bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Palm Kernel Shells as a Diesel Fuel Substitution for Hot-Mixed Asphalt
Authors: Gravitiani Evi , Resti Chayyani Nuri , Herwi Pranolo Sunu , Setyono Prabang , Setyawan Ary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Indonesia is one of the biggest oil palm producing countries. Solid waste from processing palm oil into crude palm oil (CPO) includes palm shells. This palm shell waste can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel for aggregate heating. This study aims to analyze the investment of the use of palm shells as an asphalt burner replacing diesel. Primary data were obtained from field and laboratory identification. In contrast, secondary data were obtained from relevant agencies, the Department of Public Development and Public Housing, PT Bara Energi Biomass and PT Damai Citra Mandiri. The method used is a quantitative descriptive analysis by calculating the annual costs and benefits over the machine’s life, ten years. This study uses the Cost-Benefit Analysis. Four investment criteria are calculated: (1) Net Present Value (NPV), (2) Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), (3) Payback period (PbP), (4) Internal rate of return (IRR). The results found that palm shells’ use as an asphalt burner for diesel substitutes showed high costs and top benefits. The calculation of economic feasibility with investment criteria shows that the NPV has a positive value, which means it is feasible. BCR shows a ratio of costs and benefits is more than one; it indicates that investment in asphalt production activities is feasible. The calculation of investment in replacing diesel fuel with palm shells shows a positive value of PbP since the first year. The internal rate of return shows that the investment value has met the minimum standard of general interest or replacement.
Cogasification performance of deashed coal with various biomass
Authors: Rizkiana Jenny , Fajar Maulana Sandy , Azka Nur Aulia Ghiffary , Kamilah Nasywa , Fitri Ananda Reyhan , Fauzan Mahendraputra Sastrohutomo Naafi , Muhammad Nashirudin Latif Edo , Wulandari Winny , Sasongko Dwiwahju 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cogasification of lignite and EPFB is present as a production of energy sources that aim to get a synergy effect. However, not all cogasification gives better product quality than fuel parent gasification. In this study, demineralization acted as lignite pre-treatment stage is achieved through HF leaching at 70°C for 4 hours. The mixing ratio varied by lignite to empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB) are 1: 2, 1: 1, and 2: 1 both for non-demineralized lignite (BLM) and lignite demineralized (BLD). The negative synergy effect of two combination is caused by the high content of silica and alumina from the empty palm fruit bunches (EPFB). The lignite demineralization cogasification produces a lower H2 yield than BLM because it also dissolves the mineral content which functions as a catalyst for cogasification synthesis.
Mass Balance analysis of Bioethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Lauda Muhammad , Rahmawati Nadiya , Rahma Putri Fajar Wayda , Ramadhani Aliya , Amirah June Rahmah , Pratiwi Meiti , Rizkiana Jenny 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Current fossil fuel reserves cannot keep up with the world’s need for fuel, leading to a global energy crisis. The issue raises attention to renewable energy sources. Indonesia has committed to using 15% bioethanol in gasoline mixture by 2025, as outlined in Presidential Decree No. 5 of 2006. This article discusses past studies on sweet sorghum plants in their use as a raw material for bioethanol production from various aspects. The study shows that sweet sorghum juice has a high potential to be converted into bioethanol due to its high sugar content. Pretreated sweet sorghum seeds and bagasse also have great potential to be converted into bioethanol due to their rich oligomer and polymer sugar content. The main challenge of producing bioethanol from sweet sorghum is the low economic competitiveness of utilizing sweet sorghum as an energy crop compared to using sweet sorghum as a food crop. The present study focuses on the mass balance analysis of bioethanol production from sweet sorghum. It is expected that the results of the present study may give a preliminary overview of the bioethanol production potential from sweet sorghum.
