bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The damage-independent evolution of ageing by selective destruction
Authors: Wordsworth James , O'Keefe Hannah , Clark Peter , Shanley Daryl 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Ageing is currently believed to reflect the accumulation of molecular damage due to energetic costs of maintenance, as proposed in disposable soma theory (DST). Here we have used agent-based modelling to describe an alternative theory by which ageing could undergo positive selection independent of energetic costs. We suggest that the selective advantage of fast-growing mutants might necessitate a mechanism of counterselection we name selective destruction, which removes the faster growing cells from the tissue, preventing the threat of morbidity and mortality they pose. As a result, the survival advantage would shift to the slower cells, allowing them to spread, inducing ageing in the form of a metabolic slowdown. Selective destruction could therefore provide a proximal cause of ageing that is both consistent with the gene expression hallmarks of ageing, and independent of accumulating damage. If true, negligible senescence would acquire a new meaning of increased basal mortality.
Biogeographic Patterns of Leaf Stoichiometry and Adaption Strategy of Stellera Chamaejasme L. in Degraded Grasslands Across Northern China
Authors: Guo Lizhu , Liu Li , Meng Huizhen , Zhang Li , Silva Valdson José , Wang Kun , He Wei , Huang Ding 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background: Plant leaf stoichiometry reflect its adaptations to environments. Leaf stoichiometry variations across different environments have been extensively studied among grassland plants, but little is known about intraspecific leaf stoichiometry, especially for widely distributed species, such as Stellera chamaejasme L. We present the first study on the leaf stoichiometry of S. chamaejasme, and evaluate their relationships with environmental variables by collecting S. chamaejasme leaf and soil samples from 29 invaded sites in the two plateaus of distinct environments [the Inner Mongolian Plateau (IM) and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QT)] in Northern China. Leaf C, N, P, and K and their stoichiometric ratios, and soil physicochemical properties were determined, together with climate information from each sampling sites. Results: Results showed that mean leaf C, N, P, and K concentrations were 498.60, 19.95, 2.15, and 6.57 g · kg-1, respectively; the C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios were 25.46, 246.22, and 9.84, respectively. Soil physicochemical properties of S. chamaejasme invaded area varied wildly, and few significant correlations between S. chamaejasme leaf ecological stoichiometry and soil physicochemical properties were observed. Except for C and N in leaves, the P and K had higher homeostasis than 1, between 4.17 and 13.21. Moreover, C and N content of S. chamaejasme leaves were unaffected by any climate factors. However, the correlation between leaf P and climate factors was significant in IM only, while leaf K in QT. Finally, partial least squares path modeling suggested that leaf P or leaf K were affected by different mechanisms in QT and IM regions. Conclusions: Our results indicated that S. chamaejasme tend to be insensitive to variation in soil nutrient availability, resulting in their broad distributions in China grasslands. Moreover, S. chamaejasme adapt to changing environments by adjusting its relationships with climate or soil factors to improve their chances of survival and spread in degraded grasslands.
Who Will Benefit Most From PD-L1 Detection and Immunotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer?
Authors: Liu Lu , Xie Bin , Zhu Wei , He Qiuyan , Zhou Jianhua , Liu Shuang , Tao Yongguang , Xiao Desheng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, but studies have shown that the higher the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the more likely it will benefit from anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. The purpose of our study was to collect and analyze abundant clinical samples in order to provide evidence for clinicians and patients who might consider anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy while jointly formulating treatment plans.Methods: On the one hand, we obtained cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)database, including 498 squamous cell carcinoma of lung cancer (LUSC) patients and 515 adenocarcinoma of lung cancer (LUAD) patients. A heat map of gene expression was drawn. On the other hand, PD-L1 expression was detected in 1,008 NSCLC patients with immunohistochemistry staining (IHC), and we studied the correlation between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics.Results: PD-L1 expression was higher in LUSC than in LUAD at the mRNA level in the TCGA database. In univariate analysis, PD-L1 expression was higher in patients who were males, were LUSC, were smokers, had a tumor diameter >3 cm, had poor differentiation, or had stage III~IV disease. In multivariate analysis, PD-L1 expression was higher in patients who were LUSC or in poor differentiation.Conclusion: PD-L1 expression was higher in patients who were LUSC or in poor differentiation. We recommend that PD-L1 detection can be mandated for patients who might be suitable candidates for immunotherapy.
Peak Apical Recoil Rate is a Simplified Index of Left Ventricular Untwist: Validation and Application for Assessment of Diastolic Function in Children
Authors: yubbu putri , Kauffman Hunter , Calderon-Anyosa Renzo , Monteroa Andrea E. , Sato Tomoyuki , Matsubara Daisuke , Banerjee Anirban 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
AimsTo simplify measurement of untwist by measuring the recoil rate of LV apex only, to validate and apply peak apical recoil rate (PARR) as an index of diastolic dysfunction (DD) in pediatric subjects during increased and decreased lusitropic states. Methods and ResultsWe recruited 153 healthy subjects (mean age 13.8+2.9 years), of whom 48 performed straight leg raising exercise and an additional 46 patients (mean 8.4+5.6 years) with documented pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (PCWP) (validation cohort). In addition, we studied 16 dilated cardiomyopathy patients (mean age 9.5+6.3years) (application cohort). PARR and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) were compared to PCWP. Both PARR and PARR normalized by heart rate (nPARR) were excellent in detecting patient with PCWP >12 mmHg and greatly superior to IVRT in this respect (AUC: 0.98, 95% CI [0.96, 1.0] vs. AUC: 0.7 95%CI [0.54,0.86]). In DCM patients, PARR and nPARR were greatly decreased compared to controls (-38.58+18.59º/s vs -63.07+16.35º /s, p< 0.001) and (-0.43+0.20 º/ s/min vs -0.83+0.28º/s/min, p<0.0001) but increased with straight leg raising exercise (-59.4+19.4º/s vs -97.82+39.0 º/s, p<0.01) and -0.85+0.36 vs -1.4+0.62 º/s/min (p< 0.0001). The intra-observer and inter-observer intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficients were 0.95 and 0.88, respectively.ConclusionPARR successfully detected increased and decreased lusitropic states and was not affected by age when normalized with heart rate. Both PARR and nPARR are superior to IVRT in their correlation with PCWP and offer incremental value over traditional indices of DD. This highly reproducible parameter may potentially serve as a useful index of elevated PCWP in children.
