bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are “Internet+” tactics the key to poverty alleviation in China’s rural ethnic minority areas? Empirical evidence from Sichuan Province
Authors: Yin Xiang , Meng Zhiyi , Yi Xin , Wang Yong , Hua Xia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChina has made great efforts to alleviate poverty in rural ethnic minority areas and targeted achieving the poverty-alleviation task by the end of 2020. Aba, Ganzi, and Liangshan, three of the poorest ethnic prefectures in Sichuan Province, Southwest China, have all implemented “Internet+” tactics since 2013, which have had the positive effect of increasing family revenues by improving communication infrastructure and encouraging the large-scale use of e-commerce. This paper aims to comprehensively investigate whether “Internet+” tactics play a key role in poverty alleviation in Sichuan’s rural ethnic minority areas and to propose further measures to enhance the efficiency of e-commerce practice. To this end, we conduct an analysis using the framework of classic growth theory and use panel data from 2000 to 2018 to examine the relationship between Communication Infrastructure Investment (CII) and a set of poverty-alleviation indicators, including local GDP growth rate (LGGR), local government revenue (LGR), and per-capita income of residents (PCIR). The results indicate that strengthening CII improves the PCIR and local economic growth, playing a key role in poverty alleviation. However, the stimulation of CII on LGGR and LGR wanes as time passes. More financial and technical actions will be needed to improve the efficiency and quality of current strategies for sustainable development in those areas.
Cryptocurrencies, gold, and WTI crude oil market efficiency: a dynamic analysis based on the adaptive market hypothesis
Authors: Ghazani Majid Mirzaee , Jafari Mohammad Ali 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study examined the evolving oil market efficiency by applying daily historical data to the three benchmark cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple), gold, and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil. The data coverage of daily returns was from August 2015 to April 2019. We applied two alternative tests to examine linear and nonlinear dependency, i.e., automatic portmanteau and generalized spectral tests. The analysis of observed results validated the adaptive market hypothesis (AMH) in all markets, but the degree of adaptability between the data was different. In this study, we also analyzed the existence of evolutionary behavior in the market. To achieve this goal, we checked the results by applying the rolling-window method with three different window lengths (50, 100, and 150 days) on the test statistics, which was consistent with the findings of AMH.
Influence of beam hardening in dual-energy CT imaging: phantom study for iodine mapping, virtual monoenergetic imaging, and virtual non-contrast imaging
Authors: Kanatani Risa , Shirasaka Takashi , Kojima Tsukasa , Kato Toyoyuki , Kawakubo Masateru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the influence of beam hardening on the dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) values of iodine maps, virtual monoenergetic (VME) images, and virtual non-contrast (VNC) images. 320-row DECT imaging was performed by changing the x-ray tube energy for the first and second rotations. DECT values of 5 mg/mL iodine of the multi-energy CT phantom were compared with and without a 2-mm-thick attenuation rubber layer (~700 HU) wound around the phantom. It was found that the CT density values UH, with/without the rubber layer had statistical differences in the iodine map (184 ± 0.7 versus 186 ± 1.8), VME images (125 ± 0.3 versus 110 ± 0.4), and VNC images (−58 ± 0.7 versus −76 ± 1.7) (p < 0.010 for all). This suggests that iodine mapping may be underestimated by DECT and overestimated by VME imaging because of x-ray beam hardening. The use of VNC images instead of plain CT images requires further investigation because of underestimation.
