bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH ARANG KAYU ULIN SEBAGAI CATALYTIC CONVERTER TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG DAN KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR PADA MESIN TOYOTA KIJANG 5K
Authors: Fajri Dias Ahmad , Ghofur Abdul 
Published: December 2021

Catalytic Converter adalah pengubah (modifier) yang menggunakan media yang memiliki katalis, dimana media tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu atau mempercepat proses perubahan zat (reaksi kimia) sehingga gas seperti CO dapat dioksidasi menjadi CO2, media katalis kimia pada suhu tertentu, tanpa perubahan atau penggunaan oleh reaksi itu sendiri. Catalytic converter berbahan arang kayu ulin untuk emisi gas buang dan konsumsi bahan bakar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini ada 2 yaitu knalpot tanpa catalytic converter dan knalpot dengan catalytic converter berbahan arang kayu ulin dengan variasi rpm 1500, 2500, 3500. Pengujian emisi gas buang menggunakan alat yang disebut gas analyzer. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa catalytic converter berbahan arang kayu ulin dengan diameter lubang 20 mm mampu mereduksi emisi CO dengan reduksi sebesar 52,23%, dan emisi HC lubang berdiameter 20 mm dengan jumlah 85,63. Catalytic Converter is a converter (modifier)that uses media that has a catalyst, where the media is expected to help or accelerate the process of changing substances (chemical reactions) so that gases such as CO can be oxidized to CO2, chemical catalyst media at a certain temperature, without change or use by the reaction itself. Catalytic converters made from ironwood charcoal to exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. This type of research is experimental research. There are 2 tests of this research, namely exhaust without catalytic converter and exhaust with catalytic converter made from ironwood charcoal with variations in rpm 1500, 2500, 3500. Examination of exhaust emissions using a device called a gas analyzer. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that catalytic converters made from ironwood charcoal with a hole diameter of 20 mm were able to reduce CO emissions with a reduction of 52.23%, and HC emissions of a hole diameter of 20 mm with an amount of 85.63,
THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CALCULATING THREE-MIRROR DECENTER ANASTIGMATS METHODOLOGY
Authors: Artioukhina Nina 
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the theory of calculating mirror systems with anastigmatic properties, namely, the area of research in terms of developing methods for parametric calculation of dimensions and aberration correction. The such systems can correct three third-order aberrations. Mirror anastigmats allow developing the angular field of view of devices while maintaining a high numerical aperture, which allows them to be used in optoelectronic equipment operating in a wide spectral range. Complete absence of chromatic aberrations, high resolution, permissible wave criteria for image quality provide excellent opportunities for using mirror anastigmatic systems. General methodological approaches have been developed that can be applied to the creation of detailed engineering and technical methods for calculating a group of mirror anastigmatic systems. A serious drawback of reflective optics is center without central screening, which degrades image quality. To eliminate it, rotations or displacements of the mirrors are intro-duced, but non-elementary aberrations of even orders appear, which must be corrected. The creation of compositions with decentered catoptric elements requires further development of the calculation and methodological base. Mathematical solutions to the problem of creating basic models of non-centered mirror systems are presented. Accurate formulas are obtained for the calculation of real rays from the conditions of astigmatism and coma correction for the given angles of incidence of the chief ray on the mirror surfaces and the «oblique» thickness , which determines their relative position. Based on the proposed formulas, a new method for parametric calculation of decentered mirror systems has been created, which allows one to compose algorithms and design both basic models and complex mirror systems from off-axis mirrors. The development of new algorithms for two- and three-mirror decenter lenses will increase the accumulated potential of computational optics. The scope of the proposed technique can be expanded in terms of the number of components.
METHOD FOR CALCULATING CUTTING FORCES BY MODELING CAD WITH A SYSTEM OF GEOMETRIC CUTTING PARAMETERS WITH RADIAL MILLS
Authors: Leshchenko Alexander 
Published: December 2021

