bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hidden Legacy
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This biography of Esther Zimmer Lederberg highlights the importance of her research work, which revealed the unique features of bacterial sex, essential for our understanding of molecular biology and evolution. A Hidden Legacy relates how, she and her husband Joshua Lederberg established the new field of bacterial genetics together, in the decade leading up to the discovery of the DNA double helix. Their impressive series of achievements include: the discovery of λ bacteriophage and of the first plasmid, known as the F-factor; the demonstration that viruses carry bacterial genes between bacteria; and the elucidation of fundamental properties of bacterial sex. This successful collaboration earned Joshua the 1958 Nobel Prize, which he shared with two of Esther’s mentors, George Beadle and Edward Tatum. Esther Lederberg’s contributions, however, were overlooked by the Nobel committee, an example of institutional discrimination known as the Matilda Effect. Esther Lederberg should also have been recognized for inventing replica plating, an elegant technique that she originated by re-purposing her compact makeup pad as a kind of ink stamp for conveniently transferring bacterial colonies from one petri dish to another. Instead, the credit for the invention is given to her famous husband, or, at best, to Dr. and Mrs. Lederberg. Within a few years of winning the Nobel Prize, Joshua Lederberg divorced his wife, leaving Esther without a laboratory, cut off from research funding, and facing uncertain employment. In response, she created a new social circle made up of artists and musicians, including a new soulmate. She devoted herself to a close-knit musical ensemble, the Mid-Peninsula Recorder Orchestra, an avocation that flourished for over forty years, until the final days of her life.
Introduction
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter relates how one day in 1950, Esther Zimmer Lederberg cleverly re-purposed her compact makeup pad and invented replica plating. This whimsical experiment led to an elegant technique for duplicating many bacterial clones in one step, a clever invention that epitomized her experimental creativity. The chapter shows how the Lederbergs established the field of bacterial genetics years before the birth of molecular biology and together discovered bacterial sex (or horizontal gene transfer, HGT) the peculiar processes that enable bacteria to rapidly spread their genes, leading to antibiotic resistance and the evolution of new species. The stellar reputation of her brilliant husband and collaborator, however, diminished Esther Lederberg’s legacy. The systematic bias against giving due credit for achievements of women scientists whose work is misattributed to their scientific colleagues is known as the Matilda Effect. Esther Lederberg’s story is sadly similar to those of many exemplary women scientists.
Strange Genetics
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter relates how, in the 1950s, Esther and Joshua Lederberg and their colleagues uncovered a whole new kind of genetic transfer involving plasmids and viruses. In plants and animals, genetic recombination is integrated within the processes of sexual reproduction. Imagine if you could trade genes with strangers at will! That’s what bacteria can do. Esther Lederberg’s discoveries of the F-plasmid and the λ bacteriophage were happy accidents that occurred while she working to complete her dissertation research. Serendipity happens to those who are very attentive, broadly experienced, and open to surprises. Esther Lederberg discovered a transferable factor, the F-factor, that could transform recipients into donors. Then she discovered a lysogenic virus, hiding harmlessly inside the chromosome of its bacterial host. These two surprising discoveries showed that bacteria could transfer genes and pieces of chromosomes horizontally, as opposed to the classical inheritance of plants and animals which pass on genetic traits vertically, down through generations.
Replica Plating
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes how Esther Lederberg, in daring to re-purpose her compact makeup pad as a kind of ink stamp, developed the new Replica Plating Technique but later her husband Joshua seemed to claim sole credit for this discovery. The Lederbergs demonstrated the effectiveness of the new plating technique in their study of spontaneous bacterial mutations, using the technique to resolve a longstanding question of bacterial mutations: Did mutations occur spontaneously or was some other process of adaptation involved? While at first, Joshua defended Esther’s co-equal contribution to the invention of replica plating, in later publications, he seemed to claim sole credit, by ignoring her contributions. This is a classic example of the Matilda Effect, when a male colleague is given sole credit for an invention by unfairly ignoring the female colleague’s contribution. Some of the Lederbergs’ colleagues recognize Esther as the primary inventor of replica plating, since she had the reputation of an experimental genius; others assumed that the creative insight was Joshua’s.
