bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Aura nitrogen dioxide standard product version 4.0 with improved surface and cloud treatments
Authors: Lamsal Lok N. , Krotkov Nickolay A. , Vasilkov Alexander , Marchenko Sergey , Qin Wenhan , Yang Eun-Su , Fasnacht Zachary , Joiner Joanna , Choi Sungyeon , Haffner David , Swartz William H. , Fisher Bradford , Bucsela Eric 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We present a new and improved version (V4.0) of the NASA standard nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) product from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the
Aura satellite. This version incorporates the most salient improvements for
OMI NO2 products suggested by expert users and enhances the NO2
data quality in several ways through improvements to the air mass factors
(AMFs) used in the retrieval algorithm. The algorithm is based on
the geometry-dependent surface Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (GLER)
operational product that is available on an OMI pixel basis. GLER is
calculated using the vector linearized discrete ordinate radiative transfer
(VLIDORT) model, which uses as input high-resolution bidirectional
reflectance distribution function (BRDF) information from NASA's Aqua
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments over land
and the wind-dependent Cox–Munk wave-facet slope distribution over water,
the latter with a contribution from the water-leaving radiance. The GLER
combined with consistently retrieved oxygen dimer (O2–O2)
absorption-based effective cloud fraction (ECF) and optical centroid
pressure (OCP) provide improved information to the new NO2 AMF
calculations. The new AMFs increase the retrieved tropospheric NO2 by
up to 50 % in highly polluted areas; these differences arise from both
cloud and surface BRDF effects as well as biases between the new MODIS-based
and previously used OMI-based climatological surface reflectance data sets.
We quantitatively evaluate the new NO2 product using independent
observations from ground-based and airborne instruments. The new V4.0 data
and relevant explanatory documentation are publicly available from the NASA
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/OMNO2_V003/summary/, last access: 8 November 2020),
and we encourage their use over previous versions of OMI NO2 products.
Using satellite data to identify the methane emission controls of South Sudan's wetlands
Authors: Pandey Sudhanshu , Houweling Sander , Lorente Alba , Borsdorff Tobias , Tsivlidou Maria , Bloom A. Anthony , Poulter Benjamin , Zhang Zhen , Aben Ilse 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) provides
observations of atmospheric methane (CH4) at an unprecedented
combination of high spatial resolution and daily global coverage. Hu et al. (2018) reported unexpectedly large methane enhancements over South Sudan in
these observations. Here we assess methane emissions from the wetlands of
South Sudan using 2 years (December 2017–November 2019) of TROPOMI total
column methane observations. We estimate annual wetland emissions of 7.4 ± 3.2 Tg yr−1, which agrees with the multiyear GOSAT inversions
of Lunt et al. (2019) but is an order of magnitude larger than estimates
from wetland process models. This disagreement may be explained by the underestimation (by up to
4 times) of inundation extent by the hydrological schemes
used in those models. We investigate the seasonal cycle of the emissions and
find the lowest emissions during the June–August season when the process
models show the largest emissions. Using satellite-altimetry-based river
water height measurements, we infer that this seasonal mismatch is likely
due to a seasonal mismatch in inundation extent. In models, inundation
extent is controlled by regional precipitation scaled to static wetland
extent maps, whereas the actual inundation extent is driven by water inflow
from rivers like the White Nile and the Sobat. We find the lowest emissions
in the highest precipitation and lowest temperature season (June–August, JJA) when models
estimate large emissions. In general, our emission estimates show better
agreement in terms of both seasonal cycle and annual mean with model
estimates that use a stronger temperature dependence. This suggests that
temperature might be a stronger control for the South Sudan wetlands
emissions than currently assumed by models. Our findings demonstrate the use
of satellite instruments for quantifying emissions from inaccessible and
uncertain tropical wetlands, providing clues for the improvement of process
models and thereby improving our understanding of the currently uncertain
contribution of wetlands to the global methane budget.
