bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-resolution calorimetry in pulsed magnetic fields
Authors: Imajo Shusaku , Dong Chao , Matsuo Akira , Kindo Koichi , Kohama Yoshimitsu 
Published: April 2021

We have developed a new calorimeter for measuring the thermodynamic properties in pulsed magnetic fields. Instrumental design is described along with the instrument construction details, including the sensitivity of a RuO2 thermometer. Operation of the calorimeter is demonstrated by measuring the heat capacity of three samples: pure germanium, CeCu2Ge2, and κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br, in pulsed fields up to 43.5 T. Obtaining field stability is key in measuring high-resolution heat capacity under pulsed fields. We also examine the performance of the calorimeter by employing two measurement techniques: the quasi-adiabatic and dual-slope techniques. We demonstrate that the calorimeter developed in this study is capable of performing high-resolution calorimetry in pulsed magnetic fields, which opens the door to new opportunities for high-field thermodynamic studies.
Construction of PD-L1-siRNA and IL-2 DNA loading PEI lipid nanoparticles in activating T cells and treating lung cancer
Authors: Gao Lei , Yu Shaobin , Lin Jihong , Chen Sui , Shen Zhimin , Kang Mingqiang 
Published: April 2021

The signal transduction of human programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), as an important checkpoint gene in the immune system, plays a key role in the internal function and survival of cancer cells. In this paper, PD-L1-siRNA and immunostimulatory IL-2 encoding plasmid DNA loaded by polyethylenimine (PEI) lipid nanoparticles (PEI-LNPs) were constructed. Its therapeutic effect on lung cancer was evaluated, and its physical parameters such as particle size and potential were measured. The binding capacity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell uptake capacity of PD-L1-siRNA/IL-2 DNA-PEI-LNPs were tested by in vitro experiments. The down-regulation effect of PD-L1 in A549 cancer cells and the cytokine level of co-cultured T cells were also examined. The study indicated that the PD-L1-siRNA/IL-2-PEI-LNP complexes can provide effective treatment for lung cancer cells; the significant increase in IFN-γ and TNF-α levels and the decrease in the IL-10 level confirmed the change in secreted cytokines. The lipid NPs combined with the tumor-targeting therapeutic gene siRNA/pDNA constructed in this study had the ability to target cells in vitro and down-regulate the expression of PD-L1, which realized the tumor-specific expression of immunostimulatory cytokines, and were considered to be highly effective and safe nanocarriers for targeted therapy.
At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 30 June 2022.
A jamming plane of sphere packings
Authors: Jin Yuliang , Yoshino Hajime 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Jamming is a ubiquitous phenomenon that occurs when the viscosity diverges or the rigidity emerges in many soft matter systems, such as granular materials, glasses, foams, colloidal suspensions, emulsions, and polymers. Jamming of frictionless spheres is also closely related to the sphere packing and optimization problems. In practice, jammed packings can be obtained by various ways, among which, compression and shear are two widely employed protocols. Here, we demonstrate that compression and shear-jammed frictionless packings can be described under a unified framework called jamming-plane. Using computer simulations, we show that compression and shear jamming of frictionless spheres can occur at different densities in the limit of large systems, contrary to conventional wisdom, but the jamming criticality is protocol-independent.
Imaging in vivo acetylcholine release in the peripheral nervous system with a fluorescent nanosensor
Authors: Xia Junfei , Yang Hongrong , Mu Michelle , Micovic Nicholas , Poskanzer Kira E. , Monaghan James R. , Clark Heather A. 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Mapping and measuring neurotransmitter release in vivo provides critical neurological insight into animal behavior and pathology. Acetylcholine, a pleiotropic neurotransmitter, impacts cardiovascular, cognitive, and other physiological functions. To circumvent genetic manipulation and provide high sensitivity as well as temporal and spatial resolution, we developed a DNA-based enzymatic nanosensor for real-time monitoring of acetylcholine release in the PNS of living mice. The nanosensor rapidly responds to endogenous acetylcholine release in a dose-dependent and reversible manner, providing spatial mapping of signal transmission within a single ganglion when combined with advanced image analysis. The nanosensor expands the analytical toolbox for detecting PNS neurotransmission but will also be applicable for the CNS in multiple species, enabling elucidation of fundamental neurological and neuropathological pathways.
Bidens frondosa (beggarticks).
Authors: Popay Ian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

