bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Food–Mood Questionnaire for university students
Authors: Aslan Çin Nazlı Nur , Şeref Betül , Özçelik Ayşe Özfer , Atav Serdar , Begdache Lina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjective:This study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Food–Mood Questionnaire (FMQ) for university students.Design:The original questionnaire developed by Begdacheet al.(2019) was modified and translated into Turkish. The content validation ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI) were used for content validity assessment. The construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on data collected on university students who completed the survey online. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and Cronbach’sαwere used to assess reliability and validity (P< 0·05).Setting:This study was conducted at five different universities in Turkey.Participants:A total of 251 (67 males and 184 females) undergraduate students participated in the study. Of these, seventy-five students completed a pre- and post-test assessment.Results:In the current study, 251 university students with a mean age of 21·9 ± 4·1 years participated. The mean CVR and CVI were 0·96 and 0·98, respectively. Factor loadings ranged from 0·341 to 0·863, and item total score correlations ranged from 0·142 to 0·749. Cronbach’sαcoefficient was 0·633 for the whole scale. Five factors were extracted that had a good fit in CFA (χ2/DF = 1·37, root mean error of approximation: 0·039, goodness-of-fit index: 0·911 and comparative fit index: 0·933).Conclusions:The Turkish FMQ is a valid and a reliable tool for university students. FMQ can be used by clinicians or researchers to examine the mental distress and dietary patterns of university students. Further testing of the FMQ is required for validation in the general population.
Planning for an Efficient Implementation of Hypothetical Bousi∼Prolog
Authors: JULIÁN-IRANZO PASCUAL , SÁENZ-PÉREZ FERNANDO 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the integration of hypothetical reasoning into an efficient implementation of the fuzzy logic language Bousi∼Prolog. To this end, we first analyse what would be expected from a logic inference system, equipped with what is called embedded implication, to model solving goals with respect to assumptions. We start with a propositional system and incrementally build more complex systems and implementations to satisfy the requirements imposed by a system like Bousi∼Prolog. Finally, we propose an inference system, operational semantics and the translation function to generate efficient Prolog programmes from Bousi∼Prolog programmes.
Estimation of food intake in sheep by blood assay for lithium content following ingestion of lithium labelled food
Authors: Vipond J.E. , Horgan G. , Anderson D. 
Published: November 2021

Current rationing systems for sheep and cattle aim to balance a deficit in a basal roughage diet by giving group-fed animals a fixed amount of supplementary food. Assumptions are made that both the intake of basal diet and supplementary feed are average values. Coefficients of variation in individual intake of supplementary feeds of 16-36% have however been observed (Foot and Russel, 1973; Foot et al, 1973) and this variation may be larger (67-107%) where supplements are available as feed blocks (Kendall et al, 1983; Ducker et al, 1981).Recent work on the selection of feed ingredients by sheep (Kyriazakis and Oldham, 1993) and the effect of physiological factors such as parasitism on diet selection (Kyriazakis et al, 1994) suggest that there may be biological mechanisms behind this variation. Estimation of intake of supplements has been difficult in the past, particularly at pasture using chronic oxide and N-alkane indigestible marker systems owing to the need for complete faecal collection procedures and handling procedures that disrupt grazing. A promising new method using lithium as a marker has been developed in Australia (Nolan et al, 1994). This work was undertaken to evaluate the lithium technique for use under UK conditions to elucidate causes of variation in supplement intake of sheep.
Effect of sward height and sheep breed on sward composition during summer grazing period
Authors: Mantecón A.R. , Jaramillo E. , Frutos P. , LavÃn P. 
Published: November 2021

The sward height could determine the intake of the herbivores and, at the same time, to affect to sward composition (Morris et al., 1994). If the foraging strategies is different among species could be also different among breeds of sheep (Milne, 1991).The objective of this work is to know the effect of sward height and sheep breed (churra and merina) on sward composition under irrigated and continous grazing system.The experiment was carried out according a factorial design 2x2x5, defined by:2 sward height (SH): low (LSH:<3.5 cm) and high (HSH:>6.5 cm)2 Spanish breed of sheep: Churra and Merina5 sampling periods: 1 (29.07), 2 (20.07), 3 (24.08), 4 (21.09) and 5 (19.10)The SH was recorded three times a week and they were adjusted using variable stocking rates with spares similar ewes. Available dry matter (kg/ha) was 318 and 943 for the low (3.7 cm) and high (6.5 cm) sward height, respectively.
Effect of supplementation level and sheep breed on hay intake and diet digestibility
Authors: Gonzalez-ChÃ¡barri E. , LavÃn P. , Mantecón A.R. 
Published: November 2021

