bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The extra‐legal governance of corruption: Tracing the organization of corruption in public procurement
Authors: Fazekas Mihály , Sberna Salvatore , Vannucci Alberto 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article traces the organization of corruption in public procurement, by theoretically and empirically assessing the contribution of extra‐legal governance organizations (EGO) to supporting it. Theoretically, we explore the governance role played by organized criminal groups in corruption networks, facilitating corrupt transactions by lowering search costs, bargaining costs, and enforcement cots. Empirically, the analysis exploits a rare empirical setup of proven cases of both EGO presence and absence in contract awards by Italian municipalities. We use traditional regression and supervised machine‐learning methods for identifying and validating proxy indicators for EGO presence in public procurement such as single bidding or municipal spending concentration. Internal validity of our models is very high, 85% of unseen contracts are correctly classified. External validity is moderate, our predicted EGO presence score correlates with established indicators of organized criminality across the whole of Italy and Europe with a linear correlation coefficient of about 0.4.
The impact of COVID‐19 on international student enrolments in North America: Comparing Canada and the United States
Authors: Buckner Elizabeth , Zhang You , Blanco Gerardo L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBoth Canada and the United States enrol a significant number of international students. However, in March 2020, both countries closed their borders and increased restrictions to international travel due to COVID‐19, which had a direct impact on international students' ability to travel between their home countries and study destinations. This article examines the impact of COVID‐19 on international student enrolments by asking two related questions: first, how did government policy address international students' difficult reality in the wake of COVID‐19? And, did international student enrolments change as a result? With regard to policy, we find a stark divergence: Canada's federal policies quickly adapted to support international students and ensure they remained eligible for post‐graduate work permits, preserving the appeal of Canada as a study destination. Meanwhile, in the US, federal policies for student visas required international students to maintain physical presence, reflecting a more hostile stance towards immigration, characteristic of the Trump administration. Despite these differences, with regard to enrolments, we find largely similar patterns, with COVID resulting in only a small decline in international student enrolments nationwide. A more worrying trend for both countries is that selective institutions seem to have been less impacted than access‐oriented institutions.
Investigation on the elimination of yeasty flavour in yeast extract by mixed culture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast
Authors: Ma Chunlei , Wang Jiwei , Chen Xiong , Li Xin , Li Pei , Li Ku , Xiong Jian 
Published: November 2021

SummaryYeast extract (YE) is a kind of umami additives used in fermented condiments, it also has special yeasty flavour (YF), which is not widely accepted by some consumers. In this paper, the technology of mixed microbial transformation was applied to eliminate or cover up YF during mixed fermentation. FG10, which is produced by Hubei Angel Yeast Co. Ltd, is a kind of YE that has the distinctive YF and has been applied to the market. It had good sensory evaluation after 6 h with Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Lactococcus lactis. At 6 h, compared with single fermentation, the number of bacteria of L. lactis was enhanced by 34.28%, and the number of bacteria of S. fibuligera was reduced by 47.93%. The yeasty flavoured substances propionic acid and butyric acid were completely removed. The result of GC‐MS showed that acetal, phenyl acetaldehyde, 2,4‐dimethylbenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, isoamyl alcohol, 5‐methyl‐2‐furan methanol, phenylethanol were generated or increased. Furthermore, the amino acids of YE were significantly different after fermentation by different microorganisms (P < 0.05), The flavour compounds and amino acids in YE before and after fermentation had closely correlation (r = 0.94), the consumption of amino acids in mixed fermentation promoted the variety of corresponding flavour compounds, which boosted the formation of free YF YE. In addition, taste substances lactic acid generated 6.27 ± 0.115 g L−1 and nucleotides improved 15.05%, which were beneficial to natural YF free seasoning with YE as raw material.
