bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using a Harm Reduction Model to Reduce Barriers to Vaccine Administration
Authors: Tharpe Nell L. , McDaniel Linda 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVaccination is a strategic public health measure designed to reduce the adverse effects of many infectious diseases. Although national recommendations exist for vaccine administration across the life span, immunization rates are affected by barriers to vaccine access and hesitancy in vaccine acceptance. Midwives and women's health clinicians are optimally poised to assess their client's vaccination status and provide vaccinations during clinical encounters. In order to address client concerns about vaccine safety and administration, each clinician is expected to be knowledgeable about vaccine benefits, recommendations, side effects, and potential adverse reactions. Socioeconomic factors, social policies, and historic and continued experiences related to racism have been identified as barriers to ready access to vaccinations and vaccine acceptance. Midwives can act as leaders within their practice sites and communities through participation in projects that reduce barriers to vaccine access and uptake. Community vaccine outreach programs and relationship‐based care can increase vaccine uptake through improved health literacy and associated behavioral changes including greater vaccine acceptance. This article focuses on identifying barriers to vaccine uptake and describing harm reduction measures designed to improve uptake of vaccines. A variety of leadership activities are discussed that can improve clinicians’ understanding of their role in optimizing vaccination.
Spirituality and religiosity are associated with physical and psychological status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Mendes Nélia Silva , Malaguti Carla , dos Anjos Sena Lucas , Lucchetti Giancarlo , de Jesus Luciana Angélica Silva , Vitorino Luciano Magalhães , Mesquita Rafael , Lee Annemarie Louise , Oliveira Cristino Carneiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundManagement strategies that incorporate spirituality and religiosity (S/R) have been associated with better health status in clinical populations. However, few data are available for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to improve the traditional disease‐model treatment.AimsThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between S/R and physical and psychological status in patients with stable COPD.DesignThis is a cross‐sectional study.MethodsReligiosity, spiritual well‐being and S/R Coping were measured. Physical status was evaluated with the activity of daily living, dyspnoea and the impact of the disease. Psychological status was assessed with anxiety and depression symptoms and quality of life. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated, multivariate linear regression was applied in the analyses. This study is reported following the STROBE recommendations.ResultsSeventy‐two patients with stable COPD (male 58%, aged 68 ± 9 years, forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) of 49.2 ± 19.6% predicted) were included. There was no association between S/R and activity of daily living. However, higher spiritual well‐being and lower Negative S/R Coping was associated with reduced dyspnoea and burden of the disease. Increased S/R and lower Negative S/R Coping was also associated with less anxiety, depression and better quality of life. Multivariate linear regression showed that S/R variables explained the physical and psychological health status in people with stable COPD. Conclusions: Higher spirituality and less negative S/R Coping are associated with reduced dyspnoea, the burden of the disease, anxiety and depression symptoms, and better quality of life in patients with stable COPD.Relevance to clinical practiceUnderstanding how religiosity and spirituality are associated with physical and psychological features in patients with COPD may contribute to the long‐term management of this patient population.
Screening the risk factors for methamphetamine use in pregnant women not receiving prenatal care
Authors: Saysukanun Piyanuch , Thephamongkhol Kullathorn , Tiengladdawong Pathamaporn , Pooliam Julaporn , Sae Chua Porndara , Inkasung Watcharaporn 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a screening tool for the risk factors potentially indicating methamphetamine use in pregnant women who are not receiving prenatal care.MethodThis prospective cohort, Institutional Review Board‐approved study was performed at a university hospital in Thailand between January 2017 and January 2019. A screening tool was developed using data from 125 pregnant women not receiving prenatal care upon their first admission for childbearing at the hospital delivery room. Potential factors obtained from the patient's history, physical examination, and methamphetamine use in pregnancy or had a urine amphetamine test positive were entered into a logistic regression analysis. The discriminative ability of the screening tool was expressed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) sensitivity and specificity, while bootstrapping was used for internal validation.ResultsThe screening covered four factors: smoking (odds ratio 7.73, score = 2), drinking (3.81, score = 1), living with a spouse or friend who uses methamphetamine (17.28, score = 3), BP ≥ 130/90 mmHg (2.47, score = 1). The AUROC for the model was 0.87, 95% CI, 0.81–0.93 (SE: 0.03). A total points score ≥3 represented the best cut‐off value, with a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 82%. Across the bootstrapping, the C‐statistic for the full screening was 0.86, 95% CI, 0.81–0.93 (SE: 0.03).ConclusionA screening tool was developed with an excellent ability to discriminate the risk factors potentially indicating methamphetamine use in pregnant women not receiving prenatal care. Validation in pregnant women receiving prenatal care still needs to be performed.
