bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Second Troll Prerequisite
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the second prerequisite required for hacked and generated content to influence the U.S. election: was it aligned with Trump’s messages and electoral interests? Jamieson argues that the content generated by Russian trolls centered on concerns on Trump’s agenda, such as fear of downward mobility and cultural dislocation. The trolls’ efforts to sow discord by exacerbating cross-group conflict and fueling dissatisfaction with the status quo also advantaged the Trump campaign. Russian-hacked emails and troll content reinforced Trump’s attacks against Hillary Clinton, underscoring both the notion that she was corrupt and dishonest and that her stance on key issues threatened the interests of working-class and culturally anxious Americans.
The Third Troll Prerequisite, Part 2
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 extends the book’s analysis of the strategic alignment of the Russian messaging and Trump’s electoral needs by looking at efforts to demobilize a number of key Democratic constituencies, particularly Black citizens and Sanders’s supporters. Jamieson details Russia’s extensive efforts to reach Black audiences through the use of many popular accounts across the social media platforms, which sought to sow a mistrust of mainstream media and the status quo, counterweight Trump’s rhetoric on race and crime, and suppress the Black vote. Similarly, hacked content and troll messaging were used to convert or suppress the Sanders vote by heightening antipathy and alienation toward Clinton and questioning Sanders’s religion. The trolls also attempted to redirect liberals to cast a vote for Jill Stein instead of Clinton.
Evidence-Based Trauma Treatments
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A review of the major evidence based, manualized trauma treatments, including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, and exposure therapy is offered. Common treatment characteristics are identified and listed. Meta-analyses of their comparative effectiveness and overall efficacy are provided. Serious concerns related to real world treatment dropout rates reported by several meta-analyses are identified. Lack of flexibility by all of the approaches is identified as a key driver producing dropouts.
Trauma and Substance Abuse
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Substance abuse and trauma are the topics of this chapter. The relationship between substance abuse and trauma histories, particularly intrafamilial sexual abuse, is examined. The application of integrative family and systems treatment (I-FAST) with two cases is described in detail. Both cases are examples of adult women who suffered serious intrafamilial sexual abuse, were not supported by their mothers, and subsequently developed serious substance abuse problems. In both cases, their mothers were included in the treatment. Support from their mothers regarding the sexual abuse was finally obtained. In both cases, repairing the mother–daughter relationship resulted in total amelioration of both trauma and substance abuse problems.
Energies
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTraditional societies depended on biofuels and animate power from draft animals and human labor. The energy transition reduced biomass fuels to a globally marginal role, as fossil fuel extraction and electricity generation provided abundant and affordable energy. Consequences of this supply were magnified by conversions of fuels and electricity in new prime movers (first steam engines, and then internal combustion engines, electric lights, and motors). Indeed, they have nearly eliminated animate power, resulting in mechanization of agriculture and industrial production, in the rise of mass mobility, and in the deployment of electronic devices throughout the entire economy. Higher average per capita energy supply has been even more impressive when steady gains in conversion efficiency, and the resulting declines of energy intensities of products and services, are taken into account.
Horizons
Authors: Robin William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The downtown marathons of Bang on a Can might seem worlds away from the American symphony orchestra, but in the mid-1980s they shared a common context: David Lang worked for the New York Philharmonic in this period as an assistant to composer-in-residence Jacob Druckman. His assistantship was part of the granting organization Meet the Composer’s Orchestra Residencies Program, which placed American composers in residencies with symphony orchestras and fundamentally reshaped the relationship between new music and the marketplace. The program’s most high-profile success, the Philharmonic’s 1983 Horizons festival, captured an unprecedented audience for new music via its heavily publicized theme of “A New Romanticism?” And Lang’s subsequent work with the Philharmonic provided him with experience and connections, as well as a growing ambivalence toward the orchestral sphere that shaped the maverick mindset of Bang on a Can.
Funding
Authors: Robin William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the midst of the Culture Wars, in which Congressional Republicans and the religious right attempted to defund the National Endowment for the Arts, Bang on a Can expanded and professionalized. Cuts to government funding throughout the 1980s and 1990s shaped how Bang on a Can and their peers navigated their relationship to the marketplace. Other controversies also emerged, as when the New York State Council on the Arts attempted to implement policy around multicultural programming and encourage institutions to seek out audiences, to the chagrin of composers Charles Wuorinen and Milton Babbbitt as well as the Group for Contemporary Music. But Bang on a Can made the most of this moment, carving out new sources of income, diversifying their programming, reaching new audiences, and ultimately starting a new program, the People’s Commissioning Fund, in the wake of the devastating cuts to the NEA passed in the mid-1990s.
