bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Phronesis
Authors: Sullins John P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Robotics technologies are already impacting the ethical and moral landscape we live in. This chapter looks at the need to develop machines with ethical and moral practical wisdom, a capability we will call artificial phronesis. Phronesis is a skill that most adult humans have to some level, but as of yet no machine has it. It is the ability to think creatively, artfully, and effectively in solving novel ethical and moral problems as they arise. Many of the robots of our imagination display this skill, and this shows that there is a desire to build such machines. This chapter defines the meaning of this new term and the boundaries of which kinds of systems it might apply to.
Becoming a Learning Agile Organization
Authors: Ruyle Kim E. , De Meuse Kenneth P. , Hughley Charles W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
“Becoming a Learning Agile Organization” describes the most prevalent cultural attributes and talent management methods of learning agile organizations. Overall, it is shown that the same learning agile attributes on the individual level (e.g., quickly learning from experience; being strategically focused, willing to experiment and take risks; understanding one’s personal strengths and limitations; and being responsive to feedback) transcend to organizations that are highly learning agile. For example, leaders in learning agile organizations tend to be approachable and empathetic, and they promote a high degree of psychological safety that promotes experimentation and learning. Recommendations are provided to promote organizational learning agility by optimizing talent management practices, including talent differentiation, staffing, career management, talent development, and succession planning.
Building Learning Agility Through Psychological Safety
Authors: Stomski Lorraine , Jensen Kelly 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
“Building Learning Agility through Psychological Safety” examines psychological safety, a shared belief held by members of a team that it is safe for interpersonal risk-taking and its positive impact on learning agility. This chapter postulates that learning agility is enabled and accelerated by a culture of risk-taking, openness, and experimentation. The chapter also discusses the role of the leader in activating and accelerating team learning. Beyond the intrinsic motivations and learning skills an individual embodies, there is an important role a leader plays in creating the team environment and culture where employees feel empowered to learn by taking risks and trying new skills, practicing, failing fast, reflecting, and learning. By creating a psychologically safe environment, the leader creates the conditions necessary for building and nurturing learning agility.
Cinematic Self-Consciousness in Hitchcock’s Rear Window
Authors: Pippin Robert B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The claim in this chapter is that the “rear window ethics” that Rear Window explicitly raises as a question does not primarily concern the ethics of voyeurism, but the norms of cinematic viewing, and the metaphorical dimensions of the main character’s passive, detached, observational attending. The film is shown to be cinematically self-conscious, to embody a conception of itself that primarily concerns this issue. The connection between such a theme and the romantic plot between James Stewart’s character and Grace Kelly’s is demonstrated. The question posed by Raymond Burr’s character in the finale, “What do you want from me?” is shown to be double-edged, to be an expression of Hitchcock’s demand on the audience, after the film has shown what he expects from the viewer (and rarely receives).
Shoah
Authors: Felman Shoshana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the enduring potency of Claude Lanzmann’s film Shoah (1985) for illuminating the nature of event, memory, witnessing, and testimony (testimony to a private and collective trauma). It considers the implications of a film that some view as a documentary—but which this chapter considers, rather, as one of the greatest works of art of our times—a film that, in an unparalleled and paradoxical way, refuses systematically to use any historical, archival footage. The chapter argues that Lanzmann’s work of stark originality is a radically unprecedented cinematic, artistic and philosophical creation, about the witnessing of a shattering historical catastrophe, viewed from the present, that is, from the corporeal and emotional presences of the human beings who were once its protagonists (its executioners, its victims, its bystanders). As the chapter recalibrates our sense of witnessing, of seeing, and of what counts as bearing witness to an unthinkable event, it explores why Lanzmann should be understood himself as an innovative kind of cinematic witness—indeed, as a profoundly philosophical filmmaker, witness in the second degree of a cataclysmic history, whose living corporeality resists becoming simply past.
Playing (Safely) with Fire
Authors: Bock Mary Angela 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the project’s argument, that social actors struggle over the construction of visual messages in embodied and discursive ways. Digitization has vastly expanded the encoding capabilities of everyday citizens, allowing them to render their expression of democratic voice visible, even as the ethical rules for visual expression are inchoate. The project’s case studies demonstrate the way grounded practices produce representations that support the authority of the criminal justice system, and together they invite three theoretical discussions: (1) on the way visual journalism’s physicality increases its reliance on those in power, (2) on the importance of image indexicality as a discursive affordance in the public sphere, and (3) on the digital public sphere as visual, and participation in this visual public sphere must be considered as an essential human capability. As a whole, the project offers insight into the construction of the criminal justice system’s literal and metaphorical image.