Securing self‐integrity over time: Self‐affirmation disrupts a negative cycle between psychological threat and academic performance
Authors: Binning Kevin R. , Cook Jonathan E. , Greenaway Valerie Purdie , Garcia Julio , Apfel Nancy , Sherman David K. , Cohen Geoffrey L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAdolescence can be a tumultuous period with numerous threats to self‐integrity. A 3‐year field experiment tested whether repeated affirmations of self‐integrity can help lessen the impact of psychological threat on adolescent (11–14 years old) students’ core course GPA over time. A diverse cohort of students (N = 163) was randomly assigned to a control condition or to an affirmation condition, in which teachers repeatedly administered classroom writing exercises that affirmed students’ personal values. Results showed that affirmation lessened a downward trajectory of GPA over time. In contrast to previous research, this effect occurred among all ethnic groups rather than only among stereotype‐threatened ethnic minority groups. Affirmation did not reduce self‐reported psychological threat, but it severed its relationship with performance: Among control students, psychological threat predicted lower GPA. Among affirmed students, psychological threat was unrelated to performance. Beyond their practical implications, these results make two theoretical contributions. First, affirmation can have broader benefits than those previously documented among negatively stereotyped groups, if timed to co‐occur with different sources of threat that emerge over a long developmental window. Second, the effect of affirmation may not be so much to reduce threat as to disrupt its adverse cognitive and motivational effects.
Ecological, physiological, and biomechanical differences between gametophytes and sporophytes of Chondrus ocellatus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)1
Authors: Kamiya Mitsunobu , Inoue Naoto , Suzuki Chika , Abe Shin‐ichiro 
Published: June 2021

Although variation among habitats in the ratio of gametophytes to sporophytes has been reported in various gigartinacean species, factors controlling the phase ratio remain poorly understood. Over 18 months, we examined the phase ratio of Chondrus ocellatus at three sites: a sheltered intertidal site, Hiruga A; an exposed intertidal site, Hiruga B; and a subtidal site, Shikimi. The mean proportion of gametophytes at Hiruga A (73.1%) was significantly higher than that at Shikimi (51.2%) and Hiruga B (44.7%). Due to a significantly higher water retention ability of the gametophytes, it was expected that the gametophytes would exhibit higher desiccation tolerance. After dehydration treatments, however, neither the photosynthetic rate of vegetative blades nor the survival rate of spores was significantly different between the phases. Measurements of blade strength indicated that the sporophytic blades were less stiff and more flexible, and a culture experiment revealed that the sporophytic germlings showed a significantly higher growth rate. Flexible blades and fast‐growing germlings are considered advantageous for colonizing wave‐swept intertidal habitats, so these properties may have caused the different fluctuation pattern of phase ratio among the sites. The present data demonstrate that biomechanical and physiological differences between the two phases of C. ocellatus make one phase advantageous in certain environmental conditions, and that these differences likely cause an unequal ratio of isomorphic phases.
Pharmacokinetics of neomycin sulfate after intravenous and oral administrations in swine
Authors: Liu Yu , Yang Yuxin , Cao Yuying , Qiu Jicheng , Kong Jingyuan , Zhang Lu , Guo Yanying , Zhang Mingchuan , Cao Xingyuan , Zhang Suxia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin, which is used to treat external or internal bacterial infections, is primarily administered in veterinary medicine as a sulfate salt. However, no information is available on the pharmacokinetic characteristics and absolute availability of neomycin sulfate after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administrations in swine. Here, these parameters were studied in swine after i.v. and p.o. doses of single 15 mg/kg body weight doses. The blood samples were assessed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass/mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using a non‐compartmental model. In swine, after the p.o. administration, the elimination half‐life, mean residue time from t0 to the last collection point, mean maximum concentration, mean time to reach maximum concentration and area under concentration–time curve from t0 to the last collection point values were 12.43 ± 7.63 h, 10.25 ± 4.32 h, 0.11 ± 0.07 μg/ml, 1.92 ± 0.97 h and 1.23 ± 0.78 μg·h/ml, respectively, whereas after the i.v. administration, the values were 5.87 ± 1.12 h, 6.07 ± 0.49 h, 15.80 ± 1.32 μg/ml, 0.30 ± 0.38 h and 76.14 ± 3.52 μg·h/ml, respectively. The absolute bioavailability of neomycin sulfate B was 4.84%±0.03.
