bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in potato tubers
Authors: Figueiredo Joana , Vieira Paulo , Abrantes Isabel , Esteves Ivânia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans parasitizes a wide range of economically important crops, including potato (Solanum tuberosum). Damage by P. penetrans impacts not only the potato yield but can also reduce the tuber quality. Detailed information on tuber infection by P. penetrans is scarce for most cultivars and molecular detection of nematodes from infected tubers is needed. The objective of this study was to assess tuber symptomatology due to P. penetrans infection in 10 potato cultivars and to provide an accurate molecular methodology for nematode detection using tuber peels. Sprouts of certified potato seed from cultivars Agata, Agria, Camel, Désirée, Dirosso, Kennebec, Laura, Picasso, Royata, and Stemster were planted in 2 L pots, and soil was inoculated with 4 P. penetrans/g of soil. Sixty days after inoculation, tubers were harvested, inspected for lesions, and the number of nematodes/g of potato peel assessed. Observations of tubers with symptoms showed the presence of P. penetrans in superficial layers of peels around the lenticels and injured necrotic tissue. Different nematode stages were detected in tubers of all inoculated cultivars, varying from 4 to 46 nematodes/g of potato peel. Species‐specific primers showed suitable sensitivity and reproducibility for the detection of P. penetrans in tuber potato peel samples. The molecular detection of P. penetrans directly from tuber peels can facilitate routine nematode inspections of potato seed tubers or cull potatoes for nematode detection, and prevent further dissemination of this species.
Acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus in the mesophilic red alga Dixoniella giordanoi
Authors: Fattore Nicolò , Savio Simone , Vera‐Vives Antoni M. , Battistuzzi Mariano , Moro Isabella , La Rocca Nicoletta , Morosinotto Tomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEukaryotic algae are photosynthetic organisms capable of exploiting sunlight to fix carbon dioxide into biomass with highly variable genetic and metabolic features. Information on algae metabolism from different species is inhomogeneous and, while green algae are, in general, more characterized, information on red algae is relatively scarce despite their relevant position in eukaryotic algae diversity. Within red algae, the best‐known species are extremophiles or multicellular, while information on mesophilic unicellular organisms is still lacunose. Here, we investigate the photosynthetic properties of a recently isolated seawater unicellular mesophilic red alga, Dixoniella giordanoi. Upon exposure to different illuminations, D. giordanoi shows the ability to acclimate, modulate chlorophyll content, and re‐organize thylakoid membranes. Phycobilisome content is also largely regulated, leading to almost complete disassembly of this antenna system in cells grown under intense illumination. Despite the absence of a light‐induced xanthophyll cycle, cells accumulate zeaxanthin upon prolonged exposure to strong light, likely contributing to photoprotection. D. giordanoi cells show the ability to perform cyclic electron transport that is enhanced under strong illumination, likely contributing to the protection of Photosystem I from over‐reduction and enabling cells to survive PSII photoinhibition without negative impact on growth.
Habitat value of bivalve shellfish and seaweed aquaculture for fish and invertebrates: Pathways, synthesis and next steps
Authors: Theuerkauf Seth J. , Barrett Luke T. , Alleway Heidi K. , Costa‐Pierce Barry A. , St. Gelais Adam , Jones Robert C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAquaculture can have negative environmental impacts, adding to the suite of anthropogenic stressors that challenge coastal ecosystems. However, a growing body of scientific evidence indicates that the commercial cultivation of bivalve shellfish and seaweed can deliver valuable ecosystem goods and services, including provision of new habitats for fish and mobile invertebrate species. We completed a systematic literature review of studies focused on understanding habitat‐related interactions associated with bivalve and seaweed aquaculture, and a brief meta‐analysis of 65 studies to evaluate fish and mobile macroinvertebrate populations at farms and reference sites. Bivalve and seaweed aquaculture were associated with higher abundance (n = 59, range: 0.05× to 473×, median lnRR = 0.67) and species richness (n = 29, range: 0.68× to 4.3×, median lnRR = 0.13) of wild, mobile macrofauna. Suspended or elevated mussel and oyster culture yielded the largest increases in wild macrofaunal abundance and species richness. We describe the major mechanisms and pathways by which bivalve and seaweed aquaculture may positively influence the structure and function of faunal communities—including provision of structured habitat, provision of food resources and enhanced reproduction and recruitment—and identify the role of the species cultivated and cultivation gear in affecting habitat value. Given the continued deterioration of coastal habitats and increasing investments into their restoration, understanding how industry activities such as aquaculture can be designed to deliver food within ecological limits and have positive influences on ecosystem goods and services is essential in ensuring ecological, social and economic objectives can be achieved.