Comparison and Analysis of Injuries At Ski Resorts in Chongli, China and Japan
Authors: Ma Xiao , Li Jiong-yuan , ANDD SHI GERU , Ao Ying-fang , Yang Yu-ping 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background: More researches should be needed on injuries at ski resorts in Chongli, one of the sites of the 2022 Winter Olympics.Hypothesis: In Chinese ski resorts, injury accidents should be more frequent, and the injured body parts may be related to the protective clothingMethods: In this retrospective study, injuries at ski resorts in Chongli, China and Japan were analyzed to provide a reference for the ongoing injury prevention work at ski resorts. We collected data [see Additional file 1] on injuries at Wanlong and Fulong Ski Resort in Chongli during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 ski seasons. We referred to the ski injury report issued in February 2020 by the Japan Ski Safety Association [see Additional file 2]. The causes of and specific body parts involved in the injuries at both the Chinese and Japanese ski resorts were analyzed.Results: During the 2019–2020 ski season at the Japanese ski resorts, 0.93 injuries occurred per 10,000 skiers, and older skiers constituted a larger proportion of those injured, with 227 (8.6%) aged over 60 years. The knee joint was the most commonly injured body part among both Chinese and Japanese skiers, whereas shoulder joint injury was the most prevalent among snowboarders. Conclusion: The two Chongli ski resorts had a higher injury rate than the Japanese ski resorts. Medical treatment should focus more on older skiers, and helmet use requires urgent promotion
The Effects of Rainfall Patterns on Runoff, Sediment, and Nutrients Under Various Artificial Rainfall Experiments
Authors: Henorman Hanna Mariana , Tholibon Duratul Ain , Nu Masyitah Md , Mokhtar Hamizah , Rahim Jamilah Abd , Saadon Azlinda 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Assessing the effects of rainfall patterns on runoff, sediment, nutrients under variation of rainfall pattern are significant in the quantification of sediment transported by overland flow. Previous experimental and field works studied that sediment transport is influenced by hydraulic properties of flow, physical properties of soil and surface characteristics. This study aims at determining the effect of rainfall patterns on surface runoff, sediment loss and nutrient loss. Experiments were carried out using four rainfall patterns, namely Pattern A (uniform-type: 8-8-8 l/min), Pattern B (increasing-type: 7-8-9 l/min), Pattern C (increasing-decreasing-type: 7-9-8 l/min) and Pattern D (decreasing-type: 9-8-7 l/min) with the changes of intensity every 30 minutes that gives total rainfall duration of 90 minutes for each pattern. The simulation was performed in three repetitions. The average total runoff produced was 668.65, 701.40, 699.10, and 722.63 liters, for rainfall patterns A, B, C, and D, respectively. The trend of runoff generated was influenced by the rainfall patterns, Pattern D generated the highest amount of runoff meanwhile Pattern A generated the lowest. For total suspended sediment concentrations, the mean value among every three repetitions of rainfall pattern resulted as 14,518.88, 13,732.73, 8,011.71 and 19,918.50 mg/l for patterns A, B, C, and D, respectively Pattern D contributed to the highest amount of sediment accumulated whereby Pattern C generated the lowest sediment despite the trend showed a different approach than the other 3 patterns. In nutrient concentrations, the determined total losses for ammonia nitrogen were 3.986, 2.891, 3.504, and 4.601g; nitrate nitrogen were 3.934, 2.665, 4.008, and 3.259g; phosphorus were 1.346, 0.222, 0.207, and 0.679g, for patterns A, B, C, and D, respectively. In general, rainfall pattern does have a significant impact on the trend of nutrient losses, where the trend shows that higher concentrations at the start and eventually lowered through the end, but Pattern D as compared to other patterns resulted in a more severe nutrient loss. For the affected area of the soil movement process, the calculated means of the affected area are 79.60, 68.70, 72.43, and 64.97% for patterns A, B, C, and D respectively. The lowest mean of the affected area is contributed by Pattern D and the highest by Pattern A.
Estimation of the density and cumulative distribution functions of the exponentiated Burr XII distribution
Authors: Hassan Amal S. , Assar Salwa M. , Ali Kareem A. , Nagy Heba F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The exponentiated Burr Type XII (EBXII) distribution has wide applications in reliability and economic studies. In this article, the estimation of the probability density function and the cumulative distribution function of EBXII distribution is considered. We examine the maximum likelihood estimator, the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator, the least squares estimator, the weighted least squares estimator, the maximum product spacing estimator, the Cramér–von-Mises estimator, and the Anderson–Darling estimator. We derive analytical forms for the bias and mean square error. A simulation study is performed to investigate the consistency of the suggested methods of estimation. Data relating to the wind speed and service times of aircraft windshields are used with the studied methods. The simulation studies and real data applications have revealed that the maximum likelihood estimator performs more efficiently than its remaining counterparts.
Factors influencing physicochemical characteristics of faecal sludge in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Authors: Eliyan Chea , Vinnerås Björn , Zurbrügg Christian , Koottatep Thammarat , Sothea Kok , McConville Jennifer 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of faecal sludge characteristics is needed for sludge management planning, but it is lacking for the city of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Thus, this study characterised physicochemical properties of faecal sludge from households in Phnom Penh and related these to sludge containment unit type, unit age, connectedness to the urban drainage network, type of wastewater captured, watertight containment units, number of users, and emptying practices. In total, 194 faecal sludge samples collected during containment unit emptying were analysed for physicochemical parameters. Information on containment units was collected in a survey of emptiers and users. Mean values of faecal sludge chemical parameters were found to be slightly lower than previously reported values for low-/middle-income countries, whereas physicochemical properties were within similar ranges. The main factor influencing organic matter content in faecal sludge was containment unit connection to the urban drainage network, whereas emptying practice and capture of only blackwater affected nutrient levels. The concentrations of nutrients and organic pollutants greatly exceeded Cambodian discharge standards for wastewater. This causes environmental impacts, so treatment is needed before discharge. The faecal sludge characteristics and influencing factors identified here can serve as a baseline for sanitation stakeholders planning faecal sludge management systems in Phnom Penh and similar cities.
A preservação da memória da saúde na Gestão Documental dos arquivos hospitalares
Authors: Ramos Rosane Oliveira 
Published: December 2021

