bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The application of cytokeratin-18 as a biomarker for drug-induced liver injury
Authors: Korver Samantha , Bowen Joanne , Pearson Kara , Gonzalez Raymond J. , French Neil , Park Kevin , Jenkins Rosalind , Goldring Christopher 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDrug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a frequent and dangerous adverse effect faced during preclinical and clinical drug therapy. DILI is a leading cause of candidate drug attrition, withdrawal and in clinic, is the primary cause of acute liver failure. Traditional diagnostic markers for DILI include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Yet, these routinely used diagnostic markers have several noteworthy limitations, restricting their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in diagnosing DILI. Consequently, new biomarkers for DILI need to be identified.A potential biomarker for DILI is cytokeratin-18 (CK18), an intermediate filament protein highly abundant in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Extensively researched in a variety of clinical settings, both full length and cleaved forms of CK18 can diagnose early-stage DILI and provide insight into the mechanism of hepatocellular injury compared to traditionally used diagnostic markers. However, relatively little research has been conducted on CK18 in preclinical models of DILI. In particular, CK18 and its relationship with DILI is yet to be characterised in an in vivo rat model. Such characterization of CK18 and ccCK18 responses may enable their use as translational biomarkers for hepatotoxicity and facilitate management of clinical DILI risk in drug development. The aim of this review is to discuss the application of CK18 as a biomarker for DILI. Specifically, this review will highlight the properties of CK18, summarise clinical research that utilised CK18 to diagnose DILI and examine the current challenges preventing the characterisation of CK18 in an in vivo rat model of DILI.
Assessment of task-based image quality for abdominal CT protocols linked with national diagnostic reference levels
Authors: Viry Anaïs , Aberle Christoph , Lima Thiago , Treier Reto , Schindera Sebastian T. , Verdun Francis R. , Racine Damien 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess task-based image quality for two abdominal protocols on various CT scanners. To establish a relationship between diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and task-based image quality.MethodsA protocol for the detection of focal liver lesions was used to scan an anthropomorphic abdominal phantom containing 8- and 5-mm low-contrast (20 HU) spheres at five CTDIvollevels (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 mGy) on 12 CTs. Another phantom with high-contrast calcium targets (200 HU) was scanned at 2, 4, 6, 10, and 15 mGy using a renal stones protocol on the same CTs. To assess the detectability, a channelized Hotelling observer was used for low-contrast targets and a non-prewhitening observer with an eye filter was used for high contrast targets. The area under the ROC curve and signal to noise ratio were used as figures of merit.ResultsFor the detection of 8-mm spheres, the image quality reached a high level (mean AUC over all CTs higher than 0.95) at 11 mGy. For the detection of 5-mm spheres, the AUC never reached a high level of image quality. Variability between CTs was found, especially at low dose levels. For the search of renal stones, the AUC was nearly maximal even for the lowest dose level.ConclusionsComparable task-based image quality cannot be reached at the same dose level on all CT scanners. This variability implies the need for scanner-specific dose optimization.Key Points• There is an image quality variability for subtle low-contrast lesion detection in the clinically used dose range.• Diagnostic reference levels were linked with task-based image quality metrics.• There is a need for specific dose optimization for each CT scanner and clinical protocol.
Influence of breathing state on the accuracy of automated patient positioning in thoracic CT using a 3D camera for body contour detection
Authors: Booij Ronald , van Straten Marcel , Wimmer Andreas , Budde Ricardo P. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective
To assess the influence of breathing state on the accuracy of a 3D camera for body contour detection and patient positioning in thoracic CT.

Materials and methods
Patients who underwent CT of the thorax with both an inspiratory and expiratory scan were prospectively included for analysis of differences in the ideal table height at different breathing states. For a subgroup, an ideal table height suggestion based on 3D camera images at both breathing states was available to assess their influence on patient positioning accuracy. Ideal patient positioning was defined as the table height at which the scanner isocenter coincides with the patient’s isocenter.