Economic and Life Cycle Assessments of Integrating Gasification Unit into Production Unit of Pellet from Fallen Leaves and Twig
Authors: Abdul Rahman Fadil , Utomo Gendewa , Purwadi Indra , Susanto Herri 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Conversion of fallen leaves and twigs from urban waste into pellets may be one of several options to reduce the amount of waste transported to the landfill. However, the production of pellet needs very high mechanical energy or electricity. A case study has been conducted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of integrating a gasification technique into the production unit. In this integrated unit, the source of electricity for the pellet production was based on the conversion of a portion of pellet product to gaseous fuel which was then used as substitute of diesel fuel for running an electricity generator set. Three scenarios for supplying the electricity were compared: (i) scenario-A: from PLN (national grid, coal fired power plant), (ii) scenario-B: diesel-generator set; and (iii) scenario-C: diesel-genset and gasification unit. Total CO2 emissions in the production of pellet were as follows (kg CO2 eq /ton pellet): 81.8, 47.2 and 16.3 for scenario-A, B and C respectively. Due to the addition cost of investment, the integrated pellet production and gasification unit needed a Payback Period of about 5.6 years, while those of diesel based electricity and PLN were 5.1 and 4.8 years respectively. Data for this study was obtained from experiments on a pellet production unit with a design capacity of about 9 ton/week. The diesel engine was run in dual fuel mode using producer gas from the gasification of pellet. The producer gas heating values were in the range of 3300-4600 kJ/Nm3. Oil saving in dual fuel operation was up to 70%.
Food Safety Analysis and Improvement Concept of p -Carotene Extraction from Fungal Fermented Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB); Extraction Method and Solvent Selection
Authors: Amir Muhammad Syahdan , Novia Clara , Qodim Syafaatullah Achmad 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Palm oil is one of the main agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Beside CPO and PKO as the main downstream product, the palm oil industry also produces solid wastes such as shells, fibers, and palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB). Palm oil EFBs are often dumped nearby the palm oil plantations and being left to be decomposed, but several literature studies indicated that palm oil EFB still contained oil residue rich in β - carotene as well as other lipids components dissolved on it. β - carotene is among the major products of the food industry which have been widely employed as nutrients, food colorants, and additives. It serves as antioxidants and so-called pro-vitamin A. The previous research used n-Hexane as a solvent in β - carotene extraction from fungal - fermented palm oil EFB, whereas n-Hexane has a moderate toxicity level and low solubility of β - carotene which is only 600 ppm. Quality and food safety aspects of β - carotene extract haven’t been reviewed or analyzed yet. This paper will be focused on the food safety analysis and improvement concept that can be applied in the extraction method and appropriate solvent selection to obtain high-quality extracts of food-grade β - carotene from fungal - fermented palm oil EFB. Toxicity level and the Hansen Solubility Parameter (HSP) simulation results are the main criteria for solvent selection, while thermal stability, operational cost, and practical aspects are being considered to choose a better extraction method. Based on the HSP simulation results and all criteria mentioned before, n-Hexane can be substituted with 3 recommended solvents; D-Limonene, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), or Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol. According to the economic analysis, the maceration method using THF at room temperature is being preferred to the soxhletation method. Moreover, food safety analysis is being reviewed based on HACCP principles.
Pediocin and Grape Seed Extract as Antimicrobial Agents in Nanocellulose Biobased Food Packaging: A Review
Authors: Weslie Timotius , Felixius Vincent , Amala Zulfah , Shofinita Dian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The food industry is a life-long and highly demanded industry as it is an essential human need. Food safety has become an urgent discussion related to this industry since the foodborne disease has gradually increased. One of the causes of the disease is L. monocytogenes, usually discovered in fresh meat, ready-to-eat meat, vegetables, and milk. L. monocytogenes causes an infection known as listeriosis. Food packaging plays an essential role as it protects the food from external contaminants to increase the shelf life. The high usage of conventional food packaging derived from fossil fuel contributes to the environmental issue as it creates long-term wastes. Therefore, biobased food packaging has been in favor as it is biodegradable. However, it lacks antimicrobial properties, so the development of biobased material as the antimicrobial food packaging is a potent solution in the food safety scope. This review paper intends to summarize current advancements in incorporating antimicrobial agents with nanocellulose biobased food packaging to increase the packaging’s functional value. Pediocin is the antimicrobial agent produced by Pediococcus sp. integrated with Grape Seed Extract (GSE), which gives an antioxidant property that boosts the food packaging’s antimicrobial effect. Observations show that incorporating these antimicrobials agents obstructs the growth of L. monocytogenes in biobased food packaging. Incorporating antimicrobial agents into nanocellulose matrix shifts the tendency to make biobased packaging that gives better mechanical strength and longer shelf life. Overall, this greener antimicrobial food packaging could be a solution to environmental waste as well as foodborne pathogens.