The accuracy of processing surfaces of a complex profile largely depends on the selected processing strategy, which will allow creating the same, within certain limits, power characteristics of the shaping process at the intervals of the programmed tool path. In this case, it becomes possible to include tuning modules in programs for CNC machines that form vector values of corrections in certain areas, as reactors for elastic deformations of the cutting process. Therefore, it is especially important to know the modulus and direction of the resulting cutting force vector, which does not necessarily coincide with the feed direction.
The purpose of this work is to build a method for calculating cutting forces by modeling the geometric parameters of a cut with a CAD system, a cutter with a nonlinear generatrix. Solid modeling of the process is based on the Boolean operations of "intersection" and "subtraction" of 3D objects: the teeth of a radius cutter with a helical cutting edge and a workpiece "moving" at a feed rate. The tool for the implementation of this method is a software module created on the basis of API functions, the input data for which are: a 3D tool and a workpiece, the equation of the trajectory of its movement and the parameters of the infeed movement. Targeting API properties, the application makes it possible to simulate various trajectories, helical or trochoidal, when machining complex surfaces. In the future, it is possible to take into account the plastic deformation processes in the chip formation zone in the model by connecting external modules.
In the course of the conducted research on milling with radial end mills with a helical cutting edge, when two or more teeth are within the arc of contact, it was determined by 3D modeling how much thickness and width the layer cuts off each of the teeth during the feed per revolution. Consequently, in the process of shaping, normal and tangential cutting forces, which are different in direction and modulus, are present as a function of the angle of rotation of the cutter. Therefore, the concept of "circumferential force on the cutter", accepted in the theory of cutting, as a certain constant component of the process, can introduce an error when considering the causes of the excitation mechanism of vibrations of different nature that arise in the processing zone.
INVESTIGATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY VALUE AT MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE COOLANT IN THE PIPELINES WITH OUTSIDE SURFACE MOUNTED TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Authors: Golovachev Petro , Korobko Ivan , Krotevich Vitalii 
Published: December 2021

During performing technological and production processes and monitoring the modes of their operation, the problem of determining the temperature of various media transported through pipelines is solved without incut temperature sensors (TS) in them, i.e. with using outside surface mounted TS (SMTS). This method is allowing to measure mechanical values at technological processes without structure broken and without influence to physicochemical properties of measured media.
Using of SMTS possible to register heat losses on sections of heating mains, pollution degree of pipelines internal walls, to control serviceability of measurement channels of temperature of the coolant in heat meters, etc.
In the article authors presents results of research the uncertainty values for measuring of the coolant temperature in heating systems pipelines under different modes of its flow. First of all, the uncertainty value of the measurements results was estimated, which was determined by the results of the study for the calculation model and field tests at existing district heating systems.
Emphasis is paid on estimating the difference between the registration of temperature in the middle of the pipeline, determined by mortise transducers and the temperature measured by outside surface mounted temperature transducers, taking into account the temperature gradient across the pipeline and the quality of its insulation.
It is determined that: the temperature measured by temperature transducers on the surface of the pipeline at different points of its perimeter, with proper installation and sufficient thermal insulation does not depend on their location; the average temperature on the surface of the pipeline, measured using the developed method of installation of PT, slightly differs (ΔT ≈- 0.3⁰C) from the average temperature of the coolant in the middle of the flow; temperature transducers have high reproducibility of measurements and small difference in readings between channels at parallel measurements (»0,03⁰С).
It is substantiated that high metrological performances of temperature transducers allow to use them for solving other tasks: measuring the distribution of heat fluxes in heating systems of residential buildings to perform hydraulic balancing of heating systems and increase their efficiency; estimate of contamination of pipelines and heat exchange equipment to determine the need for their washing; determination of thermal resistance of buildings protective structures to assess their energy efficiency; determination of large pumps efficiency by calorimetric method; checking the correct of operation the temperature measuring channels of heat meters and cold meters; in other technology areas where measurements of small temperature differences with high accuracy are required.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF FUEL COMBUSTION PROCESS IN LOW AND MEDIUM POWER BOILERS. PART 2. ALGORITHMIC SOFTWARE
Authors: Zaporozhets Arthur , Kuts Yurii 
Published: December 2021

