bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversifizierung der Rauchentwöhnungsprogramme – die Rolle der E-Zigarette
Authors: Stöver Heino 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungOb E‑Zigaretten ein nützliches Werkzeug zur Rauchentwöhnung sind, ist in der Wissenschaft bis heute hoch umstritten. In der Realität steigen aber kontinuierlich die Zahlen derer, die mithilfe dieses Produktes versuchen, sich den Tabakkonsum abzugewöhnen. Dieser Diskussionsbeitrag gibt einen Überblick über die aktuelle Forschung zur Frage, ob und inwiefern E‑Zigaretten tatsächlich beim Rauchausstieg helfen können.Zwar besitzt die E‑Zigarette auch ein gewisses Schadenspotenzial, insbesondere dann, wenn der Nikotinkonsum unnötig verlängert wird. Dennoch kann sie einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Schadensminimierung bei einer Nikotinabhängigkeit leisten. Daher sollte das Produkt auch in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion als eine ernsthafte Alternative zu Nikotinersatztherapien (NET) behandelt werden. Denn die E‑Zigarette bietet eine weniger schädliche Aufnahmeform für Nikotin an, die viele gesundheitliche Risiken des Tabakkonsums wie die Aufnahme karzinogener Stoffe stark reduziert. Aktuelle Studien und Übersichtsarbeiten deuten darauf hin, dass das Produkt mindestens genauso effektiv helfen kann wie NET. Einzelne Studien weisen sogar eine erhöhte Effektivität der E‑Zigarette bei der Unterstützung eines Rauchausstiegs nach.Nichtsdestotrotz zeigt die Beschäftigung mit der aktuellen Literatur, dass weitere hochwertige Forschung notwendig ist, um das Produkt und seine Eigenschaften noch besser zu verstehen. Im Sinne des Ansatzes der Harm Reduction (Schadensminderung) wäre es allerdings schon heute vernünftiger, auch auf die E‑Zigarette zu setzen, anstatt die sofortige und vollständige Nikotinabstinenz erzwingen zu wollen. Denn beim Prozess des Rauchausstiegs ist eine schnellstmögliche Beendigung des stärker gesundheitsschädlichen Konsums von Tabak zu priorisieren, um unnötige gesundheitliche Risiken umgehend zu minimieren.
SARS-CoV-2-IgG-Antikörperseroprävalenz bei Personal in der außerklinischen Bekämpfung der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Brune Bastian , Korth Johannes , Fessmann Kai , Stappert Daniel , Nohl André , Lembeck Thomas , Standl Fabian , Stang Andreas , Dittmer Ulf , Witzke Oliver , Herrmann Anke , Dudda Marcel 
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Fragestellung
Die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie und die unterschiedliche Ausprägung des Erkrankungsbilds COVID-19 stellen die Gesundheitssysteme weltweit vor eine große Herausforderung. Medizinischem Personal kommt in der Pandemiebekämpfung eine besondere Rolle zu. Ziel der Studie war, die SARS-CoV-2-IgG-Antikörper-Prävalenz bei Personal in der außenklinischen Pandemiebekämpfung in Abhängigkeit von Tätigkeitsbereichen zu untersuchen.

Methoden
Es wurden am 28. und 29.05.2020 von 732 der 1183 Mitarbeitenden (61,9 %) der Berufsfeuerwehr sowie der Hilfsorganisationen im Stadtgebiet Serumproben entnommen und auf SARS-CoV-2-IgG-Antikörper getestet. Entsprechend der Einsatzgebiete wurde das Personal in 4 Kategorien eingeteilt. Kategorie 1: dezentrale PCR-Abstrichteams, Kategorie 2: Rettungsdienst, Kategorie 3: Brandschutz, Kategorie 4: Lagezentrum. Die Tätigkeit des Personals war dabei nicht zwingend auf einen Tätigkeitsbereich beschränkt.

