bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assassination
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the continuation of anti-Mormon sentiments in western Illinois and the rise of hostile dissenters in Nauvoo. Many are committed to killing Joseph Smith. Their opportunity arises when Smith, in his role as mayor, orders the destruction of a printing press used to print an anti-Mormon newspaper. After several days of tense negotiations that include Smith declaring martial law in Nauvoo, Joseph Smith and his brother, Hyrum, submit to arrest. However, the court denies them bail because treason is added to the charge of inciting a riot, and they are forced to stay in the Carthage, Illinois, jail. On June 27, 1844, a mob storms the jail, killing Joseph and Hyrum Smith. The chapter considers the various motivations for the act. Although Joseph Smith is not assassinated because he is running for president, he has the unwanted designation of the first assassinated presidential candidate in United States history.
Aftermath
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the aftermath of the assassination of Joseph Smith. This aftermath includes mourning and a funeral in Nauvoo, debates over who should succeed Smith as the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who the Mormons should vote for in the election, and the decision to leave the United States altogether. The Mormons were contemplating leaving the United States before Smith’s murder, but the violent act seemed to make this departure the only way forward in the minds of many church leaders. They had come to realize that without significant reform, the United States was incapable of protecting them. This chapter also considers the result of the presidential election of 1844 and what became of each of the candidates in the years that followed.
Conclusion
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion of the book considers the extent to which Joseph Smith was correct that the states’ rights doctrine condoned mob violence against religious minorities and that the United States would never experience universal religious freedom without a federal government empowered to protect religious minorities. The Missouri militia’s invocation of the violent expulsion of Mormons from the state as their plan to expel abolitionists in the 1850s is examined as a telling example. Joseph Smith’s presidential campaign and its tragic end encapsulate the failure of nineteenth-century Americans to establish universal religious freedom. Many Americans championed states’ rights as a way to maintain race-based slavery in the Southern states, but few acknowledged that this philosophy also disadvantaged religious minority groups. The Conclusion also considers the role of systemic religious discrimination in federal policy for the management of Utah Territory and the multiple denied applications for Utah statehood.
Rousseau
Authors: Bolens Guillemette 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau expressed the need to be genuinely understood. This need is manifest in the precision with which he describes in his Confessions the kinesthetic valence of his emotional experiences and the impact kinesic dialogues had on him. Several of the kinesic dialogues he records in his autobiography revolve around surprising shifts in tonicity, tone, and tempo in verbal utterances, gestures, and the vital action of breathing. This chapter considers four such passages, including a scene of writing in which Rousseau’s emotional state is specifically communicated by the very fact that his handwriting is unreadable owing to the trembling of his hand.
Conclusion
Authors: Bolens Guillemette 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The conclusion considers two nonliterary performances of kinesic humor. In their respective routines about horse dressage, Jacques Tati and Eddie Izzard play with their audience’s sensorimotor knowledge and kinesic literacy. While speech is absent from Tati’s mime, it is part of Izzard’s show. In both cases, however, motor cognition operates at a pace that is faster than verbal elucidation. These two examples illustrate the ways in which we are able to cognitively process a gesture and respond to it without necessarily knowing how to account verbally for its humorous and effective complexity. The connections between sensorimotor concepts and verbal concepts cannot be taken for granted. The literary artists whose works are discussed in Kinesic Humor were able to play with such connections and communicate about the ever-surprising versatility of human embodied cognition, leading sometimes to laughter, one of the most obviously embodied of all cognitive events.
The Erosion, Breaking, and Betrayal of the Moral Economy
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe final chapter looks back at the cases of mutiny through several different lenses. First we use Wright Mills’s notion of Vocabularies of Motive that takes what actors say they are doing as opposed to how we might interpret that. In effect these act as mobilizations, not descriptions, of action and explore the way leaders channel a general discontent into a particular form of action. Second, the cases are distributed according to whether the mutineers appear to assume the situation is one where the economic or social or political contract has been undermined. This is mirrored on the establishment side by considering whether the actions of the mutineers are perceived to be a fait accompli or the result of misled subordinates or something that actually poses an existential threat to the status quo. Finally, the nature of the individual leaders of mutinies is explored through the frame of the puer robustus, a term used by many philosophers and political commentators to describe those individuals—rule breakers—who invariably end up taking control over mutinies and often paying the price for that leadership.
