bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Work Perspective
Authors: Hernandez Sandra 
Published: December 2021

The ultimate objective of newborn screening for sickle cell disease should be twofold. The first essential step is the identification of the infants at risk. This has been effectively done in New York state as of 1975 through the New York State Newborn Screening Program. However, identifying these children is not enough. Second is the much more complicated task of providing comprehensive follow-up care for families whose children are affected by the disease, including the much needed psychosocial services. This area continues to be sorely neglected.
The increased risk of death due to overwhelming infection in the first 3 years of life for children with sickle cell disease has been noted in the literature. When there is no specialized care, 15% to 20% do not survive. Therefore, it is essential for knowledgeable staff to make contact and begin to develop a trusting relationship as soon as possible with parents of infants born with sickle cell disease. Prophylactic penicillin and pneumococcal vaccination can reduce mortality during the early years. Family involvement with a consistent, available team of health care providers is pivotal in understanding this chronic illness and coping effectively with this extraordinary stress. Our staff is available by telephone for consultations with patients or other medical staff during clinic and emergency room visits and hospitalizations.
One element that is clear in our experience at the St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Sickle Cell Center in New York City is that adjustment to this chronic illness is a lifelong process. One or two counseling sessions at the time of diagnosis are not sufficient to enable families to fully understand the information given or to realize the impact of having a child with a chronic illness.
AS DEVELOPMENT SLOWS, CHILDREN DIE
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

Half a million children died last year because families in the developing world are sliding back into severe poverty after 40 years of progress.
According to the Unicef report, more than 14 million children under 5 years old died in 1987. The estimate that at least half a million of those deaths could be attributed to "the slowing down of the development process in the 1980's" was based on trends in 16 third-world countries where there has been "a definite slowing down" in the 1980's in the rate of decline in child mortality.
NOT-SO DISPOSABLE DIAPERS
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

For more than a decade, the disposable diaper has been a symbol of contemporary child care. Today it is emerging as a symbol of the nation's garbage crisis.
More than 16 billion diapers, containing an estimated 2.8 million tons of excrement and urine, are dumped each year into a dwindling number of landfills around the nation. Like almost everything else in landfills, the diapers' impact on public health and the environment is unknown.
It's a perfect case where we're using a disposable product that costs more than a re-usable product, is more environmentally dangerous and uses up nonrenewable resources.
Bilirubin and Brain Damage: What Do We Do Now?
Authors: NEWMAN THOMAS B. , MAISELS M. JEFFREY 
Published: December 2021

In many ways, the study reported by van de Bor and her colleagues has a message akin to the classic telegram: "Bad news. Start worrying. Details to follow." Perhaps we should start worrying about low levels of bilirubin in very low birth weight infants, but it is premature to do anything else, other than wait for the critical details that might dictate a change in current practice.
Compared with similar previous investigations, this study has several strengths. First, the sample of 831 surviving infants includes many more very low birth weight infants than previous studies. Second, follow-up evaluations were performed on 100% of the surviving children—a truly remarkable achievement.
Hypoallergenic Infant Formulas
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Published: December 2021

Antigenic constituents of human milk or of alternative feedings for infants may be responsible for adverse reactions in a subset of infants with milk protein intolerance. These reactions include those commonly associated with atopy, such as angioedema, urticaria, wheezing, vomiting, and eczema. Pulmonary hemosiderosis, malabsorption with villous atrophy, and eosinophilic enterocolitis, perhaps mediated by immune complexes or T cells, have also been associated with the ingestion of cow's milk proteins and/or soy proteins in infant feedings. Colic, sleeplessness, and irritability are symptoms seen in almost all infants at some time during infancy, including those few infants with immune-mediated reactions to dietary antigens.
Determining that adverse reactions are, in fact, immune mediated is often difficult and is accomplished by an in vivo challenge with the potential offending antigen, together with in vitro confirmation of immunoreactivity to the challenge antigen. Double-blind challenge with purified dietary antigens is useful in relating symptoms to a specific antigen, but the results may be difficult to interpret if the appearance of symptoms is delayed beyond several hours in a young infant. In vitro testing is compromised by the presence of some form of immunoreactivity, such as hemagglutinating antibodies, to dietary antigens in a large percentage of infants without symptoms and by lack of standardization of clinical tests for cell-mediated reactions to dietary antigens.
Much effort also has been devoted to predicting in which infants immune-mediated reactions to dietary proteins will develop in advance of their introduction into the diet. Increased cord blood IgE concentrations and parental history of atopy place an infant at highest risk for atopic disease during infancy and early childhood.
AIDS and Doctors
Authors: M. R. J. 
Published: December 2021

