bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defending Reason
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a postcolonial critique of those defenders of a universal and singular Reason who, forced to acknowledge that modern knowledge has been shaped by its historical and cultural contexts, nonetheless seek to provide reasons why the presuppositions undergirding the social sciences have a claim to transhistorical and transcultural validity. Engaging in detail with the defenses of Reason mounted by Jürgen Habermas, Karl-Otto Apel, and John Rawls, it argues that these are not persuasive because they presuppose that which they seek to validate or “ground.” It concludes that modern knowledge is a historically and culturally specific way of knowing and being in the world, that there are good reasons to doubt that it transcends these particularities, and that while modern Western knowledge has become global, that does not validate the claim that it is universal.
Robert Altman and the Elaboration of Hollywood Storytelling
Authors: Minett Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Robert Altman and the Elaboration of Hollywood Storytelling reveals an Altman barely glimpsed in previous critical accounts of the filmmaker. This re-examination of his seminal work during the “Hollywood Renaissance” or “New Hollywood” period of the early 1970s (including M*A*S*H, Brewster McCloud, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, Images, The Long Goodbye, Thieves Like Us, California Split, and Nashville) sheds new light on both the films and the filmmaker, reframing Altman as a complex, pragmatic innovator whose work exceeds, but is also grounded in, the norms of classical Hollywood storytelling rather than someone who rejected those norms in favor of modernist art cinema. Its findings and approach hold important implications for the study of cinematic authorship. Largely avoiding thematic exegesis, it employs a historical poetics approach, robust functionalist frameworks, archival research, and formal and statistical analysis to demystify the essential features of the standard account of Altman’s filmmaking history and profile—lax narrative form, heavy reliance on the zoom, sound design replete with overlapping dialogue, improvisational infidelity to the screenplay, and a desire to subvert based in his time in the training grounds of industrial filmmaking and filmed television. The book provides a clear example of how a filmmaker might work collaboratively and pragmatically within and across media institutions to elaborate on their sanctioned practices and aims. We misunderstand Altman’s work, and the creative work of Hollywood filmmakers in general, when we insist on describing innovation as opposition to institutional norms and on describing those norms as simply assimilating innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Minett Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The introduction identifies the tension in Altman scholarship between oppositional and assimilationist positions, explaining how they share an understanding of “Hollywood” as a relatively staid and uniform tradition until the late-1960s box office downturn uniquely afforded newcomers opportunities to reject or simply update establishment style in order to appeal to a hip, film-educated youth audience. This facilitates accounts of filmmakers’ transcendent visionary powers, supposed to generate uniquely expressive breaks with norms. In contrast, Altman is reconsidered here through a historical poetics approach understanding filmmakers as problem-solving agents pursuing inferable goals within the constraints and affordances of specifiable historical contexts. From this perspective, Hollywood is not a transhistorical style but a storytelling paradigm open to constant reinvention. Focusing on a moment and filmmaker typically thought to embody a break from the establishment clarifies the complex historical texture of Hollywood filmmaking as a vital cite of contestation, innovation, and elaboration.
Perverse Clotheslines
Authors: Minett Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 corrects common misperceptions of Altman’s approach as antinarrative (and therefore anti-Hollywood), which rely on an underdeveloped conceptualization of “narrative” conflating narrative structure, narration, and story world. Applying these distinctions makes clear that, structurally, Altman’s early 1970s films largely fit within the classical Hollywood storytelling tradition. Altman’s narrative strategies are best regarded as perversely classical, employing principles and techniques associated with classical Hollywood’s preoccupation with efficient storytelling, though not for the sake of narrative economy but to make room to expand the aims of Hollywood storytelling. Moreover, meeting Altman’s elaborative aims requires integrating rather than substituting or assimilating art cinema narrational strategies. Altman drapes on his classically structured narrative “clotheslines” an overt and reflexive narrational voice that selectively ironizes its subjects and primes audiences for interpretation. This grounded approach enables a “closure without comprehension” strategy resolving causal structures while leaving affective and thematic implications ambiguous.
