bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EEG in motion: Using an oddball task to explore motor interference in active skateboarding
Authors: Robles Daniel , Kuziek Jonathan W. P. , Wlasitz Nicole A. , Bartlett Nathan T. , Hurd Pete L. , Mathewson Kyle E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent advancements in portable computer devices have opened new avenues in the study of human cognition outside research laboratories. This flexibility in methodology has led to the publication of several electroencephalography studies recording brain responses in real‐world scenarios such as cycling and walking outside. In the present study, we tested the classic auditory oddball task while participants moved around an indoor running track using an electric skateboard. This novel approach allows for the study of attention in motion while virtually removing body movement. Using the skateboard auditory oddball paradigm, we found reliable and expected standard–target differences in the P3 and MMN/N2b event‐related potentials. We also recorded baseline electroencephalography activity and found that, compared to this baseline, alpha power is attenuated in frontal and parietal regions during skateboarding. In order to explore the influence of motor interference in cognitive resources during skateboarding, we compared participants' preferred riding stance (baseline level of riding difficulty) versus their non‐preferred stance (increased level of riding difficulty). We found that an increase in riding difficulty did not modulate the P3 and tonic alpha amplitude during skateboard motion. These results suggest that increases in motor demands might not lead to reductions in cognitive resources as shown in previous literature.
From teachers’ implicit theories of intelligence to job stress: The mediating role of teachers’ causal attribution of students’ academic achievement
Authors: Tao Vivienne Y. K. , Li Yun , Lam Ka Hou , Leung Chi Wo , Sun Chit Iam , Wu Anise M. S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo better understand the cognitive antecedents of teachers’ stress in the school setting, the effects of teachers’ beliefs regarding intelligence and their causal attributions of students’ academic performance on teachers’ job stress were examined in the current study. We recruited 271 teachers who voluntarily filled out an anonymous questionnaire. Findings demonstrated that teachers who endorsed the entity theory of intelligence tended to attribute students’ poor performance to students’ inability but not lack of effort. Results showed a positive relationship between teachers’ fixed view of intelligence and job stress, and this relationship was mediated by teachers’ attributing students’ poor performance to students’ lack of ability, even after controlling for teacher efficacy. We suggest to promote the psychological health of teachers by incorporating intelligence mindset and attribution training programs in preservice teacher education, professional development, and cognitive behavioral stress intervention for in‐service teachers.
Administration of a recombinant ALDH7A1 (rA7) indicates potential regulation of the metabolite and immunology pathways in Atlantic salmon infected with Aeromonas salmonicida
Authors: Li Xiaohao , Fan Kunpeng , Liu Yafang , Liu Ying , Liu Peng‐fei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida is the pathogen responsible for furunculosis, which is a serious disease of salmonids. This disease has a significant economic impact on the economic benefits of the global salmon farming industry. However, the pathogenesis of this disease in fish is still unknown. Members of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH) superfamily play a key role in the enzyme detoxification of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes. In this study, we obtained a recombinant aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) protein to find its functions on Atlantic salmon infected by A. salmonicida. The transcriptional response in the liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with differing levels of A. salmonicida infection was analysed and compared in order to reveal mechanisms by which ALDH7A1 may confer infection resistance. With the addition of ALDH7A1 protein, it was found that a total of 13,369 genes were annotated with one or more KEGG and localized to 360 KEGG pathways in the high concentration infection group. The differential expression genes were more enriched in immune signalling pathways such as the Toll‐like receptor signalling pathway, NF‐kappa B signalling pathway and TNF signalling pathway. On the other hand, at low concentrations of infection, KEGG enriched a smaller number of differential expression genes. However, these differential genes were more concentrated in immune signalling pathways such as the PI3K‐Akt signalling pathway, JAK‐STAT signalling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades. In addition, several known immune‐related genes including HSP90α, HSP70, DNA damage‐inducible transcript 4, integrin alpha 5 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 were among the differentially expressed transcripts. These data provide the first insights into the host–ALDH7A1 vaccine interactome. The results of this study contribute to identifying the potential resistance mechanisms of Atlantic salmon to A. salmonicida infection and determining future treatment strategies.
Quantitative PCR for Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi and T. finnmarkense
Authors: Nowlan Joseph P. , Lumsden John S. , Russell Spencer 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNumerous Tenacibaculum species, including T. dicentrarchi, T. maritimum and T. finnmarkense, are associated with tenacibaculosis in finfish; however, quantitative identification techniques are limited. Quantitative PCR assays were developed to detect T. dicentrarchi and T. finnmarkense. TaqMan assays using 16S rDNA demonstrated low detection limits (0.07–269 bacteria), suitable amplification efficiencies (>86%) and moderate specificity. However, the amplification of isolates with 100% sequence similarity to T. finnmarkense AY7486TD using both the T. finnmarkense and T. dicentrarchi assays indicates that other genes should be investigated. Both assays may help describe the pathogenesis of tenacibaculosis and may aid management practices for the aquaculture industry.
Land and livelihood in the age of COVID‐19: Implications for indigenous food producers in Ecuador
Authors: McBurney Matthew , Tuaza Luis Alberto , Ayol Carlos , Johnson Craig A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLike many Latin American countries, Ecuador responded to COVID‐19 by restricting trade and travel, a decision that disrupted the prevailing model of regional trade integration. Among some analysts, observations have been made that the lockdown represents a new opportunity to revitalize rural livelihoods and smallholder agriculture. This paper evaluates these claims by exploring the impact of COVID‐19 on household food security and smallholder food production in Chimborazo, a highland province that is known for extremely high rates of poverty and the highest concentration of Kichwa‐speaking Indigenous people in Ecuador. Drawing upon original empirical research, it makes the case that the prospects for revitalizing smallholder production remain structurally constrained by a legacy of land inequality and failed agrarian reform. According to our findings, the only sectors that thrived during the lockdown were ones that served local markets. For those requiring significant shipping and storage, merchants and traders were able to drive down farmgate prices, squeezing local producers. At the same time, new government legislation made it easier for employers to terminate wage labourers, undermining a vital source of income and employment for low‐income households. Far from revitalizing smallholder agriculture, the pandemic appears to have further entrenched an economic model of supporting agribusiness at the expense of family farms and migrant labour.
Presenting age and features of females diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Tang Jonathan W , Li Jason W , Baulderstone David , Jeyaseelan Deepa 
Published: March 2021

AimAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is reportedly more prevalent in males than in females. Hypotheses for this gender imbalance include differing presentations in females. The aim of this study was to identify gender‐based ASD differences in age at presentation, clinical features, comorbidities and severity levels.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted at a Child Development Unit. Children diagnosed with ASD during a 6‐month period were analysed.ResultsA total of 195 children were analysed with a male‐to‐female ratio of 2.8:1. No difference was found between gender and age at diagnosis. Males were more likely to display deficits in imaginative play and use repeated or learned phrases. Females were more likely to present with proprioception and vestibular issues, fears reflecting sensory avoidance and ASD of lesser severity.ConclusionOur study supports the hypothesis that gender‐based differences exist within ASD presenting features. These differences should be considered when assessing for ASD in females to avoid under recognition.
Transfer boarding delays care more in low‐volume rural emergency departments: A cohort study
Authors: Mohr Nicholas M. , Wu Chaorong , Ward Michael J. , McNaughton Candace D. , Faine Brett , Pomeranz Kaila , Richardson Kelly , Kaboli Peter J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeEmergency department (ED) crowding is increasing and is associated with adverse patient outcomes. The objective of this study was to measure the relative impact of ED boarding on timeliness of early ED care for new patient arrivals, with a focus on the differential impact in low‐volume rural hospitals.MethodsA retrospective cohort of all patients presenting to a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) ED between 2011 and 2014. The primary exposure was the number of patients in the ED at the time of ED registration, stratified by disposition (admit, discharge, or transfer) and mental health diagnosis. The primary outcome was time‐to‐provider evaluation, and secondary outcomes included time‐to‐EKG, time‐to‐laboratory testing, time‐to‐radiography, and total ED length‐of‐stay. Rurality was measured using the Rural‐Urban Commuting Areas.FindingsA total of 5,912,368 patients were included from all 123 VHA EDs. Adjusting for acuity, new patients had longer time‐to‐provider when more patients were in the ED, and patients awaiting transfer for nonmental health conditions impacted time‐to‐provider for new patients (16.6 min delays, 95% CI: 12.3–20.7 min) more than other patient types. Rural patients saw a greater impact of crowding on care timeliness than nonrural patients (additional 5.3 min in time‐to‐provider per additional patient in ED, 95% CI: 4.3–6.4), and the impact of additional patients in all categories was most pronounced in the lowest‐volume EDs.ConclusionsPatients seen in EDs with more crowding have small, but additive, delays in early elements of ED care, and transferring patients with nonmental health diagnoses from rural facilities were associated with the greatest impact.
The effect of 5 nights of sleep restriction on empathic propensity
Authors: Amicucci Giulia , Tempesta Daniela , Salfi Federico , D'Atri Aurora , Viselli Lorenzo , De Gennaro Luigi , Ferrara Michele 
Published: March 2021

