bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unearthing the Hidden Tragedy
Authors: Esike Chidi Ochu Uzoma , Nnamdi Ejikeme Brown , Bonaventure Anozie Okechukwu , Adeniyi Adebayo Joshua , Chimezirim Okafor Love , Nduka Ekem Napoleon 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Stillbirths are very traumatic events to the parents, family, and obstetricians. Although a global public health crises, it has remained relatively hidden while their devastations continue unabated in different parts of the world. We have not evaluated this tragedy in our practice environment hence the need for this paper.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study involving all cases of stillbirths that occurred at the Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, over a 3-year period, 2017–2019. The case notes were gotten and relevant information was retrieved and analyzed.

Results:
The prevalence of stillbirths in our centre was 16.1 per 1000 deliveries or one stillbirth in 62 deliveries. Majority of our parturients who had stillbirths 89 (81.7%) were unbooked, 43 (39.5%) had only primary education, 16 (14.7%) had no education at all, and only 10 (9.2%) had tertiary education. The leading cause of stillbirths was abruptio placenta 27 (24.8%) followed by prolonged obstructed labor 22 (21.1%), intrauterine fetal death of unknown cause 18 (16.5%), and ruptured uterus 10 (9%). Seventy-three (67%) women were delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery while 18 (16.5%) had a caesarean section. Thirty (27.5%) women had postpartum hemorrhage. None of the dead babies had an autopsy performed on them.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of stillbirth in our centre is unacceptably high and majority of the causes are preventable. There is an urgent need for public enlightenment to highlight this silent tragedy and mobilize efforts toward its prevention. Carrying out autopsies on stillbirths especially those with unexplained causes will help elucidate some of the causes.
Characteristics and Outcome of Paediatric Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Chikani Mark C. , Aniaku Ikechukwu , Mesi Mathew , Mezue Wilfred C. , Chikani Ugo Nnenna 
Published: August 2021

Background:
As with most ailments common to adult and paediatric age groups, studies that describe and characterize paediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) lag those of their adult counterparts. This is more so in the developing countries where national data are not well developed. The development of local clinical guidelines has been shown to positively impact outcomes of paediatric TBI. Data on the characteristics and outcomes of TBI among paediatric age groups will provide a framework for the development of an all-encompassing management guideline.

Methods:
In this study, a retrospective review of demography, mechanism of injury, pattern of presentation, nature of treatment, duration of hospital admission, and outcome of children aged 0–17 years managed for traumatic TBI at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu-Nigeria was performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Relevant test statistics were used to test for associations. A P = 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
A total of 163 patients' medical records were retrieved and analyzed. Of these, 117 (71.8%) were males and 46 (28.2%) were females. Their ages ranged from 6 weeks to 17 years with a mean age of 7.66 ± 5.1 years and peaked at 3–5 years. No difference in mean age between gender (P = 0.427). Pedestrian motor vehicular accident was the most common cause of injury. Fall from fruit trees and assault were peculiar to children from suburban/rural areas. TBI severity on admission was mild (44.2%), moderate (38.7%), and severe (17.2%). Other systemic injuries were present in 33.7%, of which long bone fractures were the most common (23/55). Abnormal brain computed tomography findings were seen in 83.2% with skull fracture being the most common finding. Operative procedures were carried out on 19.6% of patients. Conservative measures were the mainstay of management. The mean duration of hospital admission was 14.01 ± 11.8 days was significantly associated with admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Score (P < 0.0001) and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at discharge (P = 0.03). The overall outcome was good (GOS 4 and 5) in 92.0% and has a significant association with GCS on admission (P < 0.0001). Long-term (Extended GOS) was 8 in 98.2% of those followed up.

Conclusion:
Paediatric TBI is mainly mild to moderate in severity with a male predilection. The main cause is road traffic accidents with most victims being pedestrians. Management is mainly non-operative and the outcome at discharge is good even in a middle-income country and significantly determined by GCS on admission.
Knowledge of COVID-19 and Practice of Preventive Measures among Adult Residents During the Ease of Lockdown in Nigeria
Authors: Ipinnimo Tope Michael , Sanni Taofeek Adedayo , Aladesuru Tolulope Adeola , Adebayo Olamide Adeola , Omowaye Motunrayo Temidayo , Adeniyi Ireoluwa Oluwatomisona , Ipinnimo Oluwadare Martins , Olasehinde Olanrewaju Kassim , Adetunbi Adefola Richmond 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The governments of many countries have taken steps to avert the spread of COVID 19. The gradual relaxation of the lockdown in Nigeria might be counter-productive if not properly managed. The best means to reduce and stop transmission is for the public to be adequately informed about the disease and its preventive measures. This research assessed the knowledge of COVID-19 and practice of preventive measures along with its predictors among Nigerian residents during the ease of the lockdown.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1421 adult residents of Nigeria. Data were collected between 6th and 20th September, 2020, using a semi-structured online questionnaire adapted from previous studies. IBM SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Pearson's Chi-square and logistic regression were used to determine the predictors of preventive practices.

Results:
The mean age of the respondents was 27.5 ± 9.1 years. A very large proportion (98.8%) of the respondents had a good knowledge of the disease (score of ≥4 out of 6 variables) and the internet (70.1%) was the major source of their information. However, only 57.6% of them had good practice of preventive measures of the disease (score of ≥3 out of 4). Predictor of good practice of preventive measure included female sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.626; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.078–3.319), being married (AOR = 2.177; 95% CI = 1.568–3.023), and possessing tertiary and postgraduate level of education (AOR = 1.813; 95% CI = 1.082–3.036 and AOR = 2.102; 95% CI = 1.206–3.664, respectively). However, residents in local government headquarters and other villages as well as towns (AOR = 0.541; 95% CI = 0.388–0.756 and AOR = 0.587; 95% CI = 0.350–0.983, respectively) have less likelihood of engaging in good practice of preventive measures.

Conclusion:
Majority of the research participants had good knowledge of the disease, while about half take part in good preventive practices measures. Predictors of the practice measures included sex, level of education, place of residence, as well as marital status. Therefore, targeted interventions should be directed to the males, those who reside outside the Federal Capital Territory and state capitals, and other high-risk groups as found by this study to reduce the risk of disease contraction during this period.
HIV/AIDS
Authors: Saulawa Fahad Abubakar , Babandi Zaharaddeen Shuaibu , Lawal Aminu , Umar Umar Muhammad , Olorukooba Halima Omolara , Olorukooba Abdulhakeem Abayomi 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Nigeria has one of the highest proportions of cases of HIV/AIDS globally. This burden is more pronounced in the younger population which includes secondary school students (SSS). We set out to determine the level of family communication among SSS in Zaria metropolis.

Subjects and Methods:
We carried out a cross-sectional study among 73 randomly selected students. Data were obtained with a semi-structured, pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to present data at the univariate level while Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was employed to identify the relationship between non-numeric variables with a 5% level of significance.

Results:
The mean age (± standard deviation) was 16.1 ± 1.1 years. Majority have heard 60 (82.2%) and have good knowledge 55 (75.3%) of family communication. There was an overall positive attitude as 44 (60.3%) believe it helps prevent HIV/AIDS and 57 (78.1%) believe it is very important and should be encouraged. Most (57 [78.1%]) have had family communication, with mother as the preferred partner 49 (86%). HIV/AIDS (44 [77.2%]) was the major issue discussed. We out that found the knowledge of family communication was significantly associated with its practice (P = 0.018).

Conclusion:
Awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practice of family communication were good among respondents. Father's educational level and knowledge of family communication were significantly associated with its practice among respondents. More studies are required to evaluate the determinants of the practice of family communication.
Cenário de Pós-desenvolvimento: como se adaptar às crises decorrentes da Covid-19?
Authors: Papin Leal Helia Christina , Lyrio Mariana , Alfinito Solange 
Published: August 2021

O contexto de pandemia de Covid-19 resulta em uma crise multidimensional – sanitária, econômica, política, social e ecológica – ressaltando a necessidade de observar a capacidade de adaptação do modelo vigente e as oportunidades de transição para um pós-desenvolvimento. Logo, propõe-se despertar uma reflexão sobre alternativas de pós-desenvolvimento frente ao contexto de pandemia. Aborda-se as crises ligadas à Covid-19 e três modelos – capitalismo, desenvolvimento sustentável e decrescimento – para embasar a análise dos cenários de pós-desenvolvimento. Observou-se que o capitalismo, sistema baseado no ideal de crescimento, é seriamente vulnerável à recessão engendrada pela crise multidimensional. No tocante do desenvolvimento sustentável notou-se um paradoxo entre a restrição de recursos naturais e o aumento do crescimento econômico. Conclui-se que, face aos imperativos ecológicos e à deficiência do sistema atual para suprir necessidades básicas coletivas, o modelo de decrescimento propõe ser, comparativamente, uma alternativa de pós-desenvolvimento resiliente às crises social, sanitária, econômica e ecológica.
¿Tendrá fuerza de realidad la tercera fuerza?
Authors: Montoya Aquiles 
Published: August 2021

Motivado por la problemática surgida alrededor de la presunta "nueva realidad" de El Salvador, el autor discute sus alcances, después recoge el planteamiento de l. Ellacuría sobre la tercera fuerza y se pregunta, en la tercera parte, si ésta tiene fuerza de realidad. El artículo está conformado por dos vertientes, el pensamiento de Ellacuría y los datos de la realidad.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 49, No. 553-554, 1994: 1223-1243.
El autoritarismo en la posguerra: un estudio de las actitudes de los salvadoreños
Authors: Cruz José Miguel 
Published: August 2021

