bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materials and Methods
Authors: Lyman R. Lee 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
To determine the origin of archaeological spindle graphs, and to track the frequency of use of each of several types of graph used to diagram culture change, a sample of North American archaeological literature was examined. Numerous series of monographs and volumes of journals in both the archaeological and the paleontological literature were inspected. If a graph of biological (paleontological) or cultural (archaeological) change was included in a publication, that piece of literature was recorded along with the type of graph included. To record such data, a classification of graph types was developed based on categories of statistical graphs (e.g., bar graph, line graph, pie graph, time range, spatio-temporal rectangle). More than 900 pieces of literature on North American archaeology published between ~1880 and ~1960 were inspected, and more than 450 pieces of literature on paleontology were inspected. Because different graph types are constructed under different guidelines, they require an understanding of graph grammar—the rules for constructing, deciphering, and interpreting graphs.
Combatants, Non-Combatants, and the Question of Innocence
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 tackles issues surrounding the concept of combatant/non-combatant and the related notions of guilt/innocence, and the connection of these to the soldier/civilian distinction. The investigation is partly conceptual, but it also inevitably raises moral questions and their significance, since the tactical definition’s reliance upon such concepts relates immediately to the moral assessments enshrined in the just war principle of discrimination, which prohibits the direction of lethal violence at non-combatants and reflects a wider moral principle that prohibits violence against the innocent. Whether one or both of these principles should be rejected, modified, or allow of exceptions are further questions addressed in Chapters 5 and 6. The present chapter requires extended discussion of contemporary debates within the complex just war tradition, particularly between those loosely styled “traditionalist” and “revisionist.” It offers a judgment on the debate and discusses its relation to the author’s account of the nature of terrorist acts.
Religion, War, and Terrorism
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 is concerned with common views affirming strong links between religion and terrorist acts. One such view is that religion has an inherent, distinctive tendency to promote war and terrorist acts; another is that many past and present wars and terrorist acts were in fact wholly or primarily caused by religious commitments; another is that religion is unusual in inevitably promoting particularly bad features of war and terrorism, such as their ferocity and duration. The chapter argues that these common views oversimplify and often exaggerate the importance of religious elements in violent conflicts. Not only are positive aspects of religious traditions condemning wrongful resort to violence neglected, but political and non-religious ideologies that can drive war and terrorism also tend to be ignored. The chapter examines arguments by a range of theorists, both those in favor of the strong links between religion and violence and those against.
Jasmonate regulates the FAMA/mediator complex subunit 8-THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE 1 cascade and myrosinase activity
Authors: Feng Qingkai , Li Liping , Liu Yan , Shao Xingfeng , Li Xiaohui 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Myrosinases are β-thioglucoside glucosidases that are unique to the Brassicales order. These enzymes hydrolyze glucosinolates to produce compounds that have direct antibiotic effects or that function as signaling molecules in the plant immune system, protecting plants from pathogens and insect pests. However, the effects of jasmonic acid (JA), a plant hormone that is crucial for plant disease resistance, on myrosinase activity remain unclear. Here, we systematically studied the effects of JA on myrosinase activity and explored the associated internal transcriptional regulation mechanisms. Exogenous application of JA significantly increased myrosinase activity, while the inhibition of endogenous JA biosynthesis and signaling reduced myrosinase activity. In addition, some myrosinase genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were upregulated by JA. Further genetic and biochemical evidence showed that transcription factor FAMA interacted with a series of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN proteins and affected JA-mediated myrosinase activity. However, among the JA-upregulated myrosinase genes, only THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE 1 (TGG1) was positively regulated by FAMA. Further biochemical analysis showed that FAMA bound to the TGG1 promoter to directly mediate TGG1 expression in conjunction with Mediator complex subunit 8 (MED8). Together, our results provide evidence that JA acts as an important signal upstream of the FAMA/MED8–TGG1 pathway to positively regulate myrosinase activity in Arabidopsis.
Imbalance Model of Heart Rate Variability and Pulse Wave Velocity in Psychotic and Nonpsychotic Disorders
Authors: Zhang Tian Hong , Tang Xiao Chen , Xu Li Hua , Wei Yan Yan , Hu Ye Gang , Cui Hui Ru , Tang Ying Ying , Chen Tao , Li Chun Bo , Zhou Lin Lin , Wang Ji Jun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Patients with psychiatric disorders have an increased risk of cardiovascular pathologies. A bidirectional feedback model between the brain and heart exists widely in both psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders. The aim of this study was to compare heart rate variability (HRV) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) functions between patients with psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders and to investigate whether subgroups defined by HRV and PWV features improve the transdiagnostic psychopathology of psychiatric classification.

