bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Infections (International Symposium of Vienna, September 2nd and 3rd, 1970), edited by Otto Thalhammer. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1971, 84 pp., $6.00
Authors: Eichenwald Heinz F. 
Published: December 2021

This little booklet, edited by a recognized expert in the field, consists entirely of papers presented at a 2-day international symposium. Not included is any discussion which might have followed these presentations. Little editing of the various papers is evident since there is a lack of uniformity and some duplication.
The inherent weaknesses of such an approach are, of course, obvious. In the allotted time and space, it was not possible to discuss or even sketch the vast body of information in the area of prenatal infections.
A FILTER PAPER SAMPLING METHOD FOR THE URIC ACID:CREATININE RATIO IN URINE
Authors: Mclnnes Roderick , Lamm Peter , Clow Carol L. , Scriver Charles R. 
Published: December 2021

In the article: A Filter Paper Sampling Method for the Uric Acid-Creatinine Ratio in Urine: Normal Values in the Newborn, Pediatrics, 49:80 (January) 1972, the last sentence of the Results section should read:
We were unable to obtain and test urine samples which had been collected during the first week of life from known patients with the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.
DRUG INTERACTIONS—PART I
Authors: Yaffe Sumner J. 
Published: December 2021

The past several decades have witnessed a remarkable growth in our understanding of drug action and disposition within the intact organism. Awareness of the significant role which hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes play ill determining the duration and intensity of action of many drugs expanded prodigiously as a result of the fundamental research by Bernard B. Brodie and his co-workers at the National Institutes of Health. This achievement spurred the training of a new breed of pharmacologists devoted to the extension of these findings to man. Their insights, plus surveillance of prescribing habits, have generated concern over the frequency with which patients receive multiple medications concurrently. The possibility of interaction among these therapeutic agents increases in proportion to the number administered. In addition to prescribed drugs, the individual is also exposed to a host of environmental chemicals and over-the-counter preparations. All may alter drug action.
Historically, drug interaction involves the prescribing of mixtures of ingredients, an approach which has deep-seated roots in medical tradition and psychological appeal for patient and physician. The appeal for the physician to prescribe not just one, but a combination of pharmacologically active ingredients, has been, and continues to be difficult to resist because of the inference that more drugs are necessarily better than few—a concept far from the truth.
A widely accepted current definition of the word "drug" is "any biologically active substance." This encompasses both synthetic and natural substances. They may be administered or naturally occurring. Drug interaction may result not only among administered compounds but between an administered drug and endogenous substances.
The Lecithin-Sphingomyelin Ratio of Amniotic Fluid: An Index of Fetal Lung Maturity?
Authors: Roux Jacques F. , Nakamura Junichi , Brown Edwin , Sweet Avron Y. 
Published: December 2021

The proportion of lecithin (L) to sphingomyelin (S) measured in amniotic fluid has been proposed as an index of fetal lung maturity.1 A ratio of L to S of 1.5 or less has been correlated with hyaline membrane disease in the postnatal period. Therefore, prevention or delay of immediate delivery has been advocated in such circumstances.
In our laboratory, the L to S ratio (L/S) was determined immediately before birth in 88 amniotic fluid samples obtained by amniocentesis between the 8th and 46th week of gestation.
Simon Yudkin
Authors: Barnett Henry L. , Fraad Lewis M. , Kretchmer Norman 
Published: December 2021