Santa Monica, CA—. . .While there isn't a single documented case of a patient catching acquired immune deficiency syndrome from a doctor or other healthcare worker, medical caregivers with AIDS—and those who have tested positive for the AIDS virus but don't have the disease—raise difficult and sensitive questions for the medical community. The central question: whether these people should continue to treat and maintain contact with patients. "What you have are fundamental ethical issues of fairness, justice and moral responsibility," says Ronald Bayer, a Columbia University bioethics professor. . .
As of last September 3, 182 health-care workers were known to have AIDS, including 356 physicians, according to the US Centers for Disease Control. . . most hospitals that have discovered an attending physician or health-care worker with AIDS do try to re-assign the individuals to other duties, especially if they are involved in performing invasive procedures. But. the courts have consistently held that AIDS is a physical handicap protected under state and federal anti-discrimination laws. . . .
Procedures used to handle the question of what to do about doctors with AIDS will only work if these doctors identify themselves. But a handful of infected physicians have learned the hard way what happens when word of their condition leaks out. . .
(After a newspaper report revealed that a Dallas-area pediatrician had AIDS last year) local medical authorities assured parents that the doctor wasn't a threat to their children. But the assurances did no good, and his practice collapsed. "Any risk is too great when you're dealing with my children," (said the parent of a patient.). . .(The pediatrician's) advice to other doctors with AIDS: "Don't tell anyone."
DISMAL STATE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERACY
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

"Well under half of the American public and only one-third of the British know that the earth revolves around the sun once a year," Oxford University professor John Durant reported at the AAAS annual meeting in San Francisco. "Even fewer in Britain have much knowledge of medicine. Most of the people surveyed think that antibiotics kill viruses," he added.
There is more. Jon D. Miller of Northern Illinois University reported that 12% of Americans, asked a survey question about scientific process, correctly recognized that astrology is "not at all scientific."A rapid arithmetical calculation shows that a whopping 88% got it wrong.
About 35% of both Americans and British think that radioactive milk can be made safe by boiling. (It cannot.) But a reassuring 97% of people in both countries know that hot air rises.
Cefuroxime Treatment Failure and Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: ARDITI MOSHE , HEROLD BETSY C. , YOGEV RAM 
Published: December 2021

Bacterial meningitis continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children despite effective antimicrobial therapy. Ampicillin and chloramphenicol have been the treatments of choice for bacterial meningitis in children older than 3 months of age, but recommendations also include cefuroxime and third-generation cephalosporins as possible single-drug alternatives. Although cefuroxime has been reported to be as effective as conventional therapy and some have recommended it for treatment of bacterial meningitis in children, there have been recent concerns about its efficacy.
The purpose of this report is to describe an infant who had a relapse of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis 1 day after completing 30 days of therapy with iv cefuroxime for H influenzae meningitis complicated by sterile subdural effusion and possible osteomyelitis.
HOW WE LOOK TO OUR PATIENTS
Authors: Goldbloom Alan L. , Goldbloom Richard B. 
Published: December 2021

