bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large Scale Structural Optimization With Linear Goal Programming
Authors: El-Sayed Mohamed E. M. , Jang T. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method for solving large scale structural optimization problems using linear goal programming techniques. The method can be used as a multicriteria optimization tool since goal programming removes the difficulty of having to define an objective function and constraints. It also has the capacity of handling rank ordered design objectives or goals.
The method uses finite element analysis, linear goal programming techniques and successive linearization to obtain the solution for the nonlinear goal optimization problems. The general formulation of the structural optimization problem into a nonlinear goal programming form is presented. The successive linearization method for the nonlinear goal optimization problem is discussed. To demonstrate the validity of the method, as a design tool, the solution of the minimum weight structural optimization problem with stress constraints for 10, 25 and 200 truss problems are included.
A Multi-Objective Optimization Strategy With Priority Ranking of the Design Objectives
Authors: Matsumoto Masahide , Abe Jumpei , Yoshimura Masataka 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Generally, two types of priorities are considered among multiple objectives in the design of machine structures. One of these objectives is named the “hard objective”, which is the absolutely indispensable design requirement. The other is called the “soft objective”, which has lower priority order. This paper proposes a multi-objective structural optimization strategy with priority ranking of those design objectives. Further, this strategy is demonstrated on the actual example of a motorcycle frame structural design which has three design objectives, (1) an increase in static torsional rigidity, (2) a reduction of dynamic response level, and (3) a decrease in the weight of the motorcycle frame.
Design Sensitivity Derivatives for Isoparametric Elements As an Integrated Part of Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Zumwalt Kenneth W. , El-Sayed Mohamed E. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an approach for incorporating design sensitivity calculations into the finite element analysis. The formulation depends on the implicit differentiation approach and requires few additional calculations to obtain the design sensitivity derivatives. The implicit differentiation approach is developed and implemented to calculate the design sensitivities for continuum and structural isoparametric elements. To demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the developed approach some test cases using different structural and continuum element types are presented.
Integrated Strength and Manufacturing Process Design Using a Shape Optimization Approach
Authors: Grandhi Ramana V. , Modukuru Sesha C. , Malas James C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper considers a simultaneous design of product and manufacturing process. The product requirements include strength properties, whereas the manufacturing process goals include cost, quality, and microstructure to produce defect-free parts on a repeatable basis. The concept is demonstrated by designing a turbine disk manufactured using a forging process. A simplified analysis is used in forging process simulation. Formulation of the integrated design problem is emphasized.
Workstation-Based Man-in-the-Loop Simulation for Multibody Systems
Authors: Chang J. L. , Kim S. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a general approach to achieving real-time man-in-the-loop simulation for multibody dynamic systems. Emerging real-time dynamic simulation methods are used to demonstrate the potential for creating interactive design workstations with a human operator in the control loop. The recursive formulation of multibody system dynamics with relative coordinates is employed for efficient numerical analysis and implementation on parallel computer. A workstation-based simulator is developed by integrating the real-time dynamics program, a realistic graphics display, and the operator’s control interface. High speed computer graphics techniques are employed to create realistic visual cues for the simulator. Real-time man-in-the-loop simulation is analyzed, as regards the goal of real clock time, not only with respect to dynamic simulation but also with respect to graphics display and the operator interface. Synchronization of the simulation is found to be most important for realism of the simulator. A backhoe simulation is implemented to demonstrate the capability for man-in-the-loop simulation. The backhoe simulator is developed by modeling backhoe dynamics and hydraulic systems with the recursive formulation to achieve real-time simulation, developing an interactive graphics program for visual cues, and interfacing the operator’s control action with the dynamic simulation through a pair of joysticks.
The Generation of Contact Surfaces of Indexing Cam Mechanisms: A Unified Approach
Authors: Gonzalez-Palacios M. A. , Angeles J. , Cai Ch. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper the ruled surfaces of two rigid bodies that are in contact while moving with a prescribed time-varying angular-velocity ratio are generated. These are then used as the contact surfaces of indexing cam mechanisms. In this way, planar, spherical and spatial mechanisms can be synthesized in a unified framework. The approach is illustrated with various examples.
