bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Perspectives on Parenting
Authors: Mesman Judi , Emmen Rosanneke A. G. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on cultural influences on parenting, examining patterns across countries, but also within countries in different ethnic groups. Whereas forms vary, two broad functions of parenting practices can be consistently identified across cultural contexts: establishing a relational bond providing safety and security in infancy (commonly referred to as attachment), and transmitting culturally appropriate behavior, knowledge, and skills throughout the childhood years. The chapter then looks at the role of culture in ethnic minority parenting, which has unique features that are different from those in ethnic majority groups. It concludes by reflecting on the state of the research field of culture and parenting, and directions for the future. Given the high cultural diversity in many urban regions in the world where professionals deal with families from all over the world, and the frequent “export” of parenting interventions from the West to other parts of the world, the field would benefit enormously from investing in mixed-methods studies examining these processes in situations where cultures meet, and where it is not immediately clear which cultural norms should prevail.
Governmentality and Grand Strategy
Authors: Neal Andrew W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of Michel Foucault’s concept of “governmentality” for grand strategy. It argues that debates on governmentality and grand strategy share an interest in wider conditions and practices of government that extend beyond strategic decision-making. They also mirror each other in analyzing the rational frameworks that accompany and support practices of government and strategy. The chapter reflects on the work of Sir Basil Liddell Hart in this light, particularly his focus on conditions of strategic success beyond war fighting. The argument is that governmentality offers a way to critically engage with grand-strategic discourses and their historically situated assumptions about the nature and scope of government. The chapter concludes with a brief case study on the relationship between foreign development aid, grand strategy, and governmentality.
Material Sources of Grand Strategy
Authors: Ripsman Norrin M. , Kovac Igor 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines material sources of grand strategy, such as the relative power of a state, the polarity of the international system, the regional balance of power, geography, and technology. It argues that these material factors, reflecting the material environment within which states interact, set the table for grand strategy construction and, therefore, have a profound impact on grand strategy, although they do not completely determine grand strategy. The material setting sets the parameters within which national leaders make decisions and prioritize goals within a given set of national institutions and in a particular cultural context. Furthermore, we provide concrete empirical examples of the mechanisms through which these factors impact state grand strategy.
Thucydides’ Legacy in Grand Strategy
Authors: Morley Neville 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Thucydides is now a familiar name in the fields of politics, war, and strategy, but references to his work in discussions of grand strategy are usually superficial and sometimes problematic. He is treated as both ancient and modern, as an authoritative theorist whose views are then ignored in favor of the events of the war he described. This chapter explores the nature of Thucydides’ project, as a detailed narrative of past events that claims nevertheless to offer his readers a “possession for all time” as a guide to future developments. It surveys the various depictions of strategic thinking in his account, as presented in set-piece scenes of deliberation and debate—and explores how the broader narrative places the confident plans and expectations of war leaders, even Pericles, in question. His account emphasizes the absence of grand strategy in antiquity, above all the absence of the necessary institutional framework. It also raises important questions about the feasibility of any grand strategy, especially within a democracy, given the unpredictability of events and the poor track record of humans in anticipating them.
Grand Strategy and the Tools of Economic Statecraft
Authors: Early Bryan R. , Preble Keith 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Economic statecraft provides great powers with a set of valuable tools they can employ in pursuing grand strategies, but the importance of its contribution is often overlooked. This chapter provides a conceptual framework for understanding how policymakers can leverage the tools of economic statecraft to achieve major objectives in pursuit of their grand strategies, including: bargaining, balancing, generating power and prosperity, signaling and norms promotion, and influencing nonstate actors. It then maps how economic sanctions, foreign aid, strategic commercial policy, and institutionalized economic cooperation can best contribute to the realization of these objectives. The analysis reveals that the flexibility of economic sanctions and foreign aid in achieving numerous objectives helps explain why great powers rely so heavily upon them.
Covert Action and Grand Strategy
Authors: Mitrovich Gregory 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Throughout history, covert action has been a critically important instrument used by states to achieve their strategic aims without the use of military force. This chapter explores the little-known role that covert action played during the rise of the United States from the American Revolution to the First World War, as well their use by Great Britain and Germany to influence US foreign policy after the United States had become a great power. The chapter explores how covert operations aided US efforts to expand across North America and European covert missions to block America’s rise through exploiting divisions within US society and derailing American plans to expand its borders to the Pacific Ocean. The chapter then explores how prior to the First World War, Britain and Germany used covert psychological operations to sway American opinion to their respective sides. Once war broke out, these operations intensified as Britain sought to convince the United States to enter the conflict as their ally while German operations sought to encourage American neutrality. Once America entered the war, Germany switched to sabotaging American operations to derail US war production. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the future of covert action in the digital age and the role of cyberattacks in light of the Russian attack on the 2016 US presidential election.
