bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiviral plant-derived natural products to combat RNA viruses: Targets throughout the viral life cycle
Authors: Owen Lucy , Laird Katie , Shivkumar Maitreyi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There is a need for new effective antivirals, particularly in response to the development of antiviral drug resistance and emerging RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Plants are a significant source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds for drug discovery suggesting that plant-derived natural products could be developed as antiviral agents. This article reviews the antiviral activity of plant-derived natural products against RNA viruses, with a focus on compounds targeting specific stages of the viral life cycle. A range of plant extracts and compounds have been identified with antiviral activity, often against multiple virus families suggesting they may be useful as broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The antiviral mechanism of action of many of these phytochemicals is not fully understood and there are limited studies and clinical trials demonstrating their efficacy and toxicity in vivo. Further research is needed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of plant-derived natural products as antiviral agents.
Systematically comparing epidemiological and clinical features of MAFLD and NAFLD by meta‐analysis: Focusing on the non‐overlap groups
Authors: Ayada Ibrahim , van Kleef Laurens A. , Alferink Louise J. M. , Li Pengfei , de Knegt Robert J. , Pan Qiuwei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsThe applicability of the novel metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) definition has been studied in numerous cohorts and compared to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). No consensus has been reached on which definition is preferred. Therefore, this meta‐analysis aims to compare the epidemiological and clinical features of NAFLD and MAFLD in the general and non‐general population.MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase and Web of Science for studies comparing MAFLD to NAFLD. Based on MAFLD and NAFLD status, the following subgroups were investigated for liver health: overlap fatty liver disease (FLD), NAFLD‐only and MAFLD‐only. Data were pooled using random‐effects models.ResultsWe included 17 studies comprising 9 808 677 individuals. In the general population, MAFLD was present in 33.0% (95% CI 29.7%‐36.5%) and NAFLD in 29.1% (95% CI 27.1%‐31.1%). Among those with FLD, 4.0% (95% CI 2.4%‐6.4%) did not meet the MAFLD criteria but had NAFLD (NAFLD‐only) and 15.1% (95% CI 11.5%‐19.5%) was exclusively captured by the novel MAFLD definition (MAFLD‐only). Notably, this MAFLD‐only group was at significantly increased risk for fibrosis (RR 4.2; 95% CI 1.3‐12.9) and had higher alanine aminotransferase (mean difference: 8.0 U/L, 95% CI 2.6‐13.5) and aspartate aminotransferase (mean difference: 6.4 U/L, 95% CI 3.0‐9.7), compared to NAFLD‐only. Similar results were obtained among the non‐general population.ConclusionsMetabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease and NAFLD are highly prevalent in the general population, with considerable overlap between them. However, compared to NAFLD, significantly more individuals were additionally identified by MAFLD than were missed. Importantly, by using the MAFLD criteria, more individuals with liver damage were identified. Therefore, the novel MAFLD definition is superior to NAFLD on a population level.
