bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of adverse drug reactions in the primary care setting: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Insani Widya N. , Whittlesea Cate , Alwafi Hassan , Man Kenneth K. C. , Chapman Sarah , Wei Li 
Published: May 2021

Background
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a major cause of iatrogenic morbidity and mortality in patient care. While a substantial body of work has been undertaken to characterise ADRs in the hospital setting, the overall burden of ADRs in the primary care remains unclear.

Objectives
To investigate the prevalence of ADRs in the primary care setting and factors affecting the heterogeneity of the estimates.

Methods
Studies were identified through searching of Medline, Embase, CINAHL and IPA databases. We included observational studies that reported information on the prevalence of ADRs in patients receiving primary care. Disease and treatment specific studies were excluded. Quality of the included studies were assessed using Smyth ADRs adapted scale. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled estimate. Potential source of heterogeneity, including age groups, ADRs definitions, ADRs detection methods, study setting, quality of the studies, and sample size, were investigated using sub-group analysis and meta-regression.

Results
Thirty-three studies with a total study population of 1,568,164 individuals were included. The pooled prevalence of ADRs in the primary care setting was 8.32% (95% CI, 7.82, 8.83). The percentage of preventable ADRs ranged from 12.35–37.96%, with the pooled estimate of 22.96% (95% CI, 7.82, 38.09). Cardiovascular system drugs were the most commonly implicated medication class. Methods of ADRs detection, age group, setting, and sample size contributed significantly to the heterogeneity of the estimates.

Conclusion
ADRs constitute a significant health problem in the primary care setting. Further research should focus on examining whether ADRs affect subsequent clinical outcomes, particularly in high-risk therapeutic areas. This information may better inform strategies to reduce the burden of ADRs in the primary care setting.
Candidemia in intensive care units over nine years at a large Italian university hospital: Comparison with other wards
Authors: Mazzanti Sara , Brescini Lucia , Morroni Gianluca , Orsetti Elena , Pocognoli Antonella , Donati Abele , Cerutti Elisabetta , Munch Christopher , Montalti Roberto , Barchiesi Francesco 
Published: May 2021

