bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realtime Wellbore Digitalization for Stimulations Using Multi-Well Fiber Optics
Authors: Li Xinyang , Chavarria Andres J. , Oukaci Yassine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Distributed Fiber-optic Sensing (DFOS) provides real-time data acquisition, monitoring and diagnostics for well stimulation and well spacing assessment. These include measurements of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) with high frequency acoustics in treatment wells, and low frequency strain/temperature sensing in offset monitor ones. The goal of this integrated study is to show the value of multi-well fiber sensing for real time fracturing diagnostics and stimulation optimization. By integrating near field injection to far field strain responses we assess overall reservoir development.
The availability of fibers on both the treatment well and a nearby observation well allows us to investigate the near-wellbore injection profile and the far-field strain fracture propagation. Quantitative strain levels clearly respond to the effects of well distance, location and treatment well stimulation design. Monitoring well strain measurements of fracture density and triggered stimulated span were logged and compared to acoustic signals in the nearfield stage by stage. DAS interpretation was conducted during the treatment of each stage indicating the effectiveness and efficiency of the completion design. Results show that this is a very effective tool to better understand the performance of the fracturing treatment by digital transformation using DAS data. In addition, acoustic and strain measurements also validated its diagnostic capability for real-time operation monitoring.
In this presentation we show how the near-field acoustic and far-field strain measurements allow for better understanding of the completion efficiency. This is by assessing the far field response to quantified DAS injected signals in the treatment. This analysis takes advantage of fiber installation on both the treatment and nearby monitor well. The fluid and proppant allocations in the near field were performed on the treatment well using relative acoustic intensities. Meanwhile, the fracture propagation induced strain change is recorded by the offset fiber well. Using this fiber data reveals dominant clusters and stage bias from near-field injection profile. Simultaneously the far-field identified fracture counts from strain further enable a geomechanical assessment of the stimulated reservoir and assess the effectiveness of the completion design.
Multiple DAS fiber equipped wells not only provide single diagnostic tool for each of the fiber well, but also demonstrate significant integrated assessment of the stimulation effectiveness, completion efficiency, well interaction, and reservoir description. Availability of near and far field measurements constitutes an important tool to assess properties of the reservoir. Here we show how different vantage points can help illuminate a fracturing program in unconventional reservoirs.
Accelerating Hydrocarbon Maturation and Project Delivery by 30% with Digitalization - Standardizing on the Fly Analysis to Enable Informed Decision Making Using Petabytes of Petro Technical Data
Authors: Gupta Himanshu , Farmer Beth , Large Samantha , Balushi Majda , Saadi Laila , Kumar Kamlesh , Moreno Carlos Alberto , Ruqaishi Mohammed , Busaidi Yusra , Hillgartner Heiko , Agarwal Binayak , Abri Said 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In recent years, with the steep drop and increased volatility in oil price, there is an urgency for making our field (re-development) plans more dynamic and efficient with faster payback and with particular emphasis on robustness against uncertainties. This paper describes a root cause analysis and a methodology to achieve up to ~30% improvement in field development planning project cycle and developing a better-integrated reservoir understanding.
A comprehensive integrated analysis of available data is a key success criterion for robust decision-making. A detailed value stream mapping and a timeline analysis for data analysis in the hydrocarbon maturation process revealed that our process cycle efficiency is only 16% with a significant room for improvement. Any improvement can be directly translated to man-hour cost saving and acceleration of oil delivery. Effective use of technology and digitalization for knowledge management, standardized ways of working and easy access to historical data, analysis and diagnostics were identified as key focus areas to improve delivery.
An innovative process and web based digital platform, iResDAT, is developed for accelerating data analysis. It mines from volumes of petro-technical databases and translates data into standardized diagnostics using latest data analytics and visualization technologies. It has already reduced dramatically the time to mine critical subsurface data and prepare required integrated diagnostics that are auditable and can be re-created in a few seconds. Based on the early pilot studies the cycle time reduction in the data analysis phase is close to 30% with improved quality and standardization of the integrated analysis.
It has already transformed the ways of working where the subsurface discussion can happen across disciplines using a single platform that enforces early integration for reservoir understanding and associated uncertainty characterization. It is a web-based platform where the diagnostic dashboards are crowd sourced; sustained and enhanced by the business to ensure the relevance and sustainability with the Corporate Data Management and IT functions. It is a building block towards quality controlled and auditable data analysis and interpreted dataset, which may form the backbone for any advanced analytics in future to enable digitally enabled hydrocarbon maturation.
