bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for multiple colonisations and Wolbachia infections shaping the genetic structure of the widespread butterfly Polyommatus icarus in the British Isles
Authors: Arif Saad , Gerth Michael , Hone‐Millard William G. , Nunes Maria D. S. , Dapporto Leonardo , Shreeve Timothy G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe paradigm of isolation in southern refugia during glacial periods followed by expansions during interglacials, producing limited genetic differentiation in northern areas, dominates European phylogeography. However, the existence of complex structured populations in formerly glaciated areas, and islands connected to mainland areas during glacial maxima, call for alternative explanations. We reconstructed the mtDNA phylogeography of the widespread Polyommatus Icarus butterfly with an emphasis on the formerly glaciated and connected British Isles. We found distinct geographical structuring of CO1 haplogroups, with an ancient lineage restricted to the marginal European areas, including Northern Scotland and Outer Hebrides. Population genomic analyses, using ddRADSeq genomic markers, also reveal substantial genetic structuring within Britain. However, there is negligble mito‐nuclear concordance consistent with independent demographic histories of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA. While mtDNA‐Wolbachia associations in northern Britain could account for the geographic structuring of mtDNA across most of the British Isles, for nuclear DNA markers (derived from ddRADseq data) butterflies from France cluster between northern and southern British populations – an observation consistent with a scenario of multiple recolonisation. Taken together our results suggest that contemporary mtDNA structuring in the British Isles (and potentially elsewhere in Europe) largely results from Wolbachia infections, however, nuclear genomic structuring suggests a history of at least two distinct colonisations. This two‐stage colonisation scenario has previously been put forth to explain genetic diversity and structuring in other British flora and fauna. Additionally, we also present preliminary evidence for potential Wolbachia‐induced feminization in the Outer Hebrides.
Distinguishing genomic homogenization from parapatric speciation in an elevationally replacing pair of Ramphocelus tanagers
Authors: E. Luzuriaga‐Aveiga Vanessa , Ugarte Mauricio , Weir Jason T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeographically connected species pairs with weakly differentiated genomes could either represent cases of genomic homogenization in progress or of incipient parapatric speciation. Discriminating between these processes is difficult because intermediate stages of either may produce weakly differentiated genomes that diverge at few locations. We used coalescent modelling applied to a genome‐wide sample of SNPs to discriminate between speciation with gene flow and genomic homogenization in two phenotypically distinct but genomically weakly diverged species of elevationally replacing Ramphocelus tanagers, forming a hybrid zone in the Andean foothills. We found overwhelming support for a model of genomic homogenization following secondary contact. Simulating under this model suggested that our species pair was differentiated (FST = 0.30) at secondary contact but that most of the genome has rapidly homogenized during 254 Ky of high gene flow towards the present (FST = 0.02). Despite extensive genome‐wide homogenization, plumage remains distinctive with a narrower than expected geographic cline width, indicating divergent selection on colour. We found two SNPs significantly associated with plumage colour, which retain moderately high FST. We conclude that the majority of the genome has fused, but that divergent selection on select loci probably maintains the geographically structured colour differences between these incipient species.
Waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio in 7‐year‐old children—WHO Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative
Authors: Taxová Braunerová Radka , Kunešová Marie , Heinen Mirjam M. , Rutter Harry , Hassapidou Maria , Duleva Vesselka , Pudule Iveta , Petrauskienė Aušra , Sjöberg Agneta , Lissner Lauren , Spiroski Igor , Gutiérrez‐González Enrique , Kelleher Cecily C. , Bergh Ingunn Holden , Metelcová Tereza , Vignerová Jana , Brabec Marek , Buoncristiano Marta , Williams Julianne , Simmonds Philippa , Zamrazilová Hana , Hainer Vojtěch , Yngve Agneta , Rakovac Ivo , Breda João 
Published: August 2021

SummaryChildhood obesity is a serious global health problem. Waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) reflect body fat distribution in children. The objectives of this study were to assess WC and WHtR in 7‐year‐old children and to determine body mass index (BMI), WC, and WHtR differences in children from 10 selected countries across Europe (Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Norway, Spain, and Sweden) participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). The 50th and 90th percentile of WC (according to COSI and “Identification and prevention of Dietary‐ and lifestyle‐induced health EFfects In Children and infantS” (IDEFICS) cutoff values) and WHtR above 0.5 were used as measures of abdominal obesity in a unique sample of 38,975 children aged 7.00–7.99 years. Southern European countries, including Greece and Spain, showed significantly higher BMI, WC, and WHtRin both genders (p < 0.0001) than Eastern and Northern Europe. The highest values for WC were observed in Greece (60.8 ± 7.36 cm boys; 60.3 ± 7.48 cm girls), North Macedonia (60.4 ± 7.91 cm boys; 59.0 ± 8.01 cm girls), and Spain (59.7 ± 6.96 cm boys; 58.9 ± 6.77 cm girls). WC and WHtRin may add an information about the occurrence of central obesity in children.
Three‐dimensional assessment of asymmetric mid‐palatal suture expansion assisted by a customized microimplant‐supported rapid palatal expander in non‐growing patients: Uncontrolled Clinical Trial
Authors: Almaqrami Bushra Sufyan , Alhammadi Maged Sultan , Al‐somairi Majedh Abdo Ali , ALyafrusee Enas Senan , Xiong Hui , He Hong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to evaluate the magnitude, incidence and possible factors of asymmetric expansion with a customized microimplant‐supported rapid palatal expander (MARPE) in non‐growing patients.Setting and sample populationThis retrospective study included a sample of 49 patients (mean age: 23.9 ± 3.9 years) treated with a customized microimplant‐supported rapid palatal expander. Based on the symmetry of expansion, the sample was divided into Group S (symmetric expansion group, n = 26) and Group A (asymmetric expansion group, n = 23).MethodsPre‐ and post‐treatment cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were superimposed to assess skeletal change in both studied groups. Seven variables were tested: unilateral crossbite, maxillary base cant, chin deviation, the initial asymmetrical position of the mid‐palatal suture, split pattern of frontomaxillary suture, Angle's classification and dental arch crowding. Paired t‐test and logistic regression analyses were utilized to evaluate the possible factors behind the asymmetric expansion.ResultsThere was a significant difference (P < .01) between the studied groups. The average expansion was 4.26 mm at the anterolateral maxillary walls (BB) and 3.83 mm at the greater palatine foramen region (GPF). The average expansion at the GPF was 90% of that at the BB. The frequency of asymmetric expansion was 46.9%. Among the seven tested variables, the presence of the initial asymmetric position of the mid‐palatal suture is the only variable that showed correlation with asymmetric expansion.ConclusionInitial asymmetric position of the mid‐palatal suture is considered a contributing factor of skeletal asymmetric expansion following microimplant‐supported rapid palatal expansion in skeletally comparable patients.
The expression of emotion in pictures
Authors: Brassey Vanessa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe analysis of expression of emotion in pictures has been comparatively overlooked in the philosophy of art. Typically treated as an extension of the problem of expressive music, the notion of an ‘expressive picture’ is here considered as an independent problem which may or may not generalise to other sense‐based media. The paper surveys the extant views, attempting to dispel some confusion in regard to how these accounts overlap, intersect or resist one another. Thus, it is organised around mapping the key theories into groups in order to identify major disagreements that are frustrating progress in current research. For example, there is disagreement concerning whether or not there need be an identifiable expresser for the picture to be expressive of an emotion. While most theorists accept that there are occasions where expressers seem ineliminable to the expression—such as in expressive portraiture—most would reject the idea that a picture expresses only if there is an expresser. This paper emphasises the tension generated by this aspect of the debate. In the concluding section, I recommend a reframing move that will allow us to treat this seemingly intractable disagreement in a productive way.