PurposeCandidemia is an alarming problem in critically ill patients including those admitted in intensive care units (ICUs). We aimed to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of bloodstream infections (BSIs) due toCandidaspp. in patients admitted to ICUs of an italian tertiary referral university hospital over nine years.MethodsA retrospective observational study of all cases of candidemia in adult patients was carried out from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018 at a 980-bedded University Hospital in Ancona, Italy, counting five ICUs. The incidence, demographics, clinical and microbiologic characteristics, therapeutic approaches and outcomes of ICU-patients with candidemia were collected. Non-ICU patients with candidemia hospitalized during the same time period were considered for comparison purposes. Early (7 days from the occurrence of the episode ofCandidaBSI) and late (30 days) mortality rates were calculated.ResultsDuring the study period, 188/505 (36%) episodes of candidemia occurred in ICU patients. Cumulative incidence was 9.9/1000 ICU admission and it showed to be stable over time.Candida albicansaccounted for 52% of the cases, followed byC.parapsilosis(24%), andC.glabrata(14%). There was not a significant difference in species distribution between ICU and non-ICU patients. With the exception of isolates ofC.tropicaliswhich showed to be fluconazole resistant in 25% of the cases, resistance to antifungals was not of concern in our patients. Early and late mortality rates, were 19% and 41% respectively, the latter being significantly higher than that observed in non-ICU patients. At multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased risk of death were septic shock, acute kidney failure, pulmonary embolism and lack of antifungal therapy. The type of antifungal therapy did not influence the outcome. Mortality did not increased significantly over time.ConclusionNeither cumulative incidence nor crude mortality of candidemia in ICU patients increased over time at our institution. However, mortality rate remained high and significantly associated with specific host-related factors in the majority of cases.
Arrestin-dependent internalization of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors
Authors: Wanka Lizzy , Behr Victoria , Beck-Sickinger Annette G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is an important mechanism regulating the signal strength and limiting the opportunity of receptor activation. Based on the importance of GPCRs, the detailed knowledge about the regulation of signal transduction is crucial. Here, current knowledge about the agonist-induced, arrestin-dependent internalization process of rhodopsin-like GPCRs is reviewed. Arrestins are conserved molecules that act as key players within the internalization process of many GPCRs. Based on highly conserved structural characteristics within the rhodopsin-like GPCRs, the identification of arrestin interaction sites in model systems can be compared and used for the investigation of internalization processes of other receptors. The increasing understanding of this essential regulation mechanism of receptors can be used for drug development targeting rhodopsin-like GPCRs. Here, we focus on the neuropeptide Y receptor family, as these receptors transmit various physiological processes such as food intake, energy homeostasis, and regulation of emotional behavior, and are further involved in pathophysiological processes like cancer, obesity and mood disorders. Hence, this receptor family represents an interesting target for the development of novel therapeutics requiring the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms influencing receptor mediated signaling.
A note on an extreme left skewed unit distribution: Theory, modelling and data fitting
Authors: Chesneau Christophe 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In probability and statistics, unit distributions are used to model proportions, rates, and percentages, among other things. This paper is about a new one-parameter unit distribution, whose probability density function is defined by an original ratio of power and logarithmic functions. This function has a wide range of J shapes, some of which are more angular than others. In this sense, the proposed distribution can be thought of as an “extremely left skewed alternative” to the traditional power distribution. We discuss its main characteristics, including other features of the probability density function, some stochastic order results, the closed-form expression of the cumulative distribution function involving special integral functions, the quantile and hazard rate functions, simple expressions for the ordinary moments, skewness, kurtosis, moments generating function, incomplete moments, logarithmic moments and logarithmically weighted moments. Subsequently, a simple example of an application is given by the use of simulated data, with fair comparison to the power model supported by numerical and graphical illustrations. A new modelling strategy beyond the unit domain is also proposed and developed, with an application to a survival times data set.
Loading of capsaicin-in-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes into PEGylated liposomes and the inhibitory effect on IL-8 production by MDA-MB-231 and A549 cancer cell lines
Authors: Abdelnabi Hiba , Alshaer Walhan , Azzam Hanan , Alqudah Dana , Al-Samydai Ali , Aburjai Talal 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) is an active component in Capsicum annuum L. known to have anti inflammatory and anticancer activity. CAP is highly lipophilic and suffers low bioavailability. Therefore, developing delivery systems that enhance solubility and bioavailability can provide more promising therapeutic applications for CAP. In the current work, CAP was complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) to form capsaicin-in-β-cyclodextrin (CAP-in-βCD) inclusion complexes. Then, the CAP-in-βCD inclusion complexes were characterized and loaded into PEGylated liposomes using the thin-film hydration extrusion method. The size, charge, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the PEGylated liposomes were characterized. The levels of IL-8 production were quantified after treatment using array beads. The results of this work showed that the successful formation of inclusion complexes at 1:5 M ratio of CAP to βCD respectively. PEGylated liposomes loaded with βCD/CAP inclusion complexes (CAP-in-βCD-in-liposomes) have a hydrodynamic diameter of (181 ± 36) nm, zeta potential of (−2.63 ± 4.00) mV, encapsulation efficiency (EE) of (38.65 ± 3.70)%, drug loading (DL) of (1.65 ± 0.16)%, and a stable release profile. Both free CAP and liposomal CAP showed a significant reduction in the IL-8 production by the MDA-MB-231 and A549 cancer cell lines after treatment. In conclusion, a liposomal-based drug delivery system for CAP was achieved.
Factors That Influence Career Choice among Different Populations of Neuroscience Trainees
Authors: Ullrich Lauren E. , Ogawa John R. , Jones-London Michelle D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpecific groups have historically been, and continue to be, underrepresented in the biomedical research workforce, especially academia. Career choice is a multifactorial process that evolves over time; among all trainees, expressed interest in faculty research careers decreases over time in graduate school, but that trend is amplified in women and members of historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups (Golde and Dore, 2004; Fuhrmann et al., 2011; Sauermann and Roach, 2012; Gibbs et al., 2014; Roach and Sauermann, 2017). This work was designed to investigate how career interest changes over time among recent neuroscience PhD graduates, and whether differences in career interests are associated with social identity, experiences in graduate school and postdoctoral training, and personal characteristics. We report results from a survey of 1479 PhD neuroscientists (including 16% underrepresented scientists and 54% women scientists). We saw repeated evidence that individual preferences about careers in general, and academic careers specifically, predict current career interest. These findings were moderated by social identity and experiences in graduate school and postdoctoral training. Our findings highlight the important influence of the advisor in shaping a trainee’s career path, and the ways in which academic culture is perceived as unwelcoming or incongruent with the values or priorities of certain groups. They suggest several areas for positive growth, ways to change how we think about the impact of mentorship, and policy and programmatic interventions that extend beyond trying to change or “fix” the individual and instead recognize the systemic structures that influence career choices.
Manejo de nutrientes en solución basado en la conductividad eléctrica y concentración de iones en lixiviados de cultivo de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Barzan Renan Ribeiro , Takahashi Hideaki Wilson , Fregonezi Gustavo Adolfo de Freitas , Sampaio Marita Di Loreto Y , Firmano Ruan Francisco , Contreras Hector Augusto Sandoval 
Published: May 2021

