bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shenandoah Watershed Study‐Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Study (SWAS‐VTSSS): Stream water quality and hydrologic monitoring data for mid‐Appalachian headwater streams
Authors: Riscassi Ami L. , Scanlon Todd M. , Maben Suzanne W. , Galloway James N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Shenandoah Watershed Study (established in 1979) and the Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Study (established in 1987) serve to increase understanding of hydrological and biogeochemical changes in western Virginia mountain streams that occur in response to acidic deposition and other ecosystem stressors. The SWAS‐VTSSS program has evolved over its 40+ year history to consist of a temporally robust and spatially stratified monitoring framework. Currently stream water is sampled for water quality bi‐hourly during high‐flow events at three sites and weekly at four sites within Shenandoah National Park (SHEN), and quarterly at 72 sites and on an approximately decadal frequency at ~450 sites within the wider western Virginia Appalachian region. Stream water is evaluated for pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), base cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium ion), acid anions (sulphate, nitrate and chloride), silica, ammonium, and conductivity with a subset of samples evaluated for monomeric aluminium and dissolved organic carbon. Hourly stream discharge (four sites) and in‐situ measurements of conductivity, water and air temperature (three sites) are also measured within SHEN. Here we provide an overview and timeline of the SWAS‐VTSSS stream water monitoring program, summarize the field and laboratory methods, describe the water chemistry and hydrologic data sets, and document major watershed disturbances that have occurred during the program history. Website links and instructions are provided to access the stream chemistry and time‐series monitoring data in open‐access federal databases. The purpose of this publication is to promote awareness of these unique, long‐term data sets for wider use in catchment studies. The water chemistry and hydrologic data can be used to investigate a wide range of biogeochemical research questions and provide key inputs for models of these headwater stream ecosystems. SWAS‐VTSSS is an ongoing program and quality assured data sets are uploaded to the databases annually.
Oxygen‐sufficient lipid nanobubbles combined with UTMD for enhanced sonodynamic therapy of Hep‐G2 cells
Authors: Tan Haoyan , Tian Yuhang , Yang Huajing , Liu Zhao , Liang Xitian , Li Bo , Cheng Wen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging noninvasive therapeutic approach, which could penetrate deep‐seated tissues and activate sonosensitizer to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nevertheless, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment significantly limits the efficiency of SDT due to its oxygen‐consumption treatment principle. To break hypoxia‐induced resistance and improve the efficacy of SDT, we developed shell‐core structured oxygen‐sufficient nanobubbles(NBs), which were designed with a lipid shell loaded the sonosensitizer IR780 and a gas core loaded with oxygen. With the aid of ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), IR780@O2 NBs not only make sonosensitizers more effectively enriched at the tumor site in a controlled manner, but also directly mediate oxygen release and provide sufficient oxygen for producing more ROS to induce cell apoptosis. Thus, IR780@O2 NBs can efficiently inhibit the proliferation of Hep‐G2 cells under ultrasound exposure. What is more, IR780@O2 NBs have a potential for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging. We believe that our oxygen‐sufficient NBs trigged by UTMD could be an ideal therapeutic and imaging system for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Design, imaging and performance of 3D printed open‐cell architectures for porous electrodes: quantification of surface area and permeability
Authors: Kaishubayeva Nazira , Ponce de León Carlos , Walsh Frank C , Arenas Luis F 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe development of new open‐cell porous electrodes for electrochemical flow cells and reactors is demonstrated through the application of 3D printing. The properties of diverse architectures were investigated, including rectangular, circular, hexagonal and triangular cells with linear porosity grades of 10, 20 and 30 pores per inch (ppi). Specimens were digitally designed, then 3D printed in stainless steel via selective laser melting. After being examined using scanning electron microscopy, they were characterized in terms of volumetric surface area and porosity with the aid of X‐ray computed tomography. Pressure drop measurements were performed over a range of mean linear velocity and Reynolds number, allowing the estimation of Darcy's friction factor and permeability.RESULTSVolumetric surface area estimated from tomography scans was ≤36% higher than the nominal values owing to surface roughness and post‐processing algorithms. By contrast, volumetric porosity obtained by tomography agreed fully with measured values. Triangular architectures afforded additional surface area both digitally and according to tomography. The largest pressure drop was found in circular materials, the triangular ones showing the lowest. The 20 ppi triangular architecture had a volumetric surface area of ≈44.5 cm−1 and a permeability of 2.31 × 10−5 cm2.CONCLUSIONTriangular architectures were preferred as a consequence of their favourable combination of high surface area and high permeability with low mass and reduced digital complexity. This provides a strategy to initiate the optimization of 3D printed porous electrodes for electrochemical flow cells and reactors in novel and niche applications. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
