bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Estimation of Children's Language Exposure in Two Bilingual Communities
Authors: Cychosz Margaret , Villanueva Anele , Weisleder Adriana 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
The language that children hear early in life is associated with their speech-language outcomes. This line of research relies on naturalistic observations of children's language input, often captured with daylong audio recordings. However, the large quantity of data that daylong recordings generate requires novel analytical tools to feasibly parse thousands of hours of naturalistic speech. This study outlines a new approach to efficiently process and sample from daylong audio recordings made in two bilingual communities, Spanish–English in the United States and Quechua–Spanish in Bolivia, to derive estimates of children's language exposure.

Method
We employed a general sampling with replacement technique to efficiently estimate two key elements of children's early language environments: (a) proportion of child-directed speech (CDS) and (b) dual language exposure. Proportions estimated from random sampling of 30-s segments were compared to those from annotations over the entire daylong recording (every other segment), as well as parental report of dual language exposure.

Results
Results showed that approximately 49 min from each recording or just 7% of the overall recording was required to reach a stable proportion of CDS and bilingual exposure. In both speech communities, strong correlations were found between bilingual language estimates made using random sampling and all-day annotation techniques. A strong association was additionally found for CDS estimates in the United States, but this was weaker at the Bolivian site, where CDS was less frequent. Dual language estimates from the audio recordings did not correspond well to estimates derived from parental report collected months apart.

Conclusions
Daylong recordings offer tremendous insight into children's daily language experiences, but they will not become widely used in developmental research until data processing and annotation time substantially decrease. We show that annotation based on random sampling is a promising approach to efficiently estimate ambient characteristics from daylong recordings that cannot currently be estimated via automated methods.
Second‐order adaptive integral terminal sliding mode approach to tracking control of robotic manipulators
Authors: Hao Shuang , Hu Lingyan , Liu Peter Xiaoping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA second‐order adaptive integral terminal sliding mode controller is proposed for the trajectory tracking control of robotic manipulators with uncertainties. A second‐order integral terminal sliding mode surface is designed for which an integral sliding mode (ISM) surface and a fast nonsingular integral terminal sliding mode surface are combined. By using the ISM surface, the reaching phase is removed, which enhances system robustness. The steady‐state error is reduced because of the presence of an error integral term. A fast second‐order nonsingular integral terminal sliding mode surface is employed to ensure that the ISM surface is able to converge to zero rapidly within a finite period of time without leading to a singularity problem. The control input of the proposed controller is continuous. Thus, the chattering phenomenon is removed. An adaptation technique is employed to estimate the upper bound of unknown lumped disturbance. The second‐order derivative of position is calculated using a robust differentiator, making it practical. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed scheme improves the tracking performance and eliminates chattering.
Communication constrained robust guidance strategy using quantized artificial time delay based control with input saturation
Authors: Banerjee Arunava , Amrr Syed Muhammad , Sarkar Rajasree , Saidi Abdelaziz Salah , Nabi M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis work proposes the use of a logarithmic quantizer to minimize the computational load on the onboard processor of missiles. The quantizer output discretizes the continuous guidance command to a finite set of predefined discrete levels. This in turn puts an end to the need for installing a powerful state of the art modern processor onboard a missile, while enabling designers to install a comparatively cost efficient and compact processor. To include robustness properties, the proposed guidance strategy adopts the artificial time‐delayed control (TDC) philosophy. The use of TDC methodology eliminates the conservative assumptions of a priori knowledge about uncertainty bounds as required by most state‐of‐the‐art robust control schemes. Thus, the proposed guidance law is able to achieve interception even in the presence of uncertainties while significantly reducing control updates due to the use of input quantizer. Input saturation is also considered for the proposed quantized time‐delay control (QTDC) based guidance strategy. The Uniformly Ultimately Bounded (UUB) convergence of the closed‐loop system states is demonstrated through the Lyapunov theory. Simulation studies involving various engagement scenarios and a comparative performance study of the QTDC guidance scheme with the conventional periodic time‐triggered TDC technique are provided to highlight the efficacy of the proposed approach. In this work, a quantized input time delay based control is used to significantly reduce the control updates while designing an efficient robust control strategy. A sense of time‐energy efficiency is introduced for the overall system and input saturation is also considered.
