bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diminazene resistance in Trypanosoma congolense is not caused by reduced transport capacity but associated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential
Authors: Carruthers Lauren V. , Munday Jane C. , Ebiloma Godwin U. , Steketee Pieter , Jayaraman Siddharth , Campagnaro Gustavo D. , Ungogo Marzuq A. , Lemgruber Leandro , Donachie Anne‐Marie , Rowan Tim G. , Peter Rose , Morrison Liam J. , Barrett Michael P. , De Koning Harry P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTrypanosoma congolense is a principal agent causing livestock trypanosomiasis in Africa, costing developing economies billions of dollars and undermining food security. Only the diamidine diminazene and the phenanthridine isometamidium are regularly used, and resistance is widespread but poorly understood. We induced stable diminazene resistance in T. congolense strain IL3000 in vitro. There was no cross‐resistance with the phenanthridine drugs, melaminophenyl arsenicals, oxaborole trypanocides, or with diamidine trypanocides, except the close analogs DB829 and DB75. Fluorescence microscopy showed that accumulation of DB75 was inhibited by folate. Uptake of [3H]‐diminazene was slow with low affinity and partly but reciprocally inhibited by folate and by competing diamidines. Expression of T. congolense folate transporters in diminazene‐resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei significantly sensitized the cells to diminazene and DB829, but not to oxaborole AN7973. However, [3H]‐diminazene transport studies, whole‐genome sequencing, and RNA‐seq found no major changes in diminazene uptake, folate transporter sequence, or expression. Instead, all resistant clones displayed a moderate reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential Ψm. We conclude that diminazene uptake in T. congolense proceed via multiple low affinity mechanisms including folate transporters; while resistance is associated with a reduction in Ψm it is unclear whether this is the primary cause of the resistance.
Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of two Ixodes ticks, I. nipponensis and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) sp.
Authors: Duan D.‐Y. , Chen Z. , Fu Y.‐T. , Liu G.‐H. , Suleman  , Cheng T.‐Y. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study, the authors sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of two hard ticks of the genus Ixodes, I. nipponensis and Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) sp., which were 14 505 and 14 543 bp in length, respectively. Their mt genomes encoded 37 genes, including 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes, and have only one non‐coding region. The gene order in their mt genomes was the same as that of other Ixodes spp. mt genomes. The average sequence identity, combined nucleotide diversity, non‐synonymous/synonymous substitutions ratio analyses consistently demonstrated that cox1, rrnS, cox2, cox3 and cytb were the most conserved and atp8, nad6 and nad2 were the most variable genes across Ixodes mitogenomes. Phylogeny of the present Ixodes spp., and other selected hard tick species, based on concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs, confirmed their position within the genus Ixodes and sub‐family Ixodinae. The novel mt markers described herein will be useful for further studies of the population genetics, molecular epidemiology and systematics of hard ticks.
Symbiont switching and trophic mode shifts in Orchidaceae
Authors: Wang Deyi , Jacquemyn Hans , Gomes Sofia I. F. , Vos Rutger A. , Merckx Vincent S. F. T. 
Published: May 2021

Summary

Mycorrhizal fungi are central to the biology of land plants. However, to what extent mycorrhizal shifts – broad evolutionary transitions in root‐associated fungal symbionts – are related to changes in plant trophic modes remains poorly understood.

We built a comprehensive DNA dataset of Orchidaceae fungal symbionts and a dated plant molecular phylogeny to test the hypothesis that shifts in orchid trophic modes follow a stepwise pattern, from autotrophy over partial mycoheterotrophy (mixotrophy) to full mycoheterotrophy, and that these shifts are accompanied by switches in fungal symbionts.

We estimate that at least 17 independent shifts from autotrophy towards full mycoheterotrophy occurred in orchids, mostly through an intermediate state of partial mycoheterotrophy. A wide range of fungal partners was inferred to occur in the roots of the common ancestor of this family, including ‘rhizoctonias’, ectomycorrhizal, and wood‐ or litter‐decaying saprotrophic fungi. Phylogenetic hypothesis tests further show that associations with ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic fungi were most likely a prerequisite for evolutionary shifts towards full mycoheterotrophy.

