bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of the Infantile Hemangioma Referral Score (IHReS) as a decision-making tool for referral to treatment
Authors: Chitpiromsak Kanokporn , Techasatian Leelawadee , Jetsrisuparb Charoon 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundThe general paediatricians and primary care physicians sometimes face immense difficulty in referral judgements regarding which infantile hemangiomas (IHs) require referrals and when is the appropriate time to refer IHs for treatment. This resulted in the treatment being delayed beyond IHs’ critical timeframe. The Infantile Hemangioma Referral Score (IHReS) has been recently developed, with the aim to solve this problem.ObjectivesThe objective of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of IHReS and to assess the possibility of using this instrument in our country where a similar problem of delaying treatment of IHs is currently existing.MethodsThe present study was a prospective, cross-sectional study. Thirteen selected clinical cases were used to assess the reliability of IHReS among physicians who may have had the chance to deal with patients with IHs. The target physicians across the country were asked to participate in the study via an online platform (Google Forms) to decide whether to refer patients with IHs for treatment or observe. There were 3 steps of assessment: step 1, usual practice evaluation; step 2, using IHReS; step 3, retesting by using IHReS.ResultsSubstantial agreement was observed after using IHReS (step 2) for interrater reliability, with Fleiss’ Kappa values of 0.80 and 0.78 among IH experts and non-expert physicians, respectively. Regarding repeatability, in the test–retest assessments, Cohen’s Kappa coefficient values revealed almost perfect agreement in intrarater repeatability for both experts and non-expert physicians (1.00).ConclusionIHReS is a simple, easy-to-assess tool for non-expert physicians. The benefit in the increase of interrater agreement was found in both IH experts and non-expert physicians. It has had the reliability to be used in making referral decisions regarding patients with IH for treatment among Thai physicians. Using IHReS can improve clinical outcomes by identifying which patient needs early intervention to minimise the possible complications.
Effectiveness of ENDS, NRT and medication for smoking cessation among cigarette-only users: a longitudinal analysis of PATH Study wave 3 (2015–2016) and 4 (2016–2017), adult data
Authors: Kaplan Bekir , Galiatsatos Panagis , Breland Alison , Eissenberg Thomas , Cohen Joanna E 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundResearch is inconclusive on the effectiveness of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) as cigarette cessation aids compared with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or non-NRT medication. This study compared the cigarette cessation rates for ENDS, NRT and non-NRT medication.MethodPopulation Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study wave 3 cigarette-only users who used ENDS, NRT or non-NRT medication (varenicline and bupropion) to quit smoking between wave 3 and 4 were included. ‘Cessation’ was defined as being a former cigarette smoker in wave 4. χ2, logistic regression, and a sensitivity analysis with Bayes factor assessed the association between quitting smoking and method used.ResultsAmong 6794 cigarette-only users, 532 used ENDS (n=75), NRT (n=289), non-NRT medication (n=68), or a combination of NRT and non-NRT medication (n=100) to quit smoking between wave 3 and 4. The percentages of quitting smoking among those who used ENDS, NRT, non-NRT medication, and a combination of NRT and non-NRT medication were 16.2% (n=14), 16.1% (n=47), 17.7% (n=13), and 14.8% (n=12), respectively (p=0.97). None of the cigarette-only users who used ENDS to quit smoking became ENDS-only users in wave 4; 37.6% became dual users of ENDS and cigarettes.ConclusionNo differences were found when cessation rates of ENDS, NRT or non-NRT medication were compared. Given uncertainty about the long-term health effect of ENDS and the likelihood of becoming dual users, people who smoke and need assistance quitting should be encouraged to use current Food and Drug Administration-approved cessation methods until more effective methods are developed.
Artificial intelligence in nutrition research: perspectives on current and future applications
Authors: Côté Mélina , Lamarche Benoît 
Published: September 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly evolving area that offers unparalleled opportunities of progress and applications in many healthcare fields. In this review, we provide an overview of the main and latest applications of AI in nutrition research and identify gaps to address to potentialize this emerging field. AI algorithms may help better understand and predict the complex and non-linear interactions between nutrition-related data and health outcomes, particularly when large amounts of data need to be structured and integrated, such as in metabolomics. AI-based approaches, including image recognition, may also improve dietary assessment by maximizing efficiency and addressing systematic and random errors associated with self-reported measurements of dietary intakes. Finally, AI applications can extract, structure and analyze large amounts of data from social media platforms to better understand dietary behaviours and perceptions among the population. In summary, AI-based approaches will likely improve and advance nutrition research as well as help explore new applications. However, further research is needed to identify areas where AI does deliver added value compared with traditional approaches, and other areas where AI is simply not likely to advance the field. Novelty: Artificial intelligence offers unparalleled opportunities of progress and applications in nutrition. There remain gaps to address to potentialize this emerging field.
Decay of baryon inhomogeneities in an expanding universe
Authors: Das Pratik K. , Sau Sovan , Saha Abhisek , Sanyal Soma 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBaryon inhomogeneities are generated early in the universe. These inhomogeneities affect the phase transition dynamics of subsequent phase transitions, they also affect the nucleosynthesis calculations. We study the decay of the inhomogeneities in the early universe using the diffusion equation in the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric. We calculate the interaction cross section of the quarks with the neutrinos, the electrons and the muons and obtain the diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficients are temperature dependent. We find that the expansion of the universe causes the inhomogeneities to decay at a faster rate. We find that the baryon inhomogeneities generated at the electroweak epoch have low amplitudes at the time of the quark hadron transition and hence will not affect the phase transition dynamics unless they are generated with a amplitude greater than $$10^{5}$$

