bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban birds’ reproductive success in two cities
Authors: Seress Gábor , Sándor Krisztina , Vincze Ernő , Pipoly Ivett , Bukor Boglárka , Ágh Nóra , Liker András 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe ubiquitous activity of humans is a fundamental feature of urban environments affecting local wildlife in several ways. Testing the influence of human disturbance would ideally need experimental approach, however, in cities, this is challenging at relevant spatial and temporal scales. Thus, to better understand the ecological effects of human activity, we exploited the opportunity that the city-wide lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic provided during the spring of 2020. We assessed changes in reproductive success of great tits (Parus major) at two urban habitats affected strikingly differently by the ‘anthropause’, and at an unaffected forest site. Our results do not support that urban great tits benefited from reduced human mobility during the lockdown. First, at one of our urban sites, the strongly (− 44%) reduced human disturbance in 2020 (compared to a long-term reference period) did not increase birds’ reproductive output relative to the forest habitat where human disturbance was low in all years. Second, in the other urban habitat, recreational human activity considerably increased (+ 40%) during the lockdown and this was associated with strongly reduced nestling body size compared to the pre-COVID reference year. Analyses of other environmental factors (meteorological conditions, lockdown-induced changes in air pollution) suggest that these are not likely to explain our results. Our study supports that intensified human disturbance can have adverse fitness consequences in urban populations. It also highlights that a few months of ‘anthropause’ is not enough to counterweight the detrimental impacts of urbanization on local wildlife populations.
Phase transformation and enhanced blue photoluminescence of zirconium oxide poly-crystalline thin film induced by Ni ion beam irradiation
Authors: Chauhan Vishnu , Gupta Deepika , Koratkar Nikhil , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSwift heavy ions (SHI) irradiation of Nickel (Ni) beam with different ions fluence bring the modifications in the functional properties of radio frequency (RF) grown zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanocrystalline thin films. X-ray diffraction analysis affirms the monoclinic to tetragonal phase transformation and diminishing of peak at higher fluence 1 × 1014and 2 × 1014ions/cm2induced by electronic excitation caused by SHI. Zirconium oxide thin films exhibit the same thickness (195 nm) of virgin and irradiated samples and whereas the nanocrystalline thin films have the elemental composition in proper stoichiometry (1:2) as analyzed by rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Photoluminescence measurements confirm the blue emission of virgin and irradiated sample recorded at excitation wavelength 270 to 310 nm. The intensity of obtained emission bands varies with fluence which is interpreted in terms of generation and annihilation of defect centers. The characteristic Agand BgRaman modes of monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2are obtained at different positions. Moreover, the nanocrystalline ZrO2thin films exhibits the most prominent absorption phenomenon in the visible range and the irradiation cause significant decrease in band gap to 3.69 eV compare to the virgin ZrO2sample (3.86 eV). XPS analysis indicates the shifting of the core levels Zr 3d and O 1s towards higher binding energy and spin—orbit splitting of different states. The findings in this research justify that the irradiated thin films can be a potential candidate for designing of new materials, intense radiation environments, nuclear reactors, nuclear waste systems, clean energy sources.
A life cycle assessment of reprocessing face masks during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: van Straten Bart , Ligtelijn S. , Droog L. , Putman E. , Dankelman J. , Weiland N. H. Sperna , Horeman T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic led to threatening shortages in healthcare of medical products such as face masks. Due to this major impact on our healthcare society an initiative was conducted between March and July 2020 for reprocessing of face masks from 19 different hospitals. This exceptional opportunity was used to study the costs impact and the carbon footprint of reprocessed face masks relative to new disposable face masks. The aim of this study is to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to assess and compare the climate change impact of disposed versus reprocessed face masks. In total 18.166 high quality medical FFP2 face masks were reprocessed through steam sterilization between March and July 2020. Greenhouse gas emissions during production, transport, sterilization and end-of-life processes were assessed. The background life cycle inventory data were retrieved from the ecoinvent database. The life cycle impact assessment method ReCiPe was used to translate emissions into climate change impact. The cost analysis is based on actual sterilization as well as associated costs compared to the prices of new disposable face masks. A Monte Carlo sampling was used to propagate the uncertainty of different inputs to the LCA results. The carbon footprint appears to be 58% lower for face masks which were reused for five times compared to new face masks which were used for one time only. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the loading capacity of the autoclave and rejection rate of face masks has a large influence on the carbon footprint. The estimated cost price of a reprocessed mask was €1.40 against €1.55. The Life Cycle Assessment demonstrates that reprocessed FFP2 face masks from a circular economy perspective have a lower climate change impact on the carbon footprint than new face masks. For policymakers it is important to realize that the carbon footprint of medical products such as face masks may be reduced by means of circular economy strategies. This study demonstrated a lower climate change impact and lower costs when reprocessing and reusing disposable face masks for five times. Therefore, this study may serve as an inspiration for investigating reprocessing of other medical products that may become scarce. Finally, this study advocates that circular design engineering principles should be taken into account when designing medical devices. This will lead to more sustainable products that have a lower carbon footprint and may be manufactured at lower costs.
