bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude, and utilization of drugs toward COVID-19 pandemic among Bale Zone residents, Southeast Ethiopia
Authors: Mamo Ayele , Hassen Mesud M , Adem Ahmednur , Teferu Zinash , Kumbi Musa , Husen Abduljewad , Solomon Damtew , Lette Abate , Hailu Sintayew , Sinba Edao , Abduletif Abdushakur M , Kassim Jeylan , Walle Gashaw , Atlaw Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Background: Coronavirus disease is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which poses therapeutic dilemmas. Some suggestions for drug treatment seem problematic. Beliefs about the causes of health problems are determinants of treatment seeking decisions. Hence, one of the alternatives for the solution of health problems is employing traditional medicine to prevent coronavirus disease 19. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and utilization of drugs toward the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic among Bale zone residents. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the Bale Zone population from May 30 to June 30, 2020. Eight hundred fifty-four participants were selected using a single population formula, and a multistage sampling technique was employed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive and binary logistic regression was used to analyze the outcomes. A p value ⩽ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the total 854 respondents, about 534 (62.5%) got information about coronavirus disease 19 from TV/radio. More than two-thirds (71.9%) of the respondents have known that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has no curative drugs, and 65.4% had a more appropriate attitude toward overall drug use in coronavirus disease 19. Level of education and, attitude towards drug use were singnificantly associated with knowledge of drugs, source of information about coronavirus disease 19 and having good practice were significantly associated with atittude toward drug utilization. Conclusion: One out of two study participants have good knowledge regarding drugs to the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic. Illiterate people in the community were identified to have poor knowledge about drugs, hence community educuation program is important to improve the knowledge about drugs towards the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic.
Management of severe baclofen toxicosis using hemodialysis in conjunction with mechanical ventilation in a cat with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Hoffman Levi , Londoño Leonel A , Martinez Jenifer 
Published: July 2021

Case summary A 2-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of acute and progressive neurologic signs 2–4 h after exposure to baclofen. The suspected ingested dose was 2.1 mg/kg. On admission, the cat was tetraplegic with stuporous mentation, and venous blood gas analysis showed mild hypercapnia (PvCO2 43.4 mmHg) raising concern for hypoventilation. Owing to the acute nature of the ingestion, severity of the clinical signs and reported history of chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis was recommended to remove the toxin. A 5 h hemodialysis session was performed using an intermittent platform without hemoperfusion. At the beginning of hemodialysis, worsening hypoventilation and hypercapnia (PvCO2 88.6 mmHg) required endotracheal intubation and manual ventilation initially, followed by mechanical ventilation. At the end of the dialysis session, the cat was breathing spontaneously and disconnected from the ventilator. The cat was ambulatory and alert 1 h after the end of dialysis. After an additional 12 h of monitoring, the cat had full return of neurologic function and was discharged from hospital. Serum baclofen concentration measured prior to, during and after hemodialysis showed a 77.7% reduction in baclofen levels immediately after hemodialysis. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of baclofen toxicity in a cat successfully treated with hemodialysis and mechanical ventilation simultaneously. Treatment with hemodialysis therapy and mechanical ventilation could be considered in cases of acute baclofen toxicosis to improve outcome and reduce the length of the hospital stay.
Looking at Law School Rankings in India Through the Lens of Democratic Ideals
Authors: Hardikar Swarna 
Published: July 2021

Legal education in India has undergone phenomenal changes in the past few years. Gone are the days when certain established universities had a monopoly over legal education, and when interest in professional legal education was surpassed by the likes of science, technology and medicine, which are essential for the industrial and social development of any country. Lawyers, characterized as social engineers, are equipped with the vision for social change, which is essential in a developing country like India. Lawyers understand the present and have a vision for the future. Social change can be brought about by change in law, which reflects the direction in which the country is progressing. Ranking systems portraying democratic and constitutional ethos will encourage law schools and related authorities to change; accordingly, that is when they will become equipped to bring about relevant social change. Hence, it only seems pertinent to analyse the ranking systems in accordance with the democratic ideals and ethos enshrined in the Constitution, including the Preamble, which is where we find the mention of justice, equality, liberty and fraternity, the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy, where we find the mention of the rule of law, social welfare and the values propounded by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the international convention on human rights. This will provide a better perspective for judging the quality of law schools and the law students, which will be essential in understanding the changes which need to be made to the current teaching and learning pedagogy. Students will be more equipped to deal with the challenges posed by the legal profession after graduation and will become harbingers of justice.
