bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Yaoyao , Bao Xiuqin , Yan Jiaxin , Miao Hualing , Guo Cheng 
Published: August 2021

Background: The novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has spread rapidly worldwide and poses a global health threat.Aims: This study assessed the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese students during the COVID-19 pandemic and explored potential moderating factors.Methods: We searched English and Chinese databases using pertinent keywords for articles published and unpublished, up until November 2020. The estimate of the overall prevalence of anxiety and depression was conducted through a random-effects model.Results: A total of 31 cross-sectional studies were included. The overall prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese students during the COVID-19 pandemic was 24.0% (95% CI [20.0–29.0%]) and 22.0% (95% CI [18.0–27.0%]) respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that Chinese middle school students were at heightened risk of anxiety, while university students were at heightened risk of depression. Students who lived in higher-risk areas presented severe anxiety and depression, especially during the late period of the COVID-19 epidemic.Conclusions: Overall, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a high prevalence of anxiety in Chinese students and a high prevalence of depression among Chinese students in high-risk areas. Therefore, comprehensive and targeted psychological interventions should be developed to address the mental health of students in different grades, especially in high-risk areas and during the late period of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Validation of Gazepoint low-cost eye-tracking and psychophysiology bundle
Authors: Cuve Hélio Clemente , Stojanov Jelka , Roberts-Gaal Xavier , Catmur Caroline , Bird Geoffrey 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEye-tracking and recording of physiological signals are increasingly used in research within cognitive science and human–computer interaction. For example, gaze position and measures of autonomic arousal, including pupil dilation, skin conductance (SC), and heart rate (HR), provide an indicator of cognitive and physiological processes. The growing popularity of these techniques is partially driven by the emergence of low-cost recording equipment and the proliferation of open-source software for data collection and analysis of such signals. However, the use of new technology requires investigation of its reliability and validation with respect to real-world usage and against established technologies. Accordingly, in two experiments (total N = 69), we assessed the Gazepoint GP3-HD eye-tracker and Gazepoint Biometrics (GPB) system from Gazepoint. We show that the accuracy, precision, and robustness of the eye-tracker are comparable to competing systems. While fixation and saccade events can be reliably extracted, the study of saccade kinematics is affected by the low sampling rate. The GP3-HD is also able to capture psychological effects on pupil dilation in addition to the well-defined pupillary light reflex. Finally, moderate-to-strong correlations between physiological recordings and derived metrics of SC and HR between the GPB and the well-established BIOPAC MP160 support its validity. However, low amplitude of the SC signal obtained from the GPB may reduce sensitivity when separating phasic and tonic components. Similarly, data loss in pulse monitoring may pose difficulties for certain HR variability analyses.
The Hubble PanCET Program: Transit and Eclipse Spectroscopy of the Strongly Irradiated Giant Exoplanet WASP-76b
Authors: Fu Guangwei , Deming Drake , Lothringer Joshua , Nikolov Nikolay , Sing David K. , Kempton Eliza M.-R. , Ih Jegug , Evans Thomas M. , Stevenson Kevin , Wakeford H. R. , Rodriguez Joseph E. , Eastman Jason D. , Stassun Keivan , Henry Gregory W. , López-Morales Mercedes , Lendl Monika , Conti Dennis M. , Stockdale Chris , Collins Karen , Kielkopf John , Barstow Joanna K. , Sanz-Forcada Jorge , Ehrenreich David , Bourrier Vincent , dos Santos Leonardo A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ultra-hot Jupiters with equilibrium temperatures greater than 2000 K are uniquely interesting targets as they provide us crucial insights into how atmospheres behave under extreme conditions. This class of giant planets receives intense radiation from their host star and usually has strongly irradiated and highly inflated atmospheres. At such a high temperature, cloud formation is expected to be suppressed and thermal dissociation of water vapor could occur. We observed the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b with seven transits and five eclipses using the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope (Spitzer) for a comprehensive study of its atmospheric chemical and physical processes. We detected TiO and H2O absorption in the optical and near-infrared transit spectrum. Additional absorption by a number of neutral and ionized heavy metals like Fe, Ni, Ti, and SiO help explain the short-wavelength transit spectrum. The secondary eclipse spectrum shows muted water feature but a strong CO emission feature in Spitzer’s 4.5 μm band indicating an inverted temperature pressure profile. We analyzed both the transit and eclipse spectra with a combination of self-consistent PHOENIX models and atmospheric retrieval. Both spectra were well fitted by the self-consistent PHOENIX forward atmosphere model in chemical and radiative equilibrium at solar metallicity, adding to the growing evidence that both TiO/VO and NUV heavy metals opacity are prominent NUV-optical opacity sources in the stratospheres of ultra-hot Jupiters.
