bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation on subcooling of liquid hydrogen by helium gas injection through evacuation
Authors: Starvin M. S. , Edwin M. , Kumaresan K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSubcooling is the process of bringing down the temperature of liquids lower than that of the boiling point of the corresponding vapor pressure. The performance of subcooling of cryogenic liquids mainly depends on the heat‐inleak of the system, the helium injection mass flow rate, helium injection temperature, and helium injection nozzle pattern. This paper presents an alternative method, by making use of the least heat in the leakage of the liquid hydrogen storage container, which is quite possible because containers with excellent thermal insulation are commercially available nowadays. The process involved is rapid evacuation through gas ejectors, thus reducing the effect of temperature. The advantage and the process of evacuation leading to subcooling in a unique manner are the objective of this article. The experimental results are discussed in comparison with the thermophysical process involved in the subcooling operation. A comparative study is also carried out with the theoretical heat exchange process in which helium is used as a medium for the economy of the stated process. It is stated that the current process of subcooling through evacuation is superior to the conventional heat exchange process.
A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of kratom in humans
Authors: Prevete Elisabeth , Kuypers Kim Paula Colette , Theunissen Eef Lien , Corazza Ornella , Bersani Giuseppe , Ramaekers Johannes Gerardus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionKratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical plant traditionally used as an ethnomedicinal remedy for several conditions in South East Asia. Despite the increased interest in its therapeutical benefits in Western countries, little scientific evidence is available to support such claims, and existing data remain limited to kratom's chronic consumption.ObjectiveOur study aims to investigate (pre)clinical evidence on the efficacy of kratom as a therapeutic aid and its safety profile in humans.MethodsA systematic literature search using PubMed and the Medline database was conducted between April and November 2020.ResultsBoth preclinical (N = 57) and clinical (N = 18) studies emerged from our search. Preclinical data indicated a therapeutic value in terms of acute/chronic pain (N = 23), morphine/ethanol withdrawal, and dependence (N = 14), among other medical conditions (N = 26). Clinical data included interventional studies (N = 2) reporting reduced pain sensitivity, and observational studies (N = 9) describing the association between kratom's chronic (daily/frequent) use and safety issues, in terms of health consequences (e.g., learning impairment, high cholesterol level, dependence/withdrawal).ConclusionsAlthough the initial (pre)clinical evidence on kratom's therapeutic potential and its safety profile in humans is encouraging, further validation in large, controlled clinical trials is required.
Naturalizing the freezeup regimes of regulated rivers and exploring implications to spring ice‐jam flooding
Authors: Beltaos Spyros , Peters Daniel L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNaturalization of the flow hydrograph and ice regime is a key step in assessment of ecological and socioeconomic impacts of regulation across large portions of Europe, Asia and North America, where many rivers are dammed for hydropower generation. Building on previous naturalization of early‐freshet flows that influence the nature of breakup and jamming events, novel methodology is developed to estimate natural freezeup flows and thence determine associated water levels, also known to influence subsequent breakup events. Using reservoir inflows, the new methodology is applied to the lower portion of the regulated Peace River, Canada, which forms the northern boundary of the Peace‐Athabasca Delta (PAD), a Ramsar wetland of international importance that partially depends on spring ice‐jam flooding for recharge of its high‐elevation, or “perched” basins. The PAD provides habitat for numerous aquatic, terrestrial and avian species and is vital to the maintenance of indigenous culture and lifeways. Naturalized freezeup levels in the lower Peace River are shown to be nearly always lower than corresponding regulated values, with the difference averaging ~1.6 m. Consistent with known physics of river ice breakup processes, the present results suggest that ice‐jam flood frequency would likely have been greater under natural conditions. Though potentially adverse from the ecological standpoint, reduction of spring ice‐jam flooding can benefit riverside communities. Implications of the present results to and comparison with, other Canadian and international rivers are discussed.
Understanding the peak growing season ecosystem water‐use efficiency at four boreal fens in the Athabasca oil sands region
Authors: Volik Olena , Petrone Richard , Kessel Eric , Green Adam , Price Jonathan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEcosystem water‐use efficiency (WUE), a ratio between gross ecosystem production (GEP) and water loss through evapotranspiration (ET) can be helpful for the assessment of coupled peatland carbon and water cycles under anthropogenic changes in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) where extensive oil sands development has been occurring since the 1960's. As such, this study assessed multiyear peak growing season variability of WUE at four fens (poor treed, poor open, treed moderate‐rich, open saline) near Fort McMurray using the eddy covariance technique combined with a set of environmental variables. Freshwater fens were characterized by WUE values within the range reported from other boreal wetlands while a saline fen had significantly lower values of WUE. Negative correlation (Rs < −0.55, p < 0.05) between WUE and net radiation was observed. Moisture conditions were responsible for interannual differences in WUE, whereby increasing WUE under wetter conditions was observed. However, such a pattern was offset by decreased air temperature (Tair) resulting in moisture oversupply. This study also revealed a negative effect of wildfire on WUE due to a prominent decline in GEP and a moderate decrease in ET. WUE can be useful for monitoring the functioning of natural and constructed fens, but a better understanding of WUE variability under a wide range of climatic conditions with respect to differences in vegetation is required.
Characterisation of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer in HIV‐positive men by immunohistochemical markers p16, Ki‐67, HPV‐E4 and DNA methylation markers
Authors: van der Zee Ramon P. , Meijer Chris J. L. M. , Cuming Tamzin , Kreuter Alexander , van de Sandt Miekel M. , Quint Wim G. V. , de Vries Henry J. C. , Prins Jan M. , Steenbergen Renske D. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV)‐induced anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN, graded 1‐3) is highly prevalent in HIV‐positive (HIV+) men who have sex with men (MSM), but only a minority of lesions progresses to cancer. Our study aimed to characterise comprehensively anal tissue samples from a cross‐sectional series (n = 104) of HIV+ MSM and longitudinal series (n = 40) of AIN2/3 progressing to cancer using different biomarkers. The cross‐sectional series consisted of 8 normal, 26 AIN1, 45 AIN2, 15 AIN3 and 10 anal squamous cell carcinoma. Tissue sections were immunohistochemically (IHC) stained for p16 (viral transformation marker), Ki‐67 (cellular proliferation marker) and HPV‐E4 (viral production marker). We evaluated the expression of IHC markers and compared it with DNA methylation, a marker for malignant transformation. E4 positivity decreased, whereas p16 and Ki‐67 scores and methylation marker positivity increased (P values < .001) with increasing severity of anal lesions. Within AIN2, a heterogeneous biomarker pattern was observed concerning E4, p16 and methylation status, reflecting the biological heterogeneity of these lesions. In the longitudinal series, all AIN2/3 and carcinomas showed high p16 and Ki‐67 expression, strong methylation positivity and occasional E4 positivity. We earlier showed that high methylation levels are associated with progression to cancer. The observed E4 expression in some AIN2/3 during the course of progression to cancer and absence of E4 in a considerable number of AIN1 lesions make the potential clinical significance of E4 expression difficult to interpret. Our data show that IHC biomarkers can help to characterise AIN; however, their prognostic value for cancer risk stratification, next to objective methylation analysis, appears to be limited.
Camrelizumab plus oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy as first‐line therapy for advanced biliary tract cancer: A multicenter, phase 2 trial
Authors: Chen Xinni , Qin Shukui , Gu Shanzhi , Ren Zhenggang , Chen Zhendong , Xiong Jianping , Liu Ying , Meng Zhiqiang , Zhang Xiao , Wang Linna , Zhang Xiaojing , Zou Jianjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBiliary tract cancer (BTC) is a highly malignant tumor with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Our study aimed to evaluate camrelizumab plus oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy as first‐line therapy for advanced BTC. In this multicenter, open‐label, phase 2 trial conducted in China (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03092895), untreated patients with advanced BTC were given camrelizumab (3 mg/kg iv drip injection, every 2 weeks) plus typical FOLFOX4 (Cam‐FOLFOX4 group; infusional 5‐fluorouracil, leucovorin and oxaliplatin) or GEMOX (Cam‐GEMOX group; infusional gemcitabine and oxaliplatin). The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Ninety‐two patients were enrolled: 29 received Cam‐FOLFOX4 and 63 received Cam‐GEMOX. The confirmed ORR and disease control rate were 16.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.4‐25.5) and 75.0% (95% CI = 64.9‐83.4), respectively. Median duration of response was 8.7 months (95% CI = 5.1‐not reached). Median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 5.3 months (95% CI = 3.7‐5.7) and 12.4 months (95% CI = 8.9‐16.1), respectively. Grade ≥3 treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 82.8% of patients receiving Cam‐FOLFOX4 and in 68.3% receiving Cam‐GEMOX, with no unexpected effects observed. Six (6.5%) patients discontinued treatment due to TRAE. Camrelizumab plus FOLFOX4 or GEMOX as first‐line treatment was effective and tolerable for Chinese patients with advanced BTC, warranting phase 3 trials.
Exploring the impact of engaging student pharmacists in developing individualized experiential success plans
Authors: Briceland Laurie L. , Caimano Courtney R. , Rosa Sandra W. , Veselov Megan , Jablanski Cindy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionEstablishing remediation policies in experiential settings poses many challenges. We endeavored to create a customizable Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPE) Experiential Success Plan (ESP) initiative in which students engage in self‐assessment of preceptor‐identified performance deficiencies, develop actionable improvement plans, and apply critical reflection. This approach incorporates a self‐directed learning process pedagogy and provides APPE students valuable experience in developing essential self‐awareness skills upon which to scaffold.ObjectivesThe purpose of this evaluation was to describe the outcomes of our ESP initiative and to determine if student‐created ESPs were successful in reducing the need for future ESPs, as compared with a Pre‐ESP cohort.MethodsAn ESP policy was created in which preceptors identified performance deficiencies at final APPE evaluation, and students became eligible for an ESP if they received at least two “needs improvement” or at least one “significant deficiency” competency ratings. Pre‐ESP and With ESP data were compared to determine if ESP reduced the need for repeat ESPs. Outcome data was collected to describe APPE rotation classifications, competency domains of identified deficiencies, and grades of students on an ESP. Reflections were rubric assessed for criticality.ResultsPreceptors identified 5.4 performance deficiencies per APPE from all rotation types (most commonly inpatient), and over half derived from the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process competency domain. Of students eligible for ESP, 78% required just the one ESP to self‐correct their deficiencies. Students eligible for multiple ESPs declined from 26% Pre‐ESP to 22% With ESP.ConclusionsThe ESP initiative enabled students to address preceptor‐identified APPE performance deficiencies derived from all rotation types and competency domains. By requiring student self‐engagement in creating ESPs, students gained self‐awareness and self‐directed lifelong learning skills. A majority of students (78%) can self‐correct APPE performance deficiencies with one ESP. For those that required multiple ESPs, further remedial strategies are necessary to adequately address noted deficiencies.
Polypeptide LTX‐315 reverses the cisplatin chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells via regulating Beclin‐1/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Ma Jian , Liu Lei , Ling Yang , Zheng Jianhua 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivePolypeptide LTX‐315 induces immunogenic cell death, thus having the potential to improve the effect of anticancer treatment. However, the function of LTX‐315 in reversing chemoresistance in ovarian cancer (OC) still remains elusive. Our study aims to decipher the effect of LTX‐315 on reversing the chemoresistance of OC cells and explore its mechanism.MethodsSKOV3, A2780, SKOV3/DDP, and A2780/DDP cells (cisplatin [DDP]‐resistant cells] were treated with different concentrations of LTX‐315 (10 and 20 µmol/L), respectively. Cell counting kit‐8 assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were used to assess cell viability, migration, invasion, apoptosis rate, and cell cycle of the cells. Western blot was performed to examine the expression of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 3, cleaved Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), PARP, Bax, Bcl‐2, Beclin‐1, p‐Akt, Akt, p‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mTOR. Furthermore, OC cells were treated with autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA), and “rescue experiments” were performed.ResultsDDP‐resistant OC cell models were established, and LTX‐315 treatment resulted in lower IC50 of DDP. In OC cells treated with LTX‐315, the viability, migration, invasion and the expression of Bcl‐2 of were repressed, but the apoptotic rate and the expression of cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP and Bax were increased, and the cell cycle was arrested. Moreover, LTX‐315 promoted Beclin‐1 expression level and inhibited p‐Akt and p‐mTOR expression levels, whereas 3‐MA could partially reverse the biological effects of LTX‐315 on OC cells.ConclusionLTX‐315 can inhibit the resistance of OC cells to DDP in vitro and plays a role by regulating Beclin‐1/phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase/mTOR signaling pathway.
Multiple functions of pyruvate kinase M2 in various cell types
Authors: Lee Yoon‐Beom , Min Jung K. , Kim Jae‐Gyu , Cap Kim Cuong , Islam Rokibul , Hossain Abu J. , Dogsom Oyungerel , Hamza Amir , Mahmud Shohel , Choi Dae R. , Kim Yong‐Sun , Koh Young‐Ho , Kim Hyun‐A , Chung Won‐Suk , Suh Sang W. , Park Jae‐Bong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGlucose metabolism is a mechanism by which energy is produced in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by mitochondria and precursor metabolites are supplied to enable the ultimate enrichment of mature metabolites in the cell. Recently, glycolytic enzymes have been shown to have unconventional but important functions. Among these enzymes, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) plays several roles including having conventional metabolic enzyme activity, and also being a transcriptional regulator and a protein kinase. Compared with the closely related PKM1, PKM2 is highly expressed in cancer cells and embryos, whereas PKM1 is dominant in mature, differentiated cells. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation of PKM2 change its cellular functions. In particular, PKM2 can translocate to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of many target genes. It is notable that PKM2 also acts as a protein kinase to phosphorylate several substrate proteins. Besides cancer cells and embryonic cells, astrocytes also highly express PKM2, which is crucial for lactate production via expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), while mature neurons predominantly express PKM1. The lactate produced in cancer cells promotes tumor progress and that in astrocytes can be supplied to neurons and may act as a major source for neuronal ATP energy production. Thereby, we propose that PKM2 along with its different posttranslational modifications has specific purposes for a variety of cell types, performing unique functions.
Effect of surface treatment technique on properties and performance ofNa2WO4‐TiO2‐MnOx/SiO2for oxidative coupling of methane
Authors: Chuntalap Yuttana , Panchan Noppadol , Junsomboon Jaroon , Srisonphan Siwapon , Witoon Thongthai , Seubsai Anusorn , Chareonpanich Metta , Niamnuy Chalida 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDOxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is a promising catalytic process for the conversion of methane to higher‐valued hydrocarbons (C2+). In this study, Na2WO4‐TiO2‐MnOx/SiO2(NWTM) catalysts were obtained by various treatment techniques, including conventional calcine (CC, 800 °C), cold plasma (CP, 7 kV, 1 Hz), microwave radiation (MW, 800 °C), and electron beam radiation (EB, 4000 kGy), with no surface treatment (WT) as a benchmark method.RESULTSThe results showed substantial differences in catalytic performance. The catalyst prepared by the cold plasma method provided the highest performance in the activity (20.91% C2+yield with 48.04% C2+selectivity and 43.52% CH4conversion) at the early stage of testing (1–4 h).CONCLUSIONHowever, the catalyst prepared by microwave radiation achieved the most stable active phases for the 24‐h testing period and yielded the highest C2+for a five‐cycle reusability test. The catalyst prepared by electron beam radiation was found to have the lowest C2+activity due to the poor distribution of the active elements. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Biodegradation of phenanthrene at high concentrations by Acidovoraxsp. JG5 and its functional genomic analysis
Authors: Liao Xiaoyong , Luo Junpeng , Cassidy Daniel P , Li You , Tao Huan , Zhao Yishu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhenanthrene (PHE) is a widespread, highly‐toxic, and biodegradable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that can be found with high concentrations in multiple industrial sites. For the efficient biodegradation of PHE, especially for the high concentrations, a PHE‐degrading Acidovorax strain was isolated from a soil contaminated for decades with PAH; its ability to degrade PHE was investigated and the pathways involved were identified.RESULTSA PHE‐degrading strain was isolated and identified as Acidovorax sp. JG5. The bacterium completely degraded 200 mg·L−1 PHE in 24 h and it degraded over 90% of PHE in solutions ranging from 500 to 1500 mg·L−1 in 48 h. Key metabolites, such as 9,10‐phenanthraquinone, 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthoic acid, protocatechuic acid, phthalic acid, pyruvic acid, and salicylic acid, were detected during PHE biodegradation. Twelve genes related to PHE biodegradation (e.g., nahAa, pht5, ligA, and dmp cluster) were also revealed. Two PHE degradation pathways are proposed based on these metabolites and genes.CONCLUSIONAcidovorax sp. JG5 exhibits a high tolerance to PHE and high rates of degradation, along with a tremendous potential for the bioremediation of heavy PAH contamination. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of active engagement and spaced retrieval practice on knowledge and application of a self‐assessment rubric
Authors: Metz Michael J. , Immekus Jason C. , Lyle Keith B. , George Casey E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurpose/ObjectivesThis study examined effects of active engagement (ENG) and spaced retrieval practice (SRP) on D1 dental students’ self‐assessment knowledge acquisition.MethodsD1 dental students (N = 120) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 (ENG or no ENG) X 2 (SRP or no SRP) design. Students were tested on their knowledge of a self‐assessment grading rubric (on a 30‐item multiple‐choice exam) and their ability to apply the rubric (on a simulated dentoform assessment).ResultsThere were significant main effects of both ENG and SRP on both outcome measures. Both ENG and SRP increased students’ knowledge of, and ability to apply, the self‐assessment rubric. Effects of ENG were larger than those of SRP. There was also a significant ENG X SRP interaction on the knowledge measure. The effect of SRP was larger in the no‐ENG conditions than the ENG conditions, which may reflect a ceiling effect in the ENG conditions.ConclusionsENG and SRP have the potential to substantially enhance D1 dental students’ learning outcomes. These results should motivate dental educators to reject outdated instructional techniques and thereby unleash students’ full learning potential. Additional research is needed with a wider range of dental students and learner topics.
Factors associated with moderate sedation attendance at a university‐based pediatric dental clinic
Authors: Alrayyes Sahar M. , Capezio Nicholas , Kratunova Evelina , LeHew Charles W. , Alapati Satish 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurpose/objectivesTo evaluate patient attendance for moderate sedation (MS) at a university‐based pediatric dental clinic; to identify factors with negative impact on MS being completed and to assess for associations between no‐show appointments and patient variablesMethodsThe electronic health records of patients scheduled for MS appointments in a 22‐month period were assessed by a single investigator. Demographic and clinical data related to appointment attendance and MS procedure performance were collected and statistically analyzed using chi‐square, Spearman's rho correlation tests, and logistic regression (p < 0.05)ResultsA total of 618 scheduled MS appointments were included. The MS appointment no‐show‐rate was 17.1 percent. Appointment confirmation (p = 0.001) and dmft score ≥ 9 (p = 0.039) had positive correlation with attendance, while “no‐shows” history (p = 0.024) and longer waiting time (p = 0.040) had negative impact on attendance. About 20% of attended MS were not completed, with main reasons of airway risk (32.3%), ongoing illness (28.4%), and violation of NPO guidelines (21.5%). Race, ethnicity, language spoken, child's behavior, and distance traveled had no significant impact on attendanceConclusionInterventions to decrease non‐attendance rates should target patients who are unconfirmed, have a history of no‐show appointments, and are scheduled well before the sedation appointment.