bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-A-13 Late-Breaking: Establishing an in vitro model for studies of myogenesis in broiler chicks
Authors: Jung Usuk , Kim Minjeong , Voy Brynn H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this work was to establish protocols for isolating, maintaining, and differentiating SCs from broiler embryos and young chicks so that this model can be used to identify factors that affect myogenic development. Efficient production of lean and healthy muscle is the ultimate goal of the livestock industry. Skeletal muscle develops from a population of multipotent stem cells, also known as satellite cells (SCs), that have the potential to differentiate into both muscle cells and adipocytes. During embryonic and early postnatal development, nutritional and hormonal cues interact to influence the cell fate of this cell population, which ultimately affects body composition and muscle quality. In broilers, the factors that influence the early development of SCs are particularly important due to the high incidence of breast muscle myopathies in commercial flocks. Methods to isolate SCs from multiple species, including chicken, have been described in the literature. However, SCs in very young animals have different growth and differentiation properties, and the fiber properties of the muscle, which influence the digestion strategy, differ from those of mature birds. Protocols were developed using p. major muscle of 7 day-old-broiler chicks. Satellite cells were isolated from intact muscle by two-step enzymatic digestion and purified from other cell types based on differential adherence to tissue culture plastic. Enrichment for SCs in each procedure was evaluated based on the ability to undergo myogenic differentiation and form myotubes in vitro. Immunofluorescent staining for Pax7, a marker of SCs, and flow cytometry for CD56, a surface marker for SCs, were used to confirm a high purity population of SCs. In conclusion, we have established a model that will be valuable for assessing the impact of nutrients, metabolites, and other physiological cues on early life muscle growth and development in broilers.
PSX-A-23 Late-Breaking: Supplementation of Nerve Growth Factor (β-NGF) in the maturation medium and efficiency of in vitro embryo production in cattle
Authors: Gonçalves Lucas , Martins Muller C , Arle Natalia , Torres Rafaela T , Migilo Luisa , Beletti Marcelo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of Nerve Growth Factor (β-NGF) in the maturation medium in in vitro embryo production routines. Antral follicles were aspirated from ovaries of cows obtained from slaughterhouses and then oocytes were selected for quality (grades I and II) for in vitro maturation and subjected to 4 successive in vitro embryo production routines (IVEP). Supplementation of 100 ng of β-NGF was performed in the oocyte maturation medium 22 hours before in vitro fertilization. 48 hours after fertilization of the oocytes, an analysis was made of their cleavage rate by counting blastomeres with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope (cleavage rate = number of embryos / number of initial oocytes). Seven days after fertilization, the blastocyst rate was determined through the relation to the number of oocytes that started cleavage and reached this stage of development (blastocyst rate = number of blastocyst / number of oocytes that started cleavage). To verify the existence of a difference between the supplemented and the non-supplemented groups, the paired T test was applied, using the Excel / Action software (Microsoft). In vitro embryo production routines supplemented with β-NGF in the maturation medium had, on average, a higher cleavage rate (P = 0.0072) and a higher blastocyst rate (P = 0.0033) compared to non-supplemented routines with β-NGF. In this study was demonstrated that Nerve Growth Factor supplementation in the maturation medium improves the efficiency of in vitro embryo production in cattle, and this protein has a probable action in the oocyte maturation process.