Dear Dr. Goldbloom
I want to be a doctor but I can't even look at spit. Do you get paid a lot of money? I want to have a lot of money. So I can get a big house and a nice car. Do you have to look at a lot of sick things? I want to be a doctor because I want to help people too. From Eric. P.S. What kind of car do you have?
HERE'S A FLAKY IDEA THAT WORKED, 1898
Authors: M. R. J. 
Published: December 2021

It began in 1898 as a health nostrum for the rich, but it soon would become the food for the masses and make its inventors household names.
The corn flake was developed by Will K. and John H. Kellogg at their Battle Creek, Mich., sanitarium, a health resort run under the auspices of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Since 1876, the Kelloggs had offered ground wheat and other "natural" foods to wealthy patrons. But the trouble with many grainbased health foods, then as now, was that they lacked taste, or even tasted bitter. To solve the problem, the Kelloggs steamed the corn kernel's grit, or heart, from its hull, dried the grit, then cooked it under pressure, adding malt flavoring and sugar. This mix was then dried and "flaked" by passing it through rollers.
The flakes were a hit with the clients of the "San," as it was called; one, C.W. Post, would later offer his own brand of corn flakes to the public. In 1906, Will Kellogg founded the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Co. and began promoting corn flakes aggressively; he did so over the objections of his physician brother, who believed that advertising the flakes violated medical ethics. (Will later was expelled from the Adventist church for worldliness, and he and his brother quit speaking in 1909).
An ad in the July 1906 Ladies' Home Journal for W.K. Kellogg's corn flakes brought a flood of new orders, and output at Battle Creek soared to 2,900 cases a day from 33 a day earlier in the year. Today, there are some 200 brands competing in the $5-billion-a-year U.S. dried-cereal market. At the top is Kellogg's Corn Flakes.
CAESAREAN SECTION BY AN OX (1885)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In scanning medical journals of the nineteenth century I have come across a number of bizarre anecdotal clinical reports. None, however, has yet equaled the case cited below.
The following case is probably unique in the medical literature. My memory is refreshed from notes taken by DR. MEANS, who saw the case with me in consultation.
Mrs. P, age 34, the mother of seven children and near full term in her eighth pregnancy, on November 16th. was gored by an infuriated ox. The horn of the beast entered at the anterior superior spinous process of the ilium, and made a rent extending to the umbilicus, and involving both the abdominal parietes and the walls of the uterus. The child was extruded through the wound in half an hour after the occurrence of the accident. When I arrived on the scene, I found the child fully delivered but remaining attached to the cord, which I ligatured and severed. There being no dilatation of either the os uteri or the vagina, I delivered the placenta through the rent and applied a bandage. The patient was almost lifeless from hemorrhage and shock, and I placed her on morphine and whisky. On the following day she was still alive and DR. MEANS was called in consultation at 9:30 a.m. The small intestines escaped from the wound on removal of the bandage, and were returned with much difficulty. The wound was now closed with interrupted sutures, a carbolized compress was applied, and the morphine and whisky continued internally. At 5:00 p.m. of the same day I found the pulse 130 and respiration 25 per minute; the abdomen was greatly distended, and the vital powers were fast becoming exhausted. On the following morning I found on my visit that the woman had expired at 10:00 o'clock of the previous night.
SHAKESPEARE speaks of MACBETH as having been torn from his mother's womb by a wild boar, but probably the statement must be charged to poetic license. I believe the case I have above reported to be the only authentic case of Caesarian section performed by a beast on record. It may be interesting to know that the child suffered little or nothing from the violent and unusual method of delivery, and is alive to-day, a vigorous and thriving boy.
DIAPER DISPOSAL WITH A CONSCIENCE
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

Socially conscious parents . . . can now throw away their guilt along with the baby's disposable diapers.
A biodegradable diaper is being marketed by a Brookline, Mass., company, Eco-Matrix. . . . Eco-Matrix says parents can put the diapers, Nappies, in the garbage without fear that their convenience is degrading the environment.
Nappies were developed by Dafoe & Dafoe of Brantford, Ontario. Because of the development of a special plastic that is bonded to vegetable oil and to a cornstarch derivative, Nappies break down in two to seven years depending on environmental conditions. . . . The plastic outside liner on non-biodegradable diapers has a life of 300 to 500 years.
Nappies cost about $8.99 for 48 medium-sized diapers or 32 large ones.
DOGS' TEETH
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

