bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landslide geometry and activity in Villa de la Independencia (Bolivia) revealed by InSAR and seismic noise measurements
Authors: Song Chuang , Yu Chen , Li Zhenhong , Pazzi Veronica , Del Soldato Matteo , Cruz Abel , Utili Stefano 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInterferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) enables detailed investigation of surface landslide movements, but it cannot provide information about subsurface structures. In this work, InSAR measurements were integrated with seismic noise in situ measurements to analyse both the surface and subsurface characteristics of a complex slow-moving landslide exhibiting multiple failure surfaces. The landslide body involves a town of around 6000 inhabitants, Villa de la Independencia (Bolivia), where extensive damages to buildings have been observed. To investigate the spatial-temporal characteristics of the landslide motion, Sentinel-1 displacement time series from October 2014 to December 2019 were produced. A new geometric inversion method is proposed to determine the best-fit sliding direction and inclination of the landslide. Our results indicate that the landslide is featured by a compound movement where three different blocks slide. This is further evidenced by seismic noise measurements which identified that the different dynamic characteristics of the three sub-blocks were possibly due to the different properties of shallow and deep slip surfaces. Determination of the slip surface depths allows for estimating the overall landslide volume (9.18 · 107 m3). Furthermore, Sentinel-1 time series show that the landslide movements manifest substantial accelerations in early 2018 and 2019, coinciding with increased precipitations in the late rainy season which are identified as the most likely triggers of the observed accelerations. This study showcases the potential of integrating InSAR and seismic noise techniques to understand the landslide mechanism from ground to subsurface.
The Hammer and the Nail: Biomechanics of Striking and Struck Canadian University Football Players
Authors: Brooks Jeffrey S. , Redgrift Adam , Champagne Allen A. , Dickey James P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study sought to evaluate head accelerations in both players involved in a football collision. Players on two opposing Canadian university teams were equipped with helmet mounted sensors during one game per season, for two consecutive seasons. A total of 276 collisions between 58 instrumented players were identified via video and cross-referenced with sensor timestamps. Player involvement (striking and struck), impact type (block or tackle), head impact location (front, back, left and right), and play type were recorded from video footage. While struck players did not experience significantly different linear or rotational accelerations between any play types, striking players had the highest linear and rotational head accelerations during kickoff plays (p ≤ .03). Striking players also experienced greater linear and rotational head accelerations than struck players during kickoff plays (p = .001). However, struck players experienced greater linear and rotational accelerations than striking players during kick return plays (p ≤ .008). Other studies have established that the more severe the head impact, the greater risk for injury to the brain. This paper’s results highlight that kickoff play rule changes, as implemented in American college football, would decrease head impact exposure of Canadian university football athletes and make the game safer.
Outcomes of Implementing in the Real World the Women's Health CoOp Intervention in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Wechsberg Wendee M. , Browne Felicia A. , Ndirangu Jacqueline , Bonner Courtney Peasant , Kline Tracy L. , Gichane Margaret , Zule William A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWomen in South Africa living with HIV who use alcohol may not adhere to ART, affecting the country’s 90-90-90 targets. The Women’s Health CoOp (WHC), a woman-focused HIV intervention, has shown efficacy in numerous trials with key populations of women in South Africa who use alcohol and drugs. In a hybrid implementation effectiveness study, the WHC was implemented in usual care clinics by healthcare providers in a modified stepped-wedge design. We present the outcomes of alcohol use and ART adherence with 480 women, with a 95% 6-month follow-up rate across 4 implementation cycles. Compared with the first cycle, women in the fourth cycle were significantly less likely (OR = 0.10 [95% CI 0.04, 0.24]) to report alcohol use disorder risk and were 4 times more likely (OR = 4.16 [95% CI 1.05, 16.51]) to report ART adherence at 6-month follow-up. Overall, acceptability and satisfaction were extremely high. The WHC intervention was successful in reaching key populations of women to reduce alcohol use and increase ART adherence, which is essential for South Africa to reach the 90-90-90 goals.
