bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weapons from the South: Democratization, Civil Society, and Brazil's Arms Exports
Authors: de Moraes Rodrigo Fracalossi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhat explains the existence of humanitarian concerns in decisions involving arms transfers? This paper examines the potential influence of democratization and civil society activities on arms transfer policies and practice through a case study on Brazil. Brazil's re-democratization in 1985 provides an opportunity to test whether a change of regime type influences arms export behavior and whether civil society groups can influence it in newly democratized countries. Based on evidence collected mainly through archival research at Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and semi-structured interviews, this paper argues that transitioning to democracy had an immediate effect on arms transfer policies and practice in Brazil. After the end of Brazil's military regime, arms export policies and practice changed due mainly to reputational concerns: a stricter arms control could provide reputational gains to Brazil in an international norm environment where liberal values were perceived to be cascading. In addition to this immediate effect, democratic institutions created better conditions for the emergence of civil society groups campaigning for a stricter arms control, which emerged in the late 1990s. The paper studies a campaign and network led by the civil society group Viva Rio, which led to the introduction of a stricter policy on arms sales to most Latin American and Caribbean countries. These findings imply that democratization has both short- and long-term effects on arms transfers and that democratic institutions can influence state behavior regarding arms transfers even in countries with little tradition of civil society groups working with arms control.
Outcomes of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Yeh Shyh-An , Hwang Tzer-Zen , Wang Chih-Chun , Yang Chuen-Chien , Lien Ching-Feng , Wang Chien-Chung , Hsu Tun-Yen , Hsu Ruey-Feng , Shih Yu-Chen , Huang Yaw-Chang , Hsieh Meng-Che , Gau Jhy-Shyan , Chang Liyun , Lee Tsair-Fwu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNasopharyngeal cancer shows a good response to intensity-modulated radiotherapy. However, there is no clear evidence for the benefits of routine use of image-guided radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to perform a retrospective investigation of the treatment outcomes, treatment-related complications and prognostic factors for nasopharyngeal cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy techniques. Retrospective analysis was performed on 326 consecutive nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated between 2004 and 2015. Potentially significant patient-related and treatment-related variables were analyzed. Radiation-related complications were recorded. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates of these patients were 77.9% and 70.5%, respectively. Age, AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) stage, retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy, treatment interruption and body mass index were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Age, AJCC stage, retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy, image-guided radiotherapy and body mass index were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival. In conclusion, intensity-modulated radiotherapy significantly improves the treatment outcomes of nasopharyngeal cancer. With the aid of image-guided radiotherapy, the advantage of intensity-modulated radiotherapy might be further amplified.
Intrapulmonary solitary fibrous tumour: a case report
Authors: Horikiri Akie , Tsubochi Hiroyoshi , Mizukoshi Natsuki , Myobatake Ryota , Sakurai Hidetaka , Shibano Tomoki , Kanai Yoshihiko , Yamamoto Shinichi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumours (SFTs) mainly originate from the visceral pleura and may protrude to the thoracic cavity, but intrapulmonary SFTs are extremely rare. We describe a rare case of SFT arising in the right lung of an 83-year-old man who underwent surgical excision. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a 10-mm tumour in the lower lobe of the right lung. The size of tumour gradually increased and reached 17 mm 2 years after the first radiologic examination. Considering the possibility of malignancy, wedge resection of the right lower lobe was performed via video-assisted thoracic surgery. Microscopically, the tumour consisted mainly of spindle-shaped cells. Immunohistochemical staining indicated the tumour was positive for CD34, STAT6, vimentin and bcl-2, but negative for cytokeratins, D2–40 and S-100. Based on the histological findings, the tumour was diagnosed as SFT. The patient has been in good health for 6 months since the surgery.
Cytoreductive surgical resection of a rare pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma involving the pulmonary valve and right ventricle: a case report
Authors: Williams Michael L , Tan Charis , Misfeld Martin , Yan Tristan D 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma (PAIS) is an extremely rare malignant tumour. It is often misdiagnosed as chronic pulmonary thromboembolism. We describe a complex case in a 70-year-old man with PAIS extending into his right ventricle undergoing salvage cytoreductive surgical resection utilizing bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome. The prognosis for PAIS is extremely poor, with a median survival of 1.5 months without surgical resection. Cytoreductive surgical debulking can improve the median survival time to 17 months. The main aim of palliative surgical resection is to improve ventilation–perfusion mismatch and prevent haemodynamic collapse.
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a clinical seminar
Authors: Manesh Abi , Meltzer Eyal , Jin Celina , Britto Carl , Deodhar Divya , Radha Sneha , Schwartz Eli , Rupali Priscilla 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Rationale for review: Enteric fever (EF) caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) and S. Paratyphi (Salmonella Paratyphi) remains an important cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in many low-income countries and, therefore, still poses a major infectious risk for travellers to endemic countries.
