bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Song Cycles
Authors: Heyman Barbara B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Back in America, Barber happily focused on composing songs. Drawn to Rainer Maria Rilke’s French poems, he created five songs, Mélodies passagères. When asked, he said that he composed in French because he had fallen in love with Paris. He sang excerpts of the cycle to his friend, composer Francis Poulenc, who confirmed the accuracy of the prosody and admired the songs so much he premiered them in Paris with Pierre Bernac in 1952, which Barber attended as he was there for a meeting of the International Music Council. In 1952, Barber received a commission from the Ballet Society to orchestrate some piano duets he had composed, inspired by his childhood trips to the Palm Court in New York’s Plaza Hotel. Completed in Ireland, the ballet, Souvenirs, included a waltz, schottische, tango, pas de deux, and two-step; it was choreographed and performed by Balanchine, who danced with Nora Kaye, Jerome Robbins, and Tanaquil LeClercq. His love affair with Irish poetry also blossomed during this time, inspiring his most famous song cycle, Hermit Songs, settings of ten poems by Irish monks inscribed on the corners of manuscripts. The cycle was premiered in the Coolidge Auditorium at the Library of Congress by Leontyne Price, with Barber at the piano. This chapter concludes with discussion of Barber’s one-movement orchestral work, Adventure, a television collaboration between CBS and the Museum of Natural History, which is scored for a mixture of recognizable Western instruments and non-Western instruments.
Lincoln Center Commissions
Authors: Heyman Barbara B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
For the opening week of the new Philharmonic Hall at New York’s Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in 1962, Barber composed a piano concerto in honor of the 100th anniversary of his publisher. The concerto was tailored to the technical prowess and individual style of John Browning, reflecting the Russian influence of his piano teacher Rosina Lhévinne. The second movement was a reworking of an earlier piece, Elegy, written for Manfred Ibel, a young art student and amateur flute player, to whom Barber dedicated his piano concerto. This chapter details Barber’s compositional process and influences for each movement of the concerto and describes the enthusiastic reception of the debut performance. Nearing completion of the concerto, Barber was invited to Russia as the first American composer ever to attend the biennial Congress of Soviet Composers, where he freely discussed his compositional philosophy and methods. For the concerto, Barber won his second Pulitzer Prize and the Annual Award of the Music Critics Circle of New York. His second composition for the opening season of Lincoln Center was Andromache’s Farewell, for soprano and orchestra. Based on a scene from Euripides’s The Trojan Women, the piece displayed deep emotional expression and striking imagery. With a superior opera singer, Martina Arroyo, singing the solo part, the success of Andromache’s Farewell presaged Barber’s opera Antony and Cleopatra.
A New Opera House
Authors: Heyman Barbara B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The commission that was one of the greatest tributes to Barber’s career turned out to be his nemesis. Antony and Cleopatra, written for the opening of the new Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center in New York, was handicapped by the inflated Franco Zeffirelli production, with its problematic paraphernalia, including camels and goats and a malfunctioning pyramid, which eclipsed serious evaluation of the music. This chapter narrates how the opera based on Barber’s favorite Shakespeare play came to life, how he handpicked the major characters ̶—Leontyne Price for Cleopatra and Justino Díaz for Antony ̶—and how these artists devoted themselves to the literature and history of their roles. Although Barber’s work here was no less brilliant, the critics felt that the failure of the opera was due to overproduction, with an infusion of mechanical and technical failures. After the premiere, Barber boarded the SS Constitution for Europe. Over the next decade, he devoted his energies intermittently toward a revision of the opera in collaboration with Menotti. In 1975, four performances of the more intimate version with increased lyric meditation were presented at the Juilliard School. Critical reviews of a production at the Spoleto Festival in Italy after Barber died gave much attention to the musical strengths of the opera, with uniform appreciation of Barber as a master of orchestra and choral writing. Performances followed in Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia.
Introduction
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Bible saturated the Civil War, and this book offers the most thorough analysis yet of how Americans enlisted scripture to fight the war. This introduction describes the major themes examined in the book, including Abraham Lincoln’s use of scripture (and Americans’ use of scripture to praise and to attack Lincoln), slavery and the Bible, patriotic views of scripture, and the Bible’s use to cope with the war’s death toll. The book concludes with an appendix on new data on the most-cited biblical texts in the war, ranked in three tables, labeled “The Confederate Bible,” “The Union Bible,” and “Biblical Citations in the American Civil War: Union and Confederacy.” Americans fought the Civil War with Bibles in hand, with both sides calling the war just and sacred. Supported by this groundbreaking new data, this book examines how Americans enlisted the Bible in the nation’s most bloody and, arguably, most biblically saturated war.
