bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction score for recurrent adnexal torsion in women with a previous adnexal torsion
Authors: Meyer Raanan , Meller Nir , Mohr‐Sasson Aya , Abu‐Bandora Eiman , Cohen Adiel , Tamir Mordechai , Mashiach Roy , Levin Gabriel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a risk score for preoperative prediction of recurrent adnexal torsion (rAT) among women with a history of previous adnexal torsion (AT).MethodsA retrospective cohort study. We included women with a history of AT, presenting with suspected rAT who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy between March 2011 and March 2020. We compared women with rAT to those without. We constructed a prediction score and validated it in a prospectively collected cohort between April 2020 and June 2020.ResultsOne hundred and fifteen women composed the study cohort. Recurrent AT was confirmed laparoscopically in 86 (74.8%) cases. A risk score for rAT was developed, based on three associated factors: enlarged ovary, no previous oophoropexy and current IVF treatment. In the construction cohort, the rate of torsion was 44.4%, 67.9%, 82.9% and 100% if none, one, two, or three risk factors were present, respectively. In the prospective validation of the risk score, the prediction of one and two risk factors was 60.0% and 100% respectively.ConclusionEnlarged ovary is independently associated with preoperative rAT diagnosis. Coupled with information regarding the previous surgical approach in previous AT and current IVF use, these factors could be used to efficiently predict rAT among women with a previous AT.
Historical Perspective: Metchnikoff and the intestinal microbiome
Authors: Mowat Allan McI 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Metchnikoff’s essay, Intestinal Bacteriotherapy, was written when the study of microbiology was still in its infancy and few intestinal diseases had been ascribed to a specific bacterial infection. Metchnikoff offered perceptive ideas that have become standard in today’s science.
This Historical Perspectives commentary examines how Metchnikoff’s article influenced our field. An accompanying editorial by Siamon Gordon explores this topic further and describes the relevance of Metchnikoff’s work to the current Covid-19 infection. We also include a translation of this fundamental article by Metchnikoff, as presented by Claudine Neyen.
Anatomy, variation, and asymmetry of the bronchial tree in the African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus)
Authors: Lawson Adam B. , Hedrick Brandon P. , Echols Scott , Schachner Emma R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe avian bronchial tree has a unique and elaborate architecture for the maintenance of unidirectional airflow. Gross descriptions of this bronchial arrangement have traditionally relied upon dissection and casts of the negative (air‐filled) spaces. In this study, the bronchial trees of five deceased African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) were segmented from micro‐computed tomography (μCT) scans into three‐dimensional (3D) surface models, and then compared. Select metrics of the primary bronchi and major secondary branches in the μCT scans of 11 specimens were taken to assess left–right asymmetry and quantify gross lung structure. Analysis of the 3D surface models demonstrates variation in the number and distribution of secondary bronchi with consistent direct connections to specific respiratory air sacs. A single model of the parabronchi further reveals indirect connections to all but two of the nine total air sacs. Statistical analysis of the metrics show significant left–right asymmetry between the primary bronchi and the origins of the first four secondary bronchi (the ventrobronchi), consistently greater mean values for all right primary bronchus length metrics, and relatively high coefficients of variation for cross‐sectional area metrics of the primary bronchi and secondary bronchi ostia. These findings suggest that the lengths of the primary bronchi distal to the ventrobronchi do not preserve lung symmetry, and that aerodynamic valving can functionally accommodate a wide range of bronchial proportions.
Using Deep Learning to Emulate the Use of an External Contrast Agent in Cardiovascular 4D Flow MRI
Authors: Bustamante Mariana , Viola Federica , Carlhäll Carl‐Johan , Ebbers Tino 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundAlthough contrast agents would be beneficial, they are seldom used in four‐dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to potential side effects and contraindications.PurposeTo develop and evaluate a deep learning architecture to generate high blood–tissue contrast in noncontrast 4D flow MRI by emulating the use of an external contrast agent.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsOf 222 data sets, 141 were used for neural network (NN) training (69 with and 72 without contrast agent). Evaluation was performed on the remaining 81 noncontrast data sets.Field Strength/Sequences  Gradient echo or echo‐planar 4D flow MRI at 1.5 T and 3 T.AssessmentA cyclic generative adversarial NN was trained to perform image translation between noncontrast and contrast data. Evaluation was performed quantitatively using contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), mean squared error (MSE) of edges, and Dice coefficient of segmentations. Three observers performed a qualitative assessment of blood–tissue contrast, noise, presence of artifacts, and image structure visualization.Statistical TestsThe Wilcoxon rank‐sum test evaluated statistical significance. Kendall's concordance coefficient assessed interobserver agreement.ResultsContrast in the regions of interest (ROIs) in the NN enhanced images increased by 88%, CNR increased by 63%, and SNR improved by 48% (all P < 0.001). The SSIM was 0.82 ± 0.01, and the MSE of edges was 0.09 ± 0.01 (range [0,1]). Segmentations based on the generated images resulted in a Dice similarity increase of 15.25%. The observers managed to differentiate between contrast MR images and our results; however, they preferred the NN enhanced images in 76.7% of cases. This percentage increased to 93.3% for phase‐contrast MR angiograms created from the NN enhanced data. Visual grading scores were blood–tissue contrast = 4.30 ± 0.74, noise = 3.12 ± 0.98, and presence of artifacts = 3.63 ± 0.76. Image structures within and without the ROIs resulted in scores of 3.42 ± 0.59 and 3.07 ± 0.71, respectively (P < 0.001).Data ConclusionThe proposed approach improves blood–tissue contrast in MR images and could be used to improve data quality, visualization, and postprocessing of cardiovascular 4D flow data.Evidence Level3Technical EfficacyStage 1
Prematurity: A Prognostic Factor for Increased Severity of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Jaleel Zaroug , Schaeffer Tyler , Trinh Caroline , Cohen Michael B. , Levi Jessica R. 
