bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microglia polarization in heat-induced early neural injury
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhao Jing , Zhu Baofeng , Shen Junhua , Ye Zi , Peng Qiang , Zhang Yi 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionIn the occurrence and development of heat stroke (HS), factors such as hyperthermia, ischemia and hypoxia are essential to the central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response, but the main mechanism underlying CNS inflammation remains unclear. The aim of the study was to observe the polarization of microglia in response to heat-induced early nerve injury and to explore its possible mechanism of action.Material and methodsTo establish a heatstroke animal model in Beagle dogs, 18 Beagle dogs were divided into control (group A) and experimental groups (group B, group C and group D) according to a random numbers table. The animals in the experimental groups were placed on an electric blanket of an animal body temperature maintaining apparatus. The temperature was set at 40 ±0.5°C, and the rectal temperature was monitored every 5 min until the target body temperature was reached. Once the target temperature was reached, the dogs were transferred to an environment of 26 ±0.5°C and 60 ±0.5% humidity. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of microglia-specific markers CD45, iNOS, arginase, and CD206 in normal and heat-damaged brain tissues at different time points (1 h, 6 h, 24 h). The expression of CD45 and arginase was further determined by co-localization with immunofluorescence.ResultsCD45 and iNOS protein expression was detected in group A. The two protein markers in group B were significantly higher than those in group A (p < 0.05), and the protein markers in group C were still higher than those in group A (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among the animals in group A (p > 0.05). Arginase and CD206 protein expression was also detected in group A. Levels of the two protein markers in group B were higher than those in group A (p < 0.05), and the protein marker levels in group C were even higher than those in group A (p < 0.05). Further analysis of the two groups of protein markers in group D showed significantly higher levels than those in group A (p < 0.001). Immunofluorescence co-loca­lization of CD45 and arginase showed significantly increased fluorescence density at 6 h and 24 h after thermal injury (p < 0.001).ConclusionsAfter heat-induced disease, microglia were found to be active in the brain tissues of dogs. The microglia activated in the early 1-6 h of CNS injury were mainly the M1 type, which were then converted to the M2 type after 6 h. The 24 h M2 type was dominant. The relationship between M1/M2 polarization trends and early brain injury in heat-induced disease may be a key to understanding CNS injury in heat-induced disease.
Automatic daily remote monitoring in heart failure
patients implanted with a cardiac resynchronisation
therapy-defibrillator: a single-centre observational
pilot study
Authors: Ezer Peter , Farkas Nelli , Szokodi Istvan , Kónyi Attila 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionThe impact of remote monitoring (RM) on clinical outcomes in
heart failure (HF) patients with cardiac resynchronisation therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation is controversial. This study sought to evaluate
the performance of an RM follow-up protocol using modified criteria of the
PARTNERS HF trial in comparison with a conventional follow-up scheme.Material and methodsWe compared cardiovascular (CV) mortality (primary
endpoint) and hospitalisation events for decompensated HF, and the number of ambulatory in-office visits (secondary endpoint) in CRT-D implanted
patients with automatic RM utilising daily transmissions (RM group, n = 45)
and conventional follow-up (CFU group, n = 43) in a single-centre observational study.ResultsAfter a median follow-up of 25 months, a significant advantage
was seen in the RM group in terms of CV mortality (1 vs. 6 death event,
p = 0.04), although RM follow-up was not an independent predictor for CV
mortality (HR = 0.882; 95% CI: 0.25–3.09; p = 0.845). Patient CV mortality
was independently influenced by hospitalisation events for decompensated
HF (HR = 3.24; 95% CI: 8–84; p = 0.022) during follow-up. We observed
significantly fewer hospitalisation events for decompensated HF (8 vs. 29
events, p = 0.046) in the RM group. Furthermore, a decreased number of
total (161 vs. 263, p < 0.01) and unnecessary ambulatory in-office visits
(6 vs.19, p = 0.012) were seen in the RM group as compared to the CFU group.ConclusionsFollow-up of CRT-D patients using automatic RM with daily
transmissions based on modified PARTNERS HF criteria enabled more effective ambulatory interventions leading indirectly to improved CV survival.