“His Terrible Swift Sword”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Civil War resulted from a division that existed since the nation’s founding. As Abraham Lincoln said in his Second Inaugural Address, “slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war.” This division pitted those who believed slavery to be a biblical institution—and compatible with the ideals of the nation—against those who believed slavery violated both scripture and the nation’s founding ideals. This chapter narrates the Bible’s use to support and to attack slavery in the decades leading up to the Civil War, focusing especially on uses of scripture to support violence.
“A Covenant of Death”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Many southerners celebrated the war’s beginning. Others spoke in somber tones. Opinions flew in all directions after Sumter’s fall, as Americans reflected on what the war would mean. One constant presence, however, was the Bible. It helped Americans to brace for war. As the greatest crisis of their lives came into focus, they clung to the scriptures for comfort and justification. This time was remarkable for the variety of biblical responses to the war. Southern women struggled with their zeal for war, which many believed was inappropriate. If many wanted war, others drew back from the conflict, or at least worried about what the war would do to the nation, regardless of which side God was on. Just as northern preachers were sharpening their exegesis for battle, southerners did the same, as did Mormons, who hurled biblical attacks on both North and South from the West.
“Welcome to the Ransomed”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Less than a week after the carnage at Shiloh, Congress voted to free enslaved people and to compensate slaveowners in Washington, DC. Daniel A. Payne, a bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, visited President Lincoln and encouraged him to sign the bill, which he did on April 16, 1862. That same week, Payne preached his most influential sermon, Welcome to the Ransomed, or, Duties of the Colored Inhabitants of the District of Columbia. Lincoln impressed Payne as a man of “real greatness.” High praise for Lincoln would be in short supply, especially from African Americans. Lincoln had wavered on emancipation, many believed, and he needed to pursue a harder war focused on abolishing slavery. The war grew in intensity, and so did debates over slavery’s role in the conflict. Through this phase of the war, Americans turned to scripture to defend an even more brutal war for and against emancipation.
“Without Shedding of Blood Is No Remission”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As everyone soon learned in this war, anything could happen in battle. Strategies went awry when shots rang out. Some Americans found comfort in providentialism, believing God controlled all events, and their lives were in God’s hands. Yet people wondered why God would allow such a bloody war to continue. The Civil War challenged Americans’ belief in providence. Maybe that was why Americans spoke so much about providence in the war—to reassure themselves that there was some order in the disorder. These concerns drove Americans to the Bible, because the Bible was the best guide to God’s providence. The late summer months of 1862 would see a turning point in the war, and the events during this time compelled some of the war’s deepest and most self-serving views of providence in scripture.
“We Cannot Escape History”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
After the victory at Antietam, Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and hoped it would raise the intensity of the war. It did that, but in some ways that Lincoln had not intended. He wanted a righteous cause that would inspire the North—which it did—but it also inflamed the Confederacy. The proclamation directed many Americans to their Bibles—some looking for ammunition to assail it, others looking for barricades to defend it. Did the proclamation align the nation with the Bible, or did it further separate it from God’s will? Lincoln hoped, with some confidence, that the proclamation would give the war the cause it needed to inspire more than it repulsed. Only time, and more battles, would tell.
“Of One Blood All Nations”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As the nation wrestled with emancipation in 1863, many Americans called for a reassessment of racism in light of scripture. Americans looked to various texts, including the Curse of Ham, but especially Paul’s statement, God “hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation” (Acts 17:26). This was a major proof text in a hotly contested debate over human origins. One view—represented by Swiss-born Harvard professor Louis Agassiz—supported “polygenism,” the belief that different races originated at different times and places. Others argued for “monogenesis,” claiming all races had a common origin and shared a common humanity. Paul’s “one blood” statement became a proof text for monogenesis and a key argument against slavery. Americans often cited it alongside the Declaration of Independence and the golden rule.
