bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper‐level trajectories in the prototype problem for tropical cyclone intensification
Authors: Wang Shanghong , Smith Roger K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractData from an idealized three‐dimensional numerical simulation of tropical cyclone intensification are used to calculate Lagrangian air parcel trajectories emanating from the inflow layer that develops beneath the upper‐tropospheric outflow layer. It is found that about half of these trajectories end up in the outflow layer itself. The other half slowly subside to the mid‐ to upper troposphere, below the outflow layer, and drift slowly outwards as a result of a relatively weak overturning circulation in that region. Calculations show that pseudo‐equivalent potential temperature is not approximately conserved along the air parcel trajectories, indicating that the turbulent diffusion of heat and moisture and/or the latent heat changes by freezing or melting along the trajectories is appreciable in the mid‐ and upper troposphere.
Prefrontal neuronal morphology in kindling‐prone (FAST) and kindling‐resistant (SLOW) rats
Authors: Reinhart Christine J. , McIntyre Dan C. , Pellis Sergio M. , Kolb Bryan E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe epileptogenic‐prone (FAST) and epileptogenic‐resistant (SLOW) rat strains have become a valuable tool for investigating neural plasticity. The strains were generated by breeding the rats that required the fewest amygdala stimulations to elicit a stage‐5 convulsive seizure (FAST) and rats requiring the most stimulations (SLOW). Previous studies have shown differences in behavior and amygdala physiology in the two strains. This study examined the dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in the brains of adult male and female rats of the two strains. The brains were stained with the Golgi–Cox method and the length and branching from layer III pyramidal cells were measured in parietal cortex (Zilles Par1), medial frontal cortex (Zilles Cg3), and orbitofrontal cortex (Zilles AID) in these two strains of rats. We observed significantly longer dendrites in Cg3 in the FAST group but longer dendrites in the SLOW group in AID and Par1. There was also a sex difference (M > F) in Par1 in both strains. These morphological differences can provide insights into the neurobiological basis of the behavioral differences and suggest that localized changes in the amygdala do not occur independently of changes in other brain regions, and especially prefrontal cortex.
The readiness assurance process in online team‐based learning classrooms
Authors: Dorius Cassandra , Madeka Kajal , Bender Holly S. , Johnson Janet , Gillette Meghan T. , Chapman John 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes best practices to address the challenges posed for implementing the second stage of team‐based learning (TBL), the Readiness Assurance Process (RAP), in online settings, and uses the experience of expert TBL users to suggest strategies for maintaining the essential aspects of the pedagogy.
Effect of massage therapy on pain and quality of life in dogs: A cross sectional study
Authors: Riley Lisa M. , Satchell Liam , Stilwell Lisa M. , Lenton Natalie S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundClinical canine massage involves muscle tissue manipulation and fascial release techniques to rehabilitate injured soft tissues. Quantitative efficacy data are lacking. This cross‐sectional study aimed to determine how dogs respond to canine massage therapy practiced by Canine Massage Guild UK practitioners.MethodsIn 2018, case notes from a convenience sample of 527 dogs were shared, with permission from owners, by a self‐selected sample of 65 practitioners. Changes in number and severity of issues for five pain indicators (gait, posture, daily activity, behaviour, performance) and quality of life score, reported by owner and practitioners, were investigated.ResultsSignificant reductions in reported pain severity scores were recorded for all pain indicators over successive treatments (p < 0.001), with each treatment causing further significant reduction in pain severity. Number of pain indicators recorded over successive treatment sessions remained constant, in keeping with a cohort presenting with degenerative disease and chronic pain. All dogs and diagnostic variables responded similarly. Post‐treatment a dog was significantly more likely to have a ‘positive’ quality of life.ConclusionsThis cross‐sectional study indicates canine massage therapy may effectively reduce myofascial and musculoskeletal pain severity reported by owners and practitioners associated with gait, posture, behavioural and performance issues and reduction in daily activities. Although this is not a double‐blind trial, and there is no control group, this study suggests massage therapy may be a valid treatment for myofascial and musculoskeletal pain typically derived from muscular injuries, arthritis/other orthopaedic conditions.
A systematic review of non-motor symptom evaluation in clinical trials for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Beswick Emily , Forbes Deborah , Hassan Zack , Wong Charis , Newton Judith , Carson Alan , Abrahams Sharon , Chandran Siddharthan , Pal Suvankar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is increasingly recognised as a multi-system disorder, presenting with common and impactful non-motor symptoms, such as neuropsychiatric symtpoms, cognitive and behavioural changes, pain, disordered sleep, fatigue and problematic saliva.

