bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pore‐Scale Investigation of the Electrical Resistivity of Saturated Porous Media: Flow Patterns and Porosity Efficiency
Authors: Sun Zhonghao , Mehmani Ayaz , Torres‐Verdín Carlos 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe electrical resistivity‐porosity relationship of porous media is critical for reliable formation evaluation. Archie's equation is empirical, and uses only porosity as pore‐space property, neglecting the spatial variability of the pore space; its fitting parameters may have unclear physical meaning and be nonconstant over a wider porosity range or in spatially complex rocks. We use microfluidics augmented with pore‐network modeling to investigate the effects of pore‐space properties and their evolution processes on electrical resistivity‐porosity relationships. Both a flow‐pattern parameter and a measure of porosity efficiency are implemented to quantify the spatial variability of the flow field and the conduction efficiency of porous media. Results indicate that both pore‐size distribution and pore‐space evolution impact the electrical behavior considerably. In cases of unimodal pore‐size distributions, a larger pore‐size variation or a higher porosity reduction in small pores results in higher values of Archie's porosity exponent, m; the flow pattern becomes more heterogeneous, and the efficiency of porosity to conduct electricity decreases. For cases of bimodal pore‐size distributions, the formation factor‐porosity relationship is nonlinear in log–log plots; the flow behavior is primarily affected by the fraction and connectivity of large pores. Results suggest that using porosity alone as pore‐space characteristic is inadequate to describe the electrical behavior of complex porous media. Petrophysical classification based on flow patterns and porosity efficiency is an effective alternative to differentiate the results. We introduce the electrical quality index as an effective parameter for petrophysical classification, which is verified with core data for both Fontainebleau sandstones and carbonates.
Activities of 223Ra and 226Ra in Fluids From the Lost City Hydrothermal Field Require Short Fluid Residence Times
Authors: Moore W. S. , Frankle J. D. , Benitez‐Nelson C. R. , Früh‐Green G. L. , Lang S. Q. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe residence time of fluids circulating through deep‐sea hydrothermal systems influences the extent of water‐rock reactions and the flux of major and minor elements to the ocean. While the fluid residence times in numerous basaltic and gabbroic systems have been determined, those of the less studied ultramafic systems are currently unknown. Fluids that interact with mantle rocks have fundamentally different chemistries and therefore have unique influences on seawater chemistry. In this first investigation of radium isotopes in a serpentinite‐hosted system, vent fluids were discovered to contain 10–100 times greater activities of 223Ra (half‐life = 11.4 days) than observed in high‐temperature basalt‐hosted systems. The 223Ra activities of 10–109 dpm L−1 produce 223Ra/226Ra activity ratios ranging from 9 to 109. These extremely high 223Ra activities, which are accompanied by low activities of 226Ra, place significant constraints on fluid residence times and the adsorption coefficient of radium between fluid and rock. Our data constrain the nondimensional retardation factor (R) to very low values between 1 and 4, reflecting the extent to which Ra is transported more slowly than fluids due to adsorption and other processes. These results suggest that the residence time of fluids in contact with serpentinite is less than 2 y and perhaps as low as 0.5 y. They are surprisingly similar to those of basalt‐hosted systems. Thus, fluids in hydrothermal systems share similar hydrogeological characteristics despite differences in rock types, underlying porosity, and heat sources, enabling larger‐scale models of hydrothermal biogeochemistry to be developed across systems.
