bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing of the Risk Factor & Determine Epidemiology of Acne Vulgaris in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Authors: Hadia Rajesh , Tousif Idrisi Mohammed , Kapadia Avani , Pillai Suchitra , Rajput Hemraj Singh , Joshi Dhaval , Lakhani Som , Gohel Kushalkumar , Maheshwari Rajesh 
Published: August 2021

Background: Acne vulgaris remains one of the commonest diseases to afflict humanity, with over 90% of males and 80% of females affected by the age of 21 years.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assessing the specific risk factors, determine the epidemiology and etiology of Acne Vulgaris.
Methodology: It is a cross-sectional observational study conducted for a period of six month in the department of dermatology, Dhiraj General Hospital, Vadodara. Patients who were diagnosed with acne vulgaris and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Data was collected by filling the patient medical record sheet.
Result: Total 300 patients were included in the study. Out of which 38.67% males and 61.33% females were found affected by Acne Vulgaris. The mean age group affected were found to be 21.77±4.06 years. When compared their social habits, patients consumed more caffeine (49.67%) than alcohol (24.67%), smoking (15.33%) and tobacco (5.67%). 32.33% patients also had history of seborrheic dermatitis. Using GAGS scale, we found 94% patients suffered from moderate Acne condition while 6% suffered from severe Acne condition.
Conclusion: Acne Vulgaris was predominantly found in females in adolescence and in males in adulthood. The severity was found more in males than females. The common site for Acne Vulgaris was found to be face while comedones and papules were the common types of lesions. Stress was found to be one of the major aggravating factors for severity of Acne Vulgaris.
Long Term Effect of COVID-19 on the Brain: Review
Authors: Devkumar Shreerag , Jha Rakesh Kumar , Chandi Dhruba Hari 
Published: August 2021

Corona viruses (CoVs) are well-covered RNA viruses that cause enteric and respiratory infections in humans and animals. Many human CoVs have recently gained global interest because of their lethal power and high contagious power. SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19, is a pathogenic coV that first appeared in Wuhan, China.
Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) created by SARS-CoV-2, has been declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization since March 11, 2020. The epidemic started in Wuhan and spread rapidly around the world. Corona virus is facing a major epidemic: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to SARS.
Corona virus (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 VIRUS, a complex clinical disorder characterized by severe pneumonia and acute respiratory stress syndrome. Serious and neurological disorders, such as encephalitis, coma, fever, epilepsy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, are more common in cases of COVID-19. In addition, chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases may occur in SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology and colonization of intestinal and central nervous system, as well as systemic inflammatory response during COVID-19. Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative condition that causes the development of motor and non-motor symptoms.
Emotional Intelligence and Stress Tolerance of Diabetic Physical Exercising and Diabetic Nonphysical Exercising Peoples on Critics
Authors: Vinu W. 
Published: August 2021

Aim: This study is an attempt to analyze and interpret diabetic nonphysical exercising and diabetic physical exercising people on the psychological aspect of emotional intelligence.
Place and Duration of Study: Chidambaram, Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India. 1 year.
Methodology: For this study a normative survive method was used to collect data from diabetic physical exercising and diabetic nonphysical exercising people from Chidambaram, Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India. This investigate is an attempt to analyse and interpret diabetic physical exercising and diabetic nonphysical exercising people on the psychological aspect of EI. The problem of this study is a comparison of on EI of diabetic physical exercising and diabetic nonphysical exercising peoples. The sample in the present study was limited to 60 nondiabetic and 60 diabetic people.
