bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decapitation strategies and the significance of Abubakar Shekau's death in Nigeria's Boko Haram crisis
Authors: Albert Isaac Olawale 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Decapitation strategies have often been linked to counterterrorism. The existing literature suggests the results of these strategies are mixed. Previous studies suggest that the death of a prominent leader may not necessarily end the crisis; it all depends on the group's infrastructure, ideology, leadership traditions, and extent of its penetration in society. This article takes a critical look at the impact of a recent leadership decapitation in Nigeria. Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the Boko Haram movement in the Lake Chad Basin countries, was killed on 19 May 2021 by a faction of the movement known as the Islamic State of West African Province (ISWAP). This article argues that Shekau's case has paradoxically helped to strengthen ISWAP's position, giving it new recruits and other resources and perhaps most importantly reinforced its position with local communities. This has implications for the Nigerian state, its neighbours and, because of Boko Haram's links to ISIS, the wider war on terrorism.
Mass estimates of individual gas-bearing mesopelagic fish from in situ wideband acoustic measurements ground-truthed by biological net sampling
Authors: Agersted Mette Dalgaard , Khodabandeloo Babak , Klevjer Thor A , García-Seoane Eva , Strand Espen , Underwood Melanie J , Melle Webjørn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A new acoustic approach to estimate the mass of individual gas-bearing fish at their resident depth at more than 400 m was tested on Cyclothone spp.. Cyclothone are small and slender, and possibly numerically underestimated globally as individuals can pass through trawl meshes. A towed instrumented platform was used at one sampling station in the Northeast Atlantic, where Cyclothone spp. dominated numerically in net catches, to measure in situ acoustic wideband target strength (TS) spectra, i.e. acoustic scattering response of a given organism (”target”) over a frequency range (here, 38 + 50–260 kHz). Fitting a viscous–elastic scattering model to TS spectra of single targets resulted in swimbladder volume estimates from where individual mass was estimated by assuming neutral buoyancy for a given flesh density, such that fish average density equals that of surrounding water. A density contrast (between fish flesh and seawater) of 1.020 resulted in similar mass–frequency distribution of fish estimated from acoustics/model and Cyclothone spp. caught in nets. The presented proof of concept has the potential to obtain relationships between TS and mass of individual gas-bearing mesopelagic fish in general.
Dynamical aspects of a restricted three-vortex problem
Authors: Sreedharan Kallyadan Sreethin , Shukla Priyanka 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Point vortex systems that include vortices with constant coordinate functions are largely unexplored, even though they have reasonable physical interpretations in the geophysical context. Here, we investigate the dynamical aspects of the restricted three-vortex problem when one of the point vortices is assumed to be fixed at a location in the plane. The motion of the passive tracer is explored from a rotating frame of reference within which the free vortex with non-zero circulation remains stationary. By using basic dynamical system theory, it is shown that the vortex motion is always bounded, and any configuration of the three vortices must go through at least one collinear state. The present analysis reveals that any non-relative equilibrium solution of the vortex system either has periodic inter-vortex distances or it will asymptotically converge to a relative equilibrium configuration. The initial conditions required for different types of motion are explained in detail by exploiting the Hamiltonian structure of the problem. The underlying effects of a fixed vortex on the motion of vortices are also explored.
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief: A National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research Burn Model System Study
Authors: Amtmann Dagmar , Bamer Alyssa , McMullen Kara , Ryan Colleen M , Schneider Jeffrey C , Carrougher Gretchen J , Gibran Nicole 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B) is a commonly used burn-specific health outcome measure that includes 40 items across nine subscales. The objective of this study was to use both classical and modern psychometric methods to evaluate psychometric properties of the BSHS-B. Data were collected postburn injury by a multisite federally funded project tracking long-term outcomes. We examined dimensionality, local dependence, item fit, and functioning of response categories, homogeneity, and floor and ceiling effects. Items were fit to Item Response Theory models for evaluation. A total of 653 adults with burn injury completed the BSHS-B. Factor analyses supported unidimensionality for all subscales, but not for a total score based on all 40 items. All nine of the subscales had significant ceiling effects. Six item pairs displayed local dependence suggesting redundance and 11 items did not fit the Item Response Theory models. At least 15 items have too many response options. Results identified numerous psychometric issues with the BSHS-B. A single summary score should never be used for any purpose. Psychometric properties of the scale need to be improved by removing redundant items, reducing response categories, and modifying or deleting problematic items. Additional conceptual work is needed to, at a minimum, revise the work subscale and optimally to revisit and clearly define the constructs measured by all the subscales. Additional items are needed to address ceiling effects.
Access to Burn Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Assessment of Timeliness, Surgical Capacity, and Affordability in a Regional Referral Hospital in Tanzania
Authors: Botman Matthijs , Hendriks Thom C C , de Haas Louise E M , Mtui Grayson S , Binnerts Joost , Nuwass Emanuel Q , Niemeijer Anuschka S , Jaspers Mariëlle E H , Winters Hay A H , Nieuwenhuis Marianne K , van Zuijlen Paul P M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigates patients’ access to surgical care for burns in a low- and middle-income setting by studying timeliness, surgical capacity, and affordability. A survey was conducted in a regional referral hospital in Manyara, Tanzania. In total, 67 patients were included. To obtain information on burn victims in need of surgical care, irrespective of time lapsed from the burn injury, both patients with burn wounds and patients with contractures were included. Information provided by patients and/or caregivers was supplemented with data from patient files and interviews with hospital administration and physicians. In the burn wound group, 50% reached a facility within 24 hours after the injury. Referrals from other health facilities to the regional referral hospital were made within 3 weeks for 74% in this group. Of contracture patients, 74% had sought healthcare after the acute burn injury. Of the same group, only 4% had been treated with skin grafts beforehand, and 70% never received surgical care or a referral. Together, both groups indicated that lack of trust, surgical capacity, and referral timeliness were important factors negatively affecting patient access to surgical care. Accounting for hospital fees indicated patients routinely exceeded the catastrophic expenditure threshold. It was determined that healthcare for burn victims is without financial risk protection. We recommend strengthening burn care and reconstructive surgical programs in similar settings, using a more comprehensive health systems approach to identify and address both medical and socioeconomic factors that determine patient mortality and disability.