Characteristics, Seasonality, and Secondary Formation Processes of Diacids and Related Compounds in Fine Aerosols During Warm and Cold Periods: Year‐Round Observations at Tianjin, North China
Authors: Li Peisen , Pavuluri Chandra Mouli , Dong Zhichao , Xu Zhanjie , Wang Yu , Fu Pingqing , Liu Cong‐Qiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo better understand the characteristics and sources of water‐soluble organic aerosols (OA) under different weather conditions, we collected fine aerosols (PM2.5) at an urban (ND) and a suburban (HEP) sites in Tianjin, North China over a 1‐year period and studied for diacids, oxoacids, and α‐dicarbonyls. Oxalic acid was found to be the most abundant (55.8 %± 10.7% at ND and 60.7% ± 13.0%) species during the campaign, followed by succinic and malonic acids, except for winter, in which phthalic acid was the third most abundant species at both the sites. Glyoxylic acid was found to be the most abundant (∼42%) oxoacids. Concentrations of diacids (range: 96.0–2137 ng m−3 at ND and 185–1227 ng m−3 at HEP) and related compounds were much higher in winter and lower in summer. Whereas the mass fractions of total diacids in PM2.5 and their carbon contents in TC, OC, and WSOC were 2–3 times higher in summer than that in winter. Based on seasonal variations in mass ratios, relative abundances and linear relations of selected marker species including nss‐K+, we found that water‐soluble OA over the Tianjin region were mainly derived from fossil fuel including coal combustion and biomass burning emissions and subsequent intensive photochemical processing in the atmosphere. The linear relations of diacids with ambient temperature, RH, SO42− and oxidants (O3 and NO2) and SO2 inferred that secondary formation and transformations of water‐soluble OA, particularly diacids and related compounds, in aqueous phase were more effective in cold period (October‐February), whereas in gas phase in warm period (March–September).
Quantitative Separation of Precipitation and Permafrost Waters Used for Evapotranspiration in a Boreal Forest: A Numerical Study Using Tracer Model
Authors: Park Hotaek , Tanoue Masahiro , Sugimoto Atsuko , Ichiyanagi Kimpei , Iwahana Go , Hiyama Tetsuya 
Published: November 2021

AbstractArctic precipitation (PG) that occurs as rainfall (Prain) or snowfall (Psnow) depending on the prevailing climatic conditions results in seasonally specific hydrological events. Climate change can affect the PG‐ and permafrost‐originated water (Pice) regimes, resulting in change to ecohydrological processes. However, the relative influences of source waters (i.e., Prain, Psnow, and Pice) on terrestrial hydrological processes have not yet been fully established. Here, we report the development and implementation of a numerical water tracer model designed to quantify changes in the storages and fluxes of the source waters and the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic tracers associated with hydrometeorological events. The presented tracer model was used to illustrate the spatiotemporal variability of the tracers in the surface–subsurface system of a deciduous needleleaf boreal forest and to separate the contribution rates of the tracer waters to evapotranspiration (ET). Although Psnow accounted for 22%–57% of ET and the subcomponents, the contribution rates to soil evaporation and transpiration were significant only during spring. The major source water for soil moisture was Prain, which accounted for 69.2% of ET and showed an increasing trend during 1980–2016. Additionally, Prain also accounted for 77.2% of transpiration. Under the present conditions of warming permafrost, Pice demonstrated negligibly low impact on ET. The tracer model was shown capable of quantifying the contribution rates of tracer waters to ET, highlighting the advantages of the tracer model for a similar quantitative separation regarding future climate change.
Mean Squared Error, Deconstructed
Authors: Hodson Timothy O. , Over Thomas M. , Foks Sydney S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs science becomes increasingly cross‐disciplinary and scientific models become increasingly cross‐coupled, standardized practices of model evaluation are more important than ever. For normally distributed data, mean squared error (MSE) is ideal as an objective measure of model performance, but it gives little insight into what aspects of model performance are “good” or “bad.” This apparent weakness has led to a myriad of specialized error metrics, which are sometimes aggregated to form a composite score. Such scores are inherently subjective, however, and while their components may be interpretable, the composite itself is not. We contend that, a better approach to model benchmarking and interpretation is to decompose MSE into interpretable components. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, we outline some fundamental types of decomposition and apply them to predictions at 1,021 streamgages across the conterminous United States from three streamflow models. Through this demonstration, we hope to show that each component in a decomposition represents a distinct concept, like “season” or “variability,” and that simple decompositions can be combined to represent more complex concepts, like “seasonal variability,” creating an expressive language through which to interrogate models and data.
