bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cline Lea K. , Elkins Nathan T. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Roman imagery and iconography are typically studied under the more general umbrella of Roman art in medium-specific studies. This handbook focuses primarily on visual imagery in the Roman world, examined by context and period, and the evolving scholarly traditions of iconographic analysis and visual semiotics that have framed the modern study of these images. As such topics—or, more directly, the isolation of these topics from medium-specific or strictly temporal evaluations of Roman art—are uncommon in monograph-length studies, our goal is that this handbook will be an important reference for both the communicative value of images in the Roman world and the tradition of iconographical analysis. The chapters herein represent contributions from a number of leading and emerging authorities on Roman imagery and iconography from across the world, representing a variety of academic traditions and methods of image analysis.
Queer Criminology and Ethnography
Authors: Panfil Vanessa R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines what is entailed by queer criminological ethnographies. It first discusses the methodologies and findings of notable ethnographic works about LGBTQ populations, including those not originally designed as ethnographies, and also briefly reviews relevant interview-based or participatory action studies. It next explores discussions of queer epistemology in queer criminological work and the social science enterprise to evaluate to what extent there is a “queer method” and what its organizing principles are (or should be). It then evaluates several debates relevant to conducting ethnography in queer criminology, including methodological and political considerations such as how to situate the work and whether traditional ethnographic approaches are appropriate. The chapter presents detailed descriptions of priority areas for future research, including international projects. The chapter closes with a discussion of policy implications that may emerge from queer criminology ethnographies, which are relevant not only for criminal justice settings but for criminology as a field.
Court Ethnographies
Authors: Travers Max 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to ethnographic research on criminal courts, focusing on the scientific and policy objectives in this diverse field. A central theme is that court ethnographers in observing hearings and interviewing practitioners have a choice in employing analytic strategies that focus on “micro” and “macro” level of analysis. Landmark studies conducted in the United States and United Kingdom are summarized, locating these in their political and intellectual context. Practical issues are reviewed including obtaining access, ethics approvals, and data analysis. The chapter also considers future trends and issues: internationalization of this field, practical contributions to understanding criminal justice, and policy implications for debates about social justice. Ethnographers can assist in evaluating emerging philosophies and court-based practices, and new types of specialist courts.
“Tell mom I said hi”: Confronting Positionality in Fieldwork
Authors: Pelvin Holly 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflectively engages with the challenge of confronting positionality in qualitative fieldwork with vulnerable participants. Drawing on a set of encounters during fieldwork in a provincial prison in Canada, it unpacks the problem of having personal ties to a research population in action. In this vein, the chapter considers the ethical and privacy implications of reflexivity in these complicated and delicate situations and settings. It demonstrates how confronting positionality in fieldwork can influence the research process, including data collection and dissemination, in ways that can be both conducive and discouraging to scholarly engagement. Additionally, it raises issues that may challenge dominant and taken for granted assumptions about the value of the reflexive practice that is encouraged in qualitative research more generally.
Music, Evolution, and the Experience of Time
Authors: Bispham John C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the psychological structure and perception of time in music in light of recent theoretical discussion and proposals for specific features of the human faculty for music—qualities that are at once universally present and operational in music across cultures whilst also being unique to our species and to the domain of music. The author contends that music’s architectural foundations—configurations of musical pulse, musical tone, and musical motivation—provide a sustained attentional structure for managing personal experience and interpersonal interaction and offer a continually renewing phenomenological link between the immediate past, the perceptual present and future expectation. A crucial and distinguishing feature of our experience with music is thus the particular way in which we share intersubjective time and enact and create an extended moment by constantly merging from one perceptual present into the next.
Timescales and the Temporal Emergence of Musicking
Authors: Loaiza Juan M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is twofold: to present a new way of mapping timescales of musicking, and to elaborate an explanatory approach that overcomes philosophical reductionism and allows interdisciplinary conversation. It proposes that the emergence of organizational properties in musicking is best understood by looking at the relations between timescales, using the heuristic of inter-scale relationships within temporal ranges. The chapter argues that simpler models of timescales have limited explanatory use and do not naturally capture the experiential richness of musicking. In contrast, the mapping of temporal ranges highlights the relations between many processes that mutually enable and constrain one another across timescales, and across brains, bodies, and environment. The map guides research into the complexity of musicking without sacrificing disciplinary focus. It consists of three domains of organization—sensorimotor, social life, and person/Self—interweaving ecological-enactive concepts of embodiment, self-organization, participatory systems, attunement, normative constraints, habits, and sense-making.
