bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of some biochemical parameters in respiratory system diseases
Authors: Mosa M J , Alkazazz F F 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This review article presents a general investigation about respiratory diseases starting with definition and classification also we are focus on the parameters which are useful to diagnose this disease, finally the treatment methods of all respiratory diseases were mentioned in. There are two common types of respiratory disease were expressed in detail with the define by physiological and biochemical causes of each diseases or illness. Chemical tests, biological investigations, and imagining techniques are three ways to diagnose the infection of respiratory system with multiple abilities to recognize between different diseases by all the diagnosis methods. Treatment of all types of respiratory diseases achieved by the elimination of inflammation by special drugs or by last therapeutic option the Lung transplant. Finally, we concluded there are several types of respiratory diseases differ from each other by many considerations and the diagnosis of respiratory diseases can be doing by biochemical and biological tests also we find the treatment of all types of respiratory diseases achieved by the elimination of inflammation or transplant the lung.
A review on autoimmune diseases Myasthenia Gravis: Causes, pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment
Authors: JarAllah S A , Al-Garawi Z S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Native and foreign microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, are actively protected by the immune system. This defense can however be improperly misdirected against tissues and cells in some people, giving rise to autoimmunity and eventually autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune disorders are a wide variety of illnesses which can affect any part of the body, either localized (such as thyroiditis) or systemic to specific organs or tissues and affect several organs or tissues (such as systemic lupus erythematosus). As an example of autoimmune diseases that affect the voluntary muscles, myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular junction disease (NMJ) triggered by antibodies that target postsynaptic membrane components, impede neuromuscular transmission and contribute to skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue. Here is a review of the past and clinical aspects of MG to explain the mechanisms of AChR, MuSK and Lrp4 antibodies, the history and clinical aspects of MG are explored with an emphasis on the structure and role of myasthenic autoantigens at the NMJ and how they are influenced by the pathogenic mechanisms of the autoantibodies.
Investigation of the influence of the scanning speed and step in laser marking and engraving of aluminum
Authors: Balchev I , Atanasov A , Lengerov A , Lazov L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Marking and engraving of aluminum was carried out by a CuBr (copper bromide) laser operating at the wavelength of 511 nm with a pulse duration of 30 ns. The reflection was investigated of the laser-ablated aluminum surface depending on the laser beam scanning speed and the distance between the laser lines. The changes of the aluminum surface were observed before and after laser processing by an optical microscope and visually. The laser marking quality was estimated by measuring the reflection of the irradiated aluminum surface by an optical spectrometer. The dependence was analyzed of the contrast on the speed for different steps in laser marking of areas of the surface of aluminum samples. Marking by a CuBr laser shows a potential for good quality marking of barcodes and QR codes on aluminum products.
Modelling of the diffraction efficiency of surface relief gratings with varying spatial frequency, height and shape of the relief
Authors: Blagoeva B , Berberova N , Nazarova D , Nedelchev L , Mateev G , Stoykova E , Otsetova-Dudin E , Sharlandjiev P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An important goal in the development of diffractive optical elements is to achieve high diffraction efficiency. One class of these elements are the surface relief gratings recorded by polarization holography. For recording media, we used azopolymer (poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt]), shortly denoted as PAZO. The aim of the present work is to simulate a highly efficient surface relief grating formed in the azopolymer PAZO. The model is based on experimental results already obtained by our group. The tasks of the research are related to the analysis of the diffraction efficiency in the spectral range from 300 nm to 800 nm and for: 1) range of grating spatial frequencies from 1200 ln/mm to 1800 ln/mm, 2) surface relief height varying from 100 nm to 400 nm and 3) different shapes of the formed relief.
Nd:YAG laser ablation of micro-crystalline graphite in a water suspension
Authors: Milenov T , Dimov D , Nikolov A , Stankova N , Avramova I , Avdeev G , Russev S , Karashanova D , Georgieva B , Kostadinov I , Karaivanova D , Kolev S , Valcheva E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of this work was to obtain graphene-like phases (defected graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) as fine suspensions by applying pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of micro-crystalline graphite suspension in water medium. The fundamental (λ = 1064 nm), second (λ = 532 nm), third (λ = 355 nm) and fourth harmonics (λ = 266 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser system (15-ns pulse duration and 10-Hz pulse repetition rate) were used. The morphology of the particles was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their phase composition and structure were explored by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GIXRD) and TEM. The specimens were prepared by drop-casting on a glass substrate (for Raman and GIXRD studies) and on a standard TEM copper mesh for SEM and TEM examination.
