bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Template Theories, the Rule of Parsimony, and Disregard for Irreproducibility—The Example of Linus Pauling’s Research on Antibody Formation
Authors: Deichmann Ute 
Published: September 2021

In 1940, Linus Pauling proposed his template theory of antibody formation, one of many such theories that rejected Paul Ehrlich’s selective theory of preformed “receptors” (antibodies), assuming instead a direct molding of antibody shapes onto that of the antigen. Pauling believed that protein shapes—independently of amino acid sequences—determined antibody specificity and biological specificity in general. His theory was informed by his pioneering work on protein structure, and it was inspired by the intuitive “rule of parsimony” and simplicity. In 1942, Pauling published his alleged success in producing specific artificial antibodies through experiments based on his 1940 theory. However, his experiments could not be reproduced by prominent immunochemists at the time, and, later, it became generally accepted that antibody specificity was not generated according to Pauling’s and others’ “instruction” template theories. A citation analysis shows that Pauling’s papers on antibody generation continue to be cited as, among other things, pioneering studies of a chemical technology called “molecular imprinting.”
The examples of Pauling and other protein chemists are used in this paper to demonstrate that scientific belief, philosophical concepts, and subjective theory preferences facilitated the occurrence of irreproducibility in immunochemistry and beyond. The article points to long-term consequences for the scientific community if irreproducible results are not acknowledged. It concludes by arguing that despite the risks, e.g., for the occurrence and perpetuation of irreproducible results that they entail, subjectivity and a commitment to scientific convictions have often been pre-requisites for the generation, and holding on to, scientific innovation in the face of doubt and rejection from the scientific community.
Інтеграція та дезінтеграція держави як виклик для етнонаціональної політики України
Authors: Явір Віра Анатоліївна 
Published: September 2021

Досліджено інтенсифікацію процесів етнополітичної інтеграції та дезінтеграції у сучасному світі, їх діалектичний взаємозв’язок та взаємозумовленість. Розкрито передумови, чинники та особливості відкритої фази етнополітичної дезінтеграції України, яка розпочалася в 2014 р. Розглянуто прояви дезінтеграційних викликів, які становлять загрозу територіальній цілісності держави, зокрема втручання у внутрішні справи України сусідніх країн (Угорщини, Російської Федерації) під приводом захисту прав національних меншин. Проаналізовано процес етнополітичної реінтеграції та обґрунтовано розгляд політики реінтеграції в контексті державної етнонаціональної політики України. Досліджено сучасний стан, правову базу, політичні особливості реінтеграції, а також запропоновано рекомендації для проведення успішної реінтеграції тимчасово окупованих територій Криму та Донбасу.
Causal absorption: Its effect on synthetic seismograms computed by the reflectivity method
Authors: O'Neill M. E. , Hill David P. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Lomnitz's causal formulation of anelasticity is incorporated into the Fuchs-MüKennett reflectivity program. For waves passing through a highly attenuating upper-mantle low-velocity zone (Q = 35), the synthetic seismograms computed with Lomnitz's weakly frequency-dependent phase velocity, c, and specific attenuation, Q, differ noticeably from those computed with frequency-independent parameters. For these waves, the first pulse is larger and more abrupt and the peaks and troughs are somewhat later for causal absorption than for noncausal absorption.
Serum calcium levels in newly detected essential hypertensive patients
Authors: Aashish Arumugam , Kannaiyan Jayasingh 
Published: September 2021

