bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The extravascular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: characterization of anatomical parameters impacting substernal implantation and defibrillation efficacy
Authors: Molnár Levente , Crozier Ian , Haqqani Haris , O'Donnell David , Kotschet Emily , Alison Jeffrey , Thompson Amy E , Bhatia Varun A , Papp Roland , Zima Endre , Jermendy Ádám , Apor Astrid , Merkely Béla 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study is to provide a thorough, quantified assessment of the substernal space as the site of extravascular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) lead placement using computed tomography (CT) scans and summarizing adverse events and defibrillation efficacy across anatomical findings. Subcutaneous ICDs are an alternative to transvenous defibrillators but have limitations related to ICD lead distance from the heart. An alternative extravascular system with substernal lead placement has the potential to provide defibrillation at lower energy and pacing therapies from a single device.Methods and resultsA multi-centre, non-randomized, retrospective analysis of 45 patient CT scans quantitatively and qualitatively assessing bony, cardiac, vascular, and other organ structures from two human clinical studies with substernal lead placement. Univariate logistic regression was used to evaluate 15 anatomical parameters for impact on defibrillation outcome and adjusted for multiple comparisons. Adverse events were summarized. Substernal implantation was attempted or completed in 45 patients. Defibrillation testing was successful in 37 of 41 subjects (90%) using ≥10 J safety margin. There were two intra-procedural adverse events in one patient, including reaction to anaesthesia and an episode of transient atrial fibrillation during ventricular fibrillation induction. Anatomical factors associated with defibrillation failure included large rib cage width, myocardium extending very posteriorly, and a low heart position in the chest (P-values &lt;0.05), though not significant adjusting for multiple comparisons.ConclusionRetrospective analysis demonstrates the ability to implant within the substernal space with low intra-procedural adverse events and high defibrillation efficacy despite a wide range of anatomical variability.
De Novo Genome Assembly of the Electric Fish Brachyhypopomus occidentalis (Hypopomidae, Gymnotiformes)
Authors: Arias Carlos F , Dikow Rebecca B , McMillan W Owen , De León Luis F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The bluntnose knifefish Brachyhypopomus occidentalis is a primary freshwater fish from north-western South America and Lower Central America. Like other Gymnotiformes, it has an electric organ that generates electric discharges used for both communication and electrolocation. We assembled a high-quality reference genome sequence of B. occidentalis by combining Oxford Nanopore and 10X Genomics linked-reads technologies. We also describe its demographic history in the context of the rise of the Isthmus of Panama. The size of the assembled genome is 540.3 Mb with an N50 scaffold length of 5.4 Mb, which includes 93.8% complete, 0.7% fragmented, and 5.5% of missing vertebrate/Actinoterigie Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. Repetitive elements account for 11.04% of the genome, and 34,347 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 23,935 have been functionally annotated. Demographic analysis suggests a rapid effective population expansion between 3 and 5 Myr, corresponding to the final closure of the Isthmus of Panama (2.8–3.5 Myr). This event was followed by a sudden and constant population decline during the last 1 Myr, likely associated with strong shifts in both precipitation and sea level during the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. The de novo genome assembly of B. occidentalis will provide novel insights into the molecular basis of both electric signal productions and detection and will be fundamental for understanding the processes that have shaped the diversity of Neotropical freshwater environments.
