bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Low-Cost and Highly Efficient Method of Reducing Coolant Leakage for Direct Metal Printed Injection mold with Cooling Channels Using Optimum Heat Treatment Process Procedures
Authors: Kuo Chil-Chyuan , Qiu Shao-Xuan , Yang Xin-Yi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) provides lots of benefits and potentials in manufacturing molds or dies with sophisticated conformal cooling channels. It is known that the conformal cooling technology provides effective cooling to reduce cycle time for increasing productivity. Ordinarily, mold inserts fabricated by general printing procedures will result in coolant leakage in the injection molding process. The yield in the manufacturing of fully dense injection molding tools was limited to the very narrow working widow. In addition, high costs of fully dense injection mold fabricated by MAM constitute the major obstacle to its application in the mold or die industry. In general, the high cost of MAM is approximately 50-70% more expensive than conventional computer numerical control machining. In this study, a low-cost and highly efficient method of reducing coolant leakage for direct metal printed injection mold with cooling channels was proposed. This new method employs general process parameters to manufacture the green injection mold rapidly and then uses optimum heat treatment (HT) procedures to improve microstructure of the green injection mold. The results of this study revealed that optimum HT procedures can prevent coolant leakage and save manufacturing time of the injection mold fabricated by direct metal laser sintering. The evolution mechanisms of microstructure were investigated experimentally. The save in the injection mold manufacture time about 67% can be obtained.
Triggers of Migraine during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown
Authors: Al-Hashel Jasem Yousef , Abokalawa Fathi , Ahmed Samar Farouk 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Lock down caused sudden lifestyle changes and represented a massive impact on human health. Environmental factors can trigger migraine headache. The aim of this study was to report the triggers of migraine attacks due to lifestyle changes during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic lockdown. Methods: This cross-sectional survey included patients diagnosed as migraine according to The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICDH-3). During the lockdown, we submitted an online self-reported web-based questionnaire to patients already diagnosed with primary headache disorders and attends headache clinic at Ibn Sina Hospital in Kuwait. Questions explored triggers of migraine headache attacks during COVID-19 Pandemic lockdown. Answers were transformed into data for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 340 migraine patients responded to online questionnaire. The mean age of them is 34.65 years. Females were predominant 79.1%. Majority of the cohort 85 % has more than one trigger of migraine headache attack. The common triggers were smell of strong odors in 214 (62.9%), followed by certain food in 175 (51.8%), sleep disturbance in 120 (35.3%), Emotional or mental stress in 80 (23.6%), caffeine in 80 (23.6%), flickers of Light in 78 (22.9), weather changes in 68(20%), smoking in 65 (19.12), noise in 56 (16.5), sun light exposure in 41 (12.1), Fasting/ Hypoglycemia in 40 (11.7), hormonal changes in 37 (10.6%), physical excretion/fatigue in 24 (7.1), screen exposure in 20 (5.9%), and dehydration in 14 (4.1%).Conclusions: Lifestyle changes during lock down may negatively impact migraine through patients exposure to many triggers. Strong odors, food, sleep disturbance and stress were the most migraine triggers during COVID-19 lockdown.
Metagenome-validated Parallel Amplicon Sequencing and Text Mining-based Annotations for Simultaneous Profiling of Bacteria and Fungi: Vaginal Microbiome and Mycobiota in Healthy Women
Authors: Virtanen Seppo , Saqib Schahzad , Kanerva Tinja , Nieminen Pekka , Kalliala Ilkka , Salonen Anne 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Amplicon sequencing of kingdom-specific tags such as 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for fungi are widely used for investigating microbial populations. So far most human studies have focused on bacteria while studies on host-associated fungi in health and disease have only recently started to accumulate. To enable cost-effective parallel analysis of bacterial and fungal communities in human and environmental samples, we developed a method where 16S rRNA gene and ITS-1 amplicons were pooled together for a single Illumina MiSeq or HiSeq run and analysed after primer-based segregation. Taxonomic assignments were performed with Blast in combination with an iterative text-extraction based filtration approach, which uses extensive literature records from public databases to select the most probable hits that were further validated by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Results: Using 50 vaginal samples, we show that the combined run provides comparable results on bacterial composition and diversity to conventional 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The text-extraction-based taxonomic assignment guided tool provided ecosystem specific annotations that were confirmed by Metagenomic Phylogenetic Analysis (MetaPhlAn). The metagenome analysis revealed distinct functional differences between the bacterial community types while fungi were undetected, despite being identified in all samples based on ITS amplicons. Co-abundance analysis of bacteria and fungi did not show strong between-kingdom correlations within the vaginal ecosystem of healthy women.Conclusion: Combined amplicon sequencing for bacteria and fungi provides a simple and cost-effective method for simultaneous analysis of microbiota and mycobiota within the same samples. Text extraction-based annotation tool facilitates the characterization and interpretation of defined microbial communities from rapidly accumulating sequencing and metadata readily available through public databases.
