bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Yikkity Yak, Who Said That?’ The Epistemology of Anonymous Assertions
Authors: Ivy Veronica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, Veronica Ivy argues against a “punitive model of assertoric behavior,” according to which speakers generally assert properly only because hearers have the ability to punish speakers in some sense when they assert improperly. Ivy argues against this by showing that we assert truthfully even when there are no punitive disincentives for lying, and we feel badly for asserting falsely even when there are no punitive consequences. In this way, Ivy claims that speakers tend to experience an internal duty of honesty and truthfulness and this is what drives assertoric practices. Given this, Ivy maintains that speakers should adopt a default attitude of trust toward assertions, including those that are anonymous. This trust is defeasible: if speakers have strong positive reasons to doubt the assertion, then these reasons serve as defeaters. However, Ivy argues that anonymity itself is not a defeater and, thus, doubting anonymous assertions is the exception, not the rule.
Optical Networks: An Overview
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We present an overview of optical networks, beginning with a background of today’s telecommunication networks and the roles of optical fibers therein. Next, we describe the chronology of developments in telecommunication networks starting from the days of public-switched telephone network (PSTN) offering ‘plain old telephone service’ as the basic service, followed by the divestiture of Bell Laboratories and subsequent developments of the demonopolized regime of telecommunication networks with multiple services offered to users by the same network providers. Then we describe the salient features of the two generations of optical networks for various network segments, including single-wavelength and WDM-based LANs/MANs, accesses networks, metro and long-haul networks, datacenters, and elastic optical networks. Finally, we discuss briefly the possible network architectures with the evolving optical-networking technologies. (124 words)
Optical Local/Metropolitan and Storage-Area Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first generation of local/metropolitan-area networks (LANs/MANs) used copper-based media, spread out typically across a building or a campus under one autonomous administration. With the arrival of optical-fiber transmission, considerable developments took place to enhance the speed and size of these copper-based LANs and MANs, by using optical fibers over various possible topologies, such as bus, ring, and star. We begin with the earlier experiments carried out on optical LANs/MANs in various research groups, and then present some of the standardized optical LANs/MANs, such as distributed queue dual bus (DQDB), fiber-distributed digital interface (FDDI), and different versions of high-speed Ethernet (1/10/40/100 Gbps). Finally, we describe some of the storage-area networks (SANs) augmented by optical fiber transmission, where small locally networked clusters of servers and storage devices are accessed by workstations through LANs such as, HIPPI, ESCON, and fiber channel. (139 words)
Optical Access Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Access networks have evolved relentlessly over time in diverse directions. For example, PSTN initially provided only landline voice services in the last mile and later offered data-access using dial-up, ISDN, and ADSL technologies. Similarly, cable TV and mobile communication networks introduced data and voice/video services, while LANs and Wi-Fi networks evolved offering voice and video services. Following these developments, the demands for larger bandwidth and coverage area in the access segment increased and led to optical-access networking solutions using passive optical networks (PONs). With two wavelengths for the upstream/downstream transmissions over tree topology, PONs use TDM for the downstream transmission to the users and TDMA in the upstream with the dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) scheme. This chapter focuses on PONs, presenting the building blocks and MAC protocols using appropriate DBA schemes. Finally, the chapter presents various PON standards: EPON, GPON, 10G EPON, and XG-PON. (144 words)
WDM Access Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In TDM PONs, or simply PONs, the transmission capacity of optical fibers remains under-utilized with single-wavelength transmissions for both upstream and downstream traffic. Use of WDM transmission in PONs can significantly enhance the overall network capacity and coverage area. WDM transmission in PONs can be realized in several ways, such as by using WDM exclusively or combining WDM with TDM, leading to WDM PONs and TDM-WDM PONs (TWDM PONs). This chapter gives several candidate physical configurations to realize WDM and TWDM PONs, and describes some useful dynamic wavelength-bandwidth allocation (DWBA) schemes for the latter. We also briefly discuss the needs of open access to the PON-based access networks for the various stakeholders, such as service providers and network providers. Finally, we describe briefly the roles of optical networking in the access segment of mobile networks. (135 words)
WDM Metro Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
