bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brackish ground water and dairy wastewater treatment using electrodialysis system
Authors: Ankoliya Dipak , Mudgal Anurag , Sinha Manish Kumar , Patel Vivek , Patel Jatin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
For brackish water desalination, there is necessity to reduce the volume of saline waste water generated in existing processes due to scarcity of water and to cope up with increasing water demand. The electrodialysis process typically known for its higher water recovery rate with competitive energy consumption per unit volume of clean water produced. Theoretical and experimental investigation of electrodialysis in the feed water composition of Indian ground water would make this technology more adaptable at commercial level. With the capability of bipolar membrane to split water into hydroxide ions and protons, the electrodialysis with bipolar membrane process can produce acid and base solution from the corresponding salt solution. This onsite acid and base production capacity of electrodialysis with bipolar membrane process reduces the need of purchasing these chemicals and also reduces the saline wastewater generation in many industries including dairy industry. This research is aimed to study the electrodialysis system at pilot plant scale installation along with long term testing would make this technology one step ahead in desalination and wastewater treatment.
Effectiveness of RSM based Central Composite Design for optimization of in-situ biodiesel production process from castor seeds
Authors: Thakkar K , Kachhawaha S S , Kodgire P , Keshav M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the present experimental study, biodiesel is made by reactive extraction (in-situ method) of castor seed. The hybrid (MW + US) apparatus was used to intensify in-situ process. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and methanol as a reagent are used for the transesterification process. Response surface methodology has been applied to design the experiments. A central composite design (CCD) was adopted to examine the influence of various process parameters (MeOH:seeds ratio (v/w), catalyst loading, reaction temperature and, time) on the biodiesel yield. The optimum conditions for maximum biodiesel yield (93.2%) obtained for castor seed, are 7.47 methanol to oil ratio (v/w), 1.7% KOH catalyst loading, 317 K reaction temperature, and 1788 s reaction time. The regression equation obtained for the model having a coefficient of correlation (R2), and adjusted coefficient of correlation (R2
adj) are 0.974 and 0.951 respectively shows the goodness of fit for the model.
Experimental investigations and thermal analysis of a natural draft improved biomass cookstove with different air conditions
Authors: Modi Kinnari , Upadhyay Darshit S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Traditional biomass cookstoves (TCS) are very popular among rural areas and street vendors especially in developing and underdeveloped nations due to their conventional process and simple construction. However, this direct combustion technique is not suitable due to poor efficiency and harmful gaseous-particular emission. Improved biomass cookstoves (ICS) have the potential to overcome the health and environmental problems that are common in the case of TCS. In the present study, investigations were carried out on 3.5 kWth ICS based on gasification design with four different air conditions. The opening to the closing ratio of primary to secondary air vents are taken at 50/50, 50/100, 60/100, and 80/100, respectively for the experiments. Performance of TCS and different ICS cases were compared in terms of burning rate, specific fuel consumption, firepower, useful firepower, thermal efficiency, total particulate matter, and gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, O2, NOx, CC, HC). Apart from that, thermal analysis such as mass balance, energy balance, and exergy efficiency was also calculated. 50/100 opening to the closing ratio of primary to secondary air offers the better performance in terms of higher thermal efficiency and lower gaseous and particulate emission is the major conclusion from this study.
Investigation of co-pyrolysis characteristics of high-ash Indian coal and rice husk
Authors: Moiz Mohd. , Gupta Saurabh , De Santanu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the non-isothermal pyrolysis characteristics of a low-grade, high ash Indian coal, and rice husk using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). A series of thermo-gravimetric experiments are conducted to examine the effects of coal and biomass blending on their thermal degradation behavior and synergetic effects in the nitrogen atmosphere. The thermo-gravimetric (TG) curves show two distinct tips where the larger tip is obtained for biomass as compared to the coal. The thermogravimetric study does not demonstrate any significant synergetic interaction between the biomass and high ash coal in the blends, and the additive rule describes the behavior of their combined pyrolysis. The activation energy and preexponential factor for coal and biomass are calculated based on the TGA data using the Friedman method. the corresponding calculated mean activation energy values for the biomass and Indian low-rank coal were found to be 203.463 KJ/mol, and 66.97 KJ/mol respectively.