Improving the freeze–thaw stability of emulsions via combining phosphatidylcholine and modified starch: A combined experimental and computational study
Authors: Zhong Jinfeng , Li Yifei , Qin Xiaoli , Li Jiaqi , Wang Yonghua 
Published: November 2021

SummaryPhosphatidylcholine (PC)‐coated emulsion was unstable during the freezing process. This study aimed to investigate the influences of octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch (OSAS) to PC weight ratios on the properties of the OSAS–PC complex and freeze–thaw stability of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. The results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation indicated that electrostatic interaction was dominant in the complex. When OSAS/PC weight ratios were 5:5, 6:4, and 3:7, the complex showed a relatively low interfacial tension, high interfacial layer thickness, and high apparent viscosity at low shear rate. Z‐average diameter in emulsions increased from 175.8 to 270.0 nm and zeta‐potential increased from –49.2 to –29.7 mV, when OSAS/PC weight ratio varied from 0:10 to 7:3. OSAS–PC complex in weight ratios of 3:7 and 5:5 remarkably improved the freeze–thaw stability of emulsions (no creaming and aggregates), which may be related to a thick and dense interfacial layer. These findings indicated that the freeze–thaw stability of PC‐stabilised emulsions could be improved by OSAS with low levels.
Soybean okara: Effect of ultrasound on compositional and emulsifying properties
Authors: Moscoso Ospina Yeisson A. , Porfiri María C. , Cabezas Dario M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHigh‐intensity ultrasound is widely used to modify the functional properties of macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, etc.) and to expand their range of potential applications. This work is aimed at studying the effects of ultrasound treatments on the composition of different soybean okara samples and their potential as an emulsifying agent. Defatted solvent‐free soybean flour (DSF) was extracted by adjusting dispersion to pH 9.0. Insoluble residues obtained after centrifugation were dried, and an unsonicated okara sample (UOK) was obtained. Furthermore, the soybean flour dispersion was subjected to treatment in a probe‐type ultrasonic homogeniser before or after the alkaline extraction process, thus producing SOK and OKS samples, respectively. The sonication process generated compositional and structural changes in okara soybeans. SOK had higher yield and protein content than UOK and OKS due to the insolubilisation of the glycinin (11S) fraction of soybean storage proteins. Due to these characteristics, the SOK sample showed the best emulsifying activity.
Towards inclusive collective industrial relations: Selected articles from theInternational Labour Reviewthroughout the last century
Authors: BOSCH Gerhard 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCollective industrial relations (CIR) are founded on particular rights that can be exercised only by employee representative bodies, not by individual employees. From the many publications on CIR that have appeared in the International Labour Review over the past 100 years, 15 contributions were selected for inclusion in this Centenary Issue. A criterion for the selection of an article was its focus on the strengthening of inclusivity ‐ that is, the extension of the protection afforded by CIR to as many people as possible and not just to privileged groups. Inclusive CIR are the precondition for reducing discrimination in the labour market and for universalizing decent work.
Les fournisseurs de premier rang sud‐coréens dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales de l'habillement: effets de la montée en gamme sur les travailleurs en Asie
Authors: KWON Hyunji , CHUNG Sun Wook , LEE Joonkoo 
Published: November 2021

RésuméLes auteurs s'intéressent à l'évolution des fabricants de prêt‐à‐porter de la République de Corée, notamment à l'ascension de certains d'entre eux au statut de fournisseurs de premier rang. Ils étudient le cas de deux de ces entreprises, devenues des multinationales, et montrent que la reconfiguration des chaînes de valeur mondiales de l'habillement au lendemain de la crise financière de la fin des années 2000 leur a donné l'occasion de monter en gamme. Si ces fournisseurs ont su s'imposer comme des partenaires compétents, les auteurs s'interrogent sur leur positionnement vis‐à‐vis des donneurs d'ordres et sur ce que cela implique pour les travailleurs.
La Revista Internacional del Trabajo y la igualdad de género: la importancia del trabajo remunerado y no remunerado de las mujeres
Authors: FOLBRE Nancy 
Published: November 2021

ResumenEn esta introducción se reflexiona sobre las contribuciones seleccionadas para el presente monográfico del centenario de la Revista Internacional del Trabajo (RIT) dedicado a las mujeres y la igualdad de género. Se pone de relieve la tendencia a subestimar el trabajo que las mujeres tradicionalmente han realizado tanto en el ámbito doméstico como en el mercado laboral. Asimismo, se hace hincapié en las diversas iniciativas destinadas a remediar estos inextricables problemas.
Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages instigates CCL21‐induced arthritis
Authors: Van Raemdonck Katrien , Umar Sadiq , Palasiewicz Karol , Meyer Anja , Volin Michael V , Chang Huan J , Al‐Awqati Mina , Zomorrodi Ryan K , Shahrara Shiva 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study was designed to delineate the functional significance of CCL21 in metabolic reprogramming in experimental arthritis and differentiated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) macrophages (MΦs). To characterize the influence of CCL21 on immunometabolism, its mechanism of action was elucidated by dysregulating glucose uptake in preclinical arthritis and RA MΦs. In CCL21 arthritic joints, the glycolytic intermediates hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), cMYC and GLUT1 were overexpressed compared with oxidative regulators estrogen‐related receptor γ and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC1)‐α. Interestingly, 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) therapy mitigated CCL21‐induced arthritis by restraining the number of joint F4/80+iNOS+MΦs without impacting F4/80+Arginase+MΦs. Similar to the preclinical findings, blockade of glycolysis negated CCL21‐polarized CD14+CD86+GLUT+MΦ frequency; however, CD14+CD206+GLUT+MΦs were not implicated in this process. In CCL21‐induced arthritis and differentiated RA MΦs, the inflammatory imprint was uniquely intercepted by 2‐DG via interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) downregulation. Despite the more expansive inflammatory response of CCL21 in the arthritic joints relative to the differentiated RA MΦs, 2‐DG was ineffective in joint tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐1β, CCL2 and CCL5 enrichment. By contrast, disruption of glycolysis markedly impaired CCL21‐induced HIF1α and cMYC signaling in arthritic mice. Notably, in RA MΦs, glycolysis interception was directed toward dysregulating CCL21‐enhanced HIF1α transcription. Nonetheless, in concurrence with the diminished IL‐6 levels, CCL21 differentiation of CD14+CD86+GLUT1+MΦs was reversed by glycolysis and HIIF1α inhibition. Moreover, in the CCL21 experimental arthritis or differentiated RA MΦs, the malfunctioning metabolic machinery was accompanied by impaired oxidative phosphorylation because of reduced PGC1α or peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ expression. CCL21 reconfigures naïve myeloid cells into glycolytic RA CD14+CD86+GLUT+IL‐6highHIF1αhigh MΦs. Therefore, inhibiting the CCL21/CCR7 pathway may provide a promising therapeutic strategy.
Aortic valve replacement rates in Australia from 2004 to 2019
Authors: Bamford Paul , Said Christian , Al‐Omary Mohammed S. , Bhagwandeen Rohan , Boyle Andrew 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeveral surgical and percutaneous treatments are available for patients with aortic valve disease.AimTo establish whether trends in aortic valve replacements (AVR) in Australia reflect recent evidence.MethodsUsing the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare data, this study calculated all AVR and balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) procedures conducted in all Australian hospitals from 2004 to 2019. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine whether age‐adjusted rates had changed over the study period.ResultsThere were 80 883 AVR performed. Of these, 66% were men and 64% were aged >70 years. Absolute rates of AVR increased from 3631 to 7277 with a significant 22% age‐adjusted rise seen (1.9% increase per year (+0.26 per 100 000 per year; 95% confidence interval 0.19–0.34); P < 0.001). This trend was more pronounced in men than women and in those aged >80 years (+0.23 per 100 000 per year; P < 0.001). Proportion of mechanical AVR implanted fell from 38.4% to 8.6% (P < 0.001). A total of 2683 transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedures was performed in 2019, representing a 52% annual increase from 2014. BAV increased from 66 procedures in 2004 to 862 in 2019.ConclusionRates of AVR have increased significantly over the past 16 years, particularly in the elderly. Despite international guideline recommendations, fewer mechanical AVR are being used in younger cohorts. The uptake in TAVI rates might reflect evidence that suggests it is a safe alternative, at least in the medium term. BAV has also seen a resurgence during this time period.
Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and reduced vision among indigenous Australians in the nurse‐led integrated Diabetes Education and Eye Screening study in a regional primary care clinic
Authors: Atkinson‐Briggs Sharon , Jenkins Alicia , Keech Anthony , Ryan Christopher , Brazionis Laima ,   Centre of Research Excellence in Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundNationally, Indigenous Australians are more likely to have diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR) than non‐Indigenous Australians. However, the prevalence of DR and impaired vision in regional primary care settings is unclear.AimTo describe the prevalence and severity of DR and presenting vision level among Indigenous Australian adults with diabetes attending an indigenous primary care clinic in regional Australia.MethodsParticipants underwent nurse‐led retinal imaging and DR screening with offsite retinal grading in the integrated Diabetes Education and Eye Screening (iDEES) project implemented at a regional indigenous primary healthcare setting between January 2018 and March 2020.ResultsOf 172 eligible adults, 135 (79%) were recruited and screened for DR and vision level. The median age was 56 (46–67) years, 130 (96%) had type 2 diabetes of median (interquartile range) duration 6 (2–12) years and 48 (36%) were male. Images from 132 (97.8%) participants were gradable. DR was present in 38 (29%) participants: mild non‐proliferative in 33 (25%); moderate–severe in three (2.5%); and sight‐threatening two (1.5%). Subnormal presenting vision was present in 33%.ConclusionsA nurse‐led model of care integrating diabetes eye screening and education at a single visit was successful at recruiting Indigenous Australian adults with diabetes, screening their vision and acquiring a high rate of gradable images. Even for a short duration of known diabetes, DR was present in three out of 10 patients screened.
Enhanced transport properties of Sn‐substituted proton‐conducting BaZr0.8Sc0.2O3–δ ceramic materials
Authors: Zvonareva Inna A. , Kasyanova Anna V. , Tarutin Artem P. , Vdovin Gennady K. , Lyagaeva Julia G. , Medvedev Dmitry A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHigh‐temperature proton conductors based on acceptor‐doped barium zirconate exhibit excellent chemical stability in atmospheres containing CO2 or H2O. However, due to their refractory nature, these conductors have a low grain growth rate, which negatively affects the overall electrical conductivity. A possible strategy for increasing the ionic conductivity of zirconates lies in the partial substitution of Zr‐ions with other isovalent dopants. In this work, we carried out systematic studies of the crystal structure, microstructure, hydration capacity, transport, and thermal properties of BaZr0.8–xSnxSc0.2O3–δ (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2). According to X‐ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy data, all studied ceramic samples have a cubic perovskite structure, whose average grain size decreases with tin doping. It is found that the composition with x = 0.1 exhibits the highest values in terms of total, ionic, grain, and grain‐boundary conductivities. The complex analysis of the obtained data shows that a low‐level substitution of Zr4+‐ with Sn4+‐ions is a competent approach for designing new proton‐conducting electrolytes attractive for high‐temperature applications.
New hard ternary Hf–Ir–B borides formed by reaction hafnium diboride with iridium
Authors: Lozanov Victor V. , Utkin Aleksei V. , Gavrilova Tatyana A. , Titov Anatoly T. , Beskrovny Anatoly I. , Letyagin Gleb A. , Romanenko Galina V. , Baklanova Natalya I. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA variety of the ternary Hf–Ir–B phases formed via the reaction between iridium and hafnium diboride at elevated temperatures was found. The data on the phase and elemental composition, as well as crystal structure, obtained by powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer, and time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction analysis unambiguously confirm that HfIr3Bx solid solution, two known ternary borides (HfIr3B4, Hf2Ir5B2), as well as two novel ternary HfIr2.1B1.3 and HfIr5.7B2.7 phases, are formed at elevated temperatures. This result is fundamentally different from that previously obtained by us for the Hf–Ir–C system in which only one binary intermetallic compound, HfIr3, was produced. The measured Vickers microhardness for all the aforementioned ternary borides (13–19 GPa) allows us to consider them hard. The coefficients of thermal expansion of ternary borides were measured by in situ high‐temperature X‐ray analysis.
