bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Element Thermal Conductivity, Shape, and Density on Heat Transfer in a Rough Wall Turbulent Boundary Layer With Strong Pressure Gradients
Authors: Gramespacher Christoph , Albiez Holger , Stripf Matthias , Bauer Hans-Jörg 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Formation mechanisms for turbine roughness are manifold, including erosion, corrosion, deposition, and spallation or more recently additive manufacturing processes. Consequently, the resulting surfaces differ remarkably not only in roughness shape, height, and density but also in element thermal conductivity. Because the roughness elements extend into the boundary layer, their temperature distribution has a direct influence on the thermal boundary layer and thus on the resulting convective heat transfer. In the current study, heat transfer distributions along a flat plate with more than 20 deterministic rough surface topographies that differ in element eccentricity, height and density are measured. For each surface roughness, measurements are conducted using two different element thermal conductivities (0.2 W/(mK) and 30 W/(mK)), two pressure distributions, four Reynolds numbers between 3 × 105 and 7.5 × 105 and various inlet turbulence intensities in the range of 1.5 % to 8 %. The pressure distributions resemble a typical suction and pressure side, respectively. Results show a heat transfer increase of up to 60 % for the high thermal conductivity surfaces and up to 50 % for the low conductivity ones. While heat transfer on the high conductivity surfaces is always higher than on the low conductivity ones, the difference becomes smaller with decreasing element density.
Transient Analysis for Two-Dimensional Chemo-Mechanical Coupled Problem
Authors: Wang Xingquan , Liu Xia , Yang Qingsheng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, based on a diffusion and mechanical coupled continuum model, the two-dimensional chemo-mechanical coupled problem in the polar coordinates is studied under plane strain assumption. The transient analytical expressions for concentration and stresses are obtained using a displacement potential function and Airy stress function. An axisymmetric problem is considered to verify the correctness of these expressions. After that, a numerical example of a long enough and traction-free cylinder with variant concentration distribution on its cylindrical surface by an angle is given, and the results show that the shear stress on the cross section is generated during the process of diffusion and the axial stress increased with the increment of concentration. The in-plane stress for this traction-free cylinder will vanish at a steady-state when the concentration was linearly distributed.
Predictive Force-Centric Emergency Collision Avoidance
Authors: Fors Victor , Anistratov Pavel , Olofsson Björn , Nielsen Lars 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A controller for critical vehicle maneuvering is proposed that avoids obstacles and keeps the vehicle on the road while achieving heavy braking. It operates at the limit of friction and is structured in two main steps: a motion-planning step based on receding-horizon planning to obtain acceleration-vector references, and a low-level controller for following these acceleration references and transforming them into actuator commands. The controller is evaluated in a number of challenging scenarios and results in a well behaved vehicle with respect to, e.g., the steering angle, the body slip, and the path. It is also demonstrated that the controller successfully balances braking and avoidance such that it really takes advantage of the braking possibilities. Specifically, for a moving obstacle, it makes use of a widening gap to perform more braking, which is a clear advantage of the online replanning capability if the obstacle should be a moving human or animal. Finally, real-time capabilities are demonstrated. In conclusion, the controller performs well, both from a functional perspective and from a real-time perspective.
Convective Cooling of Compact Electronic Devices Via Liquid Metals With Low Melting Points
Authors: Liu Gui Lin , Liu Jing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The increasingly high power density of today's electronic devices requires the cooling techniques to produce highly effective heat dissipation performance with as little sacrifice as possible to the system compactness. Among the currently available thermal management schemes, convective liquid metal cooling provides considerably high performance due to its unique thermal properties. This paper first reviews the studies on convective cooling using low-melting-point metals published in the past few decades. A group of equations for the thermophysical properties of In-Ga-Sn eutectic alloy is then documented by rigorous literature examination, following by a section of correlations for the heat transfer and flow resistance calculation to partially facilitate the designing work at the current stage. The urgent need to investigate the heat transfer and flow resistance of forced convection of low-melting-point metals in small/mini-channels, typical in compact electronic devices, is carefully argued. Some special aspects pertaining to the practical application of this cooling technique, including the entrance effect, mixed convection, and compact liquid metal heat exchanger design, are also discussed. Finally, future challenges and prospects are outlined.
