bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Measurement of Diaphragm Thickening Fraction as a Predictor of Successful Extubation in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Subhash Swathy , Kumar Vasanth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVentilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction can delay weaning from mechanical ventilation. Identifying the optimal time for extubation has always been a challenge for intensivists. Diaphragm ultrasound is gaining immense popularity as a surrogate to measure diaphragm function. We attempted to assess the utility of diaphragm function in predicting extubation success using point-of-care ultrasound examination. We conducted a prospective observational study in a single-center tertiary care pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). All children aged between 1 month and 16 years admitted to the PICU and who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours were included in the study. Children who died during mechanical ventilation and those with conditions affecting diaphragm function like neuromuscular disorders, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory diseases, and intraabdominal hypertension were excluded from the study. Diaphragm thickening fraction (DTf) was measured during spontaneous breathing trial and correlated to predict extubation success. We found that DTf is an independent predictor of extubation success. DTf more than or equal to 20% was associated with extubation success with a positive predictive value of 85%. The area under the curve for DTf showed good accuracy.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of (3-Hydroxyacrylato-O,O′) Diammineplatinum(II)
Authors: Shu Yong-Zhi , Lin Jun , Zhu Bao-Quan , Liu Quan-Hai , Zhou Bin , Hu Hai-Feng , Ju Dian-Wen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs an indispensable part of cancer chemotherapy, platinum drugs still play an important role in cancer treatment. In this study, two platinum(II) complexes with Michael acceptor 3-hydroxyacrylic acid as the leaving group were synthesized from cis-diamminediiodo platinum(II) and 3-ethoxyacrylic acid. The structures of complexes 1 and 2 were confirmed by elemental analysis, infrared, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS (high-resolution mass spectrometry). Results from MTT assay showed that complexes 1 and 2 significantly inhibited the growth of the four human tumor cell lines (HCT-116, A549, CFPAC-1, and BxPC-3) with the IC50 values of the two compounds similar to that of the control drug (oxaliplatin) on HCT-116 and A549. Besides, results from an in vivo study in a mouse S180 sarcoma model showed that complex 1 had a higher antitumor activity in comparison to oxaliplatin. In conclusion, our article indicated that complex 1 deserved further research and development in cancer treatment.
5.2.24.10 Arylstannanes (Update 2021)
Authors: Vrána J. , Růžička A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis and uses of arylstannanes. The focus is on the literature published in the period 2001–2020. Novel synthetic methods for the formation of the target compounds are reviewed, including reactions of aryl anions with aryltin halides, reactions of diazonium salts or aryl azo sulfones with distannanes, and various catalyzed processes. The use of arylstannanes as substrates in organic chemistry and radiochemistry is also discussed; these compounds can undergo coupling reactions, destannylations, metal–tin exchange reactions, electrophilic substitutions, and oxidative addition processes.
6.1.43 Product Subclass 43: Azaborines (Borazines)
Authors: Davies G. H. M. , Wisniewski S. R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAzaborines (or borazines) represent an interesting class of heterocycles incorporating a boron–nitrogen structural motif within an aromatic ring system. This creates a system that is isosteric to traditional all-carbon ring systems, as the lone pair on nitrogen can donate into the empty orbital at boron to afford aromatic properties. Reviewed herein are synthetic strategies to access mono- and bicyclic azaborine cores, along with subsequent functionalization strategies, some of which are uniquely applicable due to the inherent dipole imparted on these ring systems.
6.1.29.16 α-Boryl Carbonyl Compounds (Update 2021)
Authors: Trofimova A. , Sirvinskas M. , Yudin A. K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis and applications of α-boryl carbonyl compounds. It focuses on recent advances in the field in the period 2008–2020 and discusses borylated aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic esters and amides.
14.6.5 Thiopyrylium Salts (Update 2021)
Authors: Wang M. , Jiang X. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis is an update to the original Science of Synthesis chapter from 2003 (Section 14.6) on thiopyrylium salts. This update covers articles from the literature that were published between 2003 and 2020. Several methods for the synthesis of thiopyrylium salts that were covered in the previous chapter are also included in this update, because some new applications of thiopyrylium salts were explored in those works.
Phase separation property of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent–water binary mixture: A molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Paul Rabindranath , Mitra Aritra , Paul Sandip 
Published: June 2021

