bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of superficial and deep surgical site infection: an international multidisciplinary consensus
Authors: Sganga Gabriele , Baguneid Mohamed , Dohmen Pascal , Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J. , Romanini Emilio , Vozikis Athanassios , Eckmann Christian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSurgical site infections represent a considerable burden for healthcare systems. To obtain a consensus on the impact and future clinical and economic needs regarding SSI management in an era of multidrug resistance. A modified Delphi method was used to obtain consensus among experts from five European countries. The Delphi questionnaire was assembled by a steering committee, verified by a panel of experts and administered to 90 experts in 8 different surgical specialities (Abdominal, Cancer, Cardiac, General surgery, Orthopaedic, Thoracic, Transplant and Vascular and three other specialities (infectious disease, internal medicine microbiology). Respondents (n = 52) reached consensus on 62/73 items including that resistant pathogens are an increasing matter of concern and increase both treatment complexity and the length of hospital stay. There was strong positive consensus on the cost-effectiveness of early discharge (ED) programs, improvement of quality of life with ED and association between increased length of stay and economic burden to the hospital. However, established ED protocols were not widely available in their hospitals. Respondents expressed a positive consensus on the usefulness of antibiotics that allow ED. Surgeons are aware of their responsibility in an interdisciplinary team for the treatment of SSI, and of the impact of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the context of SSI. Reducing the length of hospital stays by applying ED protocols and implementing new treatment alternatives is crucial to reduce harm to patients and costs for the hospital.
Distal renal tubular acidosis: a systematic approach from diagnosis to treatment
Authors: Giglio Sabrina , Montini Giovanni , Trepiccione Francesco , Gambaro Giovanni , Emma Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRenal tubular acidosis (RTA) comprises a group of disorders in which excretion of hydrogen ions or reabsorption of filtered HCO3 is impaired, leading to chronic metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap. In the current review, the focus is placed on the most common type of RTA, Type 1 RTA or Distal RTA (dRTA), which is a rare chronic genetic disorder characterized by an inability of the distal nephron to secrete hydrogen ions in the presence of metabolic acidosis. Over the years, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind acid secretion has improved, thereby greatly helping the diagnosis of dRTA. The primary or inherited form of dRTA is mostly diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or young adulthood, while the acquired secondary form, as a consequence of other disorders or medications, can happen at any age, although it is more commonly seen in adults. dRTA is not as “benign” as previously assumed, and can have several, highly variable long-term consequences. The present review indeed reports and summarizes both clinical symptoms and diagnosis, long-term outcomes, genetic inheritance, epidemiology and current treatment options, with the aim of shedding more light onto this rare disorder. Being a chronic condition, dRTA also deserves attention in the transition between pediatric and adult nephrology care, and as a rare disease it has a place in the European and Italian rare nephrological diseases network.
Estimate on the Dimension of the Singular Set of the Supercritical Surface Quasigeostrophic Equation
Authors: Colombo Maria , Haffter Silja 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe consider the SQG equation with dissipation given by a fractional Laplacian of order $$\alpha <\frac{1}{2}$$

α
<

1
2

. We introduce a notion of suitable weak solution, which exists for every $$L^2$$

L
2

initial datum, and we prove that for such solution the singular set is contained in a compact set in spacetime of Hausdorff dimension at most $$\frac{1}{2\alpha } \left( \frac{1+\alpha }{\alpha } (1-2\alpha ) + 2\right) $$

1

2
α

1
+
α

α

(
1
-
2
α
)

