bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine‐scale soil heterogeneity at an urban site: implications for forest restoration
Authors: Smith Jason , Hallett Richard A. , Deeb Maha , Groffman Peter M. 
Published: April 2021

Soils within a forested park in New York City, NY, USA, were sampled to evaluate spatial variation in pH on a disturbed forest restoration site, and compare soil physicochemical parameters (pH, texture, moisture, organic matter [OM], plant available Mg, Ca, Mn, Al, Fe, K, Na, P, Cu, and Zn) between the restoration site and an intact forest. The divergence of soil parameters between sites suggests that forest clearing on the restoration site initiated the erosion of fine particles and altered soil chemistry. Within the restoration site, the spatial pattern, and correlation with base‐cations, suggests that localized impacts from the built environment drive fine‐scale pH variation with implications for nutrient availability and native plant establishment. The majority of our site was found to be unsuitable for native species adapted to acidic soils. However, sampling points spaced less than 10 m apart can capture the pH variation and allow for the identification of acidic soil patches.
Singular Sturm–Liouville operators with extreme properties that generate black holes
Authors: Belinskiy Boris P. , Hinton Don B. , Nichols Roger 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study is motivated by several engineering papers that describe the so‐called acoustic black hole; for example, a beam with a monotonically decreasing thickness toward one of the endpoints. It appears that the time of propagation of a signal toward such an endpoint is infinite so that the signal is “trapped.” Also, the amplitude of a signal increases with no bound near this point. The main objective of this paper is the rigorous study of the spectral properties of the Sturm–Liouville problem for a second‐order differential operator on a finite interval with the coefficients vanishing at one of the endpoints—that is, with extreme coefficients. Physically, that means that we study a rod instead of a beam. We classify the endpoints, compute the essential spectrum, and determine conditions for the absence of positive eigenvalues of the corresponding self‐adjoint extensions. The absence of positive discrete spectrum means, physically, that the rod does not sound on any frequency. Our analysis allows us to precisely describe how the coefficients of the differential operator should vanish to produce the essential spectrum and where it is located. An extensive mathematical literature is devoted to the three‐dimensional problems of elasticity in bounded domains with a cusp and similar problems for the bodies with a blunted pick. The engineering papers also study the physical properties of an almost sharp beam; that is, the thickness is decreasing toward a small positive limit. In our paper, the spectral properties of the Sturm–Liouville problem with the coefficients almost vanishing at one of the endpoints are studied. We also show that, for large values of the spectral parameter, the approximation to the solution satisfies the properties found by engineers in their models; that is, the time of propagation toward the sharp end is infinite and the amplitude near that end increases with no bound.
Homemaking in the public. On the scales and stakes of framing, feeling, and claiming extra‐domestic space as “home”
Authors: Boccagni Paolo , Duyvendak Jan Willem 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article reviews the emerging literature on the negotiation of home‐related feelings, claims, and practices in the public urban sphere, under the rubric of homemaking in the public. This contributes to a better sociological understanding of home and illuminates long‐debated societal questions such as the interaction between majority and minority groups and the shifting boundaries between what is (regarded as) public or private. While home has traditionally been understood as a private and domestic matter, it also has a major public significance. As a category of analysis, it reveals how supposedly domestic attitudes, routines, and practices are scaled up into the public domain. As a category of practice, it is a powerful discursive resource for contentious politics in the extra‐domestic domain. Who is entitled and legitimated to claim a public space as “home”, and what this implies for inter‐group categorizations and relations, are questions that deserve original and comparative analysis in sociology. Processes of domestication of the public sphere, of mutual interaction between public and private life realms, and of claims‐making on various scales can be fruitfully revisited along these lines, by advancing an original research agenda on the ways of framing, feeling and claiming public space as home.
