bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brief History of OLEDs—Emitter Development and Industry Milestones
Authors: Hong Gloria , Gan Xuemin , Leonhardt Céline , Zhang Zhen , Seibert Jasmin , Busch Jasmin M. , Bräse Stefan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOrganic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have come a long way ever since their first introduction in 1987 at Eastman Kodak. Today, OLEDs are especially valued in the display and lighting industry for their promising features. As one of the research fields that equally inspires and drives development in academia and industry, OLED device technology has continuously evolved over more than 30 years. OLED devices have come forward based on three generations of emitter materials relying on fluorescence (first generation), phosphorescence (second generation), and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (third generation). Furthermore, research in academia and industry toward the fourth generation of OLEDs is in progress. Excerpts from the history of green, orange‐red, and blue OLED emitter development on the side of academia and milestones achieved by key players in the industry are included in this report.
Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy at High‐Temperatures
Authors: Ngabonziza Prosper , Wang Yi , van Aken Peter A. , Maier Joachim , Mannhart Jochen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIon conducting materials are critical components of batteries, fuel cells, and devices such as memristive switches. Analytical tools are therefore sought that allow the behavior of ions in solids to be monitored and analyzed with high spatial resolution and in real time. In principle, inelastic tunneling spectroscopy offers these capabilities. However, as its spectral resolution is limited by thermal softening of the Fermi–Dirac distribution, tunneling spectroscopy is usually constrained to cryogenic temperatures. This constraint would seem to render tunneling spectroscopy useless for studying ions in motion. Here, the first inelastic tunneling spectroscopy studies above room temperature are reported. For these measurements, high‐temperature‐stable tunnel junctions that incorporate within the tunnel barrier ultrathin layers for efficient proton conduction are developed. By analyzing the vibrational modes of OH bonds in BaZrO3‐based heterostructures, the detection of protons with a spectral resolution of 20 meV at 400 K (full‐width‐at‐half maximum) is demonstrated. Overturning the hitherto existing prediction for the spectral resolution limit of 186 meV (5.4 kBT ) at 400 K, this resolution enables high‐temperature tunneling spectroscopy of ion conductors. With these advances, inelastic tunneling spectroscopy constitutes a novel, valuable analytical tool for solid‐state ionics.
Atomic Layer Deposition of 2D Metal Dichalcogenides for Electronics, Catalysis, Energy Storage, and Beyond
Authors: Mattinen Miika , Leskelä Markku , Ritala Mikko 
Published: January 2021

Abstract2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are among the most exciting materials of today. Their layered crystal structures result in unique and useful electronic, optical, catalytic, and quantum properties. To realize the technological potential of TMDCs, methods depositing uniform films of controlled thickness at low temperatures in a highly controllable, scalable, and repeatable manner are needed. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a chemical gas‐phase thin film deposition method capable of meeting these challenges. In this review, the applications evaluated for ALD TMDCs are systematically examined, including electronics and optoelectonics, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, energy storage, lubrication, plasmonics, solar cells, and photonics. This review focuses on understanding the interplay between ALD precursors and deposition conditions, the resulting film characteristics such as thickness, crystallinity, and morphology, and ultimately device performance. Through rational choice of precursors and conditions, ALD is observed to exhibit potential to meet the varying requirements of widely different applications. Beyond the current state of ALD TMDCs, the future prospects, opportunities, and challenges in different applications are discussed. The authors hope that the review aids in bringing together experts in the fields of ALD, TMDCs, and various applications to eventually realize industrial applications of ALD TMDCs.
