bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nuclear Word Family List: A List of the Most Frequent Family Members, Including Base and Affixed Words
Authors: Cobb Tom , Laufer Batia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article introduces the NFL7 (Nuclear Family List 7), a list of the 2,887 most frequent “nuclear” word families, that is, families that include just the most frequent family members and exclude those that constitute less than 7% of family occurrences. The NFL7 was developed by using a dedicated computer program, the Nuclear List Builder (freely available to users). To construct the list, we used that tool to reduce the complete BNC/COCA lists of the 3,000 most frequent word families from 19,062 to 7,293 word types and from 9,132 to 5,610 lemmas. Despite this reduction, the NFL7 compares favorably with other lists in terms of text coverage, and it includes a small number of the most frequent derivational affixes. We argue that the nuclearization of the list makes it suitable for nonadvanced learners, for teaching and testing both receptive and productive knowledge, and for instruction in basic morphology.
Novel genomic approaches to study antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites
Authors: Märkle Hanna , John Sona , Cornille Amandine , Fields Peter D. , Tellier Aurélien 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHost‐parasite coevolution is ubiquitous, shaping genetic and phenotypic diversity and the evolutionary trajectory of interacting species. With the advances of high throughput sequencing technologies applicable to model and non‐model organisms alike, it is now feasible to study in greater detail (a) the genetic underpinnings of coevolution, (b) the speed and type of dynamics at coevolving loci, and (c) the genomic consequences of coevolution. This review focuses on three recently developed approaches that leverage information from host and parasite full genome data simultaneously to pinpoint coevolving loci and draw inference on the coevolutionary history. First, co‐genome‐wide association study (co‐GWAS) methods allow pinpointing the loci underlying host‐parasite interactions. These methods focus on detecting associations between genetic variants and the outcome of experimental infection tests or on correlations between genomes of naturally infected hosts and their infecting parasites. Second, extensions to population genomics methods can detect genes under coevolution and infer the coevolutionary history, such as fitness costs. Third, correlations between host and parasite population size in time are indicative of coevolution, and polymorphism levels across independent spatially distributed populations of hosts and parasites can reveal coevolutionary loci and infer coevolutionary history. We describe the principles of these three approaches and discuss their advantages and limitations based on coevolutionary theory. We present recommendations for their application to various host (prokaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals) and parasite (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and macroparasites) species. We conclude by pointing out methodological and theoretical gaps to be filled to extract maximum information from full genome data and thereby to shed light on the molecular underpinnings of coevolution.
MoWhi2 regulates appressorium formation and pathogenicity via the MoTor signalling pathway in Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Shi Huanbin , Meng Shuai , Qiu Jiehua , Wang Congcong , Shu Yazhou , Luo Chaoxi , Kou Yanjun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMagnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease, which seriously threatens the safety of food production. Understanding the mechanism of appressorium formation, which is one of the key steps for successful infection by M. oryzae, is helpful to formulate effective control strategies of rice blast. In this study, we identified MoWhi2, the homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Whi2 (Whisky2), as an important regulator that controls appressorium formation in M. oryzae. When MoWHI2 was disrupted, multiple appressoria were formed by one conidium and pathogenicity was significantly reduced. A putative phosphatase, MoPsr1, was identified to interact with MoWhi2 using a yeast two‐hybridization screening assay. The knockout mutant ΔMopsr1 displayed similar phenotypes to the ΔMowhi2 strain. Both the ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 mutants could form appressoria on a hydrophilic surface with cAMP levels increasing in comparison with the wild type (WT). The conidia of ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 formed a single appressorium per conidium, similar to WT, when the target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibitor rapamycin was present. In addition, compared with WT, the expression levels of MoTOR and the MoTor signalling activation marker gene MoRS3 were increased, suggesting that inappropriate activation of the MoTor signalling pathway is one of the important reasons for the defects in appressorium formation in the ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 strains. Our results provide insights into MoWhi2 and MoPsr1‐mediated appressorium development and pathogenicity by regulating cAMP levels and the activation of MoTor signalling in M. oryzae.
