bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of In-Situ Surface Polishing for Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Nigam Aman , Tai Bruce L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most researched techniques in the field of additive manufacturing because of its fast and cost-effective nature. However, the surface quality of these printed parts suffers because of the stairstepping effect, which leads to visible layer lines. Secondary finishing operations are often needed to comply with the design requirements. These post-processing techniques are useful but are labor-intensive and often time-consuming. The present study compares the effects of in-situ polishing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using chemical and mechanical approaches. The advantages of in-situ settings include ease of operation and lower time consumption. For this, a modified rapid prototyping system was developed which had separate heads for mechanical and chemical polishing. A full factorial experiment was conducted with the two polishing methods and two feed rates. In results, mechanical polishing with end mill with a lower feed rate achieved the best roughness (Ra = 2.047 μm), while chemical polishing with a lower feed rate has the least improvement (Ra = 14.257 μm). General trends, pros, and cons for both chemical and mechanical methods are discussed.
Simultaneous Material Microstructure Classification and Discovery via Hidden Markov Modeling of Acoustic Emission Signals
Authors: Zhao Xinyu , Iquebal Ashif , Sun Huifeng , Yan Hao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Acoustic emission (AE) signals have been widely employed for tracking material properties and structural characteristics. In this study, we aim to analyze the AE signals gathered during a scanning probe lithography process to classify the known microstructure types and discover unknown surface microstructures/anomalies. To achieve this, we developed a Hidden Markov Model to consider the temporal dependency of the high-resolution AE data. Furthermore, we compute the posterior classification probability and the negative likelihood score for microstructure classification and discovery. Subsequently, we present a diagnostic procedure to identify the dominant AE frequencies that allow us to track the microstructural characteristics. Finally, we apply the proposed approach to identify the surface microstructures of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V and show that it not only achieved a high classification accuracy (e.g., more than 90%) but also correctly identified the microstructural anomalies that may be subjected further investigation to discover new material phases/properties.
Structrual Coloration of Surfaces With Microstructures Replicated by Non-Isothermal Precision Glass Molding
Authors: Zhong Yong , Du Ruxu , Zhang Lin , Yi Allen Y. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Micro/nano periodic structures are generally adopted in diffraction gratings. As an important optical component, the diffraction grating has the capability to split and diffract incident white light beams into iridescent beams travelling in different directions. The emerging coloration is a form of structural coloration. In this paper, the non-isothermal precision glass molding is introduced for fast replication of periodic grating structures, which are employed to render iridescent colors on surfaces. Firstly, the effect of colorization and periodic grating profiles is theoretically analyzed. Secondly, different periodic micro gratings on silicon wafer, which are generally generated by photolithography, are employed in non-isothermal precision glass molding process as mold inserts. The molding result indicates that the periodic grating space and depth of grating structures can be precisely replicated from the mold inserts to polymer substrates. Subsequently, the split and iridescent color effects are demonstrated with monochromatic & white incident light beam and compared between samples with different periodic grating spaces. The optical effects of the replicated micro-structures confirm the feasibility of this method. The proposed non-isothermal precision glass molding process provides an alternative manufacturing option for realizing structural colors with large-volume and low-cost.
Toward Structural Fatigue Analysis of Horizontally-Fabricated NiTi via Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Bayati Parisa , Jahadakbar Ahmadreza , Safaie Keyvan , Nematollahi Mohammadreza , Dabbaghi Hediyeh , Haghshenas Meysam , Mahtabi Mohammad , Elahinia Mohammad 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
NiTi (Nitinol) is a shape memory alloy with distinctive properties, such as shape memory, superelasticity, biocompatibility, and low density. All these unique properties make NiTi a great candidate in different applications. However, the conventional fabrication of NiTi encounters many challenges that significantly limits the practical applications of the alloy. As a solution, the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) which is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique has been recently used for the fabrication of NiTi parts. Although complex geometries can be fabricated directly from CAD files via SLM, different process parameters significantly affect the parts’ quality and must be optimized for each application. In most of the potential applications, NiTi components undergo cyclic loads and therefore its structural fatigue must be fully studied and considered in the design process. However, due to the nature of the SLM process, the fatigue behaviour of SLM fabricated NiTi is different from the conventional ones. In this work, as an initial step, the fatigue behaviour of the SLM fabricated NiTi in the horizontal direction is studied and the reasons for failure have been discussed. To this end, strain-controlled fatigue tests were performed on NiTi dog-bone samples, and fractography was used to analyze the different defects which could cause the failure or scatter in the results.
