bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open vs closed surgical exposure of palatally displaced canines: a comparison of clinical and patient-reported outcomes—a multicentre, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Björksved Margitha , Arnrup Kristina , Bazargani Silvia Miranda , Lund Henrik , Magnusson Anders , Magnuson Anders , Lindsten Rune , Bazargani Farhan 
Published: March 2021

Summary

Objectives
To compare treatment time, patients’ perceptions during orthodontic treatment, dental fear and side effects, between open and closed surgical exposures in patients with palatally displaced canines (PDCs).

Trial design
Multicentre, randomized controlled trial, with random 1:1 allocation of two parallel groups.

Materials and methods
One hundred and twenty patients from three different orthodontic centres were randomized into one of the two intervention arms, open or closed surgical exposure. Both techniques had mucoperiosteal flaps raised and bone removed above the PDCs. In open exposure, tissue was removed above the canine, and glass ionomer – reaching above soft tissue – was built on the crown. The canine was then left to erupt spontaneously, prior to orthodontic alignment. At closed exposure, a chain was bonded to the canine and orthodontic traction was applied under the mucosa until eruption. Orthodontic alignment of the canines was undertaken after eruption into the oral cavity, with fixed appliances in both groups. All participants were treated according to intention to treat (ITT).

Blinding
Due to the nature of this trial, only outcome assessors could be blinded to the intervention group.

Results
One hundred and seventeen patients completed the trial. All PDCs were successfully aligned. Total treatment time was equal in the two techniques, mean difference −0.1 months (95% CI −3.2 to 2.9, P = 0.93). The closed group experienced more pain and discomfort during the active orthodontic traction. Dental fear, root resorption and periodontal status did not show any clinically significant differences between the groups.

Generalizability
Results of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) can be generalized only to a similar population aged 9–16 years, if exclusion criteria are met.

Conclusion
The closed exposure group experienced more pain and discomfort mostly during active orthodontic traction. All other studied outcomes were similar between the two exposure groups.

Clinical Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02186548 and Researchweb.org, ID: 127201.
Left ventricular unloading and the role of ECpella
Authors: Belohlavek Jan , Hunziker Patrick , Donker Dirk W 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The main reason for the emergency implantation of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is the restoration of adequate systemic perfusion, while protecting the failing heart and promoting myocardial recovery are equally important goals. Following initial haemodynamic stabilization and often the urgent revascularization of the culprit lesion, the clinical focus is then directed towards the most efficient strategy for cardioprotection. Frequent echocardiography measurements may help to estimate the degree of unwanted left ventricular (LV) overloading during VA-ECMO. Additionally, the estimation of high LV filling pressures by Doppler echocardiography or their (in-)direct measurement using a dedicated surgical left atrial pressure line and conventional pulmonary artery catheter in a wedge position or a pigtail catheter in the left ventricle can be performed. Mechanical overload of the left ventricle is the major adverse effect and an obvious mechanistic and prognostic challenge of contemporary ECMO care. Many efforts are under way to overcome this phenomenon by LV unloading, which was effectively achieved by the current combined approach using an axial decompression device, while novel technical developments and approaches are tested and urgently anticipated. The aim of this report is to introduce in depth pathophysiological background, current concepts, and future perspectives in LV unloading strategies.
Prognostic Implication of Baseline Sarcopenia for Length of Hospital Stay and Survival in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Kim Ji-Won , Yoon Jun Sik , Kim Eun Jin , Hong Hyo-Lim , Kwon Hyun Hee , Jung Chi Young , Kim Kyung Chan , Sung Yu Sub , Park Sung-Hoon , Kim Seong-Kyu , Choe Jung-Yoon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The impact of sarcopenia on clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not clearly determined yet. We aimed to investigate the association between baseline sarcopenia and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

Methods
All hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 who had baseline chest computed tomography (CT) scans at a Korean university hospital from February 2020 to May 2020 were included. The main outcome was time from hospital admission to discharge. Death was considered as a competing risk for discharge. Baseline skeletal muscle cross-sectional area at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra was measured from chest CT scans. The lowest quartile of skeletal muscle index (skeletal muscle cross-sectional area divided by height-squared) was defined as sarcopenia.

Results
Of 121 patients (median age, 62 years; 44 men; 29 sarcopenic), 7 patients died and 86 patients were discharged during the 60-day follow-up. Patients with sarcopenia showed a longer time to discharge (median, 55 vs 28 days; p &lt; .001) and a higher incidence of death (17.2% vs 2.2%; p = .004) than those without sarcopenia. Baseline sarcopenia was an independent predictor of delayed hospital discharge (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.23–0.96), but was not independently associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 (aHR, 3.80; 95% CI, 0.48–30.26). The association between baseline sarcopenia and delayed hospital discharge was consistent in subgroups stratified by age, sex, comorbidities, and severity of COVID-19.