Methods
In total, 3448 consecutive patients who visited psychiatric or psychological health services with psychotic (N = 1839) and nonpsychotic disorders (N = 1609) and were drug-free for at least 2 weeks were selected. HRV and PWV indicators were measured via finger photoplethysmography during a 5-minute period of rest. Canonical variates were generated through HRV and PWV indicators by canonical correlation analysis (CCA).

Results
All HRV indicators but none of the PWV indicators were significantly reduced in the psychotic group relative to those in the nonpsychotic group. After adjusting for age, gender, and body mass index, many indices of HRV were significantly reduced in the psychotic group compared with those in the nonpsychotic group. CCA analysis revealed 2 subgroups defined by distinct and relatively homogeneous patterns along HRV and PWV dimensions and comprising 19.0% (subgroup 1, n = 655) and 80.9% (subgroup 2, n = 2781) of the sample, each with distinctive features of HRV and PWV functions.

Conclusions
HRV functions are significantly impaired among psychiatric patients, especially in those with psychosis. Our results highlight important subgroups of psychiatric patients that have distinct features of HRV and PWV which transcend current diagnostic boundaries.
Evaluation of non-invasive bioforensic techniques for determining the age of hot-iron brand burn scars in cattle
Authors: Tolleson Douglas R , Schafer David W 
Published: June 2021

AbsractHot-iron branding is a traditional form of permanent cattle identification in the United States. There is a need for science-based determination of cattle brand age. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to obtain information about animal tissues and healing processes. Height-width allometry and NIRS were applied to hot-iron cattle brand scars to determine if either or both of these methods can be used to non-invasively establish the interval sincethe application of hot-iron cattle brands. Length and width of a brand routinely applied to calves (~30–60 d old) were established and then the same measurements were recorded on 378 calfhood branded cattle of known age ranging from 0.5 to &gt; 6.5 yr-of-age. Brand width and height increased over the original measurements by &gt; 100% between calfhood application and 2.5 yr-of-age (P &lt; 0.001). Brand size did not change dramatically between 2.5 and &gt; 6.5 yr, however, both width and height were (P &lt; 0.05) greater at maturity than at weaning. Near infrared spectra were collected from a) branded skin b) non-clipped (hair), non-branded skin, and c) hair clipped, non-branded skin on Bos taurus cross calves. Individual trial calibrations yielded high R2 and low SE of calibration values as well as similar cross validation performance (P &lt; 0.001). Numerically lower but still strong performance (P &lt; 0.001) resulted from combined data set calibrations. Cross-trial prediction of brand age was unsuccessful. One single year calibration underpredicted (P &lt; 0.001) brand age of an independent validation set by 2.83 d, and another single year calibration underpredicted (P &lt; 0.001) the same validation set by 9.91 d. When combined, these two datasets resulted in a calibration that overpredicted brand age in the validation set by 6.9 d (P &lt; 0.02). Discriminant analyses for identification of skin surface type yielded success rates of 90% for branded, 99% for non-clipped, non-branded, and 96% for clipped, non-branded (P &lt; 0.01). Discriminant analyses were also performed on samples grouped into a) less than 33 d, b) 141–153 d, and c) 169 d categories. All group membership identifications were successful at greater than 90% (P &lt; 0.01). Preliminary results indicate that brand size could be used to indicate brand age and that NIRS can predict brand age as well as discriminate between broad brand age groups in cattle. More work will need to be done before these techniques can be used in real-world forensic applications.
The Basis of the Substrate Specificity of the Epsilon Isoform of Human Diacylglycerol Kinase is not a Consequence of Competing Hydrolysis of ATP
Authors: Epand Richard M. , Prodeus Aaron , Berno Bob , Topham Matthew K. 
Published: June 2021