High-resolution breakpoint junction mapping of proximally extended D4Z4 deletions in FSHD1 reveals evidence for a founder effect
Authors: Lemmers Richard J L F , van der Vliet Patrick J , Granado David San Leon , van der Stoep Nienke , Buermans Henk , van Schendel Robin , Schimmel Joost , de Visser Marianne , van Coster Rudy , Jeanpierre Marc , Laforet Pascal , Upadhyaya Meena , van Engelen Baziel , Sacconi Sabrina , Tawil Rabi , Voermans Nicol C , Rogers Mark , van der Maarel Silvère M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an inherited myopathy clinically characterized by weakness in the facial, shoulder girdle and upper a muscles. FSHD is caused by chromatin relaxation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat, mostly by a repeat contraction, facilitating ectopic expression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle. Genetic diagnosis for FSHD is generally based on the sizing and haplotyping of the D4Z4 repeat on chromosome 4 by Southern blotting (SB), molecular combing or single-molecule optical mapping, which is usually straight forward but can be complicated by atypical rearrangements of the D4Z4 repeat. One of these rearrangements is a D4Z4 proximally extended deletion (DPED) allele, where not only the D4Z4 repeat is partially deleted, but also sequences immediately proximal to the repeat are lost, which can impede accurate diagnosis in all genetic methods. Previously, we identified several DPED alleles in FSHD and estimated the size of the proximal deletions by a complex pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and SB strategy. Here, using the next-generation sequencing, we have defined the breakpoint junctions of these DPED alleles at the base pair resolution in 12 FSHD families and 4 control individuals facilitating a PCR-based diagnosis of these DPED alleles. Our resultsshow that half of the DPED alleles are derivates of an ancient founder allele. For some DPED alleles, we found that genetic elements are deleted such as DUX4c, FRG2, DBE-T and myogenic enhancers necessitating re-evaluation of their role in FSHD pathogenesis.
Corn ethanol in the Midwestern USA: Local competition, entry and agglomeration
Authors: Thome Karen E , Lin Lawell C -Y Cynthia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article analyzes the entry of corn-ethanol plants in the Midwestern USA, where the majority of corn in the USA is grown, during the second US ethanol boom. In particular, we examine whether the presence of existing ethanol plants affects ethanol plant entry decisions at the county level using discrete response panel models. There are two main channels through which existing ethanol plants may affect ethanol plant entry decisions: a competition effect and an agglomeration effect. Our results show that existing ethanol plants have a negative effect on the probability of ethanol plant entry in a given county. The net negative competition effect dissipates with distance. We also find that existing conglomerates and large ethanol producing firms in neighboring counties have a positive effect on ethanol plant entry, while existing singlet plants in neighboring counties do not. These results provide evidence for both local competition among ethanol plants within counties, as well as possible agglomeration benefits from existing conglomerates and large ethanol producing firms in neighboring counties.
Fused deposition modelling 3D printing proof-of-concept study for personalised inner ear therapy
Authors: Haddow Oisin , Mathew Essyrose , Lamprou Dimitrios A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
There is a requirement within ear therapeutics for a delivery system capable of safely delivering controlled doses to the inner ear. However, the anatomy and sensitivity of the inner ear make current delivery systems problematic and often ineffective. Therefore, a new delivery system is required to overcome these issues and provide a more efficacious system in the treatment of inner ear disease. This study assesses the potential of 3D printing (3DP) as a fabrication method for an implantable drug delivery system (DDS) to the inner ear.

Key findings
Three implantable designs of varying geometry were produced with fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3DP, each loaded with 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% levofloxacin; filaments prepared by hot-melt extrusion. Each implant was effective in providing sustained, therapeutic release of levofloxacin for at least 4 days and as such would be effective in therapeutic treatment of many common inner ear diseases, such as otitis media or Ménière’s disease.

Conclusions
This proof-of-concept research was successful in utilising FDM as a fabrication method for a DDS capable of providing prolonged release directly to the inner ear and highlights the viability of 3DP in the fabrication of an inner ear DDS.
Item Count Technique with a Continuous or Count Control Variable for Analyzing Sensitive Questions in Surveys
Authors: Kowalczyk Barbara , Niemiro Wojciech , Wieczorkowski Robert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe paper introduces a new item count technique (ICT) for dealing with sensitive features. One of the aims of the proposed method is to eliminate both the “ceiling” and “floor” effects that can occur in the original ICT. In the new model, in contrast to the classical one and recently proposed models, the two groups into which the sample is split are treated similarly. Therefore, there is no traditional distinction between the control and treatment groups. The control variable can be either a qualitative count variable or a continuous variable. To our knowledge, ICT methods with continuous control have not been proposed before. Although our new model differs substantially in the approach, it requires only a slight modification of the questionnaire design, which in no way leaks respondents’ privacy. Substantial gain in statistical efficiency is achieved as compared to the earlier proposed Poisson and negative binomial ICTs. The new method also reduces the bias of maximum likelihood estimators and allows to obtain bootstrap confidence intervals with a substantially smaller width. The statistical properties of the method are investigated theoretically and by simulations.
