bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local versions realizing the pastoral model of metal production in conditions of the steppe ecosystems in the Urals-Mygodzhary region in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Tkachev V 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Based on the results of the landscape-archeological studies in the Urals-Mugodzhary region and historical-ethnographic data, the problem of variability to realize the pasturable model metal production in the Late Bronze Age is discussed in the paper. The economic-cultural system is characterized by a harmonious combination of mobile livestock based on pastures and water sources’ seasonal rotation and separate technological stages of mining and metallurgical production. It was maximally adapted to the local steppe ecosystems’ peculiarities and promoted to save their dynamic balance due to rational use of natural-resource potential.
Ecological-hydrological aspects of the delta Volga meadow vegetation dynamics
Authors: Valov M V , Barmin A N , Belyaev D Yu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Many years ecological monitoring results of the Volga delta meadow plant cover are presented in this work. Temperature conditions and territory humidity conditions were distinguished as leading ecological factors. Geographical methods and mathematical statistics methods were used as analysis tools. It was revealed that watersoluble salts amount sharp increase in soils, also their toxicity level and soil salinization type change from chloride-sulfate to sulfate-chloride under aridization degree rapid increase, that influences on plant cover: biomass decrease, foliage cover degree decrease on all deltoid landscape high levels, carexes and gramens participation degree decrease and forbs role increase is noticed. Such processes are blocked and go to the reverse stage under the following sharp water availability conditions increase. The greatest and more rapid changes are observed within special alluvial low level natural boundaries. The main forecast of the Volga delta climate development can be considered general average temperature and air humidity increase with abnormal humid amount increase and abnormal dry years amount decrease.
Temporal variabilities and correlation of runoff in the Ural River
Authors: Vasiliev D Y , Chibilev A A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The article deals with the study of intra-annual discharge distribution of the Ural River basin runoff. Norms, coefficients of variation, and average standard deviations of monthly, seasonal and annual runoff, as well as maximum and minimum flow and the tendencies of its changes, were determined for rivers in the area. The average and maximum water discharge spring high water and the ratio of maximum and minimum monthly and the annual runoff were calculated. Based on the wavelet transform method applied to the river flow data of the area under study, a cyclical pattern of water availability was identified. Moreover, the closeness of the correlation between average monthly expenditures and annual average water consumption, as well as the average monthly water costs was revealed. The statistical significance of the detected correlations was defined.
Monitoring researches of steppe nature management on the example of Orenburgskaya oblast: peculiarities, dynamics, prospects
Authors: Yakovlev I G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
One of the urgent problems of current steppe land use is forming the unclaimed and non-demanded land fund and the chaotic, periodically fragmentary use of agricultural lands in the steppe zone. These processes demand regular monitoring to track positive or negative dynamics of impact on steppe ecosystems, agricultural production and predict variants of the development. Practically all actual problems of nature management in the region is closely interconnected; plowing and abandoning of croplands, low productivity, climate aridization, overgrazing or undergrazing of livestock and degradation of the soil-vegetation cover, bushing, and formation of wild grasses’ fallows, activation of steppe fires, the dynamics of wildlife and change of hunting resources’ amount, depopulation in the rural areas, exploitation of natural resources’ deposits – all influence on the formation the current view of the steppe zone. Actual problems of land use in the steppe zone have been examined. A comparative analysis concerning a change of the agroecological situation in the steppe region has been conducted in monitoring research for more than ten years. Despite the total recession of agricultural production in comparison with the 1990-s, the program of closedown and transfer of low-productive croplands in mowing and grazing lands was not realized, land resources continue to be exhausted, crop rotation was broken, technical crops’ acreage increases, particularly sunflower, and fertilizers are not practically added. Simultaneously, reserves to restore steppe ecosystems have remained at the expense of seed-stocks in inarable lands, ravines, gullies, hills’ slopes. A correct approach to management and maintenance of the balance in land use promotes harmonic development and the use of agro-resources in the region’s steppe zone.