Main findings: Although the global burden of EF has decreased over the past two decades, prevalence of EF remains high in Asia and Africa, with the highest prevalence reported from the Indian subcontinent. These statistics are mirrored by data on travel-related EF. Widespread and increasing antimicrobial resistance has narrowed treatment options for travel-related EF. Ceftriaxone- and azithromycin-based therapies are commonly used, even with the emergence of extremely drug-resistant typhoid in Pakistan. Preventive measures among locals and travellers include provision of safe food and water and vaccination. Food and water precautions offer limited protection, and the efficacy of Salmonella Typhi vaccines is only moderate signifying the need for travellers to be extra cautious.
Recommendations: Improvement in the diagnosis of typhoid with high degree of clinical suspicion, better diagnostic assays, early and accurate detection of resistance, therapy with appropriate drugs, improvements in hygiene and sanitation with provision of safe drinking water in endemic areas and vaccination among travellers as well as in the endemic population are keys to controlling typhoid. While typhoid vaccines are recommended for travellers to high-risk areas, moderate efficacy and inability to protect against Salmonella Paratyphi are limitations to bear in mind. Improved Salmonella Typhi vaccines and vaccines against Salmonella Paratyphi A are required.
Fatal outcomes of imported dengue fever in adult travelers from non-endemic areas are associated with primary infections
Authors: Huits Ralph , Schwartz Eli 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
The case-fatality rate of dengue in travelers is low. Secondary dengue virus (DENV) infections are considered a risk factor for fatal outcome in endemic populations; however, the impact of secondary infections on mortality in travelers has not been studied systematically. We performed a descriptive analysis of case reports of dengue fatalities in travelers.

Methods
We searched Medline for clinical case reports, using the free terms and MeSH headings: ‘Dengue’ OR ‘Severe Dengue’ AND ‘Travel-Related Illness’ OR ‘travel’ AND ‘Mortality’ OR ‘Fatal Outcome’. We analyzed case reports of fatal dengue in returning travelers published from 1995 to 2020, with the objective to detail risk factors for dengue mortality in this population. We verified the authors’ classifications of primary or secondary dengue infections; infections were considered as primary by absence of anti-DENV immunoglobulin (Ig)G or by IgM-to-IgG ratios greater than or equal to 1.8 in the first 7 days post symptom onset.

Results
We identified nine detailed reports of dengue with fatal outcome among travelers from non-endemic countries. Eight fatalities were female. The median age was 32 years (range 21–63). Out of nine fatal cases, seven travelers had a primary DENV infection, one had a secondary infection and, in one, these data were not reported. The infecting DENV serotypes were DENV-1 (n = 2), DENV-2 (n = 2) and DENV-3 (n = 3); DENV-1 or 2 (n = 1) and in one case, the serotype could not be determined.

Conclusions
Dengue-related deaths in travelers are rare. Most dengue cases in travelers are primary infections. Contrary to prevailing conceptions, we found that fatal outcomes of dengue in travelers from non-endemic countries were reported mainly with primary DENV infections. We alert health care providers that primary DENV infections are not always harmless and that in adult travelers from non-endemic countries, primary infections may contribute more to dengue-related mortality than secondary infections.
The effects of different Type Ia SN yields on Milky Way chemical evolution
Authors: Palla Marco 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the effect of different Type Ia SN nucleosynthesis prescriptions on the Milky Way chemical evolution. To this aim, we run detailed one-infall and two-infall chemical evolution models, adopting a large compilation of yield sets corresponding to different white dwarf progenitors (near-Chandrasekar and sub-Chandrasekar) taken from the literature. We adopt a fixed delay time distribution function for Type Ia SNe, in order to avoid degeneracies in the analysis of the different nucleosynthesis channels. We also combine yields for different Type Ia SN progenitors in order to test the contribution to chemical evolution of different Type Ia SN channels. The results of the models are compared with recent LTE and NLTE observational data. We find that ‘classical’ W7 and WDD2 models produce Fe masses and [α/Fe] abundance patterns similar to more recent and physical near-Chandrasekar and sub-Chandrasekar models. For Fe-peak elements, we find that the results strongly depend either on the white dwarf explosion mechanism (deflagration-to-detonation, pure deflagration, double detonation) or on the initial white dwarf conditions (central density, explosion pattern). The comparison of chemical evolution model results with observations suggests that a combination of near-Chandrasekar and sub-Chandrasekar yields is necessary to reproduce the data of V, Cr, Mn and Ni, with different fractions depending on the adopted massive stars stellar yields. This comparison also suggests that NLTE and singly ionized abundances should be definitely preferred when dealing with most of Fe-peak elements at low metallicity.
