bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐scale genome sampling reveals unique immunity and metabolic adaptations in bats
Authors: Moreno Santillán Diana D. , Lama Tanya M. , Gutierrez Guerrero Yocelyn T. , Brown Alexis M. , Donat Paul , Zhao Huabin , Rossiter Stephen J. , Yohe Laurel R. , Potter Joshua H. , Teeling Emma C. , Vernes Sonja C. , Davies Kalina T. J. , Myers Eugene , Hughes Graham M. , Huang Zixia , Hoffmann Federico , Corthals Angelique P. , Ray David A. , Dávalos Liliana M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractComprising more than 1,400 species, bats possess adaptations unique among mammals including powered flight, unexpected longevity, and extraordinary immunity. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique adaptations includes DNA repair, metabolism and immunity. However, analyses have been limited to a few divergent lineages, reducing the scope of inferences on gene family evolution across the Order Chiroptera. We conducted an exhaustive comparative genomic study of 37 bat species, one generated in this study, encompassing a large number of lineages, with a particular emphasis on multi‐gene family evolution across immune and metabolic genes. In agreement with previous analyses, we found lineage‐specific expansions of the APOBEC3 and MHC‐I gene families, and loss of the proinflammatory PYHIN gene family. We inferred more than 1,000 gene losses unique to bats, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammasome pathways such as epithelial defence receptors, the natural killer gene complex and the interferon‐gamma induced pathway. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed genes lost in bats are involved in defence response against pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and damage‐associated molecular patterns. Gene family evolution and selection analyses indicate bats have evolved fundamental functional differences compared to other mammals in both innate and adaptive immune system, with the potential to enhance antiviral immune response while dampening inflammatory signalling. In addition, metabolic genes have experienced repeated expansions related to convergent shifts to plant‐based diets. Our analyses support the hypothesis that, in tandem with flight, ancestral bats had evolved a unique set of immune adaptations whose functional implications remain to be explored.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant diversity drive restoration of nitrogen‐cycling microbial communities
Authors: Wang Jichen , Wang Jiang , He Ji‐Zheng , Zhu Yong‐Guan , Qiao Neng‐Hu , Ge Yuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSoil microbial communities, key players of many crucial ecosystem functions, are susceptible to environmental disturbances, which might cause the loss of microbial diversity and functions. However, few ecological concepts and practices have been developed for rescuing stressed soil microbial communities. Here, we manipulated an experiment with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and at three levels (one, three and six species) of plant diversity to disentangle how the AMF and vegetation rescue soil nitrogen (N) ‐cycling microbial loop from simulated degraded soil ecosystem. Our results showed that AMF inoculation improved the restoration of soil N‐cycling microbial communities. This improved restoration was related to the role of AMF in enhancing interactions within the N‐cycling microbial loop. Furthermore, increased plant diversity strengthened the role of AMF in rescuing N‐cycling microbial communities. Our findings provide novel insights into the roles of AMF and plant diversity in facilitating the rescue of microbial communities in degraded terrestrial ecosystems.
New materials for improving catches of horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Nzi traps
Authors: Mihok S. , Carlson D. A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNew materials in 85 configurations were tested relative to standard fabric Nzi traps to improve catches of tabanids based on artificial visual cues that mimic those used in nature for locating hosts or water. Colour‐fast synthetic fabrics and photo‐selective horticultural mesh were tested to facilitate insecticide impregnation and for improved durability. Many plastics were explored to document how flies react to polarized and visible vs. ultraviolet light. Lastly, sticky horizontal, linearly polarizing ground‐level shiny plastic targets were tested for capturing water‐seeking tabanids relative to traps and vertical fabric targets. Based on the capture of 281 786 female Tabanidae (Tabanus Linnaeus, Hybomitra Enderlein, Chrysops Meigen), four alternative formats provided higher catches and/or durability. They were substituting: (1) phthalogen turquoise for phthalogen blue, (2) solution‐dyed fabrics for blue and black cotton, (3) clear/white horticultural mesh for mosquito netting, and (4) clear, reflective plastic for some or all netting. A Sunbrella/BioNet fabric trap (portable) and a blue‐black Plexiglas®/netting trap (fixed applications) consistently performed best (1.5–3 × higher catches). Ground‐level targets captured many male and gravid female Hybomitra but were ineffective for Tabanus. Traps and vertical fabric or transparent sticky targets captured mainly unfed females.
