bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le programme iconographique du système d’élévation de la tour de la nef de l’église de la Vraie Croix de Pătrăuți
Authors: Dragnev Emile 
Published: February 2021

L’église de Pătrăuți, bâtie en 1487 par le prince régnant de Moldavie, Étienne le Grand, a reçue son décor de peintures après cette date. C’est la plus ancienne des églises conservées, dont la tour de la nef est élevée sur un système de deux séries d’arcs superposés, appelé “voûte moldave”, et présente le premier exemple d’adaptation du programme iconographique au ce nouveau type d’élévation de la tour. Structurellement, le programme iconographique du système d’élèvement de la voûte est en continuité des principales dispositions de l’époque paléologue, mais en introduisant des éléments nouveaux, qui seront assimilés par la peinture murale postérieure en Moldavie, ce que lui accorde une position intermédiaire entre les traditions de la peinture byzantine et post-byzantine du XVIe siècle. D’un intérêt particulier sont les inscriptions sur les rouleaux des prophètes, lesquelles suivent seulement en partie le répertoire de l’époque précédente, et se distinguent par un accent eschatologique prononcé.
Polimorfismos genéticos CYP2C9 y VKORC1-1639 implicados en la farmacocinética y farmacodinámica de warfarina en población latinoamericana
Authors: Negaresh Sara , Silva Arrechavala José René , Corriols Marianela 
Published: February 2021

La warfarina es un anticoagulante ampliamente usado a nivel mundial para la prevención y tratamiento de eventos tromboembólicos. Los polimorfismos en los genes CYP2C9 y VKORC1 -1639 se han asociado con la variabilidad de respuesta a la warfarina en diversas poblaciones. La identificación de la presencia de polimorfismos puede garantizar el uso más seguro y efectivo de warfarina al estimar la dosis adecuada para cada paciente. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la frecuencia de estos polimorfismos genéticos en la población latinoamericana.
De los 402 artículos revisados, se incluyeron 11 estudios con datos de frecuencia de polimorfismos genéticos de 2,830 pacientes latinoamericanos. Las variantes alélicas CYP2C9 *1/*2 y CYP2C9 *1/*3 fueron más frecuentes en la población estudiada con un 13.15 % y 6.93%, respectivamente. La variante alélica *3/*3 se presentó con una frecuencia de 0.17 %. En cuanto a los polimorfismos del gen VKORC1 -1639 se reportaron frecuencias de 49.11 %, 33 % y 17 % para las variantes GA, GG y AA, respectivamente.
La frecuencia de polimorfismos en los genes CYP2C9 y VKORC1 -1639 en la población latinoamericana varía en dependencia del origen étnico de la población. En comparación con otras poblaciones se muestra un comportamiento similar al reportado en poblaciones de origen caucásico.
The Nature of Science and Technology in Teacher Education
Authors: Svendsen Bodil 
Published: February 2021

This chapter is about the Nature of Science (NOS) and the Nature of Technology (NOT) in education. Science includes the systematic study of the structure and actions of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment, and technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. NOS and NOT have been used to refer to the epistemology of science, science as a way of knowing, or the values and beliefs inherent to the development of scientific knowledge. These characterizations, nevertheless, remain general, and philosophers of science, historians of science, and the same goes for NOT. Subsequently, an individual’s understanding that observations are constrained by our perceptual apparatus and are characteristically theory-laden is part of that individuals understanding of the NOS and NOT. In general, NOS and NOT refers to principles and ideas which provide a description of science and technology as a way of knowing, as well as characteristics of scientific knowledge. Many of these intrinsic ideas are lost in the everyday aspects of a science classroom, resulting in students learning misaligned ideas about how science is conducted. Understanding how technology relates with science and society is critical for individuals to make informed personal and societal decisions. Nevertheless, in most STEM education contexts, learning about technology typically only means learning how to be an efficient user or, perhaps, an informed competent designer of. A meaningful technology education stresses that science education efforts also teach students about NOT. Essential questions like what technology is, how it is related to, yet distinct from, science, how it shapes and is shaped by society, and perhaps most importantly, how technologies impact the way individuals think and act.
Clinical Trials Evaluating Proton Therapy
Authors: A. Taylor Paige 
Published: February 2021

Although proton therapy was developed almost 80 years ago, widespread clinical implementation has been limited until the past decade. With the growing use of proton therapy, there is a desire to prove the equivalence or superiority of proton therapy across a number of cancer disease sites. Dozens of clinical trials have been developed to accomplish this within individual institutions, among a few centers, and across national and international networks such as the National Cancer Institute’s National Clinical Trial Network. The protocols include proton therapy imbedded in trials with photon therapy as well as randomized photon vs. proton trials. This chapter provides an overview of the design of such trials as well as some of the challenges facing protocols with proton therapy.
