bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Trends in Phosphorus Concentrations and Losses from Agricultural Monitoring Sites in Latvia
Authors: Siksnane Ieva , Lagzdins Ainis 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Baltic Sea is the youngest sea on our planet, the environment of the sea is considered to be unique and fragile. It is affected by various human activities resulting in the impairment of water quality. Riverine nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) loads are among the major causes of eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. This study examines temporal trends in water discharge, total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) concentrations and losses from three agricultural runoff monitoring sites in Latvia including Berze, Mellupite, and Vienziemite. The annual datasets of TP and PO4-P concentrations and losses were tested for statistical trends using a nonparametric test - the Mann-Kendall trend test. The timeframe of this study was from 1995 until 2018. The results show a large variety of annual mean concentrations and losses of TP and PO4-P in the study period. No statistically significant trend was detected for TP losses. Meanwhile, statistically significant downward trends were observed for TP concentrations in four out of six study sites and in two study sites for PO4-P concentrations.
Analysis of CO2 Valorisation Options for Regional Development
Authors: Terjanika Viktorija , Gusca Julija , Pubule Jelena , Blumberga Dagnija 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Mitigation of CO2 emissions has become a top-question in international and national arenas, likewise on the city level. Existing CO2 mitigation measures are primarily oriented towards wider deployment of low-carbon technologies of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures, focusing on energy production, distribution and energy use sectors, as well as the transport sector. Due to higher CO2 reduction efficiency and the cost aspect, the direct CO2 mitigation options currently applied are mostly oriented on large scale CO2 generators. Meanwhile the rural, sparsely populated regions already suffer from a lack of innovative industrial economic activities, inhabitant’s migration to urban areas and mostly involved in agriculture, land use and forestry activities. They are also “saved” by the public authorities from targeted CO2 emissions mitigation actions, therefore, the understanding of processes within rural CO2 economy sectors, factors, interconnections and effects to the environment and nature quality and finally guidelines to future actions are crucial. To analyse CO2 valorisation options for regional development, a multi-modelling approach combining literature review, an indicator analysis method and a multi-criteria decision-making analysis were used. As a result, CO2 valorisation options and key performance indicators were defined and multi-criteria analysis for regional decarbonization scenarios were performed.
Upgrade from SEAP to SECAP: Experience of 6 European Municipalities
Authors: Jekabsone Anda , Marín José Pablo Delgado , Martins Sofia , Rosa Marika , Kamenders Agris 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Since 2008 many municipalities in the European Union have taken part in the Covenant of Mayors (CoM) initiative and have developed Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP) to contribute to climate change mitigation. To respond to new policy goals for 2030, the CoM has expanded its focus and since 2018 requires municipalities to cover climate adaptation actions. The main aim of this paper is to analyse the first experiences of six municipalities from Spain, Portugal and Latvia in upgrading their existing Sustainable Energy Actions Plans to Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans (SECAP). SECAPs were developed through a participatory process involving all relevant local stakeholders, to gain maximum understanding and acceptance. Each municipality implemented climate adaption actions to demonstrate the need for adaptation and the ways it can be accomplished.
Analysis of Energy Retrofit Assessment Methodologies in Buildings by European Research Projects
Authors: Arbulu Markel , Grijalba Olatz , Oregi Xabat 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Energy retrofit of existing buildings is one of the main keys to achieve European Union’s decarbonising objectives defined in the European Green Deal. In order to proceed into them, European policy has been adapted and several research projects are developed. The aim of this paper is to analyse the assessment methodology of the research projects, setting up the overview of the assessed fields and the criteria followed to perform and evaluate each project. As working methodology, 18 projects have been studied, firstly characterising by the main parameters and afterwards analysing the assessment followed by each one. This analysis is decomposed into five parameters: the assessment scope, reflecting the fields covered by the project’s assessment; data source, the nature of the data; verification, use of data verification strategies; and implementation of life cycle thinking in the assessment methodology. The research shows that although the projects have their bases in the EU energetic targets they also cover a wider scope, assessing many fields and combining many sources of data. However, despite the large knowledge already defined by many projects, there is a lack of global and complete roadmap to be followed.
Positive Energy District (PED) Selected Projects Assessment, Study towards the Development of Further PEDs
Authors: Rueda Castellanos Sofia , Oregi Xabat 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Positive Energy District (PED) is a relatively new concept from which many projects are planned, however, only a few cases are currently close to be materialized, therefore, in this study the PED projects in operation and in implementation process in existing districts are gathered in order to serve as a base for future PEDs. In this sense, certain points of each selected project are highlighted due to their relevance within the project development and their replicability potential. Furthermore, intending to learn from the experience of the assessed case-studies, this paper aims to understand the current situation regarding PED implementation to simplify the development of further PEDs.
What Will Be the Future of Biogas Sector?
Authors: Bumbiere Ketija , Pubule Jelena , Blumberga Dagnija 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Latvia, like many other European Member States, faces major challenges in achieving climate goals within the Paris Agreement – emission reduction for 50–55 % by 2030 and net-zero emission economy by 2050. Decarbonization of the energy sector is one of the main aims and sustainable use of biogas is one of the ways to reach these targets. Although the biogas sector in Latvia is now mainly based on the production of electricity and heat in cogeneration plants, often using specially grown energy crops, and payments of the mandatory procurement component have expired, biogas plants are preparing for reconstruction for the production of biomethane with the help of European fund investments.
It means that the biogas sector is moving towards a completely different operating model, based primarily on the management of agricultural waste as a feedstock, the conversion of biogas to biomethane and it is used mainly in the transport sector, but its implementation in practical terms faces various challenges. In this context, this article offers a clear vision of the development of the biogas sector in the next decade in Latvia. It uses a sustainability SWOT analysis to clearly reflect the sector’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
The Properties of Nano-Gold Particles Synthesized by Ascorbic Acid With Acacia Gum and Sodium Hydroxide as Stabilizers
Authors: Ghafoor Dhelal Abdul , Yas Rana M. , Saeed Muna Ahmed 
Published: June 2021

