bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis of using Various Machine learning Techniques based on Drowsy Driver Detection
Authors: Bano A , Saxena A , Das G K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In image processing or computer vision, image segmentation is a vital issue for applications such as scene understanding, medical image evaluation, robotic perception, video surveillance, increased reality or compression, etc. Every year in road accidents caused because of human mistake, the numbers of dead and injured are rising. Drowsiness and driving are particularly risky and difficult to recognize. The second leading cause of road crashes in drowsiness after alcohol. Detecting driver drowsiness is a technology of safety for vehicles that helps placed an end to driver injuries that are dozy. One of the main causes of road accidents is driver drowsiness. It is a very serious issue for road safety. We have presented various methods for detecting the drowsiness of the driverin this paper and the comparisons among such methods are extremely challenging. For this purpose, we have compared machine learning methods based on facial expression, especially on eye state. Apart from eye detection, it performed experiments on mouth detection and face detection as well. This paper explores several methods for machine learning, like SVM, CNN, or HMM. From the analysis, we have found that the HMM model achieved more accurate results in comparisonto others.
System Model of VANET using Optimization-Based Efficient Routing Algorithm
Authors: Kannadhasan S , Shanmuganantham M , Nagarajan R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A wireless networking strategy is the VANET (Vehicular ad hoc network). This approach is used to connect between vehicles and to raise the question of traffic quality. The most important aspect is the connection between V2v and V2i, so it is essential to ensure appropriate protection and privacy techniques. VANET safer, effective and avoid illegal vehicle interference with other cars, this work suggests an authentication scheme based on the hash feature. Only an authenticated vehicle may use the party key agreement scheme using the Chinese residual theorem. The forward and backward confidentiality was done in this manner. Security and privacy are fulfilled by our scheme. The most favorable aim is to create more useful, productive and safer roads across vehicle networks by educating the basic authorities and drivers in the future on a timely basis. Another aim is to identify wireless technology for the development of VANET. The aim is to protect and render feasible commercial requests by means of a variety of short to medium communication systems and/or other VANET networks. This technology will help the primary concern for safe contact in crucial time and meet the QOS criteria of other interactive multimedia applications or e-commerce.
Synthesis, barrier performance, and molecular simulation of a high-barrier polyimide that contains amide groups
Authors: Wen Qian , Tang Ao , Chen Chengliang , Liu Yiwu , Xiao Chunguang , Tan Jinghua , Li Duxin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
4-Amino-N′-(4-aminobenzoyl)benzohydrazide (AAPDA), a diamine monomer that contains two amide groups, was synthesised by amidation and reduction, after which it was polymerised with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) to prepare AAPPI, a novel polyimide. AAPPI exhibited excellent barrier performance, with oxygen- and water-vapor-transmission rates (OTR and WVTR, respectively) of only 1.7 cm3 m−2 d−1 and 1.0 g m−2 d−1, respectively. This polyimide (PI) also exhibits outstanding thermal properties, with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 423 °C, a 5% weight-loss temperature (Td5%) of 509 °C, and a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 2.58 ppm K−1 under nitrogen. The barrier performance of AAPPI was also compared to that of DABPI, a structurally similar PI. Molecular simulations, wide-angle x-ray diffractometry (WAXD), and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) revealed that AAPPI forms many more interchain hydrogen bonds than DABPI due to its additional amide groups. Consequently, AAPPI has very tightly packed polymer chains, a high degree of crystallinity, a small free volume, and poor chain mobility. These factors generally inhibit the permeation of small molecules, which explains why AAPPI has better barrier properties than DABPI. This novel PI has broad applications for the packaging of flexible electronics.
