bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KONSEP INTEGRASI PEMBELAJARAN PAI
Authors: Munawati Siti 
Published: March 2021

Abstrak Pembelajaran terpadu (kurikulum terintegrasi) merupakan suatu pendekatan dalam pembelajaran yang secara sengaja mengaitkan beberapa aspek baik dalam intra mata pelajaran maupun antar mata pelajaran. Dengan adanya pemaduan itu siswa akan memperoleh pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh sehingga pembelajaran menjadi bermakna bagi siswa. Bermakna disini memberikan arti bahwa pada pembelajaran terpadu siswa akan dapat memahami konsep-konsep yang mereka pelajari melalui pengalaman langsung dan nyata yang mengubungkan antar konsep dalam intra mata pelajaran maupun antar mata pelajaran. Pengajaran PAI merupakan tangggung jawab dari semua pihak yang ada dalam suatu lembaga pendidikan, terutama guru kelas karena guru kelas diharuskan mengintegrasikan tiap pelajaran yang diajarkan dengan PAI, jadi apapun mata pelajaran dan temanya, semuanya haruslah menjadi suri tauladan bagi peserta didik, sehinggga para peserta didik mampu mencontoh nilai yang sudah dicontohkan guru kelas. Jika dibandingkan dalam konsep konvensional, maka pembelajaran terpadu tampak lebih menekankan keterlibatan peserta didik dalam belajar, sehingga siswa terlibat aktif dalam proses pembelajaran untuk pembuatan keputusan. Setiap siswa memerlukan bekal pengetahuan dan kecakapan agar dapat hidup di masyarakat dan bakal ini diharapkan diperoleh melalui pengalaman belajar di sekolah. Oleh karena itu pengalaman belajar di sekolah sedapat mungkin memberikan bekal siswa dalam mencapai kecakapan untuk berkarya. Kecakapan ini disebut kecakapan hidup yang cakupannya lebih luas hanya sebanding dengan keterampilan.
PROFESIONALISME GURU PAI DAN KESADARAN BERAGAMA SISWA
Authors: Nasrudin Nasrudin 
Published: March 2021

Ada tiga kriteria suatu pekerjaan profesional, yaitu mengandung unsur pengabdian, unsur idealisme, dan unsur pengembangan. Khusus untuk profesionalisme guru PAI, ketiga unsur tersebut harus melekat dalam jiwa keguruannya, yakni dengan melaksanakan kewajiban-kewajibannya berdasarkan ketentuan-ketentuan itu. Jika ia mangkir dari tugas dan kewajiban, maka ia dipandang telah melanggar etika profesi. Sebagai guru PAI yang profesional, ia harus memiliki kepribadian dan budi pekerti luhur yang dapat mendorong para siswanya, terutama siswa yang beragama Islam untuk mengamalkan ilmu yang diajarkannya sehingga ia dapat dijadikan sebagai panutan/teladan
Stress–Strain Index Map: A New Way to Represent Corneal Material Stiffness
Authors: Zhang Haixia , Eliasy Ashkan , Lopes Bernardo , Abass Ahmed , Vinciguerra Riccardo , Vinciguerra Paolo , Ambrósio Renato , Roberts Cynthia J. , Elsheikh Ahmed 
Published: March 2021

PurposeTo introduce a new method to map the mechanical stiffness of healthy and keratoconic corneas.MethodsNumerical modeling based on the finite element method was used to carry out inverse analysis of simulated healthy and keratoconic corneas to determine the regional variation of mechanical stiffness across the corneal surface based on established trends in collagen fibril distribution. The Stress–Strain Index (SSI), developed and validated in an earlier study and presented as a parameter that can estimate the overall stress–strain behavior of corneal tissue, was adopted in this research as a measure of corneal stiffness. The regional variation of SSI across the corneal surface was estimated using inverse analysis while referring to the common features of collagen fibrils’ distribution obtained from earlier x-ray scattering studies. Additionally, for keratoconic corneas, a method relating keratoconic cone features and cornea’s refractive power to the reduction in collagen fibril density inside the cone was implemented in the development of SSI maps. In addition to the simulated cases, the study also included two keratoconus cases, for which SSI maps were developed.ResultsSSI values varied slightly across corneal surface in the simulated healthy eyes. In contrast, both simulated and clinical keratoconic corneas demonstrated substantial reductions in SSI values inside the cone. These SSI reductions depended on the extent of the disease and increased with more considerable simulated losses in fibril density in the cone area. SSI values and their regional variation showed little change with changes in IOP, corneal thickness, and curvature.ConclusionSSI maps provide an estimation of the regional variation of biomechanical stiffness across the corneal surface. The maps could be particularly useful in keratoconic corneas, demonstrating the dependence of corneal biomechanical behavior on the tissue’s microstructure and offering a tool to fundamentally understand the mechanics of keratoconus progression in individual patients.
Taming Polysulfides in an Li–S Battery With Low-Temperature One-step Chemical Synthesis of Titanium Carbide Nanoparticles From Waste PTFE
Authors: Liu Suyao , Luo Jun , Xiong Yuting , Chen Zhe , Zhang Kailong , Rui Guofeng , Wang Liangbiao , Hu Guang , Jiang Jinlong , Mei Tao 
Published: March 2021

