bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of I-Trace high-order aberrations induced by wavefront-optimized ablation profiles
Authors: Mossallam Ehab F. 
Published: March 2021

Aim
This work aimed to analyze the ocular aberrations induced by wavefront-optimized (WFO) ablation profiles using I-Trace aberrometer (ray tracing).

Settings and design
This is a prospective noncomparative nonrandomized clinical study that was carried out at Rooya Eye Center, Alexandria, Egypt.

Patients and methods
The study included 20 eyes of 10 cases that underwent laser in situ keratomileusis with WFO ablation profile. Cases were followed up at 1 and 3 months after surgery to analyze the ocular aberrations done using I-Trace Visual Functional Analyzer (ray tracing technology).

Results
The mean preoperative total high-order aberration was changed from 0.33±0.2 to 0.38±0.21 after 1 month (P=0.107) and became 0.35±0.15 at 3 months (P=0.265), which was statistically insignificant, with an increase of 6.074%. The mean preoperative coma was 0.27±0.17 and changed to 0.29±0.2 after 1 month (P=0.345) and became 0.32±0.22 at 3 months (P=0.107), which was statistically insignificant, with an increase of 17.6%. The mean increase in spherical aberrations was from 0.086±0.06 preoperatively to 0.18±0.15 after 1 month (P=0.018) and to 0.19±0.24 at 3 months (P=0.036), which was statistically significant, with an increase of 119.4%. The secondary astigmatism mean preoperative value was 0.06095±0.0439 and increased to 0.0787±0.0535 after 1 month (P=0.103) and became 0.1059±0.0592 at 3 months (P=0.098), which was statistically insignificant, with an increase of 73.7%. The trefoil preoperative mean was 0.18±0.13 and changed to 0.16±0.09 after 1 month (P=0.125) and became 0.15±0.07 at 3 months (P=0.251), which was statistically insignificant, with a decrease of −13.7%.

Conclusion
There was no significant total high-order aberrations increase after WFO ablation profile for low to moderate myopia.
Correlation of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness with glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients
Authors: Mikhail Maria E.A. , Saif Mohamed-Yasser S. , Mohammad Sahar I. 
Published: March 2021

Aim
The aim of this study was to correlate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetic patients.

Setting and design
This is a comparative case series study that was conducted on 58 eyes of 30 diabetic patients attending the Outpatient Clinics of the Ophthalmology Department, Beni-Suef University Hospital, Beni-Suef, Egypt, between June and August 2019.

Patients and methods
The 30 cases were divided into two equal groups: uncontrolled diabetic group (group 1), with HbA1c more than or equal to 7%, and controlled group (group 2), with HbA1c less than 7%. Both eyes in each patient were scanned using optical coherence tomography, ‘Optovue.’ Blood samples for HbA1c testing were collected as well.

Results
There was a significant negative correlation between average, superior, inferior, and nasal RNFL quadrant thickness and HbA1c in group 1, which was found with HbA1c level more than 9%. In group 2, there was no statistically significant correlation of HbA1c and all RNFL parameters in both eyes. In addition, in group 1, there was a significant negative correlation of average, superior, and inferior GCC quadrant thickness and a positive correlation of focal loss volume with Hb1Ac level more than 9%. In group 2, the average and inferior GCC thickness showed a positive correlation with HbA1c. Furthermore, focal loss volume and global loss volume were negatively correlated with HbA1c.

Conclusion
There was a statistically significant correlation between thinning of most of RNFL and GCC quadrants and uncontrolled HbA1c more than 9%.
Safety and efficacy of low-dose topical atropine for slowing down progression of myopia in children and adolescents
Authors: Alhagaa Ahmed A. , Badawi Nermeen M. 
Published: March 2021

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-dose (0.01%) topical atropine eye drops for slowing down the progression of myopia in children and adolescents.

