bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Contexts
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents contexts of different kinds in which Cicero’s political philosophy may helpfully be set. It offers first some brief reminders of Cicero’s prominence in the rhetoric of the Western republican tradition, followed by a brief sketch of his political biography, including those periods of relative or almost total political inactivity in which he composed much of his philosophical oeuvre. A third section identifies three main reasons—respectively philosophical, literary, and historiographical—for his rehabilitation as a serious and seriously interesting philosophical thinker in the scholarship of recent decades. A further section considers Cicero’s ideas about what qualifies someone to write good political philosophy. Finally, some comments are made on the response that his own writings in that mode make to the political crisis of his times, together with a short sketch of key theoretical themes that are to be explored in the chapters that follow.
Government
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In On the commonwealth Cicero explores three main ideas, discussed here in turn. First introduced is the concept of a res publica itself, held together as an association of citizens by the justice inherent in a fairly based legal order. Then Cicero stresses the consilium (deliberation) needed to govern it, and above all secure and maintain its stability, with the recipe a ‘mixed’ system of government such as Republican Rome had historically evolved. Finally, he turns to the leadership required to supply that consilium and to carry it through in action, whether in the ordinary functioning of the res publica or in moments of crisis when its integrity is threatened and a ‘director (rector) of the commonwealth and initiator of public consilium’ is needed. On laws presents and defends a more detailed account of the roles particularly of senate and people, and of their interaction, within the mixed constitution.
Epilogue: Philosophical Debate and Normative Theory
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This short epilogue explores a tension in Cicero between a conception of philosophy as in its very nature a debate, and the idea that the point of doing philosophy is to find and advocate a sound theoretical basis for living our lives. It focuses first on a passage in On laws, where the need for an ethical principle that philosophers might agree sufficient, if accepted, to ‘put res publicae on a firm footing’, is taken to require the silencing of debate and sceptical doubt. On the commonwealth, however, had staged a full-throttled debate on justice. The contrast suggests not a disjunction between philosophy and politics, but between purely theoretical discussion of fundamental ethical and political questions and the requirements of viable guidance on policy and practice in these spheres.
Strigolactones and Auxin Cooperate to Regulate Maize Root Development and Response to Nitrate
Authors: Ravazzolo Laura , Boutet-Mercey Stéphanie , Perreau François , Forestan Cristian , Varotto Serena , Ruperti Benedetto , Quaggiotti Silvia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In maize, nitrate regulates root development thanks to the coordinated action of many players. In this study, the involvement of strigolactones (SLs) and auxin as putative components of the nitrate regulation of lateral root (LR) was investigated. To this aim, the endogenous SL content of maize root in response to nitrate was assessed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and measurements of LR density in the presence of analogues or inhibitors of auxin and SLs were performed. Furthermore, an untargeted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq)-based approach was used to better characterize the participation of auxin and SLs to the transcriptional signature of maize root response to nitrate. Our results suggested that N deprivation induces zealactone and carlactonoic acid biosynthesis in root, to a higher extent if compared to P-deprived roots. Moreover, data on LR density led to hypothesize that the induction of LR development early occurring upon nitrate supply involves the inhibition of SL biosynthesis, but that the downstream target of SL shutdown, besides auxin, also includes additional unknown players. Furthermore, RNA-seq results provided a set of putative markers for the auxin- or SL-dependent action of nitrate, meanwhile also allowing to identify novel components of the molecular regulation of maize root response to nitrate. Globally, the existence of at least four different pathways was hypothesized: one dependent on auxin, a second one mediated by SLs, a third deriving from the SL-auxin interplay, and a last one attributable to nitrate itself through further downstream signals. Further work will be necessary to better assess the reliability of the model proposed.
White Men Can’t Jump, but Does It Even Matter? Exit Discrimination in the NBA
Authors: Norris Davon , Moss-Pech Corey 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDiffuse status characteristics, such as race and gender, affect individuals’ professional opportunities and outcomes. Scholars suggest two possible explanations for these status disparities. First, uncertainty in measuring workers’ performances forces employers to rely on status as a heuristic or proxy for quality. Second, a history of racism and sexism in the United States creates a deeper cultural devaluation of low-status individuals that permeates organizational structures such that status advantage would persist even after accounting for observed worker performance. However, researchers struggle to accurately and objectively measure worker performance, making it difficult to adjudicate between these two perspectives. We overcome this problem using the case of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in which detailed player statistics are widely available to the public and decision makers. We analyze whether there is a racial disparity in the odds of exiting the league using discrete-time event history analysis. Using data from 1980–2017, we demonstrate that after accounting for player performance, Black players have 30% higher odds of exiting the league in a given season. We find this disparity is mostly driven by White bench players allowing us to elucidate how Whiteness operates as a credential in the NBA by giving marginal White players benefits such as longer careers than comparable Black players. These findings demonstrate that racial disparities in workplaces may persist even once performance is captured and in cases like the NBA where we might expect racial disparities to be minimized.