We believe that the many friends of the late Dr. Simon Yudkin among our readers would be interested in knowing that a Memorial Trust has been set up in his memory as described in the following letter to the Editor of "The Times" of London.
"Dr. Simon Yudkin, consultant paediatrician to University College Hospital and to the Whittington Hospital, died in April (1968) aged 54. His death brought to an untimely end a brilliant clinical career.
IS THE WEARING OF OVERSHOES DETRIMENTAL TO A CHILD'S HEALTH?
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The author of the letter below, published in 1831, vehemently proscribed the use of overshoes as an article of clothing for children. He wrote:
Overshoes For Children
To the Editor of the Boston Med. and Surg. Journal
Sir,—It is a subject of regret that there is so great a demand, in this part of the country, for children's India-rubbers; and as your Journal is probably taken by every physician in New England of any distinction, I am desirous of enlisting, through its pages, their influence against so pernicious a custom. Are not parents sensible that they cannot well do their children a greater unkindness, than thus cautiously to protect their feet from external dampness, and parboil them in perspiration? The feet of children should be well bathed in the coldest water every morning throughout the year, and they should then be protected by nothing thicker, warmer, or more impervious to water, than leather shoes. If, in wet weather, the soles of these shoes are soaked through, no injury can come of it, if the child have never been made tender and susceptible of cold by practice I feel it is a duty to discourage. On the contrary, he will run and sport about more briskly, and lay the foundation of a firmer constitution, and more vigorous and uniform good health.
I have noticed several families of children whose feet are thus habitually guarded, and find them looking puny and pale, kept at home from school oftener by colds, than other children by bad walking, and in sickness offering much less resistance to disease than those whose systems have been fortified by more hardy management.
HEXACHLOROPHENE AND SKIN CARE OF NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: James L. Stanley , Cornblath Marvin , Drorbaugh James E. , Graven Stanley N. , Kay Jacob L. , Korones Sheldon B. , Meyer H. Belton , Oliver Thomas K. , Segal Sydney , Shinefield Henry , Sutherland James M. , Tooley William H. , Hasselmeyer Eileen , Talner Norman L. , Carrington Elsie R. 
Published: December 2021

The question of safety has been raised by the recent evidence that levels of hexachlorophene in the blood of newborn infants receiving daily baths with a 3% solution are close to levels which are neurotoxic for adult rats. Hexachlorophene is widely used in newborn nurseries, but techniques vary considerably; they range from meticulous, double, early bathing followed by daily baths, to alternate day washing with a diluted solution followed by rinsing off.
Blood levels associated with leg weakness progressing to paralysis in the adult rat with chronic oral administration have ranged from 0.985 to 1.48 p.p.m. Toxic manifestations have not been observed nor recognized in newborn infants with "meticulous" daily washing. The chemical is readily absorbed from the skin, resulting in blood levels of 0.009 to 0.646 p.p.m. The compound is excreted as a monoglucuronide in the bile and feces. Convulsions have been reported in an infant 4 days after repeated application of the 3% emulsion to the skin without subsequent rinsing; and, toxic manifestations have been observed in burn patients, but at relatively high serum levels (29 µg/ml), after denuded areas of the skin have been washed with hexachlorophene.
It is not known whether or not this substance as currently used on infants is toxic. Although the symptoms observed in adult man and adult rats are similar, the actual blood levels at which symptoms are produced in man appear to be much higher. Symptomatology in the rat with chronic oral administration was accompanied by brain lesions, cerebral edema, and cystic spaces in the white matter of the brain; these lesions were reversible over a period of 6 weeks when hexachlorophene was discontinued.
PHENYLKETONURIA AND THE PHENYLALANINEMIAS OF INFANCY
Authors: Kugel Robert B. , Bartran John Bowman , Bost Roger B. , Cavanaugh James J. A. , Hanson Virgil , Kennell John H. , McMahon Jean , Pearson Paul H. , Scott Roland B. , Scurletis Theodore D. , Browder J. Albert , Halpern Daniel , Martin Edwin W. 
Published: December 2021

In 1965 this Committee issued a statement outlining the responsibilities of the physician to the child with phenylketonuria, an inherited abnormality of amino acid metabolism.
A lack of knowledge about the disorder and about the results of treatment placed constraints on the 1965 statement. The Committee therefore feels that, with recent advances in knowledge about the disorder, a new statement is needed.
An increased level of phenylalanine in the blood can occur under sporadic and transient conditions in the absence of disease, with or without a concomitant elevation of serum tyrosine; it is always present in the disorder now called phenylketonuria. Because of incomplete information, simple classification of a specific case of phenylalaninemia is often not possible.
Screening programs allow for the detection of infants with elevated blood levels of phenylalanine. Screening programs should be encouraged and supported because they are the best available means for identifying all infants with abnormalities of protein metabolism resulting in serum phenylalanine elevations.
Two important, unresolved issues need clarification: (1) the effect of a persistently elevated blood level of phenylalanine on the intellectual growth of the child when there are no other indications of disease, and (2) the possibility of harmful effects of a diet low in phenylalanine.
The basic treatment of phenylketonuria is to reduce circulating phenylalanine by dietary restriction; and, because a spectrum of disorders causes an elevation of that amino acid, differing approaches in management seem indicated.
The relative rarity of phenylketonuria precludes the opportunity for individual physicians to gain widespread experience and expertise in management outside of a hospital specialty clinic setting.
PARENTERAL FEEDING—A NOTE OF CAUTION
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Published: December 2021

