bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perforant path inputs to hippocampal subfields predict heterogeneous AMPA receptor subunit expression following rapid new spatial learning in a novel context
Authors: Fraser Ellen G. , Makarowski Ty , McDonald Robert J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe hippocampus plays a critical role in spatial learning and memory. Its contribution to support these kinds of learning and memory functions relies on synaptic plasticity and related molecular mechanisms, well documented in the long‐term potentiation (LTP) literature. The present experiment measures AMPA subunit expression, in a ratio of GluA2:GluA1 as an indicator of plasticity across the hippocampus, in rats that underwent new spatial learning in either a familiar or novel context. Statistically significant effects in this plasticity indicator were observed of context condition, time after task and hippocampal subfield. Based on the strong inputs of entorhinal cortex to hippocampus, we also identified differences in GluA2:GluA1 expression trends between time points and room conditions that mirror trends in medial and lateral entorhinal cortex connectivity between new room and same room context learning, respectively. Across the transverse axis in infrapyramidal dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA1, plasticity followed entorhinal cortex projection patterns. Along the transverse axis in the suprapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus, and along the long axis in dentate gyrus and CA3, results did not follow entorhinal cortex subregion projection patterns. These latter results may be indicative of pattern separation in the dentate gyrus and emotional triage functions of the ventral hippocampus.
Estimation of soil specific surface area from adsorbed soil water content
Authors: Chen Chong , Arthur Emmanuel , Tuller Markus , Zhou Hu , Wang Xiang , Shang Jianying , Hu Kelin , Ren Tusheng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe adsorbed water content is an attractive predictor for estimation of soil specific surface area (SSA) as its measurement is less laborious and more cost effective than standard laboratory techniques. We analysed the effects of total specific surface area (SSAtot), external specific surface area (SSAex) and internal specific surface area (SSAin) on water vapour sorption on 21 soil samples, and proposed models for estimating SSAex, SSAtot and SSAin from organic carbon content and the slope of soil water vapour sorption isotherm (SL0.5) and water content (WC0.5) at a water activity of 0.5. The results indicated that the variation of correlation coefficients between water content change at 0.05 water activity interval (WCC0.05) and SSAtot with water activity was mainly due to the differences in water vapour adsorption in interlayer spaces at different water activity levels. Furthermore, in the soil water content range from ~0.001 to ~0.03 g g−1 (within the water activity range from ~0.45 to ~0.75), water vapour adsorption was related closely to SSAex. Cross‐validation results on estimated SSAex, SSAtot and SSAin of the 21 samples produced root mean square error (RMSE) values less than 9.39 m2 g−1 and Nash‐Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients (E) greater than 0.93, suggesting that the proposed models provided reasonable estimates of SSA components. Thus, soil water vapour adsorption data can be applied to simultaneously estimate SSAex, SSAtot and SSAin. Variation of correlation between WCC0.05 and SSAtot with water activity depended on SSAin. Soil water vapour sorption is related closely to SSAex at water activities from ~0.45 to ~0.75. The proposed models yield reasonable estimates of SSAtot, SSAex and SSAin. Adsorbed water content can be used as a predictor for SSA estimation.Highlights
Variation of correlation between WCC0.05 and SSAtot with water activity depended on SSAin.
Soil water vapor sorption relates closely to SSAex at water activities from ~0.45 to ~0.75.
The proposed models yield reasonable estimates of SSAtot, SSAex, and SSAin.
Adsorbed water content can be used as a predictor for SSA estimation.
