bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies of Decolonization: Economic Sovereignty and National Security in Libyan–US Relations, 1949–1971
Authors: Dietrich Christopher R. W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article examines Libyan–US relations through the historical lenses of decolonization, international law, the Cold War, and the international political economy. The Libyan government exercised its newfound sovereignty in the postwar era through the negotiation of ‘base rights’ for the US government and ‘oil rights’ for corporations owned by US nationals. They did so in conjunction with other petrostates and through international organizations such as the United Nations, the Arab League, and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Libyan leaders’ strategy of using sovereignty to promote corporate competition relied on connections with similarly situated nations, and it was through global circuits of knowledge that they pressed the outer limits of economic sovereignty. At the same time, the US government consistently accommodated Libyan policies through Cold War arguments that linked the alliance with Libya to US national security. Those deep foundations of sovereignty and security created the conditions for the transformation of the global oil industry after Libya’s 1969 revolution.
Intercomparison of Thermal Regime Algorithms in 1‐D Lake Models
Authors: Guo Mingyang , Zhuang Qianlai , Yao Huaxia , Golub Malgorzata , Leung L. Ruby , Tan Zeli 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLakes are an important component of the global weather and climate system, but the modeling of their thermal regimes has shown large uncertainties due to the highly diverse lake properties and model configurations. Here, we evaluate the algorithms of four key lake thermal processes including turbulent heat fluxes, wind‐driven mixing, light extinction, and snow density, using a highly diverse lake data set provided by the Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP) 2a lake sector. Algorithm codes are configured and run separately within the same parent model to rule out any interference from factors apart from the algorithms examined. Evaluations are based on both simulation accuracy and recalibration complexity for application to global lakes. For turbulent heat fluxes, the non‐Monin–Obukhov similarity (MOS) based, more simplified algorithms perform better in predicting lake epilimnion temperatures and achieve high convergence in the values of the calibrated parameters. For wind‐driven mixing, a two‐algorithm strategy considering lake shape and season is suggested with the regular mixing algorithm used for spring and earlier summer and the mixing‐enhanced algorithm for summer steady stratification and fall overturn periods. There are no evident differences in the simulated thermocline depths using different light extinction algorithms or the observation. Finally, for lake ice phenology, an optimal algorithm is decided for most northern lakes while the Arctic lakes require separate consideration. Our study provides highly practical guides for improving 1‐D lake models and feasible parameterization strategies to better simulate global lake thermal regimes.
Efficient Graphics Processing Unit Modeling of Street‐Scale Weather Effects in Support of Aerial Operations in the Urban Environment
Authors: Muñoz‐Esparza Domingo , Shin Hyeyum Hailey , Sauer Jeremy A. , Steiner Matthias , Hawbecker Patrick , Boehnert Jennifer , Pinto James O. , Kosović Branko , Sharman Robert D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver the last few years, the concept of incorporating aerial vehicles into the urban environment for diverse purposes has attracted ample interest and investment. These purposes cover a broad spectrum of applications, from larger vehicles designed for passenger transport, to package delivery and inspection/surveillance missions performed by small unmanned drones. While these Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operations have the potential to alleviate bottlenecks arising from saturated surface transportation networks, there are a number of challenges that need to be addressed to make these operations safe and viable. One challenge is predicting weather effects within the urban environment with the required level of spatiotemporal fidelity, which current operational weather models fail to provide due to the use of coarse grid spacings (a few kilometers) constrained by the predictive performance limitations of traditional computer architectures. Herein, we demonstrate how FastEddy®, a microscale model that exploits the accelerated nature of graphics processing units for high‐performance computing, can be used to understand and predict urban weather impacts from seasonal, day‐to‐day, diurnal, and sub‐hourly scales. To that end, we efficiently perform more than 50 telescoped simulations of microscale urban effects at street‐scale (5 m grid spacing) driven by realistic weather over a 20 km2 region centered at the downtown area of Dallas, Texas. Our analyses demonstrate that urban‐weather interactions at the street‐scale are complex and tightly connected, which is of utmost relevance to AAM operations. These demonstrations reveal the capability of such models to provide real‐time weather hazard avoidance products tailored to capture microscale urban effects.
