bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of various ethanol blends impact on combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel ignited dual fuel HCCI engine
Authors: Gawale Ganesh Rupchand , G. Naga Srinivasulu 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is an advanced combustion method to use alternate fuel with higher fuel economy and, reduce NOX and soot emissions. This paper aims to investigate the influence of ethanol fraction (ethanol plus gasoline) on dual fuel HCCI engine performance.

Design/methodology/approach
In this study, the existing CI engine is modified into dual fuel HCCI engine by attaching the carburetor to the inlet manifold for the supply of ethanol blend (E40/E60/E80/E100). The mixture of ethanol blend and the air is ignited by diesel through a fuel injector into the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke. The experiments are conducted for high load conditions on the engine i.e. 2.8 kW and 3.5 kW maximum output power for 1,500 constant rpm.

Findings
It is noticed from the experimental results that, with an increase of ethanol in the blends, ignition delay (ID) increases and the start of combustion is retarded. It is noticed that E100 shows the highest ID and low in-cylinder pressure; however, E40 shows the lowest ID compared to higher fractions of ethanol blends. An increase in ethanol proportion reduces NOX and smoke opacity but, HC and CO emissions increase compared to pure diesel mode engine. E100 plus diesel dual-fuel HCCI engine shows the highest brake thermal efficiency compared to remaining ethanol blends and baseline diesel engine.

Originality/value
This experimental study concluded that E100 plus diesel and E80 plus diesel gave optimum dual fuel HCCI engine performance for 2.8 kW and 3.5 kW rated power, respectively.
Increased grazing intensities induce differentiation of the relationships between functional traits and aboveground plant biomass in shrub‐ and grass‐dominated community in desert steppe
Authors: Zhao Shenglong , Zhang Tonghui , Yue Ping , Lv Peng , Hu Ya , Medina‐Roldán Eduardo , Zuo Xiaoan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGrazing disturbance plays a crucial role in regulating plant community structure and ecosystem function in drylands. However, few studies show that how grazing disturbance affects the relationships between functional traits and aboveground plant biomass (AGB). Here, we presented a comparative result from grazing experiment with three levels of grazing intensities (no grazing, moderate and heavy grazing) between shrub‐ and grass‐dominated community in desert steppe, Inner Mongolia. We measured vegetation characteristics and plant traits (plant height, LT: leaf thickness, SLA: specific leaf area, LDMC: leaf dry matter content, LCC: leaf carbon content and LNC: leaf nitrogen content) in the two communities across 2 years (2017–2018). We used the linear regression analysis and the structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine how grazing affect the associations of AGB with plant traits. We found that grazing decreased vegetation cover, AGB and litter mass in two communities, and caused the differences in AGB among two communities. Heavy grazing eliminated the associations of AGB with SLA and LCC in shrub community, while led to their positive or negative associations in grass community. The SEM showed that grazing indirectly decreased AGB through its effect on LT in shrub community, and its effect on plant height in grass community. These results suggest that changes in leaf traits induced by heavy grazing can explain AGB in grass‐ rather than shrub‐community, thereby possibly contributing to AGB differences between two communities. Indirect effects of increased grazing intensities on AGB in shrub or grass community are dependent on specific functional traits.
Sob gene is critical to wing development in Bombyx mori and Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Ye Zhan‐Feng , Zhang Pan , Gai Ting‐Ting , Lou Jing‐Hou , Dai Fang‐Yin , Tong Xiao‐Ling 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe development of insect appendages requires the expression of multiple genes in a strict spatial and temporal order. The odd‐skipped family genes are vital transcriptional factors involved in embryonic development. The development and morphogenesis of the insect wing requires multiple transcription factors to regulate the expression of wing patterning genes at the transcriptional level. However, the function of odd‐related genes in insect wing morphogenesis and development during postembryonic stages is unclear. We focused on the roles of the sister of odd and bowl (sob) gene, a member of odd‐skipped family genes, during the wing morphopoiesis in Bombyx mori using the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 system and in Tribolium castaneum by RNA interference. The results showed that the wings were significantly smaller and degenerated, and wing veins were indistinct in the sob gene loss‐of‐function group in both B. mori and T. castaneum. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the Tcsob gene regulated the expression of wing development genes, such as the cht 7 and the vg gene. The findings suggest the importance of sob gene in insect wing morphology formation during postembryonic stages.
