bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saliva testing as a means to monitor therapeutic lithium levels in patients with psychiatric disorders: Identification of clinical and environmental covariates, and their incorporation into a prediction model
Authors: Parkin Georgia M. , McCarthy Michael J. , Thein Soe H. , Piccerillo Hillary L. , Warikoo Nisha , Granger Douglas A. , Thomas Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe narrow therapeutic window of lithium medications necessitates frequent serum monitoring, which can be expensive and inconvenient for the patient. Compared to blood, saliva collection is easier, non‐invasive, requires less processing, and can be done without the need for trained personnel. This study investigated the utility of longitudinal salivary lithium level monitoring.MethodsWe measured salivary lithium levels using ICP‐OES in n = 169 passive drool samples, collected both as single observations and longitudinally for up to 18 months, from a multi‐center cohort of n = 75 patients with bipolar disorder or other psychiatric conditions.ResultsSaliva and serum lithium levels were highly correlated. Adjustment for daily lithium dose, diabetes, and smoking improved this relationship (r = 0.77). Using the adjusted intersubject equation and a patient's salivary lithium value, we observed a strong correlation between the predicted vs. observed serum lithium levels (r = 0.70). Most patients had highly stable saliva/serum ratios across multiple visits, with longitudinal variability significantly greater with age. Use of the intrasubject saliva/serum ratio from a single prior observation had similar predictive power to the use of the adjusted intersubject equation. However, the use of the mean intrasubject ratio from three prior observations could robustly predict serum lithium levels (predicted vs. observed r = 0.90).ConclusionsThese findings strongly suggest that saliva could be used for lithium monitoring, and open the door for the development and implementation of a point‐of‐care salivary lithium device for use at home or the clinic. We propose that the use of saliva will dramatically improve treatment opportunities for patients with mood disorders.
To drink or not to drink: When drinking intentions predict alcohol consumption and consequences
Authors: Hamilton Hannah R. , Armeli Stephen , Tennen Howard 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesWe examined daily associations between drinking intentions and drinking behaviour and tested past drinking behaviour and current social environment as potential moderators of the daily intention‐behaviour association. We expected both more frequent past drinking and being in a high drinking environment to weaken the intention‐behaviour association. We also tested intentionality as a moderator of the association between alcohol consumption and next‐day negative outcomes, expecting that less intentional alcohol consumption would be related to greater stress and regret.DesignWe tested these hypotheses using two separate micro‐longitudinal studies of college students (Ns = 1,641, 540).MethodsIn two samples, participants completed bursts of data collection in which they indicated their previous alcohol consumption and then completed 30 days of diary surveys in which they reported their alcohol consumption and social environment the previous evening and their levels of stress, regret, and drinking intentions that day.ResultConsistent with our predictions, drinking intentions more strongly predicted drinking behaviour among individuals with less frequent past drinking behaviour, and, in Sample 1, drinking intentions more strongly predicted drinking behaviour among individuals in a low drinking environment. Contrary to hypotheses, results indicated that individuals with low drinking intentions were more likely to experience stress the next day, particularly if they consumed less alcohol. Greater consumption, however, was related to greater odds of experiencing regret, but this was stronger among individuals with higher drinking intentions.ConclusionsFindings are discussed in terms of the complex interplay between intentions and both social environment and contextual factors with respect to predicting drinking level and related problems.
Improving intraoral implant scanning with a novel auxiliary device: An in‐vitro study
Authors: Pan Yu , Tsoi James Kit Hon , Lam Walter YH , Zhao Ke , Pow Edmond HN 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo develop a novel auxiliary device for improving the accuracy of intraoral implant scanning in the complete‐edentulous arch.Materials and methodsA standard model of edentulous maxilla with six dummy implants was prepared. Scan bodies were attached to the model, which was scanned by a laboratory scanner. A simulated mucosa (Group 0), a resin base (Group 1), a resin base with a cuboidal reference block and 4 fiduciary spheres (Group 2) or artificial teeth (Group 3) in between the implants were mounted on the model, respectively. Each group were consecutively scanned using an intraoral scanner (n = 10). The scans were analysed for trueness and precision in inter‐implant distances and angles by inspection software. Effects of the auxiliary device and different quadrants on the accuracy of complete‐arch intraoral scanning were analysed by two‐way ANOVA.ResultsSignificant effects of the auxiliary device and quadrant were found on both linear and angular accuracies. The lowest linear accuracy was found in group 0. Group 1 and group 3 showed the best linear accuracy in quadrant 1 and quadrant 2, respectively. Group 2 showed the least angular precision among the three groups.ConclusionsThe three designs of auxiliary devices significantly improved the accuracy of complete‐arch intraoral implant scanning. The base‐only design showed good scanning accuracy in a single quadrant, while the base with tooth‐shaped landmarks design showed better accuracy in cross‐arch. The fiduciary spheres might compromise the precision of scanning.