Este artículo aborda el tema de las actitudes autoritarias de los salvadoreños. Para ello, el autor echa mano de una encuesta de opinión pública, realizada por el IUDOP en octubre de 1998, y utiliza una serie de ítemes sobre diversos temas en una escala para mostrar que gran parte de los salvadoreños tienen fuertes actitudes autoritarias. Estas tendencias actitudinales parecen ser más fuertes en los sectores más desaventajados socialmente, y podrían estar ligadas a la percepción del problema de la inseguridad ciudadana más que a otro problema percibido de la realidad.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 54, No. 603, 1999: 95-106.
Los terremotos de enero y febrero. Resultados y análisis en base a la red de acelerógrafos de la UCA
Authors: Cepeda José , Salazar Walter 
Published: August 2021

La Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" busca aportar con este artículo información técnica en las áreas sismológicas y de ingeniería sísmica para entender mejor los sismos principales ocurridos en El Salvador, en el período de enero y febrero del 2001. Específicamente se presentan y estudian los mismos del 13 de enero y del 13 y 17 febrero del 2001, pues son los que mayor impacto han tenido en toda la serie de eventos de estos dos meses. Así, se explican brevemente conceptos basicos de sismología, necesarios para elaborar aspectos en apartados posteriores; se realiza una reseña de la sismicidad y tectónica de El Salvador y se presentan los parámetros de origen de los sismos estidiados. Posteriormente se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la red de acelerógrafos de la UCA y un análisis breve de los resgistros obtenidos durante estos tres eventos. Finalmente, se hace una lista, a manera de conclusión, de algunos puntos que pueden ser beneficiosos para desarrollar la mitigación del riesgo sísmico.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 627-628, 2001: 11-27.
¿Cancelar el pasado? Tolerancia y oscurantismo en la sociedad mundial
Authors: Corominas Jordi 
Published: August 2021

