bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short, Not-So-Sweet, and to (Some) Point
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Senators want to differentiate themselves and their agenda, so they have to be strategic about both what to say and when. Senators’ Twitter activity tells us what they value as representatives, but before parsing what senators are talking about, this chapter explains how they are doing it. Senators have to decide how much time and effort they want to put into Twitter, and the chapter dispels the notion that these decisions come down to how old a senator is. The chapter details just how many tweets senators are sending and how senators’ Twitter activity shifts—or not—by demographics like age, gender, party, and seniority. The data reveal that senators’ Twitter activity is not consistently patterned by these common explanations for congressional behavior. The chapter shows that Twitter frequency is variable across different types of senators, suggesting that the important variability is in the messaging rather than just the volume of messages.
All Politics Is Local
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Each senator is responsible for developing an approach to his job that he believes satisfies his goals and future political success, and many senators pursue a style of representation that is based on relationships with constituents at home. This chapter looks more closely at how senators constrain their rhetorical agenda to prioritize constituent service—such as advertising state office hours and promoting town hall meetings—and examines how electoral incentives influence senators’ choice to adopt a constituent servant style of communication. This chapter explains how pressures from local constituents or the state’s political environment incentivize another group of senators to prioritize state-specific information for their geographic constituency. For constituent servants, the pressures that a senator faces from the party or the institution come second to the expectations of a senator’s constituency and the relationships maintained by constraining the message to localized issues.
Prioritization and Representation
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The idea that senators tailor their social media habits according to their priorities for representation adds another layer to what we know about members of Congress. Senators adopt three types or styles of communication, shaped by their own background and the preferences of the constituencies those communications are designed to reinforce. Senators make a choice to be a policy wonk, a constituent servant, or party warrior, which reflects their style of representation and how they want to be portrayed by constituents. This variation in representation is reflected in senators’ rhetorical agendas and made accessible in the era of rapid, public engagement on Twitter. Social media can bring out the worst in people—lewd remarks, haphazard comments, and criticism verging on cruelty—but at the same time, Twitter reveals senators’ priorities for representation.
Rethinking Securities Law—Laying the Groundwork
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the need for the “rethinking” of the federal securities laws, with particular emphasis on the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Recognizing the historical preeminence of the U.S. securities law framework, the chapter first highlights key attributes that facilitate the effectuation of this achievement. Thereafter, the chapter addresses problematic characteristics of U.S. securities regulation. As set forth therein, the framework of securities regulation that exists today in the United States is comprised of piecemeal federal legislation, judicial decisions, SEC action, state securities (blue sky) activity, and self-regulatory organization oversight. As a consequence, the presence of consistent and logical regulation all too often is absent. With frequency, in both transactional and litigation settings, mandates apply that are erratic and antithetical to sound public policy. Setting the stage, in a preliminary manner, the chapter identifies several of the key problematic areas, succinctly explains their deficiencies, and suggests corrective measures that should be implemented.
Insider Trading
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses regulation of insider trading in the United States. Uncertainties and inconsistencies prevail in this setting resulting in disparate treatment for similarly situated actors. Other developed countries, while applying many principles of U.S. securities law to their securities markets, have rejected the U.S. approach in the insider trading context. To redress this situation, Congress should enact comprehensive legislation that meaningfully addresses the contours of the insider trading prohibition. Among other mandates, this legislation would: require corporate insiders to provide advance notice of their contemplated transactions in the subject company’s equity securities; bar corporate insiders and other access persons from trading in the subject company’s securities during the interval between the occurrence of a reportable event and the making of a SEC filing (such as a Form 8-K); close loopholes that currently exist with respect to the propriety of insider trading plans; and adopt a comprehensive access approach governing the legality of trading and tipping on the basis of material nonpublic information.
Summary of Recommendations for Adoption
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes key recommendations that are proffered throughout this book. Recommendations that are proposed encompass the areas of the disclosure framework, issuer exemptions from Securities Act registration, exemptions for resales of securities, the Securities Act registration framework, due diligence in registered offerings, the federalization of corporate governance, private securities litigation, insider trading, mergers and acquisitions, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. In total, well over 100 recommendations are set forth in this chapter. Hence, this book has identified problematic areas, analyzed their shortcomings, and recommended solutions that should ameliorate the deficiencies that exist. With the adoption and implementation of the recommendations made herein, the U.S. securities framework should become more transparent, even-handed, and investor-oriented without imposing undue burdens on legitimate business practices.
