bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balanites aegyptiaca (simple-thorned torchwood).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

B. aegyptiaca has a long history for use as a resource and has diverse traditional and cultural roles in many societies, especially African desert peoples. It has probably been cultivated in Egypt for more than 4000 years; stones of the fruits were placed as votive offerings in the tombs of the Twelfth Dynasty. Biblical connections have also been established, the tree reputedly being the source of one of the ingredients of the perfume 'spikenard' (Holland, 1922). Conventional products from B. aegyptiaca are varied and have prompted local planting and management of the resource even though heavy exploitation of wild trees continues. Commercial exploitation has been shown to be a feasible development option: a US$80 million pharmaceutical and food industry for Sudan has been suggested (Abu-Al-Futuh, 1983). The fruit has potential in industrial utilization. Abu-Al-Futuh (1983) provides information on world production, demand and prices of fruit products and estimates that products worth US$80 million, providing a net revenue of US$25 million, are obtainable from 400,000 tonnes of fruits. Diosgenin, a natural sapogenin, is the most valuable product of B. aegyptiaca, but world demand is threatened by microbiologically-derived steroids. However, natural sapogenins could support growing pharmaceutical industries in developing countries which may lack the technology for manufacturing sapogenins (Abu-Al-Futuh, 1983; Davis et al., 1983). World demand for fermentation products is also increasing, together with alcohols, fuel oil, carbon dioxide, etc. and products from this tree could support local perfumery and chemical industries. Limited market surveys indicate that debittered kernels and vegetable oil are valued foods and wider markets could be sought. Seed cake and fermentation by-products can be used as fodder; the former is a good protein source with potential importance for poor rural areas. B. aegyptiaca generally shows much promise as a multipurpose tree for the Sahelian zone and is highly recommended for plantation trials and agroforestry development. More toxicological testing is necessary before it can be recommended as a food (despite having been eaten for years), but it can be used in the manufacture of many products (diosgenins, fuel oil and fermentation products) which may aid industrial development and provide useful byproducts, for example, protein rich fodder for many developing countries.
Analysis of Critical Thinking Skills Based on Learning Motivation, Responsibility, and Physics Learning Discipline of Senior High School Students in Takalar
Authors: Dewanthikumala  , Jasruddin  , Abdullah H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study is a correlational research, which aims to (1) describe learning motivation, responsibility, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills in physics, (2) analyze the correlation between learning motivation and critical thinking skills in physics, (3) analyze the correlation between responsibility and critical thinking skills in physics, and (4) analyze the correlation between learning discipline and critical thinking skills in physics. The research variables were learning motivation, responsibility, and learning discipline as the independent variables; whereas, critical thinking skills in physics was the dependent variable. The subjects of the study were all students in grade XI IPA at senior high school students in Takalar regency of academic year 2019/2020 with 288 students. Data collection techniques in the study were collected through questionnaires and multiple choice tests. Analysis of the data used in the study used theoretical and empirical data analysis where the hypothesis was determined through three predictor regression analysis. Based on the result of statistics descriptive analysis, it is obtained that learning motivation, responsibility, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills of students in physics are in moderate category. Whereas, the results of hypothesis test analysis indicate that there is a positive and significant correlation between learning motivation and critical thinking skills in physics; responsibility and critical thinking skills in physics; learning discipline and critical thinking skills in physics; learning motivation, responsibility, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills in physics.
