bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A brief review of water quality indices and their applications
Authors: Aljanabi Zahraa Zahraw , Jawad Al-Obaidy Abdul-Hameed M. , Hassan Fikrat M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWater Quality Indices (WQIs) refers to a set of water quality parameter data that aggregate to produce a single value to the water quality, reducing the huge amount of data into a simple and easy expression. Also enabling comparisons of water quality status for different locations and at different times, which eventually will help inform of water quality status to management and the public in a simple manner. Before generating and developing an appropriate mathematical model, there should be a process of evaluating, reviewing, and considering the Challenges and limitations of the existing developed models of similar nature. Therefore, this review paper intends to summarize the scientific literature papers from different countries related to the development of the water quality indices and practical applications. In general, five common steps are used in approaches of WQI calculation: (1) selection of parameter, (2) transform the data from a parametric system to a dimensionless system, (3) creation of subindices, and (4) compute the final WQI score by using the aggregation of subindices.
The nanoparticles zero-valent synthesis by black tea extract to remove rb 238 using synthetic and natural wastewater by packed bed reactor
Authors: Al Kindi Ghayda Y. , Hassan Ahmed K. , Yahya Dalal GH , Alhaidri Husam A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study aims to synthesize nanoparticles of iron zero valences from black tea (BT-NZVI) and bentonite supported with black tea zero-valent iron (B-BT-NZVI) using black tea extract in an environmentally friendly and sustainable way to remove the reactive blue pigment 238 (RB). 238) from water. The characterization tests for BT-NZVI and B-BT-NZVI were performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The zeta potential in the stability of iron nanoparticles was also measured. For measuring the porous material’s surface area, the Brunaune Emmett-Teller (BET) method was used the average diameter of iron nanoparticles was less than 50 nm. BT-NZVI and B-BT-NZVI were used as absorbents in the batch system study. Two adsorption balance models, Langmuir and Freundlich, are used to describe the adsorption process. The Freundlich model matches well with Reactive Blue 238 dye data and has proven successful in the adsorption process. Kinetic data acquired using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second model examined under optimal reaction conditions and a variety of NZVI concentrations. both batch and up-flow packed flow bed reactor with peroxide H2O2 can degrade dyes and utilized in industrial wastewater treatment.
Treatment of Al-Muthanna Petroleum Refinery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Using a Tubular batch Electrochemical Reactor
Authors: Naser Ghazi F. , Mohammed Thamer J. , Abbar Ali H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
An electrocoagulation process has been used to eliminate the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewaters discharged from the Al-Muthanna petroleum refinery plant. In this process, a circular aluminum bar was used as a sacrificial anode, and hallow cylinder made from stainless steel was used as a cathode in a tubular batch electrochemical Reactor. Impacts of the operating factors like current density (5-25mAcm-2), NaCl addition at concentrations (0-2g/l), and pH at values (3-11) on the COD removal efficiency were studied.
Results revealed that the increase in current density increases the COD removal efficiency, whereas an increase in NaCl concentration results in a decline in the COD removal efficiency. Using a pH value higher or lower than 7 causes a lowering of the COD removal efficiency. A current density of 15mA/cm2, NaCl concentration of 1g/l, and pH value of 7 were found to be the best operating conditions in which COD removal efficiency of 95.3% was achieved at a treatment time 45 minutes with an energy consumption of 27.78kWh/kg COD. Based on these conditions, a COD value of 20 ppm could be obtained, which is below the standard limit for discharging petroleum refinery effluents.
Analysis and National Solution for CO2 Gas in Missan Oil Field
Authors: Jasim Dehyaa J. , Mohammed Thamer J. , Abid Mohammad F. , Tahir Hussam H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A site study on associated gas from six oil fields of the Missan Oil Company (MOC) was carried out during 2018. The studied zone is located in the southern part of Iraq. The main objective in the present work was to conduct a complete analysis of the associated gas from the oil fields of the MOC. Another objective was to propose theoretically an appropriate method of capturing carbon dioxide to make the natural gas compliant with the U.S. specifications for the pipeline of natural gas transportation. Gas quantities were measured from each oil field as well as component analysis to determine the percentage of carbon dioxide in the gas. The study revealed that CO2 concentration in the oil fields was slightly increased with time. Moreover, the results showed that the separation technique of CO2 from natural gas was the absorption method in the field of AMARA, while the membrane-separation method was preferred in Al NOOR field as well as BUS2 station, while the two methods are competing in the BAZRGAN field (BUS1, BUS3 and BUN stations).
