bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Late-Onset Breast Cancer in Genetically Predisposed Women
Authors: Boddicker Nicholas J. , Hu Chunling , Weitzel Jeffrey N. , Kraft Peter , Nathanson Katherine L. , Goldgar David E. , Na Jie , Huang Hongyan , Gnanaolivu Rohan D. , Larson Nicole , Yussuf Amal , Yao Song , Vachon Celine M. , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Teras Lauren , Taylor Jack A. , Scott Christopher E. , Sandler Dale P. , Pesaran Tina , Patel Alpa V. , Palmer Julie R. , Ong Irene M. , Olson Janet E. , O'Brien Katie , Neuhausen Susan , Martinez Elena , Ma Huiyan , Lindstrom Sara , Le Marchand Loic , Kooperberg Charles , Karam Rachid , Hunter David J. , Hodge James M. , Haiman Christopher , Gaudet Mia M. , Gao Chi , LaDuca Holly , Lacey James V. , Dolinsky Jill S. , Chao Elizabeth , Carter Brian D. , Burnside Elizabeth S. , Bertrand Kimberly A. , Bernstein Leslie , Auer Paul W. , Ambrosone Christine , Yadav Siddhartha , Hart Steven N. , Polley Eric C. , Domchek Susan M. , Couch Fergus J. 
Published: July 2021

PURPOSE The prevalence of germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in established breast cancer predisposition genes in women in the general population over age 65 years is not well-defined. However, testing guidelines suggest that women diagnosed with breast cancer over age 65 years might have < 2.5% likelihood of a PV in a high-penetrance gene. This study aimed to establish the frequency of PVs and remaining risks of breast cancer for each gene in women over age 65 years. METHODS A total of 26,707 women over age 65 years from population-based studies (51.5% with breast cancer and 48.5% unaffected) were tested for PVs in germline predisposition gene. Frequencies of PVs and associations between PVs in each gene and breast cancer were assessed, and remaining lifetime breast cancer risks were estimated for non-Hispanic White women with PVs. RESULTS The frequency of PVs in predisposition genes was 3.18% for women with breast cancer and 1.48% for unaffected women over age 65 years. PVs in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 were found in 3.42% of women diagnosed with estrogen receptor (ER)–negative, 1.0% with ER-positive, and 3.01% with triple-negative breast cancer. Frequencies of PVs were lower among women with no first-degree relatives with breast cancer. PVs in CHEK2, PALB2, BRCA2, and BRCA1 were associated with increased risks (odds ratio = 2.9-4.0) of breast cancer. Remaining lifetime risks of breast cancer were ≥ 15% for those with PVs in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2. CONCLUSION This study suggests that all women diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer or ER-negative breast cancer should receive genetic testing and that women over age 65 years with BRCA1 and BRCA2 PVs and perhaps with PALB2 and CHEK2 PVs should be considered for magnetic resonance imaging screening.
Asthma in Youth and Early-onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Study of 1.72 Million Israeli Adolescents
Authors: Shapiro Michael , Arbel Chen , Zucker Inbar , Balmor Gingy Ronen , Lutski Miri , Derazne Estela , Beer Zivan , Pinhas-Hamiel Orit , Mosenzon Ofri , Tzur Dorit , Afek Arnon , Tirosh Amir , Cukierman-Yaffe Tali , Gerstein Hertzel C , Rosenberg Vered , Chodick Gabriel , Raz Itamar , Twig Gilad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The prevalence of both asthma and early-onset diabetes is on the rise; however, the association between them remains unclear. We examined a possible association of asthma at adolescence with type 2 diabetes in young adulthood.

Methods
This is a nationwide, population-based study of 1 718 541 Israeli adolescents (57% males; mean age 17.3 years; range 16-19 years), examined before compulsory military service between 1992 and 2016, with data linked to the Israeli National Diabetes Registry. Asthma diagnosis and severity were determined by a board-certified pulmonologist and based on spirometry tests.