In this work, biocompatible gold nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing the chloroauric acid with ascorbic acid as a reducing agent. Colloidal gold nanoparticles were stabilized through nontoxic acacia gum sodium hydroxide .Synthesizing gold nano particle is confirmed by the change in color of chloroauric acid from yellow to ruby red and brown color depending on the stabilizers. The gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Where the peak of the absorbance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was observed between the wave length 526 and 535 nm. The results of zeta potential were found in rang (-19, -40 mv), AFM and TEM images show two different shapes, hexagonal and spherical and the size of gold nanoparticles between 21.5nm and 29nm.
Penerapan Business Model Canvas pada pengembangan Usaha Gula Aren: Studi Kasus Di Kabupaten Soppeng, Sulawesi Selatan
Authors: Makkarennu Makkarennu , Rahmadani Inda 
Published: June 2021

Gula aren merupakan salah satu produk HHBK yang memiliki peran sangat penting dalam pengembangan HHBK di Indonesia serta dapat menunjang perekonomian masyarakat di sekitar hutan. Salah satu desa di Kabupaten Soppeng yang memiliki potensi pengembangan usaha gula aren adalah Desa Mattabulu yang berada di Kecamatan Lalabata. Berdasarkan survei di desa ini terdapat beberapa kelompok tani yang memproduksi dan menjual gula aren ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi atau menyusun strategi pemasaran pada Usaha Gula Aren di Desa Mattabulu, Kecamatan Lalabata Kabupaten Soppeng. Perumusan strategi dilakukan dengan pendekatan Business Model Canvas (BMC), melalui sembilan elemen kunci BMC yakni segmen pelanggan, proporsi nilai, saluran, hubungan pelanggan, arus penerimaan, sumberdaya utama, aktivitas utama, kemitraan utama, dan struktur biaya. Usaha ini masih mempertahankan segmentasi pasar yang sama sejak lama, karena proses penjualannya hanya bergantung pada konsumen dan pedagang pengumpul tanpa adanya upaya untuk mendapatkan pelanggan baru seperti mempromosikan melalui media. Pilihan strategi yang tepat pada usaha gula aren ini adalah mengoptimalkan kekuatan untuk meraih sebuah peluang atau turn around, mengubah strategi dalam pengembangan usaha gula aren dimana usaha ini harus menangkap peluang pasar dengan meningkatkan nilai proporsinya dan memperluas jaringan pasar.
Peran Gaya Kepemimpinan, Budaya Organisasi dan Reward Terhadap Komitmen Kerja Karyawan
Authors: Kustiani Lilik 
Published: June 2021

