bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of cascade reporting of antimicrobial susceptibility on fluoroquinolone and meropenem consumption at a Veterans’ Affairs medical center
Authors: Vissichelli Nicole C. , Orndahl Christine M. , Cecil Jane A. , Hill Emily M. , Hitchcock Matthew M. , Sabo Roy T. , Stevens Michael P. , Tassone Dan , Vaughan Leroy B. , Markley J. Daniel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To determine whether cascade reporting is associated with a change in meropenem and fluoroquinolone consumption.Design:A quasi-experimental study was conducted using an interrupted time series to compare antimicrobial consumption before and after the implementation of cascade reporting.Setting:A 399-bed, tertiary-care, Veterans’ Affairs medical center.Participants:Antimicrobial consumption data across 8 inpatient units were extracted from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Health Safety Network (NHSN) antimicrobial use (AU) module from April 2017 through March 2019, reported as antimicrobial days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 days present (DP).Intervention:Cascade reporting is a strategy of reporting antimicrobial susceptibility test results in which secondary agents are only reported if an organism is resistant to primary, narrow-spectrum agents. A multidisciplinary team developed cascade reporting algorithms for gram-negative bacteria based on local antibiogram and infectious diseases practice guidelines, aimed at restricting the use of fluoroquinolones and carbapenems. The algorithms were implemented in March 2018.Results:Following the implementation of cascade reporting, mean monthly meropenem (P =.005) and piperacillin/tazobactam (P = .002) consumption decreased and cefepime consumption increased (P < .001). Ciprofloxacin consumption decreased by 2.16 DOT per 1,000 DP per month (SE, 0.25; P < .001). Clostridioides difficile rates did not significantly change.Conclusion:Ciprofloxacin consumption significantly decreased after the implementation of cascade reporting. Mean meropenem consumption decreased after cascade reporting was implemented, but we observed no significant change in the slope of consumption. cascade reporting may be a useful strategy to optimize antimicrobial prescribing.
A randomized controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on antimicrobial-resistant organism colonization
Authors: Rauseo Adriana M. , Hink Tiffany , Reske Kimberly A. , Seiler Sondra M. , Bommarito Kerry M. , Fraser Victoria J. , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Dubberke Erik R. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenter Program
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:Alteration of the colonic microbiota following antimicrobial exposure allows colonization by antimicrobial-resistant organisms (AROs). Ingestion of a probiotic, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), could prevent colonization or infection with AROs by promoting healthy colonic microbiota. The purpose of this trial was to determine the effect of LGG administration on ARO colonization in hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics.Design:Prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of LGG versus placebo among patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics.Setting:Tertiary care center.Patients:In total, 88 inpatients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics were enrolled.Intervention:Patients were randomized to receive 1 capsule containing 1×1010 cells of LGG twice daily (n = 44) or placebo (n = 44), stratified by ward type. Stool or rectal-swab specimens were collected for culture at enrollment, during admission, and at discharge. Using selective media, specimens were cultured for Clostridioides difficile, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (VRE), and antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria. The primary outcome was any ARO acquisition. Secondary outcomes included loss of any ARO if colonized at enrollment, and acquisition or loss of individual ARO.Results:ARO colonization prevalence at study enrollment was similar (LGG 39% vs placebo 39%). We detected no difference in any ARO acquisition (LGG 30% vs placebo 33%; OR,1.19; 95% CI, 0.38–3.75) nor for any individual ARO acquisition. There was no difference in the loss of any ARO (LGG 18% vs placebo 24%; OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.27–7.68) nor for any individual ARO.Conclusion:LGG administration neither prevented acquisition of ARO nor accelerated loss of ARO colonization.
