bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recruitment enhancement varies by taxonomic group and oyster reef habitat characteristics
Authors: Davenport Theresa M. , Hughes A. Randall , zu Ermgassen Philine S. E. , Grabowski Jonathan H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe rapid loss of coastal and estuarine biogenic habitats has reduced the delivery of valuable ecosystem services, resulting in calls for increased habitat restoration. Yet, a lack of information on how key habitat characteristics (e.g., area, vertical relief, age) influence the ability of restored habitats to deliver these ecosystem services hinders efforts to maximize the return on restoration investments. We conducted a meta‐analysis to assess the influence of reef type (natural or restored), taxa, and restored reef size, vertical relief, age, and tidal zone on the presence and magnitude of recruitment enhancement for nekton (i.e., fish and swimming crabs). Both intertidal and subtidal reefs, as well as restored and natural reefs, enhanced nekton recruitment, though there was variation among taxonomic groups with reef types. Recruitment enhancement was more common across taxa on restored (six families) than on natural (one family) reefs. Resident nekton families were more consistently enhanced than transient families. Nekton enhancement varied with a number of restored reef characteristics. Recruitment enhancement increased with greater reef size across taxa, decreased with higher vertical relief for two families, showed maximum recruitment around a single intertidal reef age for one family, and showed minimum recruitment around a single subtidal reef age for three families. Understanding variation across species in response to key design elements will improve restoration success and enhance return on investment. Moving forward, we recommend studies that vary reef habitat characteristics independently and in combination to identify how variation in these characteristics interact to influence nekton recruitment enhancement by oyster reefs.
The gut microbiome composition and degradation enzymes activity of black Amur bream (Megalobrama terminalis) in response to breeding migratory behavior
Authors: Liu Yaqiu , Li Xinhui , Li Jie , Chen Weitao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBlack Amur bream (Megalobrama terminalis), a dominant species, resides in the Pearl River basin, known for its high plasticity in digestive ability. During spawning season, M. terminalis individuals with large body size and high fertility undergo a spawn migratory phase, while other smaller individuals prefer to settlement over migration. It is well known that gut microbial community often underpins the metabolic capability and regulates a wide variety of important functions in fish. However, little was known about how the gut microbiomes affect fish breeding migration. To investigate the variations in the gut microbiome of M. terminalis during the migration, we used high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to reveal the distinct composition and diversity of the whole gut microbiome of migrated and nonmigrated population during period of peak reproduction, respectively. Our results indicated that nonmigrated population in estuary had a higher alpha diversity than that of migrated population in main stem. Additionally, an obvious abundant taxa shift between the gut microbiota community of nonmigrated and migrated M. terminalis was also observed. Change of dominant gut taxa from nonmigrated to migrated population was thought to be closely related to their degradation enzymes. Our results suggested that amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in migrated population were higher than that in nonmigrated population, providing a line of evidence for that M. terminalis change from partial herbivorous to partial carnivorous diet during breeding migration. We further concluded that, in order to digest foods of higher nutrition to supply energy to spawning migration, M. terminalis regulate activities of the gut microbiome and degradation enzymes, considered to be a key physiological strategy for reproduction.
Benthic invertebrate assemblages and leaf‐litter breakdown along the eucrenal–hypocrenal ecotone of a rheocrene spring in Central Italy: Are there spatial and seasonal differences?
