bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of Roman roads toward neuroeconomics
Authors: Matsushima Toshiya , Kawamori Ai , Ogura Yukiko 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Neuroeconomics is still “under construction.” To be a leading discipline, it needs firm ecological rationale and neurobiological bases. “Vigor” supplies this infrastructure through the mathematics of the foraging theory and system-neuroscience evidence on utility and motor control. It will prepare us for the future neuroeconomics, if studied appropriately in the light of evolution.
Movement vigor: Frameworks, exceptions, and nomenclature
Authors: Bufacchi Rory John , Iannetti Gian Domenico 
Published: September 2021

AbstractShadmehr and Ahmed cogently argue that vigor of appetitive movements is positively correlated with their value, and that value can therefore be inferred by measuring vigor. Here, we highlight three points to consider when interpreting this account: (1) The correlation between vigor and value is not obligatory, (2) the vigor effect also arises in frameworks other than optimal foraging, and (3) the term vigor can be misinterpreted, thereby affecting rigor.
Kinematic analysis of overconstrained manipulators with partial subspaces using decomposition method
Authors: Selvi Özgün 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYOverconstrained manipulators in lower subspaces with unique motions can be created and analyzed. However, far too little attention has been paid to creating a generic method for overconstrained manipulators kinematic analysis. This study aimed to evaluate a generic methodology for kinematic analysis of overconstrained parallel manipulators with partial subspaces (OPM-PS) using decomposition to parallel manipulators (PMs) in lower subspaces. The theoretical dimensions of the method are depicted, and the use of partial subspace for overconstrained manipulators is portrayed. The methodology for the decomposition method is described and exemplified by designing and evaluating the method to two overconstrained manipulators with 5 degrees of freedom (DoF) and 3 DoF. The inverse kinematic analysis is detailed with position analysis and Jacobian along with the inverse velocity analysis. The workspace analysis for the manipulators using the methodology is elaborated with numerical results. The results of the study show that OPM-PS can be decomposed into PMs with lower subspace numbers. As imaginary joints are being utilized in the proposed methodology, it will create additional data to consider in the design process of the manipulators. Thus, it becomes more beneficial in design scenarios that include workspace as an objective.
Comparison of the dose perturbation arising from conventional and the novel PEEK prosthesis materials during high energy radiotherapy with 15 MV photons
Authors: Mohammadi Najmeh 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the dosimetric effects of the metal prosthesis in radiotherapy by Siemens Primus 15 MV linac accelerator. In addition, it proposed the new material could lead to less dose perturbation.

Materials and methods:
The depth dose distributions of typical hip prostheses were calculated for 15 MV photons by MCNP-4C code. Five metal prostheses were selected to reveal the correlation between material type, density and dose perturbations of prostheses. Furthermore, the effects of the location and thickness of the prosthesis on the dose perturbation were also discussed and analysed.

Results:
The results showed that the Co-Cr-Mo alloy as the prosthesis had more influence on the dose at the interface of metal tissue. The dose increased at the entrance of this prosthesis and experienced the reduction when passed through it. Finally, the impact of the new PEEK biomedical polymer materials was also investigated, and the lowest dose perturbations were introduced based on the obtained results.

Conclusion:
It was found that the mean relative dose before and after of PEEK prosthesis was 99·2 and 97·1%, respectively. Therefore, this new biomedical polymer material was proposed to replace the current metal implants.
