bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Otitis media detection using tympanic membrane images with a novel multi-class machine learning algorithm
Authors: Alhudhaif Adi , Cömert Zafer , Polat Kemal 
Published: February 2021

Background
Otitis media (OM) is the infection and inflammation of the mucous membrane covering the Eustachian with the airy cavities of the middle ear and temporal bone. OM is also one of the most common ailments. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of OM is carried out by visual inspection of otoscope images. This vulnerable process is subjective and error-prone.

Methods
In this study, a novel computer-aided decision support model based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) has been developed. To improve the generalized ability of the proposed model, a combination of the channel and spatial model (CBAM), residual blocks, and hypercolumn technique is embedded into the proposed model. All experiments were performed on an open-access tympanic membrane dataset that consists of 956 otoscopes images collected into five classes.

Results
The proposed model yielded satisfactory classification achievement. The model ensured an overall accuracy of 98.26%, sensitivity of 97.68%, and specificity of 99.30%. The proposed model produced rather superior results compared to the pre-trained CNNs such as AlexNet, VGG-Nets, GoogLeNet, and ResNets. Consequently, this study points out that the CNN model equipped with the advanced image processing techniques is useful for OM diagnosis. The proposed model may help to field specialists in achieving objective and repeatable results, decreasing misdiagnosis rate, and supporting the decision-making processes.
Letter from the editor
Authors: Huerta Miguel Angel 
Published: February 2021

Dear contributors:
After 5 consecutive years as editor-in-chief of Ciencias Marinas, Dr. Alejandro Cabello Pasini has now abdicated this position to undertake other academic projects at the Autonomous University of Baja California (Mexico). This change in editorship concurs with the 45th anniversary of the establishment of Ciencias Marinas and marks the beginning of a new phase in the growth and development of our scholarly journal. The editorial team has thus far completed many projects, such as updating our publishing platform, all aimed to improve journal presentation, visibility, and accessibility. It has now taken the first steps in transitioning from an electronic publishing format to a completely digital format, and it will continue to work hard to guarantee that Ciencias Marinas continues evolving.
Over these past 45 years Ciencias Marinas has been a conduit for the professional and inclusive delivery of sound scientific information on the four disciplines of marine science (biology, physics, geology, and chemistry). At the moment we are focusing on strengthening our international support system to reach higher publishing standards. To achieve this goal, we are expanding, refining, and updating our editorial board, which now includes even more international experts with outstanding academic careers. We will continue to expand our editorial board by extending additional invitations to other experts who wish to collaborate in this project that is Ciencias Marinas, and we hope to soon welcome new member to our board.
I would now like to take the opportunity to thank previous editors-in-chief for their contributions, which have elevated our journal to its current position. Their contributions give me a great advantage to further improve the quality of the journal products. I am also thankful to the members of the editorial board, who have provided much support by efficiently and professionally managing the editorial processes of our submissions. As a result of this work, our list of reviewers has significantly increased in number and quality, and this will reflect on the quality of the papers we publish. We are working our way to better our remote communication with the editorial board so we can jointly establish new publication strategies aimed to improve the quality of our journal and its impact in the scientific community.
I want to thank the Autonomous University of Baja California for all the support it has provided over these past 45 years for the upkeep of the journal. My thanks go to the editorial office administration staff, who have done and continue doing an excellent job, and to the reviewers, the readers, and the authors, because without them this journal would not be what it is today. We will keep working with everyone to continually improve Ciencias Marinas, and we hope we continue receiving your contributions. In the meantime, please feel free to visit our website and check our new journal cover and other new things we have set up you.
Sincerely,
Miguel Angel Huerta Díaz
Editor-in-chief
Reversible Temperature‐Sensitive Liquid–Solid Triboelectrification with Polycaprolactone Material for Wetting Monitoring and Temperature Sensing
Authors: Li Xiaojuan , Zhang Liqiang , Feng Yange , Zheng Youbin , Wu Zishuai , Zhang Xiaolong , Wang Nannan , Wang Daoai , Zhou Feng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractControlling liquid–solid triboelectrification is highly demanded in a wide range of applications, from electrostatic prevention to energy collection and utilization. Except for traditional unidirectional and irreversible ways, smart approaches are required urgently. Here, a novel temperature response liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is reported on the basis of a polycaprolactone (PCL) covered fluorinated alumina for tunable triboelectrification. The PCL conformation is regulated by temperature to endow the substrate controllable surface component and interfacial wettability to manipulate the liquid–solid triboelectricity flexibly. As the temperature rises from 20 to 40 °C, the short circuit current and the open‐circuit voltage of the PCL‐based TENG are reduced by more than 40 times. When the temperature drops to 20 °C, the electrical output can return to its original level again. Moreover, after one month, the electrical signal is still reversible and stable. In addition to water, the electrical output of organic liquid, such as ethylene glycol, also responds well to temperature. This work initially provides a new strategy for achieving the customizable manipulation of liquid–solid triboelectrification by polymer surface reorganization, gives a new idea for in situ monitoring the interfacial wettability changes, and configures the reconstruction of amphiphilic polymer using triboelectricity.
High Mobility 3D Dirac Semimetal (Cd3As2) for Ultrafast Photoactive Terahertz Photonics
Authors: Dai Zijie , Manjappa Manukumara , Yang Yunkun , Tan Thomas Cai Wei , Qiang Bo , Han Song , Wong Liang Jie , Xiu Faxian , Liu Weiwei , Singh Ranjan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Dirac semimetal cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2), a 3D electronic analog of graphene, has sparked renewed research interests for its novel topological phases and excellent optoelectronic properties. The gapless nature of its 3D electronic band facilitates strong optical nonlinearity and supports Dirac plasmons that are of particular interest to realize high‐performance electronic and photonic devices at terahertz (1 THz = 4.1 meV) frequencies, where the performance of most dynamic materials are limited by the tradeoff between power‐efficiency and switching speed. Here, all‐optical, low‐power, ultrafast broadband modulation of terahertz waves using an ultrathin film (100 nm, λ/3000) of Cd3As2 are experimentally demonstrated through active tailoring of the photoconductivity. The measurements reveal the photosensitive metallic behavior of Cd3As2 with high terahertz electron mobility of 7200 cm2 (Vs)−1. In addition, optical fluence dependent ultrafast charge carrier relaxation (15.5 ps), terahertz mobility, and long momentum scattering time (157 fs) comparable to superconductors that invoke kinetic inductance at terahertz frequencies are demonstrated. These remarkable properties of 3D Dirac topological semimetal envision a new class of power‐efficient, high speed, compact, tunable electronic, and photonic devices.
Pyrazoleamides in Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions: Recent Advances
Authors: Meninno Sara , Franco Francesca , Benaglia Maurizio , Lattanzi Alessandra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPyrazoleamides are a class of compounds which have received significant attention in the last years in asymmetric catalysis as more reactive and practical surrogates of esters or amides. These readily available reagents have served in a variety of diastereo‐ and enantioselective metal‐ and organocatalytic transformations, spanning from simple carbon‐carbon or carbon‐heteroatom bond formation to cascade and rearrangement reactions, to produce valuable classes of heterocyclic compounds. More recently, pyrazoleamides have proved to be pertinent reagents in asymmetric catalysis merged with photoredox catalysis, and in more challenging stereoselective bond‐forming reactions, occurring directly from a visible‐light activated substrate/catalyst complex without any charge separation. Both strategies enable new activation concepts useful for the production of difficult‐to‐access intermediates and pharmaceuticals. In this review, an overview of the progress achieved in asymmetric catalytic reactions of pyrazoleamides from 2015 up to middle 2020, is illustrated.magnified image
CERES‐Maize model performance under mineral and organic fertilization in nemoral climate conditions
Authors: Žydelis Renaldas , Dechmi Farida , Isla Ramon , Weihermüller Lutz , Lazauskas Sigitas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLittle information is available regarding the performance of the CERES‐Maize model under nemoral climate conditions. Therefore, this study aims to estimate and compare major soil‐plant N cycle parameters in grain maize (Zea mays L.) crop after application of synthetic and different organic fertilizers solely or in combination in nemoral zone maize production, using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model. Field experiments carried out during 2015, 2016, and 2017 in Akademija (Lithuania) were considered for model calibration and validation. The model was successfully validated for total aboveground biomass (TAB, R2 = .89), grain yield (GY, R2 = .85), and acceptably for leaf area index (LAI, R2 = .57), total plant N uptake (R2 = .61), and residual soil mineral N (R2 = .64). The lower plant N uptake and soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) observed for the pelletized cattle manure (PCM) and green waste compost (GWC) treatments compared to the fertilization with synthetic ammonium nitrate (AN) were successfully captured by the model. Finally, the model provided reasonable predictions of the temporal dynamics of measured soil water content (SWC) and soil temperature. The validated model was further used to provide N loss estimations during the maize growing seasons via leaching and gaseous emissions. The results showed that the CERES‐Maize model can successfully be used to simulate maize growth under the extreme climatic conditions of the nemoral zone in combination with different N managements. Nevertheless, additional efforts are needed to verify and fine‐tune the model to comprehensively simulate the N cycle, especially losses by drainage water and gaseous emissions.
Bilateral asymmetry in arm anthropometric measurements according to laterality and nutritional status in children and adolescents from 6 to 12 years old
Authors: Salazar‐Preciado Laura Leticia , Vallarta‐Robledo Juan R. , Chávez‐Palencia Clío , Lizárraga‐Corona Elizabeth , Larrosa‐Haro Alfredo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare and correlate anthropometric measurements of the left arm versus the right arm and to establish their relation to laterality, sex, and nutritional status in children and adolescents from 6 to 12 years of age.MethodsA cross‐sectional study included 605 children and adolescents (285 males; 320 females), with a middle socioeconomic status, that attended an urban elementary school. Anthropometric measurements were taken in both arms, along with height and weight, to assess nutritional status. Self‐reported hand preference was recorded.ResultsA total of 49.3% were females and 93% of the subjects were right‐handed (n = 563). The mean comparison of right arm and left arm measurements and areas, according to laterality, showed differences in arm fat measurements, with higher values in the right arm. However, the mean difference in triceps skinfold and upper arm measurements between the right arm and left arm was smaller than the technical error of measurement. Significant differences were observed between arm measurements and areas. Upper arm and total upper arm areas of both arms had the highest regression coefficients, with an adjusted R2 of .98, whereas the arm fat index had the lowest (adjusted R2 of .88). Adjusting the previous differences between the right arm and left arm by age, sex, BMI, and laterality produced similar results.ConclusionsStatistical but not clinically significant differences were found between some measurements and areas of both arms, discretely modified in models adjusted for age and BMI, so the measurements can be made on either arm.
Household Ozone Disinfector as An Alternative Ozone Generator for Ozonolysis of Alkenes
Authors: Buntasana Supanat , Seankongsuk Pattarakiat , Vilaivan Tirayut , Padungros Panuwat 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOzonolysis is an oxidative cleavage reaction of alkenes with ozone that is indispensable and has found many applications in organic synthesis. However, dedicated laboratory ozone generators are quite expensive equipment and may not be affordable by many laboratories. Recently, low‐cost ozone disinfectors have become more common as a household appliance. Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of a household ozone disinfector, which can produce ozone in the order of 10 mmol/h, as alternative equipment for the laboratory scale ozonolysis of alkenes. The ozonolysis of 14 styrene derivatives bearing electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups on aromatic rings including those with α‐ and β‐substituents, as well as 8 natural products containing olefinic moieties were investigated. Ozonolysis of these alkenes at millimole scales proceeded to completion within 30–40 minutes and the carbonyl products were obtained in 68% to quantitative yields. Preparative‐scale ozonolysis of 4‐methoxystyrene (6.17 g, 46 mmol) was also demonstrated. The reaction proceeded smoothly to yield 4‐anisaldehyde in 92% yield, which was subsequently converted to p‐anisaldehyde dimethyl acetal in 66% yield. This work presents household ozone disinfector as an affordable, compact size, and practical synthetic equipment that does not require extra modification. Thus, the household ozone disinfector offers convenient access to ozonolysis or other reactions involving ozone for low‐budget laboratories.
Toward a bioarchaeology of urbanization: Demography, health, and behavior in cities in the past
Authors: Betsinger Tracy K. , DeWitte Sharon N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUrbanization is one of the most important settlement shifts in human history and has been the focus of research within bioarchaeology for decades. However, there have been limited attempts to synthesize the results of these studies in order to gain a broader perspective on whether or how urbanization affects the biology, demography, and behavior of humans, and how these potential effects are embodied in the human skeleton. This paper outlines how bioarchaeology is well‐suited to examine urbanization in the past, and we provide an overview and examples of three main ways in which urbanization is studied in bioarchaeological research: comparison of (often contemporaneous) urban and rural sites, synchronic studies of the variation that exists within and between urban sites, and investigations of changes that occur within urban sites over time. Studies of urbanization, both within bioarchaeology and in other fields of study, face a number of limitations, including a lack of a consensus regarding what urban and urbanization mean, the assumed dichotomous nature of urban versus rural settlements, the supposition that urbanization is universally bad for people, and the assumption (at least in practice) of homogeneity within urban and rural populations. Bioarchaeologists can address these limitations by utilizing a wide array of data and methods, and the studies described here collectively demonstrate the complex, nuanced, and highly variable effects of urbanization.
Solar and Visible Light Assisted Peptide Coupling
Authors: Mishra Abhaya K. , Parvari Galit , Santra Sourav K. , Bazylevich Andrii , Dorfman Ortal , Rahamim Jonatan , Eichen Yoav , Szpilman Alex M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmino acid and peptide couplings are widely used in fields related to pharma and materials. Still, current peptide synthesis continues to rely on the use of expensive, water sensitive, and waste‐generating coupling reagents, which are often prepared in multi‐step sequences and used in excess. Herein is described a peptide coupling reaction design that relies mechanistically on sun‐light activation of a 4‐dimethylamino‐pyridine–alkyl halide charge‐transfer complex to generate a novel coupling reagent in situ. The resulting coupling method is rapid, does not require dry solvents or inert atmosphere, and is compatible with all the most common amino acids and protecting groups. Peptide couplings can be run on gram‐scale, without the use of special equipment. This method has a significantly reduced environmental and financial footprint compared to standard peptide coupling reactions. Experimental and computational studies support the proposed mechanism.
Delayed Linker Addition (DLA) Synthesis for Hybrid SOD ZIFs with Unsubstituted Imidazolate Linkers for Propylene/Propane and n‐Butane/i‐Butane Separations
Authors: Hillman Febrian , Hamid Mohamad Rezi Abdul , Krokidas Panagiotis , Moncho Salvador , Brothers Edward N. , Economou Ioannis G. , Jeong Hae‐Kwon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present a novel synthesis strategy termed delayed linker addition (DLA) to synthesize hybrid zeolitic‐imidazolate frameworks containing unsubstituted imidazolate linkers (Im) with SOD topology (hereafter termed Im/ZIF‐8). Im linker incorporation can create larger voids and apertures, which are important properties for gas storage and separation. To date, there have been only a handful of reports of Im linkers incorporated into ZIF‐8 frameworks, typically requiring arduous and complicated post synthesis approaches. DLA, as reported here, is a simple one‐step synthesis strategy allowing high incorporation of Im linker into the ZIF‐8 framework while still retaining its SOD topology. We fabricated mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) with 6FDA‐DAM polymer and Im/ZIF‐8 obtained via DLA as a filler. The Im/ZIF‐8‐containing MMMs showed excellent performance for both propylene/propane and n‐butane/i‐butane separation, displaying permeability and ideal selectivity well above the polymer upper bound. Moreover, highly detailed molecular simulations shed light to the aperture size and flexibility response of Im/ZIF‐8 and its improved diffusivity as compared to ZIF‐8.
Wavelength‐Selective Photopolymerization of Hybrid Acrylate‐Oxetane Liquid Crystals
Authors: Hoekstra Davey C. , van der Lubbe Bodine P. A. C. , Bus Tom , Yang Lanti , Grossiord Nadia , Debije Michael G. , Schenning Albert P. H. J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe report on the wavelength‐selective photopolymerization of a hybrid acrylate‐oxetane cholesteric liquid crystal monomer mixture. By controlling the sequence and rate of the orthogonal free‐radical and cationic photopolymerization reactions, it is possible to control the degree of phase separation in the resulting liquid crystal interpenetrating networks. We show that this can be used to tune the reflective color of the structurally colored coatings produced. Conversely, the structural color can be used to monitor the degree of phase separation. Our new photopolymerization procedure allows for structuring liquid crystal networks in three dimensions, which has great potential for fabricating liquid crystal polymer materials with programmable functional properties.
Microstructure and mineral components of the outer dentin of Chimaera phantasma tooth plates
Authors: Iijima Mayumi , Okumura Taiga , Kogure Toshihiro , Suzuki Michio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTooth plates are a unique dental organ found in holocephalan fishes and lungfish. The chimaeroid tooth plates are atypical in terms of biomineralization, due to the hard tissue composition of whitlockite and apatite, while those of lungfish and other vertebrates are composed of apatite. The tooth plates are overlaid by a thin veneer—outer dentin—whose composition and role are not known. We aimed to test whether the outer dentin is composed of whitlockite or apatite, and whether it protects the osteodentin from abrasion and supports its overall strength. For this purpose, the mineral components and microstructure of outer dentin were studied. Our analyses of the outer dentin from the anterior (vomerine) tooth plates of Chimaera phantasma revealed that the mineral component is magnesium‐ and carbonate‐containing calcium‐deficient apatite and that the outer dentin has a three‐zone structure. The main body is sandwiched between thin zones, which are less mineralized than the main body. Furthermore, in the outer zone and the main body, a higher‐order structure was formed in accordance with the organization of wide and narrow fibers. Mineralization made the main body a composite of bundles of fibers and apatite. Transmission electron microscopy showed a structural relationship between apatite and the fibrous component on which the apatite was formed. Such a structure of the main body could be highly effective as a framework to resist abrasion and support the overall strength of the tooth plate.
A Rare 2D Framework Cu(atz)2 with Ferrimagnetic and High Proton Conductivity
Authors: Ruan Zhong‐Yu , Liang Yan‐Bing , Tan Shu‐Lian , Tang Ying‐Xin , Lin Wei‐Quan , Wu Jian‐Zhong , Ou Yong‐Cong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMaterials combining proton conductivity and magnetism have attracted great attention in recent years due to their intriguing application in sensors and fuel cells. Herein a two‐dimensional metal‐organic framework, [Cu(atz)2(H2O)2]⋅H2O (1) (Hatz=5‐aminotetrazole), has been obtained in a green synthesis method. The single‐crystal structure revealed that the atz− ligands as linkers coordinate with copper ions to sql networks, between which water molecules are immobilized through hydrogen bonds. The resulting complex 1 exhibits a high proton conductivity of 1.11×10−4 and 6.19×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and 333 K, respectively, under 98% RH with an activation energy of 0.56 eV. Upon dehydration, the proton conductivity of 1_dg drops by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the magnetic behavior changes from long‐range ferrimagnetic ordering of 1 to canted antiferromagnetic behaviour of 1_dg.
Chaperones for dancing on chromatin: Role of post‐translational modifications in dynamic damage detection hand‐offs during nucleotide excision repair
Authors: Van Houten Bennett , Schnable Brittani , Kumar Namrata 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe highlight a recent study exploring the hand‐off of UV damage to several key nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins in the cascade: UV‐DDB, XPC and TFIIH. The delicate dance of DNA repair proteins is choreographed by the dynamic hand‐off of DNA damage from one recognition complex to another damage verification protein or set of proteins. These DNA transactions on chromatin are strictly chaperoned by post‐translational modifications (PTM). This new study examines the role that ubiquitylation and subsequent DDB2 degradation has during this process. In total, this study suggests an intricate cellular timer mechanism that under normal conditions DDB2 helps recruit and ubiquitylate XPC, stabilizing XPC at damaged sites. If DDB2 persists at damaged sites too long, it is turned over by auto‐ubiquitylation and removed from DNA by the action of VCP/p97 for degradation in the 26S proteosome.