bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color of Copper/Copper Oxide
Authors: Kim Su Jae , Kim Seonghoon , Lee Jegon , Jo Yongjae , Seo Yu‐Seong , Lee Myounghoon , Lee Yousil , Cho Chae Ryong , Kim Jong‐pil , Cheon Miyeon , Hwang Jungseek , Kim Yong In , Kim Young‐Hoon , Kim Young‐Min , Soon Aloysius , Choi Myunghwan , Choi Woo Seok , Jeong Se‐Young , Lee Young Hee 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStochastic inhomogeneous oxidation is an inherent characteristic of copper (Cu), often hindering color tuning and bandgap engineering of oxides. Coherent control of the interface between metal and metal oxide remains unresolved. Coherent propagation of an oxidation front in single‐crystal Cu thin film is demonstrated to achieve a full‐color spectrum for Cu by precisely controlling its oxide‐layer thickness. Grain‐boundary‐free and atomically flat films prepared by atomic‐sputtering epitaxy allow tailoring of the oxide layer with an abrupt interface via heat treatment with a suppressed temperature gradient. Color tuning of nearly full‐color red/green/blue indices is realized by precise control of the oxide‐layer thickness; the samples cover ≈50.4% of the standard red/green/blue color space. The color of copper/copper oxide is realized by the reconstruction of the quantitative yield color from the oxide “pigment” (complex dielectric functions of Cu2O) and light‐layer interference (reflectance spectra obtained from the Fresnel equations) to produce structural color. Furthermore, laser‐oxide lithography is demonstrated with micrometer‐scale linewidth and depth through local phase transformation to oxides embedded in the metal, providing spacing necessary for semiconducting transport and optoelectronics functionality.
Ultra‐Flexible, Dielectric, and Thermostable Boron Nitride‐Graphene Fluoride Hybrid Films for Efficient Thermal Management
Authors: Qiu Wangkang , Lin Weiguang , Tuersun Yisimayili , Ou Meilian , Chu Sheng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs an important 2D nanomaterial, boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) has aroused much academic interest due to its high in‐plane thermal conductivity (TC) and good electrical insulation capability. However, the brittleness and low strength of high‐content BNNS films greatly limit its practical application. In the authors’ work, densely layered films containing 2D exfoliated graphene fluoride sheets (GFS) and BNNS with similar phonon vibrational characteristics and intrinsic high TC, are fabricated via vacuum‐assisted filtration (VAF) using cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as the framework. The strong hydrogen bonding between the ternary components and tight “face‐to‐face” contact between the BNNS/GFS interfaces significantly improve the thermal pathway density. Superior in‐plane TC (55.65 W m−1 K−1) of the nanocomposite can be achieved at the 90 wt% BNNS‐GFS loading, a value of 114% greater than a BNNS/CNF counterpart. Additionally, the as‐prepared papery films show tolerance to bending, folding, humid environment, and high‐temperature flame. The newly developed hybrid films are promising for efficient thermal management applications in many electronic devices.
The Principle and Architectures of Optical Stress Sensors and the Progress on the Development of Microbend Optical Sensors
Authors: Wang Weijia , Yiu Humphrey H. P. , Li Wen Jung , Roy Vellaisamy A. L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOptical stress sensors have been considered to be amongst the most important categories in the development of stress sensors. Recently, the advancement of microbend optical sensors has been playing a pivotal role in the stress sensor development. In this review, the principles and the architectures of the optical stress sensors are reviewed, and the physical mechanisms of the bend‐loss‐based optical stress sensors are presented. The latest development and applications of microbend optical sensors in key areas are discussed. The authors aim to provide some guidance in the optical sensors fields to researchers engaging in this area and promote the development of the optical sensors for use in next generation technologies.
