bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal‐Free Synthesis of Alkyl Phenyl Selenides by Reaction of Activated Alcohols with the O‐(tert‐Butyl) Se‐Phenyl Selenocarbonate/HI System
Authors: Temperini Andrea , Ballarotto Marco , Siciliano Carlo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe reaction of activated alcohols with the O‐(tert‐butyl) Se‐phenyl selenocarbonate/hydroiodic acid system to give the corresponding alkyl phenyl selenides is described. The direct conversion of the hydroxyl group into a phenylselenenyl group is also extended to allyl‐ and tertiary alkyl alcohols. This work provides a safe, metal‐free, and operationally simple process for the preparation of alkyl phenyl selenides from benzylic alcohols.
Retracted: Artifactual Palindrome and Mutations Resulting from the Stable Secondary Structure of Templates in Sanger Sequencing
Authors: Liu Zhaocheng , Zheng Minxue , Liu Zhaobang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDue to its advantages of high precision and low cost, automated Sanger sequencing technology remains useful for many applications despite the emergence of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. Few studies revealed the sequence errors in sanger sequencing because the instrumentation and chemistry currently used for Sanger sequencing is highly reliable and reproducible. Unexpectedly, in our study, the sequencing artifacts were identified in sequencing the PCR product of rAAV‐ITR (recombination Adeno‐Associated Virus‐inverted terminal repeat) which formed highly stable T‐shaped hairpin and played critical role in virus production. The artifactual sequences were characterized by the 3’ end palindromic sequence and nucleotide substitutions. We confirmed that the presence of stable hairpin in template results in sequencing artifacts by employing disruptor to eliminate the structure, sequencing the PCR product and the synthezized strands containing stable or weak hairpin respectively for comparation. Furthermore, we proposed that endonuclease activity of Taq polymerase cleaves the templates containing stable structure to generate annealed 3’end which acts as primer to synthesize the artifactual palindrome.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Coupling of Amidines and 1,2,3‐Triiodobenzenes: Facile Synthesis of 2,3‐Diiodinated N‐Arylbenzimidamides as Potential MDM2 and MDM4 Inhibitors
Authors: Al‐Zoubi Raed M. , Al‐Jammal Walid K. , Al‐Zoubi Mazhar S. , Ferguson Michael J. , Zarour Ahmad , Yassin Aksam , Al‐Ansari Abdulla 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA facile and unprecedented synthesis of 2,3‐diiodinated N‐arylbenzimidamide derivatives through highly regioselective Buchwald‐Hartwig coupling of 5‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triiodobenzene and amidine is described. Remarkably, the amination reactions are proceeded exclusively at the terminal positions, the less sterically hindered, and the most regioactive positions. The highest yields were isolated from a combination between electron‐poor 1,2,3‐triiodoarenes and electron‐poor benzimidamides. The optimized conditions were found to be suitable for many functional groups. This report discloses the first method to make 2,3‐diiodinated N‐arylbenzimidamides that is efficient, general in scope, highly regioselective, and truly remarkable precursors for other transformations
Security risks in cyber physical systems—A systematic mapping study
Authors: Zahid Maryam , Inayat Irum , Daneva Maya , Mehmood Zahid 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe increased need for constant connectivity and complete automation of existing systems fuels the popularity of Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) worldwide. Increasingly more, these systems are subjected to cyber attacks. In recent years, many major cyber‐attack incidents on CPS have been recorded and, in turn, have been raising concerns in their users' minds. Unlike in traditional IT systems, the complex architecture of CPS consisting of embedded systems integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) requires rather extensive planning, implementation, and monitoring of security requirements. One crucial step to planning, implementing, and monitoring of these requirements in CPS is the integration of the risk management process in the CPS development life cycle. Existing studies do not clearly portray the extent of damage that the unattended security issues in CPS can cause or have caused, in the incidents recorded. An overview of the possible risk management techniques that could be integrated into the development and maintenance of CPS contributing to improving its security level in its actual environment is missing. In this paper, we are set out to highlight the security requirements and issues specific to CPS that are discussed in scientific literature and to identify the state‐of‐the‐art risk management processes adopted to identify, monitor, and control those security issues in CPS. For that, we conducted a systematic mapping study on the data collected from 312 papers published between 2000 and 2020, focused on the security requirements, challenges, and the risk management processes of CPS. Our work aims to form an overview of the security requirements and risks in CPS today and of those published contributions that have been made until now, towards improving the reliability of CPS. The results of this mapping study reveal (i) integrity authentication and confidentiality as the most targeted security attributes in CPS, (ii) model‐based techniques as the most used risk identification and assessment and management techniques in CPS, (iii) cyber‐security as the most common security risk in CPS, (iv) the notion of “mitigation measures” based on the type of system and the underline internationally recognized standard being the most used risk mitigation technique in CPS, (v) smart grids being the most targeted systems by cyber‐attacks and thus being the most explored domain in CPS literature, and (vi) one of the major limitations, according to the selected literature, concerns the use of the fault trees for fault representation, where there is a possibility of runtime system faults not being accounted for. Finally, the mapping study draws implications for practitioners and researchers based on the findings.