Efficiency and fairness criteria in the assignment of students to projects
Authors: Rezaeinia Nahid , Góez Julio César , Guajardo Mario 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTeamwork has increasingly become more popular in educational environments. With the also increasing mobility trends in the educational sector, internationalization and other diversity features have gained importance in the structure of teams. In this paper, we discuss an assignment problem arising in the allocation of students to business projects in a master program in Norway. Among other problem features, the students state their preferences on the projects they most want to conduct. There are also requirements from the companies that propose the projects and from the program administration. We develop a bi-objective approach to consider efficiency and fairness criteria in this assignment problem. We test the model using real data of 2017 and 2018, in joint collaboration with the administrative staff of the program. In light of the good results, our proposed solutions have been implemented in practice in 2019 and 2020. The implementation of these solutions have been beneficial for the administration, the students, and the companies.
Factors associated with late risks of breast cancer-specific mortality in the SEER registry
Authors: Leone José P. , Vallejo Carlos T. , Hassett Michael J. , Leone Julieta , Graham Noah , Tayob Nabihah , Freedman Rachel A. , Tolaney Sara M. , Leone Bernardo A. , Winer Eric P. , Lin Nancy U. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Most reports describing the risk of late relapse in breast cancer (BC) have been based on selected patients enrolled into clinical trials. We examined population-based long-term risks of BC-specific mortality (BCSM), the risks of BCSM conditional on having survived 5 years, and factors associated with late BCSM.

Methods
Using SEER, we identified women diagnosed with BC (T1-T2, N0-N2, M0) between 1990 and 2005 with known hormone receptor (HR) status. Kaplan–Meier analyses determined cumulative risks of BCSM. We performed Fine and Gray regression stratified by HR status.

Results
We included 202,080 patients (median follow-up of 14.17 years). Of all BC deaths, the proportion that occurred after 5 years was 65% for HR-positive vs 28% for HR-negative (p < 0.001) BC. In HR-positive BC, the cumulative risks of BCSM during years 5–20 were 9.9%, 21.9%, and 38% for N0, N1, and N2 disease. For HR-negative BC, the risks were 7.9%, 12.2%, and 19.9%, respectively. For T1a/b, N0, HR-positive BC, the risk of BCSM was 6 times lower than the risk of non-BCSM. In N2, HR-positive BC, the risk of BCSM was 43% higher than the risk of non-BCSM. In adjusted Fine and Gray models stratified by HR status, the risks of BCSM conditional on having survived 5 years for both HR-positive and HR-negative depended on T-N status, age, and year of diagnosis. In HR-positive, the risks also depended on race and grade.

Conclusion
The risks of BCSM beyond 5 years, although different, remain important for both HR-positive and HR-negative BC. Strategies to prevent early and late recurrences are warranted.
Modeling cesium migration through Opalinus clay: a benchmark for single- and multi-species sorption-diffusion models
Authors: Águila Jesús F. , Montoya Vanessa , Samper Javier , Montenegro Luis , Kosakowski Georg , Krejci Philipp , Pfingsten Wilfried 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSophisticated modeling of the migration of sorbing radionuclides in compacted claystones is needed for supporting the safety analysis of deep geological repositories for radioactive waste, which requires robust modeling tools/codes. Here, a benchmark related to a long term laboratory scale diffusion experiment of cesium, a moderately sorbing radionuclide, through Opalinus clay is presented. The benchmark was performed with the following codes: CORE2DV5, Flotran, COMSOL Multiphysics, OpenGeoSys-GEM, MCOTAC and PHREEQC v.3. The migration setup was solved with two different conceptual models, i) a single-species model by using a look-up table for a cesium sorption isotherm and ii) a multi-species diffusion model including a complex mechanistic cesium sorption model. The calculations were performed for three different cesium boundary concentrations (10−3, 10−5, 10−7 mol / L) to investigate the models/codes capabilities taking into account the nonlinear sorption behavior of cesium. Generally, good agreement for both single- and multi-species benchmark concepts could be achieved, however, some discrepancies have been identified, especially near the boundaries, where code specific spatial (and time) discretization had to be improved to achieve better agreement at the expense of longer computation times. In addition, the benchmark exercise yielded useful information on code performance, setup options, input and output data management, and post processing options. Finally, the comparison of single-species and multi-species model concepts showed that the single-species approach yielded generally earlier breakthrough, because this approach accounts neither for cation exchange of Cs+ with K+ and Na+, nor K+ and Na+ diffusion in the pore water.