Anharmonic Vibrational Spectrum and Experimental Matrix Isolation Study of Thioformic Acid Conformers—Potential Candidates for Molecular Cloud and Solar System Observations?
Authors: Lignell Antti , Osadchuk Irina , Räsänen Markku , Lundell Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Thioformic acid (TFA) is the sulfur analog of formic acid, the simplest organic acid. It has three analogs, HCOSH, HCSOH, and HCSSH, each of them having two rotational isomeric (rotameric) forms: trans and cis where the trans form is energetically more stable. In this article, we study computational energetics and anharmonic vibrational spectrum of TFA, including overtone and combination vibrations. We also studied experimental photoisomerization and photodecomposition channels of HCOSH molecules with different wavelengths. We suggest that TFA is a potential sulfur-containing candidate molecule for interstellar and planetary observations and discuss these in light of different radiation environments in space. More generally, we discuss that infrared radiation-driven photoisomerization reactions may be a common phenomenon in such environments and can affect the chemical reaction pathways of organic and other interstellar molecules.
Cosmological Simulations of Quasar Fueling to Subparsec Scales Using Lagrangian Hyper-refinement
Authors: Anglés-Alcázar Daniel , Quataert Eliot , Hopkins Philip F. , Somerville Rachel S. , Hayward Christopher C. , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Bryan Greg L. , Kereš Dušan , Hernquist Lars , Stone James M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We present cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of a quasar-mass halo (M
halo ≈ 1012.5
M
⊙ at z = 2) that for the first time resolve gas transport down to the inner 0.1 pc surrounding the central massive black hole. We model a multiphase interstellar medium including stellar feedback by supernovae, stellar winds, and radiation, and a hyper-Lagrangian refinement technique increasing the resolution dynamically approaching the black hole. We do not include black hole feedback. We show that the subpc inflow rate (1) can reach ∼6 M
⊙ yr−1 roughly in steady state during the epoch of peak nuclear gas density (z ∼ 2), sufficient to power a luminous quasar, (2) is highly time variable in the pre-quasar phase, spanning 0.001–10 M
⊙ yr−1 on Myr timescales, and (3) is limited to short (∼2 Myr) active phases (0.01–0.1 M
⊙ yr−1) followed by longer periods of inactivity at lower nuclear gas density and late times (z ∼ 1), owing to the formation of a hot central cavity. Inflowing gas is primarily cool, rotational support dominates over turbulence and thermal pressure, and star formation can consume as much gas as provided by inflows across 1 pc–10 kpc. Gravitational torques from multiscale stellar non-axisymmetries dominate angular momentum transport over gas self-torquing and pressure gradients, with accretion weakly dependent on black hole mass. Subpc inflow rates correlate with nuclear (but decouple from global) star formation and can exceed the Eddington rate by ×10. The black hole can move ∼10 pc from the galaxy center on ∼0.1 Myr. Accreting gas forms pc-scale, rotationally supported, obscuring structures often misaligned with the galaxy-scale disk. These simulations open a new avenue to investigate black hole–galaxy coevolution.
Origin of Spectral Hardening of Secondary Cosmic-Ray Nuclei
Authors: Kawanaka Norita , Lee Shiu-Hang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We discuss the acceleration and escape of secondary cosmic-ray (CR) nuclei, such as lithium, beryllium, and boron, produced by spallation of primary CR nuclei like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen accelerated at the shock in supernova remnants (SNRs) surrounded by the interstellar medium (ISM) or a circumstellar medium (CSM). We take into account the energy-dependent escape of CR particles from the SNR shocks, which is supported by gamma-ray observations of SNRs, to calculate the spectra of primary and secondary CR nuclei running away into the ambient medium. We find that if the SNR is surrounded by a CSM with a wind-like density distribution (i.e., n
CSM ∝ r
−2), the spectra of the escaping secondary nuclei are harder than those of the escaping primary nuclei, while if the SNR is surrounded by a uniform ISM, the spectra of the escaping secondaries are always softer than those of the escaping primaries. Using this result, we show that if there was a past supernova surrounded by a dense wind-like CSM (∼2.5 × 10−3
M
⊙ yr−1), which happened ∼1.6 × 105 yr ago at a distance of ∼1.6 kpc, we can simultaneously reproduce the spectral hardening of primary and secondary CRs above ∼200 GV that have recently been reported by AMS-02.
A synopsis of the Bee occurrence data of northern Tanzania
Authors: Lasway Julius , Kinabo Neema , Mremi Rudolf , Martin Emanuel , Nyakunga Oliver , Sanya John , Rwegasira Gration M. , Lesio Nicephor , Gideon Hulda , Pauly Alain , Eardley Connal , Peters Marcell , Peterson Andrew , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf , Njovu Henry 
Published: August 2021

Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) are the most important group of pollinators with about 20,507 known species worldwide. Despite the critical role of bees in providing pollination services, studies aiming at understanding which species are present across disturbance gradients are scarce. Limited taxononomic information for the existing and unidentified bee species in Tanzania make their conservation haphazard. Here, we present a dataset of bee species records obtained from a survey in nothern Tanzania i.e. Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Manyara regions. Our findings serve as baseline data necessary for understanding the diversity and distribution of bees in the northern parts of the country, which is a critical step in devising robust conservation and monitoring strategies for their populations.In this paper, we present information on 45 bee species belonging to 20 genera and four families sampled using a combination of sweep-netting and pan trap methods. Most species (27, ~ 60%) belong to the family Halictidae followed by 16 species (35.5%) from the family Apidae. Megachilidae and Andrenidae were the least represented, each with only one species (2.2%). Additional species of Apidae and Megachilidae sampled during this survey are not yet published on Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), once they will be available on GBIF, they will be published in a subsequent paper. From a total of 953 occurrences, highest numbers were recorded in Kilimanjaro Region (n = 511), followed by Arusha (n = 410) and Manyara (n = 32), but this pattern reflects the sampling efforts of the research project rather than real bias in the distributions of bee species in northern Tanzania.
Analyse comparative de l’engagement de doctorants en éducation en période de confinement
Authors: Chachkine Elsa , Frenay Mariane , Hanin Vanessa , Huet Amandine , Labetoulle Aude , Van Nieuwenhoven Catherine 
Published: August 2021

Les recherches menées sur le doctorat ont montré qu’y persévérer requiert un sentiment de progression, une appropriation forte du projet par le doctorant, ainsi qu’un certain équilibre émotionnel. Dans le contexte particulier du confinement (Covid-19), quelles couleurs prend cet engagement ? Comment s’articulent les différentes activités de la vie quotidienne et le travail de doctorat ? 55 doctorants issus de Belgique et de France ont répondu à une série de questions ouvertes pour nous aider à comprendre comment ils ont vécu cette période. L’analyse révèle une variété de réactions qui transcendent les frontières, témoignant de la singularité de leur situation, de motifs d’adaptations semblables, ainsi que des comportements distincts révélateurs de conditions d’organisation du doctorat différentes.
Comparison of Ocular Hemodynamics Measured by a New Retinal Blood Flowmeter and Color Doppler Imaging
Authors: Kagemann Larry , Harris Alon , Jonescu-Cuypers Christian , Kumar Rishi , Sheets Clinton , Rechtman Ehud , Migliardi Renata , Garzozi Hanna J. 
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To compare measurements of a new retinal blood flow device with central retinal artery blood velocity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

One randomly selected eye from each of 13 subjects was examined. Blood flow was measured by laser blood flowmeter and velocity by color Doppler imaging. The correlation between measurements was analyzed using regression analysis where a
P
value of less than .05 and coefficient of regression values of greater than .5 were considered significant.

