bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free-form off-axis three-mirror optical antenna design with an integrated primary/tertiary-mirror structure
Authors: Sun Yuanqi , Sun Yuanhe , Chen Xiaoyu , Wang Fang , Yan Xin , Zhang Xuenan , Cheng Tonglei 
Published: October 2021

In order to improve the performance and simplify the structure of an optical antenna for a space laser communication system, we design a free-form off-axis three-mirror optical antenna with an integrated primary/tertiary-mirror structure. The adoption of the integrated primary/tertiary-mirror structure improves efficiency of light energy utilization and reduces the complexity of optical processing and assembly. The introduction of free-form optical elements and optical structure constraints helps to correct the off-axis aberration and realize a large field of view. The obtained optical antenna has the magnification of five times and field of view of

2.4

∘

×

2.4

∘

. The image quality obtained here reaches the diffraction-limited level. At the communication wavelength of 808 nm, the wavefront error is better than

λ

/

22

, and the system has a high energy concentration. The proposed optical antenna could not only improve tracking accuracy of the optical antenna in space but also greatly reduce the complexity of the laser communication system. It has reference significance and application value for free-space laser communication.
Axial resolution enhancement for planar Airy beam light-sheet
microscopy via the complementary beam subtraction method
Authors: Liu Chao , Yu Xianghua , Bai Chen , Li Xing , Zhou Yuan , Yan Shaohui , Min Junwei , Dan Dan , Li Runze , Gu Shuangyu , Yao Baoli 
Published: October 2021

Airy beam light-sheet illumination can extend the field of view (FOV)
of light-sheet fluorescence microscopy due to the unique propagation
properties of non-diffraction and self-acceleration. However, the side
lobes create undesirable out-of-focus background, leading to poor
axial resolution and low image contrast. Here, we propose an Airy
complementary beam subtraction (ACBS) method to improve the axial
resolution while keeping the extended FOV. By scanning the optimized
designed complementary beam that has two main lobes (TML), the
generated complementary light-sheet has almost identical intensity
distribution to that of the planar Airy light-sheet except for the
central lobe. Subtraction of the two images acquired by double
exposure respectively using the planar Airy light-sheet and the planar
TML light-sheet can effectively suppress the influence of the
out-of-focus background. The axial resolution improves from

∼

4

µ

m

to 1.2 µm. The imaging performance
was demonstrated by imaging specimens of aspergillus conidiophores and
GFP labeled mouse brain section. The results show that the ACBS method
enables the Airy beam light-sheet fluorescence microscopy to obtain
better imaging quality.
Long-distance twin-field quantum key distribution with entangled sources
Authors: Li Bing-Hong , Xie Yuan-Mei , Li Zhao , Weng Chen-Xun , Li Chen-Long , Yin Hua-Lei , Chen Zeng-Bing 
Published: October 2021

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TFQKD), using single-photon-type interference, offers a way to exceed the rate-distance limit without quantum repeaters. However, it still suffers from photon losses and dark counts, which impose an ultimate limit on its transmission distance. In this Letter, we propose a scheme to implement TFQKD with an entangled coherent state source in the middle to increase its range, as well as comparing its performance under coherent attacks with that of TFQKD variants. Simulations show that our protocol has a theoretical distance advantage of 400 km. Moreover, the scheme has great robustness against the misalignment error and finite-size effects. Our work is a promising step toward long-distance secure communication and is greatly compatible with future global quantum networks.
Wide-steering-angle high-resolution optical phased array
Authors: Li Yingzhi , Chen Baisong , Na Quanxin , Xie Qijie , Tao Min , Zhang Lanxuan , Zhi Zihao , Li Yuxuan , Liu Xiaobin , Luo Xianshu , Lo Guoqiang , Gao Fengli , Li Xueyan , Song Junfeng 
Published: October 2021

Optical phased array (OPA) technology is considered a promising solution for solid-state beam steering to supersede the traditional mechanical beam steering. As a key component of the LIDAR system for long-range detection, OPAs featuring a wide steering angle and high resolution without beam aliasing are highly desired. However, a wide steering range requires a waveguide pitch less than half of the wavelength, which is easily subjected to cross talk. Besides, high resolution requires a large aperture, and it is normally achieved by a high count number of waveguides, which complicates the control system. To solve the mentioned issues, we design two high-performance 128-channel OPAs fabricated on a multilayered SiN-on-SOI platform. Attributed to the nonuniform antenna pitch, only 128 waveguides are used to achieve a 4 mm wide aperture. Besides, by virtue of innovative dual-level silicon nitride (

