bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing beverage patterns among Alaska Natives living in rural, remote communities: the CANHR study
Authors: Bersamin Andrea , Herron Johanna , Nash Sarah , Maier Janne , Luick Bret 
Published: June 2021

Caloric beverages, particularly sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs), have gained attention as a risk factor for obesity and its sequelae. The prevalence of obesity among AI/ANs exceeds the rates for all other ethnic groups, however little is known about beverage patterns in this group. Here, we characterize beverage intake among Yup'ik Eskimos and present public health and policy recommendations around beverage intake. Beverage and nutrient data, estimated with NDS‐R, are presented from 471 Yup'ik Eskimos (ages 14–92 years) who participated in the Center for Alaska Native Health Research (CANHR) Study. Beverages were classified as: Sugar sweetened soda and fruit drinks (SSBs), Artificially sweetened soda and fruit drinks (ASBs), Coffee, Tea, Milk, 100% juice, Other (beverages reported <10 times). Beverage patterns were strongly associated with age. Over 75% of beverages consumed by youth were SSBs, contributing on average 300kcals and 78g added sugar to daily intake. In contrast, SBBs represented less than 20% of beverage intake among older age groups. Intake of milk, 100% juice, and ASBs were low among all age groups. Reduction in SSB has the potential to reduce the burden of obesity in Yup'ik communities; a culturally and geographically relevant intervention, particularly one that takes a systems approach, should be pursued.Supported by NIH grant (P20‐RR16430)
Growth patterns preceding mortality in the first 6 months of life among breastfed infants born to HIV infected women in Malawi
Authors: Brown Lauren Nami , Adair Linda S , Bentley Margaret E , van der Horst Charles M , Jamieson Denise J , Ellington Sascha R , Soko Alice , Kayira Dumbani , Chasela Charles 
Published: June 2021

Poor infant nutritional status is a notable underlying cause of mortality. We examined growth patterns preceding death in 34 exclusively breastfed infants born to HIV infected women in the Breastfeeding, Antiretroviral and Nutrition study in Lilongwe, Malawi. Women were randomized to receive either a lipid‐based nutrient supplement during lactation or no supplement. These groups were further randomized to maternal antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, infant nevirapine or no postnatal ARVs. Infants were grouped by age at death (0< 1 mo, n=12; 1< 3 mo, n=11; and 3< 6 mo, n=11). These groups were compared to surviving infants using multinomial logistic regression. Low birth weight (LBW < 2.5 kg) strongly predicted early death (OR 10.27, 95% CI 3.27–32.27 in those 0–1 mo; OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.05–15.30) but not in the 3 < 6 mo group. Measures at regular follow‐up visits showed that lower mean weight, length, and BMI Z‐scores (based on WHO growth standards) more strongly predicted early death than they predicted death during 3< 6 mos. Declining anthropometric Z‐scores were evident in the weeks prior to death. Of the 34 infants who died, 8 were HIV infected and 5 of these 8 deaths occurred in 3< 6 mo. The analysis provides further evidence of the need to prevent LBW and optimize early growth in infants born in developing countries.Supported by the Centers for Disease Control (U48‐DP000059‐01) and by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP53107).Grant Funding Source: Centers for Disease Control (U48‐DP000059‐01) and by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP53107)
The Mobile Embryo Application
Authors: Haseltine Florence Pat , Cork John , Gasser Ray , Lockett Elizabeth , Wilson Emily , Sun Ying 
Published: June 2021

Embryologists worldwide use the Carnegie Collection of Embryology at the National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM) to define normal human embryo development. Scientists at Louisiana State University (LSU) have created 3D reconstructions and animations of the Collection. A new mobile application, called the Embryo App, incorporates information about embryos into a publicly‐available, interactive format.The NMHM website delivers a manual of embryology that received 1450 page views in a three month period mostly from educational institutions. The Embryo App will allow for expansion of the user base and improve accessibility to existing users. Mobile devices give a tactile functionality to existing data.The Embryo App includes movies on fertilization and in‐vitro fertilization, a pregnancy calculator, and a lab manual section. The lab manual presents photographs, 3D reconstructions, animations, reference labels, and information on the early stages (1 through 23) of embryonic development. The application links to social networks and to extended resources from the National Library of Medicine, LSU, National Museum of health and Medicine and other institutions.The Embryo App provides a new venue for scientists, students, and the public to access and interact with the Carnegie Collection of Embryology for the first time. User evaluation will provide further information needed to improve the application and expand the outreach of NMHM.
Effect of B‐hydoxy‐ B‐Methylbutyrate (HMB) and Resistance Training on Body Composition and Functionality in Elderly Women (65–89 yrs)
Authors: Smith Abbie E , Stout Jeffrey R , Kendall Kristina L , Fukuda David H , Moon Jordan R , Rea Marshall L , Johnson Catherine D , Cramer Joel T 
Published: June 2021

