bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implication of actin in the uptake of sucrose and valine in the tap root and leaf of sugar beet
Authors: Michonneau Philippe , Fleurat‐Lessard Pierrette , Cantereau Anne , Crépin Alexandre , Roblin Gabriel , Berjeaud Jean‐Marc 
Published: January 2021

AbstractActin microfilaments (F‐actin) are major components of the cytoskeleton essential for many cellular dynamic processes (vesicle trafficking, cytoplasmic streaming, organelle movements). The aim of this study was to examine whether cortical actin microfilaments might be implicated in the regulation of nutrient uptake in root and leaf cells of Beta vulgaris. Using antibodies raised against actin and the AtSUC1 sucrose transporter, immunochemical assays demonstrated that the expression of actin and a sucrose transporter showed different characteristics, when detected on plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) purified from roots and from leaves. The in situ immunolabeling of actin and AtSUC1 sites in PMVs and tissues showed their close proximity to the plasma membrane. Using co‐labeling in protoplasts, actin and sucrose transporters were localized along the internal border and in the outermost part of the plasma membrane, respectively. This respective membrane co‐localization was confirmed on PMVs and in tissues using transmission electronic microscopy. The possible functional role of actin in sucrose uptake (and valine uptake, comparatively) by PMVs and tissues from roots and leaves was examined using the pharmacological inhibitors, cytochalasin B (CB), cytochalasin D (CD), and phalloidin (PH). CB and CD inhibited the sucrose and valine uptake by root tissues in a concentration‐dependent manner above 1 μM, whereas PH had no such effect. Comparatively, the toxins inhibited the sucrose and valine uptake in leaf discs to a lesser extent. The inhibition was not due to a hindering of the proton pumping and H+‐ATPase catalytic activity determined in PMVs incubated in presence of these toxins.
MicroRNA regulation of viral replication in teleost fish: a review
Authors: Zhang Chi , Tu Jiagang , Zhang Yong‐An 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single‐stranded non‐coding RNA molecules. In addition to participating in various biological processes of eukaryotes, such as cell proliferation, development, differentiation, metabolism, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis, miRNAs also play an important role in the regulation of virus replication. Here, we review the current knowledge on high‐throughput miRNA sequencing of teleost fish or fish cells in response to virus infection, the role of teleost fish miRNAs in regulating virus replication via targeting either fish or virus genes and the function of teleost fish virus‐encoded miRNAs during virus infection. Understanding the interaction between the miRNAs and the host or virus genes will lead to the identification of novel strategy to prevent virus infection in teleost fish.
Inequalities and poverty risks in old age across Europe: The double‐edged income effect of pension systems
Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile the sustainability of pension systems facing demographic ageing has been widely discussed, the adequacy of retirement income has often been neglected in current debate. However, considerable poverty and income inequality in old age exists across Europe. Using recent EU‐SILC data (2017/18), the comparative analysis of poverty rates and income inequality in old age shows important cross‐national variations that need to be seen in context of market‐related inequalities but also the specific pension system. Beveridge basic security is not always capable of effectively reducing poverty despite the explicit goal to do so. In addition, private funded pensions may generate social inequality. Some contributory Bismarckian systems are better suited to reduce poverty, but given their focus on status maintenance also reproduce inequality. Poverty rates are low due to encompassing basic pensions in Dutch and some Nordic multipillar systems and in core Central and Eastern European countries. Bismarckian pensions such as in Germany are generating some inequality and medium level of poverty, while France and some Southern European countries perform better on poverty but reproduce larger inequalities. Beveridge systems such as in the United Kingdom and Switzerland with rather meagre basic multipillar systems have relatively medium to high poverty risks. In addition, the Baltic countries and new EU member states in the periphery have the highest poverty rates across Europe. The analysis shows that the minimum income provision of public pension systems matters most for poverty risks, while the overall pension architecture has an impact on reproducing inequality in old age acquired during working life.
