bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early second‐trimester three‐dimensional transvaginal neurosonography of fetal midbrain and hindbrain: normative data and technical aspects
Authors: Birnbaum R. , Barzilay R. , Brusilov M. , Acharya P. , Malinger G. , Krajden Haratz K. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo provide a detailed description of the sonographic appearance and development of various fetal structures of the midbrain and hindbrain (MBHB) during the early second trimester, and to evaluate the impact of the frequency of the transvaginal sonography (TVS) transducer on the early recognition of these structures.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of three‐dimensional volumetric datasets of the MBHB from apparently normal fetuses at 14–19 gestational weeks, acquired by TVS in the midsagittal view through the posterior fontanelle. Using a multiplanar approach, we measured the tectal thickness and length, aqueductal thickness, tegmental thickness and width and height of the Blake's pouch (BP) neck. In addition, we assessed the existence of early vermian fissures, the linear shape of the brainstem and the components of the fastigium. The correlation between gestational age according to last menstrual period and sonographic measurements of MBHB structures was evaluated using Pearson's correlation (r). A subanalysis was performed to assess the performance of a 5–9‐MHz vs a 6–12‐MHz TVS transducer in visualizing the MBHB structures in the early second trimester.ResultsSixty brain volumes were included in the study, obtained at a mean gestational age of 16.2 weeks (range, 14.1–19.0 weeks), with a transverse cerebellar diameter range of 13.0–19.8 mm. We found a strong correlation between gestational age and all MBHB measurements, with the exception of the tectal, tegmental and aqueductal thicknesses, for which the correlation was moderate. There was good‐to‐excellent intraobserver and moderate‐to‐good interobserver correlation for most MBHB measurements. We observed that the BP neck was patent in all fetuses between 14 and 18 weeks with decreasing diameter, and that the aqueductal thickness was significantly smaller at ≥ 18 weeks compared with at < 16 weeks. The early vermian fissures and the linear shape of the brainstem were present in all fetuses from 14 weeks. We found that, in the early second trimester, the horizontal arm of the presumed ‘fastigium’ evolves from the fourth ventricular choroid plexus and not the posterior vermis, indicating that this is not the fastigium. Standard‐ and high‐resolution TVS transducers performed similarly in the assessment of MBHB anatomy.ConclusionDetailed early second‐trimester assessment of the MBHB is feasible by transvaginal neurosonography and provides reference data which may help in the early detection of brain pathology involving the MBHB. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review
Authors: Correll Christoph U. , Cortese Samuele , Croatto Giovanni , Monaco Francesco , Krinitski Damir , Arrondo Gonzalo , Ostinelli Edoardo G. , Zangani Caroline , Fornaro Michele , Estradé Andrés , Fusar‐Poli Paolo , Carvalho Andre F. , Solmi Marco 
Published: May 2021

