bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutral theory: applicability and neutrality of using generic health-related quality of life tools in diseases or conditions where specific tools are available
Authors: Jandhyala Ravi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) tools are limited by the indicators included in the construct and variation in interpretation by different researchers. Neutral Theory describes the ideal construct that includes all relevant indicators and, therefore, complete accuracy, or neutrality. Neutral Theory can thereby provide the framework to develop or test constructs. To assess the application of Neutral Theory, the neutrality of generic tools (SF-36 and EQ-5D) at measuring HRQoL was compared to disease/condition-specific tools, with the latter considered surrogates for the Neutral construct.

Methods
Full descriptions of all disease/condition-specific HRQoL tools published on PubMed (to 01-Jul-19) were sourced. For each tool, the number of items with and without a direct match within the SF-36 and EQ-5D was recorded and the sensitivity/specificity calculated.

Results
The SF-36 and EQ-5D did not achieve a sensitivity/specificity both > 50% against any of the 163 disease/condition-specific tools identified. At 20% prevalence of poor HRQoL, the false positive rate (FPR) was > 75% for all but two tools against the SF-36 and six tools against the EQ-5D. Increasing poor HRQoL to 80%, 47 tools for the SF-36 and 48 tools for the EQ-5D had a FPR < 50%. For rare disease tools (< 1/2000 population; n = 17), sensitivity/specificity ranged from 0 to 40%/5–31% for the SF-36 and 0–22%/29–100% for the EQ-5D. For non-rare (n = 75) and symptom-specific tools (n = 71) sensitivity/specificity was: 0–100%/0–100% (SF-36) and 0–50%/0–100% (EQ-5D); and 0–60%/0–19% (SF-36) and 0–25%/0–100% (EQ-5D), respectively. No concordance was recorded for 18% (2/11) of results from studies of rare disease tools versus the SF-36 (no data vs EQ-5D). For non-rare, disease-specific tools, results were discordant for 30% (25/84) and 35% (23/65) of studies against the SF-36 and EQ-5D, respectively. For symptom-specific tools, corresponding results were 36% (24/66) and 16% (5/31).

Conclusions
Generic HRQoL tools appear poorly correlated with disease/condition-specific tools, which indicates that adoption of Neutral Theory in the development and assessment of HRQoL tools could improve their relevance, accuracy, and utility in economic evaluations of health interventions.
Long-term condition management for prisoners: improving the processes between community and prison
Authors: Wright NMJ , Hankins F , Hearty P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Prisoner populations have a disproportionately high prevalence of risk factors for long-term conditions (LTCs), and movement between community and prisons is a period of potential disruption in the ongoing monitoring and management of LTCs.

Method
Nineteen qualitative interviews with staff, recruited by purposive sampling for professional background, were conducted to explore facilitators and barriers to screening, monitoring and medicines management for LTCs.

Results
There is variability in prisoner behaviours regarding bringing community GP-prescribed medication to prison following arrest and detention in police custody, which affects service ability regarding seamless continuation of community prescribing actions. Systems for actively inputting clinical data into existing, nationally agreed, electronic record templates for QOF monitoring are under-developed in prisons and such activity is dependent upon individual “enthusiast(s)”.

Conclusion
There is a pressing need to embed standardised QOF monitoring systems within an integrated community/prison commissioning framework, supported by connectivity between prison and community primary care records, including all activity related to QOF compliance.
The prevalence and prescribing patterns of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in older nursing home residents in different European countries and Israel: retrospective results from the EU SHELTER study
Authors: Lukačišinová Anna , Fialová Daniela , Peel Nancye May , Hubbard Ruth Eleanor , Brkic Jovana , Onder Graziano , Topinková Eva , Gindin Jacob , Shochat Tamar , Gray Leonard , Bernabei Roberto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs have high potential for developing frequent adverse drug events in older adults (e.g., psychomotor sedation, drug-related dementia, deliria, drug dependence, etc.). Knowledge of the prevalence and patterns of the use of BZDs/Z-drugs in vulnerable older patients is important in order to prevent and reduce the burden caused by their drug-related complications. Our study focused on international comparisons of the prevalence, country-specific prescribing patterns and risk factors of regular BZD/Z-drug use in nursing home (NH) residents.