Rank atmospheres: The more‐than‐human scentspace and aesthetic of a pigdogging hunt
Authors: Keil Paul G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPigdogging is a popular pastime in Australia, a form of recreational hunting whereby people collaborate with dogs to chase and catch wild pigs. This paper analyses the hunt as an interspecies event that unfolds through the sensual and sensory entanglements of human and nonhuman, with a particular focus on the perspectives of the hunters. The concept of ‘atmosphere’ will be employed to frame an ethnographic analysis of two facets of pigdogging. First, by hunting with a dog, humans augment their capacity to identify the presence of pigs through the canine's extraordinary sense of scent. Through this relationship, the world of scent is revealed as having atmospheric properties: an enveloping phenomenon which is known through the dog, yet also escapes the hunter's perceptual apprehension. Second, this paper will illustrate examples of how atmosphere develops through the sensual relations between human and nonhuman bodies during the hunt. An affectively charged interspecies encounter is composed and participated in by the hunter through this recreational practice, and affords the enactment of subjectivities central to an aesthetics of pigdogging. Hunting atmospheres in this paper emerge at the juncture of human and more‐than‐human bodies, perspectives and worlds.
Usefulness of PCR for Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood and endomyocardial biopsies for detection of Chagas disease reactivation after heart transplantation: A comparative study
Authors: Benvenuti Luiz A. , Freitas Vera L. T. , Roggério Alessandra , Nishiya Anna S. , Mangini Sandrigo , Strabelli Tânia M. V. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundChagas disease reactivation (CDR) after heart transplantation is characterized by relapse of the infectious disease with proliferation and dissemination of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites. Serial blood PCR testing is consensually recommended for CDR monitoring, but there is uncertainty about the incremental value in performing the molecular tests in endomyocardial biopsies (EMB).MethodsWe compared qualitative and quantitative results of PCR for T cruzi DNA in 62 pairs of blood and EMB collected with a maximum time interval of 7 days, from 34 heart‐transplanted, chagasic patients.ResultsBlood PCR resulted positive in 39/62 (62.9%) samples, with PL ranging from 0.14 to 1610.73 (median: 3.31). PCR resulted positive in 8/60 (13.3%) EMB, with PL ranging from 2.82 to 1670.55 (median: 65.63). All blood samples which tested negative presented a paired EMB which also tested negative. However, 31/39 (79.5%) blood samples which tested positive presented a paired EMB which tested negative. There was poor agreement between blood and EMB PCR (kappa = 0.153). CDR affecting the myocardium (myo‐CDR) was diagnosed in three occasions. PCR resulted positive in both blood and EMB at the time of myo‐CDR, with PL ranging from 0.61 to 1610.73 in blood and 13.8 to 1670.55 in EMB.ConclusionsNegative PCR for T cruzi in blood rules out myo‐CDR, with no value of testing EMB. Positive PCR in blood with high PL is diagnostic for myo‐CDR. If PCR in blood results positive with low PL, testing EMB is useful: negative PCR turns unlikely, and positive PCR reinforces greatly the possibility of myo‐CDR.
The impact of the sample time of secondary bacterial culture on the risk of exposure to contaminated platelet components: A mathematical analysis
Authors: Moore Ryleigh A. , Schmidt Robert L. , Metcalf Ryan A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a guidance for bacterial risk control strategies for platelet components in September 2019 that includes strategies using secondary bacterial culture (SBC). While an SBC likely increases safety, the optimal timing of the SBC is unknown. Our aim was to develop a model to provide insight into the best time for SBC sampling.Study Design and MethodsWe developed a mathematical model based on the conditional probability of a bacterial contamination event. The model evaluates the impact of secondary culture sampling time over a range of bacterial contamination scenarios (lag and doubling times), with the primary outcome being the optimal secondary sampling time and the associated risk.ResultsResidual risk of exposure decreased with increasing inoculum size, later sampling times for primary culture, and using higher thresholds of exposure (in colony‐forming units per milliliter). Given a level of exposure, the optimal sampling time for secondary culture depended on the timing of primary culture and on the expiration time. In general, the optimal sampling time for secondary culture was approximately halfway between the time of primary culture and the expiration time.ConclusionOur model supports that the FDA guidance is quite reasonable and that sampling earlier in the specified secondary culture windows may be most optimal for safety.
