bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyber risk management in SMEs: insights from industry surveys
Authors: Hoppe Felicitas , Gatzert Nadine , Gruner Petra 
Published: July 2021

PurposeThis article aims to gain insights on the current state of small- and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs’) cyber risk management process and to derive future research directions.Design/methodology/approachThis is done by collecting market insights from 37 recent industry surveys and structuring them based on the steps of the risk management process. From this analysis, major challenges are derived and future fields of research identified.FindingsThe results indicate that deficiencies in risk culture as well as the strained market for IT experts are the major obstacles with respect to the implementation of cyber risk management in SMEs, and that these challenges are similar across countries. The findings suggest that especially the relationship between cyber security culture and cyber risk management should be investigated further, and that a stronger link between the research streams on enterprise risk management and cyber risk management would be desirable.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by providing a systematic overview on the current state of SMEs' cyber risk management from a market perspective. The findings provide support for the existing academic literature by emphasizing the central role of cyber security culture (perception, knowledge, attitude) for a successful cyber risk management, which however should be addressed in more depth in future (empirical) research.
Reflections on the future visions of UK tourism outlined in Burkart and Medlik's 1974 book: tourism: past, present, and future
Authors: Hay Brian 
Published: July 2021

PurposeTo explore the future visions outlined in one of the first academic books on UK tourism to venture into tourism futures. Through today’s lens, their visions are explored through three topics: Future Markets and Destinations; Future Resources; and the Future Organization of Tourism.Design/methodology/approachExploring the backstory, key drivers and tipping points of UK tourism development and tourism education during the 1960s and 1970s, they help to understand the rationale for the authors 1974 future visions of UK tourism. These visions are tested against reality, using a mixture of data, softer evidence and the authors’ judgements.FindingsAcknowledging the authors showed courage in presenting their future visions, when so little was known about the development of tourism, let alone tourism futures. The article highlights the successes and failures of their future visions across 20 tourism sectors, through 55 tourism forecasts. The reasons for weaknesses in some of their forecasts, and their foresight in highlighting little known issues are explored, along with key learning points for tourism futurists.Research limitations/implicationsThe future visions of UK tourism were tested against data and other evidence, but this was not always possible. Therefore, the success or failures of some of the visions are based on the authors’ judgement.Originality/valueOver the past 50 years, there has been a steady growth in tourism futures studies. Given the recent increase in awareness of history in driving futures thinking, perhaps now is the time to apply this viewpoint to previously published tourism futures studies because such reviews provide a timely reminder of the transient nature of tourism futures gazing.
Drivers of soil microbial community assembly during recovery from selective logging and clear‐cutting
Authors: Chen Jie , Chazdon Robin L. , Swenson Nathan G. , Xu Han , Luo Tushou 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Despite important progress in understanding the impacts of forest clearing and logging on above‐ground communities, how these disturbances affect soil microbial β‐diversity and the ecological processes driving microbial assemblages are poorly understood. Furthermore, whether and how the microbial shifts affect vegetation composition and diversity during recovery of post‐logged forests remain elusive.

Using a spatial grid experiment design in a primary tropical forest intermixed with post‐logged patches naturally recovered for half century in Hainan Island, China, we characterized and explained the distance–decay relationships of soil microbial similarities in primary, selectively logged and clear‐cut forests.

Selectively logged sites showed a lower spatial turnover rate of bacterial assemblages based on phylogenetic and taxonomic β‐diversity, but a higher spatial turnover rate of fungal assemblages based on phylogenetic β‐diversity, suggesting a higher level of phylogenetic variability in fungal composition. Clear‐cut sites showed lower spatial turnover for both bacterial and fungal assemblages based on the two β‐diversity, indicating community homogenization. Main drivers of microbial assemblages shifted from soil properties in primary forest to tree composition in selectively logged sites, whereas microbial–tree associations declined in clear‐cut sites, leading to stochastically organized microbial assemblages.