Experimental research on the influence of temperature on the discharge signal of void defects in GIS
Authors: Zhang Zhaoqi , Song Hui , Meng Xianglin , Sheng Gehao , Jiang Xiuchen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTemperature is an important environmental factor during the operation of gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS), affecting the evaluation results of the GIS equipment to increase the risk of the power system. However, the influence of temperature on the partial discharge detection signal of GIS is still unclear. Aimed at the common void defects in GIS, the law of change on the number of ultrahigh‐frequency (UHF) pulses, the UHF amplitude, the characteristic value of the UHF map, and the maximum apparent charge of a single pulse with temperature are obtained using the UHF method and IEC60270, and corresponding theoretical analysis is carried out. The results show that an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the void discharge delay time, causing an increase in UHF pulses and a decrease in the apparent charge of a single discharge pulse in the experiment. The increase of temperature makes the void discharge current rise quickly so that the induced UHF amplitude increases. In the range of 40–70°C, the maximum pulse amplitude increases by approximately 30% for every 10°C increase, and the average pulse amplitude increases by approximately 12%. The result of UHF signals affected by temperature obtained in this study has research significance for the realisation of a comprehensive evaluation of the insulation state of GIS equipment considering temperature.
Using C‐type filter with partial compensation method for capacity reduction of hybrid power quality conditioner in co‐phase traction power system
Authors: Habibolahzadeh Mohammad , Mahdinia Roudsari Hossein , Jalilian Alireza , Jamali Sadegh 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHybrid power quality conditioner (HPQC) has been utilised in a co‐phase electrified railway system with the aim of improving power quality indices. A C‐type filter is designed as an auxiliary device alongside the HPQC for high‐order harmonics mitigation in this paper. Alternatively, the C‐type filter compensates a selected portion of load reactive power, while the HPQC compensates for the left required power. Furthermore, the HPQC mitigates grid side unbalance and other harmonics in a co‐phase supplied system simultaneously. In addition, a design procedure of LCL filters is proposed to suppress high‐order harmonic contents induced by the HPQC converters to achieve lower grid‐side total harmonic distortion (THD). Moreover, a flexible partial compensation (PC) method considering the C‐type filter effect on the HPQC performance is adapted to maintain the grid‐side power quality indices in an acceptable range. The C‐type filter and PC method provide VA rating reduction of the HPQC without applying any complication to the compensation control system. Finally, simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the feasibility and functionality of the proposed configuration.
Radial structure and formation of the Milky Way disc
Authors: Katz D. , Gómez A. , Haywood M. , Snaith O. , Di Matteo P. 
Published: September 2021

Context. The formation of the Galactic disc is an enthusiastically debated issue. Numerous studies and models seek to identify the dominant physical process(es) that shaped its observed properties; for example, satellite accretion, starburst, quenching, gas infall, and stellar radial migration.
Aims. Taking advantage of the improved coverage of the inner Milky Way provided by the SDSS DR16 APOGEE catalogue and of the ages published in the APOGEE-AstroNN Value Added Catalogue (VAC), we examined the radial evolution of the chemical and age properties of the Galactic stellar disc with the aim of better constraining its formation.
Methods. Using a sample of 199 307 giant stars with precise APOGEE abundances and APOGEE-AstroNN ages, selected in a ±2 kpc layer around the galactic plane, we assessed the dependency as a function of guiding radius of (i) the median metallicity, (ii) the ridge lines of the [Fe/H] − [Mg/Fe] and age–[Mg/Fe] distributions, and (iii) the age distribution function (ADF).