Risk Factors and Clinical Analysis for PICC Related Fungal Colonization in Premature Infants
Authors: Zhang Lingping , Yang Liu , Dong Wenbin , Liu Xingling , Lei Xiaoping , Zhang Lianyu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the risk factors for positive peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) related fungal colonization in preterm infants. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in southwest China between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020. The enrolled infants who underwent ultrasound-guided PICC insertion during hospitalization were born at < 32 weeks gestation or birth weight < 1500 grams. The demographics, the PICC related characteristics, the use of antibiotic, glucocorticoid and parenteral nutrition (PN) were collected from the medical record. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate risk factors for PICC-related fungal colonization. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off value by calculating the Yoden index. Results: A total of 124 premature infants underwent ultrasound-guided PICC insertion. Among them, 19 patients had positive results of fungi at PICC tips.PN infusion duration (OR 1.37, 95%CI 1.05-1.79) and postnatal glucocorticoid exposure(OR 9.19, 95%CI 1.04-81.65) were independent risk factors for fungal colonization in PICC. The optimal cut-off value was 15days,28days, respectively. Conclusion: PICC tips fungal colonization is affected by postnatal glucocorticoid exposure and PN infusion duration. Appropriate clinical management should be adopted to avoid fungal colonization and fungemia.
Possible Implication of Intermolecular Epitope Spreading in the Production of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody in Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis
Authors: Nishibata Yuka , Nonokawa Mayu , Tamura Yuto , Higashi Rio , Suzuki Ku , Hayashi Hideyuki , Masuda Sakiko , Nakazawa Daigo , Tanaka Satoshi , Tomaru Utano , Ishizu Akihiro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
ObjectiveAnti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is sometimes complicated by anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. Proteases, including elastase, released from neutrophils activated by ANCA are implicated in the pathogenesis of AAV. Epitopes of anti-GBM antibody exist in the α3-subunit non-collagenous (NC1) domain of collagen type IV [Col (IV)]. This region, called α3(IV)NC1, is structurally cryptic. This study aimed to determine the production mechanism of anti-GBM antibody in AAV.MethodsWe first examined whether α3(IV)NC1 could be revealed by the digestion of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) normal kidney sections and Col (IV) by proteases, including neutrophil elastase, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Next, the reveal of α3(IV)NC1 and the infiltration of CD11c+ macrophages in the affected kidneys were evaluated by IHC and immunofluorescent staining using FFPE sections. Finally, the production of anti-GBM antibody in AAV rats was determined by ELISA.Resultsα3(IV)NC1 was revealed by the digestion of FFPE normal kidney sections and Col (IV) by proteases. Although the reveal of α3(IV)NC1 was observed in sclerotic glomeruli regardless of causative diseases, CD11c+ macrophages near α3(IV)NC1 were characteristics of AAV. Anti-GBM antibody was produced subsequent to ANCA in some AAV rats. IHC demonstrated the reveal of α3(IV)NC1 in affected renal tissues and the infiltration of CD11c+ macrophages around the sites.ConclusionThe collective findings suggest that, in AAV, proteases released from neutrophils activated by ANCA digest Col (IV) and result in the reveal of α3(IV)NC1, CD11c+ macrophages present GBM epitopes, and then the host’s immune system produce anti-GBM antibody.
