bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE WEIGHT OF THE NEWBORN INFANT ACCORDING TO DESESSARTZ, FRANCE'S LEADING EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PEDIATRICIAN
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

I have long been puzzled why a biologic statistic so mundane as the birth weight of the newly born infant was ignored by physicians until the end of the seventeenth century. And, even when they began to mention this weight, an erroneously high value was given by almost all the distinguished physicians of the day.1
Proof of this may be found in the following quotation from Jean Charles Desessartz's great pediatric text on the physical upbringing of infants, which was published in Paris in 1760.2
The infant who, in the first days after conception hardly equals the weight of a millet seed, develops little by little in the early months, and finally obtains such a prodigious increase in size, that at about nine months, the usual period of gestation, he weighs 12 livres or 13 pounds (livre = 489.5 gr)3 and at times as much as 14 livres or 15 pounds.
URINARY EXCRETION OF PHENOLIC AND INDOLIC COMPOUNDS, METACATECHOLAMINES, AND VMA BY FULL-TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Nicolopoulos Demetre , Agathopoulos Anthony , Danelatou-Athanassiadou Calliope , Bafataki Marianthi 
Published: December 2021

The 24-hour urinary excretion of phenolic and indolie compounds, metacatechol-amines, and VMA by full-term and premature infants on their first and fifteenth days of life was studied. The presence of metabolites from all three main catabolic pathways of tryptophan was noted in both groups of infants. 3-indole-acetic and 3-indole-propionic acids were present on the first day of life in the urine of full-term infants, but they were absent on the fifteenth day.
Twenty phenolic acids were observed in both groups of infants, but their excretion varied a great deal. Homogentisic acid was not excreted on the first day of life of full-term and premature infants, but it was found in the urine of full-term infants on the fifteenth day of life.
The variations of excretion of VMA generally followed that of metacatecholamines. The excretion of VMA by the premature infants on their fifteenth day of life is four- to fivefold that of the first day and reaches adult levels, in contrast to the moderate decrease of VMA excretion of the fuil-term infants on the fifteenth day. The degree of maturation of the enzymic systems involved is discussed as a probable cause of these variations.
ISLET CELL TUMOR IN THE NEONATE
Authors: Garces Ludivina Y. , Drash Allan , Kenny Frederic M. 
Published: December 2021

The earliest documented case of hypoglycemia resulting from a functioning islet cell adenoma is reported. Hypoglycemia was diagnosed at 3 hours of age in a male infant with a birth weight of 3,177 gm (7 lb). The pregnancy and delivery had been uneventful. The infant was considered to have severe idiopathic hypoglycemia of infancy.
Pertinent laboratory features included the absence of documented hyperinsulinism, elevated plasma growth hormone, symptomatic hypoglycemia following oral glucose load, standard meal and glucagon administration, leucine and insulin sensitivity, and a normal response to I.V. tolbutamide. The clinical course was characterized by persistent hypoglycemia despite a therapeutic regimen consisting of ACTH, epinephrine, ephiedrine, glucagon, human growth hormone, chlorothiazides, trichlormethiazides, and diazoxide of optimum dosage and duration. Preoperatively, the growth pattern was along the 3rd percentile, skeletal maturation was less than birth level at age 6 months, mental age was two months behind the chronologic age, and the EEG was abnormal. After subtotal pancreatectomy at age 73½ months, the growth pattern reached the 75th percentile, skeletal maturation improved to the 6-month level within a 7-month postoperative period, mental age became consistent with chronologic age, and the EEG returned to normal.
THE EFFECT OF BUFFERED AND NON-BUFFERED ACD BLOOD ON ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS DURING EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
Authors: Pierson W. E. , Barrett Cynthia T. , Oliver T. K. 
Published: December 2021

