bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human emotional expression and the peripersonal margin of safety
Authors: Graziano Michael S.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The brain evolved to give special representation to the space immediately around the body. One of the most obvious adaptive uses of that peripersonal space is self-protection. It is a safety buffer zone, and intrusions can trigger a suite of protective behaviours. Perhaps less obvious is the possible relationship between that complex protective mechanism and social signalling. Standing tall, cringing, power poses and handshakes, even coquettish tilts of the head that expose the neck, may all relate in some manner to that safety buffer, signalling to others that one’s protective mechanisms are heightened (when anxious) or reduced (when confident). Here I propose that some of our most fundamental human emotional expressions such as smiling, laughing, and crying may also have a specific evolutionary relationship to the buffer zone around the body, deriving ultimately from the reflexive actions that protect us.
Experiential Pluralism and Mental Kinds
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper offers a new argument in favour of experiential pluralism about visual experience—the view that the nature of successful visual experience is different from the nature of unsuccessful visual experience. The argument appeals to the role of experience in explaining possession of ordinary abilities. In addition, the paper makes a methodological point about philosophical debates concerning the nature of perceptual experience: whether a given view about the nature of experience amounts to an interesting and substantive thesis about our own minds depends on the significance of the psychological kind claim made by it. This means that an adequate defence of a given view of the nature of experience must include articulation of the latter’s significance qua psychological kind. The argument advanced provides the material to meet this demand. In turn, this constitutes further support for the argument itself.
Wading in the Shallows
Authors: Noordhof Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOne understanding of naturalism about perception allows that results in the sciences bearing on the senses may have an impact upon philosophical theorizing on perception. Its opponents reject or, at least, are much more wary about this possibility. I consider two cases: the implications of prediction error theories for naïve realism and the latest empirical research on cross modal illusions, and taste, for the traditional division of the senses into five. Although in neither case are the implications straightforward, I argue that there is a tension in the first case, relating to naïve realism, given the structure of the debate against representationalism, what naïve realists say about hallucination, and assertion of the significant differences between perception and cognition. In the second, the conflict is avoided by recognizing distinctive features of how senses are integrated and realized, and a new personal level of explanation.
Magnetic Sans of Bulk Ferromagnets
Authors: Michels Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn chapter 4 we use the results for the Fourier components to compute the unpolarized and spin-polarized SANS cross sections. These expressions serve to highlight certain features of magnetic SANS such as the role of the magnetodipolar and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, and are then applied to analyze experimental SANS data on various bulk magnetic materials such as soft and hard magnetic nanocomposites. Furthermore, this chapter contains discussions on the magnetic Guinier law and on the asymptotic power-law exponents found in magnetic SANS experiments, as well as two sections summarizing magnetic SANS results on nanocrystalline rare-earth metals in the paramagnetic temperature regime and on dislocations.
Magnetic Sans of Nanoparticles and Complex Systems
Authors: Michels Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview on the magnetic SANS of nanoparticles and complex systems, which include ferrofluids, magnetic steels, and spin glasses and amorphous magnets. The underlying assumptions of the conventional particle-matrix-based model of magnetic SANS, which assumes uniformly magnetized domains, characteristic e.g., for superparamagnets, are discussed and we provide a complete specification of the micromagnetic boundary-value problem. First attempts to provide analytical expressions for the vortex-state-related magnetic SANS of thin circular discs are considered.
All Masters
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the causes and methods behind the Jacquerie’s sudden emergence after 28 May. The massacre at Saint-Leu-d’Esserent was a watershed moment that enabled the rapid transformation of latent resentments into large-scale, violent rebellion. Due both to recent military developments and economic dislocation connected with the Black Death, rural commoners in northern France were experiencing a crisis of the ‘moral economy’ severe enough to make some of them undertake previously unimagined action. But immediate mobilization required previous preparation. As sociologists have demonstrated, rebellion is not a process that happens by chance even if it is made possible by opportunity. It appears that the Jacquerie’s leaders were able to take advantage of pre-existing efforts to ready the countryside’s defences, as well as social and professional networks among commoners in the Beauvaisis. By 31 May, the rebellion was sufficiently organized to capture a traitor and transfer him to a local captain elsewhere who carried out a public execution attended by hundreds of witnesses. The story of this ‘traitor’ is indicative of the kinds of relationships that facilitated the revolt’s almost instantaneous mobilization, as well as the individual and accidental trajectories that led people to join or to eschew the Jacquerie, and how their paths might change over time.
