bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pengapusan Hak Veto Dalam Rangka Reformasi Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
Authors: Afrilianti Dewi , Ardianto Budi , Pebrianto Dony Yusra 
Published: November 2021

This study aims to find out what is the reason the veto is considered irrelevant to the Security Council in realizing world security and peace in connection with the plan of veto power in the framework of reform of the United Nations Security Council because the use of veto rights by the five permanent member states of the Security Council, especially the United States has been used with no limits. The research method used is normative type with statutory, conceptual, and case approach. The results of this study show that the security council's veto power in practice has deviated from its original intent. The reform efforts of the United Nations Security Council have many obstacles but the main obstacles that greatly hinder the reform efforts are the arrogant, selfish, and willless nature of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council who are veto holders to continue to maintain their hegemony and national interests.
Keywords: United Nations; Right; Veto;
The Gender Discrimination in Indonesian Literature Works: A Case Study of Translation
Authors: Tri Widarwati Nunun , Nababan Mangatur Rudolf , Santosa Riyadi , Tarjana Sri Samiati 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Although many kinds of research on gender discrimination have been made, empirical research on this matter under the perspective of translation technique is still rare. Therefore, this present research aimed to study gender discrimination in three novels authored by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and how gender discrimination is translated into English.
Methodology:
This case study was applied in three novels written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Anak Semua Bangsa, Rumah Kaca, and Jejak Langkah. The data were collected through observations and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Findings:
The results showed that gender discrimination in the three novels was subordination, stereotype, marginalization, workload, and violence. Gender discrimination is translated using established equivalence, explicitation, modulation, paraphrase, implicitation, addition, transposition, reduction, compensation, discursive creation, pure borrowing, deletion, generalization, and particularization.
Conclusion:
This research reveals that gender discrimination is a phenomenon that commonly occurs in the world community. The research implications are also discussed either empirically or practically at the end of this article.
Oral Communication Strategies Training: The Case of Pre-Service English Teachers in Indonesia
Authors: Rachmawaty Noor , Aridah Aridah , Iswari Weningtyas Parama , Syamdianita Syamdianita 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Many researches on pre-service English teachers have been carried out in various aspects, from teaching techniques to psychology. However, research on oral communication strategies of pre-service English teachers is still little done. This study delved into the effect of oral communication strategies training on pre-service English teachersâ€™ speaking performance. In addition, it revealed the relationship between gender and types of oral communication strategies.
Methodology:
This study involved 27 students who joined in Speaking 3 course. The OCSI as the instrument in this study consisted of eight categories of strategies for coping with speaking problems and seven types for dealing with listening problems
Findings:
Results from descriptive statistics showed that before the training, message reduction mainly was used while social affective and attempt to think in English was the least often employed strategy for resolving speaking difficulties. Meanwhile, after the training, a Non-verbal strategy while speaking was frequently used by the students. Message abandonment became the least used strategy after training was implemented. In dealing with listening problems, before the training, Non-Verbal strategies while listening was mostly used while the least used strategy was getting the gist. After the training, Word oriented became the most often employed technique Meanwhile, strategies for preserving fluency were the least frequently adopted.
Conclusion:
The MANOVA results of data analysis revealed that female students significantly performed better in speaking English than male students. However, there was no significant difference in Oral Communication Strategy used between male and female students.
Tratamento da classe III dentária com alça de forças paralelas – relato de caso
Authors: Vargas-Junior Carlos Sanches 
Published: November 2021

A má oclusão de Classe III é um tipo de desvio dentoesqueletal cuja incidência varia entre 3% e 13% da população, sendo muito difícil de se diagnosticar e tratar, e o tratamento ortodôntico precoce tem sido a principal forma de tratamento para os pacientes que apresentam esta deformidade, com envolvimento dentário e/ou esquelético. A má oclusão de Classe III de Angle apresenta o sulco mésio-vestibular do primeiro molar inferior posicionado mesialmente em relação à cúspide mésio-vestibular do primeiro molar superior. O diagnóstico adequado é indispensável para a decisão do tratamento, uma vez que pode ser observado o envolvimento de vários elementos, tais como dentes, ossos e musculatura, que caracterizam, respectivamente os tipos de Classe III dentária, esquelética e funcional. Os pacientes que são relutantes em relação à cirurgia, ou encontram-se relativamente satisfeitos com a sua aparência, recorrem a uma das únicas alternativas, que seria tratar por meio de uma compensação dentoalveolar, sem a correção do problema esquelético. O propósito deste trabalho é apresentar um caso clínico de má oclusão de Classe III de Angle, paciente R. L. (21anos), diagnosticado, através de exames clínico e radiográfico, como Classe III esquelética. Utilizou-se a filosofia de Ricketts (arco seccionado) para realizar o tratamento ortodôntico compensatório com a utilização da alça de forças paralelas para distalizar os primeiros molares inferiores, levando-os a relação de Classe I de Angle. O tratamento durou um ano e seis meses, o perfil côncavo do paciente se manteve. Concluiu-se, portanto, que o tratamento com arcos seccionados é uma excelente opção para a distalização dos molares inferiores nas más oclusões de Classe III de Angle.
The Reconstruction of Etymon Proto of Sambori and Teta Isolects Spoken in Bima Regency-NTB-Indonesia
Authors: Budasi I Gede 
Published: November 2021

The previous studies that describe the phonological system of the isolects and the description of their differing and uniting linguistic features have not yet answered the doubts among Indonesian linguists whether or not the Proto of Sambori-Teta (PSm-Te) were descended from Proto Austronesia (PAn). Thus, this article aims to describe the interrelatedness of the two protoes and to describe the types of sound changes from the PAn to PSm-Te etymons. This descriptive study applied a comparative method by implementing bottom-up and top-down analysis in reconstructing the PSm-Te. The linguistic features as the evidence of the interrelatedness of the two protoes were identified and analyzed using sound change theories. This study found 1691 (99.35%) definitive etymons of PSm-Te among 1702 etymons of Sambori and Teta Isolects identified in this study, and the types of sound change from PAn to PSm-Te etymons showed addition, deletion, metathesis, diphthongization, fusion, fortition, lenition, fronting, and backing. The definitive PSm-Te and the identified types of sound changes can be used as the linguistic evidence to determine that PAn descend PSm-Te. Therefore Sambori and Teta isolects reflect PSm-Te.
Virtual medical student dermatologic surgery workshop increases confidence in suturing and skin biopsy skills in the era of COVID-19
Authors: Dando Emily , Guerrero Angela , Collins Mary-Katharine , James Alaina 
Published: November 2021

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many pre-clinical medical school courses were conducted virtually. In order to increase exposure to basic procedures in the remote learning setting, our group developed a virtual dermatologic surgery workshop.
Objective: To evaluate whether a virtual dermatologic surgery workshop increases medical student confidence in their ability to perform suturing and skin biopsies.
Methods: All 147 second-year medical students at the University of Pittsburgh watched 70 minutes of pre-recorded lectures that introduced suturing, skin biopsies, and other dermatologic procedures. Each student was provided with a suturing kit to remotely practice the following skills: simple interrupted suture, simple running suture, horizontal mattress suture, vertical mattress suture, running subcuticular suture, shave biopsy, and punch biopsy. Pre- and post-workshop surveys were distributed to the students and paired using a randomized de-identified number.
Results: 117 (80%) students completed the pre-survey and 71 (48%) completed the post-survey. 61 (41%) responses were paired. The average baseline level of confidence ranged from 1.0 on a 10-point scale for subcuticular running suture to 2.4 for simple interrupted suture. The average level of confidence increased after the workshop for each skill, ranging from 3.7 for subcuticular running suture to 8.0 for instrument tie. In the paired responses, the average level of confidence increased significantly for each skill by an average of 5.5 points (SD=1.1, p<.001).
Conclusions: A virtual, asynchronous dermatologic surgery workshop significantly increases medical student confidence in their ability to perform suturing and skin biopsies.
Navigating Uncharted Waters: Teachers Collaborating Across Difference
Authors:   , Hynds Anne 
Published: November 2021

