bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not so fast: understanding and mitigating negative impacts of compiler optimizations on code reuse gadget sets
Authors: Brown Michael D. , Pruett Matthew , Bigelow Robert , Mururu Girish , Pande Santosh 
Published: October 2021

Despite extensive testing and correctness certification of their functional semantics, a number of compiler optimizations have been shown to violate security guarantees implemented in source code. While prior work has shed light on how such optimizations may introduce semantic security weaknesses into programs, there remains a significant knowledge gap concerning the impacts of compiler optimizations on non-semantic properties with security implications. In particular, little is currently known about how code generation and optimization decisions made by the compiler affect the availability and utility of reusable code segments called gadgets required for implementing code reuse attack methods such as return-oriented programming.
In this paper, we bridge this gap through a study of the impacts of compiler optimization on code reuse gadget sets. We analyze and compare 1,187 variants of 20 different benchmark programs built with two production compilers (GCC and Clang) to determine how their optimization behaviors affect the code reuse gadget sets present in program variants with respect to both quantitative and qualitative metrics. Our study exposes an important and unexpected problem; compiler optimizations introduce new gadgets at a high rate and produce code containing gadget sets that are generally more useful to an attacker than those in unoptimized code. Using differential binary analysis, we identify several undesirable behaviors at the root of this phenomenon. In turn, we propose and evaluate several strategies to mitigate these behaviors. In particular, we show that post-production binary recompilation can effectively mitigate these behaviors with negligible performance impacts, resulting in optimized code with significantly smaller and less useful gadget sets.
Feeding the machine: Challenges to reproducible predictive modeling in resting-state connectomics
Authors: Cwiek Andrew , Rajtmajer Sarah M. , Wyble Bradley , Honavar Vasant , Grossner Emily , Hillary Frank G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this critical review, we examine the application of predictive models, for example, classifiers, trained using machine learning (ML) to assist in interpretation of functional neuroimaging data. Our primary goal is to summarize how ML is being applied and critically assess common practices. Our review covers 250 studies published using ML and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) to infer various dimensions of the human functional connectome. Results for holdout (“lockbox”) performance was, on average, ∼13% less accurate than performance measured through cross-validation alone, highlighting the importance of lockbox data, which was included in only 16% of the studies. There was also a concerning lack of transparency across the key steps in training and evaluating predictive models. The summary of this literature underscores the importance of the use of a lockbox and highlights several methodological pitfalls that can be addressed by the imaging community. We argue that, ideally, studies are motivated both by the reproducibility and generalizability of findings as well as the potential clinical significance of the insights. We offer recommendations for principled integration of machine learning into the clinical neurosciences with the goal of advancing imaging biomarkers of brain disorders, understanding causative determinants for health risks, and parsing heterogeneous patient outcomes.
The incidence and admission rate for first-episode psychosis in young people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: O’Donoghue Brian , Collett Hannah , Boyd Sophie , Zhou Yuanna , Castagnini Emily , Brown Ellie , Street Rebekah , Nelson Barnaby , Thompson Andrew , McGorry Patrick 
Published: October 2021

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on global mental health, with one-third of infected individuals developing a psychiatric or neurological disorder 6 months after infection. The risk of infection and the associated restrictions introduced to reduce the spread of the virus have also impacted help-seeking behaviours. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether there was a difference during the COVID-19 pandemic in the treated incidence of psychotic disorders and rates of admission to hospital for psychosis (including involuntary admission). Methods: Incident cases of first-episode psychosis in young people, aged 15 to 24, at an early intervention service in Melbourne from an 8-month period before the pandemic were compared with rates during the pandemic. Hospital admission rates for these periods were also compared. Results: Before the pandemic, the annual incidence of first-episode psychosis was 104.5 cases per 100,000 at-risk population, and during the pandemic it was 121.9 (incidence rate ratio = 1.14, 95% confidence interval = [0.92, 1.42], p = 0.24). Immediately after the implementation of restrictions, there was a non-significant reduction in the treated incidence (incidence rate ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval = [0.58, 1.09]), which was followed by a significant increase in the treated incidence in later months (incidence rate ratio = 1.94, 95% confidence interval = [1.52, 2.49]; incidence rate ratio = 1.64, 95% confidence interval = [1.25, 2.16]). Before the pandemic, 37.3% of young people with first-episode psychosis were admitted to hospital, compared to 61.7% during the pandemic (odds ratio = 2.71, 95% confidence interval = [1.73, 4.24]). Concerning the legal status of the admissions, before the pandemic, 27.3% were admitted involuntarily to hospital, compared to 42.5% during the pandemic (odds ratio = 1.97, 95% confidence interval = [1.23, 3.14]). Conclusion: There was a mild increase, which did not reach statistical significance, in the overall incidence of first-episode psychosis; however, the pattern of presentations changed significantly, with nearly twice as many cases presenting in the later months of the restrictions. There was a significant increase in both voluntary and involuntary admissions, and the possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
A heuristic algorithm for medical staff’s scheduling problems with multiskills and vacation control
Authors: You Peng-Sheng , Hsieh Yi-Chih 
Published: October 2021