Conclusions
Baseline sarcopenia was independently associated with a prolonged hospital stay in patients with COVID-19. Sarcopenia could be a prognostic marker in COVID-19.
Recruitment and Screening Methods in Alzheimer’s Disease Research: The FIT-AD Trial
Authors: Greimel Susan , Wyman Jean F , Zhang Lin , Yu Fang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Recruiting older adults with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia into clinical trials is challenging requiring multiple approaches. We describe recruitment and screening processes and results from the Functional Improvement from Aerobic Training in Alzheimer’s Disease study (FIT-AD Trial), a single-site, pilot randomized controlled trial testing the effects of a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention on cognition and hippocampal volume in community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate AD dementia.

Methods
Ten recruitment strategies and a 4-step screening process were used to ensure a homogenous sample and exercise safety. The initial target sample was 90 participants over 48 months which was increased to 96 to allow those in the screening process to enroll if qualified. A tertiary analysis of recruitment and screening rates, recruitment yields and costs, and demographic characteristics of participants was conducted.

Results
During the 48-month recruiting period, 396 potential participants responded to recruitment efforts, 301 individuals were reached and 103 were tentatively qualified. Of these, 67 (69.8%) participants completed the optional magnetic resonance imaging and 7 were excluded due to abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings. As a result, we enrolled 96 participants with a 2.92 screen ratio, 2.14 recruitment rate, and 31.9% recruitment yield. Referrals (28.1%) and Alzheimer’s Association events/services (21.9%) yielded over 49% of the enrolled participants. Total recruitment cost was $38 246 or $398 per randomized participant.

