bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment by Using Copperas as Physicochemical Treatment Agent
Authors: Razak Noor Aiman , Yahya Nor Aisyah Mat , Abdullah Nabihah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The palm oil mill industry in Malaysia are a huge agriculture industry which generates significant amount Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). POME is an oily wastewater which consist of various suspended components, the liquid are a combination of steriliser condensate and cooling water. The wastewater is very pollutant to human and environment, the coagulants applied to reduce the suspended materials in POME as following the stringent requirements of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solid (TDS), total solid (TS) and turbidity as stated by the Department of environment. This paper analyses the use of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate as a coagulant as it was applied on the primary treatment and the results improvement upon physicochemical treatment parameters. Series of batch treatment for coagulation and flocculation with ferrous sulphate heptahydrate were conducted. Dosage and pH were conducted to determine the optimum conditions to apply the coagulants. The result of coagulants showed that ferrous sulphate heptahydrate have a good effect on BOD reduction at dosage 1500 mg/l pH of 3.4 before pH adjustment. There were eight different samples used for different concentration of coagulant, the sample of 250 ppm copperas feed till 1000 ppm feed has the COD result difference of 171 ppm. When the copperas feed increased the COD value will decreased gradually. For the second parameter, biological oxygen demands the BOD value are reduced successfully, the first sample with feed concentration 500 ppm of copperas has BOD value of 288 ppm. As we increase the feed of copperas to 2000 ppm the BOD value reduced to 13 ppm. Next the highest value of TSS reduction is at 2000 ppm of copperas feed, at the specific dosage the TSS reading was 7502 ppm
Investigation of magnetic field effect on MRR, EWR and surface roughness during EDM of AISI420 tool Steel
Authors: Efendee A M , Azhari A , Hasnain A R , Zainal Ariffin S , Mukhtar M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Electrical discharge machine (EDM) is a machining process that is not affected by the toughness or hardness of the sample material but the electrical and thermal conductivity. In EDM process, good surface quality can only be produced if low peak current is used but the machining process will take a long time causing material removal rate (MRR) to be too low. While the accumulated machine debris in the machining zone can cause abnormal discharge and disrupt the material removal process. The present research aims to study the magnetic field effect on MRR, EWR and SR for EDM process improvement. In addition to MRR, electrode wear rate (EWR) and surface roughness illustrate the effectiveness of the EDM process. The installation of magnetic devices in the EDM machining area were implemented and the experiments were conducted using graphite electrode and AISI420 as the workpiece. Permanent magnets having 0.54 Tesla were applied to produce magnetic fields during EDM operations. The presence of this magnetic field also contributes to the effectiveness of the flushing process because the evaporated debris will be attracted and attached to the magnet, then purify the spark gap medium for the next discharge process. Dielectric that stays clean and sparks under magnetic field influence increases the effectiveness of the material removal process. Surface roughness from Ra measurement has recorded 12.6% to 28.1% improvement when magnetic devices were applied on EDM. The spark ignition delays and the refinement of EDM spark enhanced the surface quality compared to conventional EDM. Comparison of images through optical microscopy and SEM also proves that the Magnetic Field Assisted EDM (MFAEDM) method is capable of producing better surface quality. This MFAEDM shows that action to hybridize EDM is necessary to increase EDM competency by attaining both of machining efficiency and high quality of surface integrity.
Performance and Emission Measurement of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Biodiesel Fuel Blends
Authors: Rusli M Q , Muhamad Said M F , Sulaiman A M , Roslan M F , Veza I , Mohd Perang M R , Lau H L N , Abd Wafti N S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A high concentration of palm oil biodiesel fuel blend is a strong candidate to substitute conventional diesel fuel (B10) due to its prospect to release fewer emissions. This paper shall present findings when testing palm oil biodiesel fuel blends (B10, B20, and B30) at medium speed (2500 rpm) in a single-cylinder Yanmar L70N diesel engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer. In this study, a timed burette and an airbox determined the engine’s fuel and air consumption, respectively. In contrast, a flue gas analyzer measured the emission released by the fuel blend. The result indicates that as the concentration of palm oil biodiesel increases in the blends (from B10 to B30), there is no significant difference (average less than 5%) between the fuel blends in terms of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and air-fuel ratio. On the other hand, the emission results showed a reduction in CO, CO2, and NOx when the concentration of palm oil biodiesel increases in the blends. Considering the fuel blend would have no significant difference in the engine performance and its ability to reduce most emission, it is safe to conclude that B30 would be a good alternative for current diesel fuel (B10).
