bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of anaemia among school going adolescent girls attending Test, Treat and Talk (T-3) camp under Anaemia Mukt Bharat in Delhi
Authors: kamble Bhushan D. , Gunjan Mahaur , Sumit Jethani , Singh Sunil k. , Jha Diwakar , Singh Saudan 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Adolescent period is signalized by marked physical activity and rapid growth spurt; therefore, they need additional nutritional supplements and are at utmost risk of developing nutritional anaemia. Anaemia play a major role in affecting the adolescents especially girls. On September 2019, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India directed to all state and district health authority to conduct Test, Treat and Talk (T-3) anaemia camps for celebration of nutrition month (Poshan Maah) in all government schools and colleges. The present study aimed to assess prevalence of anaemia and factors associated with it among school going adolescent girls attending T-3 camp in Delhi.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 203 adolescent girls in government girls' school in central district of Delhi. Hb estimation was done by HemoCue 201 and data regarding socio-demographic details, deworming, dietary preferences were collected. Clinical examination and anthropometric measurements were done by resident doctors. Data was analysed using STATA vs. 13.

Results:
The prevalence of anaemia was found to be 59% with mean (±SD) Hb of 11.3 gm/dl (±1.55) among 203 participants. The majority (48%, n = 119) of anaemic girls had mild degree of anaemia. Among 203 girls, 65% participants were of age 14–15 years with mean (±SD) age of 14.6 years (±1.18). There was a significant relationship between anaemia and diet, deworming status, and BMI (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The study revealed that anaemia was highly prevalent among adolescent girls. Among anaemic girls, majority had mild anaemia. Factors like vegetarian diet, underweight, deworming and presence of pallor were found to be associated with anaemia. There is need to conduct T-3 camps at regular interval in all schools to curb the problem of adolescent anaemia.
Prevalence pattern of MRSA from a rural medical college of North India
Authors: Lohan kirti , Sangwan Jyoti , Mane Pratibha , Lathwal Sumit 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a global challenge. The shift of this organism form hospital settings to community setting and increasing resistance to non-β-lactams antibiotics have further aggravated the crisis. This trend in MRSA has necessitated the knowledge and sensitization about this agent among physicians in rural and peripheral settings.

Material and Methods:
Present study was undertaken at Department of Microbiology at rural medical college of North India from January 2017 to December 2019 (3 years). All the clinical samples collected with aseptic precautions were processed as per standard protocol. All the Staphylococcus aureus isolates cultured were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing as per CLSI guidelines 2019. Screening for MRSA was done by CLSI recommended methods, such as cefoxitin disc (30 μg), oxacillin disc (1 μg), and oxacillin screen agar as per CLSI recommendation.

Results:
A steady increase in number of MRSA isolates was observed from year 2017 to 2019 with overall prevalence being 33.7%. Most MRSA isolates were obtained from pus samples. Cefoxitin disc diffusion method is a dependable detection method compared to oxacillin disc diffusion and oxacillin screen agar for identification of MRSA.

Conclusion:
The rising trend of MRSA impresses upon the acute need of stringent infection control practices namely strict compliance to hand hygiene, prevention of misuse and overuse of antibiotics and a continuous surveillance program for MRSA. Also sensitization about this agent among the primary health physician is the need of hour to implement the control measures and limit its spread in communities.
knowledge and attitude of dental students in Riyadh City toward the effect of mouthwashes on surface roughness and color stability of some esthetic restorations
Authors: Alsulayhim Suliman Abdullah , Alsaggaf khalid Hesham , Al Eissa Munther Mohammed , Hamdi Burhan Nezar , Aljafar Mohammed Abdulhamid , Altabbakh Ahmed , Doumani Mazen 
Published: February 2021

Objective:
To evaluate the knowledge and attitude of dental students in Riyadh city toward the effect of mouthwash on surface roughness and color stability of some esthetic restorations.

Materials and methods:
This cross-sectional study is directed toward dental students in Riyadh city. The inclusion criteria include both undergraduate students and interns. The exclusion criteria include postgraduate dentist and those in the preparatory year. Also, dental students outside Riyadh are excluded, A questionnaire in English language was distributed through randomized selected participants in both social media (WhatsApp, Twitter) via link in a google sheet. The survey items were divided into two sections that include socio- demographic data and knowledge subscales.