Os hospitais são organizações prestadoras de serviços de assistência em saúde e produzem documentos relacionados as suas atividades meio e fim. Ao fim de seu valor de utilização primário, os documentos que alcançam valor histórico, são custodiados pelos arquivos permanentes de acordo com a política de gestão documental e a legislação vigente. Este estudo objetiva analisar o papel da gestão documental na preservação da memória da saúde nos documentos dos arquivos hospitalares. Utiliza o método de revisão de literatura, através de pesquisa em livros, artigos e sites. Descreve as características gerais das organizações hospitalares. Conceitua os documentos e o seu valor primário e secundário. Analisa a importância do prontuário do paciente para a memória da saúde. Identifica o papel dos arquivos hospitalares como instituições de memória. Constata a importância da gestão e das ações de preservação documental para a preservação e acesso à memória social da saúde.
Evaluation of Associated Genes with Traumatic Pain: A Systematic
Review
Authors: Rasouli Hamid Reza , Talebi Samira , Ahmadpour Fathollah 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
The knowledge about the molecular pathway of traumatic pain relief is less
documented. This systematic review study aimed to identify the genes and molecular pathways associated
with various traumatic pains.

Methods:
The online databases such as EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, International
Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Clinical Trials, Google Scholar, Wiley, ISI Web of Knowledge,
and Scopus were searched. Two review authors searched and screened all records' titles and abstracts,
and the third expert reviewer author resolved their disagreement. The study’s design, various trauma injuries,
types of genes, and molecular pathways were recorded. The genes and molecular pathways data
were obtained via GeneCards®: The Human Gene Database (https://www.genecards.org).