Parenteral feeding in which all nutrients are given intravenously was shown by Wilmore and Dudrick1 to have sustained growth at a near-normal rate in an infant. Height, head circumference, and development progressed at normal rates for 44 days. Normal weight gain and skeletal growth also has occurred in puppies fed intravenously for 10 months.2 A number of studies3-7 have shown that nutritional needs sufficient to promote wound healing, improve general status, cause a gain in body weight, and support positive nitrogen balance can be met for periods in excess of 1 year entirely by parenteral alimentation. The mean daily weight gain in a recent report3 was 18 gm for infants in the first 2 months of life. This rate of gain is at the 5th percentile for normal breast-fed infants during the first 2 months of life.8
The preferred method of infusion has been the insertion of a silastic catheter through either a subclavian or jugular vein into the superior vena cava, with scrupulous attention paid to the prevention of sepsis from skin bacteria.2,5 Insertion into other veins has been associated with a much higher complication rate.9,10 The infused solution2 has provided about 80% of the needed calories as glucose and 20% as either Amigen (a hydrolysate of casein) or Aminosol (a hydrolysate of beef fibrin),* Minerals and vitamins have been added to these solutions. Plasma has been infused in some, but not all, patients 1 to 2 times weekly in an effort to provide essential fatty acids and trace minerals.
Improvement of the Incubator-Respirator
Authors: Chernick V. , Karlowsky R. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Somerwill, Brown, and Sweet in this issue1 is timely for several reasons. It is quite clear that the incubator-respirator was not adequately tested by the manufacturer before being placed on the market.
Several years before converting to continous negative pressure (CNP) use, we found it necessary to make certain modifications in order to prevent equipment failure and the manufacturer was notified about our problems and solutions. The triac semi-conductor was changed from an SC45B to an SC45D which has a maximum breakover voltage of 400 V.
In Reply: Erythromycin in the Middle Ear: Further Information
Authors: Bass James W. 
Published: December 2021

Thank you for the opportunity to respond to Dr. Meland's comments regarding our article "Erythromycin Concentrations in Middle Ear Exudates," which was published recently in the Journal.
We are aware that the various esters of erythromycin are absorbed in their bacteriologically inactive form and must be hydrolyzed to active erythromycin base in the body, a process which may take considerable periods of time with certain esters of the drug. This delay in hydrolysis of erythromycin esters to the active base observed in vivo may explain why viable Hemophilus influenzae organisms were isolated from exudates with relatively high total concentrations of erythromycin as determined by the in vitro method of bioassy utilized.
ART AS THERAPY WITH CHILDREN, by Edith Kramer. New York: Schocken Books, 1972, 234 pp., $10.00
Authors: DiLeo Joseph 
Published: December 2021

In their drawings and paintings, children often express what they cannot or will not verbalize. The value of their graphic expressions has been clearly established and has given rise to a voluminous literature. Among the writers on children's art are gifted artists and sculptors, as well as those directly involved in the behavioral sciences: psychologists, psychiatrists, educators, and pediatricians.
A survey aimed at determining the most widely used test items in psychological assessment revealed human figure drawings to be second only to the Rorschach.
INFANT FEEDING AND BLOOD ACID-BASE STATUS
Authors: Kildeberg Poul , Winters Robert 
Published: December 2021

