bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ground vibration near explosions.*
Authors: Howell Benjamin F. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
In summary, the following pulses were recognized on many or all of the records taken in the Los Alamitos region:
P The first pulse to arrive. P3 A compressional pulse arriving later than P. X1, X2, X3 Three pulses assumed to be body waves traveling along deeper paths than P and P3. C A strongly dispersed pulse largely confined to the longitudinal component. T Motion on the transverse component arriving largely coincident with C. H A direct elliptical motion in a vertical plane. R A Rayleigh-type motion.
P, C, H, and R are prominent on all the records, though at distances less than 300 meters from the explosions C, H and R overlap each other, and are not separable. They are strongly dispersed, and their beginnings are therefore difficult to identify. It is the times of arrival of their maxima which are plotted in the travel-time curves.
The recorded pulses of energy are all of types previously reported. However, no completely satisfactory theory explaining C, H, or R exists. Any theory describing these pulses must be based on a knowledge of the fundamental properties of the first few meters of the earth's crust, a complicated medium which is plainly neither homogeneous nor elastic. The fact that such a medium can transmit both compressional and Rayleigh-type waves is an encouraging sign, since it means that its behavior can not be radically different from that of elastic substances. It is to be hoped that the mathematical physicists will soon develop equations describing wave transmission through such media.
In closing, the author would like to thank the many persons, especially Dr. Beno Gutenberg of the California Institute of Technology and Dr. R. A. Peterson of United Geophysical Company, for their advice and assistance, without which this research could not have been done.
The influence of the perception of text authorship on the assessment of text comprehensibility, value and aesthetic assets as well as emotions generated by texts
Authors: Wasilewski Jacek , Kostrzewa Agata 
Published: May 2021

The aim of the article is to demonstrate whether text authorship influences its reception and how authorship impacts the assessment of text comprehensibility by respondents. When measuring the impact of authorship on text perception, we used biometric methods (face-tracking and eye-tracking), to which we added survey responses. The analysis of emotions revealed a variety of the respondents’ emotional reactions to the same text depending on the authorship attributed to it. This impact is associated with emotion-generating distance from or acceptance of the author. The distance refers to the marks of the lifestyle of the group represented by a given respondent or one to which the respondent aspires.
Oxidative Stress and Osteoporosis
Authors: Kimball Jeff S. , Johnson Joey P. , Carlson DuWayne A. 
Published: May 2021

➤ Oxidative stress has been implicated as a causative factor in many disease states, possibly including the diminished bone mineral density in osteoporosis.➤ Understanding the effects of oxidative stress on the development of osteoporosis may lead to further research improving preventative and therapeutic measures that can combat this important contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide.➤ A diet rich in whole plant foods with high antioxidant content along with antioxidant-preserving lifestyle changes may improve bone mineral density and reduce the risk of fragility-related fractures. While it is not explicitly clear if antioxidant activity is the effector of this change, the current evidence supports this possibility.➤ Supplementation with isolated antioxidants may also provide some osteoprotective benefits, but whole plant food-derived antioxidants potentially have more overall benefits. Larger-scale clinical trials are needed to give credence to definitive clinical recommendations.
Comparative Safety of the TFN-ADVANCED Proximal Femoral Nailing System
Authors: Wallace Anna , Amis James , Cafri Guy , Coplan Paul , Wood Jennifer 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Proximal femoral fractures are often treated with cephalomedullary nails. Although nail breakages following fracture repair are infrequent, a recent implant retrieval study suggested that the TFN-ADVANCED (TFNA) Proximal Femoral Nailing System (DePuy Synthes) was susceptible to post-implant breakage. It is unclear whether the risk of breakage among patients who receive the TFNA implant is higher than patients who receive other comparable cephalomedullary nails. The current study was designed to evaluate the comparative risk of breakage of the TFNA nail.

Methods:
Using data from a large U.S. health-care database, the current study was designed to determine whether TFNA nails have equal, lower, or higher risk of breakage relative to all other comparable, single-head-element (with no additional lag screws), cephalomedullary nails, the Stryker Gamma3 and the Zimmer Natural Nail, referred to in this study as the non-TFNA group. Data were from patients who received the TFNA implant or non-TFNA nails in 365 hospitals between February 1, 2014, and September 30, 2019. Analysis of nail breakage post-implantation was prespecified as the difference between the TFNA group and the non-TFNA group in cumulative incidence at 18 months, with a prespecified equivalence margin of 0.5%, using data balanced on measured covariates by propensity score weighting.

Results:
Within the first 18 months of implantation, in 14,370 patients with TFNA nails, there were 27 nail breakages, and in 8,260 patients with non-TFNA nails, there were 29 nail breakages. The mean time to nail breakage was 4.72 months for the TFNA group and 4.05 months for the non-TFNA group. In the balanced data, the risk of breakage at 18 months was 0.26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17% to 0.36%) for the TFNA group and 0.25% (95% CI, 0.05% to 0.45%) for the non-TFNA group, with a risk difference of 0.01% (95% CI, −0.21% to 0.24%). This result indicates that the cumulative incidence of nail breakage was equivalent (between −0.5% and 0.5%) for both nail groups. The risk differences were also within the equivalence margin in subgroup analyses: pertrochanteric fractures only (−0.08% [95% CI, −0.34% to 0.19%]), pertrochanteric or subtrochanteric fractures (−0.04% [95% CI, −0.29% to 0.21%]), and those with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) data only (0.03% [95% CI, −0.18% to 0.25%]).

Conclusions:
The risk of nail breakage was equivalent for TFNA and comparator cephalomedullary nails.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Drugs and Substance Abuse: Results from a Household Cross-sectional Survey in Murang’ a County, Kenya
Authors: Were Vincent Omondi , Okoyo Collins Omondi , Araka Sylvie Biyaki , Kanyi Henry Muriuki , Echoka Elizabeth Echoka , Mwandawiro Charles , Njomo Doris Wairimu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Drug and substance abuse has adverse health effects and a substantial economic burden to the global economies and at the household level. There is, however, limited data on socio-economic disparities in drugs and substance abuse in low-to-middle income countries such as Kenya. This study aimed to assess the socio-economic disparities in Murang’a county of central Kenya.Method: The study design was cross-sectional, and data collection was conducted between November and December 2017. A total of 449 households with at least one person who uses any drug or substance of abuse were randomly sampled from 4 purposively selected sub-locations of Murang’ a County. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on types of drugs used, economic burden, and gender roles at the household level. Household socio-economic status (SES) was established (low, middle, and high SES ) using principal component analysis f(PCA) from a set of household assets and characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between SES, gender, and other factors on the uptake of drugs and substance abuse. Results: Individuals in higher SES were more likely to use cigarettes ( OR=2.13; 95%CI=1.25-3.61, p=0.005) or piped tobacco (OR=11.37; 95% CI, 2.55-50.8; p-value=0.001) than those in low SES. The wealthier individuals were less likely to use legal alcohol (OR=0.39; 95%CI=0.21-0.71, p=0.002) than the poorest individuals. The use of prescription drugs did not vary with SES. A comparison of the median amount of money spent on acquiring drugs showed that richer individuals spent a significantly higher amount than the poorest individuals (Ksh 1500 vs. Ksh 1000, p=0.0310). Deaths related to drugs and substance abuse were more likely to occur in middle SES than amongst the poorest households (OR=2.96; 95%CI=1.03-8.45). Conclusion: Socioeconomic disparities exist in the use of drugs and substance abuse. The low-income individuals are at a higher risk of abuse and thus of economic burden due to catastrophic expenditure in acquiring the drugs. Cases of deaths were likely to occur in middle-income groups. Strategies to reduce drugs and substance abuse must address socio-economic disparities through targeted approaches to individuals in low-income groups.
