bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Ethno-microbiology” of ethnic Indian fermented foods and alcoholic beverages
Authors: Tamang Jyoti Prakash 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The concept of “ethno-microbiology” is to understand the indigenous knowledge of the Indian people for production of culturally and organoleptically acceptable fermented foods by natural fermentation. About 1000 types of common, uncommon, rare, exotic and artisan fermented foods and beverages are prepared and consumed in different geographical regions by multi-ethnic communities in India. Indian fermented foods are mostly acidic and some are alkaline, along with various types of alcoholic beverages. A colossal diversity of microorganisms comprising bacteria mostly belongs to phylum Firmicutes, filamentous moulds and enzyme- and alcohol-producing yeasts under phyla Ascomycota and Mucoromycota, and few bacteriophages and archaea have been reported from Indian fermented foods. Some microorganisms associated with fermented foods have functionalities and health promoting benefits. “Ethno-microbiology” of ethnic Indian people has exhibited the proper utilisation of substrates either singly or in combination such as fermented cereal-legume mixture (idli, dosa and dhokla) in South and West India, sticky fermented soybean food (kinema and related foods), fermented perishable leafy vegetable (gundruk and related foods), fermented bamboo shoots (soibum and related foods) and fermented fish (ngari and others) in North East India, and fermented meat and sausage-like products in the Indian Himalayas, fermented coconut beverage (toddy) in coastal regions, and various types of naturally fermented milk products (dahi and related products) in different regions of India. This review has also highlighted the “ethno-microbiology” knowledge of the people involving the consortia of essential microorganisms in traditionally prepared amylolytic starters for production of cereal-based alcoholic beverages. The novelty of this review is the interpretation of ethno-microbiological knowledge innovated by ethnic Indian people on the use of beneficial microorganisms for food fermentation to obtain the desired fermented food products for consumption.
Why did (some) consumers buy toilet papers? A cross‐cultural examination of panic buying as a maladaptive coping response to COVID‐19
Authors: Im Hyunjoo , Kim Naeun Lauren , Lee Ha Kyung 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe high uncertainty around the COVID‐19 pandemic elicited an unprecedented level of panic buying during the early months. Using the framework of stress and coping, the current study conceptualized and tested a theoretical model that predicts individuals' panic buying in two countries. A survey of US (n = 311) and Korean consumers (n = 347) revealed that negative emotions (loneliness and anxiety) contributed to panic buying, yet two important coping resources, resilience and social support, were effective in protecting consumers from engaging in a maladaptive coping strategy. The hypothesis that collectivism (vs. individualism) would make consumers rely on social (vs. personal) coping resources was partially supported. The results highlight the unique circumstance of the global pandemic in which social support works as both a resource for healthy coping and a source to increase negative emotions, and call for future investigation of the complex role of social support in the context of stress and coping theory.
Risk factors for oral alterations in intensive care unit patients: A pilot cohort study
Authors: Martins Hélder Domiciano Dantas , Sales Roberta Correia , Medeiros Domingos Sávio Barbalho de , de Aquino Martins Ana Rafaela Luz , Lopes Maria Luiza Diniz de Sousa , Lima Kenio Costa , Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas da 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies evidenced the presence of oral alterations in ICU patient. However, data about identification of their risk factors in ICU patients is scarce, especially due to the lack of longitudinal prospective studies. Here, we evaluate the risk factors for the development of oral alterations in a group of ICU patients through a prospective longitudinal cohort.MethodsDuring May‐December 2019, 43 ICU patients in a tertiary hospital in Brazil were evaluated. Medical record reviews and oral examinations of each patient were made by 3 dentists in five distinct moments.ResultsAmong all patients, 53.5% (n = 23) were female, with a mean age of 59.8 years (±17.4). The incidence of oral alterations was 51.2% (35.6%–66.8%) and among these (n = 22), hyposalivation (n = 9; 40.9%), and lingual biofilm accumulation (n = 9; 40.9%) were the most common. The mean age of the group with oral alterations (66.9 years) was higher compared to the group without alterations (52.3 years). Furthermore, male patients (p = 0.02), older than 60 years (p = 0.004) and treated with mechanical ventilator (p = 0.03) had a higher risk of oral alterations.ConclusionsSystemic parameters, as age and mechanical ventilator, could influence the oral environment of ICU patients.
