bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of potential psychiatric drug interactions in six drug interaction database programs: A replication study after 2 years of updates
Authors: Monteith Scott , Glenn Tasha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveDrug interaction database programs are a fundamental clinical tool. In 2018, we compared the category of potential drug–drug interaction (DDI) provided by six drug interaction database programs for 100 drug interaction pairs including psychiatric drugs, and found the category often differed. This study replicated the comparison in 2020 after 2 years of updates to all six drug interaction database programs.MethodsThe 100 drug pairs included 94 different drugs: 67 pairs with a psychiatric and non‐psychiatric drug, and 33 pairs with two psychiatric drugs. The assigned category of potential DDI for the drug pairs was compared using percent agreement and Fleiss kappa statistic of interrater reliability.ResultsDespite 67 updates involving 46 of the 100 drug pairs, differences remained. The overall percent agreement among the six drug interaction database programs for the category of potential DDI was 67%. The interrater agreement results did not change. The Fleiss kappa overall interrater agreement was fair. The kappa agreement for a drug pair with any severe category rating was substantial, and the kappa agreement for a drug pair with any major category rating was fair.ConclusionsPhysicians should be aware of the inconsistency among drug interaction database programs in the category of potential DDI for drug pairs including psychiatric drugs. Additionally, the category of potential DDI for a drug pair may change over time. This study highlights the importance of ongoing international efforts to standardize methods used to define and classify potential DDI.
Prioritizing pregnant women for COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Sarwal Yamini , Sarwal Tanvi , Sarwal Rakesh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite emerging evidence on safety and efficacy, most countries do not offer COVID‐19 vaccines to pregnant women even though they are at higher risk of complications from COVID‐19. We performed a web search of COVID‐19 vaccination policies for pregnant women under two categories: countries bearing a high burden of COVID‐19 cases and countries with a high burden of maternal and under‐five mortality. Of the top 20 countries affected by COVID‐19, 11 allow vaccination of pregnant women, of which two have deemed it safe to vaccinate pregnant women as a high‐risk group. In contrast, only five of the 20 countries with high under‐five mortality and maternal mortality allow vaccination of pregnant women and none of these countries has included them as part of a high‐risk group that should be vaccinated. India and Indonesia, with one‐fifth of the world's population, fall under both categories but do not include pregnant women as a priority group for COVID‐19 vaccination. To prevent COVID‐19 from further aggravating the already heavy burden of maternal and under‐five mortality, there is a strong case for including pregnant women as a high‐priority group for COVID‐19 vaccination. We recommend including COVID‐19 vaccination in routine antenatal care in all countries, particularly India and Indonesia in view of their high dual burden.
Interpretation of point forecasts with unknown directive
Authors: Schmidt Patrick , Katzfuss Matthias , Gneiting Tilmann 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPoint forecasts can be interpreted as functionals (i.e., point summaries) of predictive distributions. We extend methodology for the identification of the functional based on time series of point forecasts and associated realizations. Focusing on state‐dependent quantiles and expectiles, we provide a generalized method of moments estimator for the functional, along with tests of optimality under general joint hypotheses of functional relationships and information bases. Our tests are more flexible, and in simulations better calibrated and more powerful than existing solutions. In empirical examples, economic growth forecasts and model output for precipitation are indicative of overstatement in anticipation of extreme events.
Productivity effects of internationalisation through the domestic supply chain
Authors: Merlevede Bruno , Theodorakopoulos Angelos 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThis paper investigates productivity effects for a given firm resulting from the import or export of intermediate inputs by domestic upstream and downstream industries. With the use of manufacturing firms in 19 EU countries over the period 2000–2014, we find that domestic access to intermediate inputs that are also exported leads to higher levels of revenue productivity. The effect appears as more prominent for firms with nonforeign ownership and in relatively downstream, low‐tech or labour‐intensive industries. Subsequent exploration of mechanisms uncovers patterns consistent with learning by exporting on the part of upstream supplying industries that generates positive productivity spillovers to downstream firms.