Temporalities of North Indian Classical Listening: How Listeners Use Music to Construct Time
Authors: Alaghband-Zadeh Chloё 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how ethnography with musical listeners can illuminate relationships between music and time. While much existing scholarship equates musical temporalities with qualities of the ‘music itself’, this chapter addresses the need for research that considers the diverse ways listeners use music to engender experiences of time. Alaghband-Zadeh focuses here on rasikas, connoisseurs of North Indian classical music. She shows how rasikas construct and experience North Indian classical performances as sites of leisurely temporality: this is both an ethical practice, aligned with ideas of virtue, and also a means for rasikas to position themselves as set apart from a world they view as increasingly characterized by speed. Alaghband-Zadeh argues that music is a powerful temporal resource: a means through which people cultivate ways of inhabiting time. Moreover, the immediate temporalities of live performances contribute to the production of broader, public temporalities of modernity, changing social formations and imagined histories.
Timing in Palaran: Coordination, Control, and Excitement in Javanese Collaborative Vocal Accompaniment
Authors: Roberts Jonathan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Palaran are elements within gamelan repertoire that are derived from the melodies used to recite texts written in Javanese poetic metres. When used as palaran within gamelan performance (rather than in their original form as poetic recitation, or macapat), these melodies are supported and constrained by a metrically fixed structure of core instrumental notes and surrounded by a web of spontaneous melodic accompaniment, involving multiple musicians. This chapter explores the complex ways in which musicians control, negotiate, and coordinate timing in this flexible yet precise form of musical interaction. It examines the rules of ideal cohesive performance, the transmission of strategies for successfully learning how to achieve this, and what can be learnt from occasions when palaran go wrong and the coordination of timing goes awry. It then argues that the sense of risk involved in managing timing in these ways is a significant part of what makes palaran one of the most popular elements within the gamelan repertoire.
Understanding Musical Instants
Authors: Godøy Rolf Inge 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We may typically experience music as continuous streams of sound and associated body motion, yet we may also perceive music as sequences of more discontinuous events, or as strings of chunks with multimodal sensations of sound and body motion, chunks that can be called ‘sound-motion objects’. The focus in this chapter is on how such sound-motion objects emerge at intermittent points in time called ‘musical instants’, and how musical instants are necessary in order to perceive salient features in music such as of timbre, pitch, texture, contour, and overall stylistic and affective features. The emergence of musical instants is also understood as based on the combined constraints of musical instruments, sound-producing body motion, and music perception, also suggesting that understanding musical instants may have practical applications in making music.
Energy in South Africa
Authors: Crompton Rod , Matsika Ruwadzano 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
South Africa’s long dependence on imported oil and domestic coal leaves it ill prepared to navigate the Fourth Industrial Revolution and decarbonization. In 1998, after a long history of state intervention in energy markets, post-apartheid policy set new market-orientated reform goals. Following a promising start, the pendulum swung back towards state intervention. In 2018 a combination of factors, including an electricity supply crisis, brought about indications of a return to market reforms, albeit an attenuated version thereof, particularly in power generation. Petroleum markets have been stuck in impasses associated with old-style regulation and social policies entangled in price regulation. Mismanagement and corruption have taken a toll as has private investor insistence on financial support. Good progress has been made in electrification, electricity subsidies for the poor, gas infrastructure, and renewable power capacity auctions. Technological innovation in renewable power offers reduced economies of scale and much promise for energy markets.
Corporate Structure, Industrial Development, and Structural Change in South Africa
Authors: Mondliwa Pamela , Roberts Simon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The orientation of large corporations is at the heart of how countries develop. These firms make large-scale investments and realize economies of scale and scope, as well as make long-term commitments to the learning and research necessary to build capabilities required for industrial development. In many industries and sectors the large firms have key technologies, govern access to markets, and control material inputs which can shape the structure of an economy. The chapter reviews the changing corporate structure in South Africa focusing on the implications for industrial development, the evolving internationalization of South African businesses, and the political economy of economic policy. While the South African economy has remained highly concentrated, the corporate structure has altered in fundamental ways. The chapter identifies key elements of continuity and change to explain the implications of the continued high levels of economic concentration for the economy through the lens of the corporate structure.
