bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sebastian Münster and his Sources: The Messiah in Rome and the Convergence of Christian-Jewish Polemic and Intra-Christian Conflict
Authors: Lehmann Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Talmudic story of an encounter between Rabbi Joshua ben Levi and the Messiah at the gate of Rome served medieval Christians well in their polemics against the Jews. This was, it seemed, a Jewish affirmation of the truth of Christianity: not only did the legend indicate that the Messiah had already come, it also placed him in Rome, the epicenter of the Christian faith. For that very reason, however, later Protestant polemicists could hardly be expected to utilize the story correspondingly, not after rejecting the primacy of Rome.
This article considers a number of Protestant responses to the Jewish Messiah in Rome tradition. Its primary focus, though, is on two anti-Jewish treatises by Sebastian Münster. As Stephen G. Burnett has demonstrated, Münster’s texts draw heavily from pre-Reformation polemical works – in other words, works that accepted Rome’s preeminence; the present article argues that Münster managed to subtly convey his own Protestant sensitivities in discussing the Joshua b. Levi story, all the same. This close reading of Münster offers a unique perspective on the convergence of Christian-Jewish controversy and Protestant-Catholic tensions, and especially on the role and development of the former in light of the latter.
Von Rossen und Wagen: Das Verhältnis von Stadt und Land in der Ulmer Reformation
Authors: Schenk Susanne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay addresses the question of how the city and its territory (Umland) were related in the reformation process. Its object of investigation is the imperial city of Ulm which owned one of the largest territories. The assumption that in the reformation process the city was the outrider and the territory followed proves adequate only at first view. A closer look shows some more complex dynamics. Whereas reformation preaching indeed did spread from the city into the territory, the practice of a reformed eucharist started at the edges of the territory. After the official introduction of the reformation in 1531 the territory played an important role concerning reformatory diversity. It served the city as religious experiment space and storage room.
Maintaining the Common Peace: Security and the Religious Peace of 1578 during the Dutch Revolt
Authors: Swart Erik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article analyses the failed Dutch Religious Peace of 1578 through the lens of security. As Wayne te Brake recently argued in Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe, creating security for all parties is key for an effective religious peace. In the sixteenth century, communal security was deemed a collective responsibility. In practice this meant that religious peace – suppressing and preventing violence and threats between Protestants and Catholics – was framed as a matter of preserving the common peace. Theological questions were dissimulated or kept out of peace settlements. In 1578, the religious peace proposed that Catholics and Calvinists were to live in the Netherlands side by side, each allowed to worship publicly. Some 27 Dutch towns introduced this religious peace. Yet the municipal magistrates mostly did so reluctantly and generally declined to share political power, thus contributing to its failure. Moreover, there were different, conflicting conceptions at work concerning the common peace, as well as regarding how to keep it.
Conciliar Infallibility and Error in the Thomistic Ecclesiology of St. Robert Bellarmine, S.J.
Authors: Washburn Christian D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the sixteenth century, St. Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621) in his Disputationes de controversiis Christianae fidei adversus huius temporis haereticos defended the authority of the conciliar magisterium. Bellarmine, like other sixteenth-century Thomists, held that there were conditions under which God necessarily protects a general council from teaching error, but he did not deny that councils can and have erred. This article explains Bellarmine’s classification of the different types of councils. It also examines the conditions under which he believes that God necessarily protects a council from teaching error. It then discusses Bellarmine’s teaching on what kinds of councils can err and under what conditions a council can do so. Finally, the article will discuss his historical examination of various alleged conciliar errors.
Methods to evaluate the scavenging activity of antioxidants toward reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Apak Reşat , Calokerinos Antony , Gorinstein Shela , Segundo Marcela Alves , Hibbert David Brynn , Gülçin İlhami , Demirci Çekiç Sema , Güçlü Kubilay , Özyürek Mustafa , Çelik Saliha Esin , Magalhães Luís M. , Arancibia-Avila Patricia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This project was aimed to identify the quenching chemistry of biologically important reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS, including radicals), to show antioxidant action against reactive species through H‐atom and electron transfer reactions, and to evaluate the ROS/RNS scavenging activity of antioxidants with existing analytical methods while emphasizing the underlying chemical principles and advantages/disadvantages of these methods. In this report, we focused on the applications and impact of existing assays on potentiating future research and innovations to evolve better methods enabling a more comprehensive study of different aspects of antioxidants and to provide a vocabulary of terms related to antioxidants and scavengers for ROS/RNS. The main methods comprise the scavenging activity measurement of the hydroxyl radical (•OH), dioxide(•1–) (O2
•–: commonly known as the superoxide radical), dihydrogen dioxide (H2O2: commonly known as hydrogen peroxide), hydroxidochlorine (HOCl: commonly known as hypochlorous acid), dioxidooxidonitrate(1–) (ONOO−: commonly known as the peroxynitrite anion), and the peroxyl radical (ROO•). In spite of the diversity of methods, there is currently a great need to evaluate the scavenging activity of antioxidant compounds in vivo and in vitro. In addition, there are unsatisfactory methods frequently used, such as non-selective UV measurement of H2O2 scavenging, producing negative errors due to incomplete reaction of peroxide with flavonoids in the absence of transition metal ion catalysts. We also discussed the basic mechanisms of spectroscopic and electrochemical nanosensors for measuring ROS/RNS scavenging activity of antioxidants, together with leading trends and challenges and a wide range of applications. This project aids in the identification of reactive species and quantification of scavenging extents of antioxidants through various assays, makes the results comparable and more understandable, and brings a more rational basis to the evaluation of these assays and provides a critical evaluation of existing ROS/RNS scavenging assays to analytical, food chemical, and biomedical/clinical communities by emphasizing the need for developing more refined, rapid, simple, and low‐cost assays and thus opening the market for a wide range of analytical instruments, including reagent kits and sensors.
Dynamic green synthesis of iron oxide and manganese oxide nanoparticles and their cogent antimicrobial, environmental and electrical applications
Authors: Ahmad Khuram Shahzad , Yaqoob Sidra , Gul Mahwash Mahar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The scientific community is inclined towards addressing environmental and energy concerns through sustainable means. Conventional processes such as chemical synthesis, involve the usage of environmentally harmful ligands and high tech facilities, which are time-consuming, expensive, energy-intensive, and require extreme conditions for synthesis. Plant-based synthesis is valuable and sustainable for the ecosystem. The use of plant-based precursors for nanoparticle synthesis eliminates the menace of toxic waste contamination. The present review elucidates that the plant based synthesized iron oxide and manganese oxide nanoparticles have tremendous and exceptional applications in various fields such as antimicrobial and antioxidative domains, environmental, electrical and sensing properties. Hence, the literature reviewed explains that plant based synthesis of nanoparticles is an adept and preferred technique. These important transition oxide metal nanoparticles have great applicability in ecological, environmental science as well as electrochemistry and sensing technology. Both these metal oxides display a stable and adaptable nature, which can be functionalized for a specific application, thus exhibiting great potential for efficiency. The current review epitomizes all the latest reported work on the synthesis of iron and manganese oxide nanoparticles through a greener approach along with explaining various significant applications keeping in view the concept of sustainability.
Graphene-based composite membranes for isotope separation: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Rehman Faisal , Memon Fida Hussain , Bhatti Zubeda , Iqbal Muzaffar , Soomro Faheeda , Ali Akbar , Thebo Khalid Hussain 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Graphene-based membranes have got significant attention in wastewater treatment, desalination, gas separation, pervaporation, fuel cell, energy storage applications due to their supreme properties. Recently, studies have confirmed that graphene based membranes can also use for separation of isotope due to their ideal thickness, large surface area, good affinity, 2D structure etc. Herein, we review the latest groundbreaking progresses in both theoretically and experimentally chemical science and engineering of both nanoporous and lamellar graphene-based membrane for separation of different isotopes. Especially focus will be given on the current issues, engineering hurdles, and limitations of membranes designed for isotope separation. Finally, we offer our experiences on how to overcome these issues, and present an ideas for future improvement and research directions. We hope, this article is provide a timely knowledge and information to scientific communities, and those who are already working in this direction.
Perspectives on Gender Stereotypes: How Did Gender-Based Perceptions Put Hillary Clinton at an Electoral Disadvantage in the 2016 Election?
Authors: Nawabdin Fatemah 
Published: November 2021

