bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Logistic Regression Analysis for Tissue Stiffness Categorization Through Magnetic Resonance Elastography
Authors: Ramzanpour Mohammadreza , Hosseini-Farid Mohammad , McLean Jayse , Ziejewski Mariusz , Karami Ghodrat 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is commonly used as an image-based alternative for palpation of the internal organs of human body. The presence of tumor or other kind of pathologies in biological tissues can increase its stiffness. Therefore, while MRE technique is capable to provide a quantitative measurement, the qualitative description of the tissue stiffness could be potentially informative as well for physicians. MRE can be divided into several steps including the generation of waves in the tissue, measuring the field displacement of the tissue by magnetic resonance imaging devices, and then applying the constitutive based inversion algorithms to measure the material properties of the tissue. The inversion algorithms are dependent to the constitutive model in use, and moreover, it could be computationally expensive. To overcome this hindrance, in this paper, we propose a machine learning framework for categorizing the tissue stiffness based on the magnetic resonance elastography finite element simulation data. In our finite element simulation, the shear waves are generated in an axisymmetrical model by applying harmonic displacement at the center of the model with the known excitation frequency. To obtain the field displacement of the model, in the first step, the natural frequencies of the system will be calculated through numerical Block-Lanczos eigensolver algorithm. Thereafter, a transient dynamic modal analysis is carried out to find the corresponding displacement response of the tissue in different time steps of the simulation. To obtain the training dataset, ten simulations with the pre-assigned linear elastic modulus in the range of 2 to 6 kPa is conducted and the displacement of the tissue in three points at the end of the first and second cycle will be recorded as the features of the dataset. Each instance of the dataset is labelled as “Low“ or “High”, corresponding to its stiffness quantitative value lying in ranges of 2–4 kPa or 4–6 kPa. A machine learning classifying algorithm, a logistic regression hypothesis will be trained on this dataset. The trained hypothesis will be then tested on six new unseen simulation data with known elastic modulus values. The trained logistic regression was able to classify the tissue stiffness with the perfect accuracy score of 1.0. The findings of this study can be used for qualitative description of the tissue stiffness that can be beneficial for pathology diagnosis and moreover, it eliminates the need on the usage of inversion algorithms which leads to reduction in the computational complexity of tissue characterization.
Towards Implementing a Collaborative Manufacturing Cloud Platform: Experimenting Testbeds Aiming Asset Efficiency
Authors: Santos Nuno , Monteiro Paula , Morais Francisco , Pereira Jaime , Dias Daniel , Pimenta Daniel , Carvalho Márcia , Melo Mónica , Mendonça João P. , Oliveira Eduardo , Silva Leopoldo , Pereira Fernando , Carvalhal João P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Developing Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems requires addressing challenges that range from acquiring data at the level of the shopfloor, integrated at the edge level and managing it at the cloud level. Managing manufacturing operations at the cloud level arose the opportunity for extending decisions to entities of the supply chain in a collaborative way. Not only it has arisen many challenges due to several interoperability needs; but also in properly defining an effective way to take advantage of the available data, leading to Industrial Digital Thread (IDT) and Asset Efficiency (AE) implementing. This paper discusses implementation concerns for a collaborative manufacturing environment in an IIoT system in order to monitor equipment’s AE. Each concern was addressed in a separate proof of concept testbed. The demonstration is based in a project for the IIoT domain called PRODUTECH-SIF (Solutions for the Industry of the Future).
