bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of the type of planting medium and the dosage of vermicompost fertilizer on the growth and yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Kenya varieties
Authors: Sudrajat A , Rachmawati Y S , Qurani C N N , Akmaliya  , Sarbini  
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The superiority of the Kenya variety of beans has the opportunity to increase export value; with good market prospects, it is necessary to increase the production of Kenyan varieties of beans. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of planting medium and the dosage of vermicompost fertilizer on the growth and yield of green beans. This research was conducted from February until April 2020 in Ngamprah, Kab. West Bandung, West Java. This research was conducted using an experimental design in the form of a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with three replications consisting of two factors. The first factor is the type of planting media which consists of 3 levels (m0 = soil, ml = soil + rice husk charcoal (1 : 1), m2 = soil + cocopeat (1:1)). The second factor was vermicompost consisting of 4 levels (k0 = 0 t ha-1, k1 = 7.5 t ha-1, k2 = 15 t ha-1, and k3 = 22.5 t ha-1). Based on the study results, there was an interaction between the soil planting media with a dosage of 15 t ha-1 of vermicompost on the growth and yield of upright beans. Soils with a silty loam texture and high P nutrient content in vermicompost can support growing places and sufficient nutrient availability for the growth and yield of upright beans.
Genetic diversity of local durian from Tidore Island based on morphological and moleculer data for tropical fruit conservation in North Maluku
Authors: Sundari  , Mas’ud A , Wahyudi D , Arumingtyas E L , Hakim L , Azrianingsih R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Durian is a tropical fruit that has substantial economic value. One of the durian production centers in North Maluku is Tidore Island. This study’s objective was to identify genetic diversity, taxonomic status, and local durian conservation models in North Maluku. Data collection method with purposive sampling technique. Morphological data, including 142 characters (stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit), were analyzed descriptively and arranged by UPGMA dendrogram with the outgroup (D. kutezensis). Molecular data were obtained by using the PCR RAPD technic. Genetic diversity of local durian Tidore based on morphological characters produced 7 clusters with the closest genetic distance to local durian (R4-R10) with a similarity value of 0.887. Genetic diversity of local durian Tidore based on PCR RAPD technic produced 5 clusters with the closest genetic distance to local durian (R10-R12) with a similarity value of 0.977. The value of Tidore’s local durian dissimilarity is close to 10%; it can be assumed that the genetic diversity of Tidore’s local durian is at the level of intraspecies diversity. Gap analysis recommends that Tidore’s local durian conservation model is appropriate with the durian breeding program through an in-situ selection of superior traits and conservation..
Utilization of rice husk silica as solid catalyst in the transesterification process for biodiesel production
Authors: Banurea I R , Setyawan N , Yuliani S , Herawati H , Hoerudin  
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Biodiesel from palm oil is a promising renewable fuel for substitute petro-diesel either be used directly or as a diesel mixture. To improve reaction rate and biodiesel yield, adding a catalyst with excess alcohol is needed in transesterification process. The high content of silica in rice husks is very prospective for the development of a heterogeneous catalyst. The study was carried out to investigate catalytic activity of the silica from rice husk produced by the impregnation process and various calcination temperatures at various amounts of it in the transesterification process for biodiesel production. A preliminary study was carried out to determine the amount of catalyst in the transesterification process. The amount of catalyst producing the highest yield of biodiesel was used in the next study. In the main study, the catalyst from rice husk silica was synthesized through an impregnation process used 1 N KOH and calcination processes at 200, 300, 400, and 500 °C. The experimental result showed the crystallinity degree of the catalyst first increased and then decreased with increases in calcination temperatures. The calcination at 300 °C resulted in the highest surface area of the catalyst (7.21 m2/g). The biodiesel produced through transesterification process using catalyst from rice husk silica with impregnation of KOH 1N and calcination at 300 °C resulted in the highest methyl ester (94.39 %), total acid number of 0.09 mg KOH/g, total glycerol of 0.57 %, saponification number of 186.76 %, free glycerol of 0.01 %, and moisture content of 650.55 ppm.
