bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Simplified Physics-Based Building Energy Model for the Purpose of Automatic Fault Detection
Authors: Fernandez Christopher , Jeter Sheldon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Buildings are complex systems with dynamic loading and ever-changing usage. Additionally, there is a need to reduce unnecessary energy consumption while increasing occupant health in buildings via implementation of manual fault detection with available building design programs. However, a common problem with the current lineup of programs is that they require extensive inputs for material properties and usage loads; this results in spending extensive amounts of time performing model calibration and having to adjust multiple values (sometimes hundreds) to bring a model in alignment with actual building use. However, a simplified physics-based model (SPBM) can achieve a level of modeling accuracy sufficient for automatic fault detection with as few as ten automatically calibrated unknown parameters. Obviously, other simplified building energy models exist; however, these often rely on ignoring important details, such as humidity, CO2, and per-hour performance, or implement averaged numerical estimations. Due to the limitations of current modeling programs, some development has begun on rule-based and component-based fault detection by several companies and researchers. While component-based fault detection is effective, it relies on accurate sensor readings and does not account for actual building performance. A suitable rigorous physics-based model has not been developed for the purpose of fault detection. Therefore, by comparing the accuracy of an automatically calibrated SPBM with real-world building performance and high-fidelity building energy models will provide baseline knowledge about if such a model can even achieve a high enough level of fidelity to reliably represent the complexity of a building.
Experimental Investigation of Lab-Scale, Heat Exchanger Prototypes Designed to Provide Refugia for Trout
Authors: Rony Rajib Uddin , Gladen Adam , LaVallie Sarah , Kientz Jeremy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In recent years Spring Creek in South Dakota, a popular fishing location, has been experiencing higher surface water temperatures, which negatively impact cold-water trout species. One potential solution is to provide localized refugia of colder water produced via active cooling. The present work focuses on the design and testing of a small-scale prototype heat exchanger, for such a cooling system. Various prototypes of the heat exchanger were tested in a 1/10th-scaled model of a section of the creek. A staggered, tube-bundle heat exchanger was used. The prototypes consisted of just the heat exchanger placed directly in the scaled-stream model and of the heat exchanger placed inside an enclosure with an aperture. The results show that, without the enclosure, the average temperature difference is 0.64 °C, with a corresponding heat transfer requirement of 1.63 kW/°C of cooling. However, with an enclosure, the average temperature difference is 1.95 °C, which required 0.59 kW/°C of cooling. Modifications to the enclosure decrease the average temperature difference but also decrease the standard deviation of the temperature difference. Thus, the cooling effect is more evenly spread throughout the water in the enclosure. This indicates that the enclosure design can be used to balance the requirements of obtaining a desired temperature difference with a relatively low spatial variation in that temperature difference. These results will be used to guide the design of the large-scale heat exchanger prototype.
Physical activity and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 related mortality in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Lee Seung Won , Lee Jinhee , Moon Sung Yong , Jin Hyun Young , Yang Jee Myung , Ogino Shuji , Song Mingyang , Hong Sung Hwi , Abou Ghayda Ramy , Kronbichler Andreas , Koyanagi Ai , Jacob Louis , Dragioti Elena , Smith Lee , Giovannucci Edward , Lee I-Min , Lee Dong Hoon , Lee Keum Hwa , Shin Youn Ho , Kim So Young , Kim Min Seo , Won Hong-Hee , Ekelund Ulf , Shin Jae Il , Yon Dong Keon 
Published: July 2021

PurposeTo determine the potential associations between physical activity and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe illness from COVID-19 and COVID-19 related death using a nationwide cohort from South Korea.MethodsData regarding 212 768 Korean adults (age ≥20 years), who tested for SARS-CoV-2, from 1 January 2020 to 30 May 2020, were obtained from the National Health Insurance Service of South Korea and further linked with the national general health examination from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019 to assess physical activity levels. SARS-CoV-2 positivity, severe COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 related death were the main outcomes. The observation period was between 1 January 2020 and 31 July 2020.ResultsOut of 76 395 participants who completed the general health examination and were tested for SARS-CoV-2, 2295 (3.0%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2, 446 (0.58%) had severe illness from COVID-19 and 45 (0.059%) died from COVID-19. Adults who engaged in both aerobic and muscle strengthening activities according to the 2018 physical activity guidelines had a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (2.6% vs 3.1%; adjusted relative risk (aRR), 0.85; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.96), severe COVID-19 illness (0.35% vs 0.66%; aRR 0.42; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.91) and COVID-19 related death (0.02% vs 0.08%; aRR 0.24; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.99) than those who engaged in insufficient aerobic and muscle strengthening activities. Furthermore, the recommended range of metabolic equivalent task (MET; 500–1000 MET min/week) was associated with the maximum beneficial effect size for reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aRR 0.78; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.92), severe COVID-19 illness (aRR 0.62; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.90) and COVID-19 related death (aRR 0.17; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.98). Similar patterns of association were observed in different sensitivity analyses.ConclusionAdults who engaged in the recommended levels of physical activity were associated with a decreased likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 related death. Our findings suggest that engaging in physical activity has substantial public health value and demonstrates potential benefits to combat COVID-19.
