bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy considerations for scaling up access to HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis for adolescent girls and young women: Examples from Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda
Authors: Lane Jeff , Brezak Audrey , Patel Pragna , Verani Andre R. , Benech Irene , Katz Aaron 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAdolescent girls and young women (aged 15–24 years; AGYW) continue to carry a disproportionate burden of HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) helps reduce the risk of acquiring HIV for persons at substantial risk, including AGYW. As countries plan for the rollout of PrEP across sub‐Saharan Africa, PrEP policies and programs could address the unique needs of AGYW. The purpose of this analysis was to identify policy considerations to improve AGYW access to PrEP. After reviewing the literature, we identified 13 policy considerations that policymakers and stakeholders could evaluate when developing or reviewing PrEP‐related policies. We sorted these considerations into five categories, which together comprise an AGYW Access to PrEP Framework: AGYW‐friendly delivery systems, clinical eligibility and adherence support, legal barriers and facilitators, affordability, and community and AGYW outreach. We also reviewed policies in three countries (Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda) to explore how PrEP‐related policies addressed these considerations. Some of these policies addressed some of the 13 policy considerations, but none of the policies directly addressed the unique needs of AGYW for accessing PrEP. To improve access to PrEP for AGYW, country policies could include specific components that address these 13 considerations. To reach AGYW effectively, each country could use the 13 considerations we have identified to analyze current policies to identify existing programmatic barriers to AGYW accessing HIV services and address these barriers in PrEP‐related policies.
A neglected population: Sexual and reproductive issues among adolescent and young Venezuelan migrant women at the northwestern border of Brazil
Authors: Soeiro Rachel E. , Rocha Leila , Surita Fernanda G. , Bahamondes Luis , Costa Maria L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveAdolescent and young women (10–24 years old) are a neglected group in humanitarian settings and their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs are habitually ignored. Our study aims to assess main SRH issues affecting migrant Venezuelan adolescents and young women in Boa Vista, Roraima at the northwestern border of Venezuela‐Brazil.MethodsA cross‐sectional study with a self‐responded questionnaire with information about SRH was conducted in 153 Venezuelan adolescent and young migrant women at Boa Vista, from January 18 to 23, 2021. A descriptive analysis was performed.ResultsMean age was 17.7 years and two‐thirds were under 20 years old. The majority (84%) were living on the streets. Most of them (54%) reported that they had at least one previous childbirth, 10% were pregnant at the time of the interview, 30% of them were not attending prenatal care. The main SRH concern was contraception (35%); however, 75% of those interviewed who went to a healthcare service were unable to obtain the method of their choice and for 91% no other contraceptive was offered.ConclusionMigrant Venezuelan adolescents and young women in Boa Vista have their SRH needs overlooked. Efforts to address these SRH needs, especially during the pandemic, require urgent attention.
Deep‐skin multiphoton microscopy in vivo excited at 1600 nm: A comparative investigation with silicone oil and deuterium dioxide immersion
Authors: Wang Ke , Pan Yi , Tong Shen , Chen Xinlin , Lu Yuan , Qiu Ping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMultiphoton microscopy (MPM) excited at the 1700‐nm window has enabled deep‐tissue penetration in biological tissue, especially brain. MPM of skin may also benefit from this deep‐penetration capability. Skin is a layered structure with varying refractive index (from 1.34 to 1.5). Consequently, proper immersion medium should be selected when imaging with high numerical aperture objective lens. To provide guidelines for immersion medium selection for skin MPM, here we demonstrate comparative experimental investigation of deep‐skin MPM excited at 1600 nm in vivo, using both silicone oil and deuterium dioxide (D2O) immersion. We specifically characterize imaging depths, signal levels and spatial resolution. Our results show that both immersion media give similar performance in imaging depth and spatial resolution, while signal levels are slightly better with silicone oil immersion. We also demonstrate that local injection of fluorescent beads into the skin is a viable technique for spatial resolution characterization in vivo.