Numerical investigation on natural convection of hybrid nanofluid Al2O3 – MWCNT/water inside a vertical annulus
Authors: Usmani Raheel , Hussain F , Khan SA , Khan NA , Khan U , Husain S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A numerical inspection on natural convection inside a vertical annulus interior of which water based (Al2O3 + MWCNT) (7:3) hybrid nanofluid has presently been carried out using CFD solver Ansys Fluent. Finite volume method (FVM) is used to perform the numerical simulations at constant heat flux of 3kW/m2 and various volume fraction (0-0.04) of nanoparticle. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of hybrid nanofluid is computed by modified Maxwell model and Batchelor model respectively. The paper carried explicit analysis on effect of nanoparticle concentration, Nu number and heat transfer coefficient. The maximum enhancement in average heat transfer coefficient found to be 73.67% when gauged on volume fraction of 0.04.
On reducing lift and drag forces of a stationary circular cylinder using side-by-side pair of inward rotating cylinders
Authors: Pagar Uddhav S , Abraham Jijo Derick , Gohil Trushar B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Effect of side-by-side pair of inwardly rotating circular cylinders on the nature of drag and lift forces of the stationary circular cylinder is numerically investigated for Reynolds number Re = 100. Non-dimensional rotation rates of cylinders in consideration are α = 0, 1, 3, and 5. Center to center gap spacing between rotating cylinders is taken as 6D (D is cylinder diameter), and the stationary cylinder is centrally placed in the gap. For the case of two side-by-side inward rotating cylinders, above a certain critical rotation rate, Chan et al. [1] reported the formation of a virtually elliptical body accompanied by vortex suppression. Drag on both the cylinders became almost zero after the formation of a virtually elliptical body. The present study aims to use the same concept of a virtually elliptical body to reduce the drag and lift forces on a stationary circular cylinder. At α = 3, complete suppression of vorticity is observed, followed by the formation of a virtual elliptical body at α = 5. With an increase in α from 0 onwards, the drag coefficient for the stationary cylinder reduces and becomes zero at α = 5.
Study of non – Newtonian flow, heat transfer and entropy generation characteristics in trapezoidal corrugated channel
Authors: Singh D P , Rathore S K , Chaudhuri S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study is focused on the thermo-hydraulic and entropy generation characteristics of a non-Newtonian fluid in a trapezoidal shaped wavy channel. The study has been conducted for different Reynolds number ranging from 25 – 100 and power law index varying from 0.5 – 1.5. The variation of average Nusselt number, pressure drop, thermal entropy generation, viscous entropy generation are being calculated. For the discretization of the governing equations, finite volume method is adopted in Ansys Fluent. Average Nusselt number value increases with an increase in the value of Reynolds number and decreases with an increase in power law index. On the other hand, pressure drop decreases on increasing the value of Reynolds number, whereas on increasing the value of power law index, pressure drop value showing a decreasing trend. Thermal entropy generation and viscous entropy generation follows almost the same trend but both having different order of magnitude. The trend shows that on increasing the value of Re both the entropy generations increases whereas on increasing the power law index, it decreases.
Theoretical modelling of heat generation in batteries of electric vehicles for various operating environments
Authors: Patel Jay D , Patel Rajesh S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Due to high efficiency, cycling life, and specific energy, the Lithium-ion battery has been the best-favored selection for the Electric Vehicles (EV’s) despite high cost. The performance of the battery pack is strongly dependent on the operation condition of the EV’s and the environment. Under the extreme operation and environmental conditions of the battery, the rate of heat generation is very high which adversely affects the dissipation rate, decreases the battery life, and sometimes leads to the explosion and fire (i.e. thermal runaway). In electric vehicles, the battery thermal management technology plays a crucial role when the temperature of the cell rises exponentially during the operating environment. The temperature, therefore, between (15 to 35 °C) should be controlled. Our work presents the modeling of heat generation in the battery pack under various operation conditions. The parametric studies have been conducted to study the effect of battery operation conditions on heat generation rate and battery pack temperature. This study would be very useful in the selection of battery thermal management technology to control the battery temperature to retain the optimum condition.
Tribological analysis of automotive material under wet lubrication condition using diesel, biodiesel and their blend