Correlations in post‐mortem imaging‐histopathology studies of sporadic human cerebral small vessel disease: A systematic review
Authors: Humphreys Catherine A. , Smith Colin , Wardlaw Joanna M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsSporadic human cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) commonly causes stroke and dementia but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. There are recognised neuroimaging and histopathological features. However, relatively few studies have examined the relationship between the radiological and pathological correlates of SVD; better correlation would promote greater insight into the underlying biological changes.MethodsWe performed a systematic review to collate and appraise the information derived from studies that correlated histological with neuroimaging‐defined SVD lesions. We searched for studies describing post‐mortem imaging and histological tissue examination in adults, extracted data from published studies, categorised the information and compiled this narrative.ResultsWe identified 38 relevant studies, including at least 1146 subjects, 342 of these with SVD: 29 studies focussed on neuroradiological white matter lesions (WML), six on microinfarcts and three on dilated perivascular spaces (PVS) and lacunes. The histopathology terminology was diverse with few robust definitions. Reporting and methodology varied widely between studies, precluding formal meta‐analysis. PVS and ‘oedema’ were frequent findings in WML, being described in at least 94 and 18 radiological WML, respectively, in addition to myelin pallor. Histopathological changes extended beyond the radiological lesion margins in at least 33 radiological WML. At least 43 radiological lesions not seen pathologically and at least 178 histological lesions were not identified on imaging.ConclusionsHistopathological assessment of human SVD is hindered by inconsistent methodological approaches and unstandardised definitions. The data from this systematic review will help to develop standardised definitions to promote consistency in human SVD research.
Synthesis of flavour‐related linalool is regulated by PpbHLH1 and associated with changes in DNA methylation during peach fruit ripening
Authors: Wei Chunyan , Liu Hongru , Cao Xiangmei , Zhang Minglei , Li Xian , Chen Kunsong , Zhang Bo 
Published: May 2021

SummaryLinalool is one of the common flavour‐related volatiles across the plant kingdom and plays an essential role in determining consumer liking of plant foods. Although great process has been made in identifying terpene synthase (TPS) genes associated with linalool synthesis, much less is known about regulation of this pathway. We initiated study by identifying PpTPS3 encoding protein catalysing enantiomer (S)‐(+)‐linalool synthesis, which is a major linalool component (˜70%) observed in ripe peach fruit. Overexpression of PpTPS3 led to linalool accumulation, while virus‐induced gene silencing of PpTPS3 led to a 66.5% reduction in linalool content in peach fruit. We next identified transcription factor (TF) PpbHLH1 directly binds to E‐box (CACATG) in the PpTPS3 promoter and activates its expression based on yeast one‐hybrid assay and EMSA analysis. Significantly positive correlation was also observed between PpbHLH1 expression and linalool production across peach cultivars. Peach fruit accumulated more linalool after overexpressing PpbHLH1 in peach fruit and reduced approximately 54.4% linalool production after silencing this TF. DNA methylation analysis showed increased PpTPS3 expression was associated with decreased 5 mC level in its promoter during peach fruit ripening, but no reverse pattern was observed for PpbHLH1. Arabidopsis and tomato fruits transgenic for peach PpbHLH1 synthesize and accumulate higher levels of linalool compared with wild‐type controls. Taken together, these results would greatly facilitate efforts to enhance linalool production and thus improve flavour of fruits.