Isolation, screening, and extraction the more efficient local yeast isolates for biosurfactant production
Authors: Ibrahim Zeena A , Khudheir Saad H , Hussein Amal A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Twelve samples of three spices of fruits (Kiwi, orange, and apple) and two spices of vegetables (Green pepper and cucumber) were collected from local shops and supermarkets to isolate the yeast using solid YEPG medium, twenty local yeast isolates were prepared from all samples, thereafter each isolate was tested for its ability to produce biosurfactant using liquid YEPG medium. Results have indicated that only three isolates had the ability to produce the biosurfactant at different abilities in growth medium depending on the emulsification index after 24 hr. They were tested for the production of extracellular biosurfactant only three isolates OS2, AS 9, and PS 14 were able to produce biosurfactant with emulsification index (E24) against machine oil 36%, 47% and 28% respectively also was capable to spread oil by 12mm, 20mm and 9mm respectively but they didn’t reduce YEPG medium surface tension significantly. The three isolates OS2, AS 9, and PS 14 were tested for intracellular biosurfactant, which gave the highest ability to emulsify both machine oil and crude oil, where the emulsification index (E24) reached 46%, 80%, and 55% towards motor oil and 50%, 100%, and 62% towards crude oil for the three isolates, respectively. According to these results, the isolate AS 9 was regarded as the best producer for biosurfactant and identified this isolate as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thereafter this biosurfactant was partially purified using cold ethanol and left to dry using a Rotary evaporator and then converted into a powder by using a Freeze dryer.
The ability of using treated wastewater for irrigation purposes: middle Euphrates of Iraq as a case study
Authors: Al-Murshady K R , Al-Qaisi A Z , Ali Z H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The sustainability of water resources is the goal of the present research. Samples of wastewater after treatment are collected from the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPS) located in the Middle Euphrates provinces of Iraq (Najaf, Karbala, Diwaniya, and Babylon); as a case study. The physical, chemical, and heavy metals parameters tests of these samples will be carried out throughout the year and during the four seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter). The results showed that the minimum average exceeded the standards for EC, TDS, and TSS concentrations of all seasons are 7.74%, 0.77%, and 52.5%; respectively; while for COD, BOD, SO42-, and NH4 are 43.48%, 172.72%, 44.09%, and 92.02%; respectively. The other concentration of parameters is within standards and give the ability to irrigate potentially eaten fresh vegetables and fruits within two weeks of irrigation, cooked vegetables and fruits if not done water it within two weeks of harvesting it; such as Fodder, Crops, Grains, parks and civic roadsides, and sports stadiums, Fruit trees, Sides of external roads, Green landscapes, Cereals and Forage Crops, Industrial crops and Forest Trees. A SWOT analysis is conducted to assess the ability to use this treated wastewater for irrigation purposes as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It is concluded that the ability to use this treated wastewater for irrigation some kinds of plants on different seasons. Also; it is concluded that some units of WWTPs need to rehabilitate and treat the parameters that out-off standards to be suitable to irrigate other kinds of plants.
Household composting in North Syria case study
Authors: Saghir Abdullah 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study (Technical Assessment) is to recognize how to convert solid waste materials into composting in North Syria, Non-State Armed Group (NSAG) controlled areas, and indicates the produced mass of the compost per capita, the assessment showed that: the weather condition in the north of Syria is suitable for converting the domestic solid waste into compost within 99-111 days at the temperature: 10-350C, The volume of the compost is about: 49.3%-55.2% of the volume of the solid waste before composting, that means the composting by housed hold could minimize the volume of solid waste to 44.8%-50.7% so the environment pollution of the and cost of dealing with the solid waste will be low, in general, the loss of mass and volume will have occurred during the composting process. The productivity of compost of each family is about: 0.69 – 0.8 kg/day and the production per capita is 0.08-0.129 kg/day, and the density of the compost 851.6-933.8 kg/m3. Only 6% of people who are involved in the questionnaire in Aleppo and Idleb governorates have no access to farmland whereas 94% of people have access to the farms and about 75% of people who have access to the farmland use fertilization, 92.35% of the interviewees reported that they are not familiar with the processes of converting the domestic solid waste into compost, whereas 7.65% reported that they are familiar with the composting process, and 57.1% of them reported that they were interested to convert the solid waste into compost and 42.9% of them expressed that they were not interest of composting; data shows the reasons why people were not interested in converting the solid waste into compost:13.3% do not have the composting tools, 67.2% are not familiar with composting processes, 12.8% do not need compost and 6.7% of people need a long time to perform the composting.