The importance of ventilatory thresholds to define aerobic exercise intensity in cardiac patients and healthy subjects
Authors: Anselmi Francesca , Cavigli Luna , Pagliaro Antonio , Valente Serafina , Valentini Francesca , Cameli Matteo , Focardi Marta , Mochi Nicola , Dendale Paul , Hansen Dominique , Bonifazi Marco , Halle Martin , D’Ascenzi Flavio 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAlthough structured exercise training is strongly recommended in cardiac patients, uncertainties exist about the methods for determining exercise intensity (EI) and their correspondence with effective EI obtained by ventilatory thresholds. We aimed to determine the first (VT1) and second ventilatory thresholds (VT2) in cardiac patients, sedentary subjects, and athletes comparing VT1 and VT2 with EI defined by recommendations.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 350 subjects (mean age: 50.7±12.9 years; 167 cardiac patients, 150 healthy sedentary subjects, and 33 competitive endurance athletes). Each subject underwent ECG, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The percentages of peak VO2, peak heart rate (HR), and HR reserve were obtained at VT1 and VT2 and compared with the EI definition proposed by the recommendations.ResultsVO2 at VT1 corresponded to high rather than moderate EI in 67.1% and 19.8% of cardiac patients, applying the definition of moderate exercise by the previous recommendations and the 2020 guidelines, respectively. Most cardiac patients had VO2 values at VT2 corresponding to very‐high rather than high EI (59.9% and 50.3%, by previous recommendations and 2020 guidelines, respectively). A better correspondence between ventilatory thresholds and recommended EI domains was observed in healthy subjects and athletes (90% and 93.9%, respectively).ConclusionsEI definition based on percentages of peak HR and peak VO2 may misclassify the effective EI, and the discrepancy between the individually determined and the recommended EI is particularly relevant in cardiac patients. A ventilatory threshold–based rather than a range‐based approach is advisable to define an appropriate level of EI.
Punishment, support, or discipline? Taking stock of recent debates about homeless governance in neoliberal cities
Authors: Grainger Garrett L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn interdisciplinary debate emerged in the 1990s about the nature of homeless governance in neoliberal cities. Contributions to this discussion have interrogated the form, function, and legitimacy of contemporary homeless management. Urban scholars have differentiated three techniques of homeless governance: punishment, support, and discipline. A subset of scholarship has defined punitive governance as an illegitimate act of repression that promotes urban revitalization by excluding the homeless from urban political economies, supportive governance as a legitimate act of voluntary or coercive care that helps the homeless survive a traumatic life experience, and disciplinary governance as an illegitimate act of production that fortifies urban political economies by including rather than excluding homeless individuals into bourgeois institutions. An emerging body of research demonstrates frontline workers coordinate these techniques of governance to pursue the aims of institutional elites. This article outlines the main points of contention in this debate, examines significant empirical findings that scholars have reported, and identifies salient knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research.
Building employability capabilities in data science students: An interdisciplinary, industry‐focused approach
Authors: Ferns Sonia , Phatak Aloke , Benson Susan , Kumagai Nina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the contemporary workplace, data scientists who are capable of interdisciplinary collaboration are in high demand. Universities need to provide data science students with a plethora of learning opportunities that involve collaboration in interdisciplinary contexts and engagement with industry partners. Curtin University and Lab Tests Online Australasia (LTOAU) collaborated to provide an interdisciplinary, industry‐focused learning experience for data science students. Upon completing the project, students reported improved understanding of the range of applications for data science skills. The experience delivered opportunities for greater self‐awareness and highlighted the importance of teamwork, decision‐making and leadership skills. This chapter presents Interdisciplinary Project‐based Work‐Integrated Learning (IPjWIL), an educational approach that equips data science students with the necessary skills to navigate the future world of work. The results of the pilot project described demonstrate how interdisciplinary, industry‐focused learning experiences enhance the capabilities of data science students, thereby augmenting employability.
Comparing four contemporary statistical software tools for introductory data science and statistics in the social sciences
Authors: Abbasnasab Sardareh Sedigheh , Brown Gavin T. L. , Denny Paul 
Published: June 2021

AbstractResearch students in social science disciplines frequently struggle to master statistical analysis. A contributing factor may be the statistical software that is used, as the design of such software may not address the needs of non‐statisticians or non‐computer programming students. Hence, decisions about which statistical software tools are most suitable for such end‐users need to be made at the introductory level. This paper first identifies key human‐computer interaction (HCI) factors that may directly influence students' statistical analysis performance. Factors include technical properties such as user interface design, statistical features available, visualization, data handling, preparation, and manipulation, and usage properties such as speed/number of steps, ease of command/use, and efficiency. Four popular software systems (ie, SPSS, R within RStudio Desktop, R Commander & jamovi) were evaluated. Findings suggest that HCI usage factors from an interaction perspective are likely to be especially important for students gaining an introductory knowledge of statistics.