Prodigiosin Production and Photoprotective/Antigenotoxic Properties in Serratia marcescens Indigenous Strains from Eastern Cordillera of Colombia
Authors: Cediel Becerra José D.D , Suescún Sepúlveda Jhon Alexander , Fuentes Jorge Luis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSerratia marcescens is a bacterial species that produces an antibacterial pigment (Prodigiosin) showing a wide adaptive response to environmental stresses. The study aimed to investigate Prodigiosin production in S. marcescens wild‐type strains, as well as its relation to photoprotection and antigenotoxicity against UVB. Prodigiosin yield was spectrophotometrically assayed in extracts of bacterial strains grown in different culture media. In vitro photoprotection efficacy was evaluated using the in vitro indices sun protection factor (SPFin vitro) and critical wavelength (λc). The percentage of UVB antigenotoxicity estimates (%GI) in the SOS Chromotest was also evaluated. Correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between Prodigiosin yield, SPFin vitro, %GI estimates and environmental traits (altitude, temperature, rainfall and solar irradiance). Prodigiosin yield in S. marcescens strains varied depending on culture media used for its growth, and it was correlated with environmental variables such as temperature and solar irradiance. SPFin vitro estimates were well correlated with Prodigiosin concentration and %GI values in the bacterial strains being studied. UVB photoprotective efficacy of the extracts obtained from S. marcescens strains depends on the strain’s Prodigiosin yield and its antigenotoxic potential. The extracts with Prodigiosin yield higher than ~17 μg mL−1 could be used as sources of sunscreen ingredients.
Alterations in the default mode‐salience network circuit provide a potential mechanism supporting negativity bias in depression
Authors: Guha Anika , Yee Cindy M. , Heller Wendy , Miller Gregory A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAberrant effective connectivity between default mode (DMN) and salience (SAL) networks may support the tendency of depressed individuals to find it difficult to disengage from self‐focused, negatively‐biased thinking and may contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression. Assessment of effective connectivity, which can statistically characterize the direction of influence between regions within neural circuits, may provide new insights into the nature of DMN‐SAL connectivity disruptions in depression. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was collected from 38 individuals with a history of major depression and 50 healthy comparison participants during completion of an emotion‐word Stroop task. Activation within DMN and SAL networks and effective connectivity between DMN and SAL, assessed via Granger causality, were examined. Individuals with a history of depression exhibited greater overall network activation, greater directed connectivity from DMN to SAL, and less directed connectivity from SAL to DMN than healthy comparison participants during negative‐word trials. Among individuals with a history of depression, greater DMN‐to‐SAL connectivity was associated with lower overall network activation and worse task performance during positive‐word trials; this pattern was not observed among healthy participants. Present findings indicate that greater network activation and, specifically, influence of DMN on SAL, support negativity bias among previously depressed individuals.
Biotic and abiotic treatments as a bet‐hedging approach to restoring plant communities and soil functions
Authors: Rader Audrey J. , Chiquoine Lindsay P. , Weigand James F. , Perkins Judy L. , Munson Seth M. , Abella Scott R. 
Published: August 2021

Two related concepts in restoration ecology include the relative interchangeability of biotic and abiotic restoration treatments for initiating recovery and bet hedging using multiple restoration approaches to increase the likelihood of favorable restoration outcomes. We used these concepts as a framework to implement a factorial experiment including biotic (outplanting greenhouse‐grown individuals of three perennial species) and abiotic treatments (constructing microtopography or vertical mulch consisting of upright, dead plant material). These treatments were designed to stimulate native plant recruitment and reverse soil degradation at four disturbed sites in the Sonoran Desert, U.S.A. The first growing season after the restoration treatments was the driest of the last 47 years, and 100% of outplants died. While the biotic treatment failed, the vertical mulch abiotic treatment increased native shrub seedling cover at the driest site and reversed soil loss across sites by increasing soil accumulation by 6× to 2 cm/year. Results revealed that (1) inexpensive, minimal‐input abiotic treatments outperformed resource‐intensive biotic treatments; (2) the restoration effort withstood the total failure of a major component (outplanting) to nevertheless achieve key restoration benefits within 2–3 growing seasons; and (3) incorporating multiple treatment types served as a bet‐hedging approach to buffer against treatment failures. Integrating minimal‐input abiotic treatments in restoration warrants consideration given their low cost and bet‐hedging potential.