Establishment of Taxi Driving Conditions and Emission Inventory in Tangshan City
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Yang Zhiwen , Wang Jiguang , Li Jingyuan , Xie Zhenkai , Qi Songbo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The project team selected 3 taxis in the built-up area of Tangshan City to conduct emission tests under actual road conditions, systematically and comprehensively evaluated, analyzed and compared the test results. They established the VSPbin emission rate database and emission factor list of typical urban Taxis in the built-up area based on the actual driving characteristics of Tangshan city. To analyze the driving conditions of taxis in Tangshan City, this study selected four operating conditions: acceleration, constant speed, deceleration, and idle. The research results showed that as the emission standards became increasingly strict, the emission of single-vehicle pollutants decreased, and in particular NOx emissions were reduced by more than 90%. Compared with gasoline fuel, CNG fuel taxis’ CO2 and NOx emissions showed a downward trend. When natural gas was used as fuel, the CO emissions of taxis could be reduced by 27.2% ∼ 92.0%, and the CO2 emissions by 19. 5% ∼ 32.1%. The CO and CO2 emission factors of taxis both decrease with the increase of speed. For particulate matter, the quantity and quality emission factors both decrease first and then increase with the increase of speed, and the rising speed is obviously accelerated during the high-speed phase.
Research on Energy Conservation Behavior of Public Institution Personnel from the Perspective of “Espoused and Enacted Values”
Authors: Yang Lei , Du Peng , Zhang Huixia , Cheng Bixi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Literatures on individual energy saving behavior have focused on the households level, while few studies analyzed from the perspective of employees with public institutions as background. To achieve the vision of carbon neutrality, public institutions should play an exemplary and leading role. This paper constructs an energy saving “Espoused and Enacted Values” model to explore the influencing factors of energy saving behavior of staff in public institutions. The results show that organizational attitude has a significant positive effect on individual energy saving behavior. Organizational behavior has a mediating effect between organizational attitude and individual behavior, and the mediating effect is higher than the direct effect. Personal attitude has a significant positive effect on personal behavior, and personal attitude mediates the relationship between organizational attitude and personal behavior. That means on the one hand the energy conservation policy propaganda of the public organization can directly promote energy saving behavior of public institutions personnel and indirectly promote their behavior by transferring the organizational attitude. On the other hand, the policy propaganda contributes to the execution of substantial energy management activities, which will further affect the energy conservation behavior of the staff in public institutions.
Research on the real-world gaseous emission characteristics of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle under different initial battery state-of-charge
Authors: Yang Zhiwen , Zhong Chongzhi , Li Jingyuan , Shen Shu , Ling Jian , Xie Zhenkai , Qi Songbo , Zhang Xiaowen , Wang Jiguang , Li Mengliang , Mao Hongjun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been greatly promoted due to their advantage in both vehicle performance and energy conversion efficiency. However, real-world emission measurements are rarely conducted for PHEV under different initial battery state-of-charge (SoC). In this study, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was employed to investigate the real-world emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) from a Euro V PHEV under fully and uncharged initial battery SoC. Compared to the emissions under the uncharged state, the average emission factors (EFs) of CO, NOx, and CO2 under the fully charged state are reduced by 72.2%, 27.8%, and 29.0%, respectively. And the reduction effect on the urban road is much more significantly prominent compared to that on the rural road and highway. In addition, obvious reduction effectiveness can be found for CO EFs in different average speed bins, especially those with speeds above 100 km/h. For NOx and CO2, however, the average speed-bin EFs are reduced only when the speed is below 70 km/h, while no obvious differences can be found when the speed is above 70 km/h. Furthermore, for the average vehicle specific power (VSP)-bin emission rates, obvious reduction effectiveness is observed for CO in different speed ranges, and for NOx and CO2 in the low- and medium-speed ranges except the high-speed range.
