bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
196 Effect of Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation and Fermentation of Oilseed By-products on in vitro Digestibility and Production of Short Chain Fatty Acid
Authors: Jang Jae-Cheol , Javaid Aqsa , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous enzyme supplementation and solid-state fermentation (SSF) with a mixed bacterial culture on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production of soybean meal (SBM) or rapeseed meal (RSM). A 2 × 2 factorial design was used and included the factors of 1) exogenous enzyme cocktail (supplemented and non-supplemented), 2) microbial fermentation (fermented and non-fermented) applied to SBM or RSM in vitro. The exogenous enzyme cocktail consisted of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzymes (NSP-EZ) with phytase (10,000 FTU/kg), and the SSF were carried out using Bacillus subtilis. The fermented feed ingredients were collected after 48 h incubation at 37oC. Samples were hydrolyzed in two steps using pepsin and pancreatin to calculate IVDMD. Subsequently, the hydrolyzed residues were filtered, dried, and pooled for incubation in a buffered mineral solution with fresh swine feces. Gas production kinetics during fermentation was measured for 72 h and analyzed by fitting data to an exponential model. The fermentation residues were filtered, and the supernatant was analyzed for concentration of SCFA. The IVDMD from simulated gastric and small intestinal hydrolysis was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for SSF in both SBM and RSM. During fermentation, the hydrolysis residue from SBM treated with SSF required less time to reach half asymptote, had greater maximal gas production, and greater fractional degradation (P &lt; 0.01, respectively) compared with non-fermented SBM. The IVDMD from simulated total tract digestion was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for SSF in RSM compared with SBM, while SBM had greater IVDMD for both SSF and NSP-EZ (P &lt; 0.01). Production of butyric acid was greater for SSF (P &lt; 0.01) compared with non-SSF in both SBM and RSM. These results suggest that SSF can improve IVDMD and produce greater amounts of butyric acid compared with NSP-EZ supplementation in SBM and RSM.
198 Effects of Bacillus Spp. on Pathogen Inhibition in vitro and on Growth Performance and Bacterial Shedding in Growing Finishing Pigs
Authors: Tran Huyen , Ayala Diana , Spears Jessica , Karnezos Peter , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Three experiments (EXP) were conducted to evaluate effectiveness of Bacillus strains on pathogen inhibition in vitro (EXP. 1 and 2) and on growing-finishing pig performance and bacteria shedding (EXP. 3). In EXP. 1, antimicrobial activity of 4 individual Bacillus strains were tested against 9 bacterial pathogens using agar diffusion cross-streak assay. In EXP. 2, a combination of 4 strains (FS4) was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against surrogate strains of the same pathogens in EXP. 1 using well-diffusion and competitive exclusion assays. There were strong inhibitory effects against Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus aureus with zones of inhibition (ZOI) up to 18.1 and 13.7 mm, respectively. Moderate effects were observed against Listeria monocytogenes, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with ZOI up to 8.7, 8.7, 8.1, and 6.3 mm, respectively. On broth, FS4 inhibited Listeria completely (9 log10 CFU/mL) and reduced Staphylococcus by 8 log10 CFU/mL after 24h co-cultivation. In EXP. 3, 236 pigs (initial BW: 33 kg; 6–7 pigs/pen; 17 pens/treatment) were used to evaluate effects of feeding FS4 (7.5 x 104 CFU/g of feed) vs. the control (CON) diets. On d 0, 49, and at market, a pooled fresh fecal sample per pen was obtained for the enumeration of total Salmonella, E. coli, coliform, and Lactobacillus. Feeding FS4 improved (P &lt; 0.05) BW (d 72), ADG (d 43–72 and d 0–72), and Feed:Gain (d 43–72) compared to CON. Overall, pigs fed FS4 were numerically heavier (1.1 kg) than CON pigs. FS4 reduced (P &lt; 0.05) total coliform counts in pigs at market, and numerically reduced E. coli at d 49; however, FS4 had no impact on Lactobacillus. Our data indicate that FS4 had strong inhibitory effects against Streptococcus, Listeria, and Staphylococcus and feeding FS4 improved performance of pigs and lowered coliform shedding without impacting Lactobacillus.
