bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathological characteristics of cervical extensor tissue in patients with dropped head syndrome
Authors: Endo Kenji , Matsubayashi Jun , Sawaji Yasunobu , Murata Kazuma , Konishi Takamitsu , Nagao Toshitaka , Yamamoto Kengo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
To date, the histopathologic characteristics of dropped head syndrome (DHS) have not been reported sufficiently. The present study investigates the histopathology of biopsy specimens from the cervical paravertebral region in patients with DHS.
Methods
Histopathological parameters were evaluated in biopsy specimens of the cervical paravertebral soft tissue from 15 patients with DHS.
Results
Among the 15 cases of DHS examined, skeletal muscle was identified in 7 cases, all of which showed necrosis, microvessel proliferation and atrophy. The ligament was identified in 12 cases, 8 of which showed degeneration. The lag time between the onset of symptoms and the performance of a biopsy in all 8 cases, which showed degeneration was over 3 months. Microvessel proliferation in the ligament was observed in 1 of the 4 cases, in which the lag time between the onset of symptoms and the performance of a biopsy was less than 3 months (acute or subacute phase), and in 7 of the 8 cases, in which the lag time between the symptoms and the performance of a biopsy was over 3 months (chronic phase). Chronic inflammation in the ligament was identified in 1 of the 12 cases.
Conclusions
The identification of necrosis, microvessel proliferation, and atrophy in the skeletal muscle of patients with DHS and the presence of ligament degeneration and microvessel proliferation in the chronic but not acute or subacute phases may suggest that persistent skeletal muscle damage of the cervical paravertebral region causes subsequent ligament damage in patients with DHS.
Influence of Climate Variables on the Leaf Morphology of Ebony (Diospyros celebica) and Their Classification Using the Random Forest Algorithm
Authors: Rofianto Dani , Siregar Iskandar Zulkarnaen , Herdiyeni Yeni 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Climate plays an important role in the growth process of various plant species, and the ebony species is no exception to this. Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) is a Sulawesi endemic flora species whose wood is widely used as a material for light to heavy construction and important raw material for Indonesia’s timber industry. Massive forest exploitation threatens preservation of the Diospyros celebica, so conservation is needed to save it from extinction. However, the difficulty in distinguishing Diospyros celebica in the tillering phase caused many seed collection errors, so a system was needed to identify plants correctly. This study aims to extract leaf morphological features, analyze the correlation between leaf morphological features and climate variables, and classify them based on the region where Diospyros celebica grows. Result: The results show that several leaf morphological characteristics were sufficiently correlated with climate variables such as MAT and MAP. In dry weather, the leaves of Diospyros celebica tend to have relatively small leaf sizes, whereas, in wetter weather, the leaves tend to have a much larger size. The classification results could distinguish leaf morphology based on growing regions with an accuracy rate of 94.59%. Conclusions: By obtaining a high level of classification accuracy, it can be interpreted that the size of the leaf morphology of the same species (Diospyros celebica) is different in each region, influenced by climate variables, in this case MAT and MAP.
Selective and mechanistic pressures shaping cancer aneuploidies
Authors: Shih Juliann , Gao Galen , Spurr Liam , Berger Ashton , Ha Gavin , Rendo Veronica , Meyerson Matthew , Cherniack Andrew , Taylor Alison , Beroukhim Rameen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aneuploidies, defined as whole-arm or whole-chromosome imbalances, are the most prevalent alteration in cancer genomes. However, the extent to which they are enriched due to selection is unclear, against the alternative hypothesis that they are passenger events that are simply highly prone to occur. We developed a novel method, BrISCUT, that identifies loci under selective advantage or disadvantage due to arm-level copy-number alterations by interrogating length distributions of events that are bounded at either the telomere or centromere. These loci were significantly enriched for known cancer driver genes, including genes not detected through analysis of focal copy-number events, and were often lineage-specific. We also formally quantified the role of selection and mechanistic biases in driving aneuploidy, finding that rates of arm-level SCNAs are most highly correlated with selective pressures. These results provide insight into the causes of aneuploidies and their contributions to tumorigenesis.
Factors Associated With Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Neonates: a Pilot Study
Authors: Park Ji Sook , Jun Jin Su , Seo Ji-Hyun , Lim Jae Young , Park Chan-Hoo , Woo Hyang Ok , Youn Hee-Shang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective: The study was to conduct an investigation of associated factor with macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in neonates.Results: MIF was measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using sera obtained from sick neonates on the median postnatal 2.0nd day. Clinical details were reviewed from medical record and grouped into preterm and near or full-term neonates based on 34 weeks of gestation at birth. Statistical analyses were performed between MIF concentration and clinical factors. In total, 77 neonates consisted of preterm (n = 42) and term neonates (n = 35) were included. The median value of plasma MIF was higher in preterm neonates (7,037.6 pg/mL, IQR: 3,285.2-12,267.4) than in the others (3,968.8 pg/mL, IQR: 2,566.4-6,995.2, P = 0.013). Among 42 preterm neonates, those with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in later had higher MIF concentration (12,170.9 pg/mL, IQR: 8,353.3-23,537.7, n = 9) compared with the others without NEC (5,189.6 pg/mL, IQR: 3,220.2-9,097.9, n = 33, P = 0.016). Associated factors of higher MIF in neonates were preterm neonates and NEC.
Dissemination of cagA and cagE Virulence Genes Among H. Pylori Strains From Sudanese Patients With Gastric Discomfort
Authors: Osman Esraa , Elnosh Maram M. , Albasha Aalaa Mahgoub , Fadl Amira A M , Marouf Luai Osman Ibrahim , Altayb Hisham N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
ObjectivesHelicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island (cag-PAI) is one of the strain-specific genes (they do not exist in all strains). cag-PAI is involved in inducing inflammation, ulceration, and carcinogenesis. This study aimed to detect and characterize cagA and cagE virulence genes among H. pylori strains from Sudanese patients with gastric discomfort.ResultOut of 288 gastric biopsies screened for the presence of H. pylori, 34% (98/288) were positive, cagA gene was present in 41% (40/98) of specimens, mostly in patients with gastritis 72.5% (29/40), followed by duodenal ulcer 15% (6/40), esophagitis 5% (2/40), and 7.5% (3/40) in patients diagnosed normal by endoscopy. cagE gene was present in 39% (38/98) of specimens, the majority 73.7% (28/38) were from patients with gastritis, 10.5% (4/38) duodenal ulcer, 5.3% (2/38) esophagitis, 2.6% (1/38) gastric ulcer, and 7.9% (3/38) were diagnosed as normal. The cagA and cagE protein sequences have synonymous amino acid variations.
Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents Impairment in Renal Parameters and in Body Composition of Rats Fed a High Sucrose Diet.
Authors: Souza Jaqueline Aparecida , Pinto Angélica Barbosa Gonçalves , Oliveira Emerson Cruz , Coelho Daniel B. , Totou Nádia Lúcia , Lima Wanderson Geraldo , Becker Lenice Kappes 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of swimming training (T) on the renal system and body composition parameters in young animals treated with a high sucrose diet (SUD) during 12 weeks.Results: The SUD impaired the physical performance, increased the body adiposity index (BAI), Lee index (LI) and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RAT) weight, proteinuria, plasma creatinine and number renal cells nuclei, decreased urinary volume and creatinine besides creatinine clearance. The T reversed the increased the BAI, LI, RAT weight, plasma and urinary creatinine, creatinine clearance and number renal cells nuclei. This study found that eight weeks of swimming physical training protected renal function and restored normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values. Swimming training also contributed to prevention of the onset of a renal inflammatory process and caused a decrease in the risk of development of obesity promoted by SUD decreasing the body composition parameters (BAI, LI, and RAT weight).
Budget Impact Analysis of Trastuzumab Biosimilar for the Treatment of Breast Cancer and Gastric Cancer in China
Authors: gu ruimin , Zhao Yiming , Zhou Honggang , Yang Cheng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Breast cancer and gastric cancer are the two major cancers in terms of incidence among all malignancies in China. Trastuzumab is a high-priced antitumor targeted drug indicated for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive early breast cancer (EBC), metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and metastatic gastric cancer (MGC). Trastuzumab, as a price negotiation, was added to the National Reimbursement Medicine List (NRML) in China in 2017 and was the drug with the highest ﬁnancial consumption among all cancer drugs in 2018. A trastuzumab biosimilar gained market authorization in China in August 2020. This study aimed to estimate the budgetary impact of switching from a trastuzumab originator to a trastuzumab biosimilar from the Chinese payer’s perspective and the number of additional patients who could be treated with the biosimilar as resulting savings in China.Methods: Five-year budgetary savings and the number of patients potentially affected were measured based on epidemiological data of breast and gastric cancers in the Chinese population available in the literature, trastuzumab market projected data in China, and original and biosimilar drug doses and costs. The robustness of the model was tested with extensive sensitivity analyses.Results: The projected budgetary savings ranged from 0.59-1.03 billion RMB over a 5-year time period, and the total cost of savings was 3.97 billion RMB. The number of additional patients who could be treated with the biosimilar according to the budget savings would be 9005-15762. Most cost savings refer to the treatment of HER2-positive EBC (86%). Sensitivity analyses showed that the prices of the trastuzumab originator and biosimilar and the number of patients treated with trastuzumab were major influencing factors.Conclusions: The introduction and penetration of a trastuzumab biosimilar in China could lead to significant budget savings. Further studies could focus on improving the refined management of drug prescriptions, particularly for HER2-positive EBC, and therefore improve the efficiency of drug costs.
The Misleading "Smoker's Paradox" in Young Stroke
Authors: Liang Cheng-Loong , Chen Han-Jung , Lee Yi-Che , Wu Cheng-Chun , Tsai Chon-Haw , Chen Po-Lin , Chang Wei-Lun , Yeh Po-Yen , Wei Cheng-Yu , Tsai Ming-Jun , Sun Yu , Lin Chih-Hao , lee Jiunn-Tay , Lai Ta-Chang , lien Li-Ming , Lin Mei-Chen , Lin Cheng-Li , Wang hao kuang , Hsu Chung Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective: Stroke in young adults is uncommon, and the etiologies and risk factors of stroke in young adults differ from those in the older populations. Smoker’s paradox is an unexpected favorable outcome, and age difference was used to explain the association between smoking and the favorable functional outcome. This study aimed to investigate the existence of this phenomenon in young stroke patients.Methods: We analyzed a total of 9,460 young stroke cases registered in the nationwide stroke registry system of Taiwan between 2006 and 2016. Smoking criteria included having a past or current history of smoking more than 1 cigarette per day for more than 6 months. After matching for sex and age, a Cox model was used to compare complications, mortality and outcomes between smokers and non-smokers.Results: Smoking was associated with older age, higher comorbidities, and higher alcohol consumption. Smoking patients with NIHSS scores of 11–15 had a worse functional outcome (adjusted OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76–0.87), and smoking cessation would substantially reverse those effects.Conclusion: The smoker’s paradox definitely does not exist, and therefore we continue to strongly advocate the importance of smoking cessation.
Nutritional vulnerability and associated risk factors estimation of Bangladeshi wetland community people aged 50 years and over
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Meshbahur , Farhana Zaki , Uddin Md Taj , Islam Md. Ziaul , Hamiduzzaman Mohammad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
People aged 50 years and over often show nutritional vulnerability in South-Asia including Bangladesh. Consequently, they present physical weakness and illness that escalate overtime. In Bangladesh, community-focused investigations have potentials to inform healthcare interventions, but current studies examine older adults’ nutrition status which are not all-encompassing [e.g., wetland communities]. We, therefore, assessed the malnutrition status among wetland community-dwelling older adults aged ≥50 years in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey with 400 older adults was conducted in the north-eastern wetland community of Bangladesh through simple random sampling. Demographic and health information were collected using a structure questionnaire and the Nestle Mini Nutrition Assessment-Short Form criteria was used to assess the nutrition status. Respondent’s socio-demographic and health profiles were assessed, and the Pearson’s Chi-square association test was performed to identify the associated socio-demographic and health factors of older adult’s malnutrition. The prevalence of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition were 59.75 and 39.75 percent respectively. Malnutrition prevalence rate was higher with increasing of age and female were more malnourished than male. The age, gender, educational status, occupation and income were significantly associated with older adults’ malnutrition. The wetland community-dwelling people who are suffering sleeping disorders and poor self-rating health condition were found to be more malnourished. The findings confirm that the prevalence of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition are high among community-dwelling people aged ≥50 years in wetland communities. Our findings suggest the health professionals to implement public health and clinical interventions simultaneously to improve nutritional status of this cohort.
Comparison of the fertility of tumor suppressor gene-deficient C57BL/6 mouse strains reveals stable reproductive aging and novel pleiotropic gene
Authors: Kohzaki Masaoki , Ootsuyama Akira , Umata Toshiyuki , Okazaki Ryuji 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes are involved in maintaining genome integrity during reproduction (e.g., meiosis). Thus, deleterious alleles in tumor suppressor-deficient mice would exhibit higher mortality during the perinatal period. A recent aging model proposes that perinatal mortality and age-related deleterious changes might define lifespan. This study aimed to quantitatively understand the relationship between reproduction and lifespan using three established tumor suppressor gene (p53, APC, and RECQL4)-deficient mouse strains with the same C57BL/6 background. Transgenic mice delivered slightly reduced numbers of 1st pups than wild-type mice [ratio: 0.81-0.93 (p=0.1-0.61)] during a similar delivery period, which suggest that the tumor suppressor gene-deficient mice undergo relatively stable reproduction. However, the transgenic 1st pups died within a few days after birth, resulting in a further reduction in litter size at 3 weeks after delivery compared with that of wild-type mice [ratio: 0.35-0.68 (p=0.034-0.24)] without sex differences, although the lifespan was variable. Unexpectedly, the significance of reproductive reduction in transgenic mice was decreased at the 2nd or later delivery. Because mice are easily affected by environmental factors, our data underscore the importance of defining reproductive ability through experiments on aging-related reproduction that can reveal a trade-off between fecundity and aging and identify RECQL4 as a novel pleiotropic gene.
Therapeutic Dilemma in Personalized Medicine
Authors: EL Desoky Ehab S. 
Published: May 2021

:
The practice of medicine depends, over a long time, on identifying therapies that target
an entire population. The increase in scientific knowledge over the years has led to the gradual
change towards individualization and personalization of drug therapy. The hope of this change is to
achieve a better clinical response to given medications and reduction of their adverse effects.
Tailoring of medicine on the road of personalized medicine considers molecular and genetic mapping
of the individual. However, many factors still impede the smooth application of personalized
medicine and represent challenges or limitations in its achievement. In this article, we put some
clinical examples that show dilemmas in the application of personalized medicine such as opioids
in pain control, fluoropyrimidines in malignancy, clopidogrel as antiplatelet therapy and oral hypoglycemic
drugs in Type2 diabetes in adults. Shaping the future of medicine through the application
of personalized medicine for a particular patient needs to put into consideration many factors such
as patient’s genetic makeup and life style, pathology of the disease and dynamic changes in its
course as well as interactions between administered drugs and their effects on metabolizing enzymes.
We hope in the coming years, the personalized medicine will foster changes in health care
system in the way not only to treat patients but also to prevent diseases.
The Effect of Levothyroxine in Comparison with Placebo on Serum Osteocalcin
Levels in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Authors: Rezaee Reihaneh , Mohebbi Masoud , Afkhamizadeh Mozhgan , Yaghoubi Mohammad Ali , Hoseinzadeh Mansoureh , Najafi Mona Najaf , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: May 2021

Background and Objective:
Subclinical hypothyroidism can potentially develop into
overt hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones have substantial roles in metabolism and glucose homeostasis
and thus, are closely related to determinant factors of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity
and insulin resistance. Osteocalcin is considered a predictor of metabolic conditions in thyroid diseases.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of levothyroxine vs. placebo on serum osteocalcin
levels in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Methods:
This randomized clinical trial was performed on 30 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism,
who were referred to the endocrine clinics of Ghaem and Imam Reza hospitals in Mashhad,
Iran. After giving informed consent, patients were randomly divided into intervention (50 μg/-
day levothyroxine for 2 months) and control (placebo) groups. Serum levels of osteocalcin, thyroid
hormones, lipid profile, insulin, and fasting glucose, as well as other clinical and anthropometric data,
were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. SPSS was used to analyze the data, and p
< 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
Mean age in the intervention and control groups was 35.07 ± 9.94 and 31.30 ± 4.30, respectively
(p = 0.20). There was no significant difference between osteocalcin levels before and after
the intervention in either of the groups (p = 0.54). TSH level was significantly decreased in the
levothyroxine group after the intervention (p < 0.01). T4 level was significantly increased in the intervention
group (p = 0.02).

Conclusion:
Levothyroxine had no significant effect on the increasing levels of serum osteocalcin
in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Clinical Trail Registration Code:
We have registered the trial in the Iranian Registry of Clinical
Trials (IRCT) with the registration code IRCT20171129037677N1.
Bioinformatics Approach on Bioisosterism Softwares to be Used in Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: da Silveira Nelson José Freitas , de Azevedo Walter Filgueira , Guedes Rita Cardoso , Santos Leandro Marcos , Marcelino Rodolfo Cabral , da Silva Antunes Patrícia , Elias Thiago Castilho 
Published: May 2021

Background:In the rational drug development field, bioisosterism is a tool that improves lead compounds' performance, referring to molecular fragment substitution that has similar physical-chemical properties. Thus, it is possible to modulate drug properties such as absorption, toxicity, and half-life increase. This modulation is of pivotal importance in the discovery, development, identification, and interpretation of the mode of action of biologically active compounds.Objective:Our purpose here is to review the development and application of bioisosterism in drug discovery. In this study history, applications, and use of bioisosteric molecules to create new drugs with high binding affinity in the protein-ligand complexes are described.Method:It is an approach for molecular modification of a prototype based on the replacement of molecular fragments with similar physicochemical properties, being related to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phase, aiming at the optimization of the molecules.Results:Discovery, development, identification, and interpretation of the mode of action of biologically active compounds are the most important factors for drug design. The strategy adopted for the improvement of leading compounds is bioisosterism.Conclusion:Bioisosterism methodology is a great advance for obtaining new analogs to existing drugs, enabling the development of new drugs with reduced toxicity, in a comparative analysis with existing drugs. Bioisosterism has a wide spectrum to assist in several research areas.
Effects of Nanomaterials on Plant Growth at Molecular Level
Authors: Li Yuxin , Rui Yukui , Huang Bo , Liu Mengyuan , Muhammad Adeel , Lu Zihan , Lu Shuang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
Nanomaterials are widely used in all walks of life, bring great changes to our life and
production. In addition, nanomaterials have also been used in agriculture. The most common
ones are carbon-based nanomaterials and TiO2 nanoparticles, which can
A Review on Effect of Various Parameters on the Rheological Behaviour, Thermal Properties and Viscosity of Potato Starch
Authors: Porwal Omji , Malviya Rishabha , Ameen Muath Sheet Mohammed , Anwar Esra Tariq , Sharma Akanksha 
Published: May 2021

Aim:
The manuscript aims to describe the rheological behavior of potato starch in reference to different parameters.

Methods:
Various search engines such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Google Patents, etc. were used for the literature survey.

Discussion:
The manuscript describes the rheology and its classification. It describes the importance of rheology and factor affecting viscosity. The manuscript focuses on the physicochemical properties of potato starch, rheological properties of potato starch and pharmaceutical uses of potato starch. The rheological property of potato starch depends on the shear rate and viscosity.

Conclusion:
Rheological behavior of potato starch plays a significant role in food processing. In the future, potato starch will be used in various pharmaceutical companies, manufacturing, daily life and food products.