bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The long-term effects of policing the COVID-19 pandemic: Public attitudes toward the police in the ‘new normal’
Authors: Perry Gali , Jonathan-Zamir Tal , Factor Roni 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has changed the reality of police agencies worldwide. Since January 2020, police were required to enforce a long, constantly changing, often controversial list of emergency regulations, while striving to keep themselves and the citizens they interact with safe. Following an early examination of the short-term effects of the pandemic on the attitudes of majority communities in Israel toward the police (Perry and Jonathan-Zamir, 2020), in this study, we examine if and how attitudes changed as the pandemic progressed. We returned to the same sample, and supplemented the initial survey carried out during the first peak of the pandemic in Israel (April 2020) with an additional wave during the third peak (December 2020). Our two-wave panel study reveals that following initial strong support for the police, public sentiments dropped. This trend was evidenced both in evaluations of pandemic-policing and in more general views of the police. Based on these findings, we conclude that in contrast to the short-term, a long-term transition into crisis-policing may bear significant costs in terms of citizens’ support and willingness to comply with the police and the law, precisely at a time when voluntary compliance is most needed.
The viability of Leptospira is related to physicochemical properties of the surface water surrounding an agricultural area and HemO and LipL32 gene expression in response to iron in water
Authors: Wongbutdee Jaruwan , Jittimanee Jutharat 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
The pathogenic Leptospira can survive and contaminate surface water based on physicochemical factors. This study aimed to determine how the physicochemical properties of water sources influence the growth and effect of iron on the gene expression of Leptospira spp. P47.

Methods
Surface water samples (n=55) were collected and used for Leptospira spp. P47 cultivation. Physicochemical factors, including iron, calcium, magnesium and pH, were analyzed. The association between Leptospira spp. P47 viability at days 5, 10 and 15 with the physicochemical factors were analyzed. In addition, this bacterium was cultured in six selected water samples. The effect of iron in water on HemO and LipL32 gene expression was determined by relative quantification real-time PCR.

Results
Leptospira viability at day 5 was not significantly correlated with physicochemical factors, while Leptospira viability at day 10 was associated with both pH and iron. The Leptospira viability rate at day 15 had a significantly positive association with pH and iron and a negative association with calcium. HemO expression was significantly increased, mostly in selected water samples and under iron-depleted conditions. Conversely, LipL32 expression was significantly decreased in all water samples.

Conclusions
Physicochemical factors in natural surface waters are key factors for bacterial survival in the environment, which may increase the chance of Leptospira infection in humans.
Contribution of APOA5, APOC3, CETP, ABCA1 and SIK3 genetic variants to hypertriglyceridemia development in Mexican HIV-patients receiving antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Bautista-Martínez Jonathan Saúl , Mata-Marín José Antonio , Sandoval-Ramírez Jorge Luis , Chaparro-Sánchez Alberto , Manjarrez-Téllez Bulmaro , Uribe-Noguez Luis Antonio , Gaytán-Martínez Jesús , Núñez-Armendáriz Mireya , Cruz-Sánchez Arcenio , Núñez-Rodríguez Nohemí , Iván Martínez-Abarca , Morales-González Georgina Selene , Álvarez-Mendoza Juan Pablo , Pérez-Barragán Edgar , Ríos-De los Ríos Jussara , Contreras-Chávez Gerson Gabriel , Tapia-Magallanes Denisse Marielle , Ribas-Aparicio Rosa Maria , Díaz-López Mónica , Olivares-Labastida Azucena , Gómez-Delgado Alejandro , Torres Javier , Miranda-Duarte Antonio , Zenteno Juan C , Pompa-Mera Ericka Nelly 
Published: October 2021

Objective
To investigate the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from APOA5, APOC3, CETP, ATP binding cassette transporter A1 and SIK3 genes in the development of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV patients under antiretroviral therapy.

Material and Methods
A case-control study was developed. Leukocytic genomic DNA was extracted and genotyping for SNPs rs662799, rs964184, rs5128, rs2854116, rs2854117, rs3764261, rs4149310, rs4149267 and rs139961185 was performed by real time-PCR using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays, in Mexican mestizo patients with HIV infection, with hypertriglyceridemia (>1.7 mmol/L) under antiretroviral therapy. Genetic variants were also investigated in a control group of normolipidemic HIV patients (≤ 1.7 mmol/L). Haplotypes and gene interactions were analyzed.

