bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical property of octahedron Ti6Al4V fabricated by selective laser melting
Authors: Zhai Yun , He Sibo , Lei Lei , Guan Tianmin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The stress shielding effect is a critical issue for implanted prosthesis due to the difference in elastic modulus between the implanted material and the human bone. The adjustment of the elastic modulus of implants by modification of the lattice structure is the key to the research in the field of implanted prosthesis. Our work focuses on the basic unit structure of octahedron Ti6Al4V. The equivalent elastic modulus and equivalent density of porous structure are optimized according to the mechanical properties of human bone tissue by adjusting the edge diameter and side length of octahedral lattice. Macroscopic long-range ordered arrangement of lattice structures is fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. Finite element simulation is performed to calculate the mechanical property of octahedron Ti6Al4V. Scanning electronic microscopy is applied to observe the microstructure of octahedron alloy and its cross section morphology of fracture. Standard compression test is performed for the stress–strain behavior of the specimen. Our results show that the octahedral lattice with the edge diameter of 0.4 mm and unit cell length of 1.5 mm has the best mechanical property which is close to the human bone. The value of equivalent elastic modulus increases with the increase in the edge diameter. The SLM technology proves to be an effective processing way for the fabrication of complex microstructures with porosity. In addition, the specimen exhibits isotropic mechanical performance and homogeneity which significantly meet the requirement of implanted prosthetic medical environment.
»[E]ine Art Experiment in unserer Phantasie«
Authors: Shokri Diba 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This essay1 documents the participation of the Würzburg professor for ›Literaturgeschichte‹ Hubert Roetteken in a series of experiments conducted by the psychologist Karl Marbe and published in 1901 as part of the research program of the so-called ›Würzburg school‹. It suggests that Rotteken’s Poetik from the following year was positively influenced not only by Marbe’s criticism of Ernst Elster’s poetics, but by his own first-hand account of Marbe’s experimental practice. The article demonstrates how this adaptation represents a change in Roetteken’s ideal of academic reading and the making of ›Literaturgeschichte‹ and contextualizes his position in the broader development of the relationship between ›Germanistik‹ and ›Psychologie‹ as evolving academic disciplines.
ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ГЕРТРУДИ БЕЛЛ ПІД ЧАС ПЕРШОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ
Authors: Лілія Щербін Єлизавета Коржук 
Published: December 2021

У статті вивчено діяльність відомої англійської мандрівниці, альпіністки, експертки із Близького Сходу, письменниці, археологині, картографині Гертруди Белл у роки Першої світової війни, події якої мали значний вплив на її життя.
З’ясовано особливості діяльності Гертруди Белл під час Першої світової війни. Виділено два ета­пи: 1) 1914–1915 рр. – робота у Червоному Хресті; 2) 1915–1918 рр. – перебування на Близькому Сході, отри­мання офіцерського звання, вирішальна роль при створенні Іраку. Вона налагодила систему обліку по­терпілих під час війни у Товаристві Червоного Хреста, запровадила нову ефективну систему даних про загиблих, поранених та зниклих безвісти солдатів, використавши свій досвід аналізування та типологізації для створення бази даних. Проаналізовано роль Г. Белл у подоланні конфліктів на Близь­кому Сході, підтримці нових держав, Констатовано, що вона була посередником між арабськими шейхами та британським урядом.
Ключові слова: Гертруда Белл, Перша світова війна, Червоний Хрест, Т.Е. Лоуренс, Близький Схід.
USE OF MESOXALYL UREA (ALLOXAN) IN TREATMENT OF AN INFANT WITH CONVULSIONS DUE TO IDIOPATHIC HYPOGLYCEMIA
Authors: TALBOT NATHAN B. , CRAWFORD JOHN D. , BAILEY C. CABELL 
Published: December 2021

