bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PATERNAL LOSS (PAL): A MEIOTIC MUTANT IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER CAUSING LOSS OF PATERNAL CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Baker Bruce S 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The effects of a male-specific meiotic mutant, paternal loss (pal), in D. melanogaster have been examined genetically. The results indicate the following. (1) When homozygous in males, pal can cause loss, but not nondisjunction, of any chromosome pair. The pal-induced chromosome loss produces exceptional progeny that apparently failed to receive one, or more, paternal chromosomes and, in addition, mosaic progeny during whose early mitotic divisions one or more paternal chromosomes were lost. (2) Only paternally derived chromosomes are lost. (3) Mitotic chromosome loss can occur in homozygous pal + progeny of pal males. (4) Chromosomes differ in their susceptibility to pal-induced loss. The site responsible for the insensitivity vs. sensitivity of the X chromosome to pal mapped to the basal region of the X chromosome at, or near, the centromere. From these results, it is suggested that pal + acts in male gonia to specify a product that is a component of, or interacts with, the centromeric region of chromosomes and is necessary for the normal segregation of paternal chromosomes. In the presence of pal, defective chromosomes are produced and these chromosomes tend to get lost during the early cleavage divisions of the zygote. (5) The loss of heterologous chromosome pairs is not independent; there are more cases of simultaneous loss of two chromosomes than expected from independence. Moreover, an examination of cases of simultaneous somatic loss of two heterologs reveals an asymmetry in the early mitotic divisions of the zygote such that when two heterologs are lost at a somatic cleavage division, almost invariably one daughter nucleus fails to get either, and the other daughter nucleus receives its normal chromosome complement. It is suggested that this asymmetry is not a property of pal but is rather a normal process that is being revealed by the mutant. (6) The somatic loss of chromosomes in the progeny of pal males allows the construction of fate maps of the blastoderm. Similar fate maps are obtained using data from gynandromorphs and from marked Y chromosome (nonsexually dimorphic) mosaics.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE CELL-LETHAL MUTANTS OF DROSOPHILA: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Arking Robert 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
One hundred and twenty-one temperature-sensitive (ts) sex-linked lethals were screened by means of X-ray-induced somatic crossing over to determine if any were ts cell-lethal mutants. Cell-lethal mutations were identified by their ability to block the development of homozygous clones when raised under restrictive conditions (29°). Twenty-two ts cell-lethal mutants were isolated and categorized into three classes, depending upon the patterns of damage observed in larval and imaginal tissues. The phenotypes produced by these mutations ranged from those which affected only a limited set of structures (i.e., genital discs only) to those which affected diverse tissues at all stages of the life cycle. Each mutation has its own characteristic time-dependent pattern, frequency, and type of damage. All the mutations affect imaginal tissue, but only one-third of the mutations affect both larval and imaginal tissue. The fastest-acting lethals need 15 hours at the restrictive temperature to kill the cells and the slowest-acting lethals require at least 48 hours. By choosing the appropriate mutant and by manipulating the times of exposure to the restrictive temperature, it has proven possible to produce duplications and deficiencies in specific structures of the adult. A mechanism by which lethality might yield such structures is suggested. In addition, 15 of the mutants are ts female sterile mutants. Only one of these 15 mutants can recover its fertility when shifted back down to the permissive temperature (22°).
GENETIC DISSECTION OF SEGREGATION DISTORTION II. MECHANISM OF SUPPRESSION OF DISTORTION BY CERTAIN INVERSIONS
Authors: Hartl Daniel L 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In(2L+2R)Cy and In(2LR)Pm2 are inversion-bearing chromosomes, the former carrying a paracentric inversion in each arm and the latter carrying a long pericentric. Both chromosomes produce normal segregation ratios when present in heterozygous males with certain segregation distorter chromosomes. The apparent suppression of distortion by these chromosomes was long attributed to a failure of synapsis, but this hypothesis has fallen out of favor recently because a large number of chromosome aberrations, particularly translocations and inversions, suppress distortion even though their breakpoints fall into no recognizable pattern. Although failure of synapsis does not appear to be the mechanism of suppression of distortion, what is responsible for the suppression remains unknown. In this paper it is shown that In(2L+2R)Cy and In(2LR)Pm2 suppress segregation distortion because they carry Rsp, a component of the segregation distorter system that renders a chromosome insensitive to distortion. Both chromosomes induce "suicide" of chromosomes carrying Sd Rsp+.
