bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electric field‐assisted sintering anode‐supported single solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Muccillo Reginaldo , de Florio Daniel Zanetti , Fonseca Fabio C. , Carvalho Sabrina G. M. , Muccillo Eliana N. S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCosintering (La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 thin‐film cathode/ZrO2: 8 mol% Y2O3 thin‐film solid electrolyte/55 vol.% ZrO2:8 mol% Y2O3 + 45 vol.% NiO anode, ϕ = 12 × 1.5 mm thick pellet) was achieved by applying an electric field for 5 min at 1200°C. Impedance spectroscopy measurements of the anode‐supported three‐layer cell show an improvement of the electrical conductivity in comparison to that of a conventionally sintered cell. The scanning electron microscopy images of the cross‐sections of electric field‐assisted pressureless sintered cells show a fairly dense electrolyte and porous anode and cathode. Joule heating, resulting from the electric current due to the application of the AC electric field, is suggested as responsible for sintering. Dilatometric shrinkage curves, electric voltage and current profiles, impedance spectroscopy diagrams, and scanning electron microscopy micrographs show how anode‐electrolyte‐cathode ceramic cells can be cosintered at temperatures lower than the usually required.
Unlocking the history of a trans‐Atlantic invader: Did the human slave trade impact Brown mussel dispersal?
Authors: Calazans Sávio H. , Lourenço Carla R. , Nicastro Katy R. , Tagliaro Claudia H. , Zardi Gerardo I. , Ferreira Carlos E. L. , da C. Fernandes Flavio , Silva Edson P. , Hoffman Eric A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimBrown mussels exhibit a trans‐Atlantic distribution putatively caused by either native dispersal or artificial gene flow, likely in concert with the transport of enslaved people from Africa. Evolutionary history and demographic models of this widespread species may clarify how the present‐day distribution was impacted by natural versus artificial dispersal. Particularly, dating the timing of the South American/African split may determine whether the human slave trade likely impacted the contemporary distribution of brown mussels.LocationCoastal Brazil, Morocco, South Africa, and Mozambique.TaxonPerna perna (Linnaeus 1758).MethodsWe genotyped a total of 644 samples from 18 populations at 10 microsatellite loci. We estimated genetic structure with clustering algorithms in STRUCTURE and GENETIX. We estimated genetic distances by characterizing patterns of pair‐wise FST using the program FSTAT, evaluating differences among and between regions via AMOVA, and testing isolation by distance in IBDWS. To estimate and date the most likely pathway by which P. perna crossed the Atlantic Ocean we used Bayesian factors from thermodynamically heated coalescent simulations in the program MIGRATE‐n.ResultsWe found no general pattern of reduced or elevated levels of genetic diversity within any region across site or locus. We identified four genetic clusters: East South Africa (ESA), West South Africa (WSA), Brazil (BR) and North Africa (MO); FST ranged from 0.06 to 0.11 among regions and exhibited a significant pattern of isolation by distance. Migration models indicated that P. perna dispersed from WSA to MO and from there to BR of approximately 2,000 years.Main conclusionsMultiple lines of evidence suggest the Brazilian populations of P. perna have been a long‐standing native population, originating from northern Africa and are unlikely a consequence of the African slave trade. Although, human introduction cannot be ruled out South American P. perna populations exhibited genetic characteristics indicative of a divergent, isolated and established population, featuring the genetic signature expected for a native population.