Methods
This cross-sectional study retrospectively analysed data of 4156 NH residents, prospectively assessed in the Services and Health in the Elderly in Long TERm care (SHELTER) project conducted from 2009 to 2014. Residents aged 65+ in 57 NHs in 7 European countries and Israel were assessed by the InterRAI Long-Term Care Facilities instrument. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression models were used to describe the country-specific prevalence, patterns and risk factors of BZD/Z-drug use.

Results
The mean age of the participants was 83.4 ± 9.4 years, 73% were female and 27.7% used BZDs/Z-drugs. The prevalence of BZD/Z-drug use differed significantly across countries, ranging from 44.1% in Israel to 14.5% in Germany. The most frequently prescribed were zopiclone (17.8%), lorazepam (17.1%) and oxazepam (16.3%). Lorazepam, oxazepam and diazepam were used in most of the countries. Brotizolam, temazepam and zolpidem showed highest prevalence in Israel (99.4% of all regular users of this medication in the sample), the Netherlands (72.6%) and France (50.0%), respectively. Residing in Israel was the most significant factor associated with the use of BZDs/Z-drugs or BZDs only (odds ratio [OR] 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.8–9.2 and OR 9.7, 95%CI 6.5–14.5, respectively). The use of Z-drugs only was most significantly associated with residing in France (OR 21.0, 95%CI 9.0–48.9).

Conclusions
Despite global recommendations and warnings, the preference for and extent of use of individual BZDs and Z-drugs in vulnerable NH residents differ significantly across countries. The strong association with country of residence compared to clinical and functional factors denotes that prescribing habits, social, cultural, behavioural, and regulatory factors still play an important role in the current diverse use of these medications.
Predicting intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine among the general population using the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior model
Authors: Shmueli Liora 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
This study aim to explore the intentions, motivators and barriers of the general public to vaccinate against COVID-19, using both the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model.

Methods
An online survey was conducted among Israeli adults aged 18 years and older from May 24 to June 24, 2020. The survey included socio-demographic and health-related questions, questions related to HBM and TPB dimensions, and intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Associations between questionnaire variables and COVID-19 vaccination intention were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results
Eighty percent of 398 eligible respondents stated their willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine. A unified model including HBM and TPB predictor variables as well as demographic and health-related factors, proved to be a powerful predictor of intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine, explaining 78% of the variance (adjusted R squared = 0.78). Men (OR = 4.35, 95% CI 1.58–11.93), educated respondents (OR = 3.54, 95% CI 1.44–8.67) and respondents who had received the seasonal influenza vaccine in the previous year (OR = 3.31, 95% CI 1.22–9.00) stated higher intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Participants were more likely to be willing to get vaccinated if they reported higher levels of perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccine (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 2.79–7.22), of perceived severity of COVID-19 infection (OR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.58–3.51) and of cues to action (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.38–2.87), according to HBM, and if they reported higher levels of subjective norms (OR = 3.04, 95% CI 2.15–4.30) and self-efficacy (OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.54–2.72) according to TPB. Although half of the respondents reported they had not received influenza vaccine last year, 40% of them intended to receive influenza vaccine in the coming winter and 66% of them intended to receive COVID-19 vaccine.

Conclusions
Providing data on the public perspective and predicting intention for COVID-19 vaccination using HBM and TPB is important for health policy makers and healthcare providers and can help better guide compliance as the COVID-19 vaccine becomes available to the public.
A Q methodology study on divergent perspectives on CRISPR-Cas9 in the Netherlands
Authors: Schuijff Mirjam , De Jong Menno D. T. , Dijkstra Anne M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
CRISPR-Cas9, a technology enabling modification of the human genome, is developing rapidly. There have been calls for public debate to discuss its ethics, societal implications, and governance. So far, however, little is known about public attitudes on CRISPR-Cas9. This study contributes to a better understanding of public perspectives by exploring the various holistic perspectives Dutch citizens have on CRISPR-Cas9.

Methods
This study used Q methodology to identify different perspectives of Dutch citizens (N = 30) on the use of CRISPR-Cas9. The Q-sort method aims at segmenting audiences based on the structural characteristics of their perspectives. Participants individually ranked 32 statements about CRISPR-Cas9 and discussed their rankings in small groups. By-person factor analysis was performed using PQMethod. Participants’ contributions to the discussions were used to further make sense of the audience segments identified.

Results
Five perspectives on CRISPR-Cas9 were identified: (1) pragmatic optimism (2) concerned scepticism; (3) normative optimism; (4) enthusiastic support; and (5) benevolent generalism. Each perspective represents a unique position motivated by different ranking rationales. Sorting rationales included improving health, preventing negative impacts on society, and fear of a slippery slope. Overall, there is broad, but not universal support for medical uses of CRISPR-Cas9.

Conclusions
Research on CRISPR-Cas9 should prioritise the broadly supported applications of the technology. Research and public debates on CRISPR-Cas9, its uses, its broader implications, and the governance of CRISPR-Cas9 are recommended. A discourse that includes all perspectives can contribute to the embedding of future uses of CRISPR-Cas9 in society. This study shows that Q methodology followed by group discussions enables citizens to contribute meaningfully to discourses about research.
Anti-cancer & anti-metastasis properties of bioorganic-capped silver nanoparticles fabricated from Juniperus chinensis extract against lung cancer cells
Authors: Noorbazargan Hassan , Amintehrani Sobhan , Dolatabadi Aghigh , Mashayekhi Ainaz , Khayam Nazanin , Moulavi Pooria , Naghizadeh Mohammad , Mirzaie Amir , Mirzaei rad Fatmeh , Kavousi Mahsa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe current study evaluated the anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticles fabricated by Juniperus chinensis leaf extracts. The nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential and X-ray spectroscopy. Further, this study elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nanoparticles for anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on human lung cancer cells (A549) and compared them with commercial drug cisplatin. The size of the spherical nanoparticle was 12.96 nm with negative zeta potential. Up-regulation of caspase 3,9 and p53, Annexin V-FITC/PI, DAPI staining, and ROS production indicated the remarkable apoptotic effect of AgNPs compared to cisplatin. Moreover, down-regulation of MMP2/MMP9 scratch and matrigel assays revealed anti-metastatic properties of AgNPs. Cell cycle analysis and downregulation of cyclin D1 indicated cancer cell cessation in the G0/G1 phase. Overall, the results revealed that the green-synthetized AgNPs had anti-metastasis and anti-proliferation effects on lung cancer cells in comparison to cisplatin with lower side effects on the normal cell line.
Types of surgical patients enrolled in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs in the USA
Authors: Singh Sunitha M. , Liverpool Asha , Romeiser Jamie L. , Thacker Julie , Gan Tong J. , Bennett-Guerrero Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs have gained traction across US hospitals in the past two decades. Initially implemented for elective colorectal surgical procedures, ERAS has expanded to a variety of surgical service lines. There is little information regarding the extent to which various surgical service lines use ERAS.

Methods
A survey was performed to describe the prevalence of ERAS programs across surgical service lines in the USA. The survey had questions regarding the number of ERAS programs, operating rooms (ORs) and presence of anesthesia and/or surgery residency program at an institution. The survey was administered electronically to members of the American Society for Enhanced Recovery (ASER) and manually to participants at the 2018 Perioperative Quality and Enhanced Recovery Conference in San Francisco, CA.

Results
Responses were received from 88 unique institutions. The most commonly reported surgical service lines were colorectal (87%), gynecology (51%), orthopedic (49%), surgical oncology (39%), and urology (35%). A significant positive association was observed between the number of ORs and the number ERAS programs (Spearman’s Rho 0.5, p<0.0001). Furthermore, institutions that reported an anesthesia and/or surgery residency program had more ERAS programs (mean 5.0 ± 3.2) compared to those that did not (mean 2.0 ± 2.0) (Wilcoxon rank sum p< 0.001).

