bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Biomechanical Model of the Breast: A Simulation-Based Study
Authors: Sarh K. , Ravi-Chandar K. , Miller M. , Patrick C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The clinical and financial impact of breast cancer on the U. S. health care system is great. In addition to the tangible metrics of costs and number of diagnoses, the psychological distress that accompanies a lump found in the breast is compounded by the apparent problems noted with contemporary reconstructive procedures. Currently, breast reconstruction is conducted largely by trial and error and varies with physician experience. For instance, a surgeon today will request three to four different sized implants for the operating room and will try each one, siting the patient up each time, until the desired volume and shape of the breast is achieved. The novel union of surgeons with machines and multi-modality information, made possible by advances in engineering and computing, has enormous potential in overcoming limitations realized with contemporary standard of care. For example, a virtual model of a patient’s breast will assist the surgeon in deciding a priori what implant size to order for the operating room such that desired breast outcomes are achieved. Our long-term goal is to develop novel computer-assisted surgical systems to significantly change breast cancer health care. Our approach builds upon four broad core areas of enabling knowledge and techniques, namely (1) multi-modality imaging, (2) simulation, (3) soft tissue biomechanics, and (4) interface subsystems. Recently, we developed a parametric deformable model of a female breast’s shape that allows the surgeon to manipulate the shape of the breast by varying key shape variables, analogous to the aesthetic and structural elements surgeons inherently vary manually during breast reconstruction [2]. Such a system may enhance the practice of breast surgery at multiple points. It enables the patient to communicate her expectations more clearly to the surgeon. It allows the surgeon to educate the patient with more accurate explanations about what can be accomplished, and after the consultation, it helps the surgeon plan specific aspects of the procedure to achieve the agreed upon goals.
Measuring the Efficiency of Off-Road Bicycle Suspension Systems
Authors: Wang Eric L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Off-Road bicycle suspension systems are beneficial because they dissipate vibrational energy and a lower vibration dosage can reduce the metabolic energy expenditure of the cyclist [1]. However, dampers dissipate energy and the energy dissipated must be compensated by additional input from the cyclist. Estimates of the energy dissipated range from 1–2% of the total power input by the cyclist [2–4]. Additionally, suspension systems add weight to a bicycle, which also requires additional energy when hill climbing and accelerating.
Wrist Fracture Dynamic Testing System to Simulate Skating Falls
Authors: Englund Richard B. , Lubahn John D. , Buczek Frank L. , Cooney Timothy E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Injuries are common from skating sports. These include abrasions, contusions, ligamentous sprains, and fractures. Most are confined to the upper extremity. The probability of injury, in consort with a local recreational park, have resulted in the frequent presentation of patients for treatment to the emergency department at The Hamot Medical Center, a northwestern Pennsylvania regional teaching hospital. Given its personal and financial toll, orthopaedic attendings and surgical residents alike have expressed an interest in injury prevention via a better understanding of the biomechanical underpinnings of these injuries.
Computational Determination of the 3-D Stiffness Matrix of an Ilizarov Fixator
Authors: Galvis E. , Lasso P. , Machado A. , Garcia J. J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Use of external fixators in undeveloped countries has been limited due to their high cost. Consequently, one of the aims of our group is the design, construction, and evaluation of low cost external fixators. In this paper we present the mechanical characterization of an Ilizarov fixator composed of rings made of aluminum, which is light, cheap, easy to form, radiolucid and anticorrosive. The main purpose was to determine the 3-D stiffness of the fixator (Duda et al., 1998) in order to be able to evaluate interfragmentary movement. We hypothesize that this fixator has the ability to limit shear and allow axial movements that are beneficial to bone healing (Goodship et al., 1985; Kenwrigh et al., 1991). Given the amount of work involved to experimentally determine the 3-D stiffness matrix of an external fixator we used simple computational models that were calibrated experimentally for a couple of load cases.
Mechanical Design and Analysis for a Scanning Fiber Endoscope
Authors: Brown Christopher M. , Fauver Mark E. , Reinhall Per G. , Seibel Eric J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
There is a need for smaller, more flexible, optical imaging tools for use in minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures [1]. Towards this end, a novel technique of image acquisition has been developed based upon the controlled vibration of a waveguide and detection of light backscattered from the waveguide onto an object [2]. The anticipated result of this research is the creation of an optical scanner capable of operating at high frequency, with a large field-of-view (FOV) in a 1 mm diameter enclosure. The mechanics of this system have been explored for use in near-field scanning optical microscopy applications [3], and are now examined for use in a scanning fiber endoscope. Discussed in this report are the vibration characteristics of two possible waveguide geometries: a cylindrical and a tapered optical fiber.
