bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liebig’s Law and Haber’s Tragedy
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The fertilizers commonly used by gardeners have many ingredients, but the biggest two are nitrogen and phosphorus, either of which can limit plant and algal growth. The idea that only one nutrient limits growth is encapsulated by Liebig’s Law of the Minimum, named after Justus von Liebig, a 19th-century German chemist. Liebig is also called the “father of fertilizer” because of his work on formulating and promulgating commercial fertilizers. However, he wasn’t the first to discover the Law, and he was wrong about the most important ingredient of fertilizers. This chapter outlines the arguments among limnologists, oceanographers, and geochemists about whether nitrogen or phosphorus sets the rate of algal growth and thus production of the organic material that drives oxygen depletion. The chapter discusses that the limiting nutrient varies with the type of aquatic habitat. In dead zones like the Gulf of Mexico, parts of the Baltic Sea, and Chesapeake Bay, bioassay experiments have shown that nitrogen is usually limiting. The nitrogen necessary for fertilizer and ammunitions comes from the Haber-Bosch process. The chapter reviews the life of one of the two German inventors, Fritz Haber, and how it was full of contradictions if not tragedy.
Affiliates and Non-Affiliates in Later Life
Authors: Bengtson Vern , Gonzales Gabrielle , Endacott Camille , Kang Samantha L. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the types, meanings, and benefits of spiritual practices among older adults and to discuss their implications for well-being. In-depth interviews were conducted with 122 individuals, with an average age of 77. Of these, 102 were highly involved in churches or synagogues, and 20 were atheists, agnostics, secular humanists, or religiously indifferent. The chapter’s authors found a wide array of activities identified by respondents as spiritual practices, ranging from the anticipated (prayer, participating in corporate worship, reading) to the more novel (attending long-distance Bible study groups via Skype, watercolor painting). They also found an overlap between the religious and the nonreligious older adults in many spiritual practices. Most respondents reported that their spiritual practices had increased with age. Respondents perceived significant benefits from their spiritual practices. Too often, health practitioners have not been sensitive to the benefits of spiritual practices in the lives of older adults.
Religious Non-Affiliation and Objections of Conscience
Authors: Prusak Bernard G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the implications of growing religious non-affiliation for objections of conscience, which have proliferated lately in the culture wars of Western democracies. Through the eighteenth century, when the U.S. Constitution was framed, the concept of conscience was tightly bound to religion. This chapter’s leading question is: what force do claims of conscientious objection have in the context of growing religious non-affiliation? Underlying this question is a subtler one: what else might we lose when we lose religion? The chapter’s thesis is twofold. First, the public conception of conscience has changed under the pressure of both growing religious non-affiliation and growing religious pluralism. Second, the appeal to conscience is now much less powerful than it was when God figured more prominently in the picture. The buffer between citizen and state has become thinner, and the reasons to accommodate objections of conscience have become weaker.
Understanding and Responding to Non-Affiliation
Authors: Heft James L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter returns to the contents of the other chapters of the book and draws some tentative conclusions. At the outset, it presents some of the assumptions of the author as he approaches this topic, reviews briefly the literature on the now-outdated classic secularization thesis, and examines several historical factors that contribute to increasing non-affiliation for Catholics, including the impact and evaluations of the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) and the possibility that we are entering a second axial age. After describing several current ways in which church people are reaching out to the non-affiliated, the chapter concludes on a hopeful note.
Value in the Development and Conclusion of Abstract Right
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a reading of “Abstract Right” that demonstrates the centrality of value and inference to the account. Hegel’s account unfolds private property as the immediate expression of the free will in the external world. When the argument turns toward the use of property, Hegel’s account of value comes to the fore as the universality of property ownership that is implicit in the right to use what one owns. While dealt with only briefly in the published Philosophy of Right, value gets a much more extensive treatment in the 1824–1825 lectures, where it becomes the main concept for understanding the process and result of the alienation of property. The chapter shows that the transition from alienation to contract brings Hegel’s account of mutual recognition to the fore along with an inferential equivalence form of value. Equivalence of value is a central dimension of punishment, but that equivalence can be secured only with the transition to the moral will.
