bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility and validation of trans-valvular flow derived by four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Mills Mark T , Grafton-Clarke Ciaran , Williams Gareth , Gosling Rebecca C , Al Baraikan Abdulaziz , Kyriacou Andreas L , Morris Paul D , Gunn Julian P , Swoboda Peter P , Levelt Eylem , Tsampasian Vasiliki , van der Geest Rob J , Swift Andrew J , Greenwood John P , Plein Sven , Vassiliou Vass , Garg Pankaj 
Published: May 2021

Background: Four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging technique used for intra-cardiac blood flow assessment. The role of 4D flow cardiovascular MRI in the assessment of trans-valvular flow in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has not previously been assessed. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, image quality, and internal validity of 4D flow cardiovascular MRI in the quantification of trans-valvular flow in patients with AF. Methods: Patients with AF and healthy controls in sinus rhythm underwent cardiovascular MRI, including 4D flow studies. Quality assurance checks were done on the raw data and streamlines. Consistency was investigated by trans-valvular flow assessment between the mitral valve (MV) and the aortic valve (AV). Results: Eight patients with AF (88% male, mean age 62±13 years, mean heart rate (HR) 83±16 beats per minute (bpm)) were included and compared with ten healthy controls (70% male, mean age 41±20 years, mean HR 68.5±9 bpm). All scans were of either good quality with minimal blurring artefacts, or excellent quality with no artefacts. No significant bias was observed between the AV and MV stroke volumes in either healthy controls (–4.8, 95% CI –15.64 to 6.04; P=0.34) or in patients with AF (1.64, 95% CI –4.7 to 7.94; P=0.56). A significant correlation was demonstrated between MV and AV stroke volumes in both healthy controls (r=0.87, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.97; P=0.001) and in AF patients (r=0.82, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.97; P=0.01). Conclusions: In patients with AF, 4D flow cardiovascular MRI is feasible with good image quality, allowing for quantification of trans-valvular flow.
Recommendations on Occupational Risk Assessment Matrix Development
Authors: Chernyy K. , Belokrylova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2021

The matrix method is often used for occupational risk assessment. In this paper have been considered the matrix method’s use features, as well as have been highlighted its advantages and disadvantages. Have been presented recommendations on the risk matrix development, and criteria for categorization of occupational risk’s attributes – the effect consequences severity of hazard and its feasibility.
The proposed approach to consequences severity categorization is accorded with rules and regulations regarding the severity of harm to human health, which in return facilitates mitigation the degree of uncertainty and subjectivity of the assessment results.
The grading of categories for hazard feasibility is based on well-known scientific and practical approaches. Has been performed the generalization of scientific data on the hazard feasibility categorization, and have been proposed universal criteria descriptors, which allow assess the considered hazard objectively and all round, and determine the necessary category for this hazard feasibility. It has been pointed to subjective perception of categories names in final estimating of occupational risk levels, and has been proposed to use the concepts of occupational risk levels, which based on the priority relating to risk respond measures.
The proposed approaches facilitate increase of quality and effectiveness of matrix method use in estimating of occupational risk levels.
3D-M3: high-spatial-resolution spectroscopy with extreme AO and 3D-printed micro-lenslets
Authors: Anagnos Theodoros , Trappen Mareike , Tiong Blaise C. Kuo , Feger Tobias , Yerolatsitis Stephanos , Harris Robert J. , Lozi Julien , Jovanovic Nemanja , Birks Tim A. , Vievard Sébastien , Guyon Olivier , Gris-Sánchez Itandehui , Leon-Saval Sergio G. , Norris Barnaby , Haffert Sebastiaan Y. , Hottinger Phillip , Blaicher Matthias , Xu Yilin , Betters Christopher H. , Koos Christian , Coutts David W. , Schwab Christian , Quirrenbach Andreas 
Published: May 2021

By combining integral field spectroscopy with extreme adaptive optics, we are now able to resolve objects close to the diffraction limit of large telescopes, exploring new science cases. We introduce an integral field unit designed to couple light with a minimal plate scale from the SCExAO facility at NIR wavelengths to a single-mode spectrograph. The integral field unit has a 3D-printed micro-lens array on top of a custom single-mode multi-core fiber, to optimize the coupling of light into the fiber cores. We demonstrate the potential of the instrument via initial results from the first on-sky runs at the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope with a spectrograph using off-the-shelf optics, allowing for rapid development with low cost.
Developing highly efficient and electric-field-sensitive fiber-waveguide evanescent couplers
Authors: Cheng Zhang-Ying , Liu Xuan-Dong , Ma Le-Chen , Chen Ming 
Published: May 2021