Top‐tier evidence on the safety/tolerability of 80 medications in children/adolescents with mental disorders has recently been reviewed in this jour­nal. To guide clinical practice, such data must be combined with evidence on efficacy and acceptability. Besides medications, psychosocial inter­ventions and brain stimulation techniques are treatment options for children/adolescents with mental disorders. For this umbrella review, we systematically searched network meta‐analyses (NMAs) and meta‐analyses (MAs) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating 48 medications, 20 psychosocial interventions, and four brain stimulation techniques in children/adolescents with 52 different mental disorders or groups of mental disorders, reporting on 20 different efficacy/acceptability outcomes. Co‐primary outcomes were disease‐specific symptom reduction and all‐cause discontinuation (“acceptability”). We included 14 NMAs and 90 MAs, reporting on 15 mental disorders or groups of mental disorders. Overall, 21 medications outperformed placebo regarding the co‐primary outcomes, and three psychosocial interventions did so (while seven outperformed waiting list/no treatment). Based on the meta‐analytic evidence, the most convincing efficacy profile emerged for amphetamines, methylphenidate and, to a smaller extent, behavioral therapy in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder; aripiprazole, risperidone and several psychosocial interventions in autism; risperidone and behavioral interventions in disruptive behavior disorders; several antipsychotics in schizophrenia spectrum disorders; fluoxetine, the combination of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and interpersonal therapy in depression; aripiprazole in mania; fluoxetine and group CBT in anxiety disorders; fluoxetine/selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, CBT, and behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention in obsessive‐compulsive disorder; CBT in post‐traumatic stress disorder; imipramine and alarm behavioral intervention in enuresis; behavioral therapy in encopresis; and family therapy in anorexia nervosa. Results from this umbrella review of interventions for mental disorders in children/adolescents provide evidence‐based information for clinical decision making.
A Visual Approach
Authors: Massari Alice 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the analysis of humanitarian discourse(s), I use ‘discourse’ in a Foucauldian sense as a system of representation of knowledge and meanings situated in a particular time and space (Foucault 1971, 1972, 1980). According to the philosopher, the concept of discourse is strictly interrelated with the production of truth and relations of power: “What I mean is this: in a society such as ours, but basically in any society, there are manifold relations of power which permeate, characterise and constitute the social body, and these relations of power cannot themselves be established, consolidated nor implemented without the production, accumulation, circulation and functioning of a discourse. There can be no possible exercise of power without a certain economy of discourses of truth which operates through and on the basis of this association. We are subjected to the production of truth through power and we cannot exercise power except through the production of truth (Foucault 1980, 93).
Asymptotics and Estimates for Spectral Minimal Partitions of Metric Graphs
Authors: Hofmann Matthias , Kennedy James B. , Mugnolo Delio , Plümer Marvin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study properties of spectral minimal partitions of metric graphs within the framework recently introduced in Kennedy et al. (Calc Var 60:6, 2021). We provide sharp lower and upper estimates for minimal partition energies in different classes of partitions; while the lower bounds are reminiscent of the classic isoperimetric inequalities for metric graphs, the upper bounds are more involved and mirror the combinatorial structure of the metric graph as well. Combining them, we deduce that these spectral minimal energies also satisfy a Weyl-type asymptotic law similar to the well-known one for eigenvalues of quantum graph Laplacians with various vertex conditions. Drawing on two examples we show that in general no second term in the asymptotic expansion for minimal partition energies can exist, but show that various kinds of behaviour are possible. We also study certain aspects of the asymptotic behaviour of the minimal partitions themselves.
Casper Versus Precise Stent for the Treatment of Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Belachew Nebiyat F. , Baschung Severin , Almiri William , Encinas Ruben , Kaesmacher Johannes , Dobrocky Tomas , Schankin Christoph J. , Abegg Mathias , Piechowiak Eike I. , Raabe Andreas , Gralla Jan , Mordasini Pasquale 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We hypothesized that due to its specific characteristics, the CasperTM RX carotid stent (CP) might be particularly suitable for venous sinus stenting (VSS) in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). To test this theory, we compared it to the commonly used Precise Pro RXTM stent (PP).

Methods
A total of 15 patients with IIH (median age 28.7 years) were reviewed retrospectively. Technical aspects as well as peri- and postinterventional complication rates were examined in patients treated with CP (n = 10) and the PP (n = 5). Improvements in cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure (CSF OP), transstenotic pressure gradient (TSPG) and clinical symptoms were also assessed.

Results
Stent delivery was easier and more successful with the CP than the PP (difficult/failed stent delivery 0.0% versus 57.1%) and consequently achieved with less attempts (≥ 2: 0.0% versus 40.0%). No severe peri- or postinterventional complications or instances of in-stent thrombosis and/or stenosis were observed during follow-up. Improvement of CSF OP and TSPG immediately after VSS as well as at 6‑month follow-up was comparable between the CP and PP group. Both groups showed substantial and similar decreases in intensity and frequency of headache. Almost all patients with other IIH-related symptoms showed either improvement or complete resolution of those symptoms after VSS. All patients who were available for interview (n = 12/15) reported a substantial improvement in quality of life.

