bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Metocean Forecast Verification Information to Effectively Enhance Operational Decision-Making
Authors: Steele Edward , Brown Hannah , Bunney Christopher , Gill Philip , Mylne Kenneth , Saulter Andrew , Standen Jessica , Blair Liam , Cruickshank Stewart , Gulbrandsen Morten 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Metocean forecast verification statistics (or ‘skill scores’), for variables such as significant wave height, are typically computed as a means of assessing the (past) weather model performance over the particular area of interest. For developers, this information is important for the measurement of model improvement, while for consumers this is commonly applied for the comparison/evaluation of potential service providers. However, an opportunity missed by many is also its considerable benefit to users in enhancing operational decision-making on a real-time (future) basis, when combined with an awareness of the context of the specific decision being made. Here, we present two categorical verification techniques and demonstrate their application in simplifying the interpretation of ensemble (probabilistic) wave forecasts out to 15 days ahead, as pioneered – in operation – in Summer 2020 to support the recent weather sensitive installation of the first phase of a 36 km subsea pipeline in the Fenja field in the North Sea. Categorical verification information (based on whether forecast and observations exceed the user-defined operational weather limits) was constructed from 1460 archive wave forecasts, issued for the two-year period 2017 to 2018, and used to characterise the past performance of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble prediction system (EPS) in the form of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Relative Economic Value (REV) analysis. These data were then combined with a bespoke parameterization of the impact of adverse weather on the planned operation, allowing the relevant go/no-go ensemble probability threshold (i.e. the number of individual/constituent forecast members that must predict favourable/unfavourable conditions) for the interpretation of future forecasts to be determined. Following the computation of the probability thresholds for the Fenja location, trials on an unseen nine-month period of data from the site (Spring to Autumn 2019) confirm these approaches facilitate a simple technique for processing/interpreting the ensemble forecast, able to be readily tailored to the particular decision being made. The use of these methods achieves a considerably greater value (benefit) than equivalent deterministic (single) forecasts or traditional climate-based options at all lead times up to 15 days ahead, promising a more robust basis for effective planning than typically considered by the offshore industry. This is particularly important for tasks requiring early identification of long weather windows (e.g. for the Fenja tie-ins), but similarly relevant for maximising the exploitation of any ensemble forecast, providing a practical approach for how such data are handled and used to promote safe, efficient and successful operations.
Experience with Interface Shear Box Testing for Pipe-Soil Interaction Assessment on Sand
Authors: Westgate Zack , Argiolas Ricardo , Wallerand Regis , Ballard Jean-Christophe 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper is a companion paper to OTC 28671, titled "Experience with Interface Shear Box Testing for Axial Pipe-Soil Interaction Assessment on Soft Clay", and presents a similar range of experience and best practice recommendations for geotechnical laboratory testing to determine soil properties relevant to pipeline-seabed friction on sandy seabeds. The paper is underpinned by a new database that demonstrates the driving parameters that influence interface friction in granular materials. By accurately quantifying shear resistance along the pipe-soil interface under low normal stresses imposed by subsea pipelines, design ranges in friction can be narrowed and/or tailored to specific pipeline conditions. These improved geotechnical inputs to pipe-soil interaction can alleviate unnecessary axial expansion mitigation and lateral stabilization measures, unlocking cost savings otherwise unavailable through conventional testing.
A large database is presented, compiled from both previously published research and unpublished recent industry experience with low normal stress interface shear testing using various modified direct shear box devices. The test database comprises several coarse-grained soil types of both silica and carbonate minerology tested against pipeline coatings of various material, hardness and roughness.
The database populates a framework for assessing frictional pipe-soil interaction response, illuminating key trends from normal stress, interface roughness and hardness, and particle angularity, which otherwise remain elusive when examined through individual test datasets. This database and the populated framework provides guidance to pipeline and geotechnical engineers in the form of a basis for initial estimates of axial and lateral friction of pipelines on sand and an approach for improving these estimates via focused site-specific testing.
The test database includes previously unreleased project data collected over the past few years for offshore oil and gas projects. Similar to its predecessor paper on soft clays (OTC 28671), this paper shares the authors’ collective experience providing guidance on the planning, execution and interpretation of low stress interface shear tests in sands. The combined databases across both papers provide a significant improvement in early stage guidance for characterization of geotechnical soil properties for subsea pipeline design.
Bringing Flexibility and Automation to Well Testing Operations Through Wireless Telemetry - Case Study
Authors: Temer Elias , Subramaniam Deiveindran , Kaipov Yermek , Merino Carlos , Latvin Vladimirovich , Barylnik Alexanderovich 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Dynamic reservoir data are a key driver for operators to meet the forecasted production investments of their fields. However, many challenges during well testing, such as reduced exploration and capex budgets, complex geologic structures, and inclement weather conditions that reduce the well testing time window can prevent them from gathering critical reservoir characterization data needed to make more informed field development planning decisions. To overcome these challenges, a live, downhole reservoir testing platform enabled the most representative reservoir information in real time and connected more zones of interest in a single run for appraisal wells in the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia.
This paper describes the test requirements, the prejob planning, and automated execution of wirelessly enabled operations that led to the successful completion of the well test campaign in very hostile conditions, a remote area, and restricted period. The use of a telemetry system to well testing in seven zones enabled real-time control of critical downhole equipment and acquired data at surface, which in turn was transmitted to the operator's office in town in real time. Various operation examples will be discussed to demonstrate how automated data acquisition and downhole operations control has been used to optimize operations by both the service company and the operator.
Hydrophobic Dielectric Sealing Material Enabled Highly Reliable Electrical Connectors for Downhole Data and Power Transmission Application
Authors: Xia Hua , Settles Nelson , DeWire David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A high-strength dielectric sealing material has been developed for sealing electrical connectors, feedthroughs, bulkheads, and interconnectors. X-ray diffraction analyses have identified that the microstructures of the sealing material could be of amorphous and α-phase mixed morphology, α+β mixed phase, and β-phase dominated tetrahedral microstructure, which primarily depend upon the material processing temperature. The electrical insulation resistance of the β-phase dominated sealing material have nearly two times higher than that of α+β mixed phase sealing material. Both β-phase dominated and α+β mixed phase sealing materials have shown water repelling properties, while amorphous glass phase has shown hydrophilic properties. If a 5,000MΩ insulation resistance is also regarded as baseline for a downhole electrical connector, the maximum operation temperature of α+β mixed phase sealing materials is around 240°C while that of the β-phase dominated sealing material can be up to 300°C. Furthermore, a thermo-mechanical modeling has been developed to quantify if a designed electrical connector has sufficient reliability in the hostile wellbore or downhole environments. The temperature- and pressure-dependent seal compression have suggested that the temperature-related safety factor should be chosen in the range from 2.0 to 5.0 while the pressure-related safety factor should be chosen in the range from 1.5 to 2.0 to ensure 10-20 years electrical connector downhole operating reliability. The qualification tests from prototyped electrical connectors, under 260°C/32,000PSI simulated water-fluid based conditions, have demonstrated that such high-strength sealing material sealed electrical connector could be integrated with logging while drilling (LWD) or/and measurement while drilling (MWD) tools for providing long-term reliable signal, data, and electrical power transmission services, regardless of a water-based or moisture-rich wellbore or/and downhole environment.
Scale Removal In A Deepwater Oil Production Well Using Fresh Water
Authors: Martins Paulo Henrique de Amorim , Freiman Bruno Marins 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained by the use of fresh water in order to remove inorganic scale deposited inside production tubing from carbonate reservoir deepwater production wells with high salinity and low BS&W. The paper covers the entire process from the identification of production loss, the investigation of its main causes, treatment propositions and discussion of obtained results.
One of the hypotheses regarding the scale deposition mechanism in the studied wells is that the precipitation of salts is due to the evaporation of produced water. This phenomenon occurs through the contact of water with dry gas applied in the artificial elevation method (gas lift). The proposed and tested scale removal procedure consists of a soaking of the production tubing with fresh water in order to dissolve the deposition or at least part of it that is soluble in water. Preventive care actions in relation to flow assurance were taken, since the suggested method uses a high volume of fresh water, increasing the hydrate risks.
Scaling in wells with those characteristics was systematically removed through remote acidification (with specialized vessel assistance). That approach has shown to be always effective. On the other hand, remote acidification was always costly and dependent on the availability of critical resources. The technique depicted in this paper requires neither a vessel nor acid and, therefore, incurs significantly lower costs. The results obtained in the first tests were substantially positive since the wells’ productivity was fully restored. In this sense, the hypothesis of water solubility of the scale deposition was confirmed, and the method validated.
Since its validation, the method has been applied a number of times, confirming its repeatability, and extending its use to other wells with similar scaling occurrences, reducing costs and restoring the production in a short time. Nevertheless, new challenges arise in relation to the full comprehension of the deposited material and the prevention of its deposition.
Density Measurement of Three-Phase Flows Inside of Vertical Piping Using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence PLIF
Authors: McCleney Amy Brooke , Supak Kevin Robert 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) is a measurement technique that can be used to provide a laboratory reference for validating the performance of field instrumentation that either directly measures mixture density or infers it from a combination of ancillary techniques. PLIF density measurements offer high-speed response and the ability to resolve minute flow features in transient flow patterns. Fundamentally, PLIF can also be used to verify multiphase flow models and predictive tools that are used for designing production piping. The use of PLIF to determine an instantaneous mixture density of two-phase flows has been successfully accomplished in previous fundamental laboratory studies found in literature. However, the use of this technique to determine the mixture density of three-phase flows for field-related scenarios has not been previously evaluated. To assess PLIF as a potential reference measurement system, a testing effort was undertaken to measure the instantaneous mixture density from a comingled oil-gas, water-oil, and oil-water-gas flow that was subjected to slug, churn, and bubble transient flow conditions inside of vertical piping. The objective of this work was to compare and validate the results obtained using the PLIF measurement approach against a commercially available gamma densitometer and tomography system for a variety of flowing conditions. The PLIF technique was able to resolve transient flow features and density values for both two-phase and three-phase flows through the piping. Distinct slug flow features such as the slug head, gas pocket, pocket collapse, and the tail were captured by PLIF and were observable in the raw image sequence captured by a high-speed camera. Additionally, the results for a variety of water-oil-gas flowing conditions were within 3% difference of a mixture density model that was calculated from liquid and gas flow measurements utilized in the test facility. The comparison of the PLIF results to the reference instrumentation indicates that this technique is successful at obtaining a mixture density for steady and transient oil, water, and gas comingled flows.
An in-vitro Comparative Evaluation of Quantitative Release of Transforming Growth Factor β-1 from Dentin upon the Action of Endodontic Irrigants, Medicaments, Ultrasonic Activation, and Low-Level Laser Irradiation
Authors: Akhila Anilkumar , Prabath Singh V. P. , Varma Kerala R. , Vasudevan Senthil V. , Sukhithasri V. , Sasikumar Salu 
Published: August 2021