Mechanisms and functions of membrane lipid remodeling in plants
Authors: Yu Linhui , Zhou Chao , Fan Jilian , Shanklin John , Xu Changcheng 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYLipid remodeling, defined herein as post‐synthetic structural modifications of membrane lipids, play crucial roles in regulating the physicochemical properties of cellular membranes and hence their many functions. Processes affected by lipid remodeling include lipid metabolism, membrane repair, cellular homeostasis, fatty acid trafficking, cellular signaling and stress tolerance. Glycerolipids are the major structural components of cellular membranes and their composition can be adjusted by modifying their head groups, their acyl chain lengths and the number and position of double bonds. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms of membrane lipid remodeling with emphasis on the lipases and acyltransferases involved in the modification of phosphatidylcholine and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, the major membrane lipids of extraplastidic and photosynthetic membranes, respectively. We also discuss the role of triacylglycerol metabolism in membrane acyl chain remodeling. Finally, we discuss emerging data concerning the functional roles of glycerolipid remodeling in plant stress responses. Illustrating the molecular basis of lipid remodeling may lead to novel strategies for crop improvement and other biotechnological applications such as bioenergy production.
Prediction of Calorific Value of Coal by Multilinear Regression and Analysis of Variance
Authors: Sözer M. , Haykiri-Acma H. , Yaman S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The higher heating value (HHV) of 84 coal samples including hard coals, lignites, and anthracites from Russia, Colombia, South Africa, Turkey, and Ukrania was predicted by multilinear regression (MLR) method based on proximate and ultimate analysis data. The prediction accuracy of the correlation equations was tested by Analysis of variance method. The significance of the predictive parameters was studied considering R2, adj. R2, standard error, F-values, and p-values. Although relationships between HHV and any of the single parameters were almost irregular, MLR provided a reasonable correlation. It was also found out that ultimate analysis parameters (C, H, and N) played a more significant role than the proximate analysis parameters (fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM), and ash) in predicting the HHV. Particularly, FC content was seen inefficient parameter when elemental C content existed in the regression equation. The elimination of proximate analysis parameters from the equation made the elemental C content the most dominant parameter with by-far very low p-values. For hardcoals, adj. R2 of the equation with three parameters (HHV = 87.801(C) + 132.207(H) − 77.929(S)) was slightly higher than that of HHV = 11.421(Ash) + 22.135(VM) + 19.154(FC) + 70.764(C) + 7.552(H) − 53.782(S).
Multi-Objective Robust Optimization of Deep Groove Ball Bearings Considering Manufacturing Tolerances Based on Fatigue and Wear Considerations
Authors: Ahmad Md Saif , Tiwari Rajiv , Mandawat Twinkle 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In designing any machine element, we need to optimize the design to attain its maximum utilization. Herein, deep-groove ball bearings have been chosen for optimization. Optimization has been done in such a way that the design is robust so that manufacturing tolerances can be considered in the design. Robust design ensures that changes in design variables due to manufacturing tolerances have a minimum effect on the objective function, i.e., its performance. Robustness is achieved by maximizing the mean value of the objective function and minimizing its deviation. For rolling element bearings, its life is one of the most crucial considerations. The rolling bearing rating life depends on dynamic capacity, lubrication conditions, contamination, mounting, manufacturing accuracy, and material quality, and thus, the dynamic capacity and elasto-hydrodynamic minimum film thickness have been taken as objective functions for the current problem. Rolling element bearings have standard boundary dimensions, which include the outer diameter, inner diameter, and bearing width for the case of deep-groove ball bearings. So the performance can be improved by changing internal dimensions, which are the bearing pitch diameter, ball diameter, the inner and outer raceway groove curvature coefficients, and the number of rolling elements. These five internal geometrical parameters are taken as design variables; moreover, five design constraint factors are also included. Thirty-six constraint equations are considered, which are mainly based on geometry and strength considerations. In the present work, the objective functions are optimized individually (i.e., the single-objective optimization) and then simultaneously (i.e., the multi-objective optimization). Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) has been used as the optimization tool. Pareto-optimal fronts are obtained for one of the bearings. Of many points on the Pareto-front, only the knee solutions have been presented . This paper shows that geometrically feasible bearings can be designed by optimizing multiple-objective functions simultaneously and by also incorporating the variations in dimensions, which occur due to manufacturing tolerance.
