bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
-adic characterization of minimal ternary dendric shifts
Authors: GHEERAERT FRANCE , LEJEUNE MARIE , LEROY JULIEN 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDendric shifts are defined by combinatorial restrictions of the extensions of the words in their languages. This family generalizes well-known families of shifts such as Sturmian shifts, Arnoux–Rauzy shifts and codings of interval exchange transformations. It is known that any minimal dendric shift has a primitive$\mathcal {S}$-adic representation where the morphisms in$\mathcal {S}$are positive tame automorphisms of the free group generated by the alphabet. In this paper, we investigate those$\mathcal {S}$-adic representations, heading towards an$\mathcal {S}$-adic characterization of this family. We obtain such a characterization in the ternary case, involving a directed graph with two vertices.
Smelling Things: Essential Oils and Essentialism in Contemporary American Spirituality
Authors: Ganga Kieffer Kira 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTContemporary yogis, evangelical Christians, and witches have incorporated essential oils and their aromas into practices as diverse as yoga, meditation, prayer, Bible reading, anointing, and spellcasting in the United States over the past forty years. These groups often view each other with alarm, yet they tread common ground in utilizing essential oils to intensify varied spiritual practices. This article answers two related questions. How do spiritually diverse practitioners justify using the same consumer products to amplify their practices, and why are essential oils considered sacred by these same consumers? Drawing from a diverse archive of essential oil use guides, marketing materials, and social media posts, I argue that spiritual “oilers” are (1) perennialists who mythologize ancient uses of scent to authenticate their postmodern embodied practices, and (2) essentialists who believe that essential oils contain universal, transcendent properties. Consequently, oilers’ beliefs and practices blur classifications between traditions and sharpen our attention to the importance of the sense of smell in contemporary spirituality. This project contributes to studies of spirituality and consumerism by offering a comparative analysis of how three groups use smell, via essential oils, to intensify their individual spiritual practices as well as their collective identities as oilers.
Why Non-Democracy Engages with Western Democracy-Promotion Programs
Authors: Cho Sungmin 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTBetween the mid-1990s and the mid-2010s, the Chinese government was distinctly open to the Western offer of democracy-assistance programs. It cooperated with a number of Western organizations to improve the rule of law, village elections, administrative capacity, and civil society in China. Why did the Chinese government engage with democracy promoters who tried to develop these democratic attributes within China? The author argues that the government intended to use Western aid to its advantage. The Chinese Communist Party had launched governance reforms to strengthen its regime legitimacy, and Chinese officials found that Western democracy assistance could be used to facilitate their own governance-reform programs. The article traces the process of how the government’s strategic intention translated into policies of selective openness, and includes evidence from firsthand interviews, propaganda materials, and research by Chinese experts. The findings show how democracy promoters and authoritarian leaders have different expectations of the effects of limited democratic reform within nondemocratic systems. Empirically, reflecting on the so-called golden years of China’s engagement with the West sheds new light on the Chinese Communist Party’s survival strategy through authoritarian legitimation.
AN ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATION FORMULA FOR THE PRICING OF CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS WITH REGIME SWITCHING
Authors: HE XIN-JIANG , LIN SHA 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe derive an analytical approximation for the price of a credit default swap (CDS) contract under a regime-switching Black–Scholes model. To achieve this, we first derive a general formula for the CDS price, and establish the relationship between the unknown no-default probability and the price of a down-and-out binary option written on the same reference asset. Then we present a two-step procedure: the first step assumes that all the future information of the Markov chain is known at the current time and presents an approximation for the conditional price under a time-dependent Black–Scholes model, based on which the second step derives the target option pricing formula written in a Fourier cosine series. The efficiency and accuracy of the newly derived formula are demonstrated through numerical experiments.
Astrobiology in Europe, 20 years of expectations
Authors: Brack André 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDuring 20 years, the European astrobiologists collaborated within EANA, the European Astrobiology Network Association, to help European researchers developing astrobiology programmes to share their knowledge, to foster their cooperation, to attract young scientists to this quickly evolving interactive field of research, and to explain astrobiology to the public at large. The experiment of Stanley Miller in 1953 launched the ambitious hope that chemists would be able to shed light on the origins of life by recreating a simple life form in a test tube. However, the dream has not yet been accomplished, despite the great volume of effort and innovation put forward by the scientific community.