Tinea pedis—An embarrassing problem for health and beauty—A narrative review
Authors: Nowicka Danuta , Nawrot Urszula 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFungal infections present with a broad spectrum of diseases in humans (from relatively mild superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes to the invasive or chronic infections of internal organs, which have a high mortality rate). Globally, up to 1.6 million people die each year as a result of various types of mycoses. Currently, many scientific studies focus on the best possible understanding of the aspects of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of invasive mycoses and effective methods to combat them. However, mycoses of the skin and its appendages remain a relatively less explored area. In some communities, superficial mycoses are a frequent problem as they affect nearly 70% of the population, an example of which is the athlete's foot. It involves the nails (onychomycosis) and skin (tinea pedis). It is mainly caused by keratin‐decomposing dermatophyte fungi. Less often, infections are caused by non‐dermatophyte moulds (Fusarium, Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis) or yeasts. Several factors have been listed as having substantial influence on the development of dermatophytosis, including those related to climate, season, geographical region, as well as to demography, socioeconomic and cultural customs, professions or contact with animals. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge about aetiology, epidemiology, diagnostics and therapy of tinea pedis with a special focus to the role of podologic management in spreading, prevention and therapy of mycoses. The article presents up‐to‐date knowledge on the management of the patient from the diagnosis, treatment and skincare, to counselling on how to prevent fungal skin infections in the long term.
Studying the transition from graduate to health practitioner: The Griffith Dietetics Graduate Outcomes Survey
Authors: Heafala Alana , Mitchell Lana J. , Williams Lauren T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding health workforce profiles is important for planning. This study aimed to explore the experiences and influences on graduate dietitians transitioning to employment. A mixed‐methods case‐study design was used. Graduates of Griffith University Bachelor of Nutrition and Dietetics 2017–2019 cohorts (n = 150) were invited to participate. Purpose‐developed surveys were administered prior to graduation and six‐months later to examine employment outcomes. Telephone interviews were conducted with participants in the 2017 cohort using a semi‐structured protocol and thematically analyzed to further explore key issues arising from the survey results. Qualitative data were synthesized using triangulation of open survey items and interview responses. Baseline data were provided by 137 graduates (91%), with 110 (80%) completing the six‐month survey. At six‐months, 84 of the 98 (85%) respondents seeking employment reported being employed as a dietitian (private practice, n = 46; hospital, n = 26), 39 of whom were working full‐time. Key themes included the importance of networking to gain employment, willingness to relocate to rural areas, the need to persevere, and the need for supported career development. These findings can be used to inform dietetic education and workforce preparation.
Post‐craniotomy fever and its associated factors in patients with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Huang Jui‐Hsia , Wang Tsae‐Jyy , Wu Shu‐Fang , Liu Chieh‐Yu , Fan Jun‐Yu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundFever frequently occurs in patients with traumatic brain injury and can cause secondary damage to the brain. Critical care nurses play essential roles in assessing and managing fever in these patients.AimThe study aimed to (a) examine the fever causes in and condition of neurosurgical patients with traumatic brain injury in intensive care, (b) identify the factors associated with fever, and (c) determine the effects of fever on hospital stay and prognosis.Study designThis study is a retrospective observational design.MethodsData were collected through chart reviews of 93 traumatic brain injury patients admitted to a teaching hospital's intensive care unit for postoperative care. Fever was defined as at least one episode of body temperature >38°C.ResultsOf the 93 patients, 76 developed a fever within 1‐week post‐craniotomy. Of these, 49 were infection‐related and 27 were unexplained. Results of logistic regression showed that the preoperative Glasgow coma scale score (ß = −.323; P = .013) and length of intubation (ß = .480; P = .005) were the key predictors of unexplained post‐craniotomy fever, and these two variables (ß = −.494; P < .001 and ß = .479; P = .006, respectively) were also the key predictors of infection‐related fever.ConclusionA significant portion of patients developed a fever during the first post‐craniotomy week. Patients with a lower pre‐craniotomy Glasgow coma scale score and a longer intubation length were at a greater risk for both infection‐related fever and unexplained fever. Patients with fever had a bad outcome score.Relevance to clinical practiceCritical care nurses should closely monitor traumatic brain injury patients' body temperatures and employ evidence‐based infection prevention and control measures to minimize their infection risks. Respiratory care and intensive care unit Liberation Bundle should be reinforced to liberate these patients from mechanical ventilation and its associated complications.