The Living Good
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the structural underpinnings of the overall system of Sittlichkeit that Hegel calls “the living Good.” The goal of this chapter is to put the preceding account of the inferential validity of right together with the model of life from Chapter 1. The chapter first explains the metaphysical claims in the introduction to “Ethical Life” as claims about value. The chapter provides a new interpretation of the identity of right and duties in “Ethical Life,” arguing that Hegel endorses both right-as-duty and right-as-return-on-duty. A template is developed for institutional rationality that consists of three steps needed to build a living institution. The model is illustrated through an analysis of Hegel’s treatment of the family, and the model is shown to provide a way to carry out an immanent critique of Hegel’s own account.
The Sovereignty of the Good
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a treatment of Hegel’s conception of the sovereignty of the State in the person of the individual monarch. It is argued that the sovereign authority is bound to the inferential articulation of the living Good. Hegel’s treatment of external sovereignty focuses on the welfare of the individual State in opposition to other States in an external form of recognition. The logic of recognition results not in a world State, but rather in a conception of world Spirit as the rationality of right in its development in time. World Spirit is best read as the unfolding of the Good rather than as a process set apart from morality. It is shown that the key conclusion of Hegel’s argument is the convergence of the State, religion, and philosophy. The chapter unpacks the bearing of this convergence claim on Hegel’s understanding of the relation of the State and religion, showing how religion functions as the bearer of the living Good at a higher level of spiritual practice. Hegel conceives of philosophy as an evaluative discipline that can both reconcile individuals to the rationality of the world and liberate both individuals and the social order.
Introduction
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Introduction defines the scope of the work, defining the key terms “millennialism” and “apocalypticism,” as well as clarifying the meaning of eschatology as a field of inquiry. It then goes on to establish the foundations of eschatological thought in Judaism and Christianity, which were deeply influenced by Zoroastrianism. The prophetic books of the Old and New Testaments are discussed, specifically the books of Ezekiel, Daniel, and the New Testament Book of Revelation, to establish the fundamentally apocalyptic and millenarian nature of Christianity. The concept of the Antichrist is also introduced and defined.
“I Will Multiply Them and They Shall not be Few”
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The communal impulse has been a feature of Christianity since its inception, one model for which was the apocalyptic Essene community at Qumran on the shore of the Dead Sea. The Gospels and the Book of Revelation put forth a vision of heaven on Earth that Christians have sought to create in microcosm ever since, convinced that it will ultimately come to pass according to prophecy. The English Puritans who migrated to America did so in the hopes of creating a holy commonwealth, which the Bay Colony pious called the “city on a hill.” Small and nascent denominations, as well as sectarian movements, emerged and grew without fear of legal repercussions and the 1790s and early 1800s saw an explosion in Christian diversity. One idea in particular—perfectionism—which had once been equated with dangerous fanaticism, gained respectability and fueled campaigns for the perfection of American society.
“Groaning for the Latter Day”
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Two new religious movements, Mormonism and Millerism, established a foundation upon which a heretofore invisible, gloomy eschatology that had long occupied the margins of American Protestantism stepped out into the limelight in the late nineteenth century. Gaining popularity during and after the Civil War, dispensationalist premillennialism posited that the world is fundamentally fallen, and that only Christ’s personal intervention could bring on the Millennium. To some among this growing band of radical evangelicals, the United States’ spiritual failings, political corruption, and social inequities meant that it was beyond redemption. Others still clung to the belief in America’s millennial destiny, arguing that only the United States may stand against the Antichrist at the latter day, joining with Christ and his angels in the final assault against Satan in the inevitable Battle of Armageddon.
The Argument in Summary
Authors: Drahos Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 summarizes the entire argument of the book. Only China can organize the exogenous shock that is needed to save world capitalism from the worst climate change scenarios. China could do this by using its cities as large-scale experimental sites to trial innovations to support the bio-digital energy paradigm. The chapter introduces the key concepts of survival governance, the geo-energy trilemma, and the bio-digital energy paradigm. The role that China’s Belt and Road Initiative might play in the globalization of the bio-digital energy paradigm is outlined. The chapter concludes by describing the interview data that was obtained in seventeen different countries and how this data informs the argument of the book.