Human microservices: A framework for turning humans into service providers
Authors: Laso Sergio , Berrocal Javier , García‐Alonso José , Canal Carlos , Manuel Murillo Juan 
Published: April 2021

SummaryDuring the last decade, the mobile application market has grown steadily thanks to the massive use of smartphones and the emergence of cloud computing for offloading computation tasks and improving the quality of experience. With the more recent deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, this cloud‐based architectural design and the corresponding communication flow has been maintained. Nevertheless, the increasing amount of information exchanged, the stringent requirements of many IoT applications, and the need for these applications to adapt their behavior in real time to the user's context set these architectural assumptions a challenge. Paradigms such as mobile, mist, and edge computing have recently been proposed to exploit the computational and storage capabilities of current smartphones and IoT devices in order to onload some tasks onto them, reducing the overhead on both the cloud and the network. Currently, the application of these paradigms requires much attention from skilled developers to create ad hoc systems, as there lack standards and tools facilitating their use. This communication introduces Human Microservices as a framework facilitating the deployment of APIs on companion devices in order to provide personal and updated information that can be consumed by other entities. The framework improves the integration of humans in the IoT loop and facilitates the deployment of computation units in devices closer to end users, enhancing system response time by reducing the stress on cloud and network infrastructure. The proposed framework is based on existing standards in order to improve software quality and shorten the learning curve.
Western Tethys origin, tropical Asia and tropical America disjunction in Berchemia and reinstatement of Phyllogeiton (Rhamneae, Rhamnaceae)
Authors: Huang Xianhan , Deng Tao , Chen Shaotian , Landis Jacob B. , Lin Nan , Yang Yi , Hu Guangwan , Zhou Zhuo , Wang Yuehua , Wang Hengchang , Tojibaev Komiljon Sh. , Sun Hang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite the well‐known biogeographic pattern in the Northern Hemisphere of disjunct distributions in plants between eastern Asia and North America, many details regarding the evolution of the disjunction between lineages of tropical Asia and tropical America remain poorly understood. Berchemia (Rhamnaceae), comprising ca. 32 species, is distributed predominantly in tropical regions of east to southeast Asia and North America. However, the phylogeny and biogeography of this genus are still not clear. Furthermore, fossils of the genus have been found in Europe, making it an ideal group to understand the biogeographical story of tropical disjunction in the Northern Hemisphere. With two nuclear (ETS, ITS) and three plastid (petA‐psbJ, psbA‐trnH, trnL‐F) DNA regions, we first reconstructed the phylogeny of Berchemia with Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. Our results indicated that Berchemia, excluding the African species B. discolor and B. zeyheri, which were placed into the reinstated Phyllogeiton, was well‐supported as monophyletic. Divergence times and ancestral areas were inferred using a Bayesian uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock model and Bayesian binary MCMC method, respectively. The core Berchemia likely originated in the Western Tethys during the middle Eocene, then formed the tropical Asia and tropical America disjunction during the Oligocene and further diversified in Asia from the early Miocene on. The formation and diversification of the core Berchemia likely resulted from a mixture of geologic events, such as the close of the Tethys Ocean, disappearance of the North Atlantic Land Bridges, uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, and climatic events, such as the establishment and enhancement of Asian monsoons.
