bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The myth of the flat start‐up: Reconsidering the organizational structure of start‐ups
Authors: Lee Saerom (Ronnie) 
Published: August 2021

Research summaryThere has been an ongoing debate over whether start‐ups should be “flat” with minimal hierarchical layers. To reconcile this debate, this article distinguishes between creative and commercial success (i.e., novelty vs. profitability), and examines how these outcomes are variously influenced by a start‐up's hierarchy. This study suggests that while a flatter hierarchy can improve ideation and creative success, it can result in haphazard execution and commercial failure by overwhelming managers with the burden of direction and causing subordinates to drift into power struggles and aimless idea explorations. I find empirical support for this trade‐off using a large sample of game development start‐ups. These findings offer one resolution to the debate by sorting out the conditions under which hierarchy can be conducive or detrimental to start‐ups.Managerial summaryAcademics, management gurus, and popular media outlets have argued that “authoritarian,” tall hierarchies are outmoded and will be supplanted by “egalitarian,” flat structures. In recent years, this argument has been largely substantiated by a few “successful” flat start‐ups, such as Valve, Zappos, Github, Medium, and Buffer. As these nascent firms constantly garner much attention for their egalitarian ideal—which itself is a signal of their rarity—the myth that start‐ups should be flat (often referred to as “flat organization,” “holacracy,” or “boss‐less firm”) has become widespread among entrepreneurs. My study cautions against this myth, suggesting that adding a few hierarchical levels of managers can substantially help start‐ups achieve commercial success and survive in their hostile environments, albeit at a potentially marginal cost of creativity.
Two Decades of Progress in the Asymmetric Intramolecular aza‐Michael Reaction
Authors: Sánchez‐Roselló María , Escolano Marcos , Gaviña Daniel , del Pozo Carlos 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe asymmetric intramolecular aza‐Michael reaction (IMAMR) is a very convenient strategy for the generation of heterocycles bearing nitrogen‐substituted stereocenters. Due to the ubiquitous presence of these skeletons in natural products, the IMAMR has found widespread applications in the total synthesis of alkaloids and biologically relevant compounds. The development of asymmetric versions of the IMAMR are quite recent, most of them reported in this century. The fundamental advances in this field involve the use of organocatalysts. Chiral imidazolidinones, diaryl prolinol derivatives, Cinchone‐derived primary amines and quaternary ammonium salts, and BINOL‐derived phosphoric acids account for the success of those methodologies. Moreover, the use of N‐sulfinyl imines with a dual role, as nitrogen nucleophiles and as chiral auxiliaries, appeared as a versatile mode of performing the asymmetric IMAMR.
First‐Row Transition‐Metal Catalyzed Acceptorless Dehydrogenation and Related Reactions: A Personal Account
Authors: Subaramanian Murugan , Sivakumar Ganesan , Balaraman Ekambaram 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe development of sustainable catalytic protocols that circumvent the use of expensive and precious metal catalysts and avoid toxic reagents plays a crucial role in organic synthesis. Indeed, the direct employment of simple and abundantly available feedstock chemicals as the starting materials broadens their synthetic application in contemporary research. In particular, the transition metal‐catalyzed diversification of alcohols with various nucleophilic partners to construct a wide range of building blocks is a powerful and highly desirable methodology. Moreover, the replacement of precious metal catalysts by non‐precious and less toxic metals for selective transformations is one of the main goals and has been paid significant attention to in modern chemistry. In view of this, the first‐row transition metal catalysts find extensive applications in various synthetic transformations such as catalytic hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and related reactions. Herein, we have disclosed our recent developments on the base‐metal catalysis such as Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni for the acceptorless dehydrogenation reactions and its application in the C−C and C−N bond formation via hydrogen auto‐transfer (HA) and acceptorless dehydrogenation coupling (ADC) reactions. These HA/ADC protocols employ alcohol as alkylating agents and eliminate water and/or hydrogen gas as by‐products, representing highly atom‐efficient and environmentally benign reactions. Furthermore, diverse simple to complex organic molecules synthesis by C−C and C−N bond formation using feedstock alcohols are also overviewed. Overall, this account deals with the contribution and development of efficient and novel homogeneous as well as heterogeneous base‐metal catalysts for sustainable chemical synthesis.