Over the past decade, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have earned applicability in numerous fields as non-flammable, non-volatile, and greener alternatives to conventional organic solvents. In a first of its kind, a hydrophobic DES composed of a 1:1 mixture of oleic acid and lidocaine was recently reported, possessing a lower critical solution temperature in water. The thermoreversible phase property of this DES–water system was utilized to sequester out dye molecules from their aqueous solutions. In this article, we explore the phase separation phenomena for this particular DES in its aqueous solution using an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. A 50 wt. % solution of the DES in water was studied at three different temperatures (253, 293, and 313 K) to understand the various molecular interactions that dictate the phase segregation property of these systems. In this work, we have elaborated on the importance of hydrogen bonding interactions and the non-bonding interactions between the components and the competition between the two that leads to phase separation. Overall, we observe that the increase in unfavorable interaction between the DES components and water with increasing temperature determines the phase separation behavior. We have also studied the modification in the dynamical properties of water molecules close to the phase boundary. Such molecular insights would be beneficial for designing novel solvent systems that can be used as extraction-based media in industries.
Serial sarcomere number is substantially decreased within the paretic biceps brachii in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke
Authors: Adkins Amy N. , Dewald Julius P. A. , Garmirian Lindsay P. , Nelson Christa M. , Murray Wendy M. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Serial sarcomere number determines a muscle’s length during maximum force production and its available length range for active force generation. Skeletal muscle length adapts to functional demands; for example, animal studies demonstrate that chronically shortened muscles decrease length by losing serial sarcomeres. This phenomenon has never been demonstrated in humans. Integrating multiscale imaging techniques, including two-photon microendoscopy, an innovative advance from traditional invasive measurement methods at the sarcomere scale, we establish that chronic impairments that place a muscle in a shortened position are associated with the loss of serial sarcomeres in humans. Understanding how muscle adapts following impairment is critical to the design of more effective clinical interventions to mitigate such adaptations and to improve function following motor impairments.
High-frequency trading and networked markets
Authors: Musciotto Federico , Piilo Jyrki , Mantegna Rosario N. 
Published: June 2021

SignificanceDuring the last two decades, technological innovation and regulatory requirements have deeply changed the way financial markets work. Today, financial markets are characterized by the presence of high-frequency traders (able to perform financial transactions at a submillisecond time scale) and market fragmentation. Using methods of complex networks, we show that some market participants (specifically so-called market members) preferentially interact with or avoid other market members persistently over a time scale extending up to several months. By investigating two financial venues at three different periods of time from two different decades, we show that the persistent networked nature of today’s markets is most pronounced since the diffusion of high-frequency trading and market fragmentation.
Evolution in pecunia
Authors: Amir Rabah , Evstigneev Igor V. , Hens Thorsten , Potapova Valeriya , Schenk-Hoppé Klaus R. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
We use an analogy between financial trading strategies and biological species and characterize an evolutionary stable strategy in an ecology with fix-mix strategies. The basis of our paper is that dividends are not exogenous but increase with the wealth invested in an asset, as is the case in a production economy. While this might create positive feedback loops, we show that the dynamical system has a unique evolutionary stable investment strategy that characterizes a locally stable equilibrium state. Our result is of high significance for any market economy since it shows that the dynamic interaction of investment strategies tends to produce stable prices. Mispricing therefore occurs only in extraordinary times when the market becomes highly dislocated due to exogenous events.
Molecular design of the γδT cell receptor ectodomain encodes biologically fit ligand recognition in the absence of mechanosensing
Authors: Mallis Robert J. , Duke-Cohan Jonathan S. , Das Dibyendu Kumar , Akitsu Aoi , Luoma Adrienne M. , Banik Debasis , Stephens Hannah M. , Tetteh Paul W. , Castro Caitlin D. , Krahnke Sophie , Hussey Rebecca E. , Lawney Brian , Brazin Kristine N. , Reche Pedro A. , Hwang Wonmuk , Adams Erin J. , Lang Matthew J. , Reinherz Ellis L. 
Published: June 2021

