bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unintended Pregnancies Among HIV Positive Women In Sub Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review Protocol
Authors: Tomilola Oguntade Racheal , Bolanle Ojewole Elizabeth , Olufunmi Ogunrombi Modupe 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: Unintended pregnancies pose a severe threat to the well-being of HIV-positive women and their unborn children. Factors contributing to the high incidence of unintended pregnancies include contraceptive failure, low uptake of contraceptives, and misuse of contraceptives. Despite various contraceptive options, an increased incidence of unintended pregnancies is rampant among HIV-positive women in the region of sub-Saharan Africa. This study seeks to present evidence of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, including those using contraceptives.Method: This study entails a scoping review to survey and interrogate the literature to provide evidence for the incidence of unintended pregnancies among HIV-positive women in sub-Saharan Africa. A proposed framework by Arksey and O'Malley will guide this scoping review. Peer-reviewed articles which address the research questions will constitute the main search. Electronic databases such as EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library, World of Science, World Health Organization (WHO) library databases, Science Direct, Google Scholar PubMed, and grey literature search will be involved. References list from studies included will also be searched. The investigation of articles will be done employing keywords from the studies included. The inclusion and exclusion criteria will guide two separate reviewers with the screening of abstracts and full papers. To summarize the findings from this review, thematic content analysis will be done using NVivo version 11.Discussion: We expect that this review will add to the current body of knowledge on the incidence of unintended pregnancies among HIV-positive women, identify gaps for further future research, and show evidence that may contribute to strengthening the health system's regulations, guidelines, and policies that may help prevent unintended pregnancies among HIV positive women. Registration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/EY3R5
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Cerebral Vascular Permeability in Type 2 Diabetes-Related Cerebral Microangiopathy
Authors: Chen Ying-Chen , Lu Bing-Ze , Shu Yu-Chen , Sun Yuan-Ting 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objective
Diabetes-related cerebral microangiopathy can manifest as cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and exhibit cognitive decline. To find the early change of function in advance, this study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of cerebral permeability (Ktrans) in the progression of diabetes-related CSVD.
Methods
Cerebral vascular permeability was crossectional measured in diabetic patients with or without CSVD, and non-diabetic patients with or without CSVD by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI).
Results
In all diabetic patients, the Ktrans of white matter (WM) was increased. However, the Ktrans of gray matter (GM) was only increased in those with CSVD. This suggested the earlier involvement of WM than GM and indicated the development of diabetes-related cerebral microangiopathy was prior to it could be visualized as features of CSVD on MRI. To broaden the application of cerebral permeability and overcome the limitations of DCE-MRI, the commonly available CSVD items of MRI were used to indicate the increase in Ktrans. Among all CSVD items, the presence of microbleeds was most correlated with the increased permeability in all patients. In contrast to non-diabetic patients, increased Ktrans in diabetes was more associated with moderate WM hyperintensity but less with the presence of lacunae or multiple perivascular spaces. The differential correlation suggested distinct mechanisms underlying diabetes-related CSVD and other CSVDs.
Conclusions
This study highlights the early development of cerebral microangiopathy in diabetes and broadens the applicability of cerebral permeability. The results may increase the proactivity of clinicians in recognizing the subsequent neurological comorbidities.
Effects of Magnetic Minerals Exposure and Microbial Responses in Surface Sediment Across Bohai Sea
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Mingpeng , Li Yuntao , Shang Weitao , Tang Jianhui , Zhang Zhaojie , Liu Fanghua 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Extensive production and application of magnetic minerals produce significant amounts of magnetic wastes to the environment. These magnetic minerals exposure could affect microbial community composition and geographic distribution. Here, we reported magnetic susceptibility is involved in determining bacterial α-diversity and community composition in surface sediment across Bohai Sea. Environmental factors (explained 9.80%) played a larger role than spatial variables (explained 6.72%) in conditioning the bacterial community composition. Exposure of magnetite center may shape geographical distribution of five dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria (DIRB). Microbial iron reduction ability and electroactive activity in sediment close to magnetite center are stronger than those far away. Our study provides novel understanding for response of DIRB and electroactive bacteria to magnetic minerals exposure.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Nerve Injury in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury: Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hardie Claire Madeline , Brooks James , Wade Ryckie G , Teh Irvin , Bourke Grainne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
BackgroundObstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) is typically caused by excessive traction to the neck during delivery and can cause permanent dysfunction of the upper limb. Surgical exploration is typically performed at 3 months of age if insufficient signs of spontaneous functional recovery are demonstrated, and nerve reconstruction is performed at this point if indicated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a non-invasive alternative in detecting nerve injury, however the reported diagnostic accuracy in existing literature is conflicting. A systematic review is therefore required to clarify the accuracy of MRI and help define its role clinically. The primary objective is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detecting root avulsion in obstetric brachial plexus injuries. The secondary objectives are to determine the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detecting any nerve abnormality (including post-ganglionic injury) and to determine the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detecting pseudomeningocele(s) as a surrogate marker of root avulsion.MethodsElectronic databases will be searched systematically for studies reporting the accuracy of MRI (index test) compared to surgical exploration (reference standard) in detecting root avulsions, other nerve abnormalities and pseudomeningocele in children with OBPI. A revised QUADAS-2 tool will be used to assess methodological quality of included studies. If appropriate, summary sensitivities and specificities for target conditions (root avulsion, abnormal nerve and pseudomeningocele) will be obtained via meta-analyses using a bivariate model. DiscussionThis study will aim to clarify the current diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detecting nerve injury and define its clinical role. Systematic review registrationPROSPERO registration CRD42021267629.
