bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An electron backscatter diffraction investigation on microstructural evolution of pearlite wheel steel near rolling contact fatigue crack tip
Authors: Liu Chun‐Peng , Zhang Guan‐Zhen , Liu Peng‐Tao , Chen Chun‐Huan , Ren Rui‐Ming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAfter rolling contact fatigue (RCF) failure, ultrafine grains are formed in the proeutectoid ferrite (PF) and ferrite grains near the RCF crack tip. During the RCF process, the plastic strain of the samples increases as the cycle increases. When the RCF crack is initiated, a stress field is formed at the RCF crack tip. The accumulation of plastic strain before initiation of the RCF crack is the main reason to result in grain refinement near the RCF crack tip. The stress field also contributes to the grain refinement near the RCF crack tip. The accumulation of plastic strain and the stress field at the RCF crack tip lead to the generation of a large number of dislocations in the PF and ferrite grains in the zone in front of the RCF crack tip. Then, the dislocations are gradually transformed into subboundaries. Finally, the subboundaries evolve into high‐angle grain boundaries, leading to grain refinement. The RCF cracks are mainly propagated at the interface between the grain refinement zone and the unrefined zone at the RCF crack tip. The local grain refinement zone at the RCF crack tip can accelerate the propagation of the RCF cracks.
Perceived ethnic discrimination as a determinant of migrants’ health in Italy
Authors: Quaglia Valeria , Terraneo Marco , Tognetti Mara 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDiscrimination has a negative impact on immigrants’ health and contributes to the (re)production of health inequalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived discrimination on physical and mental health outcomes of migrants living in Italy. Data were taken from the Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens (SCIF) survey, conducted in 2011–2012 in Italy, namely the first national survey that investigates social condition and integration of foreign citizens. In order to assess the association between perceived discrimination and both physical and mental health of immigrants, two binomial logistic regression models were fitted. The main finding of our study is that, also in Italy, perceived ethnic discrimination is associated with worse health outcomes, therefore, policymakers should develop and implement public interventions aimed at reducing health inequalities with the rest of the population and at promoting migrants’ social integration.
A Review of Spatial Causal Inference Methods for Environmental and Epidemiological Applications
Authors: Reich Brian J. , Yang Shu , Guan Yawen , Giffin Andrew B. , Miller Matthew J. , Rappold Ana 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe scientific rigor and computational methods of causal inference have had great impacts on many disciplines but have only recently begun to take hold in spatial applications. Spatial causal inference poses analytic challenges due to complex correlation structures and interference between the treatment at one location and the outcomes at others. In this paper, we review the current literature on spatial causal inference and identify areas of future work. We first discuss methods that exploit spatial structure to account for unmeasured confounding variables. We then discuss causal analysis in the presence of spatial interference including several common assumptions used to reduce the complexity of the interference patterns under consideration. These methods are extended to the spatiotemporal case where we compare and contrast the potential outcomes framework with Granger causality and to geostatistical analyses involving spatial random fields of treatments and responses. The methods are introduced in the context of observational environmental and epidemiological studies and are compared using both a simulation study and analysis of the effect of ambient air pollution on COVID‐19 mortality rate. Code to implement many of the methods using the popular Bayesian software OpenBUGS is provided.