Results
The mean (SD) difference of the ideal table height between the inspiratory and the expiratory breathing state among the 64 included patients was 10.6 mm (4.5) (p < 0.05). The mean (SD) positioning accuracy, i.e., absolute deviation from the ideal table height, within the subgroup (n = 43) was 4.6 mm (7.0) for inspiratory scans and 7.1 mm (7.7) for expiratory scans (p < 0.05) when using corresponding 3D camera images. The mean (SD) accuracy was 14.7 mm (7.4) (p < 0.05) when using inspiratory camera images on expiratory scans; vice versa, the accuracy was 3.1 mm (9.5) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
A 3D camera allows for accurate and precise patient positioning if the camera image and the subsequent CT scan are acquired in the same breathing state. It is recommended to perform an expiratory planning image when acquiring a thoracic CT scan in both the inspiratory and expiratory breathing state.

Key Points
• A 3D camera for body contour detection allows for accurate and precise patient positioning if the camera image and the subsequent CT scan are acquired in the same breathing state.
• It is recommended to perform an expiratory planning image when acquiring a thoracic CT scan in both the inspiratory and expiratory breathing state.
Nonnegative and Strictly Positive Linearization of Jacobi and Generalized Chebyshev Polynomials
Authors: Kahler Stefan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the theory of orthogonal polynomials, as well as in its intersection with harmonic analysis, it is an important problem to decide whether a given orthogonal polynomial sequence $$(P_n(x))_{n\in \mathbb {N}_0}$$

(

P
n

(
x
)

)

n
∈

N
0

satisfies nonnegative linearization of products, i.e., the product of any two $$P_m(x),P_n(x)$$

P
m

(
x
)

,

P
n

(
x
)

is a conical combination of the polynomials $$P_{|m-n|}(x),\ldots ,P_{m+n}(x)$$

P

|
m
-
n
|

(
x
)

,
…
,

P

m
+
n

(
x
)

. Since the coefficients in the arising expansions are often of cumbersome structure or not explicitly available, such considerations are generally very nontrivial. Gasper (Can J Math 22:582–593, 1970) was able to determine the set V of all pairs $$(\alpha ,\beta )\in (-1,\infty )^2$$

(
α
,
β
)

∈

(
-
1
,
∞
)

2

for which the corresponding Jacobi polynomials $$(R_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}(x))_{n\in \mathbb {N}_0}$$

(

R
n

(
α
,
β
)

(
x
)

)

n
∈

N
0

, normalized by $$R_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}(1)\equiv 1$$

R
n

(
α
,
β
)

(
1
)

≡
1

, satisfy nonnegative linearization of products. Szwarc (Inzell Lectures on Orthogonal Polynomials, Adv. Theory Spec. Funct. Orthogonal Polynomials, vol 2, Nova Sci. Publ., Hauppauge, NY pp 103–139, 2005) asked to solve the analogous problem for the generalized Chebyshev polynomials $$(T_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}(x))_{n\in \mathbb {N}_0}$$

(

T
n

(
α
,
β
)

(
x
)

)

n
∈

N
0

, which are the quadratic transformations of the Jacobi polynomials and orthogonal w.r.t. the measure $$(1-x^2)^{\alpha }|x|^{2\beta +1}\chi _{(-1,1)}(x)\,\mathrm {d}x$$

(
1
-

x
2

)

α

|
x
|

2
β
+
1

χ

(
-
1
,
1
)

(
x
)

d
x

. In this paper, we give the solution and show that $$(T_n^{(\alpha ,\beta )}(x))_{n\in \mathbb {N}_0}$$

(

T
n

(
α
,
β
)

(
x
)

)

n
∈

N
0

satisfies nonnegative linearization of products if and only if $$(\alpha ,\beta )\in V$$

