bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biology of Brain Dysfunction, Vol. I, edited by Gerald E. Gaull. New York/London: Plenum Press, 1973, 403 pp., $35.00
Authors: Menkes John H. 
Published: December 2021

One of the problems faced by the biomedical sciences is the time gap between new information obtained in the clinic and the laboratory and its dissemination. Presentations at national meetings usually do not provide a solution. At best, part of the data, as delivered from the podium, has not been subjected to prior rigorous scrutiny by peer groups, and the necessarily narrow view of the field renders them inadequate for teaching purposes.
Translation of information to the printed page requires a time gap which at its best runs to about six weeks, as is the case for some of the bimonthly research communications (Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications and Life Sciences).
PROLONGED RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASED INCIDENCE OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Authors: Bauer Charles R. , Stern Leo , Colle Eleanor 
Published: December 2021

The finding of an increased occurrence of prolonged ruptured membranes (ROM) in a group of prematures without RDS led to a prospective study of the effect of prolonged rupture (defined as greater than 16-hour duration) on the subsequent course of premature infants. Seventeen mother-infant pairs were included in the study and steroid determinations (total blood corticosteroids, cortisol, and corticosterone) were performed on paired maternal plasma obtained prior to delivery and infant plasma obtained within the first hour of life.
There was a lower incidence of RDS in infants born after greater than 16 hours ROM (0/10), when compared to those who were born after membranes had been ruptured less than 16 hours (4/7). A correlation between steroid levels (both total blood corticosteroids and cortisol) in the infants and duration of ruptured membranes was seen. However, no correlations existed with the duration of labor.
It is postulated that the protective influence which prolonged rupture of membranes imparts on the premature fetus is mediated by elevated blood corticosteroids, which result in accelerated lung maturation and a subsequent decreased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome.
The Philosophy and Practice of Screening For Inherited Diseases
Authors: Komrower G. M. 
Published: December 2021

In recent years there has been a decline both in morbidity and mortality attributable to infection, parasitic infestation, and malnutrition which has been coincidental with the development of promising approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of genetic diseases. This has encouraged the consideration of genetically oriented screening programs as an exercise in preventive medicine, and considerable thought and effort have been expended in the development of suitable programs covering many inherited disorders, particularly those relating to mental retardation.
The World Health Organization in a recent publication, "Genetic Disorders—Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation,"has stated that the object of these endeavors is to improve the quality of life for individuals and society as a whole by permitting the control of disease in affected persons.
When one comes to plan a screening program it is important to keep the following criteria in mind. The incidence of the disorder(s) in question should be reasonably high. The program must be administratively feasible; the laboratory procedures used must be technically reliable with a very low (to absent) incidence of false-positive or negative results. (Better to have a false-positive than a false-negative.) The methods must be relatively unsophisticated and the cost of the whole scheme must not be great as there is little money available for this type of medical practice. Finally and most important, treatment must be available for the children detected. The family concerned should be given full guidance and encouragement and genetic counseling services should be available to them.
Total and Free Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in the Neonatal Period
Authors: Erenberg Allen , Phelps Dale L. , Lam Robert , Fisher Delbert A. 
Published: December 2021