Antibiotic Resistance, the Horrendous Consequences of Bacterial Sex
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews how bacterial sex explains the rapid emergence of superbugs that are resistant to multiple antibiotics, the so-called MDR pathogens. Millions of years before humans evolved, bacteria invented antibiotics and the defensive molecules that make some bacteria resistant to an antibiotic. Therefore, antibiotic resistant genes pre-exist in many bacterial strains, literally lying in wait to emerge in superbugs. In postwar Japan, bacteriologists discovered the first MDR pathogens during dysentery outbreaks. Researchers demonstrated that the genes for resistance to several antibiotics were transferred by bacterial sex—from normal flora to the dysentery pathogens—all together and “at one stroke.” Methicillin was intentionally designed to treat penicillin-resistant infections. Only three years after its introduction of, hospitals began to find methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Gerard Wright coined the term resistome to signify “the global collection of resistance genes that have been readily available to pathogens for millennia.”
Making Music and a New Life
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews Esther Lederberg’s life in music. Researchers who study multiple intelligences have observed an overlap between musical and linguistic intelligence. Esther Lederberg’s mastery of foreign languages would have given her confidence to independently master the recorder. Her enthusiasm for music resonated with her French colleagues, Jacob and Monod, at the Institut Pasteur. Probably the most famous musician/scientist of the twentieth century was Albert Einstein, who admitted that if he hadn’t become a physicist, he would have become a musician. In the 1960s, Early Music—of the Renaissance and Baroque eras—enjoyed an international revival. In 1962, Esther Lederberg and some like-minded amateur musicians founded the Mid-Peninsula Recorder Orchestra (MPRO). She performed with the MPRO for over forty years. This shift in her social circle marked a new phase of personal growth toward music and the arts. Drawn together by a shared passion for music, Matthew Simon and Esther Lederberg married in 1993.
Epilogue
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter reveals the importance of bacterial sex in evolution. After scientists realized that antibiotic resistance and the development of MDR pathogens were caused by bacterial sex, some evolutionary biologists began to wonder about the potential role of HGT in evolution. Scientists speculated that mobile genes might have played a significant role in microbial evolution. James Shapiro has argued genome change in evolution results from a natural genetic engineering process utilizing the biochemical systems for reorganizing DNA structures present in living cells. For billions of years—from the beginning of evolution—bacteria have been transferring genes horizontally, between species and therefore between lineages, interconnecting the branches on the tree of life. The promiscuous process that has scrambled the tree of life is bacterial sex, discovered by Joshua and Esther Lederberg as a laboratory curiosity that helped uncover the molecular secretes of bacterial and viral genes.
Introduction
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this introduction I wish to develop the theoretical lens that informs the historical story that makes up the following chapters. In particular, I want to explore why violence becomes an integral component of the processes of racialization that constituted the global as a specific racialized imaginary and why such racial violence becomes its ubiquitous feature over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The history of what I call the global racial imaginary and its racial violence was not necessarily coterminous with the history of the state and its formation; it was never entirely institutionalized within the proto-state apparatuses that were congealing themselves on the frontiers of European empires. What becomes crucial for understanding the relationship between racial violence and the racial imaginary is the sense that the latter is in crisis.
Nazi Grand Strategy, Genocide, and Dismantlement of the State System, 1941–1945
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the fusion between a geopolitical imaginary rooted in the state system and Nazi Germany’s specific racialized “imperial” imaginary. Here the idea of race war is at its very center. The key historical moment is during the summer and fall of 1941, when the annihilation of the Jews becomes completely conflated with Germany’s long-term strategic goals. A race war, as conceived by Nazi Germany, was the logical consequence of a social imaginary that joined race, biology, and nature and that transcended politically defined boundaries. There was no prioritization of the geopolitical nation-state over the racial enemy, between geopolitical blocs versus the Jewish “internal” racialized enemy or the external “Asiatic hordes.”
Racial Violence in the Global South
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the manner in which “explicit and implicit racial and colonial/imperial assumptions” operate in ways that proliferate domestic and international violence. The chapter begins by first examining the moment after the Second World War when there was the impetus for decolonization and a drive for global racial equality emanating from the global South. The second part of the chapter then explores the American intervention in Vietnam as a manifestation of this continued global racial imaginary. American violence in Indochina ran parallel to the exacerbation of racial violence at home. Here the discussion turns to African American writers, in particular Martin Luther King Jr., who were able to clearly see the connections between American violence abroad and the persistence of racial suppression and violence at home.
