bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term ozone variability in the vertical structure and integrated column over the North China Plain: results based on ozonesonde and Dobson measurements during 2001–2019
Authors: Zhang Jinqiang , Li Dan , Bian Jianchun , Xuan Yuejian , Chen Hongbin , Bai Zhixuan , Wan Xiaowei , Zheng Xiangdong , Xia Xiangao , Lü Daren 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOzonesonde launches were routinely performed in Beijing from March 2001 to February 2019 to generate a unique long-term (18 years) vertical ozone profile dataset over mainland China. This study elucidates the vertical ozone structure on various temporal scales during this 18 years period by using the entire ozonesonde data product for the first time. Moreover, the long-term variability in the integrated ozone column over the North China Plain (NCP) is also explored by comparing the retrievals from ozonesonde at the Beijing urban site and a Dobson ozone spectrometer at the Xianghe suburban site. Our results indicate that vertical ozone exhibited clear monthly variability characterized by high values of tropospheric ozone during warm seasons and high values of stratospheric ozone during cold seasons. Stratospheric intrusions frequently occurred during spring and effectively transported cold air masses with high ozone from the lower stratosphere downward into the upper troposphere. Evident interannual variability in the lower troposphere and in ozone-rich areas of the stratosphere was revealed by vertical ozone distributions. The integrated total ozone columns retrieved from ozonesonde and Dobson bear close resemblance and exhibit strong sinusoidal monthly variations. In the troposphere and boundary layer, the integrated ozone column presented a significant positive trend during 2001–2012 in Beijing; a sudden decline occurred between 2011 and 2013, which was followed by a slow and insignificant increase after the implementation of the Clean Air Action plan in 2013 on the NCP.
Attaining material sustainability by incorporating nanoparticles additives to improve the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites: data driven modelling
Authors: Alsaffar May Ali , Ali Jamal M. , Abdel Ghany Mohamed A , Ayodele Bamidele Victor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Polypropylene is commonly employed in several industrial applications such as packaging, cable insulation and automotive. Research interest has focused on how to improve its mechanical properties to reduce the effect of low impact toughness of polypropylene. One of the sustainable ways to achieve this is by incorporating graphene nanoplatelets to form a composite. This study investigates the application of a hybrid support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) model to predict the effect of incorporating graphene on the mechanical properties of polyproline composites. The effect of parameters such as maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP), Talc, and exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets on the tensile strength and modulus of the polypropylene composites was modelled by using ANN. Testing various topologies was accomplished. An optimized ANN structure of 3-7-2 indicating 3 input-layer, 7 hidden layer, and 2 output-layer was tested. Both the SVM and the ANN predict well the mechanical properties of polyproline composites. However, the ANN with R2 of 0.999 offers the best predictions.
The effect of mixing rice with mung bean in different food meals on postprandial blood glucose level in healthy adults
Authors: Basim H F , Dhuha J. M. , Mohammed MTA , Al-Hiyaly A K Sedik , Afaf A A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRice is known as carbohydrate rich food and may tend to increase blood glucose levels rapidly. This work was designed to mix rice grains with mung beans to control releasing blood glucose and to keep a normal blood sugar level. Five food meals of rice and mung bean were prepared. The first meal was just 100% cocked rice, the second was 75% rice and 25% mung bean, the third was 50% rice and 50% mung bean, the fourth was 25% rice and 75 % mung bean and the fifth was 100% mung bean. 25 volunteers aged between 18 – 22 years were subjected to the test and systematically given these food meals where they all had these food meals at intervals. The blood glucose of each volunteer was measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes using the glucocard-01 device. It was found that mean blood glucose levels were varied between measuring times and examined treatments. However, minimum blood glucose was 80.0±2.2 mg/dL in individuals who had an only mung bean meal only after 180 minutes to a maximum of 146±4.4 mg/dL in those who had a rice meal only but after 90 minutes. From the obtained results, it seems clear that blood glucose levels were correlated negatively with increasing mung bean quantity to rice meals where higher levels were recorded in those volunteers who had a rice meal only and started to decrease with increasing mung bean percentages.