Biomechanical Study of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty Devices Using Finite Element Models
Authors: Purushothaman Yuvaraj , Choi Hoon , Yoganandan Narayan , Baisden Jamie , Rajasekaran Deepak , Jebaseelan Davidson 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Various types and designs of artificial discs for cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) have been introduced to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different CDA designs on the range of motion (ROM), intradiscal pressure (IDP), and facet force variables with different types of FDA-approved CDA devices under normal physiological loading conditions. A validated three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the intact cervical spinal column (C2-T1) was used in the present study. The intact spine model was modified and used for postoperative FE models simulating CDAs implanted at the C5-C6 intervertebral disc space. The normal surgical procedures were used in the simulations. The hybrid loading protocol (intact spine loading: 2 Nm) with a compressive follower force of 75 N was applied at the superior end of the spine. The inferior endplate of C7 vertebra was constrained in all directions. Flexion, extension, and lateral bending loading conditions were simulated in all models: intact spine and models with different CDA devices. At the index level, all CDAs except the Bryan disc showed an increase in motion, and the range of motions at the adjacent levels decreased in flexion, extension, and lateral bending modes. The largest increase in motion occurred during lateral bending. The Bryan disc reduced the segmental motion at the index level under flexion, extension, and lateral bending, and had compensatory increases in motion at the adjacent levels. The intradiscal pressure reduced at the adjacent levels with Mobi-C and Secure-C devices. The Bryan and Prestige LP devices showed increases in the intradiscal pressure at the adjacent levels due to the reduced index level motion (Bryan disc) and the metal-on-metal design (Prestige LP). The facet force increased at the index level in all CDAs, with the highest force with Mobi-C, and this was attributed to its unrestrained design. The facet force generally decreased at the adjacent levels with CDAs, except for the Bryan disc, due to reduced index level motion, and the Prestige LP in lateral bending, likely due to its metal-on-metal design. The present study demonstrates the influence of different CDA designs on the anterior and posterior loading patterns at the index and adjacent levels. In addition, the study validates key clinical observations: CDA procedure is contraindicated in cases of facet arthropathy; and CDA may be protective against adjacent segment degeneration.
Lunar Cargo Transportation (LuCaT): Semi-Autonomous Vehicle With Suspended Cable and Solar Power
Authors: Ellis Hershle , Casher Chase , Longwood Jamal , Taye Abel , Ruhala Laura , Ruhala Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
NASA is planning to send astronauts to the moon and then establish sustainable lunar exploration during the 21st Century under the Artemis program. The lunar south pole target site will need ground transportation to transport materials such as lunar ice from one location to another. This paper explores an alternative transportation system that is based on earth aerial tramways, which involves a chassis, wheels, drivetrain, and elevated cables with supporting structure. The wear of regolith lunar dust and the difficulties in traversing the uneven lunar terrain are reduced. Also, the speed and size of the cargo being transported should be superior to the lunar roving vehicle. By implementing a drivetrain system powered by solar energy, long term power generation and vehicle operation is achieved in the south polar region, which remains in sunlight at near horizontal incidence during the lunar cycle. Because of the extreme high and low temperatures of the moon, strength of materials that vary with temperature must be considered. The internal components of the vehicle and the chassis are protected by a lightweight shell. On earth, heat generated by electric charging and use of batteries can be removed by convection with the surrounding air. The lunar atmosphere presents a unique problem of possessing virtually no heat transfer through convection, while solar radiation will add or remove heat more extremely than earth-based conditions. A thermal control system is designed to manage the battery waste heat, utilizing optical solar reflectors and an internal conductive cooling system.
Delay Scheduling of a LQR and PID Controlled Pendubot Using CTCR Method
Authors: Esteban Villegas Helio S. , Borrás Pinilla Carlos , Olgac Nejat 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Delays are a common physic effect that is present in a huge quantity of industrial systems with feedback control. Sometimes the impact of the delay presence in a system is neglected without any difference in the performance of the controller. But in some cases, the Delay quantity reaches levels that increase the overshoot significantly or destabilizes the system. For this system the CTCR method can be used to design a “delayed scheduled” controller able to reject the delays effect. To be able to apply this method it is necessary for both the system and the controller to be Linear or linearized. In this article the study case is an articulated inverted pendulum or also called “Pendubot”. This configuration of pendulum was selected because, in spite of being a simple pendulum, it has four equilibrium points, where two equilibrium points were selected to be controlled, the most unstable which has the maximum potential energy for each link and the most stable with the lowest potential energy. The purpose of work with those equilibrium points is compare the difference between the delay rejection in each point with similar setting times and overshoots from controllers. In order to get an accurate model, the state of the current is added along with the viscous friction terms for each joint in the pendulum. To tune the linear and non-linear model an experimental validation was carry on the physical prototype from the Universidad Industrial de Santander (VIE-5373 UIS). The control laws applied were a classical PID and LQR control. Due the controller sample frequency is extremely high in comparison to the states response, all the controllers and linear models were implemented in continuous space. In the first tuning process it was observed that the PID control gets a significantly lowest performance than the LQR control in the unstable equilibrium point, for that reason the comparison between points only was carried on with the LQR equation of feedback system, this can be done in different ways, but for the PID control the Mason theorems was applied and for LQR control only with matrix operation the equation can be obtained. After applying the “Delay scheduling” it was observed that the tuned LQR get a highest delay rejection that PID. An observer fact was that although the controllers for each point have a similar performance the delay pockets have completely different values due the final poles locations for each point. Also was observed that the system only gets one stability pocket, this could because only one delay in the actuator was induced.
