bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial diversification of rural social structure: The case of Poland
Authors: Halamska Maria , Stanny Monika 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe article presents a temporal and spatial analysis of the social structure of rural Poland – currently a home to two‐fifths of the national population. In the first – temporal – dimension, the focus is on changes that have taken place since the post‐communist transformation. The aim of the analysis was to explain the mechanisms of change, that is, identify the processes that brought about those changes. We assumed that transitions in the rural social structure progressed differently than in the rest of society: they were deeper, followed different trajectories and resulted in fundamentally changed proportions between the rural structure's elements. In the other – spatial –dimension, we investigated the territorial diversity of the contemporary social structure. The social structure morphology was analysed on the basis of the proportions between three major social/occupational segments: farmers, workers and the middle class. Their distinction was determined by the trajectories of social structure change starting from the 1990s: depeasantisation, proletarianisation and gentrification. The study has revealed the complexity of the process of change as well as the unique character of the process of deagrarianisation, its depth/intensity being determined by the spatial diversity of types of rural social structure.
Food poverty and informal network support in a changing Portuguese rural area
Authors: Ramos Vasco , Truninger Monica 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDifferent representations of the ‘countryside’ coexist in contemporary Portugal, from idyllic depictions to portrayals of emptiness and loneliness. Rural contexts close to urban areas are assumed to have informal support networks that can alleviate poverty and exclusion when institutional support fails. The incidence and intensity of food poverty are presumed to be lessened by proximity to food production sites and land ownership. In this article, we aim to analyse how living in an intermediate area shapes the experience of food poverty. We draw on qualitative case studies of low‐income families living in between a predominantly rural and a predominantly urban territory in Portugal, which has been through a process of restructuring of its rural territory since the second half of the 20th century. Paying attention to the specificities of this intermediate context, including the availability of formal support, we will investigate to what extent informal support networks alleviate food poverty for these families. Our discussion adds to the scientific debate on food poverty and its links to social networks in intermediate areas previously embedded in predominantly rural territories. We also discuss the highly gendered nature of informal support and its significance for women enduring food poverty.
The invisible (woman) entrepreneur? Shifting the discourse from fisheries diversification to entrepreneurship
Authors: Gustavsson Madeleine 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn response to ongoing economic downturns in the small‐scale fishing sector, there have been calls for fishing businesses to add value to fishing catches. Whilst such activities would have gendered implications, such proposals often do not consider the gendered contexts in which entrepreneurship is placed, nor how this form of entrepreneurship works for the women involved. The article draws on in‐depth narrative interviews with women in fishing families in England and Wales who have started, initiated or explored entrepreneurial opportunities to examine (i) whether entrepreneurship enables a (re)negotiation of gender relations within families and (ii) how entrepreneurship develops over the lifecourse. The research is conceptually framed through the literature on women's ‘entrepreneurship’, family embedded perspectives of entrepreneurship, ‘Mumpreneurship’ combined with a lifecourse approach. I found that although women's traditional invisibility often became reproduced through their entrepreneurship in fishing family contexts, women's fisheries entrepreneurship challenged traditional gender relations. In becoming entrepreneurs women negotiated their entrepreneurship with other gendered roles, such as motherhood, over the lifecourse. I argue that shifting the discourse from fisheries diversification to entrepreneurship make it possible to take women seriously by fully viewing them as fisheries workers in their own right in both research and policy.
Export volatility with trade policy uncertainty: Evidence from China*
Authors: Chen Xiaoping , Zhao Xiaotao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of trade policy uncertainty on firm‐level export volatility. Using data on Chinese exporters around China's WTO accession, we find that a reduction of trade policy uncertainty between China and the United States decreases the volatility of firm‐level export to the United States and increases the volatility of export to the rest of the world. In the aggregate firm level, this shock in trade policy uncertainty has no significant effect on the volatility of total export or the volatility of total sales. Our finding suggests a risk‐sharing effect among export destinations.
Melting corneal ulcers (keratomalacia) in dogs: A 5‐year clinical and microbiological study (2014–2018)
Authors: Tsvetanova Agata , Powell Roger M. , Tsvetanov Kamen A. , Smith Kerry M. , Gould David J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo identify bacterial microorganisms associated with canine keratomalacia, review their antimicrobial sensitivity, and evaluate clinical outcomes compared to results of microbial culture.MethodsRetrospective analysis of clinical records of dogs diagnosed with a melting corneal ulcer presented to a referral hospital in Hertfordshire, UK between 2014 and 2018.ResultsOne hundred and ten melting corneal ulcers were sampled in 106 dogs. The most common pure bacterial isolate wasPseudomonas aeruginosa(n = 26) followed by β‐hemolyticStreptococcus(n = 12). Melting corneal ulcers that cultured coagulase‐positiveStaphylococcus, coliform bacteria,Pasteurella multocida,Enterococcus, andStreptococcus viridanspresented in smaller numbers and were analyzed together (n = 16). Multiple cultures were identified in nine cases (n = 9). Forty‐seven cultures yielded no bacterial growth (n = 47). The susceptibility to fluoroquinolones remained high with the exception ofβ‐hemolyticStreptococci. There was no significant difference in the ulcer severity at presentation in regard to the cultured bacteria. Overall, 63 eyes (57%) received surgical grafting in addition to medical treatment. In 14 cases (13%), the progression of corneal melting despite medical ± surgical treatment resulted in enucleation. Fifty‐seven percent (8/14) of the enucleated eyes cultured purePseudomonas aeruginosaisolates. In contrast, all β‐hemolyticStreptococcus‐associated ulcers healed.ConclusionsThe most common bacterial species associated with canine keratomalacia werePseudomonas aeruginosaand β‐hemolyticStreptococcus. Because of the variation in antibacterial sensitivity between these two species, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing should be performed in all dogs presenting with keratomalacia. Melting corneal ulcers associated with purePseudomonasinfection were significantly more likely to result in globe loss than melting corneal ulcers associated with other cultures.
Effect of pretreatment and co‐substrate addition on biogas production from pig slurry
Authors: Arhoun Brahim , Malpartida García Irene , Villen‐Guzman Maria , Abdala Diaz Roberto Teofilo , Garcia‐Herruzo Francisco , Rodriguez‐Maroto Jose Miguel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe anaerobic digestion of pig slurry samples collected from different points of a farm and raw pig slurry pretreated by centrifugation and decantation was first studied. The specific methane production of raw pig slurry and after centrifugation and decantation pretreatment was 158, 24 and 42.34 L kgVS−1, respectively. Second, the anaerobic digestion of the mixture of raw pig slurry and decanted solid fraction at different organic loading rate (1.364–3.41 gVS·L−1·d−1) results in a specific methane production of 249 ± 37·L kgVS −1. The concentration of ammonium ion in the digester increased to 2500 mg L−1 without inhibition. Lastly, the co‐digestion of pear waste and raw pig slurry was also analysed, which enhanced the specific methane production (243 L kgVS−1). This work deals with the integral management of pig slurry and points out the possibility of revalorization of other wastes in the same digester.
Prototyping Human-Centered Products in the Age of Industry 4.0
Authors: Ahmed Salman , Irshad Lukman , Demirel H. Onan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Industry 4.0 promises better control of the overall product development process; however, there is a lack of computational frameworks that can inject human factors engineering principles early in the design. This shortage is particularly crucial for prototyping human-centered products where the stakes are high. Thus, a smooth Industry 4.0 transformation requires keeping ergonomics in the loop, specifically to address the needs in the digitized prototyping process. In this paper, we explore a computational prototyping approach that focuses on various fidelity levels and different human–product interaction levels when conducting ergonomics assessments. Three computational prototyping strategies were explored, including (1) a digital sketchpad-based tool, (2) computer-aided design and digital human modeling-based approach, and (3) a combination of computer-aided design, digital human modeling, and surrogate modeling. These strategies are applied to six case studies to perform various ergonomics assessments (reach, vision, and lower-back). The results from this study show that the designers need to consider the tradeoffs between the accuracy of ergonomic outcomes and resource availability when determining the fidelity level of prototypes. Understanding the intricacies between the fidelity level, type of ergonomic assessment, and human–product interaction level helps designers in getting one step closer to digitizing human-centered prototyping and meeting Industry 4.0 objectives.
Multi-Model Bayesian Optimization for Simulation-Based Design
Authors: Tao Siyu , van Beek Anton , Apley Daniel W. , Chen Wei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We enhance the Bayesian optimization (BO) approach for simulation-based design of engineering systems consisting of multiple interconnected expensive simulation models. The goal is to find the global optimum design with minimal model evaluation costs. A commonly used approach is to treat the whole system as a single expensive model and apply an existing BO algorithm. This approach is inefficient due to the need to evaluate all the component models in each iteration. We propose a multi-model BO approach that dynamically and selectively evaluates one component model per iteration based on the uncertainty quantification of linked emulators (metamodels) and the knowledge gradient of system response as the acquisition function. Building on our basic formulation, we further solve problems with constraints and feedback couplings that often occur in real complex engineering design by penalizing the objective emulator and reformulating the original problem into a decoupled one. The superior efficiency of our approach is demonstrated through solving two analytical problems and the design optimization of a multidisciplinary electronic packaging system.
Prednisolone: role in amoxicillin–clavulanate-induced cholestatic liver injury
Authors: Lee Melvin Qiyu , Chigozie Royale , Khan Irfan , O'Mara Gerard 
Published: April 2021

A 68-year-old patient presented with symptoms of a urinary tract infection. A deterioration in the patient’s liver function tests (LFTs) was noted 1 week following completion of a course of amoxicillin–clavunalate. This progressively worsened, reaching its peak by day 30. Our investigations excluded other possible causes for deranged LFTs and there was no improvement of same despite reduced dosing of potentially hepatotoxic medications.A trial of 30 mg/day prednisolone was commenced, resulting in an immediate and progressive improvement in LFTs to baseline over a period of 22 days and an improvement in constitutional symptoms such as tiredness and poor appetite. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the common causes of acute hepatitis and a leading cause of acute liver failure in the US and Europe. Patterns of DILI can be generally divided into: (1) hepatocellular injury, (2) cholestatic injury and (3) mixed injury.
Multimethods study comparing the experiences of medical clinical academics with nurses, midwives and allied health professionals pursuing a clinical academic career
Authors: Trusson Diane , Rowley Emma , Barratt Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare experiences of medical clinical academics (MCAs) with those of nurses, midwives and allied health professionals (NMAHPs) pursuing a clinical academic career.DesignA multimethods approach was used to elicit qualitative data. Both sets of participants completed similar online surveys followed by in-depth interviews to explore emerging themes.SettingThe research was conducted in the East Midlands of England, encompassing two Higher Education Institutions and four National Health Service Trusts.ParticipantsSurveys were completed by 67 NMAHPs and 73 MCA trainees. Sixteen participants from each group were interviewed following a similar interview schedule.ResultsThe survey data revealed notable differences in demographics of the two study populations, reflecting their different career structures. MCAs were younger and they all combined clinical and academic training, lengthening the time before qualification. In contrast, most NMAHPs had been in their clinical post for some years before embarking on a clinical academic pathway. Both routes had financial and personal repercussions and participants faced similar obstacles. However, there was also evidence of wide-ranging benefits from combining clinical and academic roles.ConclusionsVariations in experiences between the two study populations highlight a need for a clear academic pathway for all health professionals, as well as sufficient opportunities post-PhD to enable clinical academics to fully use their dual skills.
Adaptation and evaluation of the Chinese hospital nursing department disaster preparedness scale: a cross-sectional scale development study
Authors: Shi Lan , Li Mingxuan , Xu Xiaofeng , Wang Zhengdong , Li Sijian , Feng Xianqiong 
Published: April 2021

AimThe aim of this study was to adapt the Chinese version of Hospital Nursing Department Disaster Preparedness Scale (HNDDPS) and evaluate the psychometric properties among hospital nurses in China. Two specific objectives were (1) to adapt the HNDDPS from Sadiq’s Organisational Disaster Preparedness Scale (SODPS) to fit the context of Chinese hospital nursing system and (2) to establish its validity and reliability.DesignInstrument design study.Settings and participants2657 nurses belonging to 50 nursing organisations of tertiary hospitals spread across seven administrative regions of China.MethodsWe adapted the Chinese version of HNDDPS through translation of the SODPS, back translation and cultural adaptation. Subsequently, we evaluated the validity of the scale through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), each performed on half of the original sample. We also evaluated the internal consistency reliability of the scale.ResultsThe Chinese version of HNDDPS comprised five dimensions, with 72 items. Exploratory factor analysis yielded five factors explaining 61% of the items’ variance. CFA confirmed five dimensions of the scale and produced appropriate Goodness of Fit Indexes. Cronbach’s α-coefficient was 0.930 for the total scale and ranged from 0.908 to 0.964 for the five dimensions of the scale.ConclusionHNDDPS demonstrates good internal consistency and construct validity. It is a promising, valid and reliable tool for nurses and nursing managers to evaluate hospital nursing department disaster preparedness.
Deprescribing tool for use in older Australians with life-limiting illnesses and limited life expectancy: a modified-Delphi study protocol
Authors: Shrestha Shakti , Poudel Arjun , Steadman Kathryn J , Nissen Lisa M 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundMaking a meaningful decision on deprescribing of potentially inappropriate medications in older adults with life-limiting illnesses (LLIs) and limited life expectancy (LLE) is often challenging. Therefore, we aimed to elicit opinion and gain consensus on a deprescribing tool for use in this population.Methods and analysisA modified-Delphi method will be used to obtain a consensus from a panel of experts in geriatric therapeutics on a deprescribing tool for use in people aged ≥65 years with LLIs and LLE. Through an online survey, in the initial round, the panel will anonymously elicit their opinion on a series of items related to the conceptual model of the deprescribing tool, its practicality and deprescribing of medications, while on the controlled feedback in subsequent rounds till a consensus is reached or the panellists stop revising their answers. In each round, panel members will be using a 5-point Likert scale to rate their agreement with the statement. Consensus will be considered on ≥75% of agreement on the statements.Ethics and disseminationAll the participants will receive an invitation and participant information but they need to consent for the participation. Ethics approval has been granted from the University of Queensland Health and Behavioural Sciences, Low and Negligible Risk Ethics Sub-Committee (reference: 2020001069). The results of this project will be disseminated through conferences and a peer-reviewed clinical journal.
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sexual and mental health of adolescent and adult men who have sex with men and transgender women participating in two PrEP cohort studies in Brazil: COBra study protocol
Authors: Ferraz Dulce , Dourado Inês , Zucchi Eliana Miura , Mabire Xavier , Magno Laio , Grangeiro Alexandre D , Couto Márcia Thereza , Ferguson Laura , Westin Mateus , Alves dos Santos Lorruan , Préau Marie 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic and its control measures have impacted health and healthcare provision in various levels. Physical distancing measures, for instance, may affect sexual health, impacting access to HIV prevention supplies and changing sexual behaviour, as well as mental health, increasing feelings of unsafety and weakening community support ties. These effects can be worsened among socially marginalised groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). Brazil is among the countries most affected by COVID-19 in the world, where control measures have been inconsistently implemented. We aim to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sexual and mental health of adolescent and adult MSM and TGW in Brazil.MethodsConvergent mixed-method prospective cohort study, nested in two ongoing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) cohorts in Brazil, named PrEP1519 and Combina. Participants will be invited to answer, at baseline and after 6 months, a questionnaire about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual behaviour, HIV prevention and mental health. Data on HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections (STI) will be collected as part of routine follow-up from the cohorts. Main outcome measures (HIV infection, STI and depression symptoms) will be observed within 12 months after baseline. Sample size is estimated at 426 participants. Complementarily, 50 participants will be invited to in-depth interviews through video calls or interactive voice response, and 20 will be invited to chronicle their lives during the pandemic through digital diaries. Triangulation will be done across qualitative methods and with the quantitative data.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by Research Ethics Committees from the Brazilian Universities coordinating the study. Findings will be published in scientific journals and presented at meetings. Informative flyers will be elaborated to communicate study findings to participants and key stakeholders.
Interior estimates of harmonic heat flow
Authors: Liu Xiangao , Liu Zixuan , Wang Kui 
Published: April 2021

Motivated by Giaquinta and Hildebrandt’s regularity result for harmonic mappings [M. Giaquinta and S. Hildebrandt, A priori estimates for harmonic mappings, J. Reine Angew. Math. 1982(336) (1982) 124–164, Theorems 3 and 4], we show a [Formula: see text]-regularity result of the harmonic flow between two Riemannian manifolds when the image is in a regular geodesic ball. The proof is based on De Giorgi–Moser’s iteration and Schauder estimate.
Beyond Stamp Collecting: Evolutionary and Functional Genomics Advance Our Understanding of Cancer Biology
Authors: Lachance Joseph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Research, Emami and colleagues leveraged genetic data from over 200,000 men of European descent to implicate rare alleles that are associated with prostate cancer. However, this study went beyond a simple description of statistical associations between genetic variants and cancer risk. Polygenic risk scores were applied to large cohorts from Kaiser Permanente and the UK Biobank, demonstrating the clinical utility of genetic predictors of disease risk. Furthermore, by placing their results in an evolutionary framework and integrating genetic information with functional data, the authors of this major study were able to bridge the gap between genome-wide association studies and the biological mechanisms underlying prostate cancer risk.
See related article by Emami et al., 1695
A Prospective Investigation of Circulating Metabolome Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer Risk
Authors: Shu Xiang , Cai Hui , Lan Qing , Cai Qiuyin , Ji Bu-Tian , Zheng Wei , Shu Xiao-Ou 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background:
Metabolomics is widely used to identify potential novel biomarkers for cancer risk. No investigation, however, has been conducted to prospectively evaluate the role of perturbation of metabolome in gastric cancer development.

Methods:
250 incident cases diagnosed with primary gastric cancer were selected from the Shanghai Women’s Health and the Shanghai Men’s Health Study, and each was individually matched to one control by incidence density sampling. An untargeted global profiling platform was used to measure approximately 1,000 metabolites in prediagnostic plasma. Conditional logistic regression was utilized to generate ORs and P values.

Results:
Eighteen metabolites were associated with gastric cancer risk at P &lt; 0.01. Among them, 11 metabolites were lysophospholipids or lipids of other classes; for example, 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-GPE (P-16:0) (OR = 1.56; P = 1.89 × 10–4). Levels of methylmalonate, a suggested biomarker of vitamin B12 deficiency, was correlated with increased gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.42; P = 0.004). Inverse associations were found for three biomarkers for coffee/tea consumption (3-hydroxypyridine sulfate, quinate and N-(2-furoyl) glycine), although the associations were only significant when comparing cases that were diagnosed within 5 years after the blood collection to matched controls. Most of the identified associations were more profound in women and never smokers than their male or ever smoking counterparts and some with notable significant interactions.

Conclusions:
Our study identified multiple potential risk biomarkers for gastric cancer independent of Helicobacter pylori infection and other major risk factors.

Impact:
New risk-assessment tools to identify high-risk population could be developed to improve prevention of gastric cancer.
See related commentary by Drew et al., p. 1601