bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relevanz und Versorgung von Beinachsen- und Torsionsabweichungen bei chronischer Patellainstabilität
Authors: Dickschas Joerg 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungPatellofemorale Dysbalance äußert sich meist durch 2 Symptome: vorderer Knieschmerz und patellofemorale Instabilität. Die Ursachen der Dysbalance sind jedoch deutlich vielfältiger. In den letzten Jahren sind zunehmend auch die Achsdeviationen als Ursache der patellofemoralen Dysbalance in den Fokus gerückt. Hierbei zählt zunächst in der Frontalachse das Valgus-Knie als Risikofaktor. Aber auch Torsionsdeformitäten zählen als Achsabweichung. Die erhöhte femorale Innentorsion sowie die erhöhte tibiale Aussentorsion sind hier die entscheidende Pathologie. Der Pathomechanismus besteht in einer zunehmenden Lateralisationstendenz der Patella. Dies führt auf Dauer zu Schmerzen, Instabilität und wohl auch patellofemoraler Knorpeldegeneration. Therapie der Wahl ist hier die Osteotomie. Die Varisationsosteotomie bei Valgus-Abweichungen wird je nach Lokalisation der Deformität femoral oder tibial ausgeführt. Femoral kann die Osteotomie medial zu- oder lateral aufklappend ausgeführt werden, tibial muss die Osteotomie medial schließend ausgeführt werden. Die Kombination der Osteotomie mit einer MPFL-Plastik, gegebenenfalls auch erst im Rahmen der Metallentfernung, kann erwogen werden. Die zweite Gruppe der Achskorrekturen mit Relevanz bei patellofemoraler Dysbalance ist die Torsionsosteotomie. Die femorale Osteotomie wird suprakondylär ausgeführt, hier wird eine Außentorsionskorrektur durchgeführt. Tibial wird eine supratuberositäre Innentorsionsosteotomie durchgeführt, Abweichungen bis zu 15° dürfen korrigiert werden, höhere Torsionswerte verbieten sich aufgrund der Gefährdung des Nervus peroneus und der Gefahr des Kompartmentsyndroms. Die Nachbehandlung beinhaltet bei allen Osteotomien eine Teilbelastung von 4–6 Wochen, die Metallentfernung kann ab einem halben Jahr nach Osteotmie durchgeführt werden. Die Relevanz der Osteotomien im Zusammenhang mit patellofemoraler Dysbalance wird erst in den letzten Jahren in verschiedenen Algorithmen und Reviews vermehrt gesehen. Verschiedene Publikationen berichten über sehr gute Ergebnisse nach derartigen Korrektureingriffen. Sowohl die patellofemorale Instabilität kann beseitigt werden als auch eine signifikante Schmerzreduktion kann herbeigeführt werden.
Akute und chronische Patellainstabilität – Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik, Risikostratifizierung und Therapie
Authors: Balcarek Peter 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Dogma der rein konservativen Therapie der Patella-Erstluxation gilt als überholt. Daher sollte die Erstluxation, wie auch die Rezidivluxation, umfassend bezüglich des Verletzungsmusters und der anatomisch-prädisponierenden Risikofaktoren diagnostiziert werden. Dies ermöglicht die Anwendung von Risikostratifizierungsmodellen zur Beurteilung des Rezidivrisikos einer Luxation und kann damit die therapeutische Entscheidungsfindung unterstützen. Die MPFL-Plastik hat sich als erfolgreiche Therapie zur Behandlung der Patellainstabilität etabliert. Jedoch ist oftmals eine ergänzende Korrektur knöcherner Risikofaktoren notwendig bzw. empfehlenswert. Dabei kommt der präoperativen Ausprägung des J-Signs und der dynamischen Beurteilung der Patellainstabilität (dynamischer Apprehension-Test) entscheidende Bedeutung zu, die in der Kombination mit den Befunden der Bildgebung die Entscheidungsgrundlage für eine knöcherne Korrektur darstellen.