Older and Wiser? The Need to Reexamine the Impact of Health Professionals Age and Experience on Competency-Based Practices
Authors: Xu Jing , Hicks-Roof Kristen , Bailey Chloe E. , Hamadi Hanadi Y. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction Delivery of healthcare services makes up a complex system and it requires providers to be competent and to be able to integrate each of the institute of medicine’s (IOM) 5 core competencies into practice. However, healthcare providers are challenged with the task to be able to understand and apply the IOM core competencies into practice. Objective The purpose of the study was to examine the factors that influence health professional’s likelihood of accomplishing the IOM core competencies. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to administer a validated online survey to health providers. This survey was distributed to physicians, nursing professionals, specialists, and allied healthcare professionals. The final sample included 3,940 participants who completed the survey. Results The study findings show that younger health professionals more consistently practice daily competencies than their older counterparts, especially in the use of evidence-based practice, informatics, and working in interdisciplinary teams. Less experienced health professionals more consistently applied quality improvement methods but less consistently used evidence-based practice compared to their more experienced counterparts. Conclusion There is a need to understand how health professionals’ age and experience impact their engagement with IOM’s core competencies. This study highlights the need for educational resources on the competencies to be tailored to health providers’ age and experience.
Intravitreal Injection Therapy: Current Techniques and Supplemental Services
Authors: Lam Linda A. , Mehta Sonia , Lad Eleonora M. , Emerson Geoffrey G. , Jumper J. Michael , Awh Carl C. ,   for the Task Force on Intravitreal Injection Supplemental Services
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Intravitreal injection is the most frequently performed eye procedure in the world and is an essential component in the management of sight-threating retinal diseases and conditions. Given the seriousness and range of diseases treated and the risks of the procedure, retina specialists must weigh the pros and cons of each individual treatment. Complexities guiding injection treatment are multifaceted and involve patient-history review, careful examination, diagnostic testing selection and interpretation, customized medical decision-making, and follow-up considerations. Methods: This article by the Intravitreal Injection Task Force Committee of the American Society of Retina Specialists documents the intricacies and necessary components of the intravitreal injection procedure. Results: By expert consensus, the task force further recommends ancillary services and decision-making that may accompany intravitreal injection visits, when appropriate, to monitor response to treatment, adjust treatment, and manage additional considerations in the same or fellow eye. Conclusions: Retina specialists can optimize safety and therapeutic outcomes with individualized consideration and customization of intravitreal injection treatment for each patient.
Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and incidence of obstructive sleep apnoea in three prospective US cohorts
Authors: Liu Yue , Yang Lin , Stampfer Meir J. , Redline Susan , Tworoger Shelley S. , Huang Tianyi 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundReduced physical activity and increased sedentary behaviour may independently contribute to the development of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) through increased adiposity, inflammation, insulin resistance and body fluid retention. However, epidemiological evidence remains sparse and is primarily limited to cross-sectional studies.MethodsWe prospectively followed 50 332 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (2002–2012), 68 265 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1995–2013) and 19 320 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1996–2012). Recreational physical activity (quantified by metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-h per week) and sitting time spent watching TV and at work/away from home were assessed by questionnaires every 2–4 years. Physician-diagnosed OSA was identified by validated self-report. Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals for OSA incidence associated with physical activity and sedentary behaviour.ResultsDuring 2 004 663 person-years of follow-up, we documented 8733 incident OSA cases. After adjusting for potential confounders, the pooled HR for OSA comparing participants with ≥36.0versus<6.0 MET-h per week of physical activity was 0.46 (95% CI 0.43–0.50; ptrend<0.001). Compared with participants spending <4.0 h per week sitting watching TV, the multivariable-adjusted HR was 1.78 (95% CI 1.60–1.98) for participants spending ≥28.0 h per week (ptrend<0.001). The comparable HR was 1.49 (95% CI 1.38–1.62) for sitting hours at work/away from home (ptrend<0.001). With additional adjustment for several metabolic factors, including body mass index and waist circumference, the associations with physical activity and sitting hours at work/away from home were attenuated but remained significant (ptrend<0.001), whereas the association with sitting hours watching TV was no longer statistically significant (ptrend=0.18).ConclusionsHigher levels of physical activity and fewer sedentary hours were associated with lower OSA incidence. The potential mediating role of metabolic factors in the association between sedentary behaviour and OSA incidence may depend on the type of sedentary behaviour. Our results suggest that promoting an active lifestyle may reduce OSA incidence.
