bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime risk of suicide among survivors of the atomic bombings of Japan
Authors: Amano M. A. , French B. , Sakata R. , Dekker M. , Brenner A. V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsThe long-term physical health effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are well characterised, but the psychological effects remain unclear. Therefore, we sought to determine whether measures of exposure severity, as indirect measures of psychological trauma arising from exposure to the atomic bombings, are associated with suicide mortality among atomic bomb survivors.MethodsThe Life Span Study is a prospective cohort study of 93 741 Japanese atomic bomb survivors who were located within 10 km of the hypocentre in Hiroshima or Nagasaki at the time of the bombings in 1945, and 26 579 residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were not in either city at the time of the bombings, matched to survivors on city, sex and age. Measures of exposure severity included: proximity to the hypocentre, type of shielding between the survivor and the blast and self-reported occurrence of acute radiation and thermal injuries. Date of death was obtained from the Japanese National Family Registry system. Cause of death was obtained from death certificates. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox regression models overall and stratified by sex and age.ResultsDuring the 60-year follow-up period (1950–2009), 1150 suicide deaths were recorded among 120 231 participants (23.6 per 100 000 person-years): 510 among 70 092 women (17.2 per 100 000 person-years) and 640 among 50 139 men (33.6 per 100 000 person-years). Overall, there was no association of proximity, type of shielding or the occurrence of acute injuries with suicide mortality. Among those <25 years of age at the time of the bombings, increased suicide risk was observed for survivors outsidev. shielded inside any structure (HR: 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.48; interactionp= 0.054) and for those who reported flash burns (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.73; interactionp= 0.025). Sex-stratified analyses indicated that these associations were limited to men. Among women, closer proximity to the hypocentre was associated with a non-significant increase in suicide risk, with a positive association between proximity and suicide risk observed among women <15 years of age (HR: 1.09 per km; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.18; interactionp= 0.067).ConclusionsProximity to the hypocentre, shielding and acute injury presence do not generally appear to influence suicide mortality among atomic bomb survivors. However, heterogeneity may exist by age and sex, with younger survivors potentially more sensitive to psychological trauma. Coupled with other studies, our results suggest the importance of long-term monitoring of mental health among young populations exposed to catastrophic events or mass trauma.
Improved Determination of Europa's Long‐Wavelength Topography Using Stellar Occultations
Authors: Abrahams Jacob N. H. , Nimmo Francis , Becker Tracy M. , Gladstone G. Randall , Retherford Kurt D. , Steinbrügge Gregor , Mazarico Erwan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEuropa Clipper will arrive at Jupiter at the end of this decade and will explore Europa through a series of flybys. One of its many goals is to characterize Europa's topography and global shape using the Europa Imaging System and Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near‐surface (REASON) instruments. In addition, Europa Clipper's UV Spectrograph will observe stars pass behind (be occulted by) Europa. The spectrograph has sufficiently precise timing, corresponding to a topographic precision of order meters, that these occultations can also serve as altimetric measurements. Because of gaps in the REASON radar altimeter coverage imposed by the flyby geometries, the addition of ∼100 occultations results in a substantial improvement in the recovery of Europa's long‐wavelength shape. Typically, five extra spherical harmonic degrees of topography can be recovered by combining occultations with radar altimetry.
An EPIC Tikhonov Regularization: Application to Quasi‐Static Fault Slip Inversion
Authors: Ortega‐Culaciati F. , Simons M. , Ruiz J. , Rivera L. , Díaz‐Salazar N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractImaging subsurface fault slip from surface observations is essential to improving our understanding of the physics of earthquakes and tsunamis. As the estimation of subsurface fault slip is inherently ill‐posed, common inversion methods usually require a regularization term to counteract instabilities. Such regularization introduces biases in inferred slip estimates. Here, we discuss the effects that prior information, implied by a given regularization scheme, can have on fault slip estimates. We propose a novel Equal Posterior Information Condition (EPIC)—based Tikhonov regularization that generalizes the concept of prior information. The EPIC determines variances of prior information based on a chosen form of the structure of the posterior covariance matrix. In the context of subduction zone earthquakes, use of the EPIC counterbalances the spatial heterogeneity of observational constraints on fault slip, improving stability, quality and interpretability of fault slip estimates. We investigate the efficiency of the EPIC in the context of various synthetic fault slip distributions. We also demonstrate the methodology by inferring co‐seismic slip from geodetic data for the 2011 (Mw 9.0) Tohoku‐Oki, Japan, earthquake, obtaining robust slip estimates that are similar to those inferred using a unregularized fully Bayesian approach.