{ Epilogue }
Authors: Evelev John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The discourse of the picturesque reshaped how Americans understood their landscape, but it largely ended in the mid-1870s. The decline of the picturesque can be illustrated in two emblematic works: Constance Fenimore Woolson’s 1872 short story “In Search of the Picturesque” and William Cullen Bryant’s enormous 1874 scenery book Picturesque America. Woolson’s fictional story is a satire of travel in which a young urban woman accompanies her grandfather to the countryside “in search of the picturesque” and instead only finds development. This story signals the shift in literary interest in rural subjects toward regionalism. Regionalism disavowed the earlier focus on picturesque landscapes, instead featuring distinctive regional dialects and cultural practices that reflected the newly created social sciences. Bryant’s Picturesque America was a Reconstruction-era project aimed at reconnecting the divided nation through a nonhierarchical unification under the sign of “picturesque.” Adding not only the West but also the South to the compendium of American scenery, Picturesque America imagined the entire nation as picturesque. In this formulation, the picturesque became synonymous with landscape in general. Although the picturesque lost its appeal as an authoritative discourse for shaping the American landscape in the latter third of the nineteenth century, this book demonstrates that the spaces that dominated American life in the twentieth century and beyond are owed almost entirely to the transformative project of the mid-nineteenth-century picturesque.
Recovery
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The city of Udine begins to heal, the castle of Villalta is rebuilt, and the six Della Torre children come of age. Two sons become soldiers, and three others, including Girolamo, enter the church. Ginevra, the only daughter, marries a Colloredo from another feudal family hostile to the Savorgnan and begins raising a family that would continue the vendetta. Reprisals for the 1511 massacre continue, with periodic outbursts of revenge punctuating a time of relative calm. The year of 1527 is a grim turning point, with famine in the Friuli, the Sack of Rome, and the death of Giovanni, one of the Della Torre soldier brothers. After studying law in Bologna and challenging an exiled Venetian noble to a duel, Girolamo—although a cleric—is granted a licence to carry arms in Venetian territories.
The Venetian Bride
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Girolamo marries Giulia Bembo in November 1549. The Council of Ten grants Girolamo permission to travel secretly to the bride’s home to finalize the marriage, but he is required to return to the Palazzo Ducale the same evening. With this unpropitious beginning, the newly united families adapt to a succession of challenges as Giulia’s father Gian Matteo works behind the scenes for a revision of Girolamo’s sentence. The hunt for Tristan Savorgnan and his henchmen continues. He escapes capture, but upon orders of the Council of Ten, his family palace in Udine is razed to the ground. Farnese support for Girolamo endures, notwithstanding the death of Paul III. But even with ongoing appeals from Rome, the Council of Ten holds firm on Girolamo’s sentence of exile. Giulia becomes pregnant, despite restrictions on Girolamo’s movement within the city. The couple prepare to board a galley for Crete in the summer of 1550.
The Return
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Back in Venice, Girolamo secures housing in Ca’ Morosini, a Gothic palace on the Grand Canal not far from Ca’ Bembo at Santa Maria Nova. Gian Matteo successfully defends himself from charges of improperly spending state funds in Candia and is allowed to stand for election again. His wife Marcella dies in August 1555, a few days after Giulia gives birth to a daughter named after her grandmother. It is a time of droughts and famine in the countryside, celebrations in Venice, and periodic outbreaks of plague throughout the territory. In early 1556, Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland, is feted throughout the territory. The following year the city celebrates the first coronation of a Dogaressa in a century, with more festivities. Two sons, Giovanni and Alvise III, are born to Giulia in 1556 and 1557. Bishop Michele becomes majordomo of the household of Pope Pius IV in Rome and reluctantly engages in papal politics.
The Legacy
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This final chapter follows the Della Torre bloodline through the eighteenth century. Giovanni pursues has a successful career as Bishop of Veglia. Giulio marries Antonio Marchesi’s daughter Caterina in 1600, establishing the Udine line, and the family regains ownership of Palazzo Torriani. Sigismondo, head of the Gorizian line, dies the following year. The vast patrimony of both lines flows to his great-grandson, Carlo II, by right of primogeniture. Carlo’s grandson, Lucio Antonio, becomes heir to a toxic heritage of violence and entitlement and commits a litany of atrocities. Venice banishes him in 1717 and orders Palazzo Torriani to be razed to the ground. He is executed in 1723 for conspiring to murder his wife. His son, Lucio Sigismondo, recoups much of the patrimony and purchases a new Palazzo Torriani in Udine. Compiling extensive genealogies and organizing archival documents, he rewrites the family narrative and restores the good name of the Della Torre.
