bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep photothermal effect induced by stereotactic laser beams in highly scattering media
Authors: Baez-Castillo L. , Ortiz-Rascón E. , Carrillo-Torres R. C. , Bruce N. C. , Garduño-Mejía J. , Lucero-Acuña A. , Álvarez-Ramos M. E. 
Published: July 2021

Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT), as an increasingly studied treatment alternative, has been widely regarded mostly as a surface tissue treatment choice. Although some techniques have been implemented for interstitial tumors, these involve some grade of invasiveness, as the outer skin is usually broken to introduce light-delivering optical fibers or even catheters. In this work, we present a potential non-invasive strategy using the stereotactic approach, long employed in radiosurgery, by converging multiple near infrared laser beams for PPTT in tissue-equivalent optical phantoms that enclose small gel spheres and simulate interstitial tissue impregnated with plasmonic nanoparticles. The real-time in-depth monitoring of temperature increase is realized by an infrared camera face-on mounted over the phantom. Our results show that a significant reduction in the surface heating can be achieved with this configuration while remarkably increasing the interstitial reach of PPTT, assuring a

∼

6
∘

C

temperature increase for the simulated tumors at 10 mm depth and

∼

4
∘

C

at 15 mm depth and opening up new possibilities for future clinical applications.
Immune selection suppresses the emergence of drug resistance in malaria parasites but facilitates its spread
Authors: Whitlock Alexander O. B. , Juliano Jonathan J. , Mideo Nicole 
Published: July 2021

Although drug resistance inPlasmodium falciparumtypically evolves in regions of low transmission, resistance spreads readily following introduction to regions with a heavier disease burden. This suggests that the origin and the spread of resistance are governed by different processes, and that high transmission intensity specifically impedes the origin. Factors associated with high transmission, such as highly immune hosts and competition within genetically diverse infections, are associated with suppression of resistant lineages within hosts. However, interactions between these factors have rarely been investigated and the specific relationship between adaptive immunity and selection for resistance has not been explored. Here, we developed a multiscale, agent-based model ofPlasmodiumparasites, hosts, and vectors to examine how host and parasite dynamics shape the evolution of resistance in populations with different transmission intensities. We found that selection for antigenic novelty (“immune selection”) suppressed the evolution of resistance in high transmission settings. We show that high levels of population immunity increased the strength of immune selection relative to selection for resistance. As a result, immune selection delayed the evolution of resistance in high transmission populations by allowing novel, sensitive lineages to remain in circulation at the expense of the spread of a resistant lineage.In contrast, in low transmission settings, we observed that resistant strains were able to sweep to high population prevalence without interference. Additionally, we found that the relationship between immune selection and resistance changed when resistance was widespread. Once resistance was common enough to be found on many antigenic backgrounds, immune selection stably maintained resistant parasites in the population by allowing them to proliferate, even in untreated hosts, when resistance was linked to a novel epitope. Our results suggest that immune selection plays a role in the global pattern of resistance evolution.
The effect of human mobility restrictions on the COVID-19 transmission network in China
Authors: Oka Tatsushi , Wei Wei , Zhu Dan 
Published: July 2021

Background
COVID-19 poses a severe threat worldwide. This study analyzes its propagation and evaluates statistically the effect of mobility restriction policies on the spread of the disease.

Methods
We apply a variation of the stochastic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered model to describe the temporal-spatial evolution of the disease across 33 provincial regions in China, where the disease was first identified. We employ Bayesian Markov Chain Monte-Carlo methods to estimate the model and to characterize a dynamic transmission network, which enables us to evaluate the effectiveness of various local and national policies.

Results
The spread of the disease in China was predominantly driven by community transmission within regions, which dropped substantially after local governments imposed various lockdown policies. Further, Hubei was only the epicenter of the early epidemic stage. Secondary epicenters, such as Beijing and Guangdong, had already become established by late January 2020. The transmission from these epicenters substantially declined following the introduction of mobility restrictions across regions.