AbstractResearch on gender stereotypes has largely emphasized that women candidates are evaluated differently compared to their male counterparts. In this article, I argue that such differential evaluation put Clinton at an electoral disadvantage in the 2016 election. I develop my expectations based on the differences between feminine stereotypes and masculine stereotypes and how voters’ perceptions of the latter match the longstanding popular expectations for political leaders, in a way that advantages men as candidates and disadvantages women. I also expect that a “gender affinity effect” influenced the election, with Democratic women being more likely to vote for Clinton. In this article, I rely on data from the 2016 American National Election Survey to evaluate the role of gender affinity effect and gender stereotypes in Clinton’s electability. The results show that masculine personality traits had the largest effect and were more fundamental for winning the White House. They also show that there was no significant evidence of a gender affinity effect among Democratic women in terms of voting for Clinton. These results offer new insights into voters’ gender stereotypic perceptions of Clinton and their consequences for the electoral fortunes of women candidates in general.
Sc3Ir4Si13+x
and Sc4Ir7Ge6 – the perovskite-related crystal structures
Authors: Levytskyi Volodymyr , Wagler Jörg , Hennig Christoph , Feig Manuel , Weigel Tina , Leithe-Jasper Andreas , Meyer Dirk C. , Gumeniuk Roman 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The crystal structure of Sc3Ir4Si13+x
(x = 0.22) [space group

