Access to and safety of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in the United States Expanded Access Program: A national registry study
Authors: Senefeld Jonathon W. , Johnson Patrick W. , Kunze Katie L. , Bloch Evan M. , van Helmond Noud , Golafshar Michael A. , Klassen Stephen A. , Klompas Allan M. , Sexton Matthew A. , Diaz Soto Juan C. , Grossman Brenda J. , Tobian Aaron A. R. , Goel Ruchika , Wiggins Chad C. , Bruno Katelyn A. , van Buskirk Camille M. , Stubbs James R. , Winters Jeffrey L. , Casadevall Arturo , Paneth Nigel S. , Shaz Beth H. , Petersen Molly M. , Sachais Bruce S. , Buras Matthew R. , Wieczorek Mikolaj A. , Russoniello Benjamin , Dumont Larry J. , Baker Sarah E. , Vassallo Ralph R. , Shepherd John R. A. , Young Pampee P. , Verdun Nicole C. , Marks Peter , Haley N. Rebecca , Rea Robert F. , Katz Louis , Herasevich Vitaly , Waxman Dan A. , Whelan Emily R. , Bergman Aviv , Clayburn Andrew J. , Grabowski Mary Kathryn , Larson Kathryn F. , Ripoll Juan G. , Andersen Kylie J. , Vogt Matthew N. P. , Dennis Joshua J. , Regimbal Riley J. , Bauer Philippe R. , Blair Janis E. , Buchholtz Zachary A. , Pletsch Michaela C. , Wright Katherine , Greenshields Joel T. , Joyner Michael J. , Wright R. Scott , Carter Rickey E. , Fairweather DeLisa 
Published: December 2021

Background
The United States (US) Expanded Access Program (EAP) to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma was initiated in response to the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. While randomized clinical trials were in various stages of development and enrollment, there was an urgent need for widespread access to potential therapeutic agents. The objective of this study is to report on the demographic, geographical, and chronological characteristics of patients in the EAP, and key safety metrics following transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma.

Methods and findings
Mayo Clinic served as the central institutional review board for all participating facilities, and any US physician could participate as a local physician–principal investigator. Eligible patients were hospitalized, were aged 18 years or older, and had—or were at risk of progression to—severe or life-threatening COVID-19; eligible patients were enrolled through the EAP central website. Blood collection facilities rapidly implemented programs to collect convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Demographic and clinical characteristics of all enrolled patients in the EAP were summarized. Temporal patterns in access to COVID-19 convalescent plasma were investigated by comparing daily and weekly changes in EAP enrollment in response to changes in infection rate at the state level. Geographical analyses on access to convalescent plasma included assessing EAP enrollment in all national hospital referral regions, as well as assessing enrollment in metropolitan areas and less populated areas that did not have access to COVID-19 clinical trials. From April 3 to August 23, 2020, 105,717 hospitalized patients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 were enrolled in the EAP. The majority of patients were 60 years of age or older (57.8%), were male (58.4%), and had overweight or obesity (83.8%). There was substantial inclusion of minorities and underserved populations: 46.4% of patients were of a race other than white, and 37.2% of patients were of Hispanic ethnicity. Chronologically and geographically, increases in the number of both enrollments and transfusions in the EAP closely followed confirmed infections across all 50 states. Nearly all national hospital referral regions enrolled and transfused patients in the EAP, including both in metropolitan and in less populated areas. The incidence of serious adverse events was objectively low (<1%), and the overall crude 30-day mortality rate was 25.2% (95% CI, 25.0% to 25.5%). This registry study was limited by the observational and pragmatic study design that did not include a control or comparator group; thus, the data should not be used to infer definitive treatment effects.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the EAP provided widespread access to COVID-19 convalescent plasma in all 50 states, including for underserved racial and ethnic minority populations. The study design of the EAP may serve as a model for future efforts when broad access to a treatment is needed in response to an emerging infectious disease.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT#: NCT04338360.