bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cybersecurity Abroad
Authors: Kilovaty Ido 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As states increasingly use cyberspace to sophisticatedly influence and interfere in elections abroad, the question arises whether international human rights law (IHRL) obligations relevant to such operations—such as the rights to privacy and self-determination—apply extraterritoriality in that context, thus limiting the ability of that state to engage in such activity when it infringes on the rights of foreign individuals. Existing spatial and temporal notions of IHRL’s applicability are difficult to effectuate when transplanted to a domain that lacks physical territory, and where no single state or nonstate actor may claim to be in exclusive effective control of it. This chapter argues that the focus on territoriality may undermine the ability to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights in cyberspace. The growing involvement of states in election interference operations in cyberspace will necessarily mean that more individuals will be affected, giving rise to a concern about the efficacy of IHRL in the wake of technologies that defy territorial boundaries. To conclude, this chapter proposes an alternative method of thinking about IHRL in cyberspace, focusing on a standard of “virtual control” supported by an assessment of the adverse effects experienced by foreign individuals.
Defending Democracies via Cybernorms
Authors: Hollis Duncan B. , Neutze Jan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the most prominent existing regulatory mechanisms for combating foreign election interference today—international law, domestic law, and technical measures—and explains the gaps and challenges each faces. To supplement these responses, the chapter calls for democracies to develop and apply cybernorms—socially constructed shared expectations of appropriate behavior for members of a particular community. The chapter’s central claim is that states and other stakeholders should affirmatively construct international norms tailored to the challenge of online foreign election interference, including delineating “out-of-bounds” behavior vis-à-vis foreign elections and setting expectations for assistance or cooperation when such behavior occurs. The chapter acknowledges cybernorms are not a salve for all wounds. Yet they build off new norm candidates from the G7 and the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace to highlight how cybernorms can provide critical tools to a broad, multilayered, and multidisciplinary response to the threat of foreign election interference.
Using Campaign Finance Reform to Protect U.S. Elections from “Dark Money” and Foreign Influence
Authors: Vandewalker Ian , Norden Lawrence 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Russian interference in U.S. elections has shined a light on gaping holes in the longstanding rules designed to protect against foreign political influence through spending from abroad on American elections. There are three key areas where U.S. elections are most vulnerable to political spending directed by foreign powers: the internet, “dark money” groups that do not disclose their donors, and corporations and other business entities with substantial foreign ownership. A comprehensive set of campaign finance reforms is needed to shore up the United States’ defenses against foreign election spending; the chapter describes those necessary reforms.
Christian Martyrdom and Christian Violence
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
What is the place—if any—for violence in the Christian life? This book explores this question by analyzing a paradox of mainstream Christian history, theology, and ethics: at the heart of the Christian story, the suffering of violence stands as the price of faithfulness. From Jesus himself to martyrs who have died while following him, at the core of Christian faith is an experience of being victimized by the world’s violence. At the same time, the majority opinion for most of Christian history has held that there are situations when the follower of Jesus may be justified in inflicting violence on others, especially in the context of war. Do these two facets of Christian ethics and experience—martyrdom and the just war—represent a contradiction, the self-defeating irony of those who follow a Lord who refused to defend himself taking up deadly weapons? In arguing that they do not, the book contends that any meaningful coherence between a theology of martyrdom and commitment to a just war ethic requires shifts away from a common heroic conception of Christian martyrdom and a common secularized realpolitik conception of necessary violence. Instead, it requires a view of martyrdom that acknowledges even the martyrs as subject to the ambiguities of the human condition, even as they present a compelling witness to Jesus and the way of the cross. And it requires an approach to justified violence that reflects the self-sacrificial ethos of Jesus displayed in the lives of true Christian martyrs.
Introduction
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The introduction briefly explores Christianity’s fascination with its martyrs. It develops a series of optical metaphors—spotlight, lens, prism, mirror—to show that the core theological function of naming martyrs is to make an argument about what the faithful Christian life looks like. The martyr, from her extreme situation, illuminates and brings into clearer focus the contours of discipleship as they are supposed to be lived out in more ordinary situations. Hence the book’s central question: if martyrdom’s argument about the Christian life points to the call to suffer violence, then what are we to think about the mainstream church’s historic sanctioning of the inflicting of violence in certain circumstances?
