bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of flavonoid‐3‐O‐glycosides from leaves of Casearia arborea (Salicaceae) by UHPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐HRMS/MS combined with molecular networking and NMR
Authors: Santos Augusto L. , Soares Marisi G. , de Medeiros Lívia S. , Ferreira Marcelo J.P. , Sartorelli Patricia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionCasearia is an essential source of cytotoxic highly oxidised clerodane diterpenes, in addition to phenolics, flavonoids, and glycoside derivatives. Here we identify flavonoid‐3‐O‐glycoside derivatives in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of the methanolic extract from leaves C. arborea leaves.ObjectiveTo characterise the EtOAc phase from the methanolic extract of C. arborea leaves using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography diode array detector high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐DAD‐HRMS/MS) and molecular networking‐based dereplication.MethodologyWe identified compounds not annotated in the GNPS platform by co‐injection of standards in HPLC‐DAD or by isolation and characterisation of the metabolites using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A workflow on the GNPS platform aided the organisation of spectral data and dereplication by annotations. We subjected the EtOAc phase to HPLC‐DAD analysis using standard compound co‐injection to corroborate the GNPS annotations. We isolated unidentified compounds with semi‐preparative HPLC‐DAD for structural identification using NMR.ResultsWe annotated a molecular family of flavonoid‐3‐O‐glycosides in the molecular networking created using the GNPS platform. These included avicularin, cacticin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, rutin, and a quercetin‐3‐O‐pentoside cluster. We confirmed the annotations with standard compounds using HPLC‐DAD co‐injection analysis, besides identifying quercetin‐3‐O‐robinobioside and kaempferol. We isolated three flavonoid‐3‐O‐pentosides and characterised them using one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR; we identified them as reynoutrin, guaijaverin, and avicularin.ConclusionThis work describes the isolation of kaempferol and nine known flavonoid‐3‐O‐glycosides from the polar fraction of the methanolic extract (EtOAc) from C. arborea leaves using molecular networking to guide the chromatographic procedures. We identified eight compounds for the first time in Casearia that amplify and reinforce the genus' chemotaxonomy with the presence of glycosylated flavonoids.
Roma at School: A Look at the Past and the Present. The Case of Portugal
Authors: Nicolau Lurdes 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe schooling process has become more widespread among the Portuguese Roma population since 1974, with the end of the Estado Novo dictatorship and the establishment of democracy. Nevertheless, the Roma nomadism or semi-nomadism, financial shortcomings and the absence of social/cultural/family stimuli are some of the reasons that explain their low school attendance rates. Only in the last decades has such attendance increased, as a result of the implementation of several public policies, particularly of the Social Integration Income. This social policy, implemented in 1996, introduced important changes in this population, especially in areas such as schooling, personal hygiene, housing, health, or sedentism.Recent research has shown an increase in the educational level of the Roma population, but school dropouts and failure remain high. This tendency was also studied in the northeast of Portugal, in a PhD thesis about the relationships between the Roma and school. In the present research work, a qualitative methodology was adopted, using direct and participant observation, as well as interviews to some Roma parents and non-Roma teachers. Both groups emphasize the main difficulties of Roma children at school.The conclusions show that several factors affect these students’ schooling nowadays, especially poor housing conditions, parents’ illiteracy or low schooling, lack of daily study monitoring at home, absence of models in their environment, non-attendance of pre-school, and discrimination against them.
Educational Situation of Portuguese Ciganos: Social Changes versus Social Continuities
Authors: Mendes Maria Manuela , Magano Olga 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to present and discuss the main impacts of Portuguese public policies in the area of education in Portugal, since 25 April 1974. To this end, diversified information was collected, processed and analysed involving legal and other documents about these national policies, especially those of greater impact on Ciganos, in addition to thorough mapping of ongoing projects of local and social support in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas, where the empirical research is being carried out. At a later stage, interviews were held with technical staff, project coordinators and local institutions, as well as Ciganos and their families. The purpose of using various data collection techniques is to capture the reality experienced by Cigano individuals and families, namely patterns of continuity and social change, particularly in the area of education, through triangulation between the discourses of informants and scientific knowledge already consolidated in these matters. We present a critical and reflexive interpretation of the policy orientations and achieved social rights, focusing on narratives of Ciganos, stakeholders and school representatives centred on what has changed in the school trajectories of Ciganos, in terms of continuity, success and permanence in public education.
