bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-seeded false flax (Camelina microcarpa) management in Oklahoma winter wheat
Authors: Crose Jodie A. , Manuchehri Misha R. , Baughman Todd A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThree herbicide premixes have recently been introduced for weed control in wheat: halauxifen + florasulam, thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil + bicyclopyrone. The objective of this study was to evaluate these herbicides along with older products for their control of small-seeded false flax in winter wheat in Oklahoma. Studies took place during the 2017, 2018, and 2020 winter wheat growing seasons. Weed control was visually estimated every 2 wk throughout the growing season, and wheat yield was collected in all 3 yr. Small-seeded false flax diameter was approximately 6 cm at the time of application in all years. Control ranged from 96% to 99% following all treatments with the exception of bicyclopyrone + bromoxynil and dicamba alone, which controlled false flax 90%. All treatments containing an acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicide achieved adequate control; therefore, resistance is not suspected in this population. Halauxifen + florasulam and thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr effectively controlled small-seeded false flax similarly to other standards recommended for broadleaf weed control in wheat in Oklahoma. Rotational use of these products allows producers flexibility in controlling small-seeded false flax and reduces the potential for development of herbicide resistance in this species.
Performance of the Taiwan Earth System Model in Simulating Climate Variability Compared With Observations and CMIP6 Model Simulations
Authors: Wang Yi‐Chi , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung , Chen Chao‐An , Tseng Wan‐Ling , Hsu Pei‐Chun , Lin Cheng‐Wei , Chen Yu‐Luen , Jiang Li‐Chiang , Lee Yu‐Chi , Liang Hsin‐Chien , Chang Wen‐Ming , Lee Wei‐Liang , Shiu Chein‐Jung 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study evaluates the performance of the Taiwan Earth System Model version 1 (TaiESM1) in simulating the observed climate variability in the historical simulation of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 6 (CMIP6). TaiESM1 is developed on the basis of the Community Earth System Model version 1.2.2, with the inclusion of several new physical schemes and improvements in the atmosphere model. The new additions include an improved triggering function in the cumulus convection scheme, a revised distribution‐based formula in the cloud fraction scheme, a new aerosol scheme, and a unique scheme for three‐dimensional surface absorption of shortwave radiation that accounts for the influence of complex terrains. In contrast to the majority of model evaluation processes, which focus mainly on the climatological mean, this evaluation focuses on climate variability parameters, including the diurnal rainfall cycle, precipitation extremes, synoptic eddy activity, intraseasonal fluctuation, monsoon evolution, and interannual and multidecadal atmospheric and oceanic teleconnection patterns. A series of intercomparisons between the simulations of TaiESM1 and CMIP6 models and observations indicate that TaiESM1, a participating model in CMIP6, can realistically simulate the observed climate variability at various time scales and are among the leading CMIP6 models in terms of many key climate features.
A Graphical Interpretation of the Rescaled Complementary Relationship for Evapotranspiration
Authors: Crago Richard D. , Qualls Russell J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWet‐surface evaporation equations related to the Penman equation can be represented graphically on vapor pressure (e) versus temperature (T) graphs (Qualls & Crago, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr026766). Here, actual regional evaporation is represented graphically on (e, T) graphs using the Complementary Relationship (CR) between actual and apparent potential evaporation. The CR proposed by the authors can be represented in a simple and intuitive geometric form, in which lines representing the regional latent heat flux, LE, and the wet surface (Priestley & Taylor, 1972, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:otaosh>2.3.co;2) evaporation rate, LEPT, intersect at e = 0. This approach allows a graphical estimate of LE (or the corresponding mathematical formulation), provided available energy, wind speed, air temperature and humidity, and roughness lengths for momentum and sensible heat are available. The wet surface temperature is needed, and a calculation method for it is provided. The formulation works well using monthly data from seven sites in Australia, even when the same value of the Priestley & Taylor parameter α is used for all sites. Overall, compared to eddy covariance measurements, root mean square difference averaged 19 W m−2; this compares favorably with the CR formulation proposed by Brutsaert (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017720).
