bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical electrophysiology of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Marmoy Oliver R. , Viswanathan Suresh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractClinical electrophysiological assessment of optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell function can be performed using the Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG), Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) and the Photopic Negative Response (PhNR) amongst other more specialised techniques. In this review, we describe these electrophysiological techniques and their application in diseases affecting the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells with the exception of glaucoma. The disease groups discussed include hereditary, compressive, toxic/nutritional, traumatic, vascular, inflammatory and intracranial causes for optic nerve or retinal ganglion cell dysfunction. The benefits of objective, electrophysiological measurement of the retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve are discussed, as are their applications in clinical diagnosis of disease, determining prognosis, monitoring progression and response to novel therapies.
Chemoenzymatic modular assembly of O-GalNAc glycans for functional glycomics
Authors: Wang Shuaishuai , Chen Congcong , Gadi Madhusudhan Reddy , Saikam Varma , Liu Ding , Zhu He , Bollag Roni , Liu Kebin , Chen Xi , Wang Fengshan , Wang Peng George , Ling Peixue , Guan Wanyi , Li Lei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractO-GalNAc glycans (or mucin O-glycans) play pivotal roles in diverse biological and pathological processes, including tumor growth and progression. Structurally defined O-GalNAc glycans are essential for functional studies but synthetic challenges and their inherent structural diversity and complexity have limited access to these compounds. Herein, we report an efficient and robust chemoenzymatic modular assembly (CEMA) strategy to construct structurally diverse O-GalNAc glycans. The key to this strategy is the convergent assembly of O-GalNAc cores 1–4 and 6 from three chemical building blocks, followed by enzymatic diversification of the cores by 13 well-tailored enzyme modules. A total of 83 O-GalNAc glycans presenting various natural glycan epitopes are obtained and used to generate a unique synthetic mucin O-glycan microarray. Binding specificities of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) including plant lectins and selected anti-glycan antibodies towards these O-GalNAc glycans are revealed by this microarray, promoting their applicability in functional O-glycomics. Serum samples from colorectal cancer patients and healthy controls are assayed using the array reveal higher bindings towards less common cores 3, 4, and 6 than abundant cores 1 and 2, providing insights into O-GalNAc glycan structure-activity relationships.
Citywide serosurveillance of the initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in San Francisco using electronic health records
Authors: Routledge Isobel , Epstein Adrienne , Takahashi Saki , Janson Owen , Hakim Jill , Duarte Elias , Turcios Keirstinne , Vinden Joanna , Sujishi Kirk , Rangel Jesus , Coh Marcelina , Besana Lee , Ho Wai-Kit , Oon Ching-Ying , Ong Chui Mei , Yun Cassandra , Lynch Kara , Wu Alan H. B. , Wu Wesley , Karlon William , Thornborrow Edward , Peluso Michael J. , Henrich Timothy J. , Pak John E. , Briggs Jessica , Greenhouse Bryan , Rodriguez-Barraquer Isabel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSerosurveillance provides a unique opportunity to quantify the proportion of the population that has been exposed to pathogens. Here, we developed and piloted Serosurveillance for Continuous, ActionabLe Epidemiologic Intelligence of Transmission (SCALE-IT), a platform through which we systematically tested remnant samples from routine blood draws in two major hospital networks in San Francisco for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during the early months of the pandemic. Importantly, SCALE-IT allows for algorithmic sample selection and rich data on covariates by leveraging electronic health record data. We estimated overall seroprevalence at 4.2%, corresponding to a case ascertainment rate of only 4.9%, and identified important heterogeneities by neighborhood, homelessness status, and race/ethnicity. Neighborhood seroprevalence estimates from SCALE-IT were comparable to local community-based surveys, while providing results encompassing the entire city that have been previously unavailable. Leveraging this hybrid serosurveillance approach has strong potential for application beyond this local context and for diseases other than SARS-CoV-2.
