bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androgen Misuse and Abuse
Authors: Handelsman David J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAndrogens are potent drugs requiring prescription for valid medical indications but are misused for invalid, unproven, or off-label reasons as well as being abused without prescription for illicit nonmedical application for performance or image enhancement. Following discovery and first clinical application of testosterone in the 1930s, commercialization of testosterone and synthetic androgens proliferated in the decades after World War II. It remains among the oldest marketed drugs in therapeutic use, yet after 8 decades of clinical use, the sole unequivocal indication for testosterone remains in replacement therapy for pathological hypogonadism, organic disorders of the male reproductive system. Nevertheless, wider claims assert unproven, unsafe, or implausible benefits for testosterone, mostly representing wishful thinking about rejuvenation. Over recent decades, this created an epidemic of testosterone misuse involving prescription as a revitalizing tonic for anti-aging, sexual dysfunction and/or obesity, where efficacy and safety remains unproven and doubtful. Androgen abuse originated during the Cold War as an epidemic of androgen doping among elite athletes for performance enhancement before the 1980s when it crossed over into the general community to become an endemic variant of drug abuse in sufficiently affluent communities that support an illicit drug industry geared to bodybuilding and aiming to create a hypermasculine body physique and image. This review focuses on the misuse of testosterone, defined as prescribing without valid clinical indications, and abuse of testosterone or synthetic androgens (androgen abuse), defined as the illicit use of androgens without prescription or valid indications, typically by athletes, bodybuilders and others for image-oriented, cosmetic, or occupational reasons.
Choosing Plan B Over Plan A: Risk Compensation Theory and Contraceptive Choice in India
Authors: Shukla Pallavi , Pullabhotla Hemant Kumar , Arends-Kuenning Mary 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Can women's contraceptive method choice be better understood through risk compensation theory? This theory implies that people act with greater care when the perceived risk of an activity is higher and with less care when it is lower. We examine how increased over-the-counter access to emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) accompanied by marketing campaigns in India affected women's contraceptive method choices and incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Although ECPs substantially reduce the risk of pregnancy, they are less effective than other contraceptive methods and do not reduce the risk of STIs. We test whether an exogenous policy change that increased access to ECPs leads people to substitute away from other methods of contraception, such as condoms, thereby increasing the risk of both unintended pregnancy and STIs. We find evidence for risk compensation in terms of reduced use of condoms but not for increases in rates of STIs.
Between Archives
Authors: Gelfand Rachel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDrawing on critical aging studies, this article argues that queer relations inform understandings of loss, family, and belonging. What happens when older adults review, rehearse, and reappropriate historical texts? What is possible when archives serve as a space of dialogue? How do aging and death impact queer memory transmission? The article analyzes research methods while examining queer family as a tool for intergenerational collaboration. This work rethinks designations of “generation” and “aging” by applying nonheteronormative frameworks.
Text und Data-Mining – juristische Fallstricke und bibliothekarische Handlungsfelder
Authors: Brettschneider Peter 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
2018 wurde im deutschen Urheberrecht mit § 60d UrhG eine gesetzliche Erlaubnis für Text- und Data-Mining eingeführt. Inzwischen konnte praktische Erfahrung mit der Anwendung dieser Norm gesammelt werden. Der Aufsatz geht sowohl aus bibliothekarischer als auch juristischer Sicht auf die dabei aufgetauchten Hürden ein und bietet eine Vorschau auf die bevorstehende Novellierung der Norm im Zuge der EU-Richtlinie 2019/790.
Error simulation modeling to assess the effects of bias and precision on bilirubin measurements used to screen for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Jara Aguirre Jose C. , Norgan Andrew P. , Cook Walter J. , Karon Brad S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Error simulation models have been used to understand the relationship between analytical performance and clinical outcomes. We developed an error simulation model to understand the effects of method bias and precision on misclassification rate for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia using an age-adjusted risk assessment tool.

