bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Platelet Indices in Prediction of Pre-eclampsia
Authors: Elbasuony Walaa Abdelghafar , Hodeib Hossam Abd el-mohsein , Eljejawy Adel Elshahat , Shaheen Karam Abd el-fattah 
Published: February 2021

Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the diagnostic value of platelet count (PC), mean platelet volume (MPV), the PC to MPV ratio and platelet distribution width (PDW) for prediction of pre-eclampsia (PE).
Subjects and Methods: This prospective cohort study included 100 pregnant women, in the ﬁrst trimester of pregnancy attending to University Hospital, Obstetric Outpatient Clinic, for routine obstetric care from January 2019 to December 2019. Routine obstetric follow-up consists of monthly visits until 32nd gestational week, bimonthly visits between 32nd and 36th gestational week, and weekly thereafter. Patients were classified into two groups: group I: 9 pre-eclamptic patients and group II: non pre-eclamptic 91 patients. CBC indices were measured at each planned visit
Results: PC, PC/MPV were significantly decreased, MPV and PDW were significantly increased in group I than group II at the 2nd part of pregnancy. To predict pre-eclampsia, PC at cut-off ≤214, sensitivity was 77.78, specificity was 76.92. MPV at cut-off >9.7, sensitivity was 77.78, specificity was 100.00, PC-MPV at cut-off ≤26.89, sensitivity was 88.89, specificity was 78.02. PDW at cut-off >10.4, sensitivity was 88.89, specificity was 54.95.
Conclusion: The increase in the MPV and PDW and the decrease in PC and PC/MPV were observed in preeclampsia. Thus, the platelet indices which are easily available, as well as economical, can also be used in the prediction and early diagnosis of preeclampsia.
Evolution of Anisotropic Arrow Nanostructures during Controlled Overgrowth
Authors: Wang Wenhui , Erofeev Ivan , Nandi Proloy , Yan Hongwei , Mirsaidov Utkur 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnisotropic metal nanoparticles (NPs), such as high‐aspect‐ratio Au nanorods (NRs), play an important role for applications in photocatalysis, sensing, and drug delivery because of their adjustable plasmon resonances. Their performance for these applications can be further improved by fine‐tuning their morphologies. Achieving desired NP architectures requires insight into their formation mechanisms. Here, liquid‐phase transmission electron microscopy is used to directly follow the overgrowth of Au NR seeds into nanoarrows (NAs) with fourfold symmetric wings along the sides. Adding thiol molecules like L‐cysteine to the growth solution can lead to the formation of NAs with periodic prismatic teeth instead of the straight side wings. These observations suggest that this transition is controlled by binding of L‐cysteine to the NR surface, which in turn, slows down the metal deposition rate, switching the overgrowth from the kinetically to thermodynamically controlled process. Furthermore, simulations demonstrate that these prismatic teeth enhance the NPs’ plasmonic properties. The study describes how thiol additives control the morphological evolution of metal NPs, which is important for the fabrication of NPs with tailored shapes for a broad range of applications.
Physical Unclonable Anticounterfeiting Electrodes Enabled by Spontaneously Formed Plasmonic Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Traceable Electronics
Authors: Li Qian , Chen Feiliang , Kang Jianbin , Su Juan , Huang Feng , Wang Pidong , Yang Xiu , Hou Yidong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCounterfeit electronics are a growing problem for the electronic information industry worldwide, so developing unbreakable security tags is crucial to ensure the trustworthiness and traceability of electronics. Traditional anticounterfeiting and trace solutions rely on reproducible deterministic processes and additional labels, which can still be copied or faked by counterfeiters. Herein, physical unclonable functions enabled by spontaneously formed plasmonic core–shell nanoparticles on electrodes are proposed to ensure label‐free traceable electronics, giving a practical solution to fight against counterfeit electronics. Random hemispherical core–shell nanoparticles are intentionally introduced on the metal electrode of different semiconductors (Si, GaAs, and GaN) from Ni/Au bilayer heterofilms by rapid thermal annealing, which can be integrated with electronics seamlessly, with no negative effect on electrical properties. The position, size, and shape of nanoparticles are random and uncontrollable; the corresponding scattering patterns, intensity, and spectra can work as nanofingerprints of the electrode, proving multidimensional unclonable labels with large encoding capacity suitable for electrodes smaller than several micrometers. It can be further combined with machine vision and artificial intelligence to identify and track electronics automatically and efficiently. The anticounterfeiting electrodes also show good thermal robustness and mechanical stability, opening up a prospect for practical anticounterfeiting of electronics.