Traffic Networks: Wardrop Equilibrium and Braess’ Paradox
Authors: Zverovich Vadim 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The well-known Braess’ paradox illustrates situations when adding a new link to a transport network might lead to an equilibrium state in which travel times of users will increase. Here, Braess’ paradox and the equilibrium state are analysed in the classical network configuration introduced by Braess in 1968. This network configuration is of fundamental significance because Valiant and Roughgarden showed in 2006 that ‘the “global” behaviour of an equilibrium flow in a large random network is similar to that in Braess’ original four-node example. Moreover, the probability of Braess’ paradox occurring in the classical network configuration will be studied, with particular emphasis on the Erlang distribution of parameters of the travel time function. This distribution is important in the context of traffic networks. However, other distributions will be analysed as well because Braess’ paradox can be observed in various applied contexts such as telecommunication networks and power transmission networks.
Graph Models for Optimization Problems in Road Networks
Authors: Zverovich Vadim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHere two applications of graph theory are considered. The first is devoted to pedestrian safety, and the focus is on pedestrian safety in urban areas with respect to pedestrian-vehicle crashes. In particular, an algorithm for automated construction of a graph model for pavement networks is discussed. Then, an algorithm for finding a user-optimal path in a given pavement network is presented. This algorithm is based on three criteria: path safety, distance, and path complexity. The second part of this chapter is devoted to optimizing the placement of charging stations for electric vehicles in road networks. The placement of charging stations in road networks is modelled as a multiple domination problem on reachability graphs. This model takes into account a threshold for the remaining battery charge and provides some minimal choice for a travel direction to recharge the battery. Experimental evaluation and simulations for the proposed facility location model are given for real road networks of the cities of Boston and Dublin.
Staying Ahead, Falling Behind
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter details the efforts of states to provide a ubiquitous telegraph service during the 1860s, and the tensions which emerged between the growing numbers of people and places competing for access to the network. Government intervention increased during this period, as secondary branches were built to cater to the needs of towns dispersed across territories and engaged in different economic sectors, and the implantation of foreign news agencies on German soil, Reuters in particular, was restricted. Increasing traffic on the lines led states to manage their networks as ‘organisms’, distinguishing between larger and smaller arteries of communication, placing certain users ahead of others in the exchange of telegrams. The promise that telegraphy would ‘annihilate space’ often remained unfulfilled as a result, however, and delays in communication caused divisions even within the privileged class of telegraph users. Within towns, moreover, the growing social diversity of these users made the positioning of telegraph offices increasingly contentious, as the members of the middle class engaged in finance, trade, and industry occupied different sites within the urban landscape and faced the prospect of delayed telegram deliveries. This section also considers the role of telegraphy in the changing geopolitical context of the 1860s, and how the technology’s impact upon events was represented in Kladderadatsch, as well as the role of the German entrepreneur Werner Siemens in the emerging field of global submarine telegraphy.
Dear Prudence
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Philosophers have long theorized about which things make people’s lives go well, and why, and the extent to which morality and self-interest can be reconciled. By contrast, we have spent little time on meta-prudential questions, questions about prudential discourse (thought and talk about what is, e.g., good and bad for us, what contributes to well-being, and what we have prudential reason, or prudentially ought, to do). This situation is surprising. Prudential discourse is, prima facie, a normative form of discourse and cries out for further investigation of what it is like and whether it has problematic commitments. It also marks a stark contrast from moral discourse, about which there has been extensive theorizing in metaethics. This book has three broad aims. First, to explore the nature of prudential discourse. Second, to argue that prudential discourse is normative and authoritative, like moral discourse. Third, to show that prudential discourse is worthy of further, explicit, attention both due to its intrinsic interest but also for the light it can shed on the meta-normative more broadly.
Prudence as a System of Categorical Imperatives
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines whether there are prudential reasons. After clarifying the nature of prudential reasons (what it would take for there to be such reasons) it examines, and rejects, various positions that entail the denial of the existence of prudential reasons. These include forms of nihilism about prudential value, the view that all reasons are agent-neutral, and (its most pressing opponent) the view that all reasons are Humean, or fundamentally desire-based, in nature. The chapter aims to establish the following thesis: Prudential Value Matters (PVM) — Evaluative prudential facts generate directive prudential facts (including facts about prudential, normative, reasons for action and for attitudes).
