bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power Transmission Safety Standards
Authors: Barnett Ralph L. , Poczynok Peter J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The development of the Safety Standard for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus has been plagued by changing definitions and a penchant for expanding the scope of power transmission applications. The current code gives examples of devices which do not transmit power and, in some cases, represent points of operation. Power transmission hazards are increasingly being defined in terms of motion. The notion that mechanical hazards may be characterized as either point of operation or power transmission is a fundamental error that persistently plagues the “rule making” process.
Software Tool Development for Grain Size Measurement Using ASTM Standards
Authors: Sirawattanachai Thanongsak , Daopiset Siriporn , Narasingha Somsak , Hassamontr Jaramporn 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This research focuses on the development of a software tool to assist the validation of heat treating process through grain size measurement. Specifically, the software developed is to semi-automatically compute the average grain size from a black-and-white bitmap image taken from an image acquisition system. The technique used here is the intersection count and grain count methods. For the intersection count method, test grids can be of straight lines or circles. The magnification scale must be attached or input by users for calibration purposes. The image processing techniques are used to filter out irrelevant information and improve picture’s quality. The software will follow the standard guideline provided by ASTM E1382-91 to compute the average grain size. The software is developed as a stand-alone program running on a personal computer. Its performance is validated comparing its result with known input. The ASTM grain size numbers reported from the software are within 10% of those obtained using manual method. The software is efficient in terms of space requirement and computation time while requiring minimal user’s input. Moreover it is relatively inexpensive as compared to those software packages included with new image capturing systems.
A New Methodology for Ease-of-Disassembly in Product Design
Authors: Shetty Devdas , Rawolle Ken , Campana Claudio 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As manufacturers are becoming responsible for their products when they reach the end of their operational lives, the dismantling of products has emerged as one of the serious part of this exercise. In situations involving integrated design principles, certain assembly procedures or joining techniques can make it very difficult to disassemble a product and to separate materials into non-contaminated groups. The strategy is to begin including design for disassembly guidelines in the current product design processes. Design for Disassembly (DFD) is a design philosophy that requires consideration to be given for a product or a part, even after it is in service. The inclusion of procedures for design for disassembly, recyclability and re-manufacture will save resources by prolonging the useful life of product. The paper initially examines the current state of the art in the area of Design for Disassembly and looks at the existing methodologies that are applicable to product design. A new methodology based on a combination of charts based on damage rating, tool rating, re-use rating and access-area rating is proposed. The methodology is compared with the existing methods and evaluated for various situations in aerospace industry.
Transient and Resonant Behavior of Electrically-Damped Microactuators
Authors: Chen Yijian , Shroff Yashesh , Oldham William G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The transient and resonant behavior of electrostatic microactuators is investigated using the perturbation method and linear control theory. We examine an electrically-damped parallel-plate actuator and comb actuator in this paper. Two non-dimensional control parameters are identified and are shown to determine the system’s frequency response and the transient characteristics: damping, settling time, overshoot and stability. A transient optimization to minimize the settling time and overshoot of the time response to a step modulation is carried out using the ITAE (Integral of Time multiplied by Absolute Error) performance index. The optimal control parameters are obtained as well as the optimal resistance value and actuator geometry. The validity of our perturbation-based analysis is verified with numerical simulation. We also study the steady-state frequency response by assuming a sinusoidal input modulation. The response amplitude and the resonant frequency as a function of the control parameters are demonstrated.
High Aspect Ratio, High Resolution Ceramic MEMS
Authors: Routkevitch Dmitri , Govyadinov Alexander N. , Mardilovich Peter P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Harsh application environments represent a dual challenge for MEMS. Not only are materials with high thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability required, but they should be also micromachinable at the 1 to 1000 micrometer scale. Current techniques, from ultra precision machining to ion milling and anisotropic etching, often have limited applicability for microprocessing of refractive materials, especially when high resolution and high aspect ratio are required at a reasonable cost. This presentation overviews the prior and current work on a novel ceramic MEMS technology based on the micromachining of anodic alumina.
Electrostatic Actuation of Microscale Liquid Metal Droplets: Analysis, Experiment, and FEM Simulation
Authors: Latorre Laurent , Kim Joonwon , Nouet Pascal , Kim Chang-Jin CJ 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates electrostatic actuation of microscopic liquid-metal droplets, typically mercury, for MEMS applications. Theory concerning droplets on a plane solid surface is briefly exposed, followed by the contact angle characterization, experiment for electrostatic actuation, and FEM analysis. Being a major parameter in the modeling of sliding droplets the contact angle has been characterized in the case of mercury on oxidized silicon wafer. The method used involves both traditional optical microscope and confocal laser imaging. On a set of 30 samples, the contact angle is found to be around 130° with an associated standard deviation of 8°, mostly due to measurement uncertainties. The sample preparation is detailed, based on selective condensation of mercury vapor on gold dots acting as preferred nucleation sites. This technique provides control on droplet dimensions and locations and is suitable for batch fabrication. Experimental study of electrostatic actuation coupled with FEM analysis is described. Results confirm the proportionality between minimum driving force and the droplet dimension. Finally, a modeling methodology is discussed using traditional FEM simulator calibrated with an equivalent Young’s Modulus concept.