Moreover, RM directly decreased the number of HF hospitalizations and ambulatory follow-up burden compared to CRT-D patients with conventional
follow-up.
Experience of sand pit recultivation in the Northern taiga subzone
Authors: Осипенко Р.А. , Зарипов Ю.В. , Белов Л.А. , Морозов А.Е. 
Published: March 2021

На основании обследования рекультивированных сухоройных карьеров в Западно-Сибирском северотаежном равнинном лесном районе Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа – Югры предпринята попытка оценки эффективности рекультивации нарушенных земель. Установлено, что рекультивационные работы на территории выработанных карьеров проводятся в два этапа. При этом технический этап рекультивации выполняется после завершения работ по добыче песка и заключается в очистке территории от мусора, демонтаже временных сооружений, планировке территории и внесении торфопесчаной смеси. Биологический этап рекультивации выполняется после технического этапа и включает посев семян многолетних трав и внесение удобрений. Несмотря на устоявшуюся практику подобной рекультивации выработанных песчаных карьеров, ее нельзя признать экологически и хозяйственно правильной. Поскольку участки под карьеры изымались из лесного фонда, их рекультивация после завершения работ по добыче песка должна включать посадку сеянцев сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) с последующим переводом участков в покрытую лесной растительностью площадь. Посев многолетних трав не обеспечивает формирование древесной растительности из-за недостатка семян хвойных пород, особенно на карьерах большой площади.
An attempt was made to assess the effectiveness of disturbed lands reclamation by surveying rusk quarry in the western Siberian month taiga lowland forest region of Khanty-Mansiisk autonomous okrug – Jugra. At was established that on the territory of worked out quarries the recultivation works were carried out in two stages. At the same time, the technical stage of reclamation is carried out after the completion of sand extraction stage and consists in cleaning the territory from garbage, dismantling the temporary structures, planning the territory and peat and sand mixture introduction. Biologic stage of recultivation is carried out after technical one and includes sowing of perennial grasses and introducing of fertilizers. Despite of the well established practice application in worked out sand quarries it cannot be recognized as ecological and economic correct. Since the plots under the quarries were withdrawn from the forest fund their reclamation after the and extraction completion shoned include the planting of scots pine seedlings with the subsequent transfer of the site into an area covered with forest vegetation. Sowing of perennial grasses doesn’t provide for the formation of woody vegetation due to the lock of coniferous seeds, especially in open pits of a large area.
ACTIVATION OF ASPEN CHARCOAL
Authors: Евдокимова Е.В. , Мальцев Г.И. 
Published: March 2021

Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований по активации осинового угля зольностью 2,5 % водяным паром на выход и свойства полученного активного угля. Показано, что для активации лучше использовать уголь из спелой осины, а не из тонкомера, поскольку значения зольности у осинового угля из тонкомера сравнительно высокие и не могут гарантировать соблюдение этого показателя в товарном АУ. В этой связи необходимо применять технологию, обеспечивающую сравнительно высокий выход продукта. В наших исследованиях это условие выполнялось путем использования Z–образной вставки в печи активации.
The results of experimental studies on the activation of aspen coal with an ash content of 2.5 % by water steam on the yield and properties of the resulting activated carbon are presented. It is shown that for activation it is better to use coal from ripe aspen, rather than from thin aspen, since the ash content of aspen coal from thin aspen is relatively high and cannot guarantee compliance with this indicator in the commercial activated carbon. In this regard, it is necessary to use a technology that provides a relatively high yield of the product. In our studies, this condition was met by using a Z-shaped insert in the activation furnace.
Influence of soil on the composition of young stands formed on former agricultural lands
Authors: ЖИЖИН С.М. , МАГАСУМОВА А.Г. 
Published: March 2021

Проанализировано формирование древесной растительности на бывших сельскохозяйственных угодьях на территории муниципального образования «Игринский район» Республики Удмуртия. Указанная территория относится к подзоне южной тайги и входит в состав южно-таежного лесного района европейской части Российской Федерации. На основании данных натурных обследований и дешифрирования космических снимков высокого пространственного разрешения предпринята попытка определения площади пашни, зарастающей древесной растительностью, после исключения ее из активного сельскохозяйственного оборота. На основе почвенных карт, составленных специалистами акционерного общества Агрохимцентр «Удмуртский», проведено сопоставление доминирующих в составе формирующихся молодняков видов древесных пород с характеристиками почв. Установлено, что в составе формирующихся молодняков на бывших пашнях доминируют береза повислая (Betula pendula Roth.), ель европейская (Picea abies (L.) Korst.), сосна обыкновенная (Pinus sylvestris L.) и различные виды ив (Salix L.). Состав формирующихся молодняков зависит от многих факторов, в том числе от типа и гранулометрического состава почв. Наличие во всех формирующихся молодняках сосны и ели свидетельствует о возможности формирования высокопроизводительных смешанных насаждений. С учетом специфики лесорастительных условий и особенностей формирования насаждений на бывших пашнях рекомендуется разработка системы лесоводственных мероприятий в подобных насаждениях.
The article deals with the formation of woody vegetation on the territory of the municipal formation «Igrinskiy region» of the Republic of Udmurtia. The territory belongs to the subzone of the southern taiga and is the part of the Southern taiga forest region of the Russia Federation European part. Based on the data al field surveys and interpretation of lingh spatial resolution satellite images, an attempt was made to determine the area of arable land overgrown with woody vegetation after its exclusion from active agricultural turnover. On the base of soil maps compiled by the specialist of the joints stock company agrochemical centre «Udmurtskiy», the dominant in composition of the emerging young stands tree species were compared with the characteristics of soils. It was established that in the composition of the young growts on the former arable land drooping birch (Betula pendula Roth.), European spruce (Picea abies (L.) Korst.) and some of willow (Salix L.) dominate on these arable lands. The composition of the emerging stands depends on many factors including the type and granulometric composition of soils. The presence of pine and spruce in all emerging young stands indicate the possibility al formation of highly productive mixed stands. Taking in to account the specifics of forest growing conditions and the peculiarities of the formation of plantings on the former arable lands. It is recommended to develop a system of silvicultural measures in such plantations.
Global methane budget and trend, 2010–2017: complementarity of inverse analyses using in situ (GLOBALVIEWplus CH4 ObsPack) and satellite (GOSAT) observations
Authors: Lu Xiao , Jacob Daniel J. , Zhang Yuzhong , Maasakkers Joannes D. , Sulprizio Melissa P. , Shen Lu , Qu Zhen , Scarpelli Tia R. , Nesser Hannah , Yantosca Robert M. , Sheng Jianxiong , Andrews Arlyn , Parker Robert J. , Boesch Hartmut , Bloom A. Anthony , Ma Shuang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We use satellite (GOSAT) and in situ (GLOBALVIEWplus CH4 ObsPack)
observations of atmospheric methane in a joint global inversion of methane
sources, sinks, and trends for the 2010–2017 period. The inversion is done
by analytical solution to the Bayesian optimization problem, yielding
closed-form estimates of information content to assess the consistency and
complementarity (or redundancy) of the satellite and in situ data sets. We
find that GOSAT and in situ observations are to a large extent
complementary, with GOSAT providing a stronger overall constraint on the
global methane distributions, but in situ observations being more important
for northern midlatitudes and for relaxing global error correlations
between methane emissions and the main methane sink (oxidation by OH
radicals). The in-situ-only and the GOSAT-only inversions alone achieve 113 and 212 respective independent pieces of information (DOFS) for
quantifying mean 2010–2017 anthropogenic emissions on 1009 global model grid
elements, and respective DOFS of 67 and 122 for 2010–2017 emission trends. The joint
GOSAT+ in situ inversion achieves DOFS of 262 and 161 for
mean emissions and trends, respectively. Thus, the in situ data increase the global
information content from the GOSAT-only inversion by 20 %–30 %. The
in-situ-only and GOSAT-only inversions show consistent corrections to
regional methane emissions but are less consistent in optimizing the global
methane budget. The joint inversion finds that oil and gas emissions in the US
and Canada are underestimated relative to the values reported by these
countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) and used here as prior estimates, whereas coal emissions in China are
overestimated. Wetland emissions in North America are much lower than in the
mean WetCHARTs inventory used as a prior estimate. Oil and gas emissions in the US
increase over the 2010–2017 period but decrease in Canada and Europe. The
joint inversion yields a global methane emission of 551 Tg a−1 averaged
over 2010–2017 and a methane lifetime of 11.2 years against oxidation by
tropospheric OH (86 % of the methane sink).
Examining the sensitivity of the terrestrial carbon cycle to the expression of El Niño
Authors: Teckentrup Lina , De Kauwe Martin G. , Pitman Andrew J. , Smith Benjamin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The El Niño‐-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences the global climate and the variability in the terrestrial carbon cycle on interannual timescales. Two different expressions of El Niño have recently been identified: (i) central Pacific (CP) and (ii) eastern Pacific (EP). Both types of El Niño are characterised by above-average sea surface temperature anomalies at the respective locations. Studies exploring the impact of these expressions of El Niño on the carbon cycle have identified changes in the amplitude of the concentration of interannual atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) variability following increased tropical near-surface air temperature and decreased precipitation. We employ the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (Lund–Potsdam–Jena General Ecosystem Simulator) within a synthetic experimental framework to examine the sensitivity and potential long-term impacts of these two expressions of El Niño on the terrestrial carbon cycle. We manipulated the occurrence of CP and EP events in two climate reanalysis datasets during the latter half of the 20th and early 21st century by replacing all EP with CP and separately all CP with EP El Niño events. We found that the different expressions of El Niño affect interannual variability in the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, the effect on longer timescales was small for both climate reanalysis datasets. We conclude that capturing any future trends in the relative frequency of CP and EP El Niño events may not be critical for robust simulations of the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Reconstructing past hydrology of eastern Canadian boreal catchments using clastic varved sediments and hydro-climatic modelling: 160 years of fluvial inflows
Authors: Gagnon-Poiré Antoine , Brigode Pierre , Francus Pierre , Fortin David , Lajeunesse Patrick , Dorion Hugues , Trottier Annie-Pier 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Analysis of short sediment cores collected in Grand Lake, Labrador, revealed that this lake is an excellent candidate for the preservation of a laminated sediment record. The great depth of Grand Lake, the availability of fine
sediments along its tributaries and its important seasonal river inflow
have favoured the formation of a 160-year-long clastic varved sequence.
Each varve represents 1 hydrological year. Varve formation is mainly
related to spring discharge conditions with contributions from summer and
autumn rainfall events. The statistically significant relation between varve
parameters and the Naskaupi River discharge observations provided the
opportunity to develop local hydrological reconstructions beyond the
instrumental period. The combined detrital layer thickness and the particle
size (99th percentile) series extracted from each varve yield the strongest
correlations with instrumental data (r=0.68 and 0.75 respectively) and have been used
to reconstruct the respective Naskaupi River mean and maximum annual discharges over the 1856–2016 period. The reconstructed Q-mean series
suggest that high Q-mean years occurred during the 1920–1960 period, and a
slight decrease in Q-mean took place during the second half of the
20th century. Independent reconstructions based on rainfall–runoff
modelling of the watershed from historical reanalysis of global geopotential
height fields display a significant correlation with the reconstructed
Naskaupi River discharge based on varve physical parameters. The Grand Lake
varved sequence contains a regional hydrological signal, as suggested by the
statistically significant relation between the combined detrital layer
thickness series and the observed Labrador region Q-mean series extracted
from five watersheds of different sizes.
