bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes and predictors of mortality from lupus nephritis in Southern Hunan, China
Authors: Liu Peng , Peng Zhong , Xiang Yazhou , Duan Yingjie , Huang Hong , Peng Zhiyong , Zhang Yong , Yang Bo , Ou Jihong , He Zhangxiu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of the study was to explore the causes and predictors of mortality in a cohort of LN with LN in southern Hunan, China.

Methods
We analyzed 236 patients with biopsy-proven LN during 2010–2018. Demographic data, laboratory data, SLEDAI scores, treatment strategies, and comorbidity were collected. Cox regression analysis was carried out to determine the independent predictors of mortality.

Results
The patients had mean disease duration of 67.9 ± 28.2 months. Class IV LN was the predominant biopsy class within the cohort (38.1%). After 1 year therapy, the majority of patients achieved complete remission (72.9%) and 44 (18.6%) patients achieved partial remission. The 5- and 10-years survival rates for our cohort were 94.4 and 85.2%, respectively. There were 18 deaths (7.6%), of which the main causes were infection (50%) alone and cardiovascular diseases (27.8%). Independent predictors of mortality in our cohort were: platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR) [hazard ratio (HR) 5.910; confidence interval (CI) 1.253–27.875], onset age (HR 1.090; CI 1.035–1.147), and SLEDAI scores (HR 1.258; CI 1.068–1.482).

