bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The thermal environment as a moderator of social evolution
Authors: Moss Jeanette B. , While Geoffrey M. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTAnimal sociality plays a crucial organisational role in evolution. As a result, understanding the factors that promote the emergence, maintenance, and diversification of animal societies is of great interest to biologists. Climate is among the foremost ecological factors implicated in evolutionary transitions in social organisation, but we are only beginning to unravel the possible mechanisms and specific climatic variables that underlie these associations. Ambient temperature is a key abiotic factor shaping the spatio‐temporal distribution of individuals and has a particularly strong influence on behaviour. Whether such effects play a broader role in social evolution remains to be seen. In this review, we develop a conceptual framework for understanding how thermal effects integrate into pathways that mediate the opportunities, nature, and context of social interactions. We then implement this framework to discuss the capacity for temperature to initiate organisational changes across three broad categories of social evolution: group formation, group maintenance, and group elaboration. For each category, we focus on pivotal traits likely to have underpinned key social transitions and explore the potential for temperature to affect changes in these traits by leveraging empirical examples from the literature on thermal and behavioural ecology. Finally, we discuss research directions that should be prioritised to understand the potentially constructive and/or destructive effects of future warming on the origins, maintenance, and diversification of animal societies.
Impact of avulsion of the primary incisors on the occurrence of sequelae in the permanent teeth: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Del Negro Bianca , Lauridsen Eva , Mendes Fausto Medeiros , Andreasen Jens O. , Wanderley Marcia Turolla , Hermann Nuno Vibe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate the occurrence of sequelae in the permanent teeth after avulsion of their primary antecessors and to evaluate the factors associated with this occurrence.MethodsWe screened 2922 records of patients with photographic and radiographic images who attended a reference centre for dental trauma in the primary teeth from 1998 to 2019. Among them, 240 were eligible records of children who had suffered avulsion of the primary incisors and were followed up until complete eruption of the permanent successors. Multilevel Poisson regression analyses were conducted between the explanatory variables related to children and avulsed teeth; outcome variables were occurrences of any type of sequelae in the permanent teeth, opacities, hypoplasia and malformation. Relative risks (RRs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.ResultsAmong the 240 children's records, 194 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Finally, we found 266 primary avulsed teeth and 115 (43.2%) permanent teeth presenting with sequelae. Avulsion occurring when children were older than 4 years (RR = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.24–0.95) had lower risks for developing sequelae than children aged 0‐2 years of age. Additionally, when avulsion occurred in the lower dental arch (RR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.06–1.99) and when three or more teeth were affected (RR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.02–2.41), the occurrence of sequelae in the permanent teeth was more probable than if avulsion occurred in the upper arch and affected only a single tooth. Age older than 3 years was a protective factor for the occurrence of hypoplasia and age older than 4 years protective for the occurrence of opacities.ConclusionsThe risk of sequelae in the permanent teeth after avulsion of their antecessor is higher when the trauma occurs in young children (<2 years) and in patients with avulsions of greater magnitude, such as when it affects the lower jaw, and more teeth are involved.
