bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progressive Processing of Ingested Water in the Gut of Sea-Water Teleosts
Authors: Kirsch R. , Meister M. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe European eel’s oesophagus, stomach and anterior and posterior intestine were perfused separately, in vivo. The oesophagus and anterior intestine play a major part in processing of ingested water. Serosal potential differences to mucosal measured in vivo were positive in all gut segments.The Cl− concentrations of luminal contents in different parts of the gut were measured in nine species of sea-water teleosts. The progressive decrease in Cl− concentration resulted from local processing of the ingested sea water, and the beginnings of the oesophagus and of the intestine were the major processing sites.
Intracellular and extracellular acid-base status as a function of temperature in the freshwater channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus1
Authors: Cameron James N. , Kormanik Gregg A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe relationship between acid-base status and temperature was studied in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. The change in blood pH with temperature had a slope of – 0· 0132/°C and involved both a decrease in total CO2 at higher temperatures, and a significant rise in arterial The acid-base changes in the intracellular compartment were similar to those in the blood, except that for red and white muscle the slope of the change in pH with temperature had a slightly higher value (– 0·0185 and – 0·0147, respectively), and for heart muscle it had a smaller value (– 0·0117).The net whole-body excretion of acid or base in response to temperature change was relatively small : 0·40 m-mole. kg-1 net OH- was excreted in response to an increase from 22 to 31 °C, and 0·31 m-mole. kg-1 net H+ was excreted in response to change from 25 to 15 °C. In both cases approximately half was excreted renally and half branchially.Using information on the volumes and buffer capacities of the various body fluid compartments as well as the information above, the ratio of imidazole to phosphate intracellular buffers was calculated to be 5·1 to 1. The amount of intercompartmental (active) transfer required to make temperature adjustments is strongly dependent on the buffer ratio, and on the Without the observed changes in with temperature, the transfer requirement would have been 3 to 4 times larger.
Factors Regulating the Mechanical Properties of Holothurian Dermis
Authors: Motokawa Tatsuo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Tensile tests and creep tests were performed on the dermis of the sea cucumber Stichopus chloronotus (Brandt). Chemical stimulation of the dermis with coelomic fluid of the sea cucumber, or with artificial sea water containing a high concentration of potassium, increased both the elastic stiffness and the viscosity. Methanol extraction of the coelomic fluid revealed two factors: a methanol-soluble factor that stiffens the dermis, and a methanol-insoluble factor that softens it. These factors affected the mechanical properties of other echinoderm connective tissue (the catch apparatus of sea-urchin spine) in a similar way to the holothurian dermis.
Ventilatory Currents in the Mantle of Cephalopods
Authors: Wells M. J. , Wells J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIn Octopus and Sepia the inhalant water stream is sucked in to each side of the mantle cavity and passes into the centre of the corresponding gill. From here it runs counter-current to the blood vessels in the secondary gill lamellae and out into a common cavity created by expansion of the posterior part of the mantle. On exhalation the flow runs centrally, bypassing the gills and out through the funnel. This paper deals with the anatomy that ensures this pattern of flow, and with measurement of the , at various points in the mantle in normoxia and hypoxia. Utilization of oxygen from the respiratory stream is often better than 50% and the of the exhalant water is regularly lower than the likely arterial .
Abdominal Motoneurone Responses Elicited by Flexion of a Crayfish Leg
Authors: Page Charles H. , Jones Kenneth A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Flexion of the mero-carpal joint of the leg of a partially dissected Pro-cambarus initiated an intersegmental reflex in the superficial extensor (SEMNs) and flexor (SFMNs) abdominal motoneurones. When flexion induced a full extension of the abdomen, as in intact crayfish, there was a discharge of the 5 SEMN exciters and the SFMN peripheral inhibitor throughout the extension. The extension antagonists -the SEMN peripheral inhibitor and the five SFMN exciters-discharged one or two spikes immediately following the stimulus, which suggests that more than one inter-ganglionic interneurone must be excited to activate the neuronal pathway which mediates the abdominal extension.
The Cockroach DCMD Neurone
Authors: Edwards Donald H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe responses of the cockroach descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) neurone to moving light stimuli were studied under both light- and dark-adapted conditions. With light-adaptation the response of the DCMD to two moving 2° (diam.) spots of white light is less than the response to a single spot when the two spots are separated by less than 10° (Fig. 2). With light-adaptation the response of the DCMD to a single moving light spot is a sigmoidally shaped function of the logarithm of the light intensity (Fig. 3 a). With dark-adaptation the response of a DCMD to a single moving light spot is a bell-shaped function of the logarithm of the stimulus intensity (Fig. 3b). The absolute intensity that evokes a threshold response is about one-and-a-half log units less in the dark-adapted eye than in the light-adapted eye. The decrease in the DCMD’s response that occurs when two stimuli are closer than 10°, and when a single bright stimulus is made brighter, indicates that lateral inhibition operates among the afferents to the DCMD. It is shown that this inhibition cannot be produced by a recurrent lateral inhibitory network. A model of the afferent path that contains a nonrecurrent lateral inhibitory network can account for the response/intensity plots of the DCMD recorded under both light-adapted and dark-adapted conditions. The threshold intensity of the DCMD is increased if a stationary pattern of light is present near the path of the moving spot stimulus. This is shown to be due to a peripheral tonic lateral inhibition that is distinct from the non-recurrent lateral inhibition described earlier. It is suggested that the peripheral lateral inhibition acts to adjust the threshold of afferents to local background light levels, while the proximal non-recurrent network acts to enhance the acuity of the eye to small objects in the visual field, and to filter out whole-field stimuli.
Alkyl-Fullerene Materials of Tunable Morphology and Function
Authors: Neal Edward A , Nakanishi Takashi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The self-assembly of molecules into complex superstructures underpins the functionality of many biological processes and physical materials. Many such structures stem from amphiphilic monomer units, with attractions and repulsions between their ends determining the structure and state of the assembled system under equilibrium, which affect its function.
The photophysical and electronic properties of fullerene (C60) have been extensively studied and proven useful in the fabrication of a variety of devices. The simple attachment of alkyl side chains can convert this highly crystalline solid into an alkyl-C60 hydrophobic amphiphile, in which alkyl-alkyl and C60-C60 interactions determine the state, phase, morphology, or architecture of the substance, while the optoelectronic properties of C60 are retained.
In this award article, lipid membranes, crystalline nanostructures, mesophases, and even room-temperature liquid alkyl fullerenes formed through this approach are described. In each case, the effects of chain selection and substitution on morphology and function are explained. The ways in which the inherent properties of C60 can be adapted for particular applications are detailed, such as in superhydrophobic surfaces and photoconductive devices. Thereafter, drawing on these advances, the application of the alkyl chain attachment approach to other functional π-conjugated cores is demonstrated using some examples of functional molecular liquids.
Kefir Is a Viable Exercise Recovery Beverage for Cancer Survivors Enrolled in a Structured Exercise Program
Authors: SMOAK PETER , HARMAN NICHOLAS , FLORES VICTORIA , KISIOLEK JACOB , PULLEN NICHOLAS A. , LISANO JONATHAN , HAYWARD REID , STEWART LAURA K. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study investigated the effects of 12 wk of postexercise kefir consumption in cancer survivors who have undergone chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.

