bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monazite petrochronology of polymetamorphic granulite‐facies rocks of the Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Spreitzer Steven K. , Walters Jesse B. , Cruz‐Uribe Alicia , Williams Michael L. , Yates Martin G. , Jercinovic Michael J. , Grew Edward S. , Carson Christopher J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Prydz Bay coast, including the Larsemann Hills, features relatively extensive bedrock exposures of interest because of the proximity to a hypothesized suture associated with Gondwana assembly. Critical units are the basement Søstrene Orthogneiss (1,126 ± 11 Ma protolith) and cover Brattstrand Paragneiss (maximum depositional age 1,023 ± 19 Ma). The two units share a polymetamorphic history with events at ~900 Ma (D1) and ~530 Ma (D2‐4). Here we present electron microprobe dates of monazite growth zones and Perple_X pseudosection models of granulite‐facies rocks from the Søstrene Orthogneiss, Brattstrand Paragneiss, and D2‐4 pegmatites of the Larsemann Hills. We propose a scenario for Cambrian metamorphism involving a peak stage at 6–7.5 kbar and 800–860°C (D2 convergence), melt crystallization and garnet breakdown during decompression to early retrograde conditions of 3–4.5 kbar and 700–750°C (D2 convergence, D3 extension), and a late retrograde stage with decompression and cooling to 3–3.5 kbar and 550–650°C (D4). We combine monazite chemistry with phase assemblages predicted by pseudosection modelling to link specific monazite growth domains to individual tectonic stages. Monazite domains containing moderate Th and low to moderate Y are interpreted to be preserved from the prograde path when garnet was stable, and constrain the timing of prograde metamorphism at 536 ± 4 Ma. High‐Th, low‐Y domains, dated at 527 ± 2 Ma, represent the earliest stages of post‐peak melt crystallization. Monazite domains with elevated Y and low‐moderate Th are interpreted to represent monazite growth during garnet breakdown at 514 ± 2 Ma. Our monazite ages, combined with published biotite Ar–Ar cooling ages, yield a two‐stage history of cooling at 3–8°C/Myr from ~530 Ma to ~510 Ma followed by cooling at 18–25°C/Myr from ~510 Ma to ~490 Ma, corresponding to 0.2–0.6 mm/yr of exhumation. This duration of granulite‐facies metamorphism in the Larsemann Hills is consistent with estimates for Precambrian granulite facies metamorphic complexes elsewhere.
Differential abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid dopaminergic versus noradrenergic indices in synucleinopathies
Authors: Goldstein David S. , Sullivan Patti , Holmes Courtney , Lamotte Guillaume , Lenka Abhishek , Sharabi Yehonatan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe synucleinopathies Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and pure autonomic failure (PAF) are characterized by intra‐cytoplasmic deposition of the protein alpha‐synuclein and by catecholamine depletion. PAF, which manifests with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) and no motor signs of central neurodegeneration, can evolve into PD+nOH. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of catecholamine metabolites may indicate central catecholamine deficiency in these synucleinopathies, but the literature is inconsistent and incomplete. In this retrospective cohort study we reviewed data about CSF catecholamines, the dopamine metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the norepinephrine metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). The compounds were measured in 36 patients with PD, 37 patients with MSA, and 19 patients with PAF and in 38 controls. Compared to the control group, the PD, MSA, and PAF groups had decreased CSF MHPG (p < .0001 each by Dunnett's post hoc test), DHPG (p = .004; p < .0001; p < .0001) and norepinephrine (p = .017; p = .0003; p = .044). CSF HVA and DOPAC were decreased in PD (p < .0001 each) and MSA (p < .0001 each) but not in PAF. The three synucleinopathies therefore have in common in vivo evidence of central noradrenergic deficiency but differ in the extents of central dopaminergic deficiency—prominent in PD and MSA, less apparent in PAF. Data from putamen 18F‐DOPA and cardiac 18F‐dopamine neuroimaging in the same patients, post‐mortem tissue catecholamines in largely separate cohorts, and review of the neuropathology literature fit with these distinctions. The results suggest a ‘norepinephrine first’ ascending pathogenetic sequence in synucleinopathies, with degeneration of pontine locus ceruleus noradrenergic neurons preceding the loss of midbrain substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons.
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Do oxidative stress and melanin accumulation contribute to the pathogenesis of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis: A prospective case‐control study
Authors: Zeeshan Md , Sonthalia Sidharth , Yadav Priyanka , Gupta Pooja , Agrawal Mahima , Bhatia Jushya , Jha Abhijeet Kumar , Roy Prasoon Kumar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundOxidative stress parameters have been reported to be significantly higher than controls in diverse disorders of pigmentation but no such data seem to be extant for IGH.ObjectivesTo verify whether heightened oxidative stress levels are seen in patients with IGH (compared with matched controls) and quantify the same in blood using appropriate biochemical markers. Further, an attempt to determine if there might be any correlation between the amount of oxidative stress and the severity of the disease.MethodologyThis prospective case‐control study was conducted in Northern India. Thirty Indian patients (Fitzpatrick skin phototype (SPT) IV‐V) were included. The diagnosis of IGH lesions was confirmed based on characteristic clinical, and dermoscopic characteristics and confirmed on histopathological examination (H & E) of one of the lesions.ResultsThe oxidative stress enzyme level was significantly higher among the cases compared to controls which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was also observed between the levels of these markers and number of lesions, but this finding was statistically not significant [p > 0.05]. Assessment of melanin level by Dopa staining method in the IGH lesions revealed irregularly distributed melanin with areas of high and low melanin content and greater accumulation in the basement layer.ConclusionThe results of this probably the first study evaluating oxidative stress in IGH show that the oxidative stress is increased in patients with IGH. Level of oxidative stress seems to be correlated with both age of the patient (more in the elderly) and number of lesions.
Astragaloside prevents UV‐induced keratinocyte injury by regulating TLR4/NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Wang Jie , Ke Jin , Wu Xing , Yan Yuehua 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundUltraviolet (UV) radiation is a key risk factor of environment to contribute photoaging and skin cancer through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory responses. Astragaloside IV (AS‐IV) is an active component from Astragalus membranaceus, and shows various pharmacological effects on inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, whether AS‐IV shows protective effect on UVB‐induced injury in epidermal keratinocytes remain unknown.AimsTo explored the effects of AS‐IV on UVB‐induced oxidative injury and inflammatory response in human epidermal keratinocytes.MethodsHaCaT keratinocytes were exposed to UVB irradiation, followed by AS‐IV incubation. The cell viability, intracellular ROS level, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were determined. The regulatory effects of AS‐IV on toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway in UVB‐exposed HaCaT cells were also investigated.ResultsAstragaloside IV pretreatment (10, 25, 50, 100 and 150 μM) increased cell viability in UVB‐exposed HaCaT cells. AS‐IV (50 μM) significantly reduced intracellular ROS level and lipid oxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and increased a ROS‐scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) in HaCaT cells with UVB irradiation. In addition, AS‐IV pretreatment suppressed apoptosis, increased Bax protein, caspase‐3 and 9, and decreased BCL‐2 protein in contrast to HaCaT cells with UVB‐irradiation. AS‐IV suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production, inhibited TLR4 and its downstream signaling molecules NF‐κB, iNOS and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) protein expression. We also found that the effects of AS‐IV on cell viability and TLR4 expression was reversed by NAC. The protective of AS‐IV on UVB‐induced damage and TLR4 expression was dependent on ROS, as the increase in viability and decrease in TLR4 protein by AS‐IV was significantly attenuated by ROS scavenger NAC (1 mM).ConclusionAstragaloside IV prevent UVB‐induced oxidative damage and inflammation by inhibiting TLR4 expression.
