bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a flow cytometric test for G6PD‐deficient erythrocytes
Authors: Kapadia Alpeshkumar Bipinbhai , Sharma Prashant , Jain Karuna , Sachdeva Man Updesh Singh , Bose Parveen Lata , Gupta Minakshi , Khadwal Alka Rani , Bal Amanjit , Das Reena , Varma Neelam 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveGlucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, an X‐linked recessive disorder, is the commonest erythrocytic enzymopathy worldwide. Reliable diagnosis and severity prediction in G6PD‐deficient/heterozygous females remain challenging. A recently developed flow cytometric test for G6PD deficiency has shown promise in precisely identifying deficient females. This paper presents our experiences with this test in a subtropical setting and presents a modification in flow cytometric data acquisition strategy.MethodsThe methaemoglobin reduction + ferryl Hb generation‐based flow cytometric G6PD test was compared with the screening methaemoglobin reduction test (MRT) and confirmatory G6PD enzyme activity assay (EAA) in 20 G6PD‐deficient males, 22 G6PD‐heterozygous/deficient females and 20 controls. Stained cells were also assessed for bright/dim G6PD activity under a fluorescent microscope.ResultsFlow cytometry separated and quantified %bright cells in heterozygous/deficient females, objectively classifying them into 6 normal (>85% bright cells), 14 intermediate (10‐85%) and two G6PD‐deficient (<10% bright cells). Concordance with MRT was 89% (55/62 cases) and with EAA was 77% (48/62 cases). Fluorometrically predicted violet laser excitation (405‐nm) with signal acquisition in the 425–475 nm region was a technical advancement noted for the first time in this paper.ConclusionFlow cytometry/fluorescence microscopy represent technically straightforward methods for the detection and quantification of G6PD‐deficient erythrocytes. Based on our results, we recommend their application as a first‐line investigation to screen females who are prescribed an oxidant drug like primaquine or dapsone.
On the Global Behavior of a Geometric PDAV Controller by Means of a Geometrically Exact Linearization
Authors: Ramp Michalis , Papadopoulos Evangelos 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A complex motion encountered in a number of robotic, industrial, and defense applications is the motion of a rigid body when one of its body-fixed axes tracks a desired pointing direction while it rotates at high angular velocity around the pointing direction (PDAV); during this motion, high frequency precession/nutation oscillations arise. This work analyzes the global/local closed-loop (CL) behavior induced by a developed geometric, PDAV controller and studies the high frequency precession/nutation oscillations that characterize PDAV motions. This is done via geometrically exact linearization and via simulation techniques that amount to charting the smooth CL vector fields on the manifold. A method to quickly estimate the frequency of the precession/nutation oscillations is developed and can be used for sizing actuators. A thorough understanding of the behavior of the CL flow induced by the PDAV controller is achieved, allowing the control engineer to anticipate/have a rough estimate of the system CL response.
Theoretical Control-Centric Modeling for Precision Model-Based Sliding Mode Control of a Hydraulic Artificial Muscle Actuator
Authors: Slightam Jonathon E. , Nagurka Mark L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Artificial muscles (AMs) traditionally rely on pneumatic sources of fluid power. The use of hydraulics can increase the power and force to weight and volume ratios of AM actuators. This paper develops a control-centric third-order single-input single-output (SISO) lumped-parameter dynamic model and sliding mode position controller based on Filippov's principle of equivalent dynamics for a braided hydraulic artificial muscle (HAM) actuator. The model predicts the nonlinear behavior of the HAM free contraction and captures the fluid and actuator nonlinear dynamic interactions in addition to the braid deformation. Model simulations are compared to experimental results for quasi-static pressurization, isometric pressurization, and open-loop square wave commands at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Hz. Experiments of sine wave tracking at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Hz and continuous square wave tracking at 0.067 Hz are conducted using a sliding mode controller (SMC) derived from the model. The SMC achieves a steady-state error of 6 μm at multiple setpoints within the actuator's 17 mm stroke. Compared to a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, the SMC root-mean-square (RMS) error, mean error, and absolute maximum error are reduced on average by 53%, 61%, and 44%, respectively, demonstrating the benefit of model-based approaches for controlling HAMs.
Influences of Small Jet-to-Wall Spacings on Heat Transfer Characteristics and Flow-Field Entrainment Effects of Microscale Jets
Authors: Subrahmanyam Prabhakar , Gnanavel B. K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Detailed heat transfer distributions of multiple microscaled tapered jets orthogonally impinging on the surface of a high-power density silicon wall is presented. The tapered jets issued from two different impingement setup are studied—(a) single circular nozzle and (b) dual circular nozzles. Jets are issued from the inlet(s) at four different Reynolds numbers {Re = 8000, 12,000, 16,000, 20,000}. The spacing between the tapered nozzle jets and the bare die silicon wall (z/d) is adjusted to be 4, 8, 12, and 16 jet nozzle diameters away from impinging influence. The impact of varying the nozzle to the silicon wall (z/d) standoff spacing up to 16 nozzle jet diameters and its effects on flow fields on the surface of the silicon, specifically the entrainment pattern on the silicon surface, is presented. Heat transfer characteristics of impinging jets on the hot silicon wall is investigated by means of large eddy simulations (LES) at a Reynolds of 20,000 on each of the four z/d spacing and compared against its equivalent Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) cases. Highest heat transfer coefficients are obtained for the dual inlet system. A demarcation boundary region connecting all the microvortices between impinging jets is prominently visible at smaller z/d spacing—the region where the target silicon wall is within the sphere of influence of the potential core of the jet. This research focuses on the underlying physics of multiple tapered nozzles jet impingement issued from single and dual nozzles and its impact on turbulence, heat transfer distributions, entrainment, and other pertinent flow-field characteristics.
Effect of Stress-Sensitive Permeability and Porosity on Production Performance in Water-Soluble Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Huang Xiaoliang , Qi Zhilin , Zhang Hao , Yan Wende , Yan Chang , Li Sainan , Li Jiqiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Water-soluble gas reservoirs have the characteristics of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) and experience obvious pressure-sensitive effects during the production process. Therefore, the influences of formation water and dissolved natural gas in formation water on water-soluble gas reservoirs are different from conventional gas reservoirs. In view of this, this work first carried out a stress sensitivity test with irreducible water and variable internal pressure at high temperature for a water-soluble gas reservoir, showing that permeability loss ratio and effective stress have an exponential relationship, a result basically consistent with conventional tests. However, the stress sensitivity test result with irreducible water was greater than the stress sensitivity test result without irreducible water; porosity decreased slightly with increasing confining pressure, and the total decrease ratio was less than 5.2%, with an average of 3.01%. Second, a high-pressure, high-temperature, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) online detection system was introduced to detect the pore signal of core samples under different effective stress states, and pore compression and deformation characteristics were evaluated. Results show large pores to have been compressed slightly more than small pores, pores to be significantly compressed in the initial stage, and the greater the increase in effective stress, the more obvious the compression. Third, the occurrence and characteristic changes of irreducible water in the process of rock compression were detected by the NMR online system, indicating irreducible water to be difficult to migrate through compression in water-soluble gas reservoirs under slight compression of rock and pore structure and the occurrence and characteristics of irreducible water to have not changed significantly. Finally, by establishing a theoretical model of water-soluble gas reservoirs to simulate the water breakthrough of gas wells under stress sensitivity conditions, this work shows that when stress sensitivity exists, gas-well water breakthrough time is earlier and production is diminished.
Development and Optimization of a Tribometer for Radial Shaft Seals
Authors: Burkhart Christoph , Weyrich Dominik , Thielen Stefan , Schollmayer Tim , Sauer Bernd 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In order to systematically investigate the tribological behavior of machine elements, several different tribometers based on simplifications of the contact situation have been developed and used successfully in the past. Many of these tribometers have become a standard testing equipment for tribologists. For the contact of radial shaft seals (RSSs), currently no such tribometer exists that can be used to characterize their behavior in a satisfying manner. In this paper, a tribologically equivalent system for RSSs is presented. The contact between the sealing lip and shaft is reproduced using a ring-shaped sample prepared from elastomer test slabs of the respective application material in contact with a conical shaft. The cone angle is chosen to properly represent the contact angles of the RSS under investigation by means of finite element (FE)-simulation of the contact pressure. The test rig allows for the on-line determination of friction, contact temperature, and wear progress. Results show good agreement of friction coefficient and wear behavior for the pairing of two typical elastomers with synthetic and mineral-based lubricants.
Effect of Differential Hardness on Static Load Capacity of AISI 52100 Bearing Steel
Authors: Shareef Iqbal , Brandes Joshua A. , Zaretsky Erwin V. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Static Load Capacity as defined by Palmgren is the load (stress) applied to a bearing that results in an indentation greater than 0.0001 times the diameter of the rolling element. The effect of hardness on the Static Load Capacity of AISI 52100 bearing steel heat treated to six different hardnesses was investigated. Indentation, depth, diameter, volume, and surface area were measured by the white light interferometer. A total of 468 hardness ball–plate combination tests were conducted. For a given plate (race) hardness, the Static Load Capacity was dependent on plate (race) hardness and independent of mating ball hardness from Rockwell C 56 to 66. For plate (race) hardness between Rockwell C 56 and 60, the Static Load Capacity was relatively constant. At Rockwell C hardness between 60 and 61, the Static Load Capacity increased and then rapidly decreased at a plate hardness of Rockwell C 66, below that value obtained at Rockwell C 56. Experimental results obtained for Static Load Capacity using the Palmgren criteria correlated with the finite element analysis for ball-on-plate indentation but not with Hertz theory. The Static Load Capacity based on Yhland for ball bearings was equal to a maximum Hertz stress of 3.71 GPa (538 ksi) at a ball-race conformity of 52%. This value is 12% lower than that specified in the ISO and ANSI/ABMA Bearing Standards. The manufacturers’ Static Load Rating can be reduced from 4% to 7% for ball bearings and from 8% to 25% for roller bearings.