10
5

times the background density. After the quark hadron transition, we include the interaction of the muons with the hadrons till 100 MeV. We find that large density inhomogeneities generated during the quark hadron transition with sizes of the order of 1 km must have amplitudes greater than $$10^{5} $$

10
5

times the background density to survive upto the nucleosynthesis epoch. This puts constraints on any models that generate these inhomogeneities
Kaon generalized parton distributions and light-front wave functions in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model
Authors: Zhang Jin-Li , Ping Jia-Lun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractKaon generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and the leading Fock state light-front wave functions are investigated in the framework of Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model with proper time regularization. In addition, we compared the form factors, parton distribution functions, and generalized form factors obtained from them, respectively. The first Mellin moments of GPDs result in the form factors of local currents. The second Mellin moments of vector GPDs are related to gravitational form factors, the quark mass distribution $$\theta _2$$

θ
2

and the quark pressure distribution $$\theta _1$$

θ
1

. When taking a Fourier transform of GPDs in impact parameter space, we can get the mean-squared impact parameter for the quarks of the kaon: $$\langle {\varvec{b}}_{\bot }^2\rangle _K^u=0.149$$

⟨

b

⊥

2

⟩

K
u

=
0.149

fm$$^2$$

2

, $$\langle {\varvec{b}}_{\bot }^2\rangle _K^s=0.088$$

⟨

b

⊥

2

⟩

K
s

=
0.088

fm$$^2$$

2

. This means that the kaon s quark is nearer to the center of transverse momentum than the u quark. We also give the light-cone energy radius for the quarks of the kaon from the mass distribution $$\theta _2$$

θ
2

: $$r_{E,LC}^{u,K}=0.187 $$

r

E
,
L
C

u
,
K

=
0.187

fm, $$ r_{E,LC}^{s,K}=0.167$$

r

E
,
L
C

s
,
K

=
0.167

fm, and the light-cone charge radius from quark form factors of the kaon: $$r_{c,LC}^{u,K}=0.390 $$

r

c
,
L
C

u
,
K

=
0.390

fm, $$r_{c,LC}^{s,K}=0.296 $$

r

c
,
L
C

s
,
K

=
0.296

fm, which means that the s quark has a smaller extent than the u quark. The light-front transverse-spin distributions $$\rho _u^1\left( {\varvec{b}}_{\bot },{\varvec{s}}_{\perp }\right) $$

ρ
u
1

b

⊥

,

s

⊥

and $$\rho _u^2\left( {\varvec{b}}_{\bot },{\varvec{s}}_{\perp }\right) $$

ρ
u
2

b

⊥

,

s

⊥

show distortions, the average shift are $$\langle b_{\bot }^y\rangle _1^u=0.116$$