Financing the Grand Strategy of Great and Rising Powers
Authors: Cappella Zielinski Rosella 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How can great and rising powers finance their grand strategy? What enables and constrains a state’s ability to finance its grand strategic needs? Under what conditions are leaders able to implement their desired financial strategy? When considering the various means available for financing grand strategy, leaders are concerned with raising revenue to implement their grand strategy as well as staying in power. Financing grand strategy, however, presents an intertemporal dilemma for leaders: a politically costly fiscal sacrifice today for benefits accrued in the future. This chapter advances an analytical framework and offers illustrative examples to understand how leaders navigate this intertemporal dilemma. First, the chapter addresses the scope of the study: military spending of great and rising powers. Second, it presents the various financing options and addresses the short- and long-term political and economic costs of each. Third, it offers three variables that condition leader willingness to incur the short-term political costs of financing grand strategy: regime type, whether a state is a rising or great power, and the degree of clarity in the threat environment.
Grand Strategies of Declining Powers
Authors: MacDonald Paul K. , Parent Joseph M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How do states deal with decline? Since Thucydides, various authors have tried to describe how falling states manage their declines and prescribe how they might do it better. Their arguments have run the gamut from “do nothing” to “change everything.” Although this might seem like a bewildering array of plausible alternatives, there are better and worse ways to go about choosing grand strategies of decline. This chapter lays out the dilemmas of decline as well as under-appreciated silver linings, and assesses how some states have succeeded in arresting, slowing, or reversing their declines while others have accelerated their declines or facilitated collapse. This chapter argues that the diverse descriptions in the literature derive from shifting structural conditions that encourage some policy combinations and discourage others. To make the case, it first elaborates the dilemmas of decline, assesses the policy options open to leaders in declining states, and examines the conditions that matter most. Next, it analyzes what grand strategic responses have been most common and which have tended to work. Finally, the chapter summarizes the literature and explores what remains to be known about states in decline.
Population Aging and Grand Strategy
Authors: Haas Mark L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of population aging on states’ grand strategies. Due to major reductions in fertility levels and significant increases in life expectancies over the course of the last century, a majority of countries are growing older, many at fantastic rates and extent. The number of seniors, both absolutely and as a share of states’ overall population, is reaching unprecedented levels. This worldwide demographic trend is likely to affect all dimensions of states’ grand strategies, including in the great powers, which are among the world’s oldest countries. Population aging is likely to reduce states’ military capabilities, push leaders to adopt more isolationist and peaceful foreign policies, reshape states’ core international interests to place greater emphasis on the advancement of citizens’ quality of life and the protection of particular ethnocultural identities, and increase the perceived threat posed by immigration and multicultural ideologies.
Grand Strategy Under Nonpolarity
Authors: Schweller Randall L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The random and indeterminate nature of the current nonpolar world suggests a condition of increasing entropy. Relative capability advantages in today’s system do not translate as easily as they once did into power and influence over others. Unlike past multipolar and bipolar systems, the current system exerts only weak, if any, systemic constraints on actors. Thus, polarity has become a largely meaningless concept. Instead, we see an increase in the number and kinds of actors that can affect the system’s outcomes. In addition, complex process variables at the systemic and micro levels—especially those related to globalization and the digital revolution—are fundamentally reshaping the current and future dynamics of world politics. The key to grand strategy in this “hybrid world” of many types of actors wielding various kinds of power will be, first, for states to recognize the limits of traditional power bases and, second, to identify and cooperate with private actors that possess issue-specific resources, expertise, and influence with respect to the task at hand. That said, it is a complex and unpredictable world, not well-suited to the linear thinking associated with grand strategy.
Pain Catastrophizing and Pain Self-Efficacy Mediate Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Program Outcomes at Posttreatment and Follow-Up
Authors: Schumann Matthew E , Coombes Brandon J , Gascho Keith E , Geske Jennifer R , McDermott Mary C , Morrison Eleshia J , Reynolds Andrea L , Bernau Jessica L , Gilliam Wesley P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Decreasing pain catastrophizing and improving self-efficacy to self-manage chronic pain symptoms are important treatment targets in the context of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation. Greater pain catastrophizing has been shown to be associated with greater impact of pain symptoms on functioning; conversely, greater pain self-efficacy has been associated with lower pain intensity and lower levels of disability.