Follicular helper and follicular regulatory T cell subset imbalance is associated with higher activated B cells and abnormal autoantibody production in primary anti-phospholipid syndrome patients
Authors: Long Yan , Li Wenyi , Feng Jinghong , Ma Yinting , Sun Yuanyuan , Xu Lijuan , Song Ying , Liu Chen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Primary anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (pAPS) is a multi-organ autoimmune disease, and autoantibodies are involved in its pathogenesis. Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) are critical for B cell maturation and antibody production, but their roles in pAPS remain unknown. We enrolled 32 pAPS patients and 23 healthy controls (HCs) and comprehensively analyzed circulating Tfh and Tfr, as well as their subsets, using flow cytometry. Clinical data including autoantibody levels were collected and their correlations with Tfh and Tfr subsets were analyzed. In addition, correlation analyses between B cell functional subsets and Tfh and Tfr were performed. Changes and potential effects of serum cytokines on Tfr and Tfh were further explored. We found the circulating Tfr was significantly decreased while Tfh and Tfh/Tfr ratios were increased in pAPS patients. Tfh2, inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS)+ programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)+ Tfh and Ki-67+ Tfh percentages were elevated, while CD45RA−forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)hi, Helios+, T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM (TIGIT)+ and Ki-67+ Tfr percentages were decreased in pAPS patients. New memory B cells and plasmablasts were increased and altered B cell subsets and serum autoantibodies were positively correlated with Tfh, Tfh2, ICOS+PD-1+ Tfh cells and negatively associated with Tfr, CD45RA−FoxP3hi Tfr and Helios+ Tfr cells. In addition, pAPS with LA/aCL/β2GPI autoantibodies showed lower functional Tfr subsets and higher activated Tfh subsets. Serum interleukin (IL)-4, IL-21, IL-12 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were up-regulated and associated with Tfh and Tfr subset changes. Our study demonstrates that imbalance of circulating Tfr and Tfh, as well as their functional subsets, is associated with abnormal autoantibody levels in pAPS, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of pAPS.
Free thyroxine, brain frailty and clock drawing test performance in patients with acute minor stroke or transient ischaemic attack
Authors: Guo Zhiliang , Xu Guoli , Wang Ruojun , Hou Jie , Yu Shuhong , Wang Huaishun , Yu Shuai , Xu Jiaping , You Shoujiang , Huang Zhichao , Xiao Guodong , Cao Yongjun , Liu Chun‐Feng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThyroid dysfunction is associated with an elevated risk of cognitive decline, but the mechanism underlying this relationship is elusive. In this study, we investigate the relationships between free thyroxine (FT4), brain frailty and clock drawing test (CDT) performance in patients with acute minor stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA).Design, Patients and MeasurementsA total of 204 consecutive patients admitted to our hospital within 72 h after the onset of acute minor stroke or TIA were prospectively enroled and categorized in terms of quartiles of FT4 between March 2018 and August 2019. Brain frailty on magnetic resonance imaging was rated according to previously published criteria. Cognitive performance was assessed with the CDT.ResultsGeneralized linear analysis revealed that FT4 was independently associated with higher brain frailty score after adjusting potential confounders (β, 0.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.00–0.06; p = 0.0205), which is consistent with the result of FT4 (quartile) as a categorical variable (β, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.01–0.68; p = 0.0059; ptrend = 0.0807). A nonlinear relationship was detected between FT4 and brain frailty score, which had an inflection point of 1.19. FT4 was also associated with poor CDT performance (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04–1.26; p = 0.0051). And mediation analysis found that brain frailty partially mediated the positive relationship between FT4 and poor CDT performance (indirect effect = 0.0024; 95% CI, 0.0003–0.01, p = 0.04).ConclusionsOur findings suggested that a higher FT4 level was associated with a higher brain frailty score and poorer CDT performance, and brain frailty might play an important effect on the association between FT4 and cognitive decline.
Trauma then and now: Implications of adoption reform for First Nations children
Authors: Turnbull‐Roberts Vanessa , Salter Michael , Newton B. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCurrently, Aboriginal children are significantly over‐represented in the out‐of‐home‐care system. Drawing on Aboriginal trauma scholarship and decolonizing methodologies, this paper situates the contemporary state removal of Aboriginal children against the backdrop of historical policies that actively sought to disrupt Aboriginal kinship and communities. The paper draws on submissions to the 2018 Australian Senate Parliamentary Inquiry into Adoption Reform from Aboriginal community controlled organizations and highlights four common themes evident throughout these submissions: (i) the role of intergenerational trauma in high rates of Aboriginal child removal; (ii) the place of children within Aboriginal culture, kinship and identity; (iii) the centrality of the principles of self‐determination and autonomy for Aboriginal communities and (iv) Aboriginal community controlled alternatives to child removal. Acknowledging the failure of both federal and state reforms to address the issues raised in these submissions, the paper reflects on the marginalization of Aboriginal voices and solutions within contemporary efforts to address the multiple crises of the child protection system and the implications for the future of Aboriginal children.