“I’m Nervous That Horror Films Are Immoral”
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The horror genre has historically been the focus of several moral panics, most recently revolving around films in the “torture porn” subgenre, and before that around “video nasties,” rape-revenge films, and splatter movies. However, there is no research to support a concern that horror fans are immoral or that horror films make people unempathetic or sadistic. Horror films are more morally complex than many critics have assumed, and the relationship between horror films and moral psychology is also more complex than critics have assumed. Studies have also shown that horror films may actually be associated with a decrease in real-world violence. Moreover, horror films (with their roots in cautionary tales) are often moralizing, but their effects on viewers’ moral compasses may be limited.
Grassroots Sustainability in a Concrete Landscape
Authors: Ergas Christina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The second chapter explores the urban ecovillage in the United States, the first example of radical sustainability and autonomous development. Through insights gleaned from field research, the chapter presents the challenges ecovillagers face attempting sustainable living in a neoliberal context. It examines the cultural conflicts between sustainability culture and consumer culture as well as the exclusive, upper-class, white nature of the local food movement in the United States. Monetary and time constraints associated with growing local organic food has largely turned it into an elite phenomenon, such that it is relegated to those with disposable income, luxury of time, and education. In fact, urban gardening is often cited as a first step to gentrification in urban communities. However, ecovillagers engage in communitarian sustainability innovations that are egalitarian, elegant, and low cost. Thus, they maintain a small ecological footprint while attending to the mental, physical, and spiritual needs of their human and nonhuman community members.
Urban Oasis
Authors: Ergas Christina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The third chapter focuses on an example of radical sustainability in the Cuban context. Cuba’s history with resource scarcity exemplifies the myriad struggles that will continue to spread the world over. Cubans were able to transcend their worst problems through top-down government initiatives that then decentralized and subsidized urban agricultural food production. At a Cuban urban farmworkers’ cooperative, farmers are residents of the local community who sell their produce at low costs on site to their neighbors and passersby. By resisting neocolonial forces, Cuba is one of the few countries in the world to obtain high human development and consume a fair share of environmental resources, maintaining a small ecological footprint. Personal experiences of working on one such farm and living with a nearby family for several months are described, and the Cuban program’s successes as well as the social environmental stumbling blocks it still faces are discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Ergas Christina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the concluding chapter, the lessons learned from urban agriculture and the ecovillage are summed up. Radical sustainability is at once socially and ecologically transformative—dismantling hierarchies toward total liberation—and regenerative—healing and restoring the health of people and the planet. A radical sustainability is informed by transformative and regenerative tools, such as a care narrative, community care, radical collective healing, community capacity assessments and building, skill sharing, and network building with other communities and organizations. This final chapter offers practical, community-oriented solutions to socioecological crises for people who cannot implement urban farming or intentional community. It is a call to arms for people to organize and begin creating grassroots solutions to local problems. It also examines the capacity for large-scale structural change and the possibility of collapse.
The Out-Migration Crisis
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 discusses the significant negative social and economic impacts of the mass out-migration that many postsocialist countries have experienced since the lifting of the “Iron Curtain,” balanced with the positive impacts of remittances and circulation of talent and capital. It also explores the negative side of out-migration, suggesting that the mass exodus of young people has had significant deleterious impacts on a number of sending countries and that many migrants faced hostile, exploitative, and sometimes dangerous conditions in the West. The chapter points to the collapse of rural villages and brain drain as having catastrophic prospects for the postsocialist world. This chapter highlights the role of European Union accession in 2004 as a possible contributor to Central and East European countries experiencing the sharpest population declines in the world and the largest peacetime migration in modern history measured as a percentage of sending country population.
Portraits of Desperation
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 13 introduces a qualitative, ethnographic approach to understanding the stories of those who have succeeded and those who have lost in the transition. Breathing life into the data presented in earlier chapters, Chapter 13 brings into conversation ethnographic accounts from many postsocialist countries to show the real human toll of the externalities of transitional reforms. It elevates the stories of those who found widespread misery and despair where transition economists had hoped for freedom and prosperity. Using stories born of ethnographic fieldwork, it demonstrates the growth of new social, economic, and political hierarchies and helps to explain the role of privatization and socioeconomic inequality in the collapse of public trust after transition.