Epilogue
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The destinies of the descendants of Girolamo Della Torre and his Venetian bride, Giulia Bembo, were shaped by a feudal culture based on blood and soil that would gradually change to a culture with respect for the rule of civil law. They were also shaped, and not for the better, by a change in inheritance practice from comunella (equal shares to the patriline) to primogeniture. The clan solidarity of the sixteenth century of Girolamo and his brothers and sons eroded and was replaced by a culture of individualism, competition, and potential intrafamily strife. It is no small irony that despite efforts by both the Della Torre and Bembo families to preserve their patrimonies through large families and an unbroken succession of male heirs, the last survivor in the paternal bloodline of each was a daughter.
Introduction
Authors: Ehring Douglas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the Introduction, the main questions and line of argument of this work are outlined. A summary of the critical part of this work is presented, the focus of which is on improving upon Parfit’s “Divergence Argument” for the thesis that identity is not what matters in survival, but showing that this argument still fails. Second, the positive argument of this work, the “triviality argument,” is outlined. This argument appeals to the idea that the important cannot depend on the trivial. According this argument, identity never matters in survival but neither does any other relation. The result is what I call “survival nihilism.”
The Non-Triviality Principle and Objections to Its Application
Authors: Ehring Douglas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 6, six objections to the application of the Non-Triviality Principle in the triviality argument are examined. According to the first objection, the Non-Triviality Principle does not apply to the kind of facts referenced in the triviality argument. According to the second and third objections, the triviality argument depends on what are claimed to be false assumptions about causation—respectively, that causation comes in degrees and that probabilistic causation implies that causation is scalar. The fourth objection is that the relation that matters varies in strength with the strength of the causal connection, but the triviality argument wrongly assumes otherwise. The fifth objection is that the triviality argument works only if reasons externalism is true, but reasons internalism is true. The sixth objection is that the triviality argument fails if particularism or brutalism applies to what matters in survival. None of these objections, it is argued, hit their targets.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of the book: the philosophical foundations of AI, and in particular the powerful contemporary AI that guides our lives and receives so much attention in the media. It introduces the idea of a neural network, and poses the central puzzle of the book: when a given system’s outputs take the form of what appear to be acts of verbal communication, what is going on? When an AI system indicates, for example, that we are not creditworthy, is it saying that we are not? Can it speak? Along with posing this central question, the chapter also makes clear what the book is not about—ethics, for example—and areas in which the book might have relevance for extra-philosophical debates, such as the need for explainable AI.
Alfred (the Dismissive Sceptic): Philosophers, Go Away!
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
There is a view prevalent among people working in the artificial intelligence field to the effect that philosophers have nothing to tell us about AI and (putative) AI communication—that philosophy cannot help with the mathematical problems of making practical advances in AI and is, therefore, no more than a diverting irrelevance. This chapter rebuts that view. It takes the form of a dialogue between a philosopher and someone working in AI who is sceptical about philosophy’s relevance to AI. The sceptic, Alfred, argues that philosophical issues about the nature of communication are irrelevant to ongoing work in AI; the philosopher responds, showing that the sceptic’s supposedly unphilosophical perspective in fact harbours philosophical presuppositions, and ones that are worth discussing—in particular, the question of meaning and content within AI systems.
Our Theory: De-Anthropocentrized Externalism
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central claim of the book about AI communication. It argues first that we should understand AI communication in terms of externalism, the thought that the semantic content an entity can express is determined to a large extent by the environment it finds itself in, rather than by its internal states. It then argues that existing externalist theories are too human-centric: they concentrate on peculiarities of human beings not shared by AI systems. It accordingly proposes to abstract from those human peculiarities when developing theories of communication for AI. The chapter ends by discussing how to decide between competing metasemantic frameworks such as externalism and internalism.
Latin Poetry in the Ancient Greek Novels
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This work establishes and explores connections between Greek imperial literature and Latin poetry. As such, it challenges conventional thinking about literary and cultural interaction of the period, which assumes that imperial Greeks are not much interested in Roman cultural products (especially literature). Instead, it argues that Latin poetry is a crucially important frame of reference for Greek imperial literature. This has significant ramifications, bearing on the question of bilingual allusion and intertextuality, as well as on that of cultural interaction during the imperial period more generally. The argument mobilizes the Greek novels—a literary form that flourished under the Roman Empire, offering narratives of love, separation, and eventual reunion in and around the Mediterranean basin—as a series of case studies. Three of these novels in particular—Chariton’s Chaereas and Callirhoe, Achilles Tatius’ Clitophon and Leucippe, and Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe—are analysed for the extent to which they allude to Latin poetry, and for the effects (literary and ideological) of such allusion. After an Introduction that establishes the cultural context and parameters of the study, each chapter pursues the strategies of an individual novelist in connection with Latin poetry: Chariton and Latin love elegy (Chapter 1); Chariton and Ovidian epistles and exilic poetry (Chapter 2); Chariton and Vergil’s Aeneid (Chapter 3); Achilles Tatius and Latin love elegy (Chapter 4); Achilles Tatius and Vergil’s Aeneid (Chapter 5); Achilles Tatius and the theme of bodily destruction in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Lucan’s Bellum Civile, and Seneca’s Phaedra (Chapter 6); Longus and Vergil’s Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid (Chapter 7). The work offers the first book-length study of the role of Latin literature in Greek literary culture under the empire and thus provides fresh perspectives and new approaches to the literature and culture of this period.
