bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Space weathering simulation of micrometeorite bombardment on silicates and their mixture for space application
Authors: Weber Iris , Böttger Ute , Hanke Franziska , Reitze Max P. , Heeger Marcel , Adolphs Thorsten , Arlinghaus Heinrich F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMissions to planetary bodies require innovative techniques for the in situ investigation of their surfaces, especially when landings are planned. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy as an excellent laboratory tool for rapid mineralogical analysis of both terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks has been successfully proposed for the investigation of planetary surfaces. Examples are the Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) of the joint ESA and Roscosmos mission ExoMars 2022 as well as Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) and SuperCam onboard NASA's Mars2020 Perseverance Rover; another is the Raman spectrometer for Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) (RAX), which is being developed for the in situ exploration of the Mars' moon Phobos. When preparing such space missions, it is essential to be prepared for all possible outcomes, such as samples exhibiting space weathering (SW). In this work, we study the influence of micrometeorite bombardment on bodies without atmosphere as one trigger of SW. This type of SW effect is simulated with an excimer laser irradiating the investigated samples with an energy density of ~2.5 J/cm2 for each pulse. As possible components on Phobos, we investigated the silicates olivine (Fo91) and pyroxene (En87) and their mixtures with Raman spectroscopy before and after laser irradiation. Surprisingly, the characteristic Raman bands of the individual minerals in the spectra are not influenced by this kind of SW. On the other hand, the fluorescence‐dominated background signal induced by laser irradiation is reduced, possibly due to the formation of nanophase Fe, which then facilitates a better interpretation of the individual mineral peaks.
Effects of defect action level of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fragments on quality of wheat flour
Authors: Negi Aditi , Pare Akash , Manickam Loganathan , Rajamani Meenatchi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDTribolium castaneum (Herbst) is one of the most important secondary storage pests of all types of flour and flour‐based products. The present study focuses on the fragment producing behaviour of T. castaneum in wheat flour during storage and its effect on the quality parameters and defect action level (DAL) of fragments. The US Food and Drug Administration has set a DAL of 75 insect fragments in 50 g of flour. Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the storage conditions (storage period in days and temperature in degrees Celsius) and insect density (numbers) to keep insect fragments below the DAL.RESULTSOptimization results indicated that the presence of single number of adult of T. castaneum is enough to cross the DAL of insect fragments within a storage period of 21 days at a storage temperature of 30 °C. Insect fragments cause perceptible changes in the quality of wheat flour. When sample attained DAL of T. castaneum fragments in wheat flour,the various quality parameters were analysed in that moisture content of wheat flour was 10.8 ± 0.26%, total colour change was 2.052 (ΔE value), T. castaneum progeny emergence was 19.66 ± 1, uric acid was 1.8 ± 0.16 g kg−1 and microbial count was 7.34 ± 0.5 cfu g−1.CONCLUSIONSResults from the present study indicate that the presence of even a single adult of stored pest in wheat flour should not be ignored. It is mandatory to determine the threshold level and frequent sampling is required to achieve zero tolerance of stored product insects in food commodities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Preparative separation of gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rd2, and notoginsenosides Fe and Fd from Panax notoginseng leaves by countercurrent chromatography and orthogonality evaluation for their separation
Authors: Sun Hengmian , Ma Li‐Juan , Wan Jian‐Bo , Tong Shengqiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe minor ginsenosides with less polarity may have more potent biological activities. Four minor saponins, i.e., gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rd2, notoginsenoside Fe, and notoginsenoside Fd, were successfully separated from Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) after biotransformation by one‐step countercurrent chromatography using the biphasic solvent system consisting of n‐butanol–ethyl acetate–water (1:4:5, v/v/v). 30 mg of the refined extract of PNL produced 1 mg of gypenoside XVII, 4 mg of notoginsenoside Fe, 2.5 mg of ginsenoside Rd2, and 8.4 mg of notoginsenoside Fd, with purity of 74.9, 95.2, 87.3, and 97.6%, respectively. Besides, orthogonality evaluation for the separation of the four saponins using countercurrent chromatography and liquid chromatography was discussed. Four minor saponins were successfully separated from each other on a preparative scale by countercurrent chromatography from PNL, which will facilitate to provide ample of these minor saponins for further pharmacological studies.
