bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model for calculation of anchor parameters fixings for vertical exploration works
Authors: Khalmuradov R I , Khudoynazarov K , Omonov S B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is known that effective rock hardening, as opposed to the action of tensile stresses, can be performed using anchors of various designs, depending on the specific mining and geological conditions. At the same time, there are very few publications on the calculation of roof bolting parameters for vertical shafts of different cross-sections. Therefore, in this work, a method has been developed for calculating such a support for vertical shaft shafts. Calculations were made only for the working wall, which is more dangerous in terms of fallout. Anchors are considered to work in tension when this wall is attached. For the opposite wall, such calculations are not required. Considering that here the anchors are being introduced in a direction perpendicular to the direction of bedding of rocks and they will work on a cut. In this case, the shear strength of metal and reinforced concrete anchors is 4-5 times higher than their tensile strength. The calculation method consists of methods for determining the lengths of the anchor and its locking part. In this case, the length of that part of the anchor is taken into account, which is enclosed between the base of the cone of influence of the anchor and the border of the zone of possible fallouts. The resulting formula for the length of the joint part of the anchor strongly differs from the previously known similar formulas by other authors, taking into account the effect of rock pressure, which varies with depth. Its structure contains the factor of the bedding angle with respect to the horizon and the coefficient of friction of the rock about the rock, leading to a decrease in the length of the anchor lock part. In addition, the volume of destroyed rocks in the zone of influence of the anchor is taken as the volume of the cylinder, which corresponds to the actual operating conditions of the anchor.
Temporal variance of the ice navigation conditions within the Northern Sea Route
Authors: Yu Tretyakov V , Egovtseva A V , Dmitriev V V 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Recognition of satellite images, composition of them and vectorization is used in AARI for ice charts production. There is discussed methodology and results of the ice charts processing by means of computer programs, which were elaborated by Dr. Tretyakov in Python. The paper demonstrates results of analysis of temporal variance of ice navigation circumstances within the buffer zone of the marine transport system from the Sabetta Port (the Yamal Peninsula, Russia) up to the Bering Strait. There are considered the variance for April and May from 1998 up to 2020. This intra-annual interval is the one with the heaviest ice circumstances for shipping. We used conditional length of various age and age and form gradations of the sea ice for the route as a whole, as an integral parameter for estimation of the navigation hardships of ice navigation. The conditional length of an ice age (thickness) diapason is result of multiplication of the diapason partial concentration at the length of the route leg with homogeneous ice characteristics. There were produced series of the conditional lengths for each ten-day periods during April and May. Then statistical homogeneity of the series was tested by various methods.
Computational Study of Hydrogen Molecules Adsorption on Boron Nitride with/without Adopted by One of Elements from Group IV
Authors: Naqvi Syed Amir Abbas Shah , Toh Pek-Lan , Wang Suh-Miin , Lim Yao-Cong , Ang Lee-Sin , Sim Lan-Ching 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this study, we reported the adsorption of two hydrogen (H2) molecules on six boron nitride (BN) studied models with or without adopted by one of the elements from Group IV. By employing the computational method of density functional theory (DFT), the hydrogen binding energies and electronic structures were analyzed and discussed. The computed results presented that the most favorable adsorption sites were found for the two H2 molecules in all studied systems. The computed optimal binding energies of all BN studied systems were determined to be 0.01 eV – 0.05 eV per H2 molecule, which is smaller than that of the previous literature study. Moreover, the energies of HOMO–LUMOs were predicted in the range of 1.64 eV – 6.18 eV. For the surface plots of molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs), the H atoms at the N–edges possess the most positive electrostatic potentials, while the negative electrostatic potentials fall in the atoms of H at the B–edges. A similar trend was presented on the distribution of atomic charge. Using the scheme of Mulliken population analysis (MPA), there are two different charge values on the atom of H in this study. The H atoms at the B–edges possess the negative charges, whereas the positive charge values were found on the atoms of H at the N–edges. In addition, the findings also noted that the positive charge values were presented for all B atoms in the study. While the negative charges fall in the atoms of N.
Sustainable Production of Roofing Tiles Using Glycerine Pitch as An Alternative Binder
Authors: Ping Teoh Wei , Yong Chee Swee , Habib Noor Zainab , Bashir Mohammed J.K. , Aun Ng Choon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A large quantity of glycerine pitch (GP) generated from the oleo-chemical industry has led to significant environmental issues when it is disposed of without proper treatment. This study investigated the possibility of utilizing glycerine pitch as an alternative binder in the production of roofing tile, namely GP-RT. The percentage of GP incorporated by weight of tile ranges from 3 – 9 %. A transverse strength test was performed on the tiles in dry and wet conditions to investigate their durability in harsh conditions. A water absorption test was performed to determine the water uptake of the tiles produced. The specimen with the greatest flexural strength was achieved when 7% of GP was utilized. The mechanical properties of the tile can be enhanced when GP was mixed with a similar amount of used cooking oil (UCO), which achieved the greatest strength (4389 N and 9.48 MPa) when 5% of GP and 5% of UcO were used for the tile’s production. The water resistivity of the tiles can be enhanced by the coating process. The lowest percentage of water absorption (2.82%) and the greatest wet transverse strength (2746 N) were achieved when the tile was coated with a layer of UCO via the immersion method. Conclusively, the full replacement of cement with GP as an alternative binder is possible. The incorporation of multiple waste materials (GP, UCO, and fly ash) in tile production is a feasible attempt to reduce the disposal of these waste materials to landfills, thus preserves a greener environment for future generations.
Experimental Investigation on Effect of Inclination Angle of a Flat Plate Solar Air Collector
Authors: Ong K.S. , Gobi K. , Lim C. H. , Tan J.C. , Naghavi S. , Baljit S. , Wong S.Y. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of inclination angle of a flat plate solar air collector in Kampar, Malaysia. Flat plate solar air collectors have been investigated since the early 1950s for air heating and crop drying. Their performances under natural convection air cooling are very similar to a photovoltaic (PV) panels for power production. A PV panel becomes hot when operating under hot weather which will affect the efficiency and lifespan. The panel could be cooled down by providing an air duct underneath which allowing natural convection air circulating inside the duct. The degree of cooling would depend upon the angle of inclination of the panel. This paper presents some experimental results on the effect of inclination angle on the performance of a flat plate solar air collector under natural convection air cooling.
Thermal Resistance Model of a Flat Plate Solar Air Collector for Energy Efficiency Prediction
Authors: Ong K. S. , Gobi K. , Lim C. H. , Naghavi S. , Baljit S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The temperature of a PV panel rises during operation which affects its power output. A PV panel is similar to a flat plate solar collector. This paper presents a simple theoretical heat transfer resistance model and a solution procedure to predict the absorber plate surface temperature of the solar collector. The model consisted of a rectangular cross-section steel duct placed inclined at an angle to the horizontal and exposed to solar radiation. The heat absorbed on the top surface of the plate is transmitted by conduction through the plate and heats the air in the duct. This creates a natural buoyancy effect which induces a natural convection air flow rate. A simple one-dimensional theoretical model of the solar collector with the thermal resistances of the various components is proposed. Simulated results of plate temperature and induced air flow velocity are presented.
Removal of Methyl Red using Adsorbent Produced from Empty Fruit Bunches by Taguchi Approach
Authors: Tay Wan Yee , Ng Law Yong , Ng Ching Yin , Sim Lan Ching 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Contamination of anionic dye in the water streams may cause harm to human being and aquatic species. The conventional adsorbent used in the adsorption process is normally produced using expensive and unsustainable precursor such as coal. In this work, activated carbon was produced through carbonization and activation of raw oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFBs). Taguchi approach was employed to determine the optimum dye removal parameters. The percentages of contribution of each factor in the removal of Methyl Red (MR) by raw EFB and EFB based activated carbon (AC) were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to ANOVA, for raw EFB, agitation speed has the highest percentage of contribution. As for EFB based AC, the amount of adsorbent is the most significant factor. The optimum parameters for both adsorbents were obtained from mean and S/N ratio. The optimum operating parameters for raw EFB were 25 ppm of initial dye concentration, 0.01 g of adsorbent and 200 rpm of agitation speed whereas the optimum operating parameters for EFB based AC were 20 ppm of initial dye concentration, 0.06 g of adsorbent and 120 rpm of agitation speed. The predicted percentages of dye removal for raw EFB (55.54%) and EFB based AC (86.72%) were in good agreement with the experimental values for raw EFB (50.5%) and EFB based AC (84.61%), respectively. This study provides a useful insight into the practicability of using the Taguchi method in the removal of anionic dye using raw EFB and EFB based AC as adsorbents.
Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Module with Different Passive Cooling Methods
Authors: Azahari Muhammad Arif bin , Long Chua Yaw , Yan Koh Yit 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper analyses the difference in terms of performance of passive cooling systems for photovoltaic (PV) modules. The objective of this paper is to identify which passive cooling systems offers the best results in reducing the operating temperature and improving the generation of output power. The performance of photovoltaic (PV) module will gradually decrease as the operating temperature increases. The energy from the sun’s photons are not enough to knock out the electrons from the atom to generate more electricity. That being the case, two passive cooling systems is developed which is the cotton wick structures with water and aluminium fins were attached to the back side of the photovoltaic (PV) module. The cotton wick structures with water utilises the capillary action of the water to extract excess heat from the module while the aluminium fins act as a heat sink that can remove heat from module to the adjacent air. Results showed that the cooling systems managed to enhance the output power by an average of 3.94% for the module with cotton wick structures with water while an average of 2.67% increment for the module under aluminium fin mounted as the cooling system.
