bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological risk assessment of trace elements accumulated in stormwater ponds within industrial areas
Authors: Waara Sylvia , Johansson Frida 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStormwater ponds can provide flood protection and efficiently treat stormwater using sedimentation. As the ponds also host aquatic biota and attract wildlife, there is a growing concern that the sediment bound pollutants negatively affect aquatic organisms and the surrounding ecosystem. In this study, we used three methods to assess the accumulation and the potential ecological risk of 13 different heavy metals and metalloids (e.g. trace elements) including both elements that are frequently monitored and some which are rarely monitored in sediment from 5 stormwater ponds located within catchments with predominately industrial activities. Ecological risk for organisms in the older ponds was observed for both commonly (e.g. Cd, Cu, Zn) and seldom (e.g. Ag, Sb) monitored trace elements. The 3 methods ranked the degree of contamination similarly. We show that methods usually used for sediment quality assessment in aquatic ecosystems can also be used for screening the potential risk of other trace elements in stormwater ponds and may consequently be useful in stormwater monitoring and management. Our study also highlights the importance of establishing background conditions when conducting ecological risk assessment of sediment in stormwater ponds.
Precaution as a Risk in Data Gaps and Sustainable Nanotechnology Decision Support Systems: a Case Study of Nano-Enabled Textiles Production
Authors: Furxhi Irini , Murphy Finbarr , Poland Craig A. , Cunneen Martin , Mullins Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn light of the potential long-term societal and economic benefits of novel nano-enabled products, there is an evident need for research and development to focus on closing the gap in nano-materials (NMs) safety. Concurrent reflection on the impact of decision-making tools, which may lack the capability to assist sophisticated judgements around the risks and benefits of the introduction of novel products (or pilot production lines), is essential. This paper addresses the potential for extant decision support tools to default to a precautionary principle position in the face of uncertainty. A more utilitarian-based approach could be facilitated by adding simple methods to formulate realistic hypotheses, which would assist non-specialists to make more nuanced decisions in terms of managing the risks of introducing new NMs. A decision support analytical framework is applied to identify the potential risks and benefits of novel nano-enabled products such as textiles with in-built enhanced antimicrobial activity for the prevention of nosocomial infections produced by spray or sonochemical coating possesses. While the results demonstrate valuable societal and environmental benefits compared to conventional products, due to uncertainty regarding the possible hazard to humans, sizable risks were identified in some cases due to the precautionary principle.
Axiomatization of the degree of Fitzpatrick, Pejsachowicz and Rabier
Authors: López-Gómez Julián , Sampedro Juan Carlos 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we prove an analogue of the uniqueness theorems of Führer [15] and Amann and Weiss [1] to cover the degree of Fredholm operators of index zero constructed by Fitzpatrick, Pejsachowicz and Rabier [13], whose range of applicability is substantially wider than for the most classical degrees of Brouwer [5] and Leray–Schauder [22]. A crucial step towards the axiomatization of this degree is provided by the generalized algebraic multiplicity of Esquinas and López-Gómez [8, 9, 25], $$\chi $$
χ
, and the axiomatization theorem of Mora-Corral [28, 32]. The latest result facilitates the axiomatization of the parity of Fitzpatrick and Pejsachowicz [12], $$\sigma (\cdot ,[a,b])$$

σ
(
·
,
[
a
,
b
]
)