If not now, when? The timing of childbirth and labor market outcomes
Authors: Picchio Matteo , Pigini Claudia , Staffolani Stefano , Verashchagina Alina 
Published: July 2021

SummaryWe study the effect of childbirth and birth timing on female labor market outcomes in Italy. The impact is traced up to 21 years since school completion by estimating a factor analytic model with dynamic selection into treatments. We find that childbirth, especially the first delivery, negatively affects female earnings and participation. Women having their first child soon after school exit catch up with childless women after 12–15 years. The negative consequences are smaller if the first child is delayed up to 7–9 years after school completion or if a second childbirth occurs within 6 years since school exit.
Co‐culture with peritoneum mesothelial stem cells supports the in vitro growth of mouse ovarian follicles
Authors: Sarabadani Mahdieh , Tavana Somayeh , Mirzaeian Leila , Fathi Rouhollah 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe important roles played by the ovarian microenvironment and cell interactions in folliculogenesis suggest promising approaches for in vivo growth of ovarian follicles using appropriate scaffolds containing suitable cell sources. In this study, we have investigated the growth of early preantral follicles in the presence of decellularized mesenteric peritoneal membrane (MPM), peritoneum mesothelial stem cells (PMSCs), and conditioned medium (CM) of PMSCs. MPM of mouse was first decellularized; PMSCs were isolated from MPM and cultured and their conditioned medium (CM) was collected. Mouse follicles were separated into four groups: (1) culture in base medium (control), (2) culture in decellularized MPM (DMPM), (3) co‐culture with PMSCs (Co‐PMSCs), and (4) culture in CM of PMSCs (CM‐PMSCs). Qualitative and quantitative assessments were performed to evaluate intact mesenteric peritoneal membrane (IMPM) as well as decellularized ones. After culturing the ovarian follicles, follicular and oocyte diameter, viability, eccentric oocyte percentage, and estradiol hormone amounts were evaluated. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations confirmed removal of cells and retention of the essential fibers in MPM after the decellularization process. Follicular parameters showed that Co‐PMSCs better support in vitro growth and development of ovarian follicles than the other groups. The eccentric rate and estradiol production were statistically higher for the Co‐PMSCs group than for the CM‐PMSCs and control groups. Although the culture of early preantral follicles on DMPM and CM‐PMSCs could improve in vitro follicular growth, co‐culture of follicles with PMSCs showed even greater improvements in terms of follicular growth and diameter.
Porous biomass carbon and gold nanoparticles modified electrode for myoglobin direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis
Authors: Shi Fan , Yan Li‐Jun , Li Xiao‐Qing , Feng Chun‐Lei , Wang Cheng‐Zhong , Zhang Bing‐Xue , Sun Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a stable porous biomass carbon (BC) and gold (Au) nanoparticles modified carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) was prepared for the investigation of direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of myoglobin (Mb). BC was synthesized via pyrolysis of Hainan's natural tropical plant Lagerstroemia indica leaves, which was modified on the surface of CILE with Au nanoparticles further electrodeposited on the electrode surface. Then, Mb was cast on the nanocomposite‐modified electrode to obtain an electrochemical sensing platform with Nafion film (Nafion/Mb/Au−BC/CILE). Direct electrochemistry of Mb on the modified electrode was investigated with appearance of a pair of enhanced redox peaks, indicating direct electron transfer rate of Mb was accelerated due to the presence of Au−BC nanocomposite. Au−BC nanocomposite exhibited high conductivity, good biocompatibility, and large surface area, which was beneficial for electron transfer of Mb. The Mb modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2), which was further used to establish a new electroanalytical method with satisfied sensitivity in real samples analysis.
