bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of heterosis on thermal resistance in hybrid abalone
Authors: Xiao Qizhen , Huang Zekun , Shen Yawei , Gan Yang , Wang Yi , Gong Shihai , Lu Yisha , Luo Xuan , You Weiwei , Ke Caihuan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Heterosis has been exploited for decades in different animals and crops due to it resulting in dramatic increases in yield and adaptability. Hybridization is a classical breeding method that can effectively improve the genetic characteristics of organisms through heterosis. Abalone has become an increasingly economically important aquaculture resource with high commercial value. However, due to changing climate, abalone is now facing serious threats of high temperature in summer. Interspecific hybrid abalone (Haliotis gigantea ♀ × H. discus hannai ♂, SD) has been cultured at large scale in southern China and has been shown high survival rates under heat stress in summer. Therefore, SD has become a good model material for heterosis research, but the molecular basis of heterosis remains elusive.

Results
Heterosis in thermal tolerance of SD was verified through Arrhenius break temperatures (ABT) of cardiac performance in this study. Then RNA-Sequencing was conducted to obtain gene expression patterns and alternative splicing events at control temperature (20 °C) and heat stress temperature (30 °C). A total of 356 (317 genes), 476 (435genes), and 876 (726 genes) significantly diverged alternative splicing events were identified in H. discus hannai (DD), H. gigantea (SS), and SD in response to heat stress, respectively. In the heat stress groups, 93.37% (20,512 of 21,969) of the expressed genes showed non-additive expression patterns, and over-dominance expression patterns of genes account for the highest proportion (40.15%). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the overlapping genes among common DEGs and NAGs were significantly enriched in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitophagy, and NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, we found that among these overlap genes, 39 genes had undergone alternative splicing events in SD. These pathways and genes may play an important role in the thermal resistance of hybrid abalone.

Conclusion
More alternative splicing events and non-additive expressed genes were detected in hybrid under heat stress and this may contribute to its thermal heterosis. These results might provide clues as to how hybrid abalone has a better physiological regulation ability than its parents under heat stress, to increase our understanding of heterosis in abalone.
Regulation of wound ethylene biosynthesis by NAC transcription factors in kiwifruit
Authors: Nieuwenhuizen Niels J. , Chen Xiuyin , Pellan Mickaël , Zhang Lei , Guo Lindy , Laing William A. , Schaffer Robert J. , Atkinson Ross G. , Allan Andrew C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe phytohormone ethylene controls many processes in plant development and acts as a key signaling molecule in response to biotic and abiotic stresses: it is rapidly induced by flooding, wounding, drought, and pathogen attack as well as during abscission and fruit ripening. In kiwifruit (Actinidiaspp.), fruit ripening is characterized by two distinct phases: an early phase of system-1 ethylene biosynthesis characterized by absence of autocatalytic ethylene, followed by a late burst of autocatalytic (system-2) ethylene accompanied by aroma production and further ripening. Progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation of kiwifruit fruit ripening but the regulation of system-1 ethylene biosynthesis remains largely unknown. The aim of this work is to better understand the transcriptional regulation of both systems of ethylene biosynthesis in contrasting kiwifruit organs: fruit and leaves.ResultsA detailed molecular study in kiwifruit (A. chinensis) revealed that ethylene biosynthesis was regulated differently between leaf and fruit after mechanical wounding. In fruit, wound ethylene biosynthesis was accompanied by transcriptional increases in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS), ACC oxidase (ACO) and members of the NAC class of transcription factors (TFs). However, in kiwifruit leaves, wound-specific transcriptional increases were largely absent, despite a more rapid induction of ethylene production compared to fruit, suggesting that post-transcriptional control mechanisms in kiwifruit leaves are more important. One ACS member,AcACS1, appears to fulfil a dominant double role; controlling both fruit wound (system-1) and autocatalytic ripening (system-2) ethylene biosynthesis. In kiwifruit, transcriptional regulation of both system-1 and -2 ethylene in fruit appears to be controlled by temporal up-regulation of four NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) TFs (AcNAC1–4) that induceAcACS1expression by directly binding to theAcACS1promoter as shown using gel-shift (EMSA) and by activation of theAcACS1promoterin plantaas shown by gene activation assays combined with promoter deletion analysis.ConclusionsOur results indicate that in kiwifruit the NAC TFs AcNAC2–4 regulate both system-1 and -2 ethylene biosynthesis in fruit during wounding and ripening through control ofAcACS1expression levels but not in leaves where post-transcriptional/translational regulatory mechanisms may prevail.
Monochromic light reduces emergence delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy; a double-blind randomized observational study
Authors: Adler Adam C. , Nathanson Brian H. , Chandrakantan Arvind 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Emergence delirium (ED) is common in pediatric anesthesia. This dissociative state in which the patient is confused from their surroundings and flailing can be self-injurious and traumatic for parents. Treatment is by administration of sedatives which can prolong recovery. The aim of this study was to determine if exposure to monochromatic blue light (MBL) in the immediate phase of recovery could reduce the overall incidence of emergence delirium in children following general inhalational anesthesia.