Employees who have a high commitment, have a desire to defend themselves as members of the organization. Therefore, to develop an organization, various aspects must be considered that can create work commitment. This study aims to examine: 1) the influence of leadership style on work commitment, 2) the influence of organizational culture on work commitment and 3) the effect of reward on work commitment. This research is a quantitative descriptive study using multiple regression analysis. The population in this study was all employees at KOPPAS "Citra Kartini" Senggreng Sumberpucung Malang Regency with a sample using saturated sampling technique, amounting to 39 employees. The results of data analysis in this study can be concluded: 1) leadership style has a significant positive effect on employee commitment, 2) organizational culture has a significant positive effect on employee commitment, 3) reward has a significant positive effect on employee commitment, and 4) reward is a variable which has a dominant effect on employee commitment
Carbon utilization phenome of Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64
Authors: Manglicmot-Yabes Ailyn G , Villanueva Sharon Yvette Angelina M. , Gloriani Nina G. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Leptospirosis, an acute febrile disease caused by the pathogenic species of genus Leptospira, is one of the neglected emerging zoonoses that is of global public health concern. The recent genus-wide sequencing of Leptospira isolates led to the need for better understanding of the complex metabolic mechanisms of this organism. However, majority of the published studies on Leptospira metabolism were still the pioneering works of Baseman and Cox in the 60’s and their contemporaries. Knowledge on the carbon sources that supports the growth of a Leptospira species will not only contribute to the limited metabolic studies but will further support the reported genes and metabolic pathways of this organism. Objective: Thus, this study aimed to describe the carbon utilization phenome of Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64, one of the dominantly circulating pathogenic Leptospira in the Philippines. Methods: A previously optimized BiologTM Gen III sole carbon utilization phenotype microarray assay protocol for leptospires was adapted. Results: L. interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64 showed utilization of 29 carbon sources belonging to sugars and sugar derivatives, amino acids, methyl ester, carboxylic acid and fatty acids. These were N-acetyl-β-D-mannosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, D-fructose, D-galactose, 3-methyl glucose, D-fucose, L-fucose, L-rhamnose, inosine, D-fructose-6-phosphate, D-gluconic, D-glucuronic acid, glucuronamide, D-saccharic acid, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-pyroglutamic acid, L-serine, D-lactic acid methyl ester, citric acid, D-malic acid, L-malic acid, alpha ketoglutaric acid, alpha ketobutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid. Discussion and Conclusion: The carbon sources utilized by L. interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64 agreed well with the identified genes and metabolic pathways among Leptospira species. Moreover, these 29 carbon sources have been previously reported to be associated in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, histidine, sulfur, amino acids, and isoleucine and in other metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pentose-phosphate, pyruvate and fatty acid in Leptospira spp.
Optimization of Claudin-5 and ICAM-1 protein detection by using capillary-based immunoassay method in human brain endothelial cells
Authors: Jufri Nurul Farhana , Salyam Tharsini , Ibrahim Farah Wahida , Abdul Latif Mazlyzam , Hamid Asmah 
Published: June 2021

