bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reverse engineering method to build automatic flouring gauge machine
Authors: Budijono A P , Syah S S , Kurniawan W D , Habib B N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Reverse engineering in development product is the process to re-measure existing peoduct to gain information on it, then redesign the CAD model. It represents geometric shapes and other information of the original one’s and used for analyzing, recovery, production, and testing. The model that is created using reverse engineering are for various reasons including to design tool for the production of a copy of an object, to study the concept of an existing design, or to analyze the design for improvement. In this research, it will be re-modeling the automatic flour gauge machine after reviewing the working principle of the machine. The components that will be analyzed and redesigned are: 1) Hooper design for repairing and cleaning operations, 2) Auger design to overcome the fall of flour droplets from the output hole, 3) The design of the Steering Agitator to overcome the nature of the flour adhering to the wall and maintain the flowrate of the flour. The method used were: 1) Determination of Reverse Engineering Components, 2) Identification of Components, 3) Three (3) Dimensional-Component Design. The result showed after the modification of flour in the tube was denser so that it would increase the precision in the filling process, this was because the flowrate became more stable.
Seaweed gel utilization in wet battery
Authors: Susilawati S , Zamzami R , Buchori A S , Yudiyanto O 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The weaknesses of wet batteries that require extra attention in maintenance such as having to routinely check and add water batteries, less stable voltage, water batteries can spill out and damage the body of a car or motorcycle, and water batteries can cause itching and irritation when touched by the skin. This study aims to determine the potential of seaweed powder as a gel that is added to a wet battery and functions like a dry battery. The method used is: data collection, concept design, manufacturing process, testing. The results of the study were obtained that the wet battery can function like a dry battery so that it does not need to refill the battery water anymore and the results of the battery voltage measurement using an avometer show the number 12.6 volts.
Repairing slight damages on monocrystalline silicon surface by thermal annealing
Authors: Feng Chengqiang , Wu Lei , Chen Peng , Yang Tingting , Yu Bingjun , Qian Linmao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The damages on silicon substrate, usually caused by machining and polishing processes, inevitably degrade the mechanical and electrical properties of the devices involved. Defect-free silicon substrates are essential with the miniaturization of integrated circuits to tens of nanometers, and repairing the damages is significant for manufacturing excellent devices. In this study, the slight damages, i.e. protrusive hillocks resulting from nanoscratching on monocrystalline silicon surface, was thermally annealed in vacuum for repairing, and groove-shaped scratches were also annealed for comparative study. In-situ topographies of the hillocks before and after the annealing were detected with an atomic force microscope (AFM), and then compared for finding the optimum annealing temperature. It is shown that the protrusive hillocks can be well repaired than the groove-shaped scratches. The repairing with annealing process was further verified by conductive AFM detection and selective etching in hydrofluoric acid solution. Raman spectroscopy detection was employed to clarify the annealing-dependent recovering mechanism of the damages on silicon surface, and it is suggested that structural transformation plays an important role in the repairing. In addition, the annealing of the hillocks on single-crystal quartz surface confirmed the structural recovery rather than the oxidation during annealing.
Effect of different preform structures on interfacial microstructure and wear properties of WC/Fe composites material
Authors: Li Zulai , Wang Xingyu , Zhang Fei , Shan Quan , Zhang Zhexuan , Zhao Wei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The WC preform was prepared by vacuum sintering, and a WC/Fe composite was obtained by an infiltration casting process with different preform structures. The microstructure of the composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD), and the wear properties of the three-body abrasives were further studied. The temperature field and solid-liquid variable field of the WC/Fe composite were simulated using finite element software. The results show that the microstructure of the WC/Fe composite contains WC, Ni3Fe, Ni17W3, Fe3W3C, and M7C3 carbides. With an increase in the preform column spacing from 10 mm to 20 mm, the width of the transition layer of the WC/Fe composite increased, and the hardness increased from 749 HV to 853 HV. The mass loss of the WC/Fe composite decreased initially and then increased with an increase in the preform column spacing. The microstructure and wear resistance of materials are related to the W content in the transition layer, and the diffusion behavior of W is affected by the diffusion distance and time.
The synthesis of black phosphorus: from zero- to three-dimensional nanostructures
Authors: Dinh Khang Ngoc , Zhang Yu , Sun Wenping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The discovery of monolayered black phosphorus (phosphorene) in 2014 gives rise to enormous research enthusiasm for its unique electrical and physicochemical properties. Since then, the applications of black phosphorus and its nanostructures have been extended to various fields covering field effect transistors, rechargeable batteries, electrocatalysis, sensors, thermoelectric materials, and so forth. However, controllable and scalable synthesis of BP and its nanostructures remains a challenge. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the progress towards the synthesis of bulk BP and its typical nanostructured counterparts, including the 0D BP (quantum dots), 1D BP (nano/micro-belts), 2D BP (phosphorene), and 3D BP (sponges). Special focus will be made on the various synthetic methods, the characterizations of products, and the corresponding necessary improvements. We close the review with a look at the challenges and perspectives regarding future studies.
Operando x-ray absorption spectroscopy on battery materials: a review of recent developments
Authors: Ghigna Paolo , Quartarone Eliana 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although batteries represent a key tool for sustainable development, their working processes, in terms of reaction mechanisms, side reactions, ion transport and formation of a solid–electrolyte interface, are not yet fully understood. In this respect, operando experiments are of enormous importance for providing hints on the relevant chemical species that form ‘while a battery is working’. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has for a long time been the standard in the investigation of local structures of materials. In this regard, applied operando can provide invaluable information on the working mechanisms of batteries. In this review, after introductory paragraphs concerning battery chemistry and the principles of XAS, some of the most important developments in operando XAS applied to battery science are considered. Emphasis is given to Li-metal, Na-ion, Li/sulfur and all solid-state batteries. Related and advanced techniques, such as resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and high-resolution fluorescence-detected x-ray absorption spectroscopy are discussed as well. Suggestions are offered for planning an XAS experiment at the synchrotron radiation source, and finally, some considerations concerning future developments are presented.
Transitions in random graphs of fixed degrees with many short cycles
Authors: Aguirre López Fabián , Coolen Anthony C C 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe analyze maximum entropy random graph ensembles with constrained degrees, drawn from arbitrary degree distributions, and a tuneable number of three-cycles (triangles). We find that such ensembles generally exhibit two transitions, a clustering and a shattering transition, separating three distinct regimes. At the clustering transition, the graphs change from typically having only isolated cycles to forming cycle clusters. At the shattering transition the graphs break up into many small cliques to achieve the desired three-cycle density. The locations of both transitions depend nontrivially on the system size. We derive a general formula for the three-cycle density in the regime of isolated cycles, for graphs with degree distributions that have finite first and second moments. For bounded degree distributions we present further analytical results on cycle densities and phase transition locations, which, while non-rigorous, are all validated via MCMC sampling simulations. We show that the shattering transition is of an entropic nature, occurring for all three-cycle density values, provided the system is large enough.
Exploring Abstract Semantic Associations in the Frontotemporal Dementia Spectrum in a Dutch Population
Authors: Poos J M , van den Berg E , Visch-Brink E , Eikelboom W S , Franzen S , van Hemmen J , Pijnenburg Y A L , Satoer D , Dopper E G P , van Swieten J C , Papma J M , Seelaar H , Jiskoot L C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the differential ability of the “Test Relaties Abstracte Concepten” (TRACE), a Dutch test for abstract semantic knowledge, in frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

Methods
The TRACE was administered in patients with behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD; n = 16), nonfluent variant (nfvPPA; n = 10), logopenic variant (lvPPA; n = 10), and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA; n = 9), and controls (n = 59). We examined group differences, performed correlational analyses with other neuropsychological tests and investigated discriminative ability. We compared the TRACE with a semantic association test for concrete stimuli (SAT).

Results
All patient groups, except nfvPPA, performed worse on the TRACE than controls (p &lt; .01). svPPA patients performed worse than the other patient groups (p &lt; .05). The TRACE discriminated well between patient groups, except nfvPPA, versus controls (all p &lt; .01) and between svPPA versus other patient groups with high sensitivity (75–100%) and specificity (86%–92%). In bvFTD and nfvPPA the TRACE correlated with language tests (ρ &gt; 0.6), whereas in svPPA the concrete task correlated (ρ ≥ 0.75) with language tests. Patients with bvFTD, nfvPPA and lvPPA performed lower on the TRACE than the SAT (p &lt; .05), whereas patients with svPPA were equally impaired on both tasks (p = .2).

Discussion
We demonstrated impaired abstract semantic knowledge in patients with bvFTD, lvPPA, and svPPA, but not nfvPPA, with svPPA patients performing worse than the other subtypes. The TRACE was a good classifier between each patient group versus controls and between svPPA versus other patient groups. This highlights the value of incorporating semantic tests with abstract stimuli into standard neuropsychological assessment for early differential diagnosis of FTD subtypes.
Industry Payments to Plastic Surgeons: What Has Changed Over the Last 6 Years Following Implementation of the Physician Payments Sunshine Act?
Authors: Pettit Rowland W , Kaplan Jordan , Delancy Matthew M , Reece Edward , Winocour Sebastian , Offodile Anaeze C , Kumar Anand , Chu Carrie K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The Open Payments Program, as designated by the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, is the single largest repository of industry payments made to licensed physicians within the United States. Though sizeable in its dataset, the database and user interface are limited in their ability to permit expansive data interpretation and summarization.

Objectives
The authors sought to comprehensively compare industry payments made to plastic surgeons with payments made to all surgeons and all physicians to elucidate industry relationships since implementation.

Methods
The Open Payments Database was queried between 2014 and 2019, and inclusion criteria were applied. These data were evaluated in aggregate and for yearly totals, payment type, and geographic distribution.

Results
A total 61,000,728 unique payments totaling $11,815,248,549 were identified over the 6-year study period; 9089 plastic surgeons, 121,151 surgeons, and 796,260 total physicians received these payments. Plastic surgeons annually received significantly less payment than all surgeons (P = 0.0005). However, plastic surgeons did not receive significantly more payment than all physicians (P = 0.0840). Cash and cash equivalents proved to be the most common form of payment; stock and stock options were least commonly transferred. Plastic surgeons in Tennessee received the most in payments between 2014 and 2019 (mean $76,420.75). California had the greatest number of plastic surgeons who received payments (1452 surgeons).

Conclusions
Plastic surgeons received more in industry payments than the average of all physicians but received less than all surgeons. The most common payment was cash transactions. Over the past 6 years, geographic trends in industry payments have remained stable.
Improving Single-Cell RNA-seq Clustering by Integrating Pathways
Authors: Zhang Chenxing , Gao Lin , Wang Bingbo , Gao Yong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Single-cell clustering is an important part of analyzing single-cell RNA-sequencing data. However, the accuracy and robustness of existing methods are disturbed by noise. One promising approach for addressing this challenge is integrating pathway information, which can alleviate noise and improve performance. In this work, we studied the impact on accuracy and robustness of existing single-cell clustering methods by integrating pathways. We collected 10 state-of-the-art single-cell clustering methods, 26 scRNA-seq datasets and four pathway databases, combined the AUCell method and the similarity network fusion to integrate pathway data and scRNA-seq data, and introduced three accuracy indicators, three noise generation strategies and robustness indicators. Experiments on this framework showed that integrating pathways can significantly improve the accuracy and robustness of most single-cell clustering methods.
Exploring effectiveness of ab-initio protein–protein docking methods on a novel antibacterial protein complex dataset
Authors: Zhang Wei , Meng Qiaozhen , Tang Jijun , Guo Fei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Diseases caused by bacterial infections become a critical problem in public heath. Antibiotic, the traditional treatment, gradually loses their effectiveness due to the resistance. Meanwhile, antibacterial proteins attract more attention because of broad spectrum and little harm to host cells. Therefore, exploring new effective antibacterial proteins is urgent and necessary. In this paper, we are committed to evaluating the effectiveness of ab-initio docking methods in antibacterial protein–protein docking. For this purpose, we constructed a three-dimensional (3D) structure dataset of antibacterial protein complex, called APCset, which contained $19$ protein complexes whose receptors or ligands are homologous to antibacterial peptides from Antimicrobial Peptide Database. Then we selected five representative ab-initio protein–protein docking tools including ZDOCK3.0.2, FRODOCK3.0, ATTRACT, PatchDock and Rosetta to identify these complexes’ structure, whose performance differences were obtained by analyzing from five aspects, including top/best pose, first hit, success rate, average hit count and running time. Finally, according to different requirements, we assessed and recommended relatively efficient protein–protein docking tools. In terms of computational efficiency and performance, ZDOCK was more suitable as preferred computational tool, with average running time of $6.144$ minutes, average Fnat of best pose of $0.953$ and average rank of best pose of $4.158$. Meanwhile, ZDOCK still yielded better performance on Benchmark 5.0, which proved ZDOCK was effective in performing docking on large-scale dataset. Our survey can offer insights into the research on the treatment of bacterial infections by utilizing the appropriate docking methods.
Workplace mistreatment and mental health in female surgeons in Pakistan
Authors: Malik M A , Inam H , Martins R S , Janjua M B N , Zahid N , Khan S , Sattar A K , Khan S , Haider A H , Enam S A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Despite workplace mistreatment, which includes harassment, bullying and gender discrimination(GD)/bias, being serious problems for female surgeons, there are limited data from lower–middle-income countries like Pakistan. This study explored harassment and GD/bias experienced by female surgeons in Pakistan, and the effects of these experiences on mental health and well-being.

Methods
A nationwide survey was conducted between July and September 2019 in collaboration with the Association of Women Surgeons of Pakistan, an organization consisting of female surgeons and trainees in Pakistan. An anonymous online survey was emailed directly, disseminated via social media platforms (such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram), and sent to surgical programmes in Pakistan.

Results
A total of 146 women surgeons responded to the survey; 67.1 per cent were trainees and the rest attending surgeons. Overall, 57.5 per cent of surgeons reported experiencing harassment, most common being verbal (64.0 per cent) and mental (45.9 per cent), but this mostly went unreported (91.5 per cent). On multivariable analysis adjusted for age and specialty, workplace harassment (odds ratio 2.02 (95 per cent c.i. 1.09 to 4.45)) and bullying (odds ratio 5.14 (95 per cent c.i. 2.00–13.17)) were significantly associated with severe self-perceived burnout, while having a support system was protective against feelings of depression (odds ratio 0.35 (95 per cent c.i. 0.16 to 0.74)). The overwhelming majority (91.3 per cent) believed that more institutional support groups were needed to help surgeons with stress reduction (78.8 per cent), receiving mentorship (74.7 per cent) and work–life balance (67.8 per cent).

Conclusion
Workplace mistreatment, in particular harassment and bullying, has a damaging impact on the mental well-being of female surgeons, particularly trainees. The absence of support groups in Pakistan should be urgently addressed so that surgeons, especially trainees, may cope better with potentially harmful workplace stressors.
Functional Realignment of Frontoparietal Subnetworks during Divergent Creative Thinking
Authors: Beaty Roger E , Cortes Robert A , Zeitlen Daniel C , Weinberger Adam B , Green Adam E 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCreative cognition has been consistently associated with functional connectivity between frontoparietal control and default networks. However, recent research identified distinct connectivity dynamics for subnetworks within the larger frontoparietal system—one subnetwork (FPCNa) shows positive coupling with the default network and another subnetwork (FPCNb) shows negative default coupling—raising questions about how these networks interact during creative cognition. Here we examine frontoparietal subnetwork functional connectivity in a large sample of participants (n = 171) who completed a divergent creative thinking task and a resting-state scan during fMRI. We replicated recent findings on functional connectivity of frontoparietal subnetworks at rest: FPCNa positively correlated with the default network and FPCNb negatively correlated with the default network. Critically, we found that divergent thinking evoked functional connectivity between both frontoparietal subnetworks and the default network, but in different ways. Using community detection, we found that FPCNa regions showed greater coassignment to a default network community. However, FPCNb showed overall stronger functional connectivity with the default network—reflecting a reversal of negative connectivity at rest—and the strength of FPCNb-default network connectivity correlated with individual creative ability. These findings provide novel evidence of a behavioral benefit to the cooperation of typically anticorrelated brain networks.
Securitization of Artificial Intelligence in China
Authors: Zeng Jinghan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article studies the security politics of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in China. Using securitization as an analytical framework, it examines the official Chinese AI discourse and how AI is becoming a security matter. The article argues that the Chinese central government is securitizing AI to mobilize local states, market actors, intellectuals, and the general public. China’s historical anxieties about its technology and regime security needs are conducive to the rise of a security discourse in China’s AI politics, a trend also fuelled by tensions arising from great power competition. Although helpful in convincing domestic actors, this securitization trend could undermine Chinese key AI objectives by heading in an inward-looking, techno-nationalistic direction that may be seriously detrimental to China’s AI industry and leadership ambitions.
How to manage cigarette smoking in kidney transplant candidates and recipients?
Authors: Devresse Arnaud , Gohy Sophie , Robert Arnaud , Kanaan Nada 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTobacco smoking is a frequent problem affecting many kidney transplant (KT) candidates and recipients. The negative impact of active smoking on KT outcomes has been demonstrated. Consequently, most guidelines strongly recommend quitting smoking before considering kidney transplantation. However, nicotine addiction is a complex multifactorial disease and only 3–5% of the patients who try to quit by themselves achieve prolonged abstinence. Smoking cessation programmes (SCPs) have proven their efficacy in the general population to increase the rate of quitting and should therefore be proposed to all smoking KT candidates and recipients. Nevertheless, SCPs have not been evaluated in the KT field and not all KT centres have easy access to these programmes. In this work, we aim to review the current knowledge on the subject and provide an overview of the available interventions to help smoking patients quit. We detail non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical approaches and discuss their use in KT candidates and recipients.