bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of N‐Vinyl Lactam Copolymers by Controlled Radical Polymerizations
Authors: Li Zheng , Sarkar Sounak , Li Yejia , Tallon Michael A. , Musa Osama M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFree radical polymerization is one of the most versatile techniques for commercial and labscale production of high molecular weight polymers. This chapter discusses recent advances made in the synthesis of polyvinyl pyrrolidone or polyvinyl caprolactam and their copolymers with other monomers using Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) techniques like Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP), Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), Organometallic‐Mediated Radical Polymerization, and Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain‐Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization. In NMP, nitroxides or alkoxyamines are used to direct the reactions to achieve polymerization control. ATRP is among the most effective and widely used methods of CRP. Controlled polymerization of unconjugated monomers is inherently difficult with both ATRP and NMP. RAFT utilizes a chain transfer agent to control the molecular weight and polydispersity of the resultant polymer by reversible addition and fragmentation events with the endcapped polymer containing the RAFT agent.
Injectable Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Laden Matrigel Microspheres for Endometrium Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Xu Bing , Cao Yuanxiong , Zheng Zheng , Galan Edgar A. , Hu Zhiwei , Ge Jun , Xing Xinhui , Ma Shaohua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEndometrial injury and intrauterine adhesions are increasingly reported in recent years; however, treatment options remain limited. Intravenous injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for endometrium regeneration has limited effectiveness as the retention rate of transplanted cells is low. Hydrogel‐based tissue‐engineered solutions, such as MSC‐seeded bioscaffolds, are reported to increase retention rates; however, a less invasive alternative is still desirable. 560‐µm homogeneous Matrigel microspheres are fabricated, loading them with about 1500 MSCs and injecting them into the injured endometria of rats’ uteri. This minimally invasive procedure is proved to significantly increase endometrium thickness by over onefold after 21 d (p < 0.0001) and fertility rates from 25% to 75% in impaired and repaired uteri (p < 0.001), respectively. This study provides a minimally invasive alternative to endometrium repair with the promise to establish a broad‐spectrum technique for MSC transplantation.
Manipulating the Coordination Chemistry of RuN(O)C Moieties for Fast Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics
Authors: Lao Mengmeng , Zhao Guoqiang , Li Peng , Ma Tianyi , Jiang Yinzhu , Pan Hongge , Dou Shi Xue , Sun Wenping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe coordination chemistry of the metal‐support interface largely determines the electrocatalytic performance of heterostructured electrocatalysts. However, it remains a great challenge to effectively manipulate the interface chemistry of heterostructures at the atomic level. Herein, functionalized carbon‐supported Ru heterostructured electrocatalysts are designed that contain abundant RuN(O)C moieties with a view towards fast hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The coordination chemistry of the RuN(O)C moieties, and hence, the geometric and electronic structures of the Ru species can be precisely modulated via an appropriate annealing treatment. Specifically, the optimal heterostructured electrocatalyst delivers the highest specific activity by far among reported Ru‐based electrocatalysts, and the turnover frequency value reaches 32 s−1 at the overpotential (η) of 100 mV, which also surpasses the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C catalyst in alkaline media. The interface engineering of the heterostructured electrocatalyst not only facilitates H2O adsorption and dissociation with help from the RuN(O)C moieties, but also further optimizes the adsorption behavior of H on the metallic Ru species, thereby inducing accelerated hydrogen evolution kinetics in both alkaline and acidic media. The present results demonstrate the successful atomic‐level interface engineering of carbon‐supported Ru‐based heterostructures and shed new light on the development of advanced electrocatalysts for fast hydrogen evolution, and beyond.
Rebirth of Aspirin Synthesis By‐Product: Prickly Poly(salicylic acid) Nanoparticles as Self‐Anticancer Drug Carrier
Authors: You Xinru , Wang Liying , Wang Li , Wu Jun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs a great drug, aspirin has been used to treat many important diseases. To expand the biomedical applications of the aspirin material family, in this report, the authors polymerized salicylic acid (functional part of aspirin) into poly (salicylic acid) (PSA), which was once a by‐product during aspirin synthesis. PSA can be formulated into sub‐100 nm prickly nanoparticles (NPs) via a nanoprecipitation self‐assembly procedure. The PSA NPs are found to be nontoxic to normal cells and cancer cells, but can inhibit tumor growth in the CT26 mouse model. The anticancer drug can be effectively loaded into PSA NPs and the drug‐loaded PSA NPs show ultra‐high blood vessel penetration, tumor penetration, and tumor accumulation due to the special prickly nanostructure. With these combined advantages, including the self‐therapeutic effects, high biosafety, and high tumor accumulation performance, drug‐loaded PSA NPs achieved a significant tumor inhibition efficacy without causing any side effects. Therefore, a new poly (salicylic acid) NP platform is successfully developed from a byproduct of aspirin synthesis, expanding the biomedical applications of aspirin‐related materials.
Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly‐Based Electrocatalytic Fibril Electrodes Enabling Extremely Low Overpotentials and Stable Operation at 1 A cm−2 in Water‐Splitting Reaction
Authors: Ko Younji , Park Jinho , Mo Jeongmin , Lee Seokmin , Song Yongkwon , Ko Yongmin , Lee Hoyoung , Kim Yongju , Huh June , Lee Seung Woo , Cho Jinhan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFor the practical use of water electrolyzers using non‐noble metal catalysts, it is crucial to minimize the overpotentials for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. Here, cotton‐based, highly porous electrocatalytic electrodes are introduced with extremely low overpotentials and fast reaction kinetics using metal nanoparticle assembly‐driven electroplating. Hydrophobic metal nanoparticles are layer‐by‐layer assembled with small‐molecule linkers onto cotton fibrils to form the conductive seeds for effective electroplating of non‐noble metal electrocatalysts. This approach converts insulating cottons to highly electrocatalytic textiles while maintaining their intrinsic 3D porous structure with extremely large surface area without metal agglomerations. To prepare hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes, Ni is first electroplated onto the conductive cotton textile (HER electrode), and NiFe is subsequently electroplated onto the Ni–electroplated textile (OER electrode). The resulting HER and OER electrodes exhibit remarkably low overpotentials of 12 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 214 mV at 50 mA cm−2, respectively. The two‐electrode water electrolyzer exhibits a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low cell voltage of 1.39 V. Additionally, the operational stability of the device is well maintained even at an extremely high current density of 1 A cm−2 for at least 100 h.
Ultra‐Deep‐Blue Aggregation‐Induced Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Achieving Nearly 16% EQE in Solution‐Processed Nondoped and Doped OLEDs with CIEy < 0.1
Authors: Kim Hyung Jong , Kang Hyunchul , Jeong Ji‐Eun , Park Su Hong , Koh Chang Woo , Kim Chai Won , Woo Han Young , Cho Min Ju , Park Sungnam , Choi Dong Hoon 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUltra‐deep‐blue aggregation‐induced delayed fluorescence (AIDF) emitters (TB‐tCz and TB‐tPCz) bearing organoboron‐based cores as acceptors and 3,6‐substituted carbazoles as donors are presented. The thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties of the two emitters are confirmed by theoretical calculations and time‐resolved photoluminescence experiments. TB‐tCz and TB‐tPCz exhibit fast reverse intersystem crossing rate constants owing to efficient spin–orbit coupling between the singlet and triplet states. When applied in solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), the TB‐tCz‐ and TB‐tPCz‐based nondoped devices exhibit ultra‐deep‐blue emissions of 416–428 nm and high color purity owing to their narrow bandwidths of 42.2–44.4 nm, corresponding to the Commission International de l´Eclairage color coordinates of (x = 0.16–0.17, y = 0.05–0.06). They show a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 8.21% and 15.8%, respectively, exhibiting an unprecedented high performance in solution‐processed deep‐blue TADF‐OLEDs. Furthermore, both emitters exhibit excellent device performances (EQEmax = 14.1–15.9%) and color purity in solution‐processed doped OLEDs. The current study provides an AIDF emitter design strategy to implement high‐efficiency deep‐blue OLEDs in the future.
