bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Securities Act Registration Framework
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Securities Act registration framework. In its determination to maintain a transaction-based Securities Act registration framework while making necessary adjustments, the SEC has appropriately acted. With the improvements made, the registration framework functions in a relatively efficient manner and generally provides investors with adequate safeguards. Nonetheless, significant deficiencies exist which are addressed in this chapter. Among the improvements that should be implemented are: mandating that all material information (absent a meritorious business justification) be contained in a registration statement; limiting the use of incorporation by reference to those issuers whose securities in fact trade in efficient markets; and requiring that a sufficiently comprehensive summary section be included in the statutory prospectus. The chapter also focuses on due diligence and the integrated disclosure system. In the context of incorporation by reference and shelf registered offerings, the dilemma faced by outside directors and underwriters in performing their due diligence functions can be largely ameliorated by: for outside directors, the presence of a vibrant disclosure committee (comprised solely of outside directors) that is actively engaged in the disclosure process; and, for underwriters, the retention by a subject company’s audit or disclosure committee of a reputable law firm to conduct continuous due diligence on the prospective underwriter’s behalf.
Introduction
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The introduction sets out the parameters for the inquiry. It summarizes part I on the harms of pornography, including the sexual aggression against women it engenders and its production’s exploitative abuses. The findings canvassed are situated in the context of gender-based violence and sex discrimination, pornography being found to be one of the more potent linchpins in this hierarchy of oppression that contemporary democracies allow, despite their equality ideals. A problem-driven approach is taken to answer what is in the way for democracies to address pornography’s harms legally. A theory of hierarchy to be tested and applied is summarized, including its postmodern and classical liberal critics. The analytical leverage gained by comparing most similar systems of democracies with significant constitutional and legal differences is explained. Solving the equation of the competing interests involved is considered to provide insights to unraveling other intractable problems of oppression by legal means.
Supply, Demand, and Production Harms
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter analytically reviews research findings on pornography consumption and the harms inflicted during its production. Most men are found to use pornography, especially young men, while few women do. The multibillion-dollar pornography industry’s considerable and expanding size is noted. Empirical findings showing consumers’ desensitization and increased demand for more aggressive, subordinating, and degrading content are discussed, as is the producers’ adaptation to this popular market. Evidence of exploitation and abuse during production is considered in light of documented links and similarities between populations used in pornography and populations generally used in prostitution. Multiple disadvantages such as poverty, childhood sexual abuse and neglect, racial disparities, and lack of alternatives in these groups are assessed. Mental health sequelae (e.g., PTSD) due to abuse in pornography production is considered. Similar (but more limited) findings on gay male pornography and male performers are discussed. Contending views in the literature are addressed.
Substantive Equality Prostitution Law, 1999–2019
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyzes the impact of Sweden’s substantive equality prostitution law (a.k.a. Nordic Model) as a means of exploring potential challenges to pornography production. Comparisons of prostitution prevalence in Scandinavia, evidence of sex trafficking, sex purchasing, and attitudinal changes in the population are assessed. The law’s reduction of violence and increases in safety in prostitution are documented, along with evidence illustrating the importance of specialized exit programs. Critics, unwarranted skepticism, and symptomatic misinformation from academic sex industry apologists are addressed. Case law, rarely discussed outside Sweden, is critically reviewed, including early precedents that obstructed higher criminal penalties and civil remedies (e.g., damages and public support for prostitution exit). A civil rights amendment is proposed, which could be adopted via judicial interpretation or legislative means. The chapter concludes that comparatively seen, Sweden reduced prostitution extensively while making it safer. Similar effects are hypothesized to hold if the law applied to pornographers.
Vikings, Saints, and Pilgrimage
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the emergence of pilgrimage in Norway and its intersections with medieval warfare, trade, and travel. Coastal Norway was the main travel and access route before modern travel. Viking raiders encountered Christianity in the British Isles, and Christian communities spread first along the coast. Eventually, baptismal covenants came to replace the increasingly brittle bonds of Viking raiders to their leaders and a different form of social contract, as well as a different faith, is introduced. St. Olav plays a central role in this shift toward greater political and religious unity, though his own overreach eventually resulted in his death, though not in the defeat of the project of unification under one Christian law and crown. The cult around his relics begins shortly after and renders Nidaros/Trondheim a central location in the sacred geography of Norway. During the Reformation, however, pilgrimage and the cult of saints became widely repressed in Norway, and shrines are either destroyed or relics moved to unknown locations.
Mapping the Pilgrimage Network
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the author’s approach to research and method, as well as the scope and timeline of participant observation. The redevelopment of the Norwegian pilgrimage network comes on the heels of the post–World War II European efforts to build transregional and transnational peace. Historic pilgrimage routes become part of this network but are slow to begin in Protestant contexts. In contemporary pilgrimage, embodiment and relations to other pilgrims are central ingredients. It is through physical relations to landscape and people that sacred, transforming encounters are sought. Ritual creativity features strongly in how such encounters are facilitated by pilgrim priests, hosts, government, local officials, artists, and scores of volunteers. Religious meaning-making and secular nation-building are closely intertwined in these efforts to lift up and preserve, if not stage, local heritage. A consistent ambivalence is the overlap between pilgrims and tourists, and questions of spirituality and consumption. As Norway’s population has become more diverse religiously and ethnically, actors continually adjust the pilgrimage network to the needs of a changing population and a wide range of social issues.
Cathedral and Town
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim is the historical resting place of St. Olav and an end point of many of the pilgrimage trails in Norway. The history of the cathedral intersects with the history of the city and the region as one of significant economic and religious significance. The movement of St. Olav’s relics throughout the city matches urban and religiocultural development of city and nation. This chapter explores the cathedral’s architecture and use and how contemporary engagements with the space facilitate ritual creativity and are part of the hosting and welcoming of pilgrims. Along with other centers of hospitality, the cathedral looms especially large as a main attraction point for both tourists and pilgrims in Trondheim, as an adaptable space for many purposes. The annual St. Olavsfest is a ten-day festival that begins with the saint’s day and features liturgies, concerts, plays, lectures, a medieval market, and televised panel discussions to involve city and region in the celebration of local history and culture. Controversial topics such as the colonial repression of Sámi indigenous peoples, the violent heritage of Viking king St. Olav, religious and other forms of discrimination, social injustice, and international solidarity are among the themes discussed during the festival. Thus, the “protest” in Protestantism is reflected in a critical engagement with history and with the ongoing development of the ritualization of Christian history and heritage in Norway.
The New Addiction Treatment
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Addiction is this country’s most pervasive and damaging public health problem, yet most Americans receive care that results in a failure rate that is both astronomically high and shielded from public view. This book examines the current state of the addiction treatment business and explores the reasons why—unlike those for all other behavioral, psychological, or neurological disorders—the treatment of addiction has been frozen in amber and little improved since the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935. After describing the size and scope of the problem and examining actual recovery rates for those who undergo treatment, there is the assertion that there are effectively two kinds of treatment regimes in the United States: those that medical doctors receive and those for the rest of us. The former has about an 80 percent success rate, the latter about an 80 percent failure rate. Drawing from personal experience as a former patient and person in long-term recovery, as well as 22 years as a clinician, professor, and researcher, many of the impediments to effective treatment today are described. The book finally offers a plausible and cost-effective way to disrupt the dismal status quo and realistically aspire to an 80 percent success rate for everyone who receives professional help for a substance use disorder.
Introduction
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The introduction begins with the story of a fatal airline flight and how commercial airlines—unlike addiction treatment professionals—learn from their mistakes. This chapter sets the stage for a discussion of how the addiction treatment industry regularly fails to safely transport patients to their final destination: sustained long-term recovery. The addiction treatment industry operates without performance measures to evaluate the effectiveness of therapists or how well their patients are progressing. While there are many treatment system failures, all the blame is placed on the patient, none on the provider of care. This book is an attempt to initiate a shift to heightened accountability and measured performance.
The Holy Trinity
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Decades of research have identified three effective treatments for substance use disorders. This chapter explores the three most studied and proven evidence-based interventions: Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Twelve-Step Facilitation. The inconsistency or infrequency with which evidence-based interventions are used in the treatment of addictions is finally getting some attention at the national level, and there are new recommendations regarding the deployment of treatment approaches. It is important for the reader to understand the roots of these three interventions and why, despite being easy to learn and likely to work, they are not regularly being deployed inside of treatment centers.
The Corn Laws and the Casuistry of Free Trade, 1813–1815
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the Corn Laws debate from 1813 to 1815, focusing on the contributions of Malthus, Ricardo, and Robert Torrens. This episode has traditionally been studied as a moment of conceptual progress for political economy, above all through the emergence of the concepts of diminishing returns and comparative advantage. The account here produces different results by returning the texts of Malthus, Ricardo, and Torrens to their historical context, which is shown to be one where casuistical argument was deployed to counsel Parliament on how to resolve a policy question. In particular, the issue was whether or not Parliament ought to diverge from the principle of free trade in the pursuit of other principles of statecraft, the stability and security of the food supply preeminently. Once the texts are read as instances of casuistry, Ricardo’s famed theoretical brilliance instead appears as clumsiness and detachment from the needs of Parliament.
Doctrinal Contest I
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo regarding value. Ricardo’s notoriously challenging treatment of value in relation to quantities of labour allowed him to recast political economy around this problem and construe his predecessors and rivals—including Smith and Malthus—as doctrinally flawed. In this account of the science, correct theory concerning value was its keystone. Malthus responded to Ricardo by both denying the veracity of his doctrinal claims and by impugning the style of reasoning that had led Ricardo to take this view of the subject. Malthus also sought to deny Ricardo access to the authority of Smith by portraying the two thinkers as pursuing divergent systems. The key point that emerges from this contest is the doctrinal and unhistorical reading of Smith’s Wealth of Nations that Malthus and Ricardo established, a fate from which it has barely escaped today.
The Many and the One
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plural logic has become a well-established subject, especially in philosophical logic. This book explores its broader significance for philosophy, logic, and linguistics. What can plural logic do for us? Are the bold claims made on its behalf correct? After introducing plural logic and its main applications, the book provides a systematic analysis of the relation between this logic and other theoretical frameworks such as set theory, mereology, higher-order logic, and modal logic. The applications of plural logic rely on two assumptions, namely that this logic is ontologically innocent and has great expressive power. These assumptions are shown to be problematic. The result is a more nuanced picture of plural logic’s applications than has been given so far. Questions about the correct logic of plurals play a central role in the last part of the book, where traditional plural logic is rejected in favor of a “critical” alternative. The most striking feature of this alternative is that there is no universal plurality. This leads to a novel approach to the relation between the many and the one. In particular, critical plural logic paves the way for an account of sets capable of solving the set-theoretic paradoxes.
The Semantics of Plurals
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plural logic provides an appealing framework for the regimentation of natural language plurals. However, the choice of a regimenting language leaves wide open the semantic question of how this language should be interpreted. One option is to interpret a plural term as denoting a non-empty set. Another is to embrace plurals in the metalanguage and take a plural term to have plural reference. A detailed comparison of the options reveals that there is no simple solution to the problem of choosing among them.
On the Innocence and Determinacy of Plural Quantification
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plural logic is widely assumed to have two important virtues: ontological innocence and determinacy. Both assumptions are problematic, as is shown by providing a Henkin-style semantics for plural logic that does not resort to sets but takes a plural term to have plural reference. This semantics gives rise to a generalized notion of ontological commitment, which is used to develop some ideas of earlier critics of the alleged ontological innocence of plural logic.
Plurals and Modals
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How does plural logic interact with modal logic? Of particular importance is the question of whether plural inclusion is a matter of necessity. Consider some things, and choose any one of them. Is the chosen thing necessarily one of the things from which it was chosen? After explaining the broader significance of the question, this chapter defends an affirmative answer. One argument is primarily philosophical and is based on the fact that a plurality is fully specified when its members have been circumscribed. Other arguments are primarily logical: an affirmative answer follows in plural logic from minimal further assumptions.
Addison as Critic and Critical Theorist
Authors: Walsh Marcus 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the first half of the twentieth century Addison’s literary-critical and theoretical works were understood as early formulations of a literary aesthetics, as important theoretical statements on wit and imagination, as pioneering exercises in the analysis and sponsorship of vernacular literary texts, as influential popularizations of philosophical ideas. These writings have in recent decades, however, been less regularly a subject of attention. Indeed, in the 1980s and 1990s Addison’s essays in literary criticism and theory were often treated as though they were covert works of political ideology, as affirmations of ‘a hierarchic Chain of Seeing’. This essay takes Addison at his literary-critical word. It stresses the epistemological, rather than the sensational, elements in Addison’s critical theorizing. In particular, it argues that Addison the critic was fundamentally concerned with recognizably Aristotelian pleasures of mimesis. As readers we take a double mimetic pleasure, not only from our recognition of literature’s imitations of the natural world but also from our recognition of the contextual particulars—political, historical, literary, discursive—which inform writings of earlier times.
Addison’s Modesty, or the Essayist as Spectator
Authors: Parker Fred 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The disengaged position of Mr Spectator, who observes life without participating in it, is related to Addison’s interest in an inexpressive reticence or modesty in language and in manners. How can this valorization of reserve be reconciled with The Spectator’s saturation in the social scene, a scene which is everywhere held up as open to appraisal? Comparison with Adam Smith’s ‘impartial spectator’ in The Theory of Moral Sentiments reveals Addison’s greater emphasis on the function of the imagination, such that the spectatorial viewpoint is often felt as an imagined viewpoint, a place to visit rather than to reside. This chimes with Addison’s way of endorsing Locke as a thinker who emphasizes the role of the mind’s suppositions and projections in the construction of experience. Genial recognition of the provisionality of what is imagined is key to Addison’s celebrated humour (especially in the Roger de Coverley papers), while the sense of an elusive imaginative agency gives the apparent spontaneity of his ‘easy’ style its subtle irony and its power to delight.
The Complete Spectator
Authors: Wilkinson Hazel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Spectator was one of the greatest publishing sensations of the eighteenth century. The first multivolume collected edition was in the press before the original series had been concluded, and it soon appeared in luxury illustrated volumes, pocket formats, and schoolroom editions. This chapter charts the first hundred years of the Spectator’s life in print, focusing on complete editions produced in the British Isles. The account begins with the Tonsons’ bookselling dynasty, and their dominance of the London Spectator market for the first half of the century, taking in the first illustrations of the papers and the first scholarly edition. In Scotland and Ireland a parallel market flourished, and Scottish writers were responsible for landmark scholarly editions at the turn of the nineteenth century. The chapter is accompanied (in an Appendix) by a descriptive catalogue of complete editions of the Spectator from 1712 to 1812, accounting for 79 editions (over 600 volumes). The catalogue is a key resource for further study of The Spectator, its afterlives, and influence.
Cato and the Crisis of Rhetoric
Authors: Taylor David Francis 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Reading Addison’s Cato (1713) as dramatizing a sequence of failed speech acts, this chapter finds the manifest ambivalence towards rhetoric in the play to be symptomatic of pervasive cultural anxieties about the nature of speech in an age marked by ‘the rage of party’. Addison’s tragedy asks: in a world in which eloquence no longer serves to defend or illuminate truth, can words do any good? In such a world, can words any longer serve the good man? Yet Cato does far more than merely reflect contemporary concerns about eloquence. It searches for a means of reclaiming the civic utility of rhetoric and tentatively incubates an alternative model of speech: one capable of persuading, moving, and unifying competing constituencies within the publics of and beyond the playhouse.
Addison and the Romantics
Authors: Dart Gregory 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Romantic essayists as critics and emulators of Addison. It begins with ‘The Round Table’ of 1815–17 and Hunt’s and Hazlitt’s paradoxical attempt to revive the form and spirit of The Tatler and Spectator in their own time, while simultaneously attacking the polite consensus that those two periodicals had brought into being. It shows Lamb and Hazlitt seeking to discriminate between ‘Steele’s’ Tatler, in which the ‘first sprightly runnings’ of the periodical essay form had supposedly run freshest and clearest, and ‘Addison’s’ Spectator, in which that flow had been regulated and tamed. It explores how the Romantics, and Romantic-period magazine culture more generally, sought to revitalize the familiar essay form by breaking down its straitjacket of politeness with the contemporaneous cult of personality. But it also shows how a powerful nostalgia for the ‘honeymoon of authorship’ that had been enjoyed by Addison and Steele in the early 1710s continued to haunt both Hazlitt and Lamb. Finally, the chapter looks at the way in which Hazlitt made Addison’s supposed move away from conversational intimacy towards alienated sententiousness an allegory of the development of modern literature more generally, thus characterizing him as a kind of Eve in the garden of modern prose, at one and the same time its fairest embodiment and the harbinger of its ruin.