Conclusions
The spatial transmission network is able to differentiate the effect of the local lockdown policies and the cross-region mobility restrictions. We conclude that both are important policy tools for curbing the disease transmission. The coordination between central and local governments is important in suppressing the spread of infectious diseases.
Concordance and timing in recording cancer events in primary care, hospital and mortality records for patients with and without psoriasis: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Trafford Alex M. , Parisi Rosa , Rutter Martin K. , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Griffiths Christopher E. M. , Ashcroft Darren M. ,   on behalf of the Global Psoriasis Atlas (GPA)
Published: July 2021

Background
The association between psoriasis and the risk of cancer has been investigated in numerous studies utilising electronic health records (EHRs), with conflicting results in the extent of the association.

Objectives
To assess concordance and timing of cancer recording between primary care, hospital and death registration data for people with and without psoriasis.

Methods
Cohort studies delineated using primary care EHRs from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD and Aurum databases, with linkage to hospital episode statistics (HES), Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality data and indices of multiple deprivation (IMD). People with psoriasis were matched to those without psoriasis by age, sex and general practice. Cancer recording between databases was investigated by proportion concordant, that being the presence of cancer record in both source and comparator datasets. Delay in recording cancer diagnoses between CPRD and HES records and predictors of discordance were also assessed.

Results
58,904 people with psoriasis and 350,592 comparison patients were included using CPRD GOLD; whereas 213,400 people with psoriasis and 1,268,998 comparison patients were included in CPRD Aurum. For all cancer records (excluding keratinocyte), concordance between CPRD and HES was greater than 80%. Concordance for same-site cancer records was markedly lower (<68% GOLD-linked data; <72% Aurum-linked data). Concordance of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and liver cancer recording between CPRD and HES was lower for people with psoriasis compared to those without.

Conclusions
Concordance between CPRD and HES is poor when restricted to cancers of the same site, with greater discordance in people with psoriasis for some cancers of specific sites. The use of linked patient-level data is an important step in reducing misclassification of cancer outcomes in epidemiological studies using routinely collected electronic health records.
Late antiretroviral refills and condomless sex in a cohort of HIV-seropositive pregnant and postpartum Kenyan women
Authors: Eastment McKenna C. , Kinuthia John , Wang Lei , Wanje George , Wilson Katherine , Kaggiah Anne , Simoni Jane M. , Mandaliya Kishorchandra , Poole Danielle N. , Richardson Barbra A. , Jaoko Walter , John-Stewart Grace , McClelland R. Scott 
Published: July 2021

Introduction
The postpartum period can be challenging for women living with HIV. Understanding how the postpartum period impacts ART adherence and condomless sex could inform the development of comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and HIV services tailored to the needs of women living with HIV during this critical interval.

Methods
In a longitudinal cohort study of HIV-seropositive Kenyan women, late ART refills and self-reported condomless sex were compared between the woman’s pregnancy and the postpartum period. Analyses were conducted using generalized estimating equations and adjusted for alcohol use, depressive symptoms, intimate partner violence (IPV), and having a recent regular partner. Effect modification was explored for selected variables.

Results and discussion
151 women contributed visits. Late ART refills occurred at 7% (32/439) of pregnancy visits compared to 18% (178/1016) during the postpartum period (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62–3.67). This association differed by women’s education level. Women with ≥8 years of education had late ART refills more during the postpartum period than pregnancy (aRR 3.00, 95%CI 1.95–4.62). In contrast, in women with <8 years of education, late ART refills occurred similarly during pregnancy and the postpartum period (aRR 0.88, 95%CI 0.18–4.35). Women reported condomless sex at 10% (60/600) of pregnancy visits compared to 7% (72/1081) of postpartum visits (aRR 0.76, 95%CI 0.45–1.27). This association differed by whether women had experienced recent IPV. Women without recent IPV had a significant decline in condomless sex from pregnancy to postpartum (aRR 0.53, 95%CI 0.30–0.95) while women with recent IPV had no significant change in condomless sex from pregnancy to postpartum (aRR 1.76, 95%CI 0.87–3.55).