Authors: Chourasia S K , Lakdawala A M , Patel R N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Biodiesel made from vegetable oil can be considered the best alternative fuel for a partial or complete diesel replacement. Earlier studies on biodiesel and its blends have proven that biofuels in the existing engine can be favorable for partial eradication of diesel from C.I. engines. Therefore, this study investigates the tribological impact of various biodiesels and diesel and their optimum blend at normal room conditions. The tribological analysis is performed on a pin-on-disc tribometer. During the tests, the coefficient of friction, friction force and wear of pins (Aluminium, Copper and Iron) were examined; apart from this, weight & volume loss of the metal pins were also investigated. The pin surfaces were characterized by surface microscopic analysis. Fuel constituents and fatty acid content were analyzed by GC-MS and FT-IR tests to understand the cause of tribological wear better. Castor and Rapeseed biodiesel show the lowest weight of pin in comparison to diesel. The wear rate of metals with diesel shows extreme rises in wear as the sliding distance increase. The coefficient of friction, friction force of pins was found to be highest in diesel, followed by biodiesel and their blend in almost every case.
Water desalination and wastewater reuse using integrated reverse osmosis and forward osmosis system
Authors: Patel Dhaval , Mudgal Anurag , Patel Vivek , Patel Jatin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rapid industrial growth and urbanization will be the major causes of environmental pollution, wastewater, and water quality deterioration. However, the technological advancement in water purification and the water treatment area will be the breakthrough. In recent ten years, membrane-based technology evolved for wastewater treatment, water desalination and power generation. Integration of technology like reverse osmosis(RO) and forward osmosis(FO) provides ambitious benefits like efficient recovery of osmotic energy from brine, improvement in the tendency of fouling and scaling and less quantity of chemical required for pre-treatment. This study reviews various technology that helps towards the wastewater treatment and water desalination with different integration and configuration. Majorly RO and FO integration gives promising outcome in both the situation and it could be price competitive with reverse osmosis systems when its recovery rate of the system is very high, the membrane flux and the membrane cost of the forward osmosis are like those of the reverse osmosis, and the electricity cost is expensive. The most important thing in commercializing the FO process is enhancing performance by improving flux and increasing recovery. An industrial-scale RO-FO hybrid system will be lucrative with membrane that provides greater flux, high selectivity, batter mechanical stability and robustness.
Microstructural and topographical characterization of the pack cemented aluminide coating applied on Inconel-600
Authors: Mahini Sina , Asl Shahin Khameneh , Rabizadeh Taher , Aghajani Hossein 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this research, the pack cementation method was employed to apply a uniform aluminide coating on a substrate of nickel-based superalloy. The obtained intermetallic coating was synthesized using a pack containing 18Al–80Al2O3–2NH4Cl (wt.%) as the main deposition source, an inert filler, and an activator, respectively. The surface morphology and topography, cross-sectional microstructure, the elemental and phase composition, microhardness of the synthesized aluminide coating were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Vickers microhardness indenter as the characterization techniques. According to the 3D topography results, the average surface roughness of the Inconel-600 substrate was about 2.446 ± 0.239 nm compared to 43.558 ± 3.876 nm measured for the produced aluminide coating. Additionally, the synthesized coating consisted of NiAl and Ni2Al3 as major phases considering the XRD spectrum. It is also observed that the deposited aluminide coating had a three-layer structure including an outer layer, an inner layer, and a diffusion zone. The Vickers microhardness measurements indicated a significant increase in the microhardness of the substrate (from 185.6 ± 15.8 Hv to 1130.4 ± 42.5 Hv) after applying the aluminide coating. Moreover, the microstructural variations across the deposited aluminide coating led to different microhardness values obtained for each layer. The highest microhardness was observed in the coating diffusion zone, whereas the lowest value belonged to the outer layer.
Global existence of a unique solution and a bimodal travelling wave solution for the 1D particle-reaction-diffusion system
Authors: Okamoto Mamoru , Gotoda Takeshi , Nagayama Masaharu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In recent years, a mathematical model for collective motions of a self-propelled material have been introduced on the basis of the experiments and numerical analysis for the model have made progress in theoretical understanding of the mechanism of collective motions. On the other hand, there are few mathematically rigorous studies for the mathematical model. In this study, to provide mathematical justification for the mathematical model and its numerical analysis, we show the global existence of a unique solution of the mathematical model for a self-propelled motion on

