bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dielectric anisotropy as indicator of crystal orientation fabric in Dome Fuji ice core: method and initial results
Authors: Saruya Tomotaka , Fujita Shuji , Inoue Ryo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolycrystalline ice is known to exhibit macroscopic anisotropy in relative permittivity (ɛ) depending on the crystal orientation fabric (COF). Using a new system designed to measure the tensorial components of ɛ, we investigated the dielectric anisotropy (Δɛ) of a deep ice core sample obtained from Dome Fuji, East Antarctica. This technique permits the continuous nondestructive assessment of the COF in thick ice sections. Measurements of vertical prism sections along the core showed that the Δɛ values in the vertical direction increased with increasing depth, supporting previous findings of c-axis clustering around the vertical direction. Analyses of horizontal disk sections demonstrated that the magnitude of Δɛ in the horizontal plane was 10–15% of that in the vertical plane. In addition, the directions of the principal axes of tensorial ɛ in the horizontal plane corresponded to the long or short axis of the elliptically elongated single-pole maximum COF. The data confirmed that Δɛ in the vertical and horizontal planes adequately indicated the preferred orientations of the c-axes, and that Δɛ can be considered to represent a direct substitute for the normalized COF eigenvalues. This new method could be extremely useful as a means of investigating continuous and depth-dependent variations in COF.
Impact of malnutrition on health-related quality of life in persons receiving dialysis: a prospective study
Authors: Viramontes-Hörner Daniela , Pittman Zoe , Selby Nicholas M. , Taal Maarten W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHealth-related quality of life (HRQoL) is severely impaired in persons receiving dialysis. Malnutrition has been associated with some measures of poor HRQoL in cross-sectional analyses in dialysis populations, but no studies have assessed the impact of malnutrition and dietary intake on change in multiple measures of HRQoL over time. We investigated the most important determinants of poor HRQoL and the predictors of change in HRQoL over time using several measures of HRQoL. We enrolled 119 haemodialysis and thirty-one peritoneal dialysis patients in this prospective study. Nutritional assessments (Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), anthropometry and 24-h dietary recalls) and HRQoL questionnaires (Short Form-36 (SF-36) mental (MCS) and physical component scores (PCS) and European QoL-5 Dimensions (EQ5D) health state (HSS) and visual analogue scores (VAS)) were performed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Mean age was 64 (14) years. Malnutrition was present in 37 % of the population. At baseline, malnutrition assessed by SGA was the only factor independently (and negatively) associated with all four measures of HRQoL. No single factor was independently associated with decrease in all measures of HRQoL over 1 year. However, prevalence/development of malnutrition over 1 year was an independent predictor of 1-year decrease in EQ5D HSS, and 1-year decrease in fat intake independently predicted the 1-year decline in SF-36 MCS and PCS, and EQ5D VAS. These findings strengthen the importance of monitoring for malnutrition and providing nutritional advice to all persons on dialysis. Future studies are needed to evaluate the impact of nutritional interventions on HRQoL and other long-term outcomes.
Adhering to a Mediterranean diet in a Mediterranean country: an excess cost for families?
Authors: Alves Ricardo Mendes , Lopes Carla Maria Moura , Rodrigues Sara Simões Pereira , Perelman Julian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAdherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been decreasing in southern Europe, which could be linked to several cultural or educational factors. Our aim is to evaluate the extent to which economic aspects may also play a role, exploring the relationship between food prices in Portugal and adherence to the MD. We evaluated data from the Portuguese National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey (IAN-AF 2015–2016) (n3591). Diet expenditures were estimated by attributing a retail price to each food group, and the diet was transposed into the Mediterranean Diet Score used in the literature. Prices were gathered from five supermarket chains (65 % of the Portuguese market share). Linear regression models were used to assess the association between different adherence levels to the MD levels and dietary costs. Greater adherence to the MD was associated with a 21·2 % (P< 0·05) rise in total dietary cost, which accounts for more 0·59€ in mean daily costs when compared with low adherence. High adherence individuals (v. low adherence) had higher absolute mean daily costs with fish (0·62€/+285·8 %;P< 0·05), fruits (0·26€/+115·8 %;P< 0·05) and vegetables (0·10€/+100·9 %;P< 0·05). The analysis stratified by education and income level showed significantly higher mean daily diet cost only amongst higher income groups. Our findings suggest that greater adherence to the MD was positively and significantly associated with higher total dietary cost. Policies to improve population’s diet should take into consideration the cost of healthy foods, especially for large low- and middle-income families.