Molecular characterisation of Candida auris isolates from immunocompromised patients in a tertiary‐care hospital in Kuwait reveals a novel mutation in FKS1 conferring reduced susceptibility to echinocandins
Authors: Asadzadeh Mohammad , Mokaddas Eiman , Ahmad Suhail , Abdullah Aneesa A. , de Groot Theun , Meis Jacques F. , Shetty Shama A. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryBackgroundCandida auris is an emerging, potentially multidrug‐resistant pathogen that exhibits clade‐specific resistance to fluconazole and also develops resistance to echinocandins and amphotericin B easily. This study analysed 49 C auris isolates for alterations in hotspot‐1 and hotspot‐2 of FKS1 for the detection of mutations conferring reduced susceptibility to echinocandins.MethodsC auris isolates (n = 49) obtained from 18 immunocompromised patients during June 2016‐December 2018 were analysed. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by Etest and broth microdilution‐based MICRONAUT‐AM assay. Mutations in hotspot‐1 and hotspot‐2 regions of FKS1 were detected by PCR sequencing and fingerprinting of the isolates was done by short tandem repeat typing.ResultsThe patients had multiple comorbidities/risk factors for Candida spp. infection including cancer/leukaemia/lymphoma/myeloma (n = 16), arterial/central line (n = 17), urinary catheter (n = 17), mechanical ventilation (n = 14) and major surgery (n = 9) and received antifungal drugs as prophylaxis and/or empiric treatment. Seven patients developed C auris candidemia/breakthrough candidemia, nine patients had candiduria with/without candidemia and four patients developed surgical site/respiratory infection. Resistance to fluconazole and amphotericin B was detected in 44 and four isolates, respectively. Twelve C auris isolates from eight patients showed reduced susceptibility to echinocandins. Seven isolates contained hostspot‐1 mutations and three isolates from a candidemia patient contained R1354H mutation in hotspot‐2 of FKS1. Ten patients died, five were cured, two were lost to follow‐up and treatment details for one patient were not available.ConclusionsOur findings describe development of a novel mutation in FKS1 conferring reduced susceptibility to echinocandins in one patient during treatment and unfavourable clinical outcome for many C auris‐infected patients.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole delayed release tablet while managing COVID‐19–associated mucormycosis in a real‐life setting
Authors: Patel Atul , Patel Ketan , Patel Kamlesh , Shah Kinjal , Chakrabarti Arunaloke 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlong with COVID‐19 pandemic, India has faced an outbreak of COVID‐19–associated mucormycosis (CAM). Due to restricted availability of amphotericin B during this outbreak, clinicians were forced to use posaconazole or isavuconazole preparations as first‐line or alternate therapy in many patients. We planned an early monitoring of posaconazole trough level while using delayed release (DR) tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy.ObjectivesPrimary objective of the study was to determine percentage of patients achieving arbitrarily decided therapeutic posaconazole levels (≥1.2 μg/ml) after using standard dosages of posaconazole. Secondary objective was to identify potential factors associated with sub‐therapeutic posaconazole levels.MethodsWe performed retrospective chart review of the hospitalised patients, who received posaconazole DR tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy to treat CAM during outbreak period (March 1 to May 31, 2021). High‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was used to measure trough level of posaconazole.ResultsPosaconazole serum levels of 29 patients were analysed, who received posaconazole DR tablet. Majority (n = 23) were male with the median (range) age 53 (24–86) years. The mean (SD) posaconazole level was 1.66 (0.76) μg/ml. Sub‐therapeutic posaconazole trough level was observed in 7 (24.1%) patients. Relatively younger patients were associated with lower posaconazole level (p = .046). Except two patients, all the patients tolerated posaconazole well.ConclusionsThe study supports the posaconazole trough level measurement on day 4 while using posaconazole DR tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy to treat mucormycosis during limited supply of amphotericin B.
Flowers prepare thyselves: leaf and root herbivores induce specific changes in floral phytochemistry with consequences for plant interactions with florivores
Authors: Rusman Quint , Hooiveld‐Knoppers Sanne , Dijksterhuis Mirjam , Bloem Janneke , Reichelt Michael , Dicke Marcel , Poelman Erik H. 
Published: December 2021

Summary

The phenotypic plasticity of flowering plants in response to herbivore damage to vegetative tissues can affect plant interactions with flower‐feeding organisms. Such induced systemic responses are probably regulated by defence‐related phytohormones that signal flowers to alter secondary chemistry that affects resistance to florivores. Current knowledge on the effects of damage to vegetative tissues on plant interactions with florivores and the underlying mechanisms is limited.

We compared the preference and performance of two florivores on flowering Brassica nigra plants damaged by one of three herbivores feeding from roots or leaves. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we quantified expression patterns of marker genes for defence‐related phytohormonal pathways, and concentrations of phytohormones and glucosinolates in buds and flowers.

