bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal-Hydraulic Optimization of Open-Cell Metallic Foams Used as Extended Surfaces
Authors: Mehendale Sunil 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A one-dimensional analytical validated model for predicting temperature distribution, heat transfer, pressure drop, and fluid pumping power in an open-cell metal foam (OCMF) fin is developed. A foam length optimization technique based on its performance factor (PF) is proposed. Every optimized foam's efficiency is shown to be 33.2%, regardless of its pores per inch (PPI) or porosity. Although it can be applied to other porous materials, the model has been illustrated for aluminum foams with 5–40 PPI and 0.88–0.96 porosity (ε). The highest PPI, lowest porosity foam gives the best unit area goodness factor φu=jH/f, heat transfer, and heat transfer per unit volume Q˙V, while the greatest goodness factor φ (heat transfer rate to fluid pumping power) is achieved by the lowest PPI, lowest porosity foam. The highest PPI, highest porosity foam yields the best heat transfer per unit mass Q˙M. Thus, optimum foam selections strongly depend on the application. An often-used fin optimization criterion recommends that the fin effectiveness should equal or exceed 2. This study shows that the effectiveness of any optimized foam always exceeds 2. However, the converse, i.e., requiring the foam effectiveness to at least equal 2, does not guarantee an optimal foam, which implies that the PF-based optimization criterion is an inclusive one. It is also proved that a previously suggested optimization criterion of maximizing a foam's geometric mean efficiency will result in a suboptimal foam design.
Medicine Ball Throw Responsiveness to Measure Wheelchair Basketball Mobility in Male Players
Authors: Gomes Costa Rodrigo Rodrigues , Dorneles Jefferson Rodrigues , Lopes Guilherme Henrique , Gorla José Irineu , Ribeiro Neto Frederico 
Published: April 2021

Context: Monitoring training loads and consequent fatigue responses are usually a result of personal trainers’ experiences and an adaptation of methods used in sports for people without disabilities. Currently, there is little scientific evidence on the relationship between training load and fatigue resulting from training sessions in wheelchair sports. Analogous to the vertical jump, which has been associated with competitive performance and used to assess fatigue in Olympic sports, the medicine ball throw (MBT) is a fast, feasible, and accessible test that might be used to measure performance outcomes in Paralympic athletes. Objective: To test the MBT responsiveness to detect meaningful changes after training sessions in beginner wheelchair basketball players (WBP). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Paralympic Program. Participants: Twelve male WBP. Main Outcomes Measures: The participants performed 3 consecutive days of training sessions involving exercises of wheelchair basketball skills, strength, and power. The MBT test was performed pre and post training sessions. Results: The smallest worthwhile change for MBT was 0.10 cm, and the lower and upper limits were 3.54 and 3.75 m, respectively. On the first day, the MBT started below the smallest worthwhile change lower limit and increased above the upper limit (3.53 and 3.78 m, respectively). On the second day, the MBT pretraining and posttraining session results were near the sample mean (3.62 and 3.59 m, respectively). On the third day, the WBP started the MBT test training higher than the upper limit (3.78 m) and decreased to near the mean (3.58 m). Conclusions: During 3 consecutive days of training sessions, the magnitude-based inference model presented meaningful changes in MBT test performance. The accurate association of the magnitude-based inference model with the MBT allows coaches and sports team staff to interpret the correct magnitude of change in WBP performance.
Cancer Mortality Disparities among Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Populations in California
Authors: Medina Heidy N. , Callahan Karen E. , Morris Cyllene R. , Thompson Caroline A. , Siweya Adugna , Pinheiro Paulo S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background:
Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (AANHPI) are the fastest growing minority in the United States. Cancer is the leading cause of death for AANHPIs, despite relatively lower cancer morbidity and mortality. Their recent demographic growth facilitates a detailed identification of AANHPI populations with higher cancer risk.

Methods:
Age-adjusted, sex-stratified, site-specific cancer mortality rates from California for 2012 to 2017 were computed for AANHPI groups: Chinese, Filipino, South Asian, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Southeast Asian (i.e., Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, Thai), and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI). Regression-derived mortality rate ratios (MRR) were used to compare each AANHPI group to non-Hispanic whites (NHW).

Results:
AANHPI men and women (total 40,740 deaths) had lower all-sites-combined cancer mortality rates (128.3 and 92.4 per 100,000, respectively) than NHWs (185.3 and 140.6) but higher mortality for nasopharynx, stomach, and liver cancers. Among AANHPIs, both NHOPIs and Southeast Asians had the highest overall rates including for colorectal, lung (men only), and cervical cancers; South Asians had the lowest. NHOPI women had 41% higher overall mortality than NHWs (MRR = 1.41; 95% CI, 1.25–1.58), including for breast (MRR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08–1.65) and markedly higher for endometrial cancer (MRR = 3.34; 95% CI, 2.53–4.42).

Conclusions:
AANHPI populations present with considerable heterogeneous cancer mortality patterns. Heightened mortality for infection, obesity, and tobacco-related cancers in Southeast Asians and NHOPI populations highlight the need for differentiated priorities and public health interventions among specific AANHPI populations.

Impact:
Not all AANHPIs have favorable cancer profiles. It is imperative to expand the focus on the currently understudied populations that bear a disproportionate cancer burden.
Anemia May Increase the Overall Risk of Cancer: Findings from a Cohort Study with a 12-Year Follow-up Period in South Korea
Authors: Oh Tak Kyu , Song In-Ae 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background:
No previous study has assessed cancer risk in individuals with anemia diagnosed based on hemoglobin levels. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether anemia increases the risk of cancer.

Methods:
Adult individuals who underwent a standardized medical examination during 2002 and 2003 in South Korea were included, and their cancer status was evaluated between January 2004 and December 2015 (12 years) as a primary endpoint. Anemia was defined as serum hemoglobin levels of &lt;12 and &lt;13 g/dL for women and men, respectively.

Results:
A total of 454,304 adults were included in the final analysis. Among them, 41,947 (9.2%) and 412,357 (90.8%) individuals constituted the anemia and control groups, respectively. After propensity score matching, a total of 83,886 individuals (41,943 per group) were included in the analysis. Cox regression revealed that the risk of cancer in the anemia group was 3% higher than that in the control group (HR, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.05; P = 0.023). Specifically, relative to the control group, the anemia group was at an increased risk of gastric (HR, 1.29), esophageal (HR, 1.37), lung (HR, 1.14), and thyroid cancers (HR, 1.14), neoplasms of breast and genital organs (HR, 1.12), and lymphoma or leukemia (HR, 1.63).

Conclusions:
Anemia was independently associated with an increased overall risk of cancer. Further research is required to clarify the associated mechanism.

Impact:
Anemia was independently associated with an increased overall risk of cancer in the South Korean population.
Clinical and Immunologic Responses to a B-Cell Epitope Vaccine in Patients with HER2/neu-Overexpressing Advanced Gastric Cancer—Results from Phase Ib Trial IMU.ACS.001
Authors: Wiedermann Ursula , Garner-Spitzer Erika , Chao Yee , Maglakelidze Marina , Bulat Iurie , Dechaphunkul Arunee , Arpornwirat Wichit , Charoentum Chaiyut , Yen Chia-Jui , Yau Thomas Cheung , Tanasanvimon Suebpong , Maneechavakajorn Jedzada , Sookprasert Aumkhae , Bai Li-Yuan , Chou Wen-Chi , Ungtrakul Teerapat , Drinic Mirjana , Tobias Joshua , Zielinski Christoph C. , Chong Leslie , Ede Nicholas J. , Marino Mark T. , Good Anthony J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurpose:HER2/neu is overexpressed in up to 30% of gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEA) and linked to poor prognosis. Recombinant mAbs to treat HER2/neu-overexpressing cancers are effective with limitations, including resistance and toxicity. Therefore, we developed a therapeutic B-cell epitope vaccine (IMU-131/HER-Vaxx) consisting of three fused B-cell epitopes from the HER2/neu extracellular domain coupled to CRM197 and adjuvanted with Montanide. This phase Ib study aimed to evaluate the optimal/safe dose leading to immunogenicity and clinical responses (https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02795988).Patients and Methods:A total of 14 patients with HER2/neu-overexpressing GEA were enrolled, and dose escalation (10, 30, 50 μg) was performed in three cohorts (C). Immunogenicity was evaluated by HER2-specific Abs and cellular responses, clinical responses by CT scans according to RECIST version 1.1.Results:IMU-131 was safe without vaccine-related significant local/systemic reactions or serious adverse events. A total of 11 of 14 patients were evaluable for changes in tumor size and vaccine-specific immune responses. One patient showed complete, 5 partial responses, and 4 stable diseases as their best response. HER2-specific IgG levels were dose dependent. In contrast to patients in C1 and C2, all patients in C3 mounted substantial HER2-specific Ab levels. In addition, cellular vaccine responses, such as Th1-biased cytokine ratios and reduced regulatory T cell numbers, were generated. Progression-free survival was prolonged in C3, correlating with the vaccine-specific humoral and cellular responses.Conclusions:IMU-131 was well tolerated and safe. The induced HER2-specific Abs and cellular responses were dose dependent and correlated with clinical responses. The highest dose (50 μg) was recommended for further evaluation in a phase II trial, with chemotherapy + IMU-131 or chemotherapy alone, which is currently ongoing.
PCA062, a P-cadherin Targeting Antibody–Drug Conjugate, Displays Potent Antitumor Activity Against P-cadherin–expressing Malignancies
Authors: Sheng Qing , D'Alessio Joseph A. , Menezes Daniel L. , Karim Christopher , Tang Yan , Tam Angela , Clark Suzanna , Ying Chi , Connor Anu , Mansfield Keith G. , Rondeau Jean-Michel , Ghoddusi Majid , Geyer Felipe C. , Gu Jane , McLaughlin Margaret E. , Newcombe Rick , Elliot GiNell , Tschantz William R. , Lehmann Sylvie , Fanton Christie P. , Miller Kathy , Huber Thomas , Rendahl Katherine G. , Jeffry Ursula , Pryer Nancy K. , Lees Emma , Kwon Paul , Abraham Judith A. , Damiano Jason S. , Abrams Tinya J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The cell surface glycoprotein P-cadherin is highly expressed in a number of malignancies, including those arising in the epithelium of the bladder, breast, esophagus, lung, and upper aerodigestive system. PCA062 is a P-cadherin specific antibody–drug conjugate that utilizes the clinically validated SMCC-DM1 linker payload to mediate potent cytotoxicity in cell lines expressing high levels of P-cadherin in vitro, while displaying no specific activity in P-cadherin–negative cell lines. High cell surface P-cadherin is necessary, but not sufficient, to mediate PCA062 cytotoxicity. In vivo, PCA062 demonstrated high serum stability and a potent ability to induce mitotic arrest. In addition, PCA062 was efficacious in clinically relevant models of P-cadherin–expressing cancers, including breast, esophageal, and head and neck. Preclinical non-human primate toxicology studies demonstrated a favorable safety profile that supports clinical development. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal that expression of the multidrug-resistant gene ABCC1 and the lysosomal transporter SLC46A3 differentially impact tumor cell sensitivity to PCA062. The preclinical data presented here suggest that PCA062 may have clinical value for treating patients with multiple cancer types including basal-like breast cancer.
BRAF
V600E Mutation in Cell-Free DNA, Rather than in Lesion Tissues, at Diagnosis Is An Independent Prognostic Factor in Children with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Authors: Wang Chan-Juan , Cui Lei , Ma Hong-Hao , Wang Dong , Zhang Li , Lian Hong-Yun , Li Wei-Jing , Zhang Qing , Wang Tian-You , Li Zhi-Gang , Zhang Rui 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of BRAFV600E in cell-free (cf) DNA (cfBRAFV600E) and lesion tissues (ltBRAFV600E) in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). This study included a total of 140 patients with successfully detected cfBRAFV600E and ltBRAFV600E at diagnosis. Treatment response at week 6 was correlated with both cfBRAFV600E and ltBRAFV600E. Moreover, the patients with positive cfBRAFV600E had a much lower 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate and a higher progression/reactivation rate than those with negative cfBRAFV600E (47.1% ± 7.6% vs. 78.4% ± 5.1%, P &lt; 0.0001; 44.6% vs. 19.0%, P = 0.001, respectively). However, no significant difference was found in the 3-year PFS rate or progression/reactivation rate between patients with positive and negative ltBRAFV600E (P = 0.348 and 0.596, respectively). In addition, after patients were divided into group A (both cfBRAFV600E and ltBRAFV600E positive, n = 56), group B (ltBRAFV600E positive and cfBRAFV600E negative, n = 28), and group C (both cfBRAFV600E and ltBRAFV600E negative, n = 56), there was a significant difference in the 3-year PFS rate and progression/reactivation rate among the three groups (47.1% ± 7.6%, 92.9% ± 6.1%, and 72.2% ± 6.1%, P &lt; 0.001; 44.6%, 3.6%, and 26.8%, P &lt; 0.001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, cfBRAFV600E and age at diagnosis remained independent prognostic factors for 3-year PFS in childhood LCH. Therefore, cfBRAFV600E was more closely associated with important clinical characteristics, treatment response at week 6, and prognosis than ltBRAFV600E.
Independent and Joint Effects of Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Statins use on the Risk of Prostate Cancer Among White, Black, and Hispanic Men
Authors: Lopez David S. , Polychronopoulou Efstathia , Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Khera Mohit , Su L. Joseph , Fowke Jay H. , Peek M.K. , Kuo Yong-Fang , Markides Kyriakos , Canfield Steven 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The associations of testosterone therapy (TTh) and statins use with prostate cancer remain conflicted. However, the joint effects of TTh and statins use on the incidence of prostate cancer, stage and grade at diagnosis, and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) have not been studied.
We identified White (N = 74,181), Black (N = 9,157), and Hispanic (N = 3,313) men diagnosed with prostate cancer in SEER-Medicare 2007–2016. Prediagnostic prescription of TTh and statins was ascertained for this analysis. Weighted multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic and Cox proportional hazards models evaluated the association of TTh and statins with prostate cancer, including statistical interactions between TTh and statins.
We found that TTh (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68–0.81) and statins (OR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.0.75–0.88) were inversely associated with incident prostate cancer. Similar inverse associations were observed with high-grade and advanced prostate cancer in relation to TTh and statins use. TTh plus statins was inversely associated with incident prostate cancer (OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.48–0.60), high-grade (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.37–0.49), and advanced prostate cancer (OR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.35–0.55). Similar associations were present in White and Black men, but among Hispanics statins were associated with PCSM.
Prediagnostic use of TTh or statins, independent or combined, was inversely associated with incident and aggressive prostate cancer overall and in NHW and NHB men. Findings for statins and aggressive prostate cancer are consistent with previous studies. Future studies need to confirm the independent inverse association of TTh and the joint inverse association of TTh plus statins on risk of prostate cancer in understudied populations.

Prevention Relevance:
The study investigates a potential interaction between TTh and statin and its effect on incident and aggressive prostate cancer in men of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. These results suggest that among NHW and non-Hispanic Black men TTh plus statins reduced the odds of incident prostate cancer, high-grade and advance stage prostate cancer.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance–Derived Extracellular Volume Mapping for the Quantification of Hepatic and Splenic Amyloid
Authors: Chacko Liza , Boldrini Michele , Martone Raffaele , Law Steven , Martinez-Naharrro Ana , Hutt David F. , Kotecha Tushar , Patel Rishi K. , Razvi Yousuf , Rezk Tamer , Cohen Oliver C. , Brown James T. , Srikantharajah Mukunthan , Ganesananthan Sharmananthan , Lane Thirusha , Lachmann Helen J. , Wechalekar Ashutosh D. , Sachchithanantham Sajitha , Mahmood Shameem , Whelan Carol J. , Knight Daniel S. , Moon James C. , Kellman Peter , Gillmore Julian D. , Hawkins Philip N. , Fontana Marianna 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Systemic amyloidosis is characterized by amyloid deposition that can involve virtually any organ. Splenic and hepatic amyloidosis occurs in certain types, in some patients but not others, and may influence prognosis and treatment. SAP (serum amyloid P component) scintigraphy is uniquely able to identify and quantify amyloid in the liver and spleen, thus informing clinical management, but it is only available in 2 centers globally. The aims of this study were to examine the potential for extracellular volume (ECV) mapping performed during routine cardiac magnetic resonance to: (1) detect amyloid in the liver and spleen and (2) estimate amyloid load in these sites using SAP scintigraphy as the reference standard.

Methods:
Five hundred thirty-three patients referred to the National Amyloidosis Centre, London, between 2015 and 2017 with suspected systemic amyloidosis who underwent SAP scintigraphy and cardiac magnetic resonance with T1 mapping were studied.

Results:

The diagnostic performance of ECV to detect splenic and hepatic amyloidosis was high for both organs (liver: area under the curve, −0.917 [95% CI, 0.880–0.954]; liver ECV cutoff, 0.395; sensitivity, 90.7%; specificity, 77.7%;
P
<0.001; spleen: area under the curve, −0.944 [95% CI, 0.925–0.964]; spleen ECV cutoff, 0.385; sensitivity, 93.6%; specificity, 87.5%;
P
<0.001). There was good correlation between liver and spleen ECV and amyloid load assessed by SAP scintigraphy (r=0.504,
P
<0.001; r=0.693,
P
<0.001, respectively). There was high interobserver agreement for both the liver and spleen (ECV liver intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.991 [95% CI, 0.984–0.995];
P
<0.001; ECV spleen intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.995 [95% CI, 0.991–0.997];
P
<0.001) with little bias across a wide range of ECV values.

Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates that ECV measurements obtained during routine cardiac magnetic resonance scans in patients with suspected amyloidosis can identify and measure the magnitude of amyloid infiltration in the liver and spleen, providing important clues to amyloid type and offering a noninvasive measure of visceral amyloid burden that can help guide and track treatment.
Water and Warfare: The Evolution and Operation of the Water Taboo
Authors: Grech-Madin Charlotte 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For much of human history, water was a standard weapon of war. In the post–World War II period, however, nation-states in international conflict have made concerted efforts to restrain the weaponization of water. Distinct from realist and rationalist explanations, the historical record reveals that water has come to be governed by a set of intersubjective standards of behavior that denounce water's involvement in conflict as morally taboo. How did this water taboo develop, and how does it matter for nation-states? Focused process-tracing illuminates the taboo's development from the 1950s to the 2010s, and indicates that (1) a moral aversion to using water as a weapon exists; (2) this aversion developed through cumulative mechanisms of taboo evolution over the past seventy years; and (3) the taboo influences states at both an instrumental level of compliance, and, in recent decades, a more internalized level. These findings offer new avenues for research and policy to better understand and uphold this taboo into the future.
Once More a Weasel
Authors: Farmer Matthew C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
At the premiere of Euripides’ Orestes in 408 BCE, the actor Hegelochos, playing the part of Orestes, made a small but destructive error in his performance: while attempting to deliver the line ‘after the storm I see once more a calm’, he said instead, ‘after the storm I see once more a weasel’. The comic poets Strattis, Sannyrion, and Aristophanes each present versions of this error in their plays; this paper contextualizes their treatment of Hegelochos within the portrayal of tragic actors in comedy generally, and argues that they portray Hegelochos’ mistake as an act of instantaneous tragic parody.
Dealing with the unexpected: the effect of environmental variability on behavioural flexibility in a Mediterranean lizard
Authors: De Meester Gilles , Sfendouraki-Basakarou Alkyoni , Pafilis Panayiotis , Van Damme Raoul 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Harsh and variable environments have been hypothesized to both drive and constrain the evolution towards higher cognitive abilities and behavioural flexibility. In this study, we compared the cognitive abilities of island and mainland Aegean wall lizards (Podarcis erhardii), which were expected to live in respectively a more variable and a more stable habitat. We used four proxies of behavioural flexibility: a neophobia assay, a problem-solving test and a spatial + reversal learning task. Surprisingly, the two populations did not differ in neophobia or problem-solving. Insular lizards, however, outperformed mainland conspecifics in an initial spatial learning task, but were less successful during the subsequent reversal learning. Our results thus seem to indicate that the effect of environmental variability on cognition is complex, as it may favour some, but not all aspects of behavioural flexibility.
Description of Leurocyclus tuberculosus (Decapoda, Brachyura) for northern Chilean Patagonian inner seas (41°S, Puerto Montt, Chile)
Authors: De los Ríos-Escalante Patricio , Ibáñez-Arancibia Eliana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The brachyuran crab, Leurocyclus tuberculosus (H. Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1842) is widely distributed along the Atlantic coast of South America, but there are no precise records about its occurrence on the Chilean Pacific coast. The present study is a description of four juvenile specimens of L. tuberculosus collected from an intertidal prairie of Gracilaria sp. in an inner sea in Chile (41°S, Puerto Montt). According to existing literature, the specimens would be juvenile individuals belonging to L. tuberculosus that, in accordance with the literature, was described as probably inhabiting the Chilean coasts without more details. The literature revealed that this species is widely distributed along the Atlantic coasts of South America, and can also, probably due to dynamic oceanographic processes, be present on the southern Pacific coast.