bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeking campus justice: challenging the ‘criminal justice drift’ in United Kingdom university responses to student sexual violence and misconduct
Authors: COWAN SHARON , MUNRO VANESSA E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent years, growing concerns have been expressed – including in the press and social media – over the apparently inadequate responses of many United Kingdom (UK) universities to complaints of student sexual violence and misconduct (SSVM). In this article, we underscore universities’ legal, ethical, and civic responsibilities to students, which require them to implement effective regimes for the prevention and sanctioning of such behaviour. We suggest, however, that current responses are moving in the wrong direction. More specifically, universities are too often turning (back) towards adversarial and procedural paradigms, developed within the criminal justice system, where the persistence of a ‘justice gap’ in cases of rape and sexual assault has been well documented. We argue that this ‘criminal justice drift’ may frustrate the possibility for more tailored, transformative, and trauma‐informed processes for addressing SSVM within higher education institutions.
Identification of an autophagy‐related prognostic signature in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Yue , Li Yuanyuan , Ge Han , Wu Yaping , Zhang Yuchao , Guo Songsong , Zhang Ping , Cheng Jie , Wang Yanling 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAutophagy‐related genes (ARGs) have been significantly implicated in tumorigenesis and served as promising prognostic biomarkers for human cancer. Hence, this study was aimed to develop an ARGs‐based prognostic signature for Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).MethodsPrognostic ARG candidates were identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis in the training dataset (TCGA‐HNSC) and incorporated into a 3‐ARGs (EGFR, FADD, and PARK2) prognostic signature which was further verified in two independent validation cohorts (GSE41613 and GSE42743). Kaplan‐Meier plots, Cox regression analyses, and receiver operating characteristics curves (ROC) were employed to evaluate the prognostic prediction of 3‐ARGs signature. Differential expression of these 3 ARG between cancer and normal counterparts as well as their associations with autophagy markers were assessed in 60 pairs of freshly collected HNSCC and adjacent non‐tumor samples and datasets from Human Protein Atlas, respectively.ResultsPatients with high‐risk score had significantly inferior overall survival. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that 3‐ARGs signature could be an independent prognostic factor after adjusting various clinicopathological parameters. ROC analyses revealed high predictive accuracy and sensitivity of the 3‐ARGs signature. Increased mRNA and protein expression of EGFR, FADD, and PARK2 were found in HNSCC samples, and their expression significantly correlated with the abundances of ATG5, Beclin1, and LC3.ConclusionOur results reveal that 3‐ARGs signature is a powerful prognostic biomarker for HNSCC, which could be integrated into the current prognostic regime to realize individualized outcome prediction. EGFR, FADD, and PARK2 likely contributed to autophagy during HNSCC tumorigenesis.
Who partners up? Homogamy and income inequality in New Zealand cities
Authors: Alimi Omoniyi B. , Maré David C. , Poot Jacques 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of homogamy on the distribution of household income in New Zealand at the national level and across different sized cities. We focus on homogamy by age, education, hours worked, employment status, and migration status. We present a new index of homogamy that takes account of maximum potential homogamy. Our index is less sensitive to categories with small population shares than the commonly used concentration ratios. We compare the inequality impact of actual matching with that of randomized matching by means of the additional randomization method. Contrary to public perception, homogamy of the highly educated has declined relative to random matching. Nonetheless, homogamy has had an inequality‐increasing impact on the distribution of income and this effect has grown over time: from around 5% of the mean log deviation (MLD) measure of income inequality in 1986 to 16% in 2013. Allowing for simulated labor supply responses reduces this effect by less than 1%. Spatially, the effect of homogamy is larger and increases more in metropolitan areas than in other urban areas. In Auckland, New Zealand's largest city (around a third of the population), homogamy accounted for a fifth of MLD inequality by 2013, up from 6% in 1986. Educational homogamy plays the biggest role in this process, but the effects of hours worked, employment status and migration status are relatively important too. Homogamy by age has little effect on income inequality. Using the Gini index as an alternative inequality measure yields similar results.
Geographic differences in contraception provision and utilization among federally funded family planning clinics in South Carolina and Alabama
Authors: Okwori Glory , Smith Michael G. , Beatty Kate , Khoury Amal , Ventura Liane , Hale Nathan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeAccess to the full range of contraceptive options is essential to providing patient‐centered reproductive health care. Women living in rural areas often experience more barriers to contraceptive care than women living in urban areas. Therefore, federally funded family planning clinics are important for ensuring women have access to contraceptive care, especially in rural areas. This study examines contraceptive provision, factors supporting contraceptive provision, and contraceptive utilization among federally funded family planning clinics in 2 Southern states.MethodsAll health department and Federally Qualified Health Center clinics in Alabama and South Carolina that offer contraceptive services were surveyed in 2017‐2018. Based on these surveys, we examined differences between rural and urban clinics in the following areas: clinic characteristics, services offered, staffing, staff training, policies, patient characteristics, contraceptive provision, and contraceptive utilization. Differences were assessed using Chi‐square tests of independence for categorical variables and independentt‐tests for continuous variables.FindingsUrban clinics had more staff on average than rural clinics, but rural clinics reported greater ease in recruiting and retaining family planning providers. Patient characteristics did not significantly vary between rural and urban clinics. While no significant differences were observed in the provision of long‐acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) overall, a greater proportion of patients in urban clinics utilized LARCs.ConclusionsWhile provision of most contraceptives is similar between rural and urban federally funded family planning clinics, important differences in other factors continue to result in women who receive care in rural clinics being less likely to choose LARC methods.
Hepatitis B e antigen loss in adults and children with chronic hepatitis B living in North America: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Lee William M. , King Wendy C. , Janssen Harry L. A. , Ghany Marc G. , Fontana Robert J. , Fried Michael , Sterling Richard K. , Feld Jordan J. , Wang Junyao , Mogul Douglas B. , Cooper Stewart L. , Bisceglie Adrian M. Di ,   for the Hepatitis B Research Network (HBRN)
Published: August 2021

AbstractHepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is a soluble viral protein in plasma of patients with hepatitis B virus infection. HBeAg loss is an important first stage of viral antigen clearance. We determined the rate and predictors of HBeAg loss in a North American cohort with chronic hepatitis B viral infection (CHB). Among children and adults with CHB and without HIV, HCV or HDV co‐infection enrolled in the Hepatitis B Research Network prospective cohort studies, 819 were HBeAg positive at their first assessment (treatment naïve or >24 weeks since treatment). Of these, 577 (200 children, 377 adults) were followed every 24–48 weeks. HBeAg loss was defined as first HBeAg‐negative value; sustained HBeAg loss was defined as ≥2 consecutive HBeAg‐negative values ≥24 weeks apart. During a median follow‐up of 1.8 years, 164 participants experienced HBeAg loss, a rate of 11.4 (95% CI, 9.8–13.3) per 100 person‐years. After adjustment for confounders, HBeAg loss rate was significantly higher in males than females, in older than younger individuals, in Whites or Blacks than Asians, in those with genotype A2 or B versus C, and in those with basal core promoter/pre‐core mutations versus wild type. Additionally, during follow‐up, an ALT flare and a lower quantitative HBsAg, quantitative HBeAg or HBV DNA level predicted higher rates of HBeAg loss. The majority (88%) with HBeAg loss had sustained HBeAg loss. In conclusion, a number of specific demographic, clinical and viral characteristics impacted rate of HBeAg loss and may prove useful in design and interpretation of future therapeutic studies.
Association between circulating bile acid alterations and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis independent of obesity and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jung Youngae , Koo Bo Kyung , Jang Seo Young , Kim Dain , Lee Heeyeon , Lee Dong Hyeon , Joo Sae Kyung , Jung Yong Jin , Park Jeong Hwan , Yoo Taekyeong , Choi Murim , Lee Min Kyung , Kang Sang Won , Chang Mee Soo , Kim Won , Hwang Geum‐Sook ,   the Innovative Target Exploration of NAFLD (ITEN) consortium
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsBile acid (BA) dysregulation is related to not only metabolic diseases but also nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated whether circulating BA levels are altered according to the histological severity of NAFLD independent of metabolic derangements.MethodsGlobal metabolic profiling and targeted BA analysis using sera collected from biopsy‐proven no‐NAFLD (n = 67), nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) (n = 99), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, n = 75) subjects were performed sequentially. Circulating metabolome analysis integrated with the hepatic transcriptome was performed to elucidate the mechanistic basis of altered circulating BA profiles after stratification by obesity (body mass index ≤ 25 kg/m2). Circulating BA alterations were also validated in an independent validation cohort (29 no‐NAFLD, 70 NAFL and 37 NASH).ResultsGlobal profiling analysis showed that BA was the metabolite significantly altered in NASH compared to NAFL. Targeted BA analysis demonstrated that glyco‐/tauro‐conjugated primary BAs were commonly increased in nonobese and obese NASH, while unconjugated primary BAs increased only in nonobese NASH. These characteristic primary BA level changes were maintained even after stratification according to diabetes status and were replicated in the independent validation cohort. Compared to nonobese NAFL patients, nonobese NASH patients exhibited upregulated hepatic expression of CYP8B1.ConclusionsBA metabolism is dysregulated as the histological severity of NAFLD worsens, independent of obesity and diabetes status; dysregulation is more prominent in nonobese NAFLD patients. Metabolome‐driven omics approach provides new insight into our understanding of altered BA metabolism associated with individual phenotypes of NAFLD.
Emotion in remediation: A scoping review of the medical education literature
Authors: Mills Lynnea M. , Boscardin Christy , Joyce Elizabeth A. , ten Cate Olle , O'Sullivan Patricia S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesRemediation can be crucial and high stakes for medical learners, and experts agree it is often not optimally conducted. Research from other fields indicates that explicit incorporation of emotion improves education because of emotion's documented impacts on learning. Because this could present an important opportunity for improving remediation, we aimed to investigate how the literature on remediation interventions in medical education discusses emotion.MethodsThe authors used Arksey and O'Malley's framework to conduct a scoping literature review of records describing remediation interventions in medical education, using PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Web of Science and APA PsycInfo databases, including all English‐language publications through 1 May 2020 meeting search criteria. They included publications discussing remediation interventions either empirically or theoretically, pertaining to physicians or physician trainees of any level. Two independent reviewers used a standardised data extraction form to report descriptive information; they reviewed included records for the presence of mentions of emotion, described the mentions and analysed results thematically.ResultsOf 1644 records, 199 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed in full. Of those, 112 (56%) mentioned emotion in some way; others focused solely on cognitive aspects of remediation. The mentions of emotion fell into three themes based on when the emotion was cited as present: during regular coursework or practice, upon referral for remediation and during remediation. One‐quarter of records (50) indicated potential intentional incorporation of emotion into remediation programme design, but they were non‐specific as to how emotions related to the learning process itself.ConclusionEven though emotion is omnipresent in remediation, medical educators frequently do not factor emotion into the design of remediation approaches and rarely explicitly utilise emotion to improve the learning process. Applications from other fields may help medical educators leverage emotion to improve learning in remediation, including strategies to frame and design remediation.
Modelling and evaluating periodontal ligament mechanical behaviour and properties: A scoping review of current approaches and limitations
Authors: Ovy Enaiyat Ghani , Romanyk Dan L. , Flores Mir Carlos , Westover Lindsey 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis scoping review is intended to synthesize the techniques proposed to model the tooth‐periodontal ligament‐bone complex (TPBC), while also evaluating the suggested periodontal ligament (PDL) material properties. It is concentrated on the recent advancements on the PDL and TPBC models, while identifying the advantages and limitations of the proposed approaches. Systematic searches were conducted up to December 2020 for articles that proposed PDL models to assess orthodontic tooth movement in Compendex, Web of Science, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Scopus databases. Although there have been many studies focused on the evaluation of PDL material properties through numerous modelling approaches, only a handful of approaches have been identified to investigate the interface properties of the PDL as a complete dynamical system (TPBC models). Past reviews on the analytical and experimental determination of the PDL properties already show a concerning range in reported output values—some nearly six orders of magnitude in difference—that strongly suggested the need for further investigation. Surprisingly, it has not yet been possible to determine a narrower range of values for the PDL material properties. Moreover, very few scientific approaches address the TPBC as an integrated complex system model. In consequence, current methods for capturing the PDL material behaviour in a clinical setting are limited and inconclusive. This synthesis encourages more systematic, pragmatic and phenomenological research in this area.
Regional Public Sector Organizations: A broader taxonomic classification to cross‐pollinate empirical research
Authors: Rickabaugh Jay 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present scholarship on cross‐boundary organizations of local governments often splinters its focus and investigates narrow species of organizations with specific powers or unique policy domains. However, many organizations share common governance structures and mechanisms. Investigating these commonalities from a broader perspective permits stronger cross‐pollination of knowledge and sharpens generalizable theories of governance and administration. In this article, I first provide easily and unambiguously measurable criteria capturing a genus I term Regional Public Sector Organizations (RPSOs). These criteria rely on a rescaled common definition of International Governmental Organizations (IGOs). In the United States, this broad genus includes many species of public authorities, regional councils, and policy‐specific organizations. Terminology may differ in other nations, but the underlying idea sustains. The second contribution is five research questions largely inspired by IGO scholarship. Considering the parallels of RPSOs to IGOs can chart a rigorous, empirical path toward more coherent theoretical conversations on regional governance.
Voters’ view of leaders during the Covid‐19 crisis: Quantitative analysis of keyword descriptions provides strength and direction of evaluations
Authors: Fredén Annika , Sikström Sverker 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesPrevious research suggests that governments usually gain support during crises such as the Covid‐19. However, these findings are based on rating scales that only allow us to measure the strength of this support. This article proposes a new measure of how voters evaluate Prime Ministers (PM) by asking for descriptive keywords that are analyzed by natural language processing.MethodsBy collecting a representative sample of citizens’ own key words describing their PM in 15 countries in Europe during the outbreak of Covid‐19, and analyzing these by latent semantic analysis and a multiple OLS regression, we could quantify the strength and direction of voters’ view.ResultsThe strength analysis supported previous studies that describing the PM with positive words was strongly associated with vote intention. Furthermore, a change in the direction of the attitudes from “good” to “honest” was found. A new finding was that the pandemic was associated with an increase in polarization.ConclusionsThe keyword evaluation analysis provides opportunities of evaluating both strength and direction of voters’ view of their PM, where we show new results related to increased polarization and shift in the direction of attitudes.
Is antivitamin K reversal required in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation?
Authors: Martinez Samira , Garcia Isabel , Ruiz Angel , Tàssies Dolors , Reverter Joan Carles , Colmenero Jordi , Beltran Joan , Fondevila Constantino , Blasi Annabel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAntivitamin K agent (AVK) reversal in patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation (LT) is not defined in guidelines. We investigated the effect of reversion with prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) on intraoperative transfusion, bleeding, and safety in LT patients on AVK.Study design and methodsIn 511 patients undergoing LT, we identified 25 patients treated with AVK (AVK group) and 13 patients with incidental portal vein thrombosis (PVT) without AVK (incidental PVT group). Fifty patients who underwent LT without PVT or AVK matched by age, model for end stage of liver disease (MELD), body mass index (BMI), and cirrhosis etiology were selected as the control group.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the three groups in intraoperative blood loss, transfusion, and postoperative bleeding. In the AVK group, there were no differences between patients who received PCC and those who did not in intraoperative blood loss, red blood cells, fibrinogen, and platelet transfusion, or postoperative bleeding. PCC use had no effect on RBC transfusion in patients who had international normalized ratio or clotting time above versus below median values of the two parameters at baseline (2.3 and 103 s, respectively). No thrombotic events were detected in patients who received PCC.DiscussionThese data suggest that systematic administration of PCC to revert AVK prior to LT should be reconsidered.
Influence of doxapram and intermittent 10% carbon dioxide inspiration on cardiovascular and laryngeal functions in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Sakai Daniel M. , Howard Shenise L. , Reed Rachel A. , Quandt Jane E. , Barletta Michele , Wallace Mandy L. , Grimes Janet A. , Schmiedt Chad W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effects of two doses of doxapram intravenous injection and carbon dioxide inhalation on the cardiovascular and laryngeal functions of anesthetized hounds.Study DesignExperimental study.AnimalsSix healthy adult dogs.MethodsIn a Latin‐square design, the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. The inspiratory normalized glottic gap areas (iNGGA) were measured before and after each stimulation with 0.55 mg/kg of doxapram (L‐DOX), 2.2 mg/kg of doxapram (H‐DOX), or 90 s of inhalation of 10% carbon dioxide in oxygen (I‐CO2). The stimulations were tested in duplicate or triplicate. Video clips of the laryngeal movement were scored by board‐certified surgeons masked to the treatment.ResultsThe MABP increased with L‐DOX and H‐DOX up to 81% (both p < .001 compared to I‐CO2), and persisted during the other stimulations (both p < .001). An intermittent tachycardic effect of up to 79% increase in HR was observed with doxapram. The HR following H‐DOX was higher than L‐DOX and I‐CO2 (both p < .016). Neither hypertension nor tachycardia was observed with I‐CO2. The iNGGA increased with all treatments (p < .001). The iNGGA was greater with H‐DOX than L‐DOX and I‐CO2 (both p < .007). All treatments received higher scores (all p < .001) with acceptable inter‐ and intra‐observers Krippendorff's alphas.ConclusionAll treatments were effective respiratory stimulants in anesthetized dogs; however, doxapram caused hypertension and tachycardia.Clinical SignificanceCarbon dioxide inhalation might improve arytenoid motion without cardiovascular effects in dogs during clinical airway examinations.
Characterization and Validation of Fatigue Strains for Superelastic Nitinol Using Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Senol K. , Cao H. , Tripathy S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Fatigue is a major challenge encountered in cardiovascular implant design. While the properly heat-treated Nitinol can exhibit up to 6–7% recoverable strains allowing for minimally invasive transcatheter delivery of cardiovascular implants, the cyclic in vivo loading can cause premature fracture of the implant if the fatigue strain is too high. Strain-based criteria have been adopted for the development of Nitinol fatigue resistance. Lacking experimental tools to characterize the local material fatigue strain, fatigue testing of Nitinol specimens has largely relied on the finite element analysis to compute the cyclic strain amplitude and mean strain based on experimentally derived constitutive parameters using phenomenological strain energy theory. Without a consistent computational standard, previous works have resulted in controversy and inconsistency in the impact of mean strain on the fatigue resistance of Nitinol in terms of strain amplitude limit at high cycle fatigue regime. In this paper, digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used to experimentally determine local material strains of Nitinol fatigue specimens using monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. These local strains are compared with strains computed from finite element analysis. It was found that strains from DIC and FEA are comparable in the single-phase states (pure austenitic or martensitic), whereas the measured strains can show significant difference from simulation computed strain during the transformation stage where both austenite and martensite phase co-exist. These observations have significant implications to nitinol fatigue testing and implant reliability assessment.