Audiological and Other Factors Influencing Serious Injury From Falls in Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Doettl Steven M. , Turner Kandace L. , Plyler Patrick N. , Thomas Nina , Lambert Allyson , Luttrell Sam , Sillyman Randy , Collins Adriana , Molnar Christine 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
Falls in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are a challenge for the organizations responsible for their management and care. This study represents the initiation of a program to identify, manage, and rehabilitate individuals at risk for falls in this population.

Method
A retrospective analysis of an active database was provided by the East Tennessee Regional Office of the Department of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. The data from 1,652 reportable falls from state-contracted support agencies over the calendar years of 2016–2018 were analyzed using chi-square and decision tree analyses for a dependent variable of serious injury and independent variables consisting of hearing deficits, impaired mobility including balance and vestibular deficits, enrollment in current physical therapy services for impaired mobility, staff instructions present for individuals at risk for falls, staff instructions followed, falls training for the supporting staff, current fall prevention plan in place, aggressive or compulsive behaviors, history of falls, medical conditions, visual deficits, familiar environments, adaptive equipment, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, medication change/side effects, obesity, and repeat falls.

Results
Significant factors included age, aggressive/compulsive behaviors, physical therapist (PT) services, balance deficits, and intrinsic factors. Post hoc analysis also indicated individuals receiving PT with a history of falls increased their risk of serious injury in unfamiliar environments. Individuals not receiving PT and exhibiting aggressive behaviors increased their risk of serious injury with visual deficits. For individuals not receiving PT services and not exhibiting aggressive behaviors, intrinsic factors increased the risk of serious injury.

Conclusions
These results describe the characteristics that can predict an increased risk for serious injury from a fall in an adult community-dwelling population with IDDs. These data can be used to implement changes to reduced injury from falls, including improved identification of undiagnosed vestibular deficits and assessment for the need for vestibular rehabilitation.
A hardware prototype of sub‐Nyquist radar with unknown pulses
Authors: Mulleti Satish , Shavit Yariv , Namer Moshe , Eldar Yonina C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn a conventional radar system, the hardware cost increases with the sampling rate of the receiver. Sub‐Nyquist radar systems operate at lower sampling rates and hence reduce the hardware cost and complexity. A sub‐Nyquist radar system uses the knowledge of the transmit pulse shape to determine the targets. However, the pulse shape is often distorted in practice and unknown to the receiver. An alternative sub‐Nyquist radar system that uses multiple receiver was proposed that estimates the targets without knowledge of the pulse shape. In this demo, the authors build a hardware prototype to demonstrate the proposed multi‐receiver sub‐Nyquist radar. The proposed two‐receiver system with an unknown pulse has comparable pre‐forms to a conventional sub‐Nyquist system is shown. This paper shows a hardware demonstration of sub‐Nyquist sampling of finite‐rate‐of‐innovation signals when the basic pulse shape is unknown. The results are particularly interesting in radar imaging, where the transmit pulse is distorted while propagation and unknown at the receiver.
Analysis of different stator winding topologies for fractional horse power brushless direct current motors
Authors: Krall Felix , Muetze Annette 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe number of auxiliary electric drives can exceed 100 for luxury cars. Due to their ever‐increasing prevalence, the electromagnetic emissions (EME) of these drives are becoming increasingly important. This work explores the influence of four different stator winding topologies on the electromagnetic emissions and the efficiency performance of fractional horsepower (FHP) brushless direct current (BLDC) drives. Two monofilar windings with a wire diameter of 0.15 and 0.27 mm, an untwisted bifilar winding, and a twisted bifilar winding are inspected. The parasitic stator to winding coupling capacitance is the motor's main source for common mode currents and thus, for radiated emissions. A three‐media capacitance model is introduced to allow estimating this coupling path in the design phase of the motor. Twisting the phases of a bifilar winding reduces the excitation of this path. Therefore, the radiated emissions are reduced by 5 d. The stator winding topology also affects the winding resistance and thus the efficiency. The monofilar winding with a wire diameter of 0.27 mm shows the lowest level of consumed power, followed by the monofilar winding with a wire diameter of 0.15 mm, the untwisted bifilar winding and the twisted bifilar winding.
