bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rival Visions of Nationhood
Authors: Tichenor Daniel J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies how immigration policy can be deployed as a key instrument of grand strategy, a site where state actors might use the levers of immigrant and refugee admissions to advance both a comprehensive and integrated set of social, economic, and security goals at home. Indeed, a diverse array of US presidents, lawmakers, and activists have had grand strategies in mind as they pursued major immigration reform. The chapter focuses on a particularly significant effort to remake the US immigration system—the 1960s struggle to dismantle national origins quotas and reopen US gates to immigrants and refugees—in order to illustrate the possibilities and limitations of grand strategizing in this policy realm. One can discern these dynamics in immigration reforms and executive actions from the 1920s to the present, but the successful battle for the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 provides an especially illuminating example. Before turning to this case, however, the chapter first considers immigration control and grand strategy in the early American republic and the rise of rival interests and ideals that make significant policy innovation contingent on incongruous coalitions and uneasy compromises.
American Grand Strategy
Authors: Logevall Fredrik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses how grand American grand strategy has been. If the containment followed by the United States in the Cold War is the most successful, or at least most celebrated, grand strategy the United States has ever pursued, it is worthy of a closer look. This chapter considers two foundational writings from the early Cold War: George Kennan's “X” Article, published in Foreign Affairs in 1947 (under the pseudonym “X”), which laid out the containment policy—that is to say, the containment of Soviet power—and National Security Council Memorandum 68 (NSC-68) of April 1950. Both of these documents are held to have played major roles in shaping the grand strategy that helped the United States deal successfully with the Soviet threat and ultimately win the Cold War. Each has indeed been referred to as the “blueprint” for US policy in the struggle. The chapter then addresses a second question: How much does grand strategy matter in the context of American history? History suggests that grand strategies do not alter the trajectory of great-power politics all that much. In the case of the United States, even radically imperfect strategies have not fundamentally affected its rise and fall.
Legal Pluralism in the West
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter counters the widely held view in the West that the state exercises a monopoly over law. Romani (Gypsy) communities across Europe have lived in accordance with their own law for a thousand years. Indigenous law and tribunals exist in New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and the United States, in various relationships with state law. In a number of Western countries, Jewish law and Muslim law and institutions interact with state law as well as exist apart from state law. All of these examples involve the continuation of community legal orders (customary and religious) that long predate the modern state and have continued in different forms, adjusting to and surviving the extension and penetration of state law. In many of these contexts, state law has tried to suppress, denigrate, or ignore these bodies of community law, denying their legal status, but despite of this treatment they continue to exist and are considered law by adherents.
Melania the Younger
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Melania the Younger: From Rome to Jerusalem analyzes one of the most richly detailed stories of a woman of late antiquity. Melania, an early fifth-century Roman Christian aristocrat, renounced her many possessions and staggering wealth to lead a life of ascetic renunciation. Hers is a tale of “riches to rags.” Born to high Roman aristocracy in the late fourth century, Melania encountered numerous difficulties posed by family members, Roman officials, and historical circumstances themselves in disposing of her wealth, property spread across at least eight Roman provinces, and thousands of slaves. Leaving Rome with her entourage a few years before Gothic sack of Rome in 410, she journeyed to Sicily, then to North Africa (where she had estates upon which she founded monasteries), before settling in Jerusalem. There, after some years of semi-solitary existence, she founded more monastic complexes. Toward the end of her life, she traveled to Constantinople in an attempt to convert to Christianity her still-pagan uncle, who was on a state mission to the eastern Roman court. Throughout her life, she frequently met and assisted emperors and empresses, bishops, and other high dignitaries. Embracing an extreme asceticism, Melania died in Jerusalem in 439. Her Life, two versions of which (Greek and Latin) were discovered in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was composed by a longtime assistant who succeeded her in directing the male and female monasteries in Jerusalem. An English translation of the Greek version of her Life accompanies the text of this book.
Pagans and Christians in Late Ancient Rome
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the meaning of “pagan” in late antiquity, debates over its use today, and the meaning and progress of Christianization. Recent controversies over “conversion” and the pace of Christianization, especially among the senatorial aristocracy, have called into question mid-twentieth-century claims that there was an ardent “pagan revival” among aristocrats at the end of the fourth century. Some key elements in that controversy involved the removal of the altar of the goddess Victory from the senate house and the fate of the Vestal Virgins. The chapter details later imperial rulings against pagan practices from the 390s onward. Recent scholarship questions whether conversion to Christianity entailed a radical life change for upper-class Romans. The growth of the number and role of bishops is noted. Christianity’s charity operations were probably a factor in winning some to the new faith. Soon, “heresy” would become a more pressing concern to bishops and some emperors than the occasional “pagan” practitioner.