There's a war going on in California over who should clean dog's teeth.
According to a recent Wall Street Journal article, pet groomers who charge about $5 to clean dog's teeth say there is a veterinarian-backed conspiracy to drive them out of the dog tooth-care business. The vets, who get about $100 for dog-tooth prophylaxis, say that allowing pet groomers to clean dogs' teeth is like letting hairdressers perform surgery.
State officials, insistent that dogs' teeth should be cleaned only by licensed vets, sent in an undercover pooch to break up what they considered an illegal dog tooth cleaning operation.
The groomer and dog tooth cleaner involved promptly sued the state, noting that the state's business and veterinary-medicine codes do not prohibit groomers from cleaning dogs' teeth.
A Superior Court judge ruled that there is no wrongdoing in brushing, flossing, or even scraping a dog's teeth with metal dental instruments. He did, however, grant a state-sought injunction prohibiting groomers from using ultrasonic tooth-cleaning devices or metal scrapers above or below the gumline.
The size of the dog-tooth cleaning business is hard to estimate. According the WSJ, a good dog tooth cleaner can see easily a hundred patients a month. There are also 3000 vets in California-including a few who specialize in dog dentistry.
Both sides do agree on one thing: dogs that get their teeth cleaned regularly have fresher breath.
RICH AND ROOTLESS IN THE SUBURBS
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

In the past year and a half, seven Pali High students have died violently in incidents involving alcohol, drugs or cars. The school now has what may be the first Alcoholic Anonymous chapter on an American high-school campus.
This is hardly your tough inner-city school. Pali High sits on a privileged plateau overlooking the Pacific Ocean in a community of mostly wealthy, welleducated parents. It is not one of those enclaves of old money, but a suburb of achievers—doctors, lawyers, entertainment figures—parents who work hard and, yes, often play hard. It is a place where students are given fast cars on their 16th birthdays and have easy access to drink and drugs.
There are suburbs like this all over the nation. . . .
The students I talked to said there is absolutely no school spirit, zero. They didn't have much use for Pacific Palisades either, they said, no community loyalty. They dismissed it as a bland, moneyed place where no one had roots, one of those end-of-the-rainbow Western suburbs where dreams were supposed to come true and people were angry when they didn't, a place where there was nothing to do on weekends but party, or "rage" as they call it. . .
"I just don't think there were enough limits," he said. "Everybody's parents were trying to be so cool. . ."
LISTERIOSIS
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

