bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are governance mode and foreign location choices independent?
Authors: Leiblein Michael J. , Larsen Marcus M. , Pedersen Torben 
Published: September 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryThis article explores the relationship between organizational governance and location choices. While the existing literature provides significant intuition regarding the factors that influence these choices, it often assumes that governance and location choice are independent from one another. This article tests the veracity of this assumption in the global semiconductor industry. We report evidence of significant correlations across choices regarding how to govern and where to locate production, evidence of a reciprocal relationship between governance and location choices, and evidence suggesting how interdependence between governance and location choices affects the stability of relationships highlighted by extant theories. We conclude with implications for future theoretical and empirical research based on the existence of these interdependent effects.Managerial SummaryManagers face difficult choices when deciding how to organize the performance of an activity. They must choose whether to outsource an activity by balancing the potential benefits of a supplier's lower costs or knowledge against the costs of diminished coordination and control. They must also choose where to perform an activity by considering the benefits of locally bound expertise as well as potential costs associated with cultural, legal, and social barriers. While prior research has often addressed these issues by assuming that these choices are independent, this paper demonstrates that governance and location choices are interdependent and that each choice reciprocally affects the other. It concludes by suggesting managers utilize an expanded governance‐location choice set when evaluating where and how to manage their core activities.
Right‐hemispheric language reorganization in patients with brain arteriovenous malformations: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Deng Xiaofeng , Wang Bo , Zong Fangrong , Yin Hu , Yu Shaochen , Zhang Dong , Wang Shuo , Cao Yong , Zhao Jizong , Zhang Yan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBrain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), a presumed congenital lesion, may involve traditional language areas but usually does not lead to language dysfunction unless it ruptures. The objective of this research was to study right‐hemispheric language reorganization patterns in patients with brain AVMs using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We prospectively enrolled 30 AVM patients with lesions involving language areas and 32 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Each subject underwent fMRI during three language tasks: visual synonym judgment, oral word reading, and auditory sentence comprehension. The activation differences between the AVM and control groups were investigated by voxelwise analysis. Lateralization indices (LIs) for the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and cerebellum were compared between the two groups, respectively. Results suggested that the language functions of AVM patients and controls were all normal. Voxelwise analysis showed no significantly different activations between the two groups in visual synonym judgment and oral word reading tasks. In auditory sentence comprehension task, AVM patients had significantly more activations in the right precentral gyrus (BA 6) and right cerebellar lobule VI (AAL 9042). According to the LI results, the frontal lobe in oral word reading task and the temporal lobe in auditory sentence comprehension task were significantly more right‐lateralized in the AVM group. These findings suggest that for patients with AVMs involving language cortex, different language reorganization patterns may develop for different language functions. The recruitment of brain areas in the right cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres may play a compensatory role in the reorganized language network of AVM patients.
Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopes of a typical alpine river on the Tibetan Plateau revealing carbon sources, wetland effect and river recharge
Authors: Ge Lu , Tan Hongbin , Chen Xi , Rao Wenbo , Fan Meitong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Nyangqu River, the largest right bank tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, was representative of an alpine riverine carbon cycle experiencing climate change. In this study, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) spatial and seasonal variations, as well as their carbon isotopic compositions (δ13CDIC) in river water and groundwater were systematically investigated to provide constraints on DIC sources, recharge and cycling. Significant changes in the δ13CDIC values (from −2.9‰ to −23.4‰) of the water samples were considered to be the result of different contributions of two dominant DIC origins: soil CO2 dissolution and carbonate weathering. Three types of rock weathering (dissolution of carbonate minerals by H2CO3 and H2SO4, and silicate dissolution by H2CO3) were found to control the DIC input into the riverine system. In DIC cycling, groundwater played a significant role in delivering DIC to the surface water, and DIC supply from tributaries to the main stream increased from the dry season to the wet season. Notably, the depleted δ13CDIC ‘peak’ around the 88.9° longitude, especially in the September groundwater samples, indicated the presence of ‘special’ DIC, which was attributed to the oxidation of methane from the Jiangsa wetland located nearby. This wetland could provide large amounts of soil organic matter available for bacterial degradation, producing 13C‐depleted methane. Our study provided insights regarding the role of wetlands in riverine carbon cycles and highlighted the contribution of groundwater to alpine riverine DIC cycles.
Taxonomic investigation of selected rust fungi using scanning electron microscopy from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Ijaz Murtaza , Afza Rabia , Zafar Muhammad , Hamayun Muhammad , Khan Shujaul Mullk , Ahmad Zeeshan , Ahmad Mushtaq , Khan Sumera Afzal , Shah Raheem , Yahya Muhammad 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRusts comprises the largest natural group of plant pathogens including approximately 8% of all described Fungi. Rust fungi are extremely plant pathogens responsible for great losses to agriculture productivity. Rust species belong to several genera among which more than half are Puccinia species. In Pakistan, rust causes severe damage to agriculture crops. Current study was carried out to identify and characterize different rust species common in the research area through microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Morpho‐anatomical investigation of each collected rust species was carried out using different standard protocols. The dimensions of spores were measured and snapped under a stereomicroscope. SEM was used to examine the shape, size, and ornamentation of the spores of each rust fungus. Results revealed documentation of seven rust fungi, that is, Melampsora euphorbiae, Phragmidium barclayi, Puccinia nepalensis, P. exhausta, P. menthae, Uromyces capitatus, and Uromyces decorates belong to four different genera, were recorded. SEM revealed that spermogonia and Aecia were missing in most of the rust fungus studied. Uredinia was found in a scattered, irregular, lengthy, and epidermis‐enclosed form. Urediniospores were found to be ovulating, elongated, echinulate, globose to sub‐globose, ellipsoid to ovoid, and globose to sub‐globose. Telia was found as sub‐epidermal, amphigenous, dispersed, minute, and spherical cells. Teliospores ranged in form from cylindrical to oblong. The germ pores were detected in both apical (top cell) and basal (bottom cell) idiosyncratic and pedicel‐attached cells. The techniques used in the current investigation will aid mycologists in rust identification and microscopic characterization.
Implication of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy for oil content determination and seed morphology of Verbenaceae
Authors: Kanwal Kainat , Zafar Muhammad , Khan Amir Muhammad , Mahmood Tariq , Abbas Qamar , Ozdemir Fethi Ahmet , Ahmad Mushtaq , Sultana Shazia , Rozina  , Fatima Anam , Aziz Aqsa , Niazi Anmol 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDue to increase in energy catastrophe and accompanying environmental issues, the search for renewable and alternative energy resources is a fiercely disputed problem in the scientific world. Biodiesel has proven to be the finest sustainable alternative to gasoline. Because of their environment‐friendly character and cost‐effectiveness, nonedible oil‐bearing seeds could be the possible resource for biodiesel production. Therefore, the present study uses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate and identify micromorphological features of six novel, nonedible oil‐bearing seeds of Verbenaceae as potential biodiesel feed stocks. Selected seeds of Verbenaceae range in size from 1 to 5 mm in width and 1.8 to 6.4 mm in length, according to light microscopic studies. The oil content of seeds ranges from14 to 19%. Seed texture, color, shape, size, periclinal and anticlinal wall patterns, and cell outline are all more variable in SEM‐mediated seed ultrastructure analyses. The findings of this work imply that SEM could be a useful method for revealing hidden micromorphological features in a variety of nonedible oil‐producing seeds, which could aid to future investigation, proper identification, seed categorization, and authenticity. These seeds were hard to be identified by the native people due to their resemblance in seed color and shape, so there is a need to give a detailed description of seed characters for proper identification of these plants. This work will determine the new features of the seeds, which will be helpful in near future.
Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging for Predicting and Monitoring the Response of Anti‐Angiogenic Treatment in the Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model of Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wan Qi , Bao Yingying , Xia Xiaoying , Liu Jieqiong , Wang Peng , Peng Yu , Xie Xiaobin , He Jianxing , Li Xinchun 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundThe treatment efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitor could be underestimated at an early stage based on tumor volume changes. Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion‐weighted imaging (IVIM‐DWI) can quantitatively assess tumors at the cellular level, but it is unclear whether it can provide useful information for assessing treatment response of anti‐angiogenic treatment for lung adenocarcinoma.PurposeTo determine the use of IVIM‐DWI for non‐invasive monitoring of the early response to anti‐angiogenic treatment in the orthotopic transplantation of lung adenocarcinoma model.Study TypeProspective.PopulationThirty‐seven nude mice were randomized into two groups: treatment group (received bevacizumab + cisplatin, N = 20) and control group (received saline, N = 17).Field Strength/SequenceSingle‐shot turbo spin‐echo (TSE) IVIM‐DWI, TSE T2‐weighted imaging at 3.0 T.AssessmentTumor volume, IVIM parameters (apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC], diffusivity [D], perfusion fraction [f], and pseudo‐diffusion coefficient [D*]) were measured before and 2 hours, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after treatment. Regions of interest were manually drawn along the inner edge of the tumor by two radiologists with 5 and 10‐year experience in magnetic resonance imaging. Pathological examinations (hematoxylin and eosin stain, cluster of differentiation 34) were performed.Statistical TestsKolmogorov–Smirnov test, repeated‐measure two‐way analysis of variance test, Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson correlation analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe tumor volume of the two groups was significantly different only on day 14 (control group vs. treatment group, 43.15 ± 18.28 mm3 vs. 28.41 ± 1.71 mm3). ADC2h, ADC10d, D2h, D7d, D10d, and D14d were significantly higher, while f10d and f14d were significantly lower in the treatment group compared to those of the control group. Both the △ADC2h (r = −0.631) and △D2h (r = −0.700) showed moderate correlations with the relative tumor volume on day 14.Data ConclusionIVIM has the potential to predict and monitor the early response to anti‐angiogenic treatment, earlier than size changes, for lung adenocarcinoma.Level of Evidence2Technical EfficacyStage 4
Quantification of Myocardial Deformation in Patients with Takayasu Arteritis by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking Imaging
Authors: Zhang Hongbo , Zhao Lei , Zhang Chen , Tian Jie , Ding Yan , Zhao Xinghan , Ma Xiaohai 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundCardiac involvement is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA). Early detection and intervention of cardiac damage may be helpful to reduce the mortality of TA. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI)‐derived feature tracking (FT) is an effective quantitative method to assess myocardial deformation which may reflect early changes of cardiac function.PurposeTo explore the utility of MR‐FT as a method to detect cardiac damage in TA patients.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationFifty‐seven TA patients who had undergone clinically indicated MRI and 57 healthy controls.Field Strength/SequencesBalanced steady‐state free precession rest cine and 2D phase‐sensitive inversion recovery breath‐hold segmented gradient echo late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences at 3.0 T.AssessmentBased on LGE images, TA patients were divided into two subgroups, LGE (+) subgroup (N = 12) and LGE (−) subgroup (N = 45). In addition, patients were further subdivided into impaired (N = 26) and preserved left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) subgroups (N = 31). FT‐derived deformation indices, including left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS), were measured by commercial software.Statistical TestsMann–Whitney U‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc method, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were conducted. A P‐value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsGLS was significantly worse in TA than in controls (median [interquartile range, IQR]: TA −10.0 [−7.5 to 12.4] vs. controls −12.7 [−11.8 to 14.7]). Moreover, TA patients with LGE (+) had significantly poorer GLS than those with LGE (−) (median [IQR]: LGE (+) −6.8 [−4.0 to 8.1] vs. LGE (−) −10.7 [−8.5 to 12.9]). The reduced LVEF subgroup had significantly greater cardiac dysfunction as measured by MR‐FT than the preserved LVEF subgroup (GLS median [IQR]: reduced LVEF −7.9 [−6.2 to 11.4] vs. preserved LVEF −10.8 [−8.6 to 13.5]).Data ConclusionMyocardial deformation impairment was found in the majority of TA patients. MR‐FT imaging may be helpful in the early diagnosis and management of TA patients.Level of Evidence4Technical Efficacy Stage5
Effects of gate width variation on the performance of Normally‐OFF dual‐recessed gate MIS AlGaN/GaN HEMT
Authors: Ranjan Ravi , Kashyap Nitesh , Raman Ashish 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDiscovery of wideband gap semiconductor materials has boosted the field of power electronics. Fabrication of HEMT has overcome the drawback of lower mobility and ON‐state current of wide bandgap materials. However, due to lower ON‐state current earlier proposed devices suffer from poor ON‐state resistance; hence, in this work dual gate technique has been proposed. To further switch the device characteristics from Normally‐ON to Normally‐OFF state, recessed gate technique is used. Device physics, analog parameters of Normally‐OFF dual‐recessed gate metal insulator semiconductor AlGaN/GaN HEMT (DRG‐MIS‐HEMT) are analyzed and compared with conventional DG‐MIS‐HEMT. To solidify the analysis, width of recessed gate has been varied from 2 nm to 28 nm. At recessed gate width (=28 nm), proposed device resulted RON = 1.98 Ω‐cm2, threshold voltage 1.25 V, IDS of 1100 mA/mm, ION/IOFF = 1014 and ft = 10 GHz. Proposed device also resulted in improved linearity characteristics over single gate structure. In future, the proposed device can be used for RF applications.
Roles of synoptic‐scale waves and intraseasonal oscillations in the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon
Authors: Huangfu Jingliang , Chen Wen , Lai Xin , Chen Dong , He Zhuoqi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe maintenance period (20 days after the onset day) of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset is investigated in this paper, the main focus of which is the roles of synoptic‐scale (2–10‐day period) waves (SSWs) relative to those of 10–20‐day and 30–60‐day intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). The results reveal that the eddy kinetic energy (EKE)‐based SSW intensity displays a greater amplitude and closer relationship with the SCSSM onset date (correlation coefficient: −0.50) than either ISO during the SCSSM onset maintenance period, indicating that frequent synoptic‐scale processes play an important role in the SCSSM onset. Regression analyses based on the original EKE‐based wave intensity further reveal that SSW‐related horizontal wind anomalies show significant cyclonic anomalies over the SCS, with westerlies occupying the central and southern SCS. Moreover, SSW‐induced low‐pressure systems, including negative outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies, low‐level convergence and weakening of the 500 hPa height field, are observed over the SCS and maintain the SCSSM onset. A three‐dimensional EKE diagnosis is conducted to investigate the relative contributions of SSWs and both ISOs. The results demonstrate that the SSW‐related horizontal barotropic EKE conversion and EKE conversion from eddy available potential energy cooperate to contribute more than the two ISOs to the dynamic processes during the maintenance stage of the SCSSM onset.
Inpatient Sinus Surgery Patient Morbidity and Outcomes: A National Analysis
Authors: Tseng Christopher C. , Gao Jeff , Barinsky Gregory L. , Grube Jordon G. , Fang Christina H. , Eloy Jean A. , Hsueh Wayne D. 
Published: September 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo investigate the morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in the inpatient setting.Study DesignRetrospective database review.MethodsThe Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried for all ESS between 2008 and 2014. Using All Patients Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (APR‐DRG) codes, cases with APR‐DRG codes under Major Diagnostic Category 3 (Diseases and Disorders of the Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat) were designated as patients with primary otolaryngology diagnoses undergoing ESS (ORL), and all other codes were designated as patients with non‐otolaryngology pathologies as their primary reason for admission but undergoing ESS (non‐ORL). A univariate analysis and a logistic regression were used to compare patient demographics, comorbidities, disease severity, and mortality.ResultsThere were 8,305 ORL patients and 6,342 non‐ORL patients. ORL patients were more likely to be elective admissions (61.3% vs. 48.5%, P < .001), have a deviated nasal septum (17.9% vs. 12.3%, P < .001), nasal polyps (15.8% vs. 5.0%, P < .001), obstructive sleep apnea (10.7% vs. 5.2%, P < .001), and pulmonary disease (15.9% vs. 10.5%, P < .001). Non‐ORL patients had a higher likelihood of in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 6.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.29–11.78, P < .001), length of stay in the highest quartile (OR 2.43, 95% CI 2.16–2.74, P < .001), and a higher proportion had APR‐DRG subclasses indicating extreme severity of illness (19.3% vs. 4.3%, P < .001) or extreme risk of mortality (12.5% vs. 2.0%, P < .001).ConclusionPatients undergoing ESS in the inpatient setting have a higher than expected mortality rate which can be associated with a non‐otolaryngology pathology as the primary reason for their admission.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 132:1523–1529, 2022
A global meta‐analysis of the impacts of no‐tillage on soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated organic carbon
Authors: Liu Xiaotong , Wu Xueping , Liang Guopeng , Zheng Fengjun , Zhang Mengni , Li Shengping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNo‐tillage (NT) has been shown to control soil degradation by impacting soil aggregates (i.e., basic units of soil structure, whose characteristics mediate key soil processes, like carbon sequestration). However, there has been no systematic analysis of the impacts of NT on soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated soil organic carbon (SOC) at global level. We conducted a global meta‐analysis of 89 publications to elucidate the changes in soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated SOC under NT. Notably, we quantified the roles of diverse environmental and agronomic factors (e.g., climatic conditions, experimental duration, cropping intensity, soil texture, and initial SOC/pH) in the changes in those variables. Relative to conventional tillage (CT), NT significantly increased the proportions of water‐stable large (LM) and small (SM) macro‐aggregates and the mean weight diameter (MWD) (by 49%, 11%, and 23%, respectively) but decreased the proportions of micro‐aggregates (MIC) and silt plus clay‐size particles (SC) (by 11% and 16%, respectively). NT significantly enhanced SOC concentrations in LM (17%), SM (14%), MIC (10%), and SC (7%) compared to CT. Furthermore, the random forest (RF) model demonstrated that climatic conditions, experimental duration, and soil texture were the predominant factors controlling the changes in aggregation and aggregate‐associated SOC under NT. Overall, our results indicate that NT is an effective strategy to enhance soil aggregation and aggregate‐associated SOC, yet variations in responses are determined by specific environmental/agronomic factors. This study provided a basis for identifying site‐specific NT practice that could help improve soil structure and SOC sequestration, ultimately controlling soil degradation in croplands.
Dispersal, location of bloom initiation, and nutrient conditions determine the dominance of the harmful dinoflagellateAlexandrium catenella: A meta‐ecosystem study
Authors: Purz Anneke Kristin , Hodapp Dorothee , Moorthi Stefanie Devi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHarmful algal blooms (HABs) are globally increasing in number and spatial extent. However, their propagation dynamics along environmental gradients and the associated interplay of abiotic factors and biotic interactions are still poorly understood. In this study, a nutrient gradient was established in a linear meta‐ecosystem setup of five interconnected flasks containing an artificially assembled phytoplankton community. The harmful dinoflagellateAlexandrium catenellawas introduced into different positions along the nutrient gradient to investigate dispersal and spatial community dynamics. Overall, total algal biovolume increased, while community evenness decreased with increasing nutrient concentrations along the gradient.Alexandriumwas able to disperse through all flasks. On the regional scale, diatoms dominated the community, whereas on the local scale the dinoflagellate showed higher contributions at low nutrient concentrations and dominated the community at the lowest nutrient concentration, but only when initiated into this flask. A control treatment without dispersal revealed an even stronger dominance ofAlexandriumat the lowest nutrient concentration, indicating that dispersal and the associated nutrient exchange may weaken dinoflagellate dominance under low nutrient conditions. This study presents a first approach to experimentally investigate spatial dynamics and ecological interactions of a harmful dinoflagellate along an environmental gradient in a meta‐ecosystem setup, which has the potential to substantially enhance our understanding of the relevance of dispersal for HAB formation and propagation in combination with local environmental factors.