bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“With a Knife at One’s Throat”
Authors: Rangarajan Padma 
Published: January 2021

Padma Rangarajan, “‘With a Knife at One’s Throat’: Irish Terrorism in The O’Briens and the O’Flahertys” (pp. 294–317)
Sydney Owenson, Lady Morgan’s The O’Briens and the O’Flahertys (1827) is a silver-fork novel edged in steel: a portrait of aristocratic 1790s Dublin society that doubles as anti-imperialist jeremiad. It is also one of the earliest pieces of fiction to explicitly identify terrorism as an inevitable consequence of colonial conquest. In this essay, I demonstrate how Morgan’s novel upends the standard definition of terrorism as a singular historical rift and rewrites it as a condition of life. Modernity has no chance in Ireland, Morgan argues, if the colonial parasitism of the past continues unabated. In The O’Briens and the O’Flahertys, Morgan prefigures Frantz Fanon’s diagnoses of the colonized psyche by carefully detailing the psychological and material effects of symbiotic terrorism—that is, terrorism as a complex network of reciprocal, mutually constitutive violent exchanges. Intertwining the thwarted legacy of the 1798 Irish Rebellion, the ongoing depredations of the Irish Ascendancy class, and her fears of an imminent revolution of the peasantry, Morgan mines Ireland’s near and distant past to forecast violence’s inevitable futurity.
“One of Those” Characters in Middlemarch
Authors: Ehrhardt Rebecca 
Published: January 2021

Rebecca Ehrhardt, “‘One of Those’ Characters in Middlemarch” (pp. 318–345)
This essay takes a robust critical conversation about character in realist fiction in a new direction through a reading of George Eliot’s Middlemarch (1871–72). While critics have traditionally theorized realism as a form whose ontology draws upon what already exists, as a character might be drawn from a preconceived type, I contend that George Eliot’s approach to character is productive of categories and, with them, new senses of the real. This essay tracks Middlemarch’s use of a device that I call “descriptive categorization”: a form of rendering character that works by referring to a category that it simultaneously defines in the act of description. By considering inquiries from the philosophy of language about reference and description, this essay explores how descriptive categorization construes an illusion of familiarity in readers. Descriptive categorization is a mode of articulating character, furthermore, that is not bound by the conventions of plot or character development; I contend that this quality is crucial to the ethics of George Eliot’s realism. Through descriptive categorization, Middlemarch models a way of understanding character that transcends the novel genre, cultivating categorical forms of sympathy and understanding in its readers.
Vernon Lee’s Novel Construction
Authors: Yamboliev Irena 
Published: January 2021

Irena Yamboliev, “Vernon Lee’s Novel Construction” (pp. 346–371)
This essay proposes that we understand Vernon Lee’s debut novel, Miss Brown (1884), as enacting a theory of literary language’s constructive potency that Lee develops in her critical essays. Those critical essays offer a vibrant nineteenth-century formalism, suggesting how fiction constructs and formalizes our realities, shaping readers’ mental and emotional circuits as it arranges phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. In Miss Brown, Lee crafts a prose style that meticulously tracks the protagonist’s formation—the “little dramas of expectation, fulfilment and disappointment,…of tensions and relaxations”—rendering that formation as a drama of sentence-level structuration. The resulting “representation” of Anne Brown is interrupted with adjective-rich stretches conspicuously geared toward defining, formulating, and theorizing what is being represented, essay-like. By treating the protagonist as an occasion to foreground syntax’s active building and abstracting, Miss Brown’s prose partakes in the kind of literary practice that has recently been described as nonmimetic realism—realism that does more than denote and refer and reflect what is, and instead performs, meditating on form’s process, to project and inform new potentialities.
Best practices for the visualization, mapping, and manipulation of R‐loops
Authors: Chédin Frédéric , Hartono Stella R , Sanz Lionel A , Vanoosthuyse Vincent 
Published: January 2021

