bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and application of new macromolecular hindered phenol antioxidants of polyamide 6
Authors: Jiang Siyuan , Liu Yufei , Zou Xiaoyu , He Min , Zhang Kai , Xu Guomin , Qin Shuhao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe two macromolecular antioxidants, P(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxy cinnamic acid‐alt‐N‐phenylmaleimide) (PCN) and P(3‐butene‐1‐yl‐3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl −4‐hydroxyphenyl propionate‐alt‐N‐phenylmaleimide) (PPN) were designed and synthesized via free radical copolymerization. The structures of the resulting PCN and PPN antioxidants were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography. In addition, the effect of the two macromolecular antioxidants on the thermal oxidation aging resistance of polyamide 6 (PA6) was studied. According to the analysis of differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, dynamic viscosity, and the mechanical property of PA6 and its blends, these two types of macromolecular antioxidants protected the molecular chain of PA6 from breaking, protected the crystallization of PA6 and maintained the stability of PA6 crystal form, improved the activation energy of thermal degradation and thermal stability of PA6, enhanced the strength and elasticity of PA6 and maintained the mechanical properties of PA6 during aging to a certain extent.
Anticentromere Antibody Levels and Isotypes and the Development of Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: van Leeuwen Nina M. , Boonstra Maaike , Bakker Jaap A. , Grummels Annette , Jordan Suzana , Liem Sophie , Distler Oliver , Hoffmann‐Vold Anna‐Maria , Melsens Karin , Smith Vanessa , Truchetet Marie‐Elise , Scherer Hans U. , Toes René , Huizinga Tom W. J. , de Vries‐Bouwstra Jeska K. 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveLittle is known on the disease course of very early systemic sclerosis (SSc). Among the information yet to be elucidated is whether anticentromere antibody (ACA) isotype levels can serve as biomarkers for future SSc development and for organ involvement. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether IgG, IgM, and IgA ACA levels in IgG ACA–positive patients are associated with disease severity and/or progression from very early SSc to definite SSc.MethodsIgG ACA–positive patients from 5 different cohorts who had very early SSc or SSc fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) 2013 criteria were included. A diagnosis of very early SSc was based on the presence of IgG ACAs and Raynaud’s phenomenon, and/or puffy fingers and/or abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy, but not fulfilling the ACR/EULAR 2013 criteria for SSc. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the association between baseline ACA isotype levels and progression to definite SSc with organ involvement.ResultsSix hundred twenty‐five IgG ACA–positive patients were included, of whom 138 (22%) fulfilled the criteria for very early SSc and 487 (78%) had definite SSc. Levels of IgG ACAs (odds ratio 2.5 [95% confidence interval 1.8–3.7]) and IgM ACAs (odds ratio 1.8 [95% confidence interval 1.3–2.3]) were significantly higher in patients with definite SSc. Of 115 patients with very early SSc with follow‐up, progression to definite SSc occurred within 5 years in 48 (42%). Progression to definite SSc was associated with higher IgG ACA levels at baseline (odds ratio 4.3 [95% confidence interval 1.7–10.7]).ConclusionACA isotype levels may serve as biomarkers to identify patients with very early SSc who are at risk for disease progression to definite SSc.
Examination of the effect of curcumin in experimental liver damage created by diethylnitrosamine in Swiss albino mice to superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione, malondialdehyde, and advanced oxidation protein products levels
Authors: Seriner Ramazan , Dağlıoğlu Kenan , Coşkun Gülfidan , Bilgin Ramazan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study, the effects of curcumin, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, advanced protein oxidation products (AOPP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in experimental liver damage with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in Swiss albino mice were investigated. The subjects (n = 9) used in the study were divided into 5 groups as tumor control 1, tumor control 2, curcumin protective, curcumin treatment and healthy control groups Curcumin oral gavage (in 150 mg/kg of ethylalcohol) was given to the protecting group for 19 days, 5 days before the administration of DEN, and 24 h after the administration of DEN. Hundred microliters of ethylalcohol oral gavage was given to the healthy group for 19 days. While MDA levels decreased significantly in the curcumin preservative group (p < 0.05), (p = 0.002), the decrease was not significant in the treatment groups (p > 0.05), (p = 0.128). AOPP levels decreased significantly in the curcumin protective group (p < 0.05), (p = 0.009) but the decrease in the treatment group was not found significant (p > 0.05), (p = 0.073). SOD activities increased significantly in both groups. It was found as (p < 0.05), (p = 0.001) and (p < 0.05), (p = 0.002), respectively. GSH levels decreased but these reductions were not found statistically significant. CAT activities increased significantly in both groups. It was determined as (p < 0.05), (p = 0.001) for both groups.
