bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ROS middle-layer integration to Unity 3D as an interface option for propulsion drive simulations of autonomous vehicles
Authors: Kuts Vladimir , Rassõlkin Anton , Partyshev Andriy , Jegorov Sergei , Rjabtšikov Viktor 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
As autonomous vehicle development continues at growing speeds, so does the need for optimization, diagnosis, and testing of various autonomous systems elements, under different conditions. However, since such processes should be carried out in parallel, it may result in bottlenecks in development and increased complexity. The trend for Digital Twins brings a promising option for the diagnosis and testing to be carried out separately from the physical devices, incl. Autonomous vehicles, in the virtual world. The idea of intercommunication between virtual and physical twins provides possibilities to estimate risks, drawbacks, physical damages to the vehicle’s drive systems, and the physical one’s critical conditions. Although the problem of providing communications between these systems arises, at the speed that will be adequate to represent the physical vehicle in the virtual world correctly, it is still a trending topic. The paper aims to demonstrate a way to solve this problem-by using ROS as a middleware interface between two twining systems on the autonomous vehicle propulsion drive example. Data gathered from the physical and virtual world can be exchanged in the middle to allow continuous training and optimization of the propulsion drive model, leading to more efficient path planning and energy-efficient drive of the autonomous vehicle itself.
Adhesion of AlCrN coating deposited on TiB2/Ti composites sintered by SPS dedicated for high temperature tribological applications
Authors: Michalczewski R , Kalbarczyk M , Slomka Z , Hussainova I , Liu L , Antonov M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of the work was to investigate the adhesion of AlCrN coating deposited by PVD method on TiB2/Ti composites manufactured by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). The composites were produced from three kinds of mixtures of powders: (1) Ti and TiB2, (2) Ti6Al4V and TiB2 and (3) Ti and B. Each of the mixtures was prepared at 50/50 wt. % ratio of components. Before the coating deposition the specimens were polished to obtain the surface roughness typically required for machine parts. For each set of specimens an individual surface preparation procedure was developed. The coating adhesion was measured using a scratch tester. The process of scratching was carried out to observe the characteristic moments of adhesive and cohesive failures. The highest critical loads were obtained for the coating deposited on composites produced from the mixture of two powders containing pure Ti and TiB2.
User-centered design for Human-Robot Collaboration systems
Authors: Pizzagalli S L , Kuts V , Otto T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Autonomous robotic systems are one of the pillars of Industry 4.0, together with Digital Twin (DT) simulations and advanced Human Machine Interfaces (HMI). Customization requirements in modern manufacturing demand a closer collaboration between operators and automated technologies, leading to a novel Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) and interaction paradigm aimed at the augmentation of human capabilities in the workplace. This scenario calls for a new definition of HRC standards and design for safety, programming, and an overall assessment of modern cyber-physical systems. A comprehensive design process aiming to formulate a common framework of requirements based on human, organizational and production needs is missing. A user-centered design approach described may be a solution to address the open challenges of future HRC. DT and Augmented and Virtual reality technologies (AR/VR) are implemented in elaborated model as the necessary tools to assign the operator a central position in the design, control, and assessment of modern industrial collaborative scenarios.
Modelling FGM materials. An accurate function approximation algorithms
Authors: Majak J , Mikola M , Pohlak M , Eerme M , Karunanidhi R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The study is focused on development of an accurate and cost effective function approximation techniques for modelling functionally graded materials. Different grading functions (exponential, power law) are expanded into Haar wavelet series based on higher order Haar wavelet approach. The proposed techniques can be utilized also for modelling load cases, complex boundary conditions, grading functions etc.
Benchmark Concept for Industrial Pick&Place Applications
Authors: Vick Axel , Rudorfer Martin , Vonasek Vojtech 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Robotic grasping and manipulation is a highly active research field. Typical solutions are usually composed of several modules, e.g. object detection, grasp selection and motion planning. However, from an industrial point of view, it is not clear which solutions can be readily used and how individual components affect each other. Benchmarks used in research are often designed with simplified settings in a very specific scenario, disregarding the peculiarities of the industrial environment. Performance in real-world applications is therefore likely to differ from benchmark results. In this paper, we present a concept for the design of general Pick&Place benchmarks, which help practitioners to evaluate the system and its components for an industrial scenario. The user specifies the workspace (obstacles, movable objects), the robot (kinematics, etc.) and chooses from a set of methods to realize a desired task. Our proposed framework executes the workflow in a physics simulation to determine a range of system-level performance measures. Furthermore, it provides introspective insights for the performance of individual components.
