bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling and Reconstruction of Continuous-Time Signals
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the theory for transferring a continuous-time signal into its discrete-time form by sampling, and then converting the obtained samples to a digital signal suitable for processing in a processing machine, using the procedure of sample quantizing and coding. Then, the procedure of converting a digitally processed signal into discrete signal samples and the reconstruction of the initial continuous-time signal via a lowpass reconstruction filter is presented. The theory provides the mathematical base for both analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue conversions, which are extensively used for processing signals in discrete communication systems. The chapter goes on to show that the Nyquist criterion must be fulfilled to eliminate signal aliasing in the frequency domain. Finally, the mathematical model for transferring a continuous-time signal into its discrete-time form, and vice versa, is presented and demonstrated for a sinusoidal signal.
Perceptual Expertise and Perceptual Modularity
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
According to the Experience Thesis, perceptual expertise is a capacity that manifests itself in perceptual experiences with expertise-specific representational contents. The first part of the chapter locates the Experience Thesis with respect to current debates about the admissible contents of perceptual experience and gives various reasons for believing that it is true. The balance of the chapter explores its compatibility with two other theses about perception and perceptual expertise. One is the Cognition Thesis that perceptual expertise is a capacity that draws on cognition. The other is the Modularity Thesis that perceptual experiences wholly result from modular processing of sensory input.
The Accessibility of Expert Intuition
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We talk each other into having intuitions in a way that we do not talk each other into having perceptual experiences. The Accessibility Thesis marks one key manifestation of this phenomenon. It states that novices can have intuitions that have the same representational contents as intuitions that are the result of expert intuition. This chapter develops a setting for thinking about expert intuition that explains the Accessibility Thesis. The setting promises to illuminate a wider range of phenomena such as general improvements in intuition and episodes of talking each other into intuitions in which no one is assumed to be expert.
The Standard Picture
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Standard Picture of philosophical methodology includes the following claims: (A) Intuitive judgments form an epistemically distinctive kind; (B) Intuitive judgments play an epistemically privileged role in philosophical methodology; (C) If intuitive judgments play an epistemically privileged role in philosophical methodology, then their role is to be taken as given inputs into generally accepted forms of reasoning; (D) Philosophical methodology is reasonable. Work in negative experimental philosophy has motivated some to question the descriptive accuracy of the Standard Picture. Some philosophers such as Timothy Williamson challenge (A) on the grounds that philosophy cannot be distinguished by its reliance on a distinctive epistemic source. Other philosophers such as Herman Cappelen and Max Deutsch challenge (B) on the grounds that philosophers do not treat intuitions as evidence. This chapter defends (A) and (B) in the Standard Picture against these challenges.
Humanization of the Law Applicable to Fresh Water
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Human needs have permeated the law applicable to fresh water through a variety of avenues. This development has added new contours to existing rules and principles. It has also led to the emergence of new rules and principles that concern individuals and non-state actors in the protection and management of fresh water. Over and above a mere cognizance of human needs, there has in recent years been a recognition of a human right to water and sanitation. Moreover, public participation and access to remedies have become particularly important in light of increasing economic activity that may affect, for example, access to clean water. Further still, the regulation of fresh water and protection of water-related infrastructure in armed conflict has broadened and deepened in recent years.
Industry or Instrument?
Authors: Garcia Calvo Angela 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyzes Spain’s and Korea’s upgrading strategies from the perspective of large banks. The chapter shows that Spain’s and Korea’s approaches were based on two different interpretations of the banking sector. One considered banking as an industry in its own right with high potential for upgrading. The other saw banking as an input for manufacturing. The chapter shows that these two views led to the emergence of a globally competitive banking sector in Spain, but prevented a similar outcome in Korea. The chapter comprises five sections. After the introduction, section 3.2 characterizes the structure of the banking sectorin late industrializing economies and the changes in global banking since the 1980s. Sections 3.3 and 3.4 analyze the role of banking in Spain’s and Korea’s models and how these roles affected the trajectory of Spanish and Korean banks. Section 3.5 takes stock, concludes, and sets the stage for the next chapter.
