bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights on autophagosome–lysosome tethering from structural and biochemical characterization of human autophagy factor EPG5
Authors: Nam Sung-Eun , Cheung Yiu Wing Sunny , Nguyen Thanh Ngoc , Gong Michael , Chan Samuel , Lazarou Michael , Yip Calvin K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPivotal to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved degradation system that involves sequestration of cytoplasmic material into the double-membrane autophagosome and targeting of this transport vesicle to the lysosome/late endosome for degradation. EPG5 is a large-sized metazoan protein proposed to serve as a tethering factor to enforce autophagosome–lysosome/late endosome fusion specificity, and its deficiency causes a severe multisystem disorder known as Vici syndrome. Here, we show that human EPG5 (hEPG5) adopts an extended “shepherd’s staff” architecture. We find that hEPG5 binds preferentially to members of the GABARAP subfamily of human ATG8 proteins critical to autophagosome–lysosome fusion. The hEPG5–GABARAPs interaction, which is mediated by tandem LIR motifs that exhibit differential affinities, is required for hEPG5 recruitment to mitochondria during PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Lastly, we find that the Vici syndrome mutation Gln336Arg does not affect the hEPG5’s overall stability nor its ability to engage in interaction with the GABARAPs. Collectively, results from our studies reveal new insights into how hEPG5 recognizes mature autophagosome and establish a platform for examining the molecular effects of Vici syndrome disease mutations on hEPG5.
Mitochondrial movement during its association with chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Oikawa Kazusato , Imai Takuto , Thagun Chonprakun , Toyooka Kiminori , Yoshizumi Takeshi , Ishikawa Kazuya , Kodama Yutaka , Numata Keiji 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPlant mitochondria move dynamically inside cells and this movement is classified into two types: directional movement, in which mitochondria travel long distances, and wiggling, in which mitochondria travel short distances. However, the underlying mechanisms and roles of both types of mitochondrial movement, especially wiggling, remain to be determined. Here, we used confocal laser-scanning microscopy to quantitatively characterize mitochondrial movement (rate and trajectory) in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells. Directional movement leading to long-distance migration occurred at high speed with a low angle-change rate, whereas wiggling leading to short-distance migration occurred at low speed with a high angle-change rate. The mean square displacement (MSD) analysis could separate these two movements. Directional movement was dependent on filamentous actin (F-actin), whereas mitochondrial wiggling was not, but slightly influenced by F-actin. In mesophyll cells, mitochondria could migrate by wiggling, and most of these mitochondria associated with chloroplasts. Thus, mitochondria migrate via F-actin-independent wiggling under the influence of F-actin during their association with chloroplasts in Arabidopsis.
Speed‐loop frequency‐adaptive and current‐loop optimal harmonic periodic controllers for fault‐tolerant SPMSM drive systems
Authors: Liu Tian‐Hua , Mubarok Muhammad Syahril , Hendriyono Devi , Suwarno  
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) drive system has been widely used in the industry due to its high power density, high efficiency and easy to control. nature The author proposes a speed‐loop frequency‐adaptive periodic controller and a current‐loop optimal harmonic periodic controller for a fault‐tolerant SPMSM drive system, including normal operating conditions and faulty operating conditions. The faulty conditions consist of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) open‐circuit and an IGBT short‐circuit. A digital signal processor, TMS‐320F‐2808, manufactured by Texas Instruments, is used as a control centre to execute the proposed fault‐detection, fault‐diagnosis, frequency‐adaptive and optimal harmonic periodic control algorithms. Experimental results show the proposed advanced periodic controllers can provide better performance than the proportional integral controller and the classic periodic controller, including transient responses, load disturbance responses, and tracking responses under normal and faulty conditions.
A KMOS survey of the nuclear disk of the Milky Way
Authors: Fritz T. K. , Patrick L. R. , Feldmeier-Krause A. , Schödel R. , Schultheis M. , Gerhard O. , Nandakumar G. , Neumayer N. , Nogueras-Lara F. , Prieto M. A. 
Published: March 2021

Context. In the central few degrees of the bulge of the Milky Way there is a flattened structure of gas, dust, and stars, known as the central molecular zone, that is similar to nuclear disks in other galaxies. As a result of extreme foreground extinction, we possess only sparse information about the (mostly old) stellar population of the nuclear disk.
Aims. In this work we present our KMOS spectroscopic survey of the stars in the nuclear disk reaching the old populations. To obtain an unbiased data set, we sampled stars in the full extinction range along each line of sight.
Methods. We also observed reference fields in neighboring regions of the Galactic bulge. We describe the design and execution of the survey and present first results.
