bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Story Stability of a Structure- A Literature Review
Authors: Sohail Mohammad Abdul Sai , Joshi Sreenivasa Prasad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Column is a slender beam, which carries load. Failure pattern of a column varies with different parameters such as buckling, compression, shear and tension. The initial imperfections in a column increases deflection and reduction in load carrying capacity. To accomplish stability, the key engineering elements such as connection and rigidity governs the effective length and width of the members. The researchers, covering the key engineering elements with different loading patterns, established numerous comprehensive studies. Further, advancement in the research were carried out to determine lateral stiffness, inter-story displacement and deflected beam shape under various loading patterns. The present study focuses on various literatures on effective length and governing factors, which determine the stability of the structure.
Review of materials used in Low density concrete as Eco-friendly
Authors: Koteswara Rao U.V. , Khed Veerendrakumar C 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Lightweight concrete is the most popular type in constructional activities to get low density for the concrete just as to diminish the extra weight of the structure. There are different types of lightweight concrete based on the type of lightweight material used. As considering eco-friendly materials like waste tires, waste steel fibres, plastic waste, agricultural waste, waste glass can be utilized in concrete by replacing coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. Lightweight concrete is preferable in constructional activities because of its low warm conductivity and improves fire resistance. In general, lightweight concrete ranges from 1440 to 1840 kg/m3. The main aim is to conclude the high-performance lightweight concrete by using a different type of materials in the same way to achieve low density for the concrete. By this study, we understand that high performance can be achieved by adding steel fibres to improve ductility and for low-density waste tire rubber by partial replacement in coarse aggregate and to improve durability by adding bacillus subtilis JC3 crack formation can be reduced.
Influence of Lime for Enhancing Characteristics of Expansive Soils in Road Works
Authors: Chamberlin K.S , Rama Rao M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Expansive soils are found in black cotton soils, which swell or shrink in volume when presented to changes in moisture content. Lime treatment is exhaustively used to increment the properties of sensitive and fragile soils. One of the hugest clarifications behind using lime is to decline the developing presentation of the earth soil. The arrangement of extra safeguards improves the reaction of quicklime (CaO) with water, structures hydrated (slaked) lime (Ca (OH)2), and thus earth characteristics. The vast inadequacy of employing lime is growing the deficiency of lime offset earth. Following that, the goal of this study is to see how re-establishing time affects the geotechnical qualities of settled Black cotton soils with lime. These discoveries recommend that adding Lime as a stabilizer works on the strength of black cotton soil. Some of the characteristics of the soil likely to be increased by using stabilizer in this work are UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) at different curing periods (7,14,28 and 56 days), CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value at unsoaked and soaked and MDD (Maximum Dry Density) decrease at different lime percentages(%) like 2.4.6.8 and 10. The result showed here untreated soil got stabilized by using the stabilizer in certain extent In this adjustment various rates of cementitious material is added to black cotton soil and directed tests like plasticity, compaction, swell pressure, free swell index(FSI), Coefficient of permeability (k) and CBR(soaked and unsoaked) at various conditions like OMC,OMC+2% water and OMC+5% water, UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) was performed. From the test results, it is identified that the stabilization agent decreases plasticity and improves strength characteristics. Addition of stabilizing agent makes the black cotton soil to non-plastic, non-swelling and attains increase CBR values which are greater than 25% for a dosage of 10% lime at OMC but remaining OMC+2%water & OMC+5%water CBR values are not various much difference as per test results. With the addition of lime, the black cotton soil becomes non-plastic, non-swelling, and has high strengths. Treated soils are used as a development material, for example, a subgrade layer in the development of adaptable asphalt pavements for roads.
Fire Analysis of Simply Supported Reinforced Concrete Beam
Authors: Hatwar Virendra , Dabhekar Kuldeep , Singh B.k. , solanki shrikant 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents analysis of simply supported reinforced concrete beam exposed to standard fire. Eurocode standard provides recommendations for analysis of reinforced concrete structure under fire. The thermal and structural responses of structure are calculated using commercially available software ANSYS. An advance calculation methodology must be implemented to estimate the behavior of structure and to understand thermal and mechanical properties of material during fire. These include transient thermal as well as structural analysis of structure. Finite element software ANSYS is capable to conducting thermal analysis as per defined material properties. It is important to study effect at elevated temperature on structure to understanding the behavior pattern and decrease the losses caused fire hazards.
Assessment of Water Permeability Test on Polypropylene based Self-Compacted Fibre Reinforced Concrete (PSCFRC)
Authors: Shelorkar A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An investigation conducted to study the effect of water permeability and strength characteristics such as compressive strength of Polypropylene self-compacted fibre reinforced concrete (PSCFRC) is presented. Polypropylene fibres of lengths, 35 mm with a diameter of 0.44 mm, were systematically combined in different mix proportions to combinations of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% Polypropylene fibre volume fraction. For comparison, a concrete mix with no fibres was also mixed. A total of 72 cube specimens of 150 mm were tested, 36 each for compressive strength and water permeability at 28 and 56 days of curing. According to the findings of this study, a fibre combination of SCFRC 0.6 percent is the most acceptable fibre composition to use in Polypropylene self-compacted fibre reinforced concrete (PSCFRC) for maximum performance in terms of compressive strength and water permeability requirements together.
Stabilization of Slopes of Sandy Soils by Using Geosynthetics
Authors: Viveka Tudumu , Kumar Namburu Sandeep , Chamberlin K. Shyam 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper intended on the interactive performance of geo-synthetics in slope stabilization of non-cohesive soils. Presently, geo-synthetics are performing crucial role in geo-technical uses for reinforcing of soils for slope of stabilization, soil reinforcement for foundations, R E walls for highway and flyover construction etc. Usually, cohesion less soil is ideal for backfills of the embankments as of its exceptional drainage properties, at a low-level hydrostatic pressure built-up on slopes and excessive internal resistance owing to friction and interlocking. To research this property of geo-synthetics, relative density and shear box tests are done on the soil by varying geosynthetics for assessment of the shear parameters of sample. The mosquito reinforcement net as reinforcement on cohesionless soils, improvement in the angle of internal friction of the soil was observed by twenty-two percentage that the shear strength to be improved by 26.5%. So, the soil’s lateral load resistance or load transfer capacity improved to prevent the slope failure thereby saves the entire structure.
Flowability and Compressive Strength of Lime Stone Calcinated Clay Cement based ECC
Authors: Pesaralanka Vyshnavi , Khed Veerendrakumar C 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article helps to determine the exact flowable behaviour and compressive strength of Lime stone calcinated clay cement based Engineered cementitious composite. To make more sustainable and flowable ECC, cement is replaced with lime stone calcinated clay cement and PVA fibres are replaced with polypropylene fibres. Incorporation of fibres improves the toughness of casted specimen. Compressive strength test was performed to investigate the hardened property of ECC. In addition, flow table test was done to investigate the green properties of LC3 based ECC. Experimental studies showed higher flowability of the LC3 based ECC with PP fibre was at low fibre content. This research article recommends the use of LC3 based ECC with the pp fibre in case of self-compactable ECC with little modifications. Looking forward, further attempts could provide quite beneficial to the literature.
Effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol fibers in engineered cementitious composite concrete
Authors: Vishal Shahjee , Challagulla S.P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The present work majorly focused on the effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol fibers (PVA) in engineered cementitious composite concrete. However, PVA fibers are used as added to the ECC concrete with propotion of 0% to 2% of weight to cementitious materials. All the concrete samples are prepared with mix proportion of 1 cement: 1.1 silica fume: 0.36 ratio of sand/binder: 0.30 ratio of water/binder: 0.01 water reducer. whereas compressive, flexural, split tensile, water absorption and rapid chloride permeability tests are evaluated in order find out the performance of ECC with addition of PVA fibers. Thus, the results, ECC concrete has better mechanical and durability performance than conventional concrete and also its high early strength. From this study concludes that upto 1.5% of PVA fibers can be used in the ECC concrete, which has 60.12MPa and 18% of strength increment than the reference mix.
Structural Performance of Pre Engineered Building: A Comparative Study
Authors: Vishnu Sai V , Poluraju P , Venkat Rao B 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Technological advancements have greatly aided in improving quality of life through variety of new products and services. Pre Engineered Building (PEB) is among such technological advancement in the structural engineering. PEB concept provides optimum design, good aesthetic view, fast rate of construction and reduction in erection time. PEB satisfies a broad range of custom design needs and applications. This methodology is adaptable not only because of its high quality pre-designing and prefabrication, but also of its flexibility. In the current study, the comparison has been made on the structural performance of multiple bay system with different wind zones [Locations: Vijayawada and Hyderabad]. Analysis and design have been carried out using STAAD.Pro software. The structural performance of pre-engineered building has been assessed through the shear force (SF) and bending moment (BM) magnitudes. Based on the output of SF and BM of pre-engineered components through Staad. Pro analysis, the geometrical properties of pre-engineered sections have been decided. Results concludes structure weight located in Vijayawada is 11.04% higher than that of the structure in Hyderabad.
The Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Railway’s Concrete Sleepers Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a Cement Replacement Material
Authors: Nurfarhanna A S , Suraya Hani A , Mohamad Hairi O , Zalipah J , Noor Azlina AH , Norhafizah S , Anizahyati A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Railway’s concrete sleepers demand high consumption of cement which generates higher energy assumption and carbon emission. Meanwhile, in Malaysia, around 100 tonnes of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) were disposed of in the landfill, which endangering environmental health. However, this POFA have pozzolanic properties that can be employed as cementitious material. Therefore, this study aimed to produce a sustainable concrete sleeper by using POFA as a cement replacement material focusing on the compressive strength and water absorption performance. Concrete samples with a strength grade of 55MPa and w/c of 0.35 were prepared with three design mixes containing 0% (control), 20%(POFA20), and 40%(POFA40) of POFA. For the compressive strength test, a compression machine was used. Meanwhile, the water absorption was measured at atmospheric pressure. Both tests were conducted at 7 and 28 days of curing age. The results show that as the curing age increases, their water absorption and compressive strength improves, indicating a pozzolanic reaction. In terms of POFA content, the water absorption increases by 14% and 54% for POFA20 and POFA40, respectively. Meanwhile, the compressive strength reduced by 39% for POFA20 and 67% for POFA40. Since POFA20 meets the standards, it is however applicable in slab tracks.
Study on Mechanical Properties of Foamed Concrete Incorporating Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Mussel Shell as Partial Cement Replacement
Authors: Rahman A F , Goh W I , Othman N H , Kamaruddin M S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Concept of sustainable construction has gradually become one of the concern issues in our construction industry in recent years. Concrete which acts as an important construction material has contributed to excessive consumption of natural resources. Simultaneously, tonnes of waste materials were produced from agricultural activity in form of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) while mussel shell from marine hatchery. Utilization of agricultural waste as cement replacement is an option to reduce the environmental impact from the construction industry. In this study, these waste materials were used as partial cement replacement to produce foamed concrete in wet density of 1800 kg/m3. The main purpose of this research is to study the workability and mechanical properties of foamed concrete which contain uniform 20% of POFA combined with 5% to 10% of mussel shell powder (MSP) and mussel shell ash (MSA) respectively. The cube specimens were cast in dimension 100 mm x 100 mm x100 mm to test the compressive strength at 7th and 28th. The cylinder specimens were cast in 100 mm diameter x 200 mm diameter for split tensile test to determine the tensile strength and compression test to determine modulus of elasticity at 28th day. The result showed workability of foamed concrete decreased as more cement was replaced by POFA combined with MSP and MSA. Foamed concrete mixture with 20% POFA and 5% MSP was selected as optimum percentage of cement replacement due to reduction less than 5% compromised performance in compressive strength at 16.52MPa while tensile strength at 1.83MPa.
Study on Workability High Strength Concrete Containing Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF)
Authors: Hadipramana J. , Riza F. V. , Amirsyah T. , Mokhatar S.N. , Ardiansyah M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The addition of fibers in concrete increases bridging force in interfacial transition zones inside the concrete matrix. Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) is a natural fiber that has the potential to replace artificial fibers as reinforcement on concrete. As reinforcement fiber in concrete, PALF will undergo fibrillation and water absorption in concrete mixture and will change the mechanical properties of fresh concrete. So, the purpose of this study is to study the workability characteristics of fresh state concrete given PALF. Some variations of PALF composition are 0.04, 0.09, and 0.15 % wt. of cement is mixed into fresh concrete mixture with water-cement (w/c) ratio variations of 0.35, 0.38, and 0.41. The planned concrete is high-strength concrete, then the provisions of determination of coarse and fine aggregates using sieve analysis according to high-strength concrete material standards and concrete mixtures are given superplasticizer 0.09% wt. of cement constantly for all mixtures. A slump test method is still an option in this study, where this method becomes the standard to determine workability effectively. The results showed that an increase in concrete strength was achieved in the addition of PALF composition in concrete compared to control (normal concrete), in addition to the tendency of the relationship between w/c ratio, slump value, and compressive strength in all PALF variations achieved in this study.
New technology in 3D Concrete Printing by Using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag: A Review
Authors: Salleh Norhafizah , Jamalulail Nur Syahera , Hamid Noor Azlina Abdul , Jamellodin Zalipah , Majid Masni A , Suliman Nurul Huda 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
3D building printing is a technology for producing 3D models of an object to build any shape or size in layers by using computer software. The development of 3D printing was going to be more famous and commercial in the future to reduce the construction cost and labor demands, sustainability, and to the greenest way. Concrete is the mixture that consists of the ingredients of water, binder (cement) and aggregates (rock, sand, gravel). The productions of Portland cement in construction leads to the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into the air. Waste material has been used as cement replacement in this research study to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emissions. This research study was going to evaluate the viability of concrete for 3D printing and printing emphasizing the impact on potential opportunities of this innovative industry. The behaviour of 3D concrete printing and potential of modified mortar in 3D concrete mix design by using Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) is used to evaluate the potential uses of GGBS in concrete mixture for 3D building printing. This research study involved the review of concrete compressive strength and workability of 3D concrete printing with the control aspect during process manufacturing. The result shows that the mix design of 3D concrete printing with 30% and 40% produced concrete strength of 47.33MPa and 47.67MPa respectively. Furthermore, control aspect requirements of concrete for 3D printing were discussed in the field extrudability, flowability, buildability, strength between layers, aggregates, and water-cement ratio. Throughout this study, the manufactures of 3D building printing materials using environmentally friendly elements can contribute effectively create a sustainable environment automatically.
Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate Using Waste Materials in Concrete as Roof Tile: A Review
Authors: Supar K , Rani F A A , Mazlan N L , Musa M K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The use of waste material as a partial replacement has become popular in concrete mixture studies. Many research has utilized waste materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and reinforcing materials substitute. The current paper focuses on some of the waste elements that are utilized in a concrete mortar (use in roof tile) as a partial replacement for fine aggregates such as rubber ash, sawdust, seashells, crumb rubber, pistachio shells, cinder sand, stone dust, and copper slag. There are many variations of mix proportion and water-cement ratio for every waste material. Compressive strength was compared and found that stone dust and the combination of seashell and coconut fiber shows an incensement when used to replacing fine aggregate. The suitable replacement level for stone dust is 25% and 50%. While the suitable replacement levels for the combination of sea shell and coconut fiber are 20% and 30%. Material from the rubber families such as rubber crumb and rubber ash is only suitable for replacement levels. Rubber families especially rubber crumbs have shown low water absorption value which is good in the production of roofing products. As we know, the roof should have waterproof properties to prevent any leaks from happening when it rains. Most of the waste materials added as fine aggregates in concrete have increased the amount of water absorption and found that sawdust is the most abundant material with a high percentage of water absorption compared to the others. Research on the partial replacement of fine aggregates replaced with waste materials is needed more extensively to provide more confidence about their use in concrete mortars, especially on roof tiles.
Study on End-of-Life Tires (ELTs) Recycling Strategy and Applications
Authors: Afrin Habiba , Huda Nazmul , Abbasi Rouzbeh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Due to modernization and urbanization, the number of vehicles on the road has been increased. Around 3 billion tires have been sold, and an equivalent number of tires have been discarded each year. Even though the lifetime of the tires has been increased but according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the number of end-of-life tires is going to rise approximately 5 billion in a year. Its complex composition, make it the most tricky and difficult waste in the world to handle. Because it creates significant health and environmental problem by emitting harmful chemicals in the environment, working as a birthplace for pests, and prone to fire hazards. Recycling waste tires can add economical value also creating a sustainable way to dispose of them. This paper presents different recycling strategies and civil engineering applications of end-of-life tires. Reduction, reuse, recovery, and recycling have been applied. Application of waste tire as reinforcing layers in landfill, road pavement, drainage system, fuel source in the kiln, playground surface makes it an ideal material for affordable, medium-density, low-rise buildings that are highly valued worldwide. Moreover, the sound insulation and absorption with enhanced seismic resilience properties of the end-of-life tire can provide novel and effective engineering solutions.
The Study of Kenaf Powder Performance in Mortar
Authors: Ayop S S , Rasli S , Moharam S N , Wahab M S , Sa’ude N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As cement is essential in producing mortar, reforms and innovations are needed to reduce the adverse effects of CO2 in the future. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal amount of kenaf powder in mortar strength and to examine the mechanical and flexural properties of kenaf powder in the mortar. Thirty-six mortar cubes of 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm and 12 number of mortar prism were cast using mix ratio of 1:3 with two different water-cement ratios. The replacement of kenaf powder ranging from 10% to 20% to the cement matrix were tested to investigate the mechanical parameters such as workability, density, compressive strength, and water absorption capabilities. Furthermore flexural strength was assessed using a similar mix proportion. The mortar containing 10% of kenaf powder and superplasticizer additives had demonstrated the best performance in workability and improved the compressive strength and flexural strength.
A Review on the Performance of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate
Authors: Mokhtar Norfaniza , Jalani Nurul Atikah 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Waste glass is one of the biggest contributors in waste production in Malaysia which can be used as partial sand replacement in concrete. Silica exists in waste glass components made it becomes a pozzolanic material and suitable to be used in a concrete mixture. The performance of the waste glass as fine aggregate was reviewed by considering the workability of fresh concrete, the strength, and the splitting tensile of hardened concrete. The range of the replacement waste are 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The influence of the waste glass on the microstructure of the concrete also have been evaluated. A total of seventeen previous research papers were collected and review based on the parameters selected. The results shows that replacement of waste glass in concrete give a positive impact for all selected parameters with 20% replacement represent as an optimal percentage replacement. The microstructure of the waste glass concrete resulting that more voids created after 20% replacement of waste glass which affects the compressive strength and split tensile strength of the concrete thus make the optimum replacement percentage is 20% replacement.