bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound‐Based Nomogram for Distinguishing Malignant Tumors from Nodular Sclerosing Adenoses in Solid Breast Lesions
Authors: Liang Ting , Cong Shuzhen , Yi Zongjian , Liu Juanjuan , Huang Chunwang , Shen Junhui , Pei Shufang , Chen Gaowen , Liu Zaiyi 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesNodular sclerosing adenoses (NSAs) and malignant tumors (MTs) may coexist and are often classified into the same Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) category. We aimed to build and validate an ultrasound‐based nomogram to distinguish MT from NSA for building a precise sequence of biopsies.Materials and MethodsThe training cohort included 156 patients (156 masses) with NSA or MT at one study institution. We used best subset regression to determine the predictors for building a nomogram from ultrasonic characteristics and patients' age. Model performance and clinical utility were evaluated using Brier score, concordance (C)‐index, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis. The independent validation cohort consisted of 162 patients (162 masses) from a separate institution.ResultsThrough best subset regression, we selected 6 predictors to develop nomogram: age, calcification, echogenic rim, vascularity distribution, tumor size, and thickness of breast parenchyma. Brier score and C‐index of the nomogram in the training cohort were 0.068 and 0.967 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.941–0.993), respectively. In addition, calibration curve demonstrated good agreement between prediction and pathological result. In the validation cohort, the nomogram still obtained a favorable C‐index score of 0.951 (95% CI: 0.919–0.983) and fine calibration. Decision curve analysis showed that the model was clinically useful.ConclusionsIf multiple NSA and MT masses are present in the same patient and are classified into the same BI‐RADS category, our nomogram can be used as a supplement to the BI‐RADS category for accurate biopsy of the mass most likely to be MT.
The Current Status of Ultrasound Education in United States Medical Schools
Authors: Nicholas Elizabeth , Ly Alan A. , Prince Anna M. , Klawitter Paul F. , Gaskin Kevin , Prince Louise A. 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesUltrasound is used by nearly every medical specialty. Medical schools are integrating ultrasound education into their curriculum but studies show this to be inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to provide an updated description of ultrasound in the curricula of United States Accredited Medical Schools (USAMS).MethodsIn 2019, USAMS curricular offices were contacted. Institutions were asked about the presence of ultrasound curriculum and for contact information for faculty involved with education. Schools reporting ultrasound curriculum were surveyed regarding details of their curriculum.ResultsTwo hundred USAMS were contacted with a response rate of 84%. Of 168 schools, 72.6% indicated they have an ultrasound curriculum. For schools with a curriculum, 79 (64.8%) completed our survey. The majority of survey respondents, 66 (83.5%), indicated having mandatory ultrasound. Ultrasound is primarily integrated into courses (73.8% in basic science courses, 66.2% in clinical skills courses, and 35.4% in clinical rotations). Emergency medicine physicians accounted for 54.7% of course directors. Ten or fewer faculty participate in education in 68.4% of schools and mostly as volunteers. Dedicated machines for education were reported by 78.5% of schools.ConclusionsCompared to prior studies, this study had a higher response rate at 84%, and more schools reported ultrasound in their curricula. Emergency medicine represents the majority of leadership in ultrasound education. Despite increased integration of ultrasound into American medical school curricula, its instruction is still inconsistent.
Resident Safety Huddles: Our Department's Experience in Improving Safety Culture
Authors: Poonia Seerat K. , Prasad Aman , Chorath Kevin , Cannady Steven B. , Kearney James , Ruckenstein Michael , Rajasekaran Karthik 
Published: January 2021

Objective/HypothesisOur department sought to develop a quality improvement initiative in the interest of promoting resident involvement within the departmental safety culture. Specifically, we aimed to identify any barriers to incident reporting among residents and to create an approach to rectify this problem.Study DesignPatient Safety/Quality Improvement.MethodsThis is a descriptive, qualitative study taking place at a large teaching hospital. A brief survey was administered to all Otorhinolaryngology residents and based on feedback a two‐pronged approach to creating a patient safety and quality improvement curriculum was undertaken. This entailed implementation of 1) a formalized online curriculum and 2) a resident‐driven forum for discussion of safety concerns termed a “Resident Safety Huddle.”ResultsThe survey identified three main barriers to incident reporting among residents, including increased workload, the punitive nature of the system, and fear of retribution. During the study period, the residents completed the curriculum required to obtain the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Basic Certificate of Quality and Safety and participated in 10 Resident Safety Huddles. Each huddle was dedicated to discussion of a unique safety concern and frequently led to sustainable solutions. After implementation of this curriculum, an increase in the number of safety events reported by residents was recognized.ConclusionsIn building an educational foundation for incident reporting and further bolstering it with a resident‐driven forum for discussion of safety concerns, we were able to achieve a recognizable and meaningful impact on our residents and the greater departmental safety culture.Level of Evidence4 (single descriptive or qualitative study) Laryngoscope, 131:E1811–E1815, 2021
Risk assessment of land degradation (RALDE) model
