bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Risk of Hepatitis A due to Weather Changes:A Review
Authors: Adibin  , Aisnah  , Indrawati  , Sumriati  , Tosepu Ramadhan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The existence of climate change gives great concern to public health problems. In a review kal this, carried out observations on the article discusses the impact of climate change on the increase in cases of hepatitis A disease. Materials and Methods Keyword “Hepatitis A”, “handling of patients and prevention”, “Hepatitis A”, “Hepatitis A due to climate change” is used through a combination of “OR” and “AND” to perform electronic search in Google and Google Scholar and Pubmed. The search was conducted with a publication year limitation between January 2012 and October 2020. Results: 6 articles were collected and met the inclusion criteria. The literature review shows that, most of the research has been done in countries advanced, and is found in the article mentioned that the cases of hepatitis A increases with extreme climate change in each country.
Effect of a Multicomponent Intervention on Antihypertensive Medication Intensification in Rural South Asia: Post Hoc Analysis of a Cluster RCT
Authors: Feng Liang , Jehan Imtiaz , de Silva H Asita , Naheed Aliya , Khan Aamir H , Kasturiratne Anuradhani , Clemens John D , Lim Ching Wee , Hughes Alun D , Chaturvedi Nish , Jafar Tazeen H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Inadequate treatment of hypertension is a widespread problem, especially in South Asian countries where cardiovascular disease mortality rates are high. We aimed to explore the effect of a multicomponent intervention (MCI) on antihypertensive medication intensification among rural South Asians with hypertension.

Methods
A post hoc analysis of a 2-year cluster-randomized controlled trial including 2,645 hypertensives aged ≥40 years from 30 rural communities, 10 each, in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Independent assessors collected information on participants’ self-reports and physical inspection of medications. The main outcomes were the changes from baseline to 24 months in the following: (i) the therapeutic intensity score (TIS) for all (and class-specific) antihypertensive medications; (ii) the number of antihypertensive medications in all trial participants.

Results
At 24 months, the mean increase in the TIS score of all antihypertensive medications was 0.11 in the MCI group and 0.03 in the control group, with a between-group difference in the increase of 0.08 (95% confidence interval (CI, 0.03, 0.12); P = 0.002). In MCI compared with controls, a greater increase in the TIS of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers (0.05; 95% CI (0.02, 0.07); P &lt; 0.001) and calcium channel blockers (0.03; 95% CI (0.00, 0.05); P = 0.031), and in the number of antihypertensive medications (0.11, 95% CI (0.02, 0.19); P = 0.016) was observed.

Conclusions
In rural communities in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, MCI led to a greater increase in antihypertensive medication intensification compared with the usual care among adults with hypertension.

Clinical trials registration
Trial Number NCT02657746.
Estrogen-induced gallstone pancreatitis in a transgender female
Authors: Freier Emily , Kassel Lynn , Rand Joel , Chinnakotla Bhavana 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Purpose
The case of a transgender female who developed gallstone pancreatitis in the context of estrogen use for gender-affirming hormone therapy is reported.

Summary
A 24-year-old Caucasian transgender female presented to the emergency department for abdominal pain and vomiting after referral from urgent care for suspected pancreatitis. Her home medications included estradiol, medroxyprogesterone, and spironolactone for gender-affirming hormone therapy and omeprazole for reflux. The patient reported minimal alcohol intake, presented with mildly elevated triglyceride levels, and did not have a family history of pancreatitis or gallstone disease. She underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy on hospital day 4 and was given a postoperative diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and pancreatitis. Given her history and the present illness, the use of estrogen therapy is a likely risk factor for the development of gallstone pancreatitis.

Conclusion
Estrogen is a cornerstone of gender-affirming hormone therapy used by transgender women; however, in addition to its role in gender identity confirmation, estrogen can result in drug-induced pancreatitis.
Russell–Myhill and grounding
Authors: Kment Boris 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Russell-Myhill paradox (RMP) puts pressure on the Russellian structured view of propositions (structurism) by showing that it conflicts with certain prima facie attractive ontological and logical principles. I describe several versions of RMP and argue that structurists can appeal to natural assumptions about metaphysical grounding to provide independent reasons for rejecting the ontological principles used in these paradoxes. It remains a task for future work to extend this grounding-based approach to all variants of RMP.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor use in patients with end-stage kidney disease: an analysis of reported cases and literature review
Authors: Kitchlu Abhijat , Jhaveri Kenar D , Sprangers Ben , Yanagita Motoko , Wanchoo Rimda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), immunomodulatory antibodies that are used to enhance the immune system, have substantially improved the prognosis of patients with advanced malignancy. As the use of ICI therapy becomes increasingly widespread across different types of cancer, their use in patients receiving dialysis is likely to increase. In this review we summarize the current literature on the use of ICIs in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients and provide aggregate data from reported cases and series. Based on available pharmacological information, ICIs require no dosing adjustment in ESKD patients. Analysis of the reported cases in the literature demonstrates a similar incidence of immune-related adverse events in patients with ESKD receiving dialysis as compared with the general population (49%). Severe reactions graded as 3 and 4 have been seen in 15 patients (16%). As such, it is important that these patients are monitored very closely for immune-related adverse events; however, the risk of these adverse events should not preclude patients on dialysis from receiving these therapies. Cancer remission (complete and partial) was seen in close to 30% of patients, stable disease was seen in 28% and progression of disease in ∼36%. One-third of the patients died. Urothelial and renal cell cancer represented approximately half of all treated cancers and accounted for ∼50% of all deaths reported. Additional data in the dialysis population with the use of ICIs and involvement in prospective studies are needed to better assess outcomes, particularly within specific cancer types.
Quality of care and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in patients with newly diagnosed heart failure: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Vinter Nicklas , Cordsen Pia , Fenger-Grøn Morten , Lip Gregory Y H , Benjamin Emelia J , Frost Lars , Johnsen Søren Paaske 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsIncident atrial fibrillation (AF) is an adverse prognostic indicator in heart failure (HF); identifying modifiable targets may be relevant to reduce the incidence and morbidity of AF. Therefore, we examined the association between quality of HF care and risk of AF.Methods and resultsUsing the Danish Heart Failure Registry, we conducted a nationwide registry-based cohort study of all incident HF patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2018 and without history of AF. Quality of HF care was assessed by seven process performance measures, including echocardiographic examination, New York Heart Association classification, treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and mineralocorticoid antagonists, physical training, and patient education. In the main analysis, we examined adherence with all measures in a cohort of 25 100 patients (mean age 68.5 ± 13.2 years; 33.6% women). The median follow-up was 3.1 years. Cox proportional hazard regressions estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) between the number of fulfilled measures and incident AF. In a multivariable-adjusted analysis with 0 fulfilled performance measures as reference, the HRs (95% CIs) were 1: 0.78 (0.61–1.00), 2: 0.63 (0.49–0.80), 3: 0.53 (0.36–0.80), 4: 0.64 (0.44–0.94), 5: 0.56 (0.39–0.82), 6: 0.51 (0.35–0.74), and 7: 0.49 (0.33–0.73), with a significant decreasing linear trend (P &lt; 0.001).ConclusionIn patients with incident HF, fulfilment of guideline-based process performance measures was associated with decreased long-term risk of AF. This study supports initiatives to improve the quality of care for patients with HF to prevent incident AF.
Low thoracic muscle mass index on computed tomography predicts adverse outcomes following lobectomy via thoracotomy for lung cancer
Authors: Çınar Hüseyin Ulaş , Çelik Burçin , Taşkın Gülten , İnce Özgür 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to determine whether the preoperative thoracic muscle mass is associated with postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing lobectomy via thoracotomy for lung cancer.

METHODS
Consecutive patients undergoing lobectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The thoracic muscle mass index (TMMI) was obtained at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra on preoperative thoracic computed tomography (CT). Patients were analysed comparatively by being dividing into low and high muscle index groups by the median of sex-specific TMMI. The primary outcomes were the incidence of any or postoperative pulmonary complications. The secondary outcomes were postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay (LOS) in the ICU, total hospital LOS, readmission and mortality.

RESULTS
The study population consisted of 120 patients (63.6 ± 9.8 years; 74% male). Each groups included 60 patients. Major complications occurred in 28.3% (34/120) and readmission in 18.3% (22/120) of patients. The adjusted multivariable analysis showed that each unit increase in TMMI (cm2/m2) was independently associated with the rates of less any complications [odds ratio (OR) 0.92, P = 0.014], pulmonary complications (OR 0.27, P = 0.019), ICU admission (OR 0.76, P = 0.031), hospitalization for &gt;6 days (OR 0.90, P = 0.008) and readmission (OR 0.93, P = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS
Low TMMI obtained from the preoperative thoracic CT is an independent predictor of postoperative adverse outcomes in patients following lobectomy via thoracotomy for lung cancer. TMMI measurements may contribute to the development of preoperative risk stratification studies in the future.
Alternative and Improved Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for the Assay of Eprinomectin and Determination of Its Related Compounds in Bulk Batches of Eprinomectin Drug Substance
Authors: Padivitage Nilusha , Tian Jingzhi , Rustum Abu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Eprinomectin is used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in various drug products by the animal health industry. Several major related impurities of eprinomectin API are not separated and coelute by the current United States Pharmacopeia (USP) method for eprinomectin.

Objective
The aim was to develop and validate a true and reliable stability-indicating reversed-phase (RP) HPLC method for assay and determination of related substances of eprinomectin in bulk batches of eprinomectin API.

Method
HPLC analysis is carried out using a Kinetex C8 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm i.d. , 2.6 μm particle size) maintained at 30°C with water–acetonitrile–isopropanol (48 + 42 + 10, v/v/v) as mobile phase A and 100% acetonitrile as mobile phase B. Analytes are separated by gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min and detected by UV at 252 nm. The total run time of the method is 30 min. Eprinomectin assay and estimation of all eprinomectin-related substances are obtained in a single HPLC run.

Results
The HPLC method was able to separate all analytes of interest by gradient elution. The new method was successfully validated according to current The Internal Council for Hamonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and International Cooperation on Hamonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) guidelines and was found to be specific, linear, accurate, precise, robust, and sensitive.

Conclusions
An HPLC method for assay of eprinomectin and estimation of its related substances was successfully developed, validated, and demonstrated to be accurate, robust, specific, and stability-indicating.

Highlights
The HPLC method presented in this paper is more desirable as compared to USP and suitable for routine analysis of bulk batches of eprinomectin API and stability samples in QC laboratories.
Biology, Ecology, and Management of Hemipteran Pests in Almond Orchards in the United States
Authors: Rijal Jhalendra P , Joyce Andrea L , Gyawaly Sudan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlmond, Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. A. Webb, is an important tree nut crop cultivated primarily in the Mediterranean climatic regions. However, the United States, specifically the state of California, is the largest producer and exporter of almond nuts in the world. At least 60 species of insect pests attack almonds worldwide. Hemipterans can be important pests in almond orchards. Some hemipteran insect pests in almonds include lace bugs, plant bugs, stink bugs, and leaffooted bugs. These pests use needle-like mouthparts to pierce and feed upon fruits or other parts of the plant, causing direct or indirect crop damage. Nonetheless, the biology, life history, and management practices for many hemipteran pests of almonds are not available in the literature or come from research of these insects on other crops and host plants. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of biology, ecology, and management of hemipteran pests of almonds and outline future research to advance the integrated pest management of these pests in almond orchard systems.
Influenza Immunization of Adults During Outpatient Pediatric Visits
Authors: Mishra Aakriti , Dehority Walter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests pediatricians may provide influenza immunization to adults accompanying children to outpatient appointments. Analysis of the IBM Watson MarketScan database demonstrated that of 1 546 340 encounters for pediatric influenza immunization in 2016, only 1.5% of encounters with a pediatrician resulted in immunization of an accompanying adult.
Implantable cardiac pacemaker failure by cumulative dose effects of flattening filter free beams
Authors: Nakamura Kazuhiko , Aoyama Takahiro , Kaneda Naoki , Otsuji Masashi , Minami Yoshitaka , Sakuragi Ami , Nakamura Masaru 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cumulative dose effects, which are one of the main causes of errors that occur when an implantable cardiac pacemaker (ICP) is irradiated with ionizing radiation, induce permanent failure in ICPs. Although flattening filter free (FFF) beams, which are often used in stereotactic radiotherapy, are known to have different characteristics from conventional (with flattening filter [WFF]) beams, the cumulative dose effects on ICPs with FFF beams have been under-investigated. This study investigates ICP failure induced by cumulative dose effects of FFF beams. When the ICP placed in the center of the irradiation field was irradiated with 10 MV-FFF at 24 Gy/min, the cumulative dose at which failure occurred was evaluated on the basis of the failure criteria associated with high cumulative dose as described in the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 203. The ICP failures such as a mild battery depletion at a cumulative dose of 10 Gy, pacing-output voltage change &gt;25% at a cumulative dose of 122 Gy, and the loss of telemetry capability at cumulative dose 134 Gy were induced by cumulative dose effects. The cumulative doses by which the cumulative dose effects of FFF beams induced ICP failure were not very different from those reported in previous studies with WFF beams. Therefore, radiotherapy with FFF beams (and WFF beams) for patients with ICP requires appropriate management for minimizing the cumulative dose effects.
The Politics of Uncertainty: Producing, Reinforcing, and Mediating (Legal) Uncertainty in Local Refugee Reception—Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Maas Felix , Münch Sybille , Schader Miriam , Schammann Hannes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEven though a migration-uncertainty nexus has been widely acknowledged, several of its dimensions are strikingly understudied and under-theorised. This special issue contributes to the debate by focussing on migration movements that are linked to an extraordinary degree of uncertainty: refugee and forced migration. This introductory article highlights key points arising from the contributions. The articles look at both the migrants’ perspective and the perspective of local organisations dealing with refugee and forced migration, including the state. The special issue puts into sharper focus the relevance of further theorisation of uncertainty in migration processes at the local level, as it reveals several dimensions of uncertainty, namely as a fundamental experience, a challenge as well as a governing tool. Furthermore, we are able to bring together the micro- and meso-levels and to substantiate our theoretical contribution with ample empirical material.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis imported into low-incidence countries—a GeoSentinel analysis, 2008–2020
Authors: Eimer Johannes , Patimeteeporn Calvin , Jensenius Mogens , Gkrania-Klotsas Effrossyni , Duvignaud Alexandre , Barnett Elizabeth D , Hochberg Natasha S , Chen Lin H , Trigo-Esteban Elena , Gertler Maximilian , Greenaway Christina , Grobusch Martin P , Angelo Kristina M , Hamer Davidson H , Caumes Eric , Asgeirsson Hilmir 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Early detection of imported multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is crucial, but knowledge gaps remain about migration- and travel-associated MDR-TB epidemiology. The aim was to describe epidemiologic characteristics among international travellers and migrants with MDR-TB.

Methods
Clinician-determined and microbiologically confirmed MDR-TB diagnoses deemed to be related to travel or migration were extracted from GeoSentinel, a global surveillance network of travel and tropical medicine clinics, from January 2008 through December 2020. MDR-TB was defined as resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin. Additional resistance to either a fluoroquinolone or a second-line injectable drug was categorized as pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) TB, and as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB when resistance was detected for both. Sub-analyses were performed based on degree of resistance and country of origin.

Results
Of 201 patients, 136 had MDR-TB (67.7%), 25 had XDR-TB (12.4%), 23 had pre-XDR TB (11.4%) and 17 had unspecified MDR- or XDR-TB (8.5%); 196 (97.5%) were immigrants, of which 92 (45.8%) originated from the former Soviet Union. The median interval from arrival to presentation was 154 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 10–751 days); 34.3% of patients presented within 1 month after immigration, 30.9% between 1 and 12 months and 34.9% after ≥1 year. Pre-XDR- and XDR-TB patients from the former Soviet Union other than Georgia presented earlier than those with MDR-TB (26 days [IQR: 8–522] vs. 369 days [IQR: 84–827]), while patients from Georgia presented very early, irrespective of the level of resistance (8 days [IQR: 2–18] vs. 2 days [IQR: 1–17]).

Conclusions
MDR-TB is uncommon in traditional travellers. Purposeful medical migration may partly explain differences in time to presentation among different groups. Public health resources are needed to better understand factors contributing to cross-border MDR-TB spread and to develop strategies to optimize care of TB-infected patients in their home countries before migration.
Achy Shoulder After Sunset
Authors: Cruz-Jimenez Maricarmen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Bicipital tendinopathies encompass a spectrum of clinical manifestations, expanding from acute inflammation to chronic degenerative changes in the tendon structure that impact the biomechanics and function of the shoulder. Although bicipital tendonitis can manifest as a primary isolated disorder, this is less common; it is more common to see bicipital tendon injuries in association with injuries to other nearby structures, more commonly the rotator cuff. Pain is the mainstay of the clinical symptoms, but other manifestations can accompany the presentation, including impingement and instability. A comprehensive history and physical examination enhance the ability to identify the functional impairments and the identification of all potential contributors. Treatment modalities vary depending on the stage of injury, expanding from pharmacotherapy to surgical interventions.
Burning and Twitching in the Shoulder
Authors: Robinson Matthew , Pham Quynh Giao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Lesions to the brachial plexus may lead to significant pain and disability. These tend to be difficult to diagnose. Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy (RBP) is a known complication of radiation to the chest, neck, or axillary region. The average onset of symptoms post-radiation has been reported as 6 years, and it is most commonly reported following radiation for breast cancer (up to 40–75% of patients), followed by lung cancer and lymphoma. RBP has also been described following radiation to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma with lower cervical lymph node metastases. This chapter discusses the signs, symptoms, differential diagnosis, and management of conditions affecting the brachial plexus, comparing and contrasting RBP with idiopathic brachial neuritis and neoplastic brachial plexopathy.
A Very Strong Woman with an Achy Forearm and Weak Grip
Authors: Pham Quynh Giao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Median nerve compression neuropathy is most commonly seen at the carpal tunnel, but proximal median nerve compression can also occur. This chapter describes the signs and symptoms of median nerve entrapment syndrome and discusses the various forms of this condition, including anterior interosseous syndrome, pronator teres syndrome, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Anterior interosseous syndrome presents with pure motor deficits. Pronator teres syndrome presents with both pain and weakness in the forearm and sensory abnormalities. A rare site of median nerve compression (ligament of Struthers and bicipital aponeurosis/lacertus fibrosus) can occur and may be confused with medial epicondylitis. The chapter delineates the differential diagnoses, diagnostic work-up, and treatment options related to proximal median nerve entrapment syndromes.
Can’t Sleep While Hands Are Taking a Nap
Authors: Cuevas-Trisan Ramon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy in adults, affecting females more than males. Symptoms are generally reported to gradually worsen after insidious onset. Common conditions that cause systemic neuropathies (diabetes and hypothyroidism) or edema (pregnancy and renal insufficiency) are risk factors for developing this condition. In addition, obesity has also been described as a risk factor, along with occupations in which there is repetitive wrist motion (secretarial work) and use of vibrating tools (some construction jobs). Patients with mild CTS will usually present symptoms with either no signs or relatively minor signs on examination. Electrodiagnostic testing is the only ancillary test that will be useful in confirming the diagnosis, providing also information about the degree of nerve compromise, thus helping guide possible interventions. Conservative followed by more invasive management methods may be used for management in a stepwise manner.