RESULTS:

The laser blood flowmeter produced vessel diameter measurements of 90.1 ± 18.7 µm (mean ± standard deviation), velocity of 19.7 ± 8.06 mm/sec, and flow measurements of 4.24 ± 2.41 µL/min. Central retinal artery peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, and mean velocity correlated significantly with laser blood flowmeter velocity (
P
= .01,
r
= .66;
P
< .01,
r
= .77; and
P
= .003,
r
= .76, respectively) and flow (
P
= .01,
r
= .71;
P
= .03,
r
= .6; and
P
= .01,
r
= .69, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
The laser blood flowmeter produces retinal artery flow and velocity measurements that correlate with central retinal artery peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, and mean velocity measurements. Further validation of the laser blood flowmeter's accuracy in measuring real flow is warranted and likely requires more invasive in vivo studies (in animal models). However, this study supports the ability of the laser blood flowmeter to measure retinal blood flow.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2003;34:342–347.]
The effect of Vitamin E supplementation on treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Behfarnia Parichehr , Dadmehr Mina , Hosseini Seyedeh Negin , Mirghaderi Seyed Amir 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Vitamin E supplements on chronic periodontitis based on the clinical parameters of pocket depth and clinical attachment level and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva.

Materials and Methods:
In this clinical trial, 16 patients with chronic periodontitis were selected and divided into two groups. The indices of pocket depth and attachment loss for 6 teeth per person were measured with a periodontal probe. A total of 41 teeth in the control group and 42 teeth in the case group were examined. Then, 2 ml nonstimulated saliva was collected from each patient. All patients were treated with scaling and root planing (SRP). The case group consumed 200 IU supplementary Vitamin E daily for up to 2 months. After 2 months, clinical indices were re-measured and 2 ml nonstimulated saliva was collected. The TAC of saliva samples was measured by using Zellbio’s TAC Kit. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software and were evaluated in each group between the first session and 2 months later with paired t-test. The differences between the two groups were evaluated through the independent t-test (α ≤ 0.05).

Results:
Independent t-test showed that mean change in TAC (P = 0.14) and pocket depth changes (P = 0.33) was not significant between two groups 2 months after SRP, but mean attachment loss changes in the case group was significantly less than the control group (P = 0.03).

Conclusion:
The results of this study indicate that Vitamin E supplementation with SRP can reduce the inflammatory process of periodontitis and improve periodontal clinical indices and decrease the amount of attachment loss.
Mechanical and antimicrobial property of different surface treated glass ionomer cements under desiccated condition
Authors: Hiremath Hemalatha , Harinkhere Chhaya , Misar Pooja , Sabley Kshitij , Bajpai Trupti 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of five different surface treatments on the mechanical property and antimicrobial effect of three desiccated glass ionomer cements.

Materials and Methods:
In this in vitro experimental study, 300 rectangular blocks of three different restorative materials were fabricated using an aluminum mold, Group I (n = 100) Micron bioactive, Group II (n = 100) GC Fuji IX GP Extra, and Group III (n = 100) bioglass R. These blocks were stored in 100% humidity for 24 h and then placed in air to desiccate for another 24 h. These groups were further divided into two major groups (n = 50) for both mechanical (Flexural) and antimicrobial testing. The blocks of mechanical and antimicrobial groups were further divided into five subgroups (n = 10) based on the medias used for surface treatment (senquelNaF, MI varnish, chlorhex plus, kedodent mouthwash, and 100% humidity [control]). Flexural strength (FS) was measured using the universal testing machine. Fracture strength of groups was compared using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Antimicrobial effect was carried out by covering the specimens in a suspension of Streptococcus mutans followed by incubation for 24 h. The blocks were later washed, vortex mixed, serially diluted, and plated. Ccolony-forming unit/ml was calculated after 3 days of incubation. Data were then analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U nonparametric test, with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results:
Micron bioactive with the surface treatment of MI varnish significantly exhibited highest FS. Surface treatment of desiccated restorative materials with chlorhex plus exhibited no growth of S. mutans. GC Fuji IX GP Extra with surface treatment of MI varnish exhibited highest reduction in S. mutans growth compared to other experimental group.

Conclusion:
Surface treatment of restorative material with MI varnish improved their mechanical and antimicrobial property while among three restorative materials Micron bioactive showed better mechanical property, whereas GC Fuji IX GP Extra exhibited better antimicrobial property.
Efficacy of Low-Dose Suxamethonium in Reducing Induction Dose of Propofol for Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion in Nigerian Adults
Authors: Salahu Dalhat , Adesope Saheed , Datti Alhassan Mohammed , Abdullahi Mustapha Miko , Mamuda Atiku , Mohammed Abdullahi Maryam 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Propofol is commonly used as a sole induction agent during laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion, and additional doses are often required with systemic consequences.

Objective:
Our study evaluated the effect of 0.1 mg/kg suxamethonium on the dose of induction of propofol when used during insertion of LMA.

Methodology:
Eighty patients aged between 18 and 60 years were included in this prospective study. Patients undergoing elective procedures under general anaesthesia with LMA and spontaneous ventilation were randomized into two groups. Patients in both groups were induced with an initial dose of 2.5 mg/kg of propofol; the control group (group P) and the second group (group S) received 5 ml of normal saline and 0.1 mg/kg of suxamethonium made up to 5 ml, respectively. The need for additional doses of propofol following insertion of LMA was then assessed based on insertion conditions (ease of insertion, severity of airway response in terms of coughing, gagging, laryngospasm, and patient movement). The total dose of propofol required before successful insertion was recorded, as well as the incidence and duration of apnea post-induction. The pulse rate (PR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were assessed at 0, 1, 3 and 5 min after insertion of LMA for each group.

Results:
The total dose of propofol required for successful LMA insertion was significantly lower in group S (2.82 ± 0.39 mg/kg) compared to group P (3.13 ± 0.49 mg/kg), P = 0.002. Haemodynamic parameters (SBP, DBP, MAP, PR, and SpO2) were well-controlled post-LMA insertion and were comparable between the two groups. Furthermore, no incidence of hypotension or bradycardia requiring intervention was observed at different time intervals, throughout the study period, in both groups.

Conclusion:
The dose of propofol is lesser when low-dose suxamethonium (0.1 mg/kg) precedes its use for induction during LMA insertion, and there is a reduction in the duration of apnea; however, it causes a higher apnea incidence. Vital signs were similar in the two study groups.
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Lumbar Spine Surgery
Authors: Obiegbu Obinna Henry 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Lumbar spine spondylosis is a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. Surgical treatment is increasingly being used in patients who do not respond to conservative treatment. Although the outcome of these surgeries is subjective, patient-oriented questionnaires are considered to give a less biased assessment of surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to use the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) to assess the early outcome of lumbar spine surgery in patients with lumbar degenerative spine disease.

Methodology:
This was a retrospective study carried out over a period of one year, recruiting twenty patients who had lumbar spine surgeries (both instrumented and non-instrumented surgeries) for degenerative lumbar spine disease.

Results:
The age range of the subjects was 40–80 years, with a mean age of 55.9 ± 9.2 years. A majority of the patients had lumbar disc prolapse (70%). There was a statistically significant correlation between preoperative ODI and postoperative ODI, with postoperative patients having a lower ODI score (which signifies improved outcome).

Conclusion:
Lumbar surgeries for degenerative lumbosacral spine disease lead to a high level of patient satisfaction.