Impact of COVID-19 on Early Childhood Educator’s Perspectives and Practices in Nutrition and Physical Activity: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lafave Lynne , Webster Alexis D. , McConnell Ceilidh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGovernment guidelines for relaunching early childhood education and care (ECEC) programs during the COVID-19 pandemic have required the implementation of various practices to minimize the risk of infection transmission. These directives include recommendations regarding serving and handling food, shared spaces, and physical distancing which have a direct impact on the health and development of children in care. The purpose of this study was to explore early childhood educators’ perspectives on how COVID-19 guidelines have impacted the nutrition and physical activity practices within their ECEC environment. A qualitative description approach was used to explore a purposive sample of 17 educators working full time in ECEC centres during the pandemic between July and August 2020. Semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a thematic analysis. Educators identified environmental changes in their environments noting a reduction in the quality food available for children juxtaposed with increased outdoor opportunities and a perceived increase in physical activity time. Teaching practices were also identified as being impacted by the COVID-19 guidelines. Curriculum, life skills, and social connectedness around healthy eating education was disrupted. Promoting physical activity education was challenged due to equipment, space, and curriculum enrichment opportunities losses. These findings demonstrate pronounced negative effects of COVID guidelines on nutrition and physical activity best practices within the ECEC environment. There is a need to support educators in maintaining healthy and active environments for preschoolers while following guidelines to minimize the risk of COVID infection transmission.
Multiple geochemical factors may cause iodine and selenium deficiency in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Saeed , Bailey Elizabeth H. , Arshad Muhammad , Ahmed Sher , Watts Michael J. , Young Scott D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeficiencies of the micronutrients iodine and selenium are particularly prevalent where populations consume local agricultural produce grown on soils with low iodine and selenium availability. This study focussed on such an area, Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, through a geochemical survey of iodine and selenium fractionation and speciation in irrigation water and arable soil. Iodine and selenium concentrations in water ranged from 0.01–1.79 µg L−1 to 0.016–2.09 µg L−1, respectively, which are smaller than levels reported in similar mountainous areas in other parts of the world. Iodate and selenate were the dominant inorganic species in all water samples. Average concentrations of iodine and selenium in soil were 685 µg kg−1 and 209 µg kg−1, respectively, much lower than global averages of 2600 and 400 µg kg−1, respectively. The ‘reactive’ fractions (‘soluble’ and ‘adsorbed’) of iodine and selenium accounted for < 7% and < 5% of their total concentrations in soil. More than 90% of reactive iodine was organic; iodide was the main inorganic species. By contrast, 66.9 and 39.7% of ‘soluble’ and ‘adsorbed’ selenium, respectively, were present as organic species; inorganic selenium was mainly selenite. Very low distribution coefficients (kd = adsorbed/soluble; L kg−1) for iodine (1.07) and selenium (1.27) suggested minimal buffering of available iodine and selenium against leaching losses and plant uptake. These geochemical characteristics suggest low availability of iodine and selenium in Gilgit-Baltistan, which may be reflected in locally grown crops. However, further investigation is required to ascertain the status of iodine and selenium in the Gilgit-Baltistan food supply and population.