Exchange transfusions have been performed using buffered and non-buffered ACD blood. In 15 low risk infants receiving unbuffered blood, severe acidosis occurred in one during the transfusion. Other investigators have recently observed similar findings. In contrast, when blood was buffered prior to exchange transfusion in 26 high risk infants (i.e., with cardiorespiratory insufficiency), acidemia did not occur. Since the mortality of exchange transfusion is increased in infants with cardiorespiratory insufficiency, it appears that buffered ACD blood will lessen the risks.
It is recommended that, ACD blood is used for exchange transfusion in any infant, the blood should be buffered immediately prior to transfusion using 10 mM of 1.0-1.2 M THAM.
GAMMA-A IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND THE CONCEPT OF LOCAL IMMUNITY
Authors: Smith Richard T. 
Published: December 2021

The concept that an active immune response could be generated at the tissue level, particularly in reference to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is an old and venerable one. It was, however, without substantial scientific basis until recently, when the active generation and secretion of antibody activity onto these surfaces was clearly demonstrated.
The key observations were: (1) that anti-viral and anti-bacterial antibodies were present in the secretions of individuals recovered from active infection, (2) that secreted antibodies were dominantly of the gamma-A immunoglobulin class, and (3) that protection against reinfection could be best stimulated by local infection or application of the agent to the mucus surface.
FAMILIAL NONHEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE: BILIRUBINOSIS AND ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: Gardner William A. , Konigsmark Bruce W. 
Published: December 2021

The unique pathological findings of a case of congenital familial hyperbilirubinemia are presented. The patient (Case 3 of Crigler and Najjar's original report), although severely jaundiced, had developed normally without evidence of neurological disease until 15½ years of age. He then developed a progressive neurological deterioration which was clinically similar to infantile kernicterus.
At autopsy most of his organs showed extensive intra- and extracellular deposition of bile pigment, particularly the renal papillae, atrial endocardium, intestinal mucosa, Kupffer cells of the liver, and the perivascular adventitia.
Although no pigment was found in the central nervous system, there was striking neuronal loss and gliosis of the thalamus. Moderate neuronal loss was found in the putamen, caudate nucleus, dentate nucleus, and red nuclei. No histopathological changes were found in the hippocampus or cerebral cortex.
It is suggested that the patient suffered from a late onset of "kernicterus" with involvement, in this older patient, of regions of the nervous system somewhat different from those in infantile kernicterus.
FLUID-FILLED LUNG DUE TO AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Griscom N. Thorne , Harris G. B. Clifton , Wohl Mary E. B. , Vawter Gordon F. , Eraklis Angelo J. 
Published: December 2021

Airway obstruction classically leads to either atelectasis or emphysema. Obstructions developing in utero might be expected to cause different phenomena, however, since fetal lungs contain fluid, not air.
The two newborn infants presented here demonstrate the pathophysiologic effects of total intrauterine bronchial occlusion and the consequent retention of pulmonary fluid. One infant had extrinsic occlusion of the left main-stem bronchus by a small bronchogenic cyst. The other had atresia of the bronchus leading to his accessory left upper lobe. In each the obstructed pulmonary tissue was expanded and filled with fluid. In neither case did the clinical and roentgenographic findings suggest airway obstruction pre-operatively. The contrast with the atelectatic and emphysematous manifestations of later-life airway obstruction is marked. Those who care for newborn infants must be aware that a chest mass or opaque lung by x-ray or large but fluid-filled pulmonary tissue upon thoracotomy may in fact represent remediable airway obstruction.
CHILDREN IN I836 ARE NO LONGER RESPECTFUL OF THE AGED
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Mrs. L. H. Sigoumey of Hartford, Connecticut, was a prolific writer of books to improve the minds of children and their parents during the period prior to our Civil War. The quotation below from one of her most popular books might have been written today!
The universal opinion of those, who scrutinize the state of society in our country, is that in the treatment of the aged, there is a diminution of respect. Even the authority of parents, and teachers, seems to be borne with uneasiness, and to be early shaken off. Those, whose memory comprises two generations assert, that most palpably in these points, the former days were better than these.1
THE HUMAN BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF AMINO ACID TRANSPORT
Authors: Scriver Charles R 
Published: December 2021

