bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems with “Friendly AI”
Authors: Li Oliver 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOn virtue ethical grounds, Barbro Fröding and Martin Peterson recently recommended that near-future AIs should be developed as ‘Friendly AI’. AI in social interaction with humans should be programmed such that they mimic aspects of human friendship. While it is a reasonable goal to implement AI systems interacting with humans as Friendly AI, I identify four issues that need to be addressed concerning Friendly AI with Fröding’s and Peterson’s understanding of Friendly AI as a starting point. In a first step, I briefly recapitulate Fröding’s and Peterson’s arguments for Friendly AI. I then highlight some issues with Fröding’s and Peterson’s approach and line of reasoning and identify four problems related to the notion of Friendly AI, which all pertain to the role and need for humans’ moral development. These are that (1) one should consider the moral tendencies and preferences of the humans interacting with a friendly AI, (2) it needs to be considered whether the humans interacting with a Friendly AI are still developing their virtues and character traits, (3) the indirect effects of replacing humans with Friendly AI should be considered with respect to the possibilities for humans to develop their moral virtues and that (4) the question whether the AI is perceived as some form of Artificial General Intelligence cannot be neglected. In conclusion, I argue that all of these four problems are related to humans moral development and that this observation strongly emphasizes the role and need for humans moral development in correlation to the accelerating development of AI-systems.
The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors on the Theoretical Effectiveness of Fire Prevention Interventions on Fatal Residential Fires
Authors: Runefors Marcus , Nilson Finn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe risk of fatal residential fires is known to be differentiated by sociodemographic factors. However, often prevention measures are introduced generally in a population, thereby perhaps affecting the effectiveness of these interventions. By using a 20-year high-quality register over fatal fires in Sweden and a previously validated Boolean expressions regarding the effectiveness for specific interventions, this study investigates the theoretical effectiveness of fire interventions in relation to different sociodemographic variables and fatal residential fires. The results show that the effectiveness of different fire-related prevention measures varies considerably in relation to different sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, municipal characteristics and living conditions. As such, the paper highlights the importance of matching the correct fire prevention measure to each individual depending upon sociodemographic risk factors in order to achieve maximal effectiveness.
The cloud and its silver lining: negative and positive spillovers from automotive recalls
Authors: Giannetti Verdiana , Srinivasan Raji 
Published: April 2021

