bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of social support in reducing the impact of violence on adolescents’ mental health in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Quinlan-Davidson Meaghen , Kiss Ligia , Devakumar Delan , Cortina-Borja Mario , Eisner Manuel , Tourinho Peres Maria Fernanda 
Published: October 2021

Objectives
We investigated whether perceived social support among adolescent students moderated the association between violence exposure and internalising symptoms in São Paulo city, Brazil.

Methods
We tested the stress-buffering model using data from the cross-sectional school-based, survey São Paulo Project on the Social Development of Children and Adolescents. Internalising symptoms were measured using an adapted version of the Social Behaviour Questionnaire; serious victimisation, being bullied once/week, school violence and community violence, friend and teacher support were scales adapted by the research team; the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire measured parenting style. Linear mixed-effects models were used to quantify moderation effects of (i) social support between violence exposure and internalising symptoms and (ii) gender between violence exposure and internalising symptoms across schools.

Results
Across schools, being bullied once/week, school violence, and community violence were associated with a significant (p<0.001) increase in internalising symptoms (e.g., bullied b = 5.76, 95% CI 2.26, 9.26; school violence b = 0.48, 95% CI 0.30, 0.67; community violence b = 0.36; 95% CI 0.22, 0.50). Males exposed to all types of violence had significantly lower (p<0.01) internalising symptoms compared to females (e.g., serious victimisation: b = -1.45; 95% CI -2.60, -0.29; school violence b = -0.27; 95% CI -0.30, -0.24; community violence b = -0.23; 95% CI -0.25, -0.20). As a main effect, social support was associated with a significant (p<0.01) decrease in internalising symptoms across schools (e.g., positive parenting b = -2.42; 95% CI -3.12, -1.72; parent involvement b = -2.75; 95% CI -3.32, -2.17; friend support b = -1.05; 95% CI -1.74, -0.34; teacher support b = -0.90; 95% CI -1.58, -0.22). Social support did not moderate the association between violence exposure and internalising symptoms.

Conclusions
Adolescent students in São Paulo exposed to violence have a higher likelihood of internalising symptoms, compared to those who are not. Support from parents, friends, and teachers, independent of violence, appear to be protective against internalising symptoms, pointing to potential programmes that could improve adolescent mental health.
Evaluation of the prothrombotic potential of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) in animal models
Authors: Ghosh Subhajit , Krege Wilfred , Doerr Baerbel , Mischnik Marcel , Pragst Ingo , Dickneite Gerhard , Herzog Eva 
Published: October 2021

Objectives
Acquired coagulopathy may be associated with bleeding risk. Approaches to restore haemostasis include administration of coagulation factor concentrates, but there are concerns regarding potential prothrombotic risk. The present study assessed the prothrombotic potential of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) versus activated PCC (aPCC) and recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), using three preclinical animal models.

Methods
The first model was a modified Wessler model of venous stasis-induced thrombosis in rabbit, focusing on dilutional coagulopathy; the second model employed the same system but focused on direct oral anticoagulant reversal (i.e. edoxaban). The third model assessed the prothrombotic impact of 4F-PCC, aPCC and rFVIIa in a rat model of ferric chloride-induced arterial thrombosis.

Results
In the first model, thrombi were observed at aPCC doses ≥10 IU/kg (therapeutic dose 100 IU/kg) and rFVIIa doses ≥50 μg/kg (therapeutic dose 90 μg/kg), but not 4F-PCC 50 IU/kg (therapeutic dose 50 IU/kg). The impact of 4F-PCC (up to 300 IU/kg) on thrombus formation was evident from 10 minutes post-administration, but not at 24 hours post-administration; this did not change with addition of tranexamic acid and/or fibrinogen concentrate. 4F-PCC-induced thrombus formation was lower after haemodilution versus non-haemodilution. In the second model, no prothrombotic effect was confirmed at 4F-PCC 50 IU/kg. The third model showed lower incidence of thrombus formation for 4F-PCC 50 IU/kg versus aPCC (50 U/kg) and rFVIIa (90 μg/kg).

