bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin Cancers in Skin Types IV–VI: Does the Fitzpatrick Scale Give a False Sense of Security?
Authors: Goon P. , Banfield C. , Bello O. , Levell N. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Fitzpatrick scale has been in use for skin colour typing according to the tanning potential of skin since its inception in 1975–1976. Thomas Fitzpatrick developed the scale to classify persons with ‘white skin’ in order to select the correct amount of UVA in Joules/cm2 for PUVA treatment for psoriasis. Since then, it has been widely used in Dermatology to gauge the skin's reaction to UV exposure, tanning potential, assessment of sunburn risk and amount of sun protection required for individual patients. However, the use of this scale has been of limited utility because of different self-perception in different areas of the world, particularly among those with skin of colour. Skin cancer risk is loosely inversely correlated with the initial genetic/inherent amount of melanin (most research has focused on eumelanin) present in the skin, although the pattern of exposure and amount of UV radiation required causing DNA damage varies widely according to different cancers. In this review, we have shown that the Fitzpatrick scale is neither correct nor adequate to reflect sunburn and tanning risk for skin of colour. Therefore, it may give both patients and physicians a false sense of security that there is little risk that people of colour can develop skin cancers. We have reviewed the small but not insignificant risk of skin of colour developing skin cancers and emphasise that there remains much research that needs to be done in this field.
Detection of AFP by Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Ag/Fe3O4/g‐C3N4
Authors: Zhang Mengmeng , Cao Kaihang , Mei Lisha , Wang Xiao , Liao Xiaochen , Qiao Xiuwen , Hong Chenglin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHerein, a novel electrochemical immunosensor was prepared to detect cancer alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP). An iron oxide/graphite‐phase carbon nitride/silver (Fe3O4−g‐C3N4−Ag) composite was used as the carrier. Metal‐free graphitic carbon nitrides (g‐C3N4) have been recently recognized as high‐performance photocatalysts; however, their large‐scale applications are limited because of their poor electronic properties and low dispersion. Fe3O4 particles were incorporated in the composite to improve the conductivity and dispersibility of g‐C3N4. Silver nanoparticles were prepared through UV irradiation and did not involve the use of reducing agents. A signal probe was prepared from Fe3O4−g‐C3N4−Ag and acetylene black. Cyclic voltammetry was conducted to detect AFP. Under optimized conditions, the proposed immunosensor exhibited excellent analytical abilities. The dynamic response range of the AFP concentration was 0.0001–80 ng ⋅ mL−1. The detection limit was relatively low at 0.078 pg ⋅ mL−1 (S/N=3). The immunosensor also exhibited high specificity and good reproducibility. The results showed that the proposed immunosensor can be successfully used to detect AFP in human serum samples.
A Practical Electrochemical Nanotool for Facile Quantification of Amino Acids in Single Cell
Authors: Xu Yi‐Tong , Ruan Yi‐Fan , Wang Hai‐Yan , Yu Si‐Yuan , Yu Xiao‐Dong , Zhao Wei‐Wei , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Xu Jing‐Juan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThough significant advances are made in the arena of single‐cell electroanalysis, quantification of intracellular amino acids of human cells remains unsolved. Exemplified by l‐histidine (l‐His), this issue is addressed by a practical electrochemical nanotool synergizing the highly accessible nanopipette with commercially available synthetic DNAzyme. The fabricated nanotools are screened before operation of a single‐use manner, and the l‐His‐provoked cleavage of the DNA molecules can be sensibly transduced by the ionic current rectification response, the intrinsic property of nanopipette governed by its interior surface charges. Regional distribution of cytosolic l‐His level in human cells is electrochemically quantified for the first time, and time‐dependent drug treatment effects are further revealed. This work unveils the possibility of electrochemistry for quantification of cytosolic amino acids of a spatial‐ and time‐based manner and ultimately enables a better understanding of amino acid‐involved events in living cells.