An analysis of companion animal tick encounters as revealed by photograph‐based crowdsourced data
Authors: Kopsco Heather L. , Duhaime Roland J. , Mather Thomas N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundCommunity science is increasingly utilized to track important vectors of companion animal disease, providing a scalable, cost‐effective strategy for identifying new foci, changing phenology, and disease prevalence across wide geographies.ObjectivesWe examined photographs of ticks found attached to predominately dogs and cats reported to a photograph‐based tick surveillance program to identify potential areas for improvements in tick prevention education and risk intervention.MethodsWe compared estimated days of tick attachment using a Kruskal–Wallis one‐way analysis of variance, and a Pearson's chi‐square analysis of variance on the number of submissions by host type submitted for each season.ResultsThe blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) was the most common species reported (39.8%). Tick photographs submitted were almost entirely adults (89.5%), and ticks found on companion animals exhibited an estimated median engorgement time of 2.5 days.Ixodes scapularisdisplayed the highest median engorgement of the top tick species found feeding on companion animals (χ2 = 98.96,p < 0.001). Ticks were spotted year‐round; during spring and summer, ticks collected from pets represented 15.4 and 12.8% of all submissions, but increased to 28.5 and 35.2% during autumn and winter, respectively.ConclusionsCrowdsourced data reveal that mostly adult ticks are detected on pets, and they are found at a point in the blood‐feeding process that puts pets at heightened risk for disease transmission. The increase in proportion of ticks found on pets during colder months may reveal a critical knowledge gap amongst pet owners regarding seasonal activity ofI. scapularis, a vector of Lyme disease, providing an opportunity for prevention‐education.
Dendrimers for cancer immunotherapy: Avidity‐based drug delivery vehicles for effective anti‐tumor immune response
Authors: Rawding Piper A. , Bu Jiyoon , Wang Jianxin , Kim Da Won , Drelich Adam J. , Kim Youngsoo , Hong Seungpyo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCancer immunotherapy, or the utilization of a patient's own immune system to treat cancer, has shifted the paradigm of cancer treatment. Despite meaningful responses being observed in multiple studies, currently available immunotherapy platforms have only proven effective to a small subset of patients. To address this, nanoparticles have been utilized as a novel carrier for immunotherapeutic drugs, achieving robust anti‐tumor effects with increased adaptive and durable responses. Specifically, dendrimer nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of scientific interest due to their versatility in various therapeutic applications, resulting from their unique physicochemical properties and chemically well‐defined architecture. This review offers a comprehensive overview of dendrimer‐based immunotherapy technologies, including their formulations, biological functionalities, and therapeutic applications. Common formulations include: (1) modulators of cytokine secretion of immune cells (adjuvants); (2) facilitators of the recognition of tumorous antigens (vaccines); (3) stimulators of immune effectors to selectively attack cells expressing specific antigens (antibodies); and (4) inhibitors of immune‐suppressive responses (immune checkpoint inhibitors). On‐going works and prospects of dendrimer‐based immunotherapies are also discussed. Overall, this review provides a critical overview on rapidly growing dendrimer‐based immunotherapy technologies and serves as a guideline for researchers and clinicians who are interested in this field.This article is categorized under:Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in BiologyTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic DiseaseTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Graphene oxide modified H4L‐ion imprinting electrochemical sensor for the detection of uranyl ions
Authors: Li Yujie , Wang Zhimei , Liu Chen , Zhang Di , Liao Lifu , Xiao Xilin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe rapid development of the nuclear industry has gradually aroused people′s attention to the problem of nuclear pollution. Due to the biological toxicity of uranium and its aqueous solution, simple and rapid detection of uranium in the water environment is quite important. An ion imprinted carbon nanomaterial (graphene oxide) electrochemical sensor for the detection of trace uranyl ions was prepared by using the synthesized bipolar tetradentate macrocyclic uranyl ligand cyclo‐bis‐phenylenediamine‐bis‐(phenylmethyl‐diphyrrolecarbaldehyde) (H4L) as functional monomer. The sol‐gel polymer was prepared by hydrolysis and polymerization