Facile synthesis of hierarchical ZnO structure for photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate
Authors: Hui Chin Ying , Chung Sin Jin , Mun Lam Sze 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A facile co-precipitation method was employed to fabricate hierarchical ZnO structure and characterized by various analytical instruments. The images of ZnO from field-emission scanning electron microscopy exhibited spheroidal morphology which composed of numerous layers of nanosheets and formed a hierarchical structure. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrum validated the presence of Zn and O atoms and its purity. X-ray diffraction pattern of ZnO revealed the establishment of hexagonal wurtzite structure. Optical property analysis disclosed that the as-fabricated ZnO had strong absorbance of wavelength from 350-410 nm with an absorption band edge of 367 nm. In this paper, the photocatalytic activity of hierarchical ZnO structure was confirmed by degradation of endocrine disrupting chemical, namely dimethyl phthalate under UV lamp irradiation. The photodegradation of dimethyl phthalate in aqueous solution over as-fabricated ZnO reached 55.9% after 60 min irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of DMP obeyed the pseudo first-order kinetic reaction with a rate constant of 0.0166 min−1.
Generation of Offshore Environments in the Numerical Wave Tank to Model Metocean Conditions Interaction with Offshore Structure Near the Free Surface
Authors: Ahmed Mushtaq , Nizamani Zafarullah , Nakayama Akihiko , Osman Montasir 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Offshore structures play a vital role in the economy of offshore oil-producing countries, where mostly fixed jacket type structures are used to produce oil and gas installed in shallow water. In an offshore environment where structures are installed, there exist met ocean forces such as wind, waves, and currents. These met ocean conditions when interacting with offshore structures near the free surface, generate loads. The estimation of such loads is very much important for the proper design of these structures. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of waves with a jacket platform by generating offshore environments in the numerical wave tank (NWT). To achieve this goal, ANSYS Fluent is used for the flow analysis by using continuity and Navier Stokes equation. Results are verified and validated with the analytical work. Wave crests under operating condition generate a force of 1.3 MN which is the lowest in magnitude as compared to wave crest which produces 4.5 MN force under extreme conditions. Unlike operating wave crest, the operating wave trough generates a higher force of 1 MN than extreme conditions which account for 1.5 MN forces. Forces produced by the extreme offshore environment are 30% higher than those generated under operating conditions. It is concluded from the results that a positive force is exerted onto the structure during the water entry phase while a negative force is observed when the water leaves the structure.
Evaluation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Cellulose Production
Authors: Wong Yi Hang , Chew Eamon Marcus T-Z , Toh Pey Yi , Chng Lee Muei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) with a cellulose content of 39 wt% is a good promise to be an alternative lignocellulosic feedstock for cellulose production through environmentally friendly extraction process. Therefore, this research was aimed to establish an effective cellulose extraction scheme from OPEFB via introduction of ultrasonication in the alkaline pulping stage for process intensification. The process could greatly reduce alkali solvent usage for cellulose extraction, hence alleviating the environmental impact caused by chemical disposal. Firstly, four distinct pre-treatment techniques had been used to pre-treat the OPEFB powder, namely autoclave, organosolv, acid and microwave pre-treatments. Afterwards, the pre-treated samples further underwent ultrasonic-assisted alkali extraction to extract the cellulose content. It was observed that the autoclave pre-treated ultrasonic extract achieved the highest cellulose content of 77.14 wt% at optimum KOH concentration of 0.75 M, ultrasonic amplitude of 30%, duration of 30 min and temperature of 80 °C. Therefore, the introduction of ultrasonication in alkali extraction of cellulose was indeed an effective approach in establishing a green production scheme of cellulose from lignocellulose.
