bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La emergencia climática en los debates electorales españoles de 2019 un análisis funcional del discurso de los candidatos
Authors: Vicente Torrico David 
Published: June 2021

Los debates electorales representan una cita ineludible para candidatos y electorado en las sociedades modernas. En España se han celebrado un total de 5 encuentros entre los líderes políticos durante el año 2019.
Hasta la fecha, la política medioambiental ha sido la gran olvidada en este tipo de eventos. Sin embargo, la creciente preocupación a nivel social, mediático y político permite augurar su incorporación a la campaña. Nuestra investigación parte del análisis de contenido para detectar la presencia de discursos medioambientales durante los debates, y aplica la teoría funcional y el framing para determinar el contenido, la forma y el encuadre utilizado. Los resultados demuestran una progresiva incorporación de la emergencia climática a los debates electorales, descrita en términos de enfrentamiento ideológico y en clave económica.
Sestryny jako modulatory procesów starzenia i chorób związanych z wiekiem*
Authors: Gabryel Bożena , Duszkiewicz Roksana 
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie
Sestryny to wysoce konserwatywne białka, które regulują wzrost, metabolizm, przeżycie i proliferację komórek w warunkach stresu oksydacyjnego, stresu genotoksycznego, hipoksji czy stresu retikulum endoplazmatycznego. Sestryny wpływają na sygnalizację komórkową przez hamowanie wytwarzania reaktywnych form tlenu, aktywację kinazy białkowej aktywowanej przez AMP (AMPK), hamowanie szlaku mTOR, a działają jako pozytywny regulator autofagii. W związku z tym coraz częściej wskazuje się ich rolę ochronną przed chorobami nowotworowymi, metabolicznymi, sercowo-naczyniowymi i neurodegeneracyjnymi. W artykule scharakteryzowano mechanizmy działania sestryn oraz ich znaczenie w starzeniu się i chorobach związanych z wiekiem. Omówione zostały również najnowsze badania wskazujące na istotne znaczenie fizjologiczne tych białek oraz udział w kluczowych szlakach sygnałowych kontrolujących metabolizm komórkowy i przeżycie w warunkach stresu.
Rola stresu oksydacyjnego w patogenezie orbitopatii Gravesa
Authors: Londzin-Olesik Magdalena , Kos-Kudła Beata , Nowak Aleksandra , Nowak Mariusz 
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie
Choroba Gravesa-Basedowa (chGB) jest przewlekłą chorobą autoimmunologiczną, której auto-antygenem jest receptor TSH (TSHR) umiejscowiony na tyreocytach, a jego pobudzenie przez przeciwciała przeciwko TSHR (TRAb) powoduje nadmierne wytwarzanie hormonów tarczycy. TSHR wykazuje także ekspresję w tkankach pozatarczycowych, przede wszystkim w tkankach oczodołu, a stężenie TRAb w surowicy krwi dodatnio koreluje z ciężkością oraz aktywnością orbitopatii tarczycowej (OT). OT jest najczęstszym pozatarczycowym objawem chGB. Jest to choroba autoimmunologiczna, w której dochodzi do zmian zapalnych w obrębie tkanek oczodołów, tj.: mięśniach okoruchowych, tkance tłuszczowej oczodołu czy gruczole łzowym. Wzrost proliferacji fibroblastów oczodołowych i adipocytów oraz nadmierne wytwarzanie glikozaminoglikanów, obrzęk mięśni okoruchowych zwiększają objętość tkanek oczodołu i powodują powstanie objawów klinicznych choroby. Patogeneza OT jest złożona i nadal pozostaje niewyjaśniona. Fibroblasty oczodołów wykazują ekspresję TSHR, który jest głównym miejscem ataku autoimmunologicznego. Zgodnie z szeroko akceptowaną hipotezą po pobudzeniu receptorów dochodzi do aktywacji limfocytów T, które naciekając tkanki oczodołu stymulują je do wytwarzania cytokin, czynników wzrostu oraz wolnych rodników tlenowych (WRT). WRT powodują uszkodzenie wielu składowych komórki m.in. błony komórkowej przez peroksydację lipidów oraz białek doprowadzając do utraty ich funkcji i aktywności enzymatycznej. Stres oksydacyjny uaktywnia układ antyoksydacyjny działający poprzez dwa mechanizmy: enzymatyczny oraz nieenzymatyczny. Ocena stężenia markerów stresu oksydacyjnego oraz stężenia lub aktywności parametrów układu antyoksydacyjnego umożliwia ocenę nasilenia stresu oksydacyjnego, co w przyszłości może być wykorzystywane do oceny skuteczności leczenia i rokowania u chorych z aktywną OT.