Experimental Investigation of Effects of Extrusion Pressure on Cell Growth of Bioprinted Algae Cells in Green Bioprinting
Authors: Jerpseth Laura , Thakare Ketan , Pei Zhijian , Qin Hongmin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In bioprinting, biomaterials are deposited layer-by-layer to fabricate structures. Bioprinting has many potential applications in drug screening, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Both animal cells and plant cells can be used to synthesize bioinks. Green bioprinting uses bioinks that have been synthesized using plant cells. Constructs fabricated via green bioprinting contain immobilized plant cells, with these cells arranged at desired locations. The constructs provide scaffolds for cell growth. Printing parameters affecting the growth of cells in green bioprinted constructs include print speed, needle diameter, extrusion temperature, and extrusion pressure. This paper reports a study to examine effects of extrusion pressure on cell growth (measured by cell count) in bioprinted constructs, using bioink containing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells. Three levels of extrusion pressure were used: 3, 5, and 7 bar. Cell counts in the bioprinted constructs were measured on the third and sixth days after bioprinting. It was found that, as extrusion pressure increased, cell count decreased on both the third and sixth days after bioprinting. Furthermore, the difference in cell counts between the third and the sixth days decreased as extrusion pressure increased. These trends suggest that increasing extrusion pressure during green bioprinting negatively affects cell growth. A possible reason for these trends is physical damage to or death of cells in the bioprinted constructs when extrusion pressure became higher.
An Online Side Channel Monitoring Approach for Cyber-Physical Attack Detection of Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Liu Chenang , Kan Chen , Tian Wenmeng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Due to its predominant flexibility in fabricating complex geometries, additive manufacturing (AM) has gain increasing popularity in various mission critical applications, such as aerospace, health care, military, and transportation. The layerby-layer manner of AM fabrication significantly expands the vulnerability space of AM cyber-physical systems, leading to potentially altered AM parts with compromised mechanical properties and functionalities. Moreover, internal alterations of the build are very difficult to detect based on traditional geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) features. Therefore, how to achieve effective monitoring and attack detection is a very important problem for broader adoption of AM technology. To address this issue, this paper proposes to utilize side channels for process authentication. An online feature extraction approach is developed based on autoencoder to detect unintended process/product alterations caused by cyber-physical attacks. Both supervised and unsupervised monitoring schemes are implemented based on the extracted features. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, two real-world case studies are conducted on a fused filament fabrication (FFF) platform equipped with two accelerometers for process monitoring. Two different types of attacks are implemented. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms conventional process monitoring methods, and can effectively detect part geometry and layer thickness alterations in real time.
Optimizing Fused Deposition Modeling Processing Parameters Using Response Surface Method for Strong Parts
Authors: Alafaghani Ala’aldin , Qattawi Ala , Truong Julia , Jaman Md. Shah , Sun Jian-Qiao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Optimizing the processing parameters of fused deposition modeling is a challenging task due to the significant number of factors that influence the quality of the fabricated parts. Therefore, optimizing the dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, or mechanical properties usually requires a considerable amount of test samples. In the presented work, the design of experiments approach was used to minimize the number of tests needed to optimize the factors. Most of the work available in literature did not investigate the interactions between the factors or their second-order effects on the strength and stiffness of fused deposition modeling parts. In this work, the effects of the layer thickness, extrusion temperature, and infill percentage are investigated and optimized to achieve the optimum strength and stiffness of the fabricated parts. The response surface method was used to investigate the interaction effects and second-order effects on the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the fabricated samples. It was found that some interaction and second-order effects exist and affect the strength and stiffness of FDM parts. Generally, increasing the extrusion temperature and infill percentage increase the tensile strength and the elastic modulus. In addition, the predicted data matches the experimental results well. However, multi-objective optimization is needed when choosing the layer thickness.
Quantifying Achievable Levels of Improvement in Knee Joint Biomechanics During Gait After Total Knee Arthroplasty Relative to Osteoarthritis Severity
Authors: Outerleys Jereme B. , Dunbar Michael J. , Richardson Glen , Hubley-Kozey Cheryl L. , Astephen Wilson Janie L. 
