bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HDD Tracking Microactuator and Its Integration Issues
Authors: Hirano Toshiki , Fan Long-Sheng , Kercher Dan , Pattanaik Surya , Pan Tzong-Shii 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Integration issues of a micro-actuator for HDD tracking servo were investigated, and many innovative technologies were developed. In order to electrically connect magnetic head to the external electronics, we devised “integrated flexible wire” structure, which is a micro-fabricated flexible electrical wire. Connection between micro-actuator’s bonding pad to the suspension was realized by an “inter-connect module,” which is a micro-fabricated miniature flexible printed circuit. Connection between components was done by “solder bumper” process, a precise solder ball placement/laser-reflow technology. The size of a micro-actuator must be small enough so that it has minimum impact on the dynamics and packaging density. We have designed extremely area-efficient micro-actuator, which can produce large force by small device area. The thickness of micro-actuator was also reduced to 160 μm by backside grinding of silicon substrate.
A Novel Bleached Fluorescence Imaging Technique for Microfluidics
Authors: Mosier Bruce P. , Mikkelsen James C. , Santiago Juan G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A bleached fluorescence imaging technique for visualizing microscale flow fields and obtaining scalar diffusion and convection information has been developed. In order to make the technique quantitative, experiments have been conducted to measure the electrophoretic mobilities of fluorescein and fluorescein-dextran conjugates as well as the diffusion coefficients of a fluorescein-dextran conjugate. The technique offers the ability to track undisturbed fluorophores and to use fluorescent conjugates already present in the system. Typical polymer and glass microfluidic substrates will not significantly attenuate the laser light illumination as only visible light wavelengths are required. Applications of the technique to electroosmotically and pressure-driven flows are presented.
Development of a Planar Electrokinetic Micropump
Authors: Chen Chuan-Hua , Zeng Shulin , Mikkelsen James C. , Santiago Juan G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Electrokinetic (EK) micropumps use electroosmotic flow to produce high pressures in a compact design with no moving parts. An EK micropump has been fabricated on a 50 × 75 × 1.2 mm soda-lime glass substrate using standard microlithography and chemical wet etching techniques. The pump is 1 mm long in the flow direction and 0.9 μm × 38 mm in cross section. A preliminary model has been developed to characterize the flow rate, pressure capacity and thermodynamic efficiency of the pump. Experiments have been conducted using deionized (DI) water (pH = 5.6, conductivity = 1 × 10−3 S/m) as working fluid. Experimental data show a linear relationship between flow rate and counter pressure, which agrees well with the pump model. The data also show a nonlinear increase of flow rate with increasing applied voltage, which indicates temperate rise of the working fluid due to Joule heating. The flow rate of the pump at 1 kV degrades from 15 μl/min to 0.2 μl/min over a period of two months, while the pressure capacity remains around 0.3 atm and current of pump circuit remains around 2 μA. This long-term degradation, although still under investigation, is probably due to a collapse and bonding of the glass in the region of the thin (0.9 μm) pump channel.
Fluidic Capacitance Model of Capillary-Driven Stop Valves
Authors: Zeng Jun , Deshpande Manish , Greiner Ken B. , Gilbert John R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents current research in design analysis of passive micro-fluidic stop valves driven by capillary forces. Capillary valves are used in controlling the liquid position by presenting a capillary pressure barrier due to a sudden change in cross-section. Valves of this type have multiple advantages on precise control in micro-fluidic devices over conventional ones.
In the design of a device employing such valves, a model describing the behavior of these valves is highly desirable. In this paper, we describe the extraction of this model using numerical techniques validated with experiment. The numerical analyses are conducted in FlumeCAD, a design and analysis tool for micro-fluidic devices. The detailed analyses yield a fluidic capacitance model for the capillary-driven valves. Devices that are pneumatically pressurized and driven by centrifugal force are studied in this paper. The methodology presented in this article can, in principle, be applied to a wide range of devices and actuation mechanisms.
A Quality Study on the Excimer Laser Micromachining of Electro-Thermal-Compliant Micro Devices
Authors: Li Jun , Ananthasuresh G. K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The objective of this research is to improve the quality of the KrF excimer laser micromachining of metal and silicon in fabricating Electro-Thermal-Compliant (ETC) micro devices. The ETC devices combine the actuator and the mechanism into one monolithic compliant continuum and enable a range of mechanical manipulation tasks at micron scale. An efficient method to optimize the process parameters in laser micromachining using the orthogonal array-based experimental design method is presented in this paper. The feed rate of the XY stage, the laser pulse frequency, the discharge voltage and the number of passes were used as the control parameters. The roughness of the machined edge was used as the primary indicator of cutting performance. The roughness of the edges was computed automatically from the optical image of the machined samples. The orthogonal array method enabled the optimization of the control parameters by reducing the required number of experiments compared to the traditional full factorial experiment. Furthermore, machining in a liquid environment improved the quality and eliminated more debris and recast compared to machining in the air.