PVP‐assisted synthesis of P‐Bi4O5Br2/AgI heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine B
Authors: Luo Shizi , Xiao Xinyan , Wang Yi , Lu Mingli 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe commonly used RhB dye is a carcinogen that is widely found in environmental matrices and poses a threat to aquatic biota and human health. However, conventional wastewater treatment processes do not effectively remove low concentrations of these pollutants. Herein, the P‐Bi4O5Br2/AgI (PBA) heterojunction was synthesized via a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐assisted solvothermal and precipitation method in this work.RESULTSThe photocatalytic efficiency of the PBA heterojunction was evaluated by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) with the irradiation of simulated sunlight. P‐Bi4O5Br2/AgI‐50 (PBA‐50, the mass fraction of AgI in the composite was 50%) composite could degrade 98% RhB under 90 min irradiation of 500 W Xenon lamp, and its pseudo first‐order reaction rate constant was 0.04265 min−1, which was 17.1, 2.16, and 2.94 times higher than that of Bi4O5Br2, P‐Bi4O5Br2, and AgI, respectively. Besides, the effects of the dosage of photocatalyst and the anion on the photocatalytic degradation of RhB over PBA‐50 were analyzed.CONCLUSIONThe enhanced photocatalytic activity of PBA was attributed to its better visible light capture ability, larger specific surface area, and faster photogenerated carrier separation efficiency, all of which were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), UV‐Vis diffues reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoelectrochemical analysis. In addition, the free radical trapping experiments confirmed that ·O2− and h+ were the main active species for degradation of RhB. Additionally, the smaller bandgap and the more negative conduction band position of Bi4O5Br2 were reached after the introduction of PVP. Accordingly, a possible type‐II heterojunction photocatalytic mechanism of P‐Bi4O5Br2/AgI was proposed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
“I just keep quiet about it and act as if everything is alright” – The cascade from trauma to disengagement among adolescents living with HIV in western Kenya
Authors: Enane Leslie A , Apondi Edith , Omollo Mark , Toromo Judith J , Bakari Salim , Aluoch Josephine , Morris Clemette , Kantor Rami , Braitstein Paula , Fortenberry J Dennis , Nyandiko Winstone M , Wools‐Kaloustian Kara , Elul Batya , Vreeman Rachel C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionThere are approximately 1.7 million adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV, ages 10 to 19) globally, including 110,000 in Kenya. While ALHIV experience poor retention in care, limited data exist on factors underlying disengagement. We investigated the burden of trauma among disengaged ALHIV in western Kenya, and its potential role in HIV care disengagement.MethodsWe performed in‐depth qualitative interviews with ALHIV who had disengaged from care at two sites, their caregivers and healthcare workers (HCW) at 10 sites, from 2018 to 2020. Disengagement was defined as not attending clinic ≥60 days past a missed scheduled visit. ALHIV and their caregivers were traced through phone calls and home visits. Interviews ascertained barriers and facilitators to adolescent retention in HIV care. Dedicated questions elicited narratives surrounding traumatic experiences, and the ways in which these did or did not impact retention in care. Through thematic analysis, a conceptual model emerged for a cascade from adolescent experience of trauma to disengagement from HIV care.ResultsInterviews were conducted with 42 disengaged ALHIV, 34 caregivers and 28 HCW. ALHIV experienced a high burden of trauma from a range of stressors, including experiences at HIV disclosure or diagnosis, the loss of parents, enacted stigma and physical or sexual violence. A confluence of factors – trauma, stigma and isolation, and lack of social support – led to hopelessness and depression. These factors compounded each other, and resulted in complex mental health burdens, poor antiretroviral adherence and care disengagement. HCW approaches aligned with the factors in this model, suggesting that these areas represent targets for intervention and provision of trauma‐informed care.ConclusionsTrauma is a major factor underlying disengagement from HIV care among Kenyan adolescents. We describe a cascade of factors representing areas for intervention to support mental health and retention in HIV care. These include not only the provision of mental healthcare, but also preventing or addressing violence, trauma and stigma, and reinforcing social and familial support surrounding vulnerable adolescents. In this conceptualization, supporting retention in HIV care requires a trauma‐informed approach, both in the individualized care of ALHIV and in the development of strategies and policies to support adolescent health outcomes.
