bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Niger Delta Remediation – Complex Balancing among the Local Community, Government Agencies, NGOs, Cleanup Contractors, and the Petroleum Industry; An Example from Bodo Ogoniland, Nigeria.
Authors: Giadom Ferdinand D. , Wills Iniruo 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Oil-related damage to productive mangrove habitat is prevalent in most areas of the Niger Delta where oil operations (drilling, pipelines and oil export) are present. The remediation and restoration of these areas is one of the most intractable problems confronting the oil industry and government today. The formation of the Bodo Mediation Initiative (BMI) with a partnership between the various parties has been mostly successful to date and offers a path forward to other parts of the Delta. Ogoniland, where Bodo is located, has a long history of agitations against the oil industry as a result of dwindling livelihoods and deteriorating public health largely perceived to be caused by the degradation in environmental quality due to oil spills. In 2008, two large oil spills occurred from operational breaks in the Trans Niger Pipeline and subsequently ~1000 ha of mangroves were directly killed by the spills. From 2009 onward, spills from illegal activities (oil theft, transport and refining) became common, inhibiting potential mangrove recovery further affecting the livelihood of many Bodo residents. The BMI was formed in 2013 under the auspices of the Dutch Ambassador to Nigeria with a focus on building trust between the pipeline operating oil company and the local community, in order to initiate cleanup and restoration of the damaged mangrove habitat around Bodo. The mediation process of the BMI was fraught with difficulties due to internal community squabbles arising largely from a misperception regarding the attendant benefits to the community. After a series of delays and mediation efforts, cleanup began in 2017 and continues until present (2019) with planned continuance to 2020. While the Project has obtained many successes, the inability to prevent continuing oil theft and illegal refining is a notable failure, causing continued spillages to the area and setbacks to the cleanup and restoration program being undertaken.
Founding Principles for Cooperation & Success for Oil Spill Preparedness & Response
Authors: Nicoll Andrew , Charlebois Patricia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Thirty years ago, a diplomatic conference held in Paris recognised the importance of cooperation in helping countries better prepare for and respond to oil pollution incidents. The Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation Convention (OPRC 90) was thus conceived and shortly afterwards, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and IPIECA jointly developed a program to help nations implement the provisions of the Convention with practical assistance and technical cooperation as the central offering. This programme, which was launched in Cape Town and became known as the Global Initiative (GI), is still growing, developing and evolving some 24 year later. A key fundamental concept is the principle of regionality. Often countries in a specific region share similar geographical features and cultures, and face similar risks associated with the extraction and transportation of oil, which transcend the needs of national sovereignty and independence. The GI program focuses on these shared values of marine environmental protection and draws strength, not only from the collective will of national governments to protect the marine environment, but also on the needs of industry to work collaboratively with regulators and authorities to achieve a common goal for society. A regional approach also “raises the bar” in terms of national preparedness, ensuring a regional level playing field. It also underscores the need for regional collaboration noting that a catastrophic oil spill may exceed the capacity for any single country to respond. To that end, the GI program has further developed to be in a position to accommodate the growing range of needs of countries implementing OPRC 90, from offering support on core concepts (on topics such as implementing legislation, designating authority in charge etc.), to facilitating training on more technical topics (e.g. sensitivity mapping and how to implement a shoreline clean-up program). For a quarter of a century, the GI model has progressed into a series of regional programs which now encompass a third of all maritime coastal states. In this session we will hear more of these regional manifestations of GI, their challenges and opportunities which will provide us with a truly global perspective on what GI has achieved and has still to achieve in a world where the risks of oil spills continue to evolve. This paper will explore the concept of regionality and other key elements that continue to make the program relevant and adaptable to the oil spill risks that society faces today.
Measuring Progress in Oil Spill Preparedness
Authors: Canova Emilie , Favier Julien , Lee Nai Ming , Taylor Peter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Governments and industry have been cooperating in the development of oil spill preparedness for more than 30 years. This has included support to the ratification and implementation of instruments such as the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC 90), which provides the basis for collaborative efforts between governments and industry to prepare for and respond to marine oil pollutions. Joint activities implemented in this framework represent a major investment and it is important to measure and track the extent to which they have led to sustained improvements.
This paper examines the challenges of measuring progress in oil spill preparedness that have emerged over time, leading to the development of different tools and systems to monitor long-term developments.
