bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The BNT162b2 vaccine is associated with lower new COVID‐19 cases in nursing home residents and staff
Authors: Domi Marsida , Leitson Michael , Gifford David , Nicolaou Anna , Sreenivas Kiran , Bishnoi Courtney 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThe effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine on preventing the spread of COVID‐19 and deaths in nursing homes (NH) is unknown.DesignWe used zero‐inflated negative binomial mixed effects regressions to model the associations of time since the vaccine clinic ending the week of December 27, 2020 (cohort 1), January 3, 2021 (cohort 2), or January 10, 2021 (cohort 3) controlling for county rate of COVID‐19, bed size, urban location, racial and ethnic census, and level of registered nurses with resident cases and deaths of COVID‐19 and staff cases of COVID‐19.Setting and ParticipantsAll 2501 NHs who held a vaccine clinic from the first 17 states to initiate clinics as part of the Pharmacy Partnership for Long‐Term Care Program.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) for time in 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after the first vaccine clinic for resident cases and deaths of COVID‐19 and staff cases of COVID‐19.ResultsResident and staff cases trended downward in all three cohorts following the vaccine clinics. Time following the first clinic at 5 and 6 weeks was consistently associated with fewer resident cases (IRR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.54–0.84], IRR: 0.64 [95% CI: 0.48–0.86], respectively); resident deaths (IRR: 0.59 [95% CI: 0.45–0.77], IRR: 0.45 [95% CI: 0.31–0.65], respectively); and staff cases (IRR: 0.64 [95% CI: 0.56–0.73], IRR: 0.51 [95% CI: 0.42–0.62], respectively). Other factors associated with fewer resident and staff cases included facilities with less than 50 certified beds and high nurse staffing per resident day (>0.987). Contrary to prior research, higher Hispanic non‐white resident census was associated with fewer resident cases (IRR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.31–0.56) and deaths (IRR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.12–0.27).ConclusionsThe BNT162b2 vaccine is associated with decreased spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in both residents and staff as well as decreased deaths among residents.
Emergency department visits for emergent conditions among older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Janke Alexander T. , Jain Snigdha , Hwang Ula , Rosenberg Mark , Biese Kevin , Schneider Sandra , Goyal Pawan , Venkatesh Arjun K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/objectiveEmergency department (ED) visits have declined while excess mortality, not attributable to COVID‐19, has grown. It is not known whether older adults are accessing emergency care differently from their younger counterparts. Our objective was to determine patterns of ED visit counts for emergent conditions during the COVID‐19 pandemic for older adults.DesignRetrospective, observational study.SettingObservational analysis of ED sites enrolled in a national clinical quality registry.ParticipantsOne hundred and sixty‐four ED sites in 33 states from January 1, 2019 to November 15, 2020.Main outcome and measuresWe measured daily ED visit counts for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, sepsis, fall, and hip fracture, as well as deaths in the ED, by age categories. We estimated Poisson regression models comparing early and post‐early pandemic periods (defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) to the pre‐pandemic period. We report incident rate ratios to summarize changes in visit incidence.ResultsFor AMI, stroke, and sepsis, the older (75–84) and oldest old (85+ years) had the greatest decline in visit counts initially and the smallest recovery in the post‐early pandemic periods. For falls, visits declined early and partially recovered uniformly across age categories. In contrast, hip fractures exhibited less change in visit rates across time periods. Deaths in the ED increased during the early pandemic period, but then fell and were persistently lower than baseline, especially for the older (75–84) and oldest old (85+ years).ConclusionsThe decline in ED visits for emergent conditions among older adults has been more pronounced and persistent than for younger patients, with fewer deaths in the ED. This is concerning given the greater prevalence and risk of poor outcomes for emergent conditions in this age group that are amenable to time‐sensitive ED diagnosis and treatment, and may in part explain excess mortality during the COVID‐19 era among older adults.
