bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Procedural Learning, Grammar, and Motor Skills in Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech, Speech Sound Disorder, and Typically Developing Speech
Authors: Iuzzini-Seigel Jenya 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
This case–control study sought to determine if (a) children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), other speech sound disorders (SSDs), and typical development would perform differently on a procedural learning assessment and (b) whether grammatical ability would impact group differences.

Method

Communication, motor, and procedural learning abilities were assessed in 48 children with CAS (
n
= 13), SSD (
n
= 20), and typical development (
n
= 15), between 43 and 97 months of age (
M
= 66 months,
SD
= 12 months).

Results
On average, children with CAS demonstrated grammatical and motor impairments and required an increased number of exposures to the visuospatial sequence to demonstrate procedural learning, compared to peers with SSD or typical development. A subset of children from each group demonstrated an unanticipated procedural learning pattern wherein they evidenced an uptick in reaction time during the second sequenced block. Children with CAS with this pattern still evidenced procedural learning gains by the fifth sequenced block. In contrast, children with SSD and typical development with this pattern showed poor procedural learning outcomes and were characterized by lower scores on language and motor assessments as well.

Conclusions
This research provides partial support for the procedural learning deficit hypothesis in children with CAS and for a subset of children with SSD as well. Future research should examine the role of a serial reaction time task in identifying children at risk of multisystem communication and motor deficits.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14173532
Does Sentence-Level Coarticulation Affect Speech Recognition in Noise or a Speech Masker?
Authors: Jett Brandi , Buss Emily , Best Virginia , Oleson Jacob , Calandruccio Lauren 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
Three experiments were conducted to better understand the role of between-word coarticulation in masked speech recognition. Specifically, we explored whether naturally coarticulated sentences supported better masked speech recognition as compared to sentences derived from individually spoken concatenated words. We hypothesized that sentence recognition thresholds (SRTs) would be similar for coarticulated and concatenated sentences in a noise masker but would be better for coarticulated sentences in a speech masker.

Method

Sixty young adults participated (
n
= 20 per experiment). An adaptive tracking procedure was used to estimate SRTs in the presence of noise or two-talker speech maskers. Targets in Experiments 1 and 2 were matrix-style sentences, while targets in Experiment 3 were semantically meaningful sentences. All experiments included coarticulated and concatenated targets; Experiments 2 and 3 included a third target type, concatenated keyword-intensity–matched (KIM) sentences, in which the words were concatenated but individually scaled to replicate the intensity contours of the coarticulated sentences.

Results
Regression analyses evaluated the main effects of target type, masker type, and their interaction. Across all three experiments, effects of target type were small (< 2 dB). In Experiment 1, SRTs were slightly poorer for coarticulated than concatenated sentences. In Experiment 2, coarticulation facilitated speech recognition compared to the concatenated KIM condition. When listeners had access to semantic context (Experiment 3), a coarticulation benefit was observed in noise but not in the speech masker.

Conclusions
Overall, differences between SRTs for sentences with and without between-word coarticulation were small. Beneficial effects of coarticulation were only observed relative to the concatenated KIM targets; for unscaled concatenated targets, it appeared that consistent audibility across the sentence offsets any benefit of coarticulation. Contrary to our hypothesis, effects of coarticulation generally were not more pronounced in speech maskers than in noise maskers.
Toward an Index of Oral Somatosensory Acuity: Comparison of Three Measures in Adults
Authors: Gritsyk Olesia , Kabakoff Heather , Li Joanne Jingwen , Ayala Samantha , Shiller Douglas M. , McAllister Tara 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
Somatosensory targets and feedback are instrumental in ensuring accurate speech production. Individuals differ in their ability to access and respond to somatosensory information, but there is no established standard for measuring somatosensory acuity. The primary objective of this study was to determine which of three measures of somatosensory acuity had the strongest association with change in production accuracy in a vowel learning task, while controlling for the better studied covariate of auditory acuity.

Method
Three somatosensory tasks were administered to 20 female college students: an oral stereognosis task, a bite block task with auditory masking, and a novel phonetic awareness task. Individual scores from the tasks were compared to their performance on a speech learning task in which participants were trained to produce novel Mandarin vowels with visual biofeedback.

Results
Of the three tasks, only bite block adaptation with auditory masking was significantly associated with performance in the speech learning task. Participants with weaker somatosensory acuity tended to demonstrate larger increases in production accuracy over the course of training.