Long‐term effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: El‐Salhy Magdy , Kristoffersen Anja Bråthen , Valeur Jørgen , Casen Christina , Hatlebakk Jan Gunnar , Gilja Odd Helge , Hausken Trygve 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe recently found fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients to be an effective and safe treatment after 3 months. The present follow‐up study investigated the efficacy and safety of FMT at 1 year after treatment.MethodsThis study included 77 of the 91 IBS patients who had responded to FMT in our previous study. Patients provided a fecal sample and completed five questionnaires to assess their symptoms and quality of life at 1 year after FMT. The dysbiosis index (DI) and fecal bacterial profile were analyzed using a 16S rRNA gene‐based DNA probe hybridization. The levels of fecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined by gas chromatography.ResultsThere was a persistent response to FMT at 1 year after treatment in 32 (86.5%) and 35 (87.5%) patients who received 30‐g and 60‐g FMT, respectively. In the 30‐g FMT group, 12 (32.4%) and 8 (21.6%) patients showed complete remission at 1 year and 3 months, respectively; the corresponding numbers in the 60‐g FMT group were 18 (45%) and 11 (27.5%), respectively. Abdominal symptoms and the quality of life were improved at 1 year compared with after 3 months. These findings were accompanied by comprehensive changes in the fecal bacterial profile and SCFAs.ConclusionsMost of the IBS patients maintained a response at 1 year after FMT. Moreover, the improvements in symptoms and quality of life increased over time. Changes in DI, fecal bacterial profile and SCFAs were more comprehensive at 1 year than after 3 months. www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03822299).
Functional anorectal studies in patients with low anterior resection syndrome
Authors: Chen Ssu‐Chi , Futaba Kaori , Leung Wing Wa , Wong Cherry , Mak Tony , Ng Simon , Gregersen Hans 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundMost patients who have undergone low anterior resection suffer from bowel dysfunction postoperatively. This condition is referred to as low anterior resection syndrome (LARS). The aim was to study defecatory patterns in LARS patients compared to a primary control group of fecal incontinence (FI) patients and normal subjects (NS) with the Fecobionics device.MethodsFecobionics expulsion parameters were assessed in an interventional study design. The Fecobionics probe contained pressure sensors at the front, rear, and inside the bag. The bag was distended until urge sensation in rectum in 11 LARS patients (5F/6M, 63.2 ± 2.9 years), 11 FI subjects (7F/4M, 64.4 ± 2.5 years), and 11 NS (7F/4M, 63.6 ± 3.0 years). Defecation indices were computed from the Fecobionics data. All subjects had high‐resolution anorectal manometry (ARM) and balloon expulsion test (BET) done. Symptoms were evaluated with LARS and Wexner scores.Key ResultsThe LARS score in the LARS patients was 39.0 ± 0.6. The Wexner score in the LARS, FI, and NS groups was 14.2 ± 0.7, 10.1±1.0, and 0.0 ± 0.0 (p < 0.01). The resting anal pressure and squeeze pressure were lowest in LARS patients (p < 0.05). The urge volume was 11.8 ± 4.2, 59.6 ± 6.4, and 41.6 ± 6.4 ml in the LARS, FI, and NS groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The expulsion duration did not differ between groups. Defecation indices were lowest in the LARS patients (p < 0.05). ARM‐BET confirmed the low urge volume in LARS patients whereas anal pressures did not differ between groups.Conclusions and InferencesThe LARS patients had low anal pressures and urge volume. Most Defecation Indices differed between the LARS group and the other groups.