National, European, or Global
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Europeanization of contract law from a normative perspective: can the Europeanization of contract law be justified? Or are there more convincing reasons why contract law should remain national or become global? Do we perhaps have a moral right to a European civil code? Or, conversely, are we entitled to make our contract law entirely national again? Should the integrity of national legal cultures be respected, or should a (re)nascent European legal culture be fostered? The chapter aims to provide a better explanation of why and how the question of the Europeanization of contract law has been so divisive and why neither the status quo, nor fully undoing the Europeanization of private law, nor indeed a move fast forward towards a European civil code, seem today to be alternatives commanding widespread support.
Binding Force and Remedies
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated entirely to what may be regarded as the most fundamental political question of contract law, i.e. what justifies the legally binding force of contract law? What business do public institutions have in recognizing and enforcing private agreements? Could a society decide not to enforce contracts and still be sufficiently just? And if indeed a society ought to publicly recognize and enforce contracts, then which remedies should it make available? Leading contemporary political theories differ not only in the answers provided to this most fundamental political question of contract law but also in their respective understandings of the question, in particular on which aspects of it they consider particularly relevant.
Now Is Not the Time
Authors: Lammer Andreas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Experts on Avicenna’s natural philosophy are in agreement that for Avicenna, time exists as the result of a now which flows and which through its flow produces time. Having been a prominent interpretation of Aristotle’s account of time in the Physics, the theory of the ‘flowing now’ was known to Avicenna from ancient and late ancient commentaries, and is mentioned in his most detailed discussion of time from his seminal work The Cure. It is, however, absent from all his other accounts of time and even within his argumentation in The Cure, there are strong, heretofore neglected reasons to believe that Avicenna ultimately did not adopt this idea. This article provides a full investigation of Avicenna’s theory of the now and investigates its position within the larger context of his temporal theory, arguing—against the current consensus—that for Avicenna, time is not produced by the now through its flow.
On Loving God Contrary to a Divine Command
Authors: Hagedorn Eric W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Among the most widely discussed of William Ockham’s texts on ethics is his Quodlibet III, q. 14. But despite a large literature on this question, there is no consensus on what Ockham’s answer is to the central question raised in it, specifically, what obligations one would have if one were to receive a divine command to not love God. (Surprisingly, there is also little explicit recognition in the literature of this lack of consensus.) Via a close reading of the text, the author argues, contrary to much of the literature, that Ockham believes that if one were given this command, one would be obligated to refrain from loving God and would also be able to fulfill this obligation without any moral wrongdoing. Among other results, this study will help clarify Ockham’s much-discussed claim that loving God is “a necessarily virtuous act.”
Psychological Health— Te Taha Hinengaro
Authors: Beaumont David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Māori model of health and the importance of thoughts and feelings for Māori. Maslow and the need to feel safe. The significance of adverse childhood experiences and the roots of mental ill health in adults. The Dalai Lama on love and compassion. The New Zealand Government’s 2018 Inquiry into Mental Health and Addiction and New Zealand’s suicide epidemic. The New Zealand government’s first ‘Wellbeing Budget’ (2019). The role of meditation in pain management (and the author’s personal experience thereof). Maladaptive thinking, rumination, and catastrophizing. The author’s personal experience of depression. Antidepressants, or ‘the drug, doctor’? Author’s experience of acceptance and commitment therapy (accept, choose a valued direction, and take action). Mindfulness and the daily practice of meditation. Another look at work and health, especially the notion of good work. The author’s development of a plan for ‘whole life health’ in his practice, and a patient’s testimony.
