bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Contradictions of the Will: Reply to Jens Timmermann
Authors: Kleingeld Pauline 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this article, I reply to Jens Timmermann’s critical discussion of my essay “Contradiction and Kant’s Formula of Universal Law”. I first consider Timmermann’s reasons for rejecting my interpretation of the Formula of Universal Law. I argue that the self-contradiction relevant to determining a maxim’s moral status should not be sought in the imagined world in which the maxim is a universal law. I then discuss Timmermann’s suggestion that something like a volitional self-contradiction is found within the will of the immoral agent. I deny this and clarify that the relevant contradiction is diagnosed counterfactually in moral reflection. Finally, I explain the differences between Timmermann’s account, Korsgaard’s Practical Contradiction interpretation, and my own Volitional Self-Contradiction interpretation.
Preparation and properties of an intelligent adjustable functional paper for organic cultural relics
Authors: Yang Hailiang , Zheng Hailing , Zhou Yang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Precious organic cultural relics are easily affected by temperature, humidity, and harmful gases in the environment, resulting in embrittlement, fading, mildew, moth damage and other aging forms. An energy-saving and environmentally friendly material is needed to stabilize humidity and adsorb harmful gases in the environment. In this paper, with an intelligent adjustment function, functional paper containing sepiolite and tourmaline natural minerals was successfully prepared. The component of 80 % of wingceltis and 20 % of straw in dry pulp as main raw material was conducive to the desorption of water molecules. As favorable structure inside functional paper, the adsorption point and the adsorption contact area increased by the rough surface of fiber bundles, the addition of sepiolite and the ordered molecular chains of copolymers destroyed. So, the relative humidity could be adjusted to 55 % ± 3 within 2 hours and was stable with functional paper. At the same time, 1.11 ppm sulfur dioxide and 2.98 ppm ammonia could be effectively adsorbed in 10 and 12 h, respectively, by 1 g of paper in a 5 L container. The pH of the paper was adjusted to neutral with tourmaline, even if the pH was changed by acidic or alkaline gas absorption. Therefore, for long-term organic cultural relic preservation, preparing a constant-humidity and clean environment is of great significance. This is possible through this paper.
Physiological and biochemical responses of onion plants to deficit irrigation and humic acid application
Authors: Forotaghe Zahra Amiri , Souri Mohammad Kazem , Jahromi Marzieh Ghanbari , Torkashvand Ali Mohammadi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Onion is an important crop with significant roles in human diets. The growth, yield, and quality of vegetable crops, including onions, are more vulnerable to water stress than other crops. In this study, different levels of deficit irrigation (DI) as factor A (a1: 80%, a2: 70%, and a3: 60% of soil field capacity [FC]) and humic acid (HA) as factor B (b1: without and b2: with HA application) were evaluated on onion growth characteristics in a factorial design with four replications. The results showed that the interaction of DI and HA was significant on leaf protein, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and on bulb protein and potassium (K) concentrations. The highest record of these traits was observed in a3b2 (highest DI with HA application), and their lowest was in those at first level of DI (a1). Leaf protein and, to a lesser extent, bulb protein were increased by DI and HA applications. DI at 60% but not at 70% FC significantly reduced bulb fresh weight. There was a gradual increase in leaf proline, soluble sugars, protein, catalase (CAT), POD, SOD activity, and bulb K by application of DI; however, most of bulb traits including protein, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and CAT and POD activity were increased only under highest DI level (a3: 60% FC). However, application of HA further increased the soluble sugars and protein concentration as well as the POD and SOD activities of leaves, and protein, Fe, K concentrations, and CAT activity of bulbs under DI. The results indicated that HA benefitted onion growth particularly under DI conditions.
Making Wise the Stranger: Sapiential Hospitality in Proverbs 1–9
Authors: Ho Shirley S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Jayme Reaves uses Genesis 19:1–14; Joshua 2:1–22; Judges 19:14–27; and the cities of refuge texts in Deuteronomy 4:41–3 and 19:1–10 as biblical sources to conceptualize a so-called “protective hospitality.” This article utilizes the book of Proverbs to argue that it reflects the same protective motivations regarding hospitality, with a sapiential twist. Specifically, Proverbs 1–9 depicts two forms of hospitality: sapiential hospitality and pseudo hospitality. Sapiential hospitality protects the stranger from fraudulent hospitality. It is a form of absolute hospitality, meant to avert strangers from falling into the trap of false hospitality offered by organized crime syndicates. Although Lady Wisdom is vulnerable to attack from villainous strangers, she is also resilient enough to make strangers wise and thrive.
