bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Interplanetary Type IIIb Radio Burst Observed by Parker Solar Probe and Its Emission Mechanism
Authors: Chen Ling , Ma Bing , Wu Dejin , Zhao Guoqing , Tang Jianfei , Bale Stuart D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Type IIIb radio bursts were identified as a chain of quasi-periodic striae in dynamic spectra, drifting from high to low frequencies in a manner similar to type III bursts, which fine structures may provide a clue to a better understanding of emission mechanisms. The approaching observation of the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft provides a new chance of probing type IIIb bursts in the vicinity of the Sun. In this Letter, combining the in situ measurement of PSP and the empirical model of solar atmospheres in open magnetic field regions, we analyze in detail a typical event of interplanetary (IP) type IIIb bursts observed by PSP, which was first reported by Pulupa et al. Our results show that the electron cyclotron maser (ECM) emission can probably play an important role in the excitation mechanism of the IP type IIIb burst and the formation of the fine striae structure may be attributed to the modulation of Alfvén waves on the growth rate of the ECM instability.
Prophylactic use of antibiotic for incomplete and missed miscarriage, prior to medical and surgical management: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Prasanga D. P. G. G. M. , Rathnayaka C. , Gunathilaka S. N. M. P. K. , Kandauda C. , Jayawardana M. A. M. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Miscarriage is a common gynaecological problem in day to day practice. Post miscarriage care is a challenging area coming under reproductive health. Prevention of pelvic sepsis is a main component. Effective antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of treatment for incomplete and missed miscarriage may be the answer for it. But in current practice, there is conflicting evidence and no clear guidance for the necessity of antibiotic prophylaxis. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of prophylactic doxycycline use, prior to surgical and medical evacuation of incomplete and missed miscarriage, in view of reducing the post -procedure pelvic infections. Method: Three hundred and ninety four patients were randomized into two groups. One group (n=200) received 200mg doxycycline single dose and the other group (n=194) received placebo single dose, one hour prior to the medical and surgical management. Post procedure pelvic infection was assessed by five clinical parameters within three days and two weeks later. SPSS used for the data analysis. Result: There were no statistically significant differences in the age, parity, number of children and gestational age in between the doxycycline and placebo groups. Post intervention pelvic infection was diagnosed 4% in the doxycycline group and 6.18% in the placebo group within three days, which was not statistically significant (P=0.367). It was 4.5% and 8.7% for doxycycline and placebo treated groups respectively at two weeks. It was also not clinically significant (P=0.104). There was no statistically significant difference in the type of miscarriage or the type of interventions in between the two groups. Conclusion: The study revealed that single dose doxycycline prophylaxis prior to medical and surgical management of miscarriage was not able to achieve a statistically significant reduction in post intervention pelvic infection.
Bioinformatic analysis of multi-drug resistant class 1 integron-coded protein of Citrobacter freundii
Authors: Popoola O.D. , Thomas B.T. 
Published: July 2021

Background: The understanding of the secondary structure of the class 1 integron coded protein is necessary to decipher potential drug target and also to infer evolutionary ancestry at the proteomic level. This study was therefore aimed at determining the secondary structure of class 1 integron-coded protein and also to provide information on their evolutionary ancestry.
Methodology: Five different sequences of Citrobacter freundii with the following accession numbers; KP902625.1, KP902624.1, KP902623.1, KP901093.1 and KP902609.1 were obtained using nucleotide BLAST (http://blast. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and subjected to evolutionary analysis, pairwise distance calculation, secondary structure and neutrality test using MEGA explorer, Kimura 2 parameter, SOPMA tool and Tajima’s test respectively.
Results: Results of the NCBI queries revealed significant identity with class 1 integron of the studied Citrobacter freundii. The nucleotide sequence alignment depicted several conserved regions with varying degree of transitions, transversions, insertions, and deletions while the amino acid sequences of the nucleotides showed 42 conserved sites among all the sequences. The secondary structure of the class 1 integron coded protein depicted significant representation of the random coil (43.74±3.24), alpha helix (25.69±6.29) and the extended strands (22.42±2.41) than the beta turns (8.15±1.12). The Tajima’s Neutrality test of five nucleotide sequences of Citrobacter freundii analyzed by considering the first, second and third codons as well as the non-coding regions revealed a total of 127 positions in the final datasets while the Tajima’s Neutrality test was estimated to be -0.1038.
Conclusion: The study confirmed common evolutionary ancestor for the class 1 integron coded protein found in Citrobacter freundii. Our study also documents the higher representation of random coil, alpha helix and extended strands than the beta turns. The negative value of the Tajima’s neutrality test suggests higher levels of both low and high frequency polymorphisms thus indicating a decrease in the class 1 integron population size and balancing selection
Keywords: Evolutionary, Protein structure, Class 1 integrons, Citrobacter freundii
THE ROLE OF WATER AND SALT IN THE LIFE OF BEES
Authors: Jamolov Rapiqjon , Abdullayeva Gulnora , Haydarova Nargiza , Teshaboyev Nodirbek 
Published: July 2021

Сув билан туз асаларилар ҳаётида муҳим рол ўйнайди. Йилнинг иссиқ кунларида маҳсулдор асалари оиласи бир кунда 3-4 литр сув ичади. Шунингдек, уларнинг ош тузига бўлган эҳтиёжи ҳам муттасил ошиб боради.
GROWING PAVLOVNIY KUSHATI FROM EGYSHBOP TREE TYPES (PAVLOVNIYA)
Authors: Temirov Jamshid , Kaypov Timur 
Published: July 2021

Paulownia Yaponiyada, Sharqiy Xitoyda va Qora dengiz atrofida keng tarqalgan bolib, uning zichligi juda engil bo’ladi 0,23 g/sm³ teng. Ushbu daraxt Yaponiyada tijorat maqsadida etishtiriladi. Agar paulownia o'sishini terak bilan taqqoslasa, bu daraxt ko'chatlari ikki oy ichida ikki baravar tez o'sadi va uzinligi 1-1,5 m gacha bo’ladi, olti oyda 3-4 m, bir yilda 5-6 metrgacha, uch yil ichida 14-15 m, 7-8 yildan keyin siz ularni kesib olib va yuqori sifatli yog'ochdan maishiy maqsadlarda foydalanishingiz mumkin.
IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AMONG MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL STUDENTS IN AL-AFAQ COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, SANA'A CITY, YEMEN.
Authors: Jaml Nousiba L. , Kolaise Hussein M. , Al-Farran Amal J. , Serri Hanan N. , Amer Ahmed A. , Tais Anas A. , Yagowb Abdalaziz Y. 
Published: July 2021

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). . HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI), it suppress the immune system and interferes with the ability of body to fight against infection and disease. There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but medications can dramatically slow the progression of the disease. These drugs have ability to reduce AIDS deaths in many developed nations. A number of knowledge, attitude, and practice studies conducted in different parts of world reveal widespread misconceptions about the disease among young people. Medical students are the budding doctors of tomorrow and have just entered the noble profession.
Thus, there is a need to assess impact of education on knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among students. The results of this study showed that the education had an effect on the students who participating; It also helped increase knowledge and change misconceptions about the disease.
المباني العالية الفعَّالة للطاقة، مثال: مبنى " برج ماين " (Main Tower)، مدينة ماين – فرانكفورت، ألمانيا
Authors: Mohammed Rubaia Ali Bin Ali , Al-Baiti Hesham Hadi 
Published: July 2021

يعتبر مبنى " Main Tower " المُنتصب في مدينة ماين - فرانكفورت الألمانية هو أحد المباني العصرية الشاهدة على تقدَم المعرفة البشرية في مجالي التكنولوجيا والعمران.
ويركَز البحث على هذا النوع من المباني – بالذات - دون النظر إلى المباني والمُنشآت الأخرى، لسبب تميُّزها عن غيرها في موضوع أساسي وجوهري، وهو مجال الاقتصاد الفعَّال في استهلاك الطاقة.
وفي الأساس يدور الحديث في ثنايا هذا البحث حول الكيفية التي يتعامل بها مبنى بحجم " Main Tower " ذو المئتي طابق، والبالغ وزنه (200000 T) مع مصادر الطاقة المُتعددة، لتأمين كل وسائل العمل والراحة لموظفيه وزائريه في كل طوابقه وفضاءاته البالغ مساحتها (101705 M2) (مئة وواحد ألف وسبعمائة وخمسة متر مربع).
ولعل الشيء المُمَّيز في هذا المبنى هو عصريته وحداثته. فقد حاولت شركة ("Helaba") المالكة للمبنى أن تستخدم آخر ما توصَلت إليه العلوم التكنولوجية والخبرات المعرفية من أجل تشييد المبنى، بشكل يجعله أحد مباني عصره القليلة التي تقتصد كثيرًا في استهلاكها للطاقة، محقَقًا بذلك عدة أرقام قياسية ليس على المستوى الأوروبي فحسب، بل وعلى المستوى العالمي أيضًا.
وأُختتم البحث بعرض أهم النتائج والتوصيات.
أثر استخدام الخرائط الذهنية الإلكترونية في التحصيل المباشر والمؤجل لدى تلاميذ الصف السادس أساسي في مادة العلوم ودافعيتهم نحوها
Authors: Al-Saqqaf Ittfak Mahmood Ali 
Published: July 2021

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على أثر استخدام الخرائط الذهنية الإلكترونية في تحصيل تلاميذ الصف السادس الأساسي في مادة العلوم في مدينة عدن، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (14) تلميذًا في إحدى المدارس الأساسية التابعة لمديرية البريقة، وسعياً لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم إعداد اختبار تحصيلي لهذا الغرض وإعداد الخطط الدراسة، وتم استخدام مقياس الدافعية نحو مادة العلوم. وتوصلت الدراسة الى النتائج الآتية:

وجود فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (a = 05) بين متوسطي درجات المجموعة التجريبية في التطبيق القبلي والبعدي لاختبار التحصيل الفوري ومقياس الدافعية نحو مادة العلوم ولصالح التطبيق البعدي.
وجود فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (a = 05) بين متوسطي درجات المجموعة التجريبية في التطبيق الفوري والمؤجل لاختبار التحصيل ولصالح التطبيق المؤجل للاختبار.
حجم تأثير الخرائط الذهنية على تحصيل التلاميذ ودافعيتهم نحو مادة العلوم كان كبيرًا جدًا.

وخرجت الدراسة بعدد من التوصيات أهمها الاهتمام بتدريب المعلمين قبل الخدمة وأثنائها على استخدام استراتيجيات تدريسية مناسبة، منها استراتيجية الخرائط الذهنية الإلكترونية.
Analisis Persepsi Ulama terhadap Pelaksanaan Perbankan Syariah di Kota Semarang
Authors: Aljabar Fawwaz Arif , Santosa Purbayu Budi 
Published: July 2021

Ulama have an important and influential role to the Muslim societies in Indonesia. Ulama are Muslim scientists who master and well-understand of religious knowledge in Islam. At the present, Ulama also as an important figure who drives economic growth in the community in this case related to Islamic banking which conducts business activities based on sharia principles. The aim of the research is to explore the perception of Ulama towards the implementation of Islamic banking and to analyse the factors that influence the perception of Ulama in Semarang city. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method. Qualitative data is collected by interviewing 3 representatives of Indonesian Muslim organization including Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah and Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) in Semarang city. The data validity technique used is to use the triangulation method and the data collected are analysed by adopting the Miles and Huberman analysis model, which consists of three processes namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The results showed that the Kiai and Ulama in Semarang city which could be classified from the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) revealed that their perceptions were limited to theories through the Qur’an and Hadits. Different from Muhammadiyah who better understand the implementation of Islamic banking because the representatives from the MUI and Muhammadiyah themselves act as Sharia Supervisory Board.
PERBEDAAN KEEFEKTIVAN ANTARA MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE NUMBERED HEADS TOGETHER DAN TIPE JIGSAW DITINJAU DARI HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA
Authors: Ismail Raoda 
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan yang signifikan antara Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif tipe NHT dan tipe Jigsaw ditinjau dari hasil belajar peserta didik pada materi luas permukaan serta volume kubus dan balok. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh peserta didik kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Jayapura yang berjumlah 184 orang dan terbagi dalam 6 kelas. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 60 orang yang terdiri dari dua kelas, yaitu kelas VIII C dengan jumlah peserta didik sebanyak 30 orang dan VIII F dengan jumlah peserta didik sebanyak 30 orang. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah pretest-posttest nonequivalen group design. Analisis yang digunakan untuk menghitung hipotesis adalah uji Mann-Whitney dengan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Hasil analisis pretest dengan uji Mann-Whitney diperoleh nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,224. Oleh karena nilai signifikan tersebut lebih besar dari taraf signifikan 0,05, maka disimpulkan bahwa hipotesisi diterima. Pada hasil analisis posttest dengan uji Mann-Whitney diperoleh nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,242. Oleh karena nilai signifikaan tersebut lebih besar dari taraf signifikan 0,05, maka disimpulkan bahwa hipotesis diterima. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil belajar peserta didik yang diajar dengan menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif tipe NHT dan tipe Jigsaw pada materi luas permukaan serta volume kubus dan balok di kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Jayapura.
Contenido de materia seca y almidón en clones de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Meneses Márquez Isaac , Vásquez Hernández Andrés , Rosas González Xóchitl , Becerra Leor Enrique Noé 
Published: July 2021

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el contenido de materia seca y almidón en ocho clones de yuca colectados en el estado de Veracruz. Para calcular la materia seca de la raíz, a partir del rendimiento de raíces frescas, se utilizó el método de la gravedad específica (GE). Se pesó una muestra de raíces de cada clon no menor a 3 kg, a la cual se le llama peso fresco de raíces en el aire (Wa), y esta muestra contenida en una canastilla se sumergió en agua para calcular el peso fresco de raíces en agua (Ww): por

lo que la

GE =

Wa

. Se calculó la MS (%)=158.26 (GE) - 142.05 y CA=112.1 (GE) - 106.4. La

(W -W

)

a

w

materia seca varió desde 24.21 hasta 33.71 %. Los valores superiores de almidón correspondieron a 18.03 y 16.91%. El mejor clon para materia seca y almidón fue MMEXV5. Los clones con valores inferiores para ambos parámetros fueron: MMEXV4 y MMEXV2.
Influencia de la inteligencia emocional en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo
Authors: Juárez Lucas Placido , Enríquez García Fabián , Olivares Acosta María Luisa 
Published: July 2021

El presente artículo analiza la influencia de la inteligencia emocional en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. El eje central de análisis consistió en el estudio de la inteligencia emocional en sus diversas concepciones históricas y actuales. Se toma como referencia la complejidad cultural del origen de los estudiantes en el interior del país. Se sostiene que la inteligencia emocional afecta de manera directa el rendimiento escolar de dos maneras posibles, positiva o negativamente según la conciencia y el grado de orientación de los estudiantes. Se concluye que la educación de la inteligencia emocional es tan necesaria como un medio muy importante para frenar la deserción escolar y al mismo tiempo para promover el autoconocimiento de la inteligencia emocional entre los estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo.
Efektivitas ekstrak daun kunyit (Curcuma domestica) pada penetasan telur ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos Forskall)
Authors: Muhardisah Muhardisah 
Published: July 2021

Peningkatan kebutuhan akan ikan bandeng yang semakin besar, maka kegiatan budidaya ikan bandeng semakin produktif dalam menghasilkan dan meningkatkan produksi ikan bandeng. Jamur menyerang telur ikan, menyelimuti telur ikan dengan benang-benang yang berwarna putih, sehingga telur akan busuk dan tidak menetas. Salah satu bahan herbal alami yang mengandung senyawa antibakteri dan antijamur adalah daun kunyit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas ekstrak daun kunyit terhadap penetasan telur ikan bandeng. Penelitian telah dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan ekstrak daun kunyit meningkatkan persentase daya tetas, menurunkan tingkat abnormalitas dan meningkatkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup larva ikan bandeng.
Pengaruh dosis ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap penetasan telur ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos Forskall)
Authors: Azwar Azwar 
Published: July 2021

Serangan mikroorganisme terhadap telur bandeng menyebabkan kegagalan pada penetasan telur. Salah satu bahan herbal alami yang mengandung senyawa antibakteri dan antimikroba adalah daun pepaya. Penggunaan ekstrak daun pepaya terbukti dapat meningkatkan daya tetas telur ikan bandeng. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan ekstrak daun pepaya dengan konsentrasi 20 ml/ 5 l air penetasan memberikan hasil yang terbaik pada waktu penetasan (26 jam), persentase daya tetas telur (70,3 %), persentase abnormalitas larva ( 17,37 %) dan persentase tingkat kelangsungan hidup larva (88,6 %).
Studi kelimpahan zooplankton dengan ketinggian air tambak yang berbeda di Desa Jangka Alue Bie
Authors: Wilda Nurul 
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh ketinggian air tambak udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) terhadap kelimpahan zooplankton. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di Gampong Jangka Alue Bie Kecamatan Jangka Kabupaten Bireuen. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Non Faktorial. Nilai kelimpahan zooplankton pada semua tambak yang diteliti hanya ditemukan 4 genera dari total tambak yaitu genera Heliodiaptomus kikuchii, Eodiaplomus Japanicus, Hyperiidea, Acanthocyclops morimotoi. Pada tambak A bahwa jenis zooplankton yang tertinggi adalah Heliodiaptomus kikuchii sebanyak 281 ind/L sedangkan yang terendah Eodiaplomus Japanicus dan Acanthocyclops morimotoi masing-masing sebanyak 125 ind/L. Pada tambak B yang terbanyak adalah Acanthocyclops morimotoi sebanyak 219 ind/L dan yang terendah Hyperiidea sebanyak 94 Ind/L. Pada tambak C ditemukan Eodiaplomus Japanicus yang tertinggi sebanyak 250 ind/L sedangkan yang terendah adalah Acanthocyclops morimotoi sebanyak 63 ind/L dan pada tambak D zooplankton yang tertinggi adalah jenis Eodiaplomus Japanicus sebanyak 219 ind/L dan yang terendah Acanthocyclops morimotoi sebanyak 94 ind/L. Sedangkan parameter fisika kimia perairan pada keempat tambak meliputi suhu antara 270C–320C, salinitas 28-350/00, nilai pH dengan kisaran antara 7,1 – 7,9, Kisaran kandungan (DO) oksigent terlarut 5,9-8,9 Mg/L.Terjadi perbedaan tingkat kelimpahan pada setiap tambak dikarenakan tingkat ketinggian air yang berbeda, didapatkan bahwa semakin dalam ketinggian air maka semakin sedikit ditemukan zooplankton.
Pengaruh penambahan kapur dengan konsentrasi berbeda untuk mempersingkat masa molting kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata)
Authors: Maidun Maidun 
Published: July 2021

Kepiting bakau merupakan produk perikanan dengan nilai ekonomis yang tinggi dan mengandung protein yang tinggi mencapai 65,72%. Pengapuran bertujuan untuk menaikan pH tanah dan memberantas organisme pengganggu yang dapat merugikan kepiting yang di budidayakan. Molting pada kepiting merupakan proses pergantian kulit pada kepiting bakau yang menandakan adanya petumbuhan terhadap kepiting bakau. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempersingkat masa molting pada kepiting bakau dengan penggunaan kapur. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan di laboratorium Budidaya Perairan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental dengan 3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama waktu pengerasan cangkang yang paling singkat didapatkan pada perlakuan C yaitu 6 hari untuk pengerasan cangkang total jumlah kepiting bakau. Untuk pertumbuhan cangkang terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan C dengan rata-rata nilai pertumbuhan cangkang adalah 1,5 cm secara vertikal dan horizontal. Sedangkan untuk tingkat kelangsungan hidup didapatkan nilai pada semua perlakuan sebesar 100%.
Stability Comparison of The Screwed and Unscrewed Kirschner Wire Used in Supracondylar Humerus Fractures In Children: ANSYS 16.0 Finite Element Analysis
Authors: ŞEN Zafer , SAYAR Ferhat 
Published: July 2021

Objective: Supracondylar humerus fractures are the most common surgery requiring upper extremity fractures among children. Kirschner Wire (KW) is one of the important surgical method that is smooth stainless steel pins, and is widely used in orthopedics. The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability difference in supracondylar humerus fractures of children by unscrewed and screwed KW by finite element analysis method.
Material and Methods: In this study, the computerized images of patients who were admitted to the Orthopedics and Traumatology department of a Training and Research Hospital with a diagnosis of pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture were used. A bone model was created using a layer created in the 3D Slicer program version 4.10.2. On this model, osteo-synthesis fixation was performed with Solid Works, with screwed and unscrewed K-wire mounting, divergent and crossed. Afterwards, this model was analyzed in ANSYS 16.0 finite element analysis program.
Results: All KW configuration measurements for screwed forces were found higher than unscrewed forces in both crossed and divergent torques.
Conclusion: The use of screwed K wire was found to be superior to unscrewed wire due to the more stable fixation. During surgery, the configuration of the K wire varies according to the surgeon's experience, fracture type, ulnar nerve damage risk analysis.
Analysis Of Use Sea Sand as A Fine Aggregate Replacement To Strong Press Concrete
Authors: Arya Sanjaya Fachrul , Budy Wasono Sapto , Restuti Wulandari Diah Ayu 
Published: July 2021

Concrete is a composite building material made from a combination of aggregate and cement. The limitation of concrete material, in this case, is a fine aggregate (river sand). The utilization of sea sand as an alternative to fine aggregate in the manufacture of concrete is motivated by the availability of sea sand in nature in very large quantities. This study aims to determine the comparison and how much the compressive strength of concrete produced when using sea sand. The test was carried out when the specimens were 7, 14, and 28 days old with the specimens used in this study were concrete cylinders with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm. The results showed that the use of sea sand as a substitute for fine aggregate showed an average compressive strength in 7 days of 18.86 MPa, an average compressive strength of 14 days of 25.52 MPa, an average compressive strength of 28 days of 29.00 MPa. Then for the average compressive strength value of the use of river sand in 7 days is 17.17 MPa, the average compressive strength of 14 days is 23.24 MPa, the average compressive strength of 28 days is 26.41 MPa.
COVID 19; A SURGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ul Haque Anwar 
Published: July 2021

The novel corona virus disease started at Wuhan in Hubei province of China as pneumonia of unknown origin and it was found that the causative organism of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) was Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus –type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Healthcare systems all over the world nearly collapsed due to unprecedented spread of the virus and the disease, COVID-19 was notified as a pandemic by WHO on March 11,2020.1,2 Until October 2020 more than 37 million cases and more than one million deaths have been reported worldwide from this highly contagious disease.