Introduction The main issue related to the duty schedule is to allocate medical staff to each medical department by considering personnel skills and personal vocation preferences. However, how to effectively use staff’s multiskill characteristics and how to execute vocation control have not been well investigated. Objectives This article aims to develop duty scheduling and vacation permission decisions to minimize the sum of customers’ waiting costs, the overtime cost of medical staff, the cost of failing to meet medical staff’ vacation requirements, and the cost of mutual support between departments. Methods This study formulated the problem as a multiperiod mixed integer nonlinear programming model and developed a hybrid heuristic based on evolutionary mechanism of genetic algorithm and linear programming to efficiently solve the proposed model. Results Five types of problems were solved through Lingo optimization and the proposed approach. For small-scale problems, both methods can find the optimal solutions. For a slightly larger problem, the solutions found by the proposed approach are superior those of Lingo. Conclusion This research discusses the complex decision-making problem of on-duty arrangement and vacation control of medical staff in a multidepartmental medical center. This research formulates the medical staff’s scheduling and vacation control problems as constrained mixed integer quadratic programming problems. Computational results indicate that the proposed approach can efficiently produce compromise solutions that outperform the solutions of the Lingo optimization software.
The Ideology of Development, the Marxist Theory of Dependency, and the Critique of the Popular-Democratic Strategy
Authors: Prado Fernando Correa 
Published: October 2021

The various analyses guided by the concept of development as a utopian horizon and how to achieve it inform an ideology of development in that they tend to dehistoricize “development” and thus present as natural its relations of domination and exploitation through a system of ideas that treats particular historical processes as if they could be universalized and particular political projects as if they were universal. This perception leads to hypotheses about this ideology of development focusing on its contemporary presence, its origins, its roots, its unfolding, its hegemony, its tendency toward economicism, and possible ways of moving beyond it. A focus on its contemporary presence contributes to the current critique of it in connection with the construction of a socialist strategy in Our America. As variadas análises orientadas pelo horizonte utópico do desenvolvimento e pautadas pela questão motora de “como se desenvolver” informam a ideologia do desenvolvimento, na medida em que tendem a desistoricizar o “desenvolvimento” e, desta forma, naturalizam as relações de dominação e exploração vigentes através de um sistema de ideias que apresenta determinados processos históricos particulares como passíveis de universalização e determinados projetos políticos particulares como sendo universais. Esta percepção traz consigo sete hipóteses sobre a ideologia do desenvolvimento, tratando de sua presença atual, origem, enraizamento, desdobramentos, hegemonia, tendência ao economicismo e, finalmente, possíveis formas de sua superação. O foco aqui se concentra na primeira hipótese, tendo em vista a relevância política atual da crítica à ideologia do desenvolvimento na construção de uma estratégia socialista em Nuestra América.
Couple, parent, and infant characteristics and perceptions of conflictual coparenting over the transition to parenthood
Authors: Schoppe-Sullivan Sarah J. , Nuttall Amy K. , Berrigan Miranda N. 
Published: October 2021

This study examined trajectories of new parents’ perceptions of conflictual coparenting and predictors thereof. Partners in 182 dual-earner different-gender U.S. couples reported their prenatal marital conflict and individual characteristics (conflictual coparenting in the family of origin, parenting self-efficacy expectations, and parenting role beliefs) during the third trimester of pregnancy, their infant’s characteristics (negative affectivity and gender) at 3 months postpartum, and their perceptions of undermining coparenting and exposure to conflict at 3, 6, and 9 months postpartum. Results of latent growth curve models indicated that new parents’ perceptions of undermining, but not exposure to conflict, increased similarly from 3 to 9 months. Fathers perceived higher initial undermining than mothers, but there were no gender differences in exposure to conflict. For mothers, greater prenatal marital conflict and greater infant negative affectivity were associated with elevated levels of perceived undermining and exposure to conflict. For fathers, more egalitarian role beliefs were associated with lower undermining and less exposure to conflict, whereas greater prenatal marital conflict, higher conflictual coparenting in the family of origin, and greater infant negative affectivity were associated with greater exposure to conflict. Fathers also perceived greater undermining and exposure to conflict when mothers reported higher prenatal marital conflict, whereas mothers’ greater conflictual coparenting in the family of origin was related to fathers’ lower exposure to conflict. These findings provide valuable information to strengthen programs focused on improving coparenting.
Pre and postoperative imaging in patients undergoing pyeloplasty: A survey of current adult and paediatric practice
Authors: Bianco Marta , Castagnetti Marco , Masieri Lorenzo , Mele Ermelinda , Gennaro Mario DE ,   Working Group on Pediatric Urology and Italian Society of Urology
Published: October 2021