The diacylglycerol kinase from E. coli transfers some of the γ‐phosphate of ATP to water as well as to diacylglycerol. We also demonstrate that glycerol can act as an acceptor for the phosphate of ATP. We have compared this behavior with that of the only mammalian isoform of diacylglycerol kinase that exhibits acyl chain specificity, i.e. DGKε. The purpose of the study was to determine if differences in the competition between ATPase activity and lipid phosphorylation could contribute to the observed acyl chain specificity with different diacylglycerols. Neither with the highly specific substrate of DGKε, 1‐stearoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl glycerol, nor with a less specific substrate, 1‐stearoyl‐2‐linoleoyl glycerol, is there any evidence for ATP hydrolysis accompanying substrate phosphorylation. Thus, at least for this isoform of diacylglycerol kinase, water does not compete with diacylglycerol as an acceptor of the γ‐phosphate of ATP. The results demonstrate that the substrate specificity of mammalian DGKε is not a consequence of different degrees of ATP hydrolysis in the presence of different species of diacylglycerol.This work was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada, 9848.
Lipid binding properties of Ebola virus matrix protein VP40
Authors: Yong Sylvia , Scott Jordan L. , Stahelin Robert V. 
Published: June 2021

The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a pathogen that causes hemorrhagic fevers in humans. It is most prevalent in Africa, where outbreaks with fatality rates of up to 90% have occurred. It also poses a global threat as infections can be spread rapidly. While it is known that EBOV infections function by inhibiting the immune system, the specific cellular secretion pathway of the virus has not been uncovered. As no treatment for this deadly virus exists, it is important to learn how EBOV co‐opts infected cells in order to pharmacologically target the formation and egress of new virions. VP40, one of the seven structural proteins that EBOV encodes, is essential for initiation of new virion formation at the plasma membrane. In this study, vesicular sedimentation assays were used to better understand the lipid binding properties of VP40. In addition, surface plamon resonance (SPR) was used to determine the binding specificity of the wild type VP40 and mutant VP40 A299W. VP40 WT and VP40 A299W bind phosphatidylserine (PS), a plasma membrane phospholipid, with equal affinity. VP40 is essential for EBOV cellular egress and the mechanisms by which it is targeted to the plasma membrane and subsequently recruits the virus capsid are under further investigation.This research is supported by the NIH (AI081077).
Cyclin dependent kinase 5′s role in the development of both insulin‐positive and neuronal phenotypes
Authors: Khost Daniel Emerson , Aguanno Ann 
Published: June 2021

Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a member of the cyclin dependent kinase family that is unusual in that it is predominately active in terminally differentiated neurons. CDK5 has been implicated in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), where its dysregulation contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Recently CDK5 has been associated with insulin exocytosis in the pancreas. An emerging correlation between Type II diabetes and AD suggests a connection between insulin dysregulation and neurodegeneration. As CDK5 is active in both tissues, it represents a possible common feature in these two pathologies. To study this, our lab models the nervous and pancreatic systems using PC12 and AR42J cell lines, respectively. We transdifferentiate our cells using growth factors, then assess the extent of differentiation via qualitative and quantitative methods in the presence or absence of CDK5 chemical inhibitors. For our neuronal model, we quantify morphological changes using digital photomicroscopy and CDK5 activity using kinase assays. In our pancreatic model, we evaluate transdifferentiation through RT‐PCR analysis of insulin gene expression and immunochemistry assays for insulin secretion. Our results indicate that aberrant CDK5 activity contributes both to alterations in the insulin positive phenotype and neuronal architecture, thus making CDK5 a potential common link between AD and Type II diabetes.Funding from the US Dept. of Education, the Rose M Badgely Charitable Trust, and ASBMB Summer Undergraduate Research Award
Analysis of neuronal migration defects in src‐1 mutant and Fyn transgenic C. elegans
Authors: Hinkle Karen L , Fulton Zachary , Chapdelaine Elizabeth , Ballif Bryan 
Published: June 2021