Provenance of the Paleozoic to Mesozoic Siliciclastic Rocks of the Istanbul Zone Constrains the Timing of the Rheic Ocean Closure in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Authors: Akdoğan Remziye , Hu Xiumian , Okay Aral I. , Topuz Gültekin , Xue Weiwei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Intra‐Pontide Suture between the Istanbul and Sakarya zones was regarded debatably either as a Neotethyan Suture or a trace of the Rheic Suture in Turkey. Here, we present U‐Pb ages and Lu‐Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircons from the Silurian to Triassic sandstones of the Istanbul Zone. Upper Silurian‐Lower Devonian sandstone is dominated by Mesoproterozoic zircons (1950–900 Ma), with subordinate peaks at the latest Neoproterozoic to Silurian (750–420 Ma) and mid‐Archean (2850–2750 Ma) confirming their Avalonian affinity. Detrital zircon ages from Carboniferous‐Triassic sandstones show major peaks at Carboniferous‐Early Permian (360–270 Ma) and Late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian (750–480 Ma) while Mesoproterozoic zircons are insignificant. The εHf(t) values of the detrital zircons exhibit a wide range from −21.3 to +11.7, and over 62% of zircon grains have negative values, largely coinciding with those of the Paleozoic igneous rocks in the Sakarya Zone. The Istanbul Zone is devoid of Carboniferous igneous and/or metamorphic rocks. Therefore, abundant Carboniferous zircons and the disappearance of the Mesoproterozoic zircons in the Carboniferous‐Triassic sandstones of the Istanbul Zone require juxtaposition with a continental domain similar to the Sakarya and Strandja zones, which are characterized by widespread Carboniferous magmatism. We suggest that the Intra‐Pontide Suture represents the trace of the Rheic Suture in Turkey, along which Avalonia and Armorica collided during the Early Carboniferous.
Microglial ERK-NRBP1-CREB-BDNF signaling in sustained antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine
Authors: Yao Wei , Cao Qianqian , Luo Shilin , He Lujuan , Yang Chun , Chen Jiaxu , Qi Qi , Hashimoto Kenji , Zhang Ji-chun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract(R,S)-ketamine elicits rapid-acting and sustained antidepressant actions in treatment-resistant patients with depression. (R)-ketamine produces longer-lasting antidepressant effects than (S)-ketamine in rodents; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine remain unknown. Using isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification, we identified nuclear receptor-binding protein 1 (NRBP1) that could contribute to different antidepressant-like effects of the two enantiomers in chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model. NRBP1 was localized in the microglia and neuron, not astrocyte, of mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). (R)-ketamine increased the expression of NRBP1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB)/CREB ratio in primary microglia cultures thorough the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Furthermore, (R)-ketamine could activate BDNF transcription through activation of CREB as well as MeCP2 (methyl-CpG binding protein 2) suppression in microglia. Single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CREB-DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotides (CREB-HDO) or BDNF exon IV-HDO blocked the antidepressant-like effects of (R)-ketamine in CSDS susceptible mice. Moreover, microglial depletion by colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX3397 blocked the antidepressant-like effects of (R)-ketamine in CSDS susceptible mice. In addition, inhibition of microglia by single i.c.v. injection of mannosylated clodronate liposomes (MCLs) significantly blocked the antidepressant-like effects of (R)-ketamine in CSDS susceptible mice. Finally, single i.c.v. injection of CREB-HDO, BDNF exon IV-HDO or MCLs blocked the beneficial effects of (R)-ketamine on the reduced dendritic spine density in the mPFC of CSDS susceptible mice. These data suggest a novel ERK-NRBP1-CREB-BDNF pathways in microglia underlying antidepressant-like effects of (R)-ketamine.
