bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The APETALA2 homolog CaFFN regulates flowering time in pepper
Authors: Yuan Xinjie , Fang Rong , Zhou Kunhua , Huang Yueqin , Lei Gang , Wang Xiaowu , Chen Xuejun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Flowering time is an important agronomic trait that contributes to fitness in plants. However, the genetic basis of flowering time has not been extensively studied in pepper. To understand the genetics underlying flowering time, we constructed an F2 population by crossing a spontaneous early flowering mutant and a late-flowering pepper line. Using bulked segregant RNA-seq, a major locus controlling flowering time in this population was mapped to the end of chromosome 2. An APETALA2 (AP2) homolog (CaFFN) cosegregated with flowering time in 297 individuals of the F2 population. A comparison between the parents revealed a naturally occurring rare SNP (SNP2T &gt; C) that resulted in the loss of a start codon in CaFFN in the early flowering mutant. Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants with high CaFFN expression exhibited a delay in flowering time and floral patterning defects. On the other hand, pepper plants with CaFFN silencing flowered early. Therefore, the CaFFN gene acts as a flowering repressor in pepper. CaFFN may function as a transcriptional activator to activate the expression of CaAGL15 and miR156e and as a transcriptional repressor to repress the expression of CaAG, CaAP1, CaSEP3, CaSOC1, and miR172b based on a qRT-PCR assay. Direct activation of CaAGL15 by CaFFN was detected using yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays, consistent with the hypothesis that CaFFN regulates flowering time. Moreover, the CaFFN gene association analysis revealed a significant association with flowering time in a natural pepper population, indicating that the CaFFN gene has a broad effect on flowering time in pepper. Finally, the phylogeny, evolutionary expansion and expression patterns of CaFFN/AP2 homologs were analyzed to provide valuable insight into CaFFN. This study increases our understanding of the involvement of CaFFN in controlling flowering time in pepper, thus making CaFFN a target gene for breeding early maturing pepper.
Grafting vigour is associated with DNA de-methylation in eggplant
Authors: Cerruti Elisa , Gisbert Carmina , Drost Hajk-Georg , Valentino Danila , Portis Ezio , Barchi Lorenzo , Prohens Jaime , Lanteri Sergio , Comino Cinzia , Catoni Marco 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn horticulture, grafting is a popular technique used to combine positive traits from two different plants. This is achieved by joining the plant top part (scion) onto a rootstock which contains the stem and roots. Rootstocks can provide resistance to stress and increase plant production, but despite their wide use, the biological mechanisms driving rootstock-induced alterations of the scion phenotype remain largely unknown. Given that epigenetics plays a relevant role during distance signalling in plants, we studied the genome-wide DNA methylation changes induced in eggplant (Solanum melongena) scion using two interspecific rootstocks to increase vigour. We found that vigour was associated with a change in scion gene expression and a genome-wide hypomethylation in the CHH context. Interestingly, this hypomethylation correlated with the downregulation of younger and potentially more active long terminal repeat retrotransposable elements (LTR-TEs), suggesting that graft-induced epigenetic modifications are associated with both physiological and molecular phenotypes in grafted plants. Our results indicate that the enhanced vigour induced by heterografting in eggplant is associated with epigenetic modifications, as also observed in some heterotic hybrids.