It will first review the metrics and tools used to assess the key elements of preparedness, focused on regions where the International Maritime Organization (IMO) - industry Global Initiative has been active since 1996. The challenges of ascribing and assessing the indicators will be highlighted. Whilst a quantitative method, such as the IPIECA Global Risk Analysis, is useful regarding technical aspects and to compare progress in time and between different regions, it does have a number of caveats, including the verification of data and the need to ensure that preparedness frameworks described in national strategy are translated into credible response capability. There is thus a need for more refined metrics and a complementary qualitative approach. Moreover, the difficulty to catalyse lasting change without sustained efforts was recognized. This paper will discuss why the measures should apply both for evaluation and decision-making and explain why it is key to build more comprehensive (from legal basis to implementation processes and equipment) and sustainable national preparedness systems. The indicators cover a range of aspects of oil spill readiness and should enable a picture of both national and regional preparedness to be constructed, which inform decisions on future actions and activities. The benefits of a step based approach and the potential for tools such as the Readiness Evaluation Tool for Oil Spills (RETOSTM) to underpin broader evaluations will be highlighted. The need for an enhanced methodology to measure progress in preparedness and its consistency with the risk exposure is finally discussed.
Incorporating Automatic Satellite Detections of Oil Spills with Numerical Fate and Trajectory Modeling
Authors: McGrath Gabrielle G. , Woolridge Tony , Dodge Kelley , Mahdianpari Masoud 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
In recent years, access to freely available and commercial satellite imagery, such as Sentinel-1, RADARSAT-2, COSMO-SkyMed, and TerrsSAR-X, increased to the level where most global waters are observed at least once per day by one of these satellite platforms. The availability of this data combined with technological advancements in machine-learning and smart image segmentation allows for the potential to automatically detect oil spills and reduce the likelihood of false alarms. This improved satellite monitoring could result in early discovery of releases and the ability to launch a quicker response to mitigate potential damages. Numerical modeling will be used in combination with the detection results to determine the fate and trajectory of the oil as well as to hindcast where the oil was released. Implementing models into the process facilitates an effective response and incident investigation by determining where the oil is spreading and discovering where the oil originated. In 2019, Petroleum Research Newfoundland and Labrador (PRNL) launched a project led by C-CORE and RPS titled SpillSight to conduct a study into this technology for automatically detecting spills by satellite and modelling the outputs.
Oil Spill Modeling for the Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Program with Response for Planning, Preparedness, and Environmental Purposes
Authors: Horn Matthew 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Oil spill trajectory and fate modeling and analyses were performed to support evaluation of the downstream movement, behavior, timing, and potential ecological and human health risks resulting from hypothetical releases of crude oil from the proposed Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Program. The investigation involved assessing multiple hypothetical pipeline releases into terrestrial and aquatic environments. The quantitative assessment of the three-dimensional movement (i.e. trajectory) and behavior (i.e. fate) of released oil used site-specific environmental and geographic conditions, including seasonal and hydrographic information. The main questions being addressed included: What is the expected spatial extent, timing, and magnitude of hydrocarbon contamination from an unmitigated release?How do changes in the release location and release volume affect the ultimate trajectory, fate, and number of potentially susceptible resources.How does the inclusion of modeled response options change predictions (i.e. unmitigated vs. response mitigated scenarios)?
The 2-dimensional OILMAPLand and 3-dimensional SIMAP computational oil spill models were used to assess hypothetical crude oil release scenarios into the Mississippi River near Palisade, MN. Results were presented in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and an Assessment of Accidental Releases (AAR) presented to the Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Environmental Review and Analysis (MN DOC EERA) and the Pollution Control Administration (MN PCA) as both oral and written testimony. The findings demonstrated realistic predictions of containment and collection efficiencies following an accidental release and aided regulators in the decision-making process for the project.
Using Oil Spill Modeling in Oil Spill Exercises and Drills
Authors: Horn Matthew 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Oil spill trajectory and fate modeling was used in inland response Full Scale Exercises including the Enbridge Des Plains River (fall 2018) and Wisconsin River (fall 2019). The Spill Impact Model Application Package (SIMAP) was used to predict the three-dimensional movement (i.e. trajectory) and behavior (i.e. fate) of a hypothetical release of oil using site-specific environmental and geographic conditions (including seasonal and hydrographic information) for the date of the exercise. The RPS OILMAPLand model was also used to predict the two-dimensional movement and behavior of the oil over the land surface, before it was predicted to enter the waterway. The oil spill modeling evaluated the spatial extent, timing, and magnitude of hydrocarbon contamination at downstream locations including thicknesses of floating surface oil and the mass of oil on shorelines and sediments. The assessments included the potential for released oil to move over the land surface, before entering the waterway, as well as becoming entrained in the water column as a result of surface floating oil passing over local features such as locks and dams. The results were presented at two separate exercise planning session and the full scale exercise as static images, GIS shape files, and videos. Results were also included in the COP for the exercise itself, with predicted results provided at hourly intervals for several days.
Oil/gas jets in water crossflow: The impact of the droplet size
Authors: Daskiran Cosan , Cui Fangda , Zhao Lin , Socolofsky Scott A. , Lee Kenneth , Boufadel Michel C. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDuring undersea oil blowout in crossflow conditions, the oil droplets entrained horizontally which increased the residence time of droplets in the water column. Knowledge of the trajectory of an oil plume is important for predicting the pathways of hydrocarbons and to devise countermeasures. We conducted large-scale experiments in the Ohmsett tank where we released oil from a one-inch vertical orifice that was towed to produce the behavior of a jet in crossflow. The average oil velocity at the orifice was 1.36 m/s and the crossflow velocity was around 0.27 m/s which resulted in a jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio of 5.0. The results were simulated numerically using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model and the mixture multiphase model within the open-source software OpenFOAM. The instruments including ADVs, LISSTs, shadowgraph cameras, holographic camera, and fluorometers were employed. The oil jet released from the nozzle started to meander in the vertical direction most probably due to weak crossflow. The trajectory and meandering behavior of the oil jet, wavy pattern along the leading edge of the jet and column breakup observed in the experiments were captured well with the numerical simulation. The surface breakup just above the orifice created ligaments and droplets downstream of the jet. Larger oil droplets were observed near the upper boundary of the plume due to their higher buoyancy while the smaller droplets were suspended in the water column and they were entrained by water crossflow. This work reveals that different size of droplets determines the overall shape of plumes mostly the upper and lower boundaries of the plume.
Tropical Oil Pollution Investigations in Coastal Systems [TROPICS]: A 32-year Review of Response and Recovery
Authors: Renegar D. Abigail , Schuler Paul , Turner Nicholas , Dodge Richard , Knap Anthony , Bera Gopal , Jézéquel Ronan , Benggio Bradford 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1984, the Tropical Oil Pollution Investigations in Coastal Systems (TROPICS) experiment began in Bahia Almirante on the Caribbean coast of Panama. This study sought to compare the impacts of a severe, but realistic spill of untreated crude oil versus chemically treated (dispersed) crude oil on tropical marine reef, sea-grass, and mangrove ecosystems. The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the environmental trade-offs of dispersant use in tropical marine and subtidal systems. As a result of continuing research at the site, the study became one of the most comprehensive field experiments examining the long-term impacts of oil and dispersed oil exposures in nearshore tropical communities.
Consequently, TROPICS has been the foundational and seminal field study which served as the historical antecedent for Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA), as well as the basis for follow-on Spill Impact Mitigation Analysis (SIMA) and Comparative Risk Analysis (CRA) for oil spill planning, preparation, and response. From the initial experiment in 1984, through three decades of study and data collection visits, the coral reef, seagrass, and mangrove communities have exhibited significantly different damage and recovery regimes, depending on whether the sites were exposed to non-treated crude oil or dispersed crude oil. While this study does not definitively determine whether or not dispersants should be applied in tropical nearshore environments, it is illustrative of the environmental and ecosystem trade-offs between surface oil impacts to the shoreline, compared to water column exposure from chemically dispersed oil.
This paper provides an overview of the results and observations reported in numerous previous TROPICS publications, as a progression of damage and recovery over time. With this perspective, planners and responders can use this study to predict what damages/recoveries may be expected from an oil spill incident in this environment. The results of the TROPICS experiment are examined within the context of this recent parallel research from the perspective of ongoing implications for oil spill preparedness and response.
