bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into the Relations between Particle Size and Physicochemical Properties of Starch Nanoparticles Prepared by Combining High‐Speed Shearing with Precipitation
Authors: Wu Xiaonian , Xiao Yiwei , Zhang Biao , Luo Feijun , Lin Qinlu , Ding Yongbo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study is the first to investigate the relations between particle size and physicochemical properties of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) prepared by the combination of high‐speed shearing and precipitation. Results show that this new approach allows to produce SNPs in nanoscale range of 157.8–859.4 nm by modifying the main operating parameters regarding the effect of starch variety, shearing speed, and shearing time. Interestingly, with decreasing the average particle size of potato starch nanoparticles (PtS‐SNPs), the apparent amylose content, solubility, loss modulus, flow behavior index, rapidly digestible starch content, equilibrium hydrolysis percentage, and kinetic constant increased, whereas the swelling power, storage modulus, consistency coefficient, slowly digestible starch content, resistant starch content decreased. These findings suggest the significant impact of average particle size on the physicochemical properties of PtS‐SNPs, which provides useful information for the utilization of these size controlled PtS‐SNPs with desirable physicochemical properties in product development for different demands.
A new subfamily classification of the Citrus family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers
Authors: Appelhans Marc S. , Bayly Michael J. , Heslewood Margaret M. , Groppo Milton , Verboom G. Anthony , Forster Paul I. , Kallunki Jacquelyn A. , Duretto Marco F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRutaceae is a family of angiosperms well known for the economically important genus Citrus. The division of Rutaceae into subfamilies is still inadequate and provisional. Previous phylogenetic studies at the family level are characterized by a limited sampling of genera and lack several crucial taxa. Here, we present a phylogenetic study based on six nuclear and plastid markers including 87.7% of the currently accepted genera, which is more than twice as many as in previous studies. Seven genera are included in a phylogenetic analysis for the first time. Most clades are resolved with high support, and we propose a new subfamily classification for Rutaceae that comprises the subfamilies Amyridoideae, Aurantioideae, Cneoroideae, Haplophylloideae, Rutoideae and Zanthoxyloideae. Aurantioideae is the only traditional subfamily that is resolved as monophyletic. We tested whether 13 morphological and karyological characters are taxonomically informative in Rutaceae. Chromosome numbers are clearly different in the two main clades of Rutaceae, but fruit characteristics, which have been used to define subfamilies in the past, do not distinguish between the main lineages of the family.
When Games and Gambling Collide: Modern Examples and Controversies
Authors: Wardle Heather 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe intersection of gaming and gambling has a long lineage. In recent years this process has amplified, arguably accelerated by developing technological infrastructures which facilitate rapid payment purchases and online and real-time systems which allow companies to communicate directly with users and users to communicate with each other. This chapter traces key issues relating to some notable recent examples of the gaming/gambling intersection. It includes controversies about the status of social casino games and loot boxes; the development and expansion of daily fantasy sports markets; the betting and wagering of skins won or bought through digital games, and; rising opportunities to bet on esports. Each exemplifies how these activities are products of a unique set of social and economic circumstances, how corporations are diversifying and becoming part of a more complex gaming/gambling ecosystem and using data to drive growth, all of which raise particular issues for consumer protection.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Wardle Heather 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChanging technology has accelerated the intersection between gaming and gambling products and practices, generated new products and thus created concerns about the impact of things like loot boxes or social casinos. Games which incorporate gambling-like practices (aside from generating profit) reflect the increasing normalisation of gambling within everyday life but these games also become accelerants of this trend, through the vast power and reach they have, especially among young people. Attention tends to focus on whether these practices should be defined as “gambling” or not. Whilst important, this arguably misses a range of other considerations—such as the potential exploitative or coercive nature of these products and the mechanics that underlie them. Games and gambling tend to be viewed as distinct practices but increasing intersection of products, practices and common mechanics used by both means they are increasingly viewed as intertwined, where the improbity of each will likely reflect on the other.
GPU Acceleration of Bounded Model Checking with ParaFROST
Authors: Osama Muhammad , Wijs Anton 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe effective parallelisation of Bounded Model Checking is challenging, due to SAT and SMT solving being hard to parallelise. We present ParaFROST, which is the first tool to employ a graphics processor to accelerate BMC, in particular the simplification of SAT formulas before and repeatedly during the solving, known as pre- and inprocessing. The solving itself is performed by a single CPU thread. We explain the design of the tool, the data structures, and the memory management, the latter having been particularly designed to handle SAT formulas typically generated for BMC, i.e., that are large, with many redundant variables. Furthermore, the solver can make multiple decisions simultaneously. We discuss experimental results, having applied ParaFROST on programs from the Core C99 package of Amazon Web Services.
Pono: A Flexible and Extensible SMT-Based Model Checker
Authors: Mann Makai , Irfan Ahmed , Lonsing Florian , Yang Yahan , Zhang Hongce , Brown Kristopher , Gupta Aarti , Barrett Clark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSymbolic model checking is an important tool for finding bugs (or proving the absence of bugs) in modern system designs. Because of this, improving the ease of use, scalability, and performance of model checking tools and algorithms continues to be an important research direction. In service of this goal, we present , an open-source SMT-based model checker. is designed to be both a research platform for developing and improving model checking algorithms, as well as a performance-competitive tool that can be used for academic and industry verification applications. In addition to performance, prioritizes transparency (developed as an open-source project on GitHub), flexibility ( can be adapted to a variety of tasks by exploiting its general SMT-based interface), and extensibility (it is easy to add new algorithms and new back-end solvers). In this paper, we describe the design of the tool with a focus on the flexible and extensible architecture, cover its current capabilities, and demonstrate that is competitive with state-of-the-art tools.
Model Checking Finite-Horizon Markov Chains with Probabilistic Inference