Results: The result shows that the ‘r’ value obtained from the variable emotional stability and self-development on the sample of 60 on stress tolerance of diabetic physical exercising group was identified as 0.34 and 0.35 which was significant at 0.01 this shows that here remained a positive relationship between stress tolerance with emotional stability, Stress tolerance with self-development. When emotional stability increases stress tolerance increases when self-development develops stress tolerance increases. The diabetic non-physical exercising and diabetic physical exercising group significantly differ in their stress tolerance, comparatively, the mean value of 73.81 for diabetic physical exercising people with the mean value of 71.79 diabetic nonphysical exercising people is less. Hence it is proved that diabetic physical exercising people have more stress tolerance than diabetic nonphysical exercising people. This indicates that comparatively diabetic physical exercising people can withstand when deprived and tolerate critics of others because diabetic physical exercising people are more stress-tolerant when compared to diabetic nonphysical exercising people. The result of the diabetic physical exercising group's 'r’ value obtained from the variable EI on the sample of 60 on stress tolerant was identified as 0.25 which was significant at 0.05.
Conclusion: There was a positive relationship between stress tolerance with EI which specifies that when EI increases stress tolerance increases for diabetic physical exercising person’s vice versa.
A Stability Indicating Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Hydroquinone, Hydrocortisone and Tretenoin in Cream Formulation
Authors: Shilu Raksha , Kapupara Pankaj , Patel Meghna 
Published: August 2021

Objective: A simple, sensitive, rapid, precise and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of Hydroquinone, Hydrocortisone and Tretenoin from their Cream Formulation.
Method: The Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase Inertsil C18 (4.6 mm I.D. × 250 mm, 5 µm) column using a mobile phase consisting of Buffer (pH 4.0) 0.05M potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate-Methanol in the ratio of 80:20% V/V at a flow rate of 1ml/min and UV detection at λmax 265 nm. The method showed linearity with correlation coefficient of Hydroquinone, Hydrocortisone and Tretenoin was 0.998, 0.998 and 0.996 over the range of 40-120 µg/ml, 20-60 µg/ml and 0.25-0.75 µg/ml respectively.
Result: The retention time was 3 min, 5 min and 6 min for Hydroquinone, Hydrocortisone and Tretenoin respectively. The mean recoveries were found to be in the range of 97.00 –101.00 % for all the components. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines.
Conclusion: The method was stable and specific and when sample was stressed under different conditions like Acid, Base, Oxidative, Thermal and Photolytic, no interference of degradants were observed.
Synthesis of Indofulvin Pseudo‐Natural Products Yields a New Autophagy Inhibitor Chemotype
Authors: Burhop Annina , Bag Sukdev , Grigalunas Michael , Woitalla Sophie , Bodenbinder Pia , Brieger Lukas , Strohmann Carsten , Pahl Axel , Sievers Sonja , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChemical and biological limitations in bioactive compound design based on natural product (NP) structure can be overcome by the combination of NP‐derived fragments in unprecedented arrangements to afford “pseudo‐natural products” (pseudo‐NPs). A new pseudo‐NP design principle is described, i.e., the combination of NP‐fragments by transformations that are not part of current biosynthesis pathways. A collection of indofulvin pseudo‐NPs is obtained from 2‐hydroxyethyl‐indoles and ketones derived from the fragment‐sized NP griseofulvin by means of an iso‐oxa‐Pictet‐Spengler reaction. Cheminformatic analysis indicates that the indofulvins reside in an area of chemical space sparsely covered by NPs, drugs, and drug‐like compounds and they may combine favorable properties of these compound classes. Biological evaluation of the compound collection in different cell‐based assays and the unbiased high content cell painting assay reveal that the indofulvins define a new autophagy inhibitor chemotype that targets mitochondrial respiration.
Precursor comparisons for the upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Novel approaches for better aging
Authors: Palmer Raymond D. , Elnashar Magdy Mahmoud , Vaccarezza Mauro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in every human cell and regulates a number of systems across multiple cellular compartments and tissue types via an endogenous and exogenous influence. NAD levels are demonstrated to decline with age and therefore measures to counteract the waning of NAD have been devised. A number of NAD precursor candidates such as nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the reduced form of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMNH), nicotinic acid (NA) nicotinamide (NAM), and dihydronicotinamide riboside (DNR) increase NAD levels in vitro and in vivo. This discussion will focus on the precursors NR, NMN, NMNH, and DNR in the upregulation of NAD. There are many publications on NAD precursors as it has become popular for human consumption in recent years due to its vital importance to the general consumer. However, there is no consensus between researchers and this was the aim of this review, to determine and discuss their areas of agreement versus disagreement, to highlight the gaps in research, and to give recommendations for future work. Bioavailability and potency of NR, NMNH, NMN, and DNR is also examined on the light of the most recent literature.