Si

3

N
4

) waveguide grating antennas, the fishbone antenna OPA achieves a

100
°
×
19.4
°

field of view (FOV) with divergence of

0.021
°
×
0.029
°

, and the chain antenna OPA realizes a

140
°
×
19.23
°

FOV with divergence of

0.021
°
×
0.1
°

. To our best knowledge, 140° is the widest lateral steering range in two-dimensional OPA, and 0.029° is the smallest longitudinal divergence. Finally, we embed the OPA into a frequency-modulated continuous-wave system to achieve 100 m distance measurement. The reflected signal from 100 m distance is well detected with 26 dBm input transmitter power, which proves that OPA serves as a promising candidate for transceiving optical signal in a LIDAR system.
Sensitive direct-conversion X-ray detectors formed by ZnO nanowire field emitters and β-Ga2O3 photoconductor targets with an electron bombardment induced photoconductivity mechanism
Authors: Zhang Zhipeng , Chen Manni , Bai Xinpeng , Wang Kai , Chen Huanjun , Deng Shaozhi , Chen Jun 
Published: October 2021

Sensitive X-ray detection is needed in diverse areas motivated by a common desire to reduce radiation dose. Cold cathode X-ray detectors operating with a photoelectron multiplication mechanism called electron bombardment induced photoconductivity (EBIPC) have emerged as promising candidates for low-dose X-ray detection. Herein, the cold cathode detectors formed by ZnO nanowire field emitters and

β
-

Ga

2

O
3

photoconductor targets were proposed for sensitive direct-conversion X-ray detection. The charge carrier transport mechanism of EBIPC effect in X-ray detectors was investigated to achieve a high internal gain (

2.9
×

10

2

) and high detection sensitivity (

3.0
×

10

3

μCGy

air

−
1

cm

−
2

) for a 6 keV X-ray at the electric field of

22.5

V

μm

−
1

. Furthermore, the proposed X-ray detectors showed the features of fast response time (40 ms), long-term stability (0.6% for 1 h), and low detection limit (

0.28

mGy

air

s

−
1

), suggesting that the direct-conversion cold cathode X-ray detectors are ideal candidates for low-energy X-ray detecting and imaging applications.
Ultrasmall and ultradense InGaN-based RGB monochromatic micro-light-emitting diode arrays by pixilation of conductive p-GaN
Authors: Zhuang Zhe , Iida Daisuke , Ohkawa Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2021

We describe 5 μm squircle InGaN-based red, green, and blue (RGB) monochromatic micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) with an interpitch of 4 μm by pixilation of conductive p-GaN using a

H
2

-plasma treatment. The p-GaN was passivated by

H
2

plasma and prevented the current’s injection into the InGaN quantum wells below. We observed that InGaN-based red μLEDs exhibited a broader full width at half-maximum and larger peak wavelength blueshift at

11.5
–
115

A
/

cm

2

than the green/blue μLEDs. The on-wafer light output power density of the red μLEDs at a wavelength of 632 nm at

115

A
/

cm

2

was approximately

936

mW/
cm

2

, the highest value reported thus far for InGaN-based red μLEDs. This value was comparable with that of the green/blue μLEDs at

11.5

A
/

cm

2

, indicating that the red μLEDs can satisfy the requirement of high brightness levels for specific displays. The color gamut based on InGaN RGB μLEDs covered 83.7% to 75.9% of the Rec. 2020 color space in the CIE 1931 diagram at 11.5 to

115

A
/

cm

2

.
Bifunctional ultraviolet light-emitting/detecting device based on a SnO2 microwire/p-GaN heterojunction
Authors: Xu Tong , Jiang Mingming , Wan Peng , Tang Kai , Shi Daning , Kan Caixia 
Published: October 2021

SnO

2

has attracted considerable attention due to its wide bandgap, large exciton binding energy, and outstanding electrical and optoelectronic features. Owing to the lack of reliable and reproducible p-type

SnO

2

, many challenges on developing

SnO

2

-based optoelectronic devices and their practical applications still remain. Herein, single-crystal