Methods
This double blinded randomized controlled study included patients ages 2–6 undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Postoperatively, 104 patients were randomization (52 in each group) for exposure to sham blue or MBL during the first phase (initial 30 min) of recovery. The primary outcome was the incidence of emergence delirium during the first phase. We also examined Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scores throughout the first phase.

Results
Emergence Delirium was reported in 5.9% of MBL patients versus 33.3% in the sham group, p = 0.001. Using logistic regression adjusting for age, weight, gender, ASA classification and PAED scores provided an adjusted relative risk ratio of 0.18; 95% CI (0.06, 0.54); p = 0.001 for patients in the MBL group. 23.5% of MBL patients versus 52.9% of sham patients had either ED or PAED scores of 12 or more throughout the first phase of recovery, p = 0.002. This produced an adjusted relative risk of 0.46, 95% CI (0.29, 0.75), p = 0.001.

Conclusions
Monochromatic blue light represents a non-pharmacologic method to reduce the incidence of emergence delirium and PAED scores in children.

Trial Registration
#NCT03285243 registered on 15/09/2017
Effects of the addition of dexamethasone on postoperative analgesia after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery under quadruple nerve blocks
Authors: Aoyama Yuki , Sakura Shinichi , Abe Shoko , Uchimura Erika , Saito Yoji 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is an invasive surgical procedure for the knee. Quadruple nerve blocks including continuous femoral nerve block and single-injection sciatic, obturator, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve blocks can provide effective intraoperative anesthesia and analgesia in the early postoperative period. However, severe pain often appears after the effect of single-injection nerve blocks resolves and that is why we conducted two studies. The first study was to determine whether dexamethasone administered along with local anesthetic for sciatic nerve block could prolong the duration of analgesia in patients given quadruple nerve blocks, including continuous femoral nerve block, for ACL reconstruction using a hamstring tendon autograft. The second study was designed to evaluate any difference in effects from dexamethasone administered perineurally versus intravenously.

Methods
Patients undergoing unilateral arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using a hamstring tendon autograft were enrolled into two studies. The first study was prospectively conducted to see if dexamethasone 4 mg could prolong the duration of analgesia when administered perineurally to the subgluteal sciatic nerve with 0.5% ropivacaine. In the second study, we retrospectively evaluated the effects of intravenous dexamethasone 4 mg as compared with those of perineural dexamethasone to the sciatic nerve block and effects with no dexamethasone.

Results
In the first study, perineural dexamethasone prolonged the duration of analgesia by 9.5 h (median duration: 22.5 and 13.0 h with and without perineural dexamethasone, respectively, P = 0.011). In the second study, the duration of analgesia was similarly prolonged for intravenous and perineural dexamethasone compared with no dexamethasone.

