bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Following the logic behind biological interpretations of the Ediacaran biotas
Authors: Runnegar Bruce 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor almost 150 years, megascopic structures in siliciclastic sequences of terminal Precambrian age have been frustratingly difficult to characterize and classify. As with all other areas of human knowledge, progress with exploration, documentation and understanding is growing at an exponential rate. Nevertheless, there is much to be learned from following the evolution of the logic behind the biological interpretations of these enigmatic fossils. Here, I review the history of discovery as well as some long-established core members of widely recognized clades that are still difficult to graft on to the tree of life. These ‘orphan plesions’ occupy roles that were once held by famous former Problematica, such as archaeocyaths, graptolites and rudist bivalves. In some of those cases, taxonomic enlightenment was brought about by the discovery of new characters; in others it required a better knowledge of their living counterparts. Can we use these approaches to rescue the Ediacaran orphans? Five taxa that are examined in this context are Arborea (Arboreomorpha), Dickinsonia (Dickinsoniomorpha), Pteridinium plus Ernietta (Erniettomorpha) and Kimberella (Bilateria?). With the possible exception of Dickinsonia, all of these organisms may be coelenterate grade eumetazoans.
Topology-informed information dynamics modeling in cyber–physical–social system networks
Authors: Wang Yan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCyber–physical–social systems (CPSS) are physical devices that are embedded in human society and possess highly integrated functionalities of sensing, computing, communication, and control. CPSS rely on their intense collaboration and information sharing through networks to be functioning. In this paper, topology-informed network information dynamics models are proposed to characterize the evolution of information processing capabilities of CPSS nodes in networks. The models are based on a mesoscale probabilistic graph model, where the sensing and computing capabilities of the nodes are captured as the probabilities of correct predictions. A topology-informed vector autoregression model and a latent variable vector autoregression model are proposed to model the correlations between prediction capabilities of nodes as linear functional relationships. A hybrid Gaussian process regression model is also developed to capture both the nonlinear spatial and temporal correlations between nodes. The new information dynamics models are demonstrated and tested with a simulator of CPSS networks. The results show that the topological information of networks can improve the efficiency in constructing the time series models. The network topology also has influences on the prediction capabilities of CPSS.
911 EMS Activations by Pregnant Patients in Maryland (USA) during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hadley Megan E. , Vaught Arthur J. , Margolis Asa M. , Chizmar Timothy P. , Alemayehu Teferra , Halscott Torre , Jenkins J. Lee , Levy Matthew J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroduction:In the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, United States Emergency Medical Services (EMS) experienced a decrease in calls, and at the same time, an increase in out-of-hospital deaths. This finding led to a concern for the implications of potential delays in care for the obstetric population.Hypothesis/Problem:This study examines the impact of the pandemic on prehospital care amongst pregnant women.Methods:A retrospective observational study was conducted comparing obstetric-related EMS activations in Maryland (USA) during the pandemic (March 10-July 20, 2020) to a pre-pandemic period (March 10-July 20, 2019). Comparative analysis was used to analyze the difference in frequency and acuity of calls between the two periods.Results:There were fewer obstetric-related EMS encounters during the pandemic compared to the year prior (daily average during the pandemic 12.5 [SD = 3.8] versus 14.6 [SD = 4.1] pre-pandemic; P <.001), although the percent of total female encounters remained unchanged (1.6% in 2020 versus 1.5% in 2019; P = .091). Key indicators of maternal status were not significantly different between the two periods. African-American women represented a disproportionately high percentage of obstetric-related activations (36.2% in 2019 and 34.8% in 2020).Conclusions:In this state-wide analysis of EMS calls in Maryland early in the pandemic, no significant differences existed in the utilization of EMS by pregnant women. Prehospital EMS activations amongst pregnant women in Maryland only decreased slightly without an increase in acuity. Of note, over-representation by African-American women compared to population statistics raises concern for broader systemic differences in access to obstetric care.
