bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public perceived knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of genetic testing in urban China
Authors: Wang Qun , Pang Cong , Meng Lingyu , Wang Guoyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBecause most research about laypeople and genetic testing (GT) has been conducted in other nations than China, we conducted a study in urban China (a) to determine the perceived knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of GT there; (b) to identify influencing factors associated with the public's perceived knowledge, attitudes, and use of GT; and (c) to explore the relationship among public knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of GT. Our data came from a community‐based survey in urban Dalian of 868 individuals. We used generalized ordered logit and logit models to examine factors associated with perceived knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of GT. We found that 67% of community members knew about GT, that 45% had a positive opinion of GT, and that only 4% accessed GT. Older people were more likely to have less perceived knowledge of GT and less likely to have a negative attitude toward it; these relationships were especially stronger among those aged ≥60 years. We also found that socially disadvantaged people were more likely to have less perceived knowledge of GT and more likely to have a negative opinion of it. Having a greater level of perceived knowledge was significantly correlated with increased odds of having a more positive or neutral attitude toward GT and of being more likely to access GT. Our findings may help policy makers design effective action plans and regulations regarding GT and genetic counseling services for laypersons in China.
Explaining inter‐ethnic marriage in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sanghamitra , Green Elliott 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe use Demographic and Health Survey data to undertake the largest ever examination into the causes of inter‐ethnic marriage in contemporary Sub‐Saharan Africa and document a number of novel findings. First, we show that inter‐ethnic marriage rates are high, at 19.4% on average, vary significantly across countries and are rising over time. Second, we show that individual variables associated with modernization such as urbanization, literacy/education and declines in polygamy and agricultural employment are correlated with inter‐ethnic marriage. Third, we show that inter‐ethnic marriage is quadratically correlated with ethnic group size and negatively correlated with both educational homogamy and country‐population size.
Liver transplantation in children with inborn errors of metabolism: 30 years experience in NSW, Australia
Authors: Elserafy Noha , Thompson Sue , Dalkeith Troy , Stormon Michael , Thomas Gordon , Shun Albert , Sawyer Janine , Balasubramanian Shanti , Bhattacharya Kaustuv , Badawi Nadia , Ellaway Carolyn 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundInborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a diverse group of genetic disorders that can result in significant morbidity and sometimes death. Metabolic management can be challenging and burdensome for families. Liver transplantation (LT) is increasingly being considered a treatment option for some IEMs. IEMs are now considered the second most common reason for pediatric LT.AimTo review the data of all children with an IEM who had LT at The Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHW), NSW, Australia between January 1986 and January 2019.MethodsRetrospective data collected from the medical records and genetic files included patient demographics, family history, parental consanguinity, method of diagnosis of IEM, hospital and intensive care unit admissions, age at LT, graft type, clinical outcomes and metabolic management pre and post‐LT.ResultsTwenty‐four LT were performed for 21 patients. IEM diagnoses were MSUD (n = 4), UCD (n = 8), OA (n = 6), TYR type I (n = 2) and GSD Ia (n = 1). Three patients had repeat transplants due to complications. Median age at transplant was 6.21 years (MSUD), 0.87 years (UCD), 1.64 years (OA) and 2.2 years (TYR I). Two patients died peri‐operatively early in the series, one died 3 months after successful LT due to septicemia. Eighteen LTs have been performed since 2008 in comparison to six LT prior to 2008. Dietary management was liberalized post LT for all patients.ConclusionsReferral for LT for IEMs has increased over the last 33 years, with the most referrals in the last 10 years. Early LT has resulted in improved clinical outcomes and patient survival.