We show that shifts in trophic mode often coincided with switches in fungal symbionts, suggesting that the loss of photosynthesis selects for different fungal communities in orchids. We conclude that changes in symbiotic associations and ecophysiological traits are tightly correlated throughout the diversification of orchids.
Late spring freezes coupled with warming winters alter temperate tree phenology and growth
Authors: Chamberlain Catherine J. , Wolkovich E. M. 
Published: May 2021

Summary

Spring phenology is advancing with warming but late spring freezes may not advance at the same rate, potentially leading to an increase in freezes after trees initiate budburst. Research suggests warming winters may delay budburst through reduced chilling, which may cause plants to leafout more slowly, thus decreasing spring freeze tolerance.

Here, we assessed the effects of late spring freezes and reduced over‐winter chilling on sapling phenology, growth and tissue traits, across eight temperate tree and shrub species in a laboratory experiment.

We found that spring freezes delayed leafout – extending the period of greatest risk for freeze damage – increased damage to the shoot apical meristem, and decreased leaf toughness and leaf thickness. Longer chilling accelerated budburst and leafout, even under spring freeze conditions. Thus, chilling compensated for the adverse effects of late spring freezes on phenology. Despite the effects of spring freezes and chilling on phenology, we did not see any major reordering in the sequence of species leafout.

Our results suggest climate change may impact forest communities not through temporal reassembly, but rather through impacts on phenology and growth from the coupled effects of late spring freezes and decreased over‐winter chilling under climate change.
Primary restriction of S‐RNase cytotoxicity by a stepwise ubiquitination and degradation pathway in Petuniahybrida
Authors: Zhao Hong , Song Yanzhai , Li Junhui , Zhang Yue , Huang Huaqiu , Li Qun , Zhang Yu’e , Xue Yongbiao 
Published: May 2021

Summary

In self‐incompatible Petunia species, the pistil S‐RNase acts as cytotoxin to inhibit self‐pollination but is polyubiquitinated by the pollen‐specific nonself S‐locus F‐box (SLF) proteins and subsequently degraded by the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS), allowing cross‐pollination. However, it remains unclear how S‐RNase is restricted by the UPS.

Using biochemical analyses, we first show that Petunia hybrida S3‐RNase is largely ubiquitinated by K48‐linked polyubiquitin chains at three regions, R I, R II and R III. R I is ubiquitinated in unpollinated, self‐pollinated and cross‐pollinated pistils, indicating its occurrence before PhS3‐RNase uptake into pollen tubes, whereas R II and R III are exclusively ubiquitinated in cross‐pollinated pistils.

Transgenic analyses showed that removal of R II ubiquitination resulted in significantly reduced seed sets from cross‐pollination and that of R I and R III to a lesser extent, indicating their increased cytotoxicity. Consistent with this, the mutated R II of PhS3‐RNase resulted in a marked reduction of its degradation, whereas that of R I and R III resulted in less reduction.

Taken together, we demonstrate that PhS3‐RNase R II functions as a major ubiquitination region for its destruction and R I and R III as minor ones, revealing that its cytotoxicity is primarily restricted by a stepwise UPS mechanism for cross‐pollination in P. hybrida.
A promiscuous fatty acid ω‐hydroxylase CYP94A90 is likely to be involved in biosynthesis of a floral nitro compound in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)
Authors: Yamaguchi Takuya , Matsui Yumi , Kitaoka Naoki , Kuwahara Yasumasa , Asano Yasuhisa , Matsuura Hideyuki , Sunohara Yukari , Matsumoto Hiroshi 
Published: May 2021

Summary

Nitro groups are often associated with synthetically manufactured compounds such as medicines and explosives, and rarely with natural products. Loquat emits a nitro compound, (2‐nitroethyl)benzene, as a flower scent. The nitro compound exhibits fungistatic activity and is biosynthesised from l‐phenylalanine via (E/Z)‐phenylacetaldoxime. Although aldoxime‐producing CYP79s have been intensively studied, it is unclear what enzymes form nitro groups from aldoximes either in plants or in other organisms.

Here, we report the identification of two cytochrome P450s that are likely to be involved in (2‐nitroethyl)benzene biosynthesis in loquat through differential gene expression analysis using RNA‐seq and functional identification using yeast and tobacco.

CYP79D80 and CYP94A90 catalysed the formation of (E/Z)‐phenylacetaldoxime from l‐phenylalanine and (2‐nitroethyl)benzene from the aldoxime, respectively. Expression profiles of CYP79D80 and CYP94A90 were correlated with the emission of (2‐nitroethyl)benzene from loquat flowers. CYP94A90 also functioned as a fatty acid ω‐hydroxylase as do other CYP94A fatty acid ω‐hydroxylases. The CYP94As tested from other plants were all found to catalyse the formation of (2‐nitroethyl)benzene from (E/Z)‐phenylacetaldoxime.

