bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein–protein interactions in fatty acid elongase complexes are important for very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis
Authors: Kim Juyoung , Kim Ryeo Jin , Lee Saet Buyl , Suh Mi Chung 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Fatty acid elongase (FAE), which catalyzes the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), is a multiprotein complex; however, little is known about its quaternary structure. In this study, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and/or yeast two-hybrid assays showed that homo-interactions were observed in β-ketoacyl-CoA synthases (KCS2, KCS9, and KCS6), Eceriferum2-like proteins [CER2 and CER2-Like2 (C2L2)], and FAE complex proteins (KCR1, PAS2, ECR, and PAS1), except for CER2-Like1 (C2L1). Hetero-interactions were observed between KCSs (KCS2, KCS9, and KCS6), between CER2-LIKEs (CER2, C2L2, and C2L1), and between FAE complex proteins (KCR1, PAS2, ECR, and PAS1). PAS1 interacts with FAE complex proteins (KCR1, PAS2, and ECR), but not with KCSs (KCS2, KCS9, and KCS6) and CER2-LIKEs (CER2, C2L2, and C2L1). Asp308 and Arg309–Arg311 of KCS9 were essential for the homo-interactions of KCS9 and hetero-interactions between KCS9 and PAS2 or ECR. Asp339 of KCS9 is involved in its homo- and hetero-interactions with ECR. Complementation analysis of the Arabidopsis kcs9 mutant by the expression of amino acid-substituted KCS9 mutant genes showed that Asp308 and Asp339 of KCS9 are involved in the synthesis of C24 VLCFAs from C22. This study suggests that protein–protein interaction in FAE complexes is important for VLCFA synthesis and provides insight into the quaternary structure of FAE complexes for efficient synthesis of VLCFAs.
Public invocations of international law and legacies of the Iraq War
Authors: Chiam Madelaine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This essay reads three texts: Charlotte Peevers’s The Politics of Justifying Force: the Suez Crisis, the Iraq War and International Law, the 2016 Report of the UK Iraq Inquiry, and Ayça Çubukçu’s For the Love of Humanity: The World Tribunal On Iraq. It explores what each of the texts tells us about the role of international law as a public language and suggests how we might think of the texts as creating one legacy of the Iraq War.
Accurate X-ray timing in the presence of systematic biases with simulation-based inference
Authors: Huppenkothen Daniela , Bachetti Matteo 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTBecause many of our X-ray telescopes are optimized towards observing faint sources, observations of bright sources like X-ray binaries in outburst are often affected by instrumental biases. These effects include dead time and photon pile-up, which can dramatically change the statistical inference of physical parameters from these observations. While dead time is difficult to take into account in a statistically consistent manner, simulating dead-time-affected data is often straightforward. This structure makes the issue of inferring physical properties from dead-time-affected observations fall into a class of problems common across many scientific disciplines. There is a growing number of methods to address them under the name of simulation-based inference (SBI), aided by new developments in density estimation and statistical machine learning. In this paper, we introduce SBI as a principled way to infer variability properties from dead-time-affected light curves. We use sequential neural posterior estimation to estimate the posterior probability for variability properties. We show that this method can recover variability parameters on simulated data even when dead time is variable, and present results of an application of this approach to NuSTAR observations of the galactic black hole X-ray binary GRS 1915+105.
Pulsar death line revisited – I. Almost vacuum gap
Authors: Beskin V S , Litvinov P E 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper, which is the first in a series of papers devoted to a detailed analysis of ‘the death line’ of radio pulsars, we consider a possibility of producing secondary particles at a sufficiently long pulsar period P. To this end, we reconsidered the potential drop necessary for secondary plasma generation in the inner gap over magnetic polar caps. Our research made it possible to refine the conditions for generating secondary plasma, such as the multiplicity of the production of secondary particles and their spatial distribution. Our research also made it possible to further quantitatively analyse the dependence of the possibility of secondary plasma generation on all parameters, including the inclination angle of the magnetic axis to the rotation axis, the polar cap size and the magnetic field geometry.
The activity of the dwarf nova RU Pegasi with rapidly changing outburst types
Authors: Šimon Vojtěch 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
