bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking outside “The Box”: Case‐based didactics for medical education and the instructional legacy of Dr John M. Graham, Jr
Authors: Sanchez‐Lara Pedro A. , Grand Katheryn , Haanpää Maria K. , Curry Cynthia J. , Wang Raymond , Ezgü Fatih , Rose Catherine M. , D'Cunha Burkardt Deepika , Conway Robert L. , Relan Anju , Carey John C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe increasing demand for advanced genomic services has finally come to the attention of healthcare systems and stakeholders who are now eager to find creative solutions to increase the pool of genomic literate providers. Training in genetics and dysmorphology has historically been conducted as a self‐driven practice in pattern recognition, ideally within a formal or informal apprenticeship supervised by a master diagnostician. In recent times, case‐based learning, framed by flipped classroom pedagogy have become the preferred teaching methods for complex medical topics such as genetics and genomics. To illuminate this perspective, our article was written in honor of the teaching style and pedagogy of Dr John M. Graham Jr and his lifelong commitment to medical education and mentoring.
Elaboration of porosity for the alumina particle surfaces/ bimodal PP composite cast films under continuous stretching
Authors: MohammadKarimi Shiva , Morshedian Jalil , Morshedian Hamed 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEfforts have been focused on developing an interrelationship between machine direction orientation (MDO)/material variables and the porosity of Al2O3 particulate‐filled orientable PP for various applications. Composite films were prepared by cast‐extrusion followed by stretching up to 100% and 200% by the MDO machine. Cavitation could occur during film stretching when the adhesion between dispersed alumina and continuous polypropylene phase failed. Composite films with modified micro‐particles and also nano ones could not generate any voids. On the other hand, composite specimens of unmodified micro‐alumina particles generated micro‐pores in the joint between dispersed particles and polymer during the hot stretching. Beta nucleation in these films, plays an important role in the generated ductility of the specimens. Cavitation effectiveness (no. of voids) or film permeability depended on the size and amount of alumina particles, in addition to the ratio and temperature of stretching. Cavitation particles with a size range of 0.7–3 μm, create cavities of about 3–7 μm. Generation of voids, by drawing environmentally friendly and antimicrobial active alumina particles, can be utilized in the fabrication of sustainable hygiene polypropylene films with desirable separation abilities for gases or small molecules. Furthermore, the polypropylene/alumina composite films have the potential for microwaveable packaging.
Synthesis and properties of magnetite nanoparticles with peroxide‐containing polymer shell and nanocomposites based on them
Authors: Serdiuk Vitalii , Shevchuk Oleh , Bukartyk Natalya , Kovalenko Tetiana , Borysiuk Anatolii , Tokarev Viktor 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMagnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) with peroxide‐containing polymer shell have been synthesized using the method of coprecipitation from the mixture solutions of Fe (II) and Fe (III) salts in the presence of peroxide‐containing copolymer (PCC). Polymer shell presence has been proved by elemental and complex thermal analysis. Synthesized Fe3O4 NPs possess superparamagnetic properties. Their specific saturation magnetization decreases gradually from 65 to 54 A·m2·kg−1 with increasing PCC concentration owing to the surface spin pinning effect caused by a polymer shell. The average sizes of Fe3O4 NPs estimated from the data of XRD analysis and magnetic measurements are in the range of 9–12 nm. The NP sizes determined by the DLS method lie in the range of 150–270 nm; this result is significantly larger than the sizes estimated by the two aforementioned methods evidencing a tendency for Fe3O4 NPs toward self‐association. Cross‐linked composite films based on polyvinyl alcohol have been obtained via radical curing initiated by the PCC shell of nanoparticles. The resulting composite films are magnetically sensitive films with rather high physico‐mechanical properties (tensile strength reaches 48–67 MPa and relative elongation – 4%–21% depending on cross‐linking degree), a priori non‐toxic and biocompatible, which makes them promising materials for various applications.
