bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New psychoactives within polydrug use trajectories—evidence from a mixed‐method longitudinal study
Authors: Higgins Kathryn , O'Neill Nina , O'Hara Leeanne , Jordan Julie‐Ann , McCann Mark , O'Neill Tara , Clarke Mike , O'Neill Tony , Kelly Grace , Campbell Anne 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimsTo provide public health‐related research evidence on types and usage patterns of new psychoactive substances (NPS), developmental pathways into NPS and decision‐making factors for, and associated harms of, NPS use.DesignThree‐phase mixed‐methods design, including a latent class analysis (LCA) of the longitudinal Belfast Youth Development Study (BYDS), a narrative analysis of interviews with NPS users and a three‐step approach manual method modelling using regressions to reveal classes of substance use and their associated predictors and outcomes.SettingNorthern Ireland.ParticipantsA total of 2039 people who responded to the questions on ‘ever use’ of the drug variables included at wave 7 (aged 21 years) of the BYDS. Eighty‐four narrative interviews with NPS users.MeasurementsCategories of drug use identified by LCA. Predictors and outcomes included measures of family, partners, peers, substance use, school, delinquency and mental health.FindingsA four‐class solution provided the best fit for the data: alcohol; alcohol and tobacco; alcohol, tobacco and cannabis; and polydrug (the latter including NPS). The qualitative analysis yielded a taxonomy that distinguished how NPS operate within a wider range of drug repertoires from experimental to problematic.ConclusionsIn Northern Ireland, new psychoactive substances appear to be a feature of broader polydrug use rather than a standalone class of drug use.
CDK4/6 inhibitor plus endocrine therapy for hormone receptor‐positive, HER2‐negative metastatic breast cancer: The new standard of care
Authors: Hui Rina , de Boer Richard , Lim Elgene , Yeo Belinda , Lynch Jodi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPatients presenting with hormone receptor‐positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐negative (HER2–) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are usually treated with endocrine therapy (ET), except if there is a concern about endocrine resistance or a need to achieve rapid disease control due to visceral crisis. The combination of CDK4/6 inhibitor + ET has now replaced single‐agent ET as the standard first‐line treatment; and it can also be considered a standard option in the second‐line setting. This review briefly summarizes recently reported efficacy findings from the key phase III clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitor + ET in patients with HR+/HER2– MBC, including evidence that adding a CDK4/6 inhibitor to ET improves overall survival and does so without reducing patients’ quality of life. There is still much to learn regarding the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors and how they may be optimally integrated into clinical practice. In particular, there is a need for specific biomarkers that help predict the likelihood of response or resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy; and for data to guide treatment decisions when a patient's disease progresses on a CDK4/6 inhibitor.
Migrating to GBA cities in mainland China: Assessing a model of psychological distance among Hong Kong working adults
Authors: Zhu Alex Yue Feng , Mok Ka Ho , Huang Geng Hua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSouth–North and North–North migration patterns have received significant interest in the literature, and recently, studies have begun to investigate South–South migration. However, as yet, very few studies have addressed North–South migration or investigated the psychological facilitators and barriers that drive this growing migration pattern. With a sample from a representative group of Hong Kong adults, we evaluated the role of positive attitude in shaping the intention to migrate from Hong Kong, a more‐developed economy (a metropolitan area), to the Greater Bay Area (GBA) cities in Mainland China, considered a less‐developed economy (with less metropolitan areas). We found positive attitude toward GBA cities in Mainland China promoted migration intention both directly and indirectly, as mediated by situational concerns and experience of visiting Mainland GBA cities. The impact of a positive attitude on a field visit was found to be weaker among wealthier adults relative to their economically disadvantaged counterparts. The effect of a field visit on migration intention was found to be stronger among wealthier adults relative to their economically disadvantaged counterparts. The findings suggest that an understanding of social psychology has implications for policy makers through highlighting the different approaches and entry points that could be adopted to encourage migration by people of varying economic status.
