bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Remotely Operated Subsea Containment Boom Anchor
Authors: Mitchell Douglas A. , Nedwed Tim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The timely deployment of oil spill response resources is a key factor that influences response success. This is particularly true in river environments where high flow rates can quickly move oil long distances. A key success factor for a river spill is safe and rapid deployment of diversion boom. Current practice for deploying diversion boom in a river requires placing personnel in boats and then setting anchors in the river bed to hold one end of the boom. This process is both time consuming and potentially puts personnel at risk. A new system under development is designed to reduce response time and keep personnel off the water during the initial response. The system, referred to as ROSE (Remotely Operated Subsea Equipment), is a semi-permanent mooring that rests on a river bed or sea bottom. The mooring consists of a highly buoyant float connected to the mooring base. Anchor ropes attached to the buoyant float remain coiled within the mooring until release. The system is pre-deployed at priority locations determined during contingency response planning. If a spill occurs, an acoustic signal releases the float to act as an immediate anchor for diversion boom. Further, for many types of rivers, the anchor ropes attached to the float can be retrieved from shore, keeping response personnel off the water. This allows one end of the boom to be anchored in the river while the other end is anchored to the shore. Initial testing confirmed the potential of the concept. Based on the initial testing, further modifications were made to the ROSE design to increase its robustness.
Multispectral UAS system for detecting, characterizing, and mapping oil spills on near shore environments
Authors: Garcia Oscar , Cho Jay , DiPinto Lisa , Shorr Benjamin , Todd brandi , Han daniel , Garcia Diana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We have developed a UAS system that collects multispectral data in order to characterize oil slick thicknesses and emulsification ratios. This system consists on a UAS that carries multiple cameras that integrate 10 wavelength band sensors ranging from Ultra-Violet (UV) to Long Wave Infrared (LW-IR). This system has been originally tested at OHMSETT and at the MC-20 site in the Gulf of Mexico. More recently this UAS was put in operation during the Lake Washington Wellhead blowout in Louisiana. In here we present examples of how this operational tool allowed oil spill responders to efficiently deploy containments of the floating oil (booming) and to monitor the collection of the oil on real time. Moreover, using a rapid classification algorithm, the multispectral data collected by our UAS allowed us to make a detailed high resolution classification of the oil detected on the shorelines of the affected areas. The UAS also delivered near real time oil detections that were used during the spill by the NOAA oil spill science coordinators through the ERMA system. This UAS has proven its ability to detect oil on ‘hard to reach areas’ and it offers a valuable option for the evaluation of affected areas impacted by the spill. We compared the SCAT surveys with the UAS oil detections and conclude the importance of adding this UAS tool as part of the operational assessment of the spill to determine the level of impact of the spill on the nearshore environment.
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Advances in Oil Spill Analysis
Authors: Rodgers Ryan P. , Chacón-Patiño Martha L. , Niles Sydney F. , Chen Huan , McKenna Amy M. , Zito Phoebe , Tarr Matthew A. , Marshall Alan G. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Oil is a complex mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, nitrogen/sulfur/oxygen (N/S/O) heterocycles, alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids, porphyrins, and myriad possible combinations therein. Once introduced into the environment, some weathering processes reduce this complexity through evaporative losses (loss to atmosphere) as well as water washing of low ring number aromatics, N/S/O heterocycles, alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids (loss to seawater). However, Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) supported research has revealed that the contributions of these mechanisms to the reduction of molecular complexity are dwarfed by that of oxidative weathering processes (photo- and bio-oxidation) that increase the compositional complexity of the transformed oil. Because these oxidative processes increase the complexity of an already analytically challenging organic mixture and the boiling point of transformed species is higher than that of the precursors, conventional analytical techniques yield little insight into the identification of oil spill transformation products. Despite the challenge, recent advances in analytical science now allow molecular-level insight into these complex systems irrespective of initial (unaltered) or transformed-product boiling point; these advances were largely made possible by GoMRI supported research efforts. They expose a continuum of oxidized transformation products that span oil-soluble, oil-soluble interfacially-active, and water-soluble species. The isolation and characterization of oil-soluble, interfacially-active species confirm a long-standing theory that photo-oxidation generates oil-soluble surfactant-like species, which limit the effectiveness of dispersants. Furthermore, photo-oxidation specific microcosms are shown to generate unique species that are also found in field samples. Bio-oxidation only microcosms were found to generate very different, oil-soluble species; thus, photo-oxidation is implicated in the formation of transformation products in the field. Finally, analyses of photooxidized distillate cuts as well as asphaltene samples confirm prior reports of photo-induced polymerization and photo-cracking of native petroleum molecules. Here, we summarize the advances in the molecular-level understanding of oil over the past 8 years, in the context of oil spill science, by high resolution mass spectrometry, and we highlight potential opportunities for future research, as well as knowledge gaps that must be addressed for future spills.