Fyn is a Src Family Kinase (SFK) important for cerebral cortical development. Its SH2 domain tightly regulates catalytic activity via interaction with an inhibitory phosphotyrosine (Y531) in the C‐terminus. Recent mass spectrometry studies identified novel phosphotyrosines (pY185, pY213, pY214) in Fyn's SH2 domain which may regulate Fyn's activity. The goal of this project is to analyze whether newly identified phosphotyrosines in Fyn's SH2 domain alter neuronal migration in vivo. Transgenic worms expressing wild type human Fyn or a Fyn SH2 binding mutant (R176E) in mechanosensory neurons were engineered to determine if Fyn expression rescues the neuronal migration phenotype in an SFK (src‐1) null mutant. A transgenic construct was also engineered containing phosphomimetic mutations at Y185, Y213, and Y214. Fyn expression in transgenic lines was validated by Western blot, and preliminary analysis of neuronal migration in L4 stage C. elegans showed no alterations from non‐transgenic worms. Transgenic lines will be crossed with src‐1 mutants and analyzed for rescue or altered rescue of the src‐1 migration phenotype to determine whether phosphotyrosines within Fyn's SH2 domain are important in the regulation of neuronal development. This project was supported by the Vermont Genetics Network through grant #8P20GM103449 from the INBRE Program of the NIGMS and NCRR, components of the NIH.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Antagonized Brk‐mediated IGF‐1R Signaling in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Fan gaofeng , Fu Cexiong , Lin Guang , Pappin Darryl , Lucito Robert , Tonks Nicholas K 
Published: June 2021

Signaling deregulation in ovarian cancer remains poorly understood, so do clinically applicable biomarkers and drug targets. As part of a quantitative proteomics analysis, we demonstrated underexpression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in most ovarian carcinoma‐derived cell lines. Stable restoration of PTP1B significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, as well as anchorage‐independent survival.Mechanistically, the IGF‐1R signaling pathway was substantially disturbed after ectopic PTP1B expression. Brk, a non‐receptor tyrosine kinase, which associated with and induced IGF‐1Rβ activation by phosphorylation at Tyr1135, was also inactivated upon PTP1B expression. Indeed, PTP1B bound to and dephosphorylated Tyr1131, 1135 of IGF‐1Rβ and Tyr342 of Brk, respectively, to negatively modulate Brk‐mediated IGF‐1Rβ activation. This inactivation led to enhanced dephosphorylation and activation of Bad, one of the major pro‐death members of Bcl‐2 family, and triggered cell death through apoptosis. Conversely, inhibition of PTP1B by either RNAi or small molecular inhibitor MSI‐1436 elevated Brk and IGF‐1Rβ activation in both ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. In conclusion, PTP1B is a negative regulator of both Brk and IGF‐1Rβ, and its loss, as we observed in ovarian cancers, leads to Brk‐mediated hyperactivation of IGF‐1R signaling.
JNK3 binding to arrestin‐3 differentially affects recruitment of upstream MAP kinase kinases
Authors: Zhan Xuanzhi , Kaoud Tamer S , Kook Seunghyi , Dalby Kevin N. , Gurevich Vsevold V. 
Published: June 2021

Non‐visual arrestins‐2 and‐3 interact with numerous GPCRs and dozens of non‐receptors partners, such as MAP kinases. Arrestin‐3 promotes JNK3 activation, scaffolding ASK1‐MKK4‐JNK3 cascade. Full activation of JNKs, unlike other MAP kinases, requires two upstream kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, and each preferentially phosphorylating a distinct site, tyrosine (MKK4) and theronine (MKK7). It remains unclear whether arrestin‐3 can promote the activation of JNK3 by MKK7. Using phospho‐Tyr and phospho‐Thr antibodies we found that arrestin‐3 promotes the phosphorylation of both Tyr and Thr within the T‐P‐Y motif in COS‐7 cells. We also found that arrestin‐3 directly binds MKK7 comparably to MKK4. The binding of JNK3 enhanced the association of arrestin‐3 with MKK4, while reduced the binding of MKK7. With pure proteins we show that arrestin‐3 scaffolds MKK7‐JNK3 module at higher concentration than MKK4‐JNK3 module. Arresint‐3 also facilitates JNK3 activation in COS‐7 cells over‐expressing either MKK4 or MKK7. This is the first evidence that arrestin‐3 promotes JNK3 phosphorylation by MKK7. The data suggest that JNK3 binding has opposite effect on arrestin‐3 interactions with MKK4 and MKK7.Support: NIH GM081756, GM077561 and EY011500 (VVG) and GM059802 and Welch Foundation Grant F‐1390 (KND).
Development of a two‐item quick screen for household food insecurity assessment
Authors: Na Muzi , West Keith , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Mehra Sucheta , Labrique Alain , Ali Hasmot , Wu Lee , Klemm Rolf , Christian Parul 
Published: June 2021