Association of vitiligo with high‐frequency sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lien K.‐H. , Ger T.‐Y. , Chi C.‐C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe association between vitiligo and hearing loss has been noted but the specific frequencies and degrees of hearing impairment remain unclear. The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between vitiligo and hearing thresholds at various specific frequencies. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched MEDLINE and Embase for relevant studies from inception to 10th April 2021. Case‐control studies, cross‐sectional, or cohort studies that compared the frequency‐specific hearing thresholds between vitiligo patients and age‐matched non‐vitiligo controls were included. There were neither language nor geographic limitations. We used the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias of included studies. The DerSimonian and Laird random‐effects model was utilized in meta‐analyses due to expected clinical heterogeneity. We included 9 case‐control studies with 371 vitiligo patients and 349 controls, which were rated with low or unclear risk. We found neither relevant cross‐sectional nor cohort studies. The meta‐analysis showed that when compared with controls, vitiligo patients had significantly higher pure‐tone hearing thresholds at 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz. In conclusions, vitiligo patients are prone to high‐frequency sensorineural hearing loss.
Trichlorfon is effective against Dawestrema cycloancistrium and does not alter the physiological parameters of arapaima (Arapaima gigas): A large Neotropical fish from the Amazon
Authors: Cruz Matheus Gomes da , Jerônimo Gabriela Tomas , Bentes Sunique Poá Cordeiro , Gonçalves Ligia Uribe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of trichlorfon against Dawestrema cycloancistrium, as well as its physiological effects on arapaima. Naturally parasitized arapaima gill arches were exposed in vitro to 100, 250, 500 and 750 mg/L of trichlorfon and a control group (only distilled water), in triplicate. Parasites were monitored, and mortality was used to determine the median effective concentration (EC50). The 750 mg/L concentration demonstrated 100% in vitro efficacy against D. cycloancistrium after 60 min, while the intermediate (500 mg/L) and the lowest (100 and 250 mg/L) tested concentrations were completely efficient after 90 and 130 min, respectively. The EC50‐1h of trichlorfon for D. cycloancistrium was determined at 171.73 mg/L. Parasitized arapaima juveniles were exposed to a control group and 150 mg/L of trichlorfon in triplicate. Fish were exposed to two therapeutic baths for 60 min with 24‐h intervals between treatments. Therapeutic baths with 150 mg/L of trichlorfon were 92.99% effective against D. cycloancistrium and did not bring about haematological alterations (erythrogram, white blood cell count, thrombogram, plasma glucose and total proteins). Therefore, 150 mg/L of trichlorfon can be used in therapeutic baths to control and treat D. cycloancistrium infestations with no physiological impairments for arapaima.
Distribution of androgen receptor mRNA in the prepubertal male and female mouse brain
Authors: Cara Alexandra L. , Henson Emily L. , Beekly Bethany G. , Elias Carol F. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAndrogens are steroid hormones that play a critical role in brain development and sexual maturation by acting upon both androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen receptors (ERα/β) after aromatization. The contribution of estrogens from aromatized androgens in brain development and the central regulation of metabolism, reproduction, and behavior is well defined, but the role of androgens acting on AR has been unappreciated. Here, we map the sex specific expression of Ar in the adult and developing mouse brain. Postnatal days (PND) 12 and 21 were used to target a critical window of prepubertal development. Consistent with previous literature in adults, sex‐specific differences in Ar expression were most profound in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), medial amygdala (MEA) and medial preoptic area (MPO). Ar expression was also high in these areas at PND 12 and 21 in both sexes. In addition, we describe extra‐hypothalamic and extra‐limbic areas that show moderate, consistent and similar Ar expression in both sexes at both prepubertal time points. Briefly, Ar expression was observed in olfactory areas of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, several thalamic nuclei, and cranial nerve nuclei involved in autonomic sensory and motor function. To further characterize forebrain populations of Ar expressing neurons and determine whether they also coexpress estrogen receptors, we examined expression of Ar, Esr1 and Esr2 in prepubertal mice in selected nuclei. We found populations of neurons in the BST, MEA and MPO that coexpress Ar, but not Esr1 or Esr2, whereas others express a combination of the three receptors. Our findings indicate that various brain areas express Ar during prepubertal development and may play an important role in female neuronal development and physiology.