SnO

2

microwires (MWs) are acquired via the self-catalyzed approach. As a strategic alternative,

n
-
SnO

2

MW/p-GaN heterojunction was constructed, which exhibited selectable dual-functionalities of light-emitting and photodetection when operated by applying an appropriate voltage. The device illustrated a distinct near-ultraviolet light-emission peaking at

∼
395.0

nm

and a linewidth

∼
50

nm

. Significantly, the device characteristics, in terms of the main peak positions and linewidth, are nearly invariant as functions of various injection current, suggesting that quantum-confined Stark effect is essentially absent. Meanwhile, the identical

n
-

SnO

2

MW/p-GaN heterojunction can also achieve photovoltaic-type light detection. The device can steadily feature ultraviolet photodetecting ability, including the ultraviolet/visible rejection ratio (

R

360

nm

/

R

400

nm

)

∼
1.5
×

10

3

, high photodark current ratio of

10

5

, fast response speed of 9.2/51 ms, maximum responsivity of 1.5 A/W, and detectivity of

1.3
×

10

13

Jones under 360 nm light at

−
3

V

bias. Therefore, the bifunctional device not only displays distinct near-ultraviolet light emission, but also has the ability of high-sensitive ultraviolet photodetection. The novel design of

n
-
SnO

2

MW/p-GaN heterojunction bifunctional systems is expected to open doors to practical application of

SnO

2

microstructures/nanostructures for large-scale device miniaturization, integration and multifunction in next-generation high-performance photoelectronic devices.
Testing for saturation in qualitative evidence syntheses: An update of HIV adherence in Africa
Authors: Rohwer Anke , Hendricks Lynn , Oliver Sandy , Garner Paul 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundA systematic review of randomised trials may be conclusive signalling no further research is needed; or identify gaps requiring further research that may then be included in review updates. In qualitative evidence synthesis (QES), the rationale, triggers, and methods for updating are less clear cut. We updated a QES on adherence to anti-retroviral treatment to examine if thematic saturation renders additional research redundant.MethodsWe adopted the original review search strategy and eligibility criteria to identify studies in the subsequent three years. We assessed studies for conceptual detail, categorised as ‘rich’ or ‘sparse’, coding the rich studies. We sought new codes, and appraised whether findings confirmed, extended, enriched, or refuted existing themes. Finally, we examined if the analysis impacted on the original conceptual model.ResultsAfter screening 3895 articles, 301 studies met the inclusion criteria. Rich findings from Africa were available in 82 studies; 146 studies were sparse, contained no additional information on specific populations, and did not contribute to the analysis. New studies enriched our understanding on the relationship between external and internal factors influencing adherence, confirming, extending and enriching the existing themes. Despite careful evaluation of the new literature, we did not identify any new themes, and found no studies that refuted our theory.ConclusionsUpdating an existing QES using the original question confirmed and sometimes enriched evidence within themes but made little or no substantive difference to the theory and overall findings of the original review. We propose this illustrates thematic saturation. We propose a thoughtful approach before embarking on a QES update, and our work underlines the importance of QES priority areas where further primary research may help, and areas where further studies may be redundant.
Socioeconomic, sex and area related inequalities in childhood stunting in Mauritania: Evidence from the Mauritania Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (2007–2015)
Authors: Shibre Gebretsadik , Zegeye Betregiorgis , Lemma Gorems , Abebe Birhan , Woldeamanuel Gashaw Garedew 
Published: October 2021

Introduction
The prevalence of stunting in under five children is high in Mauritania. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the extent and the overtime alteration of inequality in stunting. To this end, we did this study to investigate stunting inequality and the change with time using three rounds of Mauritania Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The evidence is important to inform implementation of equitable nutrition interventions to help narrow inequality in stunting between population groups.

Methods
World Health Organization’s (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) was used in the analysis of stunting inequality. Following standard equity analysis methods recommended by the WHO, we performed disaggregated analysis of stunting across five equity stratfiers: Wealth, education, residence, sex and sub-national regions. Then, we summarized stunting inequality through four measures of inequality: Difference, Ratio, Population Attributable Fraction and Population Attributable Risk. The point estimates of stunting were accompanied by 95% confidence intervals to measure the statistical significance of the findings.

Results
The national average of childhood stunting in 2007, 2011 and 2015 was 31.3%, 29.7% and 28.2%, respectively. Glaring inequalities in stunting around the five equity stratifiers were observed in all the studied periods. In the most recent survey included in our study (2015), for instance, we recorded substantial wealth (PAF = -33.60; 95% CI: -39.79, -27.42) and education (PAF = -5.60; 95% CI: -9.68, -1.52) related stunting inequalities. Overall, no substantial improvement was documented in wealth and sex related inequality in stunting between 2007 and 2011 while region-based inequality worsened during the same time periods.