Metal Trays in Tibial Components of Knee Implants; Contact Stress and Deflection Behaviour
Authors: McGloughlin Tim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Wear behaviour of the Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) insert in tibial components of total knee implants is believed to be influenced by the contact conditions occurring at the femoro-tibial interface. The wear debris which is generated in the vicinity of the implant is known to evoke undesirable effects and limits the long term survival rates of total knee replacement Mc Gloughlin et al [1].
Experimental Assessment and FEA Prediction of the Effects of Prosthetic Socket Geometry on Transtibial Amputee Residual Limb Circulation
Authors: Houston Vern L. , Mason Carl P. , Arena Luigi , Luo Gangming , Beattie Aaron C. , Garbarini MaryAnne , Thongpop Chaiya 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Eighty plus percent of all lower limb amputations performed in the United States each year result from complications of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) [1]. PVD amputees’ vascular systems are significantly compromised and can withstand little extraneous insult. Clinical studies have shown that ill-fitting prosthetic sockets, and/or excessive prosthetics loads can traumatize amputees’ residual limb (RL) tissues [2]. Unfortunately, there are no decisive clinical measures currently available that can be used to ensure prosthesis geometry and applied prosthetics loads are safe and will not compromise limb circulation and cause tissue injury. Minus egregious symptoms of ischemic pain and tissue trauma, it is commonly assumed that the tissue stresses and strains caused by differences between RL and prosthetic socket geometries, and from prosthetics loads incurred during stance and gait, have minimal effect upon RL tissue circulation and health. The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of this assumption by quantitatively measuring the effects prosthetic socket design geometry and applied loads have on transtibial amputee RL tissue circulation, and to determine if tissue circulation sensitivities to variations in socket design were sufficient to enable optimization of prosthesis design parameters.
Simulated Tests of Large Animal Impacts
Authors: Herbst Brian , Forrest Stephen , Meyer Steven E. , Hock Davis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Front seat occupants can be catastrophically injured in vehicle collisions with large animals such as elk, cattle or moose. This paper will discuss general injury patterns observed in these impacts, as well as the general vehicle motions and interactions with the animals. Some manufacturers (i.e. Saab and Volvo) have developed tests and incorporated design considerations to deal with this injury threat. Primary failure modes will be identified from field research and discussed. Quasi-static test procedures will be documented. Additionally, insights gained from the failure modes in both field accidents and test vehicles were used to modify vehicles with simple alterations. The vehicles were then tested using the quasi-static procedure and demonstrated significant improvements in occupant protection and roof crush resistance.
Statistical Dependance of Human Occupant Accelerations on Vehicle Impact Measures in Rear-End Impacts
Authors: Welcher Judson B. , Szabo Thomas J. , Voss Daniel P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Interest in the mitigation of whiplash associated disorders (WAD) has increased over the last 10 years, and an increasing number of human subject rear-end collision tests have been conducted to assist in the understanding of WAD. Traditionally this testing has examined the effects of variations in occupant characteristics (age, height, gender, etc.), seat characteristics (geometrical and constitutive), and impact severity; however no controlled study has examined the singular effect of incremental velocity change increases on occupant kinematics. Moreover, while vehicle velocity change (Delta V) is typically employed as a singular measure of impact severity, it is of interest to examine whether this or other impact-related parameters, such as energy or acceleration, are also correlated with occupant kinematics.
A series of 43 instrumented human subject rear-end impact tests were conducted to monitor the effects of increasing impact severity on occupant accelerations.
Target vehicle Delta V, average vehicle acceleration, peak vehicle acceleration, and vehicle kinetic energy change were statistically evaluated for their influence on various occupant response parameters which have been suggested to be associated with WAD causation in prior literature. Significantly (p &lt; .001) strong positive correlations were found between vehicle parameters and human occupant variables.
Validation of Bench Durability of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Lieber Samuel C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The number of heart valve replacements is increasing in the United States and worldwide due to aging of the population. This situation requires bioprosthetic heart valves with higher durability to reduce the rate of reoperation and the need for anticoagulation. However, introducing any improvement in the design of a heart valve requires ten years of validation in a clinical setup. A validated in-vitro fatigue testing system would significantly accelerate these innovations. The main objective of the proposed research is to:
• Determine the dynamics of flow patterns and stresses in the vicinity of a bioprosthetic heart valve under pulsatile flow conditions.
• Use the flow pattern information to validate an in-vitro fatigue testing system under physiological and accelerated conditions.
