bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weekly Lonapegsomatropin in Treatment–Naïve Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency: The Phase 3 heiGHt Trial
Authors: Thornton Paul S , Maniatis Aristides K , Aghajanova Elena , Chertok Elena , Vlachopapadopoulou Elpis , Lin Zhengning , Song Wenjie , Christoffersen Eva Dam , Breinholt Vibeke Miller , Kovalenko Tatiana , Giorgadze Elene , Korpal-Szczyrska Maria , Hofman Paul L , Karpf David B , Shu Aimee D , Beckert Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
For children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD), treatment burden with daily somatropin injections [human growth hormone (hGH)] is high, which may lead to poor adherence and suboptimal overall treatment outcomes. Lonapegsomatropin (TransCon hGH) is an investigational long-acting, once-weekly prodrug for the treatment of GHD.

Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once-weekly lonapegsomatropin vs daily somatropin.

Design
The heiGHt trial was a randomized, open-label, active-controlled, 52-week Phase 3 trial (NCT02781727).

Setting
This trial took place at 73 sites across 15 countries.

Patients
This trial enrolled and dosed 161 treatment-naïve, prepubertal patients with GHD.

Interventions
Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive lonapegsomatropin 0.24 mg hGH/kg/week or an equivalent weekly dose of somatropin delivered daily.

Main Outcome Measure
The primary end point was annualized height velocity (AHV) at week 52. Secondary efficacy end points included change from baseline in height SD scores (SDS).

Results
Least squares (LS) mean (SE) AHV at 52 weeks was 11.2 (0.2) cm/year for lonapegsomatropin vs 10.3 (0.3) cm/year for daily somatropin (P = 0.009), with lonapegsomatropin demonstrating both noninferiority and superiority over daily somatropin. LS mean (SE) height SDS increased from baseline to week 52 by 1.10 (0.04) vs 0.96 (0.05) in the weekly lonapegsomatropin vs daily somatropin groups (P = 0.01). Bone age/chronological age ratio, adverse events, tolerability, and immunogenicity were similar between groups.

Conclusions
The trial met its primary objective of noninferiority in AHV and further showed superiority of lonapegsomatropin compared to daily somatropin, with similar safety, in treatment-naïve children with GHD.
Insulin: A 100-Year-Old Discovery With a Fascinating History
Authors: Rostène William , De Meyts Pierre 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDiabetes has been known since antiquity. We present here a historical perspective on the concepts and ideas regarding the physiopathology of the disease, on the progressive focus on the pancreas, in particular on the islets discovered by Langerhans in 1869, leading to the iconic experiment of Minkowski and von Mering in 1889 showing that pancreatectomy in a dog induced polyuria and diabetes mellitus. Subsequently, multiple investigators searched for the active substance of the pancreas and some managed to produce extracts that lowered blood glucose and decreased polyuria in pancreatectomized dogs but were too toxic to be administered to patients. The breakthrough came 100 years ago, when the team of Frederick Banting, Charles Best, and James Collip working in the Department of Physiology headed by John Macleod at the University of Toronto managed to obtain pancreatic extracts that could be used to treat patients and rescue them from the edge of death by starvation, the only treatment then available. This achievement was quickly recognized by the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Banting and Macleod in 1923. At 32, Banting remains the youngest awardee of this prize. Here we discuss the work that led to the discovery and its main breakthroughs, the human characters involved in an increasingly dysfunctional relationship, the controversies that followed the Nobel Prize, and the debate as to who actually “discovered” insulin. We also discuss the early commercial development and progress in insulin crystallization in the decade or so following the Nobel Prize.
Measurement of Peak C-Peptide at Diagnosis Informs Glycemic Control but not Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Carr Alice L J , Oram Richard A , Marren Shannon M , McDonald Timothy J , Narendran Parth , Andrews Robert C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
High-residual C-peptide in longer-duration type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with fewer hypoglycemic events and reduced glycemic variability. Little is known about the impact of C-peptide close to diagnosis.

