bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Etanol dan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Bunga Mawar Merah (Rosa hybrida Hora Syn damascena Mill.) terhadap Nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF)
Authors: Nugraheni Bekti , Rininingsih Uning , Swandari Mika Tri Kumala 
Published: October 2021

Bunga mawar merah memiliki kandungan antosianin dan antioksidan yang dapat mencegah kerusakan sel akibat paparan sinar UV. Salah satunya dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai tabir surya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi etanol dan konsentrasi ekstrak bunga mawar merah (Rosa hybrida Hora Syn damascena Mill.) terhadap nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) secara spektrofotometri UV. Ekstrak etanol bunga mawar merah diperoleh dengan metode refluks menggunakan pelarut etanol dengan konsentrasi yaitu 50%, 70%, dan 96%. Konsentrasi ekstrak bunga mawar merah yang digunakan adalah 40, 60, 80, 100, dan 120 ppm, dilarutkan menggunakan aquadest, kemudian dilakukan penentuan nilai SPF. Hasil nilai SPF ekstrak bunga mawar merah dengan etanol 50% berturut-turut adalah 2,46, 3,59, 4,77, 6,22, dan 7,12. Nilai SPF ekstrak bunga mawar merah dengan etanol 70% adalah 2,29, 3,48, 4,58, 5,76, dan 6,83 dan nilai SPF yang diekstrak dengan konsentrasi etanol 96% adalah 2,10, 3,13, 4,16, 5,22, dan 6,20. Hasil analisis statistika menggunakan uji Kruskall Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh nilai SPF bunga mawar merah yang diekstraksi dengan etanol 50%, 70%, maupun 96%, tetapi ada pengaruh antar konsentrasi ekstrak dan kelompok terhadap nilai SPF yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai signifikasi lebih kecil dari 0,05. Red roses contain anthocyanins and antioxidants that can damage cells due to UV rays. One of them can be used as a sunscreen. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol and the concentration of red rose flower extract (Rosa hybrida Hora Syn damascena Mill.) On the value of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) by UV spectrophotometry. The ethanol extract of red rose flowers was obtained by reflux method using ethanol with concentrations of 50%, 70%, and 96%. The concentrations of the red rose extract used were 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 ppm, dissolved using aquadest, then the SPF value was determined. The results of the SPF value of the red rose flower extract with 50% ethanol were 2.46, 3.59, 4.77, 6.22, and 7.12, respectively. The SPF values of the red rose flower extract with 70% ethanol were 2.29, 3.48, 4.58, 5.76, and 6.83 and the SPF values extracted with a 96% ethanol concentration were 2.10, 3.13, 4.16, 5.22, and 6.20. The results of statistical analysis using the Kruskall Wallis test showed that there was no effect on the SPF value of red roses extracted with ethanol 50%, 70%, or 96%, but there was an effect between the concentration of the extract and the group on the SPF value indicated by a significance value smaller than 0.05.
Aktivitas Imunomodulator dan Kandungan Fenol Ekstrak Terpurifikasi Rimpang Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var.Rubrum)
Authors: Luhurningtyas Fania Putri , Susilo Jatmiko , Yuswantina Richa , Widhihastuti Erma , Ardiyansah Firman Wahyu 
Published: October 2021