Morphing Capabilities and Safe Operation Zone of the Utility Truck Boom Equipment
Authors: Patel Parth Y. , Happawana Gemunu , Vantsevich Vladimir V. , Boger David , Harned Chris 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Utility trucks are the first responders in extreme climate and severe weather situations, for saving people’s lives to restoring traffic on the roads. However, such trucks can create dangerous situations on the roads, and off-road conditions, while moving, and performing tasks. Trucks equipped with large booms for reaching elevated heights can become unstable due to their geometry change, which can cause a drastic variation of the truck-boom system’s moment of inertia, and the extreme weight re-distribution among the wheels. Morphing capabilities of the utility trucks need to be investigated together with the vehicle-road forces in order to hold the vehicle safe on the roads.
In this research paper, static analysis and range of the normal reaction at the wheel of the utility truck is performed to characterize a safe working zone of the boom equipment when the truck is in the flat and titled surface. The analysis is performed for 5-degree of freedom boom equipment with revolute and translational joints in a complex constrained space given by the truck design using 3D moment and force-vector analysis. The possible morphing configuration of the boom equipment is examined in order to define static normal reactions at the wheel-road interaction.
Further, the morphing of the boom equipment is investigated to determine limiting configurations that can be reached without rolling over the truck. In this analysis, it is assumed that the wheels provide enough friction between the tires and road so that tire slippage does not extensively occur, and the utility truck is assumed as a rigid body. In this study, utility truck equipped with boom equipment is utilized in this study for numerical illustration.
Multiphysics Simulation on Vibration and Noise of Variable-Speed Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor With Eccentricity
Authors: Niu Hui , Xiao Yumin , Zhao Li , Roche David , Li Yashu , Rosu Marius , Gilmore John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Multiphysics finite element modeling process is derived to predict vibration and noise due to magnetic forces within a permanent-magnet brushless DC motor over a variable speed range under healthy and eccentric faulty conditions. Transient analysis for magnetic force in two-dimensional electromagnetic model is carried out over a variable speed range. To keep cyclic symmetry mesh and avoid numerical source of noise, the method of effective air gap layer is applied and manipulated with relative permeability derived for static and dynamic eccentric rotating condition depending on rotation angle and eccentric shift. Using discrete Fourier transformation and electromagnetic-structural one-way coupling schemes, magnetic harmonic forces for a range of rotation angular speed are imported and applied on stator’s inner surfaces. Vibration characteristics are calculated for a three-dimensional full finite element model of the motor in harmonic response analysis. Finally, surface velocities are imported and applied on acoustic domain using fluid-structure interaction (FSI) one-way coupling. Noise radiated from motor housing including front and end caps is evaluated. The waterfall diagram of equivalent radiation pressure level (ERPL) and sound pressure level (SPL) contour plotting in function of rotation angular speed and frequency is obtained in multiple RPM harmonic structural and acoustic analyses. The vibro-acoustic feature pattern could be utilized in faulty detection.
Design Innovation Incorporating Additive Manufacturing: Creation and Assessment of a Design Tool
Authors: Menefee Mark , Pokharel Mahesh , Kaplun Brian , Jensen Daniel , Yakacki Christopher , Wood Kristin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers design engineers new and advanced manufacturing processes to consider when developing new products or redesigning and evolving current products. AM includes 3D printing processes to quickly produce complex parts and prototypes, that were previously uneconomical or impossible to fabricate. Engineers and organizations have an increasing need to incorporate AM as part of product development; however, design heuristics, design methodologies, and design tools to support AM are nascent and only recently emerging. To enhance Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM), this research seeks to develop an accessible, computer-based design assistant that will aid designers in incorporating AM into their design processes. The design assistant implements a distinctive and user-centered Design Innovation (DI) process, set of methods, and set of principles based on a 4D design framework. This 4D framework encompasses the UK Design Council’s double diamond model and includes the phases of Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver. The Discover phase entails user studies and a deep understanding and empathy for the user. The Define phase considers the reframing of design opportunities based on derived insights from the modeling users’ interactions. The Develop phase uses a variety of methods to create a large quantity of innovative ideas and concepts, and the Deliver phase implements a set of methods to prototype, test, pitch, and ultimately produce deliverables for a market or community.