An Energy Efficient Quadruped With Two-Stage Equilibrator
Authors: Shin E. , Streit D. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A first consideration of the applications of mechanical equilibrators to legged locomotion is presented. Equilibrators are shown to eliminate “geometric work” while allowing simultaneous dual actuation of each leg joint of a quadruped. Gravitational forces on both the vehicle body and legs are decoupled from actuator force/torque requirements. In addition, for slow speeds and when leg kinetic energy is ignored, both joint actuator torques and joint actuator work approach zero. Dynamic simulation demonstrates that proper equilibrator design can reduce peak torque of leg actuators by more than 90% and offer a vehicle specific resistance 70% smaller than that of tracked vehicles.
Design of Cartesian Trajectories and Model Based Control for Robotic Manipulators
Authors: Balkan Tuna , Kaftanoglu Bilgin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, design and calculation of Cartesian trajectories for robotic manipulators are discussed with a model-based control system at the joint level. The synthetic generation of the continuous path is described and from a predetermined velocity profile and evaluated path length, the time frame of the motion is computed. In the definition of end-effector orientations, instead of using impractical Euler angles, a practical method suitable to industrial applications is given. The trajectory generation and control algorithms are applied to a computer model of a PUMA type manipulator following a three dimensional path. Open-loop joint variable torques are plotted for the given scenerio. Joint variable position and velocity errors are discussed when certain simplifications are performed on the control law for on-line control of manipulators.
A Relative Coordinate Formulation for Variational Solid Modeling
Authors: Fogle Martin A. , Wu J. Kirk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A minimal formulation using relative coordinates is presented for variational solid modeling. Computational methods developed for the kinematic modeling of mechanical systems are used to derive a minimal problem formulation. First, the concept of arbitrary coordinates is introduced to reduce the dimension of the constraint vector. Next, the variational problem is divided into two sub-problems. This is done by modeling the problem as a graph, which is then analyzed to identify open loops and decoupled loops. The third method used to reduce the size of the variational problem is to transform the sub-problems from a Cartesian coordinate formulation to a relative coordinate formulation. Once identified, the open loop sub-problem is solved trivially. Finally, the decoupled loop sub-problem is solved by optimization techniques which minimize the total constraint violation. Compared to the traditional approach, the relative coordinate method has a much smaller formulation, is highly convergent, and is able to evaluate under constrained geometry.
An Intelligent Interactive Layout CAD System for Industrial Plants
Authors: Kameyama Ken-ichi , Kondo Koichi , Ohtomi Koichi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an industrial plant layout system with an intelligent interactive user-interface. This system offers a powerful design environment, in which a designer can concurrently draw and check a layout plan, which can not be realized on a conventional plant layout CAD system. The major function of the system is the automatic constraint checking of each designer’s drafting action. This function is achieved by the integration of a geometric modeler, frame representation, and production rules. The geometric modeler is used for extracting the information for data updating and constraint checking from graphical objects, which are directly manipulated by a designer. Frame representation is used for representing the attributes of the equipments and the areas, and these attributes are handled by production rules. Production rules are used for representing the constraint checking and data updating procedures, and can be executed as required.
Proving the Labeled Interval Calculus for Inferences on Catalogs
Authors: Habib Walid , Ward Allen C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The “labeled interval calculus” is a formal system that performs quantitative inferences about sets of artifacts under sets of operating conditions. It refines and extends the idea of interval constraint propagation, and has been used as the basis of a program called a “mechanical design compiler,” which provides the user with a “high level language” in which design problems for systems to be built of cataloged components can be quickly and easily formulated. The compiler then selects optimal combinations of catalog numbers. Previous work has tested the calculus empirically, but only parts of the calculus have been proven mathematically. This paper presents a new version of the calculus and shows how to extend the earlier proofs to prove the entire system. It formalizes the effects of toleranced manufacturing processes through the concept of a “selectable subset” of the artifacts under consideration. It demonstrates the utility of distinguishing between statements which are true for all artifacts under consideration, and statements which are merely true for some artifact in each selectable subset.
Generalized Measures of Manufacturability
Authors: Jansson David G. , Shankar Srinivasa Ravi , Polisetty Francis S. K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on the development of a framework for the evaluation of design concepts early in the design process through the use of a set of Generalized Manufacturabi1ity Indices (GMI). The indices are aimed at providing designers with a deeper insight into design issues which affect manufacturabi1ity than is available from a pure cost estimate. It is argued that at very early stages of design, cost estimates are inappropriate. Also, the GMI’s provide a more quantitative estimate of the manufacturability of a design than the use of design guidelines. The generalized nature of the GMI’s enables application of this approach to very dissimilar designs. The merging of manufacturing issues upstream in the design process through the framework presented here, is expected to increase both the speed and quality of product design.
Two Robust, Point-in-Polygon Tests Based on the 4 × 4 Determinant Method
Authors: Yamaguchi Fujio , Niizeki Masatoshi , Fukunaga Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Two new, contrastive point-in-polygon algorithms based on the 4 × 4 determinant method are proposed. By employing the error-free computations of the 4 × 4 determinant method, the algorithms can be very robust. First, a brief introduction to the 4 × 4 determinant method is presented. Secondly, the ideas of reconstructing, in two contrastive ways, a polygon from a sequence of point data are explained and then two algorithms derived from the ideas are presented. Thirdly, characteristics of both algorithms are discussed and compared. The complete programs of the two algorithms are shown.
Recognizing Novel Uses for Familiar Plans
Authors: Adelson Beth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Analogical design and invention is a central task in human cognition. Often during the process the designer/inventor gets stuck; backs off from the problem; and only later, after having put the problem aside, discovers that some familiar plan can be used in a novel way to solve the problem. We describe a system which uses a causal case memory to check the side effects, preconditions, etc. of incoming events in order to model this phenomenon.
Research in Design Theory and Methodology in West Germany
Authors: Hundal M. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Current research in design methods in the Federal Republic of Germany is reviewed. VDI guideline 2221 is discussed. The paper looks at basic research in design theory and methodology, application of the methodology to computer-aided conceptual and embodiment design, development of intelligent CAD systems, use of expert systems in CAD, and understanding thought processes in designing. References to the publications of the past three years are given.
A Formal Approach to Structural Design Automation Using Predicate Logic
Authors: Lakmazaheri Sivand , Rasdorf William J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The common approach to engineering software development involves the identification of relevant concepts, relations between concepts, and strategies for manipulating concepts and relations in an informal manner. We believe that although the informal approach to the identification and utilization of engineering knowledge may be sufficient for a certain class of problems, it fails to systematically support the development and study of complex automated (intelligent) engineering systems. Therefore, a formal approach is needed for such developments and studies.
In this paper a formal theory that captures the knowledge associated with the physical behavior of structural systems is formulated. The physical behavior of structural systems is defined as the response (member displacements and member forces) of the structure to its environment (applied loads and boundary conditions). Predicate logic is used as the underlying formal language of the theory and the resolution theorem proving strategy is used for reasoning about the theory. The use of the formal theory for the analysis and synthesis of structural systems is illustrated and several research areas where the formal approach shows promise are discussed.
Most-Probable-Point-Locus Reliability Method in Standard Normal Space
Authors: Khalessi M. R. , Wu Y.-T. , Torng T. Y. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a new structural reliability analysis iteration procedure based on the concept of most probable point locus (MPPL). Using a new quadratic search algorithm, the proposed procedure examines the global behavior of the limit-state function, g, along the MPPL in the standard normal space in search of the most probable point (MPP) on the g = o surface, and identifies unusual conditions such as multiple MPPs. During the iteration procedure, the generated information is updated after each sensitivity analysis. This action helps the analyst to minimize the number of computer runs and determine the next step. By adopting two efficient convergence criteria, the proposed procedure is demonstrated to be significantly more efficient than the commonly used reliability analysis procedures, and is suitable to be integrated with existing general-purpose finite element computer programs for nondeterministic structural analysis.
Probabilistic Stress Analysis Methods
Authors: Weber M. A. , Penny R. K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The paper starts by reviewing some of the current concepts in assessing the effects of uncertainty in structural components — particularly those of Monte Carlo simulation methods and stochastic finite element methods. The review is followed by results of Monte Carlo simulations of thin shell components, initially designed deterministically, and of a built-in beam, analysed using both simulation and stochastic methods. Typical examples which are considered are a sphere/cylinder nozzle intersection with elastic and creep loading and a built-in beam with a central load. The results allow the evaluation of the most sensitive parameters and the assessment of their effects on the component response to be made.
Exact Elasticity Solutions for Stresses and Deflections in Curved Beams and Rings of Exponential and T-Sections
Authors: Bagci Cemil 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Exact elasticity solutions for stresses and deflections (displacements) in curved beams and rings of varying thicknesses are developed using polar elasticity and state of plane stress. Basic forms of differential equations of equilibrium, stress functions, and differential equations of compatibility are given. They are solved to develop expressions for radial, tangential, and shearing stresses for moment, force, and combined loadings. Neutral axis location for each type of loading is determined. Expressions for displacements are developed utilizing strain-displacement relationships of polar elasticity satisfying boundary conditions on displacements. In case of full rings stresses are as in curved beams with properly defined moment loading, but displacements differ satisfying different boundary conditions. The developments for constant thicknesses are used to develop solutions for curved beams and rings with T-sections. Comparative numerical results are given.
