bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHOLINGUISTICS IN ACQUISITION AND LANGUAGE LEARNING
Authors: Lumentut Yuliana , Lengkoan Fergina 
Published: September 2021

Through psychology we can learn about how students ' attitudes and behaviors in acquiring and learning languages while through linguistics we can learn about language concepts and structures. At the stage of language acquisition, there are four phases of language acquisition in the child (1) the level of the (starting from age 0 sampai1 years), (2) period of holophrase (starting at the age of 1 to 2 years), (3) The two-word greeting period (starting at 2 to 2 years 6 months) (4) The starting period of grammar (starting at 2 years 6 months – up to 3 years and above). And the four advanced stages are; 1. Sensorimotor stage (birth up to age 2 – 3 years), (2) Pre-operational stage (3 to 6 or 7 years old) (3) concrete operational stage (aged 6/7 years to 11 or 12 years), (4) Formal operational stage (12 years old to adulthood). While language learning is done formally in formal settings, For example language learning in the classroom. It is not important to learn anywhere while not in the classroom as long as the process of learning is directed at the mastery of the rules of the language consciously by educators as well as learners, the process is called learning. During the formal and informal learning process, the psycholinguistic process works to acquire language knowledge through a study. So this interdisciplinary can lead educators to understand the process that happens in every student who is faced with when they are trying to understand and identify the material understanding in language learning presented in the classroom.
Deploying an e-Learning Environment in Zanzibar: A Short Guide
Authors: Groeneveld Caspar , Kibga Elia , Kaye Tom 
Published: September 2021

In April 2020, the MoEVT and the World Bank approached the EdTech Hub to explore the feasibility of implementing a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The parties agreed on three deliverables to support this work.

1. A practical and actionable report analysing key factors to be considered in deploying an e-learning platform in Zanzibar.

2. A report documenting the process of sourcing appropriate digital content, aligning this content with the curriculum and populating the e-learning system accordingly.

3. An implementation plan to guide the deployment of an e-learning system in Zanzibar.

This presentation deck is the third deliverable.
EdTech in Sierra Leone: A Rapid Scan
Authors: Mullan Joel , Taddese Abeba 
Published: September 2021

EdTech Hub country scans explore factors that enable and hinder the use of technology in education. This includes policies, government leadership, private sector partnerships, and digital infrastructure for education. The scans are intended to be comprehensive but are by no means exhaustive; nonetheless, we hope they will serve as a useful starting point for more in-depth discussions about opportunities and barriers in EdTech in specific countries and in this case, in Sierra Leone. This report is based primarily on desk research, with quality assurance provided by a country expert.
Using EdTech in Settings of Fragility, Conflict and Violence: A Curated Resource List
Authors: Koomar Saalim , Moss Coflan Caitlin , Kaye Tom 
Published: September 2021

This curated list of resources collates interventions that effectively deploy education technology in settings of fragility, conflict and violence (FCV). The World Bank (2020) states that by 2030 FCV settings will be home to up to two thirds of the world’s extreme poor; these settings have become increasingly complex over the past decade, with the COVID-19 pandemic threatening to exacerbate existing challenges. This list explores effective uses of EdTech in FCV settings. It particularly emphasises interventions and evidence relevant to the Yemeni context and distance learning during the COVID-19 crisis. These resources were selected with the intention to include practical recommendations on technology-enabled interventions which could support a proposed national distance learning system in Yemen.
Crop Germinative Emergence of Maize (Zea mays) and Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) as Affected by Plastic Waste Material
Authors: Kagendo Njiru Magdalene , Chweya Mokaya Dennis , Esther Kitur , James Koske 
Published: September 2021

Plastic waste material continues to present environmental challenges throughout the world. Of greatest concern is their disposal in agricultural soils where they interfere with soil fertility due to its inability to decompose fast. Specifically, the research examined under experimental conditions the crop germinative emergence of (Zea mays L.) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) as affected by plastic waste material commonly disposed in urban and rural environments of Kenya. The plastic types were identified by their thickness of 30 microns. The experiment was laid out in a 2 by 1 Randomized Block Design (Latin Square) with two replicates in plots each measuring 1m x 1m. The data collected involved determination of emergence percent cover. The date of planting was noted and records were taken from the day first shoot emergence was observed in controls for 10 days. Percent emergence measurements was done for at least 10 days and this involved taking of vertical photographs of each plot from the day first shoot emergence was observed in controls. Assumptions of normality were found to be satisfactory and the set hypotheses were supported by the results. In the overall, there were significant differences (P<0.05) between E. coracana planted in soils mixed with 6 microns thick plastic material and the ones planted in controls. The EPC mean for the E. coracana planted in soils mixed with 30 microns thick plastic material was 25.78%, while controls had 75.58%. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between Z. mays in soils mixed with 6 microns thick plastic material and the ones planted in controls. The EPC mean for the Z. mays planted in soils mixed with thick plastic material was 41.52%, while that of control groups was 86.18%. In conclusion, there were a significant difference (P<0.05) in effects of 6 microns’ thick plastic material on germinative emergence of the two food crops, that is; E. coracana and Z. mays and hence the study recommends that, plastic waste material of any thickness should be avoided on farmlands where Z. mays and E. coracana are grown.
Management of Arterial Complications in Patients with Inadvertent Arterial Injection
Authors: Badway Ahmed M. , Hassan Hassan A. , Motwaly Mohamed F. , Ismail Ahmed M. 
Published: September 2021