The Patriotism of Despair
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 16 uses ethnographic data to explore the development of new identities rooted in the collective trauma experienced during transition in postsocialist countries. This chapter shows how the void left by the sudden disappearance of Soviet-era propaganda and positive imagery was replaced by postmodern neoliberal individualism. It shows how nationalist and nativist movements swept in to fill this ideological vacuum and rooted themselves in a shared victim identity, pointing to local disillusionment with market democracy as a major legitimating factor for authoritarian movements. Many who searched for a postsocialist identity turned to orthodox, sometimes radical, religious groups or to ethno-nationalist political movements.
Conclusion
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The conclusion of this book reflects on the enduring importance of transition as a major factor in contemporary society and politics and examines how transition could have been accomplished more successfully. The conclusion points to the growth of nationalist movements as a reaction to the traumas of transition. It re-evaluates the dismissal of the “third way” as an alternative to pure market capitalism or state socialism and suggests that different reforms could have mitigated negative impacts of transition. It emphasizes the importance of future economic reforms that balance individualism and collectivism and bring more post-socialist citizens along in a widely shared prosperity. The chapter draws lessons about the importance of universal rather than targeted benefits and rejects strict adherence to liberal ideology as a sustainable model for economic transition.
Introduction
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces four societal uses of genomic science that demonstrate its breadth, importance, and political complexity. They are race-based medicine, racial or ethnic ancestry testing, use of DNA in the criminal justice system, and prenatal gene testing and therapy. Although most people endorse the ideas of appropriate medication, finding one’s roots, correct determination of guilt or innocence, and healthy births, each of these uses of genomic science is intensely controversial. In parallel to their benefits, these uses evoke concerns about eugenics, racial essentialism, surveillance, and discrimination. This chapter depicts each use and its controversies, outlining the contours of Genomic Politics.
The Basic Framework
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the theoretical framework for the book: a 2 × 2 typology that can help us understand the controversies surrounding genomics. The vertical dimension ranges from a perception that genetic inheritance strongly affects important human phenotypes to a perception that important human phenotypes are affected not by genetic inheritance but rather by environmental context, family and background, free choice, a deity’s will, or luck. The horizontal dimension ranges from technology optimism—a view that the gains from innovation can outweigh its harms—to the opposite, technology pessimism. The two dimensions jointly create four cells: “Enthusiasm,” focusing on the benefits of using the science of genetic influence, “Skepticism,” focusing on the risks of using the science of genetic influence, “Hope,” focusing on developing social improvements through means other than genetic influence, and “Rejection,” which highlights the hubris of both genetic science and social programming.
Enthusiasm and Skepticism
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines two of the cells in the basic framework: “Enthusiasm” about the benefits of using the science of genetic inheritance, and “Skepticism” about the risks of using the science of genetic inheritance. For each viewpoint, this chapter explores arenas within medical and scientific research (including gene therapy, the search for Covid-19 vaccines, and gene editing), criminal justice (including forensic DNA databases, rapid DNA testing, and exoneration), and biogeographical ancestry (including racial and ethnic ancestry testing, race-based medicine, and deep ancestry). Chapter 4 provides evidence to support both excitement about the benefits of genomic science and concern about its risks and costs.
Tiger/Attachment/Helicopter Parenting
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many guides exist for how to practice the “best” parenting style and how to cultivate certain attributes in children. The scientific basis for these claims, however, is often lacking. This chapter describes and examines the evidence for five popular global parenting approaches (intensive or helicopter, tiger, attachment, old school, and free-range). A case example will be given for how the different styles might deal with a common child behavioral problem. The chapter then shifts to mapping these styles onto the way that researchers describe parenting styles, using the authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive categories. The evidence favoring the authoritative style is presented along with some “it depends” discussion of when other styles may also be considered. The question of when it might work best to parent in a manner that is consistent with one’s instinctive tendencies and when it might be important to take purposeful steps in the opposite direction will also be explored.
Pick Them Up or Let Them Cry (for a While)?
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter will describe the long and fascinating battle over sleep training. It covers topics like “Ferberization” and other sleep training techniques and how to use them. Data on both the effectiveness of these methods and whether or not they can cause long-term harm will be presented. The chapter will also outline and explain the official position against infant bed-sharing, not from a focus on attachment but based on the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome. The “it depends” aspect of this chapter will explain that children have different innate sleeping abilities and how differences in child temperament and history of trauma may require parents to consider alternate sleep approaches.