The case history of an eight-month-old infant with severe convulsions due to idiopathic hypoglycemia is described. Because of the poor prognosis and lack of other certain means of therapy, treatment of the hypoglycemia by means of mesoxalyl urea was undertaken with apparent success.
It is concluded that mesoxalyl urea, though a potentially dangerous drug, may be worthy of further cautious trial in patients of the type described here.
ON THE SUBJECT OF ORDERLY OR LAWFUL BEHAVIOR
Authors: ALDRICH C. ANDERSON 
Published: December 2021

The problem of orderly and lawful behavior in young children has been faced realistically. It has been pointed out that infants and young children are influenced by two sets of codes: one, those prescribed by civilized man, and the other by their own inherent growth impulses. The characteristics of the two codes were mentioned, pointing out that the former were of recent origin, extremely variable in different geographic, cultural and even medical situations, and were imposed from without; and that the latter were of extreme antiquity, were on the whole consistent in every social set-up, and exerted their force from within the individual.
It was shown that when the two systems regulating child behavior conflict, it is necessary either to train the child to ignore his growth urges in an effort to conform to social dictates or to modify these requirements. The growth demands cannot be changed. The methods by which a child can be made to conform are by persuasion, including example and guidance, or by corporal punishment, neither of which is a perfect method.
Illustrations of many aspects of behavior in the young child in which conflict commonly is found were cited to give some idea of in how many respects young children may be confused or frustrated with resulting unapproved behavior. It was emphasized that much of this might be prevented by relatively unimportant changes in the man-made codes.
It should be emphasized again that the whole purpose of this discussion is to make conformity to our laws possible and to insist that no child today can grow up doing entirely as he pleases. The adjustments called for are often merely those of timing, of demanding conformity at a later, more reasonable developmental stage.
THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE TEMPORARY DYSFUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS BY PERITONEAL IRRIGATION
Authors: BLOXSOM ALLAN , POWELL NORBORNE 
Published: December 2021

The occurrence of an acute temporary dysfunction of the kidneys following incompatible transfusions, sulfonamide blockage, massive trauma,acute glomerulonephritis, surgical trauma, toxemia of pregnancy, mercury poisoning, and renal failure following an acute hepatitis, is associated with a tragically high mortality. Any method lending itself to the temporary disposal of the accumulation of toxic substances from the renal failure with the subsequent salvaging of the patient merits the additional report of the use of that method.
The method of treatment in the following case report is not original. The case is being reported solely as an addition to the very small series1,2 in the literature of patients salvaged by this form of treatment. However, it does represent the first successful treatment of uremia in a patient with an acute glomerulonephritis following scarlet fever by the application of peritoneal irrigation. Its use may be of value in similar cases.
CASE REPORT*
J.L.R., Jr., a white male aged 10 years, was admitted to the pediatric service of the St. Joseph's Hospital on April 28, 1947, with the complaint of“rapid breathing, swelling, and pain in his abdomen.” The child's mother stated that he became ill first on March 24, 1947, with scarlet fever. This infection lasted about two weeks. He was kept in bed most of this time and received treatment with sulfadiazine. At the end of the two weeks he returned to school for nine days. On April 23 he complained that he did not feel well. The mother noticed that he
OXALOSIS
Authors: CHOU L. YING , DONOHUE W. L. 
Published: December 2021

A case is reported of renal failure in a boy subsequent to recurrent calcium oxalate urinary calculi. The post mortem disclosed widespread deposits in the tissues of calcium oxalate crystals. These were particularly prominent in the kidneys and bone marrow.
It is suggested that this is the end result of an "inborn error of metabolism" in which there was an excessive formation of oxalic acid.
A National General Pediatric Clerkship Curriculum: The Process of Development and Implementation
Authors: Olson Ardis L. , Woodhead Jerold , Berkow Roger , Kaufman Nancy M. , Marshall Susan G. 
Published: December 2021

Objective.
To describe a new national general pediatrics clerkship curriculum, the development process that built national support for its use, and current progress in implementing the curriculum in pediatric clerkships at US allopathic medical schools.