Linear tubular permanent magnet motor for an electromagnetic active suspension system
Authors: Kim Ki‐Hoon , Woo Dong‐Kyun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis work presents the comparative study of the linear tubular permanent magnet motor (LTPMM) for the active suspension system in vehicles. To analyse and design the LTPMM, a finite element‐based optimisation process is proposed. Since the proposed method reconstructs the entire field by storing the information of the air‐gap magnetic flux distribution in the form of a snapshot, it provides high accuracy and a reduced computation time. The magnetic fields are analysed in LTPMMs with external and internal permanent magnets that are classified according to the position of the permanent magnet. In the comparative analysis, an optimal model for the LTPMM is presented, taking into account characteristics such as thrust, detent force and THD. Especially, various magnetisation patterns are considered to accomplish high force density. The analytical model is verified by performing finite element analysis and experiments.
Risk assessment of power system oscillation instability based on geomagnetic storm events in the 24th solar cycle
Authors: Wang Zezhong , Si Yuan , Liu Lianguang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhen studying the harm of geomagnetic storms to the power system, the focus is often placed on the influence of transformers reactive power loss (GIC‐Q) caused by geomagnetic induced current (GIC) on voltage fluctuation. GIC‐Q, as a reactive load, can cause power flow changes, and the small disturbance stability is affected by the power flow distribution before disturbance, so GIC‐Q connects geomagnetic storms with small disturbance stability. In this study, the probability distribution function of induced geoelectric fields is established, and the sample data is obtained by sampling. Combined with the GIC benchmark network model, multiple sets of GIC‐Q in each substation are calculated and added to the system one by one to study the influence of geomagnetic storms on the oscillation characteristic parameters and establish the risk index of small disturbance instability. The result shows that the risk index value of oscillation instability in the occurrence of geomagnetic storms increases both in the AC system and the AC/DC hybrid system, but the increased range of risk value of local oscillation instability decreases with the addition of DC systems. The research results can provide a reference for evaluating the influence of geomagnetic storms on the stable operation of power systems.
White‐light visible light communications based on multiple photoluminescence of fluorescent acrylic sheets
Authors: Cho Seonghyeon , Yoo Yoonji , Lee Yeonkyeong , Lee Changseop , Chun Hyunchae 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA novel method that converts blue light into the white‐light for illumination and provides the high‐speed visible light communication link is introduced. Typical phosphors for creating white‐light cause low bandwidths and restrictions on changing correlated colour temperatures. The proposed method deals with such issues by utilising combinations of photo‐luminescence lights from cost‐effective fluorescent acrylic sheets. Characteristics of the light generated from the proposed method show that white‐lights with various correlated colour temperatures can be straightforwardly generated whilst providing orders of magnitude higher bandwidth than that from the conventional approaches using the phosphors. A high‐speed white‐light visible light communication demonstration based on a blue laser‐diode and the fluorescent acrylic sheets is presented, showing the data‐rate of 2.16 Gb/s with a bit‐error‐rate less than 3.8 × 10−3 by using an optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme.
Equivalent temperature estimation‐based FCS‐MPC for thermal stress balance of 3L‐NPC traction inverter
Authors: Peng Tao , Xu Yansong , Yang Chao , Xie Feiran , Tao Hongwei , Yang Chunhua 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes an equivalent temperature estimation‐based finite control set model predictive control (ETE‐FCS‐MPC) method to balance the thermal stress among transistors in three level neutral point clamp (3L‐NPC) traction inverters, which can be used to prolong the whole service life and improve the reliability of the traction inverter. Compared with other methods, the proposed ETE‐FCS‐MPC method requires lesser calculation without additional sensor. Firstly, an energy loss‐based equivalent temperature estimation method is proposed to avoid the complexity of junction temperature prediction. Secondly, an energy variance‐based thermal stress balance control objective is introduced. Then, a normalized evaluation function is established to select the optimal switching state. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is verified on hardware‐in‐the‐loop tests.
The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS) VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets
Authors: Mishra Lokesh , Alibert Yann , Leleu Adrien , Emsenhuber Alexandre , Mordasini Christoph , Burn Remo , Udry Stéphane , Benz Willy 
Published: September 2021

Context. Observations of exoplanets indicate the existence of several correlations in the architecture of planetary systems. Exoplanets within a system tend to be of similar size and mass, evenly spaced, and are often ordered in size and mass. Small planets are frequently packed in tight configurations, while large planets often have wider orbital spacing. Together, these correlations are called the peas in a pod trends in the architecture of planetary systems.
Aims. In this paper these trends are investigated in theoretically simulated planetary systems and compared with observations. Whether these correlations emerge from astrophysical processes or the detection biases of the transit method is examined.
Methods. Synthetic planetary system were simulated using the Generation III Bern Model. KOBE, a new computer code, simulates the geometrical limitations of the transit method and applies the detection biases and completeness of the Kepler survey. This allows simulated planetary systems to be compared with observations.