Novel Approach to Ultrasound‐Guided Thoracostomy
Authors: Taylor Lindsay A. , Stenberg Robert , Tozer Jordan , Vitto Michael J. , Joyce Michael , Jennings Jason , Carpenter Christopher L. , Fuchs Robert , Deuell Zachary , Evans David P. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesThoracostomy is often a required treatment in patients with thoracic trauma; however, performing a thoracostomy using traditional techniques can have complications. Ultrasound can be a beneficial tool for identifying the correct thoracostomy insertion site. We designed a randomized prospective study to assess if ultrasound guidance can improve thoracostomy site identification over traditional techniques.MethodsEmergency medicine residents were randomly assigned to use palpation or ultrasound to identify a safe insertion site for thoracostomy placement. The target population comprised of hemodynamically stable trauma patients who received an extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (EFAST) and a chest computed tomography (CT) exam. The resident placed a radiopaque marker on the skin of the patient where a safe intercostal space was believed to be located, either by palpation or ultrasound. Clinical ultrasound faculty reviewed the CT to confirm marker placement relative to the diaphragm. A Fischer's exact test was used to analyze the groups.ResultsOne hundred and forty‐seven patients were enrolled in the study, 75 in the ultrasound group and 72 in the landmark group. This resulted in the placement of 271 total thoracostomy site markers, 142 by ultrasound and 129 by palpation and landmarks. The ultrasound group correctly identified thoracostomy insertion sites above the diaphragm in 97.2% (138/142) of patients, while the palpation group identified a safe insertion site in 88.4% (114/129) of patients (P = .0073).ConclusionThis study found that emergency medicine residents are more likely to identify a safe tube thoracostomy insertion site in trauma patients by using ultrasound, as compared to using landmarks and palpation.
Long‐Term Facial Nerve Outcome in Primary Parotid Cancer Surgery: A Population‐Based Analysis
Authors: Thielker Jovanna , Wahdan Ali , Buentzel Jens , Kaftan Holger , Boeger Daniel , Mueller Andreas H. , Wittig Andrea , Schultze‐Mosgau Stefan , Ernst Thomas , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando 
Published: June 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine immediate postoperative and long‐term facial nerve dysfunction after parotid cancer surgery, risk factors, and the role of facial reanimation surgery.Study DesignPopulation‐based long‐term analysis for all new primary parotid carcinoma cases in Thuringia from 1996 to 2019.MethodsData of the cancer registries of Thuringia, a federal state in Germany, were analyzed in combination with hospital‐based data on facial function.ResultsAbout 477 patients (42.3% women; median age: 68 years) were included. It was observed that 6.7% had a preoperative facial nerve dysfunction, 11.7% received a radical parotidectomy, that is, that 5% had a normal preoperative facial function but needed radical surgery because of intraoperative detection of tumor infiltration into the facial nerve. About 10.2% received facial nerve reconstruction surgery. Immediate postoperative facial nerve dysfunction in the other patients was observed in 34.4% of the patients. Advanced T classification (odds ratio [OR] = 2.140; confidence interval [CI] = 1.268–3.611; P = .004) and neck dissection (OR = 2.012; CI = 1.027–3.940; P = .041) were independent risk factors for immediate postoperative facial nerve dysfunction. In addition, 22.0% showed no recovery during follow‐up. Advanced T classification (OR = 2.177; CI = 1.147–4.133; P = .017) and postoperative radiotherapy (OR = 2.695; CI = 1.244–5.841; P = .012) were independent risk factors for permanent postoperative facial nerve dysfunction.ConclusionPatients with primary parotid cancer are at high risk for long‐term facial nerve dysfunction. It seems that the possibilities of facial reanimation surgery needs to be utilized even more effectively.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:2694–2700, 2021
Safety practices for in‐office laryngology procedures during clinical reintroduction amidst COVID‐19