Thermal basal regime of the Elsterian ice‐sheet marginal zone in a hilly mountain foreland, Rychleby Mts., Eastern Sudetes
Authors: Hanáček Martin , Nývlt Daniel , Jennings Stephen J. A. 
Published: January 2021

The Scandinavian Ice Sheet reached the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains during the Elsterian glaciation. A long ice‐sheet piedmont marginal zone affected by the rugged mountain foreland topography and associated slopes originated. This study focuses on the hilly Rychleby Mts. foreland (Eastern Sudetes, Czechia), which was a part of the piedmont marginal foreland zone of the ice sheet. The basal regime was reconstructed through an investigation of the sedimentology, structural features, and the nature of ice‐sheet erosion of preglacial landscapes evident at two sites located ~3–5 km inside the maximum ice‐sheet extent. These sites show a preglacial relief buried by sub‐ to supraglacial sediments. The sites were located under an ice cover of max. 200 m. Evidence of cold‐based conditions (including palaeotors with delicate structures on the bedrock, almost absent striations on clasts, originally frozen unlithified sedimentary rafts) exists at both sites. Permafrost composed of coarse‐grained sediments was subject to brittle deformation at the base of the ice sheet, whereas permafrost composed of fine‐grained sediments underwent ductile deformation. The margin of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Rychleby Mts. foreland was cold‐based, therefore glacial erosion was not sufficient to significantly remodel the palaeotors into roches moutonnées. During ice‐sheet decay, the preglacial landscape was partially buried by melt‐out tills and meltwater sediments.
A conserved arginine with non‐conserved function is a key determinant of agonist selectivity in α7 nicotinic ACh receptors
Authors: Minguez‐Viñas Teresa , Nielsen Beatriz E. , Shoemark Deborah K. , Gotti Cecilia , Sessions Richard B. , Mulholland Adrian J. , Bouzat Cecilia , Wonnacott Susan , Gallagher Timothy , Bermudez Isabel , Oliveira Ana Sofia 
Published: January 2021

Background and PurposeThe α7 and α4β2* (“*” denotes possibly assembly with another subunit) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the most abundant nAChRs in the mammalian brain. These receptors are the most targeted nAChRs in drug discovery programmes for brain disorders. However, the development of subtype‐specific agonists remains challenging due to the high degree of sequence homology and conservation of function in nAChRs. We have developed C(10) variants of cytisine, a partial agonist of α4β2 nAChR that has been used for smoking cessation. The C(10) methyl analogue used in this study displays negligible affinity for α7 nAChR, while retaining high affinity for α4β2 nAChR.Experimental ApproachThe structural underpinning of the selectivity of 10‐methylcytisine for α7 and α4β2 nAChRs was investigated using molecular dynamic simulations, mutagenesis and whole‐cell and single‐channel current recordings.Key ResultsWe identified a conserved arginine in the β3 strand that exhibits a non‐conserved function in nAChRs. In α4β2 nAChR, the arginine forms a salt bridge with an aspartate residue in loop B that is necessary for receptor expression, whereas in α7 nAChR, this residue is not stabilised by electrostatic interactions, making its side chain highly mobile. This lack of constrain produces steric clashes with agonists and affects the dynamics of residues involved in agonist binding and the coupling network.Conclusion and ImplicationsWe conclude that the high mobility of the β3‐strand arginine in the α7 nAChR influences agonist binding and possibly gating network and desensitisation. The findings have implications for rational design of subtype‐selective nAChR agents.
