bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activeprocess: A Process-Driven and Agent-Based Approach to Supporting Collaborative Engineering
Authors: Jin Yan , Zhao Li , Raghunath Arun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Collaborative engineering involves multiple engineers and managers working together to develop engineering products. As engineering problems become more and more complex, such as the development of a modern automobile, new technologies are demanded to maintain both effectiveness and efficiency of collaborative engineering. While process models and technologies have been developed to support engineering team work, most of the support remains at project management level. Our research proposes a process-driven and agent-based framework, called ActivePROCESS, to support collaborative engineering. ActivePROCESS is composed of a process model APM that captures both high level and low level activity dependencies, and an agent network that monitors process execution and facilitates coordination among engineers. One important feature of this framework is that the agents can capture emergent dependencies between activities dynamically and provides guidance for coordination by managing and applying the dependencies. In this paper, we first present our process-driven approach to collaborative engineering, and then describe the process model APM and the ActivePROCESS prototype system being developed. We will also describe a case example and discuss several issues experienced from the case study.
A Constraint Network Based System for Integrated Product Development
Authors: Li Yuan , Liou Shuh-Yuan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Integrated product development is the future of product development. Integrated product development is a process where both upstream (e.g., functional requirements, styling and cosmetic features, and packaging) and downstream (e.g., manufacturing considerations, testing, dunnage, and disposal) requirements of a product are handled concurrently with its geometry construction. In this research, the so-called ECHO (Engineering Constraint Handling and Optimization) system for integrated product development has been developed. A unique feature of this system is that it can explicitly represent and process both the upstream and downstream requirements. These requirements are represented in the form of constraint networks, rule networks, and assessment matrices. By solving for all of the feasible solutions, the ECHO system instructs the geometry construction, and thus ensures that both upstream and downstream requirements are reflected in the design. A case study for automotive piston development has been implemented to illustrate the capability and use of the ECHO system.
From NURBS to C-NURBS: I — C-NURBS Curves and Their Properties
Authors: Wen Manhong , Ting Kwun-Lon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper develops a new free-form model, called c-NURBS, which is a general model of NURBS. A c-NURBS curve or surface is the projection of a 6D B-spline curve from a 6D homogeneous space H6 into a 3D space R3. The construction procedure of a c-NURBS curve or surface is that using cubic curves or bicubic patches repeatedly and piecewisely interpolates the given control points. The distinct properties of c-NURBS include independent weight modification, super-convexity, strong c-convex hull, and hidden degrees and control points. These properties greatly enhance the shape control and modification capability. All techniques developed for NURBS, such as the de Boor-Cox algorithm, knot insertion, and degree elevation and reduction, can be applied to c-NURBS. The implementation of c-NURBS requires little improvement on the CAD/CAM systems based on NURBS.
From NURBS to C-NURBS: II — C-NURBS Surfaces and C-Bezier Triangles
Authors: Wen Manhong , Ting Kwun-Lon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper develops c-NURBS surfaces and c-Bezier triangles. The projection from 6D homogenous space to 3D vector space developed in previous papers [12, 13] is applied to surfaces. As a result, a c-NURBS surface can be constructed using bicubic patches to interpolate the given control points with the de Boor-Cox algorithm. Based on this, c-NURBS surfaces have the properties of independent weight modification, super-convexity, strong c-convex hull, and hidden degrees and control points. A c-Bezier triangle can be constructed using cubic patches to interpolate the given control points with the de Casteljau algorithm. Based on this, the c-Bezier triangle has the properties of independent weight modification, super-convexity, and hidden degrees and control points. These properties provide great convenience for shape control and modification operations.
Development of a Voronoi Tree for Cavities by Hodograph-Hodograph Intersection
Authors: Vinnakota Ravi , Butler Alley , LeClair Steven 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on research efforts to efficiently find a Voronoi tree for cavities described by Non-Uniform Non-Rational B-Spline Curves. It examines the motivation for solving this problem, and it reviews the literature on splines and their hodographs (or offset curves). This paper then offers a technique for finding a Voronoi tree for cavities by intersecting hodograph curves. The possibilities for an analytical determination of intersection are considered, and a numerical methodology is presented. This numerical method is demonstrated on two different types of problems: a symmetric cavity problem and an asymmetric cavity problem. Finally, conclusions are drawn about this work.