Conclusions
These results suggest that 4F-PCC has a low thrombotic potential versus aPCC or rFVIIa, supporting the clinical use of 4F-PCC for the treatment of coagulopathy-mediated bleeding.
Disseminated AIDS-Related Kaposi Sarcoma Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome With Infiltrative Liver Disease
Authors: Van Jeremy , Reau Nancy 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Clinically significant hepatic acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–related Kaposi sarcoma is rarely described in the literature. Kaposi sarcoma immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome may play a role in the rapid progression of clinically insignificant to significant liver disease. We present an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient with disseminated Kaposi sarcoma that developed 3–6 weeks after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
A Case of Lansoprazole-Induced Bullous Pemphigoid After Zantac Recall
Authors: Tran Minh , Armenta Andrew M. , Wilkerson Michael G. , Afrouzian Marjan , Khan Kashif 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the mainstay of treatment for many gastric acid-related diseases with a relatively safe drug profile. One of the rare side effects is PPI-induced bullous pemphigoid. We describe a case of new-onset bullous pemphigoid on initiation of lansoprazole for esophagitis after a nationwide Zantac recall. This condition can improve with the cessation of PPI and the use of corticosteroids. However, it poses a significant challenge to the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease by limiting available pharmacologic options. In addition, this case highlights the negative effects of a drug recall.
Respon Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Hiperglikemik Setelah Pemberian Berbagai Minyak Konsumsi
Authors: Wachidah Yuniwarti Enny Yusuf , Saraswati Tyas Rini , Kusdiyantini Endang 
Published: October 2021

Olive oil, VCO, dan minyak buah merah memiliki manfaat sebagai antidiabetik karena ketiga minyak tersebut mengandung antioksidan yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan respon ketiga minyak tersebut terhadap persentase penurunan kadar glukosa darah, berat badan dan diameter sel hepatosit tikus jantan (Rattus norvegicus) hiperglikemik. Lima belas ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dengan umur sekitar 2 bulan digunakan sebagai hewan uji. Induksi aloksan sebesar 150 mg per kg BB tikus secara intraperitonial dilakukan untuk mendapatkan tikus hiperglikemik. Design penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap, dengan tiga perlakuan dan lima ulangan, yaitu P1 merupakan perlakuan dengan VCO 0,2 ml per BB tikus, P2 merupakan perlakuan dengan olive oil 0,2 ml per BB serta P3 merupakan perlakuan dengan minyak buah merah sebanyak 0,2 ml per BB tikus per hari. Perlakuan diberikan secara oral selama empat minggu, data yang didapat dianalisa dengan ANOVA dan uji lanjut dengan uji LSD. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa rerata persentase penurunan kadar glukosa darah dan bobot badan pada P1 berbeda nyata dengan P2 dan P3 (p<0.05), sedang diameter sel hepatosit tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata antar perlakuan (p>0.05), sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa VCO lebih potensial sebagai antidiabetik dibanding olive oil dan minyak buah merah,
Regulasi Fotodeteksi: Peran Cahaya Pada Performa Produksi Telur Unggas
Authors: Kasiyati _ 
Published: October 2021

Cahaya merupakan salah satu faktor lingkungan yang esensial bagi kehidupan aves. Signal cahaya yang diterima oleh hipotalamus dapat mengontrol sekresi gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) yang berperan dalam menstimulasi pitutari melepaskan follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) dan luteinizing hormone (LH). Peningkatan konsetrasi dan waktu sekresi gonadotropin berpengaruh pada umur dewasa kelamin, siklus ovulasi, serta performa produksi telur pada aves. Tujuan dari ulasan artikel ini fokus pada peran cahaya yang melibatkan sistem sensori pada performa produksi telur unggas. Organ fotoreseptor vertebrata non-mamalia termasuk aves selain mata adalah organ pineal dan fotoreseptor otak bagian dalam (deep brain photoreceptors). Beberapa molekul fotoreseptor deep brain, yaitu rodopsin (RH), melanopsin (OPN4), dan vertebrate ancient (VA)-opsin, serta protein opsin 5 (OPN5 atau neuropsin). Paparan cahaya yang lebih lama pada siang hari yang panjang menstimulasi peningkatan ekspresi mRNA GnRH sehingga menginduksi dewasa (matang) kelamin unggas. Peningkatan performa reproduksi walaupun kecil tetap berpengaruh pada produksi telur. Lebih dari 33% peningkatan performa reproduksi dan produksi telur merupakan kontribusi dari penggunaan cahaya. Intisari dari ulasan ini adalah mengetahui peran fotoreseptor pada unggas.
Analisis Proksimat dan Nilai Kesukaaan Beras Artifisial Berbahan Dasar Tepung Ubi Kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz ) dan Tepung Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata Durch)
Authors: Rahmawati Dewi Kartika , Izzati Munifatul , Parman Sarjana 
Published: October 2021

