bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of Statistical Nonsignificance and Retrolental Fibroplasia
Authors: Day Richard L. , Dell Ralph B. , Darlington Richard B. , Fleiss Joseph L. 
Published: December 2021

An important and well-documented Supplement to Pediatrics was published in April 1976 entitled "History of Oxygen Therapy and Retrolental Fibroplasia."1 It was prepared by the Committee on the Fetus and the Newborn, with the aid of several consultants, and was edited by L. Stanley James, M.D., and Jonathan T. Lanman, M.D.
Unfortunately, there is a misprint on page 612 that has caused serious confusion and misunderstanding. A key study by Lanman et al2 is misquoted as follows: "Mortality in the low oxygen group was somewhat higher than in the high oxygen group, but the difference was not statistically (p .03)."
A TEN-YEAR-OLD VIEWS LIFE—AND DEATH
Authors: Hudson Virginia Cary 
Published: December 2021

Most of the things you get somebody dies so you can get it, but you have to die your own self to get Everlasting Life.
When you are as dead as a doornail, God gives it to you, and you can't get rid of it. You can't buy it, or sell it, or trade it. You have to keep it whether it suits you or not. When you take it to Heaven with you, that's good, but when you have to take it along with you to Hell, that's different. Bishop Jordan told me Everlasting Life was God's precious gift, and I told him if it was just the same with God, I could think of things I would like better.
Latrogenic Second-Degree Burn Caused by a Transilluminator
Authors: Mcartor Robert D. , Saunders Brian S. 
Published: December 2021

The use of transillumination in medicine has increased dramatically since it was first recorded in 1831 by Richard Bright.1 Among the suggested uses of this technique have been transillumination of the skull (1960s),2.3 of the abdomen (1968),4 for pulmonary air leaks (1975),5 and for venipuncture6 and arterial puncture7 (1977). Complications with permanent sequelae have not been documented previously.
CASE REPORT
A 900-gm female infant was the product of a twin gestation; delivery was premature at 32 weeks. The infant's left wrist was transilluminated to facilitate puncture of the radial artery. The transilluminator was placed against the dorsum of the left wrist for approximately one minute.
Further Experience With Intragastric Oxygen Measurement to Diagnose H-Type Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Authors: Powers William F. 
Published: December 2021

In their report on the measurement of elevated intragastric oxygen concentration to detect H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), Korones and Evans1 mention that they waited two years before reporting their experience in hopes of finding additional cases. We have recently encountered two cases of H-type TEF in which the intragastric oxygen test proved helpful in confirming the diagnosis.
CASE REPORTS
Case 1
A 1,925-gm girl was born by repeat cesarean section on December 10, 1977, to a 27-year-old gravida 4, para 4 black woman after 34 weeks' gestation. The mother had had a bloody discharge in the second trimester. Membranes ruptured 17 hours before delivery.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Oral Dicloxacillin Therapy for Osteomyelitis
Authors: Fox Vardith L. 
Published: December 2021

Adverse gastrointestinal reactions to oral dicloxacillin are enumerated as hepatotoxicity, nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, flatulence and loose stools.1 The latter has seldom necessitated discontinuing treatment.2 Gastrointestinal bleeding has not been previously described in the literature as an effect of this drug. A case is presented of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with oral dicloxacillin therapy of acute osteomyelitis.
CASE REPORT
A 16-year-old Mexican-American boy awoke with pain in the left forearm on February 27, 1978. There was no history of trauma, illness, allergy, or drug intolerance. Physical examination was entirely negative except for temperature of 38.3 C and exquisite point tenderness of the left distal ulna, without overlying skin changes.
The Pediatrician and the School
Authors: Vanderpool Nathalie A. , Wright Gregg F. , Nader Philip R. 
Published: December 2021