Synthesis and applications. The increased fungal phylogenetic turnover with tree turnover following selective logging promotes unassisted recovery of plant diversity. In contrast, the decoupling of tree and microbial turnover following clear‐cutting suggests restoration approaches based on tree planting, and tree species that have strong associations with bulk soil microbial community should be considered. Our findings advance the understanding of spatial patterns, processes and drivers of soil microbial assemblages in parallel with tree community recovery during regeneration of post‐logged tropical forests, and highlight the importance of coupling assemblage patterns between tree and soil fungal communities for conserving tropical forest biodiversity.
Control of postharvest fungal diseases in fruits using external application of RNAi
Authors: de Oliveira Filho Josemar Gonçalves , Silva Guilherme da Cruz , Cipriano Lavínia , Gomes Mariana , Egea Mariana Buranelo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractContamination with a variety of filamentous fungi can cause deterioration of food and agricultural products. Fungal contaminations reduce the quality and the shelf life of fresh fruits and are one of the main causes of economic loss in the global fresh fruit industry. Although chemical fungicides are effective and traditionally used to control postharvest fungal diseases, they are harmful to human health. In this context, use of RNA interference (RNAi)‐based fungicides is a promising alternative strategy. Spray‐induced gene silencing (SIGS) is an innovative RNAi‐based approach for silencing target genes in phytopathogens. This review aims to discuss the recent findings on the use of RNAi‐based fungicides to control the postharvest spoilage of fresh fruits.Practical ApplicationControl of postharvest fungal diseases is one of the most important strategies to make food available to consumers longer. In this sense, the external application of RNAi seems to be technologically advantageous and efficient as it helps to maintain the characteristics of plant products. In this sense, this review discussed what is possible to find in the literature regarding this new technology.
Changes of lipids in noodle dough and dried noodles during industrial processing
Authors: Yang Zhen , Huang Qian , Xing Jun‐Jie , Guo Xiao‐Na , Zhu Ke‐Xue 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the changes of lipids during the industrial preparation of noodle dough and dried noodles, including the hydration, sheeting, and drying processes. The results showed that industrial processing markedly influenced the stability of lipids during the preparation of dried noodles. The contents of total free fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and free lipids were reduced, while peroxide values increased during the hydration and sheeting processes, showing the instability of lipids. The increase in lipid oxidation may have been due to the activation of lipoxygenase. Although its activity declined by 45.7% in the hydration process compared to that of the native wheat flour (198.5 ± 20.4 U/g/min), the residue activity should have been high enough to oxidize lipids. Interestingly, lipase activity remained relatively stable. In addition, an obvious increase of carbon‐centered free radicals was observed during the entire processing. In conclusion, the industrial processing, especially the hydration process, markedly changed the lipid profile and promoted lipid oxidation during the preparation of dried noodles.Practical ApplicationThe present study showed the positive relationship between endogenous lipid degrading enzymes and the degradation of lipids and elucidated the role of industrial processing on lipid stability in noodle dough and dried noodles. The results of the present study will also help us to understand more about the sensory quality of dried noodles during preparation, as well as to develop high quality of wheat‐based food products.
Nomogram for hepatic venous pressure gradient in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Zhou Li Li , Wang Guang Chuan , Zhang Ming Yan , Huang Guang Jun , Li Wen , Wang Ling Yun , Wang Ai Hua , Zhang Chun Qing 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveThe hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) plays an important role in the treatment and prognosis of patients with cirrhosis. Our study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram for an HVPG >12 mmHg.MethodsA retrospective study was performed to create a nomogram for an HVPG >12 mmHg in a training cohort that was validated in another cohort. The discriminatory ability and calibration of the nomogram were tested using the C‐statistic, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and calibration plots.ResultsThe nomogram was based on portosystemic shunts identified on computed tomography images, the etiology of cirrhosis and the Child‐Pugh grade. These parameters were significantly associated with an HVPG >12 mmHg (P < 0.05 for both the training and validation cohorts). In the training cohort, the model showed good discrimination (C‐statistic, AUROC, and R2 of 0.71, 0.71 and 0.13, respectively) and good calibration. The total cutoff value was 112 and the sensitivity and specificity were 57.1% and 77.6%, respectively. The application of the nomogram in the validation cohort still yielded good discrimination (C‐statistic 0.75 [95% confidence interval 0.61‐0.89], AUROC 0.75, and R2 0.16) and good calibration.ConclusionsThis nomogram is a convenient tool for predicting an HVPG >12 mmHg in patients with cirrhosis and can help clinicians quickly identify patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
High ambient temperature exposure during late gestation disrupts glycolipid metabolism and hepatic mitochondrial function tightly related to gut microbial dysbiosis in pregnant mice
Authors: He Jianwen , Liu Riliang , Zheng Weijiang , Guo Huiduo , Yang Yunnan , Zhao Ruqian , Yao Wen 
Published: July 2021

