bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
False reactivity in GTI Pak Plus® ELISA kits due to the presence of anti-mouse antibody in patients’ samples
Authors: Leach M.F. , Aubuchon J.P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The development of commercially available ELISA kits (GTI, Inc., Waukesha, WI) that use antigens adhered to microtiter plate wells by the use of mouse monoclonal antibodies made it possible for hospital transfusion service laboratories to test for platelet- and/or HLA-specific antibodies without reliance on reference laboratories. However, human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMAs) may cause false reactions in ELISAs. We designed a study to determine the impact of HAMAs on these ELISAs. Samples from 210 patients were evaluated from January 1995 to April 2002; 79 (38%) were found to be positive for HLA- and/or platelet-specific antibodies. Thirty (38%) of these positive samples, as well as ten negative samples that served as controls, underwent HAMA neutralization/inhibition procedures before being retested by ELISA. One (10%) of the control samples was reactive after treatment. When the samples that were positive in routine testing were treated to neutralize/inhibit HAMAs, reactivity was unchanged in 20 (67%); reactivity was eliminated in eight (27%) of the samples tested.All of the specimens that showed a reduction or elimination of their reactivity after neutralization/inhibition had an initial optical density (OD) ratio < 3.0 whereas those that remained unchanged in reactivity had an OD ratio > 7.0 (p < 0.05). Reactivity present only in the treated samples was observed in three (10%) of the positive samples tested; one was additionally reactive with HLA antigen only and two with glycoprotein Ia/IIa. The presence of HAMAs should be considered when antibodies against more than one plateletspecific glycoprotein are detected and if the optical density ratio is < 3.0.
Antibody screening in 37°C saline. Is it safe to omit it using the indirect antiglobulin (gel) test?
Authors: Duran J. , Figueiredo M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pretransfusion tests must detect antibodies that can shorten the life of red blood cells (RBCs). Some studies have demonstrated the existence of clinically significant antibodies detected at 37°C in saline that are not detected by the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) when the conventional tube test is used. Our aim was to determine whether these antibodies, detected with a 37°C saline tube test, are also detected when a sensitive column gel agglutination method is used. The 2373 pretransfusion samples were tested as they were received (from May 1998 to December 1999), in 37°C saline and by IAT using the DiaMed gel system. The screening tests were performed using 50 μL of 0.8% low-ionic-strength saline suspended RBCs and 50 μL of plasma. The tests were examined for agglutination and hemolysis. Two hundred and thirty three samples (9.81%) were reactive by IAT and 88 (3.70%) by 37°C saline. All 88 samples reactive by 37°C saline also reacted by IAT. These data indicate that 37°C saline is not an essential pretransfusion procedure when the DiaMed gel test is used.
Immunohematology 2002;18:13–15.
Glycophorin A-deficient red cells may have a weak expression of C4-bound Ch and Rg antigens
Authors: Tippett P. , Storry J.R. , Walker P.S. , Okubo Y. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The blood group antigens Ch and Rg are polymorphisms of C4d. Antigen-positive red blood cells (RBCs) treated with proteases type as Ch-, Rg-. Although RBCs treated with sialidase may type Ch+ Rg+, they cannot be coated with C4 by the 10 percent sucrose method. Since studies of complement binding have shown that glycophorin A (GPA) is an important component for the uptake of C4 by RBCs, we tested all available GPA-deficient RBCs for their Ch and Rg status. Using eluates of human anti-Ch and anti-Rg, and monoclonal anti-Rg, we found that the Ch antigen was only weakly expressed on these RBCs, while Rg expression was variable. Our results imply that in the absence of GPA, C4 binds in vivo to a component or components other than GPA on RBCs.
Imniunobematology
1996:12:4-7.
The impact of a gel system on routine work in a general hospital blood bank
Authors: Chan A. , Wong H.F. , Chui C.H. , Wong L. , Cheng G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The gel system has been reported to be more sensitive and specific than the conventional tube indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) for antibody screening. However, a major concern about the gel system is its cost. A cost analysis study was therefore conducted at our hospital. The gel system costs more than the conventional tube IAT per test; however, the total staff and reagent costs per year were about equal, because of staff savings. Workload and cost per patient requiring blood were reduced using the gel system.
Immunohematology
1996;12:30-32.
Characterization of human anti-hrB-like monoclonal antibody
Authors: Blancher A.P. , Reid M.E. , Alié-Daram S.J. , Dugoujon J-M.H. , Roubinet F.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To develop a blood typing reagent with Rh specificity, peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from a multiparous woman with apparent alloanti-Ce and fused with FIS heteromyeloma cells. One hybridoma cell line, FOR-2E3, secreted human IgG, which agglutinated all human red blood cells except R2R2, RzRz, Dc–, D––, Rhnull, and e+ hrB–. The supernatant is useful as a reagent to screen for hrB– blood donors and to differentiate haplotypes with C and e in cis from haplotypes with C and e in trans.
Platelet transfusion: a review of key concepts
Authors: Sheinbaum A.J. , Herman J.H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many clinical situations involve the platelet transfusion support of patients with thrombocytopenia. Among these are patients with leukemia, oncology patients receiving chemotherapy, patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation, patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), and the acute trauma patient. The Transfusion Medicine service plays a key role in the care of patients in that they are expected to provide quality blood products and aid in clinical decision making. Issues often encountered are the effectiveness, efficiency, and appropriateness of the products being given. This review covers the clinical consequences of thrombocytopenia, the relationship between platelet count and hemorrhage, the impact of platelet transfusion on hemostasis, the “optimal” dosage of platelets, and the importance of individualizing dosage in various common clinical scenarios.
ABO genotyping by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism
Authors: Mifsud N.A. , Haddad A.P. , Condon J.A. , Sparrow R.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Genotyping enables the identification of both maternally and paternally derived alleles. A number of protocols have been described for the genotyping of the ABO blood group system. Generally, these methods have a number of disadvantages including the use of hazardous reagents, being technically demanding, and the excessive use of materials. In this study, a relatively simple polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method is described. Four different amplifications were used that were specific for nucleotides sites 261, 526, 703, and 796 to distinguish the A, B, O1
and O2
alleles. The ABO genotypes of 294 random individuals were determined and were found to completely correlate with the serologic phenotypes. The protocol is applicable for investigations of weak or nonexpression of ABO alleles, paternity determinations, and population analysis.
A method to detect McLeod phenotype red blood cells
Authors: Øyen R. , Reid M.E. , Rubenstein P. , Ralph H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is important to identify the McLeod phenotype in order to differentiate the McLeod syndrome from other causes of acanthocytosis, e.g., chorea acanthocytosis. A proportion of males with the McLeod phenotype have X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Because anti-Kx + -Km, which is needed for identification, is not readily available, detection of the McLeod phenotype relies on observed weakening of Kell antigens on the individual’s red blood cells (RBCs). Identification of McLeod carrier females (obligate heterozygotes) is even more difficult because only a minor subpopulation of RBCs may express the weakened Kell phenotype. RBCs from 12 sets of mother/son or father/daughter pairs were tested by standard hemagglutination tube tests and by flow cytometry using both monoclonal and polyclonal Kell system antibodies. Monoclonal anti-K14 (G10) in tests with RBCs from McLeod males reacted ± by hemagglutination (control cells 2+) and had a median fluorecence of 6–11 by flow cytometry (control cells 441). Monoclonal anti-k (F7) and human polyclonal anti-k (C30A-1) gave stronger reactions by hemagglutination with RBCs from McLeod males and were not appropriate to differentiate RBCs with the McLeod phenotype from RBCs with normal Kell antigen expression. Crisp mixed-field agglutination was obtained in tests with monoclonal anti-K14 versus RBCs from the 12 obligate carrier females. Flow cytometry using anti-K14 also clearly identified two RBC populations (median fluorescence of 6–11 and 229–382, respectively). Kell system antibodies may vary in their ability to detect a weakened expression of the corresponding antigen on RBCs with the McLeod phenotype by hemagglutination. Antibodies suitable for differentiating McLeod syndrome from other forms of acanthocytosis should be reagents that are preselected after extensive testing. In this study, flow cytometry clearly identified the two RBC populations in McLeod carrier females.
The GLAM test: a flow cytometric assay for the detection of leukocyte antibodies in autoimmune neutropenia
Authors: Lubenko A. , Wilson S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The GLAM assay, a combined flow cytometric immunofluorescence test that simultaneously detects antibodies to granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes, was used in the investigation of autoimmune neutropenia. This method avoids the need for a succession of immunofluorescence tests, first against granulocytes and then against lymphocytes, in order to distinguish granulocyte-specific from granulocyte/lymphocyte-reactive antibodies, such as noncomplement-fixing anti-HLA sera. Samples from 18 patients with a suspected diagnosis of autoimmune neutropenia were referred for investigation. Leukocytes were harvested in sufficient quantities from 10 of the patients such that neutrophil and lymphocyte direct antiglobulin tests (DATs) and antibody screening and identification could be undertaken (in one case the results were inconclusive). Only three of these 10 patients had DAT-positive granulocytes, and one of these three also had DAT-positive lymphocytes. One further patient demonstrated DAT-positive lymphocytes in the absence of granulocyte-bound IgG, despite a presumed diagnosis of autoimmune neutropenia, rather than pancytopenia. This was the only patient in this cohort who had demonstrable leukocyte antibodies reacting with lymphocytes but not granulocytes. Of the remaining eight patients (not evaluable for granulocyte or lymphocyte DATs), five had free leukocyte antibodies in the serum; three of these five had both granulocyte- and lymphocyte-reactive antibodies free in the serum and two only had granulocyte-specific antibodies.
Empirical evaluation of the transfusion medicine tutor
Authors: Obradovich J.H. , Smith P.J. , Guerlain S. , Rudmann S. , Strohm P. , Smith J. , Svirbely J. , Sachs L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Previous research during the development of Antibody IDentification Assistant (AIDA) revealed that many medical technology students and other laboratory personnel have serious difficulties in determining the specificity of blood group alloantibodies, especially weak or multiple antibodies. Based on these previous results, AIDA was modified to provide a teaching environment for medical technology students. We report the results of a rigorous, objective evaluation of the resultant system, the Transfusion Medicine Tutor (TMT). The results show that the students who were taught by an instructor using TMT to provide the instructional environment went from 0 percent correct on a pretest case to 87 percent correct on posttests (n = 15). This increase compares with an improvement rate of 20 percent by a control group (n = 15) who used a passive version of the system with the tutoring functions turned off.
Identification of the Tcb
allele of the Cromer blood group gene by PCR and RFLP analysis
Authors: Udani M.N. , Anderson N. , Rao N. , Telen M.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Cromer blood group antigens reside on the complement regulatory protein, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). The Cromer system comprises 10 antigens, 3 of which are of low incidence. When an individual is homozygous for the allele encoding one of these low-incidence antigens, they are liable to produce an antibody to the antithetical high-frequency antigen if challenged by pregnancy or transfusion. These antibodies are often difficult to identify, because of the lack of readily available antigen-negative cells and typing sera. In blacks, about 5 percent of individuals carry the rare Tcb
Cromer allele. We have shown that the presence of the low-incidence Tcb
allele can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a fragment of the gene encoding DAF, followed by allelespecific restriction enzyme digestion.
A comparison of two solid phase systems for antibody detection
Authors: Haslam G.M. , Sajur J. , Fournier Y. , Aulph J. , Persaud M. , Heddle N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two solid phase methods of antibody detection, Capture-R (CR) and Capture-R Ready-Screen (RS), were compared to determine their acceptability for use in prenatal antibody screening. Ninety-six serum samples, screened using a saline antiglobulin test, were coded and tested by CR and RS at two laboratory sites using a blinded study design. Thirty of the samples were free of antibody, and 66 samples contained antibody. Parallel testing was also performed in both laboratories on 648 prenatal samples. The sensitivity and specificity of CR, based on the 96 previously screened samples, was 95 percent and 90 percent, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity of RS was 90 percent and 89 percent, respectively. Antibodies detected only by CR included anti-K(1), -Ch(2), -Jka(1), -Lea(1), -Fya(1), -Mca(1), and -e(1). Antibodies detected only by RS included anti-Jka(5) and -E(1). The sensitivity and specificity of CR for the 648 prenatal samples was 100 percent for each, while the sensitivity and specificity of RS was 97 percent and 100 percent, respectively. Both CR and RS are acceptable techniques for prenatal antibody screening.
En(a–)FIN phenotype in a Pakistani
Authors: Rapini J. , Batts R. , Yacob M. , Howard C. , Behzad O. , Singa P. , Walker P.S. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An antibody to a high-incidence antigen in the serum from a Pakistani female (SD) was identified as anti-Ena. Her red cells have the En(a–)FIN phenotype and lack glycophorin A. This is the first En(a–) to be described in a Pakistani individual and represents the fourth family to be reported.
Immunohematology
1995;11:51–53.
Antibody identification reports: a microcomputer program
Authors: Kuriyan M. , Marsh W.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Antibody identification involves preparation of a comprehensive report for the benefit of the referring physician. These reports require technical, supervisory, and clerical time to produce a quality report. To standardize laboratory reporting of immunohematologic test results in an increasingly cost-conscious environment, we developed computer-generated laboratory report forms. These forms permit the reference laboratory technician to produce final reports with only a few keystrokes. Use of the program also reduces typographic errors and staff time, standardizes reports, and permits data storage and analysis of all antibody reports.
Irnmunohematology
1995;11:54–59.
Review: antibodies and antigens in immune neutropenias
Authors: Lucas G.F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the 1960s and 1970s, the role of granulocyte-specific alloantibodies, autoantibodies, and drug-dependent antibodies in certain neutropenic conditions became established. In some of these conditions, neutropenia is associated with an increased risk of life-threatening infections or unexpected mortality during routine blood transfusion, but, in the majority of conditions involving granulocyte antibodies, the clinical course tends to be benign. Consequently, because the detection and identification of granulocyte antibodies is time consuming and labor intensive, there has been little impetus for further development in this area. However, in the last few years, immunochemistry and molecular biology have provided advances in granulocyte immunology. The purpose of this review is to describe current knowledge about the antibodies and antigens implicated in immune neutropenias.
Trimeresurus venom inhibition of anti-HPA-1a and anti-HPA-1b antibody binding to human platelets
Authors: Wlodar S.J. , Stone D.L. , Sinor L.T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A solid-phase red cell adherence assay was used to demonstrate the specific inhibitory effect of seven species of Trimeresurus snake venom on the binding of HPA-1a- and HPA-1b-specific platelet antibodies. Trimeresurus venom did not inhibit the binding of HLA-, HPA-3a-, HPA-3b-, HPA-4a-, HPA-5a-, and HPA-5b-specific platelet antibodies. Venom from other genera of snakes, including representatives from Agkistrodon, Ancistrodon, Bitis, Bothrops, Bungarus, Causus, Crotalus, Dendroaspis, Ecis, Micrurus, Naja, Notechis, Ophiophagus, Pseudechis, Sepedon (Hemachatus), and Vipera, all failed to specifically inhibit anti-HPA-1a and HPA-1b binding. These results may indicate that the component in Trimeresurus snake venom previously reported to bind to the platelet GPIIb-IIIa complex, inhibiting fibrinogen binding, binds close to the HPA-1a and HPA-1b epitopes.
Immunohematology
1995;11:129–132.
Detection of drug-dependent platelet antibodies by use of solid-phase red cell adherence techniques
Authors: Leach M.F. , Cooper L.K. , AuBuchon J.P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many drugs have been reported to cause drug-dependent thrombocytopenia, either by the immune complex or by hapten mechanisms. Testing for the presence of these platelet antibodies has not been considered feasible for transfusion services because their presence was thought to be rare, and their detection involved complex and costly methods. We have developed a new technique for detection of these antibodies that can be performed without the need for specialized and expensive instrumentation. A solid-phase red cell adherence assay was used to detect drug-dependent platelet antibodies active by either the immune complex or the hapten mechanism. Three cases were evaluated for the presence of drug-dependent platelet antibodies. Two patients presented with thrombocytopenia that could not be attributed to other causes. The third case was evaluated for the presence of drug-dependent antibodies after poor responses to platelet transfusions. In these three cases, discontinuation of the implicated drugs, i.e., porcine heparin, quinine sulfate, amoxicillin, BactrimTM, and albuterol, was followed by a correction of thrombocytopenia or improved platelet transfusion response within 72 hours. This test methodology and protocol has proven very useful in avoiding transfusions with little likelihood of benefit, and in identifying drugs interfering with platelet recovery or survival. Further investigations with this technique may expand our knowledge of the capability of this technique and of the observed frequency of drug-related immunologic platelet destruction.
Immunohematology
1995;11:143–149.
Case report: a pregnant woman with immune thrombocytopenic purpura and unusual red cell antibodies
Authors: Nanton C.R. , Martin S.M. , Cook L.O. , Larison P.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Maternal immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) may lead to fetal platelet destruction. This process is mediated by IgG platelet autoantibodies that cross the placenta. In this case, not only were platelet autoantibodies present, but red cell alloantibodies anti-E, anti-M, and anti-He were also present. Anti-E, present as an IgG antibody, crossed the placenta, but did not cause clinical problems in the E+ newborn, other than possible hyperbilirubinemia that was treated by phototherapy.
Immunohematology
1995;11:153–155.
New human monoclonal antibody reagents for detecting C, c, E, e, K1, Jka, and Jkb red cell antigens
Authors: Kemper M. , Sazama K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Using routine methods, human monoclonal Rh, Kell, and Kidd antibody reagents compared favorably with licensed humansource polyclonal antibody reagents when typing random donor blood specimens. In three different clinical trials, using standard methods and both types of reagents, we tested 2,866 samples by tube, 381 samples by slide, and, using only monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 1,043 samples by microplate. No discrepant typings were found. More than 95 percent of all reactions using MAbs were the same as or stronger than those with polyclonal antibodies (PAbs). Use of MAbs instead of PAbs for routine typing will result in distinctly stronger reactions, shorter testing times, and decreased anti-human globulin reagent and equipment needs. Product quality will be more standardized, since uniform batches of antibody from immortalized hybrid cell lines can be made available in virtually unlimited supply. Cost-effective production should decrease or eliminate dependence on hyperimmunized human and animal donors from whom variably reactive reagents are currently obtained. This ease of use and more rapid results should improve patient care by facilitating availability of phenotype-appropriate red blood cells for special needs.
Immunohematology
1994;10:8.
A comparison of the reactivity of monoclonal and polyclonal Rh reagents with red cells after prolonged storage
Authors: Westhoff C.M. , Sipherd B.D. , Toalson L.D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Previous studies with stored red cells collected into EDTA anticoagulant had shown that commercial polyclonal anti-C, -c, and -E reagents gave acceptable reactions for 60 days, but polyclonal antie reagents reliably detected the e antigen only through 14 days. At that time it was noted that a monoclonal anti-e reacted 3+ to 4+ with red cells that no longer reacted, or reacted very weakly, with the polyclonal anti-e reagents. This observation led to a comparison study of the reactivity of monoclonal versus polyclonal Rh reagents with stored red cells. Monoclonal and polyclonal anti-C, -c, and -E reagents showed comparable reaction strengths, and gave acceptable reactions over the entire testing period. Polyclonal anti-e reagents, which are known to be of lower titer, again did not give reliable reactions with stored cells after 14 days. However, three different monoclonal anti-e reagents were able to detect the presence of the e antigen on stored cells for many weeks. This study showed that the monoclonal anti-e reagents tested are superior to polyclonal anti-e reagents for typing specimens that have been stored for more than 14 days.
Immunohematology
1994;10:12.
Case reports: use of a polyethylene glycol additive to enhance eluate sensitivity
Authors: Lang N.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The use of polyethylene glycol additives to enhance the detection of clinically significant alloantibodies in serum has been widely described. This report outlines several cases in which polyethylene glycol additives were added to eluate test systems to enhance the detection of alloantibodies in recently transfused patients.
Immunohematology
1994;10:19.