Reducing Futile Acute Care Services for Terminally Ill Patients With Cancer: The Dignity Project
Authors: Salama Hind , Al Mutairi Nashmia , Damlaj Moussab , Alolayan Ashwaq , Binahmed Ahmed , Salama Hagir , Tlayjeh Haytham , Alhejazi Ayman , Lawrence Myer , Shehata Hussam , Shami Mona , Alkaiyat Mohammad , Jazieh Abdul Rahman 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE: Patients with terminal diseases frequently undergo interventions that are futile and may be detrimental to their quality of life. We conducted a quality improvement project aimed to reduce the utilization of futile acute care services (ACSs) for patients with cancer treated with a palliative intent. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team reviewed the records of terminally ill patients with cancer who died between November 2017 and May 2018, during their admission at our institution. The review aimed to assess the magnitude of improper utilization of ACSs and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Lack of timely documentation of the goals of care (GOCs) was the main reason for this problem. We defined timely documentation as the availability of electronic documentation of patients' GOC before the need for ACSs. Interventions were implemented to improve the process; postintervention data were captured and compared with the baseline data. RESULTS: After the delivery of staff education and the implementation of mandatory documentation of the GOCs in the healthcare electronic record system, the timely documentation of the GOCs for patients with a palliative intent increased significantly from 59% at baseline to 83% in the postintervention phase. The impact of this intervention led to a decrease in admissions to the ICU from 26% to 12% and an estimated annual cost saving of $777,600 in US dollars. CONCLUSION: Our interventions resulted in improved documentation of the GOCs and decrease in the utilization of ACSs including ICU admissions and the associated cost.
Art, Activism, and the Presence of Memory in Palestine
Authors: Abu-Lughod Lila 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this interview conducted by Lila Abu-Lughod on October 17, 2020, Palestinian artist Rana Bishara discusses the three artworks that appear on the covers of volume 41 of Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, as well as numerous other multidisciplinary and multimedia artworks she has made and exhibited from the 1990s to the present, focusing specifically on art as a form of political activism.
An Analysis of the Postgastrula Differentiation of the Hypomere
Authors: Finnegan Cyril V. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAn experimental analysis of the competence of the Urodele hypomere for different kinds of mesodermal histogenesis was continued by heteroplastic and homoioplastic transplantations of portions of neurula and tail-bud trunk hypomere to a position overlying the somitic mesoderm in Ambystoma punctatum and Taricha torosa. The major portion of the transplanted hypomere differentiated, in association with the overlying ectoderm (either host or donor), into a loose connectivetissue dermis. The specific characteristics of this connective tissue differed with the age of the donor tissue (older hypomere more rapidly developed the associated homogeneous ground substance) and with the species of the host (all graft tissue on A. punctatum hosts developed more rapidly the loose connective-tissue dermis and then, often, a fibrous connective tissue was formed). The association of donor tissue and host tissue in the ventral somite tip region resulted in host-donor responses which involved both tissues and which gave evidence of further histogenetic competence on the part of the hypomere. Apparently in response to influences of the ventral somite tip, the immediately superficial donor cells increased in number (by mitotic activity and aggregation) and developed an outgrowth from this ‘limb-bud’ mass. Younger ventral hypomere demonstrated greater histogenetic competence in responding to this host influence than did the older hypomere and, in T. torosa, the dorsal hypomere was more competent in this respect than was the ventral hypomere. It was also shown that the development of the outgrowth would not occur in the absence of the superficial somite tissue of the ventral myotome even though an initial mass of donor cells might be produced. Possibly in response to stimulation by the grafted hypomere, the host’s pronephric duct in the graft region increased in size (number of cells constituting the duct wall) and branched (regenerated) with the supernumerary nephric duct passing posteriad along the experimentally created hypomere-somite boundary. Both host and donor cells seemed to be incorporated into this new duct. Responding to tubule induction by the supernumerary pronephric duct, the closely associated ventral somite cells attempted development of mesonephric tubule rudiments. These supernumerary rudiments were more anterior than the normal host rudiments and were noticeably less well differentiated. Such experimentally produced developmental associations deprived the host trunk myotomes of their ventral tips, which resulted in a lack of ventrolateral myotome extension and thus in the subsequent failure of ventro-lateral musculature to appear in the graft region of the host trunk.