With increasing traffic, legacy SONET/SDH-metro rings have mostly been upgraded using point-to-point WDM (PPWDM) transmission. For cost-effective realization, WDM metro networks also employ wavelength-routed optical networking (WRON), where a wavelength is bypassed optically at intermediate nodes. Metro networks are generally split into core and edge rings, with the metro-core ring interfacing with the long-haul backbone and the metro-edge ring interconnecting the metro-core ring with the access segment. The PPWDM/WRON transmission is employed with each wavelength using circuit-switched SONET/SDH transmission, though the metro-edge rings can also use packet-switching to enhance bandwidth utilization with bursty traffic from the access segment. In this chapter, we consider first WDM metro networks using PPWDM/WRON-based rings and present their design methodologies using LP-based and heuristic schemes. We describe some packet-switched WDM ring testbeds and examine the possible improvement in bandwidth utilization therein, as compared to the circuit-switched WRON rings. (143 words)
Transmission Impairments and Power Consumption in Optical Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The physical layer in optical networks suffers from various transmission impairments due to the non-ideal passive and active devices used therein. For example, losses in various passive optical devices and fiber links, noise generated in optical receivers and amplifiers, dispersion and nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers, and crosstalk in optical switches can degrade the quality of the received signal at some destination nodes, thereby increasing the receiver BER beyond an acceptable limit. However, power consumption in various active devices across a network keeps increasing with the growth of network traffic and size, demanding power-aware designs of the network elements and protocols. Here, we examine the impact of various transmission impairments in optical networks, followed by possible impairment-aware designs for different networking segments. Finally, we present some power-aware design approaches for optical networks. (132 words)
Elastic Optical Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In WDM networks using a fixed frequency grid, transmission rates can vary for different connections, leading to inefficient bandwidth utilization in optical fibers with lower-rate connections using wide frequency slots. In elastic optical networks (EONs), the frequency grid is made flexible, thereby improving the effective network capacity. A flexible frequency grid consists of smaller frequency slots, and a transmitting node can use multiple slots using suitable modulation techniques, such as optical OFDM, Nyquist-WDM and optical arbitrary waveform generation (OAWG). However, this requires bandwidth-variable transceivers (BVTs) and other devices to set up variable-rate connections. First we discuss the design challenges in EONs and describe the evolving technologies for the network elements. Then we present some offline (LP-based and heuristic) design methodologies for EONs to carry out routing and spectral allocation (RSA) for the required connections. Finally, we present some online fragmentation-aware RSA schemes for the operational EONs. (146 words)
Nation States and Political Unions
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A political union is a distinct form of polity. Unlike the nation-state, it does not require consensus on demos (the people), telos (purpose), ethos (common values) or the locus of sovereignty. At one time it was believed that unions would give way to nation-states in the process of modernization. In recent years, the concept of union has been revived, to refer both to plurinational states and to international bodies like the European Union. Thinking about sovereignty has been revised to encompass shared and divided sovereignty. Union has several dimensions, including political, social and economic, which do not necessarily coincide in space. Managing unions requires distinct forms of statecraft to balance centrifugal and centripetal tendencies.
Union at the Centre
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The devolution settlement of 1999 introduced radical changes at the periphery but changed almost nothing at the centre. England remained subject directly to the Westminster Parliament and UK Government, so the system is asymmetrical. Intergovernmental relations are weakly institutionalized. While UK Governments have not systematically intervened in devolved matters, Whitehall departments are often insensitive to the effects of their decisions on Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England is not represented in the constitutional settlement but an English level of politics and administration has emerged by subtraction of the devolved territories. An inchoate sense of dissatisfaction has crystalized around the issues of ‘English votes for English laws’ and the supposedly favourable treatment for Scotland I public expenditure. As long as the English Question is poorly specified, a more complete answer to it remains elusive.
The Public and the Union
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Public attitudes to the Union are complex. Citizens in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are aware of the choice between British and local identity. Most of them combine both but with different intensities. Citizens in England are now willing to make the same distinctions. There has not been a marked increase in non-British identities in recent years but their political significance has changed. Support for independence in Scotland has increased and is linked to identity. Support for reunification in Northern Ireland fell after the 1999 settlement but has fluctuated since. In Wales, a narrow majority for devolution in the referendum of 1997 shifted towards broad support as the National Assembly (now Senedd) matured. Brexit led to an increase in support for Scottish independence and Irish reunification but not to a decisive degree. There has not been a significant increase in English identity or support for an English Parliament. Citizens in England are not mostly opposed to devolution for the other territories and are, by international standards, often relaxed about the prospect of the secession of Scotland and Northern Ireland. There is a clear link between strong English identity and support for leaving the European Union.