Authors: Calcagno Haley , Anthony Benjamin P. , Halum Stacey L. , Parker Noah P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveDescribe safety practices for performing in‐office laryngology procedures during clinical re‐introduction amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.MethodsAn anonymous survey in Qualtrics was created to evaluate demographics, preprocedure testing, practice settings, anesthesia, and personal protective equipment (PPE) use for five procedure categories (non‐mucosal‐traversing injections, mucosal‐traversing injections, endoscopy without suction, endoscopy with suction/mucosal intervention via working channel, and laser via working channel). The survey was emailed to the Fall Voice Community on Doc Matter and to members of the American Broncho‐Esophagological Association (ABEA) from May to June 2020.ResultsEighty‐two respondents were analyzed (response rate: 10%). Respondents represented diverse locations, including international. Most reported academic (71%) or private practices (16%), laryngology fellowship training (76%), and a significant practice devotion to laryngology and broncho‐esophagology. During the early re‐introduction, most continued to perform all procedure categories. The office was preferred to the OR setting for most, though 36% preferred the OR for laser procedures. There was a preference for preprocedural SARS‐Cov2 testing for procedures involving a working channel (>67%), and these procedures had the highest proportion of respondents discontinuing the procedure due to COVID‐19. Various types of topical anesthesia were reported, including nebulizer treatments. The most common forms of personal protective equipment utilized were gloves (>95%) and N95 masks (>67%). Powered‐air purifying respirators and general surgical masks were used infrequently.ConclusionsDuring the early re‐introduction, respondents reported generally continuing to perform office laryngology procedures, while greater mucosal manipulation affected decisions to stop procedures due to COVID‐19, perform preprocedural SARS‐Cov2 testing, and alter topical anesthesia. Gloves and N95 masks were the predominate PPE.Level of EvidenceN/A.
An Olefin Copolymer with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics Synthesized by Using Metallocene Catalyst
Authors: Wang Wei , Ji Wenxi , Hou Liping , Li Juan , Du Wenjie , Ren Minqiao , Zhang Taoyi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCopolymerization of ethylene with (2‐(4‐vinylphenyl)ethene‐1,1,2‐triyl) tribenzene is conducted by using a metallocene catalyst, giving an ethylene copolymer containing tetraphenylethene unit. The result of NMR shows that the tetraphenylethene unit is distributed in isolation in the polymer chain, and the melting point of the copolymer decreases linearly with the increase of the comonomer incorporation. The copolymer can emit blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light, and the intensity increases with the increase of the comonomer incorporation. The fluorescence of flakes made of the copolymer gradually becomes weaker when the temperature is raised. When the temperature is higher than the melting point of the copolymer, the fluorescence is almost invisible.
Demethylzeylasteral inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion through FBXW7/c‐Myc axis in gastric cancer
Authors: Li Yongsen , Su Yongyue , Zhao Yuzu , Hu Xiaosong , Zhao Gaichao , He Jiang , Wan Sicheng , Lü Muhan , Cui Hongjuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is one of the most familiar malignancy in the digestive system. Demethylzeylasteral (Dem), a natural functional monomer extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, shows anti‐tumor effects in a variety of cancers, including GC, however, with the underlying mechanism poorly understood. In our study, we show that Dem inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells, which are mediated by down‐regulating c‐Myc protein levels. Mechanistically, Dem reduces the stability of c‐Myc by up‐regulating FBXW7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Moreover, in xenograft tumor model experiment, Dem also inhibits GC, which depends on suppressing c‐Myc expression. Finally, Dem enhances GC cell chemosensitivity to the combination treatment of 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐Fu) and doxorubicin (DOX) in vitro. Together, Dem exerts anti‐neoplastic activities through destabilizing and suppressing c‐Myc, establishing a theory foundation for using it in future treatment of GC.