Effectiveness of glufosinate, dicamba, and clethodim on glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible populations of five key weeds in Australian cotton systems
Authors: Werth Jeff , Thornby David , Keenan Michelle , Hereward James , Chauhan Bhagirath Singh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractXtendFlexTM cotton with resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba may become available in Australia. Resistance to these herbicides enables two additional modes of action to be applied in crop. The double-knock strategy, typically glyphosate followed by paraquat, has been a successful tactic for control of glyphosate-resistant cotton in fallow situations in Australia. Glufosinate is a contact herbicide and may be useful as the second herbicide in a double knock for use in XtendFlexTM cotton crops. We tested the effectiveness of glufosinate applied at intervals of 1, 3, 7, and 10 d after initial applications of glyphosate, dicamba, clethodim, and glyphosate mixtures with dicamba or clethodim on glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-susceptible populations of flaxleaf fleabane, common sowthistle, feather fingergrass, windmill grass, and junglerice. Effective treatments for flaxleaf fleabane with 100% control were dicamba and glyphosate+dicamba followed by glufosinate independent of the interval between applications. Common sowthistle was effectively controlled in Experiment 1 by all treatments. However, in Experiment 2, effective treatments were dicamba and glyphosate+dicamba followed by glufosinate (99.3% to 100% control). Timing of the follow-up glufosinate did not affect the control achieved. Consistent control of feather fingergrass was achieved with glyphosate, clethodim, or glyphosate+clethodim followed by glufosinate at 7-d and 10-d intervals (99.7% to 100% control). Control of feather fingergrass was inconsistent. The best treatment for windmill grass was glyphosate+clethodim followed by glufosinate 10 d later (99.8% to 100% control). Junglerice was effectively controlled with all treatments except for glyphosate on the glyphosate-resistant population. Additional in-crop use of glufosinate and dicamba should be beneficial for weed management in XtendFlexTM cotton crops, when using the double knock tactic with glufosinate. For effective herbicide resistance management, it is important that these herbicides be used in addition to, rather than substitution for, existing weed management tactics.
Onset Altitudes of Co‐Seismic Ionospheric Disturbances Determined by Multiple Distributions of GNSS TEC After the Foreshock of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake on March 9, 2011
Authors: Kakinami Yoshihiro , Saito Hiroaki , Yamamoto Tetsuo , Chen Chia‐Hung , Yamamoto Masa‐yuki , Nakajima Kensuke , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Watanabe Shigeto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe investigate ionospheric disturbances using the total electron content (TEC) data obtained from the radio signals emitted from three satellites after the foreshock of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake on March 9, 2011. Co‐seismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) appeared to extend from an onset point concentrically in all of the satellite data. We have found, however, that the geographic coordinates of the onset points did not coincide if the observed CIDs were assumed to occur at one altitude. Admitting that the altitudes of the onset points are different, we searched for coinciding geographic coordinates of the onset points by changing the altitudes and identified the altitude of the three onset points to be 107.8, 131.8, and 133.3 km and the onset time at these altitudes. As a result, the vertical velocity of an acoustic‐gravity wave is estimated to be 448 m/s from the travel time between the altitudes of 107.8 and 131.8 km and 370 m/s between the altitude of 107.8 and 133.3 km. This is comparable to the speed of sound calculated using the empirical model NRLMSISE‐00. The present study provides a method of determining the altitude and geographic coordinates of the onset point from the ionospheric TEC analysis independently of the seismic data. Furthermore, the source location of the acoustic‐gravity wave is simultaneously determined because its wavefront propagating vertically arrives earliest at an altitude that TEC disturbance is detectable.
