bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring conceptions of reading risk and program-specific literacy outcomes for Spanish speakers in dual language and English-medium programs
Authors: Neugebauer Sabina Rak , Howard Elizabeth R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConsiderable research documents the efficacy of dual language programs for the reading achievement of English learners from Spanish-speaking homes. However, there is uncertainty in the field of dual language education about how students at-risk for literacy difficulties fare in these same programs, as well as questions about how risk should be defined – i.e., difficulty with decoding versus lower levels of vocabulary – with distinct understandings of risk potentially differentially explaining students’ reading trajectories. This study followed Spanish-speaking students from Grades 3–5 to understand how students at-risk for reading difficulties fare in English reading comprehension in dual language versus English-medium programs, examining two different risk indicators in the process. Study results indicate that across risk categories, students performed equally well regardless of program model. In addition, decoding was a more robust indicator of risk than vocabulary.
Audio and vestibular analyses in patient with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Delphi Maryam , Sayaf Maryam , Taheri Fatemeh , Majdinasab Nastaran 
Published: June 2021

Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurologic demyelinating disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. As well, Brainstem involvement is common in MS. Auditory and vestibular tests are included in the methods that can be used to examine the brainstem. So, this study aimed to evaluate brainstem in MS patients using MLD, ABR, and VEPM as well as demonstrating the predictor factors in MLD, ABR, and VEPM tests for MS occurrence.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, MLD, ABR, and VEPM were recorded in 25 healthy individuals and 25 MS patients aged between 18 and 45 years old. MS diagnosis was made by a neurologist using the McDonald's criterion. The obtained data were analysed using SPSS.

Result
A significant difference was observed among the latency of III, V, interpeak intervals I–III, III–V, I–V, V/I ratio in ABR, P13, and N23 in VEMP, and MLD value in the two groups (p < .05). The latency of V, P13, N23, V/I ratio, and MLD were also found to be associated with the occurrence of MS.

Conclusion
latency of V, P13, N23, V/I ratio, and MLD appear to be predictors of the occurrence of MS; therefore, auditory brainstem tests such as MLD, ABR, and VEPM can be considered as useful tools for detecting early lesions in MS patients.
The role of astronomical silicates during a cometary outburst
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Authors: Wesołowski Marcin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to analyzing the change of cometary brightness. In our considerations, we assume that astronomical silicates (dust agglomerates) and gas are present in the coma. This assumption is a consequence of the analysis of the result observed during the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (abbreviated 67P/Ch-G). The dimensions of these agglomerates can be up to several centimeters. However, the large ones are few compared to particles with dimensions of several micrometers. This paper presents the results of calculations on the change in hypothetical comet brightness as a result of its outburst. The calculations take into account the percentage of carbonaceous particles and silicates rich in magnesium.
Using GIS technology for land suitability analysis to select drainage project location: Nasiriya city south of Iraq as a case study
Authors: Mohammed Haidar Razzaq , Alkanaani Hayder A , Alowaid Humam K 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe main aim of this paper is to produce a theoretical basis for the selection of drainage project location by using the GIS technology’. Nasirya city that located in the southern part of Iraq has been selected as a case study. The site must be ideally chosen where it must be subjected to specified standards. The model of a suitable site was constructed utilizing a model developer in ArcGIS. It was assembled dependent on the spatial system which is known as the weighted linear combination. The final suitable maps were produced by coordinating different models. In this work, the feature of exactness in the determination of the most fitting site for the foundation of the drainage venture, which is viewed as one of most significant elements that lead to extend the arable area. Thus process should be the basic leadership for the choice of the most appropriate site as indicated by strict procedures and consistent choice. The outcomes result from the procedure suggested that six areas were chosen according to indicated factors. The scores were depended on experts and literature. The Locations were determined in the examination zone by embracing the GIS incorporated Analytic Hierarchy Process. The most suitable areas among them for the development of drainage venture ‘serving the rural regions as indicated by spatial analysis were picked dependent on the characteristics of the proposed area. The proposed location no 3 was the best of them where it fulfils all factors firmly. Unsustainable administration prompts a horrible impact on arable area and results in the loss of the appropriate strategy. The mistake in the choice of the most reasonable site for the venture not only lead to pressure on the system but also a collapse in the water system framework of the agricultural reality of the country.
