bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating large language models in high school physics education: addressing misconceptions and fostering conceptual understanding
Authors: Kahaleh Rabih , Lopez Victor 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Large language models (LLMs), which are a specific subset of artificial intelligence (AI), may have the potential to revolutionize education by addressing common student misconceptions in physics. This study investigates the effectiveness of popular LLMs, such as OpenAI ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Microsoft Copilot, in identifying and addressing misconceptions related to Newtonian mechanics in high school physics. The focus solely is on the misconception that for an elevator to move upward, the force exerted by the cable must be greater than the gravitational force acting downward on the elevator, which contradicts Newton’s first law of motion. To explore this, thirty-two experienced instructors engaged in dialogues with the LLMs, simulating learners with this misconception. Instructors evaluated the LLMs’ accuracy, personalization, and pedagogical effectiveness. The findings indicate that most instructors recognized the substantial potential of LLMs to improve student learning, particularly in addressing misconceptions through interactive dialogue, targeted questioning, and clear explanations tailored to each learner’s needs. ChatGPT ranked highest, demonstrating capabilities in delivering clear explanations, adapting to individual learners, and implementing effective teaching strategies. Google Gemini followed closely, while Microsoft Copilot was the least effective. This capability holds promise for enhancing conceptual understanding and student engagement in physics education. However, limitations were noted in the LLMs’ ability to facilitate personalized scientific discussions and utilize visual aids, such as physics diagrams, simulations, to enhance understanding. This research demonstrates the significant potential of LLMs as valuable tools for identifying and addressing misconceptions in physics education.
Verifying the analogy between transversely coupled spin-1/2 systems and inductively-coupled fluxoniums
Authors: Lin Wei-Ju , Cho Hyunheung , Chen Yinqi , Vavilov Maxim G , Wang Chen , Manucharyan Vladimir E. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We report a detailed characterization of two inductively coupled superconducting fluxonium qubits for implementing high-fidelity cross-resonance gates. Our circuit stands out because it behaves very closely to the case of two transversely coupled spin-1/2 systems. In particular, the generally unwanted static ZZ-term due to the non-computational transitions is nearly absent despite a strong qubit-qubit hybridization. Spectroscopy of the non-computational transitions reveals a spurious LC-mode arising from the combination of the coupling inductance and the capacitive links between the terminals of the two-qubit circuit. Such a mode has a minor effect on the present device, but it must be carefully considered for optimizing future multi-qubit designs.
Near infrared thermal emitter based on nano scale grating metamaterial for thermo photovoltaic power generation
Authors: Feyisa Tesfaye , Belay Abebe , Tolessa Fekadu , Sherefedin Umer , Zityab Manza , Dalga Bereket , Birara Melak , Lemma Tadesse 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Nonrenewable fossil fuels constitute the main source of energy for energy consumption worldwide. Therefore, new technologies are needed to capture energy from alternate sources before fossil fuel runs out. In this work, we designed a nanostructured grating for selective emitters made of tungsten/molybdenum ground film with a hafnium dioxide spacer that is used for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. To achieve high spectral efficiency, several geometric parameters, including the grating height, dielectric thickness, and incident angle, were optimized, while all the remaining parameters remained fixed. The numerical simulation demonstrated that the mean emittance of the emitter reached 94% for the W-AlN-W structure in the wavelength range of 0.3−2.2 μm at normal incidence and 93% for the Mo-AlN-Mo structure in the wavelength range of 0.3−2.0 μm at normal incidence. Moreover, the nanostructured grating emitters with InGaAs band gaps of 0.55 eV and 0.62 eV at 1600 K attained 87% and 87.5% spectral efficiency, respectively. Furthermore, the designed metamaterial emitter was polarization independent and exhibited good emissivity over a wide range of incidence angles, from 0° to 75°. Surface plasmon polaritons, magnetic polaritons, and intrinsic metals show significant absorption at the cutoff wavelength. High mean emittance, polarization independence, easy fabrication, cost effectiveness, high spectral efficiency, and thermal stability are considered the most desirable elements of this work.
Design of a rotating fourier transform infrared spectrometer system
Authors: Chen Jian-sheng , Zhang Yu-jie , Zuo Yong , Wang Xin , Fan Xian-guang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers are the mainstay of modern infrared spectral analysis. While traditional FTIR spectrometers and new static FTIR spectrometers each have their strengths, they struggle to balance key performance metrics such as spectral measurement frequency, radiant flux, resolution, and coverage range. Our study has developed a novel FTIR spectrometers based on a rotating interferometer, capable of meeting the demands for high-sensitivity, real-time dynamic analysis of material composition in fields like precise biochemical reaction analysis. To address the non-linearity in optical path difference changes within interferometers, we’ve designed a new type of rotating interferometer that incorporates a single-frequency laser, enabling equal optical path difference interval sampling and thus preventing spectral errors. The system’s effectiveness and feasibility were validated through simulations and alcohol flame tests. This instrument boasts a high radiant flux, achieving a 100 Hz spectral measurement frequency, 4 cm−1 spectral resolution, and a 2–15 μm spectral coverage range.