Florivores displayed contrasting preferences for plants damaged by herbivores feeding on roots and leaves. Chewing florivores performed better on plants damaged by folivores, but worse on plants damaged by the root herbivore. Chewing root and foliar herbivory led to specific induced changes in the phytohormone profile of buds and flowers. This resulted in increased glucosinolate concentrations for leaf‐damaged plants, and decreased glucosinolate concentrations for root‐damaged plants.

The outcome of herbivore–herbivore interactions spanning from vegetative tissues to floral tissues is unique for the inducing root/leaf herbivore and receiving florivore combination.
Role of ubiquitin‐specific protease 5 in the inflammatory response of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Chen Qiuying , Su Jiangling , Chen Xun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe systemic inflammatory response caused by chronic periodontitis is a risk factor for multiple diseases. Ubiquitin‐specific protease 5 (USP5) is a kind of deubiquitinase which mainly responsible for dissociating unanchored polyubiquitin. However, the functions of USP5 in chronic periodontitis have not been reported.MethodsChronic periodontitis patients were recruited, and their periodontal samples were collected. The levels of USP5, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in gingival crevicular fluid were evaluated by ELISA. The expression of USP5, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β in human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) was estimated by qRT‐PCR assay. The activation of STAT3 signaling was examined by Western blot.ResultsUSP5 was upregulated in the gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis patients. USP5 expression was positively correlated with the expression of proinflammatory factors. USP5 knockdown and deubiquitinase inhibitor inhibited LPS‐induced inflammatory responses in PDLSCs. Suppressing USP5 inhibited STAT3 signaling in PDLSCs.ConclusionSuppression deubiquitinase USP5 inhibits the inflammatory response of chronic periodontitis by suppressing STAT3 signaling.
A central maxillary tumor with bland cytology, partly sclerotic stroma, and neural involvement. Sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma or epithelial neurotropism in an odontogenic fibroma?
Authors: Tosios Konstantinos I. , Giannoulis Georgios , Kaklamanis Loukas , Choupis Konstantinos 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimTo present a maxillary tumour showing features of sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma (SOC), i.e. bland cytology, partly sclerotic stroma and neural involvement, and contemplate whether its diagnostic feature, neural involvement, could represent epithelial neurotropism in a central odontogenic fibroma (COdF).Materials and methodsA 58‐year‐old male presented with a depression on the palatal side of the alveolar ridge, extending from the right canine to the right first molar tooth. A CBCT of the maxilla revealed a multilocular radiolucency, with ill‐defined borders, causing destruction of the buccal and palatal cortical bone.ResultsComplete removal of the tumour was performed under general anaesthesia. Healing was uneventful and there was no evidence of recurrence in the 36 months clinical and radiographical follow up. The final diagnosis was an odontogenic tumour with bland cytology, sclerosis and neural involvement, consistent with SOC.ConclusionsThe tumour presented herein showed clinical, radiographical and microscopical features consistent with SOC and COdF, with neural involvement favouring a diagnosis of SOC. Epithelial neurotropism in a COdF could account for the similarities between those lesions and the rather quiescent, for an infiltrative intraosseous carcinoma, clinical behaviour of SOC.
Coronectomy of mandibular third molar in oncology patients
Authors: Al‐Sarraj Mariam , Wali Rana , Ormondroyd Louise , Boztuna Mehmet , Patel Vinod 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimCoronectomy of mandibular third molars deemed to be at risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI) has become an increasingly common treatment modality. The primary principle of the procedure is the removal of coronal tissue and retention of vital root(s) with non‐inflamed pulpal tissue to be surrounded by normal bone.Oncological treatment is currently considered a contraindication for coronectomy due to the theoretical assumption that there is an increased risk of infection from non‐vital coronectomy roots in patients whose oncological disease can result in the development of secondary or acquired immunodeficiency. Additionally, patients with oncological conditions who have undergone head and neck radiotherapy (RT) or received bone modulating agents could be at risk of osteonecrosis either following coronectomy or future root retrieval.This mini case series aims to investigate the outcomes following coronectomy concentrating on oncology patients.MethodsBetween 2011 and 2017, seven patients prior to commencing head and neck RT or chemotherapy underwent coronectomy of nine mandibular third molars (M3Ms).ResultsClinical and radiographic follow up for a mean of 15 months (range 3–48) had shown healing with no report of persistent pain or infection. Fifty‐six per cent of roots demonstrated migration radiographically. No cases required root retrieval or experienced post‐operative IANI or osteonecrosis of the jaw.ConclusionThis mini case series provides some early insight into the use of coronectomy in oncology patients, however, requires a larger patient population and longer follow up.
Trigeminal neuralgia and associated unwarranted dental treatment
Authors: Agarwal Padmanidhi , Bhatt Sumit , Jain Kanav , Agarwal Ayush , Mahajan Tarun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimThis study aimed to note the prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in patients reporting to a tertiary care centre along with the unwarranted dental treatment they had received due to ignorance about the same.MethodologyAll patients reporting to the Dentistry Out Patient Department (OPD) over 1 year were screened for TN and their demographics, side and site of neuralgia along with any dental treatment received in relation to the complaint site were noted and compared.ResultsOut of 14,952 OPD patients, the prevalence of TN was 0.30% (45) with a female to male ratio of 3:2. It was more common on the right side and affected the mandibular division the most. More than 80% of patients underwent at least one unnecessary dental procedure before being diagnosed with TN, this was more common in the rural population as compared to city dwellers.ConclusionTo decrease the number of unwarranted dental procedures being done on TN patients, thorough knowledge of TN amongst both the public and dentists is essential to reduce patient agony, decrease the delay in diagnosis, facilitate early resolution of symptoms and eventually disease and improve the patient's quality of life. Timely neurology referral is the key to better management and reduces unnecessary dental procedures undergone by patients unknowingly and eventually decreases the emotional and economic burden on them.
Screen time of children with speech delay: a cross‐sectional study in a tertiary center in Kuantan, Malaysia
Authors: Chong Wei Wei , Abd Rahman Fairuz Nazri , Harun Noorul Amilin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies suggest excessive screen time (use of smartphones, televisions, computers and/or video games) is linked to speech and language delay. This study explored the sociodemographic characteristics of children with speech delay in Kuantan, Malaysia, and the association of screen time with speech and other developmental delays.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted between July and November 2019 at the child psychiatry and speech therapy clinics, at Kuantan Hospital, Pahang, Malaysia. Parents of children with speech delay aged <72 months provided information on their children's and their own screen times. Speech and other developmental skills were assessed using the Schedule of Growing Skills II with scores reported as developmental quotient (DQ) level.ResultsThe study included 91 children (67 boys, 24 girls) of whom 54.9% had primary speech delay and 45.1% had neurodevelopmental disorders; their mean age was 39.9 ± 11.52 months. The children's mean screen time was 2.26 ± 1.98 h daily, with 36.3% exceeding 2 h. Higher children's screen time was moderately correlated with higher parental screen time (rs = 0.479, P < 0.01). Household income was positively correlated with screen times of the children and the parents (rs = 0.243, P = 0.02 and rs = 0.390, p < 0.01, respectively). Parents who intended to reduce their children's screen time reported higher screen time in their children (t(89) = 2.322, P = 0.023). Children's age was positively correlated with the number of types of screen media (rs = 0.225, P = 0.032). The mean speech DQ was 54.76 ± 24.06%. Lower speech DQ was associated with lower DQs in other skills (P < 0.01). No significant correlation was shown between children's and parents' screen time with DQs of speech and other skills (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe correlation between parent and child screen time provides an opportunity for possible intervention, where necessary. Larger studies are required to examine this correlation further.
