bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I-int phenotype among three individuals of a Parsi community from Mumbai, India
Authors: Joshi S.R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The red blood cells (RBCs) of most adult individuals display an I+i– phenotype, whereas those of newborns and some rare adult individuals are typed as I–i+. The phenotype in the latter category, designated as adult i, is under genetic influence as the RBCs of I+i+ individuals display strengths of I and i antigen expression intermediate to that of ordinary adults and ii-adults. As there was no information on the occurrence of adult i phenotype in the Indian population, the present study was undertaken. The RBCs of randomly selected subjects were screened with anti-I and anti-i reagents by a saline tube technique at 22°C. Individuals with unusual I and i antigen reactivity patterns were further tested by a semi-quantitative method with a battery of anti-I and anti-i reagents, followed by family studies. Three of the 5864 donors tested showed an elevated strength of i antigen. Further study revealed an intermediate strength of both I and i antigens compared with those on RBCs from adult and cord blood samples. All three probands came from an ethnic Parsi community. The phenotype (referred to as I-int) was shown to be inherited, being passed through two generations, but none of the members of the families had displayed an adult i phenotype. The I-int phenotype detected showed an ethnic association because all three subjects belonged to an endogamous Parsi community that has migrated to India some centuries ago from Persia, the present-day Iran.
Immunohematology

2014;30:11–13.
Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia: the last 30 years of changes
Authors: Arndt P.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is a rare condition that occurs primarily as a result of drug-induced antibodies, either drug-dependent or drug-independent. Drug-dependent antibodies can be detected by testing drug-treated red blood cells (RBCs) or untreated RBCs in the presence of a solution of drug. Drug-independent antibodies react with untreated RBCs (no drug added) and cannot be distinguished from warm autoantibodies. Many changes have occurred during the last 30 years, such as which drugs most commonly cause DIIHA, the optimal testing methods for identifying them, and the theories behind the mechanisms by which they react. This article reviews the major changes in DIIHA since the early 1980s involving the immune complex mechanism, cephalosporins, nonimmunologic protein adsorption, and penicillins. Because serologic results associated with DIIHA can mimic those expected with autoimmune hemolytic anemia or hemolytic transfusion reactions, DIIHA may go undetected in some cases.
Immunohematology

2014;30:44–54.
Directed blood donor program decreases donor exposure for children with sickle cell disease requiring chronic transfusion
Authors: Roberts D.O. , Covert B. , Lindsey T. , Edwards V. , McLaughlin L. , Theus J. , Wray R.J. , Jupka K. , Baker D. , Robbins M. , DeBaun M.R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In children with sickle cell disease (SCD), primary and secondary prevention of strokes require indefinite regular blood transfusion therapy. The risks associated with repeated transfusions include alloimmunization and increased donor exposure. The Charles Drew Program is a directed blood donor program designed to lower donor exposure, decreasing the associated complications of transfusion; however, no evidence exists demonstrating the magnitude of the benefit to the recipient. Further, the use of extended red blood cell (RBC) antigen matching for C, E, and K has been well documented in a clinical trial setting but not extensively evaluated in a standard care setting. The goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness in reducing alloimmunization when matching for C, E, and K and the magnitude of the decrease in donor exposure in a directed blood donor program. The rate of alloimmunization and reduction of donor exposure were determined during the course of 1 year in a cohort of children with SCD who received regular directed donor blood transfusions. A total of 24 recipients were in the program, 16 females and 8 males, 4 to 20 years of age. During 2008, alloimmunization was 0 percent and donor exposure was reduced by 20 percent, compared with usual care. Extended RBC antigen matching has the same benefit as in a clinical trial setting for patients with SCD receiving blood transfusion therapy. Despite significant effort, we only achieved a modest decrease in donor exposure and cannot determine the immediate benefit of a directed blood donor program.
Immunohematology