First Words, Last Words
Authors: Bronner Yigal , McCrea Lawrence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
First Words, Last Words charts an intense “pamphlet war” that took place in sixteenth-century South India. The book explores this controversy as a case study in the dynamics of innovation in early modern India, a time of great intellectual innovation. This debate took place within the traditional discourses of Vedic hermeneutics, or Mīmāṃsā, and its increasingly influential sibling discipline of Vedānta, and its proponents among the leading intellectuals and public figures of the period. At the heart of this dispute lies the role of sequence in the cognitive processing of textual information, especially of a scriptural nature. Vyāsatīrtha and his grand-pupil Vijayīndratīrtha, writers belonging to the camp of Dualist Vedānta, purported to uphold the radical view of their founding father, Madhva, who believed, against a long tradition of Mīmāṃsā interpreters, that the closing portion of a scriptural passage should govern the interpretation of its opening. By contrast, the Nondualist Appayya Dīkṣita ostensibly defended this tradition’s preference for the opening. But, as the book shows, the debaters gradually converged on a profoundly novel hermeneutic-cognitive theory in which sequence played little role, if any. In fact, they knowingly broke new ground and only postured as traditionalists. First Words, Last Words explores the nature of theoretical innovation in this debate and sets it against the background of comparative examples from other major scriptural interpretive traditions. The book briefly surveys the use of sequence in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic hermeneutics and also seeks out parallel cases of covert innovation in these traditions.
Legislative Attempts, 1983–1988
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter compares Canadian and U.S. legislative challenges. It delineates the 1983–1985 Canadian Fraser Committee’s liberal-conservative compromise, which rejected the women’s movement’s evidence-based demands that called for a civil rights approach like that endorsed by the U.S. Attorney General’s Commission. The minor, incremental change of the Fraser Committee’s recommendations is examined: the similarity to existing obscenity law and the reliance on general human rights legislation, as opposed to adopting specific legal measures that would recognize the intersectional grounds necessary to empower those victimized. Likewise, significant parliamentary attempts in 1986–1988 to reform Canadian obscenity law are assessed, including flaws such as “body-parts” definitional approaches that fail to acknowledge the context of subordination and various potentially overbroad provisions or loopholes. The chapter concludes that by contrast to its U.S. counterpart, the Canadian feminist anti-pornography movement lacked sufficient focus or political influence to impact legislative deliberations in the desired direction.
Judicial Challenges, 1982–2019
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter compares Canadian and U.S. judicial challenges, tracing the development of Canada’s unconventional harm-based criminal obscenity law under the 1982 Charter’s substantive equality guarantees. It highlights the Canadian Supreme Court intervener LEAF—a women’s organization instrumental in Butler (1992), where the law was saved as an equality provision against freedom of expression challenges. Butler is contrasted with the more categorical U.S. First Amendment law. Despite Butler’s promises, it is shown that since then, pornographers have mainly been protected by Canadian courts, which use desensitized contemporary standards, flawed empirical evidence, surgically inserted loopholes, and wishy-washy judicial reasoning where harm is concerned. In light of LEAF’s successful intervention, the civil rights model is explored as an alternative to criminal law that would better represent the groups whose interests are most threatened by pornography—groups with substantially stronger incentives than the government to invest time and effort in challenging the pornography industry.
Conclusions
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The conclusions summarize and elaborate the comparative analysis, rebut the postmodern critique of the civil rights approach, and discuss extended implications to other research problems such as international climate justice. Although different constitutional frameworks may raise different legal barriers, the obstacles to challenge pornography are assessed as more political or ideological than legal. The criminal law framework is shown to be inefficient, even when supported by substantive constitutional equality. Criminal law does not represent the perspectives and interests of those harmed by pornography, but rather the consensus politics within the state. In instances where subordinated groups used or created law during legal challenges to pornography, the results were shown to be considerably more focused and successful. Hence, it is concluded that a civil rights approach would be more efficient than criminal law, with implications for other intractable oppression problems. It is demonstrated how the postmodern critique relies on misconceptions and lacks evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The introduction contextualizes the time, place, and setting in which the study takes place. Pilgrimage in Norway is resurging in a nation shaken by a right-wing terror attack and thus renegotiating ideas of nation, community, citizenship, and political theology. It contextualizes the pilgrimage in postwar Europe and the redevelopment of cultural heritage within the context of the European Union and projects of nation-building. The chapter further introduces the methodological concerns informing the study, and main themes to be taken up. The chapter concludes with an overview over the chapters.
