bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Post-sovereign Constitution or the Return of Sovereignty?
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt;This chapter outlines how the political constitution after Maastricht developed into a paradoxical configuration, whereby EU constitutional authority was augmented in specific areas, but was subject to increasing domestic contestation. This generated heightened constitutional conflicts in formal arenas, particularly in the jurisprudence of the German Constitutional Court, which will be examined in this chapter, and social and political contestation and opposition in informal arenas (examined in the next chapter). The chapter outlines how issues of sovereignty and domestic constituent power resurfaced after their post-war sublimation, but without obvious practical moment, since the judicial practice and academic discourse of European constitutionalization continued apace, exacerbating their disconnect from popular support. The chapter concludes by considering how, in constitutional theory, the discourse of post-sovereignty becomes dominant yet highly ideological, given the concrete constitutional developments, a disconnect which is dialectically deconstructed to reveal a hollow authoritarianism.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
Gnoseology and Intellectual Ethics
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 lays out a telic virtue epistemology that accommodates the distinctive knowledge and understanding of Chapter 1. Based on that telic account, the chapter distinguishes two sides of epistemology: the theory of knowledge (“gnoseology” for short), on one side, and intellectual ethics on the other. A telic virtue epistemology (TVE) was presupposed in our treatment of insight and understanding. What follows lays out the main elements of that telic theory and locates its place in epistemology broadly understood.
More on Suspension
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Suspending comes in many varieties, some of which are determined by two divides: one between occurrent and dispositional suspending; and another between judgmental and functional suspending. To suspend judgmentally is to consciously and intentionally forbear from judgment (either positive or negative) on a given question. Functional suspending, by contrast, is constituted rather by the agent’s subconsciously forbearing from teleologically functional (aimed) belief and disbelief. What follows takes up suspension generally, to include the teleologically functional and not just the judgmental, both in occurrent and in dispositional forms, and both the instantaneous and the deliberately stable and longstanding; and more.
Grades of Knowledge
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sub-credal animal knowledge requires apt alethic affirmation, but judgment aims not just at success of such affirmation but at apt success. To succeed with this aim, as one affirms, it is required that one be able to tell that one would then get it right aptly (or at least that one would likely enough get it right aptly). The judgmental knower must have a second-order grasp—an affirmative thought or presupposition—that her first-order affirmation would then be apt (or would very likely be apt, or some such thought that would enable enhanced guidance).
Reflection and Security
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 introduces a metaphysical hierarchy of epistemic categories and defends in particular a category of secure knowledge. What unifies the various levels of our hierarchy, as distinct levels of human knowledge, is that on these levels the thinker attains an epistemic success (truth, or aptness) attributable to them, as really their own doing. Coordinately, such success corresponds decreasingly to adventitious external luck. This holds good all along the ascent of attitudes from the animal level of the merely apt, to the reflective-full-well level of the fully apt, to the securely reflective-full-well level attained through competences retained safely and not just by luck: i.e., competences that would not too easily have been missing.
Competence and Justification
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 explains how the expanded view makes room for a sort of “epistemic justification” constitutive of knowledge. Critics have argued repeatedly that no externalist epistemology can account for epistemic justification. Their main argument repurposes the celebrated Cartesian evil demon thought experiment. The conclusion is now that the beliefs of the demon’s victim can be about as well justified as are many of our perceptual and other beliefs, although it is hard to see how any externalist epistemology could account for this fact. This chapter seeks a way out for the externalist virtue epistemologist.
The Relevance of Moore and Wittgenstein
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Moore lays out his Defence of Common Sense in a paper so titled, and thought by Wittgenstein to be Moore’s best and that stimulated his own On Certainty. Wittgenstein there repudiates Moore’s epistemology and offers a radically different alternative. This chapter presents the gist of that alternative, while inviting the reader to compare that gist with supportive passages gather in the Appendix to the chapter. Wittgenstein is concerned with language games, with pragmatics of language use, with dialectical interplay, with what it is proper to say to someone, and with the effects of context on all of that. Moore in his relevant epistemology is largely unconcerned with such dialectical, linguistic, or contextual issues. This chapter also abstracts almost wholly from them, while remaining neutral on their substance and on their relation to more purely epistemological issues.
