bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incremental cost of improving immunization coverage in India through the Intensified Mission Indradhanush programme
Authors: Chatterjee Susmita , Das Palash , Pinheiro Anita , Haldar Pradeep , Ray Arindam , Brenzel Logan , Resch Stephen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) was a strategic endeavour launched by the Government of India aiming to achieve 90% full immunization coverage in the country by 2018. The basic strategy of this special drive involved identifying missed children and vaccinating them in temporary outreach sites for 1 week over consecutive 4-month period starting from October 2017. This study estimated the incremental economic and financial cost of conducting IMI in India from a government provider perspective. Five states—Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh were purposefully selected because of high concentration of IMI activities. The stratified random sample of 40 districts, 90 sub-districts and 289 sub-centres were included in this study. Cost data were retrospectively collected at all levels from administrative records, financial records and staff interviews involved in IMI. The weighted incremental economic cost per dose (including vaccine costs) was lowest in Uttar Pradesh (US$3.45) and highest in Maharashtra (U$12.23). Incremental economic cost per IMI dose was found to be higher than a recent routine immunization costing study by Chatterjee and colleagues in 2018, suggesting that it requires additional resources to immunize children through an intensified push in hard-to-reach areas. Incremental financial cost of the IMI programme estimated in this study will be helpful for the government for any future planning of such special initiative. The reasons for variation of unit costs of IMI across the study districts are not known, but lower baseline coverage, high population density, migration, geography and terrain and vaccinating small numbers of children per session could account for the range of findings. Further analysis is required to understand the determinants of cost variations of the IMI programme, which may aid in better planning and more efficient use of resources for future intensified efforts.
Cost-Reducing Traits for Agonistic Head Collisions: A Case for Neurophysiology
Authors: Tobiansky Daniel J , Long Kira M , Hamden Jordan E , Brawn Jeffrey D , Fuxjager Matthew J 
Published: April 2021

Synopsis
Many animal species have evolved extreme behaviors requiring them to engage in repeated high-impact collisions. These behaviors include mating displays like headbutting in sheep and drumming in woodpeckers. To our knowledge, these taxa do not experience any notable acute head trauma, even though the deceleration forces would cause traumatic brain injury in most animals. Previous research has focused on skeletomuscular morphology, biomechanics, and material properties in an attempt to explain how animals moderate these high-impact forces. However, many of these behaviors are understudied, and most morphological or computational studies make assumptions about the behavior without accounting for the physiology of an organism. Studying neurophysiological and immune adaptations that covary with these behaviors can highlight unique or synergistic solutions to seemingly deleterious behavioral displays. Here, we argue that selection for repeated, high-impact head collisions may rely on a suite of coadaptations in intracranial physiology as a cost-reducing mechanism. We propose that there are three physiological systems that could mitigate the effects of repeated head trauma: (1) the innate neuroimmune response; (2) the glymphatic system, and (3) the choroid plexus. These systems are interconnected yet can evolve in an independent manner. We then briefly describe the function of these systems, their role in head trauma, and research that has examined how these systems may evolve to help reduce the cost of repeated, forceful head impacts. Ultimately, we note that little is known about cost-reducing intracranial mechanisms making it a novel field of comparative study that is ripe for exploration.
Balancing on a Limb: Effects of Gravidity on Locomotion in Arboreal, Limbed Vertebrates
Authors: Smith Shaylee K , Hilliard Young Vanessa K 
Published: April 2021

AbstractReproduction is linked to a plethora of costs in gravid females, not least of which is a reduction in locomotor performance. Locomotor constraints due to gravidity are apparent across aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal habitats. Decrements to speed and maneuverability are the most often cited performance consequences of gravidity, regardless of habitat. Arboreal habitats present additional challenges, as they often are composed of unstable and varying substrates that affect locomotor performance. Many arboreal taxa exhibit morphological adaptations, such as grasping extremities and tails, that function to aid in stability during locomotion. Tail length has been found to correlate with lifestyle: arboreal mammals tend to have relatively longer tails compared with terrestrial counterparts. Balancing on a limb is hard on its own, but when combined with increased mass and shifts in center of mass due to pregnancy, it becomes even more challenging. However, few studies have explored the constraints that govern the intersection of arboreal locomotion, reproductive cost, and morphology. In this review, we identify fruitful areas for expansion of research and knowledge (i.e., the role of the tail) when it comes to arboreal balance during gestation.
Early-Life Corticosterone Body Condition Influence Social Status and Survival in a Food-Caching Passerine
Authors: Freeman Nikole E , Norris D Ryan , Sutton Alex O , Strickland Dan , Kyser T Kurt , Newman Amy E M 
Published: April 2021

