bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training in radiographic caries detection and staging using an interactive tool
Authors: Anamali Sindhura , Pendleton Chandler , Jin Xie Xian , Smith Anna , Jain Aditi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of the study was to compare a dental student's practical ability to detect and stage radiographic caries per International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), following a traditional lecture and a lecture containing an interactive session using an audience response system (ARS). Associations between the order of instructions and student performance were also evaluated.Materials and MethodsEighty‐three dental students were randomly assigned to groups A and B. On the first day, group A received a traditional lecture and group B received content using the ARS. All students then took an electronic quiz (T1) identifying and staging caries on radiographs per ICDAS. For the second day, group A received the content using the ARS system and group B received a traditional lecture. All students subsequently took a second electronic quiz (T2). Two survey questions about the learning experience were also included.ResultsWilcoxon rank‐sum analysis of scores from consenting students (81) showed no difference between the quiz 1 scores of two groups (p=.61). Whilst not statistically significant (p = .07), the group that had the ARS initially scored marginally higher on quiz 2. Survey results showed that most participants preferred either the ARS alone (49.38%) or a combination of the ARS and a traditional lecture (40.74%). A majority of them (80%) found the ARS helpful.ConclusionWhen training students in practical skills of detection and staging radiographic presence of dental caries per ICDAS, hands‐on learning tools, such as an ARS, complement traditional lectures.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the self‐reported competencies of dental graduates in a Malaysian setting
Authors: Nik‐Azis Nik‐Madihah , Baharin Badiah , Abdullah Dalia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionCOVID‐19 pandemic has disrupted the clinical training of dental programmes worldwide. This study aimed to assess the self‐reported competencies of dental graduates directly affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic, as compared to the cohort before the year 2020.Materials and MethodsA questionnaire consisting of eight domains with 43 questions was sent to all the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia's (UKM) dental graduates of 2019 and 2020 cohorts. The domains were as follows: (A) gathering information at chairside, (B) diagnosis, (C) treatment planning, (D) treatment and prevention, (E) community‐based, (F) management and administrative, (G) communication and (H) personal management and professional development. Three additional questions were included to assess satisfaction on clinical teaching and supervision, requirements and assessment and cross‐infection control.ResultsA total of 54 (91.5%) and 45 (100%) questionnaires were returned by the 2019 and 2020 cohorts, respectively. The 2019 cohort consistently perceived their competencies to be high across all the eight domains, and these responses were significantly higher than the 2020 cohort for seven out of the eight domains (p < .005). The 2019 cohort also consistently perceived their competencies higher compared to the 2020 cohort for 40 out of 43 skills. Eleven skills were deemed to have “poor ratings,” and seven of these skills were rated significantly lower by the 2020 cohort than the other cohort (p < .005).ConclusionsThe findings of this study highlight the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the self‐perceived competencies of dental graduates. The 2020 graduates reported lower percentages of competent responses, mainly for community‐based skills and management and administrative skills, even though they were deemed competent and graduated. The loss of clinical time and the suspension of certain face‐to‐face activities significantly affected their perceived competencies.
Applying the Kirkpatrick model to evaluate dental students’ experience of learning about antibiotics use and resistance
Authors: Badran Amira Saad , Keraa Khaled , Farghaly Mahassen Mohamed 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroduction“Antibiotic resistance” is of main concern in global health and that it could hinder the achievement of sustainable development goals. One of the reported contributing factors is the irrational prescribing behaviour of healthcare professionals including dentists. Efforts to design and evaluate effective educational programmes for undergraduate dental students about appropriate prescribing behaviour during their early educational years could mitigate the risk of antibiotic resistance.Materials and MethodsA total of 322 students participated in the study. Their knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was assessed. Students received a specially designed, interactive educational programme. The success of the programme was assessed after the educational sessions and 2 years later using Kirkpatrick’s four‐level evaluation model.ResultsThis study is the first study to use Kirkpatrick model to evaluate an educational programme for dental students. The results of the first level of evaluation showed an overall satisfaction score of 82.1%. The second level revealed an increase in the percentage of correct answers after the educational sessions from 68.3% to 80%, and significant agreement with responsible antibiotics usage (p‐value = .020, Effect size = 0.121). The third level showed that the percentage of correct answers 2 years later was 87.5%. The fourth level confirmed the success of the programme as 88.9% of participants reported using the knowledge gained from the programme when prescribing antibiotics.ConclusionsOur study emphasises the success of the used educational programme and highlights the need for educational interventions in the under graduate dental curriculum.
Automatic segmentation of deep grey nuclei using a high‐resolution 7T magnetic resonance imaging atlas—Quantification of T1 values in healthy volunteers
Authors: Brun Gilles , Testud Benoit , Girard Olivier M. , Lehmann Pierre , de Rochefort Ludovic , Besson Pierre , Massire Aurélien , Ridley Ben , Girard Nadine , Guye Maxime , Ranjeva Jean‐Philippe , Le Troter Arnaud 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe present a new consensus atlas of deep grey nuclei obtained by shape‐based averaging of manual segmentation of two experienced neuroradiologists and optimized from 7T MP2RAGE images acquired at (.6 mm)3 in 60 healthy subjects. A group‐wise normalization method was used to build a high‐contrast and high‐resolution T1‐weighted brain template (.5 mm)3 using data from 30 out of the 60 controls. Delineation of 24 deep grey nuclei per hemisphere, including the claustrum and 12 thalamic nuclei, was then performed by two expert neuroradiologists and reviewed by a third neuroradiologist according to tissue contrast and external references based on the Morel atlas. Corresponding deep grey matter structures were also extracted from the Morel and CIT168 atlases. The data‐derived, Morel and CIT168 atlases were all applied at the individual level using non‐linear registration to fit the subject reference and to extract absolute mean quantitative T1 values derived from the 3D‐MP2RAGE volumes, after correction for residual B1+ biases. Three metrics (the Dice and the volumetric similarity coefficients and a novel Hausdorff distance) were used to estimate the inter‐rater agreement of manual MRI segmentation and inter‐atlas variability, and these metrics were measured to quantify biases due to image registration, and their impact on the measurements of the quantitative T1 values was highlighted. This represents a fully automated segmentation process permitting the extraction of unbiased normative T1 values in a population of young healthy controls as a reference for characterizing subtle structural alterations of deep grey nuclei relevant to a range of neurological diseases.
Moths passing in the night: Phenological and genomic divergences within a forest pest complex
Authors: Nelson Tyler D. , MacDonald Zachary G. , Sperling Felix A. H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTemporal separation of reproductive timing can contribute to species diversification both through allochronic speciation and later reinforcement of species boundaries. Such phenological differences are an enigmatic component of evolutionary divergence between two major forest defoliator species of the spruce budworm complex: Choristoneura fumiferana and C. occidentalis. While these species interbreed freely in laboratory settings, natural hybridization rates have not been reliably quantified due to their indistinguishable morphology. To assess whether temporal isolation is contributing to reproductive isolation, we collected adult individuals throughout their expected zone of sympatry in western Canada at 10‐day intervals over two successive years, assigning taxonomic identities using thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found unexpectedly broad sympatry between C. fumiferana and C. occidentalis biennis and substantial overlap of regional flight periods. However, flight period divergence was much more apparent on a location‐by‐location basis, highlighting the importance of considering spatial scale in these analyses. Phenological comparisons were further complicated by the biennial life cycle of C. o. biennis, the main subspecies of C. occidentalis in the region, and the occasional occurrence of the annually breeding subspecies C. o. occidentalis. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that biennialism is not a likely contributor to reproductive isolation within the species complex. Overall, interspecific F1 hybrids comprised 2.9% of sequenced individuals, confirming the genomic distinctiveness of C. fumiferana and C. occidentalis, while also showing incomplete reproductive isolation of lineages. Finally, we used FST‐based outlier and genotype–environment association analyses to identify several genomic regions under putative divergent selection. These regions were disproportionately located on the Z linkage region of C. fumiferana, and contained genes, particularly antifreeze proteins, that are likely to be associated with overwintering success and diapause. In addition to temporal isolation, we conclude that other mechanisms, including ecologically mediated selection, are contributing to evolutionary divergence within the spruce budworm species complex.
Investigation of mesh dependency issues in the simulation of crack propagation in quasi‐brittle materials by using a diffuse interface modeling approach
Authors: Pascuzzo Arturo , Greco Fabrizio , Leonetti Lorenzo , Lonetti Paolo , Pranno Andrea , Ronchei Camilla 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis work proposes an efficient cohesive finite element modeling approach based on a diffuse interelement interface strategy to reproduce the fracture behavior of quasi‐brittle materials under general loading conditions. The proposed model involves zero‐thickness interface elements, whose strength and toughness properties are spatially randomized, thus avoiding the well‐known nonuniqueness issues that can affect the stability of the associated numerical computations, which potentially lead to physically meaningless predictions of the fracture behavior. The reliability of the proposed refined fracture approach is assessed by performing several numerical simulations of the direct tensile test on various quasi‐brittle specimens. Results show that a proper calibration of the cohesive properties of the diffuse embedded interfaces is fundamental to ensure the desired numerical accuracy and stability properties. Besides, comparisons with experimental and numerical data found in the literature are used to fully validate the proposed approach.
Optimizing seed‐based Miscanthus plug plant production with supplemental heat and light, compost type and volume
Authors: Wu Pei‐Chen , Ashman Chris , Awty‐Carroll Danny , Robson Paul , Clifton‐Brown John 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo help meet greenhouse gas mitigation targets perennial biomass crops will need to be planted at large scales and at a much greater pace over the coming decades. Miscanthus is a leading biomass crop but rapid upscaling is technically challenging due to costly and time‐consuming clonal propagation. Seed‐based hybrids are considered a viable route to rapid upscaling, but direct sowing has not been found feasible under temperate climate conditions due to high thermal requirements for germination and slow early plant development compared with larger seeded annuals. Seed‐based plug plants, initially propagated in greenhouses, provide a suitable route to improve field establishment. Here, we describe an input optimization experiment for seeded Miscanthus plugs raised for spring planting in a naturally lit greenhouse with the following treatments: supplemental heat to maintain a minimum of 15°C, supplemental predawn light from modern LEDs at PPFD 300–400 μmol m−2 s−1, two proprietary types of compost (known as 50k and 70k), and two compost volumes (35 and 15 cm3). Our results showed that variations in all four factors had significant effects on above‐ and belowground biomass: (i) supplemental heat increased root‐to‐shoot ratio, (ii) supplemental light increased total biomass and root‐to‐shoot ratio, (iii) compost type affected total biomass and (iv) compost volume was positively correlated with total biomass and stem base diameter. No factor had a significant effect on axillary shoot formation. We recommend nurseries in the United Kingdom use LEDs as predawn supplemental light but no supplemental heat, compost that has both good water‐holding capacity and aeration, and a larger compost volume, which provided optimized cost‐plug resilience for spring‐sown, seed‐based Miscanthus plug production.
‘A lot of small things make a difference’. Mental health and strategies of coping during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Halliday Emma C. , Holt Vivien , Khan Koser , Ward Fiona , Wheeler Paula , Sadler Gill 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe social and economic consequences of COVID‐19 have the potential to affect individuals and populations through different pathways (e.g., bereavement, loss of social interaction).ObjectiveThis study adopted a solicited diary method to understand how mental health was affected during England's first lockdown. We also considered the experiences of diary keeping during a pandemic from the perspective of public participants.MethodsFifteen adults older than 18 years of age were recruited from northwest England. Diarists completed semistructured online diaries for 8 weeks, which was combined with weekly calls. A focus group captured participants' experiences of diary keeping.FindingsFour key factors influenced mental health, which fluctuated over time and in relation to diarists' situations. These concerned navigating virus risk, loss of social connections and control and constrictions of the domestic space. Diarists also enacted a range of strategies to cope with the pandemic. This included support from social networks, engagement with natural environments, establishing normality, finding meaning and taking affirmative action.ConclusionUse of diary methods provided insights into the lived experiences of the early months of a global pandemic. As well as contributing evidence on its mental health effects, diarists' accounts illuminated considerable resourcefulness and strategies of coping with positive effects for well‐being. While diary keeping can also have therapeutic benefits during adversity, ethical and practical issues need to be considered, which include the emotional nature of diary keeping.Public ContributionMembers of the public were involved in interpretation of data as well as critiquing the overall diary method used in the study.
Mosaic landscapes provide conservation pockets for an endangered species: Colias myrmidone in Romania
Authors: Loos Jacqueline , Schröer Cindy , Becker Thomas , Kastal Agnes , Kortmann Elena , Dolek Matthias 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Biodiversity in European agricultural landscapes is at stake, with many once widespread species now being endangered, extinct or confined to few areas.
So is the Danube Clouded Yellow butterfly, Colias myrmidone, with few populations left in three Eastern European countries, namely Poland, Slovakia and Romania. However, ecological understanding of its relationship to environmental conditions and land‐use practises is piecemeal.
Here, we quantify the environmental conditions determining the distribution of C. myrmidone for some of its last known strongholds in Romania.
We performed random stratified searches for the butterfly and its hostplant Chamaecytisus sp. in and around three Natura 2000 sites in Transylvania, which we have subdivided into 100 × 100 m grid cells. During 2016–2019, we observed C. myrmidone in 1765 grid cells. Logistic regression modelling related the presence of C. myrmidone and its hostplant to temperature, precipitation, slope, distance to forest, land cover and aspect.
The butterfly was more likely to occur with higher temperatures and higher precipitation and was associated with flat and slightly inclined slopes near forests. Furthermore, the probability was higher on grasslands, pastures and in agricultural mosaic landscapes compared to arable land and forests, with a preference for an Eastern and north‐western aspect. We extrapolated these findings to predict potential other areas of occurrences with a precision of 91%.
Our resulting map may be useful for conservationists to prioritise assessments and area‐based conservation strategies for safeguarding this highly endangered species also outside the designated Natura 2000 sites.
Associations between socioeconomic status and place of residence with survival after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Nichols Linda , Gall Seana , Stankovich Jim , Stirling Christine 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground/AimThis study aims to understand early (<24 h post ictus) and late (up to 12 months) survival post aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH), with a focus on rurality and socioeconomic status.MethodsA statewide population‐based cohort of aSAH cases in Tasmania, Australia, was established from 2010 to 2014 using multiple overlapping sources. Clinical data were collected from medical records and the Tasmanian Death Registry, with area‐level rurality and socioeconomic status geocoded to participants’ residential address.ResultsFrom a cohort of 237 (70% women, 36% disadvantaged, 38% rural) individuals over a 5‐year period, 12‐month mortality was 52.3% with 54.0% of these deaths occurring within 24 h post ictus. In univariable analysis of 12‐month survival, outcome was not influenced by socioeconomic status, but rural geographical location was associated with a non‐significant increase in death (hazard ratio (HR) 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–1.75) along with hypertension (HR 1.78; 95% CI 1.07–2.98) and hypercholesterolaemia (HR 1.70; 95% CI 0.99–2.91). Multivariable analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in death to 12 months after aSAH for both hypertension (HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.08–3.03) and hypercholesterolaemia (HR 1.71; 95% CI 1.00–2.94) but not socioeconomic status or geographic location.ConclusionWe found high early death in this population‐based aSAH Australian population. Survival to 12 months after aSAH was not related to either geographical location or socioeconomic status but modifiable risk factors increased the risk of death.
When Knowing What Is Just and Being Committed to Achieving it Is Not Enough
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTIn this article, I argue that overly‐optimistic beliefs about how much progress toward justice has been made and overly‐pessimistic beliefs about what progress toward justice can be made can both help perpetuate injustices. Further, such beliefs can help perpetuate injustices even if those who hold them have a firm grasp of the correct principles of justice, a robust commitment to realize them, and the political influence to make their commitment effective. I also argue that when mistaken beliefs about justice of either sort are embedded in ideologies, they are an especially serious obstacle to moral progress. Finally, I conclude that ideologies can help perpetuate injustices even if they do not ‘mask’ them, if they include either overly‐optimistic or overly‐pessimistic beliefs about progress toward justice.
If You Are Committed to Justice, Why Aren't You an Activist? Comments on Allen Buchanan
Authors: Haslanger Sally 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTIn response to Buchanan's argument that ideologies function as doxastic immune systems, I invite him to expand on three issues. (1) What does it mean to have a perfect grasp of the principles of justice, and why should we think that someone with such a grasp should be in a position (even if unable) to act justly? (2) What is required to be fully epistemically responsible when in the grip of an ideology? (3) Might we learn more from contemporary Critical Theory about the workings of ‘doxastic immune systems’?
A microanalysis of learner questions and tutor guidance in simulation‐assisted inquiry learning
Authors: Liu Arita L. , Hajian Shiva , Jain Misha , Fukuda Mari , Obaid Teeba , Nesbit John C. , Winne Philip H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundGuidance during inquiry learning plays an important role in developing conceptual understanding and inquiry skills. This study analysed learner‐tutor interactions in a simulation‐assisted learning environment to investigate how tutor guidance enabled knowledge construction and fostered epistemic practice.ObjectivesThis research aimed to illuminate challenges learners encounter in the inquiry process and forms of guidance that support learning in both conceptual and epistemic aspects.MethodsThis study uses a mixed methods approach. We analysed video recordings in which nine participants asked 72 questions and the microsequences of interactions immediately surrounding and including each question. We coded properties of each question and whether the tutors' utterances were intended to increase (upregulate) or decrease (downregulate) the complexity of the inquiry processes, and used a two‐step cluster analysis to explore groupings emerged from tutors' regulation guidance and learners' questions.Results and ConclusionsThe regulatory intent of tutors' utterances depended on various characteristics of student questions. The microsequences clustered in five categories: 1) upregulated investigation and inference, 2) upregulated evidence‐based justification, 3) downregulated cognitive load, 4) downregulated procedural uncertainties, and 5) downregulated perceptual dissonance. Our findings suggest tutors offering guiding prompts should consider dual processes in the inquiry and, by strategically prompting them, strike a balance between the goals of guiding learners to discover scientific knowledge and grounding their conceptual understanding in concepts, data, and procedures.ImplicationsWe emphasize conceptual and epistemic learning should be concurrently guided in scientific inquiry. We propose a bidirectional guidance model as a pedagogical approach to guide instructional practice.