bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Links between food trade, climate change and food security in developed countries: A case study of Sweden
Authors: Horn Blaze , Ferreira Carla , Kalantari Zahra 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFood security is a global concern affecting even highly developed countries. Ongoing globalisation of food systems, characterised by trading interdependencies, means that agricultural production can be disrupted by climate change, affecting food availability. This study investigated Sweden’s food security by identifying major food import categories and associated trade partners (using the World Integrated Trade System database) and vulnerability to frictions in trade deriving from climate change. Vulnerability was assessed through three indicators: exposure based on diversity of sources, dominance and direct trade from supplying countries; sensitivity, assessed using the Climate Risk Index, and adaptive capacity, assessed using the Fragile State Index. The results revealed that Sweden’s grain imports may be most vulnerable, and animal products least vulnerable, to climate change. Management strategies based on this preliminary assessment can be developed by integrating climate vulnerability deriving from food trading into the ‘Gravity’ model, to improve prediction of trade flows.
Cultural Backlash? How (Not) to Explain the Rise of Authoritarian Populism
Authors: Schäfer Armin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis book review examines the theory of populism advanced by Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart in Cultural Backlash. The authors offer a distinct explanation of the rise of authoritarian populism in advanced democracies. As societies become more liberal over time, older, more conservative cohorts feel under threat of losing majority status and allegedly turn towards authoritarian-populist parties that promise to stop the tide of liberalism. However, this theory of populism finds little empirical support. In contrast to what the authors argue, there is no polarization of attitudes between younger and older cohorts, and younger cohorts are more likely to vote for authoritarian-populist parties. To substantiate this claim, I replicate many of the analyses in Cultural Backlash and add additional ones with the newest wave of the European Social Survey and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey. I conclude by observing that while the cultural backlash theory of populism does not hold, this does not invalidate cultural approaches more generally.
Upper Stratosphere‐Mesosphere‐Lower Thermosphere Perturbations During the Formation of the Arctic Polar Night Jet in 2019–2020
Authors: Lukianova Renata , Kozlovsky Alexander , Lester Mark 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThermal and dynamic perturbations in the polar upper stratospheric/mesosphere‐lower thermosphere in the Arctic winter of 2019–2020 as measured by a meteor radar at 67°N, Aura Microwave Limb Sounder and reanalysis are presented. The most severe disturbances occur from late December to mid‐January, while the rest of the winter is relatively stable. Mesospheric winds are dominated by several impulsive increases in the zonal component, an abrupt descent of the wind core and alternating north‐ and south‐ward flow with a period of half a month. Reduced temperature at 90 km height accompanied by thermal inversions is observed in association with upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere warming in the eastern hemisphere. The warming trend is interrupted by a strong cooling in the entire stratosphere‐mesosphere. The upper middle atmosphere appears considerably stratified. High "walls" surround the vortex that is favorable for its stability.
Microscopic Characterizations of Heterogeneous Pores, ITZs, Multiple‐Solids, and Their Impacts on Damage Property of Sandstone by Low‐High Resolution 3D Reconstruction
Authors: Zhao Zhi , Zhou Xiao‐Ping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHeterogeneity representations of rocks can bring out large errors due to inaccurate partitions of different phases. This study aims to deeply characterize the microscopic heterogeneity in rocks represented by different phases and to study their effects on damage properties of sandstone. X‐ray μ‐CT imaging with low‐high resolution is applied to capture microstructures information. Digital analysis with statistical models is employed to accurately characterize the heterogeneity. The effects of microscopic heterogeneity on the damage properties are analyzed using the numerical simulations and coupling multiple point statistic‐marching cube three‐dimensional reconstruction algorithm. Results show that the microscopic heterogeneity of sandstone can be effectively characterized by Lorentz distribution model, and model with high resolution shows betterR2values. With increasing segmentation accuracy of microscopic phases, micro‐grain‐2 phase plays decisive roles in determining the compressive strength of sandstone. The microscopic samples S1‐S2 are failed by the mixed modes of transgranular and intergranular failures.