Rising incidence of colorectal cancer in individuals younger than 50 years and increasing mortality from rectosigmoid cancer in England
Authors: Ng Oon‐Hui , Lunevicius Raimundas , Arthur James D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimThe aim was to describe changes in incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC) in England by analysing data available from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS, 2001–2017).MethodsData analysis was undertaken to interpret trends and patterns in age‐standardized incidence and death rates from CRC, including sub‐analyses by six age groups (0–24, 25–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80+) and three sites of cancer—colonic, rectosigmoid and rectal.ResultsOverall CRC incidence remained relatively stable—70.1 cases per 100 000 individuals (95% CI 69.3–71.0) in 2001 and 68.8 cases (95% CI 68.0–69.5) in 2017. Sub‐analysis demonstrates a quarter fewer incidence of rectosigmoid cancer (−27%). This is counterbalanced by a 3% rise in colon cancers. The age‐standardized incidence rate of CRC increased by 59% in the 25–49 age group. In the over 50s, CRC incidence remained stable, with reductions seen in rectosigmoid cancer (50–59 years, −19%; 60–69, −26%; 70–79, −39%; 80+, −27%). Overall, mortality improved (−18.7%), primarily as a result of the reduction in deaths from colon (−31.6%) and rectal cancers (−25.1%). Deaths from the small incident number of rectosigmoid cancers, however, demonstrated a significant increase overall (+166.7%). Grouped age‐standardized death rate analyses showed increasing death rates in the under 50s (+28.3%) compared to declining rates in the over 50s (−15.8%).ConclusionsThere is a clear trend in increased incidence and mortality in individuals under 50 years old. There is also a trend to increased mortality from rectosigmoid cancer. These findings should have implications for national screening programme extension to under 50s and a call to arms for appropriate identification, staging and treatment of rectosigmoid cancers.
Defunctioning stomas may reduce chances of a stoma‐free outcome after anterior resection for rectal cancer
Authors: Holmgren Klas , Häggström Jenny , Haapamäki Markku M. , Matthiessen Peter , Rutegård Jörgen , Rutegård Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate the conflicting consequences of faecal diversion on stoma outcomes and anastomotic leakage in anterior resection for rectal cancer, including interaction effects determined by the extent of mesorectal excision.MethodAnterior resections between 2007 and 2016 were identified using the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry. National Patient Registry data were added to determine stoma outcome 2 years after surgery. Tumour distance from the anal verge constituted a proxy for extent of mesorectal excision [total mesorectal excision (TME): ≤10 cm; partial mesorectal excision (PME): 13–15 cm]. With confounder‐adjusted probit regression, the total effect of defunctioning stoma on permanent stoma, and the interaction effect of extent of mesorectal excision, were estimated together with the indirect effect through anastomotic leakage. Baseline risks, risk differences (RDs) and relative risks (RRs) were reported.ResultsThe main study cohort included 4529 patients. Defunctioning stomas influenced the absolute permanent stoma risk (TME: RD 0.11 [95% CI 0.09–0.13]; PME: RD 0.15 [95% CI 0.13–0.16]). The baseline risk was higher in TME, with a resulting greater RR in PME (2.23 [95% CI 1.43–3.02] vs 4.36 [95% CI 3.05–5.68]). The indirect reduction in permanent stoma rates, due to the alleviating effect of faecal diversion on anastomotic leakage, was small (TME: 0.89 [95% CI 0.81–0.96]; PME: 0.96 [95% CI 0.91–1.00]).ConclusionIn anterior resection for rectal cancer, defunctioning stomas may reduce chances of a stoma‐free outcome. Considering leakage reduction benefits, consequences of routine diversion in TME might be fairly balanced, while this seems questionable in PME.
