bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shedding light on light exposure in elderly with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Böhmer M. N. , Valstar M. J. , Aarts M. P. J. , Bindels P. J. E. , Oppewal A. , van Someren E. J. W. , Festen D. A. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundLight exposure affects mood and sleep regulation. Sleep problems and mood complaints are common in elderly with intellectual disabilities (ID) living in care facilities. Insufficient light exposure is hypothesised to contribute to the high prevalence of these problems. The current study is the first to describe the personal light exposure pattern during the waking day in elderly with ID.MethodsThe study sample consists of 82 elderly with ID (aged 62.3 ± 9.4 years) living in 16 residential homes of three care organisations in the Netherlands. Personal light exposure was measured continuously for 7–10 days using a HOBO data logger light sensor, measuring illuminance at chest height. Participants wore a wrist‐worn accelerometer (Actiwatch or Geneactiv) to indicate the bedtimes to determine the waking day.ResultsThe variation in illuminance is small during the waking day. Elderly with ID spend most of their waking day (mean duration = 14:32:43 h) in dim light (1–500 lux) environment and spend a median of 32 min in light > 1000 lux. Within participants, the threshold associated with better sleep (>50 min of light > 1000 lux) was reached for 34% of the days, and the threshold associated with less depressive symptoms (>30 min of light > 1000 lux) was reached in 46% of the days. Exposure > 1000 lux was lower during weekends than during weekdays.ConclusionElderly with ID spend most of their waking day in low light levels and did not meet the proposed values associated with better sleep and mood. Given the importance of adequate light exposure for regulation of sleep and mood, and the prevalence of sleep and mood problems in elderly with ID, the current study suggests that the lit environment for this already frail population should be given more attention.
¡Matria libre y vivir!: Youth Activism and Nicaragua's 2018 Insurrection
Authors: Bran Aragón Fiore Stella , Goett Jennifer 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article examines how youth subjectivity shaped Nicaragua's 2018 civic insurrection. A generation born after the end of the Sandinista Revolution in 1990 led the uprising, with the support of a broad sector of society. Once cast as apolitical and self‐involved, young protestors built insurgent spaces of democratic participation that challenged national political culture and the authoritarian social relations that it produces. Focusing on the university student movement, the authors examine how youth life and youth death at the hands of the state became powerful symbols of resistance. Some activists, particularly young women, even reimagined the nation as a space of self‐ and mutual care rooted in feminist, ecological, and decolonial consciousness. This ethic of life critiques the heroic martyrdom of the revolutionary past and the militarism, extractivism, and heteropatriarchy of the contemporary state.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver and lipid profile status in patients with melasma: A case‐control study
Authors: Ghassemi Mohammadreza , Hosseinchi Saba , Seirafianpour Farnoosh , Dodangeh Milad , Goodarzi Azadeh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere are pieces of evidence regarding the association between melasma and metabolic syndrome. To assess the prevalence and grade of nonalcoholic fatty liver and lipid profile status in patients with melasma, we designed this case‐control study.MethodsThis study was performed on 30 consecutive women with melasma who referred to the dermatology clinic of the hospital as the case group and 34 healthy women. For all participants, serum lipid profiles and liver enzymes were checked. Also, the existence of fatty liver was assessed by ultrasonography.ResultsExcept for serum level of LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) that was significantly higher in the melasma group than in the healthy group (104.23 ± 25.00 mg/dl versus 89.85 ± 23.00 mg/dl, p = 0.020), the level of other parameters including other lipid profiles, blood sugar, or liver enzymes was similar in both groups. In ultrasonography, the overall prevalence of fatty liver was 23.3% in the melasma group and 20.6% in the control group, and no difference was found between the two groups in grade of fatty liver (p = 0.791).ConclusionThe study showed a higher serum LDL level in patients with melasma compared to women without melasma, but there was no difference between the groups in prevalence or grade of fatty liver.
Disentangling cognitive processes in externalizing psychopathology using drift diffusion modeling: Antagonism, but not disinhibition, is associated with poor cognitive control
Authors: Hall Nathan T. , Schreiber Alison M. , Allen Timothy A. , Hallquist Michael N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough externalizing psychopathology has been linked to deficits in cognitive control, the cognitive processes underlying this association are unclear. Here, we provide a theoretical account of how research on cognitive processes can help to integrate and distinguish personality and psychopathology. We then apply this account to connect the two major subcomponents of externalizing, Antagonism and Disinhibition, with specific control processes using a battery of inhibitory control tasks and corresponding computational modeling. Participants (final N = 104) completed the flanker, go/no‐go, and recent probes tasks, as well as normal and maladaptive personality inventories and measures of psychological distress. We fit participants' task behavior using a hierarchical drift diffusion model (DDM) to decompose their responses into specific cognitive processes. Using multilevel structural equation models, we found that Antagonism was associated with faster RTs on the flanker task and lower accuracy on flanker and go/no‐go tasks. These results were complemented by DDM parameter associations: Antagonism was linked to decreased threshold and drift rate parameter estimates in the flanker task and a decreased drift rate on no‐go trials. Altogether, our findings indicate that Antagonism is associated with specific impairments in fast (sub‐second) inhibitory control processes involved in withholding prepared/prepotent responses and filtering distracting information. Disinhibition and momentary distress, however, were not associated with task performance.