Systematic Derivation of a Standard Set of Declarative Constraints for Shape Definition in CAD
Authors: Bettig Bernie , Shah Jami 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the derivation of a consistent and comprehensive set of geometrical constraints for shape definition in Computer-Aided Design. These are needed to enable compatibility in parametric data exchange and to promote both standard capabilities and predictable solutions from constraint solving software kernels. The paper look at the mathematical basis for constraints present in the literature and elaborates about all types of constraints that can be described by the same mathematical basis. The approach considers all combinations of distance and angle constraints, on one point or all points of curves and surfaces, as well as transformations and mappings that are required in mechanical design.
Solving Branching Problems for Surface Reconstruction From Free-Form Contours
Authors: Jeong Jaehun , Kim Kwangsoo , Park Hyungjun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The 3D shape reconstruction of an object from its 2D cross-sections is important for reproducing it by NC machining or rapid prototyping. Although several different reconstruction methods have been proposed, most of them have allowed only simple branching, or have had difficulty in handling complex branching structures. In this paper, we present a new method for solving branching problems for reconstructing surfaces from a set of free-form contours in planar cross-sections. In this method, we decompose each multiple branching region into a set of single branching regions by providing a set of intermediary contours using modified distance maps. Then, each pair of contours in the single branching regions is linked with triangular facets. An experimental result is given to show that our method gives reasonably good solutions for the representation of complex-shaped objects from planar contours.
Shape Optimization for Fluid Flow Problems Using Bézier Curves and Designed Numerical Experiments
Authors: Cholaseuk Dulyachot , Srinivasan Vijay , Modi Vijay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Some problems in constrained shape optimization are considered. The goal in our optimization process is to maximize a measure of device performance computed using CAE, with a CAD compatible representation and specified geometric constraints. This approach illustrates several issues in integration of CAD and CAE systems. We test our ideas on idealized internal flow devices where the underlying device physics is governed by either the Laplace or the Navier-Stokes equations. The geometric shape of the device is represented by Bézier curves. Analysis tools such as the grid generator and the fluid flow solver are treated as a black box. The search pattern during the optimization process is suggested by the design of experiment methodology. The proposed framework is tested with one potential flow problem and two laminar flow diffuser problems.
Plastic Mold Base CAD System With Pre-Paired Feature Library
Authors: Yamaguchi Yasushi , Hasegawa Tamotsu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A mold base is a set of fixturing components for mounting the mold onto an injection machine. Since the components have been highly standardized, mold base designers usually select components from a catalog and integrate them into complete mold bases. One of our goals is to support this way of a mold base design process. A system can help a designer by generating product data of a mold base from relative positions of components and by rearranging the whole specification of the mold base according to designer’s modification. The system should be so flexible that it can provide operations corresponding to many kinds of components. This is the other goal of our study. The paper proposes a scheme of a mold base CAD system which allows a user to design a mold base in a natural way and has flexibility to handle various kinds of components.
A mold base consists of plates and other kinds of components, e.g., cavity/core inserts, bolts, pins, etc., which are all embedded into the plates with some assembly and machining information. Therefore, a feature of an embedded component such as a bolt screw should have a mate feature in the corresponding component such as a threaded hole in a plate. A pre-paired feature, a key concept proposed in this paper, consists of two features; an intrinsic feature of a component to be embedded and a mate feature to be machined in a corresponding component. A component defined with a set of pre-paired features may have its own shape as well as assembly and machining information. The system based on object-oriented scheme can generate and maintain the product data of a mold base with this kinds of components. We examined mold base components for categorizing their features and made some experiments with a prototype system.
Maintenance and Parts Fabrication by Reverse Engineering
Authors: Metwalli Sayed M. , Radwan M. Alaa E. , Abdel-Wehab Osama , Shalaby Owaise , Moussa Youssria A. , Hosni Yasser A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
With the collapse of the Eastern block, once Egypt’s major industry supplier for machinery and spare parts, and the lack of skilled manpower, the Egyptian industry is finding it difficult to maintain its machinery and industrial base and to compete with the much more sophisticated and coordinated industries abroad. The cutoff of supply of maintenance parts from the Eastern Block, prompt the use of modern reverse engineering (RE) methods in the capturing the geometrical configuration and fabrication of rare maintenance parts, in support of the Egyptian Industry. This paper demonstrates, as a proof of concept, the use of the technology of RE in the fabrication of parts. The success of the experiment initiated a much wider application to the technology, that of patterns making in support of the casting industry. This will provide an accurate and expeditious means to properly maintain industrial plants and produce compatible spare pails urgently needed.
Sampling for Free Form Surfaces Inspection Planning
Authors: ElKott Diaa F. , ElMaraghy Hoda A. , Nassef Ashraf O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents four methodologies for sampling of free form surfaces and discusses their merits and application. These are equi-parametric sampling, patch size based sampling, patch mean Gaussian curvature based sampling, and the combined patch size and patch mean Gaussian curvature based sampling. The locations of points inspected for a NURBS surface are optimized to minimize the maximum deviation between the surface fitted to the data points and the designed surface. During optimization, the inspection process is simulated, a parametric NURBS surface is fitted to the data points and the maximum deviation between the fitted and designed surfaces is minimized. Algorithms for the application of the sampling methodologies were implemented using MATLAB software. Each sampling methodology is explained, and illustrated by an example. The performance of the different sampling methodologies are compared in terms of the maximum deviation obtained and the CPU time needed to accomplish the sampling task.
Design of C-Frames Using Real-Coded Genetic Optimization Algorithms and NURBS
Authors: Nassef Ashraf O. , Hegazi Hesham A. , Metwalli Sayed M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
C-frames constitute a large portion of machine tools that are currently used in industry. Examples of these frames include drilling machines, presses, punching and stamping machines, clamps, hooks, etc. The design parameters of these frames include the dimensions of their cross-sections, which should be chosen to withstand the applied loads and minimize the element’s overall weight. Traditionally, the cross-section of C-frame belonged to a set of primitive shapes, which included I, T, trapezoidal and rectangular sections. This paper introduces a new methodology for designing the frame’s cross-section. The cross-sectional shape is represented using non-uniform rational B-Spline (NURBS) in order to give it a form of shape flexibility. A special form of genetic algorithms known as real-coded genetic algorithms is used to conduct the search for the design objectives. Real-coded genetic algorithms are known to outperform the simple binary representation genetic algorithms when dealing with continuous search spaces. The results showed that the optimal shape was a semi I/T-section with the material bulk related to the applied load.
Topology Synthesis of Large-Displacement Compliant Mechanisms
Authors: Pedersen Claus B. W. , Buhl Thomas , Sigmund Ole 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the use of topology optimization as a synthesis tool for the design of large-displacement compliant mechanisms. An objective function for the synthesis of large-displacement mechanisms is proposed together with a formulation for synthesis of path-generating compliant mechanisms. The responses of the compliant mechanisms are modelled using a Total Lagrangian finite element formulation, the sensitivity analysis is performed using the adjoint method and the optimization problem is solved using the Method of Moving Asymptotes. Procedures to circumvent some numerical problems are discussed.
Virtual Prototyping-Based Optimal Design of Multiple Function Panels for a New PEM Fuel Cell Stack
Authors: Wang Gaofeng Gary , Dong Zuomin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
At present the optimal design of a complex mechanical component, assembly and system is often carried out using overly simplified and less reliable mathematical models. In addition, many costly and time-consuming physical prototypes have to be developed to improve an industrial design through a lengthy trial-and-error process. In this work, a global optimal design method based on the parametric virtual prototypes of a mechanical design is proposed. The optimal design of multiple functional panels of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack is used to illustrate the approach. An efficient global optimization search technique, the adaptive response surface method, is applied in the design.
A Coordination-Based Approach to Robust Product Design
Authors: Chen Li 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Robust product design is a two-objective optimization problem in nature. On the one hand, it is wished to minimize variations in product performance (i.e. first goal); on the other hand, it is desired to maximize product functionality (i.e. second goal). As known, these design goals may not arrive at their own optima at the same time; therefore, coordination between the two perfonning goals is needed during the design iterations to help achieve high robustness in product performance in the sense that a best compromise design is reached. In this work, a coordination-based robust design approach is developed to control the computational aspect of robust design process in a coordinated fashion, allowing that high-quality engineered products are produced with designing-in of performance precision and accuracy through robust design. A fuzzy control algorithm in terms of coordination rules prescribed is generated for handling design coordination by tuning an adaptive design parameter β, defined over the domain from 0 to 1.0. Three coordinated design models are discussed along with the study of a design example.
Layout of an Automobile Transmission Using Three-Dimensional Shapeable Components
Authors: Yin Su , Cagan Jonathan , Hodges Peter , Li Xianren 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An extended pattern search algorithm is presented for the placement of shapeable components within a product layout. The algorithm is applied to an automobile transmission layout taking into account the shapeability of the components. Overlap between components is allowed and penalized during the optimization process. Shapeable octrees are used to evaluate the amount of overlap between pairs of components. The algorithm minimizes the connection cost in addition to optimizing the position and size of the components. A shapeable component has a defined geometry, but its size may vary within limits. The size of clutches in a transmission is determined by the torque capacity requirement, thermal requirement, and gain requirement. Under a given load, the size of a clutch satisfying a set of functional requirements is related to its location in the transmission assembly, making it necessary to design the clutches on the fly while laying out the components.
Local Approximation of the Efficient Frontier in Robust Design
Authors: Zhang Jinhuan , Wiecek Margaret M. , Chen Wei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The multiple quality aspects of robust design have brought more and more attention in the advancement of robust design methods. Neither the Taguchi’s signal-to-noise ratio nor the weighted-sum method is adequate in addressing designer’s preference in making tradeoffs between the mean and variance attributes. An interactive multiobjective robust design procedure that follows upon the developments on relating utility function optimization to a multiobjective programming method has been proposed by the authors. This paper is an extension of our previous work on this topic. It presents a formal procedure for deriving a quadratic utility function at a candidate solution as an approximation of the efficient frontier to explore alternative robust design solutions. The proposed procedure is investigated at different locations of candidate solutions, with different ranges of interest, and for efficient frontiers with both convex and nonconvex behaviors. This quadratic utility function provides a decision maker with new information regarding how to choose a most preferred Pareto solution. As an integral part of the interactive robust design procedure, the proposed method assists designers in adjusting the preference structure and exploring alternative efficient robust design solutions. It eliminates the needs of solving the original bi-objective optimization problem repeatedly using new preference structures, which is often a computationally expensive task for problems in a complex domain. Though demonstrated for robust design problems, the principle is also applicable to any bi-objective optimization problems.
Automatic Set-up and Fixture Planning for 3-Axis Milling
Authors: Echave Javier , Shah Jami J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a pragmatic approach for automating set-up and fixture planning for 3-axis machining on CNC machines. Although the larger project encompasses automation and integration of all aspects of machining feature recognition, tolerance charting, high level (macro) planning, and detailed (micro) planning, this paper focuses only on set-up and fixture planning. Only standard modular fixtures are considered (tooling plates, rest pads, pin locators, strap clamps, and vises). In set-up planning we consider not only similar tool approach directions and processes for feature grouping, but also spatial constraints in machines, tools and fixtures. The approach presented here for fixture planning combines elements of both geometric reasoning and feature-based approaches. Set-ups are automatically planned based on the volumes to be removed in each workpiece orientation and the instantaneous state of the stock is tracked at the different stages of the proposed plan. Also verification techniques use feature information to estimate possible collisions between fixtures and volumes to be removed. The fixture planning algorithm is based on both the 3-2-1 locating principle and Vise clamping methods. The overall system architecture is modular, allowing the possibility of selective use of the modules by other developers of CAPP systems. The process planning system exploits the capabilities of commercial toolkits for geometric modeling (ACIS) and NC toolpath generation (STRATA).
Multiobjective Optimization by Iterative Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Grignon Pierre M. , Fadel Georges M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method to simultaneously produce multiple solutions to unconstrained multi-objective optimization problems. The proposed methodology uses populations of sets instead of populations of individuals and iterative calls to a Genetic Algorithm (IGA) to obtain a set of solutions spread across the Pareto set in the objective space. The superiority of such an approach to single run, conventional population Pareto GAs is shown. The various difficulties of the algorithm and the methods used to overcome them are detailed. Finally, the paper expands upon how this method can be used with or without user inputs, and shows an analysis of its performance by applying it to a succession of increasingly difficult problems, identifying its range of application.
Robustness Evaluation of a Miniaturized Machine Tool
Authors: Mishima Nozomu , Ishii Kousuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper applies the method of robust design to machine tool design. The new design focuses on miniaturization that provides significant for energy and space saving. Our approach combines an analytical procedure representing the machining motions of a machine tool (form-shaping theory) with procedures for robust design. The effort identifies the design parameters of a machine tool that significantly influence the machining tolerance and leads to a general design guidelines for robust miniaturization. Further, this research applies the Taguchi method to the form-shaping function of a prototype miniature lathe. The analysis addresses five machine tool dimensions as control factors, while treating local errors in the machine structure as noise factors. The robustness study seeks to identify the importance of each factor in improving performance of the machine tool. The result shows that the thickness of the feed drive unit affects the performance most significantly. Among the local errors, straightness error of the same feed drive unit has a critical importance.