bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status and prospects of plant protection from pests in megapolis
Authors: Chumak P. , Vigera S. , Strygun О. , Goncharenko О. , Anol О. 
Published: August 2021

Goal. Conduct screening of modern data on the state of plant protection and its own studies of phytophagus pests of wood plants in the conditions of the metropolis of Ukraine.
Methods. Analytical methods and faunistic screening of data literary sources are used on the issue of phytophagus pests of Ukraine.
Results. The substantiation of the concept of preventive creation of sustainable urbotocenoses for the use of a wide range of ethnic and introduced species of plants with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors has been carried out. The theoretical basis of plant protection should be a preventive system based on the use of environmental protection methods with the restriction of the use of pesticides. Planning for preventive ecologically directed protection of plants from pests should begin with obtaining information about the crop and its varieties (hygrothermal regime of crop cultivation, plant resistance to harmful phytophagous species of this crop, determination of the effect of attractive or antifeeding properties of the crop on entomophages that can be used). The next stage is data on the species composition of phytophages, pests — vectors of causative agents of viral diseases of a given culture and pests that are capable of forming hemipopulations (features of the dynamics of their number, the succession series of their dominance in the process of plant growth and development). Selection of entomophages and determination of their ability to reproduce on an alternative type of food. Based on the preliminary information received, a decision is made to create a multicomponent entomocenosis in plantations before the start of plant development. In order to obtain current information, the phytosanitary state of woody plants is regularly monitored (every 20—30 days) and the dynamics of the number of components of the created useful entomocenosis, as well as a decision is made to replace or supplement its joints.
Conclusions. In developing the concept of the formation and functioning of sustainable umbilical phytocoenoses with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of damage to little ethnic and introduced species of plants with harmful organisms. Creation of sustainable urbotocenoses with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors has an important environmental and economic significance. The theoretical basis of protection of urbothocoenoses should be based on natural plant protection systems based on the use of environmental methods with the restriction of the use of pesticides.
Effectiveness of modern insecticides in protection of apple planting from red-headed aphides
Authors: Yanovskyi Y. , Suchanov S. , Krykunov I. , Fomenko А. 
Published: August 2021

Goal. To investigate an efficacy of the insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) and Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/kg) on a reduction of a number and a harmfulness of red-headed or gray apple aphid (Disaphis devecta Walk.) in commercial apple orchards.
Methods. A field method, in the commercial apple orchards under the conditions of educational production department of university. A type of apple trees was Golden Delicious. Planting scheme — 4.0 × 3.0 m. Year of planting — 1992. Crown shape — sparsely (improved) — tiered. Rootstock — MM-106. Phases of plant development at application timing — «after blooming, fruit size — up to 20 mm» (BBCH 72). Soil — shallow, low — humus dusty — loamy podzolic leached black soils: humus content — 1.3—2.5%; pH 4.8—5.2; mobile compounds Р2О5 — 130—180 mg/ kg and К2О — 8,9—9,2 mg/kg (by Chirikov method). The measures for care of the experimental site — loosening a soil in the stem strips during the growing period, an application of organic and mineral fertilizers, a pruning, a splaying of grass between the rows (row spacing),a protection from pests and diseases. The technical effectiveness of applications was determined in different rates against red-headed aphids in the apple orchards. Calculations were made according to generally accepted methods in plant protection and entomology.
Results. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC, Sivanto Prime 200 SL and Transform WG against red-headed aphids provided a reduction of this species in the number of 92.8—97.2%. It allowed to obtain a high — grade apple product with a yield of 1.7—1.9 times higher comparing to control. The outcome of non-standard products did not exceed 4.9% compare to 24.9% in the control (water treatment).
Conclusions. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC, Sivanto Prime 200 SL, Transform WG can reduce effectively the harmfulness of red-headed aphids in apple orchards and control its number during the growing period. A limiting the number of a current sucking species in the apple orchard by using the studied applications provided a yield increase and a marketable quality of the obtained fruit products.
Efficacy of modern fungicides against tomato alternaria blotch
Authors: Dzham M. , Mykhailenko S. 
Published: August 2021