The optimized electrochemical deposition of bismuth-bismuth telluride layered crystal structures
Authors: Bakavets Aliaksei , Aniskevich Yauhen , Ragoisha Genady , Tsyntsaru Natalia , Cesiulis Henrikas , Streltsov Eugene 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Underpotential deposition, i.e. the cathodic deposition above reversible potential E(Men+/Me), produces an atomic layer of a metal on a semiconductor electrode, such as e.g. bismuth telluride. This phenomenon allows electrodeposition of superlattices formed of building blocks of a layered semiconductor structure joined by biatomic metal interlayer. This work outlines the optimized pulse potential controlled electrodeposition of (Bi2)m(Bi2Te3)n films produced under mentioned above technique. The influence on the morphology of the electrodeposited films of key-parameters as applied pulse frequency, duty cycle, a routine of sodium dodecyl sulfate introduction in the electrolyte is discussed. The optimized procedure comprises a short (about 10 s) cathodic pre-treatment at high overpotential of the cathodic reaction, the subsequent periodic switching for 120 min between potentials of electrodeposition and refinement at 0.1 Hz and 5% duty cycle with addition of surfactant 60 min after the start of the electrodeposition.
Assistance Method for the Application-Driven Design of Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Fono Adalbert , Thiele Gregor , Klein Max , Krüger Jörg 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Machine learning (ML) offers a lot of potential for applications in Industry 4.0. By applying ML many processes can be improved. Possible benefits in production are a higher accuracy, an early detection of failures, a better resource efficiency or improvements in quantity control. The use of ML in industrial production systems is currently not widespread. There are several reasons for this, among others the different expertise of data scientists and automation engineers. There are no specific tools to apply ML to industrial facilities neither guidelines for setting up, tuning and validating ML implementations. In this paper we present a taxonomy structure and according method which assist the design of ML architectures and the tuning of involved parameters. As this is a very huge and complex field, we concentrate on a ML algorithm for time series forecast, as this can be used in many industrial applications. There are multiple possibilities to approach this problem ranging from basic feed-forward neural networks to recurrent networks and (temporal) convolutional networks. These different approaches will be discussed and basic guidelines regarding the model selection will be presented. The introduced assistance method will be validated on a industrial dataset.
Industry 4.0 readiness of manufacturing sector in the Baltic Region
Authors: Bazaz SM , Penttilä S , Ollikainen M , Ratava J , Varis J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of the research is to provide a sample data and analysis to present the state of digitalization in the Baltic sea region. A matrix contains seven operation fields and ten services and technologies mapped available digital services in six countries like Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. A comparison analysis describes the level of digitalization strength and weakness areas by country in Baltic sea region. Support structure analysis is a reference to select the suitable partner to enhance the level of digitalization in countries. The results show that there are differences in the strength and weakness areas in Baltic sea region. Further the strength areas of each country are compared to weakness areas of digitalization to develop a roadmap to improve the readiness to implement and use Industry 4.0 functionality and tools.
The method of tribotesting of PVD coated elements in oscillation motion at high temperature
Authors: Michalczewski R , Kalbarczyk M , Maldonado-Cortés D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The development of new types of coatings is realised by many scientific and technological centres in numerous countries. To evaluate new material solutions, researchers use various methods with wide range of tribotesters. Consequently, the obtained results are incomparable. The barrier of new technologies development, especially surface modifications dedicated to work at high temperatures, is a lack of worldwide recognised tribological test methods. This paper presents the method for tribological evaluation of tribosystems with PVD/CVD coated elements, in oscillatory motion and at high temperature (up to 900 °C). The method is realised by using SRV Optimol Instruments Prüftechnik GmbH (Germany) device. The realised verification tests proved the correctness of the elaborated methodology.
High-temperature abrasion resistance and wear mechanisms of chilled high-chromium cast irons
Authors: Widder Lukas , Rojacz Harald , Buscher Markus , Varga Markus 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hard and highly wear resistant chilled cast irons are of high interest in heavy industries like mining and steel production to achieve durable and sustainable wear protection. In this work a comprehensive view on abrasion mechanisms and the change in microstructure of these materials at elevated temperatures is targeted. Therefore, two different types of commercially available chilled high-chromium white cast irons were chosen. Detailed material characterization and hot hardness tests up to 1000°C were performed to get a first indication of temperature stability. For analysis of abrasive behaviour dry sand/steel wheel testing up to 700°C was conducted. A major part of the work was a thorough examination of the wear tracks and the influence on the microstructure. In the investigated materials chromium carbides Cr(Fe)7C3 and Mo-rich precipitations are present; the size and stoichiometry depend on the chemical composition. According to the differences in carbide size and type and the respective matrix composition, the hardness and abrasive behaviour changes, especially at higher temperatures. Incorporation of SiC abrasive in the wear zone leads to an in-situ wear protection, which was especially effective at 300°C increasing material’s wear resistance compared to room temperature (RT). At higher temperatures up to 700°C it was possible to compensate the hardness loss of the cast iron materials.
