bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scoping Review of Therapeutic Strategies for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars
Authors: Anderson Jaclyn B. , Foglio Aaron , Harrant Alex B. , Huang Christene A. , Hultman C. Scott , Mathes David W. , Chong Tae W. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Keloids are an abnormal proliferation of scars that can involve large areas of tissue beyond the original injury site. Hypertrophic scars are similar clinically, but do not exceed the original scar limits. These scarring abnormalities can cause noxious symptoms such as pain, tenderness, itching, and ulcerations. The aim of this review is to discuss current therapies for both types of abnormal scarring, and to determine if guidelines can be provided for excisional treatment with adjuvant therapies versus non-excisional methods.

Methods:
A systematic literature search was performed through the Web of Science database. The search revolved around keywords such as “keloid,” “hypertrophic scars,” and “treatment.” Articles were reviewed and screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review focuses on an analysis and summarization of randomized control trials regarding keloid or hypertrophic scar treatments.

Results:
The original searches produced 1161 and 1275 articles for keloid and hypertrophic scars, respectively. In total, 316 duplicates were found. After accounting for 2014–2019 publication time, 655 keloid and 893 hypertrophic scar articles were reviewed. This resulted in 15 articles that pertained to treatment and randomized control trials.

Conclusions:
Keloids and hypertrophic scars present a clinical challenge. Based on qualitative review of recurrence, neither excision plus adjuvant therapy or nonsurgical treatments can be recommended preferentially at this time. More research is needed to determine if recurrence rate bias exists between the treatment regimens, as excisional treatment plus adjuvant therapy is reserved for refractory scars.
Psychological complications of Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Santos Alicia , Webb Susan M. , Resmini Eugenia 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
The aim of this article is to review and discuss recent evidence of psychological complications in Cushing's syndrome.

Recent findings
Recent research has described the presence of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, mania, bipolar disorder and psychotic symptoms in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Furthermore, the perspective of patients’ partners has also been emphasized.

Summary
Recent literature highlights the importance of screening for psychological alterations in Cushing's syndrome, as these alterations can be present in many patients, having a high impact in daily life. Depression is a very common symptom, although in rare cases, patients can also present mania or psychosis. Some studies highlight the importance of screening for organic disease (including Cushing's syndrome) in patients with unexpected or first onset psychiatric symptoms. Finally, the perspective of the patients’ partners makes it clear that the partners can also suffer due to the disease of the patient. Intervention programmes involving patient's partners could be helpful to improve both patient and partner wellbeing.
Violence in Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Rolin Stephanie A. , Lawrence Ryan E. , Dixon Lisa B. , Appelbaum Paul S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Violence is a serious concern in the psychiatric inpatient and emergency setting. Much of the research on victims of inpatient violence has focused on identifying and supporting staff who are at risk of being victimized when working in psychiatric settings. This article presents an analysis of 72 patients who were targeted during incidents of patient-on-patient physical aggression in hospital-based psychiatric settings (both inpatient and emergency) from 2014 to 2018. Results suggest that patients who are at risk of being targeted by another patient while in the hospital tend to be younger, are more likely to be male, and present with manic symptoms and recent cannabis use. These variables have all been identified as risk factors for perpetration of violence by patients with mental illness. This study adds to a literature demonstrating a consistent overlap between individuals with mental illness who are victimized and those who initiate violence.
Establishment of Isolation and Noncongregate Hotels During COVID-19 and Symptom Evolution Among People Experiencing Homelessness—Atlanta, Georgia, 2020
Authors: Montgomery Martha P. , Paulin Heather N. , Morris Asher , Cotton Afrika , Speers Austin , Boyd Andrew T. , Buff Ann M. , Mathews Darlene , Wells Alyssa , Marchman Cathryn , Gaffga Nicholas , Bamrah Morris Sapna , Cavanaugh Sean S. 
Published: March 2021

Context:
Local agencies across the United States have identified public health isolation sites for individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who are not able to isolate in residence.