Activated chitosan microspheres as air cathode catalyst for high power production in microbial fuel cells
Authors: Ke Zeng , Ming Yuan , Zhihao An , Jingying Ma , Wenwen Zhang , Donghui Chen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to modify chitosan microspheres to have large specific surface area as cathode catalysts in microbial fuel cell. Nitrogen-rich chitosan microspheres were first prepared and were used as precursors to prepare the activated carbon materials. The activation effects of KOH and activation temperature on the graphitization degree, specific surface area and electrochemical performance were investigated. The materials were characterised through various microscopic analyses and the electrochemical properties of the materials as cathode catalyst were also investigated. Before and after the activation, the materials remained in microspheric morphology, shown by SEM measurement, while the specific surface area of the activated material increased significantly and reached 1562 m2g−1 measured by BET. The graphitization degree of the material showed synchronized increase with calcination temperature, which was detected by Raman spectroscopy. The materials activated were rich in nitrogen, revealed by XPS for elemental analysis. When activated at the temperature of 850 °C, the material demonstrated lower internal resistance (0.6 Ω cm−2), higher alternating current density (24.27 × 10–4 A·cm−2) and the highest power density (1531 ± 51 mW·m−2) which was 1.4 times that of the original carbon felt. It was illustrated by the electrochemical tests that the material prepared from the precursor chitosan microspheres as cathode catalyst has the high activity of oxygen reduction reaction in MFCs.
Improvement of impregnation quality on out-of-autoclave processed CFRP aircraft wing spar through resin flow simulation
Authors: Park Dong-Cheol , Yu Tianyu , Park Soo-Jeong , Shin Do-Hoon , Kim Yun-Hae 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VaRTM) is becoming one of the most robust alternatives for autoclave processes. VaRTM, which applies the resin injection method in a vacuum environment, generally uses fiber reinforcement and a polymer matrix separately in the process. The VaRTM is mainly dominated by the characteristics of constituent materials, such as preform permeability and resin viscosity. Among them, process design with the arrangement of resin inlet/outlet locations is closely related to process defects, and inappropriate inlet/outlet layouts cause voids, etc, which has a decisive effect on quality degradation. Therefore, in this study, a highly curved and twisted spar structure was fabricated by the VaRTM, and both flow simulations using Programs for Applied Mechanics–Resin Transfer Molding software and experimental test parts built with three different inlet/outlet line conditions were performed and compared to predict and improve impregnation quality. There was good agreement between the simulation and built test specimen for the three cases that the shorter inlet and outlet length resulted in improved impregnation quality. It was verified that impregnation and inner quality could be improved through flow simulation analysis during the VaRTM process.
Nanotechnology in cosmetics pros and cons
Authors: Yadwade Rachana , Gharpure Saee , Ankamwar Balaprasad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe field of nanotechnology is being greatly explored by cosmetic industries in order to improve the efficacy of cosmetic products. The increased use of nanomaterials in the field of cosmetics can have two sides as health-related benefits and detrimental effects. This review mainly seeks the pros and cons of the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics along with some examples of nanomaterials that are widely used in cosmetic industries along with different types of nanotechnology-based cosmetic products. The benefits of nanomaterials in cosmetic formulations are huge. Moreover the study regarding the toxic effects on the health also equally matters. This review gives a brief outline of the advantages as well as disadvantages of nanotechnology in cosmetics.
Compliance Testing and Homogenous Exposure Group Assessment in the South African Coal Mining Industry
Authors: Made Felix , Kandala Ngianga-Bakwin , Brouwer Derk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Globally, several strategies for compliance testing and within-group exposure variability have been suggested. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the South African Mining Industry Code of Practice (SAMI CoP) approach for grouping and compliance testing against international standards.

Methods
A total of 28 homogenous exposure groups (HEGs) with 728 underground coal mine workers’ eight-hour time-weighted average coal dust concentration data were obtained. Compliance testing was assessed using 10% exceedance above occupational exposure limit (OEL) for SAMI CoP, and the 95th percentile of the lognormal distribution was computed for the European Standardization Committee (CEN) and American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). Comparison of the homogeneity of the HEGs was done between SAMI CoP which mandates that both the arithmetic mean (AM) and 90th percentile must fall in the same exposure band to certify homogeneity and the global geometric standard deviation (GSD) and Rappaport ratio (R-ratio) with specific acceptability criteria. To test the homogeneity of exposure within job titles, eight non-homogenous HEGs that have two or more job titles with three measurements were investigated using GSD and the SAMI CoP criteria.

Results
A total of 21 HEGs out of 28 were non-compliant to the OEL across SAMI CoP, CEN, and AIHA criteria. Compliance to the OEL was observed for seven HEGs according to the SAMI CoP approach, whereas only one HEG was compliant according to both the SAMI CoP and CEN approaches. The GSD criterion and SAMI CoP revealed that 11 and 6 HEGs were homogenous, respectively, and only on 4 occasions, the 2 approaches agreed. The job titles of the majority of non-homogenous HEGs in both SAMI CoP and GSD were actually homogenous. Five out of 10 sub-groups have their AM above that of HEG B. Other HEGs had at least one of their AM and 90th percentile values above that of their respective parent HEGs.

Conclusions
All three approaches mainly confirmed non-compliance of HEGs. SAMI CoP tended to show compliance of HEGs more than CEN. Non-homogenous HEGs had many job titles that were homogenous according to both SAMI CoP and GSD criteria. There was no perfect agreement of homogeneity by all the indicators. For both future constitutions of HEGs as well as a retrospective assessment of high exposure groups, homogeneity can be improved by using job titles.
AMICI: high-performance sensitivity analysis for large ordinary differential equation models
Authors: Fröhlich Fabian , Weindl Daniel , Schälte Yannik , Pathirana Dilan , Paszkowski Łukasz , Lines Glenn Terje , Stapor Paul , Hasenauer Jan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Summary
Ordinary differential equation models facilitate the understanding of cellular signal transduction and other biological processes. However, for large and comprehensive models, the computational cost of simulating or calibrating can be limiting. AMICI is a modular toolbox implemented in C++/Python/MATLAB that provides efficient simulation and sensitivity analysis routines tailored for scalable, gradient-based parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification.

Availabilityand implementation
AMICI is published under the permissive BSD-3-Clause license with source code publicly available on https://github.com/AMICI-dev/AMICI. Citeable releases are archived on Zenodo.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Abnormalities in cortical pattern of coherence in migraine detected using ultra high-density EEG
Authors: Chamanzar Alireza , Haigh Sarah M , Grover Pulkit , Behrmann Marlene 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Individuals with migraine generally experience photophobia and/or phonophobia during and between migraine attacks. Many different mechanisms have been postulated to explain these migraine phenomena including abnormal patterns of connectivity across the cortex. The results, however, remain contradictory and there is no clear consensus on the nature of the cortical abnormalities in migraine. Here, we uncover alterations in cortical patterns of coherence (connectivity) in interictal migraineurs during the presentation of visual and auditory stimuli and during rest. We used a high-density EEG system, with 128 customized electrode locations, to compare inter- and intra-hemispheric coherence in the interictal period from 17 individuals with migraine (12 female) and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. During presentations of visual (vertical grating pattern) and auditory (modulated tone) stimulation which varied in temporal frequency (4 and 6 Hz), and during rest, participants performed a colour detection task at fixation. Analyses included characterizing the inter- and intra-hemisphere coherence between the scalp EEG channels over 2-s time intervals and over different frequency bands at different spatial distances and spatial clusters. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were estimated at zero-lag. Repeated measures analyses-of-variance revealed that, relative to controls, migraineurs exhibited significantly (i) faster colour detection performance, (ii) lower spatial coherence of alpha-band activity, for both inter- and intra-hemisphere connections, and (iii) the reduced coherence occurred predominantly in frontal clusters during both sensory conditions, regardless of the stimulation frequency, as well as during the resting-state. The abnormal patterns of EEG coherence in interictal migraineurs during visual and auditory stimuli, as well as at rest (eyes open), may be associated with the cortical hyper-responsivity that is characteristic of abnormal sensory processing in migraineurs.
Racial and Ethnic Differences and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Presenting to the Emergency Department
Authors: Wiley Zanthia , Ross-Driscoll Katie , Wang Zhensheng , Smothers Laken , Mehta Aneesh K , Patzer Rachel E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Since the introduction of remdesivir and dexamethasone for severe COVID-19 treatment, few large multi-hospital-system US studies have described clinical characteristics and outcomes of minority COVID-19 patients who present to the emergency department (ED).

Methods
This cohort study from the Cerner Real World Database (87 US health systems) from 1 December 2019 to 30 September 2020 included PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients who self-identified as non-Hispanic Black (Black), Hispanic White (Hispanic), or non-Hispanic White (White). The main outcome was hospitalization among ED patients. Secondary outcomes included mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit care, and in-hospital mortality. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression compared sociodemographics, comorbidities, receipt of remdesivir or dexamethasone, and outcomes by racial/ethnic groups and geographic region.

Results
94 683 COVID-19 patients presented to the ED. Blacks comprised 26.7% and Hispanics 33.6%. Nearly half (45.1%) of ED patients presented to hospitals in the South. 31.4% (n = 29 687) were hospitalized. Lower proportions of Blacks were prescribed dexamethasone (29.4%; n = 7426) compared with Hispanics (40.9%; n = 13 021) and Whites (37.5%; n = 14 088). Hospitalization risks, compared with Whites, were similar in Blacks (RR: .94; 95% CI: .82–1.08; P = .4) and Hispanics (.99; .81–1.21; P = .91), but risk of in-hospital mortality was higher in Blacks (1.18; 1.06–1.31; P = .002) and Hispanics (1.28; 1.13–1.44; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Minority patients were overrepresented among COVID-19 ED patients, and while their risks of hospitalization were similar to Whites, in-hospital mortality risk was higher. Interventions targeting upstream social determinants of health are needed to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19.
Two-year outcomes of more than 30 000 elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the All Nippon AF In the Elderly (ANAFIE) Registry
Authors: Yamashita Takeshi , Suzuki Shinya , Inoue Hiroshi , Akao Masaharu , Atarashi Hirotsugu , Ikeda Takanori , Okumura Ken , Koretsune Yukihiro , Shimizu Wataru , Tsutsui Hiroyuki , Toyoda Kazunori , Hirayama Atsushi , Yasaka Masahiro , Yamaguchi Takenori , Teramukai Satoshi , Kimura Tetsuya , Kaburagi Jumpei , Takita Atsushi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
To clarify the real-world clinical status and prognosis of elderly and very elderly non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients, more than 30 000 elderly patients with NVAF aged ≥75 years were enrolled in the ANAFIE Registry.

Methods and results
This multicentre, prospective, observational study followed elderly NVAF patients in Japan for ∼2 years. Among 32 275 patients (mean age, 81.5 years; men, 57.3%; mean CHA2DS2-VASc score, 4.5), 2445 (7.6%) were not receiving oral anticoagulants (OACs) and 29 830 (92.4%) were given OACs. Of these, 21 585 (66.9%) were receiving direct OACs (DOACs) and 8233 (25.5%), warfarin (mean time in therapeutic range: ∼75%). In total, the 2-year incidence rate was 3.01% for stroke/systemic embolic events (SEE); 2.00%, major bleeding; and 6.95%, all-cause death. When compared with the warfarin group, the DOAC group had a lower hazard ratio (HR) for stroke/SEE, major bleeding, and all-cause death after adjusting for confounders. The group without OACs had a higher HR for stroke/SEE and all-cause death, with a lower HR for major bleeding. History of falls within 1 year at enrolment and of catheter ablation were positive and negative independent risk factors, respectively, for stroke/SEE, major bleeding, and all-cause death.

Conclusion
In Japan, a large proportion of elderly and very elderly NVAF patients were receiving DOACs, which was significantly associated with lower rates of stroke/SEE, major bleeding, and all-cause death vs. well-controlled warfarin. History of falls and of catheter ablation were independently associated with stroke/SEE, major bleeding, and all-cause death.
Genetic manipulation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway activity has sex-biased effects onDrosophilabody size
Authors: Millington Jason W , Brownrigg George P , Basner-Collins Paige J , Sun Ziwei , Rideout Elizabeth J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn Drosophila raised in nutrient-rich conditions, female body size is approximately 30% larger than male body size due to an increased rate of growth and differential weight loss during the larval period. While the mechanisms that control this sex difference in body size remain incompletely understood, recent studies suggest that the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS) plays a role in the sex-specific regulation of processes that influence body size during development. In larvae, IIS activity differs between the sexes, and there is evidence of sex-specific regulation of IIS ligands. Yet, we lack knowledge of how changes to IIS activity impact body size in each sex, as the majority of studies on IIS and body size use single- or mixed-sex groups of larvae and/or adult flies. The goal of our current study was to clarify the body size requirement for IIS activity in each sex. To achieve this goal, we used established genetic approaches to enhance, or inhibit, IIS activity, and quantified pupal size in males and females. Overall, genotypes that inhibited IIS activity caused a female-biased decrease in body size, whereas genotypes that augmented IIS activity caused a male-specific increase in body size. These data extend our current understanding of body size regulation by showing that most changes to IIS pathway activity have sex-biased effects, and highlights the importance of analyzing body size data according to sex.
Pharmacological activation of SERCA ameliorates dystrophic phenotypes in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice
Authors: Nogami Ken'ichiro , Maruyama Yusuke , Sakai-Takemura Fusako , Motohashi Norio , Elhussieny Ahmed , Imamura Michihiro , Miyashita Satoshi , Ogawa Megumu , Noguchi Satoru , Tamura Yuki , Kira Jun-ichi , Aoki Yoshitsugu , Takeda Shin'ichi , Miyagoe-Suzuki Yuko 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscular weakness because of the loss of dystrophin. Extracellular Ca2+ flows into the cytoplasm through membrane tears in dystrophin-deficient myofibers, which leads to muscle contracture and necrosis. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) takes up cytosolic Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, but its activity is decreased in dystrophic muscle. Here, we show that an allosteric SERCA activator, CDN1163, ameliorates dystrophic phenotypes in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. The administration of CDN1163 prevented exercise-induced muscular damage and restored mitochondrial function. In addition, treatment with CDN1163 for 7 weeks enhanced muscular strength and reduced muscular degeneration and fibrosis in mdx mice. Our findings provide preclinical proof-of-concept evidence that pharmacological activation of SERCA could be a promising therapeutic strategy for DMD. Moreover, CDN1163 improved muscular strength surprisingly in wild-type mice, which may pave the new way for the treatment of muscular dysfunction.
The Ferret as a Model for Filovirus Pathogenesis and Countermeasure Evaluation
Authors: Schiffman Zachary , Liu Guodong , Cao Wenguang , Zhu Wenjun , Emeterio Karla , Qiu Xiangguo , Banadyga Logan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) has long been a popular animal model for evaluating viral pathogenesis and transmission as well as the efficacy of candidate countermeasures. Without question, the ferret has been most widely implemented for modeling respiratory viruses, particularly influenza viruses; however, in recent years, it has gained attention as a novel animal model for characterizing filovirus infections. Although ferrets appear resistant to infection and disease caused by Marburg and Ravn viruses, they are highly susceptible to lethal disease caused by Ebola, Sudan, Bundibugyo, and Reston viruses. Notably, unlike the immunocompetent rodent models of filovirus infection, ferrets are susceptible to lethal disease caused by wild-type viruses, and they recapitulate many aspects of human filovirus disease, including systemic virus replication, coagulation abnormalities, and a dysregulated immune response. Along with the stringency with which they reproduce Ebola disease, their relatively small size and availability make ferrets an attractive choice for countermeasure evaluation and pathogenesis modeling. Indeed, they are so far the only small animal model available for Bundibugyo virus. Nevertheless, ferrets do have their limitations, including the lack of commercially available reagents to dissect host responses and their unproven predictive value in therapeutic evaluation. Although the use of the ferret model in ebolavirus research has been consistent over the last few years, its widespread use and utility remains to be fully proven. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ferret models of filovirus infection and perspective on their ongoing use in pathogenesis modeling and countermeasure evaluation.