Factors associated with surrogate families’ life-sustaining treatment preferences for patients at home or in a geriatric health service facility: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Shaku Fumio , Tsutsumi Madoka , Nakamura Asumi , Takagi Hiroshi , Otsuka Takahiro , Maruoka Shuichiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveRecently, end-of-life preference in palliative care has been gaining attention in Japan. The Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare established the Japanese basic policy in November 2018. Patients’ decision-making is recommended; however, patients with dementia or other disorders cannot make such decisions by themselves. Thus, healthcare providers may contact surrogates and consider their backgrounds for better decision-making. Hence, the preferences of home caregivers’ and geriatric health service facility (GHSF) residents’ families on patient life-sustaining treatment (LST) were investigated.MethodThis cross-sectional study involved home caregivers’ and GHSF residents’ families in Japan. We distributed 925 self-reported questionnaires comprising items, such as the number of people living together, care duration, comprehension of doctor's explanations, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 and Short Form (SF)-8, and families’ LST preference for patients.ResultsIn all, 619 valid responses were obtained [242 men and 377 women (309 in the HOME Caregivers Group, response rate = 61.1%; 310 in the GHSF Group, response rate = 74.0%)]. LST preference was significantly associated with sex, the number of people living together, care duration, and comprehension of doctors’ explanations in the HOME Caregivers Group but was not significantly associated with the GHSF Group. Furthermore, PHQ-9/SF-8 scores were not significantly associated with LST preference.Significance of resultsThere were many differences in opinions about LST preference between home caregivers’ and GHSF residents’ families. The results suggested that the burden of nursing care was greater and harder in home caregiver families, and these factors may be related to the LST preference for a patient.
Stratosphere‐Troposphere Exchange of Air Masses and Ozone Concentrations Based on Reanalyses and Observations
Authors: Wang Mingcheng , Fu Qiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study estimates the stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) of air masses and ozone concentrations averaged over 2007 to 2010 using the Modern Era Retrospective‐Analyses for Research and Applications 2 (MERRA2) and ERA5 reanalyses, and observations. The latter includes Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) for ozone, MLS and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) for temperatures, and A‐Train measurements for diabatic heating. The extratropical downward ozone fluxes are 538 Tg year−1 from the ERA5 reanalysis, 543 Tg year−1 from the MERRA2 reanalysis, and 528–539 Tg year−1 from the observations, consistent with previous studies. Previous studies, however, did not consider tropical upward ozone flux. Here we show that the tropical upward ozone flux is 183–193 Tg year−1, which compensates about 35% of the extratropical downward ozone fluxes and should not be neglected. After considering the tropical upward ozone flux, the global ozone STE is 346 Tg year−1 from the ERA5 reanalysis, 360 Tg year−1 from the MERRA2 reanalysis, and 336–346 Tg year−1 from the observations. Those estimates (347 ± 12 Tg year−1) can be used as the contribution of ozone STE to the tropospheric ozone budget. We also investigate cloud radiative effects on the STE of air mass and ozone. At 380 K, cloud radiative effects enhance downward fluxes in the extratropics from both reanalyses and observation, but reduce and enhance upward fluxes in the tropics from reanalyses and observation, respectively. The discrepancy in the tropics is related to the tropical tropopause layer thin cirrus that is missing in the reanalyses. We find that cloud radiative effects enhance the global ozone STE by about 21%–29%.
Uncovering Key Elements of an Executive Functioning Intervention in Adolescents: Epilepsy Journey
Authors: Gutierrez-Colina Ana M. , Clifford Lisa , Wade Shari L. , Modi Avani C. 
Published: September 2021

Objective: The extent to which tailored executive functioning (EF) interventions lead to improvements in other areas of functioning in adolescents with epilepsy is unknown. The types of problems that youth select to practice EF skills during tailored interventions has not been documented. This study aimed to systematically evaluate (a) the EF problems and strategies selected during a tailored EF intervention for youth with epilepsy, and (b) the impact of a tailored intervention on specific problems for subgroups who choose to practice EF skills in those areas. Method: We conducted secondary data analyses of a proof-of-concept clinical trial of a tailored Web based EF intervention for youth with epilepsy. Baseline and two-months postintervention questionnaire data were included. A coding system was developed to identify the problem domains that adolescents targeted during treatment. Descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests were used to examine whether adolescents who identified specific EF problems improved on specific domains. Results: Coding revealed 8 domains: Academics, Activities of Daily Living, Family, Social, Adherence, Healthy Habits/Self-care, Sleep, and Emotion/Stress. Significant improvements were noted on “Academics,” “Emotion/Stress,” and “Sleep” domains for those who applied EF skills to those domains. Conclusions: Tailored EF interventions such as Epilepsy Journey are related not only to improvements in broad EF skills, but also to improvements across areas of functioning that adolescents identify as important. Clinically, EF skills may be more effectively learned when adolescents directly apply EF skills to the problems they identify as most salient. Implications for Impact Statement This article presents a systematic evaluation of the types of executive functioning (EF) problems endorsed by adolescents with epilepsy during a tailored EF intervention, and identifies the areas of functioning most affected by these deficits. The differential impact of a tailored EF intervention on these areas of functioning is also documented, and implications for clinical practice and EF training are discussed.
