bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Protection of Internally Displaced Children in Africa: A Doctrinal Analysis of Article 23(4) of the African Children's Charter
Authors: Adeola Romola , Mezmur Benyam D 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article considers the protection of, and assistance for, internally displaced children (IDCs) in Africa. Internal displacement has become one of Africa's most pressing human rights challenges. Over the last decade, millions of persons have been internally displaced on the continent by conflict, disaster and other causes. Children are one of the most affected categories of persons, given the implications of displacement for them. Article 23(4) of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child incorporates specific protection for IDCs. This article examines the protection of IDCs in the context of this regional framework. It argues that, while article 23(4) requires that both refugee children and IDCs should be accorded the same protection from a rights-based perspective, it also requires that the protection of IDCs should be construed with reference to the Kampala Convention, which is the most recent applicable regional regime governing internal displacement.
Influence of colony traits on ectoparasite infestation in birds breeding in mixed-species colonies
Authors: Gameiro João , Veiga Jesús , Valera Francisco , Palmeirim Jorge M. , Catry Inês 
Published: March 2021

AbstractColoniality in birds is often associated with an increase in parasite burden, but whether the co-occurrence of several host species influences the prevalence and abundance of ectoparasites and their relationship with colony size or density remains poorly known. Here, we studied mixed-species breeding colonies formed after the provision of artificial breeding structures for restoring the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) population in Portugal, to investigate the influence of colony traits on ectoparasite infestation. We sampled four groups of ectoparasites (carnid flies, haematophagous mites, louse flies and chewing lice) in four hosts: lesser kestrels, European rollers (Coracias garrulus), feral pigeons (Columba livia) and spotless starlings (Sturnus unicolor). Each host species had a distinct infracommunity of ectoparasites, regardless of colony traits such as size, density or host richness. The abundance of the most common ectoparasite,Carnus hemapterus, was influenced by colony composition – number of nests of each host species – rather than by colony size or density, with its abundance being diluted with increasing numbers of less suitable hosts such as starlings. The increased contact between multiple species of hosts in breeding colonies may complexify host–parasite interactions and challenge our current knowledge on the ecological relationships between host sociality and parasitism.
Association between live childhood vaccines and COVID-19 outcomes: a national-level analysis
Authors: Ogimi Chikara , Qu Pingping , Boeckh Michael , Bender Ignacio Rachel A. , Zangeneh Sahar Z. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We investigated whether countries with higher coverage of childhood live vaccines [BCG or measles-containing-vaccine (MCV)] have reduced risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related mortality, while accounting for known systems differences between countries. In this ecological study of 140 countries using publicly available national-level data, higher vaccine coverage, representing estimated proportion of people vaccinated during the last 14 years, was associated with lower COVID-19 deaths. The associations attenuated for both vaccine variables, and MCV coverage became no longer significant once adjusted for published estimates of the Healthcare access and quality index (HAQI), a validated summary score of healthcare quality indicators. The magnitude of association between BCG coverage and COVID-19 death rate varied according to HAQI, and MCV coverage had little effect on the association between BCG and COVID-19 deaths. While there are associations between live vaccine coverage and COVID-19 outcomes, the vaccine coverage variables themselves were strongly correlated with COVID-19 testing rate, HAQI and life expectancy. This suggests that the population-level associations may be further confounded by differences in structural health systems and policies. Cluster randomised studies of booster vaccines would be ideal to evaluate the efficacy of trained immunity in preventing COVID-19 infections and mortality in vaccinated populations and on community transmission.
The Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol has a protective role in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Liang Xiuying , Wang Ruifen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been testified to be involved in the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which can cause childhood visual impairment. Whether brusatol, an Nrf2 inhibitor, could be utilized to treat ROP was unknown. The oxygen-induced retinopathy rat model was established to mimic ROP, which was further intravitreal administrated with brusatol. Vessel morphology and microglial activation in the retina were assessed with histology analysis. The relative expression levels of angiogenesis and inflammation-related molecules were detected with Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. Intravitreal brusatol administration could alleviate both angiogenesis and microgliosis induced by hyperoxia, along with down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, cluster of differentiation molecule 11B, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and IBA-1 expression. It was further revealed that Nrf2 and heme oxygenease-1 were diminished by brusatol administration. The results demonstrate the potential of intravitreal brusatol deliver to treat ROP with down-regulation of angiogenesis and microgliosis.
Management of chronic kidney disease: perspectives of Brazilian primary care physicians
Authors: Delatorre Thatiane , Romão Elen A. , Mattos Augustus T. R. de , Ferreira Janise B. B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aim:
To investigate primary care physicians’ knowledge of and attitudes toward care for chronic kidney disease patients.

