bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Clinical Utility of the Early Postoperative Pharyngogram in Hypopharyngeal Surgery for Dysphagia
Authors: Gobillot Theodore A. , Garber David , Merati Albert L. , Wandell Grace M. 
Published: May 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the clinical utility of postoperative contrast x‐ray pharyngograms (XRP) for detecting pharyngoesophageal leaks following hypopharyngeal dysphagia surgery.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsMedical records were reviewed of patients undergoing endoscopic (E‐) or open (O‐) Zenker's diverticulectomy (‐ZD) with cricopharyngeal myotomy (‐CPM) and CPM alone from 2008 to 2020 at one academic institution. Exclusion criteria were patients who were fed enterally or underwent repair of epiphrenic diverticula or O‐CPM during laryngectomy. XRP clinical indication, impact on clinical care, and factors associated with use patterns were examined using descriptive statistics and logistic regression (LR).ResultsOf 152 subjects, 52% underwent O‐ZD, 30% O‐CPM, 15% E‐ZD, and 3% E‐CPM. An XRP was ordered for 65% of subjects, mostly routinely (94%). Among the four clinically apparent leaks observed in this cohort, early postoperative XRP confirmed one. It did not identify any clinically silent leaks. In univariate LR, undergoing XRP was associated with increasing day of diet advancement (odds ratio [OR] 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5–10.5) and hospital stay duration (OR 3.2, 95% CI 2.1–5.2), as well as surgeon specialty of otolaryngology compared to general surgery (OR 12.8, 95% CI 4.8–40.8) and procedure sub‐type (O‐CPM: OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.002–0.16). In multivariate LR, the following variables were significantly associated with XRP use: hospital stay (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1–3.0), otolaryngology (OR 105; 95% CI 15.4–2193), O‐CPM (OR 0.03; 95% CI 0.002–0.16), and E‐CPM (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.002–0.60).ConclusionsProspective, multi‐institutional studies are needed to confirm the low clinical utility we observed of early, postoperative XRP following hypopharyngeal surgery for dysphagia.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 132:272–277, 2022
The impact of COVID‐19 on work, training and well‐being experiences of nursing associates in England: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: King Rachel , Ryan Tony , Senek Michaela , Wood Emily , Taylor Bethany , Tod Angela , Talpur Ashfaque , Robertson Steve 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo explore how the COVID‐19 pandemic affected nursing associate work, training and well‐being experiences.DesignCross‐sectional survey.MethodsA survey of trainee and newly qualified nursing associates was completed in July 2020. Closed responses were analysed using descriptive statistics with inferential comparisons made between community and secondary care settings. Open questions were analysed thematically.ResultsSixty‐four participants responded. Over half (53.2%) experienced an increased workload with 24.2% reporting extensions in their role. One third (32.3%) were redeployed, and a quarter (24.2%) did not feel safety concerns were adequately addressed when raised. Those working in the community reported significantly more concerns about staffing (p = .03), working overtime (p = .03), missed care (p = .02) and safety (p = .04). Despite this, many (75.8%) participants felt able to provide the same standards of care. Several spoke about enhanced teamwork, and the majority (96.8%) were not looking to leave their post.
Biomarker identification and pathway analysis of rheumatoid arthritis based on metabolomics in combination with ingenuity pathway analysis
Authors: He Zhuoru , Liu Zhongqiu , Gong Lingzhi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune and inflammatory disease worldwide, but understanding its pathogenesis is still limited. In this study, plasma untargeted metabolomics of a discovery cohort and targeted analysis of a verification cohort were performed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were utilized to reveal differential metabolites, followed by the construction of biomarker panel through random forest (RF) algorithm. The pathways involved in RA were enriched by differential metabolites using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) suite. Untargeted metabolomics revealed eighteen significantly altered metabolites in RA. Among these metabolites, a three‐metabolite marker panel consisting of L‐cysteine, citric acid and L‐glutamine was constructed, using random forest algorithm that could predict RA with high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity based on a multivariate exploratory receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The panel was further validated by support vector machine (SVM) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) algorithms, and also verified with targeted metabolomics using a verification cohort. Additionally, the dysregulated taurine biosynthesis pathway in RA was revealed by an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics. Our findings in this study not only provided a mechanism underlying RA pathogenesis, but also offered alternative therapeutic targets for RA.