Differences in Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles Between Chinese and Finnish Older Adults with Glucose Impairment and Central Obesity
Authors: Le Shenglong , Zhang Yinan , Voutilainen Ari , Tan Xiao , Laukkanen Jari , Wang Congrong , Cheng Sulin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Obesity and ethnicity play important roles in cardiovascular complications in patients with T2DM. This study aimed to compare cardiometabolic risk profiles between Chinese and Finnish older adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and central obesity.
Methods
Study subjects were 60-74 years old and originated from two population samples. The Finnish subjects came from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease (KIHD) study (n = 1089), and the Chinese subjects came from the Shanghai High-risk Diabetic Screen (SHiDS) study (n = 818). The KIHD and SHiDS studies used similar questionnaires to determine participants’ baseline characteristics regarding the history of medication use and diseases and lifestyle factors. All study subjects participated in glucose tolerance tests and anthropometry assessments, including waist circumference measurements.
Results
Among study subjects with prediabetes and central obesity (n = 298), fasting glucose, 2-h glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly higher while the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and LDL to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) ratio were lower in Chinese individuals than Finnish individuals (p <0.0001-0.003). Among subjects with T2DM and central obesity (n = 251), Chinese subjects had significantly less proportions of antihypertensive, glycaemic control medication, and statin users as well as lower level of physical activity (p < 0.0001 for all), while higher blood pressure (p = 0.002 for systolic blood pressure and p < 0.0001 for diastolic blood pressure), TG levels (p < 0.05) and HDL (p = 0.002) than the Finnish counterparts. There were no differences in β-cell function (HOMA-β) between Chinese and Finnish both in prediabetes and T2DM.
Conclusions
Our results indicated that Chinese and Finnish older adults with prediabetes and T2DM had similar β-cell function. However, Chinese individuals with prediabetes are prone to lipid metabolism dysfunction and insulin resistance. Strategies for preventing prediabetes from developing into diabetes in Chinese individuals should be focused on interventions such as exercise to increase insulin sensitivity and prevent insulin resistance. For Finnish individuals with prediabetes, more attention should be given to weight control.
Retrospective diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with Long COVID by measuring specific T cell mediated IL-2 release.
Authors: Krishna Benjamin A. , Lim Eleanor Y. , Mactavous Lenette , Team NIHR BioResource , Lyons Paul , Doffinger Rainer , Bradley John , Smith Kenneth G. C. , Sinclair John , Matheson Nicholas J. , Lehner Paul J. , Wills Mark R. , Sithole Nyaradzai 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines define Long COVID as signs and symptoms that develop during or after an infection consistent with COVID-19, that continue for more than 12 weeks and are not explained by an alternative diagnosis. Long COVID is as yet poorly understood and difficult to diagnose. The diagnostic complexity of Long COVID is compounded in many patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 but not tested at acute presentation and are antibody negative. Given the diagnostic conundrum of Long COVID, we set out to design a SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell assay, to follow up a cohort of undifferentiated mostly non-hospitalised patients with Long COVID for up to 13 months. Here, we show that IL-2 release from SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells shows >75% sensitivity and >88% specificity in identifying individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection >6 months after a positive PCR test.