To Constantinople and Back
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 follows Melania as she trails her still-pagan uncle Volusian to Constantinople; he was one of two chosen to represent the West at the wedding of the eastern princess Licinia Eudoxia to the western emperor, Valentinian III. The chapter describes travel arrangements of the period, including use of the cursus publicus, and the city of Constantinople and its institutions. It traces the development of Christianity in the city, the rise of monasticism, the building of churches, and the search for relics. It describes the eastern court and Melania’s associations with high aristocracy and the Constantinopolitan imperial family. Volusian, although converted, did not live to participate in bringing the recently finished Theodosian Code to the West. The chapter also details the theological politics and Christological controversies (in which Melania participated) that disturbed the city in the fifth century. After mourning her uncle, Melania left Constantinople in late February 437, making record progress through the snow in order to reach Jerusalem in time for Easter (April 11, 437). In Jerusalem, she continued her building activities and acquisition of relics, and she greeted and escorted the empress Eudocia on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land from Constantinople. A few days before her death in December 439, Melania accompanied her cousin Paula to celebrate the nativity of Jesus in Bethlehem. Back in her monastery, she bade farewell to various groups before dying on probably December 31. Her remarkable life, according to her biographer, was crowned by a similarly spectacular death and entry to heaven.
Stakeholders, Public Value(s), and Public Service Performance
Authors: Andersen Lotte B. , Brewer Gene A. , Leisink Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For managers in public service organizations, stakeholders are very important as they have different and sometimes conflicting values. Yet, public administration scholars often neglect the stakeholders despite their vital role in defining good performance in democratic political systems. This chapter combines theoretical perspectives on public values (different understandings of the desirable) with contributions focused on creating public value. The chapter also pays attention to the co-existing and competing governance paradigms that are part of the context in which managing for public service performance occurs. These paradigms provide institutional templates, policies, operational strategies, and desired programs that prescribe how public service provision should be structured and how it should operate. Governance paradigms can be used to understand the links between stakeholders, public values, and public service performance. Giving insight into these links is the key contribution of the chapter. It uses nine illustrative studies to examine how the stakeholder concept and public value(s) are used in the public service performance literature. A key implication is that public administrators can be portrayed as experts who exercise judgment and make consequential decisions in identifying relevant public values, in creating public value, and in generating public service performance.
Public Service Motivation and Individual Job Performance
Authors: Ritz Adrian , Vandenabeele Wouter , Vogel Dominik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When pressure on human resource departments to make government more efficient is increasing, it is of great relevance to understand employees’ motivation and the fit of an employee with their job, as both contribute strongly to service performance. Therefore, this chapter discusses the role of public employees’ motivation and its relationship to individual performance. More specifically, this relationship is examined by focusing on public service motivation (PSM), a stream of research developed during the last three decades stressing the service orientation of public employees’ identity. Theoretically, how the relationship between PSM and individual performance is dependent on institutions is discussed, and an overview of the existing empirical evidence concerning this relationship is provided. The literature review discusses a variety of aspects such as direct vs. indirect effects, type of performance used, how performance is measured, and effect sizes. Finally, several avenues for future research are proposed, including methodological strategies.
Introduction
Authors: Graf Sinja 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The introduction develops the conceptual framework for the notion of universal crime and details its analysis via the methodological angle of political productivity. Further, this chapter theorizes the normative conception of humanity entailed by conceptions of universal crime. The stakes of articulating humanity through criminality are thrown into sharper relief through an engagement with Carl Schmitt’s political theory of enmity. The hierarchical and coercive features of the concept further inform a discussion of its inclusive effects, which yield an inclusion that is minimal as well as unequal. Deployments of universal crime in European theorizations of world politics have therefore historically bestowed a repressive “recognition via liability” upon non-European peoples. Accordingly, this chapter outlines the distinction between an inclusionary Eurocentrism that subtends notions of universal crime and more commonly studied exclusionary Eurocentric thinking.
Can the European Union Contain and Improve Income Inequality?
