bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal game theoretic solution of the pursuit‐evasion intercept problem using on‐policy reinforcement learning
Authors: Kartal Yusuf , Subbarao Kamesh , Dogan Atilla , Lewis Frank 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article presents a rigorous formulation for the pursuit‐evasion (PE) game when velocity constraints are imposed on agents of the game or players. The game is formulated as an infinite‐horizon problem using a non‐quadratic functional, then sufficient conditions are derived to prove capture in a finite‐time. A novel tracking Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs (HJI) equation associated with the non‐quadratic value function is employed, which is solved for Nash equilibrium velocity policies for each agent with arbitrary nonlinear dynamics. In contrast to the existing remedies for proof of capture in PE game, the proposed method does not assume players are moving with their maximum velocities and considers the velocity constraints a priori. Attaining the optimal actions requires the solution of HJI equations online and in real‐time. We overcome this problem by presenting the on‐policy iteration of integral reinforcement learning (IRL) technique. The persistence of excitation for IRL to work is satisfied inherently until capture occurs, at which time the game ends. Furthermore, a nonlinear backstepping control method is proposed to track desired optimal velocity trajectories for players with generalized Newtonian dynamics. Simulation results are provided to show the validity of the proposed methods.
Bio‐waste Derived Catalytic Approach Towards NH‐1,2,3‐Triazole Synthesis
Authors: Garg Anirban , Hazarika Roktopol , Dutta Nilakshi , Dutta Bidyutjyoti , Sarma Diganta 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA bio‐waste derived catalyst towards the synthesis of 4‐aryl‐NH‐1,2,3‐triazole is reported. Curd whey is the major by‐product produced from dairy industry which is mostly discarded to water or used as fertilizer and animal feed after drying. Here, whey is used as an efficient bio‐waste derived catalyst for straight forward synthesis of NH‐1,2,3‐triazoles under very mild condition. Current method is highly versatile, inexpensive, offers various NH‐1,2,3‐triazoles in good to excellent yields. The solvent‐catalyst combination can be effectively reused up to 4th consecutive cycles without significant loss in its catalytic efficiency.
Recent Progress on the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy Study of Semiconductor Heterojunctions
Authors: Peng Wenbing , Wang Haolin , Lu Hui , Yin Lei , Wang Yue , Grandidier Bruno , Yang Deren , Pi Xiaodong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe band alignment, interface states, interface coupling, and carrier transport of semiconductor heterojunctions (SHs) need to be well understood for the design and fabrication of various important semiconductor structures and devices. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with high spatial resolution and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) with high energy resolution are significantly contributing to the understanding on the important properties of SHs. In this work, the recent progress on the use of STM and STS to study lateral, vertical and bulk SHs is reviewed. The spatial structures of SHs with atomically flat surface have been examined with STM. The electronic band structures (e. g., the band offset, interface state, and space charge region) of SHs are measured with STS. Combined with the spatial structures and the tunneling spectra features, the mechanism for the carrier transport in the SH may be proposed.
Oxygen Defect Engineering of β‐MnO2 Catalysts via Phase Transformation for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO
Authors: Yang Runnong , Peng Shaomin , Lan Bang , Sun Ming , Zhou Zihao , Sun Changyong , Gao Zihan , Xing Guichuan , Yu Lin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe catalysts for low‐temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 (NH3‐SCR) are highly desired due to the large demand in industrial furnaces. The characteristic of low‐temperature requires the catalyst with rich active sites especially the redox sites. Herein, the authors obtain oxygen defect‐rich β‐MnO2 from a crystal phase transformation process during air calcination, by which the as‐prepared γ‐MnO2 nanosheet and nanorod can be conformally transformed into the corresponding β‐MnO2. Simultaneously, this transformation accompanies oxygen defects modulation resulted from lattice rearrangement. The most active β‐MnO2 nanosheet with plentiful oxygen defects shows a high efficiency of > 90% NO conversion in an extremely wide operation window of ≈120–350 °C. The detailed characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the introduction of oxygen defects enhances the adsorption properties for reactants and decreases the energy barriers of *NH2 formation more than 0.3 eV (≈0.32–0.37 eV), which contributes to a high efficiency of low‐temperature SCR activity. The authors finding provides a feasible approach to achieve the oxygen defect engineering and gains insight into manganese‐based catalysts for low‐temperature NO removal or pre‐oxidation.
High‐Performance MnO2/Al Battery with In Situ Electrochemically Reformed AlxMnO2 Nanosphere Cathode