CYP79D80 and CYP94A90 are likely to operate in concert to biosynthesise (2‐nitroethyl)benzene in loquat. CYP94A90 and other CYP94As are ‘promiscuous fatty acid ω‐hydroxylases’, catalysing the formation of nitro groups from aldoximes, and are widely distributed in dicot plants.
Grade of Membership models reveal geographical and environmental correlates of floristic structure in a temperate biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Li Qin , Sun Hang , Boufford David E. , Bartholomew Bruce , Fritsch Peter W. , Chen Jiahui , Deng Tao , Ree Richard H. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryIdentifying the contours and correlates of species turnover is central to understanding the nature of biogeographical regions. The Hengduan Mountains region of south‐central China (HMR) is well known for its high diversity of plants, but its boundaries and internal floristic structure are poorly understood, especially in relation to geographical and environmental factors.With data on occurrences and elevational ranges of seed plants across the HMR and adjacent areas of the greater Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, we identified motifs (distinct species assemblages) by Grade of Membership models, and characterized relative contributions of geography, elevation, and climate to their spatial patterns.Motifs segregate primarily by latitude, elevation, and correlated environmental variables, most sharply across the tropical‐temperate divide. Secondarily, they segregate by longitude and geographical features, and reveal a novel divide across the Jinsha River. A core set of motifs corresponds to previous delineations of the HMR.The HMR biodiversity hotspot is more a mosaic of floristic elements than a cohesive entity. Grade of Membership models effectively reveal the geographical contours of biotic structure, and are a valuable new tool for biogeographical analysis.
Phytohormone‐dependent plant defense signaling orchestrated by oral bacteria of the herbivore Spodoptera litura
Authors: Yamasaki Yukiyo , Sumioka Hiroka , Takiguchi Mayu , Uemura Takuya , Kihara Yuka , Shinya Tomonori , Galis Ivan , Arimura Gen‐ichiro 
Published: May 2021

Summary

A vast array of herbivorous arthropods live with symbiotic microorganisms. However, little is known about the nature and functional mechanism of bacterial effects on plant defense responses towards herbivores.

We explored the role of microbes present in extracts of oral secretion (OS) isolated from larvae of Spodoptera litura, a generalist herbivore, in phytohormone signaling‐dependent defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis).

In response to mechanical damage (MD) with application of bacteria‐free OS (OS–) prepared by sterilization or filtration of OS, Arabidopsis leaves exhibited enhanced de novo synthesis of oxylipins, and induction of transcript abundance of the responsible genes, in comparison to those in leaves with MD + nonsterilized OS (OS+), indicating that OS bacteria serve as suppressors of these genes. By contrast, de novo synthesis/signaling of salicylic acid and signaling of abscisic acid were enhanced by OS bacteria. These signaling networks were cross‐regulated by each other.

