bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using habitat suitability and landscape connectivity in the spatial prioritization of public outreach and management during carnivore recolonization
Authors: Boudreau Melanie R. , Gantchoff Mariela G. , Ramirez‐Reyes Carlos , Conlee Laura , Belant Jerrold L. , Iglay Raymond B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Despite continued global declines in large carnivore abundance and distribution, some species are recovering. In North America, these recoveries can occur in large areas of suitable habitat in or near areas of human development, increasing the likelihood of human–carnivore conflicts. Understanding the intersection among habitat suitability, connectivity and human–carnivore conflicts can aid in conflict prevention and mitigation.

We used GPS collar data from 97 bears and conflict reports collected from 1991 to 2020 to examine black bear Ursus americanus habitat suitability and landscape connectivity in relation to community‐level human–bear conflict occurrences and conflict rates in Missouri, USA. We used conflict–landscape relationships to predict potential community‐level human–bear conflicts given black bear recolonization.

Suitable habitat for black bears comprised about 29% of Missouri and was predominantly forest and shrub cover with low habitat fragmentation and human density, and greater spring vegetation productivity. Landscape connectivity was greatest in south‐central Missouri with limited connectivity in northern and eastern portions of the state.

Conflict rates were low (61 of 94 communities had 1–2 reported conflicts over 30 years), increased 6.5‐fold from 2000 to 2020, and 75% involved black bear use of anthropogenic food. The presence and rate of conflicts increased with greater amounts of suitable habitat, landscape connectivity and community size, with conflict rate also positively associated with patch density and aggregation and negatively associated with patch area. Of 1,010 communities in Missouri, we identified 99 communities with increased risk of human–bear conflicts based on surrounding landscape characteristics.

Synthesis and applications. Our framework integrating landscape attributes and conflict reports can successfully identify communities at greater potential of human–carnivore conflict. In our Missouri case study, we identified 99 out of 1,010 communities which have increased risk of human–bear conflicts, knowledge which will increase the efficiency of education and mitigation rollouts as black bears re‐establish. This framework allows managers to identify communities at greater risk of conflict for many conflict‐prone species and helps prioritize communities for education and conflict mitigation actions, facilitating long‐term coexistence.
Choosing Wisely: An idea worth sustaining
Authors: Kastner Monika , Makarski Julie , Mossman Kathryn , Harris Kegan , Hayden Leigh , Giraldo Manuel , Sharma Deepak , Asalya Marwan , Jussaume Linda , Eisen David , Wintemute Kimberly , Rolko Edith , Shin Phil , Zadravec Jennifer , McRitchie Donna 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the sustainability potential of Choosing Wisely (CW) to address unnecessary medical care at Ontario community hospitals.Data Sources/Study SettingOntario community hospitals and their affiliated family health teams (FHTs).Study DesignA mixed‐methods study involving the administration of a validated sustainability survey to CW implementation teams followed by their participation in focus groups.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsSurvey data were collected using an Excel file with an embedded, automated scoring system. We collated individual survey scores and generated aggregate team scores. We also performed descriptive statistics for quantitative data (frequencies, means). Qualitative data were triangulated with quantitative assessments to support data interpretations using the meta‐matrix method.Principal FindingsFifteen CW implementation teams across four Ontario community hospitals and six affiliated primary care FHTs participated. CW priority areas investigated were de‐prescribing of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and reducing Pre‐Op testing and BUN/Urea lab testing. Survey results showed steady improvements in sustainability scores from baseline to final follow‐up among most implementation teams: 10% increase for PPI de‐prescribing (six FHTs) and 2% increase (three hospital teams); 18% increase in BUN/Urea lab testing (three hospital teams). Regardless of site or CW priority area, common facilitators were fit with existing processes and workflows, leadership support, and optimized team communication; common challenges were lack of awareness and buy‐in, leadership engagement or a champion, and lack of fit with existing workflow and culture. All teams identified at least one challenge for which they co‐designed and implemented a plan to maximize the sustainability potential of their CW initiative.ConclusionsEvaluating the sustainability potential of an innovation such as Choosing Wisely is critical to ensuring that they have the best potential for impact. Our work highlights that implementation teams can be empowered to influence implementation efforts and to realize positive outcomes for their health care services and patients.