Conclusion
VSS using the CP seems to be safe and effective. The CP may reduce the risk of difficult or failed stent delivery in patients with challenging intracranial venous anatomy.
Session Resumption Protocols and Efficient Forward Security for TLS 1.3 0-RTT
Authors: Aviram Nimrod , Gellert Kai , Jager Tibor 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe TLS 1.3 0-RTT mode enables a client reconnecting to a server to send encrypted application-layer data in “0-RTT” (“zero round-trip time”), without the need for a prior interactive handshake. This fundamentally requires the server to reconstruct the previous session’s encryption secrets upon receipt of the client’s first message. The standard techniques to achieve this are session caches or, alternatively, session tickets. The former provides forward security and resistance against replay attacks, but requires a large amount of server-side storage. The latter requires negligible storage, but provides no forward security and is known to be vulnerable to replay attacks. In this paper, we first formally define session resumption protocols as an abstract perspective on mechanisms like session caches and session tickets. We give a new generic construction that provably provides forward security and replay resilience, based on puncturable pseudorandom functions (PPRFs). We show that our construction can immediately be used in TLS 1.3 0-RTT and deployed unilaterally by servers, without requiring any changes to clients or the protocol. To this end, we present a generic composition of our new construction with TLS 1.3 and prove its security. This yields the first construction that achieves forward security for all messages, including the 0-RTT data. We then describe two new constructions of PPRFs, which are particularly suitable for use for forward-secure and replay-resilient session resumption in TLS 1.3. The first construction is based on the strong RSA assumption. Compared to standard session caches, for “128-bit security” it reduces the required server storage by a factor of almost 20, when instantiated in a way such that key derivation and puncturing together are cheaper on average than one full exponentiation in an RSA group. Hence, a 1 GB session cache can be replaced with only about 51 MBs of storage, which significantly reduces the amount of secure memory required. For larger security parameters or in exchange for more expensive computations, even larger storage reductions are achieved. The second construction combines a standard binary tree PPRF with a new “domain extension” technique. For a reasonable choice of parameters, this reduces the required storage by a factor of up to 5 compared to a standard session cache. It employs only symmetric cryptography, is suitable for high-traffic scenarios, and can serve thousands of tickets per second.
Revisions in the Norwegian National Accounts: accuracy, unbiasedness and efficiency in preliminary figures
Authors: Helliesen Magnus Kvåle , Hungnes Håvard , Skjerpen Terje 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the quality of preliminary figures in the Norwegian National Accounts. To address the problem of few observations in such analyses, we use some recently developed system tests for forecast evaluation. We find that preliminary figures for growth rates NA figures (measured in real terms) are accurate, unbiased and efficient. The exception is growth rates for real gross fixed capital formation, which under-predict the final figures. Early published vintages of growth rates for real gross fixed capital formation are often closer to the final vintages than later vintages are.
“Cursed is the ground because of you”:
Authors: Jordan Alexander , Guerzoni Marco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper analyses culture as a determinant of technology adoption in a developing country. While the literature discusses the influence of culture upon economic growth, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms at the micro level. Therefore, we postulate that culture plays a crucial role in hindering or fostering the diffusion of innovation, a key trigger of the engine of growth. This empirical study uses the Ethiopia Rural Household Survey to disentangle between individual cultural traits, namely, ethnicity and religion, and the cultural homogeneity of the environment as co-determinants of fertiliser adoption. To examine our hypotheses, we apply a multivariate survival model for clustered and correlated observations to account for time and location effects. The results reveal significant differences in the probability of adopting fertiliser among cultural groups. Moreover, habits and social norms, proxied by ethnicity, provide a better explanation for the role of culture, than religious beliefs, as usually posited in the literature. Also, the cultural environment turns out tobe a decisive trigger. The probability of adoption is higher in rural societies with a homogeneous ethnic environment but distinct religious variety.
Cancer drug resistance induced by EMT: novel therapeutic strategies
Authors: De Las Rivas Javier , Brozovic Anamaria , Izraely Sivan , Casas-Pais Alba , Witz Isaac P. , Figueroa Angélica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOver the last decade, important clinical benefits have been achieved in cancer patients by using drug-targeting strategies. Nevertheless, drug resistance is still a major problem in most cancer therapies. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) and tumour microenvironment have been described as limiting factors for effective treatment in many cancer types. Moreover, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has also been associated with therapy resistance in many different preclinical models, although limited evidence has been obtained from clinical studies and clinical samples. In this review, we particularly deepen into the mechanisms of which intermediate epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) states and its interconnection to microenvironment influence therapy resistance. We also describe how the use of bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics will help to figure out the biological impact of the EMT on drug resistance and to develop novel pharmacological approaches in the future.
A comparison of thyroidal protection by iodine and perchlorate against radioiodine exposure in Caucasians and Japanese
Authors: Rump A. , Eder S. , Hermann C. , Lamkowski A. , Kinoshita M. , Yamamoto T. , Abend M. , Shinomiya N. , Port M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRadioactive iodine released in nuclear accidents may accumulate in the thyroid and by irradiation enhances the risk of cancer. Radioiodine uptake into the gland can be inhibited by large doses of stable iodine or perchlorate. Nutritional iodine daily intake may impact thyroid physiology, so that radiological doses absorbed by the thyroid as well as thyroid blocking efficacy may differ in Japanese with a very rich iodine diet compared to Caucasians. Based on established biokinetic–dosimetric models for the thyroid, we derived the parameters for Caucasians and Japanese to quantitatively compare the effects of radioiodine exposure and the protective efficacy of thyroid blocking by stable iodine at the officially recommended dosages (100 mg in Germany, 76 mg in Japan) or perchlorate. The maximum transport capacity for iodine uptake into the thyroid is lower in Japanese compared to Caucasians. For the same radioiodine exposure pattern, the radiological equivalent thyroid dose is substantially lower in Japanese in the absence of thyroid blocking treatments. In the case of acute radioiodine exposure, stable iodine is less potent in Japanese (ED50 = 41.6 mg) than in Caucasians (ED50 = 2.7 mg) and confers less thyroid protection at the recommended dosages because of a delayed responsiveness to iodine saturation of the gland (Wolff–Chaikoff effect). Perchlorate (ED50 = 10 mg in Caucasians) at a dose of 1000 mg has roughly the same thyroid blocking effect as 100 mg iodine in Caucasians, whereas it confers a much better protection than 76 mg iodine in Japanese. For prolonged exposures, a single dose of iodine offer substantially lower protection than after acute radioiodine exposure in both groups. Repetitive daily iodine administrations improve efficacy without reaching levels after acute radioiodine exposure and achieve only slightly better protection in Japanese than in Caucasians. However, in the case of continuous radioiodine exposure, daily doses of 1000 mg perchlorate achieve a high protective efficacy in Caucasians as well as Japanese (> 0.98). In Caucasians, iodine (100 mg) and perchlorate (1000 mg) at the recommended dosages seem alternatives in case of acute radioiodine exposure, whereas perchlorate has a higher protective efficacy in the case of longer lasting radioiodine exposures. In Japanese, considering protective efficacy, preference should be given to perchlorate in acute as well as prolonged radioiodine exposure scenarios.
Subcellular spatio-temporal intravital kinetics of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in liver and kidney
Authors: Ghallab Ahmed , Hassan Reham , Myllys Maiju , Albrecht Wiebke , Friebel Adrian , Hoehme Stefan , Hofmann Ute , Seddek Abdel-latif , Braeuning Albert , Kuepfer Lars , Cramer Benedikt , Humpf Hans-Ulrich , Boor Peter , Degen Gisela H. , Hengstler Jan G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLocal accumulation of xenobiotics in human and animal tissues may cause adverse effects. Large differences in their concentrations may exist between individual cell types, often due to the expression of specific uptake and export carriers. Here we established a two-photon microscopy-based technique for spatio-temporal detection of the distribution of mycotoxins in intact kidneys and livers of anesthetized mice with subcellular resolution. The mycotoxins ochratoxin A (OTA, 10 mg/kg b.w.) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 1.5 mg/kg b.w.), which both show blue auto-fluorescence, were analyzed after intravenous bolus injections. Within seconds after administration, OTA was filtered by glomeruli, and enriched in distal tubular epithelial cells (dTEC). A striking feature of AFB1 toxicokinetics was its very rapid uptake from sinusoidal blood into hepatocytes (t1/2 ~ 4 min) and excretion into bile canaliculi. Interestingly, AFB1 was enriched in the nuclei of hepatocytes with zonal differences in clearance. In the cytoplasm of pericentral hepatocytes, the half-life (t1/2~ 63 min) was much longer compared to periportal hepatocytes of the same lobules (t1/2 ~ 9 min). In addition, nuclear AFB1 from periportal hepatocytes cleared faster compared to the pericentral region. These local differences in AFB1 clearance may be due to the pericentral expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes that activate AFB1 to protein- and DNA-binding metabolites. In conclusion, the present study shows that large spatio-temporal concentration differences exist within the same tissues and its analysis may provide valuable additional information to conventional toxicokinetic studies.
The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for Orthonormal Functions II: Application to Lieb–Thirring Inequalities
Authors: Frank Rupert L. , Gontier David , Lewin Mathieu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we disprove part of a conjecture of Lieb and Thirring concerning the best constant in their eponymous inequality. We prove that the best Lieb–Thirring constant when the eigenvalues of a Schrödinger operator $$-\Delta +V(x)$$