Results
Type 2 diabetes developed in 58/9090 (0.64%), 507/97 059 (0.52%), 114/23 332 (0.49%), and 7095/1 589 060 (0.44%) persons with moderate-to-severe, mild, inactive, and no history of asthma, respectively, during a mean follow-up &gt;13 years. The respective odds ratios (ORs) were 1.33 (95% CI, 1.02-1.74), 1.17 (1.06-1.28), and 1.09 (0.9-1.31), considering those without asthma history as the reference, in a model adjusted for birth year, sex, body mass index, and other sociodemographic variables. The association persisted when the analysis accounted for coexisting morbidities, and when persons without asthma, individually matched by age, sex, birth year, and body mass index were the reference. Both mild and moderate-to-severe asthma were associated with type 2 diabetes before age 35 years: ORs 1.18 (1.05-1.34) and 1.44 (1.05-2.00), respectively. The strength of the association was accentuated over time. The effect was unchanged when adjusted for oral and inhaled glucocorticoid use.

Conclusion
Adolescents with active asthma have higher risk to develop type 2 diabetes. This seems related to disease severity, independent of adolescent obesity status, apparent before age 35 years, and more pronounced in recent years.
Toward an Improved Classification of Type 2 Diabetes: Lessons From Research into the Heterogeneity of a Complex Disease
Authors: Redondo Maria J , Balasubramanyam Ashok 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
Accumulating evidence indicates that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is phenotypically heterogeneous. Defining and classifying variant forms of T2D are priorities to better understand its pathophysiology and usher clinical practice into an era of “precision diabetes.”

Evidence Acquisition and Methods
We reviewed literature related to heterogeneity of T2D over the past 5 decades and identified a range of phenotypic variants of T2D. Their descriptions expose inadequacies in current classification systems. We attempt to link phenotypically diverse forms to pathophysiology, explore investigative methods that have characterized “atypical” forms of T2D on an etiological basis, and review conceptual frameworks for an improved taxonomy. Finally, we propose future directions to achieve the goal of an etiological classification of T2D.

Evidence Synthesis
Differences among ethnic and racial groups were early observations of phenotypic heterogeneity. Investigations that uncover complex interactions of pathophysiologic pathways leading to T2D are supported by epidemiological and clinical differences between the sexes and between adult and youth-onset T2D. Approaches to an etiological classification are illustrated by investigations of atypical forms of T2D, such as monogenic diabetes and syndromes of ketosis-prone diabetes. Conceptual frameworks that accommodate heterogeneity in T2D include an overlap between known diabetes types, a “palette” model integrated with a “threshold hypothesis,” and a spectrum model of atypical diabetes.

Conclusion
The heterogeneity of T2D demands an improved, etiological classification scheme. Excellent phenotypic descriptions of emerging syndromes in different populations, continued clinical and molecular investigations of atypical forms of diabetes, and useful conceptual models can be utilized to achieve this important goal.
Longitudinal Assessment of Quality of Life Following Molecular Testing for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Schumm Max A. , Nguyen Dalena T. , Kim Jiyoon , Tseng Chi-Hong , Chow Amy Y. , Shen Na , Livhits Masha J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Molecular testing can refine the risk of malignancy in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules and can reduce the need for diagnostic thyroidectomy. However, quality of life (QOL) in patients mananged with molecular testing is not well studied.

Objective
We aimed to assess the QOL of patients undergoing surveillance after a benign molecular test result, or thyroidectomy after a suspicious molecular test result.

Methods
This prospective longitudinal follow-up of the Effectiveness of Molecular Testing Techniques for Diagnosis of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules randomized trial utilized the Thyroid-Related Patient-Reported Outcome, 39-item version (ThyPro-39) to assess the QOL of patients with indeterminate cytology on thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. All patients underwent molecular testing at the time of initial FNA. A mixed-effect model was used to determine changes in QOL over time.

Results
Of 252 eligible patients, 174 completed the assessment (69% response rate). Molecular test results included 72% (n = 124) benign and 28% (n = 50) suspicious. ThyPro-39 scores of benign molecular test patients were unchanged from baseline (following initial FNA and molecular test results) to 18 months of ultrasound surveillance. Baseline symptoms of goiter, anxiety, and depression were more severe for patients with suspicious compared with benign molecular test results. At a median of 8 months after thyroidectomy, suspicious molecular test patients reported improved symptoms of goiter, anxiety, and depression.