Adult age differences in monetary decisions with real and hypothetical reward
Authors: Horn Sebastian , Freund Alexandra M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAge differences in monetary decisions may emerge because younger and older adults perceive the value of outcomes differently. Yet, age‐differential effects of monetary rewards on decisions are not well understood. Most laboratory studies on aging and decision making have used scenarios in which rewards were merely hypothetical (decisions did not have any real consequences) or in which only small amounts of money were at stake. In the current study, we compared younger adults' (20–29 years) and older adults' (61–82 years) decisions in probabilistic choice problems with real or hypothetical rewards. Decision‐contingent rewards were in a typical range of previous studies (gains of up to ~4.25 USD) or substantially scaled up (gains of up to ~85 USD per participant). Reward type (real vs. hypothetical) affected decision quality, including value maximization, switching between options, and dominance violations (choices of an option that was inferior to another option in all respects). Decision quality was markedly better with real than hypothetical rewards in older adults and correlated with numeracy in both age groups. However, we found no evidence that reward type affected people's risk preferences. Overall, the findings portray a fairly positive picture regarding the use of hypothetical scenarios to assess preferences: With carefully prepared instructions, people from different age groups indicate preferences in hypothetical scenarios that match their decisions with real and much higher rewards. One advantage of using real rewards is that they help to reduce decision noise.
Spectrum–effect relationship between high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography data and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of celery seed extract
Authors: Thu Hang Nguyen , Viet Hoang Le , Van Phuong Nguyen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCelery seeds are medicinal herbs used for the prevention and treatment of gout as these have the ability to inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase and reduce the concentration of serum uric acid. In this study, the relationship between xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects and high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography data of celery seed extracts was established using multilayer neural network (MNN) in combination with principal component analysis (PCA). The constructed MNN–PCA model was stable and had accurate prediction ability with coefficient of determination = 0.9998, leave‐one‐out coefficient = 0.7371, root mean square error = 0.0025, and mean absolute deviation = 0.0019 for the training set and coefficient of determination = 0.8124, root mean square error = 0.0784, and mean absolute deviation = 0.0645 for the test set. This model can be used to identify the main compounds related to the xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect of celery seed extract. These results can be applied not only to celery extract but also to other herbal medicines.
NOTCH3 limits the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and predicts a favorable clinical outcome in esophageal cancer
Authors: Matsuura Norihiro , Tanaka Koji , Yamasaki Makoto , Yamashita Kotaro , Saito Takuro , Makino Tomoki , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Kurokawa Yukinori , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the deadliest of all human squamous cell carcinomas and is characterized by chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis associated with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). A subset of ESCC displays loss‐of‐function mutations in genes encoding Notch receptor family members, including NOTCH3. Although Notch signaling regulates EMT in ESCC cells, the role of NOTCH3 in EMT and chemotherapy resistance remains elusive. This study aimed to examine the role of NOTCH3 in EMT and chemotherapy resistance, and determine whether NOTCH3 expression can be used to predict the response to chemotherapy.MethodsIn vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to clarify the contribution of NOTCH3 to chemotherapy resistance. Using specimens from 120 ESCC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we compared the expression levels of NOTCH3 and genes involved in EMT according to the degree of chemotherapy sensitivity.ResultsIn ESCC cells, chemotherapy resistance was associated with NOTCH3 downregulation and concurrent activation of EMT. RNA interference to silence NOTCH3 resulted in induction of the EMT marker Vimentin (VIM), leading to chemotherapy resistance in ESCC cells. Conversely, ectopic expression of the activated form of NOTCH3 suppressed EMT and sensitized cells to chemotherapy. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggested that NOTCH3 may repress transcription of the VIM.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that NOTCH3 may control chemotherapy sensitivity by regulating EMT. NOTCH3 may serve as a novel biomarker to predict better clinical outcomes in ESCC patients.
Recent Advances in Bioactive Artificial Ionophores
Authors: Roy Arundhati , Talukdar Pinaki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSeveral life‐threatening diseases, also known as ‘Channelopathies’ are linked to irregularities in ion transport proteins. Significant research efforts have fostered the development of artificial transport systems that facilitates to restore the functions of impaired natural transport proteins. Indeed, a few of these artificial ionophores demonstrate the rare combination of transmembrane ion transport and important biological activity, offering early promises of suitability in ‘channel replacement therapy’. In this review, structural facets and functions of both cationophores and anionophores are discussed. Ionophores that are toxic to various bacteria and yeast, could be exploited as antimicrobial agent. Nevertheless, few non‐toxic ionophores offer the likelihood of treating a wide range of genetic diseases caused by the gene mutations. In addition, their ability to disrupt cellular homeostasis and to alter lysosomal pH endow ionophores as promising candidates for cancer treatment. Overall, critically outlining the advances in artificial ionophores in terms of in vitro ion transport, possible modes of action and biological activities enables us to propose possible future roadmaps in this research area.