Beras artifisial adalah beras yang dibuat dari non padi dengan kandungan karbohidrat mendekati atau melebihi beras. Beras artifisial berbahan dasar tepung ubi kayu dan labu kuning merupakan solusi agar ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap beras dapat dikurangi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengkaji kandungan gizi beras artifisial berbahan dasar tepung ubi kayu dan labu kuning ditinjau dari analisis proksimat dan antioksidan serta mengetahui dan mengkaji tingkat kesukaan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan satu faktor yaitu jumlah perbandingan tepung ubi kayu dan tepung labu kuning yang terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu formula 2:1, 1:1 dan 1:2. Metode dari penelitian ini meliputi analisis proksimat, analisis antioksidan dan uji nilai kesukaan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula beras artifisial berbahan dasar tepung ubi kayu dan labu kuning yang memiliki kualitas gizi terbaik yaitu formula 1:2. Formula 1:2 memiliki kadar abu sebesar 3,5%; kadar a ir 9,2%; kadar serat kasar 8,2%;kadar protein 8%; kadar lemak 0,4%; kadar karbohidrat 78,5% dan kadar antioksidan 8%. Uji nilai kesukaan menunjukan bahwa beras artifisial berbahan dasar tepung ubi kayu dan labu kuning formula 1:2 kurang disukai dari segi warna, aroma, dan penerimaan umum, namun dari segi rasa panelis rata-rata menyukainya.
Kandungan Ca, Cu, dan Pb pada Berbagai Produk Olahan Rumput Laut Gracillaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss dari Tambak Lorok, Semarang
Authors: Naja Muhammad Ghozy Nailan , Izzati Munifatul , Haryanti Sri 
Published: October 2021

Perkembangan industri di sekitar Tambak lorok Semarang menghasilkan buangan limbah dan menimbulkan pencemaran logam berat seperti Cu dan Pb. Cemaran tersebut dapat membahayakan organisme yang hidup di dalamnya. Salah satunya adalah rumput laut G. verrucosa yang mampu menyerap logam berat, dan sangat berbahaya apabila dikonsumsi . G. verrucosa juga mempunyai kandungan mineral yang lengkap, antara lain yaitu Ca. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kandungan mineral Ca pada tepung agar, dan ampas ekstrak agar yang berasal dari rumput laut G. verrucosa serta menguji kandungan logam berat Cu dan Pb pada tepung agar, dan ampas ekstrak agar yang berasal dari rumput laut G. verrucosa. Metode analisis kandungan mineral serta logam berat menggunakan metode Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa rerata kandungan mineral Ca yang dimiliki oleh tepung agar yaitu sebesar 18,75 ppm, dan pada ampas ekstrak agar yaitu sebesar 12,63 ppm. Nilai rerata kandungan logam berat Cu yang dimiliki oleh tepung agar yaitu sebesar 1,239 ppm, dan pada ampas ekstrak agar yaitu sebesar 0,733 ppm, dan nilai rerata kandungan logam berat Pb yang dimiliki oleh tepung agar yaitu sebesar 0,158 ppm, dan pada ampas ekstrak agar yaitu sebesar 0,042 ppm. Kata kunci: G. verrucosa, mineral, logam berat, ICP-OES, tambak lorok
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mimba (Azadirachta indica A.Juss) terhadap Berat Uterus dan Tebal Endometrium Mencit (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Alfiyanti Anis , Sitasiwi Agung Janika , Mardiati Siti Muflichatun 
Published: October 2021

Daun Mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) mengandung bahan aktif seperti flavonoid, triterpenoid, alkaloid, tanin dan saponin yang berpotensi sebagai senyawa antifertilitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun mimba (Azadirachta indica A.Juss) terhadap berat uterus dan tebal endometrium mencit (Mus musculus L.). Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan yaitu K- (Akuades), K+ (Pil Kontrasepsi), P1, P2 dan P3 (Perlakuan ekstrak etanol daun Mimba dengan dosis 8,4; 11,2 dan 14 mg/kg BB/hari) masing-masing dengan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan diberikan secara oral dengan volume 0,2 mL selama 21 hari. Pemberian pakan dan minum dilakukan secara ad libitum. Uterus diisolasi, ditimbang dan dibuat sediaan histologis menggunakan metode paraffin dengan tebal sayatan 5 µm dan pewarnaan Hematoksilin Eosin (HE). Pengukuran tebal endometrium dilakukan pada 6 sayatan di setiap sediaan histologi uterus. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) pada taraf kepercayaan 95% dan uji lanjut DMRT. Hasil analisis menunjukkan paparan bahan uji memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (p<0,05) terhadap tebal endometrium namun tidak berpengaruh nyata (p>0,05) terhadap bobot uterus dan bobot total organ reproduksi. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol daun Mimba selama 21 hari dapat memengaruhi fertilitas dengan cara menurunkan tebal endometrium. Kata kunci: daun Mimba, tebal endometrium, bobot uterus
Distribusi Nrf2 dan Enzim GST pada Sel Granulosa Ovarium Tikus Putih Premenopause setelah Pemberian Serbuk Rimpang Kunyit
Authors: Suprihatin Teguh , Rahayu Sri , Rifa'i Muhaimin , Widyarti Sri 
Published: October 2021