Intrahepatic immune infiltrate in chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C: Similar but not the same
Authors: Giadans Cecilia Graciela , Ríos Daniela Alejandra , Ameigeiras Beatriz , Haddad Leila , De Matteo Elena Noemí , Valva Pamela , Preciado María Victoria 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and C (CHC) infections, the composition of the immune cell microenvironment at the site of infection is poorly understood. Thus, our aim was to characterize and compare liver infiltrates to identify shared and exclusive hepatic immune components. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 26 CHB and 42 CHC liver biopsies to determine Th (CD4+), Th1 (T‐bet+), Th17 (IL‐17A+), Treg (Foxp3+) and CTL (CD8+) cells frequency in portal/periportal and intralobular areas and relate them to liver damage. CHB and CHC cases shared a portal/periportal CD4+ lymphocyte predominance and a lobular CD8+ lymphocyte majority. However, CHC exhibited a concomitant lobular T‐bet+ cell dominance while in CHB FoxP3+ cells prevail. CHC disclosed higher frequencies of P/P FoxP3+, IL‐17A+ and T‐bet+ cells and intralobular CD4+, IL‐17A+ and T‐bet+ lymphocytes. HBeAg+ chronic hepatitis and CHC cell frequencies were similar except for lobular T‐bet+ that remained higher among CHC cases. Comparison among cases with less severe liver disease revealed lower lymphocyte frequencies in CHB samples, while no differences were observed between patients with more severe stages. Interestingly, in CHB portal/periportal CD4+ and lobular CD4+, CD8+ and IL‐17A+ cells were associated with severe hepatitis. Even when all studied populations were identified in both infections preferential lymphocyte frequencies and prevalence at different areas along with their association with liver damage highlighted that CHB and CHC immune responses are not the same.
Contextual and individual factors associated with knowledge, awareness and attitude on liver diseases: A large‐scale Asian study
Authors: Lee Mei Hsuan , Ahn Sang Hoon , Chan Henry L. Y. , Choudhry Asad , Alvani Gani Rino , Mohamed Rosmawati , Ong Janus P. , Shukla Akash , Tan Chee Kiat , Tanwandee Tawesak , Thuy Pham Thi Thu , Neo Boon Leong , Tsang Venus , Youn Jin , Singh Shikha 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere are limited data to provide better understanding of the knowledge/awareness of general population towards liver health in Asia. We sought to identify the knowledge gaps and attitudes towards liver health and liver diseases as well as evaluate associated individual‐level and macro‐level factors based on contextual analysis. An online survey assessing knowledge, awareness and attitudes towards liver health and disease was conducted among 7500 respondents across 11 countries/territories in Asia. A liver index was created to measure the respondents’ knowledge level and the degree of awareness and attitudes. Multilevel logistic regression was performed to identify individual factors and contextual effects that were associated with liver index. The overall liver index (0–100‐point scale) was 62.4 with 6 countries/territories’ liver indices greater than this. In the multilevel model, the inclusion of geographical information could explain for 9.6% of the variation. Residing in a country/territory with higher HBV prevalence (80% IOR: 1.20–2.79) or higher HCV death rate (80% IOR: 1.35–3.13) increased the individual probability of obtaining a high overall liver index. Individual factors like age, gender, education, household income, disease history and health screening behaviour were also associated with liver index (all p‐values<0.001). The overall liver index was positively associated with the two macro‐level factors viz. HBV prevalence and HCV death rate. There is a need to formulate policies especially in regions of lower HBV prevalence and HCV death rate to further improve the knowledge, awareness and attitudes of the general public towards liver diseases.