HMB has been shown to slow muscle protein degradation. The effects of HMB and RT on body composition and strength in elderly women were evaluated. Ninty‐seven subjects (49 women, 48 men) consumed either a placebo (200 mg Calcium) or treatment (1.2g HMB‐200 mg Calcium) twice daily and were enrolled into a no‐training placebo group (NT); treatment (NT‐HMB), RT; or treatment plus RT (RT‐HMB), 3 d·wk−1 for 24‐weeks. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)‐derived appendicular lean‐soft tissue was used to evaluate changes in muscle and fat mass (MM, FM).RESULTSAt 12‐weeks there were significant increases (p<0.05) in Arms, Legs and Total Body MM (0.11–1.04 kg) for both RT groups. At 24‐weeks, RT‐HMB was significantly greater than NT and RT‐PL for upper body MM (p<0.05). Leg extension strength increased (p<0.01) for the RT and NT‐HMB groups. Handgrip and get‐up‐and go improved over time (p<0.01).CONCLUSION12‐weeks of HMB supplementation resulted in a possible increase in upper body lean mass and right side/dominant improvements in arm MM. At 24‐weeks, the addition of HMB to resistance training had a significant effect on increasing upper body MM. There seems to be little synergistic effect of RT with HMB on functionality. RT improved MM, but failed to elicit changes in FM. The addition of HMB, for 24‐weeks, may offer an additional advantage for increasing upper body MM in elderly women. Supported by Abbott Nutrition Grant.
The role of neural crest progenitor number in establishing species‐specific differences in jaw size
Authors: Fish Jennifer , Schneider Richard 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that differences in jaw size are dependent upon the number of neural crest progenitor cells in two morphologically distinct birds, duck and quail.MethodsBrain regionalization and NC population were established by performing whole mount in‐situ hybridization. Neural crest progenitor number was altered by surgical manipulation.ResultsBrain regionalization markers reflect differences in the shape of the midbrain, a NC precursor domain known to contribute to the jaw, showing that duck embryos have a wider midbrain than quail embryos. This morphological difference correlates with a slight increase in the number of Sox10‐positive migrating neural crest cells at HH10, but not in the number of Pax7‐positive neural crest precursors at HH8. Surgical ablation of neural crest precursors at HH9 leads to a reduction in Sox10‐positive migrating neural crest. Depletion in migrating neural crest contributes to asymmetric development of the jaw. Jaw asymmetries decrease as development proceeds, suggesting a compensatory response of post‐migratory neural crest within the mandibular arch environment.ConclusionOur data indicate that a combination of factors, including neural crest cell biology and epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions, determine species‐specific differences in jaw size.Supported by: HFSP Long‐Term Fellowship LT01061/2007‐L and NIH grant NIDCR R01 DE016402.
Appropriate Waist Circumference Cutoff Values for the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican American Adults
Authors: Jackson Robert Thaddeus , Sarafrazi Neda , Momen Bahram 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) recently proposed new criteria for the diagnosis of the MS, which requires the presence of central obesity as measured by ethnic specific waist circumference (WC) cutoff values. Currently, no specific WC thresholds for central obesity are available in Hispanics.ObjectiveTo determine appropriate gender specific WC thresholds for diagnosis of central obesity in Mexican American adults and to estimate the prevalence of MS using the IDF definition with and without our modified WC in this population.DesignData from 3265 Mexican American adults aged 20–80 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006 were used.ResultsROC curve analysis suggested that yielding at least 80% sensitivity, the WC value of 90 cm in both genders was more appropriate in predicting the presence of two or more MS risk factors in this population. Based on our cutoff, there was 34% reduction in the prevalence of central obesity in women (82.5% to 54.2%). The age adjusted prevalence of MS decreased from 58.4 to 48.2%. The MS was more common among Mexican American men than women (55.8% in men versus 37.8% in women, P =0.0003).ConclusionOur findings provide practical guidance in the assessment and screening of central obesity and MS in Mexican Americans.
Burden of Sickle Cell Disease and Alpha‐Thalassemia among Young Children in Western Kenya
Authors: Suchdev Parminder Singh , Ruth Laird , Williams Thomas N. 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAlthough hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell hemoglobin and alpha‐thalassemia are common in Africa, there are limited data on their prevalence or their contribution towards childhood anemia.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in preschool children in western Kenya and understand their contributions to anemia.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional survey of 860 children aged 6–35 months randomly selected from 60 villages in western Kenya. Hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, transferrin receptor, malaria, C‐reactive protein (CRP), retinol binding protein (RBP) and hemoglobin genotype were measured.ResultsOf 828 children with sufficient blood samples, 430 (51.9%) were negative for the ‐3.7kb alpha‐thalassaemia deletion while 319 (38.5%) were heterozygous, and 79 (9.5%) were homozygous. Sickle cell trait and disease were found in 134 (17.2%) and 14 (1.8%) of children, respectively. After excluding 607 children with malaria parasitemia, inflammation (CRP>10 mg/L), iron deficiency (iron stores<0), or vitamin A deficiency (RBP<0.7 mmol/L), there remained a significant difference in the prevalence of anemia among those without alpha‐thalassemia (36.6%), heterozygotes (44.3%), and homozygotes (67.9%, p=0.01).ConclusionsHemoglobinopathies are prevalent among pre‐school children in western Kenya and are an important contributor to anemia.
A novel mechanism of Coenzyme Q10 protects against human endothelial cells from oxidative stress‐induced by modulating NO‐related pathways
Authors: Tsai Kun‐Ling , Chiou Shih‐Hwa 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall associated with oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL)‐induced apoptosis of endothelial cells. Coenzyme Q10 (Co Q10), a potent antioxidant and a critical intermediate of the electron transport chain, has been reported to inhibit LDL oxidation and thus the progression of atherosclerosis. However, its molecular mechanisms on endothelial cells remain still unclarified.MethodsIn this study, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures (HUVECs) treated with oxLDL were used to explore the protective effects of Co Q10.ResultsOur results showed that Co Q10 attenuated the oxLDL‐induced generation of ROS and improved the antioxidant capacity. Co Q10 also attenuated the oxLDL‐mediated down‐regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and up‐regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, Co Q10 suppressed oxLDL‐activated NF‐κB and downstream inflammatory mediators, including expression of adhesion molecules, release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and the adherence of monocytic THP‐1 cells. Moreover, Co Q10 attenuated oxLDL‐altered pro‐apoptotic responses. The inhibitor of eNOS and iNOS as well as NO enhancer were used to clean up the mechanism involved in the protective effects.ConclusionThese results provide new insight into the possible molecular mechanisms by which Co Q10 protects against atherogenesis by NO‐related pathways.
Relationship Between Exercise Capacity And Heart Rate Variability In Trained And Untrained Individuals
Authors: Khanna Deepesh , Kreider Richard B , Tonkin P , Cowan P , Rasmussen Chris 
Published: June 2021