Abnormal synergistic gait mitigation in acute stroke using an innovative ankle–knee–hip interlimb humanoid robot: a preliminary randomized controlled trial
Authors: Park Chanhee , Oh-Park Mooyeon , Bialek Amy , Friel Kathleen , Edwards Dylan , You Joshua Sung H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAbnormal spasticity and associated synergistic patterns are the most common neuromuscular impairments affecting ankle–knee–hip interlimb coordinated gait kinematics and kinetics in patients with hemiparetic stroke. Although patients with hemiparetic stroke undergo various treatments to improve gait and movement, it remains unknown how spasticity and associated synergistic patterns change after robot-assisted and conventional treatment. We developed an innovative ankle–knee–hip interlimb coordinated humanoid robot (ICT) to mitigate abnormal spasticity and synergistic patterns. The objective of the preliminary clinical trial was to compare the effects of ICT combined with conventional physical therapy (ICT-C) and conventional physical therapy and gait training (CPT-G) on abnormal spasticity and synergistic gait patterns in 20 patients with acute hemiparesis. We performed secondary analyses aimed at elucidating the biomechanical effects of Walkbot ICT on kinematic (spatiotemporal parameters and angles) and kinetic (active force, resistive force, and stiffness) gait parameters before and after ICT in the ICT-C group. The intervention for this group comprised 60-min conventional physical therapy plus 30-min robot-assisted training, 7 days/week, for 2 weeks. Significant biomechanical effects in knee joint kinematics; hip, knee, and ankle active forces; hip, knee, and ankle resistive forces; and hip, knee, and ankle stiffness were associated with ICT-C. Our novel findings provide promising evidence for conventional therapy supplemented by robot-assisted therapy for abnormal spasticity, synergistic, and altered biomechanical gait impairments in patients in the acute post-stroke recovery phase.Trial Registration: Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT03554642 (14/01/2020).
Developing water, energy, and food sustainability performance indicators for agricultural systems
Authors: Zarei Soheila , Bozorg-Haddad Omid , Singh Vijay P. , Loáiciga Hugo A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWater use by the agricultural sector along with inefficient irrigation methods and climate change has led to the depletion and insecurity of water resources and consequent instability of the agricultural system. Defining benchmarks and comparing them is essential for sustainable system management performance. The sustainability performance of an agricultural system depends on various factors related to water, energy, and food. This study selects and ranks sustainability performance indicators (SPIs) of agricultural systems with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Expert opinions on agricultural sustainability were obtained from Iran’s Regional Water Organization. The factors and variables affecting the management of water resources in agricultural systems in a basin area are evaluated with 17 SPIs (10 indicators of water resources sustainability, 3 energy sustainability indicators, and 4 food sustainability indicators) that measure the sustainability of agricultural systems. The AHP reduced the number of indicators to a small number of effective indicators. Results of pairwise comparison and the subsequent determination of the weight of each indicator show that the indicators of water consumption, groundwater level stability, vulnerability of water resources, and water stress have the largest weights (i.e., importance) for agricultural system sustainability at the basin scale. These selected indicators can be applied to agricultural water systems (AWSs).
Association between ADAMTS13 deficiency and cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients
Authors: Hung Shih-Yuan , Lin Tsun-Mei , Liou Hung-Hsiang , Chen Ching-Yang , Liao Wei-Ting , Wang Hsi-Hao , Ho Li-Chun , Wu Ching-Fang , Lee Yi-Che , Chang Min-Yu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA mild decrease of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospodin type 1 motif 13) could attribute to stroke and coronary heart disease in general population. However, the role of ADAMTS13 in hemodialysis (HD) patients remains to be explored. This cross-sectional and observational cohort study enrolled 98 chronic HD patients and 100 normal subjects with the aims to compare the ADAMTS13 activity between chronic HD patients and normal subjects, and to discover the role of ADAMTS13 on the newly developed cardiovascular events for HD patients in a 2-year follow-up. Our HD patients had a significantly lower ADAMTS13 activity than normal subjects, 41.0 ± 22.8% versus 102.3 ± 17.7%,p < 0.001. ADAMTS13 activity was positively correlated with diabetes, triglyceride and hemoglobin A1c, and negatively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in HD patients. With a follow-up of 20.3 ± 7.3 months, the Cox proportional hazards model revealed that low ADAMTS13, comorbid diabetes, and coronary heart diseases have independent correlations with the development of cardiovascular events. Our study demonstrated that chronic HD patients have a markedly decreased ADAMTS13 activity than normal subjects. Although ADAMTS13 seems to correlate well with diabetes, high triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, ADAMTS13 deficiency still carries an independent risk for cardiovascular events in chronic HD patients.