Excising or preserving perforation margins in endoscopic transtympanic cartilage myringoplasty does not affect surgical success
Authors: Lou Zhengcai , Lou Zihan , Jin Kangfeng , Sun Junzhi , Chen Zhengnong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the outcome of endoscopic transtympanic cartilage myringoplasty with and without removal of perforation edges for repairing chronic perforations with mucosal chronic otitis media (COM).Study designQuasi‐randomised clinical trial.SettingTertiary referral centre.Materials and MethodsPatients with chronic perforations and mucosal COM undergoing endoscopic transtympanic cartilage myringoplasty were allocated to a control group for whom the perforation edges were preserved (n = 40) and an intervention group for whom the edges were removed (n = 39). Mean operation time, graft success rate, mean scores of graft neovascularisation and epithelialisation, and hearing were compared between the groups at 4 weeks and/or 6 months postoperatively.ResultsGraft success rate was 95% (38/40) in the control group and 97% (38/39) in the intervention group at 6 months postoperatively; the difference was not significant. Mean graft neovascularisation scores 4 weeks postoperatively were 2.52 ± 0.59 in the control group and 2.58 ± 0.55 in the intervention group; the difference was not significant. Mean graft epithelisation scores 4 weeks postoperatively were 1.48 ± 0.57 in the control group and 1.68 ± 0.51 in the intervention group; the difference was not significant and remained nonsignificant 6 months postoperatively (2.5 ± 0.55 vs. 2.76 ± 0.36). Audiological outcomes at 6 months did not differ between the groups.ConclusionEndoscopic, transtympanic cartilage underlay myringoplasty with preservation of the perforation margins did not affect graft neovascularisation, epithelialisation or success. Longer‐term outcomes and risk of cholesteatoma require further study.
Sotagliflozin for patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Avgerinos Ioannis , Karagiannis Thomas , Kakotrichi Panagiota , Michailidis Theodoros , Liakos Aris , Matthews David R. , Tsapas Apostolos , Bekiari Eleni 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTo assess the efficacy and safety of sotagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and grey literature sources up to August 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared sotagliflozin with placebo or other antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our primary outcome was change in HbA1c from baseline. We additionally assessed three secondary efficacy and 15 safety outcomes. We synthesized data using weighted mean differences (WMDs) and odds ratios (ORs), along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsWe included 11 RCTs comprising 16 411 subjects in the meta‐analysis. Compared with placebo, sotagliflozin reduced HbA1c (WMD −0.42%, 95% CI −0.56 to −0.29), body weight (WMD −1.33 kg, 95% CI −1.57 to −1.09), and systolic blood pressure (WMD −2.44 mmHg, 95% CI −2.81 to −2.07). No difference was evident against other active comparators. Sotagliflozin reduced myocardial infarction (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.97) and heart failure (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.79) compared with placebo, and had a neutral effect on all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and stroke. Treatment with sotagliflozin was safe regarding the incidence of serious adverse events, hypoglycaemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Nevertheless, it was associated with an increased incidence of diarrhoea, genital infections, and volume depletion events.ConclusionsSotagliflozin reduces blood glucose, body weight, and systolic blood pressure, and demonstrates a beneficial effect on heart failure and myocardial infarction. Its overall safety profile is comparable with other sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors.
Local canopy disturbance as an explanation for long‐term increases in liana abundance
Authors: Schnitzer Stefan A. , DeFilippis David M. , Visser Marco , Estrada‐Villegas Sergio , Rivera‐Camaña Rigoberto , Bernal Boris , Peréz Salomé , Valdéz Abelino , Valdéz Seberino , Aguilar Antonio , Dalling James W. , Broadbent Eben N. , Almeyda Zambrano Angelica M. , Hubbell Stephen P. , Garcia‐Leon Maria 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCanopy disturbance explains liana abundance and distribution within tropical forests and thus may also explain the widespread pattern of increasing liana abundance; however, this hypothesis remains untested. We used a 10‐year study (2007–2017) of 117,100 rooted lianas in an old‐growth Panamanian forest to test whether local canopy disturbance explains increasing liana abundance. We found that liana density increased 29.2% and basal area 12.5%. The vast majority of these increases were associated with clonal stem proliferation following canopy disturbance, particularly in liana‐dense, low‐canopy gaps, which had far greater liana increases than did undisturbed forest. Lianas may be ecological niche constructors, arresting tree regeneration in gaps and thus creating a high‐light environment that favours sustained liana proliferation. Our findings demonstrate that liana abundance is increasing rapidly and their ability to proliferate via copious clonal stem production in canopy gaps explains much of their increase in this and possibly other tropical forests.
