bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lived Experiences of African American Centenarians: Narrative Exploration From a Life Course Theory Perspective
Authors: Heinz Melinda , Bishop Alexander J , Finchum Tanya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine examples of inequality experienced by African American centenarians throughout the life course.

Research Design and Methods
Data were derived from 111 oral history transcripts from the Oklahoma Oral History Project. A subsample of all centenarians who identified as African American (n = 12) was utilized. An interpretive phenomenological approach and thematic analysis were used to review and code each narrative.

Results
Findings revealed 2 themes: (a) historical time and place with subthemes on family lineage, segregation, discrimination, and racism, and societal changes; (b) resource buffers against inequality with subthemes on multigenerational transmission, support and cultural connectedness, religion and spirituality, and self-reliance. Several centenarians acknowledged having grandparents who were slaves and others reported hidden family lineage due to complicated mixed-race dynamics. Work histories were affected by the historical era, with limited “domestic” positions for women. Experiences with education varied, with one centenarian commenting on his legacy of teaching at historically Black schools whereas others expressed difficulty in keeping up with school and regret for not finishing.

Discussion and Implications
This is one of the first studies to explore life course experiences specific to African American centenarians. Centenarians in this study possessed survival skills and various support systems including community and religious/spiritual support, perhaps buffering against the impact of cumulative racial inequality.
Genome-wide gene–diet interaction analysis in the UK Biobank identifies novel effects on hemoglobin A1c
Authors: Westerman Kenneth E , Miao Jenkai , Chasman Daniel I , Florez Jose C , Chen Han , Manning Alisa K , Cole Joanne B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Diet is a significant modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), and its effect on disease risk is under partial genetic control. Identification of specific gene–diet interactions (GDIs) influencing risk biomarkers such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a critical step towards precision nutrition for T2D prevention, but progress has been slow due to limitations in sample size and accuracy of dietary exposure measurement. We leveraged the large UK Biobank (UKB) cohort and a diverse group of dietary exposures, including 30 individual dietary traits and 8 empirical dietary patterns, to conduct genome-wide interaction studies in ~340 000 European-ancestry participants to identify novel GDIs influencing HbA1c. We identified five variant-dietary trait pairs reaching genome-wide significance (P &lt; 5 × 10−8): two involved dietary patterns (meat pattern with rs147678157 and a fruit & vegetable-based pattern with rs3010439) and three involved individual dietary traits (bread consumption with rs62218803, dried fruit consumption with rs140270534 and milk type [dairy vs. other] with 4:131148078_TAGAA_T). These were affected minimally by adjustment for geographical and lifestyle-related confounders, and four of the five variants lacked genetic main effects that would have allowed their detection in a traditional genome-wide association study for HbA1c. Notably, multiple loci near transient receptor potential subfamily M genes (TRPM2 and TRPM3) interacted with carbohydrate-containing food groups. These interactions were further characterized using non-European UKB subsets and alternative measures of glycaemia (fasting glucose and follow-up HbA1c measurements). Our results highlight GDIs influencing HbA1c for future investigation, while reinforcing known challenges in detecting and replicating GDIs.
Intraovarian injection of platelet-rich plasma in assisted reproduction: too much too soon?
Authors: Atkinson Lloyd , Martin Francesca , Sturmey Roger G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The prospect of ovarian rejuvenation offers the tantalising prospect of treating age-related declines in fertility or in pathological conditions such as premature ovarian failure. The concept of ovarian rejuvenation was invigorated by the indication of the existence of oogonial stem cells (OSCs), which have been shown experimentally to have the ability to differentiate into functional follicles and generate oocytes; however, their clinical potential remains unknown. Furthermore, there is now growing interest in performing ovarian rejuvenation in situ. One proposed approach involves injecting the ovary with platelet rich plasma (PRP).
PRP is a component of blood that remains after the in vitro removal of red and white blood cells. It contains blood platelets, tiny anucleate cells of the blood, which are responsible for forming athrombus to prevent bleeding. In addition, PRP contains an array of cytokines and growth factors, as well as a number of small molecules.The utility ofPRP has been investigatedin a range of regenerative medicine approaches and has been shown to induce differentiation of a range of cell types, presumably through the action of cytokines.