Ni as the introductory particle for expressions of negation in three dialectal variants of Spanish
Authors: Lage Anais Holgado 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
When looking at expressions of negation/rejection in Spanish, the conjunction ni is one of the most prolific words. However, the extent of locutions employing ni has not been widely analyzed. For this reason, we conducted a comparative descriptive examination of discourse markers of rejection and refusal for three different dialectal variants of Spanish: those of Spain, Colombia and Mexico. The participants completed a survey to evaluate their familiarity with some of these pragmatic expressions and to provide new ones. Results show that speakers of these dialectal variants all use the most common markers that start with ni, but also other phrases not recorded in many of the available sources. This paper aims to broaden the horizon of work on phraseological units of negation, which are often difficult to gather and study in depth because of their dialectal variability, colloquial use, and, in some cases, short lifespan.
Kommunikative und expressive Formeln des Deutschen in Internettexten: ein diskursorientierter Ansatz
Authors: Hordii Oksana 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the functioning of expressive and communicative formulas of modern German in computer-mediated discourse. The set phrases analysed are pre-formed sentence-value word combinations that serve as a means of expression of various speech intentions and emotions. These linguistic units are known to evade a uniform classification scheme, with boundaries between different groups being indistinct. The set phrases considered in this work are viewed as a functional-semantic field which includes communicative and expressive formulas and some mixed types. By discussing their cultural specificity – provided by units containing symbolic components, as well as by entities in various areas of national life, and fixed phrases of obscure literary origin – I attempt to explore their intertextual potential for further contribution to studies in intercultural communication.
Expressivity, intertextuality, multimedia impact and interactivity have been defined as constitutive characteristics of computer-mediated discourse. The units discussed keep the tone of asynchronous online communication humorous and help to establish communicative closeness. In online media, the language game comes to the fore: a common phenomenon is semantic transformation often performed as simultaneous actualisation (ambiguity) of literal and idiomatic meaning, causing additional communicative effects. In combination with the informative part of a headline, these units act as emotional and evaluative indicators of media texts.
Due to its technological features, internet communication allows easy combination of visual and verbal channels of information, and so there is frequent play between language images and digital images, especially in photo and video hosting services.
My analysis of different online genres has shown that in internet communication, the core of the functional-semantic field (i.e. the most frequently used units) acquires added discursive value. The universal nature of their creative use, appeal, entertainment and community-building functions was also ascertained.
Phrasal verb vs. Simplex pairs in legal-lay discourse: the Late Modern English period in focus
Authors: Leone Ljubica 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The present paper attempts to describe the divergences between nearly synonymous phrasal verb/simplex pairs from court trials dating back to the Late Modern English period (LModE). The intention was to evaluate the effects that each verb form might exert in discourse, interpreting the lexical choice as functionally linked to the contents of the legal-lay discourse, that is the discourse between lay people and professionals in the courtroom (Heffer 2005: xv).
Research to date has highlighted how the choice of one form or another needs to be explained in terms of register and degree of expressiveness (Bolinger 1971: 172; McArthur 1989: 40; Hiltunen 1999: 161; Claridge 2000: 221). However, no studies have yet evaluated the difference between phrasal verbs and simplexes from a phraseological perspective, or reflected on how their use is functionally linked to the communicative needs in courtroom settings.
The study was conducted on the Late Modern English-Old Bailey Corpus (LModE-OBC), a self-compiled corpus that covers the century 1750–1850 and that includes a selection of trials drawn from The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, London’s Central Criminal Court.
A Haar wavelet-based scheme for finding the control parameter in nonlinear inverse heat conduction equation
Authors: Ahsan Muhammad , Lin Shanwei , Ahmad Masood , Nisar Muhammad , Ahmad Imtiaz , Ahmed Hijaz , Liu Xuan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this article, a hybrid Haar wavelet collocation method (HWCM) is proposed for the ill-posed inverse problem with unknown source control parameters. Applying numerical techniques to such problems is a challenging task due to the presence of nonlinear terms, unknown control parameter sources along the solution inside the given region. To find the numerical solution, derivatives are discretized adopting implicit finite-difference scheme and Haar wavelets. The computational stability and theoretical rate of convergence of the proposed HWCM are discussed in detail. Two numerical experiments are incorporated to show the well-condition behavior of the matrix obtained from HWCM and hence not required to supplement some regularization procedures. Moreover, the numerical solutions of the considered experiments illustrate the reliability, suitability, and correctness of HWCM.