Characterization of the low energy conformations and differential reactivities of d-glucose and d-mannose based oxepines
Authors: Griesbach Caleb E. , Peczuh Mark W. 
Published: November 2021

Low energy conformations of two carbohydrate-based oxepines were characterized by computational methods and 3JH,H coupling constant analysis. Oxepine reactivity in Ferrier reactions was correlated with percentage vinylogous anomeric effect (VAE).
Beyond Percent Correct: Measuring Change in Individual Picture Naming Ability
Authors: Walker Grant M. , Basilakos Alexandra , Fridriksson Julius , Hickok Gregory 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:Meaningful changes in picture naming responses may be obscured when measuring accuracy instead of quality. A statistic that incorporates information about the severity and nature of impairments may be more sensitive to the effects of treatment.Method:We analyzed data from repeated administrations of a naming test to 72 participants with stroke aphasia in a clinical trial for anomia therapy. Participants were divided into two groups for analysis to demonstrate replicability. We assessed reliability among response type scores from five raters. We then derived four summary statistics of naming ability and their changes over time for each participant: (a) the standard accuracy measure, (b) an accuracy measure adjusted for item difficulty, (c) an accuracy measure adjusted for item difficulty for specific response types, and (d) a distance measure adjusted for item difficulty for specific response types. While accuracy measures address the likelihood of a correct response, the distance measure reflects that different response types range in their similarity to the target. Model fit was assessed. The frequency of significant improvements and the average magnitude of improvements for each summary statistic were compared between treatment groups and a control group. Effect sizes for each model-based statistic were compared with the effect size for the standard accuracy measure.Results:Interrater and intrarater reliability were near perfect, on average, though compromised somewhat by phonological-level errors. The effects of treatment were more evident, in terms of both frequency and magnitude, when using the distance measure versus the other accuracy statistics.Conclusions:Consideration of item difficulty and response types revealed additional effects of treatment on naming scores beyond those observed for the standard accuracy measure. The results support theories that assume naming ability is decomposable into subabilities rather than being monolithic, suggesting new opportunities for measuring treatment outcomes.Supplemental Material:https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.17019515
Can the EU be a federal democracy? Assessing the horizontal and vertical dimension of the EU government from comparative perspective
Authors: Sonnicksen Jared 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe European Union remains an ambivalent polity. This uncertainty complicates the assessment of its democratic and federal quality. Drawing on comparative federalism research can contribute not only to making sense of whether, or rather which kind of federalism the EU has developed. It can also enable addressing such a compounded, but necessary inquiry into the federal and democratic character of the EU and how to ascertain whichtypeof democratic government for whichtypeof federal union may be appropriate. The article first elaborates a framework to assess the dimensions of federal and democratic government, drawing on comparative federalism research to delineate basic types of federal democracy. Here the democratic dimension of government is taken as referring primarily to thehorizontaldivision of powers (among ‘branches’) of government, the federal dimension to theverticaldivision of powers (among ‘levels’) of governments. The framework is applied to the government of the EU in order to gauge its own type(s) of division of power arrangements and the interlinkage between them. Finally, the discussion reflects on whether or rather how the EU could comprise afederal democracy, especially in light of recent crisis challenges and subsequent institutional developments in EU governance.
A traveling-wave solution for bacterial chemotaxis with growth
Authors: Narla Avaneesh V. , Cremer Jonas , Hwa Terence 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Motility is one of the most striking bacterial behaviors common among many species. Motile bacteria can expand rapidly into previously unoccupied habitats, thus increasing fitness. Fast expansion is fostered by the sensing of gradients which the bacteria generate themselves and is further boosted by cell growth. Here we analyze the integrated dynamics of these processes mathematically. The relations obtained provide an analytical description of the expansion process and its dependence on core bacterial and environmental characteristics, like the growth rate, the abundance of chemical attractants in the surroundings, and the detection limit of the attractants.