PSX-A-15 Late-Breaking: Use of a rumen-protected fatty acid supplement on growth performance in feedlot heifers
Authors: Russi Juan P , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the of use different doses of a rumen protected fatty acid supplement in feedlot heifers. Seventy-two (cross bread) heifers were blocked by body weight and animals within each block were randomly allotted to a pen. Each pen had 4 heifers, and there were 6 pens per treatment. All animals were fed a basal diet of 14% corn silage, 73% dry rolled corn, 10% cracked soybeans, 1% urea, and 2% mineral vitamin mix for 83 days. Each treatment received different dose of a rumen-protected fatty acid supplement (RPFA), which contained 40% flaxseed oil, 55% treated soy lecithin, and 5% dextrose; processed using the procedure described in the patent (pending: US 2020/0197346 A1). Treatments were T1: 125 g RPFA; T2: 250 g of RPFA, and T3: 375 g of RPFA. Treatments were daily top dressed. Heifers were weighted on days 0, 50, and 83. Longissimus dorsi muscle (LMA) and back fat (BF) at the 13 rib were measured using ultrasound day 0 and 83, before the animals were sent to slaughter. Dry matter offered per day and refusal collected twice a week were used to estimate dry matter intake (DMI). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, with treatment as a fixed variable and block as a random variable. Means were separated using a polynomial contrast. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.16; Table 1) on final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), DMI, gain to DMI ratio, or dressing percentage. There where quadratic tendencies (P ≤ 0.1; Table 1) for hot carcass weight (HCW), LMA, and BF. Based in the results from the current experiment, feeding 100 g of flaxseed oil (250 g of RPFA) improves HCW and LMA but also BF, without affecting growth and DMI.
PSX-A-26 Late-Breaking: The perch competition index of small cage laying hens
Authors: Wang Yanan , Liu Yilin , Zhang Runxiang , Li Xiang , Li Jianhong , Bao Jun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A total 72 Lohmann white laying hens at 7 weeks old were used to evaluate the relationship between social order and perch utilization. All laying hens were randomly divided into 12 cages, 6 birds in each cage. The aim of the study is to verify the hypothesis that high-ranked chickens will use perch more when there are only the perch in cage. The study researches the use of perch (including the behavior of the perch) of all hens by setting up the increasing the length of the perch. Using Clutton-Brock index by observing four behaviors (aggression, threat, replace and chase) to determine the social order of the laying hens. The data are analyzed by the generalized linear model (GLMM) in SPSS 23 software. The results showed that the higher rank laying hens used perch more times and time than other subordinate hens (P &lt; 0.001), and the lying, preening and comforting behaviors on the perch increased accordingly (P &lt; 0.001). Except for the highest rank of laying hens, the use of the perch was not significantly different among other subordinate ones (P &gt; 0.05). The conclusion of this study is providing the perch for the caged laying hens can reduce their density on the floor of the cage and make the group stable more quickly. Secondly, higher-ranked hens will use more the perch, and the subordinate hens will reduce the positive conflict with the high-ranked ones. Therefore, providing perch for furnished caged laying hens is beneficial to the welfare of the laying hens in the cage.
PSX-A-9 Late-Breaking: Effects of farm noise on ileum intestinal barrier function of pullets
Authors: Li Chun , Zhang Runxiang , Yu Hanlin , Feng Yanru , Li Jianhong , Bao Jun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Noise is a potential but not negligible environmental factor in animal husbandry. To investigate the effects of farm noise on intestinal barrier function of pullets, 336 Hailanhe pullets aged 1 day were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (CON), low noise group (LN), high noise group (HN). LN group and HN group were exposed to noise respectively at 65–75 dB and 85–95 dB, the average and the range of the highest loudness of noise in laying hens’ farms for 6h every day (7:00-19:00, hourly intervals for one hour) and lasted 4 weeks. Non additional noise addition in CON group, noise loudness of which was less than 40dB. 6 birds were randomly chosen form each group after every week of noise stimulation for ileum tissue samples. Hematoxylin-eosin stain (HE stain), immunofluorescence, and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to determine changes in ileum structure, expression of intestinal barrier related proteins and mRNAs and HSPs. Results shown that 1 week and 2 weeks after noise exposed inflammatory cell infiltration reduced, the expression of intestinal barrier related proteins (Occludin, Mucin2 and ZO-1) and mRNAs (Claudin-1, Claudin-4, E-cadherin, Occludin, Mucin2, ZO-1 and ZO-2) were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05), the mRNA expression of HSPs decreased (P &lt; 0.05) or have no significate changes (P &gt; 0.05). After 4 weeks of noise treatment, the expression of mRNAs of intestinal tight junction protein and mucin, HSPs were significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05). There was no difference between the LN and HN groups on those indicators (P &gt; 0.05). The study indicates that noise at 65-75dB and 85-95dB does not cause stress to ileum of pullets while promote the development of intestinal barrier of chicks within 2 weeks maybe by mild stimulation and birds restored to balance due to habitualization after 4 weeks of noise treatment.