Patterns of distress associated with exposure to potentially morally injurious events among Canadian Armed Forces service members and Veterans: A multi‐method analysis
Authors: Houle Stephanie A. , Vincent Colin , Jetly Rakesh , Ashbaugh Andrea R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study describes patterns of distress associated with exposure to potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs) in a Canadian military sample.MethodThematic analysis was performed on interviews from PMIE‐exposed military members and Veterans. Participants also completed structured diagnostic interviews, and measures of trauma exposure and psychopathology. Multiple regression examined associations among these variables. Information on pharmacological treatment and past diagnoses are reported.ResultsEight qualitative themes were identified: changes in moral attitudes, increased sensitivity and reactivity to moral situations, loss of trust, disruptions in identity, disruptions in spirituality, disruptions in interpersonal relatedness, rumination, and internalizing and externalizing emotions and behaviors. Self‐report data revealed that degree of PMIE exposure was meaningfully associated with posttraumatic stress disorder.ConclusionQualitative but not quantitative findings supported existing models of moral injury (MI). Additional research is needed to examine the impact of PMIE type on mental health, and to test basic assumptions of MI theory.
The validation of the Arabic version of the Coronavirus‐2019 Phobia Scale (C19P‐SA) and individual differences in coronaphobia experiences among an Arabic population
Authors: Alnaddaf Abdelsalam , Baloğlu Mustafa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe current study adapted the Coronavirus 19 Phobia Scale into Arabic and tested the psychometric properties of the adapted version on 469 Arabic‐speaking individuals (mean age = 29.57 years old; SD = 10.39; range = 9–71 years old). After confirmatory analysis found supporting evidence for the four‐factor structure, consequent analysis on convergent and discriminant validity and reliability of the Arabic version are also supported. A 2 × 2 between‐groups factorial multivariate analysis of variance was used to investigate individual differences in coronaphobia. Results show that there is no significant interaction effect between gender and marital status, λ = 0.973, F (8,460) = 1600, p = 0.121, partial η2 = 0. 014; however, the main effect for gender is statistically significant, λ = 0.925, F (4,464) = 9.367, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.075, power = 1.000, where women score higher than men on all coronaphobia factors. In addition, the main effect for marital status is also significant, λ = 0.923, F (4,464) = 4.701, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.039, power = 0.998, where singles score higher than married couples on only two coronaphobia factors: Psychological and economic. Based on the findings, we conclude that the effects of coronaphobia have similarities across nations as well as differences unique to the Arabic populations.
Living with female rats exposed to restraint stress during pregnancy caused depressive‐like behavior in male rats and stress‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Kocahan Sayad , Akillioglu Kubra , Sencar Leman , Sahin Leyla , Cevik Ozge Selin , Taskin Eylem , Guven Celal , Boga Ayper , Polat Sait 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveMaternal mood disorders such as postpartum depression (PPD) can negatively affect the lives not only of mothers but also of partners. The purpose of this study investigates emotional behavior and hippocampal apoptosis alterations of the male live with a postpartum depressed female.MethodsPregnant rats in the stress group were exposed to restraint stress (RS). The male rats who shared the same cages were not exposed to RS. To explain the consequences of depressive‐like behavior and anxiety, animals were exposed to the forced swim test (FST), open‐field test (OFT), and elevated plus maze (EPM). The apoptotic cell number was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)‐mediated dUTP biotin nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) staining.ResultsAccording to FST, PPD caused more immobility, reduced swimming, and climbing compared to control groups in the stressed female and male (p < 0.05). For the crossing number of squares in the center area, the main effect of the group was significant (p < 0.05). Stressed groups have a higher crossing number of squares in the center area compared to control groups. In the OFT, there was a significant increase in the time spent in the center area in the stress female and male group compared to the control female and male group (p < 0.05). For the EPM, time spent in the close arms was increased in the control male and stress male compared to the stress female group (p < 0.05). Female and male rats with PPD demonstrated apoptosis in neuron and glial cells in the hippocampus.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that RS results in PPD in females. Furthermore, it implicates RS as a potential risk factor for the development of postpartum mood disorder in males. Most of the studies on paternal PPD have been done by using self‐report questionnaires. Studies on physiological and hormonal changes during the postpartum period among fathers would provide information on biological factors of depression.