Reconstruction of Temperature, Accumulation Rate, and Layer Thinning From an Ice Core at South Pole, Using a Statistical Inverse Method
Authors: Kahle Emma C. , Steig Eric J. , Jones Tyler R. , Fudge T. J. , Koutnik Michelle R. , Morris Valerie A. , Vaughn Bruce H. , Schauer Andrew J. , Stevens C. Max , Conway Howard , Waddington Edwin D. , Buizert Christo , Epifanio Jenna , White James W. C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractData from the South Pole ice core (SPC14) are used to constrain climate conditions and ice‐flow‐induced layer thinning for the last 54,000 years. Empirical constraints are obtained from the SPC14 ice and gas timescales, used to calculate annual‐layer thickness and the gas‐ice age difference (Δage), and from high‐resolution measurements of water isotopes, used to calculate the water‐isotope diffusion length. Both Δage and diffusion length depend on firn properties and therefore contain information about past temperature and snow‐accumulation rate. A statistical inverse approach is used to obtain an ensemble of reconstructions of temperature, accumulation‐rate, and thinning of annual layers in the ice sheet at the SPC14 site. The traditional water‐isotope/temperature relationship is not used as a constraint; the results therefore provide an independent calibration of that relationship. The temperature reconstruction yields a glacial‐interglacial temperature change of 6.7 ± 1.0°C at the South Pole. The sensitivity of δ18O to temperature is 0.99 ± 0.03 ‰°C−1, significantly greater than the spatial slope of 0.8‰°C−1 that has been used previously to determine temperature changes from East Antarctic ice core records. The reconstructions of accumulation rate and ice thinning show millennial‐scale variations in the thinning function as well as decreased thinning at depth compared to the results of a 1‐D ice flow model, suggesting influence of bedrock topography on ice flow.
The Energy Exascale Earth System Model Simulations With High Vertical Resolution in the Lower Troposphere
Authors: Bogenschutz Peter A. , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Lee Hsiang‐He 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGeneral circulation models (GCMs) are typically run with coarse vertical resolution. For example, the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) has a vertical resolution of about 200 m in the boundary layer, which is far too coarse to resolve sharp gradients often found in the thermodynamic fields capping subtropical marine stratocumulus. In this article, we present a series of multiyear atmosphere only simulations of E3SM version 1 where we progressively increase the vertical resolution in the lower troposphere to scales approaching those often used in large eddy simulation (LES). We report marginal impacts in regards to the simulation of boundary layer clouds when vertical resolution is moderately increased, yet find significant positive impacts when the vertical resolution approaches that typically used in LES (∼10 m). In these experiments, there is a marked change in the simulated turbulence and thermodynamics which leads to more abundant marine stratocumulus. However, these simulations are burdened with excessive computational cost. They are also subject to degradations in overall climate metrics due to time step sensitivities and because some processes and parameterizations are sensitive to changes in the vertical resolution.
Warm High‐Elevation Mid‐Latitudes During the Miocene Climatic Optimum: Paleosol Clumped Isotope Temperatures From the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Methner K. , Mulch A. , Fiebig J. , Krsnik E. , Löffler N. , Bajnai D. , Chamberlain C. P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInterrupting a long‐term Cenozoic cooling trend, the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO; ca. 17–15 Ma) represents a time interval characterized globally by warmer than present temperatures, lower ice volume, and elevated pCO2 levels. Establishing quantitative Neogene temperature estimates is an important element in the effort to explore the long‐term changes in the carbon cycle and associated climate feedbacks, yet terrestrial temperature records are still sparse. Here, we present a clumped isotope (Δ47) temperature record of the MCO from intermontane basins in the Northern Rocky Mountain (NRM) region. Arikareean (22.7–21.5 Ma) to Barstovian (16.9–14.7 Ma) paleosol carbonates from the Hepburn's Mesa Formation (Montana), supplemented with data from fossil localities in western Idaho. These records yield Δ47‐temperatures ranging from 17°C to 24°C, which are rather warm given the high elevation sites and are further relatively stable (mean of 21 ± 2°C) leading into and during the MCO until ca. 14.7 Ma. At ca. 14.7 Ma, we observe low Δ47‐temperatures (8°C–10°C) concomitantly with elevated Δ47‐temperatures (ca. 22°C). In line with recently suggested climate stability in the NRM region leading into the MCO, our Δ47‐temperature record, combined with carbon isotope (δ13C) and reconstructed soil water oxygen isotope (δ18Osw) values, indicates rather stable climate and environmental conditions throughout the MCO. Combining available records from inland sites in the western United States (NRM, Mojave region) points to prevailing stable continental climates even during the MCO.
Annual Appearance of Hydrogen Chloride on Mars and a Striking Similarity With the Water Vapor Vertical Distribution Observed by TGO/NOMAD
