bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying longevity and circularity of copper for different resource efficiency policies at the material and product levels
Authors: Klose Stefanie , Pauliuk Stefan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResource efficiency strategies are emerging on policy agendas worldwide. Commonly, resource efficiency policies aim at decreasing losses at the waste management stage and, thus, diverge from public interest in more comprehensive resource efficiency measures that include a focus the earlier material life cycle stages. Just in recent years, improvements in the lifetimes of products and increased repair and reuse ability have become policy objectives in some countries. However, the effectiveness of policy measures is usually not assessed, even though it is crucial to support informed policy‐making and efficiently decrease the environmental impact of resource use. In this paper, we provide such an assessment for the copper cycle, the third most consumed metal with sharply increasing demand. Under current practices, in Western Europe and North America, 50% and 44% of the losses by 2050 occur at end‐of‐life collection, and only 2% of losses take place at the recovery stage; in Middle East and Africa for 19% and 54%, respectively. By 2050, most copper would be lost in China with a proportion of 58%. We evaluate the resource efficiency by quantifying the two key parameters, circularity and longevity, that is, how often and how long the material is in use in the anthroposphere. Our results show that the current global longevity of high‐grade copper is 47 ± 2.5 years, and a copper atom is used in 2.1 ± 0.1 applications on average. Ambitious political measures across the life cycle can increase longevity by 85% and circularity by 45%.
The Cyclical Behavior of the Price‐Cost Markup
Authors: NEKARDA CHRISTOPHER J. , RAMEY VALERIE A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA countercyclical markup of price over marginal cost is a key transmission mechanism for demand shocks in New Keynesian (NK) models. This paper reexamines the foundation of those models by studying the cyclicality of the price‐cost markup in the private economy. We find that how the markup is measured matters for its unconditional cyclicality. Measures of the markup based on the inverse of the labor share are moderately procyclical, but are moderately countercyclical for some generalizations of the production function. NK models predict that the cyclicality of the markup should vary depending on the nature of the shock. Consistent with the NK model, we find that the markup is procyclical conditional on total factor productivity shocks and countercyclical conditional on investment‐specific technology shocks. In contrast, we find that the markup increases in response to a positive demand shock. Thus, the transmission mechanism for the effects of demand shocks in sticky‐price NK models is not consistent with the data.
Bone remodeling in the longest living rodent, the naked mole‐rat: Interelement variation and the effects of reproduction
Authors: Montoya‐Sanhueza Germán , Bennett Nigel C. , Oosthuizen Maria K. , Dengler‐Crish Christine M. , Chinsamy Anusuya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe pattern of bone remodeling of one of the most peculiar mammals in the world, the naked mole‐rat (NMR), was assessed. NMRs are known for their long lifespans among rodents and for having low metabolic rates. We assessed long‐term in vivo bone labeling of subordinate individuals, as well as the patterns of bone resorption and bone remodeling in a large sample including reproductive and non‐reproductive individuals (n = 70). Over 268 undecalcified thin cross‐sections from the midshaft of humerus, ulna, femur and tibia were analyzed with confocal fluorescence and polarized light microscopy. Fluorochrome analysis revealed low osteogenesis, scarce bone resorption and infrequent formation of secondary osteons (Haversian systems) (i.e., slow bone turnover), thus most likely reflecting the low metabolic rates of this species. Secondary osteons occurred regardless of reproductive status. However, considerable differences in the degree of bone remodeling were found between breeders and non‐breeders. Pre‐reproductive stages (subordinates) exhibited quite stable skeletal homeostasis and bone structure, although the attainment of sexual maturity and beginning of reproductive cycles in female breeders triggered a series of anabolic and catabolic processes that up‐regulate bone turnover, most likely associated with the increased metabolic rates of reproduction. Furthermore, bone remodeling was more frequently found in stylopodial elements compared to zeugopodial elements. Despite the limited bone remodeling observed in NMRs, the variation in