New tyrosinases with putative action against contaminants of emerging concern
Authors: Xavier Senra Marcus Vinicius , Fonseca Ana Lúcia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1) are type‐3 copper metalloenzymes with strong oxidative capacities and low allosteric selectivity to phenolic and non‐phenolic aromatic compounds, which have been used as biosensors and biocatalysts to mitigate the impacts of environmental contaminants over aquatic ecosystems. However, the widespread use of these polyphenol oxidases is limited by elevated production costs and restricted knowledge on their spectrum of action. Here, six tyrosinase homologs were identified and characterized from the genomes of four widespread freshwater ciliates using bioinformatics. Next, we performed a virtual screening to calculate binding energies between 3D models of these homologs and ~ 1000 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), as an indirect approach to identify likely and unlikely targets for tyrosinases. Many fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, illicit drugs, natural toxins, and pesticides exhibited strong binding energies to these new tyrosinases, suggesting the spectrum of targets of these enzymes might be considerably broader than previously thought. Many ciliates, including those carrying tyrosinase genes, are fast‐growing unicellular microeukaryotes that can be efficiently cultured, at large scales, under in vitro conditions, suggesting these organisms should be regarded as potential low‐cost sources of new environmental biotechnological molecules.
Research Context and Methods
Authors: Van Praag Lore , Hut Elodie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis book contributes to wider research efforts undertaken under MIGRADAPT, which stands for: Making Migration Work for Adaptation to Environmental Changes. A Belgian Appraisal. This project is funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (Belspo) and is a joint collaboration between four Belgian institutions: Liège University’s Hugo Observatory (Coordinator); Université Libre de Bruxelles’s CEDD (Centre d’Etudes du Développement Durable), University of Antwerp’s CeMIS (Center for Migration and Integration Studies); and the Royal Museum for Central Africa.
Urban Cosmopolitanisms in the Arab World: Contributing to Theoretical Debates from the Middle East
Authors: Mermier Franck 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe notion of cosmopolitanism has been the subject of many definitions and has attracted renewed interest in the context of globalization. Cosmopolitanism, however, in a sociological perspective, has two main meanings. It can refer to the skills of individuals who are able to move between different worlds precisely because of their cosmopolitan cultural capital. It also refers to the ethnic, cultural and religious plurality of cities, some of which may be more cosmopolitan than others. The two seem inseparable since the degree of cosmopolitanism of an urban space is also a function of its capacity to absorb external influences through its inhabitants. This article focuses on the forms of urban cosmopolitanism present in the Arab world and their relationship to the type of urbanity specific to each city. In particular, it discusses how this notion has been used to analyze urban realities in highly differentiated historical and cultural contexts, raising the case of Aden under British occupation. By highlighting the plurality of forms of cosmopolitanism within a cultural area, this study aims to question its definition on the basis of this criterion and to contribute to the comparative study of urban societies in a context of globalization.
Cosmopolitan Dubai: Consumption and Segregation in a Global City
Authors: Pagès-El Karoui Delphine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter attempts to think cosmopolitanism outside the framework of normativity and to unravel how it can be grounded in non-Western and non-integrative contexts. In a deeply inegalitarian Emirati society, Dubai’s cosmopolitanism intertwines three main features: globalization, consumption and segregation. After quickly describing these characteristics, I illustrate how the state and its corporations shape cosmopolitan landscapes in order to achieve the status of a global city and then demonstrate how these spaces are experienced by its users. To unpack Dubai’s cosmopolitan urbanism, I have chosen to study two ordinary (and overlooked) spaces, far cries from iconic architectural successes. Global Village is an outdoor mall and entertainment park selling products from all over the world. It epitomizes the commodification of difference, where cosmopolitanism is performed as a form of consumption. International City is one of the rare urban projects built for housing low and middle-class foreign residents. In this suburban cosmopolitan district, inhabited mainly by non-Westerners, logics of segregation are spreading against “bachelors,” usually constructed as a threat to urban order in the Gulf. In these two ordinary spaces, frequented mainly by non-Westerners, a kind of cosmopolitanism from below emerges. This cosmopolitanism is not exempted from tensions and contradictions, where inclusive logics of consumption coexist with exclusive logics of segregation.
