bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open Chance and Risk Management Process Supported by a Software Tool for Improving Urban Security
Authors: Finger Jörg , Ross Katharina , Häring Ivo , Restayn Elena-Maria , Siebold Uli 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBy now the 5-step risk and chance management process according to the generic ISO 31000 standard has been applied to a wide range of domains including organizational risk management, business continuity, safety and IT security management, as well as occupational safety. The paper motivates the context and need for an open, scalable and flexible urban (perceived) security and safety assessment and improvement process, showing that it should be applicable also at local community level. The basic ideas of the process include the division of risk and chance analysis and management (treatment) into defined phases which are addressed iteratively: (1) within a framing context, stakeholders and their objectives are identified; (2) chance events for reaching objectives or, as often more straightforward, risk events opposing objectives are identified; (3) these chances and risks on objectives are quantified in terms of probability and consequences on the identified objectives; (4) they are assessed regarding their context-sensitive societal acceptability; (5) improvement measures are selected and implemented. The process is iterated until all risks on objectives are sufficiently controlled, also the combination of risks. Concerning the methodology, a semi-formal modelling of the static and dynamic requirements of a tailored process based on ISO 31000 is provided, which in addition allows the formulation of minimum consistency and completeness requirements, e.g. for each objective at least one stakeholder and risk should be identified. For the urban domain, a classification of risk assessment techniques regarding their suitability for supporting the process is presented. A further focus is the efficient provision of best practice options for urban security enhancement. Based on the insights gained by the systematic modelling of the risk management process, a software tool was developed to facilitate the application of the process in participatory settings like round table discussions with stakeholders. The paper presents as use case the application of the tool-supported methodology in several discussion rounds within a residential district in a medium sized university town in Germany along with the discussion of the evaluations and findings. Thus, the applicability of the software-supported urban security risk management to the novel urban security domain is demonstrated. In summary, the approach is sufficiently transparent and flexible for fast summaries of round table discussions up to complex iterative decision and participatory scenarios, which have to consider multiple stakeholders and a large variety of possible urban security and safety enhancement options with a given urban context.
Fault detection technique for modified cascaded half-bridge multi-level inverter with polarity changer in pv grid system
Authors: Vyas Ujjval B , Shah Varsha A , S G Srivani 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMultilevel Inverters (MLI) are a viable option for a filter-less and transformerless photovoltaic system for direct grid integration, reducing losses, space and cost provided the issues of control and reliability are resolved. A modified cascaded half-bridge MLI with polarity changer is proposed with a reduced number of switches, thereby reducing control complexity. The proposed converter is designed for both seven-level and nine-level topologies. Selective harmonic elimination has been adopted to switch converter and the transcendental equations are solved by the gravitational search algorithm. The THD for nine-level configuration is 7.94% and 5.86% with MPPT and DC source inputs, respectively. The analysis on the open-circuit fault of switches confirms the presence of only five critical switches irrespective of the number of increase in levels, thereby requiring only five redundant switches at the Polarity Changer. The output voltage waveform is subjected to multiresolution analysis for feature extraction of voltages under various irradiance and temperature conditions. A conditions based fault detection algorithm is developed based on the observations of energies of signals to detect the open circuit fault in switches. Based on the comparative analysis, the proposed converter has fewer controlled switches for nine levels or higher configurations than other topologies. Apart from this, the high reliability due to inherent fault isolation capability restricted to half-bridge compared to different MLI topologies shows its superiority. For a nine-level MLI proposed topology reduces the cost considering redundancies for FDI in range of 67–30% depending on the topology for comparision. The system is simulated using MATLAB –Simulink and further validated by experimental results.
Applied mineralogy of zirconium minerals: a case study of alkaline intrusion in SE-Brazil
Authors: Franco-Magalhães Ana Olivia Barufi , de Godoy Daniel Françoso 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Brazil has important zirconium resources when compared with other countries. However, most of the zirconium production in Brazil occurs as coproduct of the mining and processing of heavy mineral sands for the titanium minerals. This paper reports mineral and technological characterization studies associated with an alkaline intrusion in SE-Brazil. The data were obtained in a complex local rock known as “caldasite,” probably formed during hydrothermal alteration associated with post-magmatic events. The results obtained by multi-element analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, petrography and scanning electronic microscopy indicated that zirconium concentration is about 66 wt%, having zircon and baddeleyite as most relevant minerals; gibbsite and anatase are found in minor proportions. The mineral assemblage developed a complex rock texture and structure associated with hydrothermal fluids percolation indicated by remobilization of zirconium in primary rocks. Caldasite presented concentric growth banding texture, revealed by zircon nucleation and baddeleyite microcrystalline interlaying. Results obtained indicate that caldasite has a high potential as zirconium resource due to concentration and mineral associations.