Paleoclimate Significance of Reconstructed Rainfall Isotope Changes in Asian Monsoon Region
Authors: Zhao Cheng , Cheng Jun , Wang Jingjing , Yan Hong , Leng Chengcheng , Zhang Can , Feng Xiaoping , Liu Weiguo , Yang Xiangdong , Shen Ji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpeleothem oxygen isotope (δ18Oc) records have been regarded as a critical reference to study past Asian monsoon variability. However, existing δ18Oc records in the Indian monsoon region are fragmented in time coverage and/or sampling resolution since the last deglaciation. Also, the climatic interpretation of δ18Oc is still obscure. Here, we report a continuous and centennial‐resolved leaf wax hydrogen isotope (δDwax) record over the past ∼28 ka from Lugu Lake in Indian‐monsoon influenced southwestern China. Our new record shows striking consistency with the well‐established δ18Oc record in East Asian monsoon‐influenced southeastern China, revealing a spatially coherent change and thus a similar physical process in rainfall isotopes in the broader Asian monsoon region. Based on the combination with the TraCE21ka simulation, we propose reconstructed long‐term and millennial‐scale isotope changes could be influenced by the intensity of local convection along the monsoon trough, which extends from the Indian subcontinent across to the Philippines in summer.
Communication Between the Northern and Southern Central San Andreas Fault via Dynamically Triggered Creep
Authors: Hirao Brenton , Savage Heather , Brodsky Emily E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe interaction between creep events and earthquakes at the regional scale has implications for earthquake cycles, yet few examples of such interaction have been found on continental faults. We report shallow triggered creep along the northern edge of the central creeping section of the San Andreas Fault following the 2003 San Simeon Mw 6.5 and 2004 Parkfield Mw 6.0 earthquakes. Following both earthquakes, we observe a delayed creep event beginning at depth on a strainmeter and continuing on a nearby creepmeter. In addition, between the regional earthquakes, the average slip rate at one creepmeter increased from 10 mm/yr to 30 mm/yr, and returned to 10 mm/yr after the Parkfield earthquake. Creep events and creep rate changes indicate that triggering connects behavior in the northern San Andreas Fault to the southern section and other regional faults.
Origin of the Co‐Seismic Variations of Elastic Properties in the Crust: Insight From the Laboratory
Authors: Paglialunga F. , Passelègue F. X. , Acosta M. , Violay M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeismological observations highlighted that earthquakes are often followed by changes in elastic properties around the fault zone. Here, we studied the origin of these variations using stick‐slip experiments on saw‐cut granite samples presenting different degrees of bulk damage (i.e., microcracks). Stick‐slip events were induced under triaxial compression configuration with continuous active ultrasonic measurements at confining pressures representative of upper crustal conditions (15–120 MPa). Both the P‐wave velocity () and amplitude () showed drops, concurrently with stress drops, and had a non‐monotonic dependence toward the fault's stress state. Our experimental results suggest that co‐seismic changes in were mostly controlled by the elastic re‐opening of microcracks in the bulk, rather than by co‐seismic damage or the formation of fault gouge. Co‐seismic changes in were controlled by a combination of elastic re‐opening of microcracks in the bulk and inelastic processes (i.e., co‐seismic damage and gouge formation and dilation).