Spiritual Health—Te Taha Wairua
Authors: Beaumont David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The significance of spiritual health in the Māori model of health. Author notes resistance in secular society to the term ‘spiritual’ and broadens the term to encompass our search for meaning: why we are here, why we exist. Maslow and our esteem needs, notably an acknowledgement of our capacities, achievements, and adequacy, by others and ourselves, to gain a sense of ‘being useful in the world’. The definition of spirituality from the Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare as ‘the way people engage with the purpose and meaning of human existence’. Using the framework from acceptance and commitment therapy, the author’s personal experience of defining his personal values. His reflection on his own personal beliefs and his personal journey to self-discovery. The concept of inner child work and its role in existential health and healing. A client’s own experience of finding his inner child. The concept of ‘best me’. Maslow’s theory of motivation. The concept of flourishing and the author’s personal self-assessment. The US psychiatrist Dr M. Scott Peck’s book The Road Less Travelled, and his insight that it takes courage to make tough life decisions. The power of the stories we tell ourselves.
Epilogue
Authors: Beaumont David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The author returns to the challenge presented by Ivan Illich in Medical Nemesis, and the concept of iatrogenesis—the inadvertent harm caused by doctors. The dispute over the numbers: is it the third-highest cause of death (after heart disease and cancer)? Or is this an underestimate? Illich’s book should be seen as a call to action. UK GP Dr Marshall Marinker’s response to Illich’s challenge; the flaws in medical training embodied in the unspoken assumptions guiding the clinical behaviour of its teachers. The inherent power imbalance in the doctor–patient consultation. The profession may have misunderstood Illich, but health systems have improved; medical curricula have been rewritten. The role of society in determining how care is provided, and the influence of health systems. New models of practice altering the person–doctor relationship, incorporating self-management (the ‘third way’ of medical practice). The author’s proposed model (the positive health model) empowers patients, as Illich advocated. The role of medical colleges and governments in positive change.
Defensive Harm and Measured Aggression
Authors: Pereboom Derk 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 concerns how we might justify effectively dealing with those who pose dangerous threats supposing they do not deserve to be harmed. Wrongly posing a threat, by contrast with deserving harm for posing the threat, is proposed as the core condition for what I call robust liability to defensive killing, a liability that agent A has just in case A poses a threat to agent B as a result of which B and third parties are prima facie morally permitted to intentionally kill A to defend B from that threat. A non-retributive measured aggressive stance appropriately facilitates taking defensive action. Such an emotional stance, if it presupposes only that its target wrongly poses a threat, accords with skepticism about free will, and is also better for those called upon to confront injustice than the alternatives.
Religion and Hope
Authors: Pereboom Derk 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 defends the rationality of hope for humanity on both theistic and non-theistic grounds. Hope is appropriate when our interest lies in an unknown outcome due to factors completely beyond our control, as is the case if our future is rendered inevitable by theological determination or by the past and the laws of nature. Conceptions of divine providence, whether or not they endorse free will, are challenged by moral wrongdoing and natural evil that appear not to be justified by any good to which they contribute. Responses to the problem of evil, e.g. theodicies, are not decisive, but they allow for rational hope that a providential God exists. There is a related hope that is rational on either theistic or atheistic presuppositions, a counterpart of John Dewey’s “common faith,” a faith in the survival and progress of humanity embedded in a thriving natural environment.
Abusive Constitutional Borrowing
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We live in a golden age of comparative constitutional law. Liberal democratic ideas have diffused readily around the world, and certain features such as judicial review and constitutional rights are now nearly universal. At the same time, recent years have seen a pronounced trend toward the erosion of democracy. This book argues that the rhetorical triumph of liberal democratic constitutionalism, and the tendency toward democratic retrenchment, are fully consistent phenomena. Legal globalization has a dark side: norms intended to protect and promote liberal democratic constitutionalism can often readily be used to undermine it. Abusive constitutional borrowing involves the appropriation of liberal democratic constitutional designs, concepts, and doctrines to advance authoritarian projects. Some of the most important hallmarks of liberal democratic constitutionalism—including constitutional rights, judicial review, and constituent power—can be turned into powerful instruments to demolish rather than defend democracy. The book offers a wealth of examples, selected both to shed new light on well-known cases such as Hungary, Poland, and Venezuela, as well as to expand discussions by considering contexts such as Cambodia, Rwanda, and Fiji. It also discusses the implications of the phenomenon of abusive constitutional borrowing for those who study and promote liberal democracy and related fields like human rights. It suggests ways in which the construction of norms might be improved to protect against abuse (what we call ‘abuse-proofing’), as well as ways in which monitoring regimes might be more attuned to the threat. Finally, it suggests recasting debates about liberal democracy to emphasize contestation, rather than mimicry.