Regulation of Network Industries in South Africa
Authors: Hodge James , Paremoer Tamara 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The 1980s saw a global shift to the liberalization and regulation of network industries which were previously public utilities. Underperforming SOEs and unsustainable debt forced South Africa down this road in the late 1980s with the additional challenge of addressing racially skewed access post-apartheid. In telecommunications, this resulted in a managed liberalization process which has seen private entry but continual structural problems due to a failure to undertake wholesale regulation of the incumbents. Despite a policy advocating structural separation of transmission and generation within electricity, reform stalled due to a shift in government thinking and successful lobbying by Eskom. The regulator, NERSA, has also failed to impose operational efficiency and rein in large price increases. Within transport, aviation was liberalized in the early 1990s with effective regulatory oversight of the airports and navigation systems. However, a dependency on cross-subsidies between ports and rail within Transnet has stalled reform elsewhere.
The Economic History of South Africa 1948–94
Authors: Freund Bill , Padayachee Vishnu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the unfolding economic history of South Africa in the apartheid era (1948–94). The chapter is organized according to a periodization with 1971–73 as a marker of the break, and along specific thematic lines. These include a discussion of the way in which this history has been studied and through what theoretical lenses, before engaging with the main issues, including the impact of Afrikaner nationalism on economic growth, the way in which the minerals energy sector, which dominated early perspectives of South African economic history and perspectives, is impacted in this era of National Party rule. An analysis of the role of one major corporation (Anglo American Corporation) in shaping this economic history is followed by an assessment of the impact of the global and local crisis after c.1970 on the South African economy. An abiding theme is that of race and economic development and the way in which the impact of this key relationship of apartheid South Africa on economic growth has been studied.
The Youth Labour Market in South Africa
Authors: Mlatsheni Cecil 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Unemployment has been a stubborn challenge in South Africa, with at least a quarter of the labour force unemployed for most of the past twenty-five years. For youth the transition from schooling to work has not been smooth, resulting in about half of youth wanting jobs not finding employment. This chapter begins by highlighting the key features of the youth labour market. The discussion then turns to reasons for the relatively high youth unemployment rate, such as insufficient number of jobs and spatial planning. An account of implemented policies and interventions to address youth unemployment is then given. The chapter makes the point that economic growth is key to reducing youth unemployment on a large scale but that there are various measures that have been found to be effective in relieving the plight of unemployed youth in South Africa.
Migration and Remittances in South Africa
Authors: Collinson Mark A. , Biyase Mduduzi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter draws from two data sources to describe patterns and trends of internal migration and remittances in South Africa and explore what these mean for rural households. These are the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS 2008–17) and the South African Population Research Infrastructure Network (2000–17). NIDS data show that at a national level there are high levels of non-resident household membership. As much as 24 per cent of African rural households have a non-resident member. This reflects temporary migration, especially of young adults. SAPRIN shows that temporary migration rates remain persistent over time, while definitive migration shows a gradual decline in incidence after 2003. Some temporary migrants send remittances, mostly of money, but also clothes and food. The study shows amounts averaging R1,100 per month from female migrants and R1,500 per month from male migrants in 2017. These can play a crucial role in food security for the poorest rural households and in improving human capital in better-off rural households. What has not been explored here are costs to the household of temporary migration, which help to explain why more households do not send temporary migrants. These include financial costs, but the main two areas of concern are health and social connection.
The Macroeconomics of South African Economic Growth
Authors: Burger Philippe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Abstract: Covering the period 1994 to 2019, this chapter shows that between 1994 and 2008 South Africa’s growth performance improved and that this improvement was to a large extent driven by an improvement in total factor productivity (TFP). However, since 2008 South Africa’s growth performance has deteriorated significantly. The chapter shows that the deteriorating growth performance was accompanied by the deterioration of TFP, and argues that lower private-sector investment levels, combined with low levels of human capital development and a lack of international competitiveness, constitute the causes of lower productivity and economic growth. This chapter also explores the various growth policies put forward since the mid-1990s to improve economic growth. These include labour-intensive growth, export-driven growth, and investment-driven growth. The chapter argues that the implementation of a well-designed combination of these policies will be needed to attain higher levels of economic growth.