Methods
For each of 176 measured total bilirubin (TSBM) values, 10,000 simulated total bilirubin (TBS) values were generated at each combination of bias and precision conditions for coefficient of variation (CV) between 1 and 15%, and for biases between −51.3 μmol/L and 51.3 μmol/L (−3 and 3 mg/dL) fixed bias. TBS values were analyzed to determine if they were in the same risk zone as the TSBM value. We then calculated sensitivity and specificity for prediction of ≥75th percentile for postnatal age values as a function of assay bias and precision, and determined the rate of critical errors (≥95th percentile for age TSBM with <75th percentile TBS).

Results
A sensitivity >95% for predicting ≥75th percentile bilirubin values was observed when there is a positive fixed bias of greater than 17.1 μmol/L (1.0 mg/dL) and CV is maintained ≤10%. A specificity >70% for predicting <75th percentile bilirubin values was observed when positive systematic bias was 17.1 μmol/L (1 mg/dL) or less at CV ≤ 10%. Critical errors did not occur with a frequency >0.2% until negative bias was −17.1 μmol/L (−1 mg/dL) or lower.

Conclusions
A positive systematic bias of 17.1 μmol/L (1 mg/dL) may be optimal for balancing sensitivity and specificity for predicting ≥75th percentile TSB values. Negative systematic bias should be avoided to allow detection of high risk infants and avoid critical classification errors.
Creating and applying a narrative-semiosis model
Authors: Song Hyosup 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study, I explore a new model of narrative that contains interactions between three levels of story – narrative story, cognitive story, and social story. With this new model, narrative is no longer a static form but rather a whole signifying process among levels. I term this new model narrative-semiosis. The narrative-semiosis model in this study is closely related to the six elements of Jakobson’s communication model. In my new model, cognitive story exists in the minds of both the addresser and addressee, and social story exists in the context where human beings think and perform in the real world. Cognitive story is inferred from the message that is in a narrative story. In this paper, I describe the semiotic interactions among the three levels of stories, not unidirectional but bidirectional, in my narrative-semiosis model. I also validate my model by applying it to a traditional Korean shaman epic Danggumagi and a painting text, Sun and Moon, describing their semiotic narrative signification.
Peirce and learning theory
Authors: Campbell Cary 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Peirce Section editor, Cary Campbell introduces a series of three commissioned articles. Together, they serve to present and contextualize the broad relevance of Peirce’s philosophy and semiotics for the contemporary study of learning. Some key Peircean ideas and context are touched on, such as: the transdisciplinary nature of Peirce research and its connections to learning theory and education; an account of “Peirce as teacher” and Peirce’s own relationship to pedagogical topics; the broad significance of understanding learning-as-semiosis; and the importance of synechism (Peirce’s doctrine of continuity) for research into learning and education.
A semiotic model of learning
Authors: Strand Torill 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
My ambition with this paper is to throw some light on Charles S. Peirce’s (1839–1914) semiotic model of learning. Peirce developed this model in his later writings, where he integrated his phenomenology, pragmatism, and semiotics while renewing all three. I start by introducing an analogy on pedagogy used by Peirce in one of his 1903 lectures on phenomenology. Next, I sketch out Peirce’s perspective on the ways in which we learn from experience. In the last section, I map out Peirce’s semiotic model, while indicating some prospects and limitations of a Peircean outlook on the paradoxical attributions of knowledge and learning.
3-D printed CDRA for radiation beam reconfigurability and beamforming in C-band
Authors: Apparao Maganti , Karunakar Godi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this article, the design of a radiation beam-reconfigurable antenna using the reflector pins is presented. The reflector pins make a short or open connection with the ground, via switches and Plated Through Hole (PTH), which helps in controlling radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna. This design contains a simple 3D printed Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna that is located at the center of the substrate. The beam-sweeping of the antenna is attained by operating switches in different combinations of ON and OFF states. The reconfigurable CDRA operates at 4.5 GHz and covers all azimuth angles in four steps with a maximum measured gain of 6.6 dBi. This beam-switching antenna is very advantageous because of its trait of eliminating fade zones and beamforming.
