bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mistrust and negative self‐esteem: Two paths from attachment styles to paranoia
Authors: Martinez Anton P. , Agostini Maximilian , Al‐Suhibani Azzam , Bentall Richard P. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesParanoia is known to be associated with insecure attachment, with negative self‐esteem as a mediator, but this pathway is insufficient to explain the paranoid individual’s beliefs about malevolent others. Mistrust is a likely additional factor as it is a core feature of paranoid thinking also associated with insecure attachment styles. In this study, we tested whether mistrust – operationalized as judgements about the trustworthiness of unfamiliar faces – constitutes a second pathway from insecure attachment to paranoia.DesignThe design of the study was cross‐sectional.MethodsA nationally representative British sample of 1,508 participants aged 18–86, 50.8% female, recruited through the survey company Qualtrics, completed measurements of attachment style, negative self‐esteem, and paranoid beliefs. Usable data were obtained from 1,121 participants. Participants were asked to make trustworthiness judgements about computer‐generated faces, and their outcomes were analysed by conducting signal detection analysis, which provided measures of bias (the tendency to assume untrustworthiness in conditions of uncertainty) and sensitivity (accuracy in distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy faces).ResultsResults using structural equation modelling revealed a good model fit (RMSEA = .071, 95% CI: 0.067–0.075, SRMR = .045, CFI = .93, TLI = .92). We observed indirect effects through bias towards mistrust both for the relationship between attachment anxiety and avoidance (β = .003, 95% CI: 0.001–0.005,p < .001) and attachment anxiety and paranoia (β = .003, 95% CI 0.002–0.006, p < .001). We observed an indirect effect through negative self‐esteem only for the relationship between attachment anxiety and paranoia (β = .064, 95% CI: 0.053–0.077, p < .001). Trust judgements and negative self‐esteem were not associated with each other.ConclusionsWe find that a bias towards mistrust is associated with greater paranoia. We also find indirect effects through bias towards mistrust between attachment styles and paranoia. Finally, we reaffirm the strong indirect effect through negative self‐esteem between attachment anxiety and paranoia. Limitations of the study are discussed.Practitioner points

When working with individuals suffering from paranoia, clinicians should consider not only explicit, deliberative cognitive processes of the kind addressed in cognitive behaviour therapy (e.g. cognitive restructuring) but also the way in which their patients make perceptual judgements (e.g., their immediate reactions on encountering new people) and consider interventions targeted at these judgements, for example, bias modification training.

Assessment and clinical interventions for people should consider the role of trust judgements and the way in which they combine with low self‐esteem to provoke paranoid beliefs.

Psychological interventions targeting paranoid beliefs should focus on both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance.
Introducing mindfulness and compassion‐based interventions to improve verbal creativity in students of clinical and health psychology
Authors: Bellosta‐Batalla Miguel , Cebolla Ausiàs , Pérez‐Blasco Josefa , Moya‐Albiol Luis 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesIn the field of psychotherapy, verbal creativity has been suggested as an important aspect in psychotherapists’ training. In the present study, the effects of a mindfulness and compassion‐based intervention (MCBI) on verbal creativity are analysed in students of clinical and health psychology (N = 90).DesignStudents were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 37), in which an MCBI was applied, and a waiting list group (n = 26) with no intervention. We also assessed a non‐randomized active control group (n = 27), in which students received training in basic psychotherapy skills.MethodsVerbal creativity (fluency, flexibility, and originality) was evaluated in a pre‐, post‐, and follow‐up assessment.ResultsResults indicated a significant increase in fluency (p = .001, d = .64), flexibility (p = .017, d = .67), and originality (p = .004, d = .72) in the experimental group, relative to the waiting list group, in the post‐assessment. Fluency (p = .010, d = .64) and flexibility (p = .033, d = .62) were also found to be higher in the follow‐up assessment. In addition, results indicated a significant increase in flexibility (p = .034, d = .74) in the experimental group, relative to the active control group, in the follow‐up assessment.ConclusionsIntroducing MCBI in the university education of psychotherapists seems to be a useful strategy to improve their verbal creativity, which could positively influence their ability to explore and appropriately respond to their patients’ needs.Practitioner points

Mindfulness and compassion‐based interventions (MCBIs) could be a useful strategy to improve verbal creativity in the university education of psychotherapists.