Objective
Using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data from a study of newly diagnosed adults with T1D, we aimed to explore if variation in C-peptide close to diagnosis influenced glycemic variability and risk of hypoglycemia.

Methods
We studied newly diagnosed adults with T1D who wore a Dexcom G4 CGM for 7 days as part of the Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes (EXTOD) study. We examined the relationship between peak stimulated C-peptide and glycemic metrics of variability and hypoglycemia for 36 CGM traces from 23 participants.

Results
For every 100 pmol/L-increase in peak C-peptide, the percentage of time spent in the range 3.9 to 10 mmol/L increased by 2.4% (95% CI, 0.5-4.3), P = .01) with a reduction in time spent at level 1 hyperglycemia (&gt; 10 mmol/L) and level 2 hyperglycemia (&gt; 13.9 mmol/L) by 2.6% (95% CI, –4.9 to –0.4, P = .02) and 1.3% (95% CI, –2.7 to –0.006, P = .04), respectively. Glucose levels were on average lower by 0.19 mmol/L (95% CI, –0.4 to 0.02, P = .06) and SD reduced by 0.14 (95% CI, –0.3 to –0.02, P = .02). Hypoglycemia was not common in this group and no association was observed between time spent in hypoglycemia (P = .97) or hypoglycemic risk (P = .72). There was no association between peak C-peptide and insulin dose–adjusted glycated hemoglobin A1c (P = .45).

Conclusion
C-peptide is associated with time spent in the normal glucose range and with less hyperglycemia, but not risk of hypoglycemia in newly diagnosed people with T1D.
Non Kählerian surfaces with a cycle of rational curves
Authors: Dloussky Georges 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Let S be a compact complex surface in class VII0
+ containing a cycle of rational curves C = ∑Dj
. Let D = C + A be the maximal connected divisor containing C. If there is another connected component of curves C
′ then C
′ is a cycle of rational curves, A = 0 and S is a Inoue-Hirzebruch surface. If there is only one connected component D then each connected component Ai
of A is a chain of rational curves which intersects a curve Dj
of the cycle and for each curve Dj
of the cycle there at most one chain which meets Dj
. In other words, we do not prove the existence of curves other those of the cycle C, but if some other curves exist the maximal divisor looks like the maximal divisor of a Kato surface with perhaps missing curves. The proof of this topological result is an application of Donaldson theorem on trivialization of the intersection form and of deformation theory. We apply this result to show that a twisted logarithmic 1-form has a trivial vanishing divisor.
Study of biological activities and physicochemical properties of Yamú (Brycon siebenthalae) viscera hydrolysates in sodium alginate-based edible coating solutions
Authors: Carranza-Saavedra Darwin , Zapata-Montoya José Edgar , Váquiro-Herrera Henry Alexander , Solanilla-Duque José Fernando 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The fishing industry produces waste such as viscera, which is an environmental problem for many countries. Obtaining protein from these wastes are useful for the food industry. In this study, the chemical composition, amino acid profile, solubility, digestibility and thermal properties of Yamú protein isolate (PI) and its hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis were characterized. The hydrolysates (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2% w/v) were mixed with a sodium alginate-based solution to form an edible coating solution (ECS). Antioxidant capacity antimicrobial activity, Zeta potential (ζ) and adsorption kinetics properties were determined. PI contains 88% (w/w) protein showing better solubility, digestibility and thermal stability properties. The hydrolysate concentrations with DPPH inhibitory ECS were 0.1 and 0.5% (w/v). The kinetic properties of ECS showed good stability and excellent adsorption. These results suggest that this Yamú protein has high nutritional potential as an ingredient for the production of functional foods.
Translation correction of English phrases based on optimized GLR algorithm
Authors: Wang Xi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Basic syntactic analysis refers to sentence-level syntactic analysis. In the process of developing the Mat Link English–Chinese machine translation system, the Generalized Maximum Likelihood Ratio algorithm was improved, and a basic English syntax analyzer for English–Chinese translation was designed and implemented. The analyzer approves the structure of the analysis table with a variety of export products, introduces the character mapping function to realize the automatic recognition of the sentence boundary, uses the children of the same level to describe the grammatical structure of the sentence, and realizes the proverb from the original sentence to the target sentence stage conversion. Finally, through the analysis of example sentences, the design concept and working process of the basic grammar are explained.
Size-adjustment techniques of lumbar spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements in assessing bone mineralization in children on maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Salem Nanees , Bakr Ashraf 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Growing skeleton is uniquely vulnerable to impaired mineralization in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Continued debate exists about the optimal method to adjust for body size when interpreting dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans in children with CKD given the burden of poor growth. The study aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of size-adjustment techniques of lumber-spine DXA measurements in assessing bone mineralization in children with kidney failure on maintenance hemodialysis (HD).