2012;28:7–12.
Cartwright blood group system review
Authors: George M.R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Cartwright (Yt) blood group system consists of two antigens, Yta and Ytb, that result from point mutations in the acetylcholinesterase gene on chromosome 7q. Yta is a high-incidence antigen, whereas its antithetical antigen, Ytb, shows much lower incidence. Anti-Yta and anti-Ytb are relatively rare. Anti-Yta is more commonly found in individuals of Jewish descent. Cartwright antibodies are rarely clinically significant; however, cases of in vivo hemolysis have been reported, suggesting that clinical significance should be interpreted on a case-by-case basis.
Immunohematology

2012;28:49–54.
Should blood donors be routinely screened for irregular antibodies?
Authors: García M.A. , Bautista L. , Palomino F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Alloantibody reactivity is approximately 0.3 percent in blood donors worldwide. The present study established total alloantibody and clinically significant alloantibody (CSAA) frequencies in all Colombian Red Cross National Blood Bank donors (almost all donors were Colombian). The probability of these alloantibodies reacting with a specific antigen in the general population was also determined, focusing on male CSAA data because routine practice in this blood bank is to discard female plasma components to avoid transfusion-related acute lung syndrome. Total blood donor population between 2007 and 2009 was 60,309 (55.4% male and 44.6% female). Cells I and II were used for alloantibody screening following the Autovue protocol. Positive samples were identified by red blood cell (RBC) panels (Panel A, Panel B, and Panel C, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ). Alloantibody and CSAA frequency were established for both sexes. The database for RBC antigens estimated for the Colombian population was used for calculating the probability of antigen-antibody reaction from donors in this blood bank. Total alloantibodies (438) and CSAA frequency (138) were significantly higher in women than men (p < 0.01). Seventy-four percent of CSAA found in women came from the Rh blood group system. Calculated probability of generating antigen-antibody reaction using plasma only from male donors was estimated as 20.55 episodes for every 100,000 donations, and the probable number of events per year was 1.48. Meanwhile, considering all blood components from male and female origin, the calculated probability of antigen-antibody reaction was 123.54 episodes for every 100,000 donations and 28.67 probable events per year. The data presented here do not represent strong support for the routine screening of alloantibodies in blood donors.
Immunohematology

2012;28:60–6.
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria: a case report
Authors: Wise S.C. , Tinsley S.H. , Cook L.O. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A 15-month-old white male child was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, increased somnolence, pallor, jaundice, fever, and decreased activity level. The purpose of this case study is to report the clinical findings associated with the patient’s clinical symptoms and differential laboratory diagnosis.
Immunohematology

2012;28:118–23.
Blood group antigen distribution in Lao blood donors
Authors: Keokhamphoui C. , Urwijitaroon Y. , Kongphaly D. , Thammavong T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Blood group antigens can be distributed differently within different nationalities. Therefore, information about the prevalence of blood group antigens in the Lao population will be useful for providing better blood transfusion services in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of blood group antigens in Lao blood donors. Blood samples from 464 Lao national volunteer blood donors were typed for antigens in various blood group systems including ABO, MNS, P1PK, Rh, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego. The results show similar antigen prevalence to that among Northeast Thais for ABO, MNS, P1PK, Rh, Kell, and Duffy systems. In the ABO system, O was the highest at 37.72 percent, followed by 35.56 percent B, 19.83 percent A1, 6.47 percent A1B, and 0.43 percent A2B. The common phenotypes were D+C+E–c– e+ at 60.43 percent, M+N–S–s+ at 46.55 percent, Fy(a+b–) at 80.82 percent, Jk(a+b+) at 39.44 percent, and kk at 99.72 percent. Interestingly, Le(a–b–) was found at 50.43 percent, which was significantly higher than previous reports in Thais and Taiwanese. The P1 antigen was found in only 18.97 percent, which is much lower than in Whites and Blacks. Rare phenotypes were Fy(a–b+) and Jk(a–b–), found at 0.22 percent and 4.31 percent, respectively. In terms of negative antigens the study shows 0.22 percent Fy(a–), 35.34 percent Jk(a–), 29.53 percent Jk(b–), 3.04 percent C−, 2.39 percent e−, and 5.17 percent M−. The high prevalence of C, e, and Fyaand immunogenicity of these antigens may induce alloimmunization in transfusion-dependent patients, creating difficulties providing blood from Lao donors. The information obtained from this study will be useful for improving transfusion therapy in the country, especially for estimation of the availability of compatible blood for patients who have produced antibodies.
Immunohematology

2012;28:132–6.
Performance characteristics of two automated solid-phase red cell adherence systems for pretransfusion antibody screening: a cautionary tale
Authors: Quillen K. , Caron J. , Murphy K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Our institution has implemented two instruments, the Galileo and the Echo, that use different solid-phase red cell adherence assays for antibody screening in pretransfusion compatibility testing. During the initial implementation of these two instruments, we noticed very different problems: falsely positive results on the Galileo, and falsely negative results and lack of reproducibility on the Echo. Comparison of falsely positive antibody screen results from approximately equivalent numbers of samples run on the Galileo and samples tested by standard manual tube technique using low-ionic-strength saline enhancement showed a false-positive rate of 1.4 percent on the Galileo (defined as a positive screen with a negative panel). Testing using the Echo identified four cases of falsely negative antibody screens, (defined as a negative screen on a patient sample subsequently shown to be positive by the same method). In addition, we note a lack of reproducibility on the Echo, which emphasizes the importance of replicate testing during validation of automated antibody screening platforms.
Immunohematology

2012;28:137–9.
Scianna: the lucky 13th blood group system
Authors: Brunker P.A.R. , Flegel W.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Scianna system was named in 1974 when it was appreciated that two antibodies described in 1962 in fact identified antithetical antigens. However, it was not until 2003 that the protein on which antigens of this system are found and the first molecular variants were described. Scianna was the last previously serologically defined, protein-based blood group system to be characterized at the molecular level, marking the end of an era in immunohematology. This story highlights the critical role that availability of laboratory reagents for serologic testing has played in the initial characterization of a blood group and sets the stage for the development of new reagents, such as recombinant proteins, to assist in this process. The central role that genetics has played, both by classical pedigree analysis and by molecular techniques, in the discovery and characterization of this blood group is reviewed.
Immunohematology

2011;27:41–57.
Prevalence of RHD*DOL and RHCE*ce(818T) in two populations
Authors: Halter Hipsky C. , da Costa D.C. , Omoto R. , Zanette A. , Castilho L. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The alleles RHCE*ceBI (RHCE*ce 48C, 712G, 818T, 1132G) and RHCE*ceSM (RHCE*ce 48C, 712G, 818T) encode the low-prevalence Rh antigen STEM. These alleles frequently travel in cis with RHD*DOL. To estimate the frequency of these alleles, we tested a total of more than 700 samples in two populations. Blood samples were obtained from patients with sickle cell disease and from blood donors of African descent. DNA extractions and analyses were performed by standard methods. In the United States, none of 70 patient samples had the RHCE*818 nucleotide change. Two of 220 donors (frequency of 0.009) were heterozygous for RHCE*818C/T (RHCE*ceBI). One of these samples had RHD/RHD*DOL and the other had RHD/RHD*DOL-2. In these 290 samples, no other RHD*DOL alleles were found. In Brazil, 1 of 244 patients with sickle cell disease (frequency of 0.004) and 1 of 171 donors (frequency of 0.006) were heterozygous for RHCE*818C/T (RHCE*ceBI). Testing of more than 500 additional samples from people of African descent, selected because they had a diverse range of common and variant RHCE alleles, did not reveal a sample with RHD*DOL or RHD/RHD*DOL-2 in the absence of RHCE*ce(818T). Although the numbers are small, our study shows that in the United States, the frequency of RHCE*818T is 0.007 (2 in 290 samples) and in Brazil it is 0.004 (2 in 515 samples). The four RHCE*818T alleles were RHCE*ceBI.

Immunohematology

2011;27:66–67.
The Indian blood group system
Authors: Xu Q. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Indian blood group system (ISBT: IN/023) consists of two antithetical antigens: Ina(IN1), which is present in approximately 10 percent of some Arab populations and in 3 percent of Bombay Indians, and its allelic antigen Inb(IN2), an antigen of high incidence in all populations. In 2007, two new high-incidence antigens were identified as belonging to the IN blood group system, namely IN3 (INFI) and IN4 (INJA). The antigens in this system are located on CD44, a single-pass membrane glycoprotein that is encoded by the CD44gene on chromosome 11 at position p13. The biologic function of CD44 is as a leukocyte homing receptor and cellular adhesion molecule. The Inaand Inbpolymorphism represents a 252G>C substitution of CD44,encoding R46P, and lack of IN3 and IN4 results from homozygosity for mutations encoding H85Q and T163R in the CD44gene. The high-frequency antigen AnWj (901009) has not been assigned to the Indian system, but either is located on an isoform of CD44 or is closely associated with it.
Immunohematology

2011;27:89–93.
The legacy of Charles R. Drew, MD, CM, MDSc
Authors: Wilson B.A. , O’Connor W.G. , Willis M.S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
April 2011 marked the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the American Red Cross Blood Services (ARCBS). In this report, we present a biography of Dr. Charles Drew, the first medical director of the ARCBS. Although many may recognize Dr. Charles Drew for this position, the research and training that led him to be uniquely qualified to take this position may not be as well known. We present his professional training, his research on blood preservation and distribution, and his service to the larger medical community and country. Lastly, we address the many myths that have arisen over the years since his untimely death at the age of 45 on April 1, 1950, and present the legacy of Dr. Charles Drew that has largely been unknown to the greater medical and scientific community.
Immunohematology

2011;27:94–100.
Should we be screening for anti-Jsa?
Authors: Nikolis N.M. , Boctor F.N. , Heaton W.A. , Martone J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We analyzed our historic patient database at North Shore University Hospital and determined both the overall frequency of anti-Jsaand the frequency at which it was detected in combination with other alloantibodies to red blood cell (RBC) antigens. Screening cells used currently are negative for Jsa. Our data suggest that anti-Jsawould not be detected in 30 to 40 percent of patients in which it is the sole antibody present. Since 1996 the antibody was only detected when other antibodies were found in the screening process. We are exposing 1.7 percent of our patients (90 patients/year) to Jsa. The clinical significance of anti-Jsais apparent with previous literature, and our conclusion is that additional studies should be performed to determine whether Jsashould be included in current antibody screening cells.
Immunohematology

2011;27:104–106.
Occurrence of antibodies to low-incidence antigens among a cohort of multiply transfused patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Jackson P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Data from an immunohematology reference laboratory were compiled retrospectively to determine the occurrence of the formation of alloantibodies to low-incidence antigens associated with the African American population (AA-LIAs) among patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The AA-LIAs under study were V, VS, Jsa, and Goa. The records from 137 recurrently transfused patients with SCD were selected on the basis of transfusion activity from the 2009 calendar year. We found that 13 patients (9.4996) exhibited one or more antibodies to AA-LIAs, and a total of 17 antibodies to these AA-LIAs have been developed by these patients. The occurrence of antibody formation to AA-LIAs is significantly greater than that of alloantibodies to low-incidence antigens in the general population. Considering the possibility of the presence of antibodies to AA-LIAs in multiply transfused patients with SCD is warranted.
Immunohematology 2011;27:143–145.
Determination of optimal method for antibody identification in a reference laboratory
Authors: Haywood J.R. , Moulds M.K.G. , Bryant B.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Methods commonly used for antibody identification are hemagglutination (tube), column agglutination (gel), and solid-phase red cell adherence. Our AABB immunohematology reference laboratory (IRL) conducted a study to determine which antibody identification testing method was optimal for detecting all clinically significant antibodies. Patient specimens were sent to our IRL from August 2008 to September 2009. Routine testing was performed by tube method and then by manual gel and manual solid-phase methods. Of the 254 samples tested, 115 showed agreement in antibody identification with all three methods. The tube method identified all but six clinically significant antibodies. The gel method did not identify 59 clinically significant antibodies. Fifty-six clinically significant antibodies were not identified by solid-phase testing. Tube testing identified 27 clinically insignificant antibodies, primarily cold autoantibodies. Gel and solid-phase methodologies identified two and three cold autoantibodies, respectively. Solid-phase testing failed to detect 12 examples of anti-K. No identifiable pattern of reactivity was found in 13 samples using gel testing compared with 6 for solid-phase and none for tube methodologies. Hemagglutination tube method was the best choice for our IRL because it missed the fewest number of clinically significant alloantibodies. Benefits also included the ability to use various potentiating factors, incubation times, and temperature phases to enhance antibody identification. The tube method provided critical data for determining antibody clinical significance.
Immunohematology

2011;27:146–150.
Role for serial prenatal anti-Vel quantitative serologic monitoring with 2-ME serum treatment during pregnancy: case report
Authors: Linz W.J. , Fueger J.T. , Allen S. , Johnson S.T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anti-Vel is an uncommon antibody to a high-prevalence antigen. Its clinical significance and management in the prenatal setting are not well characterized. We present a case that demonstrates the utility of serial prenatal anti-Vel quantitative serologic monitoring with 2-ME serum treatment during pregnancy. The patient is a 23-year-old Hispanic woman with history of prior pregnancy and prior transfusion who was discovered to have an antibody to the high-prevalence Vel antigen in the first trimester (week 7) of her second pregnancy. Interval measurements of the serologic antibody titers were performed during the next 26 weeks. The untreated serum (IgM and IgG) titer increased from a baseline of 4 to 16 during that interval, while the 2-ME (presumed IgG component) titer remained stable at 4. Responding to ultrasound findings suspicious for fetal anemia, the child was delivered without complications at 34 weeks’ gestation. At birth, the DAT was negative and there was no evidence of HDN. Placed in the context of other similar reports, this case demonstrates the importance of separately reporting the IgG fraction (after either DTT treatment or 2-ME treatment) from the untreated (IgM and IgG) fraction and the importance of correlating the treated serum titer with potential clinical significance.
Immunohematology 2010;26:08–10.
Alloimmunization to the D antigen by a patient with weak D type 21
Authors: McGann H. , Wenk R.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Antibodies of apparent D specificity may be found in D+ patients. We report a D+, multi-transfused Caucasian woman with myelodysplasia who exhibited several alloantibodies. One antibody was a moderately strong (2+) anti-D that persisted for 9 months, until the woman died. Molecular analysis of the patient’s RHD gene identified the rare weak D type 21 (938C>T) allele. D alloantibodies do not occur in patients with most weak D types, but some patients with a weak D phenotype, including those with type 21, can produce antibodies to nonself epitopes of the wild-type D antigen.
Immunohematology

2010;26:27–29.
Consortium for Blood Group Genes (CBGG): 2009 report
Authors: Denomme G.A. , Westhoff C.M , Castilho L.M. , St-Louis M. , Castro V. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Consortium for Blood Group Genes is a worldwide organization whose goal is to have a vehicle to interact, establish guidelines, operate a profi ciency program, and provide education for laboratories involved in DNA and RNA testing for the prediction of blood group, platelet, and neutrophil antigens. Currently, the consortium operates with representatives from Brazil, Canada, and the United States. Membership is voluntary with the expectation that members actively contribute to discussions involving blood group genetics. This year witnessed a change in the standing committee membership and the institution of a representative for the human platelet antigens group. Looking forward, the consortium sees challenges for the nomenclature of blood group alleles and user-required specifi cations for laboratory information systems to store genotype information.
Immunohematology 2010;26:47–50.