bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weathering on volcanic edifices under semiarid climates: insights from a regional assessment of the composition of Fogo Island regoliths (Cape Verde)
Authors: Cabral Pinto Marina , Dinis Pedro A. , Pitta Groz Denise , Marques Rosa , Prudêncio Maria Isabel , Moura Rui , Tavares Rocha Fernando , Ferreira da Silva Eduardo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this study, the geochemistry and mineralogy of regoliths formed on Fogo Island (Cape Verde), a polygenic strato-volcano built during the Quaternary, are used to assess the geomorphological factors that control the early stages of basalt weathering. Fogo Island soils are mainly derived from relatively homogenous silica-undersaturated basaltic rocks. However, a discernible exotic component is recognized in areas most exposed to prevailing winds via ratios of non-mobile elements that are hosted in different amounts by basaltic rocks (e.g. Th, Sc and Ti). The weathering extent is evidenced by a relative depletion in mobile elements (e.g. Na, Ca, Mg) and an enrichment in non-mobile elements (e.g. Ti, Fe, Sc, Al), the decomposition of the most labile minerals (olivines) and the formation of secondary components (phyllosilicates and some Fe-oxides, such as hematite-goethite), along with the enrichment in quartz supplied from non-volcanic areas. Weathering depends on bedrock age and type (pyroclastic deposits v. lava-flows). In particular, soils covering older volcanic units tend to be more affected by chemical alteration than those overlying younger units. In addition, more intense weathering is observed in locations characterized by a combination of moderate elevation, slopes with low gradient and relatively high rainfall. The present investigation shows that even in low humidity environments recently formed basalts are affected by weathering, with the extent of chemical decomposition being mainly determined by the age of surface exposure and local orographic/climatic features.
Representation of Women in Randomized Trials in Cardiac Surgery: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Gaudino Mario , Di Mauro Michele , Fremes Stephen E. , Di Franco Antonino 
Published: August 2021

Background
Women have traditionally been underrepresented in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We performed a systematic evaluation of the inclusion of women in cardiac surgery RCTs published in the past 2 decades.

Methods and Results

MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched (2000 to July 2020) for RCTs written in English, comparing ≥2 adult cardiac surgical procedures. The percentage of women enrolled and its association with year of publication, sample size, mean age, funding source, geographic location, number of sites involved, and interventions tested were analyzed using a meta‐analytic approach. Fifty‐one trials were included. Of 25 425 total patients, 5029 were women (20.8%; 95% CI, 17.6–24.4; range, 0.5%–57.9%). The proportion of women dropped significantly during the study period (29.6% in 2000 versus 13.1% in 2019,
P
<0.001). Women were significantly more represented in European trials (26.2%; 95% CI, 21.2–31.9), and less represented in trials of coronary bypass surgery versus other interventions (16.8%; 95% CI, 12.3–22.7 versus 33.6%; 95% CI, 27.4–40.5;
P
=0.0002) and in trials enrolling younger patients (
P
=0.009); the percentage of women was higher in industry‐sponsored versus non‐industry sponsored trials (31.7%; 95% CI, 27.2–36.6 versus 15.5%; 95% CI, 10.0–23.2;
P
=0.0004) and was not associated with trial sample size (
P
=0.52) or study design (multicenter versus monocenter:
P
=0.22). After exclusion of trials conducted at Veteran Affairs centers, women representation was 24.4% (95% CI, 21.1–28.0; range, 10.4%–57.9%), with no significant changes during the study period.