Methods
Case-control study included 93 children on maintenance HD (9–18 years; 48 males). Participants were subjected to spinal-DXA-scan to obtain areal bone mineral density (aBMD; g/cm2). Volumetric-BMD (vBMD; g/cm3) was mathematically estimated. Z-scores of aBMD for chronological age (aBMDZ-CA), aBMD adjusted for height age (aBMDZ-HA), and vBMDZ-score were calculated using mean and SD values of age subgroups of 442 healthy controls (7–18 years).

Results
In short-for-age CKD patients, aBMDZ-CA was significantly lower than vBMDZ-score, while aBMDZ-HA was significantly higher than aBMDZ-CA and vBMDZ-score. In normal height-for-age CKD patients, no significant difference between aBMDZ-scores and vBMDZ-score was detected. aBMDZ-CA was significantly lower and aBMDZ-HA was significantly higher in short-for-age compared to normal height-for-age patients without significant differences in vBMDZ-score. We observed age-related decrements in the percentage of HD patients with normal densitometric Z-scores, the effect of age was less pronounced in aBMDZ-HA than vBMDZ-score. vBMDZ-score correlated negatively with age, but not with heightZ-score.

Conclusions
Estimated vBMD seems to be a convenient size-adjustment approach of spinal-DXA measurements in assessing BMD especially in older short-for-age children with CKD. aBMDZ-CA underestimates, while aBMDZ-HA overestimates BMD in such patients.
Efficient Hierarchical Multi-Object Segmentation in Layered Graphs
Authors: Leon Leissi M.C. , Ciesielski Krzysztof C. , Miranda Paulo A.V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We propose a novel efficient seed-based method for the multi-object segmentation of images based on graphs, named Hierarchical Layered Oriented Image Foresting Transform (HLOIFT). It uses a tree of the relations between the image objects, with each node in the tree representing an object. Each tree node may contain different individual high-level priors of its corresponding object and defines a weighted digraph, named as layer. The layer graphs are then integrated into a hierarchical graph, considering the hierarchical relations of inclusion and exclusion. A single energy optimization is performed in the hierarchical layered weighted digraph leading to globally optimal results satisfying all the high-level priors. The experimental evaluations of HLOIFT, on medical, natural, and synthetic images, indicate promising results comparable to the related baseline methods that include structural information, but with lower computational complexity. Compared to the hierarchical segmentation by the min-cut/max-flow algorithm, our approach is less restrictive, leading to globally optimal results in more general scenarios, and has a better running time.
Mathematical morphology based on stochastic permutation orderings
Authors: Lézoray Olivier 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe extension of mathematical morphology to multivariate data has been an active research topic in recent years. In this paper we propose an approach that relies on the consensus combination of several stochastic permutation orderings. The latter are obtained by searching for a smooth shortest path on a graph representing an image. This path is obtained with a randomized version nearest of neighbors heuristics on a graph. The construction of the graph is of crucial importance and can be based on both spatial and spectral information to enable the obtaining of smoother shortest paths. The starting vertex of a path being taken at random, many different permutation orderings can be obtained and we propose to build a consensus ordering from several permutation orderings. We show the interest of the approach with both quantitative and qualitative results.
Developing Calligraphic Courtesan Script. Handwriting and Printing connection in Segovia during the Fifteenth century
Authors: Valero Eduardo Juárez 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
During the investigation of the Research Group Señoríos Medievales Segovianos in the Archive of the Diocese of Segovia an unusual document was digitized. It was a building license for Bishop Juan Arias Dávila to improve University facilities. This document was written in a different script: The Calligraphic Courtesan Script. related to traditional Courtesan script; this document was written in an especially clear writing style not connected with the usual cursive gothic styles in Castilla. This article tries to connect this clearness in the writing style with the presence of Juan Parix from Heidelberg in Segovia, who brought the first Spanish printing press to Segovia.