SignificanceTCR mechanosensing is thought necessary for digital sensitivity of αβT cell response to scant pMHC antigens. We use bioinformatic analysis, molecular dynamics, single-molecule optical tweezers techniques, cellular activation, and RNA-seq analysis to explore this paradigm in the γδT cell lineage. We find that, in keeping with its role in recognizing abundant cell-surface ligands, the γδTCR lacks force-dependent hallmarks of mechanosensing in αβT cells.
A self-powered photoelectrochemical ultraviolet photodetector based on Ti3C2T
x
/TiO2
in situ formed heterojunctions
Authors: Ma Hailong , Jia Lin , Lin Yunan , Fang Huajing , Wu Wenting , Wu Liangliang , Hu Bin , Wang Hong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), as a large family of emerging two-dimensional materials, have demonstrated extraordinary performance in many fields such as electronics, optics and energy storage. However, their susceptibility to oxidation during preparation and storage in ambient air environment is undesirable for long-term and stable applications. Here, we have demonstrated that the spontaneous oxidation of Ti3C2T
x
can be harnessed ingeniously to prepare Ti3C2T
x
/TiO2
in situ formed heterojunctions. Furthermore, a self-powered ultraviolet photodetector was constructed based on the photoelectrochemical performance of Ti3C2T
x
/TiO2 heterojunctions. Since the highly conductive Ti3C2T
x
can promote the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers in TiO2, the prepared photodetector exhibits high responsivity (2.06 mA W−1), short rise and decay times (45 and 69 ms) and long-term stability. This work demonstrates the controllable synthesis of Ti3C2T
x
/TiO2 heterojunctions and provides a new promising potential of MXenes for photodetection applications.
Analytic smoothing estimates for the Korteweg–de Vries equation with steplike data
Authors: Li Ze 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we prove analytic smoothing estimates for the Korteweg–de Vries equation. In the first result, we obtain explicit analytic smoothing estimates for initial data in Faddeev class which decays exponentially in the positive direction. In the second result, we go beyond Faddeev class and generalize the result to non-decaying initial data. Particularly, step functions supported in the left half line and their perturbations by Faddeev class potentials decaying exponentially in positive direction are involved by the second result. Finally, we discuss some of its applications to control problems such as observability inequalities for the KdV equation.
Moments of generalized Cauchy random matrices and continuous-Hahn polynomials
Authors: Assiotis Theodoros , Bedert Benjamin , Gunes Mustafa Alper , Soor Arun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper we prove that, after an appropriate rescaling, the sum of moments

E

N

(

s

)

