bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Titles v. Effective Occupation: Spanish Jurists on the Caroline Islands Affair (1885)
Authors: Lorente Marta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article analyses the arguments posed by Spanish jurists regarding the character and value in international nineteenth-century order of the titles to territories that the Spanish State inherited from the Catholic Monarchs. Focused on defending colonial interests in the Pacific, Spanish jurists insisted upon reproducing the legitimising arguments of the Conquest throughout the nineteenth century, until the German occupation of the Caroline Islands, expressly supported by the agreements reached at the Berlin Conference, forced them to rethink the foundations of their argument. The conflict surrounding the Caroline Islands was the first example of confrontation between articles 33 and 34 of the Act of Berlin and historical titles.
What is Ailing Purāṇic Studies?
Authors: Bisschop Peter C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Commencing from a critical reading of two recent publications on the Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa and the Devīmāhātmya, this article argues that, contrary to what is maintained by the author of the two books under review, what is ailing Purāṇic studies is not a reliance on traditional modes of textual criticism, but a misunderstanding about its utility for accessing the dynamic history of Purāṇic text corpora.
Pragmatic Saintliness: Toward a Criticism and Celebration of Community
Authors: Davis Benjamin P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay responds to John McDermott’s diagnosis of politics and religious life in the U.S.: “[B]oth traditional political and religious institutions are no longer an adequate let alone rich resource for a celebratory language.” I present a new celebratory language by reading William James’s description of saintliness in Varieties of Religious Experience. James gives me the resources to naturalize and democratize saintliness. Distinguished not by her transcendent miracles but by her this-worldly energies and experiments, the pragmatic saint remakes the experience of her community through celebration, a form of appreciation and criticism exemplified in engaged art. My ethical and aesthetic description of the saint thus builds on E. Paul Colella’s recent political description of the saint as the “strenuous citizen.”
John Dewey’s Ethics, Pragmatist Bioethics, and the Case of Gestational Surrogacy
Authors: Taye Belayneh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
John Dewey relates ethics in general with the mode of inquiry. Against the mainstream ethics and moral theories, Dewey reconstructed morality in light of empirical science, providing the necessary steps of pragmatic ethical investigations. In this study, I have revisited Dewey’s ethical inquiry and recent developments of the methods of pragmatist bioethics. Using this approach in ethics, I have examined the development of reproductive technologies and genetics, precisely the moral dilemma of gestational surrogacy at the level of a public issue that needs social policy. In the final part, I have suggested the significance of Dewey’s emphasis on education, deliberative democracy, and institutions and agents’ role as the basis to solve bioethical issues arising in different societal contexts.
Relations as Potential
Authors: Fjeld Heidi E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Across the Tibetan ethnographic region, not only marriage but kinship more broadly is formed, maintained and explained in heterogeneous and sometimes contradictory ways. Following studies of marriage, this article takes these myriad ways as forming a continuum of kinship principles and practices that can be foregrounded and backgrounded in different localities and at different times, in ways that both respond to and shape external and internal factors, concerns and forces. The aim of the article is to suggest a more nuanced model of Tibetan kinship and relatedness, in which houses, lineages and lateral kin, as well as assistance and trade networks, are understood in terms of flexibility, pragmatism and potentiality. The inherent flexibility of Tibetan marriage and kinship could be seen as the core organisational principle, forming what I call a kinship of potentiality.
Producing Authenticity: Ethnic Costumes in Contemporary Inner Mongolia
Authors: Baioud Gegentuul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article examines multivocal Mongolian costumes to shed light on the performance and representation of Mongolian identities in China. In particular, it explores the promotion of Mongolian costumes in online media spaces, in commercial cultural studios, and at state-sponsored heritage events. The article argues that the discursive construction of authenticity and cultural hegemony overshadows and hierarchises heterogenous Mongolian cultures and identities. The article also finds that the meanings taken on by Mongolian costumes contest and go beyond those inscribed by the state. The study aims to improve our understanding of minority cultural transformation in post-Mao China and the agency of minority Mongols who reshape their evolving cultural forms.
Confucianism and Democracy: Four Models of Compatibility
Authors: Gao Sophia , Walayat Aaron J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In recent years, Philosophy Departments at universities in China and worldwide have experienced a renaissance in discussion on Confucian thought. As the country draws from indigenous traditions, rather than leaning completely on the importation of Western liberalism and Marxism, Confucianism has critical implications for politics, ethics, and law in modern China. At the same time, democracy never left the conversation. Democratic concepts cannot be ignored and must be disposed of, acknowledged, or incorporated. The relationship between Confucianism and democracy has been described by various authors as one of conflict, critique, compatibility, and hybridity. In this article, we examine a compatibility model, in which compatibility between Confucianism and democracy can be divided into four types: soft, hard, coexistence, and integration. We examine compatibility by examining “what is compatible” and “how compatibility can be achieved” so as to design speculative models for what a contemporary Confucian government would look like. Our focus is mainly political philosophy in order to explain the effect of cross-pollination of Confucian and democratic thought on political society.
Fully convolutional network-based multi-output model for automatic segmentation of organs at risk in thorax