B. frondosa is a herbaceous annual native to North America. It has been introduced widely in Europe and to other parts of the world and is mostly found in temperate climates. The majority of introductions into new countries are intentional, due to the medicinal, herbal and decorative properties ascribed to the species. However, seeds can be accidentally dispersed into new areas as they can adhere firmly to animal fibres such as wool. In Europe B. frondosa has been reported to out compete and interbreed with native plant species in particular those of the same genus. B. frondosa is classified as an environmental weed in New Zealand.
Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead wildrye).
Authors: Nafus Aleta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

T. caput-medusae is a self-pollinating, annual grass. It is originally from the Mediterranean region, occurring eastwards in Asia to Kyrgyzstan and northwards in Europe to Budapest in Hungary. Introduced to the Americas in at least seven events between 1887 and 1988, it now occupies over one million hectares of rangelands in the western USA where it is considered invasive and is listed as a noxious weed in many states, and is estimated to be spreading at a rate of 12% per year. In the western USA. It is highly competitive, forming monotypic stands that not only exclude native species but transform the ecological functioning of its invaded habitat to better facilitate its own survival to the detriment of the entire invaded ecosystem.
Crumenulopsis sororia.
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: April 2021

Abstract

C. sororia is an apothecia-forming ascomycete (cup fungus) that causes cankers in the bark and wood of Pinus species in Europe. Its presence in North America is unlikely (Groves, 1969), but it is known to infect native and introduced species of Pinus. Once introduced, its small size, resemblance to related canker-causing species, and spread by airborne spores, would make control difficult.
Ischaemum rugosum (saramollagrass).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

I. rugosum is a C4 grass species widely cultivated and naturalized in moist, tropical habitats around the world (Clayton et al., 2015; USDA-ARS, 2015). It is an opportunistic and effective colonizer of open and disturbed areas, swamps, and along roadsides. It is a serious weed in many crops, especially in paddy fields and sugarcane plantations (Holm et al., 1977; Baki and Manidool, 1992). I. rugosum is a highly invasive grass which can produce up to 4,000 seeds per plant and has the potential to grow even in shaded areas (Holm et al., 1977; PROTA, 2015). I. rugosum is listed as invasive in Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Fiji (Kairo et al., 2003; Chacon and Saborio, 2012; Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; PIER, 2015). In the USA, the Department of Agriculture considers it a noxious weed; plants found growing within the continental USA should be promptly reported to that agency (Barkworth et al., 2003).
Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather).
Authors: Murphy Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

M. aquaticum (parrot-feather) is an invasive submerged/emergent aquatic weed characteristic of sub-tropical to warm-temperate regions, but found as far north as the UK (recorded from at least 33 countries: native to perhaps 6 of these, all in South America). It was recorded as an alien as early as 1906 in Florida, and 1919 in South Africa. It is a particular problem of small water bodies, irrigation channel networks, and small streams, where it primarily impedes flow and causes a range of associated environmental problems, such as water deoxygenation. Long-distance spread via the aquarium/garden trade has been a notable anthropogenic vector. Once introduced to a new region it spreads rapidly, primarily by vegetative stem fragmentation, male plants are rarely recorded outside the native range so seed production is (so-far) negligible as a vector. It is listed as a notifiable/prohibited weed in many countries and states worldwide.
Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape).
Authors: Parker Christ 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