Article Highlights

This paper focused on the results of several techniques of mineralogical and technological characterization applied in an enriched-zirconium rock formed during hydrothermal alteration in alkaline intrusion in SE-Brazil.

The results showed the rock is found in veins and has a mineral assemblage of zirconium, baddeleyite, gibbsite and anatase presented in a concentric growth banding texture.

ZrO2 content is about 66% and preliminary results indicated the rock has a high potential for industry application.
Secondary students’ values and perceptions of science-related careers: responses to vignette-based scenarios
Authors: Taber Keith S. , Billingsley Berry , Riga Fran 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere has been concern about the attractiveness of science-based careers to many adolescent learners, and it has been suggested that school science may not always recognise or engage personal values that are important to young people in making life choices. The present study discusses interview comments made by upper secondary level students in England when 15 young people were asked to give their personal responses to brief vignettes describing scientific careers. Using an interview-about-scenarios approach, the students were asked about whether they would feel comfortable working in the scientific careers represented. The career areas were purposefully selected because they might be considered to potentially raise issues in relation to personal values or commitments that some students might hold. A range of student perceptions relating to the mooted careers were elicited (positive, negative and indifferent), but all of the participants raised issues that impacted on the acceptability or attractiveness of at least one of the mooted scientific careers, in terms of aspects of their own personal beliefs and values systems. It is recommended that teachers and career advisors should be aware of the range of value-related considerations that influence student views of science-related careers and should consider exploring aspects of science-based careers that link to values commonly shared by young people. This exploratory study also offers indications for directions for further research exploring how learners’ value systems impact upon their perceptions of science and scientific work.
Entropy dimension for deterministic walks in random sceneries
Authors: DOU DOU , PARK KYEWON KOH 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEntropy dimension is an entropy-type quantity which takes values in
$[0,1]$
and classifies different levels of intermediate growth rate of complexity for dynamical systems. In this paper, we consider the complexity of skew products of irrational rotations with Bernoulli systems, which can be viewed as deterministic walks in random sceneries, and show that this class of models can have any given entropy dimension by choosing suitable rotations for the base system.
A Symmetric Function of Increasing Forests
Authors: Abreu Alex , Nigro Antonio 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For an indifference graph G, we define a symmetric function of increasing spanning forests of G. We prove that this symmetric function satisfies certain linear relations, which are also satisfied by the chromatic quasisymmetric function and unicellular

$\textrm {LLT}$

polynomials. As a consequence, we give a combinatorial interpretation of the coefficients of the

