bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cervical spine demonstrates less postoperative bone loss than the lumbar spine
Authors: Salzmann Stephan N. , Okano Ichiro , Miller Courtney Ortiz , Chiapparelli Erika , Reisener Marie‐Jacqueline , Amini Dominik Adl , Winter Fabian , Shue Jennifer , Carrino John A. , Sama Andrew A. , Cammisa Frank P. , Girardi Federico P. , Hughes Alexander P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study is to determine the bone mineral density (BMD) changes in adjacent vertebra following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Consecutive patients undergoing ACDF with available preoperative and postoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging were included. Quantitative CT measurements of screw‐free cervical and first thoracic vertebra were performed. Comparisons between pre‐ and postoperative BMD in the vertebrae one or two levels above the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV + 1, UIV + 2) and one level below the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV + 1) were assessed. Seventy‐two patients (men, 66.7%) met the inclusion criteria. The patient population was 91.7% Caucasian with a mean age of 55.0 years. The mean interval (±SD) between surgery and secondary CT was 157 ± 23 days. Preoperative BMD (±SD) in UIV + 1 was 300.6 ± 66.2 mg/cm3. There was a significant BMD loss of 1.5% at UIV + 1 after surgery, resulting in a postoperative BMD of 296.2 ± 64.8 mg/cm3 (p = .029). At UIV + 2 and LIV + 1, no significant differences between pre‐ and postoperative BMD (304.7 ± 75.7 mg/cm3 vs. 299.8 ± 74.3 mg/cm3, 197.3 ± 50.4 mg/cm3 vs. 200.8 ± 48.7 mg/cm3, p = .113 and p = .078, respectively) were observed.Clinical significanceOur results demonstrate a small BMD decrease of 1.5% at UIV + 1. This suggests that the effect of ACDF surgery on the adjacent levels might be smaller compared to the previously described lumbar BMD loss of 10%–20% following posterior lumbar fusion procedures.
Smokeless tobacco analysis: Simultaneous extraction and purification of alkaloids, volatile N‐nitrosamines, and polycyclic hydrocarbons for GC‐MS/MS
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Qin Yaqiong , Nie Cong , Guo Junwei , Pan Lining , Xie Fuwei , Wang Sheng , Wang Bing , Zhao Xiaodong , Wang Baolin , Jia Guotao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeveral smokeless tobacco products are available in the market and comprise complex chemical matrices. Sample preparation for analysis of the multiple classes of harmful compounds in smokeless tobacco products is highly cumbersome. In this study, a simultaneous extraction scheme was developed for three toxic analyte classes in smokeless tobacco products using a two‐phase solution consisting of 5% aqueous NaOH and dichloromethane in a 1:4 ratio. The dichloromethane extract was used to analyze four alkaloids directly at levels greater than parts per million; however, passing the layer through a silica cartridge for further purification and concentration was necessary for determining 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and four volatile N‐nitrosoamines at the ppt level. The multitargets were determined by using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection for the 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, four volatile N‐nitrosoamines, three minor alkaloids, and nicotine were 0.2‐1.2, 0.2‐0.4, 0.6‐1.0, and 10.2 μg/g, respectively. Four different smokeless tobacco substrates were fortified with three levels of mixed standards, and the recoveries ranged between 83 and 110%. The method was highly efficient, reduced the sample amounts, solvents, and the time required by approximately 60%. The method was used to assay 18 smokeless tobacco products, and showed potentials in assaying drugs and other plant‐based substrates.
Research status and progress of lidar for atmosphere in China
Authors: Huige Di , Xiao Li , Dengxin Hua , Siwen Li 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLidar is an active remote sensing instrument, and it has been widely used in the detection of atmospheric environmental parameters and meteorological parameters. In recent years, climate change has been widely concerned by the public, and the corresponding atmospheric detection technology has also been developed rapidly. Atmospheric Lidar has been developed rapidly in China, and has achieved good research achievements. The research progress and development status of Lidar for atmospheric detection in recent years are introduced and summarized in this invited paper. The advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of atmospheric detection Lidars and their applications in different detection objects are comprehensively introduced in this article. Finally, the bottlenecks of Lidar technology are summarized, and the development trend of Lidar is also prospected.