On stipulation
Authors: Shields Matthew 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhen we carry out a speech act of stipulation, it seems that we can shape our language however we see fit. This autonomy, however, also seems to make such acts arbitrary: it is unclear if there are any constraints on what counts as a "correct" or "incorrect" stipulation. In this paper, I offer a novel, detailed account of the pragmatics of stipulation and explain its crucial role in conceptual analysis and articulation. My account shows that stipulation does indeed equip us with a key tool for changing our linguistic practices, but that such acts can nonetheless count as meaningfully, normatively constrained: they are always subject to felicitous criticism and the possibility of defeat by others. I then examine the metaphilosophical implications of this account. Philosophers often describe the project of conceptual analysis as having a crucial stipulative dimension, but they rarely explain what they take this act to consist in. On my view, speech acts of stipulation are best understood as acts that generate a shared inferential entitlement for speaker and audience, an entitlement justified on the basis of its utility. In developing this account, I distinguish stipulations from more familiar speech act kinds such as assertions and commands, synthesize and criticize alternative views of stipulation in the literature, and discuss the relationship between stipulation and seemingly kindred speech acts (such as assumptions, suppositions, and proposals).
Tillage system and seeding rate effects on the performance of Brassica carinata
Authors: Iboyi Joseph E. , Mulvaney Michael J. , Balkcom Kipling S. , Seepaul Ramdeo , Bashyal Mahesh , Perondi Daniel , Leon Ramon G. , Devkota Pratap , Small Ian M. , George Sheeja , Wright David L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBrassica carinata, a nonfood oilseed crop, is used to produce renewable fuels because of its high oil content and favorable fatty acid profile. Production in the southeastern United States is relatively new, and information on agronomic management practices to optimize growth and yield is limited. Since optimal seeding rate may depend on the land preparation method for this small‐seeded crop, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage system (conventional, no‐till, broadcast‐disc, and ripper‐roller) and seeding rate (1.12, 5.60, 10.09, and 14.57 kg seed ha−1) on the performance of B. carinata. A randomized complete block design with a strip‐plot restriction on randomization and four replications was implemented in Headland, AL, Jay, FL, and Quincy, FL, over five site‐years during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons. Data were collected on soil residue cover; plant population; soil penetrometer resistance and moisture; biomass (including carbon and nitrogen); stalk diameter; yield and yield components; seed oil, protein, and glucosinolates concentration; and oil composition. Soil penetrometer resistance was significantly affected by tillage system, with the ripper‐roller consistently having the lowest penetration resistance values across all site‐years. Ripper‐roller tillage had the highest oil content and lowest protein and glucosinolate contents. Yield response to tillage system was variable. Among seeding rate treatments, yield was lowest at 1.12 kg seed ha−1 and similar among 5.60, 10.09, and 14.57 kg seed ha−1 at all site‐years. There was no tillage by seeding rate interaction for yield. Results indicate that among seeding rate treatments used, 5.6 kg seed ha−1 rate was optimal at all site‐years regardless of land preparation method and is thus the recommended seeding rate for commercial carinata production in the Southeastern United States.
Potent antitumour of the mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor AZD2014 in docetaxel‐sensitive and docetaxel‐resistant castration‐resistant prostate cancer cells
Authors: Li Senmao , Sheng Jindong , Liu Zhenhua , Fan Yu , Zhang Cuijian , Lv Tianjing , Hu Shuai , Jin Jie , Yu Wei , Song Yi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecent studies indicate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) may play an important role in PCa progression and drug resistance. Here, we investigated the effects of a novel mTORC1/C2 dual inhibitor, AZD2014, on naive and docetaxel (Doc)‐pre‐treated castration‐resistant PCa (CRPC) cells and explored its therapeutic potential in CRPCs. In the current study, AZD2014 has a greater inhibitory effect against 4EBP1 and AKT phosphorylation than rapamycin in CRPC cells and prevented the feedback activation of AKT signalling. Importantly, AZD2014 suppressed CRPC cell growth in vitro by suppressing proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and autophagy to a greater extent than rapamycin. Moreover, AZD2014 was more efficacious than rapamycin in inhibiting migration, invasion and EMT progression in Doc‐sensitive and Doc‐resistant CRPC cells. Overall, AZD2014 showed significant antitumour effects. Thereby, the current study highlights a reliable theoretical basis for the clinical application of AZD2014 in both Doc‐sensitive and Doc‐resistant CRPCs.