An ecological study of the fern Asplenium Trichomanes L. in Iraq with a reference to its phytochemical and antioxidant activity
Authors: Ismail A M , Hamdi B A , Maulood B K , AL-Khasreji T.O. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A number of ferns are known to have ornamental, medicinal and ethnobotanical importance all over the world. In spite of the presence of numerous fern species such as Equisetum, Adiantum, Asplenium and Cheilanthes species all over our country (Iraq) particularly the Kurdistan part, still, such information in this area is quite rare. Asplenium Trichomonas L. is a genus of one of the widest groups of Asplenideae (maidenhair spleen worts). It is a megaphyllous, homosporous fern, which was found at an elevation above 1600 m.a.s.l. Samples were collected from the Taweela area in Kurdistan of Iraq, the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of the plant was dealt with in the current investigation through the methanol extract method of ferns. The result revealed positive detection of few numbers of flavonoid compounds, among which kaempferol compound showed the highest concentration (227 μg/ml) whereas kaempferide 3-0 glycoside showed the lowest concentration (130.3 μg/ ml), six phenolic compounds were identified through HPLC technique among which (Kaempferol, Quercetin, Myrstin, Rutin, Kea.3-o-glycoside, and Leutolin), also anti-oxidant activity recorded (1c50) it had exceeded (2.27 μg/m1). In contrast the positive control (Ascorbic acid) 0.018 mg/ ml. The present study has been devoted to the distribution of Asplenium Trichomanes L in Iraq with reference to it is a phytochemical and anti-oxidant activity for the first time in the region. In years to come, undoubtedly this will follow with more investigations on fern wealth in Iraq so it will reduce the existing gap in the knowledge in this respect.
Cheilanthes tomentosa Link (Pteridaceae) new addition to the recorded Pteridaceae species in Iraq.
Authors: Maulood B.K. , Ismail A.M. , AL-Amery M.M. , AL-Khasreji T.O. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
During a survey of Iraqi flora 2010 onward, which is undertaken by Howler Botanical Garden, an interesting fern is recorded. The taxon is identified as Cheilanthes tomentosa Link., based on morphology and anatomy characters. To the best of our knowledge, C. tomentosa has not previously been reported in Iraq. Therefore, the species represent a new addition to the Iraqi flora.
Effect of some heavy metals synergism on the longevity and bioaccumulation inside the muscles of frog ridibunda species under the laboratory conditions
Authors: Sheriff Husain A. , Arif Saad M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Rana ridibunda frogs (Amphibians) are examined under laboratory conditions (10-18 C°) of the aquarium water (tap water), oxygen saturation, non-saturation and starvation. Body weight for two groups of frogs were (260-285 gr) and (58-115 gr). Two types of heavy metals effect were examined (single type and mixed types) of Cdcl2 and HgSo4 used. Longevity as LT50% and LT100% were determined by single heavy metals effect and synergism effect for both oxygen saturated and oxygen non-saturated waters experiments were conducted, then the bioaccumulation inside the legs muscles of the frog were examined for the heavy metals poisoning media (2PPT) concentration. Synergism effects were very clear and differences of O2 saturation were giving clear different results.
Medical waste management during COVID-19 pandemic, a review study
Authors: Alrawi Ayad S , Amin Sahar A. , Al-Ani Rana R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Medical waste management problems are rising due to the crisis brought upon by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a worldwide pandemic. The security management of medical care worldwide increases their attention due to the high risk of COVID-19 medical waste. This paper gives a review of medical waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic around the world. Furthermore, an effort has been made to prepare a review of the characteristics, generation, collection, transportation, disposal, and treatment technologies of solid waste management worldwide. Detailed data on medical waste management practices, including collection, recovery, and disposal, have been presented. The poor medical waste management in Iraq before and during COVID-19 causes a huge environmental risk and can be a possible reappearing infection source. Hence, the study also points out some recommendations for handling COVID-19 pandemic medical waste properly to reduce possible secondary effects on health and the environment and manage any possible pandemics in the future.
International Legal protection of forests in the context of sustainable development.
Authors: Mekhlouf Omar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The legal attention to the protection of forests is the key axe to protect the environment in the world, as well as ensuring the economic and social development for generations. Effective legal protection of forest heritage can be achieved only under the sustainability model. This latter ensures the exploitation of forest heritage as an important economic resource while preserving its ecological value in front of contemporary environmental threats, also estimating its role in meeting the social needs of the local population. The international society had paid attention to the importance of this vital wealth and started looking for appropriate mechanisms to protect them, while organizing how to exploit them as an economic resource, besides their social place and cultural aspects. This paper will deal with how does international law devote legal protection to a forest in the light of the sustainable development approach, especially after the united conference on environment and development in 1992.
Analysis of Urban Social Orders of Heritage Fabric in the Old Karkh
Authors: Kawther Khawla K. , Al Slik Ghada 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The concept of urban order is important to the future perception of cities, especially in the heritage fabric. The research aims to find urban generating orders to be used in future planning and design projects. The research problem lies in the analysis of urban social orders from the traditional urban fabric of the ancient Karkh of Baghdad. The objective of the research: Finding the elements of urban social orders. Research hypotheses: Urban Social order is a hidden order that affects the urban fabric, as well as, Urban Social Orders are linked to cultural orders, order laws, temporal order, spatial theme, geographical and regional order, and urban context to achieving sustainable urban design.
Advantages of Green Technology to Mitigate the Environment Problems
Authors: Mohammed Shireen Ibrahim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Green technology can be defined as the use of science and technology to create products that are less harmful to the environment. It is environmentally friendly, the aim of it is to protect the environment. It can also refer to clean energy productions, which means using alternative technology and fuels that do not harm the environment. This technology includes infrastructure tech, which uses to create clean energy, recycle waste, purify water and natural resources conservation, and so on. Many countries are looking to support the growth of the economy and improve their citizens lives to live in a healthy environment without harming the planet, and this can be done by having a full understanding of this tech. In this research, a survey has been done to exam the community awareness about green technology in three cities in Iraq. The result shows that most people from different generations are not aware of this technology. As a result of this surveying, a few recommendations have been suggested to raise awareness about this technology importance, especially for future generations. In addition, the advantages of it have been introduced to have full understand of green tech and adopted it in the community.
Assessment of facilities quality in historical center of Baghdad
Authors: Mahdi Wijdan Abdulmuttalib , Saeed Ahmed Adnan , Salih Waleed Mehmood 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Research is based on assessing and measuring quality of facilities provided and extent of residents satisfaction with them in locality in Al-Jumhuriya neighborhood of historical mixed use center in city of Baghdad. It is one of most important urban lands uses in city, and also issue of quality has become important in planning Cities to assess extent of residents satisfaction with urban quality and through its multiple indicators, including those related to economic and urban quality, facilities and management, as well as social quality. Comfort, safety, and meet all requirements of living and quality of life.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of Circular Wheat Crop Farms Using GIS and Remote sensing Techniques
Authors: Sbahi Muslim K. , Ziboon Abdul Razzak T. , Hassoon Khalid I. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Evaluation of agricultural crop efficiency is one of the most important applications dealt with remote sensing (RS) science and geographic information systems (GIS) because of their economic importance and relevance to countries food security. Therefore, to know the locations of the farms and count the ones specialized in cultivating the wheat crop, the farms of the Ain al-Tamur Cultivation Division, which are famous as being the pivotal farms dependent on groundwater, were chosen as a study area in this research. The research tries to enumerate and estimate the areas cultivated with the wheat crop, which are difficult to access due to the large cultivated area and assess the quality of the crop simultaneously based on the indicators of remote sensing. Eleven satellite images of Landsat8 and Sentinel-2. They covered the entire agricultural seasons of the period from 01/10/2015 to 01/06/2016. Moreover, the GIS program, a spatial database was prepared, depending on the meteorological data of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture, and using the Cropwat program to calculate the germination evaluation of the crop. Infrared (IR) bands & Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps and crop change detection maps created in addition to color maps representing farm areas and their quality. The research results showed good results in estimating areas and the quality of the crop grown with the technique of pivot sprinklers.
Optimization and Enhancement of Charging Control System of Electric Vehicle Using MATLAB SIMULINK
Authors: Ali Faris R H , Ibrahim A A , Mohamad wasel N B , Abdulwahid M M , Mosleh M F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Several algorithms and approaches have been adopted for wide range of controlled systems. One of the most interesting algorithms was the Rider Optimization Algorithm (ROA), which has been widely used in many applications for the control system. In this paper, the ROA algorithm has been utilized in the Controlled System (Charging Control System associated and decrease the steady-state error, high overshoot, decreasing for rising time and settling time these issues that we are looking for disentangling it in the controlled System to get furthest reaches of depending capacity that makes Controller work in a best case. of Electric Vehicle) to enhance and optimize the charging procedure. Results obtained shows significant enhancement where the parameter values achieved for the Maximum overshooting, raising time, peak time and the settling time were zero%, 0.0341, 0.7, 0.1188 second respectively, which could be considered as more realistic results as compared with latest work in the same field. Such results have showed a significant enhancement as compared to the related results achieved in the same manner.
Smart Soil Irrigation System Based on A Digital Camera and Graphic User Interface
Authors: Al-Naji Ali , Fakhri Ahmed Bashar , Alnosh Mohammed Abdalmunaf , Oudah Munir 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Irrigation consumes 70% of the water quantity used worldwide. In a context of rising food demand and declining in water resources, the development of advanced irrigation technologies based on modern techniques in agriculture is a significant demand to keep this resource safe. To achieve this target, the management of water resources in agriculture needs to be specified and controlled. This study aims to propose an automatic, non-contact and cost-effective soil irrigation system based on analysing the changes in loam soil colour captured by a digital camera at different illumination levels. A graphic user interface (GUI) attached to the Arduino Uno microcontroller was used to drive the water pump and determine whether the loam soil requires irrigation or not. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed irrigation system to determine soil state and provide an accurate decision for soil irrigating, thus making this system a promising approach in future irrigation technologies.