bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RETRACTED: Akt Inhibition Enhanced the Growth Inhibition Effects of Low-Dose Heavy-Ion Radiation via the PI3K/Akt/p53 Signaling Pathway in C6 Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Huang Ke , Zhao Wei , Wang Xuqiao , Qiu Yingfei , Liu Zelin , Chen Rui , Liu Wei , Liu Bin 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundGlioma has one of the highest mortality rates of all tumors of the nervous system and commonly used treatments almost always fail to achieve tumor control. Low-dose carbon-ion radiation can effectively target cancer and tumor cells, but the mechanisms of growth inhibition induced by heavy-ion radiation via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway are unknown, and inhibition by heavy-ion radiation is minor in C6 cells.MethodsCarbon-ion radiation was used to investigate the effects of heavy-ion radiation on C6 cells, and suppression of Akt was performed using perifosine. MTT assays were used to investigate optimal perifosine treatment concentrations. Clone formation assays were used to investigate the growth inhibition effects of carbon-ion radiation and the effects of radiation with Akt inhibition. Lactate dehydrogenase release, superoxide dismutase activity, and malondialdehyde content were assessed to investigate oxidative stress levels. Expression levels of proteins in the PI3K/Akt/p53 signaling pathway were assessed via western blotting.ResultsThe 10% maximum inhibitory concentration of perifosine was 19.95 μM. In clone formation assays there was no significant inhibition of cell growth after treatment with heavy-ion irradiation, whereas perifosine enhanced inhibition. Heavy-ion radiation induced lactate dehydrogenase release, increased the level of malondialdehyde, and reduced superoxide dismutase activity. Akt inhibition promoted these processes. Heavy-ion radiation treatment downregulated Akt expression, and upregulated B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression. p53 and Bcl-2 expression were significantly upregulated, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression was downregulated. The expression profiles of pAkt, Bcl-2, and Bax were reversed by perifosine treatment. Caspase 3 expression was upregulated in all radiation groups.ConclusionsThe growth inhibition effects of low-dose heavy-ion irradiation were not substantial in C6 cells, and Akt inhibition induced by perifosine enhanced the growth inhibition effects via proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Akt inhibition enhanced the effects of heavy-ion radiation, and the PI3K/Akt/p53 signaling pathway may be a critical component involved in the process.
Co-bedding of Preterm Newborn Pigs Reduces Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incidence Independent of Vital Functions and Cortisol Levels
Authors: Brunse Anders , Peng Yueming , Li Yanqi , Lykkesfeldt Jens , Sangild Per Torp 
Published: April 2021

Background:Preterm infants are born with immature organs, leading to morbidities such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a gut inflammatory disease associated with adverse feeding responses but also hemodynamic and respiratory instability. Skin-to-skin contact including “kangaroo care” may improve infant survival and healthviaimproved vital functions (e.g., pulmonary, cardiovascular) and endocrine influences by adrenal glucocorticoids. Clinical effects of skin-to-skin contact for newborn siblings (“co-bedding”) are not known. Using NEC-susceptible Preterm pigs as models, we hypothesized that co-bedding and exogenous glucocorticoids improve vital functions and NEC resistance.Methods:In experiment 1, cesarean-delivered, formula-fed Preterm pigs were reared in incubators with (co-bedding, COB,n= 30) or without (single-bedding, SIN,n= 29) a sibling until euthanasia and tissue collection on day four. In experiment 2, single-bedded Preterm pigs were treated postnatally with a tapering dose of hydrocortisone (HC,n= 19, 1–3 mg/kg/d) or saline (CON,n= 19).Results:Co-bedding reduced NEC incidence (38 vs. 65%,p&lt; 0.05) and increased the density of colonic goblet cells (+20%,p&lt; 0.05) but had no effect on pulmonary and cardiovascular functions (respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, blood gases) or cortisol levels. There were limited differences in intestinal villous architecture and digestive enzyme activities. In experiment 2, HC treatment increased NEC lesions in the small intestine without any effects on pulmonary or cardiovascular functions.Conclusion:Co-bedding may improve gut function and NEC resistance independently of cardiorespiratory function and cortisol levels, but pharmacological cortisol treatment predispose to NEC. Preterm pigs may be a useful tool to better understand the physiological effects of co-bedding, neonatal stressors and their possible interactions with morbidities in Preterm neonates.
Harnessing Clinical Trial Capacity to Mitigate Zoonotic Diseases: The Role of Expert Scientists in Ethiopia
Authors: Belay Senait , Giday Mirutse , Manyazewal Tsegahun 
Published: April 2021