Authors: Masoudi Masoud , Vahedi Maryam , Cerdà Artemi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLand degradation threatens the sustainability of human societies due to the loss of resources, services, and goods. To assess land degradation, models are useful and fruitful due to the complex and multidisciplinary processes acting. The present research attempts to design and develop a new model to assess land degradation based on biophysical and socioeconomic parameters to investigate land at a high risk of degradation. The use of models can shed light on the land degradation processes and will contribute to better design of restoration and rehabilitation processes. The identification of regions that are more vulnerable to degradation can improve land planning and enhance development. Fars Province, in Southern Iran, was selected as a test area to assess risk of land degradation by means of the risk assessment of land degradation (RALDE) model. Data gathered from the different governmental offices of Fars Province and MODIS satellite data were used for this purpose. The hazard maps of natural, human and degradation trend were produced with a geographical information system (GIS) tool. The final land degradation risk map was developed by first overlaying all three natural, human, and degradation trend layers, and then it was compared with current state layer of degradation in GIS. Areas under risk were classified to subclasses with different probability level to show a statistical picture of risk. In RALDE, the percentage of risk probability is evaluated according to trend and potential for degradation. Results show that degradation risk probability ranges between 6 and 58%. The areas under different subclasses of severe to very severe risk cover about 67% of the study area. RALDE shows higher threats of land degradation for these zones, and we propose immediate attention to this region with related conservational and reclamation works. Fars Province has been used successfully to apply the RALDE model and its use for other regions will contribute to improving land degradation assessment and promoting development programmes.
The response of soil microbial communities to soil erodibility depends on the plant and soil properties in semiarid regions
Authors: Zhang Min , Dong Liguo , Wang Ying , Bai Xiaoxiong , Ma Zitong , Yu Xuan , Zhao Zhong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNatural succession and afforestation are the two main restoration methods of degraded soil in semiarid and arid regions. Up to now, the soil microbial communities and their roles in soil erodibility have been unclear. Our work aimed to evaluate the effects of ecological restoration on the diversity and composition of soil microbial communities at depths of 0–20 cm and their interaction with soil erodibility. Four main restoration types, natural succession land andPinus tabuliformis,Armeniaca sibirica, andRobinia pseudoacaciaplantations were chosen. Restoration with different vegetation communities decreased the soil erodibilityK‐factor (K) by 13.37–20.64%. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were dominant bacterial phyla at all sites. The dominant fungal phyla were Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota. However, there were obvious differences in bacterial and fungal communities among restoration types due to variations in plant and soil properties. Redundancy analysis showed that the soil microbial communities explained 67.30% of the total variance in soil erodibility. Bacterial communities mainly affect the microaggregate formation, whereas fungal communities have a greater effect on macroaggregate formation. Additionally, the structural equation modeling also suggests that vegetation characteristics, soil organic carbon, and fungal communities, and macroaggregates (> 5 mm) have positive effects on mean weight diameter. Therefore, the combination of vegetation community, soil properties, and microbial communities improves the soil structure against erosion in this area.
Long‐term land use/cover changes reduce soil erosion in an ionic rare‐earth mineral area of southern China
Authors: Huang Yuansheng , Li Peng , An Qiang , Mao Feijian , Zhai Wuchen , Yu Kaifeng , He Yiliang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEcological restoration projects, such as the Grain‐to‐Green Program (GTGP) and the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP), have been implemented to improve vegetation cover since 1998. However, rapid urbanization has caused severe land use/cover (LUC) changes in the Dong River upstream basin. Therefore, it is urgent to study the long‐term (1999–2017) spatial–temporal variation of LUC and soil erosion since the implementation of GTGP and NFCP began in this area. Soil erosion and carbon sequestration were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and C‐fix model. During 1999–2017, forest decreased by 28,857.81 ha and built‐up area increased by 17,193.01 ha. This area experienced severe LUC change, but vegetation cover has been effectively improved. When the observation period was measured in years, vegetation cover had a greater impact on decreasing soil erosion (554.11 × 104 t yr−1) than rainfall, while in months, the impact of rainfall is greater (causing a dramatically rebound of soil erosion in 2014). Furthermore, high‐intensity human activities made soil erosion increased by 37.70% in Yuancheng District, whereas soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus loss decreased by 49.96, 33.03, and 44.44%, respectively. Moreover, GTGP and NFCP also bring collateral benefits, carbon sequestered by vegetation increased from 99.11 × 106to 124.38 × 106 t CO2, during 1999–2014. And vegetation was the major factor of increased carbon sequestration, rather than temperature or solar radiation. These results elaborate on the impact of LUC changes on spatial–temporal variation of soil erosion. And it can provide a reference for the formulation of soil and water conservation measures in the future.