Adapting an integrated neglected tropical disease programme in response to COVID-19
Authors: Clark Amy , Hill Becks , Bannerman Ron , Wohlgemuth Leah , Burrill Jennifer , Agyemang David , Genovezos Chantelle 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic hit at a time when the Ascend West and Central Africa programme was nearing the end of its first year of a 3-y programme. This article reflects on key lessons learnt from the rapid adaptation of an integrated neglected tropical disease (NTD) programme to support COVID-19 responses in 11 countries. It shares the experiences of adopting a flexible and directive approach, leveraging the NTD network and relationships, and working in collaboration with multiple ministry departments, commercial sector partners and the UK Foreign Commonwealth Development Office to repurpose over £6 million of budget.
Virome composition in marine fish revealed by meta-transcriptomics
Authors: Geoghegan Jemma L , Di Giallonardo Francesca , Wille Michelle , Ortiz-Baez Ayda Susana , Costa Vincenzo A , Ghaly Timothy , Mifsud Jonathon C O , Turnbull Olivia M H , Bellwood David R , Williamson Jane E , Holmes Edward C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Revealing the determinants of virome composition is central to placing disease emergence in a broader evolutionary context. Fish are the most species-rich group of vertebrates and so provide an ideal model system to study the factors that shape virome compositions and their evolution. We characterized the viromes of nineteen wild-caught species of marine fish using total RNA sequencing (meta-transcriptomics) combined with analyses of sequence and protein structural homology to identify divergent viruses that often evade characterization. From this, we identified twenty-five new vertebrate-associated viruses and a further twenty-two viruses likely associated with fish diet or their microbiomes. The vertebrate-associated viruses identified here included the first fish virus in the Matonaviridae (single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus). Other viruses fell within the Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Arenaviridae, Reoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Hantaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae, and were sometimes phylogenetically distinct from known fish viruses. We also show how key metrics of virome composition—viral richness, abundance, and diversity—can be analysed along with host ecological and biological factors as a means to understand virus ecology. Accordingly, these data suggest that that the vertebrate-associated viromes of the fish sampled here are predominantly shaped by the phylogenetic history (i.e. taxonomic order) of their hosts, along with several biological factors including water temperature, habitat depth, community diversity and swimming behaviour. No such correlations were found for viruses associated with porifera, molluscs, arthropods, fungi, and algae, that are unlikely to replicate in fish hosts. Overall, these data indicate that fish harbour particularly large and complex viromes and the vast majority of fish viromes are undescribed.
Teamwork and Coaching for Successful Manuscript Development by Nurse Faculty: A Novel Approach
Authors: Moch Susan D. , Parker Veronica G. , Young Linda K. , Valentine Kathleen L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The current nurse faculty shortage warrants new models for both retaining faculty effectively and coaching new faculty efficiently. An approach for retaining faculty members through meeting publication review criteria while conserving senior faculty mentoring time is proposed. This article describes a successful manuscript development process using teamwork and coaching among faculty. The outcomes of this efficacious process — submission and acceptance of publishable manuscripts — are reported for two institutions: one is research intensive, and the other is teaching intensive. A noted outcome also includes ideas for future manuscript development process replication.
Interactive Poverty Simulation: Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Poverty
Authors: Garrett-Wright Dawn , Haughtigan Kara , Link Kim 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a poverty simulation on the attitudes of baccalaureate nursing students toward those living in poverty. A single-group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants’ attitudes were measured using the Attitude Toward Poverty Scale-Short Form. Results indicated significant improvement in 11 out of 21 items, along with the subscales for stigma and structural perspectives. However, four items, along with the overall personal deficiency domain score, indicated a significant worsening of attitudes. Results of this study are mixed and suggest that valid concerns exist regarding the administration of the simulation.
An Innovative Concept-Based Learning Activity to Identify and Educate Veterans at Risk for Amputation
Authors: Roach Ashley , Lloyd-Penza Mary , Wallace Sharon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Nurse educators must create meaningful learning for students while addressing the needs of a rapidly changing health care system. Academic-practice partnerships help ensure that students are up-to-date on current practices while faculty and students partner to support the needs of the practice institution. To address a health care system’s high amputation rates, school of nursing faculty developed a concept-based learning activity to assess and educate patients at risk for amputation. Results included increased student learning that can be applied to other practice settings and improved outcomes for the health care system.
Restrictive Transfusion Strategy after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Zeroual Norddine , Blin Cinderella , Saour Marine , David Hélène , Aouinti Safa , Picot Marie-Christine , Colson Pascal H. , Gaudard Philippe 
Published: January 2021

