bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brainstem Circuits Triggering Saccades and Fixation
Authors: Takahashi Mayu , Sugiuchi Yuriko , Na Jie , Shinoda Yoshikazu 
Published: December 2021

Omnipause neurons (OPNs) in the nucleus raphe interpositus have tonic activity while the eyes are stationary (“fixation”) but stop firing immediately before and during saccades. To locate the source of suppression, we analyzed synaptic inputs from the rostral and caudal superior colliculi (SCs) to OPNs by using intracellular recording and staining, and investigated pathways transmitting the inputs in anesthetized cats of both sexes. Electrophysiologically or morphologically identified OPNs received monosynaptic excitation from the rostral SCs with contralateral dominance, and received disynaptic inhibition from the caudal SCs with ipsilateral dominance. Cutting the tectoreticular tract transversely between the contralateral OPN and inhibitory burst neuron (IBN) regions eliminated inhibition from the caudal SCs, but not excitation from the rostral SCs in OPNs. In contrast, a midline section between IBN regions eliminated disynaptic inhibition in OPNs from the caudal SCs but did not affect the monosynaptic excitation from the rostral SCs. Stimulation of the contralateral IBN region evoked monosynaptic inhibition in OPNs, which was facilitated by preconditioning SC stimulation. Three-dimensional reconstruction of HRP-stained cells revealed that individual OPNs have axons that terminate in the opposite IBN area, while individual IBNs have axon collaterals to the opposite OPN area. These results show that there are differences in the neural circuit from the rostral and caudal SCs to the brainstem premotor circuitry and that IBNs suppress OPNs immediately before and during saccades. Thus, the IBNs, which are activated by caudal SC saccade neurons, shut down OPN firing and help to trigger saccades and suppress (“latch”) OPN activity during saccades.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSaccades are the fastest eye movements to redirect gaze to an object of interest and bring its image on the fovea for fixation. Burst neurons (BNs) and omnipause neurons (OPNs) which behave reciprocally in the brainstem, are important for saccade generation and fixation. This study investigated unsolved important questions about where these neurons receive command signals and how they interact for initiating saccades from visual fixation. The results show that the rostral superior colliculi (SCs) excite OPNs monosynaptically for fixation, whereas the caudal SCs monosynaptically excite inhibitory BNs, which then directly inhibit OPNs for the initiation of saccades. This inhibition from the caudal SCs may account for the omnipause behavior of OPNs for initiation and maintenance of saccades in all directions.
The image of the German in current literature and media
Authors: Liutkevičienė Danutė 
Published: December 2021

The aim of this article was to analyse the reflection of the image of the German in the examples from the current literature and the media present in the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language of the Vytautas Magnus University. The focus of the study went beyond the collocations with this word and the disclosure of the characteristic traits of Germans all the way to the meaning bestowed upon this word by the broader context – the sentence or a group of them. Examples containing all forms of the lexeme German were examined. A total of six different contexts in which Germans are mentioned were identified: these were the contexts of history, cooperation, sports, culture, characteristic traits, and science.
In the context of history, Germans are usually referred to as a belligerent nation, assailants, savage conquerors, invaders. The attitude towards them is negative as often as not. Things are different in the context of cooperation, where the attitude is positive and Germans are seen as friendly partners. In the contexts of sports, culture, and science, the story is more or less the same, with Germans regarded with respect as meritorious and high-ranking representatives of their field.The context of the characteristic traits of Germans has the highest degree of controversy and stereotype. Some data show that Germans, according to the popular belief, are neat, rational, organised, punctual, disciplined, hard-working, cultured, law-abiding; they are rather cold and reserved. Other examples, albeit much smaller in number, bear witness to quite the opposite: that Germans are neither punctual nor overly neat or cultured; some sources even say that they are friendly, merry, and approachable. Besides, this nature loves to travel.
Репозитарій наукових текстів НАН України в Національній бібліотеці України ім. В.І. Вернадського: стан і перспективи розвитку
Authors: Лобузіна Катерина Вілентіївна 
Published: December 2021

У доповіді акцентовано увагу на змінах і новаціях у цифровій науковій комунікації, які обов’язково має опанувати сучасний науковець. Важливий інструментарій управління цифровою науковою інформацією надають репозитарії наукових установ. Запропоновано створити консолідований репозитарій наукових текстів НАН України на базі цифрової платформи бібліотечного порталу LibNAS UA в Національній бібліотеці України ім. В.І. Вернадського на корпоративних засадах з науково-дослідними установами Академії. Презентовано структуру та функціональні можливості LibNAS UA. Зазначено, що реалізація проєкту репозитарію НАН України сприятиме формуванню позитивному іміджу наукових установ і вчених Академії в наукових цифрових комунікаціях.
Ensuring a Locally Tailored Response to Early Onset Sepsis Screening Meets or Exceeds the Performance of Published Approaches
Authors: Fischer Ashley , Mowrer Michael Colin , Shallat Shelly , Walker Lucas , Shallat Jaclyn 
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND:
Evaluation of well-appearing neonates for early-onset sepsis (EOS) remains controversial. Multiple risk stratification approaches are currently used for the evaluation of EOS. Our aim was to quantify and compare frequency of laboratory evaluation and empirical antibiotics between published and local EOS approaches.

METHODS:
This retrospective cohort study included 8240 infants born ≥35 + 0/7 weeks’ gestation at an institution from October 1, 2014, to March 1, 2018. Excluded from analysis were 156 patients who exhibited either major congenital anomalies or required antibiotics for surgical issues. A total of 1680 patient charts with risk factors for EOS were reviewed for further demographic data, clinical presentation, laboratory results, and probable recommendations from 4 EOS risk assessment approaches.

RESULTS:
Laboratory evaluation recommendation was 7.1% for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010 guidelines and local 2016 EOS algorithm, 6% for local 2019 EOS algorithm, and 5.9% for Kaiser Permanente neonatal EOS calculator (neonatal EOS calculator). Antibiotic recommendation was 6% for 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, 4.3% for neonatal EOS calculator, and 3.3% for local 2016 and 2019 EOS algorithms.

CONCLUSIONS:
Of the 4 approaches reviewed, the local 2019 EOS algorithm and the neonatal EOS calculator were similar in recommending the lowest frequency of laboratory evaluation and the local 2016 and 2019 EOS algorithms had the lowest recommended antibiotic usage in this population.
The Role of Auxologic and Growth Factor Measurements in the Diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Hintz Raymond L. 
Published: December 2021

The use of auxologic measurements in the diagnosis of short stature in children has a long history in pediatric endocrinology, and they have even been used as the primary criteria in selecting children for growth hormone (GH) therapy. Certainly, an abnormality in the control of growth is more likely in short children than in children of normal stature. However, most studies have shown little or no value of auxologic criteria in differentiating short children who have classic growth hormone deficiency (GHD) from short children who do not. In National Cooperative Growth Study Substudy VI, in more than 6000 children being assessed for short stature, the overall mean height SD score was −2.5 ± 1.1 and the body mass index standard deviation score was −0.5 ± 1.4. However, there were no significant differences in these measures between the patients who were found subsequently to have GHD and those who were not. There also was no consistent difference in the growth rates between the patients with classic GHD and those short children without a diagnosis of GHD. This probably reflects the fact that we are dealing with a selected population of children who were referred for short stature and are further selecting those who are the shortest for additional investigation.
Growth factor measurements have been somewhat more useful in selecting patients with GHD and have been proposed as primary diagnostic criteria. However, in National Cooperative Growth Study Substudy VI, only small differences in the levels of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 were seen between the patients who were selected for GH treatment and those who were not. Many studies indicate that the primary value of growth factor measurements is to exclude patients who are unlikely to have GHD or to identify those patients in whom an expedited work-up should be performed. The diagnosis of GHD remains difficult and must be based on all of the data possible and the best judgment of an experienced clinician. Even under ideal circumstances, errors of both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of GHD still are likely.
Outcome Measures of Interventions in the Study of Children of Substance-abusing Parents
Authors: Kumpfer Karol L. 
Published: December 2021

