bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributing Attorney Fees in Multidistrict Litigation
Authors: Cheng Edward K , Edelman Paul H , Fitzpatrick Brian T 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs consolidated multidistrict litigation has come to dominate the federal civil docket, the problem of how to divide attorney fees among participating firms has become the source of frequent and protracted litigation. For example, in the National Football League (NFL) Concussion Litigation, the judge awarded the plaintiff attorneys over $100 million in fees, but the division of those fees among the twenty-six firms involved sparked two additional years of litigation. We explore solutions to this fee division problem, drawing insights from the economics, game theory, and industrial organization literatures. Ultimately, we propose a novel division method based on peer reports. Participating firms assess the relative contribution of other firms to the litigation, and then optimization or Bayesian techniques arrive at a consensus or compromise fee allocation. Our methods are intuitively easy to understand, enable broad participation, and are resistant to collusion or other strategic behavior, making them likely to be accepted by the firms involved. We thus provide courts with an important mediation tool or decision rule for these fee division disputes.
Sixteen Weeks Later: Expanding the Risk Period for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Authors: Cirks Blake T , Rowe Samantha J , Jiang Sarah Y , Brooks Robert M , Mulreany Michael P , Hoffner Wendy , Jones Olcay Y , Hickey Patrick W 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has been observed in temporal association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), typically within 2 to 6 weeks of illness or exposure. We present a case of MIS-C occurring 16 weeks after initial COVID-19 illness to highlight the prolonged period of risk for developing MIS-C.
Refugees but not Refugees: The UAE’s Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis Viewed through the Lived Experience of Syrians in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Charles Lorraine 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The UAE is not a signatory to the the United Nations 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. As such, it does not recognize individuals fleeing war or persecution as refugees. Instead, the UAE has allowed for the presence of Syrians and other vulnerable populations within its existing migration framework, the kafala system, using the temporary visas offered under this labour migration system as ‘an asylum policy by proxy’ or ‘quasi-asylum policy’. Despite this restrictive local response, the UAE is extremely generous internationally. The contradictory nature of the UAE’s response will be highlighted, where on one hand, it restricts admissions, yet on the other, it has been generous in terms of international aid to the Syrian crisis—the UAE’s version of the grand compromise. This research ultimately aims to understand how the UAE’s policy of ‘migrants’ (referring to temporary labour admissions), not ‘refugees’, and its ‘quasi-asylum policy’ has impacted the lived experience of a group of vulnerable Syrian families in Abu Dhabi.
Giant internal carotid aneurysm: endovascular parent artery occlusion after failed treatment using a flow diverter—case report
Authors: Sila Dalibor , Lenski Markus , Rath Stefan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Treatment of giant aneurysms is challenging. While parent vessel reconstruction is the primary therapeutical target, the parent artery occlusion (PAO) is considered the next treatment option. We report a case of a 56-year-old woman with a right-sided non-ruptured giant aneurysm of the cavernous internal carotid artery. After failed aneurysm treatment by vessel remodeling through a flow diverter stent, we decided upon aneurysm coiling and PAO. Prior to the procedure, a successful balloon occlusion test (BOT) was performed, and in the second stage, just before occluding the parent artery, the BOT with induced hypotension was repeated. We achieved a good angiographic result and successful outcome without neurological deficit. In the case of failed treatment of giant aneurysm by vessel reconstruction, PAO is a therapeutical option. Prior to the vessel occlusion, a BOT with induced arterial hypotension challenge should be performed.
Loss and Reappearance of A Antigen After Chemotherapy Leading to Blood Group Discrepancy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Case Report
Authors: Prakash Satya , Mohapatra Sonali , Bhagavathi M Sree , Das Niladri , Krushna Ray Gopal , Mukherjee Somnath 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A male patient aged 11 years diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia presented with complaints of fever, lethargy, and bleeding manifestations. On ordering red blood cells and platelet transfusion, his blood group was tested. Blood group discrepancy was observed in that forward grouping showed the O Rh D positive blood group and reverse grouping revealed the A Rh D positive. The patient’s previous blood group record was O Rh D positive, and he had a transfusion history of O Rh D positive red blood cells and platelets in other hospital. Initial immunohematological workup results, including adsorption and heat elution, were consistent with the O Rh D-positive blood group, but further workups on follow-up after the commencement of chemotherapy showed that his original blood group was A Rh D positive, in which the A antigen expression was previously masked by the underlying disease condition of the patient. Hence, the correlation of laboratory results with clinical details and case history is an essential step in resolving such blood group discrepancies.
Characteristics and Predictors of Outcome of Pseudoaneurysms Associated With Vertebral Artery Dissections: A 310-Patient Case Series
Authors: Shlobin Nathan A , Azad Hooman A , Mitra Akash , Prasad Nikil , Cloney Michael B , Hopkins Benjamin S , Jahromi Babak S , Potts Matthew B , Dahdaleh Nader S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Vertebral artery dissections (VADs) are a common cause of stroke in young patients and can result in various secondary effects, including pseudoaneurysm formation.