Improving the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells via a Novel Additive of N,1‐Fluoroformamidinium Iodide with Electron‐Withdrawing Fluorine Group
Authors: Liu Chao , Liu Shuang , Wang Yifan , Chu Yanmeng , Yang Kai , Wang Xiadong , Gao Chenxu , Wang Qifei , Du Jiankang , Li Sheng , Hu Yue , Rong Yaoguang , Guo Lianbo , Mei Anyi , Han Hongwei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAdditives are widely adopted for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and proper additive design contributes a lot to PSCs’ various breakthroughs. Herein, a novel additive of N,1‐fluoroformamidinium iodide (F‐FAI), whose cation replaces one amino group in guanidinium (GA+) with electron‐withdrawing fluorine group, is synthesized and applied as the additive for PSCs. The electron‐withdrawing effect of fluorine promotes the molecular polarity of N,1‐fluoroformamidine (F‐FA), enhancing the interaction of N,1‐fluoroformamidinium (F‐FA+) with MAPbI3. Compared with the nonpolar GA+, F‐FA+ improves the crystallinity, passivates the defect, and downshifts the Fermi level of MAPbI3 more significantly. The charge transfer and built‐in field in printable triple mesoscopic PSCs are therefore enhanced. Moreover, charge transport in MAPbI3 is also promoted by F‐FAI. With these benefits, a power conversion efficiency of 17.01% for printable triple mesoscopic PSCs with improved open‐circuit voltage and fill factor is obtained with the addition of F‐FAI, superior to the efficiency of 15.24% for those devices with guanidinium iodide additives.
Hollow Molybdate Microspheres as Catalytic Hosts for Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance of Sulfur Cathode under High Sulfur Loading and Lean Electrolyte
Authors: Wang Lu , Li Guo‐Ran , Liu Sheng , Gao Xue‐Ping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur battery possesses a high energy density; however, its application is severely blocked by several bottlenecks, including the serious shuttling behavior and sluggish redox kinetics of sulfur cathode, especially under the condition of high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte. Herein, hollow molybdate (CoMoO4, NiMoO4, and MnMoO4) microspheres are introduced as catalytic hosts to address these issues. The molybdates present a high intrinsic electrocatalytic activity for the conversion of soluble lithium polysulfides, and the unique hollow spherical structure could provide abundant sites and spatial confinement for electrocatalysis and inhibiting shuttling, respectively. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated that the unique adsorption of molybdates toward polysulfides exhibits a “volcano‐type” feature with the catalytic performance following the Sabatier principle. The NiMoO4 hollow microspheres with moderate adsorption show the highest electrocatalytic activity, which is favorable for enhancing the electrochemical performance of sulfur cathode. Especially, the S/NiMoO4 composite could achieve a high areal capacity of 7.41 mAh cm−2 (906.2 mAh g−1) under high sulfur loading (8.18 mg cm−2) and low electrolyte/sulfur ratio (E/S, 4 µL mg−1). This work offers a new perspective on searching accurate rules for selecting and designing effective host materials in the lithium–sulfur battery.
3D Artificial Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase for Lithium Metal Anodes Enabled by Insulator–Metal–Insulator Layered Heterostructures
Authors: Zhai Pengbo , Wang Tianshuai , Jiang Huaning , Wan Jiayu , Wei Yi , Wang Lei , Liu Wei , Chen Qian , Yang Weiwei , Cui Yi , Gong Yongji 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDespite considerable efforts to prevent lithium (Li) dendrite growth, stable cycling of Li metal anodes with various structures remains extremely difficult due to the direct contact of the liquid electrolyte with Li. Rational design of solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) for 3D electrodes is a promising but still challenging strategy for preventing Li dendrite growth and avoiding lithium–electrolyte side reactions in Li‐metal batteries. Here, a 3D architecture is constructed with g‐C3N4/graphene/g‐C3N4 insulator–metal–insulator sandwiched nanosheets to guide uniform Li plating/stripping in the van der Waals gap between the graphene and the g‐C3N4, and the function of which can be regarded as a 3D artificial SEI. Li deposition on the surface of g‐C3N4 is suppressed due to its insulating nature. However, its uniform lithiophilic sites and nanopore channels enable homogeneous lithium plating between the graphene and the g‐C3N4, prohibiting the direct contact of the electrolyte with the Li metal. The use of the g‐C3N4‐layer‐modified 3D anode enables long‐term Li deposition with a high Coulombic efficiency and stable cycling of full cells under high cathode loading, limited Li excess, and lean electrolyte conditions. The concept of a 3D artificial SEI will shed light on developing safe and stable Li‐metal anodes.
