bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Air Quality Index Distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 Concentrations in Ambient Air of Al-Hillah City, Iraq
Authors: Grmasha Ruqayah Ali , Al-Azzawi Shahla N. A. , Al-sareji Osamah J. , Alardhi Talal , Abdellatif Mawada , Mubarak Hayfaa A. , Alkhayyat Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Air pollution is the most hazardous form of pollution because simply the amount of air is very limited on this planet and human beings cannot survive for more than a few minutes without air. In this work, air pollution with suspended solids will be investigated, where the concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 in Al-Hillah City have been measured by establishing three monitoring stations in a major street. The street has two main hospitals, a stadium, and many organizations. Temp monitor (model: Airing-1000) was utilized for this purpose. During the study period (five months), the range of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were from 7.8 to 32.5 μg/m3 and 4.5 to 11.1 μg/m3, respectively. The average PM10 concentration from station H2 exceeds the annual standard of WHO while the PM2.5 averages were within the annual standard of WHO except reading from site H2 during May 2019 was higher than the WHO limit. Many factors assist to raise the PMs concentrations in urban areas such as vehicle emission, measurement season type as well as dust events. In this study, we have noticed all factors are playing a significant role in increasing PMs concentrations.
Denitrification of water using a low-cost adsorbent
Authors: Jawad Wisam A. , Baqir Sadiq J. , Alquzweeni Saif S. , Alajmi Abdalrahman , Alkizwini Rasha S. , Kot Patryk , AlKhayyat Ahmed H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The recent studies about water quality indicated a clear increase in the concentrations of many pollutants in the sources of freshwaters, such as nitrate, phosphate, and inorganic pollutants. This increase is attributed to the expansion of the global population, industries, and climate changes. These studies represented a call for the need for efficient treatment for water and wastewater. The current study investigates the possibility of using activated red mud (ARM) as an adsorbent to eliminate nitrates from water/wastewater. The operational parameters such as treatment times, pH, and doses of ARM were tested to assess their effects on the Nitrate removability by ARM. The optimum treatment times, pH, and dose for best removal within this study were 60 min, 7, and 75 g/L for treatment times, pH, and doses, respectively. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models and kinetic models including the pseudo-first-order, the pseudo-second-order, and interparticle diffusion using non-linear regressions were utilized to analyze the observed data which were gained from batch equilibrium tests. The obtained results revealed that the equilibrium data have good and reasonable fitness and agreement with the Langmuir isotherm models. The highest adsorption capacity of ARM was 1.79423925mg/g. The maximum percentage of removal was found to be about 71% at ambient temperature.
Development of Equations Relates the Factors Affecting Riverbank Stability Using Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Aldefae Asad H. , Alkhafaji Rusul A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many previous studies had been investigated the riverbank stability since of its great significance in prohibition flood risk that may command many economic and environmental problems. Investigating the riverbank stability due to development of cracks that represents the main causes of failure is very important, to prepossess recurring landslides by characterizing the riskiest areas and remediating them using a suitable method. In this paper, Dimensional analysis (DA)was carried out to formulate reasonable hypotheses about the complex physical conditions related to riverbank stability investigation. Two empirical equations were derived; the first one for the rate of settlement in riverbank soil, and the other for the failure angle of the slope. Depending on the experimental results that were applied in the software of IBM SPSS Statistics, v24, both equations gave good compatibility where the correlations coefficients were 0.9877 and 0.9826 respectively.
Fires Accidents and its Implication on Mechanical and Structural Properties of Different Construction Materials
Authors: Aldefae Asad H. , Edan Abbas S. , Essa Abbas F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, numerous and comprehensive physical and mechanical tests were carried out on various building construction materials (i.e. different kinds of floor and wall tiles, steel bars and widely used metal plate of doors and windows) to investigate how the high level of temperatures significantly impact on these materials through the physical, structural and mechanical changes. Before exposing of materials to this heating level, tests are performed on materials to be as a reference. The physical and mechanical characterization includes; compression tests, tensile tests, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) as well as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). It was observed that the high temperature led to make damages on the internal and external structure of the materials and this obviously effects on the durability of the building or may lead to its destruction. It was noticed also that this level of temperature reduced the compressive strength whereas the molecular structure is strongly influenced by this reduction. Slightly changes in tensile strength of rebar were also noticed. High temperatures level are significantly effect on the internal structure of the floor and wall tiles and fine and moderate cracks on the roofs of these tiles are appeared and reduction in the modulus of rupture of the floor and wall tiles.