Progressive spatial and temporal evolution of tectonic triggers and metasomatized mantle lithosphere sources for orogenic gold mineralization in a Triassic convergent margin: Kunlun-Qinling Orogen, central China
Authors: Zhao Hesen , Wang Qingfei , Groves David I. , Deng Jun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Whether orogenic gold deposits formed from crustal or subcrustal sources is debated, and their link to orogenic processes is ambiguous. Gold mineralization in the Triassic East Kunlun–West Qinling Orogen, China, displays a spatial zonation in terms of its ages and stable isotope compositions. In the West Qinling segment, most gold deposits formed in a back-arc setting at 220∼210 Ma during a collisional episode within late slab rollback. These deposits have dominant δ34S of 5∼15‰ and δ18Ofluid of 10∼14‰, whereas those formed in the suture zone at 210∼170 Ma, during a post-collisional episode after slab break-off, have lower δ34S of −5∼+5‰ and δ18Ofluid of 6∼10‰. In the East Kunlun segment, those deposits that formed in a continental-arc setting and its related suture zone at 240∼200 Ma, in collisional to post-collisional episodes associated with slab break-off, have δ34S and δ18Ofluid values that are essentially similar to those in the West Qinling suture. δ34S values of ore sulfide separates and rims of zoned pyrites that have mantle-like signatures, in contrast with crustal signatures of host rocks, are indicative of subcrustal ore-fluid sources. The combined chronological and stable isotope shifts are consistent with a model in which ore fluids for gold mineralization in a back-arc setting were sourced from mantle lithosphere that was metasomatized by subducted oceanic sediment; whereas those in a continental-arc setting—including its suture zone—were sourced from fluid derived from altered oceanic crust. This study thus provides new insights into the complexity of orogenic gold systems in evolving orogens.
Family and occupational functioning following military trauma exposure and moral injury
Authors: Williamson Victoria , Murphy D , Stevelink S AM , Jones E , Allen S , Greenberg N 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionEvidence is growing regarding the impact of potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) on mental health; yet how moral injury may affect an individual’s occupational and familial functioning remains poorly understood.MethodThirty male veterans who reported exposure to either traumatic or morally injurious events and 15 clinicians were recruited for semi-structured qualitative interviews.ResultsWhile many veterans experienced psychological distress postevent, those who experienced PMIEs especially reported social withdrawal and engagement in aggressive, risk-taking behaviours. This was highly distressing for family members and created a tense, volatile home and workplace environment that was difficult for others to navigate. Following PMIEs, employment could be used as a cognitive avoidance strategy or as a means to atone for transgressive acts. In cases of moral injury, clinicians considered that targeted support for spouses and accessible guidance to help children to better understand how their military parent may be feeling would be beneficial.ConclusionsThis study provides some of the first evidence of the pervasive negative impact of PMIEs on veterans’ familial and occupational functioning. These findings highlight the need to comprehensively screen for the impact of moral injury on daily functioning in future studies that goes beyond just an assessment of psychological symptoms.
Risk factors for new chronic opioid use after hip fracture surgery: a Danish nationwide cohort study from 2005 to 2016 using the Danish multidisciplinary hip fracture registry
Authors: Edwards Nina McKinnon , Varnum Claus , Overgaard Søren , Nikolajsen Lone , Christiansen Christian Fynbo , Pedersen Alma Becic 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the risk factors for new chronic opioid use in elderly patients who underwent hip fracture surgery.DesignProspective population-based cohort study.Setting and participantsUsing Danish nationwide health registries, we identified all opioid non-user patients aged ≥65 years who had undergone hip fracture surgery from 2005 to 2016 and were alive within the first year following surgery.Main outcome measuresNew chronic opioid use defined by the dispensing of at least two prescription opioids within two of the last three quarters during the first year following surgery.ResultsWe identified 37 202 opioid non-user patients who underwent hip fracture surgery. Of these, 5497 (15%) developed new chronic opioid user within 1 year of surgery. Risk factors for new chronic opioid use were Body Mass Index (BMI) of <18.5 (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.36), BMI of 25.0–29.9 (aOR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.21) and BMI of ≥30 (aOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.76) with BMI 18.6–24.9 as reference, a pertrochanteric/subtrochanteric fracture (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.34) with femoral neck fracture as reference, preoperative use (vs no-use) of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.55 to 1.83), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.53), antidepressants (aOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.49), antipsychotics (aOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.35), corticosteroids (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.76), statins (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.18), antibiotics (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.42), antiosteoporosis drugs (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.49) and anticoagulatives (aOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.32). Presence of cardiovascular comorbidities, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or renal diseases was further identified as a risk factor.ConclusionIn this large nationwide cohort study, we identified several risk factors associated with new chronic opioid use after hip fracture surgery among patients who were alive within the first year following surgery. Although not all factors are modifiable preoperative, this will allow clinicians to appropriately counsel patients preoperatively and tailor postoperative treatment.
The use of a speaking book® to enhance vaccine knowledge among caregivers in The Gambia: A study using qualitative and quantitative methods
Authors: Nkereuwem Oluwatosin O , Kochhar Sonali , Wariri Oghenebrume , Johm Penda , Ceesay Amie , Kinteh Mamanding , Kampmann Beate 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo measure the usefulness of a Speaking Book (SB) as an educational tool for enhancing knowledge, understanding and recall of key vaccine-related information among caregivers in The Gambia, as well as its acceptability and relevance as a health promotion tool for caregivers and healthcare workers.Design and settingWe developed a multimedia educational tool, the vaccine Speaking Book, which contained prerecorded information about vaccines provided in The Gambia’s Expanded Programme on Immunization. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, we then conducted a sequential study assessing the use of this tool among caregivers andhealthcare workers in The Gambia.Participants200 caregivers attending primary healthcare centres in The Gambia for routine immunisation services for their infants, and 15 healthcare workers employed to provide immunisation services at these clinics.Outcome measuresWe calculated the median knowledge scores on vaccine-related information obtained at baseline, 1-month and 3-month follow-up visits. Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to compare the difference in the median knowledge scores between baseline and 1-month, and between baseline and 3-month follow-up visits.ResultsOf the 113 caregivers who participated, 104 (92%) completed all three study visits, 108 (95.6%) completed the baseline and 1-month follow-up visits, and 107 (94.7%) completed the baseline and 3-month follow-up visits. The median knowledge score increased from 6.0 (IQR 5.0–7.0) at baseline to 11.0 (IQR 8.0–14.0) at 1-month visit (p<0.001), and 15.0 (IQR 10.0–20.0) at 3-month visit (p<0.001). Qualitative results showed high acceptability and enthusiasm for the Speaking Book among both caregivers and healthcare workers. The Speaking Book was widely shared in the community and this facilitated communication with healthcare workers at the primary healthcare centres.ConclusionsContext-specific and subject-specific Speaking Books are a useful communication and educational tool to increase caregiver vaccine knowledge in low/middle-income countries.
Assessing relative COVID-19 mortality: a Swiss population-based study
Authors: Hothorn Torsten , Bopp Matthias , Günthard Huldrych , Keiser Olivia , Roelens Maroussia , Weibull Caroline E , Crowther Michael 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveSeverity of the COVID-19 has been previously reported in terms of absolute mortality in SARS-CoV-2 positive cohorts. An assessment of mortality relative to mortality in the general population is presented.DesignRetrospective population-based study.SettingIndividual information on symptomatic confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients and subsequent deaths from any cause were compared with the all-cause mortality in the Swiss population of 2018. Starting 23 February 2020, mortality in COVID-19 patients was monitored for 80 days and compared with the population mortality observed in the same time of year starting 23 February 2018.Participants5 102 300 inhabitants of Switzerland aged 35–95 without COVID-19 (general population in spring 2018) and 20 769 persons tested positively for COVID-19 during the first wave in spring 2020.MeasurementsSex-specific and age-specific mortality rates were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Absolute probabilities of death were predicted and risk was assessed in terms of relative mortality by taking the ratio between the sex-specific and age-specific absolute mortality in COVID-19 patients and the corresponding mortality in the 2018 general population.ResultsAbsolute mortalities increased with age and were higher for males compared with females, both in the general population and in positively tested persons. A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups at least eightfold. The highest relative mortality risks were observed among males and younger patients. Male COVID-19 patients exceeded the population hazard for males (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.44). An additional year of age increased the population hazard in COVID-19 patients only marginally (HR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01).ConclusionsHealthcare professionals, decision-makers and societies are provided with an additional population-adjusted assessment of COVID-19 mortality risk. In combination with absolute measures of risk, the relative risks presented here help to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the actual impact of COVID-19.
Patient experiences with physiotherapy for knee osteoarthritis in Australia—a qualitative study
Authors: Teo Pek Ling , Bennell Kim L , Lawford Belinda , Egerton T , Dziedzic Krysia , Hinman Rana S 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivePhysiotherapists commonly provide non-surgical care for people with knee osteoarthritis (OA). It is unknown if patients are receiving high-quality physiotherapy care for their knee OA. This study aimed to explore the experiences of people who had recently received physiotherapy care for their knee OA in Australia and how these experiences aligned with the national Clinical Care Standard for knee OA.DesignQualitative study using semistructured individual telephone interviews and thematic analysis, where themes/subthemes were inductively derived. Questions were informed by seven quality statements of the OA of the Knee Clinical Care Standard. Interview data were also deductively analysed according to the Standard.SettingParticipants were recruited from around Australia via Facebook and our research volunteer database.ParticipantsInterviews were conducted with 24 people with recent experience receiving physiotherapy care for their knee OA. They were required to be aged 45 years or above, had activity-related knee pain and any knee-related morning stiffness lasted no longer than 30 min. Participants were excluded if they had self-reported inflammatory arthritis and/or had undergone knee replacement surgery for the affected knee.ResultsSix themes emerged: (1) presented with a pre-existing OA diagnosis (prior OA care from other health professionals; perception of adequate OA knowledge); (2) wide variation in access and provision of physiotherapy care (referral pathways; funding models; individual vs group sessions); (3) seeking physiotherapy care for pain and functional limitations (knee symptoms; functional problems); (4) physiotherapy management focused on function and exercise (assessment of function; various types of exercises prescribed; surgery, medications and injections are for doctors; adjunctive treatments); (5) professional and personalised care (trust and/or confidence; personalised care) and (6) physiotherapy to postpone or prepare for surgery.ConclusionPatients’ experiences with receiving physiotherapy care for their knee OA were partly aligned with the standard, particularly regarding comprehensive assessment, self-management, and exercise.
Diagnostic accuracy of subjective dyspnoea in detecting hypoxaemia among outpatients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Berezin Linor , Zhabokritsky Alice , Andany Nisha , Chan Adrienne K , Estrada-Codecido Jose , Gershon Andrea , Lam Philip W , Leis Jerome A , MacPhee Scott , Mubareka Samira , Simor Andrew E , Daneman Nick 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesThe majority of patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 can be managed using virtual care. Dyspnoea is challenging to assess remotely, and the accuracy of subjective dyspnoea measures in capturing hypoxaemia have not been formally evaluated for COVID-19. We explored the accuracy of subjective dyspnoea in diagnosing hypoxaemia in COVID-19 patients.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of consecutive outpatients with COVID-19 who met criteria for home oxygen saturation monitoring at a university-affiliated acute care hospital in Toronto, Canada from 3 April 2020 to 13 September 2020. Dyspnoea measures were treated as diagnostic tests, and we determined their sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), negative/positive predictive value (NPV/PPV) and positive/negative likelihood ratios (+LR/−LR) for detecting hypoxaemia. In the primary analysis, hypoxaemia was defined by oxygen saturation <95%; the diagnostic accuracy of subjective dyspnoea was also assessed across a range of oxygen saturation cutoffs from 92% to 97%.ResultsDuring the study period, 89/501 (17.8%) of patients met criteria for home oxygen saturation monitoring, and of these 17/89 (19.1%) were diagnosed with hypoxaemia. The presence/absence of dyspnoea had limited accuracy for diagnosing hypoxaemia, with SN 47% (95% CI 24% to 72%), SP 80% (95% CI 68% to 88%), NPV 86% (95% CI 75% to 93%), PPV 36% (95% CI 18% to 59%), +LR 2.4 (95% CI 1.2 to 4.7) and −LR 0.7 (95% CI 0.4 to 1.1). The SN of dyspnoea was 50% (95% CI 19% to 81%) when a cut-off of <92% was used to define hypoxaemia. A modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea score >1 (SP 98%, 95% CI 88% to 100%), Roth maximal count <12 (SP 100%, 95% CI 75% to 100%) and Roth counting time <8 s (SP 93%, 95% CI 66% to 100%) had high SP that could be used to rule in hypoxaemia, but displayed low SN (≤50%).ConclusionsSubjective dyspnoea measures have inadequate accuracy for ruling out hypoxaemia in high-risk patients with COVID-19. Safe home management of patients with COVID-19 should incorporate home oxygenation saturation monitoring.
Protocol for a four parallel-arm, single-blind, cluster-randomised trial to assess the effectiveness of three types of dual active ingredient treated nets compared to pyrethroid-only long-lasting insecticidal nets to prevent malaria transmitted by pyrethroid insecticide-resistant vector mosquitoes in Tanzania
Authors: Mosha Jacklin F. , Kulkarni Manisha A. , Messenger Louisa A. , Rowland Mark , Matowo Nancy , Pitt Catherine , Lukole Eliud , Taljaard Monica , Thickstun Charles , Manjurano Alphaxard , Mosha Franklin W. , Kleinschmidt Immo , Protopopoff Natacha 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionThe massive scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has led to major reductions in malaria burden in many sub-Saharan African countries. This progress is threatened by widespread insecticide resistance among malaria vectors. This cluster-randomised controlled trial (c-RCT) compares three of the most promising dual active ingredients LLINs (dual-AI LLINs), which incorporate mixtures of insecticides or insecticide synergists to standard LLINs in an area of pyrethroid insecticide resistance.MethodsA four-arm, single-blinded, c-RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of three types of dual-AI LLINs (1) Royal Guard, combining two insecticides, pyriproxyfen and the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin; (2) Interceptor G2, combining chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin; (3) Olyset Plus, an LLIN combining a synergist, piperonyl butoxide and the pyrethroid permethrin, compared with; (4) Interceptor LN, a standard LLIN containing the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin as the sole AI. The primary outcomes are malaria infection prevalence in children aged 6 months–14 years and entomological inoculation rate (EIR), as a standard measure of malaria transmission at 24 months postintervention and cost-effectiveness.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was received from the institutional review boards of the Tanzanian National Institute for Medical Research, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and University of Ottawa. Study findings will be actively disseminated via reports and presentations to stakeholders, local community leaders, and relevant national and international policy makers as well as through conferences, and peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberNCT03554616.