Green packaging for durable engineering products in Iraqi markets
Authors: Al-Kindi Luma A. H. , Al-Baldawi Zainab 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Packaging plays a significant role in the environmental influence of a product and packaging combination. The distribution and transportation around separate places in different times of the produced goods lead to packaging development. Nowadays supermarkets and shops focus upon modern expressive packaging for link connection between consumption and production. An extensive variety of materials is often used for packaging applications; such as glass, metal, wood, paper, ceramics, plastics or a combination of two or more materials as composites. The fourth source of pollution in China is due to the packing waste; this is one of the reasons that cause the development of green packaging in the packaging industry in many developed countries. In this paper Green packaging for durable engineering products is studied highlighting the four R’s; Reducing, Recovering, Recycling and Reusing material for sustainable packaging toward choosing an ecological package material and standardization of packaging for waste reduction. The research methodology takes into consideration three main factors categorization; these are eco-material selection, minimize waste and minimize cost, and then a choice is decided upon ten factors for assessment by applying analytical hierarchy process technique (AHP). A case study in Iraqi industrial companies is accomplished taking into consideration experts’ opinions for different affecting factors to compare different packaging materials and styles for green packaging. AHP is applied according to the predefined steps using excel sheets for calculations and plotting. Based on AHP assessment and discussion the choice is for Cartonas the most preferable green packaging material, followed by plastic.
Sewage sludge reuse in concrete industry: a review
Authors: Al-Obaidi Alaa R. , Al-Anbari Riyad H. , Hassan Maan S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In any industrial or municipal population areas, the excess sewage sludge produced by wastewater treatment plant WWTP creates significant problems due to its growing quantity and possibly containing toxic materials or heavy metals. The concrete industry is one of the fields where wastewater sludge, as well as other wastes, could be utilized inefficient way. The inclusion of wastewater sludge in materials incorporated with cement reduces some of the costly and high energy stages of usage, and the obtained product is often safe and stable. Several studies promoted that the reuse of sludge in concrete can be an ideal solution to get rid of its negative effects, especially the hazardous ones, as it is an effective alternative to reuse the sludge for land applications. The main aim of this study is to present the recent methods of utilizing wastewater dried, dehydrated, and/or raw sludge in concrete industries. The present review revealed the difficulty of choosing the most general technique of utilizing sludge in the concrete industry, due to its various physical and chemical properties.
Green spaces in residential communities: the potential for ecological and health
Authors: Abass Zainab Ibrahim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Urban green spaces, involve gardens, vegetation cover and trees, contribute to ecosystem services. Green spaces enhance residents’ public health through promoting physical activities and psychological well-being particularly contributing in protecting people’s health from the negative effects caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between perceived green space and health with interaction of green space correlation and its socio-economic features. This paper investigates how the provision of green spaces and correlated features are associated with the improved residents’ health in residential areas. However, this association varies according to urban design quality. The analysis and its interpretation that include environmental and socio-economic variables suggest that green spaces play a vital role in benefiting residents’ health and providing more greening communities. Ecological factors include quality and access to green spaces that affect its uses for physical activities. Walking for recreational could explain the association between green space and general health. Urban designers and ecologists thus need to pay attention to greenery that can promote environmental sustainability.
Impacts of heat stress on blood metabolic in different periods of lactation and pregnancy in Holstein cows
Authors: Saeed O A , Jaber B T , Mohammed MTA , Sani U M , Ziara K S , Saad H M 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHeat stress (HS) greatly affects sustainable livestock production, thereby affecting the productive performance and welfare of animals. The effect of summer heat on lactating Holstein cows at different lactation, pregnancy phases, and blood metabolism were investigated in this study. Eighteen Holstein cows were selected randomly and housed in the cow farm. Climatic reads and blood parameters were measured. The temperature-humidity index has been designed as a measure of animal comfort and is a simple combination of temperature and humidity. The study showed that heat stress has a significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on hematological and biochemical parameters. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were reduced significantly (P ≤ 0.01) during lactation. There was a significant increase in creatinine level at 45 days in milk. A significant inverse correlation between HS with milk production and feed intake. So far, it was concluded that certain hematological and biochemical parameters were substantially altered by HS. A negative effect of HS on milk production and feed intake was observed.
A review on wastes as sustainable construction materials
Authors: Fahad M. Besma , Abdulkarem A. Mais , Hamed T. Huda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The necessity of construction materials is growing year by year. The construction materials are developing, but on the other hand, its cost is increasing too. The utilisation of proper waste as construction materials will reduce cost, conserving the natural resources, protecting the environment from waste impact and hazards, etc. The presented study provides exploitation related to wastes as replacing material in construction site and shows the opportunity of waste employment as a promising material to construct with it.