Preclinical pharmacology and toxicology evaluation of an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody produced by perfusion fermentation process
Authors: Wang Yanchao , Zheng Chen , Zhuang Chao , Fu Qiang , Qin Jinyan , Zhang Baohong , Bian Yanling , Qi Nianmin , Zhu Jianwei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Anti-cluster of differentiation 52 (CD52) monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been employed in the treatment of chronic lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple sclerosis. Previously we developed a perfusion process to produce the biosimilar mAb named “Mab-TH.” A series of quality assessments was conducted in the fields of structural identification, purity analysis, and activity measurement. After these quality researches, this report laid emphasis on preclinical pharmacology and toxicology evaluation. Mab-TH was characterized in biological, pharmacological, and toxicological properties in comparison with the original drug, alemtuzumab. Binding activity and immune-dependent toxicity as in vitro activity were evaluated. Severe immunodeficient mice transplanted with a human leukemia cell line were also used as an in vivo pharmacological model and a 4-week repeated dosing study in cynomolgus monkeys was conducted to evaluate the safety differences. Our results demonstrated that Mab-TH, the anti-CD52 antibody generated by a perfusion process, had high similarity in in vitro and in vivo activities compared with alemtuzumab in relevant preclinical models. The results supported it as a biosimilar candidate for clinical evaluation.
Free vibration of a single-walled carbon nanotube based on the nonlocal Timoshenko beam model
Authors: Su Yu-Chi , Cho Tse-Yu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Free vibration of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) embedded in an elastic medium is studied on the basis of the nonlocal Timoshenko beam model. Influences of the slenderness ratios, the boundary conditions, the atomic structures and the stiffness of the embedded medium on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of SWCNT are examined. The nonlocal effect is significant for the higher modes of SWCNT with a small slenderness ratio embedded in a soft elastic medium, and it softens the SWCNT except for the fundamental frequency of the clamped–free SWCNT.
Closed loop large bowel obstruction due to appendiceal signet cell carcinoma
Authors: Phan Du H , Teo Joshua Y , Nalliah Sasikaran 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSignet cell carcinoma of the appendix is the rarest and the most aggressive subtype of appendiceal malignancy, typically presenting with non-specific symptoms. We describe a case of a 62-year-old male with large bowel obstruction, with computed tomography demonstrating dilated large bowels from caecum to proximal sigmoid colon and pneumoperitoneum. Intraoperatively, closed loop obstruction caused by dense adherence of sigmoid colon to caecum was noted, which had resulted in caecal perforation. Histopathology study indicated primary appendiceal malignancy of signet cell morphology with intraperitoneal spread to sigmoid colon. Large bowel obstruction from appendiceal malignancy has rarely been reported and similar presentations have not been described in the existing literature. When left-sided large bowel obstruction is suspected to be caused by a malignant stricture, it is essential to consider transperitoneal spread of appendiceal malignancy as potential aetiology, particularly in the elderly.
Hierarchical regulation of MYBPA1 by anthocyanin- and proanthocyanidin-related MYB proteins is conserved in Vaccinium species
Authors: Lafferty Declan J , Espley Richard V , Deng Cecilia H , Günther Catrin S , Plunkett Blue , Turner Janice L , Jaakola Laura , Karppinen Katja , Allan Andrew C , Albert Nick W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Members of the Vaccinium genus bear fruits rich in anthocyanins, a class of red-purple flavonoid pigments that provide human health benefits, although the localization and concentrations of anthocyanins differ between species: blueberry (V. corymbosum) has white flesh, while bilberry (V. myrtillus) has red flesh. Comparative transcriptomics between blueberry and bilberry revealed that MYBPA1.1 and MYBA1 strongly correlated with the presence of anthocyanins, but were absent or weakly expressed in blueberry flesh. MYBPA1.1 had a biphasic expression profile, correlating with both proanthocyanidin biosynthesis early during fruit development and anthocyanin biosynthesis during berry ripening. MYBPA1.1 was unable to induce anthocyanin or proanthocyanidin accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana, but activated promoters of flavonoid biosynthesis genes. The MYBPA1.1 promoter is directly activated by MYBA1 and MYBPA2 proteins, which regulate anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, respectively. Our findings suggest that the lack of VcMYBA1 expression in blueberry flesh results in an absence of VcMYBPA1.1 expression, which are both required for anthocyanin regulation. In contrast, VmMYBA1 is well expressed in bilberry flesh, up-regulating VmMYBPA1.1, allowing coordinated regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis genes and anthocyanin accumulation. The hierarchal model described here for Vaccinium may also occur in a wider group of plants as a means to co-regulate different branches of the flavonoid pathway.
Evaluation of vitamin D profile in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Nandi Madhumita , Mullick Md Abu Sayeed , Nandy Arnab , Samanta Moumita , Sarkar Sumantra , Sabui Tapas Kumar 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
To observe the association between serum vitamin D level and disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods
The observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital during 2017-2019. Patients suffered from JIA were recruited through purposive sampling which was stratified by the disease activity based on the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 27 (JADAS27) criteria. Serum vitamin D was estimated alongside other laboratory parameters. The numerical and categorical variables were analysed with appropriate statistical tests.

