bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rational Design of Vehicles: II — Subsystem Decomposition
Authors: Paulus David M. , Gaggioli Richard A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Overall vehicle design entails the subsidiary design — concurrent engineering — of the numerous subsystems that make up the vehicle. The engineer(s) in charge of the overall design must coordinate the work and integrate the designs of several “independent” subsystem design teams. That coordination and integration is achieved by specification of a particular set of constraints, imposed upon each design team. As the overall design proceeds, as a result of feedback from and review of the work of the individual teams, these constraints may be adjusted. Then many of the subsystems need to be re-designed. This procedure is carried out, iteratively, until “convergence” is achieved. That is, until the overall design is “suitable and satisfactory” in the judgment of the engineer in charge of the overall design, in consultation — directly or indirectly — with the “customer(s).” Better yet, the iterative procedure is continued until a rational objective function for the overall vehicle is optimized. In order to facilitate this concurrent engineering process, it is desirable that the design decisions, being made by the subsystem design teams, explicitly take into account the customers’ weighted desiderata for the overall system. In this paper, it is shown how the methods of thermoeconomic decomposition can be applied (in conjunction with the rational objective function for the overall design presented in Part I) to deduce objective functions for optimizing the design of energy-conversion subsystems. An illustrative case study is presented, for the design-selection of an engine and a generator for a light aircraft.
Integration of Fuel Cell Technology Into Engineering Thermodynamic Textbooks
Authors: Chen Eric L. , Chen Pah I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The time has come for engineering thermodynamic texts to look beyond the limitations of heat engines. As different power generation technologies are implemented, texts should reflect the changes. In doing so, students will be better prepared to contribute to those new fields in industry or academia. An example is fuel cell technology, a field that is making rapid progress toward commercialization, but one that still requires more research and development. Now is the time to include fuel cell technology in thermodynamic texts, introducing students to the basic science and engineering principles.
This paper proposes that fuel cell technology be integrated into textbooks with examples and applications included in certain chapters. The fundamental principles of fuel cells are presented, along with the most suitable chapter in which the material should appear. Students will benefit from the material because fuel cells will add variety to the examples, extending the thermodynamic principles to other applications. Instructors, however, will have to decide if their syllabi can accommodate the extra material.
Exergetic and Thermoeconomic Analysis of a 200-KW Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Plant
Authors: Kwak Ho-Young , Lee Hyun-Soo , Jeon Jin-Seok , Choi Dongsoo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Exergetic and thermoeconomic analysis were performed for a 200-kW Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) plant which offers advantage for cogeneration in the aspect of high electrical efficiency and low emission. This analytical study was based on data obtained by in-field measurement of PC25C fuel cell plant to find whether this system is viable. For 100% load condition, the electrical efficiency and the unit cost of electricity are about 45% and 0.032 $/kWh respectively, which turn out to be much better than those for a 1000-kW gas turbine cogeneration plant. Further, at lower loads, the unit costs of electricity and hot water increase slightly and consequently more economic operation is possible at any loads.
On- and Off-Design Performance of the Feedwater Heating Combined Cycle
Authors: Zhang Na , Cai Ruixian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Feedwater heating combined cycle is one of the CC-repowering means for the conventional PC power station improvement. The preferable characteristics of such combined cycle to be used in China and other developing countries for repowering are its comparably lower investment, less oil/gas consumption, especially its low technical difficulties and easier accomplishment. The concise performance expressions for the existing steam station repowering are derived, and highlight is put to the combined cycle off-design performance study. It is pointed out that there are some problems deserving more attention for the part-load operation. The performances of several different operating scenarios are analyzed, and the better one is recommended based on the comparison.
Effect of Graft Material on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A 3D Computational Simulation
Authors: Suggs Jeremy F. , Li Guoan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The effect of graft materials on knee kinematics after ACL reconstruction was investigated parametrically using a 3D finite element knee joint model. The results demonstrated that a stiff graft, such as the current BPTB graft, may overcorrect the kinematics of an ACL deficient knee. A less stiff graft, under appropriate initial tension, may better restore the intact kinematics.
Rising Crack-Growth-Resistance Behavior in Cortical Bone: Implications for Toughness Measurements
Authors: Vashishth Deepak 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Application of fracture mechanics to bone was undertaken to provide a better estimate of bone’s resistance to fracture as traditional strength of materials tests failed to provide a realistic measure due to the presence of inherent flaws and fatigue microcracks in bone (1). Consequently, over the last decade a number of fracture mechanics studies have characterized bone’s resistance to fracture in terms of critical stress intensity factor and critical strain energy release rate measured at the onset of a fracture crack (1–3). These studies, although useful, provide a limited insight into fracture behavior of bone as, unlike classical brittle materials, bone is a microcracking solid that derives its resistance to fracture during the process of crack propagation from microfracture mechanisms occurring behind the advancing crack front (4). More significantly age and disease-related alterations in the content and arrangement of bone, that cause reduced post-yield properties, are unlikely to be realized from initiation tests as such tests are limited to events at yielding.
