bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Snow hardness impacts intranivean locomotion of arctic small mammals
Authors: Poirier Mathilde , Fauteux Dominique , Gauthier Gilles , Domine Florent , Lamarre Jean‐François 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFossorial locomotion is often considered as the most energetically costly of all terrestrial locomotion. Small arctic rodents, such as lemmings, dig tunnels not only in the soil but also through the snowpack, which is present for over 8 months of the year. Lemmings typically dig in the softest snow layer called the depth hoar but with climate change, melt‐freeze and rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events are expected to increase in the Arctic, leading to a higher frequency of hardened snowpacks. We assessed the impacts of snow hardness on the locomotion of two lemming species showing different morphological adaptations for digging. We hypothesized that an increase in snow hardness would (1) decrease lemming performance and (2) increase their effort while digging, but those responses would differ between lemming species. We exposed four brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus) and three collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) to snow of different hardness (soft, hard, and ROS) during 30‐min trials (n = 63 trials) in a cold room and filmed their behavior. We found that the digging speed and tunnel length of both species decreased with snow hardness and density, underlining the critical role of snow properties in affecting lemming digging performance. During the ROS trials, time spent digging by lemmings increased considerably and they also started using their incisors to help break the hard snow, validating our second hypothesis. Overall, digging performance was higher in collared lemmings, the species showing more morphological adaptations to digging, than in brown lemmings. We conclude that the digging performance of lemming is highly dependent on snowpack hardness and that the anticipated increase in ROS events may pose a critical energetic challenge for arctic rodent populations.
Passive acoustic monitoring complements traditional methods for assessing marine habitat enhancement outcomes
Authors: Van Hoeck Rebecca V. , Paxton Avery B. , Bohnenstiehl DelWayne R. , Taylor J. Christopher , Fodrie F. Joel , Peterson Charles H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHabitat enhancement, often accomplished through the introduction of artificial structures, is a common strategy used by marine resource managers to provide habitat subsidies, protect sensitive habitat, and create new fishing opportunities. Traditional monitoring methods for assessing habitat enhancement outcomes face numerous limitations, including dependence on environmental conditions and trade‐offs between sampling frequency and duration. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is not subject to these same limitations and offers many advantages as a complement to traditional monitoring methods. Our team opportunistically monitored the soundscape and community development of a newly deployed artificial reef and compared it to that of a nearby established artificial reef using PAM and underwater time‐lapse videos. Specifically, we compared the sound pressure level (SPL) timeseries, dusk peak in SPL, and dusk power spectrum between the two artificial reefs to evaluate whether and on what timescale the soundscapes converged. Additionally, we tracked temporal patterns in species‐specific vocalizations to identify the trajectory of community development on the new reef. Lastly, we compared the qualitative conclusions drawn from PAM to previously published results from video monitoring of the same two artificial reefs. PAM identified minimal difference in mean low‐frequency SPL between the two reefs at the onset of monitoring. Though the timeseries correlation, dusk SPL, and dusk power spectra all varied across sampling periods, there were periods of low‐frequency soundscape alignment at four and eleven months following artificial reef deployment, associated with the presence of fish chorusing. The high‐frequency timeseries on each reef were well correlated during all sampling periods, despite an initial SPL difference of 17 dB. Throughout monitoring, high‐frequency sound levels became more similar between the reefs but did not converge. While video monitoring suggested that demersal species did not colonize the reef until five months post‐deployment, patterns in species‐specific vocalizations suggested that toadfish (Opsanus sp.) a cryptic, demersal species may have colonized the new reef within two weeks. Our findings demonstrate that passive acoustic monitoring is a useful complement to traditional methodologies and can provide a more holistic view of community development than visual monitoring alone.
Mild Heating Process and Antioxidant Incorporation Increase Quality and Oxidation Stability of Oil from Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Eyeball
Authors: Pudtikajorn Khamtorn , Sae‐leaw Thanasak , Singh Avtar , Benjakul Soottawat 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOil from skipjack tuna eyeballs is produced by wet rendering method under mild conditions (70–90 °C for 30–60 min). Suitable condition (70 °C for 30 min) provides the oil having yield of 13.95% and acceptable color (L* = 92.26, a* = −2.17, and b* = 22.37) along with less hydrolytic and oxidative deteriorations. To increase oxidative stability, lecithin (200 and 400 ppm), α‐tocopherol (200 and 400 ppm), and their combination (1:1 ratio) at the same concentrations are added in the oil and stored for 30 d at 30 °C. Oil added with α‐tocopherol at 400 ppm shows the highest stability within the first 2 d (peroxide value = 339.28 mEq peroxide kg−1, anisidine value = 34.15, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances = 0.74 mg of MDA kg−1 of oil). However, at day 30, oil incorporated with α‐tocopherol at 400 ppm shows no differences in n‐3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from the control. Also, no significant differences in FTIR spectral intensity between both samples at day 30 at wavenumbers 3013 and 1743 cm−1, representing cis‐double bond and carbonyl group, respectively, are observed. Therefore, other appropriate techniques, e.g., packaging or additives are still required for enhancement of oxidative stability of oil from skipjack tuna eyeball.Practical Applications: Wet rendering method is an environmental friendly method for tuna oil production. However, high temperature of extraction can generate darker color and induce lipid oxidation. To increase the qualities of rendered oil, milder temperature and shorter time for oil extraction should be applied. Moreover, the use of high potential antioxidant in combination with other techniques such as packaging, etc., should be implemented for extending the shelf‐life of oil having high susceptibility toward oxidation.
Significantly enhanced mid Holocene fluvial activity in a globally important, arid‐zone wetland: The Okavango Delta, Botswana
Authors: Tooth Stephen , McCarthy Terence S. , Duller Geoff A. T. , Assine Mario L. , Wolski Piotr , Coetzee Grace 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInformation on past dryland environments is commonly derived from geomorphological landforms and sediments (‘geoproxies’). The Okavango Delta in the middle Kalahari, Botswana, has been subject to a long history of arid–humid transitions but its potentially rich archive of fluvial geoproxies is largely untapped. Previous palaeoenvironmental studies in the Delta region have focused mainly on aeolian dunes, lacustrine beach ridges, and rare pollen sequences in surrounding locations, and the Delta's channel dynamics have remained poorly constrained, both chronologically and in quantitative palaeohydrological terms. Focusing on the Delta's Xugana region, we present the first optically stimulated luminescence ages for palaeochannel fills and scroll bars, revealing significantly enhanced fluvial activity in the ~7–4 ka interval. Along 120–150 m‐wide, sand‐bed, sinuous palaeochannels, lateral migration and bend cutoffs were driven by palaeodischarges up to ~350–450 m3 s−1, at least nine times those of the present‐day channels. These palaeochannels represent the last major phase of meander activity in the middle and lower Delta. The palaeodischarges imply significantly higher rainfall over the catchment in the mid Holocene, possibly resulting from a southwards shift of the African tropical rainbelt. Over the last few thousand years, diminished fluvial activity in the Xugana region has continued; <20 m‐wide channels with discharges typically <40 m3 s−1 have been more laterally stable, albeit subject to local avulsions. These findings provide the ‘missing link’ between evidence for past intervals of enhanced rainfall in the Delta's tributary catchments in the northwest and west and the filling of large lacustrine basins to the southeast and east. The findings contribute to improved understanding of changing Kalahari hydroclimates and support growing evidence indicating that the mid to late Holocene was a time of significant fluvial transformation across many of the world's drylands.