Lithopetrographic and geochemical features of the Saalian tills in the Szczerców outcrop (Poland) in various deformation settings
Authors: Wachecka-Kotkowska Lucyna , Krzyszkowski Dariusz , Wieczorek Dariusz , Boswell Steven , Myśkow Elżbieta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of new studies of Saalian tills, from the Ławki and Rogowiec formations, filling the Kleszczów Graben. The study area is located in the Szczerców outcrop, Bełchatów Lignite Opencast Mine, central Poland. Laboratory studies included macrofossil analysis of the deposits, as well as petrographic and geochemical (neodymium isotope ratio) measurements. The studies were carried out in 2014–2016 and resulted in both establishing the sedimentary Saalian complex and constructing geological cross-sections and a synthetic lithostratigraphic profile. Development of sediments in this part of the Kleszczów Graben in the Pleistocene was largely influenced by tectonic factors (Chabielice fault, Dębina Salt Dome) and glacitectonic processes (Wartanian Glaciation). The Saalian tills (T4 – Ławki and T7 – Rogowiec lithotypes) are between the Holsteinian sand with macroremnants of trees and the Eemian gyttja and peat. Petrographic coefficients for lithotype T4 (Ławki Formation) are 1.33–1.06–1.01 and 0.12 and for lithotype T7 (Rogowiec Formation) are 1.29–1.23–1.04 and 0.12. Investigations of the Nd isotopic compositions of the studied samples reinforce our interpretations of till deformation and tentative lithostratigraphic correlations. Neodymium isotope ratios “P” (−14.4 ± 0.7) and “D” (−12.4 ± 0.3) ε
Nd values (2σ) correspond to mean signatures of Saalian glacigenic moraine sediment. This proves that ε
Nd values less than −12.4 reflect the southern Fennoscandian Ice Sheet sediment provenance, but ε
Nd values greater than −12.4 indicate the western European origin.
The key to the solution of the world crisis we face
Authors: Maxwell Nicholas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Humanity faces two fundamental problems of learning: learning about the universe, and learning to become civilized. We have solved the first problem, but not the second one, and that puts us in a situation of great danger. Almost all of our global problems have arisen as a result. It has become a matter of extreme urgency to solve the second problem. The key to this is to learn from our solution to the first problem how to solve the second one. This was the basic idea of the 18th century Enlightenment, but in implementing this idea, the Enlightenment blundered. Their mistakes are still built into academia today. In order to le arn how to create a civilized, enlightened world, the key thing we need to do is to cure academia of the structural blunders we have inherited from the Enlightenment. We need to bring about a revolution in science, and in academia more broadly so that the basic aim becomes wisdom, and not just knowledge.
Homeschooling mothers: Precarious by choice?
Authors: Machovcová Kateřina , Beláňová Andrea , Kostelecká Yvona , Mccabe Marta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article presents the findings of a study on homeschooling in Czechia. It focuses on the gender aspects of this uncommon educational decision. Based on forty-three individual interviews with homeschooling parents, the article’s unifying thread is interest in understanding how mothers are involved in the decision to homeschool, and how the practice is embedded in gendered relationships within the society. We explore the results from two perspectives. First, we consider how the choice to homeschool lies simultaneously in embracing and opposing cultural imperatives of good mothering. Second, we explore the precarious status of homeschooling mothers in relation to economic independence. By shedding light on individual choice within social structures, we situate the practice of homeschooling within the gender inequalities of today’s society.
Mexican Supreme Court at Crossroads: Three Acts of Constitutional Politics
Authors: Olaiz-González Jaime 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Since 2018, Mexico’s Supreme Court is facing a critical juncture. The new distribution of political power and the distinctive platform of the governing coalition endowed with massive popular support has forced the Court to redefine its role as a constitutional tribunal within unprecedented dynamics of constitutional politics. Such juncture can be summarized as being at crossroads, between desirable affirmation, strategic accommodation and concerning subordination.
Intelligent Questionnaires Using Approximate Dynamic Programming
Authors: Logé Frédéric , Le Pennec Erwan , Amadou-Boubacar Habiboulaye 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Inefficient interaction such as long and/or repetitive questionnaires can be detrimental to user experience, which leads us to investigate the computation of an intelligent questionnaire for a prediction task. Given time and budget constraints (maximum q questions asked), this questionnaire will select adaptively the question sequence based on answers already given. Several use-cases with increased user and customer experience are given.
The problem is framed as a Markov Decision Process and solved numerically with approximate dynamic programming, exploiting the hierarchical and episodic structure of the problem. The approach, evaluated on toy models and classic supervised learning datasets, outperforms two baselines: a decision tree with budget constraint and a model with q best features systematically asked. The online problem, quite critical for deployment seems to pose no particular issue, under the right exploration strategy.
This setting is quite flexible and can incorporate easily initial available data and grouped questions.
Power formulas for mixed effects models with random slope and intercept comparing rate of change across groups
Authors: Zhao Yu , Edland Steven D. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We have previously derived power calculation formulas for cohort studies and clinical trials using the longitudinal mixed effects model with random slopes and intercepts to compare rate of change across groups [Ard & Edland, Power calculations for clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheim Dis 2011;21:369–77]. We here generalize these power formulas to accommodate 1) missing data due to study subject attrition common to longitudinal studies, 2) unequal sample size across groups, and 3) unequal variance parameters across groups. We demonstrate how these formulas can be used to power a future study even when the design of available pilot study data (i.e., number and interval between longitudinal observations) does not match the design of the planned future study. We demonstrate how differences in variance parameters across groups, typically overlooked in power calculations, can have a dramatic effect on statistical power. This is especially relevant to clinical trials, where changes over time in the treatment arm reflect background variability in progression observed in the placebo control arm plus variability in response to treatment, meaning that power calculations based only on the placebo arm covariance structure may be anticonservative. These more general power formulas are a useful resource for understanding the relative influence of these multiple factors on the efficiency of cohort studies and clinical trials, and for designing future trials under the random slopes and intercepts model.
Gradient boosting for linear mixed models
Authors: Griesbach Colin , Säfken Benjamin , Waldmann Elisabeth 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Gradient boosting from the field of statistical learning is widely known as a powerful framework for estimation and selection of predictor effects in various regression models by adapting concepts from classification theory. Current boosting approaches also offer methods accounting for random effects and thus enable prediction of mixed models for longitudinal and clustered data. However, these approaches include several flaws resulting in unbalanced effect selection with falsely induced shrinkage and a low convergence rate on the one hand and biased estimates of the random effects on the other hand. We therefore propose a new boosting algorithm which explicitly accounts for the random structure by excluding it from the selection procedure, properly correcting the random effects estimates and in addition providing likelihood-based estimation of the random effects variance structure. The new algorithm offers an organic and unbiased fitting approach, which is shown via simulations and data examples.
Common ground and positioning in teacher-student interactions: Second language socialization in EFL classrooms
Authors: Ortaçtepe Hart Deniz , Okkalı Seçil 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aims to present how intercultural and intracultural communication unfolds in EFL classrooms with NNESTs and NESTs who constantly negotiate common ground and positionings with their students. Three NEST and three NNEST teaching partners were observed and audio recorded during the first and fifth weeks of a new course they taught in turns. Data were transcribed and analyzed through conversation analysis using Kecskes and Zhang’s socio-cognitive approach to common ground (Kecskes, István & Fenghui Zhang. 2009. Activating, seeking, and creating common ground. A socio-cognitive approach.Pragmatics and Cognition17(2). 331–355) and Davies and Harré’s positioning theory (Davies, Bronwyn and Rom Harré. 1990. Positioning: The discursive production of selves.Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour20(1). 43–63). The findings revealed several differences in the ways NESTs and NNESTs established common ground and positioned themselves in their social interactions. NESTs’ lack of shared background with their students positioned them as outsiders in a foreign country and enabled them to establish more core common ground (i.e., building new common knowledge between themselves and their students). NNESTs maintained the already existing core common ground with their students (i.e., activating the common knowledge they shared with their students) while positioning themselves as insiders. NESTs’ difference-driven, cultural mediator approach to common ground helped them create meaningful contexts for language socialization through which students not only learned the target language but also the culture. On the other hand, NNESTs adopted a commonality-driven, insider approach that was transmission-of-knowledge oriented, focusing on accomplishing a pedagogical goal rather than language socialization.