Starch Modified by Natural Fermentation in Orange‐Fleshed Sweet Potato
Authors: Paixão e Silva Giselle de Lima , Bento Juliana Aparecida Correia , Lião Luciano Morais , Soares Júnior Manoel Soares , Caliari Márcio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study aims to modify starch via the spontaneous fermentation of orange‐fleshed sweet potato for a period of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 days and evaluates the effects of this process in this starch. In Brazil, this flour which is naturally fermented from manioc is described as “puba.” Thus, the results of “puba” from the orange‐fleshed sweet potato ferment for 12 days show increases in the amylose content, luminosity, gelatinization enthalpy from Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), final paste viscosity from Rapid Viscous Analyzer (RVA), and gel hardness but the water solubility and absorption (WSI and WAI) indexes are reduced. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the consumption of non‐starchy materials and depressions on the surface of the granules resulting from the fermentation could be seen. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) Spectroscopy, X‐Ray Diffraction, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy analyses show that no new functional groups are formed, and there are no changes in the crystallinity pattern (showing the same native CA‐ pattern) or molecular arrangement, respectively. Therefore, the sweet potato “puba” flour shows production viability due to the advantageous changes in its technological characteristics, as well as the potential to be studied for further food applications.
Movement Dynamics and Survival of Stocked Colorado River Cutthroat Trout
Authors: LeCheminant Alex G. , Barrile Gabriel M. , Albeke Shannon E. , Walters Annika W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe ability of native fish to establish self‐sustaining populations when reintroduced to vacant habitats is variable. We evaluated factors that potentially affect the reintroduction success of juvenile Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus that were reintroduced to an isolated watershed and were experiencing suboptimal survival and recruitment. We conducted a 3‐year mark–recapture study to model annual apparent survival probability as it related to (1) different ex situ rearing strategies and (2) initial release among different habitat types. The use of PIT tags also enabled the quantification of loss via emigration. Apparent survival was highest for small fish that were minimally exposed to ex situ rearing conditions, stocked in small, headwater stream reaches. However, maximum estimates of apparent survival remained low (≤0.38 ± 0.05 [estimate ± SE]) regardless of rearing treatment, stocking location, or interactive effects between covariates. Emigration of stocked fish (<1%) from the study area did not appear to limit their establishment. Our results suggest that variation in stocking and rearing strategy may have some effect on translocation success and the interaction between rearing and stocking strategy highlights the importance of considering the life history stage of stocked individuals when identifying stocking sites. Consistently low annual survival values may be indicative of a larger issue, requiring in‐depth evaluation of adaptive potential within our brood source and other factors that potentially limit population persistence.
Molecular phylogenetics of the Dissochaeta alliance (Melastomataceae): Redefining tribe Dissochaeteae
Authors: Kartonegoro Abdulrokhman , Veranso‐Libalah Marie Claire , Kadereit Gudrun , Frenger Annkathrin , Penneys Darin S. , Mota de Oliveira Sylvia , Van Welzen Peter C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Dissochaeta alliance (= subtribe Dissochaetinae) is a group of woody climbing taxa within tribe Dissochaeteae (Melastomataceae) and comprises 90 species mainly distributed in Southeast Asia. The circumscription of the alliance and its genera has been problematic when based on only morphological characters. With a broad sampling of relevant taxa, this study aims at a natural circumscription of and revised generic delimitation within this alliance. A molecular phylogeny based on two nuclear (nrETS, nrITS) and four chloroplast (ndhF,psbK‐psbL,rbcL,rpl16) markers confirmed the non‐monophyly of Dissochaeteae s.l. Taxa traditionally placed in Dissochaeteae are found in three lineages in distant positions within Melastomataceae. The Medinilla alliance is resolved within Sonerileae + Oxysporeae, while the monophyleticDinophora/Ochthocharislineage forms a polytomy with Marcetieae, Melastomateae, Microlicieae, and Rhexieae; and the well‐supported Dissochaeta alliance is sister to Cambessedesieae. Based on the molecular results, Dissochaeteae is redefined to exclude the Medinilla alliance andDinophora/Ochthocharis. It consists of six successively branching major clades, which we treat as six genera,Pseudodissochaeta,Creochiton,Dalenia(Dissochaetasect.Dalenia),Diplectria(Dissochaetasect.Diplectria),MacrolenesandDissochaetas.str. To avoid a paraphyleticDissochaeta,DaleniaandDiplectriaare resurrected,Macrolenesis expanded to include theDissochaeta rostratacomplex, and a narrowly circumscribedDissochaetas.str. is adopted. A re‐investigation of morphological characters based on herbarium material provides support of newly defined taxa. Two sections forMacrolenesare newly proposed, and two sections ofDissochaetas.str. are maintained. Important morphological traits such as habit and floral characters are discussed to show the morphological support for each delimited genus and the establishment of a new classification of the tribe.