Production of Coconut Oil and Protein for Food and Cosmetic Ingredients
Authors: Lestari Dianika , Ridho Rahmani Amilah , Ariono Danu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a tropical plant that is almost spread throughout the archipelago. Coconut is a plant of the genus Cocos widely used in various fields ranging from food to cosmetics. Most coconut parts can be utilized so that the coconut is dubbed a versatile plant and has high economic value. This tree has a fruit which is also called coconut. Coconut fruit is the most widely used and processed. Coconut meat can be directly consumed or processed into coconut milk, coconut flour (desiccated coconut), and cooking oil. Coconut oil was obtained from dried or fresh coconut flour using the Soxhlet extraction method with organic solvents. Defatted coconut flour contained a high protein of approx. 19-20%. Coconut protein has a good quality compared to other vegetable protein sources. This research investigated solvent’s effect on solid ratio and oil content on coconut protein extraction yield and recovery from coconut flour. Based on experiments, the highest value of extracted protein and yield was obtained after coconut flour extraction at a solvent to flour ratio of 30 g/g. Coconut protein isolate and coconut whey protein were expected to have different functional properties which need to be further evaluated to determine their application as cosmetics or food ingredients.
Techno-economic Analysis: Antioxidant-Rich Natural Colorant Production from Dragon Fruit Peel
Authors: Shofinita D , Bindar Y , Dinnita R U , Rizqi F 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, the economics of the various way production of natural colorant has been evaluated, specifically related to the effect of the drying methods: spray drying and freeze-drying. It has been found in this study that, the manufacturing costs of the food colorant in the form of extract, spray-dried powder, and freeze-dried powder were USD 6.01/kg, USD 29.89/kg, and USD 56.6/kg total solid content, respectively. The economic parameters consist of NPV, DPBP, PVR, and IRR of powder production using spray drying method were USD 1,989,412.68, 4.3 years, 3.31 and 20.6%, respectively, while that of using freeze-drying were USD 2,156,866.29, 7.27 years 1.78, and 8%. It is also known that drying using spray drying shows better economic parameters than freeze-drying. The sensitivity analysis of powder production using the spray drying method shows that the selling price parameter is a parameter that has a significant effect on the economics of production activity, followed by the cost of peel and cost of labor.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Blending Strategy of FAME, HVO, and Petroleum Diesel
Authors: Mustika Shanti , Wahyu Purwanto Widodo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The utilization of biofuels based on palm oil could decrease greenhouse gasses (GHG) emitted by fossil fuels. The aim of this research is on the optimization of blending strategy of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO), Diesel CN48 (DCN48), and Diesel CN53 (DCN53) to meet the fuel quality standard, Euro2 and Euro4 by minimizing levelized cost of fuel supply and GHG emission. The process simulation is performed by Aspen Plus software, proceed by Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) calculation. The optimization is carried out by General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) with Cplex solver. The result showed the percentage of the optimal blending composition of fuel quality Euro2 were FAME 43.9-51.1%, HVO 2.6-40.1%, DCN48 15.3-17.6%, and DCN53 46.3-100% with LCOE was 0.55-0.864 USD/Liter and GHG intensity 599.46-3000.78 gCO2eq/Liter. For Euro4 specification consists of FAME 32.5%, HVO 28.6%, and DCN53 38.8% with LCOE were 0.637-0.786 USD/Liter and GHG intensity of 902.69-2863.03 gCO2eq/Liter.