The acquisition of prosodic marking of narrow focus in Central Swedish
Authors: ROMØREN Anna Sara H. , CHEN Aoju 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigated how Central Swedish-speaking four to eleven-year-old children acquire the prosodic marking of narrow focus, compared to adult controls. Three measurements were analysed: placement of the prominence-marking high tone (prominence H), pitch range effects of the prominence H, and word duration. Subject-verb-object sentences were elicited in sentence-medial and sentence-final focus conditions via a semi-spontaneous elicitation task. The children largely performed in an adult-like manner already at four to five: they predominantly added prominence H to focal words and avoided this tone post-focally in both sentence-medial and sentence-final position. The placement or avoidance of prominence H had largely the same effects on pitch range for children and adults. Finally, the four to eight-year-olds also increased the duration of the focal word, similar to adults. Hence, Central Swedish-speaking children master the use of prosody for focus marking at an earlier age, compared to children acquiring a West Germanic language.
Association between 24-h urinary sodium to potassium ratio and mild cognitive impairment in community-based general population
Authors: Wang Zhongrong , Li Nanfang , Heizhati Mulalibieke , Wang Lin , Li Mei , Pan Fengyu , Yang Zhikang , Abudureyimu Reyila , Hong Jing , Sun Le , Li Jing , Li Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To explore the relationship between parameters of Na and K excretion using 24-h urine sample and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in general population.Design:This is a cross-sectional study.Setting:Community-based general population in Emin China.Participants:Totally, 1147 subjects aged ≥18 years were selected to complete the study, with a multistage proportional random sampling method. Cognitive status was assessed with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaire and timed 24-h urine specimens were collected. Finally, 561 participants aged ≥35 years with complete urine sample and MMSE data were included for the current analysis and divided into groups by tertiles of 24-h urinary sodium to potassium ratio (24-h UNa/K) as lowest (T1), middle (T2) and highest (T3) groups.Results:The MMSE score was significantly lower in T3, compared with the T1 group (26·0 v. 25·0, P = 0·002), and the prevalent MCI was significantly higher in T3 than in T1 group (11·7 % v. 25·8 %, P < 0·001). In multiple linear regression, 24-UNa/K (β: −0·184, 95 % CI −0·319, −0·050, P = 0·007) was negatively associated with MMSE score. In multivariable logistic regression, compared with T1 group, 24-h UNa/K in the T2 and T3 groups showed 2·01 (95 % CI 1·03, 3·93, P = 0·041) and 3·38 (95 % CI 1·77, 6·44, P < 0·001) fold odds for presence of MCI, even after adjustment for confounders. More augmented results were demonstrated in sensitivity analysis by excluding individuals taking anti-hypertensive agents.Conclusions:Higher 24-h UNa/K is in an independent association with prevalent MCI.
Pre-pregnancy maternal BMI classification is associated with preschool childhood diet quality and childhood obesity in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Authors: Hudson Paul , Emmett Pauline M , Taylor Caroline M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To explore the effect of maternal BMI class pre-pregnancy (overweight/obese v. healthy weight/underweight) on childhood diet quality and on childhood overweight/obesity risk.Design:Dietary data were collected using 3-d parental-completed food records for their children at ages 18 and 43 months. An index of diet quality was derived by classification of food items into core and non-core foods. Adjusted multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the effect of maternal BMI class on diet quality in their children.Setting:Avon, UK.Participants:A 10% subsample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Nine-hundred and eighty children provided complete dietary data at 18 months and 769 at 43 months.Results:Children with overweight/obese mothers consumed greater amounts of energy from non-core foods than children with healthy weight/underweight mothers (0·20 MJ (48 kcal)/d more at 18 months (P < 0·001); 0·19 MJ (45 kcal)/d more at 43 months (P = 0·008)) in adjusted models. Diet quality deteriorated between 18 and 43 months (children reduced their dietary energy intake from core foods (P < 0·001) and increased intake from non-core foods (P < 0·001)). However, this change was not associated with maternal BMI class in adjusted models. Having an overweight/obese mother was associated with an increased odds of the child being overweight/obese at 43 months (OR 1·74 (1·17, 2·58)).Conclusions:Children aged 18 and 43 months with overweight/obese mothers are likely to have a poorer quality diet than those with healthy/underweight mothers. Parents should be supported in discouraging the consumption of non-core foods in children at these ages.
