bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjects of Concern: Rwanda, October 1994
Authors: Reyntjens Filip 
Published: August 2021

Having recently returned from a short research trip to Rwanda (from October 15 to October 22), I want to comment on certain serious problems which threaten to weigh heavily on the immediate future of the country. I do not intend to judge the performance of the regime in power after only three months in power; it would be premature to do so, and in any case the administration lacks virtually all financial resources. Instead, I seek here only to share a few observations on the current situation.Before this trip I believed that the essential problem faced by the country was the threat of renewed warfare by the armed forces of the former government, and their associated militias, now in exile in the neighboring countries. That is still a threat.
The Rwandan Patriotic Front: Politics and Development in Rwanda
Authors: Reed Wm. Cyrus 
Published: August 2021

The past twelve months have witnessed the devastation of Rwanda. More than one half million people were murdered by the Rwandan army and the associated civilian militias, while over two million people fled the country after the death of former President Juvenal Habyarimana. The Rwandan Patriotic Front, which emerged in exile over the past thirty years and now dominates the government in Kigali, faces a dilemma: how does it consolidate its position amongst its core supporters, many of whom grew up in exile and recently returned to Rwanda, while at the same time gain the confidence of the domestic population, many of whom have recently fled? Resolving this dilemma is the central task for the regime, and is critical to the future political and economic development of the country.In spite of its stated desire to create a broad-based government, the core of RPF support lies on a perilously narrow base, located as much outside of the country as inside. Domestically, the country is in ruins. The exodus of refugees resulted in the collapse of production and of the state.
Raising Women’s Consciousness Towards Transformation in Nigeria: The Role of Literature
Authors: Okereke Grace E. 
Published: August 2021

This paper illuminates the marginalization or absenting of the female from transformational processes in Nigeria evident in male-authored works, specifically the novel. This has engendered the woman writer’s creative response to the need for consciousness raising towards female capabilities, by redefining the female as an achiever in multiple transformational spaces—cultural, social, economic, educational, political. The paper argues that literature has played and is still playing a major role in female consciousness raising towards the transformation of Nigerian society.Consciousness denotes awareness. Thus, to be conscious is to attain a state of awareness. Given that “the locus of consciousness [is] the psyche,” consciousness raising should re-educate and re-structure the psyche towards a growing awareness. Transformation connotes change in all spheres of life—the cultural, social, economic, educational, political, etc.
On the unity of types: Lao gambling, ethno-metapragmatics, and generic and specific modes of typification
Authors: Zuckerman Charles H. P. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTIn Luang Prabang, Laos,pétanqueplayers distinguish two types of gambling: ‘gambling for beer’ and ‘gambling for money’. They readily and vividly contrast these types in abstraction but are more circumspect about identifying actual games as instances of one kind or another. In this article, I trace how players use these types in two modes of typification—as generics and specifics—and articulate a new way to approach similar salient and ideologically weighty ‘ethno-metapragmatic terms’, which can appear messy and unwieldy. I argue that pulling apart these modes of typification clarifies how and why people use such terms for social action, and where anyone studying them—or the types that are thought to underly them—should begin. (Generic reference, specific reference, typification, social types, explicit/implicit, metapragmatics, linguistic anthropology, Laos)*
Continuity and hybridity in language revival: The case of Manx
Authors: Lewin Christopher 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article presents a typology of phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical features illustrative of factors conditioning the usage of speakers and writers of Revived Manx, including substratal influence from English; language ideologies prevalent within the revival movement, especially forms of linguistic purism; and language-specific features of Manx and its orthography. Evidence is taken primarily from a corpus of Revived Manx speech and writing. The observed features of Revived Manx are situated within Zuckermann's (2009, 2020) framework of ‘hybridization’ and ‘revival linguistics’, which takes Israeli Hebrew as the prototypical model of revernacularization of a non-L1 language. However, Manx arguably provides a more typical example of what to expect when a revived minority language remains predominantly an L2 for an indefinite period, with each new cohort of speakers able to reshape the target variety in the absence of a firmly established L1 norm. (Manx, Celtic, language revival, language ideology, language shift, language contact)*
Vitamin A deficiency: experience from a tertiary referral UK hospital; not just a low- and middle-income country issue
Authors: Marley Alexandra , Smith Samuel CL , Ahmed Ruhina , Nightingale Peter , Cooper Sheldon C 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:Vitamin A (VA) deficiency, more common in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) secondary to malnutrition, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The prevalence and impact of VA deficiency in high-income countries (HIC) where chronic conditions may predispose is less well understood.Design:Interpretation of serum retinol may be affected by inflammation, so C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were sought. Binary logistic regression and generalised estimating equations were performed to review the relationship between CRP and VA.Setting:We examined the scale of low and deficient VA status in our tertiary University Teaching Hospital (HIC).Participants:Patients undergoing serum retinol concentrations 2012–2016 were identified from laboratory records, and records examined.Results:Totally, 628 assays were requested, with eighty-two patients VA low (0·7–0·99 Umol/l) or deficient (<0·7 Umol/l). Sixteen patients were symptomatic (fifteen deficient), predominantly visual. Only one symptomatic patient’s VA deficiency was secondary to poor intake. Other symptomatic patients had chronic illnesses resulting in malabsorption. The incidence of a low VA level increases significantly with a raised CRP.Conclusion:The majority of patients tested either were replete or likely to have abnormal VA levels due to concomitant inflammation. A minority of patients had signs and symptoms of VA deficiency and was a cause of significant morbidity, but aetiology differs from LMIC, overwhelmingly malabsorption, most commonly secondary to surgery or hepatobiliary disease. A correlation between inflammation and low VA levels exists, which raises the possibility that requesting a VA level in an asymptomatic patient with active inflammation may be of questionable benefit.
Ultra-compact self-diplexing antenna based on quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide with high isolation
Authors: Althuwayb Ayman A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article presents the design of an ultra-compact cavity-backed self-diplexing antenna with high isolation employing quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW). The proposed antenna is constructed by using QMSIW, slot, and two 50Ω feed lines. Two eighth-mode cavity resonators are designed by inserting a slot on the top side of the rectangular substrate integrated waveguide to operate at 2.6 and 4.9 GHz for long-term evolution and public safety band applications, respectively. The proposed design allows to tune any frequency band independently by keeping other bands unaltered. The size of antenna is ultra-compact, due to the use of QMSIW cavity. The isolation between two ports is >35 dB. The antenna achieves 5.34 and 5.68 dBi peak gains at 2.6 and 4.9 GHz, respectively. The efficiency of the antenna is >85% at both frequency bands. The antenna provides more than 20.9 dB front-to-back-ratio and better than 21 dB separation between co-to-cross polarization levels. The designed antenna is validated through fabrication and measurement.
Open-Source Personality Trait Norms for the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Twomey Conal , Johnson John A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Most copyrighted personality inventories facilitate norm-referencing through illustrative tables, yet their application to the many fields relevant to personality measurement is constrained by the need for stakeholders to possess the requisite financial resources to access them. Using an IPIP-NEO-300 dataset from Johnson’s IPIP-NEO data repository, we created open-source norm tables for different age groups (14–17 years; 18–25 years; and 30+ years) within a combined standardization sample from the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland ( N = 18,591). The newly created tables are freely available online ( https://osf.io/tbmh5 ), and there is no need to ask for permission to modify them. We provide general instructions that can be used to create open-source personality trait norms for other countries, settings, and age groups, as well as gender-specific norms. There is great potential for these norms to be used in various settings and their open-source freedoms may encourage future collaborations and investigations.
Equilibrium Modeling for Environmental Science: Exploring the Nexus of Economic Systems and Environmental Change
Authors: Cantele Matthew , Bal Payal , Kompas Tom , Hadjikakou Michalis , Wintle Brendan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEquilibrium models (EMs) are frequently employed to examine the potential impacts of economic, energy, and trade policies as well as form the foundation of most integrated assessment models. Despite their central role coupling economic and environmental systems, environmental scientists are largely unfamiliar with the structure and methodology underpinning EMs, which serves as a barrier to interdisciplinary collaboration and model improvement. In this study we systematically extract data from 10 years of published EMs with a focus on how these models have been extended beyond their economic origins to encompass environmentally relevant sectors of interest. The results indicate that there is far greater spatial coverage of high income countries compared to low income countries, with notable gaps in Central America, Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. We also find a high degree of aggregation within production inputs and sectoral outputs, particularly within the context of global socioeconomic scenarios. For example, we were unable to identify a single temporally dynamic study that distinguished between products arising from managed versus natural forest, or pastures relative to natural grasslands. Due to the necessary breadth and associated knowledge gaps within a model of the entire global economy, we see considerable potential for cross‐disciplinary innovation as natural scientists gain familiarity into the role these models play in bridging the nexus between socioeconomic systems and environmental change.
Environmental Regulation of the Nitrogen Supply, Mean Trophic Position, and Trophic Enrichment of Mesozooplankton in the Mekong River Plume and Southern South China Sea
Authors: Weber Sarah C. , Loick‐Wilde Natalie , Montoya Joseph P. , Bach Melvin , Doan‐Nhu Hai , Subramaniam Ajit , Liskow Iris , Nguyen‐Ngoc Lam , Wodarg Dirk , Voss Maren 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe mean trophic position (TP) of mesozooplankton largely determines how much mass and energy is available for higher trophic levels like fish. Unfortunately, the ratio of herbivores to carnivores in mesozooplankton is difficult to identify in field samples. Here, we investigated changes in the mean TP of mesozooplankton in a highly dynamic environment encompassing four distinct habitats in the southern South China Sea: the Mekong River plume, coastal upwelling region, shelf waters, and offshore oceanic waters. We used a set of variables derived from bulk and amino acid nitrogen stable isotopes from particulate organic matter and four mesozooplankton size fractions to identify changes in the nitrogen source and TP of mesozooplankton across these habitats. We found clear indications of a shift in N sources for biological production from nitrate in near‐coastal waters with shallow mixed layer depths toward an increase in diazotroph‐N inputs in oceanic waters with deep mixed layer depths where diazotrophs shaped the phytoplankton community. The N source shift was accompanied by a lengthening of the food chain (increase in the TP). This may provide further support for the connection between diazotrophy and the indirect routing of N through the marine food web. Our combined bulk and amino acid δ15N approach also allowed us to estimate the trophic enrichment (TE) of mesozooplankton across the entire regional ecosystem. When put in the context of literature values, a high TE of 5.1‰ suggested a link between ecosystem heterogeneity and the less efficient transfer of mass and energy across trophic levels.
An Improved Global Catalog of Lunar Impact Craters (≥1 km) With 3D Morphometric Information and Updates on Global Crater Analysis
Authors: Wang Yiran , Wu Bo , Xue Haiou , Li Xiaoming , Ma Jun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractImpact craters are common surface features on planetary surfaces. Their distribution offers important clues regarding geological and temporal processes on the Moon. Numerous endeavors have generated global catalogs of lunar craters; however, most of the existing catalogs only contain large craters (larger than several kilometers in diameter), and none of them offer three‐dimensional (3D) morphometric information. In this study, we first present a machine‐learning approach for automatic crater detection from digital elevation models (DEMs). Our crater detection approach can achieve a detection rate of about 85%. We also present an approach for extracting 3D morphometric information of craters based on the topography. These approaches were applied to producing a global crater data set covering the entire lunar surface that includes approximately 1.32 million craters (≥1 km). Verification was performed against previously published catalogs (Head et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1195050; Robbins, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018je005592), with about 23% of our craters transferred from the previous catalogs after a rim‐fitting process. The crater catalog includes 3D morphometric data on the craters such as depths. Global analyses of craters based on this improved catalog indicate that the lunar mare and highlands have distinctive crater density differences of small craters (1–5 km). Craters of 2.5–5 km have reached saturation in several local regions in the highlands. Small craters (1–5 km) on the lunar mare are deeper than those on the highlands. The data in our comprehensive crater catalog can support various other lunar scientific studies.
Morphology of the Auroral Tail of Io, Europa, and Ganymede From JIRAM L‐Band Imager
Authors: Moirano Alessandro , Mura Alessandro , Adriani Alberto , Dols Vincent , Bonfond Bertrand , Waite Jack H. , Hue Vincent , Szalay Jamey R. , Sulaiman Ali H. , Dinelli Bianca M. , Tosi Federico , Altieri Francesca , Cicchetti Andrea , Filacchione Gianrico , Grassi Davide , Migliorini Alessandra , Moriconi Maria L. , Noschese Raffaella , Piccioni Giuseppe , Sordini Roberto , Turrini Diego , Plainaki Christina , Sindoni Giuseppe , Massetti Stefano , Lysak Robert L. , Ivanovski Stavro L. , Bolton Scott J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractJupiter hosts intense auroral activity associated with charged particles precipitating into the planet's atmosphere. The Galilean moons orbiting within the magnetosphere are swept by the magnetic field: the resulting perturbation travels along field lines as Alfven waves, which are able to accelerate electrons toward the planet, producing satellite‐induced auroral emissions. These emissions due to the moons, known as footprints, can be detected in various wavelengths (UV, visible, IR) outside the main auroral emission as multiple bright spots followed by footprint tails. Since 2016 the Juno spacecraft orbiting Jupiter has surveyed the polar regions more than 30 times at close distances. Onboard the spacecraft, the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) is an imager and spectrometer with an L‐band imaging filter suited to observe auroral features at unprecedented spatial resolution. JIRAM revealed a rich substructure in the footprint tails of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, which appear as a trail of quasi‐regularly spaced bright sub‐dots whose intensity fades away along the emission trail as the spatial separation from the footprint increases. The fine structure of the Europa and Ganymede footprint tails is reported in this work for the first time. We will also show that the typical distance between subsequent sub‐dots is the same for all three moons at JIRAM resolution in both hemispheres. In addition, the sub‐dots observed by JIRAM are static in a frame corotating with Jupiter. A feedback mechanism between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere is suggested as a potential candidate to explain the morphology of the footprint tails.
The Late Quaternary Hydrological Changes in the Eastern Tarim Basin Inferred From 10Be Exposure Ages of River Terraces
Authors: Gu Zhaoyan , Zhang Junjie , Lv Yanwu , Wang Haizhi , Xu Bing , Guo Xiaona 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReliable information on the dynamics of hydrological changes is crucial for the social and economic stabilities and sustaining developments in arid Central Asia. However, the few long‐term hydrological records limit understanding of the relationship between meltwater runoff and climate changes, because the short‐term observations show a paradoxical runoff trend with climate warming across Central Asia. Here, we made a systematic analysis on the 10Be exposure ages of the river terraces developed in the eastern Tarim Basin and reconstructed the hydrological regime changes during the past 170 ka. These data, together with the ages of the river terraces in the water source areas, suggest that the exposure ages of river terraces in the eastern Tarim Basin reflect the depositional time of alluvial sediments. The meltwater runoff displays an inverse relation with the North Hemisphere Summer Insolation and temperature changes on both orbital and millennial time scale, indicating that low temperatures favor high runoff fluxes. The observed correlation between the hydrological regimes and temperature changes suggests that the runoff will decrease and thus climate will become drying with global warming in arid Central Asia.
The janus-kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib in SARS-CoV-2 induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Authors: Neubauer Andreas , Johow Johannes , Mack Elisabeth , Burchert Andreas , Meyn Damaris , Kadlubiec Andrea , Torje Iuliu , Wulf Hinnerk , Vogelmeier Claus F. , Hoyer Joachim , Skevaki Chrysanthi , Muellenbach Ralf Michael , Keller Christian , Schade-Brittinger Carmen , Rolfes Caroline , Wiesmann Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in elder patients. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening complication of COVID-19 and has been linked with severe hyperinflammation. Dexamethasone has emerged as standard of care for COVID-19 associated respiratory failure. In a non-randomized prospective phase II multi-center study, we asked whether targeted inhibition of Janus kinase-mediated cytokine signaling using ruxolitinib is feasible and efficacious in SARS-CoV-2- induced ARDS with hyperinflammation. Sixteen SARS-CoV-2 infected patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for ARDS were treated with ruxolitinib in addition to standard treatment. Ruxolitinib treatment was well tolerated and 13 patients survived at least the first 28 days on treatment, which was the primary endpoint of the trial. Immediate start of ruxolitinib after deterioration was associated with improved outcome, as was a lymphocyte-to-neutrophils ratio above 0.07. Together, treatment with the janus-kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib is feasible and might be efficacious in COVID-19 induced ARDS patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. The trial has been registered under EudraCT-No.: 2020-001732-10 and NCT04359290.
Light People: Professor James C. Wyant
Authors: Wang Hui , Yu Cun 
Published: August 2021

EditorialHe is the founding dean of the University of Arizona’s College of Optical Sciences. He was elected president of the OSA and the SPIE, two of the most respected international academic organizations in the world of optics. He is the founder or co-founder of multiple hi-tech companies. He is Prof. James C. Wyant. Professor Wyant is many things: master of optics, entrepreneur, and philanthropist, but above all, he is one of those rare lucky people who see their childhood dreams come true. He is the hardworking scientist who pushes optical science to the limit. He is the successful entrepreneur whose Midas touch turns research achievements into lucrative commercial projects. He is the generous philanthropist who has given a large fortune to help promote the development of optical science. He is the avid athlete who enjoys the outdoors and takes pleasure in hiking and running. From tender memories to cutting-edge research and hard-nosed business advice, Prof. Wyant will share with us how he became fascinated with optics and what he thinks about academic life and organizations.