$\textrm {LLT}$

polynomial in the elementary basis (up to a factor of a power of

$(q-1)$

), strengthening the description given in [4].
Utility of radiographic keyword abstraction for identification of misdiagnosed pneumonia
Authors: Albin Owen R. , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMisdiagnosis of bacterial pneumonia is a leading cause of inappropriate antimicrobial use in hospitalized patients. We report a novel strategy of keyword abstraction from chest radiography transcripts that reliably identified patients with pneumonia misdiagnosis and opportunities for antibiotic discontinuation and/or de-escalation.
Consumption of dairy products and CVD risk: results from the French prospective cohort NutriNet-Santé
Authors: Sellem Laury , Srour Bernard , Jackson Kim G. , Hercberg Serge , Galan Pilar , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Julia Chantal , Fezeu Léopold , Deschasaux-Tanguy Mélanie , Lovegrove Julie A. , Touvier Mathilde 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn France, dairy products contribute to dietary saturated fat intake, of which reduced consumption is often recommended for CVD prevention. Epidemiological evidence on the association between dairy consumption and CVD risk remains unclear, suggesting either null or inverse associations. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dairy consumption (overall and specific foods) and CVD risk in a large cohort of French adults. This prospective analysis included participants aged ≥18 years from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009–2019). Daily dietary intakes were collected using 24-h dietary records. Total dairy, milk, cheese, yogurts, fermented and reduced-fat dairy intakes were investigated. CVD cases (n1952) included cerebrovascular disease (n878 cases) and CHD (n1219 cases). Multivariable Cox models were performed to investigate associations. This analysis included 104 805 French adults (mean age at baseline 42·8 (sd14·6) years, mean follow-up 5·5 (sd3·0) years, i.e. 579 155 person-years). There were no significant associations between dairy intakes and total CVD or CHD risks. However, the consumption of at least 160 g/d of fermented dairy (e.g. cheese and yogurts) was associated with a reduced risk of cerebrovascular diseases compared with intakes below 57 g/d (hazard ratio = 0·81 (95 % CI 0·66, 0·98),Ptrend= 0·01). Despite being a major dietary source of saturated fats, dairy consumption was not associated with CVD or CHD risks in this study. However, fermented dairy was associated with a lower cerebrovascular disease risk. Robust randomised controlled trials are needed to further assess the impact of consuming different dairy foods on CVD risk and potential underlying mechanisms.
The Interaction of Structural Factors and Diffusion in Social Unrest: Evidence from the Swing Riots
Authors: Aidt Toke , Leon-Ablan Gabriel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudies of the causes of social unrest typically focus on structural factors or diffusion. This article demonstrates the importance of considering their interaction and reveals a complex interplay between the two. This interaction is examined in the context of the English Swing riots of 1830–1831, in which it is possible to observe the structural factors relevant to each specific incident; this is often impossible when analyzing more recent cases of unrest. The authors find that the riots were triggered by economic factors and that diffusion more than tripled the direct effect of changes in local factors. Economic factors and the presence of potential riot leaders made an area more susceptible to the incoming diffusion of riots. The ways in which structural factors and diffusion interact is relevant to both historical and recent instances of social unrest.
Allocation of Artificial Hearts in the Year 2002: Minerva v. National Health Agency
Authors: Annas George J. 
Published: April 2021