the pattern of skeletal homeostasis (interelement variation) reported here represents an important aspect to understand the skeletal dynamics of a small mammal with low metabolic rates. Given the relevance of the remodeling process among mammals, this study also permitted the comparison of such process with the well‐documented histomorphology of extinct therapsids (i.e., mammalian precursors), thus evidencing that bone remodeling and its endocortical compartmentalization represent ancestral features among the lineage that gave rise to mammals. It is concluded that other factors associated with development (and not uniquely related to biomechanical loading) can also have an important role in the development of bone remodeling.
The clinical utility of the Distress Thermometer in non‐oncological contexts: A scoping review
Authors: Sousa Helena , Oliveira Jaime , Figueiredo Daniela , Ribeiro Oscar 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTAimsTo assess the clinical utility of the Distress Thermometer (DT) in non‐cancer populations.MethodsThe search was performed between the 6th and the 18th of April 2020, on the following databases: Web of Science (all databases included), Scopus and Science Direct. One last update was performed on 5 June 2020. The findings were reported using the PRISMA‐ScR.ResultsFifty‐three studies were included. Overall results indicated that this tool has been used in several contexts and populations (clinical and non‐clinical). The DT is highly accessible, suitable and relevant for health professionals and/or researchers who aim to use it as a distress screening tool, particularly in patients with chronic physical conditions. Assumptions about its practicality and acceptability in non‐oncology care should be made with caution since few studies have explored the psychometric qualities of this instrument, the completers' perceptions about completing the DT and the perceptions of health professionals who administer the tool.ConclusionsThis lack of information undermines conclusions about the overall clinical utility of the DT as a screening tool for distress in individuals who do not have cancer.Implications for practiceFuture research should aim to fill this gap and investigate the psychometric qualities of the DT through validation studies and, thus, increase the rigour of its application and clinical utility in non‐oncological contexts.
Virtual reality teaching in chemotherapy administration: Randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chan Hsiang‐Ying , Chang Han‐Chao , Huang Tsai‐Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesThis study examined the effect of virtual reality (VR)‐based documents (VRdocs) on knowledge and attitude towards chemotherapy administration in nursing students.BackgroundChemotherapeutic drugs in cancer patients are a complicated and dangerous process. However, despite the high toxicity of the chemotherapeutic drugs, the compulsory or internship courses in nursing schools do not include training in operational chemotherapeutics and its associated safety measures.DesignA randomised controlled trial based on the CONSORT 2010 guidelines (registry number: NCT03707210).MethodA total of 77 students were randomised to an experimental (VRdocs, n = 38) or a control group (n = 39). Pre‐ and posttest data were collected. After the pretest, the control group received the education documents, whereas, the experimental group used VR software consisting of an application about chemotherapy administration. Finally, the effectiveness of the intervention was self‐evaluated using questionnaires after 7 days.ResultsThe posttest scores for knowledge (F = 6.412, p = .013) and attitude in the experimental group were significantly different from those in the control group (F = 8.469, p = .005). Compared with the control group, a significant number of students in the experimental group indicated their higher recommendation score for the VRdocs (p = .0001).ConclusionSchools must provide a variety of handouts and teaching methods to educate nursing students about high‐risk nursing techniques. Methods using VR can address the shortcomings of the traditional documents, and the use of both methods simultaneously can produce better learning results.Relevance to clinical practiceVirtual reality based documents were provided to the participants to understand the preparation, implementation, and safety of chemotherapy. VRdocs allow students to re‐learn high‐risk care techniques without the influence of time and space and may prove useful for other nursing courses.
Nurses’ Experiences of Care at Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Teams: A case study research
Authors: Giménez‐Díez David , Maldonado‐Alía Rubén , Torrent‐Solà Lídia , Granel Nina , Bernabeu‐Tamayo Maria Dolors 
Published: February 2021