The legacy of acidic deposition controls soil organic carbon pools in temperate forests across theCzechRepublic
Authors: Chuman Tomáš , Oulehle Filip , Zajícová Kateřina , Hruška Jakub 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTemperate forest ecosystems store most of the organic carbon in soils (SOC), and changes in the soil carbon stock due to climate change or land management can potentially have a large influence on carbon balance. The most important factors controlling the SOC pool on a global scale are generally agreed upon; however, estimations of SOC pools differ significantly among studies at regional and local scales due to different sampling protocols and local scale variability. This study evaluates the SOC pool in the forest floor and mineral soil sampled down to a depth of 80 cm in 14 forested catchments with variable environmental conditions and soil acidification and eutrophication legacies, and determines the best explanatory variables of the SOC pool. The average SOC pool of 34 t ha−1measured in the forest floor (O horizon) was best explained by measures of historical sulphur (S) deposition (i.e., soil acidification legacy) and forest type (conifer vs. broadleaf forest). An average total SOC pool of 132 t ha−1, combining both the carbon pool in the mineral soil down to 80 cm and the carbon pool in forest floor, was best explained solely by elevation, which reflects temperature and precipitation gradients. However, when considering the coupled SOC pool in the forest floor and upper half of the sampled mineral soil (down to 40 cm), natural environmental factors were outweighed by anthropogenic ones (soil acidification legacy and forest type). This has important implications for understanding potential SOC pool changes under ongoing global climate change, especially in regions currently or historically affected by soil acidification caused by acid deposition. The acidification effect on the SOC accumulation and subsequent soil recovery after acidification retreat might affect carbon balance.HighlightsThe SOC pool is dependent on soil acidification legacy, forest type and climatic gradient.Anthropogenic factors outweigh the natural ones if shallow sampling is carried out.Shallow sampling commonly carried out in forest soils underestimates the SOC pool.Soil acidification caused SOC accumulation and subsequent soil recovery might lead to carbon loss.
Antiepileptogenic effects of rapamycin in a model of infantile spasms due to structural lesions
Authors: Akman Ozlem , Briggs Stephen W. , Mowrey Wenzhu B. , Moshé Solomon L. , Galanopoulou Aristea S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveInfantile spasms may evolve into persistent epilepsies including Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. We compared adult epilepsy outcomes in models of infantile spasms due to structural etiology (multiple‐hit model) or focal cortical inflammation and determined the anti‐epileptogenic effects of pulse‐rapamycin, previously shown to stop spasms in multiple‐hit rats.MethodsSpasms were induced in 3‐day‐old male rats via right intracerebral doxorubicin/lipopolysaccharide (multiple‐hit model) infusions. Controls and sham rats were used. Separate multiple‐hit rats received pulse‐rapamycin or vehicle intraperitoneally between postnatal days 4 and 6. In adult mice, video‐EEG (electroencephalography) scoring for seizures and sleep and histology were done blinded to treatment.ResultsMotor‐type seizures developed in 66.7% of multiple‐hit rats, usually from sleep, but were reduced in the pulse‐rapamycin–treated group (20%, p = .043 vs multiple‐hit) and rare in other groups (0–9.1%, p < .05 vs multiple‐hit). Spike‐and‐wave bursts had a slower frequency in multiple‐hit rats (5.4–5.8Hz) than in the other groups (7.6–8.3Hz) (p < .05); pulse rapamycin had no effect on the hourly spike‐and‐wave burst rates in adulthood. Rapamycin, however, reduced the time spent in slow‐wave‐sleep (17.2%), which was increased in multiple‐hit rats (71.6%, p = .003). Sham rats spent more time in wakefulness (43.7%) compared to controls (30.6%, p = .043). Multiple‐hit rats, with or without rapamycin treatment, had right more than left corticohippocampal, basal ganglia lesions. There was no macroscopic pathology in the other groups.SignificanceStructural corticohippocampal/basal ganglia lesions increase the risk for post‐infantile spasms epilepsy, Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome features, and sleep dysregulation. Pulse rapamycin treatment for infantile spasms has anti‐epileptogenic effects, despite the structural lesions, and decreases the time spent in slow wave sleep.
