bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spirulina platensis Extract Nanoliposomes: Preparation, Characterization, and Application to White Cheese
Authors: Zanganeh Esmaeil , Mirzaei Hamid , Jafari Seid Mahdi , Javadi Afshin , Afshar Mogaddam Mohammad Reza 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Ultrafiltration cheese is produced in large scale from treated pasteurized milk with mesophilic starter, and to expand its shelf life, preservatives addition is needed.

Objective
The purpose of the present study was preparation of encapsulate Spirulina platensis algae nanoliposomes to evaluate the characteristics of the nanoliposomes loaded with Spirulina extract (SE-NLs). In addition, the chemical and microbiological properties of white cheese produced with SE-NLs were studied.

Method
Nanoliposomes are composed of lecithin and cholesterol, used for the encapsulation of SE. The SE-NLs were prepared using the thin-layer hydration method. The characteristics of produced SE-NLs including particle size, zeta potential, morphology, and the encapsulation efficiency were studied during 4 weeks in different storage conditions (4°C and 25°C). In addition, the effect of SE and SE-NLs on the chemical and microbiological properties of white cheese was evaluated during 60 days of ripening.

Results
The results showed that the nanoliposomes loaded with 3 mg/g of SE had the optimum formulation due to the higher EE, smaller particle size, and higher negatively charged zeta potential. The quality of the produced nanoliposomes decreased by increasing the time of storage, but the SE-NLs stored at 4°C were more stable and possessed higher EE and smaller particle sizes. While the chemical composition of the cheeses manufactured by the nanoliposome loaded with 3 mg/g SE-NLs were comparable to that of control cheese at 60 days of ripening, it showed a significant inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes after 30 days.

Conclusions
The utilization of SE-NLs can be considered a natural antimicrobial and an alternative to the use of synthetic preservatives in the production of white cheese.

Highlights
Nanoliposomes of Spirulina platensis extracts were prepared. Ultrafiltration white cheese prepared by nanoliposomes then was evaluated.
Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1–Related Biomarkers and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ma Chaoran , Wang Ye , Wilson Kathryn M , Mucci Lorelei A , Stampfer Meir J , Pollak Michael , Penney Kathryn L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Experimental and epidemiologic evidence supports the role of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels with the risk of prostate cancer. Most circulating IGF-1 is bound to specific binding proteins, and only about 5% circulates in a free form. We explored the relation of free IGF-1 and other components of the IGF system with lethal prostate cancer.

Methods
Using prospectively collected samples, we undertook a nested case-only analysis among 434 men with lethal prostate cancer and 524 men with indolent, nonlethal prostate cancer in the Physicians’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Prediagnostic plasma samples were assayed for free IGF-1 and total IGF-1, acid labile subunit, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), and intact and total IGF binding protein 4. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between IGF-1–related biomarkers and lethal prostate cancer using unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for age, height, and body mass index.

Results
Men in the highest quartile of PAPP-A levels had 42% higher odds of lethal prostate cancer (pooled adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.92) compared with men in the lowest 3 quartiles. There were no statistically significant differences in the other plasma analytes. The positive association between PAPP-A and lethal prostate cancer was present among men with intact PTEN but not among those with tumor PTEN loss (2-sided Pinteraction = .001).