Factors Determining Shear‐Parallel Versus Low‐Angle Shear Band Localization in Shear Deformations: Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Roy Arnab , Roy Nandan , Saha Puspendu , Mandal Nibir 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanics of shear localization in materials is a key to interpreting a wide range of failure‐assisted geophysical processes. This paper addresses a crucial problem of shear band formation in ductile shear zones undergoing simple shear movement. We studied ductile shear zones in two geological terrains of Eastern India and observed extensive micro‐ to macro‐scale shear‐parallel deformation bands (C‐bands) in them. However, laboratory‐scale simple shear experiments on wet sand (Coulomb) and putty (viscoplastic) failed to produce C‐bands. They developed shear bands in conjugate sets: low‐angle R1 (10°–15°) and high‐angle R2 (65°–75°) and single sets of low‐angle shear bands (LSB), respectively. These contrasting findings between field and experiments motivate us to address the question‐ under what conditions can shear bands localize parallel to the bulk shear direction? With the help of 2D numerical models, based on viscoplastic rheology, we demonstrate C‐band and LSB formation as two competing mechanisms of shear localization, mediated by a combined effect of the shear zone parameters: geometric (shear zone thickness), kinematic (bulk shear rate) and rheological (bulk viscosity). Finally, two non‐dimensional factors: (a) dynamic (Ω: global shear stress /cohesive strength [Ci]) and (b) geometric (δ: effective thickness [Wc]/total shear zone thickness [W]) are recognized to show the fields of LSB and C‐bands formation. We also provide a theoretical analysis of the shear band orientation as a function of the dynamic and geometric parameters.
Inside Katabatic Winds Over the Terra Nova Bay Polynya: 2. Dynamic and Thermodynamic Analyses
Authors: Guest P. S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSurface fluxes and atmospheric boundary layer budgets of enthalpy and momentum are quantified using bulk and integral methods based on measurements obtained during a research vessel transect across the Terra Nova Bay polynya during an intense late autumnal katabatic wind event. The surface sensible, latent, and net radiation heat fluxes had maximum upward values of 2,500 ± 600, 400 ± 100, and 100 ± 7 Wm−2, respectively, which occurred over open regions that had been cleared of sea ice by the wind stress. In these open areas, sea spray enhanced the sensible and latent heat fluxes (LHFs) by an estimated 106% and 18%, respectively. As sea ice formed on the surface and became thicker in the downwind direction, the sensible and LHFs decreased to 50% of their maximum values over pancake ice and to 5% at the downwind end of the transect, where snow‐covered young ice flows were present. Snow growth removed over 50% of the water vapor that came from the surface. The surface wind stress ranged from mean values of 2.9 Nm−2 in the most upwind regions to 0.9 Nm−2 at the end of the transect, with smaller scale variations of almost a factor of three due to different surface types (roughnesses) and gustiness. The downwind slowing and turning of the wind vector can be almost entirely explained by frictional and inertial forces, indicating the horizontal pressure gradient was weak. This case could serve as a case study for future modeling studies of coastal polynyas.
The Concavity of Submarine Canyon Longitudinal Profiles
Authors: Soutter Euan L. , Kane Ian A. , Hodgson David M. , Flint Stephen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSubmarine canyons incise continental shelves and slopes, and are important conduits for the transport of sediment, nutrients, organic carbon and pollutants from continents to oceans. Submarine canyons bear morphological similarities to subaerial valleys, such as their longitudinal (long) profiles. Long profiles record the interaction between erosion and uplift, making their shape, or concavity, a record of environmental and tectonic processes. The processes that govern concavity of subaerial valleys and rivers are well documented on a global scale, however, the processes that control submarine canyon concavity are less well constrained. We address this problem by utilizing existing geomorphological, tectonic and climatic datasets to measure the long profiles and quantify the concavities of 377 modern submarine canyons. Key results show that: (1) the dominant control on submarine canyon concavity is tectonics, with forearcs and tectonically active margins hosting the least concave‐up profiles; (2) present‐day canyon position affects canyon concavity, with river‐associated canyons being less concave than canyons currently dissociated from rivers on forearcs; (3) present‐day onshore climate appears to have a more limited impact on submarine canyon concavity when compared to these factors. While significant local variation exists, these results indicate that tectonic processes are the dominant control on the concavity of submarine canyons on a global scale.