The efficiency of the functioning of boiler units depends on the availability of reliable information on the progress of technological processes. The lack of control and measuring systems for the composition of the exhaust gases leads to low efficiency of the boiler unit, in particular, due to poor-quality fuel combustion. Therefore, in modern operating conditions of boiler units, it is relevant to develop technological solutions focused on finding and minimizing the causes and mechanisms of the formation of harmful substances in exhaust gases.
Due to the fact that replacement of outdated boiler units with new ones requires significant capital investments, a promising direction is the modernization of existing boiler units. It is a low-cost and efficient way of rational use of fuel while simultaneously reducing the level of harmful substances in exhaust gases. It remains relevant to ensure the functioning of the control systems for the composition of the air-fuel mixture (AFM) with a given speed and high reliability of maintaining the excess air ratio (EAR) at the stoichiometric level.
In the article the high-quality algorithm is proposed for the operation of an automatic control system for the combustion of fuel in boilers of medium and low power by regulating the ratio of the components of the AFM for the burner with feedback according to the signals of the oxygen sensor. The algorithms for the operation of the frequency regulator of the ratio of the components of the AFM in various operating modes are considered. The developed algorithms allowed maintaining the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in the boiler furnace, reducing the level of toxic emissions into the atmosphere and increasing the boiler efficiency by optimizing the fuel combustion process. The AFM ratio programmer is made in the LM Programmer technical programming environment and works with Windows operating systems (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10) and oxygen sensors manufactured by Bosch. The visualization of the control process of the fuel combustion process is made in the technical programming environment LogWorks 3 and operates in the environment of Windows operating systems.
THE CONCEPT OF “TOLERANCE” IN LEXICO-SEMANTIC, COGNITIVE-DISCURSIVE, SEMIOTIC AND LINGUOCULTURAL ASPECTS
Authors: Tikan Yana 
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the study of lexico-semantic, cognitive-discursive, semiotic and linguocultural aspects of the concept “TOLERANCE”. The aim of the study is to analyze the features of the concept in the above-mentioned aspects in modern political discourse. Analyzing the concept of “TOLERANCE” in lexical and semantic aspects of dictionary definitions, we can determine that there are mainly four ways to understand it: 1) indifference to the existence of different views; 2) the impossibility of mutual understanding; 3) indulgence to the weakness of others in combination with a certain dose of contempt for them; 4) expanding one's own experience and critical dialogue. In our opinion, the first three methods have negative connotations. The concept “TOLERANCE” reveals the cognitive side of language, which expresses the diverse characteristics of human beings, their qualities, cognitive abilities, humanism in terms of ethnocultural relations. However, the position of the ambiguity and emotional coloring of this phenomenon is unique, often depending on the perception in a particular cultural conceptosphere. The typology of tolerance is based on the main criterion - moral potential, the presence or absence of a moral basis in a particular direction of tolerance. The vector of tolerance allows to attribute the components of the concept of “TOLERANCE” from a semiotic point of view to palliative or constructive. Based on the study, we can conclude that the three components of the concept “TOLERANCE” have a negative connotation and a palliative vector that closes the way to dialogue (tolerance as indifference, tolerance as impossibility of understanding, tolerance as indulgence), and only one component can be characterized as a such that has a constructive orientation, moral potential - tolerance as an extension of one's own experience and critical dialogue. The linguistic and cultural aspect of the concept “TOLERANCE“ is that in different languages ​​this concept is different and has its own specifics of verbalization. In modern English and Ukrainian, the concept of “TOLERANCE” retains an ambivalent meaning: it can be replaced by the word “acceptable” (to someone else's way of life, behavior, customs, feelings, thoughts, ideas, beliefs). Tolerance is the willingness to accept and acknowledge the behavior, beliefs, and attitudes of others that are different from one's own, even if the beliefs are not shared but are accepted as having a right to exist.
MEANS OF SYNTACTIC COMPRESSION IN ENGLISH TEXTS ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND METHODS OF THEIR TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN
Authors: Nagnybida Valentyna , Vashchylo Olga 
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of syntactic compression means and methods of their translation; study of frequency of syntactic compression means use and frequency of their translation methods application on the material of mechanical engineering texts. The research material is syntactic units of language selected from the mechanical engineering texts, demonstrating the use of syntactic compression, and their translation into Ukrainian. Examples were selected from the manuals on mechanical engineering, operating instructions for various devices, bilingual sites of international engineering companies such as SKF and DENSO. The results of our study showed that the most productive means of syntactic compression in the mechanical engineering texts are the infinitive (27%), gerund (18%), and adjective (16%). Less productive means of syntactic compression are ellipsis (11%), replacement (10%), syntactic reduction (9%) and nominalization (9%).
A study of ways to translate English compressed structures in the mechanical engineering texts, depending on the syntactic compression means used, showed that most often the infinitive is translated by a complex sentence of the goal (65.4%), and least often – a complex sentence of cause and effect); the most frequent way of translating an adjective is a complex sentence with attribute (72.8%), the least frequent – unfolding (1.2%); gerund in these texts is most often translated by replacing parts of speech (78.7%), least often – a complex sentence of mode of action (1.1%); the most typical way of translating an ellipse is unfolding (80%), the least frequent ways of an ellipse translating are complex sentences of purpose (1.7%), time (1.7%) and admission (1.7%); nominalization is most often translated by a complex sentence of the goal (40.7%), least often – a complex sentence with attribute (1.9%); the most frequent way of translating syntactic reduction in the texts of mechanical engineering is unfolding (89.4%), the least frequent – explanatory translation (10.6%); replacement is most often translated by unfolding (75.5%), and the least often – explanatory translation (24.5%).