Results. We obtain spectra and five spectral indices of 3113 stars with a median S/N of 67 and measure radial velocities for 3051 stars. Of those, 2735 sources have sufficient S/N to estimate temperatures and metallicities from indices.
Conclusions. We derive metallicities using the CO 2-0 and Na I K-band spectral features, where we derive our own empirical calibration using metallicities obtained with higher-resolution observations. We use 183 giant stars for calibration spanning in metallicity from −2.5 to 0.6 dex and covering temperatures of up to 5500 K. The derived index based metallicities deviate from the calibration values with a scatter of 0.32 dex. The internal uncertainty of our metallicities is likely smaller. We use these metallicity measurements, together with the CO index, to derive effective temperatures using literature relations. We publish the catalog in this paper. Our data set complements Galactic surveys such as Gaia and APOGEE for the inner 200 pc radius of the Milky Way, which is not readily accessible by those surveys owing to extinction. We will use the derived properties in future papers for further analysis of the nuclear disk.
Teacher training in heritage education: good practices for citizenship education
Authors: Cuenca-López José María , Martín-Cáceres Myriam J. , Estepa-Giménez Jesús 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEducation of citizens to understand, address and resolve current social and environmental issues calls for a new professional profile that is more reflective, investigative, and critical of the teaching staff and which modifies the predominant, more traditional teaching methodologies. For this reason, we consider it essential that future teachers responsible for all subjects in which heritage is a relevant educational component should have appropriate training in these key concepts, in relation to heritage, emotions, identities, citizenship, and the approach to relevant socio-environmental problems. The study developed here analyses different end-of-degree projects (undergraduate and master’s degrees) carried out by teachers in initial training for Primary and Secondary Education. In their training process, they have addressed different criteria that are considered key to carry out didactic proposals for citizenship education based on heritage, from the perspective of determining good practices in the teaching and learning processes of the social sciences. The approach of this research is characterized by a qualitative methodology, through a documentary study, in which the materials produced by teachers in initial training are examined by analytical categories of this study: Why teach about heritage? What is taught about heritage? How is it taught? What relations are established between emotional intelligence and heritage? What relationships are established between territorial intelligence and heritage? In this study, the importance of the connection between educational research and innovation processes for the training of teachers in the field of heritage education with respect to education for citizenship has been highlighted. The connections of heritage with citizenship education and the potential involved in working on emotional and territorial intelligence have been highlighted too. However, it has been evidenced that it is necessary to go much further into the implementation of the approach to territorial intelligence in which the citizenry should be involved through shared management of heritage.
Higher magnetic-field generation by a mass-loaded single-turn coil
Authors: Gen M. , Ikeda A. , Kawachi S. , Shitaokoshi T. , Matsuda Y. H. , Kohama Y. , Nomura T. 
Published: March 2021

Single-turn coil (STC) technique is a convenient way to generate ultrahigh magnetic fields of more than 100 T. During the field generation, the STC explosively destructs outward due to the Maxwell stress and Joule heating. Unfortunately, the STC does not work at its full potential because it has already expanded when the maximum magnetic field is reached. Here, we propose an easy way to delay the expansion and increase the maximum field by using a mass-loaded STC. By loading clay on the STC, the field profile drastically changes, and the maximum field increases by 4%. This method offers access to higher magnetic fields for physical property measurements.
The cost of breeding for male common toads
Authors: Reading Christopher J , Jofré Gabriela M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe potential impact of pairing on male survivorship and future breeding success in common toads was investigated between 1993 and 2014. A total of 8132 males arriving at a breeding pond in southern England were measured, weighed, individually marked and their breeding history recorded. The body condition (BC) of all males was estimated using (a) residuals from an ordinary least squares regression analysis of log10 body mass against log10 body snout-vent length (SVL; ordinary least squares) and (b) a scaled mass index (SMI), standardized for SVL. Each year each male was allocated to one of four categorical groups: (1) Paired, (2) Unpaired, and whether or not it returned to breed the following year: (3) Return, (4) No Return. The BC of both paired and unpaired males that subsequently returned was significantly higher than that of those that failed to return. Male pairing success was highest in the youngest males and lowest in the oldest. The overall cost for male common toads that successfully paired was a significantly decreased BC and survival rate. First time breeding males had a 21.2% chance of surviving and returning to breed the following year, increasing to 28.3–37.0% for those returning for up to five consecutive years.