Finite element analysis of seepage for Kongele earth dam Using Geo- Studio software
Authors: Th Al-Hadidi M , Hashim S H 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Seepage occurs under or inside structures or in the place, where they come into contact with the sides under the influence of pressure caused by the difference in water level in the structure U / S and D / S. This paper is designed to model seepage analysis for Kongele (an earth dam) due to its importance in providing water for agricultural projects and supporting Tourism sector. For this purpose, analysis was carried out to study seepage through the dam under various conditions. Using the finite element method by computer program (Geo-Studio) the dam was analysed in its actual design using the SEEP / W 2018 program. Several analyses were performed to study the seepage across Kongele dam in several cases, including when the reservoir was empty, and at the normal and maximum water level. The final results of the analysis show that the dam is safe.
Change monitoring and assessment of health capacity of Iraq due to COVID-19 by application of GIS techniques
Authors: Al-Khuzaie Marwah M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Infectious disease distribution is fundamentally a spatial process; thus, geospatial data, technology and analysis methods play an essential role in analysing and controlling the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. As a result of this virus, there is a rapid increase in the number of infected and deaths distributed in different regions of Iraq. Social functioning, human health, life, human production, and also international relations are extremely threatened by COVID-19. To fight this virus, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can play an important role in many aspects such as preventing the spread and the evaluating the required measures. GIS is an advanced technique which has a complete method for database, form construction, model construction, and map production geographical health gaps and social weaknesses review, and communicating illness state or return-to-normal operations in hospitals. The use of the GIS has the ability to improve the location and usability of personal security installations, ventilators, hospital beds and other objects. However, strengthen production of GIS to boost our ability to respond rapidly in the face of pandemics that are on the verge of spreading. This study summarizes the main uses of GIS technologies in the global health care sector, highlighting applications related to the modelling and analysis of parasitic diseases. It also allows investigators to connect health public and climate data so that relations of health-related variables and environmental risk factors at various geographical quantities can be analysed.
Estimation of surface temperature using landsat satellite images and geographic information systems for environmental studies in iraq
Authors: Ali Hussain Zaydan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The local environment of a city is different for urban area in the center and the surroundings rural. The urban area is 4 to 6 °c warmer than its surroundings rural. Due to changes in urban areas many processes are affected. Like solar radiation absorbed, the temperature of the surface, and the heat stored. The temperature of the land surface gives us important information concerning the physical properties of surface and climate because they plays a great role in many processes in the environment. Sensors in the thermal band onboard satellite can be used to obtain the temperature of the surface. The Surface temperature provides us a great way to monitor the urban environment, and also the activities of human. In this paper the surface temperature was estimated using Landsat satellite data in Iraq. First I extract radiance of the surface using the pixel values (DN) of image. Second the temperature of the surface is calculated from the surface radiance using ArcGIS 10.2. Map of temperature distribution was produced for the study area.
Mechanical and impact properties of concrete slabs reinforced with waste plastic fiber with adding recycled aggregates
Authors: Al-Obaidi Z A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this study, demolished concrete products were used after crushed and replaced with normal coarse aggregate besides the addition of fibers produced from manual chopping of plastic bottles used to preserve soft drinks were used to improve the Impact resistance and some mechanical properties of concrete. Two types of mixes were poured; the first type contains normal coarse aggregate with different fibers ratios, while the second type the normal coarse aggregate was fully replaced by crushed concrete products by adding the same different fibers ratios to the mix. Two reference mixes made for each type of concrete without adding fibers for the purpose of comparison. The results of concrete containing natural coarse aggregate, and fiber added showed a slight decrease in concrete density and an improvement in compression resistance and bending resistance at age (28) days. And improvement in the impact resistance of slabs at age (56) days. The results of concrete containing recycled aggregates and fiber added showed a slight decrease in the density of concrete and an improvement in compression resistance and bending resistance at age (28) days respectively, the impact resistance of the slabs improved at age (56) days.
Rubberized concrete mix – discussions for literature review
Authors: Al-Mutairee Hayder M K , Makki Ola Mazen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Using scraped tires in construction nowadays is one of the most effective topics for designers. Due to the capacity of the new material (rubcrete) to convert the behaviour from brittle to completely ductile, enlarge the strain value till failure load, and the mix withstands the nonlinearity stage before total collapse. This paper overviews the literature important results of rubber replacement by aggregates, discussed the behaviour of rubber in the concrete mix, and limitations an approximate indication about the drop in concrete properties after adding rubber. It has been concluded that using rubber weakens the overall compressive strength in a range of (10-50) % for 10% sand replacement. While replacement by 15% almost causes to decrease compressive strength in the range (15-36) % for sand and (30-50) % for gravel. The expected drop in tensile strength for sand replacement by 15% ranged approximately from 20-40%. Replacing sand by 5% leads to increase tensile strength in a range that varies from 5-15%. Gravel replacement by15% caused to minimize strength in a magnitude varies from 20-50%. 15% replacement of sand leads to minimizing the flexural strength in a value range from 14-25%. The average ultimate strain of rubcrete equals two to three times that of conventional concrete.
