bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and ventilatory responses during cardiopulmonary exercise testing
Authors: Sunkonkit Kanokkarn , Chiang Jackie , Moraes Theo J. , To William , Schneiderman Jane E. , Cifra Barbara , Amin Reshma 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have shown evidence of hypoxemia and hypercapnia during cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) evaluation in children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). However, there are no longitudinal studies which compared CPET findings to polysomnogram (PSG) or PHOX2B mutation, to date.ObjectivesTo describe the longitudinal CPET findings in a cohort of children with CCHS and correlate the findings to the PSG results.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted in children with CCHS followed in the Long‐term Ventilation Program at SickKids, Toronto, Canada between September, 2013 and January, 2020. CCHS genetic mutation, age of diagnosis, ventilatory support, family history, disease associations of CCHS, CPETs, and PSG parameters were recorded and analyzed.ResultsA total of nine patients with CCHS (46 CPETs and 46 PSGs) were enrolled. Four (44.4%) children had polyalanine repeat mutations. The mean (SD) age at the time of diagnosis and duration of ventilatory usage were 3.2 ± 3.4 years and 11.5 ± 2.8 years, respectively. All abnormal CPETs had hypercapnia in at least 1 phase of the exercise test. Hypercapnia (12/46; 26.1%) at peak of exercise was the most common abnormality. None of the children experienced an oxygen desaturation below 90%. End‐tidal CO2 (PetCO2) at rest and at peak exercise in the CPETs were significantly correlated with PSG TcCO2 while PetCO2 at anaerobic threshold was correlated with CO2 in pre‐PSG capillary blood gas.ConclusionNocturnal hypoventilation may impact the CPET results in CCHS children. Serial CPETs should be considered standard clinical care for all CCHS children.
Transcutaneous monitoring of diaphragm activity as a measure of work of breathing in preterm infants
Authors: van Leuteren Ruud W. , de Waal Cornelia G. , Hutten Gerard J. , de Jongh Frans H. , van Kaam Anton H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveMonitoring work of breathing (WOB) is important to assess the pulmonary condition and adjust respiratory support in preterm infants. Conventional WOB measurement (esophageal pressure, tidal volume) is invasive and we hypothesized that monitoring diaphragm activity could be a noninvasive alternative to estimate WOB. The objective was to determine the correlation between conventional WOB measures and diaphragm activity, in preterm infants.MethodsWOB and diaphragm activity, measured with transcutaneous electromyography (dEMG), were simultaneously recorded at different nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) levels. During a 30‐s recording at each nCPAP level, dEMG parameters, inspiratory WOB (WOBi), and pressure time product (PTPin) were calculated per breath. The correlation coefficient between WOB‐ and dEMG‐measures was calculated using single breaths and after aggregating all breaths into deciles of incremental WOBi.ResultsFifteen preterm infants were included (median gestational age, 28 weeks). Single‐breath analysis showed a poor median correlation of 0.27 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.03 to 0.33) and 0.08 (IQR, −0.03 to 0.28), respectively, for WOBi and PTPin with peak diaphragmatic activity (dEMGpeak). A modest median correlation coefficient of 0.65 (IQR, 0.13 to 0.79) and 0.43 (IQR, −0.33 to 0.69) was found for, respectively, WOBi and PTPin with dEMGpeak in the aggregated analysis.ConclusionDiaphragm activity showed a modest correlation with WOBi and PTPin in an aggregated analysis. This finding warrants further studies in infants with more significant lung disease.
Upregulation of neuropeptides and obstructive airway disorder in infancy: A review with focus on post‐RSV wheezing and NEHI
Authors: Wang Bin , Cardenas Monica , Bedoya Mariana , Colin Andrew A. , Rossi Giovanni A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObstructive airway disorders, common in infancy and early childhood, include some entities that are recognized to have neuro immune mediators as their underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. The best characterized example amongst post‐viral wheezing phenotypes is the disorder that follows respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and leads to intermittent, long‐term wheezing. The underlying mechanisms of the airway reactivity related to RSV infection have been extensively studies and are associated with dysregulation of the nonadrenergic‐noncholinergic (NANC) system, via upregulation of neurotransmitters, typically Substance P. Neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), while a less common entity, is a disorder characterized by more severe and long‐term obstructive airway disease. NEHI is pathophysiologically characterized by abundance of neuroendocrine cells in the airways containing the neuroimmune mediator bombesin, the release of which is presumed to be the driver of the persistent small airway obstruction and functional air‐trapping. Here we review the NANC and neuroendocrine cells, the neurotransmitter systems and their studied roles in pulmonary diseases with a focus on their role in lung development, and subsequent various pediatric lung diseases. We focus on the juxtaposition of the separate neuroimmune mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of post‐RSV recurrent wheezing and NEHI's persistent small airway obstruction. We finally propose a unifying concept of neuropeptides in obstructive disorders that may encompass these two entities and possibly others.