Remote sensing monitoring of monthly surface water changes in Bosten Lake (1990-2020)
Authors: Wang Hongxing , Hu Shanshan , Zhang Tao , Ji Miaomiao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Climate change and human activities have led to changes in the lake surface water, monitoring the long-term monthly changes of the lake surface water is of great significance to maintain the ecological balance of lakes. Based on the Landsat images and Google Earth Engine (GEE), we monitored the bi-monthly dynamics of the surface water of Bosten Lake in the past 30 years. The results show that: in the past 30 years, the maximum surface water of the lake is 1167.18 km2; the inter-annual dynamics of Bosten Lake surface water were divided into four stages: sharp decrease during 1990-1991, increase during 1992-2002, decrease again during 2003-2012, and finally recovery from 2013 to 2020; the annual changes of lake surface water have a certain pattern, decreasing from March to July, increasing from July to September, and then starting to decrease again. The inter-annual variability of the surface water of Bosten Lake was mainly affected by human activities and climate factors.
Evaluation of the importance of ecosystem services in the upper reaches of the tarim river
Authors: Luo Guona , Li Xiancan , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhou Anran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Using RS and GIS technology, the four sub-ecosystem service functions of water conservation, soil and water conservation, windbreak and sand fixation, and biodiversity, which are the most significant ecological factors in the study area, are selected to establish a model and method for evaluating the importance of ecosystem services in arid and semi-arid areas. A comprehensive study of the desert oasis eco-city in the upper reaches of the tarim river in southern xinjiang, quantitatively and qualitatively reveals the importance of ecosystem services in the study area and the spatial distribution laws along the upper reaches of the tarim river. concluded as follow: (1) The area of extremely important water conservation area accounts for 14.9% of the total area of the study area. The extremely important areas are mainly distributed in patches in the southern tianshan mountains and the source of tarim river; (2) The area ratio of extremely important areas for water and soil conservation is 17.9%, and the extremely important areas are mainly distributed in wensu county at the southern foot of the tianshan mountains; (3) The area ratio of the most important areas for windbreak and sand fixation is only 0.4%, and the most important areas are mainly distributed along the southern side of the tarim river in alar city; (4) The area ratio of the most important areas for biodiversity is 67.9%, and the most important areas are distributed in a belt on both sides of the tarim river basin and around the reservoir.(5) The evaluation results of the ecosystem service function using graphics overlay are: extremely important accounted for 55.6% of the total research area, highly important area ratio was 26.1%, medium important area ratio was 14.3%, and general important area ratio was 4.1%.Ecosystem service function is the natural environmental conditions and utility of human survival formed and maintained by the ecosystem and its ecological processes. 1997 costanza et al. The value estimation of natural capital of global ecosystem service is studied, and strongly promotes the economic value evaluation research of ecosystem service function. Since then, many scholars have applied Costanza and other methods to study the service value of different ecosystems in different regions. During the same time, Chinese scholars serve the national land ecosystem and forest, grassland, farmland, wetlands and rivers. A large number of deep research has been carried out on the service functions of ecological system types. It has improved people’s understanding and understanding of the research of regional ecosystem service function, but at the same time.
Remediation effect of cadmium contaminated soil by the combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and red mud
Authors: Zhu Shuzhu , Xu Ting , Li Qiuqiu , Deng XingYing , Zhou Xiaoli , Zhu Guangxu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Bioaugmentation has been receiving much attention recently as an in-situ technology for the remediation of heavy metal polluted soils. To study the effects of the application of different dosages of Lactobacillus plantarum, red mud, and their mixture on cadmium-contaminated soil, the pot experiment was conducted to study the content of cadmium in garlic bolt, plant biomass, soil available Cd concentration, and soil physico-chemical property response. The results showed that: compared with the control, the application of Lactobacillus plantarum resulted in increase of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soils, while the addition of red mud only increased the content of soil available potassium. However, the biomass of garlic bolt was promoted by the application of Lactobacillus plantarum, red mud and their mixtures to different extend. Lactobacillus plantarum and red mud were applied alone or in combination could effectively reduce the contents of available Cd in the soil and Cd contents in plants, which was32.4%∼ 59.4% and 17.0%∼ 44.3% lower as compared to the control, respectively, the combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and red mud with high dose could obtain best effect on the solidification of cadmium.