Background
Recent guidelines on transfusion in cardiac surgery suggest that hemoglobin might not be the only criterion to trigger transfusion. Central venous oxygen saturation (Svo
2), which is related to the balance between tissue oxygen delivery and consumption, may help the decision process of transfusion. We designed a randomized study to test whether central Svo
2–guided transfusion could reduce transfusion incidence after cardiac surgery.

Methods
This single center, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted on adult patients after cardiac surgery in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary university hospital. Patients were screened preoperatively and were assigned randomly to two study groups (control or Svo
2) if they developed anemia (hemoglobin less than 9 g/dl), without active bleeding, during their ICU stay. Patients were transfused at each anemia episode during their ICU stay except the Svo
2 patients who were transfused only if the pretransfusion central Svo
2 was less than or equal to 65%. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients transfused in the ICU. The main secondary endpoints were (1) number of erythrocyte units transfused in the ICU and at study discharge, and (2) the proportion of patients transfused at study discharge.

Results
Among 484 screened patients, 100 were randomized, with 50 in each group. All control patients were transfused in the ICU with a total of 94 transfused erythrocyte units. In the Svo
2 group, 34 (68%) patients were transfused (odds ratio, 0.031 [95% CI, 0 to 0.153]; P < 0.001 vs. controls), with a total of 65 erythrocyte units. At study discharge, eight patients of the Svo
2 group remained nontransfused and the cumulative count of erythrocyte units was 96 in the Svo
2 group and 126 in the control group.

Conclusions
A restrictive transfusion strategy adjusted with central Svo
2 may allow a significant reduction in the incidence of transfusion.

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Slow Mohs Micrographic Surgery for Acral Melanoma Treatment in Korean Patients
Authors: Seo Jimyung , Oh Yeongjoo , Kim Sang Kyum , Roh Mi Ryung , Chung Kee Yang 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND
Obtaining conventional wide surgical margins is challenging in melanomas occurring at anatomically complex sites (e.g., hands and feet).

OBJECTIVE
We investigated the potential benefits of slow Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for acral melanomas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This single-center retrospective study investigated 210 patients who underwent slow MMS (n = 66) or wide local excision (WLE, n = 144) for melanomas during 2005 to 2015. Slow MMS was used for melanomas in anatomically complex locations and for high-risk lesions.

RESULTS
Acral melanoma (166/210) was the most common lesion observed in patients, in addition to head and neck (21/210) and trunk (23/210) melanomas. Slow MMS was more commonly performed for acral, and head and neck melanomas (32.5% and 52.4%, respectively) than for trunk melanomas (4.3%, p = .002). Local recurrence of acral melanomas occurred in 3.7% of patients after slow MMS and in 10.7% of patients after WLE. Multivariate analysis showed comparable prognostic outcomes between slow MMS and WLE used for acral melanomas. Compared with WLE, slow MMS resulted in a smaller postoperative defect after acral lesion excision (p < .001).

CONCLUSION
Slow MMS is an effective alternative to WLE for acral melanomas in anatomically complex sites, as evidenced by superior outcomes and maximum tissue conservation.
Clinical Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of a 670-nm Picosecond Laser for Treatment of Benign Pigmented Lesions in Asians
Authors: Evangelista Kristy E.R. , Manuskiatti Woraphong , Wanitphakdeedecha Rungsima , Techapichetvanich Thanya 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND
Picosecond lasers are increasingly being investigated in treating pigmentation disorders because they may provide better treatment efficacy and comfort compared with nanosecond lasers.

OBJECTIVE
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and side effect of a novel 670-nm picosecond laser in the removal of benign pigmented lesions (BPLs) in individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) III and IV.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fifteen subjects with solar lentigines and 7 subjects with ABNOMs received a single treatment with a 670-nm picosecond laser. Blinded physicians assessed the pigment clearance using a 5-category grading system scale. All subjects were evaluated at 1 month, 3 month, and 6 month after a single treatment. Adverse events were recorded at every follow-up visit.

RESULTS
All subjects with lentigines had complete clearance (95%–100%) of lesions during 3-month follow-up after a single treatment session of 670-nm picosecond laser, whereas 75% of the subjects with ABNOMs noted fair lightning (25%–49%) of lesions. Mild hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation were observed in 9% and 14% of the subjects, respectively, which resolved within 3 months after the treatment.