Determination the Magnitude of Completeness, b-Value and a-Value for Seismicity Analysis in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Chasanah U , Handoyo E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Determine of magnitude of completeness (Mc), b-value and a-value are essential for a correct interpretation of seismicity analysis earthquake catalogue IRIS of East Java, Indonesia during the period 1990-2020. All estimated parameters were analyzed by apply The Maximum Curvature (MAXC) method. This method is a fast and straightforward way to estimating Mc and consists in determining the point of the maximum curvature by calculating the maximum value of the first derivative of the Frequency-Magnitude distribution (FMD) curve. In practice, this matches the magnitude bin with the highest occurrence frequency of events in the cumulative and non-cumulative of FMD. The value of the magnitude of completeness, which was evaluated on the frequency-magnitude distribution, was found range from Mc 3.4 to 4.0. Then, b-value (0.73 to 0.82 ± 0.02) and a-value 5.560 to 6.312 was obtained for the area Wongsorejo and the Montong faults in East Java and which is characterized by more heterogeneous crustal structure. The areas that have low b-value indicated as the area with a high seismic moment release and high stress accumulation. Low b-value areas are located mainly along the Java Trench. Seismicity of East Java is a result of the combined impacts of complex tectonic features. Understanding and clarifying the mechanisms of these tectonic features in relation to Mc, b-value and a-value can help us to better assess seismic risk in subduction zones.
Understanding and Awareness of Undergraduate Physics Student in Earthquake Phenomena in Indonesia: A Response of a Series Earthquakes on July 5-7, 2020 in Java
Authors: Deta U A , Nugraha C P , Lestari N A , Ambasari R , Ain T N , Yantidewi M , Jauhariyah M N R , Prahani B K 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEarthquakes are a natural disaster that often occurs in Indonesia. This is due to geographic location and very active tectonic conditions. Indonesia experienced both small and large-scale earthquakes which sometimes accompanied by tsunami waves. One of the earthquakes occurred on the island of Java on July 5-7 in succession. From this phenomenon, researchers conducted research that aims to determine the attention or awareness of physics students on the earthquake phenomenon on 5-7 July 2020, to find out students ‘knowledge about the Earthquake Disaster and to find out physics students’ understanding of the Causes of Earthquakes on 5-7 July 2020. This research used the questionnaire method and interview. The respondents in this research were 62 physics students at the State University of Surabaya. The results showed that the dominant response was 61.3% or as many as 38 physics students knew about the earthquake but paid less attention. Meanwhile, physics students ‘understanding of the Earthquake Disaster was included in the intelligible category, and physics students’ understanding of the Causes of the Earthquake on July 7, 2020, obtained the most dominant results, 29% answered that it was caused by the subduction activity of the Indo-Austrian plate. So, it can be concluded that the understanding and awareness of undergraduate physics students in the earthquake phenomenon in Indonesia is still lacking. Therefore, physics students still need to be given in-depth understanding and literacy about the earthquakes.
Effect of Evaporation Deposition Time on Thickness and Impedance Value of Polyaniline Layers
Authors: Putri N P , Yulisetiana E , Santjojo D J D H , Masruroh  , Sakti S P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) works by using the principle of frequency shifting in quartz crystals due to mass deposition on the surface of the crystals. QCM sensors can be applied as chemical sensors and gas sensors. To increase its sensitivity and selectivity, QCM must be coated with active ingredients, one of which is Polyaniline (Pani). There are several methods for the Pani layer deposition above QCM. In this study, the evaporative deposition method was carried out. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of deposition time on the thickness and impedance value of the Pani layer. Before being coated by Pani, QCM was given a polystyrene coating to increase its adhesion. The variation of deposition time used was 10; 15; 30 and 60 seconds. The characterization carried out was measured the impedance of the layer by using an impedance analyser, observing the layer morphology by using an optical microscope, and determining the thickness of the layer using the Saurbrey equation approach. The results showed that the longer the deposition time caused the Pani layer to be deposited thicker and had a more even morphology. The layer impedance value was also getting bigger. The maximum thickness obtained at the deposition time of 60 seconds was 32.21 μm with a layer impedance value of 891.57 Ω. With a huge impedance value, the Pani layer provides a substantial damping effect on QCM.