Improvisation, Transposition, and Elaboration
Authors: Minett Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 jettisons the standard account of Altman’s “transpositional” script-to-screen strategy, in which he is said to have casually discarded the script in favor of the anarchic possibilities of communal filmmaking. Comparing preproduction scripts with final films, this chapter clearly establishes these films’ “improvisatory ceilings,” revealing the extent to which Altman’s approach depends on retaining rather than rejecting his scripts’ scenic and narrative structures. It is around these causal chains that Altman economizes, rejecting redundancy as well as thematic and dramatic cliché. This makes room for multiple forms of elaboration—including constrained versions of the improvisatory flourishes and reimagining of character traits that underwrite his reputation, but also involving the improvisation of thematic motifs, the multiplication of “middleground” characters, and the creation of affordances for favored stylistic techniques. While Altman’s practices are remarkably consistent throughout the early 1970s, later scripts display interesting innovations anticipating and accommodating Altman’s practice-oriented preferences.
Conclusion
Authors: Minett Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Calling into question authorship criticism’s tendency to treat undersupported claims about formal design as starting points for the deployment of an interpretive hermeneutics aimed at revealing political and expressive significance, the conclusion instead considers how a historically precise rethinking of Altman’s innovations broadens the field of questions we might ask about the possibilities of Hollywood authorship. In its recognition of elaborative authorship as a position within Hollywood filmmaking practice, the account presented here suggests a reconsideration of the nature of Hollywood norms. The conclusion argues that Altman’s novelty is best understood not as rejection or assimilation but in the context of a Hollywood cinema whose norms have always been a work in progress on multiple levels. It is not only Hollywood’s conventions and techniques that are constantly in play, contingently open to a range of modifications and renegotiations, but also its underlying principles and aims.
Dance of the Hours
Authors: Dickason Kathryn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the formative role dance played in the Christianization of the liturgy and the sacralization of time. Using evidence from liturgical manuals, musical notation, and rituals, it traces how devotional choreography recuperated pagan motifs, impressed itself onto the regular rhythms of the liturgical calendar, and partook in the dance of the cosmos. In church dramas, dance exerted a didactic function, reinforcing the theme of Christian salvation alongside anti-Judaic rhetoric. The first section traces the authorization of liturgical dance in the Western Middle Ages. Through its ritualization of dance, the Western Church reinvented ancient rites within the discipline of the Latin liturgy. The second section illuminates the use of dance in liturgical drama. On the liturgical stage, the reenactment of Christian history offered a space for the ambivalence of dance to be worked out and re-signified. The third section offers a close reading of one specific liturgical dance ritual in Auxerre. This rite reconciled a pre-Christian myth with medieval eschatology and the Christian ordo.
Perfecting the Union
Authors: Edling Max M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Habitually interpreted as the fundamental law of the American republic, the US Constitution was in fact designed as an instrument of union between thirteen American republics and as a form of government for their common central government. It offered an organizational solution to the security concerns of the newly independent American states. Confederation was an established means for weak states to maintain their independence by joining in union to manage relations with the outside world from a position of strength. Confederation also transformed the immediate international environment by turning neighboring states from potential enemies into sister states in a common union or peace pact. The US Constitution profoundly altered the structure of the American union and made the federal government more effective than under the defunct Articles of Confederation. But it did not transform the fundamental purpose of the federal union, which remained the management of relations between the American states, on the one hand, and between the American states and foreign powers, on the other. As had been the case under the articles, the states regulated the social, economic, and civic life of their citizens and inhabitants with only limited supervision and control from the federal government. This book demonstrates that interpreting the Constitution as an instrument of union has important implications for the understanding of the American founding. The Constitution mattered much more to the international than to the domestic history of the United States. Its importance to the latter was dwarfed by that of state constitutions and legislation.
Peace Pact and Nation
Authors: Edling Max M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In recent years a new Unionist interpretation of the American founding has presented the US Constitution as a compact of union between sovereign states, which allowed them to maintain interstate peace and to act in unison as a single nation vis-à-vis other nations in the international state-system. The American compact of union entailed the voluntary circumscription of the member-states’ sovereignty and the creation of a federal government through the delegation of enumerated powers from the states to the union. The Constitution was a limited, if very important, reform of the already existing American union under the Articles of Confederation. It did not aim at a wholesale transformation of American social and economic life, but sought to equip the union with the means to address challenges that arose from intraunion tensions, on the one hand, and from international competition in the Atlantic marketplace and the Western borderlands, on the other.
