bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity in form and function of the rat extensor digitorum longus motor unit
Authors: Kissane Roger W. P. , Chakrabarty Samit , Askew Graham N. , Egginton Stuart 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe motor unit comprises a variable number of muscle fibres that connect through myelinated nerve fibres to a motoneuron (MN), the central drivers of activity. At the simplest level of organisation there exist phenotypically distinct MNs that activate corresponding muscle fibre types, but within an individual motor pool there typically exists a mixed population of fast and slow firing MNs, innervating groups of Type II and Type I fibres, respectively. Characterising the heterogeneity across multiple levels of motor unit organisation is critical to understanding changes that occur in response to physiological and pathological perturbations. Through a comprehensive assessment of muscle histology and ex vivo function, mathematical modelling and neuronal tracing, we demonstrate regional heterogeneities at the level of the MN, muscle fibre type composition and oxygen delivery kinetics of the rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Specifically, the EDL contains two phenotypically distinct regions: a relatively oxidative medial and a more glycolytic lateral compartment. Smaller muscle fibres in the medial compartment, in combination with a greater local capillary density, preserve tissue O2 partial pressure (PO2) during modelled activity. Conversely, capillary supply to the lateral compartment is calculated to be insufficient to defend active muscle PO2 but is likely optimised to facilitate metabolite removal. Simulation of in vivo muscle length change and phasic activation suggest that both compartments are able to generate similar net power. However, retrograde tracing demonstrates (counter to previous observations) that a negative relationship between soma size and C‐bouton density exists. Finally, we confirm a lack of specificity of SK3 expression to slow MNs. Together, these data provide a reference for heterogeneities across the rat EDL motor unit and re‐emphasise the importance of sampling technique.
‘Owning the space’—person‐centred practice in a 100% single‐room acute‐care environment: an ethnographic study
Authors: Kelly Rosemary , Noelle Brown Donna , Mccance Tanya 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAims and ObjectivesExploring the influence of the 100% single‐room environment on staff and patient experience of person‐centred practice in an acute‐care setting.BackgroundCurrent building guidance for the NHS advocates increasing the single‐room inpatient environment. There is little evidence of the impact of this design in adult acute‐care settings on the experience and delivery of person‐centred care.DesignEthnography, underpinned by McCormack and McCance's Person‐centred Practice Framework.MethodsData collection took place between March and June 2018. Staff and patients in a National Health Service hospital in the United Kingdom took part in observations of practice (n = 108 hours); face to face inpatient interviews (n = 9); and participatory reflective staff groups (n = 3). A reflexive journal was kept by the researcher throughout the study. Reporting adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist.ResultsThemes relating to care delivery and interactions were identified. Staff and patients’ views converged around visibility and isolation. Patients appreciated the privacy afforded by the single rooms, while staff experienced a psychological shift, being viewed (and viewing themselves) as ‘visitors’. There was space for more sympathetic presencing, encouraging patients to speak more openly, to facilitate knowing and authentic engagement. However, time remained an issue resulting in more task‐focused care.ConclusionChanges to the physical environment have an impact on the delivery and experience of person‐centred practice. While the facilities enhance patient experience, the interweaving of engagement, emotional support and the development of therapeutic relationships remain challenging.
A risk scoring system to predict clinical events in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Jo Ae Jeong , Choi Won‐Mook , Kim Hyo Jeong , Choi So Hyun , Han Seungbong , Ko Min Jung , Lim Young‐Suk 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMany patients with chronic hepatitis B do not receive adequate follow‐up. This study aimed to develop a risk score to predict clinical events in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at the population level for identifying patients at high risk to warrant regular follow‐up. This study analysed population‐based data from the nationwide claims database of South Korea obtained between 2005 and 2015. We identified 507,239 non‐cirrhotic patients with chronic HBV infection who are not under antiviral treatment. A risk score for predicting clinical events (hepatocellular carcinoma, death or liver transplantation) was developed based on multivariable Cox proportional hazard model in a development cohort (n = 401,745) and validated in a validation cohort (n = 105,494). The cumulative incidence rates of clinical events at 5 years were 2.56% and 2.44% in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. Clinical events in asymptomatic patients with chronic HBV infection (CAP‐B) score ranging from 0 to 7.5 points based on age, sex, socioeconomic status, chronic hepatitis C co‐infection, diabetes mellitus, statin or antiplatelet exposure, smoking, alcohol consumption, alanine aminotransferase and gamma‐glutamyltransferase had good discriminatory accuracy in both the development and validation cohorts (c‐indices for 3‐, 5‐ and 10‐year risk prediction: all 0.786). The predicted and observed probabilities of clinical events were calibrated in both cohorts. A score of >3.5 points identified subjects at distinctly high risk. The CAP‐B score using easily accessible variables can predict clinical events and may allow selection of patients with chronic HBV infection for priority of regular follow‐up.
