bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent study on TiO2 based Self-Cleaning Coating
Authors: Prawira Rizgyandhaka Artha , Ariyanti Dessy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Coating is a way of protecting the surface of the materials as glass, metal, clay, wood, and cementitious from pollutant, dust. self-cleaning coating can be achieved by modifying the surface to have super-hydrophobic, super-hydrophilic, and photocatalytic properties. This paper summarizes the recent studies on TiO2 based self-cleaning coating. The scope of this article is in the mechanism and fabrication route of TiO2 based self-cleaning coating, application technique such as spin coating, spray coating dip coating a nd chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and characterization. Self-cleaning coating can be characterized using many methods in order to determine their quality and feasibility. The characterization of the surface applied by self-cleaning coating can be in the form of numerical data and morphological images such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), contact angle, hardness, and scratch resistance are also analysed a nd discussed.
Synthesis Cocamide DEA as Green Surfactant from Virgin Coconut Oil
Authors: Aryanti N , Khoiriyah L , Heny D R , Nafiunisa A , Wardhani D H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Petroleum-based surfactants are not biodegradable. In this study, a surfactant made from natural ingredients, namely cocamide DEA. Di-ethanolamine (DEA) is one of the surfactants from non-ionic natural ingredients which has the advantage of being nontoxic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly. Cocamide DEA is used for the synthesis of a wide variety of heterocyclic compounds and has a wide application in the pharmaceutical, surfactant, polisher and cosmetic industries. Cocamide DEA is obtained from Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) which contains fatty acids. Manufacture of Cocamide DEA surfactants by the Transesterification-amidase process. Transesterification is the process of chemical transformation of fatty acids reacted with methanol and a catalyst that produces methyl esters. Amidation is the reaction of the formation of amide compounds between di-ethanolamin e and methyl esters (ME). Preparation of surfactant Cocamide DEA from VCO by esterification-amidase process with a ratio of ME:DEA (1:1, 1:1,25, 1:1,5, 1:1,75 1:2) w/w, variations NaOH catalyst (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2% and 3%) and operating temperatures (150°C, 160°C, 170°C, 180°C). The study was conducted on the optimization of Transesterification-Amidation proses, and to analyze the cocamide DEA functional groups with FTIR. The optimization of Transesterification-Amidation proses about ME:DEA ratio, catalyt concentration, and temperature of conversion. The result show that the transesterification-amidase process of cocamide DEA obtained optimum conditions at the ratio ME:DEA = 1:2 w/w, 3% NaOH catalyst concentration on 180°C.
Reduction and Adsorption Mechanism of Chromium Hexavalent in Electroplating Industry Passivation Tank Effluent Using New Linz-Donawits Slag Waste Material.
Authors: Anuar Farah Izatty , Zainuddin N A , Puasa Siti Wahidah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Hexavalent chromium Cr(IV) is widely used as electroplating agent to produce a hard, durable coating to a metal with excellent wear and corrosion resistance properties. Yet the effluent of this process needs to be carefully treated as Cr(IV) has been recognized as hazardous, a known carcinogen and mutagen to the human body. Current treatment of Cr(IV) in electroplating industry is by using sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) with a maximum reduction of 100% in a solution of pH 2. Nevertheless, despite the remarkable performance, the application of SMBS as reducing agent generates a massive amount of sludge which eventually will be disposed to the landfill. It also poses detrimental health effects due to the release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas. Thus, a less harmful reducing agent was studied to replace SMBS in Cr(IV) reduction process. Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag has been discovered to be a good reducing agent due to the presence of Iron in the form of Fe2+. The characterization of electroplating industrial effluent using ICP-MS shows a highest composition of Chromium which is 1614.6mg/L. Meanwhile, characterization of LD slag shows that the major component is Ferrous (II) Oxide, (FeO) which constitutes 37.2% of the total mass. By using SMBS as reducing agent, 8 ml of 4% v/v SMBS concentration is required to reduce 40% of Cr(IV) in the sample solution. The optimum treatment duration of Cr(IV) using LD slag is found to be 5 minutes and the best pH of the sample solution for optimal reduction rate is 2. In addition, smaller particle size of the LD slag is more advantageous as smaller amount of LD slag is required to completely reduce Cr(IV) concentration in the solution. However, the best particle size is 0.425mm because the reduction rate is more controllable. ORP value at zero Cr(IV) concentration is found to be ±488 mV.
Characterization of Ultrafine Silica Prepared from Rice Husk Ash by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Qurrota A’yuni Dewi , Djaeni Mohamad , Subagio Agus 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRice husk ash that is removed from the combustion process in a furnace has a potential for silica source through the sol-gel process. The experiment was conducted in different concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution of 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 % w/v in the preparation of the sodium silicate solution. For further observation, different pH values of the gel solution were also examined with values of 1 to 7. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) has been used for size characterization of samples, while Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometer (EDS) was used to determine the composition of the powder. The result shows that for all cases the silica products still contain carbon materials. The different pH values of the silica gel solution exhibit a different physical appearance of the gel. At pH values of 5 to neutral 7, the silica gel is completely formed, while in more acidic conditions there are only precipitates or none of both. Mostly, silica particles were in the size of micrometers with more than 90% in the range of 2-128 µm. The composition characterization showed different percentages of silica and the good result was found at 5.0% of sodium hydroxide solution with a gel solution pH of 7.
Environmental management for small medium electroplating industry, A Cleaner production approach
Authors: Citra A D P , Iswandari H D , Purwanto P 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Small and medium scale electroplating industry produces a variety of plating products by using hazardous substances as raw materials. The production process at SMI electroplating held manually. Industrial environmental management is conducted by implementing clean production starting from waste prevention, reduction and recycling. Research is conducted in the field through observation and review of actions to reduce process failures and improve them. The success of implementing clean production as an environmental management effort can be extended to other SMIs.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Network Planning Based on Cost Analysis Using Superstructure Method in Indonesian Central Region
Authors: Dwiputro Mochamad Irfan , Nawasanjani Aufal , Renanto  , Juwari  , Anugraha Rendra Panca 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Today global warming is a serious threat to living things and the earth, according to WMO, 2019 is the second hottest year after 2016. The average temperature for the last 10 years has reached its highest point. CCS technology is a series of activities that start from capturing CO2 from sources of CO2 emissions, namely the industrial sector and electricity generation. After being captured, CO2 is transported through pipelines or ships to the CO2 storage location in the appropriate storage, it can be geolocical or ocean storage. Each CCS project will use the most suitable method to transport CO2 and pay attention to planning, health and safety regulations. These problems can be overcome by a method, a Superstructure method. A problem with CCS may occur when the source and sink locations are not necessarily in a single region, so it is possible that the CCS process can occur in a multi-region where the source and sink locations are far apart and with many regions. The development of multi-region studies was carried out in this research, namely with the boundaries of the regions of Kalimantan, Sulawesi and East Java with a total of 4 sources and 2 sinks. Development is carried out by making mass transfer scenarios using superstructure method and cost calculations based on Total Annual Cost (TAC) then optimized with optimization software to get the minimum cost. In this study, the optimum CCS network has been determined in Kalimantan, Sulawesi and East Java regions with specific TAC US$ 11,126,782.2/Mt.
Synthesis of Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS) Surfactant from Black Liquor Waste and The Potential Test for EOR in Ledok Field Cepu
Authors: Priyanto Slamet , Dasilva Teodora , Anggara Berdi Bayu , Triyahdiyani Nazila , Sudrajat Ronny Windu , Kusworo Tutuk Djoko , Pramudono Bambang , Untoro Edi , Ratu Puspa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chemical injection in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) with surfactants is known to reduce the value of Interfacial Tension (IFT) of oil and water which can increase oil mobility. EOR has been considered a promising technology to increase national oil production through the revitalization of existing wells in Indonesia, particularly in the Ledok field, Cepu. This study aims to test core flooding on a laboratory scale with EOR surfactant from biomass waste pulp industry, Black Liquor, from Sodium Lignosulfonate (SLS) on porous sandstone media. SLS is produced from lignin which is isolated from Black Liquor waste. In this study, crude oil from Ledok, Cepu, Central Java was used which was characterized first. To determine the effectiveness of surfactant performance before core flooding, several tests such as water stability test, IFT test, CMC (Critical Miselization Concentration) test, and filtration test have been carried out. For the core flooding test, a 1.5% surfactant concentration is injected continuously at 70°C. The core flooding results show that the compatibility test shows that SLS is compatible with Ledok’s natural formation water. Filtration tests show that SLS using membrane 42 produces larger FR solutions. The core flooding test results showed the best reservoir temperature for SLS surfactants was formulated at 70°C with a recovery of 87%. Therefore, the results show that SLS surfactants show promising results for sandstone media. Important for this research is the hydrodynamic study, studying the correlation flow rate of 4.06 Cm/sec, giving the Reynold value in the best porous medium of 0.3, and the best yield of 75% w/w.
