bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Comparison of Dart-Throw Motions after Partial Wrist Fusions
Authors: Oluyede Dami O. , Werner Frederick W. , Esper Garrett , Schreck Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background Multiple partial wrist fusions exist for the management of arthritic disease. Limited information is available on their effect on wrist range of motion in the dart-throwing direction of wrist motion, even though it is used in most activities of daily living.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure the retained motion for different orientations of dart-throwing motion for seven different partial wrist fusions and proximal row carpectomy (PRC).
Methods Eight fresh frozen right cadavers were tested with the wrist intact and followed simulated fusions. Fusions were performed using an external fixation technique and included scaphocapitate, scapholunate (SL), capitolunate, radiolunate, radioscapholunate, scaphotrapeziotrapezoid, 4 corner fusion, and PRC.
Results In the intact wrist, the average arc of wrist motion with the wrist oriented at 20 degrees away from the flexion-extension axis was significantly larger than at any other orientation of motion. All partial wrist fusions and the PRC had significantly smaller average dart-throw arc of motion compared with intact at an orientation 20 and 25 degrees away from flexion-extension. The SL fusion provided a significantly larger arc of motion than most of the other fusions at most orientations.
Conclusion/Clinical Relevance This study provides a comprehensive compilation of the range of motion in a functional plane, “the dart-throw motion,” for limited wrist fusions and PRC. These data provide the clinician with important information that can be used to educate patients regarding expectations after surgery.
Electron ratcheting in self-assembled soft matter
Authors: Valdiviezo Jesús , Zhang Peng , Beratan David N. 
Published: August 2021

Ratcheted multi-step hopping electron transfer systems can plausibly produce directional charge transport over very large distances without requiring a source–drain voltage bias. We examine molecular strategies to realize ratcheted charge transport based on multi-step charge hopping, and we illustrate two ratcheting mechanisms with examples based on DNA structures. The charge transport times and currents that may be generated in these assemblies are also estimated using kinetic simulations. The first ratcheting mechanism described for nanoscale systems requires local electric fields on the 109 V/m scale to realize nearly 100% population transport. The second ratcheting mechanism for even larger systems, based on electrochemical gating, is estimated to generate currents as large as 0.1 pA for DNA structures that are a few μm in length with a gate voltage of about 5 V, a magnitude comparable to currents measured in DNA wires at the nanoscale when a source–drain voltage bias of similar magnitude is applied, suggesting an approach to considerably extend the distance range over which DNA charge transport devices may operate.
A rapid compression machine coupled with time-resolved molecular beam mass spectrometry for gas-phase kinetics studies
Authors: Kang Shiqing , Liao Wanxiong , Chu Zhaohan , Yang Bin 
Published: August 2021

Rapid compression machines (RCMs) are used to simulate a single stroke of an internal combustion engine. After a high-speed compression process, a high-pressure and low-to-intermediate temperature condition can be obtained, under which ignition processes are usually studied. With the help of different diagnostic methods, the detailed speciation information of the ignition process can be quantified. In this study, the molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) diagnostic method was applied on an RCM to realize time-resolved concentration profile measurements. To realize the combination between RCM and MBMS, particle dampers were adopted to suppress the vibrations of the RCM, and a novel flexible interface was designed to maintain a high vacuum, which ensured the safe and effective operation of a high-repetition-rate time-of-flight mass spectrometer (HRR-TOF-MS). The detailed configuration of this diagnostic method is presented, and the data acquisition system and data analysis method are described. The arrangement was validated through the investigation of the well-studied decomposition of 1,3,5-trioxane at temperatures between 697 and 777 K at 10 bars. The measured concentration profiles of 1,3,5-trioxane and formaldehyde were in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical calculation results. The experimental results showed that the newly developed RCM coupled with the HRR-TOF-MS has advantages in time-resolved speciation measurements at low-to-intermediate temperatures and high pressures, and it can be applied in low-temperature combustion chemical kinetics studies.
Extension of charged-particle spectrometer capabilities for diagnosing implosions on OMEGA, Z, and the NIF
Authors: Lahmann B. , Johnson M. Gatu , Frenje J. A. , Birkel A. J. , Adrian P. J. , Kabadi N. , Kunimune J. H. , Johnson T. M. , Pearcy J. A. , Reichelt B. L. , Séguin F. H. , Sutcliffe G. , Petrasso R. D. 
