bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intertextuality in Early Greek Poetry: The Special Case of Epinician
Authors: Currie Bruno 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper offers a reappraisal of the role of intertextuality in fifth-century BCE epinician poetry by means of a comparison with the role of intertextuality in all of early Greek hexameter poetry, ‘lyric epic’, and fifth-century BCE tragedy and comedy. By considering the ways in which performance culture as well as the production of written texts affects the prospects for intertextuality, it challenges a scholarly view that would straightforwardly correlate intertextuality in early Greek poetry with an increasing use and dissemination of written texts. Rather, ‘performance rivalry’ (a term understood to encompass both intra- and intergeneric competition between poetic works that were performed either on the same occasion or on closely related occasions) is identified as a plausible catalyst of intertextuality in all of the poetic genres considered, from the eighth or seventh century to the fifth century BCE. It is argued that fifth-century epinician poetry displays frequent, fine-grained, and allusive intertextuality with a range of early hexameter poetry: theIliad, the poems of the Epic Cycle, and various ‘Hesiodic’ poems – poetry that in all probability featured in the sixth-fifth century BCE rhapsodic repertoire. It is also argued that, contrary to what is maintained in some recent Pindaric scholarship, there is no comparable case to be made for a frequent, significant, and allusive intrageneric intertextuality between epinician poems: in this respect, the case of epinician makes a very striking contrast with epic, tragedy, and comedy – poetic genres to which intrageneric intertextuality was absolutely fundamental. It is suggested that the presence or absence of intrageneric intertextuality in the genres in question is likely to be associated with the presence or absence of performance rivalry. A further factor identified as having the potential to inhibit intrageneric intertextuality in epinician is the undesirability of having one poem appear to be ‘bettered’ by another in a genre were all poems were commissioned to exalt individual patrons. This, again, is a situation that did not arise for epic, tragedy, or comedy, where a kind of competitive or ‘zero-sum’ intertextuality could be (and was) unproblematically embraced. Intertextuality in epinician thus appears to present a special case vis-à-vis the other major poetic genres of early Greece, whose workings can both be illuminated by consideration of the workings of intertextuality in epic, tragedy, and comedy, and can in turn illuminate something of the workings of intertextuality in those genres.
Changes of Mind after Movement Onset Depend on the State of the Motor System
Authors: Cos Ignasi , Pezzulo Giovanni , Cisek Paul 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDecision-making is traditionally described as a cognitive process of deliberation followed by commitment to an action choice, preceding the planning and execution of the chosen action. However, this is challenged by recent data suggesting that during situated decisions, multiple options are specified simultaneously and compete in premotor cortical areas for selection and execution. Previous studies focused on the competition during planning and left unaddressed the dynamics of decisions during movement. Does deliberation extend into the execution phase? Are nonselected options still considered? Here we studied a decision-making task in which human participants were instructed to select a reaching path trajectory from an origin to a rectangular target, where reward was distributed nonuniformly at the target. Critically, we applied mechanical perturbations to the arm during movement to study under which conditions such perturbations produce changes of mind. Our results show that participants initially selected the direction of movement toward the highest reward region and changed their mind most frequently when the two choices offered the same reward, showing that deliberation continues and follows cost–benefit considerations during movement. Furthermore, changes of mind were dependent on the intensity of the perturbation and the current state of the motor system, including velocity and distance to targets. Although reward remains most relevant, our results indicate that the state of the motor system when the perturbation occurs is a crucial determinant of changes of mind.
Regional Targeting of Bladder and Urethra Afferents in the Lumbosacral Spinal Cord of Male and Female Rats: A Multiscale Analysis
Authors: Fuller-Jackson J. P. , Osborne P. B. , Keast J. R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSensorimotor circuits of the lumbosacral spinal cord are required for lower urinary tract (LUT) regulation as well as being engaged in pelvic pain states. To date, no molecular markers have been identified to enable specific visualization of LUT afferents, which are embedded within spinal cord segments that also subserve somatic functions. Moreover, previous studies have not fully investigated the patterning within or across spinal segments, compared afferent innervation of the bladder and urethra, or explored possible structural sex differences in these pathways. We have addressed these questions in adult Sprague Dawley rats, using intramural microinjection of the tract tracer, B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB). Afferent distribution was analyzed within individual sections and 3D reconstructions from sections across four spinal cord segments (L5-S2), and in cleared intact spinal cord viewed with light sheet microscopy. Simultaneous mapping of preganglionic neurons showed their location throughout S1 but restricted to the caudal half of L6. Afferents from both LUT regions extended from L5 to S2, even where preganglionic motor pathways were absent. In L6 and S1, most afferents were associated with the sacral preganglionic nucleus (SPN) and sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCom), with very few in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. Spinal innervation patterns by bladder and urethra afferents were remarkably similar, likewise the patterning in male and female rats. In conclusion, microscale to macroscale mapping has identified distinct features of LUT afferent projections to the lumbosacral cord and provided a new anatomic approach for future studies on plasticity, injury responses, and modeling of these pathways.