The Breath of Collaboration of Academia, Industry, and Governmental Sectors in Japan
Authors: Katsuta Masafumi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research environment of science and technology is going to change rapidly (dramatically) with the change of Japanese society change at the turn of the century. In this article, a discussion on what kind of academic policy put into the effect aiming to enhance collaborative research in Japanese universities and to foster interdisciplinary research between separate established organizations is attempted. A typical example of a successful system, The Advanced Research Institute of Science and Engineering at Waseda University, will be described.
Eight Strategies for Mass Customization
Authors: Baudin Michel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
How can we satisfy every customer whim at prices that are no higher than those of competitors who offer only a few products? The following strategies have worked in many circumstances:
1. Analyze the structure of the demand. We need to be able to make what customers do order, not everything they might.
2. Standardize components. Custom products do not always have to be made from scratch. Instead, they can be made from a small number of standard components.
3. Make a catalog with a discrete set of sizes. All shoes used to be custom-made, but today, shoes made in size increments meet the needs of almost all consumers.
4. Postpone customization to the end of the process. Customization happens best at or near the end of the manufacturing process.
5. Identify a common process. Then we can treat custom products like options on standard products.
6. Maintain a database of past designs. It can be an enormous time saver in meeting requirements that appear to be new.
7. Design your custom manufacturing process. While still as a job-shop, the custom workshop must be organized for effectiveness and efficiency.
8. Set up a simple production control system. Cap the number of jobs in process, sequence WIP FIFO, do all priority shuffling prior to job release, and track progress with Ybry charts.
Florida’s Strategy for the Management of End-of-Life Computers, CRTs and Other Electronic Equipment
Authors: Clark Raoul 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent estimates suggest that 160,000 computers will be discarded into Florida landfills in 1999, and that by 2005, this number could increase to 420,000 computers landfilled. Similarly, televisions discarded in Florida landfills may increase from 1,040,000 in 1999 to 1,200,000 in 2005. The cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in this equipment pose a major health concern, because of their lead content. Obviously, a well-planned strategy is required for managing discarded CRTs.
The strategy proposed here includes (1) specifying the regulatory framework to allow CRTs to exit the hazardous waste stream in certain cases; (2) promoting the recycling infrastructure by reimbursing some costs with state funds; (3) evaluating collection strategies and other management options through pilot programs; and (4) developing a state electronics recycling contract, possibly like the state fluorescent lamp recycling contract.
Multiaxial Behavior and Viscoelastic Constitutive Modeling of Epoxy Polymers
Authors: Ellyin F. , Hu Y. , Xia Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model previously proposed has been modified to account for hydrostatic stress influence. The modification is achieved by incorporating the hydrostatic stress in the equivalent stress definition. The present model predicts a shift of stress envelopes along equibiaxial compressive stress direction. It also predicts different octahedral shear stress versus octahedral shear strain curves for various strain paths. These trends indicate improved agreement between the model prediction and multiaxial experiment data.
Ride Comfort of Five-Axle Tractor/Semi-Trailer
Authors: Jiang Zhenyu , El-Gindy Moustafa , Streit Donald 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The issue of ride comfort for vehicle operations has recently generated considerable interest especially in heavy vehicle systems since long-distance drivers are more likely to experience high levels of vibration. This paper introduces the general concept of vibration-related health problems, discusses ride comfort assessment criteria and methods, and then focuses on the methodology of using computer simulation to analyze ride comfort. The computer-based ride comfort model can be divided into three sub-models: vehicle model, driver/seat model, and road profile input model. Several vehicle models and driver/seat models are reviewed and detailed modeling techniques are introduced.
A five-axle tractor/semi-trailer/driver combination ride comfort simulation model is developed in this paper using the software DADS. Both four-spring tandem suspension and independent air spring suspension are studied. Road profiles are assumed as static zero mean Gaussian random process. Vertical acceleration at the interface between seat and driver body is obtained from simulation results. Power spectral density and root mean square (RMS) vertical acceleration are calculated based on simulation results. RMS acceleration at ISO classified good and average roads are compared with ISO 8-hour fatigue vibration limit. It is found that RMS acceleration of this particular vehicle simulated in this paper is below the ISO 8-hour fatigue limit for both good and average roads when traveling at the speed of fifty miles per hour. This implies a good ride comfort. Axle dynamic load coefficients (DLC) are calculated for four suspension configurations that are combinations of air springs and steel springs. Results show that large DLC doesn’t necessarily indicate bad ride quality.