Properties of no-fines recycled aggregate concrete contains waste plastic fibers
Authors: Al-Obaidi Z A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to produce recycled concrete from the most common environmental pollutants, which are plastic waste and recycle concrete. Where plastic bottles were cut and used as fibers to reinforce concrete besides using the recycle concrete as an aggregate. also, it can be used in improving the various properties of concrete in terms of improving compressive strength, bending, thermal insulation, etc., because it is considered one of the most influencing disadvantages of concrete. Five mixes of concrete free of fine aggregate were poured with various volumetric proportions (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4) % of plastic fibers were added to them. The natural aggregate was completely replaced by a carefully graded product according to the specifications of crushed concrete residue. A comparative mix of recycled fiber-free concrete was poured. The results showed that with an increase in the fiber content, the thermal conductivity of the concrete samples decreases, the compressive and bending resistance increases at the age of (28) days, as well as, the density of concrete decreased. Besides, the results showed a slight improvement in the resistance to the impact of the slabs at the age of (90) days.
Improvement of strength characteristics for sandy soils by polypropylene fibers (PPF)
Authors: Al-Saray Noor A , Shafiqu Qassun S , Ibrahim Mohammed A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Sandy soil contains many geotechnical problems, including high permeability, less shear strength, sand dunes, and liquefaction. Therefore, it is necessary to stabilize the sandy soil to improve its engineering properties, either through mechanical or chemical fixations. The mechanical one is done by changing the classification of the soil by mixing it with other types of soils and additives in various gradients. While the chemical fixation is related to the modification of soil properties by adding chemically active substances. In this research, polypropylene fiber PPF with proportions (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1%) was used to study its effect on the physical properties of sandy soils, such as the angle of internal friction ϕ, shear strength τ, California Bearing Ratio CBR, and permeability k. In this paper the value of ϕ, τ, and CBR for improved sandy soil increases by 24%, 20%, and 182.2% respectively with adding 0.6% PPF, and decrease in permeability which is estimated to be 26% for 0.1% PPF.
Effect of metakaolin and silica fume on the engineering properties of expansive soil
Authors: Al-Khalili Ahmed M , Ali Ahmed S , Al-Taie Abbas J 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCharacteristics of the expansive soil should be studied due to the effects and problems of this soil on the structures that build on it, also, its spread in large areas in the world. Some of these problems are the cracks and large damages on the structures due to the differential settlement of the soil. These problems occur due to the swelling and shrinkage characteristics of the soil when it is affected by changeable water content. The need for the stabilizers to overcome these problems appears due to a large amount of loses money caused by the expansive soil’s problems. This study used silica fume and metakaolin which considers stabilizer agents that used to treat the expansive soil. Silica fume is an industrial material obtained by condensation operation to the smoke that produced from the production process of the ferrosilicon metal. While metakaolin is a a pozzolanic material obtained from the burning of kaolin rock to (700-800) °C. The soil used in this study classified as CH soil. The treated samples were prepared by mixing the soil with (5%, 10%, and 15%) of the two additives. From the results, it was found that Atterberg limits were increased with the adding silica fume and decreased with Metakaolin. Specific gravity decreased with silica fume while it is increased with Metakaolin. The maximum dry unit weight decreased, and the optimum water content increased with silica fume and the opposite occur with metakaolin. The results showed that the swelling present improved with both additives.
Investigating the preparation and characterization of nano-clay modified asphalts
Authors: Zghair Hussein H , Mohammed Humam H 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In order to extend the lifespan of flexible pavements materials, a binder quality requests to be modified. The aim of the present research is to assess the physical features of original and modified asphalts with nanoclay materials. These features including; softening point values, penetration grades, viscosity values, penetration index values, and ductility. Three percentages of nanoclay contents (3, 5, and 7) % by of the asphalt weight were blended by a shear blender set at (4000) rpm., and mixing time set about 45 min. at 140 °C. Physical tests results showed that adding nanoclay material as a modifier was beneficial in enhancing the asphalts features. For example, viscosity values and softening point values increase when increase in the nanoclay content. Consequently, the mixing temperatures and compaction temperatures of the modified asphalts increase with increase the nanoclay content to reach (170 °C). While the penetration and ductility values decrease when increase the modifier content. Regarding the penetration index of the modified asphalts, it is enhanced by increase in the nanoclay proportions. Hence, the modified asphalt with 7% of nanoclay produces the greater value of penetration index accordingly, it has a positive influence on the rutting resistance.
