bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHIMs are versatile cholesterol analogs mimicking and visualizing cholesterol behavior in lipid bilayers and cells
Authors: Matos Anna L. L. , Keller Fabian , Wegner Tristan , del Castillo Carla Elizabeth Cadena , Grill David , Kudruk Sergej , Spang Anne , Glorius Frank , Heuer Andreas , Gerke Volker 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCholesterol is an essential component of cellular membranes regulating the structural integrity and fluidity of biological bilayers and cellular processes such as signal transduction and membrane trafficking. However, tools to investigate the role and dynamics of cholesterol in live cells are still scarce and often show limited applicability. To address this, we previously developed a class of imidazolium-based cholesterol analogs, CHIMs. Here we confirm that CHIM membrane integration characteristics largely mimic those of cholesterol. Computational studies in simulated phospholipid bilayers and biophysical analyses of model membranes reveal that in biologically relevant systems CHIMs behave similarly to natural cholesterol. Importantly, the analogs can functionally replace cholesterol in membranes, can be readily labeled by click chemistry and follow trafficking pathways of cholesterol in live cells. Thus, CHIMs represent chemically versatile cholesterol analogs that can serve as a flexible toolbox to study cholesterol behavior and function in live cells and organisms.
Machine morality, moral progress, and the looming environmental disaster
Authors: Kenward Ben , Sinclair Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe creation of artificial moral systems requires making difficult choices about which of varying human value sets should be instantiated. The industry‐standard approach is to seek and encode moral consensus. Here the authors' argue, based on evidence from empirical psychology, that encoding current moral consensus risks reinforcing current norms, and thus inhibiting moral progress. However, so do efforts to encode progressive norms. Machine ethics is thus caught between a rock and a hard place. The problem is particularly acute when progress beyond prevailing moral norms is particularly urgent, as is currently the case due to the inadequacy of prevailing moral norms in the face of the climate and ecological crisis.
Computing morality: Synthetic ethical decision making and behaviour
Authors: Crook Nigel , Nugent Selin , Rolf Matthias , Baimel Adam , Raper Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe find ourselves at a unique point of time in history. Following over two millennia of debate amongst some of the greatest minds that ever existed about the nature of morality, the philosophy of ethics and the attributes of moral agency, and after all that time still not having reached consensus, we are coming to a point where artificial intelligence (AI) technology is enabling the creation of machines that will possess a convincing degree of moral competence. The existence of these machines will undoubtedly have an impact on this age old debate, but we believe that they will have a greater impact on society at large, as AI technology deepens its integration into the social fabric of our world. The purpose of this special issue on Computing Morality is to bring together different perspectives on this technology and its impact on society. The special issue contains four very different and inspiring contributions.
Synthesis design of dual‐path coupled line circular ring resonator filter with tunable characteristic impedances and transmission zeros
Authors: Nordin Siti Aminah , Hairuddin Muhammad Asraf , Khirul Ashar Nur Dalila , Khan Zuhani Ismail 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA dual‐path coupled‐line circular ring resonator filter synthesis is presented. The topology comprises identical coupled lines in series duplicated to form dual‐path coupled‐line interconnections. A bandpass response of nth order equal to (n/2) + 1, corresponds to controllable transmission zeros (TZs) found on both sides of the passband by varying the values of the even‐ and odd‐mode impedances of the coupled lines, denoted Zoe and Zoo, respectively. Concerning the efficiency of controllable electrical characteristics of the resonator filter, such as in‐band matching level, high selective response, and wide bandwidth, and fixing the position of the TZ frequencies, the proposed method using asymmetrical quarter‐wavelength coupled lines in a circular ring resonator filter is superior to existing methods. Ultimately, the proposed bandpass filter is implemented on contrast dielectric substrate FR‐4 and Taconic TRF‐45 substrates using a planar form of microstrip technology to verify the synthesis equation. The measurement results indicate that the filter achieved more than 40% fractional bandwidth with excellent in‐band matching levels and a controllable filter order. Both measurement and simulation results are in good agreement regarding return and insertion loss values, thus validating the proposed designs.