On the Integrated Design of the Tyre-Suspension System of a Racing Car
Authors: Miano Carlo M. , Gobbi Massimiliano , Mastinu Giampiero , Cesarini Riccardo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper presents a procedure for the integrated design (tuning) of tyres and suspensions of racing cars.
A complete model of a racing car has been developed and implemented. The model is suitable to simulate the vehicle behaviour in extreme driving conditions.
A number of ground tests have been performed to validate the vehicle model, with fully satisfactory results.
Many different driving situations (steady state, J-turn, lane-change, power-on/off while steering, braking on a bend, passing over a kerb while steering) have been considered. By means of a Multi-criteria approach many performance indexes have been optimised by changing the parameters related both to the vehicle suspension system and to the tyre characteristics. A global-approximation model has been built (the original physical model has been substituted by another purely numerical model), allowing fast optimisations. A number of preferred solutions have been selected from the optimal set. Professional drivers tested the cars fitted with optimal suspension/tyre settings. The improvements predicted by computations were substantially confirmed. The adopted procedure has proved to be reliable and effective both for obtaining the highest performances and for reducing the number of ground tests.
Analysis of Sink Marks for Plastic Parts Molded in Steel and Aluminum Alloy Molds
Authors: Iyer Natraj , Ramani Karthik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recently developed aluminum alloys show significant potential as injection mold materials for their ability to cool plastic parts faster than steel. These alloys maintain more uniform mold temperatures that can have significant effects in reducing post-molding shrinkage. Commercially available software can be used to predict the global shrinkage in a part. However, none of the currently available software predicts localized sink mark formation. In the present work, temperature and pressure histories from a three-dimensional molding analysis using C-Mold™ are used to determine the initial conditions for a sequentially coupled thermal and structural finite element analysis using ANSYS™. The thermal conductivity, density and specific heat of the polymer are input as temperature dependent properties. The polymer is modeled as a temperature dependent elastic material.
Correlations made between numerical and experimental data for sink mark depths in parts molded in P-20 steel and QE-7™ aluminum alloy molds validate the use of the sink mark simulation method. Numerical comparison of sink mark depths for parts molded in aluminum alloy and steel molds show that aluminum alloys reduce sink mark depths in molded parts.
Gate Location Optimization in Injection Molding Processing
Authors: Lin Baojiu , Ryim Won Gil 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Improvements in part quality and cost reduction are the primary objectives of CAE use in the injection molding industry. Engineers use advanced injection molding simulation software to analyze and verify their part designs. Traditionally, engineers have had to rerun simulations to verify the effects of changes in gate locations. For complex models, simulations are very time consuming. To reduce the design cycle time, a Design Optimization Module is developed by C-MOLD. One of the functions of this new software module is to automatically select optimal gate locations. This innovative technology is the result of close R&D collaboration between C-MOLD and LG-PRC in Korea. An overview of gate location optimization technology is presented in this paper, and several examples are also presented as illustration.
The Effect of Aging on the Microstructure and Precipitation Response of an Aluminum-Lithium Alloy
Authors: Fragomeni James M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The consequence of thermal treatment on the precipitation response of intermetallic precipitates in the microstructure microstructure and subsequent mechanical properties of an Al-2.6wt.%Li-0.09wt.%Zr alloy was studied. The alloy was solution heat treated and artificially aged for a series of aging times and temperatures at various precipitation hardening conditions. The underaged, peak-aged and overaged microstructures of the alloy were analyzed. Quantitative particle size measurements were performed to determine the size, distribution, morphology and coarsening rate for both δ′(Al3Li) and δ′(Al3Li)/Al3Zr precipitates. The average particle size, distribution, spacing and volume fraction of the intermetallic precipitates were related to the heat treating process. For all of the aging times studied, the δ′(Al3Li)/Al3Zr particles were much larger in size than the δ′(Al3Li) and Al3Zr-free particles. The particle coarsening rate, determined from the Lifshitz, Slyozov and Wagner coarsening rate theory, was more accelerated for the δ′(Al3Li)/Al3Zr particles than for the δ′(Al3Li) precipitates. The presence of the Al3Zr phase was found to accelerate the aging kinetics of the alloy. Therefore, a small amount of zirconium in the alloy resulted in a faster particle coarsening rate of the overall combined particle size distribution and thus led to more rapid precipitation aging response.
