bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrimination of Urochloa seed genotypes through image analysis: Morphological features
Authors: de Freitas Marcella Nunes , Dias Marcos Altomani Neves , Gomes‐Junior Francisco Guilhien , Abud Haynna Fernandes , de Araújo Lúcio Borges , de Moraes Thiago Finotti 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe tropical forage species seed market, including signalgrass (Urochloa), is expanding. There is demand for fast, automated methods that can be implemented for quality control of the seeds produced, with the aim of evaluating physical purity. In this respect, seed morphological features obtained by processing radiographs with the Tomato Analyzer software and of red–green–blue obtained and processed on the Groundeye device were used to test differentiation of materials of the Urochloa genus. Seeds of Urochloa brizantha (A.Rich.) R.D.Webster cvv. BRS Piatã, Marandu, and Xaraés MG‐5; Urochloa ruziziensis (R.Germ. & C.M.Evrard) Crins cv. Ruziziensis; and Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D.Webster cv. Basilisk were evaluated. Morphological features obtained by Tomato Analyzer allowed differentiation of Urochloa seeds at an accuracy level greater than 80% for all the materials evaluated. Seed area was one of the features that allowed this differentiation. The Groundeye system also showed high efficiency in distinguishing Urochloa seeds, except for Piatã and Xaraés, which exhibited morphological similarity, and lower accuracy levels in distinguishing their seeds (<50%). Additional studies should be conducted to evaluate Urochloa seed lots from other origins to validate the use of image analysis techniques for the purpose of obtaining morphological features and to assist in determining the physical purity of the materials.
Potato crop stress identification in aerial images using deep learning‐based object detection
Authors: Butte Sujata , Vakanski Aleksandar , Duellman Kasia , Wang Haotian , Mirkouei Amin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent research on the application of remote sensing and deep learning‐based analysis in precision agriculture demonstrated a potential for improved crop management and reduced environmental impacts of agricultural production. Despite the promising results, the practical relevance of these technologies for field deployment requires novel algorithms that are customized for analysis of agricultural images and robust to implementation on natural field imagery. The paper presents an approach for analyzing aerial images of a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop using deep neural networks. The main objective is to demonstrate automated spatial recognition of healthy vs. stressed crop at a plant level. Specifically, we examine premature plant senescence resulting in drought stress on ‘Russet Burbank’ potato plants. We propose a novel deep learning (DL) model for detecting crop stress, named Retina‐UNet‐Ag. The proposed architecture is a variant of Retina‐UNet and includes connections from low‐level semantic representation maps to the feature pyramid network. The paper also introduces a dataset of aerial field images acquired with a Parrot Sequoia camera. The dataset includes manually annotated bounding boxes of healthy and stressed plant regions. Experimental validation demonstrated the ability for distinguishing healthy and stressed plants in field images, achieving an average dice score coefficient (DSC) of 0.74. A comparison to related state‐of‐the‐art DL models for object detection revealed that the presented approach is effective for this task. The proposed method is conducive toward the assessment and recognition of potato crop stress in aerial field images collected under natural conditions.
Evaluation of growth and yield of indigo ecotypes in different sowing dates and genetic diversity analysis using AFLP markers
Authors: Rastegari Faramarz , Tohidinejad Enayatollah , Mohammadi‐Nejad Ghasem 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIndigo (Indigoferatinctoria L.), as a forgotten crop, has immense industrial and medicinal value. In this research, the effect of sowing date on the leaf, seed, and dye yield of indigo was examined at Jiroft, Iran, during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. The experiment was arranged as a split‐plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Planting dates (5 May, 20 May, and 5 June) and indigo ecotypes as landraces of Jiroft, Roudbar, Rigan, and Ghale‐ganj were considered as main and subplots, respectively, aiming to evaluate their effects on pod number/plant, 1,000‐seed weight, seed number/pod, leaf dry weight, seed yield, as well as indigo dye percentage and yield. The results indicated that the indigo content was greater at the second sowing date (0.68%) than the first (0.66%) and third (0.65%) dates. Further, the indigo percentage was greater in Jiroft and Roudbar ecotypes compared with Rigan and Ghale‐ganj. Seed yield at the second and third sowing dates significantly increased (560.3 kg ha–1) and reduced (188.4 kg ha–1), respectively, compared with the first sowing date (261.4 kg ha–1). Furthermore, the highest value of leaf dry weight, indigo yield, and seed yield were obtained from the Jiroft ecotype at the second sowing date; in contrast, the lowest of these parameters were recorded in the Ghale‐ganj ecotype at the latest sowing date. Moreover, the genetic diversity of ecotypes was studied using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker. Based on the dendrogram, the four ecotypes of indigo were divided into three groups; thus, Jiroft and Rudbar, geographically close to each other and almost the same, were in one group, and Reagan and Ghale‐Ganj were in separate groups. Overall, based on this research results, Jiroft and 20 May could be suggested as the best ecotype and sowing date of indigo for the examined region. Obtained results can also be useful for expanding and facilitating the cultivation of neglected plants.