Conclusion
Perineural dexamethasone administered along with local anesthetic for single sciatic nerve block prolonged the duration of analgesia of quadruple nerve blocks for ACL reconstruction, however the effects were not different from those of intravenous dexamethasone.

Trial registration
The protocols of both studies were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shimane University Hospital, Japan (study number 2821 and 3390 for study 1 and study 2, respectively). Study 1 was registered in University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000028930). Study 2, which was a retrospective study, was not registered.
A mobile swabbing booth to address Singapore GPs’ concerns about swabber protection: human-centred design during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Teo Boon See , Li Esther , Khoo Yi-Lin , Evaristo Michelle , Fang Yang , Smith Helen E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of Health asked Singapore’s private general practitioners (GPs) to perform swab testing in their clinics, but some GPs had concerns about swabber protection. Our aim was to develop a swabbing booth to address these concerns.

Methods
We developed a prototype with potential GP users using a human-centred design approach and piloted it with 10 GP clinics. The pilot was then extended to 170 GP clinics around Singapore. These GPs were then surveyed on user satisfaction.

Results
Ninety-three GPs (54%) responded. The majority (75%) practiced in public residential estates in small practices (mean 1.95 doctors). 86% requested the booth to enhance swabber protection. 74% “would recommend” or “would strongly recommend” the booth to colleagues. 79% continue to use the booth to conduct swab tests. 92% liked that it offered swabber protection. 71% liked that the booth created a separate space for swabbing and 64% liked its ease of disinfection. 47% started swabbing only after receiving the booth and 58% said the booth was “important” or “very important” to their decision to participate in swab testing. However, 34% disliked that it took up too much space and the most frequently critiqued area was the gloves.