Glycaemic potency reduction by coarse grain structure in breads is largely eliminated during normal ingestion
Authors: SRV Akila , Mishra Suman , Hardacre Allan , Matia-Merino Lara , Goh Kelvin , Warren Frederick J. , Monro John Alexander 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe hypothesis that coarse grain particles in breads reduce glycaemic response only if the particles remain intact during ingestion was tested. Three breads were formulated: (1) White bread (WB – reference), (2) 75 % of kibbled purple wheat in 25 % white bread matrix (PB) and (3) a 1:1 mixture of 37·5 % kibbled soya beans and 37·5 % of kibble purple wheat in 25 % white bread matrix (SPB). Each bread was ingested in three forms: unchewed (U), as customarily consumed (C) and homogenised (H). Twelve participants ingested 40 g available carbohydrate portions of each bread in each form, with post-prandial blood glucose measured over 120 min. Glycaemic responses to WB were the same regardless of its form when ingested. Unchewed PB had significantly less glycaemic effect than WB, whereas the C and H forms were similar to WB. Based on a glycaemic index (GI) of 70 for WB, the GI values for the C, U and H breads, respectively, were WB: 70·0, 70 and 70, PB: 75, 42 and 61, SPB: 57, 48 and 55 (%) (Least significant difference = 17·43, P < 0·05, bold numbers significantly different from WB). The similar glycaemic response to the H and C forms of the breads, and their difference from the U form, showed that the glycaemia-moderating effect of grain structure on starch digestion was lost during customary ingestion of bread. We conclude that the kibbled-grain structure may not effectively retard starch digestion in breads as normally consumed because it is largely eliminated by ingestive processes including chewing.
Who Supplies PPP Loans (and Does It Matter)? Banks, Relationships, and the COVID Crisis
Authors: Li Lei , Strahan Philip E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe analyze the bank supply of credit under the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The literature emphasizes relationships as a means to improve lender information, which helps banks manage credit risk. Despite imposing no risk, however, the PPP supply reflects traditional measures of relationship lending: decreasing in bank size and increasing in prior experience, commitment lending, and core deposits. Our results suggest a new benefit of bank relationships: They help firms access government-subsidized lending. Consistent with this benefit, we show that the bank PPP supply, based on the structure of the local banking sector, alleviates increases in unemployment.
A ‘chemical help’ in middle-ear surgery? A systematic review on sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate
Authors: Moffa A , Fiore V , Sabatino L , Cassano M , Tarabichi M , Kapadia M , Rinaldi V , Casale M 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveSodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (Mesna) has been proposed as a chemical aid in any surgical procedure, including cholesteatoma surgery. This review investigated the benefits and safety of Mesna during surgical management of cholesteatoma and adhesive otitis media.MethodA systematic literature review was performed to identify clinical studies evaluating topical Mesna application during ear surgery (cholesteatoma or atelectasis). A qualitative analysis based on data extracted was conducted.ResultsFrom 27 articles, 5 retrospective studies were selected for a full analysis for a total of 607 patients (aged 5 to 72 years). Three studies evaluated cholesteatoma recidivism after Mesna application during cholesteatoma surgery, one study evaluated the surgical success rate of Mesna application for the treatment of atelectatic ears and adhesive otitis media, and one study evaluated potential ototoxicity of Mesna during cholesteatoma surgery. All the studies showed overall improvement in recurrence and residual cholesteatoma disease after Mesna application during surgery. Sensorineural hearing loss was not encountered after Mesna application.ConclusionMesna application in cholesteatoma surgery could represent a valid and safe support tool during surgical treatment carried out both with microscopy and endoscopy. More studies are required to confirm these promising results.
