bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can the crowd judge truthfulness? A longitudinal study on recent misinformation about COVID-19
Authors: Roitero Kevin , Soprano Michael , Portelli Beatrice , De Luise Massimiliano , Spina Damiano , Mea Vincenzo Della , Serra Giuseppe , Mizzaro Stefano , Demartini Gianluca 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecently, the misinformation problem has been addressed with a crowdsourcing-based approach: to assess the truthfulness of a statement, instead of relying on a few experts, a crowd of non-expert is exploited. We study whether crowdsourcing is an effective and reliable method to assess truthfulness during a pandemic, targeting statements related to COVID-19, thus addressing (mis)information that is both related to a sensitive and personal issue and very recent as compared to when the judgment is done. In our experiments, crowd workers are asked to assess the truthfulness of statements, and to provide evidence for the assessments. Besides showing that the crowd is able to accurately judge the truthfulness of the statements, we report results on workers’ behavior, agreement among workers, effect of aggregation functions, of scales transformations, and of workers background and bias. We perform a longitudinal study by re-launching the task multiple times with both novice and experienced workers, deriving important insights on how the behavior and quality change over time. Our results show that workers are able to detect and objectively categorize online (mis)information related to COVID-19; both crowdsourced and expert judgments can be transformed and aggregated to improve quality; worker background and other signals (e.g., source of information, behavior) impact the quality of the data. The longitudinal study demonstrates that the time-span has a major effect on the quality of the judgments, for both novice and experienced workers. Finally, we provide an extensive failure analysis of the statements misjudged by the crowd-workers.
Notes on {a,b,c}-Modular Matrices
Authors: Glanzer Christoph , Stallknecht Ingo , Weismantel Robert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLet $A \in \mathbb {Z}^{m \times n}$
A
∈

ℤ

m
×
n

be an integral matrix and a, b, $c \in \mathbb {Z}$
c
∈
ℤ
satisfy a ≥ b ≥ c ≥ 0. The question is to recognize whether A is {a,b,c}-modular, i.e., whether the set of n × n subdeterminants of A in absolute value is {a,b,c}. We will succeed in solving this problem in polynomial time unless A possesses a duplicative relation, that is, A has nonzero n × n subdeterminants k1 and k2 satisfying 2 ⋅|k1| = |k2|. This is an extension of the well-known recognition algorithm for totally unimodular matrices. As a consequence of our analysis, we present a polynomial time algorithm to solve integer programs in standard form over {a,b,c}-modular constraint matrices for any constants a, b and c.
Manufacture of High-Performance Tidal Turbine Blades Using Advanced Composite Manufacturing Technologies
Authors: Finnegan William , Allen Ronan , Glennon Conor , Maguire James , Flanagan Michael , Flanagan Tomas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAfter wind and solar energy, tidal energy presents the most prominent opportunity for generating energy from renewable sources. However, due to the harsh environment that tidal turbines are deployed in, a number of design and manufacture challenges are presented to engineers. As a consequence of the harsh environment, the loadings on the turbine blades are much greater than that on wind turbine blades and, therefore, require advanced solutions to be able to survive in this environment. In order to avoid issues with corrosion, tidal turbine blades are mainly manufactured from fibre reinforced polymer composite material. As a result, the main design and manufacture challenges are related to the main structural aspects of the blade, which are the spar and root, and the connection between the blade and the turbine hub. Therefore, in this paper, a range of advanced manufacturing technologies for producing a 1 MW tidal turbine blade are developed. The main novelty in this study comes with the challenges that are overcome due to the size of the blade, resulting in thickness composite sections (> 130 mm in places), the fast changes in geometry over a short length that isn’t the case for wind blades and the required durability of the material in the marine environment. These advances aim to increase the likelihood of survival of tidal turbine blades in operation for a design life of 20 + years.
Are citizen juries and assemblies on climate change driving democratic climate policymaking? An exploration of two case studies in the UK
Authors: Wells Rebecca , Howarth Candice , Brand-Correa Lina I. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn light of increasing pressure to deliver climate action targets and the growing role of citizens in raising the importance of the issue, deliberative democratic processes (e.g. citizen juries and citizen assemblies) on climate change are increasingly being used to provide a voice to citizens in climate change decision-making. Through a comparative case study of two processes that ran in the UK in 2019 (the Leeds Climate Change Citizens’ Jury and the Oxford Citizens’ Assembly on Climate Change), this paper investigates how far citizen assemblies and juries are increasing citizen engagement on climate change and creating more citizen-centred climate policymaking. Interviews were conducted with policymakers, councillors, professional facilitators and others involved in running these processes to assess motivations for conducting these, their structure and the impact and influence they had. The findings suggest the impact of these processes is not uniform: they have an indirect impact on policy making by creating momentum around climate action and supporting the introduction of pre-planned or pre-existing policies rather than a direct impact by truly being citizen-centred policy making processes or conducive to new climate policy. We conclude with reflections on how these processes give elected representatives a public mandate on climate change, that they help to identify more nuanced and in-depth public opinions in a fair and informed way, yet it can be challenging to embed citizen juries and assemblies in wider democratic processes.
