bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood: Value and duties
Authors: Gheaus Anca 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn philosophy, there are two competitor views about the nature and value of childhood: The first is the traditional, deficiency, view, according to which children are mere unfinished adults. The second is a view that has recently become increasingly popular amongst philosophers, and according to which children, perhaps in virtue of their biological features, have special and valuable capacities, and, more generally, privileged access to some sources of value. This article provides a conceptual map of these views and their possible interpretations, and notes their bearing on issues of population ethics and on the duties that we are owed during childhood.
Efficacy of narrow band UVB with or without OMP in stabilization of vitiligo activity in skin photo‐types (III–V): A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, prospective, multicenter study
Authors: Esmat Samia M. , El‐Mofty Medhat , Rasheed H. , Mostafa Wedad Z. , Anbar Tag S. , Abdallah Marwa , Bassiouny Dalia , Abdel‐Halim Dalia , Hegazy Rehab , Eid Amira Abulfotooh , Nassar Ahmed , Abdel‐Aziz Rasha TA , Fawzy Marwa M. , Gawdat Heba I. , EL Hawary Marwa , Sany Iman , Shalaby Suzan , Ragab Nanis , Abdel‐Gaber Reham M. , Tawfik Yasmin M. , El‐Bassiouny Mahy , El‐Husseiny Rania , Attia Miriam Samir , Farid Carmen , Genedy Rasha Mahmoud , Mogawer Rania M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundNB‐UVB has long been the vitiligo management pillar with capability of achieving the main treatment outcomes; repigmentation and stabilization. Its stabilizing effect in dark skin has been debatable. However, randomized controlled trials regarding NB‐UVB ability to control disease activity are lacking.PurposeTo assess stabilizing effect of NB‐UVB in comparison to systemic corticosteroids, the mainstay in vitiligo stabilization, in skin photo‐types (III‐V).MethodsThis is a multicenter, placebo‐controlled, randomized, prospective study. Eighty patients with active nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV) (Vitiligo disease activity (VIDA) ≥2) were randomized to either NB‐UVB and placebo (NB‐placebo) or NB‐UVB and dexamethasone oral mini‐pulse (OMP) therapy (NB‐OMP) for 6 months. Sixty four patients completed the study, 34 in the NB‐OMP group and 30 in the NB‐placebo group. Patients were evaluated fortnightly according to presence or absence of symptoms/signs of activity.ResultsIn spite of earlier control of disease activity observed in the NB‐OMP group, it was comparable in both groups by the end of the study period. Disease activity prior to therapy, but not extent, was found to influence control of activity in both groups. Thus, NB‐UVB is a safe sole therapeutic tool in vitiligo management. Not only does it efficiently achieve repigmentation, but also it is a comparable stabilizing tool for systemic corticosteroids in spite of slightly delayed control.ConclusionNB‐UVB is the only well‐established vitiligo therapy that can be used solely whenever corticosteroids are contraindicated or immune‐suppression is unjustified. Nonetheless, its combination with corticosteroids expedites response and improves compliance.
Synergistic/antagonistic interactions between Neopseudocercosporella, Alternaria, Leptosphaeria, and Hyaloperonospora determine aggregate foliar disease severity in rapeseed
Authors: Murtza Tamsal , Pei You Ming , Barbetti Martin J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhite leaf spot (Neopseudocercosporella capsellae), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae), blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans), and downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora brassicae) commonly co‐occur on rapeseed (Brassica napus). In controlled environment studies, the synergistic/antagonistic interactions between these four pathogens were determined using two cultivars (Surpass 400, Thunder TT) with contrasting susceptibilities/resistances towards these pathogens. A spectrum of significant (p < 0.001) contrasting synergistic/antagonistic interactions between the four pathogens was observed and specific pathogen–pathogen interaction outcomes were determined by sequence of inoculation of different pathogens on each cultivar. On Thunder TT, Alternaria leaf spot was more severe (p < 0.001) when A. brassicae was applied prior to N. capsellae, but was reduced (p < 0.001) when A. brassicae was applied following N. capsellae. On Surpass 400, Alternaria leaf spot was enhanced (p < 0.001) when A. brassicae was applied following N. capsellae. For interactions involving H. brassicae on Thunder TT, downy mildew was reduced (p < 0.001) when co‐inoculated with N. capsellae, A. brassicae, or L. maculans, irrespective of co‐inoculating pathogen application sequence. This study highlights how disease severity of one or more co‐occurring pathogens is enhanced/decreased in the presence of other co‐occurring pathogens and emphasizes the importance of both pathogen inoculation sequence and relative host plant resistances/susceptibilities to different pathogens in together determining the total disease burden from these co‐occurring rapeseed diseases. Clearly, there is a need for rapeseed germplasm selection and breeding programmes to seriously consider the implications of co‐occurring pathogen complexes rather than solely relying upon single‐pathogen screening tests.