Neutralizing activity to SARS‐CoV‐2 of convalescent and control plasma used in a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Freedenberg Alex T. , Pan Chun‐Hao , Diehl William E. , Romeiser Jamie L. , Hwang Ga‐Ram , Leiton Cindy V. , Muecksch Frauke , Shroyer Kenneth R. , Bennett‐Guerrero Elliott 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere are limited data on the neutralizing activity of convalescent plasma (CP) administered in randomized controlled trials (RCT) of COVID‐19 infection.Study Design and MethodsAs part of an RCT, CP was collected per FDA guidelines from individuals recovered from COVID‐19 infection. CP donors had to have ≥145 optical density (OD) units (ideal target ≥300) using a semiquantitative, immunochromatographic test for IgG antibody to the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SARS‐CoV‐2 (typical range 0–500 OD units). A random subset of samples [14 control plasma, 12 CP “medium‐anti‐NP” (145–299 OD units), and 13 CP “high” anti‐NP (≥300 OD units)] were tested for neutralizing antibodies using an established viral luciferase antibody inhibition assay to detect the infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus that encoded spike protein (SARS2‐Strunc) on a human immunodeficiency virus 1 vector (NL43dEnvNanoLuc), using ACE2‐expressing 293 T cells. The titer needed to neutralize 50% of viral activity (NT50) was calculated.ResultsThe uptake of SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus by 293TACE2 cells was inhibited by pretreatment with CP compared to control CP (p < .001) with control plasma having a median (IQR) 50% neutralization titer (NT50) of 1:28 (1:16,1:36) compared to 1:334 (1:130,1:1295) and 1:324 (1:244,1:578), for medium anti‐NP and high anti‐NP CP units, respectively. The neutralizing activity of CP met minimum FDA criteria with neutralizing antibody titers >1:80 in 100% of randomly selected samples, using a conservative approach that excluded non‐specific binding.DiscussionPlasma from donors screened using an immunochromatographic test for IgG antibody to SARS‐CoV‐2 NP exhibited neutralizing activity meeting FDA's minimum standard in all randomly selected COVID‐19 CP units.
Design and Evaluation of Generic Bump for Flow Control in a Supersonic Inlet Isolator
Authors: Khan Md. Raihan Ali , Hasan A. B. M. Toufique 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the geometry of a supersonic inlet isolator is modified by the introduction of a two-dimensional (2D) bump to control the complex lip shock wave/boundary layer interaction (SWBLI). The bump is of general shape whose profile is designed primarily based on the inviscid theory of oblique shock waves, which accommodates the effect of freestream conditions; particularly, the flow Mach number. Further, the geometric constraints of the inlet are taken into consideration to generate a contoured bump. This well-designed generic bump is tested in the range of flight Mach number of 2.5 to 3.8 through numerical computations. The adopted computational methods are validated with the available experimental data. Results showed that the modified inlet using the present generic bump changes the internal shock structure, weakens the intensity of SWBLI, and subsequently reduces shock reflection phenomena which are prevalent in baseline inlet. The wall characteristics such as separation bubble (SB), skin friction, and total pressure loss are found to be reduced in inlet with bump. The SB in baseline inlet typically corresponds with the geometric profile of the bump. As a result, ramp of baseline inlet is apparently replaced by this generic bump, which eliminates the low momentum fluid adjacent to the wall and the passage of modified inlet is found to be mostly occupied by high momentum supersonic flow. The flow control and associated performance improvement are linked with this modification of supersonic inlet isolator.