Minimally Invasive Approaches in the Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Batıhan Güntuğ , Can Ceylan Kenan 
Published: June 2021

Minimally invasive techniques in thoracic surgery have made great progress over the past 20 years and are still evolving. Many surgical procedures performed with large thoracotomy incisions in the past can now be performed with much smaller incisions. With many studies, the advantages of minimally invasive surgery have been clearly seen, and thus its use has become widespread worldwide. Today, minimally invasive surgical methods have become the first choice in the diagnosis and treatment of lung, pleural and mediastinal pathologies. Minimally invasive approaches in thoracic surgery include many different techniques and applications. In this chapter, current minimally invasive techniques in thoracic surgery are discussed and important points are emphasized in the light of the current literature.
Aspectos do Ensino Religioso na Base Nacional Comum Curricular: os fundamentos para educação de qualidade
Authors: Façanha Marta Braga , Stephanini Valdir 
Published: June 2021

O Ensino Religioso (ER) está contido na Constituição Federal de 1988 como componente facultativa curricular para ser realizada em horário normal nas escolas de Ensino Fundamental e parte integrante da formação básica do cidadão, que prioriza e valoriza a diversidade cultural e veda qualquer forma de proselitismo. A proposta deste artigo consiste-se em debater o dilema epistemológico decorrente da inclusão da componente ER no currículo das escolas públicas de Ensino Fundamental, inserindo esse debate acerca da liberdade de religião e a separação entre Igreja e Estado, à luz da legislação brasileira. A pesquisa ocorreu com uso do método de pesquisa bibliográfica, de natureza qualitativa e abordagem descritiva. Os resultados analisaram os aspectos do ER na Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) que postulam sobre a componente garantir a educação de qualidade, e também enfatizou-se o que preconiza sobre os aspectos filosóficos, pedagógicos e socioculturais do ER, salientando-se que nenhuma tradição religiosa é “total” e não existe um status de favoritismo de religiões. Concluiu-se que as estratégias descritas na BNCC orientam os professores de ER a estabelecer vínculo dialogal e harmonioso e garantir uma reciprocidade no tratamento da diversidade em suas aulas, pois ao respeitar a diversidade religiosa pode garantir que o proselitismo religioso não ocorra e, assim, garante-se também que o processo ensino aprendizagem ocorra de forma satisfatória, independente da imparcialidade no processo avaliativo dos conhecimentos construidos em sala de aula.
Outcomes of Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis with a Femoral Nail
Authors: Powers Nicholas S. , Leatham Paul R. , Persky Justin D. , Burns Patrick R. 
Published: June 2021

Background
Retrograde intramedullary nailing for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA) is used for severe hindfoot deformities, end-stage arthritis, and limb salvage. The procedure is technically demanding, with complications such as infection, hardware failure, nonunion, osteomyelitis, and possible limb loss or death. This study reports the outcomes and complications of patients undergoing TTCA with a femoral nail, which is widely available and offers an extensive range of lengths and diameters.

Methods
We performed a retrospective review of 104 patients who underwent 109 TTCAs using a femoral nail as the primary procedure (January 2006 through December 2016). Demographic data, risk factors, and outcomes were evaluated.

Results
At final follow-up, the overall clinical union rate was 89 of 109 (81.7%). Diabetes mellitus was negatively associated with limb salvage (P = .03), and peripheral neuropathy (P = .02) and Charcot's neuroarthropathy (P = .03) were negatively associated with clinical union. Only four patients (3.8%) underwent proximal amputation, at an average of 6.1 months, and 11 patients (10.6%) died, at a mean of 38.0 months. The most common complication was ulceration in 27 of 109 limbs (24.8%), followed by infection in 25 (22.9%). Twenty-three patients (22.1%) underwent revision procedures, at a mean of 9.4 months. Thirteen of these 23 patients (56.5%) had antibiotic cement rod spacers/rods for deep infection–related complications.

Conclusions
Use of a femoral nail has been shown to provide similar outcomes and limb salvage rates compared with other methods of TTCA reported for similar indications in the literature.
