bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF CARBENICILLIN AND GENTAMICIN IN THE NEONATE AND COMPARATIVE EFFICACY WITH AMPICILLIN AND GENTAMICIN
Authors: Nelson John D. , McCracken George H. 
Published: December 2021

Because of its greater activity against Pseudomonas and Proteus and comparable activity against other bacteria, carbenicillin has theoretical advantages over ampicillin or penicillin as initial therapy, along with an aminoglycoside antibiotic, for suspected infections in the neonate. From a previous study of carbenicillin pharmacokinetics, mathematical predictions of dosage and intervals of administration were made and tested in 55 infants from 1 to 45 days of age treated with carbenicillin and gentamicin. Clinical efficacy was compared with a randomly selected group of 55 babies treated with ampicillin and gentamicin. No deaths directly attributable to infection occurred in either group. In bacteriologically documented infections follow-up cultures indicated eradication of the pathogen. All serum specimens tested for bactericidal power against Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas had bacterial titers of 1:2 or greater.
Dose response curves and daily serum specimens during subsequent days of treatment were assayed for antibiotic content. Peak serum level and serum half-life were correlated with dosage, interval, age, and weight. The proposed dosage schedule of carbenicillin for neonates is (1) 100 mg/kg initial dose; (2) 75 mg/kg subsequent doses at eight hourly intervals through 7 days of age for infants under 2,000 gm and at six hourly intervals until 4 days of age for babies weighing over 2,000 gm; (3) thereafter, 100 mg/kg every six hours for both weight groups. These dosages should assure therapeutic serum concentrations or carbenicillin when its use is desired or indicated for the neonate. Therapeutic results with carbenicillin and gentamicin were satisfactory in this study, but a larger experience is needed before the relative efficacy of this combination vis-à-vis other antibiotics commonly used for neonatal infections can be assessed.
ENURESIS: AN ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
Authors: Marshall Sumner , Marshall Hermine H. , Lyon Richards P. 
Published: December 2021

Three hundred enuretic patients from 3 to 14 years of age were treated by various techniques and the effectiveness of these techniques was evaluated. Boys outnumbered girls in the overall group; however, there was no appreciable sex difference in the responses. When the child took an active responsibility for seeking to change his behavior pattern and was supported by reinforcement from his family and physician, the results appeared to be more successful than when the child was a passive participant in the therapy, as with instrumentation-surgery, medications, or conditioning devices. Improvement in these latter groups was frequently more rapid, but the relapse rate higher than in the "responsibility-reinforcement" approach.
Although the results from our study could not be considered statistically significant, there is a trend showing that the "responsibility-reinforcement" technique produces more successful longterm results than the therapies employing instrumentation-surgery, medications, or conditioning devices. Of greater import is the fact that the "responsibility-reinforcement" technique is less disruptive than other therapeutic modalities from the physiological as well as the psychological standpoint. For these reasons, when organic causes can be ruled out, we believe that the "responsibility-reinforcement" technique is the optimal initial approach for the treatment of enuresis.
GROUP DISCUSSIONS WITH THE PARENTS OF LEUKEMIC CHILDREN
Authors: Heffron Warren A. , Bommelaere Karen , Masters Ruth 
Published: December 2021

Group meetings are being used in increasing numbers in many divergent areas of patient care. A group for parents of children with acute leukemia was established in conjunction with a leukemia treatment program. The group met weekly and served as a means of problem identification and solution. Areas discussed were problems concerning patients, parents, siblings, friends, and the medical team. It also served as a forum for information dissemination.
It was found that in the management of leukemia in children, the group served as a strengthening of the family during crisis episodes. Discussions of death and dying were difficult, and the death of another parent's child was traumatic to all. However, the benefits of shared experiences outweighed these difficulties. Parents developed a better understanding of leukemia and its treatment and felt that their ability to cope with associated problems was enhanced. Both the families and staff felt the group was a valuable adjunct to the management of acute leukemia in children.
As far as the authors are able to determine this use of a group has not been reported in this form in leukemia management. The evaluation of the success of this group is largely subjective. It is hoped that others will employ the use of such a group and in larger numbers perhaps some degree of objectivity might be able to be developed to adequately evaluate the role of groups in leukemia clinics as well as other areas of medical practice.
Neck Vein Catheters and Pericardial Tamponade
Authors: Fischer Gerald W. , Scherz Robert G. 
Published: December 2021