RU Pegasi is a dwarf nova (DN) of the U Geminorum type. This analysis of its long-term optical activity uses data from the data base of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). It concentrates on investigating the properties of the individual outbursts and the time evolution of the ensemble of these events. No significant irradiation of the disc by the white dwarf was detected. In the interpretation, a variable steepness of the rising branches of the individual outbursts shows that the start of outbursts of RU Peg can occur at various distances from the disc centre without remarkable changes of the outburst recurrence time TC. The disc overflow of the inflowing mass stream, varying with time, could contribute to the changes in the starting position of the heating front, and hence the variations of the outburst types. A typical length of TC was 90 d. The segments of the relatively stable length of TC were accompanied by the primarily little variable and small values of the fluence (the energy radiated in the optical band in the individual outbursts). Jumps of TC, accompanied by the big scatter of the fluences, sometimes replaced them. In the interpretation, a combination of variations of TC with the unstable properties of the outbursts, including an unstable mass transfer rate between the components, shows the influence of several mechanisms on the state of the disc in various time segments.
A classifier for spurious astrometric solutions in Gaia eDR3
Authors: Rybizki Jan , Green Gregory M , Rix Hans-Walter , El-Badry Kareem , Demleitner Markus , Zari Eleonora , Udalski Andrzej , Smart Richard L , Gould Andrew 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The Gaia early Data Release 3 has delivered exquisite astrometric data for 1.47 billion sources, which is revolutionizing many fields in astronomy. For a small fraction of these sources, the astrometric solutions are poor, and the reported values and uncertainties may not apply. Before any analysis, it is important to recognize and excise these spurious results – this is commonly done by means of quality flags in the Gaia catalogue. Here, we devise a means of separating ‘good’ from ‘bad’ astrometric solutions that is an order of magnitude cleaner than any single flag: 99.3 per cent pure and 97.3 per cent complete, as validated on our test data. We devise an extensive sample of manifestly bad astrometric solutions, with parallax that is negative at ≥4.5σ; and a corresponding sample of presumably good solutions, including sources in healpix pixels on the sky that do not contain such negative parallaxes, and sources that fall on the main sequence in a colour–absolute magnitude diagram. We then train a neural network that uses 17 pertinent Gaia catalogue entries and information about nearby sources to discriminate between these two samples, captured in a single ‘astrometric fidelity’ parameter. A diverse set of verification tests shows that our approach works very cleanly, including for sources with positive parallaxes. The main limitations of our approach are in the very low signal-to-noise ratio and the crowded regime. Our astrometric fidelities for all of eDR3 can be queried via the Virtual Observatory, our code and data are public.
Analysis of Eukaryotic lincRNA Sequences Indicates Signatures of Hindered Translation Linked to Selection Pressure
Authors: Brümmer Anneke , Dreos René , Marques Ana Claudia , Bergmann Sven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) represent a large fraction of transcribed loci in eukaryotic genomes. Although classified as noncoding, most lincRNAs contain open reading frames (ORFs), and it remains unclear why cytoplasmic lincRNAs are not or very inefficiently translated. Here, we analyzed signatures of hindered translation in lincRNA sequences from five eukaryotes, covering a range of natural selection pressures. In fission yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans, that is, species under strong selection, we detected significantly shorter ORFs, a suboptimal sequence context around start codons for translation initiation, and trinucleotides (“codons”) corresponding to less abundant tRNAs than for neutrally evolving control sequences, likely impeding translation elongation. For human, we detected signatures for cell-type-specific hindrance of lincRNA translation, in particular codons in abundant cytoplasmic lincRNAs corresponding to lower expressed tRNAs than control codons, in three out of five human cell lines. We verified that varying tRNA expression levels between cell lines are reflected in the amount of ribosomes bound to cytoplasmic lincRNAs in each cell line. We further propose that codons at ORF starts are particularly important for reducing ribosome-binding to cytoplasmic lincRNA ORFs. Altogether, our analyses indicate that in species under stronger selection lincRNAs evolved sequence features generally hindering translation and support cell-type-specific hindrance of translation efficiency in human lincRNAs. The sequence signatures we have identified may improve predicting peptide-coding and genuine noncoding lincRNAs in a cell type.
Revised clinical and molecular risk strata define the incidence and pattern of failure in medulloblastoma following risk-adapted radiotherapy and dose-intensive chemotherapy: results from a phase III multi-institutional study
Authors: Lucas John T , Tinkle Christopher L , Huang Jie , Onar-Thomas Arzu , Srinivasan Sudharsan , Tumlin Parker , Becksfort Jared B , Klimo Paul , Boop Frederick A , Robinson Giles W , Orr Brent A , Harreld Julie H , Krasin Matthew J , Northcott Paul A , Ellison David W , Gajjar Amar , Merchant Thomas E 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
We characterize the patterns of progression across medulloblastoma (MB) clinical risk and molecular subgroups from SJMB03, a Phase III clinical trial.