Radioimmunoassay measurements of serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4 (FT4), free T3 (FT3), and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) were conducted in full-term newborn infants between birth and 5 days of age. The mean concentrations of T4 and FT4 increased from cord blood levels of 11.9 µg/100 ml and 2.9 ng/100 ml to peak values of 16.2 µg/100 ml and 7 ng/100 ml by 24 to 48 hours of age. Mean serum total and free T3 concentrations increased from cord blood levels of 50.5 ng/100 ml and 146 pg/100 ml to peak values of 419 ng/100 ml and 1,260 pg/100 ml by 24 hours of age. Mean T3/T4 and FT3/FT4 ratios increased from 1/238 to 1/39 and from 1/20 to 1/6, respectively, during this period. By 72 to 126 hours, both the T4 and T3 concentrations had fallen somewhat. Mean serum TBG concentrations were unchanged and approximated 5.0 mg/100 ml during the first 5 days of life.
These data confirm earlier reports that the normal newborn infant rapidly becomes chemically hyperthyroid in the neonatal period due to increased thyroid hormone secretion; this neonatal hyperthyroid state is due more to T3 than to T4. The data also confirm earlier reports that the fetus is T3 deficient due to a decreased capacity to monodeiodinate T4 to T3 in extrathyroidal tissues. The rapid increase in serum T3 after delivery at a time when the capacity to convert T4 to T3 is reduced suggests that the increment in serum T3 is due, predominantly, to increased T3 secretion from the thyroid gland stimulated by the neonatal TSH surge. Thus with parturition, the newborn infant is transformed from a state of chemical T3 deficiency to a state of chemical T3 thyrotoxicosis.
Non-Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated With Cat-Scratch Disease
Authors: Quillian Warren W. , Quillian Warren W. , Lancaster James W. 
Published: December 2021

Carithers has summarized nicely the historical development of cat-scratch disease. He pays proper tribute to Drs. Debré, Foshay, Rose, Mollaret, Keefer, Greer, Daniel and others. The course of this illness, the theories of its etiology, its histopathology and details of the various complications of the disease, including thrombocytopenia, are well described in papers by Carithers, Warwick, Margileth and others.
The purpose of this report is to document the case of a patient with confirmed cat-scratch disease, who had a complication that has not been reported previously. This case report illustrates non-thrombocytopenic purpura in a 12-year-old boy with cat-scratch disease.
Case Report
Disproportionate Short Stature: Diagnosis and Management, by Joseph A. Bailey, II, M.D., F.A.C.S. Philadelphia/London/Toronto: W. B. Saunders Co., 1973, 589 pp., $22.50
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. 
Published: December 2021

The orthopedic management of patients with inborn errors of skeletal development is unsatisfactory to both patient and physician. The results of major orthopedic procedures are frequently poor and the individual physician sees too few patients with a given condition to critically evaluate the results of his treatment.
In his book, Dr. Bailey reviews the operative and nonoperative procedures recommended in the management of various types of disproportionate dwarfism. His approach is particularly well shown in the chapter on diastrophic dwarfism: various orthopedic procedures are presented and their results are critically evaluated in 22 patients.
The Shortsighted Treatment of Myelomeningocele: A Long-Term Case Report
Authors: Freeman John M. 
Published: December 2021

Meningomyelocele is the most common severe congenital anomaly of the central nervous system (CNS), occurring in approximately 1/1,000 births. Until the late 1950s nothing was done for these children. Ingraham wrote that they should be given routine care until 18 months of age, when an accurate assessment of their neurologic function and intelligence could be made before closing the back. Many-most-died. The survivors who had severe hydrocephalus, hydronephrosis, and marked paraplegia, were left untreated at home or in institutions. The few survivors who did well were often children with meningoceles whose backs were then closed at 18 months.
Studies from England suggest that 10% to 16% of children with meningomyelocele who are untreated are alive at 1 to 2 years, and at least 7% of the most severely affected survive to one year. If a child lives two months, he has a 28% chance of being alive at 11 years-untreated. With vigorous, early treatment he has a 50% to 80% chance of survival and, depending on the series, has a poor chance for a useful, productive life or a good chance for being "competitive." How then should we approach the newborn with a meningomyelocele? What should be our approach to his or her management? This case report is intended to emphasize the disastrous potential results of one common form of management.
CASE REPORT
An 8-year-old white boy was recently brought to the Birth Defects Treatment Center for recommendations about future care. He was the third child of middle class parents and was born and treated elsewhere.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Lubin Bertram H. , Murphy Sharon B. 
Published: December 2021