Thermal properties of calcium-aluminate based materials
Authors: Kulu P , Goljandin D , Traksmaa R , Kaljuvee T , Gregor A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Good cementing properties, fast setting and strong thermal performance make calcium-aluminate a valuable raw material for use in the production of different types of new refractory materials, e.g., heat conductive/storage materials. The main aim of the study was to determine thermal properties of novel Nb-slag based materials with different fillers, and to clarify optimal composition and technology. Process of preparation of studied materials was following: mixing of components, casting to moulds and hardening of materials. To estimate potential application areas, we studied the following thermal properties of CA-based materials: thermal behaviour, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and conductivity. For this small cylindrical specimens were cut out from produced materials, and plates sized 300 × 300 mm were used for conductivity studies. Different compositions of CA-based materials, the hardening process, and the influence of mechanical activation on the strength were analyzed. Best thermal properties similar to the analogous reference material were obtained by quartz sand and granite sand as filler materials. The thermal conductivity of the novel CA-based material is 1.5 times higher and the bending strength is about 3 times higher compared to commercial thermoplates.
Nature inspired optimization of jerk limited feedrate profile for NURBS toolpaths in CNC machines
Authors: Erwinski Krystian , Szczepanski Rafal , Tarczewski Tomasz 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper a novel approach to solving the feedrate optimization problem in Computerized Numerically Controlled (CNC) machines for Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) toolpaths is presented. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) gradient-free algorithm is used to determine the optimal shape of the feedrate profile. The shape of the profile is optimized to achieve shortest travel time within the constraints imposed by the machine’s axes. Compared to more common approaches the profile is initialized with a quasi-optimal shape determined by a feedrate limit curve and then optimized to the final shape. Simulation results are presented that show the performance and computational effectiveness of the proposed method.
Safety Assessment and Simulation of Autonomous Vehicle in Urban Environments
Authors: Malayjerdi Mohsen , Baykara Bariş Cem , Sell Raivo , Malayjerdi Ehsan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Autonomous Vehicle (AV) industry aims to design strategic plans to ensure the safety of the developed systems before their mass deployment. Real-road testing is shown to be impractical for validating these systems as it requires many years if not decades of testing in different environmental conditions. Therefore, this method must be complemented with simulation for a feasible solution. The primary goal of this research is to develop advanced techniques in the safety validation area by using immersive simulation technologies. This study led to a simulation approach for safety evaluation of an AV shuttle, ise Auto, currently operating at the TalTech campus. First, we create a virtual environment based on the specified path on the university campus including all relevant features. The environment is created by using geospatial data which is collected by a drone, then they are converted to a 3D map applicable for the LGSVL simulator. Next, the developed shuttle 3D model is imported to the simulation environment and with the aim of the LGSVL, sensor data are provided for the Autoware perception algorithms, which is the control software of the shuttle. This system enables us to evaluate AV’s decision-making performance and safety in different situations.
Variations of ice friction regimes in relation to surface topography and applied operating parameters
Authors: Velkavrh Igor , Voyer Joëel , Wright Thomas , Lungevičs Jänis , Jansons Ernests , Boiko Irina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To evaluate the effects of surface topography, ice and ambient conditions on the sliding behaviour of steel samples on ice, in the present study friction and velocity measurements were performed with steel samples having different surface roughness values and distinct surface structures. It was shown that the influence of surface roughness on friction and sliding velocity is strongly dependant on ice conditions and the applied experimental parameters due to the formation of different friction regimes.
Modern Robot Integrated Manufacturing Cell According to the Needs of Industry 4.0
Authors: Moor Madis , Vaher Kristo , Riives Jüri , Kangru Tavo , Otto Tauno 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The continuous need to develop Industry 4.0 branches has led to a position, where highly sophisticated and multi-layer smart robotic systems are conducting the way in future manufacturing. This study aims to build a connectivity and system intelligent layer on top of a Co-bot integrated CNC-based Manufacturing cell. The connectivity layer is used to bypass all the data from machines to the upper intelligent layer vice versa. When raw data is arriving in the intelligent layer it is converted to information and again to knowledge for reflection back to the cell. Machine to Machine Communication and Digital Twin process for optimization is used for data conversions. This study is a down-scale example of the CPS for further development of existing robot cells.