Meta‐analysis of OS bacteria identified 70 bacterial strains. Among them was Staphylococcus epidermidis, an anaerobic staphylococcus that was shown to contribute to the suppression/manipulation of phytohormone‐dependent plant defense signaling. The presence of OS bacteria was consequently beneficial for S. litura larvae hosted by Brassicaceae.
Local abnormal ventricular activity detection in scar‐related VT: Microelectrode versus conventional bipolar electrode
Authors: Nakashima Takashi , Cheniti Ghassen , Takagi Takamitsu , Vlachos Konstantinos , Goujeau Cyril , André Clémentine , Krisai Philipp , Ramirez F. Daniel , Pintican Gabriela , Kamakura Tsukasa , Nakatani Yosuke , Surget Elodie , Roux Jean‐Rodolphe , Meillet Valentin , Carapezzi Aline , Tixier Romain , Chauvel Remi , Pambrun Thomas , Duchateau Josselin , Derval Nicolas , Pillois Xavier , Cochet Hubert , Hocini Mélèze , Haïssaguerre Michel , Jaïs Pierre , Sacher Frédéric 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundConventional bipolar electrodes (CBE) may be suboptimal to detect local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVAs). Microelectrodes (ME) may improve the detection of LAVAs. This study sought to elucidate the detectability of LAVAs using ME compared with CBE in patients with scar‐related ventricular tachycardia (VT).MethodsWe included consecutive patients with structural heart disease who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for scar‐related VT using either of the following catheters equipped with ME: QDOTTM or IntellaTip MIFITM. Detection field of LAVA potentials were classified as three types: Type 1 (both CBE and ME detected LAVA), Type 2 (CBE did not detect LAVA while ME did), and Type 3 (CBE detected LAVA while ME did not).ResultsIn 16 patients (68 ± 16 years; 14 males), 260 LAVAs electrograms (QDOT = 72; MIFI = 188) were analyzed. Type 1, type 2, and type 3 detections were 70.8% (QDOT, 69.4%; MIFI, 71.3%), 20.0% (QDOT, 23.6%; MIFI, 18.6%) and 9.2% (QDOT, 6.9%; MIFI, 10.1%), respectively. The LAVAs amplitudes detected by ME were higher than those detected by CBE in both catheters (QDOT: ME 0.79 ± 0.50 mV vs. CBE 0.41 ± 0.42 mV, p = .001; MIFI: ME 0.73 ± 0.64 mV vs. CBE 0.38 ± 0.36 mV, p < .001).ConclusionsME allow to identify 20% of LAVAs missed by CBE. ME showed higher amplitude LAVAs than CBE. However, 9.2% of LAVAs can still be missed by ME.
The rice RNase P protein subunit Rpp30 confers broad‐spectrum resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens
Authors: Li Wei , Xiong Yehui , Lai Lien B. , Zhang Kai , Li Zhiqiang , Kang Houxiang , Dai Liangying , Gopalan Venkat , Wang Guo‐Liang , Liu Wende 
Published: May 2021