Does the Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank score (ATAR) predict academic performance in a podiatry course?
Authors: Russell Stephanie , Murley George , Oates Matthew , Li Xia , Raspovic Anita 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Universities within Australia use the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) score to guide student selection into degrees. This process assumes that students with higher ATAR scores are more capable of the academic requirements of tertiary study. This study investigated whether ATAR predicted grades in individual subjects within a university podiatry course. To our knowledge, this research is novel within this discipline in Australia.Methods: The academic records of four intake cohorts into the podiatry program (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012; total n = 328) were retrospectively analysed. Whether student ATAR scores predicted grades achieved in each subject was examined using multiple linear regression analysis, with secondary schooling type, entry type, gender, socioeconomic status and year of course commencement considered as potential covariates.Results: Higher ATAR score was predictive of stronger academic performance in 21 of 29 podiatry subjects, although the strength of the relationship varied from weak to moderate across year level of subject and subject type. The strongest associations were in second year bioscience subjects for Microbiology (r = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32–0.77), Normal and Pathological Movement (r = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35–0.66) and Human Bioscience B (r = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.32–0.69). Three of the six clinical subjects (Podiatric Practice A, D and E) did not produce statistically significant associations. Conclusion: This study identified that ATAR score moderately predicted grades of biosciences subjects, however it did not predict grades in clinical subjects. Provision of academic support targeted at bioscience subjects may be useful to improve the performance of students with lower ATAR scores.
Metabolic Profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test and the Corresponding Continuous Version in Team-Sport Athletes—Elucidating the Role of Inter-Effort Recovery
Authors: Kaufmann Sebastian , Beneke Ralph , Latzel Richard , Pfister Hanna , Hoos Olaf 
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To elucidate the role of inter-effort recovery in shuttle running by comparing the metabolic profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) and the corresponding continuous version (30-15IFT-CONT). Methods: Sixteen state-level handball players (age = 23 [3] y, height = 185 [7] cm, weight = 85 [14] kg) completed the 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT, and speed at the last completed stage (in kilometers per hour) and time to exhaustion (in seconds) were assessed. Furthermore, oxygen uptake (in milliliters per kilogram per minute) and blood lactate were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 minutes postexercise. Metabolic energy (in kilojoules), metabolic power (in Watts per kilogram), and relative (in percentage) energy contribution of the aerobic (WAER, WAERint), anaerobic lactic (WBLC, WBLCint), and anaerobic alactic (WPCr, WPCrint) systems were calculated by PCr-La-O2 method for 30-15IFT-CONT and 30-15IFT. Results: No difference in peak oxygen uptake was found between 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT (60.6 [6.6] vs 60.5 [5.1] mL·kg−1·min−1, P = .165, d = 0.20), whereas speed at the last completed stage was higher in 30-15IFT (18.3 [1.4] vs 16.1 [1.0] km·h−1, P < .001, d = 1.17). Metabolic energy was also higher in 30-15IFT (1224.2 [269.6] vs 772.8 [63.1] kJ, P < .001, d = 5.60), and metabolic profiles differed substantially for aerobic (30-15IFT = 67.2 [5.2] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 85.2% [2.5%], P < .001, d = −4.01), anaerobic lactic (30-15IFT = 4.4 [1.4] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 6.2% [1.8%], P < .001, d = −1.04), and anaerobic alactic (30-15IFT = 28.4 [4.7] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 8.6% [2.1%], P < .001, d = 5.43) components. Conclusions: Both 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT are mainly fueled by aerobic energy, but their metabolic profiles differ substantially in both aerobic and anaerobic alactic energy contribution. Due to the presence of inter-effort recovery, intermittent shuttle runs rely to a higher extent on anaerobic alactic energy and a fast, aerobic replenishment of PCr during the short breaks between shuttles.