Published: January 2021

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery improves knee joint kinematics and kinetics during gait for most patients, but a lack of evidence exists for the level and incidence of improvement that is achieved. The objective of this study was to quantify patient-specific improvements in knee biomechanics relative to osteoarthritis (OA) severity levels. Seventy-two patients underwent 3-dimensional (3D) gait analysis before and 1 year after TKA surgery, as well as 72 asymptomatic adults and 72 with moderate knee OA. A combination of principal component analysis and discriminant analyses were used to categorize knee joint biomechanics for patients before and after surgery relative to asymptomatic, moderate, and severe OA. Post-TKA, 63% were categorized with knee biomechanics consistent with moderate OA, 29% with severe OA, and 8% asymptomatic. The magnitude and pattern of the knee adduction moment and angle (frontal plane features) were the most significant contributors in discriminating between pre-TKA and post-TKA knee biomechanics. Standard of care TKA improves knee biomechanics during gait to levels most consistent with moderate knee OA and predominately targets frontal plane features. These results provide evidence for the level of improvement in knee biomechanics that can be expected following surgery and highlight the biomechanics most targeted by surgery.
Real-time continuous glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a protocol for a randomised controlled single-centre trial
Authors: Lind Nanna , Lindqvist Hansen Dorte , Sætre Rasmussen Signe , Nørgaard Kirsten 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionMedical treatment options for type 2 diabetes (T2D) have increased over the last decade and enhance the possibility of individualised treatment strategies where insulin is still one of them. In spite of the advancements in treatment options, less than one-third of the population with T2D obtain their optimal glycaemic goal. In persons with type 1 diabetes, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has shown to be the most important driver for improvement in glycaemic control, even more than insulin-pump therapy. The use of technology in T2D has only been investigated in few studies.The overall objective of the research study is to examine the effectiveness of the use of CGM versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in persons with insulin-treated T2D on glycaemic variables and patient-reported outcomes on treatment satisfaction, health behaviour and well-being. The independent effect of peer support will also be studied.Methods and analysisThe study is a single centre, prospective, randomised, open-labelled, three-armed study with the randomisation 2:1:2 in group A with CGM, group B with CGM and peer support, and group C as a control group with SMBG. The participants receive a training course unique for the allocation group. The study runs for 12 months and includes 100 adult participants with insulin-treated T2D, treated at the outpatient clinic at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen. Primary outcome is difference in change in time in range. Recruitment begins in August 2020 and ends in July 2021. Final 12-month follow-up is anticipated to be in August 2022.Ethics and disseminationThe study will be carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and is approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Capital Region (H-20000843). Data collection and handling will be performed in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation and is approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (J-2020-100). Dissemination will be in international peer-reviewed journals, conferences and a plain-language summary for participants.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04331444).Protocol versionV.3, 11 December 2020.
Randomised phase II trial of olaparib, chemotherapy or olaparib and cediranib in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (OCTOVA): a study protocol
Authors: Mansouri Anita , McGregor Naomi , Dunn Rachel , Dobbie Sam , Holmes Jane , Collins Linda , Nicum Shibani 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionPatients relapsing within 12 months of platinum-based chemotherapy usually have a poorer response to subsequent treatments. To date, extensive research into the mechanism of resistance to platinum agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer has not resulted in improved responses or longer survival. Further experimental work and clinical trials with novel agents are therefore justified to address this unmet need.Patients with ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer that has relapsed within 12 months of platinum-based chemotherapy will be randomised with stratification for BReast CAncer gene (BRCA) status, prior poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) exposure and prior antiangiogenic therapy into weekly paclitaxel (chemotherapy), olaparib or the combination of cediranib and olaparib. They will be followed until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity develops. Our trial design permits two investigations. We will compare the efficacy and tolerability of single-agent olaparib with weekly paclitaxel. We will also compare the efficacy and tolerability of olaparib with the combination of olaparib and cediranib. The required sample size of 138 participants (46 per arm) was calculated using a 20% one-sided type I error, 80% power and 15% dropout rate. Recruitment will last 34 months with a follow-up of 18 months.Methods and analysisEthics and disseminationThis study will be conducted under a UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Clinical Trials Authorisation. Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the responsible authority before beginning the study. The sponsor will retain ownership of all data arising from the trial. We aim to publish this research in a specialist peer-reviewed scientific journal on study completion. EudraCT number: 2016-000559-28, ethics reference number: 16/LO/2150.Trial registration numberISRCTN:ISRCTN14784018, clinicaltrials.gov:NCT03117933; Pre-results.
