bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elektra from the lower depths?
Authors: Jakubova Natalija 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe role of women artists in the theatre reform of the early twentieth century is usually underestimated. This paper strives to reassess the agency of a female performer (Gertrud Eysoldt) in this process, concentrating on the premiere production ofElektraby Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1903, Kleines Theater, Berlin). Hofmannsthal wrote his version ofElektranot only for Max Reinhardt’s company (which he considered to be a new kind of theatre) but also specifically for Eysoldt, and this article focuses on the communication between them. The main sources for this research are texts written by the actress: her article for a newspaper and her letters to Hofmannsthal (published in 1996) and Hermann Bahr (unpublished, Austrian Theatre Museum, Vienna). These texts are analysed more from the perspective of their poetics than from the perspective of the facts they convey. Eysoldt’s autobiographical writings reveal an unexpected facet of the 'Dionysism' that may have attracted Hofmannsthal. Finally, a question is raised about the meaning of the shift that Hofmannsthal made by offering the performer a rewriting of a foundational myth of patriarchal culture.
Proposed Pipelines and Environmental Justice: Exploring the Association between Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Pipeline Proposals in the United States*
Authors: Strube Johann , Thiede Brian C. , Auch Walter E. “Ted” 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current natural gas and oil boom in North America requires new pipelines, which pose environmental risks from wellheads to their destinations. The environmental justice literature suggests that ethno‐racial minorities, populations with low socioeconomic status, and rural communities are disproportionally exposed to risks associated with potentially harmful land uses. Using data from the American Community Survey's 2015 five‐year estimates and data on the route of proposed pipelines compiled by The FracTracker Alliance, this study tests whether the above assumptions are true for proposed FERC‐permitted natural gas transmission pipelines in the United States for which planned routes have been made available. The results of logistic regression models provide only limited, and in some cases contradictory, support for these hypotheses. Although an increased share of highly educated residents significantly decreases the likelihood of a pipeline proposal in a census tract, a higher poverty rate also significantly lowers this probability. Likewise, the share of Black and Hispanic residents is significantly and negatively associated with pipeline proposals. However, reliable routing data are needed to test whether this holds true for built pipelines, but these data are considered confidential and thus inaccessible in the United States.
A novel pre‐emergence herbicide (Diclosulam) as an environmentally friendly weed management option in peanut and its phytotoxicity evaluation
Authors: Meena Har N. , Yadav Ranjeet S. , Jain Navin K. , Yadav Mayank 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA two‐season field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of diclosulam compared with recommended doses of pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen for weed management in peanut. Persistence of diclosulam in oil, de‐oiled cake, haulm of peanut, and soil was also studied. Diclosulam 22 and 26 g a.i. ha−1, and a weed‐free check had a high pod yield due to more mature pods and their mass. Pre‐emergence application of diclosulam 26 g a.i. ha−1provided better weed management and enhanced peanut growth and yield with high net returns. Phytotoxicity studies indicated that the diclosulam application did not cause any phytotoxic symptoms (vein clearing, epinasty, hyponasty, wilting, and injury) on leaf tips and leaf surface of peanut. Diclosulam residues in peanut viz. oil, de‐oiled cake, haulm, and soil were below the detection level after harvesting of peanut from the experimental field. Further, germination percentage and seed cotton yield of cotton crop cultivated after peanut were also not affected significantly.
Movimientos feministas transnacionales en América Latina y el Caribe. Contribuciones para el estudio del activismo europeo
Authors: Perea Ozerin Iratxe 
Published: February 2021

El artículo aborda la construcción de Movimientos Sociales Transnacionales (MST) en escenarios regionales, enfocado en el activismo feminista latinoamericano y del caribe en el contexto de la lucha contra la globalización neoliberal desde los años ochenta. El enfoque regional sobre los MST es relevante porque, aunque estos actores están moldeados por identidades y repertorios colectivos globales, también están arraigados en condiciones locales, nacionales y regionales específicas. Las condiciones sociohistóricas en una región llevan a las identidades colectivas que dan forma a los MST regionales que, a su vez, tienen un impacto sobre la articulación de los MST globales y sobre la dinámica de la contestación global. De hecho, estas identidades y repertorios transnacionales articulados regionalmente se transmiten luego a los MST globales. El artículo analiza el Movimiento Feminista Transnacional Latinoamericano (MFT) y, teniendo en cuenta el presente estudio de caso, discute el proceso de construcción del movimiento en la lucha feminista contra la austeridad en Europa después de la crisis de 2008. Se analiza la formación de identidades
colectivas feministas y la organización de espacios transnacionales que puedan conducir al surgimiento de un MFT europeo con capacidad para actuar en el ámbito internacional como actor unitario
Fatigue of Shafts at Fitted Members, With a Related Photoelastic Analysis
Authors: Peterson R. E. , Wahl A. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals primarily with the fatigue of shafts with press-fitted members, a problem frequently arising in connection with rotating machinery involving gears, wheels, couplings, rotors, etc. Failures at the edge of fitted members are not uncommon in practice. A survey is made of existing data, after which a report of fatigue tests on the press-fit problem carried out at the Westinghouse Research Laboratories is given. A related photo-elastic investigation and stress analysis is also reported. Practical expedients for increasing the strength of shafts with fitted members are given. Suggestions for future research along the foregoing lines are made throughout the paper.
Pitting Due to Rolling Contact
Authors: Way Stewart 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Pitting, as the term is used in this paper, means a form of failure which occurs on gear teeth near the pitch circle, on rollers, in anti-friction bearings, and on other machine parts where cylindrical surfaces come in rolling contact under heavy loads. The purpose of the investigation described in this paper is to study the manner in which pits develop, to discover the reason for their development, and to find what conditions must be fulfilled to prevent their occurrence.
A testing machine was used in which steel rollers approximately 1.5 in. in diameter, rolling together and loaded as shown in Fig. 2, could be tested. More than eighty tests have been made with rollers of different materials, with different lubricants, and with various loads.
Pits are found to have a definitely characteristic shape and orientation with respect to the direction of rolling. They were observed to develop from minute cracks in the roller surfaces which appear after about 500,000 revolutions. Photographs were taken tracing the growth of these pitting cracks from their earliest observed stage. The cracks from the very beginning have a characteristic shape and orientation.
The principal findings in the tests on the steel rollers were: (1) That a lubricant must be present if pitting is to take place; (2) that if the lubricant is of a viscosity above a certain critical value which depends on the load, pitting can be prevented; (3) that the nature of the surface finish on the rollers greatly influences the tendency to pit, pitting being prevented on a highly polished surface and accelerated on a rough-machined surface; (4) that nitrided rollers will not pit under conditions that would result in severe pitting of quenched and tempered mild carbon-steel rollers, also that pits are smaller on harder surfaces, in general.
In the theoretical section of the paper, the load-carrying capacity for the oil film between two rollers having a common peripheral velocity is calculated, and it is shown that the critical viscosity necessary to prevent pitting is far below that necessary to prevent metal-to-metal contact, a fact also checked experimentally. The normal and tangential oil forces on the rollers after metal-to-metal contact are also calculated, and the tangential component is found to be small compared with the normal component. Calculation showed that no tensile stress would exist at the surface, where pitting cracks appear to start, due to contact pressure or oil forces. However, it is found by analysis that a small crack in the surface, if filled with oil, will tend to grow, provided it has a certain initial direction. This direction is the same as that of the cracks which precede pitting. This strongly suggests that oil penetration of very small surface cracks with a certain initial direction is the reason for the growth of these cracks until a particle is separated from the main body of material, leaving a pit. The experimental results harmonize, also, with this theory.
Thermal Stresses in Plates
Authors: Maulbetsch John L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The author presents solutions of the problem of thermal stresses in thin plates of uniform thickness with simply supported edges when the temperature varies only along the thickness of the plate. For the case of polygonal-shaped plates it is shown that the solution can be deduced from the problem of the torsion of prismatical bars, the cross section of which has the same shape as the plate. The exact solutions for cases of equilateral triangular and square plates are given. Although only the case of small deflections is considered, its limitations are treated in detail.