Climate change in the Indo-Pacific basin from mid- to late Holocene
Authors: Falasca Fabrizio , Crétat Julien , Bracco Annalisa , Braconnot Pascale , Marti Olivier 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Changes in climate mean state profoundly impact climate variability. Here, we quantify slow changes in the mean climate induced by the variations in the Earth’s orbit from mid- to late Holocene, and their feedback on the main modes of climate variability. We focus on the Indo-Pacific system and show that mid-Holocene conditions favored the dominance of an equatorial dipole mode in the Indian Ocean (IO), independent of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and different from the IO Dipole (IOD) observed today. Mean state changes induced a gradual shift to an IO basin mode that along with the IOD modulates most of the IO variance at present. The climate modes evolution and their connectivity changes are investigated over 6,000 years using a complex network methodology and principal component analysis. To characterize the nature of this transition, we explore the trajectory of the Indo-Pacific climate by accounting for its spatiotemporal and multivariable dependency. The full trajectory of the system is explored from a dynamical system perspective by constructing a state space representation. The manifold embedded in the 104 -dimensional state space provides a compact representation of the system evolution and points to a gradual shift of the basin of attractions in the tropics. This approach, together with a mean state analysis, reveals that a strengthening of the Walker circulation set the stage for a shift in modes in both basins.
Multi-arm Trial of Inflammatory Signal Inhibitors (MATIS)&nbsp;for Hospitalised Patients with Mild or Moderate COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Structured Summary of a Study Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Vergis Nikhil , Phillips Rachel , Cornelius Victoria , Katsarou Alexia , Youngstein Taryn , Cook Lucy , Willicombe Michelle , Pillay Clio , Shturova Tina , Almonte Melanie , Charania Asad , Turner Richard , Kon Onn Min , Cooke Graham , Thursz Mark , Cherlin Svetlana , Wason James , Milojkovic Dragana , Innes Andrew , Cooper Nichola 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The primary objective of MATIS is to determine the efficacy of ruxolitinib (RUX) or fostamatinib (FOS) compared to standard of care (SOC) with respect to reducing the proportion of hospitalised patients progressing from mild or moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Secondary objectives, at 14 and 28 days, are to: · Determine the efficacy of RUX or FOS to reduce mortality · Determine the efficacy of RUX or FOS to reduce the need for invasive ventilation or ECMO· Determine the efficacy of RUX or FOS to reduce the need for non-invasive ventilation · Determine the efficacy of RUX or FOS to reduce the proportion of participants suffering significant oxygen desaturationDetermine the efficacy of RUX or FOS to reduce the need for renal replacement therapy · Determine the efficacy of RUX and FOS to reduce the incidence of venous thromboembolism · Determine the efficacy of RUX and FOS to reduce the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia [graded by a 9-point modified WHO Ordinal Scale*· Determine the efficacy of RUX or FOS to reduce systemic inflammation· Determine the efficacy of RUX or FOS to the incidence of renal impairment · Determine the efficacy of RUX or FOS to reduce duration of hospital stay · Evaluate the safety of RUX and FOS for treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia.Trial designA multi-arm, multi-stage (3-arm parallel-group, 2-stage) randomised controlled trial that allocates participants 1:1:1 and tests for superiority in experimental arms versus standard of care.
The Cupola: An Additional Layer of Protection for Providers Working in the Oropharyngeal Region
Authors: Villa Alessandro , Grenon Marlene 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
ObjectivesTo reduce the spread of the infection, especially during aerosol generating procedures, we invented “The Cupola”, a shield that creates a mechanical barrier around the patient’s head and body. With this pilot study we aimed to assess the effectiveness of an additional layer of protection (The Cupola) developed for providers working in the oropharyngeal region.ResultsThe mean number of 0.3 μm particles with no Cupola was 3777 (SD: ±556), with The Cupola was 2068 (SD: ±1468) and with the Cupola and Drape was 2031 (SD: ±1108) (p<0.015). The mean number of 0.5 μm airborne particles with no Cupola was 65 (SD: ±7), with The Cupola was 29 (SD: ±28) and with the Cupola and Drape was 28 (SD: ±23) (p<0.05). Results showed a significant reduction of aerosols generated during simulated dental procedures when the Cupola was used. The Cupola offers an extra layer of protection in addition to the recommended personal protective equipment.