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess complications in inadvertent arterial injection and their management.
Methods: From June 2018 to May 2020 in Tanta University Hospitals vascular and endovascular surgery department, this study was conducted on 30 patients with inadvertent intra-arterial drug injection complications, including femoral artery pseudoaneurysm, acute ischemia, and compartment syndrome. In 20 patients with femoral artery pseudoaneurysm, proximal control to external iliac artery and assessment of the vascularity was done intra-operatively for distal arterial Doppler flow. If the distal arterial flow was present, ligation of the common femoral artery was done, While if it was absent, iliofemoral bypass was done. Brachio-ulnar bypass was done for brachial artery pseudoaneurysm. Fasciotomy was done for compartment syndrome.
Results: The mean age of patients was 27.4 years ranged from 1 year to 64 years. The femoral artery was affected in 20 cases. The brachial artery was involved in 6 cases, radial artery in 2 cases, and ulnar artery in 2 cases. In 20 patients, ligations of the common femoral artery CFA with debridement of necrotic were done for all cases. Twelve patients had good Doppler flow, eight patients had no Doppler flow, and iliofemoral bypass was done. In the upper limb cases, one case presented by severe edema in hand necessitating fasciotomy. Four cases presented with fixed color changes and gangrene in fingers after one brachial, one radial, and two ulnar arteries injections and required minor amputation. Two cases were presented with neglected ischemia and extensive infection, and above the elbow, amputation was done. In three cases with brachial pseudoaneurysm, we ligated the brachial artery, and no bypass was done with the preserved distal flow in one case; in the other two cases of brachial artery pseudoaneurysm, we did brachio-ulnar bypass.
Conclusion: Inadvertent IA injection of medications has no appropriate therapeutic guidelines. The actual incidence rates, natural history, and pathophysiologic factors surrounding these complications are unclear. For prevention, the best tools are the assessment of the risk factors and consequences. The treatment options are immediate recognition of the situation, disease progress, pain control, anticoagulation, specific therapy.
The Impact of Resting Heart Rate and Hypertension on the Prevalence of Stroke in Sudanese Adults: A Population- Based Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Hassan D. A. , Elamin M. I. , Elamin M. , Beheiry H. M. , Abdalla A. A. , Fahal N. A. , Medani S. A. , Musa A. B. , Ali I. A. 
Published: September 2021

Aims: To investigate the effect of elevated resting heart rate (RHR), hypertension (HTN) and associated risk factors on the prevalence of stroke among Sudanese adults.
Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study based on a survey conducted by Sudanese society of hypertension during the May Month of Measurement (MMM), 2018 campaign.
Methods: A total of 12281 respondents (mean age: 32.5±14.5 years, 49% men) were included. Structured questionnaires of demographic data, and self-reported medical history were filled by all respondents and analyzed. Blood pressure and RHR were measured using an Omron BP monitor. Participants were divided into two main cohorts: normotensive (n=9497, 77.3%) and hypertensive (n=2784, 22.7%) participants. Each cohort was then segregated into three sub-cohorts using RHR tertiles (T1: <79 bpm; T2: RHR: 79 to 100 bpm; and T3:>100 bpm).
Results: Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the individual and combined effect of RHR and HTN on prevalence of stroke. Hypertensive patients were more likely to develop stroke compared to normotensive participants (OR= 2. 968, 95% CI 2.028-4.345). Within the hypertensive cohort, RHR T3 participants had a significantly increased risk of stroke compared to RHR T1-T2 combined (OR= 2.35, 95% CI1.043-5.323). Individuals of RHR T3 sub-cohort were more likely to be younger, leaner and displayed significantly higher level of both systolic & diastolic blood pressure compared to RHR T1 and T2 groups. Diabetes Mellitus and smoking increased the odds of stroke among both normotensives (OR (95% CI):5.6 (2.24- 14.09), 3.17 (1.71-6.08 respectively), and hypertensives (OR (95% CI): 4.40 (2.26-8.58), 2.03 (0.95-4.32) respectively). Female gender and older age also increases the odds of stroke among hypertensives (OR (95% CI): 1.85 (1.00- 3.45) and 2.00 (1.02- 4.17) respectively.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that HTN was an independent risk factor of stroke. The effect of elevated RHR on stroke was only prominent when joined to high blood pressure. Prevalence of tachycardia was higher among the young participants which make them more prone to stroke if the condition is associated with HTN. Our results highlight the importance of addressing elevated RHR to reduce the risk of stroke particularly among hypertensive patients.
Efficacy of Relaxation Therapy on the Breathing Pattern among Bronchial Asthma Patients
Authors: Dhanvijay Roshani P. , Pohekar Savita 
Published: September 2021