Enhancing fatigue life by ductile-transformable multicomponent B2 precipitates in a high-entropy alloy
Authors: Feng Rui , Rao You , Liu Chuhao , Xie Xie , Yu Dunji , Chen Yan , Ghazisaeidi Maryam , Ungar Tamas , Wang Huamiao , An Ke , Liaw Peter. K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCatastrophic accidents caused by fatigue failures often occur in engineering structures. Thus, a fundamental understanding of cyclic-deformation and fatigue-failure mechanisms is critical for the development of fatigue-resistant structural materials. Here we report a high-entropy alloy with enhanced fatigue life by ductile-transformable multicomponent B2 precipitates. Its cyclic-deformation mechanisms are revealed by real-time in-situ neutron diffraction, transmission-electron microscopy, crystal-plasticity modeling, and Monte-Carlo simulations. Multiple cyclic-deformation mechanisms, including dislocation slips, precipitation strengthening, deformation twinning, and reversible martensitic phase transformation, are observed in the studied high-entropy alloy. Its improved fatigue performance at low strain amplitudes, i.e., the high fatigue-crack-initiation resistance, is attributed to the high elasticity, plastic deformability, and martensitic transformation of the B2-strengthening phase. This study shows that fatigue-resistant alloys can be developed by incorporating strengthening ductile-transformable multicomponent intermetallic phases.
Maps and metrics of insecticide-treated net access, use, and nets-per-capita in Africa from 2000-2020
Authors: Bertozzi-Villa Amelia , Bever Caitlin A. , Koenker Hannah , Weiss Daniel J. , Vargas-Ruiz Camilo , Nandi Anita K. , Gibson Harry S. , Harris Joseph , Battle Katherine E. , Rumisha Susan F. , Keddie Suzanne , Amratia Punam , Arambepola Rohan , Cameron Ewan , Chestnutt Elisabeth G. , Collins Emma L. , Millar Justin , Mishra Swapnil , Rozier Jennifer , Symons Tasmin , Twohig Katherine A. , Hollingsworth T. Deirdre , Gething Peter W. , Bhatt Samir 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInsecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are one of the most widespread and impactful malaria interventions in Africa, yet a spatially-resolved time series of ITN coverage has never been published. Using data from multiple sources, we generate high-resolution maps of ITN access, use, and nets-per-capita annually from 2000 to 2020 across the 40 highest-burden African countries. Our findings support several existing hypotheses: that use is high among those with access, that nets are discarded more quickly than official policy presumes, and that effectively distributing nets grows more difficult as coverage increases. The primary driving factors behind these findings are most likely strong cultural and social messaging around the importance of net use, low physical net durability, and a mixture of inherent commodity distribution challenges and less-than-optimal net allocation policies, respectively. These results can inform both policy decisions and downstream malaria analyses.
Non-conditioned bone marrow chimeric mouse generation using culture-based enrichment of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Ochi Kiyosumi , Morita Maiko , Wilkinson Adam C. , Iwama Atsushi , Yamazaki Satoshi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBone marrow (BM) chimeric mice are a valuable tool in the field of immunology, with the genetic manipulation of donor cells widely used to study gene function under physiological and pathological settings. To date, however, BM chimera protocols require myeloablative conditioning of recipient mice, which dramatically alters steady-state hematopoiesis. Additionally, most protocols use fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) for ex vivo genetic manipulation. Here, we describe our development of cell culture techniques for the enrichment of functional HSPCs from mouse BM without the use of FACS purification. Furthermore, the large number of HSPCs derived from these cultures generate BM chimeric mice without irradiation. These HSPC cultures can also be genetically manipulated by viral transduction, to allow for doxycycline-inducible transgene expression in donor-derived immune cells within non-conditioned immunocompetent recipients. This technique is therefore expected to overcome current limitations in mouse transplantation models.