A novel pathogenic splice site variation in STK11 gene results in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
Authors: Zhao Na , Wu Huizhi , Li Ping , Wang Yuxian , Dong Li , Xiao Han , Wu Changxin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPeutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disease resulting in multiple gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps, mucocutaneous pigmentation, and an increased risk of various types of cancer, and is caused by variations in the serine/threonine protein kinase STK11 (LKB1).MethodsSTK11 gene variations were identified by analyzing STK11 cDNA and genomic DNA. Minigenes carrying the wild‐type and mutant sequences were subjected to in vitro splicing assay to dissect the features of these mutations. The different distribution of wild‐type and mutant protein in cells were tested by Immunofluorescence assays and the functional analysis of the variation were performed using Western blot.ResultsA novel heterozygous splice‐acceptor site variation (c.921‐2 A>C) in intron 7 of the STK11 gene which is co‐segregates with the PJS phenotypes in the proband and all the affected family members and three previously reported variations (c.180C>G, c.580G>A, c.787_790del) were identified in the four families. The c.921‐2 A>C substitution resulted in the inactivation of a splice site and the utilization of a cryptic splice acceptor site surrounding exon 8, generating three different aberrant RNA transcripts, leading to frameshift translation and protein truncation. The results of minigenes indicated that the spliceosome can use a variety of 3’ acceptor site sequences to pair with a given 5’ donor site. The immunofluorescent visualization showed that the distribution of mutant STK11 was different from that of wild‐type STK11, suggesting the mutation may be the causative effect on the dysfunction of the mutant protein. The rescue experiments indicated that the failure of suppressing mTOR phosphorylation by shRNA STK11 could be eliminated by supply of wild‐type STK11 rather than mutant STK11.ConclusionWe identified a novel heterozygous mutation (c.921‐2 A>C) in the STK11 in a Chinese PJS family. Haploinsufficiency of STK11 might contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
fastCAT: Fast cone beam CT (CBCT) simulation
Authors: O'Connell Jericho , Bazalova‐Carter Magdalena 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo develop fastCAT, a fast cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) simulator. fastCAT uses pre‐calculated Monte Carlo (MC) CBCT phantom‐specific scatter and detector response functions to reduce simulation time for megavoltage (MV) and kilovoltage (kV) CBCT imaging.MethodsPre‐calculated x‐ray beam energy spectra, detector optical spread functions and energy deposition, and phantom scatter kernels are combined with GPU raytracing to produce CBCT volumes. MV x‐ray beam spectra are simulated with EGSnrc for 2.5‐ and 6 MeV electron beams incident on a variety of target materials and kV x‐ray beam spectra are calculated analytically for an x‐ray tube with a tungsten anode. Detectors were modeled in Geant4 extended by Topas and included optical transport in the scintillators. Two MV detectors were modeled—a standard Varian AS1200 GOS detector and a novel CWO high detective quantum efficiency detector. A kV CsI detector was also modeled. Energy‐dependent scatter kernels were created in Topas for two 16 cm diameter phantoms: A Catphan 515 contrast phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom. The Catphan phantom contained inserts of 1–5 mm in diameter of six different tissue types: brain, deflated lung, compact and cortical bone, adipose, and B‐100.ResultsfastCAT simulations retain high fidelity to measurements and MC simulations: MTF curves were within 3.5% and 1.2% of measured values for the CWO and GOS detectors, respectively. HU values and CNR in a fastCAT Catphan 515 simulation were seen to be within 95% confidence intervals of an equivalent MC simulation for all of the tissues with root mean squared errors less than 16 HU and 1.6 in HU values and CNR comparisons, respectively. The anthropomorphic head phantom CWO detector CBCT image resulted in much higher tissue contrast and lower noise compared to the GOS detector CBCT image. A fastCAT simulation of the Catphan 515 module with an image size of 1024 1024 10 voxels took 61 s on a GPU while the equivalent Topas MC was estimated to take more than 0.3 CPU years.ConclusionsWe present an open source fast CBCT simulation with high fidelity to MC simulations. The fastCAT python package can be found at https://github.com/jerichooconnell/fastCAT.git.