Results. The giant star sample allows us to probe the radial behaviour of the Galactic disc from Rg = 0 to 14−16 kpc. The thick disc [Fe/H] − [Mg/Fe] ridge lines follow closely grouped parallel paths, supporting the idea that the thick disc did form from a well-mixed medium. However, the ridge lines present a small drift in [Mg/Fe], which decreases with increasing guiding radius. At sub-solar metallicity, the intermediate and outer thin disc [Fe/H] − [Mg/Fe] ridge lines follow parallel sequences shifted to lower metallicity as the guiding radius increases. We interpret this pattern as the signature of a dilution of the interstellar medium from Rg ∼ 6 kpc to the outskirts of the disc, which occurred before the onset of the thin disc formation. The APOGEE-AstroNN VAC provides stellar ages for statistically significant samples of thin disc stars from the Galactic centre up to Rg ∼ 14 kpc. An important result provided by this dataset is that the thin disc presents evidence of an inside-out formation up to Rg ∼ 10 − 12 kpc. Moreover, about ∼7 Gyr ago, the [Mg/Fe] ratio in the outer thin disc (Rg > 10 kpc) was higher by about ∼0.03−0.05 dex than in the more internal regions of the thin disc. This could be the fossil record of a pollution of the outer disc gas reservoir by the thick disc during its starburst phase.
Solar Orbiter/RPW antenna calibration in the radio domain and its application to type III burst observations
Authors: Vecchio A. , Maksimovic M. , Krupar V. , Bonnin X. , Zaslavsky A. , Astier P. L. , Dekkali M. , Cecconi B. , Bale S. D. , Chust T. , Guilhem E. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Kretzschmar M. , Lorfèvre E. , Plettemeier D. , Souček J. , Steller M. , Štverák Š. , Trávníček P. , Vaivads A. 
Published: September 2021

Context.In order to allow for a comparison with the measurements from other antenna systems, the voltage power spectral density measured by the Radio and Plasma waves receiver (RPW) on board Solar Orbiter needs to be converted into physical quantities that depend on the intrinsic properties of the radiation itself (e.g., the brightness of the source).Aims.The main goal of this study is to perform a calibration of the RPW dipole antenna system that allows for the conversion of the voltage power spectral density measured at the receiver’s input into the incoming flux density.Methods.We used space observations from the Thermal Noise Receiver (TNR) and the High Frequency Receiver (HFR) to perform the calibration of the RPW dipole antenna system. Observations of type III bursts by the Wind spacecraft are used to obtain a reference radio flux density for cross-calibrating the RPW dipole antennas. The analysis of a large sample of HFR observations (over about ten months), carried out jointly with an analysis of TNR-HFR data and prior to the antennas’ deployment, allowed us to estimate the reference system noise of the TNR-HFR receivers.Results.We obtained the effective length,leff, of the RPW dipoles and the reference system noise of TNR-HFR in space, where the antennas and pre-amplifiers are embedded in the solar wind plasma. The obtainedleffvalues are in agreement with the simulation and measurements performed on the ground. By investigating the radio flux intensities of 35 type III bursts simultaneously observed by Wind and Solar Orbiter, we found that while the scaling of the decay time as a function of the frequency is the same for the Waves and RPW instruments, their median values are higher for the former. This provides the first observational evidence that Type III radio waves still undergo density scattering, even when they propagate from the source, in a medium with a plasma frequency that is well below their own emission frequency.
Efficacy and safety of cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection for treatment of nonlifting colorectal polyps
Authors: Van der Voort Veronique R. H. , Moons Leon M. G. , de Graaf Wilmar , Schrauwen Ruud W. M. , Hazen Wouter L. , Seerden Tom C. J. , Vleggaar Frank P. , Didden Paul 
Published: September 2021

Background Suboptimal lifting increases complexity of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for benign colorectal polyps. Cap-assisted EMR (EMR-C) may allow fibrotic polyp tissue to be captured in the snare. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of EMR-C for benign nonlifting colorectal polyps.
Methods This was a multicenter study, which prospectively registered all EMR-C procedures (2016–2018) for presumed benign nonlifting colorectal polyps.
Results 70 nonlifting polyps with a median size of 25 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 15–40) were treated with EMR-C. Complete polyp removal was achieved in 68 (97.1 %), including 47 (67.1 %) with EMR-C alone. Overall, 66 polyps showed benign histology, and endoscopic follow-up after a median of 6 months (IQR 6–10) showed recurrence in 19.7 %. First (n = 10) and second (n = 2) benign recurrences were all treated endoscopically. Deep mural injury type III–V occurred in 7.4 % and was treated successfully with clips.
