bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limits on performance and survival of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during food deprivation: a laboratory-based study
Authors: Wilson Samantha M , Robinson Kendra A , Gutzmann Sarah , Moore Jonathan W , Patterson David A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLong-distance migrations can be energetically demanding and can represent phases of high mortality. Understanding relationships between body condition and migratory performance can help illuminate the challenges and vulnerabilities of migratory species. Juvenile anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) may migrate over 1000 km from their freshwater nursery habitats to estuary and ocean feeding grounds. During the period corresponding to the seaward migration of sockeye salmon, we held smolts in the laboratory to ask the following: (i) Does non-feeding migration duration influence prolonged swim performance and survival? (ii) What are the relationships between individual body condition and swim performance and survival? Wild sockeye salmon were intercepted during their migration and held without food for up to 61 days to represent the non-feeding freshwater migration and the extremes of poor estuary habitat. We conducted 40 sets of prolonged swim trials on 319 fish from 3 treatment groups that represented entrance to the marine environment on (i) an average,(ii) a delayed and (iii) a severely delayed migration schedule. Experimentally controlled freshwater migration duration did not impact swim performance or survival. Swim performance decreased concomitant with condition factor, where smolts with a Fulton’s condition factor of &lt;0.69 were less likely (&lt;50% probability) to complete the swim test (90 min swim test, at ~0.50 m/s). Survival of salmon smolts in the laboratory was less likely at energy densities of less than 3.47 MJ/kg. Swim performance decreased much sooner than survival, suggesting that swim performance, and therefore condition factor, may be a good indicator of survival of migratory smolts, as fish with reduced swim performance will likely be predated. These two relationships, one more ecologically relevant and one more clinical, help reveal the limits of long-distance migration for juvenile salmon and can be used to determine population-specific starvation risk associated with various freshwater and marine habitat conditions.
Impact of the Coronavirus Lockdown on Older Adolescents Engaged in a School-Based Stress Management Program: Changes in Mental Health, Sleep, Social Support, and Routines
Authors: Marques Sara Schjølberg , Braidwood Ruth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The mental health effects of the coronavirus pandemic are likely to be significant and sustained, especially for those who experience adversity or preexisting mental health difficulties. This article examines the experiences of older adolescents during the United Kingdom government’s “lockdown” period (April 2020 to June 2020) on mental health, social support, sleep, and routines using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Participants were enrolled in DISCOVER, a school-based stress management program, in London (N = 107; 72 percent Black, Asian, or minority ethnicity). The Coping with COVID-19 questionnaire was developed and administered online. Changes in mental health, sleep, and routines were reported during the lockdown period as well as increased worry about family members’ physical and mental health. Positive experiences of the lockdown period included improvements in quality of relationships and increased time to spend on hobbies. Participants reported the use of cognitive–behavioral therapy techniques for coping. Results have implications for supporting older adolescents during the pandemic, including on their return to school.
Stem taper functions for white birch (Betula platyphylla) and costata birch (Betula costata) in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains, northeast China