Ergebnisse
In 8 von 732 Serumproben wurden SARS-CoV-2-IgG-Antikörper nachgewiesen. Dies entspricht einer Prävalenz von 1,1 %. Bei 3 Mitarbeitern war eine COVID-19-Infektion schon vor Studienbeginn bekannt. Um eine separate Beurteilung der übrigen Mitarbeiter zu ermöglichen und unbekannte Infektionen zu diagnostizieren, wurde ein korrigiertes Kollektiv aus 729 Mitarbeitern mit 6 SARS-CoV-2-Antikörper-Nachweisen separat betrachtet. Die Prävalenz beträgt im korrigierten Kollektiv 0,82 %. Nach Unterteilung der Kollektive in Tätigkeitsbereiche war die Prävalenz ebenfalls niedrig (1: 0,77 %, 2: 0,9 %, 3: 1,00 %, 4: 1,58 %).

Schlussfolgerung
Die Seroprävalenz von SARS-CoV‑2 im Studienkollektiv ist mit 1,1 % bzw. 0,82 % niedrig. Die Seroprävalenz ist in Tätigkeitsfeldern mit niedriger Gefahr der Virusexposition gegenüber Tätigkeitsfeldern mit größerer Expositionsgefahr erhöht.
Intensity and content of private tutoring lessons during German secondary schooling: effects on students’ grades and test achievement
Authors: Guill Karin , Ömeroğulları Melike , Köller Olaf 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrivate supplementary tutoring is a widespread phenomenon. However, evidence that private tutoring has positive effects on academic achievement or about the specific conditions of successful private tutoring is rare. Adapting Carroll’s (1963) model for school learning to private tutoring, we expected to find positive effects of tutoring duration, tutoring intensity, and students’ motivation to attend private tutoring. In a sample of eighth-grade students in German secondary schools (N = 8510, 18.6% currently being tutored), we conducted regression analyses with multiple covariates and did not find a positive main effect of private tutoring attendance in any of the school subjects examined. Moreover, within the subsamples of tutored students, we were not able to identify positive effects of tutoring duration, tutoring intensity, tutoring content (such as a focus on homework completion, test preparation, or study behavior), or students’ motivation to attend private tutoring. Given these disillusioning findings, we primarily derive suggestions for future research.
Hydraulic fracturing flowback chemical composition diversity as a factor determining possibilities of its management
Authors: Fajfer Joanna , Lipińska Olga , Konieczyńska Monika 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe chemical characteristic of flowback fluid from hydraulic fracturing for shale gas exploration/production in various localizations is presented. The results of statistical analysis have shown that variability in the chemical composition of these fluids is statistically significant and depends on the time difference between fracturing process and flowback sampling as well as sampling spot within the installation for flowback collection. Parameters which depend on sampling schedule (time and spot of sampling) are as follows: electrical conductivity and concentration of ammonia, boron, barium, calcium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, strontium, silicate, bromide, and chloride. Independent parameters are pH, total organic carbon (TOC), concentration of potassium, and iron. The ranges of the values of the characteristic parameters were determined, taking into account the representativeness of the samples, supported by statistical tests. The methods for the reuse of flowback fluids in terms of chemical composition are presented.
Oolonghomobisflavans from Camellia sinensis increase Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan and healthspan
Authors: Duangjan Chatrawee , Curran Sean P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTea polyphenols are widely considered as excellent antioxidant agents which can contribute to human health and longevity. However, the identification of the active biomolecules in complex tea extracts that promote health and longevity are not fully known. Here we used the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansto analyze the health benefits and longevity effects ofCamellia sinensisoolong tea extracts (QFT, NFT, and CFT) and oolonghomobisflavan A and oolonghomobisflavan B, which are present in oolong tea extracts. Our results showed that oolong tea extracts and oolonghomobisflavans prolong lifespan and improved healthspan by curtailing the age-related decline in muscle activity and the accumulation of age pigment (lipofuscin). We found that the lifespan and healthspan promoting effects of oolong tea extracts and oolonghomobisflavans were positively correlated with the stress resistance via DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor. Furthermore, oolong tea extracts and oolonghomobisflavans displayed protective effects against Aβ- and polyQ-induced neuro/proteotoxicity. Overall, our study provides new evidence to support the health benefits of oolong tea and importantly identify oolonghomobisflavans as potent bioactive molecules that promote health when supplemented with a normal diet. As such, oolonghomobisflavans represent a valuable new class of compounds that promote healthy aging.
Real-world cost-effectiveness of denosumab for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Taiwan
Authors: Johnson Ben , Lai Edward Chia-Cheng , Ou Huang-tz , Li Hong , Stollenwerk Björn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Summary

This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of continued denosumab treatment, compared with discontinuation of denosumab after one dose, for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Taiwan, using real-world fracture reduction effectiveness and cost data. Outcomes indicate that continued denosumab treatment produces an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD $16,743 per QALY.

