bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing Schumpeter to China
Authors: Lee Keun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Economic catch-up is defined in the literature as the narrowing of a latecomer firm’s or country’s gap vis-à-vis a leading country or firm. However, latecomers do not simply follow the advanced countries’ path of technological development; rather, they sometimes do something new, skip certain stages, or create a new path that is different from those of the forerunners. Although the path-following strategy based on the initial factor–cost advantages helps in the gradual catch-up of late entrants’ market shares, a sharp increase in the latecomers’ market shares is likely to occur when a shift in technologies or demand conditions occurs. Such a shift is utilized by the path creation or stage skipping of latecomers, both of which can be considered a case of leapfrogging. That is, leapfrogging is a latecomer doing something differently from forerunners, often ahead of them. Technological leapfrogging is a precondition for success in technological catch-up or in closing the gap with incumbents in terms of technological capabilities. Then, such technological catch-up in several sectors may lead to economic catch-up in terms of the growth of per capita GDP or economic power. This eventual linkage from technological leapfrogging to economic catch-up via technological catch-up is what we mean by the title of this book. We focus on this main hypothesis with the Chinese experience in this book. One conclusion from this book is that China’s successful rise as a global industrial power has been due to its strategy of technological leapfrogging, which has enabled it to move beyond the middle-income trap and possibly the Thucydides trap, although at a slower speed.
Value Taxonomy
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
‘Value Taxonomy’ has two objectives. First, it presents a range of approaches to classifying values. In doing so, it brings to the fore key notions and distinctions that play important roles in value theory in general, but especially in this work, such as intrinsic/final value, final/non-final value, intrinsic/extrinsic value, and relational/non-relational value; derivative and non-derivative value; attributive and predicative use. In value theory, the nature of the value-making features functions as a gateway to how we should understand many of the above distinctions. The chapter considers therefore some advantages and disadvantages of this approach. Second, ‘Value Taxonomy’ introduces some of the key issues in formal and substantive value theory, respectively, for a reader who is not familiar with contemporary value theory.
Fitting-Attitude Analysis
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
‘Fitting-Attitude Analysis’ introduces fitting-attitude (FA) analysis. This pattern of value analysis has received considerable attention over the past two decades, and various iterations of it have been proposed and discussed. After having outlined some of the advantages of FA analysis, it is made clear why we should be neither too confident about its success nor too worried about the challenges it faces. A large part of the chapter deals with different challenges to FA analysis, including a recent attempt (which goes back to Franz Brentano) to handle the so-called ‘wrong kind of reason’ problem. The chapter also considers an issue that has received less attention in the literature, which again takes us back to Brentano. G. E. Moore argued that Brentano was wrong in his analysis of what it is for something to be more valuable than something else is. It is argued that Moore was wrong on this matter. In this connection, a way of understanding the strength and weight of reasons is proposed. The proposal is hard to avoid if the FA advocate understands the notion of reason to be primitive in his analysis. The chapter ends by discussing some recent challenges to FA analysis that arise in the wake of the insight that reasons are agency-dependent, but values are not. Once we modify the standard FA analysis in a certain way, these challenges turn out to be less serious than they appear.
Favouring for No Reason
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
‘Favouring for No Reason’ addresses two matters. First, it argues that some favourings (i.e. pro- or contra-attitudes) may not be reason-governed. Various examples, including some from Joseph Raz, suggest that neither the guise of the good nor the guise of reason thesis is true: some of our favourings are favourings for no reasons. Being motivated is often a matter of having a set of beliefs and desires whose content appears normative to the agent, but sometimes being motivated does not involve motivating reasons but is rather a matter merely of having the right sorts of belief and desire. A second issue concerns whether fitting-attitude analysis (FA) should require that the valuable object’s properties appear in the content of the fitting pro- or contra-attitude. The so-called dual-role approach to FA analysis affirms that the properties that make an object x valuable have a dual role: on the one hand, they provide reasons for favouring x, and on the other hand, they appear in the intentional content of the favouring. It is argued that the dual-role approach is preferable to the classical form of FA analysis. However, that does not mean that the classical FA analysis is incorrect. Dual-role FA analysis should be regarded as a specification of its classical forebear. The remaining sections of this chapter consider different cases that challenge the dual-role approach.
Introduction
Authors: Hegele Arden 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The introduction reimagines the historical narrative of rivalry between increasingly specialized cultures of medicine and the arts in the Romantic period as instead a period of mutual exchange. This familiar history is belied by the historical movement of the terms “autopsy” and “verve,” which traveled in opposite directions between medical and literary fields during the height of the British Romantic period. The crossing of “autopsy” and “verve” between fields introduces the book’s principal concerns: how shared concepts and critical practices were exchanged between letters and medicine, how new structures of thought crossed between biological and textual concerns, and how tropes of organicity, disease, and treatment in Romantic texts reveal the diagnostic practices that bridged literary and medical cultures. Through a study of the great developments in the history of medicine in this period, and the “metapothecaries” like Samuel Taylor Coleridge who considered literature and medicine through a shared ontology, the chapter argues that Romantic literature develops the notion of protocols of diagnosis—the idea that the same protocols of critical interpretation can be used by doctors to diagnose disease, and by readers to understand works of fiction and poetry. Outlining four protocols of diagnosis that the rest of the book will elaborate, the chapter concludes by linking these four formulations to modern methodologies of critical reading, exploring the resonance of this history to contemporary reflections on the history of what has come to be called “symptomatic reading.”
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains who the Kenneys were, provides biographical detail about the family and the individual sisters, and sets out the political, economic, social, and cultural context in which they grew up. It shows that, despite the rhetoric of sisterhood which often characterizes feminist politics, friendship rather than family has been central to suffrage studies, and argues that the family needs to be given greater consideration. It also explains the place of class in suffrage historiography and the relationship between the women’s and labour movements as a way into understanding the relative lack of work on suffrage militants. The chapter sets out the source material which forms the basis for this study, explains the thematic biographical approach, and summarizes the chapters which follow.
Childhood
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that it is impossible to understand the Kenneys’ politics without understanding their home life. It suggests that we need to see the Kenneys as a product of two related cultures: the tradition of autodidactism and the ‘religion of socialism’. Reading, Christianity, and socialism underpinned these cultures and help explain the sisters’ political trajectory. Though many women were drawn to feminist activism from particular strands of the labour movement, particularly the Independent Labour Party and the trade unions, these were not the only currents of thought which influenced women’s politics. The Kenneys’ childhoods not only give us access to working-class women’s political development outside the workplace but also begin to connect feminist militancy with a different political tradition.
Militancy
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains an apparent paradox—that the Kenney sisters always defined themselves as militant but were almost never violent—by conceptualizing militancy as a collective identity, rather than a set of practices. It explains what it meant to be a militant, not through the acts which militancy involved but the relationships which enabled and sustained it. Analysing the connections between militant identity and community helps account for the intensity of the Kenneys’ commitment to the cause and the diverse expressions of that commitment. Focusing on the meaning, not the form, of militancy, this chapter argues that militancy was a question of identification, not practice. It was created in the mind, not an act of the body.
Careers
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses the lives of Caroline and Jane Kenney to offer new insights into the relationship between suffrage, feminism, and educational reform. While the links between the teaching profession, the women’s movement, and the suffrage campaign have long been recognized, teachers’ interests in suffrage are usually framed in terms of demands for equal pay, workplace rights, and professional status. This chapter instead explores the Kenney sisters’ interests in the purpose and meaning of education, especially for women, through their commitment to pedagogical reform and innovative education. It shows how their access to a network of reformers, gained through their suffrage work and connections, was one of their most important resources, allowing them to pursue their interests across national boundaries. Their careers suggest some of the possibilities open to feminist teachers who were committed to personal, professional, and political advancement, and who had the resources and opportunities to pursue their goals.
Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes some of the key themes which emerge from this study of the Kenneys’ lives. It emphasizes the importance of focusing on working-class women’s political agency, as well as studying them in the context of their family and friendship networks. The Kenneys’ lives offer a way of understanding what the suffrage campaign meant to working-class women, who saw it as a transformative measure rather than a symbolic goal or utilitarian tool. The chapter argues for the importance of understanding the practical and emotional factors which enabled these women to pursue their politics. It considers some of the implications for contemporary activism, identifies remaining questions which need to be answered, and indicates new lines of enquiry for suffrage research.
Aesthetic Value
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops a foundational account of aesthetic value in general. It presents an analysis of aesthetic value as ‘objectified final value’. It is not only that we can aesthetically value the world, but also that we only really value the world in its own right by means of aesthetic value. This analysis is then underwritten with a key psychological claim: that aesthetic values are ‘distal versions’ of practical values. Moreover, the intensity of each aesthetic value rests on an ‘essential tension’ where a psychological reward is balanced against a challenge. It is then argued that this characterization demands a realist, object-focused (rather than experience-focused) model of aesthetic value. This permits the genuine sharing of aesthetic value.
The Sublime
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An analysis of the sublime is presented in this chapter. It is argued that experiences of the sublime combine a negative emotional state, in which the individual feels a sense of ‘self-negation’, with a pleasurable sense of the object’s sublime qualities. After reviewing a number of different historical theories of the sublime, it is argued that the positive aspect of the sublime requires that we recognize our psychological capacity to empathize with objects. It is argued that by means of our empathic engagements, we are enthralled by the power of sublime objects. In service of Aestheticism, the sublime gives us a way to become reconciled to hostile or indifferent features of nature.
The Creation of Art
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents Aestheticism as a general approach to life. It is argued that a dedicated aestheticist will be inspired to create works of art. In alignment with this view an aesthetic functionalist account of art is defended, incorporating aspects of the expression theory of art and the cognitive theory of art. It is then suggested that the way an artist creatively responds to the value of the world is an ideal of living well. Moreover, although there are other such ideals, the artistic paradigm can apply to a variety of human activities, including the pursuit and expression of one’s understanding (as in philosophy). In the latter part of the chapter it is then argued that, in distilling aesthetic values, the artist has an important social role to play. Artworks help us to discern value ideals, and our capacity to discern values is a vital component of virtue.
the sentimental lives of international lawyers
Authors: Simpson Gerry 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
If, to adapt a well-known international legal aphorism, international law is what international lawyers are, what, then, is an international lawyer? This chapter stages an answer to this question in three acts. In the first, it considers the absence of ‘life’ in the writing of international law and especially the way in which most international lawyers position themselves as a ‘person from nowhere’. In the second act, it documents and re-describes a recent move towards biography or micro-history or ‘life’ in the field of international law. In the final section, it describes four sentimental vices found in international legal work and reads these vices alongside the sentimentality of the late 18th-century ‘sentimental’ English novel before suggesting that there is a sentimental life available to international lawyers, through which they might weave a path between teariness (with the attendant risks of cheap sentimentality) and a too-cool dispassion (that is in danger of lapsing into an alienated technocracy).
State-Making
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
When Innocent III proclaimed a Crusade against heretics in the south of France, it led, eventually, to the deposition of the count of Toulouse, Raymond VI. One of Raymond’s territories—the county of Melgueil—had an ancient (though vague) relationship with the papacy. The bishop of Maguelone used this relationship to justify his own possession of the county (granted to him, at his request, by the pope). In the process the bishop and the other claimants to the county established that Melgueil was a papal ‘fief’ (feudum)—a term not applied to the county before. Once the bishop had taken possession, he instrumentalized papal authority to build up his power against both internal and external enemies.
Wronging by Requesting
Authors: Laskowski N. G. , Silver Kenneth 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Upon doing something generous for someone with whom you are close, some kind of reciprocity may be appropriate. But it often seems wrong to actually request reciprocity. This chapter explores the wrongness in making these requests, and why they can nevertheless appear appropriate. After considering several explanations for the wrongness at issue (involving, e.g., distinguishing oughts from obligation, the suberogatory, imperfect duties, and gift-giving norms), a novel proposal is advanced. The requests are disrespectful; they express that their agent insufficiently trusts the hearer to recognize their own reasons to reciprocate, and the close relationship between them morally requires this kind of trust. This proposal is articulated and situated in the recent discussion of the normativity of requests. The chapter concludes by explaining how these requests may appear appropriate. Agents in these relationships often have standing to make requests, though the standing is lacking in these particular cases.
Against Seizing the Day
Authors: Kauppinen Antti 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
On a widely accepted view, what gives meaning to our lives is success in valuable ground projects. However, philosophers like Kieran Setiya have recently challenged the value of such orientation toward the future, and argued that meaningful living is instead a matter of engaging in atelic activities that are complete in themselves at each moment. This chapter argues that insofar as what is at issue is meaningfulness in its primary existential sense, strongly atelic activities do not suffice for meaning. Instead, finding one’s life meaningful is warranted both by sustainable success in valuable prospective (future-oriented) projects and by success in reflexive projects that aim to promote or realize a practice-dependent value that can be realized at each moment, but never for good. Activities of the latter kind are only weakly atelic, since their aim remains distinct from the activity, and individual actions gain significance from serving a long-term commitment. Thus, whether our ground projects are prospective or reflexive, what we do at each moment contributes to leading a meaningful life only when it’s connected in the right way to what we do at other moments.
Ordinary Wrongdoing
Authors: Woods Jack 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with a hitherto neglected category of wrongdoing—ordinary wrongdoing. Ordinary wrongs are banal, common, pedestrian, and yet still wrong. They are important for a number of reasons, not least of which is that reflection on them displays the importance of distinguishing being liable for blame from deserving blame. Ordinary wrongs are exactly those wrongs for which you can be blamed or criticized, but where it would be a mistake for someone to exercise their entitlement to blame or criticize you. The distinction between being liable for blame and deserving blame can then be used to dissolve certain objections to conventionally dependent norms.
The Practical Significance of Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Authors: Bagnoli Carla 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
On a standard interpretation, the aim of the formula of universal law is to provide a decision procedure for determining the deontic status of actions. By contrast, this chapter argues for the practical significance of the Categorical Imperative (CI) centering on Kant’s account of the dynamics of incentives. This approach avoids some widespread misconceptions about how the CI operates and false expectations about what it promises and delivers. In particular, it explains how it differs from deductive practical inferences. The CI is the supreme form of morality, and yet not in the sense that particular categorical principles can be derived deductively from it, once the relevant details are supplied. The efficacy of practical reasoning primarily concerns agents and consists in their reorientation toward the right end. Moral knowledge is knowledge about what we ought to do, but it is also a distinctive variety of self-knowledge, that is, knowledge of ourselves as rationally efficacious agents.
Introduction
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This introduction presents Tillich’s notion of the justification of the doubter as a modern attempt to answer the Lutheran Christian problem of assurance. It explains the rationale of the book: to understand where Tillich landed, theologically, after the First World War, and how he got there. After locating the book within Tillich scholarship, the unique approach is indicated: attending to Tillich’s theological roots, interrogating his autobiographical narrative, making the early sermons central, and uncovering untranslated early German material for an English-language audience. Furthermore, the problematic ambiguities of Tillich’s personal life are considered. The introduction concludes with an overview of the book’s chapters.
Convincing the Doubter (Moabit 1912–13)
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Tillich’s Moabit sermons (1912–13), apologetic evenings, and memorandum Kirchliche Apologetik. In his memorandum, Tillich calls for apologetics as an answer to the decline of the church. Tillich hopes to demonstrate atheistic monism’s philosophical error, the abyss of its autonomy, leading towards the insight that the paradox of thought (that thought alone comes to its end) is the paradox of Christianity, that thought requires foundation in Christianity. Thus the doubter is convinced, but not justified. In Tillich’s Moabit sermons, the answer to doubt is Christ, the image of God in the soul.
The elements of General Relativity
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a survey of central ideas and equations in general relativity. The basic equations are written down with a view to seeing where we are heading in the book, and in order to present both the field theory and the geometric interpretation of gravity. The central role of the metric is introduced, and the equivalence principle is discussed. It is emphasized that spacetime interval is both a mathematical and a physical idea. It is explained how gravity works “behind the scenes” by modifying equations which otherwise look like familiar equations of electromagnetism. The sense in which acceleration is in some respects a relative and in some respects an absolute concept is explained. It is shown why the motion of matter, not just its mass, must influence gravitation. The stress-energy tensor is introduced and defined.
An introductory example: the uniform static field
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses some physical effects related to two simple metrics: the RIndler metric and the uniform static field. The purpose is to illustrate the methods by applying them in an exact calculation which is not too taxing. The Christoffel symbols and curvature tensors are obtained, and some example geodesics are calculated. The force experienced by a fisherman fishing in the RIndler metric is calculated.
The affine connection
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The connection and the covariant derivative are treated. Connection coefficients are introduced in their role of expressing the change in the coordinate basis vectors between neighbouring points. The covariant derivative of a vector is then defined. Next we relate the connection to the metric, and obtain the Levi-Civita connection. The logic concerning what is defined and what is derived is explained carefuly. The notion of a derivative along a curve is defined. The emphasis through is on clarity and avoiding confusions arising from the plethora of concepts and symbols.