Vegetal rotation, a new gastrulation movement involved in the internalization of the mesoderm and endoderm in Xenopus
Authors: Winklbauer Rudolf , Schürfeld Matthias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A main achievement of gastrulation is the movement of the endoderm and mesoderm from the surface of the embryo to the interior. Despite its fundamental importance, this internalization process is not well understood in amphibians. We show that in Xenopus, an active distortion of the vegetal cell mass, vegetal rotation, leads to a dramatic expansion of the blastocoel floor and a concomitant turning around of the marginal zone which constitutes the first and major step of mesoderm involution. This vigorous inward surging of the vegetal region into the blastocoel can be analyzed in explanted slices of the gastrula, and is apparently driven by cell rearrangement. Thus, the prospective endoderm, previously thought to be moved passively, provides the main driving force for the internalization of the mesendoderm during the first half of gastrulation. For further involution, and for normal positioning of the involuted mesoderm and its rapid advance toward the animal pole, fibronectin-independent interaction with the blastocoel roof is required.
Some Properties of the Rabbit Blastocyst
Authors: Lutwak-Mann Cecilia 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A study of certain chemical components of the rabbit blastocyst was carried out using material available at 6, 7, 8, and up to 12 days after copulation. For chemical determinations unimplanted blastocysts were used whole; from the implanted blastocysts the fluid filling the interior was withdrawn by aspiration. The content of nitrogen, chlorides, Na, K, Mg, and Ca was determined. Glucose was identified in yolk-sac fluid and its concentration before and after implantation was determined. The passage from maternal blood into the blastocyst fluid was investigated, during a 30-60-minute interval following parenteral administration, of glucose, C. LUTWAK-MANN—PROPERTIES OF RABBIT BLASTOCYST 13 fructose, sucrose; sulphapyridine, thiocyanate. Under the experimental conditions of this study all these substances, except thiocyanate, passed freely into the fluid of the fully implanted blastocyst 8 days after mating. None, however, was able to penetrate into the unimplanted blastocysts. During the initial phase of implantation glucose entered the fluid more readily than either fructose or sucrose. In hyperglycaemic alloxan-diabetic rabbits the glucose concentration in the blastocyst fluid represented only a fraction of that found in the maternal blood. Data are presented for the distribution of glycogen and phosphorus in the rabbit uterus, –8 days after copulation, at the level of implantation, and in the interimplantation areas.
The Cultivation of the Pituitary of Infantile Rats by the Glass-Rod Technique and the Influence of Grafted Explants on the Growth of Hypophysectomized Hosts
Authors: Martinovitch Petar N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Explanted anterior pituitaries of 13−17-day-old rats survive in watchglasses on glass rods for at least 3 months. In whole expiants of 10−14-day-old animals the posterior lobe (pars nervosa), and probably the pars intermedia as well, survive as long as the anterior lobe. Both the anterior lobe and the pars nervosa survived, when embryo extract was added to the medium, for up to 131 days. Some acidophilic cells, partly degranulated, persist in cultures throughout the whole in vitro life of the explant. Basophils closely resembling the ‘castration cell’ are clearly visible in stained preparations of the explant, but only after 6 to 8 weeks of cultivation. A number of dividing chromophobes have been observed during the first 2 months of cultivations. Anterior pituitaries after cultivation for between 1 and 2 months when grafted into the anterior eye chamber caused young hypophysectomized rats to resume their growth which had been completely arrested. In some explant-transplants the parenchyma of the anterior lobe consists of only one type of cell, namely the chromophobe; in others, some partly granulated acidophils have been found. Basophils have not been observed in transplanted expiants. Anterior pituitaries cultivated in a diluted (liquid) plasma medium retain a remarkably normal appearance for over two months and contain numerous healthy-looking acidophil cells throughout that time. A modification of the glass-rod technique for use with liquid media has been described.