The article, Anesthetic Risks in Sickle Cell Trait, is disconcerting because its conclusions are unjustified and its implications unwarranted. For example, due to the paucity of preoperative information one might conclude that the patients were doubly heterozyous for a hemoglobinopathy such as sickle thalassemia.
The presence of generalized sickling at postmortem exam in the five patients reported does not constitute proof that intravascular sickling was pathogenic in the patient's death, for it is obvious that red cells from a patient with sickle trait will assume the sickled shape in the acidotic and hypoxic postmortem state.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: McGarry Paul , Duncan Caroline 
Published: December 2021

To Dr. Abelson: The five cases reported were not the only ones found, all deaths were not investigated, and all anesthetics administered during this period of time were not reviewed. Incidence rates are, therefore, not known, and any figures implying that this was a statistical analysis would be misleading.
To Doctors Lubin and Murphy: We indicated those cases, three of five, on whom electrophoresis was done. The two not so tested had no clinical symptoms of hemoglobinopathy and were most likely cases of A-S hemoglobinopathy.
The Treatment of Status Epilepticus
Authors: Lombroso C. T. 
Published: December 2021

Status epilepticus, though declining in frequency in recent years, is a medical emergency as well as a persistently difficult problem in balanced therapy. By its very nature it is likely to require the direct involvement of the family physician be he a pediatrician or a general practitioner.
It may be useful to begin by defining and considering special aspects in relation to causes and age. Most convulsive seizures are self-limiting events terminating on their own accord before specific medical treatment need or can be rendered. For these, positioning to prevent aspiration of excessive secretions and vomitus and prevention of self-injuries is generally sufficient. Prying open clenched teeth for the insertion of time-honored tongue blades, pencils, or fingers has no place in modern medicine. These maneuvers are useless in the prevention of tongue biting (that will have occurred at the onset of the initial tonic phase), but may actually be harmful by dislodging loose teeth, and by initiating nociceptive stimuli that reflexly can prolong the tonic phase. Likewise excessive restraining of convulsing patients may faciitate bone injuries. The administration of drugs postictally is unnecessary in the majority of isolated seizures. Exceptions of course are prolonged or serial convulsions, or status epilepticus as discussed below, and those instances in which the convulsion has occurred because of failure in taking prescribed antiepileptic medication. The recent availability for quick appraisal of serum levels of antiepileptic drugs is a useful guide in this respect.
Turning now to the definition of status epilepticus: official formulations such as "an attack which is so prolonged or so frequently repeated as to constitute a definite lasting condition" is open to some confusion.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood Myoclonic Seizures
Authors: Livingston Samuel 
Published: December 2021

Epileptic seizures in children occur in a variety of forms. While it may be difficult to classify some attacks, most seizures may be broadly divided into five groups: major motor (grand mal), petit mal, psychomotor (temporal lobe), myoclonic and autonomic. This writing is devoted to a discussion of the clinical manifestations, EEC findings, etiology, prognosis and treatment of myoclonic epilepsy of childhood. The data presented are based on approximately 1,500 children with myoclonic seizures who have been studied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital Epilepsy Clinic. In 1,150 patients, myoclonic seizures appeared during the first two years of life, most commonly between 3 and 9 months of age; and in the remaining 350 children, after the first two years of life, usually between 3 and 7 years of age. We classify myoclonic epilepsy into two types on this basis of age at onset.
1. Myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. In previous writings, we referred to this form of epilepsy as "minor motor epilepsy." Other terms currently in usage are "infantile spasms," "hypsarrhythmia" and "massive myoclonic seizures."
2. Myoclonic epilepsy of older children. This form of epilepsy is designated by many physicians as "petit mal variant," "head-dropping spells," "headbobbing spells," "akinetic seizures," "Lennox syndrome" and "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome."
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
The predominant clinical feature of myoclonic epilepsy is a sudden flexor spasm of the body musculature, although extensor spasms are sometimes observed. The clinical manifestations vary, depending upon the posture of the patient.
Recumbent
Although this spell in the recumbent patient varies somewhat in clinical manifestations, it most commonly consists of a sudden flexion of the head with a simultaneous outward thrust of the upper extremities and flexion of the thighs on the abdomen. It is sometimes preceded by a short cry, laugh or giggle.
The Misuse of Statistics
Authors: Hoeffler Dennis F. 
Published: December 2021