Aim/hypothesis
We aimed to systematically review 25 years of ALS clinical trials data to identify if non-motor features were evaluated, in addition to the traditional measures of motor functioning and survival, and where evaluated to describe the instruments used to assess. We hypothesised that assessment of non-motor symptoms has been largely neglected in trial design and not evaluated with ALS-suitable instruments.

Methods
We reviewed clinical trials of investigative medicinal products in ALS, since the licensing of riluzole in 1994. Trial registry databases including WHO International Trials Registry, European Clinical Trials Register, clinicaltrials.gov, and PubMed were systematically searched for Phase II, III or IV trials registered, completed or published between 01/01/1994 and 16/09/2020. No language restrictions were applied.

Results
237 clinical trials, including over 29,222 participants, were investigated for their use of non-motor outcome measures. These trials evaluated neuropsychiatric symptoms (75, 32%), cognitive impairment (16, 6.8%), behavioural change (34, 14%), pain (55, 23%), sleep disturbances (12, 5%) and fatigue (18, 8%). Problematic saliva was assessed as part of composite ALS-FRS(R) scores in 184 trials (78%) but with no focus on this as an isolated symptom. 31 (13%) trials including 3585 participants did not include any assessment of non-motor symptoms.

Conclusions
Non-motor symptoms such as neuropsychiatric, cognitive and behavioural changes, pain, disordered sleep, fatigue, and problematic saliva have not been consistently evaluated in trials for people with ALS. Where evaluated, non-symptoms were primarily assessed using instruments and impairment thresholds that are not adapted for people with ALS. Future trials should include non-motor symptom assessments to evaluate the additional potential therapeutic benefit of candidate drugs.

PROPSERO registration
CRD42020223648.
Is diabetic retinopathy affected by diabetes type? A retrospective study using electronic medical record data from patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Li Wanyue , Cheng Zifang , Song Yanan , Fang Yifan , Yang Ming , Zhang Maonian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Aims
To determine whether the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its related factors are affected by diabetes type (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [LADA], type 1 diabetes mellitus [T1DM], type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]).

Methods
LADA patients were matched for age (± 2 years) and sex to T1DM (1:1) and T2DM (1:2) patients. Retrieved variables included demographic characteristics, diabetes history, laboratory test findings, and history of DR screening, etc. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to identify influencing factors of DR. A decision tree was used to explore interactions between diabetes type and other influencing factors of DR.

Results
We included 110 LADA, 101 T1DM, and 220 T2DM patients. DR prevalence was 26.4% in LADA patients, lower than that in T1DM (50.5%) and T2DM (47.7%) patients (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that diabetes duration (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.1–1.26, P < 0.001) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) (OR = 42.39, 95% CI: 10.88–165.11, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for DR, and regular DR screening (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.16–0.69, P = 0.003) was an independent protective factor. Decision tree analysis showed that in patients without DN with a diabetes duration of at least 10.5 years, T1DM and LADA patients had a higher incidence of DR than T2DM patients (72.7% vs. 55.1%).

Conclusions
The prevalence of DR in diabetes patients was affected by diabetes duration, DN occurrence, and regular DR screening. Diabetes type indirectly affects DR occurrence through its interaction with diabetes duration and DN. Correct LADA diagnosis is necessary, and DR screening needs to be well-implemented.
A Skeptical View on the Physics-Consciousness Explanatory Gap
Authors: Martinez-Saito Mario 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe epistemological chasm between how we (implicitly and subjectively) perceive or imagine the actual world and how we (explicitly and “objectively”) think of its underlying entities has motivated perhaps the most disconcerting impasse in human thought: the explanatory gap between the phenomenal and physical properties of the world. Here, I advocate a combination of philosophical skepticism and simplicity as an informed approach to arbitrate among theories of consciousness. I argue that the explanatory gap is rightly a gap in our understanding, but one that is not surprising; and we being observers biased by our first-person perspective and our existence may both hinder and (the realization we have them) assist our reasoning. Further, I unfold the concept of observer into two distinct notions based on its functional and phenomenal aspects, and exploit this device to elucidate the subject-observer relationship. Then, I proceed to analyze the philosophical zombie dilemma. Lastly, I contend that from a skeptical viewpoint, panpsychism (or neutral monism) is the most parsimonious doctrine accounting for the explanatory gap, and suggest that it would be possible to make headway in the hard problem of consciousness by uncovering non-trivial causal relationships between qualia states and functional states, if routine and controlled manipulation of neural circuits were easily available.
Simple Sequence Repeat and S-Locus Genotyping to Assist the Genetic Characterization and Breeding of Polyploid Prunus Species, P. spinosa and P. domestica subsp. insititia
Authors: Halász Júlia , Makovics-Zsohár Noémi , Szőke Ferenc , Ercisli Sezai , Hegedűs Attila 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPolyploidPrunus spinosa(2n = 4 ×) andP. domesticasubsp.insititia(2n = 6 ×) represent enormous genetic potential in Central Europe, which can be exploited in breeding programs. In Hungary, 16 cultivar candidates and a recognized cultivar ‘Zempléni’ were selected from wild-growing populations including tenP. spinosa, fourP. domesticasubsp.insititiaand threeP. spinosa × P. domesticahybrids (2n = 5 ×) were also created. Genotyping in eleven simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and the multiallelicS-locus was used to characterize genetic variability and achieve a reliable identification of tested accessions. Nine SSR loci proved to be polymorphic and eight of those were highly informative (PIC values ˃ 0.7). A total of 129 SSR alleles were identified, which means 14.3 average allele number per locus and all accessions but two clones could be discriminated based on unique SSR fingerprints. A total of 23S-RNasealleles were identified and the complete and partialS-genotype was determined for 10 and 7 accessions, respectively. The DNA sequence was determined for a total of 17 fragments representing 11S-RNasealleles. ‘Zempléni’ was confirmed to be self-compatible carrying at least one non-functionalS-RNaseallele (SJ). Our results indicate that theS-allele pools of wild-growingP. spinosaandP. domesticasubsp.insititiaare overlapping in Hungary. Phylogenetic and principal component analyses confirmed the high level of diversity and genetic differentiation present within the analysed accessions and indicated putative ancestor–descendant relationships. Our data confirm thatS-locus genotyping is suitable for diversity studies in polyploidPrunusspecies but non-related accessions sharing commonS-alleles may distort phylogenetic inferences.
General Finite-Element Framework of the Virtual Fields Method in Nonlinear Elasticity
Authors: Mei Yue , Liu Jiahao , Guo Xu , Zimmerman Brandon , Nguyen Thao D. , Avril Stéphane 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a method to derive the virtual fields for identifying constitutive model parameters using the Virtual Fields Method (VFM). The VFM is an approach to identify unknown constitutive parameters using deformation fields measured across a given volume of interest. The general principle for solving identification problems with the VFM is first to derive parametric stress field, where the stress components at any point depend on the unknown constitutive parameters, across the volume of interest from the measured deformation fields. Applying the principle of virtual work to the parametric stress fields, one can write scalar equations of the unknown parameters and solve the obtained system of equations to deduce the values of unknown parameters. However, no rules have been proposed to select the virtual fields in identification problems related to nonlinear elasticity and there are multiple strategies possible that can yield different results. In this work, we propose a systematic, robust and automatic approach to reconstruct the systems of scalar equations with the VFM. This approach is well suited to finite-element implementation and can be applied to any problem provided that full-field deformation data are available across a volume of interest. We also successfully demonstrate the feasibility of the novel approach by multiple numerical examples. Potential applications of the proposed approach are numerous in biomedical engineering where imaging techniques are commonly used to observe soft tissues and where alterations of material properties are markers of diseased states.
The Metaphysical Possibility of Time Travel Fictions
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn some stories, time travellers cannot change the past. It is widely accepted that this is metaphysically possible. In some stories, time travellers can change the past. Many philosophers have explained how that, too, is metaphysically possible. This paper considers narratives where sometimes the past can change and sometimes it cannot, arguing that this is also something that is possible. Further, I argue that we can make sense of stories where some events appear to be ‘fixed points in time’.
GLIS1, a potential candidate gene affect fat deposition in sheep tail
Authors: Luo Rongsong , Zhang Xiaoran , Wang Likai , Zhang Li , Li Guangpeng , Zheng Zhong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFat deposition in sheep tails is as a result of a complicated mechanism. Mongolian sheep (MG) and Small Tail Han sheep (STH) are two fat-tailed Chinese indigenous sheep breeds while DairyMeade and East Friesian (DS) are two thin-tailed dairy sheep breeds recently introduced to China. In this study, population genomics analysis was applied to identify candidate genes associated with sheep tails based on an in-depth whole-genome sequencing of MG, STH and DS. The selective signature analysis demonstrated that GLIS1, LOC101117953, PDGFD and T were in the significant divergent regions between DS and STH–MG. A nonsynonymous point mutation (g.27807636G>T) was found within GLIS1 in STH–MG and resulted in a Pro to Thr substitution. As a pro-adipogenic factor, GLIS1 may play critical roles in the mesodermal cell differentiation during fetal development affecting fat deposition in sheep tails. This study gives a new insight into the genetic basis of species-specific traits of sheep tails.
Understanding the role of hospice pharmacists: a qualitative study
Authors: Edwards Zoe , Chapman Emma , Pini Simon , Bennett Michael I. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground Pharmacists are important members of multidisciplinary teams but, despite surveys of provision, the role of the hospice pharmacist is not well described. Objective To explore the role of the hospice pharmacist and identify barriers and facilitators to the role. Setting Hospices offering in-patient services caring for adults towards the end of life in one geographical area of northern England. Method Pharmacists providing services to hospices were invited to take part in qualitative semi-structured interviews asking about experience, patient contact, team working and barriers and facilitators to the role. These were recorded verbatim and data were analysed thematically using framework analysis. Main outcome measure The hospice pharmacist’s perceptions of their role and barriers and facilitators to it. Results Fifteen pharmacists took part. Two themes and ten subthemes were identified focused on tasks and communication. Practise was varied and time limited the quantity and depth of services carried out but was often spent navigating complex drug supply routes. Participants found methods of communication suited to the hours they spent in the hospice although communication of data was a barrier to effective clinical service provision. Participants identified the need for appropriate training and standards of practice for hospice pharmacists would enable better use of their skills. Conclusion Barriers to the role of hospice pharmacist include time, access to role specific training, access to clinical information and complex medicines supply chains. The role would benefit from definition to ensure that hospices are able to use hospice pharmacists to their greatest potential.
Defensive pharmacy practice: a gap in our understanding
Authors: O’Connell Juliette 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDefensive practice is prevalent across healthcare disciplines and much study has been performed on this behaviour in medicine and nursing. However, little research has been carried out on defensive practice in pharmacy, despite its potential to increase healthcare costs, reduce quality of care and affect pharmacist job satisfaction. With a more litigious society emerging and greater level of regulation, the pharmacy profession shares many of the influences of defensive practice identified in other healthcare professions. As a result, pharmacists too may engage in defensive practice behaviours in order to protect themselves from the perceived risk of litigation. Research in this area is necessary to identify how this phenomenon affects the profession and to develop methods of improving pharmacy practice. While this type of research would not be without challenges, it could form the basis for policy change and greater professional representation, ultimately improving quality of care for patients.
Exploring human factors of the agile software tester
Authors: Stray Viktoria , Florea Raluca , Paruch Lucas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough extensive research has been conducted on the characteristics of the agile developer, little attention has been given to the features of the software-testing role. This paper explores the human factors of the software testers working in agile projects through a qualitative study focusing on how these factors are perceived. We interviewed 22 agile software practitioners working in three international companies: 14 testers, five developers, and three designers. Additionally, we observed 11 meetings and daily work of 13 participants in one of the companies. Our findings show that the views on the human factors shaping the agile software tester’s role were crystallized into seven traits, which the agile team members saw as central for the software-testing role: the ability to see the whole picture, good communication skills, detail-orientation, structuredness, creativeness, curiosity, and adaptability. The testers spent half their day communicating and learned how to mitigate the fact that they had to bring bad news to other project members. They also facilitated communication between the business side and development. Based on our results, we propose the seven traits as dimensions to consider for organizations recruiting agile software testers, as well as a reference for IT and non-IT professionals considering a software-testing career.
Uncertainty, equality, fraternity
Authors: Stewart Rush T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEpistemic states of uncertainty play important roles in ethical and political theorizing. Theories that appeal to a “veil of ignorance,” for example, analyzefairnessorimpartialityin terms of certain states of ignorance. It is important, then, to scrutinize proposed conceptions of ignorance and explore promising alternatives in such contexts. Here, I study Lerner’s probabilistic egalitarian theorem in the setting of imprecise probabilities. Lerner’s theorem assumes that a social planner tasked with distributing income to individuals in a population is “completely ignorant” about which utility functions belong to which individuals. Lerner models this ignorance with a certain uniform probability distribution, and shows that, under certain further assumptions, income should be equally distributed. Much of the criticism of the relevance of Lerner’s result centers on the representation of ignorance involved. Imprecise probabilities provide a general framework for reasoning about various forms of uncertainty including, in particular, ignorance. To what extent can Lerner’s conclusion be maintained in this setting?
A first glance into the black box of life satisfaction surrounding childbearing
Authors: Aassve Arnstein , Luppi Francesca , Mencarini Letizia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe vast majority of studies looking into the relationship between childbearing and subjective well-being use overall measures where respondents either report their general level of happiness or their life satisfaction, leaving substantial doubt about the underlying mechanisms. However, life satisfaction and happiness are intuitively multidimensional concepts, simply because there cannot be only one aspect that affects individuals' well-being. In this study, by considering seventeen specific life satisfaction domains, these features come out very clearly. Whereas all the domains considered matter for the overall life satisfaction, only three of them, namely satisfaction with leisure, health and satisfaction with the partnership, change dramatically surrounding childbearing events. Even though we cannot generalise (since these results stem from one particular panel survey, i.e., Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia data), it appears that the typical anticipation and post-child decrease of life satisfaction, so often found in existing studies, stems from changes in these three domains.