Children of substance-abusing parents, including children of alcoholics (COAs), are one of the highest risk groups of youth for substance-abuse problems. For both genetic and family environmental reasons, COAs and children of drug abusers are very vulnerable to becoming alcohol or other drug abusers.1,2 With drug use rates increasing in the past 7 years,3 prevention practitioners must work harder to identify and evaluate effective ways to prevent future substance abuse in these at-risk children. Most prevention programs designed specifically for COAs or children of drug abusers have struggled with identifying, attracting, maintaining, and measuring outcomes.This article focuses on general and unique measurement methods and instrument problems in prevention interventions for children of substance-abusing parents. Part I covers the need for improved measurement in research and practice with children of substance-abusing parents and recommended measures for different hypothesized outcome variables. Part II covers considerations in selecting measures, and Part III covers how to select measures. This article concludes with recommendations to improve measurement in research and practice.
State Health Agencies and Quality Improvement in Perinatal Care
Authors: Johnson Kay A. , Little George A. 
Published: December 2021

The origin of the federal-state partnership in Maternal and Child Health (MCH) can be traced from the Children's Bureau grants of 1912, through the Sheppard-Towner Act, to the creation of Title V and other programs of today that mandate planning, accountability, and systems development. In the past decade with the transformation of the health care system and the emergence of managed care, there has been a resurgence of interest in public, professional, and governmental interest in quality measurement and accountability. Regional perinatal systems have been implemented in all states with varying levels of involvement by state health agencies and the public sector. This historical framework discusses two primary themes: the decades of evolution in the federal-state partnership, and the emergence in the last three decades of perinatal regional system policy, and suggests that the structure of the federal-state partnership has encouraged state variation.A survey of state MCH programs was undertaken to clarify their operational and perceived role in promoting quality improvement in perinatal care. Data and information from the survey, along with five illustrative state case studies, demonstrate great variation in how individual state agencies function. State efforts in quality improvement, a process to make things better, have four arenas of activity: policy development and implementation, definition and measurement of quality, data collection and analysis, and communication to affect change. Few state health agencies (through their MCH programs and perinatal staff) are taking action in all four arenas. This analysis concludes that there are improvements MCH programs could implement without significant expansion in their authority or resources and points out that there is an opportunity for states to be more proactive as they have the legal authority and responsibility for assuring MCH outcomes.
Primary Care Role in the Management of Childhood Depression: A Comparison of Pediatricians and Family Physicians
Authors: Rushton Jerry L. , Clark Sarah J. , Freed Gary L. 
Published: December 2021

Objective.To provide a self-described assessment of pediatricians' and family physicians' management of childhood depression.Design.Mail survey of 595 general pediatricians and 557 family physicians in North Carolina.Results.The response rate was 66%. Most primary care physicians used referral (65%) and counseling (61%) for management of childhood depression. Family physicians used medications more commonly (18% vs 9%), and pediatricians referred patients more commonly (77% vs 48%). In logistic regression analysis, physicians comfortable with management of depression (odds ratio [OR], 4.8: 2.7–8.4), physicians who believed that antidepressants are more effective than counseling (OR, 2.6: 1.4–4.8), and family physicians (OR, 2.2: 1.9–4.1) were more likely to have used medications for childhood depression.Conclusions.Most primary care physicians refer pediatric patients with depression; however, practice patterns vary by specialty and other factors. Future studies must consider the role of primary care and evaluate how interspecialty variations affect costs and outcomes of childhood depression.
Measuring Consumer Experiences With Primary Care
Authors: Cassady Charlyn E. , Starfield Barbara , Hurtado Margarita P. , Berk Ronald A. , Nanda Joy P. , Friedenberg Lori A. 
Published: December 2021

Objective.
To assess the adequacy of the Primary Care Assessment Tool-Child Edition (PCAT-CE) for evaluating the attainment of the key characteristics of primary care services for children and youth.

Design.
Community-based telephone survey.

Setting.
Specific political subdivision in Washington, DC.

Participants.
Four hundred fifty parents/guardians of offspring 18 years of age or less.

Measures.
Reliability, validity and principal component analysis of 5 scales representing key aspects of the 4 cardinal domains of primary care included in the PCAT-CE. In addition, 2 subdomains (first contact use and extent of affiliation with a primary care source) were included as indices to describe overall patterns of use and affiliation with the particular source of care.

Results.
Most scales had adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. The principal components factor analysis yielded 5 separate factors. These corresponded to the subdomains of first contact accessibility; coordination of care; characteristics of the professional-patient relationship over-time; and comprehensiveness (both services available and indicated services received).

Conclusions.
Psychometric assessment supported the integrity and general adequacy of the PCAT-CE for assessing the characteristics and quality of primary care for children and youth. Testing of revised versions in a variety of different settings is underway. A major component of this testing is to explore the possibility of reducing the number of items while retaining sufficient detail about each component of primary care to make judgements about people's experiences with that care.
Round Table Discussion
Authors: LANGFORD WILLIAM S. , JENSEN REYNOLD A. , GRENNBERG MILTON M. , LYNCH HAROLD D. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Langford: In the personality and physical growth of the individual there are some periods when the task of adjustment is a little more difficult than others. We see it at weaning, when the child starts school, at adolescence, on his first job, later when he gets married and—one of the most severe trials of all—when the individual becomes a parent. About 90% could be called normal disturbances in this area of adolescence and psychologic disturbances.
Dr. Cornelia M. Carithers, Jacksonville, Fla.: When you see a marked problem such as rivalry between children, how do you convince the parent it is a real problem?
Chairman Langford: One of the more common instances is the jealousy of the younger child for the older child. This may enter the picture with the obese child. Often it is the younger child who will become obese for the satisfaction he gets out of the tremendous body size. The problem of obesity may be of particular significance in the adolescent period. It may be a phase that many children go through as part of this gradual growth process but it also may be related to other factors; this suggests that when dealing with a child who is heavier than he or she should be, one ought to individualize each child who presents the problem. Therefore, it is necessary for those of us who deal with these children to determine what is a normal gain in weight for a period of time and what is outside the range of normal.
Symposium
Authors: RATNER BRET , GRUNBERG EMANUEL , BURKE J. C. 
Published: December 2021

The discovery of streptomycin has shown the way by which therapeutic activity against the causative agent of tuberculosis can be found and evaluated in the laboratory prior to its administration in patients. A great number of substances synthesized by the chemist in his laboratory or isolated from natural sources have been found to exert activity against the bacillus of tuberculosis. Many of these show this effect only in the test tube and prove without effectiveness if studied in experimental animals infected with tuberculosis.
The new antituberculous agent, isonicotinic acid hydrazide (rimifon®), is a rather simple synthetic compound which was found to be superior to known antituberculous drugs during early stages of the laboratory investigation. Rimifon® possesses not only a remarkably high growth inhibiting effect against the tubercle bacillus in the test tube but also unusual features if studied in infected animals. Most of the fundamental work which has been confirmed in laboratories all over the world was done in mice which were infected with high and fatal doses of human tubercle bacilli. In this infection rimifon® showed 4 characteristic properties which had not been observed with any of the known drugs: (1) the drug protected heavily infected mice after administration of very small doses, (2) the drug successfully prevented the multiplication of the tubercle bacilli in the infected tissues of the animal and therefore (3) produced a lasting protection after discontinuance of therapy, and (4) if given therapeutically in animals in which the disease had already produced its characteristic lesions the drug tended to stop further development of the disease and to prepare the ground for the final cure.
In sharp contrast to the broad spectrum antibiotics acting on a multitude of pathogenic bacteria and even viruses, rimifon® is a specific drug in the strict sense of Ehrlich's concept of chemotherapy in that it exerts its activity only against the group of mycobacteria of which the most important representatives are the tubercle bacillus and bacillus of Hansen's disease (bacillus leprae).
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: LANGFORD WILLIAM S. , GILDER RODMAN , WILKING VIRGINIA N. , GENN MINNIE MARDER , SHERRILL HELEN H. 
Published: December 2021

A major problem of child health today is the prevention of accidents. Part of the answer to this problem lies in the answer to the question of why some children have more than their share of accidents. Although there is an extensive literature on the accident-susceptible or accident-prone adult, there has been but little written on this aspect of the accident-prone child. Much remains to be done in order to identify the respects in which children who have repeated accidents differ from their fellows. In spite of the lack of reported studies of children there has been a tendency to talk about the accident-prone child and to attribute to him the personality characteristics and motivations seen in the adult accident repeater. It was with a desire to do something about it, and not merely to talk about it, that the study, of which this paper is a preliminary report, was begun at the Babies Hospital of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, in the fall of 1951.
The purpose of this investigation was to explore methods for identifying and determining the significance, in relation to the incidence of accidents in children, of parental attitudes, parent-child relationships, environmental accident hazards, personality characteristics and functioning of the child, physical coordination and physical disabilities as these are reflected in the experience of the accident repeater. It was planned to do this through the study of a relatively small number of children of school age and their environment, both personal and physical, comparing a group who have had repeated accidents with a group who have no accident history. Even though the number of children studied would be small some questions might be answered. In addition, leads for further investigations with a larger number of children might emerge. In any event, it would be discovered whether the proposed approach in the study would bring out meaningful information.
The plan was to select for investigation 10 or 12 children of average intelligence who had been brought to the Emergency Clinic of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center for treatment of accidental injuries at least 3 times during the 18 month period prior to the outset of the study. Children whose only accidents had been traffic or who had had severe or repeated head injuries were to be included.
THE USE OF BUFFERED L-ARGININE IN THE TREATMENT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Solomons Clive C. , Cotton Ernest K. , Dubois Reuben , Pinney Margo 
Published: December 2021

Buffered L-arginine was administered to 22 patients with cystic fibrosis in an attempt to improve pulmonary function and fat absorption. Arginine was selected because of its low toxicity, ability to break hydrogen bonds, bind metal ions, and act as a detergent.
When arginine was administered by inhalation as an ultrasonicated mist to eight patients with chronic lung diseases, improvements occurred in vital capacity, thoracic gas volume, specific conductance, and arterial Po2. Oral administration of arginine to patients with predominantly gastrointestinal symptomatology resulted in rapid relief of abdominal pain, weight gain in all the patients treated in this fashion, and improved fat absorption in 11 out of 14 patients. There were no important side effects attributable to the inhalation or oral administration of buffered arginine.
Formula Fatality
Authors: Coodin Fischel J. , Gabrielson Ira W. , Addiego Joseph E. 
Published: December 2021

Most American mothers have come to consider cow's milk, particularly when modified and marketed as a proprietary formula, as the ideal replacement for breast milk as an infant food. The preparation of the baby's "bottle" has been simplified to a degree unknown even a generation ago. This simplification carries with it inherent dangers, as illustrated in the case described.
This 3-week-old Caucasian female infant was spontaneously delivered at term of a 15-year-old Spanish-speaking unmarried primigravid mother on June 22, 1969. There were no ante- or postnatal complications. Birth weight was 8 lb 6 oz. Mother and infant (weighing 8 lb 8 oz) were discharged from hospital on the third day.