bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling thermal waves of conduction and convection
Authors: Xu L. J. , Yang S. , Huang J. P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Electromagnetic wave refractions have been widely explored due to their profound physics and practical applications, especially the negative refraction. However, the hyperbolic feature of the Maxwell equations makes it difficult to extend the related physics to the Fourier conduction because the Fourier equation is parabolic. To solve the problem, we study thermal waves of conduction and convection because convection can additionally introduce the hyperbolic feature to heat transfer. We further design convection-assisted metamaterials to realize the positive, vertical, and negative refractions of thermal waves, which have a phenomenal analog of electromagnetic wave refractions despite different mechanisms. The negative refraction of thermal waves means that the incident and refractive thermal waves are at the same side of the normal, but the wave vector and energy flow are still along the same direction. As a model application, we apply the refractive behaviors to design a thermal wave concentrator which can increase wave numbers and energy flows. This work provides insights into thermal wave manipulation, which may have potential applications in thermal wave imaging.
Photo-induced recovery of liquid-crystalline order with azobenzene-containing copolymer in nematic liquid crystal
Authors: Chien Chiao-Ying , Yamamoto Jun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The trans-to-cis isomerization of azobenzene in a nematic liquid crystal (LC) is known to disturb the orientational order and decrease the birefringence (

). Here, an increase of

is newly observed in nematic LC gels with azobenzene copolymer microstructure. To clarify the mechanism, the photo-response of

and the morphology of the copolymer microstructure are studied in the variant composition of the LC gels. The shape of the copolymer microstructure influences the LC alignment by the surface anchoring, leading to a lower birefringence of the LC gels. The trans-to-cis isomerization reduces the anchoring strength; hence, it recovers the uniform orientation of the LC director and reveals the increase of

.
Radioactive Iodine Treatment for Children and Young Adults with Thyroid Cancer in South Korea: A Population-based Study
Authors: Seo Gi Hyeon , Kong Kyoung Ae , Kim Bom Sahn , Kang Seo Young , Moon Byung Seok , Yoon Hai-Jeon , Kim Hye Ok 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Purpose
This study investigated radioactive iodine treatment (RAIT) patterns and the secondary cancer incidence among children and young adults receiving RAIT after thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.

Methods
This population-based cohort study used the Health Insurance Review and Assessment database of South Korea to identify a total of 18 617 children and young adults (0–29 years) who underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer between 2008 and 2018. We recorded age at surgery, sex, the interval from surgery to RAIT, the doses of RAI, the number of RAIT sessions, and secondary cancer incidence.

Results
A total of 9548 (51.3%) children and young adults underwent 1 or more RAIT sessions. The initial dose of RAIT was 4.35 ± 2.19 GBq. The overall RAIT frequency fell from 60.9% to 38.5%, and the frequency of high-dose RAIT (&gt;3.7 GBq) fell from 64.2% to 36.5% during the observational period. A total of 124 cases of secondary cancer developed during 120 474 person-years of follow-up; 43 (0.5%) in the surgery cohort and 81 (0.8%) in the RAIT cohort. Thus, the RAIT cohort was at an increased risk of secondary cancer (adjusted hazard ratio 1.52 [95% confidence interval 1.03–2.24], P = 0.035).