Authors: Hussain Amna , Shahzad Muhammad Khurram , Burkhart Harold E , Jiang Lichun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhite birch (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev) and costata birch (Betula costata Trautv.) are valuable hardwood tree species growing in northeast China. Several taper studies have analysed birch species in the countries harbouring the boreal forests. However, this study presents an initial attempt to develop stem taper models using the fixed- and mixed-effects modelling for white birch and costata birch in Xiaoxing’an Mountains, northeast China. Ten commonly used taper models were evaluated by using 228 destructively sampled trees of both tree species comprising of 4582 diameter and height measurements. The performance of these models was tested in predicting diameter at any height, total volume and merchantable volume (10 and 20 cm top diameters). We incorporated a second-order continuous-time error structure to adjust the inherent autocorrelation in the data. The segmented model of Clark best predicted the diameter and total or merchantable volume when the upper stem diameter at 5.3 m was available. When diameter measurements at 5.3 m were not available, the models of Kozak and Max and Burkhart were superior to other models for white birch and costata birch, respectively. After model comparison, the best model of Clark was refitted as the NLME model.
Utilization of Cobalamin Is Ubiquitous in Early-Branching Fungal Phyla
Authors: Orłowska Małgorzata , Steczkiewicz Kamil , Muszewska Anna 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cobalamin is a cofactor present in essential metabolic pathways in animals and one of the water-soluble vitamins. It is a complex compound synthesized solely by prokaryotes. Cobalamin dependence is scattered across the tree of life. In particular, fungi and plants were deemed devoid of cobalamin. We demonstrate that cobalamin is utilized by all non-Dikarya fungi lineages. This observation is supported by the genomic presence of both B12-dependent enzymes and cobalamin modifying enzymes. Fungal cobalamin-dependent enzymes are highly similar to their animal homologs. Phylogenetic analyses support a scenario of vertical inheritance of the cobalamin usage with several losses. Cobalamin usage was probably lost in Mucorinae and at the base of Dikarya which groups most of the model organisms and which hindered B12-dependent metabolism discovery in fungi. Our results indicate that cobalamin dependence was a widely distributed trait at least in Opisthokonta, across diverse microbial eukaryotes and was likely present in the LECA.
A Corpus Too Small: Uses of Text Data in a Hupa-English Bilingual Dictionary
Authors: Spence Justin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although corpus-driven methods have led to a revolution in the way lexicographers of some languages approach their work, text corpora for many less-studied languages are too small for such methods to be used reliably. Hupa, a Native American language of northwestern California, is one such language. Nonetheless, the Hupa Online Dictionary and Texts website relies heavily on its small text corpus to support development of the dictionary component. The corpus is especially important as a way to address Hupa’s complex and productive polysynthetic morphology, both derivational and inflectional, with words attested in the corpus providing the empirical basis for creating new entries and expanding the coverage of existing ones. It also provides a ready source of example sentences in context, figurative uses of language that might not come to light through elicitation, and aspects of linguistic variation that dictionary normalization tends to obscure. Thus, while corpus-driven lexicography may not be a realistic possibility at this point, corpus-based lexicography (Tognini-Bonelli 2001) is certainly within reach.
The Validation of the SIMUL-qPCR Salmonella Assay for AOAC Research Institute Performance Tested MethodsSM Certification (Certificate No. 042001)
Authors: Lonczynski Thomas , Cowin Laura 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The Simultaneous Multiplex (SIMUL) Real-Time PCR (qPCR) Salmonella Assay is a quick, reliable method for detecting Salmonella species in environmental and food samples. The assay multiplexes several targets in one run to identify Salmonella species. For most matrixes, the assay uses buffered peptone water for enrichment purposes. However, the assay can be used in conjunction with the SIMUL-qPCR Top 7 STEC Assay for raw beef trim and raw ground beef when proprietary media (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Recovery and Enrichment Broth or EREB) has been used. This media is optimized for single-step enrichment and recovery of enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Salmonella in those matrixes.