Rimpang jahe merah (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var.Rubrum) terbukti mempengaruhi sel imun dengan menurunkan level TNF-α dan IFN-Ɣ pada kelompok perlakuan. Adanya senyawa pengotor pada ekstrak seperti lemak, resin, gula, serat, pati dapat menyebabkan penurunan aktivitas pada uji farmakologis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh purifikasi ekstrak rimpang jahe merah terhadap aktivitas imunomodulator dan kandungan fenolnya. Penarikan metabolit sekunder pada rimpang jahe merah menggunakan maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Purifikasi ekstrak dilakukan dengan cara partisi, dimurnikan dengan pelarut n-heksana. Penentuan kandungan fenol diuji menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Metode bersihan karbon pada hewan coba bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas imunomodulator berdasarkan nilai konstanta fagositosis. Hasil pengujian kadar fenol total ekstrak kasar jahe merah sebesar 338,567 mg GAE/g sampel dan ekstrak purifikasi n-heksana sebesar 862,883 mg GAE/g sampel. Aktivitas imunomodulator ekstrak purifikasi jahe merah tidak berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok kontrol positif Phyllanthus niruri (p>0,05). Hasil pengujian diketahui bahwa ekstrak terpurifikasi rimpang jahe merah memberikan hasil yang signifikan baik kadar fenol maupun aktivitas imumodulator dibandingkan sediaan ekstrak kasarnya.Red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var.Rubrum) was shown to affect immune cells by reducing TNF-α and IFN-Ɣ levels in the treatment group. The presence of impurities in extracts such as fat, resin, sugar, fiber, starch can cause a decrease in activity in pharmacological tests. This study was conducted to determine the effect of purification of red ginger rhizome extract on immunomodulatory activity and phenol content. Withdrawal of secondary metabolites from red ginger rhizome used maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. Extract purification was carried out by partitioning, purified with n-hexane solvent. Determination of phenol content was tested using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The method of carbon clearance in animals aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity based on the value of the phagocytosis constant. The total phenol content of the crude extract of red ginger was 338.567 mg GAE / g sample and purified extract of n-hexane was 862.883 mg GAE / g sample. The immunomodulatory activity of the purified red ginger extract was no meaningful difference between with the positive control group of Phyllanthus niruri (p>0,05). The test results showed that the purified extract of red ginger rhizome gave significant results in both phenol content and immunomodulatory activity compared to the crude extract preparation
OSSOS Finds an Exponential Cutoff in the Size Distribution of the Cold Classical Kuiper Belt
Authors: Kavelaars J. J. , Petit Jean-Marc , Gladman Brett , Bannister Michele T. , Alexandersen Mike , Chen Ying-Tung , Gwyn Stephen D. J. , Volk Kathryn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The cold main classical Kuiper Belt consists of the nonresonant small solar system bodies with low orbital inclinations and orbital semimajor axes between 42.4 and 47.7 au. These objects likely formed in situ, and the population has experienced minimal collisional modification since formation. Using the Outer Solar System Origins Survey ensemble sample and characterization, combined with constraints from deeper surveys and supported by evidence from the Minor Planet Center catalog and the Deep Ecliptic Survey, we determine the absolute magnitude H

r
distribution of the cold classical belt from H

r
≃ 5 to 12 (roughly diameters of 400–20 km). We conclude that the cold population’s H

r
distribution exhibits an exponential cutoff at large sizes. Exponential cutoffs at large sizes are not a natural outcome of pairwise particle accretion, but exponentially tapered power-law size distributions are a feature of numerical simulations of planetesimal formation via a streaming instability. Our observation of an exponential cutoff agrees with previous observational inferences that no large objects (D ≳ 400 km) exist in the cold population. We note that the asymptotic slope of the H

r
distribution is consistent with α ∼ 0.4. This asymptotic slope is also found in streaming instability modeling of planetesimal formation and is thus not necessarily associated with achieving collisional equilibrium. Studies of the trans-Neptunian region are providing the parameters that will enable future streaming-instability studies to determine the initial conditions of planetesimal formation in the ≈45 au region of the Sun’s protoplanetary disk.
Des élites touarègues face aux trafics de drogues. Quelles recompositions morales et sociopolitiques ?
Authors: Bencherif Adib 
Published: October 2021

Depuis le milieu des années 2000, les trafics illicites au Sahel, notamment les trafics de drogue, sont régulièrement analysés à travers un prisme sécuritaire. Le présent article, basé sur un terrain de recherche au Mali et au Niger entre 2016 et 2017, adopte une approche critique, explicitant les enjeux associés aux « données » et aux récits collectés sur les trafics de drogue et soulignant ce qu’ils révèlent ou laissent parfois supposer dans le contexte d’une économie politique régionale en transformation. Ayant eu principalement accès à des élites touarègues, l’auteur présente leurs perceptions et leurs économies morales autour des trafics de drogue. À travers les récits de ces élites, il se penche sur les dynamiques de pouvoir et les potentiels effets provoqués par l’économie de la drogue au sein des communautés touarègues au Mali et au Niger. L’article analyse plus spécifiquement les préoccupations des élites par rapport aux trafics de drogue, à l’instar de l’évolution des liens matrimoniaux, de l’avènement de nouvelles notabilités, de la perte de contrôle sur la « jeunesse » et de l’affaiblissement de certaines réalités statutaires.
Sammy, l’enfant dictateur II. Les dictées
Authors: Lenormand Marie 
Published: October 2021