Plerixafor stem cell mobilization in Japanese children: A post‐marketing study
Authors: Goto Hiroaki , Kanamori Rie , Nishina Satoshi , Seto Takashi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundPlerixafor is approved in Japan for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization prior to autologous transplant, but limited data are available on the use in children. This study evaluates the safety and effectiveness of plerixafor in Japanese children aged <15 years.MethodsA multicenter, post‐marketing surveillance study was conducted in Japan to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of plerixafor in routine clinical practice. This subgroup analysis examined the safety and effectiveness of plerixafor administered as a once‐daily, subcutaneous injection in children aged <15 years. The primary effectiveness outcome was the proportion of patients with 2 × 106 cells CD34+ cells/kg collected via apheresis within 4 days.ResultsEighteen patients with solid tumors were included in this analysis; (median age 6.0 years, range, 1–13 years). In addition to granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, all patients had received chemotherapy immediately prior to plerixafor administration. The mean (SD) daily dose of plerixafor was 0.24 (0.01) mg/kg. Seven of the 18 patients (38.9%) developed adverse drug reactions (ADRs), all occurring in patients aged ≥6 years and weighing ≥16 kg. The most common ADRs were pyrexia (n = 4), vomiting (n = 3), nausea (n = 2), and abdominal pain (n = 2). Twelve patients (66.7%) achieved a CD34+ cell count ≥2 × 106 cells/kg within 4 days after the start of plerixafor administration.ConclusionsThe results provide an encouraging sign that plerixafor 0.24 mg/kg may be safe and effective in pediatric patients in routine clinical practice in Japan, but further research in larger studies is needed.
Comparison of two methods measuring serum alkaline phosphatase in neonates
Authors: Hanaoka Shintaro , Motokura Kouji , Tomotaki Seiichi , Akita Mitsuyo , Araki Ryosuke , Tomobe Yutaro , Yamauchi Takeru , Tomotaki Hiroko , Iwanaga Kougoro , Niwa Fusako , Takita Junko , Kawai Masahiko 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundSerum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a useful bone turnover marker to diagnose metabolic bone disease in preterm infants. In Japan, serum ALP levels were generally measured using the Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry (JSCC) method. It is problematic that ALP levels measured using the JSCC method tend to be higher in people with blood types B and O regardless of the disease. For international standardization, since 2020, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) method has been used as a reference method for ALP measurement instead of the JSCC method. However, no report has investigated the correlation between these two methods in neonates. We therefore aimed to compare the JSCC and IFCC methods and demonstrate a conversion formula in neonates.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we used a total of 402 samples in 49 preterm and 38 term infants. Serum ALP levels were measured using the JSCC and IFCC methods.ResultsAlkaline phosphatase measured using the JSCC method strongly correlated with that measured using the IFCC method in all blood types in preterm and term infants (P < 0.01 for all).ConclusionsWe found that the serum ALP levels measured using the IFCC method could be calculated as 0.34 times the ALP levels measured using the JSCC method in preterm and term infants with any blood type: ALP levels (IFCC method) = 0.34 × ALP levels (JSCC method).
Heteroatom‐Substituted Xanthene Fluorophores Enter the Shortwave‐Infrared Region†
Authors: Brøndsted Frederik , Stains Cliff I. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThis article is a highlight of the paper by Ivanic and Schnermann et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology (Daly et al. Photochem. Photobiol. 2022). The collaborative team utilized computational approaches to investigate the influence of electron‐withdrawing groups at the 10′ position of tetramethylrhodamine (TMR). Leveraging this information, the team was able to extend the emission of the TMR scaffold into the shortwave‐infrared region (SWIR, 1000–2500 nm) by incorporation of a ketone functional group at the 10′ position (Daly et al. Photochem. Photobiol. 2022). This work provides the first example of a TMR derivative with peak SWIR emission (λabs: 862 nm, λem: 1058 nm). The authors utilize the ketone rhodamine scaffold to generate fluorogenic, pH‐responsive reporters. This work demonstrates the potential of the classic xanthene scaffold for use as a SWIR reporter, an important step in the ultimate expansion of the repertoire of small‐molecule organic fluorophore scaffolds available for deep‐tissue imaging applications.