Strategies for Covalent Labeling of Long RNAs
Authors: Depmeier Hannah , Hoffmann Eva , Bornewasser Lisa , Kath‐Schorr Stephanie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe introduction of chemical modifications into long RNA molecules at specific positions for visualization, biophysical investigations, diagnostic and therapeutic applications still remains challenging. In this review, we present recent approaches for covalent internal labeling of long RNAs. Topics included are the assembly of large modified RNAs via enzymatic ligation of short synthetic oligonucleotides and synthetic biology approaches preparing site‐specifically modified RNAs via in vitro transcription using an expanded genetic alphabet. Moreover, recent approaches to employ deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) and ribozymes for RNA labeling and RNA methyltransferase based labeling strategies are presented. We discuss the potentials and limits of the individual methods, their applicability for RNAs with several hundred to thousands of nucleotides in length and indicate future directions in the field.
Pharmacogenetics of Bleeding and Thromboembolic Events in Direct Oral Anticoagulant Users
Authors: Lähteenmäki Jaakko , Vuorinen Anna‐Leena , Pajula Juha , Harno Kari , Lehto Mika , Niemi Mikko , van Gils Mark 
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to analyze associations between genetic variants and the occurrence of clinical outcomes in dabigatran, apixaban, and rivaroxaban users. This was a retrospective real‐world study linking genotype data of three Finnish biobanks with national register data on drug dispensations and healthcare encounters. We investigated several single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the ABCG2, ABCB1, CES1, and CYP3A5 genes potentially associated with bleeding or thromboembolic events in direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) users based on earlier research. We used Cox regression models to compare the incidence of clinical outcomes between carriers and noncarriers of the SNVs or haplotypes. In total, 1,806 patients on apixaban, dabigatran, or rivaroxaban were studied. The ABCB1 c.3435C>T (p.Ile1145=, rs1045642) SNV (hazard ratio (HR) 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.18–0.98, P = 0.044) and 1236T‐2677T‐3435T (rs1128503‐rs2032582‐rs1045642) haplotype (HR 0.44, 95% CI, 0.20–0.95, P = 0.036) were associated with a reduced risk for thromboembolic outcomes, and the 1236C‐2677G‐3435C (HR 2.55, 95% CI, 1.03–6.36, P = 0.044) and 1236T‐2677G‐3435C (HR 5.88, 95% CI, 2.35–14.72, P < 0.001) haplotypes with an increased risk for thromboembolic outcomes in rivaroxaban users. The ABCB1 c.2482‐2236G>A (rs4148738) SNV associated with a lower risk for bleeding events (HR 0.37, 95% CI, 0.16–0.89, P = 0.025) in apixaban users. ABCB1 variants are potential factors affecting thromboembolic events in rivaroxaban users and bleeding events in apixaban users. Studies with larger numbers of patients are warranted for comprehensive assessment of the pharmacogenetic associations of DOACs and their relevance for clinical practice.
Differential transcriptional and functional properties of regulatory T cells in HIV‐infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy and long‐term non‐progressors
Authors: Shahbaz Shima , Jovel Juan , Elahi Shokrollah 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesRegulatory T cells (Tregs) are widely recognised as a subset of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells that have a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis. The impact of HIV‐1 infection on immunological properties and effector functions of Tregs has remained the topic of debate and controversy. In the present study, we investigated transcriptional profile and functional properties of Tregs in HIV‐1‐infected individuals either receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART, n = 50) or long‐term non‐progressors (LTNPs, n = 24) compared to healthy controls (HCs, n = 38).MethodsRNA sequencing (RNAseq), flow cytometry‐based immunophenotyping and functional assays were performed to study Tregs in different HIV cohorts.ResultsOur RNAseq analysis revealed that Tregs exhibit different transcriptional profiles in HIV‐infected individuals. While Tregs from patients on ART upregulate pathways associated with a more suppressive (activated) phenotype, Tregs in LTNPs exhibit upregulation of pathways associated with impaired suppressive properties. These observations may explain a higher propensity for autoimmune diseases in LTNPs. Also, we found substantial upregulation of HLA‐F mRNA and HLA‐F protein in Tregs from HIV‐infected subjects compared to healthy individuals. These observations highlight a potential role for this non‐classical HLA in Tregs in the context of HIV infection, which should be investigated further in other chronic viral infections and cancer.ConclusionOur study has provided a novel insight into Tregs at the transcriptional and functional levels in different HIV‐infected groups.
