bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of IPO institution reform in China: From the view of pricing efficiency changing and international comparison
Authors: Yu Ying , Shao Jiehao , Yi Ronghua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Since the application of IPO inquiry system in 2005, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has carried out seven reforms on the inquiry system. In order to study the impact of IPO system reform on pricing efficiency, we select three reforms in 2009, 2013 and 2015 as time nodes to study its impact from the perspective of initial price and cumulative excess return. The result show that, the reform of IPO inquiry system in China is gradual, after several times of reforms, there will be a significant impact on the IPO pricing efficiency. Secondly, although the three reforms have a positive impact on the IPO pricing efficiency of the A-share market, it is still in an inefficient stage. Besides, with the acceleration of the internationalization process of China’s securities market, we compare the IPO pricing efficiency between the A-share market and the Hong Kong market in order to study the gap of the pricing efficiency between the both. The results show that the A-share market is still in a state of incompletely valid market from the perspective of the initial price and the cumulative excess return rate, while the relatively mature Hong Kong market is an effective market.
Sampling estimating equation for logistic regression with multi-dimensional missing binary covariates: application to a divorce data
Authors: Luo Renwen , Yang Yihe , Guo Bing , Luo Yingting , Pan Jianxin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on analysing a divorce data collected in Sichuan Province, China. The responses of this divorce data are binary variables. Among 17 covariates, there are 12 binary variables with missing values. Thus, the vectors of covariates with missing values are multi-dimensional and have binary components. Existing approaches usually focus on one-dimensional binary covariates and therefore cannot deal with this divorce data. To figure out multi-dimensional binary covariates, a sampling estimating equation based on the logistic regression and sampling the missing binary covariates are proposed. Statistical inference based on this sampling estimating equation is presented. This paper has two main contributions. First, the proposed sampling estimating equation is able to obtain reasonable parameter estimators under multi-dimensional missing binary covariates setting, which cannot be handled by existing approaches. Second, for two-category problem, subjects with multi-dimensional missing binary covariates can be classified efficiently, which is intractable for existing approaches. Real data analysis of the divorce data reveals profound results for the divorce cases in Sichuan Province. The proposed sampling estimating equation performs well in terms of classification and prediction on this divorce data.
Potential risk to water resources under eco-restoration policy and global change in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xiao Yang , Xiong Qinli , Liang Pinghan , Xiao Qiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Water shortage is a core problem that has hindered sustainable development worldwide. The Tibetan Plateau feeds ten main rivers on which almost 20% of the world’s population depends. However, the plateau has suffered serious environmental deterioration from global warming. Since the 1980s, the Chinese government has supported ecological restoration in the Tibetan Plateau, mainly by promoting large-scale afforestation and grassland conservation. To identify the impact of global change and ecological restoration policy on the plateau, we used geographic information system (GIS) methodologies to study changes to the water supplies in the region as a result of implemented restoration programs. Moreover, we also used GIS to assess the potential risks of these changes for the long-term sustainability of water supplies. Our findings show that the quantity of water supplies in the Tibetan Plateau has increased over the last 36 years; this was attributed to an increase in precipitation as well as increasing glacial meltwater due to global warming. We also found that the water consumption associated with afforestation projects reduced the water yield, in that it was altered by the artificial establishment of plant communities, with different afforestation projects variously impacting water consumption. The potential risk areas in the plateau were mainly distributed in areas with dense human populations and villages, and intensive human activities around forest shrubs where ecological restoration programs had been largely implemented. We highlight the need for ecosystem management and monitoring within larger afforestation programs, which should include the planting of vegetation with low rates of water consumption.
Adverse Cardiovascular Events Following Severe Maternal Morbidity