Multiport analysis and design of segmented antennas
Authors: Kajfez Darko , Hasse Roger , Scialacqua Lucia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA design procedure is described which enables simultaneous control of the input‐impedance match, directivity, and bandwidth of segmented antennas. Their impedance properties can be accurately determined by a straightforward multiport analysis, which makes it possible to optimise the values of individual reactances with the use of closed‐form objective functions. Two practical omnidirectional segmented monopole antennas have been designed, built, and tested, to verify the proposed design procedure. One is a single‐tuned design with the narrow bandwidth of 1% and realised gain of 6.7 dBi, and another is the double‐tuned design with 42% relative bandwidth and realised gain of 6.2 dBi.
Analytical framework for mutual approximations
Authors: Fayolle M. , Dirkx D. , Visser P. N. A. M. , Lainey V. 
Published: June 2021

Context. The apparent close encounters of two satellites in the plane of the sky, called mutual approximations, have been suggested as a different type of astrometric observation to refine the moons’ ephemerides. The main observables are then the central instants of the close encounters, which have the advantage of being free of any scaling and orientation errors. However, no analytical formulation is available yet for the observation partials of these central instants, leaving numerical approaches or alternative observables (i.e. derivatives of the apparent distance instead of central instants) as options.
Aims. Filling that gap, this paper develops an analytical method to include central instants as direct observables in the ephemerides estimation and assesses the quality of the resulting solution.
Methods. To this end, the apparent relative position between the two satellites is approximated by a second-order polynomial near the close encounter. This eventually leads to an expression for mutual approximations’ central instants as a function of the apparent relative position, velocity, and acceleration between the two satellites.
Results. The resulting analytical expressions for the central instant partials were validated numerically. In addition, we ran a covariance analysis to compare the estimated solutions obtained with the two types of observables (central instants versus alternative observables), using the Galilean moons of Jupiter as a test case. Our analysis shows that alternative observables are almost equivalent to central instants in most cases. Accurate individual weighting of each alternative observable, accounting for the mutual approximation’s characteristics (which are automatically included in the central instants’ definition), is however crucial to obtain consistent solutions between the two observable types. Using central instants still yields a small improvement of 10–20% of the formal errors in the radial and normal directions (RSW frame), compared to the alternative observables’ solution. This improvement increases when mutual approximations with low impact parameters and large impact velocities are included in the estimation.
Conclusions. Choosing between the two observables thus requires careful assessment, taking into account the characteristics of the available observations. Using central instants over alternative observables ensures that the state estimation fully benefits from the information encoded in mutual approximations, which might be necessary depending on the application of the ephemeris solution.
Systematische Übersichtsarbeit: moderne Behandlungsverfahren beim postoperativen Chylothorax
Authors: Stange S. , Sziklavari Z. 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Der Chylothorax ist i. d. R. eine multifaktorielle Komplikation nach Operationen oder Unfällen, seltener die Folge von Tumoren. Da prospektive, randomisierte Studien fehlen, beruht die evidenzbasierte Behandlung auf persönlichen Erfahrungen, im Idealfall erfolgt sie in Kenntnis retrospektiver Analysen.
Material und Methoden Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, einen umfassenden Überblick über die aktuell zur Verfügung stehenden modernen Behandlungsverfahren beim postoperativen Chylothorax zu geben sowie ihre Vor- und Nachteile aufzuzeigen. Hierzu erfolgte eine Literaturrecherche in der Datenbank „PubMed“ unter Beschränkung auf Publikationen der letzten 10 Jahre. Für die Recherche wurde das Schlüsselwort „Chylothorax“ eingesetzt. Der Schwerpunkt lag auf den Publikationen, die eine vergleichende Bewertung der Behandlungsmöglichkeiten beinhalten. Bei der kritischen Analyse der Therapieansätze und Empfehlungen wurden Reviews der letzten 5 Jahre bevorzugt, des Weiteren stützten sich die Autoren auf eine kumulative langjährige klinische Erfahrung.