Methods
All participants were enrolled in a structured exercise training program and separated into kefir (KEF) or control (CON) treatment groups. KEF consumed 8 oz. of kefir after exercise sessions (3 d·wk−1) for 12 wk. Outcome measures included assessments for body size and composition, aerobic fitness and muscular strength, medical history, and psychological state at pre- and postintervention time points. Blood was collected and analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, and LPS-stimulated whole blood IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α production were obtained using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays at both time points. Monocyte numbers and phenotype were obtained using flow cytometry.

Results
Participants (N = 24; 9 males and 15 females) were an average of 61 ± 9.9 yr old. Kefir consumption was associated with 6.3% (P = 0.034) improvements in lean body mass, as well as 51.4% (P = 0.046), 39.3% (P = 0.017), and 64.7% (P = 0.021) improvements in measures of depression, fatigue, and gastric distress, respectively. KEF also experienced a significant 35.4% (P = 0.01) reduction in circulating LPS along with an 18.0% increase (P < 0.001) in classical monocytes % and a 22.3% decrease (P = 0.04) in nonclassical monocytes %. There were no significant changes in any other variables.

Conclusion
Twelve weeks of kefir consumption improved lean body mass, depression, fatigue, gastric distress, and a biomarker of gut dysbiosis. Kefir improved overall and classical monocyte numbers. Kefir should be considered as a component of a postexercise dietary regimen for cancer survivors.
The The effect of Fasting during Ramadan on the Kidney functions of Stage III-IV Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Karatas Ahmet , Canakci Ebru , Kasko Arici Yeliz , Kaya Mervegul , Sayim Beyza 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: Examine the effect of fasting during Ramadan on kidney functions in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Methods: The study was conducted on 130 patients with stage III-IV chronic kidney disease (CKD), who were admitted to the Ordu University nephrology polyclinic during the month before Ramadan and one month after Ramadan in 2019. Blood samples were taken in the morning after 12 hours of fasting.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference between BUN in the fasting group before and after the month of Ramadan. The median BUN before Ramadan was 26.65 mg/dl, the median after Ramadan was 24.05 mg/dl (p=0.004).There was a statistically significant difference between the nonfasting groups before and after Ramadan with respect to creatinine level. Median creatinine before Ramadan was 1.69 mg/dl,and the median after Ramadan was 1.86 mg/dl (p <0.001).There was a statistically significant difference between the fasting groups before and after Ramadan with respect to creatinine levels. Fasting group ,the median before Ramadan was 1.5 mg/dl, and the median after Ramadan was 1.42 mg/dl (p = 0.038).The impact of independent variable of fasting, using linear regression was found to be statistically significant (ppost-<0.001). The eGFR was 14.826 points higher in those who fasted after Ramadan than in those who did not.
Conclusion: Fasting during the month of Ramadan does not deteriorate kidney functions and even leads to a moderate improvement in kidney functions. Taking these results into consideration, fasting may be advised for patients with stage III-IV CKD who want to fast and remain in stable condition.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3661
How to cite this:Karatas A, Canakci E, Arici YK, Kaya M, Sayim B. The effect of Fasting during Ramadan on the Kidney functions of Stage III-IV Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):972-978. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3661
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Noninvasive exploration of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy by heart rate and blood pressure variability analysis in Type 2 Diabetic patients
Authors: Naz Tallat , Memon Noor un Nisa , Afzal Kamran , Shakir Ambreen 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic cardiac autonomic neuropathy and its association with risk factors among patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Methods: The present case-control study was conducted at Department of Medicine, Civil Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, Pakistan during the period September` 2016 to May` 2017. After taking informed consent, subjects from both genders, 72 healthy controls and 72 clinically diagnosed T2DM diabetic patients, age between 30-65 years were selected by non-probability sampling technique. After taking medical history and demographics, Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) was identified by using Ewing`s cardiac autonomic reflex tests (CARTs) and association of risk factors was also investigated.
Results: Severe CAN was identified in 13.9% of T2DM patients while in none of the healthy controls. HR response to deep breathing test was most sensitive (sensitivity= 90%) among all tests. The most common symptoms were Numbness (75.9%) and constipation (69%), resting heart rate and diabetes duration was significantly associated with DCAN.
Conclusions: CAN was highly prevalent in diabetic population that may lead to nephropathy and retinopathy in future. It is highly recommended to use sensitive and simple CARTs in clinics for early detection and early treatment of CAN.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3675
How to cite this:Naz T, Memon NN, Afzal K, Shakir A. Noninvasive exploration of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy by heart rate and blood pressure variability analysis in Type 2 Diabetic patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):1020-1024. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3675
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Dark Trading and Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift
Authors: Thomas Jacob , Zhang Frank , Zhu Wei 
Published: April 2021

Both theory and evidence are mixed regarding the impact on prices of trading on “dark” venues partially exempt from National Market System requirements. Theory predicts that price discovery improves as dark venues siphon noisy uninformed trades, but increased adverse selection reduces liquidity. Empirical studies, which focus on intraday inefficiency, also find contradictory results. We extend that literature to investigate the impact of dark trading on a long-standing inefficiency based on under-reaction to quarterly earnings. We study a randomized controlled trial created by the “trade-at” rule of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Tick Size Pilot Program that exogenously shocks dark trading. We supplement that with ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares regressions on a more representative Compustat/Center for Research in Security Prices sample. All our results suggest that under-reaction increases with dark trading, consistent with reduced liquidity limiting arbitrage. We contribute to the literature on dark trading and inefficient processing of accounting disclosures, highlighting the role of advances in trading technology. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.
Anomalously warm weather and acute care visits in patients with multiple sclerosis: A retrospective study of privately insured individuals in the US
Authors: Elser Holly , Parks Robbie M. , Moghavem Nuriel , Kiang Mathew V. , Bozinov Nina , Henderson Victor W. , Rehkopf David H. , Casey Joan A. 
Published: April 2021

Background
As the global climate changes in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, weather and temperature are expected to become increasingly variable. Although heat sensitivity is a recognized clinical feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, few studies have examined the implications of climate change for patients with this disease.