False-Positive Results and a Nontechnical Overview of Their Modeling
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores three empirical concepts (the p-value, the effect size, and statistical power) integral to the avoidance of false positive scientific. Their relationship to reproducibility is explained in a nontechnical manner without formulas or statistical jargon, with p-values and statistical power presented in terms of probabilities from zero to 1.0 with the values of most interest to scientists being 0.05 (synonymous with a positive, hence, publishable result) and 0.80 (the most commonly recommended probability that a positive result will be obtained if the hypothesis that generated it was correct and the study will be properly designed and conducted). Unfortunately many scientists circumvent both by artifactually inflating the 0.05 criterion, overstating the available statistical power, and engaging in a number of other questionable research practices. These issues are discussed via statistical models from the genetic and psychological fields and then extended to a number of different p-values, statistical power levels, effect sizes, and the prevalence of “true,” effects expected to exist in the research literature. Among the basic conclusions of these modeling efforts are that employing more stringent p-values and larger sample sizes constitute the most effective statistical approaches for increasing the reproducibility of published results in all empirically based scientific literatures. This chapter thus lays the necessary foundation for understanding and appreciating the effects of appropriate p-values, sufficient statistical power, reaslistic effect sizes, and the avoidance of questionable research practices upon the production of reproducible results.
Comparing Governance Networks and Human Security Outcomes in Six Ecuadorian Provinces
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4, the first chapter of the empirical core of the book, introduces the context of the northern border region of Ecuador and the six provinces in which subnational comparative field research was conducted. Drawing primarily on survey data from more than 650 foreign (95% Colombian) migrants, the chapter maps the institutional network structure of six major migrant-receiving provinces, including capital cities of Esmeraldas, Tulcán, Lago Agrio, Ibarra, Quito, and Santo Domingo. The chapter compares the institutional relations and the level of coordination in each locality with the human security and peacebuilding outcomes experienced by the migrants who live there. Using network analysis and comparisons across localities, it provides evidence for the claim that state capacity and economic development level are less persuasive as explanations for human security experienced by migrants than network density and diversity.
Conclusion
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The book concludes in chapter 8 by summarizing the main arguments laid out in the previous chapters and highlighting the contribution that this book makes to the study of migrant integration, security, and governance around the world. It elaborates a number of concrete policy implications of the findings for migrant-serving NGOs, international organizations, and state agencies tasked with human security and peacebuilding in migrant-receiving countries, especially in the Global South. It also suggests directions for further research, including comparative work across populations and temporal periods, and explores the future applicability of this research more broadly for migrant-receiving democracies, especially in other parts of the developing world.
Depth in Staff
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers depth in staff, exploring the role of White House officials tasked to bridge the president’s personal direction with the institutional presidency and the executive branch at large. These staffers are normally part of the presidential party, collectively representing the different wings of the president’s electoral coalition. In the Trump administration, the White House staff jostled for influence and favor throughout the president’s first year. Trump bristled at their efforts to establish regular processes and to control the flow of information. The president saw management of that sort as an impingement on his authority to act on his own instincts and to direct his subordinates at will. Differences over the issue of trade afford a brief, but sharp, illustration of the tension between an institutional presidency and the personal direction of a unitary executive.
Lies and Falsehoods
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Falsehoods are all around us. They come from advertisers. They come from angry or vicious people, trying to destroy reputations. They come from people who are simply trying to attract eyeballs or “clicks.” They come from Russia, attempting to divide the citizens of other nations. They involve—and threaten—public health. We need new principles to orient our thinking about when falsehoods are protected as free speech. Governments should be able to restrict and punish lies and falsehoods that pose serious threats to public health and safety—or to democracy itself. Private institutions, such as Facebook and Twitter, have a great deal of room to stop the spread of lies and falsehoods. They should be doing more. Real people are being badly hurt by their inaction.
A Framework
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To know when and whether falsehoods should be protected, we need to investigate four separate questions. (1) The State of Mind of the speaker. Was he lying? Was he reckless? Did he make an innocent mistake? (2) The Magnitude of the Harm. Did the falsehood hurt anyone? A lot? Or just a little? (3) The Probability of the Harm. Is it very likely to occur, or highly improbable? (4) The Timing of the Harm. Is it expected to occur tomorrow, or in ten years? Answers to these questions can provide a framework to help answer seemingly intractable questions, involving fraud, lies about one’s achievements, attacks on enemies, altered videos, and much more.