Conclusions
The burden of stunting appeared to be heavily concentrated among children born to socioeconomically worse-off women, women who live in rural settings and certain subnational regions. Targeted nutrition interventions are required to address drivers of stunting embedded within geographic and socioeconomic contexts.
Effect of disclosure of HIV status on patient representation and adherence to clinic visits in eastern Uganda: A propensity-score matched analysis
Authors: Izudi Jonathan , Okoboi Stephen , Lwevola Paul , Kadengye Damazo , Bajunirwe Francis 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundDisclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status improves adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and increases the chance of virological suppression and retention in care. However, information on the effect of disclosure of HIV status on adherence to clinic visits and patient representation is limited. We evaluated the effects of disclosure of HIV status on adherence to clinic visits and patient representation among people living with HIV in eastern Uganda.MethodsIn this quasi-randomized study, we performed a propensity-score-matched analysis on observational data collected between October 2018 and September 2019 from a large ART clinic in eastern Uganda. We matched participants with disclosed HIV status to those with undisclosed HIV status based on similar propensity scores in a 1:1 ratio using the nearest neighbor caliper matching technique. The primary outcomes were patient representation (the tendency for patients to have other people pick-up their medications) and adherence to clinic visits. We fitted a logistic regression to estimate the effects of disclosure of HIV status, reported using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsOf 957 participants, 500 were matched. In propensity-score matched analysis, disclosure of HIV status significantly impacts adherence to clinic visits (OR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.13–2.36) and reduced patient representation (OR = O.49; 95% CI, 0.32–0.76). Sensitivity analysis showed robustness to unmeasured confounders (Gamma value = 2.2,p= 0.04).ConclusionsDisclosure of HIV status is associated with increased adherence to clinic visits and lower representation to collect medicines at the clinic. Disclosure of HIV status should be encouraged to enhance continuity of care among people living with HIV.
X-RAY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF COTTONS AND HERBACEOUS CELLULOSE
Authors: Momziakova Kseniya Sergeyevna , Shinkarev Aleksey Aleksandrovich , Deberdeev Timur Rustamovich , Valishina Zimfira Talgatovna , Berlin Aleksandr Aleksandrovich , Deberdeev Rustam Yakubovich 
Published: October 2021

It was found that the extrusion treatment of cotton cellulose in an aqueous medium, followed by drying and grinding on a hammer mill leads to a decrease in the crystallite size in the transverse direction ([110] and [100]) as a result of mechanical destruction of cellulose macromolecules, and the subsequent acid hydrolysis of cellulose in H2SO4 solutions to an increase in the size of crystallites in the transverse direction ([110], [110] and [100]) due to co-crystallization processes. It is shown that alkaline cooking of cellulose-containing material, followed by extrusion processing, washing, drying and grinding on a hammer mill leads to an increase in the transverse dimensions of crystallites in the [110] and [100] directions for flax cellulose and in the [110], [110] and [100] – for cellulose from oats and alfalfa as a result of partial removal of lignin and hemicelluloses from the cellulose-containing material.
Differences were revealed in the sizes of the coherent scattering regions and the parameters of the crystallographic cell of cellulose samples from cotton and herbaceous plants (flax, oats, and alfalfa), as well as between samples from oats and alfalfa obtained under the same conditions with the same type of feedstock (straw).
It has been established that the proposed stepwise technology for processing cotton and linen fibers leads to a slight decrease in the degree of crystallinity and the average degree of polymerization, which indicates that the developed technology for obtaining high-viscosity powder celluloses for various purposes is promising.
Correlation coefficients are established between the values of the degree of ordering of the structure of cellulose samples from various plant raw materials, calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy, which make it possible to adequately compare all the known literature and experimental data.
INFLUENCE OF HYDROLYTIC TREATMENT ON THE CONTENT OF REDUCING SUBSTANCES IN NEUTRAL-SULPHITE ALKALI
Authors: Mingazova Leysan Azatovna , Kryakunova Yelena Vyacheslavovna , Kanarskaya Zosia Albertovna , Kanarskiy Альберт Владимирович , Kruchina-Bogdanov Igor' Vadimovich , Belkina Yekaterina Vasil'yevna 
Published: October 2021