Weight gain before and after switch from TDF to TAF in a U.S. cohort study
Authors: Mallon Patrick WG , Brunet Laurence , Hsu Ricky K , Fusco Jennifer S , Mounzer Karam C , Prajapati Girish , Beyer Andrew P , Wohlfeiler Michael B , Fusco Gregory P 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionAlthough weight gain has been reported with the use of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTI), concurrent use of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has been implicated in recent studies. This study examined weight changes in people living with HIV (PLWH) who switched from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to TAF, to clarify the relative contribution to weight gain of core agents versus TDF to TAF switch.MethodsAntiretroviral‐experienced, virologically suppressed PLWH in the U.S. OPERA cohort were included if they switched from TDF to TAF (5NOV2015‐28FEB2019) and either maintained all other antiretrovirals or switched from a non‐InSTI to an InSTI. Linear mixed models were used to assess weight changes before/after the switch to TAF (restricted cubic splines on time) and rates of change over time (linear splines on time, based on the shape of the weight change curves). Changes in weight on TDF or TAF were assessed among those who maintained other antiretrovirals (overall, by core class), and those who maintained an InSTI or switched to an InSTI (by core agent). All models were adjusted for age, sex, race, (age‐sex, race‐sex interactions), BMI, CD4 cell count, endocrine disorders and concurrent medications that could affect weight.ResultsA total of 6908 PLWH were included, with 5479 maintaining all other antiretrovirals (boosted protease inhibitor: 746, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: 1452, InSTI: 3281) and 1429 switching from a non‐InSTI to an InSTI (elvitegravir/cobicistat: 1120, dolutegravir: 174, bictegravir: 129). In adjusted models, modest weight gain was observed over time on TDF for most (0.24 to 0.71 kg/year); raltegravir was the exception with weight loss. Switching to TAF was associated with early, pronounced weight gain for all (1.80 to 4.47 kg/year). This effect with TAF switch was observed both in PLWH maintaining other antiretrovirals and those switching to an InSTI, regardless of which InSTI agent was used. Weight gain tended to slow down or plateau approximately nine months after switch to TAF.ConclusionsIn this large, diverse U.S. cohort of PLWH, switching from TDF to TAF was associated with pronounced weight gain immediately after switch, regardless of the core class or core agent, suggesting an independent effect of TAF on weight gain.
