Pre-eclampsia in pregnancies resulting from oocyte donation, natural conception or IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Keukens A , van Wely M , van der Meulen C , Mochtar M H 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
What is the prevalence of pre-eclampsia (PE) in pregnancies after oocyte donation (OD) compared to natural conception (NC) and to IVF with autologous oocytes (AO)?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Overall the prevalence of PE after OD was 4–5 times higher than after NC and 2–3 times higher than after IVF with AO.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
The indication for OD is expanding to lesbian women requesting shared lesbian motherhood. Previous reviews have shown that the risk of PE is higher in pregnancies after OD than after NC and after IVF with AO. Classification on the severity of PE is lacking as is the relationship with known risk factors such as maternal age and multiple gestations. Furthermore the actual prevalence of PE in pregnancies resulting from OD is not known.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. A literature search was performed using the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL, OpenGrey and Greynet from January 1980 through July 2020.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
We included retrospective and prospective cohort studies. The study population consisted of pregnancies after OD and NC or IVF and data had to be available about prevalence of PE. We compared the risk of (severe) PE in OD versus NC and IVF pregnancies, subgrouped by plurality and maternal age. We calculated individual and pooled odds ratios (OR) and prevalence estimates with 95% CI using a random effect model, while heterogeneity was assessed by the I2.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
In total, 27 studies comprising of 7089 OD pregnancies, 1 139 540 NC pregnancies and 72 742 IVF pregnancies were available for analysis. The risks of PE and severe PE was increased in OD pregnancies compared to NC pregnancies (pooled OR of all subgroups: 5.09, 95% CI: 4.29–6.04; I2 = 19% and OR: 7.42, 95% CI: 4.64–11.88; I2 = 49%, respectively). This suggests that compared to a PE risk of 2.9% with NC, the risk with OD was between 11.5% and 15.4%. Compared to a severe PE risk of 0.5% with NC, the risk with OD was between 2.3% and 5.6%. The pooled adjusted OR for PE was 3.24 (95% 2.74–3.83) for OD versus NC pregnancies. The risks of PE and severe PE were also increased in OD pregnancies compared to IVF pregnancies (pooled OR of all subgroups: 2.97, 95% CI: 2.49–3.53; I2 = 51% and OR: 2.97, 95% CI: 2.15–4.11; I2 = 0%, respectively). This suggests that compared to a PE risk of 5.9% with IVF, the risk with OD was between 13.5% and 18.0%. Compared to a severe PE risk of 3.3% with IVF, the risk with OD was between 6.8% and 12.2%. The pooled adjusted OR for PE was 2.67 (95% 2.28–3.13) for OD versus IVF. The pooled prevalence of PE in singleton pregnancies after OD was 10.7% (95% CI 6.6–15.5) compared to 2.0% (95% CI 1.0–3.1) after NC and 4.1% (95% CI 2.7–5.6) after IVF. The prevalence in multiple pregnancies was 27.8% (95% CI 23.6–32.2) after OD, 7.5% (95% CI 7.2–7.8) after NC and 9.7% (95% CI 6.2–13.9) after IVF.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
The precise definition of PE is still a matter of debate. The different criteria could have affected the prevalence estimate.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Nearly one in six women will suffer PE after OD. Although it is uncertain whether these risks are consistent for lesbian couples undergoing shared motherhood, we feel that women who can conceive naturally could be advised to reconsider. In women with primary ovarian insufficiency, we feel that factors that may increase risk of PE ever further, such as double embryo transfer, should be avoided whenever possible.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(s)
No funding or competing interests.

REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42020166899.