Observations on the Nature of the Relationship between Cell Division and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Authors: O’Connor R. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
From micromanometric measurements made on liver tissue of the chicken embryo, isolated in a glucose-containing medium, estimates have been made of the rate of glucose catabolism ending in acid formation and that utilizing oxygen. The variations undergone by these metabolic processes during normal development have been compared with the variations in mitotic activity of the hepatic cells as determined by the proportion of dividing cells seen in histological sections. The comparison revealed two different associations in the embryonic liver between carbohydrate metabolism and mitotic activity. Before the appearance of glycogen, mitotic activity, the estimated rate of acid production from glucose, and the rate of respiratory glucose utilization decreased in a corresponding manner. After the appearance of glycogen, mitotic activity persisted, but the estimated rates of both metabolic processes fell nearly to zero. Both before and after the appearance of glycogen these relationships of mitotic activity to carbohydrate metabolism differed from those previously recorded for the midbrain and the red-blood cells, which in turn differ one from the other. The suggestion has been made that these differences are consistent with a common dependence of mitotic activity on metabolic reactions leading to pyruvate formation, special consideration being given to the reactions of the hexose monophosphate oxidative route (Dickens, 1953), concerned in the formation of ribose-5-phosphate. This possible dependence is considered to be additional to a dependence of mitotic activity on the energy produced from carbohydrate by the reactions of the tricarboxylic cycle. The implications of such a double dependence of mitotic activity on carbohydrate metabolism have been discussed.
Some Observations on Vitally Stained Rabbit Ova with Special Reference to their Albuminous Coat
Authors: Bacsich P. , Hamilton W. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe gradual deposition of a homogeneous, jelly-like covering on the rabbit ovum during its passage down the uterine tube was first observed by Cruikshank in 1797. This observation has been confirmed repeatedly by many later workers (Barry, 1839; Bischoff, 1842; Thomson, 1859; Assheton, 1894; Gregory, 1930; and Pincus, 1936). Barry referred to this covering investing the zona pellucida as ‘chorion’, some called it the ‘pro-chorion’, while others (Lenhossek, 1911; Grosser, 1927) simply spoke of a deposit of mucus due to the glandular activity of the tubal epithelium. In the more recent literature (Gregory, 1930; Pincus, 1936) this layer is generally referred to as an ‘albuminous’ coat, probably because of its slight similarity to the covering of a hen’s egg.
A combined physiological and morphological study of the secretory process in the rabbit choroid plexus
Authors: Segal M. B. , Burgess Ann M. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The ultrastructure of the secreting and non-secreting rabbit choroid plexus has been examined with the electron microscope. Secretion was inhibited by perfusion with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing one of the following drugs that have been shown to inhibit CSF formation and also the rate of penetration of sodium ions into the fluid: Ouabain, Diamox, Spirolactone and Amiloride.
Perfusion with Kamovsky’s fixative enabled good preservation of the ultrastructure to be obtained in situ. In the inhibited state, large intercellular spaces, some of them reaching 5 μm diameter, were observed along the length of the intercellular cleft, whilst other regions of the cleft retained normal dimensions, apparently limited by desmosomes. In the normally secreting plexus subject to identical conditions of fixation, no such dilations were seen. This ‘reverse’ system contrasts with the ‘forward’ transporting system found in the gall bladder. These findings are in accordance with the Diamond concept of water transfer for ‘reverse’ systems since, if fluid is moving out of the cleft under the influence of active sodium transport, it could be predicted that no dilation would occur jn the transporting condition. A possible explanation of the mechanism is offered in terms of the high hydrostatic pressure which may exist in the choroidal capillaries which, unlike the rest of the cerebral vasculature, are of the fenestrated type and are thus most likely to be highly permeable.
