bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis‐like death‐inducing property of tachyplesin I in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kwun Min Seok , Lee Dong Gun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from the horseshoe crab, tachyplesin I (KWCFRVCYRGICYRRCR–NH2), displayed the apparent antimicrobial activity with low cytotoxicity, suggesting its efficacy as an attractive agent but still lacks the understandings regarding its mechanism(s). Hence, the study focused on investigating the antibacterial mode of action of tachyplesin I against Escherichia coli. Based on the reactive oxygen species generation displayed in several antimicrobial effects, the detection of superoxide anion and nitric oxide were verified after tachyplesin I treatment. Substantial increment of two molecules was followed by the imbalance in intracellular ion concentration, noticeably magnesium and calcium. The series of stages led to hydroxyl radical generation with reduced glutathione, followed by damage in DNA due to oxidative stress. Eventually, the apoptosis‐like death in E. coli was monitored in DNA fragmentation‐dependent manner due to the tachyplesin I treatment, verified by membrane depolarization, caspase‐like protein activation, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Accordingly, tachyplesin I induces apoptosis‐like death in E. coli, suggesting the potential of being a candidate for regulating bacterial infection.
Contributions of the climate regime shift and historical global warming to explosive cyclone activity around Japan according to large‐ensemble simulations
Authors: Tsukijihara Takumi , Kawamura Ryuichi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUsing the Database for Policy Decision‐Making for Future Climate Change (d4PDF), this study examined the impact of a tropical climate regime shift around 1998/1999 on explosive cyclone activity around Japan in boreal winter, highlighting cyclones moving along the Kuroshio Current (KC cyclones), especially northward‐migrating (N‐type, as defined in Tsukijihara et al., 2019) KC cyclones. Wave‐train patterns along the Asian jet affect the track and rapid development of N‐type cyclones, and the frequency of the top 10% of pronounced wave‐train patterns using a teleconnection index (NI10%) has increased since 1998/1999. Tropical precipitation in the region close to the Bay of Bengal increased with the climate regime shift, leading to the increased frequency of NI10%. The downstream development of wave packets tends to form a ridge with a barotropic structure east of Japan that is able to force the northward shift of the KC cyclone. In reality, there are high correlations between the inter‐annual variations in the ensemble mean frequencies of NI10%, N‐type cyclones, and tropical precipitation around the Bay of Bengal, and all three indices have increased since 1998/1999. Furthermore, the above results are nearly the same in both historical and non‐warming experiments, indicating that recent changes in the frequency of N‐type cyclones are not directly related to historical global warming.
Poleward migration of tropical cyclones and its related typological characteristics of seasonal maximum precipitation in China
Authors: Wu Dian , Jun Changhyun , Kim Jong‐Suk , Xiong Lihua , Chen Jie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs) influence extreme rainfall events. However, changes in TCs caused by their poleward migration and subsequent impacts on extreme rainfall are yet to be adequately explored. In this study, the long‐term trends of TCs and typological characteristics of TC‐induced rainfall were analysed. Daily rainfall data were obtained from 759 Chinese stations and TC data were obtained in the Northwest Pacific (NWP) regions from 1961 to 2017. From May to October of each year, the TC‐induced rainfall was separated from the total rainfall data and spatiotemporal distribution patterns of TC‐induced rainfall were identified. The amount and frequency of TC‐induced rainfall decrease from the coastal inland. The TCs migrate northward, leading to a decrease (increase) in their activities south (north) of 20°N, respectively. In the South China Sea, TC activity is decreasing. The number of TC landfall events is decreasing (increasing) in the Pearl River basin (Southeast River basin). Furthermore, nonstationary increasing trends in the Pearl River and Southeast basins account for 41.7 and 62.9%, respectively, whereas the decreasing trends account for 30.6 and 14.3%, respectively. The Southeast River basin may face more TC‐induced extreme rainfall in the future. The results can provide information for water resource management and flood disaster warning systems in China, especially in the southeast.
Global population‐weighted degree‐day projections for a combination of climate and socio‐economic scenarios
Authors: Spinoni Jonathan , Barbosa Paulo , Füssel Hans‐Martin , McCormick Niall , Vogt Jürgen V. , Dosio Alessandro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe projected global temperature increase in the 21st century is expected to have consequences on energy consumption due to increase (decrease) in energy demand to cool (heat) the built environments. Such increase (decrease) also depends on the number of end users for such energy, thus it is crucial to include population into the analyses. This study presents population‐weighted (w) cooling (CDD), heating (HDD), and energy (EDD) degree‐day projections at global, regional, and local scales for the 21st century. We used a large ensemble of high‐resolution (0.44°) climate simulations from the COordinated Regional‐climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) to compute degree‐days for baseline (1981–2010) and global warming levels (GWLs from 1.5°C to 4°C), based on two representative concentration pathways. We used population projections from the NASA‐SEDAC datasets, driven by five socio‐economic scenarios (SSPs). The progressive increase in CDD outbalances the decrease in HDD in Central and South America, Africa, and Oceania and the opposite situation is likely to occur in North America, Europe, and Asia; at global scale, they are balanced. However, if results are weighted according to population, the increase in wCDD outbalances the decrease in wHDD almost everywhere for most GWLs and SSPs. Few regions show a decreasing tendency in wEDD at high GWLs for all SSPs: central Europe, northwestern, northeastern, and eastern Asia. Globally, wEDD are likely to double at 2°C compared to 1981–2010 independently of the SSP. Under the worst‐case scenario (SSP3), at 4°C wCDD are approximately 380% higher and wHDD approximately 30% lower than in the recent past, leading to an increase in wEDD close to 300%.
Trends in probabilities of temperature records in the non‐stationary climate of South Africa
Authors: McBride Charlotte M. , Kruger Andries C. , Dyson Liesl 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe temporal and spatial distribution of the frequency of breaking highest and lowest daily maximum and minimum temperature records over the period of 1951–2019 has been investigated for South Africa. Temperature records are station specific and defined as either larger or smaller than any previous values in a time series of specific year‐days. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures from homogenized time series of 25 weather stations in South Africa were analysed. Aspects considered to influence the frequency of record‐breaking events were the warming trend and variance. The study found that the record‐breaking frequencies of the highest daily maximum (high Tmax) and some high daily minimum temperature (high Tmin) records were higher than the theoretically expected number in a stationary climate. This was particularly apparent near the end of the analysis period. The ratio of highest maximum to lowest minimum temperature records was almost an equal 1:1 ratio near the start of the analysis period and increased to a about 4:1 in the last decade of the period. Focusing on the last decade, that is, 2010–2019 the study found that there is a different spatial pattern between the occurrence of high Tmax and high Tmin records. For high Tmax records the highest number were mostly recorded by stations over the central parts of the country (e.g., Kimberley, Glen College and Bloemfontein). In contrast, the highest number of high Tmin records were less confined spatially. Even when considering the general warming due to climate change, many more high temperature records are broken than expected in certain regions and on average. We deduce that the higher than expected numbers of high Tmax and high Tmin records in the latter part of the analysis period were mainly due to the variability in the warming trend with acceleration in the last decade.