(
α
,
β
)
∈
V

, so the generalized Chebyshev polynomials share this property with the Jacobi polynomials. Moreover, we reconsider the Jacobi polynomials themselves, simplify Gasper’s original proof and characterize strict positivity of the linearization coefficients. Our results can also be regarded as sharpenings of Gasper’s one.
Current practice of concomitant surgeries in cartilage repair of the femorotibial compartment of the knee: baseline data of 4968 consecutive patients from the German cartilage registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU)
Authors: Zellner Johannes , Faber Svea , Spahn Gunter , Zinser Wolfgang , Niemeyer Philipp , Angele Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The treatment of underlying comorbidities is a field of rising interest in cartilage repair surgery. The aim of this study was to analyze the current practice of concomitant surgeries in cartilage repair of the knee especially in the medial or lateral femorotibial compartment. Type, frequency and distribution of additional surgeries for correction of malalignment, knee instability and meniscus deficiency should be evaluated.

Methods
Baseline data of 4968 patients of the German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU) were analyzed regarding the distribution of concomitant surgeries in addition to regenerative cartilage treatment.

Results
Beyond 4968 patients 2445 patients with cartilage defects in the femorotibial compartment of the knee could be identified. Of these patients 1230 (50.3%) received additional surgeries for correction of malalignment, instability and meniscus deficiency. Predominant procedures were leg axis corrections (31.3%), partial meniscectomy (20.9%) and ACL reconstruction (13.4%). The distribution of the concomitant surgeries varied between cartilage defects according to the different defect genesis. Patients with traumatic defects were younger (36y) and received predominantly ACL reconstructions (29.2%) (degenerative: 6.7%), whereas patients with degenerative defects were older (43y) and underwent predominantly leg axis corrections (38.0%; traumatic: 11.0%).

Conclusions
This study shows the high frequency and distinct distribution of the concomitant surgeries in addition to regenerative cartilage treatment procedures. Understanding of the underlying cause of the cartilage defect and addressing the comorbidities as a whole joint therapy are of utmost importance for a successful regenerative cartilage treatment. These data provide a baseline for further follow up evaluations and long-term outcome analysis.

Level of evidence
II.
Acute ischemic stroke in childhood: a comprehensive review
Authors: Mastrangelo Mario , Giordo Laura , Ricciardi Giacomina , De Michele Manuela , Toni Danilo , Leuzzi Vincenzo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis review provides an updated analysis of the main aspects involving the diagnosis and the management of children with acute ischemic stroke. Acute ischemic stroke is an emergency of rare occurrence in children (rate of incidence of 1/3500 live birth in newborns and 1–2/100,000 per year during childhood with peaks of incidence during the perinatal period, under the age of 5 and in adolescence). The management of ischemic stroke in the paediatric age is often challenging because of pleomorphic age-dependent risk factors and aetiologies, high frequency of subtle or atypical clinical presentation, and lacking evidence-based data about acute recanalization therapies. Each pediatric tertiary centre should activate adequate institutional protocols for the optimization of diagnostic work-up and treatments.Conclusion: The implementation of institutional standard operating procedures, summarizing the steps for the selection of candidate for neuroimaging among the ones presenting with acute neurological symptoms, may contribute to shorten the times for thrombolysis and/or endovascular treatments and to improve the long-term outcome.

What is Known:•Acute ischemic stroke has a higher incidence in newborns than in older children (1/3500 live birth versus 1–2/100,000 per year).•Randomized clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of thrombolysis and/or endovascular treatment were never performed in children