Authors: Di Sabatino Antonio , Coscieme Luca , Miccoli Francesco Paolo , Cristiano Giovanni 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo better understand the pattern of variation in biocomplexity of springs and first‐order streams, it is essential to explore how the characteristics of spring communities may vary from the spring source (eucrenal) to the first reach of the originating springbrook (hypocrenal). For these reasons, we assessed spatial and temporal variation of crenic assemblages and leaf‐litter breakdown along a 45‐m reach of a spring–springbrook system in Central Italy. We found that physicochemical and hydrological parameters of Vera Spring did not vary significantly along the 45‐m reach investigated. In contrast, total richness of assemblages was significantly higher at 20 and 45 m from the spring source, while abundances were more variable and did not show significant differences between seasons and among sites. The composition of assemblages did not show significant temporal trends in all sites investigated, while spatial differences along the eucrenal–hypocrenal ecotone were more prominent. The functional organization of assemblages was relatively stable in both space and time, and no spatial differences were observed in the rate of leaf‐litter breakdown, though the dry mass loss of poplar leaves was slightly higher at the most downstream site. We conclude that immediately after groundwater emergence, spring communities are less stable and more variable while they tend to be better organized at short distance downstream. Small and gradual spatial changes in the strength of competitive interactions and predation pressures may have a fundamental role in structuring spring communities more than variation in abiotic parameters and/or differences in quantity and quality of food resources.
Plant–pollinator interactions between generalists persist over time and space
Authors: Resasco Julian , Chacoff Natacha P. , Vázquez Diego P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGeneralist species are the linchpins of networks, as they are important for maintaining network structure and function. Previous studies have shown that interactions between generalists tend to occur consistently across years and sites. However, the link between temporal and spatial interaction persistence across scales remains unclear. To address this gap, we collected data on plant–pollinator interactions throughout the flowering period for 5 yr across six plots in a subalpine meadow in the Rocky Mountains. We found that interactions between generalists tended to persist more in time and space such that interactions near the network core were more frequently recorded across years, within seasons, and among plots. We posit that species' tolerance of environmental variation across time and space plays a key role in generalization by regulating spatiotemporal overlap with interaction partners. Our results imply a role of spatiotemporal environmental variation in organizing species interactions, marrying niche concepts that emphasize species environmental constraints and their community role.
Interlayer Silylation of Layered Octosilicate with Organoalkoxysilanes: Effects of Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride as a Catalyst and the Functional Groups of Silanes
Authors: Yatomi Masashi , Koike Masakazu , Rey Nadège , Murakami Yuki , Saito Shohei , Wada Hiroaki , Shimojima Atsushi , Portehault David , Carenco Sophie , Sanchez Clément , Carcel Carole , Wong Chi Man Michel , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInterlayer silylation of layered sodium octosilicate (Na‐Oct) with various organoalkoxysilanes was conducted using hexadecyltrimethylammonium ion‐exchanged layered octosilicate (C16TMA‐Oct) as an intermediate in the presence or absence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). The degree of silylation was increased by adding TBAF. It is suggested that F− ions perform a nucleophilic attack on the alkoxysilanes, which promotes the silylation reaction. C16TMA‐Oct was silylated with octyltriethoxysilane (C8TES) or 3‐mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES) to compare the reactivity of the two organoalkoxysilanes in the presence or absence of TBAF. A higher degree of silylation of C16TMA‐Oct was observed with MPTES, suggesting the higher accessibility of this silylating agent into the interlayer polar region of C16TMA‐Oct. Overall TBAF appears as a relevant catalyst for the covalent interlayer surface modification of layered silicates with organic functional groups.