O. cernua is an obligatory, non-photosynthetic root parasite which is native over a wide range across northeast Africa, southern Europe and western and southern Asia. In many of these areas it is a serious pest of Solanaceaeous crops such as Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and S. melongena (aubergine) and occasionally S. tuberosum (potato). Species of Orobanche depend totally on their hosts for all nutrition and become an active sink for the host plant. This therefore results in a decrease in crop yield and as a result can have a major impact on the economy and livelihoods. Once established, the seed bank may last 10-20 years and there are no simple, economic control measures. Seeds of O. cernua are very small and inconspicuous and can be accidentally introduced into new areas as a contaminant of soil, seeds and machinery. There is potential for this species to invade many other areas of the world.
Phakopsora euvitis (grape rust fungus).
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The grape leaf rust, P. euvitis, is widely distributed in eastern and southern Asia and has been introduced into northern Australia. Its distribution in the Americas, other than a recent introduction into southwestern Brazil, is unclear, because other Phakopsora rust species on Vitis species have been identified in North and South America. The teleomorph forms have not been compared. The means by which the recent introductions have occurred are not known; the fungus can persist in the uredinial form in warmer climates and dispersal of urediniospores by wind and air currents is a possible means of spread, in addition to transport of infected vines. Australia initiated an eradication programme against this species in 2001 (DAFF, 2009).
Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

F. uhdei is a fast-growing, medium to large tree (up to 35-40 m tall and 1 m stem diameter) that grows naturally in mixed mountain forests from west-central Mexico to Guatemala and can become weedy in disturbed sites. The leaves are 15-30 cm long, compound and oppositely pinnate with 5-9 leaflets. A channeled leaf axis and a smaller (2.5-4 cm long) samara distinguish F. uhdei from its close relative F. americana. F. uhdei is sometimes referred to as an evergreen species but it is winter-deciduous in some regions. F. uhdei has been introduced to Hawaii, Puerto Rico and sub-Himalayan regions of India for watershed protection and timber production. It is also a popular street and shade tree in California, Arizona and Mexico. In the Central Valley and Bay Area of California, severe infestations by the ash whitefly Siphoninus phillyreae on F. uhdei have been reduced after the introduction of the parasitic wasp Encarsia partenopea (Gould et al., 1992).In its native range, F. uhdei has been selectively logged but it is not a prime timber species. In Chiapas, it has been grown in hedgerows for wood and fuel. In plantations, F. uhdei has high survival and rapid initial growth in favourable sites, but often exhibits uneven growth rates across sites, poor form and has a tendency to lodge. F. uhdei is relatively shade tolerant and can regenerate by coppicing (Walters and Wick, 1973). Stands can be established from seedlings or bare-root stock. In Hawaii, F. uhdei has higher growth rates in relatively deep soils derived from volcanic ash than in shallow, stony organic soils. Yields in Hawaii and Puerto Rico have ranged between 4.1 and 11.5 cubic m/ha/year.F. uhdei provides a valuable, medium density (0.5 g/cubic cm), pale brown wood with a straight grain and moderately fine texture (Shukla and Sangal, 1980). The wood has been used mainly for cabinet work, furniture, moulding and panelling, but it is also suitable for boat building, craftwood, flooring, interior trim, joinery poles, particleboards, pulpwood, plywood, structural sawnwood and veneer. It is easy to season, machine and finish but is susceptible to blue stain, Lyctus borers and termites. The sapwood is permeable to preservatives and the heartwood is moderately resistant. Uhdenoside, a secoiridoid dilactone isolated from leaves of F. uhdei, has potential applications in natural medicine (Shen et al., 1995).F. uhdei can spread into disturbed forest areas. In Hawaii, invasions have been recorded in the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai and Oahu, and F. uhdei has been included among the most disruptive species to native ecosystems. Invasions are more intense on fertile soils and along streams (Harrington and Ewell, 1997). In some stands of F. uhdei, understorey vegetation is almost completely absent but stands with sparse canopies can harbour a profuse understorey of native and introduced species.
Gmelina arborea (candahar).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

