bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling study of coffee extraction at different temperature and grind size conditions to better understand the cold and hot brewing process
Authors: Wang Xiuju , Lim Loong‐Tak 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study, the extraction kinetics, based on total dissolved solid (TDS), at different temperatures (4, 23, 50, and 93°C) for different grind sizes (VMD = 139, 643, 1,450, 1,747 μm) were investigated. Coffee extraction proceeded in initial fast extraction stage followed by a significantly slower extraction stage, which correspond to the extraction from surfaces of broken cells and the extraction from intact coffee cells, respectively. Diffusion inside the coffee particle is a very slow process, so breaking the cells is a very efficient way to increase the mass transfer rate. In addition, the ultimate extraction yield increased with increasing brewing temperature and decreasing of particle size. The Weibull distribution, pseudo‐first order and pseudo‐second order model were fitted to the kinetics data, with high coefficients of determination (0.687–0.998), and low root mean square error (0.02–0.26%). Meanwhile, exponential equations were created to correlate the derived rate constants (1/α, k1, and k2) with brewing temperature and particle size to achieve the prediction of brewing extent (TDSt/TDSeqm) at different temperature‐particle size combinations.Practical applicationsThis study investigated the kinetics of coffee extraction at different grind size and temperature conditions with the purposes to better understanding the cold and hot coffee brewing process, as well as to predict the coffee extraction. The findings in this study will have practical applications in three folds:
Help manufacturers of coffee brew products (ready to drink or concentrate) to better design and control their coffee extraction process.
Aid manufacturers of coffee extraction equipment and coffee brewers to improve their products
Provide reference information for coffee store, barista, coffee enthusiast, and consumers to brewing a better cup of coffee
Modeling of adsorption isotherm of freeze‐dried mahaleb powder using artificial neural network and calculation of thermodynamic sorption properties
Authors: Turker Izzet , Isleroglu Hilal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study, adsorption isotherms of freeze‐dried mahaleb powder were obtained using gravimetric method at four different temperatures (5, 25, 35, and 60°C). Experimental adsorption data were modeled using empirical models and artificial neural network. The GAB model gave the best fit among the empirical models with high R2 (0.9908–0.9982) and low P% (4.71–8.40%) values. However, artificial neural network (ANN) model having 10 hidden neurons optimized using Lavenberg‐Marquardth training algorithm was superior to the empirical models with the highest R2 (0.9965–0.9999) and lowest P% (0.74–8.52%) values. The ANN model explained the adsorption behavior of mahaleb powder ideally at all temperatures. In addition to the adsorption kinetics of mahaleb powder, thermodynamic properties such as isosteric heat of sorption, differential entropy and Gibbs free energy were also determined. Isosteric heat of sorption values were high when moisture contents of the powders were low. Also, differential entropy values followed the same trend which indicated that the adsorption process was driven by enthalpy. Gibbs free energy at the isokinetic temperature of 458.48 K was determined as −306.7 J/mol. Gibbs free energy values were below zero at all different temperatures. The results showed that ANN model can be suitable for predictive control systems in the food industry and the data obtained for thermodynamic properties can be useful for the storage of mahaleb powder in industrial scale.Practical ApplicationsAn intelligent model, which is artificial neural network was used for modeling of adsorption behavior of freeze‐dried mahaleb powder and it predicted the adsorption data better than empirical models. Thermodynamic properties which are mostly important for the prediction of energy consumption of a process were also determined. The data of the freeze‐dried mahaleb powder can be significant for the food industry in terms of prediction of shelf‐life and energy requirements.
SETD8 involved in the progression of inflammatory bowel disease via epigenetically regulating p62 expression
Authors: Chen Ping , Zhu Hua , Mao Yujuan , Zhuo Mingxing , Yu Yali , Chen Min , Zhao Qiu , Li Lianyun , Wu Min , Ye Mei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and AimEpigenetic modification is an important part of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Some studies proved that p62 was involved in inflammatory response and upregulated in IBD patients, and histone modification plays an important role in regulating p62 expression. SETD8, a histone H4K20 methyltransferase, has been reported downregulated in some inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated the role of SETD8 in the development of IBD and its underlying mechanisms.MethodsAn inflammatory cell model was established to elucidate whether SETD8 involved in inflammatory response in macrophages. Three percent dextran sodium sulfate‐induced colitis murine model injection with SETD8 inhibitor was used in our study to investigate whether SETD8 inhibition can affect the progress of IBD. The expression of SETD8 and p62 was measured by qRT‐PCR and western blot. The mRNA level of inflammatory cytokines was analyzed by qRT‐PCR. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation‐PCR was performed to identify the mechanism by which SETD8 regulates p62.ResultsSETD8 expression obviously decreased in vitro, in vivo models and in IBD patients. In lipopolysaccharide‐activated RAW264.7 cells, knockdown of SETD8 significantly increased the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‐2, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and MCP‐1. Based on the dataset, we verified that p62 was a target gene of SETD8 and chromatin immunoprecipitation‐PCR assay identified that silence of SETD8 distinctly decreases the H4K20me1 enrichment in the promoter of p62. Moreover, silencing of p62 partly reverses the SETD8 inhibition‐mediated pro‐inflammatory effect in vitro. Finally, SETD8 pharmacological inhibitor (UNC0379) aggravated the disease progression in dextran sodium sulfate‐induced murine colitis.ConclusionOur findings elucidate an epigenetic mechanism by which SETD8 regulates the p62 expression and restrains the inflammatory response in colitis. Our result suggests that targeting SETD8 may be a promising therapy for IBD.
A narrative review of updates in deprescribing research
Authors: Zimmerman Kristin M. , Linsky Amy M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesDeprescribing is a strategy intended to reduce harms associated with potentially inappropriate medications. Reflective of the growing interest in deprescribing, there has been an increase in related research to better understand the landscape, opportunities for improvement, how best to develop and implement interventions, and remaining knowledge gaps that can be addressed with additional study.DesignWe conducted a narrative review of recent deprescribing literature.SettingAs part of the US Deprescribing Network's inaugural conference in October 2020, we presented a narrative review of recent deprescribing literature to an audience with a range of clinical and research expertise.ParticipantsWe searched four databases for English‐language articles published between January 1, 2019 and August 31, 2020.MeasurementsWe evaluated titles, abstracts, and full‐length manuscripts for relevance, novelty, rigor and variety of methods; we also aimed for broad representation of authors, institutions, and nations.ResultsThe initial search returned 199 citations, from which we reviewed 18 full‐length manuscripts, selecting 10 articles to present. Salient themes included missed opportunities to deprescribe in potentially eligible patients, with variable impact of medication‐ and patient‐level factors, along with differing perspectives and behaviors between geriatricians, internists, and cardiologists. Clinical, financial, and economic drivers were also evaluated. Finally, attention was given to issues applicable to deprescribing research, including difficulty recruiting trial participants, perspectives of investigators, and integration of findings into clinical practice.ConclusionThis narrative review summarizes key advances in the field while also identifying priority areas for additional research.
The use of statistical modelling to identify important parameters for the shape of the torso following surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Gardner Adrian , Berryman Fiona , Pynsent Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe surgical strategy in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) aims to recreate the symmetry of the torso. This requires the minimisation of both the size of the scoliosis and the angulation between the sides of the torso, along with the recreation of a normal thoracic kyphosis. This study uses predictive modelling to identify the significance of the value of the pre‐operative parameters, and the change in the magnitude of the parameters as a result of an operation on the shape of the torso using the ‘most prominent points’; two areas of maximum prominence on either side of the spine with x, y and z coordinates. The pre‐operative values, and the change in magnitude between the pre and post‐operative values, for scoliosis, kyphosis and skin angulation from a group of Lenke 1 convex to the right AIS were analysed with measures collected using Integrated Spine Imaging System 2 surface topography and compared with those without visible spinal deformity. The models best explained the z coordinate and least well explained the x coordinate, although there was a contribution to all of the models that remained unexplained. The parameters that affected the position of the coordinates in the model differed between the models. This confirms that surgically altering the shape of the spine and torso whilst correcting an AIS does not lead to a symmetrical torso. There are as yet, undefined factors which contribute to the shape of the torso and which if identified and corrected surgically would lead to greater symmetry post‐operatively.
A comparative study of breed differences in the anatomical configuration of the equine vertebral column
Authors: Spoormakers Tijn Jan Pieter , Veraa Stefanie , Graat Elisabeth Anna Maria , van Weeren Paul René , Brommer Harold 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe importance of the equine thoracolumbar vertebral column in orthopaedic disorders is well recognized and diagnostic imaging becomes more feasible, but little is known about variations in the anatomical configuration within breeds. In this descriptive post‐mortem study, anatomical variations in three widely differing breeds: Warmblood horses, Shetland ponies and semi‐feral Konik horses are described. The caudal cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar (L) and sacral (S) regions of the vertebral column of 30 Warmblood horses, 29 Shetland ponies and 18 Konik horses were examined using computed tomography and visualized by volume rendering. Homologous/morphologic variations in the caudal cervical area were frequently seen in Warmblood horses (43%), which was significantly more than in the other breeds (p < 0.001). The as standard described equine formula of 18 T, 6 L and 5 S vertebrae was seen in 78% of Konik horses, but only in 53% Warmblood horses and 38% Shetland ponies, which was significantly different (p < 0.05). Overall, Shetland ponies showed a higher tendency of thoracoization, lumbarization and more variations in the number of vertebrae and pairs of ribs. Ankylosed intertransverse joints (ITJs) between transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae were most common between the second last and last lumbar vertebra and prevalence was significantly higher in Shetland ponies (61%), than in Warmblood horses (38%) and Konik horses (7%) (p < 0.0001). Cranial to the second last lumbar vertebra there were fewer ITJs ankylosed (14%) in Warmblood horses (p < 0.0095), and this decrease in number of ankylosed ITJs was different compared to the change in ankylosed ITJs in Shetland ponies (p < 0.005). ITJs occurred asymmetrically in 15% (12/77) of the cases. A limitation of the study was that clinical data of the horses were only incompletely available, precluding any conclusions about the potential clinical implications of anatomical variations. Knowledge of variation in osseous anatomy of the equine thoracolumbar vertebral column is important for the interpretation of diagnostic imaging. To assess the functional importance and clinical relevance of this variation, follow‐up studies are necessary.
A practice‐based model to guide nursing science and improve the health and well‐being of patients and caregivers
Authors: Chesak Sherry S. , Rhudy Lori M. , Tofthagen Cindy , Chlan Linda L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAims and ObjectivesThe purpose of this paper is to describe a model to guide nursing science in a clinical practice‐based setting. Exemplars are provided to highlight the application of this nursing research model, which can be applied to other clinical settings that aim to fill evidence gaps in the literature.BackgroundNurse scientists are well positioned to develop new knowledge aimed at identifying global health solutions to multiple disparities. The generation and application of this knowledge are essential to inform and guide professional nursing practice. While a number of evidence‐based practice models exist to guide the integration of literature findings and other sources of evidence into practice, there is a need for additional models that serve as a guide and focus for the conduct of research in distinct scientific areas in practice‐based settings.DesignModel development and description.MethodsMayo Clinic is a large, comprehensive healthcare system with a mission to address unmet patient needs through practice, research and education. PhD‐prepared nurse scientists engage in practice‐based research as an integral component of Mayo Clinic's mission. A practice‐based nursing research model was developed with the intent to advance nursing research in a clinical setting.ResultsThe components of the Mayo Clinic Nursing Research model include symptom science, self‐management science and caregiving science. The generation of nursing science is focused on addressing needs of patients with complex health conditions, inclusive of caregivers.ConclusionsWhile clinical settings provide rich opportunities for the conduct of research, priorities need to be established in which to focus scientific endeavours. The Mayo Clinic Nursing Research model may be applicable to nurses around the globe who are engaged in the generation of knowledge to guide practice.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThe Mayo Clinic Nursing Research model can be used by nurse scientists embedded in healthcare settings to address clinically relevant questions, advance the generation of new nursing knowledge and ultimately improve the health and well‐being of patients and caregivers.
The Experiences of Carers of Adults With Intellectual Disabilities During the First COVID‐19 Lockdown Period
Authors: Patel Varsha , Perez‐Olivas Gisela , Kroese Biza Stenfert , Rogers Gemma , Rose John , Murphy Glynis , Cooper Vivien , Langdon Peter E , Hiles Steve , Clifford Clair , Willner Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe recent COVID‐19 pandemic led to widespread international restrictions, severely impacting on health and social care services. For many individuals with an intellectual disability (ID) this meant reduced access to services and support for them and their carers.AimThe aim of this study was to gain insight into the ways parents of adults with ID coped during the first 2020 lockdown period.MethodsEight parents of adults with ID were interviewed. The recordings of these interviews were subjected to a thematic analysis.ResultsFour main themes were identified: powerless and unappreciated; coping under lockdown; support; and the impact of lockdown on well‐being.ConclusionsThe parents of adults with ID who made up our sample reported that they received little support from services and experienced a sense of powerlessness. Nevertheless, they were open to accepting support from family and friends and showed remarkable resilience. These findings are discussed in the light of the Willner et al. (2020) survey results on parental mental health and coping, and suggestions for future service provision during pandemic conditions are proposed.
The accuracy and precision of insulin administration using human and veterinary pen‐injectors and syringes for administration of insulin
Authors: Malerba Eleonora , Fracassi Federico , Del Baldo Francesca , Golinelli Stefania , Ceccherini Martina , Barbarossa Andrea 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundMany diabetic dogs and cats require small doses of insulin that must be administered accurately.ObjectivesTo compare the accuracy and precision of insulin syringes and pen‐injectors.AnimalsNone.MethodsTo determine how accurately and precisely insulin doses are delivered, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 U doses were dispensed 25 times from 5 SoloSTARs, 5 FlexPens, 5 KwikPens, 5 JuniorSTARs, 5 VetPens 0.5‐8 U, 5 VetPens 1‐16 U, and by 5 veterinarians using 30 U/0.3 mL and 40 U/mL insulin syringes. Each dose was weighed, using a precision balance, and the intended and delivered doses were compared.ResultsAll pen‐injectors delivered less insulin than the intended dose, underdosage being inversely proportional to insulin dose. The differences between the intended and the delivered dose were not significant using JuniorSTAR and VetPen 0.5‐8 U at insulin doses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 U, using the 30 U/0.3 mL insulin syringe at the 4 U dose and using the 40 U/mL insulin syringe at the 4, 8, and 16 U doses. With all the devices, precision increased with increasing doses of insulin. The coefficient of variation was <8% for all 6 pen‐injectors. Conversely, using 30 U/0.3 mL and 40 U/mL syringes at an insulin dosage of 0.5 U the coefficients of variation were 12.08% and 9.39%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceJuniorSTAR and VetPen 0.5‐8 U were more accurate than the other devices when delivering ≤2 U doses, while the delivery of 8 and 16 U doses was more accurate using 40 U/mL syringes.
Is plant reproductive efficiency expressed on a continuum of facilitation and competition?
Authors: Al‐Namazi Ali , Fazlioglu Fatih , Bonser Stephen Patrick 
Published: May 2021

AbstractQuestionsCompetition and facilitation form a continuum of interactions between plants from intensely negative to intensely positive. Competition has long been understood to be a major selective force driving the expression of adaptive strategies in plants. However, we remain uncertain if facilitation plays a similar role. In previous studies, the relative allocation to reproduction across plant species increases with increasing competition intensity, and this observation is generally consistent with life history theory (rather than traditional plant strategy theory). However, is facilitation also an important force in shaping adaptive strategies in plants?MethodsWe surveyed the literature for plant facilitation studies that included measures of plant performance (e.g. vegetative biomass, height) and reproduction (e.g. reproductive biomass, seed number). We tested for a relationship between relative reproductive efficiency (the allocation to reproduction in the presence of neighbours relative to the allocation of reproduction in the absence of neighbours), and facilitation interaction intensity (i.e. the increase in plant performance due to the presence of neighbours). We also compared this relationship to the previously published relationship between reproductive efficiency and competition intensity to test for a continuum of strategies on an axis of plant–plant interactions from intensely positive (facilitation) to intensely negative (competition).ResultsThe overall relationship between facilitation intensity and the relative reproductive efficiency is a common negative relationship for both annual and perennial life histories. We found a highly significant negative relationship across the competition–facilitation continuum, with reproductive efficiency in the presence of neighbouring vegetation high under intense competition and low under intense facilitation.ConclusionPlant reproductive strategies are expressed on a continuum of interactions from facilitation to competition. This continuum of interactions will be important in understanding how interactions between plants drive the evolution of adaptive strategies and control coexistence and diversity in plant communities.
How to become innovative: The trajectory of social assistance programs in Brazil
Authors: do Vale Helder Ferreira 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article proposes a theoretical framework to analyze conditional cash transfer programs, as the result of a process of social policy innovation in Brazil. The analysis reveals a traceable process of innovation behind the creation of two of these programs, Bolsa Família and Bolsa Verde. By focusing on the main drivers in the emergence of Brazilian cash transfer programs, the article analyzes the innovations in their evolution and shows that these programs are part of sequential policy learning. By exploring the drivers, actors, and phases of social policy innovation in Brazil, the article contributes to the literature on cash transfer programs by theorizing on how these social assistance programs innovate, endure, and expand over time. Furthermore, Brazil's trajectory of social assistance development dissected in this article reveals Bolsa Família and Bolsa Verde as outcomes of institutional dynamics that attempted to foster social investment and to reduce risks of poverty. In terms of specific contributions, the article identifies and delves into the configuration of multilevel network supporting cash transfer programs and the sequential phases of the development of these programs in Brazil that reveal a policy learning mechanism.
Inhibiting xCT/SLC7A11 induces ferroptosis of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells but exacerbates chronic liver injury
Authors: Du Kuo , Oh Seh Hoon , Dutta Rajesh K. , Sun Tianai , Yang Wen‐Hsuan , Chi Jen‐Tsan , Diehl Anna Mae 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsThe outcome of liver injury is dictated by factors that control the accumulation of myofibroblastic (activated) hepatic stellate cells (MF‐HSCs) but therapies that specifically block this process have not been discovered. We evaluated the hypothesis that MF‐HSCs and liver fibrosis could be safely reduced by inhibiting the cysteine/glutamate antiporter xCT.MethodsxCT activity was disrupted in both HSC lines and primary mouse HSCs to determine its effect on HSC biology. For comparison, xCT expression and function were also determined in primary mouse hepatocytes. Finally, the roles of xCT were assessed in mouse models of liver fibrosis.ResultsWe found that xCT mRNA levels were almost a log‐fold higher in primary mouse HSCs than in primary mouse hepatocytes. Further, primary mouse HSCs dramatically induced xCT as they became MF, and inhibiting xCT blocked GSH synthesis, reduced growth and fibrogenic gene expression and triggered HSC ferroptosis. Doses of xCT inhibitors that induced massive ferroptosis in HSCs had no effect on hepatocyte viability in vitro, and xCT inhibitors reduced liver fibrosis without worsening liver injury in mice with acute liver injury. However, TGFβ treatment up‐regulated xCT and triggered ferroptosis in cultured primary mouse hepatocytes. During chronic liver injury, xCT inhibitors exacerbated injury, impaired regeneration and failed to improve fibrosis, confirming that HSCs and hepatocytes deploy similar mechanisms to survive chronic oxidative stress.ConclusionsInhibiting xCT can suppress myofibroblastic activity and induce ferroptosis of MF‐HSCs. However, targeting xCT inhibition to MF‐HSCs will be necessary to exploit ferroptosis as an anti‐fibrotic strategy.