bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From black hole to white hole via the intermediate static state
Authors: Volovik G. E. 
Published: June 2021

We discuss the macroscopic quantum tunneling from the black hole to the white hole of the same mass. Previous calculations in [G. E. Volovik, Universe 6, 133 (2020)] demonstrated that the probability of the tunneling is [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the entropy of the Schwarzschild black hole. This in particular suggests that the entropy of the white hole is with minus sign the entropy of the black hole, [Formula: see text]. Here, we use a different way of calculations. We consider three different types of the hole objects: black hole, white hole and the fully static intermediate state. The probability of tunneling transitions between these three states is found using singularities in the coordinate transformations between these objects. The black and white holes are described by the Painleve–Gullstrand coordinates with opposite shift vectors, while the intermediate state is described by the static Schwarzschild coordinates. The singularities in the coordinate transformations lead to the imaginary part in the action, which determines the tunneling exponent. For the white hole the same negative entropy is obtained, while the intermediate state — the fully static hole — has zero entropy. This procedure is extended to the Reissner–Nordström black hole and to its white and static partners, and also to the entropy and temperature of the de Sitter Universe.
Refined mass estimate for bilepton gauge boson
Authors: Corianò Claudio , Frampton Paul H. 
Published: June 2021

Using the most recent experimental data on parameters of the standard electroweak theory, as well as renormalization group equations with a boundary matching condition, we derive a refined and more accurate value for the mass of the doubly-charged bilepton [Formula: see text] occurring in the spontaneous breaking of the gauge group [Formula: see text] to the standard electroweak gauge group [Formula: see text]. Our result is [Formula: see text] TeV.
The Effects of Cue Reliability on Crossmodal Recalibration in Adults and Children
Authors: Rohlf Sophie , Bruns Patrick , Röder Brigitte 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Reliability-based cue combination is a hallmark of multisensory integration, while the role of cue reliability for crossmodal recalibration is less understood. The present study investigated whether visual cue reliability affects audiovisual recalibration in adults and children. Participants had to localize sounds, which were presented either alone or in combination with a spatially discrepant high- or low-reliability visual stimulus. In a previous study we had shown that the ventriloquist effect (indicating multisensory integration) was overall larger in the children groups and that the shift in sound localization toward the spatially discrepant visual stimulus decreased with visual cue reliability in all groups. The present study replicated the onset of the immediate ventriloquist aftereffect (a shift in unimodal sound localization following a single exposure of a spatially discrepant audiovisual stimulus) at the age of 6–7 years. In adults the immediate ventriloquist aftereffect depended on visual cue reliability, whereas the cumulative ventriloquist aftereffect (reflecting the audiovisual spatial discrepancies over the complete experiment) did not. In 6–7-year-olds the immediate ventriloquist aftereffect was independent of visual cue reliability. The present results are compatible with the idea of immediate and cumulative crossmodal recalibrations being dissociable processes and that the immediate ventriloquist aftereffect is more closely related to genuine multisensory integration.
Non-linearity in the pathway of El Niño-Southern Oscillation to the tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Casselman Jake W. , Taschetto Andréa S. , Domeisen Daniela I.V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEl Niño-Southern Oscillation can influence the Tropical North Atlantic (TNA), leading to anomalous sea surface temperatures (SST) at a lag of several months. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this teleconnection. These mechanisms include both tropical and extratropical pathways, contributing to anomalous trade winds and static stability over the TNA region. The TNA SST response to ENSO has been suggested to be nonlinear. Yet the overall linearity of the ENSO-TNA teleconnection via the two pathways remains unclear. Here we use reanalysis data to confirm that the SST anomaly (SSTA) in the TNA is nonlinear with respect to the strength of the SST forcing in the tropical Pacific, as further increases in El Niño magnitudes cease to create further increases of the TNA SSTA. We further show that the tropical pathway is more linear than the extratropical pathway by sub-dividing the inter-basin connection into extratropical and tropical pathways. This is confirmed by a climate model participating in the CMIP5. The extratropical pathway is modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the location of the SSTA in the Pacific, but this modulation insufficiently explains the nonlinearity in TNA SSTA. As neither extratropical nor tropical pathways can explain the nonlinearity, this suggests that external factors are at play. Further analysis shows that the TNA SSTA is highly influenced by the preconditioning of the tropical Atlantic SST. This preconditioning is found to be associated with the NAO through SST-tripole patterns.
Reduction in Short‐ and Long‐term Pneumonia Rate With Laryngoplasty for Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
