bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking for Wugs in all the Right Places: Children's Use of Prepositions in Word Learning
Authors: St. Pierre Thomas , Johnson Elizabeth K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo help infer the meanings of novel words, children frequently capitalize on their current linguistic knowledge to constrain the hypothesis space. Children's syntactic knowledge of function words has been shown to be especially useful in helping to infer the meanings of novel words, with most previous research focusing on how children use preceding determiners and pronouns/auxiliary to infer whether a novel word refers to an entity or an action, respectively. In the current visual world experiment, we examined whether 28‐ to 32‐month‐olds could exploit their lexical semantic knowledge of an additional class of function words—prepositions—to learn novel nouns. During the experiment, children were tested on their ability to use the prepositions in, on, under, and next to to identify novel creatures displayed on a screen (e.g., The wug is on the table), as well as their ability to later identify the creature without accompanying prepositions (e.g., Look at the wug). Children overall demonstrated understanding of all the prepositions but next to and were able to use their knowledge of prepositions to learn the associations between novel words and their intended referents, as shown by greater‐than chance looks to the target referent when no prepositional phrase was provided.
Similarity Judgment Within and Across Categories: A Comprehensive Model Comparison
Authors: Richie Russell , Bhatia Sudeep 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSimilarity is one of the most important relations humans perceive, arguably subserving category learning and categorization, generalization and discrimination, judgment and decision making, and other cognitive functions. Researchers have proposed a wide range of representations and metrics that could be at play in similarity judgment, yet have not comprehensively compared the power of these representations and metrics for predicting similarity within and across different semantic categories. We performed such a comparison by pairing nine prominent vector semantic representations with seven established similarity metrics that could operate on these representations, as well as supervised methods for dimensional weighting in the similarity function. This approach yields a factorial model structure with 126 distinct representation‐metric pairs, which we tested on a novel dataset of similarity judgments between pairs of cohyponymic words in eight categories. We found that cosine similarity and Pearson correlation were the overall best performing unweighted similarity functions, and that word vectors derived from free association norms often outperformed word vectors derived from text (including those specialized for similarity). Importantly, models that used human similarity judgments to learn category‐specific weights on dimensions yielded substantially better predictions than all unweighted approaches across all types of similarity functions and representations, although dimension weights did not generalize well across semantic categories, suggesting strong category context effects in similarity judgment. We discuss implications of these results for cognitive modeling and natural language processing, as well as for theories of the representations and metrics involved in similarity.
Prospective evaluation of high‐dose methotrexate pharmacokinetics in adult patients with lymphoma using novel determinants of kidney function
Authors: Barreto Jason N. , Reid Joel M. , Thompson Carrie A. , Mara Kristin C. , Rule Andrew D. , Kashani Kianoush B. , Leung Nelson , Larson Thomas R. , McGovern Renee M. , Witzig Thomas E. , Barreto Erin F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHigh‐dose methotrexate (HDMTX) pharmacokinetics (PKs), including the best estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equation that reflects methotrexate (MTX) clearance, requires investigation. This prospective, observational, single‐center study evaluated adult patients with lymphoma treated with HDMTX. Samples were collected at predefined time points up to 96 h postinfusion. MTX and 7‐hydroxy‐MTX PKs were estimated by standard noncompartmental analysis. Linear regression determined which serum creatinine‐ or cystatin C‐based eGFR equation best predicted MTX clearance. The 80 included patients had a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 68.6 years (IQR 59.2–75.6), 54 (67.5%) were men, and 74 (92.5%) were White. The median (IQR) dose of MTX was 7.6 (IQR 4.8–11.3) grams. Median clearance was similar across three dosing levels at 4.5–5.6 L/h and was consistent with linear PKs. Liver function, weight, age, sex, concomitant chemotherapy, and number of previous MTX doses did not impact clearance. MTX area under the curve (AUC) values varied over a fourfold range and appeared to increase in proportion to the dose. The eGFRcys (ml/min) equation most closely correlated with MTX clearance in both the entire cohort and after excluding outlier MTX clearance values (r = 0.31 and 0.51, respectively). HDMTX as a 4‐h infusion displays high interpatient pharmacokinetic variability. Population PK modeling to optimize MTX AUC attainment requires further evaluation. The cystatin C‐based eGFR equation most closely estimated MTX clearance and should be investigated for dosing and monitoring in adults requiring MTX as part of lymphoma management.
