bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting Digital Fires
Authors: Schrijvers Erik , Prins Corien , Passchier Reijer 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSuppose a ‘fire’ breaks out in the digital realm. Which fire brigade would we call? Do we sufficiently understand the vulnerabilities? What should we prioritize in our fire-fighting efforts? What powers do the authorities have to minimize the number of victims and to limit the damage? Are their powers commensurate for our digital world? These questions take on renewed urgency when the ‘fire’ in question is not limited to the digital domain but, left unchecked, has the ability to disrupt the ‘real world’ and undermine confidence in public institutions. Answering these questions inevitably leads to fundamental questions about the role of government, citizens and businesses. These themes are the subject of this report.
Societal Disruption
Authors: Schrijvers Erik , Prins Corien , Passchier Reijer 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis section first explains the concept of ‘societal disruption’ to clarify what type of events we are addressing in this report. If events have a significant digital component, we speak of ‘digital disruption’. Because societal disruption in policy practice is often linked to national security and ‘critical assets’, we also consider the classification of critical processes and critical infrastructure.
Digitization and Societal Disruption
Authors: Schrijvers Erik , Prins Corien , Passchier Reijer 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDigitization is placing new demands on how we deal with incidents that threaten to undermine core societal functions and processes. Societal disruption will almost inevitably flow from the disruption or failure of digital infrastructure given the interdependence of the digital and physical realms. Digitization also poses new challenges for policy makers as the use of digital technology leads to complex, cross-border networks with geopolitical implications.
Preparing for Digital Disruption
Authors: Schrijvers Erik , Prins Corien , Passchier Reijer 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrevention is better than cure, goes the adage. There is much to be said for prevention, especially when there is a chance to avoid the consequences of disruption altogether. But even if we take every preventive measure under the sun, we can never entirely exclude the possibility of serious disruption to the normal functioning of society. We therefore need to be prepared and to have early-warning mechanisms that can alert us when things are going awry. If disruption does occur, adequate follow-up action is vital. Recovery and reconstruction are key if society is to resume its normal functioning as rapidly as possible.
Development of the Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord Tissue Based on Radioanatomical and Histological Studies in Cattle
Authors: Thron Armin , Stoeter Peter , Schiessl Jasmin , Prescher Andreas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Angiographic techniques have gained increasing importance in suspected vascular disease of the spinal cord. This demands an advanced understanding of spinal cord blood vessel anatomy and its embryologically founded broad spectrum of variations. The aim of this study was to improve knowledge on contentious issues concerning the development of spinal cord arterial supply in higher mammals and to offer visual information of high didactic value.

Methods
The prenatal development was examined in cattle, using multiplanar high-resolution microangiography of injected specimens and microscopic sections. The gestational ages of the 15 specimens were between the late embryonic and the early fetal period (5–11 weeks). Microangiography of the human spinal cord from an earlier published study were used to envisage an adult arterial vascularization pattern in higher mammals.

Results
Establishment of the unpaired anterior spinal artery (ASA) goes through two procedures of reconfiguration until achieving its final design. Regression of the primarily established anteromedian tract is observed in cattle fetuses of 9–10 weeks. Return to the ontogenetic disposition of bilateral symmetry and a burst of vascularization from all parts of the spinal meninges follow and include the anterior median fissure as a preferred vascular pathway. Large sulcal/central arteries longitudinally anastomosing between each other emerge on both sides of the midline. The embryological pattern of exclusive peripheral medullary supply must have been converted into a combined system of predominant central (centrifugal) supply of the enlargements before a final unpaired ASA can be reconstructed.