“Cursed Be He That Keepeth Back His Sword from Blood”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Americans turned to scripture to address various wartime needs in 1864. In the South, Confederates executed deserters while warning soldiers that the Jesus story was an execution story marked by betrayal. The biblical theme of loyalty came into play in the South as Lincoln tried to entice southerners into signing a loyalty oath in exchange for pardon. Loyalty and morale were not just southern problems, however. In 1864 Grant and Lee faced off in some of the war’s fiercest combat. Americans had seen Shiloh, Antietam, and Gettysburg—surely the worst was over, they had thought. Yet the devastation of 1864 surprised them again with lists of casualties that seemed only to get longer as the months dragged on. Americans grew more war weary than ever, which prompted Frederick Douglass and others to call on the Bible to remind Americans of the war’s sacred meaning.
“Baptized in the Blood of Their President”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Five days separated General Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox and Lincoln’s assassination at Ford’s Theatre. For Christians, it was Holy Week: Lee surrendered on Palm Sunday; Booth shot Lincoln on Good Friday. Did God send—or at least allow—this hated bullet to kill Lincoln? Was it providential? For most Americans, the best guide to providence was the Bible. Although many agreed that God was mysterious, they also agreed that scripture was the best guide to God’s will. The circumstances of the assassination made the Bible especially visible for Christians. Again, it was Holy Week: Booth shot Lincoln on Good Friday; he died on Saturday, so many preachers addressed the assassination on Easter Sunday. As news of Lincoln’s death shook the nation, preachers scrapped their Easter sermons and took on the task of addressing the crisis. This chapter examines how Americans cited scripture in response to Lincoln’s assassination.
Epilogue
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This epilogue examines the central themes of the Bible in the Civil War, including confidence in clear analogies between biblical texts and the war; faith in the war’s redemptive outcome, which, for many in the North, charged the United States with a divine mission in the world; and above all, reverence for the sacred sacrifice of the dead, whose blood had “consecrated” the nation. Through all the death and injury, endless debates over slavery, defenses of secession, and patriotism, the Bible was a constant reference. The American Civil War may not have been “a war of religion,” James McPherson wrote, but we should not forget “the degree to which it was a religious war.” In a similar way, the American Civil War was not primarily a war over the Bible, but it was a biblical war for many Americans.
Hardly Speaking
Authors: Donzelli Aurora 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Within anthropological folk theory, rapport has often been understood as pivoting on unproblematic notions of co-presence, fuzzy relations of friendship, and the centrality of denotation—that is, what people talk about, rather than how they talk (see Goebel, Chapters 1 and 2, this volume). Contrary to this conventional view, this chapter focuses on the semiotic and meta-pragmatic components of the ethnographic encounter. Drawing on her gradual and unplanned involvement in the domestic chores of the household where she was hosted, the author describes how during her fieldwork in upland Sulawesi she learned how to make offers and elicit preferences in a pragmatically acceptable way. As her role shifted from being a guest to being a host of her host’s guests, she discovered, through a series of misunderstandings, the role of food-mediated commensality in the reproduction of local hierarchies and developed a new understanding of how ethnographic rapport is built through minute, yet meaningful, instances of conversational exchange.
Alignment and Belonging in the Sociolinguistic Interview
Authors: Manns Howard 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines five first meetings of the author (an Anglo-Australian researcher), a Javanese research assistant, and five Javanese study participants. The meetings were interviews within a larger project, which explored how Indonesian youth used language styles to enact an identity known as gaul (literally, “sociable”). In the current chapter, the author reviews transcripts of these meetings and highlights how the research assistant facilitates rapport and orients him (the researcher) and the participants (the researched) to youth identity as a stance object (cf. Du Bois, 2007). The research assistant often does this through a series of rhetorical moves that enable interview participants to achieve role alignment as “researcher” and “researched,” respectively. This chapter shows how such role alignment is an interactional process, which often entails snap judgments about interactional preferences, common ground, and moral concerns. These judgments may be recognized as acts of belonging, which interactants must tend to quickly, to establish rapport and to collect good data. Yet, this chapter ends by pointing out some of the perils of negotiated alignment and belonging, and how discursive moves to establish rapport can, in fact, lead to the collection of less-than-best data.
Rapport to Fit In—Rapport to Stand Out
Authors: Ewing Michael C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study examines rapport management language used for role alignment among participants in a group interview conducted as part of research on Indonesian youth language. Particularly relevant are repetition, vocatives, use of English, and questions. Role alignments emerge interactionally as participants (re)negotiate varied stances and subject positions and thus manage degrees of harmony and disharmony within the group. While most participants in this particular interview enact fairly stereotypical roles (e.g., as participant/interviewee or researcher/interviewer), one participant uses rapport management language in unusual ways and thus enacts for himself a liminal position between participants and researchers. Role alignments can thus be used differently by various participants in the production and maintenance of differing and flexible identity positions. Rapport is shown to be not only the concern of the researcher during a fieldwork encounter, but also something that community members are attuned to, both with the researcher and with each other.
On the Significance of Duties to the Self
Authors: Schofield Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between mere self-regarding reasons to treat oneself in particular ways, and more robust moral duties owed to oneself. While the former are a philosophical commonplace, the latter are absent from most contemporary accounts and their addition to our practical philosophy would be significant. Duties owed to the self are second-personal, in the sense of being directed at a specific person. When a person has a duty to herself, her reasons are particularly strict, they pre-empt other reasons, they require a special sort of acknowledgment of their moral quality, and they engage special moral emotions. As such, if a person accepts that she owes duties to herself, it will impact the way in which she treats herself, and the way she relates to herself, beyond the mere acknowledgment that she has self-regarding reasons.
Troubles for Duties to the Self
Authors: Schofield Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter lays out and then develops the “waivability objection,” which has throughout philosophy’s history been the most serious objection to duties to the self. The objection holds that a person who has a duty to herself will always be in a position to waive it, and a duty that a person can simply escape by waiving it is no duty at all. Some attempts to answer this objection, including Kant’s, are considered and rejected. The chapter concludes that this objection is formidable and that any account of duties to the self should be constructed in response to it.
Defending Duties to the Self, Part 1
Authors: Schofield Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that a person can owe second-personal duties to herself by virtue of the fact that she occupies multiple temporal perspectives. An individual’s wellbeing at one time can conflict with her wellbeing at another time, and her ends at one moment can conflict with her ends at another moment. Because of this, a person can make demands on herself from one temporal perspective to another, pertaining to the protection of her wellbeing and ends, just as she might make demands on another person. Such demands can generate second-personal duties across time, as they can when they are issued interpersonally, and so a person can owe duties to her past and future selves, just as she owes them to others. Since duties owed to the self at a time other than the present cannot be waived, the waivability objection is answered.
Defending Political Duties to the Self
Authors: Schofield Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues for the existence of political duties owed to the self, which justify state coercion for the sake of the individual coerced. A person can pose a threat to her own freedom, and to her own ability to acquire what she is owed. Thus, a person’s relationship to herself raises concerns about both right and justice, thereby licensing the state to subject her to paternalistic policy, justified on liberal grounds. Paternalistic laws discussed include those outlawing tobacco, those limiting the amount of debt a person can take on, forced savings programs, and prohibitions on slavery contracts.
Beyond Reason
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe knowledge that for more than a century has been disseminated by universities and mobilized by states to govern populations first emerged in the early modern period in Europe. It subsequently became globalized through colonialism and Western global dominance; despite the historical and cultural specificity of its origins, it was claimed to have transcended these particularities such that, unlike premodern and non-Western knowledges, it could be assumed to be “universal,” that is, true for all times and places. Beyond Reason traverses many disciplines, including science studies, social history, art and music history, political science, and anthropology, to demonstrate that the presuppositions underpinning and enabling modern Western knowledge are under sustained challenge, and that defenses of a singular and universal Reason are no longer persuasive. Drawing upon and deriving its critical energies principally from postcolonial theory, Beyond Reason argues that modern knowledge and the social sciences are a product of Western modernity claiming a spurious universality and that they embody a form of reasoning, rather than Reason itself. It proceeds to focus on history and political science for the further elaboration of its argument. If the social sciences are not explained and validated simply by the fact that they are “true,” it becomes possible to ask what they “do.” Beyond Reason asks what representations and relations with the past and with politics the disciplines of history and political science enable, and what possibilities they foreclose.
Unsettling the Modern Knowledge Settlement
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter outlines the core presuppositions that underlie and define the social sciences: that knowledge is a relation between a subject who represents and explains an object or process; that nature and the social/cultural are two different domains, authorizing the distinction between the natural and the social sciences; and that knowledge is necessarily secular. These presuppositions, novel when first advanced in early modern Europe, later hardened into unquestioned axioms and came to be seen not as the presuppositions of a particular conception and practice of knowledge, but as the premises of knowledge tout court. This chapter proceeds to show that these presumptions have been challenged and are coming undone, and does so by focusing on recent disciplinary debates in science studies, social history, and social and cultural anthropology. It concludes that taken together, these challenges indicate that modern Western knowledge, the superiority and universality of which was once taken for granted, now has to be defended.