Background: Systemic hypertension is global disease responsible for significant mortality and morbidity. Essential or primary hypertension accounts for the majority of people with hypertension. Although our understanding of the pathophysiology of essential hypertension has grown a lot, its aetiology still remains hypothetical. Few studies in literature have found some correlation with serum calcium levels and blood pressure of the individuals.Methods: A total 200 patients, 100 newly diagnosed essential hypertensive and 100 normotensive patients were included in the study. A detailed history and clinical profile was taken. Blood sample was collected and serum calcium, serum albumin were determined and corrected calcium was calculated and the results were tabulated and appropriate statistical analysis was done.Results: The mean total serum calcium and corrected calcium levels were significantly lowered in essential hypertensive compared to the normotensive individuals. There was no correlation between total serum and corrected calcium levels against systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There was also no difference in serum total and corrected calcium levels among different subsets in essential hypertensive group.Conclusion: Essential hypertension still remains the most common form of hypertension present worldwide causing significant mortality and morbidity. Despite increased advances in medicine and large number of studies done in context with the cause of essential hypertension, its aetiology still remains hypothetical. Even though studies have shown some correlation of calcium fractions with hypertension, the aetiology is still unclear.
The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elderly Abuse: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: SEZER Önder , ATAŞ Ceyda Akbaş , DAĞDEVİREN Nezih 
Published: September 2021

Objective: The prevalence of elderly abuse varies between 2.2% and 30.1% in European countries. There is a limited number of studies that have investigated elderly abuse in Turkey. The aim of this study is to detect the prevalence and risk factors of elder abuse, identify the factors that can affect elderly abuse, and assess the possible measures to prevent this problem.
Methods: We stratified the districts enrolled in family health centers to ensure that participants were from diverse social, cultural, and economic backgrounds of Edirne and formed a representative sample of 211 people. In addition to sociodemographic characteristics, our survey consisted of the Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test, the Geriatric Depression Scale-short form, the Standardised Mini-Mental State Examination, the Barthel Index for activities of daily living, and the Lawton-Brody instrumental activities of daily living scale.
Results: The prevalence of elderly abuse was determined as 9.9%, and high abuse risk was 15.2%. We found that abuse risk was higher among older people who had no social security, lived alone, were abused physically or emotionally before, reported having bad family relations, and had fewer rooms at home which leads to a lack of privacy. Furthermore, we found significant relationships between abuse risk and the depression score.
Conclusion: Elderly abuse is a risk for every person regardless of gender, education level, and economic status. As an invisible problem for societies, elderly abuse brings a great burden by leading to the loss of physical, mental, and psychological health. Preventive measures should be the primary goal. All results suggest that governments, non-governmental organizations, and health care providers should combat this problem by increasing patient literacy and ensuring lifestyle changes.
Apuntes sobre la autoridad de la res iudicata en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea
Authors: Sarrión Esteve Joaquín 
Published: September 2021

El principio de seguridad jurídica tiene, como una de sus manifestaciones características, dentro del Estado de Derecho, la fuerza de cosa juzgada (res iudicata) que se atribuye a las sentencias o resoluciones judiciales equivalentes firmes, y que implica tanto su impugnabilidad como su potencial influencia en litigios posteriores que guarden una conexión con el asunto ya resuelto en firme. Sin embargo, es posible que estas decisiones judiciales firmes de jueces nacionales, por diversas causas (error, omisión, interpretación manifiestamente contraria, etc.) vulneren el Derecho de la Unión Europea y, por tanto, afecten tanto a su primacía como a su efectividad en sus relaciones con los ordenamientos jurídicos nacionales. El Tribunal de Justicia ha tenido oportunidad de enfrentarse al dilema de ponderar el principio de fuerza de cosa juzgada con las primacía y efectividad del Derecho de la Unión en diversas sentencias. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una aproximación y revisar la jurisprudencia más importante al respecto hasta la actualidad.
Recibido: 09 noviembre 2020Aceptado: 17 mayo 2021
The EU’s cybersecurity: a strategic narrative of a cyber power or a confusing policy for a local common market?
Authors: Kasper Agnes , Vernygora Vlad 
Published: September 2021