The SONS Money Tale: From Exxon Valdez to Deepwater Horizon to ??
Authors: Thuring Allen , Abramson Jonathan A. 
Published: December 2021

Synopsis
SONS (Spill of National Significance) have been extensively studied from multiple perspectives. In the realm of the Incident Command Structure (ICS) there have been numerous Operations, Planning, and Logistics examinations, reviews, and recommendations. The fourth ICS node – Finance – has seen little such scrutiny or review. This paper, written by two individuals at the heart of each respective response, will address that gap and identify the problems that arose, were solved, or remain problematic for the next SONS that occurs in the United States.
Each spill posed different problems, driven by statute, prior experience, fiscal systems, and the expectations of outside stakeholders. The paper will examine the following dimensions. 1) The available fund balance at the start of the response, and how the fund could be replenished under existing statute.2) The financial role taken by the spillers/responsible parties.3) The mechanisms to provide response funding to the FOSC during the incident.4) Funding National Contingency Plan participants (Federal, State, Local) supporting the FOSC response.5) Funding Trustee led natural resource damage assessments and damage restoration plans during and after the response concluded.6) Payment of claims to injured third parties.7) Billing the spillers/responsible parties for the incident costs and the disposition of the resulting payments.
The paper will conclude with an examination of the financial issues that remain and will probably arise for the next SONS. It will summarize possible solutions, reflecting when appropriate a number of legislative changes that have been proposed by various parties.
Motor-Tanker Coimbra - The Million Gallon Gamble
Authors: Diaz Jesse , Mazin Rodion , McKeathen Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
In January of 1942, the M/T COIMBRA, a British flag vessel, carrying 64,800 barrels of lubricating oil and fuel oil was torpedoed by the German submarine U-123. It sank 26 NM south of Shinnecock Inlet, NY. The vessel was classified by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as a Remediation of Underwater Legacy Environmental Threats (RULET) vessel and was ranked the second highest pollution threat in the First Coast Guard District area of responsibility and the highest for U. S. Coast Guard Sector Long Island Sound.
In 2015, Sector Long Island Sound started receiving pollution reports from the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) via NOAA of anomalies in the vicinity of the wreck location of M/T COIMBRA. The anomalies were later confirmed by U.S. Coast Guard overflights and surface sheen sampling as oil. The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) determined that M/T COIMBRA posed a substantial threat to the environment and opened the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to complete an assessment and execute an oil removal operation from the vessel that was deteriorating on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean for 77 years. The vast number of unknowns, government regulations, technological challenges, varying weather patterns, diverse marine fauna, and lack of historical records about non-U.S. flagged vessels complicated the response to this pollution threat.
Establishing a diverse team of professionals comprised of federal, academic, and state specialists, a detailed statement of work was created, and a contractor was chosen to complete objectives established by the FOSC. As a result of the operation, the U.S. Coast Guard determined the following: - Types and quantity of oil onboard the subject vessel- Best practices for the oil removal from an historic wreck- The impacts of salt water on the riveted hull structures- Challenges of the oil removal from various historical ship construction types
A total of 81 out of 87 wrecks on the RULET database remain unassessed and unexplored in the United States alone. RULET wrecks and other historical polluting wrecks around the world may present a significant threat to the environment. The COIMBRA project answers some of the questions that will make future cases of these polluting historical wrecks more cost effective and less time consuming. In the best-case scenario this project will serve as an example for establishment of the framework for future projects of this nature.
Fifty Years of the International Oil Spill Conference
Authors: Dix Mark , Miller Eric 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In 2019, the International Oil Spill Conference (IOSC) passed a significant milestone in turning 50 years old. Springing from the aftermath from both the Torrey Canyon and Santa Barbara oil spills, New York City hosted the first IOSC in 1969, attracting the attention and participation of a growing body of practitioners in a particular form of emergency response. Bringing together world leaders in oil spill prevention, preparedness, response, and restoration at conferences that fostered community and technological advancement between and within the industry, government, academia, and non-governmental organizations, IOSC was the conference to attend in order to share information, identify emerging issues, and develop key contacts. With the volume of oil shipments on the rise and an increasing reliance on petroleum cargoes and fuels in the latter half of the 20th century, as well as a keener focus on the protection of natural resources, the relevance and content of the IOSC continued to grow and solidify. In looking back at the history of the conference, this paper charts the development of the IOSC event and notes the growth of the positive impacts the conference has had on the spill response community and the conference features that have expanded its attractiveness and accessibility for over 50 years.