Conclusion
The human-centred design approach generated a product that had high user satisfaction, addressed GPs’ concerns of swabber protection and increased GPs’ participation in swab testing. The booth may be useful where GPs are concerned about swabber protection and space is limited.
Impact of the Covid-19 epidemic and related social distancing regulations on social contact and SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential in rural South Africa: analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys
Authors: McCreesh Nicky , Dlamini Vuyiswa , Edwards Anita , Olivier Stephen , Dayi Njabulo , Dikgale Keabetswe , Nxumalo Siyabonga , Dreyer Jaco , Baisley Kathy , Siedner Mark J. , White Richard G. , Herbst Kobus , Grant Alison D. , Harling Guy 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundSouth Africa implemented rapid and strict physical distancing regulations to minimize SARS-CoV-2 epidemic spread. Evidence on the impact of such measures on interpersonal contact in rural and lower-income settings is limited.MethodsWe compared population-representative social contact surveys conducted in the same rural KwaZulu-Natal location once in 2019 and twice in mid-2020. Respondents reported characteristics of physical and conversational (‘close interaction’) contacts over 24 hours. We built age-mixing matrices and estimated the proportional change in the SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number (R0). Respondents also reported counts of others present at locations visited and transport used, from which we evaluated change in potential exposure to airborne infection due to shared indoor space (‘shared air’).ResultsRespondents in March–December 2019 (n = 1704) reported a mean of 7.4 close interaction contacts and 196 shared air person-hours beyond their homes. Respondents in June-July 2020 (n = 216), as the epidemic peaked locally, reported 4.1 close interaction contacts and 21 shared air person-hours outside their home, with significant declines in others’ homes and public spaces. Adults aged over 50 had fewer close contacts with others over 50, but little change in contact with 15–29 year olds, reflecting ongoing contact within multigenerational households. We estimate potential R0fell by 42% (95% plausible range 14–59%) between 2019 and June-July 2020.ConclusionsExtra-household social contact fell substantially following imposition of Covid-19 distancing regulations in rural South Africa. Ongoing contact within intergenerational households highlighted a potential limitation of social distancing measures in protecting older adults.
Understanding issues around use of oral pre exposure prophylaxis among female sex workers in India
Authors: Sahay Seema , Verma Archana , Shewale Suhas , Bangar Sampada , Bijeshkumar Athokpam , Angolkar Mubashir , Subramanian Thilakavathi , Chandhiok Nomita 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundEmpowering female sex workers (FSWs) through women controlled HIV prevention option has been in focus globally. FSWs are important target for oral pre exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). A multi-centric qualitative study was conducted to explore the FSWs’ willingness to use oral PrEP in India.MethodsSeventy three interviews and 02 focus group discussions were conducted at 3 high HIV prevalent states in India during 2013–14. Study explored issues around willingness to use oral PrEP. The study was approved by the respective institutional ethics committee of the study sites. Thematic analysis using grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data in N-VIVO version 8.0.ResultsThematic analysis showed events of forced condom-less sex. FSWs believed that oral PrEP could provide independence, financial gains, and privacy and therefore hoped to use it as an alternative to male condom. However, any impact on physical/ aesthetic attributes and reproductive system were not acceptable and could become a barrier. Provider initiated oral PrEP was not preferred. Providers voiced safety monitoring concerns. Adherence emerged as a challenge because of: (1) alcohol use; (2) taking PrEP tablet each day being boring; (3) Stigma because Oral PrEP is ARV based. Alcohol use and dread of repetitive dose brings forth the need for long acting oral PrEP.ConclusionOral PrEP is acceptable among FSWs; it should be rolled out alongside strong messages on STI protection and PrEP as compliment to condoms. PrEP roll out requires educating communities about HIV treatment versus prevention. Long-acting oral PrEP could address both ‘boredom’ and alcoholism and sustain adherence.
Identifying women with gestational diabetes based on maternal characteristics: an analysis of four Norwegian prospective studies
Authors: Rai Anam Shakil , Sletner Line , Jenum Anne Karen , Øverby Nina Cecilie , Stafne Signe Nilssen , Lekva Tove , Pripp Are Hugo , Sagedal Linda Reme 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
There is still no worldwide agreement on the best diagnostic thresholds to define gestational diabetes (GDM) or the optimal approach for identifying women with GDM. Should all pregnant women perform an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or can easily available maternal characteristics, such as age, BMI and ethnicity, indicate which women to test? The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of GDM by three diagnostic criteria and the predictive accuracy of commonly used risk factors.

Methods
We merged data from four Norwegian cohorts (2002–2013), encompassing 2981 women with complete results from a universally offered OGTT. Prevalences were estimated based on the following diagnostic criteria: 1999WHO (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7.0 or 2-h glucose ≥7.8 mmol/L), 2013WHO (FPG ≥5.1 or 2-h glucose ≥8.5 mmol/L), and 2017Norwegian (FPG ≥5.3 or 2-h glucose ≥9 mmol/L). Multiple logistic regression models examined associations between GDM and maternal factors. We applied the 2013WHO and 2017Norwegian criteria to evaluate the performance of different thresholds of age and BMI.

Results
The prevalence of GDM was 10.7, 16.9 and 10.3%, applying the 1999WHO, 2013WHO, and the 2017Norwegian criteria, respectively, but was higher for women with non-European background when compared to European women (14.5 vs 10.2%, 37.7 vs 13.8% and 27.0 vs 7.8%). While advancing age and elevated BMI increased the risk of GDM, no risk factors, isolated or in combination, could identify more than 80% of women with GDM by the latter two diagnostic criteria, unless at least 70–80% of women were offered an OGTT. Using the 2017Norwegian criteria, the combination “age≥25 years or BMI≥25 kg/m2” achieved the highest sensitivity (96.5%) with an OGTT required for 93% of European women. The predictive accuracy of risk factors for identifying GDM was even lower for non-European women.