Understanding asteroidal failure through quasi‐static compression testing and 3‐D digital image correlation of the Aba Panu (L3) chondrite
Authors: Rabbi M. F. , Garvie L. A. J. , Cotto‐Figueroa D. , Asphaug E. , Khafagy K. H. , Datta S. , Chattopadhyay A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA comprehensive understanding of the mechanical strength and failure mechanisms of asteroids is essential for the development of hazard mitigation strategies and in situ resource extraction. In this study, the Aba Panu (L3) ordinary chondrite meteorite is investigated to understand its failure response under compressive loading. Compression experiments were conducted on ten 1 cm cubes under quasi‐static conditions in constant displacement control mode at room temperature. Three‐dimensional (3‐D) digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the full‐field deformation and strain. These data were used to determine the elastic modulus and local strain distribution, and investigate the effects of the mineralogical and structural heterogeneity on the crack formation and growth sites. Aba Panu exhibits brittle failure during compression with a range of failure strength from 361.7 to 578.0 MPa. Axial splitting and multiple fracturing occur during the uniaxial compressive state of stress. Ultrasonic tests were used to calculate elastic moduli from sound speeds and compared with the results of L‐type ordinary chondrites from the literature. Characterization results from electron microprobe analysis identified different elements and areal distribution of mineral phases and pre‐existing cracks. In general, the DIC results did not show correlations between crack initiation and specific mineralogical or textural components in this meteorite, such as chondrules or metals/sulfide grains, suggesting that the pre‐existing microcracks and porosity control the Aba Panu failure mechanisms.
“Housing Is Health Care”: Treating Homelessness in Safety‐net Hospitals
Authors: Hanssmann Christoph , Shim Janet K. , Yen Irene H. , Fleming Mark D. , Van Natta Meredith , Thompson‐Lastad Ariana , Rasidjan Maryani Palupy , Burke Nancy J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs medicine integrates social and structural determinants into health care, some health workers redefinehousingas medical treatment. This article discusses how health workers in two U.S. urban safety‐net hospitals worked with patients without stable housing. We observed ethnographically how health workers helped patients seek housing in a sharply stratified housing economy. Analyzing in‐depth interviews and observations, we show how health workers: (1) understood housing as health care and navigated limits of individual care in a structurally produced housing crisis; and (2) developed and enacted practices of biomedical and sociopolitical stabilization, includingeligibilizinganddata‐trackingwork. We discuss how health workers bridged individually focused techniques of clinical care with structural critiques of stratified housing economies despite contradictions in this approach. Finally, we analyze the implications of providers’ extension of medical stabilization into social, economic, and political realms, even as they remained caught in the structural dynamics they sought to address.
Different molecular changes underlie the same phenotypic transition: Origins and consequences of independent shifts to homostyly within species
Authors: Mora‐Carrera Emiliano , Stubbs Rebecca L. , Keller Barbara , Léveillé‐Bourret Étienne , de Vos Jurriaan M. , Szövényi Peter , Conti Elena 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe repeated transition from outcrossing to selfing is a key topic in evolutionary biology. However, the molecular basis of such shifts has been rarely examined due to lack of knowledge of the genes controlling these transitions. A classic example of mating system transition is the repeated shift from heterostyly to homostyly. Occurring in 28 angiosperm families, heterostyly is characterized by the reciprocal position of male and female sexual organs in two (or three) distinct, usually self‐incompatible floral morphs. Conversely, homostyly is characterized by a single, self‐compatible floral morph with reduced separation of male and female organs, facilitating selfing. Here, we investigate the origins of homostyly in Primula vulgaris and its microevolutionary consequences by integrating surveys of the frequency of homostyles in natural populations, DNA sequence analyses of the gene controlling the position of female sexual organs (CYPᵀ), and microsatellite genotyping of both progeny arrays and natural populations characterized by varying frequencies of homostyles. As expected, we found that homostyles displace short‐styled individuals, but long‐style morphs are maintained at low frequencies within populations. We also demonstrated that homostyles repeatedly evolved from short‐styled individuals in association with different types of loss‐of‐function mutations in CYPᵀ. Additionally, homostyly triggers a shift to selfing, promoting increased inbreeding within and genetic differentiation among populations. Our results elucidate the causes and consequences of repeated transitions to homostyly within species, and the putative mechanisms precluding its fixation in P. vulgaris. This study represents a benchmark for future analyses of losses of heterostyly in other angiosperms.
