bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Review on Recent Development of Techniques and Drug Targets in the Management of Breast Cancer
Authors: Buumba Betty Matimba , Bhardwaj Shweta , Kaur Paranjeet 
Published: February 2021

Background:
The most documented illness affecting women overall is breast malignant
growth. Since breast cancer disease is the most widely recognized threat in women, Since breast cancer
disease is the most widely recognized threat in women, this review was done to provide data on
the ongoing advancements in the medication focused on in the breast cancer regimen. Over the previous
decades, it has been seen that different progressions have been made in the disclosure of new
medications and treatments for treating breast malignancy and this is a direct result of the improved
comprehension of the biologic heterogeneity of breast cancer, which has likewise permitted the advancement
of increasingly compelling ways to deal with treating breast cancer.

Methods:
We searched the scientific database using relevant keywords. Among the searched literature,
only peer-reviewed papers were collected, which address our questions. The retrieved quality
papers were screened and analyzed critically. The key findings of these studies are included along
with the importance.

Results:
The research in this review particularly includes the anti-breast cancer drugs, which accountfor
the top largest market by sales in the pharmaceutical industry. Apart from these, natural and innovative
therapies have emerged leading to better management of breast cancer.

Conclusion:
These recent developments have contributed to a more efficient and specific treatment
protocol in breast cancer patients. Moreover, further investigation should be done in improving results
for all the patients with breast cancer disease, particularly individuals who have advanced breast cancer
and the issue of drug resistance, which also poses a threat to the successful development of targeted
therapy in various subtypes of breast cancer, must also be considered.
Cytoplasmic Trafficking of Nanoparticles Delivers Plasmid DNA for Macrophage Gene-editing
Authors: Lee So Yoon , Fierro Javier , Tran An M. , Hong Daewoo , Espinal Jamil , Dou Huanyu 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Successful delivery of gene-editing tools using nano-carriers is dependent
on the ability of nanoparticles to pass through the cellular membrane, move through the cytoplasm,
and cross the nuclear envelope to enter the nucleus. It is critical that intracellular nanoparticles interact
with the cytoskeletal network to move toward the nucleus, and must escape degradation pathways
including lysosomal digestion. Without efficient intracellular transportation and nuclear entry,
nanoparticles-based gene-editing cannot be effectively used for targeted genomic modification.

Objective:
We have developed nanoparticles with a low molecular weight branched polyethylenimine
lipid shell and a PLGA core that can effectively deliver plasmid DNA to macrophages for
gene editing while limiting toxicity.

Methods:
Core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized by a modified solvent evaporation method
and were loaded with plasmid DNA. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the internalization,
intracellular distribution and cytoplasmic transportation of plasmid DNA loaded nanoparticles
(pDNA-NPs) in bone marrow-derived macrophages.

Results:
Core-shell nanoparticles had a high surface charge of +56 mV and narrow size distribution.
When loaded with plasmid DNA for transfection, the nanoparticles increased in size from 150
nm to 200 nm, and the zeta potential decreased to +36 mV, indicating successful encapsulation.
Further, fluorescence microscopy revealed that pDNA-NPs crossed the cell membrane and interacted
with actin filaments. Intracellular tracking of pDNA-NPs showed successful separation of pDNA-
NPs from lysosomes, allowing entry into the nucleus at 2 hours, with further nuclear ingress
up to 5 hours. Bone marrow-derived macrophages treated with pDNA/GFP-NPs exhibited high
GFP expression with low cytotoxicity.

Conclusions:
Together, this data suggests pDNA-NPs are an effective delivery system for
macrophage gene-editing.
Merging DNA Probes with Nanotechnology for RNA Imaging In vivo
Authors: Sheng Chuangui , Wu Bo , Li Lele , Zhao Yuliang 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Imaging of RNA in vivo is of great significance for elucidating their biological functions, revealing mechanisms behind disease, and for further diagnosis and treatment. Over the past decade, a variety of DNA-based molecular imaging techniques have been developed for RNA imaging in living cells. Nevertheless, non-invasive imaging of RNA in animals is still limited.