A numerical technique based on B‐spline for a class of time‐fractional diffusion equation
Authors: Roul Pradip , Goura V. M. K. Prasad , Cavoretto Roberto 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an efficient numerical technique for solving a class of time‐fractional diffusion equation. The time‐fractional derivative is described in the Caputo form. The L1 scheme is used for discretization of Caputo fractional derivative and a collocation approach based on sextic B‐spline basis function is employed for discretization of space variable. The unconditional stability of the fully‐discrete scheme is analyzed. Two numerical examples are considered to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of our scheme. The proposed scheme is shown to be sixth order accuracy with respect to space variable and (2 − α)‐th order accuracy with respect to time variable, where α is the order of temporal fractional derivative. The numerical results obtained are compared with other existing numerical methods to justify the advantage of present method. The CPU time for the proposed scheme is provided.
COVID‐19 has changed the way we think about training future pediatric hematologists/oncologists
Authors: Moerdler Scott , Gampel Bradley , Levine Jennifer M , Chou Alexander , Madhusoodhan Pallavi , Oberg Jennifer A. , Pierro Joanna , Roberts Stephen S. , Satwani Prakash 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 has upended medical practice and education, but has also catalyzed enhancements in the field. Early on, a local group of researchers united to investigate the impact of the pandemic on pediatric hematology oncology (PHO). From this group, a regional educational series was established, “virtual‐Symposium of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of New York” (v‐SYMPHONY). The implementation of these endeavors while PHO fellowship applications are declining has highlighted our perceptions that education, mentoring, and career expectations are not keeping up with the needs of current trainees. We describe our regional experience joining together to further education and research, and reflect on the current landscape of PHO training and workforce.
‘S13‐1955C’: A high‐yielding conventional soybean with high oil content, multiple disease resistance, and broad adaptation
Authors: Chen P. , Shannon G. , Scaboo A. , Crisel M. , Smothers S. , Clubb M. , Selves S. , Vieira C. C. , Ali M. L. , Lee D. , Nguyen H. T. , Li Z. , Mitchum M. G. , Bond J. , Meinhardt C. , Usovsky M. , Li S. , Mengistu A. , Robbins R. T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe conventional Maturity Group V soybean [Glycine max (L). Merr.] cultivar ‘S13‐1955C’ (Reg. no. CV‐540, PI 695317) was developed and released by the University of Missouri–Fisher Delta Research Center soybean breeding program in 2019. Plants of S13‐1955C have determinate growth habit, white flowers, tawny pubescence, tan pod wall, and seed with black hilum. It has high oil content (227.4 g kg−1) and broad disease resistance including soybean cyst nematode, southern root‐knot nematode, reniform nematode, sudden death syndrome, and frogeye leaf spot. S13‐1955C was tested in 177 environments across 13 states and averaged 101% of the check yield in Missouri and the southern states from 2014 to 2019.
Registration of ‘Georgia‐Val/HO’ peanut
Authors: Branch W. D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract‘Georgia‐Val/HO’ (Reg. no. CV‐143, PI 695316) is a new high‐yielding, high‐oleic, large‐podded, large‐seeded, valencia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata var. fastigiata) cultivar. Georgia‐Val/HO has an atypical semi‐prostrate growth habit and medium maturity, but typical valencia three seed per pod and red testa color. It also has moderate resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease. Georgia‐Val/HO was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station in 2020 and was developed at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. It was developed from an intersubspecific cross made in 2010 between two Georgia cultivars, ‘Georgia‐11J’ (ssp. hypogaea) and ‘Georgia Valencia’ (ssp. fastigiata). During 4 yr (2016–2019) averaged across two planting dates (April and May), Georgia‐Val/HO had significantly less total disease incidence and higher pod yield, total sound mature kernel (TSMK) grade, and dollar values compared with six other valencia cultivars in Georgia. Georgia‐Val/HO had significantly higher overall performance at both early April and optimum May planting dates. Georgia‐Val/HO combines high yield, TSMK grade, and dollar value with large pods and seed and the high O/L ratio trait for longer shelf life of peanut and peanut products.
