bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Size on the Brittle Strength of Steel
Authors: Davidenkov N. , Shevandin E. , Wittmann F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper the influence of size effect on the impact cold brittleness of carbon steel is discussed. Static bending of notched specimens shows the same size effect, so that an assumption of the special role played by high velocity must be rejected. The experiments on the determination of the critical temperature of brittleness for impact-tension tests also display the size effect and therefore exclude any possible influence of the stress gradient. Experiments on static tension and bending of cylindrical specimens of brittle phosphorous steel in liquid air reveal the statistical nature of the size effect and give a good qualitative verification of Weibull’s theory. Weibull’s homogeneity exponent m calculated from experiments with tension and bending is found to have nearly identical values (namely 23.5 and 25.4). The theoretical values of the brittle strength of small specimens calculated with this value of m differ from the experimental ones by about 3 per cent; the ratio of the strengths in the case of bending and tension is found experimentally to be 1.40 against 1.39, according to the theory. The “scatter” in particular values for large specimens, as predicted by theory, is smaller than for small ones.
Experimentation on Tube Drawing With a Moving Mandrel
Authors: Espey G. , Sachs G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The process of tube drawing with a moving mandrel differs from other drawing processes in that, on the two contact surfaces between metal and tools, the frictions act in different directions. Therefore the analysis of such a process yields rather complex relations. These were confirmed by experimentation on several materials exhibiting various degrees of strain hardening. This investigation also yielded some low but consistent values of friction coefficients.
Correlation of Tension Creep Tests With Relaxation Tests
Authors: Popov E. P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper shows that a satisfactory estimate of a relaxation graph may be obtained from the usual tension creep curves. The validity of methods for simple relaxation is demonstrated on the basis of experimental agreement between calculated and test results. Inadequacy of the usual methods of computations are pointed out by comparison with the test results. Then the analytical schemes that appear satisfactory are extended for relaxation with the elastic follow-up.
Torsion and Shear Effects of Members Upon General Instability of Semimonocoque Structures Under Compression
Authors: Wang Tsun Kuei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Basic considerations of general instability of semi-monocoque structures under compression have been published in a previous paper (1). In order to make complete the theoretical treatment of the structure, both torsional effects of rings and stringers, and the shearing effect of the skin are investigated in the present paper. The final results are shown in Equation [28] and also are plotted in Figs. 4 and 5, for practical applications. The formula as derived involves use of more geometrical characteristics and section properties than have the formulas previously derived by other authors. It appears sufficiently general to cover longitudinal variations as well as radial variations of the structure concerned. A criterion is also developed for determining whether the cross section of the structure, under loading, buckles into an “elliptical shape,” or “multilobe pattern.”
Buckling of Transverse Stiffened Plates Under Shear
Authors: Wang Tsun Kuei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of buckling of simply supported rectangular plates reinforced by any number of transverse stiffeners and subjected to shearing forces uniformly distributed along the edges. Two cases are considered: (a) The case of a plate with a finite length; (b) one in which the length is infinite. The critical shearing stresses in both cases are expressed in similar forms, that is, τ cr d 2 E p t 2 = - π 4 384 ( 1 - ν 2 ) d r b Ω in Equation (13), and τ cr d 2 E p t 2 = π 2 24 ( 1 - ν 2 ) K in Equation (24), respectively. Design curves are drawn as shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 5.
Morphological Analysis of the Right Ventricular Endocardial Wall in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Bordones-Crom Alifer , Patnaik Sourav S. , Menon Prahlad G. , Murali Srinivas , Finol Ender 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressive disease diagnosed when the pressure in the main pulmonary artery, assessed by right heart catheterization (RHC), is greater than 25 mmHg. Changes in the pulmonary vasculature due to the high pressure yield an increase in the right ventricle (RV) afterload. This starts a remodeling process during which the ventricle exhibits changes in shape and eventually fails. RV models were obtained from the segmentation of cardiac magnetic resonance images at baseline and 1-year follow-up for a pilot study that involved 12 PH and 7 control subjects. The models were used to create surface meshes of the geometry and to compute the principal, mean, and Gaussian curvatures. Ten global curvature indices were calculated for each of the RV endocardial wall reconstructions at the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) phases of the cardiac cycle. Statistical analysis of the data was performed to discern if there are significant differences in the curvature indices between controls and the PH group, as well as between the baseline and follow-up phases for the PH subjects. Six curvature indices, namely, the Gaussian curvature at ESV, the mean curvature at EDV and ESV, the L2-norm of the mean curvature at ESV, and the L2-norm of the major principal curvature at EDV and ESV, were found to be significantly different between controls and PH subjects (p &lt; 0.05). We infer that these geometry measures could be used as indicators of RV endocardial wall morphology changes. Two global parameters, the Gaussian and mean curvatures at ESV, showed significant changes at the one-year follow-up for the PH subjects (p &lt; 0.05). The aforementioned geometry measures to assess changes in RV shape could be used as part of a noninvasive computational tool to aid clinicians in PH diagnostic and progression assessment, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
The Impact of an Open-Book Pelvic Ring Injury on Bone Strain: Validation of a Finite Element Model and Analysis Within the Gait Cycle
Authors: Salo Zoryana , Kreder Hans , Whyne Cari Marisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The threshold for surgical stabilization for an open-book pelvic fracture is not well defined. The purpose of this research was to validate the biomechanical behavior of a specimen-specific pelvic finite element (FE) model with an open-book fracture with the biomechanical behavior of a cadaveric pelvis in double leg stance configuration under physiologic loading, and to utilize the validated model to compare open book versus intact strain patterns during gait. A cadaveric pelvis was experimentally tested under compressive loading in double leg stance, intact, and with a simulated open-book fracture. An intact FE model of this specimen was reanalyzed with an equivalent simulated open-book fracture. Comparison of the FE generated and experimentally measured strains yielded an R2 value of 0.92 for the open-book fracture configuration. Strain patterns in the intact and fractured models were compared throughout the gait cycle. In double leg stance and heel-strike/heel-off models, tensile strains decreased, especially in the pubic ramus contralateral to the injury, and compressive strains increased in the sacroiliac region of the injured side. In the midstance/midswing gait configuration, higher tensile and compressive FE strains were observed on the midstance side of the fractured versus intact model and decreased along the superior and inferior pubic rami and ischium, with midswing side strains reduced almost to zero in the fractured model. Identified in silico patterns align with clinical understanding of open-book fracture pathology suggesting future potential of FE models to quantify instability and optimize fixation strategies.
The Effect of Impact Angle and Fall Height on Skull Fracture Patterns in Infants
Authors: Yan Jiawei , He Junyan , Spear Ashely , Coats Brittany 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Skull fracture is a common finding for both accidental and abusive head trauma in infants and young children, and may provide important clues as to the energy and directionality of the event leading to the skull fracture. However, little is understood regarding the mechanics of skull fracture in the pediatric skull, and how accidental fall parameters contribute to skull fracture patterns. The objectives of this research were to utilize a newly developed linear elastic fracture mechanics finite element model of infant skull fracture to investigate the effect of impact angle and fall height on the predictions of skull fracture patterns in infants. Nine impact angles of right parietal bone impacts were simulated from three different heights onto a rigid plate. The average ± standard deviation of the distance between the impact location and fracture initiation site was 8.0 ± 5.9 mm. Impact angle significantly affected the fracture initiation site (p &lt; 0.0001) and orientation (p &lt; 0.0001). A 15 deg variation in impact angle changed the initiation site up to 47 mm. The orientation of the fracture pattern was dependent on the impact location and ran either horizontal or vertical toward the ossification center of the bone. Fall height significantly affected the fracture length (p = 0.0356). Specifically, at the same impact angle, a 0.3 m increase in fall height increased the skull fracture length by 21.39 ± 34.26 mm. These data indicate that environmental variability needs to be carefully considered when evaluating infant skull fracture patterns from low-height falls.
Untethered Microrobot Motion Mechanism With Increased Longitudinal Force
Authors: Demircali Ali Anil , Varol Rahmetullah , Erkan Kadir , Uvet Huseyin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The importance of an untethered microrobotic platform that can operate on high flowrate microfluidic channels for in vitro applications is increasing rapidly. This article presents a method to manipulate a microrobot in a fluidic chip when high flowrates (4 ml/min, 82.304 mm/s) are applied. This method is based on a novel permanent magnet-based diamagnetic levitation configuration. This configuration includes a thin layer of pyrolytic graphite, which is placed just below the microrobot. In this way, microrobot stability and manipulation capability are increased. Also, we aim to increase the longitudinal forces imposed on the microrobot to withstand the drag force proportional to the flowrate. Hence, magnetic field lines are generated more linearly around the microrobot by a different combination of permanent magnets. The proposed magnetic configuration, named “KERKAN configuration,” significantly improves the microrobot’s longitudinal forces. In this configuration, two different ring-shaped ferromagnetic magnets are used. One of the magnets has a smaller diameter than the other magnet. A combination of one smaller and one bigger magnet is placed above and below the microrobot. To validate the advantages of this configuration, analytical and simulation studies are conducted. Their results are then compared with experimental results. Experimental results are on par with analytical and simulation studies. KERKAN configuration has a lower displacement than the next best configuration at the highest flowrate we applied (relatively 3301 μm, %21.8).
Building and Sustaining Organizational Capacity in Voluntary Sports Clubs: Findings From a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Elmose-Østerlund Karsten , Cuskelly Graham , Høyer-Kruse Jens , Voldby Christian Røj 
Published: March 2021

Despite a rich literature on organizational capacity (OC) in voluntary sports clubs (VSCs), few studies have examined OC building and its long-term sustainability. Against this background, the authors identified changes in OC among VSCs that participated in a club development program and examined the sustainability of these changes. The authors collected survey data 9 months after participation comparing the participating VSCs (n = 62) with similar nonparticipating VSCs (n = 64). A selection of the participating VSCs was then contacted 3–4 years later for a follow-up survey (n = 48) and focus group interviews (n = 5). The results show that (a) significant differences in human resource capacity, planning and development capacity, and infrastructure and process capacity were visible between the participating and nonparticipating VSCs, and that (b) certain changes in OC remain in the clubs 3–4 years after participation. A sustainable change was that core volunteers related differently to the work in their respective VSCs.
Bronchiolitis and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Milani Gregorio Paolo , Bollati Valentina , Ruggiero Luca , Bosis Samantha , Pinzani Raffaella Maria , Lunghi Giovanna , Rota Federica , Dioni Laura , Luganini Anna , Agostoni Carlo , Marchisio Paola 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundIt has been speculated that the SARS-CoV-2 was already widespread in western countries before February 2020.MethodsWe gauged this hypothesis by analysing the nasal swab of infants with either bronchiolitis or a non-infectious disease admitted to the Ospedale Maggiore, Milan (one of the first epicentres of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Europe) from November 2019.ResultsThe SARS-CoV-2 RNA was never detected in 218 infants with bronchiolitis (95 females, median age 4.9 months) and 49 infants (22 females, median age 5.6 months) with a non-infectious disease between November 2019 and February 2020. On the contrary, two infants hospitalised for bronchiolitis between March and April 2020 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.ConclusionsThis study does not support the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 was already circulating among infants before the official outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it shows for the first time that SARS-CoV-2 might cause bronchiolitis requiring hospitalisation.
Somatic GNAQ R183Q mutation is located within the sclera and episclera in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome
Authors: Wu Yue , Peng Cheng , Huang Lulu , Xu Li , Ding Xuming , Liu Yixin , Zeng Changjuan , Sun Hao , Guo Wenyi 
Published: March 2021

AimsTo determine the correspondence between GNAQ R183Q (c.548G＞A) mutation in abnormal scleral tissue of patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) secondary glaucoma and explore the role of GNAQ R183Q in glaucoma pathogenesis.MethodsEpiscleral tissues were obtained from 8 patients: SWS secondary glaucoma (n=5) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG, n=3). Scleral tissues were obtained from 7 patients: SWS secondary glaucoma (n=2), PCG (n=1) and juvenile open-angle glaucoma (n=4). GNAQ R183Q mutation was detected in scleral tissue by droplet digital PCR. Tissue sections from SWS were examined by immunohistochemistry to determine the expression of p-ERK.ResultsThe GNAQ R183Q mutation was present in 100% of the SWS abnormal sclera. Five cases were SWS patient-derived episcleral tissue, and the mutant allelic frequencies range from 6.9% to 12.5%. The other two were deep scleral tissues and the mutant frequencies were 1.5% and 5.3%. No mutations in GNAQ R183 codon were found in the sclera of PCG and juvenile open-angle glaucoma. Increased expression of p-ERK and p-JNK was detected in the endothelial cells of SWS abnormal scleral blood vessels.ConclusionsGNAQ R183Q occurred in all abnormal scleral tissue of SWS secondary glaucoma. Increased expression of p-ERK and p-JNK in endothelial cells of blood vessels was detected in the abnormal scleral tissue. This study suggests GNAQ R183Q may regulate episcleral vessels of patients with SWS through abnormal activation of ERK and JNK, providing new genetic evidence of pathogenesis of glaucoma in SWS, and the dysplasia of scleral tissue in anterior segment may be used as an early diagnostic method or treatment targets to prevent the development and progression of glaucoma in patients with SWS.
Domains and outcome measures for the assessment of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Lescoat Alain , Roofeh David , Townsend Whitney , Hughes Michael , Sandler Robert D , Zimmermann François , Pauling John D , Buch Maya H , Khanna Dinesh 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionLimited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) is the most frequent subset of systemic sclerosis. Despite this, lcSSc is not the major focus of clinical studies. The lack of interventional studies in lcSSc is due, in part, to a paucity of relevant outcome measures to effectively evaluate this subset. A combined response index dedicated to lcSSc would facilitate development of well-designed trials and approval of new drugs. The objective of this scoping review is to perform a broad and comprehensive identification of the outcome measures (core set items) within relevant domains, which have been used so far to assess lcSSc.Methods and analysisThe planned scoping review will be based on the approach proposed by Arkseyet aland further developed by Levacet al. Development and reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses—Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist and guidelines. The development of the search strategy was guided by the concepts of domains and outcomes based on the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology approach and by the different names and definitions of SSc, with a specific emphasis on their occurrence in clinical trial studies. Two databases will be searched: MEDLINE and Embase. Studies in English, published from the year 1988 onwards, will be included, since 1988 corresponds to the publication of LeRoy’s first consensus definition of lcSSc. Data will be extracted and analysed using a standardised charting tool.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required for this study. The results will be submitted to an international peer-reviewed journal and scientific conferences, informing the discussion on which items should be included in a combined response index dedicated to lcSSc (the CRISTAL project: Combined Response Index for Scleroderma Trial Assessing lcSSc).
Retrospective study on the possible existence of a treatment paradox in sepsis scores in the emergency department
Authors: Uffen Jan Willem , van Goor Harriet , Reitsma Johannes , Oosterheert Jan Jelrik , de Regt Marieke , Kaasjager Karin 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThe quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) is developed as a tool to identify patients with infection with increased risk of dying from sepsis in non-intensive care unit settings, like the emergency department (ED). An abnormal score may trigger the initiation of appropriate therapy to reduce that risk. This study assesses the risk of a treatment paradox: the effect of a strong predictor for mortality will be reduced if that predictor also acts as a trigger for initiating treatment to prevent mortality.DesignRetrospective analysis on data from a large observational cohort.SettingED of a tertiary medical centre in the Netherlands.Participants3178 consecutive patients with suspected infection.Primary outcomeTo evaluate the existence of a treatment paradox by determining the influence of baseline qSOFA on treatment decisions within the first 24 hours after admission.Results226 (7.1%) had a qSOFA ≥2, of which 51 (22.6%) died within 30 days. Area under receiver operating characteristics of qSOFA for 30-day mortality was 0.68 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.75). Patients with a qSOFA ≥2 had higher odds of receiving any form of intensive therapy (OR 11.4 (95% CI 7.5 to 17.1)), such as aggressive fluid resuscitation (OR 8.8 95% CI 6.6 to 11.8), fast antibiotic administration (OR 8.5, 95% CI 5.7 to 12.3) or vasopressic therapy (OR 17.3, 95% CI 11.2 to 26.8), compared with patients with qSOFA <2.ConclusionIn ED patients with suspected infection, a qSOFA ≥2 was associated with more intensive treatment. This could lead to inadequate prediction of 30-day mortality due to the presence of a treatment paradox.Trial registration number6916.
Active colloids under geometrical constraints in viscoelastic media
Authors: Narinder N , Zhu Wei-jing , Bechinger Clemens 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study the behavior of active particles (APs) moving in a viscoelastic fluid in the presence of geometrical confinements. Upon approaching a flat wall, we find that APs slow down due to compression of the enclosed viscoelastic fluid. In addition, they receive a viscoelastic torque leading to sudden orientational changes and departure from walls. Based on these observations, we develop a numerical model which can also be applied to other geometries and yields good agreement with experimental data. Our results demonstrate, that APs are able to move through complex geometrical structures more effectively when suspended in a viscoelastic compared to a Newtonian fluid.

Graphic Abstract
A uniparametric perfect fluid solution to represent compact stars
Authors: Estevez-Delgado Joaquin , Maya Noel Enrique Rodríguez , Peña José Martínez , Rangel David Rivera , Muñoz Nancy Cambron 
Published: March 2021

In the description of neutron stars, it is very important to consider gravitational theories as general relativity, due to the determining influence on the behavior of the different types of stars, since some objects show densities even bigger than nuclear density. This paper starts with Einstein’s equations for a perfect fluid and then we present a uniparametric stellar model which allows to describe compact objects like neutron stars with compactness ratio [Formula: see text]. The pressure and density are monotone decreasing regular functions, the speed of sound satisfies the causality condition, while the value for its adiabatic index [Formula: see text] guarantees the stability. In addition, the graph of [Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text] shows a quasi-linear relationship for the equation of state [Formula: see text], which is similar to the so-called MIT Bag equation when we have the interaction between quarks. In our case it is due to the interaction of the different components found inside the star, such as electrons and neutrons. As an application of the model, we describe the star PSR J1614-2230 with a observed mass of [Formula: see text] and a radius [Formula: see text], the model shows that the maximum central density occurs for a maximal compactness value [Formula: see text].