bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐level field‐evolved resistance to spinosad in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, in organically managed fields
Authors: Schnaars‐Uvino Kathleen , Baker Mitchell B 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDOrganic pest management eschews synthetic pesticides and insecticide resistance is rarely studied in organically managed systems. Spinosad is a biologically based insecticide used widely by both organic and conventional growers. Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is infamous for its ability to evolve resistance to insecticides. Spinosad resistance was surveyed in conventionally managed fields in eastern New York in 2006. In response to grower reports of spinosad failure on two organic farms in 2009, resistance to spinosad was assayed in both conventionally and organically managed fields the following year, and growers were surveyed for their prior spinosad use.RESULTSIn 2006, spinosad resistance measured as median lethal dose (LD50) varied 9.8‐fold among the eight conventional fields sampled and a laboratory susceptible strain. In 2010, the resistance ratios of LD50 values relative to a laboratory susceptible strain ranged from 17.5 to 40.6 in conventionally managed fields, and from 128.7 to 5750.3 in organically managed fields, a dramatic increase from 2006 with higher resistance ratios in organically managed fields. Organic growers reported much heavier use of spinosad in the years prior to 2010.CONCLUSIONThis is the first report of high‐level resistance to spinosad in Coleopterans. Selection strength due to number of years used and number of applications per season appear to have been the primary factors driving the evolution of resistance to spinosad, highlighting the need for resistance management in organic production, where fewer alternative active ingredients for resistance management are available. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Number parsing at a gigabyte per second
Authors: Lemire Daniel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWith disks and networks providing gigabytes per second, parsing decimal numbers from strings becomes a bottleneck. We consider the problem of parsing decimal numbers to the nearest binary floating‐point value. The general problem requires variable‐precision arithmetic. However, we need at most 17 digits to represent 64‐bit standard floating‐point numbers (IEEE 754). Thus, we can represent the decimal significand with a single 64‐bit word. By combining the significand and precomputed tables, we can compute the nearest floating‐point number using as few as one or two 64‐bit multiplications. Our implementation can be several times faster than conventional functions present in standard C libraries on modern 64‐bit systems (Intel, AMD, ARM, and POWER9). Our work is available as open source software used by major systems such as Apache Arrow and Yandex ClickHouse. The Go standard library has adopted a version of our approach.
Change in modifiable dementia risk factors during COVID‐19 lockdown: The experience of over 50s in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Bartlett Larissa , Brady James J. R. , Farrow Maree , Kim Sarang , Bindoff Aidan , Fair Hannah , Vickers James C. , Sinclair Duncan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionContainment measures implemented to minimize the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are reported to be negatively affecting mental health, diet, and alcohol consumption. These factors, as well as poor cardiometabolic health and insufficient physical and cognitive activity, are known to increase the risk of developing dementia. COVID‐19 “lockdown” measures may have exacerbated these dementia risk factors among people in mid‐to‐later life.MethodsWe compared longitudinal data from before (October 2019) and during (April‐June 2020) the first COVID‐19 lockdown period in Tasmania, Australia. Participants (n = 1671) were 50+ years of age and engaged in a public health program targeting dementia risk reduction, with one‐third participating in the Preventing Dementia Massive Open Online Course (PD‐MOOC). Regression models were used to assess changes in smoking, alcohol use, body mass index (BMI), diet, physical exercise, cognitive and social activity, anxiety and depression, and management of cholesterol, diabetes, and blood pressure. Where significant changes were noted, the moderating influence of being in current employment, living with others, and completing the PD‐MOOC was tested.ResultsAlthough friend networks contracted marginally during lockdown, no detrimental effects on modifiable dementia risk factors were noted. Anxiety levels and alcohol consumption decreased, there was no change in depression scores, and small but significant improvements were observed in cognitive and physical activity, smoking, diet, and BMI. Stronger improvements in cognitive activity were observed among people who were cohabiting (not living alone) and both cognitive activity and adherence to the MIND diet (Mediterranean‐DASH diet Intervention for Neurological Delay) improved more for people who participated in the PD‐MOOC.DiscussionLongitudinal data did not show widespread negative effects of COVID‐19 lockdown on modifiable dementia risk factors in this sample. The results counter the dominant narratives of universal pandemic‐related distress and suggest that engaging at‐risk populations in proactive health promotion and education campaigns during lockdown events could be a protective public health strategy.
Dessins d’enfants, Seiberg-Witten curves and conformal blocks
Authors: Bao Jiakang , Foda Omar , He Yang-Hui , Hirst Edward , Read James , Xiao Yan , Yagi Futoshi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe show how to map Grothendieck’s dessins d’enfants to algebraic curves as Seiberg-Witten curves, then use the mirror map and the AGT map to obtain the corresponding 4d$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 supersymmetric instanton partition functions and 2d Virasoro conformal blocks. We explicitly demonstrate the 6 trivalent dessins with 4 punctures on the sphere. We find that the parametrizations obtained from a dessin should be related by certain duality for gauge theories. Then we will discuss that some dessins could correspond to conformal blocks satisfying certain rules in different minimal models.
Resurgent analysis for some 3-manifold invariants
Authors: Chung Hee-Joong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study resurgence for some 3-manifold invariants when Gℂ = SL(2, ℂ). We discuss the case of an infinite family of Seifert manifolds for general roots of unity and the case of the torus knot complement in S3. Via resurgent analysis, we see that the contribution from the abelian flat connections to the analytically continued Chern-Simons partition function contains the information of all non-abelian flat connections, so it can be regarded as a full partition function of the analytically continued Chern-Simons theory on 3-manifolds M3. In particular, this directly indicates that the homological block for the torus knot complement in S3 is an analytic continuation of the full G = SU(2) partition function, i.e. the colored Jones polynomial.
The distribution of pelvic organ support defects in women undergoing pelvic organ prolapse surgery and compartment specific risk factors
Authors: Payebto Zoua Emmanuel , Boulvain Michel , Dällenbach Patrick 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
The objective of our study was to describe the distribution of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in a population of women undergoing POP reconstructive surgery and to identify compartment-specific risk factors.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective observational study in a cohort of 326 women who underwent POP repair and had a standardized preoperative POP assessment using the Baden-Walker classification. The distribution of POP grade was described for each vaginal compartment. The association between the involvement of each specific compartment and predictors was evaluated with a logistic regression model.