+
2

.
Responding to the COVID-19 emergency: student and academic staff perceptions of academic integrity in the transition to online exams at three Australian universities
Authors: Reedy Alison , Pfitzner Darius , Rook Laura , Ellis Leonie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the perceptions of academic staff and students to student cheating behaviours in online exams and other online assessment formats. The research took place at three Australian universities in July and August 2020 during the emergency transition to online learning and assessment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study sought to inform decision making about the future of online exams at the participating universities. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using online surveys. The findings of the study led to seven key observations, most notably the need to redefine the characteristics of academic misconduct to account for changes wrought to examinations in a digital world. The study concludes with lessons learned in relation to enhancing academic integrity in digital examinations and assessments.
Simultaneous phycoremediation of petrochemical wastewater and lipid production by Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Madadi Rozita , Zahed Mohammad Ali , Pourbabaee Ahmad Ali , Tabatabaei Meisam , Naghavi Mohammad Reza 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA novel strategy of using microalgaeChlorella vulgarisfor simultaneous bio-treatment of petrochemical wastewater and lipid production was developed in the present study. Phycoremediation was carried out in 30 days. The profile of fatty acids was identified, and the specifications of biodiesel including saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, long-chain saturated factor, cold filter plugging point, cloud point, allylic position equivalent and bis-allylic position equivalent were predicted by BiodieselAnalyzer® software. Besides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in both wastewater samples and produced lipid. The observed data showed that biodiesel fromC. vulgariswas superior to petrodiesel in terms of suitability in diesel engines. Moreover, contamination of petrochemical wastewater can influence the expression of a variety of genes in algae. To investigate the effectiveness of contamination on the expression of lipid synthesis as well as three photosynthesis genes, a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was used to quantify transcript levels ofPsaB(photosystem I reaction center protein subunit B),psbC(an integral membrane protein component of photosystem II), andrbcL(a large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase). Furthermore, the gene expression level ofaccD(acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit beta, chloroplastic) was studied to discover the effect of wastewater on lipid production. The results showed that when diluted petrochemical wastewater (50%) was used as a media forC. vulgariscultivation, these genes expression significantly increased. For 50% diluted wastewater, the maximum removal of BOD, COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphor has been 30.36%, 10.89%, 69.89%, and 92.59%, respectively.
Claw Toe: Anatomic Guide for Injection of Botulinum Toxin into Foot Muscles
Authors: Takekawa Toru , Takagi Satoshi , Kitajima Tomohide , Sato Tomoharu , Kinoshita Kazuo , Abo Masahiro 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT:Background:Poor response to injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) into the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscle has been reported especially in patients with claw foot deformity. We previously advocated BoNT injection into the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle in such patients. Here, we determined the functional and anatomical relationships between FHL and FDL.Methods:Toe flexion pattern was observed during electrical stimulation of FHL and FDL muscles in 31 post-stroke patients with claw-foot deformity treated with BoNT. The FHL and FDL tendon arrangement was also studied in five limbs of three cadavers.Results:Electrical stimulation of the FHL muscle elicited big toe flexion in all 28 cases examined and second toe in 25, but the response was limited to the big toe in 3. FDL muscle stimulation in 29 patients elicited weak big toe flexion in 1 and flexion of four toes (2nd to 5th) in 16 patients. Cadaver studies showed division of the FHL tendon with branches fusing with the FDL tendon in all five limbs examined; none of the tendons was inserted only in the first toe. No branches of the FDL tendon merged with the FHL tendon.Conclusion:Our results showed coupling of FHL and FDL tendons in most subjects. Movements of the second and third toes are controlled by both the FDL and FHL muscles. The findings highlight the need for BoNT injection in both the FDL and FHL muscles for the treatment of claw-toe deformity.
The argument for rapid influenza polymerase chain reaction (PCR) during the COVID-19 pandemic: Quicker turnaround times correlated with decreased antimicrobial use, reduced admission rates, and shorter length of stay
Authors: Sandhu Avnish K. , LeRose Jennifer J. , Garg Alpana , Polistico Jordan , Chopra Teena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe innovation of rapid influenza polymerase chain reaction (XT-PCR) has allowed quick, highly sensitive test results. Consequently, physicians can differentiate influenza from other respiratory illnesses and rapidly initiate treatment. We examined the effect of implementing XT-PCR on antimicrobial use, admission rates, and length of stay at a tertiary healthcare system.