The first Japanese family of CDH3‐related hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy
Authors: Hayashi Takaaki , Katagiri Satoshi , Kubota Daiki , Mizobuchi Kei , Ishiuji Yozo , Asahina Akihiko , Kameya Shuhei , Nakano Tadashi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundHypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy (HJMD) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by biallelic variants in the CDH3 gene encoding P‐cadherin. Here, we report two Japanese sibling patients with HJMD.MethodsWhole‐exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify disease‐causing variants. In addition, ophthalmic and dermatological examinations were performed to classify the phenotype of each patient.ResultsThe WES analysis revealed novel compound heterozygous CDH3 variants [c.123_129dupAGGCGCG (p.Glu44fsX26) and c.2280+1G>T] in both patients; the unaffected, nonconsanguineous parents each exhibited one of the variants. Both patients showed the same clinical findings. Ophthalmologically, they exhibited progressive loss of visual acuity and chorioretinal macular atrophy, as examined with fundoscopy, fundus autofluorescence imaging, and optical coherence tomography. Full‐field electroretinography, assessing generalized retinal function, revealed nearly normal amplitudes of both rod‐ and cone‐mediated responses. Multifocal electroretinography, reflecting macular function, showed extremely decreased responses in the central area, corresponding to the chorioretinal atrophy. Dermatological examination revealed diffuse thinning of the scalp hair, which was sparse and fragile.ConclusionThis is the first report of Japanese patients with HJMD and novel compound heterozygous truncating variants in CDH3. Our findings can expand the knowledge and understanding of CDH3‐related HJMD, which could be helpful to ophthalmologists and dermatologists.
Mental health, well‐being, and help‐seeking in schools among black adolescents: The role of discrimination in high‐achieving academic settings
Authors: Goodwin Aijah K. B. , Chen Grace L. , Long Anna C. J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe underrepresentation of Black youth in high‐achieving academic settings places significant importance on examining their daily experiences. This study investigated the relationship between school discrimination, well‐being in academic settings, the risk for anxiety and depression, and school mental health help‐seeking intentions. Participants included 110 Black high school students (66% women; mean age = 15.67) attending a special‐admissions public school who participated in their school universal mental health screening. Black high school students in this high achieving context experienced few occurrences of school discrimination, yet these experiences still significantly impacted their internalizing severity. The mediation analyses revealed that experiences of discrimination predicted lower levels of academic efficacy and school connectedness, which predicted higher levels of internalizing symptoms. Experiences of discrimination were not related to mental health help‐seeking at school. However, Black youth's intentions to seek mental health services at school were low, regardless of discriminatory experiences, as evidenced by the percentage of universal screening dissent and their self‐reported plans to seek support. The findings highlight the need to consider Black adolescents' experiences in high achieving schools when engaged in universal mental health screening and individual and school‐wide mental health prevention efforts.
Dynamically probing ATP‐dependent RNA helicase A‐assisted RNA structure conversion using single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer
Authors: Wu Chengcheng , Shan Yanke , Wang Shouyu , Liu Fei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRNA helicase A (RHA) as a member of DExH‐box subgroup of helicase superfamily II, participates in diverse biological processes involved in RNA metabolism in organisms, and these RNA‐mediated biological processes rely on RNA structure conversion. However, how RHA regulate the RNA structure conversion was still unknown. In order to unveil the mechanism of RNA structure conversion mediated by RHA, single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer was adopted to in our assay, and substrates RNA were from internal ribosome entry site of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus genome. We first found that the RNA structure conversion by RHA against thermodynamic equilibrium in vitro, and the process of dsRNA YZ converted to dsRNA XY through a tripartite intermediate state. In addition, the rate of the RNA structure conversion and the distribution of dsRNA YZ and XY were affected by ATP concentrations. Our study provides real‐time insight into ATP‐dependent RHA‐assisted RNA structure conversion at the single molecule level, the mechanism displayed by RHA may help in understand how RHA contributes to many biological functions, and the basic mechanistic features illustrated in our work also underlay more complex protein‐assisted RNA structure conversions.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout of LW‐opsin reduces the efficiency of phototaxis in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella
Authors: Chen Shao‐Ping , Liu Zhao‐Xia , Chen Yan‐Ting , Wang Yue , Chen Jin‐Zhi , Fu Shu , Ma Wei‐Feng , Xia Shuang , Liu Dan , Wu Tong , Yang Guang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDOpsins are crucial for animal vision. The identity and function of opsins in Plutella xylostella remain unknown. The aim of the research is to confirm which opsin gene(s) contribute to phototaxis of P. xylostella.RESULTSLW‐opsin, BL‐opsin and UV‐opsin, were identified in the P. xylostella genome. LW‐opsin was more highly expressed than the other two opsin genes, and all three genes were specifically expressed in the head. Three P. xylostella strains, LW‐13 with a 13‐bp deletion in LW‐opsin, BL + 2 with a 2‐bp insertion in BL‐opsin, and UV‐29 with a 5‐bp insertion and a 34‐bp deletion in UV‐opsin, were established from the strain G88 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Among the three opsin‐knockout strains, only male and female LW‐13 exhibited weaker phototaxis to lights of different wavelengths and white light than G88 at 2.5 lx due to defective locomotion, and LW‐13 was defective to sense white, green and infrared lights. The locomotion of LW‐13 was reduced compared with G88 at 2.5, 10, 20, 60, 80, 100, and 200 lx under the green light, but the locomotion of LW‐13 female was recovered at 80, 100 and 200 lx. The defective phototaxis to the green light of male LW‐13 was not affected by light intensity, while the defective phototaxis to the green light of female LW‐13 was recovered at 10, 20, 60, 80, 100, and 200 lx.CONCLUSIONLW‐opsin is involved in light sensing and locomotion of P. xylostella, providing a potential target gene for controlling the pest. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Hollow electrode capillary plasma ionization source for rapid online detection of gaseous samples
Authors: Xu Wen , Shen Zeyue , Zhang Junliang , Zhang Tengyu , Wu Huanming , Wang Chenlu , Yu Jiancheng , Tang Keqi 
Published: April 2021

RATIONALEGas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) with electron ionization (EI) is the most widely used analysis technique of gaseous samples, but it may be time‐consuming for online monitoring of mixtures whose concentrations relatively change rapidly. On the contrary, current ionization methods, such as chemical ionization (CI) and proton transfer reaction (PTR), also have some disadvantages such as selectivity. Therefore, appropriate soft ionization sources are searched for rapid online detection.METHODSHollow electrode capillary plasma ionization (HECPI) is based on single electrode plasma. A hollow capillary was placed as both the electrode and the inlet of the gaseous samples. The ionization source is coupled with a mass spectrometer for performance evaluation.RESULTSSeveral typical compounds have been tested with HECPI‐mass spectrometer. In this process, the dominant ion peaks of all compounds can be indexed as molecular ion peaks, and the product ions of HECPI are less than that of dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI). Three gaseous samples (linalool, triethylamine, and styrene) with various concentrations have been used to further confirm the performance of this source, and the detection limit of linalool is as low as 10 ppb.CONCLUSIONSHECPI is simple in structure and shows good performance. The results also show that HECPI has the potential to be an effective tool for detecting online gaseous samples rapidly.
A robotic system for spine surgery positioning and pedicle screw placement
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Weishi , Hu Lei , Yu Zhao  , Wang Tianmiao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, surgeons have explored minimally invasive methods of percutaneous pedicle screw implantation which can effectively reduce human injuries. This article presents an accurate and efficient positioning method and robot system for percutaneous needle placement under c‐arm fluoroscopy.MethodsA simple five degree of freedom (DOF) robot with a unique end‐effector is designed to perform perspective calibration and image space registration. The principle of pedicle standard axis positioning is adopted to make the axis of the pedicle overlap with the x‐ray axis of c‐arm.ResultsThen the clinical operation is carried out to verify the clinical feasibility of the designed robot and positioning method. The experimental results show that a total of 26 pedicle screws were accurately implanted. The accuracy of Grade A is 96.15%. The positioning time of a single guide pin is about 154.77 s, and three x‐ray films need to be taken on average.ConclusionsThe positioning accuracy is increased by using the present method. In addition, this method is simple in operation, short in operation time, low in X‐ray exposure.