Tr

|
H

|

2
k
+
2

+
|
H

|

2
k

of an N × N Hermitian matrix H sampled according to the generalized Cauchy (also known as Hua–Pickrell) ensemble with parameter s > 0 is a continuous-Hahn polynomial in the variable k. This completes the picture of the investigation that began in (Cunden et al 2019 Commun. Math. Phys.
369 1091–45) where analogous results were obtained for the other three classical ensembles of random matrices, the Gaussian, the Laguerre and Jacobi. Our strategy of proof is somewhat different from the one in (Cunden et al 2019 Commun. Math. Phys.
369 1091–45) due to the fact that the generalized Cauchy is the only classical ensemble which has a finite number of integer moments. Our arguments also apply, with straightforward modifications, to the other three cases studied in (Cunden et al 2019 Commun. Math. Phys.
369 1091–45) as well. We finally obtain a differential equation for the one-point density function of the eigenvalue distribution of this ensemble and establish the large N asymptotics of the moments.
On the C
8/3-regularisation of simultaneous binary collisions in the planar four-body problem
Authors: Duignan Nathan , Dullin Holger R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The dynamics of the four-body problem allows for two binary collisions to occur simultaneously. It is known that in the collinear four-body problem this simultaneous binary collision (SBC) can be block-regularised, but that the resulting block map is only C
8/3 differentiable. In this paper, it is proved that the C
8/3 differentiability persists for the SBC in the planar four-body problem. The proof uses several geometric tools, namely, blow-up, normal forms, dynamics near normally hyperbolic manifolds of equilibrium points, and Dulac maps.
Delay-induced patterns in a reaction–diffusion system on complex networks
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Song Zhao , Li Zhaoqing , Chang Lili , Wang Zhen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pattern formations in reaction–diffusion (RD) systems with time delay constitute a vital class of dynamical mechanisms extensively investigated for biological and chemical processes, where Hopf bifurcation usually occurs. Recent studies show that pattern formations differ significantly between RD systems with large-time and small-time delay. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to explore the exact role of the time delay in RD systems based on complex networks, which would affect the form of patterns. Depicting networked dynamics of the predator–prey system by a set of RD equations, it is found that boundaries of Hopf bifurcation are decided by diffusion coefficients, as well as the Eigen-spectra of networks. We also obtain mathematical expressions of the boundaries in both large-time and small-time delay cases. Through extensive simulations, it is unveiled that the connectivity structures of networks hardly have impact on the trend of evolutionary processes. Compared to large-time delay cases, the oscillation cycle of average prey density becomes shorter red with small-time delay, and the oscillation amplitude also decreases. We finally reveal the evolution process of the prey density and discover the thick-tailed phenomenon in large-time delay cases.
A neural network for prediction of high intensity resonance modes in magnetic multilayers
Authors: Franco A F 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The use of magnetic materials as building blocks for frequency applications makes it possible to fabricate micrometer and nanometer high frequency devices. Moreover, devices with multiple high intensity modes for multiband devices can be designed by using magnetic multilayers. However, as the number of layers increases the multilayer becomes more complex, making it very difficult to find optimal configurations due to a big number of possible configurations. Fortunately, over the past decade a surge in the applicability and accessibility of machine learning algorithms and neural networks has been observed, which allow to analyse big quantities of data in search of complex patterns not always evident to humans. In this work, a theoretical model is used to generate approximately 10 × 106 data points, which in turn are used to train a neural network to calculate the number of high intensity resonance modes of three ferromagnetically coupled magnetic layers with an accuracy of over 99.8%. The neural network is then used to identify a configuration of the multilayer which provides the maximum number of high-intensity modes, and comparisons with the theoretical model are presented. Finally, the correlations between parameter were calculated over 600 million of data points, and clear guidelines for obtention of two high intensity resonance modes were identified. These results provide a simple way to find a configuration of the trilayer that have a high number of high intensity modes, thus greatly simplifying the design process of magnetic multi-band frequency devices.
New physics and two boosted W-jets plus missing energy *
Authors: Cao Qing-Hong , Chen Nuo , Jiang Hao-Ran , Li Bin , Liu Yandong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We show that the signature of two boosted W-jets plus substantial missing energy is very promising for probing heavy charged resonances (

) through the process of

, where

denotes the dark matter candidate. The hadronic decay mode of the W boson is considered to maximize the number of signal events. When the mass split between

and

is large, the jet-substructure technique must be utilized to analyze the boosted W-jet. Here, we consider the process of chargino pair production at the LHC, i.e.,

, and demonstrate that the proposed signature is able to cover more parameter space of

and

than the conventional signature of multiple leptons plus missing energy. More importantly, the signature of interest is not sensitive to the spin of heavy resonances.
Retraction: Unsupervised registration of intravascular ultrasound images combined with attention mechanism (J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
1873 012030)
Authors: Liu JiRong , Wang YouSheng , Man KaiLiang , Gao Xue 
Published: June 2021