Results
The frequency of significant POP (grade ≥ 2) was 79% in the anterior compartment, 49% in the middle/apical compartment and 31% in the posterior compartment. Combined significant anterior and apical defects were present in 25% of women. Increasing age was a significant risk factor for apical defect (between 60 and 70 years OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.2–4.6; > 70 years OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.7–6.6). Previous hysterectomy (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–4.6) was a significant risk factor for posterior defect.

Conclusions
In a population undergoing POP surgery, anterior compartment involvement is the most common and serious defect and can often be associated with an apical defect, especially in older women. In case of previous hysterectomy, the posterior compartment may be weakened. These findings may help surgeons to select the appropriate POP reconstructive surgery, which often should address both anterior and apical defects.
On the Stability of Periodic Multi-Solitons of the KdV Equation
Authors: Kappeler Thomas , Montalto Riccardo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we obtain the following stability result for periodic multi-solitons of the KdV equation: We prove that under any given semilinear Hamiltonian perturbation of small size$$\varepsilon > 0$$ε>0, a large class of periodic multi-solitons of the KdV equation, including ones of large amplitude, are orbitally stable for a time interval of length at least$$O(\varepsilon ^{-2})$$O(ε-2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first stability result of such type for periodic multi-solitons of large size of an integrable PDE.
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on adult diagnostic neuroradiology in Europe
Authors: Smits Marion , Vernooij M. W. , Bargalló N. , Ramos A. , Yousry T. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this survey was to understand the impact the Covid-19 pandemic has or has had on the work, training, and wellbeing of professionals in the field of diagnostic neuroradiology.

Methods
A survey was emailed to all ESNR members and associates as well as distributed via professional social media channels. The survey was held in the summer of 2020 when the first wave had subsided in most of Europe, while the second wave was not yet widespread. The questionnaire featured a total of 46 questions on general demographics, the various phases of the healthcare crisis, and the numbers of Covid-19 patients.

Results
One hundred sixty-seven responses were received from 48 countries mostly from neuroradiologists (72%). Most commonly taken measures during the crisis phase were reduction of outpatient exams (87%), reduction of number of staff present in the department (83%), reporting from home (62%), and shift work (54%). In the exit phase, these measures were less frequently applied, but reporting from home was still frequent (33%). However, only 22% had access to a fully equipped work station at home. While 81% felt safe at work during the crisis, fewer than 50% had sufficient personal protection equipment for the duration of the entire crisis. Mental wellbeing is an area of concern, with 61% feeling (much) worse than usual. Many followed online courses/congresses and considered these a viable alternative for the future.

