bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight loss through a 12‐week weight management program improves anthropometric and clinical characteristics
Authors: Lee Ae Jin , Jeon Kyeong Jin , Han Sung Nim 
Published: June 2021

Prevalence of obesity has been increasing in Korea, which contributes to health problems. We investigated the effects of a 12‐wk weight management program with nutritional counseling and behavioral modification on anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the young obese. Total of 73 subjects (50 obese and 23 normal weight) were recruited, and 64 subjects (45 obese and 19 normal weight) finished the program. Average BMI at baseline was 28.1 in obese and 21.5 in normal weight groups. Obese group had significantly higher serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels compared with normal weight group. HDL cholesterol level was significantly lower in obese group. Obese group tended to eat more fat (62.3 ± 4.4 g in normal weight vs. 76.7 ± 5.3 g in obese, p=0.062). Average weight loss in the obese group after the program was 2.7 ± 0.4 kg. Twenty two percent of obese group lost 3–6 kg (n=10, average 4.0 ± 0.3 kg wt loss), and 13 % lost more than 6 kg (n=6, average 8.0 ± 0.8 kg wt loss). BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist to hip ratio, fat mass, and serum triglyceride level decreased significantly with weight loss in obese group. FBS and LDL to HDL ratio improved significantly in the subgroup with larger (>6 kg) weight loss. Significant decrease in intake of energy (286.2 ± 119.5 kcal), fat (16.9 ± 5.9 g), and cholesterol (148.0 ± 38.0 mg) in obese group with behavioral modification resulted in weight loss and improvement in lipid profiles.Supported by the Korea Research Foundation grant funded by the Korea government (KRF‐2009‐0068320).
Transcriptional attributes of constitutively active brown adipose tissue in nonhuman primates
Authors: Ha Jung-Heun , Gourineni Vishnupriya , Lee Mee Ae , Temel Ryan , Chung Soonkyu 
Published: June 2021

Brown adipose tissue plays a key role in adaptive thermogenesis. There is a substantial amount of inducible‐BAT in cold acclimated adult humans. However, the presence of constitutively active BAT (cBAT) and its origin are uncertain. They are unrevealed due to the limited accessibility of human BAT. In this study, we collected cBAT from the nonhuman primates housed at room temp and investigated morphological characteristics of cBAT and developmental lineage of cBAT by examining the transcriptional attributes. cBAT was recognizable at the supraclavicular region. IHC analysis showed that cBAT abundantly expressed UCP1 and displayed a unique lipid droplet morphology rather than the classical BAT morphology. There was a predominant increase of brown adipogenic marker genes including PRDM16, PGC1a and ADRB3 in cBAT compared to WAT. In addition, expression of adipokines and proinflammatory genes was decreased in cBAT indicating reduced endocrine function. Intriguingly, miR193b‐365 which represses myogenesis and maintains BAT differentiation was markedly upregulated suggesting cBAT is likely originated from myocyte‐lineage stem cells. Collectively, our work demonstrates that metabolically active BAT exists constitutively in supraclavicular region of nonhuman primates without any adrenoceptor stimuli, and this cBAT depot may diverge from myocyte precursor rather than transdifferentiate from the WAT.Grant Funding Source: NIH NCRR
Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases among Jamaican Adolescents
Authors: Barrett Sheila Claire , Huffman Fatma , Johnson Paulette , Campa Adriana , Magnus Marcia 
Published: June 2021

The study examined Jamaican adolescents for risk factors of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.A descriptive epidemiological cross‐sectional study of 276 Jamaican adolescents ages 14–19 years was conducted. Subjects were randomly selected from grades 9–12 from ten high schools on the island. Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, A1c, blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, family history of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, low physical activity, and presence of Acanthosis Nigricans were examined.Waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, Acanthosis Nigricans, total cholesterol, family history of T2D, and blood pressure were the strongest predictors of BMI (p =.001). Gender significantly predicted physical activity (p =.001), and total number of risk factors for T2D and CVD (p = .001). Jamaican adolescent females were less physically active and had significantly higher number of risk factors than males. Total number of risk factors ranged from 0–10, 83 % of subjects reported ≥3 risk factors.Jamaican adolescents are at risk of T2D and CVD. Family history of disease and anthropometric measures identified more subjects at risk than did the blood measures. Jamaican adolescent females reported more risk factors for T2D and CVD when compared to the males. Intervention measures are needed to educate the adolescents to reduce the risk factors.
A View Inside from the Surface: Living Anatomy for Medical Illustration Students
Authors: Lees Gary P. 
Published: June 2021