The rapid growth of medical technology gives rise to difficult dilemmas concerning the appropriateness of, and access to, new equipment and devices capable of maintaining life or improving its quality. Such a dilemma already exists, for example, with regard to kidney dialysis machines. In 1972, Congress amended the Social Security Act to make such machines available under Medicare to all who needed them. But almost immediately the overwhelming cost of such equipment—in the billions of dollars—made the original appropriations totally inadequate, and prompted serious questions of whether access to kidney dialysis should be made available at public expense—and, if so, to whom.This Comment takes the reader 25 years into the future through the medium of a hypothetical U.S. Supreme Court decision** regarding a federal health agency's regulations that establish a system for allocating artificial hearts to those whose lives can be lengthened by implantation. The author assumes that a national health insurance system has been enacted and implemented, that all physicians are employees of the federal government, and that the enabling legislation has placed broad powers in the hands of the federal government to regulate the development and allocation of scarce and expensive medical resources. The opinions of the various Supreme Court Justices reflect a broad range of legal and ethical viewpoints, and—in keeping with the difficult, indeed frightening, life-or-death issues involved—are often intensely personal in nature.
Placebo Therapy and the Law: Prescribe With Care
Authors: Kapp Marshall B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe use of placebos by physicians for therapeutic purposes is a common part of clinical medical practice. This Article examines the legal and ethical ramifications of placebo prescription. In particular, ethical concerns are related to substantive legal theories that may be advanced to attack or defend the practice of placebo therapy in particular cases. The author concludes that, under certain strictly denned circumstances, the use of placebos in patient care is ethically and legally justifiable. However, from any perspective, the rights and duties inherent in the physician-patient relationship must be respected by the physician when considering the clinical use of placebos.
The origin of the lattice thermal conductivity enhancement at the ferroelectric phase transition in GeTe
Authors: Dangić Đorđe , Hellman Olle , Fahy Stephen , Savić Ivana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe proximity to structural phase transitions in IV-VI thermoelectric materials is one of the main reasons for their large phonon anharmonicity and intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity κ. However, the κ of GeTe increases at the ferroelectric phase transition near 700 K. Using first-principles calculations with the temperature dependent effective potential method, we show that this rise in κ is the consequence of negative thermal expansion in the rhombohedral phase and increase in the phonon lifetimes in the high-symmetry phase. Strong anharmonicity near the phase transition induces non-Lorentzian shapes of the phonon power spectra. To account for these effects, we implement a method of calculating κ based on the Green-Kubo approach and find that the Boltzmann transport equation underestimates κ near the phase transition. Our findings elucidate the influence of structural phase transitions on κ and provide guidance for design of better thermoelectric materials.
Effectiveness of 2D radiographs in detecting CBCT-based incidental findings in orthodontic patients
Authors: Choi Jin-Young , Oh Song Hee , Kim Seong-Hun , Ahn Hyo-Won , Kang Yoon-Goo , Choi Yong-Suk , Kook Yoon-Ah , Nelson Gerald 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSome craniofacial diseases or anatomical variations are found in radiographic images taken for other purposes. These incidental findings (IFs) can be detected in orthodontic patients, as various radiographs are required for orthodontic diagnosis. The radiographic data of 1020-orthodontic patients were interpreted to evaluate the rates of IFs in three-dimensional (3D) cone-beam-computed tomography (CBCT) with a large field of view (FOV) and investigate the effectiveness and accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) radiographs for detecting IFs compared to CBCT. Prevalence and accuracy in five areas was measured for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The accuracies of various 2D-radiograph were compared through a proportion test. A total of 709-cases (69.5%) of 1020-subjects showed one or more IFs in CBCT images. Nasal cavity was the most affected area. Based on the CBCT images as a gold standard, different accuracies of various 2D-radiographs were observed in each area of the findings. The highest accuracy was confirmed in soft tissue calcifications with comprehensive radiographs. For detecting nasal septum deviations, postero-anterior cephalograms were the most accurate 2D radiograph. In cases the IFs were not determined because of its ambiguity in 2D radiographs, considering them as an absence of findings increased the accuracy.
Gibbon strategies in a food competition task
Authors: Sánchez-Amaro Alejandro , Ball Robert , Rossano Federico 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSocial primates face conflicts of interest with other partners when their individual and collective interests collide. Despite living in small, primarily bonded, groups compared to other social primates, gibbons are not exempt from these conflicts in their everyday lives. In the current task, we asked whether dyads of gibbons would solve a conflict of interest over food rewards. We presented dyads of gibbons with a situation in which they could decide whether to take an active role and pull a handle to release food rewards at a distance or take a passive role and avoid action. In this situation, the passive partner could take an advantageous position to obtain the rewards over the active partner. Gibbons participated in three conditions: a control condition with no food rewards, a test condition with indirect food rewards and a test condition with direct food rewards. In both test conditions, five rewards were released at a distance from the handle. In addition, the active individual could obtain one extra food reward from the handle in the direct food condition. We found that gibbons acted more often in the two conditions involving food rewards, and waited longer in the indirect compared to the direct food condition, thus suggesting that they understood the task contingencies. Surprisingly, we found that in a majority of dyads, individuals in the active role obtained most of the payoff compared to individuals in the passive role in both food conditions. Furthermore, in some occasions individuals in the active role did not approach the location where the food was released. These results suggest that while gibbons may strategize to maximize benefits in a competitive food task, they often allowed their partners to obtain better rewards. Our results highlight the importance of social tolerance and motivation as drivers promoting cooperation in these species.
Reduction of microwave ablation needle related metallic artifacts using virtual monoenergetic images from dual-layer detector spectral CT in a rabbit model with VX2 tumor
Authors: Wang Guorong , Gao Qinzong , Wang Zhiwei , Lu Xiaomei , Yu Shenghui , Jin Zhengyu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to investigate the application of virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) in reducing metal artifacts in rabbit VX2 liver cancer models treated with microwave ablation (MWA) therapy. A total of 31 VX2 liver cancer models that accepted CT-guided percutaneous microwave ablation were analyzed. Conventional images (CIs) with the most severe metallic artifacts and their corresponding energy levels from 40 to 200 keV with 10 keV increment of VMIs were reconstructed for further analysis. Objective image analysis was assessed by recording the attenuation (HU) and standard deviation of the most severe hyper/hypodense artifacts as well as artifact-impaired liver parenchyma tissue. Two radiologists visually evaluated the extent of artifact reduction, assessed data obtained by a diagnostic evaluation of liver tissues, and appraised the appearance of new artifacts according to the grade score. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the difference between CIs and each energy level of VMIs. For subjective assessment, reductions in hyperdense and hypodense artifacts were observed at 170–200 keV and 160–200 keV, respectively. The outcomes of the diagnostic evaluation of adjacent liver tissue were statistically higher at 140–200 keV for VMIs than for CIs. In terms of objective evaluation results, VMIs at 90–200 keV reduced the corrected attenuation of hyperdense and of artifact-impaired liver parenchyma compared with CIs (P < 0.001). When VMIs at 80–200 keV decreased the hypodense artifacts (P < 0.001). Therefore, we concluded that VMIs at 170–200 keV can obviously decrease the microwave ablation needle-related metal artifacts objectively and subjectively in rabbit VX2 liver cancer models.