Survey of Acoustic Output in Neonatal Brain Protocols
Authors: Kurdila Hannah R. , Zaidi Tayeb , Zhang Ting , Maruvada Subha , Rajan Sunder 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundAuditory and non‐auditory safety concerns associated with the appreciable sound levels inherent to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures exist for neonates. However, current gaps in knowledge preclude making an adequate risk assessment.PurposeTo measure acoustic exposure (duration, intensity, and frequency) during neonatal brain MRI and compare these values to existing hearing safety limits and data.Study TypePhantom.PhantomCylindrical doped water phantom.Field Strength/SequenceNeonatal brain protocols acquired at 1–3 T. Scans in the model protocol included a diffusion tensor imaging scan, a gradient echo, a three‐dimensional (3D) fast spin echo, 3D fast spin‐echo single‐shots, a spin echo, a turbo spin echo, a 3D arterial spin labeling scan, and a susceptibility‐weighted fast spin‐echo scan.AssessmentThe sound pressure levels (SPLs), frequency profile, and durations of five neonatal brain protocols on five MR scanners (scanner A [3 T, whole‐body], scanner B [1.5 T, whole‐body], scanner C [1 T, dedicated neonatal], scanner D [1.5 T, whole‐body], and scanner E [3 T, whole‐body]) located at three different sites were recorded. The SPLs were then compared to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) hearing safety limit and existing data of infant non‐auditory responses to loud sounds to assess risk.Statistical TestsMann‐Whitney U test to assess whether the dedicated neonatal scanner was quieter than the other machines.ResultsThe average level A‐weighted equivalent value (LAEQ) across all five MR scanners and scans was 92.88 dBA and the range of LAEQs across all five MR scanners and scans was 80.8–105.31 dBA. The duration of the recorded neonatal protocols maintained by neonatal scanning facilities (from scanners A, B, and C) ranged from 27:33 to 37:06 minutes.Data ConclusionNeonatal protocol sound levels straddled existing notions of risk, exceeding sound levels known to cause non‐auditory responses in neonates but not exceeding the IEC MRI SPL safety limit.Level of Evidence5Technical EfficacyStage 5
Cascaded coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering for high‐sensitivity number density determination in the gas phase
Authors: Kliukin Dmitrii , Mazza Francesco , Castellanos Leonardo , Bohlin Alexis 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCascaded coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signals can be efficiently generated from CARS signals when propagating collinearly with the pump/Stokes and probe beams. This effect can be seen as the CARS beam acting as the probe beam and being inelastically scattered a ‘second time’ from the Raman coherence induced along the focus of the pump/Stokes beam axis. Although much weaker, this additionally scattered signal co‐propagates with the CARS signal and may complicate the analysis of the CARS spectrum used for diagnostics in the gas phase. In particular, the occurrence of the cascaded CARS process needs to be taken into account analysing minor spectral signatures at relatively high number density of scattering molecules. Here we show how polarization control can be employed to generate CARS and cascaded CARS signals with orthogonal linear polarization and how, in this way, the cascaded CARS signals can be efficiently suppressed. However, instead of rejecting this signal, we collect both the generated CARS and cascaded CARS signals on the same detector frame, and we explore the use of these counterparts for absolute concentration measurements of the Raman‐active species. The cascaded CARS signal has exponential‐order higher sensitivity to the number density of the scattering molecules in the mixture. We demonstrate that the ratio of the CARS and the cascaded CARS signals is independent of the probe pulse energy in use, which can be a promising approach for wide‐range absolute concentration measurements in gas‐phase media.
Ab initio determination of Raman spectra of Mg2SiO4 and Ca2MgSi2O7 showing mixed modes related to LO/TO splitting
Authors: Parlinski Krzysztof , Piekarz Przemysław 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDensity functional theory was used to calculate the nonresonance Raman spectra of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and åkermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7). The Raman tensors are determined from electric polarizibility using finite difference scheme. The Raman reduced spectra (wavenumbers and intensities) are calculated for several typical polarized light scattering geometries for single crystal and polycrystals, demonstrating good agreement with existing published data. In åkermanite, special attention is paid to B2 and E symmetry phonon modes, which exhibit simultaneous infrared and Raman activities, labeled as mixed representations, and are involved in the longitudinal optic (LO)/transverse optic (TO) splitting. Close to zone‐center point, the phonon dispersion curves of mixed modes are analyzed in details, showing for example that mixed modes repulse each other.
