bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis of Kaolinitic Claystone Deposits in the Datong Coalfield, Northern China
Authors: Liu Linsong , Liu Qinfu , Algeo Thomas , Zhang Hao , Yang Yongjie , Peng Gaoyu , Zhang Shuai , Hong Hanlie , Liu Di 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGray-black kaolinitic claystones of industrial value are abundant in Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian coal-bearing strata of the Datong Coalfield of northern China. The main types are tonsteins and cryptocrystalline kaolinitic claystones, distinguished by the thinness and greater crystallinity of kaolinite in the former and by the presence of detrital illite and authigenic pyrite in the latter. In order to determine the formation history of these two types of kaolinitic claystone, the petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of borehole samples from the Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation which comprises siliciclastics and coal seams deposited in a coastal environment, were analyzed. In addition to kaolinite, the claystones contain subordinate illite, quartz, pyrite, anatase, feldspar, siderite, and calcite. The tonsteins and cryptocrystalline kaolinitic claystones have different sources, as shown by petrographic data, elemental ratios, and chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns. The volcanic origin of the tonsteins is revealed by an abundance of volcanic quartz and vitric fragments as well as Al2O3/TiO2, Zr/Hf, and Nb/Ta ratios consistent with a felsic igneous source. Their REE fraction was derived from feldspars or micas of the parent rocks, and the fraction decreased with alteration of these minerals to kaolinite. The sedimentary origin of the cryptocrystalline kaolinitic claystones is revealed by an abundance of detrital quartz and illite grains derived from either granite or sedimentary upper crust, and by the total REE contents (ΣREE) and (La/Yb)N values which are consistent with granitic material. Their depositional environment was in a transitional (coastal) setting (as shown by intermediate Sr/Ba ratios) hosting an open acidic hydrologic system (as shown by high chemical index of alteration (CIA) values indicative of intensive chemical weathering) that was suboxic to anoxic (as shown by high U/Th ratios and trace-metal enrichment factors). The present chemistry of these claystones was thus controlled by a combination of parent rock type and diagenetic alteration.
Preparation and Characterization of Halloysite-Based Carriers for Quercetin Loading and Release
Authors: Liu Shu-Ting , Chen Xue-Gang , Zhang Shi-Long , Liu Xue-Min , Zhang Jun-Ji 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHalloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have attracted much attention as delivery carriers for various drugs, but the loading of one such drug, quercetin, on HNTs has been investigated only rarely and usually involved cyclic vacuum pumping. The main objective of the present study was to develop a novel carrier system based on HNTs for quercetin delivery without a vacuum process and to investigate the effect of chemical modification of HNTs on the loading and release of quercetin. For this purpose, comparative studies of five chemical modification reagents (sodium lauroamphoacetate, cocoamidopropyl betaine, 1-hydroxyethyl 2-nonyl imidazoline betaine, triethanolamine, and dipicolinic acid) functionalized on HNTs were investigated for quercetin loading and in vitro release. Characterization of raw halloysite, modified halloysite, and quercetin-loaded halloysite were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that chemical modification could improve the interactions between HNTs and quercetin. After chemical modification, quercetin was anchored to both the inner and outer surfaces of HNTs by electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Sodium lauroamphoacetate-modified HNTs were given the highest loading of 1.96 wt.% among the five reagents. Cocamidopropyl betaine-modified HNTs exhibited the best sustained-release profile with only 29.07% for initial burst release and 480 h of consecutive release. Carboxyl groups of the modification reagent improved the loading capacity of quercetin. Amide groups prolonged drug release due to the strong affinity between amine and phenolic hydroxyl groups of quercetin. The release of quercetin from the cocamidopropyl betaine-modified HNTs fitted a first-order kinetics model well. The present study suggested that cocamidopropyl betaine-modified HNTs offer promise as vehicles for delivery of quercetin and for extending the application of quercetin.
Effects of Solvents, Emulsions, Cosolvents, and Complexions on Ex Vivo Mouse Myometrial Contractility
Authors: Hansen Christopher J. , Siricilla Shajila , Boatwright Naoko , Rogers Jackson H. , Kumi Melissa E. , Herington Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA great need exists to develop tocolytic and uterotonic drugs that combat poor, labor-related maternal and fetal outcomes. A widely utilized method to assess novel compounds for their tocolytic and uterotonic efficacy is the isometric organ bath contractility assay. Unfortunately, water-insoluble compounds can be difficult to test using the physiological, buffer-based, organ bath assay. Common methods for overcoming solubility issues include solvent variation, cosolvency, surfactant or complexion use, and emulsification. However, these options for drug delivery or formulation can impact tissue function. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of common solvents, surfactants, cosolvents, and emulsions to adequately solubilize compounds in the organ bath assay without affecting mouse myometrial contractility. We found that acetone, acetonitrile, and ethanol had the least effect, while dimethylacetamide, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol displayed the greatest inhibition of myometrial contractility based on area under the contractile curve analyses. The minimum concentration of surfactants, cosolvents, and human serum albumin required to solubilize nifedipine, a current tocolytic drug, resulted in extensive bubbling in the organ bath assay, precluding their use. Finally, we report that an oil-in-water base emulsion containing no drug has no statistical effect beyond the control (water), while the drug emulsion yielded the same potency and efficacy as the freely solubilized drug.