Dans Un cas de psychose infantile conjointement publié en 1960 par Joyce McDougall et Serge Lebovici, Sammy, petit Américain de 10 ans, exige de son analyste qu’elle se contente d’écrire les histoires rocambolesques qu’il lui dicte et se met en rage dès que cette dernière tente de se soustraire à ses injonctions ou de prendre la parole. Il commente ainsi son attitude : « parce que je dicte, je suis votre dictateur ». Variante de « l’enfant tyran », Sammy s’auto-définit donc, dans la cure, comme « enfant dictateur » au double sens de celui qui exerce son pouvoir sans mesure et qui « fait écrire ». Si aucune loi ne limite le pouvoir d’un dictateur, celui de Sammy échappe-t-il pour autant à toute détermination ? Qu’entendre de la logique de cette dictée-dictature, subjectivement pour l’enfant, et dans le décours de la cure ? Ce second article s’attachera à mettre en lumière la logique des dictées de Sammy et la manière dont McDougall s’est située dans la « dict é ture » de l’enfant.
Quand la mise en sécurité du patrimoine religieux devient un atout
Authors: Gasiglia Bertrand 
Published: October 2021

La mise en sécurité du patrimoine religieux constitue une obligation pour les communes qui doivent exercer leurs responsabilités de propriétaires depuis le début du XX e siècle. Mais loin d’être seulement une contrainte, cette obligation peut constituer un argument politique et de valorisation du territoire. C’est ce que nous verrons dans ce texte avec le rôle que joue le Conseil départemental des Alpes-Maritimes dans un territoire singulier.
De logica’s achter de terugkeer van de microbrouwerij in Brussel
Authors: Delperdange Pauline 
Published: October 2021

Cas emblématique du redéploiement d’activités artisanales, la microbrasserie fait l’objet d’une résurgence notable à Bruxelles. Notre article vise à rendre compte de ce retour d’activités productives en ville, en répondant aux questions : par qui, comment, et où est produite la bière bruxelloise ? Il s’agit d’abord d’identifier les dynamiques de localisation de l’activité, passée et actuelle, dans l’espace urbain et l’hinterland économique de la région. Puis, à partir de l’analyse d’entretiens menés auprès d’une quinzaine de brasseurs, de rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité constituante du monde bruxellois de la microbrasserie, à travers l’identification de logiques entrepreneuriales plurielles qui impliquent une diversité de conceptions de la production urbaine et de modes de rapport à l’espace.
The logic behind the resurgence of microbreweries in Brussels
Authors: Delperdange Pauline 
Published: October 2021

Cas emblématique du redéploiement d’activités artisanales, la microbrasserie fait l’objet d’une résurgence notable à Bruxelles. Notre article vise à rendre compte de ce retour d’activités productives en ville, en répondant aux questions : par qui, comment, et où est produite la bière bruxelloise ? Il s’agit d’abord d’identifier les dynamiques de localisation de l’activité, passée et actuelle, dans l’espace urbain et l’hinterland économique de la région. Puis, à partir de l’analyse d’entretiens menés auprès d’une quinzaine de brasseurs, de rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité constituante du monde bruxellois de la microbrasserie, à travers l’identification de logiques entrepreneuriales plurielles qui impliquent une diversité de conceptions de la production urbaine et de modes de rapport à l’espace.
Some suggestions for approaching the study and the conservation of ancient human biological remains. A synthesis of the conservation work in the body of the blessed Margherita di Savoia
Authors: Gabrielli Nazzareno 
Published: October 2021

This paper presents some suggestions for the application of a protocol for the correct approach to working with archaeological objects, mummies in particular, both in conservation and intervention.
a. A proposal for the creation of a National Committee for Anthropological Heritage through a public regional institution responsible for authorizing and controlling intervention and conservation.
b. To establish bonds between institutions that deal with cultural heritage.
c. To design a Restoration Form for the regulation of interventions and the substances used.
Policymakers’ Perspectives on Responding to the Elderly's Mental Health Needs in Post-Disaster Situations
Authors: Efendi Ferry , Indarwati Retno , Aurizki Gading Ekapuja , Susanti Ika Adelia , Fajar Maulana Antoni Eka 
Published: October 2021