Background: Human brain endothelial cells (HBECs) are part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB acts as a barrier to control the passage of molecules or materials from the blood into the brain. Identification of specific proteins changes in their expressions that are related to disease state is important in order to understand the disease mechanism involving brain vasculature. To achieve that, the techniques involve in identifying the proteins of interest must be optimized prior to further investigation. Methodology: In this study, identification of Claudin-5 in HBEC lysates was tested using different sample preparation techniques such as; 1) reducing with Dithiothreitol (DTT) and non-reducing conditions; 2) denaturing by heating at 95°C for 5 minutes or 70°C for 20 minutes and 3) protein loading at 3 and 4 µg. The samples were then subjected to an automated capillary-based immunoassay, Jess. Results and Discussion: The results showed that HBEC samples loaded at 4 µg and heated for 5 minutes at 95°C with DTT produced clearer and intense bands for Claudin-5 identification compared to the other set ups. As reducing condition and denaturing by heated at 95°C for 5 minutes conditions demonstrated good results, the conditions were used to identify ICAM-1 expression at different protein loading (3 and 4 µg). The result demonstrated that HBEC samples heated for 5 minutes at 95°C with DTT and loaded at 4 µg produced a good detection for ICAM-1. Conclusion: These optimized conditions could be served as a standard procedure for further identification of Claudin-5 and ICAM-1 proteins in HBEC using a capillary immunoassay instrument.
Bio-Green Foliar Spray Enhances Rice Growth and Productivity in Cambodia
Authors: Tha Tak , Preap Ply , Sorl Seyha , Srean Pao , Touch Visalsok 
Published: June 2021

The use of bioproducts as biostimulants to stimulate plant growth and to increase yields as an alternative to chemical fertilizers are currently being promoted for cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices of crop production systems. The objective of the study was to determine plant growth and productivity of rice responded to Bio Green application. A short growing period (90 – 95 days) OM-5451 rice variety was used in this study. The rice plants were cultivated in the randomized-completed block with two treatments and six replications in the plot of 2 m * 2 m. Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer was applied once at a rate of 100 kg/ha. For treatment, Bio-green with a solution of 1% (v/v) was weekly applied as foliage spray; and without Bio-Green as control. The results showed the grain yield was 3.7 t/ha in the treatment and 2.83 t/ha in the control, indicating that 36.4% of the grain yield was increased. The Bio-Green could be significantly used as plant biostimulants to promote plant growth and grain yield in rice in Cambodia.
Effectiveness of Ageratum conyzoides (Babandotan) Leaf Extract and Sapindus rarak (Lerak) Fruit Extract in Control of Myzus persicae in Chili Plants
Authors: Djamilah Djamilah , Rosyda Umm Ro'ina , Bertham Yudhi Harini 
Published: June 2021

Chili is one of the important agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Myzus persicae Sulz. is one of the important pests in Chili cultivation because it can cause damage up to 80%. Nabati insecticide utilization is one of the safer alternatives to control and more environmentally friendly than synthetic insecticides. One Nabati insecticide utilization that can be used in controlling pests are Ageratum conyzoides L extract and Sapindus rarak D.C extract . The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of A. Conyzoides extract S. rarak extracts and extract S. rarak mixture of both in the control of M. persicae. This research was factorial, treatment consisted of 2 factors: 1 Nabati insecticide consists of A. Conyzoides and S. Rarak and factor of 2 each given concentration is 0 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml. Using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 16 treatments 3 replications. The results variance showed that the treatment performed with extracts from A. conyzoides effect on mortality, damage to crops, M. persicae life, and leaf greenness level after treatment. Extract treatment S. Rarak effect on mortality, M. persicae life and leaf greenness level after treatment. While treatment mix A. conyzoides leaf extracts and fruit extracts S. rarak effect on mortality, M. persicae life. The results showed that the treatment is effective in controlling pests aphids M. persicae are A. conyzoides leaf extract mixture of 30 ml and 30 ml S. rarak fruit extract with the highest mortality value of 96.14%, which gives a real influence in the control of aphids M. persicae and different real control. LC50 and LC90 showed the best application in the control extract are 18.46 ml and 51.86 ml.
The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fermented Durian (D. Zibethinus )
Authors: Hasanuddin Hasanuddin 
Published: June 2021

