bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing of how and why the Terpios hoshinota sponge kills stony corals
Authors: Syue Siang-Tai , Hsu Chia-Hsuan , Soong Keryea 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn encrusting sponge, Terpios hoshinota, has the potential to infect all species of stony corals in shallow reefs and killing them. It caused a decline in coral coverage in two south-eastern islands of Taiwan. We proposed two hypotheses to examine how the sponges kill the corals, namely, light blocking and toxins, and tested by in-situ experiments. The results revealed that both light blocking, sponge toxins, and particularly the combination of both factors were effective at inducing tissue damage in stony corals over a short period. Second, to answer why the sponges killed the corals, we tested two hypotheses, namely, gaining nutrients versus gaining substrates for the sponge. By analyzing the stable isotopes 13C and 15N, as well as exploiting an enrichment experiment, it was possible to determine that only approximately 9.5% of the carbon and 16.9% of the nitrogen in the newly grown sponge tissues originated from the enriched corals underneath. The analysis also revealed that the control corals without isotope enrichment had higher δ13C and δ15N than the control sponges, which was an additional indication that T. hoshinota did not rely heavily on corals for nutrients. Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that the encrusting sponge did not kill corals for food or nutrients, but rather for the substrate.
Neurophysiological and behavioural effects of conventional and high definition tDCS
Authors: Masina Fabio , Arcara Giorgio , Galletti Eleonora , Cinque Isabella , Gamberini Luciano , Mapelli Daniela 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHigh-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) seems to overcome a drawback of traditional bipolar tDCS: the wide-spread diffusion of the electric field. Nevertheless, most of the differences that characterise the two techniques are based on mathematical simulations and not on real, behavioural and neurophysiological, data. The study aims to compare a widespread tDCS montage (i.e., a Conventional bipolar montage with extracephalic return electrode) and HD-tDCS, investigating differences both at a behavioural level, in terms of dexterity performance, and a neurophysiological level, as modifications of alpha and beta power as measured with EEG. Thirty participants took part in three sessions, one for each montage: Conventional tDCS, HD-tDCS, and sham. In all the conditions, the anode was placed over C4, while the cathode/s placed according to the montage. At baseline, during, and after each stimulation condition, dexterity was assessed with a Finger Tapping Task. In addition, resting-state EEG was recorded at baseline and after the stimulation. Power spectrum density was calculated, selecting two frequency bands: alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (18–22 Hz). Linear mixed effect models (LMMs) were used to analyse the modulation induced by tDCS. To evaluate differences among the montages and consider state-dependency phenomenon, the post-stimulation measurements were covariate-adjusted for baseline levels. We observed that HD-tDCS induced an alpha power reduction in participants with lower alpha at baseline. Conversely, Conventional tDCS induced a beta power reduction in participants with higher beta at baseline. Furthermore, data showed a trend towards a behavioural effect of HD-tDCS in participants with lower beta at baseline showing faster response times. Conventional and HD-tDCS distinctively modulated cortical activity. The study highlights the importance of considering state-dependency to determine the effects of tDCS on individuals.
The effect of high concentration of zoledronic acid on tooth induced movement and its repercussion on root, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone tissues in rats
Authors: de Sousa Fátima Regina Nunes , de Sousa Ferreira Vanessa Costa , da Silva Martins Conceição , Dantas Hugo Victor , de Sousa Frederico Barbosa , Girão-Carmona Virgínia Cláudia Carneiro , Goes Paula , de Castro Brito Gerly Anne , de Carvalho Leitão Renata Ferreira 
Published: April 2021

AbstractZoledronic acid (ZA) is often prescribed for osteoporosis or resorptive metabolic bone disease. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ZA on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and root and bone resorption and its repercussion on root, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone tissues. The experimental group consisted of 72 Wistar rats divided in four subgroups: Naive, Saline and Zoledronic Acid groups at the concentration of 0.2 mg/kg [ZA (0.2)] or 1.0 mg/kg [ZA (1.0)]. The animals were subjected to i.v (dorsal penile vein) administrations of ZA or saline solution, on days 0, 7, 14 and 42. Under anesthesia, NiTi springs were installed in the first left maxillary molar with 50gf allowing the OTM, except for the negative control group (N) for mesial movement of the left first maxillary teeth. The animals were sacrificed and maxillae were removed for macroscopic and histopathological analyzes, scanning electron microscopy, computerized microtomography and confocal microscopy. Treatment with ZA decreased the OTM and the number of osteoclasts and loss of alveolar bone when compared to the naive and saline groups. Reduction of radicular resorption, increased necrotic areas and reduced vascularization in the periodontal ligament were observed in the ZA groups. ZA interferes with OTM and presents anti-resorptive effects on bone and dental tissues associated with a decreased vascularization, without osteonecrosis.
Optimising resource allocation for virtual network functions in SDN/NFV‐enabled MEC networks
Authors: Kiran Nahida , Liu Xuanlin , Wang Sihua , Yin Changchuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNetwork function virtualisation (NFV), software defined networks (SDNs), and mobile edge computing (MEC) are emerging as core technologies to satisfy increasing number of users' demands in 5G and beyond wireless networks. SDN provides clean separation of the control plane from the data plane while NFV enables the flexible and on‐the‐fly creation and placement of virtual network functions (VNFs) and are able to be executed within the various locations of a distributed system. In this paper, VNF placement and resource allocation (VNFPRA) problem is considered which involves placing VNFs optimally in distributed NFV‐enabled MEC nodes and assigning MEC resources efficiently to these VNFs to satisfy users' requests in the network. Current solutions to this problem are slow and cannot handle real‐time requests. To this end, an SDN‐NFV infrastructure is proposed to tackle the VNFPRA problem in wireless MEC networks. Our aim is to minimise the overall placement and resource cost and also to minimise the total number of VNF migrations. A genetic based heuristic algorithm is proposed. The superior performance of the proposed solution is confirmed in comparison with four existing algorithms, i.e. resource utilisation‐single objective evolutionary algorithm (RU‐SOEA), genetic non‐bandwidth link allocation algorithm (GA‐NBA), random‐fit placement algorithm (RFPA), and first‐fit placement algorithm (FFPA). The results demonstrate that a coordinated placement of VNFs in SDN/NFV enabled MEC networks can satisfy the objective of overall reduced cost. Simulation results also reveal that the proposed scheme approximates well with the optimal solution returned by Gurobi and also achieves reduction on overall cost compared to other methods.
Flatness‐based control for steam‐turbine power generation units using a disturbance observer
Authors: Rigatos Gerasimos , Zervos Nikolaos , Siano Pierluigi , Wira Patrice , Abbaszadeh Masoud 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSteam‐turbine power plants still supply a significant part of the electric power consumed worldwide. The viability of steam turbine power units depends on their efficiency to a great extent and the control method applied to the them is of major importance for achieving their improved functioning. The authors propose flatness‐based control and non‐linear Kalman Filtering for power generation units comprising synchronous generators connected to steam turbines. It is shown that the dynamic model of this power system is a differentially flat one. This property signifies that all its state variables and its control inputs can be expressed as its differential functions of selected state variables, the latter standing for the flat outputs of the system. This allows for its transformation into a linear canonical form in which the design of a feedback controller and the solution of the state estimation problem becomes possible. Moreover, by introducing a Kalman Filter‐based disturbance observer it becomes possible to identify in real time the perturbation terms that affect the power system's model. Through the proposed flatness‐based controller, fast and accurate tracking of all reference setpoints is achieved by the state vector elements of the power unit. Moreover, through the proposed Kalman Filter‐based disturbances estimator, the control loop is given additional robustness against modelling errors and external perturbations.
CPC‐GSCT: Visual quality assessment for coloured point cloud based on geometric segmentation and colour transformation
Authors: Hua Lei , Yu Mei , He Zhouyan , Tu Renwei , Jiang Gangyi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractColoured point cloud (CPC) is one of the important representations of three‐dimensional objects, which has been used in many fields. CPC may encounter geometric and colour distortion during its compression, simplification or other processing. Thus, the objective visual quality assessment of CPC is one of the urgent issues to be resolved in the CPC's applications. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a new full‐reference visual quality assessment metric for CPC based on geometric segmentation and colour transformation (CPC‐GSCT), which analyzes geometric distortion and colour distortion of CPC. First, considering the visual masking effect of CPC's geometric information, CPC is segmented into different regions and distributed with different weights to describe the influence of visual masking effect in CPC quality assessment. At the same time, a geometric combination feature vector is defined and extracted for measuring the CPC's geometric distortion. Then, considering the colour perception of human eyes, a colour combination feature vector is extracted to measure the CPC's colour distortion in HSV colour space. Finally, all the extracted geometric and colour features are constituted as a feature vector to predict the quality of CPC. Experimental results on three databases (IRPC, SJTU‐PCQA and CPCD2.0) show that the proposed CPC‐GSCT metric can achieve better performance in predicting the visual quality of CPC than relevant existing methods.
Joint likelihood estimation and model order selection for outlier censoring
Authors: Karbasi Seyed Mohammad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study deals with the problem of outlier censoring from the secondary data in a radar scenario, where the number of outliers is unknown. To this end, a procedure consisting of joint likelihood estimation and statistical model order selection (MOS) is proposed. Since the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the outlier subset requires to solve a combinatorial problem, an approximate ML (AML) method is employed to reduce the complexity. Therefore, to determine the number of outliers, different MOS criteria based on likelihood function are applied. At the analysis stage, the performance of the proposed methods is assessed based on simulated data. The results highlight that the devised algorithms exhibit satisfactory performance with efficient complexity at the same time.
Infektionen bei hämatologisch-onkologischen Patienten auf der Intensivstation
Authors: Kochanek Matthias , Böll Boris , Shimabukuro-Vornhagen Alexander , Eichenauer Dennis 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungKrebspatienten haben ein hohes Risiko, eine Infektion zu entwickeln, die eine Behandlung auf einer Intensivstation notwendig macht. Dies ist insbesondere bei hämatologischen Erkrankungen der Fall, da das Immunsystem fast immer am Krankheitsgeschehen beteiligt ist. Das Bild der Infektion kann mitunter sehr bunt sein, ist abhängig sowohl von der Primärerkrankung als auch der Krebstherapie und kann bis hin zum Vollbild einer Sepsis reichen.
Dead clades walking are a pervasive macroevolutionary pattern
Authors: Barnes B. Davis , Sclafani Judith A. , Zaffos Andrew 
Published: April 2021

Significance“Dead clade walking” refers to fossil groups that suffer major drops in their biodiversity at a mass extinction but do not completely disappear from the fossil record. Why these groups were able to survive but not rediversify remains a relative mystery. Controls on the timing of their eventual extinction are additionally unclear. By gauging the frequency and cause of dead clades walking, we may be able to better understand how mass extinction events have shaped the evolution of animal lineages over Earth history.
Genomic stability through time despite decades of exploitation in cod on both sides of the Atlantic
Authors: Pinsky Malin L. , Eikeset Anne Maria , Helmerson Cecilia , Bradbury Ian R. , Bentzen Paul , Morris Corey , Gondek-Wyrozemska Agata T. , Baalsrud Helle Tessand , Brieuc Marine Servane Ono , Kjesbu Olav Sigurd , Godiksen Jane A. , Barth Julia M. I. , Matschiner Michael , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Jakobsen Kjetill S. , Jentoft Sissel , Star Bastiaan 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceBoth theory and experiments suggest that fishing can drive the evolution of an earlier maturation age. However, determining whether changes in the wild are the result of fisheries-induced evolution has been difficult. Temporal, genome-wide datasets can directly reveal responses to selection. Here, we investigate the genomes of two wild Atlantic cod populations from samples that pre- and postdate periods of intensive fishing. Although phenotypic changes suggest fisheries-induced evolution, we do not find evidence for any strong genomic change or loss of genetic diversity. While evolution could have occurred through undetectable frequency changes at many loci, the irreversible loss of late-maturing genotypes appears unlikely. Instead, we suggest that recovery of former phenotypes is possible with reduced fishing pressure.
Vulpia myuros (annual fescue).
Authors: Weber Ewald 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Vulpia myuros is an annual grass, native to much of Europe and parts of Asia, introduced to the USA, Australia and a number of other countries, and reported as invasive in Australia, the western USA and parts of the Pacific. It out competes native species in grasslands of the western US and is a significant agricultural weed. It forms dense swards and its shallow roots suppress growth of native grasses and forbs. Establishment of native plants is strongly hindered once it has become dominant; because it is a winter-annual, it grows rapidly in early spring, thus successfully competing with the slower-growing native perennial grasses. It is a problem weed in pastures and in direct-seed cropping systems. Infested hay can cause injury to livestock due to the sharp seeds. Seeds easily attach to animals and cause losses in the wool industry. Residues of degrading Vulpia plants affect growth of other species including crops.
Ceratitis rosa (Natal fruit fly).
Authors: De Meyer Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

C. rosa is a polyphagous African species. Its known distribution is mainly southern and eastern Africa. It is considered to be a major pest of a number of commercial fruits, including fruits that are grown in subtropical or more temperate environments (but see remark under host plants). It has similar environmental requirements to Ceratitis capitata except that it can withstand less dry conditions. It should be considered as a potential invasive species in other parts of Africa, outside its current range, and in other parts of the world (Tanga et al., 2018). The most likely pathway of dispersal and introduction is as larvae in infested fruits with commercial shipments or in the luggage of travellers. C. rosa is of quarantine significance for EPPO, JUNAC and OIRSA.
Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer).
Authors: Maes Koen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This is one of the most important pests of rice in East Asia, India and Indonesia. In East Asia, C. suppressalis occurs together with Chilo hyrax and Chilo christophi. This pest was probably introduced in Spain and Hawaii by humans (Bleszynski, 1970). It is now also present in the Northern Territory of Australia. The species tolerates low to very low temperatures and is therefore present in temperate and subtropical Asia. This low temperature tolerance enables it to adapt to other regions. The fact that C. suppressalis has become established in France, Spain and Portugal indicates the potential for long-distance movements and there would seem to be a real danger that it could be introduced into Africa, or other ecologically favourable areas.
Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Few other species can match the ability of A. auriculiformis to grow on harsh sites in the tropics. Its rapid early growth rate, ability to fix nitrogen, tolerance of infertile, acid, alkaline, saline or seasonally waterlogged soils and moderate dry seasons make it a useful species for the rehabilitation of degraded lands. It has been widely planted for fuelwood production, erosion control, ornament or shade mainly in Asia, but also in Africa and South America. The stem form can be improved significantly by selection and breeding, providing outstanding prospects for industrial plantations to produce paper pulp and other timber products.
Pterocarpus macrocarpus (Burma padauk).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