Association of Nursing Practice Environment on reported adverse events in private management hospitals: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Granados‐Plaza Montse , Gea‐Caballero Vicente , Martí‐Ejarque Maria del Mar , Ferré‐Grau Carme 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesTo examine the relationships between nurses’ perceptions of their practice environment, other working conditions and reported adverse events in two private management hospitals.BackgroundPatient safety is influenced by knowledge, available resources and the context in which nursing care is provided. In this sense, it has been found that certain work environments (e.g., workload, nurse turnover level, patient‐to‐nurse ratio, nurse staffing, nurse manager ability) influence patient outcomes. The association between nursing practice environment and reported adverse events has not been explored in private management hospitals.DesignA cross‐sectional study. The STROBE was selected as the checklist in this study.MethodsA total of 219 nurses were included in the study. This study was conducted from June 2018–June 2019 in Spain. Data were collected through questionnaires focusing on work conditions, reported adverse events (falls, medication errors, catheter‐related sepsis and pressure ulcer) and Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors influencing the occurrence of errors.ResultsNurses reported poor perception of the professional environment, and 62.1% reported having made at least one error in the previous year. Manager support and leadership and nurse–physician relations were the most favourable aspects of work environment. Medical–surgical units, rotating in the same shift and favourable work environment, were associated with more reporting of adverse events.ConclusionThe factors of nursing practice (hospital area workload, staff rotating and perception of work environment) associated with reporting adverse events can be worked upon from the organisation and provided an opportunity for safety culture improvement and safer healthcare services.Relevance to clinical practiceImproving the nurse work environment may reduce adverse patient events in private management hospitals.
Affirmation on the go: A proof‐of‐concept for text message delivery of values affirmation in education
Authors: Manke Kody J. , Brady Shannon T. , Baker Mckenzie D. , Cohen Geoffrey L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe present study offers a proof‐of‐concept for the delivery of values affirmation via text message. In two studies, we tested whether we could distill the typical 15‐minute pen‐and‐paper values affirmation exercise into a brief (∼4 minute) text‐message based exercise. In Study 1 (N = 42), we asked students to identify an upcoming academic stressor. In Study 2, we targeted students (N = 121) who reported that they would be starting a summer internship they expected to be stressful. In both studies, students completed a brief exercise (affirmation or control) via text message the night before their stressor. Across the studies, we found consistent benefits of this mobile affirmation on students’ belonging, inconsistent effects on their perceptions of stress, and no effects on their evaluations of their stressor when measured shortly after (Study 1) or during (Study 2) the stressor. Together, these studies offer initial evidence for a novel, promising, and scalable method of delivering values affirmation at the “right time and place” using mobile technology. We also discuss lessons we learned and offer recommendations to researchers interested in administering affirmation via text message.
Dementia care from behind the mask? Maintaining well‐being during COVID‐19 pandemic restrictions: Observations from Dementia Care Mapping on NHS mental health hospital wards in Wales
Authors: Page Sean , Davies‐Abbott Ian , Jones Adrian 
Published: April 2021

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a new infectious disease that has spread across the world and infected a large number of people many of whom have died.

People with moderate to severe dementia are at very high risk of becoming infected as the disease mainly impacts on older people with other health problems and once infected the person with dementia is more likely to become seriously ill than other people.

To prevent infection, people are required to wear masks and isolate from contact with others. It is believed that these measures can reduce the quality of life and general well‐being of people with moderate to severe dementia in hospital or social care. This belief has not yet been demonstrated by research.

What does this paper add to the existing knowledge?

We show that people with moderate to severe dementia receiving care on mental health hospital wards and subject to strict infection prevention measures can still achieve high levels of well‐being.

We show that mental health nurses alter the focus of their care to deliberately overcome the challenges and particularly the restrictions on visiting by families.

What are the implications for practice?

We believe that the changes in practice we observed can occur in other healthcare and social care settings and that whilst restrictions remain in place care staff can protect and possibly enhance well‐being for people with moderate to severe dementia.

AbstractIntroductionThe effect of coronavirus (COVID‐19) on people living with dementia is potentially severe in its clinical impacts. More widely, for this vulnerable group, the social restrictions to limit the spread of infection may be emotionally and psychologically damaging.AimTo explore the impact of restrictions on well‐being for people with moderate to severe dementia in acute mental health hospital care.Method“Dementia Care Mapping” was the observational tool used to determine well‐ or ill‐being. Observations were undertaken in two mental health hospital wards during a time of restrictions and the use of personal protective equipment.ResultsWe report levels of well‐being that are higher than might be expected alongside a change in the focus of psychological care delivered through mental health nursing interventions aimed at enhancing well‐being. Discussion—We postulate that mental health nurses faced with an unprecedented challenge respond by changing practice to mitigate for infection prevention measures and to compensate for family absence.Implications for practiceWe suggest that the desirable enhancing actions by nursing staff which raise well‐being in these hospital settings are readily transferable to other settings that are aiming to maintain well‐being but also practising under COVID‐19 restrictions.
In vivo exposure of Albendazole sulphoxide by Haemonchuscontortus and correlation between plasma and target tissue or gastrointestinal content dispositions in goats
Authors: Gokbulut Cengiz , Cirak Veli Y. , Aypak Suleyman , Avci Hamdi , Sekkin Selim , Yalinkilinc Hande S. , Boga Buket , Ayaz Erol 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSheep and goats are sharing different helminth parasites including Haemonchus contortus. Control of these helminths is based mainly on the use of anthelmintics. However, in goats, the application of anthelmintics is often carried out mainly at dosages determined for sheep without knowing the real effects and metabolism features. One of the several anthelmintic classes used against these parasites is (pro) benzimidazoles which are still widely in use in small ruminants in many countries. The objective of this study was to determine (i) the correlation between plasma and tissue or gastrointestinal content dispositions of ricobendazole (RBZ) in goats and (ii) the in vivo exposure of ricobendazole by H. contortus. Ten goats were experimentally infected with 10,000 larvae of H. contortus. Four weeks of post‐infection, the animals received RBZ subcutaneously at 5 mg/kg body weight. Two goats were sacrificed per time at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h after drug administration and, blood, bile, urine, liver, lung, muscle and kidney gastrointestinal tissues/fluids were collected. Adult H. contortus were collected from abomasum, and all samples were analysed by HPLC system. Ricobendazole (RBZ) and its sulphone metabolite were extensively excreted by urine and distributed to all tissues and digestive tract, mainly into the abomasum fluid. RBZ concentration in the lung and ABZSO2 in the kidney were relatively higher than those of other tissues, respectively. The parent drug and its metabolite were recovered in both male and female H. contortus. This study indicates that in goats the plasma concentration profiles of RBZ are strongly correlated with those achieved in different target tissues or fluids, which in turn, reflect the amount of drug taken up by parasites.
Rapid post‐fire re‐assembly of species‐rich bryophyte communities in Afroalpine heathlands
Authors: Hylander Kristoffer , Frisk Carl Alexander , Nemomissa Sileshi , Johansson Maria Ulrika 
Published: April 2021

AbstractQuestionsIn some fire‐prone ecosystems, bryophytes play a crucial role by providing the surface fuel that controls the fire return interval. Afroalpine heathlands are such an ecosystem, yet almost nothing is known about the bryophytes in this system. We do not know the level of species richness, or if there is a successive accumulation of species over time, or if some species are adapted to specific phases along the successional gradient, for example early‐successional species sensitive to competition.LocationAfroalpine heathlands in Ethiopia.MethodsWe made an inventory of all bryophytes in 48 plots of 5 m × 5 m, distributed along a chronosequence from 1 to 25 years post fire. The heathlands are located between 3500 m and 3800 m a.s.l. and are managed by traditional pasture burning with fire intervals of 8–20 years.ResultsWe found in total 111 taxa of bryophytes. Post‐fire mortality was almost 100%. The youngest plots had only a few cosmopolitan species often found after fire. Initially, species richness increased monotonically while starting to level off around 15 years after fire, when many plots had around 30 species and a high cover of Breutelia diffracta, which is a key ground‐living species, important as surface fuel. Most species were found with sporophytes, a pattern even stronger for the most frequent species.ConclusionsInterestingly, bryophyte diversity is already remarkably high by only 15 years after total eradication. The relatively slow accumulation of species in the first years after fire suggests that dispersal in space, and not time, is the major mechanism by which sites regain their diversity (i.e. spore banks play a smaller role than colonization of wind‐borne spores). This indicates that the high species richness is built up through colonization from surrounding heathlands, and perhaps also from higher‐altitude alpine grasslands and lower‐altitude forests, and that the bryophyte diversity in this system is maintained by the traditional fire and grazing management.
A nonbile acid farnesoid X receptor agonist tropifexor potently inhibits cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis by modulating the gut–liver axis
Authors: Xiao Yongtao , Wang Ying , Liu Yang , Wang Weipeng , Tian Xinbei , Chen Shanshan , Lu Ying , Du Jun , Cai Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsTropifexor (TXR) is a novel nonbile acid that acts as an agonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). TXR is currently in Phase 2 trials for the treatment of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Herein, we report the impact of TXR on in a piglet model in which cholestatic liver damage and fibrosis where induced by bile duct ligation (BDL).MethodsThe piglets received BDL and TXR for 2 wk. Hepatic, portal and colonic bile acid and amino acid profiles and gut microbiome were analysed. Portal fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 levels were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsWe first showed that bile acid metabolism and signalling are dysfunctional in patients with biliary atresia. Next, we observed that TXR potently suppresses BDL‐induced liver injury, fibrosis and ductular reaction in piglets. Within the ileum, TXR enhances FGF19 expression and subsequently increases portal FGF19 levels. In the liver, TXR promotes the expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP) and inhibits cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Additionally, TXR increases the abundance of bile acid‐biotransforming bacteria in the distal ileum and alters the composition of amino acids in the colon. Lastly, TXR ameliorates intestinal barrier injury in piglets subjected to BDL.ConclusionTXR potently ameliorated cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis by modulating the gut–liver axis in piglets. It supports the clinical evaluation of TXR as a therapeutic strategy for cholestatic liver diseases, such as biliary atresia.
Histological sub‐classification of cirrhosis using collagen proportionate area in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Papatheodoridi Margarita , Hall Andrew R. , Rodríguez‐Perálvarez Manuel , Pieri Giulia , Germani Giacomo , Gale Jeremy D. , Burgess Gary C. , Pinzani Massimo , Dhillon Amar P. , Tsochatzis Emmanuel A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCollagen proportionate area (CPA, %) is used to quantify liver fibrosis. Here, we assessed CPA performance to sub‐classify cirrhosis. CPA was measured in explanted livers from consecutively transplanted patients for hepatitis C virus‐related cirrhosis. Model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD), Child‐Pugh score and decompensating events (ascites, variceal bleeding, non‐obstructive jaundice and encephalopathy) were recorded at the time of liver transplant. Of the 154 patients, 24%, 12%, 35%, 24% and 5% had zero, one, two, three and four previous decompensating events. Patients with decompensation had significantly higher CPA than those without (25.1 ± 8.4 vs 15.8 ± 5.5,P < .001). Decompensation was independently associated with CPA, bilirubin and albumin or with CPA and MELD score. CPA did not differ between patients with one, two, three or four decompensating events (22.2 ± 6.3 vs 26.6 ± 8.9 vs 24.5 ± 7.7 vs 24.4 ± 10.9,P = .242). Overall, CPA correlates with the clinical severity of cirrhosis until the advent of decompensation but not with subsequent decompensating events.