Educational Expansion, Social Class, and Choosing Latin as a Strategy of Distinction
Authors: Gerhards Jürgen , Kohler Ulrich , Sawert Tim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In times of educational expansion, privileged families are looking for new strategies of distinction. Referring to Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of distinction, we argue that choosing Latin at school – a language that is no longer spoken and therefore has no direct value – is one of the strategies of privileged families to set themselves apart from less privileged families. Based on two surveys we conducted at German schools, the paper analyzes the relationship between parents’ educational background and the probability that their child will learn Latin. Results indicate that historically academic families have the strongest tendency towards learning Latin, followed by new academic families, and leaving behind the non-academic families. We distinguish between four causal mechanisms that might help to explain these associations: cultural distinction, selecting a socially exclusive learning environment, beliefs in a secondary instrumental function of learning Latin, and spatial proximity between the location of humanist Gymnasiums and the residential areas of privileged families. The hypotheses are formalized by means of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG). Findings show that the decision to learn Latin is predominately an unintended consequence of the selection of a socially exclusive learning environment. In addition, there is evidence that especially children from historically academic families learn Latin as a strategy of cultural distinction.
Development and Structure of Environmental Worries in Germany 1984–2019
Authors: Hartmann Jörg , Preisendörfer Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Referring to a survey question in the German socio-economic panel, which measures worries about protecting the environment, the article looks at the development of environmental worries in Germany for the timespan 1984–2019. The analyses mainly have descriptive character. We explore several expectations and assumptions discussed in historical accounts of the environmental movement in Germany and in empirical studies on environmental attitudes and their determinants. Results show that the overall development can be divided into a period of rising environmental worries in the 1980s, a considerable decline in the 1990s, and a relative stability since 2000. From 2018 to 2019, however, a sizable upswing can be observed. Environmental worries are associated negatively with the unemployment rate and economic worries over time. In the 1980s and early 1990s, younger people were more worried than older people, but, in the meanwhile, this no longer holds. Education and (less so) income yielded significant differences in the 1980s and 1990s, but also these differences have faded away since 2000. Data confirm that environmental worries are shared more broadly in the population and that previously important group differences are increasingly leveling out.
The Contemporary Significance of the Principle of Proportionality in Tax Law
Authors: Mudrecki Artur 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The principle of proportionality plays a key role in shaping the principles of the tax law system, as it is an important element in the protection of taxpayer’s rights. The interpretation directive related to the principle of proportionality has a doctrinal, normative, and jurisprudential character. It is an EU and constitutional standard and should become a rule used on a daily basis in the practice of tax authorities. As a general principle of tax law, it is addressed to the legislative, executive, and judicial authorities. The article analyses the case law of the CJEU, the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Administrative Court, which leads to the following conclusions. The CJEU quite often refers to the principle of proportionality in its jurisprudence and has developed a jurisprudence doctrine based on the doctrine of law. The Constitutional Tribunal, although in a limited scope, also employs the principle of proportionality. In disputes between tax authorities and taxpayers, Polish administrative courts apply the principle of proportionality using a pro-EU and pro-constitutional interpretation.
Electronic Signature of the Taxpayer in Times of COVID-19
Authors: Goździaszek Łukasz 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The aim of the article is to present the legal provisions used to identify taxpayers (and similarly other entities) using electronic communication in the times of COVID-19, in the light of the construction of public ICT systems for submitting declarations and applications. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the IT transformation, including the benefits of switching to digital tools, unless the legislator had already imposed an obligation to use electronic communication. For tax purposes, the range of possible signatures has not been limited to a qualified electronic signature, a trusted signature, a personal signature, and possibly a simple identity verification mechanism using an account in an ICT system secured only with a password. It is often used to sign the so-called “authorization data” (“tax data”). The new facilitations in the field of creating a trusted profile should translate into the popularization of the trusted signature, especially as there are more and more non-tax online services provided by public entities.
