bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication and COVID-19 Physical Distancing Behavior Among Dutch Youth
Authors: Rozendaal Esther , Van Woudenberg Thabo , Crone Eveline , Green Kayla , Van de Groep Suzanne , De Leeuw Rebecca , Sweijen Sophie , Buijzen Moniek 
Published: June 2021

Background: Although most young people do not become seriously ill from the coronavirus causing the COVID-19 disease, they do play a role in its spread. It is therefore important that they adhere to the recommended preventive behaviors, most importantly, physical distancing. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the psychosocial determinants of young people’s physical distancing behavior and the role that direct (i.e., interpersonal) and mediated communication (i.e., mass media, social media) about COVID-19 plays in this.Methods: A daily diary study was conducted among 481 Dutch adolescents (secondary school students; age range 10–18 years) and 404 young adults (university students; age range 17–25 years), involving 10 identical daily surveys administered on weekdays during a 2-week period during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (May 2020). The hypotheses were tested with preregistered univariate and multivariate linear mixed-effects models.Results: The perceived descriptive norm (i.e., what friends are doing) was the most important determinant of physical distancing behavior among both adolescents and young adults. The perceived injunctive norm, perceived response efficacy, and perceived severity were also positively associated with physical distancing, albeit less strong. Among adolescents, exposure to information about COVID-19 in the mass media increased their perceptions of the descriptive norm, which in turn increased their physical distancing behavior.Conclusions: For those involved in studying and designing COVID-19-related behavioral interventions and campaigns targeting youth, it is important to consider the social norms that they relate to, and to take into account their perceived severity and response efficacy.
Multi-hazard analysis and mapping of coastal Tauranga in support of resilience planning
Authors: Raynor Steve , Boston Megan 
Published: June 2021

High growth is increasingly forcing development of hazard prone land in the coastal city of Tauranga. A multi-hazard mapping tool developed to guide strategic growth planning in this natural hazard rich environment gives direct comparison of total hazard levels across the city. By aggregating individual hazards into a summative multi-hazard rating for each part of the city, urban planners and engineers have a decision support tool to aid city planning over the next 100 years.
Tauranga growth requires 40,000 new homes over the next four decades in addition to the existing 57,000 homes. This 70% growth must squeeze within tight geographic constraints as Tauranga's 137,000 residents nestle around a harbour and are bound by open coast to the north and steep terrain to the south.
This research quantifies Tauranga’s natural hazards of sea level rise, storm surge, coastal erosion, tsunami, earthquake shaking, liquefaction, landslides volcanic ashfall and flooding. Each hazard is spatially represented through hazard maps. Individual hazards are combined into a multi-hazard model to represent the aggregated hazard exposure of each point of the city. The multi-hazard exposure is spatially mapped using GIS allowing an area with tsunami, liquefaction and storm surge as dominant hazards to be directly compared with an area of different hazards such as flooding and landslides. Mapping of these hazards provides strategic input for building city resilience through land use planning and mitigation design. A pilot study area of 25 km2 selected from the Tauranga City Council total area of 135 km2 demonstrates the accumulated mapping approach. The pilot area contains a thorough representation of geology, elevation, landform and hazards that occur throughout the city.
Our findings showed the highest aggregated hazard areas in Tauranga are along the coast. As is common with many beach resort towns this corresponds with the most popular living areas. The lower hazard areas suitable for urban growth are distributed mostly away from the open coast in the slightly elevated topography.
Salvadora Medina Onrubia y la Guerra Civil Española: la recepción de Un hombre y su vida en la Argentina de 1939
Authors: Serber Daniela Cecilia 
Published: June 2021