An Analytical Model With a Generalized Nonlinear Water Transfer Term for the Flow in Dual‐Porosity Media Induced by Constant‐Rate Pumping in a Leaky Fractured Aquifer
Authors: Lin Ye‐Chen , Yeh Hund‐Der 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the past, many mathematical models based on the dual‐porosity (DP) concept were developed to describe the groundwater flow in fractured aquifer systems. Most of them seemingly have problems in predicting accurate drawdown at the early and/or intermediate times as compared with field measured data. Thus, this study proposes a new analytical model with a generalized transfer term (GTT) to describe the flow induced by pumping in such systems. The new model is nonlinear because the GTT representing the matrix‐to‐fracture flux gives different weights to the fracture and matrix drawdowns. The GTT reduces to the existing first‐order transfer term if the weight equals zero and second‐order term if the weight is one. The present model also includes a leakage term accounting for flow from the overlain or underlain aquitard. The drawdown solution of the model is developed based on the Laplace transform method and integration by parts formula and then verified through the comparison with the finite‐element solution. The effect of different weight values in the GTT on the DP flow is investigated. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the impact of the change in each of the aquifer parameters on the flow. Furthermore, the present solution is used to analyze two sets of pumping drawdown data from test sites in Canada and India. We found that the drawdown predictions from the present solution fit field measured data very well, suggesting that the present model can adequately describe the real‐world DP flow system.
Glaciological Monitoring Using the Sun as a Radio Source for Echo Detection
Authors: Peters S. T. , Schroeder D. M. , Chu W. , Castelletti D. , Haynes M. S. , Christoffersen P. , Romero‐Wolf A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIce‐penetrating radar observations are critical for projecting ice‐sheet contribution to sea‐level rise; however, these prognostic models have significant uncertainties due to an incomplete understanding of glacial subsurface processes. Existing radars that can characterize subsurface conditions are too resource‐intensive to simultaneously monitor ice sheets at both the necessary temporal—daily to multiannual—and spatial—tributary to continental—scales. Here, we investigate using an ambient radio source, instead of transmitting a signal, for glaciological monitoring. We demonstrate, for the first time, passive radio sounding using the Sun to accurately measure ice thickness on Store Glacier, Greenland. Passive radar sounding could provide low‐resource time‐series measurements of the cryosphere, enabling us to observe and understand evolving englacial and subglacial conditions across Greenland and Antarctica with unprecedented coverage and resolution.
The High‐Latitude Extension of Jupiter's Io Torus: Electron Densities Measured by Juno Waves
Authors: Elliott S. S. , Sulaiman A. H. , Kurth W. S. , Faden J. , Allegrini F. , Valek P. , Connerney J. E. P. , Ebert R. W. , Szalay J. R. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present Jovian electron densities measured by the Juno Waves instrument at high‐latitudes (with magnetic latitudes of on magnetic field lines threading the Io torus and plasma sheet (with M‐shells of ) using the first 29 orbits of the Juno mission. We infer electron densities from characteristic frequency cutoffs and resonances in plasma wave spectra. Often more than one of the characteristic frequencies of the plasma can be identified, whose consistency provides credibility to the plasma density estimates. The majority of density measurements are on magnetic field lines threading the Io torus and intersecting Jupiter's ionosphere between Io's M‐shell and the auroral main oval, but there is evidence of density dropouts near and poleward of the auroral oval, which may be important in auroral particle acceleration. Sharp density gradients are found near field lines mapping to the inner edge of the Io torus M‐shells. These observations demonstrate the extension of elevated Io torus densities along field lines to higher latitudes.
Freshwater Lens Fronts Propagating as Buoyant Gravity Currents in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Moulin Aurélie J. , Moum James N. , Shroyer Emily L. , Hoecker‐Martínez Martín 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFreshwater lenses (FWLs) deposited by rain exhibit local anomalies in surface salinity and temperature. The resulting patchiness in near‐surface density and sea surface temperature influence upper ocean dynamics and air‐sea fluxes of heat. Understanding lens formation and evolution has been a focus of recent observational and modeling efforts. The work presented here integrates near‐surface ocean and atmosphere time series with remote sensing of sea surface disturbances (X‐band radar) to describe properties and kinematics of FWLs in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Twenty‐eight FWLs were observed with diverse temperature‐salinity properties and structure. Fresh salinity anomalies were as large as −1.35 psu at 3 m depth. Associated temperature anomalies ranged from −0.80 to +0.59°C. Ship‐based radar imagery allowed quantification of propagation speeds of 10 FWL fronts. In the reference frame of the moving fluid, the observed speeds are consistent with the linear long wave speed of . These results offer a novel perspective on the evolution of FWLs as gravity currents whose dynamics need to be properly accounted for to assess lens longevity, including persistence of salinity and temperature anomalies, as well as influences on air‐sea interaction.