The differences in clinical and dermoscopic features between in situ and invasive nevus‐associated melanomas and de novo melanomas
Authors: Reiter O. , Kurtansky N. , Nanda J.K. , Busam K.J. , Scope A. , Musthaq S. , Marghoob A.A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundNevus‐associated melanomas (NAM) account for 30% of all melanomas and are associated with younger age and with thinner Breslow thickness. Previous studies of NAM dermoscopy found conflicting results.ObjectiveTo compare the clinical and dermoscopic features of NAM and de novo melanomas (DNM), stratified by melanoma thickness, in a relatively large cohort of patients.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of all melanomas biopsied between 2004 and 2019 at a large cancer centre. Lesions were categorized as in situ and invasive NAM or DNM. Dermoscopic images were reviewed and annotated. Associations between melanoma subtype and dermoscopic features were analysed via logistic regression modelling. Bivariate analyses were conducted using non‐parametric bootstrap and chi‐squared methods.ResultsThe study included 160 NAM (86 in situ and 74 invasive) and 218 DNM (109 in situ and 109 invasive). NAM were associated with younger age, greater likelihood of being present on the torso, and thinner Breslow thickness. NAM were 2.5 times more likely to show a negative pigment network than DNM. In situ NAM were 2.1 and two times more likely to display dermoscopic area without definable structures and tan structureless areas than DNM, respectively. In situ melanomas were more likely to present a pigment network, and invasive melanomas more commonly presented scar‐like depigmentation and shiny white structures. Streaks, blotches and shiny white structures were associated with deeper Breslow depth.ConclusionsEven though the nevus component of NAM could not be identified dermoscopically in the current series, negative pigment network, tan structureless areas and areas without definable structures are dermoscopic clues for NAM.
Efficacy of sedation with dexmedetomidine plus propofol during esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Ashikari Keiichi , Nonaka Takashi , Higurashi Takuma , Takatsu Tomohiro , Yoshihara Tsutomu , Misawa Noboru , Arimoto Jun , Kanoshima Kenji , Matsuura Tetsuya , Fuyuki Akiko , Ohkubo Hidenori , Chiba Hideyuki , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and AimDuring endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal cancer, patient body movement can sometimes occur, which may cause discontinuation of the procedure. Propofol and dexmedetomidine have recently been found to be useful sedatives for endoscopic submucosal dissection. This study investigated whether sedation using propofol plus dexmedetomidine can suppress the patient's body movements during esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection and compared this combination with sedation using propofol alone.MethodsThis was a prospective double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Patients with superficial esophageal cancers who underwent esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection at Yokohama City University Hospital were prospectively enrolled and were randomly assigned to the propofol and the propofol plus dexmedetomidine groups. The primary endpoint was the incidence of restlessness. The secondary endpoints were the satisfaction score, maintenance dose of propofol, and number of rescue propofol injections.ResultsSixty‐six patients (propofol group: n = 33; combination group: n = 33) were included. The combination group had a significantly lower incidence of restlessness than the propofol group (3.0% vs 27.3%, P = 0.02). In the combination group, the satisfaction scores of the endoscopists were significantly higher, the maintenance dose of propofol was significantly lower, and the number of rescue propofol injections was lower than those in the propofol group (3.0% vs 18.2%, P < 0.001). Although the incidence of bradycardia was significantly higher in the combination group (30.3% vs 3.0%, P < 0.01), no serious adverse effects occurred.ConclusionThe propofol plus dexmedetomidine combination provided excellent sedation that effectively suppressed the patient's body movements during esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection.