AbstractProduct recalls hurt the sales of non-recalled products in the category because of negative spillovers. Recently, there has been some evidence of positive spillovers from recalls on the sales of non-recalled products. We focus on spillovers from brand- (i.e., same brand), firm- (i.e., same firm, but not same brand), and country-level (i.e., same country-of-origin, but not same firm) recalls on the sales of non-recalled products. Furthermore, we examine how advertising and price of non-recalled products interact with brand-, firm-, and country-level recalls to affect their sales. We use data on 124 cars in the USA in 2006–2015. Results indicate that brand-level (country-level) recalls hurt (benefit) the sales of non-recalled products. Higher advertising and price of non-recalled products weaken the negative effect of brand-level recalls, while lower advertising and price strengthen the positive effect of country-level recalls. Finally, firm-level recalls result in positive spillovers when advertising is high.
Increased motor vehicle crashes following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan: an interrupted time series analysis of property damage crashes
Authors: Maruyama Takuya , Taguchi Kazutake 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDriving after natural disasters entails a substantial amount of stress; therefore, the number of motor vehicle crashes may increase. However, few studies have examined this issue. This study investigated motor vehicle crashes after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Japan. Monthly data about crashes resulting in property damage from 49 municipalities in Kumamoto from 2015 to 2018 were used. An interrupted time series analysis using Poisson or negative binomial regression models was conducted for 49 municipalities; the models were estimated for four classified areas to obtain the robust results. We found that property damage crashes increased significantly in the heavily affected area (Relative Risk (RR) = 1.48, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.29, 1.71) and the affected area (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.36) after the earthquake. A mountainous area showed a reduction in property damage crashes despite its heavy damage (RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.82), which can be attributed to the closure of its main gate routes. The unaffected area showed no difference before and after the earthquake. Geographical presentation of the result demonstrates a clear positive association of earthquake damage and increased crashes. The findings of this study highlight the importance of motor-vehicle-crash alerts after an earthquake.
Why flipping the classroom is not enough: Digital curriculum making after the pandemic
Authors: Backes Susanne , Baumann Isabell , Harion Dominic , Sattler Sabrina , Lenz Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo slow down the proliferation of Covid-19, governments virtually shut down public life, temporarily closed schools, and forced teaching to be done exclusively on a remote basis. These measures offer an opportunity to reexamine conventional teaching and learning arrangements, test new digital and analogue concepts, and provide essential inspiration for curriculum making in the twenty-first century. This article addresses the historical development of schooling in the classroom as differentiated from “homeschooling”. On one hand, the question of how school closures and digitally supported teaching settings may affect an increase in educational inequalities is investigated using an international comparison. On the other hand, the pedagogical and didactical implications of distance learning and a digital teaching culture, which constitute the foundation for digital curriculum making, are examined.
Computational Thinking, Between Papert and Wing
Authors: Lodi Michael , Martini Simone 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe pervasiveness of Computer Science (CS) in today’s digital society and the extensive use of computational methods in other sciences call for its introduction in the school curriculum. Hence, Computer Science Education is becoming more and more relevant. In CS K-12 education, computational thinking (CT) is one of the abused buzzwords: different stakeholders (media, educators, politicians) give it different meanings, some more oriented to CS, others more linked to its interdisciplinary value. The expression was introduced by two leading researchers, Jeannette Wing (in 2006) and Seymour Papert (much early, in 1980), each of them stressing different aspects of a common theme. This paper will use a historical approach to review, discuss, and put in context these first two educational and epistemological approaches to CT. We will relate them to today’s context and evaluate what aspects are still relevant for CS K-12 education. Of the two, particular interest is devoted to “Papert’s CT,” which is the lesser-known and the lesser-studied. We will conclude that “Wing’s CT” and “Papert’s CT,” when correctly understood, are both relevant to today’s computer science education. From Wing, we should retain computer science’s centrality, CT being the (scientific and cultural) substratum of the technical competencies. Under this interpretation, CT is a lens and a set of categories for understanding the algorithmic fabric of today’s world. From Papert, we should retain the constructionist idea that only a social and affective involvement of students into the technical content will make programming an interdisciplinary tool for learning (also) other disciplines. We will also discuss the often quoted (and often unverified) claim that CT automatically “transfers” to other broad 21st century skills. Our analysis will be relevant for educators and scholars to recognize and avoid misconceptions and build on the two core roots of CT.
Data-Texts in the Sciences
Authors: Duschl Richard , Avraamidou Lucy , Azevedo Nathália Helena 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGrounded within current reform recommendations and built upon Giere’s views (1986, 1999) on model-based science, we propose an alternative approach to science education which we refer to as theEvidence-Explanation (EE) Continuum. The approach addresses conceptual, epistemological, and social domains of knowledge, and places emphasis on theepistemological conversationsabout data acquisitions and transformations in the sciences. The steps of data transformation, which we refer to asdata-texts, we argue, unfold the processes of using evidence during knowledge building and reveal the dynamics of scientific practices. Data-texts involve (a) obtaining observations/measurements to become data; (b) selecting and interpreting data to become evidence; (c) using evidence to ascertain patterns and develop models; and (d) utilizing the patterns and models to propose and refine explanations. Throughout the transformations of the EE continuum, there are stages of transition that foster the engagement of learners in negotiations of meaning and collective construction of knowledge. A focus on the EE continuum facilitates the emergence of further insights, both by questioning the nature of the data and its multiple possibilities for change and representations and by reflecting on the nature of the explanations. The shift of emphasis to the epistemics of science holds implications for the design of learning environments that support learners in developing contemporary understandings of the nature and processes of scientific practices.
Effect of a mobile digital intervention to enhance physical activity in individuals with metabolic disorders on voiding patterns measured by 24-h voided volume monitoring system: Kumejima Digital Health Project (KDHP)
Authors: Miyazato Minoru , Ashikari Asuka , Nakamura Koshi , Nakamura Takehiro , Yamashiro Kiyoto , Uema Tsugumi , Uehara Moriyuki , Masuzaki Hiroaki , Saito Seiichi , Maeda Shiro , Ishida Hajime , Matsushita Masayuki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the effect of a mobile digital intervention on voiding patterns, we performed 24-h voided volume monitoring in individuals with metabolic disorders.

Methods
Participants with metabolic disorders were grouped into either the intervention group (n = 17), who had access to a smartphone app (CARADA), or the non-intervention group (n = 11), who did not. Urine monitoring was conducted for 24 h using a novel digital self-health monitoring system for urine excretion (s-HMSU). Body weight, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, and biomarkers were measured.

Results
Physical findings and blood test results at baseline and 6 months indicated no significant between-group differences. Night-time frequency did not change between baseline and 6 months in the intervention group but significantly worsened at 6 months in the non-intervention group, as compared to baseline (1.0 ± 0.7 vs. 1.5 ± 0.5, p < 0.05). The change in night-time frequency over 6 months did not differ between the intervention and non-intervention groups. Furthermore, the change in hours of undisturbed sleep over 6 months did not differ between the two groups. However, compared with baseline, nocturnal polyuria index tended to worsen at 6 months in the non-intervention group.

Conclusion
Our study results suggest that mobile digital intervention might be useful for behavioral therapy to improve night-time frequency and urine production and that s-HMSU might be beneficial for confirming the prevention of progress in individuals with metabolic disorders, which can aid in modifying lifestyle.
Using spatial-temporal ensembles of convolutional neural networks for lumen segmentation in ureteroscopy
Authors: Lazo Jorge F. , Marzullo Aldo , Moccia Sara , Catellani Michele , Rosa Benoit , de Mathelin Michel , De Momi Elena 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Ureteroscopy is an efficient endoscopic minimally invasive technique for the diagnosis and treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. During ureteroscopy, the automatic segmentation of the hollow lumen is of primary importance, since it indicates the path that the endoscope should follow. In order to obtain an accurate segmentation of the hollow lumen, this paper presents an automatic method based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs).

Methods
The proposed method is based on an ensemble of 4 parallel CNNs to simultaneously process single and multi-frame information. Of these, two architectures are taken as core-models, namely U-Net based in residual blocks ($$m_1$$

m
1

) and Mask-RCNN ($$m_2$$

m
2

), which are fed with single still-frames I(t). The other two models ($$M_1$$

M
1

, $$M_2$$

M
2

) are modifications of the former ones consisting on the addition of a stage which makes use of 3D convolutions to process temporal information. $$M_1$$

M
1

, $$M_2$$

M
2

are fed with triplets of frames ($$I(t-1)$$

I
(
t
-
1
)

, I(t), $$I(t+1)$$

I
(
t
+
1
)

) to produce the segmentation for I(t).

Results
The proposed method was evaluated using a custom dataset of 11 videos (2673 frames) which were collected and manually annotated from 6 patients. We obtain a Dice similarity coefficient of 0.80, outperforming previous state-of-the-art methods.

Conclusion
The obtained results show that spatial-temporal information can be effectively exploited by the ensemble model to improve hollow lumen segmentation in ureteroscopic images. The method is effective also in the presence of poor visibility, occasional bleeding, or specular reflections.
ANCA Status or Clinical Phenotype — What Counts More?
Authors: Windpessl Martin , Bettac Erica L. , Gauckler Philipp , Shin Jae Il , Geetha Duvuru , Kronbichler Andreas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
There is ongoing debate concerning the classification of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. That is, whether classification should be based on the serotype (proteinase 3 (PR3)- or myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA) or on the clinical phenotype (granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)). To add clarity, this review focused on integration of the most recent literature.

Recent Findings
Large clinical trials have provided evidence that a serology-based risk assessment for relapses is more predictive than distinction based on the phenotype. Research conducted in the past decade indicated that a serology-based approach more closely resembles the genetic associations, the clinical presentation (i.e., lung involvement), biomarker biology, treatment response, and is also predicting comorbidities (such as cardiovascular death).

Summary
Our review highlights that a serology-based approach could replace a phenotype-based approach to classify ANCA-associated vasculitides. In future, clinical trials and observational studies will presumably focus on this distinction and, as such, translate into a “personalized medicine.”
Introducing the Beststreamer: Mapping Nuances in Digital Book Consumption at Scale
Authors: Berglund Karl 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates consumption patterns in digital subscription-based streaming services for books by means of a large-scale dataset derived from Storytel. The aim is twofold: to empirically discuss how book consumption in the commercial top segment diverges between print books and digital streaming platforms, and to conceptually show the usefulness and considerable possibilities with computational approaches for digital publishing studies and contemporary book history. This is accomplished by introducing the concept of thebeststreamer, and theaverage finishing degreemeasure. The empirical output shows large differences between print bestsellers and digital beststreamers, both in terms of genre distributions, finished streams, and levels of completion. These results are discussed in relation to factors fostering consumption patterns, such as platform design, pricing models, supply, marketing, customer base, and media-specific features of the audiobook.
Person-Umwelt Fit, Burnout und Arbeitsengagement
Authors: Wacker E. , Fischer A. , Schorlemmer J. 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In einer eigenen vorhergehenden Studie wurden Effekte des Person-Environment (P-E) Fit in Feminität auf Burnout und Arbeitsengagement sowie Effekte des P‑E Fit in Maskulinität auf Haarkortisol als biologischen Stressmarker bei Frauen nachgewiesen.

Fragestellung
Es werden Effekte des P‑E Fits in Feminität und Maskulinität auf Burnout und Arbeitsengagement sowie mögliche Gruppeneffekte durch Geschlecht und Führungsverantwortung untersucht. Die Stichprobe besteht aus 950 Berufstätigen: 397 Frauen und 551 Männern im Alter von 19 bis 70 Jahren (M = 29,86, S = 7,71), darunter 300 Führungskräfte.

Methoden
Die Querschnittsdatenerhebung wurde als Online-Befragung durchgeführt. Individuelle Feminität und Maskulinität sowie die der Arbeitsumgebung wurden mittels Geschlechtstypizitätsskala (GTS+) erhoben. Daraus wurden die Prädiktoren P‑E Fit in Feminität und P‑E Fit in Maskulinität berechnet. Burnout und Arbeitsengagement wurden als Ergebnisvariablen mit dem DearEmployee-Survey gemessen. In Modellen der hierarchischen linearen Regression wurde nach Berücksichtigung der Kontrollvariablen sowie Arbeitsfaktoren jeweils der Zuwachs an Varianzerklärung ($$\Updelta$$
∆
R2) durch die Prädiktoren und Interaktionsterme mit Moderatoren (Geschlecht und Führungsposition) beobachtet.

Ergebnisse
P‑E Fit in Maskulinität zeigte signifikanten Effekt auf Burnout, stärker bei Personen ohne Führungsverantwortung, Geschlecht zeigte keine Moderationseffekte. P‑E fit in Feminität zeigte (ohne Gruppeneffekte) eine Varianzaufklärung bei Burnout und Arbeitsengagement.

