bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stedelijk werelderfgoed en de Historic Urban Landscape-benadering in Nederland
Authors: VAN MARREWIJK DRÉ 
Published: June 2021

Urban World Heritage and the Historic Urban Landscape approach in the Netherlands
Within the category of cultural landscapes on the UNESCO World Heritage List the ‘continuing urban landscapes’ are a small but interesting group of sites. This group consists of urban and suburban areas (‘urban landscapes’) with outstanding historical and heritage values, while at the same time they are characterized by a high degree of spatial dynamics. Many developments take place that lead to change of the environment. Rio de Janeiro, the mining landscape of Nord-Pas de Calais and the Italian Amalfi coast near Naples are examples of these urban cultural landscapes on the World Heritage List. Next to these sites, there are urban World Heritage sites that formally are no cultural landscapes, but have similar characteristics. Historical city centers of Rome or Bruges, the Amsterdam canal ring or Speicherstadt in Hamburg are comparably stretched out and have comparable values. These sites are confronted with similar challenges with respect to conservation and management of change. The obligation to preserve the outstanding universal value of the site could become under pressure. This surely is the case in some urban and suburban World Heritage sites in the Kingdom of the Netherlands: Amsterdam Canal Ring, Defence Line of Amsterdam and Willemstad, Curaçao. The World Heritage status requires a strict management of the site. UNESCO’S Historic Urban Landscape approach can be helpful to make preservation and development compatible. In this article the opportunities and dilemmas of the HUL and ICOMOS’S role in it are discussed. A stronger emphasize on HUL when reviewing developments in urban World Heritage sites is advocated.
Het Hoge Kempen ruraal-industrieel transitielandschap
Authors: GELEYNS PIET 
Published: June 2021

The Hoge Kempen rural industrial transition landscape: a layered landscape of Outstanding Universal Value?
Up until the beginning of the 20th century, the eastern part of the Belgian province of Limburg was a sparsely populated and not very productive part of the country. The dominating heathland was maintained with sheep, which were an essential part of a small-scale extensive farming system.
This all changed when coal was discovered in 1901. Seven large coalmines were established in a few decades, each one employing thousands of coal-miners. This also meant that entire new garden cities were built, to house the coal-miners and their families. The confrontation between the small-scale traditional land-use and the new large-scale industrial developments defines the landscape up to today. The scale and the force of the turnover are considered unprecedented for Western Europe, which is why it is being presented by Belgium for inclusion in the World Heritage List.
Bedreigde bouwvallen
Authors: MICHIEL PURMER , BAAS HENK 
Published: June 2021

Threatened ruins. Castle remains in the Dutch landscape anno 2019
In The Netherlands, around 80 castle ruins are preserved. In 1997, a book was dedicated to the castle ruin. A year later, one of the authors of this paper investigated castle remains as part of a historical geographical inventory. In 2012, the Dutch State Heritage Agency wrote a practical guide for the conservation and development of castle ruins. In this article, the authors describe the development of ruins in the past 20 years. They tried to investigate the development of the castle ruins since the late nineties and tried to categorize this. Rebuilding of the castle, partly or totally, appeared in almost 10% of all ruins. In other cases, there was attention for the touristic infrastructure around the ruin. In most cases however (68%), the ruins stayed more or less intact, with sometimes careful consolidation or restoration. Sometimes, the surroundings of the ruin changed dramatically with the development of housing, infrastructure or other forms of urbanization. In other examples, historical gardens were restored or reconstructed.
There are however several plans for the rebuilding or reconstruction of ruins. These plans often provide the new castle with functions, from wedding location to hotel or office-space. This could be a good development for castles destroyed relatively short ago, i.e. in the Second World War or in de postwar period. Many ruins are however destroyed centuries ago. Given the limited amount of ruins in The Netherlands and the sometimes centuries old development of the landscape and the ruin itself, the authors plea for more attention for the castle ruins as such.
‘Om zijn beteekenis voor natuur- en landschapsschoon’
Authors: WALSWEER INGWER 
Published: June 2021

For its significance for nature and landscape beauty: the history of the Rijsterbos and its residents
The landscape of Rijs has a long history. The landscape knew important moments of both creation and destruction. Reclaimed in the 17th century, Rijs grew out to be a typical landscape dominated by the rural nobility. Many writers, cartographers and newspapers have described the landscape. The local people were concerned about the demolition of the house and the splintering of the estate in 1937. The purchase by It Fryske Gea caused relief and a new period of prosperity started. After forestry, the recreation sector grew out to be one of the most important economical income sources from the second half of the 20th century.
Getuigen van de Arubaanse geschiedenis en identiteit
Authors: VAN VOREN ROMY 
Published: June 2021

Testimonials of Aruban history and heritage: the kunuku houses and cas floria
On the island of Aruba, traditional houses are often decorated with unique symbols. Houses with these decorations are called ‘cas floria’, meaning decorated house. The origin for this style of building and the meaning of the symbols presumably stem from the culture of the native inhabitants of Aruba (Indians). Over the course of time, the Dutch colonial power had influence on the residential culture on Aruba. They introduced stone houses and building materials such as roof tiles and cement. The native population gradually started replacing their loam houses for stone versions. In the 19th century, the building style of cas floria arose. These houses were found mostly in the historic native settlements. For the colonial settlers, these symbols had no special meaning and so they did not live in decorated houses. Nowadays, a lot of cas floria and traditional kunuku houses have become ruins. However, many of those historic houses have remained and are still inhabited to this day. The Monumentenbureau Aruba has been lobbying with the Aruban Government to grant the traditional kunuku houses and cas floria a protected monumental status, so that this part of Aruban heritage and identity will be preserved for future generations.
De vissersdorpen aan de Hollandse kust
Authors: RENES HANS 
Published: June 2021

The fishing villages on the coast of Holland
Very little systematic research has been done in the early history of fishing villages on the Dutch coast. In 2001, the English historical-geographer Harold Fox designed a model for the origin of the fishing villages on the coast of Devon. In this model, he describes an original situation in which farmers in inland villages were also part-time fisherman and owned a boat and a boatshed on the beach. Population growth led to labour division and to the emergence of specialised fishing villages. The two most probable periods in which this development took place were the 12th to early 14th centuries and the 16th century.
The available data for the coast of the county of Holland point to the first of those periods. Place-names relate the fishing villages to the inland agrarian villages: Egmond aan Zee (‘Egmond at Sea’) exists beside Egmond-Binnen, Wijk aan Zee beside Beverwijk and Katwijk aan Zee beside Katwijk aan de Rijn etc. It is improbable that these fishing villages existed before the 12th century, but during the middle of the 14th century most seem well-established, so a foundation around the 13th century seems probable. Two fishing villages, Berkheide and Ter Heijde, that were founded late in the 14th century, remained small and Berkheide even disappeared.
Although many of the medieval fishing villages have (partly) disappeared by coastal erosion, the village plans show remarkable similarities, with a main road from the beach to the inland markets and some parallel roads that join each other on the east side of the village. Only during the 19th century, these villages developed some agriculture (potato gardens in the dunes) and a new economic basis in tourism.
Hoefslagpalen op de Lekdijk tussen Amerongen en Vreeswijk
Authors: VAN BEMMEL AD 
Published: June 2021

Poles of the verhoefslaging on the Lekdijk between Amerongen and Vreeswijk
The originally 12th century dike (33 kilometres) was maintained by the owners of the land behind the dike. This system is called in Dutch verhoefslaging. The dike was divided in approximately 630 parts which differ in length. The parts were marked by stone poles with numbers (and letters). Around 1985 most poles were removed. Nowadays some of them are located in the inner city of Wijk bij Duurstede. They date from 1748 or 1768. The dike will be reinforced in 2023. A good moment to relocate the existing poles to the dike.
Reviews and syntheses: Gaining insights into evapotranspiration partitioning with novel isotopic monitoring methods
Authors: Rothfuss Youri , Quade Maria , Brüggemann Nicolas , Graf Alexander , Vereecken Harry , Dubbert Maren 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Disentangling ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) is of high relevance for a wide range of
applications, from land surface modelling to policymaking. Identifying and analysing the determinants of the ratio of T to ET (T/ET) for
various land covers and uses, especially in view of climate change with an increased frequency of extreme events (e.g. heatwaves and floods), is
prerequisite for forecasting the hydroclimate of the future and tackling present issues, such as agricultural and irrigation practices. One partitioning method consists of determining the water stable isotopic compositions of ET, E, and T (δET,
δE, and δE, respectively) from the water retrieved from the atmosphere, the soil, and the plant vascular
tissues. The present work emphasizes the challenges this particular method faces (e.g. the spatial and temporal representativeness of the
T/ET estimates, the limitations of the models used, and the sensitivities to their driving parameters) and the progress that needs to be
made in light of the recent methodological developments. As our review is intended for a broader audience beyond the isotopic ecohydrological and
micrometeorological communities, it also attempts to provide a thorough review of the ensemble of techniques used for determining
δET, δE, and δE and solving the partitioning equation for T/ET. From the current state of research, we conclude that the most promising way forward to ET partitioning and capturing the subdaily dynamics of
T/ET is by making use of non-destructive online monitoring techniques of the stable isotopic composition of soil and xylem water. Effort
should continue towards the application of the eddy covariance technique for high-frequency determination of δET at the field scale
as well as the concomitant determination of δET, δE, and δE at high vertical resolution with
field-deployable lift systems.
Inter and Intra-Rater Reliability of Measuring Photometric Craniovertebral Angle Using a Cloud-Based Video Communication Platform
Authors: Cote Rylan , Vietas Cassandra , Kolakowski Megan , Lombardo Kayla , Prete Jacob , Dashottar Amit 
Published: June 2021

