bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade, Jews, and the Soviet Economy in Western Belorussia, 1939–1941
Authors: Karpenkina Yanina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An analysis of Soviet economic and social policy in Western Belorussia between 1939 and 1941 illustrates the changing social status of one-time Jewish merchants—thus shedding light on how Sovietization influenced interethnic relations prior to, and during, the Holocaust. The author observes that Soviet economic transformation was self-defeating in nature, causing an artificial economic crisis that exacerbated interethnic tensions. The socio-economic situation that emerged in 1939–1941 thus contributed to the outbreak of anti-Jewish violence after the German invasion.
Behavior near time infinity of solutions of nonautonomous systems with unbounded perturbations
Authors: Naser M F M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper derives convergence results for a class of nonnegative absolutely continuous functions that satisfy some differential inequality. These results are shown to be advantageous in studying the behavior at infinity of a class of unboundedly perturbed continuous and discontinuous time-varying systems that is frequently encountered in Lyapunov theory. In particular, sufficient conditions are given to ensure the positivity, the asymptotic stability and the instability of solutions of unidimensional and multidimensional systems. To illustrate the proposed results, several examples are simulated.
A Forward-Thinking Approach to Addressing the New Synthetic Opioid 2-Benzylbenzimidazole Nitazene Analogs by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC–QQQ-MS)
Authors: Walton Sara E , Krotulski Alex J , Logan Barry K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) continue to represent a threat to public health and safety. The number of new drugs in the latest emergent synthetic opioid class—the 2-benzylbenzimidazole analogs—also called the nitazenes—has begun to dominate the current new synthetic opioid (NSO) subclass of NPS. We describe a liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry method for the quantification of nine analogs and/or metabolites of drugs in this series: isotonitazene, metonitazene, protonitazene, etonitazene, clonitazene, flunitazene, N-desethyl isotonitazene, 5-amino isotonitazene and 4ʹ-hydroxy nitazene in human whole blood, urine, and tissue. Samples were prepared for analysis using a basic liquid–liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C-18 analytical column. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for detection. The calibration range for the analytes was 0.5–50 ng/mL (except for 5-amino isotonitazene, which was 1.0–50 ng/mL). The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL, and the limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng/mL. The method had no carryover or interferences. Ionization enhancement was observed but did not affect quantitation. All analytes passed the method validation assessment. Authentic human samples suspected of containing NSOs were obtained from a medical examiner and coroner offices, as well as partnering forensic toxicology laboratories. Isotonitazene was confirmed in 92 blood samples, and its metabolites were confirmed across various matrices. Metonitazene (n = 35), flunitazene (n = 5), protonitazene (n = 3), etodesnitazene (n = 2) and butonitazene (n = 1) were also detected in cases. These newly emerging 2-benzylbenzimidazole analogs were commonly found in combination with NPS benzodiazepines and opioids (e.g., flualprazolam, fentanyl). Nitazene analogs are potent esoteric drugs that may not be identified during routine toxicological screening, and specialized assays based on sensitive instrumentation are needed to accurately characterize these NSOs.
Negative Impact of COVID-19 Associated Health System Shutdown on Patients Diagnosed With Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Study From a Large Tertiary Center in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Forse Catherine L , Petkiewicz Stephanie , Teo Iris , Purgina Bibianna , Klaric Kristina-Ana , Ramsay Tim , Wasserman Jason K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
In March 2020, a directive to halt all elective and non-urgent procedures was issued in Ontario, Canada because of COVID-19. The directive caused a temporary slowdown of screening programs including surveillance colonoscopies for colorectal cancer (CRC). Our goal was to determine if there was a difference in patient and tumour characteristics between CRC patients treated surgically prior to the COVID-19 directive compared to CRC patients treated after the slowdown.

Methods
CRC resections collected within the Champlain catchment area of eastern Ontario in the 6 months prior to COVID-19 (August 1, 2019–January 31, 2020) were compared to CRC resections collected in the 6 months post-COVID-19 slowdown (August 1, 2020–January 31, 2021). Clinical (e.g., gender, patient age, tumour site, and clinical presentation) and pathological (tumour size, tumour stage, nodal stage, and lymphovascular invasion) features were evaluated using chi-square tests, T-tests, and Mann–Whitney tests where appropriate.