Living Well with Lifestyle Medicine: A group consultation approach to delivering Lifestyle Medicine Intervention in Primary Care
Authors: Gibson Caroline A. , Mason Celia , Stones Clive J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionIncreasing prevalence of chronic disease is raising demands on the healthcare system, and evidence‐based cost‐effective ways to address these are needed. This project piloted a novel approach of delivering lifestyle medicine in general practice by providing a holistic lifestyle medicine programme to patients at high risk of chronic diseases.MethodsEleven patients at high risk of chronic disease participated in a 6‐week programme of General Practitioner (GP)‐led group consultations, which delivered evidence‐based lifestyle education and interventions across all the pillars of lifestyle medicine. Anthropometric data (including weight and body mass index (BMI)) and quality‐of‐life data (using the EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D‐5L) tool) and patient's confidence and motivation were assessed at the beginning and end of the programme to assess impact. Cost‐effectiveness was estimated by calculating the cost‐per‐quality‐adjusted‐life‐year (QALY) for the EQ‐5D‐5L data.ResultsSeventy‐three per cent of participants lost weight, with an average weight loss of 1.7 kg confidence interval (CI), –3.46 to –0.02 kg; P = 0.048), which resulted in an average BMI reduction of 0.56 (CI, –1.11 to –0.02; P = 0.043) over 6 weeks. Quality of Life scores show improvement, with EuroQol‐visual analogue scale (EQ‐VAS) score increase of 23 points (CI, +11.82 to +34.18; P = 0.002) and EQ‐5D‐5L scores show reduction in mobility problems, anxiety and depression and pain. Patient's self‐rated confidence and motivation to make healthy lifestyle changes improved significantly over the programme.ConclusionsDelivery of lifestyle medicine intervention via a GP‐led group consultation model results in improvement in patients’ perceived health and well‐being, along with reductions in weight, and reduced problems with mood and pain. Delivery of care in this way is cost‐effective. The positive findings from this pilot‐scale study support investment in a larger study to further develop and explore delivery of lifestyle medicine intervention in this way.
High Contrast Reflectance Imaging of Enamel Demineralization and Remineralization at 1950‐nm for the Assessment of Lesion Activity
Authors: Fried William A. , Abdelaziz Marwa , Darling Cynthia L. , Fried Daniel 
Published: January 2021

Background and ObjectivesPrevious studies have shown that large changes in the diffuse reflectivity of caries lesions during drying with air can be used to assess lesion activity. The largest changes occur at short wavelength infrared (SWIR) wavelengths coincident with high water absorption. The strongest water absorption in the SWIR occurs at 1950 nm. In this study changes in the reflectivity of simulated lesions with varying degrees of remineralization was measured at 1500–2340 nm and at 1950 nm as the samples were dried with air.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwenty bovine enamel surfaces each with five treatment windows were exposed to two demineralization/remineralization regimens to produce simulated lesions of varying depth, severity, and mineral gradients. An extended range tungsten‐halogen lamp with a long pass filter (1500–2340 nm) and a broadband amplified spontaneous emission source centered near the peak of the water‐absorption band at 1950‐nm were used as light sources and an extended range InGaAs camera (1000–2340 nm) was used to acquire reflected light images as the samples were dried with air. Lesions were also assessed using digital microscopy, polarized light microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and transverse microradiography.ResultsBoth wavelength ranges showed extremely high lesion contrast (>0.9) for all six lesion treatment windows in both models. The change in contrast (ΔI) was significantly higher for the 1950 nm broadband source for all the intact lesion windows compared with the 1500–2340 nm wavelength range.ConclusionSWIR light at 1950 nm yields extremely high contrast of demineralization and appears to be the optimum wavelength for the assessment of lesion activity on tooth coronal surfaces. Lasers Surg. Med. 00:00–00, 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Selective Cryolysis of Melanocytes: Critical Temperature and Exposure Time to Induce Selective Pigmentary Loss in Yucatan Pig Skin
Authors: Chuang Gary S. , Farinelli William , Anderson R. Rox 
Published: January 2021

Background and ObjectivesCryotherapy for melanocytic lesions is often accompanied by collateral damage to the surrounding skin, resulting in skin necrosis and scarring. Adipocytes, like melanocytes, are neural crest‐derived cells. Adipocytes have been shown to be more sensitive to cold exposure than their neighboring cells of ectodermal origin, such as epidermal keratinocytes. Such differential sensitivity to cold exposure has led to the development of novel treatment modalities, like cryolipolysis, to selectively target a cell type while sparing neighboring cells.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn this study, we investigated the roles of controlled skin freezing, tissue temperature, and exposure time in inducing selective loss of melanocytes and skin depigmentation in swines.ResultsThe results of our study demonstrated that contact cooling of the skin surface causes selective loss of epidermal melanocytes when the tissue temperature reaches −7.5°C or cooler with an exposure time of 10 minutes or longer, leading to partial skin depigmentation in swine skin. Longer exposures combined with colder temperature exposure led to more complete depigmentation in the treated skin surface.ConclusionCold‐sensitivity of melanocytes can be harnessed to selectively remove melanocytes while sparing surrounding keratinocytes. The results from this study demonstrated that improved clinical treatments specifically targeting melanocytic lesions is possible using skin cooling to achieve tissue temperatures capable of inducing selective loss of melanocytes without skin necrosis or scarring. Additional studies are needed to optimize the treatment conditions to prolong the selective removal of melanocytes. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Electrochemical behavior of Zn‐REP nanohybrid coatings during marine Shewanella sp. biofilm formation
Authors: Calvillo Solís Jonathan J. , Galicia Garcia Monica 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNanohybrid coatings, particularly zinc‐rich epoxy coatings, can protect steel from the harsh marine environment through a physical barrier mechanism and a cathodic protective effect based on anodic electrochemical reactions involving zinc particles in the coating. New additives, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), produce more efficient multifunctional coatings by enhancing both protective mechanisms. In this study, the electrochemical behavior and corrosion mechanisms of zinc‐rich epoxy nanohybrid coatings with the addition of CNTs were investigated in the presence of a Shewanella sp. marine strain to evaluate their influence on biofilm formation by this Gram‐negative bacterium. The electrochemical activity was monitored over time with open‐circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. A mixed mechanism was observed starting from early exposure. When the content of CNTs was doubled, the biofilm adherence improved, thus suggesting a favorable effect of CNTs on biofilm formation, attributable to increased production of bacterial exopolymeric substances facilitating biofilm development. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results suggested a correlation with biofilm formation as a second barrier layer with the lowest impedance magnitude in coatings with different multiwalled CNT content.
Production and Polymerization of Biobased Acrylates and Analogs
Authors: Fouilloux Hugo , Thomas Christophe M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo prepare biobased polymers, particular attention must be paid to the obtention of the monomers from which they are derived. (Meth)acrylates and their analogs constitute such a class of monomers that have been extensively studied due to the wide range of polymers accessible from them. This review therefore aims to highlight the progresses made in the production and polymerization of (meth)acrylates and their analogs. Acrylic acid production from biomass is close to commercialization, as three different high‐potential intermediates are identified: glycerol, lactic acid, and 3‐hydroxypropionic acid. Biobased methacrylic acid is less common, but several promising options are available, such as the decarboxylation of itaconic acid or the dehydration of 2‐hydroxyisobutyric acid. Itaconic acid is also a vinylic monomer of great interest, and polymers derived from it have already found commercial applications. Methylene butyrolactones are promising monomers, obtained from bioresources via three different intermediates: levulinic, succinic, or itaconic acid. Although expensive, methylene butyrolactones have a strong potential for the production of high‐performance polymers. Finally, β‐substituted acrylic monomers, such as cinnamic, fumaric, muconic, or crotonic acid, are also examined, as they provide an original access to biobased materials from various renewable raw materials, such as protein waste, lignin, or wastewater.
On‐tissue chemical derivatization in mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Harkin Carla , Smith Karl W. , Cruickshank Faye L. , Logan Mackay C. , Flinders Bryn , Heeren Ron M. A. , Moore Tara , Brockbank Simon , Cobice Diego F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMass spectrometry imaging (MSI) combines molecular and spatial information in a valuable tool for a wide range of applications. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is at the forefront of MSI ionization due to its wide availability and increasing improvement in spatial resolution and analysis speed. However, ionization suppression, low concentrations, and endogenous and methodological interferences cause visualization problems for certain molecules. Chemical derivatization (CD) has proven a viable solution to these issues when applied in mass spectrometry platforms. Chemical tagging of target analytes with larger, precharged moieties aids ionization efficiency and removes analytes from areas of potential isobaric interferences. Here, we address the application of CD on tissue samples for MSI analysis, termed on‐tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD). MALDI MSI will remain the focus platform due to its popularity, however, alternative ionization techniques such as liquid extraction surface analysis and desorption electrospray ionization will also be recognized. OTCD reagent selection, application, and optimization methods will be discussed in detail. MSI with OTCD is a powerful tool to study the spatial distribution of poorly ionizable molecules within tissues. Most importantly, the use of OTCD−MSI facilitates the analysis of previously inaccessible biologically relevant molecules through the adaptation of existing CD methods. Though further experimental optimization steps are necessary, the benefits of this technique are extensive.