Authors: Cartus Abigail R , Jarlenski Marian P , Himes Katherine P , James Alton Everette , Naimi Ashley I , Bodnar Lisa M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) affects 50,000 women annually in the United States, but its consequences are not well understood. We aimed to estimate the association between SMM and risk of adverse cardiovascular events during the 2 years postpartum. We analyzed 137,140 deliveries covered by the Pennsylvania Medicaid program (2016–2018), weighted with inverse probability of censoring weights to account for nonrandom loss to follow-up. SMM was defined as any diagnosis on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention list of SMM diagnoses and procedures and/or intensive care unit admission occurring at any point from conception through 42 days postdelivery. Outcomes included heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and stroke/transient ischemic attack up to 2 years postpartum. We used marginal standardization to estimate average treatment effects. We found that SMM was associated with increased risk of each adverse cardiovascular event across the follow-up period. Per 1,000 deliveries, relative to no SMM, SMM was associated with 12.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.2, 18.0) excess cases of heart failure, 6.4 (95% CI: 1.7, 11.2) excess cases of ischemic heart disease, and 8.2 (95% CI: 3.2, 13.1) excess cases of stroke/transient ischemic attack at 26 months of follow-up. These results suggest that SMM identifies a group of women who are at high risk of adverse cardiovascular events after delivery. Women who survive SMM may benefit from more comprehensive postpartum care linked to well-woman care.
Analyses of open-access multi-omics data sets reveal genetic and expression characteristics of maize ZmCCT family genes
Authors: Dong Ming-You , Lei Ling , Fan Xian-Wei , Li You-Zhi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Flowering in maize (Zea mays) is influenced by photoperiod. The CO, CO-like/COL and TOC1 (CCT) domain protein-encoding genes in maize, ZmCCTs, are particularly important for photoperiod sensitivity. However, little is known about CCT protein-encoding gene number across plant species or among maize inbred lines. Therefore, we analysed CCT protein-encoding gene number across plant species, and characterized ZmCCTs in different inbred lines, including structural variations (SVs), copy number variations (CNVs), expression under stresses, dark-dark (DD) and dark-light (DL) cycles, interaction network and associations with maize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by referring to the latest v4 genome data of B73. Gene number varied greatly across plant species, more in polyploids than in diploids. The numbers of ZmCCTs identified were 58 in B73, 59 in W22, 48 in Mo17, and 57 in Huangzao4 for temperate maize inbred lines, and 68 in tropical maize inbred line SK. Some ZmCCTs underwent duplications and presented chromosome collinearity. Structural variations and CNVs were found but they had no germplasm specificity. Forty-two ZmCCTs responded to stresses. Expression of 37 ZmCCTs in embryonic leaves during seed germination of maize under DD and DL cycles was roughly divided into five patterns of uphill pattern, downhill-pattern, zigzag-pattern, └-pattern and ⅃-pattern, indicating some of them have a potential to perceive dark and/or dark-light transition. Thirty-three ZmCCTs were co-expressed with 218 other maize genes; and 24 ZmCCTs were associated with known QTLs. The data presented in this study will help inform further functions of ZmCCTs.
Learning Evolution by Collaboration
Authors: Shtulman Andrew , Young Andrew G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Collaboration can be an effective means of learning, but is it effective in domains where collaborators rely on conceptually distinct forms of reasoning? We explored this question in the domain of evolution, where many students construe evolution as the uniform transformation of all members of a population rather than the selective survival and reproduction of a subset. College undergraduates (n = 174) completed an assessment of their evolutionary reasoning by themselves (pretest) and with a partner (dyad test); some (n = 44) also completed an assessment several months later (posttest). Higher-scoring partners pulled up lower-scoring partners to achieve a dyad score equivalent to the higher-scoring partner's pretest score. Lower-scoring partners retained a score boost when working alone at posttest. These findings indicate that students who hold different views of evolution are able to collaborate effectively, and such collaboration yields long-term learning gains for partners with lower levels of understanding.
Age- and Time-Varying Associations Between Subjective Health and Episodic Memory in Older Adults
Authors: Chamberlain Jordan D , Sprague Briana N , Ross Lesley A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
There are positive correlations between subjective health reports and episodic memory performance in older adults. However, previous studies have not evaluated the scope of such complex relationships, nor the potentially nonlinear magnitude of these correlations across age and time. We employed multiple subjective heath indices to evaluate the scope and nonlinearity of such relationships with memory performance.

