bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A culture of despair? Inequality and expectations of educational success
Authors: DeBacker Jason M. , Routon P. Wesley 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA culture of despair represents a negative feedback loop, where perceptions of high economic inequality result in declines in expectations of future success and, in turn, lower probabilities of favorable outcomes. We focus on the first link in that proposed causal chain, the relationship between economic inequality and expectations. Using a panel of youths and geographic variation in inequality, we find a link between inequality and expectations regarding educational outcomes. Our findings show that youth of low socioeconomic status (SES) are negatively affected by inequality. In short, we find support for the theory of a culture of despair.
Applying a jurisdictional approach to support sustainable seafood
Authors: Kittinger John N. , Bernard Miranda , Finkbeiner Elena , Murphy Erin , Obregon Pablo , Klinger Dane H. , Schoon Michael L. , Dooley Kevin J. , Gerber Leah R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEnsuring the security of ocean ecosystems that provide food and livelihood benefits from seafood systems requires significant investment in improving the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture production at scale. Seafood certification and ratings systems have established strong benchmarks for sustainability, but markets need to incentivize sustainability throughout the value chain and at relevant ecological scales in order to generate meaningful conservation impacts and support lasting on‐the‐water stewardship efforts. Here, we propose that market‐based approaches and ecosystem‐based governance initiatives can be integrated to improve the sustainability of seafood production systems using a jurisdictional approach. Jurisdictional approaches are place‐based initiatives deployed in key commodity producing regions to drive sustainability through aligned incentives among government, market, and producer actors. To explore the applicability of this approach in seafood, we first identify key mismatches in existing certification and ratings schemes that stymie the effectiveness of market‐based approaches to drive ecosystem‐scale impacts. Subsequently we identify the differentiated incentives for sustainability among producers, supply chain companies, and governments—drawing evidence from research and practice. Based on this analysis, we review the potential for jurisdictional approaches to align actors' incentives for sustainability at the scale of entire production geographies, bringing market‐based approaches and governance improvements together to achieve conservation outcomes.
Investigating the international and pan‐African trade in giraffe parts and derivatives
Authors: Dunn Matilda E. , Ruppert Kirstie , Glikman Jenny Anne , O'Connor David , Fennessy Stephanie , Fennessy Julian , Veríssimo Diogo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThree of the four newly distinguished giraffe species are in significant decline. Concern over the species' threat status prompted a proposal to list the giraffe, which is still recognized as a single species by the IUCN, in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). However, there is a distinct lack of quantitative data and research on the scale, extent and purpose of both illegal and legal hunting, and the use and/or trading of giraffe and their parts. As a first step towards addressing these knowledge gaps, we conducted a literature review as well as a specialist survey regarding the use and trade of giraffe. We found that the dynamics of legal and illegal trade and the use of giraffe parts vary throughout Africa, ranging from local consumption to cross border and international trade, and from ornamental adornment to medicinal and consumption use. While the CITES listing of giraffe provides a mechanism through which international trade can be monitored, our findings suggest that the majority of illegal hunting currently occurs domestically and only within certain giraffe populations. This article is the first step towards understanding the drivers and managing the associated impacts of unsustainable and illegal giraffe use and trade.
A case of endocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma with distant metastasis
Authors: Hadi Rouba , Xu Haodong , Barber Brittany R. , Shinohara Michi M. , Moshiri Ata S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEndocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma (EMPSGC) is a rare cutaneous adnexal neoplasm typically arising on the face of older individuals, most commonly around the eyelids. Histopathologic features include a circumscribed proliferation of low‐grade epithelioid cells with areas of cystic and cribriform growth, foci of intracytoplasmic and extracellular mucin, and coexpression of endocrine, neuroendocrine, and cytokeratin markers by immunohistochemistry. Given histopathologic and immunohistochemical similarities, EMPSGC is often likened to solid papillary carcinoma of the breast and endocrine ductal carcinoma in situ, and is thought by many to represent a forme fruste of mucinous carcinoma of the skin. To date, the vast majority of reported cases of EMPSGC have been described as having indolent behavior, with no cases of distant metastasis yet reported. Here we report a unique case of EMPSGC that recurred over several years following standard surgical excision and Mohs micrographic surgery, with subsequent metastasis to the parotid gland and axial skeleton.
Mid‐regional pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide independently predicts short‐term mortality in COVID‐19
Authors: Kaufmann Christoph C. , Ahmed Amro , Kassem Mona , Freynhofer Matthias K. , Jäger Bernhard , Aicher Gabriele , Equiluz‐Bruck Susanne , Spiel Alexander O. , Funk Georg‐Christian , Gschwantler Michael , Fasching Peter , Wojta Johann , Huber Kurt 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundMid‐regional pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide (MR‐proANP) is a strong prognostic marker in several inflammatory, respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, but has not been studied in COVID‐19 yet.MethodsThis prospective, observational study of patients with COVID‐19 infection was conducted from 6 June to 26 November 2020 in different wards of a tertiary hospital. MR‐proANP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and high‐sensitive cardiac troponin I levels on admission were collected and tested for their association with disease severity and 28‐day mortality.ResultsA total of 213 eligible patients with COVID‐19 were included in the final analyses of whom 13.2% (n = 28) died within 28 days. Median levels of MR‐proANP at admission were significantly higher in nonsurvivors (307 pmol/L IQR, [161 ‐ 532] vs 75 pmol/L [IQR, 43 ‐ 153], P < .001) compared to survivors and increased with disease severity and level of hypoxaemia. The area under the ROC curve for MR‐proANP predicting 28‐day mortality was 0.832 (95% CI 0.753 ‐ 0.912, P < .001). An optimal cut‐off point of 160 pmol/L yielded a sensitivity of 82.1% and a specificity of 76.2%. MR‐proANP was a significant predictor of 28‐day mortality independent of clinical confounders, comorbidities and established prognostic markers of COVID‐19 (HR 2.77, 95% CI 1.21 ‐ 6.37; P = .016), while NT‐proBNP failed to independently predict 28‐day mortality and had a numerically lower AUC compared to MR‐proANP.ConclusionHigher levels of MR‐proANP at admission are associated with disease severity of COVID‐19 and act as a powerful and independent prognostic marker of 28‐day mortality.
Medial prefrontal cortical control of reward‐ and aversion‐based behavioral output: Bottom‐up modulation
Authors: Pastor Verónica , Medina Jorge Horacio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHow does the brain guide our actions? This is a complex issue, where the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a crucial role. The mPFC is essential for cognitive flexibility and decision making. These functions are related to reward‐ and aversion‐based learning, which ultimately drive behavior. Though, cortical projections and modulatory systems that may regulate those processes in the mPFC are less understood. How does the mPFC regulate approach‐avoidance behavior in the case of conflicting aversive and appetitive stimuli? This is likely dependent on the bottom‐up neuromodulation of the mPFC projection neurons. In this review, we integrate behavioral‐, pharmacological‐, and viral‐based circuit manipulation data showing the involvement of mPFC dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic inputs in reward and aversion processing. Given that an incorrect balance of reward and aversion value could be a key problem in mental diseases such as substance use disorders, we discuss outstanding questions for future research on the role of mPFC modulation in reward and aversion.