Synopsis
Individuals undergo profound changes throughout their early life as they grow and transition between life-history stages. As a result, the conditions that individuals experience during development can have both immediate and lasting effects on their physiology, behavior, and, ultimately, fitness. In a population of Canada jays in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, we characterized the diet composition and physiological profile of young jays at three key time points during development (nestling, pre-fledge, and pre-dispersal) by quantifying stable-carbon (δ13C) and -nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes and corticosterone concentrations in feathers. We then investigated the downstream effects of early-life diet composition, feather corticosterone, and environmental conditions on a juvenile’s social status, body condition, and probability of being observed in the fall following hatch. Across the three time points, the diet of Canada jay young was composed primarily of vertebrate tissue and human food with the proportion of these food items increasing as the jays neared dispersal. Feather corticosterone concentrations also shifted across the three time points, decreasing from nestling to pre-dispersal. Dominant juveniles had elevated corticosterone concentrations in their feathers grown pre-dispersal compared with subordinates. High body condition as nestlings was associated with high body condition as juveniles and an increased probability of being observed in the fall. Together, our results demonstrate that nestling physiology and body condition influence the social status and body condition once individuals are independent, with potential long-term consequences on survival and fitness.
Dialogue and distrust: John Hart Ely and the Canadian Charter
Authors: Sigalet Geoffrey Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
John Hart Ely’s process theory of judicial review has had an influence on constitutions across the globe. This article explores and evaluates Ely’s influence on the drafting and development of the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The article first outlines the rudimentary elements of Ely’s theory of judicial review, then how Ely’s explicit influence on the development of the Charter has mostly been limited to the context of Section 15 equality rights. But Ely’s influence has been more extensive in the way scholars have sought to understand the Charter. The third section of this article shows how Ely has had an impact on Patrick Monahan’s theory of judicial review under the Charter, and in Rosalind Dixon’s process theory of dialogue. The article concludes by arguing that although Ely’s concerns remain relevant in the Canadian context, there are two reasons to be skeptical of using Ely’s theory to understand Charter rights: the first reason is that the Charter features substantive rights that do not seem to be reducible to protections for participation in the political process; the second reason is that process-based dialogue theory appears to be insufficiently distrusting of courts.
Intranasal Oxytocin for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Sabe Michel , Zhao Nan , Crippa Alessio , Strauss Gregory P , Kaiser Stefan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Negative symptoms are a core aspect of psychopathology in schizophrenia. Currently available pharmacological agents have proven minimally efficacious for remediating negative symptoms. A promising treatment avenue is the intranasal administration of the neuropeptide oxytocin. However, there have been inconsistencies in effects of oxytocin on negative symptoms throughout the literature, and factors leading to inconsistent effects are unclear.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials to compare the effectiveness of oxytocin with placebo for the treatment of negative symptoms and determine moderators of treatment effect. Random effects meta-analyses and dose-response meta-analysis were performed on mean changes in negative symptoms.

Results
In an initial analysis of all 9 identified randomized clinical trials, intranasal oxytocin showed no significant effect on negative symptoms. For higher doses (&gt;40–80 IU), a beneficial effect on negative symptoms was found with a moderate effect size, but this effect disappeared after exclusion of 1 outlier study. The dose-response meta-analysis predicted that higher doses of oxytocin may be more efficacious for negative symptoms. For positive symptoms, no beneficial effect of oxytocin was found in the main meta-analysis, but the dose-response meta-analysis suggested a potential advantage of higher doses.

Conclusions
The present results show no consistent beneficial effect of intranasal oxytocin for the treatment of negative and positive symptoms. The dose-response meta-analysis does not allow drawing any firm conclusions but suggests that high doses of intranasal oxytocin may be more efficacious. If future studies are conducted, an effort to reach adequate CNS concentrations for a sufficient duration is required.
Development and feasibility testing of an evidence-based training programme for pharmacist independent prescribers responsible for the medicines-related activities within care homes
Authors: Wright David J , Blyth Annie , Maskrey Vivienne , Norris Nigel , Bond Christine M , Hughes Carmel M , Alldred David P , Holland Richard C ,   CHIPPS Team
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The UK pharmacists with independent prescribing rights (pharmacist independent prescribers [PIPs]) are authorised to prescribe within their areas of competence. To enable PIPs to provide pharmaceutical care to residents in care homes and assume responsibility for medicines management, a process for development and assessment of competence is required. The aim of this research was to develop a training and accreditation process (training programme) to enable PIPs to operate safely and effectively within care homes.