, which provides the key step for establishing the uniqueness of the degree for Fredholm maps.
Stable Support for Democracy in East and Southeast Asia? Examining Citizens’ Trust in Democratic Institutions
Authors: Mauk Marlene 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecent democratic regressions and crises suggest democracy is at risk across East and Southeast Asia. One of the factors that can determine democratic stability are citizens’ attitudes. While previous research has concentrated on support for democracy-in-principle, this contribution argues that it is political trust, i.e. support for democracy-in-practice, which is crucial for democratic stability. For democracies to be stable, political trust should be high as well as rooted in long-term factors like liberal democratic value orientations or social trust to protect it from short-term fluctuations following economic crises or political scandals. This contribution therefore examines not only the current levels and development of political trust but also whether it is influenced more by long-term factors (liberal democratic value orientations, social trust) or short-term factors (economic performance evaluations, incumbent support). The empirical analysis shows political trust in five East and Southeast Asian democracies (Indonesia, Japan, Mongolia, South Korea, Taiwan) to be mostly mediocre and primarily dependent on economic performance evaluations and incumbent support. Among the five democracies, citizens in Japan appear most resilient to democratic regressions; on the other hand, Taiwanese democracy seems least equipped to master future crises.
Is there a decline of democracy in the EU between 2004 and 2016? The relevance of data selection: a replication study of Smolka (2021) and comparison of democracy measures
Authors: Lemm Lukas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIs there a Decline of Democracy? Democracy measurement provides the basis for answering this question. However, there are different measurement tools based on different meanings of democracy that have been shown to vary in their concept validity. Therefore, it is relevant to examine whether the results of the different measurement tools converge or diverge with respect to a potential decline of democracy. Smolka (2021) finds a decline of democracy for new and old EU states based on standardized data from the Democracy Barometer. A re-analysis using the original data of the Democracy Barometer and the Democracy Matrix can hardly replicate these results. A comparison of further measurements shows that the instruments diverge rather than converge. I therefore conclude with some thoughts on overcoming the selection problem that arises in light of these contrasts.
The state-regime-nexus: law and legal order
Authors: Stawski Theresa Paola 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to illuminate the interdependent relation and connectivity between state and regime known as the state-regime-nexus. To conceptualize the reciprocal institutional relation between state and regime and to deepen the understanding of the state-regime-nexus, I focus on law and legal order as one mutual linkage between state and regime in both democratic and autocratic regimes. To do so, this conceptual paper addresses two points that are part of the same topic: the relation between state, regime and law and different variants of legal order in democratic and autocratic regimes. This creates a theoretical basis to gain more conceptual and analytical clarity in the complex realm of the state-regime-nexus.
Industrial park land capability assessment and post-evaluation in Markazi province
Authors: Aghmashhadi Amir Hedayati , Azizi Ali , Hoseinkhani Maryam , Zahedi Samaneh , Cirella Giuseppe T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMarkazi province in Central Iran is a highly attractive area for the development of industrial centers; however, over the last few decades, unregulated development has led to environmental and socioeconomic issues. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the existing industrial parks and identify potential areas for appropriate development. An industrial land capability assessment utilized 14 main criteria and 10 constraint parameters of socioeconomic, infrastructural, biological, and physical aspects using a geographic information system-based analytical network process model. Results show that Markazi province has 14.27% of highly suitable and 11.32% of extremely suitable area for industrial development; contrariwise, 60.14% of the province has no potential or is classified as an exclusion zone. Moreover, 44.4% (i.e., 8 parks) of the province’s industrial parks are located in unsuitable zones. According to the land capability of Markazi province, the need to organize existing industrial parks and integrate industrial units alongside existing centers and potential areas should be considered in the industrial development policies of the province. The results of the sensitivity analysis also support the research findings.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in a refugee context in East Africa: Kitchen gardening helps with mineral provision
Authors: Woldetsadik Desta , Llorent-Martínez Eulogio J. , Gebrezgabher Solomie , Njenga Mary , Mendum Ruth , Castillo-López Roxana , Fernández-de Córdova Maria L. , Hailu Hillette , Evans Colby T. , Madani Nelly , Mafika Tamlyn P. , Fleming David E. B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractKitchen gardening is considered a way to reconnect with agriculture and complement the cereal-based relief food offered to refugees in East Africa. This work aimed at profiling mineral content of okra in four refugee camps and settlements located in Ethiopia and Uganda and its contribution to adequate intake (AIs) or recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for young children and pregnant and lactating women (PLW). The study also evaluated the applicability of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) as compared with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for mineral profiling of okra powder samples. The contents of minerals (mg kg−1) from the ICP-MS readings were in the following ranges: K (14,385–33,294), Ca (2610–14,090), P (3178–13,248), Mg (3896–7986), Cu (3.81–19.3), Fe (75.7–1243), Zn (33–141) and Mn (23.1–261). Regardless of geographic origin, at low-end consumption probability (17 g day−1 for young children and 68 g day−1 for PLW), okra could contribute ˂ 15% (2.7–12.9%) AI for macro-minerals (K and Ca). In addition, the contributions to RDA values for Fe and Zn, elements of known public health interest, ranged from 4.5 to 34.7% for young children. Interestingly, regression lines revealed strong agreement between ICP-MS and PXRF readings for Mn and Zn, with R2 values > 0.91. This information is useful in support of nutrition-sensitive kitchen gardening programs through scaling culturally important crops in refugee settings.
A Manufacturing SCOS Model (MSCOS) Based on the Similarity of Parameter Sequences Between Tasks and Service Composition
Authors: Gao Jie , Guo Hong , Yan Xianguo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractService composition and optimal selection (SCOS) is a core issue in cloud manufacturing (CMfg) when integrating distributed manufacturing services for complex manufacturing tasks. Generally, a set of recommended task parameter sequences (Tps) will be given when publishing manufacturing tasks. The similarity between the service composition parameter sequence (SCps) and Tps also reflects the rationality of the service composition. However, various evaluation models based on QoS have been proposed, ignoring the rationality between the Tps and SCps. Considering the similarity of the Tps and SCps in an evaluation model, we propose a manufacturing SCOS framework called MSCOS. The framework includes two parts: an evaluation model and an algorithm for both optimization and selection. In the evaluation model, based on the numerical proximity and geometric similarity between the Tps and SCps, improving the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) with the grey correlation degree (GC), we propose the GC&TOPSIS (GTOPSIS). In the optimization and selection algorithm, an improved flower pollination algorithm (IFPA) is proposed to achieve optimization and selection based on polyline characteristics between the fitness values in the population. Experiments show that the MSCOS evaluation effect and optimal selection offer better performance than commonly used algorithms.
Efficient thrust enhancement by modified pitching motion
Authors: Muhammad Zaka , Alam Md. Mahbub , Noack Bernd R. 
Published: December 2021