2.3 CuAAC in Protein Conjugation
Authors: La Venia A. , Kovalová A. , Vrabel M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the use of the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction in the synthesis of peptide and protein conjugates. The different reaction conditions used for construction of the conjugates and their application in various disciplines are covered. Synthetic strategies for the introduction of the click groups (azide or alkyne) into the peptide backbones are included as well.
2.5 CuAAC and Metal-Free 1,3-Dipolar Huisgen Cycloadditions in Drug Discovery
Authors: Kacprzak K. M. , Skiera I. , Rutkowski J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractProclaimed by Sharpless in 2001, the manifesto of click chemistry philosophy shifted the focus from target-oriented to drug-like-oriented synthesis, and has enormously accelerated the drug-discovery process over the last two decades. Copper(I)-catalyzed and metal-free versions of the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes have become the reference click chemistry synthetic tools. These processes are adaptable to various drug-design modes such as kinetic target guided synthesis (in situ click chemistry assembling; KTGS), combinatorial chemistry/high-throughput-screening approaches, or structure-based rational projecting. Moreover, the facile click chemistry derivatization of natural or synthetic products, linking molecules or improving the stability of leads by installation of 1,2,3-triazoles, is another important stream of bioactivities. This review is intended to provide a general overview of click-chemistry-powered drug design, with dozens of successful examples resulting in the discovery of nanomolar-active 1,2,3-triazoles in every stage of drug development.
2.6 CuAAC Applications in Macromolecules, Polymers, Nanoparticles, and Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Zhang C. , Page K. M. , van Hest J. C. M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we describe applications of copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) in macromolecular synthesis and polymer functionalization. This entails the synthesis of polymers with different architectures and the conjugation of polymers to surfaces and particles.
3 Ruthenium-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (RuAAC)
Authors: Paterson A. J. , Beke-Somfai T. , Kann N. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnder ruthenium catalysis, 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles can be accessed with high selectivity from terminal alkynes and organic azides via a ruthenium-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) reaction. These conditions also allow the use of internal alkynes, providing access to 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. This chapter reviews the scope and limitations of the RuAAC reaction, as well as selected applications. A brief mention of azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions catalyzed by other metals is also included.
4.3 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Alkenes
Authors: Svatunek D. , Houk K. N. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractClick reactions between 1,3-dipoles and alkenes are appealing due to their versatility, which goes beyond simple conjugation applications and the synthesis of five-membered heterocycles. Leveraging various 1,3-dipoles and alkenes, photoactivatable, highly reactive, and “click to release” systems have been developed. In this article, we explore the wide range of reactivities, selectivities, and applications offered by this class of cycloadditions.
6.2 Hybridization of Thiol–Ene Chemistry Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Xu Z. , Bratlie K. M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLight-triggered thiol–ene polymerization is a powerful tool for synthesizing hydrogels that are aimed to be applied in situ or used as 3D scaffolds. Thiol–ene reactions are a class of click transformations that involve free-radical-mediated addition of electron-rich thiol groups to electron-poor carbon–carbon double bonds. When tuned with homopolymerization of the carbon–carbon double bonds, the resultant hydrogel properties can be finely adjusted. In this review, commonly used methods for modifying polymers with thiol groups or double bonds are discussed, and strategies to overcome flaws in thiol–ene hydrogels are provided. Emphasis is given to the application and outlook of thiol–ene cross-linked hydrogels.