Program:
We describe logistics of establishing and operating isolation and noncongregate hotels for COVID-19 mitigation and use the isolation hotel as an opportunity to understand COVID-19 symptom evolution among people experiencing homelessness (PEH).

Implementation:
Multiple agencies in Atlanta, Georgia, established an isolation hotel for PEH with COVID-19 and noncongregate hotel for PEH without COVID-19 but at risk of severe illness. PEH were referred to the isolation hotel through proactive, community-based testing and hospital-based testing. Daily symptoms were recorded prospectively. Disposition location was recorded for all clients.

Evaluation:
During April 10 to September 1, 2020, 181 isolation hotel clients (77 community referrals; 104 hospital referrals) were admitted a median 3 days after testing. Overall, 32% of community referrals and 7% of hospital referrals became symptomatic after testing positive; 83% of isolation hotel clients reported symptoms at some point; 93% completed isolation. Among 302 noncongregate hotel clients, median stay was 18 weeks; 61% were discharged to permanent housing or had a permanent housing discharge plan.

Discussion:
Overall, a high proportion of PEH completed isolation at the hotel, suggesting a high level of acceptability. Many PEH with COVID-19 diagnosed in the community developed symptoms after testing, indicating that proactive, community-based testing can facilitate early isolation. Noncongregate hotels can be a useful COVID-19 community mitigation strategy by bridging PEH at risk of severe illness to permanent housing.
College Students' Experiences of Race-Related Bias or Hatred in Their Lifetimes and COVID-19 Era
Authors: Shah Gulzar H. , Rochani Haresh D. , Telfair Joseph , Ayangunna Elizabeth , Skuraton Gemma 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether students in minority race categories are more likely to experience race-related bias and hatred in their lifetime and since the onset of COVID-19, after controlling the effect of demographic and other variables.

Methods:
This quantitative study used primary data from the survey of 1249 college students at one of the universities in Georgia during April and May 2020. We performed multinomial logistic regression, computing 2 models for the 2 ordinal dependent variables concerning students' experience of race-related bias and hatred—(a) during their lifetime and (b) since the onset of COVID-19 in March 2020—both measured as “never,” “rarely,” “sometimes,” and “fairly often or very often.”

Results:
During their lifetime, 47.5% of students had experienced some level of bias or hatred, ranging from “rarely” to “very often.” Since the onset of COVID-19 on March 2 in Georgia, in a short period of 1 to 2 months, 17.6% of students reported experiencing race-related bias or hatred. Univariate statistics revealed substantial differences in race-related bias and hatred by race, experienced during students' lifetime as well as since the onset of COVID-19. Results of multinomial logistic regression showed that the odds of having experienced bias or hatred during their lifetime were significantly higher (P < .05) for the Black students than for White students (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 75.8, for very often or often vs never; AOR = 42 for sometimes vs never). Compared with White students, the odds of hatred and bias were also significantly higher for students who were Asian, multiple races, or another non-White race. The odds of having experienced race-related bias and hatred since the onset of COVID-19 were also higher for Black Asian, multiple races, and other non-White students.