215 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 39- to 119-kg Pigs Sired by High Index Boars
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Silva Gustavo , Zaragoza Luis E , Knopf Brandon , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve S , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on the growth performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 1,120 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 39.0±0.82 kg) were used in a 77-d study. Pigs used in the study were sired by boars ranked in the top 15% of a selected PIC elite boar stud based on index. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments, which consisted of 85, 95, 105, 115, and 125% of the PIC2016 SID Lys recommendations within each phase. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to be iso-caloric. Treatments were achieved with increasing feed-grade amino acids. There were 9 mixed-gender pens per treatment and 24 or 25 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing dietary SID Lys from 85 to 125% marginally improved overall average daily gain (ADG, quadratic, P = 0.056), gain to feed ratio (G:F, quadratic, P = 0.062), and final body weight (linear, P = 0.075). There was no evidence for treatment effects on mortality and removals (P &gt; 0.10). The best-fitting models for ADG were QP and BLL. The QP model estimated the maximum ADG at 110.6% (95% CI: 93 to &gt;125%), with 99% of maximum ADG achieved at 97.4%. The BLL plateau was estimated at 105.0% (95% CI: 74 to 136%). The best-fitting model for G:F was QP, estimating the maximum G:F at 107.8% (95% CI: 92 to &gt;125%). In conclusion, the estimated optimum overall SID Lys for 39- to 119-kg pigs sired by high index boars ranged from 105.0 to 110.6% of PIC2016 SID Lys recommendation within each phase, depending on the response criteria and statistical model.
185 The Impacts of Commercial Dietary Acidifiers on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Dahmer Payton L , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 360 weanling pigs (DNA 200 x 400; initially 9.7 ± 0.23 kg BW) were used in a 21-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of commercial diet acidifiers in nursery diets. Upon weaning, pigs were weighed and allotted to pens (6 pigs/pen, 10 replicate pens/treatment, blocked by 2 separate nursery rooms) and pens were then randomly assigned to one of 6 treatment diets: 1) negative control (no antibiotics or acidifiers) and the control with 2) 0.25% Acidifier A (KEM-GEST™, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA); 3) 0.3% Acidifier B (ACITVATE® DA, Novus International, Saint Charles, MO); 4) 0.5% Acidifier C (OutPace®, PMI Additives, Arden Hills, MN); 5) 50 g/ton carbadox; 6) 400 g/ton chlortetracycline. Pigs were fed common phase 1 and phase 2 starter diets without antimicrobials for 21 days, then fed experimental diets for 21 days. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design with pen as the experimental unit. Dietary treatment significantly impacted (P &lt; 0.05) all growth response criteria for each week of the experiment. Overall (d 0 to 21), ADG was the greatest (P &lt; 0.0001) for pigs fed a diet containing CTC. Likewise, ADFI was increased (P &lt; 0.0001) for pigs consuming CTC compared to those fed the negative control, acidifier A, acidifier B and carbadox diets, while those fed acidifier C were intermediate. Feed efficiency was poorest (P &lt; 0.0001) in pigs fed a diet with carbadox. By the end of the experiment, pigs fed CTC were significantly heavier (P &lt; 0.0001) than pigs fed all remaining treatments. In summary, feeding CTC improved nursery pig performance while carbadox unexpectedly reduced it. The addition of dietary acidifiers did not improve growth performance compared to a negative control.