Results:
A total of 455 dental students have filled the survey, among them 168 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria (they were preparatory year students), making the number of included responses 287. There was a significant difference between males in females when answering the questions related to 1) indication of mouthwash prescription (P = 0.044), 2) if mouthwashes increase surface roughness of esthetic restorations (P= 0.007) and 3) the type of toothbrush used with esthetic restoration (P= 0.016).

conclusion:
there is high awareness and using of mouthwashes among dental students in Riyadh the correlation between mouthwashes and restorative materials needs more spot lightening in the dental education process.
Reduction in post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) by preoperative risk stratification and adherence to a standardized anti emetic prophylaxis protocol in the day-care surgical population
Authors: Stephenson Sam Jenkins , Jiwanmall Meghna , Cherian Noble E. , kamakshi S. , Williams Aparna 
Published: February 2021

Context:

Postoperative nausea (PON) and postoperative vomiting (POV) are the most undesirable morbidity after anaesthesia. There is paucity of data on PONV from the Indian subcontinent.

Aims:
We aim to study the prevalence of PON and POV, associated risk factors and the effect of following standardized risk stratification and prophylaxis protocols in the day care patient population.

Settings and Design:
This was a prospective cohort study at a tertiary care teaching institute.

Methods and Material:
Data from 500 patients undergoing day care surgery over a period of 12 months were analysed. We used the Apfel scoring system for evaluation of risk of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) for each participant. A standard PONV prophylaxis protocol was used intra-operatively.

Statistical analysis used:

Data analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney U test, the Chi-square and Fisher's exact test.

Results:
The period prevalence of post-operative nausea (PON) and post-operative vomiting (POV) was 2.04% and 2.45%, respectively, in this study. The prevalence of PONV in each risk category was lower than that predicted by the Apfel score due to utilization of a standard anti-emetic prophylactic protocol. We found younger age, previous history of nausea, previous history of vomiting, urological surgeries and alcohol consumption as significant risk factors for postoperative nausea. Longer duration of surgery, previous history of nausea, alcohol consumption and higher BMI were the significant risk factors for postoperative vomiting.

Conclusions:
Adherence to preoperative risk stratification and a standard anti-emetic prophylactic protocol can significantly reduce the prevalence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Association of handgrip strength and endurance with body composition in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: kowshik Vengadesan , Velkumary Subramanian , Sethi Pooja , Feula Jothi Marie , Subhashri Soundirarajan , Abirami Manikandan 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
Assessment of skeletal muscle function (SMF) is of clinical relevance in the prediction of treatment outcome and to decide on optimal management of head & neck cancer (HNC) patients. Handgrip strength (HGS) & handgrip endurance (HGE) are considered as surrogate marker for whole-body skeletal muscle function. Further, SMF depends substantially on the body composition (BC). Hence in this study, we compared BC, HGS and HGE between HNC patients and healthy controls and also analysed the association of HGS, HGE with body composition in HNC patients.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study, conducted in 44 subjects in the age between 18 to 60 years. Twenty-two were histologically proven HNC patients prior to cancer-specific treatment and twenty-two age and gender-matched healthy volunteers. The parameters recorded were Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, HGS, HGE and BC. Hand-held dynamometer was used to measure HGS and HGE measured using a stopwatch. BC was estimated by whole-body bioelectrical Impedance analysis method using Bodystat Quad scan 4000 device.

Result:
Comparison of data between HNC patient & healthy control was done by Student's t test. HGS, HGE, lean body mass (LBM), fat-free mass index (FFMI), Phase angle (PA), body cell mass (BCM) and body cell mass index (BCMI) were found to be reduced significantly in HNC patients when compared to healthy subjects. Further, Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of HGS & HGE with LBM, FFMI, PA, BCM & BCMI, whereas body fat mass index showed a negative correlation with HGS & HGE in HNC patients.

Conclusion:
Our findings revealed, a significant reduction in HGS, HGE in patient with HNC which denotes decreased skeletal muscle function and it is linearly associated with low muscle mass, body cell mass and phase angle.
Self-medication among people visiting outpatient clinics of a Tertiary care hospital, karachi
Authors: Dhedhi Naseem Amin , Ashraf Hiba , Ansari Naila Baig , Iftikhar Sundus 
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim:
“Self-medication” is the self-use of medicines for treatment of illnesses. Inappropriate use of medicines without prescription leads to unwanted adverse effects, harmful drug interactions, and antibiotic resistance which is an emerging concern in developing countries due to escalating burden of infectious diseases. This study aims at identifying the frequency and contributing factors of self-medication, nature of illness, and types of medicines used without doctor's prescription.