The Augmented Jump Chain
Authors: Sikorski Alexander , Weber Marcus , Schütte Christof 
Published: March 2021

AbstractModern methods of simulating molecular systems are based on the mathematical theory of Markov operators with a focus on autonomous equilibrated systems. However, non‐autonomous physical systems or non‐autonomous simulation processes are becoming more and more important. A representation of non‐autonomous Markov jump processes is presented as autonomous Markov chains on space‐time. Augmenting the spatial information of the embedded Markov chain by the temporal information of the associated jump times, the so‐called augmented jump chain is derived. The augmented jump chain inherits the sparseness of the infinitesimal generator of the original process and therefore provides a useful tool for studying time‐dependent dynamics even in high dimensions. Furthermore, possible generalizations and applications to the computation of committor functions and coherent sets in the non‐autonomous setting are discussed. After deriving the theoretical foundations, the concepts with a proof‐of‐concept Galerkin discretization of the transfer operator of the augmented jump chain applied to simple examples are illustrated.
Effects of nitrogen application strategy and planting density optimization on sorghum yield and quality
Authors: Yang Guang D. , Hu Zun Y. , Zhou Yu F. , Hao Zhi Y. , Li Jing H. , Wang Qiang , Meng Xian X. , Huang Rui D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNitrogen and planting density are two key factors affecting sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] yield. In this study, two dwarf sorghum cultivars were used to analyze the effects of nitrogen and planting density on the yield and quality of sorghum in northern China. The experiment adopted a two‐factor, split‐zone design with the main plots assigned to three nitrogen application strategies, including all nitrogen applied at the sowing stage (N1), one‐third nitrogen applied at the sowing stage and two‐thirds nitrogen applied at the jointing stage (N2), and all nitrogen applied at the jointing stage (N3). The subplots were assigned to four planting densities of 20 × 104 (D1), 25 × 104 (D2), 30 × 104 (D3), and 35 × 104 plants ha−1 (D4). The results showed that N2 improved significantly the leaf area index, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate, and the number of grains per panicle and yield were significantly higher than that of the N1 and N3 treatments. Under the same density, the N2 and N3 increased the plant height. Under the same nitrogen, D3 significantly increased the yield. The combination of density and nitrogen was significantly correlated with grain number per panicle and yield. The protein content increased, and the starch content decreased by applying N3 at the jointing stage. The grain yields and grain number per plant were significantly affected by nitrogen application strategy, planting density, and their interaction. The N2D3 was the recommended planting density and nitrogen combination.
Surgical outcomes of totally extraperitoneal repair for inguinal hernia: A retrospective multicenter propensity score‐matched study
Authors: Takeuchi Yu , Etoh Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Kosuke , Ohyama Tetsuji , Hiratsuka Takahiro , Ishio Tetsuya , Kugimiya Mutsuhiro , Matsumoto Toshifumi , Kai Seiichiro , Bandoh Toshio , Shibata Kohei , Iwaki Kentaro , Tahara Kouichirou , Shigemitsu Yuji , Inomata Masafumi ,   the OITA Trial Group
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic surgical approaches, including total extraperitoneal repair (TEP), have been widely accepted for inguinal hernia repair in Japan. However, there are limited data regarding recurrence after TEP in Japan, given the limited versatility of this procedure. This study retrospectively evaluated the rates of hernia recurrence after TEP and open mesh repair at multiple Japanese centers.MethodsThis retrospective study evaluated 1917 patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair at 32 institutions in the Oita prefecture between January 2014 and December 2015. Eligible patients were grouped according to whether they underwent TEP (1011 patients) or open mesh repair (636 patients). Propensity score matching was performed 1:1 (total: 1076 patients, 538 patients from each group). The outcomes of interest were recurrence, morbidity, and postoperative recovery.ResultsThe TEP and open mesh repair groups had similar baseline characteristics. After propensity score matching, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of recurrence rate (TEP: 0.5% vs open mesh repair: 1.0%, P = .375). However, the TEP group had significantly longer operating times (median: 70.2 min vs 65.0 min, P < .001), significantly less blood loss (0‐5.1 mL vs 0–20.4 mL, P < .001), and significantly shorter postoperative hospital stays (median: 5.0 days vs 6.4 days, P < .001). The overall incidences of morbidity were 6.2% in the TEP group and 7.2% in the open mesh repair group (P = .535).ConclusionThis multicenter retrospective study with propensity score matching revealed that the recurrence rates were similarly low for TEP and open mesh repair of inguinal hernia. Thus, a well‐trained surgical team could use TEP as a standard procedure.