Physical sleeping environment is related to insomnia risk and measures of readiness in US army special operations soldiers
Authors: Mantua Janna , Ritland B M , Naylor J A , Simonelli G , Mickelson C A , Choynowski J J , Bessey A F , Sowden W J , Burke T M , McKeon A B 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundUS military service members have characteristically poor sleep, even when ‘in garrison’ or at one’s home base. The physical sleeping environment, which is often poor in military-provided housing or barracks, may contribute to poor sleep quality in soldiers. The current study aimed to assess whether the sleeping environment in garrison is related to sleep quality, insomnia risk and military readiness.MethodsSeventy-four US army special operations soldiers participated in a cross-sectional study. Soldiers were queried on their sleeping surface comfort and the frequency of being awakened at night by excess light, abnormal temperatures and noise. Subjective sleep quality and insomnia symptoms were also queried, via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index, respectively. Lastly, measures of soldier readiness, including morale, motivation, fatigue, mood and bodily pain, were assessed.ResultsSoldiers reporting temperature-related and light-related awakenings had poorer sleep quality higher fatigue and higher bodily pain than soldiers without those disturbances. Lower ratings of sleeping surface comfort were associated with poorer sleep quality and lower motivation, lower morale, higher fatigue and higher bodily pain. Each 1-point increase in sleeping surface comfort decreased the risk for a positive insomnia screen by 38.3%, and the presence of temperature-related awakenings increased risk for a positive insomnia screen by 78.4%. Those living on base had a poorer sleeping environment than those living off base.ConclusionOptimising the sleep environment—particularly in on-base, military-provided housing—may improve soldier sleep quality, and readiness metrics. Providers treating insomnia in soldiers should rule out environment-related sleep disturbances prior to beginning more resource-intensive treatment.
Protocol for the development of Core Outcome Sets for Early intervention trials to Prevent Obesity in CHildren (COS-EPOCH)
Authors: Brown Vicki , Moodie Marj , Tran Huong Ngoc Quynh , Sultana Marufa , Hunter Kylie Elizabeth , Byrne Rebecca , Zarnowiecki Dorota , Seidler Anna Lene , Golley Rebecca , Taylor Rachael , Hesketh Kylie D , Matvienko-Sikar Karen 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionChildhood overweight and obesity is prevalent in the first 5 years of life, and can result in significant health and economic consequences over the lifetime. The outcomes currently measured and reported in randomised controlled trials of early childhood obesity prevention interventions to reduce this burden of obesity are heterogeneous, and measured in a variety of ways. This variability limits the comparability of findings between studies, and contributes to research waste. This protocol presents the methodology for the development of two core outcome sets (COS) for obesity prevention interventions in children aged from 1 to 5 years from a singular development process: (1) a COS for interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour and (2) a COS for interventions targeting child feeding and dietary intake. Core outcomes related to physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children aged ≤1 year will also be identified to complement an existing COS for early feeding interventions, and provide a broader set of core outcomes in this age range. This will result in a suite of COS useful for measuring and reporting outcomes in early childhood obesity prevention studies, including multicomponent interventions.Methods and analysisDevelopment of the COS will follow international best practice guidelines. A scoping review of trial registries will identify commonly reported outcomes and associated measurement instruments. Key stakeholders involved in obesity prevention, including policy-makers/funders, parents, researchers, health practitioners and community and organisational stakeholders will participate in an e-Delphi study and consensus meeting regarding inclusion of outcomes in the COS. Finally, recommended outcome measure instruments will be identified through literature review and group consensus.Ethics and disseminationDeakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HEAG-H 231_2020). The COS will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and engagement with key stakeholders.
Impact of removing prescription charges on health outcomes: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cousins Kimberly , Norris Pauline , Horsburgh Simon , Smith Alesha , Keown Shirley , Samaranayaka Ariyapala , Marra Carlo , Churchward Marianna 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionPrescription charges prevent many people from accessing the medicines they need to maintain or improve their health. In New Zealand, where most people pay $5 per prescription item, Māori and Pacific peoples, those living in most deprived areas and those with chronic health conditions are the most likely to report that cost prevents them from accessing medicines.Methods and analysisThis randomised controlled trial (RCT) will evaluate the effect of removing prescription charges on health outcomes and healthcare utilisation patterns of people with low income and high health needs. We will enrol 2000 participants: half will be allocated to the intervention group and we will pay for their prescription charges for 12 months. The other half will receive usual care. The primary outcome will be hospital bed-days. Secondary outcomes will be: all-cause and diabetes/mental health-specific hospitalisations, prescription medicines dispensed (number and type), deaths, emergency department visits and quality of life as measured by the 5-level EQ-5D version. Costs associated with these outcomes will be compared in an economic substudy. A qualitative substudy will also help understand the impact of free prescriptions on participant well-being using in-depth interviews.DiscussionBeing unable to afford prescription medicines is only one of many factors that influence adherence to medicines, but removing prescription charges is relatively simple and in New Zealand would be cheap compared with other policy changes. This RCT will help identify the extent of the impact of a simple intervention to improve access to medicines on health outcomes and health service utilisation.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Central Health and Disability Ethics Committee (NZ) in July 2019 (19/CEN/33). Findings will be reported in peer-reviewed publications, as well as in professional newsletters, mainstream media and through public meetings.Trial registration numberACTRN12618001486213p.
Weight gain in Chinese youth during a 4-month COVID-19 lockdown: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Dun Yaoshan , Ripley-Gonzalez Jeffrey W. , Zhou Nanjiang , You Baiyang , Li Qiuxia , Li Hui , Zhang Wenliang , Thomas Randal J. , Olson Thomas P. , Liu Jie , Dong Yuchen , Liu Suixin 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesTo observe the weight change in Chinese youth during a 4-month COVID-19 lockdown, and the association between weight change and mental health, physical activity and sedentary time changes, and dietary habits.DesignA retrospective observational study.SettingsTwo universities located in Zhejiang and Hunan provinces, China.ParticipantsThis study enrolled 12 889 college students whose body weight was measured before the lockdown (1 December 2019–20 January 2020) at the two universities, and reported their weight measured at home or community after the end of the lockdown (1–23 May 2020) via an online follow-up questionnaire.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the weight change in Chinese youth during a 4-month lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary outcomes were the relationships of weight change to COVID-19-related stress, depression, anxiety, physical activity and sedentary time changes, and dietary habits.ResultsParticipants’ ages ranged from 17 to 27 years (M=19, SD=1) with 80.2% identified as female. The average absolute and relative changes in body weight were 2.6 (95% CI 2.0 to 3.2)) kg and 4.2% (95% CI 4.0% to 4.3%) for men, and 2.1 (1.9 to 2.4) kg and 4.2% (95% CI 3.9% to 4.4%) for women. An increase in overweight and obese individuals according to Asian cut-off points as a demographic percentage by 4.5% and 2.7% and 4.8% and 3.4% in men and women, respectively (P<0.001), was observed. Weight gain was significantly associated with increased sedentary time and an increase in COVID-19-related stress and depression score.ConclusionThe present study’s results suggest that the risk of weight gain in Chinese youth during the lockdown increased and that strategies to decrease sedentary time and improve mental health may be warranted to mitigate weight gain during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Breaking up prolonged sitting with a 6 min walk improves executive function in women and men esports players: a randomised trial
Authors: DiFrancisco-Donoghue Joanne , Jenny Seth E , Douris Peter C , Ahmad Sophia , Yuen Kyle , Hassan Tamzid , Gan Hillary , Abraham Kenney , Sousa Amber 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveThe effect of prolonged sitting on executive function and performance in competitive esports players are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate executive function following a 6 min bout of walking or rest during prolonged gaming in competitive esports players.Methods12 men and 9 women completed three separate 2-hour gaming session days assigned in randomised order consisting of a 6 min walk break, 6 min rest break and continuous before and after each session. Postintervention participant exit survey data were also collected.ResultsThe walk condition produced a significantly faster mean solution time (7613.6±3060.5 min, p=0.02) and planning time (5369.0±2802.09, p=0.04) compared with the resting condition (9477±3547.4; 6924±3247.7) and continuous play (8200.0±3031.6; 5862.7±2860.7). The rest condition resulted in the slowest mean solution time (9477.0±3547.4) and planning time (6924.0±3247.7), with the continuous play resulting in a faster mean solution time (8200.1±3031.6) and planning time (5862.7±2860.7) than the rest condition. There was no impact on game performance in any of the conditions. However, over 70% of participants felt that the walk break improved esports performance.ConclusionsReducing sit time and breaking up prolonged sitting have acute and chronic health benefits. This study provides evidence that a 6 min walking break in the middle of 2 hours of gameplay allows gamers to have these health benefits while improving processing speed and executive function.Trial registration numberNCT04674436.
The utility of strain imaging in the cardiac surveillance of bone marrow transplant patients
Authors: Deshmukh Tejas , Emerson Peter , Geenty Paul , Mahendran Shehane , Stefani Luke , Hogg Megan , Brown Paula , Panicker Shyam , Chong James , Altman Mikhail , Gottlieb David , Thomas Liza 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the utility of two-dimensional multiplanar speckle tracking strain to assess for cardiotoxicity post allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for haematological conditions.MethodsCross-sectional study of 120 consecutive patients post-BMT (80 pretreated with anthracyclines (BMT+AC), 40 BMT alone) recruited from a late effects haematology clinic, compared with 80 healthy controls, as part of a long-term cardiotoxicity surveillance study (mean duration from BMT to transthoracic echocardiogram 6±6 years). Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS), global circumferential strain (LV GCS) and right ventricular free wall strain (RV FWS) were compared with traditionl parameters of function including LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and RV fractional area change.ResultsLV GLS (−17.7±3.0% vs −20.2±1.9%), LV GCS (−14.7±3.5% vs −20.4±2.1%) and RV FWS (−22.6±4.7% vs −28.0±3.8%) were all significantly (p=0.001) reduced in BMT+AC versus controls, while only LV GCS (−15.9±3.5% vs −20.4±2.1%) and RV FWS (−23.9±3.5% vs −28.0±3.8%) were significantly (p=0.001) reduced in BMT group versus controls. Even in patients with LVEF >53%, ~75% of patients in both BMT groups demonstrated a reduction in GCS.ConclusionMultiplanar strain identifies a greater number of BMT patients with subclinical LV dysfunction rather than by GLS alone, and should be evaluated as part of post-BMT patient surveillence. Reduction in GCS is possibly due to effects of preconditioning, and is not fully explained by AC exposure.
First-in-human DR5 PET reveals insufficient DR5 expression in patients with gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Wang Shujing , Zhu Hua , Li Yingjie , Ding Jin , Wang Feng , Ding Lixin , Wang Xinyu , Zhao Jun , Zhang Yan , Yao Yunfeng , Zhou Tong , Li Nan , Wu Aiwen , Yang Zhi 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundDeath receptor 5 (DR5) is a promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy. However, many clinical trials of DR5 agonists failed to show significant therapeutic efficacy in patients with cancer. The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using89Zr-CTB006 positron emission tomography (PET) for noninvasive imaging of DR5 expression in preclinical models and patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers.MethodsBalb/c, Sp2/0 xenograft and patient-derived tumor xenograft were employed for micro-PET/CT imaging in vivo. In the clinical study, patients with GI cancers planning to undergo surgical operation were enrolled and underwent18F-FDG and89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT. The tumor tissues were obtained through surgical operation and DR5 expression levels were confirmed by RNAscope.ResultsPreclinical studies showed that89Zr-CTB006 PET could specifically detect DR5 expression levels in vivo. Twenty-one patients, including nine gastric cancers and 12 colorectal cancers, were enrolled. The biodistribution showed high uptake in the liver and spleen and low uptake in the brain, lung and muscle with an acceptable whole-body dosimetry of 0.349 mSv/MBq. Strikingly, the adrenal glands maintained stable high uptake over the entire examination in all patients. The tumor lesions showed different levels of uptake of89Zr-CTB006 with a mean maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 6.63±3.29 (range 1.8–13.8). Tumor tissue was obtained from 18 patients, and89Zr-CTB006 uptake in patients with RNAscope scores of 3–4 was significantly higher than that in patients with scores of 0–2. An SUVmaxof 9.3 at 48 hours and 6.3 at 72 hours could be used to discriminate the DR5 expression status of tumors both with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 92.9%, respectively.Conclusions89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT is capable of detecting DR5 expression in cancer patients and is a promising approach to screen patients with DR5 overexpression.
Internal Medicine–Paediatrics residents’ application of life design principles to career decisions
Authors: Conyers Lynae , Tackett Sean , Wright Scott 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundResidency is an important time for career planning. Little is known about how trainees make career decisions during this formative period.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to understand whether ‘design thinking’ activities help to inform Internal Medicine–Paediatrics (Med-Peds) residents’ career decisions.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional survey of a national sample of fourth-year Med-Peds residents in May–July 2019 covering intended career, helpfulness of ‘life design’ strategies used to inform career decision and confidence with intended career plans. Bivariate analyses were performed to evaluate associations between used strategies and confidence with career plans.ResultsA total of 86/145 (59%) of residents responded to the survey. The most helpful activities for clarifying career decisions were immersive exposure to the career during residency, and reflecting on compatibility of careers with their views of life and work. Finding the right mentor was associated with higher confidence in one's intended career path (p&lt;0.05). There were no significant differences with confidence in intended career plan by gender or career path. Career decisions made during the first 2 years of residency were associated with higher confidence than those made prior to or in the second half of residency (p=0.01 and p=0.004).ConclusionThis national survey of graduating Med-Peds residents reveals that proactive life design strategies were helpful in bringing clarity to their decision and were associated with higher confidence in intended career plans. These data should be of interest to residency training programmes in their efforts to support trainees with their career decisions.