bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The World Health Organization as actor in international environmental law? An analysis by example of the global waste challenge
Authors: Zimmermann Rahel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn recent years, it has proven increasingly difficult to persuade states to adopt new environmental commitments and to comply with their obligations already agreed upon under international environmental law. This begs the question how international environmental law could gain new momentum. This article suggests that a stronger emphasis on the health aspects of environmental problems could drive the international community to better respond to environmental problems. Such a shift of perspective could best be illustrated at the international level if the World Health Organization (WHO) takes on environmental issues. Therefore, this article analyses, by example of the global waste challenge, the WHO's Constitution and the International Health Regulations (2005) to determine its potential and limitations as an actor in international environmental law. The article argues that the WHO should use the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic to step up its commitment towards the environment, strengthen the ‘One Health’ approach and thereby help international environmental law regain momentum.
Micro-Asperity Contact Area Considering Strain Hardening for Metallic Materials
Authors: Xu Jinli , Zhu Jiwei , Xia Wei , Liu Baolei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A novel micro-asperity contact area model, which considers influences of strain hardening, is proposed to describe contact area between a deformable sphere and a rigid flat for metallic materials. First, a generalized formula considering work-hardening behaviors (Pilling-up or Sinking-in) between contact area and interference is proposed for fully plastic regime based on the definition of plastic contact area index. Then a relationship to calculate the critical interference at the inception of fully plastic deformation is derived. In order to incorporate the transition from elastic regime to fully plastic regime, a quadratic rational form formula is proposed based on volume conservation model for mixed elastoplastic regime. Therewith a modification is conducted to ensure continuity of contact area model at critical interference for fully plastic regime. Ultimately several representative models and experiment results are exhibited to analyze the availability of the present model. It is noted considering work-hardening fully plastic contact area index is not a constant value of two for any metallic materials, which is a function of strain hardening exponent. Demonstration testifies that smoothness constraint is not necessary at the critical interferences. The prediction data of present model are consistent with experiment results contrasting that of other models. Current generalized contact area model considering influence of work-hardening results in a better understanding of the contact area between a deformable sphere and a rigid flat and indicates a probability to analyze contact characteristics of two mating rough surfaces accurately.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in People With Dementia: An Observational Study
Authors: Farina Nicolas , Hughes Laura J. , Thomas Serena , Lowry Ruth G. , Banerjee Sube 
Published: October 2021

Recent research suggests the positive effect of physical activity on health-related quality of life in people with dementia may be mediated through improved activities of daily living and reduced depressive symptoms. One hundred and twenty-four people with dementia and their informal carers were recruited from the South East of England for this observational study. A subset of participants wore an accelerometer for 30 days. A series of bivariate analyses were completed, alongside mediation analyses. In people with mild to moderate severity dementia, weak positive associations were widely reported between physical activity indices and health-related quality of life, though only a single association reached statistical significance (rs = .25, p = .03). Mediation analysis revealed no significant indirect effects across the models after controlling for cognition. Future research needs to explore such relationships with a greater emphasis on the modality and psychosocial components of physical activity rather than just frequency, duration, and intensity.
A Method of Prolonging the Action of Penicillin
Authors: Romansky Monroe J. , Rittman George E. 
Published: October 2021