Ergebnisse Der Erfolg einer konservativen Behandlung zeigt in Abhängigkeit von der Ätiologie eine große Streuungsbreite (3–90 %). Die Erfolgsrate der nicht invasiven oder semiinvasiven Verfahren liegt zwischen 50 und 100 %, ebenfalls in Abhängigkeit von der Ätiologie. Bei einer erfolglosen konservativen Behandlung operabler Patienten besteht die chirurgische Standardtherapie in der meist thorakoskopisch durchgeführten Ligatur des Ductus thoracicus. Alternativ kann eine Pleurodese oder die Platzierung einer permanenten Thoraxdrainage oder eines pleuroperitonealen Shunts durchgeführt werden. Die Erfolgsrate dieser Eingriffe liegt zwischen 64 und 100 %. Die Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsrate kann hierbei Werte bis zu 25 % erreichen.
Schlussfolgerung Die Behandlung eines Chylothorax sollte konservativ begonnen werden. Anschließend kann stufenweise eine aggressivere Therapie empfohlen werden, wobei der Zustand des Patienten und das Drainagevolumen den Entscheidungsprozess steuern. Interventionelle radiologische Verfahren sind sicher in der Anwendung bei gleichzeitig hoher Erfolgsquote und haben somit einen berechtigten Platz neben der konservativen Behandlung bzw. den operativen Verfahren. Sie stehen allerdings aktuell nur in einigen größeren Zentren zur Verfügung.
Impact of COVID-19 on Patient Trends and Outcome: Results from a Tertiary Care Burn and Plastic Unit in Northern India
Authors: Aggarwal Nupur , Srivastava Rakesh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background Burn and trauma injuries need emergency care and resuscitation, which required uninterrupted delivery of inpatient care services during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Burn patients are physiologically immunocompromised, increasing the risk of COVID-19 infection in them. This study analyzes the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patient trends in a burn and plastic unit and assesses the effect of COVID-19 infection in burns.
Methods This single-center, retrospective observational case–control study was conducted in the Department of Burns, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery of a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. Patient data was collected from April 1, 2019 to August 10, 2019 and from April 1, 2020 to August 10, 2020. All data of burns and trauma patients collected was analyzed and compared.
Results There were total 350 admissions during COVID time period and 562 admissions during non-COVID time period. The admission rate, type of burn injury, and death rate did not vary significantly during the two time periods. Thermal burn was the most common type of burn injury. There were total 18 cases diagnosed to be COVID-19 positive during the pandemic. There were two deaths among COVID-19 positive burn cases.
Conclusion This study finds no difference in patient patterns during COVID and non-COVID time period. Amongst burn patients, no increased risk of COVID-19 infection is seen with larger body surface area of burns. No increase in mortality is seen in burn patients infected with COVID-19.
Volar Marginal Rim Fractures of the Distal Radius Have a Higher Rate of Associated Carpal Injuries—A Comparative Cohort Study
Authors: Eardley-Harris Nathan , MacLean Simon B.M. , Jaarsma Ruurd , Clarnette Jock , Bain Gregory Ian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background Volar marginal rim distal radius fractures can be challenging due to volar instability of the carpus. The associated carpal injuries, however, have not previously been reported.
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare volar marginal rim fractures to other distal radius fractures to determine if there is any association with other carpal injuries. If so, do these injuries lead to further instability and fixation failure?
Materials and Methods A retrospective radiological review of 25 volar marginal rim fractures was conducted. This was compared with a comparison cohort of 25 consecutive intra-articular distal radius fractures not involving the volar marginal rim. All radiographs were reviewed for associated carpal injuries, including carpal and ulnar styloid fractures, scapholunate instability, and carpal translocation.