Designing Adaptive Binders for Microenvironment Settings of Silicon Anode Particles
Authors: Lee Haesung A. , Shin Mikyung , Kim Jaemin , Choi Jang Wook , Lee Haeshin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study reports the concept of an “adaptive binder” to address the silicon anode challenge in Li‐ion batteries. Binders exhibit adaptable capabilities upon gradual changes in the microenvironments surrounding silicon particles during anodic expansion–shrinkage cycles. Long, flexible binder chains are repositioned and reoriented upon the gradual formation of Si‐micro‐environments (Si‐μ‐env) during the early battery cycles. At this stage, the chemical interactions between the polymeric binders are reversible hydrogen bonds. As the Si‐μ‐env become stably set by repeated battery cycles, the chemical interactions exhibit reversible‐to‐irreversible transitions by the formation of covalent linkages between the binder polymers at the later stage of cycles. The binder polymer showing the aforementioned adaptive properties is hyaluronic acid, which has never been explored as a silicon‐anode binder material, onto which the plant‐inspired adhesive phenolic moiety, gallol (1,2,3‐trihydroxybenzene), is conjugated (HA–GA) for stable adhesion to the surfaces of silicon particles. It is confirmed that the HA–GA binder can maintain a charge capacity that is approximately 3.3 times higher (1153 mAh g−1) than that of the nonconjugated HA binder (347 mAh g−1) after 600 cycles even at a rapid charge/discharge rate of 1 C (3500 mA g−1), indicating that adaptive properties are an important factor to consider in designing silicon‐anode binders.
Polystyrene Nanopillars with Inbuilt Carbon Nanotubes Enable Synaptic Modulation and Stimulation in Interfaced Neuronal Networks
Authors: Calaresu Ivo , Hernandez Jaime , Rauti Rossana , Rodilla Beatriz L. , Arché‐Núñez Ana , Perez Lucas , Camarero Julio , Miranda Rodolfo , González M. Teresa , Rodríguez Isabel , Scaini Denis , Ballerini Laura 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe use of nanostructured materials and nanosized‐topographies has the potential to impact the performance of implantable biodevices, including neural interfaces, enhancing their sensitivity and selectivity, while reducing tissue reactivity. As a result, current trends in biosensor technology require the effective ability to improve devices with controlled nanostructures. Nanoimprint lithography to pattern surfaces with high‐density and high aspect ratio nanopillars (NPs) made of polystyrene (PS‐NP, insulating), or of a polystyrene/carbon‐nanotube nanocomposite (PS‐CNT‐NP, electrically conductive) are exploited. Both substrates are challenged with cultured primary neurons. They are demonstrated to support the development of suspended synaptic networks at the NPs’ interfaces characterized by a reduction in proliferating neuroglia, and a boost in neuronal emergent electrical activity when compared to flat controls. The authors successfully exploit their conductive PS‐CNT‐NPs to stimulate cultured cells electrically. The ability of both nanostructured surfaces to interface tissue explants isolated from the mouse spinal cord is then tested. The integration of the neuronal circuits with the NP topology, the suspended nature of the cultured networks, the reduced neuroglia formation, and the higher network activity together with the ability to deliver electrical stimuli via PS‐CNT‐NP reveal such platforms as promising designs to implement on neuro‐prosthetic or neurostimulation devices.
Full‐Space Manipulations of Electromagnetic Wavefronts at Two Frequencies by Encoding Both Amplitude and Phase of Metasurface
Authors: Bao Lei , Fu Xiaojian , Wu Rui Yuan , Ma Qian , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn recent years, metasurfaces have not only provided new mechanisms to effectively control the electromagnetic waves but also maintained lower profiles and easy fabrication. Based on metasurfaces, many novel devices and applications have been reported and realized successively. Here, a dual‐band metasurface operating at microwave frequencies to achieve independent manipulations of reflected and transmitted waves in two half‐spaces at two frequencies is proposed. The designed C‐shaped metaparticle consists of two C‐shaped patterns and a C‐shaped slot on three layers, which can modulate both amplitude and phase responses of the reflected and transmitted waves simultaneously by altering the opening and orientation angles at 7 and 17 GHz. The transmission mode works at 7 GHz, in which multifocal points can be formed on focal planes with different distances and intensities using the amplitude and phase modulations. While the reflection mode works at 17 GHz, the reflected beams can be generated and controlled with different intensities in far‐field. All experimental results have good agreements with numerical simulations. This proposed metasurface paves the way for attaining multifunctional metadevices with amplitude and phase modulations in the full space, which have potential applications in imaging and communication systems.
