bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
n‐3 Fatty Acids Decrease LDL‐Cholesterol Delivery and Lipoprotein Lipase in the Arterial Wall in Insulin Resistant Mice
Authors: Chang Chuchun Liz , Seo Toru , Accili Domenico , Deckelbaum Richard J 
Published: June 2021

We reported that saturated fat enriched diets (SAT) increase arterial LDL‐cholesteryl ester (CE) deposition from LDL selective uptake (SU) ‐ a process of LDL‐CE uptake without concomitant uptake of whole particle, and this was associated with increased arterial lipoprotein lipase (LpL) levels. We now questioned how n‐3 fatty acid (n‐3 FA) rich diets influence arterial cholesterol (Ch) delivery and LpL levels. Mixed‐background rescued insulin receptor knockout mice were used as an insulin resistant (IR) model and fed chow or high fat diets enriched in n‐3 or SAT for 12 wk, followed by bolus injection of fluorescent BODIPY‐CE and Alexa labeled human LDL to independently trace LDL‐CE and ‐apoB/whole particle uptake. In contrast to SAT, n‐3 diets markedly reduced all plasma lipids (p<0.05), ameliorating IR. As opposed to SAT, n‐3 reduced arterial LDL uptake, CE deposition and SU (1.12±0.14, 2.94±0.17, n‐3 vs. SAT, p<0.05). Disparate patterns of CE deposition between diets were comparable with arterial LpL distributions; SAT induced high LpL throughout aortic media; LpL was limited to intima only in n‐3 mice. These studies indicate dietary n‐3 FA reduces arterial LDL‐Ch delivery and deposition with changing arterial LpL levels and distribution. We hypothesize one mechanism whereby n‐3 FA diminishes adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes in IR, is by diminishing arterial LDL‐Ch deposition early in atherogenesis.Grant Funding SourceNIH grant T32‐DK007647‐18
The effect of a weight reducing low carbohydrate vegan diet on apolipoproteins and blood pressure
Authors: Wong Julia M W , Kendall Cyril W C , Esfahani Amin , Ng Vivian W Y , Greaves Kathryn A , Paul Greg , Jenkins David J A 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of a weight reducing low carbohydrate vegan diet, high in soy protein and vegetable oil, on apolipoproteins (apo) and blood pressure (BP) under metabolic conditions.MethodForty‐seven hypercholesterolemic subjects (19M, 28F; 56.9±7.5y; 30.9±2.7kg/m2) were instructed to take a low carbohydrate (26%) high protein vegan diet (test) or a low saturated fat National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III diet (control). For one month, with all food provided, subjects consumed 60% of their estimated energy requirements.ResultsForty‐four subjects completed the study. Body weight fell equally by 3.5% on both diets. LDL‐C was reduced more on the test than the control diet (‐20.4±2.8% vs. ‐12.3±2.6%, P=0.002). The corresponding values for apoB and the apoB:apoA‐1 ratio were ‐21.1±2.8% vs. ‐13.2±2.2% (P=0.001) and ‐13.8±3.4% vs. ‐4.2±2.1% (P=0.001). Blood pressure was also reduced on the test than the control diet (systolic BP: ‐4.6±1.0% vs. ‐2.7±1.2%, P=0.046; diastolic BP: ‐5.8±1.0% vs. ‐3.1±1.4, P=0.014).ConclusionWeight loss reduces apoB, the apoB:apoA‐1 ratio and blood pressure more on a low carbohydrate vegan diet, high in vegetable protein and oil, than on a standard therapeutic diet. Funding: The Solae Company, Loblaw Companies LimitedGrant Funding SourceCanadian Institutes of Health Research
Dysregulation of MicroRNAs Drives the Expression of a Hypermethylation Defect in Breast Cancer
Authors: Sandhu Rupninder , Roll J Devon , Coleman William B 
Published: June 2021