Background: Bronchial asthma (BA) is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation of the airway that triggers frequent cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness. Bronchial asthma may be caused by exposure to multiple irritants and pollutants which include: pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, smoke, respiratory allergens.Treatment for bronchial asthma patients along with the medication for relieving the symptoms of asthma. Various alternative therapies alleviating the rate of wheezing, aiming to minimize asthma triggers.
Aim: The study aim is to assess the effectiveness of selected relaxation technique on the breathing outcome among patients diagnosed with bronchial asthma.
Methodology: It is an interventional evaluatory approach; time-series design will be used to conduct the bronchial asthma patients. A Non-Probability purposive sampling technique will be used to select the samples. This research study included 40 patients of AVBRH Rural hospital Sawangi (M) Wardha. Patients must select according to requirements for inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pretest-posttest will be taken with the assessment of peak expiratory flow rate, breath-holding time, and frequency of using the inhaler. After that, statistical and inferential analysis will be done.
Expected Results: Outcome includes the selected relaxation technique on the bronchial asthma patients that are effective for relieving the symptoms and frequency of medication. Both relaxation method which is most effective for the bronchial asthma patients that are going to assess with the sample.
Conclusion: The conclusion will be drawn from the statistical analysis.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Papaya Seed Ethanol Extract on Rifampicin Isoniazid-induced Rats
Authors: Wahfar Yessi Sunari , Lister I. Nyoman Ehrich , Fachrial Edy 
Published: September 2021

Aims: Hepatotoxicity induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs, including rifampicin and isoniazid (AT- DILI, Anti Tuberculosis-Drug Induced Liver Injury), is an adverse reaction followed by significant morbidity. Several in vivo and in vitro research has confirmed that papaya seeds contain various non-essentials, minerals, and fiber. Carica papaya role in disease prevention through modulation of various processes, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, immunomodulatory activity, and antioxidant activity, suggests a role in neutralizing free radical generation and ultimately preventing pathogenesis. This study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract of papaya seeds on rifampicin and isoniazid- induced rats.
Study Design: This study is experimental study.
Methodology: The experimental animals in this study were divided into eight groups, including normal group, negative group 1, negative group 2, negative group 3, positive group, treatment group I (papaya seed ethanol extract dose of 100 mg/kgBW), treatment group II (papaya seed ethanol extract dose of 300 mg/kgBW), and treatment group III (papaya seed ethanol extract dose of 500 mg/kgBW), then the rats were dissected, and blood was taken for AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, and Bilirubin level measurements.
Results: The results showed that papaya seed ethanol extract could reduce ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and Bilirubin levels that were significantly different (P <0.05) than those in the negative control group.
Conclusion: Flavonoid contains in the extract ethanol carica papaya has vita role to prevent the liver toxicity caused by isoniazid and rifampicin.
Impact of Gastric Acids on Surface Roughness of Dental Materials: A Systematic Review
Authors: Radwan Waseem , Mansy Iman El , Alyahya Aljohara , Alawad Mada , Alsaileek Reem , Alyousef Sara 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Dental materials whenever used for restorations in the oral cavity can be subjected to dental erosion because of the gastric juices and can cause roughness and act as a nidus for the growth plaque. Aim of this study was to evaluate impact of artificial gastric acid on surface roughness of dental restorations, examining scientific studies published from 2010-2020.
Materials and Methods: This study follows and complies with principles of PRISMA guidelines for a systematic review research methodology. In March 2020, an initial search was carried out in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Saudi Digital Library database of indexed journals from 2010-2020 using the keywords: impact,” “effect,” “gastric acid,” “gastric juice,” “indirect restorations,” “dental materials,” “dental ceramics,” “crowns,”. Bibliographic materials from these articles were then utilized to find other sources.
Results: The MEDLINE (PubMed) search retrieved thirty articles, of which three were relevant to the study. Total articles found in Google scholar were 11,500 article, in which 11 were analyzed for further review and only seven matched the allocated inclusion and exclusion criteria. 512 articles were found in the Saudi Digital Library and only three of these articles followed the inclusion criteria of this study.
Conclusions: It has been proved by numerous studies that acidic exposure significantly affects the surface roughness of dental ceramics negatively. There is lack of evidence to support the claim that Zirconia is the dental ceramic of choice for patients with intrinsic acid regurgitation. Thus, it is recommended to conduct further studies in order to assess and confirm the best material that can withstand such acidic environment.
Efficacy of Different Tooth Lining Materials on Marginal Seal of Composite Restorations Extended upto Root Surface of the Tooth- Systematic Review
Authors: Alamassi Basil Y. , Ashehri Shouq M. , Morayah Reema A. , Alharthi Ghadah F. , Alshayea Meshari N. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Microleakage is a major concern in composite restorations, especially with margins located on dentin or cementum of the tooth. This study aimed to review the available literature investigating in vitro the efficacy of different tooth lining materials on the marginal seal of composite restorations extended below the Cemento-Enamel Junction (CEJ) of the tooth.
Materials and Methods: Different combinations of the review terms were used to electronically search PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Ebscohost databases for the last fifteen years. The records were initially screened for relevancy based on title and abstract. Articles that seemed to meet the criteria for inclusion were selected for full-text assessment. Studies deemed eligible were in vitro studies conducted on human teeth with cavities extending below the CEJ and restored using different tooth lining materials under the composite restorations.Every included study was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.
Results: The initial search identified 619 publications. After removing duplicated records, the remaining 421 records are screened at the level of titles and abstracts to meet our inclusion criteria. 62 records were designated for full-text methodological assessment, and 15 studies were found eligible for qualitative synthesis. The sealing ability of different tooth lining materials under composite restorations was investigated in the chosen studies, with varying outcomes. Microleakage in the tooth restorations was determined by examining the extent of dye penetration under a microscope.
Conclusion: Despite the reports of less dye penetration with specific tooth liners in some in-vitro studies, there is no consistent evidence supporting that such tooth liners could reduce microleakage in composite restorations of the tooth.
Propagation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Plumbago indica - A Review
Authors: Priyanjani H. A. S. A , Senarath R. M. U. S. , Senarath W. T. P. S. K , Munasinghe M. L. A. M. S. 
Published: September 2021