Keywords: speech compression; syntactic compression; syntactic compression means; compressed structures; translation methods; mechanical engineering texts.
Faktor Pendukung dan Kontribusi Kecamatan bagi Kecukupan Konsumsi Beras di Kabupaten Jombang, Jawa Timur
Authors: Sumarsono NFN , Minto NFN , Ghani Sulung Rachmawan Wira , Yulianto Totok 
Published: December 2021

<p>Vulnerability of food insecurity is closely related to food sufficiency, especially rice as a staple food. The purpose of this risearch was to analyze supporting factors and to identify sub-districts contribution to the rice consumption adequacy in Jombang Regency, East Java. Data used in this study was a panel data of cross-sectional from 21 sub-districts and time series data of the period 2010 to 2016. A regression analyses and a biplot analyses were used in this study. Research results showed that three ot of five factors were linear positive in supporting the adequacy of food consumption, namely rice procurement, productivity of rice farming, and rice harvested acreage; rice consumption was linear negative, and rice prices was not significant. The variability of rice consumption was identified as the highest among the supporting factors, similarity in supporting factor characteristics was exist in eight sub-district groups, and the superiority of factor scores was identified in three sub-districts groups. The policy implication from this study, among others, are a program for the rice consumption adequacy should be designed based on eight sub-districts groups with the similarity characteristics in orders to achieve efficiency ini costs, time, and manpower; and a supply chain among sub-districts should be developed by prioritizing the rice flow from the above average consumption adequacy rate of sub-districts groups to the below average one.</p>
Partisipasi Tenaga Kerja Pemuda di Sektor Pertanian di Sulawesi Tengah
Authors: Nurdiyanto Eka , Sukamdi NFN , Rofi Abdur 
Published: December 2021