Nondestructive study of glassy matrix of celadons prepared in different firing temperatures
Authors: Chen Pu , Wang Fen , Luo Hongjie , Zhu Jianfeng , Shi Pei , Wang Tian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFiring temperature is an essential indicator for the level of the manufacturing technology of ancient ceramics. Current techniques for measuring the firing temperature of ceramics are generally destructive and very complex. In this work, a series of celadon fragments were prepared at different firing temperatures (from 900 to 1,300°C) and studied by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD results show that raw materials were dissolved and melted completely to form the glass matrix of a glaze above 1,100°C. Besides, the results of XRF and Raman tests demonstrate that CaO amounts in the glaze decrease significantly with the increase in firing temperatures, which is the main factor to influence the Si–O linkages, adjust Q1, Q2, and Q3–4 components, and modify the structure of the glass matrix during the firing process. The area ratios of the Si–O bending over stretching envelopes (A500/A1,000) of the glassy matrix have a negative correlation to the CaO amount. In contrast, the value has an apparent positive correlation to the firing temperature. The A500/A1,000 value of the glass matrix increases from 1.29 to 2.40 as the firing temperature increases from 1,100°C to 1,300°C. These results prove that Raman spectroscopy could be used as a feasible and reliable nondestructive method to establish a more accurate relationship between Raman spectral polymerization index and the firing temperature in order to identify the firing temperature of ancient ceramics.
Plate‐height model of ion mobility‐mass spectrometry: Part 2—Peak‐to‐peak resolution and peak capacity
Authors: Grabarics Márkó , Lettow Maike , Kirk Ansgar T. , von Helden Gert , Causon Tim J. , Pagel Kevin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn a previous work, we explored zone broadening and the achievable plate numbers in linear drift tube ion mobility‐mass spectrometry through developing a plate‐height model [1]. On the basis of these findings, the present theoretical study extends the model by exploring peak‐to‐peak resolution and peak capacity in ion mobility separations. The first part provides a critical overview of chromatography‐influenced resolution equations, including refinement of existing formulae. Furthermore, we present exact resolution equations for drift tube ion mobility spectrometry based on first principles. Upon implementing simple modifications, these exact formulae could be readily extended to traveling wave ion mobility separations and to cases when ion mobility spectrometry is coupled to mass spectrometry. The second part focuses on peak capacity. The well‐known assumptions of constant plate number and constant peak width form the basis of existing approximate solutions. To overcome their limitations, an exact peak capacity equation is derived for drift tube ion mobility spectrometry. This exact solution is rooted in a suitable physical model of peak broadening, accounting for the finite injection pulse and subsequent diffusional spreading. By borrowing concepts from the theoretical toolbox of chromatography, we believe that the present study will help in integrating ion mobility spectrometry into the unified language of separation science.
The influence of consumers' implicit self‐theories on homestay accommodation selection
Authors: Leung Daniel , Tuan Phong Ly , Fong Lawrence Hoc Nang , Zhang Carol Xiaoyue 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study we aim to investigate whether entity and incremental theorists' decision to choose/not choose homestay accommodation can be explained by their implicit self‐theories. Drawing on data solicited from in‐depth interviews with 44 travellers, we found entity theorists chose homestays because homestays align with their personal traits and offer outcomes they desired. Incremental theorists chose homestays since they perceived the act affirms their growth traits and homestays provide opportunities of learning about culture and gaining new skills. Besides the initial decision, consumers' implicit self‐theories are found to elicit some influence on their decision of choosing/not choosing homestays in future.