Nanosilica-Based Loss Circulation Composition to Cure Moderate to Severe Losses
Authors: Wagle Vikrant , Kalgaonkar Rajendra , AlYami Abdullah , AlKhalaf Sara 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The loss circulation composition comprising a combination of a nanoparticle-based dispersion and a chemical activator has been designed to treat moderate to severe losses. The nanomaterial used is an environmentally friendly nanosilica-based dispersion. The composition is designed to give delayed gelling of the nanoparticle-based dispersion. A major advantage of this technology is its ability to place the composition into the target loss circulation zone before the nanoparticle-based dispersion gels up. Premature gelling of the nanoparticle-based dispersion would avoid premature setting of the treatment fluid before it reaches the target zone. The newly developed system can be used effectively up to 300 °F. In this paper, experiments have been performed with three different types of nanoparticles differing in their surface charges and particle sizes. Two negatively charged nanoparticle-based dispersions with a particle size of 5 nm and 17 nm, respectively, and one positively charged nanoparticle-based dispersion with a particle size greater than 17 nm have been evaluated as loss circulation materials. Two different types of chemical activators, one organic and the other inorganic, have been used in this study, and their effect on the gelling time has been evaluated. The gelling time experiments have been done at four different temperatures viz. 150 °F, 200 °F, 250 °F, and 300 °F. The effect of activator concentration and different shear rates on the gelling time of the three nanoparticle-based dispersions has been studied. Permeability plugging tests have been performed using 2 mm slotted disks to evaluate the effectiveness in controlling moderate to severe losses.
Mass Transfer Performance of a Marine Zooplankton Olfactometer
Authors: Alkhafaji Ahmed A. , Selim Osama M. , Amano Ryoichi S. , Strickler J. R. , Hinow P. , Jiang Houshuo , Sikkel Paul C. , Kohls N. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
By adopting different methods to the inlet of a zooplankton olfactometer, the current study investigates the effect of the energy of chemical flow on the Gnathiid isopod crustaceans predicted behavior. These are mobile external parasites of fishes that have a significant impact on the health of their hosts. They rely at least in part on olfactory cues to find the host fish. To better understand host-finding dynamics in these parasites, a study was conducted with the simulations as a blueprint for developing a 3-dimensional test apparatus similar to what has been used for studying olfactory orientation in insects. The simulated olfactometer has four legs, each leg forming an inlet where fluids are introduced into the flow domain. There is one outlet at the center of the device. A mixture of water and chemicals is presented by applying a multi-component system. The shear and chemical concentration distribution were conducted to see how fluid physics plays a role in creating a chemical landscape. Computational results show distinct regions separated by high chemical concentration gradients when introducing chemicals from one leg. Changing the fluid inflow from one common inlet to three inlets shows that the chemical distribution exhibits steeper gradients than the typical inlet case, depicting that the gradual chemical concentrations can drive the animal toward the target faster. The best behavior that gives higher chemical gradients is obtained through the study when using three sub-inlets and Schmidt number between 3 and 10.
Investigation of the Factors Influencing the Flowback Ratio in Shale Gas Reservoirs: A Study Based on Experimental Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Hun Lin , Xiang Zhou , Yulong Chen , Bing Yang , Xixiang Song , Xinyi Sun , Lifei Dong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The flowback behavior of hydraulic fractured horizontal well in shale gas reservoir is relatively different from that of conventional reservoirs. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between the potential influencing factors and the flowback behavior in shale gas reservoirs. This study is based on experimental observations and numerical simulations. In the experiments, the flowback process was simulated through a gas displacement experiment, and the cores were scanned simultaneously to obtain the water distribution. Then, the water migration and retention mechanisms were investigated to determine the flowback behavior. For the numerical simulations, a multi-porosity model was established. The mathematical model accounted for the capillary pressure term. By matching the fluid saturation-front curves of the experimental and simulation results, a fitted capillary pressure curve, which reflects the multiple mechanisms controlling flowback, was obtained. Based on the established model and fitted capillary pressure, the flowback behavior and relevant influencing factors of the shale gas were investigated. The results show that the flowback ratio is inversely proportional to the clay content of the shale. A high salinity fracturing fluid or a surfactant solution can increase the flowback ratio. In addition, the injection pressure is proportional to the flowback ratio, while the matrix permeability and the flowback ratio have an inverse relationship. The adsorption–desorption process of gas has no significant effect on the flowback ratio. This study aims to provide a new method for analyzing the flowback performance of shale gas using a combination of experimental and numerical simulation methods.