P
m

3
‾

n

$Pm\bar{3}n$

, a = 8.4651(1) Å] is found to be a new disordered variant of the primitive cubic Yb3Rh4Sn13 Remeika prototype. The silicide is stable in the narrow temperature range of 1283–1397 °C and reveals metallic properties. The crystal structure of Sc4Ir7Ge6 [U4Re7Si6 type, space group

I
m

3
‾

m

$Im\bar{3}m$

, a = 8.1397(8) Å] is refined for the first time. The electronic band structure calculations reveal that the properties of this germanide can be explained based on the free electron gas model. Both compounds reveal close structural relationships to the simple perovskite structure.
Snatch Grip Overhead Shrug
Authors: Pistilli Emidio E. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The snatch requires considerable power and strength to stabilize the barbell overhead in the deep squat position. Overhead strength in the catch phase of the snatch can be a factor in whether the snatch is completed successfully or missed. Special assistance exercises can be used to specifically enhance strength and stability in the catch phase of the snatch. The snatch grip overhead shrug (SGOSh) exercise can be integrated into training programs to enhance general strength and stability in the catch phase as well as to teach a weightlifter how to actively resist the downward movement of the barbell as they move into the deep squat. Proper technique to perform the SGOSh exercise is presented, along with recommendations for incorporating this exercise into the training plans of novice and advanced weightlifters.
Traditional and Modified 5-0-5 Change of Direction Test: Normative and Reliability Analysis
Authors: Ryan Chloe , Uthoff Aaron , McKenzie Chloe , Cronin John 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Change of direction (COD) ability is an important performance factor in many field and court sports. A common COD maneuver is the 180-degree turn, which is commonly assessed through the 5-0-5 COD test. Coaches and practitioners need to assess an athlete's COD performance and have access to normative data for these assessments. This review focuses on the traditional and modified 5-0-5 COD test. The 5-0-5 COD performance results have been gathered across 50 different studies and 11 different sports to create sport, sex, and level specific normative data so performance comparisons can be made, which in turn can drive programming to better effect. The reliability of both the traditional and modified 5-0-5 COD tests has been evaluated and discussed. Traditional COD ability of male athletes is better understood given there were 300 male athletes, compared with 62 female athletes. On average, males were 6.03% faster than females. Elite males were 7.78% faster than subelite and novice males, and subelite females were 3.30% faster than novice female athletes. Further research or collation of normative data is needed on female, youth, and elite cohorts to build more comprehensive databases.
Utility of Ottawa ankle rules in excluding ankle fractures in Indian scenario
Authors: Mandal Malay K. , Paul Anirban , Sen Abhijit , Rahman S. Sariful , Hazra Bimalendu Bikash 
Published: November 2021

