bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entertainment in Virtual Reality and Beyond
Authors: Hartmann Tilo , Fox Jesse 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recently, virtual reality (VR) has emerged, but a conceptual framework explicating potential foundational pillars of VR entertainment is still missing. The present chapter aims to fill this gap by introducing, based on a review of the related literature, such a conceptual framework. It proposes that the typical VR experience is characterized by the interaction of three core mechanisms or affordances (that, albeit in different constellations and to a different degree, also underlie other media channels), namely a profound sense of embodiment, spatial presence or a sense of physical co-location of other entities and events, and users’ cognitive distancing. It argues that these factors jointly affect the extent users experience VR as immediately self-relevant and consequential. By linking these three foundational pillars of the VR experience to users’ entertainment experience and related research on media entertainment, it derives five propositions about entertainment in VR (and other channels that support these affordances).
The Minor Prophets’ Relation to the Torah and Former Prophets
Authors: Lasine Thelle Rannfrid I. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay tracks references to Israel’s past in the Minor Prophets as one avenue into exploring their connections to the Torah and Former Prophets, while also observing ways in which shared or similar traditions shape prophetic rhetoric. Key themes emerge, such as God’s character, apostasy and idolatry, covenant and judgment, and critique of power and leadership. Specific remarks, particularly in the last of the Twelve, indicate complex and innovative processes of the reinterpretation of Torah and prophecy. These derive canonical meaning when the Book of the Twelve is read in relation to the Torah and Former Prophets as authoritative collections.
Wakanda Phambili!
Authors: Pereira Laura , Lavery Charne , Moyo Busiso , Selomane Odirilwe , Sitas Nadia , Sitas Rike , Trisos Christopher 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops and articulates an African futurist approach to framing and meeting the challenges of social-ecological futures. It advocates a broader conception of futures as lived practice embedded within specific places (e.g. Africa) and their histories, and explores how such practice can form an alternative model to current (Western) climate and environmental scenarios. It proposes that narratives from non-Western cultures offer more nuanced and diverse approaches to decision-making under conditions of uncertainty than the archetypical scenarios depicted in current models. This chapter uses science fiction from sub-Saharan Africa as a source for more experiential decision-making that emphasizes a decolonial agenda, which could shape and change the way we use quantitative modelling to consider future trajectories for the planet in the age of the Anthropocene.
The Book of Job
Authors: Gorea Maria 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Greek version of the book of Job in its primitive form (OG) presents a text that is 389 stichs shorter than that of the Hebrew textus receptus. The pre-Hexaplaric Greek text is attested by scattered quotations from some Latin authors, by the Coptic-Sahidic version, or by the Greek Testament of Job. Origen filled the lacunae with revised material in order to restore the original length of the text. While the literal approach of this asterisked material towards the Hebrew helps in determining the translation technique that the translator followed, the OG text shows less concern for literality. Origen’s Hexaplaric Septuagint is hybrid because the lacunae were not simply the result of mere omissions, but also verses that were summarized or more synthetic. The ecclesiastical version preserved these additions and manuscripts have carefully indicated them, as also modern editions.
The Samaritan Pentateuch in Greek
Authors: Marsh Bradley John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is widely held that the Samaritans produced a Greek version of their distinct recension of the Pentateuch (SP), referred to as the Samareitikon, though the precise historical circumstances of this text are unknown. Aside from an inscription from a Samaritan synagogue in Thessalonica quoting Num. 6:22–7 in Greek, the majority of evidence for the SP in Greek is preserved in Christian sources, dating from the fourth century ce. Moreover, Alfred Rahlfs claimed in 1911 to have discovered fragments of Genesis and Deuteronomy from the original Samareitikon; more recently, Bradley Marsh has made the same claim for fragments of Exodus.