Experimental scheme and noise analysis of weak-light phase locked loop for large-scale intersatellite laser interferometer
Authors: Liang Yu-Rong , Feng Yu-Jie , Xiao Guo-Yao , Jiang Yuan-Ze , Li Lin , Jin Xue-Lin 
Published: December 2021

In the current space gravitational wave (GW) detection, satellites are separated by millions of kilometers. As a result, watts of laser from one satellite is attenuated to the picowatt level at the other end due to the Gaussian beam divergence and the finite aperture of the telescope. Establishing an effective interferometry with such weak-light is a major challenge. The key is to enhance the weak-light while preserving its phase information, which carries the actual GW signal. This can be accomplished by employing an optical phase-locked loop (PLL) to lock the phase of a local oscillator (LO) laser to the weak-light and then sending the power-amplified LO back to the interferometer on the other satellite. Although shot-noise-limited performance of the picowatt level weak-light PLL has been achieved for high frequencies, it remains elusive for frequencies below 0.1 Hz. Here, we propose a three-step experimental scheme to identify the main noise sources of the weak-light PLL, which turn out to be the low-frequency phase measurement noise, the weak-light shot noise, and the laser phase noise. In this paper, the first step experiment result shows that the out-loop phase noise can be suppressed to a level less than 6 × 10−6 rad/√Hz from 6 mHz to 1 Hz by first using the special pilot-tone technique in the PLL to directly reduce the sampling time jitter noise in the digital phasemeter. The out-loop phase noise is mainly limited by the signal amplitude variation and differential time jitter noise of the reference clock.
Supply voltage control for guaranteed performance of compact terahertz vacuum electron devices
Authors: Likhachev A. , Kovshov Yu. , Kishko S. , Ponomarenko S. , Vlasenko S. , Ivanov A. , Kuleshov A. 
Published: December 2021

The results of the concept development of the universal high-voltage power supply with the output parameters providing the reliable operation of compact THz vacuum electron devices have been presented and discussed. The low-level of high-voltage ripples less than 10 ppm at 6 kV, 250 mA was obtained with the help of the designed high-precision and fast-response stabilization scheme. Real-time stabilization of the output parameters of vacuum electron devices was realized by using the multiloop proportional-integral-differential feedback control and was tested with the continuous-wave clinotron tubes in millimeter range. The developed high-voltage power supply offers the high-voltage modulation mode that allows applying the THz tubes with electronic frequency tuning for frequency-modulated continuous wave radar applications.
Economic evaluation of disease elimination: An extension to the net-benefit framework and application to human African trypanosomiasis
Authors: Antillon Marina , Huang Ching-I , Rock Kat S. , Tediosi Fabrizio 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceWhile the health economic implications of disease elimination have been discussed before, the combination of uncertainty, cost effectiveness, and elimination has not been tackled before. We propose a modification to the net-benefit framework to explicitly consider the implications of switching from an optimal strategy, in terms of cost-per-burden averted, to a strategy with a higher likelihood of meeting the global target of elimination. The modification proposed yields a methodology to quantify the efficiency of elimination and to aid discussions among stakeholders with different objectives. We apply our method to strategies against human African trypanosomiasis in three settings, but this method is flexible enough that it can be applied directly to any simulation-based studies of disease elimination efforts.
CARL: a running recognition algorithm for free-living accelerometer data
Authors: Davis John J , Straczkiewicz Marcin , Harezlak Jaroslaw , Gruber Allison H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Wearable accelerometers hold great promise for physical activity epidemiology and sports biomechanics. However, identifying and extracting data from specific physical activities, such as running, remains challenging. Objective. To develop and validate an algorithm to identify bouts of running in raw, free-living accelerometer data from devices worn at the wrist or torso (waist, hip, chest). Approach. The CARL (continuous amplitude running logistic) classifier identifies acceleration data with amplitude and frequency characteristics consistent with running. The CARL classifier was trained on data from 31 adults wearing accelerometers on the waist and wrist, then validated on free-living data from 30 new, unseen subjects plus 166 subjects from previously-published datasets using different devices, wear locations, and sample frequencies. Main results. On free-living data, the CARL classifier achieved mean accuracy (F
1 score) of 0.984 (95% confidence interval 0.962–0.996) for data from the waist and 0.994 (95% CI 0.991–0.996) for data from the wrist. In previously-published datasets, the CARL classifier identified running with mean accuracy (F
1 score) of 0.861 (95% CI 0.836–0.884) for data from the chest, 0.911 (95% CI 0.884–0.937) for data from the hip, 0.916 (95% CI 0.877–0.948) for data from the waist, and 0.870 (95% CI 0.834–0.903) for data from the wrist. Misclassification primarily occurred during activities with similar torso acceleration profiles to running, such as rope jumping and elliptical machine use. Significance. The CARL classifier can accurately identify bouts of running as short as three seconds in free-living accelerometry data. An open-source implementation of the CARL classifier is available at github.com/johnjdavisiv/carl.