Objective
This report details the method validation study to validate raw beef trim, raw ground beef, fresh raw ground poultry, ready-to-eat cooked poultry, dry pet food, pasteurized liquid eggs, peanut butter, frankfurter/sausage, poultry carcass rinse, and environmental surface sponges and swabs for stainless steel, plastic, rubber, ceramic tile, and sealed concrete.

Method
Matrix studies, inclusivity/exclusivity, product consistency/stability, and robustness testing were conducted to assess the method’s performance.

Results
Inclusivity/exclusivity testing showed the SIMUL-qPCR Salmonella Assay was able to detect Salmonella strains while excluding the non-Salmonella isolates. There were no statistically significant differences found between the candidate and reference methods in the matrix studies. Small variations in critical test parameters (enrichment time, extraction reagent volume, and extracted sample volume) didn’t adversely affect the assay’s performance, and stability testing indicated consistent results for at least one year.

Conclusions
The data presented demonstrate the SIMUL-qPCR Salmonella Assay is a reliable method for detecting Salmonella.

Highlights
The SIMUL-qPCR Salmonella Assay is validated to detect Salmonella in a variety of matrices in as little as 16 hours in Buffered Peptone Water. The assay can also be used in conjunction with the SIMUL Top 7 Assay to test for both Salmonella and the Top 7 Shiga toxin producing E. coli using a single enrichment in EREB media.
Nondestructive Sampling for Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Egg Masses in Woodlands Based on Fixed-Radius Plots
Authors: Liu Houping , Hunter Matthew 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A nondestructive sampling method was developed for Lycorma delicatula egg masses based on fixed-radius plot (100 m2) in 2020. All trees &gt;1.0 cm DBH (diameter at breast height, 1.37 m in height) on each plot were visually inspected from the ground 4 m from the tree with binoculars. Egg masses found on trees were separated into six within-tree positions (lower trunk, middle trunk, upper trunk, first branch, second branch, above second branch) and recorded by cardinal directions, whereas those laid on shrubs/vines and stones were recorded without such separation. In total, 146 trees were inventoried at 28 plots over seven study sites (four plots per site). Egg masses were found on 19 tree species plus summer grape (Vitis aestivalis) and stone. Of the 421 total egg masses recorded, 31.1% were on Norway maple (Acer platanoides), followed by tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima; 14.7%), black birch (Betula lenta; 12.6%), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera; 11.9%), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia; 10.2%). Egg mass density per tree was positively correlated with tree diameter, and egg mass density per plot was positively correlated with plot basal area. Egg mass density after conversion ranged from 600 to 3,930 eggs masses/ha with no significant difference among study sites. Cardinal direction had no effect; however, significantly more egg masses were found on the first branches and upper trunks than other within-tree positions. Overall, branches were better than trunks in predicting egg mass number for the tree. The role of distance and late season adult aggregation on oviposition substrate selection are discussed.
Characteristics of aquatic biospheres on temperate planets around Sun-like stars and M dwarfs
Authors: Lingam Manasvi , Loeb Abraham 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTAquatic biospheres reliant on oxygenic photosynthesis are expected to play an important role on Earth-like planets endowed with large-scale oceans insofar as carbon fixation (i.e. biosynthesis of organic compounds) is concerned. We investigate the properties of aquatic biospheres comprising Earth-like biota for habitable rocky planets orbiting Sun-like stars and late-type M dwarfs such as TRAPPIST-1. In particular, we estimate how these characteristics evolve with the available flux of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the ambient ocean temperature (TW), the latter of which constitutes a key environmental variable. We show that many salient properties, such as the depth of the photosynthesis zone and the net primary productivity (i.e. the effective rate of carbon fixation), are sensitive to PAR flux and TW and decline substantially when the former is decreased or the latter is increased. We conclude by exploring the implications of our analysis for exoplanets around Sun-like stars and M dwarfs.
A test of the planet–star unipolar inductor for magnetic white dwarfs
Authors: Walters N , Farihi J , Marsh T R , Bagnulo S , Landstreet J D , Hermes J J , Achilleos N , Wallach A , Hart M , Manser C J 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Despite thousands of spectroscopic detections, only four isolated white dwarfs exhibit Balmer emission lines. The temperature inversion mechanism is a puzzle over 30 years old that has defied conventional explanations. One hypothesis is a unipolar inductor that achieves surface heating via ohmic dissipation of a current loop between a conducting planet and a magnetic white dwarf. To investigate this model, new time-resolved spectroscopy, spectropolarimetry, and photometry of the prototype GD 356 are studied. The emission features vary in strength on the rotational period, but in antiphase with the light curve, consistent with a cool surface spot beneath an optically thin chromosphere. Possible changes in the line profiles are observed at the same photometric phase, potentially suggesting modest evolution of the emission region, while the magnetic field varies by 10 per cent over a full rotation. These comprehensive data reveal neither changes to the photometric period, nor additional signals such as might be expected from an orbiting body. A closer examination of the unipolar inductor model finds points of potential failure: the observed rapid stellar rotation will inhibit current carriers due to the centrifugal force, there may be no supply of magnetospheric ions, and no antiphase flux changes are expected from ohmic surface heating. Together with the highly similar properties of the four cool, emission-line white dwarfs, these facts indicate that the chromospheric emission is intrinsic. A tantalizing possibility is that intrinsic chromospheres may manifest in (magnetic) white dwarfs, and in distinct parts of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram based on structure and composition.