Nurturing the “self” in health professions education
Authors: Ganotice Fraide A. , Yeung Susanna Siu Sze , Tipoe George L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe shift in the way how health care is delivered from exclusive (disciplinary) to a more collective and inclusive (interprofessional) has recently been gaining traction in health care. The need for this shift is even magnified when the health care system face unprecedented challenges that single expertise is no more enough. The promise of transformative power of collaboration in health care suggests that collective intelligence achieves tasks more effectively than a single expertise could achieve.
Genomes within genomes: nested symbiosis and its implications for plant evolution
Authors: Batstone Rebecca T. 
Published: November 2021

SummaryMany important plant traits are products of nested symbiosis: mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are nested within microbes, which in turn, are nested within plants. Plant trait variation is therefore not only determined by the plant’s genome, but also by loci within microbes and MGEs. Yet it remains unclear how interactions and coevolution within nested symbiosis impacts the evolution of plant traits. Despite the complexities of nested symbiosis, including nonadditive interactions, understanding the evolution of plant traits is facilitated by combining quantitative genetic and functional genomic approaches that explicitly consider sources of nested genetic variation (from loci in MGEs to microbiomes). Additionally, understanding coevolution within nested symbiosis enables us to design or select for MGEs that promote plant health.
Individuality and function of chemical signals during conflict resolution of a mammal
Authors: Zhang Chunmian , Sun Congnan , Lucas Jeffrey R. , Gu Hao , Feng Jiang , Jiang Tinglei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIndividual recognition via communication signals is a critical component of social behavior, and provides the basis of conflict resolution, territorial behavior, and mate choice. However, the function of chemical signals in mammalian individual recognition and conflict resolution has largely been unexplored despite olfaction being a dominant sensory modality in many mammalian species. Here, we describe behavioral tests designed to evaluate the potential role of forehead gland secretions during conflict related to territorial defense in male Great Himalayan leaf‐nosed bats. We used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to quantify the chemical composition. Our results showed that forehead gland secretions contain 16 categories of compounds, including 84 volatile compounds. The concentrations of compounds and their categories differed significantly among individuals. Moreover, behavioral studies indicated that males can use chemical signals for individual recognition. Contests were staged between males with or without functioning forehead glands. Paired males without functioning forehead glands displayed more physical contact and longer contest duration compared with pairs with functioning glands. Moreover, males with a functioning gland were more likely to win in contests when paired with males without a functioning gland. These findings support a growing amount of evidence that chemical signals play a vital role in conflict resolution in mammals.
Investigation of IgG4‐positive cells in idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease and validation of the 2020 exclusion criteria for IgG4‐related disease
Authors: Nishikori Asami , Nishimura Midori Filiz , Nishimura Yoshito , Notohara Kenji , Satou Akira , Moriyama Masafumi , Nakamura Seiji , Sato Yasuharu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPatients with plasma cell type idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (PC‐iMCD) often show elevated serum IgG4 levels and IgG4‐positive cell infiltration in tissues due to overproduction of interleukin‐6, and may meet the diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD). Although PC‐iMCD has been listed as a major exclusion disease for IgG4‐RD, distinguishing between these diseases is challenging due to a lack of highly specific diagnostic biomarkers. In 2020, we proposed exclusion criteria of IgG4‐RD mimickers. In this paper, we validated the accuracy of the criteria in excluding one of the mimickers, PC‐iMCD, from IgG4‐RD. Validation was performed on 57 PC‐iMCD patients (39 presenting lymph node lesions and 19 with lung lesions) and 29 IgG4‐RD patients (22 presenting lymph node lesions and seven with lung lesions). According to our results, 20.5% of the PC‐iMCD patients with lymph node lesions and 42.1% of those with lung lesions met the diagnostic criteria for IgG4‐RD. All these patients with PC‐iMCD were excluded from a diagnosis of IgG4‐RD by the proposed criteria. Additionally, 6.9% of IgG4‐RD patients met the exclusion criteria. Thus, if the exclusion criteria are met, diagnosis should be made based on a combination of findings including organ distribution of disease, response to steroid therapy, and other pathological findings.
Glucose sensor MdHXK1 activates an immune response to the fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea in apple
Authors: Yu Jian‐Qiang , Li Xiu‐Ming , Wang Wen‐Yan , Gu Kai‐Di , Sun Cui‐Hui , You Chun‐Xiang , Hu Da‐Gang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSugars are essential regulatory molecules involved in plant growth and development and defense response. Although the relationship between sugars and disease resistance has been widely discussed, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. Ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea), which severely affects fruit quality and yield, is a destructive disease of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). The present study found that the degree of disease resistance in apple fruit was closely related to glucose content. Therefore, the gene encoding a hexokinase, MdHXK1, was isolated from the apple cultivar 'Gala', and characterized during the defense response. Overexpression of MdHXK1 enhanced disease resistance in apple calli, leaves and fruits by increasing the expression levels of genes related to salicylate (SA) synthesis (PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4, PAD4; PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA‐LYASE, PAL; and ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1, EDS1) and signaling (PR1; PR5; and NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1, NPR1) as well as increasing the superoxide (O2−) production rate and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content. Overall, the study provides new insights into the MdHXK1‐mediated molecular mechanisms by which glucose signaling regulates apple ring rot resistance.
Exposure to television and support for restrictive immigration policies in the midst of the immigration crisis: A cross‐national comparison
Authors: Geurts Nella , Geurts Roos , Scheepers Peer , Vergeer Maurice 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study explored associations between television exposure and public support for restrictive immigration policies in Europe, distinguishing general television exposure from exposure to television news. We explored explanations of generalized social distrust and perceived ethnic threat and, moreover, acknowledged cross‐national variation in asylum applicants.MethodsWe applied multi‐level regression analyses using the European Social Survey (2014–2015), covering 19 countries (n = 29.161).ResultsGeneral television exposure and support for restrictive immigration policies related positively, whereas exposure to television news related negatively to these policy preferences. Furthermore, both generalized social distrust and perceived ethnic threat mediated the links between both forms of exposure and these preferences. An increase in the number of asylum applicants strengthened the positive relationship between general television exposure and these policy preferences.ConclusionsThis study provides new insights into the role of individual and national factors for support for restrictive immigration policies from a contemporary and cross‐national perspective.
Additive effects of orchiectomy and intermittent hypoxia on lung mechanics and inflammation in C57BL/6J male mice
Authors: Ganouna‐Cohen Gauthier , Khadangi Fatemeh , Marcouiller François , Bossé Ynuk , Joseph Vincent 
Published: November 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Does endogenous testosterone modulate the consequences of intermittent hypoxia (IH) in the lungs of male mice?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Orchiectomized mice exposed to IH develop a pattern that is similar to emphysema or obstructive lung disease with elevated lung volumes, low pulmonary elastance during a methacholine challenge test and high counts of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavages. Since low testosterone levels and other respiratory diseases are common in sleep apnoea, there is a clear clinical relevance to these results.

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that low testosterone levels modulate the pulmonary responses to intermittent hypoxia (IH; used as a model of sleep apnoea (SA)) in male mice. We used intact (SHAM) or orchiectomized (ORX) mice exposed to IH for 14 days (12 h/day, 10 cycles/h, 6% oxygen) or to normoxia (Nx). We first measured ventilation and metabolic rates in freely behaving mice (whole‐body plethysmography) and then respiratory mechanics in tracheotomized mice (flexiVent). We assessed the respiratory system resistance and elastance (Ers), Newtonian resistance (resistance of the large airways), tissue damping and tissue elastance (H) under baseline conditions and during a methacholine challenge test. We also measured the quasi‐static compliance and inspiratory capacity with partial pressure‐volume loops. Finally, inflammatory cells were counted in the broncho‐alveolar lavage (BAL) and we measured lung volume by water displacement. ORX‐IH mice had higher tidal volume, inspiratory capacity and lung volume compared to the other groups, but showed signs of low efficiency of O2 exchange rate relative to minute ventilation. During the methacholine challenge, orchiectomy decreased the values of most mechanical parameters and IH reduced Ers and H leading to very low values in ORX‐IH mice. Finally, the total number of cells and the number of lymphocytes in BAL were both increased by IH in ORX mice. Since reduced lung elasticity, low O2 extraction, increased lung volumes and inflammation are signs of emphysematous lung disease, we conclude that testosterone might prevent lung emphysema during IH exposures.
A Brief of the Economics of ADAS for Full-Size Light Duty Pickup Trucks: Relating Effectiveness to Cost
Authors: Fish Francis , Bras Bert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have become increasingly common in vehicles in the last decade. The majority of studies have focused on smaller vehicles with gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) under 5000 lbs, predominantly sedans, for their ADAS evaluations. While it is sensible to use this style of vehicle because it is ubiquitous worldwide for a typical vehicle body style, these studies neglect full-size light-duty pickup trucks, GVWR 5000–10,000 lbs, which are abundant on the roads in the United States. The increase in mass, higher center of gravity, and utilitarianism of the vehicles allows for unique conditions for studying the effects of ADAS. This work evaluates the effectiveness of ADAS in full-size light-duty pickup trucks across brands, representing 18% of registered vehicles in the United States, at reducing severity of injury for occupants during accidents involving fatalities relative to expense of the ADAS technology. This work will illustrate the cost benefit of ADAS at reducing the severity of injuries for occupants of full-size light-duty pickup trucks for multiple different brands.