bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns in Audiological and Demographic Findings of Children with Hearing Loss below 3 Years of Age
Authors: Stuvert Reshma , Kavya K. S. , Sreekumar Sita 
Published: October 2021

Introduction
Early identification of infants with hearing loss and initiating intervention by 6 months has been proven to have positive impacts on children. Understanding the demographic and audiologic factors influencing early identification and intervention of children with hearing loss will be valuable to professionals, implementing authorities, and stakeholders for effective service delivery. The aim of this study was to understand the patterns observed in the demographic and audiological findings of children with hearing loss below 3 years of age.

Methods
A retrospective method was adopted to collect the audiological and demographic information from 143 case files of children below 3 years of age, registered in audiology diagnostics at the Institute in the period from January 2017 to December 2017. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation were used to report the findings in various demographic and audiological factors.

Results
The mean age of identification (AOI) was found to be 1.38 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.07); mean age of amplification was 1.54 years (SD ± 0.766); and age of intervention was 1.59 years (SD ± 0.83). There was a significant positive correlation (0.694) between AOI of hearing loss and age of amplification. The number of children who have been lost to follow-up after diagnosis was 55.2%.

Conclusions
The findings from this retrospective data can help professionals to understand how well protocol for young children with hearing loss comply with universal standards and to take necessary steps to heighten quality health-care service.
Applicability of Boston University approach for predicting permanent teeth size in a sample of children
Authors: El-Tramsy Ahmed A.B.A. , El-hosary Amina M. , Fakhry Neveen M. 
Published: October 2021

Background
Accurate prediction of the mesiodistal widths of canines and premolars in children with primary dentition facilitates interception of malocclusion at an early age. Boston University (BU) approach is one, that is, based on primary teeth for predicting canine and premolar dimensions.

Aim
The aim was to evaluate the size of unerupted canines and premolars using BU approach in comparison to Tanaka and Johnston (T/J) analysis in a sample of Egyptian children.

Materials and Methods
A total of 300 children (150 boys and 150 girls) with an average age (7–10) years with existence of primary maxillary and mandibular canines and primary first molars and eruption of all permanent mandibular incisors, free from caries, restoration or any abnormalities in size, shape or structure of teeth. The mesiodistal widths of the required teeth were measured using digital caliper from which widths of permanent canines and premolars were predicted using both T/J analysis and BU approach.

Results
There was a strong positive correlation between BU approach and T/J analysis when used for children in mixed dentition stage.

Conclusion
Application of BU approach as a prediction method of permanent teeth dimension in a sample of Egyptian children from Tanta city in the mixed dentition stage revealed a strong correlation with the widely applied T/J analysis.
Microstrain analysis of implants retained complete mandibular overdenture by using two different attachments (an in vitro study)
Authors: Abo Goher Madiha A. , El-Shorbagy Zeinab A. , Abdul Aal Zainab M. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The aim of this work is to evaluate strain analysis of two piece implants retained complete edentulous mandibular overdenture with two different attachment systems bar and clip attachment and extracoronal resilient attachment (ERA + bar) by using strain gauge analysis.

Materials and Methods
This in vitro strain analysis of implants retained complete mandibular overdenture with two attachments carried out on two completely edentulous mandibular models covered by 2 mm thickness mucosa. Two finished dentures were constructed one denture for each group. Group 1: two implants at canine region with bar attachment. Group 2: two implants at canine region with bar and ERA attachments. Four strain gauges were cemented around each implant, buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal. A 50 N static load was applied on the experimental model in vertical and oblique directions. Strain data of each group was collected tabulated and statically analyzed.

Results
The result of this study revealed that the difference of microstrain between the two groups was significant as the maximum microstrain recorded was found in group 1 followed by group 2. The oblique forces increase the resulting strain than vertical forces.

Conclusion
There are different patterns of strain analysis at bone–implant interface between the studied attachment designs, the ERA-bar combination exhibited better strain analysis than bar-clip system
The Impact of the Closure of the Live Poultry Market due to COVID-19 on the Avian Influenza Virus in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: Guo Jin , Song Wentao , Ni Xiansheng , Zhou Kun , Wu Jingwen , Liu Wei , Xia Wen , He Fenglan , Tong Xiaoqin , Fan Guoyin , Deng Zhiqiang , Liao Zheng , Chen Haiying , Chen Shengen 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
This article aims to understand the changes in the detection rates of H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the live poultry markets (LPMs) in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19. From 2019 to 2020, we monitored the LPM and collected specimens, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technology to detect the nucleic acid of type A AIV in the samples. The H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of influenza viruses were further classified for positive results. We analyzed 1,959 samples before and after the outbreak and found that the positive rates of avian influenza A virus (39.69%) and H9 subtype (30.66%) after the outbreak were significantly higher than before the outbreak (26.84% and 20.90%, respectively; P < 0.001). In various LPMs, the positive rate of H9 subtypes has increased significantly (P ≤ 0.001). Positive rates of the H9 subtype in duck, fecal, daub, and sewage samples, but not chicken samples, have increased to varying degrees. This study shows that additional measures are needed to strengthen the control of AIVs now that LPMs have reopened after the relaxing of COVID-19–related restrictions.
Examining the Influence of Genes Linked to Comorbidities on the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Das Ishani , DeMuth Larry 
Published: October 2021

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication in diabetic patients that can cause vision loss and even blindness12 {Healthline}. The condition causes bleeding in the blood vessels of the retina and ultimately interferes with the capture of photons and the transmission of neural signals to the brain3 {National Eye Institute}. Unfortunately, there is no cure available for the approximately 200,000 US citizens currently affected by DR8 {Lucas Research}. Current treatments are merely palliative and rarely restore vision. The best approach to combating DR is prevention. Understanding the root genetic causal links of DR is crucial to developing effective prevention plans.
Unlike Huntington’s Disease, which has well defined genetic origins, no single gene has been pinpointed as a causative factor for DR, despite having been extensively researched. Since diabetes alone isn’t enough to predict the progression to DR4{NCBI}, one can hypothesize that a combination of diabetes and at least one other comorbidity, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, etc., may be essential to the development of DR. In this way, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with other comorbidities could increase the likelihood of retinal bleeding in diabetic populations. The identification of these SNPs would offer valuable insight into the development of a genetically-driven prevention plan for diabetic retinopathy.
Field-scale CH4 emission at a subarctic mire with heterogeneous permafrost thaw status
Authors: Łakomiec Patryk , Holst Jutta , Friborg Thomas , Crill Patrick , Rakos Niklas , Kljun Natascha , Olsson Per-Ola , Eklundh Lars , Persson Andreas , Rinne Janne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The Arctic is exposed to even faster temperature changes than most other
areas on Earth. Constantly increasing temperature will lead to thawing
permafrost and changes in the methane (CH4) emissions from wetlands.
One of the places exposed to those changes is the Abisko–Stordalen Mire in
northern Sweden, where climate and vegetation studies have been conducted
since the 1970s. In our study, we analyzed field-scale methane emissions measured by the eddy
covariance method at Abisko–Stordalen Mire for 3 years (2014–2016). The
site is a subarctic mire mosaic of palsas, thawing palsas, fully thawed
fens, and open water bodies. A bimodal wind pattern prevalent at the site
provides an ideal opportunity to measure mire patches with different
permafrost status with one flux measurement system. The flux footprint for westerly winds was dominated by elevated palsa plateaus, while the footprint was almost equally distributed between palsas and thawing bog-like areas for
easterly winds. As these patches are exposed to the same climatic and
weather conditions, we analyzed the differences in the responses of their
methane emission for environmental parameters. The methane fluxes followed a similar annual cycle over the 3 study
years, with a gentle rise during spring and a decrease during autumn,
without emission bursts at either end of the ice-free season. The peak emission during the ice-free season differed significantly for the two mire areas with different permafrost status: the palsa mire emitted 19 mg-C m−2 d−1 and the thawing wet sector 40 mg-C m−2 d−1. Factors controlling the methane emission were
analyzed using generalized linear models. The main driver for methane fluxes
was peat temperature for both wind sectors. Soil water content above the
water table emerged as an explanatory variable for the 3 years for
western sectors and the year 2016 in the eastern sector. The water table
level showed a significant correlation with methane emission for the year
2016 as well. Gross primary production, however, did not show a significant
correlation with methane emissions. Annual methane emissions were estimated based on four different gap-filing
methods. The different methods generally resulted in very similar annual
emissions. The mean annual emission based on all models was 3.1 ± 0.3 g-C m−2 a−1 for the western sector and 5.5 ± 0.5 g-C m−2 a−1 for the eastern sector. The average annual emissions,
derived from these data and a footprint climatology, were 2.7 ± 0.5 and 8.2 ± 1.5 g-C m−2 a−1 for the
palsa and thawing surfaces, respectively. Winter fluxes were relatively
high, contributing 27 %–45 % to the annual emissions.
Stock Market Response to the Covid-19 Shock: Lessons for Africa
Authors: Nanziri Lwanga Elizabeth , Zimuto Wisdom 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
African stock markets are predominantly underdeveloped. However, the increasing financial openness and dependency on external trade implies that these stocks markets can potentially be impacted by global shocks. We use daily data to investigate the response of a sample of African emerging and developed stock markets to the COVID-19 shock. We use the event-study methodology to estimate the cumulative average abnormal returns before and after the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that the reaction of active stock markets in Africa mimics that of markets in India and the United Kingdom. The patterns persist at sector-level, when the Johannesburg Stock Exchange is excluded, that while the pharmaceuticals, industrials, mining, and the transport sectors recorded significant abnormal gains, financials, real estate, wholesale, retail, and services lagged behind, and the response of the agricultural was subdued. These results have policy lessons for Africa’s structural transformation process and the recovery of developing markets, which have had a muted response to previous global shocks.
Twain in Circulation: Early Twain and the Culture of Reprinting
Authors: Blankenship Avery 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Twain's early career as a newspaper reporter and sketch writer demonstrates the messiness of his early relationship to the American periodical landscape. Using reprint detection methods developed by the Viral Texts project, this article explores incidents in Twain's early career in which his name was added to a text in circulation, removed from a text, or the text itself was recontextualized as it circulated in newspapers. While Twain would later become a media mastermind in this burgeoning age of mass-media print production, these messier beginnings show Twain struggling, and sometimes failing, to exert his influence over the trajectory of his writing.
“Trash of the Veriest Sort”: Huck Finn's Missing Sex Life
Authors: Shannon Edward A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThemes of marriage and family animate The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its immediate sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, as well as later tales featuring these characters. While race remains a major point of interest in scholarship of Huckleberry Finn, it is also as a novel about children, childhood, and growing up. This essay traces a pattern of desexualizing Huck in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and subsequent stories. This picture of Huckleberry Finn, a “poor white” boy in the slaveholding South, reflects views then current in late nineteenth-century America. And to an extent, it reflects hesitation that Twain, the father of three daughters, may have felt in setting Huck on a path toward marriage and reproduction. Reading Huckleberry Finn in this context reveals a rich discourse on race and class distinct from (although related to) the issues of slavery and racism expressed in the novel.
Respuesta al estrés hídrico y a la defoliación de la leguminosa forrajera Calopogonium mucunoides Desv según zona de procedencia
Authors: Ruiz Verónica , Rocha Lester , Savé Robert 
Published: October 2021

El principal recurso limitante en la sequía es el agua, en consecuencia, este recurso junto con otros factores edafoclimáticos afecta varios aspectos de crecimiento y desarrollo de los individuos. En este estudio, se evaluó la tolerancia al estrés hídrico y el crecimiento compensatorio de la leguminosa forrajera conocida como Calopo o Rabo de Iguana (Calopogonium mucunoides Desv) de dos procedencias; sometidas a defoliación y a déficit hídrico. En condiciones controladas de invernadero se realizó el experimento con arreglo factorial de ocho tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Los individuos de C. muconoides fueron sometidos a dos niveles de defoliación: plantas defoliadas cada quince días y plantas no defoliadas; así como dos niveles de régimen hídrico: plantas regadas cada dos días y planta regadas cada siete días; se usaron plantas procedentes de dos comunidades: Muy Muy y Rivas. Las variables evaluadas fueron biomasa aérea, biomasa de raíces, biomasa total, tasa de crecimiento relativo, potencial hídrico y conductancia estomática. Se utilizó un modelo lineal mixto ajustado por máxima verosimilitud restringida. Todos los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con el software estadístico R. Los resultados muestran una respuesta diferenciada y compleja en las características de producción de biomasa y fisiológicas de las procedencias de C. mucunoides ante el efecto combinado de la defoliación y el régimen hídrico. Las plantas defoliadas y de procedencia de Muy Muy presentaron un mayor crecimiento compensatorio en comparación a las plantas de Rivas. Hubo una disminución en el potencial hídrico y la conductancia estomática en plantas defoliadas y con estrés hídrico. En las condiciones de estudio la especie de C. mucunoides es tolerante a la defoliación y al estrés hídrico
El componer del arquitecto Guillermo Bermúdez Umaña en el edificio Las Carabelas (1969-1972)
Authors: Güiza-Chaves Juan Pablo 
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo describe el análisis del edificio Las Carabelas proyectado por el arquitecto Guillermo Bermúdez Umaña en el transcurso del año 1969 al año 1972. El edificio se estudia desde los apartados de la Forma, la técnica, el lugar y la actividad presentado una metodología clara de análisis de proyectos arquitectónicos. Las conclusiones de este artículo son el resultado de un proceso gráfico considerado esencial en el campo de análisis de proyectos que expone las herramientas compositivas del arquitecto, su formación académica, experiencia profesional y de docencia durante gran parte su vida en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Analisis Sistem Akuntansi Gaji dan Upah pada Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai
Authors: Ginting Bella Natalia 
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Efektifitas dan Efisiensi Sistem Akuntansi Gaji dan Upah Pada Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode analisis deskriptif yaitu penelitian yang bersifat paparan yang ditujukan untuk mengetahui analisis penerapan sistem akuntansi Gaji dan Upah Pada Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Serta Efektifitas dan Efisiensi nya. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. Objek penelitian ini adalah Sistem akuntansi gaji dan upah pada Badan Pusat Statistik kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Data Sekunder yaitu sumber data penelitian yang diperoleh melalui media perantara atau secara tidak langsung yang berupa buku, catatan, bukti yang telah ada, atau arsip baik yang dipublikasikan maupun yang tidak dipublikasikan secara umum. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penerapan sistem Akuntansi Gaji dan Upah Pada Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai sudah baik karena sistem pembiayaan sudah dilaksanakan dengan mengikuti standar akuntansi yang baku.
Zbulime arkeologjike në trevën e Elbasanit
Authors: Hasa Riza 
Published: October 2021