186 Effects of a Phytogenic Feed Additive (Aromex® Pro) and Narasin (Skycis®) on Finishing Pig Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Ewing Kristen M , Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M , Ritter Matthew J , Carr Scott 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Feed additives are commonly used in finishing pig diets to improve growth performance and carcass characteristics; however, data is limited on the interaction of various feed additives. The objective of this study was to determine the individual and combined effects of a phytogenic feed additive (Aromex® Pro) and narasin (Skycis®) on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. The study was conducted at a commercial research facility using a RCBD with 4 dietary treatments: Control (no Aromex® Pro or Skycis®); Aromex (as Control with 90.7 g/ton Aromex® Pro); Skycis (as Control with 13.6 g/ton Skycis®); Aromex + Skycis (as Control with 90.7 g/ton Aromex® Pro and 13.6 g/ton Skycis®). Diets were based on corn, soybean meal, and corn germ meal and were fed using a 3-phase program. Diets were formulated to the same nutrient levels across treatments that met or exceeded nutrient recommendations (NRC, 2012), with the feed additive added at the expense of corn. Pigs were placed on test at 40.6 ± 4.7 kg and harvested in 2 equal groups at 122.4 ± 2.2 kg. Thirteen blocks were used with pens of 34 pigs for 1,768 total pigs. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with pen as the experimental unit, fixed effect of treatment, and random effect of block. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of treatment on start or end weights, overall ADG (live or carcass weight), overall ADFI, or any carcass characteristics. Overall G:F (live and carcass weight) for Aromex and Skycis was similar (P &gt; 0.05) to each other and greater (P &lt; 0.05) than Control. Aromex + Skycis had G:F (live and carcass weight) similar to Control and Aromex, but less than Skycis. In conclusion, including Aromex® Pro and Skycis® in finishing diets improved feed efficiency, but those effects were not additive.
249 Increasing Structural Fiber Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Ebarb Sara , May Sabrina , Newcomb Mark D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fiber ingredients in swine diets have various components that affect the intestinal tract distinctively. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of structural fiber sources on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 1,760 weanling pigs (initial BW = 6.12 ± 0.3 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22 pigs/pen) were used in a study with 5 dietary treatments: 1) Complex nursery diet with no additional fiber (CON); 2) CON + 2% rice hulls; 3) CON + 4% rice hulls; 4) CON + 6% wheat middlings; 5) CON + 12% wheat middlings. Fiber ingredients were added at the expense of corn and some processed soybean meal to maintain similar dietary protein levels. Using an in vitro fermentation estimation of fermentation for rice hulls and wheat middlings, diets were constructed to add similar levels of structural (non-fermentable NDF) fiber between low and high additions of rice hulls and wheat middlings. Pens across two barns were randomly allotted independent of one another and within a location block to one of the five treatments on d 0 of a two-phase study (d 0–11 and d 11–20.5 post-weaning). Data were analyzed by general linear model in R. Mortality and removal data were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model with a binomial distribution. Contrasts tested the effect of additional fiber (CON vs treatments 2–5), effect of medium vs high fiber (treatment 2/4 vs 3/5), effect of source of fiber (treatment 2/3 vs 4/5), and the interaction of level and source of fiber. Overall (Table 1), additional fiber resulted in increased ADFI (P &lt; 0.05) and tended to increase ADG (P &lt; 0.10). Probability of mortality and removal was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) when additional fiber was included. In summary, increasing the level of structural fiber improved performance and livability of nursery pigs.
83 MicroRNA574-3p Influences Porcine Oocyte Maturation and Regulates Abundance of Proteins Critical to Early Embryo Development
Authors: Adur Malavika K , Li Yunsheng , Ross Jason W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
MicroRNA are small non-coding RNA involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation impacting oocyte maturation and embryo development. MIR574-3p abundance decreases during oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and blastocyst development. The study objective was to evaluate the role of MIR574-3p during porcine oocyte maturation and early embryo development. To assess the function of MIR574-3p during these processes, denuded GV stage oocytes injected with MIR574-3p mimic (MIR574-3p-M), MIR574-3p inhibitor (MIR574-3p-I) or negative control oligo (NC) underwent IVM for 42 hours. The number of MII arrested oocytes was decreased (P = 0.06) in the MIR574-3p-M group (67.7 ± 1.4%) as compared to the NC group (76.1 ± 1.3%), whereas maturation was not affected by MIR574-3p-I (75.6 ± 1.5%) as compared to the NC group (73.1 ± 3.6%). MII arrested oocytes were parthenogenetically activated and cultured for 7 