Results
Three hundred and thirty-eight CRC specimens were identified (173 pre-COVID-19, 165 post-COVID-19 slowdown). CRC patients treated surgically post-COVID-19 slowdown had larger tumours (44 mm vs. 35 mm; P = 0.0048) and were more likely to have presented emergently (24% vs. 10%; P &lt; 0.001). Although there was a trend towards higher tumour stage, nodal stage, and clinical stage, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Other demographic and pathologic variables including patient gender, age, and tumour site were similar between the two cohorts.

Interpretation
The COVID-19 slowdown resulted in a shift in the severity of disease experienced by CRC patients in Ontario. Pandemic planning in the future should consider the long-term consequences to cancer diagnosis and management.
Biliary tract melanoma metastasis mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a case report
Authors: Piltcher-da-Silva Rodrigo , Sasaki Vivian Laís , Hutten Debora Oliveira , Percicote Ana Paula , Trippia Carlos Henrique , Junior Raul Alberto Anselmi , da Costa Marco Aurélio Raeder , Coelho Júlio Cezar Uili 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the 19th leading cause of cancer worldwide. It is an aggressive neoplastic disease in which pathophysiological understanding and management has been in constant evolution in recent decades. The primary site is the skin, uvea and mucous membranes and has the capacity to metastasize to any organ. There are few reports of primary or secondary involvement of the biliary tract. We present the case of a 73-year-old woman with a bile duct lesion suggestive of cholangiocarcinoma and a final diagnosis of a single melanoma metastasis. Surgical treatment was performed due to oligometastatic stage IV melanoma with possibility of R0 resection followed by immune checkpoint therapy.
Inter-population differences in coyote diet and niche width along an urban–suburban–rural gradient
Authors: Sugden Scott , Murray Maureen , Edwards Mark A , St. Clair Colleen Cassady 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMany generalist species thrive in urban environments by supplementing their diets with anthropogenic food, which creates numerous challenges for managing urban wildlife. Management could be advanced with more information on how spatial and temporal variation in habitat use by urban animals predicts variation in their dietary ecology. In this study, we used stable isotope analysis complemented with GPS collar location data to determine how diet composition and the dietary niche of coyotes (Canis latrans) varied across a sample of 169 individuals collected along an urban-to-rural gradient in Alberta, Canada. We further categorized urban individuals as either matrix (frequent use of developed areas) or greenspace (use of natural areas) via GPS locations. Matrix coyotes were isotopically distinct from all other coyote populations: they had the largest dietary niche, exhibited the most among-individual variation in diet, consumed the most anthropogenic food and fruit, and consumed the least amount of prey. Greenspace coyotes consumed more anthropogenic food than rural and suburban coyotes but otherwise exhibited similar niche width, among-individual heterogeneity, and prey consumption. We further tested for seasonal dietary variation and found that urban coyotes had a larger dietary niche during the summer, when they also consumed more anthropogenic food. Our conclusions were robust to our choice of mixing model parameters, including discrimination factors, suggesting that these methodological choices have limited effect when discerning relative trends among populations. Overall, our results suggest that management of urban coyotes should target the food sources accessible to coyotes in the urban matrix to reduce human–coyote conflict.
‘The library is like a mother’: Arrival infrastructures and migrant newcomers in East London
Authors: Wessendorf Susanne 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt is often assumed that migrants settle into contexts populated by national majorities or co-ethnics. Yet, new migrants often move into ‘arrival areas’, sites settled by earlier migrants of various backgrounds. Such arrival areas can typically be found at the margins of ‘arrival cities’ which have seen immigration (and emigration) over many decades. Past movements bequeath a wealth of ‘arrival infrastructures’, consisting of institutions, organisations, social spaces, and actors which specifically facilitate arrival. These include, for example, shops as information hubs, religious sites, language classes, and hairdressers established by people with migration backgrounds. This article looks at the interactions and transfer of knowledge and resources between long-established migrants and more recent newcomers through arrival infrastructures and within a marginalised urban area. By drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in East London (UK) and using the example of two recently arrived female migrants, it investigates how newcomers access settlement information and the role played by arrival infrastructures in this process. It specifically focuses on newcomers who arrive with few social contacts and for whom physically visible arrival infrastructures like libraries and shops are particularly relevant. The article aims to open up debate about arrival infrastructures, their manifestation in different urban contexts, and their relation to both new forms of solidarity and new and ongoing forms of exploitation between long-established residents and newcomers.