Eco‐Friendly and Highly Efficient Light‐Emission Ferroelectric Scintillators by Precise Molecular Design
Authors: Li Jun‐Yi , Wang Chang‐Feng , Wu Haodi , Liu Lang , Xu Qiu‐Ling , Ye Si‐Yu , Tong Liang , Chen Xiang , Gao Qiang , Hou Yun‐Long , Wang Fang‐Ming , Tang Jiang , Chen Li‐Zhuang , Zhang Yi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHybrid manganese halide has attracted much attention in the field of environment friendly ferroelectric and photo‐responsive multifunctional materials. Here, the highly efficient photoluminescent inorganic framework MnBr42− is utilized to conceive and synthesize a series of hybrid manganese bromide compounds [RQ]2MnBr4 by introducing precisely designed quasi‐spherical cations [RQ]+ (R = H, Me, Et, FEt, Q = quinuclidine). The accurate and effective modification of cations not only achieves the satisfactory ferroelectricity, but also enhances the photoluminescence quantum yield from 38.7% to 83.65%. Moreover, [FEtQ]2MnBr4 shows a highly efficient X‐ray scintillator performance, including a large range of linear response to X‐ray dose rate from 0.3 to 414.2 μGyair s−1, a high light yield of 34 438 photons per MeV, and a low detection limit of 258 nGyair s−1. This work provides an efficient strategy for the preparation of hybrid manganese halide ferroelectrics with highly efficient light‐emission and X‐ray detection.
Water‐Repellent Ionic Liquid Skinny Gels Customized for Aqueous Zn‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Lee Donggue , Kim Hong‐I , Kim Won‐Yeong , Cho Seok‐Kyu , Baek Kyungeun , Jeong Kihun , Ahn David B. , Park Sodam , Kang Seok Ju , Lee Sang‐Young 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite the enormous potential of aqueous zinc (Zn)‐ion batteries as a cost‐competitive and safer power source, their practical applications have been plagued by the chemical/electrochemical instability of Zn anodes with aqueous electrolytes. Here, ionic liquid (IL) skinny gels are reported as a new class of water‐repellent ion‐conducting protective layers customized for Zn anodes. The IL skinny gel (thickness ≈500 nm), consisting of hydrophobic IL solvent, Zn salts, and thiol‐ene polymer compliant skeleton, prevents the access of water molecules to Zn anodes while allowing Zn2+ conduction for redox reactions. The IL‐gel‐skinned Zn anode enables sustainable Zn plating/stripping cyclability under 90% depth of discharge (DODZn) without suffering from water‐triggered interfacial parasitic reactions. Driven by these advantageous effects, a Zn‐ion full cell (IL‐gel‐skinned Zn‐anode||aqueous‐electrolyte‐containing MnO2 cathode) exhibits high charge/discharge cycling performance (capacity retention ≈95.7% after 600 cycles) that lies beyond those achievable with conventional aqueous Zn‐ion battery technologies.
Clean and Affordable Hydrogen Fuel from Alkaline Water Splitting: Past, Recent Progress, and Future Prospects
Authors: Yu Zi‐You , Duan Yu , Feng Xing‐Yu , Yu Xingxing , Gao Min‐Rui , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydrogen economy has emerged as a very promising alternative to the current hydrocarbon economy, which involves the process of harvesting renewable energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and then further utilization of clean hydrogen fuel. The production of hydrogen by water electrolysis is an essential prerequisite of the hydrogen economy with zero carbon emission. Among various water electrolysis technologies, alkaline water splitting has been commercialized for more than 100 years, representing the most mature and economic technology. Here, the historic development of water electrolysis is overviewed, and several critical electrochemical parameters are discussed. After that, advanced nonprecious metal electrocatalysts that emerged recently for negotiating the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are discussed, including transition metal oxides, (oxy)hydroxides, chalcogenides, phosphides, and nitrides for the OER, as well as transition metal alloys, chalcogenides, phosphides, and carbides for the HER. In this section, particular attention is paid to the catalyst synthesis, activity and stability challenges, performance improvement, and industry‐relevant developments. Some recent works about scaled‐up catalyst synthesis, novel electrode designs, and alkaline seawater electrolysis are also spotlighted. Finally, an outlook on future challenges and opportunities for alkaline water splitting is offered, and potential future directions are speculated.
Metal Sulfide Photocatalysts for Lignocellulose Valorization
Authors: Wu Xuejiao , Xie Shunji , Zhang Haikun , Zhang Qinghong , Sels Bert F. , Wang Ye 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTransition metal sulfides are an extraordinarily vital class of semiconductors with a wide range of applications in the photocatalytic field. A great number of recent advances in photocatalytic transformations of lignocellulosic biomass, the largest renewable carbon resource, into high‐quality fuels and value‐added chemicals has been achieved over metal sulfide semiconductors. Herein, the progress and breakthroughs in metal‐sulfide‐based photocatalytic systems for lignocellulose valorization with an emphasis on selective depolymerization of lignin and oxidative coupling of some important bioplatforms are highligted. The key issues that control reaction pathways and mechanisms are carefully examined. The functions of metal sulfides in the elementary reactions, including CO‐bond cleavage, selective oxidations, CC coupling, and CH activation, are discussed to offer insights to guide the rational design of active and selective photocatalysts for sustainable chemistry. The prospects of sulfide photocatalysts in biomass valorization are also analyzed and briefly discussed.