Feasibility, effectiveness and cost of a decentralized HCV care model among the general population in Delhi, India
Authors: Markby Jessica , Gupta Ekta , Soni Divya , Sarin Sanjay , Murya Mugil , Katapur Preetishirin , Tewatia Navneet , Ramachandran Babu Entoor , Ruiz Ryan Jose , Gaeddert Mary , Tyshkovskiy Alexander , Adee Madeline , Chhatwal Jagpreet , Miglani Sundeep , Easterbrook Philippa , Sarin Shiv K. , Shilton Sonjelle 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsIndia has a significant burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and has committed to achieving national elimination by 2030. This will require a substantial scale‐up in testing and treatment. The “HEAD‐Start Project Delhi” aimed to enhance HCV diagnosis and treatment pathways among the general population.MethodsA prospective study was conducted at 5 district hospitals (Arm 1: one‐stop shop), 15 polyclinics (Arm 2: referral for viral load (VL) testing and treatment) and 62 screening camps (Arm 3: referral for treatment). HCV prevalence, retention in the HCV care cascade, and turn‐around time were measured.ResultsBetween January and September 2019, 37 425 participants were screened for HCV. The median (IQR) age of participants was 35 (26‐48) years, with 50.4% male and 49.6% female. A significantly higher proportion of participants in Arm 1 (93.7%) and Arm 3 (90.3%) received a VL test compared with Arm 2 (52.5%, P < .001). Of those confirmed positive, treatment was initiated at significantly higher rates for participants in both Arms 1 (85.6%) and 2 (73.7%) compared to Arm 3 (41.8%, P < .001). Arm 1 was found to be a cost‐saving strategy compared to Arm 2, Arm 3, and no action.ConclusionsDelivery of all services at a single site (district hospitals) resulted in a higher yield of HCV seropositive cases and retention compared with sites where participants were referred elsewhere for VL testing and/or treatment. The highest level of retention in the care cascade was also associated with the shortest turn‐around times.
Small RNAs that target G‐rich sequences are generated by diverse biogenesis pathways in Epsilonproteobacteria
Authors: Svensson Sarah L. , Sharma Cynthia M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are widespread post‐transcriptional regulators that control bacterial stress responses and virulence. Nevertheless, little is known about how they arise and evolve. Homologs can be difficult to identify beyond the strain level using sequence‐based approaches, and similar functionalities can arise by convergent evolution. Here, we found that the virulence‐associated CJnc190 sRNA of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni resembles the RepG sRNA from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. However, while both sRNAs bind G‐rich sites in their target mRNAs using a C/U‐rich loop, they largely differ in their biogenesis. RepG is transcribed from a stand‐alone gene and does not require processing, whereas CJnc190 is transcribed from two promoters as precursors that are processed by RNase III and also has a cis‐encoded antagonist, CJnc180. By comparing CJnc190 homologs in diverse Campylobacter species, we show that RNase III‐dependent processing of CJnc190 appears to be a conserved feature even outside of C. jejuni. We also demonstrate the CJnc180 antisense partner is expressed in C. coli, yet here might be derived from the 3’UTR (untranslated region) of an upstream flagella‐related gene. Our analysis of G‐tract targeting sRNAs in Epsilonproteobacteria demonstrates that similar sRNAs can have markedly different biogenesis pathways.
Global analysis of trait–trait relationships within and between species
Authors: Zhou Jianhong , Cieraad Ellen , van Bodegom Peter M. 
Published: November 2021

Summary

Some commonly reported trait–trait relationships between species, including the leaf economic spectrum (LES), are regarded as important plant strategies but whether these relationships represent plant strategies in reality remains unclear.

We propose a novel approach to distinguish trait–trait relationships between species that may represent plant strategies vs those relationships that are the result of common drivers, by comparing the direction and strength of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) vs interspecific trait variation. We applied this framework using a unique global ITV database that we compiled, which included 11 traits related to LES, size and roots, and observations from 2064 species occurring in 1068 communities across 19 countries.

Generally, compared to between species, trait–trait relationships within species were much weaker or totally disappeared. Almost only within the LES traits, the between‐species trait–trait relationships were translated into positive relationships within species, which suggests that they may represent plant strategies.