ACTION-1: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial on ACT guided heparinization during open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair {1}
Authors: Wiersema Arno M. , Roosendaal Liliane C. , Koelemaij Mark J.W. , Tijssen Jan G.P. , Dieren Susan van , Blankensteijn Jan D. , Debus E. Sebastian , Middeldorp Saskia , Heyligers Jan M.M. , Fokma Ymke S. , Reijnen Michel M.P.J. , Jongkind Vincent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundHeparin is used worldwide for 70 years during all non-cardiac arterial procedures (NCAP) to reduce thrombo-embolic complications (TEC). But heparin also increases blood loss causing possible harm for the patient. Heparin has an unpredictable effect in the individual patient. The Activated Clotting Time (ACT) can measure the effect of heparin. Currently this ACT is not measured during NCAP as standard of care, contrary to during cardiac interventions, open and endovascular. A RCT will evaluate if ACT guided heparinization results in less TEC than the current standard: a single bolus of 5 000 IU of heparin and no measurements at all. A goal ACT of 200-220 seconds should be reached during ACT guided heparinization and this should decrease (mortality caused by) TEC, while not increasing major bleeding complications. This RCT will be executed during open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery, as this is a standardized procedure throughout Europe.MethodsSeven-hundred-fifty patients, who will undergo open AAA repair of an aneurysm originating below the superior mesenteric artery, will be randomised in 2 treatment arms: 5 000 IU of heparin and no ACT measurements and no additional doses of heparin, or a protocol of 100 IU/kg bolus of heparin and ACT measurements after 5 min., and then every 30 min. Goal ACT is 200-220 sec. If the ACT after 5 min. is < 180 sec. 60 IU/kg will be administered, if the ACT is between 180 and 200 sec. 30 IU/kg. If the ACT is > 220 sec. no extra heparin is given, and the ACT is measured after 30 minutes and then the same protocol is applied. The expected incidence for the combined endpoint of TEC and mortality is 19% for the 5 000 IU group and 11% for the ACT guided group.DiscussionThe ACTION-1 trial is an international RCT during open AAA surgery, designed to show superiority of ACT guided heparinization compared to the current standard of a single bolus of 5 000 IU of heparin. A significant reduction in TEC and mortality, without more major bleeding complications, must be proven with a relevant economic benefit.Trial registration {2a}NTR: NL8421Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04061798. Date of registration: 20-08-2019. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04061798?cond=NCT04061798&draw=2&rank=1 EudraCT: 2018-003393-27
A Dynamic Damage Model for the Rock-Shed Roof Under the Rockfall
Authors: liu hongyan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The dynamic response of the rock-shed roof under the rockfall is a complicated mechanical process, which mainly includes the following three deformation stages, e.g. the elastic compression, plastic damage compression and elastic resilience stages of the rock-shed roof. However, the existing models based on Hertz elastic-perfectly plastic contact theory cannot perfectly reflect the above mechanical process. Therefore, on basis of the classical Hertz contact theory, the damage of the rock-shed roof induced by the rockfall is firstly introduced to consider its effect on the material elastic modulus, and then the revised Hertz contact theory considering the damage is proposed. Secondly, in view of the existing calculation method of the maximum rockfall impact force based on the theorem of impulse, a new calculation method is proposed by combining the revised Hertz contact theory. Thirdly, according to the dynamic mechanical response process of the rock-shed roof under the rockfall and in view of the revised Hertz contact theory, a dynamic damage model for the rock-shed roof under the rockfall is proposed, which can perfectly illustrate the variation law of the impact force with the deformation of the rock-shed roof during the rockfall. Finally, the proposed model is verified with other models for the maximum rockfall impact force. In all, the proposed model can perfectly describe the dynamic mechanical behavior of the rock-shed roof under the rockfall, which can be referred for the engineering design.
