bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of simple and rapid extracting methods of free-tags Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein 64 Recombinant Protein from polyacrylamide gel
Authors: Kusuma Sri Agung Fitri , Parwati Ida , Subroto Toto , Rukayadi Yaya , Fadhlillah Muhammad , Rizaludin Asep 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this study, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein 64 (MPT64) protein was constructed without any tags to facilitate the purification using column affinity chromatography, but the MPT64 must be obtained as a pure protein. This study was purpose to ensure the efficient extracting method to purify protein MPT64 directly from the polyacrylamide gel. The crude extract of extracellular protein containing MPT64 protein was separated into single protein band and the targeted protein which is located in the size of 24 kDa was excised. Each of the six bands was collected in a sterile microtube to be eluted using electroelution and the optimized of the passive-elution method. Both the elution methods demonstrated the purity level of the MPT64 protein by detecting a solely band on the gel at the 24 kDa. Among the variety of passive-elution time, the highest MPT64 protein concentration was 0.549 mg/ml after elution for 72 h. However, the electroelution result provided higher MPT64 protein concentration, i.e., 0.683 mg/mL. However, based on the recognition of the purified MPT64 protein on commercial detection kit of MPT64 protein, it showed that the positive result was only showed by the passive-elution extracting protein. Therefore, for purifying the protein MPT64 from the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, the efficient method was passive elution.
Migraine Headache associated with Multiple Sclerosis: Results from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample
Authors: Koffman Boyd 
Published: April 2021

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that targets and injures myelin and axons in the central nervous system. A high prevalence of migraine headache has been reported among MS patients. In this study, we investigated variables affecting migraine headache occurrence in MS patients.Methods: The Health Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data was utilized. MS hospitalizations (“cases”) were identified by ICD-9-CM code 340. Non-MS Hospitalizations were matched to cases 1:1 by age and gender. Results: We identified 18955 MS patients between 2010 and 2013. The prevalence of migraine among MS patients (7%) was significantly higher than the control group (2.8%). Unspecified Migraine constituted the highest percentages of migraine subtype in both groups. All subtypes of headache, except migraine without aura, were significantly higher among MS patients compared to the control group. Among MS patients, younger age, white race, female gender, depression, and obesity were significant predictors of migraine. Conclusions: Our study provides prevalence data for different subtypes of headache and confirms depression and obesity as risk factors for migraine.
BOBOT LAHIR ANAK KAMBING PERANAKAN ETAWA (PE) DAN SENDURO DI KECAMATAN SINGOSARI KABUPATEN MALANG
Authors: Rifa'i Rifa'i , Afikasari Dian , Anggriawan Rico 
Published: April 2021

Ternak kambing PE dan kambing Senduro merupakan ternak yang sedang dan terus dikembangkan saat ini. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bobot lahir anak kambing PE dan Kambing Senduro. Metode penelitian menggunakan studi kasus di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Pembibitan Ternak dan Hijuan Makanan Ternak (UPT PT dan HMT) Singosari, Kabupaten Malang. Materi yang digunakan adalah kambing PE dan kambing Senduro bunting tua masing-masing sebanyak 30 ekor, yang kemudian dilakukan pengamatan saat fase partus untuk mengetahui bobot lahir anak yang dihasilkan. Bobot lahir anak kambing PE tipe kelahiran kembar lebih tinggi dibandingkan tipe kelahiran tunggal 3,8726 ± 0,3874 > 3,7754 ± 0,6859, sedangkan bobot lahir anak kambing Senduro menunjukkan tipe kelahiran kembar lebih tinggi dibandingkan tipe kelahiran tunggal 3,7198 ± 0,4234 > 3,4230 ± 0,3252. Penelitian ini memberikan kesimpulan bahwa bobot lahir pada anak kambing PE dan kambing Senduro tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan.