Conclusion EMR-C may be an alternative therapeutic option for removal of benign nonlifting polyp tissue. Although recurrence still occurs, repeat endoscopic therapy usually leads to complete polyp clearance.
A New Tool to Assess Quality of Life in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis or Non-specific Interstitial Pneumonia
Authors: Kirsten Detlef , de Vries Ulrike , Costabel Ulrich , Koschel Dirk , Bonella Francesco , Günther Andreas , Behr Jürgen , Claussen Martin , Schwarz Stefan , Prasse Antje , Kreuter Michael 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background Quality of life (QoL) is significantly impaired in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, however reliable tools to assess QoL issues specific for this group of patients are still missing. We thus aimed to develop a new questionnaire called “Quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis” (QPF) to measure QoL in patients with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP).
Methods An item pool was created on the basis of a German expert group with support of patients suffering from pulmonary fibrosis. In a 1st step, this version of the questionnaire was completed by 52 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Following this, an item- and an exploratory factor analysis was carried out and a 2nd version created. In a multicenter validation study in a one-group pre-post design, the questionnaire was filled in by 200 patients with IIP (IPF = 190, iNSIP = 10) at 2 time points with an interval of 6 months. Cross-validation was carried out with the St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).
Results The mean age of the patients was 71.0 years (50–90 years), 82.5 % were male. Item analysis revealed that most of Cronbach alpha and selectivity values of QPF-scales could be considered as sufficient (e. g. QPF-scale “condition” [alpha = 0.827], “impairment” [alpha = 0.882]). At scale level, there were significant differences in terms of a deterioration or improvement in the QPF-condition and QPF-breathlessness scales and also in the SGRQ-activity scale. Analysis of construct validation of QPF and SGRQ showed moderate correlations between both questionnaires. A deterioration in health status from the patient’s and doctorʼs perspective was seen in the scales “impairment”, “shortness of breath” and “health status” of the QPF. The QPF was able to detect a change in the patientʼs mood (“condition” scale) in the course of treatment.
Conclusion This newly developed questionnaire maps the special needs of the patients well. The QPF is suitable for screening of quality of life as well as for supplementing the medical history and for monitoring the course of disease in fibrotic IIPs.
Oxalylacetylenes as Dielectrophiles for Annulation of Quinoline Rings: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 1,3-Oxazinoquinolines
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Belyaeva Kseniya V. , Nikitina Lina P. , Gen’ Veronika S. , Afonin Andrei V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOxalylacetylenes act as dielectrophiles in the annulation of quinolines to give highly functionalized 1,3-oxazine cycles decorated with ethynyl, oxalyl, ester and aryl substituents. The annulation proceeds under mild conditions (room temperature, without catalyst) in 2:1 mode with respect to acetylene and quinoline to deliver 1,3-oxazinoquinolines in 45–88% yields. A beneficial feature of the reaction is that, in contrast to results on the reaction of quinolines with trifluoroacetylacetylenes in the presence of water, where H2O acted as a third electrophile, leading to the 1,3-oxazinoquinolines containing a hydroxyl group, this reaction well tolerates the aqueous medium. This reaction also tolerates isoquinoline and phenanthridine.
