bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and SOH Degradation of Thin Li-ion Batteries Under Various Flexing Conditions
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Jang Hyesoo , Soni Ved , Miller Scott 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Reliability of Li-ion batteries (LIB) is major concern for FHE devices due to needs of flexibility without degradation of state of health (SOH) of the LIB. In this regard, a thin form factor based LIB below 1mm of thickness is regarded as the candidate material to meet such needs because it is able to be fold, bent and twisted with limited performance drop. In addition to this, LIB has high specific power (W/Kg) and high specific energy (Wh/Kg) and a lower memory effect which could make the LIB more attractive for wearable applications. While studies on chemo-physical effect such as SEI growth, material decay, etc. due to repeated charging and discharging LIB has been conducted greatly, but such effects due to the flexing LIB have been rarely conducted. In this study, degradation of thin-flexible power source reliability has been studied under twist, flexing, flex-to-install of magnitude to replicate stresses of daily motion of human body using motion-control setups in a lab-environment. Additionally, AI-based regression model has been developed to predict the SOH of the battery with multiple variables including physical, ambient and chemo-mechanical experimental conditions which could be challenged to be treated by the manpower. The developed models can be used to predict the life of the battery and analyze acceleration factors between test conditions and use conditions for variety of test conditions based on the individual variables and their interactions.
Mechanical Properties of Doped Solder SAC-Q for High Strain Rate Testing at Extreme Surrounding Temperatures for 6 Months of Isothermal Aging
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Mehta Vishal , Suhling Jeff , Blecker Ken 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Electronic parts may often get exposed to high strains during shocks, vibrations and drop conditions in both commercial and defense applications. In addition, such electronic parts can often be simultaneously exposed to extreme surrounding temperatures between −65°C and 200°C after storage in non-climate-controlled conditions. Electronic equipment can be subjected to strain rates of 1 to 100 per second in shock and vibration. Many of the doped SAC soldering alloys in the electronic components, including SAC-Q, SAC-R, Innolot have found applications in long-term thermal exposure environments. Low temperature high strain-rate properties are needed to assure durability under high temperature storage followed by shock and vibration. There is scarcity of high strain-rate data on alloys exposed to high temperature aging operating at extreme low-temperatures and extremely-high temperatures. For this study, SAC-Q material was tested and analyzed at temperatures from −65°C to 200°C and at a strain rates of from 10 to 75 per second. Following the production and retrieval of the specimens, specimens were stored for isothermal aging for up to 6 months at 100°C temperature, before performing tensile test experiments at various operating temperatures. Stress vs strain curves are formed for the wide range of strain rates and surrounding temperatures. In addition, test results and data were complemented by the Anand viscoplasticity model and by calculating stress-strain behavior, evaluated in a wide range of working temperatures and strains rates.
Low Temperature Material Characterization of Lead-Free SAC Solder Alloy at High Strain Rate After Prolonged High Temperature Storage
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Yadav Vikas , Suhling Jeff , Locker David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
During operations, handling, and storage in extreme environmental applications including aerospace, defense and automotive, the electronics may be exposed to high and low operating temperatures. In automotive underhood applications, the temperature can vary especially from −65 to +200 °C. Under prolonged storage, SnAgCu solder materials have been shown to continually evolve in the mechanical properties. New doped SAC solder alloys have recently been introduced with the addition of Ni, Co, Au, P, Ga, Cu and Sb to SAC solder alloy to increase the robustness under prolonged thermal exposure. High strain-rate data on SAC solder alloys after prolonged storage operating at low operating temperatures is not available in published literature. In this paper, materials characterization of SAC (SAC105 and SAC-Q) solder after prolonged storage at low operating temperatures (−65°C–0 °C) and at high strain rates (10–75 per sec) has been studied. The fabricated SAC leadfree solder specimens were isothermally aged up to 12 months at 50°C before testing. Anand Viscoplastic model has been used to compute 9 anand parameters from measured Tensile data to describe the material constitutive behavior. The computed 9 anand parameters were used to verify the accuracy of the Anand model. A good correlation was found between experimental data and Anand predicted data.
Evolution of Prony Parameters for Underfills Subjected to High Temperature Long Term Aging
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Zhang Yunli , Wu Haotian , Suhling Jeff , Davis Edward 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Advanced drive assist systems and support power systems reside underhood where operating temperatures are much higher than in traditional consumer applications. Temperatures in automotive underhood electronics may range from −40 °C to +150°C for long periods of time during operation. Much of the advanced functionality is enable through the use of advanced architectures including flip-chip ball-grid arrays. Underfills are used to enhance the solder joint reliability between the chip and the substrate. However, there is insufficient information about the viscoelasticity of Underfills stored in sustained high temperature for long period of time. In this paper, two different types of Underfills have been cured and aged under two different temperatures: 100 °C and 150 °C. Multi-frequency scan dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) test has been conducted to study the viscoelasticity evolution from pristine, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days and 120 days. The master curve has been obtained and the pony pairs of UFs have been calculated. The linear viscoelastic behavior of two kinds of Underfills as the function of aging time and aging temperature has been investigated. Elastic modulus, loss modulus and glass transition temperature are extracted from the results of dynamic loading tests. The aging effect of linear viscoelasticity has been discussed.
Solderability and Reliability of Sintered Nano-Ag Bond Pads of Printed Re-Distribution Layer (RDL)
Authors: Lee S. W. R. , Lo J. C. C. , Qiu X. , Tu N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Re-distribution layer (RDL) is one key enabling technology for advance packaging. RDL is usually fabricated in wafer level by photolithography process. An alternative approach for implementing RDL by additive manufacturing (AM) method is proposed in this study. This allows RDL to be fabricated on singulation chip. Nano-silver (nano-Ag) ink is printed on the silicon chip to form routing traces and bond pads. However, the Ag pad may be consumed by solder quickly if the process is not properly controlled. This paper studied the effect of nano-Ag ink sintering condition on the solderability of Ag pad. The solder joint mechanical integrity was evaluated by solder ball shear test. High temperature storage test was also carried out to evaluate the solder joint reliability. Experiment results showed that Ag pad fabricated by AM is SMT compatible. High temperature storage did not cause early failure to the samples. There was not significant change in the Ag3Sn IMC layer thickness and mechanical strength. The finding of the present study will serve as a very useful reference for future practice of forming solder joints on sintered nano-Ag pads.
From crisis to normal science, and back again: Coming full “Kuhn cycle” in the career of Warren B. Hamilton
Authors: Rossetter Thomas 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper, I use Thomas S. Kuhn’s model of scientific change to frame a brief, broad-brushed biographical sketch of the career of Warren B. Hamilton. I argue that Hamilton’s career can usefully be interpreted as encompassing a full “Kuhn cycle,” from a period of crisis in his early work, to one of normal science in midcareer, and back to something resembling crisis in his later research. Hamilton entered the field around mid-twentieth century when earth science can plausibly be described as being in a period of crisis. The then dominant fixist paradigm was facing an increasing number of difficulties, an alternative mobilist paradigm was being developed, and Hamilton played an important role in its development. The formulation of plate tectonics in the 1960s saw the overthrow of the fixist paradigm. This inaugurated a new phase of normal science as scientists worked within the new paradigm, refining it and applying it to different regions and various geological phenomena. Hamilton’s mid-career work fits largely into this category. Later, as the details of the plate-tectonic model became articulated more fully, and several of what Hamilton perceived as weakly supported conjectures became incorporated into the paradigm, problems began again to accumulate, and earth science, in Hamilton’s estimation, entered a new period of crisis. Radically new frameworks were now required, and Hamilton’s later work was dedicated principally to developing and articulating these frameworks and to criticizing mainstream views.
Effect of the Pore Size on the Biological Activity of β-Ca3(PO4)2-Based Resorbable Macroporous Ceramic Materials Obtained by Photopolymerization
Authors: Evdokimov P. V. , Tikhonova S. A. , Kiseleva A. K. , Filippov Ya. Yu. , Novoseletskaya E. S. , Efimenko A. Yu. , Putlayev V. I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The effect of the pore size of macroporous ceramic materials based on β-Ca3(PO4)2 on their biological activity was studied. The formation conditions of macroporous ceramics with a porosity of >50% and a specified pore size were determined. The effect of components of the light-curing emulsion on the pore size in the final macroporous ceramics was studied. The biocompatibility of β-Ca3(PO4)2-based macroporous ceramics was demonstrated in in vitro biomedical assays. The effect of pore size of macroporous ceramic materials on mesenchymal stromal cell proliferation and viability was established.
Epidemiological comparison of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, February 2020–April 2021
Authors: Akande Oluwatosin Wuraola , Elimian Kelly Osezele , Igumbor Ehimario , Dunkwu Lauryn , Kaduru Chijioke , Olopha Olubunmi Omowunmi , Ohanu Dabri Olohije , Nwozor Lilian , Agogo Emmanuel , Aruna Olusola , Balogun Muhammad Shakir , Aderinola Olaolu , Ahumibe Anthony , Arinze Chinedu , Badaru Sikiru Olanrewaju , Nwachukwu William , Dada Augustine Olajide , Erameh Cyril , Hamza Khadeejah , Mohammed Tarik Benjamin , Ndodo Nnaemeka , Obiekea Celestina , Ofoegbunam Chinenye , Ogunbode Oladipo , Ohonsi Cornelius , Tobin Ekaete Alice , Yashe Rimamdeyati , Adekaiyaoja Afolabi , Asuzu Michael C. , Audu Rosemary Ajuma , Bello Muhammad Bashir , Bello Shaibu Oricha , Deeni Yusuf Yahaya , Disu Yahya , Joseph Gbenga , Ezeokafor Chidiebere , Habib Zaiyad Garba , Ibeh Christian , Ike Ifeanyi Franklin , Iwara Emem , Luka-Lawal Rejoice Kudirat , Namara Geoffrey , Okwor Tochi , Olajide Lois , Ilesanmi Oluwafunke Olufemi , Omonigho Solomon , Oyiri Ferdinand , Takpa Koubagnine , Ugbogulu Nkem Usha , Ibekwe Priscilla , Oladejo John , Ilori Elsie , Ochu Chinwe Lucia , Ihekweazu Chikwe 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundWith reports of surges in COVID-19 case numbers across over 50 countries, country-level epidemiological analysis is required to inform context-appropriate response strategies for containment and mitigation of the outbreak. We aimed to compare the epidemiological features of the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Nigeria.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of the Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System data of the first and second epidemiological waves, which were between 27 February and 24 October 2020, and 25 October 2020 to 3 April 2021, respectively. Descriptive statistical measures including frequencies and percentages, test positivity rate (TPR), cumulative incidence (CI) and case fatality rates (CFRs) were compared. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out in STATA V.13.ResultsThere were 802 143 tests recorded during the study period (362 550 and 439 593 in the first and second waves, respectively). Of these, 66 121 (18.2%) and 91 644 (20.8%) tested positive in the first and second waves, respectively. There was a 21.3% increase in the number of tests conducted in the second wave with TPR increasing by 14.3%. CI during the first and second waves were 30.3/100 000 and 42.0/100 000 respectively. During the second wave, confirmed COVID-19 cases increased among females and people 30 years old or younger and decreased among urban residents and individuals with travel history within 14 days of sample collection (p value <0.001). Most confirmed cases were asymptomatic at diagnosis during both waves: 74.9% in the first wave; 79.7% in the second wave. CFR decreased during the second wave (0.7%) compared with the first wave (1.8%).ConclusionNigeria experienced a larger but less severe second wave of COVID-19. Continued implementation of public health and social measures is needed to mitigate the resurgence of another wave.
Using experience-based codesign to coproduce aphasia rehabilitation services: study protocol
Authors: Anemaat Lisa , Palmer Victoria J , Copland David A , Mainstone Kathryn , Druery Kent , Druery Julia , Aisthorpe Bruce , Binge Geoffrey , Mainstone Penelope , Wallace Sarah J 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionAphasia is an impairment of language that occurs in 30%–40% of stroke survivors. This often chronic condition results in poor outcomes for the individual with aphasia and their family. Long-term aphasia management is limited, with few people receiving sufficient services by 6–12 months postonset. We present a protocol for the development of coproduced aphasia service elements. We will use experience-based codesign (EBCD), an approach that enables service users and providers to collaboratively develop services and care pathways. Drawing on the experiences of people with aphasia, their families and clinicians we will establish priorities for the development of new services and later work together to codesign them.Methods and analysisThis research will be coproduced with people with aphasia (n=30–60), their families (n=30–60) and speech pathologists (n=30–60) in Queensland, Australia, using EBCD. A consumer advisory committee will provide oversight and advice throughout the research. In phase 1, we will use semistructured interviews and the nominal group technique to explore experiences and unmet needs in aphasia rehabilitation. Data will be analysed using thematic analysis and the resulting themes will be prioritised in multistakeholder focus groups. Outcomes of phase 1 will inform future research (phase 2) to codesign services. Financial costs and participant experiences of EBCD will be measured.Ethics and disseminationHuman Research Ethics Committee approval for phase 1 has been obtained (HREC/2020/QRBW/61368). Results will be reported in peer-reviewed journal articles, presented at relevant conferences and, following EBCD suggested best practice, fed back to participants and community members at a celebratory event at completion of the project. The inclusion of service users in all stages of research will facilitate an integrated approach to knowledge translation. A summary of research findings will be made available to participating sites.
