bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared resources between visual attention and visual working memory are allocated through rhythmic sampling
Authors: Balestrieri Elio , Ronconi Luca , Melcher David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAttention and visual working memory (VWM) are among the most theoretically detailed and empirically tested constructs in human cognition. Nevertheless, the nature of the interrelation between selective attention and VWM still presents a fundamental controversy: Do they rely on the same cognitive resources or not? The present study aims at disentangling this issue by capitalizing on recent evidence showing that attention is a rhythmic phenomenon, oscillating over short time windows. Using a dual‐task approach, we combined a classic VWM task with a visual detection task in which we densely sampled detection performance during the time between the memory and the test array. Our results show that an increment in VWM load was related to reduced detection of near‐threshold visual stimuli. Importantly, we observed an oscillatory pattern in detection at ~7.5 Hz in the low VWM load conditions, which decreased towards ~5 Hz in the high VWM load condition. These findings suggest that the frequency of this sampling rhythm changes according to the allocation of attentional resources to either the VWM or the detection task. This pattern of results is consistent with a central sampling attentional rhythm which allocates shared attentional resources both to the flow of external visual stimulation and to the internal maintenance of visual information.
Exposure time is an important variable in quantifying post‐dispersal seed removal
Authors: Chen Si‐Chong , Wang Bo , Moles Angela T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA literature synthesis concluded that small mammals have the greatest impact on post‐dispersal removal of intermediate‐sized seeds (Dylewski et al. 2020). However, this study failed to consider the duration of seed exposure to predators. Re‐analyses of the corrected dataset revealed only a weak effect of seed mass on seed removal.
General statistical scaling laws for stability in ecological systems
Authors: Clark Adam Thomas , Arnoldi Jean‐Francois , Zelnik Yuval R. , Barabas György , Hodapp Dorothee , Karakoç Canan , König Sara , Radchuk Viktoriia , Donohue Ian , Huth Andreas , Jacquet Claire , de Mazancourt Claire , Mentges Andrea , Nothaaß Dorian , Shoemaker Lauren G. , Taubert Franziska , Wiegand Thorsten , Wang Shaopeng , Chase Jonathan M. , Loreau Michel , Harpole Stanley 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEcological stability refers to a family of concepts used to describe how systems of interacting species vary through time and respond to disturbances. Because observed ecological stability depends on sampling scales and environmental context, it is notoriously difficult to compare measurements across sites and systems. Here, we apply stochastic dynamical systems theory to derive general statistical scaling relationships across time, space, and ecological level of organisation for three fundamental stability aspects: resilience, resistance, and invariance. These relationships can be calibrated using random or representative samples measured at individual scales, and projected to predict average stability at other scales across a wide range of contexts. Moreover deviations between observed vs. extrapolated scaling relationships can reveal information about unobserved heterogeneity across time, space, or species. We anticipate that these methods will be useful for cross‐study synthesis of stability data, extrapolating measurements to unobserved scales, and identifying underlying causes and consequences of heterogeneity.
Large disparities in 28‐day case fatality by stroke subtype: data from a French stroke registry between 2008 and 2017
Authors: Gauthier Victoria , Cottel Dominique , Amouyel Philippe , Dallongeville Jean , Meirhaeghe Aline 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThe objectives of the present analysis were to assess 28‐day stroke case fatality according to the stroke aetiology and to identify associated factors.MethodsAll stroke events in adults aged ≥35 years between 2008 and 2017 were collected in a population‐based stroke registry in northern France.ResultsOut of a total of 2933 strokes, there were 479 (16%) haemorrhagic strokes and 2454 (84%) ischaemic strokes; the 28‐day case fatality rates were 48% and 15%, respectively. Three‐quarters of the 28‐day case fatalities occurred within 6 days of the event for haemorrhagic strokes and within 16.5 days for ischaemic strokes. After an ischaemic stroke, the case fatality rate was higher for women (18%) than for men (12%, p < 0.0001); however, this difference disappeared after adjustment for age. Cardioembolic strokes (34%) and strokes of undetermined cause (33%) were the most common ischaemic subtypes, with case fatality rates of 16% and 18%, respectively. Large artery atherosclerosis (11%) and lacunar strokes (10%) were less common, and both types had a case fatality rate of 3%. Age at the time of the event and stroke severity were both significantly associated with case fatality. For some types of stroke, a history of cardiovascular events and residence in a nursing home were associated with a poor prognosis. Medical care in a neurology ward was inversely associated with case fatality, for all stroke subtypes.ConclusionsIn northern France, post‐stroke case fatality remains high, especially for haemorrhagic stroke. Being treated in a neurology ward improved survival by around 80%.