Authors: Aoki S. , Daerden F. , Viscardy S. , Thomas I. R. , Erwin J. T. , Robert S. , Trompet L. , Neary L. , Villanueva G. L. , Liuzzi G. , Crismani M. M. J. , Clancy R. T. , Whiteway J. , Schmidt F. , Lopez‐Valverde M. A. , Ristic B. , Patel M. R. , Bellucci G. , Lopez‐Moreno J.‐J. , Olsen K. S. , Lefèvre F. , Montmessin F. , Trokhimovskiy A. , Fedorova A. A. , Korablev O. , Vandaele A. C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydrogen chloride (HCl) was recently discovered in the atmosphere of Mars by two spectrometers onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The reported detection made in Martian Year 34 was transient, present several months after the global dust storm during the southern summer season. Here, we present the full data set of vertically resolved HCl detections obtained by the NOMAD instrument, which covers also Martian year 35. We show that the particular increase of HCl abundances in the southern summer season is annually repeated, and that the formation of HCl is independent from a global dust storm event. We also find that the vertical distribution of HCl is strikingly similar to that of water vapor, which suggests that the uptake by water ice clouds plays an important role. The observed rapid decrease of HCl abundances at the end of the southern summer would require a strong sink independent of photochemical loss.
H2-dependent formate production by hyperthermophilic Thermococcales: an alternative to sulfur reduction for reducing-equivalents disposal
Authors: Le Guellec Sébastien , Leroy Elodie , Courtine Damien , Godfroy Anne , Roussel Erwan G 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Removal of reducing equivalents is an essential catabolic process for all microorganisms to maintain their internal redox balance. The electron disposal by chemoorganotrophic Thermococcales generates H2 by proton reduction or H2S in presence of S0. Although in the absence of S0 growth of these (hyper)thermopiles was previously described to be H2-limited, it remains unclear how Thermococcales could be present in H2-rich S0-depleted habitats. Here, we report that 12 of the 47 strains tested, distributed among all three orders of Thermococcales, could grow without S0 at 0.8 mM dissolved H2 and that tolerance to H2 was always associated with formate production. Two conserved gene clusters coding for a formate hydrogenlyase (FHL) and a putative formate dehydrogenase-NAD(P)H-oxidoreductase were only present in H2-dependent formate producers, and were both systematically associated with a formate dehydrogenase and a formate transporter. As the reaction involved in this alternative pathway for disposal of reducing equivalents was close to thermodynamic equilibrium, it was strongly controlled by the substrates–products concentration ratio even in the presence of S0. Moreover, experimental data and thermodynamic modelling also demonstrated that H2-dependent CO2 reduction to formate could occur within a large temperature range in contrasted hydrothermal systems, suggesting it could also provide an adaptive advantage.
A novel, multitargeted endogenous metabolic modulator composition impacts metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-relevant primary human cell models
Authors: Daou Nadine , Viader Andreu , Cokol Murat , Nitzel Arianna , Chakravarthy Manu V. , Afeyan Raffi , Tramontin Tony , Marukian Svetlana , Hamill Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a complex metabolic disease of heterogeneous and multifactorial pathogenesis that may benefit from coordinated multitargeted interventions. Endogenous metabolic modulators (EMMs) encompass a broad set of molecular families, including amino acids and related metabolites and precursors. EMMs often serve as master regulators and signaling agents for metabolic pathways throughout the body and hold the potential to impact a complex metabolic disease like NASH by targeting a multitude of pathologically relevant biologies. Here, we describe a study of a novel EMM composition comprising five amino acids and an amino acid derivative (Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Arginine, Glutamine, andN-acetylcysteine [LIVRQNac]) and its systematic evaluation across multiple NASH-relevant primary human cell model systems, including hepatocytes, macrophages, and stellate cells. In these model systems, LIVRQNac consistently and simultaneously impacted biology associated with all three core pathophysiological features of NASH—metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrotic. Importantly, it was observed that while the individual constituent amino acids in LIVRQNac can impact specific NASH-related phenotypes in select cell systems, the complete combination was necessary to impact the range of disease-associated drivers examined. These findings highlight the potential of specific and potent multitargeted amino acid combinations for the treatment of NASH.
Simulation-based biomechanical assessment of unpowered exoskeletons for running
Authors: Aftabi Hamidreza , Nasiri Rezvan , Ahmadabadi Majid Nili 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDue to the complexity and high degrees of freedom, the detailed assessment of human biomechanics is necessary for the design and optimization of an effective exoskeleton. In this paper, we present full kinematics, dynamics, and biomechanics assessment of unpowered exoskeleton augmentation for human running gait. To do so, the considered case study is the assistive torque profile of I-RUN. Our approach is using some extensive data-driven OpenSim simulation results employing a generic lower limb model with 92-muscles and 29-DOF. In the simulation, it is observed that exoskeleton augmentation leads to $$4.62\%$$