Investigation of Swelling Ratio and Textures Analysis of Acrylamide-Nanocellulose Corncobs Hydrogel
Authors: Kurniati M , Nuraini I , Winarti C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCorncobs have a high level of cellulose hence making it suitable to be used as the main ingredient in making hydrogels. Hydrogel are crosslinked polymers capable of absorbing water hundreds to thousands of times their dry weight, but are insoluble in water due to the three-dimensional structure of the polymer network. Hydrogel can be synthesized using corncobs cellulose and acrylate-acrylamide with chemical crosslinking methods. This study aims to determine the effect of adding corncobs cellulose and acrylate-acrylamide on hydrogel ability to swelling ratio, gel fraction and texture analysis. Nanohydrogel were synthesized by cellulose concentration by 5-25% while acrylamide was varied 10,12 and 16 %. The treatment concentration ratio of nanocellulose solution to acrylamide also showed a significantly different effect at 5% level. The optimum hydrogel synthesis was the treatment of 10 % cellulose ratio and 16% acrylamide ratio which has a swelling ability of 15152.3% (g/g) and gel fraction 56.6%. The increasing the concentration of cellulose caused the hardness value to be higher but the springiness value tends to decrease. Morphology analysis showed the surface of hydrogels that are porous, has lumps and forms a three-dimensional tissue.
Seed bank persistence of a South American cordgrass in invaded northern Atlantic and Pacific Coast estuaries
Authors: Abbas Ahmed M , Pickart Andrea J , Goldsmith Laurel M , Davenport Desiree N , Newby Britney , Muñoz-Rodríguez Adolfo F , Grewell Brenda J , Castillo Jesús M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInvasive alien plant species impart considerable impacts that contribute to the decline of biodiversity worldwide. The ability of an invasive species to overcome barriers to establish and spread in new environments, and the long-term effects of plant invasions supporting their persistence are keys to invasion success. The capacity of introduced species to form soil seed banks can contribute to their invasiveness, yet few studies of invaders have addressed seed bank dynamics. Improved knowledge of this recruitment process can improve conservation management. We studied temporal and spatial changes in soil seed bank characteristics of the cordgrass Spartina densiflora from two continental invaded ranges. In the Odiel Marshes (Southwest Iberian Peninsula), S. densiflora formed transient seed banks (&lt;1 year). At Humboldt Bay Estuary (California), viable seeds persisted for at least 4 years though the germination percentage fell abruptly after the first year from 29 % to less than 5 % of remaining viable seeds. Total soil seed bank density increased with S. densiflora above-ground cover in both estuaries, pointing to the transient component of the seed bank as a critical component of vegetation dynamics during S. densiflora invasion. Even so, seed densities as high as c. 750 seeds m-2 in Odiel Marshes and c. 12 400 seeds m-2 in Humboldt Bay were recorded in some plots without fruiting S. densiflora plants. S. densiflora spikelet (dispersal unit) density was more than double close to the sediment surface than deeper within soil. Our study shows the importance of evaluating seed banks during the design of invasive species management since seed bank persistence may vary among invaded sites, and can affect the timing and duration required for desired management outcomes.
Policy and Professional Responses to Forced Marriage in Scotland
Authors: Chantler Khatidja , Mirza Nughmana , Mackenzie Mhairi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article draws from our mixed methods study of forced marriage (FM) in Scotland focusing on policy and practice responses to FM in Scotland using the concepts of candidacy and structural competency. Through an analysis of FM policy in six case-study areas, interviews with Child or Adult Protection Leads and twenty-one interviews with a range of welfare professionals, we discuss the conceptual, emotional and practical challenges of responding to FM. Despite a standard Scottish Government policy and statutory framework, the varied policy and professional responses to FM across local authorities demonstrate a need for practitioners to be fully cognisant of the ways in which structural inequalities play out in individual lives. The four key themes explored in this article are as follows: (i) patchy ownership of FM policy at a local level; (ii) ‘race anxiety’; (iii) event versus process-based understandings of FM and (iv) the challenges of protecting adults experiencing FM who have capacity. These themes are highly relevant to social work practice and offer a significant and original analysis of the ways in which structural, social and cultural factors shape practitioner understanding, response and support of victims of FM.