Finite element modeling of laser aluminum marking
Authors: Lazov L , Angelov N , Draganov I , Atanasov A , Lengerov A , Teirumnieks E , Balchev I 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This work makes use of the finite element model, whose results are validated by experiments. The effect is discussed of the speed on the laser marking process. Numerical experiments are performed to determine the temperature fields produced by laser pulses on samples of aluminum, a material with wide industrial uses. The numerical calculations are performed for the cases of a fiber laser and a CuBr laser. Plots are drawn of the temperature dependence on the speed for two power densities for both lasers. Preliminary working speed intervals are determined for the power densities used.
Nonlinear enhanced-absorption resonances in compact alkali-vapor cells for applications in quantum metrology
Authors: Brazhnikov D V , Ignatovich S M , Mesenzova I S , Mikhailov A M , Skvortsov M N , Goncharov A N , Entin V M , Ryabtsev I I , Boudot R , Taskova E , Alipieva E , Andreeva C , Gateva S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We review three laser spectroscopy schemes developed recently for observation of high-contrast enhanced-absorption nonlinear resonances in small alkali-vapor cells. In our experiments, optical transitions within the cesium D1 line are involved and a probe beam transmission is analyzed. The first spectroscopy method is based on the configuration with two-frequency counter propagating beams, which are linearly polarized in orthogonal directions. This configuration provides observation of high-contrast natural-linewidth resonances superimposed on broad Doppler profiles when the laser frequency is scanned. These resonances have good prospects for developing a miniature optical frequency reference. The second scheme involves two-frequency counter propagating beams with equal circular polarizations and provides observation of subnatural-linewidth resonances when the Raman frequency detuning is scanned. We use these resonances for stabilizing the microwave frequency of a local oscillator (≈ 4.6 GHz). Frequency stability of around 6 × l0-12 is achieved at 1-s averaging using a 5-mm length cell. This result makes the technique attractive for developing a miniature frequency standard in thr microwave range. The third configuration exploits single-frequency counter-propagating beams with linear orthogonal polarizations. The ultrahigh-contrast subnatural-linewidth resonances can be observed when the longitudinal magnetic field is scanned around zero. The possible application is discussed of these resonances in vector atomic magnetometry.
Estimation of the double-scattering component of the lidar return from multi-component atmosphere
Authors: Evgenieva Ts , Grigorov V , Anguelov V , Gurdev L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Estimation is performed based on a theory developed by Eloranta of the double-scattering contribution to the LIDAR return from a multi-component atmosphere that may contain not only molecular (gaseous) and aerosol fractions, but other compact aerosol objects as well, such as cirrus clouds or Saharan dust layers. It is shown that the relative double-scattering component of the LIDAR return may be approximately considered as a sum of the independent relative contributions of each of the atmospheric components. Then, using appropriate models, the contribution of each component of interest is evaluated as a function of the altitude, taking into account the scattering properties of the medium under consideration, the angular divergence and the wavelength of the sensing laser beam, and the angle of view of the receiving optical system. The results obtained outline the cases when either the double scattering is negligible or corrections are necessary for the multiple scattering effects.
Lidar observations of massive Saharan dust intrusion above Sofia, Bulgaria, in April 2019
Authors: Peshev Z Y , Deleva A D , Vulkova L A , Dreischuh T N 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A large-scale massive transport of Saharan dust over all of Europe was observed in the last third of April 2019. As part of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) and the Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS), Sofia lidar station conducted lidar observations of the atmospheric aerosol load in this period. Some of the results obtained are described in this work. Remote measurements were implemented using two elastic-scatter lidar channels (1064 nm/532 nm). The paper presents results of studying and analyzing the optical and microphysical properties of the aerosols detected, as well as the topological and dynamical features of the aerosol/dust layers observed. The height profiles of the atmospheric aerosol backscattering coefficient are retrieved and discussed. The microphysical properties of aerosol/dust particles are characterized qualitatively based on an analysis of the backscatter-related Ångström exponents profiles and distributions obtained for particular aerosol layers. Dust mixing with other aerosol types of local origin or such captured during the transport is also considered and discussed based on local meteorological radiosonde data and air-transport modeling and forecasting data. Conclusions are drawn concerning the experimentally ascertained and the possible impacts of the massive dust intrusion event on the local tropospheric aerosol structure and meteorological conditions.