Effect of interleukin‐1β on bone morphogenetic protein‐9‐induced osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Authors: Ebe Yukari , Nakamura Toshiaki , Hasegawa‐Nakamura Kozue , Noguchi Kazuyuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBone morphogenetic protein‐9 (BMP‐9) has been shown to potently induce osteoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) and may be a candidate therapeutic agent for periodontal tissue healing/regeneration, but the effect of the inflammatory environment of periodontitis on such approaches is unclear. We investigated whether interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) affected BMP‐9‐mediated osteoblastic differentiation of human (h) PDLFs. IL‐1β suppressed BMP‐9‐induced osteogenic differentiation of hPDLFs, as evidenced by reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization, and the downregulated expression of BMP‐9‐mediated bone‐related genes, RUNX2, SP7, IBSP, and SPP1. In hPDLFs, with or without BMP‐9, IL‐1β increased the protein expression of activin A, a BMP‐9 antagonist, and decreased follistatin protein, an antagonist of activin A. Similarly, IL‐1β upregulated the expression of the activin A gene and downregulated that of the follistatin gene. Notably, follistatin re‐established BMP‐9‐induced ALP activity suppressed by IL‐1β. Activin A inhibited the expression of BMP‐9‐responsive genes and BMP‐9‐induced ALP activity, while follistatin re‐established them. Finally, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) inhibition significantly blocked IL‐1β‐induced activin A gene expression. Our data indicate that IL‐1β inhibits BMP‐9‐induced osteoblastic differentiation of hPDLFs, possibly by promoting activin A production via the ERK1/2, p38, and NF‐κB pathways.
Eight generations of native seed cultivation reduces plant fitness relative to the wild progenitor population
Authors: Pizza Riley , Espeland Erin , Etterson Julie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNative seed for restoration is in high demand, but widespread habitat degradation will likely prevent enough seed from being sustainably harvested from wild populations to meet this need. While propagation of native species has emerged in recent decades to address this resource gap, few studies have tested whether the processes of sampling from wild populations, followed by generations of farm cultivation, reduce plant fitness tolerance to stress over time. To test this, we grew the eighth generation of farm‐propagated Clarkia pulchella Pursh (Onagraceae) alongside seeds from two of the three original wild source populations that established the native seed farm. To detect differences in stress tolerance, half of plants were subjected to a low‐water treatment in the greenhouse. At the outset, farmed seeds were 4.1% heavier and had 4% greater germination compared to wild‐collected seed. At maturity, farmed plants were 22% taller and had 20% larger stigmatic surfaces, even after accounting for differences in initial seed size. Importantly, the mortality of farmed plants was extremely high (75%), especially in the low‐water treatment (80%). Moreover, farmed plants under the high‐water treatment had 90% lower relative fitness than wild plants due to the 1.3 times greater weekly mortality and a 3‐fold reduction in flowering likelihood. Together, these data suggest that bottlenecks during initial sampling and/or unconscious selection during propagation severely reduced genetic diversity and promoted inbreeding. This may undermine restoration success, especially under stressful conditions. These results indicate that more data must be collected on the effects of cultivation to determine whether it is a suitable source of restoration seed.
Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are diametric disorders
Authors: Dinsdale Natalie L. , Crespi Bernard J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEvolutionary and comparative approaches can yield novel insights into human adaptation and disease. Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) each affect up to 10% of women and significantly reduce the health, fertility, and quality of life of those affected. PCOS and endometriosis have yet to be considered as related to one another, although both conditions involve alterations to prenatal testosterone levels and atypical functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Here, we propose and evaluate the novel hypothesis that endometriosis and PCOS represent extreme and diametric (opposite) outcomes of variation in HPG axis development and activity, with endometriosis mediated in notable part by low prenatal and postnatal testosterone, while PCOS is mediated by high prenatal testosterone. This diametric disorder hypothesis predicts that, for characteristics shaped by the HPG axis, including hormonal profiles, reproductive physiology, life‐history traits, and body morphology, women with PCOS and women with endometriosis will manifest opposite phenotypes. To evaluate these predictions, we review and synthesize existing evidence from developmental biology, endocrinology, physiology, life history, and epidemiology. The hypothesis of diametric phenotypes between endometriosis and PCOS is strongly supported across these diverse fields of research. Furthermore, the contrasts between endometriosis and PCOS in humans parallel differences among nonhuman animals in effects of low versus high prenatal testosterone on female reproductive traits. These findings suggest that PCOS and endometriosis represent maladaptive extremes of both female life‐history variation and expression of sexually dimorphic female reproductive traits. The diametric disorder hypothesis for endometriosis and PCOS provides novel, unifying, proximate, and evolutionary explanations for endometriosis risk, synthesizes diverse lines of research concerning the two most common female reproductive disorders, and generates future avenues of research for improving the quality of life and health of women.
