bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetic kidney disease and transplantation options
Authors: Wong Wan S , McKay Gerard , Stevens Kathryn I 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDiabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease worldwide and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in treatment options for diabetic kidney disease, a substantial proportion of patients still progress to end‐stage renal disease. While not without its own risk and complications, transplantation remains the best modality of renal replacement therapy in terms of patient outcome and cost‐effectiveness when compared to dialysis.This article reviews diabetic kidney disease with a focus on options for transplantation including kidney, pancreas and islet cell transplantation. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Embracing new technology to overcome severe hypoglycaemia in a patient with visual impairment
Authors: Bishop Katherine , Bridges Jane , Rigby Phil , Pond Jeff , Ewins David 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA 56‐year‐old man with type 1 diabetes, who had been blind since childhood, was experiencing frequent episodes of hypoglycaemia requiring medical assistance. The use of insulin pump therapy or flash glucose monitoring devices was not suitable due to the lack of accessibility of these systems to patients with visual impairment.With the support of his secondary care team, he began using the Dexcom continuous glucose monitoring system, which features an open platform for wireless data transmission to smart devices, allowing him to access non‐visual feedback via his smartphone. This has eliminated his episodes of severe hypoglycaemia, in addition to significantly improving his quality of life and overall glycaemic control. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Bronchodilator responsiveness in cystic fibrosis children treated for pulmonary exacerbations
Authors: Pollak Mordechai , Shaw Michelle , Wilson David , Solomon Melinda , Ratjen Felix , Grasemann Hartmut 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) are associated with a significant drop in pulmonary function. The clinical value of measuring bronchodilator (BD) responsiveness during treatment for PEx to monitor or predict recovery of lung function is unclear.MethodsA retrospective analysis of spirometry with BD response testing obtained during hospital admissions for PEx in pediatric CF patients. Repeated events were included for patients with BD testing during multiple admissions.ResultsTwo hundred forty‐nine spirometries with BD testing in 102 patients were completed around Day 7 (Days 4–10) of hospital admission for treatment of CF PEx. Median (IQR) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was 70.6% predicted (58.1, 84.6) before the PEx event (best FEV1 in 6 months before admission), 54.4% (41.5, 66.9) at admission, 62.3% (48.4, 74.7) around Day 7 of admission and 67.1% predicted (53.8, 78.2) at the end of treatment. BD response around Day 7 correlated poorly with FEV1 before PEx (r = −.16, p = .02) and did not correlate with recovery to baseline FEV1 at end of treatment (r = .08, p = .22). Only 23/249 (9%) individual tests had a BD response in FEV1 of ≥12% and 200 ml. BD response was not related to age or severity of lung disease and led to an immediate change in clinical management in only four cases.ConclusionsSignificant BD response in CF patients treated for PEx is rare, shows poor correlation with baseline pulmonary function and does not correlate with the recovery of FEV1 with treatment. These data suggest that routine testing for BD response is not indicated during PEx.
Identifying metal binding amino acids based on backbone geometries as a tool for metalloprotein engineering
Authors: Nguyen Hoang , Kleingardner Jesse 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMetal cofactors within proteins perform a versatile set of essential cellular functions. In order to take advantage of the diverse functionality of metalloproteins, researchers have been working to design or modify metal binding sites in proteins to rationally tune the function or activity of the metal cofactor. This study has performed an analysis on the backbone atom geometries of metal‐binding amino acids among 10 different metal binding sites within the entire protein data bank. A set of 13 geometric parameters (features) was identified that is capable of predicting the presence of a metal cofactor in the protein structure with overall accuracies of up to 97% given only the relative positions of their backbone atoms. The decision tree machine‐learning algorithm used can quickly analyze an entire protein structure for the presence of sets of primary metal coordination spheres upon mutagenesis, independent of their original amino acid identities. The methodology was designed for application in the field of metalloprotein engineering. A cluster analysis using the data set was also performed and demonstrated that the features chosen are useful for identifying clusters of structurally similar metal‐binding sites.