2D‐Coordination Polymers Constituted from Indium Halides and Dipyridyl N‐Donor Ligands
Authors: Schäfer Thomas C. , Becker Jonathan , Sedykh Alexander E. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFour indium‐based, 2D coordination polymers (CP) were synthesized utilizing InCl3 and InI3 and the bidentate ligands 4,4’‐bipyridine (bipy), 1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) and 1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethane (bpa). The isoreticular networks
[In2Cl6(bipy)] (1) and
[In2Cl6(bpe)] (2) are constituted by chloride‐ and ligand‐bridged octahedra with a honeycomb like (6,3)‐net topology (hcb topology). In contrast,
[(In4Cl12)(bpa)3] (3) consists of {In4Cl12N6} units, with each indium atom being coordinated by chloride anions and bpa ligands in an octahedral fashion. Bpa ligands connect indium atoms in two dimensions, forming a semi‐regular uninodal 3‐c net with the point symbol (4,82), as present in the fes topology. In
[(InI3)2(bpa)3] (4), indium is coordinated by three iodide and three bpa ligands in a meridional fashion. In contrast to
[In2Cl6(bipy)] (1) and
[In2Cl6(bpe)] (2), the indium‐centered octahedra are linked by the bidentate linker only, but also a honeycomb‐like, zigzag‐shaped (6,3)‐net with a hcb topology is formed. The CPs were investigated by SCXRD, PXRD, IR‐spectroscopy, and with DTA/TG regarding their thermal properties.
The Life Course Construction of Inequalities in Health and Wealth in Old Age
Authors: Oris Michel , Baeriswyl Marie , Ihle Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this contribution, we will mobilize the interdisciplinary life course paradigm to consider the processes through which individual heterogeneity in health and wealth is constructed all along life, from the cradle to old age. Considering altogether historical, family and individual times, the life course perspective has been developed in sociology, (lifespan) psychology and epidemiology, and has framed many important studies during the last four decades. The theory of cumulative disadvantage is for sure the most popular in social sciences, explaining how little inter-individual differences early in life expand all along life to reach maximal amplitude among the “young old” (before the selection by differential mortality at very old age). In lifespan psychology, the theory of cognitive reserve (educational level being a proxy) and its continuation, the theory of use or disuse (of cognition during adult life) have more or less the same explanatory power, cognition being a decisive precondition for active ageing and quality of life in old age. However, in spite of the success of those theoretical bodies, a prominent figure in the field, Glen Elder, recently observed that there is surprisingly little evidence for cumulative processes and that a wide variety of model specifications remain completely untested. This finding makes even more important a critical review of the literature which summarize several robust evidences, but also discuss contradictory results and suggest promising research tracks. This exercise considers the life course construction of inequalities in the distribution of objective resources older adults have (or not) “to live the life they own value” (to quote A. Sen 2001). But it is also crucial to consider the subjective component that is inherent to the understanding of well-being.
Shoulder: Instability
Authors: Tuite Michael J. , Pfirrmann Christian W. A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGlenohumeral instability is the inability to keep the humeral head centered in the glenoid fossa. Glenohumeral instability can be classified according to etiology and direction of instability. The glenoid labrum, the glenohumeral ligaments, and the bony structures contribute to the stability glenohumeral joint and need to be addressed with imaging. One of the difficulties with accurately diagnosing labral tears on MR imaging is the normal labral variants, which can sometimes appear similar to tears. The location and extent of a Hill-Sachs lesion and glenoid rim defects need to be related to recognize engaging Hill-Sachs lesions or off-track situations. There are several types of labral tears that are not associated with a prior dislocation. SLAP tears are one of the more common tears of the labrum and can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from a normal variant superior sublabral recess. Labral tears in overhead thrower occur in the posterosuperior labrum, adjacent to the posterior rotator cuff tears in these athletes. Tears in the posterosuperior labrum are also associated with spinoglenoid notch paralabral cysts, which can be painful and cause external rotation weakness.