Tropopause‐penetrating convection in the extratropics: A satellite‐based investigation for the year 2018
Authors: Shou Yi‐Xuan , Lu Feng , Wang Fu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTropopause‐penetrating convection (or “overshooting convection” [OC]) is defined as a meso‐to‐microscale stratosphere–troposphere exchange process caused by deep convection. OC plays an important role in stratosphere–troposphere exchange and in producing turbulence. Compared with the tropics, the characteristics of OC in the extratropics are poorly understood. To this end, a high‐resolution and objective satellite‐based OC identification and classification algorithm was developed. In the algorithm, a machine learning method was utilized to derive tropopause height directly from satellite observations to ensure a high level of consistency between tropopause and cloud top height variations. By studying the climatology of OCs, including geographic distribution, vertical extent, and seasonal and diurnal variation, as well as their linkage with turbulence in the extratropics in 2018 based on Fengyun‐4A geostationary meteorological satellite data, it was found that most OCs in the extratropics have relatively shallow vertical extents and are more likely to occur over complex topography within the cyclonic curvature side of subtropical jets near the exit region, with a total frequency lower than 0.2%. They showed significant seasonal and diurnal variation. OCs in the Northern Hemisphere occurred most frequently during spring and summer and peak in the afternoon, while those in the Southern Hemisphere were more likely to occur in winter and spring, and with the highest likelihood in the early morning. Typical synoptic conditions for the occurrence of OCs in the mid–high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the summer months included low‐level easterly flows, increased moisture symmetric instability, upper cold trough (or cold vortex), and a subtropical westerly jet. Under this large‐scale flow pattern, moderate‐to‐greater turbulence was often found to occur within or about 200 km away from the core convective area. The stronger the penetrating convection, the greater the probability of moderate‐to‐greater turbulence.
Recovery of Diadromous Fishes: A Kennebec River Case Study
Authors: Wippelhauser Gail 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe lack of safe, timely, and effective fish passage at dams remains a major impediment to the restoration of diadromous fish species to their historic range and abundance. Because fish passage facilities are often ineffective, dam removal has increasingly been used to restore diadromous species. However, few quantitative studies have assessed the response of fishes to dam removal. This paper documents the long‐term response of multiple fish species in the Kennebec River, Maine, to the removal of two hydropower dams and the installation of upstream fish passage facilities that restored access to historic habitat. Edwards Dam was removed in 1999, and Fort Halifax Dam was removed in 2008. Counts of river herring (Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and Blueback Herring A. aestivalis), American Shad A. sapidissima, and Striped Bass Morone saxatilis at upstream dams confirmed that these species quickly recolonized the 27‐km, free‐flowing segment of the Kennebec River that became accessible after Edwards Dam was removed. Average counts of river herring increased by 228% after the removal of Edwards Dam and by 1,425% after the removal of Fort Halifax Dam. However, access to a substantial amount of habitat in the Kennebec River is blocked by ineffective passage at the lowermost dam.
Resumption of Anadromy or Straying? Origins of Sockeye Salmon in the Elwha River
Authors: Quinn Thomas P. , Pess George R. , Sutherland Ben J. G. , Brenkman Samuel J. , Withler Ruth E. , Flynn Kelsey , Beacham Terry D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhen barriers to migration are removed, anadromous fishes from other rivers may colonize newly accessible habitat or landlocked forms of the species may resume anadromy if conditions allow. For example, two large hydroelectric dams on the Elwha River, Washington, were removed between 2011 and 2014 to restore populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. after a century of isolation. Immediately prior to and following dam removal (2010–2017), upstream‐migrating adult Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka were sampled, and DNA was extracted and compared with samples from the local Lake Sutherland population (above the lower dam’s former location) and a coastwide genetic baseline to determine the probable origin of each fish. Genetic analysis indicated that none of the 45 Sockeye Salmon sampled had originated from the local population or other populations nearby in the genetic baseline, and only a single fish originated from the abundant and proximate Fraser River populations. The strays reflected two different sources and processes: 22 were from the west coast of Vancouver Island (all in 2015, when these populations were very abundant and encountered conditions unfavorable for upstream migration in their natal system) and another 22 assigned to more northerly populations, mostly to riverine populations from the Stikine River. Test fishery samples collected in the Strait of Juan de Fuca contained very few fish with assignments similar to these northern rivers. It is not clear whether these individuals originated from the distant riverine populations or from a closer population not in the baseline that resembles them genetically. Taken together, the findings indicate that the genetic composition of any future population in the Elwha River may reflect signatures from diverse sources and subsequent selection in the new habitat.