Pre-pandemic cognitive function and COVID-19 mortality: prospective cohort study
Authors: Batty George David , Deary Ian J. , Gale Catharine R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPoorer performance on standard tests of pre-morbid cognitive function is related to an elevated risk of death from lower respiratory tract infections but the link with coronavirus (COVID‑19) mortality is untested. Participants in UK Biobank, aged 40 to 69 years at study induction (2006–10), were administered a reaction time test, an indicator of information processing speed, and also had their verbal-numeric reasoning assessed. Between April 1st and September 23rd 2020 there were 388 registry-confirmed deaths (138 women) ascribed to COVID-19 in 494,932 individuals (269,602 women) with a reaction time test result, and 125 such deaths (38 women) in the subgroup of 180,198 people (97,794 women) with data on verbal-numeric reasoning. In analyses adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity, a one standard deviation slower reaction time was related to a higher rate of death from COVID-19 (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval: 1.18; 1.09, 1.28), as was a one standard deviation disadvantage on the verbal-numeric reasoning test (1.32; 1.09, 1.59). While there was some attenuation in these relationships after adjustment for additional covariates which included socio-economic status and lifestyle factors, the two pre-pandemic indicators of cognitive function continued to be related to COVID-19 mortality.
Quantum Black Holes as Solvents
Authors: Aurell Erik , Eckstein Michał , Horodecki Paweł 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlmost all of the entropy in the universe is in the form of Bekenstein–Hawking (BH) entropy of super-massive black holes. This entropy, if it satisfies Boltzmann’s equation $$S=\log \mathcal{N}$$

S
=
log
N

, hence represents almost all the accessible phase space of the Universe, somehow associated to objects which themselves fill out a very small fraction of ordinary three-dimensional space. Although time scales are very long, it is believed that black holes will eventually evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation, which is thermal when counted mode by mode. A pure quantum state collapsing to a black hole will hence eventually re-emerge as a state with strictly positive entropy, which constitutes the famous black hole information paradox. Expanding on a remark by Hawking we posit that BH entropy is a thermodynamic entropy, which must be distinguished from information-theoretic entropy. The paradox can then be explained by information return in Hawking radiation. The novel perspective advanced here is that if BH entropy counts the number of accessible physical states in a quantum black hole, then the paradox can be seen as an instance of the fundamental problem of statistical mechanics. We suggest a specific analogy to the increase of the entropy in a solvation process. We further show that the huge phase volume ($$\mathcal{N}$$
N
), which must be made available to the universe in a gravitational collapse, cannot originate from the entanglement between ordinary matter and/or radiation inside and outside the black hole. We argue that, instead, the quantum degrees of freedom of the gravitational field must get activated near the singularity, resulting in a final state of the ‘entangled entanglement’ form involving both matter and gravity.
Liming impacts barley yield over a wide concentration range of soil exchangeable cations
Authors: Holland J. E. , White P. J. , Thauvin J. -N. , Jordan-Meille L. , Haefele S. M. , Thomas C. L. , Goulding K. W. T. , McGrath S. P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLiming has widespread and significant impacts on soil processes and crop responses. The aim of this study was to describe the relationships between exchangeable cation concentrations in soil and the relative yield of spring barley. The hypothesis was that yield is restricted by the concentration of a single exchangeable cation in the soil. For simplicity, we focused on spring barley which was grown in nine years of a long-term experiment at two sites (Rothamsted and Woburn). Four liming rates were applied and in each year the relative yield (RY) and the concentrations of exchangeable cations were assessed. Liming had highly significant effects on the concentrations of most exchangeable cations, except for Cu and K. There were significant negative relationships (either linear or exponential) between the exchangeable concentrations of Mn, Cd, Cr, Al, Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Ni in soil and soil pH. The relationships between RY and the concentrations of selected exchangeable cations (Mn, Ca and Al) were described well using log-logistic relationships. For these cations a significant site effect was probably due to fundamental differences in soil properties. At both sites the concentrations of exchangeable soil Al were excessive (> 7.5 mg kg−1) and were most likely responsible for reduced barley yields (where RY ≤ 0.5) with soil acidification. At Rothamsted barley yield was non-limited (where RY ≥ 1) at soil exchangeable Mn concentrations (up to 417 mg kg−1) greater than previously considered toxic, which requires further evaluation of critical Mn concentrations.
Mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride dehydrogenase (NADH) subunit 4 (MTND4) polymorphisms and their association with male infertility
Authors: Dahadhah Fatina W. , Jaweesh Mayyas Saleh , Al Zoubi Mazhar Salim , Alarjah Manal Issam Abu , Hammadeh Mohamad Eid , Amor Houda 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between infertility and the polymorphisms of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (MTND4) by spermatozoa analysis in fertile and subfertile men.MethodsSamples were divided into 68 subfertile men (case group) and 44 fertile men (control group). After semen analysis, samples were purified. The whole genome was extracted using a QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and the mitochondrial DNA was amplified by using the REPLI-g Mitochondrial DNA Kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the MT-ND4 gene. Then, samples were purified and sequenced using the Sanger method.ResultsTwenty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in theMTND4gene. The genotype frequencies of the study population showed a statistically significant association between rs2853495 G>A (Gly320Gly) and male infertility (P= 0.0351). Similarly, the allele frequency test showed that rs2853495 G>A (Gly320Gly) and rs869096886 A>G (Leu164Leu) were significantly associated with male infertility (adjusted OR = 2.616, 95% CI = 1.374–4.983,P= 0.002; adjusted OR = 2.237, 95% CI = 1.245–4.017,P= 0.007, respectively).ConclusionIn conclusion, our findings suggested that male infertility was correlated with rs2853495 and rs869096886 SNPs inMTND4.
Linear Stochastic Dyadic Model
Authors: Bianchi Luigi Amedeo , Morandin Francesco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe discuss a stochastic interacting particles’ system connected to dyadic models of turbulence, defining suitable classes of solutions and proving their existence and uniqueness. We investigate the regularity of a particular family of solutions, called moderate, and we conclude with existence and uniqueness of invariant measures associated with such moderate solutions.
Weak Convergence of Topological Measures
Authors: Butler Svetlana V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTopological measures and deficient topological measures are defined on open and closed subsets of a topological space, generalize regular Borel measures, and correspond to (nonlinear in general) functionals that are linear on singly generated subalgebras or singly generated cones of functions. They lack subadditivity, and many standard techniques of measure theory and functional analysis do not apply to them. Nevertheless, we show that many classical results of probability theory hold for topological and deficient topological measures. In particular, we prove a version of Aleksandrov’s theorem for equivalent definitions of weak convergence of deficient topological measures. We also prove a version of Prokhorov’s theorem which relates the existence of a weakly convergent subsequence in any sequence in a family of topological measures to the characteristics of being a uniformly bounded in variation and uniformly tight family. We define Prokhorov and Kantorovich–Rubenstein metrics and show that convergence in either of them implies weak convergence of (deficient) topological measures on metric spaces. We also generalize many known results about various dense and nowhere dense subsets of deficient topological measures. The present paper constitutes a necessary step to further research in probability theory and its applications in the context of (deficient) topological measures and corresponding nonlinear functionals.
Systemic Problem Structuring in a Complex Hospital Environment using Viable System Diagnosis – Keeping the Blood Flowing
Authors: Vik Maren Berge , Finnestrand Hanne , Flood Robert L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article presents the application of the systemic problem structuring approach Viable System Diagnosis (VSD) within the Department of Orthopedic Surgery in a large hospital in Norway. It explains why systemic thinking is relevant to this uniquely complex form of human organization. The department was coping with systemic dysfunction and VSD was chosen because previous applications demonstrated VSD excels at diagnosis of what is causing dysfunction. VSD was employed through a participatory framework that included in the process, among other stakeholders, medics, technologists, managers, administrators and, as far as possible given the sensitive nature of patient information, the patient. VSD guided thinking about what the organization is set up to do and the existing organizational arrangements to achieve that. The outcome was an agenda for debate that guided stakeholder discussions toward ways and means of improving organizational arrangements. The article briefly reviews previous applications of VSD in the hospital sector and other large complex organisations.