Adult Tumors of Soft Tissue, Bone, and Bone Marrow: What the Clinician Wants to Know
Authors: Garner Hillary W. , Murphey Mark D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe perceived value of the radiologist to the healthcare team hinges on the accuracy of image interpretation and the quality, clarity, and consistency of the associated report. A thorough understanding of what clinicians want to know from imaging of soft tissue, bone, and bone marrow tumors allows the radiologist to better analyze and communicate the relevant findings using a common multidisciplinary language. Inclusion in the report of a detailed patient history relative to the tumor is also important in that it indicates to the clinician and the patient a clear engagement in the patient’s care and an insight into the desired imaging objectives. With these tenets in mind, this review highlights what clinicians want to know from imaging for soft tissue, bone, and bone marrow tumors.
Spine Trauma
Authors: Chang Connie Y. , Pathria Mini N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpine trauma is a common indication for diagnostic imaging, and there has been a gradual shift to using cross-sectional imaging techniques for screening and evaluating the injured spine, particularly in elderly patients where radiography can be challenging. The classification of spinal injuries has evolved in the past decades to rely on a combination of fracture morphology as defined by diagnostic imaging in conjunction with the clinical presentation to stratify patients to determine optimal management. Radiologists need to be familiar with these classification systems, which rely heavily on imaging findings using CT and MRI, to accurately describe spinal injury.
Sports-Related Injuries of the Pediatric Musculoskeleton
Authors: Ecklund Kirsten 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWorldwide, more than 50 million children and adolescents participate in organized athletic programs annually. Despite the numerous health and well-being benefits, this widespread involvement also leads to acute and overuse injuries that account for millions of medical visits each year. Musculoskeletal injury in childhood may lead to growth disturbance and lifelong disability. Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of these injuries. While radiography is sufficient for most long bone fractures, MRI is often necessary for optimal evaluation of injuries involving the radiolucent growth mechanism and articular structures. The following review will discuss the imaging features associated with many sports-related injuries unique to the pediatric musculoskeleton, specifically the lower extremity.
Non-traumatic Musculoskeletal Diseases in Children
Authors: Nievelstein Rutger A. J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe pediatric musculoskeletal system differs from the adult musculoskeletal system in many ways, including anatomical, physiological, and psychological differences. These differences will result in differences in clinical and radiological presentation. In this chapter the specific knowledge essential for radiologists who deal with musculoskeletal diseases in children will be discussed with a focus on: (a) hip pathologies, (b) infectious and inflammatory diseases, and (c) bone and soft tissue tumors.
Elbow Imaging with an Emphasis on MRI
Authors: Anderson Mark W. , Chung Christine B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe elbow is a complex joint made up of three separate articulations within a common capsule. The proximal ulna articulates with the trochlea and functions as a hinge joint, while the proximal radioulnar joint provides for rotational movement of the forearm. The radiocapitellar joint allows for both hinge and rotational movements. Together, these allow for flexion and extension of the arm and, in conjunction with the distal radioulnar joint at the wrist, pronation and supination as well.
Imaging of the Hip
Authors: Sutter Reto , Blankenbaker Donna G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractImaging evaluation of the hip joint requires expert knowledge about the detailed anatomy and specific injuries. This chapter will include various osseous pathologies that can affect the hip joint such as stress fractures, osteonecrosis, or subchondral insufficiency fractures. Several types of mechanical impingement between the osseous components of the hip joint will be discussed such as femoroacetabular impingement, abnormal antetorsion, and subspine impingement. Detailed evaluation of damage to the labrum, articular cartilage, and other intra-articular structures is described.