Association of time outdoors and patterns of light exposure with myopia in children
Authors: Li Mijie , Lanca Carla , Tan Chuen-Seng , Foo Li-Lian , Sun Chen-Hsin , Yap Fabian , Najjar Raymond P , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Saw Seang-Mei 
Published: April 2021

Background/aimsTo evaluate the association of reported time outdoors and light exposure patterns with myopia among children aged 9 years from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes birth cohort.MethodsWe assessed reported time outdoors (min/day), light exposure patterns and outdoor activities of children aged 9 years (n=483) with a questionnaire, the FitSight watch and a 7-day activity diary. Light levels, the duration, timing and frequency of light exposure were assessed. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), myopia (SE≤−0.5 D) and axial length (AL) of paired eyes were analysed using generalised estimating equations.ResultsIn this study, 483 (966 eyes) multiethnic children (50.0% boys, 59.8% Chinese, 42.2% myopic) were included. Reported time outdoors (mean±SD) was 100±93 min/day, and average light levels were 458±228 lux. Of the total duration children spent at light levels of ≥1000 lux (37±19 min/day), 76% were spent below 5000 lux. Peak light exposure occurred at mid-day. Children had 1.7±1.0 light exposure episodes/day. Common outdoor activities were walks, neighbourhood play and swimming. Greater reported time outdoors was associated with lower odds of myopia (OR=0.82, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.95/hour increase daily; p=0.009). Light levels, timing and frequency of light exposures were not associated with myopia, SE or AL (p>0.05).ConclusionReported time outdoors, light levels and number of light exposure episodes were low among Singaporean children aged 9 years. Reported time outdoors was protective against myopia but not light levels or specific light measures. A multipronged approach to increase time outdoors is recommended in the combat against the myopia epidemic.
Magnitude and variability of structural brain abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disease: protocol for a network meta-analysis of MRI studies
Authors: McCutcheon Robert , Pillinger Toby , Welby George , Vano Luke , Cummings Connor , Guo Xin , Heron Toni Ann , Efthimiou Orestis , Cipriani Andrea , Howes Oliver 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionStructural MRI is the most frequently used method to investigate brain volume alterations in neuropsychiatric disease. Previous meta-analyses have typically focused on a single diagnosis, thereby precluding transdiagnostic comparisons.Methods and analysisWe will include all structural MRI studies of adults that report brain volumes for participants from at least two of the following diagnostic groups: healthy controls, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic depression, clinical high risk for psychosis, schizotypal personality disorder, psychosis unspecified, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, emotionally unstable personality disorder, 22q11 deletion syndrome, generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, mixed anxiety and depression. Network meta-analysis will be used to synthesise eligible studies. The primary analysis will examine standardised mean difference in average volume, a secondary analysis will examine differences in variability of volumes.DiscussionThis network meta-analysis will provide a transdiagnostic integration of structural neuroimaging studies, providing researchers with a valuable summary of a large literature.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020221143.
How much time do doctors spend providing care to each child in the ED? A time and motion study
Authors: Stellman Robert , Redfern Andrew , Lahri Sa'ad , Esterhuizen Tonya , Cheema Baljit 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundThe total time per patient doctors spend providing care in emergency departments (EDs) has implications for the development of evidence-based ED staffing models. We sought to measure the total time taken by doctors to assess and manage individual paediatric patients presenting to two EDs in the Western Cape, South Africa and to compare these averages to the estimated benchmarks used regionally to calculate ED staffing allocations.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, observational study applying time and motion methodology, using convenience sampling. Data were collected over a 5-week period from 11 December 2015 to 18 January 2016 at Khayelitsha District Hospital Emergency Centre and Tygerberg Hospital Paediatric Emergency and Ambulatory Unit. We assessed total doctor time for each patient stratified by acuity level using the South African Triage Scale.ResultsCare was observed for a total of 100 patients. Median age was 21 months (IQR 8–55). Median total doctor time per patient (95% CI) was 31 (22 to 38), 39 (31 to 63), 48 (32 to 63) and 96 (66 to 122) min for triage categories green, yellow, orange and red, respectively. Median timing was significantly higher than the estimated local benchmark for the lowest acuity ‘green’ triage category (31 min (22 to 38) vs 15 min; p=0.001) and the highest acuity ‘red’ category (96 min (66 to 122) vs 50 min; p=0.002).ConclusionDoctor time per patient increased with increasing acuity of triage category and exceeded estimated benchmarks for the highest and lowest acuities. The distinctive methodology can easily be extended to other settings and populations.