Conclusion
A benign molecular test provides sustained QOL throughout ultrasound surveillance, without worsening anxiety or depression relating to the risk of malignancy. Definitive surgery results in improvement of QOL in patients with suspicious molecular tests.
Exploring the co-involvement of disabled adolescents in participatory action research; protocol for a critical interpretative synthesis
Authors: McDonald Fiona , Robinson Katie , Gallagher Aoife L. , Pettigrew Judith 
Published: July 2021

Background: Participatory action research (PAR) provides an opportunity for academic researchers and adolescents to co-conduct research within an area of shared interest. Reciprocal learning occurs as co-researchers acquire research skills and knowledge, and academic researchers gain understanding of the issue being examined, from the perspective of those with lived experience. All members of the research team have a shared responsibility for the research and decision-making processes. PAR has predominantly involved adults as co-researchers. However, in recent years more effort has been made to co-conduct research with adolescents. The aim of this review is to interrogate the practices of academic researchers employing a PAR approach when working along-side disabled adolescents. Methods/design: A critical interpretive synthesis (CIS) will be conducted, allowing for a diverse range of evidence to be drawn from. A systematic search of nine databases, from 1990 onwards, will be conducted first. Reference checking will occur to elicit further relevant data. Following screening, further purposive sampling will be completed to facilitate the development of concepts and theory in line with the on-going analysis and synthesis of findings. Data analysis will involve interpretation of included papers in relation to the principles of PAR and a ‘best-practice’ framework will be developed. During analysis particular emphasis will be given to the identification of potential social barriers to the participation of disabled adolescents in PAR. Discussion: PAR is widely employed but little is known about its use when working with disabled adolescents. This current CIS will critically question the current practices of academic researchers employing PAR when working along-side disabled adolescents and future research through the best practice framework we will develop.
Cardiology referrals before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a health service evaluation
Authors: Kwok Chun Shing , Bennett Jessica , Curry Sonia , Jackson Debbie , Burke Hayley , Beeston Michelle , Powell Elizabeth , Gunter Bob , Cripps James , Jones Angela , Bethell Helen , Fogarty Lisa , Thomas Diane , Chell Sarah , Morgan-Smith Dot , Beynon Rhys 
Published: July 2021

Background/Aims The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented changes to healthcare services. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on referrals to cardiology services in a tertiary hospital. Methods Royal Stoke University Hospital has a cardiac assessment nurse team that provides rapid access to specialist cardiology opinion. All referrals are recorded on a database, which was used to determine how COVID-19 affected the number and types of referrals to cardiology during March–September 2019 and March–September 2020. Results A total of 12 447 referrals were made to the cardiac assessment nurse teams over the evaluation period. Compared to the average number of referrals across all months, there was a decline of 10.5%, 31.2% and 18.5% during March, April and May 2019 respectively. Comparing 2020 to 2019, there were more 999 calls (17.7% vs 15.7%) and accident and emergency referrals (46.5% vs 45.0%), and fewer interhospital referrals (16.0% vs 19.6%). In terms of advice provided for the 999 referrals, a greater number were advised to go to the accident and emergency department (10.5% vs 0%) and direct phone advice provided to those in other settings increased (11.7% vs 0.1%) in 2020. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a reduction in the number of overall referrals to cardiology, while also demonstrating a shift towards more advice to attend the accident and emergency department for assessment or direct phone advice being provided about management in the community.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the experiences of hepatology nurses in Canada
Authors: Zukowski Donna , DeWolff Anna , Lee Elizabeth , Gallagher Lesley , Coutere Sarah De , Yim Colina 
Published: July 2021