Monotherapy treatment with chlorthalidone or amlodipine in the systolic blood pressure intervention trial (SPRINT)
Authors: Vakil Deep , Zinonos Stavros , Kostis John B. , Dobrzynski Jeanne M. , Cosgrove Nora M. , Moreyra Abel E. , Kostis William J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis post hoc analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) examined the performance of chlorthalidone (C) versus amlodipine (A) monotherapies. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) response between C and A. Logistic regression was used to examine monotherapy failure (adding a second antihypertensive agent or switching to a different antihypertensive agent) rates. Four hundred ninety‐one participants were treated with C monotherapy (n = 210, mean dose = 22 mg/day) or A monotherapy (n = 281, mean dose = 7 mg/day). There was a significant difference in mean SBP reduction between the C and A monotherapies at the third visit (higher reduction with A, adjusted p = .018). Unadjusted analysis showed a higher failure with C in the standard treatment group. Although the average SBP at failure was higher and above the 140 mm Hg cutoff that indicated monotherapy failure with A (142.60) compared with C (138.40), more participants on C failed despite having SBP below the 140 cutoff. This was probably due to decisions made by the investigative teams to change the antihypertensive regimen, because, in their opinion, the clinical picture required it. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, C had higher failure than A only in the standard treatment group (1.64 odds ratio [OR], 95% CI 1.06–2.56, p = .028). A sub‐analysis including participants who had never used antihypertensive treatment before randomization had similar results (2.57 OR, 95% CI 1.34–5.02, p = .004). Overall, in SPRINT chlorthalidone was associated with higher monotherapy failure than amlodipine in the standard treatment group because of decisions of the investigative teams.
Defining Telepresence as Experienced in Telehealth Encounters: A Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Groom Lisa L. , Brody Abraham A. , Squires Allison P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeTelehealth’s uptake has increased substantially in recent years, with an especially large jump in 2020 due to the emergence of COVID‐19. This article provides background on and explores “telepresence” in healthcare literature. Telepresence strongly impacts the patient experience, but it is poorly defined in current research. The aim was to conceptually define telepresence using qualitative methods.DesignDimensional analysis was used to analyze telepresence in clinical literature and create a clearer definition of telepresence as a concept. Multiple databases were searched for articles related to telepresence. Thirteen international articles related to telepresence were selected for analysis.MethodsDimensional analysis allowed for multiple viewpoints to be explored within each distinct context and perspective.FindingsTwenty‐five dimensions were discovered within the articles, which were synthesized to seven core dimensions of telepresence: connection, technological mediation, experienced realism, trust, being supportive, collaboration, and emotional consequence.ConclusionsTelepresence is highly impactful on the patient’s experience of telehealth care visits. The conceptual map produced by this dimensional analysis provides direction for clinicians to improve their ability to be present with patients during telehealth care. Potential implications include a starting point for future qualitative research, and the use of this dimensional analysis to inform clinical guidelines, improve clinician training, and assist in the development of new care models.Clinical RelevanceA telepresence definition brings clarity to an ill‐defined concept. COVID‐19 magnifies the need for a better understanding of telepresence, which allows clinicians to improve telehealth encounters.
Challenges for hospital management in supporting nurses to deliver humanized care
Authors: Martin‐Ferreres Maria Luisa , Wennberg‐Capellades Laia , Rodríguez Encarnación , Llaurado‐Serra Mireia , de Juan Pardo M. Angeles 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHospitals are paying increasing attention to the delivery of humanized care. The purpose of this study was to explore from the nursing perspective what hospital managers might do to facilitate this. A secondary analysis from a primary ethnographic study regarding dignity in nursing practice was conducted. Twenty interviews of internal medicine nurses from four hospitals were analyzed, and three main themes were identified: Management of nursing teams, Management of ethical values, and Management of the context. It is important for institutional values to be closely aligned with those of the nursing profession, and nurse managers play a key role in ensuring that the latter are applied in practice. The proposed actions offer a cost‐effective framework through which nurses and managers may promote the delivery of humanized care.
Gene expression in cell lines from human ameloblastoma immortalized using hTERT and HPV16‐E6/E7
Authors: Cruz Eduardo Luis de Souza , Loureiro Felippe José Almeida , Silva Artur Luiz da Costa da , Ramos Rommel Thiago , Kataoka Maria Sueli da Silva , Pinheiro João de Jesus Viana , Alves Júnior Sérgio de Melo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate and compare alterations in gene expression using two distinct immortalization methods (hTERT and HPV16‐E6/E7) in ameloblastoma cell lines.Materials and MethodsA primary cell culture derived from human ameloblastoma (AME‐1) was established and immortalized by two different methods using a transfection processes to hTERT and HPV‐E6/E7. The RNA‐seq was used to verify which immortalization method had less influence on gene expression. It was performed in four steps: extraction and collection of mRNA, PCR amplification, comparison with the human reference genome, and analysis of differential expression. The genes with differentiated expression were identified and mapped.ResultsRNA‐seq revealed genetic alterations in ameloblastoma cell lines after the immortalization process, including increased expression of tumor genes like MYC, E2F1, BRAF, HRAS, and HTERT, and a decrease in tumor suppressor genes like P53, P21, and Rb.ConclusionsIt is possible to affirm that cell immortalization is not an inert method regarding gene regulation mechanisms and the hTERT method (AME‐TERT) presented fewer changes in gene expression levels.