Structural transformation in Central Sulawesi has led to a decline in the contribution of agricultural sector in the province’s economy. In addition, the phenomenon of increasing aging farmers was one of the problems in improving the agricultural sector performance. This study aimed to examine factors that influence youth labor participation in the agricultural sector in Central Sulawesi. The data used in this research was Sakernas 2018 published by Statistics Indonesia (BPS). The analysis was carried out in three levels, namely individual, household, and contextual levels, using a multilevel binary logistic analysis. Results of this analysis showed that youth labor participation in the agricultural sector was significantly influenced by the several factors: for individual factors were level of education and gender; household socioeconomic factors were education level of household heads, occupations of household heads, and number of household members; and the region contextual factors were population density and Gross Regional Domestic Products (GRDP) per capita. To increase youth labor participation in this province, it is recommended that the local government to implement programs to change youth perceptions of work opportunity in the agricultural sector, create agricultural diversification, improve welfare of agricultural households, strengthen agricultural market strategies. and enhance the skills and capacity of agricultural youth.
Pengembangan Kawasan Jagung Berbasis Korporasi Petani di Kabupaten Lebak, Banten
Authors: Setiasih Ika , Suharno NFN , Suryana Achmad 
Published: December 2021

The main problem faced by small-scale farming is that the economy of scale cannot be reached so that the use of inputs and technology is inefficient. To overcome this problem, farmers need to join and cooperate in a farming group. One of the models of this cooperation is the agricultural area development based on farmer corporation that combines technical business aspects with farmer institutions aspects. This study aims to analyze the achievements of a pilot project implementation of the corn area development based on farmer corporation in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, which analyzed using the evaluation model of contect, input, process, product (CIPP) and determine priority strategies which analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The result of this study shows that the pilot project targets for the first and the second years, namely cooperation with the feed industry and forming its own feed processing, respectively have not been achieved. From the identified seven success indicators, three were achieved, namely production increase, income increase, and implementation of local specific innovative technology. The strategy that needed to be set in advance as a priority was farmer empowerment through a farmer institution, with the most important factor is farmers’ welfare achievement.
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE UPSUS PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION ON RICE PRODUCTION AND FARMERS’ INCOME
Authors: Setiyanto Adi 
Published: December 2021

<p class="A04-abstrak2">Padi merupakan komoditas pangan utama penduduk dan memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Pada tahun 2015 dilaksanakan Program Upsus oleh Kementerian Pertanian di 16 provinsi dan diperluas di 33 dari 34 provinsi di Indonesia pada 2016. Program Upsus telah dilaksanakan selama 5 tahun, namun demikian penelitian-penelitian mengenai kinerja pelaksanaan Program Upsus dari aspek peningkatan produksi dan pendapatan petani padi penerima program tidak banyak dilakukan. Naskah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja Program Upsus terhadap pencapaian target peningkatan produksi dan pendapatan usaha tani padi menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan difokuskan pada Provinsi Jawa Barat untuk mendapatkan gambaran implementasi secara nyata di lapangan. Program Upsus telah berhasil mempertahankan luas tanam padi dan mendorong peningkatan luas areal panen padi, tetapi tidak berhasil dalam mendorong pertumbuhan produktivitas dan peningkatan pendapatan petani padi. Dalam implementasi Program Upsus yang akan datang perlu diupayakan (1) mengembangkan perencanaan yang sistematis dan rinci berdasarkan evaluasi yang spesifik, komprehensif, dan terinci guna meningkatkan efektivitas pelaksanaan Program Upsus, (2) penguatan sistem penyuluhan pertanian dan peningkatan bantuan teknis untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas padi dan beras yang dihasilkan, (3) melakukan perbaikan dan penguatan penyelenggaraan organisasi pelaksanaan Program Upsus mulai dari pusat hingga lokasi kegiatan, (4) menempatkan implementasi strategi pada fokus yang lebih besar untuk peningkatan produktivitas, baik melalui peningkatan penerapan paket teknologi budi daya pada usaha tani padi, maupun penurunan tingkat kehilangan hasil pada saat panen dan penanganan pascapanen, serta saat distribusi dan pemasaran, dan (5) mendorong peningkatan pendapatan petani dari usaha tani padi dan aktivitas penanganan panen dan pascapanen mereka.</p>