Population genomic analysis of Aegilops tauschii identifies targets for bread wheat improvement
Authors: Gaurav Kumar , Arora Sanu , Silva Paula , Sánchez-Martín Javier , Horsnell Richard , Gao Liangliang , Brar Gurcharn S. , Widrig Victoria , John Raupp W. , Singh Narinder , Wu Shuangye , Kale Sandip M. , Chinoy Catherine , Nicholson Paul , Quiroz-Chávez Jesús , Simmonds James , Hayta Sadiye , Smedley Mark A. , Harwood Wendy , Pearce Suzannah , Gilbert David , Kangara Ngonidzashe , Gardener Catherine , Forner-Martínez Macarena , Liu Jiaqian , Yu Guotai , Boden Scott A. , Pascucci Attilio , Ghosh Sreya , Hafeez Amber N. , O’Hara Tom , Waites Joshua , Cheema Jitender , Steuernagel Burkhard , Patpour Mehran , Justesen Annemarie Fejer , Liu Shuyu , Rudd Jackie C. , Avni Raz , Sharon Amir , Steiner Barbara , Kirana Rizky Pasthika , Buerstmayr Hermann , Mehrabi Ali A. , Nasyrova Firuza Y. , Chayut Noam , Matny Oadi , Steffenson Brian J. , Sandhu Nitika , Chhuneja Parveen , Lagudah Evans , Elkot Ahmed F. , Tyrrell Simon , Bian Xingdong , Davey Robert P. , Simonsen Martin , Schauser Leif , Tiwari Vijay K. , Randy Kutcher H. , Hucl Pierre , Li Aili , Liu Deng-Cai , Mao Long , Xu Steven , Brown-Guedira Gina , Faris Justin , Dvorak Jan , Luo Ming-Cheng , Krasileva Ksenia , Lux Thomas , Artmeier Susanne , Mayer Klaus F. X. , Uauy Cristobal , Mascher Martin , Bentley Alison R. , Keller Beat , Poland Jesse , Wulff Brande B. H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAegilops tauschii, the diploid wild progenitor of the D subgenome of bread wheat, is a reservoir of genetic diversity for improving bread wheat performance and environmental resilience. Here we sequenced 242 Ae. tauschii accessions and compared them to the wheat D subgenome to characterize genomic diversity. We found that a rare lineage of Ae. tauschii geographically restricted to present-day Georgia contributed to the wheat D subgenome in the independent hybridizations that gave rise to modern bread wheat. Through k-mer-based association mapping, we identified discrete genomic regions with candidate genes for disease and pest resistance and demonstrated their functional transfer into wheat by transgenesis and wide crossing, including the generation of a library of hexaploids incorporating diverse Ae. tauschii genomes. Exploiting the genomic diversity of the Ae. tauschii ancestral diploid genome permits rapid trait discovery and functional genetic validation in a hexaploid background amenable to breeding.
Clinical characteristics of choroidal microvasculature dropout in normal-tension glaucoma versus nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: an optical coherence tomography angiography study
Authors: Shin Joong Won , Lee Jin Yeong , Lee Byung Joo , Lim Hyun Taek , Kook Michael S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe present study investigated the characteristics of choroidal microvasculature dropout (CMvD) in eyes with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) versus those in eyes with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). This study included 27 NAION, 27 NTG, and 27 healthy control subjects. CMvD was observed in 15 eyes (55.6%) of the NAION group and 20 (74.1%) of the NTG group. The area and angular width of CMvD were significantly greater in eyes with NAION (0.278 ± 0.172 mm2 and 86.5 ± 42.3°) than in those with NTG (0.138 ± 0.068 mm2 and 35.1 ± 16.2°, p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). CMvD in eyes with NAION were distributed in 120–250° and most frequently located at the temporal region, while CMvD in eyes with NTG showed double peaks at 220–280° and 110–140° and most frequently located at the inferotemporal region. The factors associated with the discrimination of NAION from NTG were greater area of CMvD (OR, 1.181; 95% CI, 1.021–1.366; p = 0.025) and location closer to the temporal region of the CMvD (OR, 0.904; 95% CI, 0.838–0.975; p = 0.009). The clinical characteristics of CMvD differed between eyes with NAION and those with NTG. Optical coherence tomography angiography may provide an additional approach to differentiating glaucoma from NAION.
Modifying polymer PM6 by incorporating a third component for an enhanced short-circuit current density
Authors: Tu Silong , Zhang Li , Lin Xin , Xiao Liren , Wang Wen , Ling Qidan 
Published: November 2021

We developed novel D–A–D–D1-type polymers with unequal D and A units by incorporating a third component into the backbone of PM6 for enhanced short-circuit current density.
K2 discovery of a circumsecondary disk transiting EPIC 220208795
Authors: van der Kamp L. , van Dam D. M. , Kenworthy M. A. , Mamajek E. E. , Pojmański G. 
Published: November 2021

Context. Observations of the star EPIC 220208795 (2MASS J01105556+0018507) reveal a single, deep and asymmetric eclipse, which we hypothesise is due to an eclipsing companion surrounded by a tilted and inclined opaque disk, similar to those seen around V928 Tau and EPIC 204376071.