Aim:
The aim of this article is to evaluate the amount of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF β-1) released from dentin upon the action of various endodontic irrigants, medicaments, ultrasonic activation, and low-level laser irradiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
To assess the effect of endodontic irrigants and medicaments on TGF β-1 release, 200 dentin disks of 1 µm thickness prepared from human mandibular premolars were divided into five groups of 40 each. The specimens in the test groups were treated with four reagents: Group A: (2% chlorhexidine gluconate); Group B: (2.5% sodium hypochlorite); Group C: [calcium hydroxide powder (Ca(OH)2)]; Group D: [triple antibiotic paste (TAP) (minocycline 100 mg + ciprofloxacin 200 mg + metronidazole 500 mg)]; and one control reagent group, i.e., Group E: (normal saline). Dentin disks were subsequently treated with 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). To assess the effect of ultrasonic activation and low-level laser irradiation on TGF β-1 release, 90 dentin disks of 1 mm thickness obtained from mandibular premolar roots were divided into 6 groups of 15 disks each: Group 1: (10% EDTA +ultrasonic activation), Group 2: [10% citric acid (CA) + ultrasonic activation], Group 3: (10% EDTA + low-level laser), Group 4: (10% CA+ low-level laser), and two control groups, i.e., Group 5 (10% EDTA) and Group 6 (10% CA). Three subgroups were formed among main groups indicating the region from where the specimens were prepared, namely, coronal, middle, and apical thirds. The irrigation solutions from all the above groups were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C and later thawed and subjected to growth factor quantification by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test system for TGF β-1.