Goal. To determine the species composition of early blight on tomatoes and to establish the technical effectiveness of modern fungicides.
Methods. The research was conducted in 2019—2020 in Cherkasy, PE «Poretsky» on tomatoes variety Zagadka. Weather conditions of the growing season favored the intensive disease development. Plot size — 10 m2 in 4 replicates, placement of plots — randomized. Agricultural techniques are common for the growing area. To determine the species composition of pathogens, during the growing season samples of plants with typical symptoms were taken. Isolation of phytopathogen in pure culture and their identification was carried out in the laboratory according to conventional methods. To determine the technical effectiveness of fungicides the following fungicides were used: Zorvek Incantia, SE (0.5 l/ ha), Orvego, KS (1.0 l/ha), Quadris 250 SC, hp (1.0 l/ha), Quadris Top 325 SC, KS (0.6 l/ha), Cabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/ha), Signum, VG (0.3 kg/ha), Thanos 50, VG (1.0 kg/ha).
Results. As a result of research, it was found that during the growing season early blight was the most common. According to our research, the disease is caused by two species of the pathogen Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. and Altrenaria solani Sorauer. We found that almost 70% of isolated and identified isolates were classified as Alternaria solani. For protecting of tomatoes against early blight following fungicides were used: Zorvek Inkantiya, CE (0,5 l/hectare), Orvego, KS (1,0 l/h), Kvadris 250 SC (1.0 l/ hectare ), Kvadris Top 325 SC (0.6 l/h), Kabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/h), Signum, VG (0.3 kg/h), Tanos 50, VG (1.0 kg/h). Technical efficiency of them was 55.6—78.6%, and the stored harvest — 5.11—6.62 t/ha.
Conclusions. As a result of researches we specified specific composition of early blight of tomatoes. It is set that disease is caused by two species: Alternaria alternata and Alternaria solani, that are different in anatomo-morphological properties. It is established that to protect tomatoes from Alternaria, it is advisable to apply the following fungicides: Kvadris 250 SC (1.0 l/h), Kvadris Top 325 SC (0.6 l/h), Kabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/h).
Directly Determined Properties of HD 97658 from Interferometric Observations
Authors: Ellis Tyler G. , Boyajian Tabetha , von Braun Kaspar , Ligi Roxanne , Mourard Denis , Dragomir Diana , Schaefer Gail H. , Farrington Christopher D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We conducted interferometric observations with the CHARA Array of transiting super-Earth host HD 97658 and measured its limb-darkened angular diameter to be θ
LD = 0.314 ± 0.004 mas. The combination of the angular diameter with the Gaia EDR3 parallax value with zero-point correction (π = 46.412 ± 0.022 mas, d =21.546 ± 0.011 pc) yields a physical radius of R
⋆ = 0.728 ± 0.008 R
⊙. We also measured the bolometric flux of the star to be F
bol = 2.42 ± 0.05 × 10−8 erg s−1 cm−2, which, together with angular size, allows a measurement of the effective temperature T
eff = 5212 ± 43 K. Our directly determined physical stellar properties are in good agreement with previous estimates derived from spectroscopy. We used our measurements in combination with stellar evolutionary models and properties of the transit of HD 97658 b to determine the mass and age of HD 97658 as well as constrain the properties of the planet. Our results and our analysis of the TESS light curve on the planet (TOI-1821) corroborate previous studies of this system with tighter uncertainties.
Assessing the Role of Interchange Reconnection in Forming Switchbacks
Authors: Liang H. , Zank G. P. , Nakanotani M. , Zhao L.-L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Abrupt deflections of the magnetic field in the solar wind, so called “switchbacks,” are frequently observed by the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) during its first two orbits and are believed to play an important role in unveiling the nature of solar corona heating and solar wind acceleration in the inner heliosphere. Many attempts were made recently to understand the nature of switchbacks. However, the origin, propagation, and evolution of switchbacks are still under debate. In this study, we attempt to use the linear theory of Zank et al. to interpret the switchback observations. We select 96 simple one-humped switchback events during the first encounter of PSP and use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique to fit the observed magnetic field and plasma variables with the model predictions for each event. The chi-squared goodness-of-fit test is used to evaluate the fittings. We find that about 47.9% and 42.7% of the events are accepted as good fits below the 95% and 90% critical values, respectively. This statistical study validates the reliability of the linear theory of Zank et al. for a significant number of switchback events. The statistical analysis provides the most probable initial conditions for switchbacks generated by interchange reconnection, which provides insight into the environment at which interchange reconnection was occurring.