Small-molecule-mediated OGG1 inhibition attenuates pulmonary inflammation and lung fibrosis
Authors: Tanner Lloyd , Single Andrew , Bhongir Ravi , Heusel Moritz , Mohanty Tirthankar , Karlsson Christoffer , Clausson Carl-Magnus , Andersson Cecilia , Oommen Riya , Erjefält Jonas , Malmström Johan , Wallner Olov , Helleday Thomas , Kalderen Christina , Egesten Arne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are caused by persistent micro-injuries to alveolar epithelial tissues accompanied by aberrant repair processes. Despite substantial advancement in our understanding of IPF progression, numerous questions remain concerning disease pathology. IPF is currently treated with pirfenidone and nintedanib, compounds which slow the rate of disease progression but fail to target underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The DNA repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1) is upregulated following TGF-β1 exposure in several fibrosis-associated cell types. Currently, no pharmaceutical solutions targeting OGG1 have been utilized in the treatment of IPF. In this study, administration of Ogg1-targetting siRNA, mitigated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, thereby highlighting OGG1 as a tractable target in lung fibrosis. The novel small molecule OGG1 inhibitor, TH5487, decreased myofibroblast transition and associated pro-fibrotic markers in fibroblast cells. In addition, TH5487 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inflammatory cell infiltration, and lung remodeling in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. OGG1 and SMAD7 interact to induce fibroblast proliferation and differentiation, with both increased in fibrotic murine and IPF patient lung tissue. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that TH5487 is a potent, specific, and clinically-relevant treatment for IPF.
Gene Expression Associated with Human Brain Activations in Facial Expression Recognition
Authors: Wang Zirui , Ji Yuan , Fu Yumeng , Liu Feng , Du Xin , Liu Huaigui , Zhu Wenshuang , Xue Kaizhong , Qin Wen , Zhang Quan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Previous studies identified some genetic loci of emotion, but few focused on human emotion-related gene expression. In this study, the facial expression recognition (FER) task-based high-resolution fMRI data of 203 subjects in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and expression data of the six healthy human postmortem brain tissues in Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA) were used to conduct a transcriptome-neuroimaging spatial association analysis. Finally, 153 genes were identified to be significantly associated with FER-related brain activations. Enrichment analyses revealed that FER-related genes are mainly expressed in the brain, especially neurons, and might be related to cell junction organization, synaptic functions, and nervous system development regulation, indicating that FER was a complex polygenetic biological process involving multiple pathways. Moreover, these genes exhibited higher enrichment for psychiatric diseases with heavy emotion impairments. This study provided new insight into understanding the FER-related biological mechanisms and might be helpful to explore treatment methods for emotion-related psychiatric disorders.
Assessment of landslide susceptibility for Meghalaya in North Eastern Region of India using bivariate and multi-criteria decision analysis models
Authors: Agrawal Navdeep , Dixit Jagabandhu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The state of Meghalaya of the North Eastern Region (NER) of India, situated in the India Himalayan Region (IHR), is the rainiest place in the country and falls under seismic zone V. The Himalayan ranges account for 80% of total landslide hazards in India. The main goal of the present study is to generate the GIS-based landslide susceptibility map (LSM) of Meghalaya by using frequency ratio (FR), Shannon entropy (SE), analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and fuzzy-AHP (FAHP) models and compare these models for the study area. Fifteen landslide conditioning factors are used for susceptibility mapping includes a slope, aspect, elevation, plan curvature, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), land use land cover (LULC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), distance from the river, road and faults, rainfall (30 years mean annual rainfall), soil texture, geomorphology, and lithology. Landslide inventory of 1330 landslide events is prepared and mapped from various sources. The inventory dataset is randomly split in a 70/30 ratio to make the training dataset (70%) used in the model and testing dataset (remaining 30%) for validation purposes. The southern escarpment, the southeast region of the study area, and hillslope along the roadside show high susceptibility for landslide occurrence in all four models. The LSMs produced in the present study are validated using the area under curve (AUC) value. The presented LSMs can help concerned authorities and planners to make sustainable development plans and formulate risk mitigation strategies keeping in mind the critical areas for landslide hazards.
Systematic Review &amp; Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) for the Detection of Prostate Cancer in Symptomatic Patients
Authors: Merriel Samuel William David , Pocock Lucy , Gilbert Emma , Creavin Sam , Walter Fiona M , Spencer Anne , Hamilton Willie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
BackgroundProstate Specific Antigen (PSA) is a commonly used test to detect prostate cancer. Attention has mostly focused on the use of PSA in screening asymptomatic patients, but the diagnostic accuracy of PSA for prostate cancer in patients with symptoms is less well understood.MethodsA systematic database search was conducted of Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library. Studies reporting the diagnostic accuracy of PSA for prostate cancer in patients with symptoms were included. Two investigators independently assessed the titles and abstracts of all database search hits and full texts of potentially relevant studies against the inclusion criteria, and data extracted into a proforma. Study quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool by two investigators independently. Summary estimates of diagnostic accuracy were calculated with meta-analysis using bivariate mixed effects regression.Results563 search hits were assessed by title and abstract after de-duplication, with 75 full text papers reviewed. 19 studies met the inclusion criteria, 18 of which were conducted in secondary care settings (one from a screening study cohort). All studies used histology obtained by Transrectal Ultrasound guided biopsy (TRUS) as a reference test, usually only for patients with elevated PSA or abnormal prostate examination. Pooled data from 14,489 patients found estimated sensitivity of PSA for prostate cancer was 0.93 (95% CI 0.88, 0.96) and specificity was 0.20 (95% CI 0.12, 0.33). The area under the receiving-operator characteristic curve was 0.72 (95% CI 0.68, 0.76). All studies were assessed as having a high risk of bias in at least one QUADAS-2 domain.ConclusionsCurrently available evidence suggests PSA is highly sensitive but poorly specific for prostate cancer detection. However, significant limitations in study design and reference test reduces the certainty of this estimate. There is very limited evidence for the performance of PSA in primary care, the healthcare setting where most PSA testing is performed.
Impact of Extratropical Cyclone Intensity and Speed on the Extreme Wave Trends in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Gramcianinov Carolina Barnez , de Camargo Ricardo , Campos Ricardo Martins , Soares Carlos Guedes , Dias Pedro Leite da Silva 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This work analyzes the extratropical cyclone-related extreme waves in the ocean surface and their trends in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. Atmospheric and ocean wave products are obtained from ERA5, from 1979 to 2020 with 1-hourly outputs, covering 42 years with the present climate changes evaluated by the difference between the two 21-years time slices. The cyclones are tracked through the relative vorticity at 850 hPa and then associated with extreme wave events using an automated scheme that searches for an extreme wave region 1500 km from the centre of the cyclone, following criteria that exclude possible swell dominated events. The hot-spot regions of cyclone-related waves occurrence found by the method are in agreement with previous studies and are related to the cyclogenesis region and storm track orientation. Most cyclones associated with extreme wave events are generated in the western boundary of the domains. The east-poleward side of the ocean basins presents the highest density of occurrences related to the higher density of cyclone track and the dominance of more mature stage cyclones while in the west side prevail systems on developing stages, with notable propagating fronts and consequently, lower wind persistence. Changes in occurrence cannot be explained just by the storm track variation during the period due to the lack of statistical confidence. However, the wave occurrence responds to changes in the cyclone intensity, modulated by cyclone displacement speed. Regions with an increase of extreme waves are related to the effect of more intense cyclones or cyclones with slower propagation, being the last associated with a longer interaction of winds with the ocean surface.
Resilience and resistance: powers help phytoplankton to keep spatial heterogeneity during long-term intermittent water diversion
Authors: Pei Haiyan , Zhang Shasha , Xu Hangzhou , Wei Jielin , Li Qian , Yan Qing 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
How phytoplankton respond to changes in water resource allocations, and whether water diversion cause phytoplankton homogenization remain no incontestable conclusion. Herein the changing rules of phytoplankton communities faced to water diversion were unveiled based on long-term (2011–2019) time-series observation and analysis of algae data of three regulating lakes on the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. We found that phytoplankton composition had dramatic differences before and after water transfer; however, after long-term planned water diversion the algal structure — especially for abundant species — gradually became similar to that found in 2014, revealing the community structure was changed by water mixing, and reverted slowly to the initial state after water diversion. Phytoplankton communities exhibited greater fragility when they firstly experienced human-mediated disturbance, while gradually adapted to more interferences and obtained stronger stability. More importantly, we found that the community composition had no homogenization across three lakes after water diversion and resistance and recovery are underlying mechanisms to maintain the community heterogeneity and stability. Moreover, the altered phytoplankton communities in round lakes re-established stable states, while strip-shaped Nansi Lake not, reflecting the strip-shaped lake had slower response and less resilience to the disturbance than the round lakes.