Multiplicity of the second‐largest eigenvalue of a planar graph
Authors: Chen Guantao , Hao Yanli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe multiplicity of the second‐largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a connected graph , denoted by , is the number of times of the second‐largest eigenvalue of appears. In 2019, Jiang, Tidor, Yao, Zhang, and Zhao gave an upper bound on for graphs with bounded degrees, and applied it to solve a longstanding problem on equiangular lines. In this paper, we show that if is a 3‐connected planar graph or 2‐connected outerplanar graph, then , where is the minimum degree of . We further prove that if is a connected planar graph, then ; if is a connected outerplanar graph, then , where is the maximum degree of . Moreover, these two upper bounds for connected planar graphs and outerplanar graphs, respectively, are best possible.
The effect of underlying inflammation on iron metabolism, cardiovascular risk and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ndevahoma Fransina , Nkambule Bongani B. , Dludla Phiwayinkosi V. , Mukesi Munyaradzi , Natanael Kandiwapa N. , Nyambuya Tawanda M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate the impact of inflammation on iron metabolism, cardiovascular risk and renal function in type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsA total of 50 patients with T2D were included in this study. The patients were stratified into two groups based on their levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), namely normal and high levels (n = 25/group). All laboratory tests were measured using standardised methods.ResultsFasting plasma glucose levels were elevated in patients with high CRP when compared to those with normal levels (p = 0.0413). Total serum iron levels were lower in patients with high CRP levels (12.78 ± 3.50) when compared to those with normal levels (15.26 ± 4.64), p = 0.0381. However, ferritin and transferrin levels were comparable between the groups (p > 0.05). The mean cell volume (MCV) in the high CRP group was lower (87.66 ± 3.62) than the normal level group (90.79 ± 4.52), p = 0.0096, whilst the lipograms were similar (p > 0.05). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower in the high CRP group (98.06 ± 11.64) than the normal level group (104.7 ± 11.11), p = 0.046. Notably, CRP levels were negatively associated with serum iron levels (r = –0.38, p = 0.0061), MCV (r = –0.41, p = 0.0031), potassium (r = –0.37, p = 0.0086) and sodium levels (r = –0.28, p = 0.0471). Regression analyses showed that only CRP (β = –0.16, standard error [SE]: 0.06, p = 0.0125) and sodium (β = 0.51, SE: 0.25, p = 0.0434) levels contributed significantly to the prediction of serum iron levels.ConclusionUnderlying inflammation in T2D is associated with increased incidence of hypertension and reduced levels of serum iron, MCV and renal function. Although there was no apparent clinical anaemia or renal dysfunction in these patients, mitigating inflammation may be effective in circumventing the ultimate development of iron deficiency anaemia and chronic kidney disease in T2D.
The sexual segment of the kidney of a tropical rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus (Reptilia, Squamata, Viperidae), and its relationship to seasonal testicular and androgen cycles
Authors: Resende Flávia Cappuccio de , Avelar Gleide Fernandes de 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe sexual segment of the kidney (SSK) is a hypertrophied region of the nephron, which occurs in males of most squamate species that have been investigated, at least, during the active season. Many studies have shown that the SSK has a seasonal secretory cycle that could be correlated to the mating season, testicular activity, and androgen synthesis. However, to date, no study has investigated the presence of androgen receptors (AR) in cells of the SSK, nor the relation between the expression of AR, testosterone levels, and testicular condition. The SSK in Crotalus durissus corresponds to the distal segment of the nephron and presents a peak of hypertrophy during the period of testicular activity (spermatogenesis) and high testosterone levels, suggesting that seasonal variation of the SSK might be under the control of androgens. Testosterone concentrations and expression of AR varied seasonally with increased values for both parameters directly correlated to hypertrophy of the SSK. This study is, therefore, the first to target the SSK of a tropical snake and to establish a relationship between the secretory cycle of the SSK, testicular cycle, and levels of androgens. Furthermore, this study is the first to identify the presence of AR in the nucleus of the SSK cells.