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Patients with acute ankle injuries form a major bulk in outdoor and emergency room, and many of them get radiographs done to rule out fractures. Ottawa ankle rules (OAR) may reduce the need for unnecessary radiographs by detecting fractures only with help of simple clinical findings. We conducted this study to see the extent of usefulness of these rules in our day-to-day practice.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Our study is observational in nature. A total of 107 patients who visited the clinic of the chief investigator between the time period from 1<sup>st</sup> January 2019 to 31<sup>st</sup> December 2020, fulfilling inclusion criteria and willing to participate, were enrolled. The patients were examined clinically, and the assessor recorded the findings on a previously prepared assessment form. Data analysis was done from the master chart.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Among the 107 patients, 46 patients were ‘suspicion positive’ by OAR. After the radiographic assessment, we found 11 fractures, all of which belonged to the ‘suspicion positive’ group. Statistical analysis showed that OAR had a sensitivity of 100% for ankle fractures, whereas specificity for the same was 63.54%. We found the positive predictive value to be 23.91% and negative predictive value to be 100%, positive likelihood ratio of 2.74, and negative likelihood ratio of 0.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: OAR is an easy and reliable tool to screen ankle fractures. In a country with as massive a health care burden as ours, it can reduce the number of unnecessary radiographs and thus reduce exposure, cost, and time of medical professionals.</p>
Role of oxygen concentrators in covid pandemic
Authors: Lakshmi S Kalyani Surya Dhana , Chandrasekhar C N , Prasad Ch Ramakrishna , Garre Sandeep , Ayya Syama Sunder , Bhatia Vikas 
Published: November 2021

The need for oxygen, as well as the scarcity caused by the second wave of the Corona epidemic, has caused everyone to reconsider the sustainability and self-sufficiency of oxygen. Medical oxygen therapy is a standard treatment for patients with severe Covid manifestations. Ensuring a consistent supply of oxygen to meet the rising demand for oxygen must be planned at the national, state, and institutional levels.In this article we would like to emphasise the importance of oxygen adequacy.This narrative review covers the methods of estimating oxygen requirements of a hospital, and the alternate oxygen sources available, highlighting the role of oxygen concentrators in a low resource settings.Oxygen concentrators specially as pressure swing adsorption plants can be used by hospitals as a main source of oxygen being both economical, as well as reducing the dependency on refilling and transport.Planning the oxygen resources for a hospital should include primary, secondary and reserve sources, among all these the oxygen concentrator plays a vital role both being economical in the long run as well as making the hospital largely independent of logistic issues.
Covid-19 and a lost guidewire: A misty tale of misery!
Authors: Kumar Abhijit , Tripathi Parul , Tiwari Suman , Gupta Malvika , Kohli Amit , Kumar Deepak 
Published: November 2021