Investigation on optical switching behaviour of regenerated and non-regenerated silk by nanosecond Z-scan technique
Authors: G K Gowtham , Thejas Urs G , Raghavendra S , Mahadevaiah D , Somashekarappa H , Somashekar R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The nonlinear optical behaviour of silk, a natural fibre, is investigated in this study. We have considered silk in the cocoon, fibre and film forms of bivoltine and multivoltine breeds. The nonlinear absorption and optical limiting studies were performed using the open aperture Z-scan technique at 1064 nm. Interestingly, silk in cocoon and fibre form possess saturable absorption (SA), whereas silk in the film form exhibits reverse saturable absorption (RSA). This shift is attributed to the removal of sericin during the regeneration of silk into a film. Further, silk films exhibit optical limiting behaviour, whose limiting thresholds are in the order of 1012 W cm−2. Functional data analysis (FDA), a statistical approach, is employed to draw correlations amongst physical parameters. FDA offers good insight into the dependencies between silk varieties and their optical parameters. This helps in identifying the sample possessing the best properties.
A gradient-based automatic optimization CNN framework for EEG state recognition
Authors: Wang He , Zhu Xinshan , Chen Peiyin , Yang Yuxuan , Ma Chao , Gao Zhongke 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal, as a data carrier that can contain a large amount of information about the human brain in different states, is one of the most widely used metrics for assessing human psychophysiological states. Among a variety of analysis methods, deep learning, especially convolutional neural network (CNN), has achieved remarkable results in recent years as a method to effectively extract features from EEG signals. Although deep learning has the advantages of automatic feature extraction and effective classification, it also faces difficulties in network structure design and requires an army of prior knowledge. Automating the design of these hyperparameters can therefore save experts’ time and manpower. Neural architecture search techniques have thus emerged. Approach. In this paper, based on an existing gradient-based neural architecture search (NAS) algorithm, partially-connected differentiable architecture search (PC-DARTS), with targeted improvements and optimizations for the characteristics of EEG signals. Specifically, we establish the model architecture step by step based on the manually designed deep learning models for EEG discrimination by retaining the framework of the search algorithm and performing targeted optimization of the model search space. Corresponding features are extracted separately according to the frequency domain, time domain characteristics of the EEG signal and the spatial position of the EEG electrode. The architecture was applied to EEG-based emotion recognition and driver drowsiness assessment tasks. Main results. The results illustrate that compared with the existing methods, the model architecture obtained in this paper can achieve competitive overall accuracy and better standard deviation in both tasks. Significance. Therefore, this approach is an effective migration of NAS technology into the field of EEG analysis and has great potential to provide high-performance results for other types of classification and prediction tasks. This can effectively reduce the time cost for researchers and facilitate the application of CNN in more areas.
A 64 bit quantum dragon data-set for machine learning
Authors: Novotný M.A. , Koshka Yaroslav , Inkoonv G. , Dixit Vivek 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Design and examples of a sixty-four bit quantum dragon data-set are presented. A quantum dragon is a tight-binding model for a strongly disordered nanodevice, but when connected to appropriate semi-infinite leads has complete electron transmission for a finite interval of energies. The labeled data-set contains records which are quantum dragons, which are not quantum dragons, and which are indeterminate. The quantum dragon data-set is designed to be difficult for trained humans and machines to label a nanodevice with regard to its quantum dragon property. The 64 bit record length allows the data-set to be utilized in restricted Boltzmann machines which fit well onto the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer architecture.