Curriculum Development.
A curriculum project team of pediatric clerkship directors and an advisory committee representing professional organizations invested in pediatric student education developed the format and content in collaboration with pediatric educators from the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics (COMSEP) and the Ambulatory Pediatric Association (APA). An iterative process or review by clerkship directors, pediatric departmental chairs, and students finalized the content and built support for the final product. The national dissemination process resulted in consensus among pediatric educators that this curriculum should be used as the national curricular guideline for clerkships.

Monitoring Implementation.
Surveys were mailed to all pediatric clerkship directors before dissemination (November 1994), and in the first and third academic years after national dissemination (March 1996 and September 1997). The 3 surveys assessed schools' implementation of specific components of the curriculum. The final survey also assessed ways the curriculum was used and barriers to implementation.

Outcomes.
The final curriculum provided objectives and competencies for attitudes, skills, and 18 knowledge areas of general pediatrics. A total of 216 short clinical cases were also provided as an alternative learning method. An accompanying resource manual provided suggested strategies for implementation, teaching, and evaluation. A total of 103 schools responded to survey 1; 84 schools to survey 2; and 85 schools responded to survey 3 from the 125 medical schools surveyed. Before dissemination, 16% of schools were already using the clinical cases. In the 1995–1996 academic year, 70% of schools were using some or all of the curricular objectives/competencies, and 45% were using the clinical cases. Two years later, 90% of schools surveyed were using the curricular objectives, 88% were using the competencies, 66% were using the clinical cases. The extent of curriculum use also increased. Schools using 11 or more of the 18 curriculum's knowledge areas increased from 50% (1995–1996) to 73% (1996–1997).

Conclusion.
This new national general pediatric clerkship curriculum developed broad support during its development and has been implemented very rapidly nationwide. During this period the COMSEP and the APA have strongly supported its implementation with a variety of activities. This development and implementation process can be a model for other national curricula.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: WEGMAN MYRON E. 
Published: December 2021

PREVIOUS discussions in this column have dealt with the problems surrounding adoption and the precautions and safeguards which should be used by all practicing physicians. The strong desirability of agency placement, to assure the kind of skilled social service necessary in adoptions, was emphasized. On the other hand, many physicians have not become reconciled to the long waiting periods and some of the other difficulties involved in working through agencies even though they are considered essential for full protection of the child, the natural parents, and the adoptive parents.
The Children's Bureau has recently released data indicating the extent to which, in 1951, the various methods were used in carrying out adoptions. Nearly half of the children adopted by persons not related to them were placed in adoptive homes independently of a social agency. Many of the children were very young and many of them born out of wedlock. This is the group particularly vulnerable to black or gray market practices. Even though there is no doubt but that some of these adoptions were successful, others were accompanied by difficulties and unhappiness for all concerned, difficulties which could easily have been avoided with proper planning.
The Children's Bureau report was prepared from data furnished by State Public Welfare are Agencies, 25 of which furnished substantially complete information for 1951.
Evaluation and Development of Potentially Better Practices for the Prevention of Brain Hemorrhage and Ischemic Brain Injury in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Carteaux Patricia , Cohen Howard , Check Jennifer , George Jeffrey , McKinley Pamela , Lewis William , Hegwood Patricia , Whitfield Jonathan M. , McLendon Debra , Okuno-Jones Susan , Klein Sharon , Moehring Jim , McConnell Connie 
Published: December 2021

Objective. Neonatal care providers from 5 institutions formed a multidisciplinary focus group with the purpose of identifying potentially better practices, the implementation of which would lead to a reduction in the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia in very low birth weight infants.Methods. Practices were analyzed, 4 benchmark neonatal intensive vare units were identified and evaluated, and the literature was assessed using an evidence-based approach. The work was also reviewed by a nationally respected expert.Results. Ten potentially better clinical practices were identified. In addition, variability in cranial ultrasound practice, related to both procedural process and interpretation, was identified as a confounding problem in evaluating quality. Using the same process, potentially better cranial ultrasound practices were also identified.Conclusions. Implementation of these practices will improve clinical outcomes as well as the reliability of sonogram interpretation, the basis for evaluating the quality of the team’s work.
UNTOWARD EFFECTS OF ENEMATA IN CONGENITAL MEGACOLON
Authors: RICHARDS MARY R. , HIATT ROBERT B. 
Published: December 2021