Skeletal and dental effects of Herbst appliance anchored with temporary anchorage devices: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Al‐Dboush Ra’ed , Soltan Rowida , Rao Jayadeep , El‐Bialy Tarek 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim was to evaluate the efficiency of using temporary anchorage devices (TADs) in minimizing the anchorage loss and increasing the skeletal effects during correction of Class II malocclusion with Herbst appliance.Materials and methodsSearch without restrictions was performed up to January 2021 in three electronic databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective and retrospective cohort studies. The included studies assessed the dental and skeletal changes in Class II malocclusion patients who were treated using Herbst appliance with or without TADs. The strength of evidence was ranked using GRADE.ResultsFifty‐five records were initially retrieved. A total of 6 studies with 198 patients were finally considered. 4 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis showed that using TADs with acrylic splint Herbst appliance was effective in controlling the inclination of mandibular incisors by a mean difference of −5.49 degrees (95% C.I [−7.36, −3.63], P < .001) when compared to Herbst appliance alone. The results showed also that incorporating TADs with Herbst treatment resulted in greater mandibular skeletal effects including increasing mandibular bone base length by mean difference of 2.22 mm (95% C.I [0.82. 3.61], P = .002) and mandibular length by mean difference of 3.7 mm (95% C.I [1.55, 5.85], P < .001) when compared to Herbst appliance alone.ConclusionsBased on a very low level of confidence, it seems that incorporating TADs during orthodontic treatment with Herbst appliance results in minimizing the anchorage loss and increasing the skeletal effects of Herbst appliance during correction of Class II malocclusion.
Oleosin Cor a 15 is a novel allergen for Italian hazelnut allergic children
Authors: Nebbia Stefano , Lamberti Cristina , Cirrincione Simona , Acquadro Alberto , Abbà Simona , Ciuffo Marina , Torello Marinoni Daniela , Manfredi Marcello , Marengo Emilio , Calzedda Roberta , Monti Giovanna , Cavallarin Laura , Giuffrida Maria Gabriella 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundHazelnut allergy, which is characterized by symptoms that range from mild to severe, is one of the most common allergies in children throughout Europe, and an accurate diagnosis of this allergy is therefore essential. However, lipophilic allergens, such as oleosins, are generally underrepresented in diagnostic tests. We therefore sought to characterize the IgE reactivity of raw and roasted hazelnut oleosins, using the sera of hazelnut‐allergic pediatric patients.MethodsRaw and roasted hazelnut oil body–associated proteins were analyzed by means of 1D and 2D electrophoresis and MS. Oleosin IgE reactivity was assessed by immunoblotting with the sera of 27 children who have confirmed hazelnut allergies and from 10 tolerant subjects. A molecular characterization of the oleosins was performed by interrogating the C. avellana cv. Jefferson and cv. TGL genomes, and through expression and purification of the recombinant new allergen.ResultsA proteomic and genomic investigation allowed two new oleosins to be identified, in addition to Cor a 12 and Cor a 13, in hazelnut oil bodies. One of the new oleosins was registered as a new allergen, according to the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee criteria, and termed Cor a 15. Cor a 15 was the most frequently immunorecognized oleosin in our cohort. Oleosins resulted to be the only immunorecognized allergens in a subgroup of allergic patients who showed low ImmunoCAP assay IgE values and positive OFC and PbP. Hazelnut roasting resulted in an increase in oleosin immunoreactivity.ConclusionA novel hazelnut oleosin, named Cor a 15, has been discovered. Cor a 15 could play a role in eliciting an allergic reaction in a subgroup of pediatric patients that exclusively immunorecognize oleosins. The high prevalence of hazelnut oleosin sensitization here reported further confirms the need to include oleosins in routine diagnostic procedures.