Lactic acid (C2H5COOH) is the organic acid that can serve as a food preservation. The group of bacteria which can produce lactic acid in their fermentation process known as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). A fundamental biochemical change of fermentation is that an acidic environment is created. Many harmful organisms cannot exist in acidic solution so the fermentation productions are save to eat. Fermented Durian is the fermented food prepared from spontaneous fermentation of durian (Durio zibethinus) with or without salt by wild bacteria. The research was conducted to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria in tempoyak. The data in this study were laboratory analysis. Samples were collected weekly in a month analyzed microbiologically from traditionl markets in Bengkulu. There were four species of lactic acid bacteria involved in fermented durian namely Leuconostoc mesentroides, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus curvatus.
Analysis of Economic Structure and Leading Sectors in Rejang Lebong District
Authors: Pingki Anadiya , Sumantri Bambang , Sukiyono Ketut 
Published: June 2021

This study aims to determine and analyze the economic structure and leading sectors in Rejang Lebong Regency. The data used is secondary data on Gross Regional Domestic Product from 2015 to 2019 obtained from the Central Statistics Agency. The analysis used is economy structure, Location Quotient (LQ), Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ), Shift-share, and Overlay. The results show that the highest GRDP contributor is the Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry sectors while the lowest is the Electricity and Gas Procurement sector with contribution of 32% and 0.15% respectively. The results of the leading economic sectors in the Rejang Lebong Regency are the sectors of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Providing Accommodation and Food and Drink; Defense and Compulsory Social Security; Education Services; Health Services and Other Services.
Effect of BAP (6-Benzyl Aminopurine) on In Vitro Shoot Growth of Curcumas
Authors: Rustikawati Rustikawati , Herison Catur , Inoriah Entang , Dwisari Vera 
Published: June 2021

Curcuma sp has been widely investigated for its anti-cancer properties. Conventionally, vegetative propagation needs a long time to produce a large number of planting materials, so that it is necessary to find an alternative approach through in vitro propagation. The effect of BAP on the in vitro shoot formation of ‘temu putih’ and ‘temu putih’ has been investigated in this study. The experiment was a 4x2 factorial with 5 replications arranged in a completely randomized design. The first factor was the concentration of BAP i.e. 0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 ppm. The second factor was the curcuma species consisting of ‘temu putih’ (Curcuma zedoaria Roch.) and ‘temu mangga’ (Curcuma mangga Val.). Each experimental unit consisted of 2 in vitro bottles, each of which planted with 1 explant bud. Analysis of variance was conducted on percentage of live explants, shoot height, number of roots, root length, wet weight, percentage of explants that sprouted, percentage of rooted explants and shoot color. Mean comparison was performed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed that there was no interaction between BAP concentration and genotype on any variable observed. The shoot growth of ‘temu putih’ was significantly higher than ‘temu mangga’ in vitro. The best concentration of BAP for the growth of ‘temu putih’ and ‘temu mangga’ shoots was 1.5 ppm.
Devaluation of Cultural Life: A Study of Reconstruction-Resilience Practices of an Earthquake Displaced Community
Authors: Giri Madhu 
Published: June 2021

This article investigates how earthquake reconstruction was practiced without considering socio-cultural values in the dislocated community after the 2015 earthquake. The process of disaster resilience tended to focus only on technical structures like the number of houses and school buildings as the main indicators of recovery from earthquake. The resilience programs conducted by the government and NGOs did not pay due attention to caste/ethnic tensions, religious division, political clash, and cultural loss among the villagers. In this study I thus wanted to know what were the meanings/ interpretations of reconstruction and community resilience; how reconstruction programs considered socio-cultural resilience; what socio-cultural aspects in practices of reconstruction were missing, and what were the challenges of cultural resilience among the displaced communities. The study was done at Kunchok-Nabalpur of Sidhupalchok. Local people’s perspectives of reconstruction, values, cultural life (ethnographic study) and narratives were collected by using observation, interview, case study and field visit methods. The study found that caste/ethnic, religious and cultural cohesion had not been reinstalled. Socio-cultural diversity and diverse social needs of displaced people were ignored by the resilience programs of the government. This shows how technocratic reconstruction programs were not as effective as expected due to the devaluation of socio-cultural life of the disaster displaced people who otherwise could contribute to the policy and programs of sustainable and inclusive development of the society.