Improving Response Planning by Using Numerical Models to Test Geographic Response Plans
Authors: McGrath Gabrielle G. , Yanishevsky Tatyana 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
40 CFR §300.210 outlines the requirements for each Area Committee to develop an Area Contingency Plan (ACP) for its designated area. These requirements include a list of equipment and personnel available to ensure an effective and immediate removal of a discharge. Many Area Committees take this direction to the next step and develop Geographic Response Plans (GRP) or Geographic Response Strategies (GRS) for inclusion in the ACP. These plans provide pre-identified deployment strategies for how to coordinate an effective response and protect sensitive sites in the event of an oil spill. GRPs are typically developed by Area Committee representatives behind the doors of a meeting room. While these experienced members know their regions very well and offer a wealth of knowledge in oil spill response tactics, the developed GRPs are typically not field-tested due to the cost constraints of deploying equipment. Even if an Area Committee is able to sponsor a field deployment, the equipment is only being tested against one set of environmental conditions. In addition, typical ACPs contain hundreds of GRPs. It is not possible to deploy equipment to test all of those plans. Numerical models can be used to electronically test GRPs under all possible environmental conditions. These models run quickly, allowing multiple iterations of environmental scenarios, in a short amount of time. By providing the capability to implement response options within the model, users can simulate a variety of combinations of countermeasures, including surface and subsea dispersants, in-situ burning, skimming, and booming. Analyzing the model outputs can allow Area Committee members to adjust the response plans to maximize effectiveness of the GRPs. The September 2018 update of the U.S. Coast Guard's Marine Environmental Response Manual supports the use of computer simulations for validating these plans. By developing a comprehensive computerized testing process of GRPs, the Area Committees can ensure that the coasts of the United States are protected from the devastation of an oil spill.
A New Field Guide For Freshwater Shoreline Response
Authors: Laforest Sonia , Owens Ed , Zrum Leanne , Lambert Patrick , MacDonald Shannon , Grenon Stéphane 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has developed a series of field guides to provide technical support tools for decisions regarding the evaluation of freshwater and marine shorelines and treatment options during an oil spill response. The new Freshwater Shoreline Response Guide is aligned with and complements the most recent editions of the ECCC Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) Manual (ECCC, 2018) and the ECCC Field Guide to Oil Spill Response on Marine Shorelines (ECCC, 2016). ECCC is engaged to provide science-based information to the spill response community and develop an expertise in spill response.
The purpose of the Freshwater Shoreline Response Field Guide is to provide advice and guidance on the protection and treatment of freshwater shorelines threatened or affected by an oil spill. This Field Guide focuses on conventional tactics normally available to responders and appropriate for freshwater shoreline environments. The content of the Field Guide is organized to describe key elements of: Health and safety for field teamsNet Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) / Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA)Freshwater environmentsOil fate and behaviour in freshwater environmentsResponse – planning, treatment, special topics, and completion and monitoring
EnviRisk – Automated Environmental Risk Assessment for Ship Traffic in Norwegian Waters
Authors: Brude Odd Willy , Jakobsen Vivian , Rinaldo Øyvind , Tvedt Harald Bjarne , Rudberg Anders , Gravir Gjermund , Olsen Knut Erik 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
A near real-time environmental calculation of oil spill risk along the entire coast of Norway is developed as the EnviRisk model. Previous risk assessments utilize older decision models and repeated manual calculations that are costly as well as not accounting for the complexity of and changes in, ship traffic. Furthermore, cloud-providers have enabled enough data ingest and processing power to utilize high resolution shore and satellite based AIS data (Automated Identification System), to develop more dynamic and accurate risk calculation models than before.
EnviRisk builds upon AISyRisk, an automated risk calculation model for marine traffic developed by the Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) and DNV GL. AISyRisk, includes a long-term data collection on probability of ship accidents and consequences for fatalities and oil spills for Norwegian waters (Norwegian Coastal Administration 2020). From AISyRisk, the probabilities for a certain oil spill (location, oil type and volume) is developed further to assess the environmental consequence in the EnviRisk model. As part of EnviRisk, extensive oil spill modelling is being performed in the cloud with the open source OpenDrift model (https://github.com/opendrift/opendrift/wiki) released by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. This, combined with environmental sensitivity for both seabirds, marine mammals, fish and shoreline habitats, makes it feasible to quantify the environmental consequence and risk. Environmental risk is presented on a 10x10 km grid for the previous month of ship traffic and also accumulates statistics for risk over time. This paper presents the automated oil spill modelling and environmental risk calculation in EnviRisk. The method builds upon previous risk assessments for NCA for the Norwegian Coast (Braathen and Brude, 2011), for Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Braathen et. al., 2014) and for Greenland for Defence Command Denmark also in 2014 (Eikeland et. al., 2014). The approach is significantly improved particularly with respect to the oil spill modelling.