Democracy and sovereignty: Afterword to the Foreword by Neil Walker
Authors: Rubinelli Lucia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Neil Walker’s analysis in his Foreword article of the centrality of sovereignty to contemporary politics is compelling, in that it reveals the extent to which this concept underpins current theorizing about the state and its legal structure. In this Afterword, I explore two questions that arise from Walker’s analysis: why has sovereignty remained so central to our legal and political thinking? And is the centrality of sovereignty desirable? I suggest that the answer to both questions may have to do with the connection tying modern understandings of sovereignty with the democratic principle of popular power.
Leveraging data visualization and a statewide health information exchange to support COVID-19 surveillance and response: Application of public health informatics
Authors: Dixon Brian E , Grannis Shaun J , McAndrews Connor , Broyles Andrea A , Mikels-Carrasco Waldo , Wiensch Ashley , Williams Jennifer L , Tachinardi Umberto , Embi Peter J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
We sought to support public health surveillance and response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through rapid development and implementation of novel visualization applications for data amalgamated across sectors.

Materials and Methods
We developed and implemented population-level dashboards that collate information on individuals tested for and infected with COVID-19, in partnership with state and local public health agencies as well as health systems. The dashboards are deployed on top of a statewide health information exchange. One dashboard enables authorized users working in public health agencies to surveil populations in detail, and a public version provides higher-level situational awareness to inform ongoing pandemic response efforts in communities.

Results
Both dashboards have proved useful informatics resources. For example, the private dashboard enabled detection of a local community outbreak associated with a meat packing plant. The public dashboard provides recent trend analysis to track disease spread and community-level hospitalizations. Combined, the tools were utilized 133 637 times by 74 317 distinct users between June 21 and August 22, 2020. The tools are frequently cited by journalists and featured on social media.

Discussion
Capitalizing on a statewide health information exchange, in partnership with health system and public health leaders, Regenstrief biomedical informatics experts rapidly developed and deployed informatics tools to support surveillance and response to COVID-19.

Conclusions
The application of public health informatics methods and tools in Indiana holds promise for other states and nations. Yet, development of infrastructure and partnerships will require effort and investment after the current pandemic in preparation for the next public health emergency.
Determination of Seven Antidepressants in Pericardial Fluid by Means of Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cabarcos-Fernández P , Tabernero-Duque M J , Álvarez-Freire I , Bermejo-Barrera A M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although blood is often used to detect and quantify the presence of drugs, there are some instances where samples obtained from other biological matrices, like pericardial fluid (PF), are necessary since adequate blood samples may not be available. PF is an epicardial transudate, which contains plasma components that include toxicological substances making this sample useful when blood samples are not available. This fluid is a well-preserved postmortem sample and can easily be collected in larger amounts without significant contamination, compared with other body fluids. Although studies involving PF began around the 1980s, the adequacy of such fluid as a biological matrix has been poorly investigated. Antidepressants are frequently detected in postmortem samples from forensic cases. Nowadays, they constitute some of the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. A total of seven antidepressants (venlafaxine, mirtazapine, olanzapine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine and citalopram) were evaluated in this study. A new extraction method involving dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) is presented in which chloroform and acetonitrile are determined to be the best extraction and dispersing solvents. The experimental design was achieved using StatGraphics 18. The response surface methodology enabled us to know the optimal volume for the two solvents used in the DLLME. The detection technique used was gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization as ionization source. A temperature gradient has been used and the total chromatographic separation time was 19.43 min. Validation results met the international validation guidance (Food and Drug Administration (FDA)). Under the optimal condition, the method offered good validation parameters showing a new efficient, simple, rapid and sensitive method. The analytical method was applied to 31 PF samples. Twenty-one samples were positive with concentrations between 0.19 and 8.48 µg/mL. Venlafaxine and olanzapine were the antidepressants most frequently found.
The mechanoreceptors of the trilobite larva ofLimulus polyphemus(Linnaeus, 1758) (Merostomata: Xiphosurida: Limulidae)
Authors: Fornshell John A 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThree types of mechanoreceptors were found on the cuticle of the first post-hatching instar of the trilobite larva of Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758) examined by scanning electron microscopy: 1) tactile sensilla on the margin of the carapace of the prosoma; 2) sensilla, adapted to detect near-field sound energy in the form of particle motions and water currents, on the dorsal surface of the carapace covering the prosoma; 3) sensilla, having a helical structure of unknown function and not seen before, on the walking legs and pusher. The morphology of the mechanoreceptors of L. polyphemus, specifically the sensilla capable of sensing particle motions, may shed some light on the mechanisms of near-field sound or particle motion detection of these Jurassic “living fossils.”