Everyday Cosmopolitanism in African Cities: Places of Leisure and Consumption in Antananarivo and Maputo
Authors: Fournet-Guérin Catherine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAfrican cities are sometimes considered “off the map” as underdeveloped peripheries alienated from cultural globalisation. The intrinsic ethnic and cultural diversity of African cities is often overshadowed by a distant perception of their overall “blackness” and a supposed cultural uniformity. These cities have always been places of intense circulation and mass settlement both from within the continent and from outside, may it be from Asia, Europe and the Middle East in colonial contexts notably but also more recently Latin America. However, African urban diversity and the recent changes it underwent has received little academic attention.This chapter describes cosmopolitan practices and representations in Antananarivo (Madagascar) and Maputo (Mozambique), mainly but not only focusing on Chinese diasporas and communities sharing Chinese origins through observation and interviews. Cosmopolitan interactions in old or newly created so-called “ethnic” places such as restaurants, casinos and other leisure settings are under study to discuss processes of neighbouring cosmopolitanism at the very local place. Residents of African cities display features of cosmopolitan urbanites with intense variation across contexts and communities.
What’s in a Street? Exploring Suspended Cosmopolitanism in Trikoupi, Nicosia
Authors: Akoka Karen , Clochard Olivier , Polyzou Iris , Schmoll Camille 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSituated at the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, the island of Cyprus has always been a bridge as well as a border between the Middle East and Europe. It has also been an important place of both emigration and immigration. The situation in Nicosia, the capital city, is marked by decline following the 1974 conflict and partition. At the same time, however, the city has become an important settling place for international migrants, whose presence has grown during the last 20 years. Today Nicosia’s situation lies between a typical south European city (in which migrants find room in the interstices) and a post-war city. Following the growing effort within migration studies to use the street as a laboratory of diversity and cosmopolitanism (Susan Hall), this paper focuses on a single street. Formerly an important business street, Trikoupi Street is now well known as one of the most cosmopolitan streets in Nicosia, in which south Asians, Arabs, Sub-Saharan Africans as well as Eastern Europeans converge. These different populations correspond to different migratory waves as well as different modes of incorporation into local society. In this chapter, we aim to see how the street level may help us to reflect upon important topics in Cyprus such as contested citizenship, urban change, local/global connections, as well as new forms of cohabitation and patterns of subaltern cosmopolitanism. We also aim to reflect upon the multiple temporalities of the neighborhood, in order to show how the history of the street (and the history of the neighborhood) impacts on current ways of life in Trikoupi. We define the current situation as “suspended cosmopolitanism.”
Branding Cosmopolitanism and Place Making in Saint Laurent Boulevard, Montreal
Authors: Poulot Marie-Laure 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe boulevard Saint-Laurent is the embodiment in Montreal of the gap between the French-speaking eastern part and the English-speaking areas in the west part, but it is also the place where immigrants settled during the twentieth century, thus creating specific neighborhoods (Little Italy, Chinatown, and Portuguese and Jewish sectors). These neighborhoods, that once symbolized poverty and marginalized communities, have been undergoing processes of both social and urban change as well as gentrification. They are now repositioned, through the urban planning, marketing strategies, and cultural events (celebrations, festivals, urban tours) produced by public and private stakeholders, as places to visit. Cosmopolitanism is being integrated as a marketing strategy to promote places and to redefine districts as destinations of leisure and tourism (Shaw S, Bagwell S, Karmowska J, Urban Studies 41(10), 1983–2000, 2004). The boulevard is a lever for branding strategies: “ethnic” neighborhoods clearly highlight the assets of cosmopolitanism through food, shops, associations or symbols such as colors, flags or ornaments. This chapter focuses on these actions of branding and the use of the cosmopolitan past of the street and their impact on the representations of pedestrians, inhabitants and users.
Understanding and Acting Upon a Creeping Crisis
Authors: Boin Arjen , Ekengren Magnus , Rhinard Mark 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe notion of a creeping crisis is a conceptual one, a heuristic device useful for helping to uncover hidden dimensions of today’s more pressing—some might say existential—societal problems. In this introductory chapter, we present our definition of creeping crisis and unpack the analytical dimensions of the concept. We review what existing research does and does not tell us about those dimensions. The chapter concludes by highlighting key research questions and outlining how the case studies in the book help to answer those questions.
Antimicrobial Resistance as a Creeping Crisis
Authors: Engström Alina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) displays many of the characteristics of a creeping crisis. It lacks clearly definable temporal and spatial boundaries. It develops in the natural world when and where conditions are conducive. It traverses sectors and borders in the natural, human, and built environments. It causes individual and societal harm when it escalates toward outbreaks in a random fashion. Outbreaks can be minor or major, burn fast or slow, be simple or hard to contain. Experts insist we are heading toward a “post-antibiotic age” and even deadlier “superbugs” if we do not act. Yet warnings and crisis framings do not appear sufficient to prompt a response. Public attention and governmental action have lagged. Occasional outbreaks invite attention and concern, only for the issue to fade again from the public view. International organizations shine more sustained light on the problem, but national governments are slow to respond. This chapter argues that our dependency on antimicrobial drugs is a blessing and a curse: curing us in the short term but building the conditions for a massive, incurable outbreak in the future.