Accumbofrontal tract integrity is related to early life adversity and feedback learning
Authors: Kennedy Bryan V. , Hanson Jamie L. , Buser Nicholas J. , van den Bos Wouter , Rudolph Karen D. , Davidson Richard J. , Pollak Seth D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAbuse, neglect, exposure to violence, and other forms of early life adversity (ELA) are incredibly common and significantly impact physical and mental development. While important progress has been made in understanding the impacts of ELA on behavior and the brain, the preponderance of past work has primarily centered on threat processing and vigilance while ignoring other potentially critical neurobehavioral processes, such as reward-responsiveness and learning. To advance our understanding of potential mechanisms linking ELA and poor mental health, we center in on structural connectivity of the corticostriatal circuit, specifically accumbofrontal white matter tracts. Here, in a sample of 77 youth (Mean age = 181 months), we leveraged rigorous measures of ELA, strong diffusion neuroimaging methodology, and computational modeling of reward learning. Linking these different forms of data, we hypothesized that higher ELA would be related to lower quantitative anisotropy in accumbofrontal white matter. Furthermore, we predicted that lower accumbofrontal quantitative anisotropy would be related to differences in reward learning. Our primary predictions were confirmed, but similar patterns were not seen in control white matter tracts outside of the corticostriatal circuit. Examined collectively, our work is one of the first projects to connect ELA to neural and behavioral alterations in reward-learning, a critical potential mechanism linking adversity to later developmental challenges. This could potentially provide windows of opportunity to address the effects of ELA through interventions and preventative programming.
Pre-endodontic restoration of structurally compromised teeth: current concepts
Authors: Gavriil Dimitrios , Kakka Angeliki , Myers Paul , O´Connor Christopher J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTeeth that require endodontic treatment are often structurally compromised and this considerably complicates endodontic procedures. Therefore, pre-endodontic restoration is a key approach that dentists should consider for such teeth. This article discusses current concepts of pre-endodontic restoration, with a focus on adhesive restorative methods and surgical/orthodontic techniques, and provides a relevant decision-making flowchart.
Kirigami-processed cellulose nanofiber films for smart heat dissipation by convection
Authors: Uetani Kojiro , Kasuya Keitaro , Wang Jiahao , Huang Yintong , Watanabe Rikuya , Tsuneyasu Shota , Satoh Toshifumi , Koga Hirotaka , Nogi Masaya 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHeat dissipation has become increasingly important in electronics. Conventional convection cooling systems have significant material and dimensional constraints, and they have difficulty meeting the heat dissipation, miniaturization, and flexibility requirements of next-generation smart electronics. Here, we used kirigami (the traditional art of paper cutting) with a thermally conductive cellulose nanofiber film to propose a flexible cooling system through convective heat dissipation. By stretching the Amikazari (net decoration) pattern produced by kirigami and allowing air convection through its aperture at 3.0 m/s, the thermal resistance was reduced to approximately one-fifth of that without kirigami and convection. The kirigami apertures defined the outlet air velocity, resulting in a significant increase in the heat-transfer coefficient. Our kirigami heat dissipation concept enables the design of electronics using a variety of film materials as shape-variant cooling structures, which will inspire a wide range of thermal engineering and electronics applications.
Enhanced immune response by vacuoles isolated fromSaccharomyces cerevisiaein RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Lee Su-Min , Choi Wooil , Shin Woo-Ri , Kim Yang-Hoon , Min Jiho 
Published: September 2021

AbstractVacuoles are membrane vesicles in eukaryotic cells, the digestive system of cells that break down substances absorbed outside the cell and digest the useless components of the cell itself. Researches on anticancer and intractable diseases using vacuoles are being actively conducted. The practical application of the present study to animals requires the determination of the biocompatibility of vacuole. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of vacuoles isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in RAW 264.7 cells. This showed a significant increase in the production of nitric oxide (NO) produced by macrophage activity. Using Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay, we identified that ROS is increased in a manner dependent on vacuole concentration. Western blot analysis showed that vacuole concentration-dependently increased protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Therefore, iNOS expression was stimulated to induce NO production. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels promoted, such as interleukin (IL) 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α (TNF-α). In summary, vacuoles activate the immune response of macrophages by promoting the production of immune-mediated transporters NO, ROS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Radar backscattering modelling and micro‐motion parameter estimation method for quadcopter
Authors: Mao Tong , Li Zhangfeng , Zhu Kaiqiang , Zhang Yi , Sun Houjun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDue to the high‐speed rotors and overlapped propellers, it is still a challenge to extract the micro‐motion parameters of the quadcopter. In this work, the authors establish a radar backscattering model of the quadcopter based on the flight control theory and radar backscattering characteristics. Then, the improved template matching method and peak grouping method are proposed to capture the periodic information for overlapped propellers on a range‐time profile and extract the rotation speeds of rotors. By simulating the nine types of quadcopter movements, the relative error of the rotation speeds is estimated to be lower than 1.4% for each rotor with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 15 .