Prudential Language and Context (I)
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines evaluative prudential language (good for etc.) and directive prudential language (ought, must, needs etc.) and argues for forms of contextualism about each of these types of language. In the case of ‘good for’ talk, it shows how recent work by Steve Finlay (2014) on the context-sensitivity of ‘good’ supplies a plausible theory of ‘good for’. It then moves on ‘needs’ talk, showing how work on deontic modals from, and inspired by, Angelika Kratzer (1977) can be applied in a way that illuminates how ‘needs’, and the like, function in prudential contexts.
Memory Effects as a Source of Bias in Repeated Survey Measurement
Authors: Rettig Tobias , Blom Annelies G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A key advantage of longitudinal data collections is the ability to measure change over time by repeatedly asking the same questions to the same respondents. Estimations based on such longitudinal data, as well as other designs that incorporate repetitions of the same questions, generally rely on the assumption that at each point of data collection, respondents answer the questions independently of their previous responses. This assumption implies that respondents either do not remember their previous responses, or that they at least do not use this information in forming their later responses. This is a strong assumption, given that data collections are becoming more and more frequent, giving respondents less time to forget earlier responses. If respondents do, however, remember both being asked the same question and their previous response, they may be influenced by this information. This form of bias is known as a memory effect. In this chapter, we conceptualize the potential role of respondents’ memory when answering survey questions and propose a model of the cognitive response process that takes potential memory effects into account. This is supplemented with the literature on the cognitive response process, the sparse existing research on memory effects, as well as adjacent literature on dependent interviewing and question order effects. We conclude the chapter by identifying gaps in this literature and highlighting areas that require additional research to further our understanding of memory effects in longitudinal survey research.
A Longitudinal Error Framework to Support the Design and Use of Integrated Datasets
Authors: Blackwell Louisa , Rogers Nicola Jane 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to contribute to the evolving literature on the use of administrative data for statistical purposes. It describes two frameworks for understanding statistical error. The first applies to single administrative sources that may be longitudinal in nature. The second applies to multiple sources that have been longitudinally linked. These frameworks support statistical design and the evaluation of administrative data quality. They may also support the construction of population estimates based on administrative data and possibly survey data in countries that do not have population registers. The frameworks were applied in the transformation of the population and migration statistics system at the UK Office for National Statistics. The chapter draws a distinction between operational and statistical data quality, demonstrating the tensions that can exist between these distinct uses of the same information.
Assessing and Relaxing Assumptions in Quasi-Simplex Models
Authors: Cernat Alexandru , Lugtig Peter , Watson Nicole , Uhrig S.C. Noah 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The quasi-simplex model (QSM) makes use of at least three repeated measures of the same variable to estimate reliability. The model has rather strict assumptions and ignoring them may bias estimates of reliability. While some previous studies have outlined how several of its assumptions can be relaxed, they have not been exhaustive and systematic. Thus, it is unclear what all the assumptions are and how to test and free them in practice. This chapter will addresses this situation by presenting the main assumptions of the quasi-simplex model and the ways in which users can relax these with relative ease when more than three waves are available. Additionally, by using data from the British Household Panel Survey we show how this is practically done and highlight the potential biases found when ignoring the violations of the assumptions. We conclude that relaxing the assumptions should be implemented routinely when more than three waves of data are available.
Modelling Error Dependence in Categorical Longitudinal Data
Authors: Pavlopoulos Dimitris , Pankowska Paulina , Bakker Bart , Oberski Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) offer an attractive way of accounting and correcting for measurement error in longitudinal data as they do not require the use of a ‘gold standard’ data source as a benchmark. However, while the standard HMM assumes the errors to be independent or random, some common situations in survey and register data cause measurement error to be systematic. HMMs can correct for systematic error as well if the local independence assumption is relaxed. In this chapter, we present several (mixed) HMMs that relax this assumption with the use of two independent indicators for the variable of interest. Finally, we illustrate the results of some of these HMMs with the use of an example of employment mobility. For this purpose, we use linked survey-register data from the Netherlands.
On Total Least Squares Estimation for Longitudinal Errors-in-Variables Models
Authors: Ahmad Rauf , Zwanzig Silvelyn 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the total least squares (TLS) estimator for the linear mixed model when the design matrix is subject to measurement errors, with special focus on models for longitudinal or repeated-measures data. We consider measurement errors only in the design matrix concerning the fixed part of the model and estimate its corresponding parameter vector under the TLS set up. After treating two variants of the general case, the random coefficient model is discussed as a special case. We evaluate conditions, on the design matrices as well as on variance component parameters, under which a reasonable TLS estimator can be expected in such models. Analysis of a real data example is also provided.