Authors: Holtzen Steven , Junges Sebastian , Vazquez-Chanlatte Marcell , Millstein Todd , Seshia Sanjit A. , Van den Broeck Guy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe revisit the symbolic verification of Markov chains with respect to finite horizon reachability properties. The prevalent approach iteratively computes step-bounded state reachability probabilities. By contrast, recent advances in probabilistic inference suggest symbolically representing all horizon-length paths through the Markov chain. We ask whether this perspective advances the state-of-the-art in probabilistic model checking. First, we formally describe both approaches in order to highlight their key differences. Then, using these insights we developRubicon, a tool that transpilesPrismmodels to the probabilistic inference tool . Finally, we demonstrate better scalability compared to probabilistic model checkers on selected benchmarks. All together, our results suggest that probabilistic inference is a valuable addition to the probabilistic model checking portfolio, withRubiconas a first step towards integrating both perspectives.
Formally Validating a Practical Verification Condition Generator
Authors: Parthasarathy Gaurav , Müller Peter , Summers Alexander J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA program verifier produces reliable results only if both the logic used to justify the program’s correctness is sound, and the implementation of the program verifier is itself correct. Whereas it is common to formally prove soundness of the logic, the implementation of a verifier typically remains unverified. Bugs in verifier implementations may compromise the trustworthiness of successful verification results. Since program verifiers used in practice are complex, evolving software systems, it is generally not feasible to formally verify their implementation.In this paper, we present an alternative approach: we validate successful runs of the widely-used Boogie verifier by producing a certificate which proves correctness of the obtained verification result. Boogie performs a complex series of program translations before ultimately generating a verification condition whose validity should imply the correctness of the input program. We show how to certify three of Boogie’s core transformation phases: the elimination of cyclic control flow paths, the (SSA-like) replacement of assignments by assumptions using fresh variables (passification), and the final generation of verification conditions. Similar translations are employed by other verifiers. Our implementation produces certificates in Isabelle, based on a novel formalisation of the Boogie language.
Automatically Tailoring Abstract Interpretation to Custom Usage Scenarios
Authors: Mansur Muhammad Numair , Mariano Benjamin , Christakis Maria , Navas Jorge A. , Wüstholz Valentin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn recent years, there has been significant progress in the development and industrial adoption of static analyzers, specifically of abstract interpreters. Such analyzers typically provide a large, if not huge, number of configurable options controlling the analysis precision and performance. A major hurdle in integrating them in the software-development life cycle is tuning their options to custom usage scenarios, such as a particular code base or certain resource constraints.In this paper, we propose a technique that automatically tailors an abstract interpreter to the code under analysis and any given resource constraints. We implement this technique in a framework, tAIlor, which we use to perform an extensive evaluation on real-world benchmarks. Our experiments show that the configurations generated by tAIlor are vastly better than the default analysis options, vary significantly depending on the code under analysis, and most remain tailored to several subsequent code versions.
Functional Correctness of C Implementations of Dijkstra’s, Kruskal’s, and Prim’s Algorithms
Authors: Mohan Anshuman , Leow Wei Xiang , Hobor Aquinas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe develop machine-checked verifications of the full functional correctness of C implementations of the eponymous graph algorithms of Dijkstra, Kruskal, and Prim. We extend Wang et al.’s CertiGraph platform to reason about labels on edges, undirected graphs, and common spatial representations of edge-labeled graphs such as adjacency matrices and edge lists. We certify binary heaps, including Floyd’s bottom-up heap construction, heapsort, and increase/decrease priority.Our verifications uncover subtle overflows implicit in standard textbook code, including a nontrivial bound on edge weights necessary to execute Dijkstra’s algorithm; we show that the intuitive guess fails and provide a workable refinement. We observe that the common notion that Prim’s algorithm requires a connected graph is wrong: we verify that a standard textbook implementation of Prim’s algorithm can compute minimum spanning forests without finding components first. Our verification of Kruskal’s algorithm reasons about two graphs simultaneously: the undirected graph undergoing MSF construction, and the directed graph representing the forest inside union-find. Our binary heap verification exposes precise bounds for the heap to operate correctly, avoids a subtle overflow error, and shows how to recycle keys to avoid overflow.
Fast Computation of Strong Control Dependencies
Authors: Chalupa Marek , Klas̆ka David , Strejček Jan , Tomovic̆ Lukás̆ 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe introduce new algorithms for computing non-termination sensitive control dependence (NTSCD) and decisive order dependence (DOD). These relations on vertices of a control flow graph have many applications including program slicing and compiler optimizations. Our algorithms are asymptotically faster than the current algorithms. We also show that the original algorithms for computing NTSCD and DOD may produce incorrect results. We implemented the new as well as fixed versions of the original algorithms for the computation of NTSCD and DOD. Experimental evaluation shows that our algorithms dramatically outperform the original ones.
Porous Invariants
Authors: Lefaucheux Engel , Ouaknine Joël , Purser David , Worrell James 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe introduce the notion of porous invariants for multipath (or branching/nondeterministic) affine loops over the integers; these invariants are not necessarily convex, and can in fact contain infinitely many ‘holes’. Nevertheless, we show that in many cases such invariants can be automatically synthesised, and moreover can be used to settle (non-)reachability questions for various interesting classes of affine loops and target sets.
Phases of five-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theories
Authors: Santilli Leonardo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Five-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 theories with gauge group U(N), SU(N), USp(2N) and SO(N) are studied at large rank through localization on a large sphere. The phase diagram of theories with fundamental hypermultiplets is universal and characterized by third order phase transitions, with the exception of U(N), that shows both second and third order transitions. The phase diagram of theories with adjoint or (anti-)symmetric hypermultiplets is also determined and found to be universal. Moreover, Wilson loops in fundamental and antisymmetric representations of any rank are analyzed in this limit. Quiver theories are discussed as well. All the results substantiate the ℱ-theorem.
Sugar and no sugar added fruit microalgae-enriched jams: a study about their physicochemical, rheological, and textural properties
Authors: Uribe-Wandurraga Zaida Natalia , Bravo-Villar María , Igual Marta , Savall Carmen , García-Segovia Purificación , Martínez-Monzó Javier 
Published: July 2021

