bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal variation in harbor porpoise distribution and foraging across a landscape of fear
Authors: Williamson Laura D. , Scott Beth E. , Laxton Megan R. , Bachl Fabian E. , Illian Janine B. , Brookes Kate L. , Thompson Paul M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding spatiotemporally varying animal distributions can inform ecological understanding of species' behavior (e.g., foraging and predator/prey interactions) and support development of management and conservation measures. Data from an array of echolocation‐click detectors (C‐PODs) were analyzed using Bayesian spatiotemporal modeling to investigate spatial and temporal variation in occurrence and foraging activity of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and how this variation was influenced by daylight and presence of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The probability of occurrence of porpoises was highest on an offshore sandbank, where the proportion of detections with foraging clicks was relatively low. The porpoises' overall distribution shifted throughout the summer and autumn, likely influenced by seasonal prey availability. Probability of porpoise occurrence was lowest in areas close to the coast, where dolphin detections were highest and declined prior to dolphin detection, leading potentially to avoidance of spatiotemporal overlap between porpoises and dolphins. Increased understanding of porpoises' seasonal distribution, key foraging areas, and their relationship with competitors can shed light on management options and potential interactions with offshore industries.
Climate variability of the East Asian winter monsoon and associated extratropical–tropical interaction: a review
Authors: Ma Tianjiao , Chen Wen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) is one of the most important climate systems during boreal winter. It has a large meridional extent and provides a vital bridge between the mid‐to‐high latitudes and the tropics. This paper reviews the latest research on the climate variability of the EAWM, with particular emphasis on the associated processes of extratropical–tropical interaction. Some new results have been achieved in understanding the variation of the EAWM on interdecadal, interannual, and intraseasonal time scales, such as the interdecadal strengthening in the early 21st century, the unstable impact of El Niño–South Oscillation (ENSO) on the EAWM, and the intraseasonal strong cold events in East Asia. In addition, understanding of the extratropical–tropical interactions related to the EAWM has improved in several aspects, including the impacts of the EAWM on ENSO‐related climate effects, and the variation of regional Hadley circulation over the western Pacific and its climate impacts in the Asia–Australia region. Moreover, recent work has systematically evaluated the capacity of climate models to simulate the EAWM, including its climatology, interannual to interdecadal variations, and its relationship with ENSO. Finally, some scientific issues regarding our understanding of the EAWM are proposed for future investigation.
Prognostic value and cost benefit of HPV testing for oropharyngeal cancer patients
Authors: Lu Xian Jun David , Liu Kelly Yi Ping , Prisman Eitan , Wu Jonn , Zhu Yuqi Sarah , Poh Catherine 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesHigh‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) can cause oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OpSCC). The revised 8th edition of the AJCC Staging Manual now stages OpSCC by incorporating p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC), the surrogate marker for HPV status. This study assessed the prognostic values of p16 and HPV markers.MethodsWe identified 244 OpSCC patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 from the British Columbia Cancer Registry with enough tissue to conduct experiments. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections were stained for p16 IHC, RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) HPV 16 and 18, and DNA ISH HR‐HPV. Electronic charts were reviewed to collect clinical and outcome data. Combined positive RNA and/or DNA ISH was used to denote HPV status.ResultsHuman papillomavirus was positive among 77.9% of samples. Using HPV as the benchmark, p16 IHC had high sensitivity (90.5%), but low specificity (68.5%). Distinct subgroups of patients were identified by sequential separation of p16 then HPV status. Among both p16‐positive and p16‐negative groups, HPV‐positive patients were younger, more males, and had better clinical outcomes, especially 5‐year overall survival. We further evaluated the technical costs associated with HPV testing.ConclusionHuman papillomavirus is more prognostic than p16 for OpSCC. Clinical laboratories can adopt HPV RNA ISH for routine analysis.
CD25+ B cells produced IL‐35 and alleviated local inflammation during experimental periodontitis
Authors: Han Yakun , Yu Chengcheng , Yu Yan , Bi Liangjia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveHost immunity is crucial during periodontal inflammations. B cells are considered to have a function of immunoregulation, and TLRs are considered to be crucial in this process. The present study illustrates the potential roles and rules of CD25+ B cells during periodontitis, especially its effect on regulating host IL‐35 level and Th1, Th17, and Treg differentiation.Material and methodsThe proportion of local and systemic CD25+ B cell subpopulations from periodontitis models were identified by flow cytometry. To illustrate further mechanism, B cells were cultured with a different type of TLR activators. Expression of IL‐10, IL‐35, and TGF‐β was detected by ELISA and real‐time PCR. We also set adoptive transfer models by using CD25+ B cells. Alveolar bone erosion, proportion of Th1, Th17, and Tregs, and levels of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐17 were identified.ResultPeriodontitis induces more CD25+ B cell subpopulations and promotes their IL‐10, IL‐35, and TGF‐βproduction. TLR activators enhanced Breg proliferation and function. LPS+CpG obviously induced more CD25+ B cell differentiation and production of IL‐10, IL‐35, and TGF‐β. Adoptive transfer of CD25+ B cells reduces alveolar bone destruction and local Tregs, proportion, especially the local level of IFN‐γ and IL‐17. In addition, adoptive transfer of CD25+ B cells remedies the pathological change in the proportion of IL‐1β and Th1/Th17 in local lesions. We did not find any significant difference in peripheral blood, regardless of group and detected items.ConclusionResults of the present study clarify that CD25+ B cells enlarged and produced more IL‐10, IL‐35 and TGF‐β during periodontitis, activation of TLR4 and TLR9 played crucial roles in this process. Also, CD25+ B cells alleviated periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption. Our findings further expanded the potential of B cells during periodontitis.
Probability in Wittgenstein's Tractatus
Authors: Hay Clare 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAccounts of the Tractatus usually ignore probability, or regard it as peripheral, restricted to the 5.15s. It is argued that the logical theory of probability proposed by Wittgenstein, drawing on von Kries and Keynes, is more significant for Wittgenstein than has been recognised. Inference in the Tractatus is a limiting case of probability relations between propositions. Whereas inferential connections are static, it is argued that probability relations are dynamic, concerning the trajectory of the world over time, through logical space. Laws of nature can thus be treated as statistical regularities, in terms of the relative closeness of possible worlds.
Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Oxidation of DMSO for RAFT Polymerization†
Authors: Thum Matthew D. , Hong Donald , Zeppuhar Andrea N. , Falvey Daniel E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe solvent is an important, yet often forgotten part of a reaction mechanism. Many photochemical polymerizations are carried out using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a way to promote the solubility of both the reactants and products, but its reactivity is rarely considered when initiation mechanisms are proposed. Herein, the oxidation of DMSO by an excited‐state quinone is used to form initiating radicals resulting in the polymerization of methacrylate monomers, and the polymerization can be controlled with the addition of a chain transfer agent. This process leads to the formation of polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution, and the polymerization is able to be carried out in the presence of oxygen. A visible light absorbing substituted anthraquinone is synthesized, and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to monitor the intermediates involved in the initiation mechanism. Photoproduct analysis indicates formation of methyl radicals as a result of DMSO oxidation. Furthermore, we show that the solvent outcompetes the chain transfer agent for interacting with the excited‐state anthraquinone. These observations have a broad impact on photoinduced polymerizations performed in DMSO as many photocatalysts are strong oxidants in the excited state and are capable of reacting with the solvent. Therefore, the role of the solvent needs to be more carefully considered when proposing mechanisms for photoinduced polymerizations in DMSO.
Pension reform and self‐employment in Latin America
Authors: Martinez Guzman Juan Pablo , St. Clair Travis 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPublic pension systems in Latin America have historically suffered from low coverage, with a relatively small percentage of the labor force eligible for benefits in retirement. In recent years, many governments have implemented reforms aimed at expanding the percentage of citizens who are eligible for benefits. In this paper we classify and evaluate pension reforms in four Latin American countries, focusing specifically on policies aimed at expanding coverage among the large share of Latin Americans who operate as self‐employed workers. The reforms that we examine range from those linked to simplified tax regimes to those that provide pension‐specific subsidies. With the exception of a 2006 reform in Costa Rica that subsidized pension contributions at progressive rates, we find no evidence that any of these reforms increased coverage. Our results highlight the opportunity costs to low‐income workers of paying into the system, which include forgoing eligibility for less generous, non‐contributory pensions.
A Bayesian Phase I/II Design for Cancer Clinical Trials Combining an Immunotherapeutic Agent with a Chemotherapeutic Agent
Authors: Guo Beibei , Garrett-Mayer Elizabeth , Liu Suyu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Immunotherapy is an innovative treatment approach that harnesses a patient’s immune system to treat cancer. It has provided an alternative and complementary treatment modality to conventional chemotherapy. Combining immunotherapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy agent has become the leading trend and the most active research field in oncology. To accommodate this growing trend, we propose a Bayesian phase I/II dose-finding design to identify the optimal biological dose combination (OBDC), defined as the dose combination with the highest desirability in the risk-benefit trade-off. We propose new statistical models to describe the relationship between the doses and treatment outcomes, including immune response, toxicity and progression-free survival (PFS). During the trial, based on accrued data, we continuously update model estimates and adaptively assign patients to dose combinations with high desirability. The simulation study shows that our design has desirable operating characteristics.
Mentorship programs for nurse educators accompanying nursing students on international placements to low-middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Mak Justina , Jarvis Kimberly , Richter Solina , Kennedy Megan 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This scoping review will synthesize literature on mentorship programs for nurse educators who accompany nursing students on international placements to low-middle-income countries.

Introduction:
University nursing programs have been increasingly incorporating global health education into their curricula. Nurse educators play a significant role in the provision of international clinical experiences for nursing students by supporting and developing confidence and clinical competence. The contribution of nurse educators can affect a student's decision to remain in the profession, suggesting that providing quality professional development for nurse educators is a worthwhile investment. The challenges that come with this role require the development of a mentorship program for nurse educators who accompany nursing students on international placements to low-middle-income countries.

Inclusion criteria:
This scoping review will include studies that consider mentorship programs for nurse educators who accompany nursing students on clinical placements in low-middle-income countries. This scoping review will consider experimental and quasi-experimental studies, qualitative studies, text and opinion papers, dissertations, theses, conference reports, and gray literature. Studies published within the previous 40 years will be included as a systematic approach to global education started in the early 1980s.

Methods:
Databases to be searched include MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (Ovid), Sociological Abstracts (ProQuest), and Global Health (Ovid). Following screening, all identified citations will be collated. Titles and abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers. Potentially relevant studies will be retrieved in full and assessed for inclusion. Data will be extracted by two independent reviewers and presented in diagrammatic or tabular format and accompanied by a narrative summary.
Couette Resistance Due to a Sliding Plate Over a Plate With Stripes of Nonhomogeneous Slip
Authors: Wang C. Y. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Couette flow with nonhomogeneous partial-slip stripes on one plate is studied. Drag and flowrate are found by an efficient eigenfunction expansion and point match method. Longitudinal motion (parallel to the stripes) experiences lower drag than transverse motion. As the gap width between the two plates approaches zero, the drag increases to a finite value if the stripes have partial slip, as comparison to the infinite value for no slip. Analysis of the region near the junction of a perfect stick-slip boundary shows a weak stress singularity while there is no singularity for partial slip junctions.
Combination Resonances of Traveling Unidirectional Plates Partially Immersed in Fluid With Time-Dependent Axial Velocity and Axially Varying Tension
Authors: Li Hong Ying , Wang Xi Bo , Zhang Shu Meng , Li Jian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Nonlinear vibrations of axially moving plates partially immersed in fluid are investigated in this paper. The system has time dependency in velocity and tension in axial direction. The Galerkin method is used to solve the nonlinear vibration differential equation. The method of multiple scales and Runge–Kutta method are applied to solve the nonlinear vibration response of the system. Additionally, the stability conditions of trivial and nontrivial solutions are analyzed using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. The effects of mean velocity, amplitude of pulsating velocity, mean tension, amplitude of pulsating tension, and pulsating frequency on the complex dynamics of the system are obtained. The study results reveal rich dynamic behaviors of fluid–structure coupling system.
Fundamental Issues and Technical Problems About Pulsating Heat Pipes
Authors: Kim Wookyoung , Kim Sung Jin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Since their introduction in the early 1990s, pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) have received a lot of attention due to their obvious advantages such as their geometrical simplicity, and their potential for high-heat flux applications even without power consumption. Although numerous investigators have studied PHPs over the last three decades, there still exist a few controversial issues on fundamental characteristics and several technical problems in practical applications. To put the finishing touches to the controversial issues and to shed light on the technical problems, recent advances in PHPs are critically reviewed in this paper. The results of this critical review are classified into two categories: (i) fundamental aspects of PHPs and (ii) practical aspects of PHPs. The first category focuses on reviewing the current state-of-the-art fundamental characteristics of PHPs. The second category summarizes the technical problems that are resolved for utilizing PHPs in practical applications. This review paper would help researchers or engineers who are working on or utilizing PHPs.
Effect of Hexagonal-Boron Nitride/Epoxy and BNNS/Epoxy Composite Materials on the Reliability of Flip Chip
Authors: Li Zhankun , Fan Zhekun , Dou Long , Jin Zhong , Liu Zhan , Li Junhui 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Under the action of electrothermal–mechanical coupling, the failure and performance degradation of electronic devices are prone to occur, which has become a significant reliability problem in micro-electronic packaging. The improvement of flip chip reliability by using thermal interface materials was studied. First, a three-dimensional finite element model of the flip chip packaging system and the finite element simulation of electric-thermal-force multifield coupling were conducted. Then, the Joule heating, temperature distribution, thermal stress, and deformation of the flip chip under high current density were analyzed. At the same time, the influence of thermal interface material's thermal conductivity and operating current on flip chip reliability was studied. The result showed that when the thermal interface material (TIM) thermal conductivity increased from 0.2 W/m·K to 6 W/m·K, the maximum temperature and maximum equivalent stress in the flip chip were reduced by 6.35 °C and 14.6 MPa. Then, the reliability experiment of the flip chip connected to the radiator under high current density was performed, and the temperature change in the flip chip under different thermal interface materials was obtained. Finally, through the combination of experiment and simulation, the influence of thermal interface materials on flip chip reliability was analyzed. The result showed that when the thermal interface material's thermal conductivity was 0.2 W/m·K, 3 W/m·K, 6 W/m·K, the corresponding temperature in the flip chip system was 111.2 °C, 105.0 °C, 102.7 °C. It is further confirmed that electronic devices' reliability and service life were effectively improved using the high thermal conductivity boron nitride nanosheets/epoxy composite material prepared in this paper.
Head and Neck Injury Risk Criteria-Based Robust Design for Vehicular Crashworthiness
Authors: Balu Nellippallil Anand , Berthelson Parker R. , Peterson Luke , Prabhu Raj K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Government agencies, globally, often strive to minimize the risk of human death and serious injury on road transport systems. Multi-national projects like Vision Zero have been developed with this objective in mind. Therefore, from an engineering design standpoint, the minimization of these road impact effects on occupants becomes a major design goal. This necessitates a need to quantify and manage injury risks on the human body in terms of different vehicular impact variables and their associated uncertainties for different crash scenarios.
In this paper, we present a decision-based robust design framework to quantify and manage the impact-based injury risks on occupants for different computational model-based car crash scenarios. The key functionality offered is the designer’s capability to carry out robust design studies with a focus on managing the selected impact variables and associated uncertainties, such that injury risks are controlled within acceptable levels. The efficacy of the framework is tested for near side impact scenarios with impact velocity and angle of impact as the critical variables of interest. Two injury criteria, namely, Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and Lateral Neck Injury Criteria (Lateral Nij) are selected to quantitatively measure the head and neck injury risks in crash simulations. Using the framework, a robust design problem is formulated to explore the combination of impact variables that best satisfice the injury goals defined. The framework and associated design constructs are generic and support the formulation and decision-based robust design of vehicle impact scenarios for managing injury risks.
Comparative Analysis of Pathobiochemical Changes in Major Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Stupin Konstantin N. , Zenko Mikhail Y. , Rybnikova Elena A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Comparative analysis of available literature data on the pathogenetic neuroendocrine mechanisms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is provided in this review to identify their common features and differences. We discuss the multidirectional modifications of the activity of cortical and subcortical structures of the brain, levels of neurotransmitters and their receptors, and functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in depression and PTSD. The analysis shows that these disorders are examples of opposite failures in the system of adaptive stress response of the body to stressful psychotraumatic events. On this basis, it is concluded that the currently widespread use of similar approaches to treat these disorders is not justified, despite the significant similarity of their anxiety-depressive symptoms; development of differential therapeutic strategies is required.
Monoamine Oxidase as a Potential Biomarker of the Efficacy of Treatment of Mental Disorders
Authors: Uzbekov Marat G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The review summarizes the results of our own studies and published data on the biological markers of psychiatric disorders, with special emphasis on the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase. Pharmacotherapy studies in patients with the mixed anxiety-depressive disorder and first episode of schizophrenia have shown that the activity of platelet monoamine oxidase could serve as a potential biomarker of the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in these diseases.