⟨

b

⊥

y

⟩

1
u

=
0.116

fm and $$\langle b_{\bot }^y\rangle _2^u=0.083$$

⟨

b

⊥

y

⟩

2
u

=
0.083

fm. On the kinematic domain associated with the valence-quark dominance, the unpolarized Wigner distribution from light-front wave functions is sharply peaked. It extends as the transverse position variable increases in magnitude and has a domain of negative support. Through the comparison of distributions from the two methods, we find that they give the same multi-dimensional mapping of the kaon in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model.
Probing the spin correlations of $$t{\bar{t}} $$ production at NLO QCD+EW
Authors: Frederix Rikkert , Tsinikos Ioannis , Vitos Timea 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this work we investigate the NLO QCD+EW corrections to the top quark pair production and their effects on the spin correlation coefficients and asymmetries at fixed-order top quark pair production and LO decay in the dilepton channel, within the narrow-width approximation. The spin correlations are implicitly measured through the lepton kinematics. Moreover we study the EW effects to the leptonic differential distributions. We find that the EW corrections to the $$t {\bar{t}}$$

t

t

¯

production are within the NLO QCD theoretical uncertainties for the spin correlation coefficients and the leptonic asymmetries. On the other hand, for the differential distributions we find that the EW corrections exceed the NLO QCD scale uncertainty band in the high rapidity regimes and are of the order of the NLO QCD scale uncertainty in the case of invariant mass and transverse momentum distributions.
Multiple Solutions for Second-Order Sturm–Liouville Boundary Value Problems with Subquadratic Potentials at Zero
Authors: Liu Dan , Zhang Xuejun , Song Mingliang 
Published: September 2021

We deal with the following Sturm–Liouville boundary value problem:

−

P

t

x
′

t

′
+
B

t

x

t

=
λ

∇

x

V

t
,
x

,

a.e.

t
∈

0,1

x

0

cos

α
−
P

0

x
′

0

sin

α
=
0

x

1

cos

β
−
P

1

x
′

1

sin

β
=
0

Under the subquadratic condition at zero, we obtain the existence of two nontrivial solutions and infinitely many solutions by means of the linking theorem of Schechter and the symmetric mountain pass theorem of Kajikiya. Applying the results to Sturm–Liouville equations satisfying the mixed boundary value conditions or the Neumann boundary value conditions, we obtain some new theorems and give some examples to illustrate the validity of our results.
Diagnostic Accuracy of FEC-PET/CT, FDG-PET/CT, and Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Detection of Nodal Metastases in Surgically Treated Endometrial and Cervical Carcinoma
Authors: Rockall Andrea G. , Barwick Tara D. , Wilson William , Singh Naveena , Bharwani Nishat , Sohaib Aslam , Nobbenhuis Marielle , Warbey Victoria , Miquel Marc , Koh Dow-Mu , De Paepe Katja N. , Martin-Hirsch Pierre , Ghaem-Maghami Sadaf , Fotopoulou Christina , Stringfellow Helen , Sundar Sudha , Manchanda Ranjit , Sahdev Anju , Hackshaw Allan , Cook Gary J. ,   MAPPING Study Group, Stewart Victoria , Farthing Alan , Kyrgiou Maria , Yazbek Joseph , Dina Roberto , Ind Thomas , Barton Desmond , Butler John , Attygalle Ayoma , Hazell Steve , Taylor Alexandra , Lalondrelle Susan , Zerizer Imene , Rosof-Williams Diana , Dobson Mike , Hill Jonathan , Brockbank Elly , Lawrence Alexandra , Jeyarajah Arjun , Oram David , Ganesan Raji , Guest Peter , Davies Mark , Vosper Laura , Coetzee Carike 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Preoperative nodal staging is important for planning treatment in cervical cancer and endometrial cancer, but remains challenging. We compare nodal staging accuracy of 18F-ethyl-choline-(FEC)-PET/CT, 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose-(FDG)-PET/CT, and diffusion-weighted-MRI (DW-MRI) with conventional morphologic MRI.