Methods
Located in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland across four sites and based on a systematic review, it consisted of four phases: (1) initial stakeholder engagement, (2) uni-professional focus groups and interviews, (3) expert panel consensus and (4) feasibility testing. Four PIPs were trained each to provide pharmaceutical care to 10 care home residents. An expert panel synthesised the evidence at each stage to develop each iteration of the training programme. Content analysis was used throughout.

Results
Differences in baseline knowledge of PIPs required inclusion of a Personal Development Framework and the provision of a mentor. Face-to-face training focussed on managing medicines for a complex older person, minimising prescribing costs and supporting people without capacity. Provision of time to understand local context and develop relationships with care homes and general practitioners was identified as a central requirement. PIPs were assessed for competency via viva. Feasibility testing demonstrated that the derived training programme was acceptable, practical and effective.

Discussion
The model seemed to work, but due to small numbers, larger-scale testing of the training programme is now required.
Flux-stability for conservation laws with discontinuous flux and convergence rates of the front tracking method
Authors: Ruf Adrian M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We prove that adapted entropy solutions of scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux are stable with respect to changes in the flux under the assumption that the flux is strictly monotone in $u$ and the spatial dependency is piecewise constant with finitely many discontinuities. We use this stability result to prove a convergence rate for the front tracking method—a numerical method that is widely used in the field of conservation laws with discontinuous flux. To the best of our knowledge, both of these results are the first of their kind in the literature on conservation laws with discontinuous flux. We also present numerical experiments verifying the convergence rate results and comparing numerical solutions computed with the front tracking method to finite volume approximations.
Institutional and behaviour-change interventions to support COVID-19 public health measures: a review by the Lancet Commission Task Force on public health measures to suppress the pandemic
Authors: Lee Jong-Koo , Bullen Chris , Ben Amor Yanis , Bush Simon R , Colombo Francesca , Gaviria Alejandro , Karim Salim S Abdool , Kim Booyuel , Lavis John N , Lazarus Jeffrey V , Lo Yi-Chun , Michie Susan F , Norheim Ole F , Oh Juhwan , Reddy Kolli Srinath , Rostila Mikael , Sáenz Rocío , Smith Liam D G , Thwaites John W , Were Miriam K , Xue Lan ,   (The Lancet COVID-19 Commission Task Force for Public Health Measures to Suppress the Pandemic)
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Lancet COVID-19 Commission Task Force for Public Health Measures to Suppress the Pandemic was launched to identify critical points for consideration by governments on public health interventions to control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drawing on our review of published studies of data analytics and modelling, evidence synthesis and contextualisation, and behavioural science evidence and theory on public health interventions from a range of sources, we outline evidence for a range of institutional measures and behaviour-change measures. We cite examples of measures adopted by a range of countries, but especially jurisdictions that have, thus far, achieved low numbers of COVID-19 deaths and limited community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Finally, we highlight gaps in knowledge where research should be undertaken. As countries consider long-term measures, there is an opportunity to learn, improve the response and prepare for future pandemics.
Polarisation and Poverty Reduction in Africa: The Devil Is in the Choice of Equivalence Relation
Authors: Partridge Fraser C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe focus of this paper is the low observed mean consumption elasticity of poverty in Africa, and the suggestion that polarisation of national distributions, specifically the non-parametric ‘relative distribution’ method, is essential to understand the low regional elasticity. The version of the methodology adopted results in a measure of absolute polarisation. We show that the results obtained for 24 countries in the region are entirely a product of this choice, and while preference for translation invariance is a normative matter, claims regarding changes in distributions are not. There is no evidence of distributional changes unaccounted for by standard measures of inequality and mean consumption. These variables also explain the evolution of poverty levels in the 24-country sample. Given that changes in mean consumption and inequality account for both the changes in the chosen measure of polarisation and the evolution of poverty, there is no distinct role for the chosen measure of polarisation in accounting for the evolution of poverty in the region.
Massive Burns: Retrospective Analysis of Changes in Outcomes Indicators Across 18 Years