Contributions to the Study of Late Development and Industrial Transformation
Authors: Garcia Calvo Angela 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study explores how Spain and Korea have transformed themselves from middle- to high-income economies. This transformation deserves analytical attention for three reasons. Only a few countries have reached advanced country status in the last four decades and Spain and Korea have been particularly successful. The two countries’ different patterns of upgrading go against conventional accounts that upgrading need necessarily take place through manufacturing sectors, with services playing a secondary role. Finally, the focus on two countries that have transitioned from late industrializing economies to advanced countries challenges views of the world as divided between advanced and developing economies. This chapter brings the book to a close by articulating the broader implications of the study. The chapter first discusses a series of inferences derived from the book’s characterization of upgrading as a coordination problem and the focus on state–firm interdependencies. It then examines the broader implications of the analysis for research on late development and economic transformation more generally. The final section of the chapter launches into a brief discussion about Spain’s and Korea’s post-upgrading challenges.
Language Change, Variation, and Universals
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis volume is about how human languages get to be the way they are, why they are different from one another in some ways and not others, and why they change in the ways that they do. Given that language is a universal creation of the human mind, the puzzle is why there are different languages at all, why we don’t all speak the same language. And while there is considerable variation, there are ways in which grammars show consistent patterns. The solution to these puzzles, the author proposes, is a constructional one. Grammars consist of constructions that carry out the function of expressing universal conceptual structure. While there are in principle many different ways of accomplishing this task, the constructions that languages actually use are under pressure to reduce complexity. The result is that there is constructional change in the direction of less complexity, and grammatical patterns emerge that reflect conceptual universals. The volume consists of three parts. Part I establishes the theoretical foundations: situating universals in conceptual structure, formally defining constructions, and characterizing constructional complexity. Part II explores variation in argument structure, grammatical functions, and A′ constructions, drawing on data from a variety of languages, including English and Plains Cree. Part III looks at constructional change, focusing primarily on English and German. The study ends with some observations and speculations on parameter theory, analogy, the origins of typological patterns, and Greenbergian ‘universals’.
Overview
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter lays out the general problem of explaining the form of grammars, and relates this problem to that of characterizing grammatical complexity. Following much recent work, it takes the view that reduction of complexity is a driving explanatory force whose effects can be seen in change and in variation. The chapter sketches out the general perspective taken in the book on universals, conceptual structure, constructions, complexity and change and variation, and how they are related.
Tracing the Relationships between Assets and Well-Being in Complex Social Environments
Authors: Mulder Monique Borgerhoff 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reports on a fifteen-year study of Mirumba village in Katavi Region in which the author conducted seven full census surveys. On the basis of intricate and detailed data it looks for changes in the wealth distribution of the village and find less extreme poverty. Furthermore, and somewhat surprisingly, this improvement in wealth, as denoted by assets, also correlates with improvement in other measures of well-being and prosperity such as stress, education, and health. These changes are likely driven by greater agricultural activity. It is important to emphasize however that it is difficult to extrapolate from this study to other villages in Tanzania.
Prosperity, Equality, and Power
Authors: Loiske Vesa-Matti , Brockington Dan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We present data based on recent re-surveys of Tanzanian households first visited in the early 1990s in Manyara Region. These demonstrate a marked increase in prosperity from high levels of poverty, using locally determined measures of wealth. It does not, however, follow that these improvements derive from GDP growth. We consider the implications of this research for further explorations of the relationship between economic growth and agricultural policy in rural areas. Finally we present local interpretations of the reasons for this change which focus on endogenous characteristics like mind-sets and attitudes which are fundamental for responding to exogenous change.
Learning How Not to Train the Community Out of the Community Health Workers
Authors: Palazuelos Daniel , Gadi Sanjay 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Community health workers (CHW) are often trained through a series of initial classes followed by continuing education opportunities. While this classic structure is invaluable for ensuring that the CHW has access to the right knowledge so that they can develop the right skills and attitudes to do their job, this chapter argues that this is insufficient. An equally as important and influential determinant of how the CHW will work will be the quality of the job and the quality of the health system to which they contribute. This is part of the ‘hidden curriculum’, and it is too often underappreciated when planning to train CHWs. CHWs are often seen as a cheaper solution to help meet the human resources for health crisis, but this chapter argues that if they are only given medical tasks, and if their role is medicalized to the point of removing them from how their communities function, then health systems will lose access to important opportunities to improve quality and healthcare outcomes.