A subset of breast cancers express a hypermethylation defect characterized by DNMT hyperactivity, overexpression of DNMT3b, and concurrent silencing of numerous genes. This hypermethylation defect is a feature of most basal breast cancers. Our goal was to determine the mechanism responsible for DNMT3b overexpression in model breast cancer cell lines. Several microRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in the regulation of DNMT3b. To investigate the role of miRs in DNMT3b overexpression, we analyzed miRs‐29a, 29b, 29c, 148a, and 148b in a panel of 16 breast cancer cell lines classified as hypermethylators (n=10) or low frequency methylators (n=6). 80% of hypermethylator cell lines express low levels of >3 miRs and 83% of low frequency methylator cell lines express >3 miRs at normal levels. Cell lines with high DNMT3b levels (SUM185, SUM102, SUM149) expressed all miRs at low or negligible levels, whereas cell lines with low DNMT3b levels (MDA‐MB‐415, MDA‐MB‐468, BT20, ZR‐75‐1) expressed all miRs normally. Further, miR expression patterns correlated with methylation‐sensitive gene expression among these cell lines (R=0.54, p=0.012). These findings suggest that dysregulation of miR expression drives DNMT3b overexpression in hypermethylator cell lines, and identifies DNMT3b and its regulatory miRs as targets for development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating basal breast cancers.Support: NIH CA78343
Calcium dependent exocytosis and endocytosis: novel trafficking pathways revealed by the study of host/pathogen interactions
Authors: Andrews Norma 
Published: June 2021

Elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of lysosomes, a process required for trypanosome invasion (1) and the resealing of membrane wounds (2). Interactions of bacteria with host cells also involve activation of the plasma membrane repair response. Permeabilization of phagosome membranes by the type three secretion system of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella triggers early lysosomal fusion and bacterial killing (3). SLO, a bacterial pore‐forming toxin, also triggers Ca2+ dependent lysosomal exocytosis and plasma membrane repair. However, the process responsible for removal of the toxin pores from the plasma membrane is a novel, rapid form of endocytosis that follows the exocytosis of lysosomes (4). Characterization of this injury‐induced form of endocytosis showed that it is triggered by the release of specific lysosomal hydrolases. These new findings demonstrate that calcium dependent exocytosis of lysosomes and endocytosis are functionally linked.This work was supported by the NIH.
µ‐Calpain promotes epithelial cell survival and adherens junction disruption during Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: O'Connor Pamela M , Lapointe Tamia K. , Buret Andre G. 
Published: June 2021

H.pylori (Hp) is a risk factor for gastritis, gastric ulcers, and adenocarcinoma. The ability of Hp to disrupt intercellular adhesion and alter cell survival may influence the clinical outcome of infection. Calpain family proteases cleave the adherens junction (AJ) components E‐cadherin and β‐catenin, and modulate pathways regulating cell survival and apoptosis.AIMS1) to assess the effects of Hp on calpains 2) to assess the effects of calpains on Hp‐induced AJ defects and cell survival.RESULTSEpithelial (MKN45 and SCBN) monolayers were challenged for 24h with Hp strain SS1 or the human isolate 60190 in the presence or absence of calpain inhibitor PD150606. Immunoblotting revealed that Hp‐challenged monolayers displayed elevated levels of active µ‐calpain and the cleaved form of the calpain substrate α‐spectrin. Immunoblotting and immunostaining revealed calpain‐dependent, Hp‐induced E‐cadherin redistribution and cleavage of the 120kDa full‐length E‐cadherin to a functionally‐impaired 100kDa form. Also, Hp induced membrane‐to‐nucleus translocation of β‐catenin in a calpain dependent fashion. Finally, calpain inhibition enhanced Hp‐induced apoptosis, PARP cleavage, and caspase‐3 activation.CONCLUSIONHp‐induced activation of µ‐calpain mediates processes associated with tumorigenesis including AJ disruption and promotion of abnormal cell survival. Funded by CIHR.
Amniotic Fluid‐derived Stem Cells For Regeneration of Infracted Rat Myocardium
Authors: Guan Xuan , Delo Dawn , Wang Zhan , Shaffer Robyn , Groban Leanne , Callahan Michael , Smith Tom , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Atala Anthony , Soker Shay 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThis experiment was set to determine if human amniotic fluid‐derived stem (hAFS) cells could be differentiated into cardiac lineage, engraft into infarcted myocardium and affect heart function.MethodsAFS cells were treated with 5‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine and analyzed for expression of cardiac markers by PCR and immunostaining. For in vivo study, 5 million cells were injected into hearts immediately after infarction. Heart function was monitered by echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic study. All hearts were analyzed 3 months after injection.ResultsDifferentiated cells expressed cardiac Troponin I, Troponin T, Myosin light chain 2v, MEF2C, MEF2D and Nkx2.5. Undifferentiated and differentiated hAFS cells engraft into infarcted hearts. When compared to control, injection of undifferentiated cells reduced left ventricular end systolic diameter (p=0.098) and improving fractional shortening (p=0.074) while differentiated cells had opposite effect (p = 0.017 and 0.01).ConclusionsThe result indicates that hAFS cells can be differentiated into cardiac phenotype, engraft into infarcted myocardium and affecting cardiac function. Undifferentiated hAFS cells tend to improve cardiac function while differentiated cells worsen function. The reason for this difference remains unclear.
Design of interactive computer module for the study of histology
Authors: Prensky Colin J. , Mak Ki M. , Shaw Phyllis A. , Reidenberg Joy S. 
Published: June 2021

