bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of social support in the association between dependency and important risk factors among the elderly
Authors: Cui PingYu , Chen Yuan , Li YaXing , Wali Nuremaguli , Li Ying 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to assess the association between social resources and dependency, and explored the effect of social support in modifying important risk factors for dependency among the elderly.MethodsThis was a population‐based cross‐sectional study. A total of 950 participants aged ≥60 years were selected using a complex multistage sampling design from 22 locations in China. All data were collected using questionnaires by face‐to‐face interviews. Dependency was assessed using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐II, and social resource status with the Chinese version of the Older American Resources and Services (OARS) questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between dependency and social resources. Analysis of covariance was performed to evaluate the effect of social support on modifications of important risk factors for dependency.ResultsA total of 913 participants were included in the analysis, and 10.3% of the males and 14.4% of the females were identified as in dependency. The results of logistic regression analysis showed a significant negative association between the levels of social resources and dependency. The odds ratio was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.73–0.84) after adjusting for important confounding factors. The results of analysis of covariance showed differences in the mean dependency scores between different groups defined by chronic disease status and social support level.ConclusionsLevels of social resources were negatively associated with dependency. Our results suggest that social support has both a direct effect on dependency and an indirect effect through modifying chronic disease status and individual income.
Energy Regionalisms in Theory and Practice
Authors: Johnson Corey , VanDeveer Stacy D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRegionalism has long conceptual and empirical histories across social sciences, and areas of the international and transnational practice of economics, imperialism, and environmental governance. However, energy regionalism remains in the early stages of development both conceptually and empirically. This article reviews three areas of diverse and interdisciplinary scholarship, including international relations, geography, and regional environmental governance, and draws lessons for research agendas associated with energy regionalism. It draws insights from recent work on comparative regionalisms, together with critical perspectives from geography scholarship, conceptualizing regionness as potentially subnational and transnational, as well as inter‐state. Recent geographical literature examines regions and regionalisms as both sets of relational networks and territorial entities, with infrastructure playing a central role around questions of energy. The use of regionalism in international relations literatures, around regionally‐framed environmental cooperation regimes, offers another set of conceptual and empirical lessons for an energy regionalism research agenda. Arguing that these areas have much to contribute to the study of a conceptual and theoretically diverse understanding of energy regionalisms research, the piece concludes by identifying five nodes for theorizing empirical research on energy regionalism: constructing regionness; inequality, money and power; epistemic and normative dimensions; diffusion and institutional hybridization; and scaling regionalism.
Resting metabolic rate is increased in hypertensive patients with overweight or obesity: Potential mechanisms
Authors: Pedrianes‐Martin Pablo B. , Perez‐Valera Mario , Morales‐Alamo David , Martin‐Rincon Marcos , Perez‐Suarez Ismael , Serrano‐Sanchez Jose A. , Gonzalez‐Henriquez Juan Jose , Galvan‐Alvarez Victor , Acosta Carmen , Curtelin David , de Pablos‐Velasco Pedro , Calbet Jose A. L. 
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether differences in body composition, pharmacological treatment, and physical activity explain the increased resting metabolic rate (RMR) and impaired insulin sensitivity in hypertension. Resting blood pressure, RMR (indirect calorimetry), body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry), physical activity (accelerometry), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (ergospirometry), and insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) were measured in 174 patients (88 men and 86 women; 20–68 years) with overweight or obesity. Hypertension (HTA) was present in 51 men (58%) and 42 women (49%) (p = .29). RMR was 6.9% higher in hypertensives than normotensives (1777 ± 386 and 1663 ± 383 kcal d−1, p = .044). The double product (systolic blood pressure × heart rate) was 18% higher in hypertensive than normotensive patients (p < .001). The observed differences in absolute RMR were non‐significant after adjusting for total lean mass and total fat mass (estimated means: 1702 kcal d−1, CI: 1656–1750; and 1660 kcal d−1, CI: 1611–1710 kcal d−1, for the hypertensive and normotensive groups, respectively, p = .19, HTA × sex interaction p = .37). Lean mass, the double product, and age were the variables with the higher predictive value of RMR in hypertensive patients. Insulin sensitivity was lower in hypertensive than in normotensive patients, but these differences disappeared after accounting for physical activity and VO2max. In summary, hypertension is associated with increased RMR and reduced insulin sensitivity. The increased RMR is explained by an elevated myocardial oxygen consumption due to an increased resting double product, combined with differences in body composition between hypertensive and normotensive subjects.
Effects of biochar incorporation on soil viable and necromass carbon in the luvisol soil
Authors: Zhang YuLan , Xie HongTu , Wang FuPing , Sun Caixia , Zhang XuDong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBiochar amendments generally enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. Little is known about soil carbon sequestration and stabilization, particularly via the path of living microbial biomass (MBC) and dead microbial biomass (amino sugar tissue C, AS‐C) with biochar incorporation. In a maize field trial in north‐eastern China, maize straw‐derived biochar was applied at four dosages levels of 0, 22.5, 67.5 and 112.5 t·ha‐1(CK, D1, D2 and D3). The SOC, MBC, MBC/SOC (qMB), AS‐C (GluN: glucosamine; GalN: galactosamine; and MurA: muramic acid), AS‐C/SOC and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were quantified during five corn‐growing stages. The differences between the principal component analysis results of each pair of treatments were significant. The soil MBC, SOC and qMB were significantly linearly correlated with biochar dosage. These results indicate that biochar incorporation still accelerated the microbial C pool and the turnover after 3 years. Biochar addition enhanced the AS‐C pools slightly. The addition of biochar increased the fungi and bacteria PLFAs and their ratios, but it only slightly influenced the GluN/MurA. The biochar dosages and growing stages had significant interactive effects on MBC, qMB, GluN‐C, MurA‐C and AS‐C, but not on SOC, GalN‐C and AS‐C/SOC. The growing stages had significant impacts on all of the indexes, except for GluN/MurA. These results collectively suggest that increasing the biochar amendment dosage further stimulates the microbial activity, particularly that of the fungal communities, while retaining the dead microbial biomass residues and their structural stability.
Adherence to blood product transfusion guidelines—An observational study of the current transfusion practice in a medical intensive care unit
Authors: Sadana Divyajot , Kummangal Basheer , Moghekar Ajit , Banerjee Kinjal , Kaur Simrat , Balasubramanian Shailesh , Tolich Deborah , Han Xiaozhen , Wang Xiaofeng , Hanane Tarik , Mireles‐Cabodevila Eduardo , Quraishy NurJehan , Duggal Abhijit , Krishnan Sudhir 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlood transfusions though life‐saving are not entirely benign. They are the most overused procedure in the hospital and have been under scrutiny by the ‘Choosing Wisely campaign’. The strict adoption of restrictive transfusion guidelines could improve patient outcomes while reducing cost.ObjectivesIn this study, we evaluate adherence to restrictive transfusion guidelines, along with hospital mortality and length of stay (LOS) in transfusion events with a pre‐transfusion haemoglobin (Hb) ≥7 g/dl. Additionally, we evaluated associated costs accrued due to unnecessary transfusions.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study in a 64‐bed medical intensive care unit (MICU) of an academic medical centre involving all adult patients (N = 957) requiring packed red blood cell transfusion between January 2015 and December 2015.ResultsIn total, 3140 units were transfused with a mean pre‐transfusion Hb of 6.75 ± 0.86 g/dl. Nine hundred forty‐four (30%) transfusion events occurred with a pre‐transfusion Hb ≥7 g/dl, and 385 (12.3%) of these occurred in patients without hypotension, tachycardia, use of vasopressors, or coronary artery disease. Forgoing them could have led to a savings of approximately 0.3 million dollars. Transfusion events with pre‐transfusion Hb ≥7 g/dl were associated with an increased mortality in patients with acute blood loss (odds ratio [OR] 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11–3.88; p = 0.02) and LOS in patients with chronic blood loss (β1.8.26, 95% CI 4.09–12.43; p < 0.01).ConclusionA subset of anaemic patients in the MICU still receive red blood cell transfusions against restrictive guidelines offering hospitals the potential for effective intervention that has both economic and clinical implications.
Evaluating the cumulative impact of the US–China trade war along global value chains
Authors: Wu Jie , Wood Jacob , Oh Keunyeob , Jang Haejin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe US–China trade war has been a key aspect of empirical review in recent times. Using the OECD Inter‐Country Input–Output Model, this study proposes an improved incomplete tariff pass‐through measurement method of cumulative tariff costs incurred across GVCs. Such an approach provides a more accurate picture of the impact of the US–China trade war on not only themselves but also third‐party countries. Our study found that five rounds of tit‐for‐tat tariff escalation has resulted in an indirect tariff burden of around 23 billion US dollars (USD) in total, of which 67% was caused by the US’s tariffs on Chinese imports. Moreover, perhaps unsurprisingly, the United States and China have suffered most economically, and in addition to direct tariff costs, they have to bear the indirect tariff burden of approximately 10 and 6.5 billion USD, respectively. This was followed by the EU, Canada and Mexico, which incurred indirect tariff costs of around 700 million to 1.7 billion USD. In addition, the burden on third‐party countries is expected to rise by 30%–70%, if we consider the hypothesis of complete tariff pass‐through.
Bone marrow, blood, and clinical findings in dogs treated with phenobarbital
Authors: Scott Tiffany N. , Bailin H. Grady , Jutkowitz L. Ari , Scott Michael A. , Lucidi Cynthia A. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundCytopenias have been reported in dogs treated with phenobarbital, but detailed descriptions of bone marrow findings and response to treatment are lacking.ObjectivesWe aimed to characterize the hematologic findings and clinical outcomes of dogs that had been receiving phenobarbital at the time of marrow evaluation.MethodsArchived bone marrow slides and clinicopathologic data were reviewed in dogs undergoing marrow evaluation for any hematologic problems that developed while receiving phenobarbital (2008‐2020). Dogs were excluded if marrow samples lacked diagnostic value, phenobarbital was withdrawn >1 day before marrow collection, a same‐day complete blood count (CBC) was lacking, or dogs had concurrent illness or therapy known to cause cytopenias.ResultsThirteen dogs met inclusion criteria: eight pancytopenic, three anemic/thrombocytopenic, one neutropenic/thrombocytopenic, and one nearly neutropenic. Neutropenia was marked (<700/µL) in eight dogs; all neutrophil concentrations were low or low‐normal. Of the 11 anemic dogs (Hct = 12%‐42%, median = 29%), three had mild reticulocytosis (eight were tested). One dog had erythroid dysplasia in blood and marrow. All nine neutropenic dogs had evidence of ineffective neutropoiesis: neutrophilic hyperplasia with left shift (9) ± neutrophagocytosis (5). Eight of the 11 anemic dogs had evidence of ineffective erythropoiesis: erythroid hyperplasia (7), left shift (3), and/or rubriphagocytosis (6). No thrombocytopenic dog had megakaryocytic hypoplasia; seven dogs had megakaryocytic hyperplasia. One anemic/thrombocytopenic dog had marked collagen myelofibrosis. The noncytopenic dog had equivocal myeloid hypoplasia with neutrophagocytosis. Median maximal responses and resolution times for neutropenia (n = 6) were 14 days.ConclusionsPhenobarbital‐induced cytopenias should be considered in dogs with multilineage ineffective hematopoiesis, particularly when neutropenia and myeloid hyperplasia are present. However, findings in dogs with immune‐mediated neutropenia or precursor‐targeted immune‐mediated anemia might be indistinguishable.
Zoonotic Giardiaduodenalis sub‐assemblage BIV in wild raccoons (Procyonlotor) from Germany and Luxembourg
Authors: Solarczyk Piotr , Dabert Miroslawa , Frantz Alain C. , Osten‐Sacken Natalia , Trzebny Artur , Wojtkowiak‐Giera Agnieszka , Heddergott Mike 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGiardia duodenalis is a cosmopolitan flagellate that causes giardiasis, one of the most significant gastrointestinal diseases in humans. This parasite can be a serious threat to public health because it can cause waterborne outbreaks as well as sporadic infections in humans. Invasive raccoons (Procyon lotor) may play a role in disseminating Giardia into the environment and transmitting it to humans and domestic animals because they live in high densities and deposit their faces in latrines near areas used by humans. While Giardia infections have been reported from raccoons in North America, it is unknown whether they carry G. duodenalis with zoonotic assemblage A and B, which have the potential to cause illness in humans. We collected faecal samples from 66 legally harvested raccoons in Germany and Luxembourg and examined for Giardia using molecular techniques. Using a quantitative PCR based on primers specific to Giardia genetic assemblages A and B, we detected the presence of zoonotic assemblage B in 27% (95% CI, 17.0–39.6) of all examined faecal samples from raccoons, including animals sampled in buildings. We did not detect genetic assemblage A in any of the samples. Sequences obtained from the glutamate dehydrogenase and beta‐giardin gene fragments from a selection of three of the positive samples showed that raccoons carried a zoonotic G. duodenalis genotype belonging to sub‐assemblage BIV, which is commonly found in humans and animals worldwide. Our results suggest that free‐ranging raccoons have the potential to play an increasingly important role in the epidemiology of Giardia and pose a threat to public health in Europe and other regions where this species is common and lives in close association with humans.
Small-world dynamics drove Phanerozoic divergence of burrowing behaviors
Authors: Baucon Andrea , Carvalho Carlos Neto de , Felletti Fabrizio , Tosadori Gabriele , Antonelli Alexandre 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSpecies of burrowing animals have changed substantially over evolutionary time scales, but, surprisingly, burrows display persisting morphological patterns throughout the Phanerozoic. Deep-sea burrows are geometrically patterned, whereas shallow-marine burrows display simpler morphologies. This divergence between burrow associations is one of the central conundrums of paleontology, but it has never been quantitatively demonstrated, and the organizing principles responsible for this structure remain unknown. We show that the divergence of burrow associations has been shaped by small-world dynamics, which is proposed as a major macroevolutionary force in marine environments. Using network analysis, our study reveals that the association patterns between burrow morphotypes in 45 paleontological sites span ∼500 m.y. Strong statistical support is demonstrated for a surprising association pattern, according to which the data set is optimally partitioned into two subgroups of tightly associated burrow types. These groups correspond to shallow- and deep-marine biomes. Our analysis demonstrates that across the Phanerozoic Eon, burrows did not assemble randomly nor regularly, following instead small-world assembly rules remarkably similar to those that shape human social networks. As such, small-world dynamics deeply influenced gene flow and natural variation in heritable behavior across evolutionary time.
Anaerobic oxidation of methane by Mn oxides in sulfate-poor environments
Authors: Cai Chunfang , Li Kaikai , Liu Dawei , John Cedric M. , Wang Daowei , Fu Bin , Fakhraee Mojtaba , He Hong , Feng Lianjun , Jiang Lei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Strongly 13C-depleted authigenic carbonates (e.g., δ13CVPDB &lt;−30‰; VPDB—Vienna Peedee belemnite) in nature are generally believed to form by sulfate-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). However, we demonstrate using geochemical data and thermodynamic calculation that such calcites are most likely derived from biogenic oxidation of methane in sulfate-poor, nonmarine environments during early diagenesis, as observed in the Triassic sandy conglomerates from the Junggar Basin, northwestern China. This process operated through preferential oxidation of 13C-depleted methane by Mn oxides in closed conditions, producing calcites with higher Mn contents and δ13C values in association with more 13C-enriched residual methane as a result of kinetic isotope fractionation. Thus, the Mn-rich and 13C-depleted carbonates are proposed as tracers of Mn-dependent AOM, which should have served as an important sink of greenhouse methane in low-sulfate early Earth's oceans.
Ice-sheet melt drove methane emissions in the Arctic during the last two interglacials
Authors: Dessandier P.-A. , Knies J. , Plaza-Faverola A. , Labrousse C. , Renoult M. , Panieri G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCircum-Arctic glacial ice is melting in an unprecedented mode, and release of currently trapped geological methane may act as a positive feedback on ice-sheet retreat during global warming. Evidence for methane release during the penultimate (Eemian, ca. 125 ka) interglacial, a period with less glacial sea ice and higher temperatures than today, is currently absent. Here, we argue that based on foraminiferal isotope studies on drill holes from offshore Svalbard, Norway, methane leakage occurred upon the abrupt Eurasian ice-sheet wastage during terminations of the last (Weichselian) and penultimate (Saalian) glaciations. Progressive increase of methane emissions seems to be first recorded by depleted benthic foraminiferal δ13C. This is quickly followed by the precipitation of methane-derived authigenic carbonate as overgrowth inside and outside foraminiferal shells, characterized by heavy δ18O and depleted δ13C of both benthic and planktonic foraminifera. The similarities between the events observed over both terminations advocate for a common driver for the episodic release of geological methane stocks. Our favored model is recurrent leakage of shallow gas reservoirs below the gas hydrate stability zone along the margin of western Svalbard that can be reactivated upon initial instability of the grounded, marine-based ice sheets. Analogous to this model, with the current acceleration of the Greenland ice melt, instabilities of existing methane reservoirs below and nearby the ice sheet are likely.
Maturation experiments reveal bias in the chemistry of fossil melanosomes
Authors: Rossi Valentina , Webb Samuel M. , McNamara Maria 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fossil melanosomes are a major focus of paleobiological research because they can inform on the original coloration, phylogenetic affinities, and internal anatomy of ancient animals. Recent studies of vertebrate melanosomes revealed tissue-specific trends in melanosome-metal associations that can persist in fossils. In some fossil vertebrates, however, melanosomes from all body regions are enriched only in Cu, suggesting diagenetic overprinting of original chemistry. We tested this hypothesis using laboratory experiments on melanosomes from skin and liver of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. After maturation in Cu-rich media, the metal chemistry of melanosomes from these tissues converged toward a common composition, and original differences in Cu oxidation state were lost. Elevated Cu concentrations and a pervasive Cu(II) signal are likely indicators of diagenetically altered melanosomes. These results provide a robust experimental basis for interpretating the chemistry of fossil melanosomes.
Impact of the coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the provision of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) antenatal care and outcomes of pregnancies in women with IBD
Authors: Selinger Christian Philipp , Fraser Aileen , Collins Paul , Gunn Melanie , Chew Thean Soon , Kerry Georgina , Patel Kamal V , Roysam Maya , Bel Kok Klaartje , Bancil Aaron , Hall Veronica , Cooney Rachel , Smith Lyn , Steed Helen , Segal Jonathan , Kent Alexandra , Limdi Jimmy , Sebastian Shaji 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 on pregnant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients is currently unknown. Reconfiguration of services during the pandemic may negatively affect medical and obstetric care. We aimed to examine the impacts on IBD antenatal care and pregnancy outcomes.MethodsRetrospective data were recorded in consecutive patients attending for IBD antenatal care including outpatient appointments, infusion unit visits and advice line encounters.ResultsWe included 244 pregnant women with IBD, of which 75 (30.7%) were on biologics in whom the treatment was stopped in 29.3% at a median 28 weeks gestation. In addition, 9% of patients were on corticosteroids and 21.5% continued on thiopurines. The care provided during 460 patient encounters was not affected by the pandemic in 94.1% but 68.2% were performed via telephone (compared with 3% prepandemic practice; p<0.0001). One-hundred-ten women delivered 111 alive babies (mean 38.2 weeks gestation, mean birth weight 3324 g) with 12 (11.0%) giving birth before week 37. Birth occurred by vaginal delivery in 72 (56.4%) and by caesarean section in 48 (43.6%) cases. Thirty-three were elective (12 for IBD indications) and 15 emergency caesarean sections. Breast feeding rates were low (38.6%). Among 244 pregnant women with IBD, 1 suspected COVID-19 infection was recorded.ConclusionIBD antenatal care adjustments during the COVID-19 pandemic have not negatively affected patient care. Despite high levels of immunosuppression, only a single COVID-19 infection occurred. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were infrequent.