Accretion with Back-Reaction onto Cylindrically Symmetric Black Hole with EnergyConditions Analysis
Authors: Moughal Muhammad Zubair Ali , Abbasi Kamran Qadir 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This paper is devoted to study back-reaction effects from matter accretion onto a cylindrically&#xD;symmetric black hole using a perturbative scheme, focusing on cases where accretion reaches a quasisteady state. We examine three distinct models by deriving corrections to the metric coefficients&#xD;and obtaining expressions for the mass function. We analyze energy conditions, the self-consistency&#xD;of the corrected solution and present formulas for the corrected apparent horizon and discussed thermodynamic properties. Our results align with the Vaidya form near the apparent horizon, regardless&#xD;of the energy-momentum tensor’s form. Furthermore, we show that for a charged cylindrically symmetric black hole, the corrected mass term resembles that of the static case, indicating that charge&#xD;does not alter the corrected metric form in this perturbative approach
Improved absolute frequency measurement of 171Yb at NMIJ with uncertainty below 2 × 10-16
Authors: Kobayashi Takumi , Nishiyama Akiko , Hosaka Kazumoto , Akamatsu Daisuke , Kawasaki Akio , Wada Masato , Inaba Hajime , Tanabe Takehiko , Yasuda Masami 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We report improved absolute frequency measurement of the 1S0-3P0 transition of 171Yb at National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) by comparing the 171Yb optical lattice clock NMIJ-Yb1 with 13 Cs primary frequency standards via International Atomic Time from August 2021 to May 2023. The measured absolute frequency is 518 295 836 590 863.62(10) Hz with a fractional uncertainty of 1.9 × 10-16, in good agreement with the recommended frequency of 171Yb as a secondary representation of the second. This uncertainty is 2.6 times lower than our previous measurement uncertainty, and slightly lower than any uncertainties of the absolute frequency measurements of 171Yb that have so far been reported by other institutes. We also estimate correlation coefficients between our present and previous measurements, which is important for updating the recommended frequency.
The role of Rossby wave dynamics in spatially compounding heatwaves in mid-summer 2023
Authors: Liu Caihong , Gálfi Vera Melinda , Cai Fenying , Robinson Walter A , Coumou Dim 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In July 2023, a series of heat extremes hit the Northern Hemisphere, which posed threats to vulnerable populations and societal infrastructure in Eastern Canada, the Mediterranean, and Central Asia. However, whether these record-shattering extremes were connected to each other remains unknown. Here we identify a dynamical linkage behind the spatiotemporal compounding nature of heatwaves over those three regions. By investigating the 2023 case and conducting historical analysis, we show that the Northern Hemispheric concurrent heatwaves in July 2023 can be attributed to a recurrent wave-6 pattern. In particular, pre-existing warmth and drought over Eastern Canada in early-July intensified the wave-6 teleconnection; which then led to extreme heatwaves over the Mediterranean and Central Asia in mid-July 2023. Furthermore, we reveal that the wave train was generated by early-July convection over the subtropical western Pacific. This, combined with the lowest May snow cover over North America in the past 40 years helped to warm Eastern Canada. Multiple models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 are able to simulate those compound extremes connected by the wave-6 pattern with a high inter-model agreement. Our research offers insights into record-breaking compounding heatwaves in disparate parts of world during the mid-summer of 2023, with implications for disaster decision-making and risk management.
Reply to Comment on ‘Pressure of Coulomb systems with volume-dependent long-range potentials’
Authors: Demyanov G S , Onegin A S , Levashov P R 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This document is our reply to the Comment by Lei Li, Jiuyang Liang, and Zhenli Xu on our recent work (Onegin et al 2024 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
57 205002), where we investigated the pressure of classical Coulomb systems using the Ewald summation technique. The Comment raised concerns about our treatment of one- and two-component plasma systems, especially regarding the correctness of the derivation of formula (4.13) in Liang et al (2022 J. Chem. Phys.
157 144102), the contribution of the compensating background and calculations performed with LAMMPS. In this reply, we address each of these points in detail, demonstrating that our original findings remain valid.