Material and Methods:
This cross sectional study was conducted at Indus Hospital karachi between March 2017 and December 2018. Two hundred and forty people of any age visiting the outpatient clinics of the Indus hospital consenting to participate were included. Whereas all clinicians including medical officers, specialists and consultants were excluded from the study.

Results:
Three-fifth (n = 147; 61.3%) of the participants reported that they did self-medication either for themselves or for their children in the past one year. The most common symptoms for which self-medication was done were fever (n = 82, 55.8%), cough/cold (n = 38; 25.8%) or diarrhea (n = 22; 15.0%). Out of which, 122 (83%) did self-medication based on their previous experience, 18 (12.2%) used previous doctor's prescriptions, whereas 22 (15%) reported that other people advised them. Education, presence of unused medicines at home, and those who have heard of antibiotic were found to be the significant risk factors associated with self-medication.

Conclusion:
Among Pakistani population, the frequency of self-medication is very high, with most people practicing self-medication on the basis of their previous experiences. It puts them at risk of experiencing adverse reactions and most importantly antibiotic resistance.
Comparative assessment of conventional periodontal probes and CEJ handpiece of electronic probes in the diagnosis and primary care of periodontal disease
Authors: Bareja Harshita , Bansal Monika , Naveen kumar PG 
Published: February 2021

Objectives:
Conventional probes (CPs) have been considered acceptable as diagnostic tools to measure probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) but are affected by multiple variables. Electronic probes (EPs) provide controlled force, digital readout and data storage in computers. The objectives were to compare the reproducibility in the measurement of PPD and CAL by CP and the newly introduced CEJ handpiece of EP and intra-examiner and inter-examiner errors done in two phases.

Methods and Material:
Selected 720 periodontal sites in 1st molar of 30 persons with chronic periodontitis ≤4 mm and >4 mm pockets were analysed by two trained investigators in two phases at 2 hours difference by CP and CEJ handpiece of EP. Standard deviation, mean difference, correlation coefficient, P value and student 't' test were done to analyse data.

Results:
The intra- examiner and inter-examiner analyses revealed that Pearson's correlation coefficient was above 0.080 and 0.722 in the ≤4 mm and >4 mm pockets, respectively. Mean difference was not statistically significant in both groups except in the intra- examiner findings in the 2nd phase. Interprobe analysis depicted a standard error of mean of <0.03 in ≤4 mm pockets, whereas it varied from 0.047–0.056 in >4 mm pockets.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, EP is advantageous for research purposes by providing automatic recording and long-term maintenance of data storage without the need of an assistant and patient education and motivation, whereas CP appears to be more useful in routine periodontal examination.
The prevalence of renal stones among local residents in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Safdar Osama Y. , Alzahrani Walaa A. , kurdi Maan A. , Ghanim Abdullah A. , Nagadi Sarah A. , Alghamdi Saleh J. , Zaher Zaher F. , Albokhari Shatha M. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Urolithiasis is the most common urological problem worldwide. It is a recurrent multifactorial problem that is caused by the interaction of several environmental and genetic factors. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of renal stones among local residents in Saudi Arabia in order to renew the statistics of renal stones occurrence in the current Saudi population.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted using an electronic questionnairethat was distributed randomly through phones and social media to reach the local residents in Saudi Arabia. We then reviewed the published papers in Saudi journals for patients with renal stones.

Results:
From a total of 580 responders to the electronic questionnaire, the prevalence of renal stones was 9.1% (n = 64). The median age at diagnosis was 29 years and the mean age at diagnosis was 36.91 years (SD = 18.66, Range of 20–99). Two peaks of age were observed, the first peak was at the (21–25) age group representing 34.4% of the kidney stones patients. The second peak was older than 47 years. The majority of those diagnosed with kidney stones had normal BMI (n = 29, 45.3%), and the family history of kidney stones among first degree relatives was found in 35.9% of the cases (n = 23).

Conclusion:
kidney stones is a common health problem with the local incidence being underreported. In our sample, the prevalence was 9.1%. We also observed a relatively high percentage of positive family history among renal stone patients (34.9%) that could be attributed to the high rates of consanguinity. We encourage more local epidemiological studies to describe the patterns and the contributing factors of the development of kidney stones.
The role of high-risk pregnancy in childbearing tendency in Tehran
Authors: Mirzaei Fariba , kheirkhah Masoomeh , Hagani Hamid 
Published: February 2021

Background and purpose:
The decreased tendency toward childbearing is considered as one of the most social issues. High-risk pregnancy problems and the fear of recurrence can reduce the desire for re-pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between high-risk pregnancies in childbearing tendency.