Foods provided to children in family day care: an observational study
Authors: Kerr Erin M , Kelly Bridget , Hammersley Megan L , Hernandez Lara , Norman Jennifer , Furber Susan , Vuong Cecilia , Ryan Sarah , Wardle Karen , Okely AD 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To assess the quality and quantity of foods and beverages provided to children aged 0–5 years in family day care and identify structural and sociodemographic factors associated with the nutritional quality of food provided.Design:A cross-sectional study measured the food and beverages provided to children using weighed food records. The number of serves from different food groups was calculated according to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, and a healthy food provision index score was created. Associations between structural and sociodemographic factors and healthy food provision index scores were analysed using linear mixed models.Setting:Family day care services in two large geographic areas in New South Wales, Australia.Participants:One hundred and four children in thirty-three family day care services.Results:During attendance at childcare, most children met recommended servings of fruit but not dairy, vegetables, lean meat and meat alternatives and wholegrains. Discretionary foods exceeded recommendations. Children’s age, socio-economic status and the type of main meal provided were significantly associated with the healthy food provision index score.Conclusions:Foods provided to children in family day care are aligned with dietary recommendations for fruit but not vegetables, dairy, lean meat and meat alternatives, wholegrains or discretionary foods. Interventions to promote healthy eating are needed to support families and educators to improve the nutritional quality of food provided to children.
Prognostic factors and survival after whole-brain radiotherapy for initial brain metastases arising from non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Okada Yukinori , Kobayashi Mariko , Shinozaki Mio , Abe Tatsuyuki , Nakamura Naoki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAim:To identify prognostic factors and investigate patient survival after whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for initial brain metastases arising from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods:Patients diagnosed with NSCLC between 1 January 2010 and 30 September 2019, and who received WBRT upon first developing a brain metastasis, were investigated. Overall survival was determined as related to age, sex, duration between initial examination and brain metastasis detection, stage at the first examination, presence of metastases outside the brain, blood analysis findings, brain metastasis symptoms, radiotherapy dose and completion, imaging findings, therapeutic course of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, histological type, and gene mutation status.Results:Thirty-one consecutive patients (20 men and 11 women) with a mean age of 63·8 years and median survival of 129 days were included. Multivariate analysis with stepwise testing was performed to investigate differences in survival according to gene mutation status, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, irradiation dose, WBRT completion and Stage status. Of these, a statistically significant difference in survival was observed in patients with gene mutation status (hazard ratio: 0·31, 95% CI: 0·11–0·86, p = 0·025), LDH levels <230 vs. ≥230 IU/L (hazard ratio: 4·08, 95% CI: 1·45–11·5, p < 0·01) received 30 Gy, 30 Gy/10 fractions to 35 Gy/14 fractions, and 37·5 Gy/15 fractions (hazard ratio: 0·26, 95% CI: 0·09–0·71, p < 0·01), and stage IV versus non-stage IV (hazard ratio: 0·13, 95 CI:0·02–0·64, p < 0·01)Findings:Gene mutation, LDH, radiation dose and Stage are prognostic factors for patients with initial brain metastases who are treated with WBRT.
Review of novel tissue-based biomarkers for prostate cancer: towards personalised and targeted medicine
Authors: Osei Ernest , Swanson Stephanie , Sheraz Lyba , Ibrahim Nada Khaled Fouad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground:Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and responsible for about 10% of all cancer mortality in both Canadian and American men. Currently, serum PSA level is the most commonly used test for the detection of prostate cancer, though the levels can also be elevated in benign conditions, has limited specificity and has a high rate of overdiagnosis and treatment of indolent disease. Consequently, in recent years, several investigations have been conducted to identify novel cancer biomarkers capable of both effective screening and diagnosis, as well as assisting to shift the diagnostic and treatment paradigm of prostate cancer towards more patient-specific and targeted medicine. The goal of this narrative review paper is to describe eleven novel and promising tissue-based biomarkers for prostate cancer capable to account for individual patient variabilities and have the potential for risk assessment, early detection and diagnosis, identification of patients who will benefit from a particular treatment and monitoring patient response to treatment.Materials and methods:We searched several databases from August to December 2020 for relevant studies published in English between 2000 and 2020 and reporting on tissue-based biomarkers for screening and early diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of prostate cancer.Conclusions:Emerging prostate cancer biomarkers have the potential to guide clinical decision-making since they have the potential to detect the disease early, measure the risk of developing the disease and the risk of progression, provide accurate information of patient response to a specific treatment and are capable of informing clinicians about the likely outcome of a cancer diagnosis independent of the treatment received. Therefore, the future holds promise for personalised and targeted medicine from prevention to diagnosis and treatment that considers the individual patient’s variabilities in the management of prostate cancer.