Differentiation and classification of Chinese Luzhou‐flavor liquors with different geographical origins based on fingerprint and chemometric analysis
Authors: Qian Yu , Zhang Liang , Sun Yue , Tang Yongqing , Li Dan , Zhang Huaishan , Yuan Siqi , Li Jinsong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn order to differentiate and characterize Chinese Luzhou‐flavor liquor according to geographical origins, the volatile flavor compounds were analyzed for forty commercial Luzhou‐flavor liquor samples from Sichuan, Jiangsu, and Hubei provinces. A total of 113 volatile flavor compounds were quantified; among them, 29 flavor compounds were quantified according to the internal standard method. The differences in flavor composition among different brands of Luzhou‐flavor liquor were compared. A data matrix of 64 (flavor components) × 40 (samples) was studied and interpreted using chemometric analysis. The research object could be naturally clustered according to geographical origin (brand) based on the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) methods. A 100% of predication ability was obtained by the application of K‐nearest neighbor model (KNN) for study sample classification. The results demonstrate that the abundance of volatile flavor components in liquors combined with appropriate multivariate statistical methods could be used for the division and traceability of liquors from different geographic origins.Practical ApplicationThis study can provide the basis for the identification of liquor authenticity and the traceability of liquor.
Merging computational fluid dynamics and machine learning to reveal animal migration strategies
Authors: Olivetti Simone , Gil Michael A. , Sridharan Vamsi K. , Hein Andrew M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Understanding how migratory animals interact with dynamic physical environments remains a major challenge in migration biology. Interactions between migrants and wind and water currents are often poorly resolved in migration models due to both the lack of high‐resolution environmental data, and a lack of understanding of how migrants respond to fine‐scale structure in the physical environment.

Here we develop a generalizable, data‐driven methodology to study the migration of animals through complex physical environments. Our approach combines validated computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling with animal tracking data to decompose migratory movements into two components, namely movement caused by physical forcing and movement due to active locomotion. We then use a flexible recurrent neural network model to relate local environmental conditions to locomotion behaviour of the migrating animal, allowing us to predict a migrant's force production, velocity and trajectory over time.

We apply this framework to a large dataset containing measured trajectories of migrating Chinook salmon through a section of river in California's Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta. We show that the model is capable of describing fish migratory movements as a function of local flow variables, and that it is possible to accurately forecast migratory movements on which the model was not trained.

After validating our model, we show how our framework can be used to understand how migrants respond to local‐flow conditions, how migratory behaviour changes as overall conditions in the system change and how the energetic cost of migratory movements depends on environmental conditions in space and time. Our framework is flexible and can readily be applied to other species and systems.
Circular RNA expression alteration identifies a novel circulating biomarker in serum exosomal for detection of alcohol dependence
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Li Jiande , Bu Huanhuan , Wang Hongxuan , Zhang Yuanpei , Shen Qingyu , Li Mei , Lu Zijing , Rong Xiaoming , Zheng Dong , Peng Ying 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlcohol dependence (AD) is one of the most common and detrimental neuropsychological disorders. Recently, more and more studies have focused on circular RNA as markers for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the circular RNA expression alteration in serum exosomal and to identify a novel circulating biomarker for the detection of AD. We first isolated exosomes from serum and then investigated the circRNA expression alterations by high throughput whole transcriptome sequencing. The data were then analyzed using bioinformatics methods. Moreover, we verified the circRNA‐seq by qRT‐PCR. Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations between the levels of hsa_circ_0004771 and both Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) and Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS). The diagnostic value of hsa_circ_0004771 in AD patients was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC). In this study, 254 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified, with 149 upregulated and 105 downregulated. GO analysis showed that these differentially expressed circRNAs from exosomes might be associated with the regulation of neuron projection and axon regeneration. KEGG analysis revealed that T cell receptor signaling and antigen processing and presentation pathway had a regulating effect on upstream levels. We found that hsa_circ_0004771 was related to the severity of AD. The AUC for the diagnostic value of hsa_circ_0004771 in AD patients was 0.874. These findings indicated that circRNA in serum exosomes provide novel targets for further research on molecular mechanisms of AD. Among these, hsa_circ_0004771 may be a sensitive biomarker that was related to the severity of AD.
The effectiveness and tolerability of anti‐seizure medication in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and GRADE of the evidence
Authors: Lai Jou‐Yin , Kalk Nicola , Roberts Emmert 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsAnti‐seizure medications (ASMs) have been used historically as treatment options in alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). In the past 10 years, there have been no large‐scale meta‐analyses comparing ASMs with placebo or the current AWS treatment standard, benzodiazepines. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ASMs in AWS.MethodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) via searching Medline, Embase and PsychINFO from database inception to March 2020 involving adults age >18 years with AWS. We included 24 RCTs reporting on a total of 2223 participants. Efficacy outcomes included the number of participants experiencing AWS related seizures or delirium, Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol–Revised (CIWA‐Ar) score reduction and rescue medication requirements. Tolerability outcomes included adverse event rate and dropout because of adverse events, alongside severe and life‐threatening adverse event rates. Quality was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).ResultsThere was no evidence of significant improvements in any efficacy outcomes when comparing ASMs with placebo or benzodiazepines. When compared with benzodiazepines, ASMs demonstrated significantly increased odds of requiring rescue medications (OR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.32, 9.28; P = 0.012). When comparing ASMs with placebo, there were significantly more dropouts because of adverse events (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.05, 3.28; P = 0.034). Most results were of very low quality with the majority of included studies conducted before 2000.ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta‐analysis found no evidence to support general first line clinical use of anti‐seizure medications in alcohol withdrawal syndrome treatment.
Tobacco Use and Oral Health
Authors: Ford Pauline J. , Rich Alison M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis review outlines the important oral implications of tobacco use. The lining of the mouth (oral mucosa), if exposed to tobacco and its products in a susceptible individual, can develop benign, potentially malignant, and malignant tumours. Treatment and prognosis depend on tumour type, how early it is detected, its size and site in the oral cavity and whether it has spread. Advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a 20% 5‐year survival rate. Tobacco use also increases the risk of periodontitis, peri‐implantitis, caries, alveolar osteitis and halitosis. Although less life threatening than OSCC, these tobacco related conditions create a substantial financial and health burden for individuals and society. Dental practitioners routinely examine the oral cavity for signs of mucosal and tooth changes, are experienced in recognising variations from normal and have established management and referral pathways. They are also ideally positioned to provide brief interventions to assist their patients to quit smoking.
Thrombosis in immune thrombocytopenia — current status and future perspectives
Authors: Swan Dawn , Newland Adrian , Rodeghiero Francesco , Thachil Jecko 
Published: April 2021

SummaryImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder in which a combination of defective platelet production and enhanced clearance leads to thrombocytopenia. The primary aim for therapy in patients with this condition is the prevention of bleeding. However, more recently, increased rates of venous and arterial thrombotic events have been reported in ITP, even in the context of marked thrombocytopenia. In this review we discuss the epidemiology, aetiology and management of thrombotic events in these patients. We consider the impact of ITP therapies on the increased thrombotic risk, in particular the use of thrombopoietin‐receptor agonists (TPO‐RAs), as well as factors inherent to ITP itself. We also discuss the limited evidence available to guide clinicians in the treatment of these complex cases.
Outcomes of methotrexate‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs
Authors: Harada Takuya , Iwasaki Hiromi , Muta Tsuyoshi , Urata Shingo , Sakamoto Aiko , Kohno Kentaro , Takase Ken , Miyamura Tomoya , Sawabe Takuya , Asaoku Hideki , Oryoji Kensuke , Fujisaki Tomoaki , Mori Yasuo , Yoshimoto Goichi , Ayano Masahiro , Mitoma Hiroki , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Niiro Hiroaki , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Oshiro Yumi , Miyoshi Hiroaki , Ohshima Koichi , Takeshita Morishige , Akashi Koichi , Kato Koji 
Published: April 2021

SummaryRecently, the use of targeted synthetic or biological disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (ts/bDMARDs) in addition to conventional synthetic (cs)DMARDs including methotrexate (MTX) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has increased. However, whether ts/bDMARDs are associated with the development and clinicopathological features of MTX‐associated lymphoproliferative disorder (MTX‐LPD) in patients with RA remains unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of 121 patients with MTX‐LPD. Results showed that prior use of ts/bDMARDs was not associated with the different histopathological subtypes of MTX‐LPD. Patients with polymorphic‐type LPD had a better event‐free survival than those with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), classical Hodgkin lymphoma and peripheral T‐cell lymphoma. The pathological subtype of lymphoma could predict the clinical outcome of MTX‐LPD. In patients with DLBCL, the use of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) inhibitors prior to MTX‐LPD onset was associated with a higher non‐relapse mortality. Further, patients with RA previously treated with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors more commonly required chemotherapy than those treated with csDMARDs alone, indicating disease aggressiveness. Hence, special caution should be observed when managing patients with MTX‐LPD previously treated with JAK or TNF‐α inhibitors for RA.
Palisadegrass pastures with or without nitrogen or mixed with forage peanut grazed to a similar target canopy height. 1. Effects on herbage mass, canopy structure and forage nutritive value
Authors: Homem Bruno G. C. , de Lima Italo B. G. , Spasiani Paola P. , Ferreira Igor M. , Boddey Robert M. , Bernardes Thiago F. , Dubeux José C. B. , Casagrande Daniel R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNitrogen (N) inputs to pasture systems coupled with grazing management strategies based on monitoring and control of canopy structure may provide conditions for greater productivity and enhanced forage nutritive value. This 2‐year study assessed canopy structure and nutritive value responses of three pasture treatments, namely, (1) mixed Marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] R.D. Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha Stapf]) cv. Marandu and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg.) cv. BRS Mandobi pastures without N fertilizer (GRASS + LEGUME); (2) monoculture Marandu palisadegrass pastures fertilized with 150 kg N/ha (GRASS + N); and (3) monoculture Marandu palisadegrass without N fertilizer (GRASS). Grazing management was similar across pasture treatments, using continuous stocking and a target canopy height of 20–25 cm. Herbage mass was greater in GRASS + N and GRASS + LEGUME pastures than in GRASS in summer and spring (p = .014). The leaf:stem ratio in the grass mass (p = .731) was similar between treatments. Grass crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) were greatest in the GRASS + N pasture (p < .001). Grass neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration was greater at GRASS and GRASS + LEGUME pastures than in GRASS + N (p < .001). Forage peanut had a greater IVDDM and CP concentration and a lower NDF concentration than Marandu palisadegrass. Nitrogen application or the presence of the legume increased green herbage mass and improved forage nutritive value in canopies with similar height.
Visual representation fidelity and self‐explanation prompts in multi‐representational adaptive learning
Authors: Joo Hyun , Park Jongchan , Kim Dongsik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn their prior research on adaptive instruction for multi‐representational learning, the researchers explored various perspectives on designing visual representations and scaffolds. However, controversies and discrepancies regarding the fidelity of visual representations and self‐explanation prompts have yet to be resolved. This research thus examines types of visual representations and self‐explanation prompts and thereby suggests instructional strategies for multi‐representational adaptive learning. Sixty‐nine college students participated in a 2 × 2 between‐subjects study design (schematic only and adaptively increasing the fidelity of visual representation as well as fixed and fading self‐explanation prompts). Adaptively increasing visual fidelity was shown to be effective for mental model construction. Knowledge inference was most enhanced in the group utilising both adaptive approaches. The increased germane cognitive load appears to have mediated, in particular, the effects of visually adaptive instruction. This research suggests that visually adaptive instruction should include customized self‐explanation supports to ensure successful multi‐representational adaptive learning. This research reveals that sequencing visual representations with increasing fidelity as learning progress in instructional materials and offering fading support for prompts tailored to learning progress are the two effective and complementary ways to ensure customized learning.
Pregnancy‐associated hemorrhagic stroke: A nationwide survey in Japan
Authors: Enomoto Naosuke , Tanaka Hiroaki , Katsuragi Shinji , Hayata Eijiro , Hasegawa Junichi , Nakata Masahiko , Takahashi Jun C. , Sekizawa Akihiko , Ishiwata Isamu , Ikeda Tomoaki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimThe number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy‐associated hemorrhagic stroke has not decreased despite a gradual decrease of maternal death in Japan. This study aimed to clarify the risk factors of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy‐associated hemorrhagic stroke.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed pregnancy‐associated hemorrhagic stroke patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between 2013 and 2017 among 407 Japanese maternal and perinatal centers. Patients were divided into good or poor outcome groups and their maternal backgrounds and neonatal prognoses were compared.ResultsWe analyzed 61 cases, including 41 survival and 20 death cases, obtained from a secondary survey. Among the 61 hemorrhagic stroke cases, 62% were related to hypertensive disorders. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were observed in 75% of death cases. Use of MgSO4 or antihypertensive medication did not differ between the poor and good outcomes groups. In cases with antepartum onset of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, outcomes were poor in 12 and good in 6 cases. Nine patients with poor outcomes and one with a good outcome had hypertension at the outpatient department without systemic evaluation (p = 0.043). Six poor outcomes patients and one good outcome spent more than 1 day from diagnosis at an outpatient clinic. Neurosurgery was performed in 11 poor outcome patients.ConclusionPregnant women who present with a hypertensive disorder at an outpatient clinic probably need to undergo blood tests and careful observation. Delayed systemic evaluation and intensive care for only a few days may result in the development of hemorrhage.
Contextualizing the Association Between School Climate and Student Well‐Being: The Moderating Role of Rurality
Authors: Nguyen Amanda J. , McDaniel Heather , Braun Summer S. , Chen Lingjun , Bradshaw Catherine P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIn rural communities, understanding and improving school climate may benefit youth facing unique contextual challenges to well‐being. As education research rarely focuses on rural schools, we aimed to examine school climate and student well‐being with a particular focus on rural schools, compared to suburban schools.METHODSCross‐sectional survey data were collected from 62,265 students in 22 rural and 78 suburban Maryland middle and high schools. Student self‐report data were collected on school climate (safety, engagement, and environment) as well as internalizing problems, behavior problems, stress, substance abuse, and future orientation. Multiple‐group, multilevel models were fit to compare between rural and suburban schools.RESULTSOn average, rural students reported significantly lower perceptions of safety and engagement than suburban students. Safety and engagement were generally associated with higher youth well‐being. A number of moderated effects were observed, which generally suggested stronger associations between school‐level climate—particularly engagement—and more positive outcomes for rural compared to suburban students.CONCLUSIONSStudents' perceptions of safety and engagement were associated with student well‐being, in some cases with stronger associations for rural students. These findings suggest that efforts to improve school climate may be particularly impactful for rural students.