The aim of this work is to develop a technology for the preparation of neutral-sulfite liquors formed during the production of fibrous semi-finished products - cellulose from birch wood - for subsequent use as a nutrient medium for the cultivation of microorganisms. Acid hydrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 100 °С at a ratio of a 10% sulfuric acid solution to a liquor sample of 1 : 1. Enzymatic hydrolysis of neutral sulfite liquors was carried out with the enzyme preparations Accellerase XY and Accellerase XC at 50±2 °C and 60±2 °C. The end of hydrolysis was determined by the cessation of the increase in the content of reducing substances (RS) in the hydrolyzate. The original neutral sulphite lye contained 9.4% dry matter, 21.7 g/l of reducing substances, pH 5.3±0.2. It has been shown that as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of insoluble dry residue in the hydrolyzate decreases to 8.32% and 8.41%, respectively, and during acid hydrolysis – to 7.8%. The content of RS in neutral sulfite lye after acid hydrolysis increases by an average of 3 times, while after enzymatic hydrolysis - a maximum of 2 times. It was found by gas-liquid chromatography that pentoses predominate in the obtained hydrolysates. Microbiological processing of media with a similar carbohydrate composition is possible by a number of strains of microorganisms capable of assimilating pentoses, for example, yeast-like fungi of the Saccharomycetaceae family and bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Respons Fisiologi Tanaman Cabai (Capsicum annuum) Var. Lembang 1 Terhadap Infeksi Fusarium oxysporum pada Umur Tanaman yang Berbeda
Authors: Ulya Himmatul , Ferniah Rejeki Siti , Darmanti Sri 
Published: October 2021

Cabai merah merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang banyak dibudidayakan oleh petani, namun penyakit layu fusarium yang disebabkan oleh infeksi fungi Fusarium oxysporum menjadi kendala utama dalam budidaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji respons fisiologi tanaman cabai kultivar Lembang-1 pada umur tanaman yang berbeda terhadap infeksi F.oxysporum. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial 2x2. Faktor pertama adalah infeksi F.oxysporum (diinfeksi dan tidak diinfeksi) dan faktor kedua adalah umur tanaman cabai saat infeksi (35 dan 75 hari setelah tanam). Masing-masing perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah panjang dan lebar porus stomata, kadar pigmen fotosintesis dan pertumbuhan relative tanaman cabai. Data kuantitatif yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan Analysis of Variance (Anova) dilanjutkan dengan uji DMRT pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman cabai yang diinfeksi F.oxysporum pada umur 35 SHT lebih responsif dibanding dengan yang diinfeksi pada umur 75 SHT. Respon fisiologinya tanaman cabai yang diinfeksi pada hari ke 35 setelah tanam adalah penyempitan lebar porus stomata sebesar 31,2%, penurunan kadar pigmen klorofil dan karotenoid sebesar 18%, penurunan tinggi batang 10,4% dan penurunan panjang akar 15,9%.Kata Kunci: defisiensi air, infeksi fungi, stomata, xylem
Prunus padus L. bark as a functional promoting component in functional herbal infusions – cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects
Authors: Telichowska Aleksandra , Kobus-Cisowska Joanna , Szulc Piotr , Wilk Radosław , Szwajgier Dominik , Szymanowska Daria 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The study assessed the health-promoting properties and the content of minerals in the bark of bird cherry (Prunus padus L.), which was then used as an ingredient in functional teas. The infusions were made with the use of Matricaria chamomilla L., Tilia cordata Mill., and Calendula officinalis L., and then combined with the bark in various proportions. The prepared infusions were tested for antioxidant activity, ability to reduce copper ions and iron ions, as well as the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. In the next stage, the antimicrobial activity and the ability to inhibit the enzyme cycloxygenase-2 were assessed. Bird cherry bark contains a high potassium content of 19.457 ± 762 mg/kg d.m. In all the tests evaluating the antioxidant activity, infusions from the bark of bird cherry alone and with its 30% addition had the strongest properties. The analyzed infusions also have the ability to reduce Cu(ii) ions; they are active to reduce Fe(iii) ions and scavenge hydroxyl radical. The highest antimicrobial activity was found for teas with 20 and 30% bark, especially against Listeria monocytogenes (25.0–27.0 mm) (±3.0). The bark infusion was also found to have the highest inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) – 77.0%.