Background: The emergence and resurgence of zoonotic diseases have continued to be a major threat to global health and the economy. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable due to agricultural expansions and domestication of animals with humans. Scientifically sound clinical trials are important to find better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat zoonotic diseases, while there is a lack of evidence to inform the clinical trials' capacity and practice in countries highly affected with the diseases. This study aimed to investigate expert scientists' perceptions and experiences in conducting clinical trials toward zoonotic diseases in Ethiopia.Methods: This study employed a descriptive, qualitative study design. It included major academic and research institutions in Ethiopia that had active engagements in veterinary and public health researches. It included the National Veterinary Institute, the National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, the College of Veterinary Medicine at Addis Ababa University, the Ethiopian Public Health Institute, the Armauer Hansen Research Institute, and the College of Health Sciences at Addis Ababa University. In-depth interviews were conducted with expert scientists. Data were collected from October 2019 to April 2020. Data analysis was undertaken using open code 4.03 for qualitative data analysis.Results: Five major themes, with 18 sub-themes, emerged from the in-depth interviews. These were: challenges in the prevention, control, and treatment of zoonotic diseases; One Health approach to mitigate zoonotic diseases; personal and institutional experiences in conducting clinical trials on zoonotic diseases; barriers in conducting clinical trials toward zoonotic diseases; and strategies that promote conducting clinical trials on zoonotic diseases. Conducting clinical trials on zoonotic diseases in Ethiopia is hampered by a lack of clearly articulated ethics and regulatory frameworks, trial experts, financial resources, and good governance.Conclusion: In Ethiopia, conducting clinical trials on zoonotic diseases deserves due attention. Strengthening institutional and human resources capacity is a pre-condition to harness effective implementation of clinical trials on zoonotic diseases in the country. In Ethiopia where skilled human resource is scarce, One Health approach has the potential to form multidisciplinary teams to systematically improve clinical trials capacity and outcomes in the country.
What Regional Living Conditions Affect Individual Smoking of Adults in Russia
Authors: Maksimov Sergey A. , Shalnova Svetlana A. , Balanova Yulia A. , Kutsenko Vladimir A. , Evstifeeva Svetlana E. , Imaeva Asiia E. , Drapkina Oksana M. 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: Our study evaluated the impact of a wide range of characteristics of large administrative regions on the individual level of cigarette smoking in the Russian adult population.Methods: The pool of participants included 20,303 individuals aged 25–64 years. We applied 64 characteristics of the 12 Russian regions under study for 2010–2014. Using principal component analysis, we deduced five evidence-based composite indices of the regions. We applied the generalized estimating equation to determine associations between the regional indices and the individual level of smoking.Results: The increased Industrial index in the region is associated with the probability of smoking (odds ratio = 1.15; 95% confidence interval = 1.06–1.24). The other indices show associations with smoking only in separate gender and educational groups. Surprisingly, it was found that the Economic index has no associations with the probability of smoking.Conclusion: We evaluated the key associations of the territorial indices with the individual probability of smoking, as well as the mutual influence between the territorial indices and individual factors.
Povos, Estados e insurgência islâmica na África
Authors: Ekwe-Ekwe Herbert 
Published: April 2021

O autor reflete sobre a incapacidade do Estado na África em prover segurança e fornecer serviços sociais básicos à maioria da população. Argumenta que o “Estado de Berlim” pós-conquista europeia está sob crescente pressão de povos ou nações que desejam se tornar independentes. O mundo terá que lidar com um mapa da África em constante mutação, baseado nos movimentos de independência, que não são em essência islâmicos.
impactos da Revolução Russa no marxismo de J. C. Mariátegui
Authors: AGUIAR JÓRISSA DANILLA NASCIMENTO 
Published: April 2021