Application of temporal penalty analysis for the optimization of sugar reduction in protein beverages
Authors: Harwood William S. , Drake MaryAnne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study evaluated the application of penalty analysis to temporal evaluation of vanilla‐flavored protein beverages sweetened with different sweeteners. Iso‐sweet concentrations of sucrose, sucralose, stevia, and monk fruit, as well as natural sweetener blends, were assessed in the study. Ready‐to‐mix protein beverages were formulated with flavoring, sweetener, and whey protein isolate (25 g protein per 360 ml serving). Consumers (n = 143 total) participated in both temporal liking and temporal check‐all‐that‐apply (TCATA) exercises. Consumer results from temporal liking were matched at each second with results from their TCATA profiling. Significant penalties to liking associated with the presence or absence of attributes were subsequently identified. The sucrose formulation received no penalties and had the most consistent temporal liking of all formulations. Monk fruit beverages were penalized (p < .05) for metallic sensation over the course of aftertaste evaluation, and stevia beverages were penalized for bitter and metallic tastes, astringency, and lingering bitterness. Natural sweetener blends proved effective at mitigation of these unpleasant temporal sensory qualities. Understanding the temporal aspects of protein beverages related to the different sweetener types may provide guidance for formulating reduced‐sugar products that maintain an acceptable consumer temporal experience.Practical applicationNonnutritive sweetener systems are often less palatable than sucrose‐sweetened products, presenting a barrier to more widespread consumption. This study utilized a novel penalty analysis approach from a temporal perspective to identify formulations that are viable alternatives to nutritive sweetener formulations. Findings from this study may be of specific interest to manufacturers of high‐protein products. Additionally, the approaches used within this study may hold practical value for food manufacturers as a whole, as they outline a novel consumer‐centric approach for refining product formulations.
Weekly, seasonal, and chronotype‐dependent variation of dim‐light melatonin onset
Authors: Zerbini Giulia , Winnebeck Eva C. , Merrow Martha 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn humans, the most important zeitgeber for entrainment is light. Laboratory studies have shown that meaningful changes in light exposure lead to phase shifts in markers of the circadian clock. In natural settings, light is a complex signal varying with external conditions and individual behaviors; nonetheless, phase of entrainment is assumed to be fairly stable. Here, we investigated the influence of season and weekly schedule (as indicators of variation in light landscapes) on phase of entrainment. Using a within‐subjects design (N = 33), we assessed dim‐light melatonin onset (DLMO) as a circadian phase marker in humans, on workdays and work‐free days, in summer (under daylight saving time) and in winter, while also estimating sleep times from actimetry. Our mixed‐model regressions show that both season and weekly structure are linked with changes in phase of entrainment and sleep. In summer, both DLMO and sleep times were about 1 hour earlier compared to winter, and sleep duration was shorter. On work‐free days, DLMO and sleep times were later, and their phase relationship differed more relative to workdays. All these effects were stronger in later chronotypes (those who habitually sleep late). Our results confirm that phase of entrainment is earlier when stronger zeitgebers are present (summer) and show that it relates to midday or midnight rather than sunrise or sunset. Additionally, they suggest that late chronotypes are capable of rapid phase shifts each week as they move between workdays and work‐free days, stimulating interesting questions about the stability of circadian phase under natural conditions.