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

There are many international studies on CRHTTs; however, there has been little research on nurses’ experiences of working with CRHTTs.

Earlier studies focused on the nurses' gatekeeping role but did not explore nurses' perception of care as a construct.

What does the paper add to existing knowledge?

This study provides information based on mental health nurses’ experiences. It explains the home environment, the therapeutic relationship and the process of mental health nursing care during a crisis. Also, the study explains nurses’ satisfaction with care provided at patients' home.

Unlike other studies, this study focused on nurses' experiences while providing care, rather than on nurses' general responsibilities and the services they provide. This study is the first of its kind in Spain with such a focus.

What are the implications for practice?

Acknowledging nurses' experiences and their perspectives about the care they provide could help shift mental health nursing paradigms from those based on biomedical models to newer perspectives found in recovery models. Furthermore, this knowledge could improve the quality of care in mental health settings due to its potential to guide nursing practices.

Raising mental health care providers’ awareness of mental health nurses' personal and professional care constructs would help implement support systems to meet the professional's needs. Meeting the needs of nurses related to the care they provide is likely to impact patient care positively.

AbstractIntroductionCrisis resolution home treatment teams (CRHTTs) provide short‐term, intensive home treatment to people experiencing mental health crises. There is limited research on nurses’ experiences with CRHTTs. While earlier studies mainly focussed on mental health nurses’ gatekeeping responsibilities, more investigation is needed in this field.AimTo explore nurses' perceptions and constructions about care in CRHTT services.MethodA qualitative case study was employed. Ten semi‐structured interviews were performed to nursing staff working in CRHTT services.ResultsThree main categories emerged from the data analysis: nurses’ perspectives of the care provided, nursing setting of care at home and nursing care plan at home.DiscussionsFindings revealed that nurses experienced greater satisfaction providing care in the home settings, and therefore, it positively impacted the quality of care and reduced patient's stigma. This study also relates the value of developing care plans centred on patients’ environments increasing Mental Health Nursing (MHN) work satisfaction.Implications for practiceKnowledge of the intrinsic experiences of care provided by nurses in CRHTTs may help facilitate the development of the nursing role in CRHTT by improving understanding of care in mental health settings.
The effect of urine acidification on calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in cats
Authors: Bijsmans Esther S. , Quéau Yann , Feugier Alexandre , Biourge Vincent C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere is an apparent reciprocal relationship between magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP, struvite) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis incidence rate in cats. The number of struvite uroliths submitted for analysis over the past 35 years has been decreasing, with an increase in CaOx urolith submissions. Commercial diets aimed to dissolve struvite uroliths are typically acidified, and it has been suggested that dietary acidification increases urinary calcium excretion and the risk of CaOx crystallization. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of urine acidification on the relative supersaturation (RSS) of CaOx in cats, as a representation of crystallization risk. Four diets were extruded to contain identical nutrient contents, but with gradual acidification (0, 0.6, 1.3 and 1.9% sodium bisulphate substituted sodium chloride in diets A, B, C and D respectively). Thirteen adult cats were fed each diet sequentially for a minimum of 10 days. Average urine pH was 6.4, 6.2, 6.0 and 5.9 on diets A, B, C and D respectively (p < 0.0001). Struvite RSS decreased on diets inducing more acidic urine pH (p < 0.0001). Urinary calcium excretion and concentration increased with diets inducing lower urine pH (p < 0.0001), but oxalate excretion and concentration decreased (p < 0.001). CaOx RSS was not different between diets (p = 0.63). These results suggest that a lower diet base excess and resulting urine pH to support struvite dissolution do not increase the risk for CaOx crystallization in the range of urine pH representative of most commercial feline diets. Long‐term studies are needed to confirm this.
Obligate Brominating Enzymes Underlie Bromoform Production by Marine Cyanobacteria
Authors: Thapa Hem R. , Agarwal Vinayak 
Published: February 2021

Marine algae are prolific producers of bromoform (CHBr3). This naturally produced molecule is a potent environmental pollutant as it volatilizes into the atmosphere and contributes to depletion of the ozone layer in a manner akin to, and in magnitude similar to, man‐made chlorofluorocarbons. While phototrophs such as seaweeds, diatoms, and dinoflagellates are known sources of bromoform, additional as yet unknown biogenetic sources of bromoform exist in the oceans. Here, using halogenating enzymes as diagnostic genetic elements, we demonstrate that marine cyanobacteria also possess the enzymological potential for bromoform production. Using recombinantly purified vanadium‐dependent bromoperoxidases from planktonic and bloom‐forming marine cyanobacteria in in vitro biochemical assays, we reconstitute the enzymatic production of bromoform. We find cyanobacterial bromoform synthesizing enzymes to be obligate brominases possessing no chlorinating activities. These results expand the repertoire of marine biotic sources that introduce this pollutant in the atmosphere.
Impact of direct‐acting antiviral regimens on mortality and morbidity outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis c: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sahakyan Yeva , Lee‐Kim Victoria , Bremner Karen E. , Bielecki Joanna M. , Krahn Murray D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe long‐term effects of direct‐acting antiviral therapies (DAAs) for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) remain uncertain. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess the impact of DAAs on CHC progression and mortality. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE and PubMed databases (January 2011 to March 2020) for studies that compared the efficacy of DAAs to a non‐DAA control in patients with CHC. Main outcomes were the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality, liver decompensation, HCC occurrence and recurrence. Pooled estimates of HRs were determined using random‐effects meta‐analyses with inverse variance weighting, with sensitivity analyses and meta‐regression to explore the effects of clinical factors. We identified 39 articles for the primary analysis. Compared with unexposed individuals, patients treated with DAA had a reduced risk of death (HR; CI = 0.44; 0.38‐0.52), decompensation (HR; CI = 0.54; 0.38‐ 0.76) and HCC occurrence (HR; CI = 0.72; 0.61‐ 0.86). The protective effect of DAA on HCC recurrence was less clear (HR; CI = 0.72; 0.44‐1.16). Sustained virologic response (SVR) attainment was a significant predictor of reduced mortality (HR; CI = 0.33; 0.23‐0.46), decompensation (HR; CI = 0.11; 0.05‐0.24), HCC occurrence (HR; CI = 0.31; 0.27‐0.37) and HCC recurrence (HR; CI = 0.32; 0.20‐0.51). Meta‐regression showed no evidence of effect modification by patient age, sex, presence of cirrhosis or length of follow‐up. In conclusion, our findings show protective effects of DAA treatment and DAA‐related SVR on CHC progression and mortality.
Low individual diet variation and high trophic niche overlap between the native polecat and invasive American mink
Authors: Zalewski A. , Szymura M. , Kowalczyk R. , Brzeziński M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductions of invasive species increase competitive interactions in a community proportionally to the similarity between the ecological niches of invasive and native species. Food represents one of the most important resources influencing competition, and differences in the trophic niche of native and invasive species can affect their ability to coexist. Moreover, in sympatric native and invasive species of similar body size and high sexual dimorphism, competition for food between individuals of the same sex may be higher than intraspecific competition between males and females, thus making the overall competitive interactions more complex. The aim of this study was to investigate the intraspecific and intrasexual competition for food resources between two sexually dimorphic mustelids, the native polecat Mustela putorius and invasive American mink Neovison vison, in riparian habitats of Białowieża Forest (Poland). Based on an analysis of 1215 scats, we studied the food habits of eight polecat and 24 mink individuals. The trophic niches of the polecat and mink were narrow and overlapped considerably. The diet of both predators was dominated by amphibians (mainly the common frog Rana temporaria), which comprised up to 94.1% and 89.7% of polecat and mink prey biomass, respectively. Individual diet variation was low within each sex group of both species. Interspecific similarities in body mass of the sexes and intraspecific differences in body mass between the sexes did not affect pairwise niche overlaps. However, we observed some mechanisms of food segregation between the sexes and species that reduced intra‐ and interspecies competition. Polecat males hunted more common toads Bufo bufo than polecat females, mink males and mink females. They also hunted larger frogs than polecat females, and the opposite pattern was recorded in mink. We conclude that two predator species exploiting abundant prey can coexist despite a very high overlap in their food niches.