INNV-11. COMPLETE RESPONSE TO SELPERCATINIB IN A PATIENT WITH RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA AND RET AMPLIFICATION
Authors: Chen Ashley , Czech Cameron , Morgan Katherine , Khagi Simon 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant central nervous system tumor that remains largely incurable. Limited treatment options currently exist after disease progression on the standard of care first-line therapy. However, repurposing the use of approved therapies in patients with potentially targetable genomic alterations continues to be an emerging area of interest. Here, we present the first reported case of a patient with isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type GBM with an underlying RET amplification who demonstrated a near-complete response (CR) while receiving therapy with the targeted RET inhibitor, selpercatinib.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 48-year-old male with no significant past medical history presented with sudden onset of dizziness and confusion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed two rim enhancing lesions in the right parietal lobe and the patient underwent surgical resection with subsequent pathology revealing a GBM. Genomic analysis identified a RET amplification. After standard adjuvant therapy, the patient was treated with selpercatinib 160 mg twice daily as a continuous regimen with near CR on MRI after six weeks of treatment. The patient was continued on therapy for a total of eight months before having disease progression requiring discontinuation of selpercatinib and was then transitioned to the next line of therapy for disease stabilization. To better characterize the response, further whole-exome sequencing and analysis were performed on the original specimen.

CONCLUSION
Although selpercatinib is approved in RET-fusion positive lung and thyroid cancer, we present a remarkable case of a recurrent, RET-amplified GBM having a CR to selpercatinib. The case highlights the excellent blood-brain barrier penetration of selpercatinib, as well as its potential role in RET-amplified GBM. Larger biomarker-enriched studies are needed to confirm the results of this case report. However, given the rare incidence of RET alterations in GBM, findings from this report can help guide and support optimal treatment strategies for patients with RET-altered GBM.
Developing an Outline
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers how to create an outline based on a set of ideas that an author has for a manuscript. The chapter provides outlines from published empirical and non-empirical articles and suggests ways in which outlines can be used as templates for writing a manuscript. Advantages of using outlines are provided, such as ensuring that all of the author’s key points are covered and avoiding the “all over the place” trap. Examples for outlining various sections of empirical and non-empirical articles are provided, and situations where outlines may be most beneficial are proposed.
Principles of Good Writing
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the mechanics of writing, from grammar and sentence structure through sentence and paragraph flow, flow between sections, and the overall organization and structure of a manuscript. Key grammatical and sentence structure issues are covered, and common errors are reviewed. Ways in which writers can maximize the quality and readability of their work are discussed. The chapter also includes tips for writers whose first language is not English can practice and improve their English-language writing. The primary point of the chapter is that grammatical and sentence structure problems will compromise the readability of a manuscript and will obscure the points that the authors are attempting to convey.
Editing, Filling in Gaps, and Cutting
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers how to move from first draft to submittable draft. The chapter enumerates many of the writing problems that are present in first drafts, such as redundancy, logical leaps, unfinished thoughts, and unjustified statements. Ways to correct these problems are suggested, and writers are advised to consult with their mentors and coauthors as often as they feel they need to. The chapter also offers suggestions for cutting length to meet target journals’ space limits. The iterative character of editing is stressed, where text that is essential to the paper may become tangential (and vice versa) as the manuscript evolves. Authors are cautioned not to view earlier writing sessions as a waste of time if text generated during those sessions is removed from the paper.
Selecting a Target Journal
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses ways to identify journals to which one will submit one’s work. Authors are encouraged to identify target journals as early in the writing process as possible so that they can write specifically for an intended journal and audience. The chapter introduces a system where journals are ranked as high, moderate, or low prestige, and authors are encouraged to match the contribution of their work with a journal’s prestige level. Authors are also encouraged to consult the journal’s editorial board and recent issues to ensure that a given journal is a good fit for their work. The chapter reassures authors that the majority of journals are moderate-prestige, and that the majority of articles are therefore published in moderate-prestige journals. Authors are cautioned about submitting to low-prestige journals, especially those that do not use rigorous peer review.
What to Do With Rejected Manuscripts
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers guidance to authors whose manuscripts have been rejected by journals. Rejection is normalized as an experience that all active scholars will undergo during their careers, and the chapter provides suggestions to handle both (a) the logistical process of preparing a manuscript for submission to another journal and (b) the emotional fallout from having one’s work rejected. The chapter also provides guidance for deciding whether, and how, to appeal a rejection decision. The chapter discusses “cursed” manuscripts that have been repeatedly rejected and offers suggestions for how to proceed when a manuscript has been rejected by three or more journals. Authors must decide whether to continue submitting a cursed manuscript to high- or moderate-prestige journals, to “dump” the paper into a low-prestige journal, or to drop the paper entirely. Implications of this decision for authors’ career trajectories are discussed.