Atlantic hurricane response to Saharan greening and reduced dust emissions during the mid-Holocene
Authors: Dandoy Samuel , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Camargo Suzana J. , Laprise René , Winger Katja , Emanuel Kerry 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. We use a high-resolution regional climate model to investigate the changes in Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) activity during the period of the mid-Holocene (MH: 6000 years BP) with a larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle relative to today. This period was characterized by increased boreal summer insolation over the Northern Hemisphere, a vegetated Sahara and reduced airborne dust concentrations. A set of sensitivity experiments was conducted in which solar insolation, vegetation and dust concentrations were changed in turn to disentangle their impacts on TC activity in the Atlantic Ocean. Results show that the greening of the Sahara and reduced dust loadings (MHGS+RD) lead to a larger increase in the number of Atlantic TCs (27 %) relative to the pre-industrial (PI) climate than the orbital forcing alone (MHPMIP; 9 %). The TC seasonality is also highly modified in the MH climate, showing a decrease in TC activity during the beginning of the hurricane season (June to August), with a shift of its maximum towards October and November in the MHGS+RD experiment relative to PI. MH experiments simulate stronger hurricanes compared to PI, similar to future projections. Moreover, they suggest longer-lasting cyclones relative to PI. Our results also show that changes in the African easterly waves are not relevant in altering the frequency and intensity of TCs, but they may shift the location of their genesis. This work highlights the importance of considering vegetation and dust changes over the Sahara region when investigating TC activity under a different climate state.
Editorial Revista IGNIS 2016
Authors: Villamil Ivonne 
Published: March 2021

La producción y circulación de conocimiento, en las condiciones actuales de Colombia, es una gran responsabilidad e implica un reto en la reconstrucción del tejido social. El alcance y las posibilidades de nuestro quehacer académico se instauran como un terreno fértil para cimentar el cambio que el mundo de hoy exige a sus individuos y colectividades, un cambio hacia una concientización de lo público, un giro hacia la reivindicación del ejercicio de la ciudadanía y prácticas del conocimiento que sean incluyentes en el contexto en que son vivenciadas.
(Para seguir leyendo, descargue el PDF).
El precio del oro durante la Gran Recesión desde una perspectiva austriaca
Authors: González Francisco Saavedra 
Published: March 2021

Since 2008 to 2013, years known as the Great Recession, gold has been one of the assets whose evolution has aroused more interest on the economic agents. Its theoretical and historic analysis from its origin, the most important facts that have affected its price since 1972, its market situation in 2013 and the factors that have been determinant in its price during the Great Recession are the main reasons of this article which, under the Austrian School point of view, guide us inexorably to this conclusion: the monetary system needs gold as backing; if a progressive approach to the classic gold standard is not done, gold will continue being one of the most efficient asset against the monetary inflation and endogenous uncertainty created by monetary and banking system. The economy and gold price evolution will depend on the decisions taken to afford these great system faults, and must be borne in mind their impact from monetary and economic point of view and also from the moral field.
Key words: Money, Central Banks, Refuge, Inflation, Devaluation, Production, Demand, Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy.
JEL Classification: B53, D49, E39, E42, E58.
Resumen: El oro ha sido desde el año 2008 hasta el 2013, años conocidos como la Gran Recesión, uno de los activos cuya evolución más interés ha despertado en los agentes económicos. Su análisis desde el origen tanto a nivel teórico como histórico, los hechos más importantes que han afectado a su precio desde 1972, la situación de su mercado en 2013 y los factores que han sido determinantes de su precio durante la Gran Recesión son el motivo fundamental de este artículo que, a la luz de la Escuela Austriaca lleva inexorablemente a las siguiente conclusión: el sistema monetario necesita del oro como respaldo; y de no llevarse a cabo un progresivo acercamiento hacia el patrón oro clásico, el oro seguirá siendo uno de los activos más eficaces contra la inflación monetaria y la incertidumbre generada endógenamente por el sistema monetario y bancario. La evolución de la economía y la del precio del oro dependerá de las decisiones que se tomen para enfrentarnos a estos graves defectos del sistema, y deben tenerse en cuenta las consecuencias tanto desde el punto de vista monetario y económico, como desde el ámbito de la moral.
Palabras clave: Dinero, Bancos Centrales, Refugio, Inflación, Devaluación, Producción, Demanda, Política Monetaria, Política Fiscal.
Clasificación JEL: B53, D49, E39, E42, E58.