Downstream processing for influenza vaccines and candidates: An update
Authors: B. Carvalho Sofia , Peixoto Cristina , T. Carrondo Manuel J. , S. Silva Ricardo J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks present severe health and economic burdens. To overcome limitations on influenza vaccines' availability and effectiveness, researchers chase universal vaccines providing broad, long‐lasting protection against multiple influenza subtypes, and including pandemic ones.Novel influenza vaccine designs are under development, in clinical trials, or reaching the market, namely inactivated, or live‐attenuated virus, virus‐like particles, or recombinant antigens, searching for improved effectiveness; all these bring downstream processing (DSP) new challenges. Having to deal with new influenza strains, including pandemics, requires shorter development time, driving the development of faster bioprocesses. To cope with better upstream processes, new regulatory demands for quality and safety, and cost reduction requirements, new unit operations and integrated processes are increasing DSP efficiency for novel vaccine formats.This review covers recent advances in DSP strategies of different influenza vaccine formats. Focus is given to the improvements on relevant state‐of‐the‐art unit operations, from harvest and clarification to purification steps, ending with sterile filtration and formulation. The development of more efficient unit operations to cope with biophysical properties of the new candidates is discussed: emphasis is given to the design of new stationary phases, 3D printing approaches, and continuous processing tools, such as continuous chromatography. The impact of the production platforms and vaccine designs on the downstream operations for the different influenza vaccine formats approved for this season are highlighted.
Ultra‐rare sarcomas: A consensus paper from the Connective Tissue Oncology Society community of experts on the incidence threshold and the list of entities
Authors: Stacchiotti Silvia , Frezza Anna Maria , Blay Jean‐Yves , Baldini Elizabeth H. , Bonvalot Sylvie , Bovée Judith V. M. G. , Callegaro Dario , Casali Paolo G. , Chiang RuRu Chun‐ju , Demetri George D. , Demicco Elisabeth G. , Desai Jayesh , Eriksson Mikael , Gelderblom Hans , George Suzanne , Gounder Mrinal M. , Gronchi Alessandro , Gupta Abha , Haas Rick L. , Hayes‐Jardon Andrea , Hohenberger Peter , Jones Kevin B. , Jones Robin L. , Kasper Bernd , Kawai Akira , Kirsch David G. , Kleinerman Eugene S. , Le Cesne Axel , Lim Jiwon , Chirlaque López María Dolores , Maestro Roberta , Marcos‐Gragera Rafael , Martin Broto Javier , Matsuda Tomohiro , Mir Olivier , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Raut Chandrajit P. , Razak Albiruni R. A. , Reed Damon R. , Rutkowski Piotr , Sanfilippo Roberta G. , Sbaraglia Marta , Schaefer Inga‐Marie , Strauss Dirk C. , Sundby Hall Kirsten , Tap William D. , Thomas David M. , van der Graaf Winette T. A. , van Houdt Winan J. , Visser Otto , von Mehren Margaret , Wagner Andrew J. , Wilky Breelyn A. , Won Young‐Joo , Fletcher Christopher D. M. , Dei Tos Angelo P. , Trama Annalisa 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundAmong sarcomas, which are rare cancers, many types are exceedingly rare; however, a definition of ultra‐rare cancers has not been established. The problem of ultra‐rare sarcomas is particularly relevant because they represent unique diseases, and their rarity poses major challenges for diagnosis, understanding disease biology, generating clinical evidence to support new drug development, and achieving formal authorization for novel therapies.MethodsThe Connective Tissue Oncology Society promoted a consensus effort in November 2019 to establish how to define ultra‐rare sarcomas through expert consensus and epidemiologic data and to work out a comprehensive list of these diseases. The list of ultra‐rare sarcomas was based on the 2020 World Health Organization classification, The incidence rates were estimated using the Information Network on Rare Cancers (RARECARENet) database and NETSARC (the French Sarcoma Network's clinical‐pathologic registry). Incidence rates were further validated in collaboration with the Asian cancer registries of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.ResultsIt was agreed that the best criterion for a definition of ultra‐rare sarcomas would be incidence. Ultra‐rare sarcomas were defined as those with an incidence of approximately ≤1 per 1,000,000, to include those entities whose rarity renders them extremely difficult to conduct well powered, prospective clinical studies. On the basis of this threshold, a list of ultra‐rare sarcomas was defined, which comprised 56 soft tissue sarcoma types and 21 bone sarcoma types.conclusionsAltogether, the incidence of ultra‐rare sarcomas accounts for roughly 20% of all soft tissue and bone sarcomas. This confirms that the challenges inherent in ultra‐rare sarcomas affect large numbers of patients.