Packaged Parylene-Diaphragm Piezoelectric Microspeaker
Authors: Han Cheol-Hyun , Kim Eun Sok 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes our first demonstration of the parylene-diaphragm piezoelectric acoustic transducer as a fully functional microspeaker and also characterization of its vibration amplitude and sound pressure output. The piezoelectric microspeaker is built on a 1.5 μm thick parylene diaphragm (5,000*5000 μm2 square diaphragm micromachined in a silicon substrate) with electrodes and piezoelectric ZnO film. The parylene (a polymer material) has very low elastic modulus (about 50 to 100 times smaller than conventional diaphragm materials such as silicon nitride, stainless steel, etc), and is an outstanding material for a speaker application. The speaker is shown to produce a maximum sound-pressure level of 91 dB SPL into 2 cm3 acoustic coupler at a resonant frequency of 9.5 kHz. The vibration amplitude at that frequency is measured to be 1.8 μm with a laser doppler meter. Proper packaging of the microspeaker improves the sound output by preventing the cancellation of the sound output from the backside that has 180 degree out of phase.
Measurements and Modeling of Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels With Nearly-Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions
Authors: Zhang Lian , Koo Jae-Mo , Jiang Linan , Banerjee Shilajeet S. , Ashegi Mehdi , Goodson Kenneth E. , Santiago Juan G. , Kenny Thomas W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two-phase forced convective flow in microchannels can be used as an effective means of cooling microelectronics. However, the number of studies on boiling in microchannels with dimensions smaller than 100 microns is limited. Particularly, the impact of small dimensions on bubble formation and the critical heat flux have received little attention. This work develops single and multi-channel silicon test devices with integrated heaters and thermometers, in an effort toward precisely determining the flow condition, the temperature distribution, and the heat transfer coefficients within microchannels. Rectangular channels with hydraulic diameter below 100 microns and varying aspect ratios were fabricated. The test devices have channel walls with widths below 350 microns, which minimizes solid conduction along the test section and reduces variations in the heat flux boundary condition. A semiconductor resistor strip measures the wall temperature distribution along the channel during phase change. A thermal resistance model has been developed to estimate the heat loss from the system. Down to hydraulic diameters as small as 25 microns, nucleation boiling under 5 °C of wall superheating was observed in plasma etched silicon microchannels.
Anodic Oxidation and Reliability of MEMS Poly-Silicon Electrodes at High Voltages and in High Relative Humidity
Authors: Shea Herbert R. , White Carolyn D. , Gasparyan Arman , Comizzoli Robert B. , Arney Susanne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We present a study of the anodic oxidation of MEMS poly-Silicon electrodes and wires in ambients with high relative humidity and high voltages. MEMS poly-Si electrodes that are hermetically packaged in dry ambients show no signs of degradation on a time scale of years even when operated at hundreds of volts. To accelerate electrical failure modes, we expose unpackaged chips to ambients with high relative humidity. We then observe anodic oxidation of the most positively biased poly-Si structures on a time scale of minutes or hours. We describe this anodic oxidation as a function of relative humidity and voltage, and its dependence on surface leakage currents.
A Three-Axis Piezoresistive Micromachined Force Sensor for Studying Cockroach Biomechanics
Authors: Bartsch Michael S. , Partridge Aaron , Pruitt Beth L. , Full Robert J. , Kenny Thomas W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A millimeter-scale silicon micromachined force sensor has been designed to measure in three axes the ground reaction forces produced by the cockroach Blaberus Discoidalis during typical running locomotion. Each sensor consists of a large-area (5mm × 5mm) rigid plate supported at its corners by thin flexures instrumented with two ion-implanted piezoresistors each. Comparison of piezoresistive measurements among these eight strain gauges allows the applied force to be resolved into three orthogonal components. Un-amplified sensitivity to normal forces of 1.2V/N has been demonstrated with estimated normal force resolution of 7.3μN on an 800Hz measurement bandwidth.