The World City
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we begin to reconstruct Nemesius’ anthropology, beginning with On Human Nature 1. And what we are meant to take from Nemesius’ prologue is something he calls a ‘familiar’ idea: that the world is a divine polity. The Platonic commentator Calcidius seems to have been a rough contemporary of Nemesius’ (and may have been a Syrian). In the first pages of his monumental Timaeus commentary, Calcidius refers to the ‘city or republic of this sensible world’. Nemesius never uses such precise terminology, but there is much to suggest that he structures his treatise with an eye to this archaic, yet philosophically sophisticated world-picture. It is in his prologue, too, that Nemesius sketches his theory of human origins—featuring a bold interpretation of the Fall which seems to turn upon his use of Galen’s medical vocabulary.
The Organization of Powers
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the physiological and psychological chapters of Nemesius’ treatise are not random memoranda on the human organism or disjecta membra taken from a range of late-antique sources. On the contrary, it is claimed here that Human Nature 6‒28, where the medical anthropology of the Platonic–Galenic tradition comes to the fore, mark a decisive phase in Nemesius’ argument. The human is defined by the bishop as the only living being which is at once ruler (intellect) and ruled (body). In Human Nature 6‒28, this image of humankind is given an anatomical proof. Nemesius describes the parts of the human body as organs of the soul by means of which—by a divine logic which is obscured, but not negated by injury and pathology—the soul’s government of the body is realized.
Four-vectors in relativity
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Four-vectors in relativity” gives a “soft” introduction to four-vectors by first setting up corresponding properties of three-vectors. These include the triangle rule for vector addition, and rotation of axes by a matrix multiplication. The physics of a three-dimensional system is unchanged by a rotation of the axes within which it is observed. Likewise the physics of a relativistic system is unchanged (“invariant”) under application of a Lorentz transformation.
Helium: energies for singlets and triplets
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Helium: energies for singlets and triplets” discusses rival explanations as to why helium's triplet states lie below corresponding singlets. Computations reported in the literature show that triplet states have more compact wave functions than do corresponding singlet states, even though this makes the electron–electron repulsion energy larger for triplets. A simplified variational method is applied to an attempted calculation of the energies, but is inadequate, showing how helium is numerically unfriendly.
The EinsteinAandBcoefficients
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Einstein A and B coefficients for atom–photon reactions are defined: they describe absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission. We calculate B and consequently find A by the Einstein trick. The procedure is validated by application of detailed balance. Separating out frequencies permits introduction of the spectral lineshape function (normalized line profile). A reformulation describes transitions involving single atomic states and single field modes. This points to a link with quantum electrodynamics.
The Debye theory of solid-state heat capacities
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“The Debye theory of solid-state heat capacities” gives a careful account of the Debye cut-off. We start by looking at a monatomic linear chain, leading to degrees of freedom and the equipartition of energy at the high-temperature (classical) limit. Reasonable approximations lead more naturally to the Born–von Karman model than to Debye, but Debye follows via a further reasonable step.
Electrons and holes in semiconductors
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Electrons and holes in semiconductors” applies band theory to electrons in the conduction band, and to holes in the valence band. Holes are described by an upside-down Fermi–Dirac distribution. An incorrect model (cinema-queue model) for a hole is discredited and replaced by a correct discussion. Both (conduction-band) electrons and (valence-band) holes are examples of quasi-particles. Both can be assigned their own group velocities and effective masses.
Quantization of waves: the stretched string
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Quantization of waves: the stretched string” discusses waves in one dimension, in order to display the quantization procedure without the complication of three dimensions and of two polarization possibilities. Quantization goes via classical Lagrangian mechanics. The waves travel in both directions along the string, and we face up to disentangling these. The quantization procedure yields raising and lowering operators, their commutation rules, and their matrix elements.
Article 7—Common Provisions
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the common provisions in Article 7 of Directive 2019/790, the European directive on copyright. It explains the application of the Directive to special cases that do not conflict with the normal exploitation of works or other subject matter and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rightholders. It also seeks to achieve a fair balance between the rights and interests of authors, other rightholders, and users. The chapter mentions the protection of technological measures established in Directive 2001/29/EC, which remains essential to ensure the protection and the effective exercise of the rights granted to authors and other rightholders under Union law. It stresses the maintenance of protection while ensuring the use of technological measures that do not prevent the enjoyment of the exceptions and limitations provided in Directive 2019/790.