Antibacterial activity of combined aditoprim and sulfamethoxazole againstEscherichia colifrom swine and a dose regimen based on pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling
Authors: Wang Fang , Luo Wanhe , Pan Yuanhu , Qu Wei , Xie Shuyu , Huang Lingli , Wang Yulian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe mortality of livestock caused by pathogenicEscherichia coli(E.coli) still accounts for a large proportion of deaths in large‐scale production and reproduction, which causes devastating economic losses to the pig breeding industry. The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity of combined aditoprim (ADP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) against clinical isolates ofE. colifrom pigs and to develop a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) model to formulate the optimal dose of ADP/SMZ for the treatment of pig colibacillosis. Blood and ileum fluid samples were collected at different times after single intramuscular injection of ADP/SMZ (5/25 mg/kg b.w.) to healthy pigs andE. coli‐infected pigs. Concentrations of ADP and SMZ in plasma and ileum fluid were analyzed by HPLC. The peak concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0‐24h) in ileum fluid of healthy pigs were 1.76 ± 0.27 µg/ml and 18.92 ± 2.87 µg·h/ml for ADP and 19.15 ± 2.63 µg/ml and 125.70 ± 11.86 µg·h/ml for SMZ, respectively.Cmaxand AUC0‐24hin ileum fluid of infected pigs were 1.88 ± 0.13 µg/ml and 15.12 ± 0.75 µg·h/ml for ADP and 19.71 ± 3.68 µg/ml and 133.92 ± 17.14 µg·h/ml for SMZ, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of combined ADP and SMZ (ADP/SMZ) against 185 strains ofE. colifrom pigs were determined. The MIC50and MIC90of ADP/SMZ were 0.5/2.5 and 4/20 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC of the selected pathogenicE. coliSHC28 was 0.5/2.5 µg/ml in Mueller‐Hinton broth and 0.25/1.25 µg/ml in ileum fluid, respectively. In vitro, the mutant prevention concentration, the post‐antibiotic effect, growth, and time‐killing curves in vitro and ex vivo of ADP/SMZ against the isolate SHC28 were assayed for PD studies. The results showed that ADP/SMZ exhibited strong concentration‐dependent antimicrobial activity againstE. coli. After integrating the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of infected pigs and ex vivo PD data using the sigmoidEmax(Hill) equation, the AUC24h/MIC values in ileum fluid for bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacterial eradication were 18.84, 65.39, and 110.68 h, respectively. In conclusion, a dosage of 3.45/17.25 mg/kg ADP/SMZ by intramuscular injection daily for 3 consecutive days may be sufficient to treat swine colibacillosis due toE. coliwith a MIC of 0.5/2.5 µg/ml.
How telomere dynamics are influenced by the balance between mitochondrial efficiency, reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage
Authors: Metcalfe Neil B. , Olsson Mats 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt is well known that oxidative stress is a major cause of DNA damage and telomere attrition. Most endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the mitochondria, producing a link between mitochondrial function, DNA integrity and telomere dynamics. In this review we will describe how ROS production, rates of damage to telomeric DNA and DNA repair are dynamic processes. The rate of ROS production depends on mitochondrial features such as the level of inner membrane uncoupling and the proportion of time that ATP is actively being produced. However, the efficiency of ATP production (the ATP/O ratio) is positively related to the rate of ROS production, so leading to a trade‐off between the body's energy requirements and its need to prevent oxidative stress. Telomeric DNA is especially vulnerable to oxidative damage due to features such as its high guanine content; while repair to damaged telomere regions is possible through a range of mechanisms, these can result in more rapid telomere shortening. There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial efficiency varies over time and with environmental context, as do rates of DNA repair. We argue that telomere dynamics can only be understood by appreciating that the optimal solution to the trade‐off between energetic efficiency and telomere protection will differ between individuals and will change over time, depending on resource availability, energetic demands and life history strategy.
Photobleached Oxidative Degradation of Melanins: Chemical Characterization of Melanins Present in Alpaca Fiber
Authors: Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Munyard Kylie , Oddie Carolyn , Ito Shosuke 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn order to characterize the phenotype and to examine the effects of sun exposure on the color and structure of eumelanin (EM) and pheomelanin (PM) in alpaca fibers, we applied Soluene‐350 solubilization, alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation (AHPO) and hydroiodic acid (HI) hydrolysis to the base and tip fibers of 20 true‐black (TB) and 20 warm‐black (WB) alpacas. We analyzed absorbances at 500 nm (A500) and 650 nm (A650), Free and Total pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), 2,3,4,5‐tetracarboxylic acid (PTeCA) as degradative products from EM, and 4‐amino‐3‐hydroxyphenylalanine (4‐AHP), 3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenylalanine (3‐AHP) and thiazole‐2,4,5‐tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) as degradative products from PM. We found that the ratio of PTeCA/Total PTCA increased significantly from the base to the tip in both colors of alpaca fibers, while the ratios of A650/A500 and 4‐AHP/3‐AHP decreased significantly. These results show that structures made of both EM and PM in alpaca fibers are modified significantly by sun exposure inducing color change. This study indicates that the ratios of A650/A500, PTeCA/Total PTCA and 4‐AHP/3‐AHP are highly sensitive markers of color change and photodegradation of EM and PM, respectively.