Wavefront dislocations reveal the topology of quasi-1D photonic insulators
Authors: Dutreix Clément , Bellec Matthieu , Delplace Pierre , Mortessagne Fabrice 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPhase singularities appear ubiquitously in wavefields, regardless of the wave equation. Such topological defects can lead to wavefront dislocations, as observed in a humongous number of classical wave experiments. Phase singularities of wave functions are also at the heart of the topological classification of the gapped phases of matter. Despite identical singular features, topological insulators and topological defects in waves remain two distinct fields. Realising 1D microwave insulators, we experimentally observe a wavefront dislocation – a 2D phase singularity – in the local density of states when the systems undergo a topological phase transition. We show theoretically that the change in the number of interference fringes at the transition reveals the topological index that characterises the band topology in the insulator.
The geometry of clinical labs and wellness states from deeply phenotyped humans
Authors: Zimmer Anat , Korem Yael , Rappaport Noa , Wilmanski Tomasz , Baloni Priyanka , Jade Kathleen , Robinson Max , Magis Andrew T. , Lovejoy Jennifer , Gibbons Sean M. , Hood Leroy , Price Nathan D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLongitudinal multi-omics measurements are highly valuable in studying heterogeneity in health and disease phenotypes. For thousands of people, we have collected longitudinal multi-omics data. To analyze, interpret and visualize this extremely high-dimensional data, we use the Pareto Task Inference (ParTI) method. We find that the clinical labs data fall within a tetrahedron. We then use all other data types to characterize the four archetypes. We find that the tetrahedron comprises three wellness states, defining a wellness triangular plane, and one aberrant health state that captures aspects of commonality in movement away from wellness. We reveal the tradeoffs that shape the data and their hierarchy, and use longitudinal data to observe individual trajectories. We then demonstrate how the movement on the tetrahedron can be used for detecting unexpected trajectories, which might indicate transitions from health to disease and reveal abnormal conditions, even when all individual blood measurements are in the norm.
Dental enumeration and multiple treatment detection on panoramic X-rays using deep learning
Authors: Yüksel Atıf Emre , Gültekin Sadullah , Simsar Enis , Özdemir Şerife Damla , Gündoğar Mustafa , Tokgöz Salih Barkın , Hamamcı İbrahim Ethem 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a new powerful deep learning framework, named as DENTECT, is developed in order to instantly detect five different dental treatment approaches and simultaneously number the dentition based on the FDI notation on panoramic X-ray images. This makes DENTECT the first system that focuses on identification of multiple dental treatments; namely periapical lesion therapy, fillings, root canal treatment (RCT), surgical extraction, and conventional extraction all of which are accurately located within their corresponding borders and tooth numbers. Although DENTECT is trained on only 1005 images, the annotations supplied by experts provide satisfactory results for both treatment and enumeration detection. This framework carries out enumeration with an average precision (AP) score of 89.4% and performs treatment identification with a 59.0% AP score. Clinically, DENTECT is a practical and adoptable tool that accelerates the process of treatment planning with a level of accuracy which could compete with that of dental clinicians.
Quantitative gait analysis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus using deep learning algorithms on monocular videos
Authors: Jeong Sungmoon , Yu Hosang , Park Jaechan , Kang Kyunghun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA vision-based gait analysis method using monocular videos was proposed to estimate temporo-spatial gait parameters by leveraging deep learning algorithms. This study aimed to validate vision-based gait analysis using GAITRite as the reference system and analyze relationships between Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) scores and gait variability measured by vision-based gait analysis in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) patients. Gait data from 46 patients were simultaneously collected from the vision-based system utilizing deep learning algorithms and the GAITRite system. There was a strong correlation in 11 gait parameters between our vision-based gait analysis method and the GAITRite gait analysis system. Our results also demonstrated excellent agreement between the two measurement systems for all parameters except stride time variability after the cerebrospinal fluid tap test. Our data showed that stride time and stride length variability measured by the vision-based gait analysis system were correlated with FAB scores. Vision-based gait analysis utilizing deep learning algorithms can provide comparable data to GAITRite when assessing gait dysfunction in INPH. Frontal lobe functions may be associated with gait variability measurements using vision-based gait analysis for INPH patients.
Contextual prediction errors reorganize naturalistic episodic memories in time
Authors: Yazin Fahd , Das Moumita , Banerjee Arpan , Roy Dipanjan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEpisodic memories are contextual experiences ordered in time. This is underpinned by associative binding between events within the same contexts. The role of prediction errors in declarative memory is well established but has not been investigated in the time dimension of complex episodic memories. Here we combine these two properties of episodic memory, extend them into the temporal domain and demonstrate that prediction errors in different naturalistic contexts lead to changes in the temporal ordering of event structures in them. The wrongly predicted older sequences were weakened despite their reactivation. Interestingly the newly encoded sequences with prediction errors, seen once, showed accuracy as high as control sequences which were viewed repeatedly without change. Drift–diffusion modelling revealed a lower decision threshold for the newer sequences than older sequences, reflected by their faster recall. Moreover, participants’ adjustments to their decision threshold significantly correlated with their relative speed of sequence memory recall. These results suggest a temporally distinct and adaptive role for prediction errors in learning and reorganizing episodic temporal sequences.
Whole blood chromium concentration is very rarely elevated independently of whole blood cobalt
Authors: Lainiala Olli , Karsikas Mari , Reito Aleksi , Eskelinen Antti 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDue to the risk of adverse reactions to metal debris resulting from increased wear of the arthroplasty more than one million metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacements worldwide are in active follow-up. Follow-up usually includes measurement of both whole blood cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) concentrations. Our experience is that Cr is seldom independently elevated. We wanted to ascertain whether blood Cr measurements could be omitted from follow-up protocols without lowering the quality of follow-up. We identified 8438 whole blood Co and Cr measurements performed without or prior to revision surgery. When the cut-off levels 5 µg/L and 7 µg/L were used, Cr was independently elevated in only 0.5% (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.3 to 0.6) and 0.2% (CI 0.1 to 0.3) of the measurements. The models with continuous variables showed that the higher the blood metal concentrations are the lower the percentage of measurements with Cr higher than Co. Our results suggest that whole blood Cr is very rarely independently elevated and therefore the authorities should consider omitting Cr measurements from their screening guidelines of MoM hip replacements. We believe this change in practice would simplify follow-up and lead to cost savings without decreasing the quality of follow-up.
The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 does not show any association among South Asian populations
Authors: Singh Prajjval Pratap , Srivastava Anshika , Sultana Gazi Nurun Nahar , Khanam Nargis , Pathak Abhishek , Suravajhala Prashanth , Singh Royana , Shrivastava Pankaj , van Driem George , Thangaraj Kumarasamy , Chaubey Gyaneshwer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith the growing evidence on the variable human susceptibility against COVID-19, it is evident that some genetic loci modulate the severity of the infection. Recent studies have identified several loci associated with greater severity. More recently, a study has identified a 50 kb genomic segment introgressed from Neanderthal adding a risk for COVID-19, and this genomic segment is present among 16% and 50% people of European and South Asian descent, respectively. Our studies on ACE2 identified a haplotype present among 20% and 60% of European and South Asian populations, respectively, which appears to be responsible for the low case fatality rate among South Asian populations. This result was also consistent with the real-time infection rate and case fatality rate among various states of India. We readdressed this issue using both of the contrasting datasets and compared them with the real-time infection rates and case fatality rate in India. We found that the polymorphism present in the 50 kb introgressed genomic segment (rs10490770) did not show any significant correlation with the infection and case fatality rate in India.
