bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Machine Type and Powder Batch During Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of AISI 316L
Authors: Greco Sebastian , Gutzeit Kevin , Hotz Hendrik , Schmidt Marc , Zimmermann Marco , Kirsch Benjamin , Aurich Jan C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The use of additive manufacturing (AM) in industrial applications is steadily increasing due to its near net shape production and high design-freedom. For metallic components, laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is currently one of the most widely used AM processes. During L-PBF, a component is manufactured layer by layer from a powdery raw material. The process is controlled by a multitude of parameters like the laser power, scanning speed and layer thickness, whose combination significantly influences the properties of the components.
In this study, the influence of the L-PBF machine type and the influence of the powder batch are investigated by means of relative density, microhardness and microstructure of the components. For this purpose, three setups are defined, differing in the powder batch and machine type used. By comparing the process results of the additive manufacturing of different setups, the influence of the machine type and powder batch are determined. The considered material is stainless steel AISI 316L. The results revealed significant differences between all investigated properties of the additively manufactured components. Consequently, process parameter combinations cannot be transferred between different machine types and powder batches without verification of the component properties and, if necessary, special adaption of the process.
Assessing the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Bio-Inspired Structures and Integrating Them Into a Product
Authors: Perelman Binjamin , Sharma Vishal S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Honeycomb structure is one of the most common natural structures used in sandwich panel cores. The Enamel structure’s mechanical properties were compared to the Honeycomb structure’s mechanical properties to investigate if the Enamel structure can improve the compressive strength, stiffness and energy absorption capabilities of sandwich panel cores and potentially replace the common Honeycomb structure. Also, the optimal cellular configurations for the Honeycomb and Enamel structures were explored. Indeed, it was found the Enamel structure can potentially replace the Honeycomb structure and a wall thickness of 1.2 mm and a wall length/cell radius of 8.14 mm will maximize the natural structures mechanical properties.
Furthermore, it was found that both the natural structures have good compressive strength. Therefore, the natural structures with their optimal cellular configurations were integrated into a novel automobile floor mat to ensure the mat possesses good compressive strength to resist failure or permanent deformation. Moreover, the novel automobile floor mat has a design feature that offers an efficient debris capturing and removal system that adds value to the automobile floor mat.
Influence of Clamping for Out-of-Plane Welding Distortion Mitigation During Thin Steel Plates Welding
Authors: Wang Jiangchao , Yi Bin , Zhou Xiaoli 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Thin steel plates is usually employed for lightweight application, while welding distortion in particular welding induced buckling, will significantly influence dimensional accuracy of thin-walled structure. As elementary investigation of out-of-plane welding distortion mitigation, butt and fillet welded joints with thin plates were experimentally conducted with considering clamping influence. Effective thermal elastic plastic FE computation was proposed to examine mechanical response caused by welding, and large deformation theory was applied to represent welding induced buckling. Good agreement between measured data and computed results can be observed. Furthermore, FE computation without clamping was also carried out to clarify the difference of plastic strains and residual stress comparing with experimental case. Influence of clamping on out-of-plane welding distortion mitigation was eventually proposed for mechanism understanding.
Joining of Metal-Plastic Composites With Advanced Welding Processes
Authors: Faes Koen , Vermeersch Jens , Silva Rafael Gomes Nunes 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Due to the growing environmental concern and the increasing demand for more ecological methods of transportation, composite materials that combine low weight and high resistance have raised the interest of several industrial sectors. Among these materials, the metal-plastic composites (MPCs) can be highlighted, who combine a low weight and a relatively high mechanical resistance. Such materials are used in advertising signs, building panels, motor shielding, etc. Mechanical joining of MPC materials is to be avoided when protrusions are not allowed or because of aesthetical reasons. Welding is therefore considered as an interesting alternative. However, qualitative joining using welding of the MPC materials to other MPC materials or to metallic plates is a real challenge. Due to their special features (layer structure, material mix, etc.), conventional manufacturing processes are therefore only of limited or no use at all. In particular, the polymer core layer is a barrier for the use of conventional joining methods. This contribution presents a novel joining approach for MPCs. The basic approach is the local melting of the polymer layer by ultrasonic waves and displacement of the molten plastic material by pressure on the cover sheets. This work proposes the investigation of the use of non-conventional solid-state welding processes, such as ultrasonic welding (USW) and refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW), for joining MPCs with aluminum sheets. Prior to the application of the joining processes, the intermediate plastic core of the MPC materials is displaced using ultrasonic vibrations, so that the materials can be joined as monolithical materials. These joining concepts are validated experimentally. The obtained weld quality is assessed based on destructive and non-destructive testing methods.
Multistream Sensor Fusion-Based Prognostics Model for Systems Under Multiple Operational Conditions
Authors: Li Xin , Fang Xiaolei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The residual useful lifetime prediction of complex engineering systems operating under dynamic multi-operational conditions is crucial yet challenging. One of the key challenges is that sensing signals consist of both degradation information that resulted from the physical deterioration of the system and amplitude jumps due to the switch of operational conditions. To accurately predict the failure times, we need to separate the degradation information from sensing signals and exclude jumps. Another challenge stems from the fact that complex engineering systems are typically monitored by multiple sensors that generate multi-stream sensing signals but not all the signals are informative for failure time prediction. Therefore, a systematical sensor selection method needs to be developed to identify informative sensors. The third challenge is that signals from the informative sensors are high-dimensional and may provide redundant information. As a result, a data fusion method is needed to fuse the multi-stream signals from the informative sensors. To address the aforementioned challenges, this paper focuses on developing a prognostic framework for systems that operate under dynamic multiple operational conditions. The framework will first extract the degradation signal from each sensor by removing the jump information resulted from the change of operational conditions. Next, informative sensors are selected using a sensor selection method. Finally, the degradation signals from the selected sensors are fused to predict the failure time of a partially degraded system. The effectiveness of the proposed prognostic framework is validated using a degradation data set of aircraft turbofan engines from NASA repository.
Additive Manufacturing of Porous Ceramics With Foaming Agent
Authors: Guo Zipeng , An Lu , Lakshmanan Sushil , Armstrong Jason N. , Ren Shenqiang , Zhou Chi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The macro-porous ceramics has promising durability and thermal insulation performances. A cost-effective and scalable additive manufacturing technique for the fabrication of macro-porous ceramics, with a facile approach to control the printed porosity is reported in the paper. Several ceramic inks were prepared, the foaming agent was used to generate gaseous bubbles in the ink, followed by the direct ink writing and the ambient-pressure and room-temperature drying to create the three-dimensional geometries. The experimental studies were performed to optimize the printing quality. A set of studies revealed the optimal printing process parameters for printing the foamed ceramic ink with a high spatial resolution and fine surface quality. Varying the concentration of the foaming agent enabled the controllability of the structural porosity. The maximum porosity can reach 85%, with a crack-free internal porous structure. The tensile tests showed that the printed macro-porous ceramics have enhanced durability with the addition of fiber. With a high-fidelity 3D printing process and precise control of the porosity, the printed samples exhibited a low thermal conductivity and high mechanical strength.
High-Speed EDM Milling Using Rotating Short Arcs Under Composite Field
Authors: Zhang Jin , Han Fuzhu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper proposed a new method of high-speed electrical discharge machining (EDM) using rotating short arcs under composite field. By the Lorentz force, the electric force and the high-speed rotation of the tool electrode, rotating short arcs are generated between the tool electrode and the workpiece, which can greatly improve the material removal rate of difficult-to-cut materials such as titanium alloys and superalloys. Firstly, the machining equipment used to generate rotating short arcs was constructed. Secondly, single arc discharge experiment was carried out to investigate the motion characteristics of rotating short arcs. The result shows that the arcs can rotate between the tool electrode and workpiece under composite field. Then, the experiment of processing GH4169 was conducted to explore the machining characteristics of rotating short arcs milling, which indicated that rotating short arcs can achieve a much higher material removal rate (MRR). Additionally, it’s found that the magnetic field also has influence on debris, which is beneficial to debris removal. Finally, a comparative experiment was carried out. The MRR of rotating short arcs milling was three times than that of traditional EDM, and the tool electrode wear rate (TEWR) is only one-fifth of that of traditional EDM. The comparative experiment further verified that rotating short arcs milling can achieve higher MRR and lower TEWR.
Evolution of White Layer and Residual Stress in Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Wang Guisen , Han Fuzhu , Zhu Liang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
White layer and residual stress are the main reasons for the decrease in fatigue life of electrical discharge machined samples. Therefore, it is important to research the evolution of the white layer and residual stress in electrical discharge machining and explain the influence mechanism of machining parameters on them. In this study, the surface topography, white layer thickness, and residual stress of electrical discharge machined samples under different processing parameters were evaluated. The results indicated that surface roughness, white layer thickness, and residual stress increased as the discharge current (I) and pulse-on time (ton) increased. However, when the ton was short, the effect of I (≤ 9.8 A) on surface roughness is not very obvious. When the discharge energy is similar, surface roughness is high under high I conditions. When the discharge energy is similar and low, the average thickness of the white layer is thin under the low I. The effect of I on surface residual stress was greater than that of the ton. The I and ton affect the white layer and residual stress by affecting the amount of melting and removal of the materials. These results were demonstrated that the input process of discharge energy has an important influence on residual stress and the white layer. Therefore, under the premise of ensuring the processing requirements, they can be controlled by selecting the appropriate combination of the ton and I to improve the fatigue life of the workpiece.
Tool Condition Monitoring Method Based on Generative Adversarial Network for Data Augmentation
Authors: Wang Yongqing , Niu Mengmeng , Liu Kuo , Wang Honghui , Shen Mingrui , Qin Bo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the process of parts processing, due to the real working conditions and data acquisition equipment, the collected working data of tools are actually limited. Meanwhile, the tool usually works in the normal state, so it is prone to cause the problem of unbalanced data set, which restricts the accuracy of tool condition monitoring. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a tool condition monitoring method based on generative adversarial network (GAN) for data augmentation. Specifically, first collect original samples data during processing in different tool conditions, then the collected sample data is input into GAN, and the generator of GAN can generate new samples which has similar distribution with original samples from tool condition signals data, finally the real samples and generated samples are combined to train deep learning network to predict tool conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of tool condition monitoring. This paper compares and visualizes the impact of the training data set on the classification ability of the deep learning network model. In addition, some traditional methods are used for comparison, and F1 measure is introduced to evaluate the quality of the results. The results show that this method is better than the Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (Adasyn), add-noise, and resampling.
Development of Magnetic-Field Assisted Finishing (MAF) Process for Chromium-Alloyed Low Carbon Steel Sheet Metal
Authors: Song Guangchao , Poudel Bibek , Kwon Patrick , Chung Haseung , Detweiler Zachary , Quan Guangchun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Magnetic-Field Assisted Finishing (MAF) is a polishing process that utilizes a slurry mixture made of ferrous and abrasive particles in a liquid medium, known as a brush. The brush attached to a magnetic tool directly interacts with the surface of a workpiece and removes any imperfections and defects in the surface giving a smooth and nice surface finish. In this study, two distinct MAF setups were applied to the surface of chromium alloyed low carbon steel sheets to achieve the surface finish. The preliminary studies were conducted on one setup to understand the polishing behavior of the sheets and the other setup was designed to polish larger areas of the sheets to mimic the practical sheet producing environment. The effect of processing conditions such as types and sizes of abrasives, brush composition, and finishing time to attain the final surface roughness of the sheets was studied. The brush with the weight composition of 4:1:1.5 (iron: 3 μm black ceramic: silicone) was found to be the optimal condition for polishing the sheet metal samples. The optimal conditions obtained were applied to the larger scaled experimental setup. The final surface roughness of 38 nm and 220 nm were achieved in these experimental setups, respectively.
Material Properties of Discarded Textiles for Manufacturing Feedstocks
Authors: Bashir Asad , Clarke-Sather Abigail R. , Poggogiale Tyler M. , Meehan Christopher L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Presently, many textiles are discarded, in a condition that would allow a significant percentage of them to be able to be completely reused or recycled. Recent consumption practices embodied by “fast fashion”, fast purchasing, and fast disposal of out of style clothing has increased the volume of discarded clothing, as the repurposing and/or recycling of discarded textile materials has not increased at a proportional rate. Consequently, discarded clothing may have nearly no wear and tear or extensive use before consumers choose to dispose of these textiles. Increasing the recovery of textiles from municipal solid waste streams involves understanding the material properties that discarded textiles possess. Measuring the material properties available from discarded textiles will allow for understanding whether these textiles can be reused. At the same time as disposal of textiles has increased, geotextile purchase and use has been increasing rapidly. In the current study, tensile strength (break force) and permittivity of discarded clothing samples made of cotton, polyester, and cotton-polyester blends were measured and compared with material properties that are commonly specified for geotextile applications. Average break force values measured for discarded cotton and polyester and average permittivity values measured for 50%/50% cotton-polyester blends and polyester are higher than what is commonly recommended for common geotextile applications. Polyester materials showed promise for drainage and erosion control applications that would be commonly serviced by geotextiles, as polyester samples yielded average break force and permittivity values are above typically recommended geotextile minimum values for these applications.
Rheological Analysis of Low Viscosity Hydrogels for 3D Bio-Printing Processes
Authors: Tuladhar Slesha , Nelson Cartwright , Habib Md Ahasan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Following the success of 3D printing with synthetic polymers like ABS, FLA, Nylon, etc., scientists and researchers have been putting efforts into fabricating bio-compatible materials. It has not only broadened the field of bioengineering and manufacturing but also regenerative medicine. Unlike the traditional 3D printing process, additive bio-manufacturing, also known as 3D bio-printing has a lot of challenges like cell survivability and proliferation, and the mechanical properties of the biomaterials which involve printability and the ability to hold its structural integrity. Proper design of experiments with extensive rheological investigation can help identify useful mechanical property ranges which are directly related to the geometric fidelity of 3D bio-printed scaffolds. Therefore, to investigate the printability of a low viscosity Alginate-Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), multiple concentrations of the mixture were tested maintaining a 8% (w/v) solid content. A set of rheological tests such as the Steady Rate Sweep Test, Three Point Thixotropic Test (3ITT), and Amplitude test were performed. The outcome of those tests showed that the rheological properties can be controlled with the percentage of CMC in the mixtures. The fabricated filaments and scaffolds in the 5 combinations of CMC percentages were analyzed for flowability and shape fidelity. The rheological results and the printability and shape fidelity results were analyzed.
Merging Subject Matter Expertise and Deep Convolutional Neural Network for State-Based Online Machine-Part Interaction Classification
Authors: Wang Hao , Qamsane Yassine , Moyne James , Barton Kira 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Machine-part interaction classification is a key capability required by Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), a pivotal enabler of Smart Manufacturing (SM). While previous relevant studies on the subject have primarily focused on time series classification, change point detection is equally important because it provides temporal information on changes in behavior of the machine. In this work, we address point detection and time series classification for machine-part interactions with a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based framework. The CNN in this framework utilizes a two-stage encoder-classifier structure for efficient feature representation and convenient deployment customization for CPS. Though data-driven, the design and optimization of the framework are Subject Matter Expertise (SME) guided. An SME defined Finite State Machine (FSM) is incorporated into the framework to prohibit intermittent misclassifications. In the case study, we implement the framework to perform machine-part interaction classification on a milling machine, and the performance is evaluated using a testing dataset and deployment simulations. The implementation achieved an average F1-Score of 0.946 across classes on the testing dataset and an average delay of 0.24 seconds on the deployment simulations.
Platform Development of Tick Collection Robot
Authors: Qiu Yesiliang , Dong Janet , Harrison Moretto Caroline “Niki” 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the design, building, and testing of a novel robot that is used to collect ticks in a variety of rugged terrains in remote areas. The robot provides a new approach for US Army Medical Researchers or other biologists to collect the insects remotely by using a robot equipped with a vision system and GPS. The approach will change the way that insects are being collected with automation instead of human manual work. The robot is designed to operate in different terrains, including soft grass, dirt, muddy soil, and rocky surface. The robot is weighted within 30 lbs., so the army staff or soldiers can easily carry it to the field.
The tick collection robot consists of a robust platform, a driving system, an assembled flag section for high-performance tick selection, and GPS and vision system for autonomous control. There are two modes for tick collection: Continuous mode and stationary mode. In the continuous mode, the robot can run 3 hours continuously, and in the stationary mode, the robot can operate 6 hours at one location to collect ticks. The robot platform is about 29.64 lbs. without stationary components, which makes it easy to carry. The driving system enables the robot to run through various types of the above-mentioned locations and obstacles. The assembly flag component will make it easy to collect and clean the tick attached to its porous surface.
Enhancement of Force Control Performance of Macro-Micro System Based Polishing Robot With Gravity Compensation
Authors: Ogawa Shotaro , Koto Katsuki , Tsukada Takuhiro , Kakinuma Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In a fine mold manufacturing process, the polishing process plays an important role in enhancing the surface quality and is performed manually by skilled workers. However, there are many problems such as decrease in skilled workers, health hazards due to scattering of abrasives, and difference in surface quality due to difference in the proficiency. Hence, there is a strong demand for automation of the polishing process at present.
In this research, a robot polishing system that applies macro-micro mechanism is proposed. The functional polishing module of the end effector is developed and attached to the hand of the serial link robot. Tool path and posture are controlled in a serial link robot as a macro mechanism, and polishing force and tool rotation speed are controlled in the developed polishing module as micro mechanism. This mechanism ideally controls position, force, and rotation speed at the same time. An interlocking control system for position and force has already been constructed. In this paper, we constructed gravity compensation and evaluated the force control performance of the constructed system. Through the evaluation, the followability of the estimated reaction force to the command force and the validity of the actual force behavior measured by the force sensor were evaluated.