information on the history and current status of female paediatric surgeons in the UK. Results Women with an interest in paediatric surgery have been recorded in historical reports from ancient and medieval times. During the early decades of the establishment of paediatric surgery in key female figures overcame prejudice, won the respect of their peers and blazed the trail for future generations. Among those legendary individuals were Gertrude Herferz, Isabella Forshall, Helen Noblett, Leela Kapila, Caroline Doig, Vanessa Wright and Su-Anna Boddy. Recent decades saw a worldwide rise in the proportion of female paediatric surgeons with women representing 27.3% of consultants and 47.1% of registrars in England in 2017. Female authorship has also increased. However, women are still significantly outnumbered in leadership positions in major paediatric surgery committees. Discussion and Conclusion Charismatic women have influenced paediatric surgery and paved the path for future generations. Despite the rise in percentage of women entering paediatric surgery in recent decades, women continue to be under-represented in clinical and academic leadership positions. Female mentoring schemes such as those provided by Women in Surgery, and an updated view of leadership development opportunities are likely to help address these concerns.
Exploring Self-Determination Outcomes of Racially and Ethnically Marginalized Students With Disabilities in Inclusive, General Education Classrooms
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Scott LaRon A. , Hicks Tyler A , Raley Sheida K. , Hagiwara Mayumi , Pace Jesse R. , Gerasimova Daria , Alsaeed Abdulaziz , Kiblen Jessie C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Opportunities and experiences for all students, including students with intellectual and developmental disabilities, to build self-determination abilities and skills are critical to enable positive postsecondary outcomes (e.g., competitive and integrated employment, community access participation). However, racially and ethnically marginalized students with disabilities might experience fewer opportunities to build self-determination due to systemic issues (e.g., absence of policies emphasizing equity and racial justice, lack of understanding of students' social and cultural capital). The present study is an initial, exploratory analysis to determine if students with disabilities from racially and ethnically marginalized backgrounds reported different self-determination outcomes as they engaged in the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI) in inclusive, general education classrooms. Findings suggested African American/Black students with and without disabilities as well as Hispanic/Latinx students without disabilities scored highest in self-determination at the beginning of the academic year (baseline) and that including disability status crossed with race/ethnicity as a predictor of self-determination baseline improved understanding of the data patterns. Implications for systemic changes to enable equitable education across research and practice are discussed.
Diagnostic performance and clinical implications of rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing in Mexico using real-world nationwide COVID-19 registry data
Authors: Bello-Chavolla Omar Yaxmehen , Antonio-Villa Neftali Eduardo , Fernández-Chirino Luisa , Guerra Enrique C. , Fermín-Martínez Carlos A. , Márquez-Salinas Alejandro , Vargas-Vázquez Arsenio , Bahena-López Jessica Paola 
Published: August 2021

Background
SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity is important to monitor epidemic dynamics and as a mitigation strategy. Given difficulties of large-scale quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) implementation, rapid antigen tests (Rapid Ag-T) have been proposed as alternatives in settings like Mexico. Here, we evaluated diagnostic performance of Rapid Ag-T for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated clinical implications compared to qRT-PCR testing in Mexico.

Methods
We analyzed data from the COVID-19 registry of the Mexican General Directorate of Epidemiology up to April 30th, 2021 (n = 6,632,938) and cases with both qRT-PCR and Rapid Ag-T (n = 216,388). We evaluated diagnostic performance using accuracy measures and assessed time-dependent changes in the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC). We also explored test discordances as predictors of hospitalization, intubation, severe COVID-19 and mortality.