A critical review of animal-based welfare indicators for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in zoos: Identification and evidence of validity
Authors: Skovlund CR , Kirchner MK , Moos LW , Alsted N , Manteca X , Tallo-Parra O , Stelvig M , Forkman B 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCaptive polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are well-documented as being prone to behavioural disorders and, as a result, their welfare is the cause of increasing concern. There is therefore a need for an evidence-based approach to the assessment of the welfare of this species and identification of valid welfare indicators is the first step towards achieving this. To this end, a critical evaluation of peer-reviewed literature was undertaken. Searches of Web of Science and Scopus took place in May 2020 for publications relevant to the welfare of captive polar bears which met inclusion criteria. Further, validity of extracted indicators was assessed via investigation of evidence of content, construct and criterion validity along with strength of evidence at publication-level. Database searches and snowballing unearthed 46 publications included for review. Identified indicators were sorted into nine behavioural, four physiological (based on physiological or biological sampling) and five physical (based on visual inspection) categories. Among behavioural indicators, the strongest evidence of validity was found for abnormal behaviour. For the physiological indicators, validity was only established for faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentration. Content validity was assumed for all physical indicators. Generalisability and strength of evidence was generally compromised by low sample sizes and experimental limitations, and only a small number of papers investigated welfare indicators directly, resulting in a paucity of validated indicators. Potential welfare indicators that warrant further validation are highlighted. Overall, this review provides an overview of current valid and promising welfare indicators along with identified gaps in knowledge, relevant for the provision of a methodology for assessing and monitoring welfare of captive polar bears.
Rubber net mesh reduces scale loss during routine handling of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Powell A 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are an economically and ecologically important fish species that interact with humans during farming, fishing and research operations. Routine handling in nets exposes fish to mesh and causes scale loss. To promote welfare and experimental refinement, a study was performed in a controlled environment to investigate the effect of net mesh type (rubber-coated or standard knotless, both bag volumes circa 7 l; mesh size: 6 mm) and the number of fish per net (capture density) on scale loss. Up to three large adult salmon (mean weight: 900 g) or 15 small smolts (mean weight: 145 g) were briefly captured in hand-nets during routine immersed-stock movement between tanks. Scales were recovered and counted from transportation containers, to establish a simple and rapid methodology. For both size grades, scale loss was generally proportional to capture density. For large adult salmon, scale loss significantly increased with capture density when knotless mesh was used, however the increase was less marked and not statistically significant for adults handled in rubber mesh. Small smolts also demonstrated significantly reduced scale loss when handled with rubber mesh, which increased gradually with capture density. In contrast, small smolts handled in knotless mesh showed greater scale loss as capture density increased. An overall reduction in scale loss with increased capture density was not shown, although the biomass loading per net used in this study were intentionally low (< 3.5 kg). This method suggests a low-tech and rapid approach to quantitatively compare net types and husbandry techniques and suggests a fundamental but simple improvement to salmonid handling in recreational and commercial operations. However, any correlation to conventional stress assays or behavioural observations remains to be established.
Development of a list of terms in Brazilian Portuguese for the Qualitative Behaviour Assessment of broiler chickens
Authors: Souza APO , Wemelsfelder F , Taconeli CA , Molento CFM 
Published: January 2021

AbstractQualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) is a methodological approach to assess the whole animal using terms to describe and quantify the emotionally expressive qualities of behaviour and identifying larger patterns of expressivity through multi-variate statistical integration. A key condition for the success of QBA is achieving a common understanding of the meaning of descriptive terms by raters. Based on this, our study aimed to develop a list of terms in Brazilian Portuguese for the QBA of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and to test this list by studying its inter- and intra-rater reliability. Fourteen experts participated in a workshop and developed a list of 25 QBA terms, and 40 undergraduates tested this list by scoring 18 video clips using a 125-mm visual analogue scale. Principal Component Analysis was used to analyse observers’ scores. Principal Component (PC) 1 ranged from disturbed/frustrated to comfortable/lively, suggesting this PC may be interpreted in terms of emotional valence. PC2 ranged from calm/dull to agitated/active, suggesting this PC indicates the level of arousal/energy of the birds. Both PC1 and PC2 clip scores showed good inter- and intra-rater reliability. This study demonstrates the importance of producing QBA term lists bottom-up as opposed to merely translating pre-existing lists from the scientific literature. Results suggest the standardised Portuguese QBA term list developed in this study is reliable in assessing the expressive qualities of broiler behaviour; therefore, a next step is to test it on-farm with experienced raters and further refine it concerning terms related to poor welfare.
Quantum-synergetic ontology of generalized physicality (III): psychosemantic language of theater, anthropological jazz.
Authors: Budanov Vladimir Grigoryevich , Sinitcyna Tamara Andreevna 
Published: January 2021

The paper continues the topic of applications of the methodology of generalized physicality, which goes back to the concept of quantum synergetic anthropology, elaborated in detail in the previous parts of the triptych. Ontologies of states (functional bodies and subteles of generalized corporeality) and temporal ontologies are considered on the material of the theatrical play of actors. An isomorphism of a well-known musical notation and representation of a changing anthropological profile in the form of a chord of simultaneously activated "sounding" states of the actor is constructed. The relevance of such a musical metaphor, an analogy of the freedom of acting improvisation, as an anthropological jazz inherent in any performer, albeit to varying degrees, is discussed. The classical manner has less variability than, in fact, jazz improvisation. В Parallels of such performances are drawn with the works of classics of theater directing, philosophy of play and communication of musicologists: K. S. Stanislavsky, A. A. Vasiliev, B. Latour, J. Huizinga, I. E. Berendt.In fact, a certain language of interpretation of acting is proposed with the help of dynamic schemes for describing what is happening during the game. If these schemes are adequate to the stage reality, which we tried to prove, then they may well be used in the preparation of actors, staging performances, etc. In fact, a new psychotechnics is being created that allows changing the available capabilities of acting technique, replenishing its tools. In addition, this kind of notational representation of actors' parts allows you to archive and decipher the director's idea in a fairly universal way.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthes with Respect to Age, Sex and Breeds of Chicken Slaughtered at Eke Awka Market, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Ozougwu J. C. , Imakwu C. A. , Eziuzor S. C. , Ekeleme J. E. , Okeke O. P. , Amana G. U. , Ogbodo J. C. 
Published: January 2021

Aim: This research was designed to assess the prevalence of intestinal helminthes with respect to age, sex and breeds of chicken slaughtered at Eke-Awka Market, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Methodology: Fecal specimen was obtained from 150 Chicken slaughtered at Eke-Awka, Market, Anambra State, Nigeria from August to October 2019. The Fecal specimen was processed following floatation and the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration techniques. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to get the percentage prevalence and chi-square to determine the association of prevalence in relation to age, sex and breeds of the chickens; level of significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results: Out of the 150 fecal specimens examined, 63 were found to be infected with intestinal helminthes parasites, giving a prevalence of 42%. The parasites found were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Raillietina cesticillus. Raillietina cesticillus was observed to have the highest prevalence which is 16.7%. With respect to gender, a total of 38 males were found to be infected by helminthes parasites and the prevalence among males was 25.3%. Raillietina cesticillus infected the highest number of male chickens 17 (44.7%). A total of 25 female chickens were infected, with a prevalence of 16.7%, Ascaridia galli infected the highest number of female chickens 11 (44%). With respect to age groups, a total of 24 chickens aged (0 – 5) months were infected with a prevalence of 16%. Raillietina cesticillus had the highest infection rate 12 (50%). In the age group (6 – 10) months, a total of 21 chickens were infected giving a prevalence rate of 14%. Ascaridia galli recorded the highest infection rate 9 (49.9%). Among age group 11 months and above, the total number of infected chickens was 18, giving a prevalence rate of 12%. Heterakis gallinarum recorded the highest infection rate 8 (44.4%). With respect to breeds, a total of 28 old layer chickens were found to be infected by helminthes parasites and its prevalence was 18.7%, Raillietina cesticillus had the highest infection rate 13 (46.4%). The broiler had a total infection rate of 22 which gave a prevalence of 14.7%. Raillietina cesticillus had the highest infection rate of 9 (40.9%). Among the Native chickens, the total number of infections was 13 and its prevalence rate was 8.7%. Ascaridia galli recorded the highest infection rate which was 8 (61.5%).
Conclusions: The overall prevalence of intestinal helminthes was 42%, the helminthes parasites found were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Raillietina cesticillus. Raillietina cesticillus was observed to have the highest prevalence 16.7%. Government and poultry owners should ensure that good caging and management systems are adopted to prevent the spread of intestinal helminthes among chickens so as to ensure maximum output from poultry production.
CSF parvalbumin levels reflect interneuron loss linked with cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Magliozzi Roberta , Pitteri Marco , Ziccardi Stefano , Pisani Anna Isabella , Montibeller Luigi , Marastoni Damiano , Rossi Stefania , Mazziotti Valentina , Guandalini Maddalena , Dapor Caterina , Schiavi Gianmarco , Tamanti Agnese , Nicholas Richard , Reynolds Richard , Calabrese Massimiliano 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroduction and methodsIn order to verify whether parvalbumin (PVALB), a protein specifically expressed by GABAergic interneurons, could be a MS‐specific marker of grey matter neurodegeneration, we performed neuropathology/molecular analysis of PVALB expression in motor cortex of 40 post‐mortem progressive MS cases, with/without meningeal inflammation, and 10 control cases, in combination with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assessment. Analysis of CSF PVALB and neurofilaments (Nf‐L) levels combined with physical/cognitive/3TMRI assessment was performed in 110 naïve MS patients and in 32 controls at time of diagnosis.ResultsPVALB gene expression was downregulated in MS (fold change = 3.7 ± 1.2, P < 0.001 compared to controls) reflecting the significant reduction of PVALB+ cell density in cortical lesions, to a greater extent in MS patients with high meningeal inflammation (51.8, P < 0.001). Likewise, post‐mortem CSF‐PVALB levels were higher in MS compared to controls (fold change = 196 ± 36, P < 0.001) and correlated with decreased PVALB+ cell density (r = −0.64, P < 0.001) and increased MHC‐II+ microglia density (r = 0.74, P < 0.01), as well as with early age of onset (r = −0.69, P < 0.05), shorter time to wheelchair (r = −0.49, P < 0.05) and early age of death (r = −0.65, P < 0.01). Increased CSF‐PVALB levels were detected in MS patients at diagnosis compared to controls (P = 0.002). Significant correlation was found between CSF‐PVALB levels and cortical lesion number on MRI (R = 0.28, P = 0.006) and global cortical thickness (R = −0.46, P < 0.001), better than Nf‐L levels. CSF‐PVALB levels increased in MS patients with severe cognitive impairment (mean ± SEM:25.2 ± 7.5 ng/mL) compared to both cognitively normal (10.9 ± 2.4, P = 0.049) and mild cognitive impaired (10.1 ± 2.9, P = 0.024) patients.ConclusionsCSF‐PVALB levels reflect loss of cortical interneurons in MS patients with more severe disease course and might represent an early, new MS‐specific biomarker of cortical neurodegeneration, atrophy, and cognitive decline.