Segregated Schools, “Slow Minds” and “Must Be Done Jobs”: Experiences About Formal Education and Labour Market in a Roma Community in Romania
Authors: Plainer Zsuzsa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBased on a long-term ethnographic fieldwork, this study applies the cultural-ecological theory to understand reasons for making and maintaining a segregated school in a Romanian town, and those community forces which track and maintain Roma children there. As findings indicate, creating and sustaining such an institution reflects the flipsides of Romanian national policies, which due to the financing strategies and centralized curricula—involuntarily—block the chances to provide quality education to marginal groups. Tracking and staying of Roma children into such schools is a result of their parents’ ambivalent experiences with formal economic activities and formal education. Experiences with work and schooling shared by this urban group of Roma reveal that parents have clear expectations towards school: transmission of practical knowledge, good treatment and isolation of the school problems from family life, which not always can be fulfilled by the educational units.
Education of Roma and Educational Resilience in Hungary
Authors: Attila Papp Z. , Neumann Eszter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOriginally, the concept of resilience refers to one’s capacity to cope with unexpected shocks and unpredictable situations. Originating from ecological theories, the approach has gained ground in social sciences. In the context of education, the concept has been applied to explain how disadvantaged students can overcome structural constraints and become educationally successful and socially mobile (Werner, E. E., Vulnerable but invincible: a longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982; Masten A. S., American Psychologist 56: 227–238, 2001; Reid, R., Botterrill L. C., Australian Journal of Public Administration 72:31–40, 2013; Máté, D., Erdélyi Társadalom 13:43–55, 2015).This paper is based on the analysis of the Hungarian National Assessment of Basic Competences (NABC) database which has been conducted annually since 2001. We created a typology of school resilience based on the schools’ social and ethnic profile as well as their performance indicators. We defined those schools resilient which over perform others with similar social intake, and we also identified irresilient schools which underperform others with similar social intake. The school types were created by correlating the socio-economic status index (SES) and school performance.Since the NABC database provides us with data on the estimated rate of Roma students in each school, it is possible to take into account the schools’ ethnic intake in the analysis of resilience. We conducted statistical analyses to compare the performance of resilient and irresilient schools in the light of the ratio of Roma students. Finally, we seek answers to the question whether ethnic segregation correlates with school achievement in Hungary. We could identify some crucial institutional factors contributing to resilience (or school success) in the case of schools with relatively high proportion of Roma students.
Sexual and Reproductive Health: Layers of (in)Access
Authors: Hunt Xanthe , Swartz Leslie , Braathen Stine Hellum , Rohleder Poul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we investigate some of the social (e.g. negative attitudes about sexuality and parenthood) and structural (e.g. inaccessible health care facilities) barriers that people with physical disabilities face when trying to lead a pleasurable, safe, and healthy sexual life. We do this by presenting an accessible review of the existing research literature, a summary of relevant survey evidence, and use of the personal stories of the participants.
Deep Energy Retrofit of Residential Buildings in the Mediterranean Area: The MedZEB Approach
Authors: Capogrosso Roberta , De Aloysio Giulia , Laghi Luca , Malvezzi Roberto , Menconi Eraldo , Padula Marco , Pecchia Francesca , Cruceira Ángel Ruìz , Salmeròn Lissén José Manuel , Scala Paolo Luigi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMediterranean deep retrofit markets are characterized by common barriers and bottlenecks, which barely have been identified as shared challenges, and this has led to a lack of dedicated solutions and to a substantial delay in achieving the 2020 EU policy targets. This situation is addressed by the H2020 HAPPEN project by proposing a new MedZEB approach characterized by the following features:

Holistic, i.e., aimed at integrating the most relevant aspects of the retrofitting supply chain;

Transparent, i.e., aimed at putting on the market novel tools for enhancing investors’ trust;

Adaptive, i.e., aimed at enhancing “added values” of the retrofitting such as flexibility, well-being, etc.

Having arrived at its midpoint, HAPPEN has produced an advanced version of its main outputs, among which are:

the HAPPEN cost-optimal technical solutions, developed according to a step-by-step logic;

the HAPPEN financial solution, fully integrated with the step-by-step logic, and aimed at funding the retrofitting process by relying on the energy savings achieved;

the MedZEB protocol conceived as a guarantee scheme for the achievement of retrofit targets;

the HAPPEN platform, an assisted digital marketplace aimed at matching demand and offer according to a one-stop-shop logic, at defragmenting the retrofit value chain, and at supporting actors with dedicated tools.

These outputs have been developed also thanks to an extensive living laboratory and pilot-building program, carried out within ten pilot sites across seven EU Med countries; this has made it possible for a large engagement of potential users, which resulted in the ideation of the HAPPEN program, an overall framework aimed at integrating project outputs into an exploitable renovation procedure powered by the HAPPEN platform. This paper describes the first simulation of such a procedure in its entirety based on a real case study. After characterizing the building according to the HAPPEN reference buildings and climates lists, a step-by-step cost-optimal package of solutions was calculated, followed by the application of the HAPPEN financial solution, and by the draft issue of the MedZEB protocol. Results provide the first evidence of the effectiveness of the MedZEB approach in potentially unlocking the deep retrofit market in the Med area, with special attention to the possibility of funding the interventions by relying on the economies generated by the energy savings achieved. Further, the project activities will be aimed at co-creating, together with relevant stakeholders, a go-to-market strategy for the HAPPEN program.
Politik und Wirtschaft im Wandel
Authors: Keuschnigg Christian , Kogler Michael 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungGlobalisierung, Innovation und Alterung der Gesellschaft treiben den wirtschaftlichen Wandel voran. Der Aufstieg Chinas pflügt die Weltwirtschaft um, die Digitalisierung verändert die Arbeitswelt. Welche neuen Herausforderungen ergeben sich für die Wirtschaftspolitik?
Seriengründer: Erfolg macht erfolgreich
Authors: Wester Korbinian 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungInnovative Unternehmensgründungen erneuern die Wirtschaft. Aber vielen Gründern mangelt es an Kapital, an unternehmerischem Knowhow und an Erfahrung. Das Risiko ist gross, nicht alle Start-ups haben das gleiche Potenzial, und nicht jede Gründung lohnt für die Gesellschaft. Um die neuen Start-ups mit den besten Aussichten herauszufiltern und auf Erfolg zu trimmen, braucht es leistungsfähige Wagniskapitalgeber. Sie geben Kapital erst nach sorgfältiger Auswahl und leisten Beratung und Überwachung. Aber das Neue ist auf dem Markt noch nicht getestet. Das Potenzial der Start-ups ist schwer einzuschätzen. Da zählt die Erfahrung in der Vergangenheit. Einem Seriengründer, der bereits einmal Erfolg hatte und Erfahrung sammeln konnte, dem vertraut man eher. Auch ein Wagnisfinanzier, der auf einen erfolgreichen Leistungsausweis zurückblicken kann, geniesst bei den Gründern und ihren Kunden, Zulieferern und Banken mehr Vertrauen. Erfolg macht erfolgreich.Gompers, Paul, Anna Kovner, Josh Lerner und David Scharfstein (2010), Performance Persistence in Entrepreneurship, Journal of Financial Economics 96, 18–32.
Kann Demokratie das Wachstum fördern?
Authors: Folger Till Nikolaus 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Staat sind wir. Mit Demokratie lenken wir die Politik zu unserem Vorteil. Breiter Zugang zu Bildung steigert nicht nur die Produktivität, sondern fördert auch die demokratische Teilhabe und Kontrolle. Wirtschaftliche Reformen werden wahrscheinlicher, die den Nutzen für eine große Mehrheit anstatt des Vorteiles einer privilegierten Minderheit fördern. Doch die Demokratie ist nicht perfekt. Weltanschauliche Differenzen können den Konsens erschweren und wichtige Entscheidungen verhindern. Braucht es den aufgeklärten Autokraten, um nachhaltigen Wohlstand zu schaffen? Oder ist die Demokratie der verlässlichere Weg zu inklusivem Wachstum?Acemoglu Acemoglu, Daron, Suresh Naidu, Pascual Restrepo, James A. Robinson (2019), Democracy Does Cause Growth, Journal of Political Economy 127, 47–100.