The slab-coupled optical fiber sensor (SCOS) is an innovative electric field detector with an ultrawide measuring range and a millimeter-level package size. The core sensing part of the SCOS is a fiber-waveguide evanescent coupler (FWEC) that directly determines the device’s main performance specifications. This paper presents an investigation of the spectrum characteristics of FWECs with various structural and curing parameters. Methods for fabricating an FWEC with higher resonant depth, narrower free spectral range, and sharper spectrum slope are determined based on the experimental results. Z-cut lithium-niobate FWEC and Z-cut lithium-tantalate FWEC of about

1

×

0.5

×

0.3

m
m

3

are fabricated on this basis. Excellent coupling characteristics are achieved in both, according to the relevant spectra. Electric field tests indicate that the peak wavelengths shift linearly with the external AC field amplitude by 0.11 nm/(kV/cm) and 0.24 nm/(kV/cm), respectively. Three optimization methods are proposed to enhance performance: optimizing material selection, adding an antenna structure, and adjusting the calibration method. The results of this work may provide workable guidance for developing miniature, all-dielectric electric field sensors.
Quantitative theory of integrating sphere throughput: comparison with
experiments
Authors: Francis Adam , Tang Chhayly , Le Ru Eric C. 
Published: May 2021

We present a rigorous approach for measuring the throughput of an integrating sphere,
from which the so-called sphere multiplier

M

can be derived. The critical
ingredients of this approach are: (i) the transmitted power is
measured at the base of an integrating port to avoid non-ideal port
effects associated with reflections on the port wall; (ii) to
implement this last point, optical fibers are used for light
collection, providing a well-defined collection area and numerical
aperture; (iii) the angular-dependent fiber throughput and detector
sensitivity are determined experimentally and accounted for. We
demonstrate in particular that a more realistic theory, accounting for
the propagation of skew rays through the fiber, is needed to
quantitatively model the fiber effect on the measured sphere
throughput. We show experimentally that failure to fulfill these three
points produces erroneous results, by as much as 50%. With an accurate
experimentally derived sphere multiplier, agreement with theory is
then obtained only if realistic ports (with non-zero reflectivity) are
assumed. This provides experimental evidence for recent theoretical
predictions of the importance of realistic ports [Tang et al., Appl. Opt.
57, 1581 (2018)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.57.001581].
Using the same experimental techniques, we also present clear
experimental proof of two other predictions from that study: that the
angular distribution exiting the port is strongly altered and that the
overall port transmittivity is drastically reduced for high aspect
ratio ports. This work will provide a solid basis for future
quantitative measurements of absolute throughput and for further
developments of the theory of integrating spheres.
High-speed computer-generated holography using an autoencoder-based deep neural network
Authors: Wu Jiachen , Liu Kexuan , Sui Xiaomeng , Cao Liangcai 
Published: May 2021

Learning-based computer-generated holography (CGH) provides a rapid hologram generation approach for holographic displays. Supervised training requires a large-scale dataset with target images and corresponding holograms. We propose an autoencoder-based neural network (holoencoder) for phase-only hologram generation. Physical diffraction propagation was incorporated into the autoencoder’s decoding part. The holoencoder can automatically learn the latent encodings of phase-only holograms in an unsupervised manner. The proposed holoencoder was able to generate high-fidelity 4K resolution holograms in 0.15 s. The reconstruction results validate the good generalizability of the holoencoder, and the experiments show fewer speckles in the reconstructed image compared with the existing CGH algorithms.
The sugar content of foods in the UK by category and company: A repeated cross-sectional study, 2015-2018
Authors: Bandy Lauren K. , Scarborough Peter , Harrington Richard A. , Rayner Mike , Jebb Susan A. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Consumption of free sugars in the UK greatly exceeds dietary recommendations. Public Health England (PHE) has set voluntary targets for industry to reduce the sales-weighted mean sugar content of key food categories contributing to sugar intake by 5% by 2018 and 20% by 2020. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the sales-weighted mean sugar content and total volume sales of sugar in selected food categories among UK companies between 2015 and 2018.