P. macrocarpus is a medium to large (usually up to 25 m tall, but sometimes up to 35 m tall) tree native to Myanmar, northern Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. It is a light-demanding, frost sensitive species, and natural regeneration is generally best in dry, open forest, and in disturbed areas. In its native range it grows best on sandy loams (Hundley, 1957). In Puerto Rico, it has grown well on soils ranging from sandy loams to well-drained clays (Francis, 1989). A volume table is available for a trial plantation in Laos; trees had attained an average height of 14.5 m after 13 years (Hjelm, 1995). Although small trees coppice well, coppicing ability declines with size.
Signature of universal fast scrambling in the transient response of a driven mott insulator system
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Tripathi Vikram 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The scrambling rate λ
s, a measure of the early growth of decoherence in an interacting quantum system, has been conjectured to have a universal saturation bound, λ
s ⩽ 2πk
B
T/ℏ, where T is the temperature. This decoherence arises from the spread of quantum information over a large number of untracked degrees of freedom. The commonly studied indicator of scrambling is the out of time-ordered correlator (OTOC) of noncommuting quantum operators, in-turn related to generalized uncertainty relations, and reminiscent of the Lyapunov exponent of classically chaotic systems. From a practical measurement point of view, other quantities besides OTOCs, that are also sensitive to these generalized uncertainty relations, may capture the scrambling behavior. Here, using a large-

N

Keldysh field theory approach, we show that the nonequilibrium current response of a Mott insulator system consisting of a mesoscopic quantum dot array, when subjected to an electric field quench, reveals this phenomenon on account of number-phase uncertainty. Both ac and dc field quenches are considered. The passage from the initial Mott insulator phase with well-defined charge excitations, to the final nonequilibrium steady current state, is revealed in the transient current response that has Bloch-like oscillations. We find that the amplitude of these oscillations decreases at the universal rate, 2πk
B
T/ℏ, associated with fast scramblers. Our Mott insulator model provides a new example of a fast scrambler in addition to the known ones such as extremal black holes and the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) model.
Magnetic ordering in the Ising antiferromagnetic pyrochlore Nd2ScNbO7
Authors: Mauws C , Hiebert N , Rutherford M L , Zhou H D , Huang Q , Stone M B , Butch N P , Su Y , Choi E S , Yamani Z , Wiebe C R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The question of structural disorder and its effects on magnetism is relevant to a number of spin liquid candidate materials. Although commonly thought of as a route to spin glass behaviour, here we describe a system in which the structural disorder results in long-range antiferromagnetic order due to local symmetry breaking. Nd2ScNbO7 is shown to have a dispersionless gapped excitation observed in other neodymium pyrochlores below T
N = 0.37 K through polarized and inelastic neutron scattering. However the dispersing spin waves are not observed. This excited mode is shown to occur in only 14(2)% of the neodymium ions through spectroscopy and is consistent with total scattering measurements as well as the magnitude of the dynamic moment 0.26(2) μ

B
. The remaining magnetic species order completely into the all-in all-out Ising antiferromagnetic structure. This can be seen as a result of local symmetry breaking due disordered Sc+3 and Nb+5 ions about the A-site. From this work, it has been established that B-site disorder restores the dipole-like behaviour of the Nd+3 ions compared to the Nd2B2O7 parent series.
A sliding window method to identify defects in 3D printing lattice structure based on the difference principle
Authors: Wen Yintang , Fu Kai , Li Yongbao , Zhang Yuyan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Structural defects are inevitably produced by residual stress in the 3D printing process, which reduce the structural-functional properties. For a typical 3D printing lattice structure, a new sliding window approach to intelligently identify defects, based on the difference principle, in the inspection process was proposed. Industrial computed tomography (CT) was used for image information acquisition. The grayscale standard deviation in the local range of the CT slice is calculated to characterize the grayscale variation of the defect location. On this basis, a sliding window method is proposed for traversing CT slices. Three different sizes of window and the corresponding calculation methods were established, and then the appropriate window was selected through comparison. After differential processing is performed on the traversed image to extract the defect feature, automatic defect recognition rules are created. The experimental results show that the recognition rate of the proposed method is 98.5% for typical internal defects of metal 3D lattice structures and the validity of the method is verified. Compared with a manual marking method, this method can effectively improve the efficiency of defect detection.