How to be an aesthetic realist
Authors: Tropman Elizabeth 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper develops a form of realism about aesthetics that is stronger than typical versions of aesthetic realism. As I conceive of it, aesthetic realism is the view that there are some response‐independent aesthetic facts. This kind of realism is unpopular in aesthetics and is often viewed as a non‐starter. Against this pessimism, I argue that the prospects for this realist approach are more favorable than commonly supposed. I offer some reasons to prefer my brand of aesthetic realism to competing realist and anti‐realist positions. I also defend this aesthetic realism against what I call the ‘overly objective worry’ and correct misconceptions about what realism's commitment to response‐independence involves.
The Beveridge report 80 years on: ‘Squalor’ and housing—‘A true goliath’
Authors: Lund Brian , Greener Ian , Powell Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Beveridge Report listed ‘Squalor’ as one of the ‘five giants on the road to reconstruction’, with the use of the term pointing to a broader concern than individual houses ‘unfit for human habitation’. ‘Squalor’, said Beveridge, ‘arises mainly through haphazard distribution of industry and population’ indicated anxiety about pollution and the ‘mean’, dark streets in cities and industrial towns. Apart from these references, the Beveridge Report made no other mentions of ‘Squalor’ but in later publications, Beveridge advocated New Towns and the involvement of voluntary housing associations in housing supply as remedies to the problem. This article reviews the context and history of Beveridge's Giant of Squalor, considering how Beveridge dealt with the ‘problem of rent’ the attempts by governments to tackle the issue, examines the contributions made by New Towns and housing associations, records progress in improving minimum housing standards and investigates potential policies to overcome these challenges that might be included in a ‘New Beveridge’ Report.
Association between the kinetics of cytomegalovirus reactivation in terms of the area under the curve of cytomegalovirus antigenemia and non‐relapse mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Takeshita Junko , Kimura Shun‐ichi , Nakasone Hideki , Kawamura Shunto , Nakamura Yuhei , Kawamura Masakatsu , Yoshino Nozomu , Misaki Yukiko , Yoshimura Kazuki , Matsumi Shimpei , Gomyo Ayumi , Tamaki Masaharu , Akahoshi Yu , Kusuda Machiko , Kameda Kazuaki , Wada Hidenori , Sato Miki , Kako Shinichi , Kanda Yoshinobu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe assessed the kinetics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation using the area under the curve (AUC), which simultaneously reflects both the viral load at each time point and the duration of CMV antigenemia (CMV‐AG).MethodsWe performed a single‐institute retrospective analysis in patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) between 2007 and 2017 and survived more than 100 days after HSCT. The AUC of CMV‐AG (CMV‐AUC) was calculated by a trapezoidal method using the number of CMV‐AG tested by the C10/C11 method after logarithmic transformation, and plotted weekly up to day 100.ResultsCMV reactivation was observed in 195 cases and the median CMV‐AUC for CMV‐reactivated patients was 8.7 (range 0.5–30.7). Older age, corticosteroid administration, CMV‐seropositive transplant recipients, HSCT from an unrelated donor, and underlying diseases were independent predictive factors for higher CMV‐AUC. Higher CMV‐AUC was associated with poor overall survival (OS) with borderline significance in a univariate analysis (p = .07), but was not significant in a multivariate analysis. Older age, high‐risk disease status, and female gender were identified as significant factors associated with poor OS in this study. On the other hand, CMV‐AUC (hazard ratio: no reactivation reference, low 0.98, high 2.49, p < .01), older age, HCT‐CI ≥3, and corticosteroid administration were identified as significant factors associated with increased incidence of non‐relapse mortality (NRM).ConclusionsThe kinetics of CMV reactivation in terms of CMV‐AUC reflect both the severity and duration of CMV reactivation. High CMV‐AUC was associated with an increased incidence of NRM in survivors over 100 days.