Central venous catheterization (CVC) is a routine procedure in patients admitted in Intensive Care Units (ICU) worldwide. Most commonly, seldinger technique is being practiced irrespective of the site of insertion. Though considered very safe, guide wire related complications have been reported in the literature and incidence has increased in the COVID era where intensivists have to work in personal protective equipment (PPE). We are reporting about a patient of severe COVID-19, admitted in ICU. His right femoral venous catheterization was done to start vasopressors. The guide wire accidentally slipped inside the femoral vein during the procedure. It was immediately detected and managed with the assistance of interventional radiologist under fluoroscopic guidance. Complications like misplacement of guide wire can be catastrophic during CVC. We have discussed the measures that can prevent or reduce such complications while working in PPE in COVID ICUs.
Controlled comparison of ropivacaine with dexmedetomidine, clonidine and magnesium sulphate as adjuvant in caudal epidural block in paediatric population for infra-umbilical surgeries
Authors: Singh Guriqbal , Singh Vijaylaxmi , Trivedi Vandana 
Published: November 2021

Caudal analgesia and anaesthesia is one of the safest and widely used methods for pain relief in paediatric population. Aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine, clonidine, magnesium sulphate as adjuvants to 0.25% ropivacaine in caudal anaesthesia for enhancement of duration of analgesia as well as to determine safety of the blockade in paediatric population. It is prospective, randomised, double-blinded study in which eighty children (2–8 years), belonging to American society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II scheduled for infra-umbilical surgeries were randomised into four groups namely: group R; Inj. Ropivacaine 0.25%, Group D; inj.ropivacaine 0.25% with adjuvant dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg, Group C; inj.ropivacaine 0.25% with clonidine 1 μg /kgs, group M; inj.ropivacaine 0.25% with magnesium sulphate 50 mgs. The primary outcomes of study were time to onset of block and duration of analgesia. The secondary outcome was to study haemodynamic stability and adverse effects. Duration of analgesia was significantly longer (f=855.4778 and p&#60;0.0001) in adjuvant groups as compared to control group and was statistically significant (p = 0.0001 and 0.0411 respectively). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of haemodynamic changes or side effects. Addition of above-mentioned drugs as adjuvants to 0.25% ropivacaine in caudal block significantly prolonged the duration of post‑operative analgesia with least effect on haemodynamic profile or any other significant adverse effects.
To observe the changes of optic nerve sheath diameter following the use of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol or inhalational anaesthesia with desflurane during laparoscopic surgeries
Authors: Patel Pratikkumar , Mathur Vijay , Singhal Shruti , Jethava Durga 
Published: November 2021

Optic nerve sheath diameter measurement is a simple, non-invasive and yet accurate intracranial pressure (ICP) assessment technique during laparoscopic surgery. The pneumoperitoneum induced by insufflating carbon-dioxide and steep angle of trendelenburg position is associated with physiological changes resulting in increased ICP during laparoscopic surgery. We aimed to observe the changes of ONSD (surrogate marker of ICP) following the use of total intravenous anaesthesia in comparison to desflurane during laparoscopic surgery.Patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgery were randomly assigned to the TIVA or DES group in this randomized study. Ultrasonographic measurements of ONSD were conducted before administration of anaesthesia (T0), 10 mins, 30 mins, 1 hr after the trendelenburg position (T1,T2,T3), 5mins after resuming the supine position (T4) and at post-anaesthetic care unit (T5). The primary outcome measure was the comparison of the mean ONSD of both the eyes of the patients of both the groups that is TIVA versus DES (inhalational anaesthetic) group.A total of 60 patients were analysed in our study. The mean ONSD value at T1, T2, T3 and T4 (for right eye p=0.002,0.001,&#60;0.01,0.03 respectively and for left eye p=0.004,&#60;0.01,&#60;0.01,0.02 respectively) were significantly lower for patients in TIVA group as compared with those in DES group.Our result suggests that TIVA may be a better option than inhalational anaesthesia to prevent rise in intracranial pressure in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery and preventing devastating complications caused by raised intracranial pressure in succeptible patients.