Efficient inference of longitudinal/functional data models with time‐varying additive structure
Authors: Huang Qian , You Jinhong , Zhang Liwen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the analysis of longitudinal or functional data, a time‐varying additive model (tvAM) has been introduced that is effective at avoiding the curse of dimensionality and capturing dynamic features. The present article focuses on the unified two‐step estimators of a tvAM with sparse or dense longitudinal or functional data. It is proved that the two‐step estimators have the same asymptotic distribution as that of oracle estimators. Furthermore, a unified convergence theory is established, based on which a unified inference is proposed without deciding whether the data are sparse or dense. Also, a testing statistic that can adapt to the sparse and dense cases in a unified framework is proposed to check whether the bivariate nonparametric functions are time varying, and the asymptotic distribution of the proposed test statistic is derived. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the finite‐sample performance of the proposed model and methods, and two different types of data are considered to illustrate the proposed method.
Ethylene signaling modulates tomato pollen tube growth through modifications of cell wall remodeling and calcium gradient
Authors: Althiab‐Almasaud Rasha , Chen Yi , Maza Elie , Djari Anis , Frasse Pierre , Mollet Jean‐Claude , Mazars Christian , Jamet Elisabeth , Chervin Christian 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYEthylene modulates plant developmental processes including flower development. Previous studies have suggested ethylene participates in pollen tube (PT) elongation, and both ethylene production and perception seem critical at the time of fertilization. The full gene set regulated by ethylene during PT growth is unknown. To study this, we used various EThylene Receptor (ETR) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants: etr3‐ko, a loss‐of‐function (LOF) mutant; and NR (NEVER RIPE), a gain‐of‐function (GOF) mutant. The etr3‐ko PTs grew faster than wild‐type (WT) PTs. Oppositely, NR PT elongation was slower than in WT, and PTs displayed larger diameters. ETR mutations result in feedback control of ethylene production. Furthermore, ethylene treatment of germinating pollen grains increased PT length in etr‐ko mutants and WT, but not in NR. Treatment with the ethylene perception inhibitor 1‐methylcyclopropene decreased PT length in etr‐ko mutants and WT, but had no effect on NR. This confirmed that ethylene regulates PT growth. The comparison of PT transcriptomes in LOF and GOF mutants, etr3‐ko and NR, both harboring mutations of the ETR3 gene, revealed that ethylene perception has major impacts on cell wall‐ and calcium‐related genes as confirmed by microscopic observations showing a modified distribution of the methylesterified homogalacturonan pectic motif and of calcium load. Our results establish links between PT growth, ethylene, calcium, and cell wall metabolism, and also constitute a transcriptomic resource.
The effect of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic and civil unrest on massive transfusion protocol activations in Minneapolis 2020
Authors: Braun Alexander L. , Gorlin Jed B. , Peters Jessica , Murphy Sherrie , Van Buren Nancy L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe year 2020 presented the transfusion community with unprecedented events and challenges, including the ongoing SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) pandemic, and more recently by civil unrest, following the death of George Floyd in late May of 2020. As a level 1 trauma center located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare (HCMC) offers a unique perspective into the changes in massive transfusion protocol (MTP) activations and usage during this tumultuous period. This may provide insight for addressing similar future events.Study design and methodsMTP logs from March 2020 to August 2020 were compared to logs from March to August 2019. The data were de‐identified, and MTP activations and component usage were categorized by activation reason. These categories were compared across the 2‐year period to examine the impact of COVID‐19, including stay‐at‐home orders, and civil unrest.ResultsFor the examined 6 months of the year 2020, there were a total of 140 MTP activations, compared to 143 in 2019. There were more activations for violent trauma (VT) in 2020 than 2019 (44 vs. 32). This increase in activations for VT was offset by a decrease in non‐trauma activations (54 vs. 66). There was a significant increase in the number of components used in VT activations.DiscussionDuring 2020, the initial mild decrease in MTP activations was followed by a dramatic increase in the number of activations and component usage for VT in June and July of that year.