The increased utilization of probability analysis in medical publications has been accompanied by recurrent examples of the misapplication of biostatistical technique. A recent article in Pediatrics is a case in point. The authors support their premise that stimulant drugs have an adverse effect on the growth of hyperactive children with sophisticated statistical evaluations. They have, however, violated some basic assumptions that underlie their mathematical analyses.
The most evident error is the lack of randomness in the "treatment" groups.
Behavior Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence, by Richard J. Jenkins, M.D. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1973, 140 pp., $6.95
Authors: Harris Herbert I. 
Published: December 2021

This monograph is written to describe and classify the disorders of childhood and adolescence that lie between the mild transient situational disturbances and the more severe pychoses, neuroses and personality disorders of this period.
After outlining the problem with which the monograph is concerned—behavior inappropriate to the situation—the author devotes a chapter to the statistical approach to child psychiatry, and then describes the types of disordered individuals encountered in a large clinic population of children and adolescents.
Relation of Serum Cholesterol to in vitro 7α-Dehydroxylation of Primary Bile Acids by Fecal Bacteria in Infants and Children
Authors: Samuel Paul , Schussheim Arnold , Lieberman Sidney , Don Eugene C. 
Published: December 2021

Fresh feces from 104 infants and children (aged 3 days to 16 years) were homogenized and incubated with labeled cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid. After 2 and/or 24 hours' incubation, the percentage of converted (mostly 7α-dehydroxylated) primary bile acids was measured, and the degree of conversion was correlated with serum cholesterol levels. It was found that stool homogenates of patients with low levels of serum cholesterol (&lt; 160 mg/100 ml) converted labeled primary bile acids poorly or not at all, whereas in patients with higher serum cholesterol levels (&gt; l60 mg/100 ml) the conversion process was markedly increased. Thus, highly significant correlations were found between serum cholesterol levels and the capability of the fecal bacterial flora to convert both primary bile acids "in vitro."
The possibility is proposed that in man the relatively rapid progressive increase of serum cholesterol level following birth may be related to the colonization of the intestinal tract by 7α-dehydroxylating and/or bile acid degrading bacteria. It is suggested that the prevalence of these bacteria is subject to environmental effects, and it may be one of the important factors regulating cholesterol levels in man.
The Unknown Poison
Authors: Mofenson Howard C. , Greensher Joseph 
Published: December 2021

This article outlines a rational approach to management of an unknown poisoning.
See table in the PDF file.
If an unidentified material has been ingested, the safest course of action is to induce vomiting with ipecac if no contraindication exists (Table I).
If the product or ingredient is known but there is uncertainty regarding the quantity ingested, tables of toxicity rating (Tables II and III) are offered to help in deciding the necessity for treatment.
If signs and symptoms suggesting a potential poisoning are present, the most likely agents may be found in Table IV.
Definite toxicologic identification of ingested ingredients requires a great deal of time and special expertise. It is seldom available in time to aid in the treatment. Therapy should be directed toward support of vital functions (Table V).
A small number of rapid and easily performed presumptive tests are available and are offered to the practicing physician as an aid to making a more definitive diagnosis.
Salicylate Poisoning
Authors: Pierce Alexander W. 
Published: December 2021