Adhesive selectivity is exhibited in vitro by cells from adjacent tissues of the embryonic chick retina
Authors: Buultjens T. E. J. , Edwards J. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Cells from anatomically remote organs of developing embryos do not normally encounter one another. If intercellular adhesive selectivity has a role in determining or maintaining the position of cells in organs, it should be exhibited between cells which are found in close proximity within a single organ. To test this hypothesis, a collecting cell-sheet assay for intercellular adhesive selectivity has been applied to cells from 3 layers of the retina of the embryonic chick. The finding of a modest degree of selectivity of adhesion between cells from the neural retina and choroid supports the hypothesis. The observed selective low adhesiveness for self of the upper surface of pigmented retina epithelium emphasizes the likely morphogenetic significance of the topographical distribution of intercellular adhesiveness.
Quantitative electronic analysis of normal and transformed bhk2l fibroblast aggregation
Authors: Whur P. , Koppel H. , Urquhart Catriona , Williams D. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The kinetics of cell aggregation in shaking suspension are complex. Consequently most existing forms of assessment are qualitative or semiquantitative. We have used a Coulter counter coupled to a particle size discriminator to describe aggregation more precisely.
BHK21 C13 cells were suspended by light or heavy trypsin/EDTA treatments, and then aggregated at 37 °C. Plots were obtained showing the distribution of cells in 1-50 cell aggregates, from which were calculated the rates of redistribution of cells between aggregates. About half the cells in the initial suspension were not single. During the first 5 min of aggregation single cells and aggregates containing up to 4 cells disappeared into larger aggregates. At later times there was a shift towards a net loss of slightly larger aggregates. Adhesions between single cells were the most common event throughout aggregation, but they declined relatively rapidly with time as adhesions between aggregates became relatively more prominent. The overall rate of adhesions declined 10-fold within 12 min and 100-fold within 90 min.
In contrast to normal fibroblasts, nearly all transformed BHK21 cells in initial suspensions were single, and even by 30 min few single cells had adhered to form aggregates. The initial rate at which adhesions were formed was only about 15% of that of normal cells.
Heavy trypsin/EDTA treatment of normal cells released DNAse-sensitive material which markedly altered the aggregation kinetics. These changes included the disaggregation of small loosely adhering cell clusters coupled with the formation of abnormally large aggregates.
It is suggested that careful preparation of suspensions together with assessment of aggregation on the basis of initial adhesion rate will improve the accuracy and information yield in this type of experiment.
Electrophoretic mobility of microsomes from rat liver
Authors: Blad D. , Winqvist L. , Dallner G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The electrophoretic mobilities of rough and smooth microsomes were studied using free electrophoresis in a sucrose gradient. Rough microsomes have a higher net negative surface charge but removal of the ribosomes decreases their mobility to that of smooth microsomes. Treatment with neuraminidase and phospholipases C and D does not affect the mobility of total smooth microsomes, but this mobility is increased by ∼ 20% after trypsin and papain treatment and by ∼ 12% after phospholipase A treatment. Further treatment of trypsin- digested smooth microsomes with phospholipase C re-establishes the original mobility. This effect is not caused by the removal of lipid phosphate groups, but by the liberation of negatively charged protein species that are normally buried under trypsin-sensitive proteins. Low concentrations of trypsin also solubilize enzyme proteins from smooth liver microsomes of pheno- barbital-treated rats, but the electrophoretic mobility is not increased, indicating structural differences between induced and control membranes.
Freeze-fracture replication and surface sublimation of frozen collagen fibrils
Authors: Stolinski C. , Breathnach A. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Collagen fibrils from various rapidly frozen mammalian tissues were examined by the technique of straightforward freeze-fracture, freeze-fracture followed by sublimation and surface sublimation technique. Fixed and non-fixed specimens cryoprotected either with glycerol or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), as well as non-cryoprotected ones, were examined.
Fibrils were observed either with a banded pattern or as helically twisted strands, and in some cases as a combination of both arrangements. Minimally processed fibrils presented a clearcut banded appearance, while the helical pattern seemed to be associated with the presence of the cryoprotectant, glycerol and DMSO. It is concluded that the banded appearance is in all probability a normal feature of the collagen fibrils in vivo, and that the helical pattern is an abnormal feature resulting from various pretreatments of tissue.