Phenol Removal From Synthetic Wastewater by Adsorption Column
Authors: AL-Doury Muzher M I , Alwan M H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Adsorption column is used to perform the adsorption experiments of this work using continuous scheme. The operating parameters investigated in this work are; inlet pollutant concentration (10, 30, & 50 mg/L), Liquid hourly space velocity (5, 10, & 15 h−1), and thickness of activated carbon layer (5, 15, & 25 cm). The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of removing high phenol concentration from a synthetic wastewater since the nearby North Refineries Company, Baiji, (Iraq) wastewater treatment plant receives high phenol concentration. Moreover, to investigate the effects of various operating parameters on the adsorption capacity, breakthrough, and exhaustion times. The results of this work show that activated carbon can remove high concentration of phenol (up to 50 mg/L) efficiently. The results also indicated that the adsorption capacity depends on inlet pollutant concentration, activated carbon thickness, and liquid hourly space velocity. Actual adsorption capacity is calculated and found to be different from adsorption capacity found depending on the adsorption models. The lowest and highest adsorption capacities are 0.428 and 9.02 mg/g respectively, while the corresponding values for actual adsorption capacities are 0.216 and 32.4 mg/g.
Utilization of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) for Temperature Detection and Warning in an Automobile Engine
Authors: Imran Husam Yahya , Majid Dayang Laila Abang Abdul , Ethaib Saleem , Baitab Danish Mahmood , Jang Leong Shii 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present work a new design of coolant temperature sensor (CTS) was carried out based on intelligent material. This material called shape memory alloy (SMA) which contain Nickel-Titanium alloy that have the ability to contract at different rates of temperatures when utilize in fabrication the spring coil. CTS was designed from SMA this material due to the characteristic of these materials such AS the high resistance of corrosion and conductivity of electrical when compared with a conventional sensor. The novel SMA sensor was evaluated accorfing to its performance by changing the temperatures during the period exposure of experiment that has been conducted to test the SMA spring coil. The design of the intelligent system proposed has been the ability to provide more automated control by using advanced materials to reduce each cost and maintenance. Coolant temperature sensor gained the best consequence of performance by getting contraction about 20mm when the range of temperature increase from (85°C – 95°C).
Soil erosion and the influenced factors: A review article
Authors: Adnan Shereen , Aldefae Asad H. , Humaish Wissam H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Unacceptable rates of soil erosion are one of the main important factors that the hydrologists and the water engineers should keep in their mind to prevent soil detachment and increasing of the sediment yields from occurring. Unnoticed soil erosion due to slow process may lead to serious problems with the time due to wash of soil surface that leads to decrease the shear strength and building failure may occur. This review paper focuses on the forms of soil erosion, the affecting factors and prediction of the soil erosion. Forms of soil erosion are presented clearly and the formations of the rills, inter-rills, gullies due to steam flow are explained. Historical sequence of main important equations of the soil erosion determinations from art-of-literature is presented. Hydraulic, topographical and soil critical condition for the erosion with empirical equations are explained in details. Finally, the sedimentation which is the results of the soil erosion, sediment transport and the sediment yields process has been considered in this paper.
Performance of Sustainable Concrete Containing HDPE Plastic Wastes as Coarse Aggregate: Minor Review
Authors: Radhi Milad M. , Khalil Wasan Ismail , Abdulqader Sarmad Shafeeq 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many experimental studies had made by the researchers to investigate the properties of concrete with different types of plastic wastes as coarse aggregate or as fibres. This research focuses on the studies dealing with High Density Polyethylene HDPE plastic type as coarse aggregate in concrete and making a summary of the most important findings from these studies. All the experimental works stated in these studies showed a decrease in flexural strength, splitting strength and flexural strength. The results also showed that there is a clear decrease in the thermal conductivity which leads to improve thermal insulation of concrete.
Nutrients and organics removal from slaughterhouse wastewater using phytoremediation: A comparative study on different aquatic plant species
Authors: Alam Rahat , Khan Saif Ullah , Basheer Farrukh , Farooqi Izharul Haq 
Published: February 2021

AbstractConventionally treated wastewater disposal is a challenging task especially for developing countries as nutrients and some organic matters remain present in the effluent. A controlled floating pond is a suitable option for tropical countries such as India to reduce nutrients and untreated organic matters. In this study, three different locally available aquatic plant species were taken to cultivate in wastewater effluent and their respective growth and nutrients removal efficiency were compared. The three plants namely, Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Duckweeds (Lemna minor), Filamentous algae were cultivated in three identical tubs, with a depth of 20 cm, having 12L wastewater effluent. The growth parameter of plants and wastewater quality parameters was investigated at the interval of five days for 30 days. It was found that duckweeds are more effective in the removal of TKN by 37.67%, N-NO3−by 83.33%, and N-NO2-by 35.33%. On the other hand, filamentous algae were found more effective in the removal of COD by 49.36% and PO43−by 57.18%. The results from this study will assist in the selection of plants species for aquatic ponds based on the required treatment.
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of fungial Activity of Copper(II) and Cobalt(II) Complexes with Imine Glutaraldehyde Derivatives.
Authors: Alfahdawi Aeed , Mohammed Iman Husam , Zaidan Dina Hameed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Two metal compolexes have been prepared throughout the reaction of copper(II) and cobalt(II) salts with the bidentate Schiff base synthesized from the reaction of two moles of o-toluidine and one mole of glutaraldehyde. These metal complexes have been characterized using physico-chemical techniques such as 1H-NMR, FTIR, Atomic Absorption A.A, CHN, UV-Vis spectra, magnatic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. The obtained results showed good agrrement with theoratical data and the geometry of both metal complexes was octagonal geometry. The biological activity have been tested using two types of fungus Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus parasiticus. Both metal complexes showed good activity against these two types of fumgus. Furthermore, antifungial activity of the synthesised metal complexes was better than antifungal drugs, Nystatin and Griseofulvin, which are used to treat both types of fungus.
Optimal Location of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission Line using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Abbas Z N , Tuaimah F M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this research is to study the effect of HVDC transmission systems on reducing power losses and improving voltage profile. This paper presents a solution to the problems of an overloaded transmission line through selecting the optimal location for the HVDC system. For this purpose, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) uses to optimize the voltage profile, reduce power losses and handle power flow in overloaded transmission lines. MATLAB utilizes to engage both the GA and Newton Raphson method to solve the load flow problem. The proposed approach examined and tested on the IEEE Large Scale 57-bus test system. Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) package Version 32.0 is used as practical part to solve the functions of power system performance. The results demonstrated the ability of the proposed method to determine the optimum location of the HVDC line which reduces power loss and improves the “voltage profile” of the bus.
Technical Assessment for Solar Powered Pumps in IRAQ
Authors: Mejeed Raghad Ali , Oudah Samah Shyaa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
IRAQ has been described as having high solar powered irrigation resources. The seasonal changes in climate have a direct effect on the determination of crop water requirements, irrigation schedules and potential of solar energy generation to operate the water pumping. In this study, solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems were theoretically evaluated to estimate the required water requirement (one hectare) for potato planting in the ALKhlis district using calculated climatic data from the Al-Khalis Agrometeorological weather station for a period (2013-2017).CROPWAT 8.0 Software was adopted in simulation of crop water requirement. A mathematical modeling of irrigation scheduling processes was carried by using Microsoft Excel worksheets. The pumping system was simulated by using web based Grundfos Product Center tool. The highest average value of 7.6 kWh / m2 / month of solar radiation in all monitoring data years in July, while the minimum average value of 2.6 kWh / m2 / month in December when the sun is at the lowest point in the atmosphere. The average of peak sun hours corresponding to the time of the pumping system and the highest water intake was observed at eight months, from March to October, is 7.2 hours / day and 5.2 hours/day for January, February, November and December
Power Efficient Wideband Power LNA for WSN
Authors: Abdullah Ahmad S. , Hbeeb Sadeq Adnan , Al-Anbagi Haidar N. , Abdulhameed Abdulghafor A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a power-efficient low noise amplifier (LNA) for wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications. The energy consumption of LNAs plays a significant role in the design of WSN applications seeking less energy consumption. The transistor (BP1V01M0) is used in this article to get a low noise figure (NF) of 1.2dB and high power gain of 12.63 dB. The design covers the transistor biasing circuit, the transistor stability test, and, finally, the matching network establishment. The results of the simulation show that the proposed LNA design operates at 2.4 GHz with a wideband impedance bandwidth of 2 GHz with a low power consumption of 1 mW.