Simple determination of dark states in a general multi-level system
Authors: Zhou Kaixuan , Wu June , Shi Junheng , Byrnes Tim 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In a multi-level energy system with energy transitions, dark states are eigenstates of a Hamiltonian that consist entirely of ground states, with zero amplitude in the excited states. We present several criteria which allows one to deduce the presence of dark states in a general multi-level system based on the submatrices of the Hamiltonian. The dark states can be shown to be the right-singular vectors of the submatrix that connect the ground states to the excited states. Furthermore, we show a simple way of finding the dark state involving the determinant of a matrix constructed from the same submatrix.
Influence of different hydrocarbons on impurities and minority carrier lifetime in 4H-SiC epitaxial layers
Authors: Ghezellou Misagh , Lemva Ousdal Erlend , Bathen Marianne E , Vines Lasse , Ul-Hassan Jawad 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study explores the influence of different hydrocarbons, methane and propane, on the properties of 4H-SiC epitaxial layers grown by chloride-based chemical vapor deposition. By systematically varying the C/Si and N/C ratios during epitaxial growth, and employing a comprehensive suite of characterization techniques, a better understanding of how growth conditions influence material properties is gained. We show that the n-type dopant incorporation strongly depends on the choice of hydrocarbon especially at lower doping levels. Furthermore, we have observed that methane contributes to a relatively longer carrier lifetime value compared to propane, though a similar lifetime limiting carbon vacancy defect concentration has been observed for both hydrocarbons in as-grown epitaxial layers. Moreover, additional defect levels are also suggested by deep-level transient spectroscopy, potentially related to chlorine complexes, with varying concentrations depending on the choice of hydrocarbon and C/Si ratio. These observations offer insights into the complicated interplay of factors influencing doping, minority carrier lifetime, and defect formation in 4H-SiC epitaxial layers during the epitaxial growth process, and contribute to the optimization of growth parameters depending on the application in question.
A novel monocular object detection and localization framework based on inverted multi-scale attention
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Xie Shiwen , Wu Yahua , Hu Huosheng 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The observation angle of camera to target is non-orthogonal in wide applications of computer vision, which could result in the deviation between the image coordinates of the target and its actual position in the real world. This paper presents a novel monocular visual object detection and localization algorithm to address such a challenge to improve detection accuracy and reduce projection distortion in non-orthogonal camera angles. First, an inverted Efficient Multi-scale Attention (iEMA) module is proposed to strengthen the recognition capability of the algorithm for small objects. Second, a new feature extraction module, Dynamic Head Plus (DBS+), is created to better handle targets of different shapes. Third, Soft Intersection over Union (SIoU) is adopted as the bounding box regression function, enhancing the convergence speed and detection accuracy. Fourth, a nonlinear localization model is constructed to achieve monocular visual target localization by introducing angular increment. Finally, experiments are conducted to verify the proposed algorithm. Results show that the improved algorithm can enhance detection accuracy by 8.6%, recall by 5.3%, mAP by 13.3%, reduce the edge error by 3.4, and decrease the localization error by 9%. This paper is of great significance for improving the performance of monocular vision in non-orthogonal observation scenarios, and provides more effective algorithm support for the field of mobile object detection and localization.
Creating Spaces for Reconciliation and Healing
Authors: Borum Caty , Conrad-Pérez David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 7, “Creating Spaces for Reconciliation and Healing,” explores the role of documentaries in providing a space for community healing and interrogation, and for the recognition of underrepresented histories and communities in the governments, institutions, societies, and media systems that have historically exploited, traumatized, overlooked, and taken advantage of them. While these films might aim for reform related to specific outcome goals (like addressing institutional racism and mistreatment), many of their makers are primarily motivated to create safe spaces and to correct—not simply challenge—historical and dominant narratives for impacted communities. They are, in this way, educating external audiences as a secondary goal, choosing instead to center the lived experiences of oppressed communities and provide a space for healing and recognition and legitimacy to an underrepresented community or issue. Films profiled in this chapter include: Always in Season (United States), The Murder of Emmett Till (United States), In My Blood It Runs (Australia), Pray Away (United States), and Quipu Project (Peru).
Meandering between rational choice, realism, constructivism, and institutionalism
Authors: Steinbach Armin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter establishes the methodological groundwork for the economic analysis of EU law undertaken in subsequent chapters. It briefly discusses the schools of thought native to economics and international relations that will inform the discussion, including game and rational choice theory as well as realism, constructivism, and institutionalism. It explains how these perspectives represent a valuable complement to doctrinal legal analysis, and presents the interrogatives why, how, who, and what as key parameters that will structure the subsequent discussion.