What is the relevance of these investigations when so many other problems in medicine seem to claim priority? First of all, these studies are one of several approaches toward an understanding of the plasma membrane, which is an essential cellular component, but whose physical and chemical characteristics are poorly understood. Research into the human biochemical genetics of amino acid transport has led us to believe that many gene loci control a wide spectrum of specific membrane proteins which act as sites where amino acids migrate across cell membranes; this is a valuable concept in its own right, and it is in keeping with much other work on the nature of membrane transport processes. At first it seemed redundant that more than one site should serve the transport of a single amino acid. Yet, this is apparently a long-standing adaptation of cellular membranes. Microorganisms face their environment armed with membranes adapted to absorb solutes in one way at low concentrations and in another at high concentrations. Kepes has described the obvious advantages which such constitutive functions might have for the economy of an organism which may have to adapt to a nutritional environment fluctuating between dearth and abundance.
See image in the PDF file
Retention of complex membrane systems in metazoan species stabilizes the commerce of intermediate metabolism and contributes to the equilibrium between the cell and its environment; without this equilibrium, perhaps we would not recognize perturbation so readily, and some forms of disease, such as can be detected by the screening tests now in vogue, would go unrecognized. Without mediated transport, human malnutrition would be a worse scourge than it is, because tissues which can transport efficiently against a chemical gradient will accumulate as much nourishment as possible from the environment, even in famine. But, there is another reason to study membrane transport. We hope the time will come when we know enough to design molecules for therapeutic purposes, to "fit" different transport sites, and to direct their traffic into particular tissues or to probe particular functions. If this should happen, then genetics, biochemistry, pharmacology, and many of the other disciplines would be united in one enterprise for the benefit of the patient.
LOWE'S SYNDROME: A SEARCH FOR THE CARRIER STATE
Authors: Holmes Lewis B. , McGowan Bernard L. , Efron Mary L. 
Published: December 2021

An attempt to detect the female carriers of this X-linked disease has been carried out in three families, including two whose affected male infants were subjects of the original report of this syndrome. No lens opacities were found in two sets of parents. In the third family both parents had multiple small opacities. There was no difference in the urinary amino acid response of either the mothers or the fathers to an oral ornithine loading test.
It has been concluded that neither test is reliable in the detection of the female carrier of the oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome.
A CLINICAL APPROACH TO THE MEASUREMENT OF CEREBRAL DYSFUNCTION
Authors: Crichton John U. , Mackoff Harley P. 
Published: December 2021

Cerebral dysfunction is seldom measured by objective means. Previous attempts to do so have mainly been concerned with abnormalities of motor behavior, though some attempts at measurement of attentional factors have been made. Because oculomotor hyperkinesis might involve both these facets of cerebral dysfunction, electro-oculography was used in the present study to record eye movements in different groups of subjects. Twenty-five children aged 6 to 12 years with no known neurological disease, 25 children aged 5 to 11 years with minimal cerebral dysfunction, and 16 children aged 5 to 14 years with more gross forms of neurological disease were tested.
The ability of these children to fix a target visually over a period of 120 seconds (when a visual distraction was provided) was found to distinguish normal children from those with cerebral dysfunction when the total duration of fixation on the target was used as a measurement. The duration of the first fixation was statistically significantly longer and the number of discrete fixations was significantly fewer in the normal children, but the range of measurements was too great for these variables to be of use in an individual case. Among normal children, ability to attend to the task was found to improve with increasing age, and girls were found to be better performers than boys of the same age.
The method is potentially useful not only as a diagnostic aid but also in the assessment of progress, whether the children are treated or not.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

Until Dr. Heller's letter arrived, I had been disappointed not to have received a single letter regarding my paper on children with fever, because I was sure that others might disagree with some of the things I wrote.
The differences in the major causes of fever seen by private practitioners as compared with those of us in full-time hospital practice interest me greatly. I would be delighted to cooperate with Dr. Heller in a prospective study to compare our experience with his.
Academy Meetings in Chicago
Authors: Hervada Arturo R. 
Published: December 2021

I strongly endorse Dr. B. K. Silverman's (Pediatrics, 43:1010, 1968) and Dr. S. R. Halpern's (Pediatrics, 43:469, 1969) suggestion to move our annual meeting to other American cities.
In the jet era and in a society that drives 15 miles to buy a hamburger or 10 miles to see a movie without batting an eyelash, it seems to me that to meet in Chicago because of its geographical location is no longer a valid reason.
WHEN AND BY WHOM WAS THE WORD PEDIATRIC FIRST USED?
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The magnificent, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, usually known as the Oxford English Dictionary (O.E.D.), is rarely in error. But, it is in regard to the chronology of the word paediatric (pediatric). The editors of the O.E.D. traced each of the 414,825 words contained in the dictionary from their earliest known appearance in English.
The O.E.D. claims that the word paediatrlc first appeared on page 1065 of the November 3, 1894, issue of the Lancet as follows: "Professor Bokai, the well-known paediatric physician...."1
In January 1884, however, a monthly journal with the title, The Archives of Pediatrics, was begun in New York City under the editorship of Dr. William Perry Watson.
Three years later, on September 9, 1887, after the adjournment of the Ninth International Medical Congress, a number of physicians interested in child health organized a new society which they named the American Pediatric Society.2
I have not been able to find the words pediatric, pediatrics, or pediatrician used in the literature prior to the year 1884, at least in this country.
If any reader knows of an earlier appearance of these words, the Editorial Office of Pediatrics would be delighted to receive such information.
OF LAUGHTER IN CHILDREN AS VIEWED BY SIR GEORGE FREDERIC STILL (1868-1941)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

As pediatrics has become increasingly specialized, especially during the past quarter of a century, it seems to me that the dominant figures of our specialty write less and less about the commonplace problems of childhood which still continue-as they did in the past-to bother parents and vex more practitioners.
As towering a figure as Sir George Frederic Still considered the everyday phenomena of the life of a child of such importance that he wrote a delightful book entitled Common Happenings in Childhood,1 which contained eight beautifully written chapters on such common things as crying, laughter, temper, appetite, and sleep in childhood.
A good example of Still's interest in the ordinary is the following quotation from his chapter "Of Laughter" in this book.
To have attained a high degree of this control has been regarded by some as a mark of superiority. Chesterfield, writing to his son, aged sixteen, in 1748, says:
"How low and unbecoming a thing laughter is! Not to mention the disagreeable noise that it makes and the shocking distortion of the face that it occasions. . . . I am sure that since I have had the full use of my reason nobody has ever heard me laugh. I could heartily wish," he says, "that you may often be seen to smile, but never heard to laugh while you live."
Chatham, in his letters to his nephew, in 1754, writes only less strongly to similar effect.
One can only think that these paragons of selfmastery must have been nearly as dull as that Crassus whom both Pliny and Cicero mention as remarkable for never having laughed in the whole of his life, except on one occasion, and that was when he saw a donkey eating lettuces. . .
THE ADSORPTION OF BILIRUBIN BY SEPHADEX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE CRITERIA FOR EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
Authors: Kaufmann Nathan A. , Kapitulnik Jaime , Blondheim Solomon H. 
Published: December 2021

Small quantities of bilirubin (BR) were adsorbed by specially preparedh small columns of Sephadex G-25 from artificially jaundiced sera. The amount of bilirubin adsorbed from sera with bilirubin-albumin molar ratios between 1 and 2 was linearly related to the bilirubin concentration of the serum. There was no demonstrable adsorption of bilirubin by the column at ratios below 1.
Sephadex columns may be of value in determining the time when exchange transfusion should be performed to prevent kernicterus.
CHILD ABUSE SYNDROME: THE "GRAY AREAS" IN ESTABLISHING A DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Silver Larry B. , Dublin Christina C. , Lourie Reginald S. 
Published: December 2021

