bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract PO-007: Deep learning-based computational pathology predicts origins for cancers of unknown primary
Authors: Lu Ming Yang , Chen Tiffany Y. , Williamson Drew D.W. , Zhao Melissa , Shady Maha , Lipkova Jana , Mahmood Faisal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is an enigmatic group of diagnoses where the primary anatomical site of tumor origin is undetermined. This poses a significant challenge to effective patient care as modern therapeutics are often specific to the primary tumor. Patients with a CUP diagnosis routinely undergo an extensive diagnostic work-up to determine the primary origin, which is resource-intensive, might significantly delay the administration of suitable treatment, and is not always successful. While previous works have demonstrated the feasibility of predicting the primary origin based on molecular information, we present a deep learning-based algorithm that can provide a differential diagnosis for CUP using routine histology slides. We used 22,833 gigapixel whole slide images with known primaries spread over 18 common origins to train a multi-task deep model to identify the tumor as primary or metastatic and predict its site of origin. We tested our model on a set of 6,499 cases with known primaries and achieved a top-1 accuracy of 0.83, a top-3 accuracy of 0.96 while on our external set of 682 cases from 202 different hospitals, it achieved a top-1 and top-3 accuracy of 0.80 and 0.93 respectively. Additionally, on 316 CUP cases assigned a differential diagnosis, our predictions resulted in concordance for 61% of cases (κ=0.52) and a top-3 agreement of 82%. Our approach can potentially be used as an assistive tool for pathologists and reduce the number of diagnostic IHCs required and improve the quality of diagnosis particularly in low-resource settings where pathology expertise is limited, and genomic testing may not be available.
Citation Format: Ming Yang Lu, Tiffany Y. Chen, Drew D.W. Williamson, Melissa Zhao, Maha Shady, Jana Lipkova, Faisal Mahmood. Deep learning-based computational pathology predicts origins for cancers of unknown primary [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Diagnosis, and Imaging; 2021 Jan 13-14. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(5_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-007.
Health and Care of an Ageing Population: Alignment of Health and Social Systems to Address the Need
Authors: Thinley Sangay 
Published: March 2021

Population ageing is both an achievement and challenge, an achievement as longevity is the result of successful prevention and control of diseases, decreasing fertility rates and overall socio-economic development. It is at the same time a challenge as the increasing number of older people and the resultant demographic shift are accompanied by the need to adjust and scale up the social and health care systems. The challenges are of particular relevance to the developing world where the demographic shift is occurring much faster. Comprehensive efforts based on country contexts are required in the following areas: (a) older persons and development, (b) health and well-being and (c) enabling and supportive environments to address population ageing needs. This article, however, focuses only on three most crucial issues, that is, livelihood, health care systems and care of the older dependent people. Measures to sustain the livelihood of older people, to align the health systems to provide care and to develop long-term care systems are highlighted. Person-centred care, integration and functional capacity are advocated. Further, ageing in place or living in one’s own home, community or a place with the closest fit with the person’s needs and preferences is considered very important for healthy ageing. In terms of enhancing livelihood, major policy changes and reforms to improve the social security systems and expanding coverage as well as increasing the amounts to minimum subsistence levels are highlighted. Another area which needs to be strengthened is the tradition of existing family support systems. The health systems alignment required are reflected for each health system building block, and focuses mainly on (a) developing and ensuring access to services that provide older-person-centred care; (b) shifting the clinical focus from disease to intrinsic capacity; and (c) developing or reorienting the health workforce to provide care as per alignment. Long-term care systems would best meet the needs of dependent older people if families, communities, civil society organisations and private sector are equally involved while governments play leadership roles in setting up and monitoring quality.
Mn-bearing purplish-red tourmaline from the Anjanabonoina pegmatite, Madagascar
Authors: Bosi Ferdinando , Celata Beatrice , Skogby Henrik , Hålenius Ulf , Tempesta Gioacchino , Ciriotti Marco E. , Bittarello Erica , Marengo Alessandra 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA gem-quality purplish-red tourmaline sample of alleged liddicoatitic composition from the Anjanabonoina pegmatite, Madagascar, has been fully characterised using a multi-analytical approach to define its crystal-chemical identity. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, chemical and spectroscopic analysis resulted in the formula: X(Na0.41□0.35Ca0.24)Σ1.00Y(Al1.81Li1.00Fe3+0.04Mn3+0.02Mn2+0.12Ti0.004)Σ3.00ZAl6 [T(Si5.60B0.40)Σ6.00O18] (BO3)3 (OH)3W[(OH)0.50F0.13O0.37]Σ1.00 which corresponds to the tourmaline species elbaite having the typical space group R3m and relatively small unit-cell dimensions, a = 15.7935(4) Å, c = 7.0860(2) Å and V = 7.0860(2) Å3.Optical absorption spectroscopy showed that the purplish-red colour is caused by minor amounts of Mn3+ (Mn2O3 = 0.20 wt.%). Thermal treatment in air up to 750°C strongly intensified the colour of the sample due to the oxidation of all Mn2+ to Mn3+ (Mn2O3 up to 1.21 wt.%). Based on infrared and Raman data, a crystal-chemical model regarding the electrostatic interaction between the X cation and W anion, and involving the Y cations as well, is proposed to explain the absence or rarity of the mineral species ‘liddicoatite’.
Reliability and validity of the Patient Benefit Assessment Scale for Hospitalised Older Patients (P-BAS HOP)
Authors: van der Kluit Maria Johanna , Dijkstra Geke J. , de Rooij Sophia E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
The Patient Benefit Assessment Scale for Hospitalised Older Patients (P-BAS HOP) is a tool which is capable of both identifying the priorities of the individual patient and measuring the outcomes relevant to him/her, resulting in a Patient Benefit Index (PBI) with range 0–3, indicating how much benefit the patient had experienced from the admission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability, validity, responsiveness and interpretability of the P-BAS HOP.

Methods
A longitudinal study among hospitalised older patients with a baseline interview during hospitalisation and a follow-up by telephone 3 months after discharge. Test-retest reliability of the baseline and follow-up questionnaire were tested. Percentage of agreement, Cohen’s kappa with quadratic weighting and maximum attainable kappa were calculated per item. The PBI was calculated for both test and retest of baseline and follow-up and compared with Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Construct validity was tested by evaluating pre-defined hypotheses comparing the priority of goals with experienced symptoms or limitations at admission and the achievement of goals with progression or deterioration of other constructs. Responsiveness was evaluated by correlating the PBI with the anchor question ‘How much did you benefit from the admission?’. This question was also used to evaluate the interpretability of the PBI with the visual anchor-based minimal important change distribution method.

Results
Reliability was tested with 53 participants at baseline and 72 at follow-up. Mean weighted kappa of the baseline items was 0.38. ICC between PBI of the test and retest was 0.77.
Mean weighted kappa of the follow-up items was 0.51. ICC between PBI of the test and retest was 0.62.
For the construct validity, tested in 451 participants, all baseline hypotheses were confirmed. From the follow-up hypotheses, tested in 344 participants, five of seven were confirmed.
The Spearman’s correlation coefficient between the PBI and the anchor question was 0.51.
The optimal cut-off point was 0.7 for ‘no important benefit’ and 1.4 points for ‘important benefit’ on the PBI.

Conclusions
Although the concept seems promising, the reliability and validity of the P-BAS HOP appeared to be not yet satisfactory. We therefore recommend adapting the P-BAS HOP.
Construction of the optimization prognostic model based on differentially expressed immune genes of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhai Yang , Zhao Bin , Wang Yuzhen , Li Lina , Li Jingjin , Li Xu , Chang Linhan , Chen Qian , Liao Zijun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common pathology subtype of lung cancer. In recent years, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapeutics conferred a certain curative effects. However, the effect and prognosis of LUAD patients are different, and the efficacy of existing LUAD risk prediction models is unsatisfactory.

Methods
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) LUAD dataset was downloaded. The differentially expressed immune genes (DEIGs) were analyzed with edgeR and DESeq2. The prognostic DEIGs were identified by COX regression. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was inferred by STRING using prognostic DEIGs with p value< 0.05. The prognostic model based on DEIGs was established using Lasso regression. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of FERMT2, FKBP3, SMAD9, GATA2, and ITIH4 in 30 cases of LUAD tissues.

Results
In total,1654 DEIGs were identified, of which 436 genes were prognostic. Gene functional enrichment analysis indicated that the DEIGs were involved in inflammatory pathways. We constructed 4 models using DEIGs. Finally, model 4, which was constructed using the 436 DEIGs performed the best in prognostic predictions, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was 0.824 for 3 years, 0.838 for 5 years, 0.834 for 10 years. High levels of FERMT2, FKBP3 and low levels of SMAD9, GATA2, ITIH4 expression are related to the poor overall survival in LUAD (p < 0.05). The prognostic model based on DEIGs reflected infiltration by immune cells.

Conclusions
In our study, we built an optimal prognostic signature for LUAD using DEIGs and verified the expression of selected genes in LUAD. Our result suggests immune signature can be harnessed to obtain prognostic insights.
Reduced level of physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic is associated with depression and anxiety levels: an internet-based survey
Authors: Puccinelli Paulo José , da Costa Taline Santos , Seffrin Aldo , de Lira Claudio Andre Barbosa , Vancini Rodrigo Luiz , Nikolaidis Pantelis T. , Knechtle Beat , Rosemann Thomas , Hill Lee , Andrade Marilia Santos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a strong negative impact on economic and social life worldwide. It has also negatively influenced people’s general health and quality of life.The aim of the present study was to study the impact of social distancing on physical activity level, and the association between mood state (depression and anxiety level) or sex with actual physical activity levels, the change in physical activity caused by social distancing period, the adhesion level to social distancing, the adoption time of social distancing, family income and age.MethodsA self-administered questionnaire with personal, quarantine, physical activity, and mood state disorders information’s was answered by 2140 Brazilians of both sex who were recruited through online advertising.ResultsThe physical activity level adopted during the period of social distancing (2.9 ± 1.1) was lower than that adopted prior to the pandemic period (3.5 ± 0.8,p < 0.001). Thirty percent of the participants presented symptoms of moderate/severe depression and 23.3% displayed moderate/severe anxiety symptoms. A greater presence of symptoms related to anxiety and depression were associated with low physical activity levels, low family monthly income, and younger age. A higher percentage of men who had no mood disorders was observed among those who were very active than among those less active.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on physical activity. Those who reduced their level of physical activity had the highest levels of mood disorders. Therefore, physical activity programs should be encouraged, while respecting the necessary social distancing to prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.
Optimizing antiviral treatment for seasonal influenza in the USA: a mathematical modeling analysis
Authors: Yechezkel Matan , Ndeffo Mbah Martial L. , Yamin Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Seasonal influenza remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. Despite the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendation promoting the early antiviral treatment of high-risk patients, treatment coverage remains low.

Methods
To evaluate the population-level impact of increasing antiviral treatment timeliness and coverage among high-risk patients in the USA, we developed an influenza transmission model that incorporates data on infectious viral load, social contact, and healthcare-seeking behavior. We modeled the reduction in transmissibility in treated individuals based on their reduced daily viral load. The reduction in hospitalizations following treatment was based on estimates from clinical trials. We calibrated the model to weekly influenza data from Texas, California, Connecticut, and Virginia between 2014 and 2019. We considered in the baseline scenario that 2.7–4.8% are treated within 48 h of symptom onset while an additional 7.3–12.8% are treated after 48 h of symptom onset. We evaluated the impact of improving the timeliness and uptake of antiviral treatment on influenza cases and hospitalizations.

Results
Model projections suggest that treating high-risk individuals as early as 48 h after symptom onset while maintaining the current treatment coverage level would avert 2.9–4.5% of all symptomatic cases and 5.5–7.1% of all hospitalizations. Geographic variability in the effectiveness of earlier treatment arises primarily from variabilities in vaccination coverage and population demographics. Regardless of these variabilities, we found that when 20% of the high-risk individuals were treated within 48 h, the reduction in hospitalizations doubled. We found that treatment of the elderly population (> 65 years old) had the highest impact on reducing hospitalizations, whereas treating high-risk individuals aged 5–19 years old had the highest impact on reducing transmission. Furthermore, the population-level benefit per treated individual is enhanced under conditions of high vaccination coverage and a low attack rate during an influenza season.

Conclusions
Increased timeliness and coverage of antiviral treatment among high-risk patients have the potential to substantially reduce the burden of seasonal influenza in the USA, regardless of influenza vaccination coverage and the severity of the influenza season.
Responsiveness and interpretability of commonly used outcome assessments of mobility capacity in older hospital patients with cognitive spectrum disorders
Authors: Braun Tobias , Thiel Christian , Schulz Ralf-Joachim , Grüneberg Christian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
In older hospital patients with cognitive spectrum disorders (CSD), mobility should be monitored frequently with standardised and psychometrically sound measurement instruments. This study aimed to examine the responsiveness, minimal important change (MIC), floor effects and ceiling effects of commonly used outcome assessments of mobility capacity in older patients with dementia, delirium or other cognitive impairment.

Methods
In a cross-sectional study that included acute older hospital patients with CSD (study period: 02/2015–12/2015), the following mobility assessments were applied: de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI), Hierarchical Assessment of Balance and Mobility (HABAM), Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment, Short Physical Performance Battery, 4-m gait speed test, 5-times chair rise test, 2-min walk test, Timed Up and Go test, Barthel Index mobility subscale, and Functional Ambulation Categories. These assessments were administered shorty after hospital admission (baseline) and repeated prior to discharge (follow-up). Global rating of mobility change scales and a clinical anchor of functional ambulation were used as external criteria to determine the area under the curve (AUC). Construct- and anchor-based approaches determined responsiveness. MIC values for each instrument were established from different anchor- and distribution-based approaches.

Results
Of the 63 participants (age range: 69–94 years) completing follow-up assessments with mild (Mini Mental State Examination: 19–24 points; 67%) and moderate (10–18 points; 33%) cognitive impairment, 25% were diagnosed with dementia alone, 13% with delirium alone, 11% with delirium superimposed on dementia and 51% with another cognitive impairment. The follow-up assessment was performed 10.8 ± 2.5 (range: 7–17) days on average after the baseline assessment. The DEMMI was the most responsive mobility assessment (all AUC > 0.7). For the other instruments, the data provided conflicting evidence of responsiveness, or evidence of no responsiveness. MIC values for each instrument varied depending on the method used for calculation. The DEMMI and HABAM were the only instruments without floor or ceiling effects.

Conclusions
Most outcome assessments of mobility capacity seem insufficiently responsive to change in older hospital patients with CSD. The significant floor effects of most instruments further limit the monitoring of mobility alterations over time in this population. The DEMMI was the only instrument that was able to distinguish clinically important changes from measurement error.

Trial registration

German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00005591). Registered February 2, 2015.
It’s a woman’s thing: gender roles sustaining the practice of female genital mutilation among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana
Authors: Akweongo Patricia , Jackson Elizabeth F. , Appiah-Yeboah Shirley , Sakeah Evelyn , Phillips James F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM/C) in traditional African societies is grounded in traditions of patriarchy that subjugate women. It is widely assumed that approaches to eradicating the practice must therefore focus on women’s empowerment and changing gender roles.

Methods
This paper presents findings from a qualitative study of the FGM/C beliefs and opinions of men and women in Kassena-Nankana District of northern Ghana. Data are analyzed from 22 focus group panels of young women, young men, reproductive age women, and male social leaders.

Results
The social systemic influences on FGM/C decision-making are complex. Men represent exogenous sources of social influence on FGM/C decisions through their gender roles in the patriarchal system. As such, their FGM/C decision influence is more prominent for uncircumcised brides at the time of marriage than for FGM/C decisions concerning unmarried adolescents. Women in extended family compounds are relatively prominent as immediate sources of influence on FGM/C decision-making for both brides and adolescents. Circumcised women are the main source of social support for the practice, which they exercise through peer pressure in concert with co-wives. Junior wives entering a polygynous marriage or a large extended family are particularly vulnerable to this pressure. Men are less influential and more open to suggestions of eliminating the practice of FGM/C than women.

Conclusion
Findings attest to the need for social research on ways to involve men in the promotion of FGM/C abandonment, building on their apparent openness to social change. Investigation is also needed on ways to marshal women’s social networks for offsetting their extended family familial roles in sustaining FGM/C practices.
Asymptotic behavior of Clifford-valued dynamic systems with D-operator on time scales
Authors: Aouiti Chaouki , Ben Gharbia Imen , Cao Jinde , Li Xiaodi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a general class of Clifford-valued neutral high-order neural network (HNN) withD-operator on time scales is investigated. In this model, time-varying delays and continuously distributed delays are taken into account. As an extension of the real-valued neural network, the Clifford-valued neural network, which includes a familiar complex-valued neural network and a quaternion-valued neural network as special cases, has been an active research field recently. By utilizing this novel method, which incorporates the differential inequality techniques and the fixed point theorem and time-scale theory of computation, we derive a few sufficient conditions to ensure the existence, uniqueness, and exponential stability of the pseudo almost periodic () solution of the considered model. The results in this paper are new, even if time scale$\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{R}$T=Ror$\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{Z}$T=Z, and complementary to the previously existing works. Furthermore, an example and its numerical simulations are included to demonstrate the validity and advantage of the obtained results.
Solving nonlinear third-order three-point boundary value problems by boundary shape functions methods
Authors: Lin Ji , Zhang Yuhui , Liu Chein-Shan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor nonlinear third-order three-point boundary value problems (BVPs), we develop two algorithms to find solutions, which automatically satisfy the specified three-point boundary conditions. We construct a boundary shape function (BSF), which is designed to automatically satisfy the boundary conditions and can be employed to develop new algorithms by assigning two different roles of free function in the BSF. In the first algorithm, we let the free functions be complete functions and the BSFs be the new bases of the solution, which not only satisfy the boundary conditions automatically, but also can be used to find solution by a collocation technique. In the second algorithm, we let the BSF be the solution of the BVP and the free function be another new variable, such that we can transform the BVP to a corresponding initial value problem for the new variable, whose initial conditions are given arbitrarily and terminal values are determined by iterations; hence, we can quickly find very accurate solution of nonlinear third-order three-point BVP through a few iterations. Numerical examples confirm the performance of the new algorithms.