This project developed a model of a digital study tool for learning histology that is keyed directly to the Mount Sinai Histology Slide Collection (MSHSC). This ensured that the visual appearance of various structures would correlate directly between the illustrations and slides available to students. The developed module focused on H&E stained tissues from the small intestine. Digital photographs were captured directly from the MSHSC using a Nikon Eclipse 50i microscope. Two‐dimensional digital drawings were traced over these images using Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop. Composite illustrations (photos and drawings) were created at low and high magnifications. These drawings were then imported into Adobe Flash in order to create a simple user interface that allows students to interact with the illustrations. The low magnification highlighted the tissue layers, while high magnification emphasized cellular components (e.g., brush border). The interface allows the student to navigate between different magnification views of the tissue section as well as highlight various tissue layers, cell types, and specific cell features by clicking on buttons from a list of key structures. The template developed in creating this digital study aid can be used for further expansion of the project into a comprehensive series that will include modules illustrating the entire series of the MSHSC.Grant Funding SourceMount Sinai School of Medicine
Teaching the clinical anatomy of the paranasal sinuses using 3‐dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging in dentistry
Authors: Smith Kyle D. , Lanphier Terry F. , Saini Tarnjit S. , Jergenson Margaret A. , Norton Neil S. 
Published: June 2021

The paranasal sinuses are invaginations from the nasal cavity that drain into spaces associated with the lateral nasal wall. Each sinus (frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoid) is named after the cranial bone where it is located and is lined by a respiratory epithelium. The anatomy of the paranasal sinuses has not typically been used as a diagnostic tool in general dentistry, but there are examples of its use in certain specialties. Most cephalometrics have concentrated on areas such as orthodontic treatment, and cranial growth and development in the youth. However, the introduction of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides 3‐dimensional imaging at sub‐millimeter resolution that may serve as an adjunct to pre and post‐operative treatment. For many general dentists, the paranasal sinuses have often been neglected. However, the sinuses are subject to many pathologies which can be observed using CBCT. For example, sinusitis (especially maxillary), polyps, and osteomyelitis are readily seen. Additionally, the use of implants, both maxillary and mandibular, are becoming more common. Thus, it is imperative for the general dentist to have a thorough understanding of the normal anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. In this study, we sought to use CBCT to 3‐dimensionally to aid in the instruction of the clinical anatomy of the paranasal sinuses.Grant Funding SourceDepartmental Funds
A canonical promoter organization of the transcription machinery and its regulators in the Saccharomyces genome
Authors: Venters Bryan J , Pugh B. Franklin 
Published: June 2021

The Pol II transcription machinery assembles and operates in the context of nucleosomes, which have well‐defined canonical positions at the beginning and end of protein‐coding genes. However, the predominant organizational theme by which the transcription machinery and chromatin regulators are positioned within promoter regions or throughout genes in a genome is largely unknown. We have mapped the genomic location of diverse representative components of the gene regulatory machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an experimental resolution of <40 bp using ChIP‐chip. Defining how these factors are arranged with respect to each other and to promoter nucleosome positions should provide insight into how the organization of the transcription machinery at promoters regulates gene expression. We find that the ‐1 nucleosome, which establishes the upstream border of the promoter region, is a likely target of substantial regulation (assuming that occupancy is linked to function) since nearly all tested chromatin remodeling complexes selectively occupy the ‐1 nucleosomal region compared to the +1 region. Furthermore, we find that the ‐1 nucleosome is depleted rather than laterally displaced when Pol II is present, but not when only TBP and TFIIB are recruited. This suggests that the ‐1 nucleosome is removed during PIC assembly, after TBP and TFIIB have been recruited, but before or concurrent with Pol II recruitment, which might explain the prevalence of remodeling complexes in the vicinity of the ‐1 nucleosome.This work was supported by NIH grant ES013768.
Molecular characterization of 20 alpha‐HSD gene during bovine estrus cycle
Authors: Min Kwan‐Sik , Naidansuren P. , Park J.J. , Yun S.J. , Kang Y.S. , Kang Y.S. 
Published: June 2021