La fertirrigación se caracteriza por una mayor eficiencia en el uso de insumos como agua y fertilizantes, además de la facilidad para programar la aplicación de nutrientes según los requerimientos de cultivo. El objetivo en este estudio fue evaluar dos formas diferentes de manejo de fertirrigación utilizando lixiviados resultantes de la aplicación de insumos de síntesis en cultivo tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Los manejos se basaron en la conductividad eléctrica (CE) y la concentración individual de iones (CI) en el lixiviado, con dos niveles base iniciales de nutrientes (1.6 y 3.2 dS/m). Los lixiviado fueron recolectados cada semana para analizar la CE y la CI de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S, y con base en ellos manejar los nutrientes en solución. Cuando el valor de CE eran menores o mayores que el 20% del valor establecido, la solución nutritiva fue diluida o concentrada en un porcentaje igual, adicionando agua o una solución principal (20 dS/m), respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que, las aplicaciones de N, P y K fueron más altas en el manejo CI, pero no así para Ca y Mg, lo que afecta el estado nutricional de la planta. Los parámetros fitotécnicos de los frutos de tomate presentaron mejores características cuando se utiliza la CE como criterio para el manejo de fertirrigación, mientras que el incremento en el nivel inicial de nutrientes se reflejó en una mayor producción.
Fraccionamiento de metales pesados en suelos cultivados con tabaco en Pinar del Río, Cuba
Authors: Martínez Robaina Alexei Yoan , Do Amaral Sobrinho Nelson Moura B. , Febles González José M. , Abreu Lima Erica Souto , Benítez Odio Mileisys 
Published: May 2021

