bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overweight, obesity, and thinness among a nationally representative sample of Norwegian adolescents and changes from childhood: Associations with sex, region, and population density
Authors: Øvrebø Bente , Bergh Ingunn H. , Stea Tonje H. , Bere Elling , Surén Pål , Magnus Per M. , Juliusson Petur B. , Wills Andrew K. 
Published: August 2021

Objective
To estimate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and thinness among Norwegian 13-year-olds and the changes from childhood (age 8 years) to adolescence (age 13 years); and to explore associations with sex, region, and population density from childhood to adolescence.

Design
We used longitudinal, anthropometric data collected by school health nurses conducted in Norway. Weight status was classified according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs for overweight, obesity, and thinness, and according to mean body mass index (kg/m2).

Participants
The Norwegian Youth Growth Study, consisting of a nationally representative sample of Norwegian 13-year-olds (n = 1852; 50.7% girls), which is a part of The Norwegian Growth Cohort.

Results
Among 13-year-old Norwegians, the prevalence of overweight (including obesity), obesity, and thinness was 15.8%, 2.5%, and 7.3%, respectively. There was little evidence that these had changed from 8 to 13 years. From 8 to 13 years, the odds of obesity was highest in the Northern region of Norway compared to the South-East (odds ratio (OR): 3.78 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 12.65; p = 0.036) and in rural areas (OR: 4.76 (95% CI: 1.52, 14.90; p = 0.027). Over the same age period, girls had a trend towards a higher odds of thinness compared to boys (OR: 1.65 (95% CI: 0.98, 2.78; p = 0.057).

Conclusions
In Norway, the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and thinness among 13-year-olds seem to be established by age 8 years. The prevalence of obesity was higher in the North and in rural areas. The results indicate the continued need for early prevention and treatment, and targeted interventions to certain areas.
The Panoply of Challenges Facing International Criminal Justice: The United Kingdom’s Response to Defining and Responding to Terrorism
Authors: Singh Charanjit 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCrimes such as terrorism pose some of the biggest postmodern challenges faced by criminal justice systems worldwide. How systems react and prevent such crime raises numerous legal, political and strategic issues i.e. cross-jurisdictional collaboration, policing and the erosion of civil liberties such as privacy. In this article, taking inspiration from criminological theory, two criminal justice challenges that are posed by terrorism are explored from the United Kingdom’s perspective: the international definition of terrorism including the factors that impede a common definition from being established and the domestic response to define, prevent and prosecute this crime. The aim of, and originality in, this article is to explore the criminal justice challenge facing the United Kingdom in balancing complex and competing interests when effectively responding to terror crime.
S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide mitigates histopathological damage, alleviate oxidative stress and promotes immunomodulation in diabetic rats
Authors: Lemos Licyanne Ingrid C. , Medeiros Matheus Anselmo , Lima João Paulo M.S. , Teixeira Tatiane O. , Figueiredo Camila Alexandrina , Farias Naisandra B.S. , Silva Flavio S. , Abreu Bento João , Medeiros Karina Carla P. , Pedrosa Lucia Fatima C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide (SMCS) is a hydrophilic cysteine-containing natural compound found in plants and is known to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. We investigated the antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of SMCS, as well as histopathological changes in the liver and pancreas in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Methods
The rats were divided into the following groups: control (CG), comprising non-diabetic rats; STZ-DB, comprising STZ-induced diabetic rats; and STZ-SMCS, comprising STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with SMCS. SMCS (200 mg/kg) was administered by gavage daily for 30 days. Biochemical and cytokine analyses, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities assays and histopathological analysis of liver and pancreas tissues were performed.

Results
SMCS treatment reduced glycemia (p<0.05), decreased triglyceride (p<0.01) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels (p<0.01), and increased SOD and CAT activity in the liver (both p<0.01) compared with STZ-DB group. Higher activity values of IL-10 were observed in the STZ-SMCS group than in the other groups (p<0.001). Liver glycogen was significantly improved in the STZ-SMCS group compared with the STZ-DB group. SMCS also ameliorated damage to pancreatic islets, which resulted in restoration of their morphology.

