bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Crystallographic Orientation and Grain Boundaries on Martensitic Transformation and Superelastic Response of Oligocrystalline Fe–Mn–Al–Ni Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Bauer A. , Vollmer M. , Niendorf T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn situ tensile tests employing digital image correlation were conducted to study the martensitic transformation of oligocrystalline Fe–Mn–Al–Ni shape memory alloys in depth. The influence of different grain orientations, i.e., near-〈001〉 and near-〈101〉, as well as the influence of different grain boundary misorientations are in focus of the present work. The results reveal that the reversibility of the martensite strongly depends on the type of martensitic evolving, i.e., twinned or detwinned. Furthermore, it is shown that grain boundaries lead to stress concentrations and, thus, to formation of unfavored martensite variants. Moreover, some martensite plates seem to penetrate the grain boundaries resulting in a high degree of irreversibility in this area. However, after a stable microstructural configuration is established in direct vicinity of the grain boundary, the transformation begins inside the neighboring grains eventually leading to a sequential transformation of all grains involved.
Simulations of cosmic ray propagation
Authors: Hanasz Michał , Strong Andrew W. , Girichidis Philipp 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe review numerical methods for simulations of cosmic ray (CR) propagation on galactic and larger scales. We present the development of algorithms designed for phenomenological and self-consistent models of CR propagation in kinetic description based on numerical solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation. The phenomenological models assume a stationary structure of the galactic interstellar medium and incorporate diffusion of particles in physical and momentum space together with advection, spallation, production of secondaries and various radiation mechanisms. The self-consistent propagation models of CRs include the dynamical coupling of the CR population to the thermal plasma. The CR transport equation is discretized and solved numerically together with the set of MHD equations in various approaches treating the CR population as a separate relativistic fluid within the two-fluid approach or as a spectrally resolved population of particles evolving in physical and momentum space. The relevant processes incorporated in self-consistent models include advection, diffusion and streaming propagation as well as adiabatic compression and several radiative loss mechanisms. We discuss, applications of the numerical models for the interpretation of CR data collected by various instruments. We present example models of astrophysical processes influencing galactic evolution such as galactic winds, the amplification of large-scale magnetic fields and instabilities of the interstellar medium.
Massnahmen zur Prävention und Früherkennung des Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase
Authors: Schmid Florian , Poyet Cédric 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Urothelkarzinom der Harnblase gehört zu den 10 häufigsten Krebserkrankungen weltweit. Die Verteilung der Risikofaktoren, Möglichkeiten der Früherkennung, Diagnostik und Therapie variieren je nach Region stark. Die Behandlungsform und Invasivität der Therapie sowie auch deren Prognose sind stark abhängig vom initialen Tumorstadium. Die wichtigsten Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung eines Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase umfassen das Rauchen und die berufliche Exposition zu aromatischen Aminen oder chlorierten sowie polyzyklisch-aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Industrie. Die Bestrebungen der Arbeitsmedizin im Verlauf der letzten Jahrzehnte haben zu einer deutlichen Risikoreduktion von exponierten Arbeitnehmenden geführt. Die Bemühungen in der Anbindung von Patienten an Rauchentwöhnungsprogramme müssen hingegen noch weiter intensiviert werden. Nur gerade ein Drittel der Raucher mit Diagnose eines Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase schaffen es, im weiteren Verlauf den Rauchabusus komplett zu sistieren. Ein Screening wird aufgrund der vergleichsweise niedrigen Inzidenz und der kurzen Vorlaufzeit der Erkrankung nicht empfohlen. Hingegen sollten Patienten mit dem Symptom einer schmerzlosen Makrohämaturie in jedem Fall auf das Vorliegen eines Karzinoms im unteren oder oberen Urogenitaltrakt abgeklärt werden. Für die Durchführung einer gründlichen Diagnostik ist die Zuweisung an einen Urologen sinnvoll.
Modeling and forecasting of rainfall reoccurrence changes using Markov Switching in Iran
Authors: Javari Majid 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper represents the recurrence (reoccurrence) changes in the rainfall series using Markov Switching models (MSM). The switching employs a dynamic pattern that allows a linear model to be combined with nonlinearity models a discrete structure. The result is the Markov Switching models (MSM) reoccurrence predicting technique. Markov Switching models (MSM) were employed to analyze rainfall reoccurrence with spatiotemporal regime probabilities. In this study, Markov Switching models (MSM) were used based on the simple exogenous probability frame by identifying a first-order Markov process for the regime probabilities. The Markov transition matrix and regime probabilities were used to analyze the rainfall reoccurrence in 167 synoptic and climatology stations. The analysis results show a low distribution from 0.0 to 0.2 (0–20%) per day spatially from selecting stations, probability mean of daily rainfall recurrence is 0.84, and a different distribution based on the second regime was found to be more remarkable to the rainfall variability. The rainfall reoccurrence in daily rainfall was estimated with relatively low variability and strong reoccurrence daily with ranged from 0.851 to 0.995 (85.1–99.5%) per day based on the spatial distribution. The variability analysis of rainfall in the intermediate and long variability and irregular variability patterns would be helpful for the rainfall variability for environmental planning.
Characteristics and control measures of odor emissions from crematoriums in Beijing, China
Authors: Cui Yangyang , Zhai Xiaoman , Wang Baocheng , Zhang Shihao , Yeerken Amanzheli , Cao Xizi , Zhong Lianhong , Wang Liming , Wei Tong , Liu Xinyu , Xue Yifeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe promulgation and implementation of the national and Beijing municipal standards for air pollutants emitted from crematoriums has effectively alleviated the problem of “black smoke” in crematoriums, but noticeable odor in crematoriums remains. We determined the level of odor emissions in crematoriums by monitoring the odor concentrations of cremators, incinerators, and cremation workshops in five crematoriums in Beijing. Subsequently, we analyzed the major contributing factors to the odor level and proposed control measures. A high odor concentration in crematoriums was observed; two different mechanisms were proposed to explain this finding. First, poor ventilation conditions in workshops and inadequate airtightness of equipment resulted in dimensionless concentrations of unorganized odor emissions in the workshops ranging from 97 to 732, with an average of 504, which is much higher than the standard level of 20. Second, the postprocessing facilities used in cremation sites produce poor odor removal, which, coupled with fuel usage and unregulated operations, led to high concentrations of organized odor emissions ranging from 231 to 1303 (910 on average) for cremators and incinerators. The odor emissions of cremators and incinerators meet the Integrated Emission Standards of Air Pollutants (DB11-501-2017), which are suitable for industries containing industrial kilns but not for crematoriums. The odor emissions in crematoriums are lower than those emitted from industries, such as fiber manufacturing and activated carbon processing. However, the unique geographical locations of crematoriums, high population density, and high exposure risk to local residents necessitate strengthening the management and control of odor emissions from crematoriums. To further address the problem of odor emissions from crematoriums in Beijing, further clarification and tightening of industry standards for the concentration limits of organized and unorganized odor emissions is recommended. Crematoriums will thus be prompted to increase odor control in workshops and adopt and improve deodorization facilities, including the installation and application of treatment facilities, such as adsorption and biological control.
Ethical Framework to Guide Decisions of Treatment Over Objection
Authors: Fischkoff David , Prager Kenneth , Dastidar Joyeeta , Dugdale Lydia , Neuberg Gerald , Nemeth Samantha , Fischkoff Katherine 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND:
Whether to proceed with a medical intervention over the objection of a patient who lacks capacity is a common problem facing practitioners. Despite this, there is a notable gap in the literature describing how to proceed in such situations in an ethically rigorous and consistent fashion. We elaborate on the practical application of the 2018 Rubin and Prager 7-question algorithm for ethics consultations about treatment over objection and we describe the impact of each of the 7 questions.

STUDY DESIGN:
We retrospectively review a series of consultations at Columbia University Irving Medical Center between April 2017 and May 2020 for treatment over objection in adult patients determined to lack capacity. Outcomes about the final ethics recommendation and the assessment of each of the 7 questions are reported. The statistical analysis was designed to determine which of the 7 questions in the algorithm were most predictive of the final ethics recommendation.

RESULTS:
In our series, there was an ethics recommendation to proceed over the objection of a patient in 63% of consultations. Although all 7 questions were considered to be important to the ethical analysis of a patient's situation, the presence of logistical barriers to treatment and the imminence of harm to a patient without treatment emerged as the most significant drivers of the recommendation of whether to proceed over objection or not.

CONCLUSIONS:
Cases of treatment over objection in a patient lacking capacity are frequently encountered problems that require a careful balance of patient autonomy and a physician's duty of beneficence. The application of the Rubin and Prager 7-question algorithm reliably guides a care team through such a complex ethical dilemma.
‘Constitutions selection’: Darwin, race and medicine
Authors: Seth Suman 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the course of his discussion of the origin of variations in skin colour among humans in the Descent of Man, Charles Darwin suggested that darker skin might be correlated with immunity to certain diseases. To make that suggestion, he drew upon a claim that seemed self-evidently correct in 1871, although it had seemed almost certainly incorrect in the late eighteenth century: that immunity to disease could be understood as a hereditary racial trait. This paper aims to show how fundamental was the idea of ‘constitutions selection’, as Darwin would call it, for his thinking about human races, tracking his (ultimately unsuccessful) attempts to find proof of its operation over a period of more than thirty years. At the same time and more broadly, following Darwin's conceptual resources on this question helps explicate relationships between conceptions of disease and conceptions of race in the nineteenth century. That period saw the birth of a modern, fixist, biologically determinist racism, which increasingly manifested itself in medical writings. The reverse was also true: medicine was a crucial site in which race was forged. The history of what has been called ‘race-science’, it is argued, cannot and should not be written independent of the history of ‘race-medicine’.
Bootstrapping implementation research training: A successful approach for academic health centers
Authors: Stevens Kathleen R. , de la Rosa Elisabeth , Ferrer Robert L. , Finley Erin P. , Flores Bertha E. , Forgione Dana A. , Noel Polly Hitchcock , Reistetter Timothy A. , Valerio-Shewmaker Melissa , Wooten Kevin C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Demand for building competencies in implementation research (IR) outstrips supply of training programs, calling for a paradigm shift. We used a bootstrap approach to leverage external resources and create IR capacity through a novel 2-day training for faculty scientists across the four Texas Clinical & Translational Science Awards (CTSAs). The Workshop combined internal and external expertise, targeted nationally established IR competencies, incorporated new National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute OpenAccess online resources, employed well-known adult education principles, and measured impact. CTSA leader buy-in was reflected in financial support. Evaluation showed increased self-reported IR competency; statewide initiatives expanded. The project demonstrated that, even with limited onsite expertise, it was possible to bootstrap resources and build IR capacity de novo in the CTSA community.
Home Quarantine Induced Health Anxiety During the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic – Evidence From Iraq
Authors: Taha Perjan Hashim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective:
This study aimed to assess the compliance to voluntary home quarantine and to examine the prevalence and associated factors of health anxiety among the voluntary home quarantined population during the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:
An online survey questionnaire, including the health anxiety questionnaire, was administered to 1578 eligible adults from the general population of 19 governorates of Iraq.

Results:
Self-reported compliance with home confinement was reported by a majority of respondents (83%) and was followed to a larger extent by young adults (62.2%), females (53.9%), unmarried individuals (56.7%), university graduates (54.5%), unemployed individuals (48.6%), and inhabitants of the northern provinces (50.2%). Compliance was significantly correlated to the level of personal knowledge on COVID-19. The quarantined individuals experienced greater health anxieties and preoccupations and exhibited increased reassurance-seeking behavior. Higher knowledge of COVID-19 was a protective factor against health anxiety.

Conclusions:
A significant mental health burden is discovered among Iraqis during the quarantine period. Based on the insights gleaned from this study, psychological education and interventions should be prioritized to diminish the psychological impact of the quarantine experience, especially among the high-risk groups. Improvement in compliance to quarantine can be approached by providing better information regarding the novel infection.
Dietary ascorbic acid and betaine improve stress responses, testosterone levels and some sexual traits in male Japanese quails during the dry season
Authors: Egbuniwe Ifeanyichukwu Chukwuemeka , Uchendu Chukwuka Nwocha , Obidike Ikechukwu Reginald 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The experiment investigated the effects of dietary ascorbic acid and betaine stress responses, serum testosterone levels, and some sexual traits in male Japanese quails during the dry season. A total of 240 male Japanese quails (14 days old) were used and randomly assigned to four groups, each group has three replicates (n = 20). Birds in treatment groups were fed ascorbic acid (AA); betaine (BET); and AA + BET in their diets, whereas the control birds were fed only basal diet. Environmental conditions were predominantly outside thermoneutral zone for Japanese quails. Dietary AA ± BET increased (p < .05) serum catalase, reduced glutathione and testosterone, but lowered (p < .05) cortisol levels when compared with control group. Supplemental AA, BET, or AA + BET enhanced (p < .05) cloacal gland size and sexual traits. In conclusion, dietary AA and BET improved stress responses, serum testosterone levels, and some sexual traits in male Japanese quails during the dry season.
The Tourist Trap: Great Britain, Postwar Recovery, and the Marshall Plan
Authors: Grant Mariel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAfter World War II, Great Britain faced major economic problems, which the government sought to rectify by reviving export markets and achieving a favorable balance of trade. One overlooked component of reconstruction was a decision to recognize tourism as an “invisible export,” a way to draw currency, especially American dollars, into the country. However, in a period characterized by scarcity, rationing, and austerity measures, the endeavor presented enormous challenges. The situation was exacerbated by the advent of the Marshall Plan in 1948. It required British participation in a European-based tourism scheme that jeopardized the success of Britain's own initiative and, ironically, could potentially undermine the economic benefits that Marshall Plan participation was supposed to provide. In exploring the history of British tourism policy in this era, this article shows the extent to which the Marshall Plan compromised an important aspect of British reconstruction policy. It can thereby better inform our understanding of the complexities of postwar reconstruction and of Britain's guarded response to aspects of the Marshall Plan—particularly the American initiative to promote greater European economic integration in the immediate postwar era.
Mediterranean dietary pattern and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: a case-control study
Authors: Entezari Mohammad-Reza , Talenezhad Nasir , Mirzavandi Farhang , Rahimpour Shahab , Mozaffari-Khosravi Hassan , Fallahzadeh Hossein , Hosseinzadeh Mahdieh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Mediterranean (MED) diet was associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease, but the epidemiological studies reported inconsistent findings related to the MED diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk. This age and the gender-matched case-control study were conducted among 247 adult patients. The MED diet score was obtained based on the Trichopoulou model. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between the MED diet and NAFLD risk. NAFLD prevalence in people with low, moderate and high adherence to the MED diet was 33, 13⋅1 and 4⋅6 %, respectively. The increasing intake of the MED diet was significantly related to the increment intake of nuts and fruits, vegetables, monounsaturated fatty acid/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio, legumes, cereals and fish. However, total energy consumption, low-fat dairy and meats intake were reduced (P for all < 0⋅05). Following control for age, the person in the highest of the MED diet tertile compared with the lowest, the odds of NAFLD decreased (OR: 0⋅40, 95 % CI: 0⋅17–0⋅95). This relation became a little stronger after further adjusting for sex, diabetes, physical activity and supplement intake (OR: 0⋅36, 95 % CI: 0⋅15–0⋅89). However, this association disappeared after adjusting for body mass index, waist and hip circumference (OR: 0⋅70, 95 % CI: 0⋅25–1⋅97). High adherence to the MED diet was associated with a 64 % reduction in NAFLD odds before some anthropometric variable adjustments. However, further prospective studies are required, particularly in BMI-stratified models.
Application of an Evidence-Based Early Intervention Model for Children With ASD in Mainstream Early Childhood Education and Care Settings via a Targeted Professional Development Program
Authors: Aylward Elizabeth , Neilsen-Hewett Cathrine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractViewing all children as active participants in their own learning is central to inclusion. That children with atypical development experience a level of belonging that enables this in mainstream early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings remains a topic of hot debate and very much an unmet goal across the sector. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in particular, face significant challenges in ECEC settings, their educators continually seeking solutions for greater support. Given the escalating demand on mainstream ECEC settings to include these children, it was important to identify the specific supports needed by educators to achieve this with confidence and competence. This study investigated the outcomes of applying an evidence-based model of intervention to mainstream services via a targeted professional development program. Results of the study found that the benefits of engagement with mainstream ECEC settings extended beyond child outcomes to educators who were supported to develop the knowledge, understanding, and strategies to engage and teach children with ASD and manage their behaviours.
The MAGPI survey: Science goals, design, observing strategy, early results and theoretical framework
Authors: Foster C. , Mendel J. T. , Lagos C. D. P. , Wisnioski E. , Yuan T. , D’Eugenio F. , Barone T. M. , Harborne K. E. , Vaughan S. P. , Schulze F. , Remus R.-S. , Gupta A. , Collacchioni F. , Khim D. J. , Taylor P. , Bassett R. , Croom S. M. , McDermid R. M. , Poci A. , Battisti A. J. , Bland-Hawthorn J. , Bellstedt S. , Colless M. , Davies L. J. M. , Derkenne C. , Driver S. , Ferré-Mateu A. , Fisher D. B. , Gjergo E. , Johnston E. J. , Khalid A. , Kobayashi C. , Oh S. , Peng Y. , Robotham A. S. G. , Sharda P. , Sweet S. M. , Taylor E. N. , Tran K.-V. H. , Trayford J. W. , van de Sande J. , Yi S. K. , Zanisi L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present an overview of theMiddleAgesGalaxyProperties withIntegral Field Spectroscopy (MAGPI) survey, a Large Program on the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope. MAGPI is designed to study the physical drivers of galaxy transformation at a lookback time of 3–4 Gyr, during which the dynamical, morphological, and chemical properties of galaxies are predicted to evolve significantly. The survey uses new medium-deep adaptive optics aided Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations of fields selected from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, providing a wealth of publicly available ancillary multi-wavelength data. With these data, MAGPI will map the kinematic and chemical properties of stars and ionised gas for a sample of 60 massive (${>}7 \times 10^{10} {\mathrm{M}}_\odot$) central galaxies at$0.25 < z <0.35$in a representative range of environments (isolated, groups and clusters). The spatial resolution delivered by MUSE with Ground Layer Adaptive Optics ($0.6-0.8$arcsec FWHM) will facilitate a direct comparison with Integral Field Spectroscopy surveys of the nearby Universe, such as SAMI and MaNGA, and at higher redshifts using adaptive optics, for example, SINS. In addition to the primary (central) galaxy sample, MAGPI will deliver resolved and unresolved spectra for as many as 150 satellite galaxies at$0.25 < z <0.35$, as well as hundreds of emission-line sources at$z < 6$. This paper outlines the science goals, survey design, and observing strategy of MAGPI. We also present a first look at the MAGPI data, and the theoretical framework to which MAGPI data will be compared using the current generation of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations includingEAGLE,Magneticum,HORIZON-AGN, andIllustris-TNG. Our results show that cosmological hydrodynamical simulations make discrepant predictions in the spatially resolved properties of galaxies at$z\approx 0.3$. MAGPI observations will place new constraints and allow for tangible improvements in galaxy formation theory.