Nurses’ educational needs when dealing with aggression from patients and their families: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Sato Kana , Kodama Yoshimi 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesTo explore the type of education needed for nurses when dealing with aggression from patients and their families.DesignA two-phase sequential mixed-methods study.SettingThis study was conducted in Japan, with phase I from March to November 2016 and phase II in November 2018.Main outcome measuresThe challenges faced by nurses when dealing with incidents of aggression from the neutral perspective of neither nurse nor patient/family and perceptions of the educational contents developed in this study. Descriptive analyses were used to examine the data retrieved from both phases.ParticipantsPhase I entailed semistructured interviews among 11 neutral-party participants who observed aggressive incidents between nurses and patients/families. Phase II consisted of a web survey conducted among 102 nursing students and 308 nursing professionals.ResultsPhase I resulted in the identification of the following five main educational components: understanding the mechanisms of anger and aggression, maintaining self-awareness, observant listening, managing the self-impression, and communicating based on specific disease characteristics. Each component was related to improved communication through self-awareness. The results of phase II indicated that participants positively perceived these educational contents as likely to be effective for dealing with aggression from patients/families.ConclusionsThis study clarified the type of education needed for nurses when dealing with aggression based on multiple viewpoints. Specifically, neutral-party interviews revealed that communication should be improved through self-awareness. A subsequent survey among nurses and nursing students showed that the identified educational contents were positively received.
Effects of improved hypoallergenic fabrics in medical wigs in patients with breast cancer with chemotherapy-induced alopecia: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Tamai Nao , Minematsu Takeo , Ikeda Mari , Mugita Yuko , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: January 2021

PurposeChemotherapy causes changes in appearance in patients with cancer. Therefore, to have a normal life, it is necessary for patients to wear a wig. However, wearing a wig may strain an already sensitive scalp during chemotherapy. This study aimed to assess the effects of a hypoallergenic medical wig in breast cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA).MethodsA randomised, single-blind, controlled study was conducted from January 2015 to July 2017 in Tokyo, Japan. Women with non-metastatic breast cancers were enrolled. Participants were provided a hypoallergenic medical wig or a traditional medical wig. The primary endpoint was incidence of scalp dermatitis, including erythema, rash and erosion. The secondary endpoints were incidence of scalp symptoms, alterations in scalp barrier functions and quality of life (QOL). Patients were followed at the start of the first chemotherapy administration and at 13th week.ResultsFifty-nine women were included in the analysis. At 13th week, the incidence of erythema was 44.8% among patients in the intervention group and 86.7% among patients in the control group, in the intention-to-treat analysis (p<0.01). The incidence of erosion tended to decrease in the intervention group at the 13th week (p=0.09). The incidence of scalp symptoms, alterations in scalp barrier functions and QOL were not significantly different between the groups.ConclusionsThe incidence of dermatitis, including erythema, rash and erosion, decreased when wearing the new hypoallergenic medical wig. The gentle hypoallergenic medical wig is useful in improving erythema in cancer patients with CIA.Trial registration numberUMIN000021289.
Patient-reported outcomes data in patients with psoriatic arthritis from a randomised trial of etanercept and methotrexate as monotherapy or in combination
Authors: Strand Vibeke , Mease Philip J , Maksabedian Hernandez Ervant J , Stolshek Bradley S , Liu Lyrica X H , Collier David H , Kricorian Gregory , Merola Joseph F 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesWe examined patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in The Study of Etanercept And Methotrexate in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA); a 48-week, phase 3, randomised controlled trial that compared outcomes with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy, etanercept monotherapy, and MTX+ etanercept in patients with PsA.MethodsEfficacy endpoints included: mean changes from baseline and proportion of patients who reported improvements≥minimal clinically important difference (MCID) at week 24 in treatment groups for Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index, Patient Global Assessment (PtGA), Patient Global Assessment of Joint Pain (PtGAJP) and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Questionnaire (SF-36) Physical Component Summary (PCS), and Mental Component Summary, and eight domain scores. PROs were analysed as reported (observed), without multiplicity adjustment; therefore, p values are descriptive.ResultsAt week 24, patients receiving etanercept monotherapy or MTX+ etanercept combination reported greater improvements (p≤0.05) in PtGA, PtGAJP and SF-36 PCS scores compared with those receiving MTX monotherapy. Compared with MTX monotherapy, higher proportions of patients receiving etanercept monotherapy and combination therapy reported improvements≥MCID in PtGA (etanercept vs MTX, p=0.005) and PtGAJP (MTX +etanercept vs MTX, p=0.038). Across PROs, proportions of patients reporting scores≥age and gender-matched normative values at week 24 ranged from 20.8% to 51.0% with MTX monotherapy, 30.9% to 48.8% with etanercept monotherapy, and 30.6% to 52.3% with MTX+ etanercept combination.ConclusionsPatients receiving etanercept monotherapy or MTX+ etanercept reported greater improvements from baseline in several PROs compared with those receiving MTX monotherapy. PROs should be incorporated in discussions between patients and clinicians regarding their treatment choices as they can help determine which treatments are more beneficial in patients with PsA.