The importance of mock observations in validating galaxy properties for cosmological simulations
Authors: Tang Lin , Lin Weipeng , Wang Yang , Napolitano N R 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The galaxy luminosity function and galaxy stellar mass function are fundamental statistics in the testing of galaxy formation models. Theoretical predictions based on cosmological simulations can deviate from observations, especially at the bright and faint ends. In this case, the mismatch may come from missing physics, oversimplified or inaccurate model recipes, or inappropriate methods of extracting basic astrophysical quantities from simulations. The latter is a crucial aspect to consider to avoid misleading conclusions when comparing simulations with observations. In this paper, we apply a new method to produce ‘observed’ galaxies identified in mock imaging of hydrodynamical simulations. We generate low-redshift mock galaxies from the TNG100-1 simulation of IllustrisTNG and analyse them using standard ‘observational’ techniques to extract their main structural parameters. We show that our technique can produce realistic surface-brightness distributions of the simulated galaxies, including classical morphological substructures, such as spiral arms and bars. In particular, we find a very good agreement of the total luminosity and stellar mass versus halo mass relationships, and the galaxy stellar mass versus size relationship between mock observations and real galaxies. We also compare the luminosity function and the mass function of the mock galaxy sample with literature data and find a good agreement at all luminosity and mass scales. In particular, we find no significant tension at the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function, as reported in many analyses using simplified recipes to identify galaxy haloes, which in fact miscount the contribution of the extended galaxy haloes around large galaxies. This demonstrates the critical importance of using observation-driven approaches to simulation analyses to produce realistic predictions to compare with observations.
globalemu: a novel and robust approach for emulating the sky-averaged 21-cm signal from the cosmic dawn and epoch of reionization
Authors: Bevins H T J , Handley W J , Fialkov A , de Lera Acedo E , Javid K 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Emulation of the Global (sky-averaged) 21-cm signal with neural networks has been shown to be an essential tool for physical signal modelling. In this paper, we present globalemu, a Global 21-cm signal emulator that uses redshift as a character-defining variable alongside a set of astrophysical parameters to estimate the signal brightness temperature. Combined with physically motivated data pre-processing, this makes for a reliable and fast emulator that is relatively insensitive to the network design. globalemu can emulate a high-resolution signal in 1.3 ms in comparison to 133 ms, a factor of 102 improvement, when using the existing public state-of-the-art 21cmGEM. We illustrate, with the standard astrophysical models used to train 21cmGEM, that globalemu is almost twice as accurate and for a test set of ≈1700 signals we achieve a mean root mean squared error of 2.52 mK across the band z = 7–28 [≈10 per cent the expected noise of the Radio Experiment for the Analysis of Cosmic Hydrogen (REACH)]. The models are parametrized by the star formation efficiency, f*, minimum virial circular velocity, Vc, X-ray efficiency, fX, cosmic microwave background optical depth, τ, the slope and low energy cut-off of the X-ray spectral energy density, α and νmin, respectively, and the mean free path of ionizing photons, Rmfp. globalemu provides a flexible framework for easily emulating updated simulations of the Global signal and in addition the neutral fraction history. The emulator is pip installable and available at https://github.com/htjb/globalemu. globalemu will be used extensively by the REACH collaboration.