IRTA1 positivity helps identify a MALT‐lymphoma‐like subset of primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas, largely but not exclusively defined by IgM expression
Authors: Carlsen Eric D. , Bhavsar Shweta , Cook James R. , Swerdlow Steven H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt has been proposed that primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas (PCMZLs) include a MALT‐lymphoma‐like IgM+ subset and a class‐switched subset, which is unlike most other MALT lymphomas. Whether expression of the MALT lymphoma‐associated biomarkers IRTA1 and MNDA would support this concept and whether they might help explain why some patients have both subtypes is uncertain.MethodsTwenty‐five PCMZLs from 21 patients were stained for IRTA1 by in situ hybridization and for MNDA by immunohistochemistry. In two patients, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based B‐cell clonality studies were performed on biopsy specimens of metachronous lesions, which expressed different heavy chains. All results were correlated with the histopathologic and clinical findings.ResultsFive of six IgM+ PCMZLs were IRTA1+ vs three of 18 evaluable class‐switched cases (P = 0.0069). Two of the class‐switched IRTA1+ cases were in patients with clonally‐related IRTA1+ IgM+ PCMZLs. IRTA1 positivity showed a statistically significant correlation with several MALT‐lymphoma‐associated histopathologic findings. In contrast, all PCMZL cases showed at least some MNDA expression with no differences between IgM+ and class‐switched cases.ConclusionsIRTA1 identifies MALT‐lymphoma‐like PCMZLs that are largely but not exclusively IgM+. This supports the concept of two PCMZL subsets but suggests their distinction should not be based solely on their heavy chain expression.
Efficacy and safety of 28‐day treatment with oral insulin (ORMD‐0801) in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Eldor Roy , Neutel Joel , Homer Kenneth , Kidron Miriam 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo assess the safety and efficacy of oral insulin (ORMD‐0801) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Materials and MethodsAfter a 2‐week washout of other medications, adult metformin‐treated patients with T2D were randomized to receive placebo or 16 or 24 mg ORMD‐0801, once daily, at bedtime, for 28 days. The mean change from baseline weighted mean night‐time glucose levels was determined from 2 nights of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) recordings during the placebo run‐in and last week of treatment.ResultsIn total, 188 patients (HbA1c: 7.82% ± 0.88% [placebo] and 8.08% ± 1.11% [pooled ORMD‐0801 group]) were enrolled. In the placebo group, mean night‐time CGM increased from baseline by 13.7 ± 26.1 mg/dL, whereas the increase was significantly smaller in the pooled ORMD‐0801 group (1.7 ± 23.5 mg/dL, P = .0120). Glycaemic control variables (24‐hour, fasting and daytime CGM glucose) also displayed smaller increases with ORMD‐0801 versus placebo. Change from baseline HbA1c was −0.01% in the pooled ORMD‐0801 group versus +0.20% in the placebo group (P = .0149). ORMD‐0801 was well tolerated, with similar adverse event and hypoglycaemia rates as placebo.ConclusionsIn patients with T2D, bedtime ORMD‐0801 curbed increases in night‐time glycaemia, 24‐hour glycaemia and HbA1c, without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia or safety events compared with the control arm.
Differences in the virulence of Sphaeropsis sapinea strains originating from Scots pine and non‐pine hosts
Authors: Bußkamp Johanna , Blumenstein Kathrin , Terhonen Eeva , Langer Gitta Jutta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe virulence of 15 endophytic and pathogenic Sphaeropsis sapinea strains was tested towards Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Two‐thirds of the strains had been isolated from Scots pines with varying health status: five isolates originated from healthy tissue (endophytic fungal stage) and five from diseased tissue (pathogenic stage). One‐third of the strains were isolated from symptomatic tissues of non‐pine hosts: black alder (Alnus glutinosa), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), European larch (Larix decidua), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The S. sapinea strain isolated from black alder is the first proof that this fungus can form associations with alder species. On four‐year‐old P. sylvestris, one isolate per plant was inoculated on three side‐shoots of seven plants in a greenhouse (21 inoculations/strain). Differences in necrosis size caused by the isolates were measured 55 days after inoculation. The pathogenic S. sapinea isolates originating from diseased Scots pine and from non‐pine hosts were found to cause significantly longer necroses when compared to the endophytic isolates of S. sapinea from symptomless pines.