Conclusions
The proportion of women in cardiac surgery trials is low and likely inadequate to provide meaningful estimates of the treatment effect.
Prioritizing School Finance Equity during an Economic Downturn: Recommendations for State Policy Makers
Authors: Knight David S. , Hassairi Nail , Candelaria Christopher A. , Sun Min , Plecki Margaret L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
State budgets temporarily crashed amid the COVID-19 pandemic and economic shutdown, placing education funding at risk. To demonstrate implications for school finance, we show that (1) school districts are racially segregated along class lines; (2) higher-poverty districts receive a greater share of funds from state, as opposed to local sources, making them especially vulnerable during economic downturns; and (3) many states made across-the-board K–12 budget reductions following the Great Recession, but those cuts disproportionately impacted high-poverty districts. A decade later, state legislators may face similar fiscal challenges. Instead of enacting across-the-board cuts, states can identify specific funding programs that already benefit lower-poverty districts or wealthier students. We demonstrate how this approach would work under different state finance models and offer recommendations for state policy makers.
Beyond Bad Beliefs
Authors: Howard Nathan Robert 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Philosophers have recently come to focus on explaining the phenomenon of bad beliefs, beliefs that are apparently true and well-evidenced but nevertheless objectionable. Despite this recent focus, a consensus is already forming around a particular explanation of these beliefs’ badness called moral encroachment, according to which, roughly, the moral stakes engendered by bad beliefs make them particularly difficult to justify. This paper advances an alternative account not just of bad beliefs but of bad attitudes more generally according to which bad beliefs’ badness originates not in a failure of sufficient evidence but in a failure to respond adequately to reasons. I motivate this alternative account through an analogy to recent discussions of moral worth centered on the well-known grocer case from Kant’s Groundwork, and by showing that this analogy permits the proposed account to generalize to bad attitudes beyond belief. The paper concludes by contrasting the implications of moral encroachment and of the proposed account for bad attitudes’ blameworthiness.
Just Social Risk Imposition and the Demand for Fair Risk Sharing
Authors: Cai Yunmeng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Existing accounts of social insurance tend to treat social risks as given and ask whether it is justified for the state to deal with these risks for its citizens. They ignore that many common risks are in fact imposed on citizens as a byproduct of the institutional choices of the society, which call for justification in the first place. In this paper, I use the Scanlonian contractualist framework to develop an account of just social risk imposition which implies a demand for fair risk sharing by all members of a society. In particular, I defend a compensation principle which requires that compensation be paid to victims of risk materialisation. This duty of paying should be shared by all those who benefit from the imposition of the relevant risk. I suggest that this provides a case for social insurance as a way of fairly sharing the burden of social risks.
Taiwanese Higher Education in Times of Change: The Implications of the New Policy 2018
Authors: Lin Tzu-Bin , Huang Chia-Kai 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper explores the potential consequences of the Higher Education Sprout Project (hesp) announced by the Ministry of Education (moe) in March 2018. In the fast-changing global arena of higher education, the Taiwanese government is striving for excellence in the performance of its higher education. Together with other East Asian countries like Japan, Korea, and Singapore, Taiwan officially entered the competition of global university ranking in 2006 when the government initiated the first round of the Aim for Top University Project (atup). After two five-year atup rounds, moe reviewed the results and started to revise the policy. Consequently, hesp was proposed and implemented. In this paper, we explicate the context of changing higher education landscape in Taiwan since 1994, the year the most recent education reform started. The discussion then moves to the issues emerging from the nationwide atup project. During the ten years of atup, most Taiwanese universities were influenced by the directions the project established. However, there has been criticism of atup and its outcome was severely in question. After reviewing the atup, the hesp came out in 2018. We analyse the policy as well as address its potential influences on universities in Taiwan.
Genesis of Easterly Waves over the Tropical Eastern Pacific and the Intra-Americas Sea
Authors: Torres Victor M. , Thorncroft Chris D. , Hall Nicholas M. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper explores a new mechanism for in situ genesis of easterly waves (EWs) over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean (EPAC). Using an idealized primitive equation model, it is shown that EWs can be triggered by finite-amplitude transient heating close to the midlevel jet at about 15°N over the EPAC and intra-Americas sea region. The atmospheric response to heating initiates EWs downstream, showing an EW structure within 4 days, with a wavelength and propagation speed of about 2000 km and 4.6 m s−1, respectively, resembling EWs described in the literature. The most sensitive location for EW initiation from finite-amplitude transient heating is located over the northern part of South America and extends to the EPAC. The closer the heating is to the jet, the bigger the response is. A stratiform heating profile is the most efficient at triggering EPAC EWs. Comparisons of simulated EWs over the EPAC and West Africa reveal similar structures but with a shorter wavelength and much weaker amplitudes over the EPAC. EPAC EWs are dominated by horizontal tilts against the shear on the equatorial side of the jet, consistent with barotropic growth, with weaker low-level amplitudes relative to those seen over West Africa. These differences arise from differences in the mean state EPAC having a shorter and weaker midlevel jet with less baroclinicity.
A Statistical Analysis of High-Frequency Track and Intensity Forecasts from NOAA’s Operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Modeling System
Authors: Zhang Zhan , Zhang Jun A. , Alaka Ghassan J. , Wu Keqin , Mehra Avichal , Tallapragada Vijay 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA statistical analysis is performed on the high-frequency (3⅓ s) output from NOAA’s cloud-permitting, high-resolution operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model for all tropical cyclones (TCs) in the North Atlantic Ocean basin over a 3-yr period (2017–19). High-frequency HWRF forecasts of TC track and 10-m maximum wind speed (Vmax) exhibited large fluctuations that were not captured by traditional low-frequency (6 h) model output. Track fluctuations were inversely proportional to Vmax, with average values of 6–8 km. The Vmax fluctuations were as high as 20 kt (10.3 m s−1) in individual forecasts and were a function of maximum intensity, with a standard deviation of 5.5 kt (2.8 m s−1) for category-2 hurricanes and smaller fluctuations for tropical storms and major hurricanes. The radius of Vmax contracted or remained steady when TCs rapidly intensified in high-frequency HWRF forecasts, consistent with observations. Running-mean windows of 3–9 h were applied at synoptic times to smooth the high-frequency HWRF output to investigate its utility to operational forecasting. Smoothed high-frequency HWRF output improved Vmax forecast skill by up to 8% and produced a more realistic distribution of 6-h intensity change when compared with low-frequency, instantaneous output. Furthermore, the high-frequency track forecast output may be useful for investigating characteristics of TC trochoidal motions.
Non-invasive Fungal Sinusitis as a Complication of a Steroid-Eluting Stent Following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Case Report
Authors: Shipman Paige , Highland Julie , Witt Benjamin , Alt Jeremiah 
Published: August 2021

Objective: Steroid eluting stents have proven to be a highly useful adjunctive therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and play an important role in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases of the sinuses. Few reports of adverse events were reported in clinical trials and are described in the literature. However, we describe the first known case of an immunocompetent patient developing non-invasive fungal tissue infection as a sequelae of stent-related tissue necrosis requiring surgical debridement. Methods: A 69-year-old immunocompetent male with CRS had Propel™ stents placed in the bilateral frontal sinus outflow tracts during revision endoscopic sinus surgery. He presented 2 weeks post-operatively with severe facial pain without vision changes, fevers, mental status changes, or evidence of cranial neuropathies. On rigid nasal endoscopy, necrotic tissue and gross fungal elements were visualized in the left frontal sinus outflow tract at the area of previous steroid stent position. Results: The patient was taken for urgent endoscopic sinus surgery and debridement given significant symptoms and concern for invasive fungal infection. A revision left maxillectomy, ethmoidectomy, and draf 2b frontal sinus drillout were performed, with healthy bleeding tissue encountered beneath necrotic tissue. Pathology revealed tissue necrosis, exudative lumenal debris, and extensive fungal elements with no evidence of tissue invasion, and cultures yielded growth of aspergillus niger. The patient’s symptoms improved significantly on post-operative day 1, he had normal post-operative changes at 2 weeks following debridement, and had no recurrence of fungal infection with complete healing at 4 months. Conclusion: While likely rare, steroid-eluting stents may pose a risk of saprophytic tissue infection as a result of tissue necrosis and local immunosuppression. Caution should be taken in using these devices in immunocompromised patients.
The relevance of budget transparency for development
Authors: Cuadrado-Ballesteros Beatriz , Bisogno Marco 
Published: August 2021