PSX-A-28 Late-Breaking: Transcriptomics Analysis of the Sham-chewing Behavior of Confined Sows
Authors: Pan Lei , Wei Haidong , Wang Jianxing , Zhang Runxiang , Liu Honggui , Bao Jun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In order to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the high incidence of sham-chewing behavior in pregnant sows, 50 sows (Large White × Landrace) were used to observe sham-chewing behavior in early, middle and late gestation. And then according to the number of sham-chewing observed, sows were divided into high incidence of sham-chewing (group H) and low incidence of sham-chewing (group L). After weaning, 4 sows were randomly selected from group H and group L, samples of brain were collected after slaughter, and hypothalamus was sequenced with transcriptome. After bioinformatics analysis, the DEGs were analyzed and enriched in GO and KEGG, afterwards the candidate genes were screened. qRT-PCR was used to verify the accuracy of the sequencing data. Hypothalamic transcriptome results showed that compared with group L, 1286 genes were significantly differentially expressed in group H, among which 934 genes were up-regulated and 352 genes were down-regulated. The results of GO enrichment analysis showed that in biological process, cell component and molecular function, the most significant terms of enrichment are trans-synaptic signaling, neuron part and gated channel activity. These terms are strongly related to synaptic plasticity, synaptic transmission, neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric diseases, FGF12, SNAP25, CAMK1D, SYNDIG1, GABRD, RBFOX1, CRH, HCN1, HCN4, GLRA3, GRIN2A, ANXA2, MBP and NTF4 genes with high fold change and more in-depth functional research were selected for sham-chewing and depressive emotion-related genes. KEGG enrichment analysis results indicated that differential expressed genes were significantly enriched in 29 pathways, such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cAMP and Ras-MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, the results of hypothalamic transcriptome indicate that there is a molecular genetic basis for depression-like symptoms in group H, the 14 DEGs screened above might be candidate genes involved in high incidence of sham-chewing and depression-like emotion.
PSX-A-2 Late-Breaking: Acute Endotoxinemia May Increase Intercostal Temporary Mechanical Nociception in Wethers
Authors: Whitlock Brian K , Renwick Allison , Pi Amelia , Daniel Jay A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) is associated with generalized hyperalgesia in humans and some animal models. However, the effects of endotoxin-induced inflammation on pain threshold in livestock, such as sheep, is unknown. Eight wethers [~1 year of age; 61.3 ± 0.5 kg BW] were administered saline (2 mL; n = 4) or endotoxin (2 mL; 400 ng of LPS / kg BW; n = 4) intravenously. A handheld algometric unit was used to administer temporary mechanical nociception (TMN) before (Day -2) and after (Day 1) treatment administration by the same person three times at two locations on the right thorax (intercostal spaces 6 and 9). Two-way ANOVA was completed in SAS v9.4 (Cary, NC). There were effects of day (P &lt; 0.001) and location (P &lt; 0.0001) on TMN, such that the force needed to induce TMN on Day -2 (2.04 +/- 0.15 kgF) was less than on Day 1 (2.93 +/- 0.15 kgF) and the force needed to induce TMN at intercostal space 6 (1.81 +/- 0.15 kgF) was less than at intercostal space 9 (3.15 +/- 0.15 kgF). While there was no effect of treatment (P = 0.96), or interaction of treatment and location (P = 0.19), day and location (P = 0.25), or treatment and day and location (P = 0.49), there was a tendency for an interaction of treatment and day (P = 0.06), such that TMN was not different on Day 1 (2.73 +/- 0.30 kgF) and Day -2 (2.24 +/- 0.30 kgF) for animals receiving saline but was greater on Day 1 (3.12 +/- 0.30 kgF) than Day -2 (1.83 +/- 0.30 kgF) for animals receiving LPS. While systemic inflammation is associated with reduced pain threshold in some models, acute LPS-induced inflammation may increase intercostal TMN in castrated sheep.
PSX-A-8 Late-Breaking: Development of multiplex assays for equine cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNFα
Authors: White-Springer Sarah H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Equine-specific assays to quantify cytokine concentrations are limited and often have a restricted range such that physiological concentrations of many cytokines are below detectable limits of the assay. We aimed to develop custom multiplex assays for equine interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α using the Meso Scale Discovery U-PLEX platform. Equine-specific ELISA kits containing unlabeled and biotinylated polyclonal antibodies and the specific recombinant equine cytokine were purchased for each cytokine. Each biotinylated antibody was coupled to a linker specific for a unique spot within each well of the U-PLEX plates. The unlabeled antibodies were conjugated with electrochemiluminescent labels to serve as detection antibodies. Each cytokine assay was optimized individually prior to optimization in multiplex. Two preliminary experiments were performed: 1) multiplexed conjugation of equine IL-10 and TNFα to the U-PLEX plates; and 2) multiplexed conjugation of equine IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 to the U-PLEX plates. Standard curves were run at concentrations ranging from 0 to 5,000 pg/mL for TNFα and IL-8, to 12,500 pg/mL for IL-10, to 25,000 pg/mL for IL-1β and IL-6, and to 50,000 pg/mL for IL-4. The minimum average concentrations measured by the standard curves were 0.065, 0.006, 0.017, 0.00013, 0.196, and 0.050 pg/mL for IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNFα, respectively. Test samples of equine serum (n = 5) and bronchoalveolar fluid (n = 3) before and after exercise and of ConA-stimulated equine peripheral mononuclear cell supernatants (positive control) were analyzed for each multiplexed assay. With the exception of serum from one horse, all samples ran within detectable limits of each assay. This preliminary work indicates the U-PLEX platform is a viable option to simultaneously quantify concentrations of multiple equine cytokines, allowing for expansion of research efforts focused on understanding immune responses in the horse.
PSX-A-21 Late-Breaking: Predicting live weight using linear body measurements in growing dairy calves
Authors: Rotondo Vanessa , Osborne Vern R , Paibomesai Marlene , Wood Katharine M , Jantzi Sophia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore how linear body measurements are related to body weight and can be used to predict calf body weight using linear and machine learning models. To meet these objectives, a total of 69 Holstein calves from a commercial dairy farm were enrolled in the study from wk 2 – 8 of age. Calves were weighed and linear measurements were collected weekly. Nineteen linear measurements were obtained each week, including: poll to nose, width across the eyes, width across the right ear, neck length (NL), wither height (WH), heart girth (HG), midpiece height (MH), midpiece circumference (MC), midpiece width (MW), midpiece depth (MD), midpiece width across the 13th rib (MW13), hook height, hook width, pin height, top of pin bones width (PW), nose to tail body length, the length between the withers and pins (WPL), forearm to hoof, cannon bone to hoof. These measurements were taken using a commercial soft tape measure and calipers. Using a machine learning approach, models were generated to predict BW from calf linear measurements using Weka software 3.8.5 (University of Waikato, New Zealand) using a 10-fold cross-validation method. Both linear regression (LR) and random forest (RF) models were evaluated. Across all weeks the LR model derived 12 of the 19 traits to fit the BW model (r2 = 0.93). These included: PN, NL, WH, HG, MC, MW, MD, HW, PW, MW13, WPL. The RF model slightly reduced BW predictions (r2= 0.92). The results of this study suggest that linear models built on linear measurements can accurately estimate body weight in dairy calves. These data and models generated are important to further the development of visualized weighing systems for young dairy calves and may be used to accurately predict BW without a scale.