Determinants of pro-environmental behavior among excessive smartphone usage children and moderate smartphone usage children in Taiwan
Authors: Fang Wei-Ta , Ng Eric , Liu Shu-Mei , Chiang Yi-Te , Chang Mei-Chuan 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionAlthough there is evidence linking the relationships between smartphone usage with health, stress, and academic performance, there is still inadequate knowledge about the influence on pro-environmental behaviors. This study seeks to bridge this gap by adapting the theory of attribution framework to examine the effects of personal norms, social norms, perceived behavioral control on pro-environmental behavior of smartphone usage in children.MethodsA total of 225 children aged between 11 to 12 from eight selected public primary schools at the Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park in Taiwan were surveyed. Two distinct groups (excessive versus moderate usage) were purposefully selected for comparison, of which 96 participants were excessive smartphone users while the remaining 129 were moderate smartphone users.ResultsFindings revealed significant differences between excessive and moderate smartphone usage children groups in personal norms (p < 0.001), social norms (p = 0.002), perceived behavioral control (p = 0.001), and pro-environmental behavior (p = 0.001). Findings for excessive smartphone usage children showed that social norms (β = 0.428,t = 4.096***,p < 0.001) had a direct predictive impact on pro-environmental behavior. In contrast, while there was no direct path established between personal norms and pro-environmental behavior (β = 0.177,t = 1.580,p > 0.05), as well as social norms and pro-environmental behavior for moderate smartphone usage children (β = 0.181,t = 1.924,p > 0.05), but such a relationship could be developed through the mediating effect of perceived behavioral control (β = 0.497,t = 4.471***,p < 0.001).DiscussionThe results suggested that excessive smartphone usage children lack positive perceived behavioral control, and their pro-environmental behavior could only be predicted through explicit social norms, whereas pro-environmental behavior of moderate smartphone usage children was implicitly influenced by personal norms through perceived behavioral control.
Chemical Understanding of Actinide Separations
Authors: Servis Anna G. , Servis Michael J. , McCann Kevin P. , Jensen Mark P. , Shafer Jenifer C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article provides a broad overview of the separation processes used to isolate actinides and the experimentally and computationally determined chemical characteristics that define those separations. The redox chemistry of the actinides plays a pivotal role in both aqueous and pyrochemical processing separations. The near‐overlapping energies of the 6d and 5f orbitals in the light actinides allow for facile adjustment of actinide oxidation states, which is used in many established separation methods. In contrast, the stable, generally 3+ oxidation states of the mid‐ and heavy actinides can make it difficult to separate them from the similarly lanthanides(III). In aqueous separations, the tendency of the actinides to form anionic and neutral aqueous complexes with a variety of complexants (especially soft donors) is used to achieve high separation factors between chemically similar elements in both solid–liquid separations and liquid–liquid extraction. This selectivity can be further tuned through the use of specialized organic or solid‐phase ligands. Pyroprocessing separations utilize the unique redox behavior of the actinides to adjust their distribution between a molten salt electrolyte and either a solid electrode or molten metal phase. Atomic‐level insights into the mechanisms underlying actinide separation processes, with the ultimate goal of predicting separation behavior, can be provided by electronic structure and statistical mechanical‐based calculation methods.
Single‐Shot Fabrication of Semiconducting–Superconducting Nanowire Devices
Authors: Borsoi Francesco , Mazur Grzegorz P. , van Loo Nick , Nowak Michał P. , Bourdet Léo , Li Kongyi , Korneychuk Svetlana , Fursina Alexandra , Wang Ji‐Yin , Levajac Vukan , Memisevic Elvedin , Badawy Ghada , Gazibegovic Sasa , van Hoogdalem Kevin , Bakkers Erik P. A. M. , Kouwenhoven Leo P. , Heedt Sebastian , Quintero‐Pérez Marina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSemiconducting–superconducting hybrids are vital components for the realization of high‐performance nanoscale devices. In particular, semiconducting–superconducting nanowires attract widespread interest owing to the possible presence of non‐abelian Majorana zero modes, which are quasiparticles that hold promise for topological quantum computing. However, systematic search for Majoranas signatures is challenging because it requires reproducible hybrid devices and reliable fabrication methods. This work introduces a fabrication concept based on shadow walls that enables the in situ, selective, and consecutive depositions of superconductors and normal metals to form normal‐superconducting junctions. Crucially, this method allows to realize devices in a single shot, eliminating fabrication steps after the synthesis of the fragile semiconductor/superconductor interface. At the atomic level, all investigated devices reveal a sharp and defect‐free semiconducting–superconducting interface and, correspondingly, a hard induced superconducting gap resilient up to 2 T is measured electrically. While the cleanliness of the technique enables systematic studies of topological superconductivity in nanowires, it also allows for the synthesis of advanced nano‐devices based on a wide range of material combinations and geometries while maintaining an exceptionally high interface quality.