Tendencies of non-assur mechanisms use in the structure of technological machines
Authors: Isakov V S , Deriglazov V S , Isakova O V , Yereyskiy A V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article gives the scientific research analysis results in the field of non-assured mechanisms on the basis of which the conclusion is made about the need for further development of mechanisms and methodological approaches to the synthesis of machines with special properties of the kinematic structure. This makes it possible to reduce energy consumption and improve technical performance, in particular, grinding machines and presses with gear and jagged actuating devices. The developed general scheme for the formation of the adaptable parameters of the technological machine establishes the dependence of these parameters on the conditions determined by the external environment, the properties of the initial and final product, and also implements the design of a materials grinder with different physical and mechanical properties, a press for molding fuel granules based on gear and jagged actuating devices with tense closed kinematic contours. The results of experimental studies have confirmed the existence of a relationship between the magnitude of the closed kinematic loop prestressing and the energy of the grinding and pressing process. The revealed regularities make it possible to minimize energy consumption in accordance with the strength of the mill charge or the size of the deformed sample by choosing rational parameters of the circuit stress, i.e. to adapt the technological machine to the properties of the processed material. Experimental studies of a gear mill on a sample of sandstone, quartz, marble have confirmed that, with the same energy consumption, the maximum grinding efficiency (an increase in the proportion of fine particles) is achieved only in a certain range of closed kinematic circuit loading corresponding to the strength of the mill charge. The data obtained make it possible to use the effect of a tense closed kinematic contour of gear and jagged actuating devices in technological machines for various purposes.
Comparative analysis of experimental methods to assess the resistance of milling road asphalt concrete
Authors: Furmanov D V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the comparative analysis of experimental evaluation of cutting resistance of road asphalt concrete to cutting elements with cylindrical carbide tips, which are widely used in rotors of road milling machines. The paper shows the comparison of the results obtained from the study of cutting of typical asphalt concrete with a single cutter on a pendulum stand and on a stand with a mechanical low-speed drive of the cutting element. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are determined and provided in the paper. The conclusions obtained allow us to recommend reasonably the methods of research of strength indicators of asphalt concrete from the point of view of cutting resistance to cutting with working bodies of road machinery.
Monitoring of water quality in ponds using a miniature unmanned underwater vehicle
Authors: Safarov D I , Efimov S V , Knyazev S I , Jatsun S F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The proposed article is based on mathematical models of study and development setting up computational experiments of a miniature unmanned underwater vehicles (MUUV) The development and study of systems for automated monitoring of water quality in reservoirs (SAWM) allows the prompt real-time assessment of the environmental situation at various points in the monitoring area. The research objectives are the development of mathematical models describing the process of MUUV control, as well as the development of a mathematical model of the MUUV system. The development of a motion control strategy in the study of water quality is carried out to organize the sampling process. A mathematical model which describes perturbed motion is proposed and a method for the synthesis of the parameters of regulator of the control system based on the decomposition of the equations of motion of the MUUV and transient process is developed. Mathematical models of the force factors acting on the MUUV were developed in view of external pulse disturbances. Mathematical models of control factors were developed which ensured the motion of the MUUV with a variable thrust vector.
Investigation of return movement process of vibrocleaver blade
Authors: Kligunov E S , Voskresenskiy G G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The lack of the necessary amount of equipment for winter maintenance, significant precipitation leads to a decrease in the efficiency of roads. Inside, courtyards and sidewalks are also covered with a layer of compacted snow due to untimely snow removal. The mechanical method of breaking compacted snow is currently insufficiently studied and so far there is no effective equipment to combat snow and ice formations. A peculiarity of the process of compacted snow destruction in the mode of “vibration cutting” is intermittent contact of the blade with the destroyed medium. Condition of steady mode of vibration cutting is criterion of vibration scraper blade release from contact with medium to be destroyed. The purpose of the study is to establish the time at which the contact of the blade with compacted snow is interrupted. Obtained results of calculations make it possible to set values at which vibration cutting mode is possible and to select parameters of hydraulic accumulator, which provides movement of the vibrocleaver blade of compacted snow.
Studying the dynamics of the automatic control system for the elevation position of a motor grader blade with an alternative position sensor
Authors: Galitskov K S , Nazarov M A , Lukyanov A S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The existing problems of controlling the elevation position of a motor grader blade when leveling a roadbed, caused by arising measurement errors associated with both the operation of the control systems themselves and disturbing influences, are considered. It is shown that the optimally tuned regulators in the existing control system do not provide the required quality indicators for the operation of a construction machine. It is proposed to equip the automatic control system for the elevation position of the grader blade with an alternative position sensor, the signal from which is compared with the reference action and the difference is introduced as a correction to the control system. The developed system allows us to increase the accuracy of automatic elevation positioning of the motor grader blade up to the quality required by regulatory documents.