Methods:
An overview of the literature involving RNA imaging in vivo based on the integration of DNA probes with nanotechnology has been reviewed.

Results:
Attributed to DNA’s designability of sequences and specificity of recognition, molecular beacon, strand displacement and hybridization chain reaction would confer quick, efficient and specific response to target RNA. Multifunctional nanomaterials provide powerful support for the intracellular delivery of such DNA probes with spatiotemporal control over their sensing function, thereby achieving RNA imaging in vivo.

Conclusion:
Merging DNA probes with nanotechnology has gained substantial prospects for RNA imaging in vivo, which not only helps us to better elucidate biological functions of RNA, but also provides valuable information for further disease diagnosis and treatment.
Sanguinarine: A Double-Edged Sword of Anticancer and Carcinogenesis and Its Future Application Prospect
Authors: Lou Guanhua , Wang Jin , Hu Ju , Gan Qingxia , Peng Chengyi , Xiong Haijun , Huang Qinwan 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Sanguinarine, a kind of benzophenanthridine alkaloid, is a natural compound with potential
development value for its anticancer activity. Hundreds of studies have been carried out in vivo or in
vitro, trying to make it feasible for the anticancer clinic medication of sanguinarine. However, sanguinarine
was branded as a toxicant or even a carcinogen according to some toxicological experiments and cancer investigations.

Objective:
Aiming at safety and effectiveness of sanguinarine, this article reviews the extant information on present
studies of sanguinarine, and both anticancer carcinogenesis mechanism details are summarized. The future
potential research directions of this valued compound are also discussed to provide reference for future drugs
development.

Methods:
PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang databases were used to search current studies and experimental
researches about anticancer effect or carcinogenic information of sanguinarine.

Results :
Our results indicated that sanguinarine exhibited anticancer effect through anti-proliferation, anti-invasion,
anti-angiogenesis and apoptosis within cancer lesion. Also, many clinical investigations indicated that sanguinarine
and its related products might be associated to pre-carcinoma within oral or skin potentially.

Conclusion:
Sanguinarine is a natural compound with good development value for its potent anticancer activity;
however, its carcinogenesis effect should also be taken seriously. Studies on structural modification and analogue
design should be carried out to improve its safety and efficiency in the future.
Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Brain Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Lung Cancer Patients with Different Cell Types
Authors: Bilgin Emre , Atli Gülüzar , Duman Berna B. , Okten Ali I. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Oxidative stress that leads to an imbalanced prooxidant/antioxidant status can be a critical
factor affecting lung cancer etiopathology. The antioxidant system provides primary protection under oxidative
stress.

Objective:
The purpose of the study was to investigate the serum antioxidant system status in brain metastatic and non-metastatic lung cancer patients with different cell types.

Methods:
In this prospective study, 33 patients with lung cancer metastasis (metastatic patient group), 36 lung
cancer patients (non-metastatic patient group), and 25 healthy control groups were included. Enzymatic (Superoxide
Dismutase, SOD; Glutathione Peroxidase, GPX; and Glutathione Reductase, GR) and non-enzymatic (Glutathione,
GSH) antioxidant system biomarkers with Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) levels
were studied in the serum samples of the control and patient groups. The oxidative stress biomarkers were measured
spectrophotometrically.

Results:
SOD activity increased though TBARS levels and GR activity decreased in both patient groups compared
to the control. GPX activity increased only in the non-metastatic group. Antioxidant biomarkers varied between
small cell and non-small cell group patients. GR activity and GSH levels were significantly higher in the
non-metastatic group compared to the metastatic group. Correlations were also found between antioxidant parameters
in the non-metastatic group.

Conclusions:
It was emphasized the imbalanced antioxidant system in the duration of the disease is related to
not only cell type but also the metastatic structure. This is the preliminary study exhibiting the contribution of
antioxidant imbalance in different subtypes with varied prognosis and behavior of lung cancer in the presence
of brain metastasis. Therefore, oxidative stress biomarkers can serve as a useful tool to get information about
the progression of lung cancer. Thus, it may provide fundamental data for further cancer research when considering
the diagnosis of the disease.
Ginkgolic Acids Confer Potential Anticancer Effects by Targeting Pro- Inflammatory and Oncogenic Signaling Molecules
Authors: Shanmugam Muthu K. , Garg Manoj , Makhija Pooja , Kumar Alan P. , Sharifi-Rad Javad , Zam Wissam , Bishayee Anupam 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Medicinal plants and herbal preparations in the form of traditional
medicines have been used in healthcare worldwide. The extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. seeds and
leaves contain a complex mixture of numerous components, such as flavonol glycosides, terpene
lactones, and a group of alkylphenols (anacardic or ginkgolic acids, cardanols and cardols) that
have been a part of traditional Chinese medicine. These extracts are also sold as dietary supplements
worldwide. G. biloba extract (EGb 761 and LI 1370) represent the standard form of G.
biloba extract. Six different 6-alkylsalicylic acids (syn. ginkgolic acids) with alkyl substituents
(C13:0, C15:0, C15:1, C17:0, C17:1, and C17:2) have been identified.

Objective:
The aim of this review is to unravel scientific evidence on anti-inflammatory and anticancer
activities of ginkgolic acids to understand its therapeutic potential against inflammatory and
oncologic diseases.

Methods:
A structured literature search was independently performed by the authors on PubMed,
ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Accordingly, this review article critically analyses
available scientific evidence on anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of ginkgolic acids.
Moreover, the review only included articles written in the English language.

Results:
Several forms of ginkgolic acids, especially C13:0, C15:0 and C17:1, isolated from the
leaves of G. biloba exhibited cytotoxic activity against a variety of human cancers by suppressing
various pro-inflammatory signaling cascades and oncogenic transcription factors through multiple
modes of action in various in vitro and in vivo preclinical models. Ginkgolic acids have also been
reported to be potent post-translational small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMO)ylation inhibitors.

Conclusion:
In this review, we present updated information on the anti-inflammatory and anticancer
properties of ginkgolic acids both in vitro and in vivo. Although ginkgolic acids show significant
therapeutic potential in inflammatory and oncologic diseases, more investigations regarding
the safety and efficacy of these natural agents are warranted before the clinical transition.
Inactivation of Parathyroid Hormone: Perspectives of Drug Discovery to Combating Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Kumar Amit , Balbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

:Hormonal coordination is tightly regulated within the human body and thus regulates human physiology. The parathyroid hormone (PTH), a member of the endocrine system, regulates the calcium and phosphate level within the human body. Under non-physiological conditions, PTH levels get upregulated (hyperparathyroidism) or downregulated (hypoparathyroidism) due to external or internal factors. In the case of hyperparathyroidism, elevated PTH stimulates cellular receptors present in the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase the blood calcium level, leading to calcium deposition. This eventually causes various symptoms including kidney stones. Currently, there is no known medication that directly targets PTH in order to suppress its function. Therefore, it is of great interest to find novel small molecules or any other means that can modulate PTH function. The molecular signaling of PTH starts by binding of its N-terminus to the G-protein coupled PTH1/2 receptor. Therefore, any intervention that affects the N-terminus of PTH could be a lead candidate for treating hyperparathyroidism. As a proof-of-concept, there are various possibilities to inhibit molecular PTH function by (i) a small molecule, (ii) N-terminal PTH phosphorylation, (iii) fibril formation and (iv) residue-specific mutations. These modifications put PTH into an inactive state, which will be discussed in detail in this review article. We anticipate that exploring small molecules or other means that affect the N-terminus of PTH could be lead candidates in combating hyperparathyroidism.
A Salp Swarm Optimization for Dynamic Resource Management to
Improve Quality of Service in Cloud Computing and IoT Environment
Authors: Kumar Narander , Kumar Surendra 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Cloud Computing can process and utilize efficient resources within a metered
premise. This feature is a significant research problem, giving great Quality-of-Services (QoS) to the clients
in cloud.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to confirm QoS with minimum resource utilization time and costs,
cloud service providers ought to receive self-versatile resource provisioning at each level. Various guidelines
and model-based methodologies have been proposed for the management of resources in cloud services.

Method:
In this research article, resource allocation is done using the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), which
combines various VMs on a constrained Data Center with SLA and QoS factors.

Result:
Different existing optimization algorithms are available such as First Fit, Greedy Crow Search
(GCS) and Hybrid Crow Search algorithm (TSPCS). The combination of the Travelling Salesman Problem
(TSP) and Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) is more efficient than the Fist Fit, GCS, and TSPCS in terms of
the parameters such as resource utilization and response time. It is clearly shown that a user’s request takes
minimum time and maximum QoS when employing the SSA algorithm in cloud computing.

Conclusion:
The proposed mechanism is simulated on Cloudsim Simulator. The simulation results show
less migration time that improve the QoS and minimizes the energy consumption in a cloud and IoT environment.
Flexible, Piezoelectric Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Energy Harvesters
with Printed Electrodes for Wearable Applications
Authors: Nordin Anis Nurashikin , Suhaimi Muhammad Irsyad , Md Ralib Aliza Aini , Lim Lai Ming , Samsudin Zambri 
Published: February 2021

Aims:
Recent advancements in sensing technology and wireless communications have accelerated the
development of the Internet of Things (IoT) which promote the usage of wearable sensors. An emerging trend is to
develop self-sustainable wearable devices, thus eliminating the necessity of the user to carry bulky batteries. In this work,
the development of a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester that is capable of harvesting energy from low frequency
vibrations is presented. The target application of this energy harvester is for usage in smart shoes.

Objectives:
The objectives of this research is to design, fabricate and test an energy harvester on PET substrate using
Aluminum Zinc Oxide as its piezoelectric layer.

Methods:
The energy harvester was designed as a cantilever structure using PET/AZO/Ag layers in d33 mode which can
generate large output voltages with small displacements. The electrodes were designed as an interdigitated structure in
which two significant design parameters were chosen, namely the effect of gap between electrodes, g and number of
interdigital electrodes (IDE) pairs, N to the output voltage and resonant frequency.

Results:
The sputtered AZO on PET showed c-axis orientation at 002 peak with 2 values of 34.45° which indicates
piezoelectric behaviour. The silver IDE pairs were screen-printed on the AZO thin film. Functionality of the device as an
energy harvester was demonstrated by testing it using a shaker. The energy harvester was capable of generating 0.867 Vrms
output voltage when actuated at 49.6 Hz vibrations.

Conclusion:
This indicates that the AZO thin films with printed silver electrodes can be used as flexible, d33 energy
harvesters.
Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine has no Effect on Postoperative Pain Scores for Posterior Spinal Fusion
Authors: Hong Rebecca A. , Leis Aleda , Weinberg James , Li G. Ying 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Posterior Spinal Fusion (PSF) for idiopathic scoliosis results in severe postoperative pain. At our institution, a protocol for postoperative analgesia is followed, but anesthetic maintenance is decided by the anesthesiologist. Previous studies have shown that postoperative use of dexmedetomidine may improve analgesia for these patients, but the effect of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain scores remains unknown.

Purpose:
We sought to retrospectively compare pain scores from the Postoperative Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and from PACU discharge until midnight between PSF patients who did and did not receive intraoperative dexmedetomidine.

Methods:
After obtaining IRB approval, we retrospectively identified 79 patients aged 10-17 years who had undergone PSF for idiopathic scoliosis from June 2015-August 2018 and who received intrathecal morphine. Patients were then divided into two groups based on whether or not they received intraoperative dexmedetomidine. A multivariable linear regression model was constructed with the dependent variable of highest PACU pain score and exposure of interest intraoperative dexmedetomidine use. Secondary analyses were conducted similarly within those who received dexmedetomidine to examine the effects of dose on PACU pain scores, using a p-value < 0.05.

Results:
After adjusting for age, weight, sex, levels fused, intrathecal morphine, diazepam, and ketamine doses, there was no statistically significant difference in average PACU pain scores between those who did and did not receive intraoperative dexmedetomidine (β = -0.85, 95% CI: -2.48, 0.68; p = 0.31).

Conclusion:
Intraoperative use of dexmedetomidine during posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis appears to have no effect on postoperative pain scores.
Preserved Inhibitory Control Deficits of Overweight Participants in a Gamified Stop-Signal Task: Experimental Study of Validity
Authors: Schroeder Philipp Alexander , Lohmann Johannes , Ninaus Manuel 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundGamification in mental health could increase training adherence, motivation, and transfer effects, but the external validity of gamified tasks is unclear. This study documents that gamified task variants can show preserved associations between markers of behavioral deficits and health-related variables. We draw on the inhibitory control deficit in overweight populations to investigate effects of gamification on performance measures in a web-based experimental task.ObjectiveThis study tested whether associations between inhibitory control and overweight were preserved in a gamified stop-signal task (SST).MethodsTwo versions of an adaptive SST were developed and tested in an online experiment. Participants (n=111) were randomized to 1 of the 2 task variants and completed a series of questionnaires along with either the gamified SST or a conventional SST. To maximize its possible effects on participants’ inhibitory control, the gamified SST included multiple game elements in addition to the task itself and the stimuli. Both variants drew on the identical core mechanics, but the gamified variant included an additional narrative, graphical theme, scoring system with visual and emotional feedback, and the presence of a companion character. In both tasks, food and neutral low-poly stimuli were classified based on their color tone (go trials), but responses were withheld in 25% of the trials (stop trials). Mean go reaction times and stop-signal reaction times (SSRT) were analyzed as measures of performance and inhibitory control.ResultsParticipants in the gamified SST had longer reaction times (803 [SD 179] ms vs 607 [SD 90] ms) and worse inhibitory control (SSRT 383 [SD 109] ms vs 297 [SD 45] ms). The association of BMI with inhibitory control was relatively small (r=.155, 95% CI .013-.290). Overweight participants had longer reaction times (752 [SD 217] ms vs 672 [SD 137] ms) and SSRTs (363 [SD 116] ms vs 326 [SD 77] ms). Gamification did not interact with the effect of overweight on mean performance or inhibitory control. There were no effects of gamification on mood and user experience, despite a negative effect on perceived efficiency.ConclusionsThe detrimental effects of heightened BMI on inhibitory control were preserved in a gamified version of the SST. Overall, the effects of overweight were smaller than in previously published web-based and laboratory studies. Gamification elements can impact behavioral performance, but gamified tasks can still assess inhibitory control deficits. Although our results are promising, according validations may differ for other types of behavior, gamification, and health variables.
Potential Legal Challenges for Blockchain Technology in Competition Law
Authors: Hutchinson Christophe S. , Egorova Maria A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Since decentralized organizations such as blockchain are not recognized as legal persons, questions arise regarding the ability to detect anti-competitive practices and their perpetrators. Under certain circumstances, if a competitor is unreasonably refused in access to technology, it may well be interpreted as creating an obstacle to his/her entry into the market, which may constitute a violation of the legislation of a country on the protection of economic competition. The exchange of information between players of the same market can present antitrust risks if it helps to fix prices for their products/services or to establish other forms of coordination between such players. The purpose of this study is to provide a description of current EU anticompetitive practices in the field of blockchain-technologies application, as well as to identify challenges in the EU antitrust law related to the emergence of blockchain. This article highlights the challenges blockchain poses for analyzing unilateral anti-competitive practices. This study suggests that EU competition law has a lack of operational and measurement tools to map competitive interactions taking place outside the relevant market, which could lead to rather short-sighted competition law enforcement focusing only on horizontal competition restrictions on relevant markets. The relevance of the topic is associated with the fact that the increased popularity of the use of blockchain technology requires an answer to the question of its legal nature and inclusion in the legal field in order to balance the interests of all parties to economic and legal relations.