Biodegradable, metal-chelating compounds as alternatives to EDTA for cultivation of marine microalgae
Authors: Sauvage Justine , Wikfors Gary H. , Sabbe Koen , Nevejan Nancy , Goderis Steven , Claeys Philippe , Li Xiaoxu , Joyce Alyssa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for microalgal metabolism. The low solubility of Fe in oxic aquatic environments can be a growth-limiting factor for phytoplankton. Synthetic chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), are used widely to maintain Fe in solution for microalgal cultivation. The non-biodegradable nature of EDTA, combined with sub-optimal bioavailability of Fe-EDTA complexes to microalgae, indicates opportunity to improve microalgal cultivation practices that amplify production efficiency and environmental compatibility. In the present study, the effects of four organic chelating ligands known to form readily bioavailable organic complexes with Fe in natural aquatic environments were investigated in relation to growth and biochemical composition of two marine microalgae grown as live feeds in shellfish hatcheries (Chaetoceros calcitransandTisochrysis lutea). Three saccharides, alginic acid (ALG), glucuronic acid (GLU), and dextran (DEX), as well as the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFB), were compared to EDTA. Organic ligands characterized by weaker binding capacity for cationic metals (i.e., ALG, GLU, DEX) significantly improved microalgal growth and yields in laboratory-scale static batch cultures or bubbled photobioreactors. Maximal microalgal growth enhancement relative to the control (e.g., EDTA) was recorded for GLU, followed by ALG, with 20–35% increase in specific growth rate in the early stages of culture development ofC. calcitransandT. lutea. Substitution of EDTA with GLU resulted in a 27% increase in cellular omega 3-polyunsaturetd fatty acid content ofC. calcitransand doubled final cell yields. Enhanced microalgal culture performance is likely associated with increased intracellular Fe uptake efficiency combined with heterotrophic growth stimulated by the organic ligands. Based upon these results, we propose that replacement of EDTA with one of these organic metal-chelating ligands is an effective and easily implementable strategy to enhance the environmental compatibility of microalgal cultivation practices while also maximizing algal growth and enhancing the nutritional quality of marine microalgal species commonly cultured for live-feed applications in aquaculture.
The Mean Single Molecule Rate (mSMR) in the Analysis of Fluorescence Fluctuations: Measurements on DNA Mixtures of Defined Composition
Authors: Sparrenberg Lorenz T. , Greiner Benjamin , Mathis Harald P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present a method for the evaluation of fluorescence fluctuations on the basis of Mandel’s Q parameter, using sampling time-dependent factorial cumulants. By relating the Q parameter to the sampling time, we obtain the mean single molecule rate (mSMR), an easy to interpret expression that provides both brightness and diffusion information. The model is suitable for the widely used confocal setups with single photon excitation and a single detection channel. We present a way to correct the mSMR for afterpulsing, dead time and background noise. To account for photokinetic effects at short sampling times, we expand the model by a simple on/off isomerization term, which is similar to the well-known triplet model. The functionality of the mSMR is shown using Monte Carlo simulations. The correction mechanisms and the experimental applicability of the model are then demonstrated by DNA measurements of defined composition. By systematically analyzing DNA mixtures, we can show that at large sampling times, the mSMR correctly describes the single molecule brightness rates and the diffusive properties of DNA molecules. At short sampling times, the photokinetic effects of isomerization are accurately described by the mSMR model. Since additionally the mSMR can easily be corrected for measurement artefacts such as detector dead time, afterpulsing and background noise, this is a valuable advantage over the standard method of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
Spanish Science Teacher Educators’ Preparation, Experiences, and Views About Nature of Science in Science Education
Authors: García-Carmona Antonio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe obstacles and difficulties that science teachers face when teaching the nature of science (NOS) are well-known. Nonetheless, little is known of what science teacher educators (STEs) know, do, and think about this issue. Thus, a study with 142 Spanish STEs was conducted. This was aimed at analysing (i) what preparation the STEs have to teach NOS, (ii) what educational experience they have about NOS, (iii) what importance they give to NOS in their training plans, (iv) when NOS should be taught, (v) how to integrate NOS in science education, (vi) how to teach NOS, (vii) what to teach about NOS, and (viii) the influences interconnecting the STEs’ preparation, experience, and opinions regarding NOS teaching. Among the results, it was found that most STEs state that they have ample knowledge of NOS, are well prepared pedagogically to teach it, and have extensive experience in teaching it. However, there was some mismatch between their stated preparation and their experience teaching NOS. In addition, they think that NOS should be taught from early ages and be treated as cross-cutting content in science education. They also consider that, when teaching NOS, an implicit approach is just as effective as an explicit-reflective one. As for their selection of NOS content to include, they are fundamentally divided into two groups — those who select only epistemic aspects of NOS and those who select a balanced proportion of both epistemic and non-epistemic aspects. The limitations of the study are reported along with the issues that require further research.