Microbial community associated with ectomycorrhizal Russula symbiosis and dominated nature areas in southern China
Authors: Yu Wen-Ying , Peng Ming-Hui , Wang Jia-Jia , Ye Wen-Yu , Li Ya-Ling , Zhang Tian , Wang Ai-Rong , Zhang Dong-Mei , Wang Zong-Hua , Lu Guo-Dong , Bao Jian-Dong 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Russula griseocarnosa is one of the uncultivable important mycorrhizal edible fungi. Currently, there is a limited insight into the dynamic composition of the microbial communities associated with Russula. Here, the microbiota in the root and mycorrhizosphere from Russula-Fagaceae nature areas of Fujian province were identified by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. First, we compared three types of fungal communities associated with Russula-Fagaceae root mycelia-running stage (stage-1), Russula sporocarping stage-2 (stage-2) and Russula-free Fagaceae root (stage-3). Fungal diversity negatively correlated with Russula. Russula, Tomentella and Lactarius were core EcM in Fagaceae roots. A total of eight genera, including Boletus, are likely a positive indicator of Russula sporocarp production in Russula-Fagaceae roots, while Tomentella and Elaphomyces for Russula symbiosis. Secondly, analysis of fungal and bacterial communities within rhizosphere soils from the three stages revealed six genera, including Dacryobolus and Acidocella, as possible indicator species associated with sporocarping in Russula. Elaphomyces, Tomentella, Sorangium, Acidicaldus, Acidobacterium and Haliangium occurred more frequently in the Russula rhizosphere. Furthermore, operational taxonomic unit (OTU) network analysis showed a positive correlation between Russula,Tomentella, Elaphomyces and Sorangium. Overall, our results revealed a relationship between micro-community and Russula, which may provide a new strategy for improving Russula symbiosis and sporocarp production.
Dynamic factor analysis to reconcile conflicting survey indices of abundance
Authors: Peterson Cassidy D , Wilberg Michael J , Cortés Enric , Latour Robert J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Stock-wide trends in fish relative abundance are challenging to obtain when a single, comprehensive survey is unavailable, and multiple, spatially, and/or temporally fragmented surveys must be relied upon instead. Indices of abundance from multiple surveys frequently have differing trends, resulting in obscured true abundance patterns of the resource. We use an age-structured simulation model of two coastal shark species in the southeast United States to explore the performance of dynamic factor analysis (DFA) for reconciling multiple indices of abundance that are in conflict. Survey-specific time-variation in catchability was induced to generate conflicting indices of abundance. Key simulation sensitivities included survey variability, abundance pattern in the resource, and missing years of survey data. We caution against using DFA when there is no contrast in the underlying stock abundance or when trends in catchability in all surveys result in no survey that is representative of stock abundance. When multiple representative surveys were available, DFA proved useful across species in estimating stock-wide trends from conflicting survey indices with different selectivities, catchabilities, variances, and, to a lesser extent, with missing data. Our results suggest that resolving contrasting patterns among multiple time-series of relative abundance can improve understanding of the temporal trend in stock abundance.
Road Map
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to provide the practitioner with a road map covering the various steps and questions to assess whether a given vertical agreement benefits from Regulation 330/2010. Experience teaches that one must not conclude too hastily that a vertical agreement falls within the scope of application of Regulation 330/2010 or meets the conditions to be block exempted. A step-by-step assessment is called for to avoid the risk of inaccurate conclusions. The chapter takes the reader by the hand and guides him systematically through the various steps that need to be covered so as to arrive at reliable conclusions regarding the applicability of the block exemption regime.
Article 2(1): Scope of Application of regulation 330/2010
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers Article 2(1) of Regulation 330/2010 reflecting the broad material scope of application of Regulation 330/2010. In order to determine whether a given practice meets the requirements of Article 2(1) of Regulation 330/2010, the following steps must be included in the assessment: (i) first step: two or more undertakings must be involved; (ii) second step: the practice must qualify as a vertical agreement; (iii) third step: the vertical agreement must affect trade between Member States; and (iv) fourth step: the vertical agreement must contain vertical restraints. The chapter takes the reader systematically through each of these steps and offers concrete and practical guidance.
Frequently Used Distribution and Supply Scenarios
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the most frequently used distribution formulas or formats. Given the increasing importance of online distribution, this format is addressed separately as competition law questions triggered by online distribution are quite specific. The chapter also deals with supply relationships. They can be straightforward supply relationships, but also include subcontracting scenarios. The objective of the chapter is to provide a hands-on tool that assists the practitioner in selecting the most appropriate set-up meeting his particular needs. The objective is to come as closely as possible to a tick-the-box approach so that efficient use can be made of the chapter in daily advisory practice.