Complications of intravenous catheters are well known in children as well as adults.1 Recent reports of pericardial tamponade secondary to central venous pressure (CVP) catheters have been emphasized in medical literature directed toward physicians who provide medical and surgical care to adults.2,5 The risk of pericardial tamponade from placement of external jugular catheters in children is not well appreciated by pediatricians and surgeons who provide surgical care for pediatric patients.
Case Report
The patient was a 12-month-old Negro boy admitted with second and third degree scald burns over 35% of his body. A two-inch number 18 catheter (Angiocath) was placed in the right external jugular vein for CVP monitoring.
NEONATAL COLD INJURY: EVIDENCE OF DEFECTIVE THERMOGENESIS DUE TO IMPAIRED NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASE
Authors: Anagnostakis D. , Economou-Mavrou C. , Agathopoulos A. , Matsaniotis N. 
Published: December 2021

Urinary catecholamine excretion was studied in six preterm newborn babies and one full-term newborn baby suffering from neonatal cold injury during the acute phase of the illness and 4 to 6 days after recovery. In all preterm infants the urinary excretion of norepinephrine (NE) during the acute phase (0.062 ± 0.047 ng/kg/min) was considerably lower than after recovery (0.684 ± 0.139).
The only full-term baby studied had a milder form of cold injury; his urinary excretion of NE was efficient during the cold stress. The urinary excretion of epinephrine (E) was unaffected by cold stress; the values during the acute phase of hypothermia were almost identical to those found after recovery.
It is speculated that prolonged exposure of the newborn to cold max exhaust NE stores leading to inability to stimulate and utilize chemical thermogenesis.
Further Comments
Authors: Rosen John F. , Lamm Steven H. 
Published: December 2021

We are grateful for this opportunity to clarify some of the issues raised by Dr. Sarett's comments.
As previously reported, the high levels of lead (Pb) in "processed infant formulas," recorded by Lamm et al. in 1971 to 1972, were confirmed by federal (FDA and CDC) and industrial laboratories. Moreover, comparable findings were reflected in careful review of the world literature, including several of Dr. Sarett's references. For the sake of argument, however, even if one agrees with Dr. Sarett's opinion that the measurements of Pb in "processed infant formulas" erred in being on the high side, these formulas nevertheless contained a highly significant amount of Pb.
The Effect of Dilute Corrosives on the Esophagus
Authors: Ashcraft Keith W. , Padula Richard T. 
Published: December 2021

Cats were used in this study to demonstrate the effect of dilute corrosive drain cleaners upon the esophagus. Sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide in less than 10% strength all produced gross and microscopic evidence of severe damage after 30-second exposure.
We suggest that presently allowable concentrations of these agents for household use should be banned and cite clinical data on accidental injury in childhood to suggest that "child-proof" packages will not afford much protection.
Dietary Management of Neonatal Chylothorax
Authors: Gershanik Juan J. , Jonsson Haldor T. , Riopel Donald A. , Packer Robert M. 
Published: December 2021

A neonate with transposition of the great arteries developed chylothorax following ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus. At first, multiple thoracenteses and chest drainage were employed without significant diminution of pleural fluid production. Administration of a formula containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT) was associated with a marked decrease of pleural fluid accumulation within a few days. Total lipid concentration of pleural fluid prior to the diet was 890 mg/100 ml and diminished to 40 mg/100 ml after eight days of administration of the diet. Cholesterol and cholesterol esters decreased from 101 mg/100 ml to 24 mg/100 ml and from 83 mg/100 ml to 9 mg/100 ml, respectively. Total triglyceride concentration fell from 111 mg/100 ml to 2 mg/100 ml. Only negligible amounts of fatty acids with a chain length lower than capric (C10:0) were recovered from the analyses of the samples.
Thereafter, x-ray films revealed no pleural effusion and at the third-month follow-up visit the chest remained clear. The marked diminution in Volume of the pleural effusion in this case is thought to be associated with MCT feedings. MCT passes directly into the portal system, bypassing the lymphatic pathways and still provides adequate caloric intake. Thus, it seems ideal for the treatment of conditions which have a compromised lymphatic drainage. Both clinical data and biochemical findings in this case strongly suggest the use of MCT diet as an important adjunct of the management of neonatal chylothorax.
Neonatal Gonococcal Arthritis: Three Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kohen Daniel P. 
Published: December 2021

It is well known that gonorrhea is presently out of control, in fact pandemic, in many areas including many in the United States. On the Navajo Indian Reservation in Arizona and Western New Mexico, the incidence of gonorrhea is statistically higher than it is elsewhere in this country. For a population of 101,200 in 1970, the incidence of gonorrhea on the Reservation for fiscal 1970 was 2,480 per 100,000.1 In 1971 there were 2,564 new cases reported and on a revised population of 188,123, this is an incidence of 1,363 per 100,000 for fiscal 1971.2°
The Fort Defiance, Arizona Indian Hospital provides health services for an estimated 25,000 Navajos. In calendar year 1971 there were 363 new cases of gonorrhea reported there, an incidence of 1,452 per 100,000. With the resurgence of gonorrhea there has been increased reporting of pediatric gonococcal infections.37 In the year August 1971 to August 1972 three proven cases and one presumptive case of neonatal disseminated gonococcal infection were treated at the U.S. Public Health Service Indian Hospital in Fort Defiance. The three proven cases presented as neonatal gonococcal arthritis. A fourth case with a positive blood culture (cord blood) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae was also treated. The paucity of information on this disease, and its apparent rarity, stimulated this report.
CASE REPORTS
Case 1
V. K., a healthy, Apgar 10, 3,827-gm (8 lb, 7 oz) male infant was born on August 16, 1971, to a 20-year-old G2P1 Navajo woman after 40 weeks' gestation. Labor and delivery were complicated by PROM of 36 hours.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy: Overview and General Principles
Authors: Sibley William A. 
Published: December 2021

The management of a patient with epilepsy requires the physician to address himself to two basic tasks: (1) an accurate diagnosis must be made with special attention to the possibility of progressive intracranial disease; and (2) an effective regimen for control of the seizures must be devised.
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE
Seizures beginning in infancy are accompanied, in about half of cases, by other evidence of cerebral damage, especially mental subnormality. The precise pathology often cannot be determined during life, although a cerebral developmental defect or birth injury is usually responsible. In a small proportion of cases a metabolic error, subdural hematoma, neuronal degenerative disease, or some other progressive process will be revealed by a history of deterioration in skills previously acquired. The diagnosis can then be established by other characteristic signs of the condition under consideration and appropriate laboratory studies. Grand mal, focal seizures and minor motor seizures are the types usually encountered in infancy.
The same factors which commonly cause seizures in infancy continue to initiate seizures in childhood and early adolescence, but to a steadily decreasing extent. Thus, seizures due to a birth injury, like most post-traumatic seizures, usually begin within 24 months after the traumatic incident1; however, they may be delayed until late childhood or adolescence. Seizures appearing as a sequela of meningitis or other infections are sometimes similarly delayed.
After the second year of life, seizures of unknown cause rapidly increase in incidence, including cases of so-called genetic epilepsy. In the latter, centrencephalic seizure bursts (3/sec wave and spike discharges) appear diffusely in the EEG, not only in patients, but in 45% of their asymptomatic siblings (aged 4 to 16 years), as well.
Helping the Handicapped Teenager Mature, by Evelyn West Ayrault, B.A., M.A. New York: Association Press, 1971, 224 pp., $6.95
Authors: Cossairt Jolan 
Published: December 2021

Helping the Handicapped Teenager Mature will find its way to the shelves of the local public library. Parents and others will read it in search of hope and guidance. For this reason, health professionals should be familiar with this volume.
The first seven chapters, and a later one entitled Sex, outline adolescent development as hampered by disability. Special railings to increase mobility and pulleys to allow hanging up one's own clothes, as well as other suggestions to facilitate independence at home, are discussed in three subsequent chapters.
Dental Implications of Thumb-Sucking
Authors: Curzon M. E. J. 
Published: December 2021

Controversy continues to exist over the problem of thumb-sucking, not only as to its cause and implications, but as to the best method and time of treatment. Pediatricians to whom concerned parents bring their children with this problem may find it difficult to decide what are the implications and just what he should advise the parents from both the medical and dental point of view.
HABIT AND PSYCHOLOGIC DISTURBANCE
Although originally considered to be a symptom of deeper psychologic import, the idea that undesirable sequelae will result from punitive restrictions on thumb-sucking derives from Freudian concepts of psychopathology. However, this theory has not been supported by recent research, and nonnutritive sucking is now considered to be simply learned behavior.1-3 There is no evidence to substantiate the theory that prolonged sucking habits result from emotional disturbances.4 No relationship has been found between prolonged sucking habits and the child's place in line of siblings.5
The habit is to be expected to occur in a large percentage of infants but can only be considered pathological, associated as it is with deformity of teeth and related structures, when prolonged beyond infancy.
INCIDENCE
Age is a very important determinant in assessing the incidence of the habit. Thumb-sucking, including various types of finger sucking, is frequent in infants. Traisman and Traisman2 found that 45.6% of American children under the age of 4 years thumb-sucked with no significant differences between the sexes. Baalack and Frisk6 in a retrospective study of Swedish children found that 30.7% had been, or still were, thumb-sucking at the time of the study.
Is Farber's Test Useful?
Authors: Vos L. J. M. 
Published: December 2021

Farber's test, as an aid in the diagnosis of congenital atresia, based on demonstration of cornified epithelial cells in the meconium,1 is not widely used since the reliability of the test was dubious due to technical difficulties and the test results have no therapeutic implications.
A theoretical argument to doubt the value of Farber's test has never been given. I think now there is. In 19702 Huisjes of the University of Groningen, Holland, demonstrated in a study of human amniotic fluid during pregnancy, that this fluid contains no cornified epithelial cells prior to the 38th week of pregnancy.
The Wearing of Long Hair by Men as Viewed by Some New England Magistrates in 1649
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Professor Richard Drinnon of Bucknell University in his introduction to his recently published edited edition of John Dunn Hunter's Memoirs of a Captivity among the Indians of North America (1823) writes as follows about the wearing of long hair in the Bay Colony.
In 1649 there was even a campaign to Clean up the Bay Colony or, as Thomas Hutchinson called it, "an association against long hair." Among the documents later collected by the governor, one bears that date and the signatures of the doughty John Endicott, Richard Saltonstall, and other magistrates. It reads:
"For as much as the wearing of long hair, after the manner of ruffians and barbarous Indians, has begun to invade New England, contrary to the rule of God's word, which says it is a shamne for a man to wear long hair, as also the commendable custom generally of all the Godly of our nation until within these few years, we, the Magistrates who have subscribed to this paper (for the showing of our own innocency in this behalf), do declare and manifest our dislike and detestation against the wearing of such long hair, as a thing uncivil and unmanly, whereby men do deform themselves and offend sober and modest men."
The elders were instructed to manifest their zeal in insuring that members of their "respective Churches be not defiled therewith." Hard on themselves, to be sure, these sober and modest men were merciless when it came to native long hairs.1
THE MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENTAL CHILDHOOD POISONING
Authors: Scherz Robert G. 
Published: December 2021

Accidental childhood poisoning is still a common problem for the physician who provides primary care. At least 2,000,000 childhood ingestions per year come to the attention of the health professions in the United States in the wake of billions of containers of toxic substances, with thousands of variations in names and contents. Imperfect prevention programs fail to protect all young children, particularly those between the ages of 1 and 4 years who tend to include oral sampling of these products in their developmental experiences.
Fortunately, although the samplings are frequent, the amounts ingested are usually of low toxicity, and the actual numbers of deaths and permanent injuries are relatively small. In addition, the patterns of ingestions tend to be repetitious and are useful in devising specific programs for management.
The following series of articles deals with general approaches to the problem of accidental childhood poisoning and focuses on specific problems that require more precise attention.
1. The unknown poison can create a dilemma for parent, child, and the physician. However, by paying close attention to clues provided by a careful history combined with a physical examination and simple laboratory and clinical tests, the physician can both correctly diagnose and treat most ingestions in a rational and effective manner.
2. The management of acute poisoning with activated charcoal is a valuable technique that continues to be ignored by many physicians—yet it is a very effective method for reducing the absorption of many poisons.
3. Aspirin is still the No. 1 substance involved accidental childhood poisoning, although during the period from 1966 to 1973 the percentage of aspirin ingestions by children under 5 years of age reported to the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers decreased from 25.8% to 6.5% of the total reported accidental poisonings—a 75% decrease in the past nine years, principally from ingestions of baby aspirin.
Textbook of Pediatric Nursing, ed. 4, by Dorothy R. Marlow, R.N., Ed.D. Philadelphia/London/Toronto: W. B. Saunders Co., 1973, 776 pp., $10.75
Authors: Marsh Helene I. 
Published: December 2021

The organization of this book into units according to specific characteristics of growth and development of the human being, and the care of children of various age groups, is of solid assistance to the nursing student in her concern and endeavor to understand the healthy child and the consequences of common illnesses in children in each of those age groups.
The puissance of this edition lies in the greater emphasis on the scientific explanations for conditions affecting the child at different ages and the enhancement of information presented regarding the care essential for the child in the home.
Introduction of Newer Modalities in Pediatric Radiology
Authors: Grossman Herman , Felman Alvin , Kirkpatrick John A. , Shopfner Charles E. , Swischuk Leonard E. , Taber Paddy , Tefft Melvin , McSweeney William J. 
Published: December 2021

Many new and exciting diagnostic modalities are being introduced into radiology, and some of them are beginning to have an impact on pediatric practice. Most of these modalities are noninvasive techniques which can be performed with ease and safety in the pediatric patient. For example, the application of axial tomography with computer integration of the radiologic image (EMI Scanner, ACTA Scanner) may revolutionize the practice of neuroradiology as we now know it. Nuclear medicine is only beginning to blossom in its many physiologic and morphologic applications, particularly with the introduction of Gamma Cameras and short half-lived scanning agents associated with minimal radiation dose. The use of ultrasonography is becoming particularly important in the evaluation of acquired and congenital heart disease and in the evaluation of abdominal masses. Thermography and xeroradiography have yet to find a significant use in pediatric practice. Fine tuning and modification of diagnostic radiologic procedures used routinely in adult medicine have made the application of such modalities as angiography relatively safe in skilled hands when they are used for children.
These newer diagnostic modalities must be subjected to the same critical analyses regarding efficacy, cost, and safety that currently are demanded and accepted for the introduction of new drugs and other forms of therapy. They will have to be evaluated to establish whether or not they are simply duplications of more conventional methods of diagnosis and fail to improve patient care. Publication of their availability and use, and even advertisements, should be considered carefully before they are accepted for application in pediatrics.