Reflector and passive cooler for optimization of solar panel output
Authors: Siregar W P H , Fawaid M , Abizar H , Nurtanto M , Suhendar  , Suyitno  
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) To determine the effect of using passive reflectors and coolers on the output power produced by solar panels. The research method used was an experimental method with a true experimental design model, namely in this design there were 2 systems, the first system was treated, the second system was not given treatment. The variations in treatment in this study are as follows; (1) Solar panels without using passive cooling reflectors and (2) Solar panels using reflectors and passive cooling. Data were collected for 4 days from (08.00-14.00) with a sample of 50 Wp solar modules. The data collection technique used was literature study, performance and testing documentation. The results showed that the results of the solar panel testing power with 2 variations of treatment, namely, (1) The solar panel without using a reflector and passive cooling produces an average power of 47.68 Watts and (2) Solar panels using a reflector and passive cooler are 59.63 Watts. The results of this study indicate that solar panels using reflectors and coolers increase the power by 25.07% of solar panels without using reflectors and passive cooling.
Speckle noise reduction of Sentinel-1 SAR data using fast fourier transform temporal filtering to monitor paddy field area
Authors: Kustiyo  , Rokhmatuloh  , Saputro A H , Kushardono D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images have the ability to work in any weather situation. It is mostly impossible to get cloud free optical image monthly in Indonesia, especially in Subang. So, the use of SAR imagery for the monthly monitoring of paddy is recommended. The disadvantage of the SAR images is noise, known as speckle noise. This noise reduces the quality of the image; reducing the speckle noise is necessary. This research proposes the FFT algorithm to remove the speckle noise. Because the frequency pattern of FFT is periodic, and the research focuses on the paddy field area, so the one year of paddy growth was used. There are many planting times in the research area, from one to three planting times a year; most of the area is twice planting time a year. Six scenarios of the FFT filter were proposed and investigated to select the optimum scenario. The scenarios use the number of FFT results to implement in filtering. The first scenario used FFT1 to FFT2, and the sixth scenario used FFT-1 to FFT-8. The performance results were measure by the correlation value of the original image and the results of FFT filtering. The results show that by increasing the number of FFT in the filtering process, the correlation increase. The minimal FFT filtering is FFT1-FFF3 filtering, with the average correlation is 87%, but some acquisition still has the correlation less than 85%. The optimum is FFT1- FFT5 filtering, with the average correlation, is 92%, and all correlations are above 85% for all data during a year. Using the optimum scenario, the backscattered trend of paddy growth could be identified better and easier, so this technique is recommended for paddy growth monitoring.
Google earth engine and landsat data for detecting inundation changes in Limboto lake
Authors: Lahay R J , Koem S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Limboto Lake has environmental degradation due to the high sedimentation rate. Based on that fact, monitoring of inundation change is needed for upcoming lake management. The dynamics of Limboto lake inundation can be detected by utilizing remote sensing data. The emergence of cloud computing-based geospatial technology allows its users to automatize remote sensing data preparation and processing procedures. The study attempted to investigate the dynamics of Limboto lake inundation within the time frame of 2001-2019. The detection was conducted by incorporating the Landsat data and water index method through Google Earth Engine (hence, GEE) interface. The observation year was chosen to start from 2001 due to the Landsat 7 ETM + images were completely available for a year (11 months). The results displayed that the lake’s inundation area’s dynamics during the observed time frame tended to show a trend of shrinkage in size. The shrinkage mostly took place at the west and northwest part of Limboto lake. The shrinkage that occurred at the lake inundation area is to be treated as a warning sign for decision-makers to formulate a decision to handle the potential negative impacts of the lake inundation shrinkage.
Application of GIS to define a juridical bay as part of Indonesia’s internal waters
Authors: Rachma T R N , Turmudi  , Kardono P 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIndonesia is an archipelagic state bordered by archipelagic baselines. Based on the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC), Indonesia has two maritime zones within the baseline, namely internal waters and archipelagic waters. It is necessary to make clear boundaries because there are different jurisdictions between the two areas. This study aims to identify Indonesian internal waters and a drawing closing line in the juridical bay. GIS software is used to identify the juridical bay, referring to the terms of the juridical bay in LOSC. The results of the research show that (1) several bays in Indonesia do not meet the criteria of juridical bays, (2) a juridical bay can consist of several smaller bays, (3) a large bay cannot be fully claimed as a juridical bay because there are limitations of the maximum length of the closing line, and (4) there are several juridical bays that do not have the name.