COVID-19 Pandemic and Families´ Utilization of Well Child Clinics and Pediatric Practice Attendance in Germany
Authors: Vogel Mandy , Beger Christoph , Gausche Ruth , Jurkutat Anne , Pfaeffle Roland , Koerner Antje , Meigen Christof , Poulain Tanja , Kiess Wieland 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic and the measures implemented to stop the pandemic had a broad impact on our daily lives. Besides work and social life, health care is affected on many levels. In particular, there is concern that attendance in health care programs will drop or hospital admissions will be delayed due to COVID-19-related anxieties, especially in children. Therefore, we compared the number of weekly visits to 78 German pediatric institutions between 2019 and 2020. ResultsWe found no significant differences during the first ten weeks of the year. However, and importantly, from April, the weekly number of visits was more than 35% lower in 2020 than in 2019 (p=0.005). In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic seems to relate to families´ utilization of well-child clinics and pediatric practice attendance in Germany. Of note is that an Austrian study shows that delays in accessing acute pediatric health care may outweigh the risks of COVID-19 because diagnostics and treatments of severe diseases might be delayed during the pandemic.
Outcome of Switching Anti-VEGF&nbsp;Agents at Fixed Intervals to Treat Eyes With Macular Edema Secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Mito Tsuyoshi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Shiraishi Atsushi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
ObjectiveTo determine whether switching intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or aflibercept to the other will affect the interval of subsequent injections in patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).ResultsThe medical charts of 16 eyes of 16 patients were reviewed. After injections of ranibizumab or aflibercept for >3 times/year, the type of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent was switched. A comparison was made of the average injection interval for the one year before switching and the interval of the first two injections post-switching. In the group that switched from ranibizumab to aflibercept (R to A group, n=8), the interval before was 85.4±6.6 days which was significantly increased to 125.9±23.2 days post-switching (P=0.0013). In the A to R group (n=8), a significant shortening from 103.9±11.8 days before to 85.9±12.6 days was observed (P=0.007). In the R to A group, the central retinal thickness at a recurrence was 522.1±79.6 µm which decreased significantly to 419.3±64.5 µm post-switching (P=0.005). The results suggest that the intervals can be different between ranibizumab and aflibercept in patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO who required repeat injections.
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Chalcone Derivatives with Antimalarial activity in New Zealand White Rabbits
Authors: Sinha Shweta , Prakash Ajay , Medhi Bikash , Sehgal Alka , Batovska Daniela I , Sehgal Rakesh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective: Malaria is a major global health concern with the urgent need for new treatment alternatives due to the alarming increase of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains. Chalcones and its derivatives are important pharmacophores showing antimalarial activity. Substandard pharmacokinetic variables are often responsible for insufficient therapeutic effect. Determination of the pharmacokinetic variables at the preliminary step of drug development for any drug candidates is an essential component of in vivo antimalarial efficacy tests. Therefore, three chalcone derivatives, 1, 2, and 3, having antimalarial potency were studied further for potential therapeutic efficacy. Results: In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of these three derivatives were performed on New Zealand White rabbits. The three derivatives were administered intra-peritoneally or orally at effective dose concentration and blood samples at different time points were collected. The determination of drug concentration was done through reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. The peak plasma concentration of derivative 1, 2, and 3 were 1.96 ± 0.46 µg/mL, 69.89 ± 5.49 µg/mL and 3.74 ± 1.64 µg/mL. The results indicate a very low bioavailability of these derivatives. The present study gives a benchmark to advance the investigation of more derivatives in order to revamp the pharmacokinetic variables while maintaining both potency and metabolic constancy.
