bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Web-Based Framework for Design and Manufacturing a Mechanical System
Authors: Chung Moon Jung , Keyes Dave , Choi Young K. , Kwon Patrick , Gu Hua , Behr Markus 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For industries to gain competitiveness in a global market, an infrastructure is necessary that efficiently coordinates a variety of design and manufacturing activities taking place simultaneously as well as sequentially at distant locations. We propose a web-based engineering framework for such infrastructure, which integrates various advanced design/manufacturing systems such as CAD, FEM and CAM, provides relationships among product data, and coordinates with manufacturing processes. This paper demonstrates the current capability of our framework with a benchmark study on a gearbox. Designers can access the framework through the WWW browser and start the design with a set of requirements such as the required torque and gear reduction ratio. Using the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) to execute the various tools distributed on the networks, the framework autonomously performs a sequence of engineering analysis and searches for a set of components that meets the overall requirement of our design. The framework also integrates the design results with manufacturing processes by selecting appropriate cutting tools, machining conditions, sequence of operations and surface finish. During the design process, designers can check the design results ranging from the graphical display of our design to the CNC code to machine designed shafts that are generated by the framework.
Preparation of a Virtual Proving Ground for Construction Equipment Simulation
Authors: Grant Peter , Freeman Jeffrey S. , Vail Rob , Huck Frank 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A multi-phased evaluation of the Iowa Driving Simulator as a virtual proving ground for construction equipment simulation is presented. In Phase I the Iowa Driving Simulator was evaluated in an “open-loop” mode to assess its capability to simulate a typical maneuver common to wheel loader operation, and its viability as a test platform for human subject evaluation of those maneuvers.
A typical wheel loader truck loading cycle involves numerous directional shifts. Cycle productivity is increased if these shifts are executed at full engine throttle. Jerk and acceleration levels associated with full throttle shifts, however, can cause both operator discomfort and spillage of loaded material. Electronically controlled transmissions have the potential to both minimize directional shift times and material loss while optimizing operator comfort. This optimization will require an understanding of the factors which affect operator comfort during shifts. A study was therefore devised to determine those aspects of the motion generated by a directional shift which affect operator comfort. The Iowa Driving Simulator motion system was used to present operators with a series of acceleration time histories which are representative of various shift strategies. The operators rated the relative comfort of each strategy during paired comparison tests. Limitations of the simulator motion system prevented definitive results from being drawn; however, results did confirm shift comfort criteria previously established by the machine manufacturer. Success of the Phase I effort was sufficient to warrant a more in-depth study.
In Phase II a complete VPG environment for wheel loader operation on the IDS was developed and qualitatively evaluated. This VPG environment included a visual model of a mine pit, developed for Caterpillar, Inc. by engineers at its National Center for Supercomputing Applications office, combined with the immersive motion capability of the Iowa Driving Simulator. A real-time dynamics model of a generic wheel loader along with a menu driven interface to the data set used to simulate a particular wheel loader were developed at Center for Computer Aided Design. This combination of programs allows changes to the design of a loader to be rapidly evaluated within a virtual proving ground environment or off-line at an engineering workstation. The machine model was then combined with an implement/soil interaction model, also developed at Caterpillar’s National Center for Supercomputing Applications office. The resulting machine model can be evaluated either off-line at a workstation or driven in response to operator input within the Iowa Driving Simulator virtual proving ground environment. A comparison of the offline model’s predictions of machine response to swept-sinewave steering input is shown to compare favorably with measured performance of the actual machine.
From diffusive mass transfer in Stokes flow to low Reynolds number Marangoni boats
Authors: Ender Hendrik , Kierfeld Jan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present a theory for the self-propulsion of symmetric, half-spherical Marangoni boats (soap or camphor boats) at low Reynolds numbers. Propulsion is generated by release (diffusive emission or dissolution) of water-soluble surfactant molecules, which modulate the air–water interfacial tension. Propulsion either requires asymmetric release or spontaneous symmetry breaking by coupling to advection for a perfectly symmetrical swimmer. We study the diffusion–advection problem for a sphere in Stokes flow analytically and numerically both for constant concentration and constant flux boundary conditions. We derive novel results for concentration profiles under constant flux boundary conditions and for the Nusselt number (the dimensionless ratio of total emitted flux and diffusive flux). Based on these results, we analyze the Marangoni boat for small Marangoni propulsion (low Peclet number) and show that two swimming regimes exist, a diffusive regime at low velocities and an advection-dominated regime at high swimmer velocities. We describe both the limit of large Marangoni propulsion (high Peclet number) and the effects from evaporation by approximative analytical theories. The swimming velocity is determined by force balance, and we obtain a general expression for the Marangoni forces, which comprises both direct Marangoni forces from the surface tension gradient along the air–water–swimmer contact line and Marangoni flow forces. We unravel whether the Marangoni flow contribution is exerting a forward or backward force during propulsion. Our main result is the relation between Peclet number and swimming velocity. Spontaneous symmetry breaking and, thus, swimming occur for a perfectly symmetrical swimmer above a critical Peclet number, which becomes small for large system sizes. We find a supercritical swimming bifurcation for a symmetric swimmer and an avoided bifurcation in the presence of an asymmetry.