Conclusion
Previous investigators focused on the early embryonic development of spinal cord arteries and missed the profound remodeling of the vascular architecture in the early fetal period.
On the Parabolic and Hyperbolic Liouville Equations
Authors: Oh Tadahiro , Robert Tristan , Wang Yuzhao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe study the two-dimensional stochastic nonlinear heat equation (SNLH) and stochastic damped nonlinear wave equation (SdNLW) with an exponential nonlinearity $$\lambda \beta e^{\beta u }$$

λ
β

e

β
u

, forced by an additive space-time white noise. (i) We first study SNLH for general $$\lambda \in {\mathbb {R}}$$

λ
∈
R

. By establishing higher moment bounds of the relevant Gaussian multiplicative chaos and exploiting the positivity of the Gaussian multiplicative chaos, we prove local well-posedness of SNLH for the range $$0< \beta ^2 < \frac{8 \pi }{3 + 2 \sqrt{2}} \simeq 1.37 \pi $$

0
<

β
2

<

8
π

3
+
2

2

≃
1.37
π

. Our argument yields stability under the noise perturbation, thus improving Garban’s local well-posedness result (2020). (ii) In the defocusing case $$\lambda >0$$

λ
>
0

, we exploit a certain sign-definite structure in the equation and the positivity of the Gaussian multiplicative chaos. This allows us to prove global well-posedness of SNLH for the range: $$0< \beta ^2 < 4\pi $$

0
<

β
2

<
4
π

. (iii) As for SdNLW in the defocusing case $$\lambda > 0$$

λ
>
0

, we go beyond the Da Prato-Debussche argument and introduce a decomposition of the nonlinear component, allowing us to recover a sign-definite structure for a rough part of the unknown, while the other part enjoys a stronger smoothing property. As a result, we reduce SdNLW into a system of equations (as in the paracontrolled approach for the dynamical $$\Phi ^4_3$$

Φ
3
4

-model) and prove local well-posedness of SdNLW for the range: $$0< \beta ^2 < \frac{32 - 16\sqrt{3}}{5}\pi \simeq 0.86\pi $$

0
<

β
2

<

32
-
16

3

5

π
≃
0.86
π

. This result (translated to the context of random data well-posedness for the deterministic nonlinear wave equation with an exponential nonlinearity) solves an open question posed by Sun and Tzvetkov (2020). (iv) When $$\lambda > 0$$

λ
>
0

, these models formally preserve the associated Gibbs measures with the exponential nonlinearity. Under the same assumption on $$\beta $$
β
as in (ii) and (iii) above, we prove almost sure global well-posedness (in particular for SdNLW) and invariance of the Gibbs measures in both the parabolic and hyperbolic settings. (v) In Appendix, we present an argument for proving local well-posedness of SNLH for general $$\lambda \in {\mathbb {R}}$$

λ
∈
R

without using the positivity of the Gaussian multiplicative chaos. This proves local well-posedness of SNLH for the range $$0< \beta ^2 < \frac{4}{3} \pi \simeq 1.33 \pi $$

0
<

β
2

<

4
3

π
≃
1.33
π

, slightly smaller than that in (i), but provides Lipschitz continuity of the solution map in initial data as well as the noise.
Aktuelles zur antirheumatischen Therapie bei Kinderwunsch, Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit
Authors: Häfeli Celine , Förger Frauke 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungEine aktive chronisch entzündliche Rheumaerkrankung birgt in der Schwangerschaft Risiken für Mutter und Kind. Remission oder inaktive Erkrankung sind somit das Ziel, das im Hinblick auf die mütterliche Gesundheit und auf den Schwangerschaftsausgang zu verfolgen ist. Die antirheumatische Therapie sollte gemäß internationalen Empfehlungen bereits bei geplanter Schwangerschaft angepasst werden. Zu den erwiesenen teratogenen Antirheumatika zählen Mycophenolat, Methotrexat, Cyclophosphamid und Thalidomid, diese müssen ca. 3 Monate vor der Konzeption abgesetzt werden. Leflunomid ist ein schwaches humanes Teratogen, das vor einer Schwangerschaft abgesetzt und medikamentös ausgewaschen werden soll. Aufgrund einer unzureichenden Datenlage sollten Apremilast und JAK(Januskinase)-Inhibitoren sowie neuere Biologika in der Schwangerschaft vermieden werden. Als kompatibel mit einer Schwangerschaft gelten die Antirheumatika Hydroxychloroquin, Sulfasalazin, Azathioprin, Ciclosporin, Tacrolimus, Colchicum, nichtselektive NSAR (nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika), niedrig dosiertes Prednison/Prednisolon sowie TNF(Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor)-Hemmer. Auch in der Stillzeit sind diese Antirheumatika möglich, darüber hinaus auch andere Biologika wie Rituximab. In einem Beratungsgespräch bei Schwangerschaftsplanung sollten mit der Patientin der Nutzen sowie die internationalen Empfehlungen zur schwangerschaftskompatiblen Antirheumatikatherapie gegenüber den fetomaternalen Risiken einer aktiven Erkrankung besprochen werden, um eine gemeinsame Entscheidungsfindung zu ermöglichen.
Distribution of preoperative angle alpha and angle kappa values in patients undergoing multifocal refractive lens surgery based on a positive contact lens test
Authors: Baenninger Philipp B. , Rinert Janosch , Bachmann Lucas M. , Iselin Katja C. , Sanak Frantisek , Pfaeffli Oliver , Kaufmann Claude , Thiel Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To assess the preoperative objective angle alpha and angle kappa measurements of patients deciding to undergo multifocal refractive lens surgery based on a subjective positive multifocal contact lens test (MCLT).

