bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the influence of viscosity on the anisotropic dynamics of cosmological perturbations in the presence of a magnetic field
Authors: Di Gioia F. , Incarbone C. , Montani G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We analyse the influence that viscous effects can induce on the evolution of primordial perturbations to the isotropic universe in the presence of a weak uniform magnetic field. Previous analyses have shown that the presence of the magnetic field induces an intrinsic anisotropy in the perturbations dynamics, essentially because of the anisotropic character of the perturbed magnetic pressure. This anisotropic effect is of order unity in the perturbation amplitude, although it remains small in the linear theory when the density constraints are considered. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of viscosity, surely present in the early universe, on the growth of the perturbation anisotropy. The main merit of this study consists of demonstrating that a tiny overlapping exists in the parameter space to deal simultaneously with anisotropic features due to the magnetic field and the viscous damping of such density fluctuation. Actually, we demonstrate that the viscosity affects the value of the anisotropy, by smoothing the growing rate of the instability only when structure smaller than about 5000 solar masses are concerned. This result allows us to guarantee that the intrinsic anisotropy of the magnetized universe perturbations is not affected by the viscosity due to friction among inhomogeneous layers or compressive-like effects, and therefore, they remain good candidates for being seeds for filament formation across the universe.
Genetic Predisposition to Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Levels Is Positively Associated With Serum Urate Levels
Authors: Zhu Jiahao , Sun Lingling , Yang Jing , Fan Jiayao , Tse Lap Ah , Li Yingjun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Previous epidemiological evidence showed that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is related with gout. However, the causality and the direction of this association are still not definitely elucidated. We investigated bidirectional associations of T2D and glycemic traits with serum urate concentrations and gout using a Mendelian randomization approach.

Methods
Summary statistics from the large-scale genomewide association studies conducted for T2D (Ncase = 62 892, Ncontrol = 596 424), fasting glucose (N = 133 010), fasting insulin (N = 133 010), hemoglobin A1c (N = 123 665), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (N = 46 186), urate (N = 110 347), and gout (Ncase = 2115, Ncontrol = 67 259) among participants of European ancestry were analyzed. For each trait of interest, independent genomewide significant (P &lt; 5 × 10−8) single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected as instrumental variables. The inverse-variance weighted method was used for the primary analyses.

Results
Genetic predisposition to higher risk of T2D [beta = 0.042; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.016-0.068; P = 0.002] and higher levels of fasting insulin (beta = 0.756; 95% CI = 0.408-1.102; P = 1.96e-05) were significantly associated with increased serum urate concentrations. Moreover, we found suggestively significant evidence supporting a causal role of fasting insulin on risk of developing gout (odds ratio = 3.06; 95% CI = 0.88-10.61; P = 0.078). In the reverse direction analysis, genetic predisposition to both urate and gout were not associated with T2D or any of 4 glycemic traits being investigated.

Conclusions
This study provides supportive evidence on causal associations of T2D and fasting insulin with serum urate concentrations and a suggestive association of fasting insulin with risk of gout. Future research is required to examine the underlying biological mechanisms on such relationships.
How the Trump Administration's Pandemic Health Care Response Failed Racial Health Equity: Case Studies of Structural Racism and a Call for Equity Mindfulness in Federal Health Policy Making
Authors: Rosenbaum Sara , Handley Morgan , Morris Rebecca , Casoni Maria 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Context: The racial health equity implications of the Trump administration's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: We focus on four key health care policy decisions made by the administration in response to the public health emergency: rejecting a special Marketplace enrollment period, failing to use its full powers to enhance state Medicaid emergency options, refusing to suspend the public charge rule, and failing to target provider relief funds to providers serving the uninsured.
Findings: In each case, the administration's policy choices intensified, rather than mitigated, racial health inequality. Its choices had a disproportionate adverse impact on minority populations and patients who are more likely to depend on public programs, be poor, experience pandemic-related job loss, lack insurance, rely on health care safety net providers, and be exposed to public charge sanctions.
Conclusions: Ending structural racism in health care and promoting racial health care equity demands an equity-mindful approach to the pursuit of policies that enhance—rather than undermine—health care accessibility and effectiveness and resources for the poorest communities and the providers that serve them.
INPP5E controls ciliary localization of phospholipids and the odor response in olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: Ukhanov Kirill , Uytingco Cedric , Green Warren , Zhang Lian , Schurmans Stephane , Martens Jeffrey R. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The lipid composition of the primary cilia membrane is emerging as a critical regulator of cilia formation, maintenance and function. Here, we show that conditional deletion of the phosphoinositide 5′-phosphatase gene Inpp5e, mutation of which is causative of Joubert syndrome, in terminally developed mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), leads to a dramatic remodeling of ciliary phospholipids that is accompanied by marked elongation of cilia. Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], which is normally restricted to the proximal segment redistributed to the entire length of cilia in Inpp5e knockout mice with a reduction in phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] and elevation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] in the dendritic knob. The redistribution of phosphoinositides impaired odor adaptation, resulting in less efficient recovery and altered inactivation kinetics of the odor-evoked electrical response and the odor-induced elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+. Gene replacement of Inpp5e through adenoviral expression restored the ciliary localization of PI(4,5)P2 and odor response kinetics in OSNs. Our findings support the role of phosphoinositides as a modulator of the odor response and in ciliary biology of native multi-ciliated OSNs.
Not just shades of grey: life is full of colour for the ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro)
Authors: Schluessel Vera , Rick Ingolf P. , Seifert Friederike Donata , Baumann Christina , Lee Davies Wayne Iwan 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that marine stingrays have the anatomical and physiological basis for colour vision, with cone spectral sensitivity in the blue to green range of the visible spectrum. Behavioural studies on Glaucostegus typus also showed that blue and grey can be perceived and discriminated. The present study is the first to assess visual opsin genetics in the ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) and test whether individuals perceive colour in two alternative forced choice experiments. Retinal transcriptome profiling using RNA-Seq and quantification demonstrated the presence of lws and rh2 cone opsin genes and a highly expressed single rod (rh1) opsin gene. Spectral tuning analysis predicted these vitamin A1-based visual photopigments to exhibit spectral absorbance maxima at 461 nm (rh2), 496 nm (rh1) and 555 nm (lws); suggesting the presence of dichromacy in this species. Indeed, P. motoro demonstrates the potential to be equally sensitive to wavelengths from 380 to 600 nm of the visible spectrum. Behavioural results showed that red and green plates, as well as blue and yellow plates, were readily discriminated based on colour; however, brightness differences also played a part in the discrimination of blue and yellow. Red hues of different brightness were distinguished significantly above chance level from one another. In conclusion, the genetic and behavioural results support prior data on marine stingrays. However, this study suggests that freshwater stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae may have a visual colour system that has ecologically adapted to a riverine habitat.
Frequency and amplitude modulation of a cw-dye laser for measuring
hyperfine frequency separations in optogalvanic spectra of
139La I
Authors: Kumar P. V. Kiran , Srikanth G. 
Published: March 2021

This paper describes frequency modulation of a

c
w

-dye laser to generate a
frequency-discriminant dispersive signal by phase-sensitive detection
of the optogalvanic signal in a lanthanum hollow cathode lamp. The
frequencies of the six major hyperfine components in

5

d

2

6
s

4

F

9

/

2

(
4121.572

c
m

−
1

)

−

−

−

−

→

579.13

n
m

⁡
5

d

2

6
p

4

F

9

/

2

(
21384.0

c
m

−
1

)

transition in

139

L
a

I were measured with an accuracy of
50 MHz, using a calibrated wavemeter after locking the

c
w

-dye laser frequency to the dispersive
error signal of the constituent hyperfine component. The measured
hyperfine separations are found to be consistent with separations
measured using the standard amplitude modulation technique and also
with earlier reported results. The relative ease of the optical setup
for locking of the

c
w

-dye laser to optogalvanic spectra can
be adapted to atomic physics applications for stabilization of laser
frequency in the visible region.
Realistic performance analysis for visible light communication with random receivers
Authors: Fu Xian-Tao , Lu Rong-Rong , Wang Jin-Yuan 
Published: March 2021