Background: In March 2020, COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic, directly affecting the management of liver disease. Aims: This study aimed to gain insights on the impact of COVID-19 on Canadian hepatology nursing care practices, on the personal stress levels of nurses and on strategies employed in the delivery of care. Methods: The 129 members of the Canadian Association of Hepatology Nurses (CAHN) were invited to an online survey, with a mixed-methods design consisting of 22 quantitative and seven optional qualitative questions. Findings: Of CAHN members, 41 (32%) responded to the survey; 90% reported moderate-to-severe negative impacts on practice settings, while 68% reported hepatitis C testing and treatment delays. The qualitative data identified six main themes within two broad categories: barriers in access to care and strategies employed by nurses. Conclusions: Participants identified that COVID-19 had negative impacts on themselves personally and on their delivery of healthcare to patients. Hepatology nurses led positive changes through collaboration with community partners and mobilisation of outreach work.
Analysis of Wear Characteristics of Blade Materials and Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Authors: Shi Yameng , Wen Baoqin , Li Liqiao , Wang Tao , Li Yang , Ren Sixue , Li Jingbin 
Published: July 2021

HighlightsThe thermal reaction between Glycyrrhiza uralensis and metal was analyzed via thermogravimetry.The wear characteristics of three common blade metals were studied under laboratory conditions.The wear mechanisms on the blades by different parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were analyzed.Thermal oxidation and element transfer occurred during the wear of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and metals.Abstract. To investigate the wear of metal blades when kneading and crushing total mixed ration (TMR) forage grass, the chemical composition of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) was determined using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, titration, and Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, and the thermal stability of G. uralensis was analyzed with thermogravimetry (TG). Blades made of spring steel (65Mn), mold steel (Cr12MoV), and tool steel (9CrSi) were selected for the wear tests. The wear mechanisms of the cork and wood layers of G. uralensis on blades were explored via reciprocating friction. The elemental content and worn surface morphology of the blades were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), three-dimensional morphology, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy spectrum analysis. Results showed that the wear on the blades was mainly abrasive, fatigue, and adhesive wear. Comparison of the wear of the G. uralensis cork and wood layers with that of the three blade types revealed that the coefficient of friction was smallest for the 65Mn blades, at 0.20 and 0.75, respectively, for the cork and wood layers. The combination of pyrolysis of G. uralensis with a change in the atomic content on the wear surfaces of the blades indicated that the wear process of the blades was accompanied by thermal oxidation. Damage to the blades by the G. uralensis wood layer was more serious than damage by the cork layer. The surface roughness and the depth of the wear scars for the G. uralensis wood layer on 65Mn blades were 0.085 µm and 0.427 µm, respectively, which were lower than the wear parameters for the Cr12MoV and 9CrSi blades under the same conditions. Therefore, 65Mn blades have good wear resistance and plastic resistance under the same wear condition. This study provides a reference for blade selection for cutting of TMR forage materials. Keywords: Blade, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Surface roughness, Wear resistance, Weightlessness rate.
Optical fiber time transmission technology based on a double-fiber round-trip method
Authors: Chen Ding , Xu Jiangning , Li Zhenzhong , Tan Xiaorong , Wu Miao 
Published: July 2021

In this paper, an optical fiber time transmission technology based on a
double-fiber round-trip method is provided. In the system, the one-way
transmission delay from the master station to the slave station can be
calculated directly through the measurement of three time interval
counters and their ratio relationship. The method eliminates the
influence of fiber length expansion and round-trip transmission delay
fluctuation, which is caused by ambient temperature change. The master
and slave stations are connected by 100 km and 80 km optical fibers,
respectively, and the temperature of the optical fiber link varies
from

−

20

∘

C

to 40°C. Compared with the
single-fiber round-trip method, the time interval error of a
double-fiber round-trip method is reduced from 1.4 ns to 80 ps when
the wavelength is 1310–1550 nm, and from 320 to 80 ps when the
wavelength is 1490–1550 nm.
Ultra-wideband graphene-based absorber in the terahertz regime based on elliptical slots and a complementary sinusoidal-patterned dielectric layer
Authors: Zareian-Jahromi Ehsan , Nourbakhsh Milad , Basiri Raheleh , Mashayekhi Valiollah 
Published: July 2021