Kinase inhibitor screening reveals aurora‐a kinase is a potential therapeutic and prognostic biomarker of gastric cancer
Authors: Mesquita Felipe P. , Lucena da Silva Emerson , Souza Pedro F. N. , Lima Luina B. , Amaral Jackson L. , Zuercher William , Albuquerque Louise M. , Rabenhorst Silvia H. B. , Moreira‐Nunes Caroline A. , Amaral de Moraes Maria E. , Montenegro Raquel C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGastric cancer is one of the most common and deadly types of cancer in the world, and poor prognosis with treatment failure is widely reported in the literature. In this context, kinases have been considered a relevant choice for targeted therapy in gastric cancer. Here, we explore the antiproliferative and antimigratory effects of the AURKA inhibitor and the prognostic and therapeutic value as a biomarker of gastric cancer. A total of 145 kinase inhibitors were screened to evaluate the cytotoxic or cytostatic effects in the gastric cancer cell line. Using the Alamar Blue assay, flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and observation of caspase 3/7 activity and cell migration, we investigated the antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antimigratory effects of the AURKA inhibitor. Moreover, AURKA overexpression was evaluated in the gastric cell lines and the gastric tumor tissue. Out of the 145 inhibitors, two presented the highest antiproliferative effect. Both molecules can induce apoptosis by the caspases 3/7 pathway in addition to inhibiting cancer cell migration, mainly the AURKA inhibitor. Moreover, molecular docking analysis revealed that GW779439X interacts in the active site of the AURKA enzyme with similar energy as a well‐described inhibitor. Our study identified AURKA overexpression in the gastric cancer cell line and gastric tumor tissue, revealing that its overexpression in patients with cancer is correlated with low survival. Therefore, it is feasible to suggest AURKA as a potential marker of gastric cancer, besides providing robust information for diagnosis and estimated survival of patients. AURKA can be considered a new molecular target used in the prognosis and therapy of gastric cancer.
Experimental study of a reverse osmosis pilot plant for reuse of refinery wastewater
Authors: Costamagna Paola , Rosellini Silvia , Lavarone Alice , Scarsi Giovanni , Saturno Ezio , Mantelli Valter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe possibility of reusing treated refinery wastewater in the cooling water system (CWS) of the refinery itself is investigated. The contaminant levels in the treated wastewater typically fluctuate around or slightly above the threshold values for recycling to the CWS and this motivates the need for an additional purification unit. To this end, the performance of reverse osmosis (RO) is experimentally investigated through a flat‐sheet RO pilot plant installed directly in the refinery (on the treated wastewater streamline).RESULTSIn the pilot plant, two different RO membranes are tested: seawater (SWM) and brackish water (BWM) membranes. In both cases, the permeate water at the outlet of the RO pilot plant had conductivity below 100 μS cm–1, total hardness (TH) below 8 ppm, chemical oxygen demand (COD) below 45 ppm, Fe below 0.04 ppm, and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) below 1.1 ppm. The concentration of hydrocarbons (HCs) is a few ppm in the treated wastewater both at the inlet of the RO pilot plant and in the RO permeate. All these data are well below the thresholds for reuse in the CWS. The results were stable and no evidence of degradation was found over the experimentation period (3 days and 6 days, respectively, for the SWMs and the BWMs).CONCLUSIONThe RO permeate water can be reused in the CWS of the refinery. The proposed reuse strategy is expected to make a significant reduction (20–25 t h–1) in refinery primary water withdrawal possible. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Integrative Machine Learning Prediction of Prostate Biopsy Results From Negative Multiparametric MRI