4.62
%

metabolic rate reduction for the stiffness coefficient of $$\alpha ^*=0.6$$

α
∗

=
0.6

. Moreover, this optimum stiffness coefficient minimizes the biological hip moment by $$26\%$$

26
%

. The optimum stiffness coefficient ($$\alpha ^*=0.6$$

α
∗

=
0.6

) also reduces the average force of four major hip muscles, i.e., Psoas, Gluteus Maximus, Rectus Femoris, and Semimembranosus. The effect of assistive torque profile on the muscles’ fatigue is also studied. Interestingly, it is observed that at $$\alpha ^{\#}=0.8$$

α
#

=
0.8

, both all 92 lower limb muscles’ fatigue and two hip major mono-articular muscles’ fatigue have the maximum reduction. This result re-confirm our hypothesis that ”reducing the forces of two antagonistic mono-articular muscles is sufficient for involved muscles’ total fatigue reduction.” Finally, the relation between the amount of metabolic rate reduction and kinematics of hip joint is examined carefully where for the first time, we present a reliable kinematic index for prediction of the metabolic rate reduction by I-RUN augmentation. This index not only explains individual differences in metabolic rate reduction but also provides a quantitative measure for training the subjects to maximize their benefits from I-RUN.
Vocal universals and geographic variations in the acoustic repertoire of the common bottlenose dolphin
Authors: Luís A. R. , May-Collado L. J. , Rako-Gospić N. , Gridley T. , Papale E. , Azevedo A. , Silva M. A. , Buscaino G. , Herzing D. , dos Santos M. E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcoustical geographic variation is common in widely distributed species and it is already described for several taxa, at various scales. In cetaceans, intraspecific variation in acoustic repertoires has been linked to ecological factors, geographical barriers, and social processes. For the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), studies on acoustic variability are scarce, focus on a single signal type—whistles and on the influence of environmental variables. Here, we analyze the acoustic emissions of nine bottlenose dolphin populations across the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and identify common signal types and acoustic variants to assess repertoires’ (dis)similarity. Overall, these dolphins present a rich acoustic repertoire, with 24 distinct signal sub-types including: whistles, burst-pulsed sounds, brays and bangs. Acoustic divergence was observed only in social signals, suggesting the relevance of cultural transmission in geographic variation. The repertoire dissimilarity values were remarkably low (from 0.08 to 0.4) and do not reflect the geographic distances among populations. Our findings suggest that acoustic ecology may play an important role in the occurrence of intraspecific variability, as proposed by the ‘environmental adaptation hypothesis’. Further work may clarify the boundaries between neighboring populations, and shed light into vocal learning and cultural transmission in bottlenose dolphin societies.
The relationship between the level of vitamin D and ruptured intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Wei Sen , Yuan Xin , Fan Feng , Guo Xin‑bin , Guan Sheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe purpose of our research is to explore whether vitamin D levels were associated with the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. In this retrospective study, 105 patients diagnosed with ruptured intracranial aneurysms (RIAs) and 185 patients diagnosed with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were recruited from September 2019 to September 2020. Patients’ demographic and clinical information, including vitamin D levels, were recorded and compared. Univariate analysis showed that patients with UIAs had higher vitamin D levels than RIAs (p = 0.019). In addition, there were significant differences in aneurysm location (p < 0.001), aspirin use (p = 0.001), and comorbid diabetes mellitus (p = 0.037) between patients with UIAs and RIAs. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the level of vitamin D was independently associated with RIAs [odds ratio (OR) 0.960; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.926–0.996, p = 0.028].
