bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of arylidene‐based benzoxazine derivatives as promising antimicrobial materials
Authors: Musa Abdulrahman , Alamry Khalid A. , Hussein Mahmoud A. , Elfaky Mahmoud A. , Alzahrani Abdullah Y. , Al‐Ghamdi Youssef O. , Hussien Mostafa A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe current study is focused on the synthesis of two novel arylidene‐based benzoxazines namely: 3‐(3‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[e][1,3]oxazin‐6‐yl)‐1‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐propenone (PTP), and 3‐(3‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[e][1,3]‐oxazin‐6‐yl)‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐2‐propenone (PPP). The benzoxazines were obtained as condensation products of the reaction of each of the phenol analogs: [3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐(2‐thiophenyl)‐2‐propenone] (HTP), and [3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐(2‐pyridinyl)‐2‐propenone] (HPP), with aniline, and paraformaldehyde, respectively. PTP and PPP were structurally confirmed using analysis such as ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, together with FTIR, and 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectral analyses, respectively. The benzoxazine derivatives revealed an excellent antimicrobial activity against the selected bacterial (including Gram‐positive & Gram‐negative) and fungi. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated using the agar diffusion approach. The qualitative assay of the biological study from the inhibition zones for the PTP, PPP, and PBO revealed interesting results. The examinations revealed some levels of antimicrobial efficacy against the selected bacterial strains used. However, the biological efficacy of PTP appeared to be better with larger zones of inhibition against the growth of the micro‐organisms. Moreover, the molecular docking studies of PTP, PPP, and PBO derivatives were screened against the “5FSA” protein. PPP derivative displayed a good activity than the other derivatives PTP and PBO in docking with 5FSA protein. The obtained values were −7.34, −7.70, and −5.70 Kcal/Mol for PPP, PTP, and PBO respectively compared to Fluconazole reference value −7.86 Kcal/Mol.
Sex differences in early language delay and in developmental language disorder
Authors: Chilosi Anna Maria , Brovedani Paola , Cipriani Paola , Casalini Claudia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDevelopmental language disorder (DLD) is a neurodevelopmental condition, occurring in about 3% to 7% of preschoolers, that can impair communication and negatively impact educational and social attainments, in spite of adequate neurological, cognitive, emotional, social development, and educational opportunities for language learning. Significant risk factors for DLD are male sex, familial history of early language delay, low parental education, and various perinatal factors. A strong sex effect with a higher prevalence of language delay and DLD in males than in females has been consistently reported. Neurobiological and environmental risk factors, interacting with each other, are probably responsible for the phenotypic expression of DLD. The aim of this brief review is to further the knowledge of the role of sex in early language delay and DLD by analyzing the evidence from four significant sources: epidemiological studies, studies on twins, family aggregation studies, and studies on sex chromosome trisomies. Data pertaining only to sex differences (biological and physiological characteristics of females and males) will be analyzed. Studies on family aggregations and twins confirm the role of genetic factors and of sex in determining language abilities and disabilities, but genes alone do not determine outcomes. Sex chromosome trisomies represent a unique example of the relationship between a genetic alteration and a language disorder. Clarification of how sex acts in determining DLD could provide new information on early risk factors and, thus, contribute to improve diagnosis and clinical management.
Deletion of transcription factor AP‐2β from the developing murine trabecular meshwork region leads to progressive glaucomatous changes
Authors: Taiyab Aftab , Akula Monica , Dham Japnit , Deschamps Paula , Sheardown Heather , Williams Trevor , Borrás Teresa , West‐Mays Judith A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGlaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness and can result from abnormalities in anterior segment structures required for aqueous humor outflow, including the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC). Transcription factors such as AP‐2β play critical roles in anterior segment development. Here, we show that the Mgp‐Cre knock‐in (Mgp‐Cre.KI) mouse can be used to target the embryonic periocular mesenchyme giving rise to the TM and SC. Fate mapping of male and female mice indicates that AP‐2β loss causes a decrease in iridocorneal angle cells derived from Mgp‐Cre.KI‐expressing populations compared to controls. Moreover, histological analyses revealed peripheral iridocorneal adhesions in AP‐2β mutants that were accompanied by a decrease in expression of TM and SC markers, as observed using immunohistochemistry. In addition, rebound tonometry showed significantly higher intraocular pressure (IOP) that was correlated with a progressive significant loss of retinal ganglion cells, reduced retinal thickness, and reduced retinal function, as measured using an electroretinogram, in AP‐2β mutants compared with controls, reflecting pathology described in late‐stage glaucoma patients. Importantly, elevated IOP in AP‐2β mutants was significantly reduced by treatment with latanoprost, a prostaglandin analog that increases unconventional outflow. These findings demonstrate that AP‐2β is critical for TM and SC development, and that these mutant mice can serve as a model for understanding and treating progressive human primary angle‐closure glaucoma.
Timing of treatment with an endogenous opioid alters immune response and spinal cord pathology in female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Patel Chirag , Zagon Ian S. , Pearce‐Clawson Mason , McLaughlin Patricia J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that primarily affects women during the second or third decade of life. The mechanism is hypothesized to involve unregulated peripheral inflammation resulting in blood–brain barrier damage, and eventual axonal damage and demyelination. Based on this understanding, the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), often is utilized to study lymphocyte activation. Therapeutic paradigms of exogenous opioid growth factor (OGF) or low‐dose naltrexone (LDN) treatment can modulate EAE, but little is reported regarding OGF or LDN effects on peripheral inflammation, microglia activation, and/or macrophage proliferation. Moreover, little is known about differential responses to LDN or OGF relative to the duration and timing of treatment. Utilizing a female mouse model of EAE, two treatment regimens were established to investigate differences between prophylactic treatment and traditional therapy initiated at the time of disease presentation. Prophylactic OGF or LDN treatment delayed the onset of behavior, suppressed neutrophil replication, and curtailed lymphocyte proliferation which ultimately improved behavioral outcome. Traditional therapy with OGF or LDN reversed behavioral deficits, restored OGF and IL‐17 serum levels, and inhibited microglial activation within 8 days. Reduced serum OGF levels in untreated EAE mice correlated with increased microglia activation within lumbar spinal cords. Both treatment regimens of OGF or LDN reduced activated microglia, whereas only prophylactic treatment prevented CNS macrophage aggregation. These data demonstrate that the timing of LDN or OGF treatment initiation alters outcomes and can prevent or reverse behavioral deficits, cytokine activation, and spinal cord pathology.
Phosphorus availability of sewage sludges and ashes in soils of contrasting pH
Authors: Lemming Camilla , Simmelsgaard Nielsen Martin Toft , Jensen Lars Stoumann , Scheutz Charlotte , Magid Jakob 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground: Little is known about the relationship between plant availability of P in different sludges and their derived ashes, its development over time and its interaction with soil pH.Aim: This study addresses this knowledge gap, by investigating the P availability and fractions of six sludges produced under different conditions and the incineration ashes derived from five of these, plus the effect of time (84 days) and soil pH on P availability.Methods: These materials were applied to two similar soils with contrasting pH (5.8 and 7.8), based on the assumption that lower pH would favor plant availability of P from these sources. Triple super phosphate and a control (no P addition) were included as references.Results: The relative P fertilizer availability (RFA) in soil of both sludges (18–77%) and ashes (0.1–25%), measured as water extractable P, was found to be highly dependent on their origin. While the P availability of sludges was strongly affected by soil pH, ash P availability showed either no or little soil pH effect, in contrast to our expectations. For the sludges, RFA was negatively correlated to the ratio (Fe+Al)/P in both pH soils and positively correlated to sludge water extractable P in the higher pH soil. For the ashes, the ratio Fe+Al to P and the pH reaction of ashes in water were strongly negatively correlated with RFA in the lower pH soil. Ca/P ratios did not predict RFA in either sludges or ashes. Nevertheless, we ascribe the comparably higher average RFA in sludges of 58% found in the low pH soil compared to 25% in the alkaline soil to the greater solubility of Ca‐P species under lower pH. For ashes, the availability increased over time, while rather stable for sludges.Conclusion: In conclusion, the P availability of both sludges and ashes was highly dependent on their origin, and for sludges highly dependent on soil pH
Nutrient uptake and assimilation under varying day and night root zone temperatures in lowland rice
Authors: Vu Duy Hoang , Stuerz Sabine , Asch Folkard 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground: In flooded rice fields, root zone temperatures (RZT) are buffered by the ponded water layer. With global warming, a higher frequency of hot days and hot nights, and the introduction of water‐saving irrigation technologies, RZT are likely to vary more widely, particularly between night and day.Aim: It is not known how this will affect nutrient uptake of rice, particularly if the climate‐driven transpirational demand increases simultaneously, since nutrient uptake at least partly depends on water uptake.Methods: We investigated the effects of day and night RZT on water and nutrient uptake and nitrogen (N) metabolism under low and high vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Plants of two rice varieties (IR64 and NU838) were grown hydroponically at three root temperature levels (19, 24, and 29°C). For a period of seven days, fresh weight of the plants, nutrient contents of the nutrient solution (, , , K+), and water uptake were measured both at the end of the light period and at the end of the dark period. Nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and amino acid (AA) concentrations in the youngest fully developed leaves were examined on the last day and night of the experiment.Results: The share of day and night uptake of and depended on RZT, whereas K+ uptake was higher during the day independent of RZT. Under low VPD, uptake rate did not differ between day and night, however, under high VPD, the uptake of varied between varieties and RZTs. Water uptake of the plants was strongly influenced by VPD, but not by RZT. In contrast, nutrient uptake was hardly influenced by VPD and did not correlate with water uptake, but linearly increased with RZT with an optimum temperature for nutrient uptake above 29°C. This increase was larger for and than for and K+ shifting the nutrient requirements of rice. While the increase of nutrient uptake per °C did not differ between varieties under low VPD, IR64 showed a greater increase in nutrient uptake to RZT at day‐time, whereas NU838 showed a greater increase at night‐time under high VPD. The activities of NR and GS seemed to respond to the total daily N uptake rather than to different uptake rates during day or night, while AA concentration was strongly correlated to N uptake during the day.Conclusions: With an optimum RZT for nutrient uptake above 29°C, rice plants could benefit from temperature increase caused by either different water management strategies or climate change if fertilizer management was adapted to the new, shifted requirements.
Soil N2O emissions following termination of grass pea and oat cover crop residues with different maturity levels
Authors: Singh Hardeep , Kandel Tanka P. , Gowda Prasanna H. , Northup Brian K. , Kakani Vijaya G. , Baath Gurjinder S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground: Although cover crops provide many agronomic and environmental benefits, they may also increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions after termination. The N2O emissions from decomposing biomass of cover crops largely depends on the type of cover and maturity level at termination.Aim: The objective of this study was to quantify N2O emissions following soil incorporation of a non‐legume (oat; Avena sativa L.) and a legume (grass pea; Lathyrus sphaericus Retz.) cover crop residues at two different maturity levels.Methods: Oat and grass pea were terminated at vegetative (early‐termination) and reproductive (late‐termination) stages, and stored fresh before soil incorporation (2.5 Mg dry matter ha−1) together in late‐May. A treatment with no cover crop was included as the control. The experiment was laid out as completely randomized block design with three replicated plots (2 m × 2 m) in each treatment combination. Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn] seedlings were transplanted as a summer crop. The N2O fluxes were measured with a closed chamber with a portable gas analyzer on 25 dates over an experimental period of 98 days.Results: In general, fluxes of N2O increased after rainfall or irrigation events and approximated zero during dry periods. Cumulative N2O emissions during the 98 days study period were higher (p < 0.01) from all cover crops treatments than the control. Effects of maturity level at termination on cumulative N2O emissions were significant (p < 0.05) as 30–35% higher emissions were recorded from both cover crops terminated at the reproductive stage than the vegetative stage. Yields of finger millet biomass from oat incorporated plots were 15–19% greater (p < 0.05) than grass pea incorporated plots, while the yields from control plots were not significantly different from plots receiving cover crop residues.Conclusions: Stage of maturity at termination alone was not a strong predictor of total cumulative N2O emissions from decomposing cover crop residues, as maturity level interacted with environment variables (e.g., timing of rainfall events).
Viewpoint. Charcoal hearth soils should be better accounted for by the WRB and the Soil Taxonomy
Authors: Mastrolonardo Giovanni , Certini Giacomo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe legacy of charcoal making, an old and widespread forest exploitation activity, is a plethora of charcoal hearth (CH) soils that occur all around the world with peculiar features, the main of which is a top, thick, black, charcoal‐rich horizon. Being substantially due to human activity, these soils are anthropogenic or “human‐altered and human‐transported” soils. However, the two most widely used classification systems—the World Reference Base for Soil Resources and the U.S. Soil Taxonomy—which in their last versions give credit to major human‐induced soil features, fail to satisfactorily account for their origin and most significant features. In this paper we discuss the classification of CH soils to underline what we perceive as gaps preventing proper reporting of these particular soils. This is in the hope that it will support the working groups responsible for updating the aforementioned classification systems.The WRB's Reference Soil Group of Technosols is a convincing framework for CH soils in consideration of their history and the occurrence of artefacts (charcoal). However, the very high required amount of artefacts prevents such an attribution, making the use of the supplementary qualifier Carbonic under other Reference Soil Groups the most plausible reference to the crucial role of humans on CH soils' genesis and shaping.The U.S. Soil Taxonomy in its latest version includes the Human‐Altered and Human‐Transported Soils (HAHTs), which are considered extragrades, since they do not represent an intergrade to any other taxon. HAHTs suit the CH soils as well, although only at the level of Subgroups (as Anthropic and Anthroportic intergrades) or, perhaps more comfortably, at the lower categorical detail, i.e., as Families (Pyrocarbonic).In our belief it is desirable that the future versions of the two aforementioned classification systems will adequately frame the CH soils, in consideration of both their widespread occurrence and distinctive features: the WRB allocating them irrefutably among the Technosols and the ST finally including them in a new Order of anthropogenic soils.
Color approach to the analysis of white crystal cane sugar for the detection of solid impurities
Authors: Barros Nathalia Zanetti , Sperança Marco Aurelio , Pereira Fabíola Manhas Verbi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDSugar is consumed worldwide and so the quality control of sugar cane is necessary. Solid impurities are an inherent part of industrial sugar processing. Dark particles and adulteration with sand must be controlled. Sixty‐four samples of white crystal cane sugar analysis in the presence of both kinds of impurities (dark particles and sand) were assessed using an affordable digital image system and a multivariate calibration strategy.RESULTSThe quality parameters for the multivariate calibration models obtained to estimate sugar content were remarkable. Color descriptors from digital images allowed identification of different levels of sugar content for the following three ranges: 0–49.99 wt%, 50.03–78.99 wt%, and 82.99–100 wt%. The multivariate model using red (R), green (G), Blue (B), and luminosity (L) color descriptors showed low standard errors of cross‐validation (SECV) and validation (SEV) of 7.63 and 6.01 wt%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe method is affordable and reliable, and might aid quick screening in situations where access to a laboratory or instrumentation is restricted. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Committed to conservation: Tourism in developed and developing contexts
Authors: Cordina Renzo , Gannon Martin , Taheri Babak , Okumus Fevzi , Lochrie Sean 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study investigates differences in tourists' conservation commitment at developed and developing heritage sites. It examines relationships between conservation commitment and related concepts: cultural motivation, place attachment, and participation. Data was collected from two troglodyte heritage sites: Kandovan, Iran (developing) and Cappadocia, Turkey (developed). Five hundred eighteen survey responses were collected at Kandovan and 627 at Cappadocia. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to perform analysis. Multigroup analysis findings indicate that direct relationships among conservation commitment, cultural motivation, place attachment, and participation were significantly higher in the developing context; encouraging industry managers to use participative feedback to stimulate conservation commitment.
Outcomes in Sonographically Categorized Complex Cystic Breast Lesions
Authors: Kulali Fatma , Guner Gulbanu 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate outcomes of patients with complex cystic breast lesions and to determine malignancy rates for each sonographic category.Material and MethodsA total of 124 women with a mean age of 45 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Complex cysts were classified into four categories according to sonographic findings (thick septa/wall, intramural nodule, solid/cystic ratio) by two radiologists. Size, margin, short‐to‐long axis ratio, and vascularity were also noted. The relationship between sonographic features and histopathological/follow‐up results was evaluated.ResultsOf 124 complex cysts, 11 were malignant and 113 were benign. There were 31 with thick septa/wall (category 1), 14 with intramural nodule (category 2), 60 with solid/cystic ratio < 1 (category 3), and 19 with solid/cystic ratio > 1 (category 4). Among 11 malignant tumors, six intraductal papillary carcinomas and three invasive ductal carcinomas were in category 3, whereas one invasive ductal carcinoma was in category 1 and one was in category 4. Most of malignant lesions (9/11, 82%) were in category 3. Most of benign lesions (96/113, 85%) were fibroadenomatoid/fibrocystic changes. The presence of vascularity (96%), irregular margin (94%), and short‐to‐long axis ratio ≥ 1 (94%) had higher accuracy rates for diagnosis of malignancy.ConclusionThe malignancy rate was 8.8% in our study. Besides internal morphological features, other sonographic features should be considered in the evaluation of complex cystic breast lesions. Due to substantial risk of malignancy and the overlapping sonographic features of benign and malignant lesions, tissue sampling of all complex cysts should be performed.
Adsorption of hazardous gases on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): Density functional theory study
Authors: Hossain Md. Sanwar , Saha Joyanta K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe have studied the adsorption of different hazardous gases (such as SO3, NH3, NO2, and H2S) on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to manifest it as a gas sensor using density functional theory (DFT). Both chemisorption and physisorption channels have been investigated to reveal the interaction pathway between PEDOT and hazardous gases. PEDOT can interact with SO3, NH3, NO2, and H2S via a physisorption channel with corresponding adsorption energies −13.32, −6.88, −6.02, and −7.47 kcal/mol, respectively. The chemisorptive nature has been observed only for SO3. But this pathway is kinetically and thermodynamically less accessible compared to the physisorption channel. The large adsorption energy value for SO3 (−13.32 kcal/mol) shows the better sensitivity of PEDOT towards SO3 compared to the rest three gases. The electronic properties of PEDOT vary based on its interaction with different gases. The frontier molecular orbitals, band gap, natural bond orbital charge, UV–vis spectra, and conductivity studies support the fact. The external electric field has been applied as a technique to tune the recovery time for SO3.