Reservoirs of plant virus disease: Occurrence of wheat dwarf virus and barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses in Sweden
Authors: Yazdkhasti Elham , Hopkins Richard J. , Kvarnheden Anders 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNon‐crop plants such as grasses and volunteer plants are an inseparable part of the flora of crop fields and can influence virus incidence in crop plants. The presence of grasses as virus reservoirs can lead to a higher probability of virus incidence in crop plants. However, the role of reservoirs as an inoculum source in agricultural fields has not been well studied for many viral diseases of crops. Grasses have been found to constitute potential reservoirs for cereal‐infecting viruses in different parts of the world. This study revealed that cereal‐infecting viruses such as wheat dwarf virus (WDV), barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs), and cereal yellow dwarf virus‐RPV (CYDV‐RPV) can be found among ryegrass growing in or around winter wheat fields. Phylogenetic analysis showed that a WDV isolate from ryegrass was a typical WDV‐E isolate that infects wheat. Similarly, a ryegrass isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus‐PAV (BYDV‐PAV) grouped in a clade together with other BYDV‐PAV isolates. Inoculation experiments under greenhouse conditions confirmed that annual ryegrass of various genotypes can be infected with WDV to a very low titre. Moreover, leafhoppers were able to acquire WDV from infected ryegrass plants, despite the low titre, and transmit the virus to wheat, resulting in symptoms. Information from the grass reservoir may contribute to improving strategies for controlling plant virus outbreaks in the field. Knowledge of the likely levels of virus in potential reservoir plants can be used to inform decisions on insect vector control strategies and may help to prevent virus disease outbreaks in the future.
Broad‐spectrum conceptual engineering
Authors: Isaac Manuel Gustavo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConceptual engineering is the method for assessing and improving our representational devices. On its ‘broad‐spectrum’ version, it is expected to be appropriately applicable to any of our representation‐involving cognitive activities, with major consequences for our whole cognitive life. This paper is about the theoretical foundations of conceptual engineering thus characterised. With a view to ensuring the actionability of conceptual engineering as a broad‐spectrum method, it addresses the issue of how best to construe the subject matter of conceptual engineering and successively defends the theses that conceptual engineering should be: (i) About concepts, (ii) psychologically theorised, (iii) as multiply realised functional kinds. Thereby, I claim to theoretically secure and justify the maximum scope, flexibility, and impact for the method of conceptual engineering on our representational devices in our whole cognitive life—in other words, a broad‐spectrum version of conceptual engineering.
Identifying groups of determinants in Bayesian model averaging using Dirichlet process clustering
Authors: Grün Bettina , Hofmarcher Paul 
Published: June 2021

AbstractModel uncertainty is a pervasive problem in regression applications. Bayesian model averaging (BMA) takes model uncertainty into account and identifies robust determinants. However, it requires the specification of suitable model priors. Mixture model priors are appealing because they explicitly account for different groups of covariates as robust determinants. Specific Dirichlet process clustering (DPC) model priors are proposed; their correspondence to the binomial model prior derived and methods to perform the BMA analysis including a DPC postprocessing procedure to identify groups of determinants are outlined. The application of these model priors is demonstrated in a simulation exercise and in an empirical analysis of cross‐country economic growth data. The BMA analysis is performed using the Markov chain Monte Carlo model composition sampler to obtain samples from the posterior of the model specifications. Results are compared with those obtained under a beta‐binomial and a collinearity‐adjusted dilution model prior.