Medications are the most common substances accidentally ingested by children less than 5 years of age. In 1972, 62% of fatal ingestions reported to the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers were due to drugs.1 The leading categories for fatal reported ingestions are drug combinations, analgesics, nonbarbiturate sedatives, and psychopharmacologic agents.
The effectiveness of child resistant containers (CRCs) in reducing the incidence of childhood accidental poisonings from medications has been demonstrated by the experience at Madigan General Hospital and in Essex County, Ontario. Scherz2 speculates a 75% reduction in childhood poisoning could be achieved by this measure alone. The Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-601) permitted the Consumer Product Safety Commission to develop and administer safety packaging regulations for salicylates. Salicylates, generally considered the most important drug hazard for the preschool child,3 are currently available in both safety and non-safety containers. By law, each manufacturer can produce for retail use one size container with a noncomplying package. Therefore the risk of salicylate poisoning can be expected to continue from noncomplying packaging, the misuse of safety packaging by adults, and misuse of salicylates as therapeutic agents. The widespread use of safety packaging for children's aspirin has been accompanied by a steady decline in poisoning in preschool children from this source since 1970.
However, salicylates remain the single substance most frequently accidentally ingested by preschool children; and there were eight reported fatalities in 1972.1 Although accidental ingestion is a frequent problem, over one half of hospitalized cases of salicylism in children have been due to chronic ingestion associated with therapeutic misuse.
Hyperuricemia in a Child: A Complication of Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Mathew George , Lifshitz Fima 
Published: December 2021

Childhood obesity has become an important management problem for the practicing pediatrician. Carbohydrate restrictive diets are being utilized in treatment with increasing frequency in recent years.1,2 Hyperuricemia during carbohydrate deprivation is a well-documented entity in adults,3,4 but has not been reported in children. In the following report we describe a child who developed severe hyperunicemia following a low-carbohydrate ketogenic regimen during the initial period of treatment of obesity.
CASE REPORT
R. F., a 10-year-old white girl, was admitted to North Shore University Hospital for management of severe exogenous obesity. She was the product of a normal pregnancy and uncomplicated delivery, and weighed 2,660 kg at birth.
Health Services in the Home
Authors: Bock Lewis L. 
Published: December 2021

The Blackfan Memorial Lecture by Dr. Cicely Williams1 was read with keen interest and agreement. Pediatrics should be commended for its publication.
I trust that the increased rumbling that one hears, reads about and senses in maternal and child health care in our country will gather momentum and volume until we actually do implement the programs that will reduce infant mortality and morbidity and improve maternal care so that infants will be born into a society with far fewer deficiencies, deprivation and dependence.
A New and Safe Method to Control the Depth of Endotracheal Intubation in Neonates
Authors: Loew Alexandra , Thibeault Donald W. 
Published: December 2021

Endotracheal intubation in neonates is usually performed during emergency resuscitation. The most common and most serious complication of endotracheal intubation is placement of the tube in the right main bronchus followed by overventilation of the right lower lobe which is often associated with underventilation and atelectasis of the remainder of the lungs.1 If the inflation of the right lower lobe is excessive then alveolar rupture and interstitial emphysema may follow.2
The present technique of endotracheal intubation is to insert the tube into the trachea and then auscultate over both lung fields. If breath sounds are decreased over one lung field then the tube is slightly withdrawn.
THE HECTIC WAY OF AMERICAN LIFE AS A CAUSE OF POOR HEALTH-AS VIEWED IN 1856
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

One of the recurring themes of American history is the supposed relationship of our hectic way of life to various diseases. Robert Tomes (1817-1882), a journalist, was a careful observer of the American scene in the middle years of the last century. The following quotation from his article "Why We Get Sick," published in Harper's Monthly Magazine in 1856 might just as readily have been written today.
The Americans should be the healthiest people in the world; but, if we compare them with other nations, in the aggregate, they will be probably found to have no claim to this superiority. This, however, is not a fair comparison, as the condition of the masses with us more nearly approaches that of the prosperous classes than of the poor of foreign countries. Material advantages alone, apart from moral causes, have given the Americans a position far in advance of all other nations. Physical comfort is the rule with us, while it is but the exception elsewhere. If a potato patch, as in Ireland, were the only barrier between our people and starvation, there might be some excuse for our countrymen not being healthier; for a want of physical comfort is among the most powerful cause of disease. With abundance of food, and such liberal rewards of labor that humblest American can supply himself with those comforts of life which are only within the reach of the prosperous classes abroad, it is but fair to compare him with the latter. In this comparison he will be found very deficient on the score of health.