Conclusions
A multiprong approach involving extensive community outreach was essential in recruiting older adults with AD dementia into a single-site trial. For every randomized participant, 3 individuals needed to be screened. Referrals were the most cost-effective recruitment strategy.
Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT0194550
Dental chews positively shift the oral microbiota of adult dogs
Authors: Oba Patrícia M , Carroll Meredith Q , Alexander Celeste , Somrak Amy J , Keating Stephanie C J , Sage Adrianna M , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicrobiota plays a prominent role in periodontal disease, but the canine oral microbiota and how dental chews may affect these populations have been poorly studied. We aimed to determine the differences in oral microbiota of adult dogs consuming dental chews compared with control dogs consuming only a diet. Twelve adult female beagle dogs (mean age = 5.31 ± 1.08 yr) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design consisting of 28-d periods. Treatments (n = 12/group) included: diet only (CT); diet + Bones & Chews Dental Treats (BC; Chewy, Inc., Dania Beach, FL); diet + Dr. Lyon’s Grain-Free Dental Treats (DL; Dr. Lyon’s, LLC, Dania Beach, FL); and diet + Greenies Dental Treats (GR; Mars Petcare US, Franklin, TN). Each day, one chew was provided 4 h after mealtime. On day 27, breath samples were analyzed for total volatile sulfur compound concentrations using a Halimeter. On day 0 of each period, teeth were cleaned by a veterinary dentist blinded to treatments. Teeth were scored for plaque, calculus, and gingivitis by the same veterinary dentist on day 28 of each period. After scoring, salivary (SAL), subgingival (SUB), and supragingival (SUP) samples were collected for microbiota analysis using Illumina MiSeq. All data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.4) using the Mixed Models procedure, with P &lt; 0.05 considered significant. All dogs consuming chews had lower calculus coverage and thickness, pocket depth and bleeding, plaque thickness, and halitosis compared with CT. In all sites of collection, CT dogs had a higher relative abundance of one or more potentially pathogenic bacteria (Porphyromonas, Anaerovorax, Desulfomicrobium, Tannerella, and Treponema) and lower relative abundance of one or more genera associated with oral health (Neisseria, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Actinomyces, Lautropia, Bergeyella, and Moraxella) than those fed chews. DL reduced Porphyromonas in SUP and SUB samples. DL and GR reduced Treponema in SUP samples. DL increased Corynebacterium in all sites of collection. BC increased Corynebacterium in SAL samples. DL and GR increased Neisseria in SAL samples. DL increased Actinomyces in the SUB sample. GR increased Actinomyces in SAL samples. Our results suggest that the dental chews tested in this study may aid in reducing periodontal disease risk in dogs by beneficially shifting the microbiota inhabiting plaque and saliva of a dog’s oral cavity. These shifts occurred over a short period of time and were correlated with improved oral health scores.
Insecticidal Effect of Phosphine on Eggs of the Khapra Beetle (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
Authors: Lampiri Evagelia , Athanassiou Christos G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the most important quarantine pests of stored grains. Control of this insect species can be achieved through a gaseous insecticide, phosphine. Many studies focus on the effect of phosphine on different developmental stages of insects, with most of them highlighting eggs as the most tolerant stage. Our data showed that 2-d-old eggs of T. granarium are more susceptible than 1-d-old eggs. Faster hatching was observed in eggs exposed to phosphine for 2 d compared to controls and the result was more pronounced for 1-d-old than 2-d-old eggs. In contrast to the 2-d exposure, hatching rates of eggs exposed to 4 and 6 d were notably reduced, while there was a delay in egg hatching compared to controls. Moreover, larval development from untreated eggs was faster than the larvae from treated eggs, regardless of the exposure time. These dissimilar patters in larval growth may suggest certain delayed effects of phosphine fumigation. The results of the present work can be further utilized for the development of phosphine-based quarantine and pre-shipment treatments for the control of T. granarium.
The Role of Mobile Technology in Documenting International Crimes
Authors: Gabriele Chiara , Matheson Kelly , Llorente Raquel Vazquez 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article reflects on the landmark use of photo and video evidence in the Affaire Castro et Kizito. In 2018, a mobile military court in Kalehe, South Kivu, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) tried two members of the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR) for crimes against humanity and war crimes. This case broke new ground not only in the DRC, but also globally. For the first time, a court of law admitted digital photography that had been captured with the eyeWitness app, a ready-for-court technology developed to streamline the documentation of international crimes. The authors of this article are legal advisers who were involved in the case and write from their own experience to illustrate how photo and video evidence can strengthen cases and advance justice for the gravest crimes.
Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score is predictive of prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy: a retrospective study
Authors: Chen Zhe , Nonaka Hotaka , Onishi Hiroshi , Nakatani Eiji , Sato Yoko , Funayama Satoshi , Watanabe Hiroaki , Komiyama Takafumi , Kuriyama Kengo , Marino Kan , Aoki Shinichi , Araya Masayuki , Tominaga Licht , Saito Ryo , Maehata Yoshiyasu , Oguri Mitsuhiko , Saito Masahide 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We aimed to assess the predictive value of the modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). We retrospectively reviewed the records of 207 patients, with a median age of 79 years. The pretreatment mGPS was calculated and categorized as high (mGPS = 1–2) or low (mGPS = 0). The median follow-up duration was 40.7 months. The five-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) rates were 44.3%, 36% and 54.4%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that mGPS was independently predictive of OS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.67; 95% confidence interval 1.14–2.44: P = 0.009), PFS (HR 1.58; 1.10–2.28: P = 0.014) and TTP (HR 1.66; 1.03–2.68: P = 0.039). Patients who had high mGPS showed significantly worse OS (33.3 vs 64.5 months, P = 0.003) and worse PFS (23.8 vs 39 months, P = 0.008) than those who had low mGPS. The data showed a trend that patients with high mGPS suffered earlier progression compared to those with low mGPS (54.3 vs 88.1 months, P = 0.149). We confirmed that mGPS is independently predictive of prognosis in NSCLC patients treated with SBRT.
