bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curcumin supplementation in pediatric patients: A systematic review of current clinical evidence
Authors: Heidari Zinat , Daei Maryam , Boozari Motahareh , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis systematic review was designed to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of curcumin supplementation for pediatric patients based on clinical trials in children. We systematically searched electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus for all studies that investigated curcumin administration in the pediatric population without any time frame limitation. Finally, we identified 16 studies for this review. Clinical efficacy and safety of curcumin were assessed in children with inflammatory and immune disorders (including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)), metabolic disorders, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), cystic fibrosis (CF), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), and infectious diseases. Curcumin was administered in a wide range of doses (45 mg–4,000 mg daily) and durations (2–48 weeks). Overall, curcumin was well tolerated in all studies and improved the severity of inflammatory and immune disorders and metabolic diseases. However, more studies are needed to clarify the role of curcumin supplementation among children with ADPKD, CF, TOF, and infectious diseases. Because of substantial heterogeneity in methodological quality, design, outcomes, dose, duration of intake, formulations, and study populations across studies, no quantitative analysis was performed. Additional large‐scale, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the results of the conducted studies.
Spontaneous Formation of Prebiotic Compartment Colonies on Hadean Earth and Pre‐Noachian Mars**
Authors: Köksal Elif S. , Põldsalu Inga , Friis Henrik , Mojzsis Stephen J. , Bizzarro Martin , Gözen Irep 
Published: December 2021

AbstractProminent among the models for protocells is the spherical biosurfactant shell, freely suspended in aqueous media. This model explains initial, but not subsequent events in the development process towards structured protocells. Taking into consideration the involvement of naturally occurring surfaces, which were abundant on the early Earth, feasible and productive pathways for the development of primitive cells are reported. Surfaces intrinsically possess energy, easily utilized by the interfacing amphiphiles, such as lipids, to attain self‐organization and spontaneous transformations. This work shows that the physical interaction of phospholipid pools with 20 Hadean Earth analogue materials as well as a Martian meteorite composed of fused regolith representing the ancient crust of Mars consistently lead to the shape transformation and autonomous formation of surfactant compartment assemblies. Dense, colony‐like protocell populations grow from these lipid deposits, predominantly at the grain boundaries or cleavages of the investigated natural surfaces, and remain there for several days. The model protocells in this study are able to autonomously develop, transform and pseudo‐divide, and encapsulate RNA as well as DNA. Moreover, they can accommodate non‐enzymatic, DNA strand displacement reactions. These findings suggest a feasible route towards the transformation from non‐living to living entities, and provide fresh support for the ‘Lipid World’ hypothesis.
Why do we have so many different hydrological models? A review based on the case of Switzerland
Authors: Horton Pascal , Schaefli Bettina , Kauzlaric Martina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHydrology plays a central role in applied and fundamental environmental sciences, but it is well known to suffer from an overwhelming diversity of models, particularly to simulate streamflow. We discuss here in detail how such diversity did arise based on the example of Switzerland. The case study's relevance stems from the fact that Switzerland, despite being a small country, shows a variety of hydro‐climatological regimes, of water resources management challenges, and of hydrological research institutes that led to a model diversification that stands exemplary for the diversification that arose also at larger scales. Our analysis, based on literature review, personal inquiry, and an author survey, summarizes the main driving forces behind model diversification. We anticipate that this review not only helps researchers from other fields but in particular also the international hydrology community to understand why we have so many different streamflow models.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Science of Water
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Science of Water > Methods
Sustainability in Developing Countries: Case Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ditlev-Simonsen Caroline D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNo poverty is goal 1 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 1995, 10 percent world population lived in extreme poverty. More than one billion, almost 13 percent of the world population, live in Sub-Saharan Africa. This area accounts for two-thirds of global extreme poverty. At the same time, Africa has the fastest growing population with a median age less than 20 years, and about 30 percent of the Earth’s remaining mineral resources. This dynamic calls for special attention, and sustainable development in Sub-Saharan Africa is the focus in this chapter. This chapter begins with an analysis of Africa’s current situation in terms of development; it details challenges and opportunities and through concrete cases and examples summarizes what has worked and what has not worked. Based on this foundation, key issues for a sustainable future in Sub-Sahara Africa are addressed. Examples of business built on sustainable resources and business opportunities are also presented.