Conclusion
The Covid-19 pandemic substantially affected the professional life as well as personal wellbeing of neuroradiologists.
Mechanistic insights into immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hypophysitis: a form of paraneoplastic syndrome
Authors: Kanie Keitaro , Iguchi Genzo , Bando Hironori , Urai Shin , Shichi Hiroki , Fujita Yasunori , Matsumoto Ryusaku , Suda Kentaro , Yamamoto Masaaki , Fukuoka Hidenori , Ogawa Wataru , Takahashi Yutaka 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as a cancer immunotherapy have emerged as a treatment for multiple advanced cancer types. Because of enhanced immune responses, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including endocrinopathies such as hypophysitis, have been associated with the use of ICIs. Most underlying mechanisms of ICI-related hypophysitis remain unclear, especially for programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. We hypothesized that ICI-related hypophysitis is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome caused by ectopic expression of pituitary-specific antigens.

Methods
Twenty consecutive patients with ICI-related hypophysitis between 2017 and 2019 at Kobe University Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Circulating anti-pituitary antibodies were detected using immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting. Ectopic expression of pituitary autoantigens in tumor specimens was also examined.

Results
Eighteen patients were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and two were treated with a combination of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and PD-1 inhibitors. All patients showed adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency and additionally, three showed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency, and one showed gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Among these patients, three exhibited anti-pituitary antibodies, two with anti-corticotroph antibody and one with anti-somatotroph antibody. Interestingly, the anti-corticotroph antibody recognized proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and those two patients exhibited ectopic ACTH expression in the tumor, while the patients without anti-corticotroph antibody did not.

Conclusions
We demonstrated 10% of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors-related hypophysitis were associated with the autoimmunity against corticotrophs and maybe caused as a form of paraneoplastic syndrome, in which ectopic expression of ACTH in the tumor was observed. It is also suggested that the pathophysiology is heterogenous in ICI-related hypophysitis.
Feasibility and Safety of the Craniocaudal Approach for Superior Sulcus Lesions of the Thorax
Authors: Koretsune Yuji , Sone Miyuki , Arai Yasuaki , Sugawara Shunsuke , Itou Chihiro , Kimura Shintaro , Kusumoto Masahiko 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the craniocaudal approach for superior sulcus lesions of the thorax.

Material and Methods
Between October 2010 and December 2020, the data from 22 consecutive patients who underwent drainage or biopsy using a craniocaudal trajectory were retrospectively reviewed. The craniocaudal approach was applied for patients in which the fluid collection or tumor was limited to the superior thoracic sulcus lesion or otherwise inaccessible owing to intervening structures such as pleural dissemination. The indications for this procedure were drainage in 20 patients and biopsy in 2 patients. Technical success, procedure time, complications, and clinical success were evaluated.

Results
Technical and clinical success were achieved in all patients, and no major complications were found. The median procedure time was 25 min (range 15–40 min). This procedure was performed with fluoroscopic guidance in 11 patients and ultrasound guidance in 11 patients. The routes of needle passage were the first intercostal space (n = 16), the second intercostal space (n = 5), and between the clavicle and the first rib (n = 1).

Conclusion
The craniocaudal approach for superior sulcus lesions might be a safe and feasible option for patients in which the conventional intercostal approach is difficult.

Level of Evidence
Retrospective cohort study. Level 4.
An international survey on AI in radiology in 1041 radiologists and radiology residents part 2: expectations, hurdles to implementation, and education
Authors: Huisman Merel , Ranschaert Erik , Parker William , Mastrodicasa Domenico , Koci Martin , Pinto de Santos Daniel , Coppola Francesca , Morozov Sergey , Zins Marc , Bohyn Cedric , Koç Ural , Wu Jie , Veean Satyam , Fleischmann Dominik , Leiner Tim , Willemink Martin J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Currently, hurdles to implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology are a much-debated topic but have not been investigated in the community at large. Also, controversy exists if and to what extent AI should be incorporated into radiology residency programs.

Methods
Between April and July 2019, an international survey took place on AI regarding its impact on the profession and training. The survey was accessible for radiologists and residents and distributed through several radiological societies. Relationships of independent variables with opinions, hurdles, and education were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results
The survey was completed by 1041 respondents from 54 countries. A majority (n = 855, 82%) expects that AI will cause a change to the radiology field within 10 years. Most frequently, expected roles of AI in clinical practice were second reader (n = 829, 78%) and work-flow optimization (n = 802, 77%). Ethical and legal issues (n = 630, 62%) and lack of knowledge (n = 584, 57%) were mentioned most often as hurdles to implementation. Expert respondents added lack of labelled images and generalizability issues. A majority (n = 819, 79%) indicated that AI should be incorporated in residency programs, while less support for imaging informatics and AI as a subspecialty was found (n = 241, 23%).

Conclusions
Broad community demand exists for incorporation of AI into residency programs. Based on the results of the current study, integration of AI education seems advisable for radiology residents, including issues related to data management, ethics, and legislation.