Environmental effects on mode II fracture toughness of unidirectional E-glass/vinyl ester laminated composites
Authors: Salamt-Talab Mazaher , Delzendehrooy Fatemeh , Akhavan-Safar Alireza , Safari Mahdi , Bahrami-Manesh Hossein , da Silva Lucas Filipe Martins 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this article, mode II fracture toughness (GIIc{G}_{\text{IIc}}) of unidirectional E-glass/vinyl ester composites subjected to sulfuric acid aging is studied at two different temperatures (25 and 90°C). Specimens were manufactured using the hand lay-up method with the[0]20{{[}0]}_{20}stacking sequence. To study the effects of environmental conditions, samples were exposed to 30 wt% sulfuric acid at room temperature (25°C) for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Some samples were also placed in the same solution but at 90°C and for 3, 6, 9, and 12 days to determine the interlaminar fracture toughness at different aging conditions. Fracture tests were conducted using end notched flexure (ENF) specimens according to ASTM D7905. The results obtained at 25°C showed that mode II fracture toughness increases for the first 2 weeks of aging and then it decreases for the last 8 weeks. It was also found that the flexural modulus changes with the same trend. Based on the results of the specimens aged at 90°C, a sharp drop in fracture toughness and flexural modulus with a significant decrease in maximum load have been observed due to the aging. Finite element simulations were performed using the cohesive zone model (CZM) to predict the global response of the tested beams.
The Block and Cylindrical Punch Tests for Rocks: A Statistical Comparison between the Results
Authors: Ghasemi Fatemeh , Fereidooni Davood 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This research investigates relationships between the block and cylindrical punch indexes (BPI and CPI) resulted from the block punch test (BP-test) and cylindrical punch test (CP-test) using statistical analyses. For this purpose, 22 rock samples, including granite, granodiorite, diorite, limestone, marble, and skarn, were collected from some quarries all over Iran. The mineralogy and the values of the BPI and CPI were determined for the samples in the laboratory. The CPI were determined using four punching cylinders with different diameters (i.e., D = 10, 13, 16, and 19 mm). Then, the BPI was correlated to the CPIs with power relations. The results indicated that the correlations between the BPI and CPIs are getting stronger with increasing of the diameter of the punching cylinder from 10 to 19 mm. Therefore, the best and weakest relations exist between BPI with CPI-19 and CPI-10, respectively. Simple regression analyses were performed, and the accuracy performance of the regression models was evaluated by developing a scoring system using five well–known statistical indexes. The results of the regression analyses completely confirmed the correlation analysis results. The general finding of the research revelated that the CP-test could be a suitable alternative for the BP-test.
Development of a Standard Test Method for Assessing Mechanical Penetration of Personal Protective Equipment Material to Test Soils by Simulating Actual Use
Authors: Schwerin Matthew R. , Lucas Anne D. , Woods Terry O. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Preventing healthcare worker exposure to dangerous pathogens is a crucial factor in sustaining the fight against Ebola, Coronaviruses, and other microorganisms that may cause infectious diseases. It is critical that personal protective equipment (PPE) used to protect healthcare workers be safe and effective in meeting labeled performance claims for barrier resistance to deadly viruses such as Ebola (Zaire ebolavirus) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The aim of this study is to develop a readily reproducible and standardized simulated use test for gown and drape materials using a blood test soil to evaluate the ability of the materials to prevent penetration of clinically relevant test soils at clinically relevant pressures. We designed and constructed a simulated use “elbow lean” apparatus based on the apparatus in ASTM F1819, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood Using a Mechanical Pressure Technique, that applies a physiologically relevant load to PPE material. We developed a test protocol for our proposed method and used the apparatus on a variety of PPE materials to assess penetration of a blood test soil. The testing demonstrated that the new apparatus can be used to assess penetration of a blood test soil through PPE materials under conditions that are more clinically relevant than those in ASTM F1670, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood, and ASTM F1671, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System. The apparatus and procedure detailed in this study will be proposed for use in the development of a new standard test method for assessing mechanical penetration of PPE to test soils that better simulate clinical use conditions.