Financial literacy education: An opportunity for colleges and sociology
Authors: Bradley Stephanie L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFinancial literacy represents the knowledge necessary to manage one's financial affairs in a way that contributes to overall wellbeing, yet financial literacy and financial education are understudied in sociology. While emerging adults have low rates of financial literacy overall, this article focuses on college students due to increasing college access and student loan debt. Based on the limited literature that assesses college financial literacy education, it appears that these types of programs may serve to advance college students' financial knowledge. Additional mechanisms that serve to develop college students' financial literacy include parent socialization, banking experience, and high school financial education programs. However, not everyone has the same access to these resources. Thus, given the magnitude of the US student debt crisis and persistent economic inequalities, college financial literacy education may prove beneficial for all students, particularly those from economically vulnerable backgrounds. This article serves as an invitation to sociologists to consider financial literacy education as both a worthwhile pursuit in application and as a research topic.
Safety and efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate in the management of Tetanus: A systematic review
Authors: Nepal Gaurav , Coghlan Megan Ariel , Yadav Jayant Kumar , Kharel Sanjeev , Ka Shing Yow , Ojha Rajeev , Xing Hou Shuang , Bo Yu , Zhi Lan Tu 
Published: August 2021

SummaryTetanus is a rare life‐threatening condition often complicated by repetitive spasms, dysautonomia and neuromuscular respiratory failure contributing to high fatality rates in its severe form. Benzodiazepines used to treat muscle spasms pose a high risk of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, which is unaffordable and inaccessible for many. Magnesium sulfate, a cheap and widely available medication in all urban and rural health centres of LMICs for the treatment of eclampsia, can be used to control muscle spasms and dysautonomia. We thus conducted a systematic review of evidence to assess the safety and efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of tetanus. Any study published before April 15, 2021, discussing the efficacy and/or safety of MgSO4 infusion in the treatment of tetanus was systemically reviewed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA). Our systematic review included data from 13 studies, three were randomised, double‐blind and controlled trials. The remaining ten studies were observational; six prospective and four retrospective studies. Our review showed no mortality benefit associated with the use of magnesium sulfate. However, magnesium sulfate was found to be effective in reducing spasms along with diazepam, leading to better control of dysautonomia, reduced need for mechanical ventilation and shorter hospital stay by 3–7 days. The incidence of magnesium toxicity was very low in the studies included.
Surgical treatment of conjunctival hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma: A retrospective study of 52 dogs
Authors: Richardson Sarah , Deykin Anna R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo review cases of canine conjunctival hemangioma (HA) and hemangiosarcoma (HSA) treated surgically at a referral center to establish success of surgical management, recurrence rates, and long‐term outcomes for patients.Animals StudiedRetrospective record review of dogs that underwent surgery to remove histologically diagnosed conjunctival HA or HSA between April 2004 and April 2020 to collect data on signalment, tumor location, interval between initial presentation and surgery, tumor diagnosis, surgical dose, surgical margins, tumor size, recurrence and survival times.ResultsA total of 52 dogs (60 tumors) were included. The mean age of affected dogs was 8.69 years; the most affected breed was the Border collie (n = 13, 25%). 28 tumors were HA (46.67%) and 32 HSA (53.33%). Tumors occurred in three locations: the lateral bulbar conjunctiva (n = 37, 61.67%), the third eyelid margin (n = 19, 31.67%), and the ventral conjunctival fornix (n = 4, 6.67%). There was no site predilection for HA versus HSA. 97% of tumors occurred in non‐pigmented tissue. Corneal invasion was more likely to be a feature of malignant tumors. Five tumors were incompletely excised, one of which recurred. There was no statistical difference in likelihood of incomplete excision between HSA and HA. Six tumors (10%) recurred. HSA was not statistically more likely to recur than HA. Recurrence times ranged from 5 weeks to 1 year.ConclusionSurgical treatment of conjunctival HA and HSA is likely to be curative. There is a recurrence rate of 10% regardless of tumor type, and recurrence may be late in the course of the disease.