Authors: Pan Wending , Mao Jianjun , Wang Yifei , Zhao Xiaolong , Leong Kee Wah , Luo Shijing , Chen Yue , Leung Dennis Y. C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAqueous Al–ion battery (AAIB) is regarded as a promising candidate for large‐scale energy storage systems due to its high capacity, high safety, and low cost, with MnO2 proved to be a high‐performance cathode. However, the potential commercial application of this type of battery is plagued by the frequent structural collapse of MnO2. Herein, an in situ, electrochemically reformed, urchin‐like AlxMnO2 cathode is developed for water‐in‐salt electrolyte‐based AAIBs. Benefiting from its unique α‐MnO2 coated Mn2AlO4 structure, a high Al ion storage capacity is achieved together with a high discharge voltage plateau of 1.9 V by reversible MnO2 electrolysis. Consequently, the battery exhibits a high specific capacity of 285 mAh g–1 and a high energy density of 370 Wh kg–1 at a high current density of 500 mA g–1. Improved stability with record capacity retention is also obtained at an ultrahigh current density of 5 A g–1 after 500 cycles. Such a high‐capacity and high‐stability AlxMnO2 cathode would pave the way for in situ electrochemical transformation of cathode design and thus boost the practical application of AAIBs.
Characterization of heterosis and genomic prediction‐based establishment of heterotic patterns for developing better hybrids in pigeonpea
Authors: Saxena Rachit K. , Jiang Yong , Khan Aamir W , Zhao Yusheng , Kumar Singh Vikas , Bohra Abhishek , Sonappa Muniswamy , Rathore Abhishek , Kumar C.V. Sameer , Saxena Kulbhushan , Reif Jochen , Varshney Rajeev K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhole‐genome resequencing (WGRS) of 396 lines, consisting of 104 hybrid parental lines and 292 germplasm lines, were used to study the molecular basis of mid‐parent heterosis (MPH) and to identify complementary heterotic patterns in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] hybrids. The lines and hybrids were assessed for yield and yield‐related traits in multiple environments. Our analysis showed positive MPH values in 78.6% of hybrids, confirming the potential of hybrid breeding in pigeonpea. By using genome‐wide prediction and association mapping approaches, we identified 129 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 52 copy number variations with significant heterotic effects and also established a high‐yielding heterotic pattern in pigeonpea. In summary, our study highlights the role of WGRS data in the study and use of heterosis in crops where hybrid breeding is expected to boost selection gain in order to ensure global food security.
Neurocomputational models of altruistic decision‐making and social motives: Advances, pitfalls, and future directions
Authors: Tusche Anita , Bas Lisa M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article discusses insights from computational models and social neuroscience into motivations, precursors, and mechanisms of altruistic decision‐making and other‐regard. We introduce theoretical and methodological tools for researchers who wish to adopt a multilevel, computational approach to study behaviors that promote others' welfare. Using examples from recent studies, we outline multiple mental and neural processes relevant to altruism. To this end, we integrate evidence from neuroimaging, psychology, economics, and formalized mathematical models. We introduce basic mechanisms—pertinent to a broad range of value‐based decisions—and social emotions and cognitions commonly recruited when our decisions involve other people. Regarding the latter, we discuss how decomposing distinct facets of social processes can advance altruistic models and the development of novel, targeted interventions. We propose that an accelerated synthesis of computational approaches and social neuroscience represents a critical step towards a more comprehensive understanding of altruistic decision‐making. We discuss the utility of this approach to study lifespan differences in social preference in late adulthood, a crucial future direction in aging global populations. Finally, we review potential pitfalls and recommendations for researchers interested in applying a computational approach to their research.This article is categorized under:
Economics > Interactive Decision‐Making
Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Neuroscience > Cognition
Economics > Individual Decision‐Making
A Qualitative Similarity Framework for the Interpretation of Natural Language Similarity Expressions
Authors: Gust Helmar , Umbach Carla 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a representational framework is presented featuring a qualitative notion of similarity. It is aimed at issues of natural language semantics, in particular the semantics of expressions of similarity and sameness and their role in comparison and ad-hoc kind formation. The framework makes use of attribute spaces, which are well-established in AI and also in some branches of natural language semantics, e.g., frame-based approaches (Barsalou 1992). What distinguishes attribute spaces and representations as proposed in this paper is the idea of systems of predicates on attribute spaces corresponding to predicates on the domain. On the worldy side, a domain includes a set of relevant predicates talking about individuals. These predicates have counterparts on the representational side talking about points of an attribute space. Counterpart predicates are required to be consistent with their originals; more precisely, they have to agree in truth-value on the set of positive and negative exemplars thereby approximating the original predicates. Moreover, counterpart predicates will be assumed to have convex and open extensions. This system facilitates a qualitative notion of similarity which is suited to account for the meaning of natural language similarity expressions and, furthermore, their role in comparison and ad-hoc kind formation.
Lower BAFF Levels in Myasthenic Patients Treated with Glucocorticoids
Authors: Sobieszczuk Ewa , Szczudlik Piotr , Kubiszewska Justyna , Szyluk Beata , Lipowska Marta , Dutkiewicz Małgorzata , Kostera-Pruszczyk Anna 
Published: August 2021

AbstractB-cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of tumor necrosis factor family, activates B cells, promotes their survival and proliferation. BAFF is considered to have an influence on development of autoimmune diseases including myasthenia gravis (MG). We aimed to evaluate BAFF serum levels in MG patients, their potential connection with therapy and course of MG. Cross-sectional study. Two hundred eighteen adult patients with MG (67% women, age: 18–89 years, 82.6% AChR antibody seropositive (AChRAb(+)). Serum BAFF levels, their relationship with severity of clinical symptoms, therapy conducted, clinical and demographic features and other factors were analyzed. Patients with AChRAb(+) MG demonstrated significantly higher BAFF levels than MuSK-MG patients (831.2 ± 285.4 pg/ml vs. 745.6 ± 633.4 pg/ml, respectively; p = 0.030). Serum BAFF levels in women were significantly higher than in men (855.9 ± 302.5 vs. 756.6 ± 289.4, respectively; p = 0.017). Mean serum BAFF level was significantly decreased in patients who were ever treated with corticosteroids (CS) (770.4 ± 327.8 pg/ml vs. 891.3 ± 246.1 pg/ml, respectively; p = 0.001). Thymoma-MG patients demonstrated significantly lower BAFF levels (671.2 ± 244.9 vs. 833.5 ± 302.4, respectively; p = 0.044). Thymectomized patients did not differ in BAFF levels from the MG patients who had not undergone thymectomy. In multiple linear regression model, recent CS therapy and male sex were found to be independent predictors of lower BAFF levels. Serum BAFF level is decreased in patients treated with CS, which may suggest inhibiting influence of CS on BAFF—a potential mechanism contributing to the effectiveness of such therapy.
The horizontal shear fracture of the pelvis
Authors: Johns Brenton P. , Balogh Zsolt J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Various classification systems describe fractures of the acetabulum and pelvis separately. Horizontal shear fractures involve the pelvic ring and both acetabula and have not been previously described. The aim of this study is to describe the horizontal shear fracture of the pelvis.

Methods
At a level 1 trauma centre over 10 years from December 2008 to December 2018, 1242 patients had pelvic and acetabular fractures. Six patients had horizontal shear fractures, comprising 0.5% of all pelvic and acetabular fractures. Demographic, clinical and radiological data was collected. Clinical outcomes were pain and mobility level, sciatic nerve symptoms, further acetabular or pelvic surgery, or total hip arthroplasty. Radiological outcomes included fracture displacement, implant migration, femoral head osteonecrosis, and post-traumatic arthritis. Outcomes were assessed at a minimum 12 month follow-up.

Results
The median patient age was 35 years. Five of six shear fractures were due to motorcycle crashes. No mortalities occurred. At follow-up, three patients reported pain, two patients had difficulty mobilising associated with traumatic sciatic nerve injury, and one patient underwent total hip arthroplasty for femoral head osteonecrosis. No fracture displacement or implant migration occurred. The Matta arthritis grade was excellent or good in all except one hip. Median follow-up time was 1.8 (range 1.1–7.8) years.

Conclusion
The horizontal shear fracture of the pelvis is a high-energy injury characterised by separation of the anterior and posterior pelvic ring through the acetabula. Good outcomes can be achieved with open reduction and internal fixation of displaced fractures.
COVID-19: eine Chance zur Digitalisierung der Lehre?
Authors: Hempel Gunther , Weissenbacher Andreas , Stehr Sebastian N. 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie hat die Universitäten vor große Herausforderungen gestellt. Innerhalb kürzester Zeit galt es, Lehrveranstaltungen zu digitalisieren. Dies betraf auch den Bereich Anästhesiologie, Intensiv‑, Notfall‑, Schmerz- und Palliativmedizin an der Universität Leipzig.

Fragestellung
Ziel der fragebogengestützten Untersuchung war es herauszufinden, welche Veranstaltungen aus Sicht der Studierenden am ehesten digitalisiert werden können, und welche technische Infrastruktur die Lehrenden bei der Digitalisierung jeweils bestmöglich unterstützt.

Material und Methoden
Für die digitale Durchführung der Lehrveranstaltungen wurden Videopodcasts, digitale Lernmaterialien, Lehrfilme und Videokonferenzen genutzt. Je nach Veranstaltung wurden verschiedene dieser Angebote kombiniert. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Diskussionsforum für den Austausch zwischen Lehrenden und Studierenden etabliert. Zur Bewertung der Inhalte erfolgte im Anschluss eine Onlineevaluation.

Ergebnisse
An der Befragung haben 82 Studierende teilgenommen. Als effektivste Angebote zur Wissensvermittlung wurden die Videopodcasts der Vorlesung (45,1 %) sowie der elektronische Unterricht am Krankenbett (34,1 %) bewertet. Insbesondere die Vorlesungen könnten nach Meinung von 92,7 % der befragten Studierenden auch dauerhaft digital ersetzt werden. Knapp 90 % haben die digitalen Lehrangebote der Klinik mit einer Gesamtnote von 1 oder 2 bewertet.

Diskussion und Zusammenfassung
Im Zuge des digitalen Semesters ließen sich einzelne Lehrformate unterschiedlich gut digitalisieren: Vorlesungen können aus Sicht der Studierenden auch langfristig besonders gut digital abgebildet werden, währenddessen die Digitalisierung des Unterrichts am Krankenbett bisher nicht adäquat möglich ist.
Ischämische Hirninfarkte bei Coronavirus-19-Erkrankung
Authors: Sander Paulina Laura , Cleff Ulrich , Larrossa-Lombardi Simon , Ali Hatem , Fotiadis Panagiotis , Reimann Gernot , Rohde Stefan , Hofstadt-van Oy Ulrich 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungZwei Fälle von Patienten mit der Coronavirus-19-Erkrankung (COVID-19) werden berichtet, bei denen Verschlüsse großer Hirnarterien vorlagen. Diese traten bei einer Patientin in der Früh- als auch im 2. Fall in der Spätphase der COVID-19 auf. Eine Patientin konnte erfolgreich mithilfe der i.v.-Thrombolyse und mechanischer Thrombektomie behandelt werden. Gerinnungsstörungen im Rahmen der COVID-19 können auch bei jüngeren Patienten zu fulminanten Hirninfarkten mit schlechtem Outcome führen. Bezüglich der Ätiologie dieser Gefäßverschlüsse (COVID-19-induzierte Hyperkoagulopathie, Kardiomyopathie, Vaskulitis) besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf.
Simplifying prediction of disease progression in pre-symptomatic type 1 diabetes using a single blood sample
Authors: Bediaga Naiara G. , Li-Wai-Suen Connie S. N. , Haller Michael J. , Gitelman Stephen E. , Evans-Molina Carmella , Gottlieb Peter A. , Hippich Markus , Ziegler Anette-Gabriele , Lernmark Ake , DiMeglio Linda A. , Wherrett Diane K. , Colman Peter G. , Harrison Leonard C. , Wentworth John M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Accurate prediction of disease progression in individuals with pre-symptomatic type 1 diabetes has potential to prevent ketoacidosis and accelerate development of disease-modifying therapies. Current tools for predicting risk require multiple blood samples taken during an OGTT. Our aim was to develop and validate a simpler tool based on a single blood draw.

Methods
Models to predict disease progression using a single OGTT time point (0, 30, 60, 90 or 120 min) were developed using TrialNet data collected from relatives with type 1 diabetes and validated in independent populations at high genetic risk of type 1 diabetes (TrialNet, Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1, The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young [1]) and in a general population of Bavarian children who participated in Fr1da.

Results
Cox proportional hazards models combining plasma glucose, C-peptide, sex, age, BMI, HbA1c and insulinoma antigen-2 autoantibody status predicted disease progression in all populations. In TrialNet, the AUC for receiver operating characteristic curves for models named M60, M90 and M120, based on sampling at 60, 90 and 120 min, was 0.760, 0.761 and 0.745, respectively. These were not significantly different from the AUC of 0.760 for the gold standard Diabetes Prevention Trial Risk Score, which requires five OGTT blood samples. In TEDDY, where only 120 min blood sampling had been performed, the M120 AUC was 0.865. In Fr1da, the M120 AUC of 0.742 was significantly greater than the M60 AUC of 0.615.

Conclusions/interpretation
Prediction models based on a single OGTT blood draw accurately predict disease progression from stage 1 or 2 to stage 3 type 1 diabetes. The operational simplicity of M120, its validity across different at-risk populations and the requirement for 120 min sampling to stage type 1 diabetes suggest M120 could be readily applied to decrease the cost and complexity of risk stratification.

Graphical abstract
Additive manufacturing of AISI 420 stainless steel: process validation, defect analysis and mechanical characterization in different process and post-process conditions
Authors: Liverani Erica , Fortunato Alessandro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStainless steel (SS) alloys produced by laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) offers comparable and sometime superior mechanical properties compared to conventionally processed materials. Some of these steels have been extensively studied over the last decade; however additively manufactured martensitic SS, such as AISI 420, need further research in characterizing their post-built quality and mechanical behaviour. This lack of information on martensitic SS is not consistent with their growing demand in the automotive, medical and aerospace industries due to their good corrosion resistance, high hardness and good tensile properties. Selection of the appropriate process parameters and post treatments plays a fundamental role in determining final properties. For this reason, the effect of LPBF process parameters and different heat treatments on density, defect characteristics and locations, roughness and mechanical properties of AISI 420 were investigated in this paper. A first experimental campaign was carried out to establish a set of suitable process parameters for industrial applications. Starting from this result, detected defect properties were investigated by computed tomography (CT) scans. Dimensions, sphericity and distributions of defects inside the volume were analysed and compared between samples manufactured with different parameters. In the second part of the paper, the influence of process and post-process conditions on mechanical properties was investigated. The final presented results establish a correlation between the employed production cycle and the resulting properties of LPBF AISI 420 specimens.
Larson–Penston Self-similar Gravitational Collapse
Authors: Guo Yan , Hadžić Mahir , Jang Juhi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUsing numerical integration, in 1969 Penston (Mon Not R Astr Soc 144:425–448, 1969) and Larson (Mon Not R Astr Soc 145:271–295, 1969) independently discovered a self-similar solution describing the collapse of a self-gravitating asymptotically flat fluid with the isothermal equation of state$$p=k\varrho $$p=kϱ,$$k>0$$k>0, and subject to Newtonian gravity. We rigorously prove the existence of such a Larson–Penston solution.