AbstractJams are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar. Due to this, health concerns of consumers have resulted in a sugar reduction, and its replacement using alternative sweeteners and introducing new ingredients enhancing nutritional properties. In this study, four types of fruits jams (plum, strawberry, apple, and peach), with or without sugar, were prepared using two microalgae biomass, Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) and Chlorella vulgaris, and Dunaliella salina extract as ingredients at different mix levels of concentrations, 0.10%–0.10%–0.05% respectively, for plum; 0.04%–0.00%–0.01 respectively, for strawberry; 0.06%–0.04%–0.00% respectively, for apple and 0.00%–0.01%–0.04% respectively, for peach. Physicochemical, rheological, and textural parameters were evaluated. Substitution of sugar/fructose syrup in the jam’s preparation caused changes in pH values, solid soluble content, and rheological and textural properties compared to sugar jams. Using sugar or sweeteners as isomalt, stevia and sucralose and microalgae biomass or extract showed significant changes in colour coordinates, however, these differences were not perceptible by the human eye. Jams containing microalgae biomass-extract showed higher G', G'', G*, and η* values than their corresponding control samples. All the jams presented weak-gel characteristics, distinguishing fruit jams. However, the results of weak-gel model analysis suggest that the influence of the different ingredients in the food system depends not only on their concentration but also on the interactions in the gel structure. Strawberry and apple jams showed no significant differences between microalgae biomass-extract samples and control samples, for both sugar and no sugar added jams being the best-obtained samples.
Radiotherapy planning parameters correlate with changes in the peripheral immune status of patients undergoing curative radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Hoffmann Elgin , Paulsen Frank , Schaedle Philipp , Zips Daniel , Gani Cihan , Rammensee Hans-Georg , Gouttefangeas Cécile , Eckert Franziska 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The influence of radiotherapy on patient immune cell subsets has been established by several groups. Following a previously published analysis of immune changes during and after curative radiotherapy for prostate cancer, this analysis focused on describing correlations of changes of immune cell subsets with radiation treatment parameters.

Patients and methods
For 13 patients treated in a prospective trial with radiotherapy to the prostate region (primary analysis) and five patients treated with radiotherapy to prostate and pelvic nodal regions (exploratory analysis), already published immune monitoring data were correlated with clinical data as well as radiation planning parameters such as clinical target volume (CTV) and volumes receiving 20 Gy (V20) for newly contoured volumes of pelvic blood vessels and bone marrow.

Results
Most significant changes among immune cell subsets were observed at the end of radiotherapy. In contrast, correlations of age and CD8+ subsets (effector and memory cells) were observed early during and 3 months after radiotherapy. Ratios of T cells and T cell proliferation compared to baseline correlated with CTV. Early changes in regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and CD8+ effector T cells correlated with V20 of blood vessels and bone volumes.

Conclusions
Patient age as well as radiotherapy planning parameters correlated with immune changes during radiotherapy. Larger irradiated volumes seem to correlate with early suppression of anti-cancer immunity. For immune cell analysis during normofractionated radiotherapy and correlations with treatment planning parameters, different time points should be looked at in future projects.

Trial registration number:
NCT01376674, 20.06.2011
Percutaneous Versus Surgical Interventions for Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mönnink G. L. E. , Stijnis C. , van Delden O. M. , Spijker R. , Grobusch M. P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
This systematic review and meta-analysis summarises the current literature on invasive treatment options of cystic hepatic echinococcosis (CE), comparing percutaneous radiological interventions to surgery, still the cornerstone of treatment in many countries.

Methods
A literature search was conducted in Medline and EMBASE databases (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019126150). The primary outcome was recurrence of cysts after treatment. Secondary outcomes were complications, duration of hospitalisation, mortality and treatment conversion.

Results
The number of eligible prospective studies, in particular RCTs, was limited. In the four included studies, only conventional surgery is compared directly to percutaneous techniques. From the available data, in terms of recurrence, percutaneous treatment of hydatid cysts is non-inferior to open surgery. With regard to complications and length of hospital stay, outcomes favour percutaneous therapy.

Conclusion
Although evidence from prospective research is small, percutaneous treatment in CE is an effective, safe and less invasive alternative to surgery.
Self-reported fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to patients with cancer: results from two large-scale studies
Authors: Müller Karolina , Kuipers Jens G. , Weis Joachim , Fischer Irene , Pukrop Tobias , Rüffer Jens U. , Koller Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFatigue is a common symptom in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in patients with cancer (CA). The aim was to investigate the degree of fatigue in RA patients as compared to CA patients as well as potential influencing factors on RA-related fatigue. This was a retrospective analyses of two prospective cohort studies that used the EORTC QLQ-FA12 as a common instrument to assess fatigue. The cohort of RA patients was based on a nationwide survey in Germany. The cohort of CA patients was recruited in the context of an international validation field study. Multivariable ANCOVAs compared levels of fatigue between the two cohorts, also including various subgroup analyses. Regression analyses explored influencing factors on RA patients’ fatigue. Data of n = 705 RA patients and of n = 943 CA patients were available for analyses. RA patients reported significantly higher Physical Fatigue (mean difference = 7.0, 95% CI 4.2–9.7, p < 0.001) and Social Sequelae (mean difference = 7.5, 95% CI 4.7–10.2, p < 0.001). CA patients reported higher Cognitive Fatigue (mean difference = 3.5, 95% CI 1.4–5.6, p = 0.001). No differences in Emotional Fatigue (p = 0.678) and Interference with Daily Life (p = 0.098) were found. In RA patients, mental health and pain were associated with fatigue (p values < 0.001). RA patients showed a considerable level of fatigue that is comparable to and in certain cases even higher than that of CA patients. The implementation of standardized diagnostic procedures and interventions to reduce fatigue in RA patients are recommended.
Stereology and three-dimensional reconstructions to analyze the pulmonary vasculature
Authors: Mühlfeld Christian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe pulmonary vasculature consists of a large arterial and venous tree with a vast alveolar capillary network (ACN) in between. Both conducting blood vessels and the gas-exchanging capillaries are part of important human lung diseases, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Morphological tools to investigate the different parts of the pulmonary vasculature quantitatively and in three dimensions are crucial for a better understanding of the contribution of the blood vessels to the pathophysiology and effects of lung diseases. In recent years, new stereological methods and imaging techniques have expanded the analytical tool box and therefore the conclusive power of morphological analyses of the pulmonary vasculature. Three of these developments are presented and discussed in this review article, namely (1) stereological quantification of the number of capillary loops, (2) serial block-face scanning electron microscopy of the ACN and (3) labeling of branching generations in light microscopic sections based on arterial tree segmentations of micro-computed tomography data sets of whole lungs. The implementation of these approaches in research work requires expertise in lung preparation, multimodal imaging at different scales, an advanced IT infrastructure and expertise in image analysis. However, they are expected to provide important data that cannot be obtained by previously existing methodology.