A Robust Drought Index Accounting Changing Precipitation Characteristics
Authors: Singh Gauranshi Raj , Dhanya C. T. , Chakravorty Aniket 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA realistic evaluation of drought onset is inevitable for the effective implementation of mitigation strategies. Meteorological droughts indicating the onset of drought propagation are usually quantified through unbiased indices that consider the month‐wise magnitude variations in historical climatic variables, while completely ignoring their intramonthly distributions. However, the applicability of such indices under the present scenario of changing climate, where intense short wet spells are reportedly increasing, is questionable. Such changes in the wet spells could eventually lead to prolonged intramonthly dry spells, which in turn will pose many agricultural and socioeconomic risks. To monitor the changed scenario realistically, we propose a new drought index—the Standardized Net‐Precipitation Distribution Index (SNEPI), which incorporates the distribution characteristics of the daily net‐precipitation variable. The applicability of SNEPI is critically evaluated using synthetically generated and observed precipitation series over six diverse climatic locations of India, at 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month time scales. The utility of SNEPI is more profound for longer time scales, understandably due to the enhanced emphasis imparted on the distribution of rainfall spells by the longer periods. Standardized Net‐Precipitation Distribution Index proves to be efficient in capturing the present scenario of increasing dryness (wetness) in wet (dry) regions when compared with the traditional Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Hence, the proposed index, which incorporates the changing precipitation characteristics, may aid in better quantification and monitoring of meteorological drought under the scenario of changing climate.
Redefining differential roles of MAO-A in dopamine degradation and MAO-B in tonic GABA synthesis
Authors: Cho Hyun-U , Kim Sunpil , Sim Jeongeun , Yang Seulkee , An Heeyoung , Nam Min-Ho , Jang Dong-Pyo , Lee C. Justin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMonoamine oxidase (MAO) is believed to mediate the degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine, in the brain. Between the two types of MAO, MAO-B has been believed to be involved in dopamine degradation, which supports the idea that the therapeutic efficacy of MAO-B inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease can be attributed to an increase in extracellular dopamine concentration. However, this belief has been controversial. Here, by utilizing in vivo phasic and basal electrochemical monitoring of extracellular dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and multiple-cyclic square wave voltammetry and ex vivo fluorescence imaging of dopamine with GRABDA2m, we demonstrate that MAO-A, but not MAO-B, mainly contributes to striatal dopamine degradation. In contrast, our whole-cell patch-clamp results demonstrated that MAO-B, but not MAO-A, was responsible for astrocytic GABA-mediated tonic inhibitory currents in the rat striatum. We conclude that, in contrast to the traditional belief, MAO-A and MAO-B have profoundly different roles: MAO-A regulates dopamine levels, whereas MAO-B controls tonic GABA levels.
DNA damage repair: historical perspectives, mechanistic pathways and clinical translation for targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Huang Ruixue , Zhou Ping-Kun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGenomic instability is the hallmark of various cancers with the increasing accumulation of DNA damage. The application of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is typically based on this property of cancers. However, the adverse effects including normal tissues injury are also accompanied by the radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Targeted cancer therapy has the potential to suppress cancer cells’ DNA damage response through tailoring therapy to cancer patients lacking specific DNA damage response functions. Obviously, understanding the broader role of DNA damage repair in cancers has became a basic and attractive strategy for targeted cancer therapy, in particular, raising novel hypothesis or theory in this field on the basis of previous scientists’ findings would be important for future promising druggable emerging targets. In this review, we first illustrate the timeline steps for the understanding the roles of DNA damage repair in the promotion of cancer and cancer therapy developed, then we summarize the mechanisms regarding DNA damage repair associated with targeted cancer therapy, highlighting the specific proteins behind targeting DNA damage repair that initiate functioning abnormally duo to extrinsic harm by environmental DNA damage factors, also, the DNA damage baseline drift leads to the harmful intrinsic targeted cancer therapy. In addition, clinical therapeutic drugs for DNA damage and repair including therapeutic effects, as well as the strategy and scheme of relative clinical trials were intensive discussed. Based on this background, we suggest two hypotheses, namely “environmental gear selection” to describe DNA damage repair pathway evolution, and “DNA damage baseline drift”, which may play a magnified role in mediating repair during cancer treatment. This two new hypothesis would shed new light on targeted cancer therapy, provide a much better or more comprehensive holistic view and also promote the development of new research direction and new overcoming strategies for patients.
Frequency comb ptychoscopy
Authors: Benirschke David J. , Han Ningren , Burghoff David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMultiheterodyne techniques using frequency combs—radiation sources whose lines are perfectly evenly-spaced—have revolutionized science. By beating sources with the many lines of a comb, their spectra are recovered. Even so, these approaches are fundamentally limited to probing coherent sources, such as lasers. They are unable to measure most spectra that occur in nature. Here we present frequency comb ptychoscopy, a technique that allows for the spectrum of any complex broadband source to be retrieved using a comb. In this approach, the spectrum is reconstructed by unfolding the simultaneous beating of a source with each comb line. We demonstrate this both theoretically and experimentally, at microwave frequencies. This approach can reconstruct the spectrum of nearly any complex source to high resolution, and the speed, resolution, and generality of this technique will allow chip-scale frequency combs to have an impact in a wide swath of new applications, such as remote sensing and passive spectral imaging.
Signaling of MK2 sustains robust AP1 activity for triple negative breast cancer tumorigenesis through direct phosphorylation of JAB1
Authors: Chen Haoming , Padia Ravi , Li Tao , Li Yue , Li Bin , Jin Lingtao , Huang Shuang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTriple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are generally more invasive than estrogen receptor-positive (ER + ) breast cancer cells. Consistent with the importance of activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factors in invasion, AP1 activity is much higher in TNBC lines than ER + lines. In TNBC cells, robust AP1 activity is facilitated by both ERK and p38MAPK signaling pathways. While ERK signaling pathway regulates AP1 activity by controlling the abundance of AP1 transcription factors, p38MAPK signaling pathway does it by enhancing AP1 binding to AP1 sites without altering their abundance. Here, we show that p38MAPK regulation of AP1 activity involves both MAPKAPK2 (MK2) and JAB1, a known JUN-binding protein. MK2 not only interacts with JAB1 but also directly phosphorylates JAB1 at Ser177 in TNBC cells. Interestingly, Ser177 phosphorylation does not affect JAB1 and JUN interaction. Instead, interfering with p38MAPK signaling pathway or introducing an S to A point mutation at Ser177 of JAB1 reduces JUN recruitment to the AP1 sites in cyclin D1, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor promoters. Moreover, knockdown of JAB1 diminishes >60% of AP1 transcriptional activity in TNBC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that MK2-mediated phosphorylation of JAB1 facilitates JUN recruitment to AP1 sites, thus augmenting AP1 activity. In line with the role of JAB1 in AP1 activity, silencing JAB1 leads to dramatic reduction in TNBC cell growth, in vitro invasion and in vivo tumor outgrowth. This study suggests that the p38MAPK-MK2 signaling pathway promotes TNBC tumorigenesis by sustaining robust AP1 activity.
Autonomous reinforcement learning agent for stretchable kirigami design of 2D materials
Authors: Rajak Pankaj , Wang Beibei , Nomura Ken-ichi , Luo Ye , Nakano Aiichiro , Kalia Rajiv , Vashishta Priya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMechanical behavior of 2D materials such as MoS2 can be tuned by the ancient art of kirigami. Experiments and atomistic simulations show that 2D materials can be stretched more than 50% by strategic insertion of cuts. However, designing kirigami structures with desired mechanical properties is highly sensitive to the pattern and location of kirigami cuts. We use reinforcement learning (RL) to generate a wide range of highly stretchable MoS2 kirigami structures. The RL agent is trained by a small fraction (1.45%) of molecular dynamics simulation data, randomly sampled from a search space of over 4 million candidates for MoS2 kirigami structures with 6 cuts. After training, the RL agent not only proposes 6-cut kirigami structures that have stretchability above 45%, but also gains mechanistic insight to propose highly stretchable (above 40%) kirigami structures consisting of 8 and 10 cuts from a search space of billion candidates as zero-shot predictions.
Corrosion of ternary borosilicate glass in acidic solution studied in operando by fluid-cell Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Lenting Christoph , Geisler Thorsten 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFluid-cell Raman spectroscopy is a space and time-resolving application allowing in operando studies of dynamic processes during solution–solid interactions. A currently heavily debated example is the corrosion mechanism of borosilicate glasses, which are the favoured material for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste. With an upgraded fluid-cell lid design made entirely from the glass sample itself, we present the polymerization of the surface alteration layer over time in an initially acidic environment, including the differentiation between pore and surface-adsorbed water within it. Our results support an interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation model, which opposes traditional ion-exchange models for the corrosion mechanism. A sound description of the corrosion mechanism is essential for reliable numerical models to predict the corrosion rate of nuclear waste glasses during long-term storage in a geological repository.
Differential polarization and activation dynamics of systemic T helper cell subsets after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and during post-SAH complications
Authors: Chaudhry Shafqat Rasul , Kahlert Ulf Dietrich , Kinfe Thomas Mehari , Endl Elmar , Dolf Andreas , Niemelä Mika , Hänggi Daniel , Muhammad Sajjad 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Devastating post-SAH complications, such as cerebral vasospasm (CVS), delayed cerebral ischemia or seizures to mention a few, are mainly responsible for the poor clinical outcome. Inflammation plays an indispensable role during early brain injury (EBI) and delayed brain injury (DBI) phases over which these complications arise. T helper cells are the major cytokine secreting cells of adaptive immunity that can polarize to multiple functionally unique sub-populations. Here, we investigate different CD4+ T cell subsets during EBI and DBI phases after SAH, and their dynamics during post-SAH complications. Peripheral venous blood from 15 SAH patients during EBI and DBI phases, was analyzed by multicolour flowcytometry. Different subsets of CD3+ CD4+ T cells were characterized by differential cell surface expression of CXCR3 and CCR6 into Th1, Th2, Th17, whereas Tregs were defined by CD25hiCD127lo. The analysis of activation states was done by the expression of stable activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR. Interestingly, compared to healthy controls, Tregs were significantly increased during both EBI and DBI phases. Different activation states of Tregs showed differential significant increase during EBI and DBI phases compared to controls. HLA-DR− CD38+ Tregs were significantly increased during DBI phase compared to EBI phase in SAH patients developing CVS, seizures and infections. However, HLA-DR− CD38− Tregs were significantly reduced during EBI phase in patients with cerebral ischemia (CI) compared to those without CI. HLA-DR− CD38− Th2 cells were significantly increased during EBI phase compared to controls. A significant reduction in Th17/Tregs and HLA-DR− CD38+ Th17/Tregs ratios was observed during both EBI and DBI phases compared to controls. While HLA-DR− CD38− Th17/Tregs and HLA-DR− CD38− Th1/Th2 ratios were impaired only during EBI phase compared to controls. In conclusion, CD4+ T cell subsets display dynamic and unique activation patterns after SAH and during the course of the manifestation of post-SAH complications, which may be helpful for the development of precision neurovascular care. However, to claim this, confirmatory studies with larger patient cohorts, ideally from different ethnic backgrounds, are required. Moreover, our descriptive study may be the grounds for subsequent lab endeavors to explore the underlying mechanisms of our observations.
Natal origin and age-specific egress of Pacific bluefin tuna from coastal nurseries revealed with geochemical markers
Authors: Rooker Jay R. , Wells R. J. David , Block Barbara A. , Liu Hui , Baumann Hannes , Chiang Wei-Chuan , Sluis Michelle Zapp , Miller Nathaniel R. , Mohan John A. , Ohshimo Seiji , Tanaka Yosuke , Dance Michael A. , Dewar Heidi , Snodgrass Owyn E. , Shiao Jen-Chieh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGeochemical chronologies were constructed from otoliths of adult Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) to investigate the timing of age-specific egress of juveniles from coastal nurseries in the East China Sea or Sea of Japan to offshore waters of the Pacific Ocean. Element:Ca chronologies were developed for otolith Li, Mg, Mn, Zn, Sr, and Ba, and our assessment focused on the section of the otolith corresponding to the age-0 to age-1 + interval. Next, we applied a common time-series approach to geochemical profiles to identify divergences presumably linked to inshore-offshore migrations. Conspicuous geochemical shifts were detected during the juvenile interval for Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, and Sr:Ca that were indicative of coastal-offshore transitions or egress generally occurring for individuals approximately 4–6 mo. old, with later departures (6 mo. or older) linked to overwintering being more limited. Changepoints in otolith Ba:Ca profiles were most common in the early age-1 period (ca. 12–16 mo.) and appear associated with entry into upwelling areas such as the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem following trans-Pacific migrations. Natal origin of PBT was also predicted using the early life portion of geochemical profile in relation to a baseline sample comprised of age-0 PBT from the two primary spawning areas in the East China Sea and Sea of Japan. Mixed-stock analysis indicated that the majority (66%) of adult PBT in our sample originated from the East China Sea, but individuals of Sea of Japan origin were also detected in the Ryukyu Archipelago.
In silico designing of vaccine candidate against Clostridium difficile
Authors: Basak Srijita , Deb Debashrito , Narsaria Utkarsh , Kar Tamalika , Castiglione Filippo , Sanyal Indraneel , Bade Pratap D. , Srivastava Anurag P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractClostridium difficile is a spore-forming gram-positive bacterium, recognized as the primary cause of antibiotic-associated nosocomial diarrhoea. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as a major health-associated infection with increased incidence and hospitalization over the years with high mortality rates. Contamination and infection occur after ingestion of vegetative spores, which germinate in the gastro-intestinal tract. The surface layer protein and flagellar proteins are responsible for the bacterial colonization while the spore coat protein, is associated with spore colonization. Both these factors are the main concern of the recurrence of CDI in hospitalized patients. In this study, the CotE, SlpA and FliC proteins are chosen to form a multivalent, multi-epitopic, chimeric vaccine candidate using the immunoinformatics approach. The overall reliability of the candidate vaccine was validated in silico and the molecular dynamics simulation verified the stability of the vaccine designed. Docking studies showed stable vaccine interactions with Toll‐Like Receptors of innate immune cells and MHC receptors. In silico codon optimization of the vaccine and its insertion in the cloning vector indicates a competent expression of the modelled vaccine in E. coli expression system. An in silico immune simulation system evaluated the effectiveness of the candidate vaccine to trigger a protective immune response.
Direct RT-PCR amplification of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical samples using a concentrated viral lysis-amplification buffer prepared with IGEPAL-630
Authors: Castellanos-Gonzalez Alejandro , Shelite Thomas R. , Lloyd Nicole , Sadiqova Aygul , Ping Ren , Williams-Bouyer Natalie , Melby Peter C. , Travi Bruno L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe pandemic of 2019 caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is still rapidly spreading worldwide. Nucleic acid amplification serves as the gold standard method for confirmation of COVID-19 infection. However, challenges faced for diagnostic laboratories from undeveloped countries includes shortage of kits and supplies to purify viral RNA. Therefore, it is urgent to validate alternative nucleic acid isolation methods for SARS-CoV-2. Our results demonstrate that a concentrated viral lysis amplification buffer (vLAB) prepared with the nonionic detergent IGEPAL enables qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 by direct Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (dRT-PCR). Furthermore, vLAB was effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2. Since this method is inexpensive and no RNA purification equipment or additional cDNA synthesis is required, this dRT-PCR with vLAB should be considered as an alternative method for qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2.