1996–2017 GPS position time series, velocities and quality measures for the CORS Network
Authors: Saleh Jarir , Yoon Sungpil , Choi Kevin , Sun Lijuan , Snay Richard , McFarland Phillip , Williams Simon , Haw Don , Coloma Francine 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The CORS network is a volunteer-based network of Global Positioning System reference stations located mainly in the US and its territories. We discuss the most recent comprehensive reprocessing of all GPS data collected via this network since 1996. Daily data for GPS weeks 834 through 1933 were reprocessed leading to epoch 2010.0 coordinates and velocities of 3049 stations aligned to IGS14. The updated realization of the US National Spatial Reference System derived in this work has been in use since late 2019. As a validation of the results, the derived velocity field is compared to several other solutions and to three regional geophysical and geodetic velocity models. These comparisons uncovered unstable stations which move differently than the regional kinematics around them. Once these are ignored, we estimate the horizontal and vertical stability of this updated realization to be better than ∼0.3 and ∼0.6 mm/year, respectively. We use the position residuals and estimated uncertainties from this reprocessing to derive long-term stability measures for all active stations serving longer than 3 years. These measures exposed ∼60 CORS with the poorest long-term stability, which have been consequently excluded from serving as mapping control.
Working from Home, Wages, and Regional Inequality in the Light of COVID-19
Authors: Irlacher Michael , Koch Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We use the most recent wave of the German Qualifications and Career Survey to reveal a substantial wage premium in a Mincer regression for workers performing their job from home. The premium accounts for more than 10% and persists within narrowly defined jobs as well as after controlling for workplace characteristics. In a next step, we provide evidence on substantial regional variation in the share of jobs that can be done from home in Germany. Our analysis reveals a strong, positive relation between the share of jobs with working from home opportunities and the mean worker income in a district. Assuming that jobs with the opportunity of remote work are more crisis proof, our results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic might affect poorer regions to a greater extent. Hence, examining regional disparities is central for policy-makers in choosing economic policies to mitigate the consequences of this crisis.
Permutation groups with small orbit growth
Authors: Bodirsky Manuel , Bodor Bertalan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLet𝒦exp+{\mathcal{K}_{{\operatorname{exp}}{+}}}be the class of all structures𝔄{\mathfrak{A}}such that the automorphism group of𝔄{\mathfrak{A}}has at mostc⁢nd⁢n{cn^{dn}}orbits in its componentwise action on the set ofn-tuples with pairwise distinct entries, for some constantsc,d{c,d}withd<1{d<1}. We show that𝒦exp+{\mathcal{K}_{{\operatorname{exp}}{+}}}is precisely the class of finite covers of first-order reducts of unary structures, and also that𝒦exp+{\mathcal{K}_{{\operatorname{exp}}{+}}}is precisely the class of first-order reducts of finite covers of unary structures. It follows that the class of first-order reducts of finite covers of unary structures is closed under taking model companions and model-complete cores, which is an important property when studying the constraint satisfaction problem for structures from𝒦exp+{\mathcal{K}_{{\operatorname{exp}}{+}}}. We also show that Thomas’ conjecture holds for𝒦exp+{\mathcal{K}_{{\operatorname{exp}}{+}}}: all structures in𝒦exp+{\mathcal{K}_{{\operatorname{exp}}{+}}}have finitely many first-order reducts up to first-order interdefinability.