Risk assessment for an acetone storage tank in a chemical plant in Istanbul, Turkey: Simulation of dangerous scenarios
Authors: Iskender Hikmet 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAcetone is one of the most commonly used materials in industry, mainly as a strong solvent in drug, plastic, fiber, paint, and other industries. Acetone is a colorless liquid which evaporates easily and is also a hazardous chemical with consequences of exposure ranging from injuries to death. The release of acetone from a storage tank is a potential hazard to workers, plants, and also the environment. To decrease the impact of acetone vapor, puddle, and leakage, industrial plants have a mitigation plan based on risk reduction for acetone. The aim of this paper is to obtain risk distribution for accidental acetone release from a storage tank by modeling with Areal Location of Hazardous Atmosphere software. Risk distribution was defined in three threat zones. The red threat zone, orange threat zone, and yellow threat zone were determined to extend to distances of 62, 85, and 400 m for the toxic area of acetone vapor cloud; the red threat zone and yellow threat zone were calculated to be 35 and 95 m for the flammable area; and the orange threat zone and yellow threat zone were found to be 27 and 46 m for vapor cloud explosion. Moreover, the maximum average evaporation rate of acetone was 176 g/min. This paper demonstrates important modeling to prevent acetone‐related accident risks in an industrial plant.
Cover Image, Volume 77, Issue 5
Authors: Wang Jin‐Yan , Zhang Hao , Siemann Evan , Fan Neng‐Neng , Ji Xiang‐Yun , Chen Yi‐Juan , Jiang Jie‐Xian , Wan Nian‐Feng 
Published: April 2021

The cover image is based on the Research Article Plants impact cellular immunity of caterpillars to an entomovirus by Jin‐Yan Wang et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6270.
image
A robust multivariate Shewhart chart for contaminated normal environments
Authors: Raji Ishaq Adeyanju , Lee Muhammad Hisyam , Riaz Muhammad , Abujiya Mu'azu Ramat , Abbas Nasir 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLately, the multivariate setup of control charts, especially the memory‐less chart has received less attention of researchers as compared to the univariate setup. However, the multivariate setup is of paramount importance in this big‐data era. In this research work, we study the multivariate Shewhart chart for monitoring location parameter by examining the robustness of this scheme with the mean estimator. We also explored the scheme with some other robust parametric estimators in different process environments. The multivariate estimators such as median, midrange, tri‐mean (TM), and Hodges–Lehmann (HL) estimators were examined under uncontaminated, location contaminated, variance contaminated, and both location–variance contaminated normal environments. Through a synthetic Monte Carlo simulation and application of the schemes on a real‐life dataset, the findings suggest that the proposed estimators outperform the default estimator of the multivariate scheme (mean). The performance measures of comparing these estimators through the charts are the average run length, standard deviation run length, extra‐quadratic loss, and relative average run length. The charts resulting from applying the schemes on real‐life dataset recorded from glass manufacturing process also buttresses the simulation findings.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ion suppression/enhancement caused by column bleed for three mixed‐mode reversed‐phase/anion‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography columns
Authors: Walter Thomas H. , Blaze M. T. Melvin , Boissel Cheryl 
Published: April 2021

RationaleMixed‐mode reversed‐phase/anion exchange liquid chromatography is useful for separations of mixtures containing anions (e.g. ionized acids). However, when using this form of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection, the bleed of amine‐containing hydrolysis products from the columns may cause ion suppression or enhancement.MethodsUsing electrospray ionization tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry detection, we determined the ion suppression or enhancement caused by column bleed for three mixed‐mode reversed‐phase/weak anion‐exchange columns containing stationary phases that differ in chemical structure. Two of the stationary phases are based on silica particles, while the third uses ethylene‐bridged hybrid organic/inorganic particles, which have improved hydrolytic stability. Mixtures of acidic and basic analytes were combined with the chromatography flow postcolumn, both with and without a column, and their mass spectrometry ion signal responses (peak areas) were determined. The ratio of signal response with and without a column is the matrix factor. Positive ion electrospray measurements were carried out using 0.1% formic acid (pH ~ 2.7) as a mobile phase additive, and 10mM ammonium formate (pH ~ 6.4) was used for negative ion electrospray detection.ResultsThe matrix factors under both positive and negative ionization modes were closest to 1 (0.74–1.16) for the hybrid particle‐based columns, showing minimal ion suppression or enhancement. In contrast, the silica‐based columns gave matrix factors ranging from 0.04 to 1.86, indicating high levels of ion suppression or enhancement. These results may be explained by the differences in the structures of the stationary phases, which affect the relative amounts of hydrolysis products that elute from the columns.ConclusionsThe low levels of mass spectrometry ion suppression or enhancement caused by column bleed from the hybrid particle‐based columns should allow for accurate quantitative mass spectrometric detection combined with mixed‐mode reversed‐phase/weak anion‐exchange chromatography.
The real potential of current passive satellite data to map aboveground biomass in tropical forests
Authors: Jha Nidhi , Tripathi Nitin Kumar , Barbier Nicolas , Virdis Salvatore G. P. , Chanthorn Wirong , Viennois Gaëlle , Brockelman Warren Y. , Nathalang Anuttara , Tongsima Sissades , Sasaki Nophea , Pélissier Raphaël , Réjou‐Méchain Maxime 
Published: April 2021

AbstractForest biomass estimation at large scale is challenging and generally entails large uncertainty in tropical regions. With their wall‐to‐wall coverage ability, passive remote sensing signals are frequently used to extrapolate field estimates of forest aboveground biomass (AGB). However, studies often use limited reference data and/or flawed validation schemes and thus report unreliable extrapolation error estimates. Here, we compared the ability of three medium‐ to high‐resolution passive satellite sensors, Landsat‐8 (L8), Sentinel‐2B (S2) and Worldview‐3 (WV3), to map AGB in a forest landscape of Thailand. We used a large airborne LiDAR‐derived AGB dataset as a reference to train and validate a random forest algorithm and conducted robust error assessments and variable selection using spatialized cross‐validations. Our results indicate that the selected predictors strongly varied among the three sensors and between analyses restricted to low (≤200 Mg ha−1) and high (>200 Mg ha−1) AGB areas. WV3 and S2 data outperformed L8 data to extrapolate AGB (RMSE of 68 and 72 against 84 Mg ha−1, respectively) due to the inclusion of the red‐edge band and, probably, to their higher spatial and spectral resolution. Sensitivity to large AGB values was higher for WV3 than for S2 and L8 with saturation point of 247 Mg ha−1 against 204 and 192 Mg ha−1. AGB values above these saturation points remained poorly predictable, especially for L8, indicating that several tropical forest AGB maps should be interpreted with extreme caution. However, predicted gradients of lower AGB values (≤200 Mg ha−1), i.e., in early forest successional stages, were fairly consistent among sensors (r > 0.70), even if the mean absolute difference between estimates was large when AGB predictions were extrapolated out of the calibration area at regional level (34%). We finally showed that calibrating the model only within the sensitivity AGB domain (e.g., <200 Mg ha−1) minimizes the risk of induced bias for estimating small AGB values. These results provide important benchmarks for interpreting previously published maps and to improve future validation schemes.