Evaluation of mobile trickle irrigation and sub-surface nanotechnology trickle irrigation by irrigating bean (cv. Veto)
Authors: Edna AL-issawi Hameed H. , Al-Abaied Abd Al-Whhab I. , Abdul Hameed Isam M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Water resources are suffering from scarcity and deterioration their quality due to environmental dilution. Trickle irrigation is the best efficiency systems because it focuses on the root space only, omitting surface runoff and minimizing deep percolation losses.
A field study was carried out in clay loam soil in Ramadi city (College of Agriculture- University of Anbar) during the fall season of 2018 using two trickle irrigation systems, mobile system and under surface drip irrigation by using Nano-Root guard drippers.
Current study aims to evaluate the physical properties effects, water consumption of bean (cv. Veto) and water use efficiency. for the purpose of comparing the yield of bean irrigated by these two methods.
Seeds of bean were sown on 20th of October 2018 and the harvest time was on 13th of March 2019. Evaporation pan was used to estimate the irrigation dates when the depletion of the soil reaches 50% of its water content. Bean productivity significantly increased under surface trickle irrigation with 7.71-ton ha-1 in comparison to 6.32-ton ha- 1 that was obtained from mobile trickle irrigation method. The crop water requirement was 446 mm according to evaporation pan data. Regarding the method of irrigation, they were affected. As a result, the soil water content average for the three replications along growing season was 21.75% under mobile device while it was 24.96% in the sub-surface drip irrigation.
Self-Compaction concrete behaviour containing nano fly ash used in rigid pavement
Authors: Jabbar Dhiaa Neama , Hasan Abdulhadi Meteab , Abed Mohammed Kareem 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As cement production causes 7% to 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions, many efforts have been made to reduce the consumption of cement. Using pozzolan (usually fly ash) as additional material with cement is one of these methods. In this paper, the impact of adding Nano fly ash as a partial substitution of cement weight was studied in self-compacting concrete for rigid pavement. Three replacement ratios were used which are (5,10 and 15) % of cement weight. The results showed that the greater substitution ratio gave better workability with higher d slump flow value and better passing ability of concrete. Also, the use of Nano fly ash improved the mechanical properties of the self-compacting concrete by increasing the compressive and splitting tensile strength. The best increase in the strength at the replacement ratio (10%) of cement weight. The slump flow for concrete mixes is between (658 to 732) mm and the compressive strength was improved with the increase of Nano fly ash replacement (10%) by about (20%) compared with conventional concrete. The rigid pavement strength able to provide a surface of good riding quality.
Alternatives to sustainable transportation system in campus of The University of Baghdad
Authors: Saeed Ahmed Adnan , Mahdi Wijdan Abdulmuttalib 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Research developed system of transportation at the University of Baghdad campus, based on indicators, although main goal for a clean environment with economical returns, but it can be beneficial for environmental sustainability as well as economic profits. Consequently, there is a need to submit new proposals on sustainable transportation based on policies determined by research objective in reducing number of parking spaces and increasing clean transportation options in walking, biking and an electric train. Research problem is environmental pollution due to transportation system within the University of Baghdad and lack of equity in distribution of parking lots, and thus a difference in arrival time to buildings. First, it was touched upon sustainable transportation policies and features in high-frequency places of movement such as universities, and then analyzing general plan of the University of Baghdad and methods of movement and parking that were previously designed to determine whether it meets requirements of building users. Then assessing quality environment of master plan by modelling to find out the relationship between required road area and number parking lots, by a set of variables have an effect on realization sustainable transportation policies, as well as to estimate needs in relation to parking lots. The results concluded that the parking lot distribution is neither environmentally sustainable nor social justification, given clear difference in duration of arrival for students and staff on foot from parking to building and lack of equity in distribution. However, a group over 23% can contribute to sustainable transportation by walking. Therefore, research recommends preparing and implementing design for transportation programs, parking lots and biking paths according to the effects of variables in statistical model to reduce problems of planning, environmental, social and economic on campus.
