bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain, musicality, and language aptitude: A complex interplay
Authors: Turker Sabrina , Reiterer Susanne M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMusic and language are highly intertwined auditory phenomena that largely overlap on behavioral and neural levels. While the link between the two has been widely explored on a general level, comparably few studies have addressed the relationship between musical skills and language aptitude, defined as an individual's (partly innate) capacity for learning foreign languages. Behaviorally, past research has provided evidence that individuals’ musicality levels (expressed by singing, instrument playing, and/or perceptive musical abilities) are significantly associated with their foreign language learning, particularly the acquisition of phonetic and phonological skills (e.g., pronunciation, speech imitation). On the neural level, both skills recruit a wide array of overlapping brain areas, which are also involved in cognition and memory.The neurobiology of language aptitude is an area ripe for investigation, since there has been only limited research establishing neurofunctional and neuroanatomical markers characteristic of speech imitation and overall language aptitude (e.g., in the left/right auditory cortex and left inferior parietal areas of the brain). Thus, as noted above, in this short review for ARAL, the aim is to describe the most recent neuroscientific findings on the neurobiology of language aptitude, to discuss the complex interplay between language aptitude and musicality from neural and behavioral perspectives, and to briefly outline what the promise of future research in this area holds.
Configural frequency trees
Authors: Wiedermann Wolfgang , Herman Keith C. , Reinke Wendy , von Eye Alexander 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough variable-oriented analyses are dominant in developmental psychopathology, researchers have championed a person-oriented approach that focuses on the individual as a totality. This view has methodological implications and various person-oriented methods have been developed to test person-oriented hypotheses. Configural frequency analysis (CFA) has been identified as a prime method for a person-oriented analysis of categorical data. CFA searches for configurations in cross-classifications and asks whether the number of observed cases is larger (CFA type) or smaller (CFA antitype) than expected under a probability model. The present study introduces a combination of CFA and model-based recursive partitioning (MOB) to test for type/antitype heterogeneity in the population. MOB CFA is well suited to detect complex moderation processes and can distinguish between subpopulation and population types/antitypes. Model specifications are discussed for first-order CFA and prediction CFA. Results from two simulation studies suggest that MOB CFA is able to detect moderation processes with high accuracy. Two empirical examples are given from school mental health research for illustrative purposes. The first example evaluates heterogeneity in student behavior types/antitypes, the second example focuses on the effect of a teacher classroom management intervention on student behavior. An implementation of the approach is provided in R.
Mapping end-of-life and anticipatory medications in palliative care patients using a longitudinal general practice database
Authors: Khalil H. , Garett M. , Byrne A. , Poon P. , Gardner K. , Azar D. , Craig L. , Karimi L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveEnd-of-life and anticipatory medications (AMs) have been widely used in various health care settings for people approaching end-of-life. Lack of access to medications at times of need may result in unnecessary hospital admissions and increased patient and family distress in managing palliative care at home. The study aimed to map the use of end-of-life and AM in a cohort of palliative care patients through the use of the Population Level Analysis and Reporting Data Space and to discuss the results through stakeholder consultation of the relevant organizations.MethodsA retrospective observational cohort study of 799 palliative care patients in 25 Australian general practice health records with a palliative care referral was undertaken over a period of 10 years. This was followed by stakeholders’ consultation with palliative care nurse practitioners and general practitioners who have palliative care patients.ResultsEnd-of-life and AM prescribing have been increasing over the recent years. Only a small percentage (13.5%) of palliative care patients received medications through general practice. Stakeholders’ consultation on AM prescribing showed that there is confusion about identifying patients needing medications for end-of-life and mixed knowledge about palliative care referral pathways.Significance of resultsImproved knowledge and information around referral pathways enabling access to palliative care services for general practice patients and their caregivers are needed. Similarly, the increased utility of screening tools to identify patients with palliative care needs may be useful for health care practitioners to ensure timely care is provided.
Prenatal programming of depression: cumulative risk or mismatch in the Ontario Child Health Study?