Retinoids are not linked to risk of multiple sclerosis: A Danish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Cortes‐Figueiredo Filipe , Nielsen Nete Munk , Stenager Egon , Paul Friedemann , Hallas Jesper , Kristensen Kasper Bruun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune‐mediated disease of the central nervous system with an undetermined etiology. Retinoids may have immunomodulatory effects that favorably influence MS progression. We aimed to explore the yet unknown relationship between exposure to retinoids and the risk of acquiring MS.MethodsWe performed a nationwide cohort study in the Danish population in the period 1998–2016, comparing MS incidence in three groups: users of systemic retinoids; users of topical retinoids (negative control group); and users of non‐retinoid acne drugs (control group). We used data from the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (DMSR), the Danish National Prescription Registry and the Danish National Patient Registry. Linkage was obtained through the personal identification number (CPR number). We addressed confounding by three‐way propensity score (PS)‐matching weights. Additionally, to evaluate a cumulative dose–response effect for systemic retinoids on MS incidence, we conducted a case–control study, nested within the cohort.ResultsA total of 257,193 users of non‐retinoid acne drugs, 130,560 users of topical retinoids, and 75,610 users of systemic retinoids were included. Systemic retinoid use was not associated with a reduced risk of MS compared to non‐retinoid acne drug use in crude (hazard ratio [HR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61 to 1.05]) and weighted analyses (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.20). There was no evidence of a cumulative dose–response association between systemic retinoids and MS incidence.ConclusionsUse of systemic retinoids was not associated with a reduced incidence of MS compared to use of non‐retinoid acne drugs in this study.
Horizontal movements, utilization distributions, and mixing rates of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) tagged and released with archival tags in six discrete areas of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean
Authors: Schaefer Kurt M. , Fuller Daniel W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA total of 1522 yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, were captured, tagged, and released with surgically implanted archival tags (ATs), in six discrete areas of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, during 2002 through 2019. Of 483 ATs returned (31.7%), 227 ATs from yellowfin (48–147 cm in fork length) at liberty from 32 to 1846 d (
= 300.1 d) provided suitable data sets which were processed using an unscented Kalman filter model with sea‐surface temperature measurements integrated (UKFsst) in order to obtain most probable tracks and movement parameters. Although some differences were observed in the movement patterns for fish from within and among the six release areas, 99% of the 227 fish remained within 1000 M of their release locations, indicating limited dispersion and fidelity to release locations. The median movement parameter D, which defines dispersion from the UKFsst model, for the fish released in the offshore equatorial areas showed much greater dispersion rates compared to those for the fish released along the coast or around islands. The rates of mixing of yellowfin among the release areas were found to be dependent on the distances between release areas, with, in general, the greatest mixing occurring among areas in closest proximity, whereas for the two areas offshore Mexico and the two offshore equatorial areas, the rates of mixing were nonexistent or negligible.
What structures diurnal visitation rates to flowering trees in an Afrotropical lowland rainforest understory?
Authors: Drager Andrea P. , Chuyong George B. , Kenfack David , Nkomo Wilfried Asset , Thomas Duncan W. , Wandji Ruth Tchana , Dunham Amy E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As environmental change and degradation accelerate, perturbing insect populations, we need to better understand the resource use dynamics of diverse wild pollinators. Most tropical trees are adapted for biotic pollination, yet we still know little about plant–pollinator interactions in African rainforests.
We addressed this gap from a community perspective, identifying what floral traits – colour, scent, reward accessibility and visibility – structure visitation patterns among insect functional groups to tree species flowering in the understory of Korup National Park, Cameroon. To understand how visitor groups share resources, we used joint modelling that explicitly considers zero‐inflation in visitation rates and correlation among visitor groups.
Most tree species had exposed floral rewards, and all were visited by multiple insect groups among which ants, bees, beetles, and flies were most abundant. Visitation rates varied more among tree species than among individual trees. Floral scent differences were important for structuring visits, particularly for flies, bees, and ants. Ant and bee visitation rates decreased while fly visits increased marginally throughout the season, correlated with the dry to wet season transition.
Comparison with other lowland tropical understories suggests flies may be uniquely diverse and important to this system, and differences in seasonality and forest structure may be drivers of community differences. Floral scent is likely a key functional trait structuring flower–insect interactions in tropical forest environments and should be emphasised in future studies. Lastly, a joint modelling approach can elucidate community structure, particularly in communities with ecologically generalised interactions.
Towards a non‐dichotomous view of motivators and demotivators in language learning
Authors: Pack Austin , Kiss Tamas , Barrett Alex , Chen Chen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study explores the motivational dynamics and motivational factors of 60 first‐year English for Academic Purposes learners. Data were collected over a 10‐week period by means of motivation journals and focus group discussions. The findings indicate that students’ motivation levels changed frequently from day to day and that motivational factors can serve as both motivators and demotivators as their strength and polarity change according to initial conditioning and the complex interactions of factors within and outside of the classroom context. We argue that the practice of categorizing contextual factors as motivators or demotivators be abandoned, and in its place a non‐dichotomous view of motivators and demotivators in language learning be adopted.