PSX-A-27 Late-Breaking: The sulfatase mediated regeneration of androstenone from androstenone sulfate in boar fat
Authors: Bone Christine , Squires E James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Boar taint is an off-odour or off-flavour that develops in heated pork products from entire male pigs, which is caused by the accumulation of androstenone, a sex pheromone, in the fat. However, we have previously demonstrated that a significant amount of androstenone undergoes sulfoconjugation upon synthesis in the Leydig cells and circulates in the plasma primarily as a polar steroid sulfate. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if androstenone sulfate can be deconjugated within the adipose tissue by the sulfatase enzyme to return free androstenone and indirectly contribute to the development of boar taint. Backfat was obtained from 6-month-old terminal cross [Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire)] boars that had high (n=4) or low (n=4) sulfatase expression as determined by RT-PCR. Sulfatase activity in the fat was measured by quantifying the conversion of androstenone sulfate to free androstenone. Backfat was homogenized and the supernatant was incubated with [3H]-androstenone sulfate for 24-hours. Androstenone was extracted from the incubation using ether and steroid conversion was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, fat androstenone concentrations were quantified using an established HPLC procedure. Statistical analysis was conducted using a Student’s t-test. There was a significant difference (p=0.04) in the expression of sulfatase between the high (2.99 ± 0.67) and low (1.21 ± 0.19) sulfatase boars and the percentage of androstenone sulfate that was converted to free androstenone was proportional to the expression of sulfatase. Interestingly, the expression of sulfatase was positively related to the concentration of androstenone in the fat in boars with high sulfatase expression; however, this relation was not as strong in animals with low sulfatase expression. These preliminary results suggest that the development of boar taint may occur indirectly through the deconjugation of androstenone sulfate in boars with high expression of sulfatase in the fat.
PSX-A-16 Late-Breaking: Maternal nutrient restriction and re-alimentation influences liver protein expression in fetal sheep
Authors: Smith Brandon I , Vasquez-Hidalgo Manuel A , Swanson Kendall C , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Grazul-Bilska Anna T , Li Xiaomeng , Moore Timothy , Balsbaugh Jeremy , Reed Sarah A , Govoni Kristen E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction and re-alimentation on the fetal liver proteome, 48 pregnant ewes with singletons were fed a control diet [100% National Research Council (NRC) requirements (CON)] starting at the beginning of gestation. On day 50 of gestation, a subset of ewes were fed either CON or 60% NRC requirements (RES). A subset of ewes were euthanized at day 90 of gestation (n = 7/treatment), and fetal liver samples collected. Remaining ewes were maintained on the current diet (CON-CON, n=6; RES-RES, n = 7) or switched to alternative diet (CON-RES, RES-CON; n=7/treatment). On day 130 of gestation, remaining ewes were euthanized, and fetal samples collected. Fetal liver proteins were extracted, digested by trypsin and subjected to multiplexed, label-based quantitative mass spectrometry analysis integrating Tandem Mass Tags. Proteins were identified and quantified using Proteome Discoverer (v2.5, Thermo Scientific) and differential abundance analysis was performed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s HSD test. Hierarchal clustering analysis showed clustering of treatments by day of gestation. However, differences were also observed between treatments. At day 90 of gestation, 23 proteins were differentially expressed in RES compared with CON among which glycyl tRNA synthetase and pyruvate carboxylase were increased 12% and 10%, respectively (P &lt; 0.03). At day 130 of gestation, 24, 5, and 71 proteins were differentially expressed in CON-RES, RES-CON, and RES-RES, respectively, compared with CON-CON. Carnosine dipeptidase 2 was decreased 7% in CON-RES and rho associated protein kinase and glycogen synthase 2 were increased 20% and 26% in RES-CON and RES-RES, respectively, compared with CON-CON (P &lt; 0.04). These results indicate that nutrient restriction during mid- and late-gestation impacts expression of proteins involved in gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and the formation of carnosine, an integral molecule in beta-oxidation, and that re-alimentation alters proteins involved in cell migration pathways. Supported by USDA-AFRI grants 2016-67016-24884 and 2017-67016-26568.