Synthesis and Anticancer Properties of Bis‐ and Mono(cationic peptide) Hybrids of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes: Effect of the Number of Peptide Units on Anticancer Activity
Authors: Haribabu Jebiti , Tamura Yuichi , Yokoi Kenta , Balachandran Chandrasekar , Umezawa Masakazu , Tsuchiya Koji , Yamada Yasuyuki , Karvembu Ramasamy , Aoki Shin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCyclometalated iridium (Ir) complexes having Ir(tpy)3 (tpy=2‐(4’‐tolyl)pyridine) scaffold exhibit promising potential for the diagnosis of cancer, as phosphorescent probes for cellular imaging and in the treatment of cancer, due to their high stability, tunable photophysical properties, and biological activities. We previously reported on the synthesis of some cationic amphiphilic Ir(III) complex‐peptide hybrids (IPHs) such as 2 and 3 that contain KK(K)GG peptide units (K: lysine, G: glycine) that are attached via alkyl chain (C2∼C16) linkers and induce paraptosis‐like cell death in Jurkat (T‐lymphocyte leukemia) cancer cells through multiple cell death pathways. Herein, we report on the design and synthesis of two IPHs, 4 and 5, which possess two and one KKKGG sequences, respectively, and an examination of the effect of the number of peptide units on their anticancer activity. Our evaluations of the anticancer properties of 3–5 suggested that 3 and 4 are more cytotoxic than 5 against Jurkat cells, indicating a positive relationship between the number of H2N‐KKKGG units in 3–5 and their anticancer activity. In addition, a parallel relationship was observed between the cytotoxicity of 3–5 and Ca2+ overload in mitochondria, suggesting the direct transfer of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of an isoDGR‐Paclitaxel Conjugate Containing a Cell‐Penetrating Peptide to Promote Cellular Uptake
Authors: Bodero Lizeth , Parente Sara , Arrigoni Federico , Klimpel Annika , Neundorf Ines , Gazzola Silvia , Piarulli Umberto 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTwo new Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) cyclo[DKP‐isoDGR]‐PEG‐4‐Val‐Ala‐PTX (2) and cyclo[DKP‐isoDGR]‐PEG‐4‐sC18‐Val‐Ala‐PTX (3), containing the cyclo[DKP‐isoDGR] integrin ligand and the cytotoxic agent Paclitaxel (PTX), were synthesized to investigate the influence of a PEG‐4 chain and of the sC18 cell‐penetrating peptide (CPP) on the cellular uptake and the cytotoxicity of the constructs. A “double click‐reaction strategy” was planned, to realize the connection of cyclo[DKP‐isoDGR] and PTX to the CPP moiety. Anti‐proliferative bioassays were performed on the αVβ3‐positive U87 human glioblastoma cell line using a short contact time (15 min) followed by draining, washing of the cells, and re‐incubation for 72 h. Compound 3 was significantly more potent (IC50=27.6 μM) than compound 2 (IC50>100 μM), and showed a reduced potency loss with respect to PTX (IC50=71 nM).
Three dimensional printed nanogenerators
Authors: Zhou Xinran , Lee Pooi See 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the dawn of energy crisis and rising challenges in powering distributed low energy portable devices, nanogenerators, a class of mechanical energy harvesters is gaining increasing interest in fundamental research and commercial applications. Nanogenerators harvest energy by transducing mechanical energy into electric energy, the performance is highly related to the mechanical and electrical properties of the materials and devices. A typical nanogenerator consists of a substrate, a functional triboelectric active layer, electrode, and separator, which overall built‐up a three dimensional (3D) structure. 3D printing with its ability to form complex 3D structures possess coveted advantages in the development of nanogenerators. In this review, we introduce the importance of 3D structures for nanogenerators and explicitly discuss the different 3D printing methods and the ink formulation to tackle the challenges in 3D structured nanogenerators. Additionally, the principle and application of 4D printing in nanogenerator fabrication are critically highlighted.image
Assessing the Impacts of Land Spreading Water-Treatment Residuals on the Anecic Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris, Soil Microbial Activity, and Porewater Chemistry
Authors: Turner Tomi , Wheeler Rebecca , Oliver Ian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Water-treatment residuals (WTRs), by-products of drinking water clarification, are increasingly recycled to land to promote circular economy and reduce disposal costs, yet there is a lack of published literature on their effects on soil ecology. In the present study, the effects of WTRs on earthworm growth, soil respiration, and soil porewater chemistry were investigated throughout a 7-wk outdoor mesocosm trial. We derived WTRs from both aluminum and iron coagulants and applied them to a loam soil at 0 to 20% (w/w). In addition, soil from a field that had received long-term WTR applications and that of an adjacent nontreated reference field were included in the study. Earthworm mass increase was significantly higher in all but one laboratory-treated soil when compared to the control. Furthermore, a linear regression model was used to predict increases in weekly soil respiration based on the application rates of both Al and Fe WTRs. In addition, a significant increase in soil respiration was observed from the treated farm soils during the first 4 wk of the trial. Measured sodium, magnesium, potassium, and iron porewater concentrations were higher in the treated farm soils than the reference site soil in a majority of samples, although these differences may be related to land management. Laboratory-treated soils had elevated porewater arsenic concentrations (e.g., ~17 µg L–1 in controls vs ~62 µg L–1 in the 20% w/w Al WTR treatment in week 1), whereas porewater nickel concentrations were, respectively, elevated and lowered in Al WTR– and Fe WTR–amended samples. Overall, observed disturbances to soil ecology were determined to be minimal. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1962–1970. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
Effects of water-treatment residual application on soil ecology and porewater chemistry. WTR = water-treatment residual; L. terrestris = Lumbricus terrestris; KL = Kettering loam.
A Comparison of Different Approaches for Characterizing Microplastics in Selected Personal Care Products
Authors: Renner Kofi O. , Foster Helen A. , Routledge Edwin J. , Scrimshaw Mark D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Any uncertainty in determining numbers of microplastics in the environment may be a barrier to assessing their impact and may stem from various aspects of methodologies used to quantify them. We undertook a comparison of approaches to quantify and characterize microplastics in 4 personal care products. The aim was not only to determine how many particles were present but to assess any differences due to the methods used. Counting of extracted microplastics was undertaken using particle size analysis, light microscopy, and imaging flow cytometry. Micro–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µ-FTIR) was used to characterize the particles in each product. The mean size distribution of microplastics differed depending on the method employed, and it was apparent that imaging flow cytometry was affected by high background noise that may require staining of plastics to overcome. The application of µ-FTIR confirmed polyethylene as the microplastic in each product. Methodological challenges encountered in the study and the literature have highlighted the need for standardization of methods for determining microplastics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:880–887. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
Different methods give different results for analysis of plastic particles from facial scrubs and toothpastes.
Minimum energy transmission forest‐based geocast insoftware‐definedwireless sensor networks
Authors: Banerjee Anuradha , Sufian Abu , Sadiq Ali Safaa , Mirjalili Seyedali 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)‐based geographic addressing and routing have many potential applications. Geocast protocols should be made energy efficient to increase the lifetime of nodes and packet delivery ratio. This technique will increase the number of live nodes, reduce message costs, and enhance network throughput. All geocast protocols in the literature of WSN apply mostly restricted flooding and perimeter flooding, which is why still the redundancy they produce significantly high message transmission costs and unnecessarily eats up immense energy of the nodes. Moreover, perimeter flooding cannot succeed in the presence of holes. The present article models WSN with software‐defined (SD) constructs where the network area is divided into some zones. Energy‐efficient transmission tree(s) are constructed in the geocast area to organize the flow of data packets and their links. Therefore, redundancy in the transmission is eliminated while maintaining network throughput as good as regular flooding. Besides, this study introduces a fuzzy controllers named SELECT‐STARTER and GEOCAST‐PROPAGATOR for intellgent energy tansmission control‐making. The proposed technique significantly reduces energy cost and improves nodes' lifetime to function for higher time duration and produce a higher data packet delivery ratio. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first work on geocast in SD‐WSNs.