In the last decade, cybersecurity has swiftly turned into a strategic issue and became an important horizontal policy area in the EU, which is treated in this article as one of the four contemporary political empires. These days, the policy arguably encompasses both internal and external aspects, often making it difficult to assess the level of its actual effectiveness as well as outreach. Initially, the EU’s introverted vision on the issue drove the policy to focus on cyber resilience and strategic autonomy. Evidently, the EU’s strategic narrative that could assist it in leading the process of creating an open, free, stable and secure cyberspace in the digital decade, in the context of international security, is emerging. Thus, this contribution is to test the argument that the EU, utilizing an imperial paradigm (consciously or not), is gradually becoming a global steering power in cybersecurity. In this article, firstly, we identify and examine the process of formation of the EU’s narratives about (its) cyber power. Secondly, we establish a discussion framework to highlight the methodological relevance of the imperial paradigm, cyber power Europe and Strategic Narrative Theory for a multidisciplinary debate on global geo-strategic redesign, in which the EU takes part. Thirdly, we look into bilateral and multilateral forums and processes that deal with cybersecurity and in which the EU participates, in order to understand more specifically how the EU is projecting its cyber-power narratives internationally and how cybersecurity-associated challenges impact current dynamics in other policy domains in the field of international relations.
Recibido: 20 noviembre 2020Aceptado: 18 mayo 2021
O eu na auto-ornamentação
Authors: Strathern Marilyn 
Published: September 2021

Este texto é uma tradução ao português do texto de Marilyn Strathern (1979), "The Self in Self-Decoration", que versa sobre as performances decorativas do ritual moka entre os Hagen. A autora estabelece uma rede de relações entre a apresentação do eu entre os Hagen e as performances por eles orquestradas atráves de suas enriquecidas ornamentações, com percepções análogas a teorias do corpo e da pessoa que poderiam ser ficcionalmente ensaiadas em culturas que não operam com conceito definido de pessoa. A análise é uma prévia da capacidade analítica da autora em relacionar situações e contextos originalmente pensados como divorciados para fazer evocar sentidos submersos nas ações e condutas culturais, com sua arguta interpretação acerca das concepções ocidentais de estética e do ato do embelezamento de forma confluente às suas menções aos costumes Hagen da auto-decoração. Strathern aponta para uma distinção ontológica entre estes dois contextos que nos permitiria compreender de forma mais esclarecida as críticas apresentadas ao longo de sua obra Gênero da Dádiva (1988), momento posterior de aprofundamento de sua análise sobre a natureza das relações sociais entre os Hagen.
A Norwegian Oil Company Could Play a Key Role in Brazil’s Gas Transformation
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: September 2021

Equinor could play a critical role in Brazil’s drive to boost its economy by opening up its gas markets. The Norwegian oil company operates two huge deepwater blocks with enough gas to lower prices in the country where big users pay some of the highest prices in the world.
The development plan for one of those blocks, BM-C-33 in the Campos Basin, would deliver an average of 14 million m3/d of gas—about 15% of the country’s gas demand on a high-consumption day, which is about 92 million m3/d, based on data from Rystad.
A second project in the heart of the presalt, Bacalhau, could become a model for how an international oil company can market gas successfully in the country’s richest oil play, the Santos Basin presalt.
The gas potential in that play is also huge; the gas/oil ratio is high compared with other Brazilian fields but has largely been untapped.
So far, Equinor and its partners in the projects have not committed to developing gas on either lease, but Equinor appears to be seriously considering doing so. The big question it needs to answer is what the gas market there will look like in a year or so.
Brazil has set out to promote domestic gas supplies by ending Petrobras’ virtual monopoly in the pipeline business in favor of a less-regulated, competitive gas market.
Equinor avoided gas sales at Bacalhau with an $8 billion Phase 1 plan that will use the popular practice of reinjecting produced gas. Gas reinjection maintains reservoir pressure and allows the development to comply with Brazil’s ban on routine flaring. Brazil’s energy regulator, ANP, said that when Equinor develops a plan for its second phase of development, the company needs to con-sider gas production.
The role of gas market pioneer is the latest technical challenge taken on by Equinor in Brazil. Previously, it became the operator of an offshore heavy-oil field—Perigrino—and an aging giant—Roncador—both in the Campos Basin.
While the Norwegian company has not promised to take on that role, it has a huge incentive to do so as the operator of Block BM-C-33, where most of the reserves are in the form of gas. The resource is estimated at 3 Tcf of gas and 700 million bbl of condensate, according to Offshore Technology.
Equinor and its partners Repsol and Petrobras have developed a plan that would move the liquids by tanker from the platform, which is in water as deep as 2900 m, and build a pipeline about 200 km from there to shore.
When asked about the status of the project, Geir Tungesvik, senior vice president for project development at Equinor, said the company is working to “improve the business case.”
A Potential Case Study Tungesvik’s bland description fails to reflect the risks and uncertainties faced by those trying to put together offshore gas marketing plans in Brazil.
If Equinor and its partners go forward with their plan to monetize that massive gas reserve, the result is likely to be a case study for those who follow. It could either be a model for successful development or a cautionary tale.
Subsea-Systems Innovations Improve Heavy-Oil Production in Ultradeep Water
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: September 2021

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199003, “Subsea Systems Innovations and the Use of State-of-the-Art Subsea Technologies Help the Flow Assurance of Heavy-Oil Production in Ultradeep Water,” by Carlos Alberto Pedroso, SPE, Geraldo Rosa, SPE, and Priscilla Borges, Enauta Energia, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Bogota, Colombia, 17–19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Flow assurance in ultradeep water is a major issue for production. The Atlanta field, which produces heavy oil in ultradeep water, is a project combining several challenges: hydrates formation, emulsion tendency, scale formation, foaming, and high viscosities. The complete paper discusses innovations and technologies applied to make Atlanta a successful case of ultradeepwater heavy-oil production.

Introduction
Discovered in 2001, the Atlanta field is in the presalt exclusion area in the north of the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro, at a water depth of 1550 m. The postsalt reservoir is contained in the Eocene interval and is characterized by high net-to-gross sands (82–94%) with a high average porosity of 36% and high permeabilities in the range of 4–6 Darcies. These excellent rock properties, however, are offset by the poor quality of the Atlanta crude, which is heavy (14 °API), viscous (228 cp at reservoir conditions), and highly acidic.
The development of the field took place in two phases, an early production system (EPS) and a definitive production system (DPS). First oil occurred in May 2018. The EPS is expected to last from 4 to 5 years, producing from three horizontal wells to a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO) with a processing capacity of 30,000 BOPD. The DPS will consist of 12 horizontal producers tied to a larger-capacity FPSO.
Lessons Learned in Developing Human Capital for the Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhstan
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: September 2021

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 201272, “Lessons Learned in Developing Human Capital for the Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhstan,” by Zhassulan Dairov, SPE, KIMEP University and Satbayev University; Murat Syzdykov, SPE, Satbayev University; and Jennifer Miskimins, SPE, Colorado School of Mines, prepared for the 2020 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Denver, Colorado, 5–7 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Human Capital initiative has been implemented at Satbayev University (SU), Almaty, Kazakhstan, during the last 2 years. Participating in this effort are Chevron, Eni, Shell, and the Colorado School of Mines (Mines). The complete paper assesses the effectiveness of project components, such as industry guest lectures, summer internships, and program improvement, and provides lessons learned for human-resource-development initiatives.

Introduction
In most cases, the industry/ university alliance is intermittent, short-term, and underdeveloped. The engagement of three stakeholders, such as government, industry, and the university, is the most-successful model of joint performance. This approach allows all participants to create competitive advantages in the achievement of common objectives. Moreover, the role of governmental agencies is critical alongside professional organizations in facilitating such cooperation.
Training Needs Assessment of Health Care Professionals in Reproductive, Maternal and Newborn Health in a Low-Income Setting in Tanzania
Authors: Mbekenga Columba , Pallangyo Eunice , Mwansisya Tumbwene E. , Isangula Kahabi , Mwasha Loveluck , Orwa James , Mugerwa Micheal A. , Mantel Michaela , Subi Leonard , Mrema Secilia , Siso David , Selestine Edna , Temmerman Marleen , Edwards Grace 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Healthcare delivery globally and particularly in low-income setting is challenged by multiple, complex and dynamic problems. The reproductive, maternal and newborn health (RMNH) care is among the most affected areas resulting into high maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity across the Sub Saharan region and Tanzania in particular. However, under-investment in adequate training and capacity development among health care workers (HCWs) is reported worldwide and contributes to the critical shortages, and lack of adequate knowledge and skills among HCWs. The aim of this study was to assess the training needs among HCWs of RMNH care in selected health facilities of Mwanza, Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive and analytic survey using a self- administered questionnaire was conducted in 36 out of 80 health care facilities included in Improving Access to Reproductive, Maternal and Newborn Health in Mwanza, Tanzania (IMPACT) project within the 8 councils of Mwanza region in Tanzania. The training needs assessment (TNA) tool adapted from the Hennessy-Hicks’ Training Needs Assessment Questionnaire (TNAQ) was used for data collection. The HCWs rated on the importance of their task and their current performance of the task. The differences in scores were calculated to identify the greatest training needs.Results: Out of 153 HCWs who responded to the TNA questionnaire, majority were registered (n=62) and enrolled (n=43) nurses. Ninety percent (n= 137) were from government-owned health facilities, mostly from hospitals 68 (45%). Training needs were high in 16 areas (out of 49) including cervical cancer screening and care; accessing research resources; basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care; and sexual and gender-based violence. The overall perceived importance of the training needs was significantly associated with perceived performance of tasks related to RMNH services (Pearson Correlation (r) = .256; p <001).Conclusions: The study highlights 16 (out of 49) training gaps as perceived by HCWs in RMNH in Tanzania. The utilization of findings from the TNA has great potential to facilitate designing of effective trainings for local RMNH services delivery hence improve the overall quality of care.
Modulation of Visual Alpha Oscillations in Expert and Novice Surgeons Performing Sutures
Authors: Reyes Sergio , Quiñones Matías , Kreither Johanna , López-Calderón Javier , Aylwin María de la L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Surgeons learn to perform highly repetitive movements, improving their speed and precision. Simple movements elicit a synchronization of alpha frequency band (8–12 Hz) in the occipital area, reflecting the inhibition of irrelevant areas. Yet, there is limited evidence on alpha modulation by movement performance and task experience and demands for complex visuo-motor skills. In this study we evaluated the extent of the modulation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) power in the alpha frequency band (8–12 Hz) in the visual areas and its relationship with suture performance to quantify the attentional modulation in expert surgeons and medical students. The EEG based measurements might offer a relevant measure of attentional modulation, to evaluate the progression and outcomes of learning and training surgical programs. Two groups of expert surgeons and medical students performed 6 surgical exercises on a suture pad, under two different task demands. They performed an open suture technique under relaxed conditions and stressed conditions. We obtained the EEG alpha power spectra, using a 20-20 system EEG device while suturing as well as in a baseline, eyes-open, condition as well as the number as sutures as an index of performance.RESULTS: Surgical expertise resulted in twice the number of sutures and greater task demands increased suture performance by 20%. In contrast, alpha power in the occipital areas is greater in surgeons and medical students performing sutures, relative to the baseline, yet it is not modulated by expertise or task demands. Interestingly, the alpha power correlated positively with suture performance in surgeons, but not in the medical students.CONCLUSIONS: The modulation of the EEG alpha power is consistent with the inhibitory-attentional hypothesis of alpha rhythm in a complex visuo-motor task, suggesting that the attentional resources allocated to the visual areas are redistributed in the somatosensory and motor areas, in addition to the visual areas during the suture task relative to the baseline. Furthermore, the association of alpha power with suture performance suggests that, unlike medical students, experts have a gradual redistribution of the inhibitory-attentional resources linked to their suture performance.