After the MCBI, students of clinical and health psychology increased the number of ideas they produced when facing a specific situation, as well as their variety and originality.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of therapeutic alliance, engagement, and outcome in psychological therapies for psychosis
Authors: Bourke Emilie , Barker Chris , Fornells‐Ambrojo Miriam 
Published: August 2021

AimThe moderate association between therapeutic alliance (TA) and psychological therapy outcome is well established. Historically, the field has not focused on people with a severe mental illness. This is the first review to conduct a meta‐analysis of associations between TA and therapeutic engagement as well as outcome in psychological therapy for psychosis.Eligibility criteriaEligible studies conducted a quantitative investigation of the relationship between TA during a psychological therapy and outcome at a subsequent time‐point.MethodA systematic review examined the relationship between TA and engagement as well as outcome measures within psychological therapy for psychosis. Correlational meta‐analyses using an aggregate random effects model were conducted.ResultsTwenty‐four studies were eligible for inclusion (n = 1,656) of which 13 were included in the meta‐analyses. Client‐ and therapist‐rated TA were associated with engagement in therapy (rclient (c) = 0.36, p = .003; rtherapist (t) = 0.40, p = .0053). TA was also associated with reduction in global (rc = 0.29, p = .0005; rt = 0.24, p = .0015) and psychotic symptoms (rc = 0.17, p = .0115; rt = 0.30, p = .0003). The systematic review identified no evidence or limited evidence for a relationship between TA during therapy and depression, substance use, physical health behaviours, global as well as social functioning, overall mental health recovery, and self‐esteem at follow‐up. Although number of studies was small, TA was related to a reduced risk of subsequent hospitalization in 40% of analyses (across two studies) and improved cognitive outcome in 50% of analyses (across three studies).ConclusionsThe observed TA‐therapy engagement and TA‐outcome associations were broadly consistent with those identified across non‐psychotic diagnostic groups. Well‐powered studies are needed to investigate the relationship between TA and process as well as outcome in psychological therapy for psychosis specifically.Practitioner points

This is the first review to conduct a meta‐analytic synthesis of the association between therapeutic alliance (TA) and both engagement and change in outcome in psychological therapies for psychosis.

TA (as rated by therapist and client) was associated with the extent of therapeutic engagement as well as reduction in global mental health symptoms and psychotic symptoms.

The significant associations between TA and engagement as well as change in outcome identified in the current review are broadly consistent with those observed across non‐psychotic diagnostic groups.

We consider factors that could impact upon the dynamic and potentially interdependent relationships between TA and therapeutic techniques, including attachment security and severity of paranoid ideation.
Service user and eating disorder therapist views on anorexia nervosa recovery criteria
Authors: McDonald Sarah , Williams A. Jess , Barr Phoebe , McNamara Niamh , Marriott Mike 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesRecovery from anorexia nervosa (AN) is difficult to define, and efforts to establish recovery criteria have led to several versions being proposed. Using the perspectives of people with histories of AN and therapists working in the field, we sought to explore the face validity of Khalsa et al (2017) as one of the most recent examples of proposed systematic recovery criteria.DesignWe interviewed 11 health service users (SUs) with histories of AN who had previously received treatment alongside 8 eating disorder therapists (EDTs), exploring their views on the proposed AN recovery criteria.MethodsData from verbal and written interviews were analysed thematically. Separate thematic analyses of SU and EDT interviews highlighted where concerns converged and diverged across participants.ResultsBoth groups saw some merits of having universally recognized recovery criteria, and the multidimensional approach was welcomed, but EDTs were uncomfortable with considering their use in therapy and SUs felt key components were missing around emotional coping and life quality. SUs disliked the prominence of body mass index (BMI) in the criteria, and all struggled with the proposed duration for recovery. Conceptually, the notion of recovery as an endpoint rather than a journey was contested.ConclusionsOur findings indicate disparities between academically derived recovery criteria and lived experiences and indicate perceived challenges in using such criteria in therapeutic settings. Including SUs and EDTs in the development of criteria may improve the likelihood of consolidating AN recovery criteria, but conceptual challenges remain.Practitioner points

AN recovery is complex, and the use of research‐based AN recovery criteria in therapeutic settings could have a detrimental effect on SUs’ outcomes.

EDTs should be aware of efforts to define AN recovery criteria.