Experimental validation of depolarizing Mueller matrix model via ex vivo colon samples
Authors: Ivanov Deyan , Borisova Ekaterina , Novikova Tatiana , Ossikovski Razvigor 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Experimental validation of a previously reported depolarizing Mueller matrix model is crucial to understanding the light-tissue interactions and the morphological alterations originating in malignant tissue zones in terms of their optical properties. This manuscript is a continuation of a previously reported case study, where a theoretical model was introduced with an additional Monte Carlo simulation. The main aim of this study is to empirically validate both theory and modelling. Once extracted from an experimental Mueller matrix via symmetric decomposition, the polarimetric quantities were compared with the corresponding parameters previously determined from polarized Monte Carlo simulations. Our results were obtained from an ex vivo colon sample and indicate a potential capability to provide supplementary polarimetric data to physicians and the gold standard histopathology analysis.
Spatial distribution of the electric field of laser pulses in optical fibers having a gradient profile of the refractive index. Linear case
Authors: Bozhikoliev I , Slavchev V , Dakova A , Dakova D , Kovachev K , Kovachev L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of the present research is to investigate the spatiotemporal regime of propagation of three-dimensional optical pulses in fibers with spatial dependence of the refractive index. An exact analytical solution of the linearized equation is found. Numerical simulations are conducted of the solutions obtained.
A new basic structure suitable for a fully integrated all-fiber-optic stimulated emission dye source
Authors: Vladev V , Todorova M , Slavchev V , Brazkova M. , Belina E , Bozhkov S , Radusheva P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the present work, our research is focused on an innovative compact all-fiber-optic structure suitable for the development of fully integrated dye lasers. The structure is based on a standard fiber-optic glass ferrule with two parallel openings along its length with diameters of 125 μm. A Fabry-Perot cavity is formed in one of the openings using two fused silica optical fibers with flat end facets. An angle-polished optical fiber with a reflective metal coating is placed in the second opening through which the active medium is pumped transversely. The active medium used is the Rhodamine 6G dye dissolved in glycerine, which is pumped by the 337.1-nm wavelength laser pulses of a nitrogen TEA laser. The ferrule-based design allows for a simplified set-up procedure and the integration of the pumping system to the basic structure of the laser, thus making it very compact. The design of the light source presented allows its future use in applications, such as lab-on-a-fiber, lab-on-a-chip and total analysis micro systems.
Study optical properties of the thin HfO2 coatings deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering
Authors: Rabadzhiyska S , Ormanova M , Valkov S , Ivanov N , Terziyska P , Ivanov K , Petrov P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Thin HfO2 films were deposited on polished microscope glass substrates by DC magnetron sputtering at bias voltages of -85 V, -100 V, -115 V, -130 V and -145 V. The deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry. The XRD results show the presence of a polycrystalline monoclinic phase. The roughness calculated from the AFM images increases as the bias voltage is raised to -130 V and then starts decreasing. The effect was also investigated of the bias voltage on the optical properties of the HfO2 films.
Research on oxygen saturation based on statistical analyses
Authors: Tang Rui , Zhang Lei , Zeng Jingjing , Wang Lu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We propose indicators to measure blood oxygen saturation: 1. Mean, which reflects the central tendency of blood oxygen saturation; 2. Standard deviation, which reflects the dispersion of SpO2; 3. Hurst exponent, which indicates whether the time series is continuous or anti-continuous. Participants with nearly the same physiological characteristics except age are selected from all participants, and they are divided into female and male groups for visual analysis. We speculate that the SpO2 series model had a certain relationship with age. Subsequently, the quantitative method is used to conduct a stepwise regression analysis by using age, BMI, gender and smoking. Finally, we find that the mean of SpO2 is related to age.
Application of Machine Learning in Recommendation System
Authors: Gao Shan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
China’s science and technology has been basically maintained in a state of rapid development, among which machine learning has been widely used in many fields of society. For the economic and financial fields, if they want to make effective use of machine learning, the first thing to do is to comprehensively analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm, and then use machine learning to build the corresponding user recommendation system, so as to understand the actual adaptability of each algorithm. The following sections will analyze the application of machine learning in recommender systems.
Health Evaluation Method of Supercapacitor Based on Data Mining
Authors: Fang Ziwei , Liu Shuli , Zhao Yanming 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the wide application of super capacitor energy storage system as energy storage device on urban rail trains, the problem of its safe operation has attracted great attention. In order to ensure the reliability of the supercapacitor energy storage system, it is necessary to evaluate its health effectively. In view of the fact that the existing model-based supercapacitor evaluation methods are difficult to establish a reasonable and accurate model and the parameter estimation is complex, a data-driven supercapacitor health evaluation method is proposed. In this method, based on the data of voltage, current, temperature and external characteristic parameters of charge and discharge of supercapacitor, the weighted Euclidean distance formula is introduced, the mixed weighted Euclidean distance is calculated, and the comprehensive evaluation index of supercapacitor health state is obtained. It can quickly and effectively evaluate the health status of supercapacitors.