Organizational perspectives and diagnostic evaluations for children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Cloet Eva , Jansen Anna , Leys Mark 
Published: August 2021

AimTo clarify organizational perspectives on diagnostic evaluations for children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), with the goal to enhance interorganizational collaboration and improve accessibility.MethodFocus groups with expert stakeholders in Flanders, Belgium, were organized. Data were analyzed in a continuous, comparative method with researcher and data triangulation, and a member check validation.ResultsFifty‐nine people participated in six focus groups. Organizations had no shared vision on diagnostic evaluations of NDD. An interdisciplinary team approach was considered essential. All stakeholders agreed that a diagnostic evaluation is an iterative process along the trajectory of the child.InterpretationDiagnostic evaluations of NDD should be conceptualized as an integrated process of the child’s care trajectory, differentiating needs‐based goals in each phase, and requiring an interdisciplinary team approach. This conceptualization will support a health systems model, allowing interorganizational collaboration to optimize available capacity and increase accessibility.
Effects of empagliflozin on erythropoiesis in patients with type 2 diabetes: Data from a randomized, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Thiele Kirsten , Rau Matthias , Hartmann Niels‐Ulrik K. , Möllmann Julia , Jankowski Joachim , Böhm Michael , Keszei András P. , Marx Nikolaus , Lehrke Michael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to significantly reduce hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in various CV outcome trials in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). SGLT2 inhibition further increased haemoglobin and haematocrit levels by an as yet unknown mechanism, and this increase has been shown to be an independent predictor of the CV benefit of these agents, for example, in the EMPA‐REG OUTCOME trial. The present analysis of the EMPA haemodynamic study examined the early and delayed effects of empagliflozin treatment on haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, in addition to measures of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism, to better understand the underlying mechanisms. In this prospective, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized, two‐arm parallel, interventional and exploratory study, 44 patients with T2D were randomized into two groups and received empagliflozin 10 mg or placebo for a period of 3 months in addition to their concomitant medication. Blood and urine was collected at baseline, on Day 1, on Day 3 and after 3 months of treatment to investigate effects on haematological variables, erythropoietin concentrations and indices of iron stores. Baseline characteristics were comparable in the empagliflozin (n = 20) and placebo (n = 22) group. Empagliflozin led to a significant increase in urinary glucose excretion (baseline: 7.3 ± 22.7 g/24 h; Day 1: 48.4 ± 34.7 g/24 h; P < 0.001) as well as urinary volume (baseline: 1740 ± 601 mL/24 h; Day 1: 2112 ± 837 mL/24 h; P = 0.011) already after 1 day and throughout the 3‐month study period, while haematocrit and haemoglobin were only increased after 3 months of treatment (haematocrit: baseline: 40.6% ± 4.6%; Month 3: 42.2% ±  4.8%, P < 0.001; haemoglobin: baseline: 136 ± 19 g/L; Month 3: 142 ± 25 g/L; P = 0.008). In addition, after 3 months, empagliflozin further increased red blood cell count (P < 0.001) and transferrin concentrations (P = 0.063) and there was a trend toward increased erythropoietin levels (P = 0.117), while ferritin (P = 0.017), total iron (P = 0.053) and transferrin saturation levels (P = 0.030) decreased. Interestingly, the increase in urinary glucose excretion significantly correlated with the induction of erythropoietin in empagliflozin‐treated patients at the 3‐month timepoint (Spearman rho 0.64; P = 0.008). Empagliflozin increased haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit with a delayed time kinetic, which was most likely attributable to increased erythropoiesis with augmented iron utilization and not haemoconcentration. This might be attributable to reduced tubular glucose reabsorption in response to SGLT2 inhibition, possibly resulting in diminished cellular stress as a mechanism for increased renal erythropoietin secretion.
Carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (KCd) for the treatment of triple‐class relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM)
Authors: Pennipede Dante , Mohyuddin Ghulam Rehman , Hawkins Ryan , Ganguly Siddhartha , Shune Leyla , Ahmed Nausheen , Mohan Meera , Cui Wei , Mahmoudjafari Zahra , McGuirk Joseph , Atrash Shebli , Abdallah Al‐Ola 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundMultiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy, and outcomes remain poor for patients with triple‐class relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM). Descriptive analyses were performed on available data for patient characteristics, disease course, and outcomes of the KCd on triple‐class RRMM patients at our institution.Patients and MethodsTwenty‐three patients with triple‐class RRMM treated with KCd between June 2017 and October 2020 were included in our analysis. The regimen KCd consisted of 28 days cycles of carfilzomib 20/36 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16, cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 IV weekly, and dexamethasone (20‐40) mg orally weekly.ResultsPatients received a median of 6 (3‐10) prior regimens. The median number of cycles administered was 4 (1‐11) cycles. Overall response rate was 52%, 6 patients (26%) achieved very good partial response (VGPR), 6 patients (26%) achieved partial response (PR), and 5 patients (22%) achieved stable disease (SD). Progression‐free survival (PFS) and Overall‐survival (OS) were 4 and 11.9 months, respectively. There was no reported treatment‐related mortality. The most common grade ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia (26%), thrombocytopenia (56.5%), and anemia (56.5%).ConclusionsKCd showed clinically meaningful efficacy and manageable safety profile in patients with triple‐class RRMM in real‐world.
Gene flow between island populations of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles hinesorum, may have contributed to the spread of divergent host preference phenotypes
Authors: Ambrose Luke , Ortiz‐Barrientos Daniel , Cooper Robert D. , Lobo Neil F. , Burkot Thomas R. , Russell Tanya L. , Beebe Nigel W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnopheles hinesorum is a mosquito species with variable host preference. Throughout New Guinea and northern Australia, An. hinesorum feeds on humans (it is opportunistically anthropophagic) while in the south‐west Pacific's Solomon Archipelago, the species is abundant but has rarely been found biting humans (it is exclusively zoophagic in most populations). There are at least two divergent zoophagic (nonhuman biting) mitochondrial lineages of An. hinesorum in the Solomon Archipelago representing two independent dispersals. Since zoophagy is a derived (nonancestral) trait in this species, this leads to the question: has zoophagy evolved independently in these two populations? Or conversely: has nuclear gene flow or connectivity resulted in the transfer of zoophagy? Although we cannot conclusively answer this, we find close nuclear relationships between Solomon Archipelago populations indicating that recent nuclear gene flow has occurred between zoophagic populations from the divergent mitochondrial lineages. Recent work on isolated islands of the Western Province (Solomon Archipelago) has also revealed an anomalous, anthropophagic island population of An. hinesorum. We find a common shared mitochondrial haplotype between this Solomon Island population and another anthropophagic population from New Guinea. This finding suggests that there has been recent migration from New Guinea into the only known anthropophagic population from the Solomon Islands. Although currently localized to a few islands in the Western Province of the Solomon Archipelago, if anthropophagy presents a selective advantage, we may see An. hinesorum emerge as a new malaria vector in a region that is now working on malaria elimination.
Parasite faecal egg counts in equine veterinary practice
Authors: Nielsen M. K. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryWidespread occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in ascarid and strongylid parasites has led to recommendations of routine treatment efficacy screening with the faecal egg count reduction test. Furthermore, faecal egg counts are used for classifying mature horses into low, moderate and high strongylid egg shedders, and to monitor for ascarids in foals, weanlings and yearlings. The plethora of egg counting techniques is surrounded by confusion and misconception regarding their use, diagnostic performance and interpretation. This article aims to explain general concepts of evaluating and assessing faecal egg count test performance and address some of the most common misconceptions. The multiplication factor, which is used to convert the number of eggs counted under the microscope to eggs per gram of faeces, is a theoretically derived number, which does not reflect sensitivity. Accuracy and precision are quantitative performance parameters, which are not synonymous. Accuracy is a measure of how close a technique measures to the true count, and has implications for the classification of strongylid egg shedders, but will not affect anthelmintic treatment efficacy evaluation or ascarid monitoring. Precision is a measure of how close repeated counts are to each other, and affects anthelmintic efficacy estimates and strongylid shedding classification. Faecal egg counts do not correlate with worm burdens and do not inform on parasitic involvement in disease. Techniques using test tubes with cover slips placed on top tend to perform with low accuracy and precision in comparison to techniques using counting chambers. Veterinarians should consider the performance of the technique employed for determining faecal egg counts, whether they offer these in house or use a referral diagnostic service. Furthermore, they should consider the training and experience of personnel and protocols in place for diagnostic quality assurance.
Acral peeling in Nagashima type palmo‐plantar keratosis patients reveals the role of serine protease inhibitor B 7 in keratinocyte adhesion
Authors: Cohen‐Barak Eran , Azzam Wassim , Koetsier Jennifer L. , Danial‐Farran Nada , Barcan Moran , Hriesh Maysa , Khayat Morad , Edison Natalia , Krausz Judith , Gafni‐Amsalem Chen , Kubo Akiharu , Godsel Lisa M. , Ziv Michael , Allon‐Shalev Stavit 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcral peeling skin syndrome (APSS) is a heterogenous group of genodermatoses, manifested by peeling of palmo‐plantar skin and occasionally associated with erythema and epidermal thickening. A subset of APSS is caused by mutations in protease inhibitor encoding genes, resulting in unopposed protease activity and desmosomal degradation and/or mis‐localization, leading to enhanced epidermal desquamation. We investigated two Arab‐Muslim siblings with mild keratoderma and prominent APSS since infancy. Genetic analysis disclosed a homozygous mutation in SERPINB7, c.796C > T, which is the founder mutation in Nagashima type palmo‐plantar keratosis (NPPK). Although not previously formally reported, APSS was found in other patients with NPPK. We hypothesized that loss of SERPINB7 function might contribute to the peeling phenotype through impairment of keratinocyte adhesion, similar to other protease inhibitor mutations that cause APSS. Mis‐localization of desmosomal components was observed in a patient plantar biopsy compared with a biopsy from an age‐ and gender‐matched healthy control. Silencing of SERPINB7 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes led to increased cell sheet fragmentation upon mechanical stress. Immunostaining showed reduced expression of desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 1. This study shows that in addition to stratum corneum perturbation, loss of SERPINB7 disrupts desmosomal components, which could lead to desquamation, manifested by skin peeling.
Flight scheduling incorporating bad weather conditions through big data analytics: A comparison of metaheuristics
Authors: Erdem Ebru , Aydın Tolga , Erkayman Burak 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe most important mode of long‐distance transportation for people to use time efficiently is air transportation. One of the most significant factors determining air traffic performance is the scheduling created by companies. When creating schedules, various parameters are used, mainly the demand for the determined route, and the availability of airplanes and flight crews. Known climatic conditions on the route are generally neglected. Within the scope of this study, the creation of flight schedules, which are normally the preparation of flight schedules by considering the monthly, daily, and hourly constraints that could cause flight delays, were determined by also considering weather conditions. In this determination process, 32‐year flight data between 1987 and 2018 were used as a basis. Apache Spark, one of the big data technologies, was used to determine these constraints. The scheduling was optimized by using the constraints used to prevent flight delays. It was observed in the results obtained that simulated annealing (SA) achieved the most optimal results compared to the genetic algorithm (GA) and the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. As the dimensions of the searched space increased, solving the problem with metaheuristic approaches was more advantageous in terms of time compared to the classical method.
MANAGING INEQUALITY OVER BUSINESS CYCLES: OPTIMAL POLICIES WITH HETEROGENEOUS AGENTS AND AGGREGATE SHOCKS
Authors: Le Grand François , Ragot Xavier 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe present a truncation theory of idiosyncratic histories for heterogeneous‐agent models. This method allows us to solve for optimal Ramsey policies in such models with aggregate shocks. The method can be applied to a large variety of settings, with occasionally binding credit constraints. We use this theory to characterize the optimal level of unemployment insurance over the business cycle in a production economy. We find that the optimal policy is countercyclical.
Histological and radiological evaluation of thermal denaturation depth using soft coagulation during partial nephrectomy in living pigs
Authors: Fujisaki Akira , Takayama Tatsuya , Teratani Takumi , Kubo Taro , Kamei Jun , Sugihara Toru , Ando Satoshi , Morita Tatsuo , Fujimura Tetsuya 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate thermal denaturation depth using soft coagulation in kidneys in vivo.MethodsIn experiment 1, nine kidneys from five pigs were cauterized using five soft‐coagulation settings at 80 W with effect 7 by VIO300D and one monopolar‐coagulation setting. The surface of the kidney was cauterized over a period of 2, 5 and 10 s. The temperature change was measured at depths of 5 and 10 mm. In experiment 2, three kidneys from two pigs were excised in a semicircular shape with a diameter of 5, 10 and 20 mm without clamping the renal artery. Cauterization was carried out until hemostasis was confirmed by soft coagulation at 80 W with effect 7. After completion of the experiments, pathology examinations of the kidneys were carried out.ResultsExperiment 1 showed that with proper saline dripping, denaturation spread with increased cauterization time, reaching a depth of 4 mm at 10 s with or without clamps. The depth remained at 2–3 mm at 10 s in the absence or excess of saline. The temperature increased by 15.6°C at a depth of 5 mm and 8.8°C at 10 mm. In experiment 2, the depth was 4.6 mm from the incision surface regardless of the cauterization time or excision size.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that soft coagulation can be useful for preserving renal function and reducing complications in partial nephrectomy.
Activated invariant natural killer T cells infiltrate aortic tissue as key participants in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathology
Authors: Miao Tianyu , Wang Tiehao , Feng Ting , Yuan Ding , Guo Qiang , Xiong Fei , Yang Yi , Liu Lihua , He Zhangyu , Huang Bin , Zhao Jichun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAdaptive immunity and innate immunity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and damage and remodelling in the tunica media are a focus of the aneurysm development. Thus, identification of key immune cells or molecules that might be targets for the treatment of AAA is critical. We characterized the innate immune cells in human AAA tissue specimens by flow cytometry and found that apart from other lymphocytes, many invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells marked as CD3 and Va24Ja18 had invaded the aortic tissues and were numerous, especially in the tunica media. These infiltrating iNKT cells have a high expression of CD69, indicating a highly active function. We were interested in whether iNKT cells could be the drivers of media damage in AAA. To answer this question, we used an AAA mouse model induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion, which can reproduce the inflammatory response of AAA in mouse, which was confirmed by RNAseq. The results showed that the incidence of AAA was significantly higher after administration of α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer), a synthetic glycolipid that activates iNKT cells via CD1d, compared with the Ang II‐induced AAA alone (61·54% vs 31·82%) in mice. Histopathological and immunofluorescent staining results showed significantly more severe inflammatory infiltration and pathological lesions in the Ang II+α‐GalCer treatment group. These results are highly suggestive that activated iNKT cells greatly contribute to AAA development and that the control of the activation state in iNKT cells may represent an important therapeutic strategy for AAA.