The Hat-Trick of Racism: Examining BIPOC Hockey Players’ Experiences in Canada’s Game
Authors: Sandrin Ryan , Palys Ted 
Published: August 2021

Recent high-profile incidents involving racism at hockey’s highest levels have cast serious concerns regarding the prevalence of racism in the sport. However, limited scholarly literature has examined the prevalence of racism in Canadian hockey across the lesser-known competitive developmental levels (e.g., junior, collegiate, and minor-professional). Employing a critical race framework, we interviewed Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) regarding their experiences with racism in Canadian hockey. The findings reveal that actions that keep BIPOC players on the outside looking in exist at even the sport’s youngest levels. The findings also indicate that governing bodies often fail to protect BIPOC players when racist incidents occur. Further research regarding racism in hockey is needed to more fully understand the deleterious impact of racist behavior on the sport and those who play it, and to identify strategies that can promote a more egalitarian opportunity structure than currently exists.
Modification of the Spike Protein for Vaccines against Enveloped RNA Viruses
Authors: Vzorov A. N. , Samokhvalov E. I. , Chebanenko V. V. , Scheblyakov D. V. , Gintsburg A. L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract—
Most vaccines work by inducing neutralizing antibodies that target the viral envelope. Enveloped RNA viruses have evolved mechanisms for surface glycoproteins to evade host immune responses, which exhibit substantial variability, even among different strains. Natural infection and vaccines using native forms of surface proteins may induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, yet with low and ineffective levels. Class I membrane-fusion proteins of enveloped RNA viruses, HIV-1, influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, yield a stable conformation (so-called “pre-fusion”) in providing fusion between viral and host cell membranes. Modified viral surface proteins that are based on these features induce neutralizing antibodies with activity available against a broad spectrum of circulating strains and make it possible to overcome the difficulties associated with escape/variability of viral antigen.
The Blazar OJ 287 Jet from Parsec to Kiloparsec Scales
Authors: Butuzova M. S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The curved shape of the kiloparsec-scale jet of the blazar OJ 287 is analyzed in the framework of the precession of the central engine, on the existence on which a large number of studies over the past decades are based. The data necessary for the analysis on the kiloparsec-scale jet velocity and angle with the line of sight are obtained based on two competing assumptions about the X-ray emission mechanism of the OJ 287 jet. Namely, there were both the inverse Compton scattering of the cosmic microwave background under the assumption of relativistic kiloparsec-scale jet and the inverse Compton scattering of the central source radiation. For the latter one, we showed that the expected flux from the kiloparsec-scale jet in the gamma range does not exceed the limit set for it according to Fermi-LAT data. We found that only the period of the kiloparsec-scale jet helix, estimated in the framework of the inverse Compton scattering of the central source radiation, agrees with the precession period of the central engine, determined from the modulation of the peak values of 12‑year optical flares.
Postoperative pain reduction by pre-emptive N-acetylcysteine: an exploratory randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Mulkens Chantal Elise , Staatsen Marieke , van Genugten Lucie , Snoeker Barbara A M , Vissers Kris C P , Bruhn Jörgen , Bucx Martin J L 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundA new potential target for multimodal pain management is the group-II metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, which can be activated by N-acetylcysteine. We investigated whether pre-emptive administration of N-acetylcysteine leads to a reduction in postoperative pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.MethodsSixty American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II patients scheduled for elective inguinal hernia repair were randomized to receive either N-acetylcysteine (150 mg/kg) or placebo intravenously 1 hour before surgery. The primary outcome was the visual analogue score during movement in the morning (approximately 24 hours) after surgery. Among secondary outcomes were postoperative opioid consumption and safety of intravenous N-acetylcysteine.ResultsIn total, 23 patients were analyzed per group. Pain scores were similar at all timepoints with a 24 hours median score of 34 (IQR of 19.0 to 42.5) in the N-acetylcysteine group and a median score of 26 (16.0 to 50.0) in the placebo group. The percentage of patients using opioids after surgery was 22% versus 39% day 1 (p=0.63); 9% versus 26% day 2 (p=0.14); 9% versus 17% day 3 (p=0.35) in the N-acetylcysteine group compared with placebo group. Side effects resembling anaphylactoid reactions in response to the administration of N-acetylcysteine were present in more than half of the patients.ConclusionsWithout finding important differences between N-acetylcysteine and placebo group in pain scores postoperatively, but with a high percentage of bothersome side effects for the N-acetylcysteine group, we would not recommend the use of pre-emptive intravenous N-acetylcysteine to reduce postoperative pain in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair patients based on this study.Trial registration numberNCT03354572.