Conclusion
The proportion of children and young adults receiving RAIT, and the RAI dose, fell significantly over the observational period. RAIT was associated with secondary cancers. This is of major concern in the context of child and young adult thyroid cancer survivors.
Cardiovascular Safety and Sclerostin Inhibition
Authors: Langdahl Bente Lomholt , Hofbauer Lorenz Christian , Forfar John Colin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Sclerostin, which is primarily produced by the osteocytes, inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway and thereby the osteoblasts and stimulates RANKL release by the osteocytes and thereby osteoclast recruitment. Inhibition of sclerostin therefore causes stimulation of bone formation and inhibition of resorption. In clinical trials, romosozumab, an antibody against sclerostin, increases bone mineral density and reduces the risk of fractures compared with placebo and alendronate.
The cardiovascular safety of romosozumab was adjudicated in 2 large clinical osteoporosis trials in postmenopausal women. Compared with placebo, the incidence of cardiovascular events was similar in the 2 treatment groups. Compared with alendronate, the incidence of serious cardiovascular events was higher in women treated with romosozumab. The incidence of serious cardiovascular adverse events was low and post hoc analyses should therefore be interpreted with caution; however, the relative risk seemed unaffected by preexisting cardiovascular disease or risk factors.
Sclerostin is expressed in the vasculature, predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells in the media. However, preclinical and genetic studies have not demonstrated any increased cardiovascular risk with continuously low sclerostin levels or inhibition of sclerostin. Furthermore, no potential mechanisms for such an effect have been identified.
In conclusion, while there is no preclinical or genetic evidence of a harmful effect of sclerostin inhibition on cardiovascular safety, the evidence from the large clinical trials in postmenopausal women is conflicting. Romosozumab should therefore be used for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk of fracture after careful consideration of the cardiovascular risk and the balance between benefits and risks.
Regulation of hippocampal excitatory synapses by the Zdhhc5 palmitoyl acyltransferase
Authors: Shimell Jordan J. , Globa Andrea , Sepers Marja D. , Wild Angela R. , Matin Nusrat , Raymond Lynn A. , Bamji Shernaz X. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Palmitoylation is the most common post-translational lipid modification in the brain; however, the role of palmitoylation and palmitoylating enzymes in the nervous system remains elusive. One of these enzymes, Zdhhc5, has previously been shown to regulate synapse plasticity. Here, we report that Zdhhc5 is also essential for the formation of excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate in vitro that this is dependent on the enzymatic activity of Zdhhc5, its localization at the plasma membrane and its C-terminal domain, which has been shown to be truncated in a patient with schizophrenia. Loss of Zdhhc5 in mice results in a decrease in the density of excitatory hippocampal synapses accompanied by alterations in membrane capacitance and synaptic currents, consistent with an overall decrease in spine number and silent synapses. These findings reveal an important role for Zdhhc5 in the formation and/or maintenance of excitatory synapses.
A thermoregulatory role for the medullary raphe in birds
Authors: Cristina-Silva Caroline , Gargaglioni Luciane H. , Bícego Kênia Cardoso 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe brainstem region medullary raphe modulates non-shivering and shivering thermogenesis and cutaneous vasomotion in rodents. Whether the same scenario occurs in the other endothermic group, i.e. birds, is still unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that the medullary raphe modulates heat gain and loss thermoeffectors in birds. We investigated the effect of glutamatergic and GABAergic inhibition in this specific region on body temperature (Tb), oxygen consumption (thermogenesis), ventilation (O2 supply in cold, thermal tachypnea in heat) and heat loss index (cutaneous vasomotion) in 1 week old chicken exposed to neutral (31°C), cold (26°C) and hot (36°C) conditions. Intra-medullary raphe antagonism of NMDA glutamate (AP5; 0.5, 5 mmol l−1) and GABAA (bicuculline; 0.05, 0.5 mmol l−1) receptors reduced Tb of chicks at 31 and 26°C, mainly as a result of an O2 consumption decrease. AP5 transiently increased breathing frequency during cold exposure. At 31°C, heat loss index was higher in the bicuculline and AP5 groups (higher doses) than in the saline groups at the beginning of the Tb reduction. No treatment affected any variable tested at 36°C. The results suggest that glutamatergic and GABAergic excitatory influences on the medullary raphe of chicks modulate thermogenesis, and glutamatergic stimulation prevents tachypnea, without having any role in warmth-defense responses. A double excitation influence on the medullary raphe may provide a protective neural mechanism for supporting thermogenesis during early life, when energy expenditure to support growth and homeothermy is high. This novel demonstration of a thermoregulatory role for the raphe in birds suggests a convergent brainstem neurochemical regulation of Tb in endotherms.
General Election Debates – Problems and Solutions
Authors: Vella Trina 
Published: March 2021