Numerical Simulation and Evaluation of the Reduced-Platen Compression Test for Estimating Cancellous Bone Mechanical Properties in the Rat
Authors: Hogan Harry A. , Harms Kent D. , Sampson H. Wayne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Animal models are utilized in numerous research studies aimed at better understanding skeletal biology, bone biomechanics, and many orthopedic diseases or pathologies. Prominent among these animal models are rodents, most commonly rats and mice. In estimating bone mechanical properties in these animals, cortical bone is routinely assessed by bending one of the long bones such as the femur or tibia, which targets the mid-diaphysis region. Testing specimens of isolated cancellous bone is exceedingly challenging, however, even for the larger rat skeleton. Recognizing the prominence and importance of cancellous bone mechanical properties has led to increased mechanical testing of vertebra and femoral neck specimens in skeletal research employing rats and mice. The specimens in these tests actually consist of a combination of both cortical and cancellous tissue, however. In an attempt to more closely approximate the ideal of isolated cancellous bone specimens a method has been developed recently for testing specimens from the proximal tibia metaphysis and distal femoral metaphysis [1]. In either case, the specimen in this so-called “reduced-platen compression” (RPC) test consists of a section of the metaphysis containing both cortical and cancellous bone. The specimen and test configuration are illustrated schematically in Fig. 1.
Predicting a Power Law Between Elastic Modulus and Porosity in Cortical Bone: A Micromechanics Model
Authors: Dong X. Neil , Guo X. Edward 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Age-related changes in microstructure and composition of bone tissue are becoming increasing important as people continue to live longer. The cortical porosity increases with age in both men and women [1]. Age related increases in Haversian canal size and Haversian canal number contribute to the increasing porosity of cortical bone for the elderly men and women [2, 3]. The number of osteoclastic resorption space is also greater in the old men than in the young men [3]. The increased porosity and the higher prevalence of giant Haverian canals have a markedly negative influence on the ability of the cortical shell to withstand mechanical loads associated with a fall [4].
Measurement of the Spatial Motion of the Ankle-Subtalar Complex
Authors: Ying Ning , Kim Wangdo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A modified Euler angles method, dual Euler angles approach, has been proposed to describe exact joint motion. In the dual Euler angles method, joint motion is considered as three successive screw motions with respect to the axes of the moving segment coordinate system and the screw motion displacements are represented by dual angles accordingly. The algorithm for calculating dual Euler angles from coordinates of markers on joint segments has also been provided. In this paper, the dual Euler angles method is applied to describe the motion of ankle joint during dorsiflexion-plantarflexion. Due to the difficulty in tracking the motion of the talus segment in vivo, only the overall motion of the ankle-subtalar complex, that is, the relative motion of the foot with respect to the shank, was measured in the present study.
Local Force on Cell Cytoskeletons Causes Binding of Focal Contact Proteins Dependent Upon Tyrosine Phosphatase/Kinases
Authors: Sheetz M. P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cellular responses to mechanical force are critical for the shaping of cells and for many physiological functions that need to be satisfied in functionally engineered tissues. From several recent observations, there is the suggestion that physical force developed by a cell or its environment can signal to the cell through oncogenic tyrosine kinase/phosphatase pathways and alter the program of the cell. These responses occur in seconds and lead to the localization of focal contact proteins at the sites of maximum force on the cytoskeleton. We suggest that forces directly applied to cytoskeleton proteins cause the activation of the cellular responses.
Design of a V-Plate-Wire Mandibular Fixation System
Authors: Trabia Mohamed B. , Zobotkin Konstantin G. , Wang Robert C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a novel method for internal fixation of unstable mandibular fractures. The fixation method uses a three-screw V-shaped plate and a wire. Two screws are placed normal to the fracture line. The plate is first attached to one of the screws. A wire is then passed around the plate and the opposite screw and tightened to bring the two sides of the fracture together and align them. The plate is then fixed to the other side of the fracture using two additional screws. The fixation system is designed such that the plate carries most of the load. Finite element modeling of the system shows that the method is reliable, producing low stresses. The proposed method presents a simple and quick alternative to the usual plates currently used for mandibular fixation.