The Syrohexapla
Authors: Liljeström Marketta 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the main issues concerning the Syrohexapla. It discusses what is known about its origin and what can be said about its Greek source text(s) based on both the colophons and on textual studies. The chapter looks at the Syrohexapla first as a translation in its own right reflecting the features of ‘mirror translation’ and the translation’s original purpose. However, for LXX scholars the Syrohexapla is particularly interesting for its connection to the Hexapla. Therefore the chapter summarizes the research on the Syrohexapla’s text and on the marginalia’s role and value as text-critical witnesses to the Hexapla and to the Hexaplaric recension.
Publishing The Museum (1746–1747)
Authors: Orr Leah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay examines new archival evidence relating to the planning, publication, and advertising of The Museum, a fortnightly periodical published in London in 1746–1747 and known now to scholars for its publication of poetry by a number of canonical English poets. This evidence shows that the periodical was not the work of Robert Dodsley alone, as has been claimed, but was in fact a collaboration between Dodsley and fellow booksellers Charles Hitch, Thomas Longman, and John Rivington. It was Rivington, not Dodsley, who carried out the details of arranging advertisements, paying printers and newspapers, and registering The Museum with the Stationers’ Company. This new evidence also clarifies the contributions of Mark Akenside and John Campbell, and suggests that prose essays, reviews, and history were more important features of The Museum than poetry.
Replicating Private Equity with Value Investing, Homemade Leverage, and Hold-to-Maturity Accounting
Authors: Stafford Erik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The contributions of asset selection and incremental leverage to buyout investment performance are more important than typically assumed or estimated to be. Buyout funds select small firms with distinct value characteristics. Public equities with these characteristics have high risk-adjusted returns relative to common factors. Adding incremental leverage to a publicly traded stock portfolio increases both risks and mean returns in this sample. Direct investments in private equity funds earn lower mean returns than a replicating strategy designed to mimic these key economic features of their investment process with public equities and brokerage loans.
Relationship Between the Activities of Gloss-Selective Neurons in the Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex and the Gloss Discrimination Behavior of the Monkey
Authors: Baba Mika , Nishio Akiko , Komatsu Hidehiko 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the macaque monkey, neurons that selectively respond to specific gloss are present in a restricted region of the central part of the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Although the population activity of these neurons is known to represent the perceptual gloss space, the involvement of their activity in gloss perception has not been directly tested. In the present study, we examined the causal relationship between the activities of gloss-selective neurons and gloss perception by applying electrical microstimulation or injection of small amounts of muscimol (GABAA agonist) to manipulate neural activities while monkeys performed a gloss discrimination task. We found that microstimulation within or in the vicinity of the region where gloss-selective neurons were recorded induced bias toward higher gloss judgment. With muscimol injection, gloss discrimination performance was degraded in one monkey after the first injection into the region where gloss-selective neurons were recorded. These results suggest that gloss discrimination behavior is mediated by the activities of a gloss-selective network that includes the gloss-selective region in the central IT cortex examined here.
Engaging Frontline Providers Prevents Hypothermia and Improves Communication in the Postoperative Neonate
Authors: Guidash Judith C. , Berman Loren , Panagos Patoula G. , Sullivan Kevin M. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Neonates undergoing surgery are at high risk for perioperative hypothermia. Hypothermia has been associated with increased adverse events. Transfer of care from the operating room (OR) to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) adds another layer of risk for this population introducing the potential for miscommunication leading to preventable adverse events.