PURPOSETo examine the relationship between exercise capacity and measures of heart rate variability (HRV) in trained and untrained males and to determine whether different types of training affect (HRV) in a different manner.METHODSThirty‐nine male athletes and non‐athletes (21.2±3 yr.) performed a graded maximal exercise test using the Bruce treadmill protocol. Ambulatory Holter monitor was used to record (HRV). The relationship between time to exhaustion and measures of (HRV) were determined using correlation analysis. Additionally, (HRV) for endurance trained, anaerobic‐trained, or non‐trained subjects were compared using one‐way analysis of variance.RESULTSSignificant correlations were observed between time to exhaustion and the mean of the R‐R intervals (r = 0.51, p = 0.001) and standard deviations of R‐R intervals during 24‐h (r = −0.38, p = 0.017). Additionally, exercise capacity tended to correlate with the square root of the mean for the sum of squares of differences between adjacent R‐R intervals (52.9±24, r = 0.31, p =0.053) and in the proportion adjacent R‐R intervals having differences of 750 milliseconds (22.7±14, r =0.29, p = 0.07). No significant differences were observed between types of training or measures of HRV.CONCLUSIONExercise training positively affects selected measures of (HRV) and may help decrease risk of arrhythmia or sudden death.
DHA supplementation and blood lipoproteins in football athletes during heavy physical training
Authors: Crouse Stephen F , Oliver Jonathan M , Martin Steven E , Riechman Steven E , Dobson Justin , McCammon Katie , Weir David , Tanguay Jonathan , Bramhall J P 
Published: June 2021