Next Generation Torsional Vibration Isolation Tool Increases BHA Reliability Proven by Field Operations in North Sea
Authors: Kueck Armin , Kulke Vincent , Schepelmann Cord , Peters Volker , Ostermeyer Georg-Peter , Reckmann Hanno 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
High Frequency Torsional Oscillations (HFTO) generate high torsional loads in the BHA causing cracks, damaged electronics or twist-offs. A new Torsional Vibration Isolator tool (TVI) protects the BHA by restricting vibrations to the tools between bit and TVI. Additional features have been added to the tool to automatically indicate torque overloading of the BHA and to increase torque resistance if required. This paper proves the functionality of the new features analytically, on a small-scale laboratory test and in multiple field deployments in the North Sea. New guidelines for field operations are provided.
The new feature is a torsion limiter which automatically engages on reaching a critical torque threshold. The torque is then re-routed through more torque resistant BHA components. The engagement generates a characteristic signal indicating bit or BHA-overloading. The mechanical design of the new feature is presented. A criterion for engagement of the limiter and the signature indicating critical torque are analytically derived. They are experimentally validated on a scaled version of the TVI in a laboratory test. A prototype of the new tool is manufactured and deployed in multiple field operations in the North Sea previously heavily affected by HFTO. Two high-frequency measuring devices identify critical drilling situations on a scale of Milliseconds. A new guideline for utilization of this tool is developed including recommendations for BHA set-up and operational parameters.
The TVI works as intended and protects the upper BHA from torsional loads generated by HFTO. The new feature engages at the predicted contact parameters. The signature indicating critical torque for the BHA was recorded and corresponds to the signature measured in the lab and predicted by the model. The TVI is best placed as close to the bit as possible, and a high-frequency measuring device in the BHA is recommended to record and transmit the contact indicators to surface. Based on field tests a parameter map for drilling torque and RPM is created that displays zones of safe operational parameters in a plain manner for field engineers. The map was validated in the field, and harmful drilling states were prevented by following the recommended drilling parameters.
The next generation TVI protects BHAs from damage due to torsional vibrations. The new feature enables operations in stuck-pipe situations by increasing the torque when required. The overloading indicator prevents overstepping the torque limit of the bit and the BHA. The new parameter map and best-practice recommendations transport the learnings to the field in an easy-to-use manner.
Latest Trends in Pig Detection System
Authors: Mondal Jagannath , Umakanth Devarajan , Paul Raju , Kamal Faris Ragheb 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pig detector plays an important role in the Commissioning and handover of Pipelines project. This paper addresses the latest trends in Pig Detectors. In addition, this paper covers the commissioning challenges and mitigations in major Offshore Brownfield Project involving new pipelines with 80 nos of Pig Detectors and accessories.
Pipelines represent a considerable investment on behalf of the End User and can often prove strategic to countries and governments. Pipelines are generally accepted as being the most efficient method of transporting fluids across distances. Pipelines transport various kinds of fluids viz. oil, gas, multiphase, water. Pipeline pigging is an important operation for enhancing reliability and durability of pipeline, adopted worldwide. It has a major impact on the operational and technical integrity of a pipeline. Pigging Operation is high-risk activity in-terms of process safety. The Pigging can be safely initiated only when safe operating conditions are maintained at both ends of pipeline. Pigging involves human intervention and thus increasing personnel risk. Pipeline pigging operations is performed during pre-commissioning, start-up, normal operations and integrity assurance.