Highly Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells Processed from Nonhalogenated Solvents
Authors: Li Zuojia , Feng Kui , Wang Jingwei , Li Min , Xu Qianqian , Li Xiaochang , Guo Xugang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe remarkable advance of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) achieved in the past decades is primarily powered by the innovation of polymer acceptors. However, most of high‐performance all‐PSCs are dominantly fabricated with halogenated solvents, which are detrimental to human bodies and the environment. Herein, eco‐friendly solvent‐processed all‐PSCs were developed, based on wide‐bandgap polymer poly[4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexylthio)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo‐[1,2‐b;4,5‐b’]dithiophene‐alt‐2,5‐di(butyloctylthiophen‐2‐yl) ‐thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole] (PSTZ) as donor and newly synthesized narrow‐bandgap polymer 5,6‐dicyano‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole indacenodithiophene (DCNBT‐IDT) as acceptor. When processed with o‐xylene and THF, PSTZ : DCNBT‐IDT‐based all‐PSCs yielded remarkable power conversion efficiencies of 7.23 and 8.77 % with high short‐circuit currents of 12.94 and 14.12 mA cm−2, respectively. The results indicated that the utilization of an all‐polymer blend based on narrow polymer acceptor and compatible polymer donor is an effective strategy for advancing eco‐friendly solvent‐processed all‐PSCs.
The role of Cairns–Gurevich distributed electrons on obliquely propagating ion‐acoustic waves
Authors: Bouziane H. , Annou K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe used a new distribution of electrons in a two‐component magnetized plasma to study the non‐linear ion‐acoustic solitary structures. The distribution called “Cairns–Gurevich distribution” describes simultaneously the evolution of the energetic electrons and those trapped in the plasma potential well. A modified KdV equation describing the non‐linear comportment of the ion‐acoustic wave (IAW) was found by using the standard reductive perturbation technique and the appropriate independent variables. The behaviour of the soliton by changing the plasma parameters has been investigated, and we demonstrated that by decreasing the non‐thermality parameter, the soliton solution amplitude is enhanced. In addition, we have discussed the growth rate of the solitary waves by calculating the instability criterion. Through discussion, we have conferred how different plasma parameters, such as the trapping, non‐thermality, Mach number, obliqueness via the angle of propagation, and magnetic field via the ion‐cyclotron frequency, can affect the solitary wave structures. This kind of theoretical studies can be relevant to understand the non‐linear propagation of IA solitary waves plasmas of electrons and particles in laser‐plasma interaction, pulsar magnetosphere, the auroral zone, and the upper ionosphere, where plasma with trapped and energetic electrons are often present.
Cellular mechanisms of frontal bone development in spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus)
Authors: Enny Alyssa , Shanabag Anusha , Thompson Andrew W. , Racicot Brett , Braasch Ingo , Nakamura Tetsuya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe cellular and molecular mechanisms initiating vertebrate cranial dermal bone formation is a conundrum in evolutionary and developmental biology. Decades of studies have determined the developmental processes of cranial dermal bones in various vertebrates and identified possible inducers of dermal bone. However, evolutionarily derived characters of current experimental model organisms, such as non‐homologous frontal bones between teleosts and sarcopterygians, hinder investigations of ancestral and conserved mechanisms of vertebrate cranial dermal bone induction. Thus, investigating such mechanisms with animals diverging at evolutionarily informative phylogenetic nodes is imperative.ResultsWe investigated the cellular foundations of skull frontal bone formation in the spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus, a basally branching non‐teleost actinopterygian. Whole‐mount bone and cartilage staining and hematoxylin‐eosin section staining revealed that mesenchymal cell condensations in the frontal bone of spotted gar develop in close association with the underlying cartilage. We also identified novel aspects of frontal bone formation: enrichment of F‐actin, cellular membranes, and E‐cadherin in condensing cells, and extension of podia‐like structures from osteoblasts to the frontal bone, which may be responsible for bone mineral transport.ConclusionThis study highlights the process of frontal bone formation with dynamic architectural changes of mesenchymal cells in spotted gar, an emerging non‐teleost fish model system, illuminating supposedly ancestral and likely conserved developmental mechanisms of skull bone formation among vertebrates.