Authors: Savoy Calan , Van Lieshout Ryan J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConsistent with cumulative risk hypotheses of psychopathology, studies examining prenatal adversity and later mental health largely suggest that pre and postnatal stress exposures have summative effects. Fewer data support that a mismatch in stress levels between pre- and postnatal life increases risk (the mismatch hypothesis). In this retrospective cohort study using data from the 1983 Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS), we examined interactions between birth weight status and childhood/adolescent stress to predict major depression in adulthood. Ninety-five participants born at low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) and 972 normal birth weight (NBW) control participants completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form Major Depression module at 21–34 years of age. A youth risk scale consisting of five stressful exposures (family dysfunction, socioeconomic disadvantage, parental criminality, maternal mental illness, exposure to other life stresses) indexed child/adolescent adversity. Birth weight groups did not differ by childhood risk score nor depression levels. A significant interaction was observed between birth weight and the youth risk scale whereby exposure to increasing levels of exposure to childhood/adolescent adversity predicted increased levels of depression in the NBW group, but lower rates in those born at LBW. Consistent with the mismatch hypothesis, data from a large, longitudinally followed cohort suggest that the mental health of adults born LBW may be more resilient to the adverse effects of childhood/adolescent stress. Taken in the context of previous studies of low birth weight infants, these findings suggest that the nature of associations between gestational stress and later mental health may depend on the magnitude of prenatal stress exposure, as well as the degree of resilience and/or plasticity conferred by their early-life environment.
Potentially preventable hospitalisations for physical health conditions in community mental health service users: a population-wide linkage study
Authors: Sara G. , Chen W. , Large M. , Ramanuj P. , Curtis J. , McMillan F. , Mulder C.L. , Currow D. , Burgess P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsMental health (MH) service users have increased prevalence of chronic physical conditions such as cardio-respiratory diseases and diabetes. Potentially Preventable Hospitalisations (PPH) for physical health conditions are an indicator of health service access, integration and effectiveness, and are elevated in long term studies of people with MH conditions. We aimed to examine whether PPH rates were elevated in MH service users over a 12-month follow-up period more suitable for routine health indicator reporting. We also examined whether MH service users had increased PPH rates at a younger age, potentially reflecting the younger onset of chronic physical conditions.MethodsA population-wide data linkage in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, population 7.8 million. PPH rates in 178 009 people using community MH services in 2016–2017 were compared to population rates. Primary outcomes were crude and age- and disadvantage-standardised annual PPH episode rate (episodes per 100 000 population), PPH day rate (hospital days per 100 000) and adjusted incidence rate ratios (AIRR).ResultsMH service users had higher rates of PPH admission (AIRR 3.6, 95% CI 3.5–3.6) and a larger number of hospital days (AIRR 5.2, 95% CI 5.2–5.3) than other NSW residents due to increased likelihood of admission, more admissions per person and longer length of stay. Increases were greatest for vaccine-preventable conditions (AIRR 4.7, 95% CI 4.5–5.0), and chronic conditions (AIRR 3.7, 95% CI 3.6–3.7). The highest number of admissions and relative risks were for respiratory and metabolic conditions, including chronic obstructive airways disease (AIRR 5.8, 95% CI 5.5–6.0) and diabetic complications (AIRR 5.4, 95% CI 5.1–5.8). One-quarter of excess potentially preventable bed days in MH service users were due to vaccine-related conditions, including vaccine-preventable respiratory illness. Age-related increases in risk occurred earlier in MH service users, particularly for chronic and vaccine-preventable conditions. PPH rates in MH service users aged 20–29 were similar to population rates of people aged 60 and over. These substantial differences were not explained by socio-economic disadvantage.ConclusionsPPHs for physical health conditions are substantially increased in people with MH conditions. Short term (12-month) PPH rates may be a useful lead indicator of increased physical morbidity and less accessible, integrated or effective health care. High hospitalisation rates for vaccine-preventable respiratory infections and hepatitis underline the importance of vaccination in MH service users and suggests potential benefits of prioritising this group for COVID-19 vaccination.