ε‐Ga2O3 Thin Film Avalanche Low‐Energy X‐Ray Detectors for Highly Sensitive Detection and Fast‐Response Applications
Authors: Zhang Zhipeng , Chen Zimin , Chen Manni , Wang Kai , Chen Huanjun , Deng Shaozhi , Wang Gang , Chen Jun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLow‐energy X‐ray detectors are widely used in diverse areas, including medical diagnosis, space exploration, environmental monitoring, industrial inspection, and scientific research. Developing large area, highly sensitive, and fast low‐energy X‐ray detectors is challenging owing to material and device operation mechanism limitation. Herein, an epitaxial ε‐Ga2O3 thin film over a large area (2 in.) is prepared by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition and applied in the efficient low‐energy X‐ray detectors. The detectors are highly sensitive to detecting low‐energy X‐rays owing to the high mass attenuation coefficients achieved in the low‐energy X‐ray range (1–30 keV). The avalanche multiplication mechanism in back‐to‐back Au–Ga2O3 Schottky diodes is explored to realize high carrier multiplication and photocurrent gain. The charge collection efficiency is improved by reducing the spacing gap of the fingers within the coplanar interdigitated Au electrodes in the film, thus achieving a high detection sensitivity of up to 1.9 × 104 μCGyair−1 cm−2 for 30 keV X‐ray. Furthermore, the ε‐Ga2O3 thin films demonstrate high crystallization quality with low trap density and high breakdown voltage with a low noise current that enable their usage in applications requiring fast response time (e.g., 37 ms) and low detectable dose rate (e.g., 42.3 μGyair s−1).
Recent Advances in the Development of Direct Trifluoromethylselenolation Reagents and Methods
Authors: Wang Yanan , Ye Zhegao , Zhang Han , Yuan Zheliang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe introduction of trifluoromethylchalcogen group (CF3O, CF3S and CF3Se) has attracted growing attention in the field of modern organofluorine chemistry. Compared with the CF3S and CF3O chemistry, methods for trifluoromethylselenolation are much less developed owing to the limited availability of CF3Se transfer reagents and synthetic methods. The CF3Se group introduces promising lipophilicity (Hansch‐Leo parameter=1.29) and strong electron‐withdrawing effect (Hammett constants σm=0.44, σp=0.45) which are important parameters for the development of new pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Traditionally, the CF3Se compounds were synthesized by the nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of diselenides and selenocyanates, which suffered from harsh conditions and/or limited substrates scope. Compared with the indirect methods, the direct formation of C−SeCF3 constitutes is a more efficient approach. In recent years, new reagents and methods were developed which enabled the incorporation of the trifluoromethylselenyl group directly under mild conditions, specifically in transition metal catalysis and photoredox catalysis. In this review, we will focus on direct trifluoromethylselenolation strategies based on the development of new trifluoromethylselenolation reagents and methods.magnified image
Electrochemical‐Induced Hydrogenation of Electron‐Deficient Internal Olefins and Alkynes with CH3OH as Hydrogen Donor
Authors: Qin Hongyun , Yang Jianjing , Yan Kelu , Xue Yaxuan , Zhang Meichen , Sun Xuejun , Wen Jiangwei , Wang Hua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEfficient hydrogenation of electron‐deficient internal olefins and alkynes access to saturate ketone with CH3OH as a single hydrogen donor under electrochemical conditions has been successfully developed. This hydrogenation strategy can be used to convert electron‐deficient internal olefins and alkynes to saturate ketone under electrochemical conditions with exogenous‐reductant and a metal catalyst. Mechanistic studies reveal that radical hydrogenation was involved in this transformation. Notably, various electron‐deficient internal olefins and alkynes could be tolerated in such an electrochemical hydrogenation synthetic strategy and can be easily scaled up with good efficiency.magnified image
Dose‐Dependent Carbon‐Dot‐Induced ROS Promote Uveal Melanoma Cell Tumorigenicity via Activation of mTOR Signaling and Glutamine Metabolism
Authors: Ding Yi , Yu Jie , Chen Xingyu , Wang Shaoyun , Tu Zhaoxu , Shen Guangxia , Wang Huixue , Jia Renbing , Ge Shengfang , Ruan Jing , Leong Kam W. , Fan Xianqun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignant tumor in adults and has a low survival rate following metastasis; it is derived from melanocytes susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Carbon dot (Cdot) nanoparticles are a promising tool in cancer detection and therapy due to their unique photophysical properties, low cytotoxicity, and efficient ROS productivity. However, the effects of Cdots on tumor metabolism and growth are not well characterized. Here, the effects of Cdots on UM cell metabolomics, growth, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity are investigated in vitro and in vivo zebrafish and nude mouse xenograft model. Cdots dose‐dependently increase ROS levels in UM cells. At Cdots concentrations below 100 µg mL−1, Cdot‐induced ROS promote UM cell growth, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity; at 200 µg mL−1, UM cells undergo apoptosis. The addition of antioxidants reverses the protumorigenic effects of Cdots. Cdots at 25–100 µg mL−1 activate Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and enhance glutamine metabolism, generating a cascade that promotes UM cell growth. These results demonstrate that moderate, subapoptotic doses of Cdots can promote UM cell tumorigenicity. This study lays the foundation for the rational application of ROS‐producing nanoparticles in tumor imaging and therapy.