Theoretical Framework
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the theoretical argument. It argues that national capacity is important in establishing the equilibrium level of piracy acceptable to the state. In weak or failed states, national governments are either unable or unwilling to counter piracy effectively, while more capable states have sufficient capacity to counter pirates on land and in coastal waters. Yet despite the importance of overall capacity in creating permissive conditions for piracy, it is argued that local governance determines the incidence and organization of piracy. In particular, organized piracy needs access to infrastructure and markets, suggesting that areas with some economic governance will be most attractive to pirates. Furthermore, pirates look for weakly governed areas where opportunities for collusion are plentiful. These expectations should hold most strongly for more organized forms of maritime piracy, since spontaneous, short-term opportunistic attacks could still occur in weak or strong areas.
Governance and Piracy in Indonesia
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses quantitative and qualitative methods to assess whether and how local measures of institutional capacity affect piracy in Indonesia. It disaggregates the unit of analysis to subnational grid-cell units and consistently observes a curvilinear relationship between local governance and organized piracy: there appears to be a capacity “sweet spot” that attracts criminal-type organizations that engage in sophisticated maritime attacks. It also finds that opportunistic piracy is affected by local measures of institutional quality but that this relationship is weaker and does not follow the same inverted-U-shaped pattern. The chapter complements the quantitative findings with interviews conducted in Indonesia’s Riau Islands. Interviews with former pirates, local community members, journalists, and other local experts confirm that infrastructure, markets, and collusion opportunities are important considerations for piracy.
Governance and Piracy in Nigeria and Somalia
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter first describes geographic and temporal trends in the frequency of attacks in Nigeria and Somalia. It then reviews the development of piracy in both countries, paying particular attention to local governance capacity. Similarly to the analyses of Indonesia in Chapter 6, this chapter notes a clear curvilinear association between nighttime light emissions and sophisticated pirate attacks against steaming ships on the open water. The findings are stronger in Nigeria than in Somalia, but this is to be expected given low variance in local capacity across the Somali state. Significantly, the empirical evidence presented on Nigeria and Somalia supports the findings from Chapter 6. Pirates locate in spaces characterized by intermediate state capacity, places with some infrastructural development and elites who can be bribed to look the other way. The evidence presented in this chapter shows considerably less piracy in areas with very weak or very strong governance.
Day Laborers
Authors: Cummings Scott L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Day laborers are immigrant men who seek daily employment on street corners, often next to home improvement stores and other venues trafficked by contractors and do-it-yourselfers. The combination of a strong construction market and rising undocumented immigration powered the growth of day labor through the 1990s. Although part of the underground economy, day laborers were some of the most visible immigrant workers, standing on the corners in affluent communities to find jobs. Over the next decade, they became the target of legal backlash, with more than forty cities in the greater L.A. area passing anti-solicitation ordinances making it a crime for day laborers to solicit work from the street corner. This chapter examines the coordinated legal and organizing campaign to challenge these ordinances led by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) and the National Day Laborer Organizing Network (NDLON). The campaign challenged local jurisdictions in the greater L.A. area that actively enforced anti-solicitation ordinances. The strategy developed by MALDEF and NDLON focused on organizing day laborers at enforcement hotspots into committees that served as plaintiffs in federal court lawsuits claiming that ordinances violated laborers’ First Amendment right to seek work. The campaign thus adopted a libertarian, rather than an anti-discrimination, legal frame. This frame was used to build precedent toward the end goal of invalidating the most aggressive ordinances: those modeled after Redondo Beach’s pioneering 1987 law banning solicitation in any public right-of-way, including sidewalks. The chapter charts the trajectory of this test-case strategy, which culminated in a seminal 2011 federal appellate court decision striking down Redondo Beach’s ordinance and thereby clearing the way for day laborer solicitation in public space regionwide.
Teaching Moral Sex
Authors: Slominski Kristy L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Teaching Moral Sex is the first comprehensive study to focus on the role of religion in the history of public sex education in the United States. It examines religious contributions to national sex education organizations from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century, highlighting issues of public health, public education, family, and the role of the state. It details how public sex education was created through the collaboration of religious sex educators—primarily liberal Protestants, along with some Catholics and Reform Jews—with “men of science,” namely, physicians, biology professors, and social scientists. Slominski argues that the work of early religious sex educators laid foundations for both sides of contemporary controversies regarding comprehensive sexuality education and abstinence-only education. In other words, instead of casting religion as merely an opponent of sex education, this research shows how deeply embedded religion has been in sex education history and how this legacy has shaped terms of current debates. By focusing on religion, this book introduces a new cast of characters into sex education history, including Quaker and Unitarian social purity reformers, the Young Men’s Christian Association, military chaplains, the Federal Council of Churches, and the National Council of Churches. These religious sex educators made sex education more acceptable to the public and created the groundwork for recent debates through their strategic combination of progressive and restrictive approaches to sexuality. Their contributions helped to spread sex education and influenced major shifts within the movement, including the mid-century embrace of family life education.
At Home in Our Sounds
Authors: Gillett Rachel Anne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book shows how and why music became part of the social changes Europe faced in the aftermath of World War I. It focuses on the story of Black music in Paris and the people who created it, enjoyed it, criticized it, and felt at home when they heard it. African Americans, French Antilleans, and French West Africans wrote, danced, sang, and acted politically in response to the heightened visibility of racial difference in Paris during this era. They were consumed with questions that continue to resonate today. Could one be Black and French? Was Black solidarity more important than national and colonial identity? How could French culture include the experiences and contributions of Africans and Antilleans? From highly educated women, such as the Nardal sisters of Martinique, to the working Black musicians performing in crowded nightclubs at all hours, the book gives a fully rounded view of Black reactions to jazz in interwar Paris. It places that phenomenon in its historic and political context, and in doing so, it shows how music and music making formed a vital terrain of cultural politics. It shows how music making brought people together around pianos, on the dance floor, and through reading and gossip, but it did not erase the political, regional, and national differences among them. The book shows that many found a home in Paris but did not always feel at home. This book reveals these dimensions of music making, race, and cultural politics in interwar Paris.
Performing Racial Difference at the Colonial Exposition of 1931
Authors: Gillett Rachel Anne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the unabashed moment of imperial pride that was the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931. It explains how music making at the Exposition performed ideas about race. The Exposition presented challenges and possibilities for colonial subjects trying to work out where they belonged, how they belonged, and whether they wanted to belong in the French Empire. The chapter examines both the official, state-sanctioned representation of race and ethnicity at the Exposition and some critiques of it generated by anti-colonial groups. The Exposition demonstrated hierarchies of race through displays of music and dance. It asserted the value of France’s “civilizing” influence based on those representations. French colonial subjects exposed some of those representations as false and promoted their own “authentic” music and dance performances both at the Exposition and at an anti-Exposition organized by surrealist, communist, and anti-colonial activists. The chapter argues that the Colonial Exposition had such a high profile that it galvanized French men and women of color to resist misrepresentations of their cultures. It may, therefore, have had a longer-lasting effect on them than on the white metropolitan French population targeted by the Exposition.
Clouds Gather, and the Band Plays On
Authors: Gillett Rachel Anne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the way cultural production was mobilized to fight fascism and racism in the early 1930s. Yet it simultaneously illustrates how different constituencies in “Black Paris” related to colonialism very differently. The two events that anchor this exploration are the celebration of the tercentenary of France’s colonization of the Antilles and the campaign against Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia. Various coalitions used music and performance to celebrate the tercentenary. Others made music to generate solidarity and financial support for Haile Selassie and Ethiopia in the face of the Italian invasion. In both cases music and performance became a way of gathering people together and raising money for political causes. The strong support for the pan-African campaign on behalf of Ethiopia was present at the same time as the divided responses to the tercentenary. The conjunction illustrates Paul Gilroy’s characterization of Black identities in the Atlantic region as showing both solidarity and difference.
Adventures in “Wisdom-Land”
Authors: Partridge Christopher 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the early Theosophical Society through the lens of postcolonial analysis and argues that although the Theosophical Society represents an affirmative Romantic form of Orientalism as it promoted Indian religion and culture and opposed colonial rule and the Christian missions, the Theosophical Society is in fact also rooted in classical Orientalist discourses of power. Analyzing early Theosophical conceptualizations of wisdom, masters, and locations, the chapter argues that the Theosophical Society subdued the East to its own preconceived notions based in Western culture and esotericism. The wisdom found in the East was the esoteric wisdom of Theosophy. This chapter thereby brings attention to the many nuances of Orientalism and the often-overlooked facets of Theosophical approaches to the East.
Orientalist vs. Theosophist
Authors: Lopez Jr. Donald S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how Orientalists imagined the original Buddha to be a humane, non-secretive, and almost modern religious thinker, whereas Theosophists, contrary to this, argued that the Buddha imagined profound secret wisdom to exist in the myths surrounding him. The chapter follows the interesting debates between the two camps, beginning in 1888 in Oxford with the meeting of Henry Steel Olcott and Max Müller. Here the tension between approaches was concentrated on the correct placement of a Buddha statue in Müller’s study. Should it be placed according to Greek tradition, as was satisfactory to Müller, or according to Buddhist traditions, as Olcott contended? The chapter next traces the spirited debate between Müller and Alfred Percy Sinnett, which began in the pages of the British literary journal The Nineteenth Century, concerning Helena Blavatsky and the correct understanding and presentation of Buddhism, and which highlights the two different approaches to the East.
Allan Octavian Hume, Madame Blavatsky, and the Foundation of the Indian National Congress
Authors: Lubelsky Isaac 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the Theosophical Society deeply influenced the early days of Indian nationalism and was crucially responsible for the birth of the Indian nationalist movement. Allan Octavian Hume, one of Helena Blavatsky’s closest disciples during the early 1880s, was for example the person behind the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. This chapter tells in depth the story of Hume’s Theosophical period and analyzes Hume’s writing from that period, followed by a thorough description of his efforts to erect the Indian National Congress, based on his Theosophical beliefs. It shows how Theosophy had a direct influence on the birth of the nationalist movement of the world’s largest democracy.
Is Russia Resurrected?
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Russia has developed outsized influence in international politics in the twenty-first century, although on paper it does not have the traditional means of power that the United States or China does, for example. Yet, if we look beyond traditional realist measures of power in international relations of human capital, size of the military, and economic means, to also include the relative scope and weight of Russian influence in key policy areas, as well as assessing its geographic domain of influence under Vladimir Putin, Russia is not as weak relative to other great powers as it might at first appear. Under Putin’s autocracy, his regime has also become more willing to project power abroad in order to maintain domestic stability.
Where Does Russia Matter?
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys how and in what policy areas Russia under Vladimir Putin exercises influence over the politics, economies, and societies of other post-Soviet states. It explicitly compares Russian power resources in each of the fourteen other former Soviet republics, and surveys the ways in which his autocratic regime has employed its varied power resources to change policies in the near abroad. It concludes that Russian influence has been used differently in the more Western-leaning, liberalized former republics, like Ukraine, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Moldova, as opposed to the autocracies of Central Asia, and Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Belarus.
Where (Else) in the World Is Russia?
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at geographic regions and policy areas where Putin’s Russia has become increasingly influential. It examines in depth the three policy areas of special importance to Russian grand strategy—energy, particularly oil and gas; non-energy trade; and national and political security. It provides overviews of Russian power projection in the Middle East, including Syria, Libya, Egypt, Iran, and Israel; Eastern and Western Europe; Latin America, including Venezuela; and sub-Saharan African countries. The chapter concludes that Russian power resources are varied and that Russian influence has increased globally since the mid-2000s in particular.
Russian Hard Power
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Russia’s renewed defensive and offensive capabilities. It defines hard power as conventional and nuclear forces. The chapter compares Russian military power to that of the United States and China. The material in this chapter demonstrates that Russia has rebuilt and modernized its hard power resources considerably since the 2008 military reform. In some areas, by 2020, Russia was capable of seriously challenging NATO’s combined capabilities. The chapter covers the New Look military reforms that began in 2008 in Russia. It looks also at Russian spending on the military in dollar and ruble terms in order to get a more complete understanding of how much Russia actually spends compared to the United States and China. It provides a detailed overview of Russia’s existing conventional capabilities in land, sea, and air, as well as comparative nuclear upgrades.