Photoelectrochemical Water‐Splitting Using CuO‐Based Electrodes for Hydrogen Production: A Review
Authors: Siavash Moakhar Roozbeh , Hosseini‐Hosseinabad Seyed Morteza , Masudy‐Panah Saeid , Seza Ashkan , Jalali Mahsa , Fallah‐Arani Hesam , Dabir Fatemeh , Gholipour Somayeh , Abdi Yaser , Bagheri‐Hariri Mohiedin , Riahi‐Noori Nastaran , Lim Yee‐Fun , Hagfeldt Anders , Saliba Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe cost‐effective, robust, and efficient electrocatalysts for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water‐splitting has been extensively studied over the past decade to address a solution for the energy crisis. The interesting physicochemical properties of CuO have introduced this promising photocathodic material among the few photocatalysts with a narrow bandgap. This photocatalyst has a high activity for the PEC hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under simulated sunlight irradiation. Here, the recent advancements of CuO‐based photoelectrodes, including undoped CuO, doped CuO, and CuO composites, in the PEC water‐splitting field, are comprehensively studied. Moreover, the synthesis methods, characterization, and fundamental factors of each classification are discussed in detail. Apart from the exclusive characteristics of CuO‐based photoelectrodes, the PEC properties of CuO/2D materials, as groups of the growing nanocomposites in photocurrent‐generating devices, are discussed in separate sections. Regarding the particular attention paid to the CuO heterostructure photocathodes, the PEC water splitting application is reviewed and the properties of each group such as electronic structures, defects, bandgap, and hierarchical structures are critically assessed.
Electroactive Biomaterials and Systems for Cell Fate Determination and Tissue Regeneration: Design and Applications
Authors: Liu Zhirong , Wan Xingyi , Wang Zhong Lin , Li Linlin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDuring natural tissue regeneration, tissue microenvironment and stem cell niche including cell–cell interaction, soluble factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM) provide a train of biochemical and biophysical cues for modulation of cell behaviors and tissue functions. Design of functional biomaterials to mimic the tissue/cell microenvironment have great potentials for tissue regeneration applications. Recently, electroactive biomaterials have drawn increasing attentions not only as scaffolds for cell adhesion and structural support, but also as modulators to regulate cell/tissue behaviors and function, especially for electrically excitable cells and tissues. More importantly, electrostimulation can further modulate a myriad of biological processes, from cell cycle, migration, proliferation and differentiation to neural conduction, muscle contraction, embryogenesis, and tissue regeneration. In this review, endogenous bioelectricity and piezoelectricity are introduced. Then, design rationale of electroactive biomaterials is discussed for imitating dynamic cell microenvironment, as well as their mediated electrostimulation and the applying pathways. Recent advances in electroactive biomaterials are systematically overviewed for modulation of stem cell fate and tissue regeneration, mainly including nerve regeneration, bone tissue engineering, and cardiac tissue engineering. Finally, the significance for simulating the native tissue microenvironment is emphasized and the open challenges and future perspectives of electroactive biomaterials are concluded.
Synthesis and Bioapplications of Ag2S Quantum Dots with Near‐Infrared Fluorescence
Authors: Ding Caiping , Huang Youju , Shen Zheyu , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractQuantum dots (QDs) with near‐infrared fluorescence (NIR) are an emerging class of QDs with unique capabilities owing to the deeper tissue penetrability of NIR light compared with visible light. NIR light also effectively overcomes organism autofluorescence, making NIR QDs particularly attractive in biological imaging applications for disease diagnosis. Considering latest developments, Ag2S QDs are a rising star among NIR QDs due to their excellent NIR fluorescence properties and biocompatibility. This review presents the various methods to synthesize NIR Ag2S QDs, and systematically discusses their applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and theranostics. Major challenges and future perspectives concerning the synthesis and bioapplications of NIR Ag2S QDs are discussed.