OBJECTIVE
To identify differences in predisposing factors and outcomes for VADs with and without concomitant pseudoaneurysms.

METHODS
We retrospective chart reviewed patients who presented to our institution at the time of VAD with at least a 3-mo clinical follow-up. Demographics, VAD characteristics, treatment, and outcomes represented as modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores were collected.

RESULTS
Of 310 patients with a VAD included in this study, 301 patients had an identified pseudoaneurysm status, with 54 pseudoaneurysm-associated VADs and 247 VADs not associated with pseudoaneurysm. VAD patients with associated pseudoaneurysms were more likely to be female (P < .004), have bilateral VADs (P < .001), and have fewer vertebral artery segments affected (P = .018), and less likely to have stroke (P < .008) or occlusion of the vertebral artery (P < .001). There was no difference in the proportion of patients treated with antiplatelet agents (P = .12) or anticoagulants (P = .27) between the groups. VAD patients with associated pseudoaneurysms were more likely to have a higher mRS at 3-mo follow-up (P = .044) but not discharge (P = .18) or last follow-up (P = .05). VAD patients with pseudoaneurysms were equally likely to have resolution of occlusion (P = .40) and stenosis (P = .19).

CONCLUSION
Demographics and clinical and radiological characteristics of VADs associated with pseudoaneurysms are different from those without associated pseudoaneurysms. Vertebral artery dissections with concomitant pseudoaneurysms are neither associated with worse functional nor radiographic outcomes.
A State of Discord
Authors: El Taraboulsi-McCarthy Sherine 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Contrary to the majority of Western scholarship on Libya, which ascribes Libya’s “statelessness” to a failure on the part of local actors to adopt modern state formation following independence in 1951, the author argues that this view fails to take into account local power dynamics among social actors and between social actors and the state (colonial and postcolonial) that manifested themselves in modes of cooperation and contestation and have shaped Libya’s experience with statehood. The author shows that while contestation among social actors before and after independence had been stronger than centralizing forces, resulting in a state of discord, this should be explained in context and through a local account of Libya’s history as a colonized country. This chapter calls for a more robust incorporation of temporal aspects of social and political development in theorizing the state in Libya and the Arab world.
Peaceful Change
Authors: Knutsen Torbjørn L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The first thorough discussion of “peaceful change” took place in 1936–1937 in two international conferences sponsored by the League of Nations. The League was prompted by the uncertainties and tensions that followed decisions by Germany, Italy, and Japan to leave it. Teachers and scholars of international relations convened in these League-sponsored conferences to assess the demands of the three dissatisfied powers. As they debated how the demands of these powers could best be tackled, one answer tended to emerge: through a policy of peaceful change. But what was “peaceful change”? And how did the early IR scholars approach the concept scientifically? This chapter seeks to answer these two questions.
Moses and a Prophet Like Moses in Deuteronomy
Authors: Cook Stephen L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the literary figure of Moses in Deuteronomy, particularly the book’s directive that Mosaic prophecy have an ongoing place in Israel (18:15–22). It begins by examining Moses as Deuteronomy’s distinctive persona, YHWH’s covenant mediator able to present a veritable divine voice to the reader. It then turns to Deuteronomy’s vision of leadership in an ideal Israel, including official prophetic leadership. Deuteronomy promises a Mosaic prophet for each new generation, a prophet who will stand among YHWH’s heavenly confidants and directly hear YWHW’s will for communication to Israel. It surveys the employment of the Mosaic paradigm in the Tetrateuch (Gen, Exod, Lev, Num), in the Former Prophets (Josh, Judg, 1-2 Sam, 1-2 Kgs) or Deuteronomistic History (Deut, Josh, Judg, 1-2 Sam, 1-2 Kgs), and in the Latter Prophets (Isa, Jer, Ezek, Hos, Joel, Amos, Obad, Jonah, Mic, Nah, Hab, Zeph, Hag, Zech, and Mal). Biblical figures of special interest include Deborah, Samuel, Elijah, Elisha, Hosea, Huldah, Jeremiah, and Malachi. Taken together, the evidence examined shows that the core elements of Mosaic prophecy predate Deuteronomy and are amply attested in the pre-exilic prophets, mostly in those prophets oriented on the Sinai covenant.
Priests, Levites, and Levitical Priests in Deuteronomy
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The presentation of the priests, Levites, and levitical priests in Deuteronomy is one of the most intractable problems in a complex and much discussed biblical book. This chapter reviews some of the most important scholarship on the issue and demonstrates why attempts to solve the problem by appeal to texts elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible is problematic and highly speculative. However, attempts to resolve the problems through synchronic readings of Deuteronomy or by assimilating Deuteronomy’s portrayal to the priestly literature overlook important textual details. The most satisfactory solutions recognize the complex development of the book of Deuteronomy and the limits of our knowledge about the early history of the Levites.