-
Δ
+
V
(
x
)

are raised to the power $$\kappa $$
κ
is never given by the one-bound state case when $$\kappa >\max (0,2-d/2)$$

κ
>
max
(
0
,
2
-
d
/
2
)

in space dimension $$d\ge 1$$

d
≥
1

. When in addition $$\kappa \ge 1$$

κ
≥
1

we prove that this best constant is never attained for a potential having finitely many eigenvalues. The method to obtain the first result is to carefully compute the exponentially small interaction between two Gagliardo–Nirenberg optimisers placed far away. For the second result, we study the dual version of the Lieb–Thirring inequality, in the same spirit as in Part I of this work Gontier et al. (The nonlinear Schrödinger equation for orthonormal functions I. Existence of ground states. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-021-01634-7). In a different but related direction, we also show that the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation admits no orthonormal ground state in 1D, for more than one function.
Analytic semigroups generated by Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators on manifolds
Authors: Binz Tim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe consider the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator associated to a strictly elliptic operator on the space $$\mathrm {C}(\partial M)$$

C
(
∂
M
)

of continuous functions on the boundary $$\partial M$$

∂
M

of a compact manifold $$\overline{M}$$

M
¯

with boundary. We prove that it generates an analytic semigroup of angle $$\frac{\pi }{2}$$

π
2

, generalizing and improving a result of Escher with a new proof. Combined with the abstract theory of operators with Wentzell boundary conditions developed by Engel and the author, this yields that the corresponding strictly elliptic operator with Wentzell boundary conditions generates a compact and analytic semigroups of angle $$\frac{\pi }{2}$$

π
2

on the space $$\mathrm {C}(\overline{M})$$

C
(

M
¯

)

.