Long‐term results (>1 year) in 19 dogs treated with MicroPulse transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma
Authors: Story Brett D. , Sapienza John S. , Di Girolamo Nicola , Kim Kay 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo report the long‐term (>1 year) outcome of MicroPulse transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation (MP‐TSCP) in dogs.Animals StudiedClient owned dogs that underwent MP‐TSCP at a veterinary referral center.ProcedureRetrospective study of 19 dogs treated with MP‐TSCP. Dogs were evaluated at a median follow‐up time of 30.5 months postoperatively. Reported outcomes were intraocular pressure (IOP), retention or loss of vision, number of medications, and additional procedures performed. Variables associated with time to treatment failure were evaluated.ResultsData from 19 dogs (24 eyes) was available. Median laser settings employed were 140 s and 2200 mW at 31.3% duty cycle. Long‐term postoperative IOP was lower than preoperative IOP values (14 mmHg (IQR = 22 mmHg, range: 4–52 mmHg) versus 30 mmHg (IQR = 31 mmHg, range: 8–62 mmHg), respectively). Laser settings >2000 mW were associated with a significantly longer time to reported failure. MP‐TSCP was the sole therapy performed in 16/24 eyes resulting in long‐term IOP control in 13/24 eyes and retention of vision in 6 of the 14 sighted eyes. Repeat MP‐TSCP was performed in 10/24 eyes. Eight of 24 eyes required additional procedures with long‐term IOP control in 4/8 eyes.ConclusionsMicroPulse transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation can be an effective treatment for refractory glaucoma in select cases. Higher laser settings increased time to reported failure, whereas age, glaucoma type, and preoperative IOP did not affect survival. MP‐TSCP as sole therapy or coupled with additional glaucoma procedures controlled the IOP in 70% of cases.
Validity of Performance Factors Used in Recent Studies on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids
Authors: Muhammad Nura Mu'az , Japar Wan Mohd Arif Aziz , Yusof Siti Nurul Akmal , Asako Yutaka , Faghri Mohammad , Tan Lit Ken , Che Sidik Nor Azwadi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many previous studies used the performance factors for the evaluation of heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids under the identical pumping power. The validity of the performance factors was not examined yet. The validity of the performance factors used in previous studies examined considered only flows in a circular tube based on the empirical correlations and experimental data. It was found that the performance factors used in the previous studies are not valid for the evaluation of heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids. Furthermore, this paper shows that the direct comparison of heat transfer rates without the assumptions of equal surface area and the equal temperature difference is suitable for the evaluation of heat transfer enhancement of single-phase fluids.
Effect of Laser Forming on the Energy Absorbing Behavior of Metal Foams
Authors: Zhang Tom , Liu Yubin , Ashmore Nathan , Li Wayne , Yao Y. Lawrence 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Metal foam is light in weight and exhibits an excellent impact absorbing capability. Laser forming has emerged as a promising process in shaping metal foam plates into desired geometry. While the feasibility and shaping mechanism has been studied, the effect of the laser forming process on the mechanical properties and the energy absorbing behavior in particular of the formed foam parts has not been well understood. This study comparatively investigated such effect on as-received and laser formed closed-cell aluminum alloy foam. In quasi-static compression tests, attention paid to the changes in the elastic region. Imperfections near the laser irradiated surface were closely examined and used to help elucidate the similarities and differences in as-received and laser formed specimens. Similarly, from the impact tests, differences in deformation and specific energy absorption were focused on, while relative density distribution and evolution of foam specimens were numerically investigated.
FE analysis of the effects of process representations on the prediction of residual stresses and chip morphology in the down-milling of Ti6Al4V
Authors: Tounsi Nejah , El-Wardany Tahany 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In part II of these two-part papers, the effects of four FEM representations of the milling process on the prediction of chip morphology and residual stresses (RS) are investigated. Part II focuses on the milling of conventional uncut chip thickness h with finite cutting edge radius and flank wear, while part I of these two-part papers has reported on the results in the case of milling small uncut chip thickness in the micrometre range with finite cutting edge radius. Two geometric models of the flank-wear land composed of flat and curved wear land are proposed and assessed. The four process representations are: i) orthogonal cutting with flat wear land and with the mean uncut chip thickness h ¯; ii) orthogonal cutting with flat wear land and with variable h, which characterises the down-milling process and which is imposed on a flat surface of the final workpiece; iii) modelling the true kinematics of the down milling process with flat wear land and iv) modelling the true kinematics of the down milling process with curved wear land. They are designated as Cte-h, Var-h, True-h and True-h*. The effectiveness of these representations is assessed when milling Ti6Al4V with a flank-wear land of VB = 200µm.