Reliability Assessment of Regional Climate Modeling: Case study in Johor State, Malaysia
Authors: Choong Ping Khang , Tan Kok Weng , Chin Kah Seng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the work of statistically downscaling the CAN ESM 2 (Canada Earth System Model 2) climate data into regional climate data to produce the future climate scenario using the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) 2.6,4.5 and 8.5 green-house gas concentration trajectory suggested by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Reports (IPCC-AR5). Selected location for regional climate downscaling includes Batu Pahat (1° 52’ N 102° 59’ E) and Kulai (1° 38’ N 103° 40’ E), downscaled outcome of monthly rainfall (mm), daily maximum (Tmax) and daily minimum (Tmin) temperature (°C) was produced by using SDSM (Statistical Downscaling Model) software to calibrate the CANESM2 output with the historical data. Quantile-mapping bias correction by using exponential distribution function was done to obtain bias corrected rainfall data. Reliability test using Pearson correlation coefficient was done by comparing between actual historical data. Based on Pearson correlation applied on bias corrected results, for Batu Pahat, the most suitable RCP model for both Tmax and Tmin is RCP 2.6, with correlation of 0.74 and 0.72, most suitable model for rainfall is RCP 4.5 with correlation of 0.24. For Kulai, the most suitable RCP model for Tmin is RCP 8.5, with correlation of 0.63, for Tmax and rainfall the suitable model is RCP 2.6, with correlation of 0.73 and 0.36. In overall, the more appropriate model to describe the climate for both Batu Pahat and Kulai based on Pearson correlation from year 2006 to 2019 is RCP 2.6, as the RCP 2.6 model are having higher correlation to the historical data.
Enhanced production from an Air Gap Membrane Distillation Desalination system by varying the feed entry angle
Authors: Bahar Rubina , Bappy Mohammad Jabed Perves 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The membrane distillation (MD) process is an evaporative metho driven by the partial pressure difference between two different temperature solutions, namely the hot feed and the coolant. The hot feed evaporates, and the vapour gets condensed to the cooler side. A hydrophobic membrane maintains the evaporating surface. Air Gap Membrane Distillation(AGMD) separates the hot feed from the coolant by a narrow air gap and a coolant plate. The condensate forms on the coolant plate, and the air gap works as an insulation for the heat loss through the membrane. The salient parameters like feed temperature, coolant temperature, and air gap thickness have already been identified through research in previous years. In this study, an innovative technique has been tested to minimize the polarization and increase the production from an AGMD lab-scale unit. The effect of the feed flow entry angle has been investigated. Also, the combined effect of inclined flow entry and a finned coolant surface has been studied. It has been found from the experiments that with a feed flow entry angle of 60°, the system shows an average of 10% to 14% boost in performance. When 60° inlet flow angle and finned coolant plate work in combination, an average of 69% to 78% increase of distillate flux was observed with the same energy input.
A combined hydro-pyrometallurgical process for zinc oxide and iron oxide extraction from electric arc furnace dust waste
Authors: Lee Hwang Sheng , Teo Yao Yi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust waste is generated during EAF steelmaking process. Zinc and iron which comprise the highest composition in EAF dust are secondary resources for making steel products. They mainly present in the form of stable zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4), leading to the extraction process difficult. In this study, a combined hydro-pyrometallurgical process was developed to extract both zinc oxide and iron oxide from EAF dust. Initially, hydrometallurgical leaching was used to leach zinc and iron from EAF dust. Results show that 10 M of hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 25°C can achieve zinc and iron leaching of 92% and 91%, respectively. The liquid solution post leaching was subjected to pyrometallurgical process to form Fe2O3 mixture at 250°C while retaining zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as solid residue. Then, the obtained ZnCl2 was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and nitric acid (HNO3) to form ZnO. The Fe2O3 and ZnO extraction were 2.5 g and 1.5 g, respectively out of 10 g of EAF dust with their respective purity of 87% and 98%. The developed process can provide new insight into recovering zinc oxide and iron oxide simultaneously from EAF dust, thereby paving the way to circular economy development and sustainable steel dust waste management for steel industries.
Medium-Term Oceanic Transport of River-Derived Microplastics in the South China Sea Analyzed with a Particle Tracking Model
Authors: Matsushita Kosei , Uchiyama Yusuke , Takaura Naru , Kosako Taichi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPlastic waste is currently one of the biggest global environmental issues. To gain the comprehensive understanding of oceanic microplastic contamination as a key global environmental problem, Lagrangian particle tracking experiments were conducted to evaluate the transport of microplastics (MPs) derived from the four major rivers that have been known to discharge large amounts of plastic waste into the South China Sea (SCS). We carried out two types of experiments using a pre-computed 3D current climatological oceanic model: (1) 2D tracking of MP particles placed at the surface to represent positively buoyant (light) MPs, and (2) fully 3D tracking of neutrally buoyant MP particles that are passively transported by ambient current. The seasonally varying monsoons in the SCS were found to provoke strong seasonal variability in the river-derived MP transport. It was found that a large number of MPs, especially from south China, are transported to the East China Sea in the seasons when the southwesterly monsoon prevails. Moreover, the difference in the density of MPs substantially affects their oceanic transport patterns. The buoyant MPs accumulated near the surface tend to be transported toward nearshore areas by wind-driven Ekman currents.