bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking Subsurface Active Weathering Processes in Serpentinite
Authors: Tominaga Masako , Ortiz Estefania , Einsle Joshua Franz , Ryoichi Vento Noah Francis , Schrenk Matthew O , Buisman Iris , Ezad Isra S. , Cardace Dawn 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe conducted a novel study to capture the on‐going advancement of mineral weathering within a serpentinite formation by using an integrated approach of multi‐scale quantitative rock magnetic analyses and nano‐resolution geochemical imaging analyses. We studied a suite of rock samples from the Coast Range Ophiolite Microbial Observatory (CROMO) in California to conduct rock magnetic analyses enabling us to determine character of Fe‐bearing minerals and to predict locations of reaction boundaries among various stages of weathering. QEMSCAN® and other electron micro‐imagery analyses highlighted microstructural changes in amorphous minerals, and possible changes in porosity and coincides with the iron‐enrichment region. This iron enrichment indicates initiation of iron (‐oxides) nucleation, resulting in extremely fine gain magnetite formation. This is a newly documented mode of magnetite production in serpentinites and enhances the application of magnetite abundance as a proxy for the degree and extent of water‐rock interaction in mantle peridotite and serpentinite.
Late Afternoon Seasonal Transition to Dissolution in a Coral Reef: An Early Warning of a Net Dissolving Ecosystem?
Authors: Stoltenberg Laura , Schulz Kai G. , Lantz Coulson A. , Cyronak Tyler , Eyre Bradley D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThere are concerns that reefs will transition from net calcifying to net dissolving in the near future due to decreasing calcification and increasing dissolution rates. Here, we present in situ rates of net ecosystem calcification (NEC) and net ecosystem production (NEP) on a coral reef flat using a slack‐water approach. Up until dusk, the reef was net calcifying in most months but shifted to net dissolution in austral summer, coinciding with high respiration rates and a lower aragonite saturation state (Ωarag). The estimated sediment contribution to NEC ranged from 8% to 21% during the day and 45% to 78% at night, indicating that high rates of sediment dissolution may cause the transition to reef dissolution. This late afternoon seasonal transition to negative NEC may be an early warning sign of the reef shifting to a net dissolving state and may be occurring on other reefs.
Recurrent Rossby Wave Packets Modulate the Persistence of Dry and Wet Spells Across the Globe
Authors: Ali S. Mubashshir , Martius Olivia , Röthlisberger Matthias 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPersistent dry and wet spells can arise from stationary weather situations or recurrent flow patterns and result in significant socio‐economic impacts. Here, we study the effects of recurrent synoptic‐scale transient Rossby wave packets (RRWPs) on the persistence of dry and wet spells using the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. RRWPs significantly alter (decrease and increase) dry and wet spell persistence across the globe. Spatial patterns of statistically significant links between RRWPs and spell durations arise from the superposition of a zonally symmetric component and a wave‐like component that is modulated by local factors such as orography and the position relative to major moisture sources. The zonally symmetric component is apparent during the Northern Hemisphere winter and dominates the Southern Hemisphere signal in winter and summer. The wave‐like component appears primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, changes its wavenumber with the season and is thus, conceivably related to stationary wave dynamics.
Coupled Brittle and Viscous Micromechanisms Produce Semibrittle Flow, Grain‐Boundary Sliding, and Anelasticity in Salt‐Rock
Authors: Ding J. , Chester F. M. , Chester J. S. , Shen X. , Arson C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe operation of fracture, diffusion, and intracrystalline‐plastic micromechanisms during semibrittle deformation of rock is directly relevant to understanding mechanical behavior across the brittle‐plastic transition in the crust. An outstanding question is whether (1) the micromechanisms of semibrittle flow can be considered to operate independently, as represented in typical crustal strength profiles across the brittle to plastic transition, or (2) the micromechanisms are coupled such that the transition is represented by a distinct rheology with dependency on effective pressure, temperature, and strain rate. We employ triaxial stress‐cycling experiments to investigate elastic‐plastic and viscoelastic behaviors during semibrittle flow in two distinctly different monomineralic, polycrystalline, synthetic salt‐rocks. During semibrittle flow at high differential stress, granular, low‐porosity, work‐hardened salt‐rocks deform predominantly by grain‐boundary sliding and wing‐crack opening accompanied by minor intragranular dislocation glide. In contrast, fully annealed, near‐zero porosity salt‐rocks flow at lower differential stress by intragranular dislocation glide accompanied by grain‐boundary sliding and opening. Grain‐boundary sliding is frictional during semibrittle flow at higher strain rates, but the associated dispersal of water from fluid inclusions along boundaries can activate fluid‐assisted diffusional sliding at lower strain rates. Changes in elastic properties with semibrittle flow largely reflect activation of sliding along closed grain boundaries. Observed microstructures, pronounced hysteresis and anelasticity during cyclic stressing after semibrittle flow, and stress relaxation behaviors indicate coupled operation of micromechanisms leading to a distinct rheology (hypothesis 2 above).
Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects at the ARM SGP and TWP Sites: Clear Skies
Authors: Wu Xiaolin , Balmes Kelly A. , Fu Qiang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe clear‐sky aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE) was estimated at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) and Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) sites. The NASA Langley Fu‐Liou radiation model was used with observed inputs including aerosol vertical extinction profile from the Raman lidar; spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD), single‐scattering albedo and asymmetry factor from Aerosol Robotic Network; temperature and water vapor profiles from radiosondes; and surface shortwave (SW) spectral albedo from radiometers. A radiative closure experiment was conducted for clear‐sky conditions. The mean differences of modeled and observed surface downwelling SW total fluxes were 1 W m−2 at SGP and 2 W m−2 at TWP, which are within observational uncertainty. At SGP, the estimated annual mean clear‐sky aerosol DRE is −3.00 W m−2 at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and −6.85 W m−2 at the surface. The strongest aerosol DRE of −4.81 (−10.77) W m−2 at the TOA (surface) are in the summer when AODs are largest. The weakest aerosol DRE of −1.28 (−2.77) W m−2 at the TOA (surface) are in November–January when AODs and single‐scattering albedos are lowest. At TWP, the annual mean clear‐sky DRE is −2.82 W m−2 at the TOA and −10.34 W m−2 at the surface. The strongest aerosol DRE of −5.95 (−22.20) W m−2 at the TOA (surface) are in November (October) due to the biomass burning season’s peak. The weakest aerosol DRE of −0.96 (−4.16) W m−2 at the TOA (surface) are in March (April) when AODs are smallest.
Role of Future Reef Growth on Morphological Response of Coral Reef Islands to Sea‐Level Rise
Authors: Masselink G. , McCall R. , Beetham E. , Kench P. , Storlazzi C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCoral reefs are widely recognized for providing a natural breakwater effect that modulates erosion and flooding hazards on low‐lying sedimentary reef islands. Increased water depth across reef platforms due sea‐level rise (SLR) can compromise this breakwater effect and enhance island exposure to these hazards, but reef accretion in response to SLR may positively contribute to island resilience. Morphodynamic studies suggest that reef islands can adjust to SLR by maintaining freeboard (island crest elevation above still water level) through overwash deposition and island accretion, but the impact of different future reef accretion trajectories on the morphological response of islands remains unknown. Here we show, using a process‐based morphodynamic model, that, although reef growth significantly affects wave transformation processes and island morphology, it does not lead to decreased coastal flooding and island inundation. According to the model, reef islands evolve during SLR by attuning their elevation to the maximum wave runup and islands fronted by a growing reef platform attain lower elevations than those without reef growth, but have similar overwash regimes. The mean overwash discharge Qover across the island crest plays a key role in the ability of islands to keep up with SLR and maintain freeboard, with a Qover value of O (10 l m−1 s−1) separating island construction from destruction. Islands, therefore, can grow vertically to keep up with SLR via flooding and overwash if specific forcing and sediment supply conditions are met, offering hope for uninhabited and sparely populated islands. However, this physical island response will negatively impact infrastructure and assets on developed islands.