Article 8—Use of Out-of-commerce Works and Other Subject Matter by Cultural Heritage Institutions
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter talks about Article 8 of Directive 2019/790, the European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market, which outlines provisions on the use of out-of-commerce works and other subject matter by cultural heritage institutions. It mentions the collective management organization that may conclude a non-exclusive licence for non-commercial purposes with a cultural heritage institution for the reproduction, distribution, and communication to the public or making available to the public of out-of-commerce works or other subject matter that are permanently in the collection of the institution. It also mentions the guarantee that all rightholders have equal treatment in relation to the terms of the licence. The chapter points out the liberty of rightholders to exclude their works or other subject matter from the licensing. It describes a work or other subject matter that is deemed to be out-of-commerce when it can be presumed that is not available to the public through customary channels of commerce.
Article 9—Cross-border Uses
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 9 of Directive 2019/790, the copyright directive in Europe. It discusses licences that allow the use of out-of-commerce works or other subject matter by cultural heritage institutions in any Member State. It also clarifies the uses of works and other subject matter that are deemed to occur solely in the Member State where the cultural heritage institution undertaking that use is established. The chapter cites cultural heritage institutions that benefit from a clear framework for the digitisation and dissemination of works or other subject matter that are out-of-commerce for the purposes of Directive 2019/790. It describes characteristics of the collections of out-of-commerce works or other subject matter involved in mass digitisation projects, wherein obtaining the prior authorisation of the individual rightholders can be very difficult.
Article 14—Works of Visual Art in the Public Domain
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the works of visual art in the public domain stipulated in Article 14 of Directive 2019/790, copyright order in Europe. It discusses the term of protection of a work of visual art, which is not subject to copyright or related rights when deemed expired. It also reviews rapid technological developments that continue to transform the way works and other subject matter are created, produced, distributed, and exploited. The chapter cites the Commission Communication of 9 December 2015 entitled, which states that it is necessary to adapt and supplement the existing Union copyright framework, while keeping a high level of protection of copyright and related rights. It explains that cultural heritage institutions cover publicly accessible libraries and museums regardless of the type of works or other subject matter that they hold in their permanent collections.
Article 22—Right of Revocation
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 22 of Directive 2019/790, a European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market, which focuses on the right of revocation. It clarifies the right of the author or performer to revoke in whole or in part the licence or the transfer of rights where there is a lack of exploitation of that work or other protected subject matter. It also looks at specific provisions for the revocation mechanism in the national law that takes into account specificities of the different sectors and the different types of works and performances. The chapter cites the task of Member States to exclude works or other subject matter from the application of the revocation mechanism if such works or other subject matter usually contain contributions of a plurality of authors or performers. It explores the options of authors or performers to terminate the exclusivity of their contract instead of revoking the licence or transfer of the rights.
Article 23—Common Provisions
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the common provisions in Article 23 of the copyright order in Europe, Directive 2019/790. It refers to Member States that are required to ensure that any contractual provision that prevents compliance with the transparency obligation and contract adjustment mechanism will be unenforceable in relation to authors and performers. It also looks at the legislation that causes non-compliance with the alternative dispute resolution procedure. The chapter points out that the provisions on the right of revocation do not apply to authors of a computer program within the meaning of Article 2 of Directive 2009/24/EC on the legal protection of computer programs. It emphasizes that the principle of appropriate and proportionate remuneration in Article 18 of Directive 2019/790 do not affect individuals involved in computer programs.
Introduction
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the growing literature on constitutional unamendability and provides a unique analysis of unamendability in democratic constitutionalism. It looks at the democratic challenge of eternity clauses that goes beyond the old tension between constitutionalism and democracy. It also assesses unamendability in constitution-making and constitutional interpretation. This chapter reveals how eternity clauses are a far more ambivalent constitutional mechanism than hitherto understood, which has greater and more insidious potential for abuse. It offers a novel look at unamendability in democratic constitutions by placing the rise of eternity clauses in the context of other significant trends in recent constitutional practice, such as the rise of participatory constitutional change and the transnational embeddedness of constitution-making and constitutional adjudication.