Authors: Salverda Wiemer 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines the results of EU-level actions regarding inequalities and their coordination with member countries. A comprehensive picture is drawn of income inequality and poverty for both the average EU country and the European Union as a single entity. Their linkages to the (combined) labour earnings received by households are explored. Contents and instruments of Europe 2020 flagship anti-poverty policymaking are analysed. Lessons are drawn for future EU policies concerning inequality, in particular for the recent European Pillar of Social Rights. As to policy contents, a strong focus on reducing the poverty gap is promoted, supported by introducing a child basic income and an earned income tax credit aimed at offering adequate minimum-income protection. The EU-level itself is addressed and inequality effects of unification scrutinized. Organizationally, a full and equivalent embedding in the dominant mechanism of EU social and economic policy making is advocated.
Tsunami
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Tsunamis, the giant waves that periodically engulf coastal areas and even the shores of lakes and rivers, have had a major impact on the world. Not only have they caused countless deaths but also they have changed nations, societies, and cultures from prehistoric to modern times. This book describes the science of tsunamis and the many ways they can be generated, ranging from earthquakes to volcanic eruptions and explosions, landslides, and others. It also explains how the waves travel across oceans at the speed of a jet airplane and how they focus or disperse their incredible energy. It delves into the clues that ancient tsunamis have left behind to be unraveled by modern science so that we can better understand not only what has happened in the past but also what will happen in the future. The book also explores the human side of tsunami disasters, examining their effect on the residents of impacted communities by recounting the amazing true stories of survival, heroism, and tragic loss. It discusses and provides examples of what works in mitigation, preparedness, warning, response, and recovery from tsunamis; what does not work; and what needs to be done. It contains little-known stories about scientists struggling to better understand these catastrophic waves, while fighting government ignorance and reluctance to take action, as well as amazing chance discoveries and the continued quest to learn more and become better prepared, as every year the odds of yet another catastrophic tsunami increase.
How Weird Squiggles Led from Sheaves of Rice to the Depth of the Seas
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Through an amazing chain of events, the Japanese story of how a town squire sacrificed his wealth to save his villagers from a deadly tsunami is intricately woven together with how in 1855 Benjamin Franklin’s great grandson accurately determined the depth of the Pacific Ocean based on the travel time of this same tsunami from Japan to San Francisco, California. This scientific breakthrough would lead to the first known prediction of tsunami wave generation through earthquake detection yet would be ignored by official government agencies with tragic consequences. Immediately following the 1946 tsunami, the Commander of the Coast and Geodetic Survey ignorantly stated, “Less than one in one hundred earthquakes result in tidal waves and you don’t alert every port in the Pacific each time a quake occurs.”
Voices from the Past
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The history of catastrophic events is not always written down; it is often embedded in place-names, oral traditions, and myth. With examples of oral traditions of sea monsters and the folly of wizards, this chapter discusses catastrophic prehistoric tsunamis generated by a massive earthquake and volcanic eruption that affected Polynesian communities and culture in the 15th century. In Japan, where the roots of oral traditions and written records are much older, the origins of the word “tsunami” are traced through the country’s cultural progression to its introduction to the Western world and to other related Japanese words that merit adoption, such as “Yoda.”
1755, Lisbon
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Most Europeans do not worry about tsunami waves as much as those who live around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, but they should. On All Saint’s Day, 1755, a huge earthquake struck Lisbon, Portugal, causing most stone buildings to collapse, including churches, monasteries, nunneries, and chapels, trapping the faithful inside the ruins, which votive candles quickly turned into burning pyres. Voltaire would write, “The sole consolation is that the Jesuit Inquisitors of Lisbon will have disappeared.” To add to the irony, among the few buildings safely left standing following the disaster were the lightly constructed wooden bordellos of the city. Most of Lisbon’s prostitutes but few of her nuns survived. Tsunami waves would not only kill thousands around Lisbon’s harbor but also travel south to Spain and North Africa, north to Ireland and Wales, and across the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean, flooding the streets of Barbados.
Afterword
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The tsunamis discussed in this book are a drop in the ocean of the vast number of catastrophic events that have affected the planet. Tsunamis can be traced back almost 3.5 billion years, so it seems that people would be prepared for their wrath. This chapter notes the value of education, and it is through the work of organizations such as the Pacific Tsunami Museum in Hilo, Hawaii, that such education reaps vast benefits. Without organizations such as this, people can only realistically expect to die, or perhaps survive through sheer luck. This chapter discusses the exposure of modern society to global issues related to tsunamis, such as the breaking of submarine cables. This chapter also raises the specter of meteorological tsunamis—another unexpected hazard.