In previous studies, the receivers in indoor visible light communication (VLC) were usually fixed. However, in reality, the receivers in VLC have random locations and orientations. Therefore, it is important to consider these random factors for performance analysis in VLC. In this paper, we consider a typical VLC system with a fixed transmitter and a random receiver. Two types of receivers are investigated: (1) those with random location and (2) those with random orientation. Based on the established system model, the statistical characteristics of the channel were obtained, and closed-form expressions of the average channel capacity and the outage probability were derived, respectively. Finally, numerical results verified the accuracy of derived theoretical expressions. Moreover, the effects of the nominal optical intensity, the dimming target, the transmitter height, the receiver zone’s radius, the outage threshold, and the Lambertian emission order on system performance were also provided.
Self-mode-locked alexandrite femtosecond lasers with multi-GHz repetition rates
Authors: Miao Rulin , Nie Yi , Wang Shiwu , Yu Haohai , Wang Jiyang , Zhang Huaijin , Wu Yicheng 
Published: March 2021

We report the laser-diode pumped multi-gigahertz (GHz) self-mode-locked alexandrite femtosecond (fs) lasers for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Using a simple linear cavity, stable mode-locked laser was achieved with a repetition rate of 3.6 GHz and a pulse width of 237 fs. Additionally, the second-harmonic mode-locked pulse was realized with a repetition rate of 7.5 GHz and a pulse width of 201 fs based on the Fabry–Perot effect generated in the laser cavity. It was observed that this laser possesses advantages of high repetition rate and short pulse width that enable the development of promising applications in modern ultrafast photonics.
Pre-clinical left ventricular myocardial remodeling in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia: A cardiac MRI study
Authors: Takazaki Karen A. G. , Quinaglia Thiago , Venancio Thiago D. , Martinez Alberto R. M. , Shah Ravi V. , Neilan Tomas G. , Jerosch-Herold Michael , Coelho-Filho Otávio R. , França Marcondes C. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundHeart Failure (HF) is the most common cause of death in Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA), an inherited mitochondrial disease. Myocardial fibrosis and myocardial hypertrophy are well-documented autopsy features among FRDA patients with HF.ObjectivesTo leverage the unique tissue characterization features of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for characterizing myocardial remodeling in patients with genetically confirmed FRDA without HF and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF > 55%).MethodsTwenty-seven FRDA’s patients (age 27.6 ± 9.7 years, 15 women) and 10 healthy controls (32.6±7.3 years, 5 women) underwent a CMR for assessment of LV function, myocardial T1, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), extracellular volume fraction (ECV), and intracellular water-lifetime (τic), a marker of cardiomyocyte size.ResultsAs compared to controls, FRDA patients had a preserved LVEF (LVEF: 70.5±7.4% vs. 63.9±9.0%, P<0.058), larger LV mass index (LVMASSi: 61±21.7 vs. 45±4.2g/m2, P<0.02), and decreased LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi 53.1±12.0 vs. 75.7±16.1ml/m2, P<0.001), compared with controls. Additionally, ECV and cardiomyocyte size (τic,) were larger in FRDA patients (ECV: 0.36 ±0.05 vs. 0.25±0.02, P<0.001; τic: 0.15±0.08 vs. 0.06±0.03 s, P = 0.02). ECV and τicwere positively associated with LV mass-to-volume ratio (ECV: r = 0.57, P = 0.003; τic: r = 0.39; P = 0.05). LVMASSi and cardiomyocyte mass-index [(1−ECV)·LVMASSi] declined with age at the CMR exam, independent of the age at initial diagnosis.ConclusionsLV hypertrophy and concentric LV remodeling in FRDA are associated at the tissue level with an expansion of the ECV and an increase in cardiomyocyte size. The adverse tissue remodeling assessed by ECV and τicis associated with more severe cardiomyopathy classification, suggesting a role for these markers in tracking disease progression.
British laypeople’s attitudes towards gradual sedation, sedation to unconsciousness and euthanasia at the end of life
Authors: Takla Antony , Savulescu Julian , Kappes Andreas , Wilkinson Dominic J. C. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Many patients at the end of life require analgesia to relieve pain. Additionally, up to 1/5 of patients in the UK receive sedation for refractory symptoms at the end of life. The use of sedation in end-of-life care (EOLC) remains controversial. While gradual sedation to alleviate intractable suffering is generally accepted, there is more opposition towards deliberate and rapid sedation to unconsciousness (so-called “terminal anaesthesia”, TA). However, the general public’s views about sedation in EOLC are not known. We sought to investigate the general public’s views to inform policy and practice in the UK.

Methods
We performed two anonymous online surveys of members of the UK public, sampled to be representative for key demographic characteristics (n = 509). Participants were given a scenario of a hypothetical terminally ill patient with one week of life left. We sought views on the acceptability of providing titrated analgesia, gradual sedation, terminal anaesthesia, and euthanasia. We asked participants about the intentions of doctors, what risks of sedation would be acceptable, and the equivalence of terminal anaesthesia and euthanasia.

Findings
Of the 509 total participants, 84% and 72% indicated that it is permissible to offer titrated analgesia and gradual sedation (respectively); 75% believed it is ethical to offer TA. Eighty-eight percent of participants indicated that they would like to have the option of TA available in their EOLC (compared with 79% for euthanasia); 64% indicated that they would potentially wish for TA at the end of life (52% for euthanasia). Two-thirds indicated that doctors should be allowed to make a dying patient completely unconscious. More than 50% of participants believed that TA and euthanasia were non-equivalent; a third believed they were.

Interpretation
These novel findings demonstrate substantial support from the UK general public for the use of sedation and TA in EOLC. More discussion is needed about the range of options that should be offered for dying patients.
Case fatality and recurrent tuberculosis among patients managed in the private sector: A cohort study in Patna, India
Authors: Huddart Sophie , Singh Mugdha , Jha Nita , Benedetti Andrea , Pai Madhukar 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundA key component of the WHO End TB Strategy is quality of care, for which case fatality is a critical marker. Half of India’s nearly 3 million TB patients are treated in the highly unregulated private sector, yet little is known about the outcomes of these patients. Using a retrospective cohort design, we estimated the case fatality ratio (CFR) and rate of recurrent TB among patients managed in the private healthcare sector in Patna, India.MethodsWorld Health Partners’ Private Provider Interface Agencies (PPIA) pilot project in Patna has treated 89,906 private sector TB patients since 2013. A random sample of 4,000 patients treated from 2014 to 2016 were surveyed in 2018 for case fatality and recurrent TB. CFR is defined as the proportion of patients who die during the period of interest. Treatment CFRs, post-treatment CFRs and rates of recurrent TB were estimated. Predictors for fatality and recurrence were identified using Cox proportional hazards modelling. Survey non-response was adjusted for using inverse probability selection weighting.ResultsThe survey response rate was 56.0%. The weighted average follow-up times were 8.7 months in the treatment phase and 26.4 months in the post-treatment phase. Unobserved patients were more likely to have less than one month of treatment adherence (32.0% vs. 13.5%) and were more likely to live in rural Patna (21.9% vs. 15.0%). The adjusted treatment phase CFR was 7.27% (5.97%, 8.49%) and at 24 months post-treatment was 3.32% (2.36%, 4.42%). The adjusted 24 month post-treatment phase recurrent TB rate was 3.56% (2.54%, 4.79%).ConclusionsOur cohort study provides critical estimates of TB patient outcomes in the Indian private sector, and accounts for selection bias. Patients in the private sector in Patna experienced a moderate treatment CFR but rates of recurrent TB and post-treatment fatality were low.
GM-1111 reduces radiation-induced oral mucositis in mice by targeting pattern recognition receptor-mediated inflammatory signaling
Authors: Pulsipher Abigail , Savage Justin R. , Kennedy Thomas P. , Gupta Kavita , Cuiffo Benjamin G. , Sonis Stephen T. , Lee Won Yong 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common, painful side effect of radiation therapy used for the treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC). Activation of the innate immune system upon irradiation has been identified as a key precipitating event of OM. To better understand OM’s pathogenesis, we studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of radiation-induced OM. We also tested therapeutic efficacy of GM-1111 that targets innate immune system to reduce radiation-induced OM.

Methods and materials
The pathogenesis of OM was studied in a single X-ray induced mouse model. The severity of OM was measured by visual and microscopical examinations. The irradiation-induced changes of PRRs and their downstream effector cytokine gene expression levels were determined. The efficacy of GM-1111 to reduce OM was tested in single and fractionated irradiation mouse models. The impact of the drug on tumor response to radiation therapy was also tested in a mouse model of human HNC.

Results
Radiation-induced tissue ulcerations were radiation-dosage and -time dependent. The lesions showed selective increases in PRR and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression levels. Once daily administration of GM-1111 (≥30 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly reduced the severity and the incidence of OM. The drug had little effect on PRRs but significantly inhibited downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. GM-1111 did not interfere radiation therapy to induce HNC SCC-25 tumor regression. Instead, we observed significant drug-induced tumor regression.

Conclusions
Radiation induces tissue damages. The increased expression levels of PRRs and their downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the damaged tissues suggest their important contribution to the pathogenesis of OM. Drug GM-1111 that targets these innate immune molecules may be a potential drug candidate as an intervention for OM.
Retrofitting recycled stripping gas in a glycol dehydration regeneration unit
Authors: Kurniawan Adhi , Handogo Renanto , Purwo Sutikno Juwari 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Natural gas dehydration is essential in gas processing to avoid serious problems. As a pretreatment in a cryogenic Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) recovery process, it typically uses triethylene glycol (TEG) and followed by a Molecular Sieve dehydration to achieve 1 mg/Sm3 of water moisture in the dehydrated gas. This work studied the retrofitting of the existing dehydration unit to improve its performance in satisfying the gas moisture qualities. The retrofitted process uses recycled stripping gas schemes to achieve high purity TEG while minimizing the use of fresh stripping gas. The results revealed that the recycled stripping gas has provided sufficiently high purity TEG (>99.99%-wt), significantly reduced the heating and cooling duty by 80%, and reduced the electrical duty by 29% compared to the base case. The TAC was reduced by 38.1% from $ 725,245/year to $ 448,670/year. Through this study, the evaluated cases provide similar dehydration results with less equipment, simpler process, more energy-efficient, and better economic numbers. Therefore, a better process was obtained.
The complexity and history of verb-stem ablauting patterns in Siyuewu Khroskyabs
Authors: Lai Yunfan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the ablauting patterns in Siyuewu Khroskyabs, an understudied Gyalrongic language. Ablaut is only found in verbs containing closed syllables, and ablaut patterns in Siyuewu preserve Proto-Khroskyabs patterns relatively well. After providing a synchronic description of verb-stem functions and ablauting patterns, implicative entropy is used to model Siyuewu’s ablauting status. Entropy measurements reveal Siyuewu to have relatively low ablaut predictability, which may be suggestive of a historically conservative ablauting system. On the basis of this quantitative analysis, the current paper proposes an internal reconstruction of ablauting patterns, and postulates a series of velarised vowels for Proto-Siyuewu. Analogical changes are identified through comparison with other Gyalrongic languages. The reconstructed verb forms and patterns are then compared with neighbouring Gyalrongic languages and the directionality of analogy is discussed.
Alternations of classificatory verb stems in Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì: a cognitive semantic account
Authors: Al-Bataineh Hussein 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the phenomenon of ‘classificatory verbs’, i.e. a set of motion and positional verbs that show stem alternations depending on the semantic features of one of their arguments in Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì (Dogrib), based on field notes and documentary sources of the language. The paper shows that Tłı̨chǫ classificatory verbal categories belong to four semantic subclasses which have inconsistent stem inventories caused by the presence or absence of some semantic features. Stem inventories of locative verb systems vary depending on the scalar [effort] feature, and those of motion verbs correlate with the scalar [agentive] feature. The paper explains why other semantically related verbs do not show stem alternations and proposes contrastive hierarchies to represent variations in stem inventories intra- and cross-linguistically assuming that the selection of a stem for a particular semantic category follows a series of binary choices that characterize the opposition’s active in the language.