A review of charging infrastructure layout planning and electric vehicle traffic simulation application
Authors: Hu Susanna , Mao Feng , Chen Jinhua , Li Zhiheng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As environmental pollution and energy constraints, especially oil supply, become more prominent, electric vehicles (EVs), being more environmentally friendly than conventional vehicles, is an effective way to help alleviate the environmental problems. However, the range anxiety caused by limited battery capacity has led many potential consumers to become distrustful towards electric vehicles. In addition, the demand for charging increases with the rise in EV ownership, which stresses the importance of the large-scale deployment of charging infrastructure, and a reasonable layout of charging facilities. This paper first summarizes the travel behavior of electric vehicles, followed by reviewing different models and methods of charging infrastructure layout planning, and finally outlines the research application of electric vehicle traffic simulation and provides an outlook on the problems to be improved. For instances, lacking data volume in current researches on electric vehicle travel behavior; charging infrastructure layout planning are often limited to the framework of traditional layout research; traffic simulations fail to consider the characteristics of electric vehicles are some discussed problems. Hence, future researches should integrate new technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing to improve the above issues.
Effect of styrene acrylonitrile copolymer on the performance of TEP/PMMA composites
Authors: Mei Jing , Yuan Xinqiang , Wang Dan , Zhang Kun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, TEP/PMMA composites system and SAN/TEP/PMMA composites system were prepared by in situ polymerization using methyl methacrylate (MMA), triethyl phosphate (TEP) and styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) as raw materials. The results show that TEP can improve the flame retardant performance of PMMA, and the oxygen index increases from 18.35% to 23.75%, when the content of TEP reaches 20 wt%, UL-94 reaches the V-0 level, but its thermal and mechanical properties are affected by ester group in TEP, which decreases significantly with the increase of TEP content; the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites system are improved with the increase of SAN content and tensile strength. The tensile strength increased from 37.06 MPa to 45.5 MPa, the bending strength increased from 44.58 MPa to 55.01 MPa, and the shore hardness increased from 80HD to 82HD. SAN/TEP/PMMA composites system can improve the initial decomposition temperature and increase 16 °C, the flame retardant performance of SAN/TEP/PMMA composites system is not affected by SAN content, and the visible light transmittance of both TEP/PMMA and SAN/TEP/PMMA composites system can reach 88%. This research will be of great significance in many fields such as architecture, automobile, home decoration, advertising and so on.
Investigation on microstructure and texture evolution of Ti–6Al–3Nb–2Zr–1Mo alloy during hot deformation
Authors: Lu Longlong , Zhang Yanmin , Zhang Zaoli , Song Kexing , Li Shanguang , Li Yan , Zhou Fei , Cao Qigao , Feng Qing , Zhang Binbin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hot compression tests of Ti–6Al–3Nb–2Zr–1Mo alloy were conducted in the temperature range of 900 °C–1100 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–1s−1. Based on the true stress – true strain curve, the calculated activation energy Q in α+β two-phase region and single-β phase region are 605.85 and 132.44 kJ mol−1, respectively. The microstructure and texture evolution were analyzed by using EBSD technique. The continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) mechanisms are the two dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanisms of Ti–6Al–3Nb–2Zr–1Mo alloy deformed at 900 °C, and the latter is dominant. With the increase of temperature to 980 and 1020 °C, CDRX gradually weakens, and the DRX mechanism changes to be controlled by DDRX. The orientation distribution function (ODF) maps show that the initial texture gradually vanishes, and different textures are formed during hot deformation. DDRX behavior causes the decrease of the texture density of Ti–6Al–3Nb–2Zr–1Mo alloy deformed at 900 °C. However, the parallel precipitation of α laths rapidly increases the texture density of Ti–6Al–3Nb–2Zr–1Mo alloy deformed at 980 and 1020 °C.