Electrochemical Assembly for Synthesis of Middle‐Sized Organic Molecules
Authors: Shibuya Akito , Nokami Toshiki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractElectrochemical methods offer a powerful, reliable, and environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of small organic molecules, and such methods are useful not only for the transformation of small molecules, but also for the preparation of oligomers and polymers. Electrochemical assembly is a concept that allows structurally well‐defined middle‐sized organic molecules to be synthesized by applying electrochemical methods. The preparation of dendrimers, dendronized polymers, and oligosaccharides are introduced as examples of such an approach. Automated electrochemical assembly of oligosaccharides is also demonstrated using the electrochemical synthesizer developed by our group.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation via C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydroarylation reactions via C−H activation, which compensate for shortcomings of classical methods based on the Friedel‐Crafts reaction, is one of the most attractive methods to synthesize substituted arenes. This Personal Account reviews our recent studies on iridium‐catalyzed intermolecular hydroarylation of vinyl ethers, alkynes, bicycloalkenes, and 1,3‐dienes, and intramolecular hydroarylation of m‐allyloxyphenyl ketones, where asymmetric addition reactions are included. A cationic iridium catalyst, which is generated from chloroiridium [IrCl] and NaBArF4 [ArF=3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3], or a hydroxoiridium [Ir(OH)] complex is effective in catalyzing the hydroarylation depending on the substrates. 1,5‐Cyclooctadiene (cod), chiral dienes, and conventional bisphosphines function as ligands controlling the high reactivity and selectivity of the catalysts in the hydroarylation. H/D exchange reaction of alkenes by use of a key intermediate of the hydroarylation reaction is also described.
Carbon‐Sulfur Bond Constructions: From Transition‐Metal Catalysis to Sustainable Catalysis
Authors: Annamalai Pratheepkumar , Liu Ke‐Chien , Singh Badsara Satpal , Lee Chin‐Fa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe recent decade evidenced a significant development in the construction of the C−S bond. The journey began with transitional‐metal catalysis and reached sustainable catalysis via oxidant, photo, and electro catalyzed methods. A variety of catalytic systems have been explored for the C−S bond formation using a variety of sulfur precursors. This personal account provides an inclusive discussion of these developed methods in terms of reactivity, sustainability and productivity.
Health implications among school children due to fluoride in underground aquifers of Haryana state, India
Authors: Singh Jabrinder , Bhardwaj Pooja , Awasthi Abhishek 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPotable water requirements for 98% of people in Haryana (India) are accomplished by groundwater resources. Considering the presence of high fluoride content in ground aquifers, and the subsequent problem of dental fluorosis, this study was conducted in the central region of Haryana state. Underground water samples at eight sites at three depths were examined during premonsoon and postmonsoon (2018–2020) to differentiate the impact of water recharging and its interaction with rocks. The SPADANS‐zirconyl oxychloride method (UV–vis spectrophotometer – Systronics 118) was adopted for fluoride‐level detection. The fluoride level in sampling sites varied from 0.19 to 2.87 ppm with a mean of 1.06 ppm in water samples. More than 38% of samples did not meet the optimum permissible limit (1 ppm) of fluoride in potable water. The fluoride level intensifies in postmonsoon samples with the maximum concentration at 40 m bgl depth. Estimated marginal mean statistics illustrate a significant impact of locations, depth of water sample, and monsoon season on fluoride levels. Fluorosis prevalence among school‐going children (N = 1600) was also assessed (Dean's index) to gain implications of fluoride concentration on health. Forty‐nine percent of children suffer from various levels of dental fluorosis with male children had high occurrences. Public health authorities must ensure safe drinking water availability and preventive measures for fluorosis prevalence in this region through defluoridation of water resources and distribution of calcium/ascorbic acid food supplement to school children.
Root water uptake of biofuel crops revealed by coupled electrical resistivity and soil water content measurements
Authors: Kuhl Alexandria S. , Kendall Anthony D. , van Dam Remke L. , Hamilton Stephen K. , Hyndman David W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBiofuel crops, including annuals such as maize (Zea maysL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], and canola (Brassica napusL.), as well as high‐biomass perennial grasses such as miscanthus (Miscanthus×giganteusJ.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoiz), are candidates for sustainable alternative energy sources. However, large‐scale conversion of croplands to perennial biofuel crops could have substantial impacts on regional water, nutrient, and C cycles due to the longer growing seasons and differences in rooting systems compared with most annual crops. However, due to the limited tools available to nondestructively study the spatiotemporal patterns of root water uptake in situ at field scales, these differences in crop water use are not well known. Geophysical imaging tools such as electrical resistivity (ER) reveal changes in water content in the soil profile. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a novel coupled hydrogeophysical approach with both time domain reflectometry soil water content and ER measurements to compare root water uptake and soil properties of an annual crop rotation with the perennial grass miscanthus, across three growing seasons (2009–2011) in southwest Michigan, USA. We estimated maximum root depths to be between 1.2 and 2.2 m, with the vertical distribution of roots being notably deeper in 2009 relative to 2010 and 2011, likely due to the drought conditions during that first year. Modeled cumulative ET of both crops was underestimated (2–34%) relative to estimates obtained from soil water drawdown in prior studies but was found to be greater in the perennial grass than the annual crops, despite shallower modeled rooting depths in 2010 and 2011.
Aktuelles zur Herz-Nieren-Interaktion
Authors: Emrich Insa E. , Tokcan Mert , Al Ghorani Hussam , Schwenger Vedat , Mahfoud Felix 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungChronisch nierenkranke Patienten weisen eine erhöhte kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Sterblichkeit auf. Im letzten Jahr sind einige wichtige Studien zur Herz-Nieren-Interaktion veröffentlicht worden, die im Folgenden zusammengefasst und diskutiert werden. In der DAPA-CKD-Studie sowie in der SCORED-Studie konnten 2 unterschiedliche SGLT2(„sodium-glucose linked transporter 2“)-Inhibitoren (Dapagliflozin und Sotagliflozin) die Prognose von chronisch nierenkranken Patienten mit und ohne Diabetes nachweislich verbessern. Auch die Ergebnisse der randomisierten Studie zum neuen Mineralokortikoidrezeptorantagonisten Finerenon – FIDELIO-DKD – liefern einen vielversprechenden neuen Therapieansatz für Patienten mit diabetischer Nephropathie. Die veröffentlichten Daten der ISCHEMIA-CKD-Studie bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit und Untersuchungen zum Einfluss einer TAVI („transcatheter aortic valve implantation“) auf die Nierenfunktion sowie eine weitere Studie zum akuten Nierenversagen nach MitraClip®-Implantation (Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA) geben wichtige Hinweise zu zukünftigen Handlungsempfehlungen. Der optimale Zeitpunkt der Einleitung einer Nierenersatztherapie bei Patienten mit akuter Nierenschädigung in der Intensivmedizin wurde in 2 randomisierten Studien untersucht, die entsprechend diskutiert werden.
Qualitätssicherungssystem zur Bewertung eines HNO-Facharztrepetitoriums
Authors: Albrecht Tobias , Hildenbrand Tanja , Beneke Jan , Offergeld Christian , Ramackers Wolf 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Facharztweiterbildung ist häufig durch lokal geprägte Weiterbildungsschwerpunkte bestimmt, was zu einem heterogenen Weiterbildungsergebnis führen kann. Repetitorien vor Facharztprüfungen könnten dies harmonisieren.

Ziel der Arbeit
Ziel ist die Darstellung eines Qualitätssicherungssystems zur Bewertung eines Repetitoriums für HNO-Facharztkandidaten.

Material und Methoden
Die Lehreinheiten eines in Präsenz durchgeführten Facharztrepetitoriums wurde mittels Fragebogen evaluiert. Sowohl eine deskriptive Auswertung als auch eine multivariable binär-logistische Regressionsanalyse wurden durchgeführt. Zur Evaluation der Faktoren, die zu einer negativen Wahrnehmung einer Lehreinheit führen, erfolgte eine Fokussierung auf die schlechtesten 15 % aller Gesamtbewertungen. Für ein individuelles Dozentenfeedback wurde exemplarisch ein Stärken-Schwächen-Profil eines Dozenten erstellt.