Internal Police
Authors: Edling Max M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The US Constitution reserved to the member-states of the American federal union the power to regulate their internal police. Now largely forgotten, but much in use in the decades surrounding the American founding, the term internal police described an extensive range of activities that eighteenth-century states did to regulate their societies and their economies. By recovering the illusive meaning of internal police and by studying how the Constitution distributed internal police powers between Congress and the state governments, it is possible to shed light on how the Constitution divided political authority between the states and the federal government in the American union. The analysis in this chapter shows that under the Constitution, domestic affairs in the early United States was overwhelmingly meant to be regulated by the state governments and not the federal government.
Legislation
Authors: Edling Max M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The first federal Congresses implemented the US Constitution by turning the constitutional text into the policies and institutions of the federal government. Under the Washington administration (1789–1797) federal legislation was overwhelmingly concerned with foreign affairs, international commerce, the federal territories in the trans-Appalachian West, Native American diplomacy and trade, and relations between the member-states in the American union. Other than the post office, hardly any laws were adopted to regulate social and economic relations within the member-states of the American federal union. Congress’s record in the period stands in marked contrast with that of both American state legislatures, such as Pennsylvania, and legislatures of unitary states, such as Great Britain, which were much more concerned with domestic issue legislation. In the bisected American state, there was a distribution of authority between a federal government in charge of international and intraunion affairs and state governments in charge of domestic affairs.
Norm Setting and Transparency and Confidence-Building in Space Governance
Authors: Hitchens Theresa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Governance of the use of space, both at the national and the international level, is complicated. Because most countries in the world have been reticent over the last thirty years to negotiate new legally binding commitments in space, ongoing multilateral work on space governance has concentrated primarily on voluntary measures. This chapter reviews and compares the two most salient of these initiatives: the normative recommendations of the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) and the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities agreed by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Working Group. While the GGE was “top-down” focused on transparency and confidence-building to avoid conflict among States, the LTS Working Group was a “bottom-up” approach for safe and sustainable practices with regard to the use of space. The conclusion looks at how States can best implement the recommendations.
Singapore: Technocracy and Transition
Authors: De Visser Maartje , Straughan Paulin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes Singapore’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The government’s strategy revolved around the two poles of technocratic and expedient governance on the one hand and social solidarity, targeted at vulnerable or weaker segments of society, on the other. A crucial factor in implementing this dual strategy is Singapore’s smallness, in spatial and demographic terms, meaning that there are natural limits to emulation by others. At the same time, Singapore’s approach was not flawless. In particular, the wildfire-like spread of the virus in migrant workers’ dormitories emerged as an embarrassing blind spot. Other serious Covid-19-related challenges remain. The most significant of these are managing the narrative to preserve high levels of government trust and a further reckoning with the stark socio-economic disparity exacerbated by the crisis. The latter in particular may be a harbinger of wider socio-political change in Singapore which will continue to unfold long after the immediate health emergency has passed.
The Stage
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out the stage on which the actors evolve and their ‘props’: places of power and instruments of control. Places studied are the residences of the rulers and the elites (palaces), and those of the saints (churches and monasteries), with their founders, patrons, relics, and liturgy. Instruments of control are firstly through manifestations of power: charity and assistance, art and architecture. Statements of power are made through titulature, the dating of documents, coinage, and objects of power such as emblems, symbols, and gifts
Analytic Theology in the Religious Studies Academy
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe book begins with three very brief chapters that collectively introduce the work as a whole. Chapter 3 turns to the academic study of religion. Many contemporary scholars of religion do not regard theology as a genuine form of academic inquiry. Yet contemporary analytic philosophy shows that theology need not confine itself to historicist or empiricist methods in order to count as a genuine form of academic inquiry. The methods of analytic epistemology and metaphysics—which flourish in every philosophy department—are also appropriate tools with which to investigate questions about the divine. Analytic theology draws on these same tools. I outline the argument of Part IV, which considers three ongoing debates within the academic study of religion: naturalism, critique, and normativity.
What Is Analytic Theology?
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractChapter 5 considers the still open question “What is Analytic Theology?” In dialogue with Timothy Pawl and William Hasker, I argue that analytic theology is a form of faith seeking understanding and a form of constructive theology. I then consider some efforts to push analytic theology into comparatively neglected areas, including topics related to social justice. I focus especially on Sameer Yadav’s call for analytic liberation theology. I conclude the chapter with a bit of additional reflection on why analytic theology is valuable. Christians should agree that it is good to try to answer rational objections to key Christian doctrines, and similarly good to try to give positive models for how to understand them in a way that coheres with other things we take ourselves to know. Those tasks are perennial, and analytic theology is one way that Christians today can pursue them fruitfully. At the same time, however, I also think that there are non-Christian reasons for valuing analytic theology, reasons that anyone might accept. Intellectual inquiry is good. Focused thinking about terrifically difficult problems is good. Watching very intelligent people think as deeply and carefully as they can about things that matter to them more than anything else—that too is good.77 Analytic theology displays all of these goods, something that anyone can recognize, even without accepting the underlying Christian framework.
How to Avoid Idolatry
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPart III calls for a more theological analytic theology and defends analytic theology from some common theological objections. Many theologians regard any form of theistic metaphysics as idolatrous, and worries about “conceptual idolatry” are especially prominent in contemporary theology. In Chapter 7, I try to uncover what idolatry really is. Because idolatry involves false worship, it cannot be assimilated to mistaken believing: idolatry is more than a cognitive error. I first discuss standard and extended senses of “idolatry,” before turning to the tricky problem of conceptual idolatry. While idolatry requires more than false believing, I argue that analytic theologians can (and usually do) avoid idolatry by preserving the creator/creature distinction and theorizing with an attitude of worship.
Naturalism as Metaphysics, Reduction without Fears
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPart IV turns to an extended engagement with the academic study of religion, which is often constitutively hostile to any form of theology. Chapter 12 considers the place of “naturalism” and “reductionism” in the academic study of religion. While individual scholars of religion can—and often should—practice methodological naturalism, attempts to justify methodological naturalism as a global, field-defining norm inevitably presuppose controversial metaphysical claims, and thereby collapse into ontological naturalism—a position that I call “ontological naturalism on the cheap.” The chapter concludes that any barriers to including analytic theology in the wider field of religious studies are local and prudential, not global and methodological.
The Right to Education
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the approach of the European Court of Human Rights to cases concerning children’s education, and the interaction between parental rights and state obligations in this respect. It starts by looking at the jurisprudence concerning state versus private schooling, as well as the compatibility of prohibitions on home schooling with the Convention. It then goes on to consider specialised and segregated schooling, focusing on children with disabilities, migrant children, and ethnic minorities, and in particular the treatment of Roma children. The chapter further analyses the ability of parents to object to the content of education provided by the state, in the context of education in a chosen language, sexual education, and religious education. Finally, this chapter considers how Article 2, Protocol 1 of the Convention has been applied to higher education.
Family Formation and Parenthood
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the interpretation of ‘family life’ under Article 8 and the way that this has evolved throughout the Court’s history. It contrasts the approach of the Court to ‘family life’ between children and mothers, with ‘family life’ between fathers and children, noting the focus of the Court on function over form. It then turns to the establishment of parenthood, both in terms of maternity and paternity, as well as the right of the child to establish information concerning their origins. Finally, the chapter examines the changing face of the family, considering new family forms, including same-sex couples and transgender parents, as well as new methods of reproduction, such as artificial reproductive techniques and surrogacy.
Child Protection
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter analyses the obligations placed on domestic authorities in the field of child protection. It starts by examining the way in which the Court has attempted to balance the rights of parents and children in this area, and in particular, the place of the ‘best interests’ principle in the Court’s jurisprudence. The chapter then goes on to consider the substantive rights in this area, including emergency measures, the removal of the child from the family, and their placement in alternative care, before examining the extensive procedural rights for parents and children under Articles 6 and 8. Finally, it details the jurisprudence of the Court concerning family reunification and the positive obligations placed on states to facilitate this.
Puzzles of Party Politics
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Scholars seeking to explain the patterns of party politics in Central Europe since 1989 have drawn on accounts that stress the role of cleavages, economic performance, legacies, populism, and European Union accession and membership. Although they offer insights, these accounts in themselves do not provide a compelling explanation. More attention needs to be focused on individual parties and the choices they make, and the raw materials at their disposal. New parties make much of their newness, while their success is also fuelled by appeals of celebrity and promises of anti-corruption. Existing accounts of party formation and breakthrough, however, overlook the increasingly strong institutional links between party birth and party death. A more nuanced understanding of today’s party politics must also attend to the role of time, both diachronically and synchronically, in shaping the organizational choices made by parties and the appeals they use to win voter support.