Conclusion
Improved support for ART adherence during the postpartum period and addressing IPV to limit condomless sex could improve HIV treatment and prevention outcomes for HIV-seropositive women as well as their infants and sexual partners.
Skeletal muscle mass at C3 may not be a strong predictor for skeletal muscle mass at L3 in sarcopenic patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Yoon Joon-Kee , Jang Jeon Yeob , An Young-Sil , Lee Su Jin 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
To evaluate the feasibility of using skeletal muscle mass (SMM) at C3 (C3 SMM) as a diagnostic marker for sarcopenia in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients.

Methods
We evaluated 165 HNC patients and 42 healthy adults who underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans. The paravertebral muscle area at C3 and skeletal muscle area at L3 were measured by CT. Pearson’s correlation was used to assess the relationship between L3 and C3 SMMs. The prediction model for L3 SMM was developed by multiple linear regression. Then the correlation and the agreement between actual and predicted L3 SMMs were assessed. To evaluate the diagnostic value of C3 SMM for sarcopenia, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were analyzed.

Results
Of the 165 HNC patients, 61 (37.0%) were sarcopenic and 104 (63.0%) were non-sarcopenic. A very strong correlation was found between L3 SMM and C3 SMM in both healthy adults (r = 0.864) and non-sarcopenic patients (r = 0.876), while a fair association was found in sarcopenic patients (r = 0.381). Prediction model showed a very strong correlation between actual SMM and predicted L3 SMM in both non-sarcopenic patients and healthy adults (r > 0.9), whereas the relationship was moderate in sarcopenic patients (r = 0.7633). The agreement between two measurements was good for healthy subjects and non-sarcopenic patients, while it was poor for sarcopenic patients. On ROC analysis, predicted L3 SMM showed poor diagnostic accuracy for sarcopenia.

Conclusions
A correlation between L3 and C3 SMMs was weak in sarcopenic patients. A prediction model also showed a poor diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, C3 SMM may not be a strong predictor for L3 SMM in sarcopenic patients with HNC.
Association of Tdap vaccine guidelines with vaccine uptake during pregnancy
Authors: DiTosto Julia D. , Weiss Rebecca E. , Yee Lynn M. , Badreldin Nevert 
Published: July 2021

Objective
In 2012, recommendations for universal tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination during pregnancy were released. Our objective was to determine if Tdap, influenza, and pneumococcal vaccine uptake during pregnancy changed after the release of the guidelines, and identify factors associated with receiving the Tdap and influenza vaccine after 2012.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study on pregnant individuals who initiated prenatal care before 20 weeks’ gestation between 11/2011-11/2012 (“pre-guideline”) and 12/2012-12/2015 (“post-guideline”). Vaccine uptake dates were abstracted from medical records. The pre and post-guideline cohorts were compared to determine if Tdap vaccine uptake and timing improved after the new Tdap guidelines. We additionally examined influenza and pneumococcal vaccine uptake before and after guidelines. Factors associated with receipt of the Tdap and influenza vaccine during pregnancy in the post-guideline cohort were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models.

Results
Of 2,294 eligible individuals, 1,610 (70.2%) received care in the post-guideline cohort. Among the pre-guideline cohort, 47.4% received Tdap, whereas Tdap uptake increased to 86.1% after the guidelines (p<0.001). Similarly, receiving the Tdap vaccine between the recommended time of 27–36 weeks gestational age improved from 52.5% to 91.8% after the guidelines (p<0.001). Vaccine frequency for influenza improved significantly from 61.2% to 72.0% (p<0.001), while frequency for pneumococcus were low and unchanged. An increased number of prenatal visits was associated with receiving the Tdap and influenza vaccines during pregnancy (respective, aOR 1.09 95% CI 1.05–1.13; aOR 1.50 95% CI 1.17–1.94). Non-Hispanic Black individuals were less likely to receive both the Tdap and influenza vaccines during pregnancy compared to non-Hispanic White individuals (respective, aOR 0.51 95% CI 0.33–0.80; aOR 0.68 95% CI 0.48–0.97).