Magnetorotational core collapse of possible GRB progenitors – III. Three-dimensional models
Authors: Obergaulinger M , Aloy M Á 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We explore the influence of non-axisymmetric modes on the dynamics of the collapsed core of rotating, magnetized high-mass stars in three-dimensional simulations of a rapidly rotating star with an initial mass of $M_{\rm {\small ZAMS}} = 35 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ endowed with four different pre-collapse configurations of the magnetic field, ranging from moderate to very strong field strength and including the field predicted by the stellar evolution model. The model with the weakest magnetic field achieves shock revival due to neutrino heating in a gain layer characterized by a large-scale, hydrodynamic m = 1 spiral mode. Later on, the growing magnetic field of the proto neutron star launches weak outflows into the early ejecta. Their orientation follows the evolution of the rotational axis of the proto neutron star, which starts to tilt from the original orientation due to the asymmetric accretion flows impinging on its surface. The models with stronger magnetization generate mildly relativistic, magnetically driven polar outflows propagating over a distance of 104  km within a few $100 \, \textrm {ms}$. These jets are stabilized against disruptive non-axisymmetric instabilities by their fast propagation and by the shear of their toroidal magnetic field. Within the simulation times of around $1 \, \textrm {s}$, the explosions reach moderate energies and the growth of the proto neutron star masses ceases at values substantially below the threshold for black hole formation, which, in combination with the high rotational energies, might suggest a possible later proto-magnetar activity.
Multiwavelength observations of the Galactic X-ray binaries IGR J20155+3827 and Swift J1713.4−4219
Authors: Onori F , Fiocchi M , Masetti N , Rojas A F , Bazzano A , Bassani L , Bird A J 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
In recent years, thanks to the continuous surveys performed by INTEGRAL and Swift satellites, our knowledge of the hard X-ray/soft gamma-ray sky has greatly improved. As a result it is now populated with about 2000 sources, both Galactic and extra-galactic, mainly discovered by IBIS and BAT instruments. Many different follow-up campaigns have been successfully performed by using a multiwavelength approach, shedding light on the nature of a number of these new hard X-ray sources. However, a fraction are still of an unidentified nature. This is mainly due to the lack of lower energy observations, which usually deliver a better constrained position for the sources, and the unavailability of the key observational properties, needed to obtain a proper physical characterization. Here, we report on the classification of two poorly studied Galactic X-ray transients IGR J20155+3827 and Swift J1713.4−4219, for which the combination of new and/or archival X-ray and optical/NIR (near-infrared) observations have allowed us to pinpoint their nature. In particular, thanks to XMM–Newton archival data together with new optical spectroscopic and archival optical/NIR photometric observations, we have been able to classify IGR J20155+3827 as a distant HMXB (high-mass X-ray binaries). The new INTEGRAL and Swift data collected during the 2019 X-ray outburst of Swift J1713.4−4219, in combination with the archival optical/NIR observations, suggest an LMXB (low-mass X-ray binaries) classification for this source.
Comparing turbulence in a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability region across the terrestrial magnetopause
Authors: Quijia Paulina , Fraternale Federico , Stawarz Julia E , Vásconez Christian L , Perri Silvia , Marino Raffaele , Yordanova Emiliya , Sorriso-Valvo Luca 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThe properties of turbulence observed within the plasma originating from the magnetosheath and the magnetospheric boundary layer, which have been entrained within vortices driven by the Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability (KHI), are compared. The goal of such a study is to determine similarities and differences between the two different regions. In particular, we study spectra, intermittency and the third-order moment scaling, as well as the distribution of a local energy transfer rate proxy. The analysis is performed using the Magnetospheric Multiscale data from a single satellite that crosses longitudinally the KHI. Two sets of regions, one set containing predominantly magnetosheath plasma and the other containing predominantly magnetospheric plasma, are analysed separately, thus allowing us to explore turbulence properties in two portions of very different plasma samples. Results show that the dynamics in the two regions is different, with the boundary layer plasma presenting a shallower spectra and larger energy transfer rate, indicating an early stage of turbulence. In both regions, the effect of the KHI is evidenced.
A million binaries from Gaia eDR3: sample selection and validation of Gaia parallax uncertainties
Authors: El-Badry Kareem , Rix Hans-Walter , Heintz Tyler M 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We construct from Gaia eDR3 an extensive catalogue of spatially resolved binary stars within ≈1 kpc of the Sun, with projected separations ranging from a few au to 1 pc. We estimate the probability that each pair is a chance alignment empirically, using the Gaia catalogue itself to calculate the rate of chance alignments as a function of observables. The catalogue contains 1.3 (1.1) million binaries with &gt;90 per cent (&gt;99 per cent) probability of being bound, including 16 000 white dwarf – main-sequence (WD + MS) binaries and 1400 WD + WD binaries. We make the full catalogue publicly available, as well as the queries and code to produce it. We then use this sample to calibrate the published Gaia DR3 parallax uncertainties, making use of the binary components’ near-identical parallaxes. We show that these uncertainties are generally reliable for faint stars (G ≳ 18), but are underestimated significantly for brighter stars. The underestimates are generally $\leq30{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for isolated sources with well-behaved astrometry, but are larger (up to ∼80 per cent) for apparently well-behaved sources with a companion within ≲4 arcsec, and much larger for sources with poor astrometric fits. We provide an empirical fitting function to inflate published σϖ values for isolated sources. The public catalogue offers wide ranging follow-up opportunities: from calibrating spectroscopic surveys, to precisely constraining ages of field stars, to the masses and the initial–final mass relation of WDs, to dynamically probing the Galactic tidal field.
The role of resonant plasma instabilities in the evolution of blazar-induced pair beams
Authors: Perry Roy , Lyubarsky Yuri 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The fate of relativistic pair beams produced in the intergalactic medium by very high energy emission from blazars remains controversial in the literature. The possible role of resonance beam plasma instability has been studied both analytically and numerically but no consensus has been reached. In this paper, we thoroughly analyse the development of this type of instability. This analysis takes into account that a highly relativistic beam loses energy only due to interactions with the plasma waves propagating within the opening angle of the beam (we call them parallel waves), whereas excitation of oblique waves results merely in an angular spreading of the beam, which reduces the instability growth rate. For parallel waves, the growth rate is a few times larger than for oblique ones, so they grow faster than oblique waves and drain energy from the beam before it expands. However, the specific property of extragalactic beams is that they are extraordinarily narrow; the opening angle is only Δθ ∼ 10−6 to 10−5. In this case, the width of the resonance for parallel waves, ∝Δθ2, is too small for them to grow in realistic conditions. We perform both analytical estimates and numerical simulations in the quasi-linear regime. These show that for extragalactic beams, the growth of the waves is incapable of taking a significant portion of the beam’s energy. This type of instability could at best lead to an expansion of the beam by some factor but the beam’s energy remains nearly intact.
Three-dimensional imaging and reconstruction of the whole ovary and testis: a new frontier for the reproductive scientist
Authors: Fiorentino Giulia , Parrilli Annapaola , Garagna Silvia , Zuccotti Maurizio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe 3D functional reconstruction of a whole organ or organism down to the single cell level and to the subcellular components and molecules is a major future scientific challenge. The recent convergence of advanced imaging techniques with an impressively increased computing power allowed early attempts to translate and combine 2D images and functional data to obtain in-silico organ 3D models. This review first describes the experimental pipeline required for organ 3D reconstruction: from the collection of 2D serial images obtained with light, confocal, light-sheet microscopy or tomography, followed by their registration, segmentation and subsequent 3D rendering. Then, we summarise the results of investigations performed so far by applying these 3D image analyses to the study of the female and male mammalian gonads. These studies highlight the importance of working towards a 3D in-silico model of the ovary and testis as a tool to gain insights into their biology during the phases of differentiation or adulthood, in normal or pathological conditions. Furthermore, the use of 3D imaging approaches opens to key technical improvements, ranging from image acquisition to optimisation and development of new processing tools, and unfolds novel possibilities for multidisciplinary research.
Anti-CRISPR AcrIF9 functions by inducing the CRISPR–Cas complex to bind DNA non-specifically
Authors: Lu Wang-Ting , Trost Chantel N , Müller-Esparza Hanna , Randau Lennart , Davidson Alan R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhages and other mobile genetic elements express anti-CRISPR proteins (Acrs) to protect their genomes from destruction by CRISPR–Cas systems. Acrs usually block the ability of CRISPR–Cas systems to bind or cleave their nucleic acid substrates. Here, we investigate an unusual Acr, AcrIF9, that induces a gain-of-function to a type I-F CRISPR–Cas (Csy) complex, causing it to bind strongly to DNA that lacks both a PAM sequence and sequence complementarity. We show that specific and non-specific dsDNA compete for the same site on the Csy:AcrIF9 complex with rapid exchange, but specific ssDNA appears to still bind through complementarity to the CRISPR RNA. Induction of non-specific DNA-binding is a shared property of diverse AcrIF9 homologues. Substitution of a conserved positively charged surface on AcrIF9 abrogated non-specific dsDNA-binding of the Csy:AcrIF9 complex, but specific dsDNA binding was maintained. AcrIF9 mutants with impaired non-specific dsDNA binding activity in vitro displayed a reduced ability to inhibit CRISPR–Cas activity in vivo. We conclude that misdirecting the CRISPR–Cas complex to bind non-specific DNA is a key component of the inhibitory mechanism of AcrIF9. This inhibitory mechanism is distinct from a previously characterized anti-CRISPR, AcrIF1, that sterically blocks DNA-binding, even though AcrIF1and AcrIF9 bind to the same site on the Csy complex.