Background: Imaging to be used during the workup and follow-up of patients undergoing pyeloplasty is still controversial. Present survey aimed at assessing variations in pre- and post-operative imaging between adults and paediatric specialists in patients undergoing pyeloplasty. Methods: A survey of members of the ‘Italian Society of Urology’ (SIU) and the ‘Italian Society of Paediatric Urology’ (SIUP) was conducted using an online platform. Results: Respondents included 87 (74.4%) adult and 30 (25.6%) paediatric specialists. Adult specialists were significantly more likely to use a CT scan during preoperative workup ( p = 0.001) and postoperative follow-up ( p < 0.001). In contrast, paediatric specialists were significantly more likely to recommend voiding cystourethrography during the workup ( p < 0.001) and an MRI in cases requiring additional diagnostic study (<0.001). Adult specialists reported to deal significantly more commonly with symptomatic or complicated hydronephroses ( p < 0.001). The majority of respondents recommend an ultrasound scan at 1–3 months as first postoperative investigation. Two-third also recommended a nuclear scintigraphy, but 67.8% of adult specialists recommended to perform it within 6 months of surgery whereas 76.7% of paediatric specialists between 6 and 12 months ( p < 0.001). Conclusions: Present survey suggests quite a significant variation between adult and paediatric specialists in pre- and post-operative assessment of patients requiring pyeloplasty. This may just reflect different attitudes that could be improved with appropriate studies, or essential differences in the condition or the characteristics of treated patients. In any case, such differences are important and should be taken into account.
Association between the use of exchange devices for peritoneal dialysis fluids and peritonitis incidence: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Hasegawa Takeshi , Noma Hisashi , Hamano Takayuki , Abe Masanori , Wada Atsushi , Honda Hirokazu , Ito Yasuhiko , Masakane Ikuto , Nitta Kosaku 
Published: October 2021

Background: The use of exchange devices for peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids is a common practice in Japan. Evidence on the effectiveness of exchange devices in preventing PD-related peritonitis is scarce. We evaluated the association between the use of exchange devices for PD fluids and peritonitis incidence. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 3845 patients, aged ≥20 years, receiving PD for ≥3 months, with available data on the exchange procedure for PD fluids and peritonitis incidence that was obtained from the Japan Renal Data Registry, a nationwide annual survey. The patients were grouped according to whether the manual or device PD fluid exchange method was used. The onset of peritonitis was defined as a leukocyte count of >100/µL (neutrophils ≥50%) in PD effluents. We applied quasi-Poisson regression analyses to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR). Age, sex, PD vintage, body mass index, automated PD use, residual kidney function, comorbidities, haemoglobin and serum albumin were adjusted as potential confounders. Results: Older age, automated PD use, diabetes as comorbidity and lower haemoglobin levels were associated with the use of exchange devices for PD fluids. Patients using devices for PD fluid exchange (69.2%) had an increased risk of peritonitis of 37% (IRR: 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–1.75) and 28% (IRR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.00–1.63) in the crude and multivariate adjustment models, respectively. Conclusions: The use of exchange devices for PD fluids and peritonitis incidence showed no favourable association. There may remain possible residual confounding by indication.
Structural, transport, morphological, and thermal studies of nano barium titanate–incorporated magnesium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes
Authors: S Jayanthi , K Kalapriya 
Published: October 2021

A new series of nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) was prepared using poly(vinylidene fluoride–co–hexafluoro propylene) P(VdF-HFP) as polymer, magnesium triflate (MgTr) as salt and nano-sized barium titanate (BaTiO3) (<100 nm) as nanofiller via traditional solution casting technique. Decrease in crystalline nature of the samples due to the incorporation of nano BaTiO3 was revealed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. From AC impedance spectroscopy, maximum conductivity of 4.11 × 10−4 Scm−1 was attained for the addition of 6 wt% of nano BaTiO3 to the P(VdF-HFP)/MgTr matrix. Dielectric studies were found to be in accordance with the ionic conductivity studies. For the most highly conducting sample, a greater number of mountain valley pattern was observed from Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis. Thermal stability of the sample, P(VdF-HFP)/MgTr/BaTiO3 (6 wt%) (which possessed maximum ionic conductivity) was observed through TG/differential thermal analysis studies. All these results suggested that these materials are favorable and find application in practical electrochemical devices.
National Identity, Othering and Resistance: Host Country Manager’s Experience at a Japanese Multinational Enterprise in India
Authors: Ashta Ashok 
Published: October 2021

National identity has been found to be a basis for othering and resistance in host country managers at multinational enterprises overseas’ affiliates. An original model of employee’s resistance using national identity has developed a nuanced understanding of how resistance manifests. This research tests this original model in a multinational enterprise’s office in the emerging market and power distance accepting India. A case study design was adopted. Interpretive analysis of the data indicates that the newly developed model could apply to Indian situations, and collateral inductive reasoning proposes a further refinement to this model. Thus, besides verbal othering, it is found that the use of space and rituals can also be used in the acts of resistance and further it is proposed that such acts are not necessarily continuous, but can manifest intermittently. Hence, the practising international human resources manager now has a broader lens to assess resistance manifestation, facilitating sooner remedial countermeasures. The cross-cultural study is among the pioneers in studying national identity as a means of resistance in a power distance accepting context in general, and the under-researched advanced economy, emerging market Japan–India international business dyad specifically. It contributes to cross-cultural management (CCM) literature by surfacing the darker side of globalization—the power retained by the parent company and concomitant subordination of the host country manager that results in resistance. This study adds to the under-researched India–Japan global business scholarship.
Predictors of Complication Following Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery in a Low-Resource Setting: A Prospective Outcomes Study in Nicaragua
Authors: Swanson Marco A. , Auslander Allyn , Morales Tatiana , Jedrzejewski Breanna , Magee William P. , Siu Armando , Ayala Ruben , Swanson Jordan W. 
Published: October 2021

Background Higher rates of postoperative complication following cleft lip or palate repair have been documented in low resource settings, but their causes remain unclear. This study sought to delineate patient, surgeon, and care environment factors in cleft complications in a low-income country. Design Prospective outcomes study. Setting Comprehensive Cleft Care Center. Patients Candidate patients presenting for cleft lip or palate repair or revision. Interventions Patient anthropometric, nutritional, environmental and peri- and post-operative care factors were collected. Post-operative evaluation occurred at standard 1-week and 2-month postoperative intervals. Main Outcome Measures Complication was defined as fistula, dehiscence and/or infection. Results Among 408 patients enrolled, 380 (93%) underwent surgery, of which 208 (55%) underwent lip repair (124) or revision (84), and 178 (47%) underwent palate repair (96) or revision (82). 322 (85%) were evaluated 1 week and 166 (44%) 2 months postoperatively. 50(16%) complications were identified, including: 25(8%) fistulas, 24(7%) dehiscences, 17(5%) infections. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) ≤12.5 cm was associated with dehiscence after primary lip repair (OR = 28, p = 0.02). Leukocytosis ≥11,500 on pre-operative evaluation was associated with dehiscence (OR = 2.51, p = 0.04) or palate revision fistula (OR = 64, p < 0.001). Surgeons who performed fewer previous-year palate repairs had higher likelihood of palate complications, (OR = 3.03, p = 0.01) although there was no difference in complication rate with years of surgeon experience or duration of surgery. Conclusions Multiple patient, surgeon, and perioperative factors are associated with higher rates of complication in a low-resource setting, and are potentially modifiable to reduce complications following cleft surgery.
Effects of piperacillin/tazobactam or cefepime on folinate dose in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate: A retrospective cohort study using Japanese administrative claims data
Authors: Kadomura Shota , Imai Shungo , Momo Kenji , Sato Yuki , Kashiwagi Hitoshi , Itoh Tatsuya , Sugawara Mitsuru , Takekuma Yoh 
Published: October 2021

Introduction Delayed methotrexate (MTX) clearance with the co-administration of piperacillin/tazobactam (PIPC/TAZ) has been reported. Penicillins have been associated with reduced MTX clearance but the evidence is limited. There are no cases described with cefepime but penicillins are listed as interacting with MTX. We aimed to reveal whether the co-administration of PIPC/TAZ or CFPM affects MTX clearance using data from an administrative database. Methods We used data from the JMDC database, a large insurance claims database constructed in Japan. We included patients who were prescribed PIPC/TAZ or CFPM between days 1 and 3 in high-dose MTX (HD-MTX). We compared one co-administration episode (with PIPC/TAZ or CFPM) to one control episode (without), as a match-control study of two different episodes in the same patient. The primary outcomes were the duration and cumulative dose of leucovorin (LV) as a surrogate indicator of delayed MTX clearance. Results Three patients who were co-administered PIPC/TAZ and 16 patients who were co-administered CFPM with HD-MTX were included. In the PIPC/TAZ group, the duration and the cumulative doses of LV were similar in co-administration and control episode (median 3.0 vs. 3.0 days and 288.0 vs. 219.0 mg). In the CFPM group, the duration and the cumulative doses of LV were not significantly different in co-administration and control episode (3.0 vs. 4.0 days and 169.5 vs. 258.0 mg). Conclusions Our findings revealed that PIPC/TAZ did not necessarily cause a delay in MTX clearance during HD-MTX therapy. Moreover, the co-administration of CFPM with HD-MTX did not affect MTX clearance.