Factors related to educational adaptations and social life at school experienced by young people with CFS/ME: a qualitative study
Authors: Similä Wenche Ann , Nøst Torunn Hatlen , Helland Ingrid B , Rø Torstein Baade 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo explore factors perceived as positive or negative among young people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) in relation to school and everyday life.DesignA qualitative study with semistructured individual interviews performed at the local hospital or at the informants’ homes between September 2017 and January 2018, with an additional telephone interview to collect data on experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic, conducted in September 2020. Data were analysed using a grounded theory approach.SettingThe informants were recruited from two university hospitals that offer interdisciplinary assessments of young people with CFS/ME from various parts of Norway.ParticipantsFive males and 13 females aged 13–21 years with CFS/ME diagnosed 3–56 months prior to the interviews participated.ResultsThe informants were concerned about a lack of educational adaptations and missed social life at school. Educational and social adaptations could improve schooling and health among young people with CFS/ME. Negative experiences were related to a lack of knowledge about CFS/ME among school personnel and young people’s difficulties to limit activities. Online teaching as experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic was described as positive both for education and social life.ConclusionsYoung people with CFS/ME can benefit from better educational adaptations and increased social interaction with peers. From the participants’ view, factors that limit learning and socialisation include a lack of knowledge about CFS/ME among teachers and school personnel, expectations from teachers of doing more than they could manage at school, feeling alone coping with the disease and not recognising their own limitations regarding what they are able to do. Suggested factors perceived to enhance learning and socialisation were a better understanding of the disease among school personnel and peers, suitable educational adaptations and being able to socialise with peers.
Supporting population mental health and wellness during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: protocol for a sequential mixed-method study
Authors: Risling Tracie , Carlberg Courtney , Kassam Iman , Moss Tyler , Janssen Patricia , Iduye Steve , Strudwick Gillian 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionThe global COVID-19 pandemic has reported to have a negative impact on the mental health and well-being of individuals around the world. Mental health system infrastructure, primarily developed to support individuals through in-person care, struggled to meet rising demand for services even prior to COVID-19. With public health guidelines requiring the use of physical distancing during the pandemic, digital mental health supports may be one way to address the needs of the population. Despite this, barriers exist in promoting and supporting access to existing and emerging digital resources. Text messaging may address some of these barriers, extending the potential reach of these digital interventions across divides that may separate some vulnerable or disadvantaged groups from essential mental health supports. Building on an existing knowledge synthesis project identifying key digital resources for improved mental health, this research will establish low-tech connections to assess need and better match access to services for those who need it most. The aim of this study is to codesign a customised two-way texting service to explore need and better align access to mental health supports for Canadians located in Saskatchewan during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods and analysisThis study will be completed in Saskatchewan, Canada. For this project, the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance) framework will be used to support three phases of a sequential mixed-method study. An advisory committee of Saskatchewan residents will guide this work with the study team. A 10-week service will be launched to connect individuals with appropriately suited digital mental health interventions through the use of text messaging. In phase 1, implementation and prototyping will be conducted with collaborative codesign for key elements related to features of an enrolment survey and initial messaging content. Phase 2 will focus on advancing the effectiveness of the service using quantitative user data. In phase 3, an embedding approach will be used to integrate both qualitative and quantitative data collected to understand the overall acceptability, satisfaction and perceived benefit of the text messaging service. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics will be used as analytic methods.Ethics and disseminationThis study has received approval from the Research Ethics Board at the University of Saskatchewan. A knowledge dissemination plan has been developed that includes traditional academic approaches such as conference presentations, and academic publications, as well as mainstream approaches such as social media, radio and dissemination through the advisory committee.
Use of peripheral neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and peripheral monocyte levels to predict survival in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP): a multicentre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Barratt Shaney L , Creamer Andrew W , Adamali Huzaifa I , Duckworth Anna , Fallon Janet , Fidan Silan , Nancarrow Tom , Wollerton Rebecca , Steward Matthew , Gooptu Bibek , Gibbons Michael , Woodhead Felix Alexander , Scotton Chris 
Published: November 2021

The factors determining disease course and survival in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) have not been fully elucidated.The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with fHP in a real-world cohort and investigate factors associated with worse outcomes. We aimed to explore the use of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and peripheral blood monocyte levels in predicting mortality.MethodsA retrospective, multicentre, observational UK cohort study.ResultsPatients with fHP were significantly younger than those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (median age fHP 73 vs IPF 75 years) and were much more likely to be woman (fHP 61% vs IPF 26%). In almost half of all fHP cases (49%, n=104/211), no causative antigen was identified from either the history or specific antigen testing. Overall, fHP was associated with a better survival than IPF, although median survival of both groups was poor (fHP 62 months vs IPF 52 months).IPF survival in patients with a high NLR was significantly lower than those with a low NLR (44 vs 83 months). A monocyte count ≥0.95 K/uL also predicted significantly poorer outcomes for patients with IPF compared with <0.95 K/uL (33 vs 57 months). In contrast, NLR and monocyte count did not predict survival in the fHP cohort.ConclusionsAlthough fHP has a statistically lower mortality than IPF, absolute survival time of both conditions is poor. High baseline NLR and absolute monocyte counts predict worse survival in IPF but not in fHP, highlighting the potential for divergence in their pathogenic mechanisms.