Aims: Plumbago indica is a medicinal plant widely grown in the tropics and temperate region to use in traditional systems of medicine. Different parts of this plant are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, cancer, leprosy, syphilis, rheumatism, paralysis, headache, leukoderma, enlarged glands, scabies, ophthalmia, dyspepsia, haemorrhage, piles, flatulence, loss of appetite etc. Various kinds of researches were carried out in different countries on propagation and pharmacology of this medicinal plant. Scientifically proven data were concentrated on this paper to facilitate reliable convenience data source and encourage further studies.
Methodology: Scientific data published on full papers, abstracts about morphology, growth, propagation, traditional medicinal uses and pharmacology of P. indica over 70 years (1949-2020) by researchers in different countries were collected and categorized under suitable topics.
Results: According to literature P. indica leaves, stems, roots contain phytochemical compound that are responsible for its medicinal properties. Tissue culture of this plant can be uses as effective propagation method to fulfill the increasing demand of raw materials (dried plant parts) for medicinal preparations as well as preserve the plant in their natural habitat.
Value: P. indica is used to treat vast range of diseases in traditional medicinal systems in different countries and currently pharmacological experiments are conducting to prove it scientifically. Plumbagin present in P. indica roots was already identified as a potential anti-cancer agent and subjected to more research interest. Therefore this review article helps new researchers to get wide knowledge about the plant and its pharmacology.
Mechanically Pulsating Liquid Metal Within Biologic Porous Ionogel for Energy Harvest
Authors: Che Xinpeng , Yu Hongwei , Wang Ting , Zhang Bailang , Zhai Zhuanzhuan , Chen Yijun , Pei Danfeng , Li Mingjie , Li Chaoxu 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSoft generators hold great promise both in powering flexible electronics and in signaling specific parameter variations. In particular, mechanical motions for electricity harvest have attracted great interests due to their ubiquity and relevance to human activities. Instead of the widely reported piezoelectric and triboelectric generators, in this study an efficient electric‐double‐layer (EDL) generator is designed by embedding liquid metal (LM) into biologic porous ionogels. When pulsating LM into or out of the ionogel pores, an alternating current would be produced from the variation of EDL area between LM and ionogels. The porous ionogels are produced unprecedentedly by partially fusing biologic nanofibrils and ionic liquid, whose porosities and adhesion to LM surfaces are tuned elaborately to ensure their reversible compressibility, freely moving of LM within the internal channels and hereby maximal variation of EDL area for optimal energy harvest, e.g., showing an alternating current with amplitude up to 25 µA cm−2 and energy power of 4 mW cm−2 higher than many piezoelectric and triboelectric generators. Besides electricity harvest from motions, this soft generator can also serve as a self‐powered and highly sensitive tactile sensor.