days. Neither mimic nor inhibitor affected the cleavage or blastocyst rate. Using LC-MS/MS we evaluated changes in global protein abundance in injected oocytes after 42 hours of IVM. We identified 971 proteins in MIR574-3p-M injected oocytes, of which 57 were differentially abundant as compared to the control group. In MIR574-3p-I injected oocytes, 1007 proteins were identified, of which 107 were differentially abundant as compared to the control group. Overall, MIR574-3p-M upregulated proteins critical to membrane binding mediating sperm receptors on the zona pellucida, while it downregulated intranuclear activity such as nucleotide biosynthesis, mitotic spindle assembly and orientation; whereas MIR574-3p-I induced upregulation of proteins involved in the processes between and including protein biosynthesis and metabolism, while downregulating proteins critical to ATP, RNA, DNA and protein binding. These data suggest artificially increasing MIR574-3p abundance during IVM alters the oocyte proteome and influences meiotic progression to MII. Project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26459 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
73 Effect of Rate of Gain During Early Gestation on Colostrum and Milk Composition in Beef Heifers
Authors: Baumgaertner Friederike , Menezes Ana Clara B , Da Silva Diniz Wellison Jarles , Sedivec Kevin K K , Kirsch James D , Underdahl Sarah R , Dorsam Sheri T T , Ward Alison K , McCarthy Kacie L L , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We evaluated effects of rate of gain during the first 84 d of gestation on composition of colostrum and milk. At breeding, forty-five Angus-based heifers received either a basal total mixed ration allowing 0.28 kg/d gain [low gain (LG), n = 23] or basal diet plus starch-based supplement allowing 0.79 kg/d gain [moderate gain (MG), n = 22] for 84 days. Heifers were then managed on a common diet until parturition. Colostrum samples (50 mL) were collected before first suckling. Milk samples (50 mL) were collected 6 hours after calf removal on d 62 ± 10 and 103 ± 10 postpartum. Samples were collected by stripping each teat 15 to 20 times after discarding the first 5 strips. At d 103 sampling techniques were compared by collecting a second sample after 1 mL oxytocin administration and 90 sec lag. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Fat, protein, somatic cell count (SCC), milk urea nitrogen, and other solids were analyzed in colostrum for effect of treatment, whereas milk was evaluated for effects of treatment, day and their interaction. Heifer was experimental unit and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Colostrum SCC was greater (P = 0.05) in LG (6,949 ± 739 cells/mL) than MG (4,776 ± 796 cells/mL). In milk, protein and other solids were greater (P ≤ 0.03) in MG (3.02 ± 0.03 and 6.20 ± 0.02 %, respectively) than LG (2.87 ± 0.03 and 6.14 ± 0.02 %, respectively). On d 103, oxytocin administration and extended lag time after teat stimulation (0.96 ± 0.05 %) increased fat content in milk (P &lt; 0.01) compared with immediate milk sample collection (0.34 ± 0.05 %). Nutrition during early gestation had a sustained impact on milk composition and techniques of oxytocin administration results in greater milk fat content.
74 Production Responses of an Alternative Beef Cow-calf System
Authors: Carlson Zachary E , McPhillips Levi J , Erickson Galen E , Drewnoski Mary E , MacDonald James C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A two-yr study was conducted to measure reproductive responses of an alternative cow-calf production system. Multiparous, crossbred cows (n = 160; average age = 5.7 ± 2.8 yrs-old) were utilized, per yr, in a generalized randomized bock design and unstructured treatment design. In yr one, cows were blocked by origin source and age, randomly assigned to one of two production systems, each with four replicates (n = 20 cows/rep). Once allotted to treatment and replicate, cows remained in assigned treatment for the duration of their productive life. Treatments were: 1) traditional extensive spring calving system utilizing perennial pasture and corn residue grazing (TRAD); 2) alternative fall-calving system utilizing confinement, summer-planted oats, and corn residue grazing (ALT). Breeding body condition score (BCS) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for TRAD compared to ALT (6.45 vs. 5.47 ± 0.159, respectively). There were no differences (P ≥ 0.24) in conception rates (93.86 vs. 94.14 ± 2.26 %), pregnancy loss (4.37 vs. 5.62 ± 1.86 %), calving rates (89.50 vs. 88.49 ± 3.06 %), and weaning rates (86.88 vs. 82.50 ± 3.08 %) for TRAD and ALT, respectively. There was no difference (P = 0.47) in calf body weight at birth (40 vs. 39 ± 1.0 kg) for TRAD and ALT, respectively. Weaning BCS was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for TRAD compared to ALT (5.71 vs. 5.27 ± 0.048). Calves in the TRAD system had greater (P &lt; 0.001) wean BW (237 vs. 185 ± 3.7 kg) compared to ALT calves. Cows from TRAD system had greater (P &lt; 0.001) kg weaned per cow exposed to bulls (208 vs. 151 ± 6.3 kg) compared to ALT cows. Results indicate no difference in reproductive performance among systems. The extensive spring-calving system produced heavier calves at weaning, leading to more kg of calf weaned per cow exposed.
77 Evaluation of Models Used to Predict Dry Matter Intake in Forage-Based Diets
Authors: Wiseman Aksel , Watson Andrea K , Stock Rick , Klopfenstein Terry J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Data from experiments conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln were pooled to compare predicted and observed dry matter intake (DMI) of growing cattle consuming foraged-based diets (corn silage, grass, alfalfa, or sorghum-hay) to determine the accuracy of current modeling systems. Experiments (n = 22) were a minimum of 84 days and included individually fed calves using the Calan gate system with 8 to 12 calves per treatment mean or pen-fed calves with 8 to 12 head per pen. Average body weight (BW) of calves ranged from 235 to 397 kg with average daily gain (ADG) between 0.16 and 1.65 kg. Cattle were fed ad libitum and mid-point BW and ADG were entered into the Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model (2016) to determine predicted DMI. Simple regression was used to compare predicted and observed DMI to determine the accuracy of the prediction model. Ninety-three treatment means were evaluated and were separated into three categories: hay-based diets (n = 24), hay-based diets with distillers grains (n = 31), and corn silage-based diets (n =38). The model for observed versus predicted DMI was significant (P &lt; 0.05; R2 = 0.09) when comparing all means but had a poor R2. The model was the best at predicting DMI for forage-based diets (P &lt; 0.08; R2 = 0.22). Observed and predicted DMI were regressed along TDN values, calculated using book values and digestion studies. As TDN increased, observed DMI increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) and predicted DMI had a quadratic response (P &lt; 0.01), increasing up to 63% and then decreasing with increasing TDN. The model over predicted DMI intake for TDN &lt; 63% and under predicted DMI in forage-based diets greater than 63% TDN. Further development of the current modeling system through addition of intake data from forage fed growing cattle is needed
160 Injectable Vitamin C Prior to Transit and Transit Duration Effects on Feedlot Performance, Inflammation, and Muscle Fatigue of Beef Steers
Authors: Beenken Aubree M , Deters Erin L , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study examined the effects of injectable vitamin C (VC) before transport and duration of transit on feedlot performance, inflammation, and muscle fatigue in cattle. One hundred thirty-one, Angus-cross steers (409 ± 4 kg) were stratified by bodyweight (BW) to a 2 × 2 factorial of intramuscular injection (INJ; 20 mL/steer): VC (250 mg sodium ascorbate/mL) or saline (SAL) and road transit duration (DUR): 18 (18; 1,770 km) or 8 h (8; 727 km). On d 0, steers were weighed and received INJ of SAL or VC immediately before transport. Upon return (d 1), BW and blood were collected before steers returned to pens with GrowSafe bunks. Steers were weighed on d 0, 1, 7, 15, 30, 31, 54, and 55. Data were analyzed via ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; 32–34 steers/treatment) with fixed effects of INJ, DUR, and the interaction. Blood was collected on d -5, 1, 2, and 3 (9 steers/treatment); blood parameters were analyzed as repeated measures. Average daily gain (ADG) and BW were greater on d 7 and 15 for SAL-18 compared to all other treatments (INJ × DUR, P &lt; 0.01). Final BW, overall ADG, and gain:feed were greater for 18 than 8 (P &lt; 0.01). Injection did not affect BW (P &gt; 0.13) but VC decreased overall dry matter intake compared to SAL (P = 0.03). Steers transported for 18 h had greater serum lactate, haptoglobin, and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations on d 1 compared to steers transported for 8 h (DUR × DAY, P &lt; 0.01). Day 1 plasma ascorbate concentrations were greater for VC and returned to baseline concentrations by d 2 (INJ × DAY, P &lt; 0.01). In contrast to previous work, VC did not improve post-transit performance; however, longer transit duration increased indicators of muscle fatigue and inflammation.