EDTs should engage with debates on defining AN recovery and seek to promote participation in such debates to SUs.
Practical reasons for belief without stakes☆
Authors: Hernandez Shawn , Laskowski N. G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPragmatic encroachment can be thought of as the idea that knowledge is in some way sensitive to practical considerations, including practical considerations involving what is at stake in getting things right. Recently, Mark Schroeder defends pragmatic encroachment by showing how it could be true. This paper argues that the view proposed by Schroeder is vulnerable to a simple but important objection. It also argues that the objection can be avoided by claiming that there are even more kinds of practical considerations that can be epistemic reasons than those kinds involving stakes.
Attitudes towards social distancing in response to COVID‐19
Authors: Matthews Valerie S. , Stough‐Hunter Anjel , Marazita John M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesCOVID‐19 has highlighted differences in our engagement in health prevention behaviors. The Health Belief Model (HBM), personality traits (conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism), and sociodemographic variables were used to evaluate social distancing during the first month of a state‐mandated Stay At Home (SAH) order.DesignA web‐based convenience sample of 645 Ohioans was surveyed. Hierarchical linear regression and mediation analysis were used to examine predictors of social distancing attitudes and behaviors and whether health beliefs mediated the relationship between personality and social distancing.ResultsMost respondents agreed with and adhered to social distancing guidelines. HBM constructs were strong predictors of SAH attitudes, while personality accounted for little additional variance. Anxiety was indirectly related to overall social distancing attitudes and behavior through its relationship with health beliefs. However, violations of social distancing were best explained by situational factors (e.g., being an essential worker).ConclusionThe results demonstrate the power of components of the HBM to explain attitudes and behaviors regarding the SAH order beyond any contribution from personality. By examining the role of personality and health beliefs on social distancing attitudes and behaviors, this research will benefit public health nurses and others tasked with communicating and promoting preventative health behavior.
Genome‐wide investigation and comparative analysis of MATE gene family in Rosaceae species and their regulatory role in abiotic stress responses in Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)
Authors: Manzoor Muhammad Aamir , Li Guohui , Abdullah Muhammad , Han Wang , Wenlong Han , Yang Zhang , Xinya Wang , Yu Zhao , Xiaofeng Feng , Qing Jin , Shafique Muhammad Sohaib , Cai Yongping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) protein belongs to a secondary transporter gene family, which plays a primary role in transporting many kinds of substrates such as organic compounds, secondary metabolites, and phytohormones. MATE protein members exist in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, evolution and comprehensive analysis of the MATE genes has not been performed in Rosaceae species. In the present study, a total of 404 MATEs genes were identified from six Rosaceae genomes (Prunus avium, Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus persica, Fragaria vesca, Prunus mume, and Malus domestica) and classified into eight main subfamilies (I–VII) based on structural and phylogenetic analysis. Microcollinearity analysis showed that whole‐genome duplication events might play a vital role in the expansion of the MATE genes family. The Ka/Ks analysis, chromosomal localization, subcellular localization, and molecular characteristics (length, weight, and pI) were performed using various bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, different subfamilies have different introns‐exons structures, cis‐acting elements, and conserved motifs analysis, indicating functional divergence in the MATE family. Subsequently, RNA‐seq analysis and real‐time qRT‐PCR were conducted during Chinese pear fruit development. Moreover, PbMATE genes were significantly expressed under hormonal treatments of MeJA (methyl jasmonate), SA (salicylic acid), and ABA (abscisic acid). Overall, our results provide helpful insights into the functions, expansion complexity, and evolutions of the MATE genes in Chinese pear and five Rosaceae species.
Increased anxiety about falls and walking ability among community‐dwelling Japanese older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Nakamura Misa , Imaoka Masakazu , Nakao Hidetoshi , Hida Mitsumasa , Imai Ryota , Tazaki Fumie , Takeda Masatoshi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the physical and mental changes in community‐dwelling elderly people is very important during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic when considering preventive measures. The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes of physical function and anxiety for activities of daily living in community‐dwelling older adults, focusing on locomotor function during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsThe study participants were 127 older people who participated in successive surveys, in the summers of 2019 and again in 2020, after the state of emergency. The Locomo 25 questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale‐15 (GDS‐15) questionnaire, medical history, and number of people living together were self‐reported. The Locomo 25 covers six aspects of physical pain, movement‐related difficulty, usual care, daily activity, social activities, and anxiety.ResultsThe paired samples t‐test revealed that Locomo 25 total scores in 2020 were significantly higher than those in 2019. The GDS‐15 score showed no significant difference. The comparison of scores for each item of the Locomo 25 revealed significantly higher scores in 2020 on Q21 (‘difficult to perform sports activity’, P = 0.0021), Q22 (‘restricted from meeting own friends’, P < 0.001), Q23 (‘restricted from joining social activities’, P < 0.001), Q24 (‘anxious about falling in own house’, P = 0.0023), and Q25 (‘anxious about being unable to walk in the future’, P = 0.0016).ConclusionsAbout 2 months after declaration of the first state of emergency due to the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan, social activity was severely restricted. Older adults showed almost no changes in body pain and locomotive disabilities, but increases in their anxieties about walking ability and falling were remarkable.
Application of end‐member modelling to grain‐size data: Constraints and limitations