Coordinate interleaved orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation‐based orthogonal cooperative system
Authors: Wang Qingbo , Dou Gaoqi , Liu Jiali , Gao Jun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, coordinate interleaved orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation‐ (CI‐OFDM‐IM) based orthogonal cooperative system (OCS) is proposed, where the source activates half of the subcarriers to convey the symbols in the first time slot (TS). The subcarrier activation patterns (SAPs) are also exploited to convey additional information. In the second TS, the relay amplifies and forwards the received signal to the destination, meanwhile, the source activates the remaining half of the subcarriers to convey the new symbols to the destination. Since the source and relay transmit different symbols to the destination on the different subcarriers in the second TS, the mutual interference is avoided at the destination. Compared with the current OFDM based OCS, the proposed CI‐OFDM‐IM‐based OCS can achieve a higher spectral efficiency, since the SAPs are exploited to convey additional information. Furthermore, the CI‐OFDM‐IM‐based OCS can achieve additional power gain for a certain average transmit power, since the power of inactive subcarriers can be reallocated on the active subcarriers. The optimal constellation rotation, in the sense of maximizing the minimum Euclidean distance between the symbols conveyed on a subcarrier over two TSs, is provided to optimize the performance of CI‐OFDM‐IM‐based OCS. Simulation results show that the proposed CI‐OFDM‐IM‐based OCS achieves a better trade‐off between spectral efficiency and bit error ratio performance.
Evaluating the communication within fire and rescue services and the NHS on the fire risk of emollients in accordance of the MHRA safety update
Authors: Blackburn Kirsty J. , Morrissey Joanne , Tabert Claire L. , Hall Sarah W. 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYThe Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency update in 2018 reported 50 fatal fires linked with emollient use. It detailed the fire risk and new advice aimed at fire service and health care professionals in reporting of such fire incidents and educating the public on safer use of emollients. This study investigates how this has been communicated internally and publicly, with 52 Fire and Rescue Services (FRSs) websites and, 191 Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs), and 21 Local Health Boards (LHBs) formularies accessed. A Freedom of Information Request (FOIR) was also made, giving further details of implementations. Our study revealed that 63% of FRSs, 32% of CCGs and, 72% of LHBs gave no safety advice within their website or formularies. Of the 37% of FRSs and 68% of CCGs that did, only 5% and 4% were sufficiently up to date. 27% of FRSs and 28% of CCGs/LHBs revealed that they had no warning/advice internally in their FOIR responses and 25% of FRSs and, 35% of CCG/LHBs had not disseminated advice on using emollient safely to the public. We suggest improvements in safety campaigns using a multiagency and national approach and recommend organizations to educate professionals to improve reporting and effective dissemination.
Energy assessment of different rice–wheat rotation systems
Authors: Jin Zhaoqiang , Zhang Li , Liu Hongyan , Nie Lixiao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFood and energy security are important issues that threaten human survival and development. The rice–wheat rotation system provides a stable source of food for more than 20% of the world's population, but there have been no reports on the energy balance of different rice–wheat rotation systems. This study evaluates the energy inputs and outputs of three rice–wheat rotation systems and their energy production efficiency through the study of dry direct‐seeded, wet direct‐seeded, and transplanted rice–wheat rotation systems. The results of the study showed that the average total energy inputs in the dry direct‐seeded, wet direct‐seeded, and transplanted rice–wheat rotation systems were 58,677, 74,083, and 69,022 MJ ha−1, respectively. The production resources with more energy input in rice–wheat rotation system were all related to water and fertilizer. The energy input in the rice season accounts for more than 50.69% of the total energy input in the rice–wheat rotation system. At the same time, rice–wheat rotation production is highly dependent on nonrenewable energy. Among the three rice–wheat rotation systems, the transplanted rice–wheat rotation system had the highest total energy output and net energy, while the dry direct‐seeded rice–wheat rotation had the highest energy use efficiency, energy productivity, energy profitability, and human energy profitability. The results showed that the key to reducing the energy input in the rice–wheat rotation system is to reduce the amount of water and fertilizer. The transplanted rice–wheat rotation system is more suitable for promotion in rice–wheat rotation production areas with good irrigation conditions, while the dry direct‐seeded rice–wheat rotation system is highly compatible with the current development direction of low energy consumption and high energy efficiency in agricultural production and is suitable for promotion in rice–wheat production areas with poor irrigation conditions.