Conclusions
Our study provides suggestive evidence that among men who later develop prostate cancer, higher plasma PAPP-A levels measured prior to diagnosis are associated with increased risk of lethal compared with indolent disease.
Analysis of the PEBP gene family and identification of a novelFLOWERING LOCUS Torthologue in sugarcane
Authors: Venail Julien , da Silva Santos Paulo Henrique , Manechini Joao Ricardo , Alves Leonardo Cardosos , Scarpari Maximiliano , Falcão Thais , Romanel Elisson , Brito Michael , Vicentini Renato , Pinto Luciana , Jackson Stephen Derek 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important economic crop for both sugar and biomass, the yields of which are negatively affected by flowering. The molecular mechanisms controlling flowering in sugarcane are nevertheless poorly understood. RNA-seq data analysis and database searches have enabled a comprehensive description of the PEBP gene family in sugarcane. It is shown to consist of at least 13 FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like genes, two MOTHER OF FT AND TFL (MFT)-like genes, and four TERMINAL FLOWER (TFL)-like genes. As expected, these genes all show very high homology to their corresponding genes in Sorghum, and also to FT-like, MFT-like, and TFL-like genes in maize, rice, and Arabidopsis. Functional analysis in Arabidopsis showed that the sugarcane ScFT3 gene can rescue the late flowering phenotype of the Arabidopsis ft-10 mutant, whereas ScFT5 cannot. High expression levels of ScFT3 in leaves of short day-induced sugarcane plants coincided with initial stages of floral induction in the shoot apical meristem as shown by histological analysis of meristem dissections. This suggests that ScFT3 is likely to play a role in floral induction in sugarcane; however, other sugarcane FT-like genes may also be involved in the flowering process.
Anomalous nature of outbursts of black hole candidate 4U 1630−472
Authors: Chatterjee Kaushik , Debnath Dipak , Bhowmick Riya , Nath Sujoy Kumar , Chatterjee Debjit 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The Galactic black hole candidate (BHC) 4U 1630−472 has gone through several outbursts (13 to be particular) in the last two and a half decades starting from the RXTE era till date. Like the outbursts of other transient BHCs, the outbursts of this source show variations in duration, peak numbers, highest peak flux, etc. However, unlike other soft X-ray transients, this source showed outbursts of two types, such as normal and super. The normal outbursts of duration ∼100−200 d are observed with an average recurrence or quiescence period of ∼500 d. The super outbursts of duration ∼1.5−2.5 yr, consist of more than one normal outburst and one mega outburst. We make an effort to separate the flux contributions of the normal and mega components from the super outbursts, and try to understand the nature of evolution of both types (normal and mega) of outbursts, based on the quiescent period prior to the outbursts. Archival data of RXTE or ASM from 1996 January to 2011 June, and MAXI or GSC from 2009 August to 2020 July are used for our study. Based on the variations of various properties of both the normal and mega outbursts, we think that this BHC is a special source which may contain two companions. Two companions might be responsible for two types of outbursts.
Systematic Korea Microlensing Telescope Network planetary anomaly search – III. One wide-orbit planet and two stellar binaries
Authors: Wang(王涵悦) Hanyue , Zang(臧伟呈) Weicheng , Zhu(祝伟) Wei , Hwang Kyu-Ha , Udalski Andrzej , Gould Andrew , Han Cheongho , Albrow Michael D , Chung Sun-Ju , Jung Youn Kil , Kim Doeon , Ryu Yoon-Hyun , Shin In-Gu , Shvartzvald Yossi , Yee Jennifer C , Cha Sang-Mok , Kim Dong-Jin , Kim Hyoun-Woo , Kim Seung-Lee , Lee Chung-Uk , Lee Dong-Joo , Lee Yongseok , Park Byeong-Gon , Pogge Richard W , Poleski Radoslaw , Mróz Przemek , Skowron Jan , Szymański Michał K , Soszyński Igor , Pietrukowicz Paweł , Kozłowski Szymon , Ulaczyk Krzysztof , Rybicki Krzysztof A , Iwanek Patryk , Wrona Marcin , Gromadzki Mariusz , Yang(杨弘靖) Hongjing , Mao(毛淑德) Shude , Zhang(张翔宇) Xiangyu 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Only a few wide-orbit planets around old stars have been detected, which limits our statistical understanding of this planet population. Following the systematic search for planetary anomalies in microlensing events found by the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network, we present the discovery and analysis of three events that were initially thought to contain wide-orbit planets. The anomalous feature in the light curve of OGLE-2018-BLG-0383 is caused by a planet with mass ratio q = 2.1 × 10−4 and a projected separation s = 2.45. This makes it the lowest mass-ratio microlensing planet at such wide orbits. The other two events, KMT-2018-BLG-0998 and OGLE-2018-BLG-0271, are shown to be stellar binaries (q &gt; 0.1) with rather close (s &lt; 1) separations. We briefly discuss the properties of known wide-orbit microlensing planets and show that the survey observations are crucial in discovering and further statistically constraining such a planet population.
How plants coordinate their development in response to light and temperature signals
Authors: Li Xu , Liang Tong , Liu Hongtao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Light and temperature change constantly under natural conditions and profoundly affect plant growth and development. Light and warmer temperatures promote flowering, higher light intensity inhibits hypocotyl and petiole elongation, and warmer temperatures promote hypocotyl and petiole elongation. Moreover, exogenous light and temperature signals must be integrated with endogenous signals to fine-tune phytohormone metabolism and plant morphology. Plants perceive and respond to light and ambient temperature using common sets of factors, such as photoreceptors and multiple light signal transduction components. These highly structured signaling networks are critical for plant survival and adaptation. This review discusses how plants respond to variable light and temperature conditions using common elements to coordinate their development. Future directions for research on light and temperature signaling pathways are also discussed.
In Search of the Invisible People: Revisiting the Concept of “Internally Displaced Persons” in Light of an Ethiopian Case Study
Authors: Regasa Dereje , Lietaert Ine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Internal displacement has become one of the most pressing humanitarian crises today, with the Global South being especially affected. Despite this, internally displaced persons (IDPs) remain underrepresented in humanitarian policy and academia. While attention for IDPs is increasing, the extent to whether the label actually embraces all circumstances of internal displacement can be questioned. We argue for a revision of contextualisation and conceptualisation of IDPs. Hence, drawing on a survey of literature and concrete examples from Ethiopia, the article revisits the concept of IDPs with the central aim of broadening its understanding. By tracing its emergence, evolution, and underlying assumptions, the findings show that the IDP label dominantly refers to displaced people in refugee-like situations. As a result, a large number of IDPs, such as those who are forcedly resettled and left unintegrated, are rendered invisible. Concretising processes of displacement within the Ethiopian case further illustrates the impacts of narrow conceptualisations and consequently, advances insights into possible drivers and types of IDPs. This illustrates the need for the scholarship to go beyond policy labels and adopt a contextualised understanding of IDPs while also contributing towards improving research and governance on the subject of IDPs.
Fascia Iliaca Pain Block Results in Lower Overall Opioid Usage and Shorter Hospital Stays than Epidural Anesthesia After Hip Reconstruction in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Laron Dominique , Kelley Jennifer , Chidambaran Vidya , McCarthy James 
Published: December 2021

