bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maize resistance to Spodoptera frugiperda and its relationship to landrace variety, plant stage, and larval origin
Authors: Costa Eduardo Neves , Fernandes Marcos Gino , Medeiros Pablo Henrique 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have raised the hypothesis that laboratory‐reared insects may lose their ability to induce plant defenses because induction‐associated gut bacteria may be eliminated by antibiotics used in artificial diets. The present study was conducted to determine whether maize (Zea mays L., Poaceae) responses to Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) differ when field‐collected vs. laboratory‐reared insects are feeding. One fifth instar from the laboratory or field was released onto a resistant or a susceptible landrace variety at vegetative stages 4 and 6 (V4 and V6), or plants remained uninfested. Five days later, damage was estimated and sections of maize leaves were fed to forth instars in a Petri dish assay to assess the effects of previous feeding on weight gain, leaf consumption, and nutritional indices of conspecifics. Initially, field‐collected larvae caused more damage on V4, but not on V6 maize plants, than laboratory‐reared larvae. In V6 plants, the resistant variety showed less leaf damage than the susceptible variety. In a Petri dish assay, there were no differences between effects of laboratory‐reared and field‐collected larvae on the measured parameters, but larvae from both sources promoted increased susceptibility in maize plants at the V4, but not the V6 stage. This was characterized by higher weight gain and higher efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) (on both maize varieties), and lower metabolic cost (MC) (on one variety) when S. frugiperda larvae fed on leaves pre‐infested with laboratory‐reared larvae compared to leaves of uninfested plants. Conversely, S. frugiperda larvae fed on leaves pre‐infested with field‐collected larvae consumed a greater amount of leaf tissue (on both varieties) compared to leaves of uninfested plants. A similar experiment with neonates showed no effects of landrace variety or previous infestation on insect weight and survival, but insects obtained a higher body weight when fed on V4 compared to V6 plants. In conclusion, S. frugiperda laboratory‐reared larvae were equally able as field‐collected larvae to induce susceptibility in V4 maize plants, and maize plants were more resistant to the pest at the V6 than at the V4 stage.
A guideline for linking brain wave findings to the various aspects of discrete perception
Authors: Menétrey Maëlan Q. , Vogelsang Lukas , Herzog Michael H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBrain waves, determined by electrical and magnetic brain recordings (e.g., EEG and MEG), and fluctuating behavioral responses, determined by response time or accuracy measures, are frequently taken to support discrete perception. For example, it has been proposed that humans experience only one conscious percept per brain wave (e.g., during one alpha cycle). However, the proposed link between brain waves and discrete perception is typically rather vague. More importantly, there are many models and aspects of discrete perception and it is often not apparent in what theoretical framework brain wave findings are interpreted and to what specific aspects of discrete perception they relate. Here, we review different approaches to discrete perception and highlight issues with particular interpretations. We then discuss how certain findings on brain waves may relate to certain aspects of discrete perception. The main purpose of this meta‐contribution is to give a short overview of discrete models of perception and to illustrate the need to make explicit what aspects of discrete theories are addressed by what aspects of brain wave findings.
Structure and dynamics of mixed‐species choruses in a tropical anuran assemblage: insights from network analysis
Authors: Duarte Marina H. L. , Llusia Diego , Rodrigues Samuel S. , Nascimento Luciana B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMales of a wide variety of vertebrates aggregate in mixed‐species choruses to attract females and signal territory occupancy. It is often assumed that species within these choruses co‐signal, interact and compete for the acoustic space, although few studies have tested this assumption, particularly in tropical and highly diverse environments. Using a novel combination of passive acoustics and network analysis, we monitored calling activity of a tropical anuran assemblage for an entire year and examined the structure and dynamics of mixed‐species choruses. Species composition was determined at 1‐min resolution on 288 recording hours and then used to estimate a set of centrality metrics (degree, strength and eigenvector) that characterize the species roles within the acoustic network. The studied assemblage formed a dynamic network comprising eight species during the rainy season and four during the dry season. These species showed distinct roles within the network, ranging from central species (those co‐signalling frequently and with many species) to peripheral species (those barely co‐signalling and with few species). Our results shed light on the species interactions in acoustic communities and challenge the general assumption of an equal contribution of species to the mixed‐species choruses. While in the rainy season the territorial frogs Boana albopunctata and B. faber exhibit the most prominent role within the network (with a higher degree, strength and eigenvector centrality), all of the species calling in the dry season co‐signalled with equal number of species, with only another territorial species, B. lundii, showing a higher rate of co‐signalling events (higher strength and eigenvector centrality). This suggests that territorial behaviour may favour increased calling activity and hence central roles in acoustic networks. These findings contribute to a better understanding of chorus dynamics in tropical assemblages and have crucial implications for the study of species interactions and the evolutionary hypotheses of acoustic divergence.