The anecdotal experience reported by Healy in this issue of Pediatrics includes the observation of low concentrations of bicarbonate in the serum of five nonthriving full-term infants receiving Nutramigen during recovery from "serious illness." The data reported offer few clues as to the mechanism of the apparent acidosis; they should, however, serve to refocus the attention of clinicians upon the general relationship between formula composition and acid-base metabolism of young infants. Of major interest is the amply documented association of acidosis and growth failure in this age group.
The total acid load resulting from feeding a given quantity of any specified diet to a particular individual is a complex function of a large number of variables and cannot be derived from dietary analysis alone; rather, it must be evaluated experimentally by bioassay techniques.
A PHYSIOLOGIC RATIONALE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEUROLOGIC RECTAL INCONTINENCE IN CHILDREN
Authors: White John J. , Suzuki Hiroshi , Shafle M. El , Mahesh Kumar A. P. , Haller J. Alex , Schnaufer Louise 
Published: December 2021

Anorectal manometry was used to physiologically assess the anorectal sphincteric reflexes in 38 children with neurologic fecal incontinence.
There was a normal relaxation of the smooth muscle internal sphincter, and absent or impaired contraction of the striated muscle external sphincter, supporting the concept that the external sphincter is responsible for continence. Daily evacuation regimens were instituted to utilize the resting tone of the internal sphincter and avoid overfilling of the rectum and inadvertant accidents. From a status of constant soiling and staining, socially acceptable continence has been attained. Half of the children are always clean, and the rest have minor staining; one-third have learned regular bowel habits, and no longer require assistance. Colostomy was not needed. The difference in age between those children no longer requiring assistance (3.3 years), and those who still need daily assisted evacuation (6.5 years) suggests that bowel training regimens should be started early in children with neurologic incontinence.
II. REMARKS ON RECEIVING THE C. ANDERSON ALDRICH AWARD
Authors: Erikson Erik H. 
Published: December 2021

The C. Anderson Aldrich Award, when given to a man so late in life for what he has contributed so much earlier, unavoidably awakes reminiscences. Let me, therefore, first devote a few words to the most important pediatrician in my life. He looked after my health when I was 3 years old and then entered my life more decisively by marrying my widowed mother. We moved into his house. In those days, of course, a pediatrician's office was attached to his home, and for years when I came home from school in the afternoon, I had to make my way through groups of worried mothers and sick children who sat in the entrance hall as well as in the waiting room. I did not become a pediatrician proper, so to speak, but I eventually was trained in child analysis. Beyond this, in all my thinking, the world for me has always been full of mothers and children which seemed to appeal for responsible help in saving not only lives, but also the vitality and integrity of living. If your award attests to the fact that we share this responsibility, it is also, in my case, a tribute to the power of early professional imprinting.
Now it so happens that to my surprise and joy the second most important pediatrician in my life is right here today and is, in fact, last year's recipient of the Aldrich Award. Our acquaintance goes way back, to what now seem prehistoric days. But I felt closest to Ben Spock during some years in Pittsburgh when he permitted me, a regular visitor to the staff, to share on occasion his well baby clinic at the Arsenal Health Center.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Hoekelman Robert A. 
Published: December 2021

I am surprised we have not seen more letters expressing the viewpoint of Dr. Walter Pick concerning the utilization of nurse practitioners in pediatric practice. I am convinced his opinion reflects that of the majority of practicing pediatricians and in part explains the lethargy in the growth and development of pediatric nurse practitioner training programs.
His view implies that it is reasonable to utilize pediatric nurse practitioners in areas where child health services are sparse, but unethical to do so in private practice.
Erwinia Conjunctivitis in Children
Authors: London Robert , Bottone Edward 
Published: December 2021

The recovery of the gram-negative rod Erwinia from human sources is being reported with increasing frequency. It has been demonstrated as the pathogenic organism contaminating infusion sets and associated with bacteremia. The organism has been recovered from skin infections, ear infections, blood cultures, bone marrow, and a brain abscess.
In the past 22 months we have isolated this organism from the conjunctiva of 11 children. They range in age from a few days to 15 years.
Opportunities for Pediatric Training in the Indian Health Service
Authors: Posner Michael Kagan 
Published: December 2021