In this work, titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized at much lower temperatures of 500°C using cheaper starting materials, such as waste polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (carbon source) and titanium and metallic sodium, than the traditional carbothermal reduction of TiO2 at 1,800°C. An XRD pattern proved the formation of face-centered cubic TiC, and TEM images showed the obtained TiC nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 50 nm. In addition, the separator coated with TiC nanoparticles as an active material of interlayer effectively mitigates the shuttling problem by taming the polysulfides in Li–S batteries compared with a traditional celgard separator. The assembled cell realizes good cycling stability with 501 mAh g−1 and a low capacity fading of 0.1% per cycle after 300 cycles at 1 C due to high utilization of the sulfur-based active species.
Authigenic Greigite as an Indicator of Methane Diffusion in Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments of the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand
Authors: Kars Myriam , Greve Annika , Zerbst Lilly 
Published: March 2021

Authigenic ferrimagnetic iron sulfides, essentially greigite (Fe3S4), are commonly found in gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments of active accretionary prisms. Greigite is a by-product, either intracellular or extracellular, of microbial activity, and therefore provides good indication of microbial processes which are closely related to the occurrence of gas hydrate. A high-resolution rock magnetic study was conducted at Site U1518 of International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 375, located in the frontal accretionary wedge of the Hikurangi Margin, offshore New Zealand. Samples were collected throughout the entire recovered stratigraphic sequence, from the surface to ∼492 m below seafloor (mbsf) which includes the Pāpaku fault zone. This study aims to document the rock magnetic properties and the composition of the magnetic mineral assemblage at Site U1518. Based on downhole magnetic coercivity variations, the studied interval is divided into five consecutive zones. Most of the samples have high remanent coercivity (above 50 mT) and first-order reversal curves (FORC) diagrams typical of single-domain greigite. The top of the hanging wall has intervals that display a lower remanent coercivity, similar to lower coercivities measured on samples from the fault zone and footwall. The widespread distribution of greigite at Site U1518 is linked to methane diffusion and methane hydrate which is mainly disseminated within sediments. In three footwall gas hydrate-bearing intervals, investigated at higher resolution, an improved magnetic signal, especially a stronger FORC signature, is likely related to enhanced microbial activity which favors the formation and preservation of greigite. Our findings at the Hikurangi Margin show a close linkage between greigite, methane hydrate and microbial activity.
Immunological Characteristics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Han Meifang , Ma Ke , Wang Xiaojing , Yan Weiming , Wang Hongwu , You Jie , Wang Qiuxia , Chen Huilong , Guo Wei , Chen Tao , Ning Qin , Luo Xiaoping 
Published: March 2021