Perceived Corruption and Trust in Government
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the relationship between perceptions of corruption and trust in government. The analysis begins by reviewing variation in levels of trust over time, and proceeds to an estimation of the relationship between perceptions of corruption and trust, as posited by the Court. This chapter also tests the Court’s assumption that states with more substantial campaign finance regulations will evince greater trust in government. Finally, it examines the related notion—implicitly suggested by the Court’s teleology—that lower levels of campaign spending are likely to be associated with greater trust in government. The data are not consistently supportive of this line of reasoning. After accounting for endogeneity, the empirical model shows that perceived corruption does not have a significant impact on trust in government.
Perceived Corruption and Political Participation
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 shifts the focus to the final—and perhaps most important—element of the Court’s behavioral model: political participation. Adopting a broad and comprehensive scale of political participation that includes both voting as well as other forms of engagement, it first estimates the relationships between attitudes toward corruption and trust on participation. The data offer little support for the notion that those who see more corruption and those who are less trusting of government are less likely to participate. Equally important, campaign finance regulations and campaign spending have a minimal influence on political participation. In fact, increased spending appears to coincide with slightly more participation.
Whither Campaign Finance Jurisprudence?
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 offers a discussion of the main results and a consideration of the political, policy, and jurisprudential implications of the study. It deliberates what happens in instances like this—when the Supreme Court fosters the construction of an entire edifice of laws and regulations that limit a fundamental right (free speech) based on an erroneous set of assumptions about political opinion and behavior. The role of social science in court decisions—particularly in the context of informing behavioral assumptions—is emphasized, along with a particular call for social scientists to investigate further the Buckley Court’s model.
Economies of Inattention
Authors: Krzych Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers such conventional documentaries as Primary, Crisis, The War Room, and Feed, films that take viewers behind the scenes of presidencies and presidential political campaigns. The filmmakers’ absent editorial voice leaves room for viewers to decide for themselves how they will interpret the recorded images. Thus, at first glance, direct cinema seems to share little in common with the unhinged, racist, conspiracy theories found throughout the cycle of anti-Obama documentaries central to the chapter. However, as I argue, both cycles of films—direct cinema and the hysterical anti-Obama documentaries—rely on related economies of attention, both of which invite viewers to heed the bare distinctions between privacy and publicity. The conservative films construct irresolvable problems; by leaving any solutions in doubt, and projecting this undecidability onto Obama’s very body and being, the documentaries combine hysteria with racist discourse.
The Administrative Tradition Approach to Public Bureaucracy
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops the model of administrative traditions that functions as the framework for the remainder of the book. The argument is that contemporary public bureaucracies are influenced significantly by their historical roots, and that many features of contemporary bureaucracy can be understood through the historically rooted administrative traditions. The model of administrative traditions developed in this chapter has a number of components. First is the nature of the state in which public administration functions. Second is whether there is an emphasis on law or management in defining the role of public servants. The third dimension is the relationship between politics and public administration, followed by the service orientation of public servants. The fifth element of the model is the nature of the career patterns of public servants. Another political dimension concerns the role of social actors in influencing the bureaucracy. Administrative traditions also are concerned with the degree of uniformity in public services throughout the country. The final dimension of the model of administrative traditions is the degree and form of accountability. This model of administrative traditions is based on the experiences of Western Europe, but also has relevance in many other settings.
Types of Data and the General Framework of Analysis
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For most habitat analyses, researchers typically collect and examine environmental data from the landscape scale (a few square kilometers to hundreds of square kilometers) all the way down to the scale of a microhabitat (tens of square meters). At the larger spatial extents, the data may be GIS-based such as spatially referenced land cover data. At smaller spatial scales, the data may be collected (variables measured) in the field at the study sites. Data for a habitat analysis are often based on randomly located and spatially delineated sampling or survey plots. The environmental data compose a set of a few to tens of predictor variables that are used in statistical tests for a relationship with the response variable that is typically species presence–absence, abundance (counts of individuals), or activity level. Depending on the spatial scale of analysis, predictor variables could represent different environmental variables such as vegetation structure, soil properties, and other characteristics of the substrate. Climate and weather variables are environmental, but they are not considered to be characteristics of the habitat. The formal habitat analysis consists of testing for a statistical relationship between the response variable and one or more environmental predictor variables so as to identify those variables that truly are habitat characteristics. A study of the habitat of the brown-throated sloth in Costa Rica is used to further explain the type of data used in characterizing the habitat of a species.