A model for the carbon fiber breakage along the twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Malatyali Hatice , Schöppner Volker , Rabeneck Nils , Hanselle Felix , Austermeier Laura , Karch David 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCarbon fiber‐reinforced plastics (CFRP) are widely used in the plastics industry. The production of CFRP is mostly carried out on the twin‐screw extruder. Many different process variables change the process ability and the final fiber length in the product. In the literature, some models for fiber length decrease along the extruder with glass fibers can be found. The effects of the processing conditions on the final length for glass fiber are determined. In comparison, the incorporation behavior of the carbon fibers are not sufficiently analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to predict the fiber breakage along the screw for carbon fibers. First of all, the buckling case must be determined. The basis of the modeling is a fragmentation equation, for which a break probability and a break rate are defined. A comparison with experimental data shows satisfactory results.
Determination of tigecycline in human lung epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a cellular pharmacokinetics study
Authors: Yang Qianting , Xie Jiao , Wang Haitao , Zhang Yanping , Zhao Yang , Li Sha , Zhang Kanghuai , Dong Yalin 
Published: April 2021

RationaleIn order to characterize the intracellular pharmacokinetic properties of tigecycline, we developed and fully validated a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for quantification of tigecycline in human lung epithelial (BEAS‐2B) cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs).MethodsTetracycline was used as an internal standard and chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 Hypersil Gold aQ column using two mobile phases, a solution of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min for 5.0 min. Tigecycline drug uptake was evaluated by incubating the BEAS‐2B cells and the PMNs for up to 3 h at tigecycline concentrations of 1 mg/L.ResultsThe assay was linear over the tested concentration range of 0.01–2 mg/L for tigecycline in BEAS‐2B cells and PMNs (r2 >0.99). The inter‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD, %) were <10.02% and the accuracies (%) were within the range of 85–115%. The uptake study showed that after incubation with tigecycline (1 mg/L) for 3 h at 37°C, the intracellular peak concentration of BEAS‐2B cells was 14.44 ± 7.12 mg/L at 1 h, and 41.43 ± 25.66 mg/L in PMNs at 20 min. The mean intracellular concentrations fluctuated in the range of 0.8–14.44 mg/L in BEAS‐2B cells and 10.14–41.43 mg/L in PMNs for 1 mg/L tigecycline exposure.ConclusionsValidated LC/MS/MS is a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for determining the intracellular concentration of tigecycline, and tigecycline has good penetrations both in human BEAS‐2B cells and PMNs. The method can be efficiently used for future studies of the intracellular pharmacokinetics of tigecycline.