Democracy and Abusive Constitutional Change
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter defines abusive constitutional change as an intentional attack on the democratic minimum core, or a minimalist, electorally focused definition of democracy familiar from recent work in law and political science. The advantage of using a yardstick for abuse that is a relatively thin, electoral version of democracy is that it avoids engaging more contestable commitments and thus enjoys a higher degree of global consensus. The chapter also distinguishes democracy from liberalism and explores the complex relationship between the two concepts. There is a theoretical tension between democracy and liberalism, although recent experience has suggested a strong tendency for them to erode together. Finally, the chapter explains the main forms of abusive constitutional change—formal constitutional amendment and replacement, sub-constitutional change through the passage of new legislation, and informal methods of change such as judicial reinterpretation. Most recent experiences with democratic erosion rely on a broad mix of these methods.
The Technology of Articulation
Authors: Morrison Benedict 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of collage structures in Peter Greenaway’s The Pillow Book (1996), in which the use of intermedia, comprising different types of image and text, results in ever more complex configurations that gesture to new technological possibilities. The film places frames within frames, disturbing the linear cause-and-effect logic of sequence. Collage operates in the film as a complicated montage, disrupting linearity and replacing it with overwhelming simultaneity. This articulation results in a semiotic eccentricity in which frames compete for attention. Criticism has often dismissed the film’s central character Nagiko as too insubstantial to hold the pieces of this articulation together, but this is to mistake her function. She is a cipher, and her erotic writing on the skin of others is just one element in an unsutured and indeterminate collage that displaces narrative. Offering skin-deep characterization, the film plays with the proliferating complexities of intermedia.
Moral Status, Person-Affectingness, and Parfit’s No Difference View
Authors: Kamm F. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter first considers the idea of an entity’s moral status as what it is permissible or impermissible to do to it and examines how its status so understood relates to whether it is sentient, conscious, capable of agency, a subject, or rational. The chapter then considers ways in which the moral status of embryos that will definitely develop into persons differs from the status of those persons. It considers implications of this for the Non-Identity Problem and the so-called No-Difference View about it.
How the Moral Community Evolves
Authors: Powell Rachell , Mikhalevich Irina , Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Moral reasoning is modulated by emotions and other cognitive biases. How do these covert biasing mechanisms shape perceptions of more fundamental moral categories, such as moral standing and moral status (together, “MSS”), out of which specific moral attitudes and behaviors flow? This chapter explains the centrality of MSS to human evolution, and examines several evolved biases that distort MSS ascription. These include tendencies to deny moral standing, or to attribute lower moral status, to beings that elicit feelings of disgust or fear, as well as to those that are perceived as less similar, less attractive, less individualized, and less disposed toward reciprocal cooperation. These adaptive mechanisms may have served human groups well in the evolutionary past, but in the modern world they pose an obstacle to moral progress and play a key role in moral regression. The chapter argues that these biases have also influenced philosophical and scientific research on animal minds. The aim is to develop a richer, biocultural understanding of how conceptions of the moral community evolve.
Day and Night Leisure Routines and Regimes
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter assesses disjunctures between military routines and patterns of leisure and nightlife in the cities of the eastern Mediterranean. Military authorities attempted to control the desires of their subordinates to escape from the confines of the camp through the provision of leisure activities intended to boost military effectiveness. Many servicemen, however, continued their pursuit of pleasure in the nocturnal city, stimulating a flourishing of entertainment venues that came to occupy a major place in the topography of the imagined Levantine city. The chapter finally considers how military time-keeping regimes were extended to the city through the control of licensing hours and lighting in a failed attempt to silence and extinguish the night.
1918–1920
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The sub-chapter traces major military and political developments in the eastern Mediterranean in 1918–1920, beginning with the arrival of British and Allied forces in Istanbul. It sketches out the political debate over the future of the city and wider Ottoman Empire through the series of Allied diplomatic meetings that set out the terms of what would become the Treaty of Sèvres. The chapter also summarises developments in Anatolia following the Greek occupation of Izmir in May 1919, the reaction to which crystalized the emerging nationalist movement in Anatolia, and in southern Russia and the Caucasus, where Bolshevik and White Russian forces competed for control with non-Russian national movements. Finally, it outlines the political debate over the future of Egypt and the impact of the revolution of 1919, one of a growing number of anti-colonial uprisings which Britain was forced to contend with in the period.