Rhenium‐Osmium Isotope Constraints on the Origin of the Tianyu Cu‐Ni Deposit in the East Tianshan Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang, NW China
Authors: HAN Chunming , XIAO Wenjiao , AO Songjian , ZHANG Jien , SONG Dongfang , ZHANG Zhiyong , SONG Shuaihua , XIE Mingcai 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Tianyu Cu‐Ni sulfide deposit occurs in the north margin of the Central Tianshan Arc in East Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, NW China. The intrusions consist of gabbro, peridotite, and olivine pyroxenite. The peridotite and pyroxenite are the main host rock for the Cu‐Ni ores. Rhenium and osmium isotopic analyses of Ni‐ and Cu‐bearing sulfide minerals from the deposit have been used to determine the source of osmium, and by inference, the sources of ore metals. Sulfide ore samples have Os and Re concentrations varying in the ranges 1.85 to 4.58 ppb and 93.56 to 146.00 ppb, respectively. An initial 187Os/188Os ratio ranges from 0.86 to 1.23 for the ores and the γOs values from 592 to 2227. Osmium isotopic data suggest that the Tianyu intrusion and associated Cu‐Ni mineralization has derived from crustal‐contaminated mantle melts. The intrusions early show island‐arc geochemical signatures, which indicate that the Hulu mafic–ultramafic intrusions, along with the Cu‐Ni deposit, formed as a result of subduction of oceanic crust in the Early Permian.
Alcohol withdrawal symptoms predict corticostriatal dysfunction that is reversed by prazosin treatment in alcohol use disorder
Authors: Sinha Rajita , Fogelman Nia , Wemm Stephanie , Angarita Gustavo , Seo Dongju , Hermes Gretchen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChronic alcohol use increases risk of alcohol withdrawal symptoms (AW) and disrupts stress biology and resilient coping, thereby promoting excessive alcohol intake. Chronic alcohol intake and multiple alcohol detoxifications are known to impair brain medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and striatal functioning, regions involved in regulating stress, craving and alcohol intake. In two related studies, we examined whether AW predicts this functional brain pathology and whether Prazosin versus Placebo treatment may reverse these effects. In Study 1, patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) (N = 45) with varying AW levels at treatment entry were assessed to examine AW effects on corticostriatal responses to stress, alcohol cue and neutral visual images with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In Study 2, 23 AUD patients entering a 12‐week randomised controlled trial (RCT) of Prazosin, an alpha1 adrenergic antagonist that decreased withdrawal‐related alcohol intake in laboratory animals, participated in two fMRI sessions at pretreatment and also at week 9–10 of chronic treatment (Placebo: N = 13; Prazosin: N = 10) to assess Prazosin treatment effects on alcohol‐related cortico‐striatal dysfunction. Study 1 results indicated that higher AW predicted greater disruption in brain mPFC and striatal response to stress and alcohol cues (p < 0.001, family‐wise error [FWE] correction) and also subsequently greater heavy drinking days (HDD) in early treatment (p < 0.01). In Study 2, Prazosin versus Placebo treatment reversed mPFC‐striatal dysfunction (p < 0.001, FWE), which in turn predicted fewer drinking days (p < 0.01) during the 12‐week treatment period. These results indicate that AW is a significant predictor of alcohol‐related prefrontal‐striatal dysfunction, and Prazosin treatment reversed these effects that in turn contributed to improved alcohol treatment outcomes.
Health impacts of a scale‐up of supervised injection services in a Canadian setting: an interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Kennedy Mary Clare , Hayashi Kanna , Milloy M‐J , Compton Miranda , Kerr Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsIn response to a dramatic rise in overdose deaths due to injection drug use, there was a rapid scale‐up of low‐threshold supervised injection services (SIS), termed ‘overdose prevention sites’ (OPS), in Vancouver, Canada in December 2016. We measured the potential impact of this intervention on SIS use and related health outcomes among people who inject drugs (PWID).DesignSegmented regression analyses of interrupted time series data from two community‐recruited prospective cohorts of PWID from January 2015 to November 2018 were used to measure the impact of the OPS scale‐up on changes in SIS use, public injection, syringe sharing and addiction treatment participation, controlling for pre‐existing secular trends.SettingVancouver, Canada.ParticipantsOf 745 PWID, 292 (39.7%) were women, 441 (59.6%) self‐reported white ancestry and the median age was 47 years (interquartile range = 38, 53) at baseline.MeasurementsImmediate (i.e. step level) and gradual (i.e. slope) changes in the monthly proportion of participants who self‐reported past 6‐month SIS use, public injection, syringe sharing and participation in any form of addiction treatment.FindingsPost OPS expansion, the monthly prevalence of SIS use immediately increased by an estimated 6.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7, 11.2] and subsequently further increased by an estimated 0.7% (95% CI = 0.3, 1.1) per month. The monthly prevalence of addiction treatment participation immediately increased by an estimated 4.5% (95% CI = 0.5, 8.5) following the OPS expansion, while public injection and syringe sharing were estimated to immediately decrease by 5.5% (95% CI = 0.9, 10.0) and 2.5% (95% CI = 0.5, 4.6), respectively. Findings were inconclusive as to whether or not an association was present between the intervention and subsequent gradual changes in public injection, syringe sharing and addiction treatment participation.ConclusionsScaling‐up overdose prevention sites in Vancouver, Canada in December 2016 was associated with immediate and continued gradual increases in supervised injection service engagement and immediate increases in related health benefits.
Azizi: Gender, Relationality, and the Embodiment of Mawazo in Tanzania
Authors: Meek Laura A. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryThis piece traces the intercorporeal embodiment of an ailment in Tanzania called mawazo, the Swahili term for “ideas” or “thoughts.” As a condition, mawazo is somewhat akin to stress: a cumulative compounding of many problems (shida nyingi) that leads to confused, muddled, and tangled thoughts, as well as physical symptoms like painful, inflamed eyes. Over my three years of ethnographic fieldwork in Iringa, Tanzania, my female collocutors who suffered from mawazo would often trace its origin to familial and marital problems, including their husbands’ infidelity, abuse, alcoholism, or squandering of money. This fictionalized narrative presents the embodied intensities of mawazo and the ways it congeals diffuse pains, hardships, and injustices, past and present. At the same time, I also show how Tanzanian women empower and support one another across generations, natal and affinal relations, friendships, and communities. The story simultaneously attends to the bodily and affective injuries that gender inequality inflicts—as mawazo and in many other registers—and to the ways that women construct lives filled with joy, care, and love.
How do New Zealand‐trained general surgeons secure a SMO job? Are we effectively retaining our trainees?
Authors: Espiner Emma , MacCormick Andrew D. , Weston Maree 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of increasing shortages in the New Zealand medical specialist workforce, this research seeks to answer the question ‘Are we effectively retaining our New Zealand‐trained general surgeons?’MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 16 general surgeons. Participants work in New Zealand and internationally. Interviews were transcribed, coded and themed. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the findings.ResultsThis research finds that we are failing to effectively retain New Zealand‐trained general surgeons through haphazard workforce planning and a lack of transparent recruitment processes. General surgeons who choose to take their first SMO role overseas are pushed to do so due to a lack of certainty about job opportunities in New Zealand, bullying, and relative ease of negotiation for job composition and conditions at international hospitals. General surgeons who take their first SMO role in New Zealand feel that securing a job is down to luck, existing relationships with influential people in surgical departments and timing.ConclusionThe failure to retain New Zealand‐trained general surgeons in the New Zealand specialist workforce is amenable to improvements in workforce planning, improved coordination between clinical and administrative leadership in DHBs, and better career development support for trainees prior to receiving their FRACS and embarking on post‐fellowship subspecialist training. Further research into the experiences of trainees and SMOs in general surgery and other surgical subspecialties is required to build a complete picture of the path from trainee to SMO, and areas where interventions could improve retention of New Zealand‐trained general surgeons.
Genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors in the ventral tegmental area attenuates nicotine‐motivated behaviour
Authors: Domi Ana , Lunerti Veronica , Petrella Michele , Domi Esi , Borruto Anna Maria , Ubaldi Massimo , Weiss Friedbert , Ciccocioppo Roberto 
Published: December 2021

Background and PurposeThe nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)–nociceptin opioid‐like peptide (NOP) receptor system is widely distributed in the brain and pharmacological activation of this system revealed therapeutic potential in animal models of substance use disorder. Studies also showed that genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of NOP receptors confer resistance to the development of alcohol abuse. Here, we have used a genetic and pharmacological approach to evaluate the therapeutic potential of NOP antagonism in smoking cessation.Experimental ApproachConstitutive NOP receptor knockout rats (NOP−/−) and their wild‐type counterparts (NOP+/+) were tested over a range of behaviours to characterize their motivation for nicotine. We next explored the effects of systemic administration of the NOP receptor antagonist LY2817412 (1.0 & 3.0 mg·kg−1) on nicotine self‐administration. NOP receptor blockade was further evaluated at the brain circuitry level, by microinjecting LY2817412 (3.0 & 6.0 μg·μl−1) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and central amygdala (CeA).Key ResultsGenetic NOP receptor deletion resulted in decreased nicotine intake, decreased motivation to self‐administer and attenuation of cue‐induced nicotine reinstatement. LY2817412 reduced nicotine intake in NOP+/+ but not in NOP−/− rats, confirming that its effect is mediated by inhibition of NOP transmission. Finally, injection of LY2817412 into the VTA but not into the NAc or CeA decreased nicotine self‐administration.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese findings indicate that inhibition of NOP transmission attenuates the motivation for nicotine through mechanisms involving the VTA and suggest that NOP receptor antagonism may represent a potential treatment for smoking cessation.