El conocimiento de la presencia de metales pesados en suelos de zonas agrícolas es importante para prevenir su acumulación en las plantas cultivadas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar las concentraciones totales y las fracciones de los metales pesados Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr y Co de la zona tabacalera Pinar del Río (Cuba) y su relación con las propiedades físicoquímicas del suelo. Para el estudio fueron recolectadas a 20 cm de profundidad 59 muestras de tres tipos de suelos. Las concentraciones seudototales de los metales en los suelos son bajas e inferiores a los valores de prevención registrados para suelos cubanos. En general los metales pesados estudiados presentan una alta afinidad por las fracciones más estables del suelo, lo cual significa un bajo riesgo de transferencia al cultivo del tabaco o de acumulación en aguas subterráneas. Las concentraciones seudototales de metales pesados fueron bajas, inferiores a los valores de alerta establecidos para los suelos en la región. Los metales pesados estudiados estuvieron asociados principalmente con la fracción residual, la segunda fracción de mayor asociación con los metales fue la ligada a óxidos de manganeso y de hierro. El análisis de componente principales mostró que su principal fuente de procedencia es pedogenética y que estos elementos están estrechamente relacionados con la capacidad de intercambio catiónico y el contenido de calcio.
Rainfall distribution in a region of Amazon rainforest in the north of Mato Grosso
Authors: Gomes Branquinho Rodrigo , Pinheiro Santos Djavan , Rocha dos Anjos João Carlos , Cassiano da Silva Gustavo , Mendes Brito Gustavo Henrique , Barcelo Carminatii Alechsandär Gahal 
Published: May 2021

Rainfall predominantly influences economic activity in northern of MatoGrosso. The scarcity of rainfall limits agricultural production, and its excess hinders the flow of production on back roads. These obstacles impose the need for greater knowledge of rainfall in distant regions of the state, such as Paranorte, in Juara-MT. This study aimed to identify the beginning and end of the rainy season, as well as the frequency and duration of dry days, besides to investigate causal relationships of rainfall with ENSO (El Niño de Oscillation Sul) phenomena. Methods based on rainfall quantity and continuity were adopted. The results showed that in Paranorte, the accumulated annual precipitation varies between 2322 and 2720 mm. The months of the year are divided into a dry period (June, July and August), a period of low rainfall (May and September - ≈ 80 mm) and a period of high rainfall (October, November, December, January, February, March and April, with 214 to 464 mm). Prolonged droughts occur most often at the beginning (September) and end (May) of the rainy season. In turn, ENSO phenomena influence rainfall only in spring.
Caracterización de fertilizantes orgánicos y estiércoles para uso como componentes de sustrato
Authors: Acevedo Alcalá Patricia , Taboada Gaytán Oswaldo Rey , Cruz Hernández Javier 
Published: May 2021

La turba es utilizada frecuentemente como sustrato en la propagación de plántulas, no obstante, su recolección ocasiona efectos negativos en el ambiente. Para reducir estos efectos, existen enmiendas orgánicas que se pueden aplicar como componentes de medios de cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar física, química, biológica y microbiológicamente los fertilizantes orgánicos comerciales Solep® y Fernatol®, los estiércoles de vacuno y ovino, y musgo comercial (Peat moss®) como componentes de sustratos. En el Campus Puebla del Colegio de Postgraduados, México, en muestras de cada uno de estos materiales se midieron por triplicado las propiedades físico-químicas, el contenido de materia orgánica (MO), la relación C/N, y los nutrientes extraíbles y asimilables; además, se realizó un análisis microbiológico como parámetro de inocuidad y se estimó la fitotoxicidad de extractos al 20% por bioensayo de germinación con semillas de rábano (Raphanus sativus L), como especie indicadora de la presencia de sustancias fitotóxicas. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y prueba de comparación de medias por Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Los resultados fueron comparados con estándares establecidos para sustratos en normas nacionales e internacionales. El fertilizante comercial Solep y el estiércol vacuno presentaron valores adecuados de pH, CE, MO, C/N, sodio, metales pesados y ausencia de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp., por tanto, se consideran apropiados para la producción de plántulas; no obstante, su presencia en el medio de cultivo no debe ser mayor de 20%.
Long-Term Kidney Outcomes Following Dialysis-Treated Childhood Acute Kidney Injury: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Robinson Cal H. , Jeyakumar Nivethika , Luo Bin , Wald Ron , Garg Amit X. , Nash Danielle M. , McArthur Eric , Greenberg Jason H. , Askenazi David , Mammen Cherry , Thabane Lehana , Goldstein Stuart , Parekh Rulan S. , Zappitelli Michael , Chanchlani Rahul 
Published: May 2021