On Wind‐Driven Energetics of Subtropical Gyres
Authors: Jamet Q. , Deremble B. , Wienders N. , Uchida T. , Dewar W. K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe flow of energy in the wind‐driven circulation is examined in a combined theoretical and numerical study. Based on a multiple‐scale analysis, we find the mesoscale field in the ocean interior is strongly affected by, but does not feed back onto, the ventilated thermocline. In the western boundary region, the associated currents first appear as coastal jets, conserving mean energy, and later as separated jet extensions where the mesoscale is energized by the mean field. It is in the separated jet zone where the primary loss of general circulation energy to the mesoscale occurs. These ideas are tested by an analysis of a regional 1/12° primitive equation numerical model of the North Atlantic. The predictions of the theory are generally supported by the numerical results. The one exception is that topographic irregularities in the coastal jet spawn eddies, although these eddies contribute modestly to the energy budget. We therefore conclude the primary sink of wind input into the mean circulation is in the separated jet, and not the interior. The analysis also shows wind energy input to be much smaller than the interior energy fluxes; thus, the general circulation largely recirculates energy.
Interplay between cofactors and transcription factors in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies
Authors: Wang Zi , Wang Pan , Li Yanan , Peng Hongling , Zhu Yu , Mohandas Narla , Liu Jing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHematopoiesis requires finely tuned regulation of gene expression at each stage of development. The regulation of gene transcription involves not only individual transcription factors (TFs) but also transcription complexes (TCs) composed of transcription factor(s) and multisubunit cofactors. In their normal compositions, TCs orchestrate lineage-specific patterns of gene expression and ensure the production of the correct proportions of individual cell lineages during hematopoiesis. The integration of posttranslational and conformational modifications in the chromatin landscape, nucleosomes, histones and interacting components via the cofactor–TF interplay is critical to optimal TF activity. Mutations or translocations of cofactor genes are expected to alter cofactor–TF interactions, which may be causative for the pathogenesis of various hematologic disorders. Blocking TF oncogenic activity in hematologic disorders through targeting cofactors in aberrant complexes has been an exciting therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the models and functions of cofactor–TF interplay in physiological hematopoiesis and highlight their implications in the etiology of hematological malignancies. This review presents a deep insight into the physiological and pathological implications of transcription machinery in the blood system.
Study of influence of the glutamatergic concentration of [18F]FPEB binding to metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 with N-acetylcysteine challenge in rats and SRM/PET study in human healthy volunteers
Authors: Dupont Anne-Claire , Serrière Sophie , Barantin Laurent , Vercouillie Johnny , Tauber Clovis , Gissot Valérie , Bodard Sylvie , Chicheri Gabrielle , Chalon Sylvie , Bonnet-Brilhault Pr Frédérique , Santiago-Ribeiro Pr Maria-Joao , Arlicot Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAltered glutamate signaling is thought to be involved in a myriad of psychiatric disorders. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with [18F]FPEB allows assessing dynamic changes in metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) availability underlying neuropathological conditions. The influence of endogenous glutamatergic levels into receptor binding has not been well established yet. The purpose of this study was to explore the [18F]FPEB binding regarding to physiological fluctuations or acute changes of glutamate synaptic concentrations by a translational approach; a PET/MRS imaging study in 12 healthy human volunteers combined to a PET imaging after an N-acetylcysteine (NAc) pharmacological challenge in rodents. No significant differences were observed with small-animal PET in the test and retest conditions on the one hand and the NAc condition on the other hand for any regions. To test for an interaction of mGuR5 density and glutamatergic concentrations in healthy subjects, we correlated the [18F]FPEB BPND with Glu/Cr, Gln/Cr, Glx/Cr ratios in the anterior cingulate cortex VOI; respectively, no significance correlation has been revealed (Glu/Cr: r = 0.51, p = 0.09; Gln/Cr: r = −0.46, p = 0.13; Glx/Cr: r = −0.035, p = 0.92).These data suggest that the in vivo binding of [18F]FPEB to an allosteric site of the mGluR5 is not modulated by endogenous glutamate in vivo. Thus, [18F]FPEB appears unable to measure acute fluctuations in endogenous levels of glutamate.