Altered Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Pathways, Age, Systemic Inflammation, and Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness Associate with Improvements in Disease Activity Following High-Intensity Interval Training in Persons with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Andonian Brian J. , Johannemann Andrew , Hubal Monica J. , Pober David M. , Koss Alec , Kraus William E. , Bartlett David B. , Huffman Kim M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
BackgroundExercise training, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT), improves rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammatory disease activity via unclear mechanisms. Because exercise requires skeletal muscle, skeletal muscle molecular pathways may contribute. The purpose of this study was to identify connections between skeletal muscle molecular pathways, RA disease activity, and RA disease activity improvements following HIIT.MethodsRA disease activity assessments and vastus lateralis skeletal muscle biopsies were performed in two separate cohorts of persons with established, seropositive and/or erosive RA. Body composition and objective physical activity assessments were also performed in both the cross-sectional cohort (n = 47) and the longitudinal group (n = 12) before and after 10 weeks of HIIT. Clinical assessments and muscle RNA gene expression were correlated with RA disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS-28) and DAS-28 improvements following HIIT. Skeletal muscle gene expression changes with HIIT were evaluated using analysis of covariance and biological pathway analysis.ResultsRA inflammatory disease activity was associated with greater amounts of intramuscular adiposity and less vigorous aerobic exercise (both p < 0.05). HIIT-induced disease activity improvements were greatest in those with an older age, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, low cardiorespiratory fitness, and a skeletal muscle molecular profile indicative of altered metabolic pathways (p < 0.05 for all). Specifically, disease activity improvements were linked to expression of RA skeletal muscle genes with cellular functions to: 1) increase amino acid catabolism and interconversion (GLDC, BCKDHB, AASS, PYCR, RPL15), 2) increase glycolytic lactate production (AGL, PDK2, LDHB, HIF1A), and 3) reduce oxidative metabolism via altered beta oxidation (PXMP2, ACSS2), TCA cycle flux (OGDH, SUCLA2, MDH1B), and electron transport chain complex I function (NDUFV3). The muscle mitochondrial glycine cleavage system (GCS) was identified as critically involved in RA disease activity improvements given upregulation of multiple GCS genes at baseline, while GLDC was significantly downregulated following HIIT.ConclusionIn the absence of physical activity, RA inflammatory disease activity is associated with transcriptional remodeling of skeletal muscle metabolism. Following exercise training, the greatest improvements in disease activity occur in older, more inflamed, and less fit persons with RA. These exercise training-induced immunomodulatory changes may occur via reprograming muscle bioenergetic and amino acid/protein homeostatic pathways.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02528344. Registered on 19 August 2015.
Comparative Studies for Determining the Optical Band-gap Energy of the Novel Polycrystalline Thin Znga2s4 Films Sprayed at Different Film Thicknesses
Authors: Hassanien Ahmed Saeed , Akl Alaa A , Radaf I. M. El 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article has dedicated to studying some structural features and optical characteristics of the Novel polycrystalline ZnGa2S4 (ZGS) thin films utilizing spray pyrolysis process at different thicknesses (293, 375, 452, and 517nm). The microstructural properties and crystal defects of these films have been studied in previous work. While in this work, the crystallinity degree and crystalline volume fraction have been studied using X-ray diffractograms. The stoichiometry of these ZnGa2S4 films has been checked using the energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The field-emission-scanning-electron microscope has been utilized to investigate the morphology of ZGS films' surfaces. Optical properties have been studied via transmittance and reflectance spectra in the range 300nm - 2500nm. Some important optical parameters such as absorption coefficient, skin depth, Urbach's energy, steepness parameters, and electron-phonon interactions have been extensively studied. The direct and indirect gap energy were determined by different four models and compared with Tauc’s model. Optical data analysis revealed that; all studied properties are strongly dependent on the film thickness. The optical band gap values were slightly decreased from 3.7eV to 4.1eV with increment of the film thickness owing to improving the crystallization process. These obtained results confirm that these films are wide band gap semiconductors, which makes them recommended for use in many solar cell applications as a window layer.