A New Practical Decision Rule to Better Differentiate BI‐RADS 3 or 4 Breast Masses on Breast Ultrasound
Authors: Pfob André , Barr Richard G. , Duda Volker , Büsch Christopher , Bruckner Thomas , Spratte Julia , Nees Juliane , Togawa Riku , Ho Chi , Fastner Sarah , Riedel Fabian , Schaefgen Benedikt , Hennigs André , Sohn Christof , Heil Joerg , Golatta Michael 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesThe BI‐RADS classification provides a standardized way to describe ultrasound findings in breast cancer diagnostics. However, there is little information regarding which BI‐RADS descriptors are most strongly associated with malignancy, to better distinguish BI‐RADS 3 (follow‐up imaging) and 4 (diagnostic biopsy) breast masses.MethodsPatients were recruited as part of an international, multicenter trial (NCT02638935). The trial enrolled 1294 women (6 excluded) categorized as BI‐RADS 3 or 4 upon routine B‐mode ultrasound examination. Ultrasound images were evaluated by three expert physicians according to BI‐RADS. All patients underwent histopathological confirmation (reference standard). We performed univariate and multivariate analyses (chi‐square test, logistic regression, and Krippendorff's alpha).ResultsHistopathologic evaluation showed malignancy in 368 of 1288 masses (28.6%). Upon performing multivariate analysis, the following descriptors were significantly associated with malignancy (P < .05): age ≥50 years (OR 8.99), non‐circumscribed indistinct (OR 4.05) and microlobulated margin (OR 2.95), nonparallel orientation (OR 2.69), and calcification (OR 2.64). A clinical decision rule informed by these results demonstrated a 97% sensitivity and missed fewer cancers compared to three physician experts (range of sensitivity 79–95%) and a previous decision rule (sensitivity 59%). Specificity was 44% versus 22–83%, respectively. The inter‐reader reliability of the BI‐RADS descriptors and of the final BI‐RADS score was fair‐moderate.ConclusionsA patient should undergo a diagnostic biopsy (BI‐RADS 4) instead of follow‐up imaging (BI‐RADS 3) if the patient is 50 years or older or exhibits at least one of the following features: calcification, nonparallel orientation of mass, non‐circumscribed margin, or posterior shadowing.
Speech Characteristics and Oromyofunctional Outcomes in Two Bimaxillary Face Transplantation Patients in Helsinki
Authors: Manninen Atte A. , Oksanen Lotta‐Maria , Alaluusua Suvi , Geneid Ahmed , Lindford Andrew J. , Vuola Pia , Rousselle Remi , Lassus Patrik 
Published: May 2021

Objectives/HypothesisFacial functional restoration is one of the main goals in face transplantation. We report the oromyofacial function outcomes of two bimaxillary face transplantation (FT) patients in Helsinki.Study designOutcome Study.MethodsTwo male patients, aged 34 and 59, had severe functional facial disabilities following self‐inflicted gunshot injuries sustained to their mid and lower faces several years earlier. Both underwent tooth‐bearing maxillomandibular face transplantation in 2016 and 2018. We collected data regarding speech, swallowing, sensory recovery, motor recovery, and olfaction prior to transplantation. Patient charts were reviewed from the follow‐up period of 4 and 2 years, respectively.ResultsSpeech intelligibility, acceptability, and articulation continued to improve during follow‐up for both patients. Voice quality and resonance were mainly normal at last follow‐up. Swallowing improved once lip occlusion was regained, with only minor aspiration evident on videofluorography. Both patients had significant improvement in facial mimic muscle function after FT. The first patient who only had buccal sensory nerves connected has only recovered protective facial sensation, whereas our second patient with buccal, infraorbital, and alveolar nerves connected has almost complete facial two‐point discrimination.ConclusionBoth patients have regained satisfactory facial sensory and motor function. Sensory recovery seems to be faster and more precise if multiple sensory nerve coaptations are performed. Swallowing and speech have continued to improve over time although not reaching the level of the normal population. We demonstrate how speech‐corrective surgery can safely be performed in a FT patient and can improve speech recovery.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2643–E2649, 2021