We demonstrate the design assistant tool for AM through the development of high-end bracket design for space applications. The design considers the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process for productions and incorporated topology optimization approaches. This demonstrative case study shows how the tool includes design heuristics and approaches for each of the 4-Ds that assist designers in implementing AM capabilities as part of repeatable design processes. Assessment of the tool is carried out through systematic assessments performed by practicing design engineers that have knowledge of AM. Initial results show that the design assessment tool is very helpful when designers consider using AM and also in helping them use AM in effective and efficient manners.
Development of a Low Cost High-Speed Video Motion Capture System for Planar Motion
Authors: Lai Heather L. , Ko Susan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This project focuses on the development and characterization of a high speed video motion capture system for the measurement of planar, rigid body motions. The ability to collect information related to the accelerations, velocities and positions of points on a rigid body as it moves in planar space is very important in the fields of science and engineering. Traditional techniques, including the use of accelerometers, extensors and lasers, either rely on contact between the rigid body and the sensor or only measure out of plane motion. In this project, an inexpensive monochromatic high speed camera was used in conjunction with markers adhered to the objects under investigation to measure the planar displacement of a point on a moving object. The high speed camera is able to capture video at a rate of up to 20,000 frames per second, however, at this speed the field of view is very small. For a larger field of view, the frames per second is diminished to close to 3,000 frames per second.
The goal of this project was to develop the hardware parameters and software necessary to collect and process 2D motion data at different frequencies and then evaluate the efficacy of video motion capture through comparison with simultaneously captured acceleration data. The efficacy was evaluated over a range of accelerations using variable frequency oscillations. The video footage was processed, frame by frame in order to extract x and y position for the center of the marker. Extraction of the position data was completed using the MATLAB computer vision toolbox, which provides tools for identifying the x and y locations of corners, circle centers and other defining features.
The project began by identifying size, shape, color and material of markers for effective data collection using the motion capture system. Additionally, camera settings, field of view, capture rate, lighting and mounting conditions were evaluated to determine what conditions would result in the most accurate position sensing. In order to validate the measurements from the motion capture system, position data were correlated with accelerations measured from a traditional accelerometer located on the object under test. In order for the position data collected through the high speed video capture to be compared with the acceleration data collected using measurement from accelerometers, numerical differentiation of the position signals gathered from the high speed footage was performed. The efficacy of different shape and size markers, along with other camera settings, will be demonstrated for specific oscillatory test profiles.
Modeling, Analysis and Design of the Formula SAE Aerodynamics System
Authors: Van Baren Isaac , Van Milligan Andrew , Ashcraft Scott , Rosser Stephen , Wang Xiuling 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This project developed a study on methods to increase downforce on the university’s Formula SAE vehicle by implementing a lightweight, efficient aerodynamic design. The team planned to improve the performance and reduce lap times of the vehicle with an undertray, which grants better wheel traction and stability while handling corners. Upon completion, the aerodynamic component would have allowed the PNW Motorsports team to more effectively compete at the FSAE design competition in the spring of 2020.
While reducing drag, an undertray provides the capability to direct the air beneath the vehicle chassis in a way which adds “artificial weight” to the system. A pressure gradient of high magnitude is established between the two sides of the undertray, with a low negative pressure region found beneath the body. This design is based upon the principles of fluid dynamics, in particular the venturi effect through the use of nozzles and diffusers. In this fashion, the vehicle can receive the benefits of a heavier car around corners while maintaining the higher straight-line acceleration of a lighter car.
This report describes the use of simulation software in the design of an undertray, as well as the approach to manufacture it. Two-dimensional benchmark cases were performed in the replication of results obtained in a literature search. Subsequently, the undertray model was optimized with CFD and FEA/FEM techniques to obtain a component that was prepared for manufacturing. An operating procedure was established to outline the complicated steps of its assembly. Finally, it provides future aerodynamics teams with a solid foundation upon which improvements can be made.