bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Termination of the Nerves in the vestibule and Semicircular Canals of Mammals. read before the british association, glasgow, september, 1876
Authors: Pritchard Urban 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper I propose giving the results of my investigations into the structure of the nerve-epithelium, as it is called, which contains the terminal distribution of the acoustic nerves in the vestibule and semicircular canals.
On some Foraminifera from the Loo Choo Islands
Authors: Brady Henry B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Pressed and mounted specimen of a small alga, labelled “Laurencia paniculata, Loo Choo Islands,” was recently sent to me by Dr. E. Perceval Wright, with the suggestion that some Foraminifera which had been entangled in its meshes might be worth examination, and that at any rate it would be interesting to know what particular species had lived amongst its miniature branches. As the sea-weed itself was of some value, two or three inches were taken, and the portion as separated yielded examples of the following species of Foraminifera, some of them in sufficient number to supply two or three good mountings.
Engelmann on Contractility and Double Refraction
Authors: Kidd P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
After referring to Boeck’s original discovery of the phenomenon of double refraction in muscles, and to Brücke’s classical memoir, Engelmann states that in spite of proofs being brought forward of the association of other forms of contractile phenomena with the presence of double refraction, e. g. in the muscles of certain infusoria, the results were almost all negative. In consequence, the opinion prevailed that the presence of anisotropous elements in muscle was a curious rather than an important phenomenon. This point of view was modified when it was shown by Engelmann himself (Pflüger’s ‘Archiv,’ Bd. 7) that contraction is exclusively connected with the double-refracting layers in striped muscle. The supposition then arose that, as a general law, contraction might be dependent on the presence of double-refracting particles, especially as the boundaries between different forms of movement in protoplasm and in muscle formerly assumed to be so sharply defined had broken down.
The Minute Structure of the Gills of Lamellibranch Mollusca
Authors: Peck R. Holman 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The investigations of which the result is here given were undertaken at the suggestion and under the guidance of Mr. Ray Lankester, and were carried on during the past year in the Histological Laboratory of Exeter College, Oxford. Specimens of Mytilus and of Cardium were kindly procured for Mr. Lankester by Mr. Charles Stewart, the talented curator of the museum of St. Thomas’ Hospital, and their investigation was commenced prior to Christmas, 1875; Anodon and Dreissena are abundant in the neighbourhood of Oxford; Area, Pectunculus, Spondylus, Solen, Mactra, and other genera were obtained by me through the good offices of the staff of Dr. Dohrn’s zoological station at Naples, when I visited that establishment in the winter of 1875—76. My observations and notes have continually been controlled by Mr. Lankester, a few of the drawings in the plates were made by him, and the nomenclature, wherever it is new, is suggested by him.
On the Structure of Striped Muscle-Fibres
Authors: Med Cand 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Wilhelm Biedermann, from the Physiological Institute at Prague (’Vienna Sitzungsberichte d. k. Akad.,’ Juli, 1876). —The interstitial substance between the primitive musclefibrils, discovered by Kôlliker, has by some recent histologists —Sachs, R. Arndt, and especially J. Gerlach—been regarded as intimately connected with the intramuscular nerve-terminations. Arndt regards each individual fibril as continuous with the nerve of its bundle, i. e. the so-called musclecolumn (Kölliker), and J. Gerlach asserts that the isotropous substance of a muscle-fibre is directly connected with the intramuscular nerve. Gerlach arrived at this conclusion from the study of muscle-fibres treated with gold solution. Under this reagent there appear within the muscle-fibre granular or rod-like structures arranged in a more or less distinctly linear manner (Spenkelung) so as to resemble at some places filamentous structures of a varicose appearance quite like primitive nerve-fibrils that had been stained with gold solution.
On the minute structural relations of the red blood-corpuscles.
