bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visuality of Peace and Conflict
Authors: Hutchison Emma , Bleiker Roland 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Visuality shapes all aspects of peace and conflict. Images influence how we view, understand, and respond to violence and how we find solutions to entrenched problems. This chapter examines the issues at stake by highlighting the need to take into account the historical dimension of images. It focuses, in particular, on how humanitarian ideals and norms have emerged in response to depictions of violence and suffering. It then explores how understandings of peace are inherently linked to ensuing humanitarian imagery. Images, in this sense, have been and continue to be critical to enabling local and global audiences to see, perceive of, and feel for communities that endure conflict and are working toward peaceful solutions. It is in this sense that visuality—in its various manifestations—plays an important part of reconciliation, statebuilding, and peace formation.
Liberal Internationalism
Authors: Jahn Beate 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Since the end of the Cold War, peacebuilding operations have become an integral part of world politics—despite their continuing failures. This chapter provides an account of peacebuilding operations in practice and identifies cycles of failure and reform, namely the successful integration of peacebuilding into the fabric of the world order despite its continuing failures. It traces these dynamics back to the internal contradictions of liberalism and argues that the main function of peacebuilding operations lies in managing the tensions and contradictions inherent in a liberal world order. Peacebuilding—in one form or another—is therefore likely to persist for the duration of a liberal world order.
Globalization of Peace
Authors: Smith Jackie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Conventional scholarship on peace and peacebuilding fail to consider how the capitalist world-system is implicated in the structural violence that fuels violent conflicts around the world. This helps to account for the widespread failures of state-led peacebuilding interventions. Although social movement and civil society actors are deemed critical to successful peacebuilding, they are typically denied meaningful roles in shaping these processes. Yet subaltern groups are critical agents pressing for attention to latent conflicts before they escalate into violent confrontations, and they work to reduce violent conflicts and their harmful effects on communities. By shifting our gaze from the realm of states and the interstate system, we see an array of forces working “from below” to articulate projects to transform social relations in ways that Oliver Richmond calls “peace formation.” Global human rights discourses have provided a unifying framework and focal point for these grassroots initiatives, which eschew mainstream notions of rights as formal protections for individuals while advancing new foundations for transformative peacebuilding based upon “people-centered human rights.”
Peace after Revolutions
Authors: Pogodda Sandra 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates how liberal peacebuilding has responded to and intervened in the revolutionary processes that unfolded in the aftermath of the Arab uprisings. In particular, it focuses on the tensions between the liberal peace’s orthodox and emancipatory strands by asking: Which role has liberal peacebuilding been playing in the postuprising period? Does it help or hinder revolutionary agency in the Arab region? By trying to understand different types of continuous revolutionary agency (here called “everyday state formation”), the chapter aims to close a gap in peace and conflict studies’ local turn. It argues that the disjunctures between revolutionary agency and liberal peacebuilding interventions run so deep in some areas that the latter risk appearing as counterrevolutionary practices.
Networks of Peace
Authors: Bsisu Naji , Murdie Amanda 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Interventions, peacebuilding, and statebuilding are not activities done in isolation; there are often multiple governmental and nongovernmental actors involved in conflict- and disaster-affected societies at the same time. These actors can have drastically different backgrounds, goals, and standard operating procedures. They may be in competition for scarce resources. And yet the ability of these actors to coordinate can have ramifications for the prospects of peace and stability. This chapter outlines the potential network of humanitarian actors in postconflict and postdisaster situations. It focuses specifically on the factors that contribute to coordination and cooperation among various humanitarian actors and the effects that these networks have on society. The chapter ends with a call for future research on how network conditions are built, are maintained, and can be influential for humanitarian outcomes.
Statebuilding, Security-Sector Reform, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Jackson Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Security-sector reform (SSR) and rule of law (ROL) approaches to international intervention have become a major element of the international community response to conflict since the 1990s. This international architecture that surrounds SSR and ROL privileges a particular form of knowledge that reflects a technocratic approach to security. This is reflected in the technocratic process of policy and also in the wider literature. Research into the literature itself shows that there are three core themes that dominate: state-centric approaches, technocratic approaches, and approaches to local ownership. These comprise a current, linear approach to SSR and ROL that ignores much of the critical literature on peacebuilding. Incorporating critical approaches could provide an alternative approach to SSR and ROL in terms of incorporating nonlinear underlying features, including a better understanding of institutional politics, an emphasis on process rather than structures, and analysis of the hidden politics of security and legal reform.