What is New:•Recent studies evidenced a low risk (2.1% of the cases) of intracranial haemorrhages in children treated with thrombolysis.•A faster access to neuroimaging and hyper-acute therapies was associated with the implementation of institutional protocols for the emergency management of pediatric stroke.
Evaluation and loss estimation of a high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine with hairpin windings for high-volume fuel cell applications
Authors: Balasubramanian Sridhar , Langmaack Niklas , Henke Markus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh-speed machines offer several advantages, such as small sizes, avoidance of mechanical gears, and low maintenance, which has led to considerable research dedicated to them in the past decade. In recent times, rectangular wire windings with a hairpin structure have gained prominence in traction motors in the electromobility sector due to their high slot fill factor, simple production, and good thermal properties. Taking these advantages into consideration, this paper analyzes the possibility of using a high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with hairpin windings as an electric turbo compressor in fuel cell applications and outlines the critical design aspects.
Simultaneous septic arthrodesis of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints with the Ilizarov external fixator—an analysis of 13 patients
Authors: Cibura Charlotte , Lotzien Sebastian , Yilmaz Emre , Baecker Hinnerk , Schildhauer Thomas Armin , Gessmann Jan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Treatment of joint destruction of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints caused by acute or chronic infections in compromised hosts is a challenging problem. In these cases, simultaneous septic arthrodesis with the use of the Ilizarov external fixator represents a possible alternative to amputation. This case series presents the results and complications of patients with acute or chronic infection of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints.

Methods
Between 2005 and 2015, 13 patients with acute or chronic infections were treated by simultaneous single-stage debridement/arthrodesis of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. In seven patients, there was a florid infection with fistula formation and soft tissue defects, and in six patients, there was chronic osteomyelitis with closed soft tissue. In addition to the demographic data, the time spent in the fixator, the major and minor complications and the endpoint of consolidation were reviewed.

Results
The mean time spent in the fixator was 18 (min 15, max 26) weeks. The mean follow-up time for nine patients was 100 (min 3, max 341) weeks. Complete osseous consolidation of both the tibiotalar and subtalar joints was achieved in 10 patients (77%). In three (23%) patients, there was complete consolidation of one of the joints and partial consolidation of the other joint.

Conclusion
The Ilizarov external fixator allows for simultaneous arthrodesis of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints in septic joint destruction. However, the healing rates are below the rates reported in the literature for isolated tibiotalar or tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis in comparable clinical situations.
Dual task gait deteriorates gait performance in cervical dystonia patients: a pilot study
Authors: Crisafulli Oscar , Trompetto Carlo , Puce Luca , Marinelli Lucio , Costi Stefania , Abbruzzese Giovanni , Avanzino Laura , Pelosin Elisa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDay-to-day walking-related activities frequently involve the simultaneous performance of two or more tasks (i.e., dual task). Dual task ability is influenced by higher order cognitive and cortical control mechanisms. Recently, it has been shown that the concomitant execution of an attention-demanding task affected postural control in subject with cervical dystonia (CD). However, no study has investigated whether dual tasking might deteriorate gait performance in CD patients. To investigate whether adding a concomitant motor and cognitive tasks could affect walking performance in CD subjects.17 CD patients and 19 healthy subjects (HS) participated in this pilot case–control study. Gait performance was evaluated during four walking tasks: usual, fast, cognitive dual task and obstacle negotiation. Spatiotemporal parameters, dual-task cost and coefficients of variability (CV%) were measured by GaitRite® and were used to detect differences between groups. Balance performance was also assessed with Mini-BEST and Four Step Square tests. In CD participants, correlation analysis was computed between gait parameters and clinical data. Significant differences in complex gait and balance performance were found between groups. CD patients showed lower speed, longer stance time and higher CV% and dual-task cost compared to HS. In CD, altered gait parameters correlated with balance performance and were not associated with clinical features of CD. Our findings suggest that complex walking performance is impaired in patients with CD and that balance and gait deficits might be related
Fulminant Guillain–Barré syndrome developed after surgical treatment of intracranial hemorrhage due to arteriovenous malformation: a case report
Authors: Liu Hongyuan , Yang Liling , Li Zongping , Cheng Gang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disorder. GBS after surgical treatment of intracranial hemorrhage due to arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is even rarer. We present a 62-year-old man diagnosed with intracranial AVM and cerebral hemorrhage. He developed GBS after the operation for AVM and cerebral hemorrhage. Following surgical excision of AVM and cerebral hematoma, the patient developed generalized weakness, with subsequent quadriplegia and life-threatening dyspnea. The diagnosis was confirmed to be the acute motor–sensory axonal neuropathy subtype of GBS after cerebrospinal fluid analysis and antibody tests. The patient responded poorly to immunoglobulin and steroid therapy. His family abandoned further management and signed out of the hospital against medical advice. Despite being rare, GBS can occur after intracranial hemorrhage and surgery. Clinicians should rule out GBS when patients show no improvement or develop new neurologic
Comparing the first and the second waves of COVID-19 in Italy: differences in epidemiological features and CT findings using a semi-quantitative score
Authors: Balacchi Caterina , Brandi Nicolò , Ciccarese Federica , Coppola Francesca , Lucidi Vincenzo , Bartalena Laura , Parmeggiani Anna , Paccapelo Alexandro , Golfieri Rita 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
CT findings of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were analyzed during both the first and the second waves of the pandemic, in order to detect any significant differences between the two groups.