Investigation of the Influence of Water Vapor on Heavy Pollution and Its Relationship With AOD Using MAX‐DOAS on the Coast of the Yellow Sea
Authors: Ren Hongmei , Li Ang , Xie Pinhua , Hu Zhaokun , Xu Jin , Huang Yeyuan , Li Xiaomei , Zhong Hongyan , Tian Xin , Ren Bo , Wang Shuai , Chai Wenxuan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMulti‐AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX‐DOAS) observations were carried out from March 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020 in Qingdao, China, on the coast of the Yellow Sea (120.67°E, 36.35°N). Atmospheric parameters retrieved from the MAX‐DOAS instrument included vertical profiles of aerosol extinction, gaseous aerosol precursors (NO2, SO2), and H2O. First, the seasonal relationship between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the H2O vertical column density (VCD) was analyzed. The correlation coefficients (r) between AOD and H2O VCD were largest in the winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. In addition, the correlation during heavily polluted weather was much higher than that during clean weather or slightly polluted weather. Then, an analysis of the wind speed and direction, and trace gas VCDs during the months with frequent pollution (December 2019 and January 2020) found that heavy pollution episodes easily occurred in Qingdao due to a combination of high H2O concentrations and low wind speeds. Out of four pollution events (P1, P2, P3, P4), both the H2O concentration and pollution were highest during the first event (P1). The H2O VCD, AOD, sulfate AOD, and total column HNO3 simultaneously increased during P1, while the NO2 and SO2 VCDs decreased. These trends are consistent with liquid phase reactions. Finally, the 1,000 m backward trajectory for the wind and the gas profiles during P1 revealed that the pollutants increased in Qingdao due to the influence of a polluted air mass from the western inland regions.
Patterns and Variation of Littoral Habitat Size Among Lakes
Authors: Seekell D. , Cael B. , Norman S. , Byström P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe littoral zone varies in size among lakes from ∼3% to 100% of lake surface area. In this paper, we derive a simple theoretical scaling relationship that explains this variation, and test this theory using bathymetric data across the size spectra of freshwater lakes (surface area = 0.01–82,103 km2, maximum depth = 2–1,741 m). Littoral area primarily reflects the ratio of the maximum depth of photosynthesis to maximum lake depth. However, lakes that are similar in these characteristics can have different relative littoral areas because of variation in basin shape. Hypsometric (area‐elevation) models that describe these patterns for individual lakes can be generalized among lakes to accurately predict the relative size of littoral habitat when there is incomplete bathymetric information. Collectively, our results provide simple rules for understanding patterns of littoral habitat size at the regional and global scales.
Constraints on the Electron Acceleration Process in Solar Flare: A Case Study
Authors: Li G. , Wu X. , Effenberger F. , Zhao L. , Lesage S. , Bian N. , Wang L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCombining in situ measurements of energetic electrons and remote sensing observations of hard X‐rays and type III radio bursts, we examine the release times of energetic electrons in the July 23, 2016 event. We find that the releases of in situ energetic electrons from the Sun are delayed from those electrons that are responsible for the hard X‐rays. We further find that the release time of in situ electrons is a function of electron energy. Under the assumption that the acceleration mechanism for the upward propagating electrons is of Fermi‐type and is controlled by an energy‐dependent diffusion coefficient, we fit these release times by a simple functional form, related to the turbulence spectral index. Implications of our study on the underlying electron acceleration mechanisms and the magnetic reconnection process in solar flares are discussed. Our results demonstrate the power of the recently developed fractional velocity dispersion analysis (FVDA) method in solar flare studies.
Magnetic and Gravity Surface Geometry Inverse Modeling of the TAG Active Mound
Authors: Galley C. , Lelièvre P. , Haroon A. , Graber S. , Jamieson J. , Szitkar F. , Yeo I. , Farquharson C. , Petersen S. , Evans R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSeafloor massive sulfide deposits form in remote environments, and the assessment of deposit size and composition through drilling is technically challenging and expensive. To aid the evaluation of the resource potential of seafloor massive sulfide deposits, three‐dimensional inverse modeling of geophysical potential field data (magnetic and gravity) collected near the seafloor can be carried out to further enhance geologic models interpolated from sparse drilling. Here, we present inverse modeling results of magnetic and gravity data collected from the active mound at the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal vent field, located at 26°08′N on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, using autonomous underwater vehicle and submersible surveying. Both minimum‐structure and surface geometry inverse modeling methods were utilized. Through deposit‐scale magnetic modeling, the outer extent of a chloritized alteration zone within the basalt host rock below the mound was resolved, providing an indication of the angle of the rising hydrothermal fluid and the depth and volume of seawater/hydrothermal mixing zone. The thickness of the massive sulfide mound was determined by modeling the gravity data, enabling the tonnage of the mound to be estimated at 2.17 ± 0.44 Mt through this geophysics‐based, noninvasive approach.
