bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Twitter Gamifies Communication
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, C. Thi Nguyen argues that Twitter makes conversation into something like a game. It scores our communication, giving us vivid and quantified feedback, via Likes, Retweets, and Follower counts. But this gamification doesn’t just increase our motivation to communicate; it changes the very nature of the activity. Games are more satisfying than ordinary life precisely because game goals are simpler, cleaner, and easier to apply. Twitter is thrilling precisely because its goals have been artificially clarified and narrowed. When we buy into Twitter’s gamification, then our values shift from the complex and pluralistic values of communication to the narrower quest for popularity and virality. Twitter’s gamification bears some resemblance with the phenomena of echo chambers and moral outrage porn. In all these phenomena, we are instrumentalizing our ends for hedonistic reasons. We have shifted our aims in an activity, not because the new aims are more valuable, but in exchange for extra pleasure.
Optical Networks
Authors: Datta Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book presents an in-depth deliberation on optical networks in four parts, capturing the past, present, and ensuing developments in the field. Part I has two chapters presenting an overview of optical networks and the enabling technologies. Part II has three chapters dealing with the single-wavelength optical networks: optical LANs/MANs, optical access networks using passive optical network architecture, SONET/SDH, optical transport network and resilient packet ring. Part III consists of four chapters on WDM-based optical networks, including WDM-based local/metropolitan networks (LANs/MANs) using single and multihop architectures over passive-star couplers, WDM/TWDM access networks as an extension of PONs with WDM transmission, WDM metro ring networks covering circuit-switched (using point-to-point WDM and wavelength-routed transmission) plus packet-switched architectures and WDM long-haul backbone networks presenting the offline and online design methodologies using wavelength-routed transmission. Part IV deals with some selected topics in six chapters. The first deals with transmission impairments and power-consumption issues in optical networks, while the next three chapters deal with the survivable optical networks, network control and management techniques, including GMPLS, ASON, and SDN/SDON, and datacenter networks using electrical, optical, and hybrid switching techniques. The final two chapters present elastic optical networks using flexible grid for better utilization of the optical-fiber spectrum and optical packet and burst-switched networks. The three appendices present the basics of the linear programming techniques, noise processes encountered in the optical communication systems, and the fundamentals of queuing theory and its applications in telecommunication networks. (238 words)
Social Union
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Unionists have defended the United Kingdom as a social or ‘sharing’ union in which resources are distributed according to need. It is true that income support payments and pensions are largely reserved and distributed across the union according to the same criteria. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are net beneficiaries. On the other hand, welfare has been detached from older understandings of social citizenship and ideas of the deserving and undeserving poor (strivers and skivers) have returned. Spending on devolved matters including health, education and social services is not equalized across the union. Instead, the Barnett Formula, based on historic spending levels and population-based adjustments, is used. Contrary to the claims of many unionists, there is no needs assessment underlying it, apart from a safeguard provision for Wales. The claim that the UK is a sharing union thus needs to be qualified.
Solace or Counsel for Death
Authors: Ritter Bernhard 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents new findings about Maria von Herbert’s life. Building on this, an interpretation is offered of what she means when she calls upon Kant ‘for solace … or for counsel to prepare [her] for death’. It is then argued that Kant’s reply is more satisfactory than is commonly appreciated, as he explicitly defines the roles which he is prepared to adopt—that of a ‘moral physician’ and of a ‘mediator’—and thus the standards by which to judge his reply. Having said that, his letter does not address what has been viewed as a challenge to Kantian ethics. It is a matter of dispute what exactly this challenge consists in. This chapter identifies the challenge and the terms in which it is most productively stated. Finally, it provides sufficient reasons to establish that a portrait that resurfaced in November 2016 does indeed depict Maria von Herbert.
Places of Memory
Authors: Peck Imogen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which place, and particularly places of war and wartime destruction, acted as sites of memory during the English republics. It considers three distinct memorial practices: local commemorations; folkloric and descriptive discourses; and monuments and memorials. These drew on existing traditions; but they also transformed them, producing new and, in some cases, controversial ways of remembering the recent past. It argues that, though no physical memorials were erected on England’s Civil War battlefields, sites of conflict nevertheless possessed considerable mnemonic power. It also emphasizes the important role that place played in the formation of distinct, geographically specific communities of memory. In London, the shared military experience of a large number of inhabitants provided the impetus for England’s first veterans’ commemoration, while in towns and cities that had been ravaged by war local authorities sought to enshrine their own particular, partisan version of the recent past.