A preliminary study of the plasma concentrations of orally administered fluconazole in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Butkiewicz Christine D. , Shubitz Lisa F. , Nix David E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlpacas residing in the region endemic forCoccidioidesspp. are susceptible to serious, disseminated coccidioidomycosis that may result in death. There is currently no oral antifungal dose recommendation for this species. We used a steady‐state study design to assess the pharmacokinetics of oral generic fluconazole in alpacas dosed q 24 h for 14 days. Cohorts of 2–3 animals received fluconazole from 6 to 15 mg/kg/day, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed after each group of animals in order to make dose adjustments for the next group. The final three animals were used as confirmation of our dose recommendation. The medianTmaxwas 7 h, and the medianCmaxwas 1.25 µg/ml per mg/kg dose. The mean dose‐normalized 24‐h AUC was 41.7 µg h/ml per mg/kg dose (CV = 72%). Based on these results, we recommend alpacas receive a starting dose of oral fluconazole at 10–15 mg/kg/day based on the fluconazole AUC in humans (313–625 µg h/ml). Testing to ascertain putative therapeutic plasma concentrations and monitoring of serum transaminases should be performed.
Frost hinders the establishment of trees in highland grasslands in the Atlantic Forest ecotone region of southern Brazil
Authors: Araujo Frangipani Marcelo , Cristina Müller Sandra , Anand Madhur 
Published: June 2021

AbstractQuestionsCold temperatures and freezing may hinder the process of forest expansion in moist climate regions, as predicted by the frost hypothesis. We examined the role of frost on the survival and regrowth of tree saplings under field conditions of open grasslands.LocationCambará do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul.MethodsWe established a field experiment protecting one of two groups of saplings of forest species from frost in grassland areas during the winter. We monitored 672 saplings from a total of seven species for 56 days. Saplings were brought back to the laboratory to evaluate regrowth rate and height. Survival curves of the two groups were compared using a Kaplan–Meier estimator. Correlation analysis was undertaken to estimate the relationship between survival and regrowth rate and a variance analysis was used to compare plant height between both groups.ResultsSpecies respond distinctly to frost incidence, with some not being affected by frost (two gymnosperms andMyrcianthes pungens). Most protected saplings had a higher above‐ground survival rate than unprotected ones (96.4% and 73.2%, respectively). Moreover, saplings that were damaged by frost showed differences in regrowth and height according to species identity, notwithstanding the fact that those from protected plots showed higher regrowth and height (88% and 25.65 cm compared to 68% and 17.15 cm).ConclusionsOur results showed clear negative effects of frost on the survival rate of aerial parts of saplings during the winter and the regeneration of damaged plants. Species‐specific traits can offer frost resistance; however, together with other disturbances, frost may hinder the establishment of forest trees over grassland areas where frost events are common during the winter.
Are genetic traits associated with riots? The political legacy of prehistorically determined genetic diversity*
Authors: Vu Trung V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper establishes that the worldwide distribution of political instability has its deep historical roots in genetic diversity, predetermined over the prehistoric course of the exodus of Homo sapiens from East Africa tens of thousands of years ago. It proposes that the relationship between prehistorically determined genetic diversity and contemporary political instability follows a U‐shaped pattern. More specifically, genetic diversity at first reduces the persistence of political instability by increasing the opportunity cost of engaging in riots and revolts. However, genetically fragmented societies tend to suffer from interpersonal mistrust and the under‐provision of public goods, which plausibly undermine the establishment of politically stable regimes. Using an ancestry‐adjusted index of predicted genetic diversity, this paper consistently finds precise estimates that genetic diversity imparts a U‐shaped influence on different measures of political instability and the probability of observing the occurrence of riots and revolts across 141 countries. Furthermore, the contribution of genetic diversity to political instability is at least partially mediated through income/productivity levels, the provision of public goods, income inequality and social trust.
Comparison of space weathering features in three particles from Itokawa
Authors: Burgess K. D. , Stroud R. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe return of samples from S‐type asteroid 25143 Itokawa have enabled significant improvements in our understanding of space weathering on asteroids and the link between S‐type asteroids and ordinary chondrites. We report on three new particles, providing details on space weathering of adjacent grains within a particle and several different phases. The features we observe are consistent with formation via irradiation from the solar wind, as opposed to micrometeoroid bombardment. We also see differences in the degree of weathering for grains collected from the two different touchdown locations on the asteroid. Continued analysis of new grains from Itokawa allow us to draw a more complete picture of the variety of space weathering features and the processes that lead to their formation on Itokawa and other airless bodies.