Takin' Care of Business
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We usually associate the sounds of classic rock ‘n’ roll with youthful rebellion, by juvenile delinquents, student demonstrators, idealistic hippies, or irreverent punks. But an important strain of rock from the late 1960s onward spoke to and for a very different audience: the regular working-class fans who didn’t want to change the world as much as they wanted to protect their place in it. From Creedence Clearwater Revival to Bruce Springsteen, from Lynyrd Skynyrd to AC/DC, and from Judas Priest to Ted Nugent, the music provided the anthems of an increasingly distinct—and increasingly vulnerable—demographic, which has since become a key influence on political culture around the world.
Technopopulism
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Technocratic appeals to expertise and populist invocations of ‘the people’ have become mainstays of political competition in established democracies. This development is best understood as the emergence of technopopulism—a new political logic that is being superimposed on the traditional struggle between left and right. Political movements and actors—such as Italy’s Five Star Movement and France’s La Républiqe En Marche—combine technocratic and populist appeals in a variety of ways, as do more established parties that are adapting to the particular set of incentives and constraints implicit in this new, unmediated form of politics. In the first book-length treatment of the phenomenon of technopopulism, the authors combine theoretical and historical approaches, offering a systematic definition of the concept of technopopulism, while also exploring a number of salient contemporary examples. The book provides a detailed account of the emergence of this new political logic, as well as a discussion of its troubling consequences for existing democratic regimes. It ends by considering some possible remedies moving beyond the simplistic idea that in the right ‘dose’ populism and technocracy can counter-balance one another.
The Current International Tax Regime
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes and evaluates the current regime for taxing the profit of companies in an international setting. It explains its basis in domestic law and international treaties and sets out three of its distinguishing features: the distinctions between residence and source, between active and passive income, and its basis of separate accounting. At the time of writing the existing regime is undergoing a sustained period of review and reform, although this has so far resulted mostly in the introduction of a number of new rules and a tightening of existing rules. We evaluate the current regime in the context of the five criteria set out in Chapter 2. We also briefly review further reform proposals that are currently being considered.
Fundamental Reform Options
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out and evaluates a number of possible reform options; we group options by four broad locations in which profit could be taxed. First, profit could in principle be taxed in the country of residence of the owners of the business. A second option is the country of residence of the parent company or business headquarters. A third option is the country where the business undertakes its functions and activities, or where its assets—defined broadly to include financial assets—are held. We refer to this location as ‘origin’. And finally, a business could be taxed in the location of its customers. We refer to this location as ‘destination’. Each of the activities taking place in these four locations might be thought to be necessary, but not sufficient, for the generation of profit, and therefore generate a nexus which would justify taxation. We evaluate specific options according to the five criteria set out in Chapter 2.
Making Connections with Milton’s Epitaphium Damonis
Authors: Greteman Blaine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Milton’s Epitaphium Damonis is often described as a profoundly lonely work, marking the loss of his oldest and most intimate friend, Charles Diodati. It also one of the first works to announce Milton’s epic ambitions, and accordingly it holds an important place in narratives that describe Milton as a singular, or even antisocial, poet, producing poetry from the deep well of his interior self. But this chapter examines the poem as a deeply social, collaborative work, and one of Milton’s important early experiments in using print publication to cultivate and maintain relationships. Milton needed printers to establish his name; printers like Augustine Mathewes and Matthew Simmons needed authors with established names as allies in their own extended war against print licensing and monopolies. The wider context of the Epitaphium Damonis’s production makes it clear that the circumstances of Milton’s stationers cannot be disentangled from the arc of his own career. His emerging authorial identity was not solitary but social, and print was an essential strategy for constructing, promoting, and preserving it.
Do I Amuse You?
Authors: Pivetti Kyle 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When Milton invokes the muse at the opening of Paradise Lost, he also introduces ambiguities of her identity, religious insight, and poetic purpose. Drawing on queer readings of Milton’s work, this essay reveals an inherent—and vexed—eroticism in the relationship to the muse and artistic inspiration. Milton plays upon the verb ‘muse’ throughout Paradise Lost, often associating it with satanic deception, but that implication operates in contrast to Milton’s earlier work with the muse in his Latin elegies and poems to Charles Diodati. In the end, we find that by claiming his status as the epic poet, Milton must foreclose the abundant possibilities in the eroticism of musing.