Salvage treatment after definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yagi Koichi , Toriumi Tetsuro , Aikou Susumu , Yamashita Hiroharu , Seto Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDefinitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) for the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is performed for patients with cT4 disease without distant metastasis and also for those with cStage I‐III who are unable to tolerate or who refuse surgery. The rates of clinical complete response (cCR) after dCRT differ depending on the cStage, and patients who once achieved cCR frequently experience tumor recurrence. For those with residual tumor or with recurrence, salvage treatment is performed to achieve a cure. Several procedures have been reported as salvage treatments. Salvage esophagectomy is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, but can offer long‐term survival. With R0 resection, with cCR to dCRT, pulmonary complications appear to be important prognostic factors affecting overall survival (OS). Lymphadenectomy is performed for the patients with lymph node metastasis without recurrence of primary lesions or distant metastasis, but the contribution to long‐term OS is unclear. Metastasectomy is performed when distant metastasis is limited to the lung and there are few lesions, possibly contributing to long‐term OS. Endoscopic resection and photodynamic therapy are indicated for cT1a and cT1‐2 residual or recurrent tumors, respectively, and can yield favorable outcomes. Re‐CRT and re‐radiotherapy are performed for the patients with contraindications for surgery, but neither appears to contribute to long‐term OS despite high incidences of esophageal fistula and perforation.
Recent Dearomatization Strategies of Benzofurans and Benzothiophenes
Authors: Nair Sindoori R. , Baire Beeraiah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis review article discusses about the recent developments in the area of the strategies for the dearomatization of benzofurans and benzothiophenes (2010–2020). The readers can understand the current state of art of this intriguingly important area in organic synthesis for the generation of diversely functionalized molecules, polycyclic systems from highly abundant benzofurans and benzothiophenes. We hope that the current review article would help the synthetic community for the design and development of new strategies as well as further growth of this novel and rapidly growing area of research.
Chemical Fueling Enables Molecular Complexification of Self‐Replicators**
Authors: Yang Shuo , Schaeffer Gael , Mattia Elio , Markovitch Omer , Liu Kai , Hussain Andreas S. , Ottelé Jim , Sood Ankush , Otto Sijbren 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnravelling how the complexity of living systems can (have) emerge(d) from simple chemical reactions is one of the grand challenges in contemporary science. Evolving systems of self‐replicating molecules may hold the key to this question. Here we show that, when a system of replicators is subjected to a regime where replication competes with replicator destruction, simple and fast replicators can give way to more complex and slower ones. The structurally more complex replicator was found to be functionally more proficient in the catalysis of a model reaction. These results show that chemical fueling can maintain systems of replicators out of equilibrium, populating more complex replicators that are otherwise not readily accessible. Such complexification represents an important requirement for achieving open‐ended evolution as it should allow improved and ultimately also new functions to emerge.
Stereoselective Diboration of Spirocyclobutenes: A Platform for the Synthesis of Spirocycles with Orthogonal Exit Vectors
Authors: Nóvoa Luis , Trulli Laura , Parra Alejandro , Tortosa Mariola 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe diastereo‐ and enantioselective diboration of spirocyclobutenes provides a platform for the rapid preparation of a wide variety of chiral spirocyclic building blocks. The chemoselective functionalization of the carbon‐boron bond in the products, including a stereospecific sp3‐sp2 Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction, provides a powerful tool to control the directionality and the nature of the exit vectors in the spirocyclic framework.