Methods
In this observational, retrospective, monocentric study, all hospitalized patients who underwent CT for suspected COVID-19 pneumonia from February 27 to March 27, 2020 (first wave) and from October 26 to November 24, 2020 (second wave) were enrolled. Epidemiological data, radiological pattern according to the RSNA consensus statement and visual score extension using a semi-quantitative score were compared.

Results
Two hundred and eleven patients (mean age, 64.52 years ± 15.14, 144 males) were evaluated during the first wave while 455 patients (mean age, 68.26 years ± 16.34, 283 males) were studied during the second wave. The same prevalence of patterns was documented in both the first and the second waves (p = 0.916), with non-typical patterns always more frequently observed in elderly patients, especially the “indeterminate” pattern. Compared to those infected during the first wave, the patients of the second wave were older (64.52 vs.68.26, p = 0.005) and presented a slightly higher mean semi-quantitative score (9.0 ± 2.88 vs. 8.4 ± 3.06, p = 0.042). Age and semi-quantitative score showed a positive correlation (r = 0.15, p = 0.001).

Conclusions
There was no difference regarding CT pattern prevalence between the first and the second waves, confirming both the validity of the RSNA consensus and the most frequent radiological COVID-19 features. Non-typical COVID-19 features were more frequently observed in older patients, thus should not be underestimated in the elderly population.
Three-dimensional and real-scale modeling of flow regimes in dense snow avalanches
Authors: Li Xingyue , Sovilla Betty , Jiang Chenfanfu , Gaume Johan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSnow avalanches cause fatalities and economic loss worldwide and are one of the most dangerous gravitational hazards in mountainous regions. Various flow behaviors have been reported in snow avalanches, making them challenging to be thoroughly understood and mitigated. Existing popular numerical approaches for modeling snow avalanches predominantly adopt depth-averaged models, which are computationally efficient but fail to capture important features along the flow depth direction such as densification and granulation. This study applies a three-dimensional (3D) material point method (MPM) to explore snow avalanches in different regimes on a complex real terrain. Flow features of the snow avalanches from release to deposition are comprehensively characterized for identification of the different regimes. In particular, brittle and ductile fractures are identified in the different modeled avalanches shortly after their release. During the flow, the analysis of local snow density variation reveals that snow granulation requires an appropriate combination of snow fracture and compaction. In contrast, cohesionless granular flows and plug flows are mainly governed by expansion and compaction hardening, respectively. Distinct textures of avalanche deposits are characterized, including a smooth surface, rough surfaces with snow granules, as well as a surface showing compacting shear planes often reported in wet snow avalanche deposits. Finally, the MPM modeling is verified with a real snow avalanche that occurred at Vallée de la Sionne, Switzerland. The MPM framework has been proven as a promising numerical tool for exploring complex behavior of a wide range of snow avalanches in different regimes to better understand avalanche dynamics. In the future, this framework can be extended to study other types of gravitational mass movements such as rock/glacier avalanches and debris flows with implementation of modified constitutive laws.