AbstractR‐loops represent an abundant class of large non‐B DNA structures in genomes. Even though they form transiently and at modest frequencies, interfering with R‐loop formation or dissolution has significant impacts on genome stability. Addressing the mechanism(s) of R‐loop‐mediated genome destabilization requires a precise characterization of their distribution in genomes. A number of independent methods have been developed to visualize and map R‐loops, but their results are at times discordant, leading to confusion. Here, we review the main existing methodologies for R‐loop mapping and assess their limitations as well as the robustness of existing datasets. We offer a set of best practices to improve the reproducibility of maps, hoping that such guidelines could be useful for authors and referees alike. Finally, we propose a possible resolution for the apparent contradictions in R‐loop mapping outcomes between antibody‐based and RNase H1‐based mapping approaches.
Solutions to the Recruitment and Retention Challenges
Authors: Pyron Dina 
Published: January 2021

Feature
The oil and gas industry is seeing dynamic changes in its workforce, and in Ernst & Young's report on Strategic Business Risks for Oil and Gas in 2008, workforce issues were identified as the number one risk. Changes in the workforce include an aging global population with many experienced employees having recently retired or planning to in the near-term, a geographic shift in where employees are needed, and fewer new engineers seeking jobs in the industry.
Rosmarinus officinalis L.: propriedades farmacológicas relacionadas à Odontologia
Authors: Medeiros Mírian Alencar de , Cruz José Henrique de Araújo , Oliveira Heloisa Mara Batista Fernandes de , Guênes Gymenna Maria Tenório , Alves Maria Angélica Satyro Gomes , Oliveira Filho Abrahão Alves de 
Published: January 2021

Introdução: Pesquisas na área de fitoterapia têm provado ser um método alternativo e eficaz contra diferentes agravos à condição de saúde humana, por isso, contribuições dela em diferentes áreas, como na Odontologia, tem grande importância como uma alternativa com menos efeitos colaterais comparados aos medicamentos sinteticamente fabricados, uma vez que as plantas medicinais têm demonstrado elevado poder de cura em estado natural. Objetivo: O presente trabalho objetivou apresentar uma revisão de literatura da espécie vegetal R. officinalis L. (Alecrim) em busca por novas possibilidades terapêuticas para a área da saúde, com ênfase na saúde bucal. Metodologia: O estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa, realizada no período de 18 de dezembro de 2017 à 28 de maio de 2018, utilizando artigos científicos em língua portuguesa, espanhola e inglesa, retirados das bases de dados Scielo, MedLine, Lilacs e Monografias. Discussão: Evidências científicas têm revelado que o extrato R. officinalis L possui grande poder antibacteriano, antifúngico, antiinflamatório e antioxidante, além de atuar efetivamente com reduções sob biofilmes polimicrobianos para área de Odontologia. Conclusão: Portanto, o efeito antimicrobiano produzido a partir de extratos do R. officinalis L tem sido positivo segundo relatos da literatura, todavia, mais pesquisas clínicos precisam ser realizados para enriquecer os atuais estudos, já que esta planta possui poder fitoterápico no tratamento de diversas injúrias bucais como gengivite e periodontite causadas como consequência da atividade bacteriana.
A Virtual Ward Model of Care for Patients With COVID-19: Retrospective Single-Center Clinical Study
Authors: Ferry Olivia R , Moloney Emma C , Spratt Owen T , Whiting Gerald F M , Bennett Cameron J 
Published: January 2021

Background
COVID-19 has necessitated the implementation of innovative health care models in preparation for an influx of patients. A virtual ward model delivers clinical care remotely to patients in isolation. We report on an Australian cohort of patients with COVID-19 treated in a virtual ward.

Objective
The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the safety and efficacy of a virtual ward model of care for an Australian cohort of patients with COVID-19.

Methods
Retrospective clinical assessment was performed for 223 patients with confirmed COVID-19 treated in a virtual ward in Brisbane, Australia, from March 25 to May 15, 2020. Statistical analysis was performed for variables associated with the length of stay and hospitalization.