A graphene-based absorber is presented based on elliptical slots and a complementary sinusoidal-patterned dielectric layer. The proposed absorber structure includes upper dielectric and metal film layers resulting in a Fabry–Perot cavity. The produced cavity enhances the confinement of electromagnetic waves. The presented absorber yields an absolute bandwidth of 4.02 THz (0.51–4.53 THz) considering an 0.88 absorbance level together with normal incidence. The presented structure benefits from an almost insensitive ultra-wideband absorbing performance as

θ

varies up to 50°and 60° for TE and TM polarizations, respectively. Moreover, the considered symmetry in the design procedure results in an almost insensitive structure with respect to the

φ

incident angle. Finally, the obtained 160% fractional bandwidth is much greater compared to mentioned previous works in literature.
Considerations concerning backscattering in the scattering order formulation of the discrete dipole approximation as applied to non-absorbing scatterers
Authors: Haspel Carynelisa , Sela Maor 
Published: July 2021

The progression of secondary waves emanating from scattering centers within a non-absorbing material in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum (wavelength 0.500 µm) is traced using two modeling schemes: the scattering order formulation (SOF) of the discrete dipole approximation (the original SOF) and the SOF with the Twersky approximation, according to which the path of the secondary waves in a successive scattering chain does not loop through the same scattering center more than once (the SOF-Twersky). It is shown that for smaller submicron-sized scatterers (radius 0.100–0.200 µm), the scattering phase function in the backscattering hemisphere converges after a small number of orders of scattering, as does the scattering phase function in the forward scattering hemisphere. For larger submicron-sized to micron-sized scatterers (radius 0.300–0.500 µm), however, the scattering phase function in the backscattering hemisphere deviates significantly from the correct scattering phase function for a small number of orders of scattering, even as the scattering phase function in the forward scattering hemisphere remains at reasonable values. These results point to the particular importance of higher orders of scattering in reducing backscattering by particles composed of non-absorbing materials. Likewise, the results imply that a possible source for the lack of convergence in the original SOF lies in a certain lack of destructive interference of secondary waves propagating in particular into the backscattering hemisphere. The extent to which “downward recursion” can ameliorate this lack of destructive interference of secondary waves propagating into the backscattering hemisphere within the SOF is also examined. In the SOF with downward recursion, looping of secondary scattered waves is allowed, unlike the other versions of the SOF; however, the scattering centers situated the largest distance from one another within a given scatterer interact with one another first, and the interactions proceed to smaller and smaller scattering center separations.
The association between elder abuse and childhood adversity: A study of older adults in Malaysia
Authors: Asyraf Mohammad , Dunne Michael P. , Hairi Noran N. , Mohd Hairi Farizah , Radzali Noraliza , Wan Yuen Choo 
Published: July 2021

Objectives
Childhood adversity has been linked with later victimization of young and middle-aged adults, but few studies have shown persistence of this effect among elders, especially outside of North America. This research examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and elder abuse among older adults aged 60 years and over in Malaysia.

Design
Cross sectional data were collected via face-to-face interview from June to August 2019.

Setting
Eight government community health clinics in Kuala Pilah, a district in Negeri Sembilan state approximately 100km from Malaysian capital city Kuala Lumpur.

Participants
Older adults aged 60 years and above (N = 1984; Mean age 69.2, range 60–93 years) attending all eight government health clinics in the district were recruited for a face-to-face interview about health and well-being.

Measurement
The Adverse Childhood Experience International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) were utilized to estimate childhood adversity and elder abuse respectively.

Results
Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the number of cumulative ACEs and elder abuse. Compared to older adults with no self-reported adversity, those reporting three ACEs (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.84,3.87) or four or more ACEs (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.16, 2.48) had higher risk of any elder abuse occurrence since age 60 years. The effect was most prominent for financial and psychological elder abuse. The associations persisted in multivariate logistic regression models after adjusting for sociodemographic and health factors.

Conclusion
Early life adversities were significantly associated with victimization of older adults. Social and emotional support to address elder abuse should recognize that, for some men and women, there is a possibility that vulnerability to maltreatment persisted throughout their life course.