Determination of Regional Stroke Work With High Spatial Resolution in the Isolated Beating Rabbit Heart
Authors: Gaudette Glenn R. , Todaro Joseph , Azeloglu Evren U. , Krukenkamp Irvin B. , Chiang Fu-Pen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The determination of regional function in the beating heart necessitates a technique to measure local deformation with high spatial resolution. We have previously reported the ability of computer aided speckle interferometry (CASI) to accurately determine deformation in the non-beating heart. Herein we use this technique to ascertain regional deformation allowing for the determination of regional area-left ventricular pressure loops, also known as regional stroke work. An isolated rabbit heart was placed in a modified Langendorff apparatus that allowed the left ventricle to develop pressure and eject volume into the aorta. CASI was used to determine the simultaneous deformation of over 900 points located in a region approximately 4 × 6 mm on the anterior surface of the left ventricle. The heart was then subjected to regional ischemia and data were again acquired. Over the whole region, the average regional stroke work decreased at both 2 and 5 minutes of regional ischemia, which partially recovered upon reperfusion. In addition, this region was subdivided into 24 areas, and regional stroke work was determined in each area and similar results to that obtained over the whole region were found.
Numerical Simulation of Flow in a Physiologically Realistic Model of the Human Aorta With Vessel Compliance and Movement
Authors: Jin Suo , Oshinski John , Giddens Don 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Vessel compliance and movement are important factors influencing blood flow patterns in arteries in addition to vessel geometry. This importance has been previously demonstrated in the study of coronary artery flow by several investigators. For large vessels such as the aorta, the effects are less well understood because its movement magnitude is relatively small and the movement trace is complex. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) aorta model was reconstructed from magnetic resonance (MR) images, and MRI was used to obtain aortic flow mapping and wall movement data. Under some simplifying assumptions, the data were used to control an aorta model that has moving wall and meshes during a computational simulation. The results of the CFD simulation show similar flow patterns as the MRI results in the ascending aorta, verifying that the model reconstruction and simulation are reasonable.
Flow Characteristics Inside a Transpatent Flexible Left Ventricle With Anatomical and Antianatomical Valve Orientation
Authors: Pierrakos Olga , Vlachos Pavlos P. , Telionis Demetri P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Mechanical heart valves (MHV) and the operation of heart valve replacement have evolved to a level of universal acceptance and yet, MHV implantation is not always the ideal solution. Apparently the flow through pivoted leaflets of MHVs induces a combination of flow characteristics, which are clearly conducive to clot formation and can initiate many other pathological conditions. Most in vitro studies of the flow downstream of a MHV have been conducted with the valve in the aortic position (i.e. Reul et al., 1986). Bluestein et al., (2000) used a numerical simulation and Digital Particle-Image Velocimetry (DPIV) to reveal intricate patterns of interacting shed vortices downstream of the aortic valve and demonstrated that blood elements exposed to the highest shear stresses in the immediate proximity of the MHV could be trapped within the vortices that form in the wake of the valve.
Modeling of Angiographic Dye Washout From Cerebral Aneurysms Before and After Stenting: An Index for Stent Efficacy
Authors: Sadasivan C. , Lieber B. B. , Lopes D. K. , Ringer A. J. , Hopkins L. N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The ultimate goal in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms is to exclude them from the intracranial circulation while preserving the parent artery. Recently, in vivo and in vitro experiments and clinical studies demonstrated that endovascular stenting is a significant and viable treatment option for cerebral aneurysms. Stents reduce the mass and momentum transport of blood from the parent artery into the aneurysm and alter both intra-aneurysmal flow and inflow-outflow patterns. The reduction of vorticity and flow stasis within the sac leads to thrombus formation and eventual exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has become an essential clinical tool for the diagnosis and treatment of aneurysms and is an important adjunct to stenting procedures.
Deployable Concepts for Oesophageal Stents
Authors: Kuribayashi Kaori , You Zhong 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Stents are flexible structures capable of being folded into small dimensions allowing their passage into the problematic locations in the body and then being expanded. Their prime usage is to treat patients with obstruction at several sites in the body. For example, they are used to open blocked coronary arteries and large veins, to treat obstructions to breathing in the trachea and bronchus, and those in the prostate to allow the passage of urine [1].
Dynamic Model and Analysis of a Centrifugal Blood Pump and Induction Motor
Authors: Mawasha P. Ruby , Omotoso Omotoye , Lam Paul , Conway Ted 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A dynamic model of a centrifugal blood pump, induction motor, and channel is investigated through nonlinear analysis. A centrifugal blood pump with forward curved blades and an induction motor is subject to constant inlet and outlet mass flow conditions leading to a channel. The steady state pressure drop versus volumetric flow rate relation is described by a constitutive model containing a cubic nonlinearity obtained from centrifugal pump characteristic curves. Within certain operating regimes along the characteristic curve, the model exhibits self-excited pulsatile periodic morion and the qualitative features of the response can be understood in terms of the underlying model. Further, the mathematical model is a more general model and can be used by the designer of centrifugal blood pumps and other ventricular assist devices (VADs) to determine the instability mechanisms.