RESULTS:
Root canal irrigant 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and intracanal medicament calcium hydroxide both showed an inducing effect on TGF β-1 release, giving a maximum value of 0.741 ng/mL. The least value of 0.0823 ng/mL was given by 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, showing its negative impact on growth factor release. TAP showed a neutral effect similar to that of the control group (normal saline), giving a value of 0.247 ng/mL. Ultrasonic activation and low-level laser irradiation of EDTA and CA have both improved TGF β-1 release from dentin.

CONCLUSION:
Chlorhexidine gluconate and calcium hydroxide exerted a positive influence on TGF β-1 release from dentin, whereas sodium hypochlorite retarded its release and TAP gave a neutral impact similar to normal saline. Ultrasonic activation and low-level laser irradiation can enhance TGF β-1 expression. There is no significant difference in the growth factor release among the different regions of root dentin.
Quantifying Face-to-Face Communication among Multidisciplinary Medical Professions in a Convalescent Rehabilitation Ward by using a Name Tag-Type Information Communication Device
Authors: Li Zhiguang , Izumi Shin-Ichi , Sato Asuka 
Published: August 2021

Context:
Although quantitative analyses of human behavior data collected through wearable sensors have uncovered principles of complex human behaviors and organization performances, quantitative assessment has not been conducted on communication among the medical team, despite its importance.