Malicious traffic detection combined deep neural network with hierarchical attention mechanism
Authors: Liu Xiaoyang , Liu Jiamiao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGiven the gradual intensification of the current network security situation, malicious attack traffic is flooding the entire network environment, and the current malicious traffic detection model is insufficient in detection efficiency and detection performance. This paper proposes a data processing method that divides the flow data into data flow segments so that the model can improve the throughput per unit time to meet its detection efficiency. For this kind of data, a malicious traffic detection model with a hierarchical attention mechanism is also proposed and named HAGRU (Hierarchical Attention Gated Recurrent Unit). By fusing the feature information of the three hierarchies, the detection ability of the model is improved. An attention mechanism is introduced to focus on malicious flows in the data flow segment, which can reasonably utilize limited computing resources. Finally, compare the proposed model with the current state of the method on the datasets. The experimental results show that: the novel model performs well in different evaluation indicators (detection rate, false-positive rate, F-score), and it can improve the performance of category recognition with fewer samples when the data is unbalanced. At the same time, the training of the novel model on larger datasets will enhance the generalization ability and reduce the false alarm rate. The proposed model not only improves the performance of malicious traffic detection but also provides a new research method for improving the efficiency of model detection.
Synergy of Family Business and Social Entrepreneurship: Problems of Law, Economics and Technology Development
Authors: Levushkin Anatoly N. , Grishina Yana S. , Bartkova Olga G. , Savina Tatyana V. 
Published: June 2021

During the economic instability, crisis processes in economic relations, and the growing prospects of a new “step” of the global economic crisis, theoretical and applied research in the field of legal support for strengthening and supporting economic development, small and medium-sized businesses, and digital technologies in the Russian Federation plays a great role.
The purpose of the study: A legal study of the current legislation in order to apply the concept of synergy of family business and social entrepreneurship for the effective implementation of economic processes and solving technological problems, identify the problems of family business development in the new economic realities and propose some ways to solve them at the legislative level.
The object of the study is a set of economic, entrepreneurial, civil-legal relations that arise in the implementation of family business and social entrepreneurship in modern economic realities based on new technologies.
Methods: General scientific and private scientific methods of scientific cognition were used in the study: systematic, historical, logical, comparative-legal, formal-legal, and others.
Novelty: It is proved that social entrepreneurship and family business should be a system-forming link in economic relations, linking the state with small and medium-sized businesses. The introduction of such form of business (social and family entrepreneurship) should eliminate many economic problems and gaps in the legal regulation of issues that arise while conducting economic activities by family members. The necessity of separating social entrepreneurship and family business into a separate economic and legal category is justified, and the expediency of consolidating the concept of social entrepreneurship and family enterprise at the federal level is proved.
Circulating MicroRNA Responses to Postprandial Lipemia with or
without Prior Exercise
Authors: Springer Catherine B. , Sapp Ryan M. , Evans William S. , Hagberg James M. , Prior Steven J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRepeated exposure to a high-fat meal triggers inflammation and oxidative stress,
contributing to the onset of cardiometabolic diseases. Regular exercise prevents
cardiometabolic diseases and a prior bout of acute endurance exercise can
counteract the detrimental cardiovascular effects of a subsequent high-fat meal.
Circulating microRNAs (ci-miRs) are potential mediators of these vascular
effects through regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level.
Therefore, we investigated the expression of ci-miRs related to vascular
function (miR-21, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-181b,
miR-221, miR-222) in plasma from healthy, recreationally to highly active,
Caucasian adult men after a high-fat meal with (EX) and without (CON) a
preceding bout of cycling exercise. Ci-miR-155 was the only ci-miR for which
there was a significant interaction effect of high-fat meal and exercise
(p=0.050). Ci-miR-155 significantly increased in the CON group at two (p=0.007)
and four hours (p=0.010) after the high-fat meal test, whereas it significantly
increased in the EX group only four hours after the meal (p=0.0004). There were
significant main effects of the high-fat meal on ci-miR-21 (p=0.01), ci-miR-126
(p=0.02), ci-miR-146a (p=0.02), ci-miR-181b (p=0.02), and ci-miR-221 (p=0.008).
Collectively, our results suggest that prior exercise does not prevent
high-fat meal-induced increases in vascular-related ci-miRs.