A Systematic Study of the Frequency Evolution Behavior of Pulsar Pulse Profiles
Authors: Xu X. , Shang L. H. , Zhi Q. J. , Qiao G. J. , Dang S. J. , Bai J. T. , Zhao R. S. , Lu J. G. , Dong A. J. , Lin Q. W. , Zhang D. D. , Yang H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The frequency evolution behavior of radio pulse profiles is an important clue for the radiation mechanism of a pulsar. Combined with the latest results of the European Pulsar Network and the Australia Telescope National Facility data, we systematically study the evolution of W
50 (the full width of the pulse profile at 50% of the pulsar amplitude) for 74 pulsars with frequencies from tens to thousands of megahertz. We find that 71 pulsars show “absorption” features, which indicates that the absorption is an universal phenomenon in the pulsar population and independent of the type of pulsar profile. It is found that for most pulsars, the absorption features appear in the frequency range of 100–800 MHz, and the evolution trend of W
50 at frequencies less than ∼100 MHz and larger than ∼800 MHz can be described as a power-law function.We quantify the absorption intensity and analyze the correlation between the absorption intensity and the pulsar parameters (such as the spin period, magnetic field, and age of the pulsar). It is found that there is no direct correlation between them. Our results will provide good samples and clues for the study of the physical mechanism of the absorption phenomenon.
A Universal Cloud Composition on the Nightsides of Hot Jupiters
Authors: Gao Peter , Powell Diana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The day and nightside temperatures of hot Jupiters are diagnostics of heat transport processes in their atmospheres. Recent observations have shown that the nightsides of hot Jupiters are a nearly constant 1100 K for a wide range of equilibrium temperatures (T
eq), lower than those predicted by 3D global circulation models. Here we investigate the impact of nightside clouds on the observed nightside temperatures of hot Jupiters using an aerosol microphysics model. We find that silicates dominate the cloud composition, forming an optically thick cloud deck on the nightsides of all hot Jupiters with T
eq ≤ 2100 K. The observed nightside temperature is thus controlled by the optical depth profile of the silicate cloud with respect to the temperature–pressure profile. As nightside temperatures increase with T
eq, the silicate cloud is pushed upward, forcing observations to probe cooler altitudes. The cloud vertical extent remains fairly constant due to competing impacts of increasing vertical mixing strength with T
eq and higher rates of sedimentation at higher altitudes. These effects, combined with the intrinsically subtle increase of the nightside temperature with T
eq due to decreasing radiative timescale at higher instellation levels, lead to low, constant nightside photospheric temperatures consistent with observations. Our results suggest a drastic reduction in the day–night temperature contrast when nightside clouds dissipate, with the nightside emission spectra transitioning from featureless to feature-rich. We also predict that cloud absorption features in the nightside emission spectra of hot Jupiters should reach ≥100 ppm, potentially observable with the James Webb Space Telescope.
The Missing Link? Discovery of Pulsations in the Nitrogen-rich PG 1159 Star PG 1144+005
Authors: Sowicka Paulina , Handler Gerald , Jones David , van Wyk Francois 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Up to 98% of all single stars will eventually become white dwarfs—stars that link the history and future evolution of the Galaxy, and whose previous evolution is engraved in their interiors. Those interiors can be studied using asteroseismology, utilizing stellar pulsations as seismic waves. The pulsational instability strips of DA and DB white dwarf stars are pure, allowing for the important generalization that their interior structure represents that of all DA and DB white dwarfs. This is not the case for the hottest pulsating white dwarfs, the GW Vir stars: only about 50% of white dwarfs in this domain pulsate. Several explanations for the impurity of the GW Vir instability strip have been proposed, based on different elemental abundances, metallicity, and helium content. Surprisingly, there is a dichotomy that only stars rich in nitrogen, which by itself cannot cause pulsation driving, pulsate—the only previous exception being the nitrogen-rich nonpulsator PG 1144+005. Here, we report the discovery of pulsations in PG 1144+005 based on new observations. We identified four frequency regions: 40, 55, 97, and 112 day−1 with low and variable amplitudes of about 3–6 mmag and therefore confirm the nitrogen dichotomy. As nitrogen is a trace element revealing the previous occurrence of a very late thermal pulse (VLTP) in hot white dwarf stars, we speculate that it is this VLTP that provides the interior structure required to make a GW Vir pulsator.
Two new species of Neopestalotiopsis from southern China
Authors: Yang Qi , Zeng Xiang-Yu , Yuan Jun , Zhang Qian , He Yu-Ke , Wang Yong 
Published: August 2021