Methods
One hundred and fifty-five pediatric patients with newly diagnosed MB were treated on a prospective, multi-center phase III trial of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and dose-intense chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant. Craniospinal radiotherapy to 23.4 Gy (average risk, AR) or 36-39.6 Gy (high risk, HR) was followed by conformal RT with a 1 cm clinical target volume to a cumulative dose of 55.8 Gy. Subgroup was determined using 450K DNA methylation. Progression was classified anatomically (primary site failure (PSF) +/– distant failure (DF), or isolated DF), and dosimetrically.

Results
Thirty-two patients have progressed (median follow-up 11.0 years (range, 0.3–16.5 y) for patients without progression). Anatomic failure pattern differed by clinical risk (P = .0054) and methylation subgroup (P = .0034). The 5-year cumulative incidence (CI) of PSF was 5.1% and 5.6% in AR and HR patients, respectively (P = .92), and did not differ across subgroups (P = .15). 5-year CI of DF was 7.1% vs. 28.1% for AR vs. HR (P = .0003); and 0% for WNT, 15.3% for SHH, 32.9% for G3, and 9.7% for G4 (P = .0024). Of 9 patients with PSF, 8 were within the primary site RT field and 4 represented SHH tumors.

Conclusions
The low incidence of PSF following conformal primary site RT is comparable to prior studies using larger primary site or posterior fossa boost volumes. Distinct anatomic failure patterns across MB subgroups suggest subgroup-specific treatment strategies should be considered.
Prior COVID-19 infection: an underappreciated factor in vaccine hesitancy in the USA
Authors: Do D Phuong , Frank Reanne 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts to quickly identify the ‘vaccine hesitant’ in the USA, what has emerged instead is a complex picture of a highly heterogeneous unvaccinated population. Although numerous factors have been implicated in influencing US COVID-19 vaccine decision-making, the role that prior coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection may play in vaccine receipt has been largely uninvestigated. Using data from two separate US national surveys, the US COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey and the Household Pulse Survey, we find that roughly one-quarter of unvaccinated survey respondents has had a prior COVID-19 infection. Prior COVID-19 infection halves the odds of receiving the vaccine. This information is consequential for ongoing vaccine outreach efforts.
A Megabirnavirus Alleviates the Pathogenicity of Fusarium pseudograminearum to Wheat
Authors: Xie Yuan , Wang Zhifang , Li Ke , Liu Dongwei , Jia Yifan , Gao Fei , Dai Junli , Zhang Songbai , Zhang Xiaoting , Li Honglian 
Published: December 2021

Fusarium pseudograminearum is a phytopathogen that causes wheat crown rot disease worldwide. Fusarium pseudograminearum megabirnavirus 1 (FpgMBV1) was isolated from the hypovirulent strain FC136-2A of F. pseudograminearum as a novel double-stranded RNA mycovirus belonging to the family Megabirnaviridae. Here we examined the effects of FpgMBV1 on colony morphology and pathogenicity of F. pseudograminearum. Through hyphal tip culture, we obtained virus-free progeny of strain FC136-2A, referred to as FC136-2A-V–. FpgMBV1 was transferred horizontally to another virus-free strain, WZ-8A-HygR-V–. The progeny obtained through horizontal transfer was referred to as WZ-8A-HygR-V+. Colony morphology was similar between the FpgMBV1-positive and -negative strains. The ability to penetrate cellophane in vitro was lost, and pathogenicity on wheat plants was reduced significantly in the FpgMBV1-positive strains relative to the FpgMBV1-negative strains. Microscopic observations showed a 6-h delay in the formation of appressoria-like structures in FC136-2A relative to FC136-2A-V–. Mycelium extension was significantly longer in wheat coleoptiles infected by WZ-8A-HygR-V– than in that infected by WZ-8A-HygR-V+ at 12 and 20 h after inoculation (hai). In addition, expression of five genes that encode cell wall-degrading enzymes differed significantly between FpgMBV1-positive and -negative strains at 12 and 20 hai during early infection of wheat cells by conidia. This study provides evidence for the hypovirulence effect of FpgMBV1 on F. pseudograminearum and suggests that the underlying mechanism involves unsuccessful early infection and perhaps cell wall degradation.
Botulinum Toxin Type A for Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion Block in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Yoo Yongjae , Lee Chang-Soon , Kim Jungsoo , Jo Dongwon , Moon Jee Youn 
Published: December 2021

Background
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that botulinum toxin would prolong the duration of a lumbar sympathetic block measured through a sustained increase in skin temperature. The authors performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial to investigate the clinical outcome of botulinum toxin type A for lumbar sympathetic ganglion block in patients with complex regional pain syndrome.

Methods
Lumbar sympathetic ganglion block was conducted in patients with lower-extremity complex regional pain syndrome using 75 IU of botulinum toxin type A (botulinum toxin group) and local anesthetic (control group). The primary outcome was the change in the relative temperature difference on the blocked sole compared with the contralateral sole at 1 postoperative month. The secondary outcomes were the 3-month changes in relative temperature differences, as well as the pain intensity changes.

Results
A total of 48 participants (N = 24/group) were randomly assigned. The change in relative temperature increase was higher in the botulinum toxin group than in the control group (1.0°C ± 1.3 vs. 0.1°C ± 0.8, respectively; difference: 0.9°C [95% CI, 0.3 to 1.5]; P = 0.006), which was maintained at 3 months (1.1°C ± 0.8 vs. –0.2°C ± 1.2, respectively; P = 0.009). Moreover, pain intensity was greatly reduced in the botulinum toxin group compared with the control group at 1 month (–2.2 ± 1.0 vs. –1.0 ± 1.6, respectively; P = 0.003) and 3 months (–2.0 ± 1.0 vs. –0.6 ± 1.6, respectively; P = 0.003). There were no severe adverse events pertinent to botulinum toxin injection.

Conclusions
In patients with complex regional pain syndrome, lumbar sympathetic ganglion block using botulinum toxin type A increased the temperature of the affected foot for 3 months and also reduced the pain.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Accuracy of intraocular lens power formulas for eyes with scleral-sutured intraocular lenses in congenital ectopia lentis
Authors: Lian Zhangkai , Cao Qianzhong , Qi Haotian , Young Charlotte Aimee , Zhang Xinyu , Jin Guangming , Zheng Danying 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
To compare the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas in eyes with congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) that underwent scleral-fixated IOL implantation.

Setting:
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China.

Design:
Retrospective consecutive case-series study.

Methods:
158 eyes from 158 patients diagnosed from December 12, 2017, to November 16, 2020, with CEL and undergoing a lensectomy and scleral fixation of a Rayner 920H or 970C model IOL were retrospectively reviewed. The prediction errors (PEs) of the spherical equivalent of 8 formulas, Barrett Universal II (BUII), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Kane, Hill-RBF 3.0, and SRK/T, were compared.