Development, Evolution, and Episodic Charge History of Pop-up Structures in Southeast Abu Dhabi, UAE
Authors: Guevara Jose Manuel , Jubb Mary Grace , Seliem Abdulla , Camacho Hilario , Lozano Jorge Mario 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The main goal of this paper is contributing to the understanding to the structural geology, development, and evolution of traps associated with strike-slip restraining bend and restraining step-over structures as a key petroleum system element in southeastern Abu Dhabi. We introduce a preliminary classification scheme for these relatively small, low-relief features defined here as pop-up structures. These structures represent different evolutionary stages of strike-slip restraining bends formed along prominent WNW-trending strike-slip fault systems in southeastern Abu Dhabi. The proposed classification scheme was summarized as a chart to illustrate the correlation between the degree of structural deformation and seal integrity, and estimates the likelihood of finding multiple, vertically stacked, productive reservoirs. It also leads to a more detailed discussion on others important characteristics of pop-up structures and provides a better understanding of sealing mechanisms such as fault juxtaposition, fault throw analysis, fault slip tendency, fault rock processes, and the role of the development of hybrid flower structures in the area. We will also show a simple case study based on two exploratory wells that targeted two pop-up structures with different degrees of deformation in southeast Abu Dhabi. This case study illustrates the complex relationship between pop-up evolution, timing of trap formation, seal integrity, trap preservation, and multiple petroleum generation and migration events. Pop-up structures are linked to multiple episodes of trap and seal evolution, where several episodes of hydrocarbon migration, charge, and leaking of hydrocarbons may occur.
Thermally Controlled Fluid to Reduce Formation Breakdown Pressures in Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Almarri Misfer J , AlTammar Murtadha J , Alruwaili Khalid M , Zheng Shuang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
High breakdown pressure is one of the major challenges in deep tight gas reservoirs. In certain wells, achieving breakdown pressures within the completion tubular yield limit is not possible, and those zones may have to be abandoned without fracturing. Using thermally controlled fluid can lower the formation temperature and ultimately reduce the stresses of the tight gas reservoir formation near the wellbore. The objective of this study is to prove numerically that having a cooled near-wellbore region is a feasible and effective solution to reduce the breakdown pressure. An integrated hydraulic fracturing and reservoir simulator that has been developed at the University of Texas at Austin is utilized for this study. The simulator is a non-isothermal, multi-phase black-oil flow in reservoir, fracture, and wellbore domains. It was found that using thermally controlled fluid is effective in reducing breakdown pressure. Bottomhole Pressure (BHP) decreased by up to around 60% when the temperature of the near-wellbore region is reduced by 60 °F under the simulated conditions in this study. Injecting thermally controlled fluid did not only reduce the high breakdown pressure but also improve the hydraulic fractures efficiency and complexity. This technique is novel and has not been studied in depth in the literature. Utilizing thermally controlled fluid can be a cost effective solution to reduce high breakdown pressure in tight gas reservoirs.
Addressing Paraffin Deposition Challenges Through New Technologies
Authors: Gon Saugata , Russell Christopher , Baack Kasper Koert Jan , Blackwood Heather , Hase Alfred 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Paraffin deposition is a common challenge for production facilities globally where production fluid/process surface temperature cools down and reach below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) of the oil. Although chemical treatment is used widely for suitable mitigation of wax deposition, conventional test methods like cold finger often fail to recommend the right product for the field. The current study will present development of two new technologies PARA-Window and Dynamic Paraffin Deposition Cell (DPDC)to address such limitations.
Large temperature gradient between bulk oil and cold surface has been identified as a major limitation of cold finger. To address this, PARA-Window has been developed to capture the paraffin deposition at a more realistic temperature gradient (5°C) between the bulk oil and surface temperature using a NIR optical probe. Absence of brine and lack of shear has been identified as another limitation of cold finger technique. DPDC has been developed to study paraffin deposition and chemical effectiveness in presence of brine. Specially designed cells are placed horizontally inside a shaker bath to achieve good mixing between oil and water for DPDC application.
A prior study by Russell et al., (2019) showed the effectiveness of PARA-Window in capturing deposition phenomena of higher molecular weight paraffin chains that resemble closely to field deposits under narrow temperature gradient around WAT. Conventional test methods fail to capture meaningful product differentiation in most oils under such conditions and hence can only recommend a crystal modifier type of paraffin chemistries. PARA-Window technique can expand product selection to other type of paraffin chemistries (paraffin crystal modifiers, dispersants and solvents) as shown earlier by Russell et al., (2021). The usage of DPDC allows us to create a dynamic mixing condition inside the test cells with both oil and water under a condition similar to production pipe systems. This allows DPDC to assess water effect on paraffin chemistries (crystal modifiers and dispersants).
This study presents the usage of these two new technologies to screen performance of different types of paraffin chemistries on select oils and their advantages over cold finger. The results identify how mimicking field conditions using these new technologies can capture new insights into paraffin products.