‘Focus on diet quality’: a qualitative study of clinicians’ perspectives of use of the Mediterranean dietary pattern for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Mayr Hannah L. , Kelly Jaimon T. , Macdonald Graeme A. , Hickman Ingrid J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPractice guidelines for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) recommend promoting the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) which is cardioprotective and may improve hepatic steatosis. This study aimed to explore multidisciplinary clinicians’ perspectives on whether the MDP is recommended in routine management of NAFLD and barriers and facilitators to its implementation in a multi-ethnic setting. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with fourteen clinicians (seven doctors, three nurses, three dietitians and one exercise physiologist) routinely managing patients with NAFLD in metropolitan hospital outpatient clinics in Australia. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. Clinicians described that lifestyle modification was their primary treatment for NAFLD and promoting diet was recognised as everyone’s role, whereby doctors and nurses raise awareness and dietitians provide individualisation. The MDP was regarded as the most evidence-based diet choice currently and was frequently recommended in routine care. Facilitators to MDP implementation in practice were: improvement in diet quality as a parallel goal to weight loss; in-depth knowledge of the dietary pattern; access to patient education and monitoring resources and; service culture, including an interdisciplinary clinic goal, and knowledge sharing from expert dietitians. Barriers included perceived challenges for patients from diverse cultural and socio-economic backgrounds and limited clinician training, time and resourcing to support behaviour change. Integration of MDP in routine management of NAFLD in specialist clinics was facilitated by a focus on diet quality, knowledge sharing, belief in evidence and an interdisciplinary team. Innovations to service delivery could better support and empower patients to change dietary behaviour long-term.
Assessment of the potential of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma discharge and microwave energy againstTribolium castaneumandTrogoderma granarium
Authors: Abotaleb Abeer O. , Badr Naglaa F. , Rashed Usama M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of the non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma produced with dielectric barrier discharge (APPD) using air as a processing gas and microwave energy to controlTribolium castaneumandTrogoderma granariumadults and larvae in wheat grains. Insects’ mortality was found to be power and time-dependent. The results indicated that non-thermal APPD and the microwave have enough insecticidal effect on the target pests. From the bioassay, LT50's and LT90's levels were estimated,T. granariumlarvae appeared more tolerant to non-thermal APPD and the microwave energy than adults 7 days post-exposure. The germination percentage of wheat grains increased as the time of exposure to the non-thermal APPD increased. On the contrary, the germination percentage of wheat grains decreased as the time of exposure to the microwave increased. In addition, changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and peroxidase, in adults and larvae were examined after 24 h post-treatment to non-thermal APPD at 15.9 W power level, which caused 50% mortality. The activity of CAT, GST and lipid peroxide in the treated larvae showed a significant increase post-exposure to the non-thermal APPD at 15.9 W power level. On the other hand, no significant change in GSH-Px activity was observed. Reductions in the level of glutathione (GSH) and protein content occurred in treated larvae in comparison with the control.
Manhood and Mary Baker Eddy: Muscular Christianity and Christian Science
Authors: Eder Jonathon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOn first examination, “muscular Christianity”—with its emphasis on manly vigor and physical strength—positions itself well afield of Christian Science teachings on the non-physical basis of existence, as propounded by founder Mary Baker Eddy. Nonetheless, both movements arose in the nineteenth century with a deep commitment to revitalizing Christianity and its practical value in an increasingly scientific and secular age, especially regarding bodily well-being. Both Eddy and advocates of muscular Christianity defended their respective systems on scientific and religious grounds, focusing on questions of health. At a time when the Young Men's Christian Association was a leading exponent of muscular Christianity, Eddy saw fit to give it significant philanthropic support. While her gift reflected civic goodwill as opposed to a close relationship with the Association, I argue that it was not anomalous to Eddy's overall values and vision for Christian Science. Like muscular Christians, Eddy was calling for a progressive Christianity that met the criteria of a pragmatic age. In giving attention to issues around manhood, Eddy was signaling the necessity as well as potentiality of Christian spirituality to be a source of health and empowerment for modern man.
A “Syncretism of Piety”: Imagining Global Protestantism in Early Eighteenth-Century Boston, Tranquebar, and Halle
Authors: Stievermann Jan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis essay reexamines the network centered on the Boston Congregational minister and theologian Cotton Mather, the great Pietist theologian August Hermann Francke, several of the latter's associates in Halle and London, and Halle-sponsored Lutheran missionaries in the Danish colony of Tranquebar. It pursues the question what this network (which existed from circa 1710 into the 1730s) reveals about how the idea of a “Protestant religion” evolved as a theological construct and how “Protestantism” as a category of religious identity came to have meaning and resonance across denominational and linguistic divides. Through the Boston-Halle-Tranquebar exchange, the essay argues, “awakened souls” from Anglo-American Reformed and German Lutheran churches converged toward a conservative but dogmatically minimalistic understanding of the Christian religion that combined an intensely Christocentric, biblicist, and experiential piety with an activist-missionary and eschatological orientation—a package which was now equated with being truly “Protestant” or “protestantisch,” respectively. This reflects how the historical development of “Protestantism” intersected with larger philosophical and theological debates about “religion” and the different “religions” of humanity that involved Enlightenment thinkers as much as awakened Christians. The distinct version of “the Protestant religion” that first developed among the correspondents of this network would continue to evolve through the transatlantic awakenings of the eighteenth century and remain influential into the nineteenth century.
THE IRRELEVANCE OF NON-RECOGNITION TO AUSTRALIA'S ANTARCTIC TERRITORY TITLE