Poly(ionic liquid)s Containing Alkoxy Chains and Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Anions as Highly Adhesive Materials
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Zhanying , Zhang Yan , Dong Shengyi , Chen Yufang , Zhang Shiguo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAdhesive materials have wide applications in diverse fields, but the development of a novel and multipurpose adhesive is a great challenge. This study demonstrates that conventional poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) can be designed as highly efficient adhesives by simply introducing alkoxy moieties into the cationic backbone of PILs containing bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (TFSI−) anions. The incorporated flexible alkoxy chain not only reduces the glass transition temperature of PILs but also endows these materials with strong hydrogen bonding interactions, which, together with the unique electrostatic interaction of the PILs, simultaneously contributes to a high cohesive energy and interfacial adhesive energy. Consequently, these alkoxy PILs are highly adhesive on various substrates such as glass, ceramic, stainless steel, aluminum, and polymers, in contrast to the nonadhesive behavior of conventional PILs. Photosensitive or electronically conductive composite adhesives are fabricated by virtue of the compatibility between ionic liquids and carbon nanotubes or silver nanofibers. Interestingly, the PIL‐2‐TFSI adhesive possesses a unique and reversible response to electric fields and achieves up to 35% improvement in adhesive strength.
Nanographene–Osmapentalyne Complexes as a Cathode Interlayer in Organic Solar Cells Enhance Efficiency over 18%
Authors: Liu Longzhu , Chen Shiyan , Qu Yangyang , Gao Xiang , Han Liang , Lin Zhiwei , Yang Liulin , Wang Wei , Zheng Nan , Liang Yongye , Tan Yuanzhi , Xia Haiping , He Feng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInterface engineering is a critical method by which to efficiently enhance the photovoltaic performance of nonfullerene solar cells (NFSC). Herein, a series of metal–nanographene‐containing large transition metal involving dπ–pπ conjugated systems by way of the addition reactions of osmapentalynes and p‐diethynyl‐hexabenzocoronenes is reported. Conjugated extensions are engineered to optimize the π‐conjugation of these metal–nanographene molecules, which serve as alcohol‐soluble cathode interlayer (CIL) materials. Upon extension of the π‐conjugation, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PM6:BTP‐eC9‐based NFSCs increases from 16% to over 18%, giving the highest recorded PCE. It is deduced by X‐ray crystallographic analysis, interfacial contact methods, morphology characterization, and carrier dynamics that modification of hexabenzocoronenes‐styryl can effectively improve the short‐circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor of organic solar cells (OSCs), mainly due to the strong and ordered charge transfer, more matching energy level alignments, better interfacial contacts between the active layer and the electrodes, and regulated morphology. Consequently, the carrier transport is largely facilitated, and the carrier recombination is simultaneously impeded. These new CIL materials are broadly able to enhance the photovoltaic properties of OSCs in other systems, which provides a promising potential to serve as CILs for higher‐quality OSCs.
Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Na3V2(PO4)3 for Boosting Sodium Storage Kinetics
Authors: Jiang Minxia , Xu Dan , Yang Baifeng , Zhang Chaozhen , Cao Minhua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractImproving Na‐ion diffusion kinetics is an effective strategy to boost the sodium storage performance of electrode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an oxygen vacancy engineering is reported to evidently enhance Na‐ion diffusion kinetics of Na3V2(PO4)3 and accordingly boost sodium storage performance. Na3V2(PO4)3/C with different molar contents of Cu doping (0%, 2.5%, 4%, 5%, and 6%) are synthesized using a simple sol–gel method followed by an annealing treatment. The experimental results show that Cu2+ successfully replaces the V3+ sites of Na3V2(PO4)3 and that does not change its phase composition. The introduction of Cu2+ not only results in the formation of V4+ to maintain charge balance, leading to a shorter VO bond, but also promotes the generation of oxygen vacancies and accordingly facilitates Na‐ion diffusion kinetics. As expected, the optimal sample displays a stable capacity of 111.4 mA h g−1 with capacity retention of 90.4% over 300 cycles at 1 C and a high rate capacity of 83.8 mA h g−1 at 20 C. The studies demonstrate that the Cu doping is favorable for the electrochemical enhancement of Na3V2(PO4)3, which provides a promising prospect for Na3V2(PO4)3 as a cathode for SIBs.