Authors: Boettcher Arthuit 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Elsewhere I have communicated the fact that a nucleus can be demonstrated in the red blood-corpuscles of mammalia, by treating them with alcohol and acetic acid (fiêmoires de VAcadémìe Imperials des Sciences de Si. Petersbourg, vii série, t. 22, No. 11). On pursuing these investigations I came upon a method which affords a very clear insight into their structure. I have also sent a short report of this to the above-mentioned Academy (Bulletin of January 11th, 1877). In the treatment with acetic acid a distension of the blood-corpuscles easily occurs, which may spoil what was already gained by the hardening in alcohol. This inconvenience I have now managed to avoid, and I propose to give here an accurate description of the results obtained in regard to the structure of the red blood-corpuscles by means of this new method.
The Development of the Cranial Nerves in the Chick
Authors: Marshall A. Milnes 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I Have elsewhere shown1 that the mode of development of the nerves, both cranial and spinal, of the chick is in all essential points the same as that first described by Balfour2 in the case of the spinal nerves of Elasmobranchs, and subsequently extended by him so as to include the cranial nerves also.3
Note on Atmospheric Bacteria
Authors: Dowdeswell G. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has been observed both by Dr. Burdon Sanderson, in this country, and by Prof. F. Cohn, in Breslau, that when atmospheric air is drawn through a nutrient fluid in wash bottles, no Bacteria are developed. To elucidate the cause of this, a series of experiments has been made, in which the method adopted was to put about 100 c. c. of Cohn’s normal cultivating solution1 in each of several wide-mouthed bottles, previously superheated, then boiling the solutions, covering the bottles with watch glasses, and placing them in the incubator at 35° C. for some days, to ascertain if they were free from organisms, as tested by their contents remaining pellucid; they were then fitted with caoutchouc stoppers, through which glass tubes were inserted, to draw air through the solution, each tube being bent once at a right angle, excepting the egress tube of the last bottle, which was straight, plugged with cotton wool at both ends, and connected with two large water jars by a caoutchouc tube. The wash bottles were then connected by tubing which was previously subjected to prolonged boiling, as were the stoppers; the glass tubing and the cotton wool was heated in an oven to over 100° C.2 for a considerable time. The aspirator formed by the water jars was then set in motion, and upwards of 100 Lts. of air drawn through the wash bottles, at the rate of about 2 Lts. an hour. The aspirator being only worked mornings and evenings, this occupied between two and three days. The experiments were made in an ordinary sittingroom, the temperature of which varied between about 50° F. and 70° F. An uncovered bottle of the solution was placed near the wash bottles for comparison. When the requisite quantity of air had passed through, the bottles were removed, the entrance tube of the first wash bottle was rinsed out into a fresh bottle of the solution by a stream of water from an ordinary wash bottle, previously boiled, and cooled with precautions against contamination ;3 the cotton wool at the bottom of the exit tube of the last wash bottle was pushed into the fluid of its own bottle by a thin rod previously heated. All the bottles were then covered with watch-glasses, and placed in the incubator at 35° C. The result was that in twenty-four hours the fluid in the uncovered bottle was found to be slightly turbid, containing bacterioid growth, the same with the bottle into which the entrance tube of the first wash bottle had been rinsed, while that of the last bottle, into which tlie cotton wool had been dropped, was distinctly more turbid ; but the solution in the first wash bottle remained free from Bacteria, and continued so for several days, as long as observed. A microscopical examination showed that the numbers of Bacteria present in the different bottles corresponded to the macroscopical appearances mentioned above.
On the Morphology and Systematic Position of the Spon-Gida
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Professor SCHULZE’S1 last memoir on the development of Calcareous Sponges, confirms and enlarges Metschnikoff’s2 earlier observations, and gives us at last a fairly complete history of the development of one form of Calcareous Sponge. The facts which have been thus established have suggested to me a view of the morphology and systematic position of the Spongida, somewhat different to that now usually entertained. In bringing forward this view, I would have it understood that it does not claim to be more than a mere suggestion, which if it serves no other function may, perhaps, be of use in stimulating research.