Tenecteplase Reperfusion therapy in Acute ischaemic Cerebrovascular Events-II (TRACE II): rationale and design
Authors: Li Shuya , Campbell Bruce C V , Schwamm Lee H , Fisher Marc , Parsons Mark , Li Hao , Pan Yuesong , Wang Yongjun 
Published: August 2021

Background and purposeTenecteplase (TNK) is a promising agent for treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). We hypothesised that recombinant human TNK tissue-type plasminogen activator (rhTNK-tPA) is non-inferior to rt-PA in achieving excellent functional outcome at 90 days, when administered within 4.5 hours of ischaemic stroke onset.Methods and designTenecteplase Reperfusion therapy in Acute ischemic Cerebrovascular Events (TRACE) is a phase III, multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-end point non-inferiority study. Patients eligible for intravenous thrombolysis therapy are randomised to rhTNK-tPA 0.25 mg/kg (single bolus) to a maximum of 25 mg or rt-PA 0.9 mg/kg (10% bolus+90% infusion/1 hour) to a maximum of 90 mg. Medications considered necessary for the patient’s health may be given at the discretion of the investigator during 90-day follow-up.Study outcomesThe primary study outcome is excellent functional outcome defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–1 at 90 days. Secondary efficacy outcomes include favourable functional outcome defined as mRS ≤2 at 90 days, ordinal distribution of mRS and major neurological improvement on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Safety outcomes are symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage within 36 hours and death from any cause.DiscussionThere is no completed registration study of TNK in AIS worldwide. TRACE II strives to provide evidence for a new drug application for rhTNK-tPA in AIS within 4.5 hours through a well-designed and rigorously executed randomised trial in China.Trial registration numberNCT04797013.
Use of inhaled corticosteroids and risk of acquiringPseudomonas aeruginosain patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Eklöf Josefin , Ingebrigtsen Truls Sylvan , Sørensen Rikke , Saeed Mohamad Isam , Alispahic Imane Achir , Sivapalan Pradeesh , Boel Jonas Bredtoft , Bangsborg Jette , Ostergaard Christian , Dessau Ram Benny , Jensen Ulrich Stab , Hansen Ejvind Frausing , Lapperre Therese Sophie , Meteran Howraman , Wilcke Torgny , Seersholm Niels , Jensen Jens-Ulrik Stæhr 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundInhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are commonly used to treat COPD and are associated with increased risk of pneumonia. The aim of this study was to assess if accumulated use of ICS is associated with a dose-dependent risk of a positive airway culture withPseudomonas aeruginosain patients with COPD.MethodsWe conducted a multiregional epidemiological cohort study including Danish COPD patients followed in outpatient clinics during 2010–2017. ICS use was categorised based on accumulated prescriptions redeemed 365 days prior to cohort entry. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the risk of acquiringP. aeruginosa. Propensity score matched models were used as sensitivity analyses.ResultsA total of 21 408 patients were included in the study, of which 763 (3.6%) acquiredP. aeruginosaduring follow-up. ICS use was associated with a dose-dependent risk ofP. aeruginosa(low ICS dose: HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.84, p=0.03; moderate ICS dose: HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.63 to 2.85, p<0.0001; high ICS dose: HR 3.58, 95% CI 2.75 to 4.65, p<0.0001; reference: no ICS use). A propensity matched model confirmed the results (high ICS dose compared with no/low/moderate ICS dose: HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.76 to 2.39, p p<0.0001).ConclusionUse of ICS in patients with COPD followed in Danish outpatient clinics was associated with a substantially increased and dose-dependent risk of acquiringP. aeruginosa. Caution should be taken when administering high doses of ICS in severely ill patients with COPD. These results should be confirmed in comparable cohorts and other settings.