Methods and findings
We used sales data from Euromonitor, which estimates total annual retail sales of packaged foods, for 5 categories—biscuits and cereal bars, breakfast cereals, chocolate confectionery, sugar confectionery, and yoghurts—for 4 consecutive years (2015–2018). This analysis includes 353 brands (groups of products with the same name) sold by 99 different companies. These data were linked with nutrient composition data collected online from supermarket websites over 2015–2018 by Edge by Ascential. The main outcome measures were sales volume, sales-weighted mean sugar content, and total volume of sugar sold by category and company. Our results show that between 2015 and 2018 the sales-weighted mean sugar content of all included foods fell by 5.2% (95% CI −9.4%, −1.4%), from 28.7 g/100 g (95% CI 27.2, 30.4) to 27.2 g/100 g (95% CI 25.8, 28.4). The greatest change seen was in yoghurts (−17.0% [95% CI −26.8%, −7.1%]) and breakfast cereals (−13.3% [95% CI −19.2%, −7.4%]), with only small reductions in sugar confectionery (−2.4% [95% CI −4.2%, −0.6%]) and chocolate confectionery (−1.0% [95% CI −3.1, 1.2]). Our results show that total volume of sugars sold per capita fell from 21.4 g/d (95% CI 20.3, 22.7) to 19.7 g/d (95% CI 18.8, 20.7), a reduction of 7.5% (95% CI −13.1%, −2.8%). Of the 50 companies representing the top 10 companies in each category, 24 met the 5% reduction target set by PHE for 2018. The key limitations of this study are that it does not encompass the whole food market and is limited by its use of brand-level sales data, rather than individual product sales data.

Conclusions
Our findings show there has been a small reduction in total volume sales of sugar in the included categories, primarily due to reductions in the sugar content of yoghurts and breakfast cereals. Additional policy measures may be needed to accelerate progress in categories such as sugar confectionery and chocolate confectionery if the 2020 PHE voluntary sugar reduction targets are to be met.
Uveal melanoma: Long-term survival
Authors: Radivoyevitch Tomas , Zabor Emily C. , Singh Arun D. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
The long-term survival of uveal melanoma patients in the US is not known. We compared long-term survival estimates using relative survival, excess absolute risk (EAR), Kaplan-Meier (KM), and competing risk analyses.

Setting
Population based cohort study.

Study population
Pooled databases from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data (SEER, SEER-9+SEER-13+SEER-18).

Main outcome measure
Overall Survival (OS), Metastasis Free Survival (MFS) and relative survival, computed directly or estimated via a model fitted to excess mortality.

Results
There were 10678 cases of uveal melanoma spanning a period of 42 years (1975–2016). The median age at diagnosis was 63 years (range 3–99). Over half the patients were still alive at the end of 2016 (53%, 5625). The KM estimates of MFS were 0.729 (0.719, 0.74), 0.648 (0.633, 0.663), and 0.616 (0.596, 0.636) at 10, 20, and 30 years, respectively. The cumulative probabilities of melanoma metastatic death at 10, 20 and 30 years were 0.241 (0.236, 0.245), 0.289 (0.283, 0.294), and 0.301 (0.295, 0.307). In the first 5 years since diagnosis of uveal melanoma, the proportion of deaths attributable to uveal melanoma were 1.3 with rapid fall after 10 years. Death due to melanoma were rare beyond 20 years. Relative survival (RS) plateaued to ~60% across 20 to 30 years. EAR parametric modeling yielded a survival probability of 57%.

Conclusions
Relative survival methods can be used to estimate long term survival of uveal melanoma patients without knowing the exact cause of death. RS and EAR provide more realistic estimates as they compare the survival to that of a normal matched population. Death due to melanoma were rare beyond 20 years with normal life expectancy reached at 25 years after primary therapy.
Cost sharing for breast cancer hormone therapy: How do dual eligible patients’ copayment impact adherence
Authors: Ma Siyu , Shepard Donald S. , Ritter Grant A. , Martell Robert E. , Thomas Cindy Parks 
Published: May 2021

Objective
To examine the different levels of copayment assistance and treatment adherence among Medicare and Medicaid dual eligible beneficiaries with breast cancer in the U.S.