Conclusions
Receipt and timing of Tdap vaccine improved after implementation of the 2012 ACIP guidelines. Receipt of influenza vaccine uptake also improved during the study period, while uptake of the pneumococcal vaccine remained low. Significant racial disparities exist in receipt of Tdap and influenza vaccine during pregnancy.
Injection time related to intraocular pressure using a CO2 driven preloaded injector: An experimental laboratory study
Authors: Weindler Jan N. , Naujokaitis Tadas , Schickhardt Sonja K. , Khoramnia Ramin , Auffarth Gerd U. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
Experimental study to measure the intraocular lens (IOL) injection time and injection speed at different intraocular pressure (IOP) settings when using the AutonoMe® injector.

Methods
In this experimental study, following phacoemulsification in porcine cadaver eyes, a trocar was inserted at pars plana with a connected infusion and IOPs of 20, 50 and 80 mmHg were generated by altering the infusion height. Twelve CO2 gas-driven injectors were used to implant an IOL via a corneal incision of 2.2 mm. For each IOP setting, the duration of the IOL injection and the injection speed was measured by analyzing a video recording of the procedure.

Results
The mean ±SD injection time (seconds) was 4.47±0.50 at 20 mmHg, 4.98±0.55 at 50 mmHg and 5.47±0.20 at 80 mmHg. The mean ±SD injection speed (millimeters per seconds) was 1.36±0.15 at 20 mmHg, 1.22±0.14 at 50 mmHg and 1.10±0.04 at 80 mmHg.
There was a significant (p<0.05) difference between the 20 and 80 mmHg groups in mean injection duration and injection speed.

Conclusion
The CO2 gas driven injector allows a safe IOL injection even at elevated IOP. Although the implantation time is slightly extended at higher IOPs, this does not seem to be clinically relevant. No IOL damage was observed at these pressure settings.
Renal staffs’ understanding of patients’ experiences of transition from peritoneal dialysis to in-centre haemodialysis and their views on service improvement: A multi-site qualitative study in England and Australia
Authors: Jones Janet E. , Damery Sarah L. , Allen Kerry , Johnson David W. , Lambie Mark , Holvoet Els , Davies Simon J. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction
Many studies have explored patients’ experiences of dialysis and other treatments for kidney failure. This is the first qualitative multi-site international study of how staff perceive the process of a patient’s transition from peritoneal dialysis to in-centre haemodialysis. Current literature suggests that transitions are poorly coordinated and may result in increased patient morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to understand staff perspectives of transition and to identify areas where clinical practice could be improved.

Methods
Sixty-one participants (24 UK and 37 Australia), representing a cross-section of kidney care staff, took part in seven focus groups and sixteen interviews. Data were analysed inductively and findings were synthesised across the two countries.

Results
For staff, good clinical practice included: effective communication with patients, well planned care pathways and continuity of care. However, staff felt that how they communicated with patients about the treatment journey could be improved. Staff worried they inadvertently made patients fear haemodialysis when trying to explain to them why going onto peritoneal dialysis first is a good option. Despite staff efforts to make transitions smooth, good continuity of care between modalities was only reported in some of the Australian hospitals where, unlike the UK, patients kept the same consultant. Timely access to an appropriate service, such as a psychologist or social worker, was not always available when staff felt it would be beneficial for the patient. Staff were aware of a disparity in access to kidney care and other healthcare professional services between some patient groups, especially those living in remote areas. This was often put down to the lack of funding and capacity within each hospital.