Aims:
The aim of the study is to quantify face-to-face communication in a multiprofessional medical team using a sociophysical method and wearable sensors.

Settings and Design:
The study was conducted at a rehabilitation ward in Japan; this was a pilot study.

Subjects and Methods:
The amount of time spent on face-to-face communication among 36 multidisciplinary medical professional in a rehabilitation ward was recorded using name tag-type sensors for 2 weeks. The average communication time per week for each pair of participants was calculated; the network diagrams were drawn by using Cytoscape software. The unpaired t-test and Welch's F-test used together with the Games–Howell post hoc test were performed to compare the communication times between two groups and among three groups, respectively.

Results:
The following three groups emerged: ward staff (nurses and care workers), rehabilitation therapists, and physicians/medical social workers. The communication time between physicians and ward staff (mean, 8.0 min/week) did not differ from that between the physicians and rehabilitation therapists (5.5). The communication time was longer among rehabilitation therapists (61.7) than among the ward staff (45.7), both of which were longer than that between the ward staff and rehabilitation therapists (4.8).

Conclusions:
Quantitative measurement of face-to-face communication time using wearable sensors characterized the staff behavior in a multiprofessional medical practice in a rehabilitation ward, which may affect medical team performance, such as patient outcomes.
A Passport for a New Era of Learning
Authors: Landry Jessica B. , Pitt Michael B. , St Clair Nicole E. , Langford Sheridan , Moskalewicz Risha L. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT.
Over the last several years, there has been a surge of readily available curricular resources for global health (GH) educators that theoretically has enabled them to overcome the barrier of needing to create new content for their programs. Despite this increase in available resources, integrating GH education into the already busy schedule of residency is a common challenge to the growing number of GH track directors. In this perspectives piece, GH educators from multiple institutions will share a novel model for packaging, administering, and monitoring GH educational curricula. This model transposes traditional GH learning objectives into self-paced, longitudinal maps of opportunities suitable for the time-intensive demands of residency, with flexibility for individual learning preferences and built-in tracking mechanisms.
TRUONG CHINH’S WORK NAMED AS “THE RESISTANCE WAR WILL WIN” – ITS CONTENT AND HISTORIC VALUES
Authors: Trang Do Thi Thuy , Thuy Nguyen Thi Thu 
Published: August 2021

<p>Truong Chinh was a theorist and General Secretary who contributes greatly to the history of Vietnam. During the course of revolutionary activities, he wrote numerous works, his most important work is known as “The resistance war will win”. This work is a deep evidence of the Party's resistance line, having a significant role in directing the entire Party and Vietnamese people to resolutely fight against our enemies by a unified way in order to bring the resistance to the complete victory. Therefore, within the scope of the article, the author focuses on analyzing the basic content of the work: from the ideology of identifying the nation’s enemies to devising a line of resistance against invading force, from which the great value of the work can be pointed out.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0688/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>
How successful is the Higher Institute of Energy, Kuwait, in reducing dependence on expatriates?
Authors: Al-Ali Salah 
Published: August 2021

Imparting knowledge, skills and positive attitude is the core component of technical and vocational education. It is a dual system that permit students, if well organized and monitored, to transfer what they have learned in classroom, laboratories, and workshops into real work environment. It is an opportunity to overcome the shortage of skills in labour market and reduce the rate of unemployment, particularly between youth graduates. Technical and vocational education would not only contribute in reducing the level of unemployment, especially in developing countries, but also in increasing and diversifying productivity, reducing poverty level, maintaining social security and prosperity, decreasing crime rate, and maintaining a stable economic and political status. In the gulf states (e.g., Kuwait, Qatar, Oman), the shortage of indigenous skilled and semi-skilled manpower is highly marked in essential sectors of the economy (oil, electricity and water, infrastructure, health care). As a result, key figures have thoroughly realized the importance of forging technical and vocational institutions to respond to the needs of local industries and business. Kuwait, has realized and appreciate the urgent need of the health sector of highly qualified indigenous specialist and thus established the Institute of Nursing, IN, with the aim to overcome or reduce the level of dependence on expatriates in major hospitals and clinics. The research focuses on identifying and examining the perception of the head of nurses at the health sector towards the standard of the filed training program, and the quality of the Institute of Nursing, IN, graduates. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, interviews with a sample of heads of nurses at the health sector. Finally, the research will argue that unless the IN recognize and appreciate the value of building a strong linkage with the health sector, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous health care specialist will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.