Authors: Hsu Cheng‐Ming , Tsai Yao‐Te , Chang Geng‐He , Yang Yao‐Hsu , Fang Tuan‐Jen , Lee Yi‐Chan , Liu Chia‐Yen , Lin Meng‐Hung , Wang Yun‐Ting , Tsai Ming‐Shao 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the association of laryngoplasty, voice therapy, and pneumonia rate in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP).Study DesignPopulation‐based retrospective cohort study.SettingData were collected from the LHID2000 (Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000), containing the information of 1 million randomly selected patients in Taiwan.MethodsIn the LHID2000, we identified 439 patients having new diagnoses of UVFP from 1997 to 2013. We grouped the aforementioned patients according to UVFP treatment and probed the occurrence of pneumonia: 305 patients underwent laryngoplasty or voice therapy, and 134 patients did not undergo treatment. Follow‐up procedures were executed for the enrollees until death or December 31, 2013, representing the end of the study period. We assessed the association of UVFP treatment and pneumonia by executing Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsThe pneumonia cumulative incidence was significantly higher among enrolled patients without treatment than in those receiving treatment (P <. 001). The pneumonia incidence was significantly lower in patients receiving UVFP treatment (hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.27‐0.88; P =. 018), as validated by the Cox proportional hazards model after adjustment. Patients undergoing laryngoplasty with or without voice therapy had a significantly lower incidence of pneumonia at 6 months and 1, 3, and 5 years, whereas those undergoing voice therapy alone did not.ConclusionLaryngoplasty was associated with a lower incidence of short‐ and long‐term pneumonia in patients with UVFP. Physicians should encourage patients with UVFP at risk of aspiration to receive prompt evaluation as well as treatment.
Extubation Failure in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: Risk Factors and Impact on In-Hospital Mortality
Authors: Ionescu Filip , Zimmer Markie S. , Petrescu Ioana , Castillo Edward , Bozyk Paul , Abbas Amr , Abplanalp Lauren , Dogra Sanjay , Nair Girish B. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose: We sought to identify clinical factors that predict extubation failure (reintubation) and its prognostic implications in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: Retrospective, multi-center cohort study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Multivariate competing risk models were employed to explore the rate of reintubation and its determining factors. Results: Two hundred eighty-one extubated patients were included (mean age, 61.0 years [±13.9]; 54.8% male). Reintubation occurred in 93 (33.1%). In multivariate analysis accounting for death, reintubation risk increased with age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.04 per 1-year increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 -1.06), vasopressors (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.04-3.60), renal replacement (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.22-3.29), maximum PEEP (HR 1.07 per 1-unit increase, 95% CI 1.02 -1.12), paralytics (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.08-2.25) and requiring more than nasal cannula immediately post-extubation (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.37-3.50). Reintubation was associated with higher mortality (36.6% vs 2.1%; P < 0.0001) and risk of inpatient death after adjusting for multiple factors (HR 23.2, 95% CI 6.45-83.33). Prone ventilation, corticosteroids, anticoagulation, remdesivir and tocilizumab did not impact the risk of reintubation or death. Conclusions: Up to 1 in 3 critically ill COVID-19 patients required reintubation. Older age, paralytics, high PEEP, need for greater respiratory support following extubation and non-pulmonary organ failure predicted reintubation. Extubation failure strongly predicted adverse outcomes.
Cost of Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Pan India Study
Authors: Nagarathna Raghuram , Madhava M , Patil Suchitra S. , Singh Amit , Perumal K. , Ningombam Ganga , Nagendra and Hongasandra R. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major noncommunicable disease. While mortality rates are increasing, the costs of managing the disease are also increasing. The all-India average monthly expenditure per person (pppm) is reported to be ₹ 1,098.25, which translates to an annual expenditure of ₹13,179 per person. Purpose: While a number of studies have gone into the aspect of the cost of disease management, we do not find any study which has pan-India reach. We also do not find studies that focus on differences (if any) between rural and urban areas, age or on the basis of gender. We planned to report the cost of illness (COI) in diabetes individuals as compared to others from the data of a pan-India trial. Methods: Government of India commissioned the Indian Yoga Association to study the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in India in 2017. As part of the questionnaire, the cost of treatment was also captured. Data collected from 25 states and union territories were analyzed using the analysis of covriance (ANCOVA) test on SPSS version 21. Results: There was a significant difference ( P < .05) between the average expenses per person per month (pppm) of individuals with self-reported known diabetes (₹1,357.65 pppm) and others (unknown and/or nondiabetes individuals–₹ 999.91 pppm). Similarly, there was a significant difference between rural (₹2,893 pppm) and urban (₹4,162 pppm) participants and between those below (₹1,996 pppm) and above 40 years (₹5,059 pppm) of age. Conclusion: This preliminary report has shown that the COI because of diabetes is significantly higher than others pointing to an urgent need to promote disease-preventive measures.
Systematic review with pooled data analysis reveals the need for a standardized reporting protocol including the visceral vessels during fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (FEVAR)
Authors: Karaolanis Georgios I , Antonopoulos Constantine N , Scali Salvatore , Koutsias Stylianos G , Kotelis Drosos , Donas Konstantinos P 
Published: June 2021

