bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Modification of the Eye Peduncles in Crabs of the Genus Cymonomus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My attention was drawn to the interesting subject which is dealt with in the present article by a paragraph in Lord Avebury’s charming little book, ‘The Beauties of Nature.’ He there says (p. 331 of the last edition), “Sir Wyville Thomson mentions a kind of crab (Ethusa granulata) which, when living near the surface, has well-developed eyes; in deeper water—100 to 400 fathoms—eye-stalks are present, but the animal is apparently blind, the eyes themselves being absent; while in specimens from a depth of 500 to 700 fathoms the eye-stalks themselves have lost their special character, and have become fixed, their terminations being combined into a strong pointed beak.” When I came upon this passage it occurred to me that possibly the crab was large enough to form a suitable “exhibit “for the public gallery of the Natural History Museum, and that if so the three stages indicated in Lord Avebury’s brief notice would constitute a very interesting and striking demonstration for the general public of the modification of the organ of sight of Crustacea in relation to the presence or absence of light in their environment.
On some New Species of the Genus Phreodrilus
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Amongst the Oligochæta obtained by Messrs. Lucas and Hodgson in their recent biological survey of the New Zealand lakes, which they were generous enough to hand over to me for identification,1 I find two new species of Phreodrilus; and a third species I owe to the kindness of my friend, Mr. Smith, of Ashburton, from whom Mr. Beddard received the type species of the genus.
On the Structure and Development of the Somatic and Heterotype Chromosomes of Tradescantia Virginica
Authors: Farmer J. B. , Shove Dorothy 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The object of this paper is to attempt to elucidate the series of changes that occur during the evolution of the chromosomes from the resting nucleus. We have expressly excluded all matter relating to the formation of the spindle, the cell wall, and other irrelevant structures from our account.
The Ontogenetic Stages represented by the Gastropod Protoconch
Authors: Kesteven H. Leighton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
That the so-called “protoconch “may not be the true protoconch has been known ever since Lankester (7) drew attention to the fact that the primitive shell-sac or gland sometimes became filled with a chitinous plug which was subsequently shed, before the inception of the protective shell.
II.—Spicule Formation in Alcyonium digitatum; with Remarks on the Histology
Authors: Woodland W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Considering how common a form on both English and Continental coasts is the massive colony of Alcyonium digitat um, it is the more surprising that the very conspicuous and characteristic skeleton appertaining to this species has not been more fully investigated from its developmental aspect than it hitherto has. Figures, verbal descriptions, and nomenclatures of the various forms of the adult Alcyonarian spicule are plentiful enough, but, so far as I have been able to ascertain, the manner of development of this skeletal element has, up to the present, never been completely worked out.1
Piroplasma muris, Fant., from the Blood of the White Rat, with Remarks on the Genus Piroplasma
Authors: Fantham H. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among the Hæmosporidia few genera are of greater interest to-day than Piroplasma. Its complete life-cycle is still unknown, yet “piroplasmosis” 1 is a dreaded malady which attacks many mammals, including man. In 1893 Smith and Kilborne (46) published their epoch-marking monograph on P. bigeminum, the parasite of Texas fever in cattle. According to Koch, this ranks as one of the three great discoveries in the ætiology of protozoal diseases, the other two being the discovery of the human malarial parasite by Laveran in 1882, and the Trypanosome of “Magana” by Bruce in 1895. ‘
Observations on Tooth-Development in Ornithorhynchus
Authors: Wilson J. T. , Hill J. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Since the appearance of Professor E. B. Poulton’s first announcement (1) of his discovery of true teeth of mammalian type in a mammary-fœtal specimen of Ornithorhynchus, several papers have appeared dealing with the dentition of this animal. Only one of these (2), embodying a more detailed account, by Poulton himself, of his own investigations, concerns the developing teeth prior to their eruption. The extreme difficulty of procuring the necessary material has hitherto stood in the way of further research in this direction. The stage investigated by Poulton is accordingly the only one in which, so far as we are aware, there is any record of the nonerupted and immature dentition.
Studies in Spicule Formation. VI.—The Scleroblastic Development of the Spicules in some Mollusca and in one Genus of Colonial Ascidians
Authors: Woodland W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The nudibranchs examined, all obtained from Plymouth, consisted of three genera—G-oniodoris castanea, Archidoris tuberculata, and Lamellidoris bilamellata. Most of my specimens were simply fixed and preserved in absolute alcohol, and were, in consequence, much contracted; others were fixed with 1 per cent, osmic acid, opened to give admission to the stain, and stained as usual with picro-carmine (three hours), and I received them in this condition. In both cases I divided the animals horizontally into halves (with scissors), and in each instance scraped away with a scalpel the viscera and most of the musculature of the body-wall, until the portion of integument left looked to some extent translucent (whether unstained or stained). I usually found that the integument of the foot showed the spicules better than that of the dorsum. The unstained portions of integument (alcohol specimens) I stained in a saturated solution of safranin (nigrosin is also good) in absolute alcohol for a fortnight; washed thoroughly in warm absolute for a day or so, stained for a few minutes in a saturated solution of lichtgrün in absolute alcohol; again washed well in absolute, cleared in xylol and finally mounted in balsam. In most cases the picro-carmine specimens became too dark if also stained with lichtgrün.
Trichomastix serpentis, n.sp.
Authors: Clifford Dobell C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The subject of this paper is a parasitic flagellate which I have obtained from the rectum of Boa constrictor, L. Owing to the kindness of Mr. W. A. Harding, of Histon, Cambridge, I was enabled to examine one of these snakes shortly after it had died of canker of the mouth. In the rectum there was about 30 c.c. of a brownish, almost odourless, alkaline fluid, containing many organic particles in suspension. This fluid was transferred to a glass dish, and prevented as far as possible from evaporating by covering with a thick glass plate fixed down by vaseline. It was by examination of this culture from time to time that the observations here recorded were made.
Spirochæta (Trypanosoma) balbianii (Certes) and Spirochæta anodontæ (Keysselitz): their Movements, Structure, and Affinities
Authors: Fantham H. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There are few more interesting unicellular organisms at present under investigation than those microscopic, yet most active, forms known as Spirochætes, which lie on the borderline between animals and plants. They are, indeed, veritable members of Haeckel’s kingdom Protista, which—from their minute size and attenuate form—are most difficult objects for research. Little is known precisely of their structure, and their affinities are the subject of much discussion; hence the use of the term Protista in the preceding sentence. The wisdom of this classification for avoiding hard and fast lines where such do not naturally exist among the lowliest organisms, has now been recognised, and Schaudinn a few years ago founded a journal (‘Archiv für Protistenkunde’) exclusively devoted to the publication of memoirs on such organisms, including Bacteria. And the study of these forms is of the highest economic importance.
Memoirs: Studies in Spicule Formation
Authors: WOODLAND W. 
Published: April 2021

1. The earliest stages in development of the Hexactinellid spicule are at present unknown, but there exist reasons for supposing that it originates as a granule enclosed by a spherical syncytium in which cell-outlines are absent, and that the six rays of the hexact grow out from this granule.
2. The earliest stage of development yet discovered is the small hexact, the rays of which do not extend to the periphery of the enveloping syncytium.
3. The rays of the hexact elongate, causing the spherical syncytium at first "to present a more or less octahedral shape, with somewhat concave surfaces and with rounded corners" (Ijima).
4. The rays at length extend beyond the spherical contour of the syncytium (the scleroblast mass), the scleroplasm of which, however, persistently adheres to the rays as a thin film, which occasionally includes nuclei.
5. The peripheral growth of the megasclere type of spicule causes the spherical syncytium enveloping the point of junction of the six rays to dwindle and finally to disappear on account of the distension involved. The whole of the microsclere, with the exception of the terminals, remains permanently enveloped by the spherical syncytium.
6. All tetractinellid and monactinellid spicules originate as granules contained within single cells. In a few instances the spicule arises from several granules within the cell and then consists of separate parts (dragmata, for example).
7. All growth is accretionary. There is no well-authenticated instance of a siliceous sponge-spicule being formed by the fusion of at-first-separate parts--such as occurs in calcareous sponges, for example.
8. With the exception of very large spicules, the nucleus of the distended scleroblast remains single throughout growth.
9. It is a significant fact that spicule formation proceeds on very different lines in each of the three great groups of sponges--the Tetraxonida, Triaxonida, and Calcarea.
The Structure and Life-History of Copromonas subtilis, nov. gen. et nov. spec.: a Contribution to our Knowledge of the Flagellata
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I believe there is no group of Protozoa which has yielded more interesting results from its investigation than that of the Flagellata. Even since the wonderful work of Dallinger and Drysdale was published, the flagellates have been invested with a fascinating uncertainty regarding their reproductive capacities. And, although this work has never been confirmed, the recent discoveries of Schaudinn and Prowazek have revealed the existence of life-histories which are in no way less remarkable than those described by the English investigators. Yet in spite of all this the flagellates —with the exception of the trypanosomes—are much neglected by protozoologists.
On the Eggs and Instars of Scutigerella sp.*
Authors: Muir F. , Kershew J.C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This species is common in Amboina, very abundant in Ceram, and probably also in all the Moluccas, and perhaps other islands of Netherlands India. It lives chiefly, and in great numbers, in the black mould between the bark and the wood of rotten logs, in the rotten wood itself, under dead leaves, and under stones and pieces of wood lying on the ground. It is found only in damp situations, and seems to prefer the low-lying land to the hills, though it is common there also.
Some Observations on a New Gregarine (Meta-mera schubergi nov. gen., nov. spec.)
Authors: Lyndhurst Duke H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While working at Heidelberg in 1906, under Professors B ütschli and Schuberg, the latter kindly called my attention to a new species of gregarine in the gut of G-lossosiphonia complanata L. (Clepsine sexoculata), and suggested its further investigation. The preceding summer, while busied with a recently discovered coccidium occurring in the leech Herpobdella atomaria Car. (=Nephelis vulgaris), Professor Schuberg turned his attention to Glossosiphonia complanata, which occurs in company with Herpobdella in the Neckar and occasional ponds in the Heidelberg district. Deeming it probable that two forms so alike in habit and environment might harbour the same parasites, he dissected several specimens of this leech, and, though the results were in the main negative, he found several animals infected with a species of gregarine. Reference to the literature proved the parasite to be identical with a species briefly mentioned by Bolsius in 1895 (2), and the subject of a more detailed but still fragmentary paper in 1896 (3). Beyond a superficial study carried on incidentally during his work on the G lossosiphonia Bolsius seems to have paid no further attention to the parasite, which remained unnoticed until 1900, when Castle (5), in an exhaustive treatise on the N. American Rhynchobdellidæ and their parasites, mentions having observed the gregarine seen by Bolsius in about half the specimens of Clepsine elongata which he examined. He adds, however, that he only finds the animals in the stomach diverticula, and never in the intestine or crop, as indicated by Bolsius in his diagrams. Castle also mentions encysted protozoa which he found in C. fusca, and suggests the possibility of their relationship to the form in G. coin-planata. The cysts he found in the muscle-layers of the body-wall, so that they probably have nothing to do with the gregarine in question.
Notes on the Free-Living Nematodes
Authors: Potts F. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Orley divided the Nematoda into three groups, roughly corresponding to differences of habitat found in the phylum. (1) Nematozoa embracing all parasitic forms, (2) Rhabditiforniæ which live free in “decomposing organic substances or in earth saturated with such substances”; and (3) Angui 1-lulidæ, the rest of.the free-living nematodes, found in soil oiwater. Such a classification, grounded on œcology, pays no attention to the facts of morphology, and is naturally out of place in zoological arrangement, which aims at expressing the relationship of animals by descent. The methods of life of an animal are, moreover, largely ruled by the mode oE procuring nutriment which has been adopted. The first two groups of Orley are parasites and saprophytes respectively, but in the Anguillulidæ we have a heterogeneous collection of forms varying greatly in their habits of life. Little is known of their sources of nourishment save in the case of a very definite division (e.g. Tylenchus, Dorylaimus), which live on the juices of plants, and for that end are provided with a small protrusible spear for piercing tissues and suctorial pharynx for absorbing sap thus set free. The vast majority of this family, however, possess an unarmed buccal cavity; but in all the muscular pharynx is constantly at work, now dilated, now collapsed, constantly pumping fluid through the alimentary canal. There is no morphological distinction to be observed between such a free-living nematode as is found in. the mud of a lake or amongst the algæ of the marine littoral anda Rhabditisor Diplogaster of the soil. But the latter class can be kept in a culture fluid which swarms with bacteria, in which individuals of the former class would speedily succumb. The tissues of a Rhabdi tis must be resistant to bacterial action and unharmed by the toxins which such organisms produce, and the worm is, in fact, capable of building up protoplasm from the bacteria themselves or from the products of their action. These are the most prominent physiological characteristics of the soil nematodes, Orley’s Rhabditiformæ, and account for the peculiarities of their distribution, for they are apparently absent from dry soils and those with a small admixture of organic matter, and even in soils rich in humus are only detected in quantity by allowing some animal or vegetable substance to putrefy on the sample. Sufficient attention has not been paid to the part which nematodes play in the economy of the soil,1 but an investigation of this problem may well reveal results of as great interest as those which have been put on record by Maupas, working on the sexual organisation. In the present paper it is proposed to confine attention to the reproductive phenomena in certain hermaphrodite species, but it is hoped in a subsequent research to return to the nutrition and distribution of the class.
The Division of the Collar-Cells of Clathrina coriacea (Montagu): A Contribution to the Theory of the Centrosome and Blepharoplast
Authors: Robertson Muriel , Minchin E. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
At the present time there is a great deal of confusion in the use of the words “blepharoplast “and “centrosome.” Two distinct questions arise with regard to the significance of these bodies; the first is the question of the homology of blepharo-plastsand centrosomes; the second is that of the nature of the centrosome, and more particularly whether or not it is to be regarded as equivalent primarily to a nucleus.
Cortical Cell Lamination of the Hemispheres of Papio Hamadryas
Authors: Schuster E. H. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The localisation of function in the cerebral cortex is a problem on the importance of which it is hardly necessary to dwell. Its practical value to the surgeon and its theoretical interest to the physiologist and psychologist are obvious and have been sufficiently recognised. It is a problem which concerns many of the biological sciences, since it can be approached in many different ways. The physiologist has, by the electric stimulation of different parts of the surface of the brain in various animals, obtained responses from different parts of the body, and has thus been enabled to say what areas control the movements of the various groups of muscles. Occasional opportunities are afforded to the surgeon for making similar experiments on the human subject. The ablation of different parts of the cerebral cortex in the living animal is another physiological method from which valuable conclusions have been drawn. Observations on the alterations in function associated with local cortical lesions due to accident or to disease form a parallel method of research in the domains of pathology.
On Some Points in the Anatomy and BudFormation of Limnocnida tanganicæ
Authors: Boulenger Charles L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The minute anatomy of the African freshwater jelly-fish, Limnocnida tanganicæ Bôhm, was first described in this journal by R. T. Gunther in 1893 (1); in addition to the account of the histology of this animal the paper includes a very complete description of the asexual development of the buds from the wall of the manubrium.
The Mouth-Parts of Some Beetle Larvæ (Dascillidae and Scarabæidæ), with especial reference to the Maxillulæ and Hypopharynx
Authors: Carpenter George H. , MacDowell Mabel C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The variety of structure that may be observed among the larvae of beetles has a most suggestive interest for the student of insect transformation. Here, within the limits of the single order of the Coleoptera, we find a complete series of forms, leading from the active armoured larvæ of the Carabidae, with their elongate feelers and well-developed legs with two-clawed feet, to the soft-cuticled, legless grabs of the Curculionidæ and Meloidæ—from the campodeiform to the eruciform type of insect larva. Since the classical memoir of Brauer (’69) on insect transformation, many students have laid stress upou the facts of development among the Coleoptera—notably the hypermetamorphosis of the Meloidæ, where the campodeiform precedes the eruciform type in the lifehistory—in conjunction with the relationship of the Coleoptera to the more highly organised insects, such as the Lepidoptera and Diptera, whose larvæ are always eruciform or vermiform. From these premisses they have argued that the active, armoured larva must be in the phylogeny of the Insecta more primitive than the legless grub; that there must have been an increasing divergence between the imaginal and larval stages in the course of insect evolution; and that such larvæ as bee-grubs and maggots—apparently simple in structure—must be considered as the result of a long process of degradation. Some years ago this question of the divergence of imago and larva in the course of insect phylogeny was discussed at some length by one of the authors of the present paper (Carpenter [’03]).
The Experimental Hybridisation of Echinus miliaris, Echinus esculentus, and Echinus acutus
Authors: Debaisienx G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The few experiments on the hybridisation of the Echinoderms of which I am now giving the results were commenced on the advice of Professor MacBride, who himself had made similar experiments on other species. At his suggestion I chose Echinus miliaris, Echinus esculentus and Echinus acutus, in order to verify the interesting results obtained by Shearer, De Morgan and Fuchs (‘ll) in their experiments on these species. I should like in the first place to express my thanks to Professor Sedgwick, who so kindly received me at his institute, and to Professor MacBride, who has helped me so much by his valuable advice and has placed at my disposal material which he had himself collected.
On the Afferent Ganglionated Nerve-fibres of the Muscles Innervated by the Fifth Cranial Nerve; and on the Innervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini and Tensor Tympani
Authors: Edgeworth F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It was shown by Sherrington that the skeletal muscles innervated by the spinal nerves receive afferent nerve-fibres from the posterior nerve-roots as well as efferent nerve-fibres from the anterior roots. These afferent nerve-fibres come from cells in the spinal root ganglia, and constitute from one third to one half of the myelinate fibres in any muscular nerve-trunk. On the other hand, the external ocular muscles do not receive any ganglionated nerve-fibres, and the direct fibres which pass to them are efferent-afferent (Sherrington, Sherrington and Tozer, Dogiel).
Notes on the Histriobdellidæ
Authors: Haswell W. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The publication by Shearer in 1910 of an elaborate account of the anatomy of Histriobdella homari (9) has greatly added to our knowledge of that remarkable and interesting animal, which had remained neglected, so far as published work is concerned, since 1884, when Foettinger published his valuable observations on it (3).
The Metaphase Spindle in the Spermatogenetic Mitoses of Forfícula Auricularia
Authors: Meek C. F. U. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper published at the beginning of this year I have shown that only one generalisation has been established concerning the mitotic spindle, viz. that it is not a figure formed entirely by the action of forces at its poles. The arguments put forward by Hartog in support of his “mitokinetic “force prove that, if this generalisation is denied, the spindle can be formed by no known forces. G-allardo and Rhumbler have been compelled to accept this proposition; and all early theories either admit it, or are disproved because they do not admit it.
The Development of Echinocardium cordatum
Authors: MacBride E. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
ANYONE reading through the comprehensive summaries of our knowledge of echinoderm larvæ given by Mortensen (1898; 1901) must be struck on the one hand by the large number of varieties of echinoderm larvæ described therein, and on the other hand, by the paucity of cases in which the parentage of the larva had been accurately determined.