MXene-GaN van der Waals metal-semiconductor junctions for high performance multiple quantum well photodetectors
Authors: Luo Lingzhi , Huang Yixuan , Cheng Keming , Alhassan Abdullah , Alqahtani Mahdi , Tang Libin , Wang Zhiming , Wu Jiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA MXene-GaN-MXene based multiple quantum well photodetector was prepared on patterned sapphire substrate by facile drop casting. The use of MXene electrodes improves the responsivity and reduces dark current, compared with traditional Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) photodetectors using Cr/Au electrodes. Dark current of the device using MXene-GaN van der Waals junctions is reduced by three orders of magnitude and its noise spectral intensity shows distinct improvement compared with the traditional Cr/Au–GaN–Cr/Au MSM photodetector. The improved device performance is attributed to low-defect MXene-GaN van der Waals interfaces. Thanks to the high quality MXene-GaN interfaces, it is possible to verify that the patterned substrate can locally improve both light extraction and photocurrent collection. The measured responsivity and specific detectivity reach as high as 64.6 A/W and 1.93 × 1012 Jones, respectively, making it a potential candidate for underwater optical detection and communication. The simple fabrication of MXene-GaN-MXene photodetectors spearheaded the way to high performance photodetection by combining the advantages of emerging 2D MXene materials with the conventional III-V materials.
Enhancement in reliability‐constrained unit commitment considering state‐transition‐process and uncertain resources
Authors: Yuan Yiping , Zhang Yao , Wang Jianxue , Liu Zhou , Chen Zhe 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe high penetration of uncertain resources challenges the security of power system operation. By taking the impact of rescheduling under contingencies into consideration, reliability‐constrained unit commitment (RCUC) is developed to address this challenge. Although several efforts have been made in modelling reliability constraints, the existing methods can only manage oversimplified low‐order temporal‐independent contingencies without considering wide‐range contingencies or their state‐transition‐process issue. To quantify the impact of rescheduling on the normal‐state scheduling process denoted by UC problem, this paper builds up a Bayesian inference method for encoding reliability constraints in wide‐range temporal‐dependent contingencies. Three predictors, for example, expected‐generator‐rescheduling‐power, expected‐energy‐not‐serviced and lost‐of‐load‐probability, are selected to describe the possible corrective behaviours in rescheduling process and quantified by using Bayesian inference method. Then, these predictors are reformatted as a set of linearized constraints to be incorporated into UC. The proposed RCUC comprehensively considers the effect of rescheduling in wide‐range temporal‐dependent contingencies. Therefore, it can reveal the influence of generator rescheduling in wide‐range contingencies and keep better reliability performance than those methods reported in previous RCUC studies. The modified IEEE 30‐bus test system and IEEE 118‐bus test system are used to show the proposed model's effectiveness.
eROSITA calibration and performance verification phase: High-mass X-ray binaries in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Haberl F. , Maitra C. , Carpano S. , Dai X. , Doroshenko V. , Dennerl K. , Freyberg M. J. , Sasaki M. , Udalski A. , Postnov K. A. , Shakura N. I. 
Published: September 2021

Context.During its performance verification phase, the soft X-ray instrument eROSITA on board the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) spacecraft observed large regions in the Magellanic Clouds in which almost 40 known high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs, including candidates) are located.Aims.We looked for new HMXBs in the eROSITA data, searched for pulsations in HMXB candidates, and investigated the long-term behaviour of the full sample using archival X-ray and optical data.Methods.For sufficiently bright sources, we performed a detailed spectral and temporal analysis of their eROSITA data. A source detection analysis of the eROSITA images in different energy bands provided count rates and upper limits for the remaining sources.Results.We report the discovery of a new Be/X-ray binary in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The transient SRGEt J052829.5–690345 was detected with a 0.2–8.0 keV luminosity of~1035erg s−1. It exhibits a hard X-ray spectrum, typical for this class of HMXBs. The OGLEI-band light curve of theV~15.7mag counterpart shows large variations up to 0.75 mag, which occur with a quasi-period of~511 days. The eROSITA observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud covered 16 Be/X-ray binary pulsars, 5 of which were bright enough for an accurate determination of their current pulse period. The pulse periods for SXP 726 and SXP 1323 measured from eROSITA data are~800 s and~1006 s, respectively, which is very different from their discovery periods. Including archivalXMM-Newtonobservations, we update the spin-period history of the two long-period pulsars, which have shown nearly linear trends in their period evolution for more than 15 yr. The corresponding average spin-down rate for SXP 726 is 4.3 s yr−1, while SXP 1323 has a spin-up rate of –23.2 s yr−1. We discuss the spin evolution of the two pulsars in the framework of quasi-spherical accretion.