Methods
We utilized a cross-sectional (N = 2,783 at baseline) and longitudinal sample (N = 311) of healthy older adults aged 65 and older from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study. We used time-varying effects modeling (TVEM) to assess potential differences in relationship magnitudes between memory and 3 subjective health subscales (general health, role physical function, and physical function, from the Short Form Health Survey) across 5 years.

Results
Episodic memory positively predicted all subjective health measures cross-sectionally and longitudinally in our sample. TVEM revealed the relationships between all subjective health measures and episodic memory were stable across age. While role physical function and physical function maintained stable relationships with episodic memory across time, general health became increasingly coupled with memory 5 years following baseline.

Discussion
Together, our findings highlight stable and varying relationships between episodic memory and multiple subjective health indicators across metrics of time in older adults.
Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT00298558
Functional genetics for studying the human immune system
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Suzuki Akari , Guerrini Matteo Maurizio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Although small numbers of immune-mediated diseases are inherited due to rare genetic mutations, most are multifactorial diseases caused by multiple elements including genetic and environmental factors. In the case of autoimmune diseases, many disease-susceptibility genes, including several in the major histocompatibility gene complex, have been reported, and over the past 10 years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to analyze disease-susceptibility loci in representative diseases. Furthermore, many disease-susceptibility variants have been found to be related to gene expression levels. The expression of genes involved in disease pathogenesis is often cell-type-specific, and this is closely related to epigenome alterations. Genomic information is present even before the onset of a disease and has a clear causal relationship to the disease (i.e. the outcome). Therefore, it is important to establish functional genetics in human immunology to understand the pathogenesis of diseases using these pieces of information. We can then apply these results to drug discovery. Here, we will review these issues, especially focusing on autoimmune diseases, and discuss current and future directions of human immune system research.
Determination of Seven Organic Impurities in FD&C Yellow No. 6 by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Stover Renee , Petigara Harp Bhakti 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) batch certifies FD&C Yellow No. 6 (Y6) to ensure that the color additive meets requirements published in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), including specifications for seven organic manufacturing impurities consisting of two intermediates, a reaction by-product, an impurity originating from an intermediate, and three subsidiary colors.

Objective
An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method was developed and validated for determining seven organic impurities in Y6. For comparison, the currently used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was also validated.

Methods
The new UHPLC method uses a 1.7 µm particle size biphenyl column with aqueous ammonium formate and methanol as eluants. Analytes are identified by comparing their retention times and UV-visible spectra to those of reference standards. Calibration is performed in the presence of the dye matrix and analyte levels are determined from their peak areas.

Results
UHPLC and HPLC validation studies obtained linear calibration curves and excellent values for limits of detection, limits of quantitation, recovery, repeatability, and intermediate precision for all analytes. Survey analyses of 30 samples using the UHPLC and HPLC methods yielded results that were consistent within experimental error; however, the UHPLC method provided more accurate results for two analytes that coelute using the HPLC method.

Conclusion
The UHPLC method satisfies the accuracy and precision requisites for routine certification of Y6.

Highlights
The UHPLC method is faster and generates less waste than the HPLC method while delivering better sensitivity, separation, and accuracy.
Essential competences for psychologists in palliative cancer care teams
Authors: Akechi Tatsuo , Ito Yoshinori , Ogawa Asao , Kizawa Yoshiyuki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The study aim was to clarify the essential competencies for psychologists in palliative care teams. A nationwide, multicentre cross-sectional survey was conducted. A 32-item questionnaire assessing endorsement of potential competencies was completed by 70 patients and/or families, 101 consulting personnel, 747 members of palliative care teams and 203 mental health providers. All 32 competencies were judged as essential. Of the 32 items, 9 and 28 items were endorsed by &gt;95% and 80% of participants, respectively. The most frequently endorsed essential competency was ability to coordinate with other professionals in palliative care teams. Some competencies considered essential seemed specific to oncology and medical settings. The results suggest the need for specific guidance for psychologists working in palliative care teams and the development of clinical oncology training programmes and/or systems for psychologists.
Equity of national publicly funded health insurance schemes under the universal health coverage agenda: a systematic review of studies conducted in Africa
Authors: Anjorin Seun S , Ayorinde Abimbola A , Abba Mustapha S , Mensah Daniel , Okolie Elvis A , Uthman Olalekan A , Oyebode Oyinlola O 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The implementation of publicly funded health insurance schemes (PFHIS) is the major strategy to drive progress and achievement of universal health coverage (UHC) by 2030. We appraised evidence on the equity of insurance schemes across Africa.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review of published studies that assessed equity in health insurance schemes implemented under the UHC agenda in Africa. Seven databases, Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and World Bank eLibrary, were searched; we operationalized the PROGRESS-Plus (place of residence; race/ethnicity/culture/language; occupation; gender/sex religion; education; socioeconomic status; social capital) equity framework to assess equity areas.

Results
Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study, in which 90% assessed equity by socioeconomic status. Evidence showed that rural residents, those self-employed or working in the informal sector, men, those with lower educational attainment, and the poor were less likely to be covered by health insurance schemes. Broadly, the insurance schemes, especially, community-based health insurance (CBI) schemes improved utilization by disadvantaged groups, however, the same groups were less likely to benefit from health services.

Conclusions
Evidence on equity of PFHIS is mixed, however, CBI schemes seem to offer more equitable coverage and utilization of essential health services in Africa.
The Virtue of Opportunity: Moral Framing, Community, and Conditional Gentrification
Authors: Ocejo Richard E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gentrification is controversial mainly because of the potential displacement of existing low-income groups. Many gentrifiers therefore grapple with the moral implications of their role in this process. Based on three years of fieldwork and 46 interviews in a small city, this paper explains how gentrifiers construct the moral frames they use to identify and justify both themselves and gentrification as morally good, and how their moral ideas shape their behaviors. It argues that their own sense of community is the social source for their moral frame of opportunity, which they use to assign value to actors and actions based on whether they help realize the city’s potential to revitalize, reduce poverty, and prevent displacement. This framing leads them either to support actors and actions behind “conditional gentrification” (i.e., gentrification they control) or oppose those who are against it. This paper shows how groups base justifications for morally questionable behavior on community, with strong implications for exacerbating inequalities.
Infant Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality While Walking Fast
Authors: Santos-Folgar Myriam , Fernández-Méndez Felipe , Otero-Agra Martín , Abelairas-Gómez Cristian , Murciano Manuel , Rodríguez-Núñez Antonio , Barcala-Furelos Roberto 
Published: July 2021

Objective
This study focuses on the characteristics (feasibility, resuscitation quality, and physical demands) of infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the forearm during fast walking, performed by a trained lay rescuer.