Published: February 2021

Objective/HypothesisStudies have suggested preterm birth, defined as gestational age (GA) <37 weeks, is a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in later childhood. However, little is known about the characteristics, severity, and degree of intervention of childhood OSA in former preterm infants compared to term infants. This study compares polysomnographic characteristics and surgical interventions in former preterm and term infants presenting with sleep disordered breathing.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study from 2015 to 2019 at a single tertiary referral center.MethodsElectronic Medical Records of pediatric patients ages 0 to 18 presenting with sleep disordered breathing were reviewed for gestational age, polysomnographic findings, clinical characteristics, and OSA surgical interventions. Association between gestational age, polysomnographic characteristics, and surgical interventions for OSA were reported.ResultsA total of 615 patient records were analyzed. Adjusting for covariates, prematurity was associated with a 2.97× higher likelihood of development of severe OSA (aOR (95%CI): 2.97 (1.40–6.32)), increased apneic‐hypoxic index (AHI) (mean (SD): 6.5 (9.8) vs. 4.6 (6.4), P < .05), increased end tidal CO2 (50.5 (5.11) vs. 48.5 (5.8), P < .05), decreased REM latency (116 (64.7) vs. 132.4 (69.9), P < .05), and increased number of surgeries for OSA (0.65 (.95) vs. 0.45 (0.69), P < .05) compared to children born at term. Children born with GA < 32 weeks presented at a significantly later age with sleep disordered breathing (7.04 (.80) vs. 5.1 (0.15), P < .05) than children born at term.ConclusionsPrematurity was associated with increased likelihood of severe OSA, increased AHI, as well as increased number of surgical interventions for OSA compared to children born at term. These results suggest an association with preterm birth and increased severity of childhood OSA.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:1909–1914, 2021
Stand age rather than soil moisture gradient mainly regulates the compromise between plant growth and water use of Eucalyptus urophylla in hilly South China
Authors: Ouyang Lei , Wu Jin , Zhao Ping , Zhu Liwei , Ni Guangyan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLarge‐scale cultivation and short‐term rotation of Eucalyptus trees for economic reasons have led to excessive consumption of soil water, raising broader ecological, and environmental concerns. Therefore, exploring the balance between water use and plant growth of Eucalyptus trees has become increasingly important but remains understudied. Here, we hypothesized that stand age and soil moisture gradient can both regulate such balance and examined this hypothesis by collecting a field dataset of Eucalyptus urophylla plantations that respectively capture three age categories (i.e., young age of 3–4 years, mature age of 6–7 years, and old age of >25 years) and span three soil moisture gradients along a hilly slope in South China. The datasets collected in Jan/2018–Dec/2019 included (a) continuous measurements of tree sap flow and soil moisture and (b) periodic measurements of leaf water potential (Ψleaf), tree biometric parameters, and stand leaf area index (LAI). With the data, we derived the monthly tree transpiration (EL), annual growth rate, and tree water use efficiency (WUE). Our results showed that stand age importantly regulated plant growth and water use, as old trees transpired more water than young and mature trees, while the young trees have significantly higher WUE due to their relatively higher growth rate and lower water consumption. In contrast, we did not observe significant differences in tree transpiration along with soil moisture gradients at each age level, suggesting stand age rather than soil moisture gradient dominantly regulates the growth versus water‐use compromise. Our results also showed that the old trees can maintain a more stable water consumption, suggesting that they are less sensitive to environmental seasonality and thus more stable. Collectively, our study provides important insights into the management and ecosystem stability of Eucalyptus plantation in South China.
Implementing land evaluation and site assessment (LESA system) in farmland protection: A case‐study in northeastern China
Authors: Qian Fengkui , Wang Weiwen , Wang Qiubing , Lal Rattan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFarmland evaluation has become a major topic in farmland protection research. Due to the lack of reasonable and scientifically reliable evaluation methods for farmland protection, the farmland of quality and covering a wide area are at high risk of degradation and destruction in China due mainly to rapid industrialization and urbanization. The land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) system has been successfully applied to protect important farmland globally. To better understand and testify the flexibility and suitability of the LESA system for farmland protection in different geomorphic regions in China, we investigated the delineation of basic farmland by applying and testing the LESA system in Liaoning Province of China. In this study, the LESA system was constructed and comprehensively evaluated through the land evaluation (LE) and site assessment (SA) subsystems; soil conditions suitable for agriculture and site conditions feasible for other land uses were selected in the LE and SA subsystems, respectively. The results demonstrated that the ratios of the LE and SA subsystems were 6:4, 5:5, and 4:6 in the middle plain area (MPA), eastern mountainous area (EMA), and western hilly area (WHA), respectively. Farmlands with LE scores over 80 accounted for 80.7%, 34.7%, and 28.6% in the MPA, WHA, and EMA, respectively. Moreover, 37.2% of farmland with high SA scores (over 50) was primarily distributed in the WHA, and only 7.1% and 0.4% in the MPA and EMA, respectively. The farmland ratios with LESA scores over 60 were 74.8%, 52.2%, and 30.2% in the MPA, EMA, and WHA, respectively. In particular, the total farmland was grouped into three primary categories, which scientifically demonstrated the suitability and compatibility of the farmland features and also provided guidance for the implementation of farmland consolidation and remediation techniques.
Ergonomic advantage of pistol‐grip endoscope in the ENT practice
Authors: Watanabe Itaru , Miyamoto Makoto , Nakagawa Hideki , Saito Koichiro 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesRecent technology manufactured a nasopharyngeal videoscope with pistol‐shaped grip (PG). This study aimed to assess the ergonomic feasibility of this novel device in daily ENT practice.MethodsTo assess the ergonomic impact of grip shape on ENT physicians, conventional grip videoscope (CG) and PG were utilized in this study. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was recorded to assess the muscle activity in the upper limb during endoscopy on a training model. Bilateral sEMG recordings were performed including thenar muscle, pronator teres muscle, brachioradialis muscle, and biceps brachii muscle. Mean value of the mean sEMG amplitude throughout the task in triplicated examinations (mMA) with each electrode, total values of four mMAs in both of the grip‐side and the insertion tube‐side limb muscles, and total value of all eight mMAs were calculated, and compared between CG and PG. Subgroup analyses were also performed in the experienced ENT physicians and the residents.ResultsPG provided significantly lower mMA values in thenar muscle and brachioradialis muscle of the grip‐side limb compared with CG. Total value of four mMAs in PG was significantly lower compared with that in CG in the grip‐side limb, and total value of all eight mMAs in PG was significantly lower compared with that in CG. Furthermore, total value of four mMAs in PG was significantly lower compared with that in CG in the grip‐side limb, in both of the subgroups.ConclusionThis is the first study to support the idea that the newly designed pistol‐grip endoscope may have an ergonomic advantage over conventional endoscope for otolaryngologists in daily practice.Level of Evidence4
Element cycling and aquatic function in a changing Arctic
Authors: Hernes Peter J. , Tank Suzanne E. , Sejr Mikael K. , Glud Ronnie N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractArctic systems are under intense pressure from anthropogenic activities, with climate change in particular inducing rapid change in the interlinked cycling of water and various biogeochemical constituents, and thus also the ecological processes that depend on these cycles. This special issue for Limnology and Oceanography explores our changing Arctic, with contributions across the watershed‐lake‐river‐estuary‐coastal‐open ocean continuum, and foci ranging from physical and chemical processes to food webs. Some specific areas of focus include legacy pollution from mines, greenhouse gas emissions from lakes, riverine fluxes of materials, as well as the balance between primary production and respiration in the water column and benthos in marine systems. While varied in focus, as a collection the papers in this special issue do provide direction into key avenues for future effort. For example, while Arctic systems are historically understudied due to financial and logistical costs, long‐term monitoring efforts are clearly critical for documenting change, despite the challenges. In freshwater systems, predicting biogeochemistry, and thus ecology, based on landscape characteristics and lake morphology is an ongoing practice that seems particularly promising for both upscaling and decisions on focusing future research effort. In marine and coastal systems, complementing specific local studies with large‐scale cross‐disciplinary monitoring programs is clearly required for elucidating long‐term trends. While baseline research is critical for documenting the Arctic as it currently stands, and constitutes the majority of current research efforts, ongoing support for long‐term observatories and expanding remote sensing capabilities is a fundamental requirement for tracking change.
Copropagating Photonic Fermi Arc Channels for Multiplexing and Dynamically Routing Topological Surface Waves
Authors: Guo Jinying , Yang Biao , Ma Shaojie , Chan Hsun‐Chi , Situ Guohai , Zhang Shuang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecently, 3D photonic Weyl degeneracies have been realized in both magnetized plasma (MP) and chiral hyperbolic metamaterials (CHM). Both systems can achieve backscattering‐immune transportation of light across sharp corners of translation‐invariant prisms and they also show similar equal‐frequency surfaces (EFSs). Despite this resemblance, their topological properties show striking differences as the Weyl points in MP and CHM arise from broken time‐reversal and spatial‐inversion symmetries, respectively. Here, using the effective medium approach, an interface formed between an MP and a CHM is investigated, which supports two Fermi arc surface states with nearly identical propagation directions. This leads to novel 3D interface configurations for guiding non‐reciprocal surface waves, information multiplexing, and magnetically controllable routing of the signal. This work may find applications in unidirectional excitation and controllable transportation in photonics.
Polarization Shaping of Free‐Electron Radiation by Gradient Bianisotropic Metasurfaces
Authors: Jing Liqiao , Lin Xiao , Wang Zuojia , Kaminer Ido , Hu Hao , Li Erping , Liu Yongmin , Chen Min , Zhang Baile , Chen Hongsheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFree‐electron radiation phenomena facilitate enticing potential to create light emission with highly tunable spectra, covering hard‐to‐reach frequencies ranging from microwave to X‐ray. Consequently, they take part in many applications such as on‐chip light sources, particle accelerators, and medical imaging. While their spectral tunability is extremely high, their polarizability is usually much harder to control. Such limitations are especially apparent in all free electron based spontaneous radiation sources, such as the Smith−Purcell (SP) radiation. Here, anomalous free‐electron radiation phenomenon is demonstrated at the microwave regime from gradient bianisotropic metasurfaces, by using a phased dipole array to mimics moving charged particles. The phase gradient and the bianisotropy in metasurfaces provide new degrees of freedom for the polarization shaping of free‐electron radiation, going beyond the common spectral and angular shaping. Remarkably, the observed anomalous free‐electron radiation obeys a generalized SP formula derived from Fermat's principle.
Strongly Coupled Systems for Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Ge Fei , Han Xiao , Xu Jialiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStrong coupling is a distinct light–matter interaction regime, in which the interaction is manifested in coherent oscillations of energy between matter and a photonic subsystem. The consequence of such a strong coupling is the adjustment of the energy states of molecules and materials, which can bring about fascinating chemical and physical properties, and therefore result in advanced applications in many fields such as Bose–Einstein condensation and coherent emission, polariton lasing, superfluidity, quantum information processing, Raman scattering, chemical landscape, etc. Recently, strong coupling has also demonstrated profound impacts on the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of molecular materials. In this review, the recent research progress in the field of strongly coupled systems for NLO applications is summarized. The underlying concepts and the detailed features of strongly coupled molecular systems are introduced, and the NLO characteristics of strongly coupled systems are reviewed. Finally, an outlook of future directions for this emerging field is given.
Metabolomic Markers of Southern Dietary Patterns in the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Rebholz Casey M. , Gao Yan , Talegawkar Sameera , Tucker Katherine L. , Colantonio Lisandro D. , Muntner Paul , Ngo Debby , Chen Zsu Zsu , Cruz Daniel , Katz Daniel H. , Tahir Usman A. , Clish Clary , Gerszten Robert E. , Wilson James G. 
Published: February 2021

ScopeNew biomarkers are needed that are representative of dietary intake.Methods and ResultsWe assess metabolites associated with Southern dietary patterns in 1401 Jackson Heart Study participants. Three dietary patterns are empirically derived using principal component analysis: meat and fast food, fish and vegetables, and starchy foods. We randomly select two subsets of the study population: two‐third sample for discovery (n = 934) and one‐third sample for replication (n = 467). Among the 327 metabolites analyzed, 14 are significantly associated with the meat and fast food dietary pattern, four are significantly associated with the fish and vegetables dietary pattern, and none are associated with the starchy foods dietary pattern in the discovery sample. In the replication sample, nine remain associated with the meat and fast food dietary pattern [indole‐3‐propanoic acid, C24:0 lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), N‐methyl proline, proline betaine, C34:2 phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) plasmalogen, C36:5 PE plasmalogen, C38:5 PE plasmalogen, cotinine, hydroxyproline] and three remain associated with the fish and vegetables dietary pattern [1,7‐dimethyluric acid, C22:6 lysophosphatidylethanolamine, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)].ConclusionTwelve metabolites are discovered and replicated in association with dietary patterns detected in a Southern U.S. African‐American population, which could be useful as biomarkers of Southern dietary patterns.