Structured Population Models
Authors: Essington Timothy E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Structured Population Models” illustrates how one adds more detail to a model, first through density-independent models, then by showing common matrix-model formulations and how those are used to reveal properties of structured models (e.g. population growth rate, stage/age structure). Structured population models have more detail than their nonstructured counterparts. They account for the differences among individuals within a population, usually by explicitly modeling them as distinct state variables. Elasticity analysis is introduced as a way to identify life stages that have a disproportionately large influence on population growth rate. Structured density-dependent models are briefly introduced as extensions on these models.
Competition and Predation Models
Authors: Essington Timothy E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Competition and Predation Models” considers models with two or more interacting species. What needs to happen for there to be “stable equilibria” that contain all possible members of a system? This is where simple models can be useful: these interactions can be represented by mathematical equations, and then solved for conditions that allow species to coexist. This chapter shows three techniques that make it possible to take a model system and determine whether the system has a stable equilibrium with all members present. The basic principles of model stability are presented, as well as how mathematical models can be used to address basic ecological questions in competition and predator-prey systems. Isocline analysis and analytical stability analysis are explained as ways to predict model behavior and are then used to draw inferences about the processes acting in the real world.
Why Fit Models to Data?
Authors: Essington Timothy E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
“Why Fit Models to Data?” is a brief introductory chapter that sets the stage for the forthcoming chapters and serves as a link between Part 1, which contains the introductory chapters on mathematical ecology, and Part 2, which contains the statistical analyses of the models presented in Part 1: Part 1 illustrated how models can be used to make inferences about the real world, to help clarify ecological understanding, aid decision-making, and evaluate risk. However, if models are presented as hypotheses written in mathematical form, then it becomes possible to use statistical methods to determine which hypotheses have the greatest support. Part 2 will focus on developing statistical tools so that the reader will be able to express hypotheses as mathematical models, fit the models to data, and assess the degree of support for each. The chapter also illustrates the limitations of null-hypothesis testing in decision-making in high-dimensional, multicausal systems.
Model Selection
Authors: Essington Timothy E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Model Selection” provides a brief overview of alternative ways of thinking about what is (are) the best model(s) and shows the core motivation behind the Akaike information criterion as a measure of the predictive ability of a model fitted via maximum likelihood. It then gives stepwise practical guidance for using information theory as a basis of model selection, including nested versus non-nested models, goodness of fit, and overdispersion. Advanced topics cover some of the philosophy of information theory, other types of information theory criteria, and other ways of evaluating the predictive ability of models. As an example, the chapter examines the case of the Western monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus plexippus), which, over the past two decades, has experienced a 97% decline from its historical average abundance, declining by 86% from 2017 to 2018 alone. Undoubtedly, there is more than one cause—indeed, overwintering habitat loss and pesticide use are both believed to be important contributors to the decline. Adopting a hypothesis-evaluation framework makes it possible to consider multiple alternative hypotheses simultaneously and measure degrees of support for alternative hypotheses.
Modeling in R
Authors: Essington Timothy E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Modeling in R” covers the basic interface of R and R Studio, types of objects, core programming language tools, common and useful commands, and creating functions. This chapter is not a substitute for a dedicated book or training program on R; rather, it gives the basics needed to get the reader started. It starts off with an overview of the basics of coding in R and provides some of the statistical functions that might be used in modeling. Next, it discusses basic plotting, data input and output, and the concept of looping. It then works though a logistic population growth model to see how a dynamic model might be implemented in R. The chapter concludes with an explanation of how to create functions in R.
Stability, A Sense of Justice, and Self-Respect
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay reviews the role of a sense of justice and self-respect in Rawls’ arguments in A Theory of Justice that a well-ordered society based on his principles of justice would be relatively stable. Questions concern Rawls’ conception of the relation between ethics and empirical psychology, the potential value of his discussion of a sense of justice independently of the particular developmental story that he proposes (following Kohlberg), Rawls’ conception of self-respect, and how it differs from a Kantian conception of self-respect, and Rawls’ reasons for abandoning his argument for stability in A Theory of Justice in favor of an argument from overlapping consensus in Political Liberalism.