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yang Yiwei , Shao Kainan , Bai Xue , Fang Min , Shan Guoping , Chen Ming 
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To propose a multi-output fully convolutional network (MOFCN) to segment bilateral lung, heart and spinal cord in the planning thoracic computed tomography (CT) slices automatically and simultaneously. Methods: The MOFCN includes two components: one main backbone and three branches. The main backbone extracts the features about lung, heart and spinal cord. The extracted features are transferred to three branches which correspond to three organs respectively. The longest branch to segment spinal cord is nine layers, including input and output layers. The MOFCN was evaluated on 19,277 CT slices from 966 patients with cancer in the thorax. In these slices, the organs at risk (OARs) were delineated and validated by experienced radiation oncologists, and served as ground truth for training and evaluation. The data from 61 randomly chosen patients were used for training and validation. The remaining 905 patients’ slices were used for testing. The metric used to evaluate the similarity between the auto-segmented organs and their ground truth was Dice. Besides, we compared the MOFCN with other published models. To assess the distinct output design and the impact of layer number and dilated convolution, we compared MOFCN with a multi-label learning model and its variants. By analyzing the not good performances, we suggested possible solutions. Results: MOFCN achieved Dice of 0.95  ±  0.02 for lung, 0.91  ±  0.03 for heart and 0.87  ±  0.06 for spinal cord. Compared to other models, MOFCN could achieve a comparable accuracy with the least time cost. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the MOFCN’s effectiveness. It uses less parameters to delineate three OARs simultaneously and automatically, and thus shows a relatively low requirement for hardware and has potential for broad application.
Baicalin alleviates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through regulation of HSP72-mediated JNK pathway
Authors: Hao Dexun , Li Yanshuang , Shi Jiang , Jiang Junguang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airway obstruction and progressive lung inflammation. As the primary ingredient of a traditional Chinese medical herb, Baicalin has been previously shown to possess anti-inflammatory abilities. Thus, the current study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which baicalin alleviates COPD.MethodsBaicalin was adopted to treat cigarette smoke in extract-exposed MLE-12 cells after which cell viability and apoptosis were determined. The production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. A COPD mouse model was constructed via exposure to cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide, baicalin treatment. Lung function and inflammatory cell infiltration were determined and the production of Muc5AC, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assayed by ELISA. The effect of HSP72 and JNK on COPD following treatment with baicalin was assessed bothin vivoandin vitroby conducting loss- and gain- function experiments.ResultsBaicalin improved lung function evidenced by reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration and Muc5AC, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 levels observed in BALF in mice. Baicalin was further observed to elevate cell viability while inhibited apoptosis and TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 levels in MLE-12 cells. Baicalin treatment increased HSP72 expression, while its depletion reversed the effect of baicalin on COPD. HSP72 inhibited the activation of JNK, while JNK activation was found to inhibit the effect of baicalin on COPD.ConclusionsBaicalin upregulated the expression of HSP72, resulting in the inhibition of JNK signaling activation, which ultimately alleviates COPD.
Xa7, a Small Orphan Gene Harboring Promoter Trap for AvrXa7, Leads to the Durable Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae Pv. oryzae
Authors: Wang Congying , Chen Shen , Feng Aiqing , Su Jing , Wang Wenjuan , Feng Jinqi , Chen Bing , Zhang Meiying , Yang Jianyuan , Zeng Liexian , Zhu Xiaoyuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe rice (Oryza sativa) geneXa7has been hypothesized to be a typical executor resistance gene againstXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae(Xoo), and has conferred durable resistance in the field for decades. Its identity and the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance remain elusive.ResultsHere, we filled in gaps of genome inXa7mapping locus via BAC library construction, revealing the presence of a 100-kb non-collinear sequence in the line IRBB7 compared with Nipponbare reference genomes. Complementary transformation with sequentially overlapping subclones of the BACs demonstrated thatXa7is an orphan gene, encoding a small novel protein distinct from any other resistance proteins reported. A 27-bp effector binding element (EBE) in theXa7promoter is essential for AvrXa7-inducing expression model. XA7 is anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and triggers programmed cell death in rice and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). TheXa7gene is absent in most cultivars, landraces, and wild rice accessions, but highly homologs of XA7 were identified inLeersia perrieri, the nearest outgroup of the genusOryza.ConclusionsXa7acts as a trap to perceive AvrXa7 via EBEAvrXa7in its promoter, leading to the initiation of resistant reaction. Since EBEAvrXa7is ubiquitous in promoter of rice susceptible geneSWEET14, the elevated expression of which is conducive to the proliferation ofXoo, that lends a great benefit for theXoostrains retaining AvrXa7. As a result, varieties harboringXa7would show more durable resistance in the field.Xa7alleles analysis suggests that the discovery of new resistance genes could be extended beyond wild rice, to include wild grasses such asLeersiaspecies.
Bladder hamartoma in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a rare case report
Authors: Kumar Jai , Albeerdy Mohammad Irfaan , Shaikh Nadeem Ahmed , Qureshi Abdul Hafeez 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by mucocutaneous pigmentation and hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). There have also been cases of extra GIT polyps such as the renal pelvis, urinary bladder, lungs and nares. Bladder hamartoma is an extremely rare finding, with only 12 cases described in the literature up to now. The rarity of the condition necessitates a comprehensive compilation of managements up to now so as to provide a better tool for the treatment of such conditions in the future.