Prospective Comparative Observational Study of Safety and Efficacy of Topical Ozone Gas Therapy in Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers versus Only Conventional Wound Management
Authors: Dhamnaskar Suchin , Gobbur Nishant , Koranne Mandar , Vasa Dhaval 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) in India is 11.6%. DFU accounts for major cost expenditure, morbidity, and mortality.1 Ozone gas has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. We studied efficacy of topical ozone gas therapy in promoting healing of DFU. This is an observational comparative cohort study, n = 160, There were two groups of patients namely: those who received Conventional wound management alone C and those who received topical ozone therapy in addition to conventional wound management O + C therapy groups (81 each). Study group, i.e., O + C received five alternate day sessions of ozone therapy by bagging method for 30 minutes each session. Both groups were observed for 30 days for wound healing parameters like reduction of wound surface area, wound diameter, presence and character of discharge, granulation tissue, healing wound edges, microbial negativity, and requirement of revision (re-debridement and/or amputation) surgery. Mean baseline ulcer surface area is 17.43 ± 8.6 cm2 for C and 17.87 ± 9.2 cm2 (range 1–50 cm2) in O + C group. Percentage change in ulcer surface after 21 days in O + C group is 32.37% compared with 17.15% in C group, which is statistically significant (p = 0.01). Rates of microbial negativity and ulcer healing were significantly faster in ozone group. There was a statistically significant decrease in hospital stay, number of revision surgeries required, and mortality in ozone group. Topical ozone gas was well tolerated. Our study supports the efficacy of ozone therapy in DFU healing and reduction in the chances of infection and revision (re-debridement and/or amputation) surgery. More research is needed for dose, duration, and exposure time standardization.
Multiple Grafting with Single Left Internal Mammary Artery as T-Graft with Itself
Authors: Rustenbach Christian Jörg , Djordjevic Ilija , Gerfer Stephen , Ivanov Borko , Gaisendrees Christopher , Eghbalzadeh Kaveh , Wahlers Thorsten 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background Revascularization strategies might be limited in patients with lack of sufficient bypass graft material and increased risk of wound healing disturbances. In this regard, we present first results of patients treated with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) as T-graft with itself due to left-sided double-vessel disease, elevated risk of wound healing infection, and lack of graft material.
Methods Eighteen patients were retrospectively analyzed in this study. All patients received LIMA grafting, and additional T-graft with itself during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. The investigation was focused on intraoperative and postoperative outcomes.
Results LIMA-LIMA T-graft was performed in a total of 18 patients. Mean Fowler score accounted for 18.2 ± 2.9. Severe vein varicosis was present in 9 patients, and 38.9% of patients had lacking venous graft material due to prior vein stripping. A total of 2.5 ± 0.5 distal anastomoses were performed. Mean flow of LIMA—left anterior descending anastomosis was 41.72 ± 12.11 mL/min with a mean pulsatility index (PI) of 1.01 ± 0.21. Mean flow of subsequent T-graft accounted for 26.31 ± 4.22 mL/min with a mean PI of 1.59 ± 0.47. Median hospital stay was 7(6.75;8) days. No incidence of postoperative wound healing disorders was observed and all patients were discharged off hospital.
Conclusions LIMA as T-graft with itself to treat left-sided double-vessel disease is feasible and safe in patients with missing bypass graft material and increased risk of deep sternal wound infection. Further prospective studies are necessary to confirm our results.
Methodological Considerations in the Assessment of Effectiveness of Homeopathic Care: A Critical Review of the EPI3 Study
Authors: Moride Yola 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background  EPI3 is an observational study of a representative sample of general practitioners (GPs) and patients in France, demonstrating that patient characteristics differ according to the prescribing preferences of their GPs for homeopathy. For selected conditions (musculoskeletal disorders, sleep disorders, anxiety/depression, upper respiratory tract infections), progression of symptoms and adverse events over follow-up in the homeopathy preference group did not significantly differ from other practice preferences, but there was a two-fold to four-fold lower usage of conventional medicines. The EPI3 study's validity was challenged due to absence of head-to-head comparison of medicines to conclude on a causal association between homeopathy and outcomes.
Methods A critical review of the nine EPI3 publications was conducted, focusing on generalizability, selection bias, outcome measurements and confounding.
Results The conceptual framework of EPI3 rests on a systemic construct, i.e., the homeopathic treatment concept assessed using the type of GP prescribing preference, taking into account the clinical, human and social aspects. The enrollment process enhanced the generalizability of findings. Validated instruments for outcome measurements were used for three conditions, and control of confounding was rigorous.
Conclusion EPI3 was conducted according to best practices. Homeopathy prescribing preference met specific patient needs with less use of conventional medicines and without an apparent loss in therapeutic opportunity.