bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between the Two Ethics: Why Assessor Wilhelm is not a Judge
Authors: Bachmetjevas Viktoras 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Although there is a broad agreement among Kierkegaard’s scholars that Assessor Wilhelm is an ethical thinker, the agreement on what kind of ethics his standpoint represents has been much harder to come by. The suggestions range from Schiller to Aristotle and from Kant to Hegel. The article contends that the apparent lack of a coherent ethical theory on Assessor Wilhelm’s part is in fact part of a deliberate ethical strategy. Based on Vigilius Haufniensis’ distinction between first and second ethics, it is argued that Assessor Wilhelm occupies a space in between, in which he attempts to create a dynamic for A in the direction of the so-called second ethics, and this by mainly using ironic means.
Of Clairvoyants and Mousvoyants: Kierkegaard’s Polemic against Speculative Philosophy in the “Telegraph Messages”
Authors: Li Elizabeth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article explores Kierkegaard’s largely overlooked 1838 paper “Telegraph Messages from a Mousvoyant to a Clairvoyant concerning the Relation between Xnty and Philosophy,” and argues that it can be read as a polemic against the speculative unity of philosophy and Christianity and speculative thought’s epistemological optimism, especially targeting the Danish speculative theologian Hans Lassen Martensen. It will be suggested that the “Telegraph Messages” offer a corrective to this view by separating Christianity and philosophy and underlining the ambiguity of human existence and the paradoxicality of the religious sphere, thus foreshadowing key themes in Kierkegaard’s mature pseudonymous authorship.
The crystal structure of diphenyalmine hydrochloride antimony trichloride co-crystallizate, C12H12Cl4NSb – Localization of hydrogen atoms
Authors: Averdunk Arthur , Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
C12H12Cl4NSb, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 5.6693(2) Å, b = 20.2385(7) Å, c = 14.3908(5) Å, β = 100.3830(10)°, V = 1624.14(10) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0192, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0430, T = 200 K.
Misplaced in Contexts, Lost in Meaning
Authors: Chernyavskaya Valeria 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThis paper focuses on the meaning-making process as embedded in the situation in which it takes place. It puts forward the key question of what kind of knowledge is relevant to understanding. Thus, there are three central notions in the framework discussed: context, contextualization and context change. The paper is formulated against the background of a theory of metapragmatics, and it is in line with interactional sociolinguistics, as well as cultural linguistics. The results and findings will contribute to the on-going methodological discussions on contexts and contextualization and demonstrate that under certain conditions some external factors may prove to be very strong and determinant. Politically loaded perception and construction of meanings may be decisive in foregrounding some meanings. The paper will show that the dominating political viewpoint in a certain period of time and place may act as a driving force which foregrounds certain meanings and manages a certain way of understanding of texts/utterances. Contextualization can go wrong, and misplacing utterances in contexts may lead to social misunderstandings. As a conclusion, it is stressed that further investigation of context change is a valuable heuristic approach in the metapragmatic and discourse sensitive dimension in linguistic analyses. Conclusions about the samples under discussion can also motivate a deeper consideration of social effects of misunderstandings to protect us from conflicts.
A Literature review on the Identification of Variables for Measuring Hospital Efficiency in the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
Authors: Fazria Nokky Farra , Dhamanti Inge 
Published: February 2021

The selection of input and output variables usually pose a problem when carrying out efficiency assessment in hospitals. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is an instrument that is used to calculate the efficiency of a hospital using some inputs and outputs. Therefore, this study aims to identify the most frequently used hospital inputs and outputs from an existing paper,, in order to assist the hospital management staffs in choosing the relevant variables that can represent available inputs, are easily accessible, and need improvement. It was conducted using keywords such as “hospital efficiency” and “DEA for hospital” to search for peer-reviewed journals in the PubMed and Open Knowledge Maps from the year 2014-2020. From, the 586 articles, 54 samples were obtained from the about 5-3504 hospitals which were analyzed from 23 countries. The results showed that, the five most used inputs were the number of beds, medical personnel, non-medical staff, medical technician staff and operational costs, while the most used outputs were number of inpatients, surgeries, emergency visits, outpatient service, and days of inpatients. These variables are often used for accessing the efficiency of hospitals in the DEA application.
The doubled burden of diabetic bone disease: hip fracture and post-hip fracture mortality
Authors: Behanova Martina , Haschka Judith , Zwerina Jochen , Wascher Thomas C , Reichardt Berthold , Klaushofer Klaus , Kocijan Roland 
Published: February 2021

Objective
Patients with diabetes have an increased risk of osteoporosis and shorter life expectancy. Hip fracture (HF) is the most serious consequence of osteoporosis and is associated with increased mortality risk. We aimed to assess the association of antidiabetic medications with HF and the post-hip fracture mortality risk among diabetic patients ≥50 years.

Design
In this nationwide case-control study 53 992 HF cases and 112 144 age-, sex- and region-matched non-hip fracture controls were analyzed. A cohort of hip-fractured diabetic patients were followed-up for an all-cause mortality.

Methods
We defined three groups of diabetic patients based on a prescription of antidiabetic medications: group 1 treated with insulin monotherapy (G1DM), group 2 (G2DM) treated with blood glucose-lowering drugs (BGLD) only, group 3 on a combined BGLD and insulin therapy (G3DM). We applied logistic regression and Cox regression.

Results
We identified 2757 G1DM patients, 15 310 G2DM patients, 3775 G3DM patients and 144 294 patients without any antidiabetic treatment. All three groups of diabetic patients had increased odds of HF compared to controls. G1DM patients aged 50–64 years (aOR: 4.80, 95% CI: 3.22–7.17) and G3DM patients (aOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.02–1.88) showed the highest HF odds, whereas G2DM patients had 18% decrease in HF odds than their non-diabetic controls (aOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69–0.99). All diabetic patients had increased post-hip fracture mortality risk compared to non-diabetic controls. The highest mortality hazard was observed in G1DM patients, being greater for women than men (HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.55–1.89 and HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.27–1.64, respectively).

Conclusions
Antidiabetic medications increase the probability of HF. Diabetic patients, who sustained HF have a higher mortality risk than non-diabetic patients.
Predicting The Feasibility of Small Bowel Feeding in Patients With Generalized Secondary Peritonitis
Authors: Sivkov O. G. 
Published: February 2021

Finding a simple reproducible routine test is relevant for the determination of post-pyloric feeding tolerance.Aim. To evaluate in a pilot study the usefulness of acetaminophen absorption test with post-pyloric drug administration in patients with generalized secondary peritonitis.Materials and methods. Acetaminophen absorption test was performed in patients with generalized secondary peritonitis. 0.5 g of drug was administered into the lumen of the small intestine through the nasojejunal tube and after 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 90 min its blood level was determined. The first group (n=14) of variables was taken from patients whose test was performed immediately after the surgery. The second group results (n=10) were obtained from the same patients who were tested when they were able to absorb >1 l/day of enteral nutrition without signs of intolerance.Results. When comparing the concentration of acetaminophen in the blood after the drug administration into the bowel of patients with peritonitis immediately after surgery and at the time when the assimilation of bowel feeding had become possible, it was found that the most significant differences were detected within the time interval of 5–20 minutes after the drug administration (P<0.001). This time interval is optimal for harvesting blood samples during the acetaminophen test procedure.Conclusion. Bowel absorption of acetaminophen may be informative for predicting the feasibility of adequate post-pyloric enteral feeding of patients with generalized secondary peritonitis.
Pathogenetic and Prognostic Significance of Thrombocytopenia in Patients With Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Authors: Serebryanaya N. B. , Avdoshin I. V. , Chernyshev O. B. , Shatil M. A. , Bubnova N. A. 
Published: February 2021

Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is a severe surgical infection which can result in sepsis and septic shock when generalized.The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia in patients with generalized NSTI, the factors promoting its development, and its association with septic shock.Materials and Methods. We examined 129 patients with NSTI treated between 09.2015 and 12.2019 at St. George Hospital in St. Petersburg, Russia. Surgical treatment, hematological and biochemical examinations, and bacteriological analysis of blood and wound discharge were performed in each patient. The studied group included 22 patients with systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome, 63 patients with sepsis, and 44 patients with septic shock.Results. We found a decrease in platelet count in NSTI patients with septic shock as early as on the first day of the disease and its further decrease within the next 3 days, with the mean platelet volume (MPV) increasing during the same period and significantly exceeding that in patients with sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In NSTI patients with thrombocytopenia on admission, we found a significant correlation between the platelet count and the percentage of segmented neutrophils (r=0.349; P<0.001; n=40). The maximum incidenсe of septic shock was observed in patients infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae (13 out of 19, 65%). These patients had the highest MPV but did not develop thrombocytopenia. Maximum frequency of thrombocytopenia and elevation of MPV and platelet distribution width (PDW) was found in patients with NSTI and underlying chronic viral hepatitis C. However, the relative frequency of septic shock in these patients was not increased.Conclusion. The development of septic shock in NSTI is associated with a specific platelet activation pattern
Elderly and Children Are Not The Only Victims of Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in Italy (A National Media-Based Survey)
Authors: Landoni G , Scquizzato T. , Yavorovskiy A. G. , Zangrillo A. , Silvetti S. 
Published: February 2021