Results
40 subjects were studied where inactive disease was observed in nine subjects (22.5%), five subjects (12.5%) were found to be in low disease activity and moderate disease activity groups each, and twenty-one subjects (52.5%) had high disease activity. Considering the total sample size of the study, the mean (SD) JADAS27 score and serum vitamin D level were observed to be 12.02 (11.31) and 23.10 (5.93) respectively. A negative correlation was found between the JADAS27 score and serum vitamin D (r= -0.67). The corrected Chi-square test had revealed significant association between the status of serum vitamin-D and disease activity groups (=16.28; p &lt; .001).

Conclusions
In JIA, higher grade of disease activity was found to be significantly associated with lower serum vitamin D.
Real-world safety and efficacy of CT-P13, an infliximab biosimilar, in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis patients naïve to or switched from biologics
Authors: Takeuchi Tsutomu , Nishikawa Kiyohiro , Yamada Fumika , Ohshima Shiro , Inoue Makoto , Yoshioka Yutaka , Yamanaka Hisashi 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
The aim of this post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study is to evaluate the real-world safety and efficacy of CT-P13, the first biosimilar of infliximab (IFX).

Methods
Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis were prospectively registered from November 2014 and followed up for 1 year.

Results
Of 794 patients in the analysis set, 318 patients naïve to biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) showed an immediate decrease in Disease Activity Score in 28 joints with C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) and increased remission rate (DAS28-CRP &lt; 2.6). In patients who switched from IFX to CT-P13 for non-medical reasons (n = 374), the low DAS28-CRP due to previous IFX treatment decreased further with continued CT-P13 therapy. As in naïve patients, patients who switched from other bDMARDs, mainly for medical reasons (n = 102), responded similarly to CT-P13. CT-P13 in this PMS and IFX in a previous PMS had similar adverse reaction profiles, although the incidence rate in naïve patients in this current PMS was lower due to earlier initiation of CT-P13 therapy.