Migration, Borders, and Society
Authors: Landström Yrsa , Ekengren Magnus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn recent years, we have learned that forced global migration pose a serious threat to international peace and societal values. Despite the many warnings and refugee crises across the world, most national governments have insufficiently addressed this threat. In this chapter, we try to explain this lack of action. The chapter explores possible explanations such as the denial mindset of “it probably won’t happen here (and if it does, it won’t affect my family and community)”. The chapter focuses on the border management crisis in Sweden in 2015. The Swedish government did not address the situation as a crisis until the refugees, who had been on the Mediterranean Sea and traversing north over the continent for months, ended up in Malmö in the south of Sweden in September 2015. This predictable set of events caused chaos for the unprepared Swedish police and the border and migration authorities who had to handle the situation under conditions of urgency and apparent uncertainty.
What’s Going On?
Authors: Boin Arjen , McConnell Allan , ‘t Hart Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor a crisis to be effectively governed, it must first be noticed, interpreted, understood and assessed. This chapter explores how policymakers ‘made sense’ of the emerging COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on: (1) how policymakers around the world detected the developing threat as it emerged first in China and then in Italy; (2) the prominent involvement of scientific expertise in government sense-making processes (and in narratives about those processes). We discuss the complex dynamics between experts, decision-makers and publics that ensued.
Asymptotic freedom and higher derivative gauge theories
Authors: Asorey M. , Falceto F. , Rachwał L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The ultraviolet completion of gauge theories by higher derivative terms can dramatically change their behavior at high energies. The requirement of asymptotic freedom imposes very stringent constraints that are only satisfied by a small family of higher derivative theories. If the number of derivatives is large enough (n > 4) the theory is strongly interacting both at extreme infrared and ultraviolet regimes whereas it remains asymptotically free for a low number of extra derivatives (n ⩽ 4). In all cases the theory improves its ultraviolet behavior leading in some cases to ultraviolet finite theories with vanishing β-function. The usual consistency problems associated to the presence of extra ghosts in higher derivative theories may not harm asymptotically free theories because in that case the effective masses of such ghosts are running to infinity in the ultraviolet limit.
Donor Recipient Chimeric Cells Induce Chimerism and Extend Survival of Vascularized Composite Allografts
Authors: Cwykiel Joanna , Jundzill Arkadiusz , Klimczak Aleksandra , Madajka-Niemeyer Maria , Siemionow Maria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study evaluated the efficacy of donor recipient chimeric cell (DRCC) therapy created by fusion of donor and recipient derived bone marrow cells (BMC) in chimerism and tolerance induction in a rat vascularized composite allograft (VCA) model. Twenty-four VCA (groin flaps) from MHC-mismatched ACI (RT1a) donors were transplanted to Lewis (RT1l) recipients. Rats were randomly divided into (n = 6/group): Group 1—untreated controls, Groups 2—7-day immunosuppression controls, Group 3—DRCC, and Group 4—DRCC with 7-day anti-αβTCR monoclonal antibody and cyclosporine A protocol. DRCC created by polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of ACI and Lewis BMC were cultured and transplanted (2–4 × 106) to VCA recipients via intraosseous delivery route. Flow cytometry assessed peripheral blood chimerism while fluorescent microscopy and PCR tested the presence of DRCC in the recipient’s blood, bone marrow (BM), and lymphoid organs at the study endpoint (VCA rejection). No complications were observed after DRCC intraosseous delivery. Group 4 presented the longest average VCA survival (79.3 ± 30.9 days) followed by Group 2 (53.3 ± 13.6 days), Group 3 (18 ± 7.5 days), and Group 1 (8.5 ± 1 days). The highest chimerism level was detected in Group 4 (57.9 ± 6.2%) at day 7 post-transplant. The chimerism declined at day 21 post-transplant and remained at 10% level during the entire follow-up period. Single dose of DRCC therapy induced long-term multilineage chimerism and extended VCA survival. DRCC introduces a novel concept of customized donor-recipient cell-based therapy supporting solid organ and VCA transplants.