Pestalotiopsis-like fungi are widely distributed in many plants and include endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. Five strains of Neopestalotiopsis were isolated from diseased leaves of Rhapis excelsa (Principes, Palmae), Rhododendron simsii and Rho. championiae (Ericales, Ericaceae) and Erythropalum scandens (Santalales, Olacaceae) in southern China.
Based on morphology and multi-gene (ITS, tub2, tef1) phylogeny, our five strains of Neopestalotiopsis represent two new species and one extant species. Descriptions, illustrations and notes are also provided for the new species.
Environnement de taux bas et rentabilité des banques en zone euro
Authors: Leroy Aurélien , Lucotte Yannick 
Published: August 2021

La politique monétaire conduite par la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) depuis une décennie et les évolutions démographiques et structurelles de nos sociétés ont conduit les économies de la zone euro vers un environnement de taux d’intérêt durablement faibles. Si ce dernier a permis d’éviter la déflation, il est aussi source d’inquiétude pour le secteur bancaire. Toutefois, même si l’aplatissement marqué de la courbe des taux d’intérêt a pu fortement compresser la marge d’intermédiation de certaines banques commerciales en zone euro, la baisse de la marge d’intérêt observée en France au cours des dernières années apparaît relativement contenue. De plus, l’effet des taux bas sur la rentabilité est plus qu’incertain. En effet, des taux bas vont affecter de manière asymétrique les principales composantes de la rentabilité des banques. En particulier, on peut s’attendre à ce que l’amélioration des conditions macroéconomiques et la baisse des provisions pour pertes sur prêts viennent compenser la contraction des revenus d’intérêt. L’exercice empirique réalisé dans cet article sur un échantillon de grandes banques cotées de la zone euro montre que l’assouplissement de la politique monétaire a eu un effet positif sur la rentabilité économique des établissements bancaires. Classification JEL : B26, E50, E51, G01, G21, G23, G28
Les banques de développement : un rôle clé entre urgence pandémique et transition écologique
Authors: Espagne Étienne 
Published: August 2021

Les banques de développement se sont révélées des acteurs incontournables face à la crise pandémique. Elles ont été aussi parmi les premiers acteurs financiers à se transformer ces dernières années pour faire face aux nécessités de la reconstruction écologique. Cette capacité d’adaptation et d’innovation face aux évolutions des modèles de développement s’ancre dans une histoire longue qui dépasse largement le cadre rhétorique des imperfections de marché. Elle s’appuie aussi sur les dynamiques existantes de l’architecture financière globale en même temps qu’elle contribue à les façonner. À l’image de la proposition actuelle de Liquidity and Sustainability Facility , les banques de développement pourraient contribuer à réorienter les flux d’investissements privés en subventionnant les risques perçus ou réels des projets écologiques et sociaux à financer. Cette stratégie pourrait néanmoins accentuer les biais procycliques de ces financements sans nécessairement garantir leur caractère écologique. Dans le cadre des projets de green deals , elles pourraient aussi soutenir directement les secteurs économiques et sociaux d’intérêt général en répondant à une demande formulée localement et démocratiquement. In fine , les formes d’intervention futures des banques de développement se façonnent dans les réponses immédiates apportées à la crise pandémique. Classification JEL : F43, G21, N20, O19, Q56
Chapitre 2. L’intelligibilité des algorithmes dans les systèmes d’aide à la décision médicale
Authors: Bernelin Margo , Desmoulin-Canselier Sonia 
Published: August 2021