We tested the effects of supplementing 2 g/d of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (n=24) or placebo (n=28) on blood lipid profiles (ultracentrifugation) in collegiate football athletes (age=20±2 y, ht=73.9±2.6 in, wt=231±41 lb) during preseason training. Blood obtained after an overnight fast three different times: 1) Summer baseline (BASE) before starting supplements; 2) August, pre‐camp (PREC) after 35 d supplementation; and 3) August, post‐camp (POST) after 52 d supplementation. Nutrition assessments completed each time of blood sampling.

VAR
Placebo (n=28)
DHA (n=24)

BASE
PREC
POST
BASE
PREC
POST

TC
142 ± 6
156* ± 7
148 ± 7
153 ± 6
161* ± 7
156 ± 7

LDL
78 ± 4
85* ± 5
85* ± 5
90 ± 5
95* ± 5
98* ± 5

HDL
51 ± 2
55* ± 3
48** ± 2
50 ± 3
53* ± 3
45** ± 2

TG
110 ± 11
146 ± 19
96* ± 69
115 ± 13
112 ± 21
84* ± 10

VLDL
12 ± 1
16 ± 2
14 ± 2
12 ± 1
13 ± 2
13 ± 2

Table results (adjusted means±SE mg/dL, TC=cholesterol, TG=triglycerides) of 2(supplement)‐by‐3(time) ANCOVA (wt change & race covariates, interactions insignificant) & LSD follow‐ups across time;
= different from BASE,
=different from BASE & PREC, p<0.05).

Reduced HDL‐C and triglycerides with increased LDL‐C during camp might indicate increased cholesterol metabolism for structural repair of damaged tissue. DHA supplementation did not affect the changes in blood lipid profiles of these athletes engaged in heavy physical training.Funding provided by Martek Biosciences Corp., Columbia, MD
A tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase variant that is responsible for Dominant Intermediate Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disorder Type C displays decreased fidelity
Authors: First Eric Allen , Froelich Clifford A. , Richardson Charles J. 
Published: June 2021