Some recent studies (Frutos et al, 1992; Giraldez et al, 1993) comparing Spanish sheep breeds have indicate possible differences between breeds in the digestive diet utilization. The aim of this study was to compare voluntary food intake and diet digestibility in three sheep breeds when offered three levels of concentrate supplementation.A latin square trial (3x3x3) involving three sheep breeds and three levels of concentrate in three periods, with three replicates was designed. The breeds compared were Merina (39.83Â±10.05 kg live weight (LW)), Churra (44.33Â±9.86 kg LW) and Assaf (55.83Â±7.65 kg LW) and three non-productive ewes of each breed were used. All animals were divided into three groups of three animals (one ewe per breed) and housed in individual pens with free access to water and mineral blocks.
Timing of parturition in intensively managed ewes
Authors: Mitchell Linda M 
Published: November 2021

Many shepherds hold the view that the majority of lambings occur at night, particularly in the period just before dawn. Systematic studies of the timing of parturition in extensively managed ewes demonstrate a circadian pattern but reports differ with regard to the timing of peak incidence. Wallace (1949) found that peak incidence occurred between 00.00 and 04.00 hours confirming the traditional view. However George (1969) found that peak incidence for Dorset Horn ewes occurred during daylight hours.Under intensive management ewes are typically housed in artificially illuminated pens for the entire lambing period and are under continual observation. The objective of the present study was to investigate diurnal variations in the timing of parturition in ewes under such conditions.
Decreased methane production and altered fermentation in response to the addition of fumaric acid to the rumen simulation technique (rusitec)
Authors: López S. , ValdÃ©s C. , Newbold C.J. , Wallace R.J. 
Published: November 2021

Methanogenesis is the main means of disposal of hydrogen in the rumen. Its formation represents a substantial loss of energy to the animal, and it is also the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (Moss, 1993). Inhibition of methane production by ruminants would therefore have significant econimic and environmental benefits.One possible way to decrease methane formation in the rumen is to promote alternative metabolic pathways to dispose of the reducing power, competing with methanogenesis for the hydrogen uptake. Methane production by mixed rumen bacteria was decreased for short periods in vitro when fumarate was added to the medium (Demeyer & Henderickx, 1967). Fumarate is a metabolic precursor of propionate, and it is reduced to succinate by fumarate reductase. In the present experiment longer-term effects of fumarate supplementation on methane production were investigated by the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec).
To test the repeatability of a gas production method for assessing the in vitro fermentation of forages using micro-organisms derived from a rumen simulation technique (rusitec) or from sheep rumen liquor
Authors: Barbi J H T , Owen E , Theodorou M K 
Published: November 2021

When forage in vitro digestibilities are determined on different occasions, they can be different and this is generally related to differences in rumen liquor from which the microbial inoculum was obtained. Experiment 1 of the present study, using rumen liquor only, investigated whether fermentation kinetics of forages as determined by in vitro gas production assays (Theodorou et al, 1994) made on different occasions are repeatable. It was argued that kinetics of fermentation were likely to be more sensitive to quality of rumen micro-organisms than digestibility assessment.In previous experiments (Barbi et al, 1993, 1994a 1994b) to minimize the reliance on fistulated animals in feed evaluation, RUSITEC fluid was used to replace strained rumen liquor as the inoculum for the gas production method (PTT) of Theodorou et al (1994). Experiment 2 investigated whether the day-to-day repeatability of gas production assays using RUSITEC fluid was comparable to that using sheep rumen liquor.
Indigestible dry matter as internal marker to estimate digestibility in grazing sheep
Authors: Villalbal M. D. , Castro T. , Mantecón A.R. , Manso T. , Riesgo M. , salazar I. 
Published: November 2021