Results
A total of 602 HIV patients were genotyped (316 cases and 286 controls). Age and antiretroviral regimen based on protease inhibitors were associated with hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0002. respectively). SNP rs964184 GG genotype in APOA5 gene exhibited the highest association with hypertriglyceridemia risk (OR, 3.2, 95% CI, 1.7–5.8, P = 0.0001); followed by SNP rs139961185 in SIK3 gene (OR = 2.3; (95% CI, 1.1–4.8; P = 0.03 for AA vs. AG genotype; and APOC3 rs5128 GG genotype, (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1–4.9; P = 0.04) under codominant models. These associations were maintained in the adjusted analysis by age and protease inhibitors based antiretroviral regimens.

Conclusions
This study reveals an association between rs964184 in APOA5; rs5128 in APOC3 and rs139961185 in SIK3 and high triglyceride concentrations in Mexican HIV-patients receiving protease inhibitors. These genetic factors may influence the adverse effects related to antiretroviral therapy.
A Health Literate Patient-focused Approach to the Redesign of the Raltegravir (ISENTRESS) Pediatric Kit and Instructions for Use
Authors: Mills Alexander , Myers Laurie , Raudenbush Casey , Vossen David A. , Teppler Hedy , Miteva Yanna R. , Seeley Suzanne , Homony Brenda , Straus Walter L. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Limited data exist regarding how medications for pediatric use can be developed to minimize medication errors. The integrase inhibitor raltegravir was developed for use in neonates (≥2 kg). Anticipating that neonatal administration would be performed primarily by mothers with varying degrees of health literacy, a health literate, patient-focused, iterative process was conducted to update/redesign the raltegravir granules for oral suspension pediatric kit and instructions for use (IFU) for neonatal use to be ready for regulatory submission.

Methods:
Prototypes of an updated/redesigned raltegravir IFU were systematically assessed through multi-stage, iterative testing and evaluation involving untrained lay individuals with varying levels of health literacy, healthcare professionals and health literacy experts.

Results:
This iterative process resulted in numerous refinements to the IFU and kit, including wording, layout, presentation, colored syringes and additional instructional steps. The revised raltegravir pediatric kit and IFU (to include neonatal dosing) were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2017 and the European Union in 2018. No reported medication errors related to IFU utilization had been reported as of March 2021, reflecting >3 years of commercial use worldwide.

Conclusions:
This patient-focused process produced health literate instructions for preparing and administering an antiretroviral for neonatal use with complex dosing requirements. Testing demonstrated that lay users with a range of health literacy levels were able to accurately mix, measure and administer the product. This process demonstrates how a neonatal medication can be optimized for use through collaboration between the infectious disease expert community and a manufacturer.
American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement on the Care of the Athlete and Athletic Person With Diabetes
Authors: Trojian Thomas , Colberg Sheri , Harris George , Oh Robert , Dixit Sameer , Gibson Margaret , Corcoran Matthew , Ramey Lindsay , Berg Philip V. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract:
The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) developed this position statement to assist physicians and other health professionals in managing athletes and active people with diabetes. The AMSSM selected the author panel through an application process to identify members with clinical and academic expertise in the care of active patients with diabetes. This article reviews the current knowledge and gaps regarding the benefits and risks of various types of exercise and management issues for athletes and physically active people with diabetes, including nutrition and rehabilitation issues. Resistance exercises seem to be beneficial for patients with type 1 diabetes, and the new medications for patients with type 2 diabetes generally do not need adjustment with exercise. In preparing this statement, the authors conducted an evidence review and received open comment from the AMSSM Board of Directors before finalizing the recommendations.
Noninvasive respiratory support for acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19
Authors: Menga Luca S. , Berardi Cecilia , Ruggiero Ersilia , Grieco Domenico Luca , Antonelli Massimo 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Noninvasive respiratory support has been widely applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. We provide a narrative review on the benefits and possible harms of noninvasive respiratory support for COVID-19 respiratory failure.

