bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision tree-based detection of blowing snow events in the European Alps
Authors: Xie Zhipeng , Ma Weiqiang , Ma Yaoming , Hu Zeyong , Sun Genhou , Han Yizhe , Hu Wei , Su Rongmingzhu , Fan Yixi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Blowing snow processes are crucial in shaping the strongly heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of snow and in regulating subsequent snowpack evolution in mountainous terrain. Although empirical formulae and constant threshold wind speeds have been widely used to estimate the occurrence of blowing snow in regions with sparse observations, the scarcity of in situ observations in mountainous regions contrasts with the demands of models for reliable observations at high spatiotemporal resolution. Therefore, these methods struggle to accurately capture the high local variability of blowing snow. This study investigated the potential capability of the decision tree model (DTM) to detect blowing snow in the European Alps. The DTMs were constructed based on routine meteorological observations (mean wind speed, maximum wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity) and snow measurements (including in situ snow depth observations and satellite-derived products). Twenty repetitions of a random sub-sampling validation test with an optimal size ratio (0.8) between the training and validation subsets were applied to train and assess the DTMs. Results show that the maximum wind speed contributes most to the classification accuracy, and the inclusion of more predictor variables improves the overall accuracy. However, the spatiotemporal transferability of the DTM might be limited if the divergent distribution of wind speed exists between stations. Although both the site-specific DTMs and site-independent DTM show great ability in detecting blowing snow occurrence and are superior to commonly used empirical parameterizations, specific assessment indicators varied between stations and surface conditions. Events for which blowing snow and snowfall occurred simultaneously were detected the most reliably. Although models failed to fully reproduce the high frequency of local blowing snow events, they have been demonstrated to be a promising approach requiring limited meteorological variables and have the potential to scale to multiple stations across different regions.
Conditional simulation of spatial rainfall fields using random mixing: a study that implements full control over the stochastic process
Authors: Yan Jieru , Li Fei , Bárdossy András , Tao Tao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The accuracy of spatial precipitation estimates with relatively high spatiotemporal resolution is of vital importance in various fields of research and practice. Yet the intricate variability and intermittent nature of precipitation make it very difficult to obtain accurate spatial precipitation estimates. Radars and rain gauges are two complementary sources of precipitation information: the former are inaccurate in general but are valid indicators of the spatial pattern of the rainfall field; the latter are relatively accurate but lack spatial coverage. Several radar–gauge merging techniques that can provide spatial precipitation estimates have been proposed in the scientific literature. Conditional simulation has great potential to be used in spatial precipitation estimation. Unlike commonly used interpolation methods, conditional simulation yields a range of possible estimates due to its Monte Carlo framework. However, one obstacle that hampers the application of conditional simulation in spatial precipitation estimation is the need to obtain the marginal distribution function of the rainfall field with sufficient accuracy. In this work, we propose a method to obtain the marginal distribution function from radar and rain gauge data. A conditional simulation method, random mixing (RM), is used to simulate rainfall fields. The radar and rain gauge data used in the application of the proposed method are derived from a stack of synthetic rainfall fields. Due to the full control over the stochastic process, the accuracy of the estimates is verified comprehensively. The results from the proposed approach are compared with those from three well-known radar–gauge merging techniques: ordinary Kriging, Kriging with external drift, and conditional merging, and the sensitivity of the approach to two factors – the number of rain gauges and the random error in the radar estimates – is analysed in the same experimental context.