Relationship between ophthalmic artery Doppler and maternal cardiovascular function
Authors: Gibbone E. , Sapantzoglou I. , Nuñez‐Cerrato M. E. , Wright A. , Nicolaides K. H. , Charakida M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveIn mid‐gestation, the finding of an increase in the ophthalmic artery second to first peak of systolic velocity ratio (PSV ratio) provides useful prediction of subsequent development of pre‐eclampsia (PE). The objective of this study of an unselected population at 19–23 weeks' gestation was to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence ophthalmic artery Doppler by examining the possible association between the PSV ratio and maternal cardiovascular function.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study in women attending for a routine hospital visit at 19 + 1 to 23 + 3 weeks' gestation. This visit included assessment of flow velocity waveforms from the maternal ophthalmic arteries and assessment of maternal cardiovascular function. The following nine cardiovascular indices were examined: E/A ratio; E/e′ ratio; myocardial performance index; global longitudinal systolic strain; left ventricular ejection fraction; peripheral vascular resistance; left ventricular cardiac output; left ventricular mass indexed for body surface area; and mean arterial pressure. The ophthalmic artery PSV ratio and the nine cardiovascular indices were converted to either log10 multiples of the median (MoM) values or deviations from the median (deltas) values after adjustment for maternal characteristics and elements of medical history. Regression analysis was then used to examine the significance of the association between PSV ratio delta and MoM or delta values of each cardiovascular index in the total population and in the subgroup that developed PE.ResultsThe study population of 2853 pregnancies contained 76 (2.7%) that developed PE. In the total population, there were significant but weak associations between the PSV ratio and most of the cardiovascular indices, with r‐values of < 0.1, except for mean arterial pressure with r = 0.178. In the subgroup that developed PE, a moderately strong association between the PSV ratio and left ventricular mass indexed for body surface area was noted (r = 0.308).ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that Doppler assessment of PSV ratio in the ophthalmic artery provides information about peripheral vascular status. The increase in PSV ratio in women who develop PE is associated with increased afterload and an increase in left ventricular thickness. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The age of bioinspired molybdenum‐involved nanozymes: Synthesis, catalytic mechanisms, and biomedical applications
Authors: Zu Yan , Yao Huiqin , Wang Yifan , Yan Liang , Gu Zhanjun , Chen Chunying , Gao Lizeng , Yin Wenyan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMolybdenum (Mo), as a nontoxic and low‐cost transition metal, has been employed for synthesis of various Mo‐based nanomaterials with unique structures and physicochemical features to achieve various properties. Especially, bioinspired Mo‐based nanomaterials show great potential for the construction of novel nanozyme catalysts due to their variable oxidation states. Overcoming drawbacks of natural enzymes, bioinspired Mo‐based nanozymes not only provide effective catalytic sites or multivalent elements to mimic natural enzymes, but also present multiple functions for interfacing with various biomicroenvironments. Construction of vast Mo‐based nanozymes has attracted enormous interest in biomedicine. Exogenous/endogenous stimuli enable the user to tailor the catalytic activities of Mo‐based nanozymes. Additionally, tunable physicochemical properties also have a significant influence on their enzyme‐like activity. In this review, we comprehensively summarize typical synthesis strategies, catalytic mechanism, and types of enzyme‐like activity of the bioinspired Mo‐based nanozymes. We mainly highlight desired merits of bioinspired Mo‐based nanozymes related to tunable enzyme‐like activity, stability, and multifunctionality through regulating their physicochemical properties. Furthermore, we intend to discuss their biomedical applications in biosensing and detection, oncotherapy, and combating bacteria. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives of the Mo‐based nanozymes are also proposed.
Toxicity prediction based on artificial intelligence: A multidisciplinary overview
Authors: Pérez Santín Efrén , Rodríguez Solana Raquel , González García Mariano , García Suárez María Del Mar , Blanco Díaz Gerardo David , Cima Cabal María Dolores , Moreno Rojas José Manuel , López Sánchez José Ignacio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe use and production of chemical compounds are subjected to strong legislative pressure. Chemical toxicity and adverse effects derived from exposure to chemicals are key regulatory aspects for a multitude of industries, such as chemical, pharmaceutical, or food, due to direct harm to humans, animals, plants, or the environment. Simultaneously, there are growing demands on the authorities to replace traditional in vivo toxicity tests carried out on laboratory animals (e.g., European Union REACH/3R principles, Tox21 and ToxCast by the U.S. government, etc.) with in silica computational models. This is not only for ethical aspects, but also because of its greater economic and time efficiency, as well as more recently because of their superior reliability and robustness than in vivo tests, mainly since the entry into the scene of artificial intelligence (AI)‐based models, promoting and setting the necessary requirements that these new in silico methodologies must meet. This review offers a multidisciplinary overview of the state of the art in the application of AI‐based methodologies for the fulfillment of regulatory‐related toxicological issues.This article is categorized under:
Data Science > Chemoinformatics
Data Science > Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning
Short‐term wind speed multistep combined forecasting model based on two‐stage decomposition and LSTM
Authors: Liao Xuechao , Liu Zhenxing , Deng Wanxiong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn order to better extract and study the characteristics of the wind speed in time‐domain and frequency‐domain, so as to solve the time‐domain randomness and frequency‐domain complexity problems of the wind speed signal, a combined short‐term prediction model (WD‐VMD‐DLSTM‐AT), which is based on two‐stage decomposition (WD + VMD), double long‐short‐term memory network (DLSTM) and attention mechanism (AT), is proposed; on this basis, a multi‐input multiple output (MIMO) codec model based on attention mechanism (MMED‐AT) is proposed for multiple short‐term wind speed step forecast. Through experimental comparison and analysis, the proposed combined forecasting model has the smallest statistical error and the best prediction accuracy; the MMED‐AT models based on the combined model can obviously eliminate the cumulative error of recursive multistep prediction and further improve the stability of multistep prediction.