Published: August 2021

New designs and a new analysis technique have been developed for an existing compact charged-particle spectrometer on the NIF and OMEGA. The new analysis technique extends the capabilities of this diagnostic to measure arbitrarily shaped ion spectra down to 1 MeV with yields as low as 106. Three different designs are provided optimized for the measurement of DD protons, T3He deuterons, and 3He3He protons. The designs are highly customizable, and a generalized framework is provided for optimizing the design for alternative applications. Additionally, the understanding of the detector’s response and uncertainties is greatly expanded upon. A new calibration procedure is also developed to increase the precision of the measurements.
Inhibition of elastase enhances the adjuvanticity of alum and promotes anti–SARS-CoV-2 systemic and mucosal immunity
Authors: Kim Eunsoo , Attia Zayed , Woodfint Rachel M. , Zeng Cong , Kim Sun Hee , Steiner Haley E. , Shukla Rajni Kant , Liyanage Namal P. M. , Ghimire Shristi , Li Jianrong , Renukaradhya Gourapura J. , Satoskar Abhay R. , Amer Amal O. , Liu Shan-Lu , Cormet-Boyaka Estelle , Boyaka Prosper N. 
Published: August 2021

SignificanceWe report that suppression of the serine protease elastase reshapes innate responses induced by injected vaccines containing alum adjuvant. This reprogramming improves the induction of protective antibodies in the bloodstream and stimulates innate signals, which support the development of antibody responses in mucosal tissues. Our findings identify elastase as the innate regulator that blunts the adjuvant activity of alum. They also demonstrate that vaccination via mucosal routes is not an absolute requirement for antibody responses in mucosal tissues and secretions. Supplementation of an alum-based vaccine containing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit 1 as antigen increased anti–SARS-CoV-2 immunity in the blood and mucosal secretions in mice. Thus, this strategy could help in the development of future protein-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs in soil and on stored grain, forage products and decaying vegetation. Also on animal products such as leather, wool, bone, cheese, on insects, and from skin and nail infections. See Raper & Thom, pp. 702-703, 1949. DISEASES: Onychomycosis (mycoses). This fungus is most commonly encountered as a parasite causing onychomycosis in man, in which the nails become brittle, thickened and white. The condition is fully described by Martin-Scott (RMVM 2, 841). It also causes dermatomycosis of the feet and other parts of the body (Raper & Thom, 1949, p. 704) and has been recorded from hair, tonsils, appendix and tongue. A short summary of pathogenicity is given by Raper & Thom (1949, p. 703-704). It has been recorded from insects, cattle, llama, dog, mouse, pelicans and rodents. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in soil, and diseases have been reported from Asia, Europe, N., C. and S. America.
Absidia ramosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sarbhoy A. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Absidia ramosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A common saprophyte in soil, compost, and vegetable debris but also pathogenic for man and warm-blooded animals (causing mycoses). DISEASES: This species is a common cause of phycomycosis (syn. mucormycosis). It has been recorded from the human ear, the horse (nose) and swine (generalized infection); see Dodge (1936, p. 113). In cattle it is a cause of mycotic abortion (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1959, p. 53) and has been recorded from the rumen (RMVM 4, 1850) and causing abomasal ulcers (Gitter & Austwick, 1957). Infection of the guineapig results in an enlargement of the lymph nodes which simulates pseudotuberculosis (2, 1721; Ainsworth & Austwick, 1959, p. 48). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Infection occurs from airborne spores which are a characteristic component of the airspora of farm buildings.
Gilbertella persicaria
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sarbhoy A. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gilbertella persicaria
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On peach, mulberry, flowers of
Thevetia neriifolia
, sewage and soils. DISEASE: Causing rot of peaches and also mulberry. The rot reported by Hesseltine (1960) was strikingly different from that of
Rhizopus
after three days in a moist chamber. There was no aerial mycelium but the peaches were covered rather uniformly with sporangiophores in eleven days. The flesh was completely brown but firm and the shape of the fruit was not affected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Panama city, Brazil, Jawa and India. TRANSMISSION: By air borne sporangiospores.
Rhizopus microsporus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sarbhoy A. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizopus microsporus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In soil and plant debris, also pathogenic for animals (causing mycoses). DISEASES:
Man and Animals
. A cause of phycomycosis (syn. 'mucormycosis') in man; see Neame & Rayner (RMVM 4, 882). On the horse, swine (generalized infection) and bovine fetus (
fide
Dodge (1936, p. 115) as
R. equinus
) and gastric infection in the pig (Gitter & Austwick,
Vet. Rec
. 71: 6-11, 1959). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: European countries and South Africa. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Rhizopus oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sarbhoy A. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizopus oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In soil and compost and also pathgenic for plants and man (causing mycoses). DISEASES:
Plants
: Causing a rot of sweet potatoes (Harter
et al.