Human anatomy with dissection provides an important starting point for students in medical illustration. While they do not have direct patient contact, the student‐cadaver encounter is paramount in their medical education. Cadaver dissection remains the most powerful method of teaching and learning human anatomy: it introduces the illustration student to the tissues and textures of the body; enhances their manual dexterity; emphasizes the concept of biological variation; demonstrates common pathologic changes; and establishes a dynamic foundation for understanding the biological function of the human body. However, cadaver dissection, even when amplified with visuals from advanced imaging modalities, does not enable a student to create an image of the major organs in normal living position within an outline of the human figure based on surface and skeletal anatomy alone.Medical illustration students at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine take a unique course, taught concurrently with anatomy, which focuses on what we call ‘living anatomy.’ This method of illustrating anatomy, taught since the inception of the program in 1911, enables a student to create an illustration of major structures based on surface landmarks and skeletal references found in anatomy textbooks. With this knowledge, accurate relationships are easily preserved when creating educational visuals.
Effects of protein quantity and source (animal versus plant) on indices of mood and fed‐state large neutral amino acids and tryptophan profile
Authors: Hogan Jacqueline Anne , Armstrong Cheryl LH , Wilson Hailey Kay , Campbell Wayne W 
Published: June 2021

The balance between plasma tryptophan (Trp) and other large neutral amino acids (LNAA) from dietary protein (P) influences serotonin synthesis which may impact indices of mood. This study was designed to assess effects of P quantity and source on fed‐state (FS) LNAA and Trp and mood. 34 overweight/obese adults (53±12 y, BMI 30.8±2.6 kg/m2, mean±SD) were randomly assigned to consume diets with 750 kcal/d below energy need and 10, 20 or 30% energy from P with beef/pork (5M:12F) or soy/pulses (6M:11F) as the predominate P source for 3 randomized 28d trials. On day 28, subjects consumed a trial‐specific test meal and completed the Profile of Mood Survey (POMS) before and 25, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after eating. Fasting and FS LNAA and Trp were measured in 5 subjects each from the two P source groups. FS LNAA (weighted averages) was higher for beef/pork vs soy/pulses (p<0.05), and progressively higher with increasing P intake (p<0.01). Independent of source, FS Trp was greater (p<0.01) and Trp:LNAA was lower (p<0.05), for 30 vs. 20 and 10% P. Protein quantity and source did not affect total mood disturbance or the six POMS subcategories (vigor, fatigue, depression, confusion, tension, anger). While protein intakes predominately from meat or plant sources that span the acceptable macronutrient distribution range affect plasma LNAA and Trp, they do not acutely impact mood.Support: The Beef Checkoff, National Pork Board, NIH RR025761Grant Funding Source: The Beef Checkoff, National Pork Board, NIH RR025761
A review of dietary energy density and obesity
Authors: Karl J. Philip , Roberts Susan B 
Published: June 2021

The role of dietary energy density (ED) in energy intake regulation and weight management remains controversial. Relationships between ED, energy intake and body weight were determined in a review of pertinent studies examining the effects of ED on energy intake (EI) and/or body weight in non‐elderly adults. Sixty‐nine relevant studies in which effects of ED could be separated from other putative determinants of energy regulation including dietary fiber were identified. Observational studies generally report positive associations between dietary ED and BMI, risk for overweight/obesity or weight gain. Short‐term clinical trials consistently demonstrate that decreasing preload, individual meal or 24‐h dietary ED results in a reduction in EI proportional to the magnitude of the reduction in ED. Longer‐term (>1 mo) randomized clinical trials suggest that reducing the ED of diets consumed ad libitum may promote modest weight loss; however, based on very limited available studies, ED modification may have no additional weight loss benefit when recommended in conjunction with an energy restricted diet. In summary, a substantial body of evidence demonstrates that short‐term decreases in ED promote reductions in EI, but the extent to which low ED diets facilitate weight loss or prevent weight gain remains undetermined. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of ED in long‐term weight management.Grant Funding Source: NA
Evaluation of nutrient intake of patients on ketogenic therapy: a pilot study
Authors: Allen Hannah J. , Lennon Dylan J. , Khiyani Neeraj , Lukosaityte Jurate , Chowdhury Rowshan , Borum Peggy R. 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundKetogenic Therapy (KT) is prescribed as a ratio of fat to protein plus carbohydrate focusing on seizure control. KT is the only source of nutrition, but the nutrient intake at the amino acid and fatty acid level is often less of a focus.ObjectiveDevelop and pilot a method to evaluate the details of nutrient intake.MethodsNutrition Data System for Research was used to analyze 24‐hour diet recalls. Amino acid intake was compared to dietary reference intake (DRI) and individual polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake was determined.ResultsSix months of 24‐hour diet recalls of 2 oral feeders (OF) and 2 tube feeders (TF) were evaluated for percent of recommended Calories (Cal), percent of DRI for protein (Pro) and essential amino acids (EAA), and mg/kg/day of linoleic acid (LA), alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA), DHA, and EPA. Patients receiving adequate protein and Calories with a prescribed KT ratio between 3.0 and 4.0 may have intakes of individual PUFAs that vary several fold.

Parameter
OF
TF

Mean
SD
Mean
SD

Cal
115
16
82
16

Pro
134
13
123
38

EAA
231
24
205
63

LA
919
396
1376
705

ALA
215
52
213
110

DHA
6.2
9.2
0.1
0.1

EPA
4.4
6.9
0.0
0.0

ConclusionKT with similar diet prescriptions may show different nutrient intakes and should be evaluated at the level of the amino acid and fatty acid profile.Supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) CTSA grant 1UL 1RR029890
The effects of low vs. higher protein yogurt consumed as afternoon snacks on appetite control and time to dinner request in healthy women
Authors: Ortinau Laura C , Culp Julie M , Hoertel Heather A , Douglas Steve M , Leidy Heather J 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo assess whether afternoon snacks of higher‐protein (14 g protein; HPY) vs. lower‐protein (5 g protein; LPY) yogurt lead to reduced hunger, increased fullness, and delayed eating vs. No Snack (NS).MethodsUsing a randomized crossover design, 46 women (age 28 ± 1 y; BMI 23.1 ± 0.4 kg/m2) were acclimated to each snack for 3 consecutive days. On day 4, the participants consumed a standard breakfast, at home, and came to our facility 1 hr prior to their habitual lunch time. A standard lunch was provided followed by their respective snack (160 kcal) consumed 3 h post‐lunch. Subjective appetite was assessed by VAS completed every 30 min throughout the afternoon until dinner was voluntarily requested.ResultsSnacking reduced hunger and increased fullness up to 2 h post‐snack vs. NS (p<0.001; both snacks); no differences were observed between snacks. NS led to the earliest request for dinner (2:13 ± 0:41 h post‐snack) vs. HPY (2:42 ± 0:38 h post‐snack; p<0.001) and LPY (2:37 ± 0:40 h post‐snack; p<0.001); no difference was found between snacks.ConclusionsAlthough both 160 kcal afternoon yogurt snacks led to reduced hunger, increased fullness, and delayed eating vs. no snacking, no differences were found between the low vs. higher protein yogurts. These data suggest that a 9 g protein differential is insufficient to alter appetite control and delay eating in healthy women. Funded by: General Mills, Inc.
Effect of resistance training on changes in body composition and macronutrient utilization after weight loss in older women
Authors: Zhou Jing , Campbell Wayne W. 
Published: June 2021

We assessed the effect of resistance training (RT) on energy restriction (ER)‐induced changes in body composition and macronutrient utilization (MU) in older, overweight women. Sixteen women (age 68 ± 1 y, BMI 29 ± 1 kg/m2) consumed controlled diets with 1.0 g protein/kg•d for 16 wk. During wk 1–3 and 15–16, energy intake matched the subject's energy need, while during wk 4–14 it was 500 kcal/d below need. Each woman either performed RT 3 d/wk (n=8) or remain sedentary (SED, n=8). Fasting and postprandial (PP) energy utilization and PP energy storage from macronutrients were determined using indirect calorimetry and 1‐[13C] leucine infusion data at wk 2 and 15. PP energy and macronutrient intakes were the same pre and post intervention. Over time, body mass (SED −5.8 ± 0.6; RT −5.0 ± 0.2 kg) and fat mass decreased (SED −4.1 ± 0.9; RT −4.7 ± 0.5 kg) with no difference between groups. Fat‐free mass (FFM) decreased in SED (−1.6 ± 0.4 kg, P ≤ 0.05) but was unchanged in RT (−0.3 ± 0.4 kg, P = 0.07). At baseline, carbohydrate (CHO), fat and protein accounted for ~10, 76, and 14% of total MU (kcal/kg FFM•h) while fasting and ~35, 43, and 22% PP. PP energy storage was ~65, 25, and 10% CHO, fat, and protein. Weight loss and RT did not influence these proportions. Resistance training is an effective way for older women to preserve fat‐free mass after weight loss without affecting macronutrient utilization and storage.Grant Funding Source : NIH R29 AG13409 and UL1 RR025761
Pterostilbene inhibits dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)‐induced liver fibrosis in rats
Authors: Lee Ming-Fen , Liu Min-Lung , Cheng An-Chin , Pan Min-Hsiung , Huang Han , Chen Ming-Dian 
Published: June 2021

Pterostilbene exhibits pleiotropic effects including anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‐proliferatory, and pain‐relieving pharmacological activities in various experimental settings. This study was to investigate the effect of pterostilbene on liver fibrosis and its underlying mechanism. SD Rats were intraperitoneally given dimethylnitrosamine (10 mg/kg) three days per week for four weeks. Pterostilbene (10 or 20 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage daily. Liver function, morphology, histochemistry, and fibrotic status were examined. Pterostilbene supplementation alleviated the DMN‐induced changes in the relative organ weights of liver, kidney, and spleen and serum levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (p <0.05). Fibrotic status and inactivation of hepatic stellate cells were improved upon pterostilbene supplementation as evidenced by histopathological examination and gene expression of α‐smooth muscle actin, respectively. These data demonstrated that pterostilbene exhibited hepatoprotective effects in experimental fibrosis, suggesting its potential application in clinical intervention.This work was supported by the National Science Council grants, NSC 98‐2320‐B‐309‐002‐MY3, to M‐F Lee, and NSC 100‐2313‐B‐309‐003, to A‐C Cheng.
Dose‐response of ginger on indicators of oxidative stress and diabetes in STZ‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Thomson Martha , Al-Qattan Khaled , Divya J.S. , Ali Muslim 
Published: June 2021

The anti‐diabetic and anti‐oxidant effects of 3 doses of an aqueous extract of raw ginger (Zingiber officinale) were studied in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by IP injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and a fasting blood sugar >300 mg/dl indicated diabetes. Diabetic rats were divided into 4 groups: control and 3 ginger‐treated groups. Ginger extract doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg were administered daily for 8 weeks. Blood glucose and serum cholesterol, triglycerides, fructosamine, creatinine, uric acid, LDH and ALP were significantly elevated in diabetic rats, and significantly lowered by ginger dose‐dependently. Serum protein, albumin, total antioxidants and catalase (CAT) activity decreased significantly in diabetic rats, with 250 and 500 mg/kg ginger doses resulting in dose‐dependent increases. Liver and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) and LDH, and liver ALP levels were significantly elevated in diabetic rats, and decreased by ginger dose‐dependently with the lowest dose having variable effects. In contrast, liver and kidney total antioxidants, protein and CAT activity were significantly decreased in diabetic rats, and were increased by the highest dose of ginger. Urine output, albumin, creatinine, and protein were significantly elevated in diabetic rats, and decreased by 250 and 500 mg/kg ginger doses. Thus, ginger exhibits a dose‐dependent effect in diabetic rats with the 500 mg/kg dose most potent in ameliorating oxidative stress and other indicators of diabetes in STZ‐induced diabetic rats.The study was supported by KFAS grant # 2007‐1302‐04.
The effect of beta‐carotene on neuroblastoma stemness
Authors: Lee Hyun-Ah , Kim Yoo-Sun , Kim Yuri 
Published: June 2021

Beta‐carotene, the most active vitamin A precursor, has been shown to possess anticancer potential in various cancers. Although anticancer mechanisms of beta‐carotene including antioxidants, anti‐proliferation, and anti‐angiogenesis have been demonstrated, the efficacy of beta‐carotene toward cancer stem cells remains unclear. Emerging evidence supports that most cancers originate from a rare subpopulation of cells namely cancer stem cells that give rise to tumor bulk through continuous self‐renewal and differentiation. In this present study, we investigated whether betac‐arotene had preventive effects on neuroblastoma stemness. Beta‐carotene inhibited cell growth in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner and elongated neurites, a hallmark of neuronal differentiation. Beta‐carotene treatment not only down‐regulated the expression of stem cell markers such as DLK1, Notch1 and Sox2, but also increased ERK phosphorylation which is an active pathway in neuronal differentiation. In addition, beta‐carotene inhibited colony formation and nonadherent sphere formation which are characteristics of cancer stem cells. We further tested the efficacy of the combination treatment with beta‐carotene and cisplatin for targeting cancer stem cells. The result showed that the combination treatment increased the effectiveness of each treatment against cancer stem cells. In conclusion, beta‐carotene has an important role in regulating stemness of neuroblastoma by inducing differentiation and hampering self‐renewal potential, thereby contributes to the overall inhibition of cancer cell growth.[This research was financially supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (Project Number is 2011‐0008169)].Grant Funding Source : The National Research Foundation of Korea (Project Number is 2011‐0008169)
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D regulation of energy metabolism in MCF10 human breast epithelial cells
Authors: Zheng Wei , Tayyari Fariba , Gowda Nagana , Raftery Daniel , Shi Jin , Porterfield Marshall , Bequette Brian , Donkin Shawn , Teegarden Dorothy 
Published: June 2021

These studies were designed to investigate the impact of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) on the metabolic reprogramming during cancer progression towards increased glycolysis and lactate production, and reduced oxidative metabolism (Warburg effect). The ras‐oncogene transfected MCF10 human breast epithelial cells were used to study early breast cancer progression. Metabolite fluxes at the cell membrane were measured by a selective micro biosensor (mFlux), [13C6]glucose flux by 13C‐mass isotopomer distribution analysis of media metabolites (gFlux), and intracellular metabolite levels by NMR following four day 1,25D treatment. Flux of glucose to 3‐phosphoglycerate (gFlux) was reduced 32% by 1,25D, supporting a reduction in glycolysis by 1,25D. 1,25D‐induced reduction in the citric acid (TCA) cycle activity was supported by a 41% reduced flux of glucose to acetyl‐coA (gFlux), a 20% reduced oxygen uptake (mFlux) and a 29% reduced intracellular succinate (NMR). Moreover, 1,25D reduced the flux of glucose to lactate by 10% (gFlux) and reduced intracellular lactate by 55% (NMR), which is consistent with a 15% reduction in lactate dehydrogenase activity, the enzyme converting pyruvate to lactate. These studies suggest 1,25D regulates energy metabolism in early cancer progression, shifting glucose utilization towards reduced glycolysis and lactate production as well as reduced flux through the TCA cycle.Grant Funding Source : NIH R25CA128770
Combination of Polymethoxyflavones and Atorvastatin for Colon Cancer Inhibition
Authors: Song Mingyue , Qiu Peiju , Zheng Jinkai , Charoensinphon Noppawat , Xiao Hang 
Published: June 2021

Combining different agents to synergistically inhibit cancer progression is a promising strategy to decrease cancer mortality. We investigated the combination of nobiletin (NBT, a citrus polymethoxyflavone) and 4′‐hydroxy nobiletin (4′HN, a major colonic metabolite of NBT) with atorvastatin (ATST, a lipid‐lowering drug) in human colon cancer cells. Both NBT/ATST and 4′HN/ATST combinations at low doses produced much stronger inhibitory effect on cancer cell viability in comparison to those produced by NBT, 4′HN or ATST alone at much higher concentrations. These enhanced inhibitory effects were confirmed to be highly synergistic by Isobologram analysis. Flow cytometry analysis showed NBT/ATST and 4′HN/ATST combinations induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest at 24 hr, while the prolonged treatments for 48hr caused extensive apoptosis. Western blotting showed that both NBT/ATST and 4′HN/ATST combinations activated caspase‐3, increased the levels of cleaved PARP and p21 (Cip1/Waf1), and decreased the levels of Cyclin D1 and Akt. Furthermore, expression levels of EGFR in plasma membrane were decreased by both NBT/ATST and 4′HN/ATST combinations. In summary, our results demonstrated the strong synergy produced by NBT/ATST and 4′HN/ATST combinations in inhibiting human colon cancer cell growth, which provided a basis for using NBT and ATST in combination for colon cancer inhibition.Grant Funding Source : NIH:CA139174, AICR:#10A044