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System to Predict the Release of Microplastic Fibers during Domestic Washing
Authors: Muthusamy Lekha Priya , Periyasamy Aravin Prince , Militky Jiri , Thangasamy Palani Rajan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microplastic particles are a burgeoning population crisis in marine environments. This work is to predict the release of microplastic fibers from jeans made from polyester during domestic washing by using of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model. The advantage of the ANFIS model is to predict the variations between the randomly chosen parameters. This prediction model can be cost-effective and slowed down to study behavior more closely. The consequence of washing duration, temperature, spin speed, detergent types, and conditioner usage was investigated against the microplastic fiber release. The washing temperature, washing duration, spin speed, detergent types, and addition of conditioner are the main factors for this research work. The forecast presentations have been exposed by having a considerably lowered root mean square error value of 3.23 compared with the variant of the experiment as exposed by its standard deviation for the ANFIS version. This ANFIS model will be able to provide a theoretical understanding to enhance and inhibit microplastic fiber release from jeans.
Measurement and Importance of Volatile Matter in Coals and Biofuels
Authors: Riley John T. , Marsh Mason 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Volatile matter values for solid fuels are used to assess their burning rates and, thus, provide a basis for the buying and selling of these fuels. The major factors that affect volatile matter yields are the type of fuel, moisture contents, and the heating rates used in the tests. This paper reports the results of experiments designed to improve the reliability and application of test methods for the determination of volatile matter in various solid fuels. The macro thermogravimetric analysis studies described herein include the rapid drying of analysis samples of coal and the effect on volatile matter yields, the heating of various chars at high temperatures to reach a state of constancy, the measuring of decomposition moisture, an “elusive” constituent in coal, and the cocombustion of coals and other solid fuels. The presence of residual moisture and decomposition moisture in the coal during the volatile matter tests increases the measured volatile matter yields even though the residual moisture has been factored out. The rates of heating solid fuels during volatile matter tests affect the volatile matter yields because of the presence of different types of moisture in the fuel that are released at different temperatures. The heating rates used in volatile matter tests affect the type of compounds released and the total volatile matter yields of coals and biofuels. The experiments reported in this paper were instrumental in the decision of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke to recently revise the classic volatile matter standard test method D3175 to change the temperature for drying sparking coals from 600°C to 107°C. The role volatile matter plays in the combustion of fuel blends is discussed in this article.
¿Pearson y Spearman, coeficientes intercambiables?
Authors: Ortiz  Pinilla Jorge , Ortiz  Rico Andrés Felipe 
Published: July 2021

Se propone una discusión sobre la muy conocida forma de presentar los métodos no paramétricos como “alternativa” del estudio de parámetros cuando no se cumplen ciertos supuestos. Las consecuencias pueden ser el origen de muchas decepciones cuando ingenuamente se admite que un método resuelve el mismo problema que otro y al final ni siquiera se pregunta cuál se resolvió. Esta discusión se centra en los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y de Spearman, pero bien puede llevarse a otras herramientas de análisis de datos. Adicionalmente, se incluyen discusiones sobre aspectos relacionados con la linealidad, la monotonía y el tamaño de muestra en relación con el uso y la interpretación de éstos coeficientes de correlación