Results Volar marginal rim fractures had a significantly higher incidence of associated carpal injuries per patient (2.52 vs. 1.64), scapholunate diastasis (36 vs. 12%), and carpal dislocation (80 vs. 48%). The fixation chosen was more likely to involve a volar rim-specific plate (44 vs. 0%). Following surgical fixation, the volar marginal rim fractures had a significantly higher incidence of carpal instability (56 vs. 24%), failure of fixation (24 vs. 0%), and revision surgery (12 vs. 0%).
Conclusions Volar marginal rim fractures have significantly more carpal injuries, scapholunate instability, and volar carpal instability, compared with other distal radius fractures. Despite the use of volar rim-specific plating, volar marginal rim fractures have a significantly higher incidence of persistent carpal instability, including scapholunate instability, ulnar translocation, volar subluxation, failure of fixation, and revision surgery.
Level of Evidence This is a level III, retrospective review.
CT Enterography Using Four Different Endoluminal Contrast Agents: A Comparative Study
Authors: Singla Deepak , Chandak Shruti , Malhotra Ankur , Agarwal Arjit , Raman Tanu , Chaudhary Mohini 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objectives To determine the most preferable endoluminal contrast agent among mannitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), iohexol, and water by comparing various qualitative (distension, fold visibility, and homogeneity) and quantitative parameters (distension) along with artifacts and patient feedback for computed tomography enterography (CTE).
Methods This was a prospective study including 120 patients of age more than or equal to 18 years who were randomized equally into four groups. Group 1 was given 1500 mL of 3% mannitol solution, group 2 was given 1500 mL of PEG, group 3 was given 20 mL of iohexol dissolved in 1500 mL of water, and group 4 was given 1500 mL of plain water. CTE was done and images were evaluated in axial and coronal planes. Various quantitative and qualitative parameters were taken at the level of second part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and ileocecal junction (ICJ). Artifacts and patient feedback were also taken into consideration.
Results The quantitative distension and grading, qualitative distension, fold visibility, and homogeneity of the second part of duodenum, jejunum at the level of superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery and renal artery on both sides of abdomen, ileum at the level of aortic bifurcation, common iliac bifurcation, and deep pelvis on both sides of abdomen and ICJ were significantly more in PEG group as compared with mannitol group, followed by iohexol and water group. The results were calculated by ANOVA test using p-value. In terms of patient feedback and artifacts, water was the best agent.
Conclusions PEG is the most suitable contrast agent to carry out CTE. Distension, fold visibility, and homogeneity are the essential features for a better diagnostic outcome of CTE, which was better with PEG.
A linearly extendible multi-artifact removal approach for improved upper extremity EEG-based motor imagery decoding
Authors: Asogbon Mojisola Grace , Samuel Oluwarotimi Williams , Li Xiangxin , Nsugbe Ejay , Scheme Erik , Li Guanglin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background and Objective: Non-invasive multichannel Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings provide an alternative source of neural information from which motor imagery (MI) patterns associated with limb movement intent can be decoded for use as control inputs for rehabilitation robots. The presence of multiple inherent dynamic artifacts in EEG signals, however, poses processing challenges for brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. A large proportion of the existing EEG signal preprocessing methods focus on isolating single artifact per time from an ensemble of EEG trials and require calibration and/or reference electrodes, resulting in increased complexity of their application to MI-EEG controlled rehabilitation devices in practical settings. Also, a few existing multi-artifacts removal methods though explored in other domains, they have rarely been investigated in the space of MI-EEG signals for multiple artifacts cancellation in a simultaneous manner. Approach: Building on the premise of previous works, this study propose a semi-automatic EEG preprocessing method that combines Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition driven by low-rank approximation and a Multi-channel Wiener Filter (GEVD-MWF) that employs a learning technique for simultaneous elimination of multiple artifacts from MI-EEG signals. The proposed method is applied to remove multiple artifacts from 64-channel EEG signals recorded from transhumeral amputees while they performed distinct classes of upper limb MI tasks before decoding their movement intent using a selection of features and machine learning algorithms. Main Results: Experimental results show that the proposed GEVD-MWF method yields significant improvements in MI decoding accuracies, in the range of 13.23%-41.21% compared to four existing popular artifact removal algorithms. Further investigation revealed that the GEVD-MWF approach enabled accuracies in the range of 90.44% - 99.67% using “single trial” EEG recordings, which could eliminate the need to record and process large ensembles of EEG trials as commonly required in some existing approaches. Additionally, using a variant of the sequential forward floating selection algorithm, a subset of 9 channels was used to obtain a decoding accuracy of 93.73%±1.58%. Significance: Given its improved performance, reduced data requirements, and feasibility with few channels, the proposed GEVD-MWF could potentially spur the development of effective real-time control strategies for multi-degree of freedom EEG-based miniaturized rehabilitation robotic interfaces.