In this issue of Pediatrics (p 565), the tiresome theme is again sounded: We really should get around to training pediatricians to meet new child health needs and to have influence beyond the office setting in order to promote the health of children. In 1965, we speculated that one of the major reasons preventive health and child advocacy activities were not carried out by more pediatricians is because they have not received adequate training or developed skills to work with community organizations.1
Perhaps one reason such training programs have not mushroomed (how many are there, anyway?) is that no one is really sure what the specific objectives of such a training program should be.
Statement on Teenage Pregnancy
Authors: Cohen Michael I. , Dudenhoeffer Frank E. , Guthrie Andrew , Hammar Sherrell L. , Heald Felix P. , Hofmann Adele D. , Jenkins Renee R. , Long William A. , Millar Hilary E. C. , Shen Jerome T. Y. , Wasserman Martin P. , Wolfish Martin G. 
Published: December 2021

In recent years, a nationwide concern over the "epidemic" of teenage pregnancy has developed. Explanations for this phenomenon have ranged from poor sex education to promiscuity. This statement will review current data and information so that pediatricians responsible for the health care of adolescents can appreciate the implications and consequences of early childbearing.
SEXUAL ACTIVITY AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS
The term adolescence must be used with caution in describing the rapid biological, psychologic, and cognitive changes that take place during the teen years. Teenage girls are considerably different from each other in pubertal and emotional development. In making observations and interpretations about the attitudes, behaviors, and sexual activity of teenage girls, we must use developmental age rather than chronologic age as the standard for comparison. Sexual activity in 12-year-old girls living in intact households1,2 is unusual; therefore, the number of live infants born to mothers in this age group is small. However, more than 50% of 19-year-old girls have engaged in sexual activity, and their fertility rate is comparable to women in their 20s.
The current problems with teenage pregnancies cannot be appreciated fully without understanding adolescent sexual behavior and the secular changes that have taken place. From 1900 to the early 1960s, sexual behavior in the unmarried, teenage population changed. A review of the earlier literature indicates that a significant increase (tenfold) in the incidence of sexual intercourse among single, teenage girls occurred in the early part of this century.3 Measureable changes in the attitude of adolescents toward sexuality became strikingly apparent in the 1960s.
Pediatricians and Pediatric Nurse Practitioners/Associates: Growth of Collegial Relationships
Authors: Dunn Barbara H. 
Published: December 2021

From my vantage point as president of the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates and Practitioners (NAPNAP) during the years 1975-1978, I have had an opportunity to observe and participate in the "growth and development" of professional and interpersonal relationships between pediatricians and pediatric nurse practitioners/associates (PNP/As).
Historically, the specialty of pediatrics has taken a leadership role in areas related to consumer advocacy and the implementation of change: as primary care providers, emphasizing health education and maintenance, prevention, guidance and counseling; as citizens of the larger community, supporting screening and preventive health programs, encouraging development of needed health and educational services for children and their families, and influencing political/social systems to affect change.
The Task Force Report
Authors: Haggerty Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

The Future of Pediatric Education,1 a report by a special Task Force under Dr. C. Henry Kempe, has been widely circulated to practitioners and academicians since its publication in the spring of 1978. Dr. Kempe summarized its recommendations in his presidential address to the American Pediatric Society.2 The Task Force consisted of 17 members representing most of the constituent societies responsible for pediatric education, research, and service in the United States. They worked for two years, commissioned two surveys—one of parents and one of 7,000 recent (since 1964) graduates of pediatric residencies— and met with numerous consultants.
Of the 11 recommendations, most have resulted in little disagreement, perhaps in part because no single group was forced to change its behavior as a result of the study.
TWO AMERICAN CASE REPORTS OF THE SUDDEN DEATH SYNDROME: THE FIRST IN 1686 AND THE SECOND IN 1863
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

I believe the first recorded American case of the sudden infant death syndrome will be found in Samuel Sewall's diary for February 13, 1686.1 He wrote:
Feb. 13, 1686. Mr. Eyre's little son dyed, well to bed: dyed by them [the parents] in the Bed. It seems there is no Symptom of Over-laying.
In 1863 Dr. David W. Cheever of Boston wrote:2
March 9th; "Sudden Death of an Infant without Known Cause":—
An infant, 10 weeks old, apparently in perfect health, suddenly died while sleeping, and after having been asleep one and a half hours.
Parent Education
Authors: Turtle William J. 
Published: December 2021

So much time and money, research and expertise, sophisticated equipment and team effort go into seeing to it that the newborn leaves the hospital normal and healthy! In the midst of this remarkable scientific and technological progress, however, I wonder if something of far-reaching importance isn't being overlooked?
Every baby, whether it's—full term normal—high risk—the product of artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, or some future-day product of in vitro procreation —every baby has to go home, and I find myself asking! to what? As far as I can see, no comparable effort, study, or even interest is going into making sure that something remotely approaching this highly intensive level of care will be maintained in the home.
Is It Worthwhile and What Are the Risks?
Authors: Cohen Daniel L. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Breslow's recent paper1 concerning hyperlipidemia and the role the pediatrician may play in prevention of coronary artery disease provoked considerable controversy at my recent journal club.
It seems clear to most physicians concerned with the problem of preventing arteriosclerosis that a high correlation exists between coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia (LDL), and diets rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. It is assumed on the basis of primary prevention trials in adults (in one study the mean age was 66) that early dietary intervention in childhood may prevent coronary artery disease.2
A CASE OF HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TENDENCY (HEMOPHILIA) REPORTED IN 1832 BY A PHYSICIAN PRACTICING IN SIMPSONVILLE, KENTUCKY
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Credit is usually given to Dr. J. C. Otto (1774-1844) of Philadelphia for offering, in 1803, the first clear description of a bleeding disease affecting males and sparing females.1 Twenty-nine years later, Dr. James N. Hughes of Simpsonville, Kentucky, apparently unaware of Otto's report, published this succinct clinical report of a case of hemophilia, including the hereditary aspects of this disease.2
On visiting the house of a respectable farmer of this neighbourhood, my attention was directed to the case of a youth ten or twelve years old, which appeared to be rheumatic, and which was so pronounced. The correctness of my opinion was called in question by an old lady present, who was herself a member of the family, and intimately acquainted with the history of the case. On further inquiry I ascertained it to be one of hereditary origin, the rheumatism being only the sequel of another affection to which the boy had been subjected from infancy, viz. haemorrhage. Learning that this disease was common in every branch of the N. family, of which that of my friend Mr. P. was one, I enquired particularly concerning it, when the following facts were communicated:
1st. That spitting, vomiting and purging of blood; bloody urine; bleeding at the nose; extravasations of blood among the muscles and integuments of the body generally, especially of the extremities, producing dark discolorations and swelling, attended frequently, after a few days, continuance, with obtuse pain and stiffness, and copious and obstinate haemorrhage from very inconsiderable incisions, on whatever part of the body they are made, have been exceedingly common among the male members of the connection.
The Current Status of Chloramphenicol
Authors: Meissner H. Cody , Smith A. L. 
Published: December 2021

Streptomyces venezuela, a bacterium isolated from mulched soil near Caracas, Venezuela in 1947, was found to secrete an antibiotic active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, and rickettsiae.1,2 When it was determined that this antibiotic contained 2 molecules of chlorine, the name chloromycetin was proposed. A few months later, a separate report from the University of Illinois described a broad spectrum antibiotic (chloramphenicol) isolated from a different streptomyces; subsequently it proved to be identical to chloromycetin.3
Although chloramphenicol (the generic name) was developed for its antibacterial activity, its first clinical use was as an antirickettsial agent. In Mexico and Bolivia4,5 during the winter of 1947 to 1948, it was dramatically efficacious in patients with typhus. As an antibacterial drug, chloramphenicol was first used in two patients incorrectly thought to have scrub typhus. They were successfully treated with chloramphenicol; later they were proven to have typhoid fever.6 Since its introduction, chloramphenicol has continued to be widely used as an antibacterial and an antirickettsial agent.
CHEMISTRY
Chloramphenicol is a lipid soluble compound lacking acidic and basic groups that could form salts. As a consequence, the naturally occurring compound is most soluble in organic solvents, and has a maximum solubility in water of only 4 mg/ml.7 This relative insolubility requires large administration volumes which is a disadvantage in neonates and children. In the middle 195Os it was found that a succinate group attached to the drug by an ester linkage produced a marked increase in aqueous solubiity. In vivo, free chloramphenicol was generated by body esterases that hydrolyze the ester bond.
The Effects of Abdominal Loading on Rib Cage Distortion in Premature Infants
Authors: Fleming Peter J. , Muller Nestor L. , Bryan M. Heather , Bryan A. Charles 
Published: December 2021

The action of the diaphragm in inspiration is to decrease intrathoracic pressure and raise abdominal pressure, which elevates the rib cage. In the supine position, the rise in abdominal pressure is smaller because of the lack of abdominal muscle tone. In premature infants the inward pull of the diaphragm on the very compliant ribs causes inward movement on inspiration (ie, distortion) which is exacerbated by the lack of intercostal muscle activity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, their predominant state.
We raised abdominal pressure by means of an inflatable cuff in 12 newborn infants (gestation 28 to 40 weeks) to try to improve inspiratory coupling of the rib cage and diaphragm. There was no significant change in minute ventilation, indicating no ventilatory impairment. In all studies in which there was distortion, abdominal loading produced a reduction or abolition of distortion (P &lt;.01). Abdominal loading may be useful in reducing diaphragmatic activity in premature infants.
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adolescent Girls: II. Screening Methods
Authors: Emans S. Jean , Grace Estherann , Masland Robert P. 
Published: December 2021

Of 500 asymptomatic adolescent girls who were screened for bacteriuria by three methods—dipslide (Uricult), dipstrip (Microstix-3 reagent strips), and home nitrite test (Microstix-Nitrite reagent strips)—eight cases (1.6%) were detected: 6/8 by dipslide and dipstrip; 5/8 by nitrite testing. The false-positive-rate (&gt; 104 colonies/ml) of the dipslide test was 6.4%, and the dipstrip test, 2.8%. A history of vaginal discharge was not associated with "contaminated" specimens. False-positive nitrite tests were reported by 0.6% of the patients who returned the postcards.
Overall, 70.4% of the patients returned the postcards for the home nitrite test. The patients were divided by method of payment (Medicaid vs non-Medicaid) in order to provide an approximation of socioeconomic status; non-Medicaid patients were significantly more likely to return postcards than Medicaid patients (75.8% vs 63.7%). Of the group reporting previous urinary tract infection, 79% of both Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients returned postcards, suggesting that a prior experience with the diagnosis increased compliance with a home test.
Tuberculin Testing in the Pediatric Office and Clinic
Authors: Kendig Edwin L. 
Published: December 2021

Another article in this issue of Pediatrics, "Assessment of Tuberculin Screening in an Urban Pediatric Clinic," (p 856) again focuses attention on a weighty question: Is routine use of the tuberculin test important? The authors have pointed out the difference in philosophy of the Center for Disease Control, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The Center for Disease Control recommends that routine tuberculin testing for school children and other similar programs be abandoned if the yield of
positive tuberculin reactions is less than 1%1; this recommendation is based on the assumption that discovery of cases at this low rate will not have epidemiologic impact (italics added).
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Christie Dennis L. 
Published: December 2021

I disagree with several points stated by Dr Leape.
1. The acid reflux test is still the standard for significant gastroesophageal reflux as has been documented by numerous reports.1-2 Dr Leape states that monitoring of the esophageal pH under physiologic conditions is more reliable and relevant in the pediatric patient. I would like him to tell us how he would do 24-hour pH monitoring in infants and children and make it physiologic without the need for restraints, etc.
Cor Pulmonale in Severe Pierre Robin Syndrome
Authors: Johnson George M. , Todd David W. 
Published: December 2021

Pulmonary hypertension or cor pulmonale, cardiomegaly, and pulmonary edema have been rarely reported in association with the upper airway obstruction found in severe Pierre Robin syndrome.1,2 The case presented herein supports Jersaty's1 contention that cor pulmonale and heart failure with pulmonary edema may be more common in severe cases of this syndrome than heretofore recognized. In this case tracheostomy resulted in dramatic regression of these life-threatening cardiorespiratory complications.
CASE REPORT
A white male infant was born on Dec 20, 1974 with Apgar scores of 5 and 7. His birth weight was 3.61 kg. The child had the classical features of a severe Pierre Robin syndrome with a wide cleft palate, micrognathia, and glossoptosis (Fig 1).
Delayed Cardiopulmonary Arrest After Lomotil Ingestion
Authors: Cutler Edward A. , Barrett Gregory A. , Craven Paul W. , Cramblett Henry G. 
Published: December 2021

A 2-year-old boy had cardiopulmonary arrest 12 hours after ingestion of an unknown amount of a diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate compound (Lomotil). This history was obtained retrospectively after repeated denials of possible drug ingestion. We conclude that Lomotil toxicity, in particular, should be considered whenever a patient has respiratory depression many hours after suspected ingestion of a drug and that in general, drug ingestion should he excluded when unexplained coma or cardiopulmonary arrest occurs.
REPORT OF A CASE
A 2-year-old boy had cardiopulmonary arrest at six o'clock in the morning at home and was resuscitated by the emergency squad.
Bacterial Cholangitis in a 10-Week-Old Infant with Fever of Undetermined Origin
Authors: Wyllie Robert , Fitzgerald Joseph F. 
Published: December 2021

We report a 10-week-old infant with fever and hepatosplenomegaly who had bacterial and histologic evidence of cholangitis. Our patient was found to have a structurally normal biliary tract and intact immune system.
CASE REPORT
A 10-week-old white female infant was admitted to the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children with fever and hepatosplenomegaly in February 1978. The patient was the product of an uneventful pregnancy, labor, and delivery; her birth weight was 3.07 kg. The infant was reportedly well until three weeks prior to admission when fever was initially documented. Increasing irritability and persistent fever prompted her transfer to our facility. There was no history of vomiting or diarrhea nor were there any changes in feeding habits.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards
Authors: Bruck Erika 
Published: December 2021

Many members of the Academy of Pediatrics seem to be generally unaware of the fact that your Academy has participated for ten years in a very interesting and valuable organization, the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).
The NCCLS has only three kinds of members: professional organizations, industrial (clinical laboratory instruments and supplies), and government agencies (CDC, FDA, NBS, NIH). Each member is represented by one delegate and one alternate. At present there are close to 110 members, of which 20 are professional societies.
Comparison Radiographs of Extremities in Childhood: Recommended Usage
Authors: Merten David F. , Felman Alvin H. , Glaser Norman , McSweeney William J. , Northway William , Goldman Harold S. , Grossman Herman 
Published: December 2021

Extremity injuries, a common problem in pediatric practice, are responsible for a significant number of radiographic examinations performed on children each year. Radiologic diagnosis in these injuries may be complicated by the variable appearance of the growing skeleton, especially around the epiphyses and the physeal plate. In the past, it has been a common and accepted practice for pediatricians, generalists, orthopedic surgeons, and radiologists to obtain routinely radiographs of the uninjured limb1-3 for comparison with those of the injured extremity to rule out subtle fractures or dislocations.
Recently, increasing concern about potential dangers of ionizing radiation, coupled with agitation from insurance carriers and governmental agencies to reduce escalating medical costs, has resulted in mounting pressure to limit diagnostic radiographic examinations. At the same time, however, rising malpractice litigation has, in many instances, forced physicians to obtain additional radiographic studies to "protect" themselves, especially in trauma cases. Radiographs of traumatized extremities contribute significant numbers of medicolegally oriented radiologic examinations each year. Although comparison views are no doubt helpful in some instances, until recently there has not been any effort to document the extent of use or diagnostic value of comparison views, especially those routinely obtained.
Within the past two years there have been two studies on this problem. In 1977, a survey4 of pediatric radiologists throughout the United States and Canada sought to determine individual application of comparison views, whether selective or routine; factors that influence this use; extent of comparison views, whether single or multiple; and cost of the additional radiographic studies.