Results. The architecture of synthetic planetary systems, observed via KOBE, show the peas in a pod trends in good agreement with observations. These correlations are also present in the theoretical underlying population, from the Bern Model, indicating that these trends are probably of astrophysical origin.
Conclusions. The physical processes involved in planet formation are responsible for the emergence of evenly spaced planets with similar sizes and masses. The size–mass similarity trends are primordial and originate from the oligarchic growth of protoplanetary embryos and the uniform growth of planets at early times. Later stages in planet formation allows planets within a system to grow at different rates, thereby decreasing these correlations. The spacing and packing correlations are absent at early times and arise from dynamical interactions.
First-year ion-acoustic wave observations in the solar wind by the RPW/TDS instrument on board Solar Orbiter
Authors: Píša D. , Souček J. , Santolík O. , Hanzelka M. , Nicolaou G. , Maksimovic M. , Bale S. D. , Chust T. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Kretzschmar M. , Lorfèvre E. , Plettemeier D. , Steller M. , Štverák Š. , Trávníček P. , Vaivads A. , Vecchio A. , Horbury T. , O’Brien H. , Evans V. , Angelini V. , Owen C. J. , Louarn P. 
Published: September 2021

Context.Electric field measurements of the Time Domain Sampler (TDS) receiver, part of the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument on board Solar Orbiter, often exhibit very intense broadband wave emissions at frequencies below 20 kHz in the spacecraft frame. During the first year of the mission, the RPW/TDS instrument was operating from the first perihelion in mid-June 2020 and through the first flyby of Venus in late December 2020.Aims.In this paper, we present a year-long study of electrostatic fluctuations observed in the solar wind at an interval of heliocentric distances from 0.5 to 1 AU. The RPW/TDS observations provide a nearly continuous data set for a statistical study of intense waves below the local plasma frequency.Methods.The on-board and continuously collected and processed properties of waveform snapshots allow for the mapping plasma waves at frequencies between 200 Hz and 20 kHz. We used the triggered waveform snapshots and a Doppler-shifted solution of the dispersion relation for wave mode identification in order to carry out a detailed spectral and polarization analysis.Results.Electrostatic ion-acoustic waves are the most common wave emissions observed between the local electron and proton plasma frequency by the TDS receiver during the first year of the mission. The occurrence rate of ion-acoustic waves peaks around perihelion at distances of 0.5 AU and decreases with increasing distances, with only a few waves detected per day at 0.9 AU. Waves are more likely to be observed when the local proton moments and magnetic field are highly variable. A more detailed analysis of more than 10 000 triggered waveform snapshots shows the mean wave frequency at about 3 kHz and wave amplitude about 2.5 mV m−1. The wave amplitude varies asR−1.38with the heliocentric distance. The relative phase distribution between two components of the E-field projected in theY − ZSpacecraft Reference Frame (SRF) plane shows a mostly linear wave polarization. Electric field fluctuations are closely aligned with the directions of the ambient field lines. Only a small number (3%) of ion-acoustic waves are observed at larger magnetic discontinuities.
The thermal emission of Saturn’s icy moons
Authors: Ferrari C. , Lucas A. , Jacquemoud S. 
Published: September 2021

Context.The effects of space weathering and other alteration processes on the upper surface of Saturn’s icy moons are yet to be explored.Aims.We present a thermophysical model parametrised by way of regolith properties such as porosity, grain size, and composition, as well as the local topography. The modelled surface temperature and apparent emissivity are intended to be compared to measurements taken by Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), using its focal plane FP1. We study how they are impacted by the topographic model and the regolith properties.Methods.As an example, we coupled the topography of the Dione moon with our model. Simulations provide the thermal history of the surface elements of the shape model included in the FP1 footprints at the viewing geometries along one CIRS observation. The heat transfer in the regolith may occur through conduction or radiation. Its bolometric albedo,A, and hemispherical emissivity,εh, are expressed as a function of grain properties.Results.The model roughly reproduces the observed variations of surface temperature,TF, and apparent emissivity,εF, in the chosen example, while assuming uniform regolith properties. The dispersion of temperatures within the footprints due to the difference in local time of the surface elements explains most of the directionality of the apparent emissivity,εF(Em), at emission angles of Em ≥ 30°. Adding topography at the 8-km scale amplifies this effect by a few percent. Refining the scale to 1 km increases it again by a single percent but at a high computational cost. This particular anisotropy ofεF(Em) cannot be explained by the directional emissivity,εd, of the regolith. The temperatureTFis less affected by this dispersion or by the topographic resolution. Adding regional variations of grain size significantly improves the agreement between the model and observations.Conclusions.This model demonstrated its good performance and, thus, it is ready for testing current hypotheses on regolith processing by space weathering on Saturn’s icy moons, such as regional changes in grain size.