El 10 de marzo de 1939, se estrena en Buenos Aires Un hombre y su vida, de Salvadora Medina Onrubia (1894-1972), periodista y escritora argentina, militante anarquista y feminista. Tal como ella lo indica tras el título, la obra, escrita en 1936, nace “[b]ajo la advocación del momento encendido de España”, la Guerra Civil, pero, significativamente, se lleva a escena cuando el desenlace era inminente. En este trabajo, haremos un acercamiento a la recepción del estreno en la prensa argentina a través de las reseñas incluidas en periódicos de distintas ideologías.
Crítica de la Modernidad. Modernidad de la crítica. Una aproximación histórico-conceptual, editat per Faustino Oncina
Authors: Gallego Monzó Joan 
Published: June 2021

Ressenya de / Reseña de / Review of
ONCINA COVES, Faustino (ed.) 2019, Crítica de la Modernidad. Modernidad de la crítica. (Una aproximación histórico-conceptual). València: Pre-textos. ISBN: 978-84-17830-98-4, 181 pàgines.
Experiencias y aspiraciones educacionales de estudiantes de educación secundaria de distinta clase social en Valparaíso, Chile: similares aspiraciones, desiguales condiciones
Authors: Donoso-Bravo Javier 
Published: June 2021

La presente investigación indagó las experiencias y aspiraciones educacionales y ocupacionales de secundarios pertenecientes a distintas clases sociales en la ciudad Valparaíso, con el propósito de avanzar hacia una mayor comprensión de la desigualdad socioeducativa en Chile. Basándonos en una metodología cualitativa, se realizaron grupos focales con estudiantes de clase popular, media y alta de acuerdo a la dependencia administrativa del colegio al que asistían. Los hallazgos nos muestran que los secundarios de las tres clases sociales construyen aspiraciones educativas y ocupacionales similares, a pesar de haber vivido diferentes experiencias socioeducativas de acuerdo a su origen social. Finalmente, se discute el alcance del concepto de clase social para el estudio de la desigualdad socioeducativa.
Leopold Trénor Palavicino, a través de la Biografia d’un president de Lo Rat Penat, ja mort, amb descripció de les seues activitats relacionades amb aquest centre, d’Amèlia Comba Comba (1965)
Authors: Pastor Banyuls Víctor 
Published: June 2021

Resum: Aquest article analitza l’escriptor Leopold Trénor Palavicino a partir de la informació de la biografia escrita per Amèlia Comba en 1965. Les pàgines de l’autora aporten una perspectiva més ajustada al perfil del literat. Trénor, provinent de família noble, esdevé un poeta de base catòlica, capaç de representar organitzacions com Lo Rat Penat, des d’on va treballar incansablement per recuperar la llengua, la literatura i el patrimoni valencians.Paraules clau: Leopold Trénor, Amèlia Comba, Lo Rat Penat, valencianisme, poesia Abstract: This paper analyses the writer Leopold Trénor Palavicino based on information from the biography written by Amèlia Comba in 1965. the author’s pages provide a more in-depth perspective on the writer’s profile. Trénor, coming from a noble family, becomes a Catholic poet who can represent organizations like Lo Rat Penat, where he worked tirelessly to recover the Valencian language, literature and cultural heritage.Keywords: Leopold Trénor, Amèlia Comba, Lo Rat Penat, valencianisme, poetry
Early maternal separation is not associated with changes in telomere length in domestic kittens (Felis catus)
Authors: Delgado Mikel , Buffington C.A. Tony , Bain Melissa , Smith Dana L. , Vernau Karen 
Published: June 2021

Objective
Studies of multiple species have found that adverse early life experiences, including childhood trauma and maternal separation, can result in accelerated telomere shortening. The objective of this study was to determine if premature separation from the mother affected telomere length in domestic kittens (Felis catus). Subjects were 42 orphaned kittens and 10 mother-reared kittens from local animal rescue groups and shelters. DNA was extracted from whole blood collected from kittens at approximately 1 week and 2 months of age. Telomere length was assessed by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) from a total of 86 samples and expressed as a ratio of telomere PCR relative to a single copy gene PCR (T/S).

Results
A generalized linear mixed model found there were no detectable differences in telomere length based on survival (F1, 76.2 = 3.35, p = 0.07), orphan status (F1, 56.5 = 0.44, p = 0.51), time point (F1, 43.5 = 0.19, p = 0.67), or the interaction between orphan status and time (F1, 43.5 = 0.86, p = 0.36). Although in other species telomere shortening is commonly associated with aging, even early in life, we did not find evidence for telomere shortening by two months of age. Our results suggest that the experience of early maternal separation in domestic cats who are subsequently hand-reared by humans does not accelerate telomere shortening compared to mother-reared kittens, at least in the first few months of life.
Binding and/or hydrolysis of purine‐based nucleotides is not required for IM30 ring formation
Authors: Siebenaller Carmen , Schlösser Lukas , Junglas Benedikt , Schmidt‐Dengler Martina , Jacob Dominik , Hellmann Nadja , Sachse Carsten , Helm Mark , Schneider Dirk 
Published: June 2021

IM30, the inner membrane‐associated protein of 30 kDa, is conserved in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Although its exact physiological function is still mysterious, IM30 is clearly essential for thylakoid membrane biogenesis and/or dynamics. Recently, a cryptic IM30 GTPase activity has been reported, albeit thus far no physiological function has been attributed to this. Yet, it is still possible that GTP binding/hydrolysis affects formation of the prototypical large homo‐oligomeric IM30 ring and rod structures. Here, we show that the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 IM30 protein in fact is an NTPase that hydrolyzes GTP and ATP, but not CTP or UTP, with about identical rates. While IM30 forms large oligomeric ring complexes, nucleotide binding and/or hydrolysis are clearly not required for ring formation.
Retroviral Replication
Authors: Pedersen Finn Skou , Mikkelsen Jacob Giehm 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Retroviruses, are enveloped animal ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that replicate via a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) intermediate, which is integrated into the host genome as a provirus. Expression of viral RNA and proteins from proviral DNA utilises the transcription and translation machinery of the host. Retrovirus particles are assembled through protein–protein, protein–RNA and protein–lipid interactions, released from the cell by budding and subsequently matured by a viral protease. Interaction of the viral envelope protein with a target cell receptor triggers entry of the viral nucleoprotein core by fusion of viral and cellular membranes. After entry, the viral enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase mediate reverse transcription of viral RNA and integration of the resulting double‐stranded DNA copy of the viral genome, respectively. A provirus can be transmitted through the germ line from parents to offspring as an endogenous retrovirus. Multiple steps of retroviral replication can be targeted by host cell restriction factors in a complex interplay of virus–host interactions.

Key Concepts

Reverse transcription and integration into the host genome are hallmarks of retroviral replication.

The viral RNA genome contains a packaging signal for selective encapsidation into viral particles and a binding site for a tRNA primer for initiation of reverse transcription.

The integrated virus contains long‐terminal repeats harbouring signals for transcriptional initiation and polyadenylation, which define the retroviral transcription unit.

Open reading frames for Gag, Pol and Env are found in all retroviruses, but some retroviruses encode additional proteins such as Tat and Rev of HIV‐1.

A stop codon between gag and pol can be bypassed by readthrough or frameshifting during translation of retroviral mRNA to make the Gag–Pol polyprotein.

Retroviruses have specialised strategies for export of unspliced genomic‐length viral RNA from the nucleus.

The metastable retroviral envelope protein drives the fusion of viral and cellular membranes by a type I fusion mechanism to allow retroviral entry in a receptor‐dependent manner.

The retroviral protease is required for maturation of viral particles after their release from producer cells by budding.

A retrovirus can integrate into the genome of germ cells and become part of the genetic material transmitted from parents to offspring.

A provirus can be maintained through species diversification as an endogenous retrovirus that may serve as a marker of phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary distance.

A battery of diverse host cell restriction factors operates at multiple steps of retroviral replication.
Protozoan Pathogens: Identification
Authors: Walochnik Julia , Aspöck Horst 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe identification of protozoan pathogens is based on direct detection of the respective causative agents in clinical specimens and/or detection of specific immune reactions of the host. Protozoan diagnostics still relies on microscopy; however, in the past years, molecular methods, particularly PCR‐based techniques, have gained more and more importance. One of the big advantages of molecular techniques is that they usually allow identification below the genus level, which is often impossible by light microscopy. Serological tests are of great value in all tissue parasites and generally in most extraintestinal infections, while they only have limited importance in acute infections with short incubation times and in immunocompromised patients. Rapid and easy‐to‐use test systems are available for several important protozoan parasites and serve particularly well in the field setting.Key ConceptsOf the around 100 protozoan species that can infect humans, some are of prime importance for human health, including the causative agents ofmalaria,amoebiasis,Chagas,leishmaniasisandsleeping sickness.Several protozoan infections show a more severe progression in theimmunocompromised host, important examples being toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis and visceral leishmaniasis.See also:Protozoan Pathogens of HumansThe size of protozoan pathogens varies from∼2 μm(amastigoteLeishmaniaspp.) to∼150 μm(Balantioides coli).See also:Protozoan Pathogens of HumansAs parasite density in stool or body fluids may vary, the collection ofrepeated samplesis often essential.Propercollection, storage and transportof clinical specimens are of crucial importance for reliable laboratory diagnostics.Accurate diagnosis includes both parasitedetectionand speciesidentification(in some cases: genotype/serotype).In the past years,molecular methodshave gained more and more importance in diagnostics of protozoan infections, and also commercial test systems are now available for most protozoan pathogens.In some cases,microscopic demonstrationof the causative agent in native material or stained smears remains thegold standard, for example in malaria or in active amoebic dysentery, giardiasis or also trichomoniasis.Goodmicroscopic expertiseis essential: low parasite density and/or morphologic variability can result in false negative results, while pseudoparasites and artefacts are common causes of false positive results.In many protozoan taxa, morphology alone does not provide enough information foridentification on or below the species level, which is today mostly based on molecular biological methods.
Environmental Air Pollution Is a Predictor of Poor Response to Biological Drugs in Chronic Inflammatory Arthritides
Authors: Adami Giovanni , Rossini Maurizio , Viapiana Ombretta , Orsolini Giovanni , Bertoldo Eugenia , Pontalti Marco , Benini Camilla , Fracassi Elena , Giollo Alessandro , Gatti Davide , Fassio Angelo 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence that environmental air pollution is associated with the development of chronic inflammatory arthritides (CIA). The role of air pollutants on the biological treatment (biological disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs [bDMARDs]) response of CIA is still unclear.MethodsWe retrieved longitudinal data on patients affected by CIA on biological therapies and on the daily concentration of air pollutants in the Verona area. We designed a case‐crossover study to compare the exposure to pollutants in the 60‐day period preceding a drug switch or swap due to disease progression referent to the 60‐day period preceding a visit with stable treatment for at least 6 months.ResultsA total of 1257 patients with CIA (863 with rheumatoid arthritis, 256 with psoriatic arthritis, and 138 with ankylosing spondylitis) with 5454 follow‐up visits were included in the study (median follow‐up 2.09 years [interquartile range: 0.82‐2.58 years]). A total of 282 patients were included in the case‐crossover study. We retrieved 13 636 daily air pollution records. We found that air pollutants’ concentrations were higher in the 60‐day period before a failure of bDMARD response and prior to a switch or swap compared with the period preceding a visit with stable bDMARD therapy for at least 6 months.ConclusionWe found that environmental air pollution was a determinant of poor response to bDMARDs in a cohort of patients with CIA followed over a 5‐year period. An intervention aimed at decreasing fossil combustion emissions might have beneficial effects on biologic persistence rates of patients with CIA and economic expenditures related to switches and swaps.
Eligibility traces and forgetting factor in recursive least‐squares‐based temporal difference
Authors: Baldi Simone , Zhang Zichen , Liu Di 
Published: June 2021

SummaryWe propose a new reinforcement learning method in the framework of Recursive Least Squares‐Temporal Difference (RLS‐TD). Instead of using the standard mechanism of eligibility traces (resulting in RLS‐TD()), we propose to use the forgetting factor commonly used in gradient‐based or least‐square estimation, and we show that it has a similar role as eligibility traces. An instrumental variable perspective is adopted to formulate the new algorithm, referred to as RLS‐TD with forgetting factor (RLS‐TD‐f). An interesting aspect of the proposed algorithm is that it has an interpretation of a minimizer of an appropriate cost function. We test the effectiveness of the algorithm in a Policy Iteration setting, meaning that we aim to improve the performance of an initially stabilizing control policy (over large portion of the state space). We take a cart‐pole benchmark and an adaptive cruise control benchmark as experimental platforms.
Multi‐State Heterojunction Transistors Based on Field‐Effect Tunneling–Transport Transitions
Authors: Lim Dong Un , Jo Sae Byeok , Kang Joohoon , Cho Jeong Ho 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA monolithic ternary logic transistor based on a vertically stacked double n‐type semiconductor heterostructure is presented. Incorporation of the organic heterostructure into the conventional metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) architecture induces the generation of stable multiple logic states in the device; these states can be further optimized to be equiprobable and distinctive, which are the most desirable and requisite properties for multivalued logic devices. A systematic investigation reveals that the electrical properties of the device are governed by not only the conventional field‐effect charge transport but also the field‐effect charge tunneling at the heterointerfaces, and thus, an intermediate state can be finely tuned by independently controlling the transition between the onsets of these two mechanisms. The achieved device performance agrees with the results of a numerical simulation based on a pseudo‐metal–insulator–metal model; the obtained findings therefore provide rational criteria for material selection in a simple energetic perspective. The operation of various ternary logic circuits based on the optimized multistate heterojunction transistors, including the NMIN and NMAX gates, is also demonstrated.
SPOP and OTUD7A Control EWS–FLI1 Protein Stability to Govern Ewing Sarcoma Growth
Authors: Su Siyuan , Chen Jianfeng , Jiang Yao , Wang Ying , Vital Tamara , Zhang Jiaming , Laggner Christian , Nguyen Kong T. , Zhu Zhichuan , Prevatte Alex W. , Barker Natalie K. , Herring Laura E. , Davis Ian J. , Liu Pengda 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChromosomal translocation results in development of an Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1‐Friend leukemia integration 1 (EWS–FLI1) fusion oncogene in the majority of Ewing sarcoma. The persistent dependence of the tumor for this oncoprotein points to EWS–FLI1 as an ideal drug target. Although EWS–FLI1 transcriptional targets and binding partners are evaluated, the mechanisms regulating EWS–FLI1 protein stability remain elusive. Speckle‐type POZ protein (SPOP) and OTU domain‐containing protein 7A (OTUD7A) are identified as the bona fide E3 ligase and deubiquitinase, respectively, that control EWS–FLI1 protein turnover in Ewing sarcoma. Casein kinase 1‐mediated phosphorylation of the VTSSS degron in the FLI1 domain enhances SPOP activity to degrade EWS–FLI1. Opposing this process, OTUD7A deubiquitinates and stabilizes EWS–FLI1. Depletion of OTUD7A in Ewing sarcoma cell lines reduces EWS–FLI1 protein abundance and impedes Ewing sarcoma growth in vitro and in mice. Performing an artificial‐intelligence‐based virtual drug screen of a 4‐million small molecule library, 7Ai is identified as a potential OTUD7A catalytic inhibitor. 7Ai reduces EWS–FLI1 protein levels and decreases Ewing sarcoma growth in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. This study supports the therapeutic targeting of OTUD7A as a novel strategy for Ewing sarcoma bearing EWS–FLI1 and related fusions, and may also be applicable to other cancers dependent on aberrant FLI1 expression.