Conclusions:
This study adds critical scientific evidence about variation in the perception of bias and hatred that should draw policy attention to race-related issues experienced by college students in the United States.
Genetic screening for TLR7 variants in young and previously healthy men with severe COVID-19: a case series
Authors: Solanich Xavier , Vargas-Parra Gardenia , van der Made Caspar I. , Simons Annet , Schuurs-Hoeijmakers Janneke , Antolí Arnau , del Valle Jesús , Rocamora-Blanch Gemma , Setién Fernando , Esteller Manel , Riera-Mestre Antoni , Sabater-Riera Joan , Capellá Gabriel , van de Veerdonk Frank L. , van der Hoven Ben , Corbella Xavier , Hoischen Alexander , Lázaro Conxi 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTAdvanced age, male sex and chronic comorbidities are associated with severe COVID-19. However, these general risk factors cannot explain why critical illness occurs in young and apparently healthy individuals. In the past months, several publications have identified susceptibility loci and genes using comprehensive GWAS studies or genome, exome or candidate genes analysis. A recent study reported rare, loss-of-function TLR7 variants in otherwise healthy young brother pairs from two families with severe COVID-19. We aimed to prospectively study the prevalence of rare X-chromosomal TLR7 genetic variants in our cohort of young male patients with severe COVID-19. We recruited 13 patients ≤50 years who had no risk factors known to be associated with severe disease. We studied the entire TLR7 coding region and identified two missense variants (p.Asn215Ser, c.644A>G and p.Trp933Arg, c.2797T>C) in two out of 13 cases (15.4%). These variants were not previously reported in population control databases (gnomAD) and were predicted to be damaging by all in silico predictors. The male index patients were between 25 and 30 years old and had no apparent comorbidities. The TLR7 p.Asn215Ser co-segregated in 2 first-degree relatives severely affected by COVID-19, in a younger previously healthy the variant was found in hemizygous state, and in an older than 60 was in heterozygous state. No family members were available for testing the segregation of the p.Trp933Arg variant. These results further support that susceptibility to severe COVID-19 could be determined by inherited rare genetic variants in TLR7. Understanding the causes and mechanisms of life-threatening COVID-19 is crucial and could lead to novel preventive and therapeutic options. This study supports a rationale for the genetic screening for TLR7 variants in young men with severe COVID-19 in the absence of other relevant risk factors. A diagnosis of TLR7 deficiency could not only inform on treatment options for the patient, but it also enables for pre-symptomatic testing of at-risk male relatives with the possibility of instituting early preventive and therapeutic interventions.
System-wide hematopoietic and immune signaling aberrations in COVID-19 revealed by deep proteome and phosphoproteome analysis
Authors: Kaneko Tomonori , Esmail Sally , Voss Courtney , Martin Claudio M. , Slessarev Marat , Hovey Owen , Liu Xuguang , Ye Mingliang , Kim Sung , Fraser Douglas , Li Shawn SC 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYThe COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global crisis. To gain systems-level insights into its pathogenesis, we compared the blood proteome and phosphoproteome of ICU patients with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection, and healthy control subjects by quantitative mass spectrometry. We find that COVID-19 is marked with hyperactive T cell and B cell signaling, compromised innate immune response, and dysregulated inflammation, coagulation, metabolism, RNA splicing, transcription and translation pathways. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes global reprogramming of the kinome and kinase-substrate network, resulting in defective antiviral defense via the CK2-OPN-IL-12/IFN-α/β axis, lymphocyte cell death via aberrant JAK/STAT signaling, and inactivation of innate immune cells via inhibitory SIRPA, SIGLEC and SLAM family receptor signaling. Our work identifies CK2, SYK, JAK3, TYK2 and IL-12 as potential targets for immunomodulatory treatment of severe COVID-19 and provides a valuable approach and resource for deciphering the mechanism of pathogen-host interactions.
A Sanger-based approach for scaling up screening of SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern
Authors: Bezerra Matheus Filgueira , Machado Lais Ceschini , de Carvalho Viviane do Carmo Vasconcelos , Docena Cássia , Brandão-Filho Sinval Pinto , Ayres Constância Flávia Junqueira , Paiva Marcelo Henrique Santos , Wallau Gabriel Luz 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe global spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern underscore an urgent need of simple deployed molecular tools that can differentiate these lineages. Several tools and protocols have been shared since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, but they need to be timely adapted to cope with SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the virus genetic material have been widely used, it still presents practical difficulties such as high cost, shortage of available reagents in the global market, need of a specialized laboratorial infrastructure and well-trained staff. These limitations result in genomic surveillance blackouts across several countries. Here we propose a rapid and accessible protocol based on Sanger sequencing of a single PCR fragment that is able to identify and discriminate all SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) identified so far, according to each characteristic mutational profile at the Spike-RBD region (K417N/T, E484K, N501Y, A570D). Twelve COVID-19 samples from Brazilian patients were evaluated for both WGS and Sanger sequencing: three from P.2, two from P.1 and seven from B.1.1 lineage. All results from the Sanger sequencing method perfectly matched the mutational profile of VOCs and non-VOCs described by WGS. In summary, this approach allows a much broader network of laboratories to perform molecular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and report results within a shorter time frame, which is of utmost importance in the context of rapid public health decisions in a fast evolving worldwide pandemic.
Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 tracks early interstate transmission of P.1 lineage and diversification within P.2 clade in Brazil
Authors: Lamarca Alessandra P , de Almeida Luiz G P , Francisco Ronaldo da Silva , Lima Lucymara Fassarella Agnez , Scortecci Kátia Castanho , Perez Vinícius Pietta , Brustolini Otavio J. , Sousa Eduardo Sérgio Soares , Secco Danielle Angst , Santos Angela Maria Guimarães , Albuquerque George Rego , Mariano Ana Paula Melo , Maciel Bianca Mendes , Gerber Alexandra L , Guimarães Ana Paula de C , Nascimento Paulo Ricardo , Neto Francisco Paulo Freire , Gadelha Sandra Rocha , Porto Luís Cristóvão , Campana Eloiza Helena , Jeronimo Selma Maria Bezerra , Vasconcelos Ana Tereza R 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe sharp increase of COVID-19 cases in late 2020 has made Brazil the new epicenter of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Novel SARS-CoV-2 lineages P.1 and P.2, first identified respectively in Manaus and Rio de Janeiro, have been associated with potentially higher transmission rates and antibody neutralization escape. In this study, we performed a whole-genome sequencing of 185 samples isolated from three out of the five Brazilian regions, including Amazonas (North region), Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Bahia (Northeast region), and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast region) aiming to identify SARS-CoV-2 mutations that could be involved in the surge of COVID19 cases in Brazil. Here, we showed a widespread dispersion of P.1 and P.2 across Brazilian regions. Except for Manaus, P.2 was the predominant lineage identified country-wise. P.2 lineage was estimated to have originated in February, 2020 and has diverged into new clades. Interstate transmission of P.2 was detected since March, but reached its peak in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Transmission of P.1 was also high in December. P.1 origin was inferred to have happened in August 2020. We also confirmed the presence of the variant under investigation (VUI) NP13L, recently described in the southernmost region of Brazil, to have spread across the Northeastern states. P.1, P.2 and NP13L are descended from the ancient B.1.1.28 strain, although during the first phase of the pandemic in Brazil presence of B.1.1.33 strain was also reported. We investigate here the possible occurrence of a new variant of interest descending from B.1.1.33 that also carries the E484K mutation. Indeed, the recurrent report of many novel SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Brazil could be due to the absence of effective control measures resulting in high SARS-CoV2 transmission rates. Altogether, our findings provided a landscape of the critical state of SARS-CoV-2 across Brazil and confirm the need to sustain continuous sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates worldwide in order to early identify novel variants of interest and to monitor for vaccine effectiveness.
Demographic and clinical features associated with in-hospital mortality in Egyptian COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Asem Noha , Hassany Mohamed , Taema Khaled , Masoud Hossam , Elassal Gehan , Kamal Ehab , Amin Wagdy , Abdelbary Akram , Baki Amin Abdel , Zaky Samy , Abdalmohsen Ahmad , Ibrahim Hamdy , Elnady Mohamed , Mohamed Ahmed , Atteia Ehab , Zaid Hala 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionSince the worldwide emergence of the COVID-19, several protocols were used by different healthcare organisations. We evaluated in this study the demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 disease in Egyptian population with special consideration for its mortality predictors.Methodology8162 participants (mean age 48.7±17.3 years,54.5% males) with RT-PCR positive COVID-19 were included. The electronic medical