bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foster Care Children
Authors: SCHOR EDWARD L. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Demb's perspective is an important one and merits discussion. I agree that children entering foster care do so with some degree of preexisting emotional disturbance. One would be surprised to find otherwise, given the neglect and abuse that prompt their placement, although there has been little published about this aspect of child abuse. Viewing this issue from a residential foster care facility would tend to exaggerate the truth of this conclusion. However, as Sokoloff1 has noted &lt;20% of placements are for manifest difficulties of the children themselves; others2 have found an even lower proportion.
Foster Care Children
Authors: SCHOR EDWARD L. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
I would like to thank Dr Madden for his praise of my article. I concur with his and Sokoloff's concern that existing Medicaid reimbursement schedules pose a potential deterrent to the provision of appropriate health care to foster children.1 This appears to be the case in Maryland.2
As outlined in the final paragraph of my article,3 the medical professional services that foster children require are extensive and time consuming. It is for that reason that i have some reservations about the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics4 that foster children be cared for by the same health care provider as the foster family.
Conjunctivitis-Otitis Syndrome
Authors: BODOR FRANK F. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
I wish to thank Whitson for his comments on my paper. I apologize for omitting to state the total number of patients with purulent conjunctivitis under subtitle "Patients, Methods, and Materials," as it was stated in the abstract. During the study period, a total of 132 patients with purulent conjunctivitis (including those associated with otitis media) was seen in the office. I might add here that many of these patients were visiting the office because of other symptoms, and that in these cases the diagnosis was made as a result of an active search for purulent conjunctivitis.
Febrile Neonates
Authors: VOORA S. , SRINIVASAN G. , LILIEN L. D. , YEH T. F. , PILDES R. S. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Jenista et al1 found nonpolio enterovirus infection in 83% of febrile infants in the first month of life during July through October 1981 and suggested that some of the febrile neonates in our study2 also may have had enteroviral infection. Our study of fever was limited to full-term newborns in the first four days of life and we found no seasonal variation in incidence of fever. For 1979 v 1980 incidence of fever was: January, 0 v 5; February, 0 v 3; March, 0 v 11; April, 5 v 4; May, 8 v 7; June, 2 v 7; July, 3 v 2; August 5 v 3; September 7 v 7; October, 6 v 5; November, 5 v 0; December, 6 v 0.
Prevention of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection from Mothers to Infants in the United States
Authors: CHIN JAMES 
Published: December 2021

Transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from mothers who either have an acute HBV infection or who are chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers to their infants has been well documented.1-3 In countries where HBV is hyperendemic, transmission from carrier mothers to their infants has been estimated to be the cause of 20% to 40% of all chronic HBV carriers in the population. Such transmission might account for as many as 50 million chronic HBV carriers throughout the world.
Most HBV infections in infants are asymptomatic. Infected infants who develop antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) are presumably immune for life and are not believed to be at any increased risk of subsequent liver disease.
Italian Surgeons Can Be Intimidated by Facts
Authors: LONGO GIORGIO , SIMON GIORGIO , TAMBURLINI GIORGIO , VIOLINO MARCO 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
In 1977 at the Children Hospital of Trieste we evaluated the use of antibiotics in the hospital wards. The most impressive finding was the common use of antibiotics for routine prophylaxis before surgical interventions.1
This tendency was recognizable in all surgical wards (stomatology, otorhinolaryngology, and general surgery) and its quantitative aspects were very similar to those reported by Kesler et al.2 The problem of inappropriate use of antibiotics, especially in the surgical wards, has been recognized as a major concern in hospital care and many remedies have been proposed and tested: use of predetermined therapeutic protocols, medical audit on antibiotic usage, mandatory written requests for certain antibiotics, introduction of automatic "stop order," mandatory references to literature before prescribing, etc.3
Treatment of Choking
Authors: DAY RICHARD L. , DUBOIS ARTHUR B. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
We thank Dr Eigen for noting that our paper on choking1 showed just how (as asserted by Heimlich and others) back blows might be harmful in the emergency treatment of severe choking. In the same issue, there is a review by Heimlich,2 and there is also a report by Greensher and Mofenson,3 which advises back blows as the first maneuver to save a choking child and expresses fear that a child's abdominal organs could be injured by abdominal thrusts.
Otitis Media and Compliance
Authors: MAYES LINDA C. , PERRIN JAMES M. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The recent study of otitis media by Schwartz et al,1 has basic methodologic problems that call into question the validity of the conclusions. The first relates to the definition of otitis media with effusion (OME). Criteria in the study have not been validated, and (more importantly) only 60% of the diagnoses of OME were confirmed by tympanometry. Did the other 40% really have OME? Would analysis using only children whose diagnosis was confirmed by tympanometry have led to the same results?
Otitis Media and Compliance
Authors: SCHWARTZ RICHARD H. , RODRIGUEZ WILLIAM J. , GRUNDFAST KENNETH M. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
The analysis of our data by Mayes and Perrin is certainly appreciated. First, in answer to their inquiry about diagnosis, Schwartz diagnosed the otitis media in each case, using both pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry. Though Schwartz' accuracy in diagnosis could be questioned, we feel that his diagnostic skills are at least as good as those of any other investigator who has reported on the management of otitis media.
Second, as for the problem of changing denominators, we are grateful to Mayes and Perrin for pointing out the confusion between the table and the text.
Carboxyhemoglobin Concentration in Fetal Cord Blood
Authors: BUREAU MICHEL A. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Huch et al give very valuable comments about the limitations of the IL 282 Co-oximeter (IL Instrumentation Laboratory) for measurements of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) in fetal blood. They mentioned the problems of interference between oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and HbCO of fetal blood on the multiwavelength analysis of spectrophotometers such as the IL 282 Co-oximeter. For practical purposes the method used overestimates the fetal HbCO but not maternal HbCO and therefore the ratio of fetal/maternal HbCO is falsely increased.
Measles in the Future?
Authors: HEALY C. E. , CLINIC WELBORN 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
I am concerned about measles immunization in that most studies show up to a 5% failure rate with the current immunization practice, at least as measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) technique. Some of these children might be protected by neutralizing antibodies or cellular (lymphocytic)-mediated immunity, but the extent and duration of this immunity, if any, is unknown. HI immunity is apparently permanent. The end result of the current immunization practice will be a large pool of hundreds of thousands and eventually, millions of adults, who will be susceptible to measles.
Parents' Time Is Worth Money
Authors: RICHARDSON DOUGLAS 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
I was delighted to see Donn's letter about the cost effectiveness of home management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.1 Such contributions are vital in helping to curb the rapidly rising costs of neonatal intensive care. However, his economic analysis is flawed. By tacit assumption, he omits any consideration of the opportunity costs to the parents. To omit this presumes that the parents' time is worth little or nothing, as we often seem to indicate by the long patient waiting times in our offices.
Neonatal Seizures
Authors: COEN RONALD W. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Seizures are a clinical sign that disturbances have or are continuing to occur in the CNS.1 It is important to determine the etiology of a seizure for the purpose of both treating the infant and for predicting later development. Several studies have shown that seizures associated with asphyxia, trauma, infection, and brain anomalies result in fewer normal outcomes than those associated with hypocalcemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or even an unknown etiology.2 Experimental evidence suggests that seizures per se have a detrimental effect on the immature brain.
Treatment of the Choking Child
Authors: GREENSHER JOSEPH , MOFENSON HOWARD C. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
The comments by Hoffman are well taken and his analysis of the data presented by Day et al1 in their article deserves consideration. In addition to Hoffman's observation on acceleration of a foreign body from a back blow it should be noted that the acceleration measurements by Day et al were done with the accelerometer on the external surface of the neck. To validate the assumption that downward acceleration of a supraglottic foreign body would result from a back blow requires acceleration measurements performed upon the foreign body itself.
Doppler Debate Continued
Authors: BEJAR RAUL , MERRITT T. ALLEN , COEN RONALD W. , MANNINO FRANK , GLUCK LOUIS 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
We wish to answer the negative and often inappropriate responses generated by our commentary.1 As stated clearly, we do not oppose the transcutaneous Doppler technique; we intended only to discuss the technical problems inherent in continuous wave Doppler transducers and the interpretations made from indirect "measurements of cerebral blood flow" (CBF) and patterns of pulsatile blood flow. Most of the technical problems described in our commentary probably can be avoided by using two-dimensional, range-gated, pulsed Doppler ultrasonography.
The Management of Opioid and Benzodiazepine Dependence in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Authors: Yaster Myron , Kost-Byerly Sabine , Berde Charles , Billet Carol 
Published: December 2021

As physicians and nurses, we have a fundamental obligation to manage pain and relieve patient suffering as a crucial element of our professional commitment to patient care.1,2 These are not merely lofty ideals; effective pain management produces a myriad patient benefits including reduced morbidity and mortality, early mobilization, and shortened hospital stay.3
Historically, children were undertreated for pain and for painful procedures because of the common wisdom that children neither responded to, nor remembered, painful experiences to the same degree that adults did. This is simply untrue. We now know that even neonates experience pain and that all children, even the critically ill, respond to noxious stimuli with biochemical and physiologic stress responses that if untreated can lead to increased patient morbidity and mortality.4,5
Thyroid Screening for Early Discharged Infants
Authors: Saslow Judy G. , Post Ernest M. , Southard Carol A. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. As neonatal discharge before 24 hours of life becomes commonplace, the rejection of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) screening specimens obtained too early has created the need for numerous additional tests. We sought to determine whether the specimens obtained before 24 hours could be used safely.
Methods. During a 31-day period we measured thyrotropin in all thyroid-screening specimens that had been obtained before 24 hours. We also examined the early specimens from every infant diagnosed in New Jersey with CH during 1993 or 1994.
Results. Among the 663 specimens, those obtained at or before 12 hours and those from infants with birth weights less than 2500 g had too many low thyroxine results to be useful. Among the 515 specimens obtained at more than 12 to 24 hours from newborns weighing 2500 g or more, 37 (7%) had low thyroxine levels and 12 (2.3%) had thyrotropin levels of 20 µIU/mL (mU/L) or higher. Four hundred seventy-one of the 515 infants had subsequent specimens obtained at more than 24 hours, and none of the results were abnormal. There was no child weighing more than or equal to 2500 g who was diagnosed with CH in 1993 and 1994 whose specimen obtained at 24 hours or less was normal.
Conclusions. Accepting specimens obtained at more than 12 to 24 hours from infants weighing 2500 g or more would have resulted in more than the usual number of false-positive results but no false-negative results. This would have decreased the requests for additional specimens by more than 90%.
Effects of In Utero Substance Exposure on Infant Neurobehavior
Authors: Napiorkowski Beata , Lester Barry M. , Freier M. Catherin , Brunner Susan , Dietz Laura , Nadra Andrea , Oh William 
Published: December 2021

Objective. This study had two objectives: (1) to assess infant behavior by using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS), an assessment designed specifically for prenatally drug-exposed infants; and (2) to control for the effects of polydrug use involving alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes on the neurobehavioral status of the newborn infant.
Methods. The subjects and controls in this study were full-term infants of appropriate gestational age with no medical problems. At 1 to 2 days of age, 20 infants exposed to cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes; 17 infants exposed to alcohol and/or marijuana and cigarettes; and 20 drug-free infants were evaluated by using the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale. The data were reduced to reflect clinically defined categories of neurobehavioral function and were analyzed by using analysis of variance and X2 statistics.
Results. Cocaine-exposed infants showed increased tone and motor activity, more jerky movements, startles, tremors, back arching, and signs of central nervous system and visual stress than unexposed infants. They also showed poorer visual and auditory following. There were no differences in how the examination was administered to cocaine-exposed and nonexposed infants. Reduced birth weight and length were also observed in cocaine-exposed infants.
Conclusions. Differences attributable to cocaine-exposed infants were related to muscle tone and motor performance, following during orientation, and signs of stress. However, cocaine-exposed infants were not more difficult to test, nor did they require an alteration in the examination. Both neurobehavioral patterns of excitability and lethargy were observed. Findings may have been due to the synergistic effects of cocaine with alcohol and marijuana.
Prevalence of Juvenile Chronic Arthritis in a Population of 12-Year-Old Children in Urban Australia
Authors: Manners Prudence J. , Diepeveen Dean A. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To conduct a cross-sectional, community-based, point prevalence study of inflammatory joint disease and other rheumatic disorders in 12-year-old children in a metropolitan community.
Methods. After completion of a pilot study of 816 10-year-old children, a cross-sectional prevalence study was performed 2 years later on a randomized sample of 2241 12-year-old children (including the cohort from the pilot study) from a community of approximately 221 700 children aged 12 years or younger, with 17 300 children aged approximately 12 years. A rheumatologic examination was performed on each child by a single observer after perusal of completed questionnaires from parents and children.
Results. Three of 816 children in the pilot study were shown to have juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), fulfilling the criteria of the European League Against Rheumatism for the diagnosis of JCA. Only 1 of 3 had a previous diagnosis of JCA. The prevalence was 3.7 per 1000. Of 2241 children examined 2 years later, 89% returned two questionnaires (one completed by the parent and one by the child). At examination, 38 swollen joints were identified in 32 children. Nine children were identified with JCA, of whom 7 had not had previous diagnoses. No questions from the questionnaires identified the 7 children with previously undiagnosed JCA. The point prevalence of JCA in this community was 4.0 per 1000. Although the children with newly diagnosed cases tended to have mild disease, it was associated with significant morbidity and the potential for serious morbidity.
Conclusions. This is the first reported prevalence study of JCA in which case ascertainment was based on clinical examination by a rheumatologist of children within a community. The prevalence of 4.0 per 1000 was significantly higher than the accepted prevalence of 0.6 to 1.1 per 1000. A study based on known cases would have significantly underestimated the true prevalence of JCA in this community, with 7 of 9 cases being previously undiagnosed. Questionnaires were not effective in identifying children with undiagnosed JCA, clinical examination supported by a history from the parent and child providing the only reliable means of diagnosis. It is possible throughout the world that the numbers of undiagnosed cases of JCA significantly exceed the numbers of known cases, with the true prevalence being significantly higher than the levels currently accepted.
MOTHERS WHO MURDER THEIR CHILDREN
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

Goodby My Little Ones by C. Hickey, T. Lighty, and J. O'Brien, Onyx Books, 1996. This recent book, and the three others listed below, should be read by every pediatrician who is in the apnea monitoring business!
It describes in detail the confession, trial, and conviction of "Mrs H," who murdered her five children. Two of these cases were reported by Dr A. Steinschneider in 1972, and formed the basis for the hypothesis of sleep apnea as a cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (Pediatrics, 1972). This article started the apnea monitoring "rage" that continues today. The effectiveness of this monitoring in preventing deaths remains unproven despite extensive studies.
OTHER BOOKS ON THE SAME SUBJECT:
Sleep My Child, Forever by John Coston
Mommie's Little Angels by Mary Lou Cavenaugh
Precious Victims by Don W. Weber and Charles Bosworth, Jr
Phyllopertha horticola Linné - Pest in blueberry plantations in the Mărişel area (Cluj County)
Authors: HULUJAN Ionuţ Bogdan , FLORIAN Teodora , BUNESCU Horia 
Published: December 2021

Phyllopertha horticola Linné (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is one of the most common phytophagous beetles in Central Europe. In 2020 the blueberry growers from the Mărişel area reported the presence of a new beetle that attacked the fruit’s flowers and leaves. The species was identified at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca as the garden chafer. In the following year, the plants attacked by the garden beetle were monitored in the blueberry plantation in the Mărişel area. For monitoring the garden chafer, three rows of land were randomly selected in each plot with intervals of 20 plants per row. Each plant was analyzed individually and the number of adult beetles reported on the plant was noted. The observations were made between June and July 2021. In the Elliot variety, the share of plants reported with adults of Phyllopertha horticola Linné was between 50% and 60%, the average being 55%. Regarding the maximum number of adults/plant, it was between 6 specimens (raw 1) and 9 adults/plant (raw 2). In the Bluecrop variety, the share of plants with adults of the monitored species was between 10% and 45%, with an average per variety of 25%.
Foliar Application of Boron Improves the Growth and Yield in Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)
Authors: PRINCIPAL Admin , Ahmad Shafiq , Raza Taqi , Imran Shakeel , Eash Neal S. , Khan Nawab , Ashiq Waqar , Flynn Trevan 
Published: December 2021

Crop productivity is limited by several environmental constraints. Among these, micronutrients availability to plants plays a key role in agricultural crops production. Boron is an important micronutrient for crops and it significantly aids in a grain setting. Soil applied boron become unavailable to plant due to fixation in soil sites and cause nutrients deficiency in plants, immature grain settings, and yield reduction. Thus, the aim of this work was to quantify the impact of the foliar application of boron gradients on the yield and growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Five treatments were studied, which included; T1= Control (0% B), T2 = 0.5% B, T3 = 1% B, T4 =1.5% B, and T5 =2% B. The results indicated that foliar application of B significantly increased the yield and growth traits in barley. However, 2% foliar application of B showed the highest value for all studied traits including; plant height (5.6%), number of tillers per plant (2.4%), spike length (32%), weight gain per spike (6.2%), seed index (6%), grain yield (10%), and biological yield (4%). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the foliar application of B at 2% can be used to improve the growth and yield in barley.
Molecular Screening of Some Apple Progenies for Detection Vf Gene Using Marker Assisted Selection
Authors: BIVOLARIU (GUZU) Georgeta , ZAGRAI Ioan , ZAGRAI Luminița , CORDEA Mirela Irina , MOLDOVAN Claudiu 
Published: December 2021

Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis is one of the most damaging pathogens that affects apple species. Cross combinations were made between Auriu de Bistrița cv. (female genitor) - a valuable local variety in terms of fruit quality but only tolerant to scab, and Florina cv. (male genitor) used as a donor of Vf resistance gene. It was first detected in Malus floribunda Clone 821, which was later transferred to commercial varieties by different breeding programs. To confirm the presence of Vf gene, progenies resulting from the mentioned combination were tested with MAS (Marker Assited Selection), using two dominant primers pairs (AM19, U1400), and another one codominant (AL07) used to distinguish homozygous and heterozygous genotypes. After the crossing combination, a number of twenty-six hybrids were obtained, of which 50% (13 hybrids) were clasified as resistant (heterozygous), respectively 50% (13 hybrids) as susceptible (recessive homozygotes), so the Mendelian ratio was confirmed.
Bayesian Ridge Algorithm for Brix Prediction in Industrial Tomato
Authors: KASIMATIS Christoforos Nikitas , PSOMAKELIS Evangelos , KATSENIOS Nikolaos , PAPATHEODOROU Eleni , KAKABOUKI Ioanna , ROUSSIS Ioannis , MAVROEIDIS Antonios , APOSTOLOU Dimitris , EFTHIMIADOU Aspasia 
Published: December 2021

Tomato is one of the most significant vegetables in the world. Specifically, for the industrial tomato cultivation, the product is harvested when °Brix are at their peak. Technological advancements nowadays have made Decision Support Systems, based on Machine Learning Algorithms more applicable in a daily basis. Sustainable agriculture is evolving since farmers could be advised by this technology in order to take the best decision for their crops. Farmers who adopt this kind of technology will be able to know the quality of tomatoes. The implementation of a Decision Support System capable to predict the °Brix was conducted, based on various data from previous years, such as quality characteristics, the tomato hybrid used, weather conditions and soil data from the selected fields. Data came from fields from 6 different regions in Peloponnese, Greece over 3 cultivation periods. 12 different algorithms were tested in order to find which is the best one in terms of efficiency. Results of this research showed that the predicted °Brix were following the same pattern as the actual °Brix. This means that the DSS could advise the farmer about the ideal harvesting period where the °Brix will be maximized. The use of this DSS using real time weather data as an input will be a valuable tool for the farmers.