Clinical Evaluation of an Improved Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Test for the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Jing Chendi , Chen Hongbin , Liang Yong , Zhong Ying , Wang Qi , Li Lifeng , Sun Shijun , Guo Yifan , Wang Ruobing , Jiang Zhi , Wang Hui 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of plasma cell-free DNA has emerged as a promising diagnostic technology for bloodstream infections. However, a major limitation of current mNGS assays is the high rate of false-positive results due to contamination.

Methods
We made novel use of 3 control groups—external negative controls under long-term surveillance, blood samples with a negative result in conventional tests, and a group of healthy people—that were combined and dedicated to distinguishing contaminants arising from specimen collection, sample processing, and human normal flora. We also proposed novel markers to filter out false-positive interspecies calls. This workflow was applied retrospectively to 209 clinical plasma samples from patients with suspected bloodstream infections. Every pathogen identified by the mNGS test was reviewed to assess the diagnostic performance of the workflow.

Results
Our mNGS workflow showed clinical sensitivity of 87.1%, clinical specificity of 80.2%, positive predictive value of 77.9%, and negative predictive value of 88.6% compared with the composite reference standard. Notably, mNGS showed great improvement in clinical specificity compared with the current test while keeping clinical sensitivity at a high level.

Conclusion
The mNGS workflow with multiple control groups dedicated to distinguishing nonpathogen microbes from real causal pathogens has reducing false-positive results. This contribution, with its optimization of workflow and careful use of controls, can help mNGS become a powerful tool for identifying the pathogens responsible for bloodstream infections.
Cardiac Biomarkers in Pediatrics: An Undervalued Resource
Authors: Bohn Mary Kathryn , Steele Shannon , Hall Alexandra , Poonia Jasmin , Jung Benjamin , Adeli Khosrow 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The clinical use of common cardiac biomarkers, such as brain natriuretic peptides and troponins, has traditionally been limited to adult populations in the assessment of heart failure and acute coronary syndrome, respectively. While many have discounted the value of these markers in pediatric populations, emerging evidence suggests they may be useful in the diagnosis and prognostication of many cardiac and noncardiac pathologies in neonates, children, and adolescents, and an increasing number of pediatric hospitals are routinely measuring cardiac markers in their clinical practice.

Content
This review summarizes and critically evaluates the current literature regarding the application of cardiac biomarkers for clinical decision-making in the pediatric population. Main potential clinical indications discussed herein include primary cardiac disease, immune-related conditions, and noncardiac disease. Important diagnostic and interpretative challenges are also described in relation to each potential indication.

Summary
Despite a general lack of clinical awareness regarding the value of cardiac biomarkers in pediatrics, there is increasing literature to support their application in various contexts. Cardiac biomarkers should be considered an undervalued resource in the pediatric population with potential value in the diagnosis and prognosis of myocarditis, congenital heart disease, and heart failure, as well as in the assessment of severity and cardiac involvement in immune-related and other systemic conditions. While interpretation remains challenging in pediatrics due to the age- and sex-specific dynamics occurring throughout growth and development, this should not prevent their application. Future research should focus on defining evidence-based cut-offs for specific indications using the most up-to-date assays.
The presence of Brazilian neologisms in dictionaries
Authors: Alves Ieda Maria , Maroneze Bruno Oliveira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article aims at describing how Brazilian Portuguese dictionaries register lexical innovations by making a comparison between two Portuguese language general-purpose dictionaries which offer recent online versions: Houaiss and Aulete. In order to carry out this comparison, some morphological elements (morphemes and bound bases) and lexical units were chosen. Such elements have recently undergone changes in meaning and usage which may be noticed from the systematic observation of neologisms in Brazilian Portuguese. Our study has revealed that both dictionaries introduce new words and new grammatical usages; they differ in the manner they present the grammatical structures corresponding to these new words.
On the Buck-Stopping Identification of Numbers†
Authors: Kim Dongwoo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTKripke observes that the decimal numerals have the buck-stopping property: when a number is given in decimal notation, there is no further question of what number it is. What makes them special in this way? According to Kripke, it is because of structural revelation: each decimal numeral represents the structure of the corresponding number. Though insightful, I argue, this account has some counterintuitive consequences. Then I sketch an alternative account of the buck-stopping property in terms of how we specify the positions of numbers in the progression.
Gravitational wave physics and astronomy in the nascent era
Authors: Arimoto Makoto , Asada Hideki , Cherry Michael L , Fujii Michiko S , Fukazawa Yasushi , Harada Akira , Hayama Kazuhiro , Hosokawa Takashi , Ioka Kunihito , Itoh Yoichi , Kanda Nobuyuki , Kawabata Koji S , Kawaguchi Kyohei , Kawai Nobuyuki , Kobayashi Tsutomu , Kohri Kazunori , Koshio Yusuke , Kotake Kei , Kumamoto Jun , Machida Masahiro N , Matsufuru Hideo , Mihara Tatehiro , Mori Masaki , Morokuma Tomoki , Mukohyama Shinji , Nakano Hiroyuki , Narikawa Tatsuya , Negoro Hitoshi , Nishizawa Atsushi , Ohgami Takayuki , Omukai Kazuyuki , Sakamoto Takanori , Sako Shigeyuki , Sasada Mahito , Sekiguchi Yuichiro , Serino Motoko , Soda Jiro , Sugita Satoshi , Sumiyoshi Kohsuke , Susa Hajime , Suyama Teruaki , Takahashi Hirotaka , Takahashi Kazuya , Takiwaki Tomoya , Tanaka Takahiro , Tanaka Masaomi , Tanikawa Ataru , Tominaga Nozomu , Uchikata Nami , Utsumi Yousuke , Vagins Mark R , Yamada Kei , Yoshida Michitoshi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe detections of gravitational waves (GW) by the LIGO/Virgo collaborations provide various possibilities for both physics and astronomy. We are quite sure that GW observations will develop a lot, both in precision and in number, thanks to the continuous work on the improvement of detectors, including the expected new detector, KAGRA, and the planned detector, LIGO-India. On this occasion, we review the fundamental outcomes and prospects of gravitational wave physics and astronomy. We survey the development, focusing on representative sources of gravitational waves: binary black holes, binary neutron stars, and supernovae. We also summarize the role of gravitational wave observations as a probe of new physics.
The effect of nicotine and dextrose on endoplasmic reticulum stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells
Authors: Gonzales Krista , Feng Victoria , Bikkina Priyanka , Landicho Marie Angelica , Haas Michael J , Mooradian Arshag D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of coronary artery disease (CAD) as is diabetes. However, nicotine has been generally regarded as safe and is used in smoking cessation programs. This presumption of nicotine safety was examined in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was measured using the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SAP) assay. The ER stress markers inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), phospho-IRE1α, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), phospho-PERK, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) were measured by western blot. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and crystal violet staining. Intact and cleaved caspase 3, BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (BID), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) were measured by western blot. In cells transfected with the SAP expression plasmid, treatment with nicotine resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in SAP expression with no noticeable toxicity. Nicotine (10 nM) also increased IRE1α and PERK phosphorylation, and ATF6 and GRP78 expression. Although nicotine at concentrations up to 10 μM did not cause cell death, treatment of HCAEC with 10 nM nicotine in the presence of 13.8 mM dextrose aggravated ER stress, increased cell death, increased cleaved caspase 3 and BID, and decreased BCL2. Nicotine at concentrations commonly achieved in nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) significantly increased ER stress in HCAEC and aggravated dextrose-induced ER stress and cell apoptosis. People using electronic cigarettes and on NRT may be at increased risk for CAD.