Results
Rapid Ag-T is primarily used in Mexico City. Rapid Ag-T have low sensitivity 37.6% (95%CI 36.6–38.7), high specificity 95.5% (95%CI 95.1–95.8) and acceptable positive 86.1% (95%CI 85.0–86.6) and negative predictive values 67.2% (95%CI 66.2–69.2). Rapid Ag-T has optimal diagnostic performance up to days 3 after symptom onset, and its performance is modified by testing location, comorbidity, and age. qRT-PCR (-) / Rapid Ag-T (+) cases had higher risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes (HR 1.54 95% CI 1.41–1.68) and were older, qRT-PCR (+)/ Rapid Ag-T(-) cases had slightly higher risk or adverse outcomes and ≥7 days from symptom onset (HR 1.53 95% CI 1.48–1.59). Cases detected with rapid Ag-T were younger, without comorbidities, and milder COVID-19 course.

Conclusions
Rapid Ag-T could be used as an alternative to qRT-PCR for large scale SARS-CoV-2 testing in Mexico. Interpretation of Rapid Ag-T results should be done with caution to minimize the risk associated with false negative results.
Higher entropy observed in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the first COVID-19 wave in Pakistan
Authors: Ghanchi Najia Karim , Nasir Asghar , Masood Kiran Iqbal , Abidi Syed Hani , Mahmood Syed Faisal , Kanji Akbar , Razzak Safina , Khan Waqasuddin , Shahid Saba , Yameen Maliha , Raza Ali , Ashraf Javaria , Ansar Zeeshan , Dharejo Mohammad Buksh , Islam Nazneen , Hasan Zahra , Hasan Rumina 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundWe investigated the genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the early COVID-19 period to investigate evolution of the virus in Pakistan.Materials and methodsWe studied ninety SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated between March and October 2020. Whole genome sequences from our laboratory and available genomes were used to investigate phylogeny, genetic variantion and mutation rates of SARS-CoV-2 strains in Pakistan. Site specific entropy analysis compared mutation rates between strains isolated before and after June 2020.ResultsIn March, strains belonging to L, S, V and GH clades were observed but by October, only L and GH strains were present. The highest diversity of clades was present in Sindh and Islamabad Capital Territory and the least in Punjab province. Initial introductions of SARS-CoV-2 GH (B.1.255, B.1) and S (A) clades were associated with overseas travelers. Additionally, GH (B.1.255, B.1, B.1.160, B.1.36), L (B, B.6, B.4), V (B.4) and S (A) clades were transmitted locally. SARS-CoV-2 genomes clustered with global strains except for ten which matched Pakistani isolates. RNA substitution rates were estimated at 5.86 x10−4. The most frequent mutations were 5’ UTR 241C > T, Spike glycoprotein D614G, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) P4715L and Orf3a Q57H. Strains up until June 2020 exhibited an overall higher mean and site-specific entropy as compared with sequences after June. Relative entropy was higher across GH as compared with GR and L clades. More sites were under selection pressure in GH strains but this was not significant for any particular site.ConclusionsThe higher entropy and diversity observed in early pandemic as compared with later strains suggests increasing stability of the genomes in subsequent COVID-19 waves. This would likely lead to the selection of site-specific changes that are advantageous to the virus, as has been currently observed through the pandemic.
Knowledge, attitude and management of hearing screening in children among family physicians in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alqudah Ola , Alqudah Safa , Al-Bashaireh Ahmad M. , Alharbi Nouf , Alqudah Alia Mohammad 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundEarly detection and management of hearing loss are important to develop ordinary speaking language and academic skills during childhood. Lack of knowledge by either parents or health care providers could hinder the process of hearing loss diagnosis, such that the intervention will be less effective. There is little evidence about the knowledge and practice of family physicians regarding hearing screening in Saudi Arabia and worldwide.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess family physicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to hearing loss in children. This in turn will help policy makers and educational institutions to establish and promote a program concerned with screening, diagnosis and intervention of paediatric hearing loss.MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study enrolled 133 family physicians working at primary health centres in Saudi Arabia from March 2020 to September 2020. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of family physicians concerning hearing loss in children.ResultsThe majority of the participants were working under the umbrella of the Ministry of Health and around half of them did not screen any child for hearing loss. Despite that, 91.7% indicated the importance of neonatal hearing screening, 70.7% indicate infant candidacy for cochlear implant and only 33.1% know about the existence of the early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) governmental program in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Participants were able to identify factors associated with hearing loss such as a family history of hearing loss (85.6%), meningitis (75%) and craniofacial anomalies (51.5%). The most frequent specialists for patient referrals were ear nose and throat ENT (75.2%) and audiologists (67.7%).ConclusionThis study shows that family physicians have good general background about the benefits of EHDI programs and the management of hearing loss in the paediatric population. However, it also indicated insufficient knowledge in other domains of hearing loss, including assessments and the presence of the EHDI governmental program in KSA. Further actions on the involvement of family physicians in the process of neonatal hearing screening, diagnosis and intervention for hearing impairment are needed.
Depressive symptoms among frontline and non-frontline healthcare providers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kelantan, Malaysia: A cross sectional study
Authors: Norhayati Mohd Noor , Che Yusof Ruhana , Azman Mohd Yacob 
Published: August 2021