O afã revolucionário decorrente da Revolução de 1917 foi determinante para o desenvolvimento marxista de Mariátegui. Discute-se a compatibilidade entre teoria e práxis do autor peruano e sua forma de “territorializar” o marxismo, adaptando a análise materialista histórica às condições concretas e especificidades latino-americanas. Conclui-se indicando como a análise dialética do nacional com o plano internacional e o destaque conferido às experiências de autoorganização locais lhe pareciam fundamentais para tecer uma práxis revolucionária.
Sahara Occidental
Authors: Martin Juan carlos gimeno 
Published: April 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es desvelar la complicidad de la comunidad internacional con el colonialismo marroquí en el Sahara Occidental. Desde 1987, el muro marroquí separa al pueblo saharaui en dos: una parte vive bajo la ocupación marroquí, la otra en campamentos de exilados al sur de Argelia. Se trata de un pueblo beduino, nómada, colonizado porEspaña, mas que ha mantenido una persistente resistencia anticolonial y de lucha por la autodeterminación.
patriotismo nos Estados Unidos
Authors: Malheiros Irlena , Torres Monalisa Lima , Camerino Andréa 
Published: April 2021

Na formação da sociedade estadunidense, influenciada por valores de igualdade e liberdade, o “amor à pátria” tornou-se fundamental articulador das relações internas e externas. Atualmente, as decisões econômicas, políticas, sociais e bélicas continuam permeadas pelo ideal patriótico da Independência que cumpre o papel de sustentáculo da unidade nacional e do poderio internacional.
identidade coletiva na União Europeia
Authors: Holesch Adam 
Published: April 2021

Após examinar algumas teorias sobre o nacionalismo, o autor afirma que só podemos falar de uma frágil identidade europeia. Seus principais argumentossão: primeiro, a União Europeia nem pode ser “inventada”, nem pode depender da ancestralidade e memórias comuns compartilhadas; segundo, a UniãoEuropeia não dispõe de ferramentas suficientes para construir uma “nação”.
Irmandade Mulçumana pós-Mubarak
Authors: Brancoli Fernando Luz , Thomaz Diana 
Published: April 2021

Este artigo discute os discursos e as práticas de grupos islâmicos no Egito, especialmente a Irmandade Mulçumana, após a queda de Hosni Mubarak. Apoiados em documentos oficiais e entrevistas no país, os autores estabelecem um panorama histórico das relações desses grupos com o governo central.
Collaborative improvement in Scottish GP clusters after the Quality and Outcomes Framework: a qualitative study
Authors: Huang Huayi , Jefferson Emily R , Gotink Mark , Sinclair Carol , Mercer Stewart W , Guthrie Bruce 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundScotland abolished the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) in April 2016, before implementing a new Scottish GP contract in April 2018. Since 2016, groups of practices (GP clusters) have been incentivised to meet regularly to plan and organise quality improvement (QI) as part of this new direction in primary care policy.AimTo understand the organisation and perceived impact of GP clusters, including how they use quantitative data for improvement.Design and settingThematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (n = 17) and observations of GP cluster meetings (n = 6) in two clusters.MethodThis analytical strategy was combined with a purposive (variation) sampling approach to the sources of data, to try to identify commonalities across diverse stakeholder experiences of working in or on the idea of GP clusters. Variation was sought particularly in terms of stakeholders’ level of involvement in improvement initiatives, and in their disciplinary affiliations.ResultsThere was uncertainty as to whether GP clusters should focus on activities generated internally or externally by the wider healthcare system (for example, from Scottish Health Boards), although the two observed clusters generally generated their own ideas and issues. Clusters operated with variable administrative/managerial and data support, and variable baseline leadership experience and QI skills. Qualitative approaches formed the focus of collaborative learning in cluster meetings, through sharing and discussion of member practices’ own understandings and experiences. Less evidence was observed of data analytics being championed in these meetings, partly because of barriers to accessing the analytics data and existing data quality.ConclusionCluster development would benefit from more consistent training and support for cluster leads in small-group facilitation, leadership, and QI expertise, and data analytics access and capacity. While GP clusters are up and running, their impact is likely to be limited without further investment in developing capacity in these areas.
Kajian Model Pengembangan SDM Pariwisata Di Kawasan Jatigede Kec. Darmaraja Kab. Sumedang
Authors: Budiarti Isniar , Iffan Muhammad , Mahardika Kani , Seftiani Selfa , Warlina Lia , Sufa'atin Sufa'atin 
Published: April 2021

Munculnya keresahan masyarakat yang terkena dampak dari pembangunan Waduk Jatigede sebagai salah satu destinasi yang menjadi prioritas pengembangan skala nasional yang diarahkan sebagai kawasan strategis pariwisata ekonomi khusus di Kabupaten Sumedang. Kegiatan ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji pengembangan model SDM pariwisata yang ada di desa karangpakuan dan paku alam sebagai desa yang memiliki potensi untuk menjadi Desa Wisata. Lokasi kegiatan dilakukan di Dua desa ini yang menjadi relokasi dari adanya pembangunan Waduk Jatigede. Metode yang digunakan Deskriptif kualitatif dengan cara melakukan wawancara Pemdes, Bumdes, Masyarakat sekitar, Kompepar, kelompok tani dan karang taruna; klasifikasi data; analisis SWOT. Hasil kegiatan diperoleh bahwa kedua desa di kawasan jatigede ini memiliki kekuatan wisata budaya, wisata Alam dan wisata ziarah, namun kesiapan masyarakat belum optimal karena kekurangan keterampilan dan kemampuan SDM. Perlu dilakukan promosi melalui undangan media lokal nasional dan internasional, ataupun Promosi menggunakan platform digital, hal ini bisa dijadikan sebagai peluang UMKM dan pengrajin makan pada saat mengadakan kegiatan kebudayaan, namun kendala yang dihadapi oleh kedua Desa Wisata ini adalah ketidaksiapan SDM. Hasil kegiatan ini adalah kajian model SDM pariwisata di karang pakuan dan pakualam yang menyangkut 3 (tiga) aspek, yaitu Attitude (Sikap), Skill (Keterampilan); dan Knowledge (Pengetahuan).

Kata kunci: Desa Wisata, Model SDM Pariwisata
MYTHOLOGY OF ACCOUNTING AND EVOLUTION OF ITS THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: Pyatov M. L. 
Published: April 2021

The article offers an approach to consideration of the evolution of theory and practice of accounting and assessment of their adequacy to the modern conditions of economy management on the basis of the myth theories by R. Barthes (1915–1980), M. E liade (1907–1986) and A. Losev (1893–1988). The notion of the mythology of accounting is introduced. The mythologization of accounting practice is considered as a factor of conservatism of the methods of accounting modeling of economic life of an enterprise. A number of famous theoretical constructs in the accounting field are explained as elements of its myth. The offered work can be presented as an invitation to the discussion of possible demythologization of accounting for the purposes of assessment of the perspectives of its evolution as an integral part of the information base of economic relations. The author considers the myth as a tool for understanding of accounting as the phenomenon in evolution of economic life of society.
DIGITAL ECONOMY UNDER THE OPPRESSION OF THE RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY
Authors: Shvetsov Yu. G. 
Published: April 2021

The article reveals the organizational and economic factors hindering formation of the new format of material basis in the Russian Federation, based on global distribution of cutting-edge information and computer technologies. The decisive role of bureaucracy in limiting public virtual space and fullest involvement of all social groups in it is proved. The paper considers negative consequences of the nomenclative dictation in digital economy, stipulating its development gap in our country against leading world powers and intensification of the polarization of poverty and wealth in society.
Dental Implants and Plasma Rich in Fibrine: A Wide Literary Review
Authors: Almeida da Silva Carlos Fernando , Santos Tayná Toder , Zotarelli Filho Idiberto José , Kassis Elias Naim 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: When a dental element is lost in the posterior region of the maxilla, there is natural reabsorption of the alveolar process and at the same time there will be pneumatization of the maxillary sinus. It will increase its volume towards the place where the roots existed and this will often make it difficult or impossible to restore implants in place. For this reason, the procedure for elevating the floor of the maxillary sinus or short implants should be performed when possible. In this context, allogeneic, xenogenous, and alloplastic bone grafts are an alternative for the treatment of bone defects in the jaws, since they avoid the need for a second surgical access. However, due to the need for processing to eliminate antigenic components, these grafts are only osteoconductive with a lower bone formation potential compared to autogenous bone grafts. Also, in this context, in the last 20 years, platelet concentrates have been proposed as regenerative materials in tissue regeneration procedures. Among the platelet concentrates proposed in the literature, PRP and FRP are found to act as autogenous platelet aggregates with osteoinductive properties. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct a wide literature review on maxillary sinus surgery using fibrin-rich plasma. Methods: Experimental and clinical studies (case reports, retrospective, prospective and randomized) with qualitative and/or quantitative analysis were included. Results: The total of 48 articles were found involving Maxillary sinus surgery, Fibrin-rich plasma, and Biomaterials, of which 22 were selected to compose the present study. Conclusion: Based on the literary findings, it was shown that the FRP is favorable for bone formation processes for dental implants, especially when combined with xenografts.
Knowledge of otic barotrauma among air travelers in Sialkot, Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Saeed Razi  , Saleh Muhammad  , Asif Javed  , Qureshi Javaid Riaz , Miss Mahnoor  , Mujahid Hussain  
Published: April 2021