New Income Tax Reliefs for Donations Made by Taxpayers for Purposes Related to Combating the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ofiarski Zbigniew 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In an effort to limit the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic determined by restrictions in economic activity and various areas of social activity, the catalogue of preventive actions was expanded by tax and legal instruments in the form of income tax reliefs inclining taxpayers to certain behaviours. The reliefs entitle taxpayers to deduct the value of donations made for the purposes of counteracting COVID-19 from the tax base. Two types of such donations have been distinguished, i.e., donations for entities participating in the treatment of infected persons and donations for educational institutions providing remote education. The aim of this article is to establish the premises justifying the claim that the tax reliefs for donations made by income tax payers are autonomous in relation to other tax preferences available to taxpayers making donations for other socially useful purposes. The hypothesis about the ad hoc and temporary nature of these tax reliefs has been verified as true, and the dominance of the motivating and stimulating function over their fiscal function has been demonstrated. Symmetrical solutions have been identified in the legal structure of the subject tax reliefs, as the donor uses a deduction from the tax base, while the recipient does not include the accepted donation in their income. The study uses the legal-dogmatic method and, in addition, the empirical analytical method to present the jurisprudence of courts in the field of applying tax reliefs due to donations made by income tax payers.
Government Fund for Local Investments – Legal Aspects of Financial Support for Local Government Investment Projects during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ofiarska Małgorzata 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the form of a reduction in the own revenue of local government units and the corresponding reduction in their expenditure, including asset expenditure, were the determining factor for the introduction of extraordinary and temporary mechanisms to minimise this negative phenomenon from 2020. One of such solutions is the Government Fund for Local Investments, separated within the state special-purpose fund - the COVID-19 Counteracting Fund. The aim of this study is to establish the legal status of the Government Fund for Local Investments (Rządowy Fundusz Inwestycji Lokalnych - RFIL). The hypothesis about the temporary nature of this fund and its close relations with the COVID-19 Counteracting Fund has been verified as being true. It has been established that the RFIL does not have its own sources of revenue, and its financial resources are the result of separating a certain amount of funds accumulated in the account of the COVID-19 Counteracting Fund, which means it is, in fact, its sub-fund with clearly defined tasks to be performed. The RFIL-provided support is non-returnable, and its only beneficiaries are local government units. The resources transferred from this fund may only be used for the implementation of investment projects or for meeting asset expenses. The study uses the legal-dogmatic method and, additionally, the statistical analytical method, to present specific numerical values reflecting the importance of the RFIL support in relation to the own revenue of local government units.
Legal Instruments to Support Borrowers (Consumers and Entrepreneurs) in Connection with the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland, and Vietnam
Authors: Rutkowska-Tomaszewska Edyta , Stanisławska Marta , Trinh Hien Thuc 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions introduced in 2020 in many countries on economic activity and gainful employment have in many cases, reduced the incomes of individual households. As a result, the actual ability to meet credit obligations has declined, particularly for those who have lost their jobs or livelihoods. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant challenge for economies, national authorities, and entrepreneurs, including borrowers. This article aims to analyse the legal regulations in Poland, and Vietnam, introducing instruments to support borrowers, consumers, and entrepreneurs, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors will present the legal basis for the instruments to support borrowers provided in the studied countries, indicate their legal nature, forms, and conditions of using them. They also compare legal solutions introduced in connection with the pandemic aimed at mitigating its adverse effects on borrowers in Poland, and Vietnam, to indicate whether cultural differences and differences in legal systems, as well as individual approaches to the domestic credit market, affected the choice of legal instruments for supporting borrowers in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, or not.
Utilization of Soybeans as Bio-Catalyst in Calcite Precipitation Method for Repairing Cracks in Concrete
Authors: Rahmawan Rama Zaky , Fauzan Muhammad , Putra Heriansyah 
Published: November 2021

Concrete is a material that has high compressive strength. However, concrete has a lower tensile strength than its compressive strength. As a result, the concrete often cracks and allows the entry of harmful substances such as dan causing corrosion of the reinforcement. Therefore, the repair method began to shift from the conventional way to the concept of self-healing concrete which involves the deposition of CaCO3. Precipitation can be done by the enzymatically – induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method through a combination of urease, urea, and CaCl2 into a solution. This research used soybean extract as a substitute for pure urease enzyme. Variations in the concentration of soybean flour used as injection solution were variations in the content of soybean flour 15 g/L because it produced an optimum calcite mass of 2.62 grams. As a result, there was an increase in the compressive strength of BI against BR. In addition, there was a decreased value of permeability and porosity and the number of injections carried out. The increase in compressive strength, decrease in permeability, and decrease in porosity in concrete is due to CaCO3 deposition in the concrete which can cover the pores and cracks in the concrete.