Experimental Design:
A prospective, multicenter observational study of diagnostic accuracy for nodal metastases was undertaken in 5 gyne-oncology centers. FEC-PET/CT, FDG-PET/CT, and DW-MRI were compared with nodal size and morphology on MRI. Reference standard was strictly correlated nodal histology. Eligibility included operable cervical cancer stage ≥ 1B1 or endometrial cancer (grade 3 any stage with myometrial invasion or grade 1–2 stage ≥ II).

Results:
Among 162 consenting participants, 136 underwent study DW-MRI and FDG-PET/CT and 60 underwent FEC-PET/CT. In 118 patients, 267 nodal regions were strictly correlated at histology (nodal positivity rate, 25%). Sensitivity per patient (n = 118) for nodal size, morphology, DW-MRI, FDG- and FEC-PET/CT was 40%*, 53%, 53%, 63%*, and 67% for all cases (*, P = 0.016); 10%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 25% in cervical cancer (n = 40); 65%, 75%, 70%, 80% and 88% in endometrial cancer (n = 78). FDG-PET/CT outperformed nodal size (P = 0.006) and size ratio (P = 0.04) for per-region sensitivity. False positive rates were all &lt;10%.

Conclusions:
All imaging techniques had low sensitivity for detection of nodal metastases and cannot replace surgical nodal staging. The performance of FEC-PET/CT was not statistically different from other techniques that are more widely available. FDG-PET/CT had higher sensitivity than size in detecting nodal metastases. False positive rates were low across all methods. The low false positive rate demonstrated by FDG-PET/CT may be helpful in arbitration of challenging surgical planning decisions.
Clinical Impact of Detecting Low-Frequency Variants in Cell-Free DNA on Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Mizuno Kei , Sumiyoshi Takayuki , Okegawa Takatsugu , Terada Naoki , Ishitoya Satoshi , Miyazaki Yu , Kojima Takahiro , Katayama Hiromichi , Fujimoto Naohiro , Hatakeyama Shingo , Shiota Masaki , Yoshimura Koji , Matsui Yoshiyuki , Narita Shintaro , Matsumoto Hiroaki , Kurahashi Ryoma , Kanno Hidenori , Ito Katsuhiro , Kimura Hiroko , Kamiyama Yuki , Sunada Takuro , Goto Takayuki , Kobayashi Takashi , Yamada Hitoshi , Tsuchiya Norihiko , Kamba Tomomi , Matsuyama Hideyasu , Habuchi Tomonori , Eto Masatoshi , Ohyama Chikara , Ito Akihiro , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Okuno Hiroshi , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Fujimoto Akihiro , Ogawa Osamu , Akamatsu Shusuke 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Although cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing is expected to drive cancer precision medicine, little is known about the significance of detecting low-frequency variants in circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We aimed to identify genomic profile including low-frequency variants in ctDNA from patients with CRPC and investigate the clinical utility of detecting variants with variant allele frequency (VAF) below 1%.

Experimental Design:
This prospective, multicenter cohort study enrolled patients with CRPC eligible for treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide. We performed targeted sequencing of pretreatment cfDNA and paired leukocyte DNA with molecular barcodes, and ctDNA variants with a VAF ≥0.1% were detected using an in-house pipeline. We investigated progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after different ctDNA fraction cutoffs were applied.

Results:
One hundred patients were analyzed (median follow-up 10.7 months). We detected deleterious ATM, BRCA2, and TP53 variants even in samples with ctDNA fraction below 2%. When the ctDNA fraction cutoff value of 0.4% was applied, significant differences in PFS and OS were found between patients with and without defects in ATM or BRCA2 [HR, 2.52; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24–5.11; P = 0.0091] and TP53 (HR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.60–8.71; P = 0.0014). However, these differences were no longer observed when the ctDNA fraction cutoff value of 2% was applied, and approximately 50% of the samples were classified as ctDNA unquantifiable.