Adapting and Remolding: Orchestrating Tumor Microenvironment Normalization with Photodynamic Therapy by Size Transformable Nanoframeworks
Authors: Liang Tingxizi , Zhang Benhua , Xing Zejing , Dong Yuxiang , Xu Hongmei , Chen Xueqin , Jiang Liping , Zhu Jun‐Jie , Min Qianhao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAbnormal tumor microenvironment (TME) facilitates tumor proliferation and metastasis and establishes physiological barriers for effective transport of therapeutics inside the tumor, posing great challenges for cancer treatment. We designed a core‐satellite size transformable nanoframework (denoted as T‐PFRT) that can synchronously adapt to and remold TME for augmenting photodynamic therapy to inhibit tumor growth and prevent tumor metastasis. Upon matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)‐responsive dissociation of the nanoframework in TME, the core structure loaded with TGFβ signaling pathway inhibitor and oxygen‐carrying hemoglobin aims to stroma remodeling and hypoxia relief, allowing photosensitizer‐encapsulated satellite particles to penetrate to deep‐seated tumor for oxygen‐fueled photodynamic therapy. T‐PFRT could overcome the stroma and hypoxia barriers for delivering therapeutics and gain excellent therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors.
Prediction of Reactive Nitrous Acid Formation in Rare‐Earth MOFs via ab initio Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Vogel Dayton J. , Rimsza Jessica M. , Nenoff Tina M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReactive gas formation in pores of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is a known mechanism of framework destruction; understanding those mechanisms for future durability design is key to next generation adsorbents. Herein, an extensive set of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations are used for the first time to predict competitive adsorption of mixed acid gases (NO2 and H2O) and the in‐pore reaction mechanisms for a series of rare earth (RE)‐DOBDC MOFs. Spontaneous formation of nitrous acid (HONO) is identified as a result of deprotonation of the MOF organic linker, DOBDC. The unique DOBDC coordination to the metal clusters allows for proton transfer from the linker to the NO2 without the presence of H2O and may be a factor in DOBDC MOF durability. This is a previously unreported mechanisms of HONO formation in MOFs. With the presented methodology, prediction of future gas interactions in new nanoporous materials can be achieved.
Deliberate Construction of Polyoxoniobates Exploiting the Carbonate Ligand
Authors: Amiri Mehran , Martin Nicolas P. , Feng Ching‐Lei , Lovio Jacob Kreager , Nyman May 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolyoxometalates (POMs, metals=VV, NbV, TaV, MoVI, WVI) are molecular metal oxides that can be isolated without capping ligands. The high negative charge of polyoxoniobates (PONb) provides strong interactions with heterocations, advantageous for electrostatic assembly of modular materials. In four single‐crystal X‐ray structures, we demonstrate that carbonate combined with the very reactive decaniobate [Nb10O28]6− reassembles into a new decaniobate, [Nb10O25(CO3)6]12−, featuring three carbonate‐ligated Nb‐polyhedra. These Nb‐sites can be replaced by heterometals (lanthanides), and the tridentate carbonate can serve as an anchor point to build niobate‐frameworks. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering and two additional X‐ray structures reveal that the reaction pathway proceeds through a Nb24‐PONb intermediate, and the obtained PONb (with or without carbonate) is counterion, temperature, and solvent‐dependent (water or mixed water‐methanol). This provides an uncommon level of control for PONb chemistry.
Template‐Directed Rapid Synthesis of Pd‐Based Ultrathin Porous Intermetallic Nanosheets for Efficient Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Guo Jingchun , Gao Lei , Tan Xin , Yuan Yuliang , Kim Jeonghyeon , Wang Yu , Wang Hui , Zeng Yu‐Jia , Choi Sang‐Il , Smith Sean C. , Huang Hongwen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAtomically ordered intermetallic nanoparticles exhibit improved catalytic activity and durability relative to random alloy counterparts. However, conventional methods with time‐consuming and high‐temperature syntheses only have rudimentary capability in controlling the structure of intermetallic nanoparticles, hindering advances of intermetallic nanocatalysts. We report a template‐directed strategy for rapid synthesis of Pd‐based (PdM, M=Pb, Sn and Cd) ultrathin porous intermetallic nanosheets (UPINs) with tunable sizes. This strategy uses preformed seeds, which act as the template to control the deposition of foreign atoms and the subsequent interatomic diffusion. Using the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as a model reaction, the as‐synthesized Pd3Pb UPINs exhibit superior activity, durability, and methanol tolerance. The favored geometrical structure and interatomic interaction between Pd and Pb in Pd3Pb UPINs are concluded to account for the enhanced ORR performance.