Fractionation, Chemical Analysis, and In Vitro Testing Identify Bioactive Components in MC252 Crude Oil
Authors: Overton Edward , Pangeni Deepa , Wilson Mark , Wickliffe Jeffrey , Alqassim Ahmad , Miller Charles 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Crude oil is a complex mixture that includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as one of its major components. The toxicity of some chemically substituted PAHs found in oil, such as the methylated species, are relatively understudied. A combination of chemical fractionation and analysis coupled with a bioassay was used to identify a subset of oil PAHs that activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Silica gel chromatography was used for primary and secondary oil fractionation, and standard and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the final fractionation steps. Both gas chromatography (GC-) and HPLC-coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) were used to separate and identify compounds present in the petroleum fractions. Bioactivity of the individual fractions was identified and measured using a recombinant yeast strain that expressed the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex (AHRC) transcription factor that is composed of human AHR and the ARNT proteins. AHRC activation by oil components results in expression of β-galactosidase, and readout from this enzymatic activity is proportional to the amount and potency of the compounds that activated the system. Silica gel separations produced 25–29 fractions that were assessed for bioactivity using the AHRC reporter system. Bioactivity peaked with the fractions that contained larger PAHs that included four ring compounds such as the triphenylenes, benzanthracenes, and chrysenes (MW 228 + additional methyl groups). When tested as individual compounds, the triphenylenes and benzanthracenes were less potent than the chrysenes, so the latter constituted more of the AHRC signaling activity in the oil fractions. The chrysenes in bioactive fractions were mixtures of the parent compound along with mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-methyl derivatives and other PAHs. The six possible mono-methylchrysenes were obtained and tested for AHRC activity and for their concentrations in oil. Chrysene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-methylchrysene were present, but 4- and 5-methylchrysene were not detected in the bioactive fractions of oil that were resolved by HPLC. When tested individually in the AHRC bioassay, 4-methylchrysene was the most potent ligand, and 5-methylchrysene was the least potent. Synthetic mixtures of PAHs were reconstructed based upon the chemical composition of one fraction with the high AHRC activity. Collectively, these data show that: 1) the six methylchrysene isomers are within an order of magnitude of chrysene in their ability to activate the AHRC bioassay; 2) although they are a minor group, the chrysene compounds in oil potently activate AHRC signaling; 3) chrysenes diminish as oil weathers, while triphenylenes of identical molecular weight persist, 4) this methodology can be useful for identification and characterization of the bioactivity of sub-fractions and individual compounds found in oil.
Volunteers as an Integrated Part of the Oil Spill Response Capacity in Finland
Authors: Rantavuo Emmi , Halonen Justiina , Niinimäki Teemu , Seppänen Tytti 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT:
Responding to a major oil spill is a labour intensive operation and involves several governmental and regional authorities, agencies and voluntary organisations. In Finland, The Finnish Border Guard is the competent pollution response authority that conducts the response measures in the event of an oil spill on the open sea. The RFRSs are in charge of oil spill response operations both in coastal and inland waters. The environmental agencies assist the RFRSs in executing the response operation e.g. by providing expertise in nature protection prioritisation. Along with the authorities, several non-governmental institutions as well as voluntary organisations are involved. Especially the Voluntary Oil Spill Response Troops of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Finland are prepared to assist in responding to an oil spill contaminating shorelines. The response capability of the WWF voluntary troops is based on long-term training and pre-education. Today, the troops consist of over 9000 volunteers, 3000 of which have completed response training and can easily be integrated into an authority driven operation. The collaboration between authorities and volunteers is regularly tested by means of co-operation exercises and real spill response cases. This paper studies the collaboration framework of the voluntary troops and the RFRSs and the benefits of the pre-established system.
Modelling the Dynamics of a Facility for Understanding Critical Resource Use in Oiled Seabird Rehabilitation
Authors: Nijkamp Hugo , van der Werff-Ten Bosch Jasper , Velter Claude 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The rehabilitation of oiled birds in a large scale event can be a challenging undertaking, especially because of emergency dynamics which make it difficult to predict when, and how many animals will be arriving at a facility from day to day. Scenarios from past spill events demonstrate that even a small oil spill in a vulnerable area or season can produce hundreds of live oiled birds washing ashore, every day, for many days or weeks in a row.
Any facility (permanent or temporary) or a network of facilities near the incident site would have difficulty to admit and process streams of hundreds of birds per day while continuing to try and guarantee mimumum care standards in every stage of the rehabilitation process. Guaranteeing these minimum standards during the whole of the response needs a thorough understanding of the many functional relationships between available resources (people, equipment, consumables, foods etc), the quality and size of the facility set-up, and the maximum number of animals that each department in the facility can treat per time unit, according to these standards.
The mathematical model “Birds in Rehab (BiR version 1.0)” was developed between 2012 and 2015 as a simulation tool for facility managers to understand the dynamics of animals of one species (guillemot/murre) flowing through a facility according to realistic decision making of experts on the work floor. Recently, thanks to funds from the Netherlands authorities, the tool was updated (current version: BiR 2.2) in order to be able to simulate multiple species that are admitted to a facility. Different species need different resources, which have been included in the updated model. A new functionality is a calculator, which runs a given scenario in a few seconds, and allow the user to compare the results (survival, release of species) of alternative treatment strategies.
This paper will describe the BiR 2.2 model and its applications. One of the useful features is that it provides quantitative overviews of how many animals are in care at any time, and in which phase of treatment they are. This allows a useful assessment of the feasibility of such numbers in relation to available resources, space, and other natural limits of the facility that is simulated. The model can help to explore the capacity limits of a given facility setup and see where bottlenecks may appear.
The new version will be used for training and planning purposes, and is guaranteed to assist experts who are interested in deepening their insights in dynamic processes on the work floor of a facility that are impossible to exercise and in reality hard to unravel.