Dom za starije i nemoćne: Dom Sveti Frane
Authors: Barišić Nataša 
Published: November 2021

Analizom demografske slike Republike Hrvatske vidljivo je kako postotak ljudi treće životne dobi bilježi rast već dulji niz godina. Iz tog razloga teži se unaprjeđenju kvalitete života i stvaranju primjerenih uvjeta za cjeloživotno obrazovanje starije populacije općenito, a samim time i za boravak u domovima za starije i nemoćne. Domska pedagogija temelji se na proučavanju života i uvjeta u domovima, što je predmet ovoga rada. Dom kao odgojna sredina pruža različite pedagoške i odgojne prilike za rad kroz koje korisnici, osim prilagodbe na nov način života, zadovoljavaju i svoje ostale potrebe. U ovom radu detaljno se prikazuje organizacija Doma Sveti Frane u Zadru, program rada ustanove, kao i postavljeni ciljevi kojima se teži u raznim oblicima rada s korisnicima. Također se predstavljaju stručni profili osoba najadekvatnijih za rad u takvim ustanovama, među kojima se posebno ističe suradnja socijalnog pedagoga i socijalnog radnika. Brojne socijalne vrijednosti i načela na kojima se planira rad temelj su kvalitetne suradnje i napretka korisnika kao zajedničkog postignuća.
Current State and Trends of Openness of the Ukrainian Economy
Authors: Ankhelko Iryna , Lekh Iryna 
Published: November 2021

The essence of openness of the economy as an object of theoretical study based on the analysis of publications and research of domestic and foreign scientists is explored in the article. On that basis, the authors give their interpretation of the concept. It is noted that the consistent expansion of economic openness is an important factor in modern economic development. Four groups of the division of national economies by the criterion of openness, namely by the share of exports in the country's GDP, are considered. The main conditions of an open economy are highlighted and the main tools (economic and political) with which it is possible to achieve the expansion of economic openness are given.
An assessment of the current state and trends of openness of the national economy, based on the analysis of the main indicators of exports and imports of goods and services, as well as the geographical structure of Ukraine's foreign trade by recipient countries and donor countries of goods and services, has been made. It was found that in the current conditions of socio-economic instability, the openness of Ukraine’s economy remains at a fairly high level, which causes its close dependence on changes in external conditions. It is analyzed that the lion's share in the overall structure of Ukraine's foreign trade belongs to goods. The principal recipient countries of Ukrainian goods and services and donor countries in 2020 have been identified. The most common goods and services in the structure of exports and imports of Ukraine are also highlighted. In particular, it is noted that the most common goods for export were products of plant origin, base metals and articles base metals, fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin, and among services - transport services. At the same time, it was determined that the highest volume of imports in the general structure of Ukraine's foreign trade was achieved via machinery, equipment and machinery, electrical equipment and transport services import. It is generalized that the openness of Ukraine's economy is essential for its socio-economic development. Importantly to maximise the use of openness advantages that leads to productivity increasing and adaptation of production to growing competition that in turn is an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of the economy. It is recommended for ensuring the economic development of Ukraine, along with the foreign trade component of economic openness, it is also necessary to develop financial (including investment, technological, communicational) and political components.
Dominating Concepts of Russian Federation Propaganda Against Ukraine (Content and Collocation Analyses of Russia Today)
Authors: Karpchuk Nataliia , Yuskiv Bohdan 
Published: November 2021

The Russian Federation has been carrying out long-term and successful disinformation and propaganda activities against Ukraine. Due to its powerful, state-supported media structures, it is able to impose its vision of reality on its respective audiences. The purpose of this article is to determine the lexemes and topics of the “landscape” of analytical reports produced by Russia Today (RT) in 2018–2020. Lexemes and topics lay the groundwork for the RT propaganda discourse aimed at interfering and disbalancing Ukraine’s media space. This paper, based on quantitative and qualitative analysis, focuses on (1) the vocabulary structure of analytical materials, which may indicate Russian priorities, and (2) the thematic content (hidden topics) of RT messages. The RT analytical reports titles and relevant metadata were analyzed. The body of data was subdivided into periods of presidencies of P. Poroshenko and V. Zelensky. The authors argue that personalities do not play a significant role in the Kremlin’s attitude toward Ukraine; only the Ukraine-Russia opposition is decisive, in which the RF assigns Ukraine the only acceptable role as Russia’s “puppet.”