A Westward Shift in Tropical Cyclone Potential Intensity and Genesis Regions in the North Atlantic During the Last Interglacial
Authors: Yan Qing , Korty Robert , Wei Ting , Jiang Nanxuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGiven the longstanding debate on geomorphological features (i.e., megaboulders, chevron‐shaped sand ridges, and runup deposits) observed around the Bahamas, it is unclear whether Earth experienced superstorms over the North Atlantic during the Last Interglacial (LIG). Based on multimodels from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project, we illustrate that the tropical North Atlantic exhibits an overall warming (∼0.9°C) during the storm season of the LIG relative to preindustrial. Potential intensity shows a zonal dipole anomaly over the main development region during the LIG, with positive anomalies in the west, offering an increased probability of extremely strong storms. Favorable conditions for storm formation shift from the eastern to the western main development region during the LIG, with enhanced large‐scale steering flows at higher latitudes (∼15 – 30°N). These results suggest a westward migration of storm activity during the LIG, with potentially more frequent and intense storms over the western North Atlantic and increased coastal erosions.
Silicon/2D-material photodetectors: from near-infrared to mid-infrared
Authors: Liu Chaoyue , Guo Jingshu , Yu Laiwen , Li Jiang , Zhang Ming , Li Huan , Shi Yaocheng , Dai Daoxin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTwo-dimensional materials (2DMs) have been used widely in constructing photodetectors (PDs) because of their advantages in flexible integration and ultrabroad operation wavelength range. Specifically, 2DM PDs on silicon have attracted much attention because silicon microelectronics and silicon photonics have been developed successfully for many applications. 2DM PDs meet the imperious demand of silicon photonics on low-cost, high-performance, and broadband photodetection. In this work, a review is given for the recent progresses of Si/2DM PDs working in the wavelength band from near-infrared to mid-infrared, which are attractive for many applications. The operation mechanisms and the device configurations are summarized in the first part. The waveguide-integrated PDs and the surface-illuminated PDs are then reviewed in details, respectively. The discussion and outlook for 2DM PDs on silicon are finally given.
Biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging
Authors: Pan Ting , Lu Dengyun , Xin Hongbao , Li Baojun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe rapid development of biophotonics and biomedical sciences makes a high demand on photonic structures to be interfaced with biological systems that are capable of manipulating light at small scales for sensitive detection of biological signals and precise imaging of cellular structures. However, conventional photonic structures based on artificial materials (either inorganic or toxic organic) inevitably show incompatibility and invasiveness when interfacing with biological systems. The design of biophotonic probes from the abundant natural materials, particularly biological entities such as virus, cells and tissues, with the capability of multifunctional light manipulation at target sites greatly increases the biocompatibility and minimizes the invasiveness to biological microenvironment. In this review, advances in biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging are reviewed. We emphatically and systematically describe biological entities-based photonic probes that offer appropriate optical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability with different optical functions from light generation, to light transportation and light modulation. Three representative biophotonic probes, i.e., biological lasers, cell-based biophotonic waveguides and bio-microlenses, are reviewed with applications for bio-detection and imaging. Finally, perspectives on future opportunities and potential improvements of biophotonic probes are also provided.
A phase 2a randomized clinical trial of intravenous vedolizumab for the treatment of steroid-refractory intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Fløisand Yngvar , Schroeder Mark A. , Chevallier Patrice , Selleslag Dominik , Devine Steven , Renteria Anne S. , Mohty Mohamad , Yakoub-Agha Ibrahim , Chen Chunlin , Parfionovas Andrejus , Quadri Syed , Jansson Johan , Akbari Mona , Chen Yi-Bin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSteroid-refractory (SR) acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) remains a significant complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Systemic corticosteroids are first-line therapy for aGvHD, but apart from ruxolitinib, there are no approved treatments for SR aGvHD. Vedolizumab is approved for treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, and may be effective for treatment of SR intestinal aGvHD. We conducted a phase 2a trial (NCT02993783) to evaluate the clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety of vedolizumab 300 and 600 mg for SR intestinal aGvHD. This study was terminated before full enrollment was completed because early results failed to demonstrate positive proof-of-concept in efficacy. Before termination, 17 participants had enrolled and an early response in intestinal aGvHD was observed in 11 and eight participants at days 15 and 28, respectively. All adverse events observed were consistent with those expected in a population with SR intestinal aGvHD. Overall, vedolizumab did not meet the primary efficacy endpoint (overall response at day 28), likely owing to premature study drug discontinuation, lack of efficacy, and the competing risks inherent with a population with advanced SR intestinal aGvHD. Nevertheless, this study provides valuable insights into the considerations needed when conducting studies in patients with SR intestinal aGvHD.
SLC7A2 deficiency promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by enhancing recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressors cells
Authors: Xia Suhong , Wu Jingwen , Zhou Wangdong , Zhang Mingyu , Zhao Kai , Liu Jingmei , Tian Dean , Liao Jiazhi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe main reason for poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients is high metastasis and recurrence. Cancer progression depends on a tumor-supportive microenvironment. Therefore, illustrating the mechanisms of tumor immunity in underlying HCC metastasis is essential. Here, we report a novel role of solute carrier family 7 member 2 (SLC7A2), a member of the solute carrier family, in HCC metastasis. The reduction of SLC7A2 was an independent and significant risk factor for the survival of HCC patients. Upregulation of SLC7A2 decreased HCC invasion and metastasis, whereas downregulation of SLC7A2 promoted HCC invasion and metastasis. We further found that deficient SLC7A2 medicated the upregulation of CXCL1 through PI3K/Akt/NF-kκB pathway to recruit myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), exerting tumor immunosuppressive effect. Moreover, we found that G9a-mediated di-methylation of H3K9 (H3K9me2) silenced the expression of SLC7A2 to suppress HCC metastasis and immune escape. In conclusion, G9a-mediated silencing of SLC7A2 exerts unexpected functions in cancer metastasis by fostering a tumor-supportive microenvironment through CXCL1 secretion and MDSCs recruitment. Thus, SLC7A2 may provide new mechanistic insight into the cancer-promoting property of MDSCs.
Effects of acyl-coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP)/diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) on body mass index
Authors: Joseph Adrien , Chen Hui , Anagnostopoulos Gerasimos , Montégut Léa , Lafarge Antoine , Motiño Omar , Castedo Maria , Maiuri Maria Chiara , Clément Karine , Terrisse Safae , Martin Anne Laure , Vaz-Luis Ines , Andre Fabrice , Grundler Franziska , de Toledo Françoise Wilhelmi , Madeo Frank , Zitvogel Laurence , Goldwasser François , Blanchet Benoit , Fumeron Frédéric , Roussel Ronan , Martins Isabelle , Kroemer Guido 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn mice, the plasma concentrations of the appetite-stimulatory and autophagy-inhibitory factor acyl-coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP, also called diazepam-binding inhibitor, DBI) acutely increase in response to starvation, but also do so upon chronic overnutrition leading to obesity. Here, we show that knockout of Acbp/Dbi in adipose tissue is sufficient to prevent high-fat diet-induced weight gain in mice. We investigated ACBP/DBI plasma concentrations in several patient cohorts to discover a similar dual pattern of regulation. In relatively healthy subjects, ACBP/DBI concentrations independently correlated with body mass index (BMI) and age. The association between ACBP/DBI and BMI was lost in subjects that underwent major weight gain in the subsequent 3–9 years, as well as in advanced cancer patients. Voluntary fasting, undernutrition in the context of advanced cancer, as well as chemotherapy were associated with an increase in circulating ACBP/DBI levels. Altogether, these results support the conclusion that ACBP/DBI may play an important role in body mass homeostasis as well as in its failure.
Structure and mechanism of the human NHE1-CHP1 complex
Authors: Dong Yanli , Gao Yiwei , Ilie Alina , Kim DuSik , Boucher Annie , Li Bin , Zhang Xuejun C. , Orlowski John , Zhao Yan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSodium/proton exchanger 1 (NHE1) is an electroneutral secondary active transporter present on the plasma membrane of most mammalian cells and plays critical roles in regulating intracellular pH and volume homeostasis. Calcineurin B-homologous protein 1 (CHP1) is an obligate binding partner that promotes NHE1 biosynthetic maturation, cell surface expression and pH-sensitivity. Dysfunctions of either protein are associated with neurological disorders. Here, we elucidate structures of the human NHE1-CHP1 complex in both inward- and inhibitor (cariporide)-bound outward-facing conformations. We find that NHE1 assembles as a symmetrical homodimer, with each subunit undergoing an elevator-like conformational change during cation exchange. The cryo-EM map reveals the binding site for the NHE1 inhibitor cariporide, illustrating how inhibitors block transport activity. The CHP1 molecule differentially associates with these two conformational states of each NHE1 monomer, and this association difference probably underlies the regulation of NHE1 pH-sensitivity by CHP1.
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization consistently favor pathogenic over mutualistic fungi in grassland soils
Authors: Lekberg Ylva , Arnillas Carlos A. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Bullington Lorinda S. , Fierer Noah , Kennedy Peter G. , Leff Jonathan W. , Luis Angela D. , Seabloom Eric W. , Henning Jeremiah A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEcosystems across the globe receive elevated inputs of nutrients, but the consequences of this for soil fungal guilds that mediate key ecosystem functions remain unclear. We find that nitrogen and phosphorus addition to 25 grasslands distributed across four continents promotes the relative abundance of fungal pathogens, suppresses mutualists, but does not affect saprotrophs. Structural equation models suggest that responses are often indirect and primarily mediated by nutrient-induced shifts in plant communities. Nutrient addition also reduces co-occurrences within and among fungal guilds, which could have important consequences for belowground interactions. Focusing only on plots that received no nutrient addition, soil properties influence pathogen abundance globally, whereas plant community characteristics influence mutualists, and climate influence saprotrophs. We show consistent, guild-level responses that enhance our ability to predict shifts in soil function related to anthropogenic eutrophication, which can have longer-term consequences for plant communities.
Diffusionless transformation of soft cubic superstructure from amorphous to simple cubic and body-centered cubic phases
Authors: Liu Jie , Liu Wenzhe , Guan Bo , Wang Bo , Shi Lei , Jin Feng , Zheng Zhigang , Wang Jingxia , Ikeda Tomiki , Jiang Lei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn a narrow temperature window in going from the isotropic to highly chiral orders, cholesteric liquid crystals exhibit so-called blue phases, consisting of different morphologies of long, space-filling double twisted cylinders. Those of cubic spatial symmetry have attracted considerable attention in recent years as templates for soft photonic materials. The latter often requires the creation of monodomains of predefined orientation and size, but their engineering is complicated by a lack of comprehensive understanding of how blue phases nucleate and transform into each other at a submicrometer length scale. In this work, we accomplish this by intercepting nucleation processes at intermediate stages with fast cross-linking of a stabilizing polymer matrix. We reveal using transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction, and angle-resolved microspectroscopy that the grid of double-twisted cylinders undergoes highly coordinated, diffusionless transformations. In light of our findings, the implementation of several applications is discussed, such as temperature-switchable QR codes, micro-area lasing, and fabrication of blue phase liquid crystals with large domain sizes.
Limited application of reflective surfaces can mitigate urban heat pollution
Authors: Sen Sushobhan , Khazanovich Lev 
Published: June 2021

AbstractElevated air temperatures in urban neighborhoods due to the Urban Heat Island effect is a form of heat pollution that causes thermal discomfort, higher energy consumption, and deteriorating public health. Mitigation measures can be expensive, with the need to maximize benefits from limited resources. Here we show that significant mitigation can be achieved through a limited application of reflective surfaces. We use a Computational Fluid Dynamics model to resolve the air temperature within a prototypical neighborhood for different wind directions, building configurations, and partial application of reflective surfaces. While reflective surfaces mitigate heat pollution, their effectiveness relative to cost varies with spatial distribution. Although downstream parts experience the highest heat pollution, applying reflective surfaces to the upstream part has a disproportionately higher benefit relative to cost than applying them downstream.