Seaweed cellulose scaffolds derived from green macroalgae for tissue engineering
Authors: Bar-Shai Nurit , Sharabani-Yosef Orna , Zollmann Meiron , Lesman Ayelet , Golberg Alexander 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExtracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support for cell growth, attachments and proliferation, which greatly impact cell fate. Marine macroalgae speciesUlvasp. andCladophorasp. were selected for their structural variations, porous and fibrous respectively, and evaluated as alternative ECM candidates. Decellularization–recellularization approach was used to fabricate seaweed cellulose-based scaffolds for in-vitro mammalian cell growth. Both scaffolds were confirmed nontoxic to fibroblasts, indicated by high viability for up to 40 days in culture. Each seaweed cellulose structure demonstrated distinct impact on cell behavior and proliferation rates. TheCladophorasp. scaffold promoted elongated cells spreading along its fibers’ axis, and a gradual linear cell growth, while theUlvasp. porous surface, facilitated rapid cell growth in all directions, reaching saturation at week 3. As such, seaweed-cellulose is an environmentally, biocompatible novel biomaterial, with structural variations that hold a great potential for diverse biomedical applications, while promoting aquaculture and ecological agenda.
Kidney injury molecule-1 inhibits metastasis of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Lee Jasper C. , Yotis Demitra M. , Lee Ji Yun , Sarabusky Marie A. , Shrum Bradly , Champagne Audrey , Ismail Ola Z. , Tutunea-Fatan Elena , Leong Hon S. , Gunaratnam Lakshman 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMetastasis is present in approximately 30% of patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and is associated with a 5-year survival rate of < 15%. Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), encoded by the HAVCR1 gene, is a proximal tubule cell-surface glycoprotein and a biomarker for early detection of RCC, but its pathophysiological significance in RCC remains unclear. We generated human and murine RCC cell lines either expressing or lacking KIM-1, respectively, and compared their growth and metastatic properties using validated methods. Surprisingly, KIM-1 expression had no effect on cell proliferation or subcutaneous tumour growth in immune deficient (Rag1−/−) Balb/c mice, but inhibited cell invasion and formation of lung metastasis in the same model. Further, we show that the inhibitory effect of KIM-1 on metastases was observed in both immune deficient and immune competent mice. Transcriptomic profiling identified the mRNA for the pro-metastatic GTPase, Rab27b, to be downregulated significantly in KIM-1 expressing human and murine RCC cells. Finally, analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data revealed that elevated HAVCR1 mRNA expression in the two most common types of RCC, clear cell and papillary RCC, tumours correlated with significantly improved overall patient survival. Our findings reveal a novel role for KIM-1 in inhibiting metastasis of RCC and suggests that tumour-associated KIM-1 expression may be a favourable prognostic factor.