Material Characterization and Modeling for Finite Element Simulation of Press Hardening with AISI 420C
Authors: Behrens Bernd-Arno , Rosenbusch Daniel , Wester Hendrik , Stockburger Eugen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe process of press hardening is gaining importance in view of the increasing demand for weight reduction combined with higher crash safety in cars. An alternative to the established manganese-boron steel 22MnB5 is hot-formed martensitic chromium steels such as AISI 420C. Strengths of 1850 MPa and elongations of 12% are possible, exceeding those of 22MnB5. In industrial manufacturing, FE-simulation is commonly used in order to design car body parts cost-efficiently. Therefore, the characterization and the modeling of AISI 420C regarding flow stress, phase transformations as well as failure behavior are presented in this paper. Temperature-depended flow curves are determined, showing the low flow stress and hardening behavior at temperatures around 1000 °C. Cooling experiments are carried out, and a continuous cooling diagram is generated. Observed phases are martensite and retained austenite for industrial relevant cooling rates above 10 K/s. In addition, tests to investigate temperature-dependent forming limit curves are performed. As expected, the highest forming limit is reached at 1050 °C and decreases with falling temperature. Finally, a simulation model of a press-hardening process chain is set up based on the material behavior characterized earlier and compared to experimental values. The forming force, phase transformation and forming limit could be calculated with good agreement to the experiment.
Enhanced aquathermolysis of extra-heavy oil by application of transition metal oxides submicro-particles in relation to steam injection processes
Authors: Zhang Xian , Che Hongchang , Liu Yongjian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn order to investigate the catalytic effects of transition metal oxides submicro-particles on aquathermolysis of Liaohe extra-heavy crude oil, the catalysts NiO, α·Fe2O3 and Co3O4 are used and evaluated during the experiments. The optimum mass fraction of the catalyst and water was determined to be 5.0 wt% and 30 wt%, respectively. The optimum reaction time for aquathermolysis was 24 h, and the optimum reaction temperature was 240 °C. The analysis results showed the heavy oil was upgraded dramatically by addition of the catalysts based upon viscosity reduction, saturate/aromatics/resins/asphaltenes analyses, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. All results show the heavy oil is in situ updated dramatically by catalytic aquathermolysis under the optimum operating conditions. A five-lump model is proposed for estimating kinetic parameters of aquathermolysis and agrees well with the experimental data.
Applying Model-Driven Engineering to Stimulate the Adoption of DevOps Processes in Small and Medium-Sized Development Organizations
Authors: Sorgalla Jonas , Wizenty Philip , Rademacher Florian , Sachweh Sabine , Zündorf Albert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMicroservice architecture (MSA) denotes an increasingly popular architectural style in which business capabilities are wrapped into autonomously developable and deployable software components called microservices. Microservice applications are developed by multiple DevOps teams each owning one or more services. In this article, we explore the state of how DevOps teams in small and medium-sized organizations (SMOs) cope with MSA and how they can be supported. We show through a secondary analysis of an exploratory interview study comprising six cases, that the organizational and technological complexity resulting from MSA poses particular challenges for small and medium-sized organizations (SMOs). We apply model-driven engineering to address these challenges. As results of the second analysis, we identify the challenge areas of building and maintaining a common architectural understanding, and dealing with deployment technologies. To support DevOps teams of SMOs in coping with these challenges, we present a model-driven workflow based on LEMMA—the Language Ecosystem for Modeling Microservice Architecture. To implement the workflow, we extend LEMMA with the functionality to (i) generate models from API documentation; (ii) reference remote models owned by other teams; (iii) generate deployment specifications; and (iv) generate a visual representation of the overall architecture. We validate the model-driven workflow and our extensions to LEMMA through a case study showing that the added functionality to LEMMA can bring efficiency gains for DevOps teams. To develop best practices for applying our workflow to maximize efficiency in SMOs, we plan to conduct more empirical research in the field in the future.
The Structure of d.r.e. Degrees
Authors: Liu Yong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis dissertation is highly motivated by d.r.e. Nondensity Theorem, which is interesting in two perspectives. One is that it contrasts Sacks Density Theorem, and hence shows that the structures of r.e. degrees and d.r.e. degrees are different. The other is to investigate what other properties a maximal degree can have.In Chapter 1, we briefly review the backgrounds of Recursion Theory which motivate the topics of this dissertation.In Chapter 2, we introduce the notion of
$(m,n)$
-cupping degree. It is closely related to the notion of maximal d.r.e. degree. In fact, a
$(2,2)$
-cupping degree is maximal d.r.e. degree. We then prove that there exists an isolated
$(2,\omega )$
-cupping degree by combining strategies for maximality and isolation with some efforts.Chapter 3 is part of a joint project with Steffen Lempp, Yiqun Liu, Keng Meng Ng, Cheng Peng, and Guohua Wu. In this chapter, we prove that any finite boolean algebra can be embedded into d.r.e. degrees as a final segment. We examine the proof of d.r.e. Nondensity Theorem and make developments to the technique to make it work for our theorem. The goal of the project is to see what lattice can be embedded into d.r.e. degrees as a final segment, as we observe that the technique has potential be developed further to produce other interesting results.Abstract prepared by Yong Liu.E-mail: liuyong0112@nju.edu.cn
Subgeometric ergodicity and β-mixing
Authors: Meitz Mika , Saikkonen Pentti 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is well known that stationary geometrically ergodic Markov chains are
$\beta$
-mixing (absolutely regular) with geometrically decaying mixing coefficients. Furthermore, for initial distributions other than the stationary one, geometric ergodicity implies
$\beta$
-mixing under suitable moment assumptions. In this note we show that similar results hold also for subgeometrically ergodic Markov chains. In particular, for both stationary and other initial distributions, subgeometric ergodicity implies
$\beta$
-mixing with subgeometrically decaying mixing coefficients. Although this result is simple, it should prove very useful in obtaining rates of mixing in situations where geometric ergodicity cannot be established. To illustrate our results we derive new subgeometric ergodicity and
$\beta$
-mixing results for the self-exciting threshold autoregressive model.
Computing minimal signature of coherent systems through matrix-geometric distributions
Authors: Eryilmaz Serkan , Tank Fatih 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSignatures are useful in analyzing and evaluating coherent systems. However, their computation is a challenging problem, especially for complex coherent structures. In most cases the reliability of a binary coherent system can be linked to a tail probability associated with a properly defined waiting time random variable in a sequence of binary trials. In this paper we present a method for computing the minimal signature of a binary coherent system. Our method is based on matrix-geometric distributions. First, a proper matrix-geometric random variable corresponding to the system structure is found. Second, its probability generating function is obtained. Finally, the companion representation for the distribution of matrix-geometric distribution is used to obtain a matrix-based expression for the minimal signature of the coherent system. The results are also extended to a system with two types of components.
Estimating tails of independently stopped random walks using concave approximations of hazard functions
Authors: Lehtomaa Jaakko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper considers logarithmic asymptotics of tails of randomly stopped sums. The stopping is assumed to be independent of the underlying random walk. First, finiteness of ordinary moments is revisited. Then the study is expanded to more general asymptotic analysis. Results are applicable to a large class of heavy-tailed random variables. The main result enables one to identify if the asymptotic behaviour of a stopped sum is dominated by its increments or the stopping variable. As a consequence, new sufficient conditions for the moment determinacy of compounded sums are obtained.
Summer’s Gone: Late Style and Popular Music
Authors: GRAHAM STEPHEN 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Beach Boys’ 2012 album That’s Why God Made the Radio is typically nostalgic, filled with seemingly sunny reminiscences and retreads that hark back to the 1960s. And yet other parts of the album look back in a more critical fashion, exploring unresolved melancholy through a rich musical language. What makes this even more complicated is the fact that it is possible to hear these two ‘sides’ of the album differently, for the retreads to feel like eerie simulations and the melancholy parts to align with earlier, similarly complicated Beach Boys music. This ambivalence embodies the album’s dual relationship with what I describe as the primary strains of late style: Goethean serenity and Adornian intransigence. In exploring this contention and in applying late style to other examples of popular music, notably David Bowie’s 2016 album Blackstar, I argue that the late-style lens helps to shed new light on popular music’s increasingly complicated knots of nostalgia, ageing and death.