A scoping review of rebel nurse leadership: Descriptions, competences and stimulating/hindering factors
Authors: de Kok Eline , Weggelaar‐Jansen Anne Marie , Schoonhoven Lisette , Lalleman Pieterbas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsTo (1) give an overview of rebel nurse leadership by summarising descriptions of positive deviance, tempered radicals and healthcare rebels; (2) examine the competences of nurse rebel leadership; and (3) describe factors that stimulate or hinder the development of rebel nurse leadership.BackgroundResearch shows nurses have lower intention to leave their jobs when they can control their work practices, show leadership and provide the best care. However, organisational rules and regulations do not always fit the provision of good care, which challenges nurses to show leadership and deviate from the rules and regulations to benefit the patient. Three concepts describe this practice: positive deviance, healthcare rebels and tempered radicals.DesignScoping review using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA‐ScR checklist.MethodsPapers describing positive deviance, healthcare rebels and tempered radicals in nursing were identified by searching Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO. After data extraction, these three concepts were analysed to study the content of descriptions and definitions, competences and stimulating and hindering factors.ResultsOf 2705 identified papers, 25 were included. The concept descriptions yielded three aspects: (1) positive deviance approach, (2) unconventional and non‐confirmative behaviour and (3) relevance of networks and relationships. The competences were the ability to: (1) collaborate in/outside the organisation, (2) gain and share expert (evidence‐based) knowledge, (3) critically reflect on working habits/problems in daily care and dare to challenge the status quo and (4) generate ideas to improve care. The factors that stimulate or hinder the development of rebel nurse leadership are as follows: (1) dialogue and reflection, (2) networking conditions and (3) the managers’ role.ConclusionsBased on our analysis, we summarise the descriptions given of rebel nurse leadership, the mentioned competences and provide an overview of the factors that stimulate or hinder rebel nurse leadership.Relevance to clinical practiceThe descriptions produced in this review of rebel nurse leadership and the stimulating or hindering factors listed should help nurses and managers encourage rebel leadership.
Rural‐urban differences in informal caregiving and health‐related quality of life
Authors: Cohen Steven A. , Ahmed Neelam , Brown Monique J. , Meucci Marissa R. , Greaney Mary L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesRural‐urban health disparities are pervasive among older adults. Rural US locations have a disproportionately high population of older adults, have reduced access to services, and are therefore more reliant on family and friends for care. However, little is known about rural‐urban disparities among the 40+ million informal caregivers nationwide. There is a critical need to understand how rural‐urban disparities impact caregiving experiences and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). The objectives of this study were to assess rural‐urban differences in informal caregiving status, caregiving intensity (caregiving hours/week and types of care provided), and caregiver HRQoL.MethodsData were abstracted from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The primary measure of rural‐urban status was “metropolitan status.” Associations between rural‐urban status and caregiving and rural‐urban differences in caregiving intensity and HRQoL were examined using generalized linear models, controlling for confounding and accounting for complex sampling.ResultsRural respondents were more likely to be caregivers than urban respondents (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02‐1.34). After adjustment for confounders, rural caregivers were more likely than urban caregivers to provide 20 or more hours of caregiving per week (OR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07‐1.77), although the findings for health and HRQoL were somewhat mixed.ConclusionResults indicate that rural older adults offer more care than urban counterparts, which may have implications for caregiver health, well‐being, and quality of life. These results can inform policies designed to improve caregiver health, and facilitate the translation and adaptation of existing policies, programs, and interventions to address rural caregivers’ needs.
Comparable response of wild rodent gut microbiome to anthropogenic habitat contamination
Authors: Lavrinienko Anton , Hämäläinen Anni , Hindström Rasmus , Tukalenko Eugene , Boratyński Zbyszek , Kivisaari Kati , Mousseau Timothy A. , Watts Phillip C. , Mappes Tapio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpecies identity is thought to dominate over environment in shaping wild rodent gut microbiota, but it remains unknown whether the responses of host gut microbiota to shared anthropogenic habitat impacts are species‐specific or if the general gut microbiota response is similar across host species. Here, we compare the influence of exposure to radionuclide contamination on the gut microbiota of four wild mouse species: Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, A. speciosus and A. argenteus. Building on the evidence that radiation impacts bank vole (Myodes glareolus) gut microbiota, we hypothesized that radiation exposure has a general impact on rodent gut microbiota. Because we sampled (n = 288) two species pairs of Apodemus mice that occur in sympatry in habitats affected by the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents, these comparisons provide an opportunity for a general assessment of the effects of exposure to environmental contamination (radionuclides) on gut microbiota across host phylogeny and geographical areas. In general agreement with our hypothesis, analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that radiation exposure alters the gut microbiota composition and structure in three of the four species of Apodemus mice. The notable lack of an association between the gut microbiota and soil radionuclide contamination in one mouse species from Fukushima (A. argenteus) probably reflects host “radiation escape” through its unique tree‐dwelling lifestyle. The finding that host ecology can modulate effects of radiation exposure offers an interesting counterpoint for future analyses into effects of radiation or any other toxic exposure on host and its associated microbiota. Our data show that exposure to radionuclide contamination is linked to comparable gut microbiota responses across multiple species of rodents.