SummaryRNase P functions either as a catalytic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) or as an RNA‐free polypeptide to catalyse RNA processing, primarily tRNA 5′ maturation. To the growing evidence of non‐canonical roles for RNase P RNP subunits including regulation of chromatin structure and function, we add here a role for the rice RNase P Rpp30 in innate immunity. This protein (encoded by LOC_Os11g01074) was uncovered as the top hit in yeast two‐hybrid assays performed with the rice histone deacetylase HDT701 as bait. We showed that HDT701 and OsRpp30 are localized to the rice nucleus, OsRpp30 expression increased post‐infection by Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae), and OsRpp30 deacetylation coincided with HDT701 overexpression in vivo. Overexpression of OsRpp30 in transgenic rice increased expression of defence genes and generation of reactive oxygen species after pathogen‐associated molecular pattern elicitor treatment, outcomes that culminated in resistance to a fungal (P. oryzae) and a bacterial (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) pathogen. Knockout of OsRpp30 yielded the opposite phenotypes. Moreover, HA‐tagged OsRpp30 co‐purified with RNase P pre‐tRNA cleavage activity. Interestingly, OsRpp30 is conserved in grass crops, including a near‐identical C‐terminal tail that is essential for HDT701 binding and defence regulation. Overall, our results suggest that OsRpp30 plays an important role in rice immune response to pathogens and provides a new approach to generate broad‐spectrum disease‐resistant rice cultivars.
CO2 supply modulates lipid remodelling, photosynthetic and respiratory activities in Chlorella species
Authors: Cecchin Michela , Paloschi Matteo , Busnardo Giovanni , Cazzaniga Stefano , Cuine Stephan , Li‐Beisson Yonghua , Wobbe Lutz , Ballottari Matteo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMicroalgae represent a potential solution to reduce CO2 emission exploiting their photosynthetic activity. Here, the physiologic and metabolic responses at the base of CO2 assimilation were investigated in conditions of high or low CO2 availability in two of the most promising algae species for industrial cultivation, Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris. In both species, high CO2 availability increased biomass accumulation with specific increase of triacylglycerols in C. vulgaris and polar lipids and proteins in C. sorokiniana. Moreover, high CO2 availability caused only in C. vulgaris a reduced NAD(P)H/NADP+ ratio and reduced mitochondrial respiration, suggesting a CO2 dependent increase of reducing power consumption in the chloroplast, which in turn influences the redox state of the mitochondria. Several rearrangements of the photosynthetic machinery were observed in both species, differing from those described for the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, where adaptation to carbon availability is mainly controlled by the translational repressor NAB1. NAB1 homologous protein could be identified only in C. vulgaris but lacked the regulation mechanisms previously described in C. reinhardtii. Acclimation strategies to cope with a fluctuating inorganic carbon supply are thus diverse among green microalgae, and these results suggest new biotechnological strategies to boost CO2 fixation.
Association between atopic dermatitis and headaches throughout childhood and adolescence—A longitudinal birth cohort study
Authors: Manjunath Jaya , Silverberg Jonathan I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/objectivesAtopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with sleep disturbance, psychosocial distress, anxiety, depression, and atopic comorbidities, which may be associated with increased headaches. Our objective was to understand the association of AD and comorbid asthma, sleep and mental health disturbances with headaches throughout childhood and adolescence.MethodsData were analyzed from The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal birth cohort study of 4898 urban children born in 1998‐2000.ResultsAD was associated with headaches at age 5 (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.14 [1.27‐3.59]), 9 (1.69 [1.27‐2.27]) and 15 years (1.71 [1.37‐2.14]). AD at age 9 was associated with higher odds of subsequent headaches at age 15 (1.36 [1.05‐1.76]). Children with AD at two (1.60 [1.12‐2.29]) or all three (1.79 [1.16‐2.75]) study‐waves had higher odds of headaches at age 15 years. In multivariable repeated measures logistic regression models, significant two‐way interactions were found for AD with sleep disturbance (4.59 [3.15‐6.69]), attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder (2.85 [1.87‐4.35]), asthma (2.87 [2.18‐3.76]), anxiety (2.47 [1.76‐3.48]) or depression (2.86 [1.89‐4.34]) as predictors of headaches.ConclusionChildren and adolescents with AD, particularly those with sleep disturbances, atopic and mental health comorbidities, had increased headaches. Persistent childhood AD was associated with headaches in adolescence.
Use of a home‐visit nursing service to manage severe atopic dermatitis in a child with difficult family environment
Authors: Horino Satoshi , Uneoka Kei , Ozaki Ayafumi , Aki Haruka , Miura Katsushi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMaintenance therapy of atopic dermatitis (AD) with frequent exacerbations needs proactive use of topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors. However, it can be difficult for children in an unfavorable family environment. Home‐visit nursing service (HVNS) plays an important role in delivering care to people who need medical help at home. We report a boy in a difficult family situation who received HVNS to successfully manage AD.
Flexural comedones and scar formation caused by inflammatory Tinea corporis
Authors: Llamas Carmona José Antonio , Vera Casaño Ángel , Martin González María Trinidad , Martinez Pilar Leandro , Gómez Moyano Elisabeth 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChildhood flexural comedones are a recently described entity defined as comedones characterized by double orifices connected by a thin layer of epidermis showing the contents beneath. We present a case of flexural comedones and scar formation caused by inflammatory tinea corporis.
Expression of Concern: Humanitarian reversing higher education in the Russian Federation in light of the transhumanist challenges
Authors: Kochetkov Maksim V. , Avdeeva Elena A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study the methodological foundations of the humanities education for international students as an alternative to transhumanist ideology. The paradigmatic approach is used as a factor analysis of students' educational processes. Particular attention is paid to the substantiation of the methodological foundations of the education humanisation on the basis of modern ontologically anthropological and religious‐anthropological achievements of the philosophical field of knowledge. The novelty of the study is due to a discussion of the contradictions caused by all‐round technocratisation and informatisation, the fall of moral standards and the degradation of human behaviour. The practical significance of the study is determined by the need to develop a different pedagogy and model of education for modern students. It was concluded that the value‐oriented pedagogical cocreation is able to direct the learner's self‐development and strengthen it with effective means of self‐change.
“Revolution” tendencies in higher education system through actor–network theory
Authors: Danielyan Naira , Romanenko Yulia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe article considers modern tendencies prevailing in the higher education system while training technical specialists nowadays. According to the authors, excluding the humanitarian courses from curriculum results in the complete dissolution of subjectivity in the impersonal world, which is deprived of “living” knowledge, that is, definite knowledge of a definite person. The application of such an approach is illustrated by the actor–network theory (ANT). While studying several works by ANT founders, it turned out to be clear that such an approach eliminates any differences between natural and humanitarian, engineering, and philosophical knowledge. As a result, the net emerges consisting of numerous actants and which requires from every participant his “building‐in” a model with the functions being delegated to him in advance. The article concludes that an “alive” component is disappearing from the higher education nowadays when the main stress is being made on the knowledge acquired a priori, not a posteriori.