The Future of Union
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The UK Union is facing strong centrifugal pressures, especially in the wake of Brexit. This is not because fundamental political values differ among the constituent nations. It is rather that the UK is facing the same forces of spatial rescaling and pressures on the welfare state as other European states. This is refracted as a crisis of the territorial polity. Unionism, which was historically quite successful as a form of statecraft within Great Britain, has lost its touch. In seeking to combat the peripheral nationalisms, it has itself become a form of nationalism, with the idea of Britishness bearing too heavy a burden. The rival nationalisms of the periphery have not, for their part, forged a comprehensive counter-narrative of state and nation, so that the Union survives by default.
When Can a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling be Made?
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 5 discusses the requirement that an answer to the preliminary question must be relevant for the resolution of the main proceedings. It analyses when a preliminary ruling must be assumed to be irrelevant to the decision in the main proceedings, and it discusses the so-called Foglia principle according to which the Court declines jurisdiction to reply to questions of interpretation which are submitted to it within the framework of a contrived case. Chapter 5 also examines when a preliminary reference is precluded because the same issue is, has been, or could be subject to a direct action before the Court of Justice. Here it first examines the relationship between, on the one hand, the preliminary procedure and, on the other hand, Articles 258 and 259 TFEU concerning infringement proceedings. Next, it analyses the relationship between the preliminary procedure and Article 263 TFEU concerning actions for annulment before the Court of Justice (TWD-doctrine).
The Form and Content of a Reference
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe procedure for preliminary references is relatively unregulated. The Court of Justice has, however, gradually laid down a number of requirements for how a reference should be formulated. Chapter 8 identifies these requirements and makes recommendations as to how a reference should be framed. The referring court must ensure that the order for reference is thorough. Thus, the order should clearly identify the question referred, it should provide information both about the facts of the case and about national law, and the reference must be understandable without the need to refer to other documents. Chapter 8 also examines the urgent preliminary ruling procedure in the area of freedom, security and justice.
A Modern Diotima
Authors: Buchenau Stefanie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Johanna Charlotte Unzer (1725–1782), born Ziegler, is the author of the first metaphysical treatise intended specifically for women. In the preface of this treatise, published in 1751, she justifies her ‘unhabitual’ enterprise, emphasizing that her intention is not to instruct but only to please her female readership. A closer glance, however, reveals a genuine philosophical intention and an active participation in the debate on popular philosophy and aesthetics in Halle. Challenging an all-too narrow and all-too mathematical conception of practical philosophy, Unzer advocates a dynamic model of philosophy as a love of wisdom, and a philosophy of beauty, poetry, and aesthetics. Fundamentally, these are ancient and mostly Platonic ideas, and among her intellectual circle Unzer stands out as a modern Diotima. But on account of their distinctively modern premises, these ideas likewise take a particularly modern shape, and they illustrate a certain Platonic reversal incipient in Wolffianism itself.
Elise Reimarus
Authors: Winegar Reed 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Elise Reimarus’s role in two of eighteenth-century Germany’s most heated intellectual controversies: the Fragment and Pantheism Controversies. In particular, the chapter considers how Reimarus’s Enlightenment views (including her own freethinking, deistic beliefs) informed her participation in the two controversies but also raise a puzzle—namely, why does Reimarus, a staunch defender of public reason and free speech, seem to have balked at the public disclosure of key information in both controversies? In response to this puzzle, the chapter argues that Reimarus’s reticence was motivated in large part by her prudential outlook regarding public discourse—specifically, by her worry that personal polemics and heated disputes threatened to corrupt the rational, public discourse required for Enlightenment progress.
Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel on the Status of Women in the State
Authors: Sabourin Charlotte 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel, mayor of Königsberg, was a friend and former student of Immanuel Kant. This chapter investigates Hippel’s plea for the improvement of the civil status of women in eighteenth-century Germany. Hippel argues that men and women are equal and that this equality should lead to similar civil status. On these grounds, he shows that the Enlightenment is bound to be self-defeating if women are excluded from the public sphere. In doing so, he proposes a feminist appropriation of some of Kant’s ideas—in particular by revisiting the categorical imperative. Hippel’s proposals thus provide support to the idea that the legal subordination of women is a problem for the enactment of the Enlightenment broadly construed, and even more so in a Kantian perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Peck Imogen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This introduction outlines the scope and purpose of the book and presents its key arguments. It engages with the existing historiography on the memory of Britain’s Civil Wars, demonstrating that the rich memorial culture of England’s republican regimes has been almost entirely overlooked. It contends that, by exploring multiple manifestations of memory, this book presents a more complete and nuanced picture of the memory of a catastrophic event in early modern England than has hitherto been articulated. It also situates the study within a wider literature on memory and the experience of post-war states both within and beyond early modernity. It articulates the book’s methodological approach, its wide-ranging and varied source base, and the implications that the study has for our understanding of the politics and society of 1650s England, the nature of early modern memory, and post-civil war states more broadly.