Disposal of Waste Communal in Region of Flow River on Settlement Solid Population
Authors: Sari Yenita Sandra , Anggoro Didi Dwi , Sunoko Henna Rya , Ozel Cenap 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Changes that occur in housing development will change the zone that should be green open space its function to become a dense residential area. The purpose of this research is to find out how the physical condition of the toilet facilities sanitation development program for the community by the Bandung City government, such as what is the domestic waste disposal system residents, as well as to conclude how much community involvement in protecting the watersheds around the facility is also a communal toilet facility. The parameters used are the physical condition of the toilet, the existence of a septic tank, the use of a watershed, and the level of concern of the community using communal toilet facilities. This research is expected to be an evaluation material for the construction of community sanitation facilities in densely populated areas. In densely populated cities need public toilets. However, due to the lack of community participation, the condition of the facilities became damaged, dirty, and not maintained. The facility has become unsuitable for sanitation; squad latrine models are more widely used. The septic tank, which is supposed to be a waste collection facility, turns out that most domestic waste is discharged into the river through pipes. This is very unhealthy, causing pollution in watersheds. To make a government policy made that disposing of household waste from public toilets with pipes is prohibited because it causes the effects of river basin pollution, posing public health risks.
A Comprehensive Review on Hazard Analysis and Critical Point (HACCP): A Case of Lumpia Semarang
Authors: Suherman Suherman , Alhanif Misbahudin , Purwati Dwi , Hapsari Farida Diyah , Dasilva Teodora , Mohammed Omar Ali 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Indonesia is a country rich in diversity of food types. One of them is Lumpia, which is a typical Semarang food. In this study, the analysis of HACCP in the production of Lumpia has comprehensively explained. The writing method used is a literature review and visualization of information from various types of literature. The analysis carried out in this study consists of 2 steps, namely the analysis of potential hazards and the implementation phase of HACCP, which consists of forming a HACCP team with internal and external recruitment systems, explaining product specifications, determining flow charts by recording the entire process from receiving raw materials to products. Besides, potential hazards in raw materials and additives have also analyzed. The results showed that Lumpia Semarang had implemented HACCP application rules very well, and its products are very safe for consumption. Lumpia Semarang needs to improve the rules for proper processing, especially in the provision of sanitation facilities and material preparation. In addition, the acceptance of raw materials and frying are two critical stages that have high contamination potential. With this study, it expected that the Lumpia production process, which included in the critical stages, could run well and safely, to produce healthy products for consumption.
Characteristics of Biodegradable Foam (Bio-foam) Made from Cassava Flour and Corn Fiber
Authors: Sumardiono S , Pudjihastuti I , Amalia R , Yudanto Y A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Plastic in the form of Styrofoam is a synthetic polymer material which is very practical in its use. This garbage is very damaging to the environment if it is burned because it produces gases that are dangerous to human respiration. The use of styrofoam must be stopped and do an alternative effort for any eco-friendly packaging materials, namely bio-foam which uses starch as the main raw material. The potential source of starch is tapioca flour, and the main source for fiber is corncob for several reasons including plastics made from starch/biomass which are more easily decomposed by nature and are abundant, also less utilized. This research was conducted with taking fiber from the corncob waste, then mixing it with tapioca, sorbitol, Mg stearate, and PVA. After obtaining the bio-foam, a water absorption test and biodegradability test were carried out. The results of the water absorption test showed that the 1st treatment had the greatest water absorption, exactly at the immersion time in the amount of 15 minutes in 25.45%, while the biodegradability test with soaking time in the soil for 14 days showed that 1st treatment was the most easily degraded by 20.25%.
Synthesis of TiO2/ZnO-Anthocyanin Hybrid Material for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
Authors: Alfanaar Rokiy , Elim Philip Estera , Yuniati Yuyun , Kusuma Heri Septya , Mahfud Mahfud 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHybrid materials are composed of materials that have broad spectra absorption and can be added to other materials that improve their spectrum absorption. The characteristics of hybrid materials are the same characteristics as their constituent materials. When hybrid materials were added to organic compounds which combined with semiconductors, they can be used as photovoltaic applications. One of the most widely hybrid material research developments is its use as the solar cell. This research focused on TiO2/ZnO hybrid materials synthesis combined with anthocyanin as a pigment to determine the characteristics of the hybrid material obtained. In this research is to find the extent to which method applied that determines the success of the targeted hybrid materials formation. In the synthesis process for various ratios, TiO2and ZnO have been formed a composite material which shown by diffractogram of characteristic peaks of TiO2and ZnO and vibrations of Zn-O-Ti detected in FTIR spectra. Testing hybrid materials by using FTIR showed a C=O vibration of anthocyanin in material hybrid TiO2/ZnO-anthocyanin, than quality testing of hybrid materials was carried out using the DR UV-Vis instrument and was proved by enhancement of band gap energy between 3.2 to 3.3 eV
Effect of solution pH and conductivity on nitrate synthesis by air contact glow discharge electrolysis method
Authors: Harianingsih  , Farisah S , Saksono N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of pH of the solution and conductivity on the yield of nitrates formed. The method is carried out by plasma electrolysis made from air injection. The electrolyte solution used is a mixture of K2HPO4 and K2SO4. The pH condition of the solution is getting longer decreasing also has an effect due to acidic nitrate ions which are more formed if dissolved in water. If the condition of the solution the more acidic, the absorption power of NO2 gas formed in the solution to to NO3 will decrease further, so that over time resulting in the production of nitrates in the solution will decrease. The research results showed that for 120 minutes the processing time was large The pH decreases due to the formation of acidic nitrates. Decreased pH can also be caused by H2O2 production. In minute 0 to minute 5, a significant decrease in pH of 2.99. This is due to accretion nitrate product for 5 minutes the process is very significant that is equal to 1277 ppm. While the decrease in pH at minute 5 to minute 120 is less significant, where the pH decreases around 0.09 to 0.02 due to increase nitrate products are not as large as 5 minutes of processing time. Then, the more acidic the solution causes nitrate production to decrease. In acidic conditions, absorption of NO2 gas formed in the solution to be converted to NO3 will decrease. The concentration of an electrolyte solution affects the conductivity of a solution, where the higher the concentration of an electrolyte solution, the conductivity of a solution will also be even greater. The amount of conductivity will affect the speed at which a plasma is formed.