A new method to predict the content changes of aroma compounds during the aging process of Niulanshan Baijiu using the GM (1,1) gray model
Authors: Wang Zhen , Wei Jinwang , Wang Ying , Zhu Tingting , Huang Mingquan , Wu Jihong , Xu Youqiang , Zhang Jinglin , Wang Bowen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNiulanshan Baijiu (NLS), a kind of light‐flavor Baijiu, is very popular in China. The gray model [GM (1,1)], a mathematical model, is used to predict the content changes of key odorants in NLS during the aging process. First, the smell experiment of NLS was carried out by gas chromatography‐olfactometry‐mass spectrometry (GC‐O‐MS). Then, 34 aroma compounds in NLS aged four different years were identified and quantitated, calculated the OAVs of these aroma compounds, there were 18 compounds with OAVs >1, which were considered as important aroma compounds in NLS, and finally, the gray prediction was carried out by modeling the content of these compounds. The correlations between the predicted values and actual values were as high as 0.9969. This is the first time that GM (1,1) is used in liquor content analysis, and the good prediction results show the applicability of GM (1,1) in predicting the content change of compounds during Baijiu aging.
Pyrrolic, pyridinic, and graphitic sumanene as metal‐free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction – A density functional theory study
Authors: Thiruppathiraja Thangaraj , Arokiyanathan Agnes Lincy , Lakshmipathi Senthilkumar 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the nitrogen (N)‐doped sumanene (SUMA) molecule's catalytic behavior for the four‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process. Accordingly, the N atom is doped at three different positions on the SUMA molecule to obtain the pyrrolic, pyridinic, and graphitic SUMA. The free energy value for the individual reaction processes in the four‐electron reduction reaction shows high exothermicity and feasibility for the N‐doped SUMA molecules. Moreover, the free energy for the entire four‐electron reduction reaction lies well below the value of O2 reduction into two water (H2O) molecules –474.71 kJ/mol. The N‐doped SUMA molecules exhibit stronger adsorption energy despite being metal‐free. The physisorption of the final product (H2O molecule) over the SUMA molecules suggests the possibility of regeneration of the catalyst, thereby controlling catalytic poisoning. Specifically, the graphitic SUMA shows a prominent catalytic behavior due to a lower highest occupied molecular orbital‐lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap, which arises due to the increased charge density of the carbon atoms present near the graphitic N site. Besides, doping carbon‐based materials with N at the central benzene ring significantly enhances their catalytic efficiency due to localized π‐orbitals. Overall, the results reveal that N‐doped SUMA molecules are a promising metal‐free catalyst for ORR activity.
Low‐cost graphite coated copper as bipolar plates of proton exchange membrane fuel cells for corrosion protection
Authors: Wu Sida , Yan Hua , Zuo Xiahua , Cao Zibo , Li Haoyang , Yang Weimin , Zhan Jin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe aim of this essay is to explore a new method to prepare a graphite coating on the surface of copper foil. In our study, we find that when the treated copper foil is buried in natural flake graphite powder and heated to 900°C for 1 h, the surface of copper foil grows a graphite coating. The graphite coating on the surface of copper foil increases the corrosion resistance under the simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell environment. At the same time, graphite coating also increases corrosion potential and is higher than the anode working potential. This keeps the anode in a cathodic protection state and avoids the generation of metal ions. Compared to the substrate, the coated potentiostatic polarization for 4 h shows that it is not only corrosion current density can get reduced by an order of magnitude but also can quickly reach a steady state. The value of the copper with graphite coating in interfacial contact resistance is ∼18.4 mΩ cm2 under 1.4 MPa, which is also reaching the Department of Energy targets.
CEBPA are independent good prognostic factors in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Liao Xiong‐yu , Fang Jian‐pei , Zhou Dun‐hua , Qiu Kun‐yin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo evaluate the outcome and prognostic significance of CEBPA mutations among pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from TARGET dataset. A total of 1803 pediatric patients who were diagnosed with AML were classified into two groups based on the CEBPA status by using a retrospective cohort study method from September 1996 to December 2016. The incidence of CEBPA mutations was 18%. CEBPA mutations were significantly associated with elder age (p < 0.001), higher WBC (p = 0.004), higher proportion of peripheral blood blast (p < 0.001), normal karyotype (p < 0.001), low risk (p < 0.001) and higher complete remission induction rates (p < 0.05). Overall, CEBPA mutations patients had a significantly better 5‐year EFS (p < 0.001) and OS (p < 0.001) compared to CEBPA wild‐type patients, and this favorable impact was maintained even in the presence of FLT3/ITD mutations. Stem cell transplantation had no significant impact on the survival of patients with coexistence of CEBPA and FLT3/ITD mutations. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that mutated CEBPA were an independent favorable indicators of better outcome in terms of EFS (p = 0.007) and OS (p = 0.039). Our study demonstrate mutated CEBPA have an excellent outcome in pediatric AML patients. Furthermore, pediatric AML patients with coexistence of CEBPA and FLT3/ITD mutation appear to have favorable prognoses and might not required stem cell transplantation.
Metacognition and the development of self‐directed learning in a problem‐based engineering curriculum
Authors: Marra Rose M. , Hacker Douglas J. , Plumb Carolyn 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundDeveloping self‐directed learning (SDL) skills in engineering students is critical to support life‐long learning. This research was conducted at Iron Range Engineering (IRE), an innovative, problem‐based learning (PBL) engineering program, which has suffused the concept of metacognition throughout its curriculum.Purpose/Hypotheses
Using measures of metacognition obtained from think‐aloud problem‐solving activities, to what extent do students change their use of SDL strategies from the beginning of their junior year to the end of their senior year of the 2‐year PBL engineering program?
Using evidence obtained from interview data, how do students' conceptualizations of metacognition and use of SDL strategies change from the beginning of their junior year to the end of their senior year of the 2‐year PBL engineering program?
What is the relationship between think‐aloud and interview measures of metacognition, and how could the two types of measures better inform us about the potential impact of the IRE program on students' use of SDL strategies?
Design/MethodTwelve students participated in both think‐aloud problem‐solving tasks and interviews.ResultsData from think‐aloud problem‐solving activities showed that nearly one‐half of students' verbalizations were metacognitive and that they talked more about strategies and made more use of domain knowledge by the end of their program. Interview data showed that one‐half of the students showed an increase in the complexity of their understanding of SDL.ConclusionsOur data show an increased use of strategies during problem‐solving at the end of the program. The results are promising, but further research is needed to understand the development of SDL in engineering students.
Macrowear effects of external quartz abrasives of different size and concentration in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Martin Louise F. , Ackermans Nicole L. , Richter Henning , Kircher Patrick , Hummel Jürgen , Codron Daryl , Clauss Marcus , Hatt Jean‐Michel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractExternal quartz abrasives are one of the driving forces of macrowear in herbivorous animals. We tested to what extent different sizes and concentrations influence their effect on tooth wear. We fed seven pelleted diets varying only in quartz concentration (0%, 4%, and 8%) and size (fine silt: ∼4 μm, coarse silt: ∼50 μm, fine sand: ∼130 μm) to rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, n = 16) for 2 weeks each in a randomized serial experiment. Measurements to quantify wear and growth of incisors and the mandibular first cheek tooth, as well as heights of all other cheek teeth, were performed using calipers, endoscopic examination, and computed tomography scans before and after each feeding period. Tooth growth showed a compensatory correlation with wear. Absolute tooth height (ATH) and relative tooth height (RTH); relative to the 0% quartz “control” diet) was generally lower on the higher concentration and the larger size of abrasives. The effect was more pronounced on the maxillary teeth, on specific tooth positions and the right jaw side. When offered the choice between different sizes of abrasives, the rabbits favored the silt diets over the control and the fine sand diet; in a second choice experiment with different diets, they selected a pelleted diet with coarse‐grained sand, however. This study confirms the dose‐ and size‐dependent wear effects of external abrasives, and that hypselodont teeth show compensatory growth. The avoidance of wear did not seem a priority for animals with hypselodont teeth, since the rabbits did not avoid diets inducing a certain degree of wear.