In vitro comparison of root surface roughness and bacterial adhesion following treatment with three different instruments
Authors: Haroon Farah , Gregory Richard L. , Hara Anderson , Blanchard Steven B. , Hamada Yusuke 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundA novel device, piezoelectric 11 Gracey curet tip, reportedly combines benefits of a piezoelectric device and manual curet. The primary objective of this study was to compare root surface roughness outcomes between traditional manual curets and piezoelectric devices, as compared with this novel device. The secondary aim was to assess the level of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on the root surface after instrumentation.MethodsThe groups consisted of the following: 1) Gracey curet; 2) piezoelectric scaler; 3) piezoelectric 11 Gracey curet tip; and 4) untreated control. Root specimens were obtained from extracted human teeth and randomly assigned to each group. Surface roughness measurements (Ra and Rz) were taken with a profilometer before and after instrumentation. After instrumentation, root specimens were inoculated with S. mutans and biofilm was dislodged. Various dilutions of resuspended biofilm were incubated on blood agar plates and colony forming units (CFU) values were measured.ResultsThe experimental device resulted in significantly lower Ra and Rz compared with other groups (P < 0.01), and the Gracey curet was significantly lower than the piezoelectric tip and untreated control (P < 0.05). The Gracey curet and experimental device tip had significantly lower CFU values compared with the control (P < 0.05). There were no significant CFU value differences between the Gracey curet and both the piezoelectric and experimental device tips. There were no significant CFU differences between piezoelectric tip and both experimental device and control. There was no correlation between Ra and CFU values for Gracey curet, piezoelectric tip, or the control. However, correlation between Ra values and CFU approached significance for the experimental device (correlation = 0.66, P = 0.05).ConclusionsPiezoelectric 11 Gracey curet tip is effective at resulting in a significantly smoother surface compared with traditional piezoelectric and hand instruments. CFU values with piezoelectric 11 Gracey curet tip were significantly lower than non‐instrumented surfaces, but there were no significant differences compared with conventional methods.
Integrated nutrient management improves soil organic matter and agronomic sustainability of semiarid rainfed Inceptisols of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains
Authors: Srinivasarao Ch. , Singh S. P. , Kundu Sumanta , Abrol Vikas , Lal Rattan , Abhilash P. C. , Chary G. R. , Thakur Pravin B. , Prasad J. V. N. S. , Venkateswarlu B. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundClimate and management practices impact the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of agricultural soils. Especially under the semiarid climate of India, organic matter is rapidly decomposed, and imbalanced nutrient input further exacerbates its depletion, thus facilitating the decline in soil quality and crop yields. Improving SOC contents through integrated nutrient management (INM), that is, conjunctive use of organic and chemical sources of nutrients, could ameliorate soil health and sustain crop yields.AimTo assess the potential of the INM approach to enhance the SOC status, soil quality, crop production, and drought adaptation of pearl millet under rainfed conditions.MethodsNutrient inputs were supplied through mineral fertilizers, organic manures, and a combination of both. SOC sequestration, sustainable yield index, plant‐available N, P, K, and water, bulk density, and KMnO4‐oxidizable C were estimated.ResultsHigher SOC sequestration rate (0.50 and 0.48 Mg ha−1 y−1 in 50% N (fertilizer) + 50% N (farmyard manure), and 50% N (fertilizer) + 50% N (crop residue), respectively) and significant increase in soil fertility were recorded in organically amended treatments. Improvement of 1 Mg ha−1 of SOC stock in the root zone (0.4 m depth) reduced the severity of drought and increased the yield by 38 kg ha−1. Plots under organic amendments suffered less yield losses under short‐duration droughts, but this positive effect could only be exploited when the rainfall deficit was up to 25%.ConclusionManagements that add up to 1.2 Mg ha−1 y−1 SOC are adaptive and climate‐resilient strategies in dry semiarid degraded Inceptisols of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains.