Mid-season sweet oranges for fresh and processing markets in Brazil
Authors: Ramos Yuri Caires , Fadel André Luiz , Bremer Neto Horst , Caputo Marina Maitto , Stuchi Eduardo Sanches , Mourão Filho Francisco de Assis Alves 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPera sweet orange (Citrus sinensisL. Osbeck) is the most important mid-season sweet orange cultivar in Brazil, not only because of its desirable fruit quality for both juice processing and the fresh fruit market, but also because there is a lack of adequate mid-season alternative sweet orange cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the horticultural performance of other sweet oranges in an attempt to identify similar or superior selections to the standard cultivar, Pera IAC sweet orange. Seventeen sweet oranges selections, including the standard Pera IAC, were budded on Sunki mandarin [C. sunki(Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka]. The experiment was planted in 2007, using 12-month-old nursery trees, with 6.5 × 2.5 m spacing in the Southern region of São Paulo state, Brazil. The experimental orchard was maintained with standard commercial management practices, and without supplementary irrigation. Data collection started three years after planting and was carried out until seven years after the experiment had been installed. Vegetative growth, plant yield, fruit drop, fruit quality, and fruit maturation regressions were assessed. Averages of the alternative selections were compared with those of the standard cultivar by Dunnett test. Performance indexes were calculated in order to identify potential superior selections for the fresh fruit market and for juice processing. Results indicated significant differences among the selections evaluated when compared with the standard cultivar, suggesting better alternatives to be exploited. Five selections (Biondo, Finike, Pera Alexandre Maróstica, Seleta Rio, and Vaccaro Blood) offered superior performance in terms of attributes required for the fresh fruit market, while one selection (Pera Alexandre Maróstica) was superior for juice processing traits. These alternatives to Pera IAC represent an opportunity for more efficient and productive scions with higher fruit quality, and with a slight shift within the mid-season harvest time of sweet oranges in Brazil.
Empowering Lone Parents to Progress towards Employability
Authors: LINDSAY COLIN , PEARSON SARAH , BATTY ELAINE , CULLEN ANNE MARIE , EADSON WILL 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPolicymakers in liberal welfare states like the UK have prioritised extending the reach of compulsory activation to target vulnerable jobseeker groups, such as lone parents. However, such interventions – especially when combined with intensified welfare conditionality – appear to have had limited positive effects on lone parents’ employability, while often negatively impacting wellbeing. This article argues that the problem is a disconnect between the complex barriers to employability faced by lone parents (including their need to balance work and caring) and the content of ‘work-first’ activation favoured by successive UK Governments. We report positive findings from in-depth interviews with lone parents and key stakeholders involved in more person-centred, non-compulsory local employability services. Multi-agency service delivery, collaborative governance and a clear role for user voice in programme design were important facilitators of positive experiences. Our analysis points to the need for services that empower lone parents to make choices to progress towards employment while supporting family life.
Marital offence-specific forgiveness as mediator in the relationships between personality traits and marital satisfaction among older couples: Perspectives on Lars Tornstam's theory of gerotranscendence
Authors: Brudek Paweł , Kaleta Kinga 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs a result of the gerotranscendence process, marital satisfaction becomes especially important in old age. At the same time, researchers emphasise that the effect of seniors’ personality on their marital satisfaction depends on many mediators. The analysis of literature suggests that one such variable might be forgiveness. Thus, the aim of the present research was to investigate whether forgiveness mediates the relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction in late adulthood. The study involved 315 participants aged 60–75. Three psychological methods were used: (a) the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire for Older Persons; (b) the NEO-Five Factor Inventory; and (c) the Marital Offence-Specific Forgiveness Scale. The analyses that have been undertaken revealed a number of significant associations. Neuroticism was positively related to resentment-avoidance and negatively to benevolence and marital satisfaction, whereas extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were negatively correlated with resentment and positively with benevolence and satisfaction. The results also showed that both dimensions of dyadic forgiveness mediated the relationships between personality traits and marital satisfaction in ageing persons. They suggest that forgiveness of a spouse, when enhanced, could work as a buffer against the negative impact of neuroticism on marital happiness, as well as allowing the transfer of positive aspects of extraverted, agreeable and conscientious tendencies into marriage. Practical implications of the study for counselling older adults are recommended.
The effect of circadian rhythms on shipping accidents
Authors: Vinagre-Ríos Juan , Pérez-Canosa José-Manuel , Iglesias-Baniela Santiago 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIt is a well-known fact that humans are subject to circadian alterations caused by the action of sunlight. This strongly affects their behaviour and skill, making them change their level of alertness from high at daytime to low at night-time. Taking into account this biological feature, and considering that commercial shipping is one of the oldest round-the-clock activities, raises the question whether bridge watchkeepers can carry out their tasks on night shifts with the same level of alertness as on day shifts. Furthermore, night bridge watchkeeping has to be performed in darkness or very dim light to improve the visual capacity of lookouts. A sample of vessel collisions was analysed and it was find out that this kind of accident tends to be more frequent and more serious during the darkness period of the solar day.
How time matters in the UN Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review: Humans, objects, and time creation
Authors: McNeilly Kathryn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the United Nations Human Rights Council is an innovative monitoring mechanism in the international human rights law system. As the UPR matures, scholars have increasingly sought to stand back and understand it as a process. In this article, I take work in this vein further by considering more closely the actors involved in the UPR – humans and objects – and highlighting the time creating effects that emerge from the relationships between them. Across the various stages of the UPR, a range of temporalities – from cyclicality and linearity to retrogression and suspension of time – are produced and sustained by people, reports, data, lists, microphones, screens, computers, action plans, and desks, just to name a few. I argue from this that time is materially made in the review process, often in micro and taken for granted ways. In its operation, the UPR appears as a collection of temporal assemblages. Or, in language drawn from actor-network theory (ANT), an assortment of fluid and interweaving sets of actants networked together who generate ideas of time across its practice. Apprehending time creation in this material, the ANT-inflected way is highly significant for scholars and practitioners interested in the UPR. It holds potential to influence how this process can be understood, approached, and located within international human rights law as itself a larger, time creating actor-network.
StkTokens: Enforcing well-bracketed control flow and stack encapsulation using linear capabilities
Authors: SKORSTENGAARD LAU , DEVRIESE DOMINIQUE , BIRKEDAL LARS 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose and study StkTokens: a new calling convention that provably enforces well-bracketed control flow and local state encapsulation on a capability machine. The calling convention is based on linear capabilities: a type of capabilities that are prevented from being duplicated by the hardware. In addition to designing and formalizing this new calling convention, we also contribute a new way to formalize and prove that it effectively enforces well-bracketed control flow and local state encapsulation using what we call a fully abstract overlay semantics.
Assessment of Prehospital Monitor/Defibrillators forClostridioides difficileContamination
Authors: Gibson Cody Vaughn , Swindell Jonathan Edwin , Collier George Donald 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectives:The purpose of this study was to determine ifClostridioides difficile(C. diff) was present on the electrocardiogram (ECG) right arm leads, blood pressure cuffs, and fingertip pulse oximetry sensors of monitor/defibrillators used in the prehospital setting.Methods:On March 22, 2019, a total of 20 prehospital monitor/defibrillators located at an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) station in Alabama (USA) were assessed forC. diff.The inside area of the fingertip pulse oximetry sensor, patient contact side of the blood pressure cuff, and right arm ECG lead of monitor/defibrillators (n = 60) were swabbed using a sterile cotton-tipped applicator saturated in a 0.85% Sodium Chloride solution. These cotton-tipped applicators were then inserted, scored, and released into Banana Broth vials. The vials were then sealed tightly and immediately transported to the laboratory, where they were incubated at 36°C for 72 hours. Colorimetric change from red to yellow was considered a positive indication for the presence ofC. diff.Results:Of 20 blood pressure cuffs, 15 hadC. diffcontamination (75%);C. diffwas also present on 19 of 20 fingertip pulse oximeter sensors (95%) and 20 of 20 ECG right arm monitor leads (100%).Conclusion:Prehospital monitor/defibrillators may represent a significant reservoir ofC. diffand other pathogenic bacteria. Improved disinfection protocols for reusable monitoring equipment and transition to disposable monitoring equipment used in the prehospital setting may reduce the risk of patient and EMS provider infection.