Dental students’ attitudes and hesitancy toward COVID‐19 vaccine
Authors: Mascarenhas Ana Karina , Lucia Victoria C. , Kelekar Arati , Afonso Nelia M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundDentists are a group of providers who have been identified by CDC at high risk of exposure to COVID‐19 through their contact with patients. This would apply to dental students as well. Thus, it is important to achieve high COVID‐19 vaccination rates in this group. Further, as healthcare providers, they are entrusted with providing health recommendations and advocating for their patients, community, and profession, including vaccinations.MethodsUsing ualtricsXM an online platform, in 2020, a survey was administered anonymously to dental students at three dental schools to assess the attitudes of dental students to the novel COVID‐19 vaccine. Factors and reasons associated with vaccine hesitancy and acceptance toward the COVID‐19 vaccine and likelihood of recommending and giving the vaccination to patients were assessed.ResultsNearly, all participants had positive attitudes toward vaccines in general, agreed they would likely be exposed to COVID‐19, and personally knew someone who had COVID‐19; however, only 56% are willing to take a COVID‐19 vaccine as soon as an FDA‐approved vaccine was available. Of those unwilling to take the vaccine, 63% reported they would take it if mandated by the health systems/dental school; however, 16.3% of the overall respondents would not take the COVID‐19 vaccine even if mandated. Several factors are associated with vaccine acceptance and the likelihood of recommending the vaccination, such as trusting public health experts, concerns about side effects, and agreeing with vaccine mandates.ConclusionOur results highlight the need for an educational curriculum about the safety and effectiveness to promote the uptake of COVID‐19 vaccine.
Prevalence of high‐risk human papillomavirus and cervical lesion risk factors: A population‐based study in Zhejiang, China 2010–2019
Authors: Lu Wei , Chen Tingting , Yao Yimin , Chen Ping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the epidemiological characteristics of high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) and analyzes the risk of cervical lesions among women in Zhejiang province, China. HPV data were collected retrospectively from a cohort of 67 742 women who underwent routine cervical cancer screening from 2010 to 2019. Precancerous and cervical cancer cases (n = 980) were histologically diagnosed as a low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL; n = 341) or a high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; n = 499) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) (n = 140) groups. Disordered logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between different degrees of cervical lesions, HPV16/18 infection status, positive rate of p16INK4a (p16), Ki‐67 expression, and patient's age in SIL and ICC (270/980 cases) patients. HPV52 (4.7%) was the most prevalent HPV type, followed by HPV16 (3.3%) and HPV58 (2.6%). HPV16 was the most common HPV in SIL, peaking at the age of 30–39. The HPV16 infection rate was significantly higher in HSIL than in LSIL patients; moreover, HPV16, HPV18, and HPV51 infection rates were significantly higher in ICC patients than in HSIL (Bonferroni‐adjusted p < 0.0167). The presence of HPV16/18 was also associated with a higher risk of developing HSIL from LSIL (odds ratio [OR] = 9.198, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.76–127.49). The increased p16 expression and HPV16/18 were associated with the increased risk of cancer progression (OR = 1.092, 95% CI: 1.03–1.36; OR = 1.495, 95% CI: 1.23–2.19, respectively). The identified hrHPV genotypes in cervical lesions can serve as a baseline indicator for future vaccine assessment in Zhejiang, China.