G. arborea produces an important and valuable creamy-white timber which is sometimes called white teak. It is a fast-growing species that demands good site conditions (Durant, 1941; Fox, 1967; Nanagas and Serna, 1970; Fasehun, 1975; Greaves, 1981; Webb et al., 1984; Luna, 1996). Native to Asia, the species has great plantation potential and is widely planted, especially in Africa. Large-scale plantations of G. arborea are found in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Malawi (Streets, 1962). Compared with other high-quality timber species, G. arborea can be managed for relatively short rotations of 15 to 20 years (Fox, 1967). With recent developments in wood processing technology for utilizing smaller diameter logs, G. arborea plantations are often managed on a less than 15-year rotation; this is especially the case when fuelwood is the main end-product. G. arborea is also valuable as a multipurpose tree (Tiwari et al, 2007) and is economically important in various agroforestry systems. Different parts of the tree are used in traditional medicine (Nayak et al., 2011).
Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

M. oleifera is a small, fast-growing and short-lived tropical tree, well-known for its multi-purpose attributes, wide site adaptability and ease of establishment. Its principal value lies in its nutritional value and the use of the leaves, pods and flowers for human consumption as well as for livestock feed. The green pods are a sought-after vegetable, for example, as an essential ingredient in the making of 'sambhar', a south Indian curry and the seed oil known as 'ben-oil' is used for cooking, as a lighting fuel and for making cosmetics and soaps. The tree has attracted considerable attention in recent years with research confirming the effectiveness of using its powdered seeds as a coagulant and water purifier. The wood is of limited use. M. oleifera is grown in home gardens, as a hedging plant in and around fields and as a shade tree. It is also used for supports for vine crops such as pepper (Piper spp.).
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine).
Authors: Cobar Ana Jose 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

P. contorta is a fast-growing, short-lived and fire-adapted two-needled pine species with a very wide ecological amplitude and tolerance. It is an important and valuable timber trees in western North America, with forests dominated by P. contorta covering some 6 million ha in the USA and 20 million ha in Canada (Burns and Honkala, 1990). Because of its rapid growth rate, small taper and thin bark, it produces a higher volume of wood than many of its associates of the same diameter and height. It is a low nutrient-demanding species and easy to regenerate and grow. A common problem of regenerating P. contorta is overstocking which may result in growth stagnation during early stand development on water-deficient, nutrient-poor sites.
Parkia biglobosa (néré).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