Treatment outcomes for young people at clinical high risk for psychosis: Data from a specialized clinic
Authors: West Michelle L. , Parrish Emma M. , Friedman‐Yakoobian Michelle 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTreatment for youth exhibiting signs of clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR‐P) has been emphasized in recent years, but there is need for a greater understanding of the course of symptoms and functioning across treatment. The aim of this study is to describe 10 years of naturalistic treatment outcomes in a real‐world, specialized CHR‐P outpatient clinic, the Center for Early Detection, Assessment, and Response to Risk (CEDAR) Clinic.MethodsThe CEDAR Clinic routinely collects client outcomes data for the purposes of program development, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and characterizing the clinic population. Clients are assessed at baseline, every 6 months (for up to 2 years depending on duration of treatment), and at the end of treatment. A series of mixed‐effects models were performed to analyse change over time in outcomes (symptoms and functioning) between baseline and follow‐up time points.ResultsOver time, clients' (N = 123) positive (F = 11.8, p < .001) and negative (F = 4.91, p = .002) symptoms declined relative to their baseline. Social functioning improved over time (F = 2.50, p = .049), as did depression (F = 8.60, p < .001) and hopelessness (F = 4.21, p = .004). Clients' total CEDAR treatment hours ranged across type of treatment service, but the amount of treatment clients received was not associated with any clinical outcomes.ConclusionsOver the course of treatment at this real‐world, specialized CHR‐P program, clients exhibited significant improvement in clinical outcomes and did not significantly decline in any measured outcomes. We discuss this study in the context of current understanding and guidelines for specialized coordinated specialty care treatment for CHR‐P.
Multinational descriptive analysis of the real‐world burden of headache using the Migraine Buddy application
Authors: Goadsby Peter J. , Constantin Luminita , Ebel‐Bitoun Caty , Igracki Turudic Iva , Hitier Simon , Amand‐Bourdon Caroline , Stewart Andrew 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeA large proportion of headache sufferers do not routinely seek medical care. App‐based technologies permit the collection of real‐world data over time and between countries that can help assess true burden of headache. This study used a mobile phone application to collect information on the real‐world burden of self‐diagnosed headache and to describe its impact on daily life in headache sufferers who do not routinely seek medical advice.MethodsThis retrospective, non‐interventional, cross‐sectional study analysed self‐reported data from users of the ‘Migraine Buddy’ app. The main objective was to describe self‐reported characteristics of headache and migraine (triggers, duration, frequency), treatment patterns and impact on daily activity in headache sufferers from Australia, Brazil, France, Germany and Japan. Data including demographics, self‐diagnosed episode type (headache/migraine), duration, potential triggers and impact on daily activity are reported. All analyses were exploratory and performed per country.ResultsSelf‐reported data were collected from 60,474 users between August 2016 and August 2018. Approximately 90% of users were females; >60% were aged 24–45 years. Over one‐third of users reported having two to five episodes of headache or migraine per month; impact included impaired concentration, being slower and missing work or social activities. Variations across countries were observed; within countries, episode characteristics were very similar for self‐diagnosed headache versus migraine.ConclusionsHeadache tracking was used to describe the experience, impact and self‐management approaches of migraine and headache sufferers in a real‐world setting. Headache disorders present a range of important issues for patients that deserve more study and reinforce the need for better approaches to management.