The Role of Urban Land Management on the Informal Settlements
Authors: Fouad Zina , Sati Abbas Sana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The research deals with the concept of the Informal settlements, as they are unauthorized subdivisions of lands in the urban environment that start with a sudden invasion on the lands of others without legal capacity, for a specific group of individuals, where they reside their houses, without official permission from the owner They are located in city centers or urban vacancies. So the paper aims to build a comprehensive theoretical framework for solving and addressing the problem of Informal settlements through the Programs and strategies of the urban land management system. The problems of the Informal settlements (security of tenure, ownership issues, increased demand for shelter, violation of the scheme of land use, basic services) are the main issues and tasks of urban land management. The research defines urban land management as the responsible authority in the urban sector that has the responsibility to solve and address obstacles that prevent achieving urban development aims, including these obstacles (informal settlements, housing, and infrastructure services). The research problem was represented by The lack of a clear perception of the role of urban land management programs and strategies in solving and addressing the problem of the Informal Settlements, while the research hypothesis was that Solving and addressing the problem of Informal Settlements is through the programs and strategies of the urban land management system, which is represented by the formal urban land management programs for informal settlements, a sustainable urban land management system and urban land management development in varying proportions. The paper built a theoretical framework for solving and addressing the problem of Informal settlements through the Programs and strategies of the urban land management system. The research concluded that The importance of programs and strategies for each of (formal urban land management approach, sustainable urban land management system, decentralized urban land management system and urban land management development), including (securing tenure for informal settlement dwellers, developing informal settlement areas and converting them into formal areas, providing basic infrastructure services, developing Participatory approaches between the public and private sectors, community participation, recognition of the right to decent housing), in solving and addressing the problem of informal settlements, albeit partially, which contributes to reducing or limiting the resort to informal settlements and thus their gradual disappearance.
Theoretical structure of Eco-cities: subject review
Authors: Khalid Zainab , Radi Abaas Zaynab 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Given the importance of ecology and its entry into various fields in general and the urban environment particularly; ecological cities take wide ranges of application at multiple regional and global levels. However, it repeatedly noted that there was a state of cognitive confusion and overlapping in the term ecology comes from the diversity of implementation within several disciplines. Architects, designers, and planners have instilled biological development directly into the formal principles as well as the social structures of the ecological cities. Therefore, the research presents a rapid review of the most relevant areas that dealt with the ecological cities by research and analysis at various levels, from the concept and definition of the term, architecture, direction, design, planning, and housing to know the most significant similarities and differences of ecological cities within the various urban specialties. The findings reveal the application of the term Eco-city is branched and fallen under several names within one main goal to preserve the ecosystems and the natural environment while developing an appropriate microclimatic zone and achieving sustainable and healthy comfort levels for their residents through different urban indicators and techniques.
Evaluation of Road Networks Based on Traffic Accidents in Erbil City
Authors: Arshad Abdulwahab Azad 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The traffic accidents threats humans live and its increases during the time. For this reason, this paper tries to analysis the traffic accidents by assessment of accident situations. Also, study the effect of road design elements and regulations coincide with case study in two methods applied first the five parameters individually tested. Then effective parameters tested together, correlation between accidents and the parameter, the roads and streets must design carefully and according to specifications and criteria. In this paper trying to indicate the weak points of road network and fixing this points to avoid them in the future. The ring road have a negative aspect because it extends the path and collecting local roads more than the straight paths. Also, restriction of sight distance occurs, the topographic of Erbil city is helpful in avoiding vertical curves, but the horizontal curves presented with concentric ring roads.
Role of Architecture in overcoming visual distortions. In the context of needs and social changes
Authors: Wannnous Hussien M. , Jishi Mohammad H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper sheds light on the visual distortions that urban communities suffer due to neglect and weak law enforcement and their impact on the economic, environmental and social aspects. Architecture has a major role in addressing sagging and deformations that affect buildings, reviving them and making them more sustainable instead of consuming new lands, Contrary to the principles of sustainable and irreplaceable resources. The study relies on selecting four examples from 32 projects that deal with different issues related to the visual distortions that Lebanon’s suburbs and rural areas suffer from, and to provide serious and affordable solutions in order to change the existing stereotype in the urban environment. This study focuses on the importance of the role of architecture, especially the involvement of architecture students in local universities in reformulating the scenery in the streets of the community to which they belong. This experience will have a positive impact on society and improving its livelihood and environment.