The problem of untoward reactions to enemata in cases of congenital megaclon has been discussed, and nine cases of such reactions presented. The evidence, although admittedly incomplete, seems to favor water intoxication as the basis of most of these reactions. Other possible etiologic factors are discussed.
A routine for the prevention of syncope by the use of isotonic enema solutions in cases of congenital megacolon is advocated. The use of tap water or soapsuds enemas or of solutions containing potentially toxic substances such as magnesium sulfate is contraindicated in congenital megacolon.
VESTIBULAR RESPONSES TO ROTATION IN THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: LAWRENCE MARGARET M. , FEIND CARL R. 
Published: December 2021

Using a newly designed rotating apparatus with control of acceleration, deceleration and speed, the response of 64 full term newborn infants to rotation was studied.
While awake, all infants showed head and eye deviation opposite to the direction of rotation during acceleration and in the same direction during deceleration; all infants had a normal nystagmus during acceleration and for several turns of constant speed. Then followed a reversal of the nystagmus as soon as deceleration took place. The duration of postrotational nystagmus following 10 turns in 20 seconds varied from 3 to 35 seconds with an average of 13.1 seconds. There is no comparable adult group reported as the stimulus is not constant or controlled.
Sleeping infants had no response to rotation even though they gave normal responses while awake.
Associated postrotation reactions were: flushing, eructation and voiding.
The literature on vestibular responses to rotation in the newborn infant has been reviewed.
EFFECT OF AUREOMYCIN TREATMENT OF STREPTOCOCCAL SORE THROAT ON THE STREPTOCOCCAL CARRIER STATE, THE IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE OF THE HOST, AND THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: HOUSER HAROLD B. , ECKHARDT GEORGE C. , HAHN EDWARD O. , DENNY FLOYD W. , WANNAMAKER LEWIS W. , RAMMELKAMP CHARLES H. 
Published: December 2021

A total of 1,009 patients with exudative tonsillitis or pharyngitis, predominantly streptococcal in etiology, was treated with aureomycin hydrochloride. A control group of 1,035 patients received no aureomycin.
An illness classified as definite or possible rheumatic fever subsequently developed in 20 patients who had received aureomycin and in 29 who had received no treatment. Data collected on rheumatic subjects indicated that when the interval between the onset of the observed attack of exudative tonsillitis or pharyngitis and the onset of rheumatic fever exceeded 35 days, an intervening streptococcal infection had occurred. Five patients in the treated group and 20 in the control group developed rheumatic fever within a 35 day interval. These data indicated that aureomycin therapy greatly reduces the subsequent occurrence of rheumatic fever.
Aureomycin therapy was also found to eradicate the streptococcus from the oropharynx in a large number of instances and to inhibit the formation of antistreptolysin. The degree of inhibition of antistreptolysin formation was shown to correlate with the eradication of the streptococci from the oropharynx. When bacteriologic relapse occurred following cessation of aureomycin therapy, the degree of inhibition of antistreptolysin production was low.
Aureomycin therapy of streptococcal infections was compared to penicillin therapy of such infections. It was shown that penicillin was more effective in eradicating streptococci, decreasing antistreptolysin formation, and preventing rheumatic fever. Penicillin, therefore, is the drug of choice.
THE PSYCHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
Authors: BELL ANITA I. , LEVINE MILTON I. 
Published: December 2021