Pre-election debates are one of the most important steps in the electoral process – indeed, they serve an important public interest as they inform the American public about the issues of the day and offer a forum by which candidate proposed solutions may be heard. However, pre-election debates are led by moderators who generally do not have expertise in many of their key topic areas, such as law or judicial studies; and because of this, the propositions and arguments made by candidates in the pre-election time may be de-contextualized during debates such that the voting public may be misled in terms of the practicality of candidate positions. It is not unusual for individuals to unwittingly make propositions which insufficiently account for the confines of governmental structures, norms, and institutions in important ways. Likewise, it is not expectable for candidate to have absolute expertise in all areas of the debate, such as from health care to international law. This presents a real and pressing problem or issue for the quality of debates and democracy. It would be useful for pre-election debates to have additional facilitators present to provide basic factual and scientific information, as well to define key terms and principles relevant to American government and political life. Thus, given the current format of pre-election debates, this policy brief offers proposals to increase voter awareness and thus strengthen American democracy through amendments to the pre-election debate format for general elections.
Demand Pooling in Omnichannel Operations
Authors: Hu Ming , Xu Xiaolin , Xue Weili , Yang Yi 
Published: March 2021

Both traditional retailers and e-tailers have been implementing omnichannel strategies such as buy online, pick up at store (BOPS). We build a stylized model to investigate the impact of the BOPS initiative on store operations from an inventory perspective. We consider two segments of customers, namely store-only customers who only make purchases offline and omni-customers who strategically choose between offline and online channels. We show that BOPS may either benefit or hurt the retailer depending on two fundamental system primitives: the store visiting cost and the online waiting cost. If the online waiting cost is relatively low and the store visiting cost is even lower, BOPS can induce omni-customers to migrate from online buying to BOPS, leading to demand pooling at the brick-and-mortar (B&M) store. Such demand pooling provides two benefits for the retailer: it reduces the overstocking cost, and after inventory reoptimization, it results in a higher fill rate at the B&M store, which benefits existing customers and potentially attracts more customers to the store. In contrast, if both store visiting and online waiting costs are relatively high with the latter even higher, introducing BOPS can result in demand depooling as a result of the migration of the omni-customers from offline purchasing to BOPS. This leads to a lower fill rate after inventory reoptimization, likely the result of a lower profit margin under BOPS, which turns away store-only customers and hurts the retailer. This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.
Converting the guided modes of Bloch surface waves with the surface pattern
Authors: Tang Xi , Luo Haoqi , Chen Junxue , Badugu Ramachandram , Wang Pei , Lakowicz Joseph R. , Zhang Douguo 
Published: March 2021

The guided modes of Bloch surface waves, such as the transverse electric modes (TE00 and TE01 modes), can simultaneously exist in a low-refractive-index ridge waveguide with subwavelength thicknesses that are deposited on an all-dielectric one-dimensional photonic crystal. By using the finite-difference frequency-domain method, coupled mode theory, and the finite-difference time-domain method, the conversion between the guided modes has been investigated. This conversion can be realized in a broadband wavelength with the surface pattern of this low-index ridge. This conversion is useful for developing lab-on-a-chip photonic devices, such as a mode converter that can maintain the output mode purity over 90% with a working wavelength ranging from 590 to 680 nm, and a power splitter that can maintain the splitting ratio over 8:2 with a wavelength ranging from 530 to 710 nm.
Vibrational strong coupling between Tamm phonon polaritons and organic molecules
Authors: Xu Chenran , Cai Han , Wang Da-Wei 
Published: March 2021

Phonon polaritons (PhPs) have a long lifetime and high confinement of light fields compared with their plasmonic counterparts in the mid-infrared range. Thus, PhPs are promising candidates for realizing vibrational strong coupling (VSC) with molecules. However, VSCs of PhPs in nanoresonators and thin films require the near-field technique and are limited to the transverse magnetic mode. Here we propose a new configuration based on the Tamm structure, which supports PhPs excited by the free-space incident light in both transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic modes. The VSC of a 300 nm thick molecular layer can be achieved with