Patients and methods
A total of 600 eyes of 300 patients aged from 8 to 14 years were included in the study. They were divided into two groups: group A, which included 300 myopic eyes with a spherical equivalent (SE) between −3.00 and −6.00 D that received low-dose (0.01%) topical atropine eye drops once daily for 1 year, and group B as a control group, which consisted of 300 myopic eyes (with SE between −3.00 and −6.00 D) that did not receive the topical atropine eye drops. Posttherapy follow-up for myopia progression was done at 6 months, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 years.

Results
By the end of 3 years, the mean SE was −5.1±1.75 D in group A in comparison with −6.15±3.15 D in group B. The progression of myopia was significantly more in group B than in group A after 1 year of follow-up and continued with statistically significant difference till the end of the follow-up period. No significant changes in topography or pachymetry were reported in the present study. In addition, no complications related to the low-dose topical atropine drops (0.01%) were reported.

Conclusion
The use of low-dose (0.01%) topical atropine eye drops was safe and effective in decreasing the progression of myopia in children and adolescents.
Pandemic and psychological outcomes among health-care practitioners
Authors: Garg Sunny , Chauhan Alka , Sharma Devesh , Singh Sanjeet , Bansal Kirti 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
The dramatic spread of SARS-Cov-2 and the following fatalities put the health-care practitioners under high pressure and increased workload. Coping mechanisms adapted by health-care practitioners represent a challenge to their psychological resilience. This type of pandemic produces fearful behavior and increases the risk of adverse psychological responses. The aim was to study the prevalence of psychological outcomes and exploring the associated factors among health-care practitioners amidst COVID-19.

Materials and Methods:
This is a cross-sectional, online survey of 588 health-care practitioners who were fighting against the COVID-19. The survey was applied in August, 2020, using a questionnaire that measures depression, anxiety, and stress. Survey included two sections, sociodemographic characteristics and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) scale. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the factors associated with psychological problems. Pearson's correlation was also used to assess the correlation among the psychological outcomes themselves.

Results:
Out of 588 health-care practitioners, 49.65% had depressive symptoms, 41.15% had anxiety symptoms, and 30.95% were distressed. Around 25%–35% of health-care practitioners had moderate-to-severe symptoms. Mean age was 28.78 years, and mean score of DASS-21 was 31.29 (standard deviation SD = 27.07). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that working as specialists and as frontline workers was significantly associated with different psychological outcomes (anxiety and stress). A statistically significant correlation was found between stress, anxiety, and depression.

Conclusions:
This study revealed that a large number of health-care practitioners were affected severely by psychological morbidities, which required a mental health professional consultation. These negative outcomes were invisible, inconvenient, and frightening in reality. Therefore, recognition of other risk factors and planning of interventions would be beneficial in reducing the damage to psychological well-being of these practitioners.

The following core competencies are addressed in this article:
Clinical knowledge, Practice-based learning and improvement, System-based practice.
Effectiveness of school-based dental health education on knowledge and practices related to emergency management of dental trauma and tooth avulsion
Authors: Srilatha Y. , Shekar Byalakere Rudraiah Chandra , Krupa N C 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Trauma to teeth and jaws are considered major public health problems. The school environment is the most susceptible place for children, to encounter trauma to teeth.

Materials and Methods:
This interventional study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of school-based dental health education (DHE) on knowledge and practices related to emergency management of dental trauma and tooth avulsion among students and teachers of three government and three private schools each selected from two mandals (Mandal is a sub-district which comprises of a cluster of villages and village is the lowest level of administrative sub-division in rural areas of India) of Guntur district. Baseline information was collected from participants using a validated structured questionnaire. DHE on “Dental Trauma and Emergency Management of Tooth Avulsion” was offered using audiovisual aids (Flip charts, Slideshow) by a qualified Public Health Dentist. Subsequently, trained science teachers in each school were requested to undertake health education sessions at monthly interval for the next 3 months. Postintervention data were collected 1 week after initial DHE by public health dentist and 1 week after last reinforcement session by the teacher. Mean knowledge and practice scores were compared using independent sample t-test and Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance.

Results:
A total of 1180 children (570 males and 602 females, age range: 12–16 years) and 54 teachers (24 males and 30 females, age range: 20–56 years) were included. Mean scores for knowledge and practices increased among students and teachers following intervention with no difference between flipchart and slideshow method.

Conclusion:
Teachers (preferably science teachers) could be effectively used for DHE provided that they receive proper training and continued education on dental trauma.

The following core competencies are addressed in this article:
Medical knowledge, Practice-based learning and improvement, Systems-based practice.
Patterns of Utilization of Maternal and Child Health Care among Tribals of H D Kote Taluk Mysore
Authors: Yadav Kavita , MR Narayana Murthy , Prasad Manohar , Kulkarni Praveen 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Maternal and child health (MCH) care services utilization is an important issue in the tribal area. It is very important to understand the pattern of utilization so as enable the policymakers to take initiatives to make the service provision more acceptable to the tribal population of India.

Methodology:
A community-based study was conducted in the tribal area of H D Kote taluk Mysore. Of 16 Primary Health Centers, five centers which cover nearly 50% of the population were chosen for the study. All the mothers who resided in those areas and delivered during January 2013 to December 2013, were chosen for study, which came to 215. Those who had migrated to areas outside our study area and those who were not found in home during data collection home visit were left out. Hence, the final sample size came to be 165.

Results:
Majority of mothers (74.5%) had antenatal registration done in the first trimester. Nearly 36.4% of mothers had <3 antenatal check-up visits, 26.7% had 3–5 visits, and 32.7% of mothers had >5 visits. About 95.2% of mothers had received two Tetanus toxoid injections, 3% had one injection, and 1.8% had no injections. About 42.4% of mothers had consumed >100 iron and folic acid (IFA) tablets, 27.3% had 75–100 tablets, 13.3% had 50–75 tablets, and 14.5% had <50 tablets, whereas 2.4% did not consume the IFA tablets.

Conclusion:
MCH care services utilization in the chosen tribal area was found to be satisfactory. It is a good sign as this reflects on the success of the reach of the government programs aimed at improving the mother and child health conditions in the tribal population.
Morphometric Analysis of Foramen Magnum in the Determination of Sex Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Wani Bashir Ahmad , Nazir Nusrat , Sheikh Rayees Ahmad , Chalkoo Altaf Hussain , Jan Tauseefa 
Published: March 2021

Background:
sex identification by morphological assessment of various bones of the skeleton had been one of the oldest approaches in forensic anthropology and medico-legal cases.

Aim and Objective:
The aim of this study was to make the morphometric measurements of the foramen magnum in determining the feasibility of sex determination using computed tomography (CT).

Materials and Methods:
The data for our study was obtained from 100 patients having CT scan of the head and neck region (Siemens Somatom 256 slice CT scanner) with 1mm contiguous axial scans using bone window settings (2000 HU with 400 HU in centre), scan time of one second and exposure parameters 140 kVp and 70mA. The different measurements taken include the antero-posterior (AP) diameter, transverse diameter and area of the foramen magnum.

Results:
There were 50 males and 50 females with the age range of 18 to 75 years. Males have a higher average value than females in all of the parameters measured on foramen magnum. By using Student's T-test, all the measured parameters showed significant difference between the sexes (p < 0.01).

Conclusion:
The expression of sexual dimorphism in the foramen magnum region shows significant difference between the sexes, therefore this area of the skull should be considered a useful area in the identification of sex.
Methods for the Phenotypic Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Bacteria
Authors: Salihu M.K , Yarima A , Atta H.I 
Published: March 2021

1983. These enzymes possess the ability to inactivate susceptible β-lactam antibiotics i.e. penicillins, first, second and third generation cephalosporins and aztreonam, but not cephamycins and carbapenems . Their mode of action is by hydrolyzing the β-lactam ring. Even before the first β-lactam antibiotic (penicillin) was developed, resistance to β-lactam antibiotics was observed . ESBL genes are plasmids- and transposons- mediated, as such, can be spread easily to other species of bacteria. Resistance of ESBL- producing bacteria to the β-lactam antibiotics is a continuing cause of public health problems , it is increasingly being observed in community and nosocomial acquired infections. Detection and identification of these ESBLs in the laboratory is of prime importance for the selection of appropriate antibiotics to be used in the treatment of infections caused by ESBL- producing bacteria. The aim of this review is to explain in detail , several phenotypic methods used in the detection and confirmation of extended spectrum β lactamases.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, ESBL, bacteria, phenotypic method
Effects of Solid State Fermentation on some Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Post-Harvest Cowpea (Virgna unguiculata (L)Walp) Leavesv
Authors: Chomini M.S , Peter M.K , Akpan B.E , Mbah J.J. , Victor F. 
Published: March 2021

The effects of solid state fermentation on some physical characteristics, proximate and amino acid profile of post-harvest cowpea (Virgna unguiculata (L) Walp) leaves were investigated. Pulverized samples of the post-harvest materials were incubated at 260C for 96 hours, followed by urea and trichloroacetic acid treatments. Triplicate samples of fermented and unfermented materials were subjected to standard procedures to determine variations in weight, pH, proximate and amino acids profile. There was a reduction in weight, which was significant (p<0.05) with increase in fermentation time. pH stabilized at 6.62 and 6.65 at 96 hours of fermentation (HOF), before and after urea treatment, respectively. Fermented samples showed significant increase (p<0.05) in crude protein (37.30%), crude fat (95.69%), total ash (75.73%) and nitrogen- free extract (NFE) (5.00%) over the unfermented ones. However there were percentage reductions in crude fibre (46.60%) and moisture content (61.95%) after fermentation. The Total Amino Acids (TAA) increased from 49.64 ± 0.87 to 98.90 ± 1.70 with a general increase in all amino acids except proline and cysteine having 12.72% and 10.06% as percentage reductions, respectively. Some essential amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) and non-essential amino acids (serine and proline) were limiting. The findings unveiled the feed supplement potentials of the fermented materials for use in livestock and pharmaceutical industries in Nigeria.
Keywords: Fermentation, Nutritional Value, Post-Harvest, Cowpea
Optimization of Phytosynthesis of Magnesium Oxide and Magnesium Chloride Nanoparticles
Authors: Shittu H.O , Igiehon E , Eremwanarue A.O , Oijagbe R.E , Momoh M.O , Agbontian M.A 
Published: March 2021

In the present study, magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium chloride (MgCl) nanoparticles were phytosynthesized. Selected parameters like leaf extracts from Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygadalina and Occimum gratissimum, time of reaction, precursor salts of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride at varying concentrations, plant extracts to precursor salts volume ratio, pH of the medium and light sources were optimized for a better production of the nanoparticles. The phytosynthesized MgO and MgCl nanoparticles were characterized using UV- Vis spectroscopy technique. The study revealed that the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amyg dalina yielded more nanoparticles; the period of 24 hours incubation was enough time for nanoparticles formation and the 0.1 and 0.01 molar concentrations of the precursor salts gave optimal yields of the nanoparticles. The plant extracts at ratio two (2) to precursor salt solution at ratio three (3) resulted in better yield of the nanoparticles; the alkaline pH of 9 and 11 gave better nanoparticles synthesis and the visible light source and dark room environments were better exposure conditions for the nanoparticles formation.
Keywords: Leaf extracts, Magnesium chloride nanoparticles, Magnesium oxide nanoparticles, Phytosynthesis, UV- Vis spectroscopy.
Histological study of gonadal tissues of adult Artemia salina (Linnaeus 1758) and immunohistochemistry by Caspase 3 and HSP70 to detect specific apoptosis markers on gonadal tissues after exposure to TBTCl
Authors: Abushaala Najla Mohamed , Elfituri Abdulfattah Mohamed , Zulkifli Syaizwan Zahmir 
Published: March 2021

Background: Several types of research have been recently carried out on the biological effects of TBTs, including investigations of genitals in invertebrates in response to exposure to TBTs in marine water.
Aim: The objective of this research was to investigate the acute effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) on gonads in the adult stage of Artemia salina by use normal histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (Caspase 3 and HSP70) to see specific apoptosis markers.
Methods: After exposure of A. salina to different concentrations of TBTCl (25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 ng.l−1), 50 adult A. salina (25 male and 25 female) were selected randomly from each concentration to histologically study the gonads. The gonad tissue was sectioned (5 μm) and some slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and others were stained with IHC avidin–biotin complex, and were examined under a light microscope.
Results: The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in histological lesions between different concentrations of TBTCl. The histological lesions in the testis and ovary section were undifferentiated cells, degenerating yolk globules, and follicle cells enveloping the oocyte which was then compared with control tissue, and these effects were found to be increased in females more than in males with the highest concentration of TBTCl. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that positive immunostaining was observed in the testis and ovary as brownish deposits to Caspase 3 and HSP70 antibody after exposure to TBTCl, while the testis and ovary section in control tissue had no immunoreactivity to Caspase 3 and HSP70 antibody; these effects were profoundly increased with the highest concentration of TBTCl in females more than in males. Finally, the histological lesions and IHC (Caspase 3 and HSP70) revealed that the apoptosis and immune system stress of A. salina gonad tissue damage in females were more sensitive to TBTCl toxicity as compared to white males.
Conclusion: In general, the present study aimed to observe the effects TBTCl on A. salina gonads by using histological sections and IHC (Caspase 3 and HSP70), which were evaluated for the first time and have been proven to possess an important function in apoptosis marker and immune system stress in Artemia. Finally, the specific mechanisms through which TBTCl affects A. salina Caspase 3 and HSP70 expression need further investigation.
A-scan biometry, phacoemulsification, and foldable intraocular lens implantation in a young orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Sritrakoon Natthanet , Karntip Winyu , Niyom Sirirat , Khemton Susadee , Pakpiboon Panuwat , Wongsirodkul Kant , Arunsri Kanyarat , Thayananuphat Aree 
Published: March 2021

Background: Cataracts are the major cause of visual impairment in animals which can be curable by surgical treatment. Phacoemulsification is the standard technique for cataract treatment that is applied to almost all species with a high success rate.
Case Description: A 2-year-old intact female orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) was presented for the study having bilateral opacity of the lenses, for 2 weeks. Ophthalmic examination revealed mature cataract OU. Ocular biometry measurements using A-scan ultrasonography for appropriate intraocular lens (IOL) refractive power calculation were carried out. Electroretinography was applied to ensure retinal function is intact. The orangutan underwent phacoemulsification OU and +24 diopter IOL implantation OS to restore vision. IOL implantation was not carried out OD because of a posterior capsular tear. Retinoscopy after 3 weeks postoperatively revealed +2.0 diopters OS. The outcome of the cataract surgery was successful during 3 years follow-up. The orangutan lived with other orangutans and was alert with normal behavior such as catching food, climbing trees, and swinging hand over hand from one branch to another.
Conclusion: Cataract surgery with phacoemulsification OU and adjusted IOL implantation OD was successful with few complications in this orangutan. Vision was restored with normal behavior, even though an adjusted IOL was inserted in only one eye.
Cardiomyopathy in a dog with multicentric lymphoma following treatment with several anthracyclines
Authors: Tagawa Michihito , Shimbo Genya , Uemura Akiko , Matsumoto Kotaro 
Published: March 2021

Background: Canine lymphoma is one of the most frequently occurring malignant neoplasms in dogs. Anthracycline-based chemotherapy for the treatment of canine lymphoma is very effective; however, there is not enough evidence for the development of cardiac toxicity using several anthracyclines as chemotherapeutic agents.
Case Description: An 8-year-old, castrated, mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma and received multi-agent chemotherapy. Complete remission was achieved, but the patient had a relapse of lymphoma. After third-line chemotherapy with epirubicin, the patient was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. The total cumulative doses of doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and epirubicin were 125, 8, and 125 mg/m2, respectively. Although the patient was treated with cardiac drugs and clinically stabilized, the patient had a relapse of lymphoma and died shortly after the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy.
Conclusion: The patient was suspected to have anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. Further studies are required to establish prevention and management strategies for dogs receiving potentially cardiotoxic therapies, such as anthracyclines.