Technical Note: validation of a material assignment method for a retrospective study of carbon-ion radiotherapy using Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Chang Weishan , Koba Yusuke , Furuta Takuya , Yonai Shunsuke , Hashimoto Shintaro , Matsumoto Shinnosuke , Sato Tatsuhiko 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We propose a two-step method to converse human tissue materials from patient computed tomography (CT) images, which is required in dose reconstructions for a retrospective study of carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The first step was to assign the standard tissues of the International Commission on Radiological Protection reference phantoms according to the CT-number. The second step was to determine the mass density of each material based on the relationship between CT-number and stopping power ratio (Hounsfield unit [HU]-SPR) registered in treatment planning system (TPS). Direct implementation of the well-calibrated HU-SPR curve allows the reproduction of previous clinical treatments recorded in TPS without uncertainty due to a mismatch of the CT scanner or scanning conditions, whereas MC simulation with realistic human tissue materials can fulfill the out-of-field dose, which was missing in the record. To validate our proposed method, depth-dose distributions in the homogenous and heterogeneous phantoms irradiated by a 400 MeV/u carbon beam with an 8 cm spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) were computed by the MC simulation in combination with the proposed methods and compared with those of TPS. Good agreement of the depth-dose distributions between the TPS and MC simulation (within a 1% discrepancy in range) was obtained for different materials. In contrast, fluence distributions of secondary particles revealed the necessity of MC simulation using realistic human tissue. The proposed material assignment method will be used for a retrospective study using previous clinical data of CIRT at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS).
Handling inconsistency in partially preordered ontologies: the Elect method
Authors: Belabbes Sihem , Benferhat Salem , Chomicki Jan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We focus on the problem of handling inconsistency in lightweight ontologies. We assume that the terminological knowledge base (TBox) is specified in DL-Lite and that the set of assertional facts (ABox) is partially preordered and may be inconsistent with respect to the TBox. One of the main contributions of this paper is the provision of an efficient and safe method, called Elect, to restore the consistency of the ABox with respect to the TBox. In the case where the assertional base is flat (i.e. no priorities are associated with the ABox) or totally preordered, we show that our method collapses with the well-known intersection ABox repair semantics and the non-defeated semantics, respectively. The semantic justification of the Elect method is obtained by first viewing a partially preordered ABox as a family of totally preordered ABoxes and then applying non-defeated inference to each of the totally preordered ABoxes. We introduce the notion of elected assertions which allows us to provide an equivalent characterization of the Elect method without explicitly generating all the totally preordered ABoxes. We show that computing the set of elected assertions is done in polynomial time with respect to the size of the ABox. The second part of the paper discusses how to go beyond the Elect method. In particular, we discuss to what extent the Elect method can be generalized to description logics that are more expressive than DL-Lite.
Preventing Hospital Infections
Authors: Meddings Jennifer , Chopra Vineet , Saint Sanjay 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book provides a detailed, step-by-step description of a model quality improvement intervention for hospitals, pinpointing the obstacles and showing how to surmount them. This second edition has been carefully updated, with new material describing some technical aspects of infection prevention, new tools for use by front-line providers, and results of recent large collaborative infection prevention studies. In easy-to-read, user-friendly language, it explains why clinicians neglect or actively oppose quality changes—from physicians who distrust change, to nurses who want to protect their turf, to infection preventionists who avoid the wards. The book also sheds light on how and why hospitals embark on quality improvements, the role of the hospital’s leadership cadre, the selection and training of the project team, and how to sustain quality gains long term. The intervention framework described in the book focuses on the prevention of hospital-associated infections—in particular, catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)—but it is directly applicable to a variety of other hospital issues, such as falls, pressure sores, and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). In fact, the book includes a chapter applying this framework to a CDI prevention initiative. In addition, for hospitals having trouble with staff adherence to a quality initiative, we provide three infection-specific questionnaires (for CAUTI, CLABSI, and CDI) to help pinpoint individual problems, and provide a link to a website offering advice tailored to their specific circumstances.
Psychologically Immobilized and Functionally Paralyzed
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Doleys Nicholas D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The role of conditioning in the development and maintenance of fear and avoidance is well-researched and well-established. Learning theory and conditioning principals form the basis of various behavioral therapies. Indeed, even the process of nociception is susceptible to conditioning. Pharmacological therapy is not likely to be effective and may, in fact, be detrimental to the patient. There are a variety of behavioral strategies that can be implemented in a primary care setting as well as in a pain clinician. Utilizing the expertise of a behavioral therapist may be ideal, but most interested clinicians can acquire a basic understanding of the principle and techniques. There are a variety of educational materials suitable for patient use that can be incorporated into treatment. Functional restoration should be considered as a primary outcome, perhaps even more so, than a reduction of subjective pain rating.
The Unseen Reality
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Doleys Nicholas D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is not uncommon to encounter a patient who is convinced of a somatic cause for their pain. However, in the case of delusional parasitosis, the patient demonstrates an unshakable conviction of some type of infestation. This can lead various form self-mutilation intended to extract the parasite. They will search for evidence in the excrement. They can seem quite convincing. In some instance, this belief can result in very obsessive cleaning rituals, which may include children. Patients are unconvinced by other explanations and resist psychiatric intervention. However, this, oftentimes, is the only hope for effective management. It is important to not discount the patient; the problem is real to them. Attempts should be made, without reinforcing their delusion, to gain their trust so they will agree to appropriate consultations.
Psychogenic Pain: A Useful Concept?
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Doleys Nicholas D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The term “psychogenic” pain was use liberally during the 20th century. It has been applied in a number of different ways. First, to describe pain originating from psychological/psychiatric (ie, mental) processes. Second, as a way of declaring that, although there may be physical abnormalities, the degree of pain experienced is dictated by psychological states. Finally, to imply that psychological factors co-mingle with physical factors in the experience of pain, especially chronic pain. By its very nature, “psychogenic” implies of separation of mind and body. Most often it has been used as a diagnosis of exclusion—we cannot find the real (ie, medical/physical) cause, so it must be psychological, all but impugning the validity of the patient’s report. In the midst of modern technology and research, and the prevailing philosophical approach to pain (chronic), the term “psychogenic” has exhausted its research, clinical, and practical utility. This chapter provides supporting evidence for this conclusion and research data highlighting the complex and dynamic nature of pain (chronic).