New functionalized 6‐thienylpyrimidine‐5‐carbonitriles as antiproliferative agents against human breast cancer cells
Authors: AboulWafa Omaima M. , Daabees Hoda M. G. , Hammad Ali , Badawi Waleed A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract6‐Thienylpyrimidine‐5‐carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against two human breast cancer cell lines in comparison to 5‐fluorouracil as a reference. Compounds 2, 3a–c, and 6b evolved as the most active congeners against both cell lines, while others showed selectivity for only one cell line. Compound 2 exerted its effect through inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), while 6b showed less aromatase inhibitory activity than letrozole. The rest of the tested compounds did not show significant inhibition, and it can be assumed that they exert their antiproliferative activity through different target mechanisms. In addition, caspase‐9 protein activation assays, cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry, and annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate–propidium iodide (FITC/PI) dual staining assays were performed for the most active compounds. All the tested compounds were found to be potent pyrimidine derivatives able to initiate apoptosis in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells.
Evaluation of Immune Response and Disease Status in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Following SARS–CoV‐2 Vaccination
Authors: Izmirly Peter M. , Kim Mimi Y. , Samanovic Marie , Fernandez‐Ruiz Ruth , Ohana Sharon , Deonaraine Kristina K. , Engel Alexis J. , Masson Mala , Xie Xianhong , Cornelius Amber R. , Herati Ramin S. , Haberman Rebecca H. , Scher Jose U. , Guttmann Allison , Blank Rebecca B. , Plotz Benjamin , Haj‐Ali Mayce , Banbury Brittany , Stream Sara , Hasan Ghadeer , Ho Gary , Rackoff Paula , Blazer Ashira D. , Tseng Chung‐E , Belmont H. Michael , Saxena Amit , Mulligan Mark J. , Clancy Robert M. , Buyon Jill P. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate seroreactivity and disease flares after COVID‐19 vaccination in a multiethnic/multiracial cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsNinety SLE patients and 20 healthy controls receiving a complete COVID‐19 vaccine regimen were included. IgG seroreactivity to the SARS–CoV‐2 spike receptor‐binding domain (RBD) and SARS–CoV‐2 microneutralization were used to evaluate B cell responses; interferon‐γ (IFNγ) production was measured by enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay in order to assess T cell responses. Disease activity was measured by the hybrid SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), and flares were identified according to the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment–SLEDAI flare index.ResultsOverall, fully vaccinated SLE patients produced significantly lower IgG antibodies against SARS–CoV‐2 spike RBD compared to fully vaccinated controls. Twenty‐six SLE patients (28.8%) generated an IgG response below that of the lowest control (<100 units/ml). In logistic regression analyses, the use of any immunosuppressant or prednisone and a normal anti–double‐stranded DNA antibody level prior to vaccination were associated with decreased vaccine responses. IgG seroreactivity to the SARS–CoV‐2 spike RBD strongly correlated with the SARS–CoV‐2 microneutralization titers and correlated with antigen‐specific IFNγ production determined by ELISpot. In a subset of patients with poor antibody responses, IFNγ production was similarly diminished. Pre‐ and postvaccination SLEDAI scores were similar in both groups. Postvaccination flares occurred in 11.4% of patients; 1.3% of these were severe.ConclusionIn a multiethnic/multiracial study of SLE patients, 29% had a low response to the COVID‐19 vaccine which was associated with receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Reassuringly, severe disease flares were rare. While minimal protective levels remain unknown, these data suggest that protocol development is needed to assess the efficacy of booster vaccination.