The Contour Method: Simple 2-D Mapping of Residual Stresses
Authors: Prime Michael B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An entirely new method for measuring residual stress that is extremely simple to apply yet more powerful than existing techniques is presented. In this method, a part is carefully cut in two. The contour of the resulting new surface is measured, which gives the displacements caused by the release of the residual stresses. By Bueckner’s superposition principle, analytically forcing the surface back to its original flat state gives the residual stresses that originally existed normal to the plane of the cut. The main advantage of this method is that the measured data can be used to solve directly for the stresses, whereas other methods require a complex inversion process.
The Approximate, High Frequency Response of a Panel With Attached Masses
Authors: Reynolds Robert R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The high frequency response of a panel with attached masses is approximated using transient, asymptotic modal analysis (AMA). These relations are derived by applying asymptotic simplifications to classical solutions in both the time and frequency domains. The geometry consists of several masses that are attached to a panel to which impulsive excitations are applied. Predictions are made of the mean-squared, transverse displacement history and the localized responses near the added masses. These are compared to classical solutions and it is shown that for a few masses that are separated by more than a mean wavelength, the panel behavior can be estimated well by the AMA expressions. The approximate solutions are shown to require less than 20% of the computational time and memory of the classical solutions and are applicable to general forms of excitation.
The resulting capability can be used to estimate acoustic emissions from vibrating equipment and to model structure-borne sound and its effects on sensitive equipment.
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Properties of Policapillary Materials
Authors: Veksler Eugene M. , Tuchinsky Lev J. , Loutfy Raouf O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Experimental study has been carried out to investigate convective heat transfer properties of air-cooled multi-channel tubes, fabricated using polycapillary materials technology, subjected to external heating. Practically important expressions for Nusselt number and hydraulic resistance coefficient were obtained for Re = 200–5000 and compared with existing correlations.
A Numerical Study of Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Over a Flat Surface With a Single Dimple
Authors: Kithcart Mark E. , Klett David E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Turbulent boundary layer flow over a flat surface with a single dimple has been investigated numerically using the FLUENT CFD software package, and compared to an experiment by Ezerskii and Shekhov [1989], which studied the same configuration. The impetus for this work developed as a result of previous studies. Kithcart and Klett [1996], and Afanas’yev and Chudnovskiy [1992], showed that dimpled surfaces enhance heat transfer comparably to surfaces with protrusion roughness elements, but with a much lower drag penalty. However, the actual physical mechanisms involved in this phenomena were only partially known prior this study. Results obtained numerically are in good agreement with the experiment, most notably the confirmation of the existence of a region of enhanced heat transfer created by interaction of the flow with the dimple. In particular, the simulation indicates that heat transfer augmentation is a consequence of the development of a stagnation flow region within the dimple geometry, and the existence of coherent vortical structures which create a periodic flow-field within and immediately downstream of the dimple. This periodicity appears to govern the magnitude of the heat transfer augmentation.
The Use of Decomposition for the Large Scale Synthesis/Design Optimization of Highly Coupled, Highly Dynamic Energy Systems: Part II—Applications
Authors: Muñoz Jules R. , von Spakovsky Michael R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An application of the Iterative Local-Global Optimization (ILGO) decomposition approach developed in an accompanying paper (Muñoz and von Spakovsky, 2000b) is presented. The synthesis / design optimization of a turbofan engine coupled to an environmental control system for a military aircraft was carried out. The problem was solved for a given mission (i.e. the load / environmental profile) composed of fifteen segments. The number of decision (independent) variables used for this highly non-linear optimization problem is one hundred fifty-three, some of which are integer. Both thermodynamic and physical (weight and volume) simulations use state-of-the art tools. Two objective functions were investigated: take-off gross weight and mission fuel consumption, and no observable differences were found in the final results. In addition to the mathematical foundations for global convergence of the proposed decomposition approach presented in Muñoz and von Spakovsky (2000b), numerical support for this convergence was found by solving the entire mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem without decomposition using a subset of the independent variables. The constant value of the marginal costs (or linear behavior of the Optimum Response Surface — OSR) played a major role in the global convergence of the ILGO.
Analysis and Test of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Oxidant System
Authors: Vasquez Arturo , Varanauski Donald E. , Clark Robert W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An effort is underway to develop a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell system for future space applications. A breadboard system has been constructed and includes the following: reactant pressure regulators, ejector-based reactant pumps, a 4-kW fuel cell stack, and a passive, membrane-based oxygen / water separator. A computer model is being developed concurrently to analytically predict fluid flow in the oxidant reactant system. Preliminary data obtained from tests performed with the breadboard system, as well as other published data, has been used to validate the analytical component models. These components have been incorporated into an integrated oxidant fluid system model. Results obtained from both the performance tests and the analytical model are presented.