Implementation of WRF-Hydro at two drainage basins in the region of Attica, Greece, for operational flood forecasting
Authors: Galanaki Elissavet , Lagouvardos Konstantinos , Kotroni Vassiliki , Giannaros Theodore , Giannaros Christos 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. An integrated modeling approach for forecasting flood events is presented in the current study. An advanced flood forecasting model, which is based on the coupling of hydrological and atmospheric components, was used for a twofold objective: first to investigate the potential of a coupled hydrometeorological model to be used for flood forecasting at two medium-size drainage basins in the area of Attica (Greece) and second to
investigate the influence of the use of the coupled hydrometeorological
model on the precipitation forecast skill. For this reason, we used
precipitation and hydrometric in situ data for six flood events at two
selected drainage regions of Attica. The simulations were carried out with
the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (WRF-only) and the
WRF-Hydro system in a fully coupled mode, under which surface, subsurface, and channel hydrological processes were parameterized at a fine-resolution
grid of 95 m approximately. Results showed that the coupled WRF-Hydro system was capable of producing the observed discharge during the flood episodes, after the adequate calibration method applied at the studied basins. This outcome provides confidence that the model configuration under the two-way atmospheric–hydrological coupling is robust and, thus, can be used for operational flood forecasting purposes in the area of Attica. In addition, the WRF-Hydro model showed a tendency to slightly improve the simulated precipitation in comparison to the precipitation produced by the atmospheric-only version of the model (WRF), demonstrating the capability of the coupled WRF-Hydro model to enhance the precipitation forecast skill for operational flood predictions.
Intense windstorms in the northeastern United States
Authors: Letson Frederick W. , Barthelmie Rebecca J. , Hodges Kevin I. , Pryor Sara C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Windstorms are a major natural hazard in many countries.
The objective of this study is to identify and characterize intense
windstorms during the last 4 decades in the US Northeast and determine
both the sources of cyclones responsible for these events and the manner in
which those cyclones differ from the cyclone climatology. The windstorm
detection is based on the spatial extent of locally extreme wind speeds at
100 m height from the ERA5 reanalysis database. During the top 10
windstorms, wind speeds exceed their local 99.9th percentile over
at least one-third of land-based ERA5 grid cells in this high-population-density region of the USA. Maximum sustained wind speeds at 100 m during
these windstorms range from 26 to over 43 ms−1, with wind speed return
periods exceeding 6.5 to 106 years (considering the top 5 % of grid cells
during each storm). Property damage associated with these storms, with inflation
adjusted to January 2020, ranges from USD 24 million to over USD 29 billion. Two of these windstorms are linked to decaying tropical cyclones,
three are Alberta clippers, and the remaining storms are Colorado lows. Two
of the 10 re-intensified off the east coast, leading to development of
nor'easters. These windstorms followed frequently observed cyclone tracks
but exhibit maximum intensities as measured using 700 hPa relative vorticity
and mean sea level pressure that is 5–10 times the mean values for
cyclones that followed similar tracks over this 40-year period. The
time evolution of wind speeds and concurrent precipitation for those
windstorms that occurred after the year 2000 exhibit good agreement with in
situ ground-based and remote sensing observations, plus storm damage
reports, indicating that the ERA5 reanalysis data have a high degree of
fidelity for large, damaging windstorms such as these. A larger pool of the
top 50 largest windstorms exhibit evidence of only weak serial clustering,
which is in contrast to the relatively strong serial clustering of
windstorms in Europe.
Creative Destruction of Halal Certification (Bodies) By Blockchain Technology?
Authors: Tieman Marco , Williams Geoffrey 
Published: July 2021