Conclusion
We firstly revealed that PNR might be a promising predictor of mortality and reported the causes and prognostic predictors of mortality in LN from southern Hunan, China.
Modelling the impact of electrode roughness on net charge density in polyethylene
Authors: Hoang M Q , Nguyen M Q , Vu T T N , Teyssedre G , Le Roy S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Predicting the electric field distribution under dc stress within polymeric insulations remains a challenge, as space charge behaviour is still difficult to understand in these materials. Charge generation is often thought to arise from injection at the electrodes. Hence, surface roughness should be taken into account, as it strengthens the electric field locally and therefore promotes charge generation at some points. A charge transport model has been developed in 2D to account for surface roughness. The model is first validated with the help of previous results, obtained with a one-dimensional charge transport model. Then, with simple shapes accounting for roughness, the simulated results show that surface roughness has a significant impact on the net space charge behaviour. The impact of shape, and size of protrusions are presented, as well as a more realistic case where a large surface of the electrode is considered to be rough.
An audit of published South African diagnostic reference level data
Authors: Trauernicht C J , Pitcher R D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are accepted as a dose optimisation tool for patients undergoing x-ray imaging and are required by South African (SA) legislation for 26 fluoroscopically guided procedures (FGPs). The aim of this paper is to collate all published SA data on DRLs in preparation for a project to establish national DRLs. Systematic searches were conducted of various applicable databases. All research that proposed DRLs for any imaging procedure in South Africa was included. Twenty-one works met inclusion criteria, the earliest from 2001. Two-thirds of all work reported on FGPs and five studies documented computed tomography DRLs. Three publications focussed exclusively on paediatric imaging DRLs. No studies on mammography or dental radiography were found. For clinical procedures with more than one proposed DRL, the range of proposed DRL varied by up to a factor of five. The highest proposed DRL is 373.1 Gy cm2 for endovascular aneurysm/aortic repair procedures. Data were collected in six public hospitals and two private hospital groups. Thirty-six authors contributed to the manuscripts, but only six studies had an inter-disciplinary authorship. This is the first paper to provide a comprehensive review of SA DRL data and thereby advances international radiation protection initiatives. The data suggests there is room for more interdisciplinary work and that there must be rigorous standardization of reported parameters and data collection. This audit also highlights the need for standardized terminology, particularly for FGPs.
Error analysis in measuring physical quantities using various sensors on a smartphone
Authors: Listiaji Prasetyo , Subhan Subhan , Daeni Fitri , Karmuji  
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the initial topic in basic physics in school and college, the concept of analysing a measurement error needs to be understood by students. This paper proposes the use of various sensors on smartphones for statistical error analysis which usually uses the classical method with repeated measurements. The smartphone sensors used were light, acceleration, and magnetometer sensors. The data from the sensor recording fluctuations for 10 s were analysed for the simple statistical figures and error. The experiment used three different conditions, namely placing the smartphone on a stable table, holding it with your hand, and bringing it closer to a notebook that played a 650 Hz tones. The experimental findings, the experimental conditions (environmental and blunder), and the specifications of the instrument affect the error. Students also can tell that the sensor takes repeated measurements so that it shows fluctuation data. This research contributes to offering the use of the latest technology, namely smartphones, for statistical error analysis for physics students.
Data-driven respiratory phase-matched PET attenuation correction without CT
Authors: Hwang Donghwi , Kang Seung Kwan , Kim Kyeong Yun , Choi Hongyoon , Seo Seongho , Lee Jae Sung 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We propose a deep learning-based data-driven respiratory phase-matched gated-PET attenuation correction (AC) method that does not need a gated-CT. The proposed method is a multi-step process that consists of data-driven respiratory gating, gated attenuation map estimation using maximum-likelihood reconstruction of attenuation and activity (MLAA) algorithm, and enhancement of the gated attenuation maps using convolutional neural network (CNN). The gated MLAA attenuation maps enhanced by the CNN allowed for the phase-matched AC of gated-PET images. We conducted a non-rigid registration of the gated-PET images to generate motion-free PET images. We trained the CNN by conducting a 3D patch-based learning with 80 oncologic whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT scan data and applied it to seven regional PET/CT scans that cover the lower lung and upper liver. We investigated the impact of the proposed respiratory phase-matched AC of PET without utilizing CT on tumor size and standard uptake value (SUV) assessment, and PET image quality (%STD). The attenuation corrected gated and motion-free PET images generated using the proposed method yielded sharper organ boundaries and better noise characteristics than conventional gated and ungated PET images. A banana artifact observed in a phase-mismatched CT-based AC was not observed in the proposed approach. By employing the proposed method, the size of tumor was reduced by 12.3% and SUV90% was increased by 13.3% in tumors with larger movements than 5 mm. %STD of liver uptake was reduced by 11.1%. The deep learning-based data-driven respiratory phase-matched AC method improved the PET image quality and reduced the motion artifacts.
Impurity transport in tokamak plasmas, theory, modelling and comparison with experiments
Authors: Angioni Clemente 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the theory of collisional and turbulent transport of impurities in tokamak plasmas is reviewed. The results are presented with the aim of providing at the same time a historical reconstruction of the scientific progress and a complete description of the present theoretical knowledge, with a hopefully sufficiently complete reference to the works which have been published in the field in the last decades. After a general introduction on the physics challenges offered by the problem of impurity transport and their relevance for practical nuclear fusion energy, the theory of collisional transport is presented. Here a specific section is also dedicated to the transport parallel to the magnetic field lines. A complete review of the transport mechanisms produced by turbulence follows. The corresponding comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental observations are also presented, highlighting the influence that the validation activities had in motivating further theoretical investigations. The paper is completed by a section on the direct interactions between collisional and turbulent transport and by a final specific review dedicated to the progress in the theory–based modelling activities. In the writing of this review paper, the main goal has been to combine readability with completeness and scientific rigour, providing a comprehensive list of references for deeper documentation on specific aspects.
An efficient and facile method to develop defect-free OLED displays
Authors: Solanki Ankur , Awasthi Asha , Unni K N Narayanan , Deepak  
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have captured the attention of the flat-panel display market owing to their high luminescence and versatile properties. However, substrate processing plays a critical part in the fabrication of OLED displays, demonstrated here as a passive matrix display, where plenty of defects, which appear during the processing stage, result in poor display quality and yield. Photolithography is the most common technique used to develop the electrode pattern on a transparent glass substrate. Nevertheless, poor lithography leads to display defects such as dead pixels, dark columns and bright horizontal rows. Moreover, shorts between anodes due to partial etching of the transparent conducting material or cathode lines are also common problems. Herein, we discuss a technique which drastically reduces the number of electrode shorts. Selective etching of the cathode in this technique makes the optical inspection of electrode shorts far easier due to the higher contrast ratio between Cr/glass compared to indium tin oxide/glass. Further, a focused laser beam is employed to ablate the identified shorts between two or more anode/cathode lines to make the short-free patterns. Additionally, a laser beam is also capable of isolating the burnt/dead pixels in a display, which otherwise lead to dark or bright lines during operation. Thus, our findings are very important for the display industry to develop defect-free panels and for the repair of certain operational defects to increase the production yield and lifetime.
Experimental test of fluctuation relations for driven open quantum systems with an NV center
Authors: Hernández-Gómez Santiago , Staudenmaier Nicolas , Campisi Michele , Fabbri Nicole 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The experimental verification of quantum fluctuation relations for driven open quantum system is currently a challenge, due to the conceptual and operative difficulty of distinguishing work and heat. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has been recently proposed as a controlled test bed to study fluctuation relations in the presence of an engineered dissipative channel, in absence of work (Hernández-Gómez et al 2020 Phys. Rev. Res.
2 023327). Here, we extend those studies to exploring the validity of quantum fluctuation relations in a driven-dissipative scenario, where the spin exchanges energy both with its surroundings because of a thermal gradient, and with an external work source. We experimentally prove the validity of the quantum fluctuation relations in the presence of cyclic driving in two cases, when the spin exchanges energy with an effective infinite-temperature reservoir, and when the total work vanishes at stroboscopic times—although the power delivered to the NV center is non-null. Our results represent the first experimental study of quantum fluctuation relation in driven open quantum systems.
Submerged wall jets on corrugated beds
Authors: Wang Lei , Diao Ming-Jun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effect of jet Froude number, submergence factor, and boundary roughness on the submerged wall jets. The jet Froude number ranged from 4 to 10, the submergence factor ranged from 0.375 to 3.5, and the relative roughness ranged from 0.25 to 0.50. The results showed that the rough boundary could effectively reduce the hydraulic characteristic parameters. Compared to the smooth bed, the depression in water surface elevation at the beginning of submerged wall jet and the length scales along and vertical the flow direction over the rough bed decreased. The maximum velocity u
m of cross-section appeared farther away from the bed, and the decay of it along the distance was faster than that on the smooth bed. The decay of the ratio for the maximum velocity to the nozzle velocity u
1 had two stages along the distance x/L, where L was the longitudinal distance at which u
m = 0.5u
1. The first decay stage was like that in a plane wall jet, and the second decay stage was more and more like a free jump with the decrease of Froude number and submergence factor. While the decay of maximum velocity has good similarity using the new length scale L*, where L* was the longitudinal distance at which u
m = 0.2u
1. The shear force coefficients for submerged wall jets on corrugated beds were much smaller than those for free jumps on smooth beds, let alone for free jumps on corrugated beds.
Substituent screening effect on single-molecule photostability: comparison of three differently substituted porphycenes
Authors: Bednarz Aleksandra , Kamińska Izabela , Jamrozik Agnieszka , Zielonka Karolina , Listkowski Arkadiusz , Waluk Jacek 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Photobleaching of single molecules has been studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy for porphycene, a porphyrin isomer, and its two derivatives. Fourfold substitution of porphycene with bulky tert-butyl groups leads to the enhancement of photostability, even though the spectral, photophysical, and redox parameters remain similar. We attribute this effect to the increase of the efficiency of physical quenching of the chromophore triplet state by oxygen, compared with the yield of chemical reaction that leads to photobleaching. Analysis of the observed photon fluxes from single emitters embedded in a polymer film shows that the experiment based on fluorescence is biased towards detection of molecules which have oxygen—the triplet quencher—in their vicinity. The distribution of the measured photodegradation quantum yields is very heterogeneous, suggesting that physical and chemical quenching rates exhibit different distance and orientation dependences.
Microstructural characterization and tribological behavior analysis on triethanolamine functionalized reduced graphene oxide
Authors: Wang Chenglong , Sun Jianlin , Wu Ping , Ge Chenglin , Meng Weixin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A facile and modified hydrothermal method was reported for the simultaneous reduction and functionalization of graphene oxide without any reductant. The lubrication mechanisms of nanomaterials were analyzed based on tribological experiments and molecular dynamic simulation. Tribological studies indicated that triethanolamine functionalized graphene oxide exhibited excellent friction-reducing performance and the optimal concentration was 0.15 wt.%, while 0.25 wt.% of triethanolamine functionalized graphene oxide showed best wear resistance in the pin-on-disk experiment. An anti-wear and friction-reducing coefficient τ was proposed to evaluate the tribological properties of lubricants for a uniform standard. Molecular dynamics simulation results revealed the influence of different functional groups on the anti-wear and friction-reducing performance. The sliding distance between graphene oxide layers with COOH functional groups was the longest, it was conducive to reduce the friction coefficient but decrease the wear life. The order of diffusion coefficients of graphene oxide containing different functional groups was DCOOH (4.02 × 10–11 m2 s−1) > DC-OH (1.42 × 10–11 m2 s−1) > DC–O–C (5.24 × 10–12 m2 s−1). It was proposed and verified that the structure of graphene oxide could be optimized by grafting triethanolamine molecules on the C–O–C functional groups to ameliorate the tribological properties.
A deterministic tribofilm growth model considering flash temperature and surface roughness in mixed lubrication
Authors: Yang Jialong , Pu Wei , Pei Xin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although there have been a lot of researches about the drivers of tribofilm growth in recent years, people still argue about the real mechanism of tribofilm formation. In engineering field, plenty of mechanical components are operating under mixed lubricating condition. Therefore, it makes sense to study how tribofilm will form under mixed lubrication, which can provide further analysis on how ZDDP (Zinc dialkyl- and diaryldithiophosphates) would act as an antiwear additive to influence lubricating behavior. This paper presents a numerical model to simulate tribofilm formation process under mixed lubrication condition, considering influences of temperature and stress. In view of real surface roughness at each simulation step, the tribofilm morphology is obtained, as well as a series of lubricating parameters to study the mutual impacts between tribofilm formation and lubrication performance. It can be concluded that with the growth of tribofilm, lubricating performance will decrease to some extent, especially for low entrainment speed conditions, correlating with a noticeable shift in the Stribeck friction curve towards higher entrainment speed. Using the model developed in this paper, the assumption that tribofilm as a solid film can increase surface roughness to block the flow of lubricating fluid is evidently supported.
Experimental investigation of surface roughness and chip morphology during machining of austenitic stainless steel 303 with pvd coated (TiAlN) insert
Authors: S R Sundara Bharathi , D Ravindran , A Arul Marcel Moshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Optimizing the influencing parameters of turning operation is a precious thing which determines the desired level of quality in Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (SR). In this investigation, Taguchi based Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) has been used optimizing the effective process parameters such as depth of cut, feed rate and cutting speed on Stainless Steel 303 (SS 303) material while the specimen is turned with PVD (TiAlN) coated cutting tool. The experimental combinations have been planned based on Taguchi’s Design of Experiments technique. The optimal input parameter combination has been identified as 600 m min−1 spindle speed, 0.1 mm rev−1 feed rate and 0.2 mm depth of cut. The most influencing factor affecting the overall responses of turning process has been found out using Analysis of Variance approach as spindle speed (37.91%). Second-order mathematical models have been developed using Design Expert software for all the considered output responses, which provide the experimental values within the considered range of process parameters even without performing the actual experimentation. 3D surface plots have been generated and analyzed for interpreting the correlation between the process variables. SEM images taken on the machined surfaces and chips have been analyzed and presented in order to validate the optimization results.
In-situ observation of grain growth and phase transformation in weld zone of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by laser welding with filler wire
Authors: Fang Naiwen , Guo Erjun , Xu Kai , Huang Ruisheng , Ma Yiming , Chen Yongsheng , Yang Yicheng , Xie Jilin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Through in situ observation at high temperature confocal laser scanning microscope, the microstructures and phase transformation of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy welded joint by laser welding with filler wire during heating, heat preservation and cooling process in simulating welding thermal cycle were studied. When the weld microstructure was heated to 380 °C, obvious grain growth was observed. After heating to 1 050 °C, weld microstructures were mostly composed of coarse β-columnar grains. During the heat preservation process of the weld metal, it could be found that the β phase boundary moved slowly. In the cooling process of weld microstructures, with the increase of the cooling rate, the transition temperature for new phase precipitation decreased gradually, and that for ending the precipitation increased gradually. The microstructures after cooling to room temperature at a rate of 0.5 °C/s and 5 °C s−1 were composed of α phases. At 20 °C s−1, acicular α′ martensite appeared in the microstructures. At 80 °C s−1, precipitated phases were all composed of acicular α′ martensite.The Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy weld microstructure by laser welding with filler wire is completely hexagonal close packed (HCP) crystal structure.The hardness of the weld microstructures was improved with the cooling rate getting faster.
Cyanide recombination in electric arc furnace plasma
Authors: Pauna Henri , Willms Thomas , Aula Matti , Echterhof Thomas , Huttula Marko , Fabritius Timo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cyanide, among with NO
x
, CO2, and CO, is one of the adverse compounds that form in the ironmaking and steelmaking industry. High-temperature processes are suitable environments for cyanide formation, and cyanide can form as a result of recombination in electric arc plasma. Even though the cyanides might not survive e.g. the post-combustion process, understanding the formation mechanisms of hazardous materials in the steelmaking industry is important. In this work, the recombination of cyanide in a pilot-scale AC electric arc furnace is studied with optical emissions from the CN molecule. The results show how the optical emissions from the cyanide change in different process steps. Electric input, plasma temperature, and interaction of the arc with solid charge material were observed to have an impact on the CN signal. Additionally, equilibrium composition computation highlights how different sources of carbon change the recombination rate and that the highest recombination occurs at 6821 K.
Counting zeros of Dedekind zeta functions
Authors: Hasanalizade Elchin , Shen Quanli , Wong Peng-Jie 
Published: April 2021

Given a number field

K
K

of degree

n
K

n_K

and with absolute discriminant

d
K

d_K

, we obtain an explicit bound for the number

N
K

(
T
)

N_K(T)

of non-trivial zeros (counted with multiplicity), with height at most

T
T

, of the Dedekind zeta function

ζ
K

(
s
)

\zeta _K(s)

of

K
K

. More precisely, we show that for

T
≥
1

T \geq 1

,

|

N
K

(
T
)
−

T
π

log
⁡

(

d
K

(

T

2
π
e

)

n
K

)

|

≤
0.228
(
log
⁡

d
K

+

n
K

log
⁡
T
)
+
23.108

n
K

+
4.520
,

\begin{equation*} \Big | N_K (T) - \frac {T}{\pi } \log \Big ( d_K \Big ( \frac {T}{2\pi e}\Big )^{n_K}\Big )\Big | \le 0.228 (\log d_K + n_K \log T) + 23.108 n_K + 4.520, \end{equation*}

which improves previous results of Kadiri and Ng, and Trudgian. The improvement is based on ideas from the recent work of Bennett et al. on counting zeros of Dirichlet

L
L

-functions.