Research design
Propensity Score methodology was adopted to minimize potential selection bias from the nonrandom allocation of the treatment group (i.e., full Medicaid beneficiaries) and control group (i.e., Medicare Savings Programs [MSPs] beneficiaries). Longitudinal hierarchical model and Cox proportional-hazard model were adopted to examine patients’ adherence over their full five-year course of adjuvant hormone therapy.

Results
Our study cohort consisted of 1,133 dual eligible beneficiaries diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive early stage breast cancer in years 2007 –mid 2009. About 80.5% of them received MSPs benefits, while the rest received full Medicaid benefits. On average for a standardized 30-day hormone therapy medication, full Medicaid beneficiaries spent $0.5-$2.0 and MSP beneficiaries spent $1.4-$4.8 in copayment. After adjusting for other factors, this copayment reduction wasn’t associated with a significantly better adherence. However, when the catastrophic coverage threshold was reached (copayments reduced to zero), significant improvement in adherence was found in both groups.

Conclusions
Our study found that small amount of cost-sharing reduction did not affect Medicare and Medicaid dual eligible patients’ medication treatment adherence, however, the elimination of cost-sharing (even a minimal amount) was associated with improved adherence. Future legislative and advocacy efforts should be paid on eliminating cost sharing for dual eligibles, and possibly even a broader group of financially vulnerable patients.
HIV detection by an emergency department HIV screening program during a regional outbreak among people who inject drugs
Authors: Faryar Kiran A. , Ancona Rachel M. , Reau Zachary , Lyss Sheryl B. , Braun Robert S. , Rademaker Todd , Sickles Ryane K. , Lyons Michael S. 
Published: May 2021

Objective
Multiple HIV outbreaks among persons who inject drugs (PWID) have occurred in the US since 2015. Emergency departments (EDs), recognized as essential venues for HIV screening, may play a unique role in identifying undiagnosed HIV among PWID, who frequently present for complications of injection drug use (IDU). Our objective was to describe changes in HIV diagnoses among PWID detected by an ED HIV screening program and estimate the program’s contribution to HIV diagnoses among PWID county-wide during the emergence of a regional HIV outbreak.

Methods
This was a retrospective study of electronically queried clinical records from an urban, safety-net ED’s HIV screening program and publicly available HIV surveillance data for its surrounding county, Hamilton County, Ohio. Outcomes included the change in number of HIV diagnoses and the ED’s contribution to case identification county-wide, overall and for PWID during 2014–2018.

Results
During 2014–2018, the annual number of HIV diagnoses made by the ED program increased from 20 to 42 overall, and from 1 to 18 for PWID. We estimated that the ED contributed 18% of HIV diagnoses in the county and 22% of diagnoses among PWID.

Conclusions
The ED program contributed 1 in 5 new HIV diagnoses among PWID county-wide, further illustrating the importance of ED HIV screening programs in identifying undiagnosed HIV infections. In areas experiencing increasing IDU, HIV screening in EDs can provide an early indication of increasing HIV diagnoses among PWID and can substantially contribute to case-finding during an HIV outbreak.
The Binary Goldbach Conjecture
Authors: Feliksiak Jan 
Published: May 2021

The Goldbach conjecture, one of the oldest problems in mathematics, has fascinated and inspired many mathematicians for ages. In 1742 a German mathematician Christian Goldbach, in a letter addressed to Leonhard Euler proposed a conjecture. The modern day version of the Binary/Strong Goldbach conjecture asserts that:
Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes.
The conjecture had been empirically verified up to 4× 10
18​​​​​, its proof however remains elusive, which seems to confirm that:

Some problems in mathematics remain buried deep in the catacombs of slow progress ... mind stretching mysteries await to be discovered beyond the boundaries of former thought. Avery Carr (2013)

The research was aimed at exposition, of the intricate structure of the fabric of the Goldbach Conjecture problem. The research methodogy explores a number of topics, before the definite proof of the Goldbach Conjecture can be presented. The Ternary Goldbach Conjecture Corollary follows the proof of the Binary Goldbach Conjecture as well as the Representation of even numbers by the difference of two primes Corollary.
The research demonstrates that the Goldbach Conjecture is a genuine arithmetical question.