Analysis of factors associated with discrepancies between predicted and observed liver weight in liver transplantation
Authors: Addeo Pietro , Naegel Benoit , Terrone Alfonso , Faitot François , Schaaf Caroline , Bachellier Philippe , Noblet Vincent 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundEven using predictive formulas based on anthropometrics in about 30% of subjects, liver weight (LW) cannot be predicted with a ≤20% margin of error. We aimed to identify factors associated with discrepancies between predicted and observed LW.MethodsIn 500 consecutive liver grafts, we tested LW predictive performance using 17 formulas based on anthropometric characteristics. Hashimoto's formula (961.3 × BSA_D‐404.8) was associated with the lowest mean absolute error and used to predict LW for the entire cohort. Clinical factors associated with a ≥20% margin of error were identified in a multivariable analysis after propensity score matching (PSM) of donors with similar anthropometric characteristics.ResultsThe total LW was underestimated with a ≥20% margin of error in 53/500 (10.6%) donors and overestimated in 62/500 (12%) donors. After PSM analysis, ages ≥ 65, (OR = 3.21; CI95% = 1.63‐6.31; P = .0007), age ≤ 30 years, (OR = 2.92; CI95% = 1.15‐7.40; P = .02), and elevated gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels (OR = 0.98; CI95% = 0.97‐0.99; P = .006), influenced the risk of LW overestimation. Age ≥ 65 years, (OR = 5.98; CI95% = 2.28‐15.6; P = .0002), intensive care unit (ICU) stay with ventilation > 7 days, (OR = 0.32; CI95% = 0.12‐0.85; P = .02) and waist circumference increase (OR = 1.02; CI95% = 1.00‐1.04; P = .04) were factors associated with LW underestimation.ConclusionsIncreased waist circumference, age, prolonged ICU stay with ventilation, elevated GGT were associated with an increase in the margin of error in LW prediction. These factors and anthropometric characteristics could help transplant surgeons during the donor–recipient matching process.
Petrology of the opaque assemblages in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites
Authors: Alpert Samuel P. , Ebel Denton S. , Weisberg Michael K. , Neiman Jeremy R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOpaque assemblages (OAs) are small (submillimeter) objects composed primarily of metals, sulfides, and oxides that exist in nearly all chondritic meteorite groups as discrete objects in the matrix or associated with chondrules. The size, morphology, and petrology of OAs vary greatly between different chondrite groups, with petrologic grade within a single group, and by their apparent textural setting. Two hypotheses may explain the formation of matrix OAs: (1) they were separated from chondrules via surface tension during heating events, or (2) they formed as free‐floating objects in the solar nebula; however, this is the first comprehensive study of the petrology of OAs in ordinary chondrites (OCs) as a group, which seeks to determine if one hypothesis is sufficient to explain all such objects. Here, we use a newly developed machine learning algorithm to show that all OAs from the least equilibrated OC, Semarkona (LL 3.01), are composed of kamacite, taenite, troilite, pentlandite, magnetite, and other minor phases. These OAs form two distinct groups based on their modal mineralogy: one group in and associated with chondrules, and the other group free‐floating in the matrix. Chondrule OAs exhibit a bimodal distribution between sulfide‐ and metal‐rich endmembers in agreement with previous findings. Matrix OAs cluster at roughly equal abundances of sulfides and metals and universally exhibit magnetite rims. The two populations of chondrule OAs cannot be combined to form the modal mineralogies observed in matrix OAs and some matrix OAs exhibit mineralogical layering consistent with fractional condensation. Both observations support the hypothesis that matrix OAs were not formed by expulsion from chondrules and instead formed as free‐floating objects in the solar nebula; however, chondrule OAs must have formed with their host chondrules during heating events.