Twenty-year experience with salvage total laryngectomy: lessons learned
Authors: Tsetsos N , Poutoglidis A , Vlachtsis K , Stavrakas M , Nikolaou A , Fyrmpas G 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of salvage total laryngectomy and identify areas for further improvement.MethodA retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent salvage total laryngectomy between January 1999 and December 2018 was performed.ResultsThirty-one patients were identified. The most common primary tumour site was the glottis (83.8 per cent). Early stage (T1–T2) disease was identified in 83.9 per cent of cases. Overall survival at 2 and 5 years post-salvage total laryngectomy was 71 per cent and 45 per cent, respectively. Disease-free survival at 2 and 5 years post-salvage total laryngectomy was 65 per cent and 42 per cent, respectively. The rate of post-salvage total laryngectomy pharyngocutaneous fistula was 29 per cent.ConclusionMore than half of patients will not survive beyond five years after salvage total laryngectomy. Regional recurrence was the most common form of failure and death. From this study, elective lateral and central neck dissection is advocated in patients with early laryngeal cancer who present with an advanced recurrence.
Du Bois’s Century
Authors: Katznelson Ira 
Published: July 2021

In March 1900, William Edward Burghart Du Bois addressed the third annual meeting of the American Negro Academy on “the present outlook for the dark races of mankind.” He cautioned, though
It is natural for us to consider that our race question is a purely national and local affair, confined to nine million Americans and settled when their rights and opportunities are assured. … a glance over the world at the dawn of a new century will convince us that this is but the be-ginning of the problem—that the color line belts the world and that the social problem of the twentieth century is to be the relation of the civilized world to the dark races of mankind. If we start eastward tonight and land on the continent of Africa we land in the center of the greater Negro problem—of the world problem of the black man. (1996 [1900]: 47–48)
Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages as a policy to reduce overweight and obesity in countries of different income classifications: a systematic review
Authors: Itria Alexander , Borges Stéfani S. , Rinaldi Ana Elisa M , Nucci Luciana Bertoldi , Enes Carla Cristina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the potential impact of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes on overweight and obesity prevalence in countries of different income classifications.Design:Systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO number CRD42020161612). Five databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, LILACS (via Virtual Health Library) and MEDLINE (via PubMed), and Web of Science were searched, from January 2009 to December 2019. Articles that reported changes in purchases, sales, intake, body weight, BMI, overweight and/or obesity prevalence due to a tax on or price change in SSB were included.Setting:Studies conducted in countries of different income classifications.Participants:The search yielded 8349 articles of which 21 met inclusion criteria.Results:Among the sixteen studies selected, only two did not show that consumption, sales and purchase decreased as the price of SSB increased. In eight of the thirteen studies selected, a positive effect of an SSB tax on decreasing overweight and obesity prevalence was expected. It is estimated that a 20 % taxation on SSB would result in a greater decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity compared to a 10 % rate. Studies with no significant effect of taxing on sales, purchases, consumption and prevalence of obesity were from high-income countries, while significant effects of taxing on reducing purchase, consumption and/or obesity prevalence were found in studies from upper-middle- and middle-income countries.Conclusion:A high SSB tax might be an effective fiscal policy to decrease purchase and consumption of SSB and reduce overweight/obesity prevalence, especially if the tax were specific for beverage volume.
On legal bubbles: some thoughts on legal shockwaves at the core of the digital economy
Authors: Giraudo Marco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor two decades, economic agents have been investing in the personal data-driven industry on the assumption that courts, the keepers of the legal systems, would have backed their claims, turning their technological control of personal data into legally protected property rights. Courts' backing has proved only temporary as they are now revising early solutions by constraining collection, use, and trade of personal data to protect the hierarchically superior rights. The theory of ‘legal bubbles’ rationalizes the economics underlying the legal shockwaves affecting the personal data-driven economy. ‘Legal bubbles’ tend to arise when economic agents invest in the economic exploitation of a new resource in a context of uncertainty and ignorance about the legal implications of innovative activities. These legal foundations may eventually turn out to be unstable as a result of courts'ex-postattempt to re-adapt them to the previously ignored implications of unconstrained commodification, with disruptive economic consequences.