Purpose
To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of continued denosumab use versus discontinuation after one dose, for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Taiwan, using real-world fracture reduction effectiveness and cost data.

Methods
A Markov cohort model was used to evaluate the lifetime costs and QALYs associated with continued denosumab treatment versus discontinuation of treatment after one dose. The evaluation was conducted from the perspective of Taiwan’s healthcare system and used a discount rate of 3% per annum. The patient population consisted of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis with a mean age of 77 years who initiated denosumab treatment. Fracture reduction effectiveness data, baseline fracture rates, mortality data, and costs of fracture were informed by Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database.

Results
Model outcomes showed that continued treatment with denosumab produced an expected gain of 0.042 QALYs and an incremental cost of USD $704, compared with discontinuation of denosumab after one dose. This corresponds to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD $16,743 per QALY gained. Probabilistic and scenario analysis showed that results are stable to variations in model assumptions and parameters.

Conclusion
In a real-world setting, at a cost per QALY threshold equivalent to gross domestic product per capita in 2020 in Taiwan (USD $30,038), continued treatment with denosumab in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is cost-effective compared with treatment discontinuation.
Neutronic Performance of a Compact 10 MWe Nuclear Reactor with Low Enrichment (ThxU1−x)N Fuel
Authors: Parker S. S. , Newman S. , Fallgren A. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent interest in compact nuclear reactors for applications in space or in remote locations drives innovation in nuclear fuel design, especially non-oxide ceramic nuclear fuels. This work details neutronic modeling designed to support the development of a new nuclear fuel concept based on a mixture of thorium and uranium nitride. A Monte Carlo N-Particle Version 6.2 (MCNP-6) model of a compact 10 MWe reactor design which incorporates (ThxU1−x)N fuel is presented. In this context, a “compact” reactor is a completely assembled reactor which may be emptied of coolant and transported by specialized commercial vehicle, deployed by a C130J aircraft, or launched into space. Core geometry, reflector barrels, and the heat exchange zones are designed to support reduction of overall reactor volume of core components while maintaining criticality with a fixed total fuel mass of 4500 kg. Dense mixed nitrides of thorium nitride (ThN) additions in uranium nitride (UN) in 5 wt.% increments between $$0.05 \le x \le 0.5$$

0.05
≤
x
≤
0.5

have been considered for calculation of $$k_{\infty }$$

k
∞

and $$k_{{{\text{effective}}}}$$

k
effective

. ThN additions in UN results in a slight increase in the magnitude of the temperature coefficient of reactivity, which is negative by design. The isotopic distribution of the principal actinide inventory as a function of burnup, time, and initial fuel composition is presented and discussed within the context of the proliferation risk of this core design.
Mediterranean developed coasts: what future for the foredune restoration?
Authors: Della Bella A. , Fantinato E. , Scarton F. , Buffa G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe feasibility and efficacy of soft engineering foredune restoration approaches still lack insight from research and monitoring activities, especially in areas where dunes are under persisting human disturbance. We evaluated the efficacy of Mediterranean foredune restoration in dune areas freely accessible to tourists. Foredunes were reconstructed using only sand already available at nearby places and consolidated through the plantation of seedlings of native ecosystem engineer species and foredune focal species. We monitored transplanted and spontaneous seedlings for one year to assess their mortality and growth in relation to the distance from the closest beach access, either formal or informal, as proxy of human disturbance. We also tested whether species differing in their ecology (i.e., affinity to a given habitat) and growth form showed different response to human disturbance. The relationship between seedling mortality and growth and the distance from the closest beach access was tested through Generalized Linear Mixed Models. We found a clear spatial pattern of seedling survival and growth, which decreased as the proximity to the closest beach access increased. Only invasive alien plants and erect leafy species showed to better perform at lower distances from beach accesses. In dune areas with a strong tourist vocation, foredune restoration should be coupled with the implementation of integrated management plans aiming at optimising the relationship between protection and use. Management plans should not only rely on passive conservation measures; rather they should include educational activities to stimulate a pro-environmental behaviour, increase the acceptance of behaviour rules and no entry zones, and actively engage stakeholders in long-term conservation.
Machine learning-based clinical outcome prediction in surgery for acromegaly
Authors: Zanier Olivier , Zoli Matteo , Staartjes Victor E. , Guaraldi Federica , Asioli Sofia , Rustici Arianna , Picciola Valentino Marino , Pasquini Ernesto , Faustini-Fustini Marco , Erlic Zoran , Regli Luca , Mazzatenta Diego , Serra Carlo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Biochemical remission (BR), gross total resection (GTR), and intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are important metrics in transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly, and prediction of their likelihood using machine learning would be clinically advantageous. We aim to develop and externally validate clinical prediction models for outcomes after transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly.

Methods
Using data from two registries, we develop and externally validate machine learning models for GTR, BR, and CSF leaks after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery in acromegalic patients. For the model development a registry from Bologna, Italy was used. External validation was then performed using data from Zurich, Switzerland. Gender, age, prior surgery, as well as Hardy and Knosp classification were used as input features. Discrimination and calibration metrics were assessed.

Results
The derivation cohort consisted of 307 patients (43.3% male; mean [SD] age, 47.2 [12.7] years). GTR was achieved in 226 (73.6%) and BR in 245 (79.8%) patients. In the external validation cohort with 46 patients, 31 (75.6%) achieved GTR and 31 (77.5%) achieved BR. Area under the curve (AUC) at external validation was 0.75 (95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.88) for GTR, 0.63 (0.40–0.82) for BR, as well as 0.77 (0.62–0.91) for intraoperative CSF leaks. While prior surgery was the most important variable for prediction of GTR, age, and Hardy grading contributed most to the predictions of BR and CSF leaks, respectively.

Conclusions
Gross total resection, biochemical remission, and CSF leaks remain hard to predict, but machine learning offers potential in helping to tailor surgical therapy. We demonstrate the feasibility of developing and externally validating clinical prediction models for these outcomes after surgery for acromegaly and lay the groundwork for development of a multicenter model with more robust generalization.
The structure of the attitudes toward religion as measured by the Post-Critical Belief Scale: A structural modelling approach
Authors: Szydłowski Piotr , Rogoza Radosław , Cieciuch Jan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the structure of the Post-Critical Belief Scale (PCBS), which was designed by Hutsebaut (1996) to assess attitudes towards religion according to Wulff’s (1991) model. Existing results suggest ambiguous solutions, with two, three, or four factors, when only the four-factor solution is consistent with Wulff’s theoretical model. In the current study, we examined whether this hypothesized model indeed would be reflected in the data, when the more appropriate, newly-developed, Set-Exploratory Structural Equation modeling (Set-ESEM) is applied. The study was carried out on a sample of 952 participants. The results of the Set-ESEM modeling provided evidence for the good fit of the four-factor structure. Nevertheless, we also identified some shortcomings of the measure and identified items which may be removed in order to increase measurement precision.
Advanced Metabolic Engineering Approaches and Renewable Energy to Improve Environmental Benefits of Algal Biofuels: LCA of Large-scale Biobutanol Production with Cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC6803
Authors: Villacreses-Freire Daniela , Ketzer Franziska , Rösch Christine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWith modern genetic engineering tools, microorganisms can become resilient green cell factories to produce sustainable biofuels directly. Compared to non-engineered algae and cyanobacteria, the photon conversion efficiency can be significantly increased. Furthermore, simplified harvesting processes are feasible since the novel microorganisms are excreting the biofuels or their precursors continuously and directly into the cultivation media. Along with higher productivity and direct product harvesting, it is expected that environmental benefits can be achieved, especially for climate protection. A life cycle assessment (LCA) for biobutanol production with the genetically engineered cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC6803 is performed to test this hypothesis. A prospective and upscaled approach was applied to assess the environmental impacts at large-scale production (20 ha plant) for better comparability with conventional butanol production. The LCA results show that the engineering of microorganisms can improve the environmental impact, mainly due to the higher productivity compared to non-engineered cyanobacteria. However, the nevertheless high electricity demand required for the cultivation and harvesting process overcompensates this benefit. According to the scenario calculations, a more favourable climate gas balance can be achieved if renewable electricity is used. Then, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to 3.1 kg CO2 eq/kg biobutanol, corresponding to 20% more than the fossil reference: (2.45 kg CO2 eq./kg 1-butanol). The results indicate the importance of genetic engineering and the energy transition towards renewable electricity supply to take full advantage of the environmental potential of microorganisms as future green cell factories for sustainable biofuel production. Besides, the necessity of developing different scenarios for perspective and upscaled LCA for a fairer comparison with mature reference technologies is demonstrated.
Wall paintings through the ages: the medieval period (Italy, twelfth to fifteenth century)
Authors: Murat Zuleika 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper is devoted to wall painting in the Middle Ages (ca. late fifth to early fifteenth centuries), with a focus on twelfth to fifteenth century Italy. It is conceived as a critical conflation of diverse methodologies, approaches and research tools, with the aim of investigating the topic from different and complementary perspectives. Historical textual sources provide the interpretive framework for the examination, which is conducted on specific, yet interrelated aspects. Special attention is paid to technical features, including the methods and materials used to produce wall paintings. Data from scientific investigations are incorporated into the discussion with the purpose of elucidating theoretical conceptualizations with material pieces of evidence. A number of selected case studies is presented within the text in order to keep the focus of analysis on the materiality of the paintings, hence avoiding the formulation of abstract concepts in favour of more pragmatic approaches.
Beweisverständnis im Mathematikstudium unterstützen: Vergleich unterschiedlicher Varianten der Strategie „Illustrieren am Beispiel“
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Müller-Hill Eva , Neuhaus-Eckhardt Silke , Rach Stefanie 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Lesen und Verstehen von Beweisen ist eine wichtige Aktivität in der wissenschaftlichen Disziplin Mathematik. In der Studieneingangsphase eines Mathematikstudiums stellt der lernförderliche Umgang mit Beweisen für die meisten Studierenden eine große Herausforderung dar. Beweise zu verstehen heißt nicht nur, einzelne Begründungsschritte im Beweis nachvollziehen, sondern beispielsweise auch, Hauptideen des Beweises identifizieren zu können. Welche individuellen Merkmale mit dem Beweisverständnis zusammenhängen und wie Studierende im Prozess des Beweisverstehens durch die spezifische Strategie der Beispielnutzung unterstützt werden können, steht im Zentrum der präsentierten Studie. 166 Studierenden mehrerer Analysis-Veranstaltungen wurde der Beweis eines Satzes über monotone Teilfolgen von reellwertigen Folgen vorgelegt. Die Studierenden wurden aufgefordert, diesen durchzulesen und Beispiele zu nutzen, um jeden einzelnen Beweisschritt zu illustrieren. Die Art des Illustrierens am Beispiel wurde in verschiedenen Varianten anhand zweier Bedingungen konkretisiert (2 × 2-Design): In der ersten Bedingung („Lernaktivität“) wird unterschieden, ob die Studierenden ein zum gegebenen Beweis passendes Beispiel selbst konstruieren oder ob sie ein vorgegebenes Beispiel passiv nachvollziehen sollen. In der zweiten Bedingung („Darstellungsform des Beispiels“) wird das Beispiel entweder in symbolischer oder in graphischer Form genutzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die schulischen Vorleistungen und insbesondere das inhaltliche Vorwissen das Beweisverständnis erwartungskonform stark prädizieren. Für einzelne Unterstützungsvarianten, konkretisiert in den Bedingungen, konnten wir hingegen keine Vorteile für das individuelle Beweisverstehen ausmachen, dagegen geben die konkreten Bearbeitungsprozesse erhellende Einblicke in die Nutzung von Beispielen durch die Lernenden. Die Ergebnisse diskutieren wir in Bezug auf theoretische und praktische Implikationen für Lernprozesse im Mathematikstudium.