The enzyme 20a‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of proesterone into its inactive form, 20a‐hydroxyprogesterone.Bovine ovary of corpus luteum were obtained at the slaughter. Placenta was also obtained at laparotomy under general anesthesia from a somatic cell nuclear transfer on day 280 of gestation. We determined the expression pattern of 20a‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA and protein by the real‐time polymerase chain reaction, northern, western blot, immunohistochemistry and immuno Flourescence. The mRNA and protein expression was highly detected in the corpus luteum 1 stage ovary. The molecular weight of rec‐protein produced in animal cells was founded in about 37 kDa by the expression vector pcDNA3aHSD. Thus, it may be could understand the function and role of bovine physiology during estrus cycle (ovulation mechanism), pregnancy and parturiton.This grant was from BioGreen 21 program (#20080401034074), Rural Developmental Administration, Republic of Korea.
Introduction to computer modeling using Jmol in an introductory biochemistry lab course
Authors: Johnson Warren Victor 
Published: June 2021

It has been fifty years since the first three‐dimensional (3‐D) protein structure was published. There are tens of thousands of structures available in the protein databank. The manipulation of 3‐D structures can be very helpful to students seeking to understand protein structure and function. The easy to use, open source freeware, Jmol works well to enable beginning biochemistry students to examine structures of biomolecules.Students in the first two sessions of a one‐semester biochemistry laboratory course quickly and easily learned to use Jmol to investigate the structures of various biomolecules in the protein databank. They prepared figures to illustrate particular features of an enzyme and prepared a report on the structure and function of an enzyme that included these figures. Later in this course students made use of this knowledge to design images for a poster presentation that explains the mechanism of an enzyme that they purified and characterized in the laboratory.Students learned how 3‐D models are determined, how to access information from the protein databank, how to read and modify files in the database, how to view and manipulate 3‐D models with Jmol, and how to prepare figures in Jmol for insertion into a report. http://www.uwgb.edu/johnson
Free Amino Acid (FAA) Quantity in Human donor milk (DM) retained
Authors: Valentine Christina Jensen , Morrow Georgia , Fernandez Soledad , Gulati Parul , Bartholomew Dennis , Long Don , Welty Stephen , Rogers Lynette K , Nelin Leif 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundPreterm infants are often fed donor milk (DM) when mother's milk is not available; however, there is a paucity of data on the free amino acid (FAA) profile of DM.ObjectivesOur hypotheses were that free amino acids would be effected by pasteurization and would have FAA levels different than in milk provided by preterm mothers.Methods38 donor milk samples were collected after informed consent and IRB approval (#0600532). Lactational stages 1‐10 months were combined into 16 pools to minimize variability. Free amino acids were measured pre and post PST by HPLC. Analysis was done using two sample t‐tests with unequal variances.ResultsOnly two free amino acids were significantly different (p<0.0027) after PST of which Arginine was higher and Aspartate was lower. When comparing our PST samples to previous published amino acid means, our PST samples had significantly lower Glycine , Aspartate , Valine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Lysine, Arginine, Serine, whereas Histidine and Tyrosine were higher.ConclusionThe finding that PST alters FAA concentrations minimally is reassuring but differences from previous fresh milk concentrations prompt further investigation into targeted lactational stage or amino acid supplementation for the donor milk fed immature neonate.
Healthy convenient prepared meals improve dietary quality during structured dietary intervention for heart disease risk factor reduction.
Authors: Nguyen Von , Summers Amber , Brosnahan Jennifer , Zukley Linda , Lowndes Joshua , Reimers Kristin , Angelopoulos Theodore J , Rippe James M 
Published: June 2021