The fast-growing global halal market is supported by strong economic fundamentals, new categories of halal certified products, more stringent requirements for ingredients, and more Muslim countries developing halal certification systems. This is resulting in a high demand for halal certification services. The number of halal certification bodies (HCBs) worldwide is estimated to stand at around 500, although the exact number is difficult to obtain because there is no international or Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) registration database. Generally, HCBs do not recognise each other although some HCBs, such as the Indonesian Council Of Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI) and Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, JAKIM), create lists of recognised HCBs for issues pertaining to (amongst other things) meat slaughtering and the production of flavourings and perfumes.
Jocelyn Cesari, The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State
Authors: Mohamad Shukri Syaza Farhana 
Published: July 2021

The book argues against the prevalent theory of modernisation and democratisation that the separation between state and religion should be the natural outcome of a modernising Islamic society, similar to the historical trajectory of the West as a liberal political system. Instead, the author shows through her meticulous work in the Middle East that to the contrary, Islam is further politicised in the region following the formation of nation-states because there is a lack of demarcation between Islam and the nation as an identity. The main tenet of the book is that “[t]he use of Western secular techniques in law and constitutions created a strong connection between Islam and politics and contributed to the redefinition of Islam as a political norm in ways unknown under the Muslim empires.” (p. 7) It is this conflation between the religious and political self of Muslims in the early twentieth century that makes it difficult for state institutions to ignore the people’s natural desire for a religious life and therefore political system. Although this conversation is far from new, the author’s argument is meant to rattle the prevalent discourse so that we can find a way forward for democratic Muslims without having to undermine their experience or reality.
Towards Authentic Behaviour Management Models for Islamic Schools - A Framework Synthesising Research
Authors: Crown Dylan , Alam Omaira 
Published: July 2021

The purpose of learning in Islamic schools should be to facilitate transformation on the path to ma’rifatu’Llah. Transformation over compliance would therefore best characterise those behaviour management models most appropriate for Islamic schools. But unfortunately, behaviour management models are often adopted in Islamic schools without considered thought or evidence from tradition or empirical research. A critical examination of current behaviour management models and their embedded practices in Islamic schools is therefore required. To what extent are common practices effective, authentic and aligned with visions of Islamic education? The purpose of this paper is to produce a framework that can inform the development of future authentic behaviour management models in Islamic schools that are conversant with Islamic principles. The framework offered is based upon a synthesis of research within the field of Islamic education.
Islam and Constitutions
Authors: Hazri Tengku Ahmad 
Published: July 2021

Across the Muslim world, constitutions frequently make reference to Islam. These references assume various forms. In some constitutions, Islam is declared as a state religion, official religion, or something similar, such as in Malaysia’s Federal Constitution, which proclaims Islam to be “the religion of the federation.” In others (Egypt, Tunisia, Libya), the Sharia is promulgated as a source-if not ‘the’ source-of legislation. Yet others (Iraq, Afghanistan) include ‘repugnancy clauses’, i.e. clauses declaring laws that run contrary to Sharia to be invalid, null and void. Still others require the head of state or government to be a Muslim (e.g. Syria). The various ways in which Islam is incorporated into these constitutions reveals the centrality of religion to public life in most Muslim societies. But they also point to another important aspect, namely the negotiation of Islam and modernity. This is a recurrent leitmotif that runs throughout the constitutional history of the modern Islamic world.
Eiseley’s Stygian Oracle
Authors: Beachly William 
Published: July 2021

Nature provides an oracle, often when and where we do not seek one. Childhood encounters with animals, as with people, can be formative. Loren Eiseley’s encounters may have been set him on the path of the vagrant. Such seekers may be drawn to places and things others shun (like caves, or spiders). This act of exploring beneath the surface of things is rarely completed or satisfying. Rather, like an oracle that speaks in half-audible whispers, much is left for the seeking mind to fill in. The scientist may feel their quest is more rational in execution than the mythic wanderer, but the world of the mind can allow for shape-shifting realities wherein both quests become one. This fearless willingness to listen to the oracle, and go wherever it leads, is both exemplary of good science and the human quest. I consider here what could have been the formative experiences that compelled Loren Eiseley, as a watcher of things, to look beneath familiar surfaces. (WRB)
Public Relations in Hospitals Facing Rumors in Crisis Conditions
Authors: Gader Alnur Babeker Saleh Dr. Abdul 
Published: July 2021

Rumors are one of threatening the of workers in an institution where it works to revoke disturbance, lack of confidence, dispersion of workers’ efforts and losing their time, moreover, the damage affected to the mental picture of the institution and its reputation; therefore the rumors’ study and its motivations, causes and its influenced factors and how to avoid it are important factors to success of any institution. The study aimed to identify how serious of rumors and its effect on the psychological health of the patient and society in general; and to know the methods and mechanisms used by the public relations directorate in dealing with the rumor when it occurs. The researcher reached some results; the most important of them are that the activities and programs of public relations are serve strengthen the social relationship among employees, except that the public relations directorate does not care to reinforcing the human resources among the employees, moreover, the public relation directorate focused on the ceremony position more than other public relations positions, and there is a proportional increase on the level of knowledge of public relation’s employees about rumors and how to deal with it, as well as the study shows that the rumors are more spread through social media means, and that the most means to deal with rumors by public relations are internet and social media sites and there is shortage represents on carelessness of the public relations directorate to execute researches to identify the trends of public opinions specially “ during and after rumors”.
Pulling Back from Politics: Second Nature and Oikonomia in the Franklin's Tale
Authors: Edmondson George 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Guided by the scene in the Franklin's Tale where Aurelius is intercepted by the clerk outside of Orléans and redirected to the latter's house, this article argues that the Franklin's Tale deviates from politics in order to facilitate the historical convergence of oikonomia and second nature. In the Franklin's Tale we find ourselves trapped within the second nature produced by oikonomia: the world seems unchangeable only because we have lost sight of its historical character. Meanwhile, the realm of politics—and the authentic freedom it makes possible—hovers just outside the borders of the tale, a destination recalled but never reached. Fortunately, we have Dorigen's meditation on “the grisly feendly rokkes blake” to provide us with a model for the objectification of critical consciousness and thus with an apprehension of freedom. In Dorigen's critical “memory of nature,” we find our emancipation from inert second nature.
Tertiary treatment of dairy industry wastewater with production of Chlorella vulgaris biomass: evaluation of effluent dilution
Authors: Nunes Ivan Venâncio de Oliveira , Inoue Carina Harue Bastos , Rodrigues Sousa Ana Elisa , Carvalho João Carlos Monteiro de , Gomes Andreia Maria da Anunciação , Matsudo Marcelo Chuei 
Published: July 2021

Secondary wastewaters from the dairy industry may cause eutrophication of water bodies when not properly treated, mainly because they contain nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Tertiary treatment using microalgae could be an adequate solution for Minas Gerais State, the largest Brazilian milk producer, contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts, as well as providing biomass for oil extraction, and obtaining active compounds and inputs (including proteins) for animal feeding. In this work, dilutions (with distilled water) of the secondary wastewater from the dairy industry were evaluated to cultivate Chlorella vulgaris in a bench-scale tubular photobioreactor. Theresults indicate the feasibility of using wastewater from the dairy industry, after secondary treatment, to cultivate microalgae, showing cell growth like that obtained in control cultures (Bold basal medium). The secondary wastewater without dilution (100% wastewater) provided the best condition for biomass production. The biomass obtained in wastewater showed no differences from the biomass obtained in the Bold basal medium (control) in terms of protein, lipid content, or fatty acid profile.
Optimization of palm oil biodiesel production using response surface methodology
Authors: Silva Flávio Castro da , Guardiola Juan Fernando Herrea , Teixeira Luciana Pinto , Maria Ana Caroline Lopes , De Souza Luan Alves , Belém André Luiz 
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this paper was to analyze palm oil biodiesel production under different conditions and to verify the relationships between production variables in order to optimize biofuel production using response surface methodology (RSM). Biodiesel was produced through transesterification process by methyl route and alkali catalyst (NaOH) 1% (m/m). The analyzed variables were: four molar ratios (3:1, 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1); three temperature reactions (45°, 52° and 60°C); and three time reactions (40, 60 and 80 minutes). For the palm oil biodiesel production, the highest yield was 93%, obtained via a molar rate of 3:1, 52°C and 60 minutes. This result differs from previous studies that found a higher yield with molar ratio increases, implying greater expenses of methanol. Kinetic viscosity and specific mass were also analyzed, and the values are within the Brazilian, American, and European standards. The results showed that the most influent factor in biodiesel production was the molar rate. In relation to the biodiesel characterization, using the RMN H1 technique, it was possible to obtain the transesterification reaction yield of 79.50% for the 3:1 palm oil biodiesel. Through gas chromatography, it can be verified that the predominant fatty acids in the samples were palmitic and oleic acids.
Metals bioremediation potential using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Authors: Ansilago Mônica , Ottonelli Franciéli , Carvalho Emerson Machado de 
Published: July 2021

Microalgae are unicellular organisms, photosynthesizers that present cell duplication exponentially and biosorption capacity of nutrients dissolved in water. The objective of this work was to evaluate the capacityof the microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata for bioremediation of metals and salts. In this aspect, the reduction of the metals and salts in the synthetic effluents by the microalga P. subcapitata was evaluated: (T1) culture medium (control); (T2) culture medium contaminated with aluminum chloride; (T3) culture medium contaminated with ferrous sulfate; (T4) culture medium contaminated with zinc sulfate; (T5) culture medium contaminated with the combination of aluminum chloride, ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate. The bioremediation process was evaluated by comparing culture media with suspended microalgae to a filtrate version of the same medium. Iron and zinc metals, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus salts, showed depleted values in the filtered medium, indicating efficiency in the treatment of water by microalgae. Aluminum content was below the limit of detection in all treatments. The cumulative values in the microalgae biomass were, in descending order: nitrogen, zinc, iron and phosphorus, thus indicating the assimilation of the contaminants in the algal biomass. In addition, high biomass production of the microalgae was observed. The highest production rate was verified in the synthetic effluent with the association of metals, indicating a synergy between contaminants, which was probably responsible for reducing the toxic effect on the microalgae. These results indicated high potential for bioremediation by microalga P. subcapitata, besides the possibility of using algal biomass for biotechnological applications.
Isotopic variations of carbon and nitrogen and their implications on the conversion of Cerrado vegetation into pasture
Authors: Oliveira Naelmo de Souza , Schiavo Jolimar Antonio , Lima Miriam Ferreira , Laranjeira Lais Thomaz , Nunes Geisielly Pereira , Da Cruz Sidne Canassa 
Published: July 2021

Conversions of natural vegetation into pasture can, in a short time, change the carbon stock and the natural abundance of δ13C in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, as well as in the natural abundance of δ13C and δ15N of Argissolo Vermelho distrófico (Acrisol), in an area of natural vegetation and planted pasture in the Cerrado region of Aquidauana (MS), Brazil. In order to do this, an area of pasture (PA), cultivated for 25 years with Urochloa brizantha, and an area of natural vegetation (NV) were evaluated. Soil samples were collected at intervals of 0.05 m up to 0.60 m depth, and physical attributes, C and N stocks (CSt and NSt) and isotopic variations of δ13C and δ15N of soil were determined. In the 0–0.05 m layer, the highest C and N stocks occurred in NV, 21.99 and 1.9 Mg ha-1, respectively. In the conversion to PA, 14.62 Mg ha-1 of CSt and 1.36 Mg ha-1 of NSt were lost in the 0–0.05 m layer. The area with PA had greater isotopic enrichment of δ13C in the layers of 0–0.05 and 0.05–0.10 m, with values of -18.3 and -17.4‰, respectively, while in the other layers the isotopic values decreased with the mixture between C of C3 and C4 plants. NV showed enrichment in the isotopic signals, in the layers from 0.25–0.30 m up to 0.40–0.45 m, with values between -21.74 and -21.54‰, respectively, which is characteristic of mixed vegetation of C3 and C4 plants. The values of δ15 N showed isotopic enrichment as depth increased, indicating greater mineralization of soil organic matter in both areas. The conversion of Cerrado into pasture and its consequent fragmentation causes negative impacts on the C and N sequestration and storage capacity, both in pasture and in natural vegetation.