Local Ownership, Legitimacy, and Peacebuilding
Authors: Donais Timothy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers two fundamental questions at the core of the local ownership norm—ownership of what and ownership by whom—in light of fragmenting consensus around the very meaning of peacebuilding. In the first place, the referent object of ownership—the idea of a distinct, coherent, and self-contained peace process—is becoming increasingly elusive in most war-to-peace transitions, and increasingly difficult to differentiate from broader social, political, or economic developments that profoundly shape the nature of postwar transitions. At the same time, there has been a deepening polarization of views around who precisely counts as a relevant local for the purposes of peacebuilding, and an ongoing failure to bridge elite-centric and everyday-centric understandings of local agency. Both trends have significant implications for the future of peacebuilding as a coherent project.
Critical Theory and the Politics of Peace
Authors: Jabri Vivienne , Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the development of the concepts of peace, peacebuilding, and statebuilding’s relationship with critical theory, and what this means for the development of peace formation. The latter is a more contextually sensitized, ethico-political and everyday praxis also connected to policy doctrines, the state framework, and the international architecture. Indeed, it is formative of such political frameworks. We argue that critical theory has made very significant contributions in holding peacebuilding and statebuilding praxis to account and creating a platform for the emancipatory expansion, perhaps via peace formation from below and cognizant of postcolonial renderings of power. In theory, this allows for a more substantial and critically oriented praxis of peace, one which may influence global politics as statist, neoliberal, and geopolitical frameworks lose their legitimacy.
Local Infrastructures for Peace
Authors: Odendaal Andries 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The way “the local” had been interpreted led to contrasting top-down or bottom-up understandings of local infrastructures for peace. This chapter presents a reinterpretation of the relevance of infrastructures for peace from a practitioner’s perspective, considering past experiences and current theoretical debates. It argues for an appreciation of the complex, interlinked nature of global, national, and local conflicts and the necessity of flexible yet sustained and productive dialogue platforms at the points of frictional interactions at and between all these levels. The capacity to initiate and support such dialogue platforms where, crucially, local agency is respected is at the core of the approach that became known as “infrastructures for peace.”
The Ethics of Liberal Peacebuilding
Authors: Lidén Kristoffer 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the normative underpinnings of the scholarly debate on liberal peacebuilding and situates them within international ethics. The debate is relevant for the ethics of global governance more broadly by addressing a theoretical gray zone between the ethics of international intervention and state sovereignty. The chapter argues that instead of rejecting the liberal internationalist objectives of peacebuilding, the critics tend to deny the coherence of liberal peacebuilding with these objectives. This is exemplified by relating the critique to the prevalent positions of John Rawls, Michael Walzer, and Simon Caney in international ethics. The critique challenges descriptive presuppositions of these positions by drawing on critical, poststructural, and postcolonial perspectives.
The Anti-Rape and Battered Women’s Movements of the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Goodmark Leigh 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The anti-rape and battered women’s movements of the 1970s and 1980s grew out of the women’s liberation movement. Early grassroots organizing around responding to rape and domestic violence relied heavily on community-based strategies including the creation of shelters and safe houses and feminist self-defense classes. Using the new vocabulary of the women’s liberation movement, feminist advocates soon began to critique existing rape and domestic violence law. Some advocates moved away from the grassroots community-based strategies to push for greater state intervention in rape and domestic violence via the criminal legal system. But the movement was not united in embracing such strategies. Feminist organizing reflected the tensions between competing visions of the role of the state in addressing gender-based violence., With the passage of the Violence Against Women Act in 1994, feminists favoring state intervention had successfully implemented their carceral agenda—a policy choice that is being reexamined today.
Law and Economics Against Feminism
Authors: McCluskey Martha T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article analyzes feminism in legal theory in relation to the rise of “law and economics” during the late twentieth century as a methodology that generated academic credibility for anti-egalitarian ideology and policy. Law and economics fundamentally undermines feminism in law by constructing the economy as a sphere best governed by efficiency insulated from contested morality and politics. This division naturalizes a gendered baseline that generally makes feminist reforms appear costly and unfair. Finally, the article explores how this core division of law and economics constructs an idea of liberty that makes feminist efforts to remedy gender-based harms appear illegitimate and oppressive. Law and economics cuts against legal feminism not because gender justice is a non-economic goal, but because law and economics promotes a misleading economic ideology steeped in gender and tilted toward those most willing and able to disregard and discount others’ well-being.