R

. Moreover, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of a non-trivial travelling solution on

R

, which we call a bimodal travelling wave solution.
Machine learning inference of molecular dipole moment in liquid water
Authors: Knijff Lisanne , Zhang Chao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Molecular dipole moment in liquid water is an intriguing property, partly due to the fact that there is no unique way to partition the total electron density into individual molecular contributions. The prevailing method to circumvent this problem is to use maximally localized Wannier functions, which perform a unitary transformation of the occupied molecular orbitals by minimizing the spread function of Boys. Here we revisit this problem using a data-driven approach satisfying two physical constraints, namely: (a) The displacement of the atomic charges is proportional to the Berry phase polarization; (b) Each water molecule has a formal charge of zero. It turns out that the distribution of molecular dipole moments in liquid water inferred from latent variables is surprisingly similar to that obtained from maximally localized Wannier functions. Apart from putting a maximum-likelihood footnote to the established method, this work highlights the capability of graph convolution based charge models and the importance of physical constraints on improving the model interpretability.
Magnetic domains orientation in (Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles coated by Gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd3+-DTPA)
Authors: Eguía-Eguía Sandra I , Gildo-Ortiz Lorenzo , Pérez-González Mario , Tomas Sergio A , Arenas-Alatorre Jesús A , Santoyo-Salazar Jaime 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this work, the magnetic domains (MDs) orientation was evaluated from magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles (Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3) NPs coated with Gadolinium (Gd3+) chelated with diethylenetriamine pentaacetate acid (Gd–DTPA). The (Fe3O4/γ–Fe2O3) superparamagnetic cores were configured by adding a DTPA organic layer and paramagnetic Gd as (Fe3O4/γ–Fe2O3)@Gd–DTPA NPs. The cores were obtained by coprecipitation and coated with additional modifications to the synthesis with Gd–DTPA. Analysis of properties showed that particles 9–12 nm, with Gd–DTPA layer thickness ∼10 nm increased their magnetisation from 62.72 to 75.82 emu/g. The result showed that the structure, particle size, composition, thickness and interface defects, as well as the anisotropy, play an important role in MDs orientation of (Fe3O4/γ–Fe2O3)@Gd–DTPA NPs. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) analysis showed an MDs uniaxial orientation of 90° at magnetisation and disorder at zero conditions and demagnetisation. The MDs interactions showed uniaxial anisotropy defined in the direction of the magnetic field. These addressable and rotational features could be considered for potential applications to induce hydrogen proton alignment in water by longitudinal spin-lattice relaxation T
1 and transversal spin-spin relaxation T
2 as a dual contrast agent and as a theranostic trigger.
The meaning of confidence from the perspective of older people living with frailty: a conceptual void within intermediate care services
Authors: Underwood Frazer , Latour Jos M , Kent Bridie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Confidence is a cornerstone concept within health and social care’s intermediate care policy in the UK for a population of older people living with frailty. However, these intermediate care services delivering the policy, tasked to promote and build confidence, do so within an evidence vacuum.

Objectives
To explore the meaning of confidence as seen through the lens of older people living with frailty and to re-evaluate current literature-based conceptual understanding.

Design
A phenomenological study was undertaken to bring real world lived-experience meaning to the concept of confidence.

Methods
Seventeen individual face-to-face interviews with older people living with frailty were undertaken and the data analysed using van Manen's approach to phenomenology.

Results
Four themes are identified, informing a new conceptual model of confidence. This concept consists of four unique but interdependent dimensions. The four dimensions are: social connections, fear, independence and control. Each is ever-present in the confidence experience of the older person living with frailty. For each dimension, identifiable confidence eroding and enabling factors were recognised and are presented to promote aging well and personal resilience opportunities, giving chance to reduce the impact of vulnerability and frailty.

Conclusions
This new and unique understanding of confidence provides a much needed evidence-base for services commissioned to promote and build confidence. It provides greater understanding and clarity to deliver these ambitions to an older population, progressing along the heath-frailty continuum. Empirical referents are required to quantify the concept’s impact in future interventional studies.
Implementing post-diagnostic support for people living with dementia in England: a qualitative study of barriers and strategies used to address these in practice
Authors: Wheatley Alison , Bamford Claire , Brunskill Greta , Booi Laura , Dening Karen Harrison , Robinson Louise 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
inequalities and gaps in post-diagnostic support (PDS) for people with dementia persist despite a policy focus on dementia in England and Wales. Understanding and overcoming the factors contributing to these inequalities is vital to improve care for people living with dementia (PLWD) and their families.

Objective
to explore common barriers to the delivery of PDS in England and Wales and describe successful strategies to address them, drawing on examples from current practice.

Design
qualitative semi-structured interviews, focus groups and observation.

Settings
Phase 1: interviewees were drawn from multiple sectors across England and Wales, including NHS clinical commissioning groups and social care. Phase 2: six case study sites based in different sectors (primary care, secondary mental health and third sector) in England.

Participants
Phase 1: 61 professionals, including commissioners and service managers. Phase 2: 68 professionals, including frontline staff and those working in related services; 17 PLWD; 31 carers.

Results
barriers to implementing PDS in dementia were an unsupportive infrastructure, limited proactive review and limited capacity and capability particularly in primary care. Strategies used successfully in practice to address these challenges included creating opportunities for service development, improving joint working, supporting non-specialists and developing ongoing, holistic review and care planning.

Conclusion
a range of practical strategies have been identified to address many of the common barriers to PDS in dementia. To achieve policy goals of a task-shifted and task-shared approach to PDS, widespread use of these strategies is recommended.