What have we seen in the aforementioned cases? In both cases the parents were apprehensive about dirt, and extremely anxious about the period of time that elapsed between movements. Each child had gone through the usual routine of cathartics, enemas, etc. In requesting that the mother finger paint together with the child, we were doing two things. We were helping this mother to overcome her own feeling about being messy, and at the same time getting her to convey to the child that dirt need not be feared, nor must it be removed immediately. Interestingly enough, if we look at the finger painting when it is done by these mothers and children, although they have a choice of all the primary colors, in a majority of the cases the ultimate painting turns out to be brown, or greenish brown, a color so closely allied with feces.
It was equally interesting to hear some of the mothers say, "You know, it really can be fun to finger paint. At first I thought it would be so messy." Although in the cases described above, it was a little late to educate the parents against undue aggression toward the infant at the time of toilet training, however, with an understanding of the problem, came some sympathy toward the child, and a lessening of the parental aggression. This is very quickly sensed by children, and may, to some degree, be responsible for the improvement in the total situation of the parent-child relationship. Furthermore, one should not overlook the fact that the help of the pediatrician is of great importance to the parent. His is the voice of authority which enables the helpless and frustrated mother to overcome earlier emotional attitudes and assume a more tolerant parental role.
We do not presume to convey that every case of constipation is cured by resorting to finger painting. However, we have observed 22 cases which were treated by the method of reeducation of parental concepts plus finger painting, with positive results.
From the foregoing material, it is evident that there is a dire need for the pediatrician to fully understand the psychologic implications of fecal movements from the first day of birth on. It is the pediatrician who guides the mother, who relieves her anxiety when the child has no movements for several days, and who can explain to her the harmless composition of feces. It is he too, who can make her aware of the problems of toilet training and the more positive attitudes she can maintain to negotiate successfully this step without undue aggression.
Inasmuch as the period of life up to the age of approximately three or three and a half years is so fraught with incidents which could have been avoided with adequate understanding, it would be a pity to overlook the measures by means of which we could avoid as distressing an illness as what we term chronic constipation.
EPIDEMIC NEPHRITIS IN A SCHOOL POPULATION
Authors: Siegel Alan C. , Rammelkamp Charles H. , Griffeath Harold I. 
Published: December 2021

An outbreak of streptococcal infections among children attending kindergarten and second grade is described. During the course of the epidemic seven examples of acute hemorrhagic nephritis were observed. Routine examination of the urine of the boys who harbored Group A streptococci revealed 4 individuals who showed persistent hematuria and red cell casts but without symptoms of nephritis. In addition, transient hematuria was observed in several boys.
The epidemic of nephritis appeared to be due to Type 12 streptococci, an organism known to cause this complication. The importance of nephritis as a public health problem is emphasized since both apparent and inapparent examples of the disease may exist in populations infected with nephritogenic streptococci. Adequate measures are now available for the control of these infections.
Normal values are presented concerning the number of red cells excreted in the urine. Some of the factors which may influence the degree of hematuria are reviewed.
OXALOSIS
Authors: Burke Edmund C. , Baggenstoss Archie H. , Owen Charles A. , Power Marschelle H. , Lohr Oliver W. 
Published: December 2021

A case is described in which oxalosis occurred in an 11-year-old boy. The patient had experienced the formation of numerous calculi and multiple operations for removal of the calculi. The clinical, pathologic and histochemical findings in the case are presented. The unusual features of the case are extensive deposits of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys, bone marrow, spleen, liver, blood vessels, and adrenal cortex.
Calcium oxalate, a relatively inert substance, appears to effect renal damage by virtue of its deposition in the renal tissue. While many aspects of oxalate metabolism remain obscure, it is generally presumed that oxalosis represents an as yet undefined metabolic defect.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: Silverman William A. , Fertig John W. , Kraus Arthur 
Published: December 2021

Comparisons of the crude death rates of premature nurseries are untrustworthy. Statistical techniques of standardization, used in the study of the mortality rates of other population groups are applicable to the problem of hospital nursery rates.
A proposed method of computing Standardized Death Rates is presented to make due allowance for distribution differences in the structure of premature nursery population. Accurate recording of the exact age at the time of admission to the nursery and the exact age at the time of discharge (either dead or alive) is necessary for the computation. Age-specific death rates for infants of differing birthweight, gestational age, sex, color, and place of birth, obtained from the pooled experiences of many hospital nurseries may be adopted as a set of Standard Death Rates. These Standard Rates may then be applied to individual limited experiences to make valid comparisons possible. The need for obtaining such a set of Standard Death Rates is stressed.