(1) Single injections of penicillin in beeswax-peanut oil mixture will produce and maintain levels of penicillin in the blood for 7 or more hours.
(2) These mixtures have maintained their potency at room, incubator and refrigerator temperatures for 30 to 62 days and show no signs of deterioration to date.
(3) Eleven of twelve patients with gonorrhoea have been cured by a single injection of penicillin beeswax-peanut oil mixture.
Bone Necrosis – An Occupational Hazard of Diving
Authors: Elliott D. H. , Harrison J. A. B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAseptic bone necrosis occurs in naval divers and has been found in symptomless cases. The incidence is much lower than in other published series. The results and implications of a radiological survey of 350 naval divers are discussed and radiological features and techniques are described.
The Sailor’s Stomach
Authors: Watt James 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe incidence of peptic ulceration in the Royal Navy is higher than in a comparable civilian population and has been rising. It is highest in sedentary groups and lowest in active groups in which physical activity and job satisfaction appear to be important. Four factors appear directly responsible for the high incidence of peptic ulceration in sailors: the personality of those attracted to a seagoing life; operational conditions associated with tension, responsibility and manpower shortages; inadequate physical activity; a diet rich in refined carbohydrates. Contributory factors are smoking, alcohol, noise, domestic unhappiness and intestinal parasites. Job satisfaction and physical fitness appear to reduce the risk. A link appears to exist between peptic ulceration and urolithiasis in the Royal Navy. Gastric secretory studies have failed to provide meaningful information and high acid levels have been found in groups with the lowest incidence of peptic ulceration. Changes in catering arrangements, diet and conditions of service are unlikely to reduce the incidence of peptic ulceration.
Service Psychotherapy Special Aspects of the Therapeutic Relationship
Authors: Scott-Brown A. W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPsychotherapy is the treatment of psychological illness by purely psychological methods.This form of treatment is complex involving a number of techniques. It is affected by a number of variable and ill-defined factors whose effects are difficult to quantify (Davies, 1972).In the opinion of the author a major factor in treatment is the doctor patient relationship which is here described as the therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic relationship is of necessity modified by the society within which it operates. The Service social situation imposes its own specific modifications on the relationship. These modifications affect the psychotherapeutic relationships of all Service doctors and not just the specialist psychotherapists.
Feminising Interstitial Cell Tumour of the Testis
Authors: Gray S. P. , Chandler H. , Bouskill K. C. , Blacklock N. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA case of an interstitial cell tumour of the testis associated with bilateral gynae-comastia is described. The patient excreted excessive amounts of oestrogen in the urine whilst the 17-oxosteroids were within normal limits. Analysis of the testicular tumour removed at operation showed that it contained much more oestrone, andros-terone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and aetiocholanolone, than did the non neoplastic testicular tissue surrounding the tumour.It is suggested that these steroids produced by the tumour were the cause of the patient’s feminisation, and that there were two effects reinforcing each other, viz, the excess of oestrogen itself and the presence of sufficient amounts of weakly androgenic steroids to lower the normal level of testosterone production by the testis.These effects could have been mediated in two different ways; indirectly by stimulation of the negative feedback mechanism of the pituitary causing less ICSH to reach the testis, and directly by the inhibition of the enzymes concerned with the normal biosynthesis of testosterone in the testis.
A Case of Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) Treated with Continuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP)
Authors: Hunt Richard H. , Burtles R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA case of Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) is reported where the neonate was successfully treated with an improvised method for applying continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) which employed an East Radcliffe Ventilator and Oxygenaire mask. The Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome is described and the rationale for continuous positive airways pressure is briefly discussed with regard to the present knowledge of the aetiology of IRDS. The apparatus and techniques that were used in this case are described.
Evaluation of standardized mixture of synbiotic-glyconutrients supplemented in lambs finished during summer season in tropical environment: growth performance, dietary energetics, and carcass characteristics
Authors: Castro-Pérez Beatriz I. , Núñez-Benítez Víctor H. , Estrada-Angulo Alfredo , Urías-Estrada Jesús D. , Gaxiola-Camacho Soila M. , Rodríguez-Gaxiola Miguel A. , Angulo-Montoya Claudio , Barreras Alberto , Zinn Richard A. , Perea-Domínguez Xiomara P. , Plascencia Alejandro 
Published: October 2021