Clinical Trial Registrationwww.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04365634.ContextDiabetes mellitus was associated with increased severity and mortality of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia. So far the effect of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or hyperglycemia on the immune system among COVID-19 disease has remained unclear.ObjectiveWe aim to explore the clinical and immunological features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among COVID-19 patients.Design and MethodsIn this retrospective study, the clinical and immunological characteristics of 306 hospitalized confirmed COVID-19 patients (including 129 diabetic and 177 non-diabetic patients) were analyzed. The serum concentrations of laboratory parameters including cytokines and numbers of immune cells were measured and compared between diabetic and non-diabetic groups.ResultsCompared with non-diabetic group, diabetic cases more frequently had lymphopenia and hyperglycemia, with higher levels of urea nitrogen, myoglobin, D-dimer and ferritin. Diabetic cases indicated the obviously elevated mortality and the higher levels of cytokines IL‐2R, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and TNF‐α, as well as the distinctly reduced Th1/Th2 cytokines ratios compared with non-diabetic cases. The longitudinal assays showed that compared to that at week 1, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly elevated at week 2 after admission in non-survivors of diabetic cases, whereas there were greatly reductions from week 1 to week 2 in survivors of diabetic cases. Compared with survival diabetic patients, non-survival diabetic cases displayed distinct higher serum concentrations of IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF‐α, and lower Th1/Th2 cytokines ratios at week 2. Samples from a subset of participants were evaluated by flow cytometry for the immune cells. The counts of peripheral total T lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells were markedly lower in diabetic cases than in non-diabetic cases. The non-survivors showed the markedly declined counts of CD8+ T cells and NK cells than survivors.ConclusionThe elevated cytokines, imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines ratios and reduced of peripheral numbers of CD8+ T cells and NK cells might contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms of high mortality of COVID-19 patients with T2DM.
Vascular Endothelial Function as a Valid Predictor of Variations in Pulmonary Function in T2DM Patients Without Related Complications
Authors: Tai He , Jiang Xiao-lin , Yao Si-cheng , Liu Ye , Wei Hong , Li Ling-bing , Jiao Zeng-jin , Wang Tian-qing , Kuang Jin-song , Jia Lian-qun 
Published: March 2021

To assess the variations in pulmonary function and vascular endothelial function in their early stages (without related complications). A total of 162 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without diabetes complications and 55 healthy people were selected, comprising the T2DM group and the control group, respectively, to evaluate changes in vascular endothelial function and lung function and determine the correlation between them. In this study, the T2DM group exhibited significantly lower pulmonary function than that of the control group (P &lt; 0.05). The T2DM group also showed significantly lower flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitric oxide (NO) (P &lt; 0.05) than those of the control group. Pulmonary functional indexes correlated positively with FMD and NO (P &lt; 0.05) and correlated negatively with endothelin-1 (ET-1) (P &lt; 0.05). FMD and NO correlated negatively with diabetes duration/HbA1c (P &lt; 0.05), whereas ET-1 correlated positively with glycosylated hemoglobinA1c (HbA1c)/diabetes duration (P &lt; 0.05). Pulmonary functional indexes negatively correlated with HbA1c/diabetes duration (P &lt; 0.05). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between vascular endothelial function indexes (FMD, ET-1, and NO) and pulmonary functional indexes. The results indicated that each vascular endothelial function index (FMD, ET-1, and NO) was significantly correlated with the pulmonary functional index (P &lt; 0.05). The patients with T2DM presented changes in the subclinical vascular endothelial and pulmonary function. They also had impaired vascular endothelial functions, which were characterized by reduced vascular endothelial function relative to those of healthy people. Regulating glycemia may improve vascular endothelial and pulmonary functions. Moreover, microvascular lesions in preclinical stages, vascular endothelial function indexes (FMD, ET-1, and NO) were valid predictors of alterations in pulmonary function in T2DM patients without related complications.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03575988.
Early Metabolic Benefits of Switching Hydrocortisone to Modified Release Hydrocortisone in Adult Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: Bannon Christopher A. M. , Border Daniel , Hanson Petra , Hattersley John , Weickert Martin O. , Grossman Ashley , Randeva Harpal S. , Barber Thomas M. 
Published: March 2021