A Molecular Transformer: A π‐Conjugated Macrocycle as an Adaptable Host
Authors: Wang Junting , Ju Yang‐Yang , Low Kam‐Hung , Tan Yuan‐Zhi , Liu Junzhi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHere, we report a facile method to synthesize a series of macrocycles with different conformations. The planar macrocycle dimer (1), twisted macrocycle trimer (2) and “figure‐eight” tetramer (3) are clearly elucidated by X‐ray single‐crystal analysis, in which the electron‐rich phenanthrene units offer the possibility of supramolecular assembly. As expected, in the solid state, 1 and 3 assemble into a columnar stack and an interlocking dimer, respectively, via π–π interactions between the phenanthrene units. Compared to the rigid conformation of dimer 1, the structure of tetramer 3 is more flexible due to its enlarged ring size. 3 can deform from a figure‐eight into a boat‐shaped geometry to host a planar electron‐deficient guest using its electron‐rich phenanthrene units. When assembled with spherical electron‐deficient C60, interestingly, 3 further undergoes a conformational transformation from a figure‐eight to a belt shape in order to host C60. These supramolecular assembly behaviors of 3 demonstrate that it is an adaptable macrocyclic host for both planar molecules and fullerenes.
Ethanol: Unlocking an Abundant Renewable C2‐Feedstock for Catalytic Enantioselective C−C Coupling
Authors: Meyer Cole C. , Stafford Nicholas P. , Cheng Melinda J. , Krische Michael J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith annual production at >85 million tons/year, ethanol is the world's largest‐volume renewable small molecule carbon source, yet its use as a C2‐feedstock in enantioselective C−C coupling is unknown. Here, the first catalytic enantioselective C−C couplings of ethanol are demonstrated in reactions with structurally complex, nitrogen‐rich allylic acetates incorporating the top 10 N‐heterocycles found in FDA‐approved drugs.
Tracheal deviation with phrenic nerve palsy after brachial plexus block
Authors: Querney J. , Singh S. I. , Sebbag I. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryWe present a case of a woman who received a left single‐injection supraclavicular brachial plexus block for analgesia to facilitate upper extremity orthopaedic surgery. Before tracheal extubation she desaturated, was noted to have a low tidal volume and reduced left‐sided air entry on auscultation of the chest. A chest x‐ray taken 1 h following tracheal extubation revealed elevation of the left hemidiaphragm and a rightward shift of the trachea and mediastinal structures, with no evidence of pneumothorax. Findings were in‐keeping with phrenic nerve palsy complicating the brachial plexus block performed. The patient was asymptomatic and discharged home the next day following repeat chest x‐rays. We believe this is the first report of tracheal deviation contralateral to the side of an elevated hemidiaphragm secondary to phrenic nerve palsy from a brachial plexus block.
Genetic analysis and transcriptome analysis of the mini mutant of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Gao Mengjie , Mei Xinglin , Li Cong , Yu Pengcheng , Shen Dongxu , Zhao Qiaoling 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe expression levels of some intrinsic genes, protease activity, and regulation of signaling pathways were distinct during different growth and development stages in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The silkworm mutant mini was discovered from the normal silkworm strain S8V, and the body‐size of the mini mutant was smaller than the wild‐type from the second‐instar and the difference became more significant in the following stages. In this study, genetic analysis of mini mutant showed that mini mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene, manifested as homozygous lethal. Then, the transcriptome analysis of the mini mutant indicated that 2944 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the silkworm in the 48 h of the second‐instar, of which 1638 genes in the mini mutants were upregulated and 1306 genes were downregulated. These DEGs were mainly distributed in the biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. The functional annotation based on the KEGG database showed that these genes were mainly clustered in metabolic pathways, fatty acid metabolism pathways, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, and so on. Further analysis indicated that some genes involved in the growth and metabolism including enzyme genes, juvenile hormone, and ecdysone exhibited different transcriptional levels. These results provided new experimental evidence regarding the mechanism of the underlying formation of mini mutants.