South Africa’s Post-apartheid ECONOMIC Development Trajectory
Authors: Francis David , Habib Adam , Valodia Imraan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
South Africa’s economic and social development trajectory in the post-apartheid period remains a controversial subject, notwithstanding the extensive literature that has developed. This chapter covers the full spectrum of this debate, but importantly also offers new insights and analysis of the issues. The literature is vast. At one extreme, views from the far left argue that the African National Congress (ANC) has essentially ‘sold out’ and followed uncritically a neo-liberal growth path, to defenders of the ANC’s policies from active participants in the process at the other extreme. Between these two views, there are a number of significant contributions. This chapter reviews the history and contestation of economic policy in South Africa and offers some explanations for why the country’s economic progress has been so uneven. It argues that chronic economic underperformance is the result of two persistent problems in the political-economic structure of South Africa. The first is the failure of politicians and policymakers to account for the limits of South African state capacity to implement even simple economic reforms; post-apartheid economic policymaking is characterized by an assumption that the South African state is able to carry out complex economic coordination and effect reforms. Second, the impasse is really a political one caused by ideological contestation within the ANC which has no mechanism to resolve the impasse.
Constraints to Economic Growth in South Africa
Authors: Creamer Kenneth 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the drivers and constraints on the rate of economic growth in South Africa from the 1950’s apartheid-era through to the democratic period post-1994. Key structural factors identified as impacting on the rate and composition of economic growth include the country’s history of racial injustice and exclusion, its industrial structure and linkages to the global commodity price cycle, the evolution of macroeconomic imbalances and related infrastructure investment failures, and the impact of weak state capacity and corruption. Thereafter, the chapter outlines a number of strategic policy interventions for overcoming constraints to inclusive economic growth in South Africa.
Cyberwar Redux
Authors: Buchanan Ben 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The notion of cyberwar has held a central place in technology and security scholarship for several decades. With the continued aggression of modern government hacking operations, cyberwar has again emerged as a popular frame. This chapter shows how the present reality, though, has strayed far from the original concept and how a closer examination of state activities suggests a scope for hacking that is different and more limited than many expected. Drawing on case studies, this chapter shows how virtually all hacking activities fall short of war. They are instead variants of espionage, sabotage, and subversion. This refined framing offers important implications for deterrence, coercion, and operational practice.
Opportunity, Threat, and Dependency in the Social Infosphere
Authors: Austin Greg 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The technological revolution outlined in the previous chapter has unleashed a social upheaval. If a suite of machines came to be so central in global and national social order, as well as in our personal lives, how does that affect our security? Bearing in mind that we are only at the dawn of the cyber age, what will the future hold? This chapter gives an overview of the profound impact of the information revolution on human welfare for better and for worse, from the individual and community levels to the national and international levels. The chapter begins with some insight into how philosophers have viewed these questions. It then looks at how leading actors have responded to the opportunities and threats. The chapter’s most important single theme is the issue of dependency, arguably the most ignored security aspect of the information age.
Online Child Safety
Authors: Carr John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the history and development of online child safety and how industry and regulatory responses have evolved. It shows how the agenda broadened from an initial focus largely on child abuse images (child pornography) and paedophile behaviour through to wider concerns such as age-inappropriate content, including legal pornography and violent or extremist materials. There is also a discussion of how technologies are having an impact on the overall quality of children’s lives. Children’s rights online, bullying, privacy, self-harm, and self-generated sexualized pictures and videos are now considered mainstream matters by those engaged with children’s welfare.
States, Proxies, and (Remote) Offensive Cyber Operations
Authors: Maurer Tim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses cyber proxies and offensive cyber operations. The market of cyber force is a complex and dynamic relationship between the state and actors detached from the state that can target a third party beyond a state’s border with unprecedented ease. Only hacking, also known as ‘remote cyber operations’ in the military bureaucracy's vernacular, makes global reach possible at such low cost. Research identifies three main types of proxy relationships between a state and non-state actors: (i) delegation, (ii) orchestration, and (iii) sanctioning. How to manage effectively both proxies and the market for cyber capabilities, both tools and services to the degree they can be separated, is not only of interest for academic scholarship but also for practitioners and policymakers. While a state may face significant challenges in affecting another state’s proxy relationships, it can exercise greater control over its own relationships with cybersecurity companies, hacktivists, and those breaking the law either at home or abroad.