of H4L ligand, 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane. H4L‐ion imprinted polymer (U‐IIP) was prepared by adding 1 mM uranyl ion as template ions. Then the polymer was bonded to graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrode, and the template ions were eluted to obtain H4L‐ion imprinted‐graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrode (U‐IIP/GO/CPE). Differential pulse voltammetry was used to detect trace uranyl ions. The results showed that the U‐IIP/GO/CPE sensor system can detect uranyl ions with high sensitivity and specificity, and the peak current appeared around −0.26v. In the range of 0.01 μM∼3.0 μM, the detection current had a good linear relationship with the molar concentration of uranyl ions, and the method detection limit was 1.32 nM (S/N=3). Through the detection of actual samples, it had a good acceptable recovery rate (95.45 %∼106.25 %), and the relative standard deviation was less than 3.25 %.
Breaking the Gender Gap in Rap/Hip-Hop Consumption
Authors: Palma-Martos María Luisa , Cuadrado-García Manuel , Montoro-Pons Juan D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSome music genres have traditionally and mainly been consumed by men. This is the case of rap/hip-hop. However, data on the consumption of this genre in recent years shows a relevant increase in the number of women interested in this type of music. It would therefore seem to be pertinent to analyse this new trend, not only as a question linked to gender studies but also to marketing decision-making for the music industry, which is struggling to attract new audiences, a factor compounded in the pandemic. To frame this analysis, literature on music consumption, specifically in relation to gender and rap as an alternative music genre, has been reviewed from different approaches. An exploratory survey was conducted to obtain an insight into rap/hip-hop consumption and appreciation by gender. Results show that rap concert attendees’ satisfaction and interest in this kind of music are high, irrespective of gender. Only knowledge, which has not been as extensively studied, seems to be different between men and women, with this factor being slightly higher for the former. In addition, the identification of three clusters (involved, apathetic and hedonists), including both women and men, leads us to suggest that the gender gap in rap/hip-hop consumption is closing.
Music for the Moors and Christians Festivities as Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Specific Genre for Wind Bands in Certain Spanish Regions
Authors: Catalá-Pérez Daniel , Ponce-Herrero Gabino 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter makes a brief approach to the origins and evolution of both wind bands and the Moors and Christians festivals, especially in the Valencian Region, tracing the lines that connected both phenomena at a specific moment in history. The indissoluble relationship that has united them since then has created a musical genre that has not only become one of the most recognisable signs of Valencian society’s identity, but also a treasure of its intangible cultural heritage, and a fundamental part of the economic activity of musical societies in the context of what certain authors call “the ecosystem of the Moors and Christians cluster”. Moors and Christians festivals are linked to the hiring of bands for musical accompaniment in parades and for the celebration of other activities, such as concerts, recreational performances and recordings which make up an essential part of many musical societies’ funding sources.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Musical Societies in the Valencian Region, Spain
Authors: Carabal-Montagud María Ángeles , Escorihuela-Carbonell Guillem , Santamarina-Campos Virginia , Pérez-Catalá Javier 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on musical societies in the Valencian Region, which were declared as an Asset of Intangible Cultural Interest in 2018. These cultural societies, which include over 1,100 bands, have had to make changes to adapt to the global pandemic. They are made up of symphonic bands, music schools, choirs, orchestras and other musical groups. Their social structure involves a large part of the Valencian Region’s population which, to some extent, becomes part of the creative process and transfer of musical languages, such as cultural transmission and historical content. This teaching model includes a variety of strategies, such as generating community ties that go beyond the social dimension. Moreover, the process of transformation, adaptation and resilience followed by these musical societies in order to maintain their training routines and other tasks will be analysed through an ethnographic study. This aims to focus on the extent of the economic, social and pedagogical impact of COVID-19 on these organisations.