Graph-based clustering of gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Tarnopolski Mariusz 
Published: September 2021

Aims. An attempt to classify gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with a low level of supervision using the state-of-the-start approaches stemming from graph theory was undertaken.
Methods. Graph-based classification methods, relying on different variants of the k-nearest neighbour graph, were applied to various GRB samples in the duration–hardness ratio parameter space to infer the optimal partitioning.
Results. In most cases it is found that both two and three groups are feasible, with the outcome being more ambiguous with an increasing sample size.
Conclusions. There is no clear indication of the presence of a third GRB class; however, such a possibility cannot be ruled out with the employed methodology. There are no hints at more than three classes though.
Influence of Footwear on Posture and Comfort in Elite Rugby
Players
Authors: Blanchard Sylvain , Bellaïche Laurence , Kuliberda Zbigniew , Behr Michel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInfluence of footwear on posture in athletes is poorly documented despite its
potential impact on biomechanics and injury risk. The aim of this study was
to investigate effects of different footwear geometries on comfort and
posture on a cohort of 48 elite rugby players. Spine posture was
characterized by photogrammetry, while center of pressure was measured by
means of a force platform. Three different footwear outsoles architectures
(one rugby shoe with flat outsole, one rugby shoe with a 10 mm heel
rise and foot arch support, and a running shoe with a 10mm heel rise and
foot arch support) were compared to non-shod in randomized order. Then
comfort felt at the level of foot and spine was also estimated by subjective
questionnaires. Compared to the flat rugby model, both other models induced
significantly (p<0.05) greater comfort at the level of foot and
spine, a slight shift toward of center of pressure and a spinal posture
closer to that observed when non-shod. The footwear geometry influences
comfort and posture at the level of the foot as well as spine and should be
considered in a dual purpose of injury prevention and performance.
COVID-19 und Adipositas – Daten, potenzielle Mechanismen und klinische Implikationen
Authors: Ernst Barbara , Meyhöfer Sebastian M. , Schultes Bernd 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDurch die systematische Analyse klinischer Daten konnte bereits sehr früh während der Corona Pandemie Adipositas als ein wesentlicher Risikofaktor für einen schweren COVID-19 Verlauf identifiziert werden. Als potenziell zugrundeliegende Mechanismen werden verschiedenen pathophysiologische Aspekte wie bspw. das Vorliegen von Komorbiditäten, immunologische Dysfunktionen sowie Störungen im Gerinnungssystem diskutiert. Auch könnten für Menschen mit ausgeprägter Adipositas unzureichende medizinische Versorgungsstrukturen das Risiko für einen schweren COVID-19 Verlauf erhöhen. Wir möchten hier das zu dem Thema COVID-19 und Adipositas aktuell verfügbare Wissen zusammenfassen und die sich daraus ergebenden klinischen Implikationen diskutieren.
Die intraoperative Faszikel-topografische Elektromyografie in der peripheren Nervenchirurgie – Übersichtsarbeit und Fallbeispiele
Authors: Frueh Florian Samuel , Labèr Raffael , Schiller Andreas , Guidi Marco , Besmens Inga Swantje , Calcagni Maurizio , Giovanoli Pietro 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der peripheren Nervenchirurgie ist die intraoperative Beurteilung eines pathologischen Nervensegmentes von zentraler Bedeutung. Mittels verschiedener Methoden kann die Vitalität eines Nervs beurteilt und zwischen alleiniger Neurolyse oder Resektion und Nervenrekonstruktion entschieden werden. Neben Nervenmorphologie, intraoperativer Schnellschnittdiagnostik und einfacher Nervenstimulation ist die intraoperative Elektrophysiologie ein wertvolles Instrument des Nervenchirurgen.