Spatiotemporal differences and uncertainties in projections of precipitation and temperature in South Korea from CMIP6 and CMIP5 general circulation models
Authors: Song Young Hoon , Chung Eun‐Sung , Shahid Shamsuddin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study compared the historical simulations and future projections of precipitation and temperature of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)5 and CMIP6 general circulation models (GCMs) to quantify the differences in the projections due to differences in scenarios. Five performance indicators were used to quantify the model reproducibility of the observed precipitation levels at 22 stations for the historical period of 1970–2005. The percentages of change in precipitation and temperature were estimated for the near (2025–2060) and far future (2065–2100) for two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios of CMIP5 and two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)2–4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 scenarios of CMIP6. The uncertainty in the projection in each case was calculated using the reliability ensemble average (REA) method. As a result, the CMIP6 GCMs showed an improvement compared with the CMIP5 GCMs with regard to the ability to simulate the historical climate. The uncertainty in the precipitation projections was higher for SSPs than that in RCPs. With regard to the temperature, the uncertainty was higher for RCPs than for SSPs. The ensemble means of the precipitation and temperature showed higher changes in the far future compared with the near future for both RCPs and SSPs. This study contributes to improvement in the confidence of future projections using CMIP6 GCMs and bolsters our understanding of the relative uncertainty in SSPs and RCPs.
The 20th century global warming signature on the ocean at global and basin scales as depicted from historical reanalyses
Authors: Storto Andrea , Balmaseda Magdalena A. , de Boisseson Eric , Giese Benjamin S. , Masina Simona , Yang Chunxue 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMore than 90% of excess energy trapped by greenhouse gases is accumulated in the oceans. Ocean heat content (OHC) and its changes are therefore fundamental metrics to monitor climate change. However, due to sparse observation sampling before the 1950s, accurate observation‐based estimations only exist for the second half of the 20th century. A 16‐member ensemble of historical ocean reanalyses is used for the first time to compile a unique estimate of 20th century oceanic warming rates. The reanalyses combine dynamical ocean general circulation models with historical observations and observation‐based atmospheric forcing. Ocean heat content tendencies (OHCT) from the multireanalysis ensemble (MRE) agree well with independent estimates of ocean heat content, and show a coherent evolution with records of Earth's energy imbalance from atmospheric reanalyses and atmospheric CO2concentration at a range of timescales. OHCT from reanalyses proves to be a more effective climate change proxy, that is, more closely related to independent climate indexes, than observed surface warming tendencies that contain high‐frequency variability not related to the climate change signature, or historical coupled model simulations, which neglect interannual fluctuations. The ensemble mean estimate of the century‐long ocean warming rate is 0.26 ± 0.08 W m−2. The warming rate of 0.84 ± 0.21 W m−2estimated from 1993 onwards is unprecedented. The global decadal warming rate is persistently positive from about 1925 onwards, except for two neutral periods. The Indian Ocean exhibits the highest relative contribution to centennial heat accumulation, while the Atlantic Ocean plays an increasingly prominent role, especially during the 1995–2004 decade. These findings are in agreement with previous studies.
Bilateral asymmetry of bone density adjacent to pelvic sarcomas: A retrospective study using computed tomography
Authors: Baines Andrew J. , Babazadeh‐Naseri Ata , Dunbar Nicholas J. , Lewis Valerae O. , Fregly Benjamin J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLimb‐salvaging hemipelvectomy surgeries involving allograft or custom prosthesis reconstruction require high quality remaining pelvic bone for adequate device fixation. Modeling studies of custom pelvis prosthesis designs typically mirror contralateral pelvic bone material properties to the ipsilateral pelvis. However, the extent of bone material property and geometric symmetry, and thus the appropriateness of mirroring, remains unknown and should be considered when designing or analyzing the performance of pelvic prostheses. This study investigates preoperative differences between ipsilateral and contralateral pelvic bone for patients with a pelvic sarcoma. Computed tomography (CT) data were obtained retrospectively from eight patients with a pelvic sarcoma. Subject‐specific computational models of the pelvic bones were constructed from the CT data. Bilateral asymmetry of bone material properties and cross‐sectional areas between the ipsilateral and contralateral hemipelvis were quantified at points adjacent to the pelvic sarcoma. Large bilateral asymmetry (>20%) in trabecular but not cortical bone density was observed within 20 mm of the tumor location. Differences in trabecular bone density typically declined with increased distance from the tumor. The greatest bilateral difference in cross‐sectional area occurred within 10 mm of the tumor boundary for three patients and within 40 mm from the tumor site for four patients. Our results suggest that pelvic sarcomas can cause significant bilateral asymmetries in trabecular bone density for patients with a pelvic sarcoma. These differences should be taken into account when designing custom implants for this patient population.