Enhancement of the double Higgs production via leptoquarks at the LHC
Authors: Da Rold Leandro , Epele Manuel , Medina Anibal , Mileo Nicolás I. , Szynkman Alejandro 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Measurements of single Higgs production and its decays are in good agreement with the Standard Model. There is still room for large modifications in double Higgs production at LHC, though these effects may be correlated with large corrections to other observables, in particular single Higgs production. In this work we address the issue of enhancing double Higgs production in the presence of scalar leptoquarks while satisfying all experimental constraints. We show at leading order that including more than one species of leptoquarks, large cubic interactions with the Higgs can lead to sizable enhancement of di-Higgs production cross section at LHC, while at the same time keeping other Higgs observables and precision measurements under control. For masses above 800 GeV these corrections are in general below 30%, whereas in a viable scenario in which one of the leptoquarks can be light, specifically in the mass range 400 − 600 GeV, we show that it is possible to roughly double the SM cross section for di-Higgs production, implying that possible first hints of it may be probed at the high luminosity LHC at $$ \mathcal{L} $$
L
∼ 2 ab−1.
Effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin on plasma biomarkers TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and KIM-1 in the CANVAS trial
Authors: Sen Taha , Li Jingwei , Neuen Brendon L. , Neal Bruce , Arnott Clare , Parikh Chirag R. , Coca Steven G. , Perkovic Vlado , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Yavin Yshai , Rosenthal Norman , Hansen Michael K. , Heerspink Hiddo J. L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Higher plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1, TNFR-2 and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) have been found to be associated with higher risk of kidney failure in individuals with type 2 diabetes in previous studies. Whether drugs can reduce these biomarkers is not well established. We measured these biomarkers in samples of the CANVAS study and examined the effect of the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin on these biomarkers and assessed whether the early change in these biomarkers predict cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes in the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS).

Methods
Biomarkers were measured with immunoassays (proprietary multiplex assay performed by RenalytixAI, New York, NY, USA) at baseline and years 1, 3 and 6. Mixed-effects models for repeated measures assessed the effect of canagliflozin vs placebo on the biomarkers. Associations of baseline levels and the early change (baseline to year 1) for each biomarker with the kidney outcome were assessed using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression.

Results
In total, 3523/4330 (81.4%) of the CANVAS participants had available samples at baseline. Each doubling in baseline TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and KIM-1 was associated with a higher risk of kidney outcomes, with corresponding HRs of 3.7 (95% CI 2.3, 6.1; p < 0.01), 2.7 (95% CI 2.0, 3.6; p < 0.01) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.2, 1.8; p < 0.01), respectively. Canagliflozin reduced the level of the plasma biomarkers with differences in TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and KIM-1 between canagliflozin and placebo during follow-up of 2.8% (95% CI 3.4%, 1.3%; p < 0.01), 1.9% (95% CI 3.5%, 0.2%; p = 0.03) and 26.7% (95% CI 30.7%, 22.7%; p < 0.01), respectively. Within the canagliflozin treatment group, each 10% reduction in TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 at year 1 was associated with a lower risk of the kidney outcome (HR 0.8 [95% CI 0.7, 1.0; p = 0.02] and 0.9 [95% CI 0.9, 1.0; p < 0.01] respectively), independent of other patient characteristics. The baseline and 1 year change in biomarkers did not associate with cardiovascular or heart failure outcomes.

Conclusions/interpretation
Canagliflozin decreased KIM-1 and modestly reduced TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 compared with placebo in individuals with type 2 diabetes in CANVAS. Early decreases in TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 during canagliflozin treatment were independently associated with a lower risk of kidney disease progression, suggesting that TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 have the potential to be pharmacodynamic markers of response to canagliflozin.