A handful ofcasereports have described the use of PRP injections into the ovaryin the human, and while these clinical data report promising results, knowledge on the mechanisms and safety of PRP injections into the ovary remain limited.In this article, we summarise some of the physiological detail of platelets and PRP, before reviewing the existing emerging literature in this area. We then propose potential mechanisms by which PRP may be eliciting any effects before reflecting on some considerations for future studies in the area. Importantly, on the basis of our existing knowledge, we suggest that immediate use of PRP in clinical applications is perhaps premature and further fundamental and clinical research on the nature of ovarian insufficiency, as well as the mechanism by which PRP may act on the ovary, is needed to fully understand this promising development.
Hyper-localized measures of air pollution and risk of preterm birth in Oakland and San Jose, California
Authors: Riddell Corinne A , Goin Dana E , Morello-Frosch Rachel , Apte Joshua S , Glymour M Maria , Torres Jacqueline M , Casey Joan A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundUS preterm-birth rates are 1.6 times higher for Black mothers than for White mothers. Although traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) may increase the risk of preterm birth, evaluating its effect on preterm birth and disparities has been challenging because TRAP is often measured inaccurately. This study sought to estimate the effect of TRAP exposure, measured at the street level, on the prevalence of preterm birth by race/ethnicity.MethodsWe linked birth-registry data with TRAP measured at the street level for singleton births in sampled communities during 2013–2015 in Oakland and San Jose, California. Using logistic regression and marginal standardization, we estimated the effects of exposure to black carbon, nitrogen dioxide and ultrafine particles on preterm birth after confounder adjustment and stratification by race/ethnicity.ResultsThere were 8823 singleton births, of which 760 (8.6%) were preterm. Shifting black-carbon exposure from the 10th to the 90th percentile was associated with: 6.8%age point higher risk of preterm birth (95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 13.5) among Black women; 2.1%age point higher risk (95% confidence interval = –1.1 to 5.2) among Latinas; and inconclusive null findings among Asian and White women. For Latinas, there was evidence of a positive association between the other pollutants and risk of preterm birth, although effect sizes were attenuated in models that co-adjusted for other TRAP.ConclusionsExposure to TRAP, especially black carbon, may increase the risk of preterm birth for Latina and Black women but not for Asian and White women.
On the Universal Extensions in Tannakian Categories
Authors: D’Addezio Marco , Esnault Hélène 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We use the notion of universal extension in a linear abelian category to study extensions of variations of mixed Hodge structure and convergent and overconvergent isocrystals. The results we obtain apply, for example, to prove the exactness of some homotopy sequences for these categories and to study $F$-able isocrystals.
Food and feeding habits of the land crabCardisoma armatum(Herklots, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae) in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa
Authors: N’zi Konan G , Coulibaly Lèfoungognon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe food and feeding habits of Cardisoma armatum Herklots, 1851 was investigated in Ehotile Islands National Park from January to December 2018. A total of 355 cardiac stomachs were examined, and the diet studied according to size, sex, and seasons. The relationship between the length of the intestine (Li) and carapace (Lc) was found to be log Li = –0.3203 + 1.0064 × log Lc. The relative importance of food (RIF) showed that C. armatum has an omnivorous diet with insectivorous tendency. Macrophytes, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, fishes, and oligochaete worms were the major feed. Macrophytes (RIF 64.17%) was the main prey, insects (RIF33.6%) a secondary prey, while molluscs (RIF 1.26%), crustaceans (RIF 0.7), fishes (RIF 0.14%), and oligochaetes (RIF 0.13%) were incidental prey. Macrophytes and insects were respectively the primary (RIF 59.35% and 57.79%) and secondary (RIF 37.51% and 39.33%) prey consumed by juveniles (Lc ˂ 64.44 mm) and adults (Lc ≥ 64.44 mm). There was a significantly different diet between males and females (P ˃ 0.05), between rainy and dry seasons (P ˃ 0.05) and a similar diet composition between juveniles (P ˂ 0.05) and adults (P ˂ 0.05).
Optimizing high-redshift galaxy surveys for environmental information
Authors: Looser Tobias J , Lilly Simon J , Sin Larry P T , Henriques Bruno M B , Maiolino Roberto , Cirasuolo Michele 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the performance of group finding algorithms that reconstruct galaxy groups from the positional information of tracer galaxies that are observed in redshift surveys carried out with multiplexed spectrographs. We use mock light-cones produced by the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy evolution in which the underlying reality is known. We particularly focus on the performance at high redshift, and how this is affected by choices of the mass of the tracer galaxies (largely equivalent to their co-moving number density) and the (assumed random) sampling rate of these tracers. We first however compare two different approaches to group finding as applied at low redshift, and conclude that these are broadly comparable. For simplicity we adopt just one of these, ‘Friends-of-Friends’ (FoF) as the basis for our study at high redshift. We introduce 12 science metrics that are designed to quantify the performance of the group-finder as relevant for a wide range of science investigations with a group catalogue. These metrics examine the quality of the recovered group catalogue, the median halo masses of different richness structures, the scatter in dark matter halo mass and how successful the group-finder classifies singletons, centrals, and satellites. We analyse how these metrics vary with the limiting stellar mass and random sampling rate of the tracer galaxies, allowing quantification of the various trade-offs between different possible survey designs. Finally, we look at the impact of these same design parameters on the relative ‘costs’ in observation time of the survey using as an example the potential MOONRISE survey using the MOONS instrument.
Race, Latinidad, and Latin Pop
Authors: Rivera-Rideau Petra R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Popular music is one site where the contributions of Afro-Latinos are widely recognized. However, few Afro-Latino musicians reach the top of the Latin music charts. Several authors have argued that music like mambo or salsa, which began with strong Afro-Latino representation, “whitened” once it entered the mainstream Latin music market. This whitening involved both a shift in aesthetics and in the prevalence and popularity of white Latino artists. This chapter examines the contemporary pop phenomenon reggaetón as the latest iteration of this shift. The author pays particular attention to the rise and popularity of CNCO, the “first reggaetón boyband” that emerged from a television show called La Banda on Univision. Through an analysis of CNCO’s self-presentation, performance, and music videos, the author examines the current trend toward whitening in reggaetón that has helped facilitate the genre’s growth in Latin and global pop music.
What Does DNA Tell Us about Past Connections and the Settlement of Sahul?
Authors: Matisoo-Smith Elizabeth , Gosling Anna L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Archaeological evidence indicates that the continent of Sahul has been continuously settled for almost as long as modern humans have lived outside of Africa. The relative isolation of the continent, and the difficulty involved in getting there, have meant that the populations have not been subject to the large-scale population replacement seen in other parts of the world. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology, including the ability to sequence full genomes in both ancient and modern populations, have revealed that the genomes of the Indigenous peoples of Australia and New Guinea, and the local fauna, can contribute significantly to our understanding of early human migrations from Africa, human impacts on environments, as well as human evolution more broadly. Given the power of genomic data, it is of the utmost importance that genomic research of ancient and modern samples is conducted ethically, with full community consultation and engagement at all stages.
Juárez, Maximilian, and the French Occupation of Mexico
Authors: Hogan Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A tumultuous period in Mexican history began with the Reform Movement of President Benito Juárez, followed by the French invasion and installation of Maximillian as emperor, the defeat of his troops by the liberal army, and the restoration of the Mexican Republic in 1877. Although most of the basic facts of these events are not in dispute, the narrowness of the lens used to examine them is. Some data have been systematically ignored by national historians, and there are also contradictory interpretations of the published historical data. One common reflection on this period is the depiction of Maximilian as liberal whom some argue contributed in a positive way to Mexico. However, some Mexican scholars dispute this. The other widely held belief is that Benito Juárez can be credited with the restoration of the republic and the betterment of the working poor and indigenous. Although criticism of Juárez is uncommon in official circles, where he is idolized, some Mexican scholars are more skeptical of these claims. The missing or generally ignored data concern the contribution of the United States to the defeat of the French and Austrian armies, which is not mentioned in any survey texts and is minimized in most articles. The fuller inclusion of these data coupled with a closer look at the contributions and failures of both the Maximilian and Juárez regimes provides a clearer picture of the epoch and generates new insights.
Human Resource Management in Asia
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee , Supangco Vivien T. , Rupidara Neil 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews key characteristics and developments of human resource management (HRM) in Asian countries against the backdrop of their rich historical features and the rapidly changing landscape on many fronts. It takes stock of what has been researched in the HRM field and the theoretical perspectives underpinning it. There is a growing trend for positivist HRM studies of hypothesized organizational conditions and individual behaviors, at the expense of in-depth qualitative studies of the motivations, actions, and interactions of social groups, and outcomes in specific organizational settings. It is clear that Asian countries are advancing at a rapid pace in their economic development, powered by growing technological competences. However, each nation-state is confronted with a different set of HRM challenges, ranging from skills shortage to workforce aging, informalization of employment, changing expectations, behavior of the workforce, and so forth. We argue that the understanding of people management in workplaces must take into account a range of institutional, cultural, organizational, and individual factors. We also argue that HRM research needs to be engaged with real and live issues that are confronting employing organizations and individuals, with the aim of adding social value and extending our intellectual horizon.
Resale Markets for Digital Music
Authors: Perzanowski Aaron 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which the shift to digital distribution of copyrighted works alters the legal status of secondary markets for music. For centuries, the principle of exhaustion and the first sale doctrine have permitted owners of copies to resell or otherwise transfer their purchases. In a market largely defined by licensed digital downloads and streaming services, the application of those legal principles is uncertain. As a threshold matter, consumers may not count as owners for first sale purposes. Moreover, the transfer of digital files may entail acts of reproduction beyond the scope of the statutory first sale doctrine.
Natural Resources, Sustainability, and Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Armstrong Chris 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines a variety of views about the nature of society’s putative duty to conserve natural resources for the future, with a focus on the contested idea of sustainability. This chapter examines competing conceptions of sustainability and their implications for natural resource conservation across generations. Sustainability is a very popular concept, but there are many different positions on what might be called the “sustainability of what?” question. The chapter examines a number of competing views and shows how controversy here has informed the debate between so-called weak and strong conceptions of sustainability. It concludes with an examination of the politics of sustainability, and in particular the connections and possible tensions between goals of natural resource conservation and of global justice.
Selecting Charges
Authors: Barno Matt , Lynch Mona 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Prosecutorial discretion in charge selection has far-reaching consequences throughout the criminal adjudication process. Through their initial charging decisions, prosecutors not only determine who will be subject to the state’s penal power—they also define the terms under which defendants will strategize and negotiate to mitigate their potential punishment. This chapter provides an overview of the criminal charging process, including the legal parameters within which prosecutors exercise their charging discretion and how that discretion is exercised in practice. The chapter begins with a discussion of constitutional limits on the power to initiate criminal charges, as well as limits on the severity of charges. We describe how formal legal structures governing criminal sentencing interact with prosecutors’ power and incentives at the charging stage. We then review both the empirical literature documenting variations in charging practices and the key theoretical explanations for those variations. Finally, we summarize recent research suggesting that prosecutorial charging decisions may be a key driver of the carceral trends that define mass incarceration. The chapter concludes with reflections and recommendations regarding future lines of research on prosecutorial charging practices.
Transnational Mining Law
Authors: Seck Sara L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The rise of transnational law in the global mining context has led to legitimacy concerns. This chapter introduces international sustainable mineral development law, then explores resistance to global mining expressed by local communities of the Global South. Ideal host state regulation for sustainable mining is examined as proposed in a Mining Policy Framework developed by the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development. International standards of business conduct developed through multistakeholder processes are then introduced, before turning to the role of home states in the prevention and remedy of harm, comparing developments in Canada and China.
The Problem of the Enterprise and the Enterprise of Law: Multinational Enterprises as Polycentric Transnational Regulatory Space
Authors: Backer Larry Catá 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the multinational enterprise (MNE) one encounters entity, connections, and linkages, and functionally differentiated production chains. Each aspect of the MNE is partially and simultaneously subject to layers of regulatory governance. This chapter explores the effects of these regulatory interventions on shifting constructions of the MNE. To that effect it examines first the relationship between emerging transnational law and an objectified MNE. It then considers the way that the focus and context of transnational law shifts as the regulatory focus moves from MNE as object to the MNE as a set of linkages and connections, and then to the regulation of production through which is itself the object of MNE function. This reconsideration of the character of the MNE produces a substantial effect on the way in which transnational law is understood and applied, matching polycentricity in the construction of law with polycentricity in the construction of the MNE itself.
Translations
Authors: McLaughlin Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with versions of Dante’s Commedia in English, confining itself to translations of either the whole poem or of at least one cantica. It notes that English translations of the Commedia appear later than those of other European languages, and that it is only after 1900 that English versions start to outnumber those in French. It charts the history of these translations over two centuries from Henry Boyd’s version in 1802 to Clive James’s translation in 2013 and to Alasdair Gray’s Inferno of 2018. The chapter also offers an analysis of a number of excerpts across all three cantiche, illustrating the adequacy or otherwise of the translations, and commenting on metrical solutions. The statistics are striking: since 1850 there have been an average of thirty-three English versions of the poem or of one cantica every half century, and even in the nineteen years since the millennium there have been twenty-seven such versions, so the enthusiasm of anglophone writers and readers for Dante even seems to be increasing.