Background: Otic barotrauma (OBT) is defined as traumatic inflammation in human middle ear that occurs at the time of avian drop. However, it can be avoided using its adequate knowledge. The objective of present study was to evaluate the knowledge of the trauma among air travelers in Sialkot city of Punjab, Pakistan.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study enlisted male adult International air travelers (n=50) from Sialkot city, Pakistan between November 2018 and April 2019 using purposive sampling technique. A specially developed questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = .82) having 12 close-ended items on barotrauma (total possible score 12) was administered to the participants at their home. Level of knowledge was categorized as inadequate (score 0-6), moderate (7-9) and adequate (10-12). Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to see the association between adequate knowledge on the OBT and sociodemographic variables using a P-value < .05 as statistically significant.
Results: Mean age of the participants was 47.60±9.9 years. Most of them (n=36; 72%) travelled for work reason. Almost all i.e. 46 (92%) gave correct response against item 1 (information provider about air trauma) and 12 (treatment of otic barotrauma) of the administered questionnaire. The rate of adequate knowledge on OBT was found to be higher among those having more than two-time travelling experience (82.9%, P = .02). However, there was no significant difference in knowledge of the barotrauma between people having less than or more than 12 years of science education (P = .59). All the business tourists (n = 5) had adequate knowledge of barotrauma followed by jobbers (n=25) and pilgrims (n=3), respectively.
Conclusions: Business tourists have adequate knowledge on otic barotrauma associated with air travel than jobbers or Hajj/Umrah pilgrims.
Immunohistochemical Expression of BCL-2 in Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors
Authors: Rasul Faiz , Wahid Sultan Muhammad , Imran Iman , Rizvi Zainab , Jaffar Rozina , Anwar Ambereen 
Published: April 2021

Background: Malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) consist of a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with complex clinicopathological features and biological behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of Bcl-2 antiapoptotic protein in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ADCC), acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) of salivary glands and to find out its association with different grades of these tumors.
Material and Methods: This descriptive study included 55 cases of MSGTs. Tissue sections were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin stain as well as Bcl-2 immunostain. MSGTs were graded as low grade (Low grade MEC, ACC, PLGA, and tubular pattern of ADCC), intermediate grade (cribriform pattern of ADCC, and intermediate grade of MEC) and high grade (high grade of MEC and solid pattern of ADCC) tumors on H&E sections. Bcl-2 expression was scored as ‘negative’ (<5% of neoplastic cells), ‘1’ (5-19% of neoplastic cells), ‘2’ (20-49% of neoplastic cells), and ‘3’ (>50% of neoplastic cells), respectively.
Results: MSGTs most commonly involved the parotid gland (52.7%), while ADCC (40%) and MEC (38.2%) were the most common tumors. Expression of Bcl-2 was strongly positive in 56.4% cases of MSGTs which included ADCC (71%), MEC (19.4%) and ACC (9.7%), respectively. A significant association was found between Bcl-2 staining and types of MSGTs i.e., MEC, ADCC, ACC (P = .001) as well as between Bcl-2 staining and grades of MSGTs (P = .013).
Conclusions: Bcl-2 protein is expressed in malignant salivary gland tumors. Its expression maybe helpful in grading small biopsies, predicting behavior, and planning targeted therapy of MSGTs.