Results
Of 223 patients, 205 (92%) recovered without the need for escalation to hospital care. The median length of stay in the virtual ward was 8 days (range 1-44 days). In total, 18 (8%) patients were referred to hospital, of which 6 (33.3%) were discharged after assessment at the emergency department. Furthermore, 12 (5.4%) patients were admitted to hospital, of which 4 (33.3%) required supplemental oxygen and 2 (16.7%) required mechanical ventilation. No deaths were recorded. Factors associated with escalation to hospital care were the following: hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95% CI 1.28-9.87; P=.01), sputum production (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.74-15.49; P=.001), and arthralgia (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.21-11.71; P=.02) at illness onset and a polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold of ≤20 on a diagnostic nasopharyngeal swab (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.25-19.63; P=.02).

Conclusions
Our results suggest that a virtual ward model of care to treat patients with COVID-19 is safe and efficacious, and only a small number of patients would potentially require escalation to hospital care. Further studies are required to validate this model of care.
BIOWAIVER STUDY OF IMMEDIATE RELEASE GLIMEPIRIDE TABLETS
Authors: ABDOUN SIHAM , GABER DALIA , ALWAHABI RAGHAD , ALQUSSIR NASHWA , ALMUTAIRI NEHAL , ALSALAMAH WAAD 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Demonstrating therapeutic equivalency regarding the efficacy and safety among originator products and generics is a key step in permitting the marketing of generic products. The study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence of five different generic brands of Glimepiride tablets under biowaiver conditions.
Methods: The quality of the tablet products, including uniformity of weight, friability, and disintegration test, was assessed using the United State Pharmacopeia (USP) general monograph for the tablet dosage form. The content of glimepiride in the tablets was measured using UV spectrophotometer at the wavelength 229 nm. The release of Glimepiride from the tested and originator tablet products was evaluated using the dissolution profiles conducted in HCI buffer pH 1.2, and phosphate buffer pH 6.4 and 7.8 by USP dissolution apparatus II. The bioequivalence of test products was assessed using the similarity and difference factors.
Results:The tested products complied to USP requirements for quality standards; all the products show rapid disintegration, D1 show higher time (Three minutes) while D3 show lower time (28 seconds). The content of test products was (104.68, 93.75, 97.21, 97.03, and 102.10) for D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 , respectively, compare to 103.70 for OB. Dissolution profiles revealed that the highest similarity to the originator was showed in pH 6.4; f2 ranged (74.5-68.4) for all the tested products and low similarity in pH 7.8; f2 ranged (45.2-64.7).
Conclusion: The study showed that the generic products has noticeable similarity with the originator brand and it can be interchangeable.
TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY OF GOSSYPIN FROM PRONIOSOMAL GEL FORMULATIONS: IN VITRO EFFICACY AGAINST HUMAN MELANOMA CELLS
Authors: RAJKUMAR JAMPALA , RADHA G.V. , GANAPATY S. 
Published: January 2021

Objective: This work aimed to establish and formulate the gossypinproniosomal gel drug delivery system.
Methods: Gossypin-loaded proniosomal gels (GPG) was prepared using specific non-ionic surfactants (Spans), followed by particle size (PS), entrapment efficiency (percent EE), in vitro, ex-vivo drug release, and in vitro efficacy of Gossypin against human melanoma cells (A-375).
Results: The results showed that the percentage EE for the GPG is appropriate (81.3 %–95.5 %) and they are Nano-sized (189.3–912.0 nm) and the gels diffusion provided the desired sustaining effect for GPG-F7 formulation (75.5 percent). The GPG reported cell viability of 14.9±2.3 percent compared with 16.1±1.1 percent for free Gossypin at the maximum dose of 100 μg/ml for A-375 human melanoma cells after 24 hr incubation time. No major changes were seen in the percentage EE, PS of GPG after storage for 90d, in the physical stability report.
Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that the proniosomal drug delivery system can enhance the flux to the skin and achieve the ideal Gossypin sustainability effect. Consequently, the use of proniosomal gel may be advantageous with regard to the topical delivery of Gossypin for melanoma treatment management.
PHARMACY PROFESSIONS IN INDIADURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: PRESENT STATUS, FUTURE CHALLENGES AND A WAY FORWARD
Authors: M. VIGNESH , G. N. K. GANESH 
Published: January 2021