​​​
Colonic Histoplasmosis Presenting as Polyps in an Asymptomatic Patient With Liver Transplant
Authors: Cui Min , Wong Richard C.K. , Gholam Pierre M. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Infection of the gastrointestinal tract by Histoplasma capsulatum is generally considered to be a manifestation of disseminated disease. The most common symptoms from gastrointestinal histoplasmosis include abdominal pain and diarrhea. Isolated asymptomatic gastrointestinal histoplasmosis is unusual, and diagnosis can be challenging. We report a 57-year-old man with a history of liver transplant presented with numerous colonic polyps, and the biopsies demonstrated granulomatous colitis with fungal microorganism consistent with H. capsulatum. Antigen/antibody tests for Histoplasma were confirmatory. The patient was asymptomatic with no clinical or radiological evidence of pulmonary involvement. He responded well to itraconazole treatment, and urine antigen tested negative 6 months after the initiation of the treatment. Follow-up colonoscopy performed 12 months after treatment with itraconazole showed no evidence of colonic histoplasmosis.
Identification of a Latitude Gradient in the Prevalence of Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Authors: French Janine , Simpson-Yap Steve , van der Mei Ingrid , Ng Justin , Angus Peter , Gow Paul J. 
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION:
The prevalence of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) reported in different countries varies significantly and seems to have a latitudinal gradient with the highest prevalence reported in higher latitudes, as has been observed with other autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to determine whether there is a latitudinal gradient of PBC prevalence in Australia using 2 methods of case ascertainment.

METHODS:
We investigated the latitudinal variation of PBC prevalence across the states and territories of Australia (latitudinal range 18.0°–42.7°S) using pathology-based (private pathology antimitochondrial antibody results and PBC-specific prescription databases (prescriptions for ursodeoxycholic acid, the only publicly subsidized treatment for this disease).

RESULTS:
PBC prevalence was significantly positively associated with latitude, and the postcodes in the highest quintile of latitude (encompassing the south coastal areas of the Australian mainland and Tasmania; latitude range −37.75° to −42.72°) had a prevalence estimate that was 1.78 times higher using the pathology-based prevalence estimation than those in the lowest quintile (encompassing tropical and southern Queensland; latitude range −18.02° to −27.59°). Comparing prevalence estimates between states/territories, the result was 2.53 and 2.21 times higher in Tasmania compared with Queensland when using the pathology-based and prescription-based methods, respectively.

DISCUSSION:
Using 2 different case-ascertainment methods, we have demonstrated that prevalence estimates of PBC vary significantly with latitude in Australia. Further studies are needed to determine whether factors such as variations in ultraviolet radiation exposure and/or vitamin D levels are responsible for this observation and to investigate the latitudinal prevalence of PBC in other populations.
El rol del tutor escolar en el practicum de ciencias al implementar una propuesta de enseñanza por indagación
Authors: Herrera Edith Del Carmen , Izquierdo  Aymerich Mercè , Espinet Blanch Mariona 
Published: May 2021

El objetivo de la investigación es caracterizar el impacto positivo que tuvo en la formación inicial de profesores de ciencias una innovación en el Practicum, en la cual interactuaron los profesores en formación, su profesor universitario y el profesor guía en la escuela de prácticas. La innovación consistió en aplicar en la clase de ciencias, unidades didácticas basadas en la indagación científica utilizando el diagrama de Gowin como instrumento para sostener los procesos de argumentación y diálogo que son propios de la actividad científica. En el marco de esta propuesta didáctica se generó un clima de diálogo y reflexión en la triada formativa que permitió llegar a algunas conclusiones sobre el rol del profesor guía o tutor de prácticas desde el análisis del discurso de los participantes, mediante el uso de redes sistémicas. Como resultado de la reflexión sobre la acción emerge la caracterización del rol del profesor tutor de prácticas en: proporcionar apoyo emocional, pedagógico-didáctico y retroalimentación, también las limitaciones percibidas por la escasa relación entre la Escuela y la Universidad. Por ello, se aportan datos a favor de que la labor del profesor tutor incluya conversaciones profesionales transformadoras para dar lugar a una “mentoría reflexiva”