Activated Peripheral Blood B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Relationship to Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment and Response: A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Effects of Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor on B Cells
Authors: Meednu Nida , Barnard Jennifer , Callahan Kelly , Coca Andreea , Marston Bethany , Thiele Ralf , Tabechian Darren , Bolster Marcy , Curtis Jeffrey , Mackay Meggan , Graf Jonathan , Keating Richard , Smith Edwin , Boyle Karen , Keyes‐Elstein Lynette , Welch Beverly , Goldmuntz Ellen , Anolik Jennifer H. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveB cells can become activated in germinal center (GC) reactions in secondary lymphoid tissue and in ectopic GCs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium that may be tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT) dependent. This study was undertaken to characterize the peripheral B cell compartment longitudinally during anti‐TNF therapy in RA.MethodsParticipants were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive standard dosing regimens of etanercept (n = 43) or adalimumab (n = 20) for 24 weeks. Eligible participants met the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria for RA, had clinically active disease (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints >4.4), and were receiving stable doses of methotrexate. The primary mechanistic end point was the change in switched memory B cell fraction from baseline to week 12 in each treatment group.ResultsB cell subsets remained surprisingly stable over the course of the study regardless of treatment group, with no significant change in memory B cells. Blockade of TNF and LT with etanercept compared to blockade of TNF alone with adalimumab did not translate into significant differences in clinical response. The frequencies of multiple activated B cell populations, including CD21− double‐negative memory and activated naive B cells, were higher in RA nonresponders at all time points, and CD95+ activated B cell frequencies were increased in patients receiving anti‐TNF treatment in the nonresponder group. In contrast, frequencies of transitional B cells—a putative regulatory subset—were lower in the nonresponders.ConclusionOverall, our results support the notion that peripheral blood B cell subsets are remarkably stable in RA and not differentially impacted by dual blockade of TNF and LT with etanercept or single blockade of TNF with adalimumab. Activated B cells do associate with a less robust response.
Derivative‐Free Optimization of a Fixed‐Bed Methanol Synthesis Reactor
Authors: Obut Salih 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA one‐dimensional heterogeneous fixed‐bed methanol synthesis reactor model was developed for the optimization of carbon conversion and rate of methanol production. The developed model was validated both at pellet and reactor scales. The reactor inlet syngas composition and cooling water temperature, i.e., the design variables, providing the highest carbon conversion and rate of methanol production were determined by a constrained derivative‐free optimization algorithm. The results revealed that after optimization the carbon conversion was increased by 12 % and the rate of methanol production by 48 %. Under the optimized conditions, the stoichiometric number was in the range of industrial values.
Influence of the Fe : Ni Ratio in FexNi9‐xS8 (x=3–6) on the CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Tetzlaff David , Pellumbi Kevinjeorjios , Puring Kai junge , Siegmund Daniel , Polet Wigbert S. K. , Checinski Marek P. , Apfel Ulf‐Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) is a promising approach to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by producing commodity chemicals or fuels using renewable energies. Herein, the development of non‐noble metal electrocatalysts is regarded as a key point for achieving the transition of CO2R to industrial scales. Transition metal chalcogenides of the pentlandite structure (M9X8) have emerged as promising electrocatalysts to produce syngas. In this line, we present the electrochemical CO2R of FexNi9‐xS8 (x=3–6) with variable Fe : Ni ratios. All materials can reduce H2O/CO2 mixtures to CO or H2 respectively with varying efficiency depending on the Fe : Ni ratio and the water content. While CO2R in proton‐rich organic electrolytes was mainly accompanied by hydrogen evolution, the CO2R activity climaxed with F.E. of 3.6 % for CO and 0.3 % for methane using Fe3Ni6S8. Using electrolytes with low water content, CO production with F.E. close to 90 % was demonstrated. Counterintuitively, the variation of the Fe : Ni ratio led only to small alterations in the CO2R activity. Quantum mechanical studies were performed to get further information on the observed trends and provide further insight into structure/activity relationships for the Fe/Ni pentlandite system and its CO2R activity opening the path towards the development of more active and robust CO2R electrocatalysts.