Moreover, the frequent coincidental trait–trait relationships between species, driven by co‐varying common drivers, imply that in future research, decoupling of trait–trait relationships should be considered seriously in model projections of ecosystem functioning. Our study emphasizes the importance of describing the mechanisms behind trait–trait relationships, both between and within species, for deepening our understanding of general plant strategies.
Public health and COVID‐19: Leaky bodies and regulated borders
Authors: Lovell Sarah A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe adoption of border restrictions is a political act that situates bodies relative to the nation state. Despite its lauded pandemic response, Aotearoa/New Zealand deviated from WHO recommendations in its use of strict border control measures. This commentary seeks to critically situate Aotearoa's adoption of border restrictions within the context of quarantine historically and global policy advice. Informed by discourse analysis of WHO COVID‐19 technical guidance and travel advisories, it is argued that in situating COVID‐19 as a global health problem requiring multilateral action WHO advice failed to reflect the needs of nation states, such as Aotearoa/New Zealand, which were poorly prepared to respond to a pandemic.
Impact of Variations in Water Concentration on the Nanomechanical Behavior of Type I Collagen Microfibrils in Annulus Fibrosus
Authors: Bhattacharya Shambo , Dubey Devendra K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Radial variation in water concentration from outer to inner lamellae is one of the characteristic features of annulus fibrosus (AF). In addition, water concentration changes are also associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Such changes alter the chemo-mechanical interactions among the biomolecular constituents at molecular level, affecting the load-bearing nature of IVD. This study investigates mechanistic impacts of water concentration on the collagen type I microfibrils in AF using molecular dynamics simulations. Results show, in axial tension, that increase in water concentration (WC) from 0% to 50% increases the elastic modulus from 2.7 GPa to 3.9 GPa. This is attributed to combination of shift in deformation from backbone straightening to combined backbone stretching– intermolecular sliding and subsequent strengthening of tropocollagen–water (TC-water-TC) interfaces through water bridges and intermolecular electrostatic attractions. Further increase in WC to 75% reduces the modulus to 1.8 GPa due to shift in deformation to polypeptide straightening and weakening of TC-water-TC interface due to reduced electrostatic attraction and increase in the number of water molecules in a water bridge. During axial compression, increase in WC to 50% results in increase in modulus from 0.8 GPa to 4.5 GPa. This is attributed to the combination of the development of hydrostatic pressure and strengthening of the TC-water-TC interface. Further increase in WC to 75% shifts load-bearing characteristic from collagen to water, resulting in a decrease in elastic modulus to 2.8 GPa. Such water-mediated alteration in load-bearing properties acts as foundations toward AF mechanics and provides insights toward understanding degeneration-mediated altered spinal stiffness.
Internal Load of Male Varsity Ice Hockey Players During Training and Games Throughout an Entire Season
Authors: Bigg Jessica L. , Gamble Alexander S.D. , Spriet Lawrence L. 
Published: November 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the internal load of male varsity ice hockey players, using both sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and the heart rate–derived physiological measure of training impulse (TRIMP), during training sessions and competitions throughout an entire season. Methods: Twenty-seven male varsity ice hockey players (22.1 [1.1] y, 85.9 [5.4] kg, 181.3 [5.1] cm) were included in this longitudinal prospective cohort study. Results: The internal load was significantly higher (P < .001) for games (sRPE: 403 [184] arbitrary units [AU], TRIMP: 98 [59] AU) compared with training sessions (sRPE: 281 [130] AU, TRIMP: 71 [35] AU). The regular season had the highest internal load compared with the preseason and postseason. There was evidence of microcycle periodization with training sessions several days prior to game days having the highest internal load (both sRPE and TRIMP) and tapering down as the subsequent training sessions approached game day. For positional comparisons, the goalies had higher sRPE (346 [151] AU, P < .001) and TRIMP (99 [64] AU, P < .001) compared with defense (sRPE: 295 [130] AU, TRIMP: 65 [29] AU) and forwards (sRPE: 264 [123] AU, TRIMP: 70 [30] AU) for training sessions, but no significant differences were present for competitions. Finally, there was an overall moderate and statistically significant relationship between the sRPE and TRIMP internal load measures (r = .434, P < .001). Conclusions: Internal load was greater during competitions versus training sessions in male varsity ice hockey players, and the microcycle assessment demonstrated that training sessions were tailored to game day. Mesocycle assessment revealed the highest internal loads during the regular season due to dense game scheduling and a short season.