SummaryAs global warming intensifies, emerging evidence has demonstrated high ambient temperature during pregnancy negatively affects maternal physiology with compromised pregnant outcomes; however, little is known about the roles of gut microbiota and its underlying mechanisms in this process. Here, for the first time, we explored the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota involved in the disrupted glycolipid metabolism via hepatic mitochondrial function. Our results indicate heat stress (HS) reduces fat and protein contents and serum levels of insulin and triglyceride (TG), while increases that of non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β‐hydroxybutyric acid (B‐HBA), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P < 0.05). Additionally, HS downregulates both mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) and nuclear encoding mitochondrial functional genes with increasing serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) (P < 0.05). Regarding microbial response, HS boosts serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (P < 0.05) and alters β‐diversity (ANOSIM, P < 0.01), increasing the proportions of Escherichia–Shigella, Acinetobacter and Klebsiella (q < 0.05), while reducing that of Ruminiclostridium, Blautia, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Clostridium VadinBB60 and Muribaculaceae (q < 0.05). PICRUSt analysis predicts that HS upregulates 11 KEGG pathways, mainly including bile secretion and bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. The collective results suggest that microbial dysbiosis due to late gestational HS has strong associations with damaged hepatic mitochondrial function and disrupted metabolic profiles.
Engineering a probiotic strain of Escherichia coli to induce the regression of colorectal cancer through production of 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Chen Junhao , Li Xiaohong , Liu Yumei , Su Tianyuan , Lin Changsen , Shao Lijun , Li Lanhua , Li Wanwei , Niu Guoyu , Yu Jing , Liu Ling , Li Miaomiao , Yu Xiaoli , Wang Qian 
Published: July 2021

SummaryBacterial vectors can be engineered to generate microscopic living therapeutics to produce and deliver anticancer agents. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (Nissle 1917) is a promising candidate with probiotic properties. Here, we used Nissle 1917 to develop a metabolic strategy to produce 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) from glucose as 5‐ALA plays an important role in the photodynamic therapy of cancers. The coexpression of hemAM and hemL using a low copy‐number plasmid led to remarkable accumulation of 5‐ALA. The downstream pathway of 5‐ALA biosynthesis was inhibited by levulinic acid (LA). Small‐scale cultures of engineered Nissle 1917 produced 300 mg l−1 of 5‐ALA. Recombinant Nissle 1917 was applied to deliver 5‐ALA to colorectal cancer cells, in which it induced the accumulation of antineoplastic protoporphyrin X (PpIX) and specific cytotoxicity towards colorectal cancer cells irradiated with a 630 nm laser. Moreover, this novel combination therapy proved effective in a mouse xenograft model and was not cytotoxic to normal tissues. These findings suggest that Nissle 1917 will serve as a potential carrier to effectively deliver 5‐ALA for cancer therapy.
Adverse social experiences in adolescent rats result in persistent sex‐dependent effects on alcohol‐seeking behavior
Authors: Surakka Akseli , Vengeliene Valentina , Skorodumov Ivan , Meinhardt Marcus , Hansson Anita C. , Spanagel Rainer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAccumulating clinical evidence suggests that women with prior exposure to adverse childhood experiences are more susceptible to heavy drinking and other health‐related behaviors. Yet, preclinical studies investigating sex‐dependent effects of adolescent adverse social experiences (ASEs) on later alcohol‐seeking behavior are lacking. This is mainly due to the unavailability of valid animal models and a shortage of studies that compare effects in males and females. Therefore, we sought to investigate the sex‐dependent effects of ASE on adult alcohol‐seeking behavior, locomotion, and reward sensitivity in male and female rats.MethodsWe recently developed a rat model for childhood/adolescent peer rejection that allows us to study the long‐term consequences of ASEs. Adolescent Wistar rats were reared from postnatal day (pd) 21 to pd 50 either within a group of Fischer 344 rats (ASE) or within a group of Wistar rats (control). Wistar rats housed with Fischer 344 rats do not reciprocate social play in adolescence. This reduced play across adolescence mimics peer rejection and results in chronic dysregulation of social and pain‐related behaviors. We tested adult male and female rats in the reinstatement paradigm for cue‐induced alcohol‐seeking behavior, circadian locomotor activity, and sucrose consumption long after the termination of the peer rejection condition.ResultsPeer rejection induced persistent sex‐dependent changes in alcohol cue‐induced reinstatement. Females showed an increased reinstatement effect while peer‐rejected males demonstrated a decrease. Sex differences were observed in locomotor activity or reward sensitivity to sucrose.ConclusionsPeer rejection has long‐lasting sex‐dependent consequences on alcohol‐seeking behavior without affecting locomotion or sweet reward sensitivity. Our results suggest that peer‐rejected female rats represent a vulnerable population in which to study relapse‐like behaviors that are similar to clinical findings, while males seem to buffer the peer rejection effect and demonstrate resilience to later life alcohol‐seeking behaviors, as measured by the reinstatement effect. Finally, we provide a novel approach to investigate the molecular and neurobiological underpinnings of ASEs on alcohol and other drug‐seeking behaviors.
Migration and risk of intellectual disability with and without autism: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Morinaga Maki , Hollander Anna‐Clara , Heuvelman Hein , Lundberg Michael , Dalman Christina , Rai Dheeraj , Magnusson Cecilia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether parental migration, parental region of origin, timing of child's birth in relation to maternal migration and parental reason for migration are associated with intellectual disability (ID) with and without autism.MethodsWe used a register‐based cohort of all individuals aged 0–17 years in Stockholm County during 2001–2011. General estimating equation logistic model and additionally sibling comparison were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The models were adjusted for child's sex and birth year and parental age at child's birth, and additionally for migrant‐specific variables in the analyses including only children with migrant parent(s).ResultsWithin the eligible sample of 670,098 individuals, 3781 (0.6%) had ID with autism, and 5076 (0.8%) had ID without autism. Compared with children with Swedish‐born parents, children with both parents born abroad had an increased risk of ID with autism (OR = 1.6, CI 1.5–1.8) and ID without autism (OR = 1.9, CI 1.7–2.0). Among these children with both parents born abroad, it was protective of ID with autism when the child's birth occurred before and later than four years after maternal migration, which was replicated in the sibling comparison. The associations with both conditions were more pronounced with parental origin in regions comprising low‐ and middle‐income countries and with reasons other than work or study.ConclusionsParental migration is associated with ID regardless of co‐occurrence of autism. Our results indicate an association between environmental factors during pregnancy related to migration and offspring ID with autism, although further confirmative studies are needed.
Morphometric analysis of cervical vertebrae in some marine and land mammals
Authors: Boonsri Burin , Nganvongpanit Korakot , Buddhachat Kittisak , Punyapornwithaya Veerasak , Kongtueng Piyamat , Kaewmong Patcharaporn , Kittiwattanawong Kongkiat 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBones or skeletal remains can be used to answer a number of questions related to species, sex, age or cause of death. However, studies involving vertebrae have been limited as most were performed on skulls or long bones. Here, we have stated the hypothesis that the morphometry of cervical vertebrae can be used for species identification and body size estimation among marine and land mammals. The cervical vertebrae from eight and 14 species of marine and land mammals were used to collect morphometric data. Cluster dendrogram, principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and linear regression were used to analyse the data. The results indicate that, based on an index of C4 to C7, there were 13 out of 22 species for which identity could be correctly predicted in 100% of the cases. The correlations between cervical vertebrae parameters (height, width and length of centrum) in marine (average R2 = 0.87, p < .01) and land (average R2 = 0.51, p < .01) mammals were observed. These results indicate that vertebral morphometrics could be used for species prediction and verification of body weight in both marine and land mammals.
Life beyond life: Repair, reuse, and recycle—the many lives of wooden objects and the mutability of trees
Authors: Sands Rob 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn invitation by the editorial team of this special edition is the genesis of this paper. It considers how actions such repair, reuse, adaption, and recycling are identified, and understood, with respect to wooden things found in the archaeological record. An exhaustive review is not possible in a paper of this size, so instead a range of examples, across time and space, are selected to discuss these themes and to act as a catalyst for further thought. Woodland, and its entangled relationships with people, inevitably provides a background rhythm, allowing for a reflection on how we consider trees, their mutability, and the many lives of wooden things.
Evaluation of area under the concentration curve adjusted by the terminal‐phase as a metric to reduce the impact of variability in bioequivalence testing
Authors: Lucas Adam J. , Ogungbenro Kayode , Yang Shuying , Aarons Leon , Chen Chao 
Published: July 2021