The C-Group People in Lower Nubia
Authors: Hafsaas Henriette 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article reviews the research on the C-Group people—inhabitants of Lower Nubia between 2500 and 1500 bce. The C-Group people were cattle pastoralists of multiple origins that formed their ethnic identity after contact with Egyptians. Interethnic relations between the Egyptians and the C-Group people are examined in a diachronic perspective that sorts out periods of both peaceful exchange and violent conflict. The article also emphasizes the impact that C-Group men working as mercenaries in Egypt had on political development in Lower Nubia when they returned. The C-Group people’s neighbors in the south was the Kerma people. They established a kingdom called Kush around 2000 bce, and their relations with the Egyptians affected the C-Group people. In the last phase of their history, the C-Group people were trapped between Egypt and Kush—two states rivalling for supremacy on the Nile. The C-Group people’s solution was an alliance with Egypt and acculturation to become Egyptians.
The Cities of Kerma and Pnubs-Dokki Gel
Authors: Bonnet Charles 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The two cities of Kerma and Dokki Gel represent the center of an independent Nubian kingdom that stood up to Egyptian hegemony over a long period of time. Archaeological research carried out in Kerma has enabled us to trace the main development phases of the capital and to identify its main institutions, often influenced by Egypt. On the other hand, the city of Dokki Gel is different in nature, and its unusual architecture, displaying oval or circular monuments, leads us to consider an external input from neighboring countries, probably from the south, like Punt or ancient powers of Darfur. One can thus suggest that the armies of neighboring kingdoms took part in the defense of the territory in the form of coalitions mentioned in some sources contemporary with the conquest of Kerma by the pharaoh’s armies. The establishment of a menenu (fortress) by Thutmose I at Dokki Gel marks a breach that lasted three centuries, and the start of the Egyptianization of the city of Pnubs.
From Hunters to Herders
Authors: Jesse Friederike 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Nubian past cannot be fully understood without knowledge of occupation in the Libyan Desert west of the Nile. Hunter-gatherers occupied Nubia’s western hinterland during the Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Pottery and different pastoral adaptations featuring cattle, sheep, and goats appeared during the Middle Holocene. Cattle-centered behavior is evident: cattle largely dominates the economic and social life. Changing networks of contact and interaction are apparent over time. Depopulation of the region due to increasing aridity started earlier in the north, the southern Western Desert of Egypt, than in the south Libyan Desert of today’s Sudan where conditions for human settlement remained favorable in some areas up to the 1st millennium bce.
Human Adaptation to Environmental Change in the Northern Dongola Reach
Authors: Welsby Derek A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSurvey on the east bank of the Nile by the Sudan Archaeological Research Society between 1993 and 1996 was able to chart in detail changes in human settlement patterns. These reflect the political situation and developments in the agro-economy, but most importantly, fundamental changes in the hydrology of the Nile and in the local climate. In the Kerma periods the braided Nile channel was able to support a large population probably aided by greater local rainfall. With the demise of the eastern Nile channels and increasing aridity this population density became unsustainable and by the early 1st millennium bce the region, apart from the bank of the main Nile channel, was largely abandoned.
The Amun Cult and Its Development in Nubia
Authors: Gabolde Luc 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the origins of the god Amun, of his name, his ram-headed form, and their connections to Nubia, which seem to have been overestimated. Amun appears to be the major deity worshipped in Nubia after the Egyptian conquest of the New Kingdom. Considered to be a national and universal god, he became the protector of Kushite kingship, spread through the religious conversion of the Kushite elite to Egyptian religious beliefs. Amun is a solarized deity figured as a man (occasionally ithyphallic) with a two-feather headdress primarily as the god of Karnak, and as a ram-headed deity as that of Jebel Barkal. He may also appear as a bull, a goose, and more questionably as a crocodile or a cobra. His main sacred cities were Napata, Pnubs, Kawa, Sanam, and Tara. He is occasionally accompanied by Mut, Khonsu, Satis, and Anukis.
Past, Present, Future
Authors: Näser Claudia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe objects and research fields of the archaeology of Nubia—the topics we pursue, the sources we consult, and the approaches we use in making sense of them—are historically and socially contingent constructs. Present-day knowledge about the Nubian past and the frame within which archaeological practice in the Middle Nile valley operates derive from a history of archaeological interest and work that spans almost two hundred years. They resonate with manifold influences, among which the colonial and imperial aspirations of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries are the strongest. Other dominant themes that permeate the archaeology of Nubia—indeed the construction of the entity “Nubia” as it is used today, also in the present publication—include Egyptocentrism, the divorce from a wider African archaeology, the concept and the practices of archaeological salvage, and the idea of universal heritage. After looking into these aspects, the chapter also deals with the transposition of the archaeology of the Middle Nile valley into the postcolonial present and the potentials and challenges it faces today.