Discordant and inappropriate discordant recommendations in consensus and evidence based guidelines: empirical analysis
Authors: Yao Liang , Ahmed Muhammad Muneeb , Guyatt Gordon H , Yan Peijing , Hui Xu , Wang Qi , Yang Kehu , Tian Jinhui , Djulbegovic Benjamin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether alignment of strength of recommendations with quality of evidence differs in consensus based versus evidence based guidelines.DesignEmpirical analysis.Data sourceGuidelines developed by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) up to 27 March 2021.Study selectionRecommendations were clearly categorised as consensus or evidence based, were separated from the remainder of the text, and included both the quality of evidence and the strength of the recommendations.Data extractionPaired authors independently extracted the recommendation characteristics, including type of recommendation (consensus or evidence based), grading system used for developing recommendations, strength of the recommendation, and quality of evidence. The study team also calculated the number of discordant recommendations (strong recommendations with low quality evidence) and inappropriate discordant recommendations (those that did not meet grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation criteria of appropriateness).ResultsThe study included 12 ACC/AHA guidelines that generated 1434 recommendations and 69 ASCO guidelines that generated 1094 recommendations. Of the 504 ACC/AHA recommendations based on low quality evidence, 200 (40%) proved to be consensus based versus 304 (60%) evidence based; of the 404 ASCO recommendations based on low quality evidence, 292 (72%) were consensus based versus 112 (28%) that were evidence based. In both ACC/AHA and ASCO guidelines, the consensus approach yielded more discordant recommendations (ACC/AHA: odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 3.1; ASCO: 2.9, 1.1 to 7.8) and inappropriate discordant recommendations (ACC/AHA: 2.6, 1.7 to 3.7; ASCO: 5.1, 1.6 to 16.0) than the evidence based approach.ConclusionConsensus based guidelines produce more recommendations violating the evidence based medicine principles than evidence based guidelines. Ensuring appropriate alignment of quality of evidence with the strength of recommendations is key to the development of “trustworthy” guidelines.
Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: test negative design study
Authors: Israel Ariel , Merzon Eugene , Schäffer Alejandro A , Shenhar Yotam , Green Ilan , Golan-Cohen Avivit , Ruppin Eytan , Magen Eli , Vinker Shlomo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether time elapsed since the second injection of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was significantly associated with the risk of covid-19 infection after vaccination in people who received two vaccine injections.DesignTest negative design study.SettingElectronic health records of a large state mandated healthcare organisation, Israel.ParticipantsAdults aged ≥18 years who had received a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test between 15 May 2021 and 17 September 2021, at least three weeks after their second vaccine injection, had not received a third vaccine injection, and had no history of covid-19 infection.Main outcome measuresPositive result for the RT-PCR test. Individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and controls were matched for week of testing, age category, and demographic group (ultra-orthodox Jews, individuals of Arab ancestry, and the general population). Conditional logistic regression was adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and comorbid conditions.Results83 057 adults received an RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period and 9.6% had a positive result. Time elapsed since the vaccine injection was significantly longer in individuals who tested positive (P<0.001). Adjusted odds ratio for infection at time intervals >90 days since vaccination were significantly increased compared with the reference of <90 days: 2.37 (95% confidence interval 1.67 to 3.36) for 90-119 days, 2.66 (1.94 to 3.66) for 120-149 days, 2.82 (2.07 to 3.84) for 150-179 days, and 2.82 (2.07 to 3.85) for ≥180 days (P<0.001 for each 30 day interval).ConclusionsIn this large population of adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR after two doses of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine, a gradual increase in the risk of infection was seen for individuals who received their second vaccine dose after at least 90 days.