People in every country became exposed to COVID-19 pandemic and cannot able to find a right solution and strategies to overcome from it. Pharmacy is the most important, dynamic and versatile health care profession in the world, whereas its scope and importance are always being emerging at any situation. Pharmacy professionals (PPs) working proactively for the public even in this pandemic situation. Since dependency is high, the responsibility and preference also high for PPs especially in this pandemic situation. Current status in pharmacy education and emerging future challenges of PPs in all aspects, particularly in thispandemic situation were addressed based on observational studies among various pharma industries and published news of Pharmacy Council of India (PCI). While in the development phase it has crossed many barriers, not only in the economic level,but also involves regulations, duration, process controls, legal hurdles and situational defects. The purpose of this review discusses the evolution and updates in pharmacy, education, pharmacy practice, regulations, and types of challenges along with recommendations for PPs in India in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
This review was carried out to summarize knowledge about the updates and challenges in pharmacy professions in all aspects. Sources were retrieved from relevant guidelines and published articles in Google scholar, Pubmed and Science direct of articles up to June 2020. The keywords used for gathering information were listed below.
HPLC DETERMINATION OF SILDENAFIL IN TABLETS
Authors: SMERIKAROVA MIGLENA , BOZHANOV STANISLAV , MASLARSKA VANIA 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The popularity of Sildenafil, the widespread distribution of various products and dietary supplements with added synthetic drugs, requires reliable analysis methods. This research study aimed to develop a simple isocratic HPLC method for the determination of Sildenafil in tablet dosage forms from the local market.
Methods: Separation was carried out at 30 °C, using column LiChrosorb® RP-18 (150 x 4.0 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: methanol: 0.5% triethylamine (15: 26: 59 v/v/v). The detector was set at 290 nm. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the injection volume was 20 μl.
Results: Linear correlation was obtained within the range 6.25–50.0 μg/ml with correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9998. The achieved limits of detection and quantitation were 0.7 and 2.2 μg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: The developed method can be applied for the quality control of Sildenafil preparations.
DRUG RELEASE CONTROL AND ENHANCEMENT USING CARRIERS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CAPMUL® MCM C8
Authors: BAYAN MOHAMMAD F. 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The main aim of this study was to design a drug carrier capable to control and enhance the release of poorly water soluble drugs.
Methods: Three polymeric formulations, based on poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and loaded with different Capmul® MCM C8 concentrations (0, 10 and 20 % w/w), were prepared. Felodipine, which is a poorly soluble substance, was selected as a model drug. The effect of Capmul® MCM C8 on swelling behavior and in vitro release profile of the prepared polymer was investigated in PBS.
Results: The swelling profiles of allformulationswere statistically similar, which indicated the non-significant effect of added Capmul® MCM C8 on polymer's swelling behavior. All formulations showed a delayed drug release. Formulation-F3, which is loaded with 20% w/wCapmul® MCM C8 displayed a significant higher release compared to the other formulations.
Conclusion: Capmul® MCM products, which are widely used in food industries, can be used to improve the oral delivery of poorly soluble substances. The optimized formulation exhibited the ability to control and enhance the release of the model drug.
CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES MEDIATED DELIVERY OF MIR-106B-5P TO BREAST CANCER CELL LINES MCF-7 AND T47D
Authors: RIZKITA LEONNY DWI , YSRAFIL  , MARTIEN RONNY , ASTUTI INDWIANI 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The development of nanomedicine, such as miRNA transfection to cancer cells,has widely gained interest in the past decade. Unfortunately, miRNA tends to decay easily by the cellular enzymatic process and requires a carrier. As a cationic biopolymer, chitosan is widely known as a non-viral vector. However, research about chitosan as a miRNA delivery system remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect and characters of synthetic miRNA loaded chitosan nanoparticles on breast cancer cell lines.