Significance Statement
AKI is common among hospitalized neonates and children and associated with adverse short- and long-term kidney outcomes. However, data for long-term outcomes of children with episodes of dialysis-treated AKI are limited. Using Ontario provincial health administrative databases, the authors identified 1688 pediatric survivors hospitalized and treated with dialysis for AKI episodes in 1996–2017, and followed them for a median of 9.6 years. Compared with matched hospitalized comparators, AKI survivors were at significantly increased risk of long-term kidney failure or death. The authors also observed significantly higher long-term rates of CKD and hypertension among the dialysis-treated AKI survivors. These findings support enhanced surveillance of kidney function and blood pressure after episodes of severe childhood AKI, with the aim of improving long-term kidney and patient survival.

Background
AKI is common during pediatric hospitalizations and associated with adverse short-term outcomes. However, long-term outcomes among survivors of pediatric AKI who received dialysis remain uncertain.

Methods
To determine the long-term risk of kidney failure (defined as receipt of chronic dialysis or kidney transplant) or death over a 22-year period for pediatric survivors of dialysis-treated AKI, we used province-wide health administrative databases to perform a retrospective cohort study of all neonates and children (aged 0–18 years) hospitalized in Ontario, Canada, from April 1, 1996, to March 31, 2017, who survived a dialysis-treated AKI episode. Each AKI survivor was matched to four hospitalized pediatric comparators without dialysis-treated AKI, on the basis of age, sex, and admission year. We reported the incidence of each outcome and performed Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, adjusting for relevant covariates.

Results
We identified 1688 pediatric dialysis–treated AKI survivors (median age 5 years) and 6752 matched comparators. Among AKI survivors, 53.7% underwent mechanical ventilation and 33.6% had cardiac surgery. During a median 9.6-year follow-up, AKI survivors were at significantly increased risk of a composite outcome of kidney failure or death versus comparators. Death occurred in 113 (6.7%) AKI survivors, 44 (2.6%) developed kidney failure, 174 (12.1%) developed hypertension, 213 (13.1%) developed CKD, and 237 (14.0%) had subsequent AKI. AKI survivors had significantly higher risks of developing CKD and hypertension versus comparators. Risks were greatest in the first year after discharge and gradually decreased over time.

Conclusions
Survivors of pediatric dialysis–treated AKI are at higher long-term risks of kidney failure, death, CKD, and hypertension, compared with a matched hospitalized cohort.
One hominin taxon or two at Malapa Cave? Implications for the origins of Homo
Authors: Rak Yoel , Geffen Eli , Hylander William , Ginzburg Avishag , Been Ella 
Published: May 2021

A report on the skeletons of two individuals from the Malapa cave site in South Africa attributes them both to a new hominin species, Australopithecus sediba. However, our analysis of the specimens’ mandibles indicates that Australopithecus sediba is not a ‘Homo-like australopith’, a transitional species between Australopithecus africanus and Homo. According to our results, the specimens represent two separate genera: Australopithecus and Homo. These genera are known to have jointly occupied sites, as seen in several early South African caves, so one cannot rule out the possibility that Malapa also contains remains of the two taxa. Our results lead us to additionally conclude that all the Australopithecus species on which the relevant mandibular anatomy is preserved (not only the ‘robust’ australopiths but also the ‘gracile’ – more generalised – ones) are too specialised to constitute an evolutionary ancestor of Homo sapiens. Furthermore, given that the Malapa site contains representatives of two hominin branches, one of which appears to be Homo, we must seek evidence of our origins much earlier than the date assigned to Malapa, approximately 2 million years before present. Support for this claim can be found in Ethiopian fossils attributed to the genus Homo and dated at 2.4 and 2.8 million years before present.Significance:

The proposed hominin species Australopithecus sediba, from the Malapa Cave in South Africa, seems to actually consist of two species, each of which represents a different hominin genus: Homo and Australopithecus. If, indeed, this is the case, Homo must have originated prior to the Malapa remains, contrary to the scenario suggested in the original report on Au. sediba.