Approaches to Community Health Worker Training and Supervision
Authors: O’Donovan James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Training and supervision are core to the development of an effective CHW programme and have been recognized as so for many years. Their development and framing are important to understand from a historical perspective as this has ultimately helped to shape current approaches in the field. However, current CHWs face many related challenges, including determining their key benefits, whom they serve, and the mechanisms by which these benefits occur. This chapter directly addresses these issues by highlighting some of the key opportunities that could play a role in helping overcome some of these challenges, such as the role of mobile technologies. It is a starting point for developing the foundations for beginning to understand the complexities of this fragmented, contested, and important field of study and practice.
Using Participatory Approaches for Community Health Worker Training
Authors: Musoke David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Community health workers (CHWs) are a key human resource for health, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Participatory training approaches for CHWs are increasingly important as they actively engage participants, facilitate shared learning, and are more responsive to the needs of the learners. In addition, participatory training methods build teamwork and confidence, enhance critical thinking, and are interesting to learners. This chapter presents different participatory training methods for CHWs, including role-plays, demonstrations, songs, small and large group discussions, brainstorming, debates, simulations, exercises, field trips, gallery walks, class presentations, practicals, case studies, and interactive exercises. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each method are also presented. Despite the strengths and weaknesses of each of the methods, it is important that the local context is always considered while selecting which ones to be used in a CHW training programme.
Methods of Evaluation of Community Health Worker Training
Authors: Brown Celia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the theory and practice of the evaluation of CHW training. It aims to provide guidance on how to conduct evaluations, focusing on evaluations seeking a quantitative measure of effectiveness. The authors highlight the usefulness of ‘thinking through’ how the training is expected to work by developing a logic model. They then show how the model can be used to help design an appropriate evaluation. In addition, potential study designs and ‘end points’ or outcomes to be measured are discussed. However, the authors emphasize, that these elements need to be considered concurrently, because the appropriateness of the study design depends, in part, on the primary outcome measure for the evaluation. The chapter concludes by describing the benefits of mixed methods research and a number of other considerations when designing, implementing, and writing up the important task of evaluating CHW training.
What is ADHD?
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses what ADHD is, including an overview of the features of ADHD, features of the inattentive type of ADHD (poor concentration, task impersistence, disorganization, forgetfulness), features of the combined type of ADHD (impulsivity, overactivity, noisiness), and features that may be present in either type of ADHD (performance inconsistency, low self-esteem, poor working memory, poor incentival motivation, social clumsiness, learning difficulties, inflexibility, insatiability, defiant behaviour, sleep problems), as well as associated conditions, prevalence, and a historical background.
Poor concentration
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Children with ADHD often have difficulty giving close attention to details. However, it is wrong to believe that children with ADHD cannot concentrate at all. Their mechanisms for concentrating are inefficient and unreliable, not absent. Difficulties with concentration result in children with ADHD often being confused and unable to understand instructions, and attentional difficulties may give children with ADHD an unfocused appearance. Often, children with ADHD have difficulty in adjusting their level of attention to suit the situation. This chapter discusses poor concentration in children with ADHD. It includes the attentional processes (internal and external) in the brain, and difficult tasks for attentional mechanisms.
ADHD in adulthood
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In a sizeable proportion of children with ADHD, their difficulties persist into adulthood. When the symptoms of ADHD, such as poor attention span and impulsivity, persist into adult life, this is known as residual ADHD. When an adult has problems that arose as a result of his having had childhood ADHD, such as poor academic skills and low self-esteem, these are known as secondary problems. This chapter discusses ADHD in adulthood, including residual ADHD, secondary problems, characteristics of residual ADHD, and diagnosis and treatment of residual ADHD and secondary problems. It also covers transition from childhood services to adulthood services, including the barriers to transition and strategies to overcome them.