Kata Kunci : Anak kambing, Bobot lahir, kambing PE dan kambing Senduro
New geophysical memory-logging system for highly unstable and inclined scientific exploration drilling
Authors: Kück Jochem , Groh Marco , Töpfer Martin , Jurczyk Andreas , Harms Ulrich 
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We established a cable-free memory-logging system for drill-string-deployed geophysical borehole measurements. For more than 20 years,
various so-called “logging while tripping” (LWT) techniques have been available in
the logging service industry. However, this method has rarely been used in
scientific drilling, although it enables logging in deviated and unstable
boreholes, such as in lacustrine sediment drilling projects. LWT operations
have a far lower risk of damage or loss of downhole logging equipment compared with
the common wireline logging. For this
purpose, we developed, tested, and commissioned a modular memory-logging system that does not require drill string
modifications, such as special collars, and can be deployed in standard
wireline core drilling diameters (HQ, bit size of 96 mm, and PQ, bit size of 123 mm). The battery-powered, autonomous
sondes register the profiles of the natural GR (gamma radiation) spectrum, sonic
velocity, magnetic susceptibility, electric resistivity, temperature, and
borehole inclination in high quality while they are pulled out along with the drill
string. As a precise depth measurement carried out in the drill rig is
just as important as the actual petrophysical downhole measurements, we
developed depth-measuring devices providing a high accuracy of less than 0.1 m deviation from the wireline-determined depth. Moreover, the modular structure of
the system facilitates sonde deployment in online mode for wireline
measurements.
Opinions of the Teaching Staff at Taibah University About Islamic Education Teacher Preparation Programs in the Light of the Requirements of Intellectual Security
Authors: Al-Johani Awadh Zuraiban 
Published: April 2021

The current study aims to explore the realm of preparing Islamic education teachers in the light of the intellectual security requirements from the point of view of teaching staff at Taibah University. The researcher used the descriptive approach and designed a questionnaire to review the opinions that consisted of two main topics. The first topic is the intellectual security requirements for the academic preparation program (the Specialist Academic Aspect &ndash; the Cultural Aspect &ndash; the Educational Aspect &ldquo;Professional&rdquo;) to encounter radicalism and terrorism. The second topic is the proposed concept to encounter the obstacles to fulfill intellectual security requirements in the preparation colleges programs. Each main topic is subdivided into a set of clauses (42 clauses) for the two topics. The study sample consists of (83) teaching staff members at the preparation colleges. The study has been applied to the study sample during the first semester of the academic year 1439 &ndash; 1440 A.H. The study findings show the following:

The first topic achieved (78.55%) of the opinions of the study sample members about the preparation program of the Islamic Education teachers in the light of the intellectual security requirements for encountering radicalism and terrorism.
The second topic achieved (93%) of the opinions of the study sample members about the proposed concept to overcome the obstacles to meet intellectual security requirements in the preparation programs.
There are no differences of the statistical significance level (50. = &infin;) among the study sample members toward the questionnaire according to the faculty type for the first topic and the tool in general.
There are no differences of the statistical significance level (50. = &infin;) among the study sample members toward the questionnaire according to the faculty type for the second topic and the tool in general.
Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Cultivation Using Sawdust and Different Organic Manures
Authors: Orngu O. A. , Mbaeyi-Nwaoha I. E. , Unagwu B. O. , Etim V. E. 
Published: April 2021

Aims: The aim was to evaluate the performance of cultivating oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using sawdust and different organic manures.
Study Design: The experimental design used was the complete randomized design (CRD) and the Data obtained was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey’s Least Significant Difference(LSD) test to compare treatment means; differences was considered significant at 95% (P≤0.05) (SPSS Version 21 software).
Place and Duration of Study: National Biotechnology Development Agency, South East Center, University of Nigeria, Nsukka between September 2019 and November 2019.
Methodology: Saw dust was prepared as substrate with different organic manures and coded SD, Saw dust; SDP, Sawdust+ Poultry; SDC, Saw dust + cow dung; SDD, Saw dust+ pig dung) in the ratio of 100:0 and 50:50 respectively to cultivate oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Subsequently, the rate of growth, time of harvest, yield and average weight were recorded and proximate composition determined using standard methods.