This study aims to highlight the relevance of budget transparency in improving human development and fill the gap in the literature, which has traditionally considered the concept of development in economic terms. Here, development refers to levels of knowledge, the possibility of enjoying a long and healthy life and having a decent standard of living. Improving human development is the main point of interest in the assessment of public policy outcomes and this study is focussed on one specific policy, namely, budget transparency. By using a pool of 110 countries for the years 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2017, the empirical results demonstrate a positive effect of the open budget index on the human development index, suggesting that budget transparency is a good way to improve levels of human development. These findings are essential not only for academic debate but also for practitioners because they show transparency as a relevant tool to improve human development. Points for practitioners Budget transparency is a relevant tool to improve human development. Transparency may improve the quality of life through a better quality of governance. The central roles played by transparency and participation coupled with accountability have been confirmed. The complexity of the concept of human development involves, among other things, disclosing information regarding the public policies. Examining budgets, guaranteeing their transparency as well as the transparency of the budgeting process, is highly recommended to improve human development.
Tribalism and Finance
Authors: Kodila-Tedika Oasis , Asongu Simplice A. 
Published: August 2021

We assess the correlations between tribalism and financial development in 60 countries using data averages from 2000 to 2010. The tribalism index is used to measure tribalism whereas financial development is measured from perspectives of financial intermediary and stock market developments. The long-term finance variable is stock market capitalisation while short-run variable is private and domestic credit. We find that tribalism is negatively correlated with financial development and the magnitude of negativity is higher for financial intermediary development relative to stock market development. The findings are particularly relevant to African and Middle Eastern countries where the scourge of tribalism is most pronounced. JEL: E62, H11, H20, G20, O43
Play of children living with HIV/AIDS in a low-resourced setting: Perspectives of caregivers
Authors: Munambah Nyaradzai , Ramugondo Elelwani L , Cordier Reinie 
Published: August 2021

Background Although play is viewed as a childhood occupation that is spontaneous, it can be limited in children with HIV/AIDS. This study explored the perspectives of caregivers from Zimbabwe on the play of children with HIV/AIDS. Methodology A descriptive qualitative research approach was used to explore the perceptions of caregivers on play of children living with HIV/AIDS. Fifteen caregivers of children aged 4–9 years diagnosed with HIV/AIDS were purposively sampled. Two interviews were carried out with each of the caregivers. Findings were analysed thematically. Findings Four major themes were generated from the study: ‘Ubuntu is no more’, ‘Survival is primary (chikuru kurarama)’, ‘Play affirms that my child is still like other children’ and ‘More is required for this child’. Although issues of survival were paramount, caregivers were able to highlight the importance of play in affirming childhood, identifying the specific needs for play of children with HIV/AIDS. Conclusion and Significance Play, like all other human occupation, is contextually situated. Poverty and health status are key in shaping how families prioritise play. However, the ability to play for a child with HIV/AIDS also seems to mitigate stigma and may disrupt the ‘HIV is death’ narrative.
Long-term Graft Rupture Rates After Combined ACL and Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Versus Isolated ACL Reconstruction: A Matched-Pair Analysis From the SANTI Study Group
Authors: Sonnery-Cottet Bertrand , Haidar Ibrahim , Rayes Johnny , Fradin Thomas , Ngbilo Cedric , Vieira Thais Dutra , Freychet Benjamin , Ouanezar Herve , Saithna Adnan 
Published: August 2021