Introduction and Objective:
Epidural anesthesia (EA) is often used for pain control in children with cerebral palsy (CP) who undergo hip reconstructions. The purpose of this study is to determine if preoperative fascia iliaca (FI) pain blocks would improve pain scores, decrease opioid use, and result in shorter hospital stays in comparison to the use of EA.

Methods:
This is a nonrandomized retrospective cohort study examining 60 consecutive patients with CP who underwent hip reconstruction utilizing either a fascia iliac compartment nerve block (FICNB) (N=37) or continuous lumbar epidural (N=22) from January 2017 to March 2019. Age at surgery was 8.5±4.6 years. We recorded age, weight, operating room (OR) time, FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale) scores on postoperative days (PODs) 0, 1, 2, and 3, opioid doses, overall opioid (mg) used, and length of stay. We compared pain scores, opioid usage, OR time, and lengths of stay between our 2 patient groups.

Results:
Pain scores were similar between groups on POD #0, 2, and 3 but were statistically improved on POD #1 (1.8±1.3 vs. 3.1±1.4, P<0.001). Total number of opiod doses (7.9±4.4 vs. 10.7±2.3, P=0.004), total milligram given (18.3±11.8 vs. 24.7±12.3, P<0.05), and milligram per kilogram given (0.77±0.42 vs. 1.11 mg/kg±0.36 mg/kg, P=0.001) were less for the FI group versus the epidural group. The OR time (which includes time for blocks/epidurals) was lower in the FI group (4.6±1.2 vs. 5.7±1.1 h, P=0.0002). Overall hospital stays were lower in the FI group (3.4±1.5 vs. 4.1±1.0 d, P<0.05).