Declines in rodent abundance and diversity track regional climate variability in North American drylands
Authors: Cárdenas Pablo A. , Christensen Erica , Ernest S. K. Morgan , Lightfoot David C. , Schooley Robert L. , Stapp Paul , Rudgers Jennifer A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRegional long‐term monitoring can enhance the detection of biodiversity declines associated with climate change, improving future projections by reducing reliance on space‐for‐time substitution and increasing scalability. Rodents are diverse and important consumers in drylands, regions defined by the scarcity of water that cover 45% of Earth's land surface and face increasingly drier and more variable climates. We analyzed abundance data for 22 rodent species across grassland, shrubland, ecotone, and woodland ecosystems in the southwestern USA. Two time series (1995–2006 and 2004–2013) coincided with phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which influences drought in southwestern North America. Regionally, rodent species diversity declined 20%–35%, with greater losses during the later time period. Abundance also declined regionally, but only during 2004–2013, with losses of 5% of animals captured. During the first time series (wetter climate), plant productivity outranked climate variables as the best regional predictor of rodent abundance for 70% of taxa, whereas during the second period (drier climate), climate best explained variation in abundance for 60% of taxa. Temporal dynamics in diversity and abundance differed spatially among ecosystems, with the largest declines in woodlands and shrublands of central New Mexico and Colorado. Which species were winners or losers under increasing drought and amplified interannual variability in drought depended on ecosystem type and the phase of the PDO. Fewer taxa were significant winners (18%) than losers (30%) under drought, but the identities of winners and losers differed among ecosystems for 70% of taxa. Our results suggest that the sensitivities of rodent species to climate contributed to regional declines in diversity and abundance during 1995–2013. Whether these changes portend future declines in drought‐sensitive consumers in the southwestern USA will depend on the climate during the next major PDO cycle.
Activated biochars derived from wood biomass liquefaction residues for effective removal of hazardous hexavalent chromium from aquatic environments
Authors: Janiszewska Dominika , Olchowski Rafał , Nowicka Aldona , Zborowska Magdalena , Marszałkiewicz Krzysztof , Shams Mahmoud , Giannakoudakis Dimitrios A. , Anastopoulos Ioannis , Barczak Mariusz 
Published: May 2021

AbstractResidues obtained after wood biomass liquefaction were used as precursors for the synthesis of two activated biochars. The source of biomass liquefaction constituted of industrial wood processing by‐products, including bark and wood sawdust. The liquefied residues were analyzed in terms of chemical components and structure. Carbonization under nitrogen atmosphere followed by physical CO2activation allowed to obtain microporous activated carbons with specific surface areas of 741 and 522 m2 g−1, and micropore volumes of 0.38 and 0.27 cm3 g−1, respectively. The obtained activated carbons were used to remove toxic hexavalent chromium from the aquatic environment. The observed sorption capacities were 80.6 mg g−1versus 36.7 mg g−1for wood bark‐derived and wood sawdust‐derived carbon, respectively, indicating a key role of the wood residue source in the effectiveness of Cr(VI) removal by resulting carbons. Despite the dominant microporous structure, the adsorption kinetics was surprisingly fast, especially for the bark‐derived carbon, since the adsorption equilibrium was reached within 2 h. The sorption mechanism of chromium was based on the carbon surface‐mediated reduction of toxic hexavalent form to its non‐toxic trivalent form, as confirmed by the X‐ray photoelectron analysis. Therefore, the residues from wood liquefaction can be easily converted into porous activated biocarbons capable of adsorbing significant amounts of hazardous Cr(VI) while reducing them to non‐toxic Cr(III).
Migrant youth ‘between mobilities’: Sessility as a working concept
Authors: Harris Anita , Raffaetà Roberta 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConventionally, young people today are seen to be benefited by opportunities for mobility and disadvantaged by staying in place. We seek to advance critiques of this binarism by exploring the mobility and attachment aspirations and experiences of the 1.5 generation: those who migrate as children accompanying their parents. Building on calls to better understand the complexity of both mobility and staying in place for migrant youth, we analyse the experience and aspirations of a young Italian woman of Indian background who finds herself ‘between mobilities’, navigating her life amidst her parents’ migration and settlement plans and her own aspirations for both mobility and emplaced belonging. We introduce the concept of ‘sessility’, taken from plant biology, to explore how forms of mobility and agency can be enacted in place, depending on the extent to which the environment supports capacities and aspirations.