Accelerating functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis
Authors: Butterfield Natalie C. , Curry Katherine F. , Steinberg Julia , Dewhurst Hannah , Komla-Ebri Davide , Mannan Naila S. , Adoum Anne-Tounsia , Leitch Victoria D. , Logan John G. , Waung Julian A. , Ghirardello Elena , Southam Lorraine , Youlten Scott E. , Wilkinson J. Mark , McAninch Elizabeth A. , Vancollie Valerie E. , Kussy Fiona , White Jacqueline K. , Lelliott Christopher J. , Adams David J. , Jacques Richard , Bianco Antonio C. , Boyde Alan , Zeggini Eleftheria , Croucher Peter I. , Williams Graham R. , Bassett J. H. Duncan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOsteoarthritis causes debilitating pain and disability, resulting in a considerable socioeconomic burden, yet no drugs are available that prevent disease onset or progression. Here, we develop, validate and use rapid-throughput imaging techniques to identify abnormal joint phenotypes in randomly selected mutant mice generated by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium. We identify 14 genes with functional involvement in osteoarthritis pathogenesis, including the homeobox genePitx1, and functionally characterize 6 candidate human osteoarthritis genes in mouse models. We demonstrate sensitivity of the methods by identifying age-related degenerative joint damage in wild-type mice. Finally, we phenotype previously generated mutant mice with an osteoarthritis-associated polymorphism in theDio2gene byCRISPR/Cas9genome editing and demonstrate a protective role in disease onset with public health implications. We hope this expanding resource of mutant mice will accelerate functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis and offer drug discovery opportunities for this common, incapacitating chronic disease.
UPRmt scales mitochondrial network expansion with protein synthesis via mitochondrial import in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Shpilka Tomer , Du YunGuang , Yang Qiyuan , Melber Andrew , Uma Naresh Nandhitha , Lavelle Joshua , Kim Sookyung , Liu Pengpeng , Weidberg Hilla , Li Rui , Yu Jun , Zhu Lihua Julie , Strittmatter Lara , Haynes Cole M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs organisms develop, individual cells generate mitochondria to fulfill physiological requirements. However, it remains unknown how mitochondrial network expansion is scaled to cell growth. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a signaling pathway mediated by the transcription factor ATFS-1 which harbors a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). Here, using the model organismCaenorhabditis eleganswe demonstrate that ATFS-1 mediates an adaptable mitochondrial network expansion program that is active throughout normal development. Mitochondrial network expansion requires the relatively inefficient MTS in ATFS-1, which allows the transcription factor to be responsive to parameters that impact protein import capacity of the mitochondrial network. Increasing the strength of the ATFS-1 MTS impairs UPRmtactivity by increasing accumulation within mitochondria. Manipulations of TORC1 activity increase or decrease ATFS-1 activity in a manner that correlates with protein synthesis. Lastly, expression of mitochondrial-targeted GFP is sufficient to expand the muscle cell mitochondrial network in an ATFS-1-dependent manner. We propose that mitochondrial network expansion during development is an emergent property of the synthesis of highly expressed mitochondrial proteins that exclude ATFS-1 from mitochondrial import, causing UPRmtactivation.
SOX-5 activates a novel RORγt enhancer to facilitate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by promoting Th17 cell differentiation
Authors: Tian Yi , Han Chao , Wei Zhiyuan , Dong Hui , Shen Xiaohe , Cui Yiqiang , Fu Xiaolan , Tian Zhiqiang , Wang Shufeng , Zhou Jian , Yang Di , Sun Yi , Yuan Jizhao , Ni Bing , Wu Yuzhang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractT helper type 17 (Th17) cells have important functions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Retinoid-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt) is necessary for Th17 cell differentiation and functions. However, the transcriptional regulation of RORγt expression, especially at the enhancer level, is still poorly understood. Here we identify a novel enhancer of RORγt gene in Th17 cells, RORCE2. RORCE2 deficiency suppresses RORγt expression and Th17 differentiation, leading to reduced severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mechanistically, RORCE2 is looped to RORγt promoter through SRY-box transcription factor 5 (SOX-5) in Th17 cells, and the loss of SOX-5 binding site in RORCE abolishes RORCE2 function and affects the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to the RORγt locus. Taken together, our data highlight a molecular mechanism for the regulation of Th17 differentiation and functions, which may represent a new intervening clue for Th17-related diseases.