As a partially trained pediatrician in the Indian Health Service, interested in the Report of the Committee on Indian Health, I would like to add some personal observations:
1. The number of training deferments through CORD is determined by needs of the Department of Defense, to which pediatric services are not essential although a convenience. Because pediatric services are critical in Indian Health where the population is markedly skewed to younger ages, could not the Committee propose that, while the draft continues, pediatricians might choose their branch of service?
EXPERIMENTAL USE OF METHYL TESTOSTERONE IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: SEITCHIK JOSEPH N. , AGERTY HORST A. 
Published: December 2021

Fifty-seven premature infants weighing between 1.3 and 2.3 kg. were studied in respect to time to regain birth weight, time to attain an arbitrarily chosen weight and rate of weight gain. Twenty-seven infants received methyl testosterone. These infants demonstrated no evidence of growth stimulation.
In view of the meager metabolic effects of methyl testosterone in premature infants, there appears to be little justification for its use in premature infants.
COMPARISON OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MINERALENRICHED MEAT AND MILK
Authors: MCQUARRIE IRVINE , ZIEGLER M. R. 
Published: December 2021

The nutritive value of cooked lean meat enriched with Ca, P and other minerals, as well as with fat, carbohydrate and vitamins, was compared with that of whole cow's milk in feeding experiments on young growing rats and on two adolescent boys. As judged by changes in body weight, whole carcass analyses, bone composition, blood serum analyses, character of the furry coat and spontaneous motor activity, growing rats thrived at least as well on the meat as on the milk regimen, when the two diets contained the same amounts of Ca, P, Mg and K, as well as protein, fat, carbohydrate and vitamins.
The meat formula without any mineral enrichment or with either Ca or P omitted from the salt mixture failed to support normal growth and normal bone composition in the rat.
Preliminary N, P and Ca balance studies on two adolescent human subjects showed the Ca- and P-enriched meat to be as good as or slightly better than milk as a source for these elements.
ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN TETANY OF NEWLY BORN INFANTS
Authors: GARDNER LYTT I. , MACLACHLAN ELSIE A. , PICK WALTER , TERRY MARY L. , BUTLER ALLAN M. 
Published: December 2021

Sixteen cases of neonatal tetany are reported, all of whom were fed cow's milk formulas.
Relative to human milk, cow's milk has a low Ca:P ratio and increased total P concentration. These differences are accentuated in some commercial milks prepared for infant feeding.
Cow's milk, even if diluted 2:1 with water, is an unphysiologic food for the human infant in the neonatal period, producing elevated serum P and decreased serum Ca and Mg levels.
Increasing the Ca:P ratio of cow's milk to that of human milk or dilution 1:2 with water limits the abnormal changes in serum P, Ca and Mg concentrations referred to.
A high P diet of an inadequately diluted cow's milk formula causes hypertrophy of the parathyroid glands of the newborn infant.
The maximum renal P clearance of the human newborn infant in the first week of life appears to approximate 3500 ml./sq. m./24 hrs.
Our observations indicate that when newborn infants are fed cow's milk formulas commonly used in this country limitation in parathyroid and renal function predisposes to tetany.
The foregoing data emphasize the physiologic character of human milk for the newborn infant. If breast milk is unavailable, a suitable formula for the neonatal period appears to be cow's milk 1 part, water 2 parts, 10% carbohydrate and Ca-gluconate to produce a Ca:P ration approaching that of breast milk. The added water and Ca should then be gradually reduced.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN 679 HEALTHY INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: MARONEY MARGARET , RANTZ LOWELL A. 
Published: December 2021

An ECG was taken on each of 683 apparently healthy children. Flat, inverted or diphasic T or P waves never occurred in Lead I, rarely occurred in Lead II and frequently occurred in Lead III.
The QRS interval tends to be shorter in children than in adults and increases with age from 6 months to 9 years. Measurements less than 0.04 sec. or greater than 0.08 sec. are rare in healthy children under the age of 9 years.
The PR (PQ) interval tends to be shorter in children than in adults and increases with age from 6 months to 9 years. PR (PQ) intervals of 0.15 sec. or more are rare in healthy children under the age of 4 years. PR (PQ) intervals of 0.16 sec. or more are very rare in healthy children from 4 to 9 years of age.