Recent findings
Maintenance of spontaneous breathing by means of noninvasive respiratory support in hypoxemic patients with vigorous spontaneous effort carries the risk of patient self-induced lung injury: the benefit of averting intubation in successful patients should be balanced with the harms of a worse outcome in patients who are intubated after failing a trial of noninvasive support.
The risk of noninvasive treatment failure is greater in patients with the most severe oxygenation impairment (PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg).
High-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) is the most widely applied intervention in COVID-19 patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Also, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and continuous positive airway pressure delivered with different interfaces have been used with variable success rates. A single randomized trial showed lower need for intubation in patients receiving helmet NIV with specific settings, compared to HFNO alone.
Prone positioning is recommended for moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients on invasive ventilation. Awake prone position has been frequently applied in COVID-19 patients: one randomized trial showed improved oxygenation and lower intubation rate in patients receiving 6-h sessions of awake prone positioning, as compared to conventional management.

Summary
Noninvasive respiratory support and awake prone position are tools possibly capable of averting endotracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients; carefully monitoring during any treatment is warranted to avoid delays in endotracheal intubation, especially in patients with PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg.
Predictors and Outcomes of Fully Covered Stent Treatment for Anastomotic Esophageal Strictures in Esophageal Atresia
Authors: Baghdadi Osama , Yasuda Jessica , Staffa Steven , Ngo Peter , Zendejas Benjamin , Hamilton Thomas , Jennings Russell , Manfredi Michael 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBackground and Aims:Anastomotic strictures following surgical repair is one of the most common complications in esophageal atresia (EA). The utility of esophageal stenting to treat anastomotic esophageal strictures in pediatrics is unclear. Our primary aim was to evaluate whether esophageal stenting, in conjunction with dilation and other endoscopic therapies, prevented surgical stricture resection (SR). Our secondary aims were to evaluate predictors of successful esophageal stenting and evaluate adverse events from stent placement.Methods:A retrospective review of pediatric patients with EA complicated by esophageal strictures was performed. The change in stricture diameter in millimeters from the time of stent removal to subsequent endoscopy was defined as delta diameter (ΔD). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the discriminatory ability of ΔD. Youden J index was used to identify optimal cutoff‐point in predicting stent success. A univariate and multivariate analysis were done to assess predictors of success.Result:Forty‐nine esophageal anastomoses were stented to treat esophageal strictures. Stents prevented SR in 41% of patients. ROC curve analysis utilizing Youden J index identified ΔD of ⩽4 mm (area under the curve = 0.790; 95% confidence interval: 0.655–0.924; P < 0.001) as the optimal cutoff point in differentiating stent success. The most common adverse events were erosions/ulcerations, granulation tissue formation, and vomiting/retching.Conclusion:Stent therapy in preventing SR at the site of EA repair was successful in 41% in our population with good long term follow‐up. The most significant predictor of success in this study was the change in luminal diameter (⩽4 mm) at initial poststent follow‐up.
High Burden of Adverse Drug Reactions to Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in People Living With HIV at 3 Tertiary Hospitals in Uganda: Associated Factors
Authors: Nanyonga Stella Maris , Kitutu Freddy Eric , Kalyango Joan , Frank Mulindwa , Kiguba Ronald 
Published: October 2021