Results: Oyster mushroom harvested showed Moisture content ranged (4.63-7.14%), ash content (4.84-6.77%), crude fat (0.98-3.28%), fiber (16.02-18.23%), protein (19.27-33.41%) and carbohydrate (38.18%-48.89%). Average weight yield was highest in saw dust substrate (10.2g) with total yield (980g) and least average weight (7.5g) and total yield (105g) in sawdust and poultry litters substrate. Oyster mushroom from all the substrate differed significantly (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Sawdust was the most suitable substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation though sawdust and pig dung combination can be a good alternative.
Effect of grain coverage disruption on aflatoxins in maize and sorghum
Authors: Nakasagga Shakirah , McHugh Ryan , Mayfield Kerry , Murray Seth C. , Isakeit Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAflatoxins are dangerous mycotoxins in crop production, demonstrated to reduce crop quality and value through both pre‐ and post‐harvest contamination. Aflatoxin contamination is encountered much more frequently in maize (Zea mays L.) than its close relative sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. This study focused on evaluating the effect of grain coverage on aflatoxin accumulation in both crops; comparing coverage of the female inflorescence (exposed sorghum grain vs. husk covered maize grain) as well as the impact of paper bag coverage during pollination activities. The maize and sorghum female inflorescence were further manipulated by either decreasing or increasing the grain coverage. Two specific hypotheses were statistically tested for aflatoxin accumulation in grain from inoculated inflorescences: aflatoxin accumulation changes in maize and sorghum inflorescences when they are modified from their natural state, and aflatoxin accumulation varies between natural and artificial covering of inflorescences. Aflatoxin data collected from 2 yr of inoculating Aspergillus flavus into maize ears and sorghum panicles indicated that modifying the inflorescences of both species had the largest effects in increasing aflatoxin amounts. Substituting natural coverage of maize and bagging sorghum panicles increased aflatoxin accumulation significantly. This study demonstrated that sorghum may accumulate substantial aflatoxins when it is inoculated and the inflorescence is modified by covering with a paper pollinating bag. Substituting maize husks with paper pollinating bags also substantially increased aflatoxin accumulation in maize.
Comparing riparian buffer design classification data among watersheds representing Iowa landscapes
Authors: Tomer Mark D. , Porter Sarah A. , James David E. , Van Horn Jessica D. , Niemi Jarad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRiparian buffers can improve water quality, but watershed‐scale evaluations of riparian buffering opportunities are rare. A landscape discretization tool called riparian catchments, part of the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF) version 3, was applied to evaluate functional riparian settings for 32 headwater watersheds representing three major land resource areas (MLRAs) in Iowa. Riparian settings of 250‐m length were classified based on height above channel and upslope contributing area to show where to place buffers primarily designed to intercept runoff, treat nitrate in shallow groundwater, and/or protect streambanks. Riparian zones found below small riparian catchments were common, typically occupying >50% of streambank lengths in MLRA 103 (northern Iowa) and MLRA 108 (southeast Iowa). In these settings, narrow (6–10 m wide) buffers provide a buffer/contributing area ratio of >0.02 to filter surface runoff, while providing streambank protection. This similarity occurred despite these two MLRAs having contrasting landscapes. Whereas the narrow buffers suggested are associated with ditches and flat terrain in MLRA 103, they occur below short slopes along streams that have well dissected the watersheds in MLRA 108. In MLRA 104 of east‐central Iowa, headwater alluvial streams often had broad low‐lying riparian zones, where wide buffers (>25 m) may be placed to help mitigate nitrate transport in shallow groundwater. The ACPF riparian catchments approach enabled cross‐watershed analyses of riparian settings, while providing spatial data to inform watershed‐scale riparian planning efforts.
Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Deoxygenative Cyclopropanation of 1,2‐Dicarbonyl or Monocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Cao Li‐Ya , Luo Jian‐Nan , Yao Jia‐Sheng , Wang De‐Ku , Dong Yuan‐Qing , Zheng Chao , Zhuo Chun‐Xiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe transition‐metal‐catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes by the decomposition of diazo compounds is a powerful and straightforward strategy to produce cyclopropanes, but is tempered by the potentially explosive nature of diazo substrates. Herein we report the Mo‐catalyzed regiospecific deoxygenative cyclopropanation of readily available and bench‐stable 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds, in which one of the two carbonyl groups acts as a carbene equivalent upon deoxygenation and engages in the subsequent cyclopropanation process. The use of a commercially available Mo catalyst afforded an array of valuable cyclopropanes with exclusive regioselectivity in up to 90 % yield. The synthetic utility of this method was further demonstrated by gram‐scale syntheses, late‐stage functionalization, and the cyclopropanation of a simple monocarbonyl compound. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that phosphine (or silane) acts as both a mild reductant and a good oxygen acceptor that efficiently regenerates the catalytically active Mo catalyst through reduction of the Mo‐oxo complexes.
A Smart Access to the Dinitramide Anion – The Use of Dinitraminic Acid for the Preparation of Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Gruhne Michael S. , Wurzenberger Maximilian H. H. , Lommel Marcus , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDinitraminic acid (HN(NO2)2, HDN) was prepared by ion exchange chromatography and acid‐base reaction with basic copper(II) carbonate allowed the in situ preparation of copper(II) dinitramide, which was reacted with twelve nitrogen‐rich ligands, for example, 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, 1‐methyl‐5H‐tetrazole, di(5H‐tetrazolyl)‐methane/‐ethane/‐propane/‐butane. Nine of the complexes were investigated by low‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. In addition, all compounds were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for selected compounds. Furthermore, investigations of the materials were carried out regarding their sensitivity toward impact (IS), friction (FS), ball drop impact (BDIS) and electrostatic discharge (ESD). In addition, hot plate and hot needle tests were performed. Complex [Cu(AMT)4(H2O)](DN)2, based on 1‐amino‐5‐methyltetrazole (AMT), is most outstanding for its detonative behavior and thus also capable of initiating PETN in classical initiation experiments. Laser ignition experiments at a wavelength of 915 nm were performed for all substances and solid‐state UV‐Vis spectra were recorded to apprehend the ignition mechanism.
A Nazarov‐Ene Tandem Reaction for the Stereoselective Construction of Spiro Compounds
Authors: Etling Christoph , Tedesco Giada , Kalesse Markus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe different reactivity of trienones under Lewis and Brønsted acids catalysis was investigated, resulting in distinct cyclization products and carbon backbones that originated either from a conjugate Prins cyclization or an interrupted Nazarov cyclization. In particular, an unprecedented Nazarov cyclization tandem reaction is presented, terminating the oxyallyl cation by an ene‐type reaction, and leading stereoselectively to bicyclic spiro compounds. The terminal olefin of this motif represents a useful handle for further functionalization, making it a strategic intermediate in total syntheses. The tandem Nazarov/ene cyclization was shown to be preferred over a Nazarov/[3+2] tandem reaction for all our substrates, independent of chain length. Deuteration studies further support the mechanistic hypothesis of the terminating ene reaction.
Organofunktionelle Silane als Haftvermittler
Authors: Wolf Andreas T. 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungOrganofunktionelle Silanhaftvermittler sind hybride, multi‐funktionelle Verbindungen, welche in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen zur Verbesserung der Adhäsion eingesetzt werden können. Aufgabe der Silanhaftvermittler ist es, eine möglichst gute Verträglichkeit und effektive Anbindung der beiden Partner in der Grenzflächenschicht zu schaffen. Silanhaftvermittler finden Anwendung bei der Oberflächenfunktionalisierung von Füllstoffen, Fasern oder Substraten; der reaktiven Compoundierung von mit Fasern oder Füllstoffen verstärkten Kunststoffen oder Gummi sowie als adhäsionsverstärkendes Additiv in flüssigen oder pastösen Produktformulierungen. In diesem zweiten Teil der Artikelserie werden Anwendungen aus den genannten Bereichen beispielhaft vorgestellt. Die aufgeführten Beispiele zeigen, dass die Auswahl eines geeigneten Silanhaftvermittlers recht komplex sein kann, insbesondere wenn dieser als adhäsionsverstärkendes Additiv in flüssigen oder pastösen Produktformulierungen eingesetzt werden soll.