Effect of Exercising in the Heat on Intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein, Endotoxins, and Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Markers in Trained Athletic Populations: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Wallett Alice , Périard Julien D. , Saunders Philo , McKune Andrew 
Published: May 2021

Along with digestion and absorption of nutrients, the gastrointestinal epithelium acts as a primary intestinal defense layer, preventing luminal pathogens from entering the circulation. During exercise in the heat, epithelial integrity can become compromised, allowing bacteria and bacterial endotoxins to translocate into circulation, triggering a systemic inflammatory response and exacerbating gastrointestinal damage. While this relationship seems clear in the general population in endurance/ultraendurance exercise, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of exercise in the heat on blood markers of gastrointestinal epithelial disturbance in well-trained individuals. Following the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviewed and Meta-Analyses guidelines, five electronic databases were searched for appropriate research, and 1,885 studies were identified. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were subject to full methodological appraisal by two reviewers. Critical appraisal of the studies was conducted using the McMasters Critical Review Form. The studies investigated changes in markers of gastrointestinal damage (intestinal fatty acid–binding protein, endotoxin, and/or lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) following acute exercise in warm to hot conditions (≥ 30 °C) and included trained or well-trained participants with direct comparisons to a control temperate condition (≤ 22 °C). The studies found that prolonged submaximal and strenuous exercise in hot environmental conditions can acutely increase epithelial disturbance compared with exercise in cooler conditions, with disturbances not being clinically relevant. However, trained and well-trained populations appear to tolerate exercise-induced gastrointestinal disturbance in the heat. Whether this is an acquired tolerance related to regular training remains to be investigated.
A Comparison of Training With a Velocity Loss Threshold or to Repetition Failure on Upper-Body Strength Development in Professional Australian Footballers
Authors: Kilgallon Mark J. , Johnston Michael J. , Kilduff Liam P. , Watsford Mark L. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To compare resistance training using a velocity loss threshold with training to repetition failure on upper-body strength parameters in professional Australian footballers. Methods: A total of 26 professional Australian footballers (23.9 [4.2] y, 189.9 [7.8] cm, 88.2 [8.8] kg) tested 1-repetition-maximum strength (FPmax) and mean barbell velocity at 85% of 1-repetition maximum on floor press (FPvel). They were then assigned to 2 training groups: 20% velocity loss threshold training (VL; n = 12, maximum-effort lift velocity) or training to repetition failure (TF; n = 14, self-selected lift velocity). Subjects trained twice per week for 3 weeks before being reassessed on FPmax and FPvel. Training volume (total repetitions) was recorded for all training sessions. No differences were present between groups on any pretraining measure. Results: The TF group significantly improved FPmax (105.2–110.9 kg, +5.4%), while the VL group did not (107.5–109.2 kg, +1.6%) (P > .05). Both groups significantly increased FPvel (0.38–0.46 m·s−1, +19.1% and 0.37–0.42 m·s−1, +16.7%, respectively) with no between-groups differences evident (P > .05). The TF group performed significantly more training volume (12.2 vs 6.8 repetitions per session, P > .05). Conclusions: Training to repetition failure improved FPmax, while training using a velocity loss threshold of 20% did not. Both groups demonstrated similar improvements in FPvel despite the VL group completing 45% less total training volume than the TF group. The reduction in training volume associated with implementing a 20% velocity loss threshold may negatively impact the development of upper-body maximum strength while still enhancing submaximal movement velocity.