Developing an abbreviated assessment scale may enable household food insecurity (HFI) to be assessed more rapidly in developing countries. Using data from 11,243 households in rural Bangladesh, we used latent trait analysis to identify 2 out of 9 questions on a standardized Food Access Survey Tool (FAST) that has been used to identify food insecure households. The latent trait analysis utilizes test parameters that reflect qualities of “discrimination” and “difficulty” in the way questions are answered by respondents. From the 9‐item FAST, the 2 questions that best discriminated households with at least mild food insecurity focused on the frequencies with which household respondents indicated they “buy rice” and “worry about food”. Against a mild‐moderate HFI cutoff using the full 9‐item scale, a positive response to either of the above 2 questions yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 87.5% and 100%, respectively. It is possible to closely approximate the performance of the original 9‐item FAST questionnaire with two questions, thereby improving efficiency in screening households with mild‐moderate food insecurity.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant GH614)
Waist circumference (WC) & Waist:Hip Ratio (WHR) predict hypertension and diabetes risk better than Body Mass Index (BMI) among Filipinos
Authors: Acuin Cecilia , Duante Charmaine 
Published: June 2021

Data from the 1998–2008 Philippine National Nutrition and Health Surveys (NNHeS) were analyzed to establish trends in the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, and of their risk factors. The NNHeS are nationally representative surveys conducted every 5 years and include anthropometric, biochemical and clinical assessments of adults ≥ 20 years old. Prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, high BMI, high WC, high WHR, smoking and alcohol intake are increasing, as are intake of high energy‐dense foods. Having a high WC increases the odds of having hypertension 3‐fold, and of diabetes 7‐fold among males. For females, a high WHR will increase the odds of hypertension by 1.5 times, and of diabetes by almost 6 times. WC and WHR predict hypertension and hyperglycemia better than BMI with significantly higher areas under the curve particularly for females, and may be useful for screening individuals in resource‐constrained settings. Preventive measures for these chronic disease conditions are urgently needed as they threaten to overwhelm a health system set up to address infectious and maternal and child health conditions.Grant Funding Source: WHO
The effect of one Hass avocado per day on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors
Authors: Wang Li , Bordi Peter L , Fleming Jennifer A , Kris‐Etherton Penny M 
Published: June 2021

Avocados are a good source of MUFA and also are rich in vitamins, minerals and phytosterols which could beneficially affect CVD risk. Well controlled studies are lacking about the specific effects of avocados on CVD risk. We conducted a randomized 3‐ period cross‐over, controlled feeding study to evaluate the effects of avocados on risk factors for CVD. Healthy, overweight/obese adults (BMI: 25–35 kg/m2) with moderately elevated LDL‐C (25– 90th percentile) consumed 3 isocaloric treatment diets (5 weeks each) with a 2 week run‐in Average American diet. Treatment diets were matched for SFA (<7% energy) and included a low‐fat diet (LF: 24% fat, 59% CHO, 16% PRO), a moderate fat diet (MF: 34% fat, 49% CHO, 16% PRO), and an avocado diet, which provided 1 avocado/day and an equivalent fatty acid profile as the MF diet (AV: 34% fat, 49% CHO, 16% PRO). Blood samples were collected at baseline and the end of each treatment diet. The AV diet significantly decreased TC, LDL‐C, apoB, LDL/HDL ratio and apoB/apoAI ratio (P<0.001). All treatment diets elicited a reduction in LDL‐C, however the LDL‐C reduction during the AV diet was the greatest (P<0.05). The AV diet and the MF diet did not significantly affect TG and HDL‐C, whereas the LF diet increased TG (P<0.001) and decreased HDL‐C (P<0.05). In summary, inclusion of one avocado a day as part of a healthy moderate fat diet beneficially affects CVD risk factors.Grant Funding Source: Hass Avocado Board