How Did We Get Here?
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
It is important to understand how the addiction treatment industry began and how its beliefs and practices gradually evolved into today’s standards of care. The problems associated with alcohol and drug use have been around for millennia, but the notion of addiction as a chronic medical illness is a relatively new (twentieth-century) concept. Stigma and misunderstanding abound, and antiquated attitudes about addiction as a moral failing continue to marginalize and shame the people we are tasked with helping. The chapter addresses how current addiction treatment is designed and its involvement with both medical and physical elements.
The Best-Laid Plans
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter opens with a story of how current beliefs and practices can have disastrous outcomes. It discusses the search to understand why front-line therapists and the treatment systems that employ them were not using empirically proven practices, and a new science that was investigating this research-to-practice gap. This chapter discusses the startling things discovered. Even if it could be guaranteed that every therapist would use evidence-based interventions with every patient every time, there would still be no way to measure and monitor the effectiveness of those validated treatments. In addition to evidence-based practice, a vital tool is still missing to make sure services result in sustained recovery. Along with evidence-based practices, performance-based practice is also needed.
First Do No Harm
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter opens with a story of a famous eighteenth-century physician practicing without any data, and the disastrous medical consequences that follow. Today, some of the basic pillars of addiction treatment practices (e.g., case assignment) are not grounded in any science. Further, it is revealed that addiction treatment mostly operates in a world without any performance data, and whatever data are collected end up buried in electronic health record data coffins. What might matter in making an informed choice about where to get the best treatment is discussed. The need for examining the existing data is considered to address this issue.
If It Works for Them, Why Not Us?
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A description of the specialized addiction treatment services provided to physicians and the way it differs from the treatment available to everyone else is discussed. The argument is made that the elements of the physician’s addiction program—which are remarkably effective and abstinence based—is the true gold standard and should be made available to treat everyone’s substance use disorders. The role of medication in addiction treatment is discussed, and the case is made that its role should be to support behavioral approaches rather than replace them.
When Peace Kills Politics
Authors: Srinivasan Sharath 
Published: September 2021

When Peace Kills Politics explains the role of international peacemaking in reproducing violence and political authoritarianism in Sudan and South Sudan in recent decades. Srinivasan explains how Sudan’s landmark north–south peace process that achieved the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement fueled war in Darfur, the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile alongside how it contributed to Sudan’s failed political transformation and newly independent South Sudan’s rapid descent into civil war. Concluding with the conspicuous absence of ‘peace’ when non-violent revolutionary political change came to Sudan in 2019, Srinivasan examines at close range why outsiders’ peace projects may displace civil politics and raise the political currency of violence. With an original contribution to theorizing peace and peacemaking drawing upon the political thought of Hannah Arendt, the book is an analysis of the tragic shortcomings of attempting to build a non-violent political realm through neat designs and tools of compulsion, where the end goal of peace becomes caught up in idealized constitutional texts, technocratic templates and deals on sharing spoils. When Peace Kills Politics demands a radical rethinking of the project of peace in civil wars, grounded in a more earnest commitment to civil political action.
Sociability and Polite Improvement in Addison’s Periodicals
Authors: Ellish Markman 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Addison argued in his periodical essays that the distinctive sociability of the coffee house was especially, if not uniquely, polite, rational, and civic, and as such, an important metaphor and location for Addison’s social reform. Addison developed his conception of coffee-house sociability in dialogue with Richard Steele, but while Steele argued that emulation of virtuous behaviour in neighbourly communities was sufficient guarantor of the polite and rational reformation of public culture, Addison repeatedly toyed with a more regulated model in which an arbiter or censor moderated coffee-house behaviour. In The Spectator, Addison had identified women readers as an important commercial and ideological opportunity. While women of the polite and middling classes bore the weight of Addison’s reformist expectations, such women were excluded from the public sociability of the coffee house. In recognition of this impasse, Addison and Steele addressed a series of essays to the tea table, a form of sociability in which women and female manners were dominant. These essays develop an innovative construction of tea-table sociability located in a fluid zone between public sociability and private domesticity, centred around tea consumption, polite conversation, and reading essays from The Spectator. The tea table was, accordingly, a significant extension and revision of their theory of public sociability.