Thrust and/or efficiency of a pitching foil (mimicking a tail of swimming fish) can be enhanced by tweaking the pitching waveform. The literature, however, show that non-sinusoidal pitching waveforms can enhance either thrust or efficiency but not both simultaneously. With the knowledge and inspiration from nature, we devised and implemented a novel asymmetrical sinusoidal pitching motion that is a combination of two sinusoidal motions having periods T1 and T2 for the forward and retract strokes, respectively. The motion is represented by period ratio

$\mathrm{\mathbb{T}} = {T_1}/T$

, where T = (T1 + T2)/2, with

$\mathrm{\mathbb{T}} > 1.00$

giving the forward strokes (from equilibrium to extreme position) slower than the retract strokes (from extreme to equilibrium position) and vice versa. The novel pitching motion enhances both thrust and efficiency for

$\mathrm{\mathbb{T}} > 1.00$

. The enhancement results from the resonance between the shear-layer roll up and the increased speed of the foil. Four swimming regimes, namely normal swimming, undesirable, floating and ideal are discussed, based on instantaneous thrust and power. The results from the novel pitching motion display similarities with those from fish locomotion (e.g. fast start, steady swimming and braking). The

$\mathrm{\mathbb{T}} > 1.00$

motion in the faster stroke has the same characteristics and results as the fast start of prey to escape from a predator while

$\mathrm{\mathbb{T}} < 1.00$

imitates braking locomotion. While

$\mathrm{\mathbb{T}} < 1.00$

enhances the wake deflection at high amplitude-based Strouhal numbers (StA = fA/U∞, where f and A are the frequency and peak-to-peak amplitude of the pitching, respectively, and U∞ is the freestream velocity),

$\mathrm{\mathbb{T}} > 1.00$

improves the wake symmetry, suppressing the wake deflection. The wake characteristics including wake width, jet velocity and vortex structures are presented and connected with