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that in the setting of hip reconstruction, patients that received preoperative FI blocks used a lower amount of opioids, required fewer rescue doses and ultimately had a shorter hospital length of stay than those undergoing EA.
Baclofen Pump Use: Complications After Growth-friendly Instrumentation for Early-onset Scoliosis
Authors: Xu Amy L. , Marrache Majd , Hardesty Christina K. , Groves Mari L. , Erickson Mark A. , Murphy Robert F. , Thompson George H. , Sponseller Paul D. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) and spasticity may receive treatment with an intrathecal baclofen pump. We assessed how baclofen pumps are associated with the odds of complications and secondary interventions after growth-friendly (GF) spine surgery for EOS and analyzed infectious complications within the pump cohort.

Methods:
Using a prospectively maintained, international multicenter database, we studied patients with neuromuscular EOS with baclofen pumps who underwent GF spine surgery from 2002 through 2019 (n=25). Baclofen pumps were implanted before GF instrumentation in 18 patients, during in 2 patients, and after in 5 patients. Patients with existing pumps at initial GF spine surgery were matched 1:3 with 54 patients (control group) without pumps according to treatment center, year of surgery, diagnosis, surgery type, and preoperative curve magnitude. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed to compare complications and secondary interventions between the 2 cohorts.

Results:
Patients with baclofen pumps had 4.8 times the odds [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-16] of experiencing any complication within 1 year after initial GF spine surgery compared with controls. During mean follow-up of 6.9±4.3 years, they had 4.7 times the odds (95% CI: 1.3-16) of deep surgical site infection and 5.6 times the odds (95% CI: 1.2-26) of spinal rod removal after any complication. Differences in rates of mechanical complication, such as rod migration and breakage, were nonsignificant between the 2 groups. For the 9 patients (50%) with pumps who experienced infections, the most common microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus (4 patients) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2). The pump/catheter was revised or removed, in addition to antibiotic therapy or surgical irrigation and debridement, in 2 patients.

Conclusions:
Among patients with neuromuscular EOS, those with baclofen pumps are much more likely to experience complications within 1 year after GF spine surgery. They are also more likely to have deep surgical site infections, with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa being the most common causative organisms, and to require spinal rod removal.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Major Publications in the Critical Care Pharmacotherapy Literature: 2020
Authors: Bissell Brittany D. , Campbell Jeannee , Collins Reagan , Cook Charles , Desai Dharati , DeWitt Jessica , Eche Ifeoma Mary , Eche Ijeoma Julie , Elsamadisi Pansy , Juul Janelle , Kim Soyoung , Makowski Courtney T. , Mylvaganam Ruben J. , Smith Adam , Stancati Jennifer , Stonesifer Katherine , Tawil Justin , Smith Condeni Melanie 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To summarize selected meta-analyses and trials related to critical care pharmacotherapy published in 2020.

DATA SOURCES:
The Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Pharmacotherapy Literature Update group screened 36 journals monthly for impactful publications.

STUDY SELECTION:
The group reviewed a total of 119 articles during 2020 according to relevance for practice.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Articles were selected with consensus and importance to clinical practice from those included in the monthly Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Pharmacotherapy Literature Update. The group reviewed articles according to Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations criteria. Articles with a 1A grade were selected.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
Several trials were summarized, including two meta-analyses and five original research trials. Original research trials evaluating vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine versus hydrocortisone in sepsis, the use of nonsedation strategies, dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery, remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. Two meta-analyses determining the impact of norepinephrine initiation in patients with septic shock and the use of corticosteroids in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was included.

CONCLUSIONS:
This clinical review provides summary and perspectives of clinical practice impact on influential critical care pharmacotherapy publications in 2020.
Characteristics and Outcomes for Low-Risk Hospital Admissions Admitted to the ICU: A Multisite Cohort Study
Authors: Prager Ross T. , Pratte Michael T. , Thompson Laura H. , McNeill Kylie E. , Milani Christina , Maslove David M. , Fernando Shannon M. , Kyeremanteng Kwadwo 
Published: December 2021

IMPORTANCE:
Prognostication following ICU admission can often be determined based on known risk factors, including demographics and illness severity; however, little is known about outcomes of patients deemed to be “low-risk” at the time of hospital admission who subsequently are admitted to the ICU.