Twenty-four Pelibuey × Katahdin lambs (36.4 ± 2.9 kg initial weight) were used in a 77 d feeding trial in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the influence of a standardized synbiotic-glyconutrient combination (GLY) on growth performance, dietary energetic, and carcass characteristics of lambs finished during a period of high ambient temperature. Dietary treatments consisted of a high-energy basal diet supplemented (% of diet dry matter basis) with 0% versus 0.4% GLY. Throughout the study, the average temperature humidity index (THI) was 76.23, corresponding to the “alert” range, but daily maximum THI exceeded 80 for 2 to 6 h of each day of the 77 d study. Daily GLY intake averaged 0.10 g GLY·kg−1 live weight. Supplemental GLY increased (P = 0.04) daily water intake, but dry matter intake was not affected. Supplemental GLY increased (P < 0.03) initial 56-d, and overall (77-d) average daily gain, gain efficiency and estimated dietary net energy. Lambs fed GLY had greater (P ≤ 0.05) hot carcass weight and fat thickness, and decreased (P = 0.02) kidney-pelvic-heart fat. Supplemental GLY did not affect (P ≥ 0.16) shoulder tissue composition or relative weight of visceral mass. Synbiotic-glyconutrient combination improved growth performance, dietary energy, and carcass weight in lambs finished in high ambient temperatures. Enhancements in growth performance and dietary energetics were most appreciable during the first 56 d of the 77 d finishing period.
Balloon-Augmented Leaflet Modification With Bioprosthetic or Native Aortic Scallop Intentional Laceration to Prevent Iatrogenic Coronary Artery Obstruction and Laceration of the Anterior Mitral Leaflet to Prevent Outflow Obstruction: Benchtop Validation and First In-Man Experience
Authors: Perdoncin Emily , Bruce Christopher G. , Babaliaros Vasilis C. , Yildirim Dursun Korel , Depta Jeremiah P. , McCabe James M. , Gleason Patrick T. , Xie Joe , Grubb Kendra J. , Paone Gaetano , Kohli Keshav , Kamioka Norihiko , Khan Jaffar M. , Rogers Toby , Lederman Robert J. , Greenbaum Adam B. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Bioprosthetic or native aortic scallop intentional laceration to prevent iatrogenic coronary artery obstruction (BASILICA) and laceration of the anterior mitral leaflet to prevent outflow obstruction (LAMPOON) reduce the risk of coronary and left ventricular outflow obstruction obstruction during transcatheter aortic valve replacement and transcatheter mitral valve replacement. Despite successful laceration, BASILICA or LAMPOON may fail to prevent obstruction caused by inadequate leaflet splay in patients having challenging anatomy such as very small valve-to-coronary distance, diffusely calcified, rigid leaflets, or undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement inside existing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. We describe a novel technique of balloon-augmented (BA) leaflet laceration to enhance leaflet splay.

Methods:
We measured the incremental leaflet splay from BA-BASILICA in vitro. From November 2019 to March 2021, 16 patients underwent BA-BASILICA and 4 BA-LAMPOON at 3 centers.

Results:
BA-BASILICA increased benchtop leaflet tip splay 17%, maximum splay angle 30%, and splay area 23%, resulting in a more rounded apex and larger effective area. Sixteen patients at risk for inadequate BASILICA leaflet splay, including 4 transcatheter aortic valve replacement inside existing transcatheter aortic valve replacement, underwent BA-BASILICA. All had successful leaflet laceration. One had coronary obstruction requiring immediate orthotopic stenting. Two underwent elective orthotopic coronary stenting through the transcatheter valve cells for leaflet prolapse without coronary ischemia. There were no deaths during the procedure or at 30 days. Four patients at risk for inadequate anterior mitral leaflet splay underwent BA-LAMPOON. All had successful target leaflet laceration without left ventricular outflow obstruction obstruction or procedural death. One died within 30 days.

Conclusions:
BA leaflet laceration enhances leaflet splay in vitro and may allow transcatheter aortic valve replacement and transcatheter mitral valve replacement in patients otherwise ineligible for traditional BASILICA or LAMPOON due to challenging anatomy.

Graphic Abstract:

A
graphic abstract
is available for this article.
Application of a protective sleeve is associated with decreased occupational anxiety during endotracheal intubation: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chen Chaojin , Shen Ning , Chen Liubing , Luo Tongsen , Lu Tianyou , Liu Dezhao , Zhang Qi , Hei Ziqing 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The high risk of cross-infection during tracheal intubation has caused excessive occupational anxiety for anaesthesiologists amid the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently, there is no effective way to attenuate their anxiety in clinical practice. We found that anaesthesiologist with better protective equipment might experience decreased levels of anxiety during intubation.