Study on the Reduction of the Resonant Stress of Turbine Blades Caused by the Stage Interaction Force (Simultaneous Optimization of Blade Resonant Stress and Amount of Unbalance)
Authors: Kaneko Yasutomo , Watanabe Toshio , Furukawa Tatsuya 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although the bladed disks of turbomachinery are nominally designed to be cyclically symmetric (tuned system), the vibration characteristics of individual blades on a disk vary slightly owing to manufacturing tolerances, deviations in material properties, wear during operation, etc. These small variations break the cyclic symmetry and split eigenvalue pairs. Actual bladed disks with small variations are called mistuned systems. The resonant stress on a mistuned bladed disk may become large and cause a blade failure due to high cycle fatigue (HCF). Especially for a bladed disk with a free-standing blade structure, it is essential to use a sufficiently large safety factor at the design stage, considering the mistuning effect. Traditionally, blade designers have adopted various countermeasures to reduce the resonant stress at the design stage. Besides the countermeasures adopted in blade design, for a variable speed engine, which cannot avoid resonance, it is thought that a practical optimization method for a mistuned system (bladed disk with a free-standing blade structure) is to sort the blades so that the resonant stress is minimized. In this study, a simultaneous method for optimizing the blade resonant stress and the amount of unbalance causing rotor vibration is proposed. In this method, first, the natural frequencies and weights of all blades on a disk are measured. Then, a mistuned system is assembled and the analysis model is generated. Next, the resonant stress and the amount of unbalance in the mistuned system are analyzed. To reduce the computation time, the reduced-order model known as fundamental mistuning model (FMM) is used to calculate the resonant stress in the mistuned system. The analyses of the resonant stress and the amount of unbalance are carried out repeatedly, sorting the blades on the disk, and the optimal solution is explored using Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) or discrete differential evolution (DDE). As an example, a mistuned bladed disk of an aero-engine was analyzed and the validity of the proposed method was verified.
Effects of Cylindrical-Hole Shape and Fillet on Flow and Temperature Fields in Vane Cascade With Endwall Film-Cooling
Authors: Huyssen B. B. , Mahmood G. I. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aerodynamic performances of the cascade can be improved using the filleted blade profile. The non-uniform distributions of the endwall film-cooling flow from the cylindrical coolant holes have prompted the investigations of cascade flow-field employing several variations of the cylindrical coolant hole geometry. While some variants of the cylindrical hole show potential of improved film-cooling effectiveness on the endwall, the aerodynamic performances of the cascade on the other hand suffer. This paper presents results from the measurements of the flow-field and air temperature along a cascade passage that employs filleted vanes and endwall film-cooling using a diffused shape of the cylindrical coolant holes. The experimental results are also presented in the same vane cascade with the endwall film-cooling using the regular cylindrical coolant holes and without the fillet at the vane endwall junction. The diffused coolant hole is a smooth geometric variation of diffused area of the cylindrical hole and diffuses the coolant flow smoothly along the hole axis. The objectives are to investigate the effects of the fillet and new diffused cylindrical hole on the cascade aerodynamic performances. The effects are illuminated through the interactions of the coolant streams with the mainstream. The measurements are obtained in a linear atmospheric cascade employing a two-dimensional vane profile and an inlet Reynolds number of 2.0E+06. The axis of the coolant holes are oriented at 30° to the endwall at inlet from the coolant plenum. The coolant holes are employed both at upstream and inside of the cascade passage. The fillet extends from the leading edge region to half-way of the vane profile. The time-averaged local velocities, total pressures, and air temperatures are measured at different pitchwise planes in the cascade for the different cases at the endwall. The density ratio of the coolant flow to mainstream is about 1.0 for the flow-field measurements and about 0.94 for the temperature measurements. The overall blowing ratio of the film-cooling flow varies between 1.0 and 2.8. The results of the yaw angle deviations of endwall region flow, total pressure loss coefficients, and non-dimensional temperatures are then presented to provide the effects of the fillet and film-cooling hole geometry. The results show the desirable performances of the local distributions and concentrations of the coolant streams, the low flow turning near endwall, and the reduction of total pressure losses are better when the diffused holes are employed without the presence of fillet. With the fillet and diffused cylindrical holes, the aforementioned aerodynamic performances are improved further compared to those for the regular cylindrical coolant holes.