Identification of lncRNAs involved in maternal‐to‐zygotic transition of in vitro‐produced porcine embryos by single‐cell RNA‐seq
Authors: Yang Cai‐Xia , Liang Hao , Wu Zi‐Wei , Huo Li‐Jun , Du Zhi‐Qiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLong non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) function through multiple tiers of molecular circuits and are vital to gamete maturation and early embryo development. However, in pig early embryos, identification and expression dynamics of lncRNAs remain less studied. Here, we systematically analysed the expression dynamics of lncRNAs based on our previously published single‐cell RNA‐seq data from pig mature oocytes (GSE160334), and single blastomeres biopsied from pig in vitro fertilized (IVF) and early parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos (1‐ to 8‐cell stages; GSE164812). With the progression of embryo development, the total number of expressed lncRNAs gradually decreased and showed great variation at each developmental stage for both IVF and PA groups. Consecutive stage pairwise comparison of MII oocytes, 1‐cell zygotes, 2‐cell, 4‐cell and 8‐cell IVF embryos identified 151, 245, 1119 and 188 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, including 119, 80, 867, 77 up‐regulated and 32, 165, 252, 111 down‐regulated, while 289, 437, 895 and 495 DE lncRNAs (141, 89, 768, 97 up‐regulated and 148, 348, 127, 398 down‐regulated) were identified in PA embryos at the same stages. The DE lncRNAs identified within IVF embryos were much different from that identified within PA embryos, showing embryo type‐specific manner. Further cross‐comparison between PA and IVF embryos identified 184, 656, 2502 and 266 DE lncRNAs for the 1‐ to 8‐cell embryo stages, respectively. Further GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DE mRNAs targeted by DELs indicated that different signalling pathways were involved in maternal‐only and bi‐parental embryo development. Collectively, comparative profiling of lncRNA expression dynamics between pig IVF and PA embryos provides a valuable resource, to investigate further regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs associated with ZGA and maternal RNA decay during early embryo development.
Sisterhood and the law in Thomas Watson’s Antigone
Authors: Spinelli Elena 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on the portrayal of sisters Antigone and Ismene in Thomas Watson’s 1581 Latin translation of Antigone. In particular, I argue that Watson’s portrayal of Antigone is more complex than previously thought and that she is in fact acquitted to some degree. Indeed, the prefatory paratexts and Watson’s own legal commentary to the play (the Pomps and Themes) demonstrate that Watson’s aim in translating Antigone is likely to have been to produce a practice law‐case. In this case, Watson’s translation would illustrate an example of the need for the legal principle of equity, whereby a culprit could be granted mercy if the punishment in turn proved harmful to the community. Furthermore, the relationship between sisters Antigone and Ismene is inscribed within Watson’s legal interpretation of the play. In particular, I argue, their portrayal in the play as being simultaneously of one blood and yet of opposite views is reprised in Watson’s commentary as he raises both characters to represent different approaches to virtuous citizenship.
