bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent responses of maize yield to precipitation in the United States
Authors: Xu Ru , Li Yan , Guan Kaiyu , Zhao Lei , Peng Bin , Miao Chiyuan , Fu Bojie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
How maize yield response to precipitation varies across a large spatial scale is unclear compared with the well-understood temperature response, even though precipitation change is more erratic with greater spatial heterogeneity. This study provides a spatial-explicit quantification of maize yield response to precipitation in the contiguous United States and investigates how precipitation response is altered by natural and human factors using statistical and crop model data. We find the precipitation responses are highly heterogeneous with inverted-U (40.3%) being the leading response type, followed by unresponsive (30.39%), and linear increase (28.6%). The optimal precipitation threshold derived from inverted-U response exhibits considerable spatial variations, which is higher under wetter, hotter, and well-drainage conditions but lower under drier, cooler, and poor-drainage conditions. Irrigation alters precipitation response by making yield either unresponsive to precipitation or having lower optimal thresholds than rainfed conditions. We further find that the observed precipitation responses of maize yield are misrepresented in crop models, with a too high percentage of increase type (59.0% versus 29.6%) and an overestimation in optimal precipitation threshold by ∼90 mm. These two factors explain about 30% and 85% of the inter-model yield overestimation biases under extreme rainfall conditions. Our study highlights the large spatial heterogeneity and the key role of human management in the precipitation responses of maize yield, which need to be better characterized in crop modeling and food security assessment under climate change.
The elements of productivity and their contribution to high level of crop yield (based on spring barley researches)
Authors: Eroshenko L M , Levakova O V , Gladysheva O V , Gureeva E V , Romakhin M M , Dedushev I A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The analysis of long-term data showed that in various agrometeorological conditions, the average yield of the selected numbers of the competitive test was 6.76 t/ha and varied from 6.15 t/ha for the line 4/3-12h 933 to 7.04 t/ha for the Noble variety. The maximum yield was shown in 2016 in the varieties Znatny, Nadezhny and breeding lines 30/3-12h 983 and 135/2-12h 1068 at the level of 8.91 to 9.52 t/ha. The differences between the samples in terms of the level of crop structure elements were revealed. In the group of high-yielding genotypes, breeding lines 141/1-09 h 746, 135/2-13 h 1068, 4/3-12 h 933 were distinguished, the weight of 1000 grains in which was 1.7-5.6 g higher than the average value. Ranking by the complex of the most important productivity characteristics determined the high breeding value of Yaromir, Nadyozhny, Znatny varieties and lines 30/3-12h 983, 135/2-13h 1068 as a source material for breeding to increase the yield of new varieties.
Dependence of winter wheat productivity on mineral nutrition and growth stimulants
Authors: Voronov S I , Pleskachev Y N , Vlasova O I , Ilyashenko P V , Savinov E V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the experiment, four varieties of winter wheat (Don 93 – standard, Krasa of Don, Lilit, Kapitan) and four levels of mineral nutrition (1. Ammophos 60 kg/ha when sowing; 2. Ammophos 60 kg/ha when sowing, Polydon Biouniversal 0.5 l/ha in the tillering phase, Polydon Biouniversal 0.5 l/ha in the earing phase; 3. Ammophos 60 kg/ha when sowing, spring tillering ammonium nitrate 130 kg/ha, Polydon Biouniversal 0.5 l/ha in the tillering phase, Polydon Biouniversal 0.5 l/ha in the earing phase; 4. Ammophos 60 kg/ha during sowing, spring tillering ammonium nitrate 130 kg/ha) were considered. According to the level of mineral nutrition, the lowest biological yield was formed at the first level of nutrition. At the third level of nutrition, the largest biological yield was formed. On average, for three years of research, it was in the Don-93 variety by 0.54 t/ha more than at the first level, in the Kapitan variety by 0.66 t/ha more than at the first level, in the Krasa of Don variety by 0.81 t/ha more than at the first level and in the Lilit variety by 0.89 t/ha more than at the first level.
Soil density, soil moisture content and maize yield using No-till technology of cultivation
Authors: Dridiger V K , Gadzhiumarov R G 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research was carried out at the experimental field of the North Caucasus Federal Research Center. In the field, years of experience, founded in 2012, in crop rotation of soybean-winter wheat-sunflower-corn all crops cultivated on the recommended scientific institutions technology soil treatment, and these same crops in the same crop turnover has grown by No-till technology. The recommended technology of maize cultivation consisted of soil double tillage by the heavy disk tools to the depth of 0.120-0.140 m immediately after harvesting the previous sunflower, winter plowing at 0.200-0.220 m, early spring harrowing, pre-sowing cultivation and sowing with an Optima seeder. In the No-till technology, the soil was not treated and ten days before corn sowing, the plots were sprayed with a continuous herbicide Rap 600 at a dose of 2 l/ha. The research showed that better accumulation and conservation of moisture can be provided during the flowering of maize with the content in the soil layer of 1.5 m at the depth of 34 mm, or 18.1% more moisture than usage of the technology with tillage which is recommended by scientific institutions. It contributes to a significant increase of 0.42 t/ha, or 12.0% in crop yield by using this technology.
The trace elements influence on the tomato plants heat resistance in arid climate
Authors: Ionova L P , Vilkova Zh A , Arslanova R A , Babakova A S , Yu Anishko M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the arid conditions of the Astrakhan region agricultural plants heat resistance is one of the important criteria of quality production getting. In this regard, and also taking into consideration the fact that the soils of our region are characterized by a very low content of trace elements in the form accessible to plants, researches were carried out to study the effect of trace elements of copper, manganese and zinc for tomato plants heat resistance. To exclude the trace elements rapid absorption by the soil, plants foliar treatments were used during the growing season with 0.05% solutions of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), manganese sulfate (MnSO4) and copper sulfate (CuSO4). In the control variant, the plants were sprayed with water. The results showed that tomato plants foliar feeding during the III-V organogenesis stages with 0.05% solutions of zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate and copper sulfate have not got a significant effect on tomatoes growth and productivity. However, the zinc and copper trace elements positively influenced such physiological parameters of plants as the leaf cells hydration, the bound water content in them, the protoplasm viscosity, thereby contributing to the increase in tomato resistance to the adverse effects of high temperatures in the arid climate.
Accurate technologies of agricultural crops cultivation for organic farming
Authors: Kirdin V F , Laptina Yu A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article presents the results of many years of experiments on the development of energy-saving farming systems. Preference in crop rotations should be given to multi-depth combined treatments that provide high productivity and are characterized by high-energy efficiency. Data on the yield of grain and leguminous crops in a six-field grain crop rotation with constant dump and combined longline tillage shows that the yield of oats in the first year of rotation according to the experimental variants was the same and amounted to 3.60 t/ha. In the second year of winter wheat yield in the variant with longline tillage was by 0.20 t/ha more in comparison with a plow on row, in the third year the difference in yield of spring barley on options for primary processing amounted to 0.30 t/ha in favor of combined tiered processing, in the fourth year the yield of peas has also been found to 0.40 t/ha more, also on the option of combined longline processing in the fifth year of the rotation crop of winter triticale. The yield of oats was 0.30 t/ha higher, and in the sixth year the yield of oats was 0.40 t/ha higher on the variant of combined longline processing.
Resource-saving elements in onions growing technology on Nizhjeje Povolzhje region irrigated lands
Authors: Matveeva N I , Zvolinsky V P , Yu Petrov N , Zaitsev V A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The aim of this work was to prove many years research (at least two rotations) devoted to the problems of onion growing for industrial purposes on Nizhneje Povolzhje irrigated land. For these purposes, we have selected two farms with typical characteristics and production conditions in Astrakhan and Volgograd regions. During the period of the first rotation (2011-2015), we conducted competitive tests for the number of onion varieties and hybrids introduction and adaptation, as the result of which the zoned variety Volgodonets was selected for the second rotation (2016-2020) as a control and two regionalized hybrids of foreign selection Pandero F1 and Benefit F1. These samples were sown in the selected experimental plots as part of five-field vegetable-grain crop rotations in both farms. As the result, over five years of observations, the Benefit F1 hybrid showed the highest yield of 150.16 t/ha, Pandero F1 - 139.58 t/ha, and the Volgodonets variety - only 69.35 t/ha in Astrakhan region and 129.57 t/ha; 103.10 t/ha; 74.00 t/ha, respectively, in Volgograd region. The highest profitability indicator was provided by the Benefit F1 hybrid, which amounted to 87.94%.
Seasonal development of aboveground phytomass of evergreen introduced plants on the Southern Coast of the Crimea
Authors: Plugatar Yu V , Kovalev M S , Korsakova S P 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
For the Southern Coast of Crimea, the problem of park communities’ productivity, due to the high recreational load on the environment and climate change, is of particular relevance. The aim of the research was to study the features of the introduced park communities evergreen aboveground phytomass formation and seasonal growth in the conditions of the Southern coast of the Crimea. A comparative assessment of vegetative shoots seasonal growth features of plants Laurus nobilis L., Prunus laurocerasus L., Viburnum tinus L., Aucuba japonica Thunb and Nerium oleander L. was performed. It was found that the time of renewal of shoot growth in spring after winter dormancy in V. tinus and A. japonica began at 459-462 °C, P. laurocerasus - 649 °C, and L. nobilis - 886 °C and N. oleander - 990 °C amounts of active air temperatures above 5 °C. The largest growth (49.3 cm) and the accumulation of leaf phytomass (42.3 cm3) differ in annual shoots of N. oleander. P. laurocerasus has a great potential with a phytomass volume an annual shoot of 24.5 cm3. The increase of shoots phytomass in V. tinus, A. japonica, and L. nobilis is 7-8 times less than that in N. oleander.
Forest pathological monitoring of different types protective planting in Lower Volga region
Authors: Gribust I R , Belitskaya M N , Yudaev I V , Ivushkin D S , Nefedjeva E E , Drevin V E , Spivak M E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In maintaining the material and energy balance of dry-steppe and semi-desert ecosystems, the main active component is forest-reclamation complexes of various purposes. In addition to environmental stabilization and other economic functions, protective plantings are also reserves of regional biodiversity. Research was carried out on permanent test sites in dendrological collections and protective forest stands of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of RAS, as well as in recreational and landscaping plantings using route and stationary methods in different types of forest plantations that differ in condition, level of anthropogenic impact and maintenance regime. The assessment of the forest pathology status of stands was carried out using standard methods and in accordance with the current guidelines for forest pathology survey of plantings and forest pathology monitoring. It was found that in the spectrum of the examined plants, the most prosperous state of the dendroflora is distinguished by arboretums and forest belts. Urban plantings are dominated by severely weakened and shrinking trees (up to 80.0%). The main pathologies in them were shrunken tops and skeletal branches, xylophages, diseases of foliage, wood and trunks. The least pronounced anomalies of woody plants in forest belts (10.7-22.0% lower than in other types of plantings).
Development of irrigation based on various business payment systems
Authors: Medvedeva L N , Melihov V V , Novikov A A , Koshkarova T S , Vasiluk D I , Medvedev A V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As the result of the changes that took place in the Russian economy in the 90s, interfarm reclamation systems remained in state ownership, and reclamation lands and intra-farm irrigation systems were transferred to private ownership. For fixed assets managed by budget organizations that pump water for irrigation, depreciation deductions are not provided by the current legislation, and state subsidies cover only a small part of the necessary restoration work. The study uses international practices in the field of paid water use in irrigated agriculture, the regulatory and methodological framework adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation, data received from regional state organizations for land reclamation and agriculture, materials, data from Russian Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the work of Russian and foreign scientists and practitioners. The article explains the pricing of water supply for irrigation, creation of funds (financial resources) in the accounts of plumbing organizations to update their fixed assets, upgrading irrigation systems, having the physical deterioration of more than 70%.
Evaluation of corn crops drip irrigation quality at different versions of the tillering zone
Authors: Lamskova M I , Novikov A E , Borodychev S V , Filimonov M I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Presents results of a study of the uniformity of distribution of irrigation water along the length of the drip lines at its pre-treatment in sand gravel and disc filters (typical) and hydrocyclone installation (experimental version) and the efficiency of water technology in the cultivation of corn. It was found that when using a sand-gravel and disc filter as a water treatment unit on a drip irrigation system, the coefficient of effective irrigation was 0.635, insufficient irrigation - 0.240, and excessive irrigation - 0.125. The use of hydrocyclone installation for water treatment, which combines the processes of capture of dispersed particles by the method of sedimentation in a centrifugal field and the filtration method provides an increase of the coefficient of effective irrigation to 0.715 and reduce the rates of under-and over-irrigation, respectively, to 0.20 and 0.085. Thus, increasing the uniformity of the distribution of irrigation water along the length of the drip lines ensures the regulation of irrigation of agricultural crops. In field experiments on corn cultivation with drip irrigation, an increase in grain yield was achieved by 9% when using an experimental version of the water treatment unit instead of the standard one on the irrigation system.
BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness Given Confirmed Exposure: Analysis of Household Members of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients
Authors: Gazit Sivan , Mizrahi Barak , Kalkstein Nir , Neuberger Ami , Peretz Asaf , Mizrahi-Reuveni Miri , Ben-Tov Amir , Patalon Tal 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Although BNT162b2 vaccine-efficacy analyses have been published, the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing coronavirus disease 2019 given confirmed exposure has not been previously demonstrated, even though it has policy implications, such as the need for self-quarantine when exposure has occurred.

Methods
In a retrospective cohort study, we used data collected between 20 December 2020 and 17 March 2021 from the second largest healthcare provider in Israel to analyze the probability of an additional household infection occurring within 10 days after an index infection. In model 1, vaccine effectiveness was described for Fully Vaccinated individuals (7 or more days from second dose) vs either Unvaccinated individuals or those Recently Vaccinated Once (0–7 days from the first dose, presumably still unprotected). Secondary analyses included correction for differing testing rates. In model 2, we conducted a separate analysis of households comprised of only adults with the same vaccination status.

Results
A total of 173 569 households were included, of which 6351 had an index infection (mean [standard deviation] age, 58.9 [13.5] years); 50% were women. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness of Fully Vaccinated compared with Unvaccinated participants was 80.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.5–85.4) and 82.0% (95% CI, 75.6–86.8) compared with those Recently Vaccinated Once.

Conclusions
The BNT162b2 vaccine is effective in high-risk real-life exposure scenarios, but the protection afforded in these settings is lower than that previously described. Individuals with a confirmed significant exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome are still at risk of being infected even if fully vaccinated.
Impact of hospital volume of valve operations on the utilization and outcomes of surgery for patients with infective endocarditis
Authors: Bansal Agam , Jaber Wael A , Cremer Paul , Wassif Heba , Mentias Amgad , Menon Venu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aims
Valve surgery is indicated and can be life-saving in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). We evaluated the impact of hospital valvular surgery volume on utilization and outcomes of surgery for IE.

Methods and results
National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was used for IE hospitalizations from 2008 to 2015. Hospitals were divided into quartiles based on valve surgery volume with quartile 1 (Q1) indicating lowest volume and quartile 4 (Q4) highest volume. Primary outcome was utilization of valve surgery in patients hospitalized with IE and secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and length of stay for IE patients undergoing valve surgery. Volume–outcome relationship was analysed both as categorical (quartiles) and continuous variable (restricted cubic splines). A total of 36 471 hospitalizations for IE were identified using the NIS database from 2008 to 2015 of which 17.33% underwent any valve surgery. Utilization rates of valve surgery for IE were significantly higher in Q4 hospitals (Q1: 6.73%; Q2: 10.39%; Q3: 14.91%; Q4: 2321%). Amongst the admissions for IE endocarditis undergoing valve surgery, there was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality when analysed as a categorical variable (as quartiles). However, when analysed as a continuous variable we note significant variation in outcomes across the Q4 hospitals, with highest volume centres having reduced mortality rates and length of stay.

Conclusion
Hospital valvular surgery volume has direct impact on utilization and outcomes of surgery for IE. Given rising rates of IE and ongoing intravenous drug pandemic, there is need for regionalization of care for IE patients and development of ‘endocarditis centres of excellence’ for improved patient outcomes.
Are Men or Women More Unsettled by Fixed-Term Contracts? Gender Differences in Affective Job Insecurity and the Role of Household Context and Labour Market Positions
Authors: Morgenroth Nicolas , Schels Brigitte , Teichler Nils 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study investigates differences in the causal effect of fixed-term contracts on affective job insecurity by gender and household context in Germany. Research shows that workers in fixed-term employment are more unsettled about their job security than are permanent employees. We contribute to the literature on subjective job insecurity by explicitly modelling the causal effect of fixed-term employment and by examining how women and men differ in this effect. We argue that gender differences in the labour market positions and a gendered division of labour in the household account for gender differences in the subjective vulnerability to fixed-term employment. We apply linear fixed effect probability models based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) with a sample of employees aged between 20 and 45 years. Results show that a fixed-term contract doubles the probability of big job worries compared to a permanent contract. Women are substantially more unsettled by fixed-term contracts than men across all household types. These gender differences cannot be explained by unfavourable labour market positions of women. Fixed-term employment thus seems to add to existing gender inequalities on the labour market.
The Birth-and-Death Evolution of Cytochrome P450 Genes in Bees
Authors: Darragh Kathy , Nelson David R , Ramírez Santiago R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The birth-and-death model of multigene family evolution describes how gene families evolve and diversify through duplication and deletion. The cytochrome P450s are one of the most diverse and well-studied multigene families, involved in both physiological and xenobiotic functions. Extensive studies of insect P450 genes have demonstrated their role in insecticide resistance. Bees are thought to experience toxin exposure through their diet of nectar and pollen, as well as the resin-collecting behavior exhibited by some species. Here, we describe the repertoire of P450 genes in the orchid bee Euglossa dilemma. Male orchid bees form perfume bouquets used in courtship displays by collecting volatile compounds, resulting in exposure to compounds known to be toxic. In addition, we conducted phylogenetic and selection analyses across ten bee species encompassing three bee families. We find that social behavior and resin collection are not correlated with the repertoire of P450 present in a bee species. However, our analyses revealed that P450 clades can be classified as stable and unstable, and that genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are more likely to belong to unstable clades. Furthermore, we find that unstable clades are under more dynamic evolutionary pressures and exhibit signals of adaptive evolution. This work highlights the complexity of multigene family evolution, revealing that multiple factors contribute to the diversification, stability, and dynamics of this gene family. Furthermore, we provide a resource for future detailed studies investigating the function of different P450s in economically important bee species.