Objectives To collect and analyse the available evidence in the outcomes of patients treated with fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (f-EVAR) technique focusing specifically on visceral vessel outcomes. Methods The current meta-analysis was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. All the studies reporting the f-EVAR technique for the management of degenerative pararenal and/or type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) were considered eligible for inclusion in the study. The main study outcomes (technical success, type I endoleaks, fracture or occlusion of the bridging stents, overall aneurysm-related mortality, and the reintervention rate) were subsequently expressed as proportions and 95% confidence intervals. Results Fourteen studies with a total of 1804 patients were included in a pooled analysis. The technical success of the procedure was 95.97% (95%CI = 92.35–98.60). Intraoperatively, the pooled proportion of reported type I endoleak was 7.6% (95%CI = 2.52–14.60) while during a median follow-up of 41 months (range 11–96) follow-up period the pooled rate of fracture and occlusion of the bridging stents was 2.79% (95%CI = 0.00–8.52) and 4.46% (95%CI = 1.93–7.77), respectively. The overall aneurysm-related mortality was detected to be 0.63% (95%CI = 0.04–1.63), and the pooled estimate for re-intervention rate was 15.69%. Conclusions Fenestrated endovascular repair for p-AAA is an effective and safe treatment. Target vessel complications and endoleaks remain the two most important concerns for fenestrated endovascular procedures, contributing to most of the secondary interventions. The lack of computed tomography angiography follow-up evaluation does not allow us to draw robust conclusions about the complication rates for the superior mesenteric artery during f-EVAR. Due to the potential implications of SMA complications on aneurysm-related mortality, standardized reporting of short- and long-term target visceral vessel outcomes is required.
The Liability of Performing Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Halepas Steven , Bryck Brendan , Lee Kevin C. , Koch Alia 
Published: June 2021

Study Design: This is a retrospective case series using the Thomson Reuters Westlaw Edge database, an online subscription-based database of over 40,000 state and federal records. Objective: There is growing academic interest in the medical malpractice literature. The primary objective of this study was to examine medical malpractice in orthognathic procedures in order to characterize factors that determine legal responsibility and help make the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgeon more comfortable when treating this patient population. Methods: The database was queried for medical malpractice cases involving orthognathic surgery from 1985-2021. The characteristics of each lawsuit were identified, and descriptive statistics were reported. Results: A total of 42 CMF malpractice cases were available for review, and total of 15 cases were included in the final sample. Verdict decisions and settlements occurred between 1991 and 2012. Of the 15 cases, the highest concentration of cases occurred in California (6) and Pennsylvania (2). 53% of cases were ruled in favor of the defendant, 7% of cases were settled, 27% of cases were ruled in favor of the plaintiff against the surgeon, and 13% were ruled in favor of the plaintiff against the hospital with the surgeon being found not liable. The minimum award of damages was $29,999 and the maximum was $550,000. Conclusion: Litigation experience can be very time consuming and troublesome for medical practitioners. The risk of litigation and complications might be a prohibiting factor as to why CMF surgeons may not be preforming orthognathic surgery. The best defense against a malpractice case is to avoid one altogether. Learning from past mistakes is one way of ensuring that goal.
Teaching the Science of Human Flourishing, Unlocking Connection, Positivity, and Resilience for the Greater Good
Authors: Ekman Eve , Simon-Thomas Emiliana 
Published: June 2021

Background Human flourishing is a long sought-after aspiration historically considered and espoused through religious, philosophical, and creative avenues. Only recently has western science began to investigate the meaning, underlying foundations of, and effective strategies for promoting flourishing in life. Objective Here, we present a framework for teaching the science and practice of human flourishing grounded in connection, positivity, and resilience (CPR) based on a synthesis of theoretical frameworks and observations and input from a global sample of learners enrolled in an online course. Methods The CPR framework is distilled from empirical research in psychology and neuroscience and an applied pedagogy of flourishing delivered through a massive open online course (MOOC) that has reached over 650,000 people worldwide. Results Building knowledge and skills tied to three pillars of CPR: connection, positivity, and resilience intrinsically and measurably reinforces the experiences and behaviors that foster flourishing, mainly through prosocial human connection. Conclusion Human flourishing is malleable and the CPR framework is a promising method for teaching people the key ideas, spaces of opportunity for change, and behaviors, activities, exercises, and practices that strengthen flourishing in life.
Pattern and Trends of Financing in the Indian Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Sinha Pramod , Das Seshanwita 
Published: June 2021

The firm’s choice to finance its asset reveals the pattern of flow of funds, the availability and reliance on sources of such funds. We study ‘Sources of fund’ statement for an unbalanced panel of nearly 3400 firms in the manufacturing sector during the financial year 2011–2018. We find that financing has been mostly met through internal sources, and the reliance on external financing has decreased during this period. We introduce a methodological improvement by studying change in total assets to understand financing. A series of empirical models was formulated to identify factors that influences external financing. The result shows that unlisted, non-exporting, new-aged and small-sized firms have higher share of external financing. Further, profitability ratios like return on asset and operating profit margin, tangibility ratio like gross fixed assets to total assets, and reserves to total assets, shows negative and significant relationship with share of external financing to total funds and external financing to total assets. Our results add the dimension that interaction of change in assets with firm specific characteristics provides a meaningful way to extend the results of existing models. We argue that while existing methods use limited balance sheet items for analyzing internal versus external finance, firm level decisions ought to include all sources of finance. JEL Classifications: D22, G30, G32
Knowledge of Ghanaian Graduating Undergraduate Nurses About Ageing
Authors: Atakro Confidence Alorse 
Published: June 2021

Introduction Knowledge on ageing has an impact on the quality of care provided to older people. Although older Ghanaians provide various forms of support to family and communities, many of them experience poor nursing care in the Ghanaian health system. There is, however, dearth of evidence regarding knowledge of ageing among Ghanaian nurses. Objective This study therefore used a descriptive survey approach to investigate knowledge of graduating undergraduate nurses on physiological, and psychosocial changes in ageing. Methods Seventy graduating undergraduate nurses were surveyed to identify their knowledge on physiological and psychosocial changes leading to care needs of older people in Ghana. Three undergraduate nursing programs with gerontological nursing courses were purposively selected for the study. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data in order to present quantitative descriptions of variables in this study. Results The response rate in the study was 42%. Findings of the study show graduating undergraduate nursing students have inadequate knowledge on ageing. Several gaps in knowledge regarding ageing were identified. Although undergraduate nursing schools had gerontological nursing courses in their programs, over 90% of participating graduating nursing students indicated pain, anxiety and depression are normal aspects in the ageing process. Conclusion It is imperative to improve the current curricula content on gerontological nursing in Ghanaian nursing schools to equip nurses with knowledge and skills needed to provide quality healthcare to older people in Ghana. Improving knowledge on ageing through evidence-informed gerontological nursing curricula content will lead to better nursing care of older Ghanaians. Providing educational opportunities for improved quality nursing care of older Ghanaians is in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal 3, which aims at providing equal and quality healthcare to all age groups by 2030.
Proteome-wide analysis of Coxiella burnetii for conserved T-cell epitopes with presentation across multiple host species
Authors: Piel Lindsay M. W. , Durfee Codie J. , White Stephen N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoxiella burnetiiis the Gram-negative bacterium responsible for Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in domesticated agricultural animals. Previous vaccination efforts with whole cell inactivated bacteria or surface isolated proteins confer protection but can produce a reactogenic immune responses. Thereby a protective vaccine that does not cause aberrant immune reactions is required. The critical role of T-cell immunity in control ofC. burnetiihas been made clear, since either CD8+or CD4+T cells can empower clearance. The purpose of this study was to identifyC. burnetiiproteins bearing epitopes that interact with major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) from multiple host species (human, mouse, and cattle).ResultsOf the annotated 1815 proteins from the Nine Mile Phase I (RSA 493) assembly, 402 proteins were removed from analysis due to a lack of inter-isolate conservation. An additional 391 proteins were eliminated from assessment to avoid potential autoimmune responses due to the presence of host homology. We analyzed the remaining 1022 proteins for their ability to produce peptides that bind MHCI or MHCII. MHCI and MHCII predicted epitopes were filtered and compared between species yielding 777 MHCI epitopes and 453 MHCII epitopes. These epitopes were further examined for presentation by both MHCI and MHCII, and for proteins that contained multiple epitopes. There were 31 epitopes that overlapped positionally between MHCI and MHCII across host species. Of these, there were 9 epitopes represented within proteins containing ≥ 5 total epitopes, where an additional 24 proteins were also epitope dense. In all, 55 proteins were found to contain high scoring T-cell epitopes. Besides the well-studied protein Com1, most identified proteins were novel when compared to previously studied vaccine candidates.ConclusionThese data represent the first proteome-wide evaluation ofC. burnetiipeptide epitopes. Furthermore, the inclusion of human, mouse, and bovine data capture a range of hosts for this zoonotic pathogen plus an important model organism. This work provides new vaccine targets for future vaccination efforts and enhances opportunities for selecting multiple T-cell epitope types to include within a vaccine.