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this study were to determine the characteristics, outcomes, and costs for patients requiring ICU admission despite having lower predicted mortality when they were admitted to the hospital.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
In this historical cohort study, we used a prospectively maintained ICU registry that included all ICU admissions to The Ottawa Hospital for patients 18 years or older from January 2011 to December 2016. We classified patients as low-risk using the Hospital-patient 1-year Mortality Risk at admission score, a hospital admission score validated to predict 1-year mortality.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
The primary outcome was inhospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, resource utilization, and costs.

RESULTS:
Of the 17,173 total ICU patients, 3,445 (20.1%) were classified as low-risk at hospital admission. Low-risk patients were younger (48.7 vs 67.5 yr; p < 0.001) and had a lower Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (2.37 vs 4.14; p < 0.001). Mortality for low-risk patients was significantly lower than for non–low-risk patients (4.1% vs 25.4%; p < 0.001). For low-risk patients, multivariable logistic regression showed mortality was independently associated with older age (odds ratio, 1.02 per 1 yr; 95% CI, 1.00–1.03 per 1 yr), Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (odds ratio, 1.42 per 1 point; 95% CI, 1.31–1.54 per 1 point), fluid management adverse events (odds ratio, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.29–6.25), hospital-acquired infections (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.02–2.51), and mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.20–3.26).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
Despite their robust premorbid status, low-risk patients admitted to the ICU had significant inhospital mortality. Fluid management adverse events, hospital-associated infections, multiple organ dysfunction, and mechanical ventilation are important prognostic factors for low-risk patients.
The AIR-SED Study: A Multicenter Cohort Study of SEDation Practices, Deep Sedation, and Coma Among Mechanically Ventilated AIR Transport Patients
Authors: Moy Hawnwan P. , Olvera David , Nayman B. Daniel , Pappal Ryan D. , Hayes Jane M. , Mohr Nicholas M. , Kollef Marin H. , Palmer Christopher M. , Ablordeppey Enyo , Faine Brett , Roberts Brian W. , Fuller Brian M. 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To characterize prehospital air medical transport sedation practices and test the hypothesis that modifiable variables related to the monitoring and delivery of analgesia and sedation are associated with prehospital deep sedation.

DESIGN:
Multicenter, retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
A nationwide, multicenter (approximately 130 bases) air medical transport provider.

PATIENTS:
Consecutive, adult mechanically ventilated air medical transport patients treated in the prehospital environment (January 2015 to December 2020).

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
All data involving sedation (medications, monitoring) were recorded. Deep sedation was defined as: 1) Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale of –3 to –5; 2) Ramsay Sedation Scale of 5 or 6; or 3) Glasgow Coma Scale of less than or equal to 9. Coma was defined as being unresponsive and based on median sedation depth: 1) Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale of –5; 2) Ramsay of 6; or 3) Glasgow Coma Scale of 3. A total of 72,148 patients were studied. Prehospital deep sedation was observed in 63,478 patients (88.0%), and coma occurred in 42,483 patients (58.9%). Deeply sedated patients received neuromuscular blockers more frequently and were less likely to have sedation depth documented with a validated sedation depth scale (i.e., Ramsay or Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale). After adjusting for covariates, a multivariable logistic regression model demonstrated that the use of longer-acting neuromuscular blockers (i.e., rocuronium and vecuronium) was an independent predictor of deep sedation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.22–1.35; p < 0.001), while use of a validated sedation scale was associated with a lower odds of deep sedation (adjusted odds ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.27–0.30; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Deep sedation (and coma) is very common in mechanically ventilated air transport patients and associated with modifiable variables related to the monitoring and delivery of analgesia and sedation. Sedation practices in the prehospital arena and associated clinical outcomes are in need of further investigation.