Therapist effects on dropout in couple therapy
Authors: Willis Kwin L. , Miller Richard B. , Anderson Shayne R. , Bradford Angela B. , Johnson Lee N. , Yorgason Jeremy B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMarriage and family therapy scholars have argued that therapists play a crucial role in successful couple therapy, yet little research has empirically documented that the therapist in couple therapy has a significant impact on outcomes. Known as the study of therapist effects, this study sought to assess the amount of variance attributed to the therapist in couple therapy outcomes. Using dropout as the outcome variable, this study analyzed data from 1,192 couples treated by 90 masters and doctoral student therapists at a university‐based training clinic. Results from multilevel analysis indicated that therapists in the sample accounted for 9.4% of the variance in couple dropout while controlling for initial couple impairment. Therapist gender and therapist experience did not significantly predict variability in therapist effects. These findings give promise to future research on therapist effects in couple therapy and encourage exploration into which therapist characteristics and behaviors contribute to successful clinical outcome.
Stress as cause of signs and symptoms of pseudo‐Cushing’s syndrome in buffy‐tufted marmosets (Callithrix aurita)
Authors: Orsini Heloísa , Castellano Viviane B. D. , Kokubun Hanna S. , Lopes Karla A. R. , Velho Nádia M. R. C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHyperadrenocorticism is a medical condition caused by the increase in cortisol production by the cortex of the adrenal gland. Although infrequently described in most animal species, its naturally occurring form, called Cushing's syndrome, is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in dogs. Cushing's syndrome is also present in humans and might be confused with the pseudo‐Cushing's syndrome (PCS), rarely described in animals. PCS shares many of the clinical and biochemical features of Cushing's syndrome. However, the hypercortisolemia seen is usually idiopathic and, in some circumstances, associated with psychological disruptions. This report describes PCS‐like disorder in two marmosets Callithrix aurita that were exposed to environmental changes, suggesting stress as the main cause of the process and reviewing the mechanisms involved in the pathogeny of the two syndromes.
THE INTELLECTUAL IDEAS INSIDE CENTRAL BANKS: WHAT'S CHANGED (OR NOT) SINCE THE CRISIS?
Authors: Windsor Callan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractI explore how the intellectual ideas inside central banks have shifted over the first two decades of the new century. To do this I collect every research paper published by advanced economy central banks and examine them using tools from computational linguistics. The analysis points to a shift in the intellectual focus, from a relatively macroeconomic perspective towards a less aggregated view. In part, these changes seem to reflect lessons from the 2008 financial crisis – for example, that macroeconomic models can only get you so far and that microeconomic data are useful for teasing out the causes of aggregate fluctuations. There has been an increase in the amount of research dedicated to the banking and household sectors and a reduction in the amount of intellectual effort invested in modelling the macroeconomy – though some of these shifts had already begun before the crisis. Consistent with this, the similarity of central banking research to that published in top macroeconomic journals has been widening since the crisis.
Protein modification: A critical modulator in the interaction between geminiviruses and host plants
Authors: Liu Xiaoshi , Huang Wei , Zhai Zhenqian , Ye Tushu , Yang Chengwei , Lai Jianbin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGeminiviruses are a large group of single‐stranded DNA viruses that infect plants and cause severe agricultural losses worldwide. Given geminiviruses only have small genomes that encode a few proteins, viral factors have to interact with host components to establish an environment suitable for virus infection, whilst the host immunity system recognizes and targets these viral components during infection. Post‐translational protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, lipidation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation and methylation, have been reported to be critical during the interplay between host plants and geminiviruses. Here we summarize the research progress, including phosphorylation and lipidation which usually control the activity and localization of viral factors; as well as ubiquitination and histone modification which are predominantly interfered with by viral components. We also discuss the dynamic competition on protein modifications between host defence and geminivirus efficient infection, as well as potential applications of protein modifications in geminivirus resistance. The summary and perspective of this topic will improve our understanding on the mechanism of geminivirus‐plant interaction and contribute to further protection of plants from virus infection.