The Use of Qualitative Physics for Integrated Design Object Modeling
Authors: Kiriyama Takashi , Tomiyama Tetsuo , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses a theory and its implementation of integrated design object modeling for intelligent CAD. Models from different aspects must be correlated at the level of their background theories, so that the system can derive relationships among models from knowledge about the physical world. The metamodel concept proposed in this paper is a framework for integrating design object models in this manner. In order to implement the metamodel, we need representations of concepts about physical phenomena and a method for reasoning out the relationships among the concepts. Qualitative physics plays two roles for this purpose. The first role is to serve as a representation framework of concepts and their relationships. The second role is to serve as a reasoning method for generating aspect models and deriving qualitative behaviors from the aspect models. The idea of the metamodel is demonstrated by a design system, which provides the designer with physical features to build a primary model, helps to generate aspect models from the primary model, and maintains consistency among the aspect models.
Design for Die Casting: A Group Technology Based Approach
Authors: Poli Corrado , Shanmugasundaram Shyam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an alternative approach to the rules-of-thumb based design of die castings. It describes a systematic, knowledge-based approach for drawing a designer’s attention to those features of a die casting which tend to increase manufacturing cost, so that designers can minimize difficult to produce features. Unlike the heuristic rules-of-thumb approach found in handbooks and textbooks, the knowledge-based approach discussed here provides both qualitative as well as quantitative feedback concerning a proposed design. An example illustrates use of the system.
Making Sense of Prototyping Technologies for Product Design
Authors: Wall Matthew B. , Ulrich Karl T. , Flowers Woodie C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Firms that design mechanical and electro-mechanical products confront a variety of difficult issues in their prototyping activities. For a given part, how can a choice among fabrication technologies be made? Where should investments in new prototyping technology be focused? How can new and existing prototyping technologies be evaluated? Our primary goal has been to develop a systematic method of evaluating prototyping processes in order to determine the best process for a given situation. This paper reports on a field study conducted at the Kodak Apparatus Division. Our data is drawn from (1) a user survey of prototyping perceptions and needs, (2) a survey to determine the importance of various prototype part performance attributes, and (3) estimates of the fabrication time, cost, and part performance for 104 parts and four prototyping processes.
In Search of QFD
Authors: Steiner Mark W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Development and application of new design methodologies to improve product and process is not foreign to GE. Yet, when Don Clausing and representatives from FORD introduced us to QFD, we were puzzled by the level of interest on the part of these people and others. Much of what we heard sounded like practical common sense methods. What visible evidence existed of QFD was manifested in strange, complicated charts that appeared to be in direct conflict with current efforts within GE to reduce bureaucracy and paperwork. QFD sounded like just another three letter acronym. Its direct translation into words (ie. Quality Function Deployment) provided little insight into why anyone should use it.
Design Through Selection: The Use of QFD in the Attribute Generation Process
Authors: Bascaran Eduardo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Selection problems in conceptual design arise whenever one out of a number of possible solutions has to be chosen based on multiple criteria. Among the variety of approaches that have been suggested in the literature to tackle engineering selection problems, in this paper we focus on the approach proposed by Kuppuraju et al. (1985). The approach involves: the generation of solution concepts, the selection of the “most-likely-to-succeed” concepts for further development into feasible alternatives and the formulation and solution of selection decision support problems (DSP) to rank the alternatives in order of preference using multiple attributes. In this paper we propose to enhance the process of formulating a selection DSP by introducing the use of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) as an auxiliary technique to aid in the identification of attributes. An example problem is presented to illustrate the material.
Evaluation of Group Design in Engineering
Authors: McMahon Edward H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In group design simultaneous input from multiple individuals, communications between group members, and management of the group effort make the process difficult to study. This paper describes the preliminary results of a computer-based system which was developed to study group design in engineering.
Three groups of engineering designers were studied using the computer based group design system (GDS). Observations were made regarding the impact of management style (methodology) on the design process, the impact of communications on the overall group activity, the sequence of transactions leading to the conceptual design decision, and the involvement of group members. The use of systematic procedures appears to encourage more equal participation, a decision less influenced by individual choice, and reduced authority hierarchy.