Background:HIV is one of the most important risk factors of tuberculosis (TB)-related morbidity and mortality. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is recommended to prevent latent TB reactivation in patients with HIV. However, due to multiple therapies and comorbidities, these patients are predisposed to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of suspected IPT-linked ADRs in HIV-positive patients using IPT.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and March 2020 at 3 regional referral hospitals (RRHs) in central Uganda. We sampled 660 HIV-positive patients aged 10 years or older who received IPT between July and December 2019 inclusive. Patients were interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire, and their treatment records were reviewed. A modified Poisson regression model with clustered robust standard errors was used to identify factors associated with suspected IPT-linked ADRs.Results:The prevalence of the suspected ADRs was 51% (334 of the 660; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 18% to 83%). Patients self-reported 7-fold the number of suspected ADRs documented in the clinical files by the health care workers. Musculoskeletal symptoms were the most frequently experienced reaction (14%), followed by dizziness (13%) and peripheral neuropathy (11%). Serious suspected ADRs were experienced by 12% of the study participants; the most common were hepatotoxicity (26%), dizziness (23%), and neuropathy (17%). Female sex (aPR [adjusted prevalence ratio]: 0.92, 95% CI: =  0.88 to 0.95), study site (aPR: 1.09, 95% CI: =  1.09 to 1.18), level of education (aPR: 0.94, 95% CI: = 0.94 to 0.99), history of TB (aPR: 0.93, 95% CI: =  0.87 to 0.99), good IPT adherence (aPR: 1.16, 95% CI: =  1.05 to 1.29), and use of protease inhibitor (PI)-based antiretroviral therapy (aPR: 1.01, 95% CI: = 1.00 to 1.02) were significantly associated with suspected IPT-linked ADRs.Conclusion:The prevalence of suspected IPT-linked ADRs is high, and hepatotoxicity is the most commonly reported serious suspected ADR. Patients self-reported more suspected ADRs than those documented in clinical files by health care workers. Patient engagement could improve ADR detection and potentially strengthen the pharmacovigilance system. Patients with a high risk of ADR ought to be monitored regularly to enable early detection and management.
Human herpesvirus 8 and Kaposi sarcoma: how should we screen and manage the transplant recipient?
Authors: Mikulska Malgorzata , Balletto Elisa , Mularoni Alessandra 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
HHV-8-associated diseases are rare but potentially fatal in transplant recipients. Important differences exist in the distribution of HHV-8 seroprevalence, which might contribute to the lack of uniform approach to HHV-8. The aim of this review was to discuss recent updates in screening and management of HHV-8 after transplant.

Recent findings
Increasing attention has been given to the nonmalignant but potentially fatal inflammatory syndrome caused by HHV-8 in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. At-risk groups include HHV-8-IgG D+/R- transplant and HHV-8-positive recipients. Severe cases of donor-derived HHV-8 disease, mainly Kaposi sarcoma, frequently without skin involvement and some diagnosed at autopsy, highlight the need to increase clinicians’ awareness, to implement effective preemptive strategies and to perform rapid diagnosis. In HSCT setting, HHV-8-associated disorders are very rare.

Summary
Identification of SOT recipients at risk through reliable serology is warranted and the utility of preemptive management and HHV-8-DNA monitoring should be studied. Clinicians should be aware of severe nonmalignant disorders and of early post-SOT Kaposi sarcoma cases with lymph node or transplanted organ involvement in order to provide prompt diagnosis and treatment. No screening for HHV-8 is warranted after HSCT but rapid diagnosis and reduction of immunosuppression remain fundamental.
Are Symptoms of Spasticity, Pain, and Fatigue Related in People With Stroke?
Authors: Bhimani Rozina , Horowitz Charles , Mathiason Michelle A. , Anderson Lisa Carney 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine whether symptoms of spasticity, pain, and fatigue are correlated in people with stroke.

Design
A longitudinal-correlation, mixed-method design was used.

Methods
Spasticity, pain, and fatigue symptoms were explored in 22 patients with stroke admitted to three different rehabilitation units certified by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities. Data were obtained upon admission, postdischarge, and 1 month after discharge. Demographics, numeric ratings, and a semistructured interview were used to determine associations over time.

Results
Symptoms of spasticity, pain, and fatigue were quite variable. Fatigue was more likely to impair recovery. Spasticity appears to contain pain experiences. Pain does not appear to be a major factor over time.

Conclusions
In this sample of patients with stroke, symptoms of spasticity, pain, and fatigue were correlated.

Clinical Relevance
In managing poststroke spasticity, pain, and fatigue, nurses should recognize that these symptoms are correlated.
Updated Competency Model for Professional Rehabilitation Nursing: Practice Applications
Authors: Vaughn Stephanie , Rye Jill , Allen Angela , Bok Amy , Mauk Kris , Park Linda , Pierce Linda , Holler Wendy Wintersgill 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
The Competency Model for Professional Rehabilitation Nursing is a lens through which nurses can view their practice; the four domains provide a template that guides that practice.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to describe a task force’s review procedures and share the updated model.