, 1921; Lauritzen & Harter, 1925), sugar-beet (Hildebrand & Koch; 1943, Gaskill & Saliskar, 1962) and seed-bed losses in groundnuts (Gibson & Clinton, 1953).
Man
. A cause of phycomycosis (syn. 'mucormycosis'); see Emmons
et al.
(1963, p. 194). Cerebral infection is not uncommon (RMVM 2, 1627, 1628, 2148) and a fatal case of rhinocerebral infection has been fully described by La Touche
et al.
(RMVM 4, 2028; 5, 390). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Erwinia stewartii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia stewartii
[Pantoea stewartii
subsp.
stewartii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Zea mays, Euchlarna mexicana
and
Tripsacum dactyloides
. Artificial inoculation has been successful on
Coix lachryma-jobi, Euchlaena perennis, Schlerachne punctata
and
Setaria lutescens
[Setaria pumila]
. Poos (19: 467), using insects, showed that various common plants could act as symptomless hosts. DISEASE: Stewart's disease or bacterial wilt of maize. A vascular disease in which the vessels become plugged with bright yellow slime. If stems are cut across the slime will often exude. Affected plants are dwarfed, have pale stripes on the leaves, and may have prematurely developed tassels which wither and die before the rest of the plant. Some plants wilt progressively and die, others survive and bear seed which may be infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Mainly in North and Central America, but has also been reported from Italy, Poland, Rumania, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia, China, Peru and, recently, from Thailand (45, 3508). (CMI Map 41, ed. 2, 1965). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by insects. In the United States spread of the disease is chiefly due to
Chaetocnerna pulicaria
, which conveys the bacteria from leaf to leaf and also retains the bacteria during hibernation. After mild winters this insect is responsible for the early infection of much young maize. Various other insects have been shown either to harbour the pathogen or to be able to transmit it. These include the larvae of
Diabrotica longicornis
and
Phorbia cilicrura
[Delia platura]
which can carry the bacteria from root to root and from infected to healthy seed (12: 364; 16: 167). The bacteria are also carred into new areas in infected seed.
Pseudomonas lachrymans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas lachrymans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cucumis sativus
and
C. anguria
. It may also attack
C. melo
var.
inodorus
(26: 140) and some other cucurbits. Elliott (31: 105) lists 10 hosts, all in the
Cucurbitaceae
. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of cucumber. Small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, petioles, stems, and fruits. On leaves they enlarge and become angular as they are delimited by veins They become tan to brown and the necrotic centres may fall out. On petioles, stems, and fruit spots develop white crusty bactenal exudate. A fruit rot develops if the bacteria penetrate deeply. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North and parts of Central America, most of Europe, U.S.S.R., China, Japan, W. Australia, Israel, southern Africa. (CMI Map 355, ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and infects the cotyledons dunng germination. It can overwinter on infected crop residue in the soil and has been found viable in dry leaf matenal after two and a half years (36: 677). The bacteria are carried from plant to plant within a crop by rain splash and probably by insects (Carsner, 1918; 31: 272). Workers can also spread the disease, particularly when foliage is wet with rain or dew (35: 810).
Pseudomonas pisi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas pisi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pisum sativum, P. sativum
var.
arvense, Lathyrus odoratus, L. latifolius, Vicia benghalensis, Lablab niger
and
Vigna
sp. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of peas. The dark green water-soaked lesions may appear on any of the above ground parts of infected plants. They enlarge and coalesce if humidity is high. Older lesions are brown and papery, especially on the pods. In badly infected pods the seed may be covered with bacterial slime, and the organisms may penetrate the seed by way of the funicle and micropyle (7: 214). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Found in many of the world's pea growing areas and on all continents (CMI Map 253, ed. 3, 1963). The disease has recently been reported from Armenia (42: 505). TRANSMISSION: The bacteria are carried and mav overwinter on and within the seed, where they remain viable for at least 10 months (7: 214). The pattern of local spread suggests that the organism travels in drainage water. Water droplets on plant surfaces probably also play a part, as infection takes place through both wounds and stomata.