Background:
In Brazil, care for chronic kidney disease, a global public health problem, is provided by the Brazilian National Health System, which is organized around primary care. The study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of primary care physicians about the management of chronic kidney disease.

Method:
This research is based on quantitative and qualitative data. The participants were 92 physicians from 81 primary care units located in eight cities of the São Paulo/Brazil health region, who answered a self-administered questionnaire.

Findings:
Only 59% and 58% of the physicians recognized smoking and obesity, respectively, as risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Health appointments and drug therapy predominated as disease prevention strategies and less than 30% mentioned multiprofessional care and health education groups. For early diagnosis, isolated serum creatinine was the most used test and 64.6% stated they classified the disease stages. Exclusive follow-up in primary care decreased from 79% in stage 1 to 19.5% in stage 3B and the patients’ monitoring in the healthcare network varied from 8.7% in stage 1 to 70.6% in stages 4 and 5ND, suggesting early referrals and lack of referral at the necessary stages. Access to information on the referred patient was, predominantly, through the patient’s report and 74% of the physicians did not have matrix support regarding chronic kidney disease.

Conclusion:
The study showed that the healthcare teams need to update their knowledge and procedures to be able to provide a comprehensive and efficient approach to treating chronic kidney disease in primary care.
Assessment of professional bereavement: The development and validation of the Professional Bereavement Scale
Authors: Chen Chuqian , Chow Amy Yin Man 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo develop and validate Professional Bereavement Scale (PBS), a specific measurement tool for professional bereavement experiences.MethodsAn online cross-sectional survey collected data from 563 physicians and nurses from urban hospitals in Mainland China. Item consistency analysis, component factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were run to develop and validate the scale. Correlational analysis was conducted to evaluate the psychometric property of the scale.ResultsTwo subscales of the PBS were developed: the 17-item Short-term Bereavement Reactions Subscale (PBS–SBR) and the 15-item Accumulated Global Changes Subscale (PBS–AGC). Four factors, namely, frustration and trauma, guilt, grief, and being moved, are involved in PBS–SBR. Five factors are involved in PBS–AGC, which are new insights, more acceptance of limitations, more death-related anxiety, less influenced by patient deaths, and better coping with patient deaths. Both subscales have good content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity, as well as satisfactory internal consistency and split-half reliability.Significance of resultsPBS is a specific assessment tool for professional bereavement which is clearly defined, comprehensive, rigorously tested, and generalizable to different professional caregivers from various departments. Unveiled constructs illustrate that professional bereavement experiences contain a professional dimension in addition to a personal dimension both in an event-specific and a global perspective, which distinguishes them from familial bereavement experiences.
Risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder 10 years after Wenchuan earthquake: a population-based case–control study
Authors: Lu Bingqing , Zeng Wenqi , Li Zhuyue , Wen Jin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aims
To investigate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in the hard-hit areas 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, and explore the risk factors of long-term PTSD among Wenchuan earthquake survivors.

Methods
A matched case–control study was conducted. The involving participants were from the hard-hit areas 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. The collected information includes demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, behaviour habits, earthquake exposure, perceived social support, physical health and mental health. Mental health status was measured using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Respondents with PCL-C score ⩾38 were classified as cases, and then the cases and controls were matched based on age (±3 years) and community location according to a ratio of 1:3.

Results
We obtained 86 cases and 258 controls. After controlling for confounding factors, it was found that lower income (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.16–5.03), chronic diseases (OR 3.00; 95% CI 1.31–6.88) and death of immediate families in the earthquake (OR 7.30; 95% CI 2.36–22.57) were significantly associated with long-term PTSD symptoms.