Measuring true stress–strain curves of cylindrical bar samples with mirror‐assisted multi‐view digital image correlation
Authors: Chen Bin , Pan Bing 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes to measure true stress–strain curves at the necking region of cylindrical bar samples by using an advanced mirror‐assisted multi‐view digital image correlation (MV–DIC) technique. The mirror‐assisted MV–DIC can measure the panoramic shape and deformation fields of a cylindrical bar sample with only a single two‐camera stereo‐DIC system and two planar mirrors. The measured panoramic shape enables accurate determination of the cross‐section area and radius of curvature at the necking region by using cylindrical or torus fitting. The retrieved cross‐section area and radius of curvature at the necking region further enable the measurement of the true stress–strain curves and even the Bridgman's correction of the true stress.
Spatial variation in soil properties and crop yield on stone bund terraces in southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Wolka Kebede , Biazin Birhanu , Martinsen Vegard , Mulder Jan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractErosion and associated soil degradation are major threats to cropland productivity on the steep slopes of the Ethiopian highlands. To limit erosion from cultivated land on sloping terrain, stone bunds for soil conservation have been used for decades, resulting in the formation of terraces. Although qualitatively well known, the difference in soil properties and crop performance between the upper and lower sections of the terraces (intra‐bund areas) has not been documented quantitatively. Here, we assess differences in soil properties of the plough layer and crop performance in the upper and lower sections of terraces in between stone bunds in southwest Ethiopia. A total of 27 terraces, with a length of 28.5–57 m and a distance of 6.5–14.7 m in between adjacent stone bunds, were sampled on six different farms during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. The difference in soil properties was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that, in the lower section of a terrace, the concentration of soil organic carbon (18.6 g kg−1), total soil nitrogen (2.1 g kg−1) and exchangeable potassium (328 mg kg−1) was significantly greater (p < .01) than in the upper section. Also, grain yield and biomass of maize, teff, broad bean and sorghum were significantly greater (p < .05) in the lower section. This was particularly true for maize for which the yield in 2018 increased from 0.7 t ha−1 in the upper sections to 2.6 t ha−1 in the lower sections. Optimizing crop yields on terraces requires adaptive fertilizer application and crop choice.
Probing the metabolism of γ‐glutamyl peptides in cyanobacteria via metabolite profiling and 13C labeling
Authors: Jaiswal Damini , Nenwani Minal , Mishra Vivek , Wangikar Pramod P. 
Published: November 2021

SUMMARYCyanobacteria are attractive model organisms for the study of photosynthesis and diurnal metabolism and as hosts for photoautotrophic production of chemicals. Exposure to bright light or environmental pollutants and a diurnal lifestyle of these prokaryotes may result in significant oxidative stress. Glutathione is a widely studied γ‐glutamyl peptide that plays a key role in managing oxidative stress and detoxification of xenobiotics in cyanobacteria. The functional role and biosynthesis pathways of this tripeptide have been studied in detail in various phyla, including cyanobacteria. However, other γ‐glutamyl peptides remain largely unexplored. We use an integrated approach to identify a number of γ‐glutamyl peptides based on signature mass fragments and mass shifts in them in 13C and 15N enriched metabolite extracts. The newly identified compounds include γ‐glutamyl dipeptides and derivatives of glutathione. Carbon backbones of the former turn over much faster than that of glutathione, suggesting that they follow a distinct biosynthesis pathway. Further, transients of isotopic 13C enrichment show positional labeling in these peptides, which allows us to delineate the alternative biosynthesis pathways. Importantly, the amino acid of γ‐glutamyl dipeptides shows much faster turnover compared to the glutamate moiety. The significant accumulation of γ‐glutamyl dipeptides under slow‐growth conditions combined with the results from dynamic 13C labeling suggests that these compounds may act as reservoirs of amino acids in cyanobacteria.