21

c
m

−
1

Rabi splitting, according to the numerically obtained angle resolved reflectivity spectra with the transfer matrix method. Our findings provide a promising platform for applications in free-space sensing of vibrational modes and control of chemical reactions in compact devices.
Tunable electromagnetically induced transparency metamaterial based on solid-state plasma: from a narrow band to a broad one
Authors: Chen Quanfang , Li Fenying , Zhang Dan , Zhang Haifeng 
Published: March 2021

Based on solid-state plasma (SSP), an electromagnetically induced transparent (EIT) metamaterial is proposed. Simulations illustrate that the given metamaterial has the characteristics of adjustment, polarization insensitivity, and low dissipation. Because SSP can be coordinated in state I, the ideal transmittance frequency band can cover 8.0335–9.02531 GHz (a narrow band). If the regulatory status is switched to state II, that frequency region will alter to 9.7982–12.9275 GHz (a broad band). As SSP can be switched back and forth between states I and II under actual demand, the tailored EIT metamaterial can be achieved. The maximum group delays of state I and state II are 0.9437 ns and 0.5546 ns, respectively, and the maximum group refractive indices are 526.60 and 300.45, respectively, which conforms to its slow light characteristic. Regardless of how the polarization angle changes, the two transmission valleys of state I are at 7.9172 GHz and 10.4446 GHz, and the transmission peak is situated at 8.2091 GHz, and those values of state II are 9.3777 GHz, 13.9600 GHz, and 10.1920 GHz, respectively, which proves that the obtained EIT is polarization independent and also has a low dissipation factor. Such an EIT metamaterial has excellent properties in sensing, communication, slow light, and other fields.
Inverse design of unparametrized nanostructures by generating images from spectra
Authors: Malkiel Itzik , Mrejen Michael , Wolf Lior , Suchowski Haim 
Published: March 2021

Recently, there has been an increasing number of studies applying machine learning techniques for the design of nanostructures. Most of these studies train a deep neural network (DNN) to approximate the highly nonlinear function of the underlying physical mapping between spectra and nanostructures. At the end of training, the DNN allows an on-demand design of nanostructures, i.e., the model can infer nanostructure geometries for desired spectra. While these approaches have presented a new paradigm, they are limited in the complexity of the structures proposed, often bound to parametric geometries. Here we introduce spectra2pix, which is a DNN trained to generate 2D images of the target nanostructures. By predicting an image, our model architecture is not limited to a closed set of nanostructure shapes, and can be trained for the design of a much wider space of geometries. We show, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a successful generalization ability, by designing completely unseen shapes of geometries. We attribute the successful generalization to the ability of a pixel-wise architecture to learn local properties of the meta-material, therefore mimicking faithfully the underlying physical process. Importantly, beyond synthetical data, we show our model generalization capability on real experimental data.
Mid-infrared interference coatings with excess optical loss below 10  ppm
Authors: Winkler G. , Perner L. W. , Truong G.-W. , Zhao G. , Bachmann D. , Mayer A. S. , Fellinger J. , Follman D. , Heu P. , Deutsch C. , Bailey D. M. , Peelaers H. , Puchegger S. , Fleisher A. J. , Cole G. D. , Heckl O. H. 
Published: March 2021

Low excess optical loss, combined absorption and scatter loss, is a key performance metric for any high-reflectance coating technology and is currently one of the main limiting factors for the application of optical resonators in the mid-infrared spectral region. Here we present high-reflectivity substrate-transferred single-crystal GaAs/AlGaAs interference coatings at a center wavelength of 4.54 µm with record-low excess optical loss below 10 parts per million. These high-performance mirrors are realized via a novel microfabrication process that differs significantly from the production of amorphous multilayers generated via physical vapor deposition processes. This new process enables reduced scatter loss due to the low surface and interfacial roughness, while low background doping in epitaxial growth ensures strongly reduced absorption. We report on a suite of optical measurements, including cavity ring-down, transmittance spectroscopy, and direct absorption tests to reveal the optical losses for a set of prototype mirrors. In the course of these measurements, we observe a unique polarization-orientation-dependent loss mechanism which we attribute to elastic anisotropy of these strained epitaxial multilayers. A future increase in layer count and a corresponding reduction of transmittance will enable optical resonators with a finesse in excess of 100,000 in the mid-infrared spectral region, allowing for advances in high-resolution spectroscopy, narrow-linewidth laser stabilization, and ultrasensitive measurements of various light–matter interactions.
Lamellar hafnium ditelluride as an ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering platform for label-free detection of uric acid
Authors: Li Yang , Chen Haolin , Guo Yanxian , Wang Kangkang , Zhang Yue , Lan Peilin , Guo Jinhao , Zhang Wen , Zhong Huiqing , Guo Zhouyi , Zhuang Zhengfei , Liu Zhiming 
Published: March 2021