Werkzeuge für die digitale Transformation des Hochbaus
Authors: Schmid Fabian , Blandini Lucio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDie Fortschritte der Informations‐ und Kommunikationstechnik verändern zunehmend Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Im Bauwesen wirken sich diese Veränderungen bislang jedoch weniger stark aus als in anderen Branchen. Das Potenzial digitaler Werkzeuge wird aktuell insbesondere bei komplexen Großprojekten bereichsweise genutzt. Gewerke‐ und disziplinenübergreifende Ansätze zu Automatisierung, Systematisierung und Strukturierung sind somit noch nicht umfassend im Bauwesen etabliert und kommen bei der Anwendung an Grenzen. Ausschlaggebend hierfür ist sicher die Fragmentierung des Sektors. Verschiedene Forschungsprojekte befassen sich mit der Frage, wie eine umfassende und durchgehende Digitalisierung erreicht werden kann. Eines dieser Projekte ist das Forschungsprojekt DigitalTWIN. Das multidisziplinär besetzte Team untersucht mit einem Fokus auf den Hochbau und am Beispiel von Stahl‐Glas‐Konstruktionen, wie die Fragmentierung der Branche mittels durchgehender, digital gestützter Prozesse reduziert werden kann. Hierfür wurden Randparameter des Markts identifiziert und exemplarische Schnittstellen entwickelt. Dabei wurden Methoden, Technologien und Dienste des Industriellen Internets der Dinge (Industrial Internet of Things), der Gebäudedatenmodellierung (Building Information Modeling) sowie der Erweiterten Realität (Extended Reality) bzw. der Datenerhebung und Datennutzung zusammengeführt. Die erarbeiteten Lösungen ermöglichen den beteiligten Akteuren, aktuelle und neue IT‐Dienste zielgerichteter, niederschwelliger und sicher zu nutzen.
Open volumetric air receiver: An innovative application and a major challenge
Authors: Kumar Vishwa Deepak , Upadhyay Vikas K. , Singh Gurveer , Mukhopadhyay Sudipto , Chandra Laltu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe open volumetric air receiver (OVAR) based systems can be used for metals processing operation, such as, the heat treatment of aluminum. Some important aspects, related to the technology adaptation, are (a) the selection of receiver design, (b) the integration of an application, based on hot air, with an OVAR, and (c) mitigation of dust deposition in the porous absorber of an OVAR. Therefore, the presented aspects are (a) literature review on the porous absorbers for OVARs, (b) literature review on solar furnace, and an innovative OVAR‐based solar convective furnace (SCF) for the heat treatment of aluminum, and (c) mechanism of transport and deposition of dust in an absorber pore. These reveal that (a) the design improvements are required, to enhance the thermal efficiency of OVARs, for an input power to air mass flow rate ratio exceeding 900 kJ/kg, (b) the SCF system, based on OVAR, is plausible, and (c) the dust deposition in an absorber pore may be mitigated. The findings will be useful for deployment and operation of the OVAR based systems in arid deserts.This article is categorized under:
Solar Heating and Cooling > Science and Materials
Characterization of the nanomechanical properties of the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) cell surface by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Gibbs Ellie , Hsu Justine , Barth Kathryn , Goss John W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVariations in cell wall composition and biomechanical properties can contribute to the cellular plasticity required during complex processes such as polarized growth and elongation in microbial cells. This study utilizes atomic force microscopy (AFM) to map the cell surface topography of fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, at the pole regions and to characterize the biophysical properties within these regions under physiological, hydrated conditions. High‐resolution images acquired from AFM topographic scanning reveal decreased surface roughness at the cell poles. Force extension curves acquired by nanoindentation probing with AFM cantilever tips under low applied force revealed increased cell wall deformation and decreased cellular stiffness (cellular spring constant) at cell poles (17 ± 4 mN/m) relative to the main body of the cell that is not undergoing growth and expansion (44 ± 10 mN/m). These findings suggest that the increased deformation and decreased stiffness at regions of polarized growth at fission yeast cell poles provide the plasticity necessary for cellular extension. This study provides a direct biophysical characterization of the S. pombe cell surface by AFM, and it provides a foundation for future investigation of how the surface topography and local nanomechanical properties vary during different cellular processes.