Greenhouse gas mitigation strategies and opportunities for agriculture
Authors: Kwon Hoyoung , Liu Xinyu , Xu Hui , Wang Michael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo cope with increasing demands for food, feed, and energy along with environmental challenges due to climate change, the agricultural sector has a unique opportunity to meet sustainable development goals set by the United Nations through innovative and regenerative agriculture practices that enhance agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well‐being simultaneously. Among many sustainability metrics to measure agriculture's impacts on sustainability and contribution to its improvements, we focus on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector as a key environmental indicator to assess several GHG mitigation practices from the perspective of life‐cycle analysis applied to agriculture. We first analyze the key factors contributing to farming GHG emissions and then identify a range of GHG mitigation strategies, such as optimizing farm fertilizer/chemical inputs, manufacturing low‐carbon fertilizer/chemical, reducing on‐farm energy/fuel consumption, and increasing soil carbon stocks. Furthermore, we elaborate on how these strategies can be successfully implemented to different scales of farming through policies and incentives and better quantification and verification schemes for effective policies and incentives. Finally, we present the holistic evaluation of agricultural GHG emissions in terms of landscape management approaches and provide ecosystem services to address social and economic issues.
Penetrating cardiac injury repaired under “intentional cardiac arrest” with adenosine triphosphate
Authors: Hagiwara Kazuki , Inoue Jun‐ichi , Matumoto Gaku , Iwase Fumiaki 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundRepairing a cardiac injury with beating heart is sometimes difficult and is associated with increased risks of complications. Here we report a case of cardiac injury repaired with administration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Case PresentationA 46‐year‐old man was stabbed in his chest with a knife and transferred to our hospital. He was hemodynamically unstable, and echocardiography showed pericardial effusion. Emergency thoracotomy revealed a full‐thickness injury in the right ventricle next to the coronary artery. He went into cardiac arrest and was resuscitated with adrenaline administration. We tried to suture immediately, but it was difficult because of tachycardia. After administering 20 mg of ATP (80 mg in total over 15 min), bradycardia was induced that led to “intentional cardiac arrest” after which suturing was performed. He was discharged on the 13th day without complications.ConclusionCases of penetrating cardiac injury repaired using ATP are rare. Administration of ATP may be a useful option while repairing cardiac injuries.
The Bis(η6‐benzene)lithium Cation: A Fundamental Main‐Group Organometallic Species
Authors: Jie Xiaoming , Li Jun , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Wübker Anna‐Lena , Hansen Michael Ryan , Eckert Hellmut , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of the bis(η6‐benzene)lithium cation, the benzene metallocene of the lightest metal, is reported. The boron compound FmesBCl2 [Fmes: 2,4,6‐tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] reacted with three molar equivalents of the lithio‐acetylene reagent Li‐C≡C‐Fmxyl [Fmxyl: 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]. Subsequent crystallization from benzene gave the [bis(η6‐benzene)Li]+ cation with the [{FmesB(‐C≡C‐Fmxyl)3}2Li]− anion. This parent [(arene)2Li]+ cation shows an eclipsed arrangement of the pair of benzene ligands at the central lithium cation with uniform carbon‐lithium bond lengths. The corresponding [(η6‐toluene)2Li]+ and [(η6‐durene)2Li]+ containing salts were similarly prepared. The bis(arene)lithium cations were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, by solid‐state 7Li MAS NMR spectroscopy and their bonding features were analyzed by DFT calculations.
Effects of AOT reverse micelle extraction on structure and emulsifying properties of soybean protein
Authors: Zhang Lifen , Zhang Mingzhu , Sun Xiaoyang , Chen Fusheng , Wu Qian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the forward and backward extraction efficiency, structure, and emulsifying properties of soybean proteins obtained through bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) reverse micelle, as well as their relationship. The results showed that the extraction efficiency was the highest with the forward extraction time of 25 min, pH of 3.0, temperature of 45°C, KCl concentration of 0.0 mol L−1, and the backward extraction time of 10 min, pH of 4.0, temperature of 30°C, KCl concentration of 0.5 mol L−1. Significant changes in the secondary structure and fluorescence intensity of soybean protein after AOT reverse micelle extraction were observed. More β‐sheet structure and higher fluorescence intensity corresponded to the higher emulsion stability of soybean protein. The results indicated that reverse micelle extraction shows great application in food industry.
Use of mixture design to optimize nanofabrication of dithiocarbazate–loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles
Authors: Costa Rebeca de Oliveira , Coutinho Janclei Pereira , Santos Rodrigo Luis Silva Ribeiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent years, polyester polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have been extensively studied for drug delivery systems due to their biocompatible, biodegradable, and nontoxic pharmacological properties. Moreover, dithiocarbazate Schiff bases containing sulfur‐nitrogen donor atoms are interesting in the context of coordination chemistry and pharmacological applications. The aim of the present study was to optimize the encapsulation of 1‐(S‐benzyldithiocarbazate)‐3‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐pyrazole (DTC) into PLA nanoparticles (NPs) by using a simplex‐centroid design to investigate the effect of mixture component ratios on the response. The effect of NP composition (PLA, DTC, and PVA surfactant) on two dependent responses (polydispersity index [PDI] and size distribution) was studied. The mathematical models established were well‐fitted to the experimental data, and their response surfaces allowed the PDI (0.09 ± 0.01) and size distribution (119 ± 3 nm) to be predicted. Afterwards, the optimized DTC‐loaded PLA NPs were prepared and lyophilized. Univariate analysis was used to study the effects of a cryoprotectant, sample dilution, and pH on the colloidal stability of the NPs. The developed NPs exhibited good colloidal stability with adequate mean size (123 ± 9 nm), monomodal size distribution (PDI = 0.10 ± 0.01), and high‐anionic zeta potential (−39.5 ± 3.3 mV). The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were 29 and 2%, respectively. The use of sucrose as a cryoprotectant is necessary to stabilize the NPs during the lyophilization process and maintain their spherical shape. The pH medium of NPs (5.0, 7.0, or 9.0) did not exhibit significant changes in the analytical response, while highly diluted NP samples (100‐fold) might affect their colloidal stability. Finally, this multivariate optimization allowed for the preparation of colloidally stable NPs with narrow size distribution.
The child in the school, the school in the community, and the community in the child: Linking psychic and social domains in school violence prevention
Authors: Pivnick Billie A. , Hassinger Jane A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite efforts to broaden the focus of school safety provision beyond eliminating individual problematic students, interventions in school contexts have traditionally focused on helping the troubled child adapt to the school; less often do schools view the child's symptoms as reflecting troubles in the community which in turn impact children. Even the “school climate” approach, which is innovative in viewing the child in light of social influences contributing to identity and affective co‐regulation, may not sufficiently illuminate the interactions among neurobiology, teaching methods, family support/networks, organizational systems, and cultural/political disruptions. In this article, we focus on Cohen and Rappaport’s complementary papers on preventing school violence. Although both papers thoughtfully consider individual and school‐climate factors, a common feature in both is the replication of our cultural tendency to split the psychic domain from the social realm—to favor approaches that emphasize individual psychopathology over ones that view the individual and community as inextricably linked and mutually constitutive (Layton, 2020). Models for assessment often unconsciously favor frameworks for understanding individuals' symptoms as opposed to approaches that view symptoms as expressing the needs and troubles of both the individual and the community. We propose that the dialectical relationship between individual and community is the nexus from which we can understand the impact of family and community distress on individual psychopathology in ways that could culminate in a violent incident. We will explore how, in the context of Cohen's policy proposals and Rappaport's case study, a community psychoanalytic model can mobilize different interventions and resources.
Psychological distress among caregivers raising a child with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Kalb Luther G. , Badillo‐Goicoechea Elena , Holingue Calliope , Riehm Kira E. , Thrul Johannes , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Smail Emily J. , Law Kiely , White‐Lehman Casey , Fallin Daniele 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic may disproportionately impact parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Loss of services and supports, heightened fears about increased infection rates, and disruption of daily routines likely adversely affect the well‐being of children with ASD and their families. The goal of this study was to examine differences in psychological distress–as defined by symptoms of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and hyperarousal–between parents raising a child with ASD and parents in the US as a whole during the early stages of the pandemic (March–April 2020). Parents raising a child with ASD (n = 3556) were recruited through SPARK, a national ASD research registry, whereas a representative sample of parents in the US (n = 5506) were recruited from the Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel. All data were captured via online surveys. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions examined psychological distress at the item and summary score level. Parents of children with ASD reported higher levels of overall psychological distress (48% vs. 25%; aOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.84, p < 0.001). Hyperarousal, or feelings of panic when thinking about COVID‐19, was particularly prevalent among parents of children with ASD compared to parents in the US (25% vs. 9%; aOR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.83, 3.07, p < 0.001). Findings highlight the importance of considering the policies and practices that contribute to poor mental health in parents, particularly those raising a child with ASD, to ensure mental health services remain accessible.Lay SummaryThis study examined the mental health of parents raising a child with ASD during the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Results demonstrated substantially higher levels of psychological distress, particularly those related to feelings of panic, among parents raising a child with ASD when compared to parents in the US as a whole. These data suggest the need for ensuring mental health services are accessible to parents, particularly those raising a child with ASD, during and after the pandemic.
Fluorescent xylitol carbon dots: A potent antimicrobial agent and drug carrier
Authors: Ahuja Vishal , Banerjee Somesh , Roy Partha , Bhatt Arvind Kumar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBiomolecular carbon dots (CDs) have immense potential for various industries due to exceptional bioactivity, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and biodegradability. In the present work xylitol (Xlt), a natural sweetener produced by microbial fermentation of sugarcane bagasse (71.98% conversion) has been used for CDs preparation by microwave‐assisted carbonization in the presence of ethylene diamine (EDA). The resultant xylitol carbon dots (XCDs) were irregular shaped, rough with an average size of 8.88 nm and exhibiting fluorescence between 400 and 450 nm. The presence of EDA preserves the native chemical structure of Xlt even after exposure to microwaves. Purified XCDs were conjugated (AM‐XCD) with ketoconazole and tetracycline for fungi and bacteria, respectively. In comparison to Xlt, XCDs have higher inhibitory potential and reduced dosage size of antimicrobials against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli by 75%, 75%, 87.50%, and 50%, respectively. For Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhi also inhibitory potential was increased by 14.68% and 21.38%. Increased efficacy advocated the improved drug delivery in the presence of XCDs. However, no inhibitory effect was recorded against DU145 (human prostate cancer) and HCT‐15 (human colon adenocarcinoma) cell lines. The findings of the current work suggested the possible use of Xlt as an important antimicrobial agent besides an efficient drug carrier in healthcare.
Bioeconomy in Brazil: Opportunities and guidelines for research and public policy for regional development
Authors: Carbonell Sergio A. M. , Cortez Luis Augusto Barbosa , Madi Luis F. C , Anefalos Lilian C. , Baldassin Junior Ricardo , Leal Rodrigo L. V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe bioeconomy presents an amazing opportunity for developing countries to promote economic and social development. It provides a real possibility for the production, conversion, and environmentally sustainable use of natural resources. Several countries have integrated the bioeconomy into their policy strategies worldwide, encouraged by recent advances and future perspectives in bio‐science and biotechnology, with strong potential to boost economic output. However, making the most of the bioeconomy, and achieving its real benefits, will require new and innovative approaches in science, technology development, and business, and global policies and regulatory frameworks strongly focused on social development and the conservation and preservation of environmental resources. To explore this new scenario, a technological roadmapping exercise was performed during June 2015 and June 2018, involving more than 1500 experts, including researchers, technical experts from the private sector, policymakers, and stakeholders. The main results outline opportunities and technological drivers in research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D), focusing on regional development for 13 strategic areas of tropical bioeconomy in São Paulo State, Brazil, including the main public policy needs for the development of the bioeconomy. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effect of amino acid composition of elastin‐like polypeptide nanoparticles on nonspecific protein adsorption, macrophage cell viability and phagocytosis
Authors: Bahniuk Markian S. , Ortega Van A. , Alshememry Abdullah K. , Stafford James L. , Goss Greg G. , Unsworth Larry D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDevelopment of elastin‐like polypeptide (ELP) biomaterials is widespread, but information critical for clinical deployment is limited, with biocompatibility studies focused on a narrow cross‐section of ELP sequences. Macrophages can impair biomaterial systems by degrading or isolating the biomaterial and by activating additional immune functions. Their phagocytic response will reveal early immune biocompatibility of ELP nanoparticles (NPs). This study examines that response, induced by the adsorbed protein corona, as a function of ELP guest amino acid, chain length and NP diameter. The breadth of proteins adsorbed to ELP NPs varied, with valine‐containing ELP NPs adsorbing fewer types of proteins than leucine‐containing constructs. Particle diameter was also a factor, with smaller leucine‐containing ELP NPs adsorbing the broadest range of proteins. Macrophage viability was unaffected by the ELP NPs, and their phagocytic capabilities were unimpeded except when incubated with a 500 nm valine‐containing 40‐mer. This NP significantly decreased the phagocytic capacity of macrophages relative to the control and to a corresponding 500 nm leucine‐containing 40‐mer. NP size and the proportion of opsonin to dysopsonin proteins likely influenced this outcome. These results suggest that certain combinations of ELP sequence and particle size can result in an adsorbed protein corona, which may hinder macrophage function.