Preventing alloimmunization using a new model for matching extensively typed red blood cells
Authors: van de Weem Ronald H. G. , Wemelsfelder Merel L. , Luken Jessie S. , de Haas Masja , Niessen René W. L. M. , van der Schoot C. Ellen , Hoogeveen Han , Janssen Mart P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAlloimmunization is a well‐known adverse event associated with red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, caused by phenotype incompatibilities between donor and patient RBCs that may lead to haemolytic transfusion reactions on subsequent transfusions. Alloimmunization can be prevented by transfusing fully matched RBC units. Advances in RBC genotyping render the extensive typing of both donors and patients affordable in the foreseeable future. However, the exponential increase in the variety of extensively typed RBCs asks for a software‐driven selection to determine the ‘best product for a given patient’.Materials and MethodsWe propose the MINimize Relative Alloimmunization Risks (MINRAR) model for matching extensively typed RBC units to extensively typed patients to minimize the risk of alloimmunization. The key idea behind this model is to use antigen immunogenicity to represent the clinical implication of a mismatch. Using simulations of non‐elective transfusions in Caucasian donor and patient populations, the effect on the alloimmunization rate of the MINRAR model is compared with that of a baseline model that matches antigens A, B and RhD only.ResultsOur simulations show that with the MINRAR model, even for small inventories, the expected number of alloimmunizations can be reduced by 78.3% compared with a policy of only matching on antigens A, B and RhD. Furthermore, a reduction of 93.7% can be achieved when blood is issued from larger inventories.ConclusionDespite an exponential increase in phenotype variety, matching of extensively typed RBCs can be effectively implemented using our MINRAR model, effectuating a substantial reduction in alloimmunization risk without introducing additional outdating or shortages.
Web survey data on the use of the English language in the Japanese workplace
Authors: Terasawa Takunori 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study sought to determine the extent to which English has spread in Japanese society. It analyses large‐scale web panel‐based questionnaire survey data and estimates English use frequency using a bias correction method. The results show that for most types of English use investigated, the average frequencies were less than five times a year, the proportions of English users were less than 20%, and these frequencies varied according to the type of language use and workers’ attributes. These findings suggest that English use in Japan is limited to a small specific group of workers. Furthermore, the use of English productive skills was shown to be less than 10%, whereas the use of English receptive skills and other cross‐linguistic behaviours were more common. Based on these findings, this study discusses the scale of the spread of English in Japan from the perspective of English use frequency.
Optimization of the Installation Sequence for the Temporary Fasteners in the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Pogarskaia Tatiana , Lupuleac Sergey , Shinder Julia , Westphal Philipp 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Riveting and bolting are common assembly methods in aircraft production. The fasteners are installed immediately after hole drilling and fix the relative tangential displacements of the parts that took place. A proper fastener sequence installation is very important because a wrong one can lead to a “bubble-effect” when gap between parts after fastening becomes larger in some areas rather than being reduced. This circumstance affects the quality of the final assembly. For that reason, the efficient methods for determination of fastening sequence taking into account the specifics of the assembly process are needed. The problem is complicated by several aspects. First of all, it is a combinatorial problem with uncertain input data. Second, the assembly quality evaluation demands the time-consuming computations of the stress–strain state of the fastened parts caused by sequential installation of fasteners. Most commonly used strategies (heuristic methods and approximation algorithms) require a large number of computational iterations what dramatically complicates the problem. The paper presents the efficient methods of fastener sequence optimization based on greedy strategy and the specifics of the assembly process. Verification of the results by comparison to commonly used installation strategies shows its quality excellence.
Lithosphere–asthenosphere interactions beneath northeast China and the origin of its intraplate volcanism
Authors: Zhang Anqi , Guo Zhen , Afonso Juan Carlos , Handley Heather , Dai Hongkun , Yang Yingjie , Chen Y. John 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNortheast China hosts one of the largest Cenozoic intraplate volcanic regions in the world. However, the mechanisms that generate the volcanism, its spatial-temporal distribution, and compositional signatures remain highly debated due to the lack of high-resolution images of the mantle's thermochemical structure. We jointly inverted new surface-wave dispersion data, surface heat flow, geoid height, and elevation data to image the fine-scale thermal and compositional structures beneath northeast China and infer regions of partial melting in the mantle. Our model reveals a complex circulation pattern in the asthenosphere and a highly variable lithospheric structure. Combining predictions from our model with independent geochemical data from recent basaltic volcanism, we demonstrate that the generation, location, and composition of intraplate volcanism in this region are controlled by the interaction between shallow asthenospheric circulation and lithospheric thickness. The modeling approach and correlations between basaltic composition and mantle state identified in our study are globally applicable to assessing mantle conditions over time in other continental regions.
The ubiquitous creeping segments on oceanic transform faults
Authors: Shi Pengcheng , Wei Meng (Matt) , Pockalny Robert A. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTOceanic transform faults are a significant component of the global plate boundary system and are well known for generating fewer and smaller earthquakes than expected. Detailed studies at a handful of sites support the hypothesis that an abundance of creeping segments is responsible for most of the observed deficiency of earthquakes on those faults. We test this hypothesis on a global scale. We relocate Mw ≥5 earthquakes on 138 oceanic transform faults around the world and identify creeping segments on these faults. We demonstrate that creeping segments occur on almost all oceanic transform faults, which could explain their deficiency of earthquakes. We also find that most of the creeping segments are not associated with any large-scale geological structure such as a fault step-over, indicating that along-strike variation of fault zone properties may be the main reason for their existence.
Detrital zircon geothermochronology reveals pre-Alleghanian exhumation of regional Mississippian sediment sources in the southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province
Authors: McKay Matthew , Jackson William T. , Spurgeon Derek , Ionescu Adelie , Shaulis Barry 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Black Warrior foreland basin records sedimentation associated with the development of intersecting Ouachita and Alleghanian thrust belts along the southern margin of Laurentia. Mississippian–Pennsylvanian units in the Black Warrior basin are interpreted to be sourced from either the northern Appalachians and mid-continent or more regionally from the southern Appalachians or nearby Ouachita thrust belt. We present detrital zircon U-Pb ages and Th/U values from Paleozoic units that indicate zircon from the Mississippian Hartselle Sandstone are temporally and chemically compatible with being sourced from the southern Appalachians. Zircon mixing models suggest sediment was primarily recycled from Cambrian, Ordovician, and Devonian strata in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, with minor influx from Piedmont units. A ca. 415 Ma zircon population requires additional input from the Maya Block of the Yucatan Peninsula or similar outboard terranes. We present zircon (U-Th)/He analysis and thermal history modeling of Paleozoic units, which detail pre-Alleghanian exhumation in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge. Both the Cambrian Chilhowee Group and Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation exhibit (U-Th)/He dates ranging from 507 to 263 Ma with a Mississippian subset (353–329 Ma, n = 4), which indicates rapid cooling and inferred exhumation during Late Devonian–Early Mississippian Neoacadian tectonism. We propose a Mississippian drainage system that transported material along southern Appalachian structural fabrics to the juncture between Appalachian and Ouachita thrust belts followed by a sediment-routing rotation toward the Black Warrior foreland. This interpretation honors chemical-age zircon data, accounts for metamorphic grains in thin section petrography, and matches Mississippian–Pennsylvanian Black Warrior foreland lithostratigraphic relationships.
Larvae of Rhizocephalans with a Kentrogonid Type of Development and their Significance in the Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Parasitic Crustaceans
Authors: Korn O. M. , Golubinskaya D. D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis review is devoted to the pelagic larvae of rhizocephalan crustaceans with a kentrogonid type of development (Thecostraca: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). These barnacles have undergone such a significant reduction of adult stages connected with the parasitic lifestyle that only the presence of a nauplius larva in their development indicates that this unique group belongs to crustaceans. The main attention is paid to the morphological characters of the larvae that can be used in the taxonomy and phylogeny of Rhizocephala. The differences between the larvae of peltogastrid and sacculinid types are discussed. The sexual dimorphism of cyprids associated with different functions of male and female larvae is analyzed.