Spatiotemporal Assessment of GHG Emissions and Nutrient Sequestration Linked to Agronutrient Runoff in Global Wetlands
Authors: Pasut Chiara , Tang Fiona H. M. , Hamilton David , Riley William J. , Maggi Federico 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWetlands play a key role in regulating global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but anthropogenic impacts on nutrients may severely alter this balance. Recent assessments indicate that almost 22% of the global wetland area may be affected by agricultural runoff. In this work, we developed and applied a dynamic mechanistic reaction network model of soil organic matter linking the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) cycles at 0.5° × 0.5° spatial resolution across the globe. The model was used to estimate GHG emissions and nutrient sequestration rates in wetlands, driven by environmental stressors including N, P, and S fertilization. Wetland annual GHG emissions are estimated to be 136 ± 12.5 Tg C‐CH4, 589 ± 45.8 Tg C‐CO2, and 0.3 ± 0.04 Tg N‐N2O; in contrast, C, N, and S annual sequestration rates are estimated to be 576 ± 88.1 Tg C, 20 ± 4.4 Tg N, and 7.4 ± 0.8 Tg S, between 2000 and 2017. N fertilization inputs were responsible for 13% N2O emissions in wetlands in the Northern Hemisphere, while tropical wetlands were major reservoirs for C, N, and S. Temperature, net primary productivity, and methanogenic microorganisms exert the major control on GHG emissions. Wetland CH4 and CO2 emissions were found to have a hysteretic relationship with seasonal soil temperature, but not N2O. A global‐scale assessment is pivotal for best nutrient management practices, reducing nutrient losses, and controlling gas emissions.
Generation of Subauroral Longitudinally Extended Emissions Following Intensifications of the Poleward Boundary of the Substorm Bulge and Streamer Production
Authors: Henderson Michael G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObservations showing the development of Subauroral Longitudinally Extended Emigerssions on a global scale are presented. It is demonstrated that they occur as a separation of an east‐west arc‐like band of luminosity that detaches away from the equatorward edge of the auroral distribution following episodes of auroral streamer production. They persist for time intervals on the order of ∼30 min and devolve into patchy disjointed segments before they fade. Emissions are seen in both 557.7 nm OI and 391.4 nm 1NG lines, and 630.0 nm emissions are often observed equatorward. The 391.4 nm emissions are typically weaker and fade away more quickly than the 557.7 nm emissions, suggesting that an auroral precipitation source is initially present but is rapidly depleted as the forms age. All cases are associated with enhanced Subauroral Polarization Stream (SAPS) flows, and one event shows clear association with large‐scale Giant Undulations (GUs) and the formation of spur‐like forms that fold equatorward under the main oval. A model is proposed for the production of subauroral longitudinally extended forms in which nonlinear growth of SAPS‐induced surface waves on the plasmapause results in a disruption of the boundary. It is suggested that hot plasma of plasma sheet origin becomes entrained in the plasmasphere to produce transient precipitation‐associated auroral emissions that may decay into STEVE emissions and that cold dense plasma from the plasmasphere becomes entrained onto open drift paths to feed long‐lived drainage plumes. This process may occur quasi periodically during intense substorms and storm‐time conditions.
History and Future of the Martian Dynamo and Implications of a Hypothetical Solid Inner Core
Authors: Hemingway Douglas J. , Driscoll Peter E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough Mars does not possess a global magnetic field today, regions of its crust are strongly magnetized, consistent with an early dynamo, likely powered by rapid heat flow from the core. If the core is undergoing crystallization, the associated compositional changes would provide an additional mechanism for driving convection—probably the dominant driver for Earth's dynamo today. This raises the question: does the lack of a global dynamo field on Mars suggest the absence of a partially crystallized core? More generally, what is the range of possibilities for the history and future of the Martian dynamo and which scenarios could be ruled out by the presence or absence of a solid inner core? Here we develop a new internal structure, thermal evolution, and buoyancy flux model to investigate the conditions under which the Martian core could experience compositionally driven convection, either in the past or the future. We show that the presence of a partially crystallized core is compatible with the lack of a dynamo today but that such a scenario implies the Martian dynamo could reactivate at some point in the future. We find that top‐down core crystallization (iron snow) requires weak light element partitioning, introduces limited buoyancy flux, and is unlikely to be effective at driving convection. Our model demonstrates how sulfur content & partitioning and core conductivity & expansivity determine which dynamo regimes are possible, can help in assessing implications of future observations relating to the Martian core, and forms the basis for further comparative study across rocky planets.
Interaction Between Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emission in a Subtropical Hypoxic Reservoir, Southeastern China
Authors: Yan Jing , Chen Nengwang , Wang Fenfang , Liu Qian , Wu Zetao , Middelburg Jack J. , Xie Yuyuan , Guo Weidong , Zhang Xin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt is well recognized that dam construction aggravates eutrophication and hypoxia in river reservoirs, but the interaction between oxygen dynamics and carbon cycling is often unclear. Here we investigated the external and internal controls on oxygen consumption and effects of hypoxia on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in a subtropical reservoir in southeast China based on detailed field measurements during 2017 and 2018. Hypoxia lasted 4 months starting in mid‐July and expanded from the bottom to near surface water. Rainstorm hyperpycnal flow and unusual hydraulics (outflow exit 40 m from the bottom) resulted in two thermoclines and enhanced the oxygen deficit in deeper water. Microbial respiration accounted for 67.4%–96.5% of total oxygen consumption in the bottom water. The increased supply of organic matter from storm runoff and to a lesser extent primary production in summer enhanced subsequent oxygen consumption. We observed an imbalance between excess CO2 production and oxygen depletion in summer and winter which was likely associated with other processes in the hypolimnion (e.g., chemoautotrophy, anaerobic degradation of organic matter, proton buffering, and nitrification). The water‐air CO2 fluxes suggest that the surface reservoir usually served as a CO2 source, but was a sink in summer due to high primary productivity. CO2 was always oversaturated in the hypolimnion; this layer was at the depth of the dam outflow and ultimately released 68% of annual CO2 efflux to the atmosphere. This research confirmed that construction of a hydropower dam has substantially altered reservoir metabolism and regulated the CO2 emission pathway.
Phase characterisation of metalenses
Authors: Zhao Maoxiong , Chen Mu Ku , Zhuang Ze-Peng , Zhang Yiwen , Chen Ang , Chen Qinmiao , Liu Wenzhe , Wang Jiajun , Chen Ze-Ming , Wang Bo , Liu Xiaohan , Yin Haiwei , Xiao Shumin , Shi Lei , Dong Jian-Wen , Zi Jian , Tsai Din Ping 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMetalenses have emerged as a new optical element or system in recent years, showing superior performance and abundant applications. However, the phase distribution of a metalens has not been measured directly up to now, hindering further quantitative evaluation of its performance. We have developed an interferometric imaging phase measurement system to measure the phase distribution of a metalens by taking only one photo of the interference pattern. Based on the measured phase distribution, we analyse the negative chromatic aberration effect of monochromatic metalenses and propose a feature size of metalenses. Different sensitivities of the phase response to wavelength between the Pancharatnam-Berry phase-based metalens and propagation phase-reliant metalens are directly observed in the experiment. Furthermore, through phase distribution analysis, it is found that the distance between the measured metalens and the brightest spot of focusing will deviate from the focal length when the metalens has a low nominal numerical aperture, even though the metalens is ideal without any fabrication error. We also use the measured phase distribution to quantitatively characterise the imaging performance of the metalens. Our phase measurement system will help not only designers optimise the designs of metalenses but also fabricants distinguish defects to improve the fabrication process, which will pave the way for metalenses in industrial applications.
Stromal NRG1 in luminal breast cancer defines pro-fibrotic and migratory cancer-associated fibroblasts
Authors: Berdiel-Acer Mireia , Maia Ana , Hristova Zhivka , Borgoni Simone , Vetter Martina , Burmester Sara , Becki Corinna , Michels Birgitta , Abnaof Khalid , Binenbaum Ilona , Bethmann Daniel , Chatziioannou Aristotelis , Hasmann Max , Thomssen Christoph , Espinet Elisa , Wiemann Stefan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHER3 is highly expressed in luminal breast cancer subtypes. Its activation by NRG1 promotes activation of AKT and ERK1/2, contributing to tumour progression and therapy resistance. HER3-targeting agents that block this activation, are currently under phase 1/2 clinical studies, and although they have shown favorable tolerability, their activity as a single agent has proven to be limited. Here we show that phosphorylation and activation of HER3 in luminal breast cancer cells occurs in a paracrine manner and is mediated by NRG1 expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Moreover, we uncover a HER3-independent NRG1 signaling in CAFs that results in the induction of a strong migratory and pro-fibrotic phenotype, describing a subtype of CAFs with elevated expression of NRG1 and an associated transcriptomic profile that determines their functional properties. Finally, we identified Hyaluronan Synthase 2 (HAS2), a targetable molecule strongly correlated with NRG1, as an attractive player supporting NRG1 signaling in CAFs.
Alternative approaches to target Myc for cancer treatment
Authors: Wang Chen , Zhang Jiawei , Yin Jie , Gan Yichao , Xu Senlin , Gu Ying , Huang Wendong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Myc proto-oncogene family consists of three members, C-MYC, MYCN, and MYCL, which encodes the transcription factor c-Myc (hereafter Myc), N-Myc, and L-Myc, respectively. Myc protein orchestrates diverse physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Myc modulates about 15% of the global transcriptome, and its deregulation rewires the cellular signaling modules inside tumor cells, thereby acquiring selective advantages. The deregulation of Myc occurs in >70% of human cancers, and is related to poor prognosis; hence, hyperactivated Myc oncoprotein has been proposed as an ideal drug target for decades. Nevertheless, no specific drug is currently available to directly target Myc, mainly because of its “undruggable” properties: lack of enzymatic pocket for conventional small molecules to bind; inaccessibility for antibody due to the predominant nucleus localization of Myc. Although the topic of targeting Myc has actively been reviewed in the past decades, exciting new progresses in this field keep emerging. In this review, after a comprehensive summarization of valuable sources for potential druggable targets of Myc-driven cancer, we also peer into the promising future of utilizing macropinocytosis to deliver peptides like Omomyc or antibody agents to intracellular compartment for cancer treatment.
Transitions in oral and gut microbiome of HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma following definitive chemoradiotherapy (ROMA LA-OPSCC study)
Authors: Oliva Marc , Schneeberger Pierre H. H. , Rey Victor , Cho Matthew , Taylor Rachel , Hansen Aaron R. , Taylor Kirsty , Hosni Ali , Bayley Andrew , Hope Andrew J. , Bratman Scott V. , Ringash Jolie , Singh Simron , Weinreb Ilan , Perez-Ordoñez Bayardo , Chepeha Douglas , Waldron John , Xu Wei , Guttman David , Siu Lillian L. , Coburn Bryan , Spreafico Anna 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Oral and gut microbiomes have emerged as potential biomarkers in cancer. We characterised the oral and gut microbiomes in a prospective observational cohort of HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients and evaluated the impact of chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods
Saliva, oropharyngeal swabs over the tumour site and stool were collected at baseline and post-CRT. 16S RNA and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were used to generate taxonomic profiles, including relative abundance (RA), bacterial density, α-diversity and β-diversity.

Results
A total of 132 samples from 22 patients were analysed. Baseline saliva and swabs had similar taxonomic composition (R2 = 0.006; p = 0.827). Oropharyngeal swabs and stool taxonomic composition varied significantly by stage, with increased oral RA of Fusobacterium nucleatum observed in stage III disease (p < 0.05). CRT significantly reduced the species richness and increased the RA of gut-associated taxa in oropharyngeal swabs (p < 0.05), while it had no effect in stool samples. These findings remained significant when adjusted by stage, smoking status and antibiotic use.

Conclusions
Baseline oral and gut microbiomes differ by stage in this HPV+ cohort. CRT caused a shift towards a gut-like microbiome composition in oropharyngeal swabs. Stage-specific features and the transitions in oral microbiome might have prognostic and therapeutic implications.