Graphic abstract
Serum Levels of BDNF in Patients with Adenoma and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Wang Zhe , Wang Shuang , Liu Yu , Gao Shan , Yu Yunqing , Hu Zhaolan 
Published: February 2021

The present study is aimed at examining the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and investigating its role in differential diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods. In a Chinese population, we conducted a case-control study to compare the diagnostic performance of serum levels of BDNF and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for CRC. We enrolled 61 healthy controls, 31 patients with adenomas, and 81 patients with CRC. We explored the correlation between serum levels of BDNF and several pathological features, such as tumor differentiation and TNM staging. Results. The serum levels of BDNF were significantly (

p
<
0.0001

) higher in patients with CRC (

10.64
±
3.84

,

n
=
81

) than in the healthy controls (

4.69
±
1.69

ng
/
mL

,

n
=
61

). Serum BDNF also correlated with tumor size, tumor differentiation, and TNM staging (

p
<
0.05

). For early diagnosis, the combination of BDNF (AUC 0.719; 95% CI, 0.621–0.816) and CEA (AUC 0.733; 95% CI, 0.632–0.909) slightly improved the diagnostic performance for CRC (AUC 0.823; 95% CI, 0.737-0.909). Conclusions. Combined detection of serum BDNF and CEA may thus have the potential to become a new laboratory method for the early clinical diagnosis of CRC.
Radiologic Assessment of the Sinonasal Tract, Nasopharynx and Mastoid Cavity in Patients with SARS-Cov-2 Infection Presenting with Acute Neurological Symptoms
Authors: Moonis Gul , Mitchell Ryan , Szeto Betsy , Lalwani Anil K. 
Published: February 2021

Background: Acute neurological sequela in patients with COVID-19 infection include acute thromboembolic infarcts related to cytokine storm and post infectious immune activation resulting in a prothrombotic state. Radiologic imaging studies of the sinonasal tract and mastoid cavity in patients with COVID-19 infection are sparse and limited to case series. In this report, we investigate the radiologic involvement of nasal cavity, nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, and mastoid cavity in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who presented with acute neurological symptoms. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records and neuroradiologic imaging in patients diagnosed with acute COVID-19 infection who presented with acute neurological symptoms to assess radiologic prevalence of sinus and mastoid disease and its correlation to upper respiratory tract symptoms. Results: Of the 55 patients, 23 (42%) had partial sinus opacification, with no evidence for complete sinus opacification. The ethmoid sinus was the most commonly affected (16/55 or 29%). An air fluid level was noted in 6/55 (11%) patients, most commonly in the maxillary sinus. Olfactory recess and mastoid opacification were uncommon. There was no evidence of bony destruction in any of the studies, Cough, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and sore throat were not significantly associated with any radiological findings. Conclusion: In patients who present with acute neurological symptoms, COVID-19 infection is characterized by limited and mild mucosal disease within the sinuses, nasopharynx and mastoid cavity. Level of Evidence: 4
The Role of Cue-Based Strategies in Skilled Diagnosis Among Pathologists
Authors: Carrigan Ann J. , Charlton Amanda , Foucar Elliott , Wiggins Mark W. , Georgiou Andrew , Palmeri Thomas J. , Curby Kim M. 
Published: February 2021

Objective This research was designed to test whether behavioral indicators of pathology-related cue utilization were associated with performance on a diagnostic task. Background Across many domains, including pathology, successful diagnosis depends on pattern recognition that is supported by associations in memory in the form of cues. Previous studies have focused on the specific information or knowledge on which medical image expertise relies. The target in this study is the more general ability to identify and interpret relevant information. Method Data were collected from 54 histopathologists in both conference and online settings. The participants completed a pathology edition of the Expert Intensive Skills Evaluation 2.0 (EXPERTise 2.0) to establish behavioral indicators of context-related cue utilization. They also completed a separate diagnostic task designed to examine related diagnostic skills. Results Behavioral indicators of higher or lower cue utilization were based on the participants’ performance across five tasks. Accounting for the number of cases reported per year, higher cue utilization was associated with greater accuracy on the diagnostic task. A post hoc analysis suggested that higher cue utilization may be associated with a greater capacity to recognize low prevalence cases. Conclusion This study provides support for the role of cue utilization in the development and maintenance of skilled diagnosis amongst pathologists. Application Pathologist training needs to be structured to ensure that learners have the opportunity to form cue-based strategies and associations in memory, especially for less commonly seen diseases.
The burden of care and burn out syndrome in caregivers of an Egyptian sample of schizophrenia patients
Authors: Khalil Sherien Ahmed , Elbatrawy Amira Naseeb , Saleh Nermin Mohamed , Mahmoud Dalia Abdel Moniem 
Published: February 2021

Background: The role of caregivers of schizophrenia patients in management and prognosis is crucial, caregivers are considered cornerstones in getting better outcome and quality of life. Aim: To assess the burden of care and burn out syndrome in the caregivers of schizophrenia patients and its sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Methods: Recruiting all schizophrenia patients and their caregivers who sought help at El Mamoura hospital, Alexandria, Egypt, for assessment of burn out syndrome and burden of care and its sociodemographic and clinical correlates over full 6 months period. Results: The study included 120 schizophrenia patient and their 120 caregivers, Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview score was 25.758 ± 7.382, which indicates high burden level. Regarding the Maslach Burnout Inventory results, the mean score of Emotional Exhaustion was 50% of the caregivers have high Emotional Exhaustion scores, 35% have moderate scores; followed by 15% with low scores. The mean score of Depersonalization 46.67% of the caregivers have high (DP) scores, 30.83% have moderate scores; while 22.50% low scores. The mean score of Personal Accomplishment was 62.50% of the caregivers have low scores; 36.67% have moderate scores, while only 0.83% have high scores. Most important correlates were, male patient, positive symptoms, continuous course of illness, noncompliance, living in rural areas, and low family income. Conclusions: Levels of Burn out syndrome and burden of care is high in caregivers of schizophrenia patients, caring for caregivers is very important for providing better mental health services, more research is still needed in this field.
Geographic Differences in Social Determinants of Health Among US-Born and Non–US-Born Hispanic/Latino Adults With Diagnosed HIV Infection, United States and Puerto Rico, 2017
Authors: Gant Zanetta , Johnson Lyons Shacara , Jin Chan , Dailey André , Nwangwu-Ike Ndidi , Satcher Johnson Anna 
Published: February 2021