Pelvis and Groin
Authors: Boutin Robert D. , Robinson Philip 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe groin and pelvis represent a large anatomical region with disorders affecting a diverse array of osteoarticular, musculotendinous, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary structures. Although it can be difficult to pinpoint a pain generator clinically, patients often present with non-specific orthopedic complaints at the anterior, lateral, inferior, or posterior aspect of the pelvis. The purpose of this practical review is to highlight the most important anatomy, injury patterns, and diagnostic imaging findings at each of these four sites.
Postoperative Knee and Shoulder
Authors: Kassarjian Ara , Rubin David A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractArthroscopic surgery in the knee most commonly addresses ligament, meniscal, or articular cartilage abnormalities. Similarly, arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder most commonly addresses tendon and labral abnormalities. The expected postoperative MRI findings depend on both the procedure performed and the time since surgery. Identifying complications and failed procedures relies on both clinical and imaging evaluations.
Einfluss von Achsdeformitäten und deren Korrektur auf die Arthroseentstehung und -progression
Authors: Imhoff Florian B. , Fucentese Sandro F. , Harrer Jörg , Tischer Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Beachtung der Beinachse und die Möglichkeiten zur deren Korrektur stellen beim jungen Patienten mit Arthrose ein Grundpfeiler der Therapie dar. Die Kombination einer Gelenksverletzung und einer Achsdeviation führt unweigerlich, je nach Ausmaß und Komorbiditäten, schon nach wenigen Jahren zur fortschreitenden Gonarthrose. Neben der genauen Deformitätenanalyse zur Osteotomieplanung, gilt es, Normbereiche der entsprechenden Winkel zu kennen und eine Zielgröße zur Achskorrektur festzulegen. Aus dem Repertoire der verschiedenen kniegelenksnahen Osteotomien sind dann die Nebeneffekte in Bezug auf patellofemorales Maltracking, ligamentäres Balancing und die Beinlänge abzuschätzen. Gerade im Hinblick auf mögliche (und wahrscheinliche) Folgeoperationen beim jungen Patienten müssen neue knöcherne Deformitäten oder ligamentäre Insuffizienzen, welche potenziell bei Überkorrektur entstehen, unbedingt vermieden werden.
Artificial neural network for modeling and investigating the effects of forming tool characteristics on the accuracy and formability of thin aluminum alloy blanks when using SPIF
Authors: Najm Sherwan Mohammed , Paniti Imre 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIncremental Sheet Forming (ISF) has attracted attention due to its flexibility as far as its forming process and complexity in the deformation mode are concerned. Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) is one of the major types of ISF, which also constitutes the simplest type of ISF. If sufficient quality and accuracy without defects are desired, for the production of an ISF component, optimal parameters of the ISF process should be selected. In order to do that, an initial prediction of formability and geometric accuracy helps researchers select proper parameters when forming components using SPIF. In this process, selected parameters are tool materials and shapes. As evidenced by earlier studies, multiple forming tests with different process parameters have been conducted to experimentally explore such parameters when using SPIF. With regard to the range of these parameters, in the scope of this study, the influence of tool material, tool shape, tool-end corner radius, and tool surface roughness (Ra/Rz) were investigated experimentally on SPIF components: the studied factors include the formability and geometric accuracy of formed parts. In order to produce a well-established study, an appropriate modeling tool was needed. To this end, with the help of adopting the data collected from 108 components formed with the help of SPIF, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to explore and determine proper materials and the geometry of forming tools: thus, ANN was applied to predict the formability and geometric accuracy as output. Process parameters were used as input data for the created ANN relying on actual values obtained from experimental components. In addition, an analytical equation was generated for each output based on the extracted weight and bias of the best network prediction. Compared to the experimental approach, analytical equations enable the researcher to estimate parameter values within a relatively short time and in a practicable way. Also, an estimate of Relative Importance (RI) of SPIF parameters (generated with the help of the partitioning weight method) concerning the expected output is also presented in the study. One of the key findings is that tool characteristics play an essential role in all predictions and fundamentally impact the final products.