Serum levels of small HDL particles are negatively correlated with death or lung transplantation in an observational study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Barochia Amisha V. , Kaler Maryann , Weir Nargues , Gordon Elizabeth M. , Figueroa Debbie M. , Yao Xianglan , Lemma WoldeHanna Merte , Sampson Maureen , Remaley Alan T. , Grant Geraldine , Barnett Scott D. , Nathan Steven D. , Levine Stewart J. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundSerum lipoproteins, such as high-density lipoproteins (HDL), may influence disease severity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Here, we investigated associations between serum lipids and lipoproteins and clinical end-points in IPF.MethodsClinical data and serum lipids were analysed from a discovery cohort (59 IPF subjects, 56 healthy volunteers) and validated using an independent, multicentre cohort (207 IPF subjects) from the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation registry. Associations between lipids and clinical end-points (forced vital capacity, 6-min walk distance, gender age physiology (GAP) index, death or lung transplantation) were examined using Pearson's correlation and multivariable analyses.ResultsSerum concentrations of small HDL particles measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (S-HDLPNMR) correlated negatively with the GAP index in the discovery cohort of IPF subjects. The negative correlation of S-HDLPNMRwith GAP index was confirmed in the validation cohort of IPF subjects. Higher levels of S-HDLPNMRwere associated with lower odds of death or its competing outcome, lung transplantation (OR 0.9 for each 1-μmol·L−1increase in S-HDLPNMR, p<0.05), at 1, 2 and 3 years from study entry in a combined cohort of all IPF subjects.ConclusionsHigher serum levels of S-HDLPNMRare negatively correlated with the GAP index, as well as with lower observed mortality or lung transplantation in IPF subjects. These findings support the hypothesis that S-HDLPNMRmay modify mortality risk in patients with IPF.
Pulmonary disease as a risk factor for transfusion-related acute lung injury
Authors: Yokoyama Akira , Sakamoto Yukiyo , Jo Taisuke , Urushiyama Hirokazu , Tamiya Hiroyuki , Tanaka Goh , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yasunaga Hideo , Nagase Takahide 
Published: July 2021

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a severe condition characterised by noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema that develops within 6 h of blood transfusion. Patient factors and blood products have both been implicated in the development of TRALI; however, the role of pulmonary disease has not been investigated. We aimed to determine whether pulmonary disease is a risk factor for TRALI.We conducted a nested case-control study using data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a nationwide inpatient database in Japan, between July 2010 and March 2015. Case patients who developed TRALI were 1:4-matched with control patients for sex, age and same hospital for receipt of blood transfusion. We conducted a multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis to evaluate the associations of TRALI with various factors including comorbidities, body mass index (BMI) and plasma-containing blood products.We identified 2 019 501 hospitalised patients who received a blood transfusion. Among these patients, 72 developed TRALI. The 72 case patients had higher proportions of haematological malignancy, trauma and interstitial lung disease (ILD) than the 288 matched control patients. The multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis showed that occurrence of TRALI was associated with ILD (odds ratio, 3.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–13.6), BMI ≥25.0 kg·m−2(2.10; 1.05–4.24) and plasma-containing blood products (1.94; 1.10–3.42), but not with infectious lung disease or obstructive airway disease.In conclusion, ILD was an independent risk factor for the development of TRALI. Physicians should be aware of the increased risk of TRALI in patients with ILD.
Changes in pulmonary function and patient-reported outcomes during COVID-19 recovery: a longitudinal, prospective cohort study
Authors: Shah Aditi S. , Ryu Min Hyung , Hague Cameron J. , Murphy Darra T. , Johnston James C. , Ryerson Christopher J. , Carlsten Christopher , Wong Alyson W. 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare respiratory and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between 3 and 6 months after symptom onset and to identify features that predict these changes.MethodsThis was a consecutive prospective cohort of 73 patients who were hospitalised with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We evaluated the changes in pulmonary function tests and PROMs between 3 and 6 months and then investigated the associations between outcomes (change in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), dyspnoea and quality of life (QoL)) and clinical and radiological features.ResultsThere was improvement in forced vital capacity, total lung capacity andDLCObetween 3 and 6 months by 3.25%, 3.82% and 5.69%, respectively; however, there was no difference in PROMs. Reticulation and total computed tomography (CT) scores were associated with lowerDLCO% predicted at 6 months (coefficients; −8.7 and −5.3, respectively). The association between radiological scores andDLCOwere modified by time, with the degree of association between ground glass andDLCOhaving decreased markedly over time. There was no association between other predictors and change in dyspnoea or QoL over time.ConclusionsThere is improvement in pulmonary function measurements between 3 and 6 months after COVID-19 symptom onset; however, PROMs did not improve. A higher reticulation and total CT score are negatively associated withDLCO, but this association is attenuated over time. Lastly, there is a considerable proportion of patients with unexplained dyspnoea at 6 months, motivating further research to identify the underlying mechanisms.
Bronchial thermoplasty guided by hyperpolarised gas magnetic resonance imaging in adults with severe asthma: a 1-year pilot randomised trial
Authors: Svenningsen Sarah , Nair Parameswaran , Eddy Rachel L. , McIntosh Marrissa J. , Kjarsgaard Melanie , Lim Hui Fang , McCormack David G. , Cox Gerard , Parraga Grace 
Published: July 2021

Patient-specific localisation of ventilation defects using hyperpolarised gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) introduces the possibility of regionally targeted bronchial thermoplasty (BT) for the treatment of severe asthma. We aimed to demonstrate that BT guided by MRI to ventilation defects reduces the number of radiofrequency activations while resulting in improved asthma quality-of-life and control scores that are non-inferior to standard BT.In a 1-year pilot randomised controlled trial, 14 patients with severe asthma who were clinically eligible to receive BT underwent hyperpolarised gas MRI to characterise ventilation defects and were randomised to MRI-guided or standard BT. End-points were improved Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) scores, the proportion of AQLQ and ACQ responders and the number of radiofrequency activations and bronchoscopy sessions.Participants who underwent MRI-guided BT received 53% fewer radiofrequency activations than those who had standard BT (p=0.003). At 12 months, the mean improvement from baseline was similar between the MRI-guided group (n=5) and the standard group (n=7) for AQLQ score (MRI-guided: 1.8, 95% CI 0.1–3.5, p=0.04; standard: 0.7, 95% CI −0.9–2.3, p=0.30) (p=0.25) and ACQ-5 score (MRI-guided: −1.4, 95% CI −2.6– −0.2, p=0.03; standard: −0.7, 95% CI −1.3–0.0, p=0.04) (p=0.17). A similar proportion of participants in both groups achieved a clinically relevant improvement in AQLQ score (MRI-guided: 80%; standard: 71%) and ACQ-5 score (MRI-guided: 80%; standard: 57%).Hyperpolarised gas MRI-guided BT reduced the number of radiofrequency activations, and resulted in asthma quality of life and control improvements at 12 months that were non-inferior to standard BT.
Current strategies for managing chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results of the worldwide prospective CTEPH Registry
Authors: Guth Stefan , D'Armini Andrea M. , Delcroix Marion , Nakayama Kazuhiko , Fadel Elie , Hoole Stephen P. , Jenkins David P. , Kiely David G. , Kim Nick H. , Lang Irene M. , Madani Michael M. , Matsubara Hiromi , Ogawa Aiko , Ota-Arakaki Jaquelina S. , Quarck Rozenn , Sadushi-Kolici Roela , Simonneau Gérald , Wiedenroth Christoph B. , Yildizeli Bedrettin , Mayer Eckhard , Pepke-Zaba Joanna 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundPulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) therapy and balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) are currently accepted therapies for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). This international CTEPH Registry identifies clinical characteristics of patients, diagnostic algorithms and treatment decisions in a global context.Methods1010 newly diagnosed consecutive patients were included in the registry between February 2015 and September 2016. Diagnosis was confirmed by right heart catheterisation, ventilation–perfusion lung scan, computerised pulmonary angiography and/or invasive pulmonary angiography after at least 3 months on anticoagulation.ResultsOverall, 649 patients (64.3%) were considered for PEA, 193 (19.1%) for BPA, 20 (2.0%) for both PEA and BPA, and 148 (14.7%) for PAH therapy only. Reasons for PEA inoperability were technical inaccessibility (n=235), comorbidities (n=63) and patient refusal (n=44). In Europe and America and other countries (AAO), 72% of patients were deemed suitable for PEA, whereas in Japan, 70% of patients were offered BPA as first choice. Sex was evenly balanced, except in Japan where 75% of patients were female. A history of acute pulmonary embolism was reported for 65.6% of patients. At least one PAH therapy was initiated in 35.8% of patients (26.2% of PEA candidates, 54.5% of BPA candidates and 54.1% of those not eligible for either PEA or BPA). At the time of analysis, 39 patients (3.9%) had died of pulmonary hypertension-related causes (3.5% after PEA and 1.8% after BPA).ConclusionsThe registry revealed noticeable differences in patient characteristics (rates of pulmonary embolism and sex) and therapeutic approaches in Japan compared with Europe and AAO.