SummaryLiterature supports the existence of a significant relationship between sleep quality/quantity and empathy. However, empathic ability and empathic propensity are distinct constructs. Expression of empathic propensity depends on the subjective cognitive costs attributed to the empathic experience. Studies on the effects of the experimental reduction in sleep duration on empathic behaviour are still lacking. Therefore, we investigated the consequences of 5 consecutive nights of sleep restriction on empathic propensity. A total of 42 university students (mean [SEM] age 24.09 [0.65] years; 22 females) underwent a cross‐over design consisting of 5 consecutive nights of regular sleep and 5 consecutive nights of sleep restriction with a maximum of 5 hr sleep/night. After each condition, all participants were evaluated using the Empathy Selection Task, a new test assessing the motivated avoidance of empathy for its associated cognitive costs. The results showed different effects of sleep restriction depending on the habitual way of responding in the empathic context. Participants with baseline high levels of empathic propensity reduced their empathic propensity after prolonged sleep restriction. Differently, participants who tended to avoid empathising already in the habitual sleep condition maintained their empathic behaviour unchanged after sleep curtailment. In conclusion, inter‐individual variability should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of sleep restriction on empathic propensity. People with habitual higher tendency to empathise could choose to avoid empathic experience following several consecutive nights of inadequate sleep.
Development of a multiplex microsatellite assay for parentage assignment in orange‐spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides)
Authors: Wang Xi , Hua Qianqian , Wu Lina , Weng Zhuoying , Huang Wenhua , Meng Zining 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEstablishment of reliable pedigree information of different lineages is crucial for selective breeding and stock enhancement programs. However, owing to the absence of a reliable assay for parentage assignment, such information is lacking in orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), which is an economically important coral‐reef fish. In this study, we developed two multiplex microsatellite polymerase chain reaction systems that consisted of 12 microsatellite markers (seven in system A and five in system B) for parentage assignment of orange‐spotted groupers. The theoretical exclusion probability per locus ranged from 0.079 to 0.436 when both parents were unknown (E‐1P) and from 0.191 to 0.614 when one parent was known (E‐2P). The combined exclusion probability values of 12 loci were 98.8% (E‐1P) and 100% (E‐2P), respectively. The accuracy of the parentage test for a mixed family (15 dams and 12 sires, 226 offspring) was 100%. In addition, two wild populations (79 individuals) were added as interferential offspring, only four of which were misassigned to the stock. The success rate of assignment was 98.69%. We provide a reliable microsatellite‐based assay for parentage assignment in orange‐spotted groupers, which will be useful for selective breeding and stock enhancement programs for this species and maybe other groupers.
Convergent evolution of increased urine‐concentrating ability in desert mammals
Authors: Rocha Joana L. , Brito José C. , Nielsen Rasmus , Godinho Raquel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

One of the most celebrated textbook examples of physiological adaptations to desert environments is the unique ability that desert mammals have to produce hyperosmotic urine. Commonly perceived as an adaptation mainly observed in small rodents, the extent to which urine‐concentrating ability has evolved independently in distinct mammalian lineages has not previously been assessed using modern phylogenetic approaches.

We review urine‐concentrating ability data from the literature in 121 mammalian species with geographic ranges encompassing varying climatic conditions. We explicitly test the general hypothesis that desert‐dwelling mammals have evolved greater ability to concentrate urine than non‐desert species, controlling for body mass, phylogenetic affinity and other covariates.

Ancestral state reconstruction across our dataset’s phylogeny shows that the ability to produce hyperosmotic urine, measured as maximum urine osmolality, has evolved convergently in mammalian species with geographic ranges characterised by low mean annual aridity index.

Phylogenetic generalised least‐squares (PGLS) models show that the mean annual aridity index of a species’ geographic range largely predicts its urine‐concentrating ability, even when accounting for body mass differences, phylogenetic correlations, the specific condition under which urine osmolality was measured, the method used to measure urine osmolality, and the species’ diet.

In contrast, we find much weaker correlations between mass‐adjusted basal metabolic rate and environmental variables when analysing 84 of the species included in the urine osmolality analysis.