Methods
Retrospective, consecutive case series. Alpha and kappa angles were measured using the iTrace aberrometer. All patients also performed a 1-week MCLT. Only patients with a positive MCLT underwent surgery. Visual outcome (UCVA) was obtained in the 1-year follow-up. We assessed the preoperative distribution of angle values within MCLT positive and negative patient groups.

Results
Two hundred seventeen eyes (111 patients) were included. Mean age was 56.4 years (SD 5.6) and 46.9% were female. In 71 eyes (38 patients), MCLT was positive. Of them, 12 eyes (17%) had an angle alpha and angle kappa ≥ 0.5mm. Of 146 eyes (73 patients) who refrained from surgery due to a negative MCLT, 71 eyes (48.6%) had both angles small (<0.5mm). In the 1-year follow-up, UCVA improved by 0.68 logMAR (SD 0.51; p<0.001) from baseline. Eyes with both small angle alpha and kappa sizes improved by 0.78 logMAR (SD 0.56), as did eyes with high (≥0.5mm) angle sizes (0.82 logMAR (SD 0.53). UCVA of eyes (n=24) with high alpha but low kappa sizes improved less (−0.31 logMAR (SD 0.13; p=0.019)).

Conclusion
Four out of five patients with a positive MCLT also had correspondingly small angle values. One-half of patients with low preoperative angle values refrained from surgery due to a negative MCLT result. One-year visual acuity improvement was substantial and independent from angle sizes.
Analysis of medication-induced xerostomia in elderly Japanese patients
Authors: Minagi Hitomi Ono , Yamanaka Yoshie , Nohara Kanji , Ikai Kazuki , Sakai Takayoshi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the general condition of elderly xerostomia patients, we collected their background and medication data in order to potentially treat their xerostomia. It is critical to identify the drugs causing xerostomia in elderly patients. A total of 521 patients who were examined at the Xerostomia Clinic of Osaka University Dental Hospital were included in the study. We obtained patients’ data on age, sex, number of primary illnesses, Saxon test scores, oral moisture test, subjective symptoms, and drug types from their clinical records.

Results
The mean age of the patients was 65.2 ± 13.3 years. Although all patients exhibited xerostomia symptoms, there were a lot of patients without hyposalivation. With respect to medication, each elderly xerostomia patient took an average of 6.8 ± 4.4 medicines. A total of 26.1% of patients in their 70 s took more than ten number of drugs. In addition, the number of frequently used medication medicine was different between elderly and young patients. Most of the medicines had xerostomia as a side effect in medical package inserts. Moreover, the quantity of salivation significantly decreased in patients who took more than seven drugs in comparison with the patients who did not take medicine.

Conclusions
As patients age, the number of medications they take tends to increase, subsequently increasing their risk of xerostomia. For the health of the patients, it is critical that an accurate diagnosis is made.

Clinical relevance
To establish therapeutic strategies for treatment of xerostomia, this study provides new and important information that will help in the development of xerostomia medical treatment.
Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma after primary surgical treatment: a retrospective study
Authors: Zittel Sven , Moratin Julius , Horn Dominik , Metzger Karl , Ristow Oliver , Engel Michael , Mrosek Jan , Freier Kolja , Hoffmann Jürgen , Freudlsperger Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesSurvival for patients with recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma is usually poor, and the most effective treatment has not yet been clearly defined. The present study evaluates the outcome in radiotherapy-naïve patients after recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma with respect to different treatment modalities including surgery, radiation, chemoradiation, and palliative treatment.Patients and methodsIn this retrospective study, we included all patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma who received exclusively surgical therapy between 2010 and 2020 and who suffered from locoregional recurrence in their follow-up. Patients with previous adjuvant therapy were excluded from this protocol. Clinical and pathological parameters were collected and statistically evaluated. Survival analysis was performed according to Kaplan–Meier. The primary endpoints were overall and progression-free survival in dependance of treatment strategy for recurrent tumors.ResultsOut of a total of 538 patients with surgically treated primary oral squamous cell carcinoma, 76 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean follow-up was 38 ± 32 months. Patients who received surgically based therapy had a significantly better outcome in terms of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (DFSp < 0.001; OSp < 0.001). The presence of regional metastases and a short disease-free interval (DFI) between primary and recurrent cancer were significant predictors for adverse outcomes (DFIp < 0.001).ConclusionWe recommend primary surgical therapy for radiotherapy-naïve patients with recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma, supplemented by risk-adapted adjuvant therapy.Clinical relevanceSurgical therapy continues to play a central role in the treatment of radiotherapy-naïve patients with recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Risk Assessment for Key Socio-Economic and Ecological Species in a Sub-Arctic Marine Ecosystem Under Combined Ocean Acidification and Warming
Authors: Oostdijk Maartje , Sturludóttir Erla , Santos Maria J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Arctic may be particularly vulnerable to the consequences of both ocean acidification (OA) and global warming, given the faster pace of these processes in comparison with global average speeds. Here, we use the Atlantis ecosystem model to assess how the trophic network of marine fishes and invertebrates in the Icelandic waters is responding to the combined pressures of OA and warming. We develop an approach where we first identify species by their economic (catch value), social (number of participants in fisheries), or ecological (keystone species) importance. We then use literature-determined ranges of sensitivity to OA and warming for different species and functional groups in the Icelandic waters to parametrize model runs for different scenarios of warming and OA. We found divergent species responses to warming and acidification levels; (mainly) planktonic groups and forage fish benefited while (mainly) benthic groups and predatory fish decreased under warming and acidification scenarios. Assuming conservative harvest rates for the largest catch-value species, Atlantic cod, we see that the population is projected to remain stable under even the harshest acidification and warming scenario. Further, for the scenarios where the model projects reductions in biomass of Atlantic cod, other species in the ecosystem increase, likely due to a reduction in competition and predation. These results highlight the interdependencies of multiple global change drivers and their cascading effects on trophic organization, and the continued high abundance of an important species from a socio-economic perspective in the Icelandic fisheries.
CO2 laser colposcopic guided surgery for the see and treat management of VHSIL: a preliminary experience
Authors: Bianchi C. , Auzzi N. , Turrini I. , De Magnis A. , Fallani M. G. , Fambrini M. , Pieralli A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of CO2 laser colposcopic guided surgery performed in an outpatient see and treat setting in the management of VHSIL. Women with a suspected diagnosis of VHSIL and no vulvoscopic suspicion of vSCC were enrolled. An electronic register of CO2 laser treatment was created where description of performing parameters (excision or ablation) was specified and personal history was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher’s exact test. Relative risks (RR) of risk factor were calculated and expressed in odds. From September 2014 to September 2018, we enrolled a total of 63 patients who underwent CO2 laser procedure and had a minimum follow-up time of 2 years at Careggi University Hospital in Florence. Forty-eight (76.2%) patients underwent laser excision and 15 (23.8%) patients underwent ablative treatment without histological results. Undertreatment was performed in 3 cases (6.3%) with definitive histology of vSCC. Therapeutical appropriateness of CO2 laser excision was reached in 85.4% of the cases (41/48). No volunteer loss to follow-up was registered; thus, fidelity to treatment was assess at 100%. Recurrence rate within 2 years attested in 8/60 followed patients (13.3%). No personal factor was found to influence the VHSIL course. CO2 laser excision may represent an excellent therapeutic option to VHSIL because it provides adequate oncological purpose with good cosmetic and functional results and high patients’ loyalty to treatment. An expert team could allow to undergo patients with VHSIL suspicion to unique diagnostic and therapeutic procedure with significant benefits.
Investigating Cortical Responses to Noise-Vocoded Speech in Children with Normal Hearing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Authors: Mushtaq Faizah , Wiggins Ian M. , Kitterick Pádraig T. , Anderson Carly A. , Hartley Douglas E. H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhilst functional neuroimaging has been used to investigate cortical processing of degraded speech in adults, much less is known about how these signals are processed in children. An enhanced understanding of cortical correlates of poor speech perception in children would be highly valuable to oral communication applications, including hearing devices. We utilised vocoded speech stimuli to investigate brain responses to degraded speech in 29 normally hearing children aged 6–12 years. Intelligibility of the speech stimuli was altered in two ways by (i) reducing the number of spectral channels and (ii) reducing the amplitude modulation depth of the signal. A total of five different noise-vocoded conditions (with zero, partial or high intelligibility) were presented in an event-related format whilst participants underwent functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging. Participants completed a word recognition task during imaging, as well as a separate behavioural speech perception assessment. fNIRS recordings revealed statistically significant sensitivity to stimulus intelligibility across several brain regions. More intelligible stimuli elicited stronger responses in temporal regions, predominantly within the left hemisphere, while right inferior parietal regions showed an opposite, negative relationship. Although there was some evidence that partially intelligible stimuli elicited the strongest responses in the left inferior frontal cortex, a region previous studies have suggested is associated with effortful listening in adults, this effect did not reach statistical significance. These results further our understanding of cortical mechanisms underlying successful speech perception in children. Furthermore, fNIRS holds promise as a clinical technique to help assess speech intelligibility in paediatric populations.
Akut symptomatische Anfälle bei Neonaten und Einsatz des amplitudenintegrierten EEGs (aEEG)
Authors: Klebermass-Schrehof Katrin 
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Anfälle beim Neugeborenen sind in den allermeisten Fällen Symptom einer zugrunde liegenden neurologischen Störung im Sinne von „akut symptomatischen Anfällen“. Die Diagnose von neonatalen Anfällen erfolgt laut ILAE (International Liga Against Epilepsy) nur über die Elektroenzephalografie, und erst dann wird beschrieben, ob die Anfälle von klinischen Symptomen begleitet werden oder nicht. Somit hat sich in den letzten Jahren die vereinfachte Methode des amplitudenintegrierten EEGs (aEEG) als direkt am Krankenbett einsetzbare Methode zum Langzeitmonitoring als hilfreich erwiesen und stellt nicht nur eine „kompensatorische Maßnahme“ bis zur Verfügbarkeit eines konventionellen EEGs dar.

Ziel der Arbeit
In diesem Artikel wird der Einsatz des aEEGs bei neonatalen Anfällen diskutiert.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion
Zur genaueren Erfassung der „seizure burden“ (Anfallsdauer über einen definierten Zeitraum) und zur Therapiesteuerung stellt das aEEG neben dem konventionellen Video-EEG eine hilfreiche zusätzliche Methode dar. Die Dauer und Häufigkeit der Anfälle, die Hintergrundaktivität und die Erfahrung des Befunders spielen bei der Erkennung von Anfällen im aEEG eine entscheidende Rolle. Nur kurz dauernde, fokale oder sich nur wenig von der Grundaktivität unterscheidende Anfälle können weniger gut erfasst werden, wobei länger dauernde Anfälle, die sich regional ausbreiten von einem erfahrenen Befunder in bis zu 85 % auch mittels aEEG erkannt werden können. Da es zunehmend Daten gibt, dass die „seizure burden“ mit dem entwicklungsneurologischen Outcome korreliert, ist eine möglichst kontinuierliche elektrophysiologische Überwachung dieser Patienten anzustreben. Hier kann das aEEG einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten.