bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of the Role of Mohs Micrographic Surgery in the Management of Early-Stage Melanoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Theunissen Chantal C.W. , Lee Ming Hua , Murad Fadi G. , Waldman Abigail H. 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND
The role of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) in the management of melanoma of the head and neck (HNM) has been controversial. The authors systematically reviewed the local recurrence rate of melanoma in situ (MIS) and T1a melanomas using MMS compared with conventional wide local excision (WLE) and staged excision (SE).

OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the local recurrence rate of early-stage melanomas of the HNM treated with MMS versus WLE or SE.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
A search of English medical literature was conducted through the common databases until November 26, 2019. Using PRISMA guidelines for the treatment of MIS and T1a melanoma with MMS, WLE, or SE, our search yielded a total of 32 articles.

RESULTS
Mohs micrographic surgery has a lower local recurrence rate for early-stage melanomas over both SE and WLE {pooled recurrence risk 0.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4–1.1) versus 2.5% (95% CI 1.5–3.4) versus 8.7% (95% CI 5.1–12.2) (p < .001), respectively}.

CONCLUSION
Mohs micrographic surgery may offer a lower recurrence rate than SE or WLE in the management of early-stage melanomas of the face or HNM. Further clinical validation in a randomized controlled trial is required.
Graphene production by cracking
Authors: Bohm Sivasambu , Ingle Avinash , Bohm H. L. Mallika , Fenech-Salerno Benji , Wu Shuwei , Torrisi Felice 
Published: June 2021

In recent years, graphene has found its use in numerous industrial applications due to its unique properties. While its impermeable and conductive nature can replace currently used anticorrosive toxic pigments in coating systems, due to its large strength to weight ratio, graphene can be an important component as a next-generation additive for automotive, aerospace and construction applications. The current bottlenecks in using graphene and graphene oxide and other two-dimensional materials are the availability of cost-effective, high-quality materials and their effective incorporation (functionalization and dispersion) into the product matrices. On overcoming these factors, graphene may attract significant demands in terms of volume consumption. Graphene can be produced on industrial scales and through cost-effective top-down routes such as chemical, electrochemical and/or high-pressure mechanical exfoliation. Graphene, depending on end applications, can be chemically tuned and modified via functionalization so that easy incorporation into product matrices is possible. This paper discusses different production methods and their impact on the quality of graphene produced in terms of energy input. Graphene with an average thickness below five layers was produced by both methods with varied defects. However, a higher yield of graphene with a lower number of layers was produced via the high-pressure exfoliation route.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
Fatigue crack growth in epoxy polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Kinloch Anthony J. , Jones Rhys , Michopoulos John G. 
Published: June 2021

The present paper describes detailed analyses of experimental data for the cyclic-fatigue behaviour of epoxy nanocomposite polymers. It has been shown that the data may be interpreted using the Hartman–Schijve relationship to yield a unique, ‘master’, linear relationship for each epoxy nanocomposite polymer. By fitting the experimental data to the Hartman–Schijve relationship, two key materials parameters may be deduced: (i) the termA, which may be thought of as the fatigue equivalent to the quasi-static value of the fracture energy,Gc, and (ii) the fatigue threshold value,ΔGthr, below which no significant fatigue crack growth (FCG) occurs. It has then been established that the values of these parameters, together with the slope,n, and intercept,D, of the Hartman–Schijve master relationship, may be used (i) to compute the experimental results measured for the fatigue behaviour of the epoxy nanocomposite polymers, (ii) to understand the observed fracture and fatigue behaviour of these materials with respect to the structure of the epoxy nanocomposite polymers, and (iii) to deduce the ‘upper-bound’, i.e. ‘worst-case’, FCG rate curve which may be used by industry as a material development, material selection, design and service-life prediction tool when these epoxy nanocomposite polymers are used in engineering applications such as structural adhesives and/or as matrices in fibre-reinforced composites.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
Toughening materials: enhancing resistance to fracture
Authors: Ritchie Robert O. 
Published: June 2021