Late Holocene in central Brazil: vegetation changes and humidity variability in a tropical wetland
Authors: SABINO SHIRLEY MARIA LIMA , CASSINO RAQUEL FRANCO , GOMES MAKÊNIA OLIVEIRA SOARES , SANT'ANNA ENEIDA MARIA ESKINAZI , ROCHA AUGUSTIN CRISTINA HELENA RIBEIRO , DE OLIVEIRA DIEGO ALVES 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTThe Pandeiros wetland is a high biodiversity ecosystem located within a semiarid region of the Cerrado biome, a neotropical savanna. This large wetland is of key importance for ecological and hydrological balance in central Brazil and for the conservation of the Cerrado fauna and flora. In this study, we present the first palaeoecological investigation of the Pandeiros wetland based on pollen analysis of a palm swamp sediment core encompassing the Late Holocene. Our results show that the wetland was subject to multicentennial‐scale oscillations in water availability during the Late Holocene; in particular, higher local humidity was documented between 4100 and 3100 cal a
bp and from 2600 to 1000 cal a
bp, and two events of drier local conditions occurred at approximately 2900 and 900 cal a
bp. Our results also indicate a general decreasing trend in arboreal density in the Pandeiros River Basin from the beginning of the Late Holocene to the present, with the greatest expansion of dry forest occurring between 3600 and 3100 cal a
bp.
Recent advances in applications of surfactant‐based voltammetric sensors
Authors: Housaindokht Mohammad Reza , Janati‐Fard Fatemeh , Ashraf Narges 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVoltammetric sensors are simple, powerful, and cheap equipment with easy principles, which have been widely used in electrochemical studies to investigate the properties of the electroactive species. Surfactants are frequently used in the construction of voltammetric sensors to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor, which significantly impacted the electrode function in terms of dissolving organic compounds, creating a specific orientation of molecules on the surface of the electrodes, and enhancing electron transfer reactions. This review focuses on the recent contributions of surfactants in the development of efficient voltammetric sensors. In addition, other ingredients commonly employed alongside surfactants, such as nanomaterials, conducting polymers, and composite materials, have been discussed. The comprehension of these aspects can guide the expansion and the use of surfactants in the electrochemical sensing scope.
Effects of Winter Ticks and Internal Parasites on Moose Survival in Vermont, USA
Authors: Debow Jacob , Blouin Joshua , Rosenblatt Elias , Alexander Cedric , Gieder Katherina , Cottrell Walter , Murdoch James , Donovan Therese 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTMoose (Alces alces) have experienced considerable declines along the periphery of their range in the northeastern United States. In Vermont, the population declined 45% from 2010 to 2017 despite minimal hunter harvest and adequate habitat. Similarly, nearby populations recently experienced epizootics characterized by >50% mortality. Declines have largely been associated with the effects of winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus), but uncertainty exists about the effects of environmental and other parasite‐related conditions on moose survival. We examined patterns of moose survival among a radio‐collared population (n = 127) in Vermont from 2017 to 2019. Our objectives were to estimate causes of mortality and model survival probability as a function of individual and landscape variables for calves (<1 yr) and adults (≥1 yr). Observed adult survival was 90% in 2017, 84% in 2018, and 86% in 2019, and winter calf survival was 60% in 2017, 50% in 2018, and 37% in 2019. Winter tick infestation was the primary cause of mortality (91% of calves, 25% of adults), and 32% of all mortalities had evidence of meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). Other sources of mortality such as vehicles, harvest, predation, deep snow, and other parasitic infections were negligible. The best supported calf model included sex differences and negative effects of tick engorgement (%/week) and parasite level (roundworm and lungworm). The best supported adult model included the effect of cumulative tick engorgement (cumulative %/week), which negatively affected survival. Our results indicate that winter tick engorgement strongly affects survival, and is probably compounded by the presence of meningeal worm and other parasites. Reduced tick effects may be achieved by decreasing moose density through harvest and managing late winter habitat to minimize tick density. Management of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) density may also affect the transmission of meningeal worm. © 2021 The Authors.The Journal of Wildlife Managementpublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Understanding the effects of climate change via disturbance on pristine arctic lakes—multitrophic level response and recovery to a 12‐yr, low‐level fertilization experiment