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disorder (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy, affecting 1 in 2,500 people in the U.S. Mutations in over 30 different genes have been found to give rise to CMT, including the genes encoding the glycyl‐, alanyl‐, and tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetases. There is currently no cure for CMT.Three mutations in the gene encoding the human cytoplasmic tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase, G41R, Δ(153–156), and E196K, have been found to give rise to Dominant Intermediate Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disorder, Type C (DI‐CMTC). Based on modeling studies, we postulated that the E196K substitution affects the fidelity of tyrosyl‐tRNA synthestase. To test this hypothesis, the ability of the E196K variant to catalyze the misacylation of noncognate tRNAs was investigated. We find that the E196K variant is ~100‐fold more efficient at aminoacylating tRNATyr variants containing a noncognate G1:C72 base pair than is the wild type enzyme. Replacing Glu 196 with alanine also decreases the fidelity of the enzyme, indicating that Glu 196 acts as an anti‐determinant to prevent the misacylation of tRNAs containing a G1:C72 base pair. This observation suggests that DI‐CMTC is due to misincorporation of tyrosine into proteins, leading to defects in either their stability or ability to fold correctly. This research is supported by MDA 4268 to EAF.
New theory of breathing control: a complex model integrates multi‐systems
Authors: Sun Xingguo , Guo Zhiyong 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTIONAlthough many prior studies have addressed the mechanism of breathing control, this topic remains a challenging and complex research area. Most prior studies have utilized average measurements over a period of time, however Band et al reported the ΔpH(PCO2)/Δt was a breathing control factor.New TheoryLung breath generated oscillations of arterial O2, CO2 and H+ signals via carotid body and aorta arch (“fast”) and medullary chemo‐receptors (“slow”,~20s) are integrated in the respiratory control center to stimulate the next (another) breath. The peripheral chemo‐receptors (carotid body and aorta arch) are sensitive to oscillation information [ΔPO2(SO2)/Δt, ΔPCO2/Δt, Δ[H]/Δt] without time delay, central chemo‐receptors are sensitive to the mean (averaged) level of the signals with ~20s delay due to the oscillation information blunted by the tissue diffusing step. The effect of central sensors control the “GAIN” of oscillation information from the sensors at carotid body and aorta arch and/or central integrative system. The respiratory integrative center in the central nervous system integrates the input from these fast and slow sensors, and combines that information from the two sensors to generate the next breath.CONCLUSIONSLung breath generated O2, CO2 and [H+] oscillations generates the next breath via two fast sensors (carotid and aorta) and central medullary censor control the “gain” of breath with longer time delay in collaboration with an integrative respiratory center.
Functional studies with Ki‐1/57 protein and structural analyses of human protein RACK1
Authors: de Almeida Gonçalves Kaliandra , Borges Julio Cesar , da Silva Julio Cesar , Saito Angela , Bressan Gustavo Costa , Torriani Iris Concepcion Linares , Kobarg Jorg 
Published: June 2021

The Ki‐1/57 protein has been discovered through the cross reactivity of the monoclonal antibody Ki‐1 in Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Recent studies have identified sumoylation as important post‐translational modification that regulates the biological functions of protein. In sumoylation, SUMO (small ubiquitin‐like modifier) is covalently attached to a lysine residue in a ΨKXE sequence (where Ψ is a large hydrophobic residue and X represents any amino acid). Furthermore, we found that Ki‐1/57 is a target for sumoylation in vitro and in vivo. The study objective was to generate mutants of the protein Ki‐1/57 to try identify which lysine residue are covalently attached to Sumo. RACK1(receptor of activated kinase 1) was isolated in a yeast two‐hybrid screen to interact with the protein Ki‐1/57. We performed a biophysical analysis of human RACK1 with the aim of obtaining low resolution structural information. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) experiments demonstrated that human RACK1 is globular and monomeric in solution. Fluorescence spectroscopy experiments after titration of Ki‐1/57(122–413) in solution with RACK1 and sedimentation equilibrium experiments showed that this association is strong.Supported by: FAPESP, CNPq
Higher energy expenditure but lower physical activity levels with increasing obesity
Authors: DeLany James P , Jakicic John M , Kelley David E , Hames Kazanna C , Goodpaster Bret H 
Published: June 2021

The role that physical activity plays in obesity is not clear. Furthermore, there is a dearth of information regarding the contribution of energy expenditure (EE) to severe obesity. We measured EE in 177 individuals ranging from lean to severely obese. We measured total EE (TEE) by doubly labeled water, resting EE (REE) by indirect calorimetry, activity EE (AEE) by difference, and time spent in physical activity by multisensor activity monitors.All components of EE were elevated in obese individuals. After adjusting for differences in body composition, REE was similar in all groups. The strong relationship observed between AEE (and TEE) and body weight in the lean was blunted in the obese, particularly the Class III obese. Obese individuals spent less time engaged in physical activity (2.7 ± 1.3 vs.1.2 ± 1.0 hr/d in lean and Class III), and more time in sedentary behaviors (20.7 ± 1.5 vs. 21.8 ± 1.1 hr/d in lean and Class III).In conclusion, although obese individuals have elevated EE, adjusted REE is normal. Using a combination of state of the art techniques allowed us to demonstrate that obese have a lower TEE and AEE in relation to their increased body weight, which can be explained by less time spent in physical activity and more time in sedentary behaviors than lean individuals. These findings support a role for low physical activity in obesity, and suggest that inactivity is a target for prevention.Funded by Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Health