Introduction
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This Introduction contextualizes the question of imperial Greek engagement with Latin literature within scholarship on the period often labelled as the ‘Second Sophistic’. It establishes the multiple parameters of ‘Greek biculturality’ in order to soften the traditional dogma according to which Greeks would not read Latin (and certainly not Latin poetry) (Section 0.1). It addresses questions of Greek–Roman bilingualism (0.2), the evidence of Latin papyri (especially Vergil) in the context of education (0.3), and gathers together the scattered literary evidence for Greek awareness of Latin poetry (0.4). It then focuses on two contexts, the festival circuit and libraries, in which Greeks may have engaged with Latin poetry (0.5); the archaeology and epigraphy of cities such as Ephesus and Aphrodisias (cities also associated with the novelists) are called upon in establishing this picture. The following section (0.6) sets up the methodology governing allusion and intertextuality, phenomena that are integral to the argument of the book. The final section (0.7) sounds a note of caution about any attempt to draw homogenizing conclusions about ‘Greeks of the imperial period’, a group of great chronological and geographical diversity.
Longus and Vergil
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 claims that Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe exhibits a sustained engagement with Vergil’s Eclogues and Aeneid, and, to a lesser extent, the Georgics. The introduction (Section 7.1) gathers the evidence for the novel as the composition of a Romanized member of the Mytilenean Greek elite, descended from Pompey’s freedman, Theophanes of Mytilene, and suggests that it was written at some point during the second half of the second century; this will become particularly relevant to Section 7.8 on Longus’ subversive engagement with the Aeneid (a poem celebrating the Julian—not Pompeian!—claim to autocratic rule). Sections 7.2–7.7 are concerned with setting out the features of Vergilian pastoral that recur in Longus, and which are absent from Theocritus (or at least different in degree and kind). These include: the fragility of pastoral autonomy (7.2); theft and vandalism (7.3, 7.3.1, the latter also positing a connection with Ovidian elegy); various elements of Philetas’ biography (7.4); dendronyms (7.5); Amaryllis and pastoral echo (7.6); and Tityros and pastoral succession (7.7).
Knowledge Norms for Constative Speech Acts
Authors: Simion Mona 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter is up to an ambitious task: it develops the first integrated account of the epistemic normativity of constatives. In order to do that, it argues for a generalized knowledge-based account of the epistemic normativity of constative speech, and it develops the corresponding accounts for, respectively, assertives, predictives, retrodictives, descriptives, ascriptives, informatives, confirmatives, concessives, retractives, assentives, dissentives, disputatives, responsives, suggestives, and suppositives. The chapter argues for a knowledge account from three different angles: (1) the nature of communicative speech acts, (2) the relation between assertion and other constatives, and (3) the normativity of belief together with constatives’ epistemic function.
Introduction
Authors: Tanasa Adrian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe chapter explains the interplay between Combinatorisc and Physics and the emerging of the domain of Combinatorial Physics. The content of the book is then made explicit, chapter-by-chapter. The interplay between combinatorics and theoretical physics is a recent trend which appears to us as particularly natural, since the unfolding of new ideas in physics is often tied to the development of combinatorial methods, and, conversely, problems in combinatorics have been successfully tackled using methods inspired by theoretical physics. A lot of problems in physics are thus revealed to be enumerative. On the other hand, problems in combinatorics can be solved in an elegant way using theoretical physics-inspired techniques.
Graphs, ribbon graphs, and polynomials
Authors: Tanasa Adrian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we present some notions of graph theory that will be useful in the rest of the book. It is worth emphasizing that graph theorists and theoretical physicists adopt, unfortunately, different terminologies. We present here both terminologies, such that a sort of dictionary between these two communities can be established. We then extend the notion of graph to that of maps (or of ribbon graphs). Moreover, graph polynomials encoding these structures (the Tutte polynomial for graphs and the Bollobás–Riordan polynomial for ribbon graphs) are presented.