Two-scale methods for convex envelopes
Authors: Li Wenbo , Nochetto Ricardo 
Published: July 2021

We develop two-scale methods for computing the convex envelope of a continuous function over a convex domain in any dimension. This hinges on a fully nonlinear obstacle formulation (see A. M. Oberman [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 135 (2007), pp. 1689–1694]). We prove convergence and error estimates in the max norm. The proof utilizes a discrete comparison principle, a discrete barrier argument to deal with Dirichlet boundary values, and the property of flatness in one direction within the non-contact set. Our error analysis extends to a modified version of the finite difference wide stencil method provided by Oberman [Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 18 (2008), pp. 759–780].
Large seasonal fluctuations in whole-tree carbohydrate reserves: is storage more dynamic in boreal ecosystems?
Authors: Fermaniuk C , Fleurial K G , Wiley E , Landhäusser S M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Carbon reserves are a critical source of energy and substrates that allow trees to cope with periods of minimal carbon gain and/or high carbon demands, conditions which are prevalent in high-latitude forests. However, we have a poor understanding of carbon reserve dynamics at the whole-tree level in mature boreal trees. We therefore sought to quantify the seasonal changes in whole-tree and organ-level carbon reserve pools in mature boreal Betula papyrifera.

Methods
Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC; soluble sugars and starch) tissue concentrations were measured at key phenological stages throughout a calendar year in the roots, stem (inner bark and xylem), branches and leaves, and scaled up to estimate changes in organ and whole-tree NSC pool sizes. Fine root and stem growth were also measured to compare the timing of growth processes with changes in NSC pools.

Key Results
The whole-tree NSC pool increased from its spring minimum to its maximum at bud set, producing an average seasonal fluctuation of 0.96 kg per tree. This fluctuation represents a 72 % change in the whole-tree NSC pool, which greatly exceeds the relative change reported for more temperate conspecifics. At the organ level, branches accounted for roughly 48–60 % of the whole-tree NSC pool throughout the year, and their seasonal fluctuation was four to eight times greater than that observed in the stemwood, coarse roots and inner bark.

Conclusions
Branches in boreal B. papyrifera were the largest and most dynamic storage pool, suggesting that storage changes at the branch level largely drive whole-tree storage dynamics in these trees. The greater whole-tree seasonal NSC fluctuation in boreal vs. temperate B. papyrifera may result from (1) higher soluble sugar concentration requirements in branches for frost protection, and/or (2) a larger reliance on reserves to fuel new leaf and shoot growth in the spring.
ModPhred: an integrative toolkit for the analysis and storage of nanopore sequencing DNA and RNA modification data
Authors: Pryszcz Leszek P , Novoa Eva Maria 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Motivation
DNA and RNA modifications can now be identified using nanopore sequencing. However, we currently lack a flexible software to efficiently encode, store, analyze and visualize DNA and RNA modification data.

Results
Here, we present ModPhred, a versatile toolkit that facilitates DNA and RNA modification analysis from nanopore sequencing reads in a user-friendly manner. ModPhred integrates probabilistic DNA and RNA modification information within the FASTQ and BAM file formats, can be used to encode multiple types of modifications simultaneously, and its output can be easily coupled to genomic track viewers, facilitating the visualization and analysis of DNA and RNA modification information in individual reads in a simple and computationally efficient manner.

Availability and implementation
ModPhred is available at https://github.com/novoalab/modPhred, is implemented in Python3, and is released under an MIT license. Docker images with all dependencies preinstalled are also provided.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.