Conclusions
ERAS has expanded to a large extent outside of the colorectal surgery service line with increases notable in orthopedic surgery, obstetric/gynecology, surgical oncology, and urology procedures. Institutions with a higher number of ORs and the presence of an anesthesia and/or surgery residency program are associated with an increased number of ERAS programs.
Street-level workers, managers and institutional tensions: a comparative ethnography of healthcare practices of in/exclusion in three Italian public organisations
Authors: Perna Roberta 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPublic organisations are fundamental actors in migrant incorporation processes, as they are in charge of assessing migrants’ entitlement and providing access to welfare services. While a lot has been written on the individual determinants of street-level decisions, the role of organisational and institutional factors in shaping implementation practices has received little attention so far. By linking the street-level bureaucracy approach and the neo-institutionalist perspective in organisational analysis, this article investigates how public organisations mediate migrant incorporation processes in the field of healthcare. Drawing on a comparative ethnographic study of three public health organisations in an Italian region, the paper suggests that, in times of institutional tensions, managers’ priorities and framings of the issue, the ways they respond to decision-makers’ goals and allocate resources for implementing them, orient - and lead to variation in - street-level healthcare practices of in/exclusion for migrants with irregular status.
Management of Salivary Gland Malignancy: ASCO Guideline
Authors: Geiger Jessica L. , Ismaila Nofisat , Beadle Beth , Caudell Jimmy J. , Chau Nicole , Deschler Daniel , Glastonbury Christine , Kaufman Marnie , Lamarre Eric , Lau Harold Y. , Licitra Lisa , Moore Michael G. , Rodriguez Cristina , Roshal Anna , Seethala Raja , Swiecicki Paul , Ha Patrick 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSETo provide evidence-based recommendations for practicing physicians and other healthcare providers on the management of salivary gland malignancy.METHODSASCO convened an Expert Panel of medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, neuroradiology, pathology, and patient advocacy experts to conduct a literature search, which included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and prospective and retrospective comparative observational studies published from 2000 through 2020. Outcomes of interest included survival, diagnostic accuracy, disease recurrence, and quality of life. Expert Panel members used available evidence and informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline recommendations.RESULTSThe literature search identified 293 relevant studies to inform the evidence base for this guideline. Six main clinical questions were addressed, which included subquestions on preoperative evaluations, surgical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, appropriate radiotherapy techniques, the role of systemic therapy, and follow-up evaluations.RECOMMENDATIONSWhen possible, evidence-based recommendations were developed to address the diagnosis and appropriate preoperative evaluations for patients with a salivary gland malignancy, therapeutic procedures, and appropriate treatment options in various salivary gland histologies. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/head-neck-cancer-guidelines .
Über Zelldifferenzierung im Integument der Insekten und ihre Bedingungen
Authors: Henke Karl 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Die besonderen Beiträge, die das Integument der Insekten zu den Fragen der Zelldifferenzierung bietet, beruhen wesentlich auf der Vielzahl verschieden-artiger Differenzierungen, die bei dieser hochentwickelten und dabei doch kleinwüchsigen Tiergruppe auf einzelne große Spezialzellen verteilt oft auf engem Raum nebeneinander vorkommen, oder auch, in der Metamorphose durch Häutungen die sonst meist verborgene Fähigkeit der Zelle zu wieder-holten Differenzierungsleistungen demonstrierend, nacheinander von denselben Zellen hervorgebracht werden. Ein weiterer charakteristischer Zug in der Entwicklung des Insektenintegumentes ist ihre Abhängigkeit von einer Serie hormonaler Anstöße, in deren Gefolge nach jeder Häutung zunächst eine Mitosenperiode, danach die Herstellung einer neuen Kutikula stattfindet und schließlich die Häutungsdrüsen in Tätigkeit treten, die beim Vollzug der nächsten Häutung mitwirken. Im Lauf der Entwicklung verändert sich nun die Zusammensetzung des jeweils wirksamen Hormonsystems, und damit, allein in Abhängigkeit von ihm, auch die Differenzierungsleistung des Integuments. So bringt das Grundepithel eines holometabolen Insekts unabhängig von seinem Alter und seiner Vorgeschichte je nach dem hormonalen Milieu, dem es aus-gesetzt wird, entweder eine larvale oder eine pupale oder schließlich eine imaginale Kutikula hervor (Piepho, 1950,1951). Im normalen Entwicklungsgang erfährtes also eine zweimalige Umdifferenzierung. Daneben können im Epithel regionale Unterschiede in der Höhe der Schwelle gegenüber bestimmten hormonalen Faktoren bestehen und ein Muster aus verschiedenen nebeneinander auftretenden Kutikularbildungen erzeugen (Piepho & Heims, 1952). Besonders empfindliche Anzeiger sowohl für die hormonalen wie auch für andere die Zelldifferenzierung bestimmende Einflüsse finden sich aber unter den für die Insekten charakteristischen, in das Grundepithel eingefügten Kleinorganen, die als Borsten, Schuppen, Drüsen oder Sinnesorgane aller Art jeweils aus wenigen, zum Teil einzeln unterschiedlich differenzierten und zu einer bestimmten Grofie heranwachsenden Zellen zusammengesetzt sind (Henke, 1947,1951).
Étude de quelques phénomènes de radioprotection sur un organe embryonnaire de Poulet cultivéin vitro
Authors: Kirrmann par J. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAu cours de travaux antérieurs, nous avons montré que certaines substances radioprotectrices étaient capables de prévenir plus ou moins complètement l’apparition d’une certaine malformation chez l’embryon de Poulet après irradiation aux rayons X (Wolff & Kirrmann, 1954; Kirrmann, 1955, 1957a). De même, certains gaz, substitués à l’atmosphère, sont capables de modifier l’action tératogène des rayons X (Kirrmann, 1957b, 1959). Ces différents corps conservent-ils leur action sur un organe embryonnaire isolé de l’organisme et cultivé à l’aide d’une technique de culture organotypique? Le présent travail se propose de répondre à cette question, intéressante du point de vue du mode d’action des rayonnements ionisants sur la matière vivante, et du développement des organes embryonnaires en culture.
Some New Data concerning the Formation of the Definitive Endoblast in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Vakaet L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe origin of the primary deep layer in the chick blastoderm is a difficult problem, mainly because its formation commences during intra-uterine life. Yet this layer is not complete when the egg is laid. The process of completion is not yet uniformly interpreted. Some workers propose a concentric ingrowth from the germ-wall towards the centre of the blastoderm; Disse (1878) was the first to mention this. Others describe an anteriorly directed ingrowth exclusively from the posterior germ-wall—among them Duval (1888), Patterson (1909), and, more recently, Lutz (1955). Chen (1932) concludes from a study of the orientation of mitotic spindles that cell-proliferation, mainly taking place in the posterior germ-wall, is responsible for the completion of the endophyll. Isolated but multiple invagination of cells has been held partly responsible for the completion of the lower germ-layer. Nowack (1902) was the first to announce this opinion clearly; these cells were described as joining the endophyll, having descended from the ectophyll. Peter (1938), whose description of the stages of endophyll formation has become a classic, believes cell-proliferation to be the main factor in its completion. However, he admits addition of cells from the ectophyll. He moreover denies categorically that there is any relative movement of cells in the endophyll with respect to the ectophyll.
The Sex Ratio Before Uterine Implantation in the Golden Hamster
Authors: Sundell Gunhild 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBlastocysts from the golden hamster have been sexed at 3·5 days after mating, i.e. before implantation, by analysing metaphase plates for the presence of XX or XY chromosomes. Out of 98 embryos sexed, 63 were males and 35 females, giving a sex ratio of 180:100; this significantly deviates from a ratio of 1:1 (X2 = 8·00, p &lt; 0·01). The sex ratio among 167 young of the golden hamster was found to be 106:100. Some possibilities for the origin of this high sex ratio in early stages is discussed.
Axial Elongation in the Mouse and its Retardation in Homozygous Looptail Mice
Authors: Smith L. Jean , Stein Kathryn F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTMice homozygous for the mutation Looptail have shorter bodies than normal homozygous or heterozygous littermates. Shortening is relatively greater in the posterior portion of the embryo. The regression or the shortening of the primitive streak is retarded but the separation of notochord from gut occurs prematurely in the abnormal embryos. Umbilical cords are shorter in Lp/Lp mice than in normal embryos or in heterozygotes. The possible significance of these facts in relation to the open neural folds in the homozygous Lp/Lp mice is discussed.