records were reviewed for demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic features. The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality rate.ResultsThe in-hospital mortality was 11.2%. There was a statistically significant strong association of in-hospital mortality with age >60 years old (OR:4.7; 95% CI 4.1-5.4;p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR:4.6; 95% CI 3.99-5.32;p<0.001), hypertension (OR:3.9; 95% CI 3.4-4.5;p<0.001), coronary artery disease (OR:2.7; 95% CI 2.2-3.2;p<0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR:2.1; 95% CI 1.7-2.5;p<0.001), chronic kidney disease (OR:4.8; 95% CI 3.9-5.9;p<0.001), malignancy (OR:3.7; 95% CI 2.3-5.75;p<0.001), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio >3.1 (OR:6.4; 95% CI 4.4-9.5;P< 0.001), and ground glass opacities (GGOs) in CT chest (OR:3.5; 95% CI 2.84-4.4;P<0.001), respectively. There was a statistically significant moderate association of in-hospital mortality with male gender (OR:1.6; 95% CI 1.38-1.83;p<0.001) and smoking (OR:1.6; 95% CI 1.3-1.9;p<0.001). GGOs was reported as the most common CT finding (occurred in 73.1% of the study participants).ConclusionsThis multicenter, retrospective study ascertained the higher in-hospital mortality rate in Egyptian COVID-19 patients with different comorbidities.
Nasoniasegmentation is regulated by an ancestral insect segmentation regulatory network also present in flies
Authors: Taylor S E , Dearden P K 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInsect segmentation is a well-studied and tractable system with which to investigate the genetic regulation of development. Though insects segment their germband using a variety of methods, modelling work implies that a single gene regulatory network can underpin the two main types of insect segmentation. This means limited genetic changes are required to explain significant differences in segmentation mode between different insects. Evidence for this idea is limited toDrosophila melanogaster, Tribolium castaneum, and the spiderParasteatoda tepidariorum, and the nature of the gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying this model has not been tested. Some insects, for exampleNasonia vitripennisandApis melliferasegment progressively, a pattern not examined in studies of this segmentation model, producing stripes at different times throughout the embryo, but not from a segment addition zone.Here we aim to understand the GRNs patterningNasoniausing a simulation-based approach. We found that an existing model ofDrosophilasegmentation (Clark, 2017) can be used to recapitulateNasonia’s progressive segmentation, if provided with altered inputs in the form of expression of the timer genesNν-caudalandNν-odd paired. We also predict limited topological changes to the pair rule network. Together this implies that very limited changes to theDrosophilanetwork are required to simulateNasoniasegmentation, despite the differences in segmentation modes, implying thatNasoniause a very similar version of an ancestral GRN also used byDrosophila.
Aberrant modulation of brain activity underlies impaired working memory following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Taing Abbie S. , Mundy Matthew E. , Ponsford Jennie L. , Spitz Gershon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImpaired working memory capacity is a common and disabling consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is caused by aberrant neural processing. However, due to high heterogeneity in results across studies, it is challenging to conclude whether impaired working memory in this population is driven by neural hypo- or hyper-activation, and the extent to which deficits are perpetuated by specific working memory subprocesses. Using a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and working memory paradigm, we tested the hypothesis that the pattern of neural activation subserving working memory following TBI would interact with both task demands and specific working memory subcomponents: encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Behaviourally, we found that working memory deficits were confined to the high cognitive load trials. Our results confirmed our key prediction. Overall, TBI participants showed reduced brain activity while performing the working memory task. However, interrogation of the subcomponents of working memory revealed a more nuanced pattern of activation. When we simply averaged across all task trials, regardless of cognitive load or subcomponent, TBI participants showed reduced neural activation. When examined more closely, patterns of brain activity following TBI were found to interact with both task demands and working memory subcomponent. Participants with TBI demonstrated an inability to appropriately modulate brain activity between low and high demand conditions necessary during encoding and maintenance stages. Therefore, we demonstrate that conclusions about aberrant neural processing are dependent upon the level of analysis and the extent to which general cognitive domains can be parcellated into its constituent parts.