Materials and Methods:
This descriptive study was cross-sectional. The statistical population included married women aged 15–49 years with at least one previous pregnancy. 928 women with histories of low-risk and high-risk pregnancy were selected by applying a continuous sampling method. The demographic information form and childbearing desire questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS-16 and applying descriptive statistics tests, mean and standard deviation, inferential statistics, regression, independent t-test.

Findings:
The mean of childbearing tendency in mothers with a history of high-risk pregnancy and low-risk pregnancy were 3.25 ± 5.43 and 8.65 ± 3.96, respectively. Before modifying the intervention variables, the mean scores of childbearing desire were significantly different in mothers with a history of low-risk pregnancy and high-risk pregnancy; it was higher in mothers with a history of low-risk pregnancy (P < 0.001). After modifying the variables of the ideal number of children, the mothers' attitude toward childbearing desire, and the number of natural childbirths, stillbirths, and miscarriages. The difference was not significant (P = 0.263).

Conclusion:
Childbearing tendency was not different in women with a history of low-risk pregnancy and those with a history of high-risk pregnancy.
Altruism, an attitude of unselfish concern for others – an analytical cross sectional study among the Medical and Engineering students in Bangalore
Authors: Bhuvana M. L. , Pavithra M. B. , Suresha D. S. 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
Altruism is disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others. Intentional and voluntary actions that aim to enhance the welfare of another person in the absence of any external reward. With the background of increasing mistrust between the medical profession, media, and the public and increasing incidents of violence against doctors in India, there is a growing feeling that altruism in medicine, if not dying is at least declining.

Aim and Objective:
To assess altruistic attitudes among Medical and Engineering students in a Medical and Engineering College in Bangalore and to determine the factors influencing altruistic behavior among these students.

Methodology:
An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 medical and 200 engineering students studying in medical and engineering college, respectively. The survey contained a structured pre-validated questionnaire containing general information and the Altruism personality scale items for measuring altruistic tendency in students.

Result:
Among the participants from both the backgrounds doing simple altruistic acts, were more frequent than risk taking altruistic acts. Altruism deceases with increasing years of study in medical college.

Conclusion:
Good Medicine stands on the basis of interactions between people. Few changes in the existing curriculum for medical professionalism which should emphasize on skills such as empathy towards patients, communication, good doctor patient relationship, emotional intelligence and professional ethics and values is desired. Doing this study in a medical and engineering college setting would introduce the topic of altruism among the students and give them a chance to self-analyze their altruistic nature and bring about positive changes towards human altruism.
The State of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Latin America During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Di Giusto Melina Longoni , Grover Prateek , Castillo Camilo , Jimenez Isaac Hernandez , García Juan Carlos , Tijerina Rolando , Ramos-Usuga Daniela , Arango-Lasprilla Juan C 
Published: February 2021

Background:
In December 2019, China reported a severe upper respiratory failure syndrome caused by a new virus identified as coronavirus COVID-19. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this exploratory study is to outline the current state of pulmonary rehabilitation in Latin American (LA) countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 1162 rehabilitation professionals (rehabilitation medicine specialists and residents, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and speech therapists) from 20 countries in LA answered a 34-question online survey related to the current state of pulmonary rehabilitation in LA during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results:
More than half of the professionals reported the absence of pulmonary rehabilitation services in their work centers, limited or non-existent pulmonary rehabilitation materials or equipment, and little or no training by their multidisciplinary team and themselves. Regarding COVID-19, 49.2% of the respondents indicated not receiving the necessary material for the protection against COVID-19, and more than half reported limited equipment to perform interventions in patients hospitalized by this disease, and not to have clear about the recommendations to prescribe pulmonary physiotherapy in these patients. Moreover, almost all the professionals did not feel capable of treating patients with lung disease from COVID-19 and felt anxiety doing it.

Conclusion:
Pulmonary rehabilitation is vital for providing optimal care for respiratory impairments, and this relationship has been magnified by the COVID-19 pandemic. This manuscript highlights the limited professional training and resource availability in LA and provides recommendations to improve the current situation.