Comparative evaluation for the effect of particles size of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the properties of HMA
Authors: Al-Ghurabi Sahar B. , Al-Humeidawi Basim H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The construction of highway pavement usually consumes a huge amount of aggregate and binder, and at the same time, big quantities of these materials are removed from the old and damaged roads. The disposal of these materials is costing money and effort. The current study aims to investigate the effect of particle size of RAP on the volumetric and mechanical properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). The study involved replacement of coarse aggregate and fine in wearing layer of the pavement by different percentages up to 40 %. The mechanical tests (Marshall Test and indirect tensile strength test) were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of the obtained mixes. Also, the economical evaluation was conducted to explain the effect of using RAP on the total cost of HMA. The results of the study showed that the replacement of fine aggregate with RAP can be adopted up to 20% of the total aggregate, while the replacement of coarse aggregate is conducted up to 40 % which represents the most coarse aggregate quantity in the mix. Also, the use of RAP in HMA can significantly reduce the cost of obtained HMA compared with that produces with virgin materials.
Hot spot analysis of the crash locations at the roundabouts through the application of GIS
Authors: Zubaidi H , Obaid I , Mohammed H A , Das S , Al-Bdairi N S.S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Intersection safety is a critical issue as it accounts high percent of the total fatal and injury crashes combined. One of the safe alternatives is to convert the typical intersections into roundabouts to enhance the capacity and reduce crashes. Despite the advantages in the roundabout geometric design, there is a clear gap in understanding the relationship among crash types, injury severity, and roundabout configurations. As such, this research used five years (2011 to 2015) of traffic crash data collected from Oregon’s Department of Transportation (ODOT). In this study, the Geographic information system tool (GIS) and the incident analysis tools have been used to identify hazardous location occurrence areas, hot spots, and factors that lead to roundabout accidents and decide how, when, and where accident countermeasures can be performed. The results indicated many cities with high crashes are not considered a hot spot area and the reverse. Besides, more driver injury crashes when the driver enters the roundabout at an angle, and more crashes are in four legs roundabout and three legs roundabout types. Several factors lead to roundabout crashes resulting in an injury, like drivers who did not yield right of way is the dominant crash, an improper change of traffic lanes, and followed too closely. Female drivers have more likelihood to involve in roundabout crashes than male drivers. With these findings, the current study would be useful for safety practitioners to select effective safety measures to avoid and minimize the incidence of accidents at the highest crash site.
Performance of temperature changes and dosage for enhancement of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater: A comparative study
Authors: Ghawi Ali Hadi , Tisti Habeeb Jafer Mahrath 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The development in Iraq, in addition to the increase in the population and the increase in the standard of living, has led to a marked increase in the demand for water, as the shortage of fresh water resources has become a problem that concerns specialists and decision-makers as it affects the water deficit, especially in the provision of drinking water (the basis of life) in addition to other requirements such as agriculture. Which led to the search for other possible solutions available. One of these solutions is the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture or any other uses to save fresh water and expand agricultural areas after removing high concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. The aim of the study is to improve the performance of the treatment method used by the sewage treatment plant to achieve the removal of nutrients from the treated water. The dual use of a biological treatment and chemical precipitation process to remove phosphorous compounds from wastewater was studied. To avoid instability in the biological treatment method due to temperature changes during the year, especially in the summer. The obtained wastewater treatment plant validation was verified by applying the existing plant planning in GPS-X 8.0 modeling and simulation software, by combining biological and chemical removal methods to improve the performance of a wastewater treatment plant in Khairy in Al Diwaniyah, Iraq (KWWTP). The results showed that a series of conditions for anaerobic, oxygen and aerobic reactors help to remove biological nutrients efficiently. The concentration of COD, BOD and TSS were below the permissible environmental parameters. The removal rate of nitrogen as N-NH3 is 92.96; 94.93; 97.60% respectively. The phosphorous removal rate is 80.22, 86.55, 92.30 respectively Except for the release of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds during the summer (July and August) due to the sensitivity of phosphorous-containing organisms to the influence of temperature. The increasing concentrations of phosphorous produced in the summer were treated by adding doses of chemicals (alum) at different stages of the wastewater treatment plant, and the required dose of Alum ranges in the range of 0.5-0.9 kgAl / kg P, according to the dose strategy that achieves the highest efficiency of the KWWTP.