Promoting corporate image or preventing underage use? Analysis of the advertising strategy and expenditures of the JUUL parent education for youth vaping prevention campaign
Authors: Kostygina Ganna , Szczypka Glen , Czaplicki Lauren , Borowiecki Mateusz , Ahn Roy , Schillo Barbara , Emery Sherry L 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveIn April 2018, JUUL Labs announced a $30 million investment in efforts to combat underage use of its products through ‘independent research, youth and parent education and community engagement’. Prior evidence demonstrates that tobacco industry-funded prevention programmes are ineffective and may work against tobacco control efforts; they do not discourage novices and youth from tobacco use but often improve the tobacco industry’s public image. We describe the nature, timing of and expenditures related to the JUUL underage use prevention advertisements across media channels.MethodsExpenditures for newspaper, magazine, television, and radio marketing and promotional efforts were collected through Kantar Media’s ‘Stradegy’ dashboard, an online platform which provides counts of advertisement occurrences and expenditures on various media channels. JUUL public relations and corporate social responsibility ads were identified in the Kantar Database. All ad expenditures were extracted and aggregated by date. Analysis of the expenditure data was triangulated with newspaper and industry advertisement archives.ResultsAdvertisements aired nationally and in over half of all US-designated market areas (n=130) across media platforms including newspapers, magazines, radio, and online in mobile web and internet displays. In 2018, JUUL Labs spent $30 million, predominantly for print advertising. The ‘What Parents Need to Know about JUUL’ ads primarily advertised JUUL’s smoking reduction ‘mission’ and promoted the product. By 2019, advertising increased to $36.2 million. JUUL’s message strategy transitioned to ‘Cracking Down on Underage Sales in Retail Stores’ and featured adult smoker testimonies, linking JUUL to smoking cessation.DiscussionMarketing expenditures promoting JUUL’s corporate social responsibility mission exceeded their $30 million investment in the underage use prevention efforts. The expenditures were focused on the media market areas where health organisation and legislative officials were launching investigations into JUUL social media and other promotional strategies.
Effect of a hypothetical modified risk tobacco product claim on heated tobacco product use intention and perceptions in young adults
Authors: Chen-Sankey Julia C , Kechter Afton , Barrington-Trimis Jessica , McConnell Rob , Krueger Evan A , Cruz Tess Boley , Unger Jennifer B , Chaffee Benjamin W , Leventhal Adam 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionModified risk tobacco product (MRTP) claims for heated tobacco products (HTPs) that convey reduced exposure compared with conventional cigarettes may promote product initiation and transition among young people. We assessed the effects of a hypothetical MRTP claim for HTPs on young adults’ intention and perceptions of using HTPs and whether these effects differed by their current cigarette and e-cigarette use.MethodsWe embedded a randomised between-subjects experiment into a web-based survey administered among a cohort of 2354 Southern California young adults (aged 20–23) in 2020. Participants viewed depictions of HTPs with an MRTP claim (n=1190) or no claim (n=1164). HTP use intention and HTP-related harm and use perceptions relative to cigarettes and e-cigarettes were assessed.ResultsOverall, participants who viewed versus did not view the claim did not differ in HTP use intention (28.5% vs 28.7%) but were more likely to perceive HTPs as less harmful than cigarettes (11.4% vs 7.0%; p<0.001). The experimental effect on HTP use intention did not differ among past 30-day cigarette smokers versus non-smokers (interaction adjusted OR (AOR)=0.78, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.76) but differed among past 30-day e-cigarette users versus non-users (interaction AOR=1.67, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.68).DiscussionThe hypothetical MRTP claim may lower young adults’ HTP harm perceptions compared with cigarettes but may not change HTP use intention overall or differentially for cigarette smokers. The larger effect on HTP use intention among e-cigarette users than non-users raises the question of whether MRTP claims may promote HTP use or HTP and e-cigarette dual use among young e-cigarette users.