Aims. We aim to derive physical parameters of the disk and orbital parameters for the companion around the primary star.
Methods. The modelling is carried out using a modified version of the python package pyPplusS, and optimisation is done using emcee. The period analysis makes use of photometry from ground-based surveys, where we performed a period folding search for other possible eclipses by the disk. Parameters obtained by the best model fits are used to obtain the parameter space of the orbital parameters, while the most likely period obtained is used to constrain these parameters.
Results. The best model has an opaque disk with a radius of 1.14 ± 0.03 R⊙, an impact parameter of 0.61 ± 0.02 R⊙, an inclination of 77.01° ± 0.03°, a tilt of 36.81° ± 0.05°, and a transverse velocity of 77.45 ± 0.05 km s−1. The two most likely periods are ~290 days and ~236 days, corresponding to an eccentricity of ~0.7, allowing us to make predictions for the epochs of the next eclipses. All models with tilted and inclined disks result in a minimum derived eccentricity of 0.3, which in combination with the two other known small transiting disk candidates V928 Tau and EPIC 204376071, suggest that there may be a common origin for their eccentric orbits.
Uncertainty principles for the Fourier and the short-time Fourier transforms
Authors: Poria Anirudha 
Published: November 2021

The aim of this paper is to establish a few uncertainty principles for the Fourier and the short-time Fourier transforms. In addition, we discuss an analog of the Donoho–Stark uncertainty principle and provide some estimates for the size of the essential support of the short-time Fourier transform.
Contractivity properties of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroup for mixed q-Araki–Woods von Neumann algebras
Authors: Bikram Panchugopal , Mohanta Rajeeb R. 
Published: November 2021

We study certain non-tracial von Neumann algebras generated by some self-adjoint operators satisfying mixed q-commutation relations. Such algebras are discussed in the work of Bikram et al. [“Mixed q-deformed Araki-Woods von Neumann algebras,” (submitted)]. We prove the analog of Nelson’s hypercontractivity inequality for the mixed q-Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroup. We also show that the mixed q-Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroup is ultracontractive.
Time resolved plasma diagnostics for pulsed 2.45 GHz hydrogen discharges
Authors: Megía-Macías A. , Barrios-Díaz E. , Cortázar O. D. 
Published: November 2021

A review of the last ten years of advances in temporal resolved plasma diagnostics for pulsed operated 2.45 GHz microwave-driven hydrogen discharges is presented. Special attention has been paid to the study of breakdown and decay processes where some particular phenomena are explored for application in ion sources. Measurements of plasma temperature and density using vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy, ultra-fast photography, and ion mass spectroscopy are performed in detail, including examples and results.
Moissanite anvil cell single crystal NMR at pressures of up to 4.4 GPa
Authors: Kattinger Carsten , Guehne Robin , Tsankov Stefan , Jurkutat Michael , Erb Andreas , Haase Juergen 
Published: November 2021

High-pressure anvil cell nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of single crystals are challenging, but they can offer much insight into material properties. A microcoil inside the high-pressure region that encloses the crystal offers a good signal-to-noise ratio, but special care has to be taken to warrant hydrostatic conditions or to avoid rupture of the crystal or coil. By introducing precise monitoring of the height and diameter of the pressurized sample chamber, this can be ensured, and the data reveal the behavior of the sample chamber under pressure. While its total volume is given by the compression of the enclosed pressure transmitting fluid, the aspect ratio of the cylindrical chamber changes considerably. 63Cu and 17O NMR of two differently doped single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7−δ at pressures of up to about 4.4 GPa show the function of the cell, and orientation dependent spectra prove the soundness of the arrangement.
Anatomy of π-hole bonds: Linear systems
Authors: Scheiner Steve 
Published: November 2021

The list of σ-hole bonds is long and growing, encompassing both H-bonds and its closely related halogen, chalcogen, etc., sisters. These bonds rely on the asymmetric distribution of electron density, whose depletion along the extension of a covalent bond leaves a positive region of electrostatic potential from which these bonds derive their name. However, the density distributions of other molecules contain analogous positive regions that lie out of the molecular plane known as π-holes, which are likewise capable of engaging in noncovalent bonds. Quantum calculations are applied to study such π-hole bonds that involve linear molecules, whose positive region is a circular belt surrounding the molecule, rather than the more restricted area of a σ-hole. These bonds are examined in terms of their most fundamental elements arising from the spatial dispositions of their relevant molecular orbitals and the π-holes in both the total electron density and the electrostatic potential to which they lead. Systems examined comprise tetrel, chalcogen, aerogen, and triel bonds, as well as those involving group II elements, with atoms drawn from various rows of the Periodic Table. The π-hole bonds established by linear molecules tend to be weaker than those of comparable planar systems.
Mixed-signal data acquisition system for optically detected magnetic resonance of solid-state spins
Authors: Zhou Feifei , Song Shupei , Deng Yuxuan , Zhang Ting , Chen Bing , Xu Nanyang 
Published: November 2021

We report a mixed-signal data acquisition (DAQ) system for optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of solid-state spins. This system is designed and implemented based on a field-programmable-gate-array chip assisted with high-speed peripherals. The ODMR experiments often require high-speed mixed-signal data acquisition and processing for general and specific tasks. To this end, we realized a mixed-signal DAQ system that can acquire both analog and digital signals with precise hardware synchronization. The system consisting of four analog channels (two inputs and two outputs) and 16 optional digital channels works at up to 125 MHz clock rate. With this system, we performed general-purpose ODMR and advanced lock-in detection experiments of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, and the reported DAQ system shows excellent performance in both single and ensemble spin cases. This work provides a uniform DAQ solution for the NV center quantum control system and could be easily extended to other spin-based systems.
Dendritic cell paucity in mismatch repair–proficient colorectal cancer liver metastases limits immune checkpoint blockade efficacy
Authors: Ho William W. , Gomes-Santos Igor L. , Aoki Shuichi , Datta Meenal , Kawaguchi Kosuke , Talele Nilesh P. , Roberge Sylvie , Ren Jun , Liu Hao , Chen Ivy X. , Andersson Patrik , Chatterjee Sampurna , Kumar Ashwin S. , Amoozgar Zohreh , Zhang Qixian , Huang Peigen , Ng Mei Rosa , Chauhan Vikash P. , Xu Lei , Duda Dan G. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Pittet Mikael J. , Fukumura Dai , Jain Rakesh K. 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been efficacious in several cancer types. However, mismatch repair–proficient (pMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), ∼95% of total metastatic CRC cases, typically does not respond to ICB. Here, we show that orthotopic liver metastasis mouse models of pMMR CRC cell lines are unresponsive to ICB and recapitulate the resistance of human disease, unlike subcutaneous tumors of the same cell lines. We also show that just like the human disease, orthotopic pMMR CRC liver metastases have a paucity of T cells and dendritic cells, and that treatment with Flt3L sensitizes the liver metastases to ICB. Our findings highlight that orthotopic tumor models, and not subcutaneous models, should be used for preclinical studies of cancer immunotherapy.
Paleoclimate-conditioning reveals a North Africa land–atmosphere tipping point
Authors: Hopcroft Peter O. , Valdes Paul J. 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Understanding of climate “tipping points” is extremely limited. Their representation within Earth System models (ESMs) is completely unconstrained because of a lack of any actual occurrences of these events in recent times. As an example, most ESMs fail to simulate the rapid desertification of the Sahara during the Holocene. Here, we overcome this by tuning uncertain aspects of one ESM using the climate of 6,000 y ago. This approach reveals a hitherto-absent tipping point within this ESM that produces excellent agreement between the modeled and observed timing of abrupt change in North Africa. This demonstrates how paleoclimate information can be used to radically improve the representation of abrupt changes in the ESMs that are employed for future projections.
Anthropogenic pressures and life history predict trajectories of seagrass meadow extent at a global scale
Authors: Turschwell Mischa P. , Connolly Rod M. , Dunic Jillian C. , Sievers Michael , Buelow Christina A. , Pearson Ryan M. , Tulloch Vivitskaia J. D. , Côté Isabelle M. , Unsworth Richard K. F. , Collier Catherine J. , Brown Christopher J. 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Seagrasses are important for ecosystem services, including climate regulation and fisheries production. But they are threatened by multiple pressures including poor water quality and coastal development. Seagrass extent is not monitored in many places, so areas at most risk of decline and the management actions needed in these places are largely unknown. We examine associations between change in seagrass meadow area and key pressures globally, helping predict the trajectory of meadows in unmonitored regions. We find rapidly shrinking seagrass meadows in areas where water quality is poor and destructive fishing occurs. Trajectories of change also vary with seagrass life-history strategy. Finally, we identify several unmonitored locations at risk of decline, highlighting where urgent monitoring and management are required.
Structural differences in amyloid-β fibrils from brains of nondemented elderly individuals and Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Ghosh Ujjayini , Yau Wai-Ming , Collinge John , Tycko Robert 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients develop amyloid deposits, containing amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrils, in their brain tissue. Although amyloid is a likely contributor to AD dementia, similar amyloid loads occur in some nondemented elderly individuals. Molecular structures of Aβ fibrils are known to be variable. We, therefore, investigate whether structures of Aβ fibrils derived from cerebral cortical tissue of nondemented elderly subjects differ from structures from AD patients. We find statistically significant, but subtle, differences between NMR spectra of Aβ fibrils from nondemented elderly subjects and analogous spectra of fibrils from AD patients. Thus, similar structures develop but with different relative populations on average. Other factors may be primary determinants of cognitive status in individuals with high amyloid loads.
Microchromosomes are building blocks of bird, reptile, and mammal chromosomes
Authors: Waters Paul D. , Patel Hardip R. , Ruiz-Herrera Aurora , Álvarez-González Lucía , Lister Nicholas C. , Simakov Oleg , Ezaz Tariq , Kaur Parwinder , Frere Celine , Grützner Frank , Georges Arthur , Graves Jennifer A. Marshall 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Genomes of birds and reptiles, but not mammals, consist of a few large chromosomes and many tiny microchromosomes. Microchromosomes are gene-rich and highly conserved among birds and reptiles and share homology with one or more of the tiny chromosomes of an invertebrate that diverged from the vertebrate lineage 684 Ma. Microchromosomes interact strongly and crowd together at the center of cells, suggesting functional coherence. Many microchromosomes have been lost independently in turtles, snakes, and lizards as they have fused with each other or with larger chromosomes. In mammals they have completely disappeared, yet some chromosomes of the basal platypus line up with several microchromosomes, suggesting that they are the building blocks of the atypically variable chromosomes of mammals.
Content and language integrated learning (CLIL) and the linguistic difficulties of Saudi students learning
algebra
Authors: Eltoum Russina A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study explores the type of linguistic difficulties that Saudi students encounter in Introductory Algebra
courses at college level and how an integrated pedagogical approach, such as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL),
might impact students’ learning of both algebra and the language needed to learn it. A mixed-method design was implemented for 12
weeks to collect and analyze data in three phases. The study sample comprised of a study group of 28 students from an Introductory
Algebra class. Findings identified and classified the types of difficulties that the students encountered and suggested a CLIL
instructional model to overcome or minimize them.
Numerical simulation of contact and separation of magnetic particles under uniform magnetic field
Authors: Xu Zhiqiang , Bo Xinqian , Wu Heng , Tang Zhifa , Chen Feng , Chen Kewen , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Gaofeng , Jiang Shengqiang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Under the action of an external magnetic field, the magnetic particles will be arranged along the direction of the magnetic field. The laws of physics that control these processes are well described in the literature. However, when the magnetic particles move in the fluid, the magnetic particles with different initial distances have different mutual influences, so there will be different laws of motion. Therefore, based on the motion theory of magnetic particles in Stokes fluid, this article discusses the motion law of the contact and separation of two circular magnetic particles in Newtonian fluid. First, we conduct theoretical and simulation modeling of two magnetic particles under the action of a uniform magnetic field, and verify the correctness of the simulation through experiments; secondly, we use numerical simulation to study the angle of repulsion and attraction of magnetic particles at different initial distances, and analyze at the same time the changes in the trajectory, speed, torque and force of magnetic particles in the process of motion are studied. Finally, the influence of external field conditions on the phenomenon of contact and separation of magnetic particles is studied. The study found that even when the initial angle between the magnetic particles is 90° with the direction of the magnetic field, the magnetic particles with different initial distances will repel under the action of repulsive force and then contact again and keep repelling these two states, a better explanation the reason for the agglomeration of magnetic particles at close range is explained.