bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio for pre-operative risk stratification of acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair
Authors: Manuel Valdano , Miana Leonardo A. , Turquetto Aida , Guerreiro Gustavo Pampolha , Fernandes Natália , Jatene Marcelo Biscegli 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Acute kidney injury is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease and mortality after congenital heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio is an inexpensive and easy to measure biomarker for predicting outcomes in children with congenital heart disease undergoing surgical correction.Objective:To identify children at high risk of acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair using the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio.Methods:This single-centre retrospective analysis included consecutive patients aged < 18 years who underwent tetralogy of Fallot repair between January 2014 and December 2018. The pre-operative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio was measured using the last pre-operative complete blood count test. We used the Acute Kidney Injury Network definition.Results:A total of 116 patients were included, of whom 39 (33.6%) presented with acute kidney injury: 20 (51.3%) had grade I acute kidney injury, nine had grade II acute kidney injury (23.1%), and 10 (25.6%) had grade III acute kidney injury. A high pre-operative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio was associated with grade III acute kidney injury in the post-operative period (p = 0.04). Patients with acute kidney injury had longer mechanical ventilation time (p = 0.023), intensive care unit stay (p < 0.001), and hospital length of stay (p = 0.002).Conclusion:Our results suggest that the pre-operative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio can be used to identify patients at risk of developing grade III acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair.
A Direct Flight to Revolution: Maududi, Divine Sovereignty, and the 1979-Moment in Iran
Authors: FUCHS SIMON WOLFGANG 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article explores the engagement of the Pakistani Jamaʿat-i Islami (JI) with the Iranian Revolution. I argue that the Islamist JI was drawn to the events because it reflected a core concern and signature idea of Abu ’l-Aʿla Maududi, namely to establish the sovereignty of God (hakimiyya) on earth. My analysis of various travelogues and JI publications from the 1980s demonstrates that JI observers were deeply familiar with internal revolutionary dynamics and Iran's Shiʿi identity. The prospect of seeing a proper Islamic system in action, with potentially global consequences for their cause, initially crowded out any sectarian concerns for the JI. At the same time, certain JI leaders began to voice criticism of what they perceived as rash revolutionary policies that differed from Maududi's careful, irenic understanding of a proper Islamic revolution. They also took note of sectarian messages that damaged Iran's ecumenical outreach. It was, however, the more general geopolitical climate in the Middle East and South Asia which forced the JI to publicly downplay its ties with Iran. By the late 1980s, being accused of harbouring affinities for the ‘deviant Islam’ of Shiʿism was a charge that had to be avoided at all costs in Pakistan and beyond.
Quantifying Real-Time Sample Temperature Under the Gas Environment in the Transmission Electron Microscope Using a Novel MEMS Heater
Authors: Li Meng , Xie De-Gang , Zhang Xi-Xiang , Yang Judith C. , Shan Zhi-Wei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAccurate control and measurement of real-time sample temperature are critical for the understanding and interpretation of the experimental results from in situ heating experiments inside environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). However, quantifying the real-time sample temperature remains a challenging task for commercial in situ TEM heating devices, especially under gas conditions. In this work, we developed a home-made micro-electrical-mechanical-system (MEMS) heater with unprecedented small temperature gradient and thermal drift, which not only enables the temperature evolution caused by gas injection to be measured in real-time but also makes the key heat dissipation path easier to model to theoretically understand and predict the temperature decrease. A new parameter termed as “gas cooling ability (H)”, determined purely by the physical properties of the gas, can be used to compare and predict the gas-induced temperature decrease by different gases. Our findings can act as a reference for predicting the real temperature for in situ heating experiments without closed-loop temperature sensing capabilities in the gas environment, as well as all gas-related heating systems.
Democratic imperialism and Risorgimento colonialism: European legionnaires on the Argentine Pampa in the 1850s
Authors: Bonvini Alessandro , Jacobson Stephen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the wake of the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, democratic nationalism promoted the liberation of oppressed peoples from the shackles of absolutist empires and prophesied the emergence of a cosmopolitan brotherhood of nation states. From a global perspective, however, this political culture could be imperial. The governors of State of Buenos Aires modelled plans for the White colonization of the pampas on French Algeria. They sent a Military-Agricultural Legion to the enclave of Bahía Blanca, near the Patagonian frontier, to participate in the war against the Indians. Launched as the successor to Garibaldi’s Italian Legion of Montevideo, its leaders promised to bring civilization to savage lands in the spirit of Columbus and in the name of the Risorgimento. This case study offers a window into the cross-pollination of ideas concerning conquest and colonization between Latin America and Europe. Expansion and secession, empire and nation, mestizaje and racial hierarchies, cosmopolitanism and adventurism, all coexisted within an entangled republican universe.
Enslaved in Dzungaria: what an eighteenth-century crocheting instructor can teach us about overland globalisation
Authors: Hellman Lisa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis global microhistorical analysis of the Swede Brigitta Scherzenfeldt’s capture in Russia and her subsequent enslavement in the Dzungar khanate stresses actors and regions needed to nuance the history of globalisation. The early globalisation process is commonly exemplified with maritime contacts, involving free and often male West European actors. In contrast, this study combines multilingual source material to trace and discuss economic integration, cross-border trade, forced migration, the circulation of knowledge, literary depictions, and diplomatic contacts in the Central Asian borderlands between China and Russia. In the process, I clarify the importance of female, coerced actors, and overland connections between non-European empires for the history of early modern globalisation.
Intercomparison of the Performance of Four Data Assimilation Schemes in a Limited‐Area Model on Forecasts of an Extreme Rainfall Event Over the Uttarakhand in Himalayas
Authors: Rakesh S. , Kutty Govindan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe present study compares the performance of four data assimilation (DA) systems: Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter (EAKF), Variational (3DVAR/4DVAR), and Hybrid ensemble‐3DVAR (HYBRID) in the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. A heavy rainfall event that caused notorious floods in the Uttarakhand over the Himalayan region is considered. Observations are assimilated at every 6 h interval and all the conventional observations including cloud tracked‐wind from the satellite available from Global Telecommunication System are used. The forecasts initialized from the analysis of four DA systems at different lead times are evaluated. Additionally, a non‐cycled nested assimilation strategy that provides advantages of increased resolution in the DA system is tested. The results indicate that 4DVAR experiments produce more skillful forecasts for wind while both 4DVAR and EAKF experiments show improvement for upper tropospheric temperature forecasts as compared to the other experiments. The evaluation of rainfall forecast depicts that the 4DVAR DA system has outperformed the other DA systems when the effect of high‐resolution assimilation is mimicked in the system using the nested assimilation strategy. Further analysis on the dynamics of the event indicates that an early merging of the southward protruding trough with the westward‐moving monsoon depression has resulted in stronger southeastward flow in EAKF and HYBRID experiments, which is suggested as a potential reason for enhanced precipitation over the Uttarakhand in both the experiments.
A Nationwide Analysis of Water Scarcity and Cloud Seeding Demand Levels From Analyzing Water Utilization Data, Agricultural Drought Maps, and Local Conditions in China Mainland
Authors: Kong Mengyuan , Wang Gaoxu , Wu Yongxiang , Liu Guodong , Gu Ying , Wu Wei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChina has lots of funds, materials, and human resources in cloud seeding operations to help with water shortage problems across the country. But there is little guide about when and where the operations would obtain better benefits. To fill this gap, the modified Water Utilization Level (WUL) map of China mainland was plotted with the acquirable water utilization data on sub‐watershed scales in this study. Then the agricultural drought levels map of different counties were integrated with the modified WUL Map under preset rules to generate an integrated water scarcity map. Lastly, the cloud seeding demand maps of different seasons were drawn by integrating the agricultural drought seasons map of different counties with the integrated water scarcity map and the modified WUL map. Results showed that the middle north of China should have the highest priorities for cloud seeding operations during spring and summer, and some regions at the south during winter and spring, a few scattered regions at the northwest during spring and summer and a few regions at the middle of southeast China during summer and autumn should also have high priorities of cloud seeding operations. This research can help rain enhancement operations to obtain better effects on easing water scarcity problems and deepen the cooperation of water resources department and weather modification department in China. The designed intersecting rules of different maps in this paper also might inspire other relevant researches.
Factors Determining Seagrass Blue Carbon Across Bioregions and Geomorphologies
Authors: Mazarrasa Inés , Lavery Paul , Duarte Carlos M. , Lafratta Anna , Lovelock Catherine E. , Macreadie Peter I. , Samper‐Villarreal Jimena , Salinas Cristian , Sanders Christian J. , Trevathan‐Tackett Stacey , Young Mary , Steven Andy , Serrano Oscar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSeagrass meadows rank among the most significant organic carbon (Corg) sinks on earth. We examined the variability in seagrass soil Corg stocks and composition across Australia and identified the main drivers of variability, applying a spatially hierarchical approach that incorporates bioregions and geomorphic settings. Top 30 cm soil Corg stocks were similar across bioregions and geomorphic settings (min‐max: 20–26 Mg Corg ha−1), but meadows formed by large species (i.e., Amphibolis spp. and Posidonia spp.) showed higher stocks (24–29 Mg Corg ha−1) than those formed by smaller species (e.g., Halodule, Halophila, Ruppia, Zostera, Cymodocea, and Syringodium; 12–21 Mg Corg ha−1). In temperate coastal meadows dominated by large species, soil Corg stocks mainly derived from seagrass Corg (72 ± 2%), while allochthonous Corg dominated soil Corg stocks in meadows formed by small species in temperate and tropical estuarine meadows (64 ± 5%). In temperate coastal meadows, soil Corg stocks were enhanced by low hydrodynamic exposure associated with high mud and seagrass Corg contents. In temperate estuarine meadows, soil Corg stocks were enhanced by high contributions of seagrass Corg, low to moderate solar radiation, and low human pressure. In tropical estuarine meadows formed by small species, large soil Corg stocks were mainly associated with low hydrodynamic energy, low rainfall, and high solar radiation. These results showcase that bioregion and geomorphic setting are not necessarily good predictors of soil Corg stocks and that site‐specific estimates based on local environmental factors are needed for Blue Carbon projects and greenhouse gases accounting purposes.
Torn Between Two Plates: Exhumation of the Cer Massif (Internal Dinarides) as a Far‐Field Effect of Carpathian Slab Rollback Inferred From 40Ar/39Ar Dating and Cross Section Balancing
Authors: Löwe Georg , Schneider Susanne , Sperner Blanka , Balling Philipp , Pfänder Jörg A. , Ustaszewski Kamil 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExtension across the southern Pannonian Basin and the internal Dinarides is characterized by Oligo‐Miocene metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) exhumed along mylonitic low‐angle extensional shear zones. Cer MCC at the transition between Dinarides and Pannonian Basin occupies a structural position within the distal‐most Adriatic thrust sheet and originates from two different tectonic processes: Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene nappe‐stacking during a continent‐continent collision with Adria in a lower plate position, and exhumation related to Miocene extension driven by the Carpathian slab‐rollback. Structural data and a balanced cross section across the Cer massif show linking of the exhuming shear zone to a breakaway fault, which reactivated the early Late Cretaceous most internal nappe contact. Paleozoic greenschist‐to amphibolite‐grade lithologies surround a polyphase intrusion composed of I‐ and S‐type granites and were exhumed along a shear zone characterized by top‐N transport. Thermobarometric analyses indicate an intrusion depth of 7–8 km of the Oligocene I‐type granite; cooling below ∼500°C occurred at 25.4 ± 0.6 Ma (1σ) yielded by 40Ar/39Ar dating of hornblende. Biotite and white mica from this intrusion as well as from the mylonitic shear zone yield 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages of 17–18 Ma independent of the used techniques (in situ laser ablation, single‐grain total fusion, single‐grain step heating, and multi‐grain step heating). White mica from the S‐type granite yield an 40Ar/39Ar cooling age of 16.7 ± 0.1 Ma (1σ). Associated dikes intruding the shear zone were also affected by N‐S extension resulting in the exhumation of the MCC, which was triggered by the opening of the Pannonian back‐arc basin in response to the Carpathian slab‐rollback.
Humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by inactivated and RBD-subunit vaccines
Authors: Cao Yunlong , Yisimayi Ayijiang , Bai Yali , Huang Weijin , Li Xiaofeng , Zhang Zhiying , Yuan Tianjiao , An Ran , Wang Jing , Xiao Tianhe , Du Shuo , Ma Wenping , Song Liyang , Li Yongzheng , Li Xiang , Song Weiliang , Wu Jiajing , Liu Shuo , Li Xuemei , Zhang Yonghong , Su Bin , Guo Xianghua , Wei Yangyang , Gao Chuanping , Zhang Nana , Zhang Yifei , Dou Yang , Xu Xiaoyu , Shi Rui , Lu Bai , Jin Ronghua , Ma Yingmin , Qin Chengfeng , Wang Youchun , Feng Yingmei , Xiao Junyu , Xie Xiaoliang Sunney 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 variants could induce immune escape by mutations on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD). Here we report the humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), of the plasma and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) elicited by CoronaVac (inactivated vaccine), ZF2001 (RBD-subunit vaccine) and natural infection. Among 86 potent NAbs identified by high-throughput single-cell VDJ sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinees and convalescents, near half anti-RBD NAbs showed major neutralization reductions against the K417N/E484K/N501Y mutation combination, with E484K being the dominant cause. VH3-53/VH3-66 recurrent antibodies respond differently to RBD variants, and K417N compromises the majority of neutralizing activity through reduced polar contacts with complementarity determining regions. In contrast, the 242–244 deletion (242–244Δ) would abolish most neutralization activity of anti-NTD NAbs by interrupting the conformation of NTD antigenic supersite, indicating a much less diversity of anti-NTD NAbs than anti-RBD NAbs. Plasma of convalescents and CoronaVac vaccinees displayed comparable neutralization reductions against pseudo- and authentic 501Y.V2 variants, mainly caused by E484K/N501Y and 242–244Δ, with the effects being additive. Importantly, RBD-subunit vaccinees exhibit markedly higher tolerance to 501Y.V2 than convalescents, since the elicited anti-RBD NAbs display a high diversity and are unaffected by NTD mutations. Moreover, an extended gap between the third and second doses of ZF2001 leads to better neutralizing activity and tolerance to 501Y.V2 than the standard three-dose administration. Together, these results suggest that the deployment of RBD-vaccines, through a third-dose boost, may be ideal for combating SARS-CoV-2 variants when necessary, especially for those carrying mutations that disrupt the NTD supersite.
Clinical utility of DaTscan in patients with suspected Parkinsonian syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bega Danny , Kuo Phillip H. , Chalkidou Anastasia , Grzeda Mariusz T. , Macmillan Thomas , Brand Christine , Sheikh Zulfiqar H. , Antonini Angelo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractImages of DaTscan (ioflupane [123I] SPECT) have been used as an adjunct to clinical diagnosis to facilitate the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative (ND) Parkinsonian Syndrome (PS) vs. non-dopamine deficiency aetiologies of Parkinsonism. Despite several systematic reviews having summarised the evidence on diagnostic accuracy, the impact of imaging results on clinical utility has not been systematically assessed. Our objective was to examine the available evidence on the clinical utility of DaTscan imaging in changing diagnosis and subsequent management of patients with suspected PS. We performed a systematic review of published studies of clinical utility from 2000 to 2019 without language restrictions. A meta-analysis of change in diagnosis and management rates reported from each study was performed using a random-effects model and logit transformation. Sub-group analysis, meta-regression and sensitivity analysis was performed to explore heterogeneity. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen of these contributed to the meta-analyses including 950 and 779 patients with a reported change in management and change in diagnosis, respectively. The use of DaTscan imaging resulted in a change in management in 54% (95% CI: 47–61%) of patients. Change in diagnosis occurred in 31% (95% CI: 22–42%) of patients. The two pooled analyses were characterised by high levels of heterogeneity. Our systematic review and meta-analysis show that imaging with DaTscan was associated with a change in management in approximately half the patients tested and the diagnosis was modified in one third. Regardless of time from symptom onset to scan results, these changes were consistent. Further research focusing on specific patient subgroups could provide additional evidence on the impact on clinical outcomes.
Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses
Authors: Bu-Olayan A. H. , Thomas B. V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSelected trace metals of importance in different incense before and after the smoldering process were assessed based on the recent respiratory ailments. Marketed perfumed and non-perfumed incense from different countries was separately analyzed using an Inductive coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A particulate analyzer measured the dispersed particulates (PM2.5) in the indoor environment. The analysis revealed higher mean metals concentrations in the smoldered perfumed incense (1.98 µg g−1) than in the non-smoldered and non-perfumed incense (0.59 µg g−1). Pilot-scale experiments included the smoke dispersed in different sized-rooms, and the distance between the inhaler and the smoldering incense. Simultaneously, a questionnaire distributed to 300 residents from six sampling areas revealed the exposure of incense to human health. This study indicated significant attributes on (a) the room size and incense volume, (b) the permissible inmate’s number in a room, (c) the distance between the inmate vicinity and the point of smoldering incense, (d) selectivity of incense, besides the outdoor environmental influence. Furthermore, this study revealed the various categories of respiratory ailments in residents in relation to the frequency of burning incense, prolonged smoke exposure, and the impact of burners although, earlier beneficial effects of incenses were evidenced. This study recommends preventive measures to human respiratory ailments from smoldering incense.
A novel method for in situ TEM measurements of adhesion at the diamond–metal interface
Authors: Loginov P. A. , Sidorenko D. A. , Orekhov A. S. , Levashov E. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe procedure for in situ TEM measurements of bonding strength (adhesion) between diamond and the metal matrix using a Hysitron PI 95 TEM Picoindenter holder for mechanical tests and Push-to-Pull devices was proposed. For tensile tests, dog-bone shaped lamellae 280–330 nm thick and ~ 2.5 µm long were used as objects of study. The lamellae were manufactured using the focused ion beam technology from the metal–diamond interface of diamond-containing composite material with a single-phase binder made of Fe–Co–Ni alloy. The experimentally determined bonding strength was 110 MPa.
Gene variants and expression changes of SIRT1 and SIRT6 in peripheral blood are associated with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Maszlag-Török Rita , Boros Fanni A. , Vécsei László , Klivényi Péter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. There is a growing body of evidence of the involvement of sirtuins (SIRTs) in disease pathomechanism. SIRTs are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases which take part in various cellular functions. However, available data of the relationship between SIRT gene polymorphisms and PD is limited. Our aim was to investigate the possible association of 10 SNPs identified within non-mitochondrial SIRTs, SIRT1, -2 and -6 with the risk of PD in Hungarian population, and to compare the expression level of these SIRTs between healthy controls and PD patients. Our results showed that rs3740051 and rs3818292 of SIRT1 and rs350843, rs350844, rs107251, rs350845 and rs350846 of SIRT6 show weak association with PD risk. On the contrary rs12778366 and rs3758391 of SIRT1 and rs10410544 of SIRT2 did not show association with PD. Moreover, we detected that mRNA level of SIRT1 was down-regulated, and mRNA level of SIRT6 was up-regulated, while SIRT2 mRNA level was not altered in the peripheral blood of PD patients as compared to controls. The difference in both cases was more pronounced when comparing the early-onset PD group to the control cohort. Nevertheless, mRNA level changes did not show any association with the presence of any of the investigated SNPs either in the PD or in the control group. In conclusion, our findings suggest that non-mitochondrial sirtuins, SIRT1 and -6 but not SIRT2 might contribute to the pathogenesis of PD in the Hungarian population both via their altered mRNA levels and via gene alterations identified as specific SNPs.