Flagellated Organisms in the Blood of Healthy Rats.1
Authors: Richards Lewis Timothy 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It will be recollected that it is one of the fundamental tenets of M. Pasteur’s creed that neither microscopic organisms nor their germs are ever found in the blood of an animal in health. Doubtless our conception of what implies good health may differ, and especially so when it is the health of an animal, and not of a person, that may be the subject of debate. If it be maintained that an animal affected with either epiphytes or entophytes, with epizoa or entozoa, is not in the enjoyment of full health, then there can be but few perfectly healthy animals. The organs of some animals are almost never absolutely free from parasites. It would nevertheless be scarcely justifiable to pronounce such animals as diseased in the ordinary sense.
On the Occurrence of Embryonic Fission in Cyclostomatous Polyzoa
Authors: Harmer Sidney F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The results of the present paper have formed the subject of a preliminary communication made to the Cambridge Philosophical Society (16). The case of embryonic fission which I have now to describe in greater detail appears to me, on the assumption that my explanation of the observed facts is the correct one, to be without parallel in the animal kingdom.
On a New Organ in the Lycoridea, and on the Nephridium in Nereis diversicolor, O. F. Müll
Authors: Goodrich E. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
About two years ago, while examining some sections of a Nereis (probably N. diversicolor, O. F. Müll.) which I had cut in the Zoological Laboratory at University College, London, I discovered an interesting organ, which appears to have hitherto escaped the notice of those naturalists who have studied the anatomy of the Nereids. Since then I have from time to time continued my observations, both in London and in the Oxford Museum, always hoping to be able to obtain the stages in the development of Nereis, the study of which alone can give a real clue to the homology and functions of these organs. This unfortunately has not been possible, owing chiefly to the fact that I have not been able to go myself to the sea-side to pursue my researches. It has therefore been thought advisable to publish the facts as they stand, and this paper amounts to little more than a mere description of this new organ. Some notes on the minute structure of the nephridium of the Nereids have also been added.
Nephridia and Body-cavity of some Decapod Crustacea
Authors: Allen Edgar J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following paper contains the results of researches carried on at the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, where, by appointment of the British Association Committee, I occupied a table for six weeks during the summer of last year (1892), my stay being prolonged for an additional month through the kindness of Mr. Robert Bayly, one of the Governors of the Association, who furnished me with an additional nomination.
Peculiarities in the Segmentation of certain Polychætes
Authors: Buchanan Florence 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the last volume of the ‘Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.’ (vol. liv, 1892, p. 569) a paper appeared entitled “Ueber Anomalien der Segmentierung bei Anneliden und deren Bedeutung für die Theorie der Metamerie,” by C. J. Cori, dealing chiefly with the intercalation of half-segments, and with cases in which the furrows dividing successive segments externally have become continuous, thus forming a spiral going once, or more than once, round the body of the animal. Cori found seventeen out of about two hundred common earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) abnormal in one of these two ways. He also found one specimen of a Lumbriconereis, one of Halla parthenopeia, one of Diopatra neapolitana, and one of Hermodice carunculata with intercalated parts of segments. He does not mention, however, how many specimens of each of these species he examined, and from his account one is naturally inclined to look Upon such occurrences as rare, and to call them, with him, abnormalities. It may, therefore, be worth while to point out that there is at least one family of Polychætes, judging from over eighty specimens coming from different parts of the world, in which cases of intercalation and of spiral segmentation are so common as to be regarded rather as normal individual variations than as abnormalities. This family, from which Cori gives but one example, is the Amphinomidæ, and the genus in which such variations particularly occur is the genus Amphinome (Blv.), Briig, in its widest sense,—including, therefore, the genera Eurythoe and Hermodice of Kinberg and the genus Lino-pherus of Quatrefages, as well as Amphinome s. str. Knb.
On the Perivisceral Cavity of Ciona
Authors: Newstead A. H. L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The genus Ciona differs from other simple Ascidians in having the alimentary canal (except the rectum) and other organs contained in a definite cavity, which is situated in the region of the body posterior to the pharynx—the so-called “body-cavity” of Ciona. From its position round the viscera this cavity may be called the perivisceral cavity, which implies nothing as to its nature, while the term body-cavity might be taken to assume its cœlomic nature as definitely known.