Amyloid beta associations with connected speech in cognitively unimpaired adults
Authors: Mueller Kimberly D. , Van Hulle Carol A. , Koscik Rebecca L. , Jonaitis Erin , Peters Cassandra C. , Betthauser Tobey J. , Christian Bradley , Chin Nathaniel , Hermann Bruce P. , Johnson Sterling 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionConnected speech and language (CSL) decline has been associated with early cognitive decline, but associations between CSL and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers remain a gap in the literature. Our goal was to examine associations with amyloid beta (Aβ) and longitudinal CSL trajectories in cognitively unimpaired adults at increased AD risk.MethodsUsing data from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention, CSL measures were automatically extracted from digitally recorded picture descriptions. Positron emission tomography determined Aβ status. Linear mixed effects models assessed the interaction between age and Aβ on CSL trajectories.ResultsParticipants who were Aβ positive experienced more rapid decline on specific word content, when controlling for age, sex, and literacy. There were no differences between groups in lexical diversity measures over time.DiscussionThese results indicate that declines in connected speech may be related to preclinical AD. CSL may be a promising, inexpensive, and easy‐to‐collect digital cognitive marker for AD studies.
Large‐scale variation in wave attenuation of oyster reef living shorelines and the influence of inundation duration
Authors: Morris Rebecca L. , La Peyre Megan K. , Webb Bret M. , Marshall Danielle A. , Bilkovic Donna M. , Cebrian Just , McClenachan Giovanna , Kibler Kelly M. , Walters Linda J. , Bushek David , Sparks Eric L. , Temple Nigel A. , Moody Joshua , Angstadt Kory , Goff Joshua , Boswell Maura , Sacks Paul , Swearer Stephen E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOne of the paramount goals of oyster reef living shorelines is to achieve sustained and adaptive coastal protection, which requires meeting ecological (i.e., develop a self‐sustaining oyster population) and engineering (i.e., provide coastal defense) targets. In a large‐scale comparison along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, the efficacy of various designs of oyster reef living shorelines at providing wave attenuation was evaluated accounting for the ecological limitations of oysters with regard to inundation duration. A critical threshold for intertidal oyster reef establishment is 50% inundation duration. Living shorelines that spent less than one‐half of the time (<50%) inundated were not considered suitable habitat for oysters, however, were effective at wave attenuation (68% reduction in wave height). Reefs that experienced >50% inundation were considered suitable habitat for oysters, but wave attenuation was similar to controls (no reef; ~5% reduction in wave height). Many of the oyster reef living shoreline approaches therefore failed to optimize the ecological and engineering goals. In both inundation regimes, wave transmission decreased with an increasing freeboard (difference between reef crest elevation and water level), supporting its importance in the wave attenuation capacity of oyster reef living shorelines. However, given that the reef crest elevation (and thus freeboard) should be determined by the inundation duration requirements of oysters, research needs to be refocused on understanding the implications of other reef parameters (e.g., width) for optimizing wave attenuation. A broader understanding of the reef characteristics and seascape contexts that result in effective coastal defense by oyster reefs is needed to inform appropriate design and implementation of oyster‐based living shorelines globally.
The effect of species, size, and fire intensity on tree mortality within a catastrophic bushfire complex
Authors: Trouvé Raphaël , Oborne Lisa , Baker Patrick J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInfrequent, high‐intensity disturbances can have profound impacts on forested landscapes, changing forest structure and altering relative species abundance. However, due to their rarity and the logistical challenges of directly observing such extreme events, both the spatial variability of disturbance intensity and the species‐specific responses to this variability are poorly understood. We used observed patterns of mortality across a fire severity gradient following the 2009 Black Saturday fires in southeastern Australia to simultaneously estimate (1) species‐ and size‐specific susceptibility to fire‐induced mortality and (2) fire intensity. We found broad variation in patterns of fire susceptibility among the 10 tree species (five eucalypts and five non‐eucalypts) sufficiently abundant for analysis. Among the eucalypts,Eucalyptus obliquawas the most resistant to fire‐induced mortality, with trees of ~25 cm DBH having a 50% probability of surviving even the most intense fires. In contrast,E. regnanshad 100% mortality across all size classes when subjected to high‐intensity fire. Basal resprouting occurred in six of the study species and, when accounted for, fundamentally changed the mortality profile of these species, highlighting the importance of resprouting as an adaptation to fire in these landscapes. In particular, the two iconic cool temperate rainforest species (Nothofagus cunninghamiandAtherosperma moschatum) were strong resprouters (~45% of individuals were able to resprout after being top‐killed by fire). We also found evidence for compositional shifts in regeneration above threshold values of fire intensity in cool temperate rainforest and mixed forest sites, both of which have important conservation values within these landscapes. The observed patterns of species‐ and size‐specific susceptibility to fire‐induced mortality may be used to anticipate changes in forest structure and composition in the future. In addition, they may also help guide forest management strategies that reduce the length of time individual trees are exposed to potentially lethal fires, thereby increasing the resilience of these forests to future fires.