Methods
Twenty-one university students from the infant education degree participated in a randomized crossover simulation study to compare a standard pediatric CPR versus a walking pediatric CPR with a manikin on the rescue forearm. Each rescuer performed 2 resuscitation tests of 2 minutes on the infant manikin. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, physiological, and perceived effort variables were measured.

Results
The quality of chest compressions was higher in standard pediatric CPR than in walking pediatric CPR (72% vs 51%; P < 0.001) and overall CPR quality (59% vs 49%; P = 0.02). There were no differences between ventilation quality (47% vs 46%). Walking pediatric CPR presented a higher percentage of maximum heart rate (52% vs 69%; P < 0.001) and perceived exertion rate (2 vs 5; P < 0.001). Participants walked an average of 197 m during the test.

Conclusions
In conclusion, pediatric walking CPR is feasible although it represents a slight quality decrease in a simulation infant CPR setting. The option “CPR while walking fast to a safe place” seems to be suitable in terms of safety both for the victim and the rescuer, as well as CPR quality in special circumstances.
Improving Resuscitation Timing
Authors: Ambati Shashikanth R. , Tamuz Michal , DeVoe Barbara , Rotjan Andrew , Lesser Martin , Gangadharan Sandeep 
Published: July 2021

Objectives
The aims of the study were to assess whether preassigning a team leader influences resuscitation timing using simulation and to examine relationship between response timeliness and designated leader's profession, whether physician or nurse.

Methods
This is a prospective study of intervention (leader assigned) and control (no assigned leader) teams of residents and nurses participating in a simulated scenario. The primary outcome was time to bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation. A secondary outcome measure compared difference in time to BVM between physician- and nurse-led teams.

Results
We assessed 25 teams, leader assigned (n = 14) or control (n = 11), composed of 92 clinicians. Leaders emerged in most of the controls (10 of 11). The median time to BVM in the leader-assigned group was 41.5 seconds (interquartile range, 34–49 seconds) compared with 53 seconds (interquartile range, 27–85 seconds) for controls (P = 0.13). In the leader-assigned group, 85% (12 of 14) of teams initiated BVM in less than 1 minute compared with only 54% teams (6 of 11) in controls (P = 0.18). Among the leader-assigned teams, we randomly assigned residents to lead 8 teams and nurses to lead 6 teams. All the nurse-led teams (6 of 6) initiated BVM in less than 1 minute compared with fewer physician-led teams (6 of 8) and only approximately half of controls (6 of 11, P = 0.19).

Conclusions
The leader-assigned teams and controls did not differ in resuscitation timeliness. Among leader-assigned teams, the differences in time to BVM between physician- and nurse-led teams were not statistically significant. However, all 6 nurse-led teams demonstrated timely resuscitation, suggesting a direction for future research on the feasibility of bedside nurses taking the lead during resuscitation, pending code team arrival.
The Costs and Benefits of Covid-19 Lockdowns in New Zealand
Authors: Lally Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper considers the costs and benefits of New Zealand’s Covid-19 nation-wide lockdown strategy relative to pursuit of a mitigation strategy in March 2020. Using data available up to 28 June 2021, the estimated additional deaths from a mitigation strategy are 1,750 to 4,600, implying a Cost per Quality Adjusted Life Year saved by locking down in March 2020 of at least 13 times the generally employed threshold figure of $62,000 for health interventions in New Zealand; the lockdowns do not then seem to have been justified by reference to the standard benchmark. Using only data available to the New Zealand government in March 2020, the ratio is similar and therefore the same conclusion holds that the nation-wide lockdown strategy was not warranted. Looking forwards from 28 June 2021, if a new outbreak occurs that cannot be suppressed without a nation-wide lockdown, the death toll from adopting a mitigation strategy at this point would be even less than had it done so in March 2020, due to the vaccination campaign and because the period over which the virus would then inflict casualties would now be much less than the period from March 2020; this would favour a mitigation policy even more strongly than in March 2020. This approach of assessing the savings in quality adjusted life years and comparing them to a standard benchmark figure ensures that all quality adjusted life years saved by various health interventions are treated equally, which accords with the ethical principle of equity across people.