Ecological immunology
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInfections and parasite loads vary among hosts. Variation results from ecological, genetic, and immunological factors. Immune defences provide benefits as well as costs and are, therefore, a compromise. Costs result from trade-offs with other needs and can be genetically encoded or plastic (i.e. can change depending on circumstances). Costs are physiological (e.g. energy consumption) or based on evolved genetic covariance. Self-damage (immunopathology) is a further, important cost. Natural selection should optimize the costs and benefits of defences and thus leads to various outcomes in terms of specificity, response delay and strength, or the formation of memory. Moreover, hosts can either resist an infection by eventual clearance, or tolerate the consequences of parasitism.
Doctors and Teachers
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the way the models of the doctor and the teacher can be combined, where the leader as doctor makes their remedies more palatable to their followers by rational persuasion. The first part describes this combined model in Plato’s last work, the Laws, where the legislator is compared to a doctor who listens to his patients and then educates them about the nature and origin of their disease. Combining the two models anticipates our notion of ‘informed consent’: if the patient/follower is addressed rationally, they will be more inclined to take the remedy. The second part uses two case studies from previous chapters: Roy Vagelos, who appeared as an example of the corporate doctor, can also been seen as a teacher; and Indra Nooyi, who educated her stakeholders at Pepsi and can be seen as a corporate doctor, trying to ween the company off short-term thinking.
Plato and Modern Leadership Models
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relation between Plato’s models and modern leadership approaches. Unlike many recent theorists, Plato avoids trying to find a single definition, but seeks to isolate the different strands in the complex phenomenon of leadership. In this way, his approach anticipates Wittgenstein’s idea of ‘family resemblances’: leadership is not treated as a simple ‘universal’, but a complex with several overlapping strands. Another feature of Plato’s approach is the importance of ethics to leadership. To compare Platonic and modern approaches to leadership more specifically, this chapter looks at four recent theories, and shows that each one has close affinities with one or more of Plato’s models: Burns’ ‘transformational’ leadership resembles the artist and the navigator; Collins’ ‘Level 5’ leadership the weaver; Greenleaf’s ‘servant’ leadership the doctor and teacher; Gardner’s ‘thought’ leadership (in his book, Leading Minds) the sower.
Basic Geometric Constructions
Authors: Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Basic geometric constructions, including tubing, boundary twisting, pushing down intersections, and contraction followed by push-off are presented. These moves are used repeatedly later in the proof. New, detailed pictures illustrating these constructions are provided. The Clifford torus at an intersection point between two surfaces in 4-dimensional space is described. The chapter closes with an important application of some of these moves called the Geometric Casson Lemma. This lemma upgrades algebraically dual spheres to geometrically dual spheres, at the cost of introducing more self-intersections. It is also shown that an immersed Whitney move is a regular homotopy of the associated surfaces.
Good Groups
Authors: Kim Min Hoon , Orson Patrick , Park JungHwan , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Good groups are defined in terms of whether capped gropes of height 1.5 contain certain types of immersed discs. The disc embedding theorem holds for 4-manifolds with good fundamental group. It is proven that the infinite cyclic group and finite groups are good, and that extensions and colimits of good groups are good. This shows that all elementary amenable groups are good. The proofs use grope height raising and contraction, together with an analysis of how fundamental group elements behave under these operations. A central open problem in the study of topological 4-manifolds is to determine precisely which groups are good.
The Place of Suspension and Problems for Evidentialism
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 explains what it is to suspend judgment, and how such suspension attains normative status. Problems are raised for a competing view, strict evidentialism, and virtue-theoretic solutions are offered for those problems. This chapter takes some first steps towards an epistemology of suspension within the framework of telic virtue epistemology. It is argued that epistemic negligence and recklessness are hard to square with evidentialist epistemology, and that telic normativity provide the right framework for them. Within this framework judgment and judgmental knowledge are agential in a way that comports well with epistemic negligence and recklessness.