Demographic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant infections in Indian population
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Asghar Adil , Raza Khursheed , Narayan Ravi K. , Jha Rakesh K. , Satyam Abhigyan , Kumar Gopichand , Dwivedi Prakhar , Sahni Chetan , Kumari Chiman , Kulandhasamy Maheswari , Motwani Rohini , Kaur Gurjot , Krishna Hare , Sesham Kishore , Pandey Sada N. , Parashar Rakesh , Kant Kamla , Kumar Sujeet 
Published: September 2021

AbstractImportanceHigher risks of contracting infection, developing severe illness and mortality are known facts in aged and male sex if exposed to the wild type SARS-CoV-2 strains (Wuhan and B.1 strains). Now, accumulating evidence suggests greater involvement of lower age and narrowing the age and sex based differences for the severity of symptoms in infections with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Delta variant (B.1.617.2) is now a globally dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain, however, current evidence on demographic characteristics for this variant are limited. Recently, delta variant caused a devastating second wave of COVID-19 in India. We performed a demographic characterization of COVID-19 cases in Indian population diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for delta variant.ObjectiveTo determine demographic characteristics of delta variant in terms of age and sex, severity of the illness and mortality rate, and post-vaccination infections.DesignA cross sectional studySettingDemographic characteristics, including vaccination status (for two complete doses) and severity of the illness and mortality rate, of COVID-19 cases caused by wild type strain (B.1) and delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2 in Indian population were studied.ParticipantsCOVID-19 cases for which SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing was performed and complete demographic details (age, sex, and location) were available, were included.ExposuresSARS-CoV-2 infection with Delta (B.1.617.2) variant and wild type (B.1) strain.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe patient metadata containing details for demographic and vaccination status (two complete doses) of the COVID-19 patients with confirmed delta variant and WT (B.1) infections were analyzed [total number of cases (N) =9500, Ndelta=6238, NWT=3262]. Further, severity of the illness and mortality were assessed in subsets of patients. Final data were tabulated and statistically analyzed to determine age and sex based differences in chances of getting infection and the severity of illness, and post-vaccination infections were compared between wild type and delta variant strains. Graphs were plotted to visualize the trends.ResultsWith delta variant, in comparison to wild type (B.1) strain, higher proportion of lower age groups, particularly <20 year (0-9 year: 4.47% vs. 2.3%, 10-19 year: 9% vs. 7%) were affected. The proportion of women contracting infection were increased (41% vs. 36%). The higher proportion of total young (0-19 year, 10% vs. 4%) (p=.017) population and young (14% vs. 3%) as well as adult (20-59 year, 75% vs. 55%) women developed symptoms/hospitalized with delta variant in comparison to B.1 infection (p< .00001). The mean age of contracting infection [Delta, men=37.9 (±17.2) year, women=36.6 (±17.6) year; B.1, men=39.6 (±16.9) year and women= 40.1 (±17.4) year (p< .001)] as well as developing symptoms/hospitalization [Delta, men=39.6(± 17.4) year, women=35.6 (±16.9) year; B.1, men=47(±18) year and women= 49.5(±20.9) year (p< .001)] was considerably lower. The total mortality was about 1.8 times higher (13% vs. 7%). Risk of death increased irrespective of the sex (Odds ratio: 3.034, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.7-5.2, p<0.001), however, increased proportion of women (32% vs. 25%) were died. Further, multiple incidences of delta infections were noted following complete vaccination.Conclusions and RelevanceThe increased involvement of young (0-19 year) and women, lower mean age for contracting infection and symptomatic illness/hospitalization, higher mortality, and frequent incidences of post-vaccination infections with delta variant compared to wild type strain raises significant epidemiological concerns.Key PointsQuestionDid SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant infections show varied demographic characteristics in comparison to wild type strains?FindingsIn this cross sectional study viral genomic sequences of 9500 COVID-19 patients were analyzed. As the key findings, increased involvement of young (0-19 year) and women, lower mean age for contracting infection and symptomatic illness/hospitalization, higher mortality, and frequent incidences of post-vaccination infections with delta variant in comparison to wild type (WT) strain (B.1) were observed.MeaningThe findings of this study suggest that delta variant has varied demographic characteristics reflecting increased involvement of the young and women, and increased lethality in comparison to wild type strains.