Review of novel liquid-based biomarkers for prostate cancer: towards personalised and targeted medicine
Authors: Osei Ernest , Swanson Stephanie , Francis Ruth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background:
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and it is responsible for about 10% of all cancer mortalities in both American and Canadian men. At present, serum prostate-specific antigen levels remain the most commonly used test to detect prostate cancer, and the standard and definitive diagnosis of the disease is via prostate biopsy. Conventional tissue biopsies are usually invasive, expensive, painful, time-consuming, and unsuitable for screening and need to be consistently evaluated by expert pathologists and have limited repeatability. Consequently, liquid biopsies are emerging as a favourable alternative to conventional tissue biopsies, providing a non-invasive and cost-effective approach for screening, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of prostate cancer patients.

Materials and methods:
We searched several databases from August to December 2020 for relevant studies published in English between 2000 and 2020 and reporting on liquid-based biomarkers available in detectable quantities in patient bodily fluid samples. In this narrative review paper, we describe seven novel and promising liquid-based biomarkers that potentially account for individual patient variability as well as used in disease risk assessment, screening for early disease detection and diagnosis, identification of patients’ risk for metastatic disease and subsequent relapse, monitoring patient response to specific treatment and providing clinicians the potential to stratify patients likely to benefit from a particular treatment.

Conclusions:
The concept of precision medicine from prevention to treatment techniques that take individual patient variability into account will depend on the development of effective clinical biomarkers that interrogate key aberrant pathways potentially targetable with molecular targets or immunologic therapies. Liquid-based biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for prostate cancer are emerging as minimally invasive, lower risk, readily obtainable and easily repeatable technique for screening for early disease detection and diagnosis, patient stratification at diagnosis into different risk categories, identification of patients’ risk for metastatic disease and subsequent relapse, and real-time monitoring of patient response to specific treatment. Thus, effective liquid-based biomarkers will potentially shift the treatment paradigm of prostate cancer towards more personalised and targeted medicine.
Spring-applied triclopyr mixtures for bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) suppression in Louisiana sugarcane
Authors: Spaunhorst Douglas J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSugarcane infested with bermudagrass and harvested as seed cane introduces the potential for weedy propagules to reinfest fields. Research was conducted in 2018 and 2019 following sugarcane harvest for seed cane to evaluate bermudagrass management with photosystem II (PSII)- and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)–inhibiting herbicides applied alone or mixed with triclopyr. Combinations of diuron at 2.8 kg ha–1 with clomazone at 1.5 kg ha–1 or triclopyr at 1.1 kg ha–1 and hexazinone at 0.74 kg ha–1 with triclopyr applied early POST (EPOST) in mid-February injured bermudagrass 85% to 86%, and injury was greater than diuron or hexazinone alone (16% and 10%) in mid-March. Bermudagrass injury decreased to 45% to 56% for these combination treatments by April; however, injury differences were similar to the earlier rating. Late POST (LPOST) mid-March application of these treatments indicated similar bermudagrass injury trends when evaluated in early April. By mid-May, however, no treatment resulted in greater than 18% bermudagrass injury. Clomazone plus diuron applied LPOST resulted in 19% sugarcane injury by early April; however, all other treatments resulted in 7% sugarcane injury or less. In mid-May, a mid-April EPOST application of topramezone at 0.025 kg ha–1 plus triclopyr at 1.1 kg ha–1 resulted in 62% bermudagrass injury, which was equivalent to that observed with other topramezone rates in this combination (0.012 and 0.037 kg ha–1) (54% to 60%). Bermudagrass injury from triclopyr mixed with mesotrione (32%) or triclopyr mixed with atrazine, mesotrione, and S-metolachlor (47% to 55%) resulted in bermudagrass injury similar to that with topramezone plus triclopyr (54% to 62%). Data showed the flexibility of triclopyr when mixed with several HPPD- or PSII-inhibitor herbicides for bermudagrass management in a Louisiana sugarcane cropping system. Greater flexibility in application timing for HPPD-inhibitor herbicides than for PSII-inhibitor herbicides (diuron or hexazinone), and mixed with triclopyr, may suppress bermudagrass POST in April and May with minimal sugarcane injury.