Byzantine Religious Law in Medieval Italy
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book is a historical study of these manuscripts, exploring how and why the Greek Christians of medieval southern Italy persisted in using them so long after the end of Byzantine rule. Southern Italy was conquered by the Norman Hauteville dynasty in the late eleventh century after over 500 years of continuous Byzantine rule. At a stroke, the region’s Greek Christian inhabitants were cut off from their Orthodox compatriots in Byzantium and became subject to the spiritual and legal jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic popes. Nonetheless, they continued to follow the religious laws of the Byzantine church; out of thirty-six surviving manuscripts of Byzantine canon law produced between the tenth and fourteenth centuries, the majority date to the centuries after the Norman conquest. Part I provides an overview of the source material and the history of Italo-Greek Christianity. Part II examines the development of Italo-Greek canon law manuscripts from the last century of Byzantine rule to the late twelfth century, arguing that the Normans’ opposition to papal authority created a laissez faire atmosphere in which Greek Christians could continue to follow Byzantine religious law unchallenged. Finally, Part III analyses the papacy’s successful efforts to assert its jurisdiction over southern Italy in the later Middle Ages. While this brought about the end of Byzantine canon law as an effective legal system in the region, the Italo-Greeks still drew on their legal heritage to explain and justify their distinctive religious rites to their Latin neighbours.
Introducing the Byzantine Nomocanon
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the nomocanon, a type of Byzantine manuscript that serves as the primary source material for the book. Nomocanons are largely unknown among Byzantinists and medievalists, so this chapter explains the basic facts of what they are, how they are designed, and why they are historically significant. Beginning with the emergence of the corpus of Byzantine canon law in Late Antiquity, it outlines the development of the texts from the first systematic collections in the sixth century to the great Byzantine canonists of the twelfth century (Aristenos, Zonaras, and Balsamon). The chapter then describes the typical content and structure of a nomocanon, discussing the example of the eleventh-/twelfth-century manuscript BN II C 4. It closes with a discussion of the material and aesthetic qualities of nomocanons, arguing for the importance of studying the manuscripts not just as sources for textual editions but also as artefacts of specific socio-historical contexts.
Monastic Nomocanons I
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores how, following the restoration of relative peace and stability after the Norman conquest, several newly founded and important Italo-Greek monasteries developed their own independent legal jurisdictions on their own property. The chapter argues that the Normans’ opposition to papal and episcopal interference created a laissez-faire atmosphere in which Italo-Greek monks could continue to follow Byzantine canon law. Many such monasteries enjoyed the patronage of the Norman nobility throughout the late eleventh and twelfth centuries. These monasteries were responsible for producing the majority of surviving nomocanons from medieval southern Italy. It divides them into two broad categories: the royal archimandritates (monastic federations) of Rossano and Messina; and lesser archimandritates and autodespotic (independent) monasteries such as SS Elias and Anastasios of Carbone and St Nicholas of Casole. It observes that the production of a monastic nomocanon was closely linked to a monastery’s acquisition of legal privileges from the kings of Sicily, indicating that they were produced to meet a practical legal need and not simply out of academic curiosity. Lastly, the chapter asks how Italo-Greek monks under Norman rule perceived their relationship to papal jurisdiction, using the examples of Bartholomew of Grottaferrata’s comments on papal legislation and Neilos Doxapatres’ work on the Order of the Patriarchal Thrones to show that they still felt themselves to be a part of the legal sphere of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
The Secular Church and the Laity
Authors: Morton James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the surviving evidence for nomocanon use among the secular (i.e. non-monastic) church and lay officials under Norman rule. While far fewer manuscripts survive from these circles than from monasteries, it is nonetheless clear that nomocanons continued to be used not only by Greek bishops but even by lay judges and notaries. The chapter begins with an examination of the Italo-Greek episcopate, highlighting the significance of the bishop’s judicial role in the Byzantine church and the lack of evidence for any kind of influence of Latin canon law on the nomocanons of Greek bishops of southern Italy in the twelfth century. It then discusses two fascinating twelfth-century nomocanons: the Epitome Marciana from southern Calabria and the ‘Nomocanon of Doxapatres’ from Rossano. The manuscripts provide decisive evidence that Greek lay judges in the Norman kingdom played a role in the administration of ecclesiastical justice, relying entirely on Byzantine legal sources. In some cases, as in Rossano, Greek aristocratic families would dominate both the archiepiscopal and civil judicial offices, with the result that the family would possess multiple manuscripts of Byzantine civil and canon law.