Examining the Cost-effectiveness of Personal Protective Equipment for Formal Healthcare Workers in Kenya during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kazungu Jacob , Munge Kenneth , Werner Kalin , Risko Nicholas , Ortiz Andres Vecino , Were Vincent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Healthcare workers are at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection during care encounters compared to the general population. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) have been shown to protect COVID-19 among healthcare workers, however, Kenya has faced PPE shortages that can adequately protect all healthcare workers. We, therefore, examined the health and economic consequences of investing in PPE for healthcare workers in Kenya. Methods: We conducted a cost-effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) analysis using a decision-analytic model following the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) guidelines. We examined two outcomes: 1) the cost per healthcare worker death averted, and 2) the cost per healthcare worker COVID-19 case averted. We performed a multivariate sensitivity analysis using 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations. Results: Kenya would need to invest $3.12 million to adequately protect healthcare workers against COVID-19. This investment would avert 416 and 30,041 healthcare worker deaths and COVID-19 cases respectively. Additionally, such an investment would result in a societal ROI of $170.64 million – equivalent to an 11.04 times return. Conclusion: Despite other nationwide COVID-19 prevention measures such as social distancing, over 70% of healthcare workers will still be infected if the availability of PPE remains scarce. As part of the COVID-19 response strategy, the government should consider adequate investment in PPE for all healthcare workers in the country as it provides a large return on investment and it is value for money.
Integrated photonic metasystem for image classifications at telecommunication wavelength
Authors: Wang Zi , Chang Lorry , Wang Feifan , Li Tiantian , Gu Tingyi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Miniaturized image classifiers are potential for revolutionizing their applications in optical communication, autonomous vehicles, and healthcare. With deep diffractive neuron networks trained subwavelength structures, we demonstrate image recognitions by a passive silicon photonic metasystem. The metasystem implements high-throughput vector-by-matrix multiplications, enabled by 103 passive subwavelength phase shifters as weight elements in 1 mm2 footprint. The large weight matrix size incorporates the fabrication variation related uncertainties, and thus the pre-trained metasystem can perform machine learning tasks without post-tuning. A 15-pixel spatial pattern classifier reaches near 90% accuracy with femtosecond inputs. The metasystem’s superior parallelism (1015 bit/s) dramatically expand data processing capability of photonic integrated circuits, towards next generation low latency and low power photonic accelerators compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor manufacturing.
How Resilience and Social Support Promote Post-Traumatic Growth after Wenchuan Earthquake: An Integrated Perspective
Authors: Xin Yong , Liu Chuanjun , Peng Xiaoyan , Fu Haojie , Li Ling 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
People could recover and obtain growth after traumatic experience. Two vital protective factors for post-traumatic growth (PTG) are resilience and social support. However, it remains unclear how the two factors affect PTG. Some research demonstrated that resilience could indirectly promote PTG though social support, while other researchers found that social support could indirectly promote PTG through resilience. Integratively considering, the present study tested whether these two perspectives simultaneously tenable. We recruited 2336 high school students from the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area to participate in our survey. Scales of Connor-Davidson Resilience, Perceived Social Support and Post-traumatic Growth were joined in one questionnaire. After filtering the invalid questionnaires, 2150 samples (aged 15–18 years old, M = 16.21, SD = .79; 844 females) remained for further analyses. The results demonstrate that resilience, social support and PTG are significantly correlated with each other. Resilience partly mediates the relationship between social support and PTG, meanwhile social support partly mediates the relationship between resilience and PTG. It supports the integrated perspective that resilience and social support can directly promote PTG and indirectly promote PTG through each other. Therefore, in the psychological assistance of people endured adversity, we can cultivate their internal resilience and help them reconstruct their external social support resources, so that they would integrate internal and external resources to achieve more post-traumatic growth.