CONCLUSION
The novel 670-nm picosecond laser is a safe and effective treatment for BPLs in subjects with FST III and IV with low rates of transient adverse effects.
Nasalis-Based V to Y Flap Versus the Bilobed Flap
Authors: Flores Kyle , Degesys Catherine A. , Kearney Elaine , Retterbush Patrick , Merritt Bradley G. 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND
Reconstructing defects on the nose can be challenging. The bilobed transposition flap and the nasalis-based V to Y (NBVY) flaps can be excellent repair options, each with their own advantages and disadvantages.

OBJECTIVE
To compare bilobed and NBVY flap scar appearances, postoperative complications, scar revision rates, flap sizes, and relative costs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed 95 cases of Mohs surgery defects on the nose repaired with either a bilobed or a NBVY flap from 2010 to 2018 at our institution. Eleven reviewers judged postoperative scar images using a modified visual analog scale.

RESULTS
There were no significant differences in reviewer-rated scar appearances, complication rates, or revision rates between bilobed and NBVY flaps. The NBVY flaps were 50% smaller than bilobed flaps, with significantly lower CPT billing codes. The NBVY flaps yielded better scar appearance scores compared with bilobed flaps on highly sebaceous noses.

CONCLUSION
The NBVY and bilobed flaps demonstrated similar scar appearance outcomes, but the NBVY flap has several advantages. Compared with the bilobed flap, the NBVY flap is smaller, less expensive, and may yield better cosmetic outcomes in patients with highly sebaceous noses.
Assessment of knowledge and practice on birth preparedness and complication readiness among women who gave birth in the last 12 months in southwest, Ethiopia 2016
Authors: Abita Zinie , Shikur Zeru 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Avoidable mortality and morbidity remains formidable challenge in many developing countries like Ethiopia. Pregnancy-related complications cannot be reliably predicted and it is necessary to design strategies to overcome problems when they arise. Lack of advance planning for use of a skilled birth attendant for normal births, and particularly inadequate preparation for rapid action in the events of obstetric complications, are well documented factors contributing to delay in receiving skilled obstetric care. Birth preparedness has been globally endorsed as an essential component of safe motherhood programs to reduce delays for care, so as to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality rate.

Methods:
A cross-sectional community based study was conducted to examine knowledge and practice of birth preparedness and complication readiness among women who gave birth in the last 12 months in Mizan-Aman town by using pretested structured questionnaires. The sampling technique was that of systematic sampling and the sample size was 239.

Results:
Data were obtained from 239 mothers, yielding 98% a response rate. Out of total respondents more than half (53.5%) of respondents said that they knew the term “birth preparedness.” More specifically, 44.7%, 50.8%, 31.8% of the respondents were knowledgeable about possible danger signs during pregnancy, during delivery, and postpartum period, respectively. Concerning complication readiness, 50% stated that they were prepared for birth and its complications.

Conclusion and Recommendation:
Knowledge and practices of birth preparedness and complication readiness is not comprehensive according to the result of this study. Many respondents did not know about birth preparedness and had no plans for emergencies. Therefore, community education about preparations for birth and its complications and empowerment of women through expansion of educational opportunities are recommended for improving birth preparedness and the effects of pregnancy-related complications.
PURTSCHER-LIKE RETINOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ATYPICAL HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF OUTCOMES
Authors: Gange William S. , Haghighi Arezu , Toy Brian C. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to report the case of a patient presenting with newly diagnosed atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and Purtscher-like retinopathy.

Methods:
This is an observational case report and review of literature. A 38-year-old woman presented with 3 months of rashes, fevers, arthralgias, and abdominal pain. Initial workup was suggestive of hypereosinophilic syndrome or adult-onset Still’s disease. The patient developed acute renal failure and progressively blurry vision bilaterally over the course of 5 days. Funduscopic examination was notable for numerous Purtscher flecken and cotton–wool spots, with rare intraretinal hemorrhages at the posterior pole. The constellation of renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia prompted a workup for thrombotic microangiopathy that was remarkable for a mutation in the gene coding for complement protein C9.

Results:
The patient was diagnosed with aHUS and treated with intravenous pulse dose steroids for 3 days and an extended course of eculizumab. The patient's renal failure resolved, and her visual acuity improved, although she had residual visual field constriction and developed bilateral optic atrophy. Outcomes of other cases of Purtscher-like retinopathy related to aHUS are reviewed.

Conclusion:
Purtscher-like retinopathy is a rare but severe ophthalmic complication of aHUS. Eculizumab is an effective treatment for the systemic illness caused by aHUS, and anatomical resolution of Purtscher-like retinopathy may follow, although visual prognosis remains guarded. Recovery of visual acuity may lag behind resolution of macular edema in these patients.