P. biglobosa, known as néré or the shea butter tree, is an important multipurpose tree in tropical and subtropical Africa, particularly valued for food uses. It occurs naturally in Africa between 15°N and 0°N in a strip extending from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean across Mali and Chad, to Cameroon, Sudan and Uganda, as well as in the Central African Republic. The natural phytogeographical distribution of Parkia biglobosa corresponds to the "Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism" and the "Guineo-Congolia/Sudania Regional Transition Zone" (White, 1983). The species is often found with Vitellaria paradoxa in cultivated parklands near villages with short fallows. In most cases, P. biglobosa has been conserved from land clearing, it is rarely planted. In savanna woodland, P. biglobosa occurs with Pterocarpus erinaceus, Khaya senegalensis, Daniellia oliveri, Afzelia africana, Prosopis africana etc.
Mass and horizon Dirac observables in effective models of quantum black-to-white hole transition
Authors: Bodendorfer Norbert , Mele Fabio M , Münch Johannes 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the past years, black holes and the fate of their singularity have been heavily studied within loop quantum gravity. Effective spacetime descriptions incorporating quantum geometry corrections are provided by the so-called polymer models. Despite the technical differences, the main common feature shared by these models is that the classical singularity is resolved by a black-to-white hole transition. In a recent paper (Bodendorfer et al 2019 Class. Quantum Grav.
36 195015), we discussed the existence of two Dirac observables in the effective quantum theory respectively corresponding to the black and white hole mass. Physical requirements about the onset of quantum effects then fix the relation between these observables after the bounce, which in turn corresponds to a restriction on the admissible initial conditions for the model. In the present paper, we discuss in detail the role of such observables in black hole polymer models. First, we revisit previous models and analyse the existence of the Dirac observables there. Observables for the horizons or the masses are explicitly constructed. In the classical theory, only one Dirac observable has physical relevance. In the quantum theory, we find a relation between the existence of two physically relevant observables and the scaling behaviour of the polymerisation scales under fiducial cell rescaling. We present then a new model based on polymerisation of new variables which allows to overcome previous restrictions on initial conditions. Quantum effects cause a bound of a unique Kretschmann curvature scale, independently of the relation between the two masses.
LION: laser interferometer on the moon
Authors: Amaro-Seoane Pau , Bischof Lea , Carter Jonathan J. , Hartig Marie-Sophie , Wilken Dennis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Gravitational wave astronomy has now left its infancy and has become an important tool for probing the most violent phenomena in our Universe. The LIGO/Virgo-KAGRA collaboration operates ground based detectors which cover the frequency band from 10 Hz to the kHz regime. Meanwhile, the pulsar timing array and the soon to launch LISA mission will cover frequencies below 0.1 Hz, leaving a gap in detectable gravitational wave frequencies. Here we show how a laser interferometer on the moon (LION) gravitational wave detector would be sensitive to frequencies from sub Hz to kHz. We find that the sensitivity curve is such that LION can measure compact binaries with masses between 10 and 100M
⊙ at cosmological distances, with redshifts as high as z = 100 and beyond, depending on the spin and the mass ratio of the binaries. LION can detect binaries of compact objects with higher-masses, with very large signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), help us to understand how supermassive black holes got their colossal masses on the cosmological landscape, and it can observe in detail intermediate-mass ratio inspirals at distances as large as at least 100 Gpc. Compact binaries that never reach the LIGO/Virgo sensitivity band can spend significant amounts of time in the LION band, while sources present in the LISA band can be picked up by the detector and observed until their final merger. Since LION covers the deci-Hertz regime with such large SNRs, it truly achieves the dream of multi messenger astronomy.
Surface electrostatic discharge of charged typical space materials induced by strong electromagnetic interference
Authors: Song Bai-Peng , Zhou Run-Dong , Yang Xiong , Zhang Shu , Yang Ning , Fang Jin-Yong , Song Fa-Lun , Zhang Guan-Jun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Surface charging of typical space materials such as polyimide and high density polyethylene may sometimes cause electrostatic discharge (ESD) under natural conditions. That is because polymer materials usually present lower surface discharge strength compared with their bulk breakdown strength, especially in vacuum. However, the space environment is very complicated, extremely hostile environments such as solar storms and magnetospheric substorms may happen and bring strong electromagnetic interference (EMI), which may induce ESD in spacecraft more easily and cause great damage to those spacecraft. In this paper, an innovative platform which can simulate the ESD of materials induced by strong EMI of microwave sources is set up. The influence of different factors such as power density, repetition frequency of microwave source, electromagnetic wave angle and distance between high voltage and ground electrode are researched. In addition, we perform particle-in-cell simulations to illustrate multipactor dynamics under the influence of strong electromagnetic waves. The induced discharging can be attributed to the electric field component of strong electromagnetic waves.
Investigation of doping effects of different noble metals for ethanol gas sensors based on mesoporous In2O3
Authors: Cheng Pengfei , Wang Yinglin , Wang Chen , Ma Jian , Xu Luping , Lv Chao , Sun Yanfeng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Elaborating the sensitization effects of different noble metals on In2O3 has great significance in providing an optimum method to improve ethanol sensing performance. In this study, long-range ordered mesoporous In2O3 has been fabricated through replicating the structure of SBA-15. Different noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt and Pd) with the same doping amount (1 at%) have been introduced by an in situ doping routine. The results of the gas sensing investigation indicate that the gas responses towards ethanol can be obviously increased by doping different noble metals. In particular, the best sensing performance towards ethanol detection can be achieved through Pd doping, and the sensors based on Pd-doped In2O3 not only possess the highest response (39.0–100 ppm ethanol) but also have the shortest response and recovery times at the optimal operating temperature of 250 °C. The sensing mechanism of noble metal doped materials can be attributed to the synergetic effect combining ‘catalysis’ and ‘electronic and chemical sensitization’ of noble metals. In particular, the chemical state of the noble metal also has a great influence on the gas sensing mechanism. A detailed explanation of the enhancement of gas sensing performance through noble metal doping is presented in the gas sensing mechanism part of the manuscript.