Revelation, Epistemology, and Authority
Authors: Avis Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Is there a divine revelation and how might we know that? What mode or form might it take? With what rational and/or imaginative faculties would we perceive it? What is the role of authority, as opposed to personal exploration and discovery, in the interpretation of revelation? Where lies the balance or the relationship between individual and communal receptions of revelation, the believer and the Church? These are some of the profoundly searching questions concerning our knowledge, if that is the right word, of revelation that will be discussed in this chapter. The guiding thread is the epistemology of revelation.
Kierkegaard’s Understanding of Revelation and its Influence
Authors: Barrett Lee C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Kierkegaard was a maverick voice in the nineteenth century’s heated debate about the nature of revelation. He diverged both from those who identified revelation with the dictates of reason and conscience, and those who appealed to the transparency of a supernatural communication. Kierkegaard rejected the focus on dispassionately intelligible truths that was common to both factions. Instead, he insisted that a revelation could only be grasped if the appropriate passions, dispositions, and concerns shaped the individual’s subjectivity. In this sense, subjectivity was a necessary condition for understanding the content of a revelation. However, the meaning of a revelation could not be reduced to a purely inner phenomenon; Christian revelation requires something authoritative external to the individual. The objectivity of Christian concepts then makes possible a new type of pathos. In the twentieth century Kierkegaard’s appropriators over-emphasized either the subjective or objective poles of revelation which Kierkegaard had kept interrelated.
Revelation in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Habito Ruben L. F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Hindu and Buddhist traditions for possible instances of ‘revelation’ as a concrete historical phenomenon, and raises theological questions in this light. By ‘revelation’ is meant ‘an actual disclosive event or events…given an authoritative interpretation by a community and expressed in canonical form for transmission to later generations’, and includes ‘later reception of these transmitted forms and their impact upon the recipient(s)’ (Carpenter 1995, 4).
Revelation and Cognitive Science
Authors: Barrett Justin L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cognitive science tells us that human minds are not equally receptive to any and all sorts of ideas or information. Instead, they can be characterized as having special subsystems that preferentially attend to, and process, some kinds of information over others. Furthermore, as finite information processors, human minds naturally and automatically fill in informational gaps to make coherent meaning from what they experience. In so far as divine revelation is an act of communication, and that the divine communicator knows how human minds are active in any act of communication, it follows that divine revelation will take advantage of human cognitive systems in particular and effective ways. One way in which it would do so is in establishing some general predilections towards humans’ receptivity to the idea that there are divine realities. As cognitive science of religion has shown, humans may find certain aspects of divinity and divine order relatively easy to understand and receive from interaction with the natural world. This general revelation, however, is inchoate and incomplete. Room is left for additional revelation to augment understandings of divine truths. This additional revelation, however, would also be interpreted through ordinary human cognitive faculties, whether its medium is private mystical experiences, reading Scripture, or observing the actions and teachings of Jesus first hand. Drawing upon C. S. Lewis’s treatment of miracles, the chapter considers Jesus’ miracles as instances of divine revelation that can be made more explicable through the lenses of cognitive science.
Revelation and Film
Authors: Iffland Craig , Shaukat Omar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
How do we speak about the concept of revelation and film? Within the larger academic discourse on the relationship between religion and film, or theological approaches to film, systematic reflection on the concept of revelation, and how it might relate to film, is not a central theme. While some scholars have investigated how film might be an instrument of God’s self-revelation, only a few have put this scholarship into conversation with a more systematic account of the concept of revelation. In conversation with these scholars, this chapter offers an account of the revelatory function of film in terms of its capacity to empower the viewer to uncover and engage certain questions about God, oneself, and the world previously hidden from their view. It does so by drawing upon various interviews with Quentin Tarantino regarding his creative process, especially his self-professed aim to create characters and stories ‘out of which meaning can appear’. The chapter concludes with an analysis of how the story and characters in his feature films Kill Bill: Volume 1 and Kill Bill: Volume 2 disclose hidden convictions and tensions in the viewer’s understanding of the nature of God, the human person, and the world they each inhabit.