Technology spillovers, asset redeployability and corporate financial policies
Authors: Kecskés Ambrus , Nguyen Phuong‐Anh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrior research shows that technology spillovers across firms increase innovation, productivity and value. We study how firms finance their own growth stimulated by technology spillovers from their technological peer firms. We find that greater technology spillovers lead to higher leverage. This is the result of technology spillovers increasing asset redeployability, as evidenced by more collateralized borrowing and asset transactions. Borrowing costs also decrease. Exogenous variation in the research and development tax credits of other firms allows us to identify the causal effect of technology spillovers on a given firm.
Machine learning in finance: A topic modeling approach
Authors: Aziz Saqib , Dowling Michael , Hammami Helmi , Piepenbrink Anke 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe identify the core topics of research applying machine learning to finance. We use a probabilistic topic modeling approach to make sense of this diverse body of research spanning across multiple disciplines. Through a latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling technique, we extract 15 coherent research topics that are the focus of 5942 academic studies from 1990 to 2020. We find that these topics can be grouped into four categories: Price‐forecasting techniques, financial markets analysis, risk forecasting and financial perspectives. We first describe and structure these topics and then further show how the topic focus has evolved over the last three decades. A notable trend we find is the emergence of text‐based machine learning, for example, for sentiment analysis, in recent years. Our study thus provides a structured topography for finance researchers seeking to integrate machine learning research approaches in their exploration of finance phenomena. We also showcase the benefits to finance researchers of the method of probabilistic modeling of topics for deep comprehension of a body of literature.
Cassava disease recognition from low‐quality images using enhanced data augmentation model and deep learning
Authors: Abayomi‐Alli Olusola Oluwakemi , Damaševičius Robertas , Misra Sanjay , Maskeliūnas Rytis 
Published: June 2021

AbstractImprovement of deep learning algorithms in smart agriculture is important to support the early detection of plant diseases, thereby improving crop yields. Data acquisition for machine learning applications is an expensive task due to the requirements of expert knowledge and professional equipment. The usability of any application in a real‐world setting is often limited by unskilled users and the limitations of devices used for acquiring images for classification. We aim to improve the accuracy of deep learning models on low‐quality test images using data augmentation techniques for neural network training. We generate synthetic images with a modified colour value distribution to expand the trainable image colour space and to train the neural network to recognize important colour‐based features, which are less sensitive to the deficiencies of low‐quality images such as those affected by blurring or motion. This paper introduces a novel image colour histogram transformation technique for generating synthetic images for data augmentation in image classification tasks. The approach is based on the convolution of the Chebyshev orthogonal functions with the probability distribution functions of image colour histograms. To validate our proposed model, we used four methods (resolution down‐sampling, Gaussian blurring, motion blur, and overexposure) for reducing image quality from the Cassava leaf disease dataset. The results based on the modified MobileNetV2 neural network showed a statistically significant improvement of cassava leaf disease recognition accuracy on lower‐quality testing images when compared with the baseline network. The model can be easily deployed for recognizing and detecting cassava leaf diseases in lower quality images, which is a major factor in practical data acquisition.
By‐catch risk for toothed whales in global small‐scale fisheries
Authors: Temple Andrew J. , Westmerland Ethan , Berggren Per 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFisheries by‐catch poses the single greatest threat to cetacean (whales, dolphins and porpoises) populations. Despite this, by‐catch of cetaceans does not receive proportionate levels of research or management effort. The contribution of small‐scale fisheries to cetacean by‐catch is generally overlooked because of the extreme data paucity in these fisheries. Here, we assess the likely geographic distribution of by‐catch risk posed to the odontocetes (toothed whales) at the global scale. We combine species’ occurrence and estimates of fisheries susceptibility for all 72 marine toothed whale species with estimates of small‐scale fisheries’ gillnet fishing pressure across 163 marine fishing nations. We show that the by‐catch risk from small‐scale fisheries is likely greatest in low‐ and middle‐income regions, generally in the tropics and sub‐tropics. Our findings highlight a “wicked problem”, that the highest by‐catch risks primarily occur in regions with lowest fisheries management efficacy. Addressing by‐catch in these priority regions is fraught with potentially damaging consequences for the survival of vulnerable human coastal communities. Yet, immediate management and conservation actions are required to prevent species extirpation and extinction through the reduction of small‐scale fisheries by‐catch. To be successful, these actions will likely require multilateral cooperation and must carefully balance both species and human needs.
On the variability in static and cyclic mechanical properties of extruded 7075‐T6 aluminum alloy
Authors: Benedetti Matteo , Menapace Cinzia , Fontanari Vigilio , Santus Ciro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe present paper investigates the variability in the static and cyclic properties of two nominally identical supplies of the aeronautical Al grade 7075‐T6. Samples were extracted from extruded bars of 15 and 60 mm diameter and with slightly different chemical composition. Noticeable differences were found in tensile strength, total elongation, and low‐ and high‐cycle fatigue strength, despite the nearly identical hardness value. The diverse mechanical behavior has been imputed to different extrusion ratio and therefore work hardening along with a more or less fine distribution of precipitates and dispersoids. The high‐cycle fatigue strength was found to be in direct correlation with the monotonic yield strength and the size of the largest intermetallic precipitate. A simple equation based on Murakami sqrt (area) parameter is proposed to predict the fatigue endurance. Tensile tests and microstructural analyses are recommended instead of conventional hardness tests to have a tighter quality control on the mechanical properties of semifinished products.
Collaborative innovation efficiency: From within cities to between cities—Empirical analysis based on innovative cities in China
Authors: Wang Song , Wang Jiexin , Wei Chenqi , Wang Xueli , Fan Fei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe city is both a carrier and a subject of innovation. Based on the triple helix theory of industry–university research and the theory of spatial correlation, this study constructs a collaborative innovation framework both within the cities and between cities, and uses a network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and spatial econometric model to measure and analyze the collaborative innovation efficiency in 75 innovative cities in China. The results show that collaborative innovation efficiency within cities is on the rise, and the efficiency of “research to production” is significantly higher than that of “learning to research.” Industrial structure and foreign factors have inhibited the efficiency improvements, and infrastructure and living standards have different promoting effects on different stages of efficiency. Between cities, capital flows have obvious spillover effects, which promote the efficiency of innovation networks, while the long‐term characteristics of institutional learning have a near‐term negative impact.
Effects of plant traits on caterpillar communities depend on host specialisation
Authors: Abe Tomokazu , Volf Martin , Libra Martin , Kumar Rajesh , Abe Haruka , Fukushima Hiroaki , Lilip Roll , Salminen Juha‐Pekka , Novotny Vojtech , Kamata Naoto , Murakami Masashi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The community composition of insect herbivores is largely shaped by host–plant phylogeny and functional traits. These effects differ between herbivores due at least in part to varying levels of diet specialisation. Distinguishing between herbivores with differing specialisation is therefore necessary to understand the roles of host phylogeny and traits in shaping complex insect communities.
We surveyed the complete plant–caterpillar food web in a 0.2 ha plot of a lowland cool‐temperate deciduous forest. We measured leaf nutrients, physical traits and polyphenols of the hostplants and analysed the effects of leaf traits and phylogeny on Lepidoptera caterpillars with differing levels of host specialisation.
We sampled 190 species from 16 433 individual caterpillars on 20 host plant species. These included 102 species of specialists using confamilial hostplant species, 17 species of conservative generalists using allofamilial but phylogenetically close hostplant species and 71 species of non‐conservative generalists using phylogenetically distant hostplant species.
The species composition of non‐conservative generalists associated with the polyphenol protein precipitation capacity and overall leaf trait dissimilarity; conservative generalists were weakly associated with polyphenol oxidative activity. In contrast, the composition of specialist assemblages showed no correlation with leaf traits.
Our results demonstrate that host phylogeny and traits play variable roles in structuring communities of herbivores, based on the phylogenetic specialisation of herbivores. Understanding the factors that shape the community structures of various herbivores traditionally classified as ‘generalists’ is important as they account for a large proportion of herbivore species while showing differential responses to traits of hosts.
Caregiver resource utilization: Intellectual and development disability and dementia
Authors: Fleming Victoria , Litzelman Kristin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdults with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families have high need for support services. This study assessed resource utilization among caregivers of intellectual and developmental disabilities and other conditions.MethodsWe assessed 366 caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, dementia or other conditions Regressions assessed group differences in number of agency contacts and frequency of service use. A secondary analysis assessed reasons for underutilization of services.ResultsCaregivers of individuals with dementia contacted twice as many agencies as other caregivers and were more likely to report using suggested services. Agency contact and service utilization were similar among caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities compared to other caregivers. Caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental indicated that suggested services were unavailable to them.ConclusionThe findings of this study shed light on challenges with access to and utilization of support services.
MTHFD2 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma by regulating AKT/GSK‐3β/β‐catenin signalling
Authors: Shi Yangfeng , Xu Yiming , Yao Jianchang , Yan Chao , Su Hua , Zhang Xue , Chen Enguo , Ying Kejing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that one‐carbon metabolism plays a significant role in cancer development. Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2), a mitochondrial enzyme of one‐carbon metabolism, has been reported to be dysregulated in many cancers. However, the specific role and mechanism of MTHFD2 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) still remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the clinicopathological and prognostic values of MTHFD2 in LUAD patients. We conducted a series of functional experiments in vivo and in vitro to explore novel mechanism of MTHFD2 in LUAD. The results showed that MTHFD2 was significantly up‐regulated in LUAD tissues and predicted poor prognosis of LUAD patients. Knockdown of MTHFD2 dramatically inhibited cell proliferation and migration by blocking the cell cycle and inducing the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, MTHFD2 knockdown suppressed LUAD growth and metastasis in cell‐derived xenografts. Mechanically, we found that MTHFD2 promoted LUAD cell growth and metastasis via AKT/GSK‐3β/β‐catenin signalling. Finally, we identified miR‐30a‐3p as a novel regulator of MTHFD2 in LUAD. Collectively, MTHFD2 plays an oncogenic role in LUAD progression and is a promising target for LUAD diagnosis and therapy.
Neuroprotective effects of microRNA‐211‐5p on chronic stress‐induced neuronal apoptosis and depression‐like behaviours
Authors: Shen Jie , Zhang Ping , Li Ye , Fan Cuiqin , Lan Tian , Wang Wenjing , Yu Shu Yan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFindings from recent studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are related to numerous neurological disorders. However, whether miRNAs regulate neuronal anomalies involved in the pathogenesis of depression remain unclear. In the present study, we screened miRNA expression profiles in the CA1 hippocampus of a rat model of depression and found that a specific miRNA, microRNA‐211‐5p, was significantly down‐regulated in depressed rats. When miR‐211‐5p was up‐regulated in these rats, neuronal apoptosis within the CA1 area was suppressed, effects which were accompanied with an amelioration of depression‐like behaviours in these rats. These neuroprotective effects of miR‐211‐5p in depressed rats appear to result through suppression of the Dyrk1A/ASK1/JNK signalling pathway within the CA1 area. In further support of this proposal are the findings that knock‐down of miR‐211‐5p within the CA1 area of normal rats activated the Dyrk1A/ASK1/JNK pathway, resulting in the promotion of neuronal apoptosis and display of depression‐like behaviours in these rats. Taken together, these results demonstrate that deficits in miR‐211‐5p contribute to neuronal apoptosis and thus depression‐like behaviours in rats. Therefore, the miR‐211‐5p/Dyrk1A pathway may be critically involved in the pathogenesis of depression and serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
Capturing the anorexia nervosa phenotype: Conceptual and normative issues in ICD‐11
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionICD‐11's diagnostic definition possesses conceptual lacunae and normative implications calling for further attention.MethodAssumptions underlying it and their ethical implications, are examined employing philosophical analysis; particularly, these are (1) changes to eliminate implications of voluntary agency to caloric restriction; (2) definitions of “dangerously low weight;” and (3) disorder boundaries as stated in qualifications and exclusions.Results(1) The extent to which AN behaviour can be acknowledged to be driven by forces out of, or limiting, voluntary control is unresolved; this is illustrated using the contested part played by excessive exercise, clarification of which requires understanding of AN motivation. (2) AN's uncertain aetiology leaves doubt over the sub‐threshold state. This affects not only when treatment is appropriate, but how definitions of morbidly low body weight are determined, putting individuals with prodromal symptoms at the social risks associated with “medicalizing“ normal variation. Concluded here is not that ICD‐11's conservative definition is mistaken but that since false positives are common, they must be factored into the complex cost‐risk assessments involved. (3) ICD‐11 efforts to minimize reliance on subjective motivation reveal limitations in exclusion criteria. Were AN motivation itself better understood, it would be possible to deal with non‐anorexic motivation by exclusion. But the history of “fat fears“ illustrates that uncertainty attaches to interpretations of AN motivation. Neither AN motivation nor cultural norms around other forms of self‐starvation admit of clear characterization, leaving an impasse.DiscussionAt least with present day medical and scientific knowledge, a complete characterization of the AN phenotype cannot be achieved without reference to psychological states of motivation. And more research, not only clinical, genetic and neurobiological but also conceptual and ethical, will be required to resolve the challenges presented by AN.