Glycerol–Silicone Membranes for Sustained and Controlled Topical Delivery of Antimicrobial and Pain‐Relief Drugs
Authors: Mazurek Piotr , Frederiksen Nikoline S. , Silau Harald , Yuusuf Nuura A. , Mordhorst Hanne , Pamp Sünje J. , Skov Anne L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractControlling drug delivery from medical dressings to wounds remains a challenge despite the presence of multiple drug‐containing wound dressings on the market. The dressing should ideally be effective immediately after application and still show no burst effect, and must also be comfortable for an extended period of time. Here, a silicone‐based membrane is shown to offer an adjustable, constant release of various drugs even at a minimum moisture level resembling that of dry wounds. The drugs are dissolved in glycerol, which is speed‐mixed with silicone and subsequently cured to yield a solid membrane with evenly distributed glycerol microcontainers housing the drug. The drugs are released immediately upon contact with moisture, enabling efficient treatment with short response time and no burst. Drug delivery capability is evaluated using a classical drug release experiment, as well as by performing an antimicrobial susceptibility test on ten bacterial strains in agar diffusion assays. Results show that glycerol–silicone membranes are promising candidates for fighting bacterial infections. Moreover, the addition of glycerol domains to a silicone matrix is proven to have a positive impact on water vapor transmission rate and moisture handling capabilities, resulting in a more skin compliant dressing.
Hierarchical Assembly of Surface Modified Silk Fibroin Biomass into Micro‐, and Milli‐Metric Hybrid Aerogels with Core‐Shell, Janus, and Composite Configurations for Rapid Removal of Water Pollutants
Authors: Bruder Valentin , Ludwig Tim , Opitz Stephan , Christoffels Ronja , Fischer Thomas , Maleki Hajar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMultifunctional aerogels, with intriguing micro‐morphologies and macroscopic sizes, are fabricated for the first time from silk fibroin (SF) biopolymer extracted from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoon to optimize the adsorption performances of heavy metal ions and soluble organic pollutants. By a synergistic combination of approaches such as surface‐modification of SF with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and its hierarchical cryo‐assembly with graphene oxide into various macrostructures, namely core‐shell, composite, and Janus, series of millimetric aerogels (2–3 mm) with interesting center divergent honeycomb micro‐morphologies are prepared. In addition, cryo‐assembly assisted electro‐spraying of SF‐PEI led to obtaining micro‐aerogels (74 µm), possessing a wrinkled surface morphology with a high surface area. The aerogel beads exhibit superior adsorption capacities for Cu2+ (186.7 mg g−1, in 240 min) with a regeneration potential, but also for anionic dyes, for example, methylene orange (811.3 mg g−1) and organic solvents (1138 g g−1% for chloroform). The large adsorption capacities and fast adsorption kinetics of cations obtained by these aerogels are attributed to their impressive micro‐morphologies and small geometries, enabling rapid diffusion and cations uptake. Therefore, the sustainability, biodegradability, ease of fabrications, rapid, and reusable adsorption performance make aerogel beads of this study highly potent for multipollutant adsorption.
Advanced Photonic Processes for Photovoltaic, Energy Storage, and Environmental Systems
Authors: Maragkaki Stella , Savva Kyriaki , Stratakis Emmanuel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOn account of the increasing energy demand, there is a need for worldwide exploration for new materials and methods in developing other energy sources and storage technologies. With the development of portable electronics, integrated graphene‐based systems have attracted increasing attention due to their environmental friendliness, mechanical flexibility, and lightweight features. In this review, the latest advances in laser‐directed design and fabrication of integrated graphene‐based devices, along with state‐of‐the‐art applications in energy storage and solar cell technologies are comprehensively summarized. Recent advances in this field give promising and clean solutions offering an answer to the increasing concern of global warming and the growing energy demand in developed nations. The perspectives and challenges in designing and improving future graphene integrated devices are also discussed.
Silicon‐Based Photocatalysis for Green Chemical Fuels and Carbon Negative Technologies
Authors: Li Ning , Xiang Fei , Fratalocchi Andrea 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSilicon, an earth‐abundant material with mature technology, low‐cost manufacturing, and high stability, holds promise to enable the sustainable exploitation of solar energy resources currently under utilized at the world‐scale. Apart from traditional interest in the photovoltaic industry, recent years have seen increasingly large activity in the study of Si‐based photo‐electro‐chemical (PEC) cells for water splitting and CO2 reduction. This research established an exciting area with the potential to address the present environmental crisis originating from unregulated CO2 emission levels. In this review, the recent work on Si‐based PEC devices for large scale production of hydrogen via water splitting, and carbon‐negative technologies for the solar‐driven reduction of CO2 into chemical fuels of industrial interest are summarized. Bias‐assisted and bias‐free PEC architectures are discussed, highlighting the motivations, challenges, functional mechanisms, and commenting on the perspectives related to this field of research both as a science and engineering.
Intraoperative Assessment and Photothermal Ablation of the Tumor Margins Using Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Wei Qiaolin , Arami Hamed , Santos Hélder A. , Zhang Hongbo , Li Yangyang , He Jian , Zhong Danni , Ling Daishun , Zhou Min 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSurgical resection is commonly used for therapeutic management of different solid tumors and is regarded as a primary standard of care procedure, but precise localization of tumor margins is a major intraoperative challenge. Herein, a generalized method by optimizing gold nanoparticles for intraoperative detection and photothermal ablation of tumor margins is introduced. These nanoparticles are detectable by highly sensitive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering imaging. This non‐invasive technique assists in delineating the two surgically challenged tumors in live mice with orthotopic colon or ovarian tumors. Any remaining residual tumors are also ablated by using post‐surgical adjuvant photothermaltherapy (aPTT), which results in microscale heat generation due to interaction of these nanoparticles with near‐infrared laser. Ablation of these post‐operative residual micro‐tumors prolongs the survival of mice significantly and delays tumor recurrence by 15 days. To validate clinical translatability of this method, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, Raman contrast, aPTT efficiency, and toxicity of these nanoparticles are also investigated. The nanoparticles have long blood circulation time (≈24 h), high tumor accumulation (4.87 ± 1.73%ID g−1) and no toxicity. This high‐resolution and sensitive intraoperative approach is versatile and can be potentially used for targeted ablation of residual tumor after resection within different organs.
Mechanism for Zincophilic Sites on Zinc‐Metal Anode Hosts in Aqueous Batteries
Authors: Xie Fangxi , Li Huan , Wang Xuesi , Zhi Xing , Chao Dongliang , Davey Kenneth , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe zinc‐metal anode (ZMA) is a critical component of rechargeable Zn‐based batteries. Zinc‐dendrite formation on ZMA during cycling causes an internal short‐circuit, thereby limiting long‐term practical operation of batteries. A strategy of introducing zincophilic sites shows promise in suppressing dendrite growth. However, the mechanism is not understood. Here, a detailed study of the mechanism of zincophilic sites based on multiple in situ/ex situ techniques is reported. Using a carbon‐host as a model system with nitrogen sites as zincophilic sites and both ex situ near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and in situ Raman spectra, it is shown that zinc ions are bonded with pyridine sites to form ZnN bonds. The ZnN bonds induce spacious nucleation of zinc on carbon‐hosts and suppress zinc‐dendrite formation. The host with zincophilic sites exhibits a homogenous Zn deposition, together with boosted electrochemical performance. This finding underscores the impact of nitrogen zincophilic sites in suppressing zinc‐dendrite formation. It is shown that bonding between zinc ions and zincophilic sites is the mechanism for zincophilic nucleation in the ZMA host. These findings are expected to be of immediate benefit to researchers in battery technologies and materials science.
Optimized Ni‐Rich NCMA Cathode for Electric Vehicle Batteries
Authors: Park Nam‐Yung , Ryu Hoon‐Hee , Park Geon‐Tae , Noh Tae‐Chong , Sun Yang‐Kook 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe electrochemical and structural stabilities of a conventional Li[Ni0.90Co0.045Mn0.045Al0.01]O2 (NCMA90) cathode and a core–shell with concentration gradient cathode (CSG‐NCMA90) are evaluated by cycling the cathodes at different depths of discharge (DoDs). The CSG‐NCMA90 cathode consists of fine, elongated primary particles that are radially aligned from the center of a spherical secondary particle. This unique microstructure effectively suppresses microcrack formation and propagation in the highly charged state. Moreover, microstructural analysis through transmission electron microscopy reveals that the thin elongated primary particles, largely featuring (001) facets on their lateral sides, are tolerant of electrolyte attack, thus suppressing surface degradation. In a full cell, these microstructural features enable the CSG‐NCMA90 cathode to retain 90.7% of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 100% DoD. Unlike conventional Ni‐rich layered cathodes whose capacity should be restricted to ≈60–80% to ensure their long service life, the proposed CSG‐NCMA90 cathode can be cycled at full capacity, thus facilitating higher electrochemical performance and realizing the development of economical Li‐ion batteries.
Osteosarcopenia is a potential predictor for the prognosis of patients who underwent hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Furukawa Kenei , Haruki Koichiro , Taniai Tomohiko , Hamura Ryoga , Shirai Yoshihiro , Yasuda Jungo , Shiozaki Hironori , Onda Shinji , Gocho Takeshi , Ikegami Toru 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimWe investigated the prognostic impact of osteosarcopenia, which is the combination of osteopenia and sarcopenia, in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) after hepatic resection.MethodsOne hundred and eighteen patients were analyzed retrospectively. Osteopenia was evaluated with computed tomographic measurement of pixel density in the midvertebral core of the 11th thoracic vertebra. Sarcopenia was evaluated with psoas muscle areas at the third lumbar vertebra. Osteosarcopenia was defined as the concomitant occurrence of osteopenia and sarcopenia.ResultsOsteosarcopenia was identified in 38 (32%) of the patients. In univariate analysis, the overall survival was significantly worse in patients with lymph node metastases (P = .01), extrahepatic lesion (P = .01), sarcopenia (P = .02), osteosarcopenia (P < .01), Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) 1 or 2 (P = .05), and curability R 1 or 2 (P = .04). In multivariate analysis, lymph node metastases (P < .01), osteosarcopenia (P < .01), and GPS 1 or 2 (P = .03) were independent and significant predictors of the overall survival. In patients with osteosarcopenia, there were more women than men and body mass index was lower compared to patients without osteosarcopenia.ConclusionOsteosarcopenia was the strong predictor for outcomes in patients who underwent liver resection for CRLM.
The “weanling's dilemma” revisited: Evolving bodies of evidence and the problem of infant paleodietary interpretation
Authors: Kendall Ellen , Millard Andrew , Beaumont Julia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBreastfeeding is known to be a powerful mediator of maternal and childhood health, with impacts throughout the life course. Paleodietary studies of the past 30 years have accordingly taken an enduring interest in the health and diet of young children as a potential indicator of population fertility, subsistence, and mortality patterns. While progress has been made in recent decades toward acknowledging the agency of children, many paleodietary reconstructions have failed to incorporate developments in cognate disciplines revealing synergistic dynamics between maternal and offspring biology. Paleodietary interpretation has relied heavily on the “weanling's dilemma,” in which infants are thought to face a bleak choice between loss of immunity or malnutrition. Using a review of immunological and epidemiological evidence for the dynamic and supportive role that breastfeeding plays throughout the complementary feeding period, this article offers context and nuance for understanding past feeding transitions. We suggest that future interpretative frameworks for infant paleodietary and bioarchaeological research should include a broad knowledge base that keeps pace with relevant developments outside of those disciplines.
Uncloaking a Lost Cause: Decolonizing ancestry estimation in the United States
Authors: DiGangi Elizabeth A. , Bethard Jonathan D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince the professionalization of US‐based forensic anthropology in the 1970s, ancestry estimation has been included as a standard part of the biological profile, because practitioners have assumed it necessary to achieve identifications in medicolegal contexts. Simultaneously, forensic anthropologists have not fully considered the racist context of the criminal justice system in the United States related to the treatment of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color; nor have we considered that ancestry estimation might actually hinder identification efforts because of entrenched racial biases. Despite ongoing criticisms from mainstream biological anthropology that ancestry estimation perpetuates race science, forensic anthropologists have continued the practice. Recent years have seen the prolific development of retooled typological approaches with 21st century statistical prowess to include methods for estimating ancestry from cranial morphoscopic traits, despite no evidence that these traits reflect microevolutionary processes or are suitable genetic proxies for population structure; and such approaches have failed to critically evaluate the societal consequences for perpetuating the biological race concept. Around the country, these methods are enculturated in every aspect of the discipline ranging from university classrooms, to the board‐certification examination marking the culmination of training, to standard operating procedures adopted by forensic anthropology laboratories. Here, we use critical race theory to interrogate the approaches utilized to estimate ancestry to include a critique of the continued use of morphoscopic traits, and we assert that the practice of ancestry estimation contributes to white supremacy. Based on the lack of scientific support that these traits reflect evolutionary history, and the inability to disentangle skeletal‐based ancestry estimates from supporting the biological validity of race, we urge all forensic anthropologists to abolish the practice of ancestry estimation.
Non‐Adiabatic Transitions in Parabolic and Super‐Parabolic PT‐Symmetric Non‐Hermitian Systems in 1D Optical Waveguides
Authors: Kam Chon‐Fai , Chen Yang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExceptional points, which are spectral degeneracy points in the complex parameter space, are fundamental to non‐Hermitian quantum systems. The dynamics of non‐Hermitian systems in the presence of exceptional points differ significantly from those of Hermitian ones. Here, non‐adiabatic transitions in non‐Hermitian ‐symmetric systems are investigated, in which the exceptional points are driven through at finite speeds which are quadratic or cubic functions of time. Different transmission dynamics separated by exceptional points are identified, and analytical approximate formulas for the non‐adiabatic transmission probabilities are derived. Possible experimental realizations with a ‐symmetric non‐Hermitian 1D tight‐binding optical waveguide lattice are discussed through non‐Hermitian Bloch oscillations between different bands.
A Large Starphene Comprising Pentacene Branches
Authors: Holec Jan , Cogliati Beatrice , Lawrence James , Berdonces‐Layunta Alejandro , Herrero Pablo , Nagata Yuuya , Banasiewicz Marzena , Kozankiewicz Boleslaw , Corso Martina , de Oteyza Dimas G. , Jancarik Andrej , Gourdon Andre 
Published: January 2021

AbstractStarphenes are attractive compounds due to their characteristic physicochemical properties that are inherited from acenes, making them interesting compounds for organic electronics and optics. However, the instability and low solubility of larger starphene homologs make their synthesis extremely challenging. Herein, we present a new strategy leading to pristine [16]starphene in preparative scale. Our approach is based on a synthesis of a carbonyl‐protected starphene precursor that is thermally converted in a solid‐state form to the neat [16]starphene, which is then characterised with a variety of analytical methods, such as 13C CP‐MAS NMR, TGA, MS MALDI, UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, high‐resolution STM experiments unambiguously confirm its expected structure and reveal a moderate electronic delocalisation between the pentacene arms. Nucleus‐independent chemical shifts NICS(1) are also calculated to survey its aromatic character.
Unterbrochene Pyridin‐Hydrierung: asymmetrische Synthese von δ‐Lactamen
Authors: Wagener Tobias , Lückemeier Lukas , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDie Metall‐katalysierte Hydrierung ist eine effektive Methode, um leicht verfügbare Aromaten in gesättigte Motive zu überführen. Allerdings sind derzeitige Hydrierungsstrategien auf die Bildung von C‐H‐ und N‐H‐Bindungen beschränkt. Dabei führt die schrittweise Addition von Wasserstoff zu reaktiven, ungesättigten Zwischenprodukten, die schnell weiter reduziert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu bietet die Unterbrechung der vollständigen Hydrierung durch zusätzliche Funktionalisierung ungesättigter Zwischenprodukte großes Potenzial zur Erhöhung der chemischen Komplexität in einem einzigen Reaktionsschritt. Das Überwinden der vollständigen Reduktion in der Aromatenhydrierung wurde bisher nur selten demonstriert. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über die Synthese begehrter, enantioangereicherter δ‐Lactame aus Oxazolidinon‐substituierten Pyridinen und Wasser durch einen unterbrochenen Hydrierungsmechanismus.
First‐Principles Evaluation of One‐Dimensional Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Electrocatalytic C−H Activation of Natural Gas
Authors: Shen Min‐Hsiu , Chao Tzu‐Hsuan , Tang Yu‐Tzu , Cheng Mu‐Jeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo replace the oxygen evolution reaction with thermodynamically more favorable and economically more profitable methane and ethane (the major components of natural gas) electrochemical partial oxidation, we employed constant electrode potential density functional theory calculations to screen 20 one‐dimensional metal‐organic frameworks containing heteroatom‐substituted benzene as electrocatalysts. By computing the Pourbaix diagrams, O−H binding energies, and C−H activation barriers, we determined that although none of these catalysts were able to activate methane, one was able to hydroxylate ethane to ethanol with facile kinetics, making it a promising electrocatalyst for natural gas oxidation.