Methods: To obtain the nanocomplex, chitosan-antimiR-106b-5p was formulated using natriumtripolyphosphate through ionic gelation methods. The nanochitosan formula was characterized by using gel electrophoresis; Nano Quant for encapsulation of entrapment quantification; morphology appearance as viewed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), nanochitosan size analysis; in vitro analysis using MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines; in silico prediction of possible gene target; polymerase chain reaction analysis and gel electrophoresis for E2F1/GAPDH expression.
Results: The efficiency entrapment value was 96.7%, particle size analysis was 458±11.79 nm, and polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.65±0.07, with spherical morphology as viewed in SEM. There was no significant difference between the nanochitosan supplemented group and the control group in MCF-7 cells (p=0.067). However, the ratio of E2F1 to GAPDH was significantly lower than the control group after nanochitosan antimiR-106b-5p was loaded at concentration 140 nmol (p=0.022) and 35 nmol (p=0.016).
Conclusion: Our nanochitosan formula is non-toxic to use in MCF-7 cell lines. Most importantly, as the formula was conjugated to synthetic antimiR-106b-5p, the E2F1 expression decreased.
DETERMINATION OF CARBOHYDRATES CONTENT IN GENTIANA CRUCIATA L. BY GC/MS METHOD
Authors: BUDNIAK LILIIA , SLOBODIANIUK LIUDMYLA , MARCHYSHYN SVITLANA , KLEPACH PAVLINA , HONCHARUK YANA 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Thus, the aim of our research was to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of carbohydrates in the studied plant material with the prospect of its application as a medicinal plant raw material.
Methods: The carbohydrates of the herb of Gentiana cruciata L. determined by GC/MS method. Identification of monosaccharides was based on comparing their retention times with retention times of standards of the mass spectral library NIST 02. Quantification was done by using sorbitol added to the sample.
Results: The quantitative content of 4 free carbohydrates such as D-saccharose (38.39 mg/g), D-Pinitol (12.01 mg/g), D-glucose (10.05 mg/g) and D-fructose (1.69 mg/g) was established in the herb of Gentiana cruciata L. Also, this method established the qualitative composition and quantitative content of eight carbohydrates (monosaccharides and their derivatives after hydrolysis): D-glucose (29.66 mg/g), D-Pinitol (22.24 mg/g), L-arabinose (4.26 mg/g), D-galactose (3.55 mg/g), D-xylose (1.80 mg/g), L-rhamnose (1.49 mg/g), D-Dulcitol (0.76 mg/g) and D-mannose (0.44 mg/g).
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that carbohydrates from the Gentiana cruciata L. can be used as important resources of new ingredients for the pharmaceutical industry.
EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOLECULAR DOCKING: NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS (NLCs) OF COENZYME Q10 USING STEARIC ACID AND DIFFERENT LIQUID LIPIDS AS LIPID MATRIX
Authors: ARYANI NI LUH DEWI , SISWANDONO  , SOERATRI WIDJI , RAHMASARI FANNY PUTRI , SARI DIAN RIZKI KARTIKA 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To develop coenzyme Q10 (co-Q10) nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) using stearic acid (SA) and various liquid lipids with different lipophilicity as well as highlights the use of in silico studies for predicting and elucidating the interaction of drug-lipid used as carries in NLCs, at the molecular level.
Methods: The co-Q10 NLCs were prepared using SA as solid lipid and oleic acid (OA), isopropyl myristate (IPM), as well as isopropyl palmitate (IPP) as liquid lipids by the high shear homogenization method. Firstly, the formulas were optimized by the appropriate required HLB (rHLB). The optimized NLCs were characterized in the particle size, distribution of particle size, zeta potential, crystallinity behavior, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), and pH value. The interaction of drug-lipids in silico was studied using the AutoDock Vina program.
Results: The co-Q10 NLCs using SA and the various liquid lipid possessed the mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, EE, DL, and pH values were 180 to 350 nm,<0.5,<-30 mV, 83 to 88%, 10 to 11%, and 5.0 to 5.6, respectively. The EE and DL of co-Q10 NLCs increased with decreasing in binding energy (∆G) in silico.
Conclusion: The co-Q10 NLCs using SA as solid lipid and OA, IPM, as well as IPP as liquid lipids were developed successfully. Furthermore, in silico study by molecular docking is a potential approach in predicting and elucidating the interaction of drug-lipid in the development of NLCs formulation.