Pseudomonas rubrlineans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas rubrlineans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum
. Also found infecting
Paspalum nutans, P. paniculatum
(35: 750) and
Zea mays
(37: 205). Produces symptoms on
Sorghum
spp. when artificially inoculated. DISEASE: Red stripe disease of sugarcane. Two types of symptom occur:
leaf stripe
, in which long, narrow, sharply delineated, dark red stripes are observed and
top rot
, which may occur with or without leaf stripe symptoms. The latter phase of the disease causes much greater economic losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely dispersed throughout the world and reported from many sugarcane areas (CMI Map 39, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is spread by wind and rain, especially in warm humid weather. Cottrell-Dormer showed that liquid exuded from stomata and hydathodes in such weather may contain large numbers of bacteria. Penetration is through stomata or wounds. The disease can be introduced into new areas with infected setts.
Pseudomonas tabaci
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas tabaci
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On at least 12 species of
Nicotiana
, as well as
Capsicum annuum, Datura stramonium, Lycopersicon esculentum, Physalis grandiflora, Solanum melongena, S. nigrum
and
S. tuberosum
(3: 611). Also infects plants belonging to numerous families, including some monocotyledons, when inoculated. The pathogen has been found naturally infecting various weeds (15: 613, 750), on the roots of weeds and crop plants without producing disease (21: 540) and associated with soyabean leaf pustule (29: 586: 35: 640). DISEASE: Wildfire of tobacco, a leaf spot. Chloroti spots appear and as they enlarge the centres become brown and dead and are surrounded by a wide chlorotic halo caused by the spread of a toxin into the adjacent tissue. Angular leaf spot, caused by
P. angulata
and does not produce the toxin shows no haloes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in parts of Africa,. Asia, Europe, North and South America (CMI Map 293, 1954). Additional reports include those from Nyasaland (Malawi) (41: 7), Morocco (42: 631), U.S.S.R. (37: 738; 40: 51:), Belgium (34: 345), Greece (34: 108; 40: 649), Poland (41: 568). and Colombia (33: 82). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen can overwinter and be carried into new areas on seed, in soil and in unrotted plant material, particularly if dry (3: 105, 611, 612; 15: 179). It can also live saprophytically for long periods on the roots of various crops and weeds in the absence of tobacco (21: 540). The bacteria spread rapidly in water droplets in wet, windy weather (2: 345; 15: 537). Various other agents may spread the disease, particularly when plants are wet. The chewing of infected leaf by workers has also been suggested as a means of spread (3: 612).
Colletotrichum coccodes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Elizabeth J. , Mordue M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum coccodes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum tuberosum
and over 35 other hosts, representing 13 families chiefly in the
Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae
and
Solanaceae
(Cheaters & Hornby, 1965). Also on onion and strawberry on inoculation (36: 45). DISEASES: Black dot of potato and tomato, anthracnose of fruits of tomato, chilli (
Capsicum
) and squash. Causes a distinctive cortical brown rot of stems and roots of potato and tomato, chilli, eggplant and winter cherry (
Solanum capsicastrum
). The roots of other less susceptible hosts including chrysanthemum, white mustard, cress, cabbage, and lettuce are only lightly colonized, and the infected plants may be symptomless. Commonly causes destruction of cortical tissues of stems and roots of hosts, also fruit rot of tomato. On potato, black dot on stem root, and tuber, sometimes associated with leaf scorch (31: 574), skin necrosis (38: 621), rubbery tuber wilt (41: 670) and spindle sprout (35: 540, 918). Enzymes secreted by the pathogen are responsible for foot and root rot stages; wilting of aerial organs is a remote effect of operation of toxins (35: 541). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, and N., C., and S. America. (CMI Map l90) TRANSMISSION: Soil borne, but no rapid or extensive growth of hyphae through soil; survival probably only in decaying roots and other trash and on weed hosts. Infection occurs when living roots grow in contact with organic material harbouring the pathogen (32: 608; 36: 502, 719). Sclerotia overwinter on trash and develop into acervuli in spring (38: 478); they survive up to 84 wks. in greenhouse soil (45, 3066). In potato, transmission is from infected plants through the daughter tubers, and incidence of infection increases during storage; new plants are infected from dead material by conidia (35: 541; 34: 480). Persistence on weeds such as
Solanum dulcamara
and
S. nigrum
maybe implicated in carry-over from potato to tomato crops (45, 1204).
Septoria adanensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria adanensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chrysanthemum indicum
and cultivated chrysanthemum. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cultivated chrysanthemum. Lesions 4-8 mm wide, purple to brown with a distinct margin. Often the spots become enlarged. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Turkey, Hong Kong, India, and Malaysia. TRANSMISSION: Not known. May be disseminated by water splash as with other
Septoria
spp. known on
Chrysanthemum
and by mechanical means as well. The pathogen may overwinter on diseased debris.