Access to Polycyclic Indol(en)ines viaBase‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Dearomatizing 3‐Alkenylation of Alkynyl Indoles
Authors: Lu Lin , Zheng Zuoliang , Yang Yongjie , Liu Bo , Yin Biaolin 
Published: April 2021

Main observation and conclusionPolycyclic indolines and indolenines were synthesized via base‐catalyzed intramolecular dearomatizing 3‐alkenylation reactions of alkynyl indoles 1 at room temperature. The base enhanced the nucleophilicity of the carbon at the 3‐position of the indole moiety, facilitating an exclusive 5‐exo‐dig cyclization reaction with the alkyne to form spiroindolenines 2. The imine functionality of 2 could undergo in situ nucleophilic addition to form spiroindolines 3 when R was a carbamoyl group or reduction to form spiroindolines 4 when R was H.
Studying Sex Differences in Rodent Models of Addictive Behavior
Authors: Radke Anna K. , Sneddon Elizabeth A. , Monroe Sean C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnimal models of addictive behaviors are useful for uncovering neural mechanisms involved in the development of dependence and for identifying risk factors for drug abuse. One such risk factor is biological sex, which strongly moderates drug self‐administration behavior in rodents. Female rodents are more likely to acquire drug self‐administration behaviors, consume higher amounts of drug, and reinstate drug‐seeking behavior more readily. Despite this female vulnerability, preclinical addiction research has largely been done in male animals. The study of sex differences in rodent models of addictive behavior is increasing, however, as more investigators are choosing to include both male and female animals in experiments. This commentary is meant to serve as an introductory guide for preclinical investigators new to the study of sex differences in addiction. We provide an overview of self‐administration models, a broad view of female versus male self‐administration behaviors, and suggestions for study design and implementation. Inclusion of female subjects in preclinical addiction research is timely, as problem drug and alcohol use in women is increasing. With proper attention, design, and analysis, the study of sex differences in addiction has the potential to uncover novel neural mechanisms and lead to greater translational success for addiction research. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Growth Rate Calculations for Edge‐Defined, Film‐Fed Growth of Sapphire Crystals
Authors: Bruni Frank J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA new model for the calculation of the growth rate of edge‐defined, film‐fed growth (EFG) crystals is proposed based on surface tension proportional to the area of the crystal/die interface. A comparison to the classical model, which includes a surface tension factor proportional to the length of the crystal's peripheral edge, is shown. Equations are derived that accurately predict the growth rate derived from weight versus time calculations. Examples are shown for various geometries of crystal shape.
Raiders of the last ark: the impacts of feral cats on small mammals in Tasmanian forest ecosystems
Authors: Lazenby B. T. , Mooney N. J. , Dickman C. R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFeral individuals of the catFelis catusare recognized internationally as a threat to biodiversity. Open, non‐insular systems support a large proportion of the world’s biodiversity, but the population‐level impacts of feral cats in these systems are rarely elucidated. This limits prioritization and assessment of the effectiveness of management interventions. We quantified the predatory impact of feral cats on small mammals in open, non‐insular forest systems in Tasmania, Australia in the context of other factors hypothesized to affect small mammal densities and survival, namely the density of a native carnivore, co‐occurring small mammals, and rainfall. Change in feral cat density was the most important determinant of small mammal density and survival. We calculated that, on average, a 50% reduction in feral cat density could result in 25% and 10% increases in the density of the swamp ratRattus lutreolusand long‐tailed mousePseudomys higginsi, respectively. Low‐level culling of feral cats that we conducted on two of our four study sites to experimentally alter feral cat densities revealed that swamp rat survival was highest when feral cat densities were stable. We conclude that feral cats exert downward pressure on populations of indigenous small mammals in temperate forest systems. However, alleviating this downward pressure on prey by culling a large proportion of the feral cat population is difficult as current methods for reducing feral cat populations in cool temperate forest systems are ineffective, and potentially even counterproductive. We suggest using an adaptive approach that regularly and robustly monitors how feral cats and small mammals respond to management interventions that are intended to conserve vulnerable prey species.