Methods
In this study, 60 patients who underwent intubation and extubation in the operating room were enrolled, and then randomized 1:1 to either wear protective sleeves (protective sleeve group) or not (control group). Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure the anxiety level of anaesthesiologists during intubation. The respiratory droplets of patients on the sleeve, and the anaesthesiologists’ perception including the patient’s oral malodour, exertion, satisfaction degree, waist discomfort and shoulder discomfort were recorded. The patients’ anxiety, oppressed feelings and hypoxia and postoperative complications were all measured and recorded.

Results
Compared with the control group, the anaesthesiologists in protective sleeve group achieved lower anxiety scores and better satisfaction degrees during the process of intubation and extubation (all P < 0.05). Respiratory droplets were observed only on the inner side, but not the external side, of the protective sleeves (P < 0.001). The incidence of the anaesthesiologists’ perception of patients’ oral malodour was significantly lower in the protective sleeve group (P = 0.02) and no patients developed hypoxemia or intubation-related complications in the protective sleeve group.

Conclusion
Using protective devices for intubation might eliminate droplet transmission from patients to anaesthesiologists, while also decreasing their anxiety in a controlled operating room environment.

Trial registration
Chinese Clinical Trial. no. ChiCTR2000030705. Registry at www.chictr.org.cn on 10/03/2020.
Trends in antipsychotic prescribing for approved and unapproved indications to Medicaid-enrolled youth in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 2014 and 2018
Authors: Candon Molly , Shen Siyuan , Fadeyibi Oluwatoyin , Smith Joseph L , Rothbard Aileen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Antipsychotic prescribing to Medicaid-enrolled youth has been the target of numerous policy initiatives, including prior authorization and quality monitoring programs, which often target specific populations. Whether these efforts have changed the level or composition of antipsychotic prescribing is unclear.

Methods
Using 2014–2018 administrative claims data for Medicaid enrollees aged 21 years and under in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
we measured antipsychotic prescription fills overall and for youth without an approved indication (autism, bipolar disorder, or psychosis). We then assessed whether trends differed for populations that have been targeted by policy initiatives, including younger children and foster care-enrolled youth. We also identified the most common approved and unapproved indications and examined whether the treatment duration of antipsychotic prescriptions differed based on whether the youth had an approved or unapproved indication.

Results
Overall, the number of Medicaid youth with an antipsychotic prescription fill halved between 2014 and 2018. Youth aged 17 years and under and foster care-enrolled youth, who were targeted by prior authorization and quality improvement efforts, experienced larger declines. Roughly half of prescriptions were for unapproved indications in both 2014 and 2018; the most common unapproved indication was ADHD, and the treatment duration was shorter for unapproved indications compared to approved indications.

Conclusions
Antipsychotic prescribing to Medicaid-enrolled youth is declining, particularly among populations that have been targeted by policy initiatives like prior authorization and quality monitoring programs. Despite the fact that these initiatives often assess diagnostic criteria, half of antipsychotic prescriptions were for unapproved indications in both 2014 and 2018. More research is needed to gauge whether this prescribing is appropriate.
Famotidine promotes inflammation by triggering cell pyroptosis in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Huang Jin , Fan Pingsheng , Liu Miao , Weng Chengtao , Fan Gaofei , Zhang Tengyue , Duan Xiaohong , Wu Yang , Tang Lili , Yang Guohong , Liu Yabei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Cell pyroptosis has been characterized by cell swelling and pro-inflammatory factors release to aggravate inflammatory reaction., such as interlukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interlukin18 (IL-18). However, the function of famotidine, an antagonist of histamine H2-receptor antagonists, in cell pyroptosis remained unknown.

Methods
Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting (WB), LDH release assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) combined with inhibitor were performed to analyze the effect of famotidine on cell pyroptosis-related gene expression.