Treva e Elbasanit zë vend të rëndësishëm në gërmimet dhe studimet arkeologjike shqiptare. Kjo përcaktohet nga pozicioni gjeografik i shtrirjes së kësaj treve, e cila që në lashtësi ka qenë zonë e ndërmjetme e kalimit nga veriu në jug të Ilirisë. Kjo trevë gjithashtu përshkohet nga luginat e lumenjve të Shkumbinit dhe Devollit të cilët kanë shërbyer si rrugë të rëndësishme të lidhjes së perëndimit me lindjen.
Një foto e papublikuar e themelimit të shkollës Normale të Elbasanit
Authors: Saraçi Heral 
Published: October 2021

Natyrshëm, gjithkush interesohet për historinë e familjes, të vendlindjes, të qytetit e të kombit. Secili kërkon të dijë e të mësojë gjithnjë më shumë rreth shkaqeve, rrethanave dhe figurave pjesëmarrëse në ngjarjet historike. Kur rastis të zbulojmë ndihmesën e paraardhësve tanë në ndodhi të rëndësishme kombëtare, vetvetiu krenohemi me ta. Diçka e tillë më ndodhi me stërgjyshin tim, Ruzhdi Alush Saraçin, Kryetarin e Bashkisë së Elbasanit të 25 nëntorit 1912, Qytetar Nderi i vendlindjes së tij (pas vdekjes, 2012).
Vlen të theksohet se përpjekjet dhe veprimtaria e nacionalistëve shqiptarë shtrihen në një hark kohor më të gjerë nga sa mendohet. Më duhet të hedh dritë mbi një ngjarje madhore të historisë së arsimit kombëtar, atë të themelimit të shkollës Normale të Elbasanit (SHNE) në vitin 1909. Dua, sidomos të ndalem në vështrimin e disa fotografive të njohura kryesisht vitet e fundit, njëra prej të cilave e zbuluar nga unë rastësisht në Arkivin e Muzeut Etnografik të Elbasanit, ku gjej rastin të falënderoj drejtorin e tij z. Kreshnik Belegu për gatishmërinë dhe ndihmesën.
Copëza malli, të një malli të pafund
Authors: Plangarica Tomorr 
Published: October 2021

Kujtimet dhe rrëfimet e jetës janë përgjithësisht udhëtime të bukura në hapësirat herë më të ngushta e herë më të gjera nëpër të cilat individi është endur përgjatë jetës së tij; udhëtime në ato hapësira prej të cilave ai vetë ka marrë nxitje, emocione, mbresa e shtytje që i mbeten të pashlyeshme në kujtesë, e si të tilla, në një kohë të mëvonshme kërkojnë të dalin prej kujtesës për t’u pronësuar në formën e copëzave të mallit edhe nga të tjerë, familjarë a të afërt të individit, bashkëkohës a pasues në kohë të tij: si të tilla, ato mund të ndjellin të njëjtat ndjesi edhe te të tjerët; janë mesazhe të cilat mund të rrinë disi ngushtë thjesht në kujtesën e një individi; jehona e tyre kërkon hapësirë më të gjerë për t’u vlerësuar për brendinë e vlerën që ato përçojnë. Ndaj, edhe pse lindin e përftohen të lidhura me një individ, me një mjedis familjar a rreth më të ngushtë shoqëror, ato jo pak herë tentojnë dhe pronësohen nga një numër shumë më i gjerë kundruesish, dëgjuesish, e në rastin më të mirë, lexuesish.
Marrja në dorë e librit me kujtime e rrëfime Copëza malli, i shkruar nga Bim Dakli, leximi dhe endja bashkë me rrëfyesin në hapësira të gjera ndodhish e përfytyrimesh në kohë e vende të ndryshme, të njohura a jo prej nesh, na ndihmon të njohim e të zbulojmë gjithashtu edhe te vetja diçka të lidhur me to, shumëçka që nxitet prej tyre; na ndihmon të përftojmë së bashku me të ndjesi që mund të na çojnë herë në fëmijërinë tonë të hershme, herë në rini ; na ndihmon të endemi po ashtu edhe në hapësira ku kanë marrë kuptim tregues të rëndësishëm të qenies sonë, të përkatësisë sonë, edhe pse ato hapësira mund të mos jenë të njëjtat me ato të rrëfyesit ; e në këtë rast, kjo marrëdhënie u ngjan raporteve që krijojmë me ndodhitë në një shfaqje teatrale, ku edhe pse në vendin e spektatorit, ndjehemi gjithsesi, më së paku, dëshmitarë e përjetues të ngjarjes e veprimeve ; e hera-herës, pse jo, edhe përjetues edhe më shumë se vetë aktorët në skenë. Vendet e zhvillimit të veprimit, të përqendruara kryesisht në Elbasan e Tiranë, jo pak herë edhe në vise të tjera deri në Itali, Austri por edhe më gjerë, shndërrohen natyrshëm në hapësira në të cilat lëviz lirshëm rrëfyesi, por edhe ne të tjerët, duke përftuar një simbolikë të vlefshme edhe për sot.
Elbasani në regjistrimet osmane të viteve 1431, 1468, 1530 dhe 1568
Authors: Nurja Ermal 
Published: October 2021

Periudha e sundimit osman në trevat shqiptare, në Ballkan, në përgjithësi dhe ajo në Shqipëri, në veçanti, mbetet ende një periudhë, për të cilën dokumentacioni kohor duhet zbardhur në mënyrë që të kuptohen më mirë jo vetëm historia politike, por edhe ajo ekonomike, sociale, demografike brenda së cilës janë të ngërthyer një sërë faktesh që kanë të bëjnë drejtpërdrejt ose tërthorë me zhvillimin e kombit shqiptar.
Dy ishin shenjat e vendosjes së sundimit osman në një trevë, caktimi i një kadiu si përfaqësues dhe zbatues i ligjit osman dhe aplikimi i sistemit të timareve në atë trevë. Shtrirja osmane kryhej së pari në zonat mes luginave dhe zonat fushore, ku rezistenca ishte e dobët për shkak të pozitës gjeografike dhe për faktin se aty gjendeshin dhe tokat bujqësore nga ku mund të mblidhej prodhimi bujqësor për t’u taksuar. Zonat malore nuk ishin në fokusin e shtrirjes së parë osmane, ndërkohë që kalatë dhe grykat e rëndësishme malore për komunikimin rajonal përfshiheshin në interesin e pushtimit në fazën e dytë. Për grykat e rëndësishme të kalimit mes zonave malore (dervenet) osmanët përdornin politikën e faljes së taksave për popullsinë vendase kundrejt shërbimit të tyre për ruajtjen e rendit dhe sigurisë në ato pika.
Meqë dokumentet osmane në Shqipëri janë shkatërruar me kalimin e kohës, Arkivi Osman i Stambollit paraqet rëndësi të dorës së parë për të dhëna historike që kanë të bëjnë me Shqipërinë dhe shqiptarët.
Për shkak të hapësirës së këtij artikulli, do të mjaftohemi duke prezantuar në mënyrë të përmbledhur të dhënat që gjenden në katër regjistra tahrir që ruhen në Arkivin Osman të Stambollit, sidomos të dhënat historike që kanë të bëjnë me historinë e qytetit dhe sanxhakut të Elbasanit.