Case presentation
A twenty-year-old male, known to have Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, presented to us complaining of obstructive urinary symptoms. A urethrogram done showed a filling defect at the base of the urinary bladder. The mass was resected transurethrally, and histopathology revealed a hamartoma of the bladder. The patient has since remained tumor-free on follow-up.

Conclusions
Transurethral resection of the bladder mass proved to be an effective therapy in this patient with no recurrence on the patient’s follow-up till now. There is still, however, a dearth of knowledge regarding the management of bladder hamartomas owing to the extreme rarity of the case.
Abundance alteration of nondominant species in fecal-associated microbiome of patients with SAPHO syndrome
Authors: Zhen Jianhua , Sun Yuxiu , Zhao Pengfei , Li Chen , Wang Hesong , Li Yini , Zhao Lu , Wang Li , Huang Guangrui , Xu Anlong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
SAPHO syndrome is a group of symptoms consisting of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteosis. There is no specific laboratory index assist in the diagnosis of SAPHO because of its highly heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Pathogenic microorganisms had been identified in biopsies of some SAPHO cases and particular gene mutations were also linked to the occurrence of SAPHO. It is largely unknown whether intestinal microbiome plays a role in pathogenesis of SAPHO. To explore the intestinal microbiome structure of SAPHO syndrome, fecal samples from 17 SAPHO patients and 14 healthy controls (HC) were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing.

Results
Our results showed that there was no significant difference in alpha indexes and beta diversity between SAPHO and HC samples, while there were 14 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and 42 OTUs in the MetagenomeSeq analysis showed significant difference in distribution between the SAPHO and HC groups, 3 of which in Firmicutes were also observed in the random forest analysis and used to construct a receiver operating characteristic curve to evaluate the diagnostic value, the area under the curve was 0.86.

Conclusion
Fecal-associated microbiome in the SAPHO samples was characterized by the alteration in abundance of some nondominant species, and the 3 selected OTUs in Firmicutes could serve as candidate biomarkers for SAPHO syndrome diagnosis.
A data-driven metapopulation model for the Belgian COVID-19 epidemic: assessing the impact of lockdown and exit strategies
Authors: Coletti Pietro , Libin Pieter , Petrof Oana , Willem Lander , Abrams Steven , Herzog Sereina A. , Faes Christel , Kuylen Elise , Wambua James , Beutels Philippe , Hens Niel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, several countries adopted measures of social distancing to a different degree. For many countries, after successfully curbing the initial wave, lockdown measures were gradually lifted. In Belgium, such relief started on May 4th with phase 1, followed by several subsequent phases over the next few weeks.

Methods
We analysed the expected impact of relaxing stringent lockdown measures taken according to the phased Belgian exit strategy. We developed a stochastic, data-informed, meta-population model that accounts for mixing and mobility of the age-structured population of Belgium. The model is calibrated to daily hospitalization data and is able to reproduce the outbreak at the national level. We consider different scenarios for relieving the lockdown, quantified in terms of relative reductions in pre-pandemic social mixing and mobility. We validate our assumptions by making comparisons with social contact data collected during and after the lockdown.

Results
Our model is able to successfully describe the initial wave of COVID-19 in Belgium and identifies interactions during leisure/other activities as pivotal in the exit strategy. Indeed, we find a smaller impact of school re-openings as compared to restarting leisure activities and re-openings of work places. We also assess the impact of case isolation of new (suspected) infections, and find that it allows re-establishing relatively more social interactions while still ensuring epidemic control. Scenarios predicting a second wave of hospitalizations were not observed, suggesting that the per-contact probability of infection has changed with respect to the pre-lockdown period.