Kurkumin pada tanaman kunyit dapat mengaktivasi agen transkripsi yaitu Nuclear related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 berperan dalam transkripsi kelompok enzim detosifikasi fase II, seperti glutathione S-transferase (GST). Enzim GST dapat berfungsi sebagai antioksidan dengan melindungi sel dari radikal bebas terutama dari kelompok ROS. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui distribusi Nrf2 dan enzim GST pada sel granulosa ovarium tikus putih premenopause, setelah pemberian serbuk rimpang kunyit. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah 30 ekor tikus putih betina, strain wistar, usia 12 bulan, dengan bobot 200-250 g. Enam kelompok perlakuan, yaitu P0; kontrol negatif, diberi akuades 4 ml, P1; kontrol positif, diberi serbuk kurkumin dosis 6,75 mg/kg BB, P2; diberi serbuk rimpang kunyit dosis 100 mg/kg BB, P3; diberi serbuk rimpang kunyit dosis 200 mg/kg BB, P4; diberi serbuk rimpang kunyit dosis 400 mg/kg BB, dan P5; diberi serbuk rimpang kunyit dosis 800 mg/kg BB. Perlakuan per oral setiap hari selama 27 hari. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap, data distribusi Nrf2 dan GST dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan BNJ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian serbuk rimpang kunyit dosis 200mg/kg BB, merupakan dosis optimal dalam meningkatkan distribusi Nrf2 dan enzim GST pada sel granulosa ovarium tikus putih premenopause.
Struktur Anatomi Daun Mangrove Api-api Putih [Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh] Di Pantai Mangunharjo, Semarang
Authors: Lumban Tobing Atia Nadira , Darmanti Sri , Hastuti Endah Dwi , Izzati Munifatul 
Published: October 2021

Mangrove api-api putih (Avicennia marina) adalah jenis mangrove yang dapat hidup di lingkungan dengan kondisi salinitas, intensitas cahaya, dan suhu dengan kisaran yang cukup luas. Hal tersebut ditunjang oleh kemampuan adaptasi secara fisiologi, anatomi maupun morfologi. Adaptasi anatomi terutama berkaitan dengan kemampuan mengabsorbsi air dan hara dari media tanam dengan potensial osmotik rendah yang disebabkan oleh salinitas tinggi, kemampuan regulasi kandungan garam yang tinggi pada jaringan dan kemampuan menekan laju transpirasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur anatomi daun A. marina yang tumbuh di Pantai Mangunharjo, Semarang. Sampel adalah daun ketiga dari ujung cabang. Masing-masing sampel diambil pada dua titik sampling, yaitu di tambak dan pantai. Tiap titik sampling diambil tiga pohon mangrove dengan ukuran pohon yang hampir sama. Preparat penampang lintang daun dibuat dengan metode embedding. Pengamatan struktur anatomi daun dilakukan dengan menggunakan fotomikrograf. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan struktur anatomi daun A. marina dari permukaan adaksial ke permukaan abaksial berturut-turut tersusun atas kutikula, epidermis atas, kelenjar garam, jaringan hipodermis, jaringan mesofil yang terdiri atas jaringan palisade parenkim dan spons parenkim. Diantara jaringan mesofil terdapat jaringan pengangkut (vascular bundle) yang terdiri atas xilem dan floem. Sebelah bawah dari spons parenkim terdapat epidermis bawah dengan derivatnya berupa trikoma nonglandular dan stomata dengan tipe kriptofor.
The Effect of Learning Biophysics with STEM Approach on Science Process Skills and Critical Thinking: Field Study on Application of NA-AOGS for Increasing Soybean Productivity and Growth Rate
Authors: Rosana D. , Kadarisman N. , Purwanto A. , Sari E. K. 
Published: October 2021