Historical Variability and Lifecycles of North Atlantic Midlatitude Cyclones Originating in the Tropics
Authors: Baker Alexander J. , Hodges Kevin I. , Schiemann Reinhard K. H. , Vidale Pier Luigi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNorth Atlantic tropical and post‐tropical cyclones impact midlatitude regions, but the inhomogeneous observational record of the latter stages of tropical cyclones precludes many climatological analyses. The frequency of tropical‐origin storms basin‐wide is projected to increase under anthropogenic climate change, so establishing confidence in our knowledge of their historical variability and lifecycles—against which climate model simulations may be evaluated—is important. We used a Lagrangian feature‐tracking algorithm to identify tropical cyclones that impacted Northeast North America and Europe in seven global reanalysis data sets, distinguishing systems that retained warm‐core structures or underwent warm seclusion from those that underwent extratropical transition, acquiring cold‐core, frontal structures. Over the last four decades, ∼25% and ∼10% of tropical‐origin cyclones made landfall across Northeast North America and Europe, respectively, as warm‐core systems, with, on average, higher wind speeds than cold‐core systems. Historical warm‐core and cold‐core landfalls also exhibit distinct tracks, likely responding to differing steering flow and midlatitude conditions.
Linking the Dissolved and Particulate Domain of Organic Carbon in Inland Waters
Authors: Lau Maximilian P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOrganic carbon (OC) in inland waters is found in either dissolved or particulate states, each contributing differently to carbon cycling through state‐specific forms of transport, processing, and mineralization. Degradation of macroscopic organic material into solutes is the most common transition between these states, yet there is also the potential for dissolved organic carbon to aggregate and form particles. This latter process at the soil‐stream interface is subject of a new study by Einarsdóttir et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005654) published in this issue. Their findings advance the understanding of the links between the dissolved and the particulate domain of OC with possible implication for long‐term OC burial and ecosystem functioning of inland waters.
The relationship between air pollutants and maternal socioeconomic factors on preterm birth in California urban counties
Authors: Mekonnen Zesemayat K. , Oehlert John W. , Eskenazi Brenda , Shaw Gary M. , Balmes John R. , Padula Amy M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and disparities among racial and ethnic groups persist. While etiologies of preterm birth have not been fully elucidated, it is probable that environmental and social factors play a role.

Objective
We hypothesized that there is an interactive association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) or ozone (O3) and neighborhood socioeconomic factors that increase the risk of preterm birth.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study using geocoded birth certificate data between 2007 and 2011, daily ambient air quality data on PM2.5 and O3, and American Community Survey (2007–2011 5-year estimates) data to assess census tract-level socioeconomic factors in California urban counties.

Results
Our study found a small positive association between maternal exposures to PM2.5 and O3 and preterm birth that varied by gestational exposure period. In mixed-effects models, we found an increase in the risk of preterm birth for a one-unit change in PM2.5 averaged across the entire pregnancy (AOR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.02) and O3 during 3-months pre-pregnancy (AOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.04). Interaction between census tract-level factors and air pollutants showed an increase in the risk of preterm birth among mothers living in higher socioeconomic areas, though, a fixed cohort bias sensitivity analysis showed these associations were not significant.

Significance
These findings substantiate previous studies that showed associations between air pollution and preterm birth, even as pollution levels have decreased. This study has important implications for policy decisions and may help inform research on potential mechanisms of preterm birth.
COVID-19 preparedness—a survey among neonatal care providers in low- and middle-income countries
Authors:   The International Neonatal COVID-19 Consortium, Klingenberg Claus , Tembulkar Sahil K. , Lavizzari Anna , Roehr Charles C. , Ehret Danielle E. Y. , Vain Nestor Eduardo , Mariani Gonzalo Luis , Erdeve Omer , Lara-Diaz Victor Javier , Velaphi Sithembiso , Cheong Hon Kin , Bisht Surender Singh , Waheed Khawaja Ahmad Irfan , Stevenson Alexander G. , Al-Kafi Nisreen , Roue Jean-Michel , Barrero-Castillero Alejandra , Molloy Eleanor J. , Zupancic John A. F. , Profit Jochen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective
To evaluate COVID-19 pandemic preparedness, available resources, and guidelines for neonatal care delivery among neonatal health care providers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) across all continents.

Study design
Cross-sectional, web-based survey administered between May and June, 2020.

Results
Of 189 invited participants in 69 LMICs, we received 145 (77%) responses from 58 (84%) countries. The pandemic provides significant challenges to neonatal care, particularly in low-income countries. Respondents noted exacerbations of preexisting shortages in staffing, equipment, and isolation capabilities. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 9/35 (26%) respondents noted increased mortality in non-COVID-19-infected infants. Clinical practices on cord clamping, isolation, and breastfeeding varied widely, often not in line with World Health Organization guidelines. Most respondents noted family access restrictions, and limited shared decision-making.

Conclusions
Many LMICs face an exacerbation of preexisting resource challenges for neonatal care during the pandemic. Variable approaches to care delivery and deviations from guidelines provide opportunities for international collaborative improvement.