Economics and Self-Assessment of Vertical Agreements
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses vertical agreements outside the scope of Regulation 330/2010 on account of the market shares of the parties. Regulation 330/2010 applies only to vertical agreements between parties that each do not exceed a market share limit of 30 per cent. Such parties must conduct a self-assessment to determine whether their agreements fall within the scope of Article 101(1) TFEU and, if they do, whether they meet the conditions for exemption stated in Article 101(3) TFEU. The Vertical Guidelines commands a case-specific approach. This chapter repeats the overarching principles that apply to every self-assessment; describes the framework of analysis suggested by the Vertical Guidelines; summarizes the positive and negative effects of vertical restraints and presents the economic thinking that is underpinning the competition law treatment of vertical restraints; and finally summarizes the pointers contained in the Vertical Guidelines with respect to certain distribution formulas and certain vertical restrictions.
The Law And Economics Of Vertical Restraints
Authors: Geradin Damien , Layne-Farrar Anne , Petit Nicolas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines independent distribution and how it is treated under EU competition law. Since the 1960s, it is acknowledged that vertical agreements can entail restrictions of competition—generally called ‘vertical restraints’—which deserve competition law scrutiny. While the early case law and Regulations adopted in the field focused primarily on restrictions of intra-brand competition, a more liberal and economic approach was introduced with the promulgation of Regulation 2790/1999. The new legal framework rested on a basic economic premise: the ability of a vertical agreement to produce anticompetitive effects hinges predominantly on the market power of the parties to the agreement. With the expiry of Regulation 2790/1999 on 31 May 2010, but also with the growth of large retailers throughout Europe and the rise of internet distribution, the Commission initiated a review process in July 2009 which culminated in the adoption of Regulation 330/2010 and of a new set of Guidelines.
United Nations Peacekeeping
Authors: Kusi Benjamin F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of United Nations peacekeeping operations in an extraordinarily complex and rapidly evolving global security environment. It particularly focuses on lessons learned from peacekeeping taking place in African countries. There is no doubt that peacekeeping operations have made a positive contribution to global security, for instance by assisting the restoration of peace in war-torn countries and communities. Nevertheless, there have also been major downsides, with certain operations doing more harm than good. Without exception, peacekeeping operations have given rise to a wide range of legal and policy challenges. Examples include the ambiguous legal basis for the use of force by the missions, the quest for accountability for human rights abuses by peacekeepers, and the increasing use of private security companies and other subcontractors. The chapter considers the applicable legal framework and the role of the United Nations Security Council, particularly that of the five Permanent Members (P5) in authorizing peacekeeping operations. It also looks at recent developments in contemporary multidimensional operations, as well as the outcomes of peacekeeping missions in terms of their pacifying but also at times destabilizing role in conflict situations.
Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the responsibility to protect (R2P) and its relationship to humanitarian intervention—the notion that unilateral force can be used to protect human rights in another State. In the event that prevention and peaceful means fail, R2P does allow for action by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) under existing rules. But it neatly dodges the more difficult question of what rules should govern a humanitarian crisis when both the State in question and the UNSC are unwilling or unable to act. The chapter examines the legal framework of humanitarian intervention and how R2P came to be adopted and endorsed by United Nations Member States in general and the UNSC in particular. It highlights the present challenges faced by R2P, evident in the partially successful operation in Libya and the dismally ineffective response to the ongoing crisis in Syria. Finally, the chapter offers some tentative projections about the future, in which the language of R2P appears likely to continue to spread, but weariness of intervention on the part of Western States and the rise of Asian States defending a conservative notion of sovereignty will dampen the conversion of words to action.
The Russian Federation
Authors: Tuzmukhamedov Bakhtiyar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter details Russia’s official position with respect to international security. In Russia, the term ‘international security’ applies primarily to international security in its military and political dimensions, including the use of force in self-defence or in pursuit of an international mandate, as well as arms control and non-proliferation. Recent developments, reflective of Russia’s assertive approach to its military instrument as means of maintaining security along its periphery, include the reinstated military presence in Abkhazia and South Ossetia following their separation from Georgia, and the reinstatement of Russia’s jurisdiction over Crimea. The latter was achieved, by and large, without violence, and with a local drive to secede from Ukraine backed by the Russian military presence. Other recent developments include Russia’s military support for the Government of Syria as part of international counter-terrorism efforts. It is fair to say that other facets, such as human rights, sustainable development, and environmental protection, to name a few, are also acknowledged. These, however, are more likely to be viewed as autonomous spheres of regulation, adjacent to, and intertwined with, international security. Whatever the scope and embrace of international security, according to Russia’s official position, it hinges on the rule of international law and its supremacy, drawn from the United Nations Charter.