Investigation of Coronary Artery Stenosis Hemodynamics Using Experimental and Computational Models: Influence of Flowrate, Size, Symmetry and Wall Roughness
Authors: Egelhoff C. J. , Budwig R. S. , Foster J. K. , Hansen B. L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The motivation for the present study is to better understand the hemodynamics that may be involved with the onset of Myocardial Infarction (MI). We know the sequence of events is plaque rupture followed by thrombogenesis and then MI. There are several theories about the cause of rupture and fluid mechanics is cited as a possible theory.
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Non-Newtonian Blood Rheology in a Large Scale Model of a Distal Anastomosis
Authors: Gray Jonathan D. , Owen Ieuan , Escudier Marcel P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper is concerned with determining experimentally the extent to which the assumption of blood being a Newtonian fluid affects the flow through a distal anastomosis. While many authors studying vascular fluid mechanics are turning their attention to geometrical considerations, the importance of the non-Newtonian effect is still unclear, and has yet to be experimentally quantified for anastomotic flows. The study reported in this paper aims to address the problems inherent in any comparison between a Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow by investigating qualitative Reynolds number trends in the flow characteristics for both types of fluid. Estimates are then made regarding the quantitative differences that may be expected when using a Newtonian fluid to represent blood flow through an anastomosis.
Flow and Compression in Collapsible Asymmetric Stenosis Models of Arterial Disease
Authors: Kobayashi Shunichi , Horie Takeshi , Amaya Tomohito , Morikawa Hirohisa , Tang Dalin , Ku David N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Blood flow through the constricted area of a severe stenosis is similar to that through a venturi or flow nozzle. In the contraction section, the blood can accelerate to high speed. In this situation, the external pressure may be greater than the internal fluid pressure, and the artery could collapse. This collapse may be important in the development of atherosclerotic plaque fracture and subsequent thrombosis or distal embolization [1,2]. We used an asymmetric experimental model that closely approximates the arterial disease situation where the entire stenosis is compliant and the stenosis wall was not rigidly constrained. This study was to examine the relationships between flow rate, pressure and eccentricity of the stenosis inducing collapse under steady flow.
Characterization of Agarose and Alginate Gels for Cell Compression Experiments
Authors: Srinivasan Jayendran , Mukherjee Nilay 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Various concentrations of folly hydrated agarose and alginate gel formed into cuboid shapes are tested in unconfined compression with impermeable plattens to determine Young’s modulus at equilibrium (relaxed elastic modulus) of the gel blocks. Repeat testing of a single block was performed to assess intra-test variability in testing conditions and deterioration of the gels during the testing procedure. Variability in material properties of gels formed in a single batch was assessed. The data was compared with values obtained from a search of relevant literature. While general trends in the data were the same (increased modulus for larger concentration gel), large differences in actual values of material properties were noted which could be ascribed to differences in the method and conditions of testing and theoretical models used to obtain material properties. Accurate properties of the gels are needed in gel-cell (cells embedded in gel) compression experiments in order to extract accurate cellular properties. It is concluded that it is necessary to use the gel material properties obtained under the same conditions of testing in order to determine cellular material properties in gel-cell compression experiments.
Temporal Development of Material Properties in Free Swelling Chondrocyte-Seeded Agarose Constructs
Authors: Kelly Terri-Ann N. , Wang Christopher C.-B. , Chahine Nadeen O. , Ateshian Gerard A. , Hung Clark T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An understanding of chondrocyte mechanotransduction requires knowledge of the deformational fields within the tissue. Since the study of chondrocyte mechanotransduction in articular cartilage explants is hampered by its inhomogeneous biochemical composition and biomechanical properties, investigators have performed loading studies of chondrocyte-suspended hydrogel polymer systems such as agarose [1]. Prior to significant matrix elaboration by the cells, the agarose offers a uniform, uncharged three-dimensional (3D) mechanical environment for chondrocytes [2,3]. In this study, a technique, which combines video microscopy [4] and digital image correlation [5], was used to provide a novel characterization of the temporal changes in displacement field, apparent Young’s Modulus and apparent Poisson’s ratio of free swelling chondrocyte-seeded agarose constructs. Biochemical analysis was performed to permit correlation of these parameters with matrix elaboration.