Field‐Aligned Currents Originating From the Chaotic Motion of Electrons in the Tilted Current Sheet: MMS Observations
Authors: Wang G. Q. , Zhang T. L. , Wu M. Y. , Xiao S. D. , Wang G. , Chen Y. Q. , Sun J. C. , Volwerk M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractField‐aligned currents often appear at the neutral sheet in the tilted current sheet, however, their origins are still unclear. Here we investigate two flapping motion events using the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission data. Strong current densities mainly contributed by electrons appear near the neutral sheet in the severely titled current sheet in both events. The perpendicular current can be explained by the electron drift motions, among which the diamagnetic drift is the main contributor. We find that electrons can be non‐adiabatic at the neutral sheet, which is able to scatter their pitch angle distribution. The field‐aligned current is associated with non‐adiabatic electrons in the energy range of ∼0.2–3 keV, which curvature parameter κ is in the range of 0.9–3. By contrast, adiabatic electrons have almost no contribution to the field‐aligned current. We suggest that non‐adiabatic electrons are the key factor in generating field‐aligned currents at the neutral sheet.
The Seasonality of Global Land and Ocean Mass and the Changing Water Cycle
Authors: Chandanpurkar Hrishikesh A. , Reager John T. , Famiglietti James S. , Nerem R. Steven , Chambers Don P. , Lo Min‐Hui , Hamlington Benjamin D. , Syed Tajdarul H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe global water cycle is generally viewed as the cycling of water masses among the land, ocean, and atmosphere. This cycling predominantly occurs at the annual time scale and between land and ocean, constituting the seasonal global water cycle. NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE‐Follow On missions can directly observe the seasonal global water cycle and describe the changes in its intensity. We present seasonal amplitudes of the global land water and ocean mass anomalies between 04/2002 and 11/2020. We find that the average seasonal amplitude is 17.0 ± 0.6 mm sea level equivalent (SLE), and its interannual variability (σ = 1.1 mm SLE) is comparable to the long‐term trends in the land and ocean masses. We investigate two periods of rapid amplification and deamplification during which the amplitude changed as much as 29%, and find that changes in hydroclimatology in certain land regions modulate the seasonal global water cycle.
Midlatitude Continental CAPE Is Predictable From Large‐Scale Environmental Parameters
Authors: Li Funing , Chavas Daniel R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA recent study by Agard and Emanuel (2017, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0352.1) proposed a simple equation for a quantity that scales with convective available potential energy (CAPE) that can be directly calculated from a limited number of environmental sounding parameters without lifting a hypothetical air parcel. This scaling CAPE was applied in a specific idealized framework, but the extent to which it can predict true CAPE in the real world has not been tested. This work uses reanalysis data over the U.S. to demonstrate that this scaling CAPE does indeed scale very closely with CAPE, following a linear relationship with a scaling factor of 0.44. We then explain why they scale together via a step‐by‐step derivation of the theoretical assumptions linking scaling CAPE and real CAPE and their manifestation in the historical data. Overall, this work demonstrates that CAPE can be predicted from large‐scale environmental parameters alone, which may be useful for a wide range of applications in weather and climate.