Hotter and sicker: External energy expenditure and the tangled evolutionary roots of anthropogenic climate change and chronic disease
Authors: Pontzer Herman 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe dual crises of climate change and chronic, or non‐communicable, disease (NCD) have emerged worldwide as the global economy has industrialized over the past two centuries.AimsIn this synthesis I examine humans’ dependence on external (non‐metabolic) energy expenditure (e.g., fire, fossil fuels) as a common, root cause in these modern crises.Materials and MethodsUsing fossil, archeological, and historical evidence I show that the human lineage has been dependent on external energy sources since the control of fire in the Paleolithic. This reliance has grown with the development of agriculture, the use of wind‐ and water‐power, and the most recently with industrialization and the transition to fossil fuels. To place industrialization in context I develop a Rule of 50, whereby individuals in industrialized economies consume roughly 50‐times more external energy and manufacture roughly 50‐times more material than do hunter‐gatherers.ResultsIndustrialization and mechanization, powered by fossil fuels, have promoted centralization and processing in food production, reduced physical activity, and increased air pollution (including greenhouse gas emissions). These developments have led in turn to NCD and climate change.Discussion and ConclusionClimate change and NCD are connected both to one another and to our species’ deep evolutionary dependence on external energy. Transitioning to carbon‐free energy is essential to reduce the existential risks of climate change, but will likely have only modest effects on NCD. With the impending exhaustion of oil, coal, and natural gas reserves, developing replacements for fossil fuels is also critical to maintaining our species’ external energy portfolio.
Conjugated Copolymers That Shouldn't Be
Authors: Guan Jun , Sun Zejun , Ansari Ramin , Liu Yujia , Endo Aimi , Unno Masafumi , Ouali Armelle , Mahbub Shahrea , Furgal Joseph C. , Yodsin Nuttapon , Jungsuttiwong Siriporn , Hashemi Daniel , Kieffer John , Laine Richard M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMultiple studies have explored using cage silsesquioxanes (SQs) as backbone elements in hybrid polymers motivated by their well‐defined structures and physical and mechanical properties. As part of this general exploration, we report unexpected photophysical properties of copolymers derived from divinyl double decker (DD) SQs, [vinyl(Me)Si(O0.5)2][PhSiO1.5]8[(O0.5)2Si(Me)vinyl] (vinylDDvinyl). These copolymers exhibit strong emission red‐shifts relative to model compounds, implying unconventional conjugation, despite vinyl(Me)Si(O‐)2 siloxane bridges. In an effort to identify minimum SQ structures that do/do not offer extended conjugation, we explored Heck catalyzed co‐polymerization of vinyl‐ladder(LL)‐vinyl compounds, vinyl(Me/Ph)Si(O0.5)2[PhSiO1.5]4(O0.5)2Si(Me/Ph)vinyl, with Br‐Ar‐Br. Most surprising, the resulting oligomers show 30–60 nm emission red‐shifts beyond those seen with vinylDDvinyl analogs despite lacking a true cage. Further evidence for unconventional conjugation includes apparent integer charge transfer (ICT) between LL‐co‐thiophene, bithiophene, and thienothiophene with 10 mol % F4TCNQ, suggesting potential as p‐type doped organic/inorganic semiconductors.