The use of Indigestible Dry Matter (IDM) has been proposed to be used as internal marker to estimate digestibility (Milne, 1977, Kotb and Luckey, 1972), but information of reliability of this marker is limited.The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of sward height and sampling period on Dry-Matter Digestibility of pasture (DMD), using IDM as internal marker.
Accuracy of conversion of sire evaluations to united kingdom (uk) predicted transmitting ability (pta) equivalents (holstein friesian)
Authors: Winters M.S. , Swanson G.J.T. , Mrode R.A. 
Published: November 2021

The International Dairy Cattle breeding industry characterises itself by ever increasing competition between countries. Frozen semen and embryos are easily transportable, providing breeders with access to bulls from almost anywhere in the world. Problems arise from the fact that each country produces genetic evaluations with different units, different expressions of genetic merit and different genetic bases. Without some means of standardisation it is very difficult to make the correct selection decisions.Procedures have been recommended and described by the International Bull Evaluation Service (INTERBULL) to convert foreign genetic evaluations to the genetic equivalents in the importing country (Philipsson et al. 1986). Previous research carried out in the UK has shown that converting foreign proofs to Improved Contemporary Comparisons (ICCs) worked well for Canada and New Zealand (Swanson et al, 1989). The change in the evaluation systems in the UK and elsewhere, to an Individual Animal Model, plus the availability of more data from more countries, were reasons to re-look at the accuracy with which the current conversion method predicts the actual PTA for milk, fat and protein within the UK.
Whole rapeseed in pig finishing diets - effects on carcase and meat quality
Authors: Matthews K R , Homer D B 
Published: November 2021

Whole rapeseed can be used to provide energy economically in pig finishing diets. There has been concern that the unsaturated nature of the oil can give rise to adverse effects on fat firmness, visual appeal and eating quality of pork. Danish workers, for example, have recommended inclusion at no more than 4% of finishing rations (Madsen et al, 1992). MLC's Blueprint for Pork (MLC, 1992) limits whole rapeseed to between 4 and 5% of the diet due to its restriction on total oil content to 3.5%.A trial was designed to establish whether any carcase or sensory quality differences result from inclusion of 5 or 10% whole rapeseed in pig diets.
Evaluation of maternal and piglet influences on performance of Meishan synthetic and European White breeds of pig during lactation
Authors: Sinclair A G , Edwards S A , Hoste S , McCartney A 
Published: November 2021

Meishan synthetic sows and gilts have been shown to produce higher litter weights at weaning than White breed type sows and gilts (Sinclair et al. 1995). The explanation for increased litter weight weaned could be attributed to one of three areas: (1) The M sows are inherently better mothers than W and can support a higher level of piglet production. (2) The higher piglet production could be solely a result of hybrid vigour in the cross-bred piglets. (3) The increased litter production could be primarily attributed to a higher number of piglets born and reared by M. This experiment aimed to evaluate the maternal post-natal effects by standardising litters between breeds by cross-fostering techniques.Sixty-four 3rd parity sows were used in a 2x2x2 factorial experiment to assess the influence of maternal breed type (Meishan synthetic 50% [M] or pure-bred European Landrace and Large White [W]), litter size (8 [L] or 12 [H] piglets) and breed of piglet (25% Meishan hybrid [m] or white hybrid [w]) on sow and litter production over a 28 day lactation. All litters were formed by cross-fostering 24hrs after farrowing.
Maternal effects and Chicken Growth
Authors: Catterall J. H. , Pollott G. E. 
Published: November 2021

Previous research into the genetics of broiler traits in a commercial breeding operation found a significant maternal effect on juvenile body weight, at 32 days of age, in addition to the additive genetic effect (Morris and Pollott, 1995). Since no nurture or imitative behaviour occurs between the dam and offspring in modem broiler production, any maternal effects are likely to be conferred to the offspring via the egg. This study attempts to investigate the nature of these effects.Pedigreed eggs from two separate broiler breeding lines, one experimental male line and one experimental female line, were individually weighed prior to incubation. In total 2871 eggs were weighed, 1887 eggs from the experimental female line and 984 eggs from experimental male line.
The prediction of intake potential and organic matter digestibility of grass silages by near infrared spectroscopy analysis of undried samples
Authors: Park R.S. , Gordon F.J. , Cooper K. , Steen R.W.J. 
Published: November 2021