Packaging Technology for MEMS
Authors: Tan Qing 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A review is given for MEMS devices fabricated using packaging materials. From reported literatures and patents, a variety of ceramic and plastic materials have been used for many microdevices. The green tape process for ceramic, flexible circuit and printed circuit board process platforms are all found to be suitable for 3-D, complex MEMS devices. In addition, micromolding and laser machining are reported for plastic materials. Devices fabricated from those materials include micromotors, sensors, biomedical chips, fuel cells, microchemical reaction chambers, micromirrors, microlens systems, etc. The introduction of packaging material into MEMS fabrication bridged the gap for devices that are 3-D, meso or large scale, have relatively large force and are low cost.
New Paradigms for Sustainable Society and Industries: Technology Conversion From One Way to Circulation
Authors: Hamada Yasuo , Honda Hiroshi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In January 1998, the Vostok project team, under the collaboration between American, Russian and French scientists, discovered and mined an underground ice core of 3,623m deep in the East Antarcitica.1) As a result of the study on this ice core, the climate conditions of the earth for the past four hundred and twenty thousand years came out clearly, as if it were recorded on a magnetic tape, as shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that the data on concentration of CO2, CH4 and temperature among others for this period signal a warning for future activities of the entire humankind of the earth.1)
Successfully Managing the Risk and Development of Your Business and Technology in the Global Economy
Authors: Honda Hiroshi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
National and regional economies have become increasingly bound to a global economy with the availability of advanced communication, information and transportation technologies among others, while the advancement of science and technology in general has served as a driving engine for economic and industrial development of local and national economies, and subsequently for those of regional and global economies with substantial time lags in the past millennium. The globalization has given a significant impact on each society by accelerating instant and/or speedy flows of information, money, commodity, energy and human beings, and thus has provided increasingly equal opportunities to societies around the globe for the development of business and technology. Nevertheless, characteristics and specific boundary conditions of local areas, nations and regions still characterize the business and technological opportunities for specific communities.
The global constraints such as limitation in natural resources and energy, and the global environmental issues have driven human beings to challenge a huge task for the new and renewable energy development, environmental protection, and development and utilization of space and other frontiers such as deep underground and deep seas, on a global scale of competition and cooperation. Under these circumstances, we will need to manage the risk and development of our business and technology increasingly from global perspectives, with due consideration on the global constraints and specific characteristics of the focused local societies. This paper is intended to set scene and raise issues for discussion at the subject symposium of ours.
Lessons Learned in Forming an Intellectual Property Management Group Within Your Corporation
Authors: Brown Susan Ipri 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Delphi Technologies, Inc. (DTI) was established January 1, 1999 to actively cultivate and manage Delphi Automotive System’s intellectual property. Delphi Automotive Systems is a world leader in automotive components and systems technology. Delphi currently has thousands of patents in its portfolio and generates hundreds more each year on a wide variety of technologies. Comprised of three groups — Central Research, Licensing, and Intellectual Property Legal Staff — DTI’s mission is to enhance Delphi’s competitive position and to generate revenue from licensing. DTI’s experience in starting operations and establishing itself inside and outside of Delphi provides valuable lessons for any corporation interested in more actively managing and leveraging its intellectual property.
Material Modelling of Sheet Metal by Bi-Axial Loading Tests
Authors: Pijlman Hermen H. , Brinkman J. , Huétink J. , Vegter H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new material description for sheet metal forming has been developed. The material description exists of the Vegter yield criterion and a physically based hardening rule. In contrast to most former criteria, the Vegter yield criterion is based on measurements of multi-axial yield stress states. The yield criterion is extended with a physically based hardening rule, in which the flow stress depends on the strain and strain rate.
To measure the multi-axial stress states a biaxial test equipment is being designed. The test equipment will be capable of imposing a shear deformation and a plane strain deformation, including combinations of both deformations. To check whether the bi-axial test equipment will give reliable results, a Finite Element model of a part of the test piece and the clamp equipment is constructed.
Methods for Simulation-Based Optimization of Vehicle Handling Behavior
Authors: Schuller Juergen , Haque Imtiaz , Fadel George 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A global optimization of vehicle properties is currently not possible. In case of vehicle handling behavior, the optimal design parameter combination is dependent on the desired dynamic characteristics; i.e. it is a tradeoff between different objectives. In this paper, three methods are shown, which are crucial for the optimization of vehicle handling in a virtual environment: a multi-objective, multi-scenario optimization method, an approach for prediction of subjective ratings from driver inputs and vehicle reactions and, last but not least, an approach for the modeling of the control behavior of the human driver.