Incidence, recurrence, and outcome of postrace atrial fibrillation in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Nath Laura C. , Elliott Adrian D. , Weir Joe , Curl Peter , Rosanowski Sarah M. , Franklin Samantha 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) impacts performance and horse and jockey safety. Understanding the outcomes of AF identified postrace will better inform regulatory policy.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo investigate the outcomes after episodes of AF identified postrace and determine whether affected horses are at increased risk of additional episodes compared to the general racing population.AnimalsTotal of 4684 Thoroughbred racehorses.MethodsRace records for Thoroughbred horses racing in Hong Kong from 2007 to 2017 were reviewed. Horses that performed below expectation were examined by cardiac auscultation and ECG. Incidence and recurrence of AF were compared between horses with and without a history of AF and between horses with paroxysmal and persistent episodes using Fisher's exact test.ResultsThere were 96 135 race starts during the study. Atrial fibrillation was identified in 4.9% of horses, with an overall incidence of 2.7 episodes per 1000 starts. The incidence of AF in horses after any previous episode (12.8 per 1000 starts) was higher than for horses with no previous episode (2.4 per 1000 starts; odds ratio [OR], 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8‐7.6). Recurrence was seen in 64% of horses previously treated for persistent AF, which was higher than recurrence in horses with paroxysmal AF (23%; OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 1.6‐21.2). Median duration between episodes was 343 days (range, 34‐1065).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThoroughbreds are at increased risk of recurrent AF after both paroxysmal and persistent episodes, but the duration of time between episodes varies widely. These findings support a substantial burden of AF among individual Thoroughbred racehorses.
Fibrinogen heterogeneity in horses
Authors: Russell Elise B. , Courtman Natalie F. , Santos Leilani L. , Tennent‐Brown Brett S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundFibrinogen heterogeneity has been observed in humans and can influence fibrinogen measurements when using the modified Clauss assay. We hypothesized that fibrinogen heterogeneity also exists in horses.ObjectivesTo determine whether fibrinogen heterogeneity exists in horses.AnimalsFive clinically healthy horses from the university equine teaching herd.MethodsPresumed fibrinogen was purified from pooled citrated plasma and electrophoresis performed. The purified protein was subjected to Western blotting using sheep antiserum against human fibrinogen, and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS).ResultsGel electrophoresis of nonreduced equine purified protein yielded 2 protein bands (approximately 377 and 318 kDa) that corresponded with the molecular weights of human high molecular weight fibrinogen and low molecular weight fibrinogen fractions, respectively. Electrophoretograms of reduced purified protein, Western blots, and LC‐MS/MS supported that the purified nonreduced protein bands were fibrinogen.ConclusionFibrinogen heterogeneity exists in horses.
Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after a single intramuscular injection
Authors: Gregory Taylor M. , Harms Craig A. , Gorges Melinda A. , Lewbart Gregory A. , Papich Mark G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractKetorolac is a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug administered as an analgesic in humans. It has analgesic effects comparable to opioids but without adverse effects such as respiratory depression or restrictions because of controlled drug status. We designed this study to examine the potential of ketorolac as an analgesic for sea turtle rehabilitative medicine. Our objective was to determine the pharmacokinetics of a single 0.25 mg/kg intramuscular dose of ketorolac in a population of 16 captive‐raised juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). A sparse sampling protocol was utilized, and blood samples were collected for 12 hours after administration of ketorolac. Samples were analyzed with high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and a nonlinear mixed effects model (NLME) was used to determine parameters for the population. With these methods, we identified a long elimination half‐life (βT1/2 = 11.867 hr) but a low maximum concentration (CMAX = 0.508 µg/mL) and concentrations were below the level proposed to be therapeutic in humans (EC50 = 0.1–0.3 μg/mL) for most of the collection period. We conclude that ketorolac may not be an appropriate long‐term analgesic for use in loggerhead sea turtles at this dose; however, it may have some benefit as a short‐term analgesic.
Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid after different administration routes in geese (Anser cygnoides)
Authors: Turk Erdinc , Tekeli Ibrahim Ozan , Durna Corum Duygu , Corum Orhan , Sakin Fatih , Uney Kamil 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tolfenamic acid were determined in geese (Anser cygnoides) following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral administrations at 2 mg/kg dose. In this study, eight healthy geese (3.5 ± 0.5 kg) were used. The study was performed in four periods according to a crossover design with a 15‐day washout period between two administrations. The plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid were analyzed using HPLC‐UV, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. The elimination half‐life was 1.73, 2.51, 2.34, and 2.31 hr for IV, IM, SC, and oral routes, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state and total clearance after IV administration were 0.25 L/kg and 0.16 L hr−1 kg−1, respectively. The peak plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid after IM, SC, and oral administrations were 4.89, 2.94, and 2.92 μg/ml at 0.25, 0.75, and 1 hr, respectively. The bioavailability was 87.91, 77.87, and 76.03% for the IM, SC, and oral routes, respectively. Tolfenamic acid, which exhibits the good bioavailability and plasma concentration following IM, SC, and oral administrations at 2 mg/kg dose, may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions in geese.