Research on Data Center Load Balancing Technology Based on SDN
Authors: Cheng Cheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the rise of mobile Internet and big data, the continuous expansion of data center network deployment, the trend toward more complex traffic patterns and fine-grained performance management requirements, have brought more and more network performance issues to the fore. As an emerging network architecture, SDN separates the control plane from the data plane, and has the characteristics of centralized control and programmable. The centralized control feature of SDN technology enables the SDN controller to dynamically obtain network topology, link information, node information, and flow information in a timely manner, thereby realizing flexible and fine-grained centralized scheduling of network flows, which is very suitable for the needs of data centers. Due to the high dynamic nature of SDN, how to improve the timeliness of its load balancing and better solve network congestion is very important. Aiming at the problems in data center network applications, this paper studies the SDN-based data center network load balancing management system structure, and discusses the load balancing technology of data center server clusters based on improved ant colony algorithm.
A Regional Network Topology Construction Algorithm Based On Sampling Measurement
Authors: Tao Zhiyuan , Liu Yan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Network topology construction is one of the basic means to study the target network. Whether it is the discovery of vital nodes, IP location or network characteristics mining, a complete and accurate network topology is needed. In this paper, a regional network topology construction algorithm based on sampling measurement is proposed to solve the problem of high time cost and resource waste of existing algorithms. Firstly, multiple vantage points located inside and outside the target area are selected to form a probing set. Then the IPes of the target area is extracted based on sampling to form the target IP set. Finally, the probing set is used to probe the target IP set periodically. The network topology of the target region was constructed based on the results of a 40-day internet measurement and compared with the existing database. The experimental results show that the coverage rate of routing nodes in the target area is improved by more than 90% compared with the measured data provided by CAIDA (Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis) and by more than 10% compared with the measured data provided by IPIP.
A Retrieval Method for Chinese EMR Based on Semantic Knowledge Map
Authors: Li Hao , Zhang Runtong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDue to the diversity of natural language in Chinese electronic medical records, it is usually hard for traditional retrieval methods to provide ideal results. On this condition, this paper proposes a retrieval method for Chinese EMR based on semantic knowledge map. Through natural language processing and semantic analysis, we can build connections for medical knowledge, and organize all the entities into a visual knowledge map. After that, a novel retrieval method based on semantic knowledge map is proposed, which focuses on node connection of documents and terms. Through semantic extension and intention spread, the improved retrieval results are returned, and the results are reordered by correlation. Compared with general methods, this method can significantly improve the accuracy of Chinese EMR text retrieval and optimize the ranking strategy of retrieval results.
Prediction of special OD passenger flow based on transfer learning
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Zhengpu , Wang Xiaodong , Tao Cheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The prediction of railway passenger flow has always been an important topic in the field of railway operation. Due to the limitation of the number of allocated tickets, some special OD(Origin to Destination) data are sometimes inaccurate. It will obviously affect the final prediction accuracy if it is directly used as a sample. However, it is very difficult to restore the biased data to the true value. In this paper, we choose case-based transfer learning to remove the unqualified samples from the target domain and replace them with the corresponding samples in the source domain and form the final training sample data set. At the same time, we choose the improved AdaBoost algorithm, the sample weight is adjusted by the error size, and the model is retrained to get the final model. The results show that the prediction accuracy of transfer learning based on improved AdaBoost algorithm is better than that of traditional ensemble learning, ARIMA model and multiple regression model. It also provides a new theoretical view for special OD passenger flow prediction in the future.
Research on Recognition Technology of Amur Tiger Gait Features Based on Video
Authors: Lili Zhou , Jinyu Wang , Tongjun Liu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the continuous advancement of technology, people are paying more and more attention to the living environment of wild animals. Located at the top of the food chain of the forest ecosystem, the Siberian tiger is a flagship species and umbrella species for biodiversity protection. The effective protection and sustainable survival of its population has far-reaching natural and social significance for China’s ecological security1. At present, the research on the Siberian tiger is mainly concentrated in the biological fields such as genes and heredity. Only a small amount of research on the detection of Siberian tigers and their footprints in static images. Research on the behavior recognition of Siberian tigers in videos is currently in its infancy. In the field of computer vision, as an independent research object, more and more researchers pay attention to the automatic recognition of gait. Based on the human gait model, a standard database for evaluating the performance of gait recognition algorithms has been established to promote the research of gait recognition. development of. This article will use deep neural convolutional networks and feature subspace learning algorithms to extract the gait features of the Siberian tiger from video images and establish a gait model of the Siberian tiger. This will lay the foundation for the identification of Siberian tigers and further research on their health status, and provide a foundation for the wild Provide theoretical support for animal protection.