The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model in Forecasting Philippine Peso - United States Dollar Exchange Rates
Authors: Toledo Nhoriel I. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is known that in every quotation of exchange rates, there are two currencies involved. Exchange rate is defined as the price of a unit of foreign currency in terms of a domestic currency. This research aims to provide the best Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model that forecasts the Philippine Peso - United States Dollar (PHP-USD) exchange rates using historical average monthly rates from January 2009 to December 2016. Forecasted values from different ARIMA models are compared in terms of errors with actual data values. The best ARIMA model produced is ARIMA(0, 2, 2), which yielded the lowest values for the different performance measures used.
Carbon dioxide removal technologies are not born equal
Authors: Strefler Jessica , Bauer Nico , Humpenöder Florian , Klein David , Popp Alexander , Kriegler Elmar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Technologies for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere have been recognized as an important part of limiting warming to well below 2 °C called for in the Paris Agreement. However, many scenarios so far rely on bioenergy in combination with carbon capture and storage as the only CDR technology. Various other options have been proposed, but have scarcely been taken up in an integrated assessment of mitigation pathways. In this study we analyze a comprehensive portfolio of CDR options in terms of their regional and temporal deployment patterns in climate change mitigation pathways and the resulting challenges. We show that any CDR option with sufficient potential can reduce the economic costs of achieving the 1.5 °C target substantially without increasing the temperature overshoot. CDR helps to reduce net CO2 emissions faster and achieve carbon neutrality earlier. The regional distribution of CDR deployment in cost-effective mitigation pathways depends on which options are available. If only enhanced weathering of rocks on croplands or re- and afforestation are available, Latin America and Asia cover nearly all of global CDR deployment. Besides fairness and sustainability concerns, such a regional concentration would require large international transfers and thus strong international institutions. In our study, the full portfolio scenario is the most balanced from a regional perspective. This indicates that different CDR options should be developed such that all regions can contribute according to their regional potentials.
Flexible inkjet-printed graphene antenna on Kapton
Authors: Ibanez Labiano Isidoro , Alomainy Akram 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Flexible printed antennas have attracted a great deal of attention due to their significant potential for different technologies. Using novel materials such as graphene and inkjet printing fabrication techniques is key for further developing this technology. Several studies have characterised them separately, but it is still challenging to merge them to produce plausible flexible antennas. This paper presents the whole methodology, covering the design, fabrication process, and characterisation of a flexible, inkjet-printed graphene-based antenna intended to use within flexible electronics. The antenna pattern follows a new optimised quasi-Yagi–Uda design working in the desired range of operational frequencies (5–6 GHz). It consists of four directors and a pair of reflectors to improve the directivity with an efficiency of 42%. A co-planar waveguide feeding method is designed to tune the impedance matching, ensuring the wearer’s comfort. The flexible Kapton film was treated with plasma to improve the ink’s adhesion and coverage. The novel antenna suggested potential in advanced materials devices, suitable for various wireless applications for next-generation conformal and flexible electronic devices and applications.