Key Tools for Social- and Environmental Performance, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Ditlev-Simonsen Caroline D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCorporate responsibility provides the foundation for sustainable development. It is a complex sphere since there are several confusing initiatives intended to help companies incorporate sustainability. From an international perspective, the UN initiatives have had the most impact. I provide a short introduction to the history of key UN initiatives associated with environmental and social issues and how they relate to business and corporations. As the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have a key global framework for sustainable development, they will be discussed in detail with special attention to challenges and practical relevance for corporations. Well-known and widely applied initiatives to evaluate corporate performance like Fair Trade Certificate and ISO 14001; greenhouse and climate reporting initiatives, like the GHG Protocol, CDP, TCFD; sustainable reporting frameworks, like GRI and IIRC; and supply chain guidance and due diligence like the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, and new laws on transparency, will be presented.
An End to Encryption? Surveillance and Proportionality in the Crypto-Wars
Authors: Macnish Kevin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEnd-to-end encryption has been a reality for at least 30 years. However, it is only with recent developments that it has become widespread on mobile phones operating over the internet. This has provided tools for terrorists to plan activities that lead directly to the deaths of innocent civilians. At the same time, it has also been used by dissidents challenging totalitarian regimes and holding liberal democracies to account. In this chapter I argue that while terrorist use of such encryption may render that encryption unjustifiable within a liberal democracy, within an international context the protection that it provides to those seeking to establish law-abiding democracies is too great to be ignored.
White Knights, Black Armour, Digital Worlds: Exploring the Efficacy of Analysing Online Manifestos of Terrorist Actors in the Counter Terrorism Landscape
Authors: Lucas Kosta , Baldino Daniel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOver the past few years, a number of major terrorist attacks have been accompanied by the uploading of detailed, online manifestos, which chart and publicise ideologies, motivations and tactical choices in the backdrop of a dehumanized foe. Such manifestos can also act as inspiration for potential copycats and group-think style supporters within an insulated network. However the types of conclusions that can be drawn from manifesto analysis is a complex issue. The broad aim of this chapter is to explore such identity construction and the usefulness of analysing terrorist manifestos through a narrative framework, with a view to demonstrating that manifestos can be understood as a script to a violent performance (the terrorist act) in the theatre of terrorism (the digital world). These insights can serve the development of policy directed towards aspects of the personal attitudes and the social drivers that are necessary for the amplification of violence rather than in the often impenetrable prediction of who is and who is not likely to become a terrorist actor.
Terrorism and the Internet of Things: Cyber-Terrorism as an Emergent Threat
Authors: Henschke Adam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this chapter I present an argument that cyber-terrorism will happen. This argument is premised on the development of a cluster of related technologies that create a direct causal link between the informational realm of cyberspace and the physical realm. These cyber-enabled physical systems fit under the umbrella of the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT). While this informational/physical connection is a vitally important part of the claim, a more nuanced analysis reveals five further features are central to the IoT enabling cyber-terrorism. These features are that the IoT is radically insecure, that the components of the IoT are in the world, that the sheer numbers of IoT devices mean potential attacks can be intense, that the IoT will likely be powered by a range of Artificial Intelligence aspects, making it inscrutable, and that the IoT is largely invisible. Combining these five factors together, the IoT emerges as a threat vector for cyber-terrorism. The point of the chapter is to go beyond recognising that the IoT is a thing in the world and so can enable physical impacts from cyber-attacks, to offer these five factors to say something more specific about just why the IoT can potentially be used for cyber-terrorism. Having outlined how the IoT can be used for cyber-terrorism, I attend to the question of whether such actions are actually terrorism or not. Ultimately, I argue, as the IoT grows in scope and penetration of our physical worlds and behaviours, it means that cyber-terrorism is not a question of if, but when. This, I suggest, has significant ethical implications as these five features of the IoT mean that we ought to be regulating these technologies.
Zur Entwicklung von Aufmerksamkeit gegenüber Themen
Authors: Gravert Andreas 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDieses Kapitel legt den zweiten von drei Teilen des theoretischen Fundaments für die Identifizierung, Beschreibung und Erklärung von Themenkarrieren in der Wissenschaft. Hier werden Ansätze der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften sowie der Politikwissenschaft zur Beschreibung und Erklärung der Entstehung von Themen evaluiert. Ziel ist es, Konzepte, Merkmale und Mechanismen der Themenentstehung zu erfassen, deren Übertragbarkeit auf die Wissenschaft in den folgenden Kapiteln dieser Arbeit geprüft werden kann. Dies fängt bei der Klärung grundlegender Begriffe wie Thema oder Themenkarriere an und hört bei der Analyse unterschiedlicher Ansätze der Agenda Setting-Forschung auf. Auf diese Weise sollen die Wissenschaftssoziologie und die Planungswissenschaft durch die Forschungstraditionen der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften sowie der Politikwissenschaft befruchtet werden. Zunächst werden im Teilkapitel 3.1 Konzeptualisierungen der Begriffe Thema, Öffentlichkeit und Aufmerksamkeit diskutiert. In den darauf folgenden Abschnitten werden unterschiedliche Forschungstraditionen zur Beschreibung und Erklärung der Themenentstehung erläutert. Hierzu gehören zunächst die auf Luhmann und Downs zurückgehenden Themenzyklusmodelle (Kp. 3.2). Daran anschließend werden Agenda Setting-Ansätze aus den Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften diskutiert, die insbesondere auf die Beeinflussung der öffentlichen Meinung durch die Salienz und das Framing von Themen fokussieren (Kp. 3.3). Das letzte Teilkapitel behandelt politikwissenschaftliche Ansätze des Agenda Setting, die die hohe Bedeutung der öffentlichen Problematisierung von Themen für das Zustandekommen politischer Entscheidungen betonen und auf die Identifizierung von Mechanismen des Setzens und Blockierens von Themen durch rivalisierende Gruppen abzielen (Kp. 3.4).