Singing School
Authors: Arrington Lauren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter recovers conversations in Rapallo about the ballad form and how it could be “made new.” It looks closely at the Rapallo poets’ ideas about Robert Burns as a “national poet” and as an important innovator of the ballad form. The chapter considers the political and literary implications of the ballad for the Rapallo poets, looking at the “democratic” ballads of Basil Bunting’s early poems and at the politically complex broadside ballads that W.B. Yeats produced for Cuala Press. The chapter also examines Burns’s emphasis on poetry as a celebration of life, which appealed to the poets of Rapallo in their mobilization against the growing threat of literary censorship in Ireland.
The Other '68ers
Authors: von der Goltz Anna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This is the first book about West German centre-right students in 1968, a major moment of political and cultural contestation in the Federal Republic and indeed across much of the globe. Based on interviews with former activists and a wealth of new archival sources, it examines the ideas, experiences, and repertoires of activists we do not normally associate with 1968. Writing them back into the history of 1968 and its afterlives, as this book does, reveals that the protest movement of these years was a broader, more politically versatile, and, ultimately, even more consequential phenomenon than the traditionally narrower focus on left-wing radicals allows. Many of the protagonists of this book would later play major roles in Christian Democratic politics, especially during the era of Helmut Kohl. By tracing their influence on German political culture, this study helps us to understand why the age of Christian Democracy was interrupted but never really ended in the Federal Republic—at least until now.
Between Engagement and Enmity
Authors: von der Goltz Anna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter charts the involvement of centre-right students in some of the key moments and debates around student activism from the mid-1960s until the climactic years of the protest movement in 1967/68. It traces their early mobilization in the middle of the decade, shows how they rallied increasingly from 1967 onward to formulate a response to the upsurge in left-wing protest activity, and examines their theoretical efforts and relationship with activists of the Left. The final section introduces a group of Christian Democratic ‘renegades’ whose close engagement with the Left made them rethink their politics in fundamental ways. Looking at some of the key themes and events of these years from the perspective of the centre-right, the chapter demonstrates that centre-right students were there throughout 1968, and not just as passive observers. They were an important part of this political moment and engaged with and participated in the student movement in manifold ways. Writing them back into the history of 1968 reveals that political activism in these years was a much broader, more versatile, and, ultimately, more consequential phenomenon than the traditionally narrower focus on left-wing radicals in much of the literature allows.
Talking About (My) Generation
Authors: von der Goltz Anna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter engages with several major themes that have long animated research on the West German 1960s: protesters’ family backgrounds and wartime childhoods; the meaning of the Nazi past to their activism; and intergenerational relations. Like their student peers on the Left, centre-right activists had been raised in a post-genocidal society. Given that, how did they view and engage with Germany’s recent history of mass violence? The chapter highlights the centrality of anti-totalitarianism to their thinking. It also shows that, inspired by the so-called ‘‘45ers’ and nudged by social scientists who routinely portrayed student protest as a symptom of generational conflict, they began to think of themselves as a distinct generational community in the 1960s.
Conclusion
Authors: von der Goltz Anna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes and expands upon the findings of the book’s six chapters. It offers some overarching comments about how this study helps us to rethink the existing scholarship on 1968 and postwar German history more broadly. It highlights three contributions, in particular: revealing the striking political breadth and versatility of student activism around 1968 and the relational character of activism of the Left and centre-right; the book’s implications for writing histories of generation; and rethinking the long-term effects of 1968 on (West) German society to account for the manifold ways in which these years left their mark on Christian Democracy and the political culture of the late Federal Republic.