3D Origami Sensing Robots for Cooperative Healthcare Monitoring
Authors: Kim Tae‐Ho , Vanloo Jaydon , Kim Woo Soo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, cooperative healthcare sensing robots that closely monitor and evaluate the patients’ muscle functions through gait analysis and electromyography (EMG) are developed. By integrating the biological sensors, the sensing robot can recognize the vital signs. The sensing robots are developed by the design and optimization of their architectures and materials using a green strategy. To achieve mechanically durable robot designs, 3D origami structures are used with specific optimum criteria. Different sensing robot applications are created through the 3D origami insole and humanoid hands for healthcare monitoring. The smart insole built with 3D origami monitors the foot pressure distribution for gait analysis of patients, and the humanoid hand equipped with the 3D origami‐structured EMG fingers cooperatively detects EMG signals. Such cooperative sensing robots hold considerable promise for healthcare monitoring with convenience for patients with quality of care, because the robots can derive empathetic adaptability with humans.
A Plastic Scintillator Based on an Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter 9‐(4‐(4,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐2‐methylphenyl)‐3,6‐dioctyl‐9H‐carbazole for Pulse Shape Discrimination Measurement
Authors: Chen Tianheng , Yu Hao , Wen Xianfei , Redding Caleb , Hajagos Tibor Jacob , Zhao Hongxiang , Hayward Jason P. , Yang Chuluo , Pei Qibing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPulse shape discrimination (PSD)‐capable plastic scintillator is in demand for the detection of high‐energy neutrons in the presence of gamma radiation background. Conventional PSD plastics are based on delayed fluorescent dye via triplet–triplet annihilation of a fluorescent dye additive, which is inefficient to harvest the energy of triplet excitons. In recent years, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have gained substantial success in organic light‐emitting diodes due to their efficient utilization of the energy of triplet excitons and thereby achieving theoretical unity internal quantum efficiencies. Herein, a highly efficient TADF dye 9‐(4‐(4,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐2‐methylphenyl)‐3,6‐dioctyl‐9H‐carbazole is reported for the PSD application. This TADF dye may be loaded up to 30 wt% in polyvinyltoluene matrix and still retains high optical transparency. High scintillation light yield and PSD figures of merit are obtained from the TADF plastic. With the introduction of a secondary dye to further increase the utilization efficiency of the excitation energy, the light yield is increased to 6948 photons MeV−1. The measured alpha/gamma PSD figure of merit is 1.12 at the energy threshold of 100 keVee and neutron/gamma PSD figure of merit is 1.32 at the threshold of 1000 keVee.
Recent Developments in Remote Meta‐C−H Bond Functionalizations
Authors: Ali Rashid , Siddiqui Rafia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the past decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the developments of novel methods for the activation/functionalization of inert C−H bonds as these protocols are not only competent, reduce the waste materials in addition to the reaction time and multiple steps but also allows the reaction to be carried out in a highly regio‐specific manner under operationally simple yet effective reaction conditions. Although, in recent years, a remarkable progress has been made in the field of ortho‐and para‐C−H bonds functionalization but to our best knowledge, the distal meta‐C−H activation/functionalization is still infancy and is yet to be explore to the advanced level. Hence, we feel that there is an urgent need to aware the research community about where the field of meta‐C−H functionalization stand at present and where it might be going in near future. To this context, we strive to compile the significant achievements made in the selective meta‐C−H bonds functionalization since 2018 to till date. More interestingly, we have also displayed an overview of the earlier reports related to the meta‐C−H activation/functionalization at the beginning of this particular manuscript, and hopefully the present review article will open diverse opportunities for the advancement of both academia as well as industry.magnified image
Visible‐Light‐Induced Three‐Component Intermolecular Trifluoromethyl‐Alkenylation Reactions of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Guo Yuan‐Qiang , Wang Kaihua , Wang Ruiguo , Song Hongjian , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHerein, we describe a practical protocol for efficient, mild, visible‐light‐induced three‐component intermolecular trifluoromethyl‐alkenylation reactions of unactivated alkenes. The protocol has good functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope. Using this protocol, we not only introduced a trifluoromethyl group into alkenes but also converted unactivated alkenes to styrene‐based activated alkenes, in addition to accomplishing late‐stage functionalization of pharmaceutical intermediates.magnified image