Simulation of CO2 Capture Process for Coal based Power Plant in South Sumatra Indonesia
Authors: Eviani M. , Devianto H. , Widiatmoko P. , Sukmana I. F. , Fitri H R , Yusupandi F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Indonesia committed to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 29% in 2030. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from flue gas in coal power plant must be captured to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technology to decrease greenhouse gases on a large scale and in a relatively short period is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Chemical absorption method is a more advantageous CCS technology than other methods owing to high efficiency, low cost, and mature technology. Solvents in chemical absorption include amine-based solvent such as monoethanolamine (MEA) was frequently utilized to absorb CO2 from low-pressure flue gas streams, especially fossil fuel-based power plant, owing to rapid reaction rate with CO2 and low cost of raw amines compared to other amines. In this study, Aspen Hysys was used to simulate the CO2 capture process and 30 wt% of MEA was selected as a solvent which is mainly handy for CO2 capture from flue gas. The results show that lean amine temperature, flue gas temperature, and regenerator feed temperature has effects on the CO2 capture and energy consumption. The rich-split stream configuration was developed to examine energy reduction in various split fractions. The minimum in energy consumption and reboiler duty occurs when 30% of the solvent is split to the top of the column.
Integrated Biorefinery Technology: Monetization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Biofuel & Bio-based Chemicals, and Beyond
Authors: Mariyana Rina , Azkiya Choliq Azka , Adi Rahmanto Kharis , Nugroho Yusuf , Purwadi Ronny , Kresnowati MTAP , Septiningrum Krisna , Frans B.M. Dabukke 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As the largest producer of palm oil, Indonesia has abundant oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), as one of the solid wastes produced from palm oil mill, which utilization has not yet been optimal although it has a potency to be used as feedstock for biofuel and bio-based chemicals. However, due to the recalcitrant characteristic of EFB as lignocellulosic material, EFB conversion into biofuel and bio-based chemicals has been a challenge, especially in regard to its economic viability. To obtain the economically viable of the conversion of EFB, the integrated EFB biorefinery technology concept was proposed to produce multiple products which are precursors for biofuel and bio-based chemicals. This paper presents the integrated EFB biorefinery technology concept, economic analysis of the technology, the role of the technology for circular bioeconomy in Indonesia, and the biorefinery industrialization concept in Indonesia as part of an effort for “Making Indonesia 4.0”.
Microplastic pollution in Surabaya River Water and Aquatic Biota, Indonesia
Authors: Lestari P , Trihadiningrum Y , Firdaus M , Warmadewanthi I D A A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs/MP) have been considered as an emerging environmental threat worldwide. It occurs due to its persistent, ubiquitous presence, and potential ecotoxicological risks to almost all aquatic environments. The MPs could release chemical additives and adsorb persistent organic pollutants. It could also be ingested mistakenly by aquatic biota due to its similarity with their original prey’s size and colour. This situation could impact water resource quality, aquatic biota biodiversity, even human health. Additionally, rivers have been estimated as the main pathway of plastic transport from the land to the ocean. Surabaya River, is the main lower part of the Brantas, which is one of the top 20 plastic polluted rivers globally. The Surabaya River takes essential role in clean water supply for Surabaya City, aquatic biota habitat, and irrigation. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and characteristics of the MPs in water and aquatic biota in Surabaya River. Fish and bivalve were selected as the representative aquatic biota due to their specific habitat, movement, and feeding behavior. Water and biota samples were collected from five sampling sites in the river. The MP abundance in the water ranged from 9.66 ± 8.87 to 21.16 ± 19.35 particles/m3. The highest MP abundance (21.16 ± 19.35 particles/m3) was found at Joyoboyo. The MP abundance in the fishes ofOreochromis niloticus, Barbonymus gonionotus,and in the bivalves ofElongaria orientaliswere 105.25 ± 45.07 – 155.50 ± 61.96; 62.13 ± 20.33 – 155.00 ± 81.71; and 36.00 ± 13.67 – 76.17 ± 29.46 particles/individual, respectively. The MPs in the water were dominated by film shaped, transparent coloured particles. Meanwhile, the MPs in the fishes and the bivalves were generally found in transparent and black fiber particles. Only small amounts of film particles were discovered in the biota. Moreover, most of the MPs in the water and the biota were in large sized (1 – 5 mm) particles.
Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Performance of Cellulose Acetate/ Polyethylene Glycol Membrane with Blending Method for Desalination of Brackish Water
Authors: Nyamiati R D , Devi B C , Febriansyah B A , Ramadhani A , Rahmawati Y , Nurkhamidah S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Polymeric membrane must be strong during the reverse osmosis process. Carbon-based materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and its derivative graphene oxide (GO) have strong mechanical strength, high resistance to strong acids/ alkaline and organic solvents, and easy in accessibility. In this study, GO were blendingd into Cellulose Acetate/ Polyethylene Glycol (CA/PEG) membranes prepared by phase inversion method. Performance of the membrane was evaluated from the water flux, salt rejection, and permeability. Morphology, hydrofilicity, tensile strength were isvestigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transformed Infra-Red (FTIR) and contact angle analysis, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), respectively. The experiment results show that hydrophilicity and porosity increase with the addition of GO with the addition of 0.005% GO exhibits the highest value of them resulting membrane with better flux and salt rejection values as compared to the GO-free membrane. With the addition of 0.005 wt% GO resulted in salt rejection (%R) 83.3% and flux permeate (F) 2194 L/m2.h. and tensile strength of 0.0148 Mpa. Membrane with CA/PEG/GO has more advantages, where GO affects the porosity of the membrane by increasing the pore size such as fingers and reducing the thickness of the wall which will result in increased membrane performance ability.
Kinetic studies and performance analysis of Indonesian rice husk pyrolysis
Authors: Kasmiarno L D , Steven S , Rizkiana J , Restiawaty E , Bindar Y 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Rice husk is abundantly available biomass in Indonesia and it can be a potential source of high-value energy source. In the present work, pyrolysis of rice husk was subjected to various temperature and used as a method to produce bio-oil. The decomposition profile of rice was examined at different heating rates (10, 20, 30, and 40°C/min) using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. The pyrolysis kinetics were evaluated using three different kinetic models: Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), and Coats-Redfern (CR). The activation energy for KAS, OFW, and CR was centered at 251.62 kJ/mol, 253.32 kJ/mol, and 33.92 kJ/mol, respectively. Varying activation energy with conversion was observed, which reveals that the pyrolysis of rice husk processes through complex reaction. The production of bio-oil from rice husk using pyrolysis method was studied at different temperature conditions (300, 400, 500, 600°C). Results showed that bio-oil and gas products increase at higher temperature. The highest yield of bio-oil was produced at 600°C with 46.3 grams (37%-wt). The specific test showed that the density, viscosity, and acid value of bio-oil decreased at higher temperatures indicating that different pyrolysis conditions might lead to the different bio-oil quality.
Application of Reverse Flow Reactor for Vent Gas Emission Reduction in Catalytic Oxidation Unit at Purified Terephthalic Acid Plant
Authors: Hanafiah F M , Budhi Y W 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
PTA (Purified Terephthalic Acid) manufacturing process generates waste gases containing VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) that have negative health effects, one of it is benzene. Catalytic oxidation method consists of a recuperative (need external energy to reach the reaction temperature) and reverse flow reactor (RFR) which uses the principles of auto thermal (requires no external energy). Fuel consumption for heating the feed gas is a major operating cost in the catalytic oxidation, so that the fuel reduction becomes important. The objective of this study is to assess the technical possibility of RFR to lower the fuel consumption; and to assess the operating conditions for autothermal conditions. The mathematical model consisted of the unsteady state mass and energy balances and was numerically solved using a software package of FlexPDE verion 6.32. The recuperative system was simulated in the steady state condition, while RFR with the same amount of catalyst was simulated in the unsteady state condition. As the key parameter, the switching time was varied to consider the performance of RFR. At various switching times and inlet concentrations, the autothermal was achievable even heat extraction was required to prevent the catalyst overheat. At the feed gas linear velocity of 1.2 m/s and the switching time of 7.5 s or higher, RFR provides energy saving that is equivalent to US$ 0.1208/ton feed gas up to US$ 0.7248/ton of feed gas compared to recuperative system.