Insights on Water Sources for Injection Development of Large Oilfields in Southeast Iraq and Appraisal of Paleogene Shallow Water Source Formation
Authors: Qin Guosheng , Wang Youjing 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As many large oilfields in southeast Iraq entered the final stage of depletion development, water injection appears to be the most economical and technically feasible method to enhance oil recovery. Considering the shortage of freshwater and huge investment in seawater supply project, it is very important to appraise and optimize the favorable shallow water source formation to ensure sufficient water injection supply.
Based on regional seismic, well data, core analysis and production test data, Paleogene sequence stratigraphy was determined by integrating well and seismic interpretation. Under framework of sequence stratigraphy, the sedimentary evolution of main water source formations was characterized. Subsequently, combined with core analysis and special logging data, the petrophysical characteristics of the formations were evaluated, and the volume of the regional water source was estimated.
The research shows that: 1) Dammam limestone and Ghar sandstone are the two main Paleogene shallow water source formations; 2) Dammama developed carbonate shelf, from southwest to northeast, the formation thickness decrease with the sedimentary evolved from inner slope to out slope. Expose and dissolution increased the porosity which is favorable for water storage; 3) Ghar developed alluvial and delta, from southwest to northeast, the formation thickness increase with the sedimentary evolved from alluvial fan, alluvial river to delta. Delta developed abundant and unconsolidated sandstone with high porosity and permeability; 4) The water sample analysis showed the water belong to Cacl2 type with total dissolved solids greater than 250,000 ppm which indicated well sealing condition. Production tests have shown that both Dammam and Ghar have a water supply capacity of 8,000-10,000 barrels per day. The preliminary evaluation of the water volume in the Ghar area can up to 1 trillion barrels.
Paleogene shallow water formation is currently the most realistic and economic water source choice for water injection to enhance oil recovery in large oil fields in southeastern Iraq. Dammam formation and Ghar formation of Paleogene had the characteristics of shallow buried, good water quality and sufficient reserves. Thus, they are the preferred target water source formations for injection development of large oilfields in southeastern Iraq.
The Gaia Explorer, a Powerful Search Platform
Authors: Du Bernard Xavier , Gallon Jonathan , Massot Jérôme 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
After two years of development, the GAIA Explorer is now ready to assist Geoscientists at Total! This knowledge platform works like a little Google, but with a focus solely on Geosciences - for the time being. The main goal of the GAIA Explorer is to save time finding the right information. Therefore, it is particularly useful for datarooms or after business acquisitions to quickly digest the knowledge, but also for feeding databases, exploration syntheses, reservoir studies, or even staff onboarding specially when remote working. With this additional time, Geoscientists can focus on tasks with added value, such as to synthesize, find analogies or propose alternative scenarios.
This new companion automatically organizes and extracts knowledge from a large number of unstructured technical documents by using Machine Learning (ML). All the models relie on Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and have been trained on our own datasets, which cover main petroleum domains such as geosciences and operations. First, the layout of more than 75,000 document pages were analyzed for training a segmentation model, which extracts three types of content (text, images and tables). Secondly, the text content extracted from about 6,500 documents labelled amongst 30 classes was used to train a model for document classification. Thirdly, more than 55,000 images were categorized amongst 45 classes to customize a model of image classification covering a large panel of figures such as maps, logs, seismic sections, or core pictures. Finally, all the terms (n-grams) extracted from objects are compared with an inhouse thesaurus to automatically tag related topics such as basin, field, geological formation, acquisition, measure. All these elementary bricks are connected and used for feeding a knowledge database that can be quickly and exhaustively searched.
Today, the GAIA Explorer searches within texts, images and tables from a corpus (document collection), which can be made up of both technical and operational reports, meeting presentations and academic publications. By combining queries (keywords or natural language) with a large array of filters (by classes and topics), the outcomes are easily refined and exploitable. Since the release of a production version in February 2021 at Total, about 180 users for 30 projects regularly use the tool for exploration and development purposes. This first version is following a continuous training cycle including active learning and, preliminary user feedback is good and admits that some information would have been difficult to locate without the GAIA Explorer.
In the future, the GAIA Explorer could be significantly improved by implementing knowledge graph based on an ontology dedicated specific to petroleum domains. Along with the help of Specialists in related activities such as drilling, project or contract, the tool could cover the complete range of upstream topics and be useful for other business with time.