Background: Clinical studies have demonstrated significant advantages of combined anterior cruciate ligament and anterolateral ligament reconstruction (ACL+ALLR) over isolated ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with respect to reduced graft rupture rates, a lower risk of reoperation for secondary meniscectomy, improved knee stability, and higher rates of return to sports. However, no long-term studies exist. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of isolated ACLR versus ACL+ALLR at long-term follow-up. The hypothesis was that patients who underwent combined procedures would experience significantly lower rates of graft rupture. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients undergoing primary ACL+ALLR between January 2011 and March 2012 were propensity matched in a 1:1 ratio to patients who underwent isolated ACLR during the same period. A combination of face-to-face and telemedicine postoperative follow-up was undertaken. At the end of the study period (March 2020), medical notes and a final telemedicine interview were used to determine whether patients had experienced any complications or reoperations. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, International Knee Documentation Committee score, Lysholm score, and Tegner score were collected for all patients. Graft survivorship was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Logistic regression was performed to account for the potential effect of activity level on graft rupture rates. Results: A total of 86 matched pairs were included in the study. The mean ± SD age was 32.2 ± 8.8 years (range, 22-67 years) in the ACL+ALLR group and 34.7 ± 8.5 years (range, 21-61 years) in the isolated ACLR group. The mean duration of follow-up was 104.33 ± 3.74 months (range, 97-111 months). Patients who underwent combined ACL+ALLR versus isolated ACLR experienced significantly better ACL graft survivorship (96.5% vs 82.6%, respectively; P = .0027), lower overall rates of reoperation (15.3% vs 32.6%; P < .05), and lower rates of revision ACLR (3.5% vs 17.4%; P < .05). Patients undergoing isolated ACLR were at >5-fold greater risk of graft rupture (odds ratio, 5.549; 95% CI, 1.431-21.511; P = .0132), regardless of their preinjury activity level. There were no significant differences between groups with respect to other complications or any clinically important differences in patient-reported outcome measures. Conclusion: Patients who underwent combined ACL+ALLR experienced significantly better long-term ACL graft survivorship, lower overall rates of reoperation, and no increase in complications compared with patients who underwent isolated ACLR. Further, patients who underwent isolated ACLR had a >5-fold increased risk of undergoing revision surgery at a mean follow-up of 104.3 months.
Association Between Hindfoot Alignment and First Metatarsal Rotation
Authors: Bakshi Neil , Steadman Jesse , Philippi Matthew , Arena Christopher , Leake Richard , Saltzman Charles L. , Barg Alexej 
Published: August 2021

Background: The association between forefoot and hindfoot position for planus and cavus feet is fundamental to the treatment of these deformities. However, no studies have evaluated the association between hindfoot alignment and first metatarsal (M1) axial rotation. Understanding this possible relationship may help to understand the deformity and improve patient care. The purpose of this study is to determine a correlation between hindfoot alignment and metatarsal rotation as assessed by weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT). Methods: Patients who underwent weightbearing plain radiography (WBPR) and WBCT between 2015 and 2018 were evaluated. Hindfoot alignment was measured with the calcaneal moment arm (CMA). M1 rotation was measured using the Kim and Saltzman angles. Patient subgroups were created according to the severity of valgus/varus hindfoot alignment. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate for association between variables. Results: Among the 196 patient feet included in the study, the average CMA was 6.0 ± 16.2 mm. The average Kim and Saltzman angles were 7.7 ± 12.9 degrees and 2.8 ± 13.1 degrees, respectively. The average Meary angle was 182.0 ± 11.9 degrees. A moderately strong association was found between the CMA and the Saltzman ( r = 0.641, P < .01) and Kim angles ( r = 0.615, P < .01). Hindfoot valgus was associated with M1 pronation and hindfoot varus with M1 supination. Additionally, inverse relationships between the Meary angle and the Saltzman ( r = −0.600, P < .01) and Kim angles ( r = −0.529, P < .01) were identified. Conclusion: In this well-defined cohort, we found substantial correlation between hindfoot alignment and M1 rotation. Hindfoot valgus was associated with M1 pronation, and hindfoot varus was associated with M1 supination. Surgeons correcting cavovarus/planovalgus deformities should be aware of this association and evaluate the need for first-ray derotation. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.