This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an allegation and subsequent investigation regarding the author's use of IVUS datasets. The datasets used are the property of IVUS-challenge 2011 organizers and were used without approval from the data owner and contravening the distribution policy of the dataset.
IOP Publishing have tried repeatedly to contact the authors of this article but have not received a response. IOP Publishing encourages the authors to contact us at researchintegrity@ioppublishing.org.
Retraction published: 25 June 2021
Recent progress of black phosphorus and its emerging multifunction applications in biomedicine
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Zhu Lang , Cai Zhihui , Chen Lingling , Zhu Haiou 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) has layer-dependent band gap, high specific surface area, moderate carrier mobility, excellent photothermal effect, inherent photoacoustic properties, excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, making it an ideal option for applications in biomedicine such as photothermal therapy, disease diagnosis, biological imaging and so on. Despite of these advantages, the two-dimensional BP has its own obstacle limiting its practical application, such as its instability, and there is no practical method for synthetization of large size BP flakes for industrial application. This review firstly introduces interesting properties of BP such as its biocompatibility, biodegradability, anisotropy, moderate carrier mobility and so on. Then summarizes the preparation methods of two-dimensional BP: non-liquid phase methods (e.g. mechanical peeling and chemical vapor deposition) and liquid phase methods (e.g. liquid-phase exfoliation and wet chemistry methods). The application of BP in the biomedical field such as photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence imaging, photothermal imaging, circulating tumor DNA detection, cancer treatment and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are introduced later. Then we discussed the current problems of BP and methods to enhance the stability of BP including encapsulation, functionalization, liquid phase environmental protection and doping. Finally, some future trends in the research of two-dimensional BP are envisaged. It is believed that two-dimensional BP will have a broad application prospect in various fields especially in biomedicine due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability.
Safety and immunogenicity evaluation of inactivated whole-virus-SARS-COV-2 as emerging vaccine development in Egypt
Authors: Saleh Amani A , Saad Mohamed A , Ryan Islam , Amin Magdy , Shindy Mohamed I , Hassan Wael A , Samir Mahmoud , Khattab Ayman A , Abdelgayed Sherein S , Seadawy Mohamed G , Fahmy Hossam M , Amer Khaled 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Current worldwide pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with high numbers of mortality rates and huge economic problems require an urgent demand for safe and effective vaccine development. Inactivated SARS-CoV2 vaccine with alum. Hydroxide can play an important role in reducing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, vaccine efficacy was evaluated through the detection of the neutralizing antibodies that protect mice from challenge with SARS-CoV 2 3 weeks after the second dose. We conclude that the vaccine described here has safety and desirable properties, and our data support further development and plans for clinical trials.

Methods
Characterized SARS-COV-2 strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolates (SARS-CoV-2/human/EGY/Egy-SERVAC/2020) with accession numbers; MT981440; MT981439; MT981441; MT974071; MT974069; and MW250352 at GenBank were isolated from Egyptian patients SARS-CoV-2-positive. Development of inactivated vaccine was carried out in a BSL-3 facilities and the immunogenicity was determined in mice at two doses (55 and 100 μg per dose).

Results
The distinct cytopathic effect induced by SARS-COV-2 propagation on Vero cell monolayers and the viral particles were identified as Coronaviridae by transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR on infected cells cultures. Immunogenicity of the developed vaccine indicated the high antigen-binding and neutralizing antibody titers, regardless of the dose concentration, with excellent safety profiles and no deaths or clinical symptoms in mice groups. The efficacy of the inactivated vaccine formulation was tested by the wild virus challenge of the vaccinated mice and viral replication detection in lung tissues.

Conclusions
Vaccinated mice recorded complete protection from challenge infection via inhibition of SARS-COV-2 replication in the lung tissues of mice following virus challenge, regardless of the level of serum neutralizing antibodies. This finding will support future trials for the evaluation of an applicable SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.