Light can modify density‐dependent seedling mortality in a temperate forest
Authors: Holík Jan , Janík David , Adam Dušan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractQuestionsThere is growing evidence on how density‐dependent drivers of plant performance are influenced by habitat heterogeneity such as variation in understorey light availability. How these processes operate in temperate forests still remains an open question, however. We examined the interactive effects of density dependence and light availability on woody seedling mortality across multiple species, two size stages and growth forms.LocationAlluvial old‐growth temperate forest, southeastern Czech Republic.MethodsWe mapped seedlings of woody species (≥10 cm tall) and recorded their mortality over a two‐year period on 21 square seedling plots (25 m2) within one large square plot with all trees mapped (≥1 cm diameter at breast height). Seedling mortality was studied using a combined approach of generalised linear mixed models and spatial point pattern analyses.ResultsDensity‐dependent effects of tree and seedling neighbours influenced seedling mortality at different spatial scales, depending on their size class, growth form and by taxon. Conspecific inhibition raised the mortality of seedlings other than Acer campestre at low light levels, indicating that host‐specific enemies and/or intraspecific competition may be important in unfavourable habitats. While small seedlings experienced conspecific inhibition at low light levels, tall seedlings were additively affected by low‐light conditions and competition with trees. Both conspecific and heterospecific neighbours tended to affect tree seedlings at low light levels, whereas shrub seedlings experienced light‐ and density‐independent mortality. Some negative interspecific interactions indicated ongoing expansion of species like Acer campestre in currently flood‐free habitats.ConclusionsHow density‐dependent effects translate into demographic outcomes for woody seedling populations may be largely determined by variation in understorey light availability. Given that seedlings differ in size, growth form and taxa, we also demonstrate that both seedling and tree neighbours may contribute to the strength and spatial variation in density‐dependent effects at seedling neighbourhood scales.
Prenatal dietary diversity may influence underweight in infants in a Ugandan birth‐cohort
Authors: Madzorera Isabel , Ghosh Shibani , Wang Molin , Fawzi Wafaie , Isanaka Sheila , Hertzmark Ellen , Namirembe Grace , Bashaasha Bernard , Agaba Edgar , Turyashemererwa Florence , Webb Patrick , Duggan Christopher 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGrowth faltering in early childhood is prevalent in many low resource countries. Poor maternal dietary diversity during pregnancy has been linked with increased risk of fetal growth failure and adverse birth outcomes but may also influence subsequent infant growth. Our aim is to assess the role of prenatal maternal dietary diversity in infant growth in rural Uganda. Data from 3291 women and infant pairs enrolled in a birth cohort from 2014 to 2016 were analysed (NCT04233944). Maternal diets were assessed using dietary recall in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Maternal dietary diversity scores (DDS) were calculated using the FAO Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD‐W). Cox regression models were used to evaluate associations of the DDS with the incidence of underweight, stunting and wasting in infants from 3 to 12 months, adjusting for confounding factors. The median DDS for women was low, at 3.0 (interquartile range 3.0–4.0), relative to the threshold of consuming five or more food groups daily. Infants of women in highest quartile of DDS (diverse diets) were less likely to be underweight (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.70, 95% confidence interval: 0.61, 0.80) compared with infants of women in Quartile 1 (pfor trend <0.001) in models controlling for maternal factors. There was no significant association between DDS and stunting or wasting. Our findings suggest a relationship between higher maternal dietary diversity and lower risk of underweight in infancy. These findings suggest that programmes to improve infant growth could additionally consider strengthening prenatal dietary diversity to improve child outcomes globally.
Effects of prenatal micronutrients supplementation timing on pregnancy‐induced hypertension: Secondary analysis of a double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Liu Yingying , Li Nan , Mei Zuguo , Li Zhiwen , Ye Rongwei , Zhang Le , Li Hongtian , Zhang Yali , Liu Jian‐meng , Serdula Mary K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this secondary analysis of data from a double‐blind randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00133744) of micronutrient supplementation (multiple micronutrients [MMN], iron–folic acid [IFA] and folic acid [FA] alone), we examined the potential modifying effect of gestational age at enrolment on the association of antenatal supplementation and pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH). We included 18,775 nulliparous pregnant women with mild or no anaemia who were enrolled at 20 weeks of gestation or earlier from five counties of northern China. Women were randomly assigned to receive daily FA, IFA or MMN from enrolment until delivery. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between PIH and timing of micronutrient supplementation. The incidence of PIH was statistically significantly lower among women who began MMN supplementation before 12 gestational weeks compared with women who began MMN supplementation at 12 weeks or later (RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.60–0.91). A similar protective effect was observed for both early‐onset (<28 weeks, RR 0.45, 0.21–0.96) and late‐onset of PIH (≥28 weeks, RR 0.77, 0.63–0.96). No statistically significant association was observed between PIH occurrence and timing of supplementation for FA or IFA. Maternal MMN supplementation and antenatal enrolment during the first trimester of pregnancy appeared to be of importance in preventing both early‐ and late‐onset of PIH.