"La tolerancia", como todos los mejores ideales, fácilmente se convierte en una especie de ideología que oculta el desinterés, la apatía e incluso el abierto rechazo de los otros. A partir de un planteamiento de inspiración zubiriana, en discusión con las tesis hermenéuticas, hoy dominantes en el campo filosófico, el autor pretende fundamentar filosóficamente una tolerancia crítica muy diferente de la tolerancia por la que abogan la mayoría de los discursos al uso.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 629, 2001: 237-254.
Understanding the model representation of clouds based on visible and infrared satellite observations
Authors: Geiss Stefan , Scheck Leonhard , de Lozar Alberto , Weissmann Martin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. There is a rising interest in improving the representation of clouds in numerical weather prediction models. This will directly lead to improved radiation forecasts and, thus, to better predictions of the increasingly important production of photovoltaic power. Moreover, a more accurate representation of clouds is crucial for assimilating cloud-affected observations, in particular high-resolution observations from instruments on geostationary satellites. These observations can also be used to diagnose systematic errors in the model clouds, which are influenced by multiple parameterisations with many, often not well-constrained, parameters. In this study, the benefits of using both visible and infrared satellite channels for this purpose are demonstrated. We focus on visible and infrared Meteosat SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible InfraRed Imager) images and their model equivalents computed from the output of the ICON-D2 (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic, development version based on version 2.6.1; Zängl et al., 2015) convection-permitting, limited area numerical weather prediction model using efficient forward operators. We analyse systematic deviations between observed and synthetic satellite images derived from semi-free hindcast simulations for a 30 d summer period with strong convection. Both visible and infrared satellite observations reveal significant deviations between the observations and model equivalents. The combination of infrared brightness temperature and visible reflectance facilitates the attribution of individual deviations to specific model shortcomings. Furthermore, we investigate the sensitivity of model-derived visible and infrared observation equivalents to modified model and visible forward operator settings to identify dominant error sources. Estimates of the uncertainty of the visible forward operator turned out to be sufficiently low; thus, it can be used to assess the impact of model modifications. Results obtained for various changes in the model settings reveal that model assumptions on subgrid-scale water clouds are the primary source of systematic deviations in the visible satellite images. Visible observations are, therefore, well-suited to constrain subgrid cloud settings. In contrast, infrared channels are much less sensitive to the subgrid clouds, but they can provide information on errors in the cloud-top height.
Sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region
Authors: Weisse Ralf , Dailidienė Inga , Hünicke Birgit , Kahma Kimmo , Madsen Kristine , Omstedt Anders , Parnell Kevin , Schöne Tilo , Soomere Tarmo , Zhang Wenyan , Zorita Eduardo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. There are a large number of geophysical processes affecting sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region. These processes operate on a large range of spatial and temporal scales and are observed in many other coastal regions worldwide. This, along with the outstanding number of long data records, makes the Baltic Sea a unique laboratory for advancing our knowledge on interactions between processes steering sea level and erosion in a climate change context. Processes contributing to sea level dynamics and coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea include the still ongoing viscoelastic response of the Earth to the last deglaciation, contributions from global and North Atlantic mean sea level changes, or contributions from wind waves affecting erosion and sediment transport along the subsiding southern Baltic Sea coast. Other examples are storm surges, seiches, or meteotsunamis which primarily contribute to sea level extremes. Such processes have undergone considerable variation and change in the past. For example, over approximately the past 50 years, the Baltic absolute (geocentric) mean sea level has risen at a rate slightly larger than the global average. In the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, due to vertical land movements, relative mean sea level has decreased. Sea level extremes are strongly linked to variability and changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation. The patterns and mechanisms contributing to erosion and accretion strongly depend on hydrodynamic conditions and their variability. For large parts of the sedimentary shores of the Baltic Sea, the wave climate and the angle at which the waves approach the nearshore region are the dominant factors, and coastline changes are highly sensitive to even small variations in these driving forces. Consequently, processes contributing to Baltic sea level dynamics and coastline change are expected to vary and to change in the future, leaving their imprint on future Baltic sea level and coastline change and variability. Because of the large number of contributing processes, their relevance for understanding global figures, and the outstanding data availability, global sea level research and research on coastline changes may greatly benefit from research undertaken in the Baltic Sea.
Active rock glaciers of the contiguous United States: geographic information system inventory and spatial distribution patterns
Authors: Johnson Gunnar , Chang Heejun , Fountain Andrew 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In this study we present the Portland State University Active Rock
Glacier Inventory (n=10 332) for the contiguous United States, derived
from the manual classification of remote sensing imagery (Johnson, 2020;
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.918585). Individually, these active rock
glaciers are found across widely disparate montane environments, but their
overall distribution unambiguously favors relatively high, arid mountain
ranges with sparse vegetation. While at least one active rock glacier is
identified in each of the 11 westernmost states, nearly 88 % are found in
just five states: Colorado (n=3889), Montana (n=1813), Idaho (n=1689), Wyoming (n=839), and Utah (n=834). Mean active rock glacier
area is estimated at 0.10 km2, with cumulative active rock glacier area
totaling 1004.05 km2. Active rock glaciers are assigned to a three-tier
classification system based on area thresholds and surface characteristics
known to correlate with downslope movement. Class 1 features (n=7042,
average area = 0.12 km2) appear to be highly active, Class 2 features
(n=2415, average area = 0.05 km2) appear to be intermediately
active, and Class 3 features (n=875, average area = 0.04 km2)
appear to be minimally active. This geospatial inventory will allow past
active rock glacier research findings to be spatially extrapolated, help
facilitate further active rock glacier research by identifying field study
sites, and serve as a valuable training set for the development of automated
rock glacier identification and classification methods applicable to other
large regional studies.
COSMO-CLM regional climate simulations in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) framework: a review
Authors: Sørland Silje Lund , Brogli Roman , Pothapakula Praveen Kumar , Russo Emmanuele , Van de Walle Jonas , Ahrens Bodo , Anders Ivonne , Bucchignani Edoardo , Davin Edouard L. , Demory Marie-Estelle , Dosio Alessandro , Feldmann Hendrik , Früh Barbara , Geyer Beate , Keuler Klaus , Lee Donghyun , Li Delei , van Lipzig Nicole P. M. , Min Seung-Ki , Panitz Hans-Jürgen , Rockel Burkhardt , Schär Christoph , Steger Christian , Thiery Wim 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In the last decade, the Climate Limited-area Modeling Community (CLM-Community) has contributed to the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) with an extensive set of regional climate simulations. Using several versions of the COSMO-CLM-Community model, ERA-Interim reanalysis and eight global climate models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) were dynamically downscaled with horizontal grid spacings of 0.44∘ (∼ 50 km), 0.22∘ (∼ 25 km), and 0.11∘ (∼ 12 km) over the CORDEX domains Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Australasia, and Africa. This major effort resulted in 80 regional climate simulations publicly available through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) web portals for use in impact studies and climate scenario assessments. Here we review the production of these simulations and assess their results in terms of mean near-surface temperature and precipitation to aid the future design of the COSMO-CLM model simulations. It is found that a domain-specific parameter tuning is beneficial, while increasing horizontal model resolution (from 50 to 25 or 12 km grid spacing) alone does not always improve the performance of the simulation. Moreover, the COSMO-CLM performance depends on the driving data. This is generally more important than the dependence on horizontal resolution, model version, and configuration. Our results emphasize the importance of performing regional climate projections in a coordinated way, where guidance from both the global (GCM) and regional (RCM) climate modeling communities is needed to increase the reliability of the GCM–RCM modeling chain.