Conclusions
This research found that continuity of care between modalities was valued by staff but did not always happen. It also highlighted a number of areas for consideration when developing ways to improve care and provide appropriate support to patients as they transition from peritoneal dialysis to in-centre haemodialysis.
High-Performance Deep learning to Detection and Tracking Tomato Plant Leaf Predict Disease and Expert Systems
Authors: Jasim Yaser AbdulAali 
Published: July 2021

Nowadays, technology and computer science are rapidly developing many tools and algorithms, especially in the field of artificial intelligence. Machine learning is involved in the development of new methodologies and models that have become a novel machine learning area of applications for artificial intelligence. In addition to the architectures of conventional neural network methodologies, deep learning refers to the use of artificial neural network architectures which include multiple processing layers.
In this paper, models of the Convolutional neural network were designed to detect (diagnose) plant disorders by applying samples of healthy and unhealthy plant images analyzed by means of methods of deep learning. The models were trained using an open data set containing (18,000) images of ten different plants, including healthy plants. Several model architectures have been trained to achieve the best performance of (97 percent) when the respectively [plant, disease] paired are detected. This is a very useful information or early warning technique and a method that can be further improved with the substantially high-performance rate to support an automated plant disease detection system to work in actual farm conditions.
Effectiveness of E-learning Environments in Developing Skills for Designing E-tivities Based on Gamification for Teachers of Technology in Gaza
Authors: Firwana Akram , Abu Shouqer Mohammed , Aqel Magdy 
Published: July 2021

The Corona Global Pandemic created challenges for teachers and students in using E-learning tools in the teaching and learning process. Thus, training teachers to use these tools was extremely crucial. The current study examined the effectiveness of E-learning environments on developing the skills to design E-tivities based on Gamification for Gaza technology teachers. The researchers followed the quasi-experimental approach for two randomly selected experimental groups. The first experimental group was taught via E-learning social environment Edmodo, while the second experimental group was taught via the personal E-learning environment Wordpress. Every group consists of 30 teachers teaching Information Technology for secondary students. The group equivalence was adjusted before the experiment in designing E-tivities skills based on gamification. To collect data, the researchers prepared an observation card of the skills for designing E-tivities based on gamification. The observation card dealt with the design tools and their sub-indicators, and it was applied before and after the intervention phase. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the level (? ? 0.05) between the mean of the teachers’ scores in the experimental social environment group Edmodo, and the experimental personal learning environment group Wordpress in the post-application of the observation card for designing E-tivities skills based on gamification. Additionally, the findings revealed a great effectiveness of E-learning social environment Edmodo and the personal E-learning environment Wordpress on developing skills for designing E-tivities based on gamification. In the light of these results, it is recommended that social and personal E-learning environments should be employed in developing the skills of teachers and improving their experiences. This is helpful in organizing and displaying information in additon to facilitating communication between the components of the educational process and the benefit of using these environments in training teachers under the Global pandemic, Coronavirus, COVID-19.
External risk factors associated with language disorders in children
Authors: Wangke Lydia , Victory Wenny , Joey Gregory , Rampengan Novie Homenta , Lestari Hesti 
Published: July 2021

Background Children with language delay have deficits in the ability to learn and use language, either expressive and/or receptive despite otherwise normal development. Language delay could be influenced by either internal factors (within the child) and external factors (from the environment). Timely identification and modification of these risk factors can allow early intervention to reduce child disability and are associated with better long-term outcomes.
Objective To identify possible risk factors related to language delay in children, such as bilingualism, socioeconomic status, maternal and caregiver education level, use of digital media, absence of story reading sessions, breastfeeding patterns, siblings, parenting methods, and maternal occupation.
Methods This observational, analytic study included 102 children aged 24-36 months from four daycare centers in Manado, North Sulawesi, selected by cluster random sampling. Parents were interviewed to gather demographic information of child age, gender, presence of older siblings, maternal occupation, socioeconomic status, maternal/caregiver educational level, use of digital media, absence of story reading sessions, breastfeeding patterns, parenting methods, and bilingual environment. Children’s language development was assessed by the Capute Scales.
Results Multivariate analysis revealed 2 factors significantly associated with increased risk of language delay; namely absence of storybook reading (OR=0.16; 95%CI 0.03 to 0.72; P=0.017) and bilingualism (OR=12.58; 95%CI 1.57 to 100.81; P=0.017).
Conclusion Story reading sessions is associated with decreased risk of language delay, shile bilingualism is associatd with increased risk of language delay.