Appraisal Process
A rehabilitation nursing task force appraised the model over the course of 1 year.

Revision Outcomes
The original four domains remain, with wording changes for content and clarity throughout. Notable changes include (1) new competency for Domain 1 that focuses on the understanding of the worldview of individuals who are culturally different and (2) case stories for each domain related to nurses’ proficiency (beginner, intermediate, and expert).

Clinical Relevance
This updated model can be used to explicate the rehabilitation nurses’ role on intra/interprofessional teams, as well as provide a framework for education and staff orientation/performance evaluation.

Conclusion
This competency model reflects the current practice and advances of the specialty practice of rehabilitation nursing.
Personality, Success, and Beyond: The Layperson's Perception of Patients With Facial Transplantation
Authors: Abousy Mya , Jenny Hillary E. , Xun Helen , Khavanin Nima , Creighton Francis , Byrne Patrick , Cooney Damon , Redett Richard , Yang Robin 
Published: October 2021

Background:
While the goal of facial vascularized composite allotransplantation (FVCA) is to provide patients with improved physical and social function, no study has evaluated layperson perception of social acceptance and perceived career success of patients with FVCA. The purpose of this study was to determine how FVCA changes social acceptance and perceived career success of patients with facial disfiguration.

Methods:
Eight hundred fifteen laypersons were surveyed through Mechanical Turk to evaluate their perceptions of patients with FVCA. Respondents were shown facial photographs of patients pre-FVCA, post-FVCA, and matched controls and evaluated these photos on 26 items of perceived social acceptance and career success. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results:
Both male and female post-FVCA photos were perceived as significantly more socially accepted and professionally successful than their pre-FVCA photos in at least 21 out of 26 items (P < 0.001 for all), but the posttransplant patients scored lower than their control in at least 25 out of 26 items (P < 0.001 for all). Additionally, there were discrepancies in findings based on patient gender.

Conclusions:
This study suggests that while FVCA has a significantly positive impact on social acceptance and perceived professional success, it does not fully reinstate these qualities. Furthermore, varying surgical outcomes and/or cognitive biases (such as gender) may impact perceptions of the individual by the public. Our findings suggest a need to standardize practices to better predict and improve outcomes and encourage surgeons to consider patient factors such as gender when planning these procedures.
Does the Geographical Distribution of Facial Trauma Surgeons Correspond to Facial Trauma Burden? A Nationwide Population-Level Analysis
Authors: Rios-Diaz Arturo J. , Kosyk Mychajlo S. , Cunning Jessica R. , Broach Robyn B. , Naga Hani I. , Whitely Cutler , Serletti Joseph M. , Swanson Jordan W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
It is unknown if craniofacial trauma services are inequitably distributed throughout the US. The authors aimed to describe the geographical distribution of craniofacial trauma, surgeons, and training positions nationwide. State-level data were obtained on craniofacial trauma admissions, surgeons, training positions, population, and income for 2016 to 2017. Normalized densities (per million population [PMP]) were ascertained. State/ regional-level densities were compared between highest/lowest. Risk-adjusted generalized linear models were used to determine independent associations. There were 790,415 craniofacial trauma admissions (x? = 2330.6 PMP), 28,004 surgeons (x? = 83.5 PMP), and 746 training positions (x? = 1.9 PMP) nationwide. There was significant state-level variation in the density PMP of trauma (median 1999.5 versus 2983.5, P
< 0.01), surgeon (70.8 versus 98.8, P < 0.01), training positions (0 versus 3.4, P < 0.01) between lowest/highest quartiles. Surgeon distribution was positively associated with income and training positions density (P < 0.01). Subanalysis revealed that there was an increase of 6.7 plastic and reconstructive surgeons/PMP for every increase of 1000 trauma admissions/PMP (P < 0.01). There is an uneven state-level distribution of facial trauma surgeons across the US associated with income. Plastic surgeon distribution corresponded closer to craniofacial trauma care need than that of ENT and OMF surgeons. Further work to close the gap between workforce availability and clinical need is necessary.