Taken together, our results not only show that desert mammals effectively concentrate more urine than non‐desert mammals, but further suggest that aridity is likely to have been one of the main selective pressures leading to increasing maximum urine‐concentrating ability and driving its repeated evolution in different desert mammalian lineages.
Genomic signatures of divergent selection are associated with social behaviour for spinner dolphin ecotypes
Authors: Andrews Kimberly R. , Epstein Brendan , Leslie Matthew S. , Fiedler Paul , Morin Phillip A. , Hoelzel A. Rus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the genomic basis of adaptation is critical for understanding evolutionary processes and predicting how species will respond to environmental change. Spinner dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) present a unique system for studying adaptation. Within this large geographical region are four spinner dolphin ecotypes with weak neutral genetic divergence and no obvious barriers to gene flow, but strong spatial variation in morphology, behaviour and habitat. These ecotypes have large population sizes, which could reduce the effects of drift and facilitate selection. To identify genomic regions putatively under divergent selective pressures between ecotypes, we used genome scans with 8994 RADseq single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify population differentiation outliers and genotype–environment association outliers. Gene ontology enrichment analyses indicated that outlier SNPs from both types of analyses were associated with multiple genes involved in social behaviour and hippocampus development, including 15 genes associated with the human social disorder autism. Evidence for divergent selection on social behaviour is supported by previous evidence that these spinner dolphin ecotypes differ in mating systems and associated social behaviours. In particular, three of the ETP ecotypes probably have a polygynous mating system characterized by strong premating competition among males, whereas the fourth ecotype probably has a polygynandrous mating system characterized by strong postmating competition such as sperm competition. Our results provide evidence that selection for social behaviour may be an evolutionary force driving diversification of spinner dolphins in the ETP, potentially as a result of divergent sexual selection associated with different mating systems. Future studies should further investigate the potential adaptive role of the candidate genes identified here, and could probably find further signatures of selection using whole genome sequence data.
Genetic analysis of ear‐related traits under different pollination treatments in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Yang Lin , Li Ting , Liu Binbin , Li Ranran , Yu Ruisu , Zhang Xiuying , Li Qin , Xu Shutu , Xue Jiquan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEar‐related traits are crucial factors in grain yield, and understanding the genetic analysis of these traits provides important insights into maize breeding. This study derived a F5:6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population including 201 families from a cross between KA105 and KB020 lines. Genotyping by target sequencing was then used to construct a high‐density genetic map with 2,248 markers. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the following six ear‐related traits were identified under four environmental conditions, including self‐pollination and open pollination, using the complete interval mapping method: ear length, fruit length, ear diameter, ear row number, kernel number per row and kernel number per ear. Forty‐eight QTLs were detected on all chromosomes, except chromosomes 7 and 9, with 4.13%–17.16% phenotypic variation explanation (PVE). Among them, five QTLs were identified across at least two environments and five QTLs were associated with more than two traits. Three pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected by single environment analysis. This research provides insights into genetic mechanisms and molecular marker‐assisted selection related to the improvement of ear‐related traits in maize.
Social distance modulates outcome processing when comparing abilities with others
Authors: Liu Siqi , Hu Xinmu , Mai Xiaoqin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSocial comparison occurs when individuals evaluate themselves in comparison with others. Social distance can influence the effect of social comparison. Using event‐related potentials, this study examined how social distance affects the time course of outcome processing when individuals compare themselves with others in terms of ability. Participants were asked to perform a dot estimation task with a friend and a stranger. The results showed the effect of social distance on the N1, feedback‐related negativity (FRN), and P300, such that the N1 and P300 were greater for the outcome when pairing with the stranger than when pairing with the friend, whereas the FRN was more negative for the outcome when pairing with the friend than when pairing with the stranger, suggesting that participants allocated more attention resources to the stranger's outcome during the early, automatic (the N1) and later, controlled processing stage (the P300). In addition, the FRN was sensitive to the valence of both self‐ and other‐outcomes, and the FRN valence effect of self‐outcome was modulated by friends’ outcomes but not by strangers’ outcomes, indicating that at the semi‐automatic processing stage, closer social distance increases the likelihood of individuals being affected by the comparison targets. These results suggest that when comparing with others in the ability dimension, social distance plays a different role in different stages of outcome processing. At the primary stage of outcome processing, individuals are more likely to compare with close others in the ability dimension.
Politicians, regulators, and regulatory governance: The neglected sides of the story
Authors: Benoît Cyril 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe offer a series of reflective insights about the state and direction of studies related to the politics of regulation. Notably we argue that the field is characterized by persisting divisions between Americanists and Europeanists. Largely focused on the actions taken by political principals, the former regularly report a substantial politicization of regulatory behavior. Reflecting on recent developments in US politics however, we show that political influence could be overestimated in the United States. Symmetrically, this same influence could be underestimated by Europeanists, who for now have largely focused on regulators and agencies. This is notably suggested by a discussion of recent development in European politics, as revealed by contributions systematically measuring agency politicization in Western European democracies. On this basis, we identify some promising research questions and agendas for future studies on the politics of regulation.