Baker et al. (1994) and Park et al. (1996) have demonstrated the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the prediction of organic matter digestibility (OMD) of grass silages. Equally, Steen et al. (1995) and Park et al. (1996) have shown a similar potential in the use of NIRS to predict intake potential. However these workers have all used NIRS with dried silage samples, a practice which increases analytical costs and results in differential losses of volatile components. The present study was designed to explore the potential of NIRS with undried silage for the prediction of OMD and intake potential.One hundred and thirty six grass silages, produced commercially on farms across Northern Ireland, were selected and their ad libitum intake and OMD determined through cattle and sheep respectively (Steen et al., 1995).
Evidence for a new form of dominant negative imprinting at the ovine callipyge locus
Authors: Cockett N.E. , Jackson S.P. , Shay T.L. , Farnir F. , Berghmans S. , Nielsen D. , Snowder G.D. , Georges M. 
Published: November 2021

In 1983, the occurrence of a ram exhibiting an exceptional muscular development was reported in a flock of Dorset sheep. This unusual phenotype was transmitted to some of the offspring, and subsequent matings involving hypermuscled male descendents of the founder ram and normal ewes clearly demonstrated a 50%-50%, sex-independent segregation ratio of the trait. It was therefore postulated that a dominant mutation (CLPG versus the normal clpg allele) at the autosomal “callipyge“ locus was responsible for this hypertrophy. Using the same family material, the callipyge locus was unambiguously mapped to the distal part of ovine chromosome 18 (Cockett et al., 1994).In this paper, we present very strong evidence that the callipyge locus is subjected to a previously undescribed form of parental imprinting. It is indeed demonstrated that animals only express the callipyge phenotype if they have inherited the CLPG mutation from their sire, not if it is transmitted by the dam.
The performance of growing and finishing pigs offered diets formulated to reduce nitrogen excretion
Authors: Kay R.M. , Lee P.A. 
Published: November 2021

In the UK, farm animal effluents have been identified as a major potential source of nitrate pollution of the water system and it would be beneficial if nitrogen excretion from animals could be kept to a minimum. Recent work (Kay and Lee, 1995 and Lee et al., 1995), has shown that nitrogen excretion by pigs can be reduced by approximately 40 per cent by supplying amino acids in the diet in better agreement with the pigs requirement than currently available commercial diets. However, such diets will only be acceptable to the pig industry if they also maintain pig performance.One hundred and ninety two pigs housed in 16 groups of 12 were given either a commercially available diet (G-com) or a diet (G-lc) low in crude protein (CP) during the growing phase (35-55kg). During the finishing phase (65-90kg), these pigs were then given either a commercially available diet (F-com) or a low CP diet (F-lc).
An examination of the effect of concentrate energy source on milk production of dairy cows offered grass silages with differing intake characteristics
Authors: Keady T.W.J. , Mayne C.S. , Marsden M. 
Published: November 2021

Considerable progress has been made recently at this Institute in improving the accuracy of prediction of silage intake when offered as the sole diet. However in most farm situations, silage is usually supplemented with varying levels and types of concentrate when offered to dairy cattle. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on the voluntary food intake and milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cattle when offered a diverse range of grass silages.A total of five grass silages were used in the study, silages A, B and D were produced from primary regrowths, while silages C and E were produced from second regrowths of perennial ryegrass swards. Silages A, B, C, D and E were ensiled after 48, 24, 0, 0 and 24 hour wilting periods. Silages A and C were ensiled untreated, B and D treated with an inoculant, and silage E treated with a formic acid based additive.
The effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted grass silages on digestibility by sheep and intake and performance by dairy cows
Authors: Yan T. , Patterson D.C. , Gordon F.J. 
Published: November 2021