Results:
Studies on a variety of trauma injuries regarding nerve and Spinal Cord Injuries (SCIs) (12
records), Hypertrophic scar with Severe Pain (one record), severe post-traumatic musculoskeletal pain
(MSP) (one record), and orthopedic trauma (one record) were included. The main molecular pathways
such as the immune system, apoptosis, and death receptor signaling, T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)
signaling pathway, oxidative stress, interleukin(s) mediated signaling pathway, biological oxidations,
metabolic pathways (especially amino acid metabolism and amino group), focal adhesion, the proliferation
of vascular, epithelial, and connective tissue cells, angiogenesis and neural development were
identified.

Conclusion:
The immune system, apoptosis, and metabolic pathways are crucial for understanding the
roles of genes in traumatic pain. It is recommended that these identified pathways and related genes be
considered therapeutical targets for pain management in patients with trauma injuries. In addition, different
forms of trauma injuries require different pathways and related genes to be considered.
A Note on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacy
Authors: Bhattacharya Sankha 
Published: December 2021

Abstract:
Artificial intelligence and robotics are two of the hottest and most recent technologies to
emerge from the world of science. There is tremendous potential for these technologies to solve a
wide range of pharmaceutical problems, including the reduction of the enormous amounts of money
and time invested in the drug discovery and development process, technical solutions related to
the quality of drug products, and an increase in the demand for pharmaceuticals. Nanorobotics is a
new subfield that has emerged from the field of robotics itself. This technique makes use of robots
that are as small as nano- or micron-sized to diagnose diseases and deliver drugs to the targeted organ,
tissue, or cell. These techniques, as well as their various applications in the pharmacy sector,
are extensively discussed throughout this article. Internationally renowned pharmaceutical companies
are collaborating with Artificial Intelligence behemoths in order to revolutionise the discovery
and development process of potential drug molecules and to ensure the highest possible quality in
their products.
Case Report Mediastinal Teratoma Resembling Vascular Tumor with Rapid Growth Accompanied by Vena Cava Superior Syndrome and Bilateral Paramalignant Pleural Effusion
Authors: Rini Ni Made , Pratiwi Suryanti Dwi , Pratiwi Suryanti Dwi , Bayuadi Imam Suseno , Bayuadi Imam Suseno , Erawati Dini Rachma , Erawati Dini Rachma , Yudhanto Hendy Setyo , Yudhanto Hendy Setyo 
Published: December 2021