Review: The effectiveness of musical therapy in improving depression and anxiety symptoms among children and adolescents – a systematic review
Authors: Belski Nikita , Abdul‐Rahman Zein , Youn Eunjae , Balasundaram Vibhash , Diep Dion 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundDepression and anxiety disorders are considered to be among the greatest burdens of disease in children and adolescents. Recent literature has reported music therapy to be a safe and potentially effective intervention for the treatment of depression and anxiety. This systematic review examined the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing the symptom severity of depression and/or anxiety among children and adolescents.MethodsRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) were obtained from a systematic search of nine major English databases from inception to January 2021. Studies were categorized by outcome, music therapy technique and follow‐up period.ResultsSeven RCTs (n = 589) were included. Four RCTs had some concern of bias, while three had high risk of bias. Statistical pooling was not appropriate due to clinical heterogeneity. Four studies (n = 428) favoured music therapy for improvement of depressive symptoms at short‐ and intermediate‐term follow‐ups compared to control. One study (n = 106) favoured music therapy for improvement of anxiety symptoms at short‐term follow‐up compared to control. No studies favoured any control over music therapy for symptom improvement of depression and/or anxiety.ConclusionLimited evidence suggests music therapy is an effective treatment for improving depression and/or anxiety symptom severity in children and adolescents. More high‐quality RCTs are needed to address methodological flaws of current studies.
How percentage‐protected targets can support positive biodiversity outcomes
Authors: Carroll Carlos , Noss Reed F. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGlobal targets for the percentage area of land protected, such as 30% by 2030, have gained increasing prominence, but both their scientific basis and likely effectiveness have been questioned. As with emissions‐reduction targets based on desired climate outcomes, percentage‐protected targets combine values and science by estimating the area over which conservation actions are required to help achieve desired biodiversity outcomes. Protected areas are essential for achieving many biodiversity targets, in part because many species are highly sensitive to human‐associated disturbance. However, because the contribution of protected areas to biodiversity outcomes is contingent on their location, management, governance, threats, and what occurs across the broader landscape matrix, global percentage‐protected targets are unavoidably empirical generalizations of ecological patterns and processes across diverse geographies. Percentage‐protected targets are insufficient in isolation but can complement other actions and contribute to biodiversity outcomes within a framework that balances accuracy and pragmatism in a global context characterized by imperfect biodiversity data. Ideally, percentage‐protected targets serve as anchors that strengthen comprehensive national biodiversity strategies by communicating the level of ambition necessary to reverse current trends of biodiversity loss. If such targets are to fulfill this role within the complex societal process by which both values and science impel conservation actions, conservation scientists must clearly communicate the nature of the evidence base supporting percentage‐protected targets and how protected areas can function within a broader landscape managed for sustainable coexistence between people and nature. A new paradigm for protected and conserved areas recognizes that national coordination, incentives, and monitoring should support rather than undermine diverse locally led conservation initiatives. However, the definition of a conserved area must retain a strong focus on biodiversity to remain consistent with the evidence base from which percentage‐protected targets were originally derived.
Building a systems framework to facilitate adaptive organizational change in state fish and wildlife agencies
Authors: Berl Richard E. W. , Manfredo Michael J. , Gasta Mark , Smith Dean , Sullivan Leeann , Jacobson Cynthia A. , Bishop Chad , Camuso Judy , Eason Thomas , Hayes John P. , Jacobson Rick , Melcher Curt , Newmark Jennifer , Novotny Pete , Pauley Sara Parker , Smith Carter , Sparks Catherine , Stoner Kathryn , Strong J.D. , Ver Steeg Jeff 
Published: December 2021

AbstractState fish and wildlife agencies in the United States are confronted with the realities of a rapidly changing society. With declines in historical sources of revenue and the growth of diverse voices with values that differ from those emphasized by traditional policies and user groups, agencies are faced with diminishing relevancy and are encountering institutional challenges that inhibit their ability to serve the broader public. Here, in collaboration with a group of fish and wildlife agency leaders from 11 states, conservation professionals, and academics, we employ qualitative methods and concepts from systems theory to develop an integrative model of a state wildlife agency. We use this model to identify leverage points to induce transformational change toward an ideal future state: one driven by a system of shared values toward wildlife and a mission to improve quality of life for all people. Our findings point to the importance of developing interventions that will lead to changes in agency culture, systems of governance, and policy and action, and enhance the accessibility of natural resources and opportunities for diverse publics to engage with and benefit from fish and wildlife. We offer recommendations for state wildlife agencies to engage in adaptive organizational change and for university programs to support agency needs.