Objective HIV disproportionately affects Hispanic/Latino people in the United States, and factors other than individual attributes may be contributing to these differences. We examined differences in the distribution of HIV diagnosis and social determinants of health (SDH) among US-born and non–US-born Hispanic/Latino adults in the United States and Puerto Rico. Methods We used data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) to determine US census tract–level HIV diagnosis rates and percentages among US-born and non–US-born Hispanic/Latino adults aged ≥18 for 2017. We merged data from the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey with NHSS data to examine regional differences in federal poverty level, education, median household income, employment, and health insurance coverage among 8648 US-born (n = 3328) and non–US-born (n = 5320) Hispanic/Latino adults. Results A comparison of US-born and non–US-born men by region showed similar distributions of HIV diagnoses. The largest percentages occurred in census tracts where ≥19% of residents lived below the federal poverty level, ≥18% did not finish high school, the median household income was <$40 000 per year, ≥6% were unemployed, and ≥16% did not have health insurance. A comparison of US-born and non–US-born women by region showed similar distributions. Conclusion The findings of higher numbers of HIV diagnoses among non–US-born Hispanic/Latino adults than among US-born Hispanic/Latino adults, regional similarities in patterns of SDH and HIV percentages and rates, and Hispanic/Latino adults faring poorly in each SDH category are important for understanding SDH barriers that may be affecting Hispanic/Latino adults with HIV in the United States.
Dual MD–MPH Degree Students in the United States: Moving the Medical Workforce Toward Population Health
Authors: Reilly Jo Marie , Plepys Christine M. , Cousineau Michael R. 
Published: February 2021

Objective A growing need exists to train physicians in population health to meet the increasing need and demand for physicians with leadership, health data management/metrics, and epidemiology skills to better serve the health of the community. This study examines current trends in students pursuing a dual doctor of medicine (MD)–master of public health (MPH) degree (MD–MPH) in the United States. Methods We conducted an extensive literature review of existing MD–MPH databases to determine characteristics (eg, sex, race/ethnicity, MPH area of study) of this student cohort in 2019. We examined a trend in the MD community to pursue an MPH career, adding additional public health and health care policy training to the MD workforce. We conducted targeted telephone interviews with 20 admissions personnel and faculty at schools offering MD–MPH degrees in the United States with the highest number of matriculants and graduates. Interviews focused on curricula trends in medical schools that offer an MD–MPH degree. Results No literature describes the US MD–MPH cohort, and available MD–MPH databases are limited and incomplete. We found a 434% increase in the number of students pursuing an MD–MPH degree from 2010 to 2018. The rate of growth was greater than the increase in either the number of medical students (16%) or the number of MPH students (65%) alone. Moreover, MD–MPH students as a percentage of total MPH students more than tripled, from 1.1% in 2010 to 3.6% in 2018. Conclusions As more MD students pursue public health training, the impact of an MPH degree on medical school curricula, MD–MPH graduates, and MD–MPH career pursuits should be studied using accurate and comprehensive databases.
Coeliac disease presenting atypically: A much wider spectrum
Authors: Lomash Avinash , Venkatakrishnan Abhinaya , Bothra Meenakshi , Dhingra Bhavna , Kumar Praveen , Kapoor Seema 
Published: February 2021

Atypical coeliac disease in young children is frequently missed when it presents atypically as non-gastrointestinal presentations to different specialties. There was a greater delay (54 months) in establishing the diagnosis in those with atypical coeliac disease (p < 0.001). No difference was observed in the mode of delivery or duration of breast feeding, but significant difference was observed between gestational age at birth (p < 0.001). Most cases showed stunted growth and underweight. Irritability, anaemia, rickets, dermatitis herpetiformis, alopecia and intussusception were other common predictors of atypical coeliac disease. Because of a myriad spectrum of non-gastrointestinal symptoms, at any age with diverse presentation, a high index of suspicion is therefore required.
Costal Cartilage Lateral Crural Strut Graft for Correction of External Nasal Valve Dysfunction in Primary and Revision Rhinoplasty
Authors: Taha Mohamed A. , Hall Christian A. , Zylicz Harry E. , Barham William T. , Westbrook Margaret B. , Barham Mary J. R. , Stevenson Megan M. , Zito Brittany A. , Barham Henry P. 
Published: February 2021