Objective
To prospectively evaluate interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation outcomes, as well as to evaluate the mediating effects of both pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy on outcome.

Methods
Participants were 315 patients with chronic pain between April 2017 and April 2018 who completed a 3-week interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program. Pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, pain self-efficacy, quality of life, depressive symptom questionnaires, and measures of physical performance were assessed before and after treatment. Follow-up questionnaires were returned by 163 participants. Effect size and reliable change analyses were conducted from pre- to posttreatment and from pretreatment to 6-month follow-up. Mediation analyses were conducted to determine the mediating effect of pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy on pain outcome.

Results
Significant improvements from pre- to posttreatment in pain outcomes were observed, and more than 80% evidenced a reliable change in at least one pain-relevant measure. Pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy mediated the relationship between changes in pain outcomes.

Conclusions
Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation is an effective treatment, and decreasing pain catastrophizing and increasing pain self-efficacy can influence maintenance of treatment gains.
Raw scores on subjective sleepiness, fatigue, and vigor metrics consistently define resilience and vulnerability to sleep loss
Authors: Casale Courtney E , Yamazaki Erika M , Brieva Tess E , Antler Caroline A , Goel Namni 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesAlthough trait-like individual differences in subjective responses to sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) exist, reliable characterizations remain elusive. We comprehensively compared multiple methods for defining resilience and vulnerability by subjective metrics.MethodsA total of 41 adults participated in a 13-day experiment: 2 baseline, 5 SR, 4 recovery, and one 36 h TSD night. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Profile of Mood States Fatigue (POMS-F) and Vigor (POMS-V) were administered every 2 h. Three approaches (Raw Score [average SR score], Change from Baseline [average SR minus average baseline score], and Variance [intraindividual SR score variance]), and six thresholds (±1 standard deviation, and the highest/lowest scoring 12.5%, 20%, 25%, 33%, and 50%) categorized Resilient/Vulnerable groups. Kendall’s tau-b correlations compared the group categorization’s concordance within and between KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V scores. Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapped t-tests compared group scores.ResultsThere were significant correlations between all approaches at all thresholds for POMS-F, between Raw Score and Change from Baseline approaches for KSS, and between Raw Score and Variance approaches for POMS-V. All Resilient groups defined by the Raw Score approach had significantly better scores throughout the study, notably including during baseline and recovery, whereas the two other approaches differed by measure, threshold, or day. Between-measure correlations varied in strength by measure, approach, or threshold.ConclusionsOnly the Raw Score approach consistently distinguished Resilient/Vulnerable groups at baseline, during sleep loss, and during recovery‒‒we recommend this approach as an effective method for subjective resilience/vulnerability categorization. All approaches created comparable categorizations for fatigue, some were comparable for sleepiness, and none were comparable for vigor. Fatigue and vigor captured resilience/vulnerability similarly to sleepiness but not each other.
Persistent Incisional Pain after Noncardiac Surgery: An International Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Khan James S. , Sessler Daniel I. , Chan Matthew T. V. , Wang C. Y. , Garutti Ignacio , Szczeklik Wojciech , Turan Alparslan , Busse Jason W. , Buckley D. Norman , Paul James , McGillion Michael , Fernández-Riveira Carmen , Srinathan Sadeesh K. , Shanthanna Harsha , Gilron Ian , Jacka Michael , Jackson Paul , Hankinson James , Paniagua Pilar , Pettit Shirley , Devereaux P. J. 
Published: September 2021

Background
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, characteristics, impact, and risk factors associated with persistent incisional pain. The hypothesis was that patient demographics and perioperative interventions are associated with persistent pain.

Methods
This was a secondary analysis of an international prospective cohort study from 2012 to 2014. This study included patients who were 45 yr of age or older who underwent major inpatient noncardiac surgery. Data were collected perioperatively and at 1 yr after surgery to assess for the development of persistent incisional pain (pain present around incision at 1 yr after surgery).