Spectroscopic of Radicals Formed and Nitrate Production by Contact Glow Discharge Air Plasma Electrolysis
Authors: Harianingsih  , Karamah E F , Saksono N 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis research’s aims to determine the hydroxyl radicals formed and the production of liquid nitrate in the nitrate synthesis process using plasma electrolysis. Nitrate synthesis has been carried out by various methods including Haber Bosch nitrogen fixation. The synthesis of Haber Bosch nitrate actually causes high gas emissions and is not environmentally friendly. This has led to the synthesis of nitrate which does not cause emissions and is environmentally friendly, namely by plasma electrolysis. The methodology used in plasma electrolysis to produce liquid nitrate fertilizer, by injecting air into the tungsten anode and K2SO4electrolyte. The hydroxyl analysis formed was carried out by looking at the IR spectrum measured using FTIR spectroscopy at an absorption band of 500 cm−1to 4000 cm−1. Analysis of the nitrates formed was carried out using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results obtained were that at t = 10 minutes OH and NH3 radicals were formed at a wavelength of 3331.47 cm-1 and 1634.63 cm-1. The nitrate produced at 0.02 M K2SO4with an airflow rate of 0.2 lpm resulted in an optimal nitrate of 269.12 ppm with an energy consumption of 82.95 kJ/mmol and a yield of 21.7% mol.
Long-term Planning of the Fuel System in Indonesia using Optimization
Authors: Najma  , Purwanto Widodo Wahyu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Biofuel has been considered as an option to substitute petroleum fuels and reduce dependence of fossil fuel importation and greenhouse gasess emissions. Current Indonesia’s biofuel blending mandates are cannot achieved due to technical, price and financial aspects. The objectives of the study are to obtain the optimum fuel supply mix by considering the fuel quality standard, production capacity and resource availability. Long-term fuel system optimization by minimum total system cost up to 2050 is carried out using TIMES-VEDA. The results showed that if goverment does not upgrade the quality of diesel up to EURO 4 and adapted EURO fuel specification with adjustment, the optimal fuel supply mix are FAME 50%-Diesel 50% in 2020-2030 and mix of FAME 47%-HVOSMR 53% in 2035-2050. For adapted EURO specification with adjustment except the sulphur content has fuel supply mix of HVOSMR 30%-Diesel 70% in 2020, FAME 20%-Diesel 80% for 2025-2030 and FAME 47%-HVOSMR 53% for 2035-2050. For gasoline, the optimum supply mix is Ethanol 5%-Gasoline 95% in 2020 and Ethanol-Ethanol2G 20%-Gasoline 80% in the 2025-2050. The utilization of biofuels can reduce the diesel and gasoline consumption for about 67-79% and 19% and reduce carbon intensity by 65-78% and 27%, respectively.
Development of Natural Gas Infrastructure to Enhance National Energy Security in Indonesia
Authors: Sugiyono Agus , Adiarso  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The current use of energy in Indonesia highly still depends on fossil-derived energy. Thus, policies to reduce the use of fossil energy towards the use of new and renewable energy (NRE), which is more environmentally friendly, receive great concern. The government encourages the use of low-carbon technology following up the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 29% (without assistance) and by 41% (with international assistance) under Business as Usual (BAU) by 2030. However, accelerating the utilization of renewable energy still faces some obstacles because the economic price of NRE is still more expensive than that of fossil energy. The most likely transition policy is to substitute the use of oil and fuel to natural gas through improving natural gas infrastructure. This transition is following the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) which guides the achievement of global goals until 2030, namely to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The development of natural gas infrastructure is currently in an early stage (point to point scheme) and is expected to develop into a hub and spoke scheme towards multiple networks. The more developed infrastructure will further enhance national energy security in the long run.