Iron Rain: measuring the occurrence rate and origin of small iron meteoroids at Earth
Authors: Mills Tristan , Brown P G , Mazur M J , Vida D , Gural Peter S , Moorhead Althea V 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We report results of a 4-yr survey using Electron Multiplied Charged Coupled Device cameras recording 34 761 two-station video meteor events complete to a limiting magnitude of +6. The survey goal was to characterize probable iron meteoroids. Using only physical properties of the meteor trajectories including early peaking light curves, short luminous trajectories, and high energies accumulated per area at beginning, we identified 1068 iron meteors. Our iron candidates are most abundant at slow speeds &lt;15 km s−1, where they make up ≈20 per cent of the mm-sized meteoroid population. They are overwhelmingly on asteroidal orbits, and have particularly low orbital eccentricities and smaller semimajor axes when compared to non-irons between 10 and 20 km s−1. Our iron population appears to be more numerous at fainter magnitudes, comprising 15 per cent of slow (10–15 km s−1) meteors with peak brightness of +3 with the fraction rising to 25 per cent at +6 to +7, our survey limit. The iron orbits are most consistent with an asteroidal source and are in highly evolved orbits, suggesting long collisional lifetimes (107 yr). Metal-rich chondrules (nodules) found in abundance in EL chondrites are one possible source for this population. We also propose a possible technique using R-band colours to more robustly identify fainter iron meteors with very high confidence.
Temporal and spectral study of PKS B1222 + 216 flares in 2014
Authors: Chatterjee Anshu , Roy Abhradeep , Sarkar Arkadipta , Chitnis Varsha R 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We report on a temporal and spectral study of a flat-spectrum radio quasar, PKS B1222 + 216, in a flare state to get insight into the acceleration and emission mechanisms inside the jet. It is one of the brightest and highly active blazars in the MeV–GeV regime. The long-term multiwaveband light curves of this object showed flaring activity in 2014, with two distinct flares. The work presented here includes the study of flux-index variation, flare fitting, and hardness ratio, and the spectral modelling of X-ray and γ-ray data. The flux-index correlation found in the MeV–GeV regime indicates a ‘softer when brighter’ feature. The modelling of γ-ray light curves suggests that low-energy particles initiate both the flares, followed by the injection of high-energy particles. The short rise time indicates the presence of Fermi first-order acceleration. A single-zone leptonic model is used to fit the multiwaveband spectral energy distributions generated for both flares. The spectral energy distribution modelling shows that inverse Compton scattering of the photon field reprocessed from the broad-line region primarily accounts for the GeV emission. In addition, we have reported a shift in the break energy in the soft X-ray regime during flares, which is due to a rapid change in the injection spectrum.
Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey of Cygnus OB2 Complex – I. Introduction, photometry, and source catalogue
Authors: Gupta Saumya , Jose Jessy , More Surhud , Das Swagat R , Herczeg Gregory J , Samal Manash R , Guo Zhen , Prakash Prem , Damian Belinda , Takami Michihiro , Takahashi Satoko , Ogura Katsuo , Terai Tsuyoshi , Pyo Tae-Soo 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Low-mass star formation inside massive clusters is crucial to understand the effect of cluster environment on processes like circumstellar disc evolution, planet, and brown dwarf formation. The young massive association of Cygnus OB2, with a strong feedback from massive stars, is an ideal target to study the effect of extreme environmental conditions on its extensive low-mass population. We aim to perform deep multiwavelength studies to understand the role of stellar feedback on the IMF, brown dwarf fraction and circumstellar disc properties in the region. We introduce here, the deepest and widest optical photometry of 1.5○ diameter region centred at Cygnus OB2 in r2, i2, z, and Y-filters, using Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC). This work presents the data reduction, source catalogue generation, data quality checks, and preliminary results about the pre-main sequence sources. We obtain 713 529 sources in total, with detection down to ∼28, 27, 25.5, and 24.5 mag in r2, i2, z, and Y-band, respectively, which is ∼3 – 5 mag deeper than the existing Pan-STARRS and GTC/OSIRIS photometry. We confirm the presence of a distinct pre-main sequence branch by statistical field subtraction of the central 18 arcmin region. We find the median age of the region as ∼5 ± 2 Myr with an average disc fraction of ∼9 per cent. At this age, combined with A $_V\, \sim$ 6 – 8 mag, we detect sources down to a mass range of ∼0.01–0.17 M⊙. The deep HSC catalogue will serve as the groundwork for further studies on this prominent active young cluster.
Search for gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave electromagnetic counterparts with High Energy X-ray Telescope of Insight-HXMT
Authors: Cai C , Xiong S L , Li C K , Liu C Z , Zhang S N , Li X B , Song L M , Li B , Xiao S , Yi Q B , Zhu Y , Zheng Y G , Chen W , Luo Q , Huang Y , Song X Y , Zhao H S , Zhao Y , Zhang Z , Bu Q C , Cao X L , Chang Z , Chen L , Chen T X , Chen Y B , Chen Y , Chen Y P , Cui W W , Du Y Y , Gao G H , Gao H , Ge M Y , Gu Y D , Guan J , Guo C C , Han D W , Huo J , Jia S M , Jiang W C , Jin J , Kong L D , Li G , Li T P , Li W , Li X , Li X F , Li Z W , Liang X H , Liao J Y , Liu B S , Liu H W , Liu H X , Liu X J , Lu F J , Lu X F , Luo T , Ma R C , Ma X , Meng B , Nang Y , Nie J Y , Ou G , Qu J L , Ren X Q , Sai N , Sun L , Tan Y , Tao L , Tuo Y L , Wang C , Wang L J , Wang P J , Wang W S , Wang Y S , Wen X Y , Wu B B , Wu B Y , Wu M , Xiao G C , Xu Y P , Yang R J , Yang S , Yang Y J , Yang Y R , Yang X J , Yin Q Q , You Y , Zhang F , Zhang H M , Zhang J , Zhang P , Zhang S , Zhang W C , Zhang W , Zhang Y F , Zhang Y H , Zhao X F , Zheng S J , Zhou D K 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The High Energy (HE) X-ray telescope on board the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) can serve as a wide field of view (FOV) gamma-ray monitor with high time resolution (μs) and large effective area (up to thousands cm2). We developed a pipeline to search for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), using the traditional signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) method for blind search and the coherent search method for targeted search. By taking into account the location and spectrum of the burst and the detector response, the targeted coherent search is more powerful to unveil weak and sub-threshold bursts, especially those in temporal coincidence with gravitational wave (GW) events. Based on the original method in literature, we further improved the coherent search to filter out false triggers caused by spikes in light curves, which are commonly seen in gamma-ray instruments (e.g. Fermi/GBM, POLAR). We show that our improved targeted coherent search method could eliminate almost all false triggers caused by spikes. Based on the first two years of Insight-HXMT/HE data, our targeted search recovered 40 GRBs, which were detected by either Swift/BAT or Fermi/GBM but too weak to be found in our blind search. With this coherent search pipeline, the GRB detection sensitivity of Insight-HXMT/HE is increased to about 1.5E-08 erg cm−2 (200 keV–3 MeV). We also used this targeted coherent method to search Insight-HXMT/HE data for electromagnetic counterparts of LIGO-Virgo GW events (including O2 and O3a runs). However, we did not find any significant burst associated with GW events.
Tidal migration of hot Jupiters: introducing the impact of gravity wave dissipation
Authors: Lazovik Yaroslav A 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the migration of hot Jupiters orbiting solar-type pre-main sequence and main-sequence stars under the effect of tidal dissipation. The explored range of stellar mass extends from 0.6 to 1.3 M⊙. We apply recently developed prescriptions that allow us to explore the orbital evolution over the wide parameter space. Three types of tides are considered: equilibrium tide, inertial waves, and gravity waves. We combine the results of our simulations with the observed distribution of stellar and planetary parameters to evaluate the infall rate of hot Jupiters in the Milky Way Galaxy. In particular, we find that, for 11–21 per cent of the initial hot Jupiter population, coalescence occurs before the host star’s main sequence termination. If the planet is massive enough, such an event can potentially be accompanied by a powerful transient detectable with new facilities. Orbital decay by itself can be observed through transit-timing variation. However, the obtained coalescence rate in the Galaxy is too low (340–650 events per million years) to make positive predictions about the observational possibility. Potentially identifiable decaying systems formed by a star corresponding to a given mass interval might be too rare to be detected with the modern space telescopes, like TESS, within a 10-yr baseline. At the same time, the forthcoming missions, like PLATO, look more promising in this regard.