Conclusions
The bite block adaptation task measures proprioceptive awareness rather than tactile acuity and assesses somatosensory knowledge implicitly, with limited metalinguistic demands. This small-scale study provides preliminary evidence that these characteristics may be desirable for the assessment of oral somatosensory acuity, at least in the context of vowel learning tasks. Well-normed somatosensory measures could be of clinical utility by informing diagnosis/prognosis and treatment planning.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14044082
Survey on vehicle map matching techniques
Authors: Huang Zhenfeng , Qiao Shaojie , Han Nan , Yuan Chang‐an , Song Xuejiang , Xiao Yueqiang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the development of location‐based services and Big data technology, vehicle map matching techniques are growing rapidly, which is the fundamental techniques in the study of exploring global positioning system (GPS) data. The pre‐processed GPS data can provide the guarantee of high‐quality data for the research of mining passenger’s points of interest and urban computing services. The existing surveys mainly focus on map‐matching algorithms, but there are few descriptions on the key phases of the acquisition of sampling data, floating car and road data preprocessing in vehicle map matching systems. To address these limitations, the contribution of this survey on map matching techniques lies in the following aspects: (i) the background knowledge, function and system framework of vehicle map matching techniques; (ii) description of floating car data and road network structure to understand the detailed phase of map matching; (iii) data preprocessing rules, specific methodologies, and significance of floating car and road data; (iv) map matching algorithms are classified by the sampling frequency and data information. The authors give the introduction of open‐source GPS sampling data sets, and the evaluation measurements of map‐matching approaches; (v) the suggestions on data preprocessing and map matching algorithms in the future work.
A novel random access scheme for M2M communication in crowded asynchronous massive MIMO systems
Authors: Han Huimei , Zhai Wenchao , Li Ying , Lu Weidang , Zhao Jun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA new random access scheme is proposed to solve the intra‐cell pilot collision for M2M communication in crowded asynchronous massive multiple‐input multiple‐output systems. The proposed scheme utilizes the proposed estimation method of signal parameters to estimate the effective timing offsets, and then active user equipments obtain their timing errors from the effective timing offsets for uplink message transmission. The mean squared error of the estimated effective timing offsets of user equipments and the uplink throughput are analysed. Simulation results show that, compared to the exiting random access scheme for the crowded asynchronous massive multiple‐input multiple‐output systems, the proposed scheme can improve the uplink throughput and estimate the effective timing offsets accurately at the same time.
Optimal economic dispatching of multi‐microgrids by an improved genetic algorithm
Authors: Jiang Haoyu , Ning Shiyuan , Ge Quanbo , Yun Wang , Xu JinQiang , Bin Yu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA multi‐microgrid economic dispatching strategy based on adaptive mutation genetic algorithm is proposed for multi‐microgrid systems with different load types and power demands. Based on the analysis of industrial, residential and commercial loads, considering the synergy and complementarity between multi‐microgrids, an optimal dispatching model of multi‐microgrids based on the minimum operation cost and environmental protection cost of multi‐microgrids is established from the point of view of environmental protection and economy. At the same time, an adaptive mutation genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize the system model and find the optimal economic dispatching scheme.
A minimal thrust vectoring rotor with six degree of freedom: Design and analysis
Authors: Qiu Wei , Xu Chao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article presents a minimal thrust vectoring rotor (mTVR) with 6‐DoF motion ability. The mTVR is equipped with only three tiltable thrust units that deploy the coaxial counter‐propellers design for generating pure thrusts. Thus, the mTVR is able to perform 6‐DoF flight with decoupled translation and rotation based on the full rank Jacobian matrix. The geometry of the mTVR is optimised first, by studying the condition number of the Jacobian matrix that contains five geometry parameters. The overall system is then carefully modelled based on the actual hardware configuration of the mTVR prototype, including the coaxial counter‐propeller thruster, the high‐voltage servo for tilting, and the detailed multi‐rigid body motion dynamics of the vehicle. Next, the output envelop and dynamic response of the 6‐DoF actuator performance are evaluated. A 6‐DoF motion controller with disturbance rejection is designed and tested on a specialised multi‐functional software platform developed for the mTVR. The controller shows good stability in regular, even aggressive operation of the vehicle.
Experimental verification on the robustness and stability of an interaction control: Single‐degree‐of‐freedom robot case
Authors: Park Sang Hyun , Son Jeongwoo , Jin Maolin , Kang Sang Hoon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe nonlinear bang‐bang impact control (NBBIC) had been proposed for robots performing tasks having frequent contact with different environments because it takes advantage of the frictions in robot joints that are not helpful for constrained space control usually, does not need to change gains throughout tasks, and requires little information on robot dynamics. Despite these advantages, due to the lack of stability proof, it was not widely adopted. Recently, the stability of the NBBIC for one degree‐of‐freedom (DOF) robot has been proved almost two decades after its first proposal. The stability condition provided a theoretical stable region of the inertia estimate and was not dependent on environment dynamics, indicating the robustness of NBBIC to environment dynamics (e.g. stiffness). Thus, there is a strong need to verify the stability condition and the robustness of NBBIC to environment dynamics. Experiments of single DOF robots colliding with various environments showed that the stability condition predicted the stable range of the inertia estimate well, though there was a reduction in upper‐bound because of sensor noise. The impact force response did not vary significantly for environments with different stiffness (silicon, aluminium, and steel wall), thereby confirming the robustness of the NBBIC to environment dynamics.
Improving Access and Mental Health For Youth Using Smart Technologies
Authors: Forchuk Cheryl , Fisman Sandra , Reiss Jeffrey P. , Collins Kerry , Eichstedt Julie , Rudnick Abraham , Isaranuwatchai Wanrudee , Hoch Jeffrey S. , Wang Xianbin , Lizotte Daniel , Macpherson Shona , Booth Richard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe overall objective of this research is to evaluate the use of a mobile health smartphone application (app) to improve the mental health of youth between the ages of 14 and 25 years, with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. This project includes 122 youth who are accessing outpatient mental health services at one of three hospitals and two community agencies. The youth and care providers are using the Smart technology to enhance care. The technology uses mobile questionnaires (QnairesTM) to help promote self‐assessment and track changes to support the plan of care. The youth were provided a smartphone and talk/text/data plan, if needed. The majority of participants identified themselves as Caucasian (73.5%). Expectedly, the demographics revealed that Anxiety Disorders and Mood Disorders were highly prevalent within the sample (73.6% and 66.9% respectively). Findings from the qualitative summary established that both staff and youth found having a smartphone and data plan beneficial. Demographic variables such as age, sex, mental health and physical health did not predict which youth were more likely to use the application.
Optimal stochastic scheduling of reconfigurable active distribution networks hosting hybrid renewable energy systems
Authors: Zare Oskouei Morteza , Mohammadi‐Ivatloo Behnam , Abapour Mehdi , Razzaghi Reza 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRenewable energy sources (RESs) have a remarkable role in advancing the goals of restructured power systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the level of reliability. However, due to the non‐uniform utilisation of these resources in various sectors of power grids, a major part of the generated renewable energies is spilled to satisfy the power system constraints. Motivated by this challenge, the role of the reconfiguration mechanism in maximising the utilisation of RESs in active distribution networks (ADNs) is investigated herein. To this end, a two‐stage stochastic model is presented for optimal scheduling of reconfigurable distribution networks in the presence of high‐power hybrid wind/photovoltaic systems. The main goal of the presented model is to maximise the hybrid system owner's profit. In the first stage of the presented structure, the optimal hourly bilateral dispatches between the hybrid system and the ADN in the day‐ahead electricity market are determined to maximise the hybrid system owner's profit. In the second stage, the power spillage of the hybrid renewable energy systems are minimised using reconfiguration technology in the real‐time electricity market. For practical implementation, the proposed operational strategy is applied to the modified 33‐bus and 69‐bus distribution test systems, and is solved using GAMS software. The simulation results indicate that the proposed strategy can considerably reduce renewable power spillage, increase the hybrid system owner's profit, and decrease total active power loss of the ADN. According to the obtained results in the 33‐bus test system, the profit of the hybrid system owner is increased by up to 6.8% as well as the total active power loss being decreased by up 75.58% through the presented structure.
Photoionisation modelling of the X-ray emission line regions within the Seyfert 2 AGN NGC 1068
Authors: Grafton-Waters S. , Branduardi-Raymont G. , Mehdipour M. , Page M. , Bianchi S. , Behar E. , Symeonidis M. 
Published: March 2021