Generation of Overspill Pyroclastic Density Currents in Sinuous Channels
Authors: Kubo Hutchison A. , Dufek J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDue to their mobility, high velocities, and common occurrence, small‐volume pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) represent a major hazard around volcanoes. Small‐volume events are particularly sensitive to topography and channelization into drainage basins. Understanding the flow transition initiated by avulsion or overspill from valley confined PDC to unconfined PDC is necessary to mitigate their damage. We present three‐dimensional multiphase models of channelized PDCs and link the generation of overspill currents to channel geometry (width, depth, and curvature). Our simulation geometries span the range of natural channels commonly found in stratovolcanic landforms. Channels help inhibit ambient air entrainment into the underflow and can maintain and deliver material with minimal cooling during transport. We show that the main avulsion mechanism can include significant portions of the insulated underflow layer from the channel leading to a dangerously hot overspilled current. In all sinuous channel simulations, the underflow of the current becomes superelevated when it encounters bends and is able to overwhelm channel walls. The amount of mass overspilled is a function of channel curvature. Superelevation of the current increases with channel curvature and decreasing channel width but is underestimated using traditional estimates of superelevation due to the lack of the free surface in these flows. We also identify the occurrence of buoyant plume and secondary overspill events due to cross stream flow within the channel which would produce complex deposits associated with overspill events.
Joint associations between objectively measured physical activity volume and intensity with body fatness: the Fenland study
Authors: Lindsay Tim , Wijndaele Katrien , Westgate Kate , Dempsey Paddy , Strain Tessa , De Lucia Rolfe Emanuella , Forouhi Nita G. , Griffin Simon , Wareham Nick J. , Brage Søren 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background/Objectives
Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) represents the total volume of all physical activity. This can be accumulated as different underlying intensity profiles. Although volume and intensity have been studied in isolation, less is known about their joint association with health. We examined this association with body fatness in a population-based sample of middle-aged British adults.

Methods
In total, 6148 women and 5320 men from the Fenland study with objectively measured physical activity from individually calibrated combined heart rate and movement sensing and DXA-derived body fat percentage (BF%) were included in the analyses. We used linear and compositional isocaloric substitution analysis to examine associations of PAEE and its intensity composition with body fatness. Sex-stratified models were adjusted for socio-economic and dietary covariates.

Results
PAEE was inversely associated with body fatness in women (beta = −0.16 (95% CI: −0.17; −0.15) BF% per kJ day−1 kg−1) and men (beta = −0.09 (95% CI: −0.10; −0.08) BF% per kJ day−1 kg−1). Intensity composition was significantly associated with body fatness, beyond that of PAEE; the reallocation of energy to vigorous physical activity (>6 METs) from other intensities was associated with less body fatness, whereas light activity (1.5–3 METs) was positively associated. However, light activity was the main driver of overall PAEE volume, and the relative importance of intensity was marginal compared to that of volume; the difference between PAEE in tertile 1 and 2 in women was associated with 3 percentage-point lower BF%. Higher vigorous physical activity in the same group to the maximum observed value was associated with 1 percentage-point lower BF%.

Conclusions
In this large, population-based cohort study with objective measures, PAEE was inversely associated with body fatness. Beyond the PAEE association, greater levels of intense activity were also associated with lower body fatness. This contribution was marginal relative to PAEE. These findings support current guidelines for physical activity which emphasise that any movement is beneficial, rather than specific activity intensity or duration targets.
Dirac-like cone-based electromagnetic zero-index metamaterials
Authors: Li Yang , Chan C. T. , Mazur Eric 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMetamaterials with a Dirac-like cone dispersion at the center of the Brillouin zone behave like an isotropic and impedance-matched zero refractive index material at the Dirac-point frequency. Such metamaterials can be realized in the form of either bulk metamaterials with efficient coupling to free-space light or on-chip metamaterials that are efficiently coupled to integrated photonic circuits. These materials enable the interactions of a spatially uniform electromagnetic mode with matter over a large area in arbitrary shapes. This unique optical property paves the way for many applications, including arbitrarily shaped high-transmission waveguides, nonlinear enhancement, and phase mismatch-free nonlinear signal generation, and collective emission of many emitters. This review summarizes the Dirac-like cone-based zero-index metamaterials’ fundamental physics, design, experimental realizations, and potential applications.
Wdr1 and cofilin are necessary mediators of immune-cell-specific apoptosis triggered by Tecfidera
Authors: Poganik Jesse R. , Huang Kuan-Ting , Parvez Saba , Zhao Yi , Raja Sruthi , Long Marcus J. C. , Aye Yimon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDespite the emerging importance of reactive electrophilic drugs, deconvolution of their principal targets remains difficult. The lack of genetic tractability/interventions and reliance on secondary validation using other non-specific compounds frequently complicate the earmarking of individual binders as functionally- or phenotypically-sufficient pathway regulators. Using a redox-targeting approach to interrogate how on-target binding of pleiotropic electrophiles translates to a phenotypic output in vivo, we here systematically track the molecular components attributable to innate immune cell toxicity of the electrophilic-drug dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera®). In a process largely independent of canonical Keap1/Nrf2-signaling, Keap1-specific modification triggers mitochondrial-targeted neutrophil/macrophage apoptosis. On-target Keap1–ligand-engagement is accompanied by dissociation of Wdr1 from Keap1 and subsequent coordination with cofilin, intercepting Bax. This phagocytic-specific cell-killing program is recapitulated by whole-animal administration of dimethyl fumarate, where individual depletions of the players identified above robustly suppress apoptosis.
Carrier transport theory for twisted bilayer graphene in the metallic regime
Authors: Sharma Gargee , Yudhistira Indra , Chakraborty Nilotpal , Ho Derek Y. H. , Ezzi M. M. Al , Fuhrer Michael S. , Vignale Giovanni , Adam Shaffique 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the normal-metal state transport in twisted bilayer graphene near magic angle is of fundamental importance as it provides insights into the mechanisms responsible for the observed strongly correlated insulating and superconducting phases. Here we provide a rigorous theory for phonon-dominated transport in twisted bilayer graphene describing its unusual signatures in the resistivity (including the variation with electron density, temperature, and twist angle) showing good quantitative agreement with recent experiments. We contrast this with the alternative Planckian dissipation mechanism that we show is incompatible with available experimental data. An accurate treatment of the electron-phonon scattering requires us to go well beyond the usual treatment, including both intraband and interband processes, considering the finite-temperature dynamical screening of the electron-phonon matrix element, and going beyond the linear Dirac dispersion. In addition to explaining the observations in currently available experimental data, we make concrete predictions that can be tested in ongoing experiments.
Chiral Brønsted acid-controlled intermolecular asymmetric [2 + 2] photocycloadditions
Authors: Sherbrook Evan M. , Genzink Matthew J. , Park Bohyun , Guzei Ilia A. , Baik Mu-Hyun , Yoon Tehshik P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractControl over the stereochemistry of excited-state photoreactions remains a significant challenge in organic synthesis. Recently, it has become recognized that the photophysical properties of simple organic substrates can be altered upon coordination to Lewis acid catalysts, and that these changes can be exploited in the design of highly enantioselective catalytic photoreactions. Chromophore activation strategies, wherein simple organic substrates are activated towards photoexcitation upon binding to a Lewis acid catalyst, rank among the most successful asymmetric photoreactions. Herein, we show that chiral Brønsted acids can also catalyze asymmetric excited-state photoreactions by chromophore activation. This principle is demonstrated in the context of a highly enantio- and diastereoselective [2+2] photocycloaddition catalyzed by a chiral phosphoramide organocatalyst. Notably, the cyclobutane products arising from this method feature a trans-cis stereochemistry that is complementary to other enantioselective catalytic [2+2] photocycloadditions reported to date.