Game theory‐based metaheuristics for structural design optimization
Authors: Mahjoubi Soroush , Bao Yi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents game theory‐based strategies incorporated with metaheuristics to improve the computation efficiency and effectiveness in design optimization of civil engineering structures. The idea is that a structural optimization problem can be treated as a multiplayer game with optimization algorithms as the players. This study presents an innovative mixed game strategy and provides insights into domain decomposition schemes. Based on game theory strategies, six modified metaheuristic algorithms are proposed and demonstrated through a case study of a 30‐story mega‐braced frame‐core building with a complex configuration. Jaya algorithm is selected as the control to evaluate the proposed methods. The results show that the mixed game strategy helps reduce the computation cost by about 50%, while reducing the weights of the building by 4%, compared with the Jaya algorithm.
Personnel governance of corporatized public services: Effects of executive resources and corporation forms on turnover
Authors: Papenfuß Ulf , Schmidt Christian A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCorporatization has potentials for public service provision but also induces far‐reaching governance challenges. Appointing executives for public corporations is a powerful personnel governance mechanism for public authorities to manage public service provision and resource dependencies. However, the theoretical understanding of executive turnover is limited. Drawing on resource dependence theory and embedding publicness fit perspectives, Cox regressions for 491 executives of 275 German municipal corporations between 2006 and 2016 show that politicized executives, executives with higher pay, and internally hired executives have a longer tenure and a lower turnover likelihood. Furthermore, the findings reveal different governance rationalities between different corporation forms by showing a higher likelihood of executive turnover in not profit‐making corporations than in profit‐making corporations. This highlights the theoretical needs and potentials to conceptually differentiate between these two corporation forms in future research. Overall, this study enhances the theoretical understanding of executive turnover and provides important research perspectives.Die politischen Entscheidungen zur Auslagerung öffentlicher Aufgaben auf öffentliche Unternehmen haben hohe Potenziale für eine effektive und effiziente öffentliche Aufgabenerfüllung, führen aber zugleich zu weitreichenden Governance‐Herausforderungen. Die Besetzung von Mitgliedern des Top‐Managementorgans öffentlicher Unternehmen ist ein besonders relevanter personeller Governance‐Mechanismus für öffentliche Anteilseignern zur Steuerung der öffentlicher Aufgabenerfüllung und Ressourcenabhängigkeiten. Basierend auf der Theorie der Ressourcenabhängigkeiten und Publicness‐Fit‐Perspektiven zeigt eine Cox‐Analyse von 491 Top‐Managementmitgliedern aus 275 deutschen kommunalen Unternehmen zwischen 2006 und 2016, dass politisierte, intern‐nachbesetzte und Top‐Managementmitglieder mit höherem Vergütungsniveau eine längere Amtszeit und eine geringere Wechsel‐/Turnoverwahrscheinlichkeit aufweisen. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse unterschiedliche Governance‐Rationalitäten zwischen verschiedenen Unternehmensformen. Demnach ist die Turnoverwahrscheinlichkeit von Top‐Managementmitgliedern in nicht gewinnbringenden öffentlichen Unternehmen signifikant höher als in gewinnbringenden Unternehmen. Dies verdeutlicht den theoretischen Bedarf, diese beiden Unternehmensformen in der zukünftigen Forschung konzeptionell zu differenzieren. Insgesamt erweitert diese Studie das theoretische Verständnis zum Turnover von Top‐Managementmitgliedern und liefert wichtige Forschungsperspektiven.
Neonatal suppurative parotitis: Case reports and literature review
Authors: Mori Toshihiko , Shimomura Ryotaro , Ito Takuro , Iizuka Hironori , Hoshino Emiko , Hirakawa Satoshi , Sakurai Nodoka , Fuse Shigeto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundNeonatal suppurative parotitis is a rare disease, characterized mainly by unilateral parotid swelling with erythema and tenderness, and often purulent discharge from the Stensen’s duct into the oral cavity. Only 44 cases were reported in the English literature between 1970 and 2013.MethodsA MEDLINE search was conducted using the terms acute, neonatal, newborn, suppurative, bacterial, purulent, parotitis, parotid swelling, and parotid abscess, limited to the English‐language literature starting from 2011. We reviewed all reported cases, together with two more managed cases in our hospital. We also describe the magnetic resonance imaging findings of the early stage of this disease.ResultsWe identified 26 new cases since 2011. The total number of patients reviewed was 72, including our patients. The infection was unilateral in 83% of patients, and 67% of the affected patients were males. The serum amylase levels were generally not elevated despite marked parotid swelling. Of the causative agents of this disease, 65% were Staphylococcus aureus, of which 19% were methicillin‐resistant S. aureus. As the rate of cesarean section was high in patients with this disease, it was considered a risk factor. The diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance images showed multiple punctate hyperintensity regions with reduced apparent diffusion coefficient, suggesting microabscess formation in the affected gland.ConclusionsAcute suppurative parotitis should be considered in cases of swelling and tenderness in the parotid gland during the neonatal period. Multiple punctate hyperintensities in the parotid gland on the diffusion‐weighted images may indicate a retrograde bacterial infection from the Stensen’s duct.