In a previous study carried out at this Institute the application of a bacterial inoculant to unwilted grass at ensiling produced significant increases in silage DM intake and milk production across 3 harvests, while the use of the inoculant with wilted grass silages indicated no benefits in those two parameters (Yan, Patterson and Gordon, 1995). The reason for the lack of improvement when the inoculant was used with wilted grass silages was unclear, but could partially reflect greater potential rates of aerobic deterioration with wilted inoculated than wilted untreated silages during the feeding-out period. The present study was designed to further investigate the effects of inoculation of both unwilted and wilted grass silages.A set of four silages, comprising unwilted and wilted material, both with and without application of one of four bacterial inoculants at ensiling, was prepared from perennial ryegrass swards on each of 8 harvesting occasions during 1994.
β-Carotene and protein complex found in microsomal membranes of bovine corpora lutea
Authors: Holt AJ , Rodway RG , Findlay JBC , Sands HS , Batchelder DN 
Published: November 2021

The role of β-carotene in the fertility of ruminant animals has long been acknowledged (Friesecke, 1978). Initially this was thought to be due to its action as a vitamin A precursor but recently β-carotene itself has been considered responsible for improving reproductive performance (Hurley & Doane, 1989). The mechanism by which β-carotcne acts is unclear, but as its concentration in the corpus luteum was typically found to be 70Î¼g per gram of tissue, its biological action is probably exerted in this area.β-Carotene has been studied in the bovine corpus luteum using Raman spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel filtration chromatography. The structure of β-carotene produces a characteristic Raman spectrum and by utilising an imaging technique, photographs of isolated luteal cells were obtained indicating the regions of β-carotene within them. Differential centrifugation was used to obtain pure subcellular fractions of luteal cells.
Supplementation of Spring Calving Dairy Cows Grazing Spring and Summer Growths of Grass/Clover Mixtures
Authors: Hameleers A , Roberts D J 
Published: November 2021

Grass/clover swards vary in nitrogen (N) content throughout the season. This is mainly due to the changing proportion of clover in the sward, being low in spring and increasing throughout the grazing season as shown by SÃ¸egaard (1993). This could have major implications for efficiency of the grazing animal as demonstrated by Beever et al(1986). Season specific supplementation could be necessary in order to maximise utilisation and N-efficiency.Two grazing experiments were carried out with 30 multiparous Holstein Friesian cows on a spring (1) and summer (2) growth of a grass clover pasture containing 7.1 and 38.2% clover in the DM respectively. The three supplementation treatments (Al, Bl, CI) on the spring (1) sward consisted on 0.7, 3.1 and 3.1 kg DM day-1 of a concentrate with an analysis of ME and CP of 10.4, 12.2, 12.3 MJ kg DM-1 and 276, 230 and 204 g kg DM-1 respectively for treatment Al, Bl and CI aiming to supply 90, 100 and 90% of ERDP requirements.
Investigations on the use of the mobile bag technique in ponies
Authors: Hyslop J J , Cuddeford D 
Published: November 2021

The mobile bag technique has been employed to study the small intestinal digestibility of feed components in ruminants and total tract digestibility values in pigs. This study reports some preliminary investigations on the use of mobile bags to estimate both total and partial tract digestibility values in ponies.Four caecally fistulated Welsh cross pony geldings (approx LW 250 kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay (DM: 918, CP: 73, NDF: 716) plus 30 g/h/d of a horse mineral supplement. Mobile bags were prepared from monofilament polyester mesh with a pore size of 41 um using a commercial heat sealer and were used to estimate the feed constituent digestibility of a commercial horse concentrate (DM: 918, CP: 151, NDF: 403) in both the total tract and post-ileal segments of the ponies digestive tract.
Optimising calf starter feeds before and after weaning
Authors: Newbold J.R. , Morris H.W. , Haggis N.G. 
Published: November 2021

Calves are often offered the same starter feed both before and after weaning. Starters which promote high rates of intake facilitate earlier weaning (thus reducing milk replacer usage) but can impair feed conversion efficiency (FCE) after weaning (Newbold et al., unpublished).The objective of this experiment was to compare a combination of an optimal pre-weaning diet and an optimal post-weaning diet with a conventional starter fed both before and after weaning. 'Optimal' diets had previously been identified as superior to the conventional starter in terms of either feed intake (pre-weaning) or FCE (post-weaning).