Purpose:
The aim of this quality improvement initiative is to decrease mean postoperative hypothermia rate and achieve compliance with use of a standardized postoperative hand-off in neonates transferred to the NICU from the OR.

Methods:
An interdisciplinary team identified opportunities for heat loss during the perioperative period. The lack of standardized perioperative communication between the NICU and the OR and postoperative communication between neonatology, anesthesiology, surgery, and nursing were noted. Guidelines for maintaining euthermia in the perioperative period and a standardized interdisciplinary postoperative hand-off communication tool were created.

Findings/Results:
Mean rate for participation in the hand-off process increased from 78.8% to 98.4% during the study period. The mean hypothermia rate improved from 28.6% to 6.3% (P < .0001) and was sustained.

Implications for Practice:
Creating a hypothermia guideline and standardizing temperature monitoring can significantly decrease the rate of postoperative hypothermia in neonates. Standardization of transfer of care from OR to NICU increases consistent communication between the services.

Implications for Research:
Future research and improvement efforts are needed to optimize the management of surgical neonates through their transfers of care.
Baby STRENGTH
Authors: Miller Patricia A. , Willier Tina 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Traditional medication-based management of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) results in long hospitalizations. Nonpharmacologic treatment and using the Eat, Sleep, Console (ESC) model of care have been shown to decrease lengths of stay (LOSs).

Purpose:
To determine whether using the ESC model of care to treat infants with opioid withdrawal resulted in decreased LOSs and number of infants receiving morphine when compared with traditional medication management.

Methods:
Retrospective medical review for all patients admitted for NAS 12 months before and 12 months after implementing the ESC model of care. Data collected from electronic health records included demographic data, maternal history, infant LOS, infants receiving morphine, and birth weight/weight on day of life (DOL) 5. Univariate analysis was used to control for demographic data/risk factors. A 2-samples t test was used to compare average LOSs. Chi-square test was used to detect differences in the number of infants receiving morphine. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software.

Results:
LOS decreased from mean of 17.7 days to a mean of 5.9 days (P < .0001). The number of infants receiving morphine decreased from 20 (58.9%) to 1 (2.7%) (P < .0001). No statistically significant difference was noted in the percentage of weight loss on DOL 5. Data showed an increase in breastfeeding rates from 41.18% to 64.86% (P = .0456).

Implications for Practice:
The ESC model of care decreased infant LOS and the number of morphine doses administered for opioid withdrawal symptoms. Maternal breastfeeding rates increased.

Implications for Research:
More research is needed to determine long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants managed using ESC principles.
Disproportionate Case Reduction After Ban of Elective Surgeries During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
Authors: Laux Christoph J. , Bauer David E. , Kohler Adrian , Uçkay Ilker , Farshad Mazda 
Published: February 2021

Study Design:
This is a retrospective case analysis.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to illustrate the numerical effects of regulatory restrictions of elective surgery at an orthopaedic university hospital.

Summary of Background Data:
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic all over the world places extraordinary demands on health care systems which are forced to ensure structural and personnel capacities. Consequently, hospitals may only perform urgent interventions. Spine patients, however, often need urgent surgery and, moreover, bear an above-average perioperative risk frequently requiring postoperative surveillance on intensive care units (ICUs). Facing this dilemma, we want to share our practice and its unexpected numerical effects.

Methods:
We compare case statistics during normal operation, directly before and after implementation of regulatory measures. We also analyzed the differences in ICU utilization, complexity and duration of interventions and the patient population.

Results:
Spine surgical interventions have been reduced by 42.7%. Regulatory restriction of “elective surgeries” in pandemic situations results in reduced ICU utilization, however in a disproportionate manner. Although other specialized surgeries can be reduced by 59%, surgical spine cases are only diminishable by 24%. The spine surgery-related ICU occupancy has been reduced by 35%.