Modeling the warm-up process for hydraulic actuator components
Authors: Polovnikov E V , Konev V V , Merdanov Sh M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses warm-up processes for the hydraulic system components of road construction machinery using mathematical and physical simulations. The efficiency of these processes is governed by warm-up and cool-down rates of the hydraulic actuator components. It studies how various hydraulic system components interface as they warm up. The general task is to estimate the dynamic behavior of the components and loops comprising such components and the entire warm-upsystem. The models of the transient heat flow process of the warm-up system are based on the heat balance equation of the flowing medium (of the heat transfer fluid – a hydraulic fluid) within the control volume. For experimental verification, the hydraulic actuator components warm-up modes using the warmed-up hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic tank have been tested on the hydraulic test bench that we developed. The example of consecutive warm-up of the hydraulic system components is given. Based on this, after the experimental findings were processed, correlation coefficients for different warm-up modes and types of relationships between the hydraulic actuator component temperatures and their warm-up times were determined.
One way to reduce the dynamic loads in the gearing engagement of construction machinery mechanisms
Authors: Skel V I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the gear mechanisms of the machine drive, vibrations occur mainly due to the difference in the circular pitches of a gear and a pinion, errors in the profile of the teeth, variable gearing stiffness and friction in the mesh. For involute gear transmissions of construction machinery, the difference between circular pitches of a gear and a pinion contributes significantly to the dynamic component of the load. The influence of the difference between the gear and pinion pitches on a change in the gear ratio of a gear pair with a gear frequency as a source of vibration is considered. It is known that the dynamic load is usually greater if the main pitch of the gear is greater than the main pitch of the pinion. The authors show that it is possible to choose such a gear displacement coefficient, with which the gear ratio error will not depend on the sign of the difference between the main gear and pinion pitches and will have the smallest possible value. Then, at low cost, it is possible to obtain the least probable dynamic effect of the difference in the main pitches of the meshing gears in the construction mechanisms.
Approaches to reduction of dynamic loads arising in truck-mounted hydraulic lifts
Authors: Stepanov M A , Kaitukov B A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article addresses approaches to reduction of dynamic loads arising in truck-mounted hydraulic lifts. Lifts are widely used to perform assembly and painting work in the course of construction. Dynamic loads, arising in the process of their operation, reduce performance and operational safety of lifts. The co-authors focused their research efforts on hinge mechanisms installed in truck-mounted hydraulic lifts. Hydraulic lift booms have hydraulic drives that ensure a uniformly continuous pace of hydraulic cylinder rod extension, but rotation speeds of the booms do not coincide, thus, causing them to move up by fits. This phenomenon triggers dynamic loads that arise in booms and make workers feel uncomfortable when on the platform. The co-authors provide motion equations for upper and lower booms of a lift. Having solved these equations, the co-authors obtained rational values of loads applied to the booms. Dependencies between varying values of the force in a hydraulic cylinder rod and the boom swing angle, as well as between the boom swing angle and the boom lifting angle are to be identified to reduce dynamic loads. These dependencies enable the co-authors to tailor the pump output. The co-authors suggest a rational system of proportional hydraulic cylinder control over acceleration or the force. Dependencies, obtained by the co-authors, can be applied to fine-tune the proportional distributor to make booms move smoothly, to reduce dynamic loads and to ensure a comfortable working environment for workers on the platform.
Garage complexes as the infrastructural basis of a modern city
Authors: Borychev S N , Suvorova N A , Burmina E N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The problem of the effective organization of parking spaces, the need for the construction of a multi-storey garage complex located in the transport-service system of the city investigated. The requirements of the existing federal law and regulations governing the conditions for placing the garage complex and car maintenance areas in relation to residential, public and business buildings located in the immediate vicinity have been worked out and considered. The construction site of Autohall garage complex, having weak, water-saturated clay soils, has been investigated. A constructive solution is considered and the advantage of using reinforced concrete column piles as supports reinforcing the soil is revealed. MONOMACH software complex solves a wide range of problems and has a number of advantages over other automated systems. The program implements a wide range of possibilities for inter-program communication. The construction of a monolithic frame of the complex, its volumetric model in COMPONOVKA program was consistently performed. Program GRUNT determined spatial modeling of the soil body according to the given engineering and geological surveys, the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil, the bed coefficient. A monolithic foundation slab on a pile foundation was imported into PLITA program and the calculation of the optimal thickness of the slab, reinforcement of the lower and upper zones, numerical modelling of the work of the stress-strain state, i.e. an optimal design solution was chosen that excluded uneven deformations of the base, i.e. the design solution excludes ultimate deformations of the base.
Geoecological screening of the state of small and medium-sized river basins to assess the impact of measures for the operation of hydraulic structures
Authors: Yurova Y D , Shirokova V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The relevance of the work is due to the annual increase in anthropogenic load on components of geosystems of basins of small and medium rivers. The paper proposes an integrated approach to solving the main problem using a combination of classical and modern methods of analyzing natural systems - the screening method. This paper notes the need for screening control during the implementation of measures for the operation of hydraulic structures to assess the current state of catchment basins of small and medium-sized rivers, which includes the forecast of possible changes in the components of geosystems under the influence of anthropogenic load in order to prevent, minimize or eliminate negative environmental and related socio-economic and other consequences and maintain optimal living conditions for the population. Solving the problem using the screening method will make it possible to better analyze the state of catchment areas, in particular, the basins of small and medium rivers with a high anthropogenic load, which will make it possible to promptly identify environmental risks that have a negative impact on the components of geosystems and take more effective measures to eliminate them. The development of a methodology for screening control will make it possible to comprehensively assess the impact of anthropogenic factors on the geoecological state of the catchment area of the Osetr river, to study the current ecological state of the study area, identify the main factors of impact, as well as assess the degree of pollution, zone the study area according to the degree of anthropogenic load, and develop a geoecological passport for the catchment area of the Osetr river.
Influence of intermediate layer on the strength of freezing of soil with the metal surface of machines at negative temperatures
Authors: Zenkov S A , Dryupin P Yu , Bondalet I S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The development of moist cohesive soils in conditions of negative temperatures leads to a decrease in the productivity of earth-moving machines due to the increase in adhesion and friction. When wet soil and a metal bucket interact, the soil freezes to the sides of the bucket, which leads to a decrease in the useful volume of the bucket and, therefore, to a decrease in the productivity of the machine. The experimental studies have been carried out on the effect of the intermediate layer at the interface between the soil and the working body of the machine, on adhesion. The prophylactic lubricant "Niogrin" was used as an intermediate layer. As a result of processing the obtained experimental data, a regression equation was obtained; the dependence of the soil shear stress on various factors is presented and the influence of external factors on the adhesion of soils at negative temperatures is estimated. The comparison of the obtained dependencies showed that the strength of soil freezing when using a preventive liquid decreases 1.5-2 times.
Determination of size of urban particulates from occluded scattering patterns using deep learning and data augmentation
Authors: Grant-Jacob James A , Praeger Matthew , Loxham Matthew , Eason Robert W , Mills Ben 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Deep learning has shown recent key breakthroughs in enabling particulate identification directly from scattering patterns. However, moving such a detector from a laboratory to a real-world environment means developing techniques for improving the neural network robustness. Here, a methodology for training data augmentation is proposed that is shown to ensure neural network accuracy, despite occlusion of the scattering pattern by simulated particulates deposited on the detector’s imaging sensor surface. The augmentation approach was shown to increase the accuracy of the network when identifying the geometric Y-dimension of the particulates by ∼62% when 1000 occlusions of size ∼5 pixels were present on the scattering pattern. This capability demonstrates the potential of data augmentation for increasing accuracy and longevity of a particulate detector operating in a real-world environment.
A metrological atomic force microscope system
Authors: Wu Yiting , Wirthmann Elisa , Klöpzig Ute , Hausotte Tino 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new metrological atomic force microscope (MAFM) with combined deflection detection system that comprises a homodyne interferometer and an optical beam deflection measuring system are presented. The combination allows the simultaneous three-dimensional detection of position, bending and torsion of the cantilever. Two wedge plates with a wedge angle of 0.5° have been integrated to reduce the disturbing interferences. The new measuring system uses two tiltable plane mirrors and a shiftable focus lens to adjust the direction of the focused laser beam and the position of the focus. The integration of the MAFM head in a nanomeasuring machine (NMM-1) creates the possibility of traceable dimensional measurements over a large range of 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm with sub-nanometre resolution. This paper introduces its setup, realisation and metrological properties, such as stability of the characteristic curves, noise level and combined measurement uncertainty. Finally, exemplary measurement results are presented.