Rapid telehealth implementation into an otolaryngology practice during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Sharma Arun , Bowman Ryan , Ettema Sandra L. , Gregory Stacie R. , Javadi Pardis , Johnson Matthew D. , Butcher Marissa L. , Mutua Evans , Stack Brendan C. , Crosby Dana L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveReport outcomes of rapid implementation of telehealth across an academic otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery department during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsThis is a retrospective, single‐institution study of rapid deployment of telehealth during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Characteristics of patients were compared between those who agreed and those who declined telehealth care. Reasons for declining telehealth visits were ascertained. Characteristics of telehealth visits were collected and patients were asked to complete a post‐visit satisfaction survey.ResultsThere was a 68% acceptance rate for telehealth visits. In multivariable analysis, patients were more likely to accept telehealth if they were being seen in the facial plastics subspecialty clinic (odds ratio [OR] 59.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.21‐1607.52; P = .015) compared to the general otolaryngology clinic. Patients with Medicare (compared to commercial insurance) as their primary insurance were less likely to accept telehealth visits (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01‐0.77; P = .027). Two hundred and thirty one patients underwent telehealth visits; most visits (69%) were for established patients and residents were involved in 38% of visits. There was an 85% response rate to the post‐visit survey. On a scale of one to ten, the median satisfaction score was 10 and 99% of patients gave a score of 8 or higher. Satisfaction scores were higher for new patient visits than established patient visits (P = .020).ConclusionRapid implementation of telehealth in an academic otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery department is feasible. There was high acceptance of and satisfaction scores with telehealth.Level of Evidence3.
Arbitrary Phase Access for Stable Fiber Interferometers
Authors: Roztocki Piotr , MacLellan Benjamin , Islam Mehedi , Reimer Christian , Fischer Bennet , Sciara Stefania , Helsten Robin , Jestin Yoann , Cino Alfonso , Chu Sai T. , Little Brent , Moss David J. , Kues Michael , Morandotti Roberto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWell‐controlled yet practical systems that give access to interference effects are critical for established and new functionalities in ultrafast signal processing, quantum photonics, optical coherence characterization, etc. Optical fiber systems constitute a central platform for such technologies. However, harnessing optical interference in a versatile and stable manner remains technologically costly and challenging. Here, degrees of freedom native to optical fibers, i.e., polarization and frequency, are used to demonstrate an easily deployable technique for the retrieval and stabilization of the relative phase in fiber interferometric systems. The scheme gives access (without intricate device isolation) to <1.3 × 10−3 π rad error signal Allan deviation across 1 ms to 1.2 h integration times for all tested phases, ranging from 0 to 2π. More importantly, the phase‐independence of this stability is shown across the full 2π range, granting access to arbitrary phase settings, central for, e.g., performing quantum projection measurements and coherent pulse recombination. Furthermore, the scheme is characterized with attenuated optical reference signals and single‐photon detectors, and extended functionality is demonstrated through the use of pulsed reference signals (allowing time‐multiplexing of both main and reference signals). Finally, the scheme is used to demonstrate radiofrequency‐controlled interference of high‐dimensional time‐bin entangled states.
Exploring Cyclic Sulfamidate Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Sequence‐Defined Macromolecules
Authors: Hill Stephen Andrew , Steinfort Robert , Mücke Sandra , Reifenberger Josefine , Sengpiel Tobias , Hartmann Laura 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe preparation of sequence‐defined macromolecules using cyclic sulfamidates on solid‐phase is outlined. The challenges surrounding an AB+CD approach are described with focus on understanding the formation of ring‐opened side products when using amide coupling reagents. To avoid undesired side product formation, a strategy of iterative ring‐openings of cyclic sulfamidates on solid‐phase is explored. Ring‐opening on primary and secondary amines is successfully reported, generating both linear and branched chain growth. However, attempts to selectively cleave N‐sulfate bearing sp3‐hybridized groups cannot be demonstrated, limiting the overall building block scope for this methodology. Consequently, the active ring‐opening of cyclic sulfamidates on amine‐functionalized oligo(amidoamine) backbones is successfully applied to produce sequence‐defined, N‐sulfated macromolecules.