Conclusions
The prevalence of GDM was similar using the 1999WHO and 2017Norwegian criteria, but substantially higher with the 2013WHO criteria, in particular for ethnic non-European women. Using clinical risk factors such as age and BMI is a poor pre-diagnostic screening method, as this approach failed to identify a substantial proportion of women with GDM unless at least 70–80% were tested.
Prevalence, socioeconomic factors and obstetric outcomes associated with adolescent motherhood in Ceará, Brazil: a population-based study
Authors: Bruno Shirley Kelly Bedê , Rocha Hermano Alexandre Lima , Rocha Sabrina Gabriele Maia Oliveira , Araújo David Augusto Batista Sá , Campos Jocileide Sales , Silva Anamaria Cavalcante e , Correia Luciano Lima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Adolescent motherhood (AM) remains a public health problem, especially in low and middle income countries, where approximately 95% of these births occur. Evidence from studies with population representativeness about events associated with AM is limited. We assessed the prevalence of AM, as well as its association with Socioeconomic Factors and Obstetric Outcomes.

Methods
A population-based cross-sectional study on maternal and child health of women aged 10 to 49 years, living in the state of Ceará, in northeastern Brazil was carried out to assess the prevalence of AM, as well as its association with Socioeconomic Factors and Obstetric Outcomes. The definition of adolescence used in the study was the one utilized by the WHO. In addition to the interview, data were double-checked according to the information in the government’s pregnancy health booklet. Sample-adjusted logistic models to determine the association of socioeconomic factors and AM, as well as the association of AM with obstetric outcomes, with a causal approach to multivariate analyses, were used.

Results
The prevalence of adolescent motherhood was 18.6%. Poverty and household crowding were associated with greater chances of AM (p values of 0.038 and <  0.001, respectively), as well as not being in a stable relationship (OR 2.26 (95%CI: 1.67, 3.07), p <  0.001). AM showed a greater chance of not using community health services (p <  0.001), had fewer prenatal consultations (β − 0.432 (95%CI: − 0.75, − 0.10)) and started prenatal care at a later date (β 0.38 (95%CI: 0.21, 0.55), p <  0.001)). AM are also less likely to be tested for HIV and more likely to have urinary tract infections.

Conclusions
Interventions aimed at socially-vulnerable adolescents are suggested. However, if pregnant, adolescents should receive proactive and differentiated prenatal care.
Newborn pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects
Authors: Jullien Sophie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence addressing the effectiveness of pulse oximetry effective for detecting critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) in newborns. We also looked at the impact of timing of oximetry and the site of testing in the accuracy of screening, and at the potential harms and limitations of pulse oximetry screening,We conducted a literature search up to the 13th of August 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendation when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported.Current evidence supports consistent accuracy for detection of CCHDs in newborns by pulse oximetry screening in addition to antenatal ultrasonography and clinical examination. Overall, early diagnosis of CCHD with pulse oximetry is judged to be beneficial and cost-effective, and potential harms associated with false-positive tests are not serious, while missing CCHDs and other serious diseases detected by hypoxaemia in absence of pulse oximetry screening can lead to serious consequences. The site of testing (post-ductal versus pre- and post-ductal) had no significant effect on sensitivity nor specificity for detection of CCHDs.
Vitamin D prophylaxis in infancy
Authors: Jullien Sophie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in infancy for reducing vitamin D deficiency and for preventing rickets and infections. We also looked at optimal dose of vitamin D and the age until which vitamin D supplementation is beneficial.We conducted a literature search up to the 17th of July 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendation when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported.A daily dose of 400 international units of vitamin D in infants has shown to be effective for improving bone health and preventing rickets. Evidence is more robust in groups of infants and children at risk. Vitamin D supplementation is well tolerated, and not associated with toxicity. Higher doses have not shown to add benefit while it could potentially cause toxic blood levels and hypercalcemia. Adequate levels of vitamin D might not be achieved with lower daily doses. Universal vitamin D supplementation starting shortly after birth, regardless of the mode of feeding and until 12 months of age, is strongly recommended. Beyond 12 months of age vitamin D supplementation is recommended only in groups of children at risk.