Observation of Gravity Waves at the Tropical Tropopause Using Superpressure Balloons
Authors: Corcos Milena , Hertzog Albert , Plougonven Riwal , Podglajen Aurélien 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTropical gravity wave activity is investigated using measurements of momentum fluxes gathered during Strateole‐2 superpressure balloon flights. The data set consists of eight balloon flights performed in the deep tropics from November 2019 to February 2020. The flights lasted for 2–3 months each, and in‐situ meteorological data were collected every 30 s. The relation between gravity waves and deep convection is investigated using geostationary satellite data from the NOAA/NCEP GPM_MERGIR satellite data product, at 1 h resolution. The amplitude of gravity wave momentum fluxes shows a clear dependence on the distance to the nearest convective system, with a strong decay as distance to convection increases. The largest momentum‐flux values (>mPa) are only found less than 200 km away from deep convection. The sensitivity of the wave flux to distance from convection is stronger for high frequency gravity waves (periods shorter than 60 min). Lower frequency waves tend to a non‐zero, background value away from convection, supporting some background value in gravity‐wave drag parameterizations. On the other hand, the wide range of momentum flux values observed close to the convection emphasizes the intermittent nature of the gravity‐wave source. The large scale variation of gravity‐wave intermittency within the equatorial belt is also studied. The results highlight spatial variations of gravity wave activity, with the highest momentum flux recorded over land.
Non-genetic photoacoustic stimulation of single neurons by a tapered fiber optoacoustic emitter
Authors: Shi Linli , Jiang Ying , Fernandez Fernando R. , Chen Guo , Lan Lu , Man Heng-Ye , White John A. , Cheng Ji-Xin , Yang Chen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNeuromodulation at high spatial resolution poses great significance in advancing fundamental knowledge in the field of neuroscience and offering novel clinical treatments. Here, we developed a tapered fiber optoacoustic emitter (TFOE) generating an ultrasound field with a high spatial precision of 39.6 µm, enabling optoacoustic activation of single neurons or subcellular structures, such as axons and dendrites. Temporally, a single acoustic pulse of sub-microsecond converted by the TFOE from a single laser pulse of 3 ns is shown as the shortest acoustic stimuli so far for successful neuron activation. The precise ultrasound generated by the TFOE enabled the integration of the optoacoustic stimulation with highly stable patch-clamp recording on single neurons. Direct measurements of the electrical response of single neurons to acoustic stimulation, which is difficult for conventional ultrasound stimulation, have been demonstrated. By coupling TFOE with ex vivo brain slice electrophysiology, we unveil cell-type-specific responses of excitatory and inhibitory neurons to acoustic stimulation. These results demonstrate that TFOE is a non-genetic single-cell and sub-cellular modulation technology, which could shed new insights into the mechanism of ultrasound neurostimulation.
1700 nm optical coherence microscopy enables minimally invasive, label-free, in vivo optical biopsy deep in the mouse brain
Authors: Zhu Jun , Freitas Hercules Rezende , Maezawa Izumi , Jin Lee-way , Srinivasan Vivek J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn vivo, minimally invasive microscopy in deep cortical and sub-cortical regions of the mouse brain has been challenging. To address this challenge, we present an in vivo high numerical aperture optical coherence microscopy (OCM) approach that fully utilizes the water absorption window around 1700 nm, where ballistic attenuation in the brain is minimized. Key issues, including detector noise, excess light source noise, chromatic dispersion, and the resolution-speckle tradeoff, are analyzed and optimized. Imaging through a thinned-skull preparation that preserves intracranial space, we present volumetric imaging of cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture across the entire depth of the mouse neocortex, and some sub-cortical regions. In an Alzheimer’s disease model, we report that findings in superficial and deep cortical layers diverge, highlighting the importance of deep optical biopsy. Compared to other microscopic techniques, our 1700 nm OCM approach achieves a unique combination of intrinsic contrast, minimal invasiveness, and high resolution for deep brain imaging.