Our evolving view of neutrophils in defining the pathology of chronic lung disease
Authors: Mincham Kyle T. , Bruno Nicoletta , Singanayagam Aran , Snelgrove Robert J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNeutrophils are critical components of the body's immune response to infection, being loaded with a potent arsenal of toxic mediators and displaying immense destructive capacity. Given the potential of neutrophils to impart extensive tissue damage, it is perhaps not surprising that when augmented these cells are also implicated in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. Prominent neutrophilic inflammation is a hallmark feature of patients with chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe asthma, bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis, with their numbers frequently associating with worse prognosis. Accordingly, it is anticipated that neutrophils are central to the pathology of these diseases and represent an attractive therapeutic target. However, in many instances, evidence directly linking neutrophils to the pathology of disease has remained somewhat circumstantial and strategies that have looked to reduce neutrophilic inflammation in the clinic have proved largely disappointing. We have classically viewed neutrophils as somewhat crude, terminally differentiated, insular and homogeneous protagonists of pathology. However, it is now clear that this does not do the neutrophil justice, and we now recognize that these cells exhibit heterogeneity, a pronounced awareness of the localized environment and a remarkable capacity to interact with and modulate the behaviour of a multitude of cells, even exhibiting anti‐inflammatory, pro‐resolving and pro‐repair functions. In this review, we discuss evidence for the role of neutrophils in chronic lung disease and how our evolving view of these cells may impact upon our perceived assessment of their contribution to disease pathology and efforts to target them therapeutically.
Poverty and health inequalities: Perceptions of social work students and nursing students
Authors: Demirtas Basak , Polat Gonca , Özalp Ateş Funda Seher , Ka‘opua Lana Sue 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimThis study describes student perceptions on health inequalities and causes of poverty.BackgroundAs frontline providers, social workers and nurses are expected to engage with patients from socioeconomically diverse backgrounds.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, a socio‐demographic questionnaire, a questionnaire on health inequalities and the Perceived Causes of Poverty Scale were administered using a convenience sample of 155 students in social work and 266 students in nursing undergraduate programmes at a state university in Turkey. Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used in the analysis of the data.FindingsSocial work students were more likely to attribute the cause of poverty to social injustice and a lack of opportunities, whereas nursing students had more fatalistic explanations or beliefs, maintaining that outcomes are pre‐determined and therefore cannot be changed. In both groups, those who agreed that there were problems and deficiencies in health service provision and that there was ill‐health among poor groups were more likely to associate poverty with social injustice and lack of opportunities. Those without a systemic understanding of poverty and health inequalities showed a tendency to hold more individualistic/fate‐related perspectives.Conclusion and implications for nursing and education policyThe nursing students, as compared to the social work students, tended to explain poverty more on the basis of individual responsibility and fatalism and were less likely to link poverty with health inequalities and to advocate for policies to end health inequalities. The students’ perceptions on the causes of poverty affected their views on health inequalities. These findings suggest the need to develop curricula that equip nursing students with an understanding of poverty as a systemic cause of health inequality. Health inequality and poverty need to be positioned at the centre of training curricula by professional accreditation bodies. Interdisciplinary collaboration is recommended to foster advocacy skills in students. Furthermore, transformative changes are needed in nursing and social work education to prepare students to adequately address the Social Determinants of Health. Curricula should incorporate leadership and political activism within courses to facilitate structural change.
Effect of Ta5+ doping on the thermal physical properties of defective fluorite Y3NbO7 ceramics
Authors: Song Dowon , Pyeon Janghyeok , Ryu Myeungwoo , Jeon Hak‐Beom , Oh Yoon‐Suk , Song Taeseup , Paik Ungyu , Yang SeungCheol , Jung Yeon‐Gil 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe effects of substituting the B cation in A3BO7 ceramics on their thermal physical properties were investigated by applying a large mass difference. Y3(Nb1‐xTax)O7 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) ceramics were synthesized, and their structural characteristics were determined. All the fabricated Y3(Nb1‐xTax)O7 ceramics showed defective fluorite structures and glass‐like low thermal conductivity (1.18−2.04 W/m∙K at 25°C) because of the highly distorted crystal structure and significant mass difference. Substitution with Ta5+ enhanced the sintering resistance, leading to superior thermal‐insulating performance via grain boundary scattering. Furthermore, the ceramics exhibited excellent coefficients of thermal expansion, implying the promising applicability of Y3(Nb1‐xTax)O7 as new thermal barrier materials. The effect of mass difference on the thermomechanical properties of the ceramics was examined, suggesting a simple strategy for engineering the chemical composition of new thermal barrier materials.