Violence, Jesus, and Just War Reasoning
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the deeper logic of just war thinking by analyzing its central distinction between aggressive violence and responsive violence, as well as its recognition of the threat of destructive synergy between the two. The chapter considers whether the teaching of Jesus renders impossible any Christian sanctioning of even defensive violence, as insisted by the peace church traditions. Through a consideration of the Sermon on the Mount and a theological appraisal of the imitatio Christi motif in relation to martyrdom, the chapter upholds just war reasoning as theologically defensible. It suggests that the pacifist and just war traditions both require a precarious wager in relation to faithfulness and thus serve as one another’s external consciences in the face of the ambiguity of violence.
Epilogue
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The epilogue briefly returns to the perennial debate between the just war and pacifist traditions of Christianity in the face of violence. The waste and destructive synergy of all violence, even reparative violence, suggests that the just war ethic attempts the absurd. Yet the just war wisdom of the Christian tradition insists that it is possible to find a productive logic in purposeful violence for the public common good. As the pacifist traditions make the gamble that it is not absurd to refuse the temptation of violence even in the face of aggression, and the just war tradition gambles that it is possible to restrain violence and direct it toward peace, these traditions should remain in conversation with one another and open to the possibility of glimpsing the witness of martyrdom in one another.
Locke’s Authoritarian Education
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Locke’s pedagogy follows from his political and epistemic theory, counterposing an authoritarian pedagogy against limited formal parental authority. In light of his fears about the power of public opinion, Locke argued that personal authority in childhood was necessary for intellectual independence in adulthood, and the personal authority of parents was required to shield children against competing authorities in society. Locke’s account of human development reveals that the intervention of a unitary, personal authority to direct the will at the beginning is necessary for the will to be self-directing afterward. The inward-directed Lockean family forms a counterforce against the prevailing fashions outside. The private guidance of familial and pedagogical authority in childhood is a fence against the potential dangers of Locke’s political philosophy. His pedagogy argues that a state grounded in equality and individual liberty requires a hierarchical, authoritarian family to sustain itself.
Revealing Schemes
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Conspiracy theories have come to play an increasingly prominent role in political systems around the world. In Revealing Schemes, Scott Radnitz moves beyond psychological explanations for why people believe conspiracy theories to explore the politics surrounding them, placing two questions at the center of his account: What leads regimes to promote conspiracy claims? And what effects do those claims have on politics and society? Focusing on the former Soviet Union—a region of the world where such theories have long thrived—he shows that incumbent politicians tend to make conspiracy claims to demonstrate their knowledge and authority at moments of uncertainty and threat. They emerge more often where there is serious political competition rather than unbridled autocracy and in response to events that challenge a regime’s ability to rule. Yet conspiracy theories can also be habit-forming and persist as part of an official narrative even where immediate threats have subsided—a strategy intended to strengthen regimes, but that may inadvertently undermine them.
Introduction
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book. It notes the rising prominence of conspiracy theories globally and argues that when governments weaponize conspiracy claims, there are important implications for democracy and stability. It explains the importance of examining conspiracy claims in their political context. The book explores the reasons that regimes make conspiracy claims, how they sustain them over time, and what effects those claims have on politics and society. The chapter then summarizes the theoretical framework and introduces the data: an original collection of over 1,500 conspiracy claims from across the former Soviet Union, two national surveys, and 12 focus groups. It discusses the definition and coding of conspiracy claims. Finally, it argues that the lessons from this book, which explain how conspiracy theories are used in a part of the world where democracy came late—or never arrived—can be instructive for concerned citizens everywhere.
The Emergence and Ascendancy of Conspiracism in Russia
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains Russia’s transformation from a regime of competitive conspiracism to one of sustained official conspiracism. It demonstrates that Russia’s leaders adopted conspiratorial rhetoric reactively and intermittently, in response to politically resonant events. It took a series of critical setbacks in 2004 and 2005—threats to sovereignty, challenges to Putin’s narrative about rebuilding Russia, and deteriorating relations with the West—to cause the shift. It analyzes four events that took place under differing circumstances and that correspond to relative peaks and valleys of conspiracism: the 1996 presidential election, the 2004 terrorist attack in Beslan, the 2005 anti-privatization protests, and the 2014 Euromaidan protests. Examining conspiracy claims in context reveals that Kremlin officials initially selectively embraced the conspiracy narratives of nationalist pundits and intellectuals. Later, the Kremlin adopted a strategy of sustained conspiracism to proactively frame those threats, a practice that became all-consuming by 2014.
Shadowy Deeds in Russia’s Shadow
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and Belarus to illustrate how political competition and geopolitical ties affected the frequency and content of conspiracy claims. It uses quantitative data to show broad trends, and case studies of individual countries to illustrate the mechanisms at work. The analysis highlights how conspiracy claims emerge from the real preoccupations of politicians and commonly held beliefs about geopolitics. Unlike Russia, in none of these cases was conspiracy invoked consistently for offensive purposes. Instead conspiracy claims came about reactively and intermittently, though at moments of high intrigue or anxiety they could appear all-consuming.
“Connecting the dots”
Authors: Messner Michael A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the “extension dilemma,” a quandary over how tightly activists should focus on the issue that defines their organization—in this case, peace and anti-militarism—versus how to build supportive links and coalitions with other progressive organizations. Veterans For Peace and About Face struggle with this dilemma as they forge coalitions with national and international organizations working for climate justice, decolonization and justice for Indigenous Peoples, and ending racial, gender, and sexual violence. The chapter focuses on veterans’ 2016–2017 participation in “Water Protectors’ ” mobilization at Standing Rock and VFP delegations in support of activists in Okinawa, revealing the tension between how to be supportive allies in decolonization movements, versus the dangers of imposing a “White Savior” approach to coalition work with Indigenous Peoples. This chapter shows that the younger generation of veterans has not invented coalition-building; rather, they bring an intersectional orientation to how to build bridges and forge coalitions within the larger ecology of movement organizations.
Elemental Difference and the Climate of the Body
Authors: Parker Emily Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The polis, the philosophical concept according to which there is one complete human form, is to blame for political and ecological crises. The polis as a philosophical tradition shares the current complex shape of climate change. A certain perfect body figures the denial of matter of the polis. The book presents a philosophy of elemental difference, an affirmation of the singularities of location, movement, living, aging, dying, valuing, in which humans partake. Elemental difference in the polis can be appreciated in the fact that empirical bodily nonidentity can be called upon to elevate one group of bodies among the rest. Empirical bodily nonidentity is a feature of the original articulation of the polis as a philosophical concept in the work of Aristotle. Sylvia Wynter has argued that the very idea of empirical bodily nonidentity begins with the modern science of racial anatomy. She calls this biocentrism. This book argues that biocentrism is a feature of the polis, according to which the one complete body was defined by its capacity for disembodied thought. The sciences of racial anatomy are a more explicit commitment to biocentrism, but the ranking of matter with respect to one complete human, a body that is the site of supra-natural thinking, is a practice that has always characterized the polis. In this way, the polis is responsible for both political and ecological hierarchy. It is as responsible for what is euphemistically called climate change as it is for the political hierarchy that constitutes it.
A Revised Irigarayan Study of the Hierarchy of Form and Matter, This Time without Sexual Difference
Authors: Parker Emily Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the work of Luce Irigaray, whose philosophy of sexual difference is almost the needed exposition of the polis. The discussion in this chapter attempts to learn from the work of Luce Irigaray without endorsing her philosophy of sexual difference. For Irigaray, no human invented the fact that human bodies are not all alike and cannot share a generic morphology. This chapter seeks to rewrite this claim in terms of elemental difference, as opposed to sexual or sexuate difference. The denial of the elementality of difference anchors a divide between concepts of form and matter, polis and its matter, oikos, and thus anchors matter’s politics, the relationalities that flow from assumption of these concepts. The denial of elemental difference also anchors a divide between two gestures closely related to these: the body and bodies. This chapter offers a new way to practice feminist philosophy, as skepticism toward the body, rather than as advocacy of those of “one’s own sex.”
Latour’s Modern Is Fanon’s Manichaean
Authors: Parker Emily Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The third chapter looks to the work of Bruno Latour and Frantz Fanon, each of whom offers a way of bridging the concerns of Barad and Hartman. Latour and Fanon are often read as primary sources in political ecology and performativity respectively. And yet political ecology and social construction each represent a polarization explored in different ways by Latour and Fanon themselves. This chapter argues that Latour’s denunciation of the modern is helpful, but it does not offer an adequate response to ecofascism. This chapter argues that Fanon’s exposition offers a better framework for bridging the ecological and the political. Although Fanon’s work concurs, with Latour, that that which is biological is polarized with respect to the political, Fanon suggests that the biological is not understood to be without agency so much as it is problematically agential. This chapter completes the philosophy of elemental difference begun in Chapter 1.
The Problem Is the One, the Body
Authors: Parker Emily Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter advocates re-engagement with the question of what it is like to become human and the sub-question of what dehumanization means. The question of what it is like to be human is indistinguishably ecological and political, and it is necessary to address not the ecological and the political but the distinction itself. The distinction itself hides this question of the one, the body, the very gesture that pretends that the political is not bodily. This chapter argues that advocates of performativity and political ecology each take up one side of the problem of the body, but what needs to be taken up is the question of the distinction itself.
Consumer Protection in the Cloud
Authors: Reed Chris , Edgar Laura 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses consumer protection in the cloud. The majority of businesses seem to have recognised the EU consumer rights regime as setting out the standards of good business best practice which a good business should achieve, and so reflect that regime in their terms and conditions. But a minority of online sellers and suppliers do not, and because the likelihood of consumers going to court to enforce their individual rights is so low, this minority group is unlikely to mend their ways. This has led to an increased focus on using public law rather than private law to enforce compliance with EU consumer rights. The EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) forbids misleading practices by businesses, and online businesses whose terms or practices deny the individual rights granted by law to consumers are increasingly facing enforcement action. The current focus is on well-known social media and sharing economy services, because success here sends a strong message to other, less visible, service suppliers. Cloud services are at present low on the list, partly because many consumer-facing cloud service providers are already largely compliant. The consumer service providers who are most at risk are those who are struggling to transition from a 'free' business model to a paid one.
Cybersecurity, Cloud, and Critical Infrastructure
Authors: Michels Johan David , Walden Ian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the emerging regulatory framework for cybersecurity and considers its implications for the provision and use of cloud services. It focuses on cybersecurity measures that target service providers on whom large numbers of consumers and businesses depend, rather than measures triggered by the nature of the data being processed. The chapter first reviews the main elements of the Network and Information Systems (NIS) Directive, one of the principal cybersecurity instruments in the EU. It then examines how cloud providers are regulated as Digital Service Providers (DSPs) under the NIS Directive. Cloud providers are also indirectly regulated by the NIS Directive, when they form part of the supply chain of a regulated operator of essential services (OES), the primary target of the measure. The chapter also looks at other EU legal instruments that impose cybersecurity requirements in relation to specific sectors and activities. Finally, it considers concerns that this new regulatory framework may lead to only incremental improvements in the cybersecurity of Europe's critical infrastructure and digital services, while generating substantial compliance activity, aimed at placating regulators and reassuring the general public.
The Truth of Love
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The book concludes by arguing that love reveals the truth of being. The notion of truth to be applied is developed by reference to Habermas (truth as constative, normative, expressive), Heidegger (alētheia, as unconcealment), Bultmann (‘emeth), and Florensky (alētheia, as the struggle against forgetfulness). This discussion returns us to love’s cosmic dimension, which is discussed with particular reference to the challenges of the Anthropocene and the experience of beauty, as interpreted by Simone Weil. We also come back to the question of love and being, and it is argued that although love reveals the truth of being, it does so only in the play of being and nothingness, thereby affirming both the value and the freedom of lover and beloved. Following Tillich, the book concludes that a contemporary idea of providence means that there is no situation in which love is not possible.
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Authors: Ambrose Tim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers core curriculum topics relating to gastrointestinal haemorrhage. This includes risk assessment for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage incorporating natural history and prediction of rebleed following peptic ulcer bleeding. Comprehensive coverage of assessment and management of variceal bleeding (gastric and oesophageal) is included including the role of stenting. Causes of presentations with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, including following radiotherapy, are presented along with guidance on assessing shock index, investigation and management strategies. The role of acute imaging versus endoscopic intervention is discussed. Furthermore, investigation and management of obscure and occult gastrointestinal bleeding is covered including small bowel endoscopy and specialist imaging. Additional curriculum material regarding gastrointestinal haemorrhage will also be covered in the mock examination chapter.