The Crustal Anisotropy of West Ordos Block and Its Geodynamic Implications
Authors: Lv Jinyu , Shen Xuzhang , Huang Liuting , He Xiaohui , Huang He , Zheng Wenjun , Zhang Dongli , Zhang Jian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBased on the teleseismic records of the dense broadband seismic array, the crustal anisotropy parameters of the west Ordos block and its adjacent regions were determined with P wave receiver functions. The results indicate that the dominant direction of the fast wave is NEE‐SWW, N‐S in Yingshan block and north Ordos block, N‐S in the south Ordos block, and E‐W in the Qinling–Dabie orogen belt. The fast wave direction of crustal anisotropy in the north Ordos block is distinctly different from that in the south Ordos block, both well related to the major geological events, such as the Paleoproterozoic continent‐to‐continent collision between the Ordos Block and the Yinshan Block, the collision between the Western Block and Eastern Block of the North China Craton and the material migration from the Tibetan plateau in Cenozoic. Our results indicate that the crustal anisotropy in the Ordos block preserves the traces of ancient tectonic movements. Combining the results of previous geophysical studies, we presented a crust‐mantle interaction model to explain the geophysical observations. The most prominent features of the model are the horizontal eastward expansion of the mantle material in the southern Ordos and the vertical upwelling of the mantle material in the northern Ordos. The different modes of movement of the mantle material led to the deep contrasting structures of north and south Ordos, including the crustal anisotropy. The mantle upwelling also implies that the north Ordos block might be currently experiencing craton destruction.
Cassini‐Plasma Interaction Simulations Revealing the Cassini Ion Wake Characteristics: Implications for In‐Situ Data Analyses and Ion Temperature Estimates
Authors: Holmberg M. K. G. , Cipriani F. , Nilsson T. , Hess S. , Huybrighs H. L. F. , Hadid L. Z. , Déprez G. , Wilson R. J. , Morooka M. W. , Felici M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe have used Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software (SPIS) simulations to study the characteristics (i.e., dimensions, ion depletion, and evolution with the changing spacecraft attitude) of the Cassini ion wake. We focus on two regions, the plasma disk at 4.5–4.7 RS, where the most prominent wake structure will be formed, and at 7.6 RS, close to the maximum distance at which a wake structure can be detected in the Cassini Langmuir probe (LP) data. This study also reveals how the ion wake and the spacecraft plasma interaction have impacted the Cassini LP measurements in the studied environments, for example, with a strong decrease in the measured ion density but with minor interference from the photoelectrons and secondary electrons originating from the spacecraft. The simulated ion densities and spacecraft potentials are in very good agreement with the LP measurements. This shows that SPIS is an excellent tool to use for analyses of LP data, when spacecraft material properties and environmental parameters are known and used correctly. The simulation results are also used to put constraints on the ion temperature estimates in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn. The best agreement between the simulated and measured ion density is obtained using an ion temperature of 8 eV at ∼4.6 RS. This study also shows that SPIS simulations can be used in order to better constrain plasma parameters in regions where accurate measurements are not available.
Evaluating the Forecast Impact of Assimilating ATOVS Radiance With the Regional System of Multigrid NLS‐4DVar Data Assimilation for Numerical Weather Prediction (SNAP)
Authors: Zhang Hongqin , Tian Xiangjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe regional System of Multigrid Nonlinear Least Squares Four‐dimensional Variational Data Assimilation for Numerical Weather Prediction (SNAP) was recently established based on the multigrid NLS‐4DVar assimilation scheme, Weather Research and Forecasting numerical model, and Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI)‐based observation quality control and observation operator modules. The analysis variables are model state variables, rather than the control variables adopted in the conventional 4DVar system. The regional SNAP adopts the multigrid NLS‐4DVar, which can correct errors from large to small scales and accelerate iteration solutions, to minimize the cost function and obtain the optimal analysis. Therefore, the regional SNAP has a higher assimilation efficiency and accuracy. In addition, the assimilation performance of the regional SNAP for conventional and radar observations had been evaluated. The main goal of this study is to achieve the direct assimilation of satellite radiation data using the regional SNAP. In this study, 1‐week cycle assimilation experiments assimilating Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) data were designed to fully evaluate the performance of regional SNAP compared with the GSI Ensemble Four‐dimensional Variational (4DEnVar) scheme. First, a rainstorm was selected to illustrate the performance of regional SNAP. The cumulative precipitation distribution of SNAP was closer to reality and the higher equitable threat score and lower far score indicate that the regional SNAP improves precipitation forecast. In the 1‐week numerical experiments, for the u/v wind and temperature variables, the regional SNAP outperforms GSI and there was an improvement in GSI for the humidity variable.
Does Photomineralization of Dissolved Organics Matter in Temperate Rivers?
Authors: Maavara Taylor , Logozzo Laura , Stubbins Aron , Aho Kelly , Brinkerhoff Craig , Hosen Jacob , Raymond Peter 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSunlight can oxidize dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in freshwaters. The importance of complete photooxidation, or photomineralization, as a sink for DOC remains unclear in temperate rivers, as most estimates are restricted to lakes, high latitude rivers, and coastal river plumes. In this study, we construct a model representing over 75,000 river reaches in the Connecticut River Watershed (CRW), USA, to calculate spectrally resolved photomineralization. We test the hypothesis that photomineralization is a negligible DOC sink across all reaches and flow conditions relative to DOC fluxes. Our model quantifies reaction rates and transport drivers within the river reaches for the ranges of flow conditions, incoming solar irradiance, and canopy cover shading observed throughout the year. Our model predicts average daily areal photomineralization rates ranging from 1.16 mg‐C m−2 day−1 in low flow river reaches in the winter, to 18.33 mg‐C m−2 day−1 in high flow river reaches during the summer. Even for high photomineralization fluxes, corresponding photomineralization uptake velocities are typically at least an order of magnitude smaller than those reported for other instream processes. We calculate DOC elimination by photomineralization relative to DOC fluxes through individual stream reaches as well as the entire riverine portion of the CRW. We find that relative photomineralization fluxes are highest in summer drought conditions in low order streams. In median flows and mean light intensities, for an average watershed travel distance, 3%–5% of the DOC fluxes are eliminated, indicating that photomineralization is a minor DOC sink in temperate rivers.
High-Q microresonators on 4H-silicon-carbide-on-insulator platform for nonlinear photonics
Authors: Wang Chengli , Fang Zhiwei , Yi Ailun , Yang Bingcheng , Wang Zhe , Zhou Liping , Shen Chen , Zhu Yifan , Zhou Yuan , Bao Rui , Li Zhongxu , Chen Yang , Huang Kai , Zhang Jiaxiang , Cheng Ya , Ou Xin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe realization of high-quality (Q) resonators regardless of the underpinning material platforms has been a ceaseless pursuit, because the high-Q resonators provide an extreme environment for confining light to enable observations of many nonlinear optical phenomenon with high efficiencies. Here, photonic microresonators with a mean Q factor of 6.75 × 106 were demonstrated on a 4H-silicon-carbide-on-insulator (4H-SiCOI) platform, as determined by a statistical analysis of tens of resonances. Using these devices, broadband frequency conversions, including second-, third-, and fourth-harmonic generations have been observed. Cascaded Raman lasing has also been demonstrated in our SiC microresonator for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Meanwhile, by engineering the dispersion properties of the SiC microresonator, we have achieved broadband Kerr frequency combs covering from 1300 to 1700 nm. Our demonstration represents a significant milestone in the development of SiC photonic integrated devices.