Conclusion
Even 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, the survivors in the hard-hit areas still suffered from severe mental trauma. Low income, chronic diseases and death of immediate families in the earthquakes are significantly associated with long-term PTSD symptoms. Interventions by local governments and health institutions to address these risk factors should be undertaken to promote the health of survivors.
CSES High Precision Magnetometer Data Products and Example Study of an Intense Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Yang Yanyan , Zhou Bin , Hulot Gauthier , Olsen Nils , Wu Yingyan , Xiong Chao , Stolle Claudia , Zhima Zeren , Huang Jianping , Zhu Xinghong , Pollinger Andreas , Cheng Bingjun , Magnes Werner , Zhao Xudong , Shen Xuhui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProviding accurate measurement of the magnetic field intensity and its vector components is one of the primary objectives of the China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES). The high precision magnetometer (HPM) payload assembled on CSES is designed to achieve this goal. In this study, the data format, naming convention, and content of the CSES HPM Level 2 scientific data products are introduced, as a reference for users who are interested in this data set. In particular, flags for potential magnetic field disturbances from the platform and payloads are discussed. Possible scientific applications are also outlined. A preliminary validation of the data is conducted through comparison with magnetic data from the ESA’s Swarm constellation, and the result demonstrates that the HPM data of CSES are of good quality. Taking the intense geomagnetic storm that occurred on August 25–26, 2018 as an example, the magnetic field variations and the expansion of the field‐aligned currents (FACs) during this storm are discussed. We finally show that the CSES HPM data can be used to derive a satellite‐derived index equivalent to the Dst index, which agrees well to the index during this event. Our analysis thus suggests a high scientific potential of the HPM data.
Integrating Arctic Plant Functional Types in a Land Surface Model Using Above‐ and Belowground Field Observations
Authors: Sulman Benjamin N. , Salmon Verity G. , Iversen Colleen M. , Breen Amy L. , Yuan Fengming , Thornton Peter E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccurate simulations of high‐latitude ecosystems are critical for confident Earth system model (ESM) projections of carbon cycle feedbacks to global climate change. Land surface model components of ESMs, including the E3SM Land Model (ELM), simulate vegetation growth and ecosystem responses to changing climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations by grouping heterogeneous vegetation into like sets of plant functional types (PFTs). Many such models represent high‐latitude vegetation using only two PFTs (shrub and grass), thereby missing the diversity of vegetation growth forms and functional traits in the Arctic. Here, we use field observations of biomass and leaf traits across a gradient of plant communities on the Seward Peninsula in northwest Alaska to replace the original ELM configuration for the first time with nine Arctic‐specific PFTs. The newly developed PFTs include: (1) nonvascular mosses and lichens, (2) deciduous and evergreen shrubs of various height classes, including an alder PFT, (3) graminoids, and (4) forbs. Improvements relative to the original model configuration included greater belowground biomass allocation, persistent fine roots and rhizomes of nonwoody plants, and better representation of variability in total plant biomass across sites with varying plant communities and depth to bedrock. Simulations through 2100 using the RCP8.5 climate scenario and constant PFT fractional areas showed alder‐dominated plant communities gaining more biomass and lichen‐dominated communities gaining less biomass compared to default PFTs. Our results highlight how representing the diversity of arctic vegetation and confronting models with measurements from varied plant communities improves the representation of arctic vegetation in terrestrial ecosystem models.
Late Cretaceous–Recent Low‐Temperature Cooling History and Tectonic Analysis of the Zuni Mountains, West‐Central New Mexico
Authors: Thacker Jacob O. , Kelley Shari A. , Karlstrom Karl E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLaramide tectonic models are testable with spatiotemporal constraints. The Colorado Plateau portion of the orogen, however, lacks detailed information on deformation timing. Herein, we analyze the Zuni Mountains, a Colorado Plateau Laramide arch, with apatite thermochronology, stratigraphic analysis, and thermal calculations to constrain and interpret its low‐temperature and tectonic history. Results show 2.9–3.6 km of pre‐exhumation burial by Late Cretaceous time that was sufficient to reset apatite (U‐Th)/He and apatite fission track dates after Pennsylvanian–Permian Ancestral Rocky Mountains exhumation. Low thermal conductivity of fine‐grained sediments was instrumental in facilitating sufficient temperatures to reset dates. Cooling histories of samples were structurally controlled. Forward and inverse models suggest ca. 80–45 Ma moderate to rapid cooling on the southwest flank and range crest of the arch, while the northeast flank displays 80–55 Ma slow cooling, very slow 55–20 Ma cooling and/or reheating, and post‐20 Ma rapid cooling. Northeast flank protracted cooling likely resulted from burial during backlimb tilting of the arch. Onset of exhumation was ca. 80 Ma, similar to 80–75 Ma onset of localized subsidence in San Juan Basin and 80–77 Ma onset of exhumation on the Nacimiento arch, but somewhat earlier than commonly considered for Colorado Plateau Laramide arches. In the regional context, our results support an easterly sweep of deformation driven by Farallon flat‐slab processes, and argues against prior suggestions for synchronous onset of Colorado Plateau Laramide deformation. Timing of post‐20 Ma cooling is most consistent with mantle‐driven epeirogenic uplift rather than Oligocene geotherm relaxation.
Pancreatic cancer induces muscle wasting by promoting the release of pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor
Authors: Yoo Wonbeak , Choi Hyunji , Son Young Hoon , Lee Jaemin , Jo Seongyea , Jung Dana , Kim Yeon Jeong , Koh Sang Seok , Yang Yong Ryoul , Kwon Eun-Soo , Lee Kwang-Pyo , Noh Kyung Hee , Kim Kyung Won , Ko Yousun , Jun Eunsung , Kim Song Cheol , Kim Seokho 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCancer cachexia is a highly debilitating condition characterized by weight loss and muscle wasting that contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality of pancreatic cancer. The factors that induce cachexia in pancreatic cancer are largely unknown. We previously showed that pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor (PAUF) secreted by pancreatic cancer cells is responsible for tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we analyzed the relation between pancreatic cancer-derived PAUF and cancer cachexia in mice and its clinical significance. Body weight loss and muscle weight loss were significantly higher in mice with Panc-1/PAUF tumors than in those with Panc-1/Mock tumors. Direct administration of rPAUF to muscle recapitulated tumor-induced atrophy, and a PAUF-neutralizing antibody abrogated tumor-induced muscle wasting in Panc-1/PAUF tumor-bearing mice. C2C12 myotubes treated with rPAUF exhibited rapid inactivation of Akt-Foxo3a signaling, resulting in Atrogin1/MAFbx upregulation, myosin heavy chain loss, and muscle atrophy. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and body weight loss were significantly higher in pancreatic cancer patients with high PAUF expression than in those with low PAUF expression. Analysis of different pancreatic cancer datasets showed that PAUF expression was significantly higher in the pancreatic cancer group than in the nontumor group. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data found associations between high PAUF expression or a high DNA copy number and poor overall survival. Our data identified tumor-secreted circulating PAUF as a key factor of cachexia, causing muscle wasting in mice. Neutralizing PAUF may be a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia.
Social networks strongly predict the gut microbiota of wild mice
Authors: Raulo Aura , Allen Bryony E , Troitsky Tanya , Husby Arild , Firth Josh A , Coulson Tim , Knowles Sarah C L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The mammalian gut teems with microbes, yet how hosts acquire these symbionts remains poorly understood. Research in primates suggests that microbes can be picked up via social contact, but the role of social interactions in non-group-living species remains underexplored. Here, we use a passive tracking system to collect high resolution spatiotemporal activity data from wild mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Social network analysis revealed social association strength to be the strongest predictor of microbiota similarity among individuals, controlling for factors including spatial proximity and kinship, which had far smaller or nonsignificant effects. This social effect was limited to interactions involving males (male-male and male-female), implicating sex-dependent behaviours as driving processes. Social network position also predicted microbiota richness, with well-connected individuals having the most diverse microbiotas. Overall, these findings suggest social contact provides a key transmission pathway for gut symbionts even in relatively asocial mammals, that strongly shapes the adult gut microbiota. This work underlines the potential for individuals to pick up beneficial symbionts as well as pathogens from social interactions.
An interaction between PRRT2 and Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the control of neuronal excitability
Authors: Sterlini Bruno , Romei Alessandra , Parodi Chiara , Aprile Davide , Oneto Michele , Aperia Anita , Valente Pierluigi , Valtorta Flavia , Fassio Anna , Baldelli Pietro , Benfenati Fabio , Corradi Anna 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMutations in PRoline Rich Transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) cause pleiotropic syndromes including benign infantile epilepsy, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, episodic ataxia, that share the paroxysmal character of the clinical manifestations. PRRT2 is a neuronal protein that plays multiple roles in the regulation of neuronal development, excitability, and neurotransmitter release. To better understand the physiopathology of these clinical phenotypes, we investigated PRRT2 interactome in mouse brain by a pulldown-based proteomic approach and identified α1 and α3 Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) pumps as major PRRT2-binding proteins. We confirmed PRRT2 and NKA interaction by biochemical approaches and showed their colocalization at neuronal plasma membrane. The acute or constitutive inactivation of PRRT2 had a functional impact on NKA. While PRRT2-deficiency did not modify NKA expression and surface exposure, it caused an increased clustering of α3-NKA on the plasma membrane. Electrophysiological recordings showed that PRRT2-deficiency in primary neurons impaired NKA function during neuronal stimulation without affecting pump activity under resting conditions. Both phenotypes were fully normalized by re-expression of PRRT2 in PRRT2-deficient neurons. In addition, the NKA-dependent afterhyperpolarization that follows high-frequency firing was also reduced in PRRT2-silenced neurons. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PRRT2 is a physiological modulator of NKA function and suggest that an impaired NKA activity contributes to the hyperexcitability phenotype caused by PRRT2 deficiency.