Background Mental health issues following the occurrence of disaster remain neglected area especially for older people group. The purpose of this study was to explore stakeholders’ perspectives on post-disaster management related to the elderly's mental health needs. Design and methods This qualitative case study was conducted between June and October 2020. The investigators conducted in-depth interviews with policymakers who were in charge of disaster management at national, provincial, and regional levels. The policymakers were selected through purposive sampling. A policy analysis was conducted by the investigators to answer the research question. Results The results were presented based on actor, content, context, and process. The actors engage in intersectoral collaboration between disaster agencies, health agencies, and social agencies. The content is largely comprehensive; however, the disaster management policy should not neglect to address mental health conditions after a disaster event. The context is the vulnerability and risk of the elderly in terms of experiencing physical and mental issues after a disaster, which should be considered by policymakers in Indonesia. The process is the development of disaster management policies, which are influenced by cultural, economic, political, and international factors. Conclusions This study reveals that stakeholders need to pay attention to the mental health issue of elderly in national and regional policy, particularly during post-disaster situations. In addition, posttraumatic stress in post-disaster situations should be highlighted in order to formulate a better aged care policy.
Spectrum of Skin Diseases in the Elderly Age Group
Authors: Mehra Mriganka , Mishra Nitin , Gahalaut Pratik , Rastogi Madhur Kant , Agarwal Neni 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The increasing average lifespan has led to an increase in an elderly patient encountered in day-to-day practice. Despite this, there is a lack of statistical data about dermatosis in the elderly.

Objectives:
This study has been performed with the objectives of studying the spectrum of skin diseases in the elderly and study associations of these with various demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and residence with clinical diagnosis.

Methodology:
This was a cross-sectional study based in a tertiary care teaching hospital, which included patients aged 60 years and above, presenting to the outpatient department of dermatology.

Results:
A total of 440 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 65.92 years, with maximum belonging to the 60–69 years' age group (73%) and a male preponderance (1.97:1). The most common systemic ailment was diabetes mellitus (18.2%). The most common physiological change was wrinkling (92.3%). Among pathological conditions, infections were the most common group (51.3%). Fungal infections were seen in 24.1% and leprosy in 6.8% of patients. Wrinkling, neoplasia, and nail changes were significantly higher in males. Metabolic dermatosis was significantly higher in diabetics. Generalized pruritus, neoplasia, and pigmentary disorders were significantly more common in urban residents, whereas infections were significantly higher in rural residents.

Conclusion:
The most common physiologic finding among the elderly was wrinkles while the most common dermatosis were infections. Dermatosis in the elderly has atypical presentations due to an interplay of physiological and pathological factors. With increasing average lifespan, dermatological demands of the aged are growing. Thus, it is important to study the problems of the aged individuals, so proper dermatological care can be provided to them.
Ageing agony
Authors: Patel Mamta 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Rape is a type of sexual assault and brutal, demeaning, cruel act perpetrated without concern. Despite extensive research on rape, especially in India, there exists an important gap in knowledge around elderly victims. The rapist has been considered by many clinicians as the victim of uncontrollable urges or the recipient of a disordered personality.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to examine the situation during the commission of the crime and what was the relationship between the victim and the offender in committing the heinous crime.

Methods:
In this research, data were obtained from print media and electronic media from 2004 to 2018. A total number of 49 cases were found reported during this period of work. This study is based on quantitative findings using the unobtrusive method of content analysis. The elderly women aged 60 and above were taken for the study.

Results:
The results show that cruelty was involved in more than one-fourth of the cases. In most of the cases, victims were targeted as they were alone in their homes. In some cases, the offenders were found in a state of inebriation at the time of the crime. The crime was committed mostly by the impulsive type rapist.