Conclusion:
The disproportionate effect of case reduction needs to be considered while calculating resources released by regulatory limitation of “elective surgeries” on a (inter-)national level.
Consequences of pharmacophagous uptake from plants and conspecifics in a sawfly elucidated using chemical and molecular techniques
Authors: Paul Sarah Catherine , Dennis Alice B. , Tewes Lisa Johanna , Friedrichs Jeanne , Müller Caroline 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPharmacophagy involves the sequestration of specialised plant metabolites for non-nutritive purposes and commonly occurs in insects. Here we investigate pharmacophagy in the turnip sawfly,Athalia rosae, where adults not only collect specialised metabolites (clerodanoids) from a plant (Ajuga reptans), but also from the exterior of conspecifics via fighting. Using behavioural assays, chemical analytics, and RNAseq we show that when individuals nibble on conspecifics that have already acquired clerodanoids fromA. reptansleaves, this nibbling results in the transfer of compounds between individuals. Furthermore, unlike other pharmacophagous insects, the acquisition of clerodanoids byA. rosaefrom the leaves ofA. reptansdoes not induce the upregulation of known detoxification or sequestration genes and pathways. In contrast, pharmacophagous nibbling on conspecifics results in the upregulation of metabolic pathways associated with elevated metabolic rates and increased energy consumption. It therefore seems that individuals attack conspecifics to acquire clerodanoids despite the apparent metabolic costs of this form of pharmacophagy compared to clerodanoid uptake from a plant. Changes in the metabolic phenotype ofA.rosaeindividuals consequently has profound consequences for social interactions with possible ramifications for their social niche.Summary statementThe turnip sawfly (Athalia rosae) gains potentially beneficial compounds from the leaf surface of non-food plants (e.g.Ajuga reptans), but can also steal these compounds from conspecifics via aggressive nibbling.
The asgardarchaeal-unique contribution to protein families of the eukaryotic common ancestor was 0.3%
Authors: Knopp Michael , Stockhorst Simon , van der Giezen Mark , Garg Sriram G. , Gould Sven B. 
Published: February 2021