Early‐life epilepsy after acute symptomatic neonatal seizures: A prospective multicenter study
Authors: Shellhaas Renée A. , Wusthoff Courtney J. , Numis Adam L. , Chu Catherine J. , Massey Shavonne L. , Abend Nicholas S. , Soul Janet S. , Chang Taeun , Lemmon Monica E. , Thomas Cameron , McNamara Nancy A. , Guillet Ronnie , Franck Linda S. , Sturza Julie , McCulloch Charles E. , Glass Hannah C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate early‐life epilepsy incidence, seizure types, severity, risk factors, and treatments among survivors of acute neonatal seizures.MethodsNeonates with acute symptomatic seizures born 7/2015‐3/2018 were prospectively enrolled at nine Neonatal Seizure Registry sites. One‐hour EEG was recorded at age three months. Post‐neonatal epilepsy and functional development (Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills – WIDEA‐FS) were assessed. Cox regression was used to assess epilepsy‐free survival.ResultsAmong 282 infants, 37 (13%) had post‐neonatal epilepsy by 24‐months [median age of onset 7‐months (IQR 3–14)]. Among those with post‐neonatal epilepsy, 13/37 (35%) had infantile spasms and 12/37 (32%) had drug‐resistant epilepsy. Most children with post‐neonatal epilepsy had abnormal neurodevelopment at 24‐months (WIDEA‐FS >2SD below normal population mean for 81% of children with epilepsy vs 27% without epilepsy, RR 7.9, 95% CI 3.6–17.3). Infants with severely abnormal neonatal EEG background patterns were more likely to develop epilepsy than those with mild/moderate abnormalities (HR 3.7, 95% CI 1.9–5.9). Neonatal EEG with ≥3 days of seizures also predicted hazard of epilepsy (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4–5.9). In an adjusted model, days of neonatal EEG‐confirmed seizures (HR 1.4 per day, 95% CI 1.2–1.6) and abnormal discharge examination (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.9–7.8) were independently associated with time to epilepsy onset. Abnormal (vs. normal) three‐month EEG was not associated with epilepsy.SignificanceIn this multicenter study, only 13% of infants with acute symptomatic neonatal seizures developed post‐neonatal epilepsy by age 24‐months. However, there was a high risk of severe neurodevelopmental impairment and drug‐resistant seizures among children with post‐neonatal epilepsy. Days of EEG‐confirmed neonatal seizures was a potentially modifiable epilepsy risk factor. An EEG at three months was not clinically useful for predicting epilepsy. These practice changing findings have implications for family counseling, clinical follow‐up planning, and future research to prevent post‐neonatal epilepsy.
A guide to changing paradigms of glucocorticoid receptor function—a model system for genome regulation and physiology
Authors: Vettorazzi Sabine , Nalbantoglu Denis , Gebhardt J. Christof M. , Tuckermann Jan 
Published: July 2021

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a bona fide ligand‐regulated transcription factor. Cloned in the 80s, the GR has become one of the best‐studied and clinically most relevant members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Cooperative activity of GR with other transcription factors and a plethora of coregulators contribute to the tissue‐ and context‐specific response toward the endogenous and pharmacological glucocorticoids (GCs). Furthermore, nontranscriptional activities in the cytoplasm are emerging as an additional function of GR. Over the past 40 years, the concepts of GR mechanisms of action had been constantly changing. Different methodologies in the pregenomic and genomic era of molecular biological research and recent cutting‐edge technology in single‐cell and single‐molecule analysis are steadily evolving the views, how the GR in particular and transcriptional regulation in general act in physiological and pathological processes. In addition to the development of technologies for GR analysis, the use of model organisms provides insights how the GR in vivo executes GC action in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and energy metabolism. The model organisms, namely the mouse, but also rats, zebrafish, and recently fruit flies carrying mutations of the GR became a major driving force to analyze the molecular function of GR in disease models. This guide provides an overview of the exciting research and paradigm shifts in the GR field from past to present with a focus on GR transcription factor networks, GR DNA‐binding and single‐cell analysis, and model systems.
Techno‐economic feasibility analysis of engineered energycane‐based biorefinery co‐producing biodiesel and ethanol
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Long Stephen P. , Arora Amit , Singh Vijay 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh feedstock cost and low oil yields per unit of land from temperate oilseed crops limit the growth of commercial‐scale biodiesel production. Recently, highly productive crops, such as sugarcane and energycane, have been engineered to accumulate triacylglycerides (TAGs) that allow the production of far more industrial vegetable oil than previously possible. A proof‐of‐concept suggests that biodiesel production from engineered energycane will be possible. However, before making efforts for scale‐up, it is critical to understand the commercial feasibility and economic competitiveness of this process. This study performs techno‐economic analysis of a unique biorefinery processing energycane to co‐produce biodiesel and ethanol. Comprehensive process simulation models were developed for two scenarios: (i) biodiesel from TAGs and ethanol from fermentation of sugars in juice and (ii) biodiesel from TAGs and ethanol from fermentation of sugars in juice and hydrolysis of carbohydrates in bagasse. Based on the target levels, the analysis was performed for energycane containing 0%, 5%, and 7.7% TAGs (d.b.). The biodiesel from engineered energycane was found economically viable and competitive to soybean biodiesel. Although the capital investment is higher compared to the soybean biodiesel plant, the biodiesel production costs ($0.66–$0.9/L) were lower than soybean biodiesel ($0.91/L). Biorefinery‐scenario‐1 processing energycane containing 7.7% TAG produces biodiesel with profitability (IRR 7.84) slightly lower than soybean biodiesel (IRR 8.3), but yields five times of biodiesel per unit land and is self‐sustainable for energy requirements. The surplus electricity can displace fossil electricity and provide environmental benefits. Monte Carlo simulation indicated that biorefinery is profitable with a 29%–65% probability (NPV > 0) which is largely controlled by feedstock composition and biodiesel market price. It is important to note that energycane can be grown on the marginal rainfed lands in S.E. USA, where soybean would not be viable. Biodiesel from engineered energycane would therefore be complementary to soydiesel in the United States.