The Structure of the Pharyngeal Bars of Amphioxus
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It may be thought that the structure of the pharyngeal bars of Amphioxus is sufficiently known, after the description by Lankester, and more recently by Spengel; but there still remains a certain amount of doubt as to some points in the structure of the tongue or secondary bar, although recent authors are in agreement as to the general structure of the primary bar. It is to the tongue bar, therefore, that I have more particularly directed my attention.
Some Points in the Origin of the Reproductive Elements in Apus and Branchipus
Authors: Moore J. E. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The mode of generation of the reproductive elements and their relation to the cells of the parental tissues, is a problem which has always made heavy demands on the labours of microscopical investigators, whether zoological or botanical ; and although an immense literature has grown about the subject since Flourens thought embryos were formed “tout d’un coup,” at the moment of the fusion of the sexual elements, it may be safely asserted that not until the last few years has any very definite knowledge been acquired, and only in a limited number of cases has it yet reached any high degree of accuracy.
On the Head Kidney of Myxine
Authors: Kirkaldy J. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a former number of this Journal Professor Weldon has given an account of the structure of the pronephros of Bdellostoma (9), but, so far as I know, that of Myxine is undescribed, excepting for some observations made by Professor Wilhelm Müller (8). Professor Weldon has very kindly furnished me with some specimens of Myxine glutinosa, in order that I might examine the head kidney. I should like here to express my thanks to him for this kindness, and also for advice and assistance given me throughout the investigation, which was conducted in his research laboratory in University College, London.
Report on a Collection of Amphioxus made by Professor A. C. Haddon in Torres Straits, 1888-9
Authors: Willey Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This collection, comprising some ninety specimens of Amphioxus, was obtained by Professor Haddon between the months of September, 1888, and January, 1889, inclusive, and was placed by him in the hands of Professor Lankester, who kindly entrusted it to me for examination.
On some Bipinnariæ from the English Channel
Authors: Garstang Walter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The genus Bipinnaria was defined by the elder Sars (3) in the following terms :—” Corpus gelatinosum longum cylindrico-depressum, pinnis duabus, una postice terminali cordiformi, altera triangulari in medio corpore. Os appendiculis seu brachüs lanceolatis circumdatum.” To this genus he referred the single species asterigera, “appendicibus seu brachiis 12 circa os.”
Octineon Lindahli (W. B. Carpenter) : an Un-described Anthozoon of Novel Structure
Authors: Herbert Fowler G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This interesting form, dredged during the cruise of H.M.S. “Porcupine” in 1870, was originally studied by Dr. W. B. Carpenter, from whose drawings two plates were lithographed for publication in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ of the Royal Society ; but unfortunately no account of the investigation was found among his papers. The specimens were then entrusted for description to my honoured teacher, Professor H. N. Moseley ; and on the last occasion that I saw him he talked to me with his customary infectious enthusiasm about this Anthozoon, on which he was at the moment engaged. He, however, was unable to finish the work, and the late Dr. Philip Carpenter then asked me to undertake it. Professor Moseley left only a description of Dr. Carpenter’s figures and an introduction to his own paper ; the latter, although only a rough draft, is printed here without alteration of any kind :
Note on the Mesenteries of Actinians
Authors: Dixon A. Fraser 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper published in the last number of the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science’ (193, January, 1894) on “Octineon Lindahli,” the author, Dr. G. H. Fowler, gives a figure—woodcut Fig. A,—and as my name is given in connection with it, perhaps I may be allowed to make a statement regarding it. The figure “represents Sagartia, Actinia, Bunodes (Lacaze-Duthiers, corroborated by F. Dixon).” Some time ago Professor Haddon, who was then writing the first part of his “Revision of British Actiniae,” asked me to cut sections of young specimens belonging to the genera whose development Lacaze-Duthiers had described. He asked me to do this because the Hertwigs, from their observations on Adamsia diaphaua, assumed that Lacaze-Duthiers had made a mistake in determining which were the first eight mesenteries to arise in Sagartia, Actinia, and Bunodes. They assumed that in these genera, just as in Adamsia diaphana