Results
Among 14,831 patients, 495 (3.3%; 95% CI, 3.1 to 3.6) reported persistent incisional pain at 1 yr, with an average pain intensity of 3.6 ± 2.5 (0 to 10 numeric rating scale), with 35% and 14% reporting moderate and severe pain intensities, respectively. More than half of patients with persistent pain reported needing analgesic medications, and 85% reported interference with daily activities (denominator = 495 in the above proportions). Risk factors for persistent pain included female sex (P = 0.007), Asian ethnicity (P < 0.001), surgery for fracture (P < 0.001), history of chronic pain (P < 0.001), coronary artery disease (P < 0.001), history of tobacco use (P = 0.048), postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (P < 0.001), postoperative continuous nerve block (P = 0.010), insulin initiation within 24 h of surgery (P < 0.001), and withholding nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on the day of surgery (P = 0.029 and P < 0.001, respectively). Older age (P < 0.001), endoscopic surgery (P = 0.005), and South Asian (P < 0.001), Native American/Australian (P = 0.004), and Latin/Hispanic ethnicities (P < 0.001) were associated with a lower risk of persistent pain.

Conclusions
Persistent incisional pain is a common complication of inpatient noncardiac surgery, occurring in approximately 1 in 30 adults. It results in significant morbidity, interferes with daily living, and is associated with persistent analgesic consumption. Certain demographics, ethnicities, and perioperative practices are associated with increased risk of persistent pain.

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Interpretation of Enhanced Fecal and Urinary Plutonium Excretion Data under a 2-y Regular DTPA Treatment Started Months after Intake
Authors: Grémy Olivier , Blanchin Nicolas , Miccoli Laurent 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In a worker who had internalized plutonium, most likely through inhalation of a somewhat soluble compound, an extensive diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) treatment regimen was initiated several months after contamination. Numerous radiotoxicological analyses were performed in both fecal and urinary specimens collected, sometimes for three consecutive days after DTPA administration. Activity measurements showed the continued effectiveness of DTPA intravenous infusions in removing plutonium from tissues of retention even if the treatment regimen started very belatedly after contamination. In the present case, the activity excreted through urine within the first 24-h after a DTPA infusion contributed only about half of that activity excreted within the first three days (i.e., the cumulative activity of the first three 24-h urine collections). In addition, the careful study of the data revealed that DTPA-induced excretion of plutonium via fecal pathway significantly contributed to the overall decorporation. The intracellular chelation of plutonium may be responsible for this enhanced excretion of activity in feces as well as for the delayed and sustained increased clearance of activity in urine. The authors would suggest that the occupational physicians offer to individuals who internalized moderately soluble or soluble plutonium compounds undergo a long-term DTPA treatment, especially when it is not initiated promptly after intake. Under this scenario, measurements of plutonium in successive urine and fecal collections after treatment should be required to get a better estimate of the therapeutic benefit. Also, intracellular chelation and fecal route should be taken into account for better interpretation of radiotoxicological data and modeling of plutonium kinetics under delayed DTPA treatment.
Smooth versus Textured Implant Breast Reconstruction: Patient-Reported Outcomes and Complications
Authors: Vorstenbosch Joshua , McCarthy Colleen M. , Shamsunder Meghana G. , Polanco Thais O. , Dabic Stefan , Wiser Itay , Matros Evan , Dayan Joseph , Disa Joseph J. , Pusic Andrea L. , Cavalli Michele R. , Encarnacion Elizabeth , Lee Meghan , Mehrara Babak J. , Nelson Jonas A. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The association between textured surface breast implants and breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma has led to an increase in surgical procedures to exchange textured devices to smooth surface implants. Because patient satisfaction is an integral part of breast reconstruction, the purpose of this study was to compare patient-reported outcomes between smooth and textured implant recipients.

Methods:
Patients aged 18 years or older who underwent implant-based postmastectomy breast reconstruction with either smooth or textured devices from 2009 to 2017 and completed the BREAST-Q patient-reported outcome measure following reconstruction were included in this analysis. The primary outcomes of interest were mean and median BREAST-Q scores and postoperative complications.

Results:
Overall, 1077 patients were included—785 who underwent breast reconstruction with smooth implants and 292 who underwent breast reconstruction with textured implants. No statistical differences were observed between the textured and smooth implant groups for any of the BREAST-Q domain scores at any of the early (3-month) to late (2-year) postoperative time points. Smooth implant recipients reported significantly more rippling (p = 0.003) than textured implant recipients. In contrast, textured implant recipients had a higher rate of cellulitis than smooth implant recipients (p = 0.016).

Conclusions:
These data suggest that postoperative satisfaction with breasts or health-related quality of life following immediate postmastectomy implant-based breast reconstruction is likely independent of implant surface type. However, smooth breast implants may result in more rippling. The authors’ findings represent an important aid in counseling patients who have questions about the risks and benefits of replacing their textured implants with smooth surface devices.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.