Customized Resurfacing of the Knee: Design of the Shell Knee Replacement
Authors: Duncan Naphysah O. , Walker Peter S. , Potter Hollis G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Current total knee replacements have been successful in relieving the pain associated with arthritis, as well as increasing patient mobility and allowing them to partake in sports activities to a limited degree. In the elderly patient group, the ten-year survivorship has been as high as 95%. Approximately, one-third of the patients who are candidates for total knee replacement fall into the younger patient group category. In this group, where life expectancy can exceed 20 years[1], the survivorship of a TKR is limited. This becomes an important issue since one or more revision surgeries may be necessary. As a result, the chances of infection, pain associated with surgery and rehabilitation, and loss of viable bone are increased. Achieving a high degree of mobility is also a priority for this group since they tend to lead a more active lifestyle.
A Total Knee Replacement Model for Evaluation of Joint Mechanics
Authors: Halloran Jason P. , Rullkoetter Paul J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The success of current total knee replacement (TKR) devices is contingent on the kinematics and contact mechanics during in vivo physiological activity. A great deal of research has gone into determining parameters important to proper long-term joint function. Indicators of potential wear performance in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) total joint replacement components include contact stress and area due to articulations, and tibio-femoral and patello-femoral kinematics. All have been used to compare implant designs and serve as a basis for differentiation of systems.
FEA Optimization of Pedorthic Treatment for Podalgia
Authors: Houston Vern L. , Luo Gangming , Mason Carl P. , Mussman Martin , Garbarini MaryAnne , Beattie Aaron C. , Thongpop Chaiya 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Foot problems are quite common. Epidemiological studies have shown as many as 86% of elderly individuals report having problems with their feet, ranging from calluses, cracking and ingrown nails to inflammation, swelling, ischemia, ulceration, and gangrenous necrosis [1]. Persons suffering chronic Diabetes Mellitus are at particular risk of trauma to their feet because of peripheral neuropathy, plantar fat pad and muscle atrophy, and vascular insufficiency. Half of all lower limb amputations each year in the United States are performed on diabetics because of foot and ankle injuries that fail to heal [2]. At the very least, podalgia and pedal trauma restrict person’s mobility and limit their independence, impacting their fiscal as well as their physical well-being. With the exception of memorable catastrophic events, the etiopathogenesis of podalgia and other problems contributing to pedal trauma are generally not well understood. In work with Hansen’s disease and diabetic patients, Brand et al. [3] showed that stresses as small as 1/2 psi could produce trauma in the foot fat pads of even healthy animals, if chronically and repetitively applied without adequate time for tissues to recover and rest, Pedorthic insoles (often with orthopedic shoes) are prescribed for curative as well as prophylactic treatment of podalgia and pedal trauma, especially for diabetic patients with peripheral vascular disease, and arthritic patients with osseous deformity. There are hundreds of such devices commercially available, that range in composition and mechanical characteristics from extremely soft silicone elastomers to stiff plastic and metal plates. They maybe thin or thick, flat or custom milled with precision CAD/CAM systems using 3D laser scans of the individual’s feet to match their pedal contours. Although numerous studies [4, 5, 6] have been conducted, measuring pedal plantar interface stresses, no general quantitative principles for design, performance assessment, or prescription have been developed. These procedures remain highly subjective, and quite variable, depending upon the training, experience, and skill of the patient’s pedorthotist, podiatrist, and/or physcian. The objective of this study was to investigate the stresses and strains incurred in the soft plantar tissues of the foot as a function of insole material and design geometry to enhance understanding of footwear biomechanics and contribute to development of quantitative criteria for prescription, design, and performance assessment of pedorthic footwear.
Obstruction Detection in the Upper Airways Using Input Impedance in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Al-Jumaily A. M. , Du Y. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This research focuses on establishing an appropriate theoretical technique for identifying an obstruction in a flexible compliant tube such as the trachea. The input impedance frequency spectrums for both a healthy and an obstructed airway are used as a signature to determine and examine the constriction location, severity and degree. Uniform and gradual types of constriction are considered and the results demonstrate that the input impedance resonant frequencies can map the location, severity and degree of an obstruction.
Simulated Mucus Clearance in Horizontal vs. Vertically Inclined Rigid Tracheal Model
Authors: Evrensel Cahit A. , Öz Halil R. , Krumpe Peter E. , Hassan Amgad A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Epithelia of conducting airways is lined with a layer of mucus above a layer of serous fluid. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel, while the serous layer is identified as “watery”. In normal airways, the mucociliary transport system forms the primary basis for clearance of mucus. Dehydration results in the disappearance of serous layer and impairs the mucociliary clearance. For these persons two-phase gas-liquid flow and cough become the dominant mechanisms.