Effect of intravenous alteplase on post‐stroke depression in the WAKE UP trial
Authors: Königsberg Alina , Sehner Susanne , Arlt Sönke , Cheng Bastian , Simonsen Claus Z. , Boutitie Florent , Serena Joaquin , Thijs Vincent , Ebinger Martin , Endres Matthias , Fiebach Jochen B. , Lemmens Robin , Muir Keith W. , Nighoghossian Norbert , Pedraza Salvador , Gerloff Christian , Thomalla Götz ,   the WAKE‐UP investigators
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThe aim was to study the effect of intravenous alteplase on the development of post‐stroke depression (PSD) in acute stroke patients, and to identify predictors of PSD.MethodsThis post hoc analysis included patients with unknown onset stroke randomized to treatment with alteplase or placebo in the WAKE‐UP trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01525290), in whom a composite end‐point of PSD was defined as a Beck Depression Inventory ≥10, medication with an antidepressant, or depression recorded as an adverse event. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify predictors of PSD at 90 days. Structural equation modelling was applied to assess the indirect effect of thrombolysis on PSD mediated by the modified Rankin Scale.ResultsInformation on the composite end‐point was available for 438 of 503 randomized patients. PSD was present in 96 of 224 (42.9%) patients in the alteplase group and 115 of 214 (53.7%) in the placebo group (odds ratio 0.63; 95% confidence interval 0.43–0.94; p = 0.022; adjusted for age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at baseline). Prognostic factors associated with PSD included baseline medication with antidepressants, higher lesion volume, history of depression and assignment to placebo. While 65% of the effect of thrombolysis on PSD were caused directly, 35% were mediated by an improvement of the mRS.ConclusionsTreatment with alteplase in patients with acute stroke resulted in lower rates of depression at 90 days, which were only partially explained by reduced functional disability. Predictors of PSD including history and clinical characteristics may help in identifying patients at risk of PSD.
First symptom guides diagnosis and prognosis in neurodegenerative diseases—a retrospective study of autopsy proven cases
Authors: Vöglein Jonathan , Kostova Irena , Arzberger Thomas , Roeber Sigrun , Schmitz Peer , Simons Mikael , Ruf Viktoria , Windl Otto , Herms Jochen , Dieterich Marianne , Danek Adrian , Höglinger Günter U. , Giese Armin , Levin Johannes 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeClinical diagnostic criteria for neurodegenerative diseases have been framed based on clinical phenomenology. However, systematic knowledge about the first reported clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases is lacking. Therefore, the aim was to determine the prevalence and clinical implications of the first clinical symptom (FS) as assessed by medical history in neuropathologically proven neurodegenerative diseases.MethodsNeuropathological diagnoses from the Neurobiobank Munich, Germany, were matched with clinical records for analyses of the diagnostic and prognostic values of FSs.ResultsIn all, 301 patients with the neuropathological diagnoses Alzheimer disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Lewy body disease (LBD) including the neuropathologically indistinguishable clinical phenotypes Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy (MSA) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) were studied. Memory disturbance was the most common FS in AD (34%), FTLD (19%) and LBD (26%), gait disturbance in PSP (35%) and MSA (27%) and aphasia and personality changes in CBD (20%, respectively). In a model adjusting for prevalence in the general population, AD was predicted by memory disturbance in 79.0%, aphasia in 97.2%, personality changes in 96.0% and by cognitive disturbance in 99.0%. Gait disturbance and tremor predicted LBD in 54.6% and 97.3%, coordination disturbance MSA in 59.4% and dysarthria FTLD in 73.0%. Cognitive FSs were associated with longer survival in AD (12.0 vs. 5.3 years; p < 0.001) and FTLD (8.2 vs. 4.1 years; p = 0.005) and motor FSs with shorter survival in PSP (7.2 vs. 9.7; p = 0.048).ConclusionsAssessing FSs in neurodegenerative diseases may be beneficial for accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis and thereby may improve clinical care and precision of study recruitment.
Paratracheal air cyst in a foal
Authors: Zetterström S. , Horzmann K. , Yin J. , Moon R. , Boorman S. , Ceriotti S. , Wooldridge A. , Boone L. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryA 1‐day‐old American Paint Horse was presented for a large air‐filled mass along the ventral aspect of the neck. Bronchoscopy and oesophagoscopy revealed no sign of communication with the trachea or oesophagus. Radiographs and a computed tomography scan of the neck identified a communicating tract between the lumen of the cystic mass and mid‐trachea. The foal was systemically healthy at this initial presentation, and delayed removal of the cyst was recommended to allow further maturation of the foal prior to undergoing general anaesthesia. Upon discharge, the cyst continued to grow in size and became more fluid than air‐filled requiring repeat centesis and draining. The foal was then re‐presented at 3 weeks of age for surgical removal. In surgery, direct communication with the trachea was identified and ligated. Histopathology demonstrated that the cyst lining was composed of squamous epithelium with goblet cells and occasional ciliated cells. The location, morphological features and congenital presentation of the mass were consistent with a paratracheal air cyst (PAC). Surgical resection resulted in excellent functional and cosmetic outcome. Although not previously reported in horses, PAC should be included in the differential diagnosis of an air‐filled ventral neck mass in equine neonates. Complete surgical excision may result in a successful outcome.
Clinical study of the biofilm of implant‐supported complete dentures in healthy patients
Authors: Matthes de Freitas Pontes Karina , Fontenelle Iana Sá de Oliveira , Nascimento Cássio do , Oliveira Viviane de Cássia , Albuquerque Garcia Bruna , Silva Paulo Goberlânio de Barros , Henrique Larissa de Souza , de Souza Katherine Milhomem , Pontes Cássio de Barros 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to quantify the area covered by biofilm and identify bacteria and yeasts present in mandibular acrylic resin full‐arch implant‐supported fixed prostheses.BackgroundBiofilm control of implant‐supported fixed prosthesis is hampered by their design, and it can cause oral and systemic problems, mainly in immunocompromised patients like the elder. Knowledge about microbiota reinforces the awareness about the need for periodic professional cleaning maintenance.Materials and methodsTwenty prostheses were unscrewed, washed in 0.89% sodium chloride, stained with eosin 1% and photographed. The area covered by biofilm was digitally delimited and quantified. Biofilm samples were collected, diluted up to 1:107, seeded in chromogenic agar media and incubated for 48 hours, at 37°C, for counting of colony‐forming units (CFU/mL). DNA hybridization was performed to complement the identification and quantification of microorganisms. Data were analyzed using Mann‐Whitney test, Spearman correlation and Fisher's exact test (α = .05).ResultsAn average of 62% of the gingival surface of the prostheses was covered by biofilm. Enterococcus spp. (5.82 ± 1.38 log10CFU/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (5.75 ± 2.02 log10CFU/mL) showed higher prevalence in cultures. Patients with five implants had less biofilm compared to those with four implants (P = .031) but had higher Escherichia coli counts (P = .039). In DNA hybridization, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula and Fusobacterium nucleatum presented higher quantification and were present in all the samples; patients over 65 years old contained more Candida tropicalis (P = .049); prostheses on five implants presented lower quantification for several species.ConclusionBiofilm was present on all prostheses, containing potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The number of implants may play a role in quantification of biofilm and in microorganism counts.
Calponin and MUC6 complement inhibin as diagnostic immunomarkers of serous cystadenoma in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided aspiration/biopsy specimens
Authors: Wong Newton A C S , Beavers Sophie , Gill Pelvender , Heryet Andrew , Linares Josep 
Published: March 2021

AimsBecause serous cystadenoma (SCA) does not usually require excision, it is critical to distinguish it from differential diagnoses which do, especially neuroendocrine tumour (NET). The gold standard for diagnosing SCA is assessment of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration/biopsy (EUS‐FNAB) material. Inhibin immunohistochemistry aids this assessment, but such positivity is not absolutely sensitive or specific to SCA. The following is the largest known study of SCA EUS‐FNAB specimens and the first to compare four potential SCA immunomarkers between themselves and inhibin, compared against NET.Methods and resultsImmunohistochemistry for calponin, mucin 6 (MUC6), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was performed on 30 EUS‐FNAB and three resection specimens of SCA and 32 EUS‐FNAB specimens of NET. GLUT1 and VEGFA were suboptimal as diagnostic immunomarkers of SCA, being expressed by 10 and 44% of NETs, respectively. Further, their expression by cellular constituents of blood which often contaminate EUS‐FNAB specimens hampered identification of neoplastic cells, especially in hypocellular samples. While 19% of NETs showed nuclear MUC6 positivity, cytoplasmic expression of the protein showed 100% specificity and sensitivity as an SCA marker. However, assessing MUC6 in EUS‐FNAB specimens must also consider the protein’s focal expression in physiological pancreatic, gastric or duodenal tissues, which can contaminate these specimens. Calponin was less sensitive (71% versus 100%) but more specific (100% versus 91%) than inhibin, although easier to assess in EUS‐FNAB specimens than MUC6.ConclusionsOf the four potential immunomarkers of SCA suggested by the existing literature, calponin and MUC6 are useful complementary studies to inhibin for application to EUS‐FNAB specimens.
Regeneration of pulp‐dentine complex‐like tissue in a rat experimental model under an inflammatory microenvironment using high phosphorous‐containing bioactive glasses
Authors: Li J. , Wang S. , Dong Y. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate the effects of a bioactive glass with a high proportion of phosphorus (BG‐hP) on the repair and regeneration of dental pulps in rats under an inflammatory microenvironment.MethodologyHuman dental pulp cells (hDPCs) stimulated with 1 μg mL−1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were co‐cultured with 0.1 mg mL−1 BG‐hP. Cell proliferation was detected by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. The expression of inflammation‐related genes and odontogenic differentiation‐related genes was determined by real‐time PCR. Alizarin red staining was used to detect the formation of mineralized nodules. Coronal pulp tissues of rat molars were stimulated with 10 mg mL−1 LPS and then treated with BG‐hP. The expression of inflammation‐related genes in pulp tissue was determined by real‐time PCR. Haematoxylin‐eosin staining and Masson staining were performed to observe the inflammatory response and mineralized matrix formation, after subcutaneous implantation in nude mice, at 3 days and 4 weeks, respectively. Analysis of variance was performed to measure statistical significance (P < 0.05).ResultsBG‐hP significantly reduced expression of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐8 and significantly upregulated the expression of IL‐10, IL‐4 and transforming growth factor‐β1 of the LPS‐stimulated hDPCs (P < 0.05). BG‐hP significantly inhibited the initial cell number (P < 0.05), but the hDPCs stimulated by LPS and co‐cultured with BG‐hP maintained the same proliferation rate as the untreated hDPCs. BG‐hP significantly promoted the expression of dentine matrix protein‐1 and dentine sialophosphoprotein and the mineralization capacity of the LPS‐stimulated hDPCs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BG‐hP significantly downregulated the expression of Il‐6 and reduced the inflammatory response of the LPS‐stimulated pulp tissue 3 days after subcutaneous implantation (P < 0.05). Four weeks after subcutaneous implantation, BG‐hP induced the formation of a continuous layer of dentine‐like structure with dentinal tubules and polarizing odontoblast‐like cells aligned along it in the LPS‐stimulated pulp tissue.ConclusionThe present preliminarily results demonstrated that the bioactive glass with a high proportion of phosphorus inhibited the inflammatory response and promoted the formation of a pulp‐dentine complex in a rat experimental model. This study provides a foundation for the construction of materials with the dual functions of exerting anti‐inflammatory effects and promoting tissue regeneration to meet the needs of dental pulp repair and regeneration.
GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY AND REDISTRIBUTION
Authors: Coen‐Pirani Daniele 
Published: March 2021

AbstractI study the effect of progressive taxation on internal migration and welfare using a quantitative dynamic model of geographic mobility. The model, which is analytically tractable, predicts that a more progressive tax‐transfer scheme reduces internal migration rates. The magnitude of this relationship is consistent with reduced‐form evidence for OECD countries. The internal migration channel contributes to significantly lower optimal tax progressivity relative to the one‐location version of the economy. The optimal sequence of tax progressivity along the transition features a relatively high degree of tax progressivity early on, followed by a declining path of tax progressivity over time.