Key Points
• There is broad demand from the radiological community to incorporate AI into residency programs, but there is less support to recognize imaging informatics as a radiological subspecialty.
• Ethical and legal issues and lack of knowledge are recognized as major bottlenecks for AI implementation by the radiological community, while the shortage in labeled data and IT-infrastructure issues are less often recognized as hurdles.
• Integrating AI education in radiology curricula including technical aspects of data management, risk of bias, and ethical and legal issues may aid successful integration of AI into diagnostic radiology.
Detection of liver cirrhosis in standard T2-weighted MRI using deep transfer learning
Authors: Nowak Sebastian , Mesropyan Narine , Faron Anton , Block Wolfgang , Reuter Martin , Attenberger Ulrike I. , Luetkens Julian A. , Sprinkart Alois M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the diagnostic performance of deep transfer learning (DTL) to detect liver cirrhosis from clinical MRI.

Methods
The dataset for this retrospective analysis consisted of 713 (343 female) patients who underwent liver MRI between 2017 and 2019. In total, 553 of these subjects had a confirmed diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, while the remainder had no history of liver disease. T2-weighted MRI slices at the level of the caudate lobe were manually exported for DTL analysis. Data were randomly split into training, validation, and test sets (70%/15%/15%). A ResNet50 convolutional neural network (CNN) pre-trained on the ImageNet archive was used for cirrhosis detection with and without upstream liver segmentation. Classification performance for detection of liver cirrhosis was compared to two radiologists with different levels of experience (4th-year resident, board-certified radiologist). Segmentation was performed using a U-Net architecture built on a pre-trained ResNet34 encoder. Differences in classification accuracy were assessed by the χ2-test.

Results
Dice coefficients for automatic segmentation were above 0.98 for both validation and test data. The classification accuracy of liver cirrhosis on validation (vACC) and test (tACC) data for the DTL pipeline with upstream liver segmentation (vACC = 0.99, tACC = 0.96) was significantly higher compared to the resident (vACC = 0.88, p < 0.01; tACC = 0.91, p = 0.01) and to the board-certified radiologist (vACC = 0.96, p < 0.01; tACC = 0.90, p < 0.01).

Conclusion
This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the potential of DTL for detecting cirrhosis based on standard T2-weighted MRI. The presented method for image-based diagnosis of liver cirrhosis demonstrated expert-level classification accuracy.

Key Points
• A pipeline consisting of two convolutional neural networks (CNNs) pre-trained on an extensive natural image database (ImageNet archive) enables detection of liver cirrhosis on standard T2-weighted MRI.
• High classification accuracy can be achieved even without altering the pre-trained parameters of the convolutional neural networks.
• Other abdominal structures apart from the liver were relevant for detection when the network was trained on unsegmented images.
The fat anchor orchiopexy technique: results and outcomes from 150 cases surgical experience
Authors: Spinelli Claudio , Bertocchini Alessia , Cito Gianmartin , Ghionzoli Marco , Strambi Silvia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the study is to evaluate results and outcomes in a long-time follow-up period, by performing a novel testicular fixation procedure, known as “fat anchor orchidopexy” (FAO), for the treatment of palpable low inguinal undescended testis.

Materials and methods
We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent scrotal orchiopexy technique, from May 2013 to May 2019, at the Pediatric Surgery Division of Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Pisa (Italy). FAO (Spinelli’s technique) consists in anchoring the testicles to sub-scrotal fat with a single trans-scrotal incision. All the patients enrolled had history of unilateral or bilateral undescended testis. Data collected included patient’s age, operative times and complications.

Results
A total of 150 children with cryptorchidism were treated using a single trans-scrotal orchiopexy. Of them, 130 patients (86.7%) had unilateral undescended testis and 20 (13.3%) bilateral cryptorchidism. Mean patient’s age was 21 months (range: 14–28 months). All the procedures were planned in a day-surgery setting. Trans-scrotal orchiopexy was successful in all cases and no patients required an additional groin incision. No intraoperatively and postoperatively major complications were observed. Patients’ post-operative pain was mild (mean pediatric visual analog scale = 2). In all cases, the healing process was rapid and no surgical wounds infections were reported during the post-operative period, referring excellent cosmesis results. During a mean 48-month follow-up period, no testicular retraction, recurrence or testis atrophy was reported.

Conclusion
The original Spinelli’s technique (FAO) proves to be a safe and effective method for the treatment of palpable or distal-to-external-inguinal-ring testes. No immediate and delayed post-surgery complications were reported. In all cases, the anchored testicle remained in the scrotal position with normal vascularization. This novel surgical technique could give better options for scrotal fixation in case of low-lying cryptorchid testes.