Authors: Scott Shirley V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt is often noted that few States recognize the seven national claims to Antarctic territory. Australia, one of the claimants, asserts title over 42 per cent of the continent and yet only four States have recognized its claim. Some States have expressly rejected Australia's claim. This article examines the legal significance of such widespread non-recognition. It does so through interrogating the evolution of the legal regime of territorial acquisition, its historical function and application to Antarctica, and relevant decisions of international courts and tribunals. The article identifies, and distinguishes amongst, several categories of non-recognition and considers the relevance of each. The analysis finds that the seemingly meagre level of recognition of Australia's title to the Australian Antarctic Territory does not detract from the validity of that title. This article points to possible reasons as to why a number of polar scholars may have suggested otherwise.
INCIDENTAL DETERMINATIONS IN PROCEEDINGS UNDER COMPROMISSORY CLAUSES
Authors: Harris Callista 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA dispute brought before an international court or tribunal pursuant to a compromissory clause in a specific treaty may involve issues under rules of international law found outside of the treaty in question. In what circumstances can a court or tribunal determine such external issues? At present, there is no clear answer to this question. This article sets out a framework for how courts and tribunals exercising jurisdiction under compromissory clauses could approach external issues.
‘IF YOU TROUBLE A HUNGRY SNAKE, YOU WILL FORCE IT TO BITE YOU’: RETHINKING POSTCOLONIAL AFRICAN ARCHIVAL PESSIMISM, WORKER DISCONTENT, AND PETITION WRITING IN GHANA, 1957–66
Authors: Osei-Opare Nana 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMy aim is twofold. Highlighting the value and importance of African archives in the construction of postcolonial African histories, I first reject what I call ‘postcolonial African archival pessimism’: the argument that postcolonial African archives are too disorganized or ill-kept to be of much, if any, value in configuring postcolonial African histories. Second, primarily through petition and complaint letters, I examine how Ghanaian workers protested racist and abusive workplace environments, government malfeasance, stagnating wages, and unfair dismissals in Kwame Nkrumah's Ghana. These archival gems illuminate how workers made claims to and performances of citizenship and reminded the state of their importance, politically and practically, to building the Ghanaian project. From Ghanaian and British archives, I seek to complement histories that highlight the centrality of African workers — through their letters and feet — in articulating the contradictions and aspirations of postcolonial African states.
IUCN captive management guidelines support ex situ conservation of the Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis blandini
Authors: Mahood Simon P. , Hong Chamnan , Meyerhoff Michael , Ferrando Pau P. , Sum Phearun , Son Virak , Ouch Pengann , Garnett Stephen T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEx situ conservation of species is risky and expensive, but it can prevent extinction when in situ conservation fails. We used the IUCN Guidelines on the Use of Ex Situ Management for Species Conservation to evaluate whether to begin ex situ conservation for the South-east Asian subspecies of Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis blandini, which is predicted to be extinct in the wild within 5 years. To inform our decision, we developed a decision tree, and used a demographic model to evaluate the probability of establishing a captive population under a range of husbandry scenarios and egg harvest regimes, and compared this with the probability of the wild population persisting. The model showed that if ex situ conservation draws on international best practice in bustard husbandry there is a high probability of establishing a captive population, but the wild population is unlikely to persist. We identified and evaluated the practical risks associated with ex situ conservation, and documented our plans to mitigate them. Modelling shows that it is unlikely that birds could be released within 20–30 years, by which time genetic, morphological and behavioural changes in the captive population, combined with habitat loss and extinction of the wild population, make it unlikely that Bengal florican could be released into a situation approximating their current wild state. We considered the philosophical and practical implications through a decision tree so that our decision to begin ex situ management is not held back by our preconceived notions of what it means to be wild.
Trust in government regarding COVID-19 and its associations with preventive health behaviour and prosocial behaviour during the pandemic: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study
Authors: Han Qing , Zheng Bang , Cristea Mioara , Agostini Maximilian , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gützkow Ben , Kreienkamp Jannis ,   PsyCorona Collaboration, Leander N. Pontus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe effective implementation of government policies and measures for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires compliance from the public. This study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of trust in government regarding COVID-19 control with the adoption of recommended health behaviours and prosocial behaviours, and potential determinants of trust in government during the pandemic.MethodsThis study analysed data from the PsyCorona Survey, an international project on COVID-19 that included 23 733 participants from 23 countries (representative in age and gender distributions by country) at baseline survey and 7785 participants who also completed follow-up surveys. Specification curve analysis was used to examine concurrent associations between trust in government and self-reported behaviours. We further used structural equation model to explore potential determinants of trust in government. Multilevel linear regressions were used to examine associations between baseline trust and longitudinal behavioural changes.ResultsHigher trust in government regarding COVID-19 control was significantly associated with higher adoption of health behaviours (handwashing, avoiding crowded space, self-quarantine) and prosocial behaviours in specification curve analyses (median standardised β = 0.173 and 0.229, p < 0.001). Government perceived as well organised, disseminating clear messages and knowledge on COVID-19, and perceived fairness were positively associated with trust in government (standardised β = 0.358, 0.230, 0.056, and 0.249, p < 0.01). Higher trust at baseline survey was significantly associated with lower rate of decline in health behaviours over time (p for interaction = 0.001).ConclusionsThese results highlighted the importance of trust in government in the control of COVID-19.