Beware the respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma—a malignant masquerador
Authors: Kumar Shivani Angelique , O’Meara Connor , Fredericks Sue , Havas Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH) is a rare benign tumour, which can masquerade as a sinonasal malignancy. Commonly arising from the posterior nasal septum, we present the second described case of a lateral nasal cavity wall REAH in a 68-year-old male with a 2-year history of progressive left nasal obstruction. Clinical and radiological assessment predicted malignancy; however, histopathology identified a benign pathology. He was subsequently treated with narrow local excision under general anaesthetic with no evidence of recurrence at post-operative intervals.
Consensual Unions, Property Rights, and Patrimonial Violence against Women in Latin America
Authors: Deere Carmen Diana , León Magdalena 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Consensual unions in Latin America are becoming more common than marriages. We analyze the evolution of the laws recognizing consensual unions as well as those proscribing domestic violence, including patrimonial violence, for nineteen countries. While the formal property rights of married women and those in consensual unions are now similar, we show that the latter are in a more precarious position, experiencing higher incidences of intimate partner violence. In Colombia and Ecuador, the women in consensual unions also experience higher rates of economic and patrimonial violence. Drawing on qualitative research, we also explore the barriers to women in consensual unions exercising their property rights.
Predictability of leaf traits with climate and elevation: a case study in Gongga Mountain, China
Authors: Xu Huiying , Wang Han , Prentice I Colin , Harrison Sandy P , Wang Genxu , Sun Xiangyang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Leaf mass per area (Ma), nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Narea), maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and the ratio of leaf-internal to ambient CO2 partial pressure (χ) are important traits related to photosynthetic function, and they show systematic variation along climatic and elevational gradients. Separating the effects of air pressure and climate along elevational gradients is challenging due to the covariation of elevation, pressure and climate. However, recently developed models based on optimality theory offer an independent way to predict leaf traits and thus to separate the contributions of different controls. We apply optimality theory to predict variation in leaf traits across 18 sites in the Gongga Mountain region. We show that the models explain 59% of trait variability on average, without site- or region-specific calibration. Temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, vapor pressure deficit, soil moisture and growing season length are all necessary to explain the observed patterns. The direct effect of air pressure is shown to have a relatively minor impact. These findings contribute to a growing body of research indicating that leaf-level traits vary with the physical environment in predictable ways, suggesting a promising direction for the improvement of terrestrial ecosystem models.
Screening of plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strains for the degradation and utilization of exogenous pectin as a soul carbon source
Authors: Hassan Mohammad K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUniversal primers forgyrBwere used to screen 79 strains ofBacillusspecies. The genomic DNA from each strain was extracted, and the PCR product ofgyrBwas amplified and purified for gene sequencing. Gene sequences were edited, and aligned, andBacillus amyloliquefacienssubsp.plantarum(Bap) strains identified based on thegyrBphylogenetic tree. Two primers (exuTanduxuB) were designed to detect pectin-associated transporter geneexuTand D-mannonate oxidoreductase geneuxuB. The Bap strains were then screened for the presence of theexuTanduxuBgenes. These two pectin-utilizing genes were confirmed in 57 and 54 Bap strains by PCR amplification. Second, anin vitrotests were conducted to screen 59 Bap strains using pectin as a sole carbon source to confirm the pectate lyase and utilizing activity. Pectate Agar (PA) and Tris-Spizizen Salts (TSS) medium were used for thein vitropectate lyase and degradation assays.
A simple method of suspending implant wear particles for more physiological modelling of cell-particle interactionsin vitro
Authors: Poon Christine 
Published: January 2021

AbstractArthroplasty implants e.g. hip, knee, spinal disc sustain relatively high compressive loading and friction wear, which lead to the formation of wear particles or debris between articulating surfaces. Despite advances in orthopaedic materials and surface treatments, the production of wear debris from any part of a joint arthroplasty implant is currently unavoidable. Implant wear debris induces host immune responses and inflammation, which causes patient pain and ultimately implant failure through progressive inflammation-mediated osteolysis and implant loosening, where the severity and rate of periprosthetic osteolysis depends on the material and physicochemical characteristics of the wear particles. Evaluating the cytotoxicity of implant wear particles is important for regulatory approved clinical application of arthroplasty implants, as is the study of cell-particle response pathways. However, the wear particles of polymeric materials commonly used for arthroplasty implants tend to float when placed in culture media, which limits their contact with cell cultures. This study reports a simple means of suspending wear particles in liquid medium using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) to provide a more realistic proxy of the interaction between cells and tissues to wear particlesin vivo, which are free-floating in synovial fluid within the joint cavity. Low concentrations of NaCMC dissolved in culture medium were found to be effective for suspending polymeric wear particles. Such suspensions may be used as more physiologically-relevant means for testing cellular responses to implant wear debris, as well as studying the combinative effects of shear and wear particle abrasion on cells in a dynamic culture environments such as perfused tissue-on-chip devices.
Transition to invasive breast cancer is associated with progressive changes in the structure and composition of tumor stroma
Authors: Risom Tyler , Glass David R , Liu Candace C , Rivero-Gutiérrez Belén , Baranski Alex , McCaffrey Erin F , Greenwald Noah F , Kagel Adam , Strand Siri H , Varma Sushama , Kong Alex , Keren Leeat , Srivastava Sucheta , Zhu Chunfang , Khair Zumana , Veis Deborah J , Deschryver Katherine , Vennam Sujay , Maley Carlo , Hwang E Shelley , Marks Jefferey R , Bendall Sean C , Colditz Graham A , West Robert B , Angelo Michael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuctal carcinomain situ(DCIS) is a pre-invasive lesion that is thought to be a precursor to invasive breast cancer (IBC). To understand how the tumor microenvironment (TME) changes with transition to IBC, we used Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging by time of flight (MIBI-TOF) and a 37-plex antibody staining panel to analyze 140 clinically annotated surgical resections covering the full spectrum of breast cancer progression. We compared normal, DCIS, and IBC tissues using machine learning tools for multiplexed cell segmentation, pixel-based clustering, and object morphometrics. Transition from DCIS to IBC was found to occur along a trajectory marked by coordinated shifts in location and function of myoepithelium, fibroblasts, and infiltrating immune cells in the surrounding stroma. Taken together, this comprehensive study within the HTAN Breast PreCancer Atlas offers insight into the etiologies of DCIS, its transition to IBC, and emphasizes the importance of the TME stroma in promoting these processes.
Timing and localization of myasthenia gravis-related gene expression
Authors: Vergoossen Dana L.E. , Keo Arlin , Mahfouz Ahmed , Huijbers Maartje G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMyasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies binding acetylcholine receptors (AChR), muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), agrin or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4). These autoantibodies inhibit neuromuscular transmission by blocking the function of these proteins, and thereby cause fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness. Several reports suggest that these autoantibodies might also affect the central nervous system (CNS) in MG patients. A comprehensive overview of the timing and localization of the expression of MG-related antigens in other organs is currently lacking. To investigate the spatio-temporal expression of MG-related genes outside skeletal muscle, we usedin silicotools to assess public expression databases. Acetylcholine esterase, nicotinic AChR α1 subunit, agrin, collagen Q, Dok7, Lrp4, MuSK and rapsyn were included as MG-related genes because of their well-known involvement in either congenital or autoimmune MG. We investigated expression of MG-related genes in 1) all human tissues using GTEx data, 2) specific brain regions, 3) neurodevelopmental stages, and 4) cell types using datasets from the Allen Institute for Brain Sciences. MG-related genes show heterogenous spatio-temporal expression patterns in the human body as well as in the CNS. For each of these genes several (new) tissues, brain areas and cortical cell types with (relatively) high expression were identified suggesting a potential role for these genes outside skeletal muscle. The possible presence of MG-related antigens outside skeletal muscle suggests that autoimmune MG, congenital MG or treatments targeting the same proteins may affect MG-related protein function in other organs.
Sugar feeding enhances gut immunity and protects against arboviral infection in the mosquito vectorAedes aegypti
Authors: Almire Floriane , Terry Sandra , McFarlane Melanie , Sziemel Agnieszka M. , Terhzaz Selim , Varjak Margus , McDonald Alma , Kohl Alain , Pondeville Emilie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs mosquito females require a blood meal to reproduce, they can act as vectors of numerous pathogens, such as arboviruses (e.g.Zika, dengue and chikungunya viruses), which constitute a substantial worldwide public health burden. In addition to blood meals, mosquito females can also take sugar meals to get carbohydrates for their energy reserves. It is now recognised that diet is a key regulator of health and disease outcome through interactions with the immune system. However, it has been mostly studied in humans and model organisms. So far, the impact of sugar feeding on mosquito immunity and in turn, how this could affect vector competence for arboviruses has not been analysed. Here, we show that sugar feeding increases and maintains antiviral immunity in the digestive tract of the main arbovirus vectorAedes aegypti. Our data demonstrate that the gut microbiota does not mediate the sugar-induced immunity but partly inhibits it. Importantly, sugar intake prior to an arbovirus-infected blood meal further protects females against infection with arboviruses from different families, highlighting a broad antiviral action of sugar. Sugar feeding blocks arbovirus initial infection and dissemination from the gut, lowers infection prevalence and intensity, thereby decreasing transmission potential of female mosquitoes. Overall, our findings uncover a crucial role of sugar feeding in mosquito antiviral immunity and vector competence for arboviruses. SinceAe. aegyptialmost exclusively feed on blood in some natural settings, our findings suggest that this could increase the spread of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases.