bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incursions of divergent genotypes, evolution of virulence and host jumps shape a continental clonal population of the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis
Authors: Ding Yi , Cuddy Will S. , Wellings Colin R. , Zhang Peng , Thach Tine , Hovmøller Mogens S. , Qutob Dinah , Brar Gurcharn S. , Kutcher Hadley R. , Park Robert F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLong‐distance migration and host adaptation by transboundary plant pathogens often brings detrimental effects to important agroecosystems. Efficient surveillance as a basis for responding to the dynamics of such pathogens is often hampered by a lack of information on incursion origin, evolutionary pathways and the genetic basis of rapidly evolving virulence across larger timescales. Here, we studied these genetic features by using historical isolates of the obligate biotrophic pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), which causes one of the most widespread and devastating diseases, stripe (yellow) rust, of wheat. Through a combination of genotypic, phenotypic and genomic analyses, we assigned eight Pst isolates representing putative exotic Pst incursions into Australia to four previously defined genetic groups, PstS0, PstS1, PstS10 and PstS13. We showed that isolates of an additional incursion of P. striiformis, known locally as P. striiformis f. sp. pseudo‐hordei, had a new and unique multilocus SSR genotype (MLG). We provide results of overall genomic variation of representative Pst isolates from each genetic group by comparative genomic analyses. We showed that isolates within the PstS1 and PstS13 genetic groups are most distinct at the whole‐genome variant level from isolates belonging to genetic group PstS0, whereas the isolate from the PstS10 genetic group is intermediate. We further explored variable gene content, including putative effectors, representing both shared but also unique genetic changes that have occurred following introduction, some of which may additionally account for local adaptation of these isolates to triticale. Our genotypic and genomic data revealed new genetic insights into the evolution of diverse phenotypes of rust pathogens following incursion into a geographically isolated continental region.
Student ethnicity predicts social learning experiences, self‐regulatory focus and grades
Authors: van Andel Chantal E. E. , Born Marise P. , van den Broek Walter W. , Stegers‐Jager Karen M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractContextEthnic minority students find that their ethnicity negatively affects the evaluation of their capacities and their feelings in medical school. This study tests whether ethnic minority and majority students differ in their ‘self‐regulatory focus’ in clinical training, that is, their ways to approach goals, due to differences in social learning experiences. Self‐regulatory focus consists of a promotion and prevention focus. People who are prone to stereotypes and unfair treatments are more likely to have a prevention focus and conceal certain identity aspects. The objectives of the study are to test whether ethnic minority students, as compared with ethnic majority students, are equally likely to have a promotion focus, but more likely to have a prevention focus in clinical training due to more negative social learning experiences (Hypothesis 1), and whether the relationship between student ethnicity and clinical evaluations can be explained by students' gender, social learning experiences, self‐regulatory focus and impression management (Hypothesis 2).MethodsSurvey and clinical evaluation data of 312 (71.2% female) clerks were collected and grouped into 215 ethnic majority (69.4%) and 95 ethnic minority students (30.6%). Students' social learning experiences were measured as perceptions of unfair treatment, trust in supervisors and social academic fit. Self‐regulatory focus (general and work specific) and impression management were also measured. A parallel mediation model (Hypothesis 1) and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used (Hypothesis 2).ResultsEthnic minority students had higher perceptions of unfair treatment and lower trust in their supervisors in clinical training. They were more prevention focused in clinical training, but this was not mediated by having more negative social learning experiences. Lower clinical evaluations for ethnic minority students were unexplained. Promotion focus in clinical training and trust in supervisors positively relate to clinical grades.ConclusionStudent ethnicity predicts social learning experiences, self‐regulatory focus and grades in clinical training. The hidden curriculum plausibly plays a role here.
The rice EP3 and OsFBK1 E3 ligases alter plant architecture and flower development, and affect transcript accumulation of microRNA pathway genes and their targets
Authors: Borna Rita S. , Murchie Erik H. , Pyke Kevin A. , Roberts Jeremy A. , Gonzalez‐Carranza Zinnia H. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryERECTA PANICLE 3 (EP3) and ORYZA SATIVA F‐BOX KELCH 1 (OsFBK1) proteins share 57% and 54% sequence identity with the Arabidopsis F‐box protein HAWAIIAN SKIRT (HWS). Previously we showed that EP3 is a functional orthologue of HWS. Here we demonstrate that OsFBK1 is another functional orthologue of HWS and show the complexity of interaction between EP3 and OsFBK1 genes at different developmental stages of the plant. qRT‐PCR expression analyses and studies of EP3‐GFP and OsFBK1‐RFP promoter reporter lines demonstrate that although EP3 and OsFBK1 expression can be detected in the same tissues some cells exclusively express EP3 or OsFBK1 whilst others co‐express both genes. Loss, reduction or gain‐of‐function lines for EP3 and OsFBK1, show that EP3 and OsFBK1 affect plant architecture, organ size, floral organ number and size, floral morphology, pollen viability, grain size and weight. We have identified the putative orthologue genes of the rice microRNA pathway for ORYZA SATIVA DAWDLE (OsDDL) and ORYZA SATIVA SERRATE (OsSE), and demonstrated that EP3 and OsFBK1 affect their transcript levels as well as those of CROWN ROOT DEFECT 1/ORYZA SATIVA Exportin‐5 HASTY (CRD1/OsHST), ORYZA SATIVA DICER‐LIKE 1 (OsDCL) and ORYZA SATIVA WEAVY LEAF1 (OsWAF1). We show that EP3 affects OsPri‐MIR164, OsNAM1 and OsNAC1 transcript levels. OsNAC1 transcripts are modified by OsFBK1, suggesting two independent regulatory pathways, one via EP3 and OsMIR164 and the other via OsFBK1. Our data propose that EP3 and OsFBK1 conjointly play similar roles in rice to how HWS does in Arabidopsis.
Feminist theory and intersex activism: Thinking between and beyond
Authors: Feder Ellen K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntersex—the fact of bodies neither typically male nor female, together with the grim history of its medical management—was a topic forfeminist theorybefore there was such a thing asintersex activism. Indeed, critical academic scholarship about intersex supported theconsciousness raisingthat made an intersex activist movement possible. Activist engagement, in turn, has expanded the understanding of the theorists whose work is responsive to that activism. Central to the thinking about intersex are the questions of identity and its limits that are an important focus of the work ofGloria Anzaldúa, whose narrative suggests she had a condition associated with intersex. While her work largely predates intersex activism, it powerfully encapsulates the tensions displayed in contests over identity that have become central over the last 15 years, and furthermore offers insight into the challenges that lie ahead.
Resistance ofCorynespora cassiicolafrom soybean to QoI and MBC fungicides in Brazil
Authors: Mello Flávia E. de , Lopes‐Caitar Valéria S. , Xavier‐Valencio Sheila A. , da Silva Helen P. , Franzenburg Sören , Mehl Andreas , Verreet Joseph‐Alexander , Balbi‐Peña Maria I. , Marcelino‐Guimaraes Francismar C. , Godoy Cláudia V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFungicide sprays on soybean in Brazil have contributed to the selection of less sensitive isolates ofCorynespora cassiicola. We collected 59 isolates ofC. cassiicolafrom three Brazilian states and two isolates from Paraguay. We investigated their EC50to quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) and methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), any cross‐resistance to compounds within QoI and MBC groups, and characterized the polymorphisms in theircytbandβ‐tubulingenes. Local associations of polymorphisms identified in each gene were statistically correlated with assays results. In total, 79% and 74% of the isolates were classified as resistant to QoI and MBC fungicides, respectively. There was positive cross‐resistance to active ingredients within QoI and MBC groups. For QoI, all isolates presented heteroplasmy in G143A ofcytbgene; the mutations F129L and G137R were not found. For MBC, 63% of isolates possessed E198A and 21% possessed F200Y mutations, associated with reduced control by MBC fungicides. Heteroplasmy was identified in two and one isolates from Brazil with E198A and F200Y mutations, respectively. The resistance factor for isolates with E198A (10.9) was statistically similar to the isolate with F200Y (8.8) mutation. Genic association analysis of the in vitro assays using discriminatory doses proved them to be accurate. Reduced sensitivity ofC. cassiicolato QoI and MBC was also identified in isolates from Paraguay and resistance to QoI and MBC was widely present inC. cassiicolaisolates from the main soybean‐producing states in Brazil. Thus, integrated management measures should be adopted to manage soybean target spot in these countries.
Impact of early life exposures on COPD in adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Duan Pengfei , Wang Yao , Lin Rongqing , Zeng Yiming , Chen Chengshui , Yang Li , Yue Minghui , Zhong Shan , Wang Yun , Zhang Qingying 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEarly life represents a critical period for the development and growth of the lungs. Adverse exposures in this stage may drive the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, we quantitatively evaluated the impact of different early life exposures on COPD in adulthood. The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched for articles published from January 2001 to October 2020. A total of 30 studies (795,935 participants) met the criteria and were included in the review. We found a significant association of COPD with childhood serious respiratory infections, pneumonia or bronchitis (pooled adjusted OR [aOR], 2.23 [95% CI, 1.63–3.07]). The probability of COPD was increased 3.45‐fold for children with than without asthma (pooled aOR, 3.45 [95% CI, 2.37–5.02]). In addition, the probability of COPD was associated with maternal smoking (pooled aOR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.17–1.72]), any child maltreatment (pooled aOR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.18–1.42]) and low birth weight (pooled aOR, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.08–2.32]) but not childhood environmental tobacco smoke exposure (pooled aOR, 1.15 [0.83–1.61]) or premature birth (pooled aOR, 1.17 [95% CI, 0.87–1.58]). Furthermore, subgroup analyses revealed that probability was increased for only women with childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse and exposure to intimate partner violence. Factors resulting in COPD in adults could trace back to early life. Childhood respiratory disease, maltreatment, maternal smoking and low birth weight increase the risk of COPD. Promising advances in prevention strategies for early life exposures could markedly decrease the risk of COPD.
Maternal sensitivity and non‐intrusiveness at 12 months predict attention to emotional facial expressions at 24 months: A cross‐lagged panel approach
Authors: Kammermeier Marina , Paulus Markus 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFollowing theoretical proposals emphasizing the role of caregiver behavior for child emotion processing, this study investigated whether maternal sensitivity and non‐intrusiveness predicted child attention to emotional facial expressions, assessed via eye tracking, as the earliest stage of emotion regulation. Maternal behavior and child attention were assessed at 12 (N = 118) and 24 months. Cross‐lagged panel analyses revealed predictive effects of maternal sensitivity at 12 months on child attention to sad and happy expressions at 24 months. Moreover, maternal non‐intrusiveness at 12 months predicted child attention to sad expressions at 24 months. Effects were independent of child gender and temperament. The findings highlight the pervasive impact of caregiver sensitivity on emotion processing in the early years.
Reversed socioeconomic pattern in the costs of caring regarding well‐being and paid work among women in Sweden
Authors: Ulmanen Petra 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study analyses the role of gender and educational attainment in the extent and perceived consequences of family caregiving in middle age in Sweden, using data on persons aged 45–66 years from a nationally representative postal survey (n = 3630) conducted in 2013. The results confirm previous research regarding the role of gender and contradict it regarding the role of class. Among female caregivers, higher education is associated with lower well‐being, work performance and labour force participation relative to lower educated caregivers. When controlling for care intensity and other characteristics, these associations mostly remained. No significant associations were found among men. The results are discussed in the light of deteriorating working conditions in welfare service occupations in which many higher educated women work, and how service decline and increased fragmentation of eldercare increase the need for managerial caregiving (i.e., coordinating and handling contacts with authorities and care providers). For Swedish women, managerial caregiving increases risks of negative impacts on well‐being and work performance to the same extent as providing personal care. More research is needed to understand these surprising results. Tentative conclusions are that higher educated women experience more strain from combining paid work with family care, as their caregiving is more demanding and they more frequently work full‐time in high strain jobs. As they also have higher incomes, they both need and can afford to decrease their work hours to a greater extent.
Clinical characteristics and incidence of toxoplasmosis after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A retrospective study and literature review
Authors: Kitahara Mari , Hiroshima Yuki , Norose Kazumi , Hikosaka Kenji , Kazumoto Hiroko , Uematsu Nozomu , Shishido Tsutomu , Kaiume Hiroko , Sato Keijiro , Ueki Toshimitsu , Sumi Masahiko , Watanabe Masahide , Kobayashi Hikaru 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundToxoplasmosis is a rare but life‐threatening infection occurring in immunocompromised hosts, including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) recipients. However, thus far, the clinical features and incidence of toxoplasmosis in autologous HSCT (auto‐HSCT) recipients remain unknown. This retrospective survey aimed to analyze 152 patients who received auto‐HSCT between 1998 and 2017.MethodsSerological tests forToxoplasma gondii‐specific IgG were performed on 109 (71.7%) recipients, and 12 pre‐HSCT recipients (11%) wereToxoplasmaseropositive. Among the 12 recipients, three who did not receive trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) prophylaxis developed cerebral, pulmonary or disseminated toxoplasmosis due to reactivation after auto‐HSCT and died despite treatment.ResultsThe incidences of toxoplasmosis were 2% and 25% among 152 auto‐HSCT recipients (five recipients received auto‐HSCT two times) and 12 pre‐HSCTToxoplasmaseropositive recipients, respectively. Further, we conducted a literature review and identified 21 cases of toxoplasmosis following auto‐HSCT. In these previous cases, the mortality rate was high, especially for pulmonary and disseminated toxoplasmosis. Our findings suggest that, similar to toxoplasmosis after allo‐HSCT, toxoplasmosis after auto‐HSCT is a fatal complication.ConclusionsSerial screening ofT. gondii‐specific IgG before HSCT could contribute to the detection ofToxoplasmareactivation and allow for prompt diagnosis and treatment. The present study is the first to reveal the incidence of toxoplasmosis after auto‐HSCT among seropositive patients in Japan.
Human Versus Artificial Intelligence: A Data-Driven Approach to Real-Time Process Management During Complex Engineering Design
Authors: Gyory Joshua T. , Soria Zurita Nicolás F. , Martin Jay , Balon Corey , McComb Christopher , Kotovsky Kenneth , Cagan Jonathan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Managing the design process of teams has been shown to considerably improve problem-solving behaviors and resulting final outcomes. Automating this activity presents significant opportunities in delivering interventions that dynamically adapt to the state of a team in order to reap the most impact. In this work, an artificial intelligence (AI) agent is created to manage the design process of engineering teams in real time, tracking features of teams’ actions and communications during a complex design and path-planning task in multidisciplinary teams. Teams are also placed under the guidance of human process managers for comparison. Regarding outcomes, teams perform equally as well under both types of management, with trends toward even superior performance from the AI-managed teams. The managers’ intervention strategies and team perceptions of those strategies are also explored, illuminating some intriguing similarities. Both the AI and human process managers focus largely on communication-based interventions, though differences start to emerge in the distribution of interventions across team roles. Furthermore, team members perceive the interventions from both the AI and human manager as equally relevant and helpful, and believe the AI agent to be just as sensitive to the needs of the team. Thus, the overall results show that the AI manager agent introduced in this work is able to match the capabilities of humans, showing potential in automating the management of a complex design process.
Orbital control of Pleistocene euxinia in Lake Magadi, Kenya
Authors: Deocampo D.M. , Owen R.B. , Lowenstein T.K. , Renaut R.W. , Rabideaux N.M. , Billingsley A. , Cohen A. , Deino A.L. , Sier M.J. , Luo S. , Shen C.-C. , Gebregiorgis D. , Campisano C. , Mbuthia A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Lake Magadi is an internally drained, saline and alkaline terminal sump in the southern Kenya Rift. Geochemistry of samples from an ~200 m core representing the past ~1 m.y. of the lake's history shows some of the highest concentrations of transition metals and metalloids ever reported from lacustrine sediment, including redox-sensitive elements molybdenum, arsenic, and vanadium. Elevated concentrations of these elements represent times when the lake's hypolimnion was euxinic—that is, anoxic, saline, and sulfide-rich. Euxinia was common after ca. 700 ka, and after that tended to occur during intervals of high orbital eccentricity. These were likely times when high-frequency hydrologic changes favored repeated episodes of euxinia and sulfide precipitation. High-amplitude environmental fluctuations at peak eccentricity likely impacted water balance in terrestrial habitats and resource availability for early hominins. These are associated with important events in human evolution, including the first appearance of Middle Stone Age technology between ca. 500 and 320 ka in the southern Kenya Rift.
Chemical Basis of Carbon Fixation Autotrophic Paleometabolism
Authors: Marakushev S. A. , Belonogova O. V. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
On the basis of biomimetic, phylometabolic, and thermodynamic analysis of modern CO2 assimilation pathways, a paleophenotypic reconstruction of ancient autotrophic metabolism systems was carried out. As a chemical basis for CO2 fixation paleometabolism, metabolic networks capable of self-reproduction and evolution are considered, and the reversibility of the transformation reactions of its intermediates is the most important factor in self-development of this network. The substances of the C–H–O system, paragenetically associated with hydrocarbons, create a phase space, which is a set of universal intermediates of the autotrophic paleometabolism chemical network. The concept of two strategies for the origin and development of autotrophic carbon fixation paleometabolism in the oxidized (CO2) and reduced (CH4) redox regimes of degassing of the ancient Earth is proposed. It was shown that P, T, and the redox conditions of hydrothermal systems of the early Archean were favorable for the development of primary methanotrophic metabolism.
Improving documentation of prescriptions for as-required medications in hospital inpatients
Authors: Ross Samantha Leigh , Bhushan Yeshi , Davey Peter , Grant Suzanne 
Published: September 2021

It is estimated that 1 in 10 hospital inpatients in Scotland have experienced a medication error. In our unit, an audit in 2019 identified documentation of as-required prescriptions on drug Kardexes as an important target for improvement. This project aimed to reduce the percentage of these errors to <5% in the ward in 6 months.Weekly point prevalence surveys were used to measure medication error rates over a 12-week baseline period. Errors in route, frequency of dose and maximum dose accounted for >80% of all prescribing errors. The intervention was a poster reminder about the three most common errors linked to standards for prescribing pain medication. Barriers to change were identified through inductive thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with five ward doctors and two staff nurses.In the 6 weeks after intervention, our run chart showed a shift in maximum dose errors per patient, which fell from 75% to 26%. However, route and frequency errors remained high at >70% per patient. Most of these errors were due to use of abbreviations, and qualitative interviews revealed that senior doctors and nurses believed that these abbreviations were safe. We found some evidence from national guidelines to support these beliefs.Overall, the intervention was associated with decreased prevalence of patients without a maximum dose written on their prescription, but lack of space on drug prescriptions was identified as a key barrier to further improvement in both maximum dose and abbreviation errors.
Client perspectives on choice of abortion method in England and Wales
Authors: Blaylock Rebecca , Makleff Shelly , Whitehouse Katherine C , Lohr Patricia A 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionThe National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the World Health Organization recommend that services provide a choice between medical and surgical methods of abortion. We analysed qualitative study data to examine patient perspectives on abortion method choice and barriers to meeting them.MethodsIn-depth interviews with 24 clients who had an abortion at British Pregnancy Advisory Service clinics were carried out between December 2018 and July 2019 to examine perspectives of quality of abortion care. In this article we focus on client perspectives on choice of abortion method. We performed thematic analysis of data relating to choice of abortion method, refined the analysis, interpreted the findings, and organised the data into themes.ResultsParticipants’ preferences for abortion method were shaped by prior experience of abortion, accessibility and privacy, perceptions of risk and experiences of abortion method, and information gathering and counselling. Participants’ ability to obtain their preferred method was impacted by intersecting constraints such as appointment availability, service location and gestational age.ConclusionsOur findings show that many factors shape participants’ preferences for abortion method. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, some abortion services have constrained abortion method choices, with an emphasis on medical abortion and ‘no-touch’ care. Providers in the UK and beyond should aim to restore and expand more treatment options when the situation allows.