$S{t_d}( = fd/{U_\infty })$

,

${A^{\ast}}( = A/d)$

and

$\mathrm{\mathbb{T}}$

, where d is the maximum thickness of the foil.
The Drug Trade and State Violence in Internal Conflicts: Evidence from Peru
Authors: Durán-Martínez Angélica , Soifer Hillel David 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTMost literature on drugs and conflict focuses on how the drug trade affects insurgent behavior, paying little attention to its effect on state behavior in conflict settings. This article begins to address this gap by analyzing the impact of drugs on state violence during the internal conflict in Peru (1980–2000), which, in the 1980s, was the world’s major producer of coca for the international drug trade. Drawing on literature on criminal violence and on drug policy, this study theorizes militarization as the main channel by which drug production affects how state forces treat the civilian population during internal conflicts, though it also explores a second channel associated with corruption. The analysis finds that, all else equal, drug-producing localities saw increased state violence in ways consistent with the militarization channel.
Infestation of the gall midgeDasineura oleaeprovides first evidence of induced plant volatiles in olive leaves
Authors: Caselli Alice , Favaro Riccardo , Petacchi Ruggero , Angeli Sergio 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this study, we present the first characterization of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) released from infested olive leaves. The gall midgeDasineura oleaeis a specific pest ofOlea europaeaand endemic of the Mediterranean Basin, an area in which severe outbreaks currently occurred. Little is known about the damage caused by the pest and the relationship with its host. Since gall formation and larval feeding activity may lead to the release of specific plant volatile compounds, we investigated the volatile profiles emitted from infested plants compared with healthy plants under both laboratory and field conditions. Additionally, the volatiles emitted from mechanically damaged plants were considered. A blend of 12 volatiles was emitted from olive trees infested byD. oleae. Of these, β-copaene, β-ocimene, cosmene, unknown 1 and unknown 3 were found to be exclusively emitted in infested plants. The emission of germacrene-D, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and (Z,E)-α-farnesene, α-copaene, (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, (E)-β-guaiene and heptadecane significantly increased in infested trees. Linalool, β-copaen-4-α-ol, β-bourbonene, β-cubebene, β-elemene, β-copaene and δ-amorphene were found only in the field trial and showed differences depending on the level of infestation and the plant stage. (Z)-3-Hexenol, (E)-4-oxohen-2-enal, and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethanol, were exclusively emitted from the leaves after mechanical damage. In a field trial in Italy, we also demonstrated spring synchronization between adults ofD. oleaeandO. europaeatrees. Analyses of morphoanatomical malformations of gall leaves showed that tissue alterations occur at the spongy parenchyma causing an increase of the leaf blade thickness. We speculate that tissue alterations may lead to HIPV release, in turn potentially attractingD. oleaenatural enemies.
The Long Twilight of Gold: How a Pivotal Practice Persisted in the Assemblage of Money
Authors: Jabko Nicolas , Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhy has gold persisted as a significant reserve asset despite momentous changes in international monetary relations since the collapse of the classical gold standard? IPE theories have little to say about this question. Conventional accounts of international monetary relations depict a succession of discrete monetary regimes characterized by specific power structures or dominant ideas. To explain the continuous importance of gold, we draw on insights from social psychology and new materialist theories. We argue that international monetary relations should be understood as a complex assemblage of material artifacts, institutions, ideas, and practices. For much of its history, this assemblage revolved around the pivotal practice of referencing money to gold. The centrality of gold as experienced by policymakers had important effects. Using archival and other evidence, we document these effects from the 1944 Bretton Woods conference through the transition to floating exchange rates in the mid-1970s; most IPE scholars underestimate the role of gold during this period. Power relations and economic ideas were obviously important, but they contributed little to a fundamental development: the long process of reluctantly coming to terms with the limitations of specie-backed currency, and the progressive and still ongoing decentering of gold in international monetary relations.
The variability of maize kernel drying: sowing date, harvest scenario and year
Authors: Huang Z. F. , Hou L. Y. , Xue J. , Wang K. R. , Xie R. Z. , Hou P. , Ming B. , Li S. K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe extent of the reduction of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel moisture content through drying is closely related to field temperature (or accumulated temperature; AT) following maturation. In 2017 and 2018, we selected eight maize hybrids that are widely planted in Northeastern China to construct kernel drying prediction models for each hybrid based on kernel drying dynamics. In the traditional harvest scenario using the optimal sowing date (OSD), maize kernels underwent drying from 4th September to 5th October, with variation coefficients of 1.0–1.9. However, with a latest sowing date (LSD), drying occurred from 14th September to 31st October, with variation coefficients of 1.3–3.0. In the changed harvest scenario, the drying time of maize sown on the OSD condition was from 12th September to 9th November with variation coefficients of 1.3–3.0, while maize sown on the LSD had drying dates of 26th September to 28th October with variation coefficients of 1.5–3.6. In the future harvest scenario, the Fengken 139 (FK139) and Jingnongke 728 (JNK728) hybrids finished drying on 20th October and 8th November, respectively, when sown on the OSD and had variation coefficients of 2.7–2.8. Therefore, the maize kernel drying time was gradually delayed and was associated with an increased demand for AT ⩾ 0°C late in the growing season. Furthermore, we observed variation among different growing seasons likely due to differences in weather patterns, and that sowing dates impact variations in drying times to a greater extent than harvest scenarios.
Hybrid in Form, Socialist in Content: The Formal Politics ofChŏlgain the North Korean Revolutionary OperaSea of Blood
Authors: JOHNSON STEPHEN 
Published: December 2021

AbstractKim Jong Il considered the 1971 premiere of the operaSea of Blooda watershed moment in opera history. He lauded its innovative use ofchŏlga(‘stanzaic song’) rather than aria and recitative. By Western analytical standards, however,chŏlgais simple and predictable, so scholars have thus far glossed over its conventions and their signification. This article instead argues thatchŏlgaconventions exhibit cultural hybridity and that Kim leveraged such hybridity to advocate a modern, popular, and national sound for North Korea. I begin by outlining hybrid characteristics of colonial-era popular music thatchŏlgainherited. I then explore Kim's engagement with such trends in his speeches onchŏlgaand demonstrate that cultural hybridity was central to his understanding of sonic modernity. Finally, I analyse a scene fromSea of Bloodthat pitschŏlgaagainst other music genres, leading to a symbolic victory for the form and for the Korean nation.
In the Footsteps of My Countrymen: Atmospheric Chemistry in New England, Los Angeles, and the Southeast United States
Authors: de Gouw Joost 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe formation of organic aerosol in the atmosphere degrades air quality and impacts climate change, but has been poorly understood for many years. This article gives a personal history of field studies that have advanced my scientific understanding. Measurements in New England in 2002, Los Angeles in 2010, and the Southeast U.S. in 2013 showed how organic aerosol is formed in these regions, which are distinctly different in their mixtures of natural and anthropogenic emissions. In taking this research path, I followed in the footsteps of two countrymen, Arie Haagen‐Smit and Frits Went, who did foundational work on air pollution in Los Angeles and haze formation from natural emissions.