The mammalian brain under domestication: Discovering patterns after a century of old and new analyses
Authors: Balcarcel A. M. , Geiger M. , Clauss M. , Sánchez‐Villagra M. R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractComparisons of wild and domestic populations have established brain reduction as one of the most consistent patterns correlated with domestication. Over a century of scholarly work has been devoted to this subject, and yet, new data continue to foster its debate. Current arguments, both for and against the validity of brain reduction occurring in domestic taxa, have repeatedly cited a small set of reviews on this subject. The original works, their sampling, methodological details, and nuances of results that would be key to establishing validity, particularly in light of new data, have not been investigated. To facilitate and encourage a more informed discussion, we present a comprehensive review of original brain reduction literature for four mammalian clades: Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, and Glires. Among these are studies that generated the most cited brain reduction values in modern domestication literature. In doing so, we provide a fairer stage for the critique of traits associated with domestication. We conclude that while brain reduction magnitudes may contain error, empirical data collectively support the reduction in brain size and cranial capacity for domestic forms.
Developmental instability in domesticated mammals
Authors: Wilson Laura A. B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMeasures of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) have been adopted widely as an estimate of developmental instability. Arising from various sources of stress, developmental instability is associated with an organism's capacity to maintain fitness. The process of domestication has been framed as an environmental stress with human‐specified parameters, suggesting that FA may manifest to a larger degree among domesticates compared to their wild relatives. This study used three‐dimensional geometric morphometric landmark data to (a) quantify the amount of FA in the cranium of six domestic mammal species and their wild relatives and, (b) provide novel assessment of the commonalities and differences across domestic/wild pairs concerning the extent to which random variation arising from the developmental system assimilates into within‐population variation. The majority of domestic mammals showed greater disparity for asymmetric shape, however, only two forms (Pig, Dog) showed significantly higher disparity as well as a higher degree of asymmetry compared to their wild counterparts (Wild Boar, Wolf). Contra to predictions, most domestic and wild forms did not show a statistically significant correspondence between symmetric shape variation and FA, however, a moderate correlation value was recorded for most pairs (r‐partial least squares >0.5). Within pairs, domestic and wild forms showed similar correlation magnitudes for the relationship between the asymmetric and symmetric components. In domesticates, new variation may therefore retain a general, conserved pattern in the gross structuring of the cranium, whilst also being a source for response to selection on specific features.
Evaluation of statistical downscaling methods for climate change projections over Spain: Future conditions with pseudo reality (transferability experiment)
Authors: Hernanz Alfonso , García‐Valero Juan Andrés , Domínguez Marta , Rodríguez‐Camino Ernesto 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET) is responsible for the elaboration of downscaled climate projections over Spain to feed the Second National Plan of Adaptation to Climate Change (PNACC‐2) and this is the last of three papers aimed to evaluate and intercompare five empirical/statistical downscaling (ESD) methods developed at AEMET: (a) Analog, (b) Regression, (c) Artificial Neural Networks, (d) Support Vector Machines and (e) Kernel Ridge Regression, in order to decide which methods and under what configurations are more suitable for that purpose. Following the framework established by the EU COST Action VALUE, in this experiment we test the transferability of these methods to future climate conditions with the use of regional climate models (RCMs) as pseudo observations. We evaluate the marginal aspects of the distributions of daily maximum/minimum temperatures and daily accumulated precipitation, over mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands, analysed by season. For maximum/minimum temperatures all methods display certain transferability issues, being remarkable for Support Vector Machines and Kernel Ridge Regression. For precipitation all methods appear to suffer from transferability difficulties as well, although conclusions are not as clear as for temperature, probably due to the fact that precipitation does not present such a marked signal of change. This study has revealed how an analysis over a historical period is not enough to fully evaluate ESD methods, so we propose that some type of analysis of transferability should be added in a standard procedure of a complete evaluation.