How Orbán won? Neoliberal disenchantment and the grand strategy of financial nationalism to reconstruct capitalism and regain autonomy
Authors: Sebők Miklós , Simons Jasper 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Disenchantment with global finance in Central-Eastern Europe enabled financial nationalism to emerge as a counter-hegemonic strategy. In Hungary, Prime Minister Orbán put forth his explicit aim to increase domestic ownership in banking to over 50% and legitimized the ensuing re-nationalization of the financial sector with resentment over neoliberal banking practices. The article describes how the financial crisis created an opportunity for Orbán and his allies to usher in a new era of financial ownership structures. It provides a critical political economy analysis of how the Orbán government selected economic sectors to target and how it used a network of associated private actors in its quest to re-nationalize and then re-privatize major banks to a newly created elite, the ‘national capitalists’. In this, financial nationalism constituted a grand strategy to reconstruct Hungarian capitalism in order to regain autonomy and assure long-term political survival within a liberal EU context.
Expanding the ambit of Section 32 of the Trustee Act 1925? Womble Bond Dickinson (Trust Corporation) Limited v Glenn & Others [2021] EWHC 624; [2021] WTLR 737
Authors: Weaver Elizabeth 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Where beneficiaries of a trust have a contingent or reversionary entitlement to capital, section 32 of the Trustee Act 1925 empowers trustees to accelerate their enjoyment of that interest by paying over part of their share to them, although only with the consent of beneficiaries with prior interests. Can that power be exercised where the trusts are in Hancock v Watson form, i.e. there is an apparently absolute gift to a beneficiary but trusts are then engrafted or imposed on the beneficiary’s interest giving them only a life interest? The article considers the judgment in Womble Bond Dickinson (Trust Corporation) Ltd v Glenn which is the first ever decision on this question.
Alternative Wound Management: Translating Science into Practice
Authors: Sathe Pushkar Satish , Prabhu Divyashree V. , Ravikumar Padmini , Bolton Laura L. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Effective wound healing is achieved by well-timed host, cell, and environment interactions involving hemostasis, inflammation, formation of repaired dermal structures, and epithelialization, followed by months to years of scar remodeling. Globally, various natural or synthetic agents or dressings are used to optimize wound environments, prolong drug release, aid in fluid absorption, provide favorable healing environments, and act as a mechanical barrier against wound trauma. In this scoping review of evidence from the PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov databases, authors examined clinical study evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of selected phytochemicals, vehicles, polymers, and animal products considered “naturally derived” or “alternative” wound interventions to provide a summary of preclinical evidence. Agents with the most clinical evidence were honey, alginates, polyurethane, gelatin, and dextran. Practice implications are described in the context of the TIMERS clinical paradigm.

GENERAL PURPOSE
To present a scoping review of preclinical and clinical trial evidence supporting the efficacy and/or safety of major alternative wound care agents to summarize their effects on validated elements of wound bed preparation and wound management paradigms.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:
1. Differentiate the effectiveness of the topical wound care agents included in this review.
2. Compare the preventive efficacy of intravenous agents administered to trauma and surgical patients.
3. Select the effectiveness of products in this review that are left in place after surgical procedures.
4. Identify an oral agent that can be helpful in mitigating the effects of COVID-19.
Nonoperative Management of a Recurrent Postoperative Inguinal Lymphatic Leak via Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Cannata Aldo , Ordanini Marco , Sesana Giovanni , Russo Claudio Francesco 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Lymphatic leaks are common following common femoral vessel exposure for cardiac surgical procedures. The management of this complication can be difficult and is often uncomfortable for the patient. This case report describes the successful nonoperative treatment of a recurrent lymphatic leak from an inguinal surgical wound via negative-pressure wound therapy. Negative pressure may be considered a minimally invasive, effective, and acceptable way to treat postoperative lymphatic leaks at the groin.
Overcoming the Challenge of Support Surface Selection: Utilization of Standards
Authors: Thurman Kristen , Deppisch Michelle , Morello Susan S. , Moseley Rachel , Slayton Stephanie , Sylvia Cynthia , Todd Jackie 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Selecting the appropriate support surface for patients continues to challenge clinicians and facilities. The Support Surface Standards Committee has developed and published test methods that allow for informed comparisons among support surface characteristics. The first published standards address the performance characteristics of immersion/envelopment, shear/friction, and microclimate management. This article describes the full body support surface standards development and provides guidance on the use of the outcomes from those standard tests for clinicians and facilities to make more informed choices for patients and patient populations.