Conclusions
Contacts during leisure activities are found to be most influential, followed by professional contacts and school contacts, respectively, for an impending second wave of COVID-19. Regular re-assessment of social contacts in the population is therefore crucial to adjust to evolving behavioral changes that can affect epidemic diffusion.
The Body Confident Mums challenge: a feasibility trial and qualitative evaluation of a body acceptance program delivered to mothers using Facebook
Authors: Wallis Krystina , Prichard Ivanka , Hart Laura , Yager Zali 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Motherhood is a time of intense physical, psychological, and identity transformation, and body dissatisfaction may emerge through the process of pregnancy, birth, and adaptation to parenting. We present a feasibility trial of the Body Confident Mums Challenge, a program developed by adapting existing, effective interventions that focus on self-compassion and appreciation of body functionality to be specific to mothers.

Methods
The program was delivered using the social learning function in a closed Facebook group. Qualitative evaluation of evidence of change was conducted by gathering individual written reflections posted during the challenge (n = 120). Feasibility and acceptability was determined using a feedback survey (n = 22).

Results
Participant’s reflective posts indicated that they were embracing self-compassion, and de-prioritising body image concerns during the challenge. Feedback indicated that the program was mostly feasible and acceptable for mothers, with recommendations from some participants relating to slowing the pace of content delivery and reducing the time commitment of the Challenge.

Conclusions
The social media environment may therefore be a useful setting in which to implement brief intervention programs to improve body image and wellbeing.
Prevention services via public long-term care insurance can be effective among a specific group of older adults in Japan
Authors: Ito Tomoko , Mori Takahiro , Takahashi Hideto , Shimafuji Natsumi , Iijima Katsuya , Yoshie Satoru , Tamiya Nanako 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
To evaluate the effects of prevention services provided by long-term care insurance (LTCI) for older adults who require support from LTCI in Kashiwa City, Japan.

Methods
We conducted an analysis using the following population-based longitudinal data in Kashiwa City between April 2012 and March 2015: Data of National Health Insurance and LTCI claims, the survey for certification of LTCI, the register, and premium tier classification. All data was linked using the pre-assigned anonymous identifying numbers. We analyzed the Cox regression model using the time for the deteriorations of levels of certified care need in LTCI as an outcome and the use of preventive care services as the primary exposure among participants aged 75 years or older, who had either support levels 1 or 2 at the beginning of this analysis. The study was further stratified by both age and initial support level.

Results
The final analysis included 1289 participants. The primary result showed, among all participants, that preventive service was not effective (hazard ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.78–1.19). In our sub-analysis, the preventive service was effective in avoiding deteriorations only among those aged 85 and older with support level 1 (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43–0.97) out of four groups.

Conclusions
The preventive services of LTCI in Kashiwa City showed a significant effect on the deterioration among subjects aged 85 or older, whose disability level were low (support level 1). Our results suggest that the prevention services provided by LTCI may not be effective for all older individuals; to provide these services efficiently, local governments, as insurers of LTCI, will need to identify the specified groups that may benefit from the preventive services. Additionally, it is necessary to re-examine what preventive interventions may be effective, or redesign the health system if necessary, for those who were not affected by the intervention.
A novel phosphoramide compound, DCZ0805, shows potent anti-myeloma activity via the NF-κB pathway
Authors: Gao Xuejie , Li Bo , Ye Anqi , Wang Houcai , Xie Yongsheng , Yu Dandan , Xu Zhijian , Shi Bingqing , Zhang Hui , Feng Qilin , Hu Ke , Zhang Yong , Huang Cheng , Yang Guang , Shi Jumei , Zhu Weiliang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly aggressive and incurable clonal plasma cell disease with a high rate of recurrence. Thus, the development of new therapies is urgently needed. DCZ0805, a novel compound synthesized from osalmide and pterostilbene, has few observed side effects. In the current study, we intend to investigate the therapeutic effects of DCZ0805 in MM cells and elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying its anti-myeloma activity.

Methods
We used the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, immunofluorescence staining, cell cycle assessment, apoptosis assay, western blot analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay and a tumor xenograft mouse model to investigate the effect of DCZ0805 treatment both in vivo and in vitro.

Results
The results showed that DCZ0805 treatment arrested the cell at the G0/G1 phase and suppressed MM cells survival by inducing apoptosis via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. DCZ0805 suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway activation, which may have contributed to the inhibition of cell proliferation. DCZ0805 treatment remarkably reduced the tumor burden in the immunocompromised xenograft mouse model, with no obvious toxicity observed.

Conclusion
The findings of this study indicate that DCZ0805 can serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of MM.