Soil nitrogen cycling under contrasting management systems in Amazon Coffea canephora agroecosystems
Authors: López Rosa Elena Ibarra , Navarrete Eduardo F. Chávez , Rosado Jimmy T. Pico , García Cristian R. Subía , Margenot Andrew J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRobusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner) is well suited to the humid tropical climate of the Amazon basin. It is often produced under contrasting conditions of low‐input agroforestry systems and intensively managed monocultures that differ in N constraints on productivity. We evaluated indicators of soil N cycling and coffee plant N sufficiency using a full factorial of two input managements (organic vs. conventional) and the absence or presence of the interplanted leguminous tree (LT) Erythrina spp. in a replicated robusta coffee field trial in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Activities of soil protease, three aminopeptidases, N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase, cellobiohydrolase, and β‐glucosidase were evaluated in tandem with soil NH4–N and NO3–N, potentially mineralizable N (PMN), and permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), as well as coffee leaf N, leaf N/P ratio (N/P), and yield. The LT decreased soil enzyme activities, PMN, and extractable NH4–N, as well as leaf N and leaf N/P. Enzyme activities and NH4–N were greater under organic input, but conventional input resulted in greater PMN, leaf N, leaf N/P, and yield. Permanganate oxidizable C and NO3–N were similar across input and interplanting but were more variable in the presence of LT relative to its absence. Lower soil enzymatic activities, labile N pools, and leaf N in coffee systems with Erythrina spp. suggest that, although a common smallholder practice in this region, interplanting this leguminous perennial has marginal impacts on soil N cycling and may not necessarily improve N supply for robusta coffee.
Empowering health systems research to engage with technical, organizational, social and economic forces: Lessons from the 2014 Ebola epidemic
Authors: Sambo Luis G. , Jackson Michael C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper draws lessons from the Ebola Virus Disease epidemic to suggest how health systems research can be strengthened to assist better with preparedness for and mitigation of future public health emergencies. The epidemic killed more than 11 000 people in West Africa between February 2014 and January 2016. The causes of the epidemic and the response to the outbreak harbour many lessons concerning how health systems were overwhelmed and need to be re‐designed in order to cope with future public health emergencies and limit their escalation. From these lessons, it is possible to identify the most significant systemic issues that must be addressed to ensure health systems can exhibit greater resilience in the face of similar events in the future. The paper goes on to consider the current capacity of health systems research (HSR) to assist with the management of these issues and to suggest that critical systems thinking and practice could empower health systems researchers and practitioners in a manner that would give them much greater potency. The research has additional importance now that Covid‐19 has demonstrated that pandemics are not ‘black swan’ events.
Conceptualizing blockchain‐based value co‐creation: A service science perspective
Authors: Mačiulienė Monika , Skaržauskienė Aelita 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCo‐creation and open innovation have become an important source of competitive advantage. Over the past decades, huge amounts of information have become accessible to the external stakeholders of the organizations, changing the traditional value creation processes. However, co‐creation comes with its challenges, including the complex engagement of stakeholders, difficulties in opening up value chains and issues of trust and intellectual property. The arrival of blockchain and cryptographic asset‐driven decentralized technologies has brought to the world an entirely new spectrum of possibilities regarding social, financial and technological innovations. Now it is possible to achieve superior levels of transparency, security and fairness to the public, especially when compared with the rather limited business models that dominate Web 2.0 commercial products. While the first applications of blockchain technology were for digital currency transactions, that same technology is now being applied to the development of the blockchain‐based decentralized platforms. This calls for research to integrate other relevant fields such as organizational management, public policy, community engagement and marketing. This qualitative preliminary study aims to build an integrative and transdisciplinary framework of blockchain service ecosystems based on theoretical premises of Service Science through which blockchain‐based value co‐creation can be analysed. The systemic approach presented in this paper provides much‐needed guidance for developers of decentralized organizations on how to create sustainable platforms and to maintain them profitable in the long run. The focus of the proposed conceptual model is to initiate a scholarly curiosity in understanding possible solutions and potential impact of blockchain technology in the way we collaborate as a society.