Authors: Meuli Joachim N , Pantet Olivier , Berger Mette M , Waselle Laurent , Raffoul Wassim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The treatment and management of massive burns, defined as burns affecting at least 50% of total body surface area (TBSA), have considerably changed since the 1990s. This study aimed at analyzing if the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, the success of skin grafting operations, and the mortality changed in the past 18 years. Between 2000 and 2018, 77 patients were admitted for massive burns to the ICU of a university hospital. Transfers and early care withdrawal precluded inclusion for 38 patients, leaving 39 for analysis. Study variables were year of admission, demographics, burn characteristics, critical care treatment (fluid resuscitation, ventilation, and nutrition), and surgical therapy. Association between outcomes and year of admission was assessed through correlation and logistic regression analysis. Potential confounders were assessed through stepwise linear regression. Patients’ characteristics were stable over time with a median age of 36 (25.0–48.0) years, burns 65% (55.0–83.0) TBSA, and deep burns 55% (50.0–68.0) TBSA. Length of ICU stay remained stable at 0.97 (0.6–1.5) days/%TBSA. Mortality was stable as well. Energy and carbohydrate delivery decreased in parallel with the number of infectious episodes per patient. The number of operations was stable, but the take rate of skin grafts increased significantly. The multivariate analysis retained year of admission, weight, the total number of infections, daily lipid intakes, and fluid resuscitation as independent predicting variables.
Doing Relationship Work: A Theory of Change in Consumer–Brand Relationships
Authors: Alvarez Claudio , Brick Danielle J , Fournier Susan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article proposes a novel theory, based on relational paradoxes, to explain how consumers enable or disable their relationships with brands over time. Analysis of data from in-depth, longitudinal interviews with 26 consumers reveals four relational tensions and seven actions that consumers take in response to these tensions, thus affecting the course and character of their brand relationships. Four consumer actions enable the consumer–brand relationship by creating patterns of relationship change based on equilibrium or transformation; three actions disable the relationship via patterns of vicious cycles or conflict. Overall, consumers do relationship work as they act to navigate tensions, thereby creating, maintaining, changing, and terminating their brand relationships. This research has implications for current theory on brand relationship templates, dysfunctional brand relationships, and customer relationship management.
“Free” food: nectar bats at hummingbird feeders in southern Arizona
Authors: Fleming Theodore H , Richardson Scott , Scobie Emily H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We report the results of an 11-year (2008–2018) community science project (also known as citizen science) designed to document the use of hummingbird feeders by two species of nectar-feeding bats, the lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) and the Mexican long-tongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana), in the Tucson area of southern Arizona. From 50 to &gt; 100 households participated in this project each year. We supplemented their reports with occasional mist-netting of bats at 21 observer sites to determine age and sex composition of bats at feeders. Our results indicate that L. yerbabuenae was more widespread and common at feeders than C. mexicana, which occurred mainly at sites close to mountains. In the Tucson area, the geographic extent of feeder visitations by bats, mostly L. yerbabuenae, expanded since 2007 and by 2018, covered most of the city and its suburbs. Most bats of both species visited feeders between late August and late October with little year-to-year variation in timing; some individuals of both species continued to visit feeders during winter. The number of bats observed at many sites during September (the month of peak visitations) was relatively stable for at least 10 years; modal numbers of nightly visitors per site in most years was 6 – 10 bats. Capture data indicated that L. yerbabuenae that visited feeders in the Tucson area were not a random sample of the species’ age and sex composition in southeastern Arizona, where their food plants are located in late summer and fall. In Tucson, most bats visiting feeders were subadult females (juveniles and yearlings). We suggest that hummingbird feeders have substantially increased food availability for nectar bats in southern Arizona prior to their migration south into Mexico. However, reasons for the increased use of feeders by L. yerbabuenae, particularly subadult females, beginning in 2007 are not yet clear.
The Contribution of Wildlife Hosts to the Rise of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in North America
Authors: Tsao Jean I , Hamer Sarah A , Han Seungeun , Sidge Jennifer L , Hickling Graham J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWildlife vertebrate hosts are integral to enzootic cycles of tick-borne pathogens, and in some cases have played key roles in the recent rise of ticks and tick-borne diseases in North America. In this forum article, we highlight roles that wildlife hosts play in the maintenance and transmission of zoonotic, companion animal, livestock, and wildlife tick-borne pathogens. We begin by illustrating how wildlife contribute directly and indirectly to the increase and geographic expansion of ticks and their associated pathogens. Wildlife provide blood meals for tick growth and reproduction; serve as pathogen reservoirs; and can disperse ticks and pathogens—either through natural movement (e.g., avian migration) or through human-facilitated movement (e.g., wildlife translocations and trade). We then discuss opportunities to manage tick-borne disease through actions directed at wildlife hosts. To conclude, we highlight key gaps in our understanding of the ecology of tick–host interactions, emphasizing that wildlife host communities are themselves a very dynamic component of tick–pathogen–host systems and therefore complicate management of tick-borne diseases, and should be taken into account when considering host-targeted approaches. Effective management of wildlife to reduce tick-borne disease risk further requires consideration of the ‘human dimensions’ of wildlife management. This includes understanding the public’s diverse views and values about wildlife and wildlife impacts—including the perceived role of wildlife in fostering tick-borne diseases. Public health agencies should capitalize on the expertise of wildlife agencies when developing strategies to reduce tick-borne disease risks.