It has been said that ‘God invented plasticity, but the Devil invented fracture!’ Both mechanisms represent the two prime modes of structural failure, respectively, plastic collapse and the rupture/breaking of a component, but the concept of developing materials with enhanced resistance to fracture can be difficult. This is because fracture resistance invariably involves a compromise—between strength and ductility, between strength and toughness—fundamentally leading to a ‘conflict’ between nano-/micro-structural damage and the mechanisms of toughening. Here, we examine the two major classes of such toughening: (i)
intrinsic toughening
, which occurs ahead of a crack tip and is motivated by plasticity—this is the principal mode of fracture resistance in ductile materials, and (ii)
extrinsic toughening
, which occurs at, or in the wake of, a crack tip and is associated with crack-tip shielding—this is generally the sole mode of fracture resistance in brittle materials. We briefly examine how these distinct mechanistic processes have been used to toughen synthetic materials—intrinsically in gradient materials and in multiple principal-element metallic alloys with the example of metallic glasses and high-entropy alloys, and extrinsically in ceramics with the example of ceramic-matrix composites—in comparison to Nature which has been especially adept in creating biological/natural materials which are toughened by one or both mechanistic classes, despite often consisting of constituents with meagre mechanical properties. The success of Nature has been driven by its ability to cultivate the development of materials with multiple length-scale hierarchical structures that display ingenious gradients and structural adaptability, a philosophy which we need to emulate and more importantly learn to synthesize to make structural materials of the future with unprecedented combinations of mechanical properties.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
Mapping the lean supply chain management research through citation classics
Authors: Garcia-Buendia Noelia , Moyano-Fuentes José , Maqueira Juan Manuel 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to systematically identify the key intellectual developments of the lean supply chain management (LSCM) field from its very first beginning by analyzing the publications that have been highly cited.

Design/methodology/approach
The citation classics method has been used to examine the origins and evolution of the research field. In total, 74 articles have been identified as having the highest impact on LSCM research published from its beginnings to the present day. Key aspects and links among the scientific contributions are studied by descriptive, bibliometric, network and content analysis.

Findings
Publication and citation trends, methodologies used, top journals, most influential authors, institutions and countries, collaboration patterns and evolution of the most used keywords are some of the aspects studied. Three main research areas are identified: LSCM foundations and implementation, lean-agile supply chain and performance assessment and the role of sustainability, which offers a holistic view of the field and enables the identification of potential avenues for future research susceptible to contribute to advancing the knowledge on LSCM.

Originality/value
This study provides a useful insight into the development of the LSCM field and can help researchers as it explores the state-of-the-art of LSCM by identifying the most relevant contributions in the area, the main research lines addressed by the scientific community in this topic and opportunities for further research on LSCM for years to come.
Experience of lean application in higher education institutions
Authors: Simonyte Sandrita , Adomaitiene Roma , Ruzele Darius 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the concept of Lean; however, the Lean concept in higher education institutions (HEIs) is still not very popular, and these institutions face challenges in implementing Lean activities. The purpose of this study is to identify worldwide experiences of Lean implementation in HEIs and to share best practices of Lean implementation.

Design/methodology/approach
The research was conducted by surveying 34 Lean practitioners from HEIs.

Findings
This study outlined the importance of the complexity of the community and its processes as the main barrier for Lean implementation in the HEI. The study highlighted that Lean determined positive change in the institutions and that strong leadership, commitment of top management as well as good communication and teamwork were the keys to successful implementation of Lean.

Research limitations/implications
This study provides valuable insights and aspects of implementation and maintenance of Lean initiatives in HEIs around the world; however, a detailed analysis would require a larger number of respondents.

Practical implications
This study proposes that practitioners implementing Lean in HEIs should identify barriers, plan their activities and take into account success factors. According to the results of this study, managers of HEIs should deal with the main barrier – the complexity of the community and its processes. In addition, they should carry out employees’ and Lean facilitators’ training on Lean and ensure that the main success factors such as strong leadership practices, senior management’s commitment, good communication and teamwork are present.

Originality/value
This study adds to the existing knowledge on global experiences of applying Lean in HEIs.
Operationalising the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DoLS) in support of brain injury survivors – views from practice
Authors: Scott Jade , Weatherhead Stephen , Manthorpe Jill 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DoLS), as part of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (DoLS, 2007), was established to provide a legal framework for decision-making in respect of adults who lack capacity to make decisions in relation to their care and residence in England and Wales. The purpose of this study was to explore the DoLS decision-making process from the perspectives of health and social care practitioners when working with individuals with an acquired brain injury (ABI).

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 12 health and social care practitioners were interviewed in 2019–2020 about their experiences of using and making or supporting decisions in the DoLS framework with ABI survivors. Data were analysed, and a tentative explanation of variations in DoLS decision-making was developed.

Findings
Three distinct approaches emerged capturing different decision-making styles (risk-averse, risk-balancing and risk-simplifying) which appeared to influence the outcome of DoLS assessments. A range of mediating factors seemed to account for the variability in these styles. The wider contextual challenges that impact upon practitioners’ overall experiences and use of DoLS processes in their ABI practice were noted.