Comparative morphology of the spinal cord and associated vasculature in shallow versus deep diving cetaceans
Authors: Rowlands Carrie E. , McLellan William A. , Rommel Sentiel A. , Costidis Alexander M. , Yopak Kara E. , Koopman Heather N. , Glandon Hillary L. , Ann Pabst D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe cetacean vertebral canal houses the spinal cord and arterial supply to and venous drainage from the entire central nervous system (CNS). Thus, unlike terrestrial mammals, the cetacean spinal cord lies within a highly vascularized space. We compared spinal cord size and vascular volumes within the vertebral canal across a sample of shallow and deep diving odontocetes. We predicted that the (a) spinal cord, a metabolically expensive tissue, would be relatively small, while (b) volumes of vascular structures would be relatively large, in deep versus shallow divers. Our sample included the shallow divingTursiops truncatus(n = 2) andDelphinus delphis(n = 3), and deep divingKogia breviceps(n = 2),Mesoplodon europaeus(n = 2), andZiphius cavirostris(n = 1). Whole, frozen vertebral columns were cross‐sectioned at each intervertebral disc, scaled photographs of vertebral canal contents acquired, and cross‐sectional areas of structures digitally measured. Areas were multiplied by vertebral body lengths and summed to calculated volumes of neural and vascular structures. Allometric analyses revealed that the spinal cord scaled with negative allometry (b = 0.51 ± 0.13) with total body mass (TBM), and at a rate significantly lower than that of terrestrial mammals. As predicted, the spinal cord represented a smaller percentage of the total vertebral canal volume in the deep divers relative to shallow divers studied, as low as 2.8% inZ. cavirostris. Vascular volume scaled with positive allometry (b = 1.2 ± 0.22) with TBM and represented up to 96.1% (Z. cavirostris) of the total vertebral canal volume. The extreme deep diving beaked whales possessed 22–35 times more vascular volume than spinal cord volume within the vertebral canal, compared with the 6–10 ratio in the shallow diving delphinids. These data offer new insights into morphological specializations of neural and vascular structures that may contribute to differential diving capabilities across odontocete cetaceans.
Seeking a Widely Adoptable Practical Standard to Estimate Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio in Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Multiple‐Coil Reconstructions
Authors: Montin Eros , Lattanzi Riccardo 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundSignal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is used to evaluate the performance of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging systems. Accurate and consistent estimations are needed to routinely use SNR to assess coils and image reconstruction techniques.PurposeTo identify a reliable and practical method for SNR estimation in multiple‐coil reconstructions.Study TypeTechnical evaluation and comparison.Subjects/PhantomA uniform phantom and four healthy volunteers: 35, 38, 39 y/o males, 25 y/o female.Field Strength/SequenceTwo‐dimensional multislice gradient‐echo pulse sequence at 3 T and 7 T.AssessmentReference‐standard SNR was calculated from 100 multiple replicas. Six SNR methods were compared against it: difference image (DI), analytic array combination (AC), pseudo‐multiple‐replica (PMR), generalized pseudo‐replica (GPR), smoothed image subtraction (SIS), and DI with temporal instability correction (TIC). The assessment was repeated for different multiple‐coil reconstructions.Statistical TestsSNR methods were evaluated in terms of relative deviation (RD) and normalized mutual information (NMI) with respect to the reference‐standard, using a linear regression (0.05 significance level) to assess how different factors affect accuracy.ResultsAverage RD (phantom) for DI, AC, PMR, GPR, SIS, and TIC was 7.9%, 6%, 6.7%, 10.1%, 40%, and 14.6%, respectively. RD increased with acceleration. SNR maps with AC were the most similar to the reference standard (NMI = 0.358). Considering all brain regions of interest, average RD for all SNR methods varied 96% among volunteers but remained approximately 10% for AC, PMR, and GPR, whereas it was more than 30% for DI, SIS, and TIC. RD was mainly affected by image reconstruction (beta = 12) for AC and SNR entropy for SIS (beta = 19).Data ConclusionAC provided accurate and robust SNR estimation. PMR and GPR are more generally applicable than AC. DI and TIC should be used only at low acceleration factors, when an additional noise‐only scan cannot be acquired. SIS is a single‐acquisition alternative to DI for generalized autocalibrating partial parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) reconstructions.Evidence Level1Technical EfficacyStage 1