AimTo quantify the utility of a terminal‐phase adjusted area under the concentration curve method in increasing the probability of a correct and conclusive outcome of a bioequivalence (BE) trial for highly variable drugs when clearance (CL) varies more than the volume of distribution (V).MethodsData from a large population of subjects were generated with variability in CL and V, and used to simulate a two‐period, two‐sequence crossover BE trial. The 90% confidence interval for formulation comparison was determined following BE assessment using the area under the concentration curve (AUC) ratio test, and the proposed terminal‐phase adjusted AUC ratio test. An outcome of bioequivalent, nonbioequivalent or inconclusive was then assigned according to predefined BE limits.ResultsWhen CL varied more than V, the proposed approach enhanced the probability of correctly assigning bioequivalent or nonbioequivalent and reduced the risk of an inconclusive trial. For a hypothetical drug with between‐subject variability of 35% for CL and 10% for V, when the true test‐reference ratio of bioavailability was 1.15, a crossover study of n = 14 subjects analysed by the proposed method would have 80% or 20% probability of claiming bioequivalent or nonbioequivalent, compared to 22%, 46% or 32% probability of claiming bioequivalent, nonbioequivalent or inconclusive using the standard AUC ratio test.ConclusionsThe terminal‐phase adjusted AUC ratio test represents a simple and readily applicable approach to enhance the BE assessment of drug products when CL varies more than V.