Caloric restriction is a typical approach for creating a negative energy balance for weight‐loss. Reduced food consumption may negatively affect dietary quality. Interventions that can maintain this in the face of caloric restriction are desirable.We examined the effects of a DASH‐Style (DS; n=62) diet and exercise or exercise only (EO, n=49) program on cardiovascular risk factors for 24 weeks (BMI 22‐40). Both groups received an exercise prescription recommending a minimum of 15 minutes of moderate physical activity, 3 days per week and progressing to 45 minutes, 4 days per week by week 12. They also met with an exercise physiologist once weekly for 12 weeks and biweekly thereafter. Additionally, the DS group followed a reduce calorie eating pattern and incorporated one commercially prepared healthy frozen meal and one other selected grocery item each day for 24 weeks and received dietary counseling from a dietician once weekly for 12 weeks and biweekly thereafter.After 24 weeks, DS reduced weight (‐18.04 ± 10.65 vs ‐6.05 ± 8.36lbs, p<0.001), intake of calories (‐486.0 ± 555.1 vs ‐42.7 ± 569.9kcal, p<0.001) total fat (‐39.0 ± 30.3 vs ‐5.2 ± 34.9g, p<0.001), saturated fat (‐16.1 ± 13.5 vs ‐3.0 ± 12.6g, p<0.001), cholesterol (‐123.6 ± 179.0 vs ‐38.1 ± 155.4g, p<0.01) and sodium (‐704.1 ± 1092.0 vs ‐41.8 ± 1224.6mg, p<0.01). Also, greater increases in fiber (9.8 ± 10.1 vs 2.8 ± 6.6g, p<0.001), soluble (3.2±3.2 vs 1.4 ± 2.5g, p<0.01) and insoluble fiber intakes (6.7±7.9 vs 1.1±5.5g, p<0.001) were observed in DS.A structured calorie restricted diet including healthy prepared meals can help maintain, or improve, dietary quality thus reducing risk factors for chronic conditions.
Improved serum cholesterol concentration following a structured diet plan incorporating healthy convenient prepared meals
Authors: Brosnahan Jen , Summers Amber , Nguyen Von , Lowndes Joshua , Zukley Linda , Cooper Lisa , Reimers Kristin , Angelopoulos Theodore J , Rippe James M 
Published: June 2021

Hypercholesterolemia is known to be a significant risk factor of coronary artery disease and is often accompanied by other lipid abnormalities including high triglycerides and low HDL. Interventions designed to improve the overall lipid profile are desirable.We examined the effects of a DASH‐Style (DS; n=71) diet and exercise or exercise only (EO, n=60) program on cardiovascular risk factors in 131 participants (BMI 22‐40) for 24 weeks. Both groups received an exercise prescription recommending a minimum of 15 minutes of moderate physical activity, 3 days per week and progressing to 45 minutes, 4 days per week by week 12. They also met with an exercise physiologist once weekly for 12 weeks and biweekly thereafter. The DS group followed a reduced calorie eating pattern and incorporated one commercially prepared healthy frozen meal and one other selected grocery item each day for 24 weeks and received dietary counseling from a dietician once weekly for 12 weeks and biweekly thereafter.After 24 weeks, the DS group reduced body weight to a significantly greater degree than EO (‐17.70 ± 10.11 vs ‐6.23 ± 8.12 lbs, p<0.001). In addition significantly greater improvements were observed in total cholesterol (‐12.01 ± 25.71 vs ‐1.75 ± 32.27 mg/dL, p<0.001). There were no other differences between the groups in lipid profiles.These data suggest that a structured diet plan that incorporates healthy prepared meals can successfully improve measures of an atherogenic lipid profile and potentially reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease.
Regular leisure physical activity and food habits
Authors: Vicente Filipa , Pereira Paula Cardoso , Cabrita António Silvério 
Published: June 2021

Regular physical activity is normally more easily associated with healthy food habits. The present study presents data of 14 assiduous gym members. The main goal is to evaluate if the physical active habits are combined with healthy food habits. The gym members had their weight and body fat mass measured in a Body Fat Scale (Tanita TBF‐300) and filled a questionnaire about food habits and a general food knowledge questionnaire.The anthropometric evaluation showed that 57% of this small sample was within their recommended weight range and healthy body fat percentages. Even so, 2 individuals were obese. The vast majority (78%) doesn't drink alcoholic beverages except in special occasions and there was just one smoker in the group. They choose foods mainly because there are nutritional balanced (43%) or healthy (21%) and the food habits and frequency questionnaire revealed a low sugar, salt and processed meats consume. General food knowledge is poor in what concerns to different types of fat and recommended fruit and vegetable portions.This group already endorses some healthy food habits; further evaluations of more gym members are needed in order to evaluate intervention needs in these individuals.