Revelation in Confucianism
Authors: Brown Joshua R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys revelation-analogous concepts as they are present and/or refuted according to the early Chinese Confucian tradition. Although Confucianism does not hold to the divine revealing itself in direct ways, the tradition does have concepts that function as similar to revelation, such as the Five Classics, the figures of ancient sages and teachers, as well as belief in omens and augury. Thus, the chapter argues that Confucianism can provide resources to understand and develop a theology of revelation in those traditions which do hold to the explicit foundation of divine self-communication.
Scripture, Tradition, and Creeds
Authors: Oakes Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter will consider Scripture, tradition, and the creeds sequentially, with a focus on historical and theological description, and with a view towards some deep commonalities among the three branches of Christianity. There is a variety of ways to explore each element of the triad of Scripture, tradition, and the creeds and their interrelationship. One could conduct this exploration sociologically, historically, or theologically, and with the inevitable Protestant, Roman Catholic, or Orthodox tendencies and emphases which will inevitably surface. The structure presented here would likely be most familiar to Protestants, but one could also generate arguments for this heuristic arrangement from the other two major Christian communions. Initially, however, some remarks on a Christian account of revelation will be offered as a necessary and salutary orientation for understanding the place and role of Scripture, tradition, and the creeds in terms of God’s presence among and self-communication to humanity, and humanity’s response to this presence and communication.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizational Populations and Communities
Authors: Baum Joel A. C. , Rao Hayagreva 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Evolution is conceptualized as a multi-level phenomenon (subunit–organization–organizational field–national economy) that links organizational and ecological systems. Analysis of population and community-level evolution emphasizes the roles of institutional change (e.g., industry deregulation, globalization, market reforms), technological innovation cycles (e.g., technological discontinuities, dominant designs), entrepreneurs, and social movements as triggers of organizational variation. Institutional and technological change transforms the dynamics of organizational communities by shifting the boundaries of organizational forms, destabilizing or reinforcing existing community structures, giving rise to consensus and/or conflict oriented social movements, and creating opportunities for entrepreneurs and venture capitalists to shape new organizational forms.
Landscape Models of Complex Change
Authors: Albert Daniel , Ganco Martin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews recent advances in the NK modeling literature conceptualizing organizational change and innovation as a search over a complex landscape. It discusses both strengths and limitations of this perspective and delineates potential for future research directions. The key argument is that the NK model in its traditional form may be exhausting the theoretical insights that it can provide to the field. However, substantial modifications and extensions of the NK model or new classes of landscape models may provide fresh perspectives. Specifically, we consider the modeling efforts that endogenize the landscape construction as the next frontier in this literature. We also discuss several recent studies that incorporate various extensions of the NK model and allow for agent-driven changes to the landscape.
Discontinuous Change in Organizations and Fields
Authors: Gaba Vibha , Meyer Alan D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In 1990 Alan Meyer, Geoffrey Brooks, and James Goes published a 2x2 framework for categorizing theories of change used by scholars in management and organization studies. This framework distinguished modes of change (continuous vs. discontinuous change), and levels of analysis (organization-level vs. field-level change). This chapter (1) summarizes, evaluates, and extends the framework in light of subsequent work, (2) identifies new social mechanisms that have been posited as causal mechanisms driving discontinuous change within organizations and organizational fields, and (3) proposes fruitful constructs, methodologies, and directions for future research on change in and around organizations.
Processes of Emergence and Change in Industry and Ecosystem Infrastructure
Authors: Woolley Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Infrastructures that support industries and ecosystems do not spontaneously appear. In some instances, infrastructure existing in other settings can be adapted to the challenge being addressed by a nascent industry or technology. In other situations, infrastructure components must be developed from scratch. This chapter examines the emergence and change of industrial infrastructures that support the development and commercialization of technological innovations. It reviews the ecological layers that make up the context of organizations and innovation and then summarizes the components of infrastructure particularly relevant to industry and ecosystem development. It also reviews studies on the temporal dynamics of infrastructure across multiple perspectives including community ecology, ecosystems, and economic geography. It concludes with a discussion of the drivers and obstacles to industrial advancement, and develops a model of infrastructure emergence and change.