Schlussfolgerung
P‑E Fit in Maskulinität könnte bei Personen ohne Führungsverantwortung in Bezug auf Burnout ein bedeutender Prädiktor sein. P‑E Fit in Feminität könnte ein bedeutender Faktor für Burnout und Arbeitsengagement sein.
Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit im Haushalts‑, Gebäude- und Verkehrssektor: Ein kurzer Überblick
Authors: Frondel Manuel 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Digitalisierung wird ein großes Potenzial zur Senkung des Energieverbrauchs und der damit einhergehenden Umwelteffekte zugeschrieben. Die in diesem Beitrag zusammengetragene empirische Evidenz deutet jedoch darauf hin, dass damit häufig lediglich geringe Effekte einhergehen. So fallen die Energieeinsparwirkungen von Smart-Home- und Smart-Metering-Technologien eher moderat aus und bewegen sich im niedrigen einstelligen Prozentbereich. Dementsprechend gering sind auch die mit der Energieeinsparung verbundenen Umwelteffekte. In Bezug auf den Ausstoß an Kohlendioxid sind wegen des Wasserbetteffektes gar keinerlei Minderungseffekte in Sektoren zu erwarten, die in den EU-Emissionshandel integriert sind. Dieser Beitrag argumentiert, dass in Kombination mit der Etablierung von Mautsystemen die größten Effekte in dem noch nicht in den EU-Emissionshandel integrierten Sektor Verkehr zu erwarten sein dürften.
Do antimicrobial and antithrombogenic peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) materials prevent catheter complications? An analysis of 42,562 hospitalized medical patients
Authors: Ullman Amanda J. , Paterson Rebecca S. , Schults Jessica A. , Kleidon Tricia M. , August Deanne , O’Malley Megan , Horowitz Jennifer , Rickard Claire M. , Paje David , Chopra Vineet 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To examine the effectiveness of antimicrobial and antithrombogenic materials incorporated into peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) to prevent bloodstream infection, thrombosis, and catheter occlusion.Methods:Prospective cohort study involving 52 hospitals participating in the Michigan Hospital Medicine Safety Consortium. Sample included adult hospitalized medical patients who received a PICC between January 2013 and October 2019. Coated and impregnated catheters were identified by name, brand, and device marketing or regulatory materials. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with robust sandwich standard error estimates accounting for the clustered nature of data were used to identify factors associated with PICC complications in coated versus noncoated devices across general care, intensive care unit (ICU), and oncology patients. Results were expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results:Of 42,562 patients with a PICC, 39,806 (93.5%) were plain polyurethane, 2,263 (5.3%) incorporated antimicrobial materials, and 921 (2.2%) incorporated antithrombogenic materials. Most were inserted in general ward settings (n = 28,111, 66.0%), with 12, 078 (28.4%) and 1,407 (3.3%) placed in ICU and oncological settings, respectively. Within the entire cohort, 540 (1.3%) developed thrombosis, 745 (1.8%) developed bloodstream infection, and 4,090 (9.6%) developed catheter occlusion. Adjusting for known risk factors, antimicrobial PICCs were not associated with infection reduction (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.82–1.64), and antithrombogenic PICCs were not associated with reduction in thrombosis and occlusion (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.92–1.44). Results were consistent across populations and care settings.Conclusions:Antimicrobial and antithrombogenic PICCs were not associated with a reduction in major catheter complications. Guidance aimed at informing use of these devices, balancing benefits against cost, appear necessary.
DNA identification of a sailor from the 1845 Franklin northwest passage expedition
Authors: Stenton Douglas R. , Fratpietro Stephen , Keenleyside Anne , Park Robert W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The 1845 British polar expedition in search of a northwest passage through the Canadian Arctic under the command of Sir John Franklin resulted in the greatest loss of life event in the history of polar exploration. The names of the 129 officers and crew who sailed and died on the catastrophic voyage are known, but the identification of their skeletons found scattered along the route of their attempted escape is problematic. Here, we report DNA analyses from skeletal remains from King William Island, where the majority of the expedition fatalities occurred, and from a paternal descendant of a member of the expedition. A match was found between an archaeological sample and a presumed descendant sample using Y-chromosome haplotyping. We conclude that DNA and genealogical evidence confirm the identity of the remains as those of Warrant Officer John Gregory, Engineer, HMS Erebus. This is the first member of the 1845 Franklin expedition whose identity has been confirmed through DNA and genealogical analyses.