Sounding out life in the deep using acoustic data from ships of opportunity
Authors: Haris K. , Kloser Rudy J. , Ryan Tim E. , Downie Ryan A. , Keith Gordon , Nau Amy W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractShedding light on the distribution and ecosystem function of mesopelagic communities in the twilight zone (~200–1000 m depth) of global oceans can bridge the gap in estimates of species biomass, trophic linkages, and carbon sequestration role. Ocean basin-scale bioacoustic data from ships of opportunity programs are increasingly improving this situation by providing spatio-temporal calibrated acoustic snapshots of mesopelagic communities that can mutually complement established global ecosystem, carbon, and biogeochemical models. This data descriptor provides an overview of such bioacoustic data from Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) Ships of Opportunity (SOOP) Bioacoustics sub-Facility. Until 30 September 2020, more than 600,000 km of data from 22 platforms were processed and made available to a publicly accessible Australian Ocean Data Network (AODN) Portal. Approximately 67% of total data holdings were collected by 13 commercial fishing vessels, fostering collaborations between researchers and ocean industry. IMOS Bioacoustics sub-Facility offers the prospect of acquiring new data, improved insights, and delving into new research challenges for investigating status and trend of mesopelagic ecosystems.
High-resolution, large-scale laboratory measurements of a sandy beach and dynamic cobble berm revetment
Authors: Blenkinsopp Chris E. , Bayle Paul M. , Conley Daniel C. , Masselink Gerd , Gulson Emily , Kelly Isabel , Almar Rafael , Turner Ian L. , Baldock Tom E. , Beuzen Tomas , McCall Robert T. , Rijper Huub , Reniers Ad , Troch Peter , Gallach-Sanchez David , Hunter Alan J. , Bryan Oscar , Hennessey Gwyn , Ganderton Peter , Tissier Marion , Kudella Matthias , Schimmels Stefan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHigh quality laboratory measurements of nearshore waves and morphology change at, or near prototype-scale are essential to support new understanding of coastal processes and enable the development and validation of predictive models. The DynaRev experiment was completed at the GWK large wave flume over 8 weeks during 2017 to investigate the response of a sandy beach to water level rise and varying wave conditions with and without a dynamic cobble berm revetment, as well as the resilience of the revetment itself. A large array of instrumentation was used throughout the experiment to capture: (1) wave transformation from intermediate water depths to the runup limit at high spatio-temporal resolution, (2) beach profile change including wave-by-wave changes in the swash zone, (3) detailed hydro and morphodynamic measurements around a developing and a translating sandbar.
Yawn contagion in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Norscia Ivan , Coco Elisabetta , Robino Carlo , Chierto Elena , Cordoni Giada 
Published: January 2021

AbstractContrary to spontaneous yawning—an ancient phenomenon common to vertebrates—contagious yawning (elicited by others’ yawns) has been found only in highly social species and may reflect an emotional inter-individual connection. We investigated yawn contagion in the domestic pig, Sus scrofa. Owing to the complex socio-emotional and cognitive abilities of Sus scrofa, we posited that yawn contagion could be present in this species (Prediction 1) and influenced by individual/social factors (Prediction 2). In June-November 2018, on 104 semi-free ranging adolescent/adult pigs, 224 videos were recorded for video analysis on yawning. Kinship information was refined via genetic analyses. Statistical elaboration was conducted via GLMMs and non-parametric/randomization/cross-tabulation tests. We found yawn contagion in Sus scrofa, as it was more likely that pigs yawned when perceiving rather than not perceiving (yawning/control condition) others’ yawns (response peak in the first out of three minutes). Yawn contagion was more likely: (1) in response to males’ yawns; (2) as the age increased; (3) within short distance (1 m); (4) between full siblings, with no significant association between kinship and distance. The influence of kinship suggests that—as also hypothesized for Homo sapiens—yawn contagion might be linked with emotional communication and possibly contagion.