Grâce aux progrès de l’informatique et à la collecte systématique d’informations sur les patients, de nouveaux outils médicaux ont été développés. Certains servent à guider le médecin dans sa décision, d’autres peuvent prendre automatiquement des décisions. Appelés « systèmes experts » ou « systèmes d’aide à la décision », ils peuvent participer au diagnostic, au pronostic ou au soin. Ils fonctionnent tous au moyen d’algorithmes traitant les données. Ces algorithmes sont plus ou moins complexes, plus ou moins supervisés, mais ils sont aussi très souvent opaques. Dès lors que ces outils prennent une place toujours plus grande dans le monde médical, il apparaît nécessaire de mieux informer les utilisateurs et les bénéficiaires – médecins et patients – de leurs logiques de fonctionnement, de leurs limites et de leurs éventuels biais. La présente étude suggère de renforcer le droit français et européen sur ce point. Une meilleure intelligibilité des algorithmes dans les systèmes d’aide à la décision répondrait aux exigences déontologiques en matière de décision médicale et à l’objectif de décision médicale partagée prise en conscience.
Chapitre 7. Séquencer le génome entier des patients : interrogations concernant la collecte « en routine » des méga données génétiques
Authors: Supiot Elsa 
Published: August 2021

Avec les évolutions techniques considérables qu’il a connues ces dernières années, le séquençage du génome humain irrigue de manière croissante les pratiques médicales et la recherche en santé. En France, le récent plan « France médecine génomique 2025 » vise ainsi à mettre en place une filière médicale et industrielle s’appuyant sur le séquençage du génome des patients en vue de développer la médecine de précision. Si les promesses sont multiples, les interrogations le sont aussi qui, sans être intrinsèquement nouvelles pour la plupart, sont démultipliées par la puissances des techniques actuelles de séquençage et par les masses de données produites plus que jamais considérables.
La réminiscence spirituelle comme outil pour maintenir le lien avec une personne atteinte de la maladie d’Alzheimer
Authors: Cooreman-Guittin Talitha 
Published: August 2021

Les proches des personnes atteintes de maladies neuro-évolutives désinvestissent souvent la conversation avec leurs proches sous prétexte que l’échange devient impossible quand le vocabulaire vient à manquer. Pourtant, des recherches montrent le désir des personnes malades de continuer à entretenir des relations riches de sens. Cette contribution propose de creuser le concept de réminiscence spirituelle et sa pertinence possible pour le maintien de liens d’amitié significatifs avec des personnes atteintes de maladies neuro-évolutives. L’auteur esquisse les contours théoriques du concept de réminiscence et souligne les enjeux de la réminiscence spirituelle dans l’accompagnement. Elle suggère de sortir du cadre thérapeutique pour redonner à la société « civile » l’initiative de la rencontre avec les personnes malades et pointe les enjeux pour les Églises chrétiennes.
Active Learning in E-Learning Programs for Evidence-Based Nursing in Academic Settings: A Scoping Review
Authors: Song Chi Eun , Park Hyunyoung 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The use of e-learning in nursing education has increased substantially. The goal of this study is to identify how active e-learning for evidence-based practice (EBP) was implemented in academic settings.

Method:
For a scoping review, literature from PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE was searched with keywords related to e-learning and EBP, and only articles pertaining to nursing academic settings were selected. Finally, 17 studies were included. Data on theories or instructional strategies and types and characteristics of online activities were extracted.

Results:
Of the included studies, 14 had a pedagogical background. Frequently used activities included discussions, asynchronous communications, and a combination of student-student and student-teacher interactions. Critical appraisal was the primary learning content.

Conclusion:

This study summarizes evidence on active learning to enhance the EBP competency of nursing students through e-learning. To make EBP e-learning more meaningful, educators should plan, apply, and evaluate appropriate online activities.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2021;52(9):407–412.]