Simultaneous 15N polarization of several biocompatible substrates in ethanol–water mixtures by signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) method
Authors: Kiryutin Alexey S. , Yurkovskaya Alexandra V. , Petrov Pavel A. , Ivanov Konstantin L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSignal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a popular method for generating strong signal enhancements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In SABRE experiments, the source of polarization is provided by the nonthermal spin order of parahydrogen (pH2, the H2 molecule in its nuclear singlet spin state). Polarization formation requires that both pH2 and a substrate molecule bind to an Ir‐based complex where polarization transfer occurs. Subsequently, the complex dissociates and free polarized substrate molecules are formed. In this work, we present approaches towards biocompatible SABRE, meaning that several small biomolecules are simultaneously polarized by using the SABRE method in water–ethanol solutions at room temperature. We are able to demonstrate significant 15N‐NMR signal enhancements in water–ethanol solutions for biomolecules like nicotinamide, metronidazole, adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate, and 4‐methylimidazole and found that the first three substrates are polarized at the same level as a well‐known pyridine. We show that simultaneous polarization of several molecules is indeed feasible when the reactions are carried out at an ultralow field of about 400–500 nT. The achieved enhancements are between 100‐fold and 15,000‐fold. The resulting 15N polarization (maximal value about 4% achieved for metronidazole and pyridine at 45°C) strongly depends on the sample temperature, pH2 bubbling pressure, and pH2 flow. One more parameter, which is important for optimizing the enhancement, is the solvent pH. Hence, this study presents a step in developing biocompatible SABRE polarization and gives a clue on how such SABRE experiments should be optimized to achieve the highest NMR signal enhancement.
Electric field calculation and peripheral nerve stimulation prediction for head and body gradient coils
Authors: Roemer Peter B. , Wade Trevor , Alejski Andrew , McKenzie Charles A. , Rutt Brian K. 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo demonstrate and validate electric field (E‐field) calculation and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) prediction methods that are accurate, computationally efficient, and that could be used to inform regulatory standards.MethodsWe describe a simplified method for calculating the spatial distribution of induced E‐field over the volume of a body model given a gradient coil vector potential field. The method is easily programmed without finite element or finite difference software, allowing for straightforward and computationally efficient E‐field evaluation. Using these E‐field calculations and a range of body models, population‐weighted PNS thresholds are determined using established methods and compared against published experimental PNS data for two head gradient coils and one body gradient coil.ResultsA head‐gradient‐appropriate chronaxie value of 669 µs was determined by meta‐analysis. Prediction errors between our calculated PNS parameters and the corresponding experimentally measured values were ~5% for the body gradient and ~20% for the symmetric head gradient. Our calculated PNS parameters matched experimental measurements to within experimental uncertainty for 73% of ∆Gmin estimates and 80% of SRmin estimates. Computation time is seconds for initial E‐field maps and milliseconds for E‐field updates for different gradient designs, allowing for highly efficient iterative optimization of gradient designs and enabling new dimensions in PNS‐optimal gradient design.ConclusionsWe have developed accurate and computationally efficient methods for prospectively determining PNS limits, with specific application to head gradient coils.
Understanding and Enhancing Angler Satisfaction with Fisheries Management: Insights from the “Great Red Snapper Count”
Authors: Scyphers Steven B. , Drymon J. Marcus , Furman Kelsi L. , Conley Elizabeth , Niwa Yvette , Jefferson Amanda E. , Stunz Gregory W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Management of Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus has been a topic of much scientific debate and intensive public scrutiny. In response to political, public, and management desires for more robust data on Red Snapper populations, a gulfwide initiative commonly referred to as the “Great Red Snapper Count” (GRSC) was funded to estimate the absolute abundance of Red Snapper in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Here, we describe the results of an online survey designed to (1) characterize the social dimensions of Red Snapper anglers, (2) measure satisfaction with current Red Snapper populations and regulations, (3) assess overall patterns of awareness of the GRSC, and (4) evaluate the potential benefits of GRSC stakeholder engagement videos. A key finding of our survey was that awareness of the GRSC was associated with up to three times higher satisfaction with fisheries management. Through an in-survey experiment, we found that anglers that were presented a video on specific GRSC project components reported slightly higher management satisfaction than those presented an overview video or no video. Collectively, our results indicate that angler awareness, when underpinned by effective engagement and outreach activities, can enhance angler satisfaction.