COVID‐19 skin lesions are rarely positive at RT‐PCR test: the macrophage activation with vascular impact and SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced cytokine storm
Authors: Ionescu Marius‐Anton 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeveral skin manifestations have been reported since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic: chilblains‐like, livedoid lesions, urticaria‐like, pseudo‐Kawasaki disease, and others. Histopathologic images of these lesions most often show aspects of endothelitis, images similar to autoimmune vasculitis. Cutaneous lesions are often negative at RT‐PCR for SARS‐CoV‐2 virus.Method and ResultsWe reviewed recent articles on the mechanisms of COVID‐19 and we synthesized main pathways of inflammatory cascade. After the penetration into the cells of the respiratory epithelium, SARS‐CoV‐2 virus initiates a “cytokine storm” well described in previous publications: the expression of interferon type I (IFN‐I) is one of the key elements of the antiviral response in COVID‐19 patients, IFN‐I expression seems to play an important role in the induction of interleukin 6 (IL‐6), chemotactic factors such as Granulocyte‐Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor (GM‐CSF) and the consequent activation of monocyte‐macrophage system followed by the expression of TNF‐alpha, and finally by the induction of coagulation factors by both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.ConclusionsThe simplified synthesis of the main pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID‐19 could help us to understand at least partially the importance of macrophage activation and its vascular involvement in many skin lesions that remain often negative at in situ tests for SARS‐CoV‐2.
In vitro faecal fermentation outcomes and microbiota shifts of resistant starch spherulites
Authors: Liu Jiaying , Liu Feitong , Arıoğlu‐Tuncil Seda , Xie Zhuqing , Fu Xiong , Huang Qiang , Zhang Bin 
Published: July 2021

SummaryIn the present study, we prepared A‐ and B‐type polymorph‐resistant starch spherulites (RSSs) with a wide range of crystallinity, and elucidated the relation between crystalline structure and faecal microbial fermentation outcomes. A‐ and B‐type polymorphic RSSs displayed similar fermentation rate throughout entire process with final gas production of 11.8–13.2 mL, suggesting that the crystalline pattern and crystallinity cannot effectively control the fermentation rate of starches. The acetate and butyrate concentration of A‐type RSS decreased with the increase of crystallinity respectively, and highly crystalline B‐type RSS reduced the production of acetate (8.4 mM) and propionate (2.1 mM). RSSs with different crystalline types showed similar microbial community structure but distinct key bacteria species. A‐type RSSs greatly promoted the abundance of butyrogenic bacteria (i.e., Roseburia faecis and Lachnospiraceae), whereas B‐type RSSs tended to proliferate Prevotella copri associated with propionate production. Our findings shed new light on design and manufacture of starch‐based functional ingredients with enhanced gut health.