Graphical abstract
Did OPEC change its behaviour after the November 2014 meeting?
Authors: Boug Pål , Cappelen Ådne 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe analyse the behaviour of OPEC as a group by formulating a theoretical model that encompasses the perfect competition model and various forms of the imperfect competition model. By confronting the theoretical model with quarterly data for the period from 1992 to 2013 within the context of a cointegrated vector autoregressive (CVAR) model, we find support for the imperfect competition hypothesis regarding the output decisions of OPEC. We also find that a dynamic equilibrium correction model with imperfect competition is stable in-sample. However, a forecasting exercise for the period from 2014 to 2018 reveals that the model breaks down following the November 2014 meeting at which OPEC decided to keep its supply unchanged despite the huge oil price drop in advance. The model systematically underpredicts OPEC production over the forecast period and by as much as 2.5 million barrels per day at the end of 2016. During 2018, however, the model forecasts OPEC production quite well. Our findings suggest that the behaviour of OPEC did indeed change significantly after the November 2014 meeting.
Social capital in cooperatives: an evolutionary Luhmannian perspective
Authors: Valentinov Vladislav , Iliopoulos Constantine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn a recent contribution to this journal, Deng et al. (2021) draw on an extensive range of theoretical and empirical literature to make the case for the tendency of social capital resources of agricultural cooperatives in the Western world to decline over time. The present paper revisits this argument by drawing on a Luhmannian systems-theoretic perspective that takes the capitalist economic system to be limitedly sensitive and receptive to a broad variety of human needs. Whereas many of these needs remain marginalized and neglected, some of them may be codified or translated into a profit-making calculus. Cooperatives are shown to present one of the channels through which this codification may be possible; namely, the codification effect of cooperatives enables the incorporation of a multitude of mutual self-help activities into the economic system. This incorporation gives rise to intrasystemic adjustment processes that can be considered complete when the mutual self-help activities introduced by cooperatives no longer require the cooperative form and are integrated into the activities of investor-owned firms. If this view is accepted, then declining social capital may be an indicator of the successful codification process, which helps to make the economic system less exclusionary and more sensitive to human needs.
Social relationships, living arrangements and loneliness
Authors: Schmitz W. , Mauritz S. , Wagner M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundOldest-old people are expected to be particularly likely to experience loneliness due to the loss of their intimate partner or of same-aged social network members. It is assumed that individuals in different living arrangements maintain different kinds of social networks because they adjust their networks to their specific needs. However, not much is known about the variation in the social networks of the oldest-old depending on their living arrangements and how this variation is related to loneliness. This is the first study that seeks to fill this research gap by examining how the composition and the size of a social network varies among the oldest-old depending on their living arrangements with a partner (coresidential partnership, living apart together (LAT) partnership, no partnership), and how this variation contributes to explain loneliness among the oldest-old.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from the representative survey NRW80+ (Quality of Life and Well-Being of the Very Old in North-Rhine Westphalia). The sample of analysis used in this study consists of 1860 respondents from the German state of North-Rhine Westphalia aged 80 years and older. Associations between social network characteristics and living arrangements were tested using χ2-tests and one-way ANOVA. Ordered logit models were used to explain loneliness.ResultsRespondents in a coresidential partnership maintained larger social networks than those in an LAT partnership and those with no intimate partner. Furthermore, the respondents with no partner maintained more diverse social networks. Compared to those in the other living arrangements, the respondents in an LAT partnership maintained the smallest and least diverse social networks. Being in a coresidential partnership and the social network size were found to be negatively associated with loneliness.ConclusionFirst, the results indicate that respondents who do not have a partner adjusted their social networks to meet their needs in the absence of this relationship. Second, we conclude that being in a coresidential partnership and having a large social network protects the oldest-old against loneliness.