Migrants’ involvement in health policy, service development and research in the WHO European Region: A narrative review of policy and practice
Authors: MacFarlane Anne , Ogoro Mamobo , de Freitas Claudia , Niranjan Vikram , Severoni Santino , Waagensen Elisabeth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe involvement of individuals and communities in health decision‐making is enshrined in WHO policies. However, migrant groups are under‐represented in health decision‐making processes. Our aim was to explore migrants’ involvement in health policy, service development and research in the WHO European Region to identify levers for inclusive and meaningful practice.METHODSWe conducted a narrative review of grey literature and peer‐reviewed research on migrants’ involvement in health decision‐making across the 53 countries in WHO Europe. We searched for articles published in English between 2010 and the present in two electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus), IOM MIPEX Health Strand country reports, the EU SOPHIE project and using a Google advanced search. Findings were analysed descriptively and using Normalisation Process Theory to investigate levers and barriers to implementation of policy into practice.RESULTSOf 1,444 articles retrieved, 79 met the inclusion criteria. We identified 20 policies promoting migrants’ involvement, but national‐level policies were present in only two countries. We identified 59 examples of migrants’ involvement in practice from half of the WHO Europe countries (n = 27). Our Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) analysis of 14 peer‐reviewed empirical papers found that participatory research approaches are a lever to putting policy into practice in a meaningful way.CONCLUSIONSMigrants’ involvement in health decision‐making requires explicit national policies that are implemented evenly across policymaking, service provider and research activities in all countries in the WHO European Region. Participatory approaches to involvement activities are encouraged because they are a lever to perceived barriers to migrants’ involvement.
Exploring optical coherence tomography imaging depth to differentiate tissues at surgical margins
Authors: Lages Maisa , Selmic Laura E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality that provides real‐time visualization of tissue microstructure. The goals of this study were to assess OCT image tissue depths (TD) with image processing, and other objective characteristics of tissue types at surgical margins in canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS). In this study, a single observer reviewed 248 images of four tissue types (sarcoma, skeletal muscle, adipose and fascia) collected from 24 dogs with STS. The observer evaluated for tissue characteristics and measured TDs utilizing ImageJ software. Images were evaluated in normal, Threshold and Binary conditions. Measurements were repeated 1 week later to evaluate for intra‐observer variability. In all three image processing conditions, the order of TD from greatest to least light penetration was adipose, skeletal muscle, fascia and sarcoma tissue. Neovascularization was observed in 53.2% sarcoma, and lines of fascia surrounding muscle bundles was present in 93.5% of skeletal muscle images. These observed differences between tissue types in OCT images can be utilized to improve observer evaluation, aid in development of algorithms, and improve the accuracy of surgical margin assessment.
Global prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infections among human tuberculosis cases: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Taye Hawult , Alemu Kassahun , Mihret Adane , Wood James L. N. , Shkedy Ziv , Berg Stefan , Aseffa Abraham 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is a chronic communicable bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. M. tuberculosis is the main causative agent of human TB, and cattle are the primary host of Mycobacterium bovis; due to close interaction between cattle and humans, M. bovis poses a zoonotic risk. This review summarizes and estimates the prevalence of M. bovis infection among human cases. Studies reporting TB prevalence data that were published in English during 10 years from 20 April 2009 to 17 April 2019 were identified through search of PubMed and other sources. Quality of studies and risk of bias were assessed using standard tools for prevalence study reports. Characteristics of included studies and their main findings were summarized in tables and discussed with narrative syntheses. Meta‐analysis was performed on 19 included studies, with a total of 7,185 MTBC isolates identified; 702 (9.7%) of them were characterized as of subspecies M. bovis, but there was a large prevalence difference between the studies, ranging from 0.4% to 76.7%. The genotyping‐based studies reported significantly lower prevalence of zoonotic TB than did the studies based on older techniques. The overall pooled prevalence of M. bovis aggregated from all included studies was 12.1% of the total MTBC isolates, while the corresponding pooled figure from the 14 genotyping‐based studies was only 1.4%. Generally, human M. bovis cases reported from different countries of the world suggest that the impact of zoonotic TB is still important in all regions. However, it was difficult to understand the true picture of the disease prevalence because of methodological differences. Future investigations on zoonotic TB should carefully consider these differences when evaluating prevalence results.