Comparative assessment of pre‐ and inter‐stage hydrothermal treatment of municipal sludge for increased methane production
Authors: Zhang Chiqian , Liu Xiaoguang , Wang Qian , Tang Yuanzhi , Pavlostathis Spyros G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHydrothermal treatment (HT) is a promising technology to enhance anaerobic digestion (AD) of municipal sludge. However, the capacity of pre‐ and inter‐stage HT (i.e., HT‐AD and AD‐HT‐AD, respectively) to enhance the digestibility of municipal sludge has not been sufficiently explored. This study compared the efficacy of pre‐ and inter‐stage HT performed from 90 to 185°C to enhance methane production from a mixture of primary sludge and waste activated sludge using mesophilic (35°C) biochemical methane potential tests. In both configurations, sludge solubilization increased with HT temperature. HT‐AD, and to a greater extent AD‐HT‐AD, increased the release of ammonium nitrogen. Even though HT at 185°C dramatically increased sludge solubilization, the overall specific methane yield with HT at 185°C was lower than or comparable to that at lower HT temperatures in the HT‐AD and AD‐HT‐AD configurations, respectively. Up to 155°C HT, the overall specific methane yield with the HT‐AD configuration was higher by 4.9%–8.3% compared to the AD‐HT‐AD configuration. However, when the HT energy was considered, compared to the control (i.e., AD of sludge without HT), the net energy gain (ΔE) decreased as the HT temperature increased, becoming negative at an HT of 185°C. The AD‐HT‐AD configuration resulted in a higher overall volatile solids destruction (by 8.1 to 20.1%). In conclusion, for municipal sludge with a relatively high ultimate digestibility, as was the case in this study, HT‐AD is preferable as it has a smaller footprint and is easier to operate than the AD‐HT‐AD configuration. However, given the significantly higher volatile solids destruction in the AD‐HT‐AD configuration, compared to the HT‐AD configuration, AD‐HT‐AD may be more beneficial considering post‐AD sludge handling processes.Practitioner points

Hydrothermal treatment (HT) increased the rate and extent of methane production from municipal sludge mixture.
155°C was the optimal temperature for either pre‐ or inter‐stage HT to increase biogas production.
Pre‐ and inter‐stage HT resulted in comparable ultimate methane production.
Pre‐stage HT is preferable to inter‐stage HT (smaller footprint, easier to operate).
AD‐HT‐AD resulted in significantly higher volatile solids destruction compared to the HT‐AD configuration.
Introduction to neural network‐based question answering over knowledge graphs
Authors: Chakraborty Nilesh , Lukovnikov Denis , Maheshwari Gaurav , Trivedi Priyansh , Lehmann Jens , Fischer Asja 
Published: February 2021

AbstractQuestion answering has emerged as an intuitive way of querying structured data sources and has attracted significant advancements over the years. A large body of recent work on question answering over knowledge graphs (KGQA) employs neural network‐based systems. In this article, we provide an overview of these neural network‐based methods for KGQA. We introduce readers to the formalism and the challenges of the task, different paradigms and approaches, discuss notable advancements, and outline the emerging trends in the field. Through this article, we aim to provide newcomers to the field with a suitable entry point to semantic parsing for KGQA, and ease their process of making informed decisions while creating their own QA systems.This article is categorized under:
Technologies > Machine Learning
Technologies > Prediction
Technologies > Artificial Intelligence
Sommerfeld-corrected relic abundance of wino dark matter with NLO electroweak potentials
Authors: Beneke Martin , Szafron Robert , Urban Kai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExtending previous work, we calculate the electroweak potentials for all co-annihilation channels of wino dark matter at the one-loop order and obtain the wino relic abundance including the Sommerfeld effect at the next-to-leading order (NLO).