Measuring pedestrian quality standards: a case study of Al-Khourng walkway and Al-Rawan Street
Authors: Hassan Alwan Kareem , Waheed Hadi Dhuha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Streets are an important component of the urban form and the most popular urban space in the city. Therefore, our streets deserve to be more than just traffic lanes because the negative impact of car-centered lifestyles has led to the reduction of urban spaces and their inadequacy with human needs, as it creates a social burden. We are also increasingly aware of the devastating cost of car air pollution, to our health. Cities are starting to realize that by encouraging more people to walk by reducing the number of car trips, as in old cities. A healthier and equal society can be created, business and investment attracted, and streets become a vital space for pedestrians and need to be governed effectively and efficiently to promote a conducive, sustainable and friendly environment for all. The aim of this study is to find out the difference between a pedestrian street scene and a car based on the characteristics of a pedestrian-friendly environment. The study area that will be covered in the research in the practical side is the Al-Khoranq walkway in the old city of Najaf with an organic planning and Al-Rawan Street in the modern districts of Najaf with network planning. As for the practical side of the research, geographic information systems technology was used with field surveys and image capture of the study area. The study reached a conclusion that the planning of our city around cars left many streets unattractive places for walking or hiking due to the failure to achieve safety and comfort for pedestrians, unlike pedestrian streets that were planned for the person and achieve his well-being when using the street.
Will the Covid-19 Pandemic Transform Our Urban Habitat? A Microalgae Photobioreactors Labyrinth-Garden as an answer for The Post-Covid Sustainable City
Authors: Cervera Rosa , Villalba Ma. Rosa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The epidemics of the first half of the 19th century made sanitation an essential point in the urban life. It laid the way for a city based on sunlight, ventilation and an urban planning of straight-lined, wide street and green areas. Until the beginning of 2020 we have lived in the belief that this urban model protected us. However, there were already many indications that the city was not capable of giving a satisfactory answer to the parameters of the 21st century, such as pollution, the heat island effect and the excessive consumption of energy and resources. Now, the coronavirus COVID-19, has put a stop to the city movement and with it, to the pollution it involves, revealing the level of contamination to which we were exposed. Therefore, it has become a priority to minimize energy consumption, energy dependence and pollution to improve the health and quality of life of its citizens. As answers to these demands, buildings with living organisms, such as microalgae, make the city a sustainable and Self-Sufficient environment. Giving an answer to the problem above, the design of the Park-Labyrinth proposes the installation of an intensive cultivation of microalgae that not only helps reduce CO2 emissions, transforming it into a product that generates interest, but also generates benefits to society in terms of recreation, energy production, reduction of polluting gases and use of space.
Groundwater Quality Study Based on the Existence of Escherichia coli as Bioindicator
Authors: Rinanti A , Fachrul M F , Hendrawan D I , Anisah U , Alreekabi N K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The research aim was to observe the distribution pattern of Escherichia coli as groundwater pollution indicator in the most populous area, Matraman Sub-District Area in Jakarta, Indonesia (106°49’35” EL and 06°10’37” SL) consists of six (6) Urban Villages. The existence of Escherichia coli was measured with Most Probable Number (MPN) method as mentioned in Indonesian Standard Number 01-2332.1-2006. This research was also measure pollution parameter of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH, and topography analyses used as well to determine groundwater flow direction. Groundwater sampling was conducted in several housings that have low, middle, and high income as indicator of sanitation quality which causes groundwater pollution by Escherichia coli bacteria. The research result showed that the level of average Escherichia coli was 345,9778, 310,0556, and 727,1389 MPN/100 mL. Escherichia coli distribution pattern was headed from southeastern to northwestern area, in correspondence with Matraman Sub-District topography. The average pH level, temperature and DO0 in whole area respectively were 6.3, 24.7°C and 2.238 mg/L, that exceeded minimum water quality standards in Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation Number 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 regarding drinking water quality requirements. This study could be a reference for daily groundwater utilization in Matraman Sub-District and to provide information for further research.