Prolegomena to the Study of Meroitic Art
Authors: Yellin Janice W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe history of Kush is a complex one in which the polities of Egypt, Kerma, Napata, and Meroe shaped the culture and historical trajectory of the Middle Nile Valley. During the Meroitic Period appropriations and adaptations of art from pharaonic and Greco-Roman Egypt and to a lesser extent from the Mediterranean world obscure its art’s fundamental qualities. Because Meroitic artists enjoyed a degree of autonomy, different visual styles and standards of quality coexisted without following particular paths of stylistic development. Michel Baud aptly described Meroitic art as multivalent in nature. Examples of art and architecture have typically been studied and published as individual artifacts without systematically contextualizing them within broader study of Meroitic aesthetics, exploring the nature of Meroe’s appropriations of Egyptian and classical styles and iconography, creating a history of their stylistic development, or considering how the circumstances of their manufacture impacted their appearance. This entry offers a preliminary examination of these as prolegomena to the development of a history of Meroitic art.
History of Archaeological Work in the Middle Nile Region
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Salah 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sudan was known to the outside world through the writings of Classical authors. Archaeological explorations in Sudan started in the 18th century with the beginning of European colonial policy. A great deal of archaeological research in Sudan has been of salvage character. This was linked to the construction and heightening of dams at Aswan in Egypt as well as similar projects on the main Nile and its tributaries inside the Sudanese territory. Individual foreign and national missions and important funding from many states/institutions have greatly contributed to the understanding of the country’s history.
The Eastern Desert in the 1st Millennium bce and 1st Millennium ce
Authors: Manzo Andrea 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter looks at the role played by the Eastern Desert and its inhabitants in the historical processes that affected northeastern Africa in the 1st millennium bce–1st millennium ce. The environmental setting and the factors limiting the present knowledge of the history of the region are outlined. The relevance of the Eastern Desert for the Nile valley regions and, in general, for the ancient world is stressed. The written sources on the region are discussed as well as the available archaeological data. Special emphasis is put on the relations between the inhabitants of the Eastern Desert and those of the Nile valley and on the role they played in the development of states, both in the Nile valley and on the Ethiopian plateau.
Language Use and Literacy in Late Antique and Medieval Nubia
Authors: Łajtar Adam , Ochała Grzegorz 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter is an overview of the current knowledge about the linguistic situation in the Middle Nile valley in Late Antiquity and Middle Ages. Throughout this long period as many as five languages were employed in this region as a means of written communication: Meroitic, Greek, Sahidic Coptic, Old Nubian, and Arabic. In the first part of the paper, we discuss the use of all these languages from chronological, both diachronic and synchronic, as well as functional perspectives. Such an approach is crucial for the proper understanding of their social significance, which we attempt to analyze in the second part. A special attention is devoted to the interaction between the languages, with a focus on such phenomena as code-switching and linguistic borrowing.
The Archaeology of Medieval Nubian Kingdoms
Authors: Obłuski Artur 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe following chapter approaches the archaeology of medieval Nubia from a regional perspective. First, it presents the nomenclature used for chronology, then the history of archaeological research in Nubia determined by construction of dams on the Nile. The focus of the paper are the settlement systems of two medieval Nubian kingdoms: Nobadia and Makuria. Alwa is treated lightly due to the limited data. They are discussed in a static (settlement hierarchy) and dynamic perspective (integration of settlement systems in time). Church architecture as an indicator of regionalism is also debated. Some topics integrally associated with archaeology of Nubia like historical sources (Ruffini, this volume), languages (Łajtar and Ochała, this volume), capitals of the states (Żurawski, this volume), art and pottery (Zielińska, this volume) are generally absent here but are tackled by other authors in the same volume.
Islam in the Funj and Ottoman Periods in Sudan
Authors: Soghayroun Intisar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sudan with its vast territory, varied geographical zones, and diverse populations presents a unique pattern of Islam in Africa. It is clear, from both literary and archaeological evidence, that Islam as a religion first appeared in this country during the invasions of the 1st century of the Muslim era (7th century ce) in a generally peaceful process that gradually culminated with the rise of the Funj Kingdom in the center and the Tunjur and then the Keira Sultanates in the west. This chapter discusses this process within the Middle Nile valley which was interrupted by the occupation of the northern part of the Funj domain in 1584 ce by Ottoman troops. The nature of Islam in the Sudan reflects a duality that prevailed throughout the Dar al-Islam: the orthodox and the ecstatic. Sufism and Islam are today synonyms for the Sudanese population as a term and as a historical process, which is clearly reflected in its material culture.