Targeting a Radiosensitizing Antibody–Drug Conjugate to a Radiation-Inducible Antigen
Authors: Lewis Calvin D. , Singh Abhay K. , Hsu Fong-Fu , Thotala Dinesh , Hallahan Dennis E. , Kapoor Vaishali 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
We recently discovered that anti-TIP1 antibody activates endocytosis in cancer cells, which facilitates retention of antibody and dissociation of a conjugated drug. To improve the pharmacokinetics and cancer specificity of radiosensitizing drugs, we utilized antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) that bind specifically to radiation-inducible antigen, TIP1, on non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This approach exploits the long circulation time of antibodies to deliver a radiosensitizing drug to cancer each day during radiotherapy.

Experimental Design:
Antibodies to TIP1 were prioritized based on affinity, cancer-specific binding, and internalization. The lead antibody, 7H5, was conjugated with a cytotoxic drug MMAE because of its ability to radiosensitize cancer. Cytotoxicity, colony formation, and tumor growth studies were performed with 7H5-VcMMAE in combination with radiation.

Results:
7H5 showed a high affinity to recombinant TIP1 protein and radiation-inducible TIP1 on the cancer cell surface. 7H5 undergoes endocytosis in NSCLC cells in vitro. We obtained an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 4.25 for 7H5-VcMMAE. A 70% reduction in viable cells was observed following 7H5-VcMMAE treatment compared with 7H5 alone in both A549 and H1299 cells. 7H5-VcMMAE sensitized NSCLC cells to radiation, thereby significantly decreasing the surviving fraction. The ADC combined with radiation showed a prolonged delay in tumor growth and improved survival in A549 and H1299 tumor models.

Conclusions:
Targeting radiation-inducible TIP1 with a radiosensitizing ADC is a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of NSCLC. This novel approach of targeting with ADCs to radiation-inducible antigens will lead to clinical trials in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
Transparency in Environmental and Resource Governance: Theories of Change for the EITI
Authors: Le Billon Philippe , Lujala Päivi , Rustad Siri Aas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Transparency is now a core principle in environmental and resource governance. Responding to calls for a clearer identification of pathways from transparency to effective change, this article identifies three “Theories of Change” for governance-by-disclosure and applies them to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Among the best known global transparency initiatives, the EITI has used an inclusive multistakeholder governance model and elaborate compliance standards, disclosing trillions of dollars in natural resource revenues. Yet, after two decades, the EITI is still largely without an explicit and proven theory. This study finds that a Theory of Change for the EITI is possible, valuable, and even necessary as the EITI risks becoming obsolete in some participating countries. The proposed Theories of Change provide valuable templates for environmental and resource governance, yet such models need to reflect national contexts, needs, challenges, and objectives to ensure fit and effective implementation, including measures enforcing accountability.
Mid-frontal Theta during Conflict in a Value-based Decision Task
Authors: Senftleben Ulrike , Scherbaum Stefan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Mid-frontal theta is a sensitive marker for cognitive conflict. However, most research focuses on cognitive control paradigms (e.g., the Flanker task). Here, we ask if mid-frontal theta is also sensitive to response conflicts within value-based decision-making. We recorded electroencephalography activity during a value-based binary decision task. In this task, participants collected rewards in a virtual two-dimensional world. In each trial, we presented two reward options that were either quick to collect but were smaller in value, or took longer to collect but were larger in value. The subjective value of each option was driven by the options' value and how quickly it could be reached. We used this task to investigate three types of potential conflicts: choice ambiguity, choice repetitions, and temporal delay. We manipulated choice ambiguity by varying the subjective values of the decision options. For choice repetition, we biased participants toward one option for two trials and then tested how that affected the subsequent decision. We manipulated temporal delay by making one option quick to collect and one longer to collect. The behavioral results showed the expected effects: Decision times were shorter for unambiguous choices, participants showed a tendency to repeat the previous choice and decision times were shorter for repetitions, and decision times were shorter for earlier available choices. Response-locked mid-frontal theta power was increased for choice switches as compared to choice repetitions, and for the later available as compared to the earlier available option, but we found no effect of ambiguity.