Non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: ATRX/DAXX and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) are prognostically independent from ARX/PDX1 expression and tumour size
Authors: Hackeng Wenzel M , Brosens Lodewijk A A , Kim Joo Young , O'Sullivan Roderick , Sung You-Na , Liu Ta-Chiang , Cao Dengfeng , Heayn Michelle , Brosnan-Cashman Jacqueline , An Soyeon , Morsink Folkert H M , Heidsma Charlotte M , Valk Gerlof D , Vriens Menno R , Nieveen van Dijkum Els , Offerhaus G Johan A , Dreijerink Koen M A , Zeh Herbert , Zureikat Amer H , Hogg Melissa , Lee Kenneth , Geller David , Marsh J Wallis , Paniccia Alessandro , Ongchin Melanie , Pingpank James F , Bahary Nathan , Aijazi Muaz , Brand Randall , Chennat Jennifer , Das Rohit , Fasanella Kenneth E , Khalid Asif , McGrath Kevin , Sarkaria Savreet , Singh Harkirat , Slivka Adam , Nalesnik Michael , Han Xiaoli , Nikiforova Marina N , Lawlor Rita Teresa , Mafficini Andrea , Rusev Boris , Corbo Vincenzo , Luchini Claudio , Bersani Samantha , Pea Antonio , Cingarlini Sara , Landoni Luca , Salvia Roberto , Milione Massimo , Milella Michele , Scarpa Aldo , Hong Seung-Mo , Heaphy Christopher M , Singhi Aatur D 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveRecent studies have found aristaless-related homeobox gene (ARX)/pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX)/death domain-associated protein (DAXX) and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) to be promising prognostic biomarkers for non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NF-PanNETs). However, they have not been comprehensively evaluated, especially among small NF-PanNETs (≤2.0 cm). Moreover, their status in neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) from other sites remains unknown.DesignAn international cohort of 1322 NETs was evaluated by immunolabelling for ARX/PDX1 and ATRX/DAXX, and telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridisation for ALT. This cohort included 561 primary NF-PanNETs, 107 NF-PanNET metastases and 654 primary, non-pancreatic non-functional NETs and NET metastases. The results were correlated with numerous clinicopathological features including relapse-free survival (RFS).ResultsATRX/DAXX loss and ALT were associated with several adverse prognostic findings and distant metastasis/recurrence (p<0.001). The 5-year RFS rates for patients with ATRX/DAXX-negative and ALT-positive NF-PanNETs were 40% and 42% as compared with 85% and 86% for wild-type NF-PanNETs (p<0.001 and p<0.001). Shorter 5-year RFS rates for ≤2.0 cm NF-PanNETs patients were also seen with ATRX/DAXX loss (65% vs 92%, p=0.003) and ALT (60% vs 93%, p<0.001). By multivariate analysis, ATRX/DAXX and ALT status were independent prognostic factors for RFS. Conversely, classifying NF-PanNETs by ARX/PDX1 expression did not independently correlate with RFS. Except for 4% of pulmonary carcinoids, ATRX/DAXX loss and ALT were only identified in primary (25% and 29%) and NF-PanNET metastases (62% and 71%).ConclusionsATRX/DAXX and ALT should be considered in the prognostic evaluation of NF-PanNETs including ≤2.0 cm tumours, and are highly specific for pancreatic origin among NET metastases of unknown primary.