Supply Chain Digitalization Framework for Service/Product Satisfaction
Authors: Murumaa Lea , Shevtshenko Eduard , Karaulova Tatjana , Mahmood Kashif , Popell Janek 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is essential for every enterprise existence to satisfy customer and consumer. The main idea of the current research is to apply customer satisfaction level Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for supply chain reliability improvement. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model based KPI metrics enables to increase the quality of product/service by monitoring, visualization and further digitalization of directly involved processes. In the long run, the solution will ultimately help to reduce/eliminate the number of customer reclamations in the supply chain.
The paper includes a customer satisfaction improvement feasibility case study for the approval of findings, where the garment field business processes are connected to KPI-s of product and service models. In addition, this work suggests modelling tools for faster product/service and business process modelling and evaluation (assessment) based on the selected strategic goal for each management level. The authors defend that the current research helps to create new digital solutions to increase reliability by moving toward the customer satisfaction.
Nevertheless, the proposed approach is adaptable to other fields also, whereas the small and medium enterprise (SMEs) focal player or project owner defines the processes that have the biggest impact on the product/service reliability.
Quality of Photovoltaic Modules, Experimental Evaluation and Mathematical Modelling
Authors: Tšukrejev P , Karjust K , Majak J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Over the world rapid growth of demand for photovoltaic systems installations brings forward magnificent increase in production numbers in manufacturing facilities of PV systems. Production companies are facing challenges in providing the best quality simultaneously with rising manufacturing quantities. Due to technology behind not all the quality decisions can be done in real time. This study is focused on the development of experimental study and mathematical modelling of the PV modules quality control parameters, which could only be tested during chemical processes and could not be monitored constantly by operators at the production line.
Detection of cracks in green products of powder metallurgy by means of laser vibrometry
Authors: Tatarinov A , Kurtenoks V , Mironovs V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cracking of green parts in powder metallurgy (PM) is a big concern in PM industry. Detection of cracks in green parts before sintering can prevent recycling of already sintered parts or production of defective ones. As opposed to sintered parts, where the presence of cracks is well revealed by impact spectroscopy, it is challenging for green parts. The reason is an extremely low mechanical quality factor of these parts composed of compacted but non-sintered metal powder particles. Low mechanical integrity of particles causes the absence of pronounced resonances of the parts. The aim of the study was to test a possibility to discerning healthy and cracked green parts using spectral characteristics of signals obtained by laser vibromery. Four similar green PM gear wheels made of steel powder were obtained from a PM manufacturing company, two of them were healthy and two with simulated cracks that appeared in the area of stress concentration between the hub and the disc. The experimental setup included a Polytec PSV-500 scanning laser vibrometer and a Bruel&Kjer vibration stand type 4824. Integrated spectrograms in the frequency range 50 – 3500 Hz were recorded upon a 95-point network on the gear surface at different vibration intensities proportionally graded in the range from 1 to 5. Comparison of the 3D (frequency-intensity-amplitude) vibration spectrograms showed that the defected specimens with cracks differed from the healthy ones in the following features: resonance frequency shift and/or splitting of resonances when the load changes. The study confirmed the principal possibility of cracks detection in green PM parts using laser vibrometry regardless the crack location in the part. The aim of further studies is to determine the sensitivity limit in terms of crack size.
The effect of UV-C radiation on the durability of 3D printed plastic parts in disinfectant devices
Authors: Tähemaa T , Sarkans M , Sarand I , Pohlak M , Niidas A , Saarna M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The usage of far or hard ultraviolet radiation in wavelength 200 – 280 nm or shortly UV-C disinfectors are becoming more and more popular due to their universal ability to fight against bacteria and viruses. It is well known that according to DIN 5031-7, both UV-A and UV-B radiation from sunlight have clear influence on the mechanical and visual properties of plastic parts, but the influence of intensive artificial UV-C is not so widely investigated. As the UV-C is in the shorter end of the UV radiation wavelength spectrum and is completely absorbed by the ozone layer and atmosphere, it is not possible to see the influence of it in everyday life. But in the equipment where the artificial UV-C radiation wavelength is used as a disinfectant, and probably in the open space, the influence of UV-C could be remarkable. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the food industry to avoid contamination in the food packing process. The global COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has amplified this interest and has forced authors to run a set of tests with printed plastic parts. This paper analyses the outcome of those tests including two different printing directions and two different surface paints. The study shows that there is considerable influence of UV-C radiation on mechanical and aesthetic properties of 3D SLS printed PA12 parts. However, the influence can be diminished by use of appropriate paints.