Leveraging economies of scale
Authors: Steinbach Armin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Economies of scales offer a normative benchmark to assess the benefits of allocating policy responsibilities at the centralized level. These benefits must be held against the costs of harmonization that accrue mainly where one-size-fits-all regulation is adopted despite heterogeneity of preferences across the regions. In the EU, economies of scale are the paradigmatic economic tool offered to assess the subsidiarity principle. Economies of scope can support or weaken the case of economies of scale. Scale and scope economies can productively shed light on EU internal market organization and its institutional architecture.
Gesture across cultures and languages
Authors: Gawne Lauren 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the ways that gestures show variation in use between groups. There are three main themes to gesture variation in this chapter. The first is cultural influence. This includes examination of how people use the gestural space available to them, how gesture use is influenced by culture-specific understanding of politeness, and the spread of culture-specific emblem gestures. The second theme is cognitive influence on gestures. In this section we look at the literature on the way different groups conceptualize spatial relationships, and how this affects gesture use. We also look at how spatial metaphors for time influence gesture use. The third and final topic is the influence of language structure on gestural production. In this section we will look at the way the semantics and syntax of verb structures in different languages influence the shape of iconic gestures.
Postoperative mid-to-long-term adverse event prediction model for patients receiving non-cardiac surgery: An extension of Simple Postoperative AKI RisK (SPARK) model
Authors: Kwon Soie , Park Sehoon , Yang Sunah , Shin Chaiho , Lee Jeonghwan , Ryu Jiwon , Kim Sejoong , Cho Jeong Min , Yoon Hyung-Jin , Kim Dong Ki , Joo Kwon Wook , Kim Yon Su , Park Minsu , Kim Kwangsoo , Lee Hajeong 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Postoperative acute kidney injury (PO-AKI) is a critical complication of adverse kidney outcomes, both short and long-term. We aimed to expand our pre-existing PO-AKI prediction model to predict mid-to long-term adverse kidney outcomes.

Method
We included patients who underwent major non-cardiac surgeries from the original SPARK cohort, two external validation cohorts, and a temporal validation cohort. Mid-to-long-term adverse kidney outcomes were defined as ESKD progression or death within one or three years after surgery. We verified and tuned the original SPARK model to predict mid-to-long-term adverse kidney events.

Result
We included 33 636 patients in development, 71 232 patients in external validation, and 33 944 patients in temporal validation cohorts, respectively. One- and three-year adverse kidney events occurred in 5.5% and 13.2% in the development cohort, respectively. The original SPARK score demonstrated an acceptable discriminative power for 1-year and 3-year adverse outcome risks with C indices mostly above 0.7. However, the power was relatively poor when restricted to high-risk patients or those who actually developed PO-AKI. When we re-calculated the regression coefficients from Cox model, the discriminative performances were better, especially for those with high-risk characteristics (e.g. 1-year outcome, C-index 0.72 in developmental and 0.73‒0.77 in the validation datasets). Furthermore, when the model integrated the PO-AKI stage and history of malignancy with the SPARK variables, the performance was significantly enhanced (1-year, C-index 0.86 in development and 0.86‒0.88 in validation results). With the above findings, we constructed an online postoperative risk prediction system (https://snuhnephrology.github.io/postop/).

Discussion
The addition of two clinical factors and recalibration of SPARK variables significantly improved mid-to-long-term postoperative risk prediction for mortality or dialysis after noncardiac surgery. Our calculator helps clinicians easily predict a mid-to-long-term risk and PO-AKI occurrence by entering a few variables.
Direct-to-Consumer Testing: Benefits and Concerns of Commercially Accessed Laboratory Tests
Authors: Orth Matthias , Sandberg Sverre , Shih Patti 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Promoting self-empowerment of patients and of healthy persons in contemporary health cultures shifts the imperative for initiating laboratory tests from the healthcare professionals (HCP) to the patients themselves.

Content
Laboratory testing requested directly by patients without interaction by HCP is called DTCT (direct-to-consumer testing). DTCT is not conducted within traditional healthcare systems, and the regulations that protect the patients in healthcare are not necessarily present in DTCT. Aggressive marketing of DTCT may mislead the consumer, resulting in psychological, physical, and financial harm. The benefit of laboratory testing is dependent on being used on selected persons, with samples collected and stored appropriately, measured with an adequate technique and the test results interpreted properly. DTCT can empower patients, but consumer knowledge varies and currently, there is a lack of reliable resources for consumers to consult. In the absence of healthcare protection rules for DTCT, the concept of informing consumers concurrently with marketing DTCT by the vendors is not in place.

Summary
DTCT might be advantageous over traditional testing settings in a few selected situations but has a substantial risk of medicalization of healthy persons and damaging the trust in the reliability of healthcare laboratory testing.