Tank Shape Optimization for Enhancement of Roll Stability of Partially Filled Tank Vehicles in Steady Turning
Authors: Kang X. , Rakheja S. , Stiharu I. , Ahmed A. K. W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A generic tank cross-section is proposed to describe the geometry of road tanks used in transportation of bulk liquids, and to explore optimal tank geometry for enhancement of roll stability limits of partially-filled tank vehicles. Two different constrained optimization functions are formulated to minimize the lateral load shift with prescribed cross-sectional c.g. height, and the liquid load shift and c.g. height simultaneously, subject to constraints imposed on the total capacity, overall width and height, and perimeter. Two optimal tank cross-sections are proposed to achieve minimal overturning moments corresponding to medium and high fill ranges. A static roll plane model of the partially-filled generic tank is developed to study the performance potentials of the optimal tanks in terms of translation of the cargo c.g. within the tanks under various fill volumes and vehicle lateral acceleration, which are then compared with those of the conventional circular and modified-oval cross-sectional tanks. The performance potentials of the proposed optimal tanks are further explored in terms of rollover threshold lateral acceleration limit of a partially-filled articulated tank vehicle combination as a function of the fill volume, using a static roll model of the tank vehicle realized by integration of the steady-state roll plane model of the partially-filled generic tank with that of the vehicle. The results reveal that the magnitude of rollover threshold of the 40–70% filled vehicle with the proposed optimal tank geometry is approximately 10% higher than that with a circular cross-sectional tank, and 13–25% higher than that with a modified-oval tank.
An Injection Molding Expert Controller Based on Neural Network Optimization Schemes
Authors: Wang Pei-Jen , Liang Jui-Ming 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to investigate the optimization schemes for intelligent process control based on neural networks in injection molding. To achieve the goal of intelligent process control, performance indexes, formulating by multi-losses functions, are adaptively optimized for reverse deducing the process control parameters from the quality factors of parts. In addition, the requirements on quality factors such as dimensions, shrinkage, and warpage are predicted by making use of the Computer-Aided Engineering software, namely C-MOLD, with the process window pre-screened by the Design of Experiments procedure. Hereby, a model consisting of Radial Basis Functions Networks (RBFN) is employed for representing the causal factors between the process control parameters and the quality factors. And, the RBFN model is then trained for optimizing the given performance indexes with an adaptive optimization scheme. Finally, two example cases based on numerical simulations on process control are demonstrated for verifications. It is observed that the proposed intelligent process control in injection molding could automatically achieve stable and nearly optimal process conditions within a short period of time for the given quality requirements. Therefore, the intelligent expert controller could be applied for practical uses on the shop floor in the future.
An Investigation of the Effect of Elongational Viscosity on Entrance Flow
Authors: Sarkar Debabrata , Gupta Mahesh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new model for strain-rate dependence of elongational viscosity of a polymer is introduced. The proposed model can capture the initial strain thickening, which is followed by a descent in elongational viscosity as the elongation rate is further increased. Effect of the four rheological parameters in the new model on a 4:1 entrance flow is analyzed. It is confirmed that the entrance pressure loss and recirculating vortices in an entrance flow grow significantly as the Trouton ratio is increased. The center-line velocity near the abrupt contraction in a 4:1 entrance flow is found to overshoot its value for a fully developed flow in the downstream channel, if the Trouton ratio has a local minima beyond the Newtonian limit of the polymer.
Using Computer Simulation as a Process Design Tool for Resin Injection Pultrusion (RIP)
Authors: Ding Zhongman , Li Shoujie , Lee L. James , Engelen Herbert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Resin Injection Pultrusion (RIP) is a new composite manufacturing process, which combines the advantages of the conventional pultrusion process and the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process. It is sometimes referred to the Continuous Resin Transfer Molding (C-RTM) process. The RIP process differs from the conventional pultrusion process in that the resin is injected into an injection-die (instead of being placed in an open bath) in order to eliminate the emission of volatile organic compounds (styrene) (VOC) during processing. Based on the modeling and simulation of resin/fiber “pultrudability”, resin flow, and heat transfer and curing, a computer aided engineering tool has been developed for the purpose of process design. In this study, the fiber stack permeability and compressibility are measured and modeled, and the resin impregnation pattern and pressure distribution inside the fiber stack are obtained using numerical simulation. Conversion profiles in die heating section of the pultrusion die can also be obtained using the simulation tool. The correlation between the degree-of-cure profiles and the occurrence of blisters in the pultruded composite parts is discussed. Pulling force modeling and analysis are carried out to identify the effect on composite quality due to interface friction between the die surface and the moving resin/fiber mixture. Experimental data are used to verify the modeling and simulation results.
Estimation of Elongational Viscosity Using Entrance Flow Simulation
Authors: Sarkar Debabrata , Gupta Mahesh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new elongational viscosity model along with the Carreau-Yasuda model for shear viscosity is used for a finite element simulation of the flow in a capillary rheometer die. The entrance pressure loss predicted by the finite element flow simulation is matched with the corresponding experimental data to predict the parameters in the new elongational viscosity model. For two different polymers, the predicted elongational viscosity is compared with the corresponding predictions from Cogswell’s analysis and K-BKZ model.