Understanding Structure‐activity Relationship on Metal‐Organic‐Framework‐Derived Catalyst for CO2 Electroreduction to C2 Products
Authors: Han Yunxi , Zhu Shuaikang , Xu Shuang , Niu Xiaopo , Xu Zhihong , Zhao Rong , Wang Qingfa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMetal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely studied for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the application of negative potential tends to trigger its structural reconstruction and component alteration. It is of great significance to study the relationship between the structural evolution of MOF‐derived materials and product selectivity under the reaction conditions. Herein, we fabricate a HKUST‐1 thin film on carbon fiber paper by a facile electrodeposition approach to investigate the variation of CO2RR activity with HKUST‐1 structural reconstruction. During the CO2RR process, the HKUST‐1 reconstructs into two structures successively over time: 3D nanospheres composed of numerous small fragments and 3D nano‐network composed of cross‐linked nanobelts in different directions. The former shows a better catalytic activity due to more active sites, lower charge transfer resistance and higher Cu+/Cu0 ratio. The optimum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C2 products (ethylene and ethanol) reaches 58.6 % at −0.98 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE).
Strong Electrostatic Adsorption Strategy to Enhance Interaction Between Ultra‐Small Ru Nanoparticles and Carbon for High‐Efficient Electrocatalyst Toward HER in Acidic and Alkaline Media
Authors: Fan Xizheng , Pang Qingqing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDeveloping powerful and tolerant catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is fairly meaningful and critical for the conversion and utilization of green energy. In this work, we exploit an improved, reliable, and convenient strong electrostatic adsorption strategy to synthesize Ru‐based electrocatalysts containing ultra‐small Ru nanoparticles (NPs). As verified by experimental studies and characterization analysis, the optimized treatment can strengthen the powerful interaction for anchoring ultra‐small Ru NPs dispersed on carbon substrate and prevent the migration and agglomeration of Ru NPs during catalytic reactions. It is demonstrated that the designed Ru−KB−H−6H exhibits exceptional HER performance with low overpotential (η10) and Tafel slope (52 mV and 41.5 mV dec−1 in 0.5 M H2SO4, 53 mV and 61.0 mV dec−1 in 1.0 M KOH). As expected, Ru−KB−H−6H displays dramatical stability with no unacceptable decline of LSV performance after 8000 cycles and long‐term test. This finding paves a practical way to fabricate high‐efficient, and steady electrocatalysts toward HER for industrial applications.
Hierarchically mesoporous carbon spheres coated with a single atomic Fe–N–C layer for balancing activity and mass transfer in fuel cells
Authors: Shu Chengyong , Tan Qiang , Deng Chengwei , Du Wei , Gan Zhuofan , Liu Yan , Fan Chao , Jin Hui , Tang Wei , Yang Xiao‐dong , Yang Xiaohua , Wu Yuping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNovel cost‐effective fuel cells have become more attractive due to the demands for rare and expensive platinum‐group metal (PGM) catalysts for mitigating the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The high‐cost PGM catalyst in fuel cells can be replaced by Earth‐abundant transition‐metal‐based catalysts, that is, an Fe–N–C catalyst, which is considered one of the most promising alternatives. However, the performance of the Fe–N–C catalyst is hindered by the low catalytic activity and poor stability, which is caused by insufficient active sites and the lack of optimization of the triple‐phase interface for mass transportation. Herein, a novel Fe–N–C catalyst consisting of mono‐dispersed hierarchically mesoporous carbon sphere cores and single Fe atom‐dispersed functional shells are presented. The synergistic effect between highly dispersed Fe‐active sites and well‐organized porous structures yields the combination of high ORR activity and high mass transfer performance. The half‐wave potential of the catalyst in 0.1 M H2SO4 is 0.82 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, and the peak power density is 812 mW·cm−2 in H2–O2 fuel cells. Furthermore, it shows superior methanol tolerance, which is almost immune to methanol poisoning and generates up to 162 mW·cm−2 power density in direct methanol fuel cells.