Choking is a relevant public health problem. Data in medical literature are scarce and fatal events are dramatically under-reported.The aimof this manuscript is to give a real estimation of this problem and to raise awareness about this topic.Materials and methods. All deaths caused by choking reported by Italian Mass Media over a two years period were collected. Suspected sudden infant death syndrome was an exclusion criteria.Results. 76 deaths due to foreign body airway obstruction were identified, 51% during 2018 and 49% in 2019, without identifiable time clusters. Choking affected every age, including pre-scholar children (25%), children 6 to 18 years old (3%), adults (38%), and elderly patients (34%). Witnessed cases were 61 (80%) but in almost half 26 cases (42%) the fatal event occurred before or without first aid maneuvers being performed.Conclusion. On the Italian territory, during a 2 years period, three cases per month of fatal choking due to foreign-body airway obstruction occurred, many of them in adult patients (38%). Italian people seem not to be educated to provide first aid in these settings.
Storage Time of Filtered Red Blood Cells and Post-Transfusion Complications (Review)
Authors: Moroz V. V. , Sherstyukova E. A. , Kozlova E. K. , Sergunova V. A. 
Published: February 2021

Red blood cells are the most required blood transfusion products worldwide. Safety and efficacy of blood transfusion are still relevant issues. Clarification of the causes and mechanisms of post-transfusion complications requires additional research.Aim of the review is to summarize the data of clinical and research studies on transfusion of red blood cell suspension with various storage times.Material. We selected 76 sources from Web of Science, Scopus, and RSCI databases containing pertinent clinical and scientific research data, as well as blood transfusion guidelines.Results. We reviewed the main stages of preparation and storage of filtered red blood cells, described biochemical and structural alterations occurring during blood storage, summarized clinical data on post-transfusion complications, and analyzed clinical consequences and molecular structure abnormalities of red blood cells in relation to their storage time.Conclusion. During long-term storage, red blood cells undergo significant structural and metabolic changes. The clinical use of relatively «old» red blood cells increases the risk of post-transfusion complications. However, the pathophysiological differences between «young» and «old» erythrocytes remain unclear. Large clinical and molecular research studies may add to our understanding of the complex issues related to blood transfusion.
The Use of Digital Technologies at School and Cognitive Learning Outcomes: A Population-Based Study in Finland
Authors: Saarinen Aino I.L. , Lipsanen Jari , Hintsanen Mirka , Huotilainen Minna , Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa 
Published: February 2021

Recently, the use of information and communications technology (ICT) at school has been extensively increased in Finland. This study investigated whether the use of ICT at school is linked to students ‘learning outcomes in Finland. We used the Finnish PISA 2015 data (N=5037). Cognitive learning outcomes (i.e. science, mathematics, reading, collaborative problem-solving) were evaluated with computer-based tests. ICT use at school, ICT availability at school, and students’ perceived ICT competence were assessed with self-rating questionnaires. Frequent ICT use at school predicted students’ weaker performance in all the cognitive learning outcomes, when adjusted for age, gender, parental socioeconomic status, students’ ICT competence, and ICT availability at school. Further, the effect of ICT use on learning outcomes was more negative in students with higher than lower ICT skills. Frequent use of ICT at school appears to be linked to weaker cognitive learning outcomes in Finland. This may be explained by working memory overload and task-switching during the use of digital technologies. This finding also suggests that even though students with ICT skills are good at mechanical use of digital device, they may not have abilities for a goal-oriented and self-directed use of digital technologies that could promote their learning.
The Legal Nature of Business Contracts and Obligations Related to the Implementation of Business Activities
Authors: Levushkin A. N. , Alborov S. V. 
Published: February 2021

The paper investigates the legal nature, essence and significance of the business contract, its role in the implementation of entrepreneurial activity. At the present stage of the development of the society and law and order, the vast majority of legal relations in countries with developed or rapidly developing market relations arise and develop on the basis of various business contracts. The business activity carried out by entrepreneurs, is, as a rule, organized on a contractual basis. As you know, the contract is a universal legal instrument that allows detailed settlement of specific relationships and relations between business entities. At the same time, the freedom of such regulation is limited by the imperative prescriptions of the rules of law and the expression of the will of the parties to the contract. That is, the contract plays a special role in the implementation of entrepreneurial activity, as it is one of the important instruments of individual legal regulation of entrepreneurial relations.The authors note that the current legislation does not provide for any legal definition of the "business contract". On the contrary, the law-makers apply the concept of "obligations associated with the implementation of entrepreneurial activities", which, although not identical to an entrepreneurial agreement, allows us to assert that domestic legislation sets forth factual prerequisites to the legal regulation of the business contract. In conclusion, the authors attempt to define the business contract and determine its distinctive features.The authors summarize that modern market relations, development of entrepreneurship are based on the principles of increasing the level of competition, state dispositive regulation, and equality of participants. Guided by such important principles, individuals carry out business activities where the rules of civil legislation play a significant role (as general regulations) and special rules established in certain regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation governing contractual business relations.
Legal Problems of Public Policy and Strategic Planning of Land Management
Authors: Zhavoronkova N. G. , Vypkhanova G. V. 
Published: February 2021

Strategic planning in land is now at the stage of development and adoption of new documents defining goals, objectives, directions, priorities and instruments of state land policy and land management. The uniqueness of this object of public management and strategy requires a systematic approach to strategic planning based on both the ecological and social significance of the land and economic value of land resources. The authors examine the possibility of their use as a natural means of agricultural production, draw attention to forestry—the most important factor in the development of economic industries as a territorial (spatial) basis (foundation) of economic activity—location of capital construction objects, other real estate objects, development of modern systems of settling population in an urban and rural areas, urban agglomerations. Accordingly, strategic planning for land management in real estate and spatial development is an important part of land management, urban planning and other related areas.The paper considers terminological and conceptual problems of the object and subject matter of these relations (land, land resources, territory, space, real estate, spatial development, land use ) in the cross-sectoral context of strategic planning. The authors have determined the main issues of formation of the concept and strategy of state strategic management concerning land resources in general, as well as the land use strategy in differnt settlements in the context of present day factors influencing the state of development of this strategic area. The paper examines intersectoral aspects of preparation of documents of strategic planning, the connection of the land use with other areas of strategic management of public development (socio-economic, spatial, urban planning, state property management, energy, environmental safety).As the result of the study, the authors propose new approaches to land strategy and its improvement.
Provisional Application of Energy Treaties by the Russian Federation
Authors: Glikman O. V. 
Published: February 2021

International agreements are of particular importance in interstate energy cooperation. The application by the Russian Federation of the mechanism of temporary application of treaties in the field of energy requires a comprehensive analysis, taking into account the problems that have arisen in connection with the provisional application of the Energy Charter Treaty and subsequent amendments to Article 79 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The general and sectoral approaches to the provisional application of treaties that exist in Russian practice need to be improved.The paper analyzes and compares the norms of international law and Russian legislation regulating the provisionary application of treaties, the works of Russian scientists, which highlight the general problems of the provisional application of treaties by the Russian Federation, as well as the final provisions of treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of energy.The author identifies common gaps in the norms of Russian legislation regulating the provisional application of treaties, trends and problems of the provisional application of multilateral and bilateral treaties by the Russian Federation in various energy sectors.The author concludes that the new approach should be based on a restrictive approach to the use of the institute of provisional application of treaties regarding terms and types of treaties. The treaties to which a special restrictive approach should be applied are to include those that have significant financial and economic consequences, provide for expenditures or lost revenues of the budget of the Russian Federation, regulate taxes, duties, and the provision of state credit; agreements on the borders, delimitation of maritime spaces, the status or regime of individual territories; and agreements that provide for the mandatory jurisdiction of judicial and arbitration bodies.The continuous improvement of international legal regulation in the field of energy should be a separate state task, since, despite numerous skeptical assessments, international law plays a special role and will be of great importance in the regulation of international relations, including in the field of energy.
Blood transfusion practices in obstetrics and gynecology: study of indications as a measure to prevent maternal morbidity and mortality
Authors: Chaudhary Neeta , Tyagi Natasha , Tyagi Smita , Manchanda G. S. , . Malvika 
Published: February 2021

Background: This is a study of rational use of blood transfusion in a tertiary care center. So, this study was done to find out the indications of blood transfusion in department of obstetrics and gynaecology and measures to minimize the requirement of blood transfusion to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity.Methods: This is a retrospective study in department of obstetrics and gynaecologyin Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar, U.P. in collaboration with the department of pathology including blood bank for the duration of 1 year i.e. 1st January, 2017 to 31st December, 2017. Total transfusions in 1 year were 706 of which 406 were in obstetrics and 300 were in gynecology.Results: In our study maximum 16.20% blood transfusions were given during cesarean section in third trimester in unbooked cases who came with severe anemia in labour. Others were APH (12%) and abortions (13.05%). This shows that anemia is still a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in India. In Gynecological cases blood transfusion was more in third parity and above indicating that perimenopausal women were also more susceptible for anemia due to disease of perimenopausal age group like AUB and fibroid.Conclusions: Maximum number of transfusions specially PRBC in obstetrics were of moderate to severe anemia, mainly to the patients who were term or in labor and of high-risk pregnancies, who were unbooked with no antenatal care. In Gynecology cases, blood transfusion was of perimenopausal or menopausal group with moderate anemia. This comes to the conclusion that all preventive measures should be taken in females from womb to tomb to correct anemia and this will indirectly help to prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.