Results
In this study, we found that famotidine (300 μm) treatment led to a phenomenon of cell pyroptosis as confirmed by LDH assay. Further results showed that famotidine triggered cell pyroptosis in gastric cancer cells by activation of NLPR3 inflammasomes including ASC, Caspase-1 and NLRP, leading to enhanced IL-18, not IL-1β, mature and secretion. What’s more, the results also showed GSDME, not GSDMD, was increased in response to famotidine stimulation in BGC823 and AGS cells. Mechanically, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was drastically enhanced in present with famotidine treatment, while inhibition of ERK1/2 activity by U0126 could reverse the promotion of famotidine in IL-18 secretion.

Conclusion
These findings revealed a novel role of famotidine in cell pyroptosis in patients with gastric cancer, a comprehensive consideration is needed in treatment of gastric cancer.
The probable mechanism of reduced androgen level in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Khezri Mohammad Rafi , Ghasemnejad-Berenji Morteza , Mahboubi Negin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, has challenged the health care systems of the world. Although the pulmonary complications of the infection have received extensive attention, addressing the other complications (e.g., changes in androgen levels) could further provide a more efficient understanding of the disease, which might aid in combating it. Since the association between androgens and the expression and activity of SARS-CoV-2 receptors has been proven and anti-androgen-based therapies have been considered in this regard, addressing various aspects of androgen level changes can be constructive. The present paper examines the possible mechanisms of changes in androgen levels by the virus. It seems that the infection of the gonads by the SARS-CoV-2 could reduce the androgen levels by affecting different cellular pathways.
Impression creep behavior of Babbitt alloy SnSb8Cu4
Authors: Zeng Ming , Liu Jiachen , Wang Lijie , Song Juerong , Liao Huimin , Zhang Jianjun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The creep behavior of the babbitt alloy SnSb8Cu4 was studied by impression under constant stress in the range of 15-30 MPa and at temperatures in the range of 333-393 K. OM, XRD, and SEM technologies were used to investigate the microstructural evolution of the material before and after creep. In conclusion, the stress exponent of SnSb8Cu4 in impression condition is 2.7. The creep activation energy is 46.7 kJ × mol-1, which reveals that the creep mechanism is based on dislocation glide controlled by dislocation pipe diffusion. With an increase in creep temperature and stress, the thermal vibration of the atom and atomic diffusion velocity increase. Moreover, Cu6Sn5 phase cannot effectively hinder dislocation glide and strengthen the material in a condition of high creep temperature and high stress, thus resulting in the decrease of creep resistance. After creep, the grains are elongated along the deformation flow direction both near the pressure punch edge and in the hemispherical zone beneath the pressure punch. The most severe deformation zone is near the pressure punch edge, whereas, no detectable deformation is found in other areas. It is concluded that impression creep is a localized phenomenon.
Better survival associated with successful vitamin D supplementation in non-metastatic breast cancer survivors
Authors: Isbilen Elif , Kus Tulay , Yesil Cinkir Havva , Aktas Gokmen , Buyukbebeci Aysegul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
We aimed to clarify whether successful vitamin D supplementation could predict improved survival in breast cancer (BC) survivors after completion of adjuvant treatment.

Materials and Methods
Patients were classified into four groups based on changes of 25(OH)D level during the treatment follow-up. Log-rank statistics were used to compare survival distributions among groups. ORs and 95% CIs were given for mortality ratios.

Results
The risk of death in group II with low 25(OH)D levels was 4.2 times higher than in group I with high 25(OH)D levels. (OR = 4.17 (95% CI = 1.46–11.91), P = 0.008) and the risk of death in group IV whose 25(OH)D levels never increased was 4.3 times higher (OR = 4.29 (95% CI = 1.13–16.3)). According to the log-rank test, life expectancy was significantly higher in group II compared to group I (P = 0.017) and group III (P = 0.001). Group IV had significantly lower survival times than group III (P = 0.021).

Conclusions
Vitamin D supplementation may play an important role in the response of the received treatments and provide a lower mortality rate and better overall -free survival (OFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) to BC patients. However, we observed a sign of poorer BC survival still after sufficient vitamin D supplementation.