Background
Healthcare providers are vulnerable in the fight against COVID-19 and may experience significant psychological and mental health consequences. This study aimed to compare the levels of depressive symptoms among frontline and non-frontline healthcare providers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in two government hospitals managing COVID-19-related cases in Kelantan, Malaysia from May to July 2020 to identify and compared depressive symptoms levels of frontline and non-frontline healthcare providers. Convenient sampling was applied in the selection of eligible participants and those diagnosed as having any psychiatric illnesses were excluded. The self-administered questionnaires for the Malay versions of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to measure depressive symptoms score and the Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey to measure social support score as an important confounder. A descriptive analysis, independent t-test and ANCOVA were performed using SPSS version 26.

Results
A total of 306 respondents from healthcare providers were recruited which 160 were frontline healthcare providers and 146 were non-frontline healthcare providers. The level of depressive symptoms (HADS score >8) was 27.5% for the frontline healthcare providers and 37.7% for the non-frontline healthcare providers. The mean depressive symptoms score for the non-frontline healthcare providers was 0.75 points higher than that of the frontline healthcare providers after adjusting for gender, duration of employment and social support.

Conclusion
Non-frontline healthcare providers are also experiencing psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic even though they do not have direct contact with COVID-19 patients.
Accurate Full-Vectorial Finite Element Method Combined with Exact Non-Reflecting Boundary Condition for Computing Guided Waves in Optical Fibers
Authors: Dautov Rafail Z. , Karchevskii Evgenii M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The vector electromagnetic problem for eigenwaves of optical fibers, originally formulated on the whole plane, is equivalently reduced to a linear parametric eigenvalue problem posed in a circle, convenient for numerical solution.
The study of the solvability of this problem is based on the spectral theory of compact self-adjoint operators.
Asymptotic properties of the dispersion curves and their smoothness are investigated for the new formulation of the problem.
A numerical method based on finite element approximations combined with an exact non-reflecting boundary condition is developed.
Error estimates for approximating eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are derived.
Money for the Issuer: Liability or Equity?
Authors: Bossone Biagio , Costa Massimo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study analyzes the nature of money through the lens of the international principles of accounting and lays the foundations of what it calls the accounting view of money (AVM). Using international accounting principles, the AVM argues that the fiat monies issued by the state (typically, cash, banknotes, and central bank money) are not debt and that in fractional reserve regimes, only a share of commercial bank money can be regarded as debt. The AVM argues, instead, that state monies and the nondebt share of commercial bank money are net wealth of their holders and net worth (equity) of their issuers and determines how the seigniorage associated with money issuance should be accounted for correctly in the financial statements of the issuing institutions. The AVM points to the correct way to account for the various forms of money in the financial statements of the issuing institutions, clarifies what the different accounting treatments imply for a correct understanding of the concept of money, and evaluates the related economic and economic policy implications.