Eternity and Democratic Precommitment
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines eternity clauses as mechanisms of constitutional precommitment and as tools for defending democracy in the face of anti-democratic forces. It looks at two broad categories of eternity clauses: provisions protecting state fundamentals and provisions defending democratic pluralism. It also analyses understandings of unamendability as either merely descriptive or as preservative of a core of liberal constitutionalism by assessing the operation of eternity clauses in practice. This chapter discusses unamendable provisions as dealing in imponderables and enshrining values that need judicial specification. It shows how precommitment and militant promise are entirely dependent on other elements of the constitutional architecture, in particular constitutional review. The chapter explains how this results in court self-empowerment and unduly limiting the scope of permitted constitutional change in the name of democracy.
Eternity in Post-Conflict Constitutions
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses eternity clauses as drafting mechanisms that facilitate and safeguard post-conflict constitution-making. It discloses the constitutional bargaining dynamics specific to conflict-affected settings and reveals the largely ignored function of unamendability. It also highlights three distinctive roles played by post-conflict unamendability: signalling compliance with international norms, ensuring electoral turnover, and insulating political and military elites. This chapter shows how contested and sometimes incoherent the unamendable values in post-conflict constitutions can be, reflecting the messiness of constitution-making processes in certain contexts. It outlines the risks associated with expecting too much from eternity clauses in fraught state-building settings that are habitually characterized by institutional weakness and shifting political commitments.
Letter Forms and Distinctive Spellings
Authors: Minon Sophie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs a contribution to further study of the remarkable 'New Festival Calendar from Arkadia' jointly published in Kernos 2016 by James Clackson and Jan-Mathieu Carbon, this chapter proposes a comparative analysis of the letter forms on this bronze and on the most ancient Arcadian inscriptions already known, in accordance with the method developed by Jeffery in Local Scripts of Archaic Greece. The aim is to clarify the dating of the new inscription. The study of a set of specific spellings (in particular for [ts]) allows their geographical distribution to be highlighted. Confrontation with other dialectal specificities then allows the origin of the inscription to be established more clearly, as well as the conditions of writing what may be seen as rules regulating animal sacrifices and the calendar of local religious festivals. A note discusses the interpretation of Κορυνίτιον, LL. 3, 7.
Local Scripts on Archaic Coins
Authors: Meadows Andrew 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a survey of the legends that appear on coins throughout the Mediterranean world before c.480 bc. It analyses them by purpose, geographical origin, and type, and compares their distribution to the overall patterns of production and circulation during the same period. It concludes (1) that after an early period of use for personal names, the overwhelming nature of the coin legend by the end of the Archaic period is to identify communities; and (2) that the Western Greek world of Italy and Sicily has a propensity for the use of such communal identifiers, and abbreviations thereof, somewhat greater than is found elsewhere in the Greek world. An appendix summarizes those coin legends discussed in Jeffery's Local Scripts and gathers legends not discussed. As far as possible all legends are illustrated.
Operation of a Discrete Communication System
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, based on definitions of signal synthesizers and analysers, a general and generic scheme of a discrete communication system is developed in order to deduce practical systems as its special cases. The synthesizer is transferred into a discrete transmitter, and the analyser is used as a correlation receiver followed by an optimum detector. The system structure is presented in terms of mathematical operators and supported by exact mathematical expressions based on the theory of discrete-time stochastic processes. The likelihood function is derived, and the maximum likelihood rule is applied to specify the decision process and construct the optimum detector. A multilevel system and a quadrature phase-shift keying system are deduced as special cases, and the bit error probability expression is derived. For the sake of continuity and completeness in presenting communication systems theory, a generic digital communication system is developed and related to its discrete counterpart.
Deterministic Discrete-Time Signal Transforms
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 15 presents a detailed analysis of discrete-time signals and systems in the frequency domain, including the theory of the discrete Fourier series, the discrete-time Fourier transform, and the discrete Fourier transform, and key examples relevant for the analysis and synthesis of signals processed in the discrete transceiver blocks of a communication system. Amplitude spectra, magnitude spectra, phase spectra, and power spectra are defined and calculated for typical signals. Using a unique notation that distinguishes between energy signals and power signals, the correlation function and power or energy spectral density functions are inter-related by proving the Wiener–Khintchine theorem. A comprehensive analysis of linear-time-invariant systems, using the notions of impulse responses, correlation functions, and power spectral densities for both power and energy signals, is presented. The basic theory of the z-transform is also presented.