Updates of AISyRisk and EnviRisk data and calculations are done monthly and the results published on a web portal administered by the Norwegian Coastal Administration where aggregated results are publicly available.
Responder Safety - Evolving Safety Systems, Processes, and Behaviours in an International Oil Spill Response Cooperative
Authors: O'Driscoll Declan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) is a United Kingdom based industry cooperative for emergency oil spill response and preparedness. The company provides emergency surface and subsurface response to oil spills on a global basis.
The nature of emergency oil spill response requires responders to understand and deal quickly with the safety risks arising from working in new and unfamiliar surroundings. The risks derive from the physical nature of the incident, the geographical locations, the local weather conditions as well as working with new colleagues and organisations.
OSRL was originally established in the United Kingdom in 1985 and now employs 265 people in 9 countries. This growth has been the result of mergers with response cooperatives in the United States and Singapore and the introduction of a new subsea well capping services division.
A common understanding and alignment on safety in an organisation with a range of nationalities and cultures as well as local compliance requirements is critical to safeguarding employees. To ensure this, OSRL began a programme to review safety management systems, processes and procedures as well as employee behaviours. An Operations Excellence Management System, known as ‘The Blueprint', was introduced to provide structure and control in corporate documentation as well as providing better navigation to employees in locating specific procedures.
The introduction of the Blueprint prompted a major overhaul of OSRL's core safety procedures, in particular, risk management. While the basic principles of risk assessment were similar, there was a difference across the company in how risk assessments were prepared, approved and presented.
The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP) Life Saving Rules were introduced. The Rules provide clear guidance on how to prevent accidents known to have caused industry fatalities in the past. OSRL also undertook a review, with employee participation, of the company's values that led to a new corporate ‘Values Compass' with safety at the centre.
Employees are encouraged to take personal ownership of their own safety and that of colleagues. Awareness is promoted by setting formal objectives, linked to remuneration, on hazard identification and behavioural safety observations. This paper will show the strategies and initiatives applied to develop a framework of rules, processes and behaviour to support and protect OSRL responders from the range of safety risks encountered when responding to an oil spill.
The Bow Jubail Oiled Wildlife Incident: Success Factors of an International Tiered Response on the Basis of Standards of Good Practice
Authors: Velter Claude , Nijkamp Hugo , Jay Simone 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In June 2018, about 218 metric tons of heavy fuel oil gushed into the harbor of Rotterdam (NL) following the rupturing of the hull of the Bow Jubail at a jetty. Due to tidal activity, the oil from the unloaded chemical tanker quickly spread out over a 30+ km waterway where many hundreds of Mute swans were moulting at the time. A citizen's initiative quickly led to the capture of over 200 swans from the water and shores, and their transport to some bird rehab centers in the immediate neighborhood. For the authorities this massive impact that overwhelmed the available resources of the permanent centers was the trigger to activate the national oiled wildlife response plan. The activation of the national plan goes hand in hand with the decision to build a large temporary facility that needs to be fully operational within 48 hours to receive the impacted live animals for treatment. The building of the such a facility, but also the staffing that is needed to care for 600 impacted swans is a challenging task and needs fast decision taking by experts who can oversee the particular needs of swans, and are able to inform logistics about equipment and materials needed.
In parallel, a large number of experts must be mobilized who can lead and process the impacted animals once the temporary facility is ready for operations. For some part these resources were available in the Netherlands, but many more experts needed to be mobilized from abroad. The mobilization procedures of both EUROWA network and the GOWRS network were activated, leading to a large number of experts who indicated their availability. Meanwhile, the authorities took decisions on the authorization of the international mobilization, and when green lighted, the experts were asked to come over.
This paper describes the decision making in the early days, and the way that arriving experts were deployed in the facility. The use of international guidelines for this process and the ease by which international experts could work together thanks to many years of investments into local and international preparedness will be highlighted. The rehabilitation of 522 mute swans took a full month (30 days), after which 97.5% of the animals had been successfully released.