FeNC Electrocatalysts with Densely Accessible FeN4 Sites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhou Yazhou , Chen Guangbo , Wang Qing , Wang Ding , Tao Xiafang , Zhang Tierui , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe development of iron and nitrogen co‐doped carbon (FeNC) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a grand challenge due to the low density of accessible FeN4 sites. Here, an in situ trapping strategy using nitrogen‐rich molecules (e.g., melamine, MA) is demonstrated to enhance the amount of accessible FeN4 sites in FeNC electrocatalysts. The melamine molecules can participate in the coordination of Fe ions in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks to form FeN6 sites within precursors. These FeN6 sites are then converted into atomically dispersed FeN4 sites during a pyrolytic process. Remarkably, the FeNC/MA exhibits a high single‐atom Fe content (3.5 wt.%), a large surface area (1160 m2 g−1), and a high density of accessible FeN4 sites (45.7 × 1019 sites g−1). As a result, FeNC/MA shows a much enhanced ORR activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.83 V (vs the reversible hydrogen electrode) in a 0.5 m H2SO4 electrolyte solution and a good performance in a PEMFC system with an activity of 80 mA cm−2 at 0.8 V under 1.0 bar H2/air. This work offers a promising approach toward high‐performance carbon‐based ORR electrocatalysts.
Surface Reconstruction Engineering with Synergistic Effect of Mixed‐Salt Passivation Treatment toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Suo Jiajia , Yang Bowen , Mosconi Edoardo , Choi Hyeon‐Seo , Kim YeonJu , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , De Angelis Filippo , Grätzel Michael , Kim Hui‐Seon , Hagfeldt Anders 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSurface passivation treatment is a widely used strategy to resolve trap‐mediated nonradiative recombination toward high‐efficiency metal‐halide perovskite photovoltaics. However, a lack of passivation with mixture treatment has been investigated, as well as an in‐depth understanding of its passivation mechanism. Here, a systematic study on a mixed‐salt passivation strategy of formamidinium bromide (FABr) coupled with different F‐substituted alkyl lengths of ammonium iodide is demonstrated. It is obtained better device performance with decreasing chain length of the F‐substituted alkyl ammonium iodide in the presence of FABr. Moreover, they unraveled a synergistic passivation mechanism of the mixed‐salt treatment through surface reconstruction engineering, where FABr dominates the reformation of the perovskite surface via reacting with the excess PbI2. Meanwhile, ammonium iodide passivates the perovskite grain boundaries both on the surface and top perovskite bulk through penetration. This synergistic passivation engineer results in a high‐quality perovskite surface with fewer defects and suppressed ion migration, leading to a champion efficiency of 23.5% with mixed‐salt treatment. In addition, the introduction of the moisture resisted F‐substituted groups presents a more hydrophobic perovskite surface, thus enabling the decorated devices with excellent long‐term stability under a high humid atmosphere as well as operational conditions.
3D Heterogeneous Device Arrays for Multiplexed Sensing Platforms Using Transfer of Perovskites
Authors: Jang Jiuk , Park Young‐Geun , Cha Eunkyung , Ji Sangyoon , Hwang Hyunbin , Kim Gon Guk , Jin Jungho , Park Jang‐Ung 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite recent substantial advances in perovskite materials, their 3D integration capability for next‐generation electronic devices is limited owing to their inherent vulnerability to heat and moisture with degradation of their remarkable optoelectronic properties during fabrication processing. Herein, a facile method to transfer the patterns of perovskites to planar or nonplanar surfaces using a removable polymer is reported. After fabricating perovskite devices on this removable polymer film, the conformal attachment of this film on target surfaces can place the entire devices on various substrates by removing this sacrificial film. This transfer method enables the formation of a perovskite image sensor array on a soft contact lens, and in vivo tests using rabbits demonstrate its wearability. Furthermore, 3D heterogeneous integration of a perovskite photodetector array with an active‐matrix array of pressure‐sensitive silicon transistors using this transfer method demonstrates the formation of a multiplexed sensing platform detecting distributions of light and tactile pressure simultaneously.