Accurate Gleason Grading of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma in Prostate Needle Biopsies by General Pathologists
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Schultz Delray , Cote Kerri , Loffredo Marian , Ziemba David E. , D'Amico Anthony V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Gleason grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma in core needle biopsies is important for predicting prognosis and selecting appropriate therapy. Previous studies have shown that Gleason scores assigned by general pathologists have a low correlation with those assigned by urologic pathologists, and that general pathologists tend to undergrade prostate carcinoma.
Objective.—To determine if the performance of general pathologists grading prostate needle biopsies has changed over time.
Design.—Four hundred sixteen prostate biopsies from men treated at a single community-based institution between 1987 and 2000 were reviewed by one urologic pathologist (A.A.R.). The correlation between the original Gleason score and the reviewer's score was determined over time.
Results.—Cases were divided into those performed and originally interpreted in the first half of the study (1987–1996) and those performed and originally interpreted in the second half (1996–2000). Overall concordance for exact Gleason score was 59% (244/416). The exact concordance of the Gleason score assigned by the original pathologist and the reviewer during the first half of the study was 51%, whereas in the second half of the study the concordance was significantly greater (66.3%, P = .002). However, when grouped into score categories of 6 or less, 7, and 8 or greater, there was no significant difference in the exact concordance between the first half of the study (78.3%) and the second half (78.4%). Fifty-five percent of the cases in which there was discordance were graded as 7 by the reference pathologist and 6 or less by the original pathologist. There was no correlation between concordance in Gleason score and the percentage of tissue involved by carcinoma.
Conclusion.—The concordance between general pathologists' Gleason grading and that of a reference pathologist in this study is much higher than that in previously reported studies. Although exact concordance has significantly improved over time, concordance by clinically significant groups has remained high throughout the study, is dominated by the difference between Gleason score 7 and 6 or less, and is unrelated to the size of the tumor focus.
Informatics Training in Pathology Residency Programs: Proposed Learning Objectives and Skill Sets for the New Millennium
Authors: Henricks Walter H. , Boyer Philip J. , Harrison James H. , Tuthill J. Mark , Healy James C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—To be successful in tomorrow's health care environment, to make the most appropriate decisions for their laboratories, to optimize training and continuing medical education opportunities, and to advance pathology as a professional specialty, pathologists must possess basic informatics knowledge and proficiency. Traditional areas of anatomic and clinical pathology residency training employ learning objectives, knowledge expectations, and skill sets, but such items have not been as well developed or widely implemented for pathology informatics training.
Objective.—We present a proposal that defines a standard and specific set of learning (knowledge) objectives and skill set (proficiency) expectations for resident training in pathology informatics.
Design.—The proposal includes a comprehensive and detailed set of knowledge applications and proficiencies that will assist residency programs in developing basic pathology informatics training for residents. The content of the proposal is based on and compiled from existing successful pathology informatics training programs. Learning objectives include those related to general and enterprise computing as well as objectives related specifically to pathology informatics. Skill set expectations include the ability to use software that facilitates and adds value to the work of pathologists, including the use of a laboratory information system and of productivity software and other tools. Other topics include guidelines for evaluating residents' informatics competency, suggestions regarding curriculum structure and implementation, and recommendations for residents' computing infrastructure.
Conclusion.—This proposal provides a foundation for building effective and standard curricula for residency training in pathology informatics. These curricula will be able to meet increasing expectations and needs for pathologists to contribute to clinical information management.
Training in Pathology Informatics: Implementation at the University of Pittsburgh
Authors: Harrison James H. , Stewart Jimmie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Pathology informatics is generally recognized as an important component of pathology training, but the scope, form, and goals of informatics training vary substantially between pathology residency programs. The Training and Education Committee of the Association for Pathology Informatics (API TEC) has developed a standard set of knowledge and skills objectives that are recommended for inclusion in pathology informatics training and may serve to standardize and formalize training programs in this area.
Objective.—The University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, Pa) core rotation in pathology informatics includes most of these goals and is offered as an implementation model for pathology informatics training.
Design.—The core rotation in pathology informatics is a 3-week, full-time rotation including didactic sessions and hands-on laboratories. Topics include general desktop computing and the Internet, but the primary focus of the rotation is vocabulary and concepts related to enterprise and pathology information systems, pathology practice, and research. The total contact time is 63 hours, and a total of 19 faculty and staff contribute. Pretests and posttests are given at the start and end of the rotation. Performance and course evaluation data were collected for 3 years (a total of 21 residents).
Results.—The rotation implements 84% of the knowledge objectives and 94% of the skills objectives recommended by the API TEC. Residents scored an average of about 20% on the pretest and about 70% on the posttest for an average increase during the course of 50%. Posttest scores did not correlate with pretest scores or self-assessed computer skill level. The size of the pretest/posttest difference correlated negatively with the pretest scores and self-assessed computing skill level.
Conclusions.—Pretest scores were generally low regardless of whether residents were familiar with desktop computing and productivity applications, indicating that even residents who are computer “savvy” have limited knowledge of pathology informatics topics. Posttest scores showed that all residents' knowledge increased substantially during the course and that residents who were computing novices were not disadvantaged. In fact, novices tended to have higher pretest/posttest differences, indicating that the rotation effectively supported initially less knowledgeable residents in “catching up” to their peers and achieving an appropriate competency level. This rotation provides a formal training model that implements the API TEC recommendations with demonstrated success.
A Rare Case of Multiple Lymphomatous Polyposis With Widespread Involvement of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Remes-Troche JoséM. , De-Anda Jazmín , Ochoa Víctor , Barreto-Zuñiga Rafael , Arista-Nasr Julián , Valdovinos Miguel A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Multiple lymphomatous polyposis (MLP) is an uncommon type of primary non-Hodgkin gastrointestinal (GI) B-cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of multiple polyps along the GI tract. Malignant cells of MLP have mantle cell characteristics and thus are considered to be the counterpart of the mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in the GI tract. Since 1961, no more than 70 well-documented cases have been published. We report the case of 53-year-old man diagnosed as having MLP. The patient presented with diffuse abdominal pain, chronic lower GI bleeding, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and weight loss. The lymphomatous polyps extended from the esophagus to the rectum, with bone marrow infiltration. Immunohistologic findings were characteristic of MCL. The patient was treated with a combined cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy regimen, resulting in a partial response.
Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Breast: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Honma Naoko , Sakamoto Goi , Ikenaga Motoko , Kuroiwa Kojiro , Younes Mamoun , Takubo Kaiyo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We report a case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (MCA) of the breast in a 96-year-old woman. This is an extremely rare variant of primary breast carcinoma that bears a striking resemblance to MCAs of the ovary and pancreas. The macroscopic appearance and secretion pattern (cytologic findings) resembled cystic hypersecretory carcinoma. However, microscopically, the epithelial cells were quite different from those of cystic hypersecretory carcinoma. In the present study as well as in the literature, MCAs tend to occur more frequently in elderly women. Immunohistochemical findings suggest that they may develop independently of estrogenic stimulation. Although MCAs show high proliferative activity, the prognosis was favorable in the present case as well as in the reported cases. Because MCAs appear to have a distinct pathogenesis and biologic behavior, they should be distinguished from ordinary mucinous carcinomas, cystic hypersecretory carcinomas, and carcinomas of other histologic subtypes.
Introducing a Molecular Test Into the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory: Development, Evaluation, and Validation
Authors: Forbes Betty A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—In the mid-1980s, the polymerase chain reaction methodology for the amplification of minute amounts of target DNA was successfully developed and then introduced into clinical use; such technology has led to a revolution in diagnostic testing. Despite enormous advances in the detection of infectious agents by amplification methods, there are also limitations that must be addressed.Objective.—To highlight the pertinent steps and issues associated with the introduction of an amplification assay into a clinical microbiology laboratory as well as the subsequent ongoing activities following its introduction into routine laboratory use.Data Sources.—Data were obtained from literature searches from 1990 through September 2002 using the subject headings “polymerase chain reaction,” “molecular assays,” and “amplification” as well as publications of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.Data Extraction and Synthesis.—Using the findings obtained from these studies and publications, the process of introducing a molecular assay into the clinical microbiology laboratory was broken down into 4 major components: (1) initial phase of assay development, (2) polymerase chain reaction assay verification in which analytic sensitivity and specificity is determined, (3) assay validation to determine clinical sensitivity and specificity, and (4) interpretation of results and ongoing, required activities. The approach, as well as the advantages and limitations involved in each step of the process, was highlighted and discussed within the context of the published literature.Conclusions.—The application of molecular testing methods in the clinical laboratory has dramatically improved our ability to diagnose infectious diseases. However, the clinical usefulness of molecular testing will only be maximized to its fullest benefit by appropriate and careful studies correlating clinical findings with assay results.
Hoechst 33342 Alters Luciferase Gene Expression in Transfected BC3H-1 Myocytes
Authors: Zhang Xinbo , Kiechle Frederick L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background.—Hoechst 33342 and Hoechst 33258 bind to the minor groove of DNA. Hoechst 33342 induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types by a mechanism that is associated with disruption of the formation of the TATA box-binding protein/DNA complex.
Objective.—To further investigate the role of Hoechst 33342 in gene regulation using BC3H-1 myocytes transfected with 4 different pGL3 luciferase reporter vectors constructed with or without the SV40 promoter and/or enhancer regions or with 2 synthetic Renilla luciferase vectors (phRL-null and phRL-TK).
Methods.—Luciferase messenger RNA content was measured by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, and luciferase activity was measured by luminometry. The ability of transcription factors in nuclei prepared from BC3H-1 myocytes to bind to a [32P]-labeled 24-base pair oligonucleotide containing the TATA box-binding element was determined by a gel mobility shift assay.
Results.—In vivo, 4.4 and 8.9 μM of Hoechst 33342 (sublethal doses) increased luciferase enzyme activity in cells transfected with each of the 4 pGL3 luciferase reporter vectors and both of the Renilla luciferase vectors. Hoechst 33258 had no effect on luciferase enzyme activity. In vitro, Hoechst 33342 increased transcription factor binding to the 24-mer oligonucleotide containing the TATA box-binding element, which would be favorable to increased RNA polymerase II efficiency.
Conclusion.—Hoechst 33342 stimulates luciferase activity by a pathway that is independent of the integrity of the promoters in the luciferase gene expression vectors used (pGL3 basic, pGL3 control, pGL3 enhancer, and pGL3 promoter vectors, phRL-null, or phRL-TK).
Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Intra-abdominal Wall Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Gaudier Farah , Khurana Jasvir S. , Dewan Sanjiv , Shen Ting 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor. Most of the reported cases that were diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration were taken from the extremities, where the tumor is often found. Problems can occur when the site is unusual and cellular differentiation is not distinct. We present a case in which the tumor was located in the intra-abdominal wall, an unusual location. Cytologic features and immunocytochemistry are helpful in distinguishing this tumor from others that share similar myxoid background.
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia With Abnormal Bone Marrow Eosinophils
Authors: Hyde Jason , Sun Tsieh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with eosinophilia is a recently defined rare entity frequently associated with t(5;12)(q33;p13) translocation. It usually shows a peripheral eosinophil count greater than 1500/μL. However, the literature contains a small subset of cases in which the major manifestation is bone marrow eosinophilia. We report a case similar to that subset and discuss our finding that the immature eosinophils are identical to those seen in acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal bone marrow eosinophils.
Giant Cell Granuloma of the Temporal Bone: A Case Report With Immunohistochemical, Enzyme Histochemical, and In Vitro Studies
Authors: Tian Xue-Fei , Li Tie-Jun , Yu Shi-Feng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A case of giant cell granuloma (GCG) that occurred in the right temporal bone is reported. The lesion showed histologic features identical to GCG. The multinuclear giant cells (MGCs) in the lesion showed strong reactivity with CD68, but patchy staining for myeloid/histiocyte antigen, α-1-antitrypsin, α-1-antichymotrypsine, and lysozyme. Activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was also consistently detected in the MGCs. Some of the mononuclear cells of the lesion exhibited similar immunocytochemical and histochemical reactivity as the MGCs. Ki-67 staining, however, was only detected in the mononuclear cells. The MGCs isolated from the lesion presented characteristic morphology of osteoclasts and possessed the ability to excavate bone in vitro. Thus, the MGCs in GCG appeared to express both macrophage- and osteoclast-associated phenotypes. The mononuclear cells were the major proliferative elements in the lesion and a subpopulation of these cells may represent precursors of the MGCs.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease in Nepal: A Study of 6 Cases
Authors: Adhikari Ram Chandra , Sayami Gita , Lee Min Chul , Basnet Ranga Bahadur , Shrestha Pradeep Krishna , Shrestha Hari Govinda 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a benign disorder, predominantly affecting young women with a predilection for cervical lymphadenopathy. Although the disease has been recognized worldwide, to our knowledge no cases have been reported previously from Nepal.Objectives.—To determine the prevalence of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in Nepal and to analyze clinicopathologic features.Methods.—We reviewed 6 cases of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease recorded at 3 different hospitals in Nepal during a period from June 1998 to June 2002. Clinical data and histopathology are presented.Results.—This study included 5 females and 1 boy, aged 13 to 32 years. These patients presented with prolonged fever and lymphadenopathy. The 5 female patients had cervical lymphadenopathy, and the boy had axillary lymphadenopathy. Complete blood counts revealed raised erythrocyte sedimentation rates in all patients and anemia in 2 patients. The size of excised lymph nodes (in greatest dimension) ranged from 1.5 to 5 cm. Typical histologic features were seen, namely, architectural effacement due to presence of pale nodular lymphohistiocytic foci with karyorrhectic debris, coagulation necrosis, eosinophilic debris, and absence of granulocytic infiltration. In a follow-up of the cases, disease recurrence was not found.Conclusion.—Our study emphasizes that Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses in patients with prolonged fever and cervical lymphadenopathy and that it should be differentiated from tuberculous lymphadenitis in regions where tuberculosis is prevalent.