Wie wirksam ist Regionalförderung?
Authors: Diebold Céline 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Ziel der Regionalpolitik ist die Förderung strukturschwacher Gebiete, damit sie zum nationalen Durchschnitt aufschliessen. Doch die Steuermittel sind knapp und haben viele gute Verwendungen. Auch die Regionalförderung muss sich mit ihrem Nutzen rechtfertigen. Ist sie tatsächlich wirksam, die Entwicklung benachteiligter Gebiete mit zusätzlichen Investitionen anzustossen? Oder erschöpft sie sich in reinen Mitnahmeeffekten, indem sie Investitionen fördert, welche die Unternehmen ohnehin getätigt hätten? Führt sie zu einer Verlagerung von Investitionen und Beschäftigung von nicht geförderten zu geförderten Gebieten, ohne dass die Gesamtwirtschaft profitiert? Kann die Regionalförderung eine nachhaltige, selbsttragende Entwicklung anstossen, die auch dann noch bestehen bleibt, wenn die Förderung wieder ausläuft? Oder bleibt der neu geschaffene Wohlstand dauerhaft von Subventionen abhängig?Criscuolo Chiara, Ralf Martin, Henry G. Overman und John Van Reenen (2019), Some Causal Effects of an Industrial Policy, American Economic Review 109, 48–85.
Macht die Pensionierung gesund oder krank?
Authors: Stadelmann Sabrina 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungViele Länder Europas reformieren ihre Rentensysteme. Eines der Hauptziele ist die Erhöhung des Rentenalters, um die finanzielle Stabilität der Rentensysteme angesichts steigender Lebenserwartung zu sichern. So wollen z. B. Deutschland, Dänemark, Frankreich, Italien und die Niederlande das Rentenalter schrittweise von 65 auf 67 Jahre anheben. Was sind die zu erwartenden Folgen einer Pensionierung für die Gesundheit? Wenn die Pensionierung tatsächlich Auswirkungen auf den Gesundheitszustand hat, sind weitere Folgen für die Kosten im Gesundheitswesen zu erwarten.Norma B. Coe und Gema Zamarro (2011), Retirement effects on health in Europe, Journal of Health Economics 30, 77–86.
Wie Banken den Strukturwandel finanzieren
Authors: Maier Christina 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungWenn die Produktivität hoch sein soll, müssen Arbeit und Kapital dorthin wandern, wo die Erträge hoch und die Zukunftsperspektiven gut sind, und dürfen nicht dort verharren, wo Beschäftigung und Einkommen unsicher sind. Innovatives Wachstum löst einen andauernden Strukturwandel kreativer Zerstörung aus. Dieses Wachstum kann sich erst entfalten, wenn der Strukturwandel gelingt. Schwache Unternehmen dürfen nicht länger Marktanteile besetzen und damit das Wachstum der produktiven Unternehmen bremsen. Banken dürfen faule Kredite an wenig wettbewerbsfähige Unternehmen nicht weiter verlängern, sondern müssen sie fällig stellen und teilweise abschreiben, damit sie die Kreditvergabe auf die Wachstumsunternehmen lenken können. Schwache Banken mit wenig Eigenkapital können den Strukturwandel nicht finanzieren, weil die dabei auftretenden Verluste ihre Mindestkapitalausstattung gefährden. Nicht nur die Finanzstabilität, sondern auch das Produktivitätswachstum setzt einen starken Bankensektor mit robuster Kapitalausstattung voraus.Schivardi, Fabiano, Enrico Sette und Guido Tabellini (2017), Credit Misallocation During the European Financial Crisis, CEPR DP 11901.
Therapie der sepsisinduzierten Koagulopathie
Authors: Schmoch Thomas , Brenner Thorsten , Becker-Pennrich Andrea , Hinske Ludwig Christian , Weigand Markus A. , Briegel Josef , Möhnle Patrick ,   SepNet Study Group
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Im Rahmen von Sepsis und septischem Schock kommt es aufgrund der engen Verflechtung von Gerinnung und Entzündung häufig zu einer Koagulopathie. Die sepsisinduzierte Koagulopathie (SIC) stellt hierbei die schwerste, potenziell fatale Form dar. Aufgrund fehlender Evidenz beschränken sich die aktuellen Sepsis-Leitlinien auf Empfehlungen zur medikamentösen Prophylaxe einer venösen Thromboembolie (VTE), während die Behandlung einer SIC nicht thematisiert wird.

Methoden
Um den Status quo der VTE-Prophylaxe sowie der SIC-Behandlung auf deutschen Intensivstationen zu erheben, wurde von Oktober 2019 bis Mai 2020 eine deutschlandweite Onlineumfrage unter ärztlichen Leitern von Intensivstationen durchgeführt. Diese wurde ab April 2020 durch einen zusätzlichen Fragenblock ergänzt, der sich mit der VTE-Prophylaxe sowie der SIC-Behandlung bei Coronaviruskrankheit(COVID)-19-Patienten befasste.

Ergebnisse
Die Umfrageergebnisse zeigen eine ausgeprägte Heterogenität in der klinischen Praxis bezüglich Prophylaxe von VTE und Therapie der SIC. Ein systematisches Screening auf SIC findet in den meisten Intensivstationen nicht statt. Bei COVID-19-Patienten fällt v. a. auf, dass bei drei Viertel der teilnehmenden Intensivstationen die gelebte Praxis der medikamentösen VTE-Prophylaxe nicht von Non-COVID-19-Patienten abweicht.

Schlussfolgerung
Die Heterogenität der in der Umfrage gesammelten Antworten legt nahe, dass es einer systematischen Aufarbeitung dieses Themenfeldes bedarf, um zukünftig über klinische Interventionsstudien die individualisierte Patientenversorgung mit der gebotenen Evidenz zu unterlegen.
The consequences of hypoglycaemia
Authors: Amiel Stephanie A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHypoglycaemia (blood glucose concentration below the normal range) has
been recognised as a complication of insulin treatment from the very first days of
the discovery of insulin, and remains a major concern for people with diabetes,
their families and healthcare professionals today. Acute hypoglycaemia stimulates a
stress response that acts to restore circulating glucose, but plasma glucose
concentrations can still fall too low to sustain normal brain function and cardiac
rhythm. There are long-term consequences of recurrent hypoglycaemia, which are still
not fully understood. This paper reviews our current understanding of the acute and
cumulative consequences of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetes.
Graphical abstract
Nanoparticle-induced inflammation and fibrosis in ex vivo murine precision-cut liver slices and effects of nanoparticle exposure conditions
Authors: Bartucci Roberta , van der Meer Alex Z. , Boersma Ykelien L. , Olinga Peter , Salvati Anna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChronic exposure and accumulation of persistent nanomaterials by cells have led to safety concerns on potential long-term effects induced by nanoparticles, including chronic inflammation and fibrosis. With this in mind, we used murine precision-cut liver tissue slices to test potential induction of inflammation and onset of fibrosis upon 72 h exposure to different nanomaterials (0–200 µg/ml). Tissue slices were chosen as an advanced ex vivo 3D model to better resemble the complexity of the in vivo tissue environment, with a focus on the liver where most nanomaterials accumulate. Effects on the onset of fibrosis and inflammation were investigated, with particular care in optimizing nanoparticle exposure conditions to tissue. Thus, we compared the effects induced on slices exposed to nanoparticles in the presence of excess free proteins (in situ), or after corona isolation. Slices exposed to daily-refreshed nanoparticle dispersions were used to test additional effects due to ageing of the dispersions. Exposure to amino-modified polystyrene nanoparticles in serum-free conditions led to strong inflammation, with stronger effects with daily-refreshed dispersions. Instead, no inflammation was observed when slices were exposed to the same nanoparticles in medium supplemented with serum to allow corona formation. Similarly, no clear signs of inflammation nor of onset of fibrosis were detected after exposure to silica, titania or carboxylated polystyrene in all conditions tested. Overall, these results show that liver slices can be used to test nanoparticle-induced inflammation in real tissue, and that the exposure conditions and ageing of the dispersions can strongly affect tissue responses to nanoparticles.