Triple helix relationship research on China's regional university–industry–government collaborative innovation: Based on provincial patent data
Authors: Zhuang Tao , Zhao Shuliang , Zheng Mingliang , Chu Jianxun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOver the last 20 years, university–industry–government collaborative innovation has received extensive attention in theory and practice. However, the question of how to integrate and understand collaborative innovation from a theoretical perspective has not been thoroughly studied. This study designed a regional collaborative innovation evaluation model based on the triple helix theory. The invention patent data of 31 provincial regions in China for the last 5 years are used to investigate the regional differences and dynamic evolution of the collaborative innovation and the interaction and coupling relationship between intraregional and interregional industries, universities, and governments empirically. This study found that the number of invention patents in China has rapidly grown yearly, indicating that industries are the most important source of invention patents. The difference in the regional distribution of China's collaborative innovation output is remarkable, showing a pattern of “strong east and weak west” in the total volume and “south fast north slow” in the growth rate. The bilateral synergistic effect of industry–university relations is strong considering two‐dimensional cooperation, and the relationship is close. Collaborative innovation is dominated by intraregional cooperation, whereas interregional cooperation shows a growing trend. The tripartite relationship between university, industry, and government shows a loose trend. Certain provinces with weak regional innovation capabilities, such as Gansu, Hainan, Xinjiang, and Qinghai, have a relatively close cooperation level, which is in the stage of government‐led innovation and development. However, Guangdong, Chongqing, Anhui, Jiangsu, and other provinces with outstanding regional innovation capability do not have close cooperation between universities, industries, and governments, which are in the stage of innovation and development led by industries. This paper discusses the policy implications for different regions based on the research conclusions.
Participatory design and qualitative evaluation of a decision guide for workplace human immunodeficiency virus self‐disclosure: The importance of a socio‐ecological perspective
Authors: Restall Gayle , Diaz Francis , Faucher Patrick , Roger Kerstin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundDisclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive status in a workplace can be a complex social decision for a person living with HIV.ObjectiveTo design a Decision Guide to support people living with HIV in assessing contexts, risks and benefits of workplace disclosure in choosing whether or not, or to what extent, to disclose. In this report, we review the participatory design of a Decision Guide prototype and focus on its evaluation.MethodsWe began with stakeholder input through an environmental scan and community consultation that informed the development of an online Decision Guide prototype. To evaluate the comprehensiveness, acceptability and usability of the prototype, we used qualitative methodology involving individual interviews and the think‐aloud technique. Interviews were transcribed and analysed qualitatively.ResultsFourteen people, including people living with HIV and service providers, participated. We identified benefits of the Decision Guide related to comprehensiveness, acceptability and usability. Additional interview themes focused on disclosure concerns, mitigating risks associated with disclosure and additional considerations for the Decision Guide.ConclusionsThe Decision Guide was perceived to be acceptable, comprehensive and useful. The findings endorse the application of a socio‐ecological perspective when designing decision support aids for complex social decisions.Patient or public contributionPeople with lived experience of HIV were involved in the prototype design phases as research team members. They, along with community leaders and service providers, also participated in a community forum and were key informants for the evaluation of the Workplace Disclosure Decision Guide prototype.
Errors as indicators of writing task difficulty at the Slovene general matura in English
Authors: Dobrić Nikola , Sigott Günther , Ilc Gašper , Lazović Vesna , Cesnik Hermann , Stopar Andrej 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTask difficulty is an important but complex phenomenon in Applied Linguistics, for which there is relatively little empirical research. This article discusses approaches to defining task difficulty and focuses on objective task difficulty derived from ratings of performances and on difficulty derived from an error count in the performances, thus taking errors as indicators of writing task difficulty. Errors are described in terms of the Scope–Substance error taxonomy in writing performances from the Slovene General Matura examination in English. The most frequent errors are located at word and phrase level. Generally, error frequency decreases as writing proficiency increases, but some error types do not conform to this trend. This is the case for punctuation errors, which gain prominence at higher levels of mastery. The results of this study are relevant for assessment, particularly for rating scale development or revision, and for rater training. They are equally relevant for teaching, since knowing sources of difficulty in tasks is a prerequisite for effective pedagogical action. More generally, if applied to performances based on a wider range of tasks, viewing errors as indicators of difficulty can lead to a better understanding of difficulty‐generating task features.
Hope, fear, and consumer behavioral change amid COVID‐19: Application of protection motivation theory
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Yang Kiseol , Min Jihye , White Brechey 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUsing protection motivation theory (PMT), this study investigates the influence of cognitive assessment and affective response on customers’ behavioral intention amid COVID‐19 in the context of restaurants. More specifically, this research draws attention to (1) the influence of protection motivation (i.e., perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, maladaptive reward, response efficacy, self‐efficacy, response cost) on hope and fear, (2) hope and fear as mediators between protection motivation and behavioral intention, and (3) diverse customer behavioral intentions that have emerged during the COVID‐19 pandemic (i.e., health‐focused behavior, conscious consumption, and the supporting of local businesses and products). A total of 473 completed responses were obtained through an online survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized relationships. The research model proposed in the study successfully explained the process in which individuals commit to hygienic behaviors, prioritize local restaurants, and engage in conscious consumption under the threat of COVID‐19. The proposed model can be utilized in examining consumer behaviors in the hospitality industry, especially in the COVID‐19 era.