Republican Recollections
Authors: Peck Imogen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the attempts that the governments’ officials and supporters made to shape the public memory of the British Civil Wars. The republics owed their very existence to the outcome of these conflicts, and successive regimes made a concerted effort to craft a version of the recent past that would legitimate the new state. It demonstrates that, in achieving this task, three themes were particularly prevalent: the culpability of the King; the providential nature of the Parliament’s victories; and the cruel and treacherous actions of the Scots. These memories were not, however, entirely unproblematic. Remembering the recent past often conflicted with other political goals, not least the desire to engender reconciliation and the peaceful settlement of the state. Torn between these competing impulses of remembrance and reconciliation, the republics faced—and ultimately failed to resolve—a challenge that has continued to trouble post-war states down to the present day.
Memories in Everyday Discourse
Authors: Peck Imogen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter illuminates one of the shadowiest corners of our understanding of early modern memory: the recollections of ordinary citizens. Drawing primarily on legal records, it reconstructs the multiplicity of ways in which men and women from across the social spectrum remembered the British Civil Wars and explores the wider social and cultural significance of these recollections. It argues that memories of the recent past acted, variously, as an articulation and affirmation of identity, expression of defiance, source of solidarity, locus of hope, and as a strategic and descriptive device. Moreover, the chapter demonstrates that while some people’s recollections of the recent past were influenced by attempts to shape public memory, people also had the capacity to subvert, co-opt, and reject these interpretations. It emphasizes the dynamic nature of early modern memory and the creativity and agency of those who deployed it.
Introduction
Authors: von der Goltz Anna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s protagonists and main subject: the other ‘68ers, a group of centre-right activists who had participated in the West German student movement of the late 1960s and 1970s and later commemorated their efforts as a form of democratic resistance against left-wing radicals. It argues that a close examination of the other ‘68ers’ ideas, experiences, repertoires, and remarkable career trajectories enables us to rethink the history of 1968 and its afterlives in important ways. Studying the hitherto neglected role these individuals played at the time, as well as their life paths and long-term impact on West German political culture, opens up new vistas for understanding the history of protest in 1968, the late Federal Republic, and the role that generation played in postwar Germany. The Introduction also discusses the different sources used for this study, including the oral history methodology on which parts of the book are based.
The (Ir)Resistible Rise of the Other ‘68ers
Authors: von der Goltz Anna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The book’s final chapter traces how many of the protagonists of this book became a major public phenomenon around the time that Helmut Kohl was elected Chancellor in 1982. It charts the other ‘68ers’ short ‘march through the institutions’ and assesses their programmatic, strategic, and cultural impact on the CDU from the 1970s into the 1980s. Second, it analyses the role that commemorations of 1968 and generational claims played in their rise to public prominence. It shows that the other ‘68ers helped to shape memories of the student movement in important ways and, from the 1980s into the early 2000s, were key players in the memory wars about how exactly 1968 had transformed West German politics and society.
Do we represent peripersonal space?
Authors: Klein Colin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Work in both animals and humans has demonstrated that the brain specifically tracks the space near the body—the so-called ‘peripersonal space’ (PPS). These representations appear to be multimodal and expressed in body-centred coordinates. They also play an important role in defence of the body from threat, manual action within PPS, and the use of tools—the latter, notably, ‘extending’ PPS to encompass the tool itself. Yet different authors disagree about important aspects of these representations, including how many there are. I suggest that the questions about the nature and number of PPS representations cannot be separated from the question of the mathematical basis of the corresponding representational spaces. I distinguish cartographic from functional bases for representation, suggesting that the latter provides both a plausible account and support a single-representation view. I conclude with reflections on functional bases and what they show about representation in cognitive science.