Authors: Zheng Haoxin , Miao Qi , Liu Yongkai , Raman Steven S. , Scalzo Fabien , Sung Kyunghyun 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundMultiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is commonly recommended as a triage test prior to any prostate biopsy. However, there exists limited consensus on which patients with a negative prostate mpMRI could avoid prostate biopsy.PurposeTo identify which patient could safely avoid prostate biopsy when the prostate mpMRI is negative, via a radiomics‐based machine learning approach.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsThree hundred thirty patients with negative prostate 3T mpMRI between January 2016 and December 2018 were included.Field Strength/SequenceA 3.0 T/T2‐weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) imaging (T2WI) and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI).AssessmentThe integrative machine learning (iML) model was trained to predict negative prostate biopsy results, utilizing both radiomics and clinical features. The final study cohort comprised 330 consecutive patients with negative mpMRI (PI‐RADS < 3) who underwent systematic transrectal ultrasound‐guided (TRUS) or MR‐ultrasound fusion (MRUS) biopsy within 6 months. A secondary analysis of biopsy naïve subcohort (n = 227) was also conducted.Statistical TestsThe Mann–Whitney U test and Chi‐Squared test were utilized to evaluate the significance of difference of clinical features between prostate biopsy positive and negative groups. The model performance was validated using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (LOOCV) and measured by AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV).ResultsOverall, 306/330 (NPV 92.7%) of the final study cohort patients had negative biopsies, and 207/227 (NPV 91.2%) of the biopsy naïve subcohort patients had negative biopsies. Our iML model achieved NPVs of 98.3% and 98.0% for the study cohort and subcohort, respectively, superior to prostate‐specific antigen density (PSAD)‐based risk assessment with NPVs of 94.9% and 93.9%, respectively.Data ConclusionThe proposed iML model achieved high performance in predicting negative prostate biopsy results for patients with negative mpMRI. With improved NPVs, the proposed model can be used to stratify patients who in whom we might obviate biopsies, thus reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies.Evidence Level3Technical EfficacyStage 2
Renal stone detection using a low kilo‐voltage paediatric CT protocol – a porcine phantom study
Authors: Mussmann Bo , Hardy Maryann , Jung Helene , Ding Ming , Osther Palle J. , Fransen Maja Lynge , Greisen Pernille Wied , Graumann Ole 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionReducing tube voltage is an effective dose saving method in computed tomography (CT) assuming tube current is not concurrently increased. Recent innovations in scanner technology now enable CT tube voltage reduction to 70 kV thereby increasing opportunities for dose reduction in paediatric patients, but it is unclear if the increased image noise associated with 70 kV impacts on ability to visualise renal stones accurately. The purpose was to assess detectability of nephrolithiasis using a bespoke paediatric phantom and low kV, non‐contrast CT and to assess inter‐observer agreement.MethodsForty‐two renal stones of different size and chemical composition were inserted into porcine kidneys and positioned in a bespoke, water‐filled phantom mimicking a 9‐year‐old child weighing approximately 33kg. The phantom was scanned using 120 and 70 kV CT protocols, and the detectability of the stones was assessed by three radiologists. Absolute agreement and Fleiss’ kappa regarding detectability were assessed.ResultsThe mean diameter of renal stones as measured physically was 4.24 mm ranging from 1 to 11 mm. Four stones were missed by at least one observer. One observer had a sensitivity of 93 and 95% at 70 and 120 kV, respectively, while the sensitivity for observers 2 and 3 was 98% at both kV levels. Specificity was 100% across readers and kV levels. Absolute agreement between the readers at 70 kV was 92% (kappa = 0.86) and 98% (kappa = 0.96) at 120 kV indicating a strong agreement at both kV levels.ConclusionsThe results suggest that lowering the kV does not affect the detection rate of renal stones and may be a useful dose reduction strategy for assessment of nephrolithiasis in children.
Energy conserving ring cluster‐based routing protocol for wireless sensor network: A hybrid based model
Authors: Sumesh JayaMohanan Jayasree , Maheswaran Chella Perumal 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe recent advancement in WSNs has drawn its attentive toward number of researchers as it is supportive to the wide range of applications. During the routing mechanism in WSN, the tiny sensors powered with batteries can be expired soon. Number of solutions have been proceeded so far to resolve this issue, and the ring routing protocol is one among them. The ring routing protocol is an energy‐proficient mobile sink routing protocol that can be easily accessible and configures based on the virtual ring composition. Moreover, ring routing is a hierarchical routing protocol with a mobile sink in WSN that uses greedy geographic routing. In this research work, an energy‐aware ring routing protocol is developed based on the defined multi‐objective. Initially, the ring is constructed with a pre‐defined radius and the normal nodes now send data to the sink node via the constructed ring structure. More particularly, the nodes near the sink deplete faster than the other nodes and introduce overhead in terms of “energy consumption and packet delays.” When a ring node tends to exhaust, then its neighbor switches its role automatically, and this selection of the normal node as the ring node is accomplished optimally on the basis of the defined multi‐objectives like energy , distance between the ring node and the regular node and distance between network centers to regular node . As optimization has a key role in selecting the neighbors as the ring nodes, a new optimization model referred to as Moth Integrated Firefly Algorithm (MIFA) is introduced in this research work. The performance of the proposed model is compared over other conventional models with respect to throughput, energy dissipation, and transmission delay as well.
Electric field analysis, polarization, excitation wavelength dependence, and novel applications of tip‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Pienpinijtham Prompong , Kitahama Yasutaka , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) has received significant interest as a new nano‐vibrational spectroscopy technique, which can be used to obtain site‐specific molecular information. TERS instruments have made remarkable progress, and the application of TERS has been expanding to nanomaterials, liquid samples, biological materials, and electrochemistry. Furthermore, molecular structures with imaging can be explored even at subnanometer resolution. This review consists of two parts: basic studies on the reproducibility of TERS and novel applications of TERS. In the former part, we report the electric field analysis, polarization, and excitation wavelength dependence of TERS. These studies are very important for understanding the characteristic features of TERS. In the latter part, we introduce two examples of TERS applications to nanomaterials, epitaxial graphene, and graphene oxide and two examples of liquid TERS that use chemically modified tips: nanoscale pH measurement and enantiomeric discrimination using TERS. Finally, we discuss the perspective of TERS.
The Assembly of the Mixture of Two Ionic Surfactants in Polyols Media at Variable Temperatures: Combined Conductivity and Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Alam Md. Masud , Mahbub Shamim , Alfakeer M. , Hoque Md. Anamul , Mustafa Syed Khalid , Ahmad M. Ayaz , Kabir Shariff E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHerein, the aggregation phenomena of the two cationic amphiphiles, the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), has been investigated in the presence of monosaccharide (glucose) and disaccharide (maltose) at varying compositions and temperatures. The critical micelle concentration (cmc), degree of ionization (g), and several thermodynamic properties have been estimated applying the conductivity measurement technique. To explore the consequence of additives on the mixed micellization of TTAB + CTAB, glucose as monosaccharide having two concentrations (1% & 5% (w/w) glucose) and maltose as disaccharide containing single concentration (1% (w/w)) have been employed. Together with the mixture of TTAB and CTAB, investigation of the physicochemical parameters of pure amphiphiles in glucose and maltose solutions was quantified. The efficiency of the additives in depressing the cmc values followed the order: 1 (w/w) % maltose >5 (w/w) % glucose >1% (w/w) glucose. The ideal cmc (cmcid), activity coefficients, and β values suggested the synergistic attraction (attractive force) between these two surfactants. By utilizing the Rubingh model, the evaluated micellar mole fractions of CTAB (α1) coupled with the ideal mole fraction () imply the increase of the contribution of CTAB in the mixed micellization with rising the α1 values. The values of the negative excess free energy () implied the stability of the mixed micelle formed. The changes in standard enthalpy (ΔH°m) and changes in standard entropy (ΔS°m) of micellization reveal the presence of different modes of interactions like electrostatic, ion‐dipole, H‐bonding, and hydrophobic interactions among the studied components.
Mini‐LED backlight units on glass for 75‐inch 8K resolution liquid crystal display
Authors: Xiao Juncheng , Fei Jiayang , Zheng Feng , Liu Quansheng , Huo Wenxue , Li Ji , Mei Wenlin , Xu Hongyuan , Zhang Shengdong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractActive matrix (AM) mini‐LED backlight units (BLUs) based on amorphous silicon (a‐Si) thin‐film transistor (TFT) on a glass substrate for 75‐inch 8K liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are developed, with each consisting of 5184 local dimming (LD) zones. The 75‐inch 8K LCDs perform a high dynamic contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1 and high typical brightness of more than 1000 nits with 10% capable screen area. In addition, the LCDs show an excellent high dynamic range (HDR) and a real black state, which are comparable to that of other high‐end displays (dual cells and organic light‐emitting diode displays [OLEDs]). Also, the mini‐LED BLUs feature a low fabrication cost.
Complete and partial replacement of the inferior vena cava with autologous peritoneum in cancer surgery
Authors: Balzan Silvio M. P. , Gava Vinicius G. , Magalhaes Marcelo A. , Rieger Alexandre , Roman Luiz I. , dos Santos Caroline , Marins Morgana P. , Rabaioli Bruna , Raupp Isabela T. , Kunzler Vanessa B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractResection of the inferior vena cava may be required in the courses of oncological surgeries for the tumors originating from or invading it. Management of the remaining defect depends on the extension of the resection. Partial or complete replacement of the inferior vena cava, with a patch or interposition graft, may be required. Standard techniques for the reconstruction with a prosthetic material or the autologous veins can be associated with the prosthetic graft infection, high cost, long‐standing anticoagulation, technical difficulties, and/or need for extra incisions. The use of the autologous peritoneum represents an easy and inexpensive alternative for the partial and complete inferior vena cava reconstructions.
Sclerotherapy Versus Cautery/Laser Treatment for Epistaxis in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Authors: Woodard Troy D. , Yappel‐Sinkko Kathleen B. , Wang Xiaofeng , McCrae Keith R. , Parambil Joseph G. 
Published: June 2021

Objectives/HypothesisSurgical interventions for epistaxis management in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) demonstrate short‐term success and require repeated procedures for disease control. Although electrocautery and/or laser photocoagulation (C ± L) are most frequently performed, sodium tetradecyl sclerotherapy (STS) is emerging as a promising newer treatment. We hypothesized that in a 24‐month time period, STS would require fewer treatments than C ± L to maintain epistaxis severity within the mild range.Study DesignRetrospective study.MethodsWe retrospectively assessed 67 patients with HHT with moderate and severe epistaxis that were treated periodically with C ± L (34 patients) versus STS (33 patients). The primary outcome was the number of procedures needed to maintain the epistaxis severity score (ESS) as mild. Secondary outcomes assessed for differences in postoperative complications, hemoglobin levels, iron stores, hematologic support, and quality‐of‐life (QoL) scores.ResultsTo maintain ESS in the mild range, 1.6 STS procedures (range, 1–4) were performed versus 3.6 C ± L procedures (range, 1–8) (P = .003). Significant postoperative differences included reduction in nasal crusting (3% vs. 32%, P = .001), foul odor (3% vs. 35%, P < .001), and septal perforation (3% vs. 29%, P = .006) after STS. There were no significant differences between the two treatments in hemoglobin levels, iron stores, hematologic support, or QoL scores.ConclusionSTS is able to attain satisfactory epistaxis control with significantly fewer procedures and lower postoperative complications than C ± L. STS should be considered as the initial surgical intervention for epistaxis in patients with HHT.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 132:920–925, 2022
Drag reduction mechanism of vapour‐assisted liquid membrane lubrication on texture surface with elevated temperature
Authors: Chen Cheng , Lu Yan , Xue Chao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, a vapour‐assisted drag reduction mechanism of texture surface with elevated temperature is explored. The computational fluid dynamics simulation is performed to understand the vapour membrane generated by the coupled effect of elevated temperature and surface texture. Simulation results indicated that elevated temperature may help generate the vapour membrane which can isolate the liquid water from the solid surface, thereby reducing friction. Meanwhile the introduction of surface micro‐texture has dramatic positive effect in vapour volume fraction, vapour thickness and the average velocity of outflow. It was found that introducing the micro‐texture to the elevated surface has dramatic positive effect in reducing frictional drag, the groove formed by the micro‐texture can store vapour and form a vapour vortex inside, which may have a certain driving effect on the fluid.