Peri-personal space as an interface for self-environment interaction
Authors: Noel Jean-Paul , Bertoni Tommaso , Serino Andrea 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The brain has developed a specific system to encode the space closely surrounding our body, our peri-personal space (PPS). This space is the theatre where all physical interactions with objects in the environment occur, and thus is postulated to play a critical role in both approaching and defensive behaviour. Here, we first describe the classic neurophysiological findings that have led researchers to conceive of PPS as a multisensory-motor interface. This historical perspective is given to clarify what properties are strictly related to PPS encoding, and what characteristics bear out or are related to PPS. Then, in an effort to uncover gaps in knowledge that often go unnoticed, we critically examine the association between PPS and i) multisensory processing, and ii) the motor system—its strongest allies. We do not mean to say that PPS isn’t multisensory-motor, simply to pinpoint current research shortcomings. Subsequently, we detail more recent psychophysical studies, highlighting the extreme plasticity of PPS, and its putative role in bodily self-consciousness and social cognition. Lastly, we briefly discuss computational models of PPS. Throughout the chapter, we particularly attempt to emphasize open areas of investigation. By critically evaluating past findings, many of them our own, we hope to provide a forward-looking perspective on the study of PPS.
Close is better
Authors: Blini Elvio , Farnè Alessandro , Brozzoli Claudio , Hadj-Bouziane Fadila 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The neuroscientific approach to peripersonal space (PPS) stems directly from electrophysiological studies assessing the response properties of multisensory neurons in behaving non-human primates. This multisensory context fostered frameworks which i) stress the PPS role in actions (including defensive reactions) and affordances, which are optimally performed through multiple sensory convergence; and ii) largely make use of tasks that are multisensory in nature. Concurrently, however, studies on spatial attention reported proximity-related advantages in purely unisensory tasks. These advantages appear to share some key PPS features. Activations in brain areas reported to be multisensory, indeed, can also be found using unimodal (visual) paradigms. Overall, these findings point to the possibility that closer objects may benefit from being processed as events occurring in PPS. The dominant multisensory view of PPS should therefore be expanded accordingly, as perceptual advantages in PPS may be broader than previously thought.
Dissecting the experience of space as peripersonal
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Are we aware of peripersonal space as peripersonal? Is there a distinctive way that peripersonal space is perceptually experienced that differs from the perceptual experience of other parts of space? I explore two ways of thinking about peripersonal experience. A substantial view takes the content of experience of peripersonal space to effectively represent that space as peripersonal while a deflationary view understands peripersonal experience to be constituted by specific sensory-motor links and implicates a distinctive role for attention. In both, there is a distinctive type of peripersonal experience, but only on the substantial view does the perceptual system speak in terms of the peripersonal. By examining the role of attention in peripersonal experience, I argue that we should not endorse a substantive conception of peripersonal experience over a deflationary conception. I explore what a deflationary account of peripersonal experience might be.
Feeling the world as being here
Authors: Vignemont Frédérique de 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A vast array of experimental results has recently shown that there is something specific in the way we perceive the space immediately surrounding the body, also known as ‘peripersonal space’, by contrast with the perception of what lies farther away. However, we seem to have no conscious awareness of peripersonal space as being ‘special’ in any sense. Instead, we are presented with a continuous visual field without a phenomenological boundary between what is close and what is far. The computational peculiarities of peripersonal perception thus seem to have no phenomenological consequences. Here I will argue that, when you see an object in the immediate surroundings of your body, not only do you have a visual experience of the object (comparable to the experience you can have of further objects), but you also experience what you see as being here. This sense of here-ness can be conceived of as a specific type of sense of presence. To better understand it, I shall turn to illusions in virtual reality and to the feeling of disconnection in the psychiatric syndrome of depersonalization.
The structure of egocentric space
Authors: Alsmith Adrian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an indirect defence of the Evansian conception of egocentric space by showing how it resolves a puzzle concerning the unity of egocentric spatial perception. The chapter outlines several common assumptions about egocentric perspectival structure and argues that a subject’s experience, both within and across her sensory modalities, may involve multiple structures of this kind. This raises the question of how perspectival unity is achieved, such that these perspectival structures form a complex whole, rather than merely a disunified set of individually, distinctively structured experiences. The shortcomings of a variety of accounts are considered: switch accounts; sensory accounts; transformation accounts; and ultimate accounts. These shortcomings are addressed by a further kind of account provided by the Evansian conception—an agentive account—according to which egocentrically structured experiences present the world in relation to parts of a single thing, the body as a dynamic unity.