Research and Analysis of Recommendation Algorithm Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Ding Yuhang , Jiang Wenrong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper first introduces the situation that the traditional recommendation algorithms cannot meet the needs of users for accurate and efficient recommendation results because of the continuous growth of data and the increasingly diversified data types. Then it introduces the Deep Learning (DL) algorithm which is getting more and more attention, organizes the research progress of recommendation system based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in recent years, analyzes its advantages compared with traditional recommendation algorithms. The main research directions and application progress are classified, compared and summarized. Finally, the future development trend of recommendation system based on convolutional neural network is summarized and analyzed.
Blockchain-based Integrity Verification of Data Migration in Multi-cloud Storage
Authors: Xu Kun , Chen Weiwei , Zhang Yanan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the process of multi-cloud storage data migration, data integrity is vulnerable to corruption, but the existing data integrity verification schemes for data migration across clouds are not highly reliable. To address this problem, a blockchain-based data integrity verification scheme for migration across clouds is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, a blockchain network is used instead of a third-party auditor. For each migration, a multi-cloud broker will send an integrity verification request to blockchain at three different times, and a smart contract will verify the data integrity according to the RSA-based homomorphic verification tags. Then, the security of the scheme is analyzed. Finally, simulation experiments and tests are conducted on Ethereum, and the results show the feasibility of the scheme.
A graph neural network fused with multi-head attention for text classification
Authors: Ai Bing , Wang Yibing , Ji Liang , Yi Jia , Wang Ting , Liu Wentao , Zhou Hui 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Graph neural network (GNN) has done a good job of processing intricate architecture and fusion of global messages, research has explored GNN technology for text classification. However, the model that fixed the entire corpus as a graph in the past faced many problems such as high memory consumption and the inability to modify the construction of the graph. We propose an improved model based on GNN to solve these problems. The model no longer fixes the entire corpus as a graph but constructs different graphs for each text. This method reduces memory consumption, but still retains global information. We conduct experiments on the R8, R52, and 20newsgroups data sets, and use accuracy as the experimental standard. Experiments show that even if it consumes less memory, our model accomplish higher than existing models on multiple text classification data sets.
An investigation on fronthaul and millimeter wave technologies for 5G
Authors: Zu Chenyu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Abstract.The growing demand for communications and the emergence of new applications have put the capacity, transmission rate and latency of communications systems to a more severe test. In this context, 5G communication technology has emerged. 5G applications are divided into three typical application scenarios: eMBB, URLLC and mMTC. In order to support these applications, the key technologies of 5G need to be studied in depth. This paper firstly investigates the networking architecture of 5G bearer networks, and carries out a detailed analysis and comparison of 5G fronthaul technology, including the optical fibre direct connection solution, passive WDM solution, active WDM/OTN solution and WDM-PON solution. Secondly, this paper introduces 5G millimetre wave technology to achieve large capacity and high spectral efficiency transmission, including direct intensity modulation method, external modulation method, optical heterodyne method, optical injection locking method and optical phase-locked loop method. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on 5G fronthaul technology and millimetre wave technology.
A Broadband High-speed Programmable Multi-modulus Divider Based on CMOS Process
Authors: Hao Muzhen , Liu Xiaodong , Liu Zhizhe , Ji Feng , Sun Di , Yin Hongjie , Li Xingwang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a design of a high-speed programmable multi-modulus divider (MMD) based on 65nm CMOS process. The design adopts the cascade structure of 7 level 2/3 frequency dividers, and expands the frequency division range by adjusting the number of cascade stages, so as to achieve a continuous frequency division ratio of 16 to 255. Among them, the first level 2/3 frequency divider adopts the D flip-flop design of CML (current mode logic) structure, the second level 2/3 frequency divider adopts the D flip-flop design of E-TSPC (extended true-single-phase-clock) structure. The whole circuit realizes the working frequency range of 13∼18GHz high frequency and large bandwidth. This design has completed layout drawing and parasitic parameter extraction simulation. The simulation results show that the operating frequency range of the circuit can reach 13∼18GHz. When the input signal is 18GHz and the frequency division ratio is 255, the phase noise is about -135dBc/Hz@1kHz. It has the advantages of high frequency, large bandwidth, and low phase noise.