Objective: To evaluate and compare the costal cartilage lateral crural strut graft’s (LCSG) ability to support a weak lateral crus in patients with external nasal valve dysfunction (EVD) undergoing primary versus revision functional rhinoplasty. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 26 patients (mean [SD]: 40.23 [6.75] years of age; 10 [38%] females) with clinically diagnosed EVD, who underwent primary versus revision functional rhinoplasty with the use of a costal cartilage LCSG (10 [38%] primary functional rhinoplasty patients and the 16 [62%] revision patients). Preoperative and 12-month postoperative subjective and objective functional measurements along with statistical analysis were performed. Results: While all baseline demographic and preoperative functional measurement scores were similar between the 2 groups, the primary cohort’s preoperative scores were higher overall. Follow-up was a mean of 14.58 months. The primary group demonstrated a greater difference in score improvement postoperatively in all categories. All patients had significantly improved visual analog scale (VAS), Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation Scale, 22-Item Sinonasal Outcome Test, and nasal peak inspiratory flow (NPIF) scores. When comparing the overall score outcome and surgical efficacy of the LCSG, both groups had near equal final score outcomes with the exception of VASL and NPIF. Conclusion: The LCSG is a viable and versatile option in the management of EVD for both primary and revision rhinoplasty patients.
The Effects of Using Bioglue in Nasal Septal Surgery
Authors: Subasi Bugra , Guclu Ender 
Published: February 2021

Objectives: Nasal septal surgery is one of the most common surgical procedure performed by otolaryngologists. Nasal packs are used for bleeding control, prevention of septal hematoma, replacement of mucoperichondrial flaps, and stabilization of the septum after nasal septal surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of albumin-glutaraldehyde–based tissue adhesive (Bioglue), which can be used as an alternative to nasal pack on the nasal septum after experimental nasal septum surgery. Methods: A total of 16 female Wistar albino rats were randomly separated into the study group (n = 10) and the control group (n = 6). After raising the mucoperichondrial flap on one side of the septum, Bioglue was used to fix the mucoperichondrial flap over the septal cartilage ın the study group and nasal packs (Merocel) were used for fixation in the control group. The rats were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks after septoplasty. All the tissue samples were evaluated under light microscope by the same pathologist in respect of foreign-body reaction, degree of inflammation, granulation tissue, fibrosis, cartilage damage, and cilia and goblet cell damage. In the control group, the Merocel packs were removed after 2 days and the groups were compared in terms of hematoma. Results: No hematoma was observed in any group. Septal perforation was determined in all the study group participants and loss of cilia and goblet cells and foreign-body reaction were found in 8 samples of the study group participants and in none of the control group. Conclusions: The results of this study show that Bioglue caused segmental cartilage injury; therefore, it may not suitable for use following septal surgery.
Outcomes After Tracheostomy for Patients With Respiratory Failure due to COVID-19
Authors: Cardasis John J. , Rasamny J. K. , Berzofsky Craig E. , Bello Jennifer A. , Multz Alan S. 
Published: February 2021

Objective: To evaluate the utility and safety of tracheostomy for patients with respiratory failure from COIVD-19 and describe patient clinical characteristics and process of management. Methods: Case series of the first 24 COVID-19 patients who underwent tracheostomy at our institution, a single-center tertiary care community hospital intensive care/ventilator weaning unit. The patients all had respiratory failure from COVID-19 and required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Outcomes reviewed include mortality, percent discharged, percent liberated from mechanical ventilation, percent decannulated, time from tracheostomy to ventilator liberation and discharge, and number of staff infected with COVID-19 during tracheostomy and management. Results: Of the 24 patients who underwent tracheostomy, 21 (88%) of 24 survived. Twenty (83%) were liberated from mechanical ventilation, and 19 (79%) were discharged. Fourteen (74%) of the discharged had been decannulated. The average (± SD) time from tracheostomy to ventilator liberation was 9 ± 4.3 days and from tracheostomy to discharge 21 ± 9 days. All discharged patients had been liberated from mechanical ventilation. No health care workers became infected with COVID-19 during the procedure or subsequent patient management. Conclusion: Patients with respiratory failure from COVID-19 who underwent tracheostomy had a high likelihood of being liberated from mechanical ventilation and discharged. Tracheostomy and subsequent ventilator weaning management can be performed safely. Tracheostomy allowed for decompression of higher acuity medical units in a safe and effective manner.