Mental action
Authors: Peacocke Antonia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper summarizes the historical and contemporary importance of mental action in philosophy. Not every piece of mental activity is a mental action. A mental action is something you do mentally, and something for which you as a whole person are responsible. It can be something you do as a means to doing something else, in the case of complex (i.e. non‐basic) mental actions. The fact that you can perform complex mental actions implies that some thoughts have several contents under the several descriptions under which they are intentional. The nature of mental action helps to explain how you have special self‐knowledge of your own mental states. It also helps to explain how certain kinds of norms, including epistemic norms, gain application to thought.
Hardening foreign corporate accountability through mandatory due diligence in the European Union? New trends and persisting challenges
Authors: Schilling‐Vacaflor Almut , Lenschow Andrea 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe negative externalities of global commodity chains and existing governance gaps have received wide scholarly attention. Indeed, many sectors including forest‐risk commodities (FRCs) like soy and beef from Brazil remain largely unregulated. This article analyzes ongoing policy‐making processes at European Union level to adopt new regulations for reducing accountability gaps: one regulation of FRCs and one general, cross‐sectoral directive on human rights and environmental due diligence. This article draws on and aims to contribute to previous research into foreign corporate accountability, therein analytically distinguishing between input, output, and surrogate accountability. This study shows that new policies will likely be more comprehensive than previous supply chain regulations, while their specific institutional design and stringency are highly contested. More in general, we argue that for hardening corporate accountability, due diligence politics will need to confront important governance challenges that have limited the potential of previous regulations, such as a lack of consequentiality of reporting obligations, weak state monitoring, limited stakeholder involvement, and difficulties to establish legal liability.
CRRT in developing world
Authors: Srisawat Nattachai , Chakravarthi Rajasekara 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContinuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has become a mainstay therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) and its utilization continues to increase in developed countries. The wide variations of CRRT practice, however, are evident in developing countries while clinicians in these resource‐limited countries encounter various barriers such as a limited number of nephrologists and trained staff, a gap of knowledge, machine unavailability, cultural and socioeconomic aspects, high‐cost therapy without reimbursement, and administrative as well as governmental barriers. In this article, we demonstrate the situation of CRRT and discuss the barriers of CRRT in a resource‐limited setting. We also discuss the strategies to improve CRRT practice. These recommendations can serve as a fundamental guideline for clinicians to implement CRRT in low‐resource settings.
Alternative = transformative? Investigating drivers of transformation in alternative food networks in Germany
Authors: Zoll Felix , Specht Kathrin , Siebert Rosemarie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the hope for more sustainable agriculture and a stronger connection to their food, an increasing number of consumers participate in alternative food networks (AFNs) characterised by short food supply chains. However, it cannot be assumed that AFNs inherently transform the prevailing system and its respective practices around food. Thus, we apply a social innovation perspective to enable a comprehensive analysis of changed values, social practices and relations in AFNs. This article presents whether drivers of transformation occur in three different AFN models (Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), food co‐operatives (food co‐ops) and self‐harvest gardens) and how participants describe and perceive them in each model. Therefore, we conducted interviews with AFN producers and consumers, before applying qualitative content analysis. Interviewees describe a broad variety of transformed values, practices and relations: Especially CSA and food co‐ops bear transformative potential as their members report a strong reconnection of producers and consumers expressed through social interaction and community‐building. Self‐harvest gardeners predominantly seek individual capacity building and to have access to their own garden. We conclude that AFN participation fosters incremental transformation towards more sustainable practices around food and a respective value system, which can be a part of a bigger movement aimed at food system transformation.
Revealing temporal stay patterns in human mobility using large‐scale mobile phone location data
Authors: Yang Xiping , Fang Zhixiang , Xu Yang , Yin Ling , Li Junyi , Zhao Zhiyuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe emergence of large‐scale human spatiotemporal tracing data inspired researchers to investigate human mobility patterns from different perspectives with potential implications for urban planning, traffic management, and emergency response. Previous studies investigated the mechanism of human mobility by constructing spatial mobility motifs based on mobile phone datasets, but ignored their temporal characteristics. To compensate for this, this study extracted temporal stay patterns based on spatial mobility motifs. Using mobile phone location data from Shenzhen, China, we identified stop location sequences for users and constructed home‐based mobility motifs according to predefined rules, and observed that approximately 97% of users can be characterized by the 10 identified home‐based mobility motifs. We designed a method to quantify the similarity of temporal stay characteristics, and the primary temporal stay patterns were extracted by classifying users with similar stay rhythms. Our results enrich the knowledge of human travel behavior from both spatial and temporal perspectives.