Resultate
Authors: Schrader Sonja Maria 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungFür die Analyse wird von einem vollzeitigen Erwerbsumfang der Mutter und einem ganztägigen Betreuungsumfang in der Tagespflege eines einjährigen Kindes ausgegangen. Dabei wurde sich am Indikator 4.2.a der deutschen Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie orientiert, der einen Anstieg der Ganztagsbetreuung auf 35 % für 0- bis 2-jährige Kinder bis zum Jahr 2030 vorsieht.
Threshold resummation of new partonic channels at next-to-leading power
Authors: van Beekveld Melissa , Vernazza Leonardo , White Chris D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Collider observables involving heavy particles are subject to large logarithmic terms near threshold, which must be summed to all orders in perturbation theory to obtain sensible results. Relatively recently, this resummation has been extended to next-to-leading power in the threshold variable, using a variety of approaches. In this paper, we consider partonic channels that turn on only at next-to-leading power, and show that it is possible to resum leading logarithms using well-established diagrammatic techniques in Quantum Chromodynamics. We first consider deep inelastic scattering, where we reproduce the results of a recent study using an effective theory approach. Next, we consider the quark-gluon channel in both Drell-Yan and Higgs boson production, showing that an explicit all-order form for the leading logarithmic partonic cross section can be obtained. Our results agree with previous conjectures based on fixed-order results.
On the algorithmic solution of optimization problems subject to probabilistic/robust (probust) constraints
Authors: Berthold Holger , Heitsch Holger , Henrion René , Schwientek Jan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe present an adaptive grid refinement algorithm to solve probabilistic optimization problems with infinitely many random constraints. Using a bilevel approach, we iteratively aggregate inequalities that provide most information not in a geometric but in a probabilistic sense. This conceptual idea, for which a convergence proof is provided, is then adapted to an implementable algorithm. The efficiency of our approach when compared to naive methods based on uniform grid refinement is illustrated for a numerical test example as well as for a water reservoir problem with joint probabilistic filling level constraints.
Role of microRNAs in response to cadmium chloride in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mortoglou Maria , Buha Djordjevic Aleksandra , Djordjevic Vladimir , Collins Hunter , York Lauren , Mani Katherine , Valle Elizabeth , Wallace David , Uysal-Onganer Pinar 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal and aggressive malignancies with a 5-year survival rate less than 9%. Early detection is particularly difficult due to the lack of symptoms even in advanced stages. microRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) are small (~ 18–24 nucleotides), endogenous, non-coding RNAs, which are involved in the pathogenesis of several malignancies including PDAC. Alterations of miR expressions can lead to apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The role of environmental pollutants such as cadmium (Cd) in PDAC has been suggested but not fully understood. This study underlines the role of miRs (miR-221, miR-155, miR-126) in response to cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in vitro. Lethal concentration (LC50) values for CdCl2resulted in a toxicity series of AsPC-1 > HPNE > BxPC-3 > Panc-1 = Panc-10.5. Following the treatment with CdCl2, miR-221 and miR-155 were significantly overexpressed, whereas miR-126 was downregulated. An increase in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the dysregulation of mesenchymal markers such as Wnt-11, E-cadherin, Snail, and Zeb1 was also observed. Hence, this study has provided evidence to suggest that the environmental pollutant Cd can have a significant role in the development of PDAC, suggesting a significant correlation between miRs and Cd exposure during PDAC progression. Further studies are needed to investigate the precise role of miRs in PDAC progression as well as the role of Cd and other environmental pollutants.