Ergebnisse
Die Auswertung der Evaluationsergebnisse zeigte eine durchschnittlich sehr gute Gesamtbewertung von 12,8 (±2,4) bei maximal 15 möglichen Punkten. Die multivariable Regression bestimmte die Items „Freundlichkeit“, „Systematischer Aufbau“, „Eigene Mitarbeit“, „Vorwissen“ und „Unterrichtseinheit effizient“ als maßgeblich für eine Negativwahrnehmung einer Lehreinheit. Anhand des Dozentenprofils lassen sich in einer objektiven Form die Stärken und Schwächen des individuellen Dozenten aufzeigen.

Schlussfolgerung
Der entwickelte Fragebogen bildet eine gute Möglichkeit zur Qualitätssicherung einer Lehrveranstaltung in der Weiterbildung. Diese erfolgt zum einen über die Regressionsanalyse aller Fragebögen, zum anderen über die Erstellung eines individuellen Dozentenprofils, welches eine objektive Grundlage zur Verbesserung der einzelnen Lehreinheit durch ein detailliertes Feedback an den Dozenten ermöglicht.
Aspects of Medication and Patient participation—an Easy guideLine (AMPEL). A conversation guide increases patients’ and physicians’ satisfaction with prescription talks
Authors: Kirsch Verena , Matthes Jan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPatients want more information and active participation in medical decisions. Information and active participation correlate with increased adherence. A conversation guide, combining patient-relevant drug information with steps of shared decision-making, was developed to support physicians in effective and efficient prescription talks. Six GP trainees in community-based primary care practices participated in a controlled pilot study in sequential pre-post design. Initially, they conducted 41 prescription talks as usual, i.e., without knowing the guide. Then, they conducted 23 talks considering the guide (post-intervention phase). Immediately after the respective talk, patients filled in a questionnaire on satisfaction with the information on medication and physician–patient interaction, and physicians about their satisfaction with the talk and the application of the guide. Patients felt better informed after guide-based prescription talks (e.g., SIMS-D in median 10 vs. 17, p < 0.05), more actively involved (KPF-A for patient activation 2.9 ± 0.8 vs. 3.6 ± 0.8, p < 0.05), and more satisfied with the physician–patient interaction. Physicians rated the guide helpful and feasible. Their satisfaction with the conversation was significantly enhanced during the post-intervention phase. The evaluation of the duration of the talk was not influenced. Enhanced patients’ and physicians’ satisfaction with prescription talks encourages further examinations of the conversation guide. We invite physicians to try our guide in everyday medical practice.
Contributions of implicit and explicit memories to sensorimotor adaptation of movement extent during goal-directed reaching
Authors: Lantagne Devon D. , Mrotek Leigh Ann , Slick Rebecca , Beardsley Scott A. , Thomas Danny G. , Scheidt Robert A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe examined how implicit and explicit memories contribute to sensorimotor adaptation of movement extent during goal-directed reaching. Twenty subjects grasped the handle of a horizontal planar robot that rendered spring-like resistance to movement. Subjects made rapid “out-and-back” reaches to capture a remembered visual target at the point of maximal reach extent. The robot’s resistance changed unpredictably between reaches, inducing target capture errors that subjects attempted to correct from one trial to the next. Each subject performed over 400 goal-directed reaching trials. Some trials were performed without concurrent visual cursor feedback of hand motion. Some trials required self-assessment of performance between trials, whereby subjects reported peak reach extent on the most recent trial. This was done by either moving a cursor on a horizontal display (visual self-assessment), or by moving the robot’s handle back to the recalled location (proprioceptive self-assessment). Control condition trials performed either without or with concurrent visual cursor feedback of hand motion did not require self-assessments. We used step-wise linear regression analyses to quantify the extent to which prior reach errors and explicit memories of reach extent contribute to subsequent reach performance. Consistent with prior reports, providing concurrent visual feedback of hand motion increased reach accuracy and reduced the impact of past performance errors on future performance, relative to the corresponding no-vision control condition. By contrast, we found no impact of interposed self-assessment on subsequent reach performance or on how prior target capture errors influence subsequent reach performance. Self-assessments were biased toward the remembered target location and they spanned a compressed range of values relative to actual reach extents, demonstrating that declarative memories of reach performance systematically differed from actual performances. We found that multilinear regression could best account for observed data variability when the regression model included only implicit memories of prior reach performance; including explicit memories (self-assessments) in the model did not improve its predictive accuracy. We conclude therefore that explicit memories of prior reach performance do not contribute to implicit sensorimotor adaptation of movement extent during goal-directed reaching under conditions of environmental uncertainty.