Hard X-ray selected giant radio galaxies – III. The LOFAR view
Authors: Bruni G , Brienza M , Panessa F , Bassani L , Dallacasa D , Venturi T , Baldi R D , Botteon A , Drabent A , Malizia A , Massaro F , Röttgering H J A , Ubertini P , Ursini F , van Weeren R J 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Giant radio galaxies (GRGs), with extended structures reaching hundreds of kpc, are among the most spectacular examples of ejection of relativistic plasma from supermassive black holes. In this work, third of a series, we present Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) images at 144 MHz, collected in the framework of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Data Release 2 (LoTSS DR2), for nine sources extracted from our sample of hard X-ray-selected GRGs (HXGRGs, i.e. from INTEGRAL/Imager on-Board the INTEGRAL Satellite and Swift/Burst Alert Telescope catalogues at &gt;20 keV). Thanks to the resolution and sensitivity of LoTSS, we could probe the complex morphology of these GRGs, unveiling cases with diffuse (Mpc-scale) remnant emission, presence of faint off-axis wings, or a misaligned inner jet. In particular, for one source (B2 1144+35B), we could clearly detect a ∼300 kpc wide off-axis emission, in addition to an inner jet whose orientation is not aligned with the lobes axis. For another source (J1153.9+5848), a structure consistent with jet precession was revealed, appearing as an X-shaped morphology with relic lobes having an extension larger than the present ones, and with a different axis orientation. From an environment analysis, we found two sources showing an overdensity of cosmological neighbours, and a correspondent association with a galaxy cluster from catalogues. Finally, a comparison with radio-selected GRGs from LoTSS DR1 suggested that, on average, HXGRGs can grow to larger extents. These results highlight the importance of deep low-frequency observations to probe the evolution of radio galaxies, and ultimately estimate the duty cycle of their jets.
The probability distribution of 3D shapes of galaxy clusters from 2D X-ray images
Authors: Shankar Swapnil , Khatri Rishi 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a new method to determine the probability distribution of the 3D shapes of galaxy clusters from the 2D images using stereology. In contrast to the conventional approach of combining different data sets (such as X-rays, Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect, and lensing) to fit a 3D model of a galaxy cluster for each cluster, our method requires only a single data set, such as X-ray observations or Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect observations, consisting of sufficiently large number of clusters. Instead of reconstructing the 3D shape of an individual object, we recover the probability distribution function (PDF) of the 3D shapes of the observed galaxy clusters. The shape PDF is the relevant statistical quantity, which can be compared with the theory and used to test the cosmological models. We apply this method to publicly available Chandra X-ray data of 89 well-resolved galaxy clusters. Assuming ellipsoidal shapes, we find that our sample of galaxy clusters is a mixture of prolate and oblate shapes, with a preference for oblateness with the most probable ratio of principle axes 1.4 : 1.3 : 1. The ellipsoidal assumption is not essential to our approach and our method is directly applicable to non-ellipsoidal shapes. Our method is insensitive to the radial density and temperature profiles of the cluster. Our method is sensitive to the changes in shape of the X-ray emitting gas from inner to outer regions and we find evidence for variation in the 3D shape of the X-ray emitting gas with distance from the centre.
Plecturocebus caquetensis(Primates: Pitheciidae)
Authors: Villota Johana , Ramírez-Chaves Héctor E , Defler Thomas R 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPlecturocebus caquetensis (Defler, Bueno, and García, 2010) is a Neotropical primate commonly called the Caquetá titi monkey. It is small-sized with long, soft pelage of mixed coloration including grayish and buffy brown to agouti tones. It lacks the blackish or whitish band that is present on the forehead of closely related species. The tail is agouti-colored and slightly banded at its base. Endemic to the Amazonian region of Colombia with a distribution in areas near the eastern slopes of the Eastern and Central Cordillera of the Andes, P. caquetensis is confirmed in 104 localities in the departments of Cauca and Caquetá in Colombia. P. caquetensis is considered “Critically Endangered” (CR) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Text Messaging to Increase Tobacco Treatment Reach in the Emergency Department
Authors: Abroms Lorien C , Wu Keng-Chieh , Krishnan Nandita , Long Michael , Belay Sarah , Sherman Scott , McCarthy Melissa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Automated text messaging programs have been studied as a treatment tool, but have not been studied as an outreach tool to increase the reach of smoking cessation treatment.

Aims and Methods
Two distinct text messaging programs were developed. One was aimed at connecting smokers to quitline phone counseling via text message (Text4Coach [T4C]) and the other was aimed at connecting smokers to a smoking cessation text messaging program (Text&Quit [T&Q]). Adult daily smokers with Medicaid insurance (N = 80) were recruited from the Emergency Department at an urban hospital and randomized to T4C or T&Q. The primary outcome was program reach.

Results
Outreach text messages were found to have moderately high uptake, with the majority of participants (63.8%) opting into their assigned tobacco treatment program and younger and female participants more likely to opt in (p &lt; .01). Receipt of the treatment portion of the program differed among the programs with 67.5% of T&Q receiving the treatment program and 27.5% of T4C receiving the program (p &lt; .001). Most participants across both groups replied to at least one message (71.3%) and very few unsubscribed from the service over the 3-week trial. The majority of participants reported overall satisfaction with their program (63.8%), found it helpful for quitting smoking (60.0%) and would recommend the program to a friend (62.5%). Overall, 11 (13.8%) participants reported being abstinent from smoking for the past 7 days at follow-up, with no differences between groups.

Conclusions
Outreach text messages were found to have moderately high reach among Medicaid smokers. Larger trials are needed to evaluate the impact of such programs on helping low-income smokers quit.

Implications
Automated text messaging programs have been tested as a treatment tool, but have not been tested as an outreach tool to increase the reach of smoking cessation treatment. This study tests a new way of conducting outreach to smokers in a health system through text messages. It tests the effect of outreach on (1) rates of opting in and (2) successful treatment delivery. Results may inform new models of providing outreach for tobacco treatment in health systems.
Robotic-Assisted Tubular Transoral Parapharyngeal Approach to the Ventral Craniovertebral Junction
Authors: Basma Jaafar , Rangarajan Sanjeet V , Michael L Madison , Magnuson J Scott , Muhlbauer Michael S , Gleysteen John P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has become a routine technique for treating benign and malignant lesions of the oropharynx with the advantage of reducing morbidity compared to open surgical techniques. However, TORS has not been used routinely for accessing lesions of the spine.

OBJECTIVE
To describe how TORS can be used to access spinal lesions.

METHODS
We describe our technique of accessing the parapharyngeal space using the robotic technique, and then dissecting the prevertebral muscles to expose the ventral craniovertebral junction. Tubular retraction with endoscopic visualization is then employed for surgical resection. We then report a case of a 14-yr-old competitive athlete who presented with an osseous lesion of C1, which underwent resection using this novel TORS approach.

RESULTS
Our patient underwent successful resection of a lateral C1 osteoid osteoma utilizing a combined TORS/endoscopic approach. She tolerated soft diet immediately and was discharged on postoperative day 2. Postoperative imaging revealed complete resection of the lesion, and she returned to competitive athletics within 6 wk.

CONCLUSION
Utilizing this novel, robotic-assisted approach can definitively treat osseous cervical spine lesions while reducing morbidity, allowing for early return to normal diet and minimizing overall length of hospital stay.