Lead migration and fracture rate in dorsal root ganglion stimulation using anchoring and non‐anchoring techniques: A multicenter pooled data analysis
Authors: Chapman Kenneth B. , Mogilner Alon Y. , Yang Ajax H. , Yadav Abhishek , Patel Kiran V. , Lubenow Timothy , van Helmond Noud , Deer Timothy , Kallewaard Jan Willem 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionDorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRG‐S) is a neuromodulation technique introduced in the last decade with evolving implant methods. Initial prospective research found low incidences of lead migration and lead fracture with DRG‐S. However, several recent studies have highlighted high lead migration and lead fracture rates with DRG‐S. We investigated the influence of lead anchoring on migrations and fractures.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review between 2016 and 2020 of individuals implanted with DRG‐S leads by 4 experienced implanters. The implanters independently changed their standard practice regarding lead anchoring over time, with opposing trends (no anchoring > anchoring, anchoring > no anchoring). We compared lead migration and lead fracture rates between anchored and unanchored DRG‐S leads in the entire study cohort. Cox regression was performed on lead migration and fracture distributions.ResultsWe included 756 leads (n = 565 anchored andn = 191 unanchored) from 249 patients. In unanchored leads, migration occurred in 16 leads (8.4%) from 13 patients (21.0%). In anchored leads, migration occurred in 8 leads (1.4%) from 5 patients (2.7%). Fracture in unanchored leads occurred in 6 leads (3.1%) from 6 patients (9.7%). Fractures in anchored leads occurred in 11 leads (1.9%) from 9 patients (4.8%). The migration survival distributions for the anchored and unanchored leads were statistically significantly different (p < 0.01) with decreased survival for unanchored leads (hazard ratio = 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2–15.5).DiscussionWe found that anchoring DRG‐S leads significantly reduces lead migration when compared to leads placed without an anchor. There was no significant difference in fracture rate between anchored and unanchored leads.
Evolutionary and functional analysis of two‐component system in chickpea reveals CaRR13, a TypeB RR, as positive regulator of symbiosis
Authors: Tiwari Manish , Yadav Manisha , Singh Baljinder , Pandey Vimal , Nawaz Kashif , Bhatia Sabhyata 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe critical role of cytokinin in early nodulation in legumes is well known. In our study, exogenous cytokinin application to roots of the important crop legume, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), led to the formation of pseudo‐nodules even in the absence of rhizobia. Hence, a genome‐wide analysis of the cytokinin signalling, two‐component system (TCS) genes, was conducted in chickpea, Medicago and Cajanus cajan. The integrated phylogenetic, evolutionary and expression analysis of the TCS genes was carried out, which revealed that histidine kinases (HKs) were highly conserved, whereas there was diversification leading to neofunctionalization at the level of response regulators (RRs) especially the TypeB RRs. Further, the functional role of the CaHKs in nodulation was established by complementation of the sln1Δ mutant of yeast and cre1 mutants of (Medicago) which led to restoration of the nodule‐deficient phenotype. Additionally, the highest expressing TypeB RR of chickpea, CaRR13, was functionally characterized. Its localization in the nucleus and its Y1H assay‐based interaction with the promoter of the early nodulation gene CaNSP2 indicated its role as a transcription factor regulating early nodulation. Overexpression, RNAi lines and complementation of cre1 mutants with CaRR13 revealed its critical involvement as an important signalling molecule regulating early events of nodule organogenesis in chickpea.
Putting World War I on trial: The moral peace activism of Austrian socialist Friedrich Adler through political assassination
Authors: Callahan Kevin J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study of the action and motivation of Austrian socialist Friedrich Adler, who assassinated the Austrian Prime Minister Stürgkh during World War I, considers the possibility that an instance of targeted political violence could be a defensible means to further peace. Adler used the publicity of his act and subsequent trial to galvanize public opposition against World War I. Situating Adler’s statements about the assassination within their historical context and moral psychologist James Rest’s four‐component model of morality lends support to Adler’s self‐professed contention that his deed is morally defensible. This insight complicates the widespread view within the peace studies literature of nonviolent action as the most effective tactic to bring about a just and peaceful society. Adler’s moral peace activism, when framed as an unusual form of civil disobedience, permits tentative and surprising connections with the moral reasoning of renowned nonviolent peacemakers of the twentieth century like Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.