Fighting a war without weapons? Lessons from the COVID‐19 outbreak
Authors: Vasileiou Evangelos 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe recent pandemic of COVID‐19 revealed that a highly transmissible virus threatens all humanity because extensive mobility, migration, and millions of passengers who travel worldwide shape our globalized environment and make containment of a virus more difficult. In a war between humans and viruses, we should have the necessary weapons, such as masks, gloves, ventilators, and so forth. However, during the COVID‐19 outbreak, there was a shortage of this basic medical and personal protective equipment (MAPPE), even for the health workers. This note focuses on this issue and suggests that a global organization, which stores and renews basic MAPPE would be beneficial in the fight against the next pandemic and that such an organization can be established without significantly increasing the public expenses of the countries.
Evaluating Exclusion Barriers for Treefrogs in Agricultural Landscapes
Authors: Hughes Daniel F. , Green Michelle L. , Warner Jonathan K. , Davidson Paul C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAgricultural co‐management aims to promote environmental sustainability while maintaining food‐safety standards. Amphibians, especially treefrogs, are known to enter fields of fresh produce intended for human consumption, which raises concerns for food safety and quality. We evaluated the effects of modifications to reduce the scalability of exclusion barriers on the fence‐crossing behavior of Pacific treefrogs (Hyliola regilla) from lettuce fields in the Salinas Valley of California during January to May 2019. From small‐scale field experiments, we found that fences modified with a horizontal lip at the top prevented all treefrogs from successfully crossing over. Fences incorporating sandpaper were also effective at deterring treefrog crossings compared to fences made of fiberglass square mesh (window screen) and polypropylene fabric (silt fence). The fence design that inhibited the most treefrog crossings—aluminum flashing with a horizontal lip—was a modification to commercially available material that is feasible to install at large scales, is durable over long periods of time, and can help to exclude additional nuisance wildlife, such as small mammals and lizards. Our findings provide quantitative evidence on the efficacy of an exclusion barrier constructed with off‐the‐shelf material that can be easily modified to improve the co‐management of amphibians and agriculture. © 2021 The Authors. Wildlife Society Bulletin published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
A Plea for Legal Peace
Authors: Pavoni Riccardo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter advocates legal peace between Germany and Italy as the most sensible and appropriate way to deal with the aftermath of Sentenza 238/2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court and its declaration of the unconstitutionality of the 2012 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Judgment in Jurisdictional Immunities. This plea does not only arise from frustration with the current impasse but also from the suspicion that the public good of legal peace has never seriously been canvassed by the Italian and German governments. Section II takes stock of the legal developments relating to the dispute between Germany and Italy since Sentenza 238/2014 was delivered. It especially focuses on the attitudes of the governments concerned, both in the context of the ongoing proceedings before Italian courts and elsewhere. It finds such attitudes opaque and unduly dismissive of the necessity to devise legal peace in the interest of the victims and of the integrity of international law. Section III highlights how the behaviour of the governments so far was at odds with the successful outcome of other intergovernmental negotiations concerning reparations for crimes committed during World War II (WWII), a process which has not been entirely finalized, as evidenced by the 2014 Agreement between the US and France on compensation for the French railroad deportees who were excluded from prior French reparation programmes. The Agreement between the US and France and all previous similar arrangements were concluded under mounting pressure of litigation before domestic courts against those states (and/or their companies) that were responsible for unredressed WWII crimes, thus a situation resembling the current state of the dispute between Germany and Italy. It is telling that litigation ended when the courts took cognizance of the stipulation of intergovernmental agreements establishing fair mechanisms for compensating the plaintiffs and victims of the relevant crimes. Such practice, therefore, is essentially in line with the proposition that state immunity (for human rights violations) is essentially conditional on effective alternative remedies for the victims. This and other controversial aspects related to the law of state immunity—such as the nature of state immunity, the North American remedies against immunity for state sponsors of terrorism, and the persistent dynamism of pertinent practice—are revisited in section IV. The purpose is to suggest that certainty about the law of international immunities, as allegedly flowing from the 2012 ICJ Judgment, is more apparent than real and that this consideration should a fortiori urge the realization of legal peace in the German–Italian affair.