The development of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides has been in a rapid growth phase for the utilization in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis. Here, we report a promising 2D transition metal tellurides (TMTs) material, hafnium ditelluride (

HfTe

2

), as an ultrasensitive platform for Raman identification of trace molecules, which demonstrates extraordinary SERS activity in sensitivity, uniformity, and reproducibility. The highest Raman enhancement factor of

2.32
×

10

6

is attained for a rhodamine 6G molecule through the highly efficient charge transfer process at the interface between the

HfTe

2

layered structure and the adsorbed molecules. At the same time, we provide an effective route for large-scale preparation of SERS substrates in practical applications via a facile stripping strategy. Further application of the nanosheets for reliable, rapid, and label-free SERS fingerprint analysis of uric acid molecules, one of the biomarkers associated with gout disease, is performed, which indicates arresting SERS signals with the limits of detection as low as 0.1 mmol/L. The study based on this type of 2D SERS substrate not only reveals the feasibility of applying TMTs to SERS analysis, but also paves the way for nanodiagnostics, especially early marker detection.
Healthcare without borders: A cross-sectional study of immigrant and nonimmigrant children admitted to a large public sector hospital in the Gauteng Province of South Africa
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Gerhard H. , Feucht Ute Dagmar , Makin Jennifer , le Clus Nanya , Avenant Theunis 
Published: March 2021

Background
Human migration is a worldwide phenomenon that receives considerable attention from the media and healthcare authorities alike. A significant proportion of children seen at public sector health facilities in South Africa (SA) are immigrants, and gaps have previously been noted in their healthcare provision.
The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics and differences between the immigrant and SA children admitted to Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital (KPTH), a large public sector hospital in the urban Gauteng Province of SA.

Methods and findings
A cross-sectional study was conducted over a 4-month period during 2016 to 2017. Information was obtained through a structured questionnaire and health record review. The enrolled study participants included 508 children divided into 2 groups, namely 271 general paediatric patients and 237 neonates. Twenty-five percent of children in the neonatal group and 22.5% in the general paediatric group were immigrants. The parents/caregivers of the immigrant group had a lower educational level (p < 0.0001 neonatal and paediatric), lower income (neonatal p < 0.001; paediatric p = 0.024), difficulty communicating in English (p < 0.001 neonatal and paediatric), and were more likely residing in informal settlements (neonatal p = 0.001; paediatric p = 0.007) compared to the SA group. In the neonatal group, there was no difference in the number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, type of delivery, gestational age, and birth weight. In the general paediatric group, there was no difference in immunisation and vitamin A supplementation coverage, but when comparing growth, the immigrant group had more malnutrition compared to the SA group (p = 0.029 for wasting). There was no difference in the prevalence of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with equally good prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) coverage. There was also no difference in reported difficulties by immigrants in terms of access to healthcare (neonatal p = 0.379; paediatric p = 0.246), although a large proportion (10%) of the neonates of immigrant mothers were born outside a medical facility.

Conclusions
Although there were health-related differences between immigrant and SA children accessing in-hospital care, these were fewer than expected. Differences were found in parental educational level and socioeconomic factors, but these did not significantly affect ANC attendance, delivery outcomes, immunisation coverage, HIV prevalence, or PMTCT coverage. The immigrant population should be viewed as a high-risk group, with potential problems including suboptimal child growth. Health workers should advocate for all children in the community they are serving and promote tolerance, respect, and equal healthcare access.