bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preference of eyebrow apex positions on different facial shapes in Malaysian population: An inter‐ethnic study
Authors: Packirisamy Vasanthakumar , Sadacharan Chakravarthy Marx 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundEyebrows are an important esthetic feature of the face. In cosmetic surgery, knowledge about the patient's preference of eyebrow apex position is important to achieve agreeable esthetic results.AimTo study the preference of eyebrow apex positions on the different facial shapes in the Malaysian population.MethodsA frontal view photograph of a female model was morphed into oval, square, round, and long facial shapes. Four types of brow apex were created on each facial shape, A. above the midpupil (A‐MP), B. above the lateral limbus (A‐LL), C. halfway between the lateral limbus and lateral canthus (A‐HF) and D. above the lateral canthus (A‐LC). Out of the four brow apexes, the respondent selected one esthetically appealing brow apex for each facial shape. A total of 441 Malaysians completed the survey questionnaire. Differences in preference between the ethnic groups were analyzed by the chi‐square test.ResultsThe majority of Malaysian Chinese (MC) and Malaysian Indians (MI) subjects found A‐LL as attractive on the oval (MC‐73%, MI‐52%), square (MC‐42%, MI‐42%), round (MC‐45%, MI‐40%) and long (MC‐39%, MI‐44%) shape, but the Malaysian Malays preferred more the A‐HF on long (42%) and round (42%) face. While the Malaysian Indians least preferred the A‐MP on the oval (4%), square (5%), round (6%), and long (5%). A significant difference in preference of apex position was observed between MC versus MI and MC versus MM in both oval and square faces. On the round face, the difference was noted between all the ethnic groups. However, on the long face, a significant difference was noted only between MI and MM.ConclusionsSignificant interethnic differences exist in the preference of eyebrow apex position on the facial shapes.
Temporal stability of biomass in annual plant communities is driven by species diversity and asynchrony, but not dominance
Authors: Kigel Jaime , Konsens Irit , Segev Udi , Sternberg Marcelo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsPrimary biomass production is a fundamental process for ecosystem functioning. Yet, little is known on the mechanisms driving temporal stability of biomass production in annual plant communities, particularly when subjected to highly variable environments and undergoing temporal changes in species composition. We aimed to disentangle the relative importance of biomass production, species diversity, dominance and asynchrony of species fluctuations as drivers of biomass stability in mediterranean and semi‐arid annual plant communities.LocationMediterranean (31°42′ N; 35°03′ E) and semi‐arid (31°23′ N; 34°54′ E) sites, Israel.MethodsAbove‐ground biomass and species abundance were monitored in 15 plots of 250 m2 per site during eight consecutive years. Relationships between stability drivers and community stability were studied at the regional (between sites) and local (within sites) spatial scales.ResultsCommunity biomass stability (mean biomass/SD) increased from the semi‐arid to the mediterranean site concomitantly with higher biomass production, richness, and evenness. Differences in stability between sites were due to opposite effects of site conditions on the mean and SD of community biomass, leading to higher stability in the mediterranean site. Within sites, species asynchrony was the key driver of stability at the local spatial scale. Richness and biomass production affected stability indirectly through asynchrony, but in different ways at each site. At the mediterranean site, these factors had indirect negative effects on stability by reducing asynchrony, but did not rescind a positive effect of asynchrony on community stability. At the semi‐arid site, biomass production had indirect positive effects on stability through asynchrony, while richness had no effect on asynchrony and stability. Stability was not driven by species evenness in either site.ConclusionsOur study provides new insights into the complex control of biomass stability in the dynamics of mediterranean and semi‐arid annual plant communities, with different mechanisms driving stability across the regional vs local spatial scales.
Candidemia indicates poor outcome in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis
Authors: Ning Caihong , Zhu Shuai , Wei Qin , Liu Zhiyong , Lin Chiayen , Li Jiarong , Cao Xintong , Bonsu Abdul Aziz F. K. , Shen Dingcheng , Peng Milin , Huang Gengwen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntra‐abdominal fungal infection (AFI) and candidemia are common in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP), but with limited and conflicting reports on their clinical impacts. This study aims to evaluate the clinical impacts of AFI and candidemia in infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN).MethodsA single‐centre, prospective cohort including 235 consecutive patients with IPN between January 2010 and September 2020 was analysed to study the clinical impacts of AFI and candidemia.ResultsOf the 235 patients with IPN, 69 patients (29.4%) developed AFI and 13 patients (5.5%) developed candidemia. AFI was associated with higher intestinal leakage rate (27.5% vs 12.7%, P = .006), higher pancreatic fistula rate (53.6% vs 34.3%, P = .006) and longer hospital stays (72 vs 58 days, P = .003), but with similar mortality rate compared with patients without AFI (23.2% vs 24.7%, P = .806). However, candidemia was associated with significantly higher mortality rate compared with patients without candidemia (69.2% vs 21.6%, P < .001). Patients with candidemia had higher rate of multiple organ failure and AFI (69.2% vs 36.5%, P = .018; 69.2% vs 27.0%, P = .001, respectively). Multivariable analysis showed that age ≥ 50 years (OR = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3‐5.8; P = .007), severe category (OR = 11.2; 95% CI, 3.5‐35.7; P < .001), multidrug‐resistant organisms infection (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0‐6.2; P = .039), candidemia (OR = 11.8; 95% CI, 2.5‐56.5; P = .002), step‐down surgical approach (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5‐7.0; P = .004) were the independent predictors associated with higher mortality in IPN patients.ConclusionAlthough AFI did not increase the mortality of IPN, patients with candidemia carried significantly higher mortality.
Evaluating esophageal motility beyond primary peristalsis: Assessing esophagogastric junction opening mechanics and secondary peristalsis in patients with normal manometry
Authors: Carlson Dustin A. , Baumann Alexandra J. , Donnan Erica N. , Krause Amanda , Kou Wenjun , Pandolfino John E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundFunctional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) Panometry assesses the esophageal response to distention and may complement the assessment of primary peristalsis on high‐resolution manometry (HRM). We aimed to investigate whether FLIP Panometry provides complementary information in patients with normal esophageal motility on HRM.MethodsAdult patients that completed FLIP and had an HRM classification of normal motility were retrospectively identified for inclusion. 16‐cm FLIP studies performed during endoscopy were evaluated to assess EGJ distensibility, secondary peristalsis, and identify an abnormal response to distention involving sustained LES contraction (sLESC). Clinical characteristics and esophagram were assessed when available.Key ResultsOf 164 patients included (mean(SD) age 48(16) years, 75% female), 111 (68%) had normal Panometry with EGJ‐distensibility index (DI) ≥2.0 mm2/mmHg, maximum EGJ diameter ≥16mm and antegrade contractions. Abnormal EGJ distensibility was observed in 44/164 (27%), and 38/164 (23%) had an abnormal contractile response to distension. sLESC was observed in 11/164 (7%). Among 68 patients that completed esophagram, abnormal EGJ distensibility was more frequently observed with an abnormal esophagram than normal EGJ opening: 14/23 (61%) vs 10/45 (22%); P=0.003. Epiphrenic diverticula were present in 3/164 patients: 2/3 had sLESC.Conclusions & InferencesSymptomatic patients with normal esophageal motility on HRM predominantly have normal FLIP Panometry; however, abnormal FLIP findings can be observed. While abnormal Panometry findings appear clinically relevant via an association with abnormal bolus retention, complementary tests, such as provocative maneuvers with HRM and timed barium esophagram, are useful to determine clinical context.
Estrogen and serotonin enhance stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in female rats by up‐regulating brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in spinal cord
Authors: Chen Jinghong , Li Qingjie , Saliuk Genevieve , Bazhanov Sonia , Winston John H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe previously reported that female offspring of dams subjected to chronic prenatal stress (CPS) develop enhanced visceral hypersensitivity (VHS) following exposure to chronic stress in adult life that is mediated by up‐regulation of spinal cord BDNF. The aims of this study were to examine the roles of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and an increase in spinal serotonin signaling in promoting this enhanced VHS in female rats and up‐regulation of spinal cord BDNF transcription.MethodsPregnant dams were exposed to chronic stress from E11 until delivery. At 8 weeks, a chronic adult stress (CAS) protocol was applied for nine days.Key ResultsOvariectomy before CAS or treatment with letrozole before and during CAS significantly prevented the development of enhanced VHS in female CPS+CAS rats. Intrathecal application of ERα siRNA significantly reduced VHS, decreased lumbar‐sacral spinal cord expression of both ERα and BDNF, and reversed pro‐transcriptional epigenetic modifications at BDNF promoter lX. Cerebrospinal fluid serotonin levels and 5HT3A receptor expression in the LS spinal cord were both significantly increased in female CPS+CAS rats. During CAS, intrathecal infusion of alosetron significantly decreased VHS, reduced BDNF and ERα expression in the LS spinal cord, and attenuated RNA pol II and ERα binding to the BNDF core promoter IX.Conclusions & inferencesSerotonin‐mediated activation of 5HT3A receptors in the spinal cord drives the development of enhanced female‐specific VHS in our two hit CPS+CAS through up‐regulation of spinal cord ERα.
Protocol to ensure continued pediatric liver transplantation service during the COVID pandemic and the encouraging outcomes
Authors: Varma Sharat , Pandey Yuktansh , Chikkala Bhargava Ram , Acharya Rajgopal , Verma Sapana , B Inbaraj , Sreekumar Sreejith , Das Dibyajyoti , Dey Rajesh , Agarwal Shaleen , Gupta Subhash 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 is a global pandemic, and to deal with the unexpected, enormous burden on healthcare system, liver transplantation (LT) services have been suspended in many centers. Development of robust and successful protocols in preventing the disease among the recipients, donors and healthcare workers would help in re‐starting the LT programs. We adapted a protocol at our center, which is predominantly a living donor liver transplant center based in north India, and continued the service as the pandemic unfolded and peaked in India with good results and shared the experience of the same. Between March 24 and June 7, 2020, during the government‐enforced public curfew—“lockdown”—7 children received LT. The protocols of infection control were drafted in our team by local customization of published guidelines. The number of pediatric LT done during the lockdown period in 2020 was similar to that done in corresponding pre‐COVID period in 2019. The outcomes were of 100% survival, and none of recipients developed COVID. One potential donor was asymptomatic positive for COVID, responded well to conservative treatment, and was later accepted as a donor. LT program during the COVID pandemic can successfully function after putting in place standard protocols for infection control. These can be implemented with minimal extra involvement of healthcare infrastructure, hence without diversion of resources from COVID management. In conclusion, pediatric liver transplantation services can be continued amid COVID‐19 pandemic after establishing a properly observed protocol with minimum additional resources.
In Situ Prepared Solar Light‐Driven Flexible Actuated Carbon Cloth‐Based Nanorod Photocatalyst for Selective Radical–Radical Coupling to Vinyl Sulfides
Authors: Singh Chandani , Yadav Rajesh K. , Kim Tae Wu , Upare Pravin P. , Gupta Abhishek Kumar , Singh Atul P. , Yadav Bal Chandra , Dwivedi Dilip K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA global challenge faced by light harvesting photocatalyst is how to promote the selective organic transformation, such as C‐S bond formation via radical–radical coupling under solar light. Here, we report a two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D‐COFs), poly (perylene‐imide‐benzoquinone) nanorod through in situ condensation on flexible activated carbon cloth (PPIBNR‐FACC) to function as a light harvester material for highly selective radical–radical coupling to vinyl sulfides (i.e. C‐S bond activation). Such a structure supports charge transfer from PPIBNR to FACC, which is essential for the selective radical–radical coupling. Hence, organic transformation is attaining high yields and selectivity (˜99%) under solar light using in situ prepared PPIBNR‐FACC photocatalyst. The structural virtues of PPIBNR‐FACC will trigger the utmost investigations into designable and versatile 2D‐COFs for fine chemical synthesis.
Future CO2, warming and water deficit impact white and red Tempranillo grapevine: Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 and biomass allocation
Authors: Kizildeniz Tefide , Pascual Inmaculada , Irigoyen Juan José , Morales Fermín 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDue to the CO2 greenhouse effect, elevated atmospheric concentration leads to higher temperatures, accompanied by episodes of less water availability in semiarid and arid areas or drought periods. Studies investigating these three factors (CO2, temperature and water availability) simultaneously in grapevine are scarce. The present work aims to analyze the combined effects of high CO2 (700 ppm), high temperature (ambient +4°C) and drought on the photosynthetic activity, biomass allocation, leaf non‐structural carbon composition, and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio in grapevine. Two grapevine cultivars, red berry Tempranillo and white berry Tempranillo, were used, the latter being a natural, spontaneous mutant of the red cultivar. The experiment was performed on fruit‐bearing cuttings during a 3‐month period, from June (fruit set) to August (maturity). The plants were grown in research‐oriented facilities, temperature‐gradient greenhouses, where temperature, CO2, and water supply can be modified in a combined way. Drought had the strongest effect on biomass accumulation compared to the other environmental variables, and root biomass allocation was increased under water deficit. CO2 and temperature effects were smaller and depended on cultivar, and on interactions with the other factors. Acclimation effects were observed on both cultivars as photosynthetic rates under high atmospheric CO2 were reduced by long‐term exposition to elevated CO2. Exposure to such high CO2 resulted in increased starch concentration and reduced C/N ratio in leaves. A correlation between the intensity of the reduction in photosynthetic rates and the accumulation of starch in the leaves was found after prolonged exposure to elevated CO2.
Earnings gap between men and women in the informal labor market in Cameroon
Authors: Wirba Ebenezer Lemven , Akem Fiennasah Annif’ , Baye Francis Menjo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the extent of gender earnings gap among informal labor market workers in Cameroon. We have used the 2010 employment and informal sector survey, the Heckman two‐step bivariate selection model, and the Neuman–Oaxaca–Ransom decomposition framework to address these concerns. We find that, compared to men, women are more likely to make the joint decision of participating in the labor market and choosing informal work. Findings also reveal that among informal workers, male workers have an earnings premium over their female counterparts. Returns to informal labor market experience are solidly consistent in narrowing the gender earnings gap. Among the self‐employed workers, male workers also enjoy an earnings premium. However, when the inverse Mills ratio is decomposed, the overall and the self‐employed gender discrimination virtually disappears. Meanwhile, female wage earners enjoy a wage premium and have an unambiguous education‐based advantage over their male counterparts. The implications of these findings support the wisdom that promoting the human capital development of the girl child would play a vital role in alleviating gender‐based differentials by eroding sociocultural conventions and advancing women's agency.
The effect of microgravity on the human venous system and blood coagulation: a systematic review
Authors: Kim David S. , Vaquer Sergi , Mazzolai Lucia , Roberts Lara N. , Pavela James , Watanabe Manabu , Weerts Guillaume , Green David A. 
Published: March 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Recently, an internal jugular venous thrombus was identified during spaceflight: does microgravity induce venous and/or coagulation pathophysiology, and thus an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE)?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Whilst data are limited, this systematic review suggests that microgravity and its analogues may induce an enhanced coagulation state due to venous changes most prominent in the cephalad venous system, as a consequence of changes in venous flow, distension, pressures, endothelial damage and possibly hypercoagulability in microgravity and its analogues. However, whether such changes precipitate an increased VTE risk in spaceflight remains to be determined.
AbstractRecently, an internal jugular venous thrombus was identified during spaceflight, but whether microgravity induces venous and/or coagulation pathophysiology, and thus, an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unclear. Therefore, a systematic (Cochrane compliant) review was performed of venous system or coagulation parameters in actual spaceflight (microgravity) or ground‐based analogues in PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Cochrane Library, European Space Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐und Raumfahrt databases. Seven‐hundred and eight articles were retrieved, of which 26 were included for evaluation with 21 evaluating venous, and five coagulation parameters. Nine articles contained spaceflight data, whereas the rest reported ground‐based analogue data. There is substantial variability in study design, objectives and outcomes. Yet, data suggested cephalad venous system dilatation, increased venous pressures and decreased/reversed flow in microgravity. Increased fibrinogen levels, presence of thrombin generation markers and endothelial damage were also reported. Limited human venous and coagulation system data exist in spaceflight, or its analogues. Nevertheless, data suggest spaceflight may induce an enhanced coagulation state in the cephalad venous system, as a consequence of changes in venous flow, distension, pressures, endothelial damage and possibly hypercoagulability. Whether such changes precipitate an increased VTE risk in spaceflight remains to be determined.
Elbows for Accelerated Flow
Authors: Carrier G. F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is of interest in the field of fluid mechanics to determine the shape of that two-dimensional channel which will most effectively turn a stream of fluid through an angle β while simultaneously increasing its velocity by a factor r. In the present paper, criteria which such a channel should satisfy are suggested and an elbow which meets these requirements is obtained. The solution is carried out first for a nonviscous incompressible fluid and then for the compressible medium using the Karmen-Tsien linearized pressure-volume relation.
Generalized Vibration Analysis by Means of the Mechanical Transients Analyzer
Authors: McCann G. D. , Kopper J. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a general study that has been made of a linear system having 2 deg of freedom. This is representative for many mechanical vibration problems as well as for problems of other physical systems. The system is described specifically in terms of the mechanical parameters of translational motion and consists of one mass, spring, dashpot system mounted on another. Three types of generalized solutions are given for the maximum motion of the first system relative to the second, or the maximum stress developed in the spring of the first system. One of these is for known sinusoidal forces applied to the second system, one is for the whole system striking a fixed base at a known velocity without rebound, and one is for such an impact and one rebound. The solutions were obtained on the mechanical transients analyzer which employs the principle of electric-circuit analogy. The solutions are given in dimensionless curve form for a wide range of all parameters.
Stress Concentration Around an Ellipsoidal Cavity in an Infinite Body Under Arbitrary Plane Stress Perpendicular to the Axis of Revolution of Cavity
Authors: Sadowsky M. A. , Sternberg E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper contains an exact closed solution for the stress distribution around a cavity in the shape of an ellipsoid of revolution in an infinite elastic body which is otherwise in an arbitrary uniform plane state of stress perpendicular to the axis of revolution of the cavity. The solution is based upon an extension to orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates of the classical three-function approach to three-dimensional problems of the theory of elasticity. The technically important features of the ensuing stress concentration are discussed in detail.
Gravitational Diffusion From a Boundary Source in Two-Dimensional Flow
Authors: Rouse Hunter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Convection currents of heated air downwind from a continuous line of gasoline burners at ground level provided an important means of dispersing fog over airfields during the recent war. A study of heat requirements as a function of burner location and cross-wind velocity, conducted by the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research in 1943, yielded results which are considered applicable to all similar problems of gravitational diffusion from a boundary source—such, for instance, as the mixing through induced convection of sediment-laden water introduced at the upper surface of a stream. The author presents herewith a general analysis of the problem, based upon solution of the differential equations of energy and diffusion for the assumption of (1) an error distribution of the specific-weight difference over any normal section and (2) a direct proportionality between the mixing length and the standard deviation of the error curve. Experimental results are shown to verify the analysis with good approximation.
Derivation of Stress, Strain, Temperature, Strain-Rate Relation for Plastic Deformation
Authors: Lubahn J. D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper carries out the derivation and correction of an equation previously presented by J. H. Hollomon and the author, relating to stress for plastic flow (σ), plastic strain (ϵ), strain rate ( ϵ . ), and temperature (T).
Tables for Numerical Solution of Problems in the Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Steady One-Dimensional Gas Flow Without Discontinuities
Authors: Edelman G. M. , Shapiro Ascher H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Elsewhere in this issue are presented analytical procedures for handling complicated problems involving the simultaneous effects of area change, wall friction, drag of internal bodies, external heat exchange, chemical reactions, change of phase, mixing of injected gases, and changes in molecular weight and specific heat. Tables of functions are given herewith to facilitate the numerical solution of such problems for regions of flow where the stream properties change continuously.