Study for Control of Dimensional Distortion in Tempered Industrial Parts
Authors: Scheidemantel João Alfredo , Doré Christian , Peruzzo Lucile Cecília 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The presence of residual stress generated in the manufacturing process defines one of the biggest problems found in the mechanical metal industry. In the search of mechanical properties to a specific application, it is mandatory to impose the parts at very critical mechanical, chemical or thermal requests. The study analyzes all the steps that apply considerable stresses to the component during the manufacturing process and, therefore, discover which ones add more stresses to the yield limit of the material. It was also intended to contribute with relevant information regarding the surface integrity of the material, with bigger coverage in the residual stresses generated where, due to their nature and expressiveness, they can be beneficial or harmful to the component’s useful life. Accordingly, the objective was to analyze the raw material of SAE 4140 steel through its microstructure and verification of its chemical and mechanical characterization. In order to reduce the occurrence of dimensional distortions in excess of tolerance, we sought to identify the most critical step and, therefore, act with viable possibilities and without relevant costs for the prevention of the problem encountered. In order to measure its stress and define the process in which the highest inclusion of residual tractive stresses is characterized, these being the deleterious ones for the process and for the product, we used the method of measuring residual stresses by ray diffraction in X. In your measurement, the stresses included on the surface of the specimens were measured at specific stages of the process. X-ray diffraction analysis analyzes the diffraction planes and their respective interplanar distances from a specific material, as well as the densities of atoms along the crystalline planes. Using mathematical models, it is possible to measure the residual stress existing in the investigated parts. In view of the analysis by X-ray diffraction, it was verified the existence of disordered variations and modifications of the crystalline phases on the material surface, at the end of the finish machining process. These crystalline phases which, together with a less aggressive fabrication, favor plastic deformation due to the presence of residual stresses which surpass those of the yield limit of the analyzed material. In this sense, it was possible to determine which the most critical operation related to the component request is the machining in which it is applied. Since the subsequent processes only aggravates this condition, resulting in an unusable component for the proposed application without adding a higher cost to the product, either through the use of some rework or scrap procedure.
Fatigue Properties of 3D Welded Thin Structures
Authors: Allameh Seyed M. , Lenihan Avery , Miller Roger , Allameh Hadi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing technology has matured enough to produce real industrial components. A newer method of 3D printing is the deposition of molten metal beads using a MIG weld torch. This involves a 3D printer equipped with a MIG torch layering the metals in desired shapes. It allows the fabrication of components made of MIG weld wires, currently available from various elements including Cu, Al, steel and alloys. Some of these structures made by 3D welding will have applications in critical load bearing conditions. The reliability of such components will be vital in applications where human lives are at stake. Tensile tests are conducted to verify the required strength of the fabricated parts which will undergo monotonic loading; however, fatigue tests are required for cases where cyclic loading will take place. Conventional tensile and fatigue testing requires macro-scale samples. With MIG welding, it is possible to make thin-walled structures. Fatigue testing on samples extracted from thin walls is made possible by microtesting. This study is focused on the mechanical properties of 3D welded structures made from MIG welding wires. Our earlier results showed orientation dependence of mechanical properties in 3D welded structures. They also showed the effect of substrates in expression of the orientation dependence. Welding on metal substrate produces weld beads that are harder at the substrate interfacial area. However, for structures welded on ceramics, the opposite is true. They exhibit a softer substrate interfacial area and a relatively harder top. Our newer results show fatigue properties of structures made by 3D welding. Microsamples measuring 0.2 mm × 0.2 mm × 1.0 mm were extracted from metal beads using a CNC mill along with an EDM. The contours of the samples were machined by milling and the back side was cut by electro discharge machining. Specimens were then polished to the desired size and mounted in the grippers of an E1000 Instron load frame. WaveMatrix® application software from Instron was used to control the machine and to obtain testing data. Fatigue tests were performed, and life cycles were determined for various stress levels up to over 5 million cycles. The preliminary results of tensile tests of these samples show strength levels that are comparable to those of parent metal, in the range of 600–950MPa. Results of fatigue tests show high fatigue lives associated with relatively high stresses. The preliminary results will be presented and the implications of the use of 3D welded rebar in 3D printing of reinforced concrete structures will be discussed.
Characterizing Additively Manufactured Metals From a Novel Laser Wire Metal Deposition Process
Authors: Kumpaty Subha , Balu Renius Curtis , Pinnamaraju Abhiram , Schaefer Matthew , Gray Andrew , Woida Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Several tests were conducted on 316 stainless steel, and 17-4 PH stainless steel to understand the effect of additive manufacturing on their mechanical properties in general. The samples were produced via a custom-built laser wire metal deposition, with variable laser power of 3600W for 316 stainless, and 4000W for 17-4 PH, but all other printing parameters were kept same. Four different tests, Tensile, Rockwell hardness, Charpy impact, and optical microscopy were carried out to establish the material properties and surface characterization. Through our assessment, it was found that the properties of the laser-printed samples can be greatly varied by printing in an inert atmosphere, while the printing orientation and post-print heat treatment process also play a dominant role in determining the properties. This research showed that the properties of additively manufactured 316 stainless, and 17-4 PH have fared well when compared to ASTM standard values for annealed metals. Details of the results are presented.
Inspecting the 316 stainless, the metal strength and hardness were high while being printed in x orientation, while the metal was much more ductile when printed in y orientation. The 316 stainless micro-structure contained no porosity or no anomalies from the samples tested. The results of 17-4 stainless samples matched the ASTM standard values for strength and hardness. But with Charpy impact tests, the results seemed slightly ductile as the values were slightly lower than the threshold. That brittle nature could have been a result of porosity that was visible under microscope. But the porosity levels decreased tremendously when the sample was once again printed in an inert environment. The results of this research have helped us understand the intricate nature of 316 and 17-4 PH stainless steels while being additively printed. The beneficial research experience of participating undergraduate students in collaboration with industry is a special feature of this project.
Life Cycle Assessment of a Household in Ecuador
Authors: Ramirez Angel D. , Crespo Karla , Salas Daniel A. , Boero Andrea J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The life cycle assessment (LCA) of a middle-class household of 5 members in Guayaquil, Ecuador was performed in order to identify the life cycle stages and activities with higher environmental burdens. LCA is a quantitative tool for assessing the environmental performance of products or systems during its life span, through the compilation and further evaluation of the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts.
The life cycle of the house included a 50-year lifespan house divided into three stages: pre-occupation, occupation, and post-occupation stage. The type of house chosen for the analysis represents the current trend of urban growth and planning of the city, which is pointing towards residential zones and housing plans far away from central areas.
The notion of household metabolism is associated with the occupation stage. Household metabolism refers to all flows of matter and energy related to anthropogenic activities conducted on a household, which is a socio-economic entity that consists of people living together occupying a dwelling or part of it. Households are key entities of the anthroposphere because the sum of all private households is the process on which all other processes depend on and serve directly or indirectly. The total energy use and emissions for which the sum of households is responsible reflects the importance of considering its influence when assessing the environmental impact of dwellings.
Five energy case scenarios were analyzed. These included different energy mixes and the use of inductive cookers as an alternative to those that use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which are the most used in Ecuador. The influence of the energy production structure of the country on the environmental impact of the household is supported by the results. A higher share of hydroelectricity in the energy mix, compared with the share of thermal electricity, presented lower environmental impacts in most categories. Public policies that encourage a shift towards a cleaner electricity production technology may decrease the overall environmental impact of households and buildings.
The occupation stage entails the highest contribution to all impact categories, e.g. 88% of global warming potential (GWP), followed by the pre-occupation stage, contributing 10% of GWP. Food consumption has not been considered in reviewed studies, although it represents the highest environmental burden within the occupation stage of the house, followed by electricity, and gas use: 43, 27, and 20% of GWP respectively.
The results support the importance of including household metabolism in LCA studies due to the high environmental burden associated with it, and the influence of the electricity production structure of the country on the life cycle impact of households.
Investigating the Precipitation Kinetics and Hardening Effects of γ” in Inconel 625 Using a Combination of Meso-Scale Phase-Field Simulations and Macro-Scale Precipitate Strengthening Calculations
Authors: Yenusah Caleb O. , Ji Yanzhou , Liu Yucheng , Stone Tonya W. , Horstemeyer Mark F. , Chen Lei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Precipitation strengthening of alloys by the formation of secondary particles (precipitates) in the matrix is one of the techniques used for increasing the mechanical strength of metals. Understanding the precipitation kinetics such as nucleation, growth, and coarsening of these precipitates is critical for evaluating their hardening effects and improving the yield strength of the alloy during heat treatment. To optimize the heat treatment strategy and accelerate alloy design, predicting precipitate hardening effects via numerical methods is a promising complement to trial-and-error-based experiments and the physics-based phase-field method stands out with the significant potential to accurately predict the precipitate morphology and kinetics. In this study, we present a phase-field model that captures the nucleation, growth, and coarsening kinetics of precipitates during isothermal heat treatment conditions. Thermodynamic data, diffusion coefficients, and misfit strain data from experimental or lower length-scale calculations are used as input parameters for the phase-field model. Classical nucleation theory is implemented to capture the nucleation kinetics. As a case study, we apply the model to investigate γ″ precipitation kinetics in Inconel 625. The simulated mean particle length, aspect ratio, and volume fraction evolution are in agreement with experimental data for simulations at 600 °C and 650 °C during isothermal heat treatment. Utilizing the meso-scale results from the phase-field simulations as input parameters to a macro-scale coherency strengthening model, the evolution of the yield strength during heat treatment was predicted. In a broader context, we believe the current study can provide practical guidance for applying the phase-field approach as a link in the multiscale modeling of material properties.