Biomechanics of the optic nerve head and sclera in canine glaucoma: A brief review
Authors: Park Shin Ae , Komáromy András M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, a progressive optic neuropathy with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death beginning in the optic nerve head (ONH). A primary risk factor for developing glaucoma is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Reducing IOP is the only treatment proven to be effective at delaying disease progression. Nevertheless, even when patients have their IOP reduced, the majority of them continue to lose vision. There are, in both humans and dogs, significant interindividual variabilities in susceptibilities to IOP‐induced optic nerve damage. Vision loss progresses much more slowly in Beagles with open‐angle glaucoma (OAG) caused byADAMTS10 mutation. This can be attributed to the mutation‐related altered ocular biomechanical properties. The principal site of optic nerve (ON) damage in glaucoma is the ONH. It is suggested that the biomechanical properties of the ONH and the surrounding peripapillary sclera (PPS) contribute to glaucoma development and progression. As far as the beneficial biomechanical properties of the ONH and PPS for a decreased susceptibility and slow progression of glaucoma, data are inconsistent and conflicting. Recent biomechanical studies on beagles withADAMTS10 mutation demonstrated that the mutant dogs have mechanically weak posterior sclera. This weakness was associated with a reduced collagen density and a lower proportion of insoluble collagen. These changes, observed before glaucoma development, were considered intrinsic characteristics caused by the mutation rather than a secondary effect of IOP elevation. Further studies of ADAMTS10‐OAG may elucidate the effects of altered biomechanical properties of ONH and PPS in determining the glaucoma progression.
The association of topical flurbiprofen with the incidence of postoperative glaucoma after phacoemulsification in dogs
Authors: Kang Seonmi , Shim Jaeho , Seo Kangmoon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between topical administration of flurbiprofen plus corticosteroids versus corticosteroids alone following phacoemulsification and the development of postoperative glaucoma in dogs.Animal studiedThirty‐eight/eighty‐three (45.8%) eyes were prescribed topical flurbiprofen plus corticosteroids immediately postop while 45/83 (54.2%) eyes received topical corticosteroids alone.ProceduresLogistic regression models were performed to analyze the relationship between topical flurbiprofen and development of glaucoma and to predict potential risk factors for postoperative glaucoma occurrence.ResultsEighty‐three eyes (65 dogs) were included. The mean age at surgery was 8.2 years, with even gender distribution. Increasing age at the time of surgery significantly increased the probability of postoperative glaucoma occurrence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.344, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.093–1.652;p = 0.005). Glaucoma occurred in 17/83 (20.5%) eyes; of these, 15/38 (39.5%) and 2/45 (4.4%) eyes were prescribed topical flurbiprofen plus corticosteroids and topical corticosteroids alone, respectively. Immediate postoperative use of topical flurbiprofen was significantly associated with an increased probability of postoperative glaucoma occurrence (OR = 19.183 [95% CI 3.367–109.286],p = 0.001).ConclusionsImmediate postoperative use of topical flurbiprofen was a potential predisposing risk factor for the development of glaucoma following phacoemulsification. Restriction of postoperative use of topical flurbiprofen might decrease the possibility of postoperative glaucoma development in dogs.