Finite Element Analysis of Flow Field in Drill Bit Design for Gas-Lift Drilling
Authors: Luo Yi , Guo Boyun , Zhang Liehui , Xiao Dong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The hole cleaning issue in gas-lift drilling has been a concern and has not been previously investigated due to the difficulties of experimental studies and analytical modeling. The objective of this study is to deliver an assessment of hole cleaning capacity of drilling fluid in reverse circulation conditions for different bit designs. We use the finite element method (FEM) to target this issue and address a critical question in gas-lift drilling. The result of the theoretical investigation indicates that clean bottom hole can be achieved in gas-lift drilling through optimization of drill bit design to balance fluid energy (cleaning power) between tooth blades. Three drill bit designs were investigated in this study. The flow power balance between blades can be achieved with a 3-orifice bit design and a 2-orifice bit design, but there exist flow stagnation zones between these orifices, which are not desirable for bit tooth and borehole cleaning. The 1-orifice bit design with four cutter blades can eliminate flow stagnation zone and improve flow field to achieve a much better flow power balance between blades and thus bit tooth and borehole cleaning. Therefore, drill bits with one orifice are desirable for reverse circulation gas-drilling. This paper presents a novel technique of using FEM to evaluate bit hydraulics for hole cleaning in reverse drilling conditions. Future laboratory tests are desirable to obtain real data for further validating the model result.
Analysis of Influencing Factors of Modification Potential of Abandoned Coal Mine Into Pumped Storage Power Station
Authors: Shang Dacheng , Pei Peng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
By modifying underground spaces of abandoned coal mines into underground pumped storage power stations, it can realize the efficient and reasonable utilization of underground space and, at the same time, meet the increasing demand for energy storage facilities of the grid, bringing social, economic, and environmental benefits. Previous research in this area has been limited to the stage of conceptual discussion, and there is no scientific evaluation method for the modification and utilization potential of abandoned coal mine spaces. Establishing a scientific evaluation indicator system forms the basis for evaluating the underground space development and utilization capacity of abandoned mines. Based on the principle of pumped energy storage and the characteristics of coal mine roadway conditions, this paper utilized an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate the main influencing factors, including elevation difference between the upper and lower reservoirs, reservoir capacity, roadway surrounding rock stability, and roadway permeability. It analyzed the modification potential of underground spaces and then verified the development potential of the underground spaces of abandoned mines by a statistic model. The study found that the elevation difference between the upper and lower reservoirs is the most influential indicator; second, the capacity of the upper and lower reservoirs is also an important evaluation indicator. The research methods and conclusions will provide useful tools and decision-making basis for analyzing the feasibility and techno-economic benefit of modifying the underground spaces of abandoned coal mines into pumped storage power stations.
Upper-Body Resistance Training Following Soccer Match Play: Compatible, Complementary, or Contraindicated?
Authors: Sabag Angelo , Lovell Ric , Walsh Neil P. , Grantham Nick , Lacome Mathieu , Buchheit Martin 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:During heavily congested schedules, professional soccer players can experience exacerbated fatigue responses, which are thought to contribute to an increased risk of injury. Given that match-induced residual fatigue can last up to 72 hours, many coaches naturally prioritize recovery in the days immediately following match day. While it is intuitive for coaches and training staff to decrease the amount of auxiliary training practices to focus on recovery, prescribing upper-body resistance training on the day after match play has recently emerged as a specific training modality in this context. While these sessions may be implemented to increase training stimulus, there are limited data available regarding the efficacy of such a practice to improve recovery kinetics.Methods:In this narrative review, the authors look at the theoretical implications of performing upper-body resistance training on the day after match play on the status of various physiological and psychological systems, including neuromuscular, metabolic, hormonal, perceptual, and immunological recovery.Results:The available evidence suggests that in most cases this practice, as currently implemented (ie, low volume, low intensity), is unlikely to be complementary (ie, does not accelerate recovery) but is potentially compatible (ie, does not impair recovery).Conclusion:Overall, because the perception of such sessions may be player dependent, their programming requires an individualized approach and should take into account match dynamics (eg, fixture scheduling, playing time, travel).