Conclusions:
The findings challenge the social norms and have implications for future research, policy, and practice.
Oral disease burden amongst residents of an internally displaced persons camp in Nigeria
Authors: Nnawuihe Ukachi Chiwendu , Otakhoigbogie Uwaila 
Published: October 2021

Objective: To assess the prevalence of oral diseases and conditions amongst residents of an isolated camp that caters for internally displaced persons to define their oral health need in order to facilitate surveillance and planning of interventional programmes.
Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out among randomly selected residents of a camp at Uhogua village forest reserve, Edo State, Nigeria. Socio-demographic data was obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Oral examination was carried out under natural illumination using mouth mirror, wooden spatula and blunt dental explorer. Oral hygiene was graded using Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. Diagnoses of caries and periodontal disease were according to the World Health Organization criteria. Clinical diagnosis of oral lesions/conditions was by visual inspection. IBM SPSS version 25.0 was used for descriptive and inferential analysis at 95% confidence interval with p set at < 0.05 significance.
Results: The mean age of the 437 study participants was 15.81 ± 8.42 with a range of 4 - 71 years. Males (43.0%), females (57.0%) and participants with primary education (78.7%). Only 3.4% of the study participants had good oral hygiene and 11.9% of the group had periodontal pockets. Dental caries prevalence was 19.7%. The DMFT/dmft index value was 0.33/0.13 with PUFA/pufa score of 0.06/0.02. However, 35.0% of permanent teeth and 79.0% of deciduous teeth had evidence of dento-oral infection and ulceration. The prevalence of oral ulcers (1.8%), leukoplakia (2.1%), erythroplakia (0.5%), oral candidiasis (5.3%), cleft palate (0.2%) and traumatic dental injury (4.3%). were noted. Lower educational attainment was associated with presence of periodontal pockets (p=0.029) and dental caries (p=0.004).
Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene was prevalent in this group. Although the prevalence of oral diseases and conditions were low in comparison with previous local studies, many of the carious lesions had signs of dento-oral infections. Improved access to education with a significant oral health education content and preventive oral health services are recommended strategies in reducing the oral health challenges of this group.
Evaluation of the International Spinal Cord Injury Bowel Function Basic Data Set Version 2.0 in Children and Youth With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Dent Kathryn , Zebracki Kathy , Sadowsky Cristina , Martin Rebecca , Behrman Andrea , Lipa Bethany , Biering-Sørensen Fin , Vogel Lawrence C. , Mulcahey MJ 
Published: October 2021

Objectives:
To establish the utility and feasibility of the International Spinal Cord Injury/Dysfunction (SCI/D) Bowel Function Basic Data Set Version 2.0 in pediatric SCI populations.

Methods:
This was a noninterventional, repeated measure design conducted in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Illinois, Kentucky, and South Carolina. The International Spinal Cord Injury/Dysfunction (SCI/D) Bowel Function Basic Data Set Version 2.0 was administered repeatedly, twice at the point of care and once over the phone. Time to complete the data set was recorded. Inter- and intrarater reliability was examined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and agreement between the bowel function basic data set variables and medical records was calculated using percentages. Intrarater reliability involved the same person administering the data once at the point of care and once over the phone.

Results:
Forty-one children/youth ages 1 to 20 years participated in this study. Average time to complete the data set was 5.17 minutes. Interrater reliability was good to excellent (ICC ≥ 0.75) for most variables. Five variables had moderate interrater reliability (ICC = 0.05–0.74) and three had poor interrater reliability (ICC &lt; 0.05). With the exception of one variable that had poor intrarater reliability (constipating agent, ICC = 0.00) and one that approached moderate reliability (digital evacuation, ICC = 0.74), intrarater reliability was good to strong for every bowel variable (ICC = 0.88–1.00). Only 12 (32%) medical records had explicit documentation of one or more of the variables on the Basic Bowel Function Basic Data Set V2.0.

Conclusion:
The results support future research with a larger and more diverse sample of children with SCI to build upon the psychometric work described herein.
La prerrogativa de inviolabilidad de los diputados
Authors: Magaña Álvaro 
Published: October 2021

La inviolabilidad y la inmunidad incorporadas en las constituciones por la revolución francesa desde hace más de doscientos años, se han mantenido prácticamente igual en todos los ordenamientos constitucionales, y parece que se ignora o quizás se olvida que las circunstancias que en un tiempo explicaron su aparición, han cambiado significativamente desde entonces. En este artículo se hace referencia a la inviolabilidad parlamentaria de los miembros de la Asamblea Legislativa, normada por el Art. 125, que se complementa con la inmunidad establecida y regulada en los Artículos 236 y siguientes de la Constitución.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 55, No. 619-620, 2000: 547-571.