Healthy Weight
Authors: Levinson Benjamin 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Overweight and obesity are becoming more prevalent over time.Prevention works best when started early; discuss healthy eating practices at health supervision (well-child) visits by starting with responsive feeding in infancy.Treatment works best when started early; consider discussing treatment in more detail when observing an increase in body mass index (BMI) percentile over time, even if the BMI percentile is not at the overweight/obese threshold.During treatment, initial follow-up should be in 4 weeks and should remain at 4-week intervals until consistent improvement is made.Emphasize that the entire family has to be on board and practice healthy habits together.
Vision Screening
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Vision screening should be a routine part of every primary care visit, with physical examination from birth and formal acuity testing from 3 years on. Elements of the physical examination include inspection, red reflex evaluation, corneal light reflection, cover-uncover test. Instrument-based testing can begin at 1 year of age until chart-based acuity testing is possible from 3 years on. Amblyopia, which results in permanent vision loss, is preventable with early detection—before 5 years of age.
Dysmenorrhea
Authors: Zubairi Hijab 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Dysmenorrhea (ie, painful menses) is a frequent cause of school absenteeism in girls.Primary dysmenorrhea typically occurs 1 to 2 years after menarche.Common causes of secondary dysmenorrhea including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, outflow tract obstruction, and endometrial polyps or fibroids.A careful history and physical examination are sufficient to diagnose primary dysmenorrhea.Secondary dysmenorrhea may require additional evaluation, including STI testing, imaging studies, and referral to a specialist.
Dysphagia
Authors: Barragan Myriam 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Dysphagia is difficulty with or improper swallowing.Dysphagia has many causes depending on gestational age, chronological age, congenital malformations, and neurodevelopmental status.Detailed history and physical examination help establish etiology for dysphagia in majority of cases.Selected cases need laboratory and imaging studies.Treatment depends on underlying cause.
Limp
Authors: Tsao Ronald 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
The presence of a fever or weight loss suggests an infectious, oncologic, or inflammatory cause.An acute limp in the context of a fever with significant joint tenderness, refusal to bear weight, or limited range of motion should raise the suspicion of septic arthritis.Trauma is the most common cause of a limp.Chronic intermittent limping is more consistent with autoimmune causes, malignancy, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Osgood-Schlatter disease, and transient synovitis.
Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Palpable cervical, occipital, and inguinal lymph nodes are common in healthy children. Important to distinguish reactive from infiltrative and localized from generalized adenopathy Knowing which group of lymph nodes drains which area(s) of the body helps direct diagnostic evaluation. Character of enlarged node(s) also helps guide evaluation: tenderness, warmth, fluctuance, hardness, fixation.
Nonconvulsive Periodic Disorders
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
The overall prevalence in children of paroxysmal disorders that are not epileptic is high.Distinguishing them from seizures is important prognostically and to avoid unnecessary treatment that can entail significant side effects.A thorough history is typically the most potent diagnostic tool.In general, education and reassurance are the mainstays of management.
Vaginal Bleeding
Authors: Watt Mridula B. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to bleeding that is excessive or occurs outside normal cyclic menstruation Anovulatory uterine bleeding is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding adolescents within 1–2 years of menarche. It is important to exclude pregnancy and infections prior to initiating treatment for anovulatory bleeding Goals of management for abnormal uterine bleeding include return to pattern of normal menstrual cycle and prevention of anemia.
Brief Resolved Unexplained Event (BRUE)
Authors: Rossetti Allison 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Formerly known as apparent life-threatening event, brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) is used to emphasize the transient nature of the event and a lack of clear etiology and removes life-threatening from the label.Diagnosis of BRUE is established by detailed history and physical examination.Targeted laboratory and specialty evaluation depends on findings on clinical evaluation.A small number of infants need hospitalization for additional evaluation and observation.Infants who meet low-risk criteria can be discharged home after a period of observation.Mainstay of management are education of the family and providing resources for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training.
Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Ma Janet 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Atopic dermatitis is a common atopic disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin and pruritus.Treatment includes gentle moisturizers/emollients, topical/systemic steroids, nonsteroidal therapy, and biologic therapy. When needed, treat secondary infections such as Staphylococcus aureus.It can be associated with significant comorbidities including increased risk for other atopic diseases, poor sleep and growth, and poor quality of life and/or school performance.