Research limitations/implications
The findings highlight a need for changes in practice and policy in relation to how DoLS or similar processes are used in decision-making practice with ABI survivors and may be relevant to the implementation of the Liberty Protection Safeguards that are replacing the DoLS system.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore accounts of DoLS decision-making practices in ABI service.
Working in a prison: Challenges, rewards, and the impact on mental health and well-being
Authors: Dennard Sophie , Tracy Derek K. , Beeney Aaron , Craster Laura , Bailey Fiona , Baureek Anisah , Barton Michael , Turrell Jeanette , Poynton Sarah , Navkarov Vafo , Kothari Radha 
Published: June 2021

PurposePrisons are uniquely challenging working environments. Staff are often exposed to direct and indirect trauma, impacting negatively on their mental well-being. Due to the limited research into prison staff experience, this paper aims to explore what staff find most challenging, how they cope, what support they would like and rewarding aspects of their work.Design/methodology/approachThis service development project was facilitated through a staff well-being event. A qualitative approach was used and 74 staff members provided anonymised responses. An inductive and data-driven approach was used to analyse the data, and the trustworthiness of the analysis was considered using criteria established by Lincoln and Guba (1985).FindingsThematic analysis identified six themes, namely, the challenging nature of the work, interactions with prisoners, staff interactions, inadequate resources, staff support and development and coping strategies. Key findings include managing distress, self-harm and violence and limited resources presenting challenges. Role variety and opportunities to support prisoners were reported as positive. A variety of coping strategies were identified. Wider availability of supervision and reflective practice was suggested by staff.Practical implicationsRecommendations for increased staff support are made. Suggestions for future research investigating methods to increase rewarding aspects of work within prisons are given.Originality/valueThis analysis adds to the limited body of qualitative research investigating prison staff experiences; in particular, aspects of the work that they find rewarding such as the role variety and opportunities to make positive changes to prisoners’ lives. Novel coping strategies were identified, including cognitive reframing and behavioural strategies for managing stress, which could be encouraged to increase resilience.
A framework for the development of targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) methods: Synthetic cannabinoids
Authors: Sisco Edward , Burns Amber , Moorthy Arun S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith the increased presence of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) in casework, drug analysis has become more challenging. To address these challenges, new screening technologies with improved specificity are being implemented, allowing for the creation and adoption of targeted confirmatory analyses that produce more conclusive results. This paper outlines a six‐step, data‐driven, framework to develop and evaluate gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) methods for targeted classes of drugs. The process emphasizes maximizing retention time differences (to minimize the potential for retention time acceptance windows to overlap) and understanding the trade‐offs between sensitivity and reproducibility using a test solution containing pairs of compounds that are difficult to distinguish. The method is then evaluated by expanding the panel of compounds analyzed, identifying limitations in compound discrimination, comparing to current methods, and analyzing representative casework to establish usability. To demonstrate this framework, a method for synthetic cannabinoids was created. The developed method utilizes a DB‐200 column and an isothermal temperature program. It was found that sensitivity could be adjusted, without compromising reproducibility, by altering the split ratio and injection volume. The targeted method successfully differentiated 50 cannabinoids based on either retention time differences or mass spectral dissimilarity – determined using a newly developed spectral comparison test. Compared to a general method used for casework, the targeted method was an order of magnitude more sensitive, a minute shorter, and provided major increases in retention time differences. This framework can be implemented and adapted to develop targeted methods for other applications or compound classes.
Preliminary study on the effect of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to control Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Lu Hui , Li Fen , Zhu Xiaoming , Tang Jihong , Lyu Baoqian , Wu Shaoying 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpraying insecticides by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an effective method to prevent and control Spodoptera frugiperda. This study investigated the influences of different UAV types, spray adjuvants, spray times, maize growth periods, and insecticides on S. frugiperda in three cities, Hainan Province, China. The results showed that at least two times are needed to spray insecticides using UAVs when controlling the S. frugiperda. Both UAVs had a substantially higher control effect and lower cost than artificial spray methods. Oil spray adjuvant Refei was more suitable for both UAVs than Tiancheng to control pests. Chlorantraniliprole had the best control effect of up to 90%. The control effects at the seedling stage and small bell stage of S. frugiperda were 94.3% and 91.3%, respectively. Spraying at 7:00 am and 7:00 pm by UAV of T20 had good control effect on S. frugiperda in three cities.
Asia‐Pacific Special Interest Group: The first ten years
Authors: Downes Simon , Ralston Anna 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroduction: The Asia‐Pacific Special Interest Group (APSIG) was formed in 2009 by the Australian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) to support radiation oncology services in low‐to‐middle income countries in our region. In 2017, APSIG moved to the ACPSEM’s charity, the Better Healthcare Technology (BHT) Foundation, enabling improvement in fundraising, marketing and partnerships with like‐minded organizations.Methods: APSIG’s main activity is to recruit certified medical physicists as volunteers to train local staff in countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and Mongolia. APSIG also supports remote mentoring, coordinates the delivery of donated radiotherapy equipment, and brings Asia‐Pacific medical physicists to Australia and New Zealand for conferences and hospital training.Results: The number of APSIG volunteer assignments has been steadily increasing over the last decade. Challenges include the limited number of ACPSEM certified medical physics volunteers, the limited opportunities to train the local physicists due to their heavy workloads, and language barriers. The COVID‐19 pandemic has halted volunteer assignments for now but a range of alternative means of assistance such as webinars, online tutorials and virtual meetings are planned to continue APSIG’s activities.Conclusion: APSIG will continue to provide a support service to radiation oncology staff in the Asia‐Pacific region. APSIG and the BHT Foundation’s work promotes quality health care by supporting medical physicists in Asia‐Pacific countries and championing better radiotherapy technology access and treatment knowledge sharing.
Blood purification with CytoSorb in critically ill COVID‐19 patients: A case series of 26 patients
Authors: Nassiri Amir Ahmad , Hakemi Monir Sadat , Miri Mir Mohammad , Shahrami Reza , Koomleh Azadeh Ahmadi , Sabaghian Tahereh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSevere forms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) can progress to sepsis‐like complications accompanied by “cytokine storm” for which the most effective treatment has not yet been established. Our study describes the results of CytoSorb hemoadsorption in COVID‐19 patients treated on the intensive care unit (ICU). In this retrospective study, 26 patients with COVID‐19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were treated with hemoadsorption therapy. Pre‐, and post‐treatment values (clinical and laboratory) were compared. Data are expressed as mean (confidence intervals, CI), or median [interquartile ranges, IQR], as appropriate. Patients received 2 hemoadsorption treatments. This resulted in a significant decrease in norepinephrine requirements, and inflammatory marker plasma concentrations (procalcitonin, C‐reactive protein, ferritin) when comparing pre versus post treatment levels. The PaO2/FiO2 and overall organ function (ie, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment—SOFA score) also improved significantly. Patients stayed on the ICU for 9 days and 21 of them survived. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the largest case series to date reporting early experiences on extracorporeal hemoadsorption therapy in SARS‐CoV‐2 positive patients with hyperinflammation and moderate ARDS. Treatment proved to be effective, technically feasible and well‐tolerated.
Optimizing conservation in species‐specific agricultural landscapes
Authors: Yeiser John M. , Morgan John J. , Baxley Danna L. , Chandler Richard B. , Martin James A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecovery of grassland birds in agricultural landscapes is a global imperative. Agricultural landscapes are complex, and the value of resource patches may vary substantially among species. The spatial extent at which landscape features affect populations (i.e., scale of effect) may also differ among species. There is a need for regional‐scale conservation planning that considers landscape‐scale and species‐specific responses of grassland birds to environmental change. We developed a spatially explicit approach to optimizing grassland conservation in the context of species‐specific landscapes and prioritization of species recovery and applied it to a conservation program in Kentucky (USA). We used a hierarchical distance‐sampling model with an embedded scale of effect predictor to estimate the relationship between landscape structure and abundance of eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), and northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). We used a novel spatially explicit optimization procedure rooted in multi‐attribute utility theory to design alternative conservation strategies (e.g., prioritize only northern bobwhite recovery or assign equal weight to each species’ recovery). Eastern meadowlarks and field sparrows were more likely to respond to landscape‐scale resource patch adjacencies than landscape‐scale patch densities. Northern bobwhite responded to both landscape‐scale resource patch adjacencies and densities and responded strongly to increased grassland density. Effects of landscape features on local abundance decreased as distance increased and had negligible influence at 0.8 km for eastern meadowlarks (0.7–1.2 km 95% Bayesian credibility intervals [BCI]), 2.5 km for field sparrows (1.5–5.8 km 95% BCI), and 8.4 km for bobwhite (6.4–26 km 95% BCI). Northern bobwhites were predicted to benefit greatly from future grassland conservation regardless of conservation priorities, but eastern meadowlark and field sparrow were not. Our results suggest similar species can respond differently to broad‐scale conservation practices because of species‐specific, distance‐dependent relationships with landscape structure. Our framework is quantitative, conceptually simple, customizable, and predictive and can be used to optimize conservation in heterogeneous ecosystems while considering landscape‐scale processes and explicit prioritization of species recovery.