<p>This thesis provides a unique navigational story which describes my own careful exploration of a collaborative dynamic when culturally diverse teachers worked together on a unique professional development initiative. Between 2001 and 2003 the Ministry of Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand funded the first phase of an action research initiative, Te Kauhua/Maori in the Mainstream Pilot Project, in a number of schools across the country. This initiative aimed to improve teaching practice and outcomes for Maori students through the development of collaborative partnerships between MÃ ori and non-Maori within participating school communities. I worked to gather the stories of teachers' collaborative partnership work, from various perspectives over a period of two years, in two schools which had taken part in this first phase of this government funded project. The immediate result of such collective work was a commitment to work together for change and improvement in practice, and an apparent transformation in the thinking and practices of many teachers. My initial analysis highlighted partnership mechanisms and processes which held much promise and which had enabled the beginnings of change within and across both school communities. However as I continued my investigation over time I came to realise that sustaining change and development in schools, targeted at student groups who have been marginalised in the education system for a long time, was more complex than I first realised. Beneath the surface, in both schools, were submerged influences which militated against continuation and acceptance of such collaborative partnership work within and across both cultural communities. It became increasingly clear that a lack of shared vision across the schools generally, together with active resistance on the parts of particular groups, contributed to destroying the respect, trust and partnership that I thought had been established within the staff communities. This thesis therefore outlines the opportunities, challenges and threats to collaborative partnership work that aims to improve practice and outcomes for culturally diverse students.</p>
The Impact of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Technology on Business-to-Business Customer Relationships
Authors:   , Richard James Edward 
Published: November 2021

<p>Recent academic and practitioner studies suggest that Customer Relationship Management (CRM) provides improved business opportunity, yet has received mixed performance reviews in the extant literature. This research explored the relationship between CRM technology adoption, market orientation and relationship marketing, and the subsequent impact on business relationships and relationship performance. A conceptual model was developed based on the literature and information obtained through one-to-one in-depth interviews. The model incorporated key relationship constructs; trust, commitment and communications quality, and investigated the impact of CRM technology adoption on these constructs and relationship performance. In addition the firm's market and technology orientation was considered as critical antecedents to the adoption of CRM technology. The research incorporated a two-phased, cross-sectional design. The first research phase was exploratory, utilising one-on-one in-depth interviews with key informants. The objective was to explore the conceptualised CRM technology adoption - customer relationship model for robustness and realism. These findings were used to refine the CRM technology adoption - customer relationship model and the measurement instrument before proceeding with the explanatory phase of the study. The explanatory phase of the research consisted of an instrument development stage - creating, testing and finalising the research instrument, followed by a quantitative study of medium and large business in the manufacturing, services and wholesale industries in New Zealand. The objective of this stage of the research was to test and validate the CRM technology adoption - customer relationship model and measurement instruments. Measures of CRM technology adoption were collected from the supplier firms, while measures of relationship strength and relationship performance were collected separately from the customer perspective. The benefits for practitioners include methods to improved relationship and business performance from CRM technology implementation. The key benefit for academia is the development of a conceptual model linking CRM technology to RM, and providing insights into the synergies available from technology.</p>
An ICT-Based Distance Education Model: an Evaluation of ICT-Based Modes at the University of the South Pacific
Authors:   , Devi Pramila 
Published: November 2021

<p>This study developed a model for evaluating the ability of ICT-based modes of communication to foster an effective learning environment, by creating telepresence, flexibility, interaction and collaboration, for distance learners at the University of the South Pacific (USP). The model is formulated on the basis of the educational relationship triad developed by Hall and Kidman (2002). Concepts and attributes from foundations of distance education; new models of distance education; and learning theories, which build on the educational relationships are identified and integrated into the ICT-based distance education model developed in the thesis. The study employed a multi-perspective evaluation design with survey questionnaires as the main technique of data collection. Interviews and online conferencing data was used in triangulation to support the main technique of data collection. Nine ICT-based modes of communication used for distance education at USP were assessed in this study. These are video broadcast, audio conferencing, video conferencing, the Web, email, and WebCT-based homepages, text chat, mail and discussion boards. There are two key findings of this study. The first set of findings reveals that the ICT-based distance education model developed in the thesis provided a useful framework for the evaluation of ICT-based modes of communication at USP. The second set of findings shows that distance learners at USP found the use of ICT-based modes of communication fostered an effective learning environment for them, by enhancing telepresence, flexibility, interaction and collaboration. The extent to which the four key attributes were enhanced in each course was influenced by the use of varying modes of communication, the pedagogical design of the course, access to Internet facilities, and the age, occupation and cultural background of distance learners.</p>
The Carbon Footprints of Beef and Lamb: A Lifecycle Approach to Measuring the Sustainability of New Zealand's Primary Produce
Authors:   , Goldberg Amelie 
Published: November 2021

<p>Carbon footprints show the carbon impacts of food products. They are argued here to reflect these impacts more accurately than 'food miles'. New Zealand research has shown that our major primary sectors are more efficient in terms of carbon dioxide emissions than their British equivalents over the farming and shipping stages of the lifecycle. However, little research has examined other stages, such as road and rail freight and meat processing within New Zealand. Furthermore, the agro-food sector only has partial knowledge about its greenhouse gas GHG) emissions from 'farm gate to plate' and is not yet fully prepared to implement GHG mitigation strategies. The aims of this study are to 1) calculate the carbon footprints of beef and lamb produced and consumed in New Zealand using a lifecycle approach (including all GHGs), and 2) evaluate, through key stakeholder interviews, the applicability of the carbon footprint concept to New Zealand for addressing consumer environmental concerns. The calculations show that the GHG footprints (all GHGs) of beef and lamb are comprised, for the most part, of on-farm methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Domestic and international freight contribute less than 5% to these footprints, and data from a case study of two meat processing plants suggest that meat processing emissions contributes even less than freight emissions. When leaving aside on-farm methane and nitrous oxide emissions, meat processing and freight contribute less than half to the carbon dioxide (CO2) footprints. Interviews conducted for this study show that key stakeholder attitudes to these issues are varied. Responses from government representatives centred on the need to support the agro-food sector in responding to foreign market demands; the response from industry was mixed but suggests that it is prepared to account for its GHG emissions, showing a preference for carbon footprints over food miles. Environmental NGOs warned that there are risks to New Zealand if it continues to rely on a 'clean green' image mostly due to its natural comparative advantage, and fails to account for its emissions.</p>
The Effect of Opiates on the Developing Cerebral Cortex
Authors:   , Sargeant Timothy John 
Published: November 2021

<p>Opiate drugs, such as codeine, morphine and heroin are powerful analgesics and drugs of abuse. The unborn child is invariably exposed to opiate drugs as a consequence of maternal use. Studies that have investigated the impact of opiate drugs demonstrated opioid system expression in proliferating regions of the developing brain, as well as on proliferative astroglia taken from the developing central nervous system. The effects of opiates on astroglial proliferation (largely mediated by the mu opioid receptor) are predominantly inhibitory, but are extremely context dependent. This context dependency exists because of the complexity resident within the opioid signalling system. However, since this previous research was conducted, there has been impressive progress made in the field of developmental neurobiology with the demonstration that cells of astrocytic lineage are responsible for the generation of the central nervous system. It was therefore the aim of the current research project to investigate the developmental impact of opiate exposure in the context of the foetal mouse cerebral cortex. This aim was divided into 3 separate aims that comprised of; determining the cellular localisation of the mu opioid receptor, the effects of opiate exposure on cortical progenitor cells, and to determine the effect of opiate exposure on the development of the cerebral cortex itself. The mu opioid receptor was expressed on proliferative radial glia of both the embryonic day 15.5 (neurogenic) and embryonic day 18.5 (gliogenic) ventricular zone of the dorsal forebrain. Interestingly and significantly, the mu opioid receptor-positive glia observed in the embryonic day 18.5 mouse forebrain were also observed at a comparable developmental stage in the foetal human forebrain. Morphine exposure slowed down G2 phase of the cell cycle at embryonic day 15.5 in the neurogenic murine cortical ventricular zone. This opiate-induced slowing in cell cycle progression was shown not to impact on proliferation in the ventricular zone, although future research should address whether this perturbation altered differentiation or developmental maturation of the radial glia. Morphine exposure throughout corticogenesis decreased levels of doublecortin expression (a migratory neuronal marker) at the end of gestation. Postnatally, mice exposed to morphine during corticogenesis also showed decreased numbers of neurons in layer V of the cerebral cortex. Collectively, this thesis presents the first evidence that shows morphine affects cortical progenitor cells in vivo. This research supports the possibility that the opioid system plays an endogenous role in corticogenesis. The clinical significance is morphine has the potential to perturb normal development of the cerebral cortex.</p>