Patient satisfaction and acceptability with telehealth at specialist medical outpatient clinics during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia
Authors: Adams Lucinda , Lester Susan , Hoon Elizabeth , van der Haak Heather , Proudman Charlotte , Hall Cindy , Whittle Samuel , Proudman Susanna , Hill Catherine L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundOutpatient clinics were shifted rapidly to telehealth in Australia during the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic, drastically altering patient care and experience.AimsTo investigate patient satisfaction and acceptability of telehealth consultations during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsProspective observation study conducted in two hospital rheumatology outpatient departments (OPD) undertaking telehealth consultations during COVID‐19. A modified version of a validated telehealth evaluation survey was posted to all patients attending the telehealth OPD rheumatology clinics, including balanced 5‐point Likert scales and free‐text responses. Cluster analysis was applied to the Likert‐scale questions, alongside thematic analysis of free‐text responses.ResultsThere were 128 respondents (29% response rate), of which 69.5% were women and the majority (87.5%) was aged 50 years or older. All telehealth consultations were conducted by telephone. Nearly one‐fifth of patients indicated consistent dissatisfaction with telehealth across the range of questions. These patients were older, reported lower educational qualifications and lower health literacy scores and lacked access to the Internet. While many patients found this mode of consultation to be convenient, patients expressed concerns regarding absence of physical examination. A recurrent theme was a desire for a mixed‐model clinic in the future, with flexibility of having both telehealth and face‐to‐face consultations.ConclusionsThis study offers unique insights into patients' experiences with telehealth, which until the current global pandemic, has been an uncommon mode of consultation delivery in urban areas. This study suggests when defining the place of telehealth in future healthcare delivery, patient perspective and careful patient selection will be key. Disease progression, language and cognitive ability, health literacy, technology access and patient and clinician preference are important considerations when deciding how effectively to embed and integrate telehealth into consultations.
Understanding myocardial infarction trends during the early COVID‐19 pandemic: an infodemiology study
Authors: Dzaye Omar , Duebgen Matthias , Berning Philipp , Graham Garth , Martin Seth S. , Blaha Michael J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring the first months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in early 2020, Google Trends data in the United States showed a strong increase in search query frequency for chest pain symptoms despite a concurrent decrease in search interest for myocardial infarction. This suggests a reduced attention to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and chest pain as its main symptom during this time period. These observations could help explain why cardiovascular mortality rose dramatically despite a strong decrease in hospitalisation rates for ACS.
Masticatory function after comprehensive dental treatment in children with severe early childhood caries
Authors: Khong Jessica S. Y. , Goh Ai Ting , Sim Yu Fan , Lai Bien Wen Pui , Forde Ciarán G. , Hong Catherine H.L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundParents are frequently concerned that their child's mastication may be compromised after comprehensive dental treatment.AimTo evaluate changes in masticatory function and food preferences after dental treatment in children with early childhood caries.DesignThis prospective study assessed masticatory function with the (1) mixing ability test using duo‐coloured chewing gum and (2) the number of chews/g and time taken to eat six food items before and 3 months after dental treatment. A dental examination and a food preference questionnaire were also completed.ResultsTwenty‐five children (age: 4.9 ± 0.5 years, baseline dmft/child: 11.4 ± 4.9) completed the study. The mean number of restorations/child, total extractions/child, and posterior extractions/child was 5.1 ± 2.9, 6.4 ± 5.2, and 3.6 ± 2.3, respectively. The number of chews/g of cereal (p = .014) and popcorn (p = .003) significantly increased after dental treatment. The number of chews/g and duration taken for cereal (chews/g: r = 0.795, p = .000, duration: r = 0.794, p = .000) and peanuts (chews/g: r = 0.459, p = .032) were significantly associated with more extractions. There was no change in mastication function for the other foods, mixing ability score, and child's food preferences after dental treatment.ConclusionsAn increased number of chews/g is needed for certain hard foods after dental treatment, which was associated with an increased number of total and posterior extractions.
Does monetary policy uncertainty command a risk premium in the Chinese stock market?
Authors: Lin Lei , Tan Jing , Liu Wenzhen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe examine the pricing implications of monetary policy uncertainty (MPU) in the cross‐section of stock returns in the Chinese stock market. Our results show that the long‐short portfolio that is long stocks with the lowest exposures to innovations in MPU and short stocks with the highest exposures to innovations in MPU earns about 6% annualized alpha. The coskewness, idiosyncratic volatility, size, and book‐to‐market effects cannot account for the low (high) average returns earned by stocks with high (low) exposures to innovations in MPU. Furthermore, the exposure to innovations in MPU commands a significantly negative risk premium in the Fama‐MacBeth regressions. These results indicate that investors have preferences for the early resolution of MPU.