Vibration Fatigue Assessment of Additive Manufactured Nickel Alloy With Inherent Damping
Authors: Scott-Emuakpor Onome , Sheridan Luke , Runyon Brian , George Tommy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The fatigue life behavior and internal surface conditions of inherently damped Additive Manufactured (AM) specimens subjected to vibration bending are under investigation. This study supports research that demonstrated 95% vibration suppression due to damping capability of AM components with 1–3% internal volume of unfused powder. The damping demonstrations have been carried out using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) specimens of various thicknesses, lengths, and unfused internal powder configurations. In addition, damping is shown to be achievable with both nickel-based alloys and stainless steel specimens. Despite the promise of this method, the viability of fatigue performance is unknown. The following effort aims to address this structural integrity issue; specifically, this study explores whether internal pocket roughness or erosion caused by powder particle motion induces a fatigue life debit. These concerns are addressed by comparing the fatigue behaviors of unfused powder pocket and fully-fused nickel based alloy 718 specimens. Microscopy results confirmed a long suspected powder interaction phenomena as well as appearances of erosion. Furthermore, fractography supports that fatigue failures initiate near the surface of maximum strain/stress at porous features consistent with stock (non-optimized) LPBF process parameters.
Large-Eddy Simulation of the Variable Speed Power Turbine Cascade With Inflow Turbulence
Authors: Miki Kenji , Ameri Ali 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Numerical results are presented from the NASA Glenn Research Center’s in-house turbomachinery code, Glenn-HT applied to the Variable Speed Power Turbine (VSPT) experiment at the NASA Transonic Turbine Blade Cascade Facility. The main goal of this paper is to implement a digital filtering method to generate turbulence upstream and a sub-grid model (Localized dynamic k-equation model (LDKM)) in the framework of LES in order to investigate the effect of inflow turbulence on the transition seen in the VSPT experimental data at the cruise condition (incidence angle of 40° and Tu = 0.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). Although the boundary layer on the suction side and pressure side of the blades is initially laminar due to favorable pressure gradient, the laminar flow can transition to turbulent flow past a separation zone on the suction side or by natural or by-pass transition. This process determines the total-pressure losses in the wake. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a reliable prediction tool to accurately capture the transition mechanism in blade rows operated under the conditions of low Reynolds number and at a variety of free stream turbulence conditions. Our numerical studies reveal that the location of separation is rather insensitive to the level of Tu, however the effect of increasing Tu seems to be in reducing the size and ultimately suppressing the separation bubble. In addition, we performed spectral analysis to identify the peak frequencies in the region where the separation bubble is formed, which provides valuable insights into the transition/separation mechanism.
Gradient-Based Optimization of a Radial Turbine Volute and a Downstream Bend Using Vertex Morphing
Authors: Lachenmaier Nicolas , Baumgärtner Daniel , Schiffer Heinz-Peter , Kech Johannes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The higher the efficiency of a turbocharger’s radial turbine, the lower is the necessary pressure ratio to deliver a specified power to the compressor. This, in turn, reduces the fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine as a lower pressure upstream of the turbine increases the obtained charge-cycle work. In this paper, two components of a nozzled radial turbine system are redesigned: Both the volute upstream and the 90°-bend downstream of the turbine wheel will be improved. To reduce pressure drops, a gradient-based shape optimization workflow based on adjoint methods is applied. The scheme works in an iterative manner, i.e. after running a primal and an adjoint simulation to gather shape sensitivities, the geometry is deformed and the next iteration is started. A steepest descent approach is used to guide the optimization process. As parametrization strategy the Vertex Morphing Method is used to explore design potential, while maintaining smooth surfaces. Both the volute and the bend are optimized successfully leading to an efficiency increase of the turbine system of up to 3%, depending on the load condition.