Intelligent speed control of a Stirling engine using artificial neural network
Authors: Hojati Mohammadreza , Mansouri Ehsan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Stirling engine is a kind of external combustion engine that is ideal for converting renewable energies to electricity or mechanical energy forms. Therefore, monitoring and controlling some of its parameters such as its speed is important. The purpose of this paper is to control a Stirling engine flywheel rotation speed using an intelligent parameter predictor. Since various parameters affect motor performance, determining the optimal value of them manually is impossible. Therefore, linking these parameters together and finding a relationship between them would be beneficial. Hence, using artificial intelligence (AI) to find a quick and efficient solution is particularly important. At the studied Stirling engine, speed, cold sink and ambient temperatures are defined as input parameters, and hot sink temperature is considered as the output parameter that should be calculated. To discover the relationship between inputs and output, an artificial neural network (ANN) is used. The results of this study showed that the use of ANNs can be significantly helpful in controlling engine speed.
Twinning Project between the Japanese Midwives Association and Mongolian Midwives Association for Organisational Strengthening as Shown by MACAT
Authors: Taniguchi Hatsumi , Suetsugu Yoshiko , Sato Yoko , Nakamichi Yuki , Dashdondog Nasantogtokh , Orosoo Sayanlkham , Serdamba Davaasuren , Jargalsaikhan Badarch , Yamamoto Utako , Okamoto Kiyoko 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe Japanese Midwives Association (JMA) collaborated with the Mongolian Midwives Association (MMA) on the twinning project under the guidance of the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of the organisational strengthening of the MMA through the twinning project with the JMA. ICM’s Member Association Capacity Assessment Tool (MACAT) was used as an indicator of MMA’s organisational strengthening—first in the year 2015 and then at the end of 2018—for a comparative analysis. For a comprehensive evaluation, qualitative interviews were conducted with the board members and general members of the MMA in 2018, and the results were compared with the issues identified during the first visit to MMA in 2014. ResultsIn 2015, 27 (28.1%) of the 96 MACAT items were achieved, while in 2018, 66 items (68.8%) were achieved. The average progress rate was 40.7%. Items with a high progress rate corresponded to: Governance (50.0%), Management Practices and Leadership (50.0%), Functions (43.8%), and Financial Resource Management (37.5%). Four themes emerged from the interviews: Professional identity, Strengthening midwifery services, Advocacy for midwives, and Recognition of midwives as autonomous professionals.ConclusionsThe organisational strengthening of the MMA through the twinning project resulted in more positive outcomes than expected. These outcomes were apparent from the evaluation of the MACAT items and the opinions and impressions of the MMA members, as elicited through the qualitative interviews. The MACAT was selected as an easy-to-understand index. However, instead of following the concept of ‘equal participation on the ground level’, a mentorship approach was adopted in line with the concept of equity. Equity and a mentorship approach can serve as key variables of success in international co-operation.
Impact of Socioeconomic Inequalities on the Spread of COVID-19
Authors: Arı Alpay , Özdemir Hülya , Kabadurmus Fatmanur , Tosun Selma , Özdemir Durmuş 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundTo examine the role of medical, economic and social inequalities affecting the prevalence of COVID-19 in Turkey. MethodsThis paper clarifies the medical and socio-economic factors affecting the prevalence of COVID-19 by using clinical and survey data in a binary probit model (BPM). Socio-economic factors affect the prevalence of COVID-19 to different degrees. Socio-economic variables are associated with risk of infection and can increase exposure to and mortality from COVID-19. ResultsThe factors that increase the probability that a person will get COVID-19 are gender (males have a 9.4% higher probability), income, household work status, interacting with a COVID-19 case (31.4% higher), using public transportation (6.97% higher), and visiting a hospital (35.7% higher probability for individuals who visited a hospital) or a mosque (15.1% higher). The factors that decrease the probability of testing positive are smoking (14.3% lower for smokers), being employed, having a university education compared to no education (24.7% lower), and wearing gloves (15.4% lower). ConclusionIn the case of Turkey, the estimations of the BPM show that economic and social variables are important factors for determining COVID-19 prevalence. Inequalities in socio-economic variables affect the prevalence to different degrees. Disparities in education and poverty are more important than being employed or being a smoker for the spread of COVID-19.