Results:
For CEL patients with scleral-sutured IOL, all 8 formulas yielded myopic PEs without constant optimization. After such optimization, the performance of each formula ranked by median absolute error (MedAE) from the lowest to highest in diopter (D) was as follows: SRK/T (0.47), EVO (0.48), Kane (0.52), BUII (0.53), Hoffer Q (0.58), Holladay 1 (0.59), Haigis (0.61), and Hill-RBF 3.0 (0.62) formulas. The EVO and SRK/T formulas had the highest prediction accuracy concerning the percentage of cases within ±0.50 D and ±1.00 D range of PE in eyes that experienced scleral-sutured IOL surgery, respectively.

Conclusions:
All formulas before constant optimization produced myopic PEs. After optimization, the SRK/T and EVO formulas had the lowest MedAE and the highest percentage of PE in the range within ±0.50 D for CEL patients with scleral-sutured IOL implantations.
Effect of electroacupuncture on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Han Yiran , Lu Zeyuan , Chen Shaotao , Gao Tianjiao , Gang Xiaochao , Pan Ting , Meng Meng , Liu Mingjun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global pandemic with a significant negative impact on health-related quality of life. Worldwide, the prevalence of T2DM has almost doubled since 1980. Although multiple systematic reviews and clinical trials have suggested that electroacupuncture could be effective for T2DM treatment, whether it can improve glucose and lipid metabolism has not been systematically reviewed.

Methods:
We searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, and Wan-Fang Database from the date of creation to December 2022. Language is limited to both Chinese and English languages. Clinical randomized controlled trials related to acupuncture for T2DM were included in this study. Fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, lipid profile, and glycated hemoglobin levels were the primary outcomes. In addition, we manually retrieved other resources, including reference lists of identified publications, conference articles, and gray literature. Research selection, data extraction, and research quality assessments were independently completed by 2 researchers.

Results:
This study provides more options for clinicians and patients to treat obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Conclusion:
In this study, we aimed to summarize and assess the effectiveness and safety of EA as a supplemental method to treat T2DM patients from clinical trials and provide more options for clinicians and patients to treat T2DM.

Trial registration:
This study was registered at INPLASY with registration number INPLASY202180008 (https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-8-0008/).

Systematic review registration:
INPLASY202180008.
Risk factors impacting intra- and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea on the endoscopic treatment of pituitary adenomas
Authors: Wang Ming , Cai Yang , Jiang Yugang , Peng Yong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We aimed to identify the risk factors associated with intra- and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in pituitary adenomas treated with endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.
This study is a retrospective analysis of 250 pituitary adenoma cases from January 2017 to December 2019 at our hospital. All patients underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgeries. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the risk factors associated with intra- and postoperative CSF rhinorrhea.
Eighty (32.0%) and nine (3.6%) patients had intra- and postoperative CSF leakage, respectively. Tumor size was an independent risk factor for intraoperative CSF leakage (odds ratio [OR], 1.229; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.133–1.334; P < .001); intraoperative CSF leakage was an independent risk factor for postoperative CSF leakage (OR, 7.707; 95% CI, 1.336–44.455; P = .022). Chronic respiratory disease (OR, 57.500; 95% CI, 8.031–411.682; P < .001) was also an independent risk factor for postoperative CSF leakage. Vascularized septal mucosal flap was a protective factor (OR, 0.107; 95% CI, 0.013–0.894; P = .039).
Intraoperative CSF leakage is more likely to occur in large pituitary adenomas. In the presence of intraoperative CSF leakage, postoperative CSF rhinorrhea is very likely to occur. Patients with chronic respiratory disease are also more likely to develop postoperative CSF leakage. The sellar base reconstructed using vascularized nasal septal flaps can significantly decrease the risk. The Knosp grade, degree of tumor resection, and postoperative use of a lumbar subarachnoid drain did not have any effects on postoperative CSF rhinorrhea.