Efforts to fulfill food security to anticipate population growth in Indonesia need to be supported by universities through research and community service. The application of the Natural Animal Audio Organic Growth System (NA-AOGS) with a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) approach is an effort to help the community increase crop yields and accelerate the growth of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merill). The research method used is R&D (Research & Development) which is modified from Cennamo and Kalk (2018). This model is in the form of a spiral cycle using 5 (five) main activities as follows: (1) defining the product conceptual; (2) designing research products; (3) demonstrating the product in a limited trial; (4) developing the product through the process of evaluating the test results, and (5) presenting the product to the public. The direct impact of learning is the improvement of science process skills and critical thinking of students participating in the Biophysics course at the Natural Sciences Study Program, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. This is due to the effective application of STEM to link science learning with contextual technology and engineering (NA-AOGS), environmentally friendly technology (only using natural animal sound frequency variables), mathematical elements in data analysis, and analysis of soybeans plant growth charts. The economic impact of this research is the scientific contribution in the form of adaptation of agricultural technology so that it can increase soybean yields (an increase of 130.38% on an area of 2750 m2). The novelty and contribution of this research is the integration of science learning with agricultural techniques and technology with a STEM approach so that it can improve the welfare of farmers in educational institutions as a new model in science learning.
Making weight: acute muscle weakness and hypokalaemia exacerbated by thyrotoxicosis factitia in a bodybuilder
Authors: Bonnar Clare E , Brazil John F , Okiro Julie O , Giblin Louise , Smyth Yvonne , O’Shea Paula M , Finucane Francis M 
Published: October 2021

Summary
A 32-year-old Caucasian male presented to the emergency department with a one-day history of acute severe bilateral lower limb weakness, three days after competing in a bodybuilding competition. He consumed large quantities of carbohydrate-rich foods following the competition. His past medical history was significant for anxiety, and family history was non-contributory. Examination was normal except for reduced power and hyporeflexia in both legs, despite his muscular physique. He was noted to have severe hypokalaemia (K+= 1.9 mmol/L). His thyroid function tests were consistent with thyrotoxicosis. He reported taking thyroxine and several other agents to facilitate muscle mass generation before the bodybuilding competition. His presentation was reminiscent of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, albeit uncommon with Caucasian ethnicity. He also had transient hyperglycaemia at presentation with concomitant hyperinsulinaemia, which could be attributed to the carbohydrate load and may have exacerbated his hypokalaemia through a transcellular shift. Urine toxicology screen subsequently ruled out the use of diuretics but confirmed the presence of a long-acting beta agonist (clenbuterol) which, along with other substances, may have aggravated the hypokalaemia further. After 12 h of i.v. replacement, the potassium level normalised and leg weakness resolved. The patient agreed to stop taking thyroxine and beta agonists and was well during the clinic visit at one month follow-up. This case highlights the potential for thyrotoxicosis factitia to exacerbate hypokalaemia and muscle weakness from other causes in bodybuilders presenting with acute severe weakness, irrespective of ethnicity.

Learning points

In patients presenting with muscle weakness and hypokalaemia, early consideration of thyrotoxicosis is essential, even in the absence of a past history of thyroid disease or specific symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, in order to allow prompt initiation of appropriate treatment and to prevent recurrence.

Bodybuilders may constitute a uniquely ‘at-risk’ group for thyrotoxic periodic paralysis secondary to thyrotoxicosis factitia, especially where there is concomitant use of beta-adrenergic agonists, even in the absence of diuretic use.

Although rare and usually described in patients of Asian or Polynesian ethnicity, this case highlights that thyrotoxic periodic paralysis secondary to thyrotoxicosis factitia can also occur in patients with Caucasian ethnicity.

We speculate that consuming large quantities of carbohydrates may induce hyperinsulinaemia, which could theoretically contribute to worse hypokalaemia, though mechanistic studies would be needed to explore this further.
Intercomparison of Gamma Cell 220 Irradiator Facilities and Dr. Mirzan T Razzak Gamma Irradiators Using Harwell Dosimeters
Authors: Saputro Bimo 
Published: October 2021

The gamma irradiator is a multi-purpose facility that possibly used to preserve food, sterilize medical equipment, and conduct genetic engineering and polymerization processes, during which the absorbed dose of the product is critical. The standardization of product quality assurance was regulated by the IAEA Technical Document Number 409 considering Dosimetry for Food Irradiation and ISO 14470 and 11137-3 on Food Irradiation, as well as the Guidance on Dosimetric Aspects of Development, Validation, and Routine Control, respectively. The absorbed dose was influenced by the movement of the product to the source, its position, the amount of radioactive activity in the facility, and the dose rate in the irradiation room. The dosimeter performance test and quality assurance of the system were conducted using the Facility Intercomparison Technique which tested the dosimeter (measuring instrument) at 2 different facilities to determine the performance of the measuring instrument.. In this study, 2 irradiation facilities were tested using a Harwell routine dosimeter in the dose range of 1 kGy to 30 kGy and 20 dose points. The results showed that the highest deviation reached 19% and 21% at the Gamma Cell 220 and the Dr. Mirzan T Razzak Gamma irradiator facilities. This elevated the performance of the dosimeters to determine the precision accuracy of the dose-measuring instrument.