Conclusions
CT-P13 showed excellent effectiveness as first-line therapy, no clinical difficulties in switching from IFX, and clinical improvement in patients who failed other bDMARDs. CT-P13 could be a cost-effective alternative to IFX in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
RiboDraw: semiautomated two-dimensional drawing of RNA tertiary structure diagrams
Authors: Das Rhiju , Watkins Andrew M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Publishing, discussing, envisioning, modeling, designing and experimentally determining RNA three-dimensional (3D) structures involve preparation of two-dimensional (2D) drawings that depict critical functional features of the subject molecules, such as noncanonical base pairs and protein contacts. Here, we describe RiboDraw, new software for crafting these drawings. We illustrate the features of RiboDraw by applying it to several RNAs, including the Escherichia coli tRNA-Phe, the P4–P6 domain of Tetrahymena ribozyme, a −1 ribosomal frameshift stimulation element from beet western yellows virus and the 5′ untranslated region of SARS-CoV-2. We show secondary structure diagrams of the 23S and 16S subunits of the E. coli ribosome that reflect noncanonical base pairs, ribosomal proteins and structural motifs, and that convey the relative positions of these critical features in 3D space. This software is a MATLAB package freely available at https://github.com/DasLab/RiboDraw.
A nonparametric method to assess the significance of events in the search for gravitational waves with false discovery rate
Authors: Yuzurihara Hirotaka , Mano Shuhei , Tagoshi Hideyuki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe present a consistent procedure to assess the significance of gravitational wave events observed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors based on the background distribution of the detection statistic. We propose a non-parametric method to estimate the p-value. Based on the estimated p-values, we propose a new procedure to assess the significance of a particular event with a q-value which is the minimum false discovery rate that can be attained when calling the event significant. The q-value gives us a criterion on the significance of events which is different from Pastro as used in the LIGO–Virgo analysis and others. The proposed procedure is applied to the 1-OGC and 2-OGC catalogs. For most of the events which were claimed significant in these catalogs, we obtain the same results. However, there are differences in the significance for several marginal events. Since the proposed procedure does not require any assumptions on signal and noise, it is very simple and straightforward. The procedure is also applicable to other searches for gravitational waves whose background distribution of the detection statistic is difficult to know.
A proposed system for standardization of colour-coding stages of escalating criticality in clinical incidents
Authors: Prineas Stavros , Culwick Martin , Endlich Yasmin 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
This article proposes a standardized framework for colour-coding states of criticality in clinical situations and their respective escalated responses.

Recent findings
The first level is a green zone representing a ‘safe’ space (to proceed), where any hazards are controlled, latent or undetectable. The second is an amber zone, where hazards are known to be present, but one can proceed with caution and increased vigilance, and where defences are used to prevent escalation to a crisis. In the red phase -- a state of crisis -- a hazard is realized, clear and present. This is a time to decide what actions are required to mitigate the threat. Next, a blue phase refers to a life-threatening emergency, where the system is unstable, harm is evident and compounding upon itself, and immediate rescue action is needed to avert an irreversible outcome. Finally, dark grey represents the aftermath, where the situation has either stabilized or progressed to its final outcome, a time to reflect and learn.

Summary
A standardized colour-coding system for assessing and responding to escalating levels of criticality has implications for clinical practice and adverse event reporting systems.
Scrambler therapy for noncancer neuropathic pain: a focused review
Authors: Abdi Salahadin , Chung Matthew , Marineo Giuseppe 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Therapeutic methods for neuropathic are limited; available drugs can be inadequate or have adverse effects that compromise quality of life. Interest has grown in alternatives to pharmacologic therapy for neuropathic pain. We present a focused review of the literature about the relatively novel noninvasive, nonpharmacologic electrocutaneous nerve stimulation technique called scrambler therapy for treating noncancer neuropathic pain.

Recent findings
Neuromodulation techniques targeting peripheral sites have changed rapidly in recent years. Several clinical studies have demonstrated the analgesic effect of scrambler therapy after 10 sessions of treatment for various types of pain. Although scrambler therapy was originally used for cancer pain, its indications have broadened to postoperative pain, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, low back pain, diabetic neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome and central pain syndrome. That said, some of the studies are controversial owing to their small sample size, lack of appropriate scrambler therapy protocol and possible lack of experience of the operators.

Summary
We present the historical perspective, mechanism of action and trial outcomes of scrambler therapy, representing an avenue for managing neuropathic pain without drugs. Well designed phase II/III clinical trials must be conducted to confirm the positive findings reported using scrambler therapy technology. If validated, scrambler therapy could be a game changer.