Conclusions
Oral treatment of SMCS showed improvement of the morphological alterations in liver and pancreatic islet in diabetic rats. These beneficial morphological effects of SMCS can be partially explained by IL-10 modulation associated with antioxidant action.
The effect of GnRH stimulation on AMH regulation in central precocious puberty and isolated premature thelarche
Authors: Sahin Nursel Muratoglu , Ozcan H. Nursun , Yilmaz Aslihan Arasli , Erdeve Senay Savas , Cetinkaya Semra , Aycan Zehra 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
There is a complex interaction between the anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. However, the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation on AMH levels is not clearly known. In the study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of GnRH stimulation on AMH levels in central precocious puberty (CPP) and isolated premature thelarche (PT) groups.

Methods
Sixty-three girls with breast development before the age of 8 were enrolled in the study. GnRH test was performed on all subjects. Blood samples for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and AMH levels were taken at basal, 40th, and 90th minute of GnRH test. Subjects were grouped as CPP and PT group.

Results
After GnRH stimulation, AMH levels increased significantly at the 40th minute and the stimulating effect of GnRH on AMH continued till the 90th minute (p: 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between basal and 90th-minute AMH levels (r: 479, p: 0.0001). The highest FSH, LH, and AMH times were significantly different after the GnRH stimulation (p: 0.001, p: 0.001, and p: 0.007). Although the CPP group had a lower basal AMH level than the PT group’s basal AMH level; AMH response to GnRH stimulation was not different (p>0.05).

Conclusions
In our study, which examined the effect of GnRH stimulation on AMH levels in early pubertal development disorders for the first time, GnRH stimulated AMH secretion rapidly, correlated with basal AMH. Basal AMH levels were lower in patients with CPP than in those with PT; however, the effect of GnRH stimulation on AMH levels was similar in both groups.
Long noncoding RNA XIST knockdown relieves the injury of microglia cells after spinal cord injury by sponging miR-219-5p
Authors: Zhong Xueren , Bao Yongzheng , Wu Qiang , Xi Xinhua , Zhu Wengang , Chen Sanmei , Liao Junjian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we aimed to explore the roles and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) in SCI progression. SCI mice model was constructed and evaluated by the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan method. The SCI cell model was constructed by treating BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of XIST and miR-219-5p were determined by the reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein levels were measured via western blot assay. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The relationship between XIST and miR-219-5p was analyzed by online tool starBase, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. As a result, the XIST level was enhanced and the miR-219-5p level was declined in the SCI mice model. XIST was also upregulated in LPS-induced BV2 cells. LPS treatment restrained BV2 cell viability and accelerated apoptosis and inflammatory response. XIST knockdown effectively weakened LPS-induced BV2 cell injury. miR-219-5p was identified as a target of XIST. Moreover, inhibition of miR-219-5p restored the impacts of XIST knockdown on cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammation in LPS-treated BV2 cells. In addition, LPS-induced XIST promoted the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway by sponging miR-219-5p. In conclusion, XIST silencing promoted microglial cell viability and repressed apoptosis and inflammation by sponging miR-219-5p, thus promoting the recovery of SCI.
H

s
-Boundedness of a class of Fourier Integral Operators
Authors: Aid Omar Farouk , Senoussaoui Abderrahmane 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we define a particular class of Fourier Integral Operators (FIO for short). These FIO turn out to be bounded on the spaces S (ℝ
n
) of rapidly decreasing functions (or Schwartz space) and S′ (ℝ
n
) of temperate distributions. Results about the composition of FIO with its L
2-adjoint are proved. These allow to obtain results about the continuity on the Sobolev Spaces.
A new two-parameter lifetime distribution with flexible hazard rate function: Properties, applications and different method of estimations
Authors: Hashempour Majid 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new two-parameter lifetime distribution which is called extended Half-Logistic (EHL) distribution. Theoretical properties of this model including the hazard function, quantile function, asymptotic, extreme value, moments, conditional moments, mean residual life, mean past lifetime, residual entropy, cumulative residual entropy and order statistics are derived and studied in details. The maximum likelihood estimates of parameters are compared with various methods of estimations by conducting a simulation study. Finally, two real data sets are illustration the purposes.
Simulations of nonlinear parabolic PDEs with forcing function without linearization
Authors: Tahir Shko Ali , Sari Murat 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper aims at producing numerical solutions of nonlinear parabolic PDEs with forcing term without any linearization. Since the linearization of nonlinear term leads to lose real features, without doing linearization, this paper focuses on capturing natural behaviour of the mechanism. Therefore we concentrate on analysis of the physical processes without losing their properties. To carry out this study, a backward differentiation formula in time and a spline method in space have been combined in leading to the discretized equation. This method leads to a very reliable alternative in solving the problem by conserving the physical properties of the nature. The efficiency of the present method are proved theoretically and illustrated by various numerical tests.
A relationship between the category of chain MV-algebras and a subcategory of abelian groups
Authors: Pajoohesh Homeira 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The category of MV-algebras is equivalent to the category of abelian lattice ordered groups with strong units. In this article we introduce the category of circled abelian groups and prove that the category of chain MV-algebras is isomorphic with the category of chain circled abelian groups. In the last section we show that the category of chain MV-algebras is a subcategory of abelian cyclically ordered groups.
Limitation Clauses and Constitutional Transformation: The Case of the New Arab Constitutions
Authors: Porras-Gómez Antonio-Martín 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFocusing on the constitutional changes undergone since 2005 in Iraq, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt, this article explains how the constitutional limitation clauses affected the respective material constitutional transformations. The explanatory value of the limitation clauses is tested, with possible causalities (as well as non-causal relations) explored through a case study. Generalizing research arguments are offered, theorizing about the material constitutional transformation processes in authoritarian and post-authoritarian scenarios. The research arguments shed light on the limitation clauses’ potential to reveal the policy intent underlying the constituent power, as well as their negative implications for a proper democratic consolidation, their effects in keeping dynamics of political immobilism, and their consequences in terms of favouring instances of authoritarian regression.
Crystal structure of [6,6′-((1E,1′E)-(propane-1,3- diylbis(azaneylylidene))bis(methaneylylidene)) bis(3-chlorophenol)-κ
4
N,N′,O,O′] copper(II), C17H14Cl2CuN2O2
Authors: Wei Baiying , Cao Chenzhong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
C17H14Cl2CuN2O2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 22.743(4) Å, b = 8.0434(15) Å, c = 8.9388(17) Å, V = 1630.8(5) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0376, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0997, T = 296(2) K.
Elemental composition of dust aerosols near cement plants based on the study of samples of the solid phase of the snow cover
Authors: Volodina Daria A. , Talovskaya Anna V. , Devyatova Anna Yu. , Edelev Alexey V. , Yazikov Egor G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study is focused on the quantification of dust load on snow cover and chemical elements content in the solid phase of snow cover in the impacted areas of cement plants (the south of Western Siberia). Applying the instrumental neutron activation analysis, we identified chemical composition in the samples of the solid phase of snow cover. The results demonstrated that the dust load corresponded to the permissible pollution levels in the living zones. Dust pollution level varied from moderately hazardous to highly hazardous in the north-western impacted zone of the cement plants and raw material open pits. It was found that the predominant chemical element is Ca, as well as a group of rare-earth (Yb, Tb, Sm, La, Ce, etc.) elements in the solid phase of snow cover from the impacted zone of the cement plants.
Review of piston reactors for the production of chemicals
Authors: Ashok Anchu , Katebah Mary Anna , Linke Patrick , Kumar Dharmesh , Arora Dhruv , Fischer Kai , Jacobs Timothy , Al-Rawashdeh Ma’moun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
To explore options for simple, safe, and compact chemical reactors that preserve wanted metastable initial products from sequential unwanted reactions, academic and industrial researchers have tried to repurpose reciprocating piston equipment or an “engine-like” design to be used as a chemical reactor. Piston reactors offer the benefit of achieving very high temperature and pressure conditions at very short and defined residence times. Such conditions offer promise for enhanced performance for several chemical conversions. This paper provides a review of the published literature and patents in the field of piston reactors to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art. The review covers multiple aspects of piston reactors and their applications, reactor design options and their operation, catalyst and ignition placement, tested reactions, experimental setups as well as modeling and simulation. Several research gaps are highlighted as a motivation for future research in the field. To help interested readers into the topic, basic concepts and fundamentals of piston reactors are provided.
Phonology to the rescue: Nez Perce morphology revisited
Authors: Kiparsky Paul 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMinimalist Morphology predicts that allomorphy is conditioned inward and locally, and that the domains of morphosyntactically and phonologically conditioned allomorphy selection are identical. Amy Rose Deal and Matthew Wolf have put forward two cases of allomorphy in Nez Perce that appear to be conditioned by an outward phonological context. I present an analysis of Nez Perce morphology and phonology which supports the conclusion that the first case is not outward-conditioned, and the second case is not allomorphy but phonology.
Dissimilar Welding of Cast Alloy 706 with Different Prior Heat Treatment Conditions and Austenitic Stainless Steel 321
Authors: Manikandan S. G. K. , Baliram Patil Tejas , Kamaraj M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The welding of dissimilar joints is most common in the aerospace applications, especially, cast nickel-based superalloys are welded with austenitic stainless steel for high-temperature service conditions. It is well known that heat-affected zone (HAZ) cracking is a common phenomenon while welding age-hardened alloy 706. In this study, an alloy equivalent to cast alloy 706 subjected to three different heat treatment cycles and was welded with annealed austenitic stainless steel 321. The HAZ on the alloy 706 was investigated, and it was found that the HAZ of alloy 706 that underwent stabilization heat treatment was free from microfissures. The fusion zone microstructures were also investigated. The mechanical properties were evaluated, and it was found that the alloy 706 welded in stabilized and age-hardened condition furnished better mechanical properties than in both room temperature and elevated temperature.
Reference values for IGF-I serum concentration in an adult population: use of the VARIETE cohort for two new immunoassays
Authors: Sabbah Nadia , Wolf Peter , Piedvache Céline , Trabado Séverine , Verdelet Tristan , Cornu Catherine , Souberbielle Jean-Claude , Chanson Philippe 
Published: August 2021

Objective
Measurement of IGF-I is important in the management of patients with growth hormone disorders. Here we aim to establish normative data for two new IGF-I assay kits based on a large random sample of the French general adult population.

Subjects and methods
We measured IGF-I in 911 healthy adults (18–90 years) with two immunoassays (ROCHE Elecsys® and IMMULITE-2000 calibrated against the new IS 02/2547). We compared the data with those of the six immunoassays (iSYS, LIAISON XL, IMMULITE-2000 calibrated against the first IS 87/518, IGF-I RIACT, Mediagnost ELISA, and Mediagnost RIA) that we reported previously. The pairwise concordance among the eight assays was assessed with Bland–Altman plots for both the IGF-1 raw data and the standard deviation scores (SDS), as well as with the percentage of observed agreement and the weighted Kappa coefficient for categorizing IGF-I SDS (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01831648).

Results
The normative data included the range of values (2.5–97.5 percentiles) given by the two new IGF-I assays according to age group and sex. A formula for the SDS calculation is provided. As for the previous six assays, the lower limits of the reference intervals of the two new assays were similar, but the upper limits varied markedly. The pairwise concordances were only moderate (kappa 0.57).

Conclusions
Data obtained for these two new IGF-I immunoassays confirm that despite being obtained in the same large healthy population, the reference intervals of the eight commercial IGF-1 assay kits showed noteworthy differences. The agreement among the various methods was moderate to good.
More than a decade of real-world experience of pegvisomant for acromegaly: ACROSTUDY
Authors: Fleseriu Maria , Führer-Sakel Dagmar , van der Lely Aart J , De Marinis Laura , Brue Thierry , van der Lans-Bussemaker Joli , Hey-Hadavi Judith , Camacho-Hubner Cecilia , Wajnrajch Michael P , Valluri Srinivas Rao , Palladino Andrew Anthony , Gomez Roy , Salvatori Roberto 
Published: August 2021

Objective
To report the final long-term safety and efficacy analyses of patients with acromegaly treated with pegvisomant from the ACROSTUDY.

Design
Global (15 countries), multicentre, non-interventional study (2004–2017).

Methods
The complete ACROSTUDY cohort comprised patients with acromegaly, who were being treated with pegvisomant (PEGV) prior to the study or at enrolment. The main endpoints were long-term safety (comorbidities, adverse events (AEs), pituitary tumour volumes, liver tests) and efficacy (IGF1 changes).

Results
Patients (n = 2221) were treated with PEGV for a median of 9.3 years (range, 0–20.8 years) and followed up for a median of 7.4 years (range, 0–13.9 years). Before PEGV, 96.3% had received other acromegaly treatments (surgery/radiotherapy/medications). Before PEGV treatment, 87.2% of patients reported comorbidities. During ACROSTUDY, 5567 AEs were reported in 56.5% of patients and of these 613 were considered treatment-related (in 16.5% of patients) and led to drug withdrawal in 1.3%. Pituitary imaging showed a tumour size increase in 7.1% of patients; the majority (71.1%) reported no changes. Abnormal AST or ALT liver tests occurred in 3.2% of patients. IGF1 normalization rate improved over time, increasing from 11.4% at PEGV start to 53.7% at year 1, and reaching 75.4% at year 10 with the use of ≥30 mg PEGV/day in an increasing proportion of patients.

Conclusion
This comprehensive review of the complete cohort in ACROSTUDY confirmed the overall favourable benefit-to-risk profile and high efficacy of PEGV as mono- and combination therapy in patients with an aggressive course/uncontrolled/active acromegaly requiring long-term medical therapy for control.
Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial D-loop region throws a new light on the origin of Hungarian Nonius, Danubian Horse and Serbian Nonius
Authors: Yordanov Georgi , Zlatanovic Nebojsa , Palova Nadezhda , Mehandjyiski Ivan , Neov Boyko , Radoslavov Georgi , Hristov Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The objective of our study was to investigate the genetic structure of yet uninvestigated populations of three closely related horse breeds – the Danubian Horse, the Hungarian Nonius and the Serbian Nonius – in order to clarify their origin and genetic diversity. A 640-bp-long fragment of the mtDNA D-loop region was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the investigated breeds have different genetic profiles although they share some common characteristics. We identified nine of the 17 haplogroups described in modern horses. Most of the obtained sequences fall into the M, L, G, and O’P lineages, which is indicative of the genetic profile of the ancestral mares that had probably been used at the initial stages of the formation of the breeds. The population of the Danubian Horse is characterised by a high prevalence of the Anatolian specific haplogroup G (45%), followed by the Western Eurasian specific haplogroups L and M (both about 21%). In the Hungarian Nonius breed we found the highest frequency of the Western Eurasian haplogroup M (44%), followed by the Middle Eastern O’P (26%) and the Central Asian specific E (13%) and G (13%). The Serbian Nonius showed a distinct genetic profile, characterised by a high prevalence of the rare European haplogroup D (67%), followed by the Central Asian specific haplogroup G (17%). The high percentage of haplogroups shared especially between the Danubian and the Hungarian Nonius indicates the possibility of a common origin of the two breeds. In contrast, the Serbian Nonius showed a specific genetic profile, which can be explained by a different and independent origin.