Objective: Due to social distancing guidelines during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, most providers and patients have wanted to avoid close contact. This makes physical therapy (PT) assessments difficult because of the lack of empirical evidence about the reliability of various clinical measurements performed in a virtual environment. One such procedure is the photometric measurement of craniovertebral (CV) angle. Craniovertebral angle measurement is usually performed in an outpatient setting and is defined as the acute angle formed between a straight line connecting the spinous process of C7 to the tragus of the ear, and the horizontal line passing through the spinous process of the C7. Although the photometric measurement of CV angles is considered both valid and reliable in the clinics, no empirical evidence exists about the CV angle measurement reliability when performed in a virtual environment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the inter- and intra-rater reliability of photometric CV angle measurement using a cloud-based video communication platform. Number of Subjects: 66 subjects (57 females). Methods: All measurements were performed by two final year PT students who had completed the musculoskeletal part of the curriculum and were blinded to each other’s measurements. Each subject was photographed in two postures over a HIPAA-compliant video-based telehealth platform: (1) normal/ relaxed posture and (2) ideal posture (posture the subject considered good). Student researcher 1 measured the CV angle in both the relaxed posture and ideal posture, while student researcher 2 measured the CV angle only in the relaxed posture. Each subject's CV angle measurement was performed three times on three separate days and the means were used for further analysis. The shape of the CV angle frequency distribution was assessed using kurtosis and skewness values. Rater reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and interpreted based on the guidelines provided by Portney and Watkins (2009). Results: The CV angles were normally distributed in both relaxed and ideal postures. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of relaxed posture was 50.7o ± 6.3o with kurtosis and skewness of 0.67 and -0.74 respectively. The mean and SD of ideal posture was 55.5o ± 5.4o, with kurtosis and skewness of 0.1 and -0.54 respectively. The ICC for inter-rater reliability in the relaxed posture was 0.88 and the ICC for intra-rater reliability for relaxed posture was 0.91. Conclusion: Craniovertebral angles were normally distributed in the sample. An acceptable level of inter- and intra-rater reliability can be attained when measuring CV angle using a cloud-based video communication platform.
The Implementation of Teleconsultations in a Physiotherapy Service During COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil: A Case Report
Authors: Pacheco Thaiana B.F. , Bezerra Dayse A. , Silva João Pedro de S. , Cacho Ênio W. A. , De Souza Clécio G. , Cacho Roberta O. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The Brazilian Council of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy regulated the use of teleconsultation during the COVID-19 pandemic, creating uncertainty about its use in Brazil. Objective: To describe the experience of teleconsultations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Four patients participated in the study with the following diagnoses: Parkinson’s disease, stroke, peripheral facial paralysis, and tibial plateau fracture. Patients underwent up to 10 physiotherapy sessions via digital tools. The 5-A self-management tool (Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist, Arrange) guided the sessions. Results: The teleconsultation type varied between synchronous (n = 1; 25%); asynchronous (n = 2; 50%) and synchronous/asynchronous (n = 1; 25%). There was 75% (n = 3) adherence and one withdrawal (25%). As the benefits of teleconsultations, the patients pointed out the convenience, maintenance of the exercises, and contact with the professional. The reported limitations were the lack of the use of physiotherapeutic devices. Conclusion: Teleconsultations contribute to the continuity of physiotherapy treatment during social isolation. Adherence to treatment was facilitated by access to the technology and by offering patients the choice of teleconsultation type.
PENETRATION RESISTANCE OF RUBBER VULCANIZATES
Authors: Bhowmick Anil K. , Saha Subhabrata , Baral Anshul , Vineet Kumar , Deuri Arup S. , Vaidya Dilip M. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTAspects of penetration resistance of rubber compounds have been studied by developing a quasi-static test. The effects of indenter material and design, nature and dosage of fillers, and crosslinking density were investigated. Indenter material was found to have a negligible contribution to the penetration characteristics of the rubber compounds, whereas the conical indenter's shape and size of the tip were important. A change in the slope of the generalized penetration characteristic curve of the developed quasi-static test was considered to be the fracture initiation point. Although fracture initiation was early at higher carbon black loading, the overall penetration resistance was improved due to hysteresis, which was in accord with the impact energy method. This was a unique observation. The carbon black–filled sample was compared with the silica-filled vulcanizate. Surface morphology of the specimens penetrated at different energy levels was examined using scanning electron microscopy. A theoretical interpretation of the forces acting at the tip of the indenter and the energy requirement while penetrating a rubber compound against a conical indenter has been proposed. The initiation energy for penetration has inverse square root dependence on the Young's modulus of the compounds. The energy required for crack propagation in contrast, was directly proportional to the Young's modulus and also correlated with the hysteresis loss and frictional coefficient for the carbon black–filled vulcanizates.
POLAR ADDITIVES IN 1,3-BUTADIENE POLYMERIZATION
Authors: Vasconcelos Mateus K. , Nele Márcio , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Butadiene rubbers are frequently produced through solution polymerizations using Ziegler–Natta catalysts based on neodymium. Particularly, there is great interest in developing rubbers that present enhanced processability during the formulation step. For this reason, the present work investigated the production of butadiene rubbers in the presence of polar additives, such as methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, and water, through solution polymerizations, using neodymium versatate as catalyst. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of producing butadiene rubbers with polar character that presented improved processability properties during the vulcanization stage. In addition, a new use for water and the manufacture of copolymers of butadiene and oxygenated monomers in polymerization processes that make use of neodymium catalysts are reported for the first time.
The Associations of COVID-19 Induced Anxiety, Related Knowledge and Protective Behavior
Authors: Riad Abanoub , Huang Yi , Zheng Liping , Elavsky Steriani 
Published: June 2021

On the last day of 2019, 44 pneumonia cases with unknown etiology were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office of China. This was the first cluster of what would be defined later as coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A self-administered questionnaire with multiple-choice items was created in Microsoft Forms (Microsoft Corp. Redmond, WA. 2020). A 5-point Likert scale with ten items, where “1” refers to “Totally disagree” and “5” refers to “Totally agree,” was developed to evaluate the anxiety induced by the COVID-19 outbreak highlighting the suggested sources of stress and anxious emotions, e.g., “When I or any family member go outside home during this COVID-19 outbreak I feel anxious”. A 5-point Likert scale with 14 items, where “1” refers to “Not at all like me” and “5” refers to “Just like me,” was developed to evaluate people’s protective behaviors against coronavirus infection from 3 dimensions: Routine Protective Behaviors (RPB), Post-exposure Protective Behaviors (PPB), and Post-exposure Risky Behaviors (PRB). Items in RPB are aimed to measure individuals’ protective behaviors in daily life when facing the epidemic. A multiple-choice scale of 12 items was developed to assess public awareness of COVID-19 as an emerging infectious disease. The primary objective of this work was to develop psychometrically sound scales to assess COVID-19 induced anxiety (CIAS), protective behaviors towards COVID-19 (PBCS), and COVID-19 related knowledge. The results indicated that COVID-19 induced the 6-item version of the CIAS can adequately measure anxiety level. Infectious disease outbreaks represent specific health-related crises that may impact people’s emotions in different patterns according to their emerging nature. Therefore, the CIAS was designed to cover the potential anxiety sources for the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Assessable Moots in Administrative Law: The Role of Student Feedback in Creating Cohesion
Authors: Kinchin Niamh 
Published: June 2021

Teaching any law subject is inevitably a struggle to reconcile theory with practice, but administrative law offers its own particular challenges in this regard. Despite its potentially rich subject matter and its ability to intersect with other areas of law, a lack of perceptible cohesion and a ‘disconnect’ with the ‘real world’ continues to vex students and teachers of administrative law alike. Understanding how merits review, judicial review and other accountability mechanisms ‘fit together’, and how they interact with the various judicial and quasi-judicial institutions as well as primary and delegated legislation and government policy, can be a herculean task. Students often find connecting the theory and principles of administrative law with ‘real life’ legal and social situations confounding, which is exacerbated by the fact that administrative law does not deal with one cohesive subject matter or legislative scheme but crosses a variety of subject matters, the only unifying factor being government regulation. Further, principles of judicial review and the framework for merits and judicial review can prove conceptually challenging and students can find the material dry and uninteresting. Whilst this affliction is by no means unique to administrative law, when combined with issues of cohesion and disconnect, administrative law presents distinct pedagogical challenges for its teachers. The challenges that administrative law poses for its teachers and learners have not been overlooked in legal education scholarship. Common to this research is recognition of the need to ‘contextualise’ administrative law, or place it in the ‘real world’. Methods suggested include the use of topical issues that can help place administrative law in a historical, political and socio-economic context, express incorporation of indigenous content, investigation of the work of citizen advocate services and the utilisation of clients through clinical legal education. Might mooting, a rite of passage for all law students, help students contextualise administrative law through an understanding of how a matter proceeds through the levels of review? Could mooting help create the elusive connection between theory and practice? This paper reports upon on a three-year pilot of an assessable moot that was introduced into the subject Administrative Law at the University of Wollongong in 2016. Structured student feedback provides an insight into the pedagogical and administrative challenges and successes of assessable moots in promoting a skills-based, student-centred learning experience that encourages the development of advocacy skills and substantive knowledge that may be transferred to professional practice.