Human body high resolution and accurate temperature FBG sensor
Authors: Ali Mohamed J. , Ali Alaa H. , Mahmood Aseel I. , Hussien Mohammed A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A fiber Brag grating-based temperature sensor FBG together with high accuracy, resolution and compact size interrogation system using a short period grating was presented in this work. The designed sensor measures the temperature from 35 °C temperature to 41 °C which is represented the ranges of human body temperature for use in medical applications. In this paper, we present some results obtained from experiments within a measurement range from (35°C to 40°C) which is from hypothermia to hyperthermia) that the sensor has high sensitivity and high resolution of (85.9%) for FBG sensor. After the results we obtained and the features that the sensor enjoys, such as small size, immunity from electrical influence, and the ability to work in environments Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) environments. The sensor can be used in hospitals and clinics for improvement and monitoring of patients. The importance of this work increases due to the COVID-19 pandemic we are going through, so this work can be proposed to contribute to monitoring patients’ cases and considered as a new equipment in studying temperature sensor in human.
Effects of magnetic treatment of different qualities of irrigation water on plant growth
Authors: Abdulraheem Liqaa Hussein , Jameel Wefaa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study aims at evaluating the effects of magnetic treatment of different qualities of irrigation water on growth of sunflower plant. Three different levels of water salinity were used to irrigate this plant. The electrical conductivity of these three different salinity irrigation were 0.7, 4, and 8 dS/m. The lower limit of the electrical conductivity represents the salinity of tap water. A magnetic treatment device was used to treat the irrigation water with two intensities of 1000 and 3000 Gauss. Replicated pot experiment sets were conducted in a field conditions environment. These experiments include irrigation sun flower plant with magnetically treated and untreated irrigation water. The experiments continued for 20 days after seeding. In general, the results showed that the low limit of EC of the used untreated irrigation water is the best for the plant growth in all its life stages among other used irrigation water. The growth of the sunflower is affected negatively by the salinity of the untreated irrigation water. Exposing the used irrigation water to a magnetic field has valuable effects on the sunflower growth. These effects are in different levels that depend on the salinity of used irrigation water. For the irrigation water of the three EC values of 0.7, 4, and 8 dS/m, the achieved maximum increase in germination was 7.2%, 57.3%, and 150.4%, the root depth increased by 14.3%, 10.2%, 16%, the stem height was increased by 29.6%%, 60%%, and 28%%, respectively, when compared to the sunflower plant irrigated by untreated water. Moreover, the maximum increases in the wet weight of the green part of the plant were 79.7%, 53.5%, and 82.7%, and that for the wet weight of the root part were 79.4%, 46%, and 3.8% for the three types of water, respectively. Finally, the overall conclusion that was achieved is that it is possible to use a magnetic field to treat salty water that can improve sunflower growth.
Flexibility in sustainable architecture output Resistance to epidemics
Authors: Salman Abdullah S. , Hameed Tuqa M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The research deals with the concept of sustainable architecture beyond pandemic diseases. As there is a motivation to reduce the number of occupants of buildings and reconsider the space arrangement at the level of corridors and internal and external spaces as well as focus on natural factors such as ventilation and insolation. Also, the death of a group of architects due to Corona virus will motivate them to form an architectural product that is friendly to the natural environment. Thus, the aim of the research was to uncover the interrelationship between flexibility and epidemics and the role of each one to shape a sustainable architectural output. Accordingly, the research problem was to explore the role of Flexibility in Sustainable epidemic-resistant design. The research approach is to clarify the foundations of epidemic-resistant architecture as well as its characteristics and standards by building a knowledge framework, then a comprehensive theoretical framework from architectural literaturetos to be embodied in its final form in three main vocabulary, namely: foundations of epidemic-resistant architecture, characteristics of sustainable flexible architecture, and the standard for social spacing architecture. It has been applied to elected projects to clarify the extent to which these indicators have been achieved and to reach the conclusions, which made clear that flexibility and resisting architectural output is the extent of its ability to survive in the face of disasters and epidemics, and this is an ideal time to rethink how to develop new design standards and address existing structures to achieve the sustainability.
Assessment of sustainable renewable energy technologies using analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Mohammed Husam Jasim , Naiyf Athmar Thamer , AL-Jadir Thaer , Khbalah Sura Khalaf 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The investment of sustainable renewable energy has become an essential element in every modern country’s survival and well-being. This study aims to establish a framework for the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to select the best investment in sustainable renewable energy in Iraq. A survey was conducted with a panel of experts from different backgrounds and affiliations in the renewable energy field to assess seven criteria and four alternatives using the AHP technique. The findings showed that the results highlight the importance of power and environmental criteria and determine the best investment to achieve solar energy desired as the highest priority and can be carried out by organizations.