Unlocking the future of optical security with metasurfaces
Authors: Jang Jaehyuck , Badloe Trevon , Rho Junsuk 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe complex degrees of freedom of light, such as amplitude, phase, polarization, and orbital angular momentum, make it a prime candidate for use in optical security and encryption. By exploiting the unique characteristics of metasurfaces, exciting new optical security platforms have been demonstrated.
A novel dephosphorylation targeting chimera selectively promoting tau removal in tauopathies
Authors: Zheng Jie , Tian Na , Liu Fei , Zhang Yidian , Su Jingfen , Gao Yang , Deng Mingmin , Wei Linyu , Ye Jingwang , Li Honglian , Wang Jian-Zhi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntraneuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau is a hallmark pathology shown in over twenty neurodegenerative disorders, collectively termed as tauopathies, including the most common Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, selectively removing or reducing hyperphosphorylated tau is promising for therapies of AD and other tauopathies. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel DEPhosphorylation TArgeting Chimera (DEPTAC) to specifically facilitate the binding of tau to Bα-subunit-containing protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A-Bα), the most active tau phosphatase in the brain. The DEPTAC exhibited high efficiency in dephosphorylating tau at multiple AD-associated sites and preventing tau accumulation both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies revealed that DEPTAC significantly improved microtubule assembly, neurite plasticity, and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in transgenic mice with inducible overexpression of truncated and neurotoxic human tau N368. Our data provide a strategy for selective removal of the hyperphosphorylated tau, which sheds new light for the targeted therapy of AD and related-tauopathies.
Metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer
Authors: Ahmad Fahim , Cherukuri Murali Krishna , Choyke Peter L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough low risk localised prostate cancer has an excellent prognosis owing to effective treatments, such as surgery, radiation, cryosurgery and hormone therapy, metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable. Existing therapeutic regimens prolong life; however, they are beset by problems of resistance, resulting in poor outcomes. Treatment resistance arises primarily from tumour heterogeneity, altered genetic signatures and metabolic reprogramming, all of which enable the tumour to serially adapt to drugs during the course of treatment. In this review, we focus on alterations in the metabolism of prostate cancer, including genetic signatures and molecular pathways associated with metabolic reprogramming. Advances in our understanding of prostate cancer metabolism might help to explain many of the adaptive responses that are induced by therapy, which might, in turn, lead to the attainment of more durable therapeutic responses.
Novel FOXM1 inhibitor identified via gene network analysis induces autophagic FOXM1 degradation to overcome chemoresistance of human cancer cells
Authors: Chesnokov Mikhail S. , Halasi Marianna , Borhani Soheila , Arbieva Zarema , Shah Binal N. , Oerlemans Rick , Khan Irum , Camacho Carlos J. , Gartel Andrei L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFOXM1 transcription factor is an oncogene and a master regulator of chemoresistance in multiple cancers. Pharmacological inhibition of FOXM1 is a promising approach but has proven to be challenging. We performed a network-centric transcriptomic analysis to identify a novel compound STL427944 that selectively suppresses FOXM1 by inducing the relocalization of nuclear FOXM1 protein to the cytoplasm and promoting its subsequent degradation by autophagosomes. Human cancer cells treated with STL427944 exhibit increased sensitivity to cytotoxic effects of conventional chemotherapeutic treatments (platinum-based agents, 5-fluorouracil, and taxanes). RNA-seq analysis of STL427944-induced gene expression changes revealed prominent suppression of gene signatures characteristic for FOXM1 and its downstream targets but no significant changes in other important regulatory pathways, thereby suggesting high selectivity of STL427944 toward the FOXM1 pathway. Collectively, the novel autophagy-dependent mode of FOXM1 suppression by STL427944 validates a unique pathway to overcome tumor chemoresistance and improve the efficacy of treatment with conventional cancer drugs.