Animals in Our Midst: An Introduction
Authors: Keulartz Jozef , Bovenkerk Bernice 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this introduction we describe how the world has changed for animals in the Anthropocene—the current age, in which human activities have influenced the planet on a scale never seen before. In this era, we find many different types of animals in our midst: some—in particular livestock—are both victims of and unwittingly complicit in causing the Anthropocene. Others are forced to respond to new environmental conditions. Think of animals that due to climate change can no longer survive in their native habitats or wild animals that in response to habitat loss and fragmentation are forced to live in urban areas. Some animals are being domesticated or in contrast de-domesticated, and yet others are going extinct or in contrast are being resurrected. These changing conditions have led to new tensions between humans and other animals. How can we shape our relationships with all these different animals in a rapidly changing world in such a way that both animal welfare and species diversity are not further affected? We describe how animal ethics is changing in these trying times and illustrate the impacts of Anthropocene conditions on animals by zooming in on one country where many problems, such as biodiversity loss and landscape degradation, converge, the Netherlands. We conclude by giving an overview of the different chapters in this volume, which are organised into five parts: animal agents, domesticated animals, urban animals, wild animals and animal artefacts.
Introduction to the special issue: value sensitive design: charting the next decade
Authors: Friedman Batya , Harbers Maaike , Hendry David G. , van den Hoven Jeroen , Jonker Catholijn , Logler Nick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this article, we introduce the Special Issue, Value Sensitive Design: Charting the Next Decade, which arose from a week-long workshop hosted by Lorentz Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, November 14–18, 2016. Forty-one researchers and designers, ranging in seniority from doctoral students to full professors, from Australia, Europe, and North America, and representing a wide range of academic fields participated in the workshop. The first article in the special issue puts forward eight grand challenges for value sensitive design to help guide and shape the field. It is followed by 16 articles consisting of value sensitive design nuggets—short pieces of writing on a new idea, method, challenge, application, or other concept that engages some aspect of value sensitive design. The nuggets are grouped into three clusters: theory, method, and applications. Taken together the grand challenges and nuggets point the way forward for value sensitive design into the next decade and beyond.
Just society
Authors: Sarin Rakesh K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractI examine the foundations of a just society using the lens of decision theory. The conception of just society is from an individual’s viewpoint: where would I rather live if I have an equal chance of being any individual? Three alternative designs for a just society are examined. These are: laissez-faire, maximin and social minimum. Two assumptions about human nature clarify the distinction among three societies. The first assumption is that a representative individual’s utility function is concave. The second assumption recognizes that redistribution to achieve equality reduces total wealth. A rational individual would prefer a society where one is free to maximize one’s expected utility. A social minimum that includes both the provision of essential human needs and equality of opportunity (education, healthcare, access to capital) for a flourishing life emerges as a candidate solution for the basic structure of society.
The number but not the variety of nonprofit organizations affects donations: evidence from an experiment
Authors: Degli Antoni Giacomo , Faillo Marco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe provide experimental evidence on the total and the per-capita amount of collected donations at the increase of the number and variety of organizations available for donations. We vary the number of organizations, their type (nonprofit associations and community foundations) and their charitable purposes (to help people with economic difficulties or disabilities). We show that the number, but not the variety, of nonprofit organizations positively affects the total collected donations. Moreover, we find that, when the number of organizations increases, the inelasticity of total donations to the increase in the number of organizations leads to a reduction in the average amount of collected donations.
Oligodendroglial GABAergic Signaling: More Than Inhibition!
Authors: Bai Xianshu , Kirchhoff Frank , Scheller Anja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS acting at two distinct types of receptor: ligand-gated ionotropic GABAA receptors and G protein-coupled metabotropic GABAB receptors, thus mediating fast and slow inhibition of excitability at central synapses. GABAergic signal transmission has been intensively studied in neurons in contrast to oligodendrocytes and their precursors (OPCs), although the latter express both types of GABA receptor. Recent studies focusing on interneuron myelination and interneuron-OPC synapses have shed light on the importance of GABA signaling in the oligodendrocyte lineage. In this review, we start with a short summary on GABA itself and neuronal GABAergic signaling. Then, we elaborate on the physiological role of GABA receptors within the oligodendrocyte lineage and conclude with a description of these receptors as putative targets in treatments of CNS diseases.