Aims.We investigate the photoionised X-ray emission line regions (ELRs) within the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 to determine if there are any characteristic changes between observations taken 14 years apart.Methods.We comparedXMM-Newtonobservations collected in 2000 and 2014, simultaneously fitting the reflection grating spectrometer and EPIC-pn spectra of each epoch, for the first time, with the photoionisation model,PION, inSPEX.Results.We find that fourPIONcomponents are required to fit the majority of the emission lines in the spectra of NGC 1068, with log ξ = 1−4, log NH >  26 m−2, andvout = −100 to −600 km s−1for both epochs. Comparing the ionisation state of the components shows almost no difference between the two epochs, while there is an increase in the total equivalent column density. To estimate the locations of these plasma regions from the central black hole, we compare distance methods, excluding the variability arguments as there is no spectral change between observations. Although the methods are unable to constrain the distances for each plasma component, the locations are consistent with the narrow line region, with the possibility of the higher ionised component being part of the broad line region; we cannot conclude this for certain, but the photoionisation modelling does suggest this is possible. In addition, we find evidence for emission from collisionally ionised plasma, while previous analysis had suggested that collisional plasma emission was unlikely. However, althoughPIONis unable to account for the Fe XVIIemission lines at 15 and 17 Å, we do not rule out that photoexcitation is a valid processes to produce these lines as well.Conclusions.NGC 1068 has not changed, both in terms of the observed spectra or from our modelling, within the 14 year time period between observations. This suggests that the ELRs are fairly static relative to the 14 year time frame between observations, or there is no dramatic change in the spectral energy distribution, resulting from a lack of black hole variability.
First light of a holographic aperture mask: Observation at the Keck OSIRIS Imager
Authors: Doelman David S. , Wardenier Joost P. , Tuthill Peter , Fitzgerald Michael P. , Lyke Jim , Sallum Steph , Norris Barnaby , Warriner N. Zane , Keller Christoph , Escuti Michael J. , Snik Frans 
Published: March 2021

Context. As an interferometric technique, sparse aperture masking (SAM) is capable of imaging beyond the diffraction limit of single telescopes. This makes SAM an important technique for studying processes such as planet formation at Solar System scales. However, it comes at the cost of a reduction in throughput, typically by 80–90%.
Aims. We report on the design, construction, and commissioning of a prototype aperture masking technology implemented at the Keck OH-Suppressing Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (OSIRIS) Imager: the holographic aperture mask. Holographic aperture masking (HAM) aims at (i) increasing the throughput of SAM by selectively combining all subapertures across a telescope pupil in multiple interferograms using a phase mask, and (ii) adding low-resolution spectroscopic capabilities.
Methods. Using liquid-crystal geometric phase patterns, we manufacture a HAM mask that uses an 11-hole SAM design as the central component and a holographic component comprising 19 different subapertures. Thanks to a multilayer liquid-crystal implementation, the mask has a diffraction efficiency higher than 96% from 1.1 to 2.5 micron. We create a pipeline that extracts monochromatic closure phases from the central component as well as multiwavelength closure phases from the holographic component. We test the performance of the HAM mask in the laboratory and on-sky.
Results. The holographic component yields 26 closure phases with spectral resolutions between R ∼ 6.5 and R ∼ 15, depending on the interferogram positions. On April 19, 2019, we observed the binary star HDS 1507 in the Hbb filter (λ0 = 1638 nm and Δλ = 330 nm) and retrieved a constant separation of 120.9 ± 0.5 mas for the independent wavelength bins, which is in excellent agreement with literature values. For both the laboratory measurements and the observations of unresolved reference stars, we recorded nonzero closure phases – a potential source of systematic error that we traced to polarization leakage of the HAM optic. We propose a future upgrade that improves the performance, reducing this effect to an acceptable level.
Conclusions. Holographic aperture masking is a simple upgrade of SAM with increased throughput and a new capability of simultaneous low-resolution spectroscopy that provides new differential observables (e.g., differential phases with wavelength).
Kink instability of triangular jets in the solar atmosphere
Authors: Zaqarashvili T. V. , Lomineishvili S. , Leitner P. , Hanslmeier A. , Gömöry P. , Roth M. 
Published: March 2021

Context. It is known that hydrodynamic triangular jets (i.e. the jet with maximal velocity at its axis, which linearly decreases at both sides) are unstable to anti-symmetric kink perturbations. The inclusion of the magnetic field may lead to the stabilisation of the jets. Jets and complex magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the solar atmosphere, which suggests the possibility of the kink instability in certain cases.
Aims. The aim of the paper is to study the kink instability of triangular jets sandwiched between magnetic tubes (or slabs) and its possible connection to observed properties of the jets in the solar atmosphere.
Methods. A dispersion equation governing the kink perturbations is obtained through matching of analytical solutions at the jet boundaries. The equation is solved analytically and numerically for different parameters of jets and surrounding plasma. The analytical solution is accompanied by a numerical simulation of fully non-linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations for a particular situation of solar type II spicules.
Results. Magnetohydrodynamic triangular jets are unstable to the dynamic kink instability depending on the Alfvén Mach number (the ratio of flow to Alfvén speeds) and the ratio of internal and external densities. When the jet has the same density as the surrounding plasma, only super-Alfvénic flows are unstable. However, denser jets are also unstable in a sub-Alfvénic regime. Jets with an angle to the ambient magnetic field have much lower thresholds of instability than field-aligned flows. Growth times of the kink instability are estimated to be 6−15 min for type I spicules and 5−60 s for type II spicules matching with their observed lifetimes. The numerical simulation of full non-linear equations shows that the transverse kink pulse locally destroys the jet in less than a minute in type II spicule conditions.
Conclusions. Dynamic kink instability may lead to the full breakdown of MHD flows and consequently to an observed disappearance of spicules.