The role of aesthetic inputs in the sustainable Beauty of Baghdadi House
Authors: Hilal Maysoon Muhi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This research attempts to explore the aesthetic inputs of the Baghdadi House, which for many years has become a symbol of Iraqi architecture and its shape has evolved as a result of the skill of Iraqi sculptors and architects in the use of wood and bricks and the adaptation of these materials to give a special aesthetic to the Baghdadi House made it aesthetically sustainable. The problem of the research was the existence of a knowledge gap about the factors that contributed to enrich the details of the Baghdadi House to give it the required aesthetic sustainability. Therefore, the research adopted hypothesis (that the aesthetic of Baghdadi House results from the interaction of sustainability factors and local materials that enrich the details of the house among them in addition to that experience The Iraqi architecture added another aesthetic dimension to him) the research adopted the descriptive approach on the concept of beauty and the application of beauty levels on the elements of the Baghdadi House as well as adopted the analytical approach through the effective indicators on four different samples of houses The aim of the research is to know the aesthetic sustainability of the house by using local materials in the implementation of the Baghdadi. the results of research there is aesthetic sustainability through two indicators are architectural aesthetic and micro climate has given Interaction of the central courtyard with parts of the Baghdadi house
Employing Sustainable Environmental Technologies in Raising the Efficiency of the Building Ecosystem
Authors: Abdulwahab Ghada Ghalib 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The last few years witnessed a growing interest in preserving the ecology of the earth which lead to sustainability and hence the improvements which enable getting the most out of environmental resources and nature’s gifts. This research will explore the relationship between the informational capabilities and the capabilities of controlling the environment and reducing energy consumption, this will distinguish smart buildings which their design and work of their internal structure depend on environmentally sustainable technologies this will raise the efficiency of the ecosystem of these buildings by providing an integrated, interactive environment. The Arab environment has faced many challenges as a result of the unregulated exploitation and hence the great waste of resources, therefore the research problem was identified (The reading and analysis for the identification of sustainable and environmental technologies and their impact on raising the efficiency of the building’s ecosystem). The research aimed to find the function and method of work of modern environmental technologies and the extent of their application in raising the efficiency of the ecosystem and to know the most important treatments that have been used. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical method after extracting the theoretical framework which contains a set of concepts and indicators based on which the selected examples were measured and that led to the conclusions.
The Feasibility of Emulsion Liquid Membrane for the Extraction of Organic Acids from Wastewater
Authors: Alreda Akkar Suheila Abd , Muslim Mohammed Sawsan Abd 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The separation of hazardous organic acid pollutants such as phenol and carboxylic acids from aqueous waste streams released from industries is important and essential for environmental pollution. Acetic acid, benzoic acid, and phenol individually extracted from their aqueous solutions using emulsion liquid membranes prepared with kerosene as a membrane phase, Span 80 as a surfactant and NaOH as a stripping agent in the inner phase of W/O emulsions. Experiments have been performed to study the effect of volume ratio of membrane phase to internal phase (VM/VI), stripping phase concentration in the internal phase, agitation speed of feed solution, and volume ratio of emulsion phase to feed phase (VE/VF) on the organic acid extraction rates. More than 98% of benzoic acid and phenol can be extracted in less than 5 minutes, acetic can also be extracted but at much slower rates. Comparison of the extraction rates of organic acid indicates that benzoic acid and phenol are extracted more rapidly than that of acetic acid because the distribution coefficient (m) of benzoic acid and phenol is much larger than that of acetic acid due to their ability to dissolve in the membrane phase. The effective diffusivities indicate that the mobility of these compounds in the membrane phase obeys the following order: benzoic acid > acetic acid > phenol.
Numerical simulation of the heat losses through the steam injection in enhanced oil recovery process
Authors: Asad Maaly Salah , Rashid Farhan Lafta , Hussein Hasan Qahtan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, a numerical investigation of the effect of using a new insulation of Yttrium oxide with thermal painting of (5 wt.%) on the heat losses from steam injected in the enhanced oil recovery process. ANSYS Fluent v.16 was used in the simulation. Results were obtained for inlet oil velocity of 5 m/s, temperature of 313 K, and inlet steam velocity of 0.1 m/s, temperature of 373 K. The length of tube is 0.5 m. Pressure through the oil decreases along the distance, while through the steam seems to be unchanged. The insulation does not affect on the pressure distribution. Velocity through the oil decreases along the distance and decreases slightly through the steam. Using the insulation lead to reduce the velocity of oil. Steam temperature decreases through before using the insulation and slightly decrease after using the insulation. Using the insulation leads to make the temperature of steam along the distance greater than the temperature before using the insulation. The pressure through the oil decreases along the distance, while through the steam seems to be unchanged. The insulation does not affect on the pressure distribution. The velocity through the oil decreases along the distance and decreases slightly through the steam by 7.14%. Using the insulation lead to reduce the velocity of oil. Using the insulation leads to make the temperature of steam along the distance greater than the temperature before using the insulation by 9.42%.