Despite almost universal legislation requiring physicians in the United States to report instances of suspected child abuse and in the face of published efforts to clarify and to define legal, medical, and social issues associated with the "batered child syndrome," some physicians find it hard to accept the reality of willful abuse of children.
An attempt was made to explore further those situations in which the physician found it difficult to establish or rule out the diagnosis of child abuse. In each of the types of such cases, the major issues were the physician's subjective personal feelings, his misunderstandings of the Child Abuse Laws, or of his role and responsibilities.
It is easy to comment that, if the physician understands that the Child Abuse Laws only make him responsible for reporting a case in which there is reasonable cause to suspect a case of abuse and if he understands that he is not responsible for establishing that the case is truly one of child abuse or for indentifying the abuser, then there would be few cases in the "gray area." It is not as easy to explain away or develop an approach to minimize the physicians' subjective feelings or personal views which confound his ability to establish this clinical impression.
It is essential that all suspected instances of abuse be reported. Only then can community agencies become active to protect the child, to assist the family, and to interrupt the pattern of violent behavior.
Salt-Losing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Continued)
Authors: Cohen John M. 
Published: December 2021

In a letter to the editor (Pediatrics, 43:636, 1969) , Doctors Marks and Fink reported a 65% incidence of the salt-losing variant of congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia in 40 patients seen in their clinic. This incidence was notably higher than any previously reported.
During the last 30 years, 52 patients with the syndrome of congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia have been seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital. All cases have been of the sort attributed to either partial or complete block in the 21-hydroxylase enzyme.
A Radiographic Standard of Reference for the Growing Knee, by S. Idell Pyle, Ph.D., and Normand L. Hoerr, Ph.D., M.D. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1969, 135 pp., $6.25
Authors: Wilkinson Robert H. 
Published: December 2021

This atlas is an important aid to those physicians concerned with assessment of skeletal maturation of children. It represents the compilation of an enormous amount of material on the radiographic developmental features of the knee. This information is presented in such an orderly and concise manner that the physician can quickly and accurately evaluate the skeletal age of a child.
While the hand and wrist as characterized by Greulich and Pyle are perhaps more widely used for estimation of the degree of skeletal maturation, this atlas of the growing knee is a valuable supplement.
The Pediatrician and the Marijuana Question
Authors: Gleason Charles H. 
Published: December 2021

I would like to report my reaction to the views of Drs. Nader and Haggerty on the role of the pediatrician in the marijuana question.
Their number two view, "The effects are dependent upon many factors, including the psychological makeup of the user," seems to me to be the most urgent consideration at this stage of our knowledge.
It is unlikely that many of us are aware of our own psychological makeup and thus are unable to predict the outcome of a trial of the use of marijuana.
RADIOISOTOPE CARDIAC POOL SCANNING IN CHILDREN
Authors: Winship William S. , Houlder Anthony E. , van der Horst Ronald L. , Gotsman Mervyn S. 
Published: December 2021

Seventeen children in congestive heart failure with a large heart shadow on the chest radiograph and four children without cardiac disease were studied by cardiac blood pool scanning using Tc99 m.-labelled human serum albumin to establish normal values and to assess the value of this technique in diagnostic practice.
Patients with cardiac dilatation caused by endocardial fibroelastosis or congestive cardiomyopathy had a large heart on chest x-ray, and most of this consisted of a large blood pool. They were clearly differentiated from patients with a pericardial effusion who had a large heart on chest x-ray but a small cardiac pool, with a pericardial halo and prominent cardiohepatic gap due to the surrounding effusion.
Cardiac pool scanning is a valuable diagnostic procedure in this group of seriously ill children, but immediate pericardiocentesis should not be deferred if sufficient time is not available to undertake the investigation. The radiation dose is low, side effects do not occur, and the investigation can be completed in less than 30 minutes.
ELECTROLYTE AND NITROGEN BALANCE STUDIES IN INFANTS FOLLOWING CESSATION OF VOMITING
Authors: DANOWSKI T. S. , AUSTIN A. C. , GOW R. C. , MATEER F. M. , WEIGAND F. A. , PETERS J. H. , GREENMAN L. 
Published: December 2021

Abnormally low levels of serum potassium were observed prior to or during therapy of infants with a history of prolonged or recurrent vomiting.
Balance studies indicate that either dilution of body fluids with low potassium solution, or transfers of potassium into cells, or both processes were responsible for the hypokalemia.
The probable existence of deficits of body potassium incurred prior to the balance studies and their therapeutic implications have been discussed.