Ziel dieser apparativen Diagnostik ist das Erfassen objektiver Parameter, welche die Funktion peripherer Nerven dokumentieren. Die intraoperative Elektroneurografie erlaubt die Ableitung eines Nervenaktionspotentials über einem pathologisch veränderten Nervensegment und ist seit vielen Jahren etabliert. Im Gegensatz dazu wird die intraoperative Nadel-Elektromyografie in der peripheren Nervenchirurgie noch kaum benutzt, obwohl sie interessante Vorteile mit sich bringt. Sie kann
sowohl bei der Selektion geeigneter Faszikel für motorische Neurotisationen als auch bei der Faszikel-topografischen Ableitung von Kontinuitätsneuromen wertvolle Zusatzinformationen generieren. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit fasst die Möglichkeiten der intraoperativen Elektromyografie anhand von Fallbeispielen aus der Traumatologie und Tumorchirurgie zusammen.
Endurance Exercise Training reduces Blood Pressure according to the
Wilder’s Principle
Authors: Mora-Rodriguez Ricardo , Ortega Juan Fernando , Morales-Palomo Felix , Ramirez-Jimenez Miguel , Moreno-Cabañas Alfonso , Alvarez-Jimenez Laura 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe effect of antihypertensive medicine (AHM) is larger the higher the
pre-treatment blood pressure level. It is unknown whether this Wilder’s
principle, also applies for the exercise-training blood pressure (BP) lowering
effect. One hundred seventy-eight (n=178) middle-aged individuals
(55±8 y) with metabolic syndrome (MetS), underwent high
intensity interval training (3 days·week–1) for 16
weeks. Participants were divided into medicated (Med; n=103) or not
medicated (No Med; n=75) with AHM. Office BP was evaluated before and
after the exercise-training. Correlations and stepwise regression analysis were
used to determine which variable better predicted the reductions in systolic BP
(SBP) with training. After training, participants with hypertension lowered SBP
by a similar magnitude regardless of if they were in the Med
(–15 mmHg, 95% CI–12,–19;
P<0.001) or No Med group (–13 mmHg, 95%
CI–9,–16; P<0.001). However, SBP did not decrease
among normotensive groups (P=0.847 for Med and
P=0.937 for No Med). Pre-treatment SBP levels was the best
predictor of exercise-training lowering effect (r=–0.650;
β=–0.642; P<0.001). For each
10 mmHg higher pre-training SBP there were a 5 mmHg deeper SBP
reduction (Wilder principle). Furthermore, AHM does not interfere with
exercise-training BP-lowering effect.
SN2′ Defluorinative Allylation of Trifluoromethylalkenes with Allylsilanes
Authors: Zhu Chuan , Feng Chao , Sun Meng-Meng , Liu Haidong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn SN2′ defluorinative allylation of trifluoromethylalkenes with readily available allylsilanes to access homoallyl gem-difluoroalkenes is reported. The reaction is triggered by a catalytic amount of TBAF, with the extruded fluoride in the reaction serving as a sustainable activator for organosilanes. The high efficiency, good functional group tolerance, and mild reaction conditions underline the potential of this method in synthetic chemistry.
Synthesis of Bungeanool, Isobungeanool, Dihydrobungeanool, Tetrahydrobungeanool, Hazaleamide, Lanyuamide III, and Analogues
Authors: Toy Patrick H. , Loo Ying-Hui , Leakasindhu Suleeporn , Kan Chi-Ming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe bungeanools are a family of alkamide natural products isolated from the pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Sichuan pepper), and they are structurally related to the sanshools. While the sanshools, especially hydroxy-α-sanshool, have been studied in a variety of contexts, research regarding the bungeanools has been much more limited. To facilitate their study, we have developed stereoselective syntheses of all four members of this family of compounds by using flexible routes that are also amenable to the synthesis of analogues. The key transformation in the syntheses was the stereoselective triphenylphosphine/phenol-catalyzed isomerization of an alkynoate to the corresponding conjugated E,E-dienoate.