2D Materials for Nonlinear Photonics and Electro‐Optical Applications
Authors: Yin Peng , Jiang Xiantao , Huang Rui , Wang Xin , Ge Yanqi , Ma Chunyang , Zhang Han 
Published: June 2021

Abstract2D materials have received significant attention from the scientific community due to their unique structures and excellent physical properties. A lot of applications are explored based on graphene, topological insulators, and transition metal dichalcogenides. With further development of 2D materials, other Group‐VA materials such as titanium carbide and MXenes also show potential advantages in several important applications. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate the properties and applications of 2D materials comprehensively. In this review, the fabrication methods of 2D materials are introduced systematically. The nonlinear optical properties of 2D materials including Kerr effect, saturable absorption, carrier dynamics, and other nonlinear effects are summarized in detail. Based on this, several electro‐optical applications are reviewed. Finally, future perspectives of 2D materials in electro‐optics are presented.
Electrical and Mechanical Properties Enhancement in Superlattice‐Like GaSb/Ge2Sb2Te5 Phase Change Thin Films
Authors: Yin Qixun , Wang Ming , Xu Xiulan , Yu Guanghua , Chen Leng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA promising phase change materials based on a distinct nanoscale structure called superlattice is applied in lateral phase change memory (PCM) due to comprehensive performances. In this work, superlattice‐like structure of [GaSb(x)/Ge2Sb2Te5 (y)]n (x = 6,9,12,18 nm; y = 12,18 nm; n = 3,6) thin films is proposed and alternatively deposited with GaSb and Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) layers by magnetron sputtering method. The experimental results show that [GaSb(x nm)/GST(12 nm)]3 thin films possess higher crystallization temperature and less volume change than that of monolayer GST. Moreover, [GaSb(x)/GST(12)]3 thin films show super‐hardness and super‐modulus effect. The hardness enhancement mechanism is discussed and the critical thickness of GST layer is calculated as ≈18.1 nm, thus the interfaces are coherent without dislocation threading in critical condition. Therefore, the higher thermal stability and increased hardness values reflect great potential in practical application of superlattice‐like [GaSb(x)/GST(12)]n thin films.
Organic THz Generators: A Design Strategy for Organic Crystals with Ultralarge Macroscopic Hyperpolarizability
Authors: Seok Jin‐Hong , Kim Deokjoong , Kim Won Tae , Kim Seung‐Jun , Yoon Woojin , Yoon Ga‐Eun , Yu In Cheol , Jazbinsek Mojca , Kim Sang‐Wook , Yun Hoseop , Kim Dongwook , Rotermund Fabian , Kwon O‐Pil 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNewly designed halogenated organic quinolinium crystals proposed in this work provide fully optimized molecular ordering for maximizing the optical nonlinearity and high‐performance broadband terahertz (THz) wave generation. The ultralarge diagonal optical nonlinearity (almost 300 × 10−30 esu) of the new halogenated crystals is approximately two times larger than that of state‐of‐the‐art pyridinium‐based crystals. In contrast, nonhalogenated analogous crystals exhibit very low (or vanishing) diagonal optical nonlinearity. This is attributed to halogen‐induced unique interionic interactions and fine‐tuning of the space‐filling characteristics. In addition, the halogenated crystals show a good ability for bulk crystal growth of few millimeters lateral size with plate‐like morphology and high thermal stability that are finally required for real‐world applications. The new halogenated quinolinium crystals exhibit excellent THz wave generation characteristics, significantly surpassing the limit of conversion efficiency and spectral bandwidth of inorganic benchmark crystals. A 0.16 mm thick chlorinated crystal generates a 29‐times larger THz field than 1.0 mm thick inorganic ZnTe crystals at 1500 nm pump wavelength with a flat and broadband spectrum extending up to ≈8 THz. Therefore, introducing halogen substituents is a potential design strategy for designing new organic crystals showing ultralarge macroscopic hyperpolarizability and high‐performance THz wave generation.