Diaper Rash
Authors: Bode Sara 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and candida are most common causes. Irritant contact dermatitis typically spares the creases, while Candida fungal infections involve the creases, are beefy red, and may have surrounding papules at the periphery (ie, satellite lesions). Consider adding antifungal treatment for ICD when the patient has completed recent antibiotic course or if the rash has persisted longer than 72 hours. Moderate ICD can be treated with low-potency steroids (eg, hydrocortisone 1% or 2.5%); avoid mid-potency steroids because of increased steroid absorption from diaper occlusion
Enuresis
Authors: Stone Lisa 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is common in and often outgrown by children. Psychological effects on the child are the main reason for treatment.A thorough history and physical examination are needed to accurately characterize the type of nocturnal enuresis in order to form the most effective treatment plan.Both the bedwetting alarm and desmopressin are widely considered first-line therapy in the treatment of PMNE.
Intellectual Disability
Authors: Duan Susan 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by limitations in both intelligence and adaptive skills.It begins in childhood and is usually identified by failing to meet expected developmental milestones during routine visits.ID is classified on the basis of level of function, as being mild, moderate, severe, or profound. Most individuals with ID are in the mild category.Most cases of ID are multifactorial, although underlying genetic and metabolic disorders can be causative.Children with ID are likelier to have other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or learning disabilities.Treatment goals are to lessen the effects of the disability and optimize functioning in the child’s everyday life. Access to early intervention programs is highly important so that the child and family can receive appropriate support.Children with ID are at increased risk for poverty and poor health outcomes as adults. Long-term outcomes are related to the severity of ID.
High Altitude Illness
Authors: Kirolos Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Individuals traveling to high altitudes (usually to ≥2,500 m) are at risk of developing high altitude illness (HAI), especially if ascending quickly.Acclimatization and slow ascent are the most effective ways to avoid HAI.Acetazolamide is prevention and treatment.High altitude illnesses typically respond to descent, oxygen therapy, or both.
Anxiety and Trauma-Related Distress
Authors: Wissow Lawrence S. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Anxiety symptoms (eg, fears about harm to self or loved ones; distress when child is asked to engage in feared activity; somatic complaints associated with fears) are common in children and adolescents; at some life stages and in some circumstances, a certain level of anxiety is developmentally appropriate.Anxiety symptoms may be features of 1 of 6 anxiety disorders or may cause functional impairment in the absence of a diagnosable disorder. Anxiety-like symptoms are a frequent response to trauma (physical or psychological) and can be features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, or adjustment disorder.Validated tools are available to screen for mental health symptoms generally, anxiety symptoms specifically, posttraumatic stress specifically, and impaired functioning, and to assess the effect of the child’s problem on caregivers; results lead to further discussions with the child and family.A child who feels anxious often has a parent who feels anxious or depressed; care of the parent is integral to helping the child.Pediatric clinicians can provide meaningful intervention, even in the absence of a diagnosis, through expressions of hope, empathy, and support to the child and family; encouragement of healthy habits and reducing overall stress; emphasis on coping with or gradual exposure to feared activities, rather than avoiding them; and brief interventions derived from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Refer for full diagnostic evaluation and evidence-based care (CBT, plus medication for certain disorders) or comanage care with a mental health specialist ifThe child has severe functional impairments at school, at home, or with peers.Multiple symptoms of anxiety occur in many domains of life.The child or parent is very distressed by the symptom or symptoms.There are co-occurring behavioral problems (especially if combined with shyness).Anxiety was preceded by serious trauma or symptoms suggesting PTSD, acute stress disorder, or adjustment disorder.The child seems to have panic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), both of which require specialized treatment.Anxiety occurs in a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Vitamin D Inadequacy
Authors: DeWitt Thomas G. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Treatment
Insufficiency or deficiency: 2,000 to 5,000 IU/d, adjusted for ageIf adherence is an issue: 50,000 IU/wk or onetime dose of 200,000 to 400,000 IUPrevention: 400 to 600 IU/d
Differential Diagnosis
Phosphate or calcium deficiency, disorders of vitamin D metabolism, renal disease
Epidemiology
Increasing incidence of vitamin D inadequacy
Otitis Externa
Authors: Bode Sara 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Otitis externa most commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.Examination noted to have swelling of ear canal, possible discharge, pain on movement of pinna or tragus.TreatmentFor intact tympanic membrane, can use neomycin, polymyxin B, or trimethoprim sulfate.For non-intact tympanic membrane or tympanostomy tube–associated otorrhea, use fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin).Malignant otitis externa (ie, rapid soft tissue and bone involvement) is characterized by severe pain, copious discharge, and possible facial paralysis and requires admission with imaging and intravenous antibiotics.