Authors: Dietze Michael , Schulte Philipp , Dietze Elisabeth 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEnd‐member modelling analysis (EMMA) is a statistical approach to unmixing multimodal grain‐size distributions to identify and quantify processes of sediment generation, transport and deposition. While the different computational implementations have been extensively benchmarked and show similarly high reliability characteristics, there is a series of unknowns regarding the applicability, quality and limitations of the method from a practical point of view. This study explores these important unknowns using both empirical and synthetic samples along with Monte Carlo tests. Under ideal conditions (all available samples, randomly mixed components, 116 grain‐size classes), EMMA is able to model the grain‐size distributions of input end‐members (loadings) with R2 between 0.63 and 0.98 and their relative contributions to each sample (scores) with R2 between 0.71 and 0.81, thus setting the baseline for model quality. Inappropriate model parameter settings cause severe drops in R2. EMMA is able to detect an end‐member even if it is present in only one sample or when it contributes less than 10 vol.‐%. With 20 to 40 samples or more, stable, high quality model results are possible. With 15 or more grain‐size classes, model results also reach such stable high reproducibility levels. EMMA can depict originally multimodal end‐members (R2 between 0.78 and 0.99). End‐members with identical relative grain‐size distribution shape can overlap significantly without causing quality drops; R2 of identical distributions are invariantly high until mode positions are less than three grain‐size classes apart from each other. Gradually widening end‐member distributions do not affect the results significantly. However, shifting mode positions have a severe impact. Post‐depositional mixing causes drastic deviations of the modelled scores, whereas the loadings are virtually unaffected. In light of these tests, EMMA is a reliable, mostly unbiased tool to identify and quantify sediment generation/transport/deposition regimes from mixed sediment deposits, given that it is used in a geoscientifically meaningful context.
Studying professional and recreational female footballers: A bibliometric exercise
Authors: Kirkendall Donald T. , Krustrup Peter 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesResearch directed at soccer has seen dramatic growth in the last decade. While published research on soccer has shown exponential growth, the proportion of articles addressing females is lagging behind research addressing males. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the literature on soccer, female soccer, and professional female soccer has changed over time.MethodsThe Web of Science (WoS) was queried for all “articles” about soccer and association football from 1970 to 2019. This set of records was then queried to collect subsets of papers about females, professional/elite, and female professional/elite. Each of these data subsets was then queried for a number of characteristics and topics. The results were submitted to bibliometric analysis.ResultsWoS returned 16,822 “articles” about soccer from 1970 to 2019, 3242 of which addressed females. A total of 5924 “articles” about professional players was found, of which 919 had a female focus. Articles about anterior cruciate ligament injuries and concussion were the topics with the highest proportion of papers involving females. Articles directed at selective areas of training and performance were relatively infrequent. Prominent journals, authors, affiliations, and influential papers are presented.ConclusionsA bibliometric analysis of the published research presents a high‐level overview of trends in soccer research. Overall, studies about women accounted for around 20% of all soccer research and about 15% of studies on professional players. There were a number of topics where studies on females account for less than 10%–15% of the research on all professionals, and opens opportunities for future study.
Hiding in plain sight: Dehumanization as a foundation of white racial prejudice
Authors: Jardina Ashley , Piston Spencer 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the media, during sporting events, in online forums, and in interpersonal interactions, whites often portray Black people as animals, especially as apes or monkeys. In this essay we consider what contemporary research on prejudice in American politics has to say about these dehumanizing portrayals of Black people. We argue that contemporary political science work has not done enough to understand both the historical roots and the continuing practices of whites' dehumanization of Black people, to the detriment of an accurate understanding of racial attitudes in the United States. To rectify this omission, we draw on the work of historians to map out a brief overview of race‐making and the dehumanizing attitudes that shaped this process. Then, we review political science literature on contemporary white attitudes toward Black people, emphasizing connections between prevailing conceptions of these attitudes and long‐standing processes of dehumanization. We conclude by charting directions for future scholarship; we seek to unsettle the mainstream of a subfield dominated by mild conceptions of racial attitudes.
Modeling and forecasting the COVID‐19 pandemic time‐series data
Authors: Doornik Jurgen A. , Castle Jennifer L. , Hendry David F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe analyze the number of recorded cases and deaths of COVID‐19 in many parts of the world, with the aim to understand the complexities of the data, and produce regular forecasts.MethodsThe SARS‐CoV‐2 virus that causes COVID‐19 has affected societies in all corners of the globe but with vastly differing experiences across countries. Health‐care and economic systems vary significantly across countries, as do policy responses, including testing, intermittent lockdowns, quarantine, contact tracing, mask wearing, and social distancing. Despite these challenges, the reported data can be used in many ways to help inform policy. We describe how to decompose the reported time series of confirmed cases and deaths into a trend, seasonal, and irregular component using machine learning methods.ResultsThis decomposition enables statistical computation of measures of the mortality ratio and reproduction number for any country, and we conduct a counterfactual exercise assuming that the United States had a summer outcome in 2020 similar to that of the European Union. The decomposition is also used to produce forecasts of cases and deaths, and we undertake a forecast comparison which highlights the importance of seasonality in the data and the difficulties of forecasting too far into the future.ConclusionOur adaptive data‐based methods and purely statistical forecasts provide a useful complement to the output from epidemiological models.