Adaptive divergence despite low effective population size in a peripherally isolated population of the pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis
Authors: Byer Nathan W. , Holding Matthew L. , Crowell Miranda M. , Pierson Todd W. , Dilts Thomas E. , Larrucea Eveline S. , Shoemaker Kevin T. , Matocq Marjorie D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLocal adaptation can occur when spatially separated populations are subjected to contrasting environmental conditions. Historically, understanding the genetic basis of adaptation has been difficult, but increased availability of genome‐wide markers facilitates studies of local adaptation in non‐model organisms of conservation concern. The pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is an imperiled lagomorph that relies on sagebrush for forage and cover. This reliance has led to widespread population declines following reductions in the distribution of sagebrush, leading to geographic separation between populations. In this study, we used >20,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms, genotype‐environment association methods, and demographic modeling to examine neutral genetic variation and local adaptation in the pygmy rabbit in Nevada and California. We identified 308 loci as outliers, many of which had functional annotations related to metabolism of plant secondary compounds. Likewise, patterns of spatial variation in outlier loci were correlated with landscape and climatic variables including proximity to streams, sagebrush cover, and precipitation. We found that populations in the Mono Basin of California probably diverged from other Great Basin populations during late Pleistocene climate oscillations, and that this region is adaptively differentiated from other regions in the southern Great Basin despite limited gene flow and low effective population size. Our results demonstrate that peripherally isolated populations can maintain adaptive divergence.
The nation as a sociological and historical reality: Nations and nationalism in the thought of Andrzej Walicki (1930–2020)
Authors: Ahmad Piotr 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper focuses on the contribution of a prominent Polish historian of ideas, the late professor Andrzej Walicki (1930–2020) to the field of nation studies, with a view to (re)introducing his work and ideas to the broader Anglophone scholarly audience. Based on new (or otherwise hitherto not widely discussed) material, some of which has not been published in English, the paper examines Walicki's theoretical ideas on the origins and development of nations. The example of the Polish ‘democracy of the gentry’, presented by Walicki as an early example of civic nationalism in Europe is explored in some detail. Finally, the paper traces an outline of Andrzej Walicki's theoretical framework of nation formation, highlighting key aspects of his work in the field.
Association between early worsening of kidney function and poor outcomes in patients treated with renin angiotensin system inhibitors: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuan Shizhu , Liu Yueming , He Wenfang , Jin Juan , Liu Lin , He Qiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimAs renin angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) are widely used in the clinic, early worsening of kidney function (EWKF) after RASi therapy deserves attention, as its clinical significance is unknown. The aim was to evaluate the relationship between EWKF and long‐term outcomes including all‐cause mortality, kidney and cardiovascular events, in all the patients treated with RASi.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane databases for controlled trials that compared the outcomes of patients with and without EWKF after RASi treatment. Our primary outcome was all‐cause mortality, and secondary outcomes were kidney and cardiovascular events. We pooled data using a random effects model.ResultsA total of ten studies were enrolled, of which eight were randomized trials (including 33 454 patients) and two were observational studies (including 148 144 patients). Of the eight randomized trials, 4996 patients with type 2 diabetes, 19 118 with heart failure (HF), and 9340 with atherosclerotic vascular disease and diabetes with end‐organ damage. Both observational studies investigated all kinds of patients with initial RASi treatment. In patients with RASi, the EWKF group had a higher risk of all‐cause mortality than the no‐EWKF group in the randomized studies (n =  13 581; RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04–1.42; P = .02) and in observational studies (n = 148 144; OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.43–2.01; P < .00001). In patients who experienced EWKF, no statistically significant difference was found between the efficacy of RASi and placebo in all‐cause mortality (n = 1762; RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.68–1.06; P = .14).ConclusionRASi treatment led to an increased incidence of EWKF which was associated with poorer long‐term outcomes. As the benefit of RAS blockade to patients with EWKF was limited, we suggest clinicians use RASi with caution when EWKF occurs.
Stigmatization in nursing: Theoretical pathways and implications
Authors: Copeland Darcy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStigmatization of patients exists in nursing and results in less than optimal nursing care and poor patient outcomes. It is also a violation of our code of ethics. In order to eliminate stigmatization from nursing practice, it is necessary to understand how it develops. Two possible theoretical pathways are proposed to explain the development of stigmatization in nursing. These pathways are informed by a conceptual understanding of stigma and theories of professional socialization, professional formation, symbolic interactionism, and social cognitive theory. Re‐labeling and role‐taking and moral disengagement are proposed as two possible processes that may lead to stigmatization of patients. Both proposed pathways have implications on professional socialization, formation, and the development of professional identity. Devoting attention to and reframing normative behavioral expectations, eliminating labeling, developing empathy, focusing on relationships, and cultivating ethical comportment and moral maturity during nursing formation may reduce the stigmatization of patients by nurses.