PurposeTo compare metabolic effects of modified release hydrocortisone (MR-HC) with standard hydrocortisone (HC) therapies in adults with Adrenal Insufficiency (AI).MethodsAdult patients (n = 12) with AI, established on HC therapy, were recruited from Endocrinology clinics at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW), UK. Baseline (HC) metabolic assessments included fasting serum HbA1C, lipid and thyroid profiles, accurate measures of body composition (BodPod), and 24-h continuous measures of energy expenditure including Sleeping Metabolic Rate (SMR) using indirect calorimetry within the Human Metabolism Research Unit, UHCW. All participants then switched HC to MR-HC with repeat (MR-HC) metabolic assessments at 3 months. Paired-sample t-tests were used for data comparisons between HC and MR-HC assessments: P-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.ResultsFollowing exclusion of 2 participants, analyses were based on 10 participants. Compared with baseline HC data, following 3 months of MR-HC therapy mean fat mass reduced significantly by −3.2 kg (95% CI: −6.0 to −0.4). Mean (SD) baseline HC fat mass vs repeat MR-HC fat mass: 31.9 kg (15.2) vs 28.7 kg (12.8) respectively, P = 0.03. Mean SMR increased significantly by +77 kcal/24 h (95% CI: 10–146). Mean (SD) baseline HC SMR vs repeat MR-HC SMR: 1,517 kcal/24 h (301) vs 1,594 kcal/24 h (344) respectively, P = 0.03. Mean body fat percentage reduced significantly by −3.4% (95% CI: −6.5 to −0.2). Other measures of body composition, energy expenditure, and biochemical analytes were equivalent between HC and MR-HC assessments.ConclusionsIn adults with AI, switching from standard HC to MR-HC associates with early metabolic benefits of reduced fat mass and increased SMR.
eDNA Detection of Native and Invasive Crayfish Species Allows for Year-Round Monitoring and Large-Scale Screening of Lotic Systems
Authors: Chucholl Franziska , Fiolka Franziska , Segelbacher Gernot , Epp Laura Saskia 
Published: March 2021

Effective management of both endangered native and invasive alien crayfishes requires knowledge about distribution, monitoring of existing and early detection of newly established populations. Complementary to traditional survey methods, eDNA sampling has recently emerged as a highly sensitive non-invasive detection method to monitor crayfish populations. To advance the use of eDNA as detection tool for crayfish we used a twofold approach: 1) we designed a novel set of specific eDNA-assays for all native (Austropotamobius torrentium, Austropotamobius pallipes, Astacus astacus) and the most relevant invasive crayfish species (Pacifastacus leniusculus, Faxonius limosus, Faxonius immunis) in Central Europe. To ensure specificity each primer pair was tested in silico, in vitro, and in situ; 2) we assessed the influence of spatio-temporal variables (distance to upstream population, season, stream size) on eDNA detection in seven streams using two different detection methods (qualitative endpoint PCR and quantitative droplet digital PCR, ddPCR). The newly developed eDNA assays successfully detected all crayfish species across different lotic and lentic habitats. eDNA detection rate (endpoint PCR) and eDNA-concentration (ddPCR) were significantly influenced by distance and season. eDNA detection was successful up to 7 km downstream of the source population and across all seasons, although detectability was lowest in winter. eDNA detection rate further decreased with increasing stream size. Finally, eDNA-concentration correlated positively with estimated upstream population size. Overall, we provide near operational eDNA assays for six crayfish species, enabling year-round detection, which represents a clear benefit over conventional methods. Due to its high sensitivity, eDNA detection is also suitable for the targeted search of as-yet unrecorded or newly emerging populations. Using quantitative ddPCR might further allow for a rough estimation of population size, provided that the identified spatio-temporal factors are accounted for. We therefore recommend implementing eDNA-detection as a complementary survey tool, particularly for a large-scale screening of data-deficient catchments or a year-round monitoring.
Altered Antibody Response to Epstein-Barr Virus in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Healthy Subjects Predisposed to the Disease. A Twin Study
Authors: Svendsen Anders J. , Westergaard Marie Christine Wulff , Draborg Anette Holck , Holst René , Kyvik Kirsten O. , Jakobsen Marianne A. , Junker Peter , Houen Gunnar 
Published: March 2021

Objectives: To study Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody patterns in twin individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their healthy co-twins, and to determine the heritability of antibody responses against the EBV encoded EBNA1 protein.Methods: Isotypes of EBNA1 antibodies were measured in 137 RA affected- and 150 healthy twin pairs. We estimated the effect of RA and RA predisposition, anti-citrullinated antibodies (ACPA), IgM rheumatoid factor (RF), the shared epitope (SE) and the PTPN22-T allele (PTPN22) on the level of EBNA1 antibodies. We also determined the heritability of EBNA1 antibody levels.Results: IgA-EBNA1 antibody levels were increased in twins from RA discordant twin pairs irrespective of RA, ACPA or IgM-RF status. The IgG-EBNA1 antibody level was elevated in healthy co-twins from RA discordant twin pairs but not in RA affected twins. The IgM-EBNA1 antibody level was elevated in both RA twins and their healthy co-twins. The effect of RA on the IgA-EBNA1 antibody level was reversed when SE was present and with no effect of PTPN22. The heritability of IgA-, IgG- and IgM-EBNA1 antibody level was 40.6, 65.5, and 54.3%, with no effect of environment shared by the twins.Conclusion: EBNA1 antibody levels are distinctively different between patients with RA and healthy subjects but also between relatives of RA strongly predisposed to RA and healthy subjects. The high level of IgA EBNA1 antibodies associated with RA and a family predisposition to RA is attributable to both genetics incl. the shared epitope and environmental variation.
Clinical Relevance of Gain- and Loss-of-Function Germline Mutations in STAT1: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zhang Wenjing , Chen Xuemei , Gao Guodong , Xing Shubin , Zhou Lina , Tang Xuemei , Zhao Xiaodong , An Yunfei 
Published: March 2021

Background: Germline mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), which lead to primary immunodeficiency, are classified as defects in intrinsic and innate immunity. To date, no comprehensive overview comparing GOF with LOF in early-onset immunodeficiency has been compiled.Objective: To collect and systematically review all studies reporting STAT1 GOF and LOF cases, and to describe the clinical, diagnostic, molecular, and therapeutic characteristics of all the conditions.Methods: A systematic review of the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane to identify articles published before May 23, 2020. Data pertaining to patients with a genetic diagnosis of STAT1 GOF or LOF germline mutations, along with detailed clinical data, were reviewed.Results: The search identified 108 publications describing 442 unique patients with STAT1 GOF mutations. The patients documented with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC; 410/442), lower respiratory tract infections (210/442), and autoimmune thyroid disease (102/442). Th17 cytopenia was identified in 87.8% of those with GOF mutations. Twenty-five patients with GOF mutations received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and 10 died several months later. Twelve of 20 patients who received JAK inhibitor therapy showed improved symptoms. Twenty-one publications described 39 unique patients with STAT1 LOF mutations. The most common manifestations were Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD) (29/39), followed by osteomyelitis (16/39), and lymphadenopathy (9/39). Missense, indel, and frameshift mutations were identified as LOF mutations. There were no obvious defects in lymphocyte subsets or immunoglobulin levels. Eighteen patients required antimycobacterial treatment. Three patients received HSCT, and one of the three died from fulminant EBV infection.Conclusions: STAT1 GOF syndrome is a clinical entity to consider when confronted with a patient with early-onset CMC, bacterial respiratory tract infections, or autoimmune thyroid disease as well as Th17 cytopenia and humoral immunodeficiency. HSCT is still not a reasonable therapeutic choice. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy and JAK inhibitors are an attractive alternative. STAT1 LOF deficiency is a more complicated underlying cause of early-onset MSMD, osteomyelitis, respiratory tract infections, and Herpesviridae infection. Anti-mycobacterial treatment is the main therapeutic choice. More trials are needed to assess the utility of HSCT.
Derivation and Validation of an Automated Search Strategy to Retrospectively Identify Acute Respiratory Distress Patients Per Berlin Definition
Authors: Song Xuan , Weister Timothy J. , Dong Yue , Kashani Kianoush B. , Kashyap Rahul 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is common in critically ill patients and linked with serious consequences. A manual chart review for ARDS diagnosis could be laborious and time-consuming. We developed an automated search strategy to retrospectively identify ARDS patients using the Berlin definition to allow for timely and accurate ARDS detection.Methods: The automated search strategy was created through sequential steps, with keywords applied to an institutional electronic medical records (EMRs) database. We included all adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2017. We selected 100 patients at random to be divided into two derivation cohorts and identified 50 patients at random for the validation cohort. The sensitivity and specificity of the automated search strategy were compared with a manual medical record review (gold standard) for data extraction of ARDS patients per Berlin definition.Results: On the first derivation cohort, the automated search strategy achieved a sensitivity of 91.3%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 93.1%. On the second derivation cohort, it reached the sensitivity of 90.9%, specificity of 100%, PPV of 100%, and NPV of 93.3%. The strategy performance in the validation cohort had a sensitivity of 94.4%, specificity of 96.9%, PPV of 94.4%, and NPV of 96.9%.Conclusions: This automated search strategy for ARDS with the Berlin definition is reliable and accurate, and can serve as an efficient alternative to time-consuming manual data review.