Left Ventricular Filling Dynamics: Particle Image Velocimetry and Ultrasound Color M-Mode Imaging
Authors: Shandas Robin , Hertzberg Jean R. , Cooke Jason E. , Boardman Matthieu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Studies have shown that left ventricular diastolic function is an important indicator of overall cardiac health [1,2]. Quantitation of diastolic function using non-invasive imaging techniques continues to be a long-standing goal for clinicians. The recent development of ultrasound Doppler color M-mode imaging techniques to measure the speed of flow propagation within the ventricle during diastole appears promising in this regard. However, significant subjectivity in measuring flow propagation speed exists. One reason for this is that the relationship between clinically derived parameters such as color M-mode flow propagation and underlying fluid mechanics of diastolic filling is still unclear.
A Constitutive Framework for the Inelastic Mechanical Behavior of Arteries
Authors: Holzapfel Gerhard A. , Gasser Thomas Ch. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A reliable constitutive model of arterial walls is an essential prerequisite to (i) understand the functions of diseased and non-diseased arteries, to (ii) optimize the design of arterial prostheses, and to (iii) improve diagnostics and therapeutical procedures that are based on mechanical treatments, such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) [1] or bypass surgery. PTA is the most frequent therapeutical intervention worldwide [2] to reduce the severity of atherosclerotic stenoses. It is of great and steadily growing medical, economical and scientific interest [3].
Effect of Thrombus in AAA on Pressure and Dilation Experienced by the Aneurysm Wall
Authors: Thubrikar Mano J. , Robicsek Francis , Labrosse Michel , Chervenkoff Vassil , Fowler Brett L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Various factors are considered to play a role in the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture. For instance, a maximum diameter of 7 cm is commonly used as an indication for surgery. There is a need for understanding what makes an aneurysm most likely to rupture. Our focus here is on the role of the intraluminal thrombus and how it affects the pressure and dilation experienced by the aneurysm wall. Since in most of the surgical procedures, the whole aneurysms are almost never removed, the data on the whole aneurysms with thrombus has not been available. The results presented here, therefore, are very important even though they come from a small number of whole aneurysms explored thoroughly. Two types of studies were performed: 1) in vitro and in vivo pressure measurements through the thrombus in three complete AAA, and 2) in vitro dilation measurements during pressurization of two whole aneurysms before and after the thrombus was removed.
Network Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Zheng Lili , Egnor Michael , Banninger Keith 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a group of life threatening disorders of cerebrospinal fluid flow in and around the brain. It is characterized, in most cases, by accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain and a progressive increase in pressure in the cranium. The etiology has traditionally been ascribed to an imbalance between the formation and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Based on this understanding, the treatment is to insert a shunt surgically in order to drain the accumulating fluid in the heart or abdomen. This treatment is invasive and has a high failure rate.
Estimate of Migration Force for Stent
Authors: Jou L.-D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The stent has been a very effective device for treating vascular disease, such as in the coronary and carotid arteries. Due to the increasingly complex configuration of struts in the stent, it is instructive to investigate the relation between the strut configuration and the force that will result in stent deformation after stent placement. Although it is possible to obtain the same information through experiments or finite element analysis, a simple analytic relation may shed more light on the problem and also indicate new directions when it comes to redesign of existing stents. In our previous study (1), we investigated the drag force on a three dimensional strut structure, and the drag force appeared to be a function of strut configuration. The possible outcome of these drag forces is the focus of our current study.
A Lumped Parameter Model for Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation
Authors: Olufsen Mette S. , Lipsitz Lewis A. , Nadim Ali 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow and the associated vascular responses accompanying posture change that enable the brain to maintain perfusion during hypotensive stress are not fully understood. The aim of this work is to use a lumped parameter model of cerebral blood flow to analyze changes in key parameters (systemic and cerebrovascular resistances) during posture change from sitting to standing. Such a model sheds light on vascular adaptation to hypotensive stress, and could ultimately help determine the changes in cerebral autoregulation that occur in aging, hypertension, and other clinical conditions.
Effect of Endovascular Diagnostic Catheters on Human Coronary Artery Lesion Flow Coefficients
Authors: Banerjee Rupak K. , Back Lloyd H. , Back Martin R. , Cho Young I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Lesion flow coefficients ( c ~ ) were determined from computational hemodynamics for the 32 patient group of Wilson et al. (1988) during coronary angioplasty in conjunction with quantitative angiography and measurements of the coronary flow reserve (CFR). The effect of the catheter insertion across lesions reduce blood flow during measurements, and also decrease ( c ~ ) due to larger viscous effects. The flow computations may be useful in interpretation of catheter measurements in the clinical setting for lesions of similar size, particularly for flow limiting hyperemic conditions.