Methods and findings
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of individuals with MS ages 18–64 years in a nationwide United States patient-level commercial and Medicare Advantage claims database from 2003 to 2017. We defined anomalously warm weather as any month in which local average temperatures exceeded the long-term average by ≥1.5°C. We estimated the association between anomalously warm weather and MS-related inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department visits using generalized log-linear models. From 75,395,334 individuals, we identified 106,225 with MS. The majority were women (76.6%) aged 36–55 years (59.0%). Anomalously warm weather was associated with increased risk for emergency department visits (risk ratio [RR] = 1.043, 95% CI: 1.025–1.063) and inpatient visits (RR = 1.032, 95% CI: 1.010–1.054). There was limited evidence of an association between anomalously warm weather and MS-related outpatient visits (RR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.005–1.015). Estimates were similar for men and women, strongest among older individuals, and exhibited substantial variation by season, region, and climate zone. Limitations of the present study include the absence of key individual-level measures of socioeconomic position (i.e., race/ethnicity, occupational status, and housing quality) that may determine where individuals live—and therefore the extent of their exposure to anomalously warm weather—as well as their propensity to seek treatment for neurologic symptoms.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that as global temperatures rise, individuals with MS may represent a particularly susceptible subpopulation, a finding with implications for both healthcare providers and systems.
Lumbo-pelvic proprioception in sitting is impaired in subgroups of low back pain–But the clinical utility of the differences is unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Korakakis Vasileios , O’Sullivan Kieran , Kotsifaki Argyro , Sotiralis Yiannis , Giakas Giannis 
Published: April 2021

Background
Altered spinal postures and altered motor control observed among people with non-specific low back pain have been associated with abnormal processing of sensory inputs. Evidence indicates that patients with non-specific low back pain have impaired lumbo-pelvic proprioceptive acuity compared to asymptomatic individuals.

Objective
To systematically review seated lumbo-pelvic proprioception among people with non-specific low back pain.

Methods
Five electronic databases were searched to identify studies comparing lumbo-pelvic proprioception using active repositioning accuracy in sitting posture in individuals with and without non-specific low back pain. Study quality was assessed by using a modified Downs and Black’s checklist. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted tool for cross-sectional design and case–control studies. We performed meta-analysis using a random effects model. Meta-analyses included subgroup analyses according to disability level, directional subgrouping pattern, and availability of vision during testing. We rated the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach.

Results
16 studies met the eligibility criteria. Pooled meta-analyses were possible for absolute error, variable error, and constant error, measured in sagittal and transverse planes. There is very low and low certainty evidence of greater absolute and variable repositioning error in seated tasks among non-specific low back pain patients overall compared to asymptomatic individuals (sagittal plane). Subgroup analyses indicate moderate certainty evidence of greater absolute and variable error in seated tasks among directional subgroups of adults with non-specific low back pain, along with weaker evidence (low-very low certainty) of greater constant error.

Discussion
Lumbo-pelvic proprioception is impaired among people with non-specific low back pain. However, the low certainty of evidence, the small magnitude of error observed and the calculated “noise” of proprioception measures, suggest that any observed differences in lumbo-pelvic proprioception may be of limited clinical utility.

PROSPERO-ID
CRD42018107671
Insta-hate: An exploration of Islamophobia and right-wing nationalism on Instagram amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Authors: Rajan Benson , Venkatraman Shreya 
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light a crisis of racism and violence on social media by right-wing nationalists in India. Twitter and Instagram have become the online spaces to spew misinformation about the pandemic. Instagram pages such as Hindu_Secret and Hindu_he_hum have been unrelenting and vicious in spreading Islamophobic campaigns using the COVID-19 pandemic. This has opened up opportunities for targeting the Muslim community in India.
This study positioned itself within the theoretical framework of Stuart Hall’s encoding and decoding theory to uncover the visual and textual codes used to create stigma and blatant stereotypes that dehumanize and demonize certain communities using social media. This is an explorative inquiry that engaged in a semiotic analysis of the Instagram pages of Hindu_Secret and Hindu_he_hum. The study found encoded stereotypes of threat in the use of colour, religious structures, clothes and other physical markers of cultural identity in generating content for Islamophobia. Coronavirus was portrayed to have Islamic parentage in the memes; thus, it portrayed the Muslim community of nurturing and intentionally spreading the virus across India.