Conclusions:
Detecting low-frequency ctDNA variants with a VAF &lt;1% is important to identify clinically informative genomic alterations in CRPC.
The Pitfalls and Promises of Human Rights Claims in the Chechen Wars: Russia at the European Court
Authors: Evangelista Matthew 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Russia’s brutal wars against the separatist republic of Chechnya, starting in the mid-1990s, entailed untold numbers of war crimes and human rights abuses, including kidnapping, extrajudicial killings, torture, murder, and vast destruction of property and civilian life by aerial bombardment and artillery barrages. Blocked from pursuing justice through the Russian courts or by having the Russian government fulfill its obligations under the Geneva Conventions, victims instead worked with activists and lawyers to bring cases before the European Court of Human Rights. Starting in 2003, the Court has found against Russia in some 250 cases – in effect bringing the higher standards of human rights law to the domain of armed conflict, normally regulated (with mixed success) by international humanitarian law (“laws of war”). The first step in the process of understanding this normative change is to identify and understand the transformation: from a normative standpoint, the Court rulings constitute a major achievement for civilian protections during wartime; they build on earlier precedents in cases against Turkey and the United Kingdom, which not only expand protections for civilians but also extend the espace juridique of the Court’s competence beyond Europe to include, for example, British military forces in Iraq. The second step provides a social-sciences perspective by adding an empirical dimension to the study of these cases. We see that the actual consequences of the Court’s decisions on the military practices of Russia and other states have been limited and may even portend a backlash that could undermine protections for civilians in warfare. The last step of normative analysis suggests that even if appeals to a court of human rights might not serve the goal of reducing war crimes in general, the use of human-rights norms retains a certain plausibility to the extent that if offers victims an opportunity to present their claims and seek remedies.
Tropical Cyclone Intensification Simulated in the Ooyama-type Three-layer Model with a Multilevel Boundary Layer
Authors: Fei Rong , Wang Yuqing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe first successful simulation of tropical cyclone (TC) intensification was achieved with a three-layer model, often named the Ooyama-type three-layer model, which consists of a slab boundary layer and two shallow water layers above. Later studies showed that the use of a slab boundary layer would produce unrealistic boundary layer wind structure and too strong eyewall updraft at the top of TC boundary layer and thus simulate unrealistically rapid intensification compared to the use of a height-parameterized boundary layer. To fully consider the highly height-dependent boundary layer dynamics in the Ooyama-type three-layer model, this study replaced the slab boundary layer with a multilevel boundary layer in the Ooyama-type model and used it to conduct simulations of TC intensification and also compared the simulation with that from the model version with a slab boundary layer. Results show that compared with the simulation with a slab boundary layer, the use of a multilevel boundary layer can greatly improve simulations of the boundary-layer wind structure and the strength and radial location of eyewall updraft, and thus more realistic intensification rate due to better treatments of the surface layer processes and the nonlinear advection terms in the boundary layer. Sensitivity of the simulated TCs to the model configuration and to both horizontal and vertical mixing lengths, sea surface temperature, the Coriolis parameter, and the initial TC vortex structure are also examined. The results demonstrate that this new model can reproduce various sensitivities comparable to those found in previous studies using fully physics models.
Temporospatial distribution and trends of thunderstorm, hail, gale and heavy precipitation events over the Tibetan Plateau and associated mechanisms
Authors: Tang Jie , Guo Xueliang , Chang Yi , Lu Guangxian , Qi Peng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTemporospatial distribution and trends of thunderstorm, hail, gale and heavy precipitation events over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), as well as the associated mechanisms with observational data from 1979-2016 are investigated, which have not been fully studied under a changing climate. The results indicate that thunderstorm, hail and gale events over the whole TP show significant decreasing trends, while heavy precipitation events have an insignificant increasing trend. The southeast (SE) and central south (SC) subregions have obvious significant decreasing trends in thunderstorm, hail and gale events, while the northeast (NE) subregion has a significant increasing trend in heavy precipitation events. It is found that the atmospheric circulation anomaly caused by the northwestern Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) should be responsible for these changes. A strong wave train triggered by the northwestern Atlantic SST anomaly propagates from the northern Atlantic to East Asia through Europe, and induces a more upper-level warming over the TP and an anomalous anticyclonic circulation near the Lake Baikal, resulting in more stable atmosphere and blocking effect, which forces the mid-latitude westerlies and associated cold air to shift poleward. The weakened cold air advection over the TP decreases the baroclinic instability and convection initiation, and finally causes the significant decreasing trends in severe weather events. On the other hand, the enhanced easterly winds in the southern flank of the anticyclonic circulation can significantly increase the water vapor flux from the eastern boundary of the TP and heavy precipitation events in the NE subregion.