Authors: Budy Phaedra , Pennock Casey A. , Giblin Anne E. , Luecke Chris , White Daniel L. , Kling George W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEffects of climate change‐driven disturbance on lake ecosystems can be subtle; indirect effects include increased nutrient loading that could impact ecosystem function. We designed a low‐level fertilization experiment to mimic persistent, climate change‐driven disturbances (deeper thaw, greater weathering, or thermokarst failure) delivering nutrients to arctic lakes. We measured responses of pelagic trophic levels over 12 yr in a fertilized deep lake with fish and a shallow fishless lake, compared to paired reference lakes, and monitored recovery for 6 yr. Relative to prefertilization in the deep lake, we observed a maximum pelagic response in chl a (+201%), dissolved oxygen (DO, −43%), and zooplankton biomass (+88%) during the fertilization period (2001–2012). Other responses to fertilization, such as water transparency and fish relative abundance, were delayed, but both ultimately declined. Phyto‐ and zooplankton biomass and community composition shifted with fertilization. The effects of fertilization were less pronounced in the paired shallow lakes, because of a natural thermokarst failure likely impacting the reference lake. In the deep lake there was (a) moderate resistance to change in ecosystem functions at all trophic levels, (b) eventual responses were often nonlinear, and (c) postfertilization recovery (return) times were most rapid at the base of the food web (2–4 yr) while higher trophic levels failed to recover after 6 yr. The timing and magnitude of responses to fertilization in these arctic lakes were similar to responses in other lakes, suggesting indirect effects of climate change that modify nutrient inputs may affect many lakes in the future.
Nonlinear Moiré Superlattice for Super‐Resolution Nondestructive Detection of Nonlinear Photonic Crystals
Authors: Liu Haigang , Chen Xianfeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe moiré effect is a universal phenomenon originating from the interference of waves, and it is widely applied in metrology as well as superconductor phenomena in graphene. The present study demonstrates a nonlinear moiré effect originating from the moiré superlattices of two nonlinear photonic crystals (NPCs). It is experimentally shown that these nonlinear moiré superlattices facilitate the nondestructive detection of nonlinear photonic crystals. Two identical periodically poled lithium niobates (PPLNs) are used to observe the nonlinear moiré effect originating from the nonlinear moiré superlattices. This is followed by a demonstration of the detection capability of the nonlinear optical method for dissimilar PPLNs and calculation of the period detection range. The theoretically and experimentally obtained periods of the target PPLN are consistent, and the resolution of the nonlinear moiré effect surpasses to that of presently used optical systems. Furthermore, the detection range of the nonlinear moiré effect enables the sub‐micrometer‐ and nanometer‐scale detection of the nonlinear photonic crystal structure using only an optical microscope. The present study conceptually extends the conventional moiré lattice to nonlinear optics, and it can also be extended to other fields where nonlinear effects cannot be avoided, such as polaritons and Bose–Einstein condensates.
Pulsed‐Laser Detectors Based on Metal Halide Perovskites
Authors: Xu Yalun , Li Wei , Yu Tian , Li Yanyan , Li Ruiming , Lin Qianqian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConventionally, the detection of pulsed‐lasers is mainly based on thermal effects, such as thermoelectric detectors and pyroelectric detectors, which possess a photothermal conversion process, resulting in slow response and significant energy loss. Fast photodiodes are also introduced to calibrate pulsed‐lasers. However, they require advanced oscilloscopes with high bandwidth and amplification systems, limiting their practical application to some extent. To address the issues of these two types of pulsed‐laser detectors, an interfacial modification strategy is introduced to the conventional perovskite photodiodes. The incorporation of the polyvinylidene fluoride layer can effectively slow down the photovoltage decay of the perovskite devices via electric‐field induced polarization, which enables the detection of both modulated light emitting diodes and ultra‐fast pulsed‐lasers in a facile way. With such effect, the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based photodetectors can effectively convert the pulsed light input to a quasi‐DC output, which can be easily recorded with a multimeter or source meter. These devices also exhibit low noise voltage of <10−5 V Hz−1/2, high responsivity of >2 × 104 V W−1 @ 1 µW cm−2, indicating great potential for real applications.