Peripersonal space, bodily self-awareness, and the integrated self
Authors: Fulkerson Matthew 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Our experience of self seems to be of a single, coherent entity. This experience seems to conflict with the empirical literature, which suggests a different story: that the self is actually composed of many distinct and often conflicting elements. How do we get from the one story—a story of fragmentation, conflict, and dissociation—to the felt experience of ourselves as unified, coherent beings? This is a difficult problem that has vexed much recent work on the self. In this chapter, I want to highlight the pervasive nature of such integration problems at all levels of sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing, and argue that self-awareness can be best understood as arising from the very same principles that operate in these other domains. My central focus will be on the integration processes that function to generate peripersonal space. This focus is ideal, because peripersonal space itself seems to be one of the integrated bundles subserving our sense of bodily self-awareness, which in turn plays an essential role in our overall sense of self. By examining the processes of integration that generate peripersonal space, we will better understand the processes by which the self (itself) is constructed.
The social dimension of peripersonal space
Authors: Coello Yann , Iachini Tina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Peripersonal space (PPS) is a dynamic representation of the space around the body subserving primarily the organization of goal-directed behaviours towards stimuli with the highest reward value. It must also be viewed as a space where potentially harmful stimuli receive specific attention in order to protect the body from the hazards ahead. In the present chapter, we will highlight the anticipatory motor nature of PPS representation and its dynamic properties. We will also show that stimuli in PPS receive particular attention that fosters perceptual and cognitive processes. Finally, we will propose that PPS serves as a mediation zone between the body and the environment, protecting the body from external threats and, as such, contributing to the organization of the social life.
Risk-taking behaviour as a central concept in evolutionary biology
Authors: Møller Anders Pape 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Predation is a common cause of mortality, having resulted in the evolution of a diverse kind of anti-predator behaviour across the animal kingdom. One such key behaviour is flight initiation distance (FID), defined as the distance at which animals take flight, when approached by a potential predator such as a human. Extensive research during the past two decades has revealed that optimal anti-predator behaviour is adjusted to life history (the combination of timing of reproduction, fecundity, survivorship, and others). FID is heritable, responds to natural selection and hence shows rapid micro-evolutionary change when animals are exposed to domestication, climate warming, or when introduced to novel environments. Peri-personal space (PPS) and inter-personal space (IPS) may be linked to FID, opening up the possibility of studying these disparate components of behaviour in a common context. Here, I provide a brief review of the extensive literature on FID, but much less well-studied PPS and IPS, and suggest ways in which such behaviour can provide insights into the evolution of anti-predator behaviour and life history. Such knowledge may help us resolve problems in conservation, effects of human disturbance on wild animals, problems of anti-predator behaviour for animal welfare, and potentially even maladaptive anti-predator behaviour and PPS and IPS in humans.
Perceptual Paradigms
Authors: Fish William 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEveryone would agree that contemporary philosophical thinking and theorizing about perception should both be aware of, and consistent with, the findings of visual science. Yet despite this consensus, there is little discussion—and even less agreement—about how this should work in practice. This chapter proposes that we can gain useful insights by bringing some tools from the philosophy of science to bear on this question. Focusing on the disagreement between Burge and McDowell as to whether or not disjunctivism in the philosophy of perception is ‘directly at odds with scientific knowledge’ (Burge 2005, 29), the chapter suggests that interesting insights can be gained by seeing this debate through a Kuhnian lens—as a clash of paradigms (or, more strictly, Lakatosian research programmes)—and then investigate the methodological consequences that flow from this. It contends that looking at this debate through this lens not only sheds light on why it can seem so intractable, but also provides us with reassurance that this might be a good thing.
What Can Predictive Processing Tell Us about the Content of Perceptual Experience?
Authors: Wilkinson Sam 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the consequences that the predictive processing framework has for the debate concerning what can enter into the content of perceptual experience. Within this debate, there are those who, on the one hand, are ‘conservatives’, claiming that only ‘low-level’ properties enter into the content of perceptual experience, while there are those who, on the other hand, are more ‘liberal’ and allow ‘higher-level’ properties. One recently expressed view is that the predictive processing framework dispenses with, or dissolves, the debate altogether. This chapter argues against this in favour of the view that predictive processing in fact supports liberalism. It defends this position against four illustrative objections.