Listeria monocytogenes—an uncommon human pathogen of animal origin—has some unusual properties. The organism is widespread in the environment and many animals, and has the ability to grow over a temperature range (2-42°C) that includes refrigerator temperatures. . . . The bacterium itself becomes intracellular and has an outstanding predilection for pregnant women, in whomit causes very slight or inapparent illness but may cross the placenta to kill the fetus or give rise to perinatal septicaemia or meningitis in the newborn baby....
Listeria spp are present in vegetation, water, soil, and the faeces of man and animals, so it is not surprising that they are present in food. It follows that ingestion of modest numbers of listeria causes no clinical problems in healthy people.... The infective dose is also unknown, but presumably it is lower for pregnant and immunologically compromised individuals than for the normal population....
What is very clear is that as produced, processed, and finally cross-contaminated in chicken packing plants, very nearly all chicken carcasses are contaminated with listeria, as well as with Campylobacter jejuni and salmonellae. In the past two or three years infections due to these microbes have increased almost exponentially; they are all sporadic in distribution, and all three organisms are frequently introduced into the environment of the domestic kitchen via chicken meat....
There is always complacency in the livestock industry when infective agents do not cause significant economic losses in flocks or herds—listeria, salmonellae, and campylobacters all fail to do this. Surely it is time to think of the effect on human beings.
Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccines: Update
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this statement is to update previous information and recommendations provided by the Committee for the use of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in view of the licensure of a new product. Our initial recommendations concerned the use of PRP-D, a vaccine consisting of the capsular polysacchanide of H influenzae type b conjugated to diphtheria toxoid, which was licensed for use in December 1987.
On December 22, 1988, a second conjugate vaccine was licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of infections caused by H influenzae type b in children 18 months of age or olden. This newly licensed vaccine is a conjugate of H influenzae type b capsular oligosaccharide and a nontoxic mutant diphtheria toxin protein molecule called CRM197. The official designation of this vaccine is "Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine (diphtheria CRM197 protein conjugate)" and it is often referred to as HbOC.
No serious adverse reactions have been reported in clinical trials to date. Among 265 infants in the United States between 16 and 23 months of age who received HbOC, 7.2% had temperatures exceeding 38°C, 1.5% had erythema and warmth at the injection site, and 0.8% had localized swelling. Like PRP-D, HbOC is more immunogenic in 18-month-old children than are the unconjugated polysacchanide vaccines (PRP). Among 212 HbOC recipients in the study, the geometric mean anticapsular antibody concentration 1 month after immunization was 13.11 µg/mL. Moreover, 98.1% of these infants had an antibody concentration in excess of 1µg/mL, a concentration associated with protection in a Finnish field trial of unconjugated PRP.
Screening for Drugs of Abuse in Children and Adolescents
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE,   PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE,   COMMITTEE ON BIOETHICS
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND
Increasing concern about the widespread use of psychoactive drugs has been accompanied by an increase in drug screening. Concerns about the potential harms of drug use are compounded in the pediatric population because of the diminished capacity of minors to make informed, autonomous decisions and the added possibilities of long-term effects in a developing person. The purpose of this statement is to clarify the issues and state the Academy's position on screening programs.
The abuse of psychoactive drugs among both adolescents and adults has been an issue of increasing national interest. Concerns have focused not only on the physiologic and behavioral impact of drug use upon the developing adolescent but also on the public health hazard that drug abusers may pose to others in the population.
In this statement the topic of illegal drugs (such as marijuana, cocaine, and narcotics) used for socalled "recreational" purposes, and some prescribed drugs (such as barbiturates and amphetamines) used for illicit purposes, is addressed. The focus of this statement is not on drug use in children and adolescents, which the Academy strenuously opposes but on proposals for involuntary screening for drug use, whether in schools, athletic programs, or the physician's office.
INVOLUNTARY VS VOLUNTARY SCREENING
True voluntary screening is an ambiguous concept in a population that is considered incompetent to consent. Therefore, there can only be voluntary screening among young people considered competent, such as many olden adolescents. However, it is not clear why such individuals would volunteer to be screened, because those who are using drugs will know who they are and presumably decline to be screened. Truly voluntary screening, therefore, is likely to miss detection of most drug users.
In Reply: Mortality Rates
Authors: WEGMAN MYRON E. 
Published: December 2021

Dr Babson's thoughtful letter raises at least two important points about how the United States can achieve decreased infant mortality for all its citizens: (1) how significant is relative ranking among developed countries, of which some are relatively homogeneous and other heterogeneous, and (2) the importance of decreasing mortality among those US population groups with rates greater than the national average.
On the first point, as I have pointed out in earlier articles, relative ranking is important, in my view, chiefly as indicating how much better we can do.
YUPPY POPULATION CONTROL
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

Video baby is here. She was born last year in New York City. A couple of Upper East Side ad types brainstormed the answer for couples who want "the full, rich experience of parenthood without the mess and inconvenience of the real thing."
They made a 13-minute videotape showing a cute-as-a-button, blue-eyed 9-month-old clapping for Daddy, waving to Grandma and happily smearing porridge all over her face.