Significance StatementEver since the first report of a new archaeal lineage, the asgardarchaea, their metagenome analyses have encouraged continued speculations on a type of cell biology ranging between that of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While it appears a tempting notion, recent microscopic images of an asgardarchaeon suggest otherwise. We inspected the origin of eukaryotic protein families with respect to their distribution across bacteria and archaea. This reveals that the protein families shared exclusively between asgardarchaea and eukaryotes amounts to only 0.3% of the protein families conserved across all eukaryotes. Asgardarchaeal diversity is likely unrivaled across archaea, but their cell biology remains prokaryotic in nature and lends support for the importance of endosymbiosis in evolving eukaryotic traits.SummaryThe difference between pro- and eukaryotic biology is evident in their genomes, cell biology, and evolution of complex and macroscopic body plans. The lack of intermediates between the two types of cells places the endosymbiotic acquisition of the mitochondrion through an archaeal host at the event horizon of eukaryote origin. The identification of eukaryote specific proteins in a new archaeal phylum, the asgardarchaea, has fueled speculations about their cellular complexity, suggesting they could be eukaryote-like. Here we analyzed the coding capacity of 150 eukaryotes, 1000 bacteria, and 226 archaea, including the only cultured member of the asgardarchaea, CandidatusPrometheoarchaeon syntrophicumMK-D1. Established clustering methods that recover endosymbiotic contributions to eukaryotic genomes, recover an asgardarchaeal-unique contribution of a mere 0.3% to protein families present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, while simultaneously suggesting that asgardarchaeal diversity rivals that of all other archaea combined. Furthermore, we show that the number of homologs shared exclusively between asgardarchaea and eukaryotes is only 27 on average. Genomic and in particular cellular complexity remains a eukaryote-specific feature and, we conclude, is best understood as the archaeal host’s solution to housing an endosymbiont and not as a preparation for obtaining one.
Stochastic effects during the establishment of β-lactam resistantE. colimutants indicate conditions for collective resistance
Authors: Saebelfeld Manja , Das Suman G. , Hagenbeek Arno , Krug Joachim , de Visser J. Arjan G.M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFor antibiotic resistance to arise, new resistant mutants must establish in a bacterial population before they can spread via natural selection. Comprehending the stochastic factors that influence mutant establishment is crucial for a quantitative understanding of antibiotic resistance emergence. Here, we quantify the single-cell establishment probability of fourEscherichia colistrains expressing β-lactamase alleles with different activity against the antibiotic cefotaxime, as a function of antibiotic concentration in both unstructured (liquid) and structured (agar) environments. We show that concentrations well below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) can substantially hamper establishment, particularly for highly resistant mutants. While the pattern of establishment suppression is comparable in both tested environments, we find greater variability in establishment probability on agar. Using a simple branching model, we investigate possible sources of this stochasticity, including environment-dependent lineage variability. Lastly, we use the single-cell establishment probability to predict each strain’s MIC in the absence of social interactions. We observe substantially higher measured than predicted MIC values, particularly for highly resistant strains, which indicates cooperative effects among resistant cells at large cell numbers, such as in standard MIC assays.
Scaling laws in enzyme function reveal a new kind of biochemical universality
Authors: Gagler Dylan C. , Karas Bradley , Kempes Chris , Goldman Aaron D. , Kim Hyunju , Walker Sara Imari 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAll life on Earth is unified by its use of a shared set of component chemical compounds and reactions, providing a detailed model for universal biochemistry. However, this notion of universality is specific to currently observed biochemistry and does not allow quantitative predictions about examples not yet observed. Here we introduce a more generalizable concept of biochemical universality, more akin to the kind of universality discussed in physics. Using annotated genomic datasets including an ensemble of 11955 metagenomes and 1282 archaea, 11759 bacteria and 200 eukaryotic taxa, we show how four of the major enzyme functions - the oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases and ligases - form universality classes with common scaling behavior in their relative abundances observed across the datasets. We verify these universal scaling laws are not explained by the presence of compounds, reactions and enzyme functions shared across all known examples of life. We also demonstrate how a consensus model for the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is consistent with predictions from these scaling laws, with the exception of ligases and transferases. Our results establish the existence of a new kind of biochemical universality, independent of the details of the component chemistry, with implications for guiding our search for missing biochemical diversity on Earth, or other for any biochemistries that might deviate from the exact chemical make-up of life as we know it, such as at the origins of life, in alien environments, or in the design of synthetic life.
Role of GM-CSF in regulating metabolism and mitochondrial functions critical to macrophage proliferation
Authors: Wessendarp Matthew , Watanabe Miki , Liu Serena , Stankiewicz Traci , Ma Yan , Shima Kenjiro , Chalk Claudia , Carey Brenna , Rosendale Lindsey-Romick , Filippi Marie Dominique , Arumugam Paritha 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) exerts pleiotropic effects on macrophages and is required for self-renewal but the mechanisms responsible are unknown. Using GM-CSF receptor-β-chain deficient (Csf2rb−/−) mice, we show GM-CSF is critical for mitochondrial turnover, functions, and integrity. GM-CSF signaling is essential for fatty acid β-oxidation and markedly increased tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production. GM-CSF also regulated cytosolic pathways including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and amino acid synthesis. We conclude that GM-CSF regulates macrophages in part through a critical role in maintaining mitochondria, which are necessary for cellular metabolism as well as proliferation and self-renewal.
Prediction of adverse drug reactions associated with drug-drug interactions using hierarchical classification
Authors: Kim Catherine , Tatonetti Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with drug-drug interactions (DDIs) represent a significant threat to public health. Unfortunately, most conventional methods for prediction of DDI-associated ADRs suffer from limited applicability and/or provide no mechanistic insight into DDIs. In this study, a hierarchical machine learning model was created to predict DDI-associated ADRs and pharmacological insight thereof for any drug pair. Briefly, the model takes drugs’ chemical structures as inputs to predict their target, enzyme, and transporter (TET) profiles, which are subsequently utilized to assess occurrences of ADRs, with an overall accuracy of ~91%. The robustness of the model for ADR classification was validated with DDIs involving three widely prescribed drugs. The model was then applied for interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with DDIs involving atorvastatin, identifying the involvement of multiple targets, enzymes, and transporters in ILD. The model presented here is anticipated to serve as a versatile tool for enhancing drug safety.