Background: Teratomas are tumors originate from germ cells, consist of well differentiated tissue from more than one of three layers of embryonic cells: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Teratomas are generally slow-growing and asymptomatic. Mediastinal teratoma is the most common extra-gonadal germ cell tumor. Superior vena cava syndrome and bilateral paramaligant pleural effusion are complications which can occur in mediastinal teratomas.Â Case: We report a 37-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath since 1 month before admission, chest pain, cough, weight loss,Â swolen of face, neck, and right arm. Chest x-ray showed mediastinal tumor. However, no mediastinal tumor had been detected by chest x-ray to examine her heart disease 3 years earlier. Chest computed tomography scan showed anterosuperior mediastinal tumor surrounding great blood vessels and bilateral pleural effusion. Computed tomography guided transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy revealedÂ tumor containing mature squamous epithelial component. Patient underwent open biopsy by sternotomy and histological assessment confirmed the diagnosis as mediastinal teratoma with vascular lesions predominantly resembling vascular tumor.Conclusion: Establishing the diagnosis of mediastinal teratoma is challenging and it requires multi modality approaches.Â Â Keywords: Mediastinal teratoma, vena cava superior syndrome, bilateral paramalignant pleural effusion.
Blessed by the Lord: A Visual Portrait of a Jumli Pentecostal Congregation
Authors: Poletti Samuele 
Published: December 2021

Many Christian converts in the Sinja Valley of Jumla, northwest Nepal, reveal that they have been struck by the Bible because it referenced real events, especially miraculous cases of healing. These miraculous events provide tangible ‘evidence’ of God’s power that somewhat replicate the expectations that people nurture with respect to the Hindu deities. In such way, miracles play an especially crucial role in supporting the conversion of women and youngsters living in large families, who, partaking as veritable protagonists in Biblical events, are turned into the as quintessentially Christian subjects of a conversion narrative that helps substantiating their radical decision vis-à-vis the rest of their family.
Of Education, Humanism and Civilizational Progress: An Explorative Study of Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh’s Life and Work from the Perspective of ‘Global Intellectual History’
Authors: Lueder Stefan 
Published: December 2021

The Himalayas have long been perceived as a region at the margins between South Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia. Since the turn of the 21st century, however, the area received continuously more scholarly attention, particularly with regards to historiography and historical research. Researchers started to explore the manifold historical connections, entanglements, and interdependencies of the Himalayas with its neighboring regions and the rest of the world, which have long been disregarded due to the prevalence of implicit methodological nationalism, historiographical isolationism, and exceptionalism. Anticipating these changing perspectives, my paper explores the life and works of Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh in an attempt to render the global historical connections of the Central Himalayas further visible and enrich broader debates from the perspective of ‘Global Intellectual History’. At the intersection of this newly emerging discipline and the intellectual history of the Himalayas, my paper seeks to address the research questions: Who was Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh and why is his life and work relevant for a better understanding of the multifaceted historical entanglements of the Central Himalayas? I argue that Jaya Prithvi’s thoughts, specifically those on education, humanism, and civilizational progress will add new thematic dimensions, empirically diversify and, thus, broaden the scope of contemporary discourses on ‘Global Intellectual History’ as well as Himalayan History.
Lecture 9: The Work of Stephen Toulmin
Authors: McCarron Gary 
Published: December 2021

Lecture 9 tackles the notion of persuasion when using formal and informal arguments. Based on inductive reasoning, informal arguments aim to persuade listeners of their truth by the sheer weight of the reasons the presenter can mobilize. Unlike formal arguments, informal arguments are precisely the sorts of arguments that are wedded to the idea of truth. They are the kinds of arguments where rhetoric is most called for.
Le cours 9 traite de la notion de persuasion dans des circonstances où l’on a recours à des arguments formels et informels. Basés sur un raisonnement inductif, les arguments informels tentent de persuader l’auditeur de leur vérité par la simple force des raisons que le présentateur peut rassembler. Contrairement aux arguments formels, les arguments informels représentent précisément le type d’argument qui adhère à l’idée de vérité. Ils sont le type d’argument où la rhétorique peut être le plus utile.