Possible future waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection generated by variants of concern with a range of characteristics
Authors: Dyson Louise , Hill Edward M. , Moore Sam , Curran-Sebastian Jacob , Tildesley Michael J. , Lythgoe Katrina A. , House Thomas , Pellis Lorenzo , Keeling Matt J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractViral reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 provides opportunities for the acquisition of advantageous mutations, altering viral transmissibility, disease severity, and/or allowing escape from natural or vaccine-derived immunity. We use three mathematical models: a parsimonious deterministic model with homogeneous mixing; an age-structured model; and a stochastic importation model to investigate the effect of potential variants of concern (VOCs). Calibrating to the situation in England in May 2021, we find epidemiological trajectories for putative VOCs are wide-ranging and dependent on their transmissibility, immune escape capability, and the introduction timing of a postulated VOC-targeted vaccine. We demonstrate that a VOC with a substantial transmission advantage over resident variants, or with immune escape properties, can generate a wave of infections and hospitalisations comparable to the winter 2020-2021 wave. Moreover, a variant that is less transmissible, but shows partial immune-escape could provoke a wave of infection that would not be revealed until control measures are further relaxed.
Settling the matter of the role of vibrations in the stability of high-entropy carbides
Authors: Esters Marco , Oses Corey , Hicks David , Mehl Michael J. , Jahnátek Michal , Hossain Mohammad Delower , Maria Jon-Paul , Brenner Donald W. , Toher Cormac , Curtarolo Stefano 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigh-entropy ceramics are attracting significant interest due to their exceptional chemical stability and physical properties. While configurational entropy descriptors have been successfully implemented to predict their formation and even to discover new materials, the contribution of vibrations to their stability has been contentious. This work unravels the issue by computationally integrating disorder parameterization, phonon modeling, and thermodynamic characterization. Three recently synthesized carbides are used as a testbed: (HfNbTaTiV)C, (HfNbTaTiW)C, and (HfNbTaTiZr)C. It is found that vibrational contributions should not be neglected when precursors or decomposition products have different nearest-neighbor environments from the high-entropy carbide.
Coherent control of asymmetric spintronic terahertz emission from two-dimensional hybrid metal halides
Authors: Cong Kankan , Vetter Eric , Yan Liang , Li Yi , Zhang Qi , Xiong Yuzan , Qu Hongwei , Schaller Richard D. , Hoffmann Axel , Kemper Alexander F. , Yao Yongxin , Wang Jigang , You Wei , Wen Haidan , Zhang Wei , Sun Dali 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNext-generation terahertz (THz) sources demand lightweight, low-cost, defect-tolerant, and robust components with synergistic, tunable capabilities. However, a paucity of materials systems simultaneously possessing these desirable attributes and functionalities has made device realization difficult. Here we report the observation of asymmetric spintronic-THz radiation in Two-Dimensional Hybrid Metal Halides (2D-HMH) interfaced with a ferromagnetic metal, produced by ultrafast spin current under femtosecond laser excitation. The generated THz radiation exhibits an asymmetric intensity toward forward and backward emission direction whose directionality can be mutually controlled by the direction of applied magnetic field and linear polarization of the laser pulse. Our work demonstrates the capability for the coherent control of THz emission from 2D-HMHs, enabling their promising applications on the ultrafast timescale as solution-processed material candidates for future THz emitters.