Factors Affecting Choice of Working Stresses for High-Temperature Service
Authors: McVetty P. G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the various methods which have been proposed to determine safe working stresses for high-temperature service. The question of the stability of alloys during the test and in subsequent service is considered, with particular emphasis upon probable changes in creep characteristics during long exposure to stress and temperature. It is shown that published data in general do not admit of extrapolation, and that attempts to estimate total creep in service from such data are not usually satisfactory. The author stresses the need for more fundamental study of the laws governing creep rather than creep tests of many different materials.
Theories of Strength
Authors: Nadai A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The conditions under which yielding starts at lower temperatures in metallic and also in other materials are discussed. Recent tests, particularly those made in England, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States, are compared and the results of a number of new ones concerning the conditions of yielding of steel are reported.
More detailed reference to these tests is made, and conclusions as to the best expressions available at present are drawn from them and utilized in rules for computing working stresses in practical cases. In conclusion, certain suggestions are made as to the conditions of ordinary rupture in a static test.
The New Theory of Plasticity, Strain Hardening, and Creep, and the Testing of the Inelastic Behavior of Metals
Authors: Hencky H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The knowledge of the inelastic behavior of metals has experienced considerable growth in the last few years. To draw all the advantages possible from the experiments, frequently very difficult, an effort has been made to bring the entire development under some dominating physical ideas. These ideas are in fact very old, and deal mainly with the proper conception of the hidden elastic energy that is responsible for the statical component of the strain hardening. The analytical treatment of the inelastic behavior gives promise of being valuable not only in the testing of materials, but even for the designer of machines used in the forming of metals.
Development and Verification of an Integrated Seawater Desalination and Renewable Energy System Model
Authors: Bani Salim Muath , Zhang Xuewei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This work investigates the modeling and verification of seawater reverse osmosis powered by renewable energy resources (SWRO-RES). The model includes one stage of RO membranes, high pressure (HP) pump, energy recovery devices (ERD), Wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic panels (PV), and electrical grid as a back-up for the cases when there is weak penetration of the RES. Antibugging and tracing for the computer model were used as part of the code verification to discover all coding errors and check whether the computer model conforms to the SWRO specifications. After that, the calculations verifications process was performed using sensitivity analysis (SA) to evaluate whether the model response follows the anticipated direction and to check the model at some extreme conditions. Four SA cases were implemented to evaluate the SWRO-RES freshwater production, freshwater concentration, recovery rate, and specific energy consumption (SEC). Case 1 was the SA for different feed pressure values. In this case, it is important to find the pressure value that gives the lowest freshwater concentration. Case 2 was the SA for different feedwater temperature values. While case 3 was the SA for the feedwater concentration. In all these cases, the model shows a verified response and as anticipated. The last SA case was to study the effect of different numbers of WT and PV panels and evaluate the electrical grid share considering one year of operation for the SWRO-RES plant.
Associations Between Household Socioeconomic Status, Car Ownership, Physical Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in South African Primary Schoolchildren Living in Marginalized Communities
Authors: Gerber Markus , Lang Christin , Beckmann Johanna , Degen Jan , du Randt Rosa , Gall Stefanie , Long Kurt Z. , Müller Ivan , Nienaber Madeleine , Steinmann Peter , Pühse Uwe , Utzinger Jürg , Nqweniso Siphesihle , Walter Cheryl 
Published: June 2021

Background: Little is known whether physical activity (PA)-promoting environments are equally accessible to children with divergent socioeconomic status (SES) in low-/middle-income countries. The authors, therefore, examined whether South African children from poorer versus wealthier families living in marginalized communities differed in moderate to vigorous PA and cardiorespiratory fitness. We also tested associations between family car ownership and PA/cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods: Parents/guardians of 908 children (49% girls, mean age = 8.3 [1.4] y) completed a survey on household SES. PA was assessed via 7-day accelerometry, parental and child self-reports, and cardiorespiratory fitness with the 20-m shuttle run test. Results: Based on accelerometry, most children met current moderate to vigorous PA recommendations (≥60 min/d). About 73% of the children did not engage in structured physical education lessons. Whereas children of the lowest SES quintile accumulated higher levels of device-based moderate to vigorous PA, peers from the highest SES quintile engaged in more sedentary behaviors, but self-reported higher engagement in sports, dance, and moving games after school. Families’ car ownership was associated with higher parent/self-reported leisure-time PA. Conclusions: A deeper understanding is needed about why wealthier children are more sedentary, but simultaneously engage in more leisure-time PA. The fact that access to structural physical education is denied to most children is critical and needs to be addressed.