Treatment of partial rotator cuff lesions is associated with a higher frequency of post-operative shoulder stiffness. A prospective investigation on the role of surgery-related risk factors for this complication
Authors: Cucchi Davide , Menon Alessandra , Maggi Sonia , Feroldi Francesca Maria , De Silvestri Annalisa , Friedrich Max Julian , Wimmer Matthias Dominik , Randelli Pietro Simone 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Post-operative shoulder stiffness (SS) is a common complication after arthroscopic rotator cuff (RC) repair. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the role of surgical risk factors in the development of this complication, with special focus on the characteristics of the RC tears.

Methods
Two-hundred and twenty patients who underwent arthroscopic RC repair for degenerative posterosuperior RC tears were included. Surgery-related risk factors for development of post-operative SS belonging to the following five categories were documented and analyzed: previous surgery, RC tear characteristics, hardware and repair type, concomitant procedures, time and duration of surgery. The incidence of post-operative SS was evaluated according to the criteria described by Brislin and colleagues.

Results
The incidence of post-operative SS was 8.64%. The treatment of partial lesions by tear completion and repair technique was significantly associated with development of post-operative SS (p = 0.0083, pc = 0.04). A multivariate analysis revealed that treatment of partial lesions in patients younger than 60 years was associated to a higher risk of developing post-operative SS (p = 0.007). Previously known pre-operative risk factors such as female sex and younger age were confirmed. No other significant associations were documented.

Conclusion
The treatment of partial lesions of the RC may lead to a higher risk of post-operative SS than the treatment of complete lesions, in particular in patients younger than 60 years. Possible explanations of this finding are the increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines caused by the additional surgical trauma needed to complete the lesion and the different pain perception of the subgroup of patients who require surgical treatment already for partial tears.

Evidence
A higher risk of post-operative SS should be expected after tear completion and repair of partial lesions, especially in young patients. Appropriate pre-operative counseling and post-operative rehabilitation should be considered when approaching this subgroup of RC tears.

Level of evidence
Prognostic study, level II.
Abandonment of cultural landscapes: butterfly communities track the advance of forest over grasslands
Authors: Mora Amparo , Wilby Andrew , Menéndez Rosa 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRural landscapes in Europe have suffered considerable land-use change in the last 50 years, with agricultural intensification in western regions and land abandonment in eastern and southern regions. The negative impacts of agricultural intensification on butterflies and other insects in western Europe have been well studied. However, less is known about the impacts of abandonment on mountain and humid areas of eastern and southern Europe, where landscapes have remained more natural. We sampled butterfly communities in the Picos de Europa National Park (Spain), a region which is undergoing a process of rural abandonment. 19 hay meadows with different periods of abandonment were studied (long-term 18 years or mid-term abandoned, 3–7 years) and compared to meadows continuously managed in a traditional way. We examined how local meadow characteristics and landscape variables affected butterfly community response to abandonment. Butterfly communities were affected by abandonment, with an overall increase in the density of individuals in the long term. Community composition appears to undergo major change over time, with a species turnover of around 50% in the first few years of abandonment, rising to around 70% after 18 years of abandonment. There was a tendency for species with higher preference for closed habitats to increase their densities as time since abandonment proceeded. Landscape variables had a major impact on butterfly communities, stronger than the effect of meadow management. Community preference for closed habitats was associated with higher forest cover in the surroundings of the meadows, but heterogeneous landscapes (in their composition or configuration) mitigated this effect.Implications for insect conservationOur findings suggest that we should ensure that communities have time to react to the diverse stressors imposed by global change. Facilitating survival to all kinds of functional and taxonomic groups implies promoting landscape heterogeneity and connectivity.
An Agent-Based Model for Tertiary Educational Choices in Italy
Authors: Leoni Silvia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlthough the low level of tuition fees and the absence of other access barriers, Italy is characterized by low educational attainments at the university level. This work models the choice of young Italians to attend university or leave education and enter the labor market, by making use of an agent-based model that reproduces the Italian higher education and policy system. The aim is to analyze the determinants behind university enrollment decisions possibly causing the low level of attainment and explore three alternative scenarios that propose the expansion of financial support and the increase in the average income gap between skilled and unskilled individuals. The model implies that the individual preference to enroll at university depends upon (i) economic motivations, represented by the expectations on future income, which are formed through interaction within individuals’ social network; (ii) influence from peers; (iii) effort of obtaining a university degree. Results show that the model can reproduce observable features of the Italian system, and highlights low income levels and the following full resort to regional scholarships. Experimented scenarios show that policies expanding financial support to education are ineffective, while an increase in the gap between average income of skilled and unskilled workers leads to an increase in enrollment in university, signaling that labor market policies may be more effective than educational policies in raising the number of students in higher education.