α-Csp3–H Bond Functionalization of Simple Ethers in Radical Reactions
Authors: Feng Yanping , Ye Xiajuan , Huang Dayun , Guo Sheng-rong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe direct α-Csp3–H functionalization of simple ethers is a vital strategy among radical reactions. This review discusses their applications according to the starting materials: (1) reactions with alkenes or alkynes; (2) reactions with other unsaturated compounds; and (3) reactions with nucleophilic partners. Mechanisms like radical addition, C–H activation, elimination, metal-catalyzed coupling, cyclization, oxidation, and rearrangement will be analyzed herein.1	Introduction2	Reactions with Alkenes or Alkynes3	Reactions with Other Unsaturated Compounds4	Reactions with Nucleophilic Partners5	Oxidation of Ethers6	Conclusions
Goldilocks Effect of Base Strength on Site Selectivity in Acylation of Amphiphilic Diols
Authors: Portnoy Moshe , Fallek Reut , Ashush Natali , Fallek Amit 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTwo series of competitive acylation experiments with a polar and an apolar alcohol substrate, imitating two parts of amphiphilic diols, examined the influence of bases of varying strength on the substrate selectivity. While weakly basic 2,4,6-collidine only mildly accelerates the acylation of the polar substrate without affecting that of the apolar one, the acylation of both substrates is drastically hastened by strongly basic DBU. In both cases there is a notable, though not overwhelming, shift of the substrate selectivity towards the polar substrate, compared to the base-free acylation, which favors that of the apolar one. The extraordinarily strong change in the substrate selectivity in favor of the polar substrate was induced, however, by aliphatic tertiary amine bases, DIPEA and Et3N, of ‘Goldilocks’ moderate base strength, which strongly accelerate the acylation of the polar substrate, while almost not affecting that of the apolar one. These effects of the bases on the substrate selectivity are reflected in the site-selectivity trends observed in the acylation of a model diol amphiphile.
Condensation-Based Methods for the C–H Bond Functionalization of Amines
Authors: Seidel Daniel , Chen Weijie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of condensation-based methods for the C–H bond functionalization of amines that feature azomethine ylides as key intermediates. These transformations are typically redox-neutral and share common attributes with classic name reactions such as the Strecker, Mannich, ­Friedel–Crafts, Pictet–Spengler, and Kabachnik–Fields reactions, while incorporating a redox-isomerization step. This approach provides an ideal platform to rapidly transform simple starting materials into complex amines.1	Introduction1.1	General Remarks1.2	Overview1.3	Scope of This Review2	Aromatization of Cyclic Amines2.1	Pyridines from Piperidine2.2	Isoquinolines from Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Quinolines from Tetrahydroquinolines2.3	Pyrroles from 3-Pyrroline or Pyrrolidine2.4	Indoles from Indolines3	Pericyclic Reactions3.1	(3+2)-Dipolar Cycloadditions3.2	6π-Electrocyclizations3.3	1,5-Proton Shifts4	Redox-Variants of Classic Transformations Incorporating a C–H Bond Functionalization Step4.1	α-Cyanation4.2	α-Alkynylation4.3	α-Phosphonation4.4	α-Arylation4.5	α-Alkylation with Ketones4.6	Redox-Ugi Reaction4.7	Miscellaneous Intermolecular Reactions5	Redox-Annulations6	Reactions Involving β-C–H Bond Functionalization7	Outlook
Individualised Homeopathic Medicine in the Treatment of Infertility: A Case Series
Authors: RajachandraSekar Bhuvaneswari , Nair Janardanan Kainikkara Raghavan , Sunny Anita , Manoharan Amrutha 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background Infertility is the inability of a person to conceive despite having carefully timed, unprotected sexual intercourse for 2 years. There are 80 to 168 million people worldwide who are suffering from infertility, resulting in feelings of failure, embarrassment or personal disappointments, which in turn lead to strained relationships with the spouse, family, and social circle. This study aimed to highlight the significance of using individualised homeopathic medicine in the treatment of infertility. In this study, seven couples suffering from infertility, who conceived after undergoing treatment at the National Homoeopathy Research Institute in Mental Health, Kottayam, were included.
Methods Significant improvement within a short period of treatment and the combined co-operative response from both partners were the key considerations for our selection of these seven cases from 12 successfully treated cases out of 20 couples in total. Detailed case studies were achieved for all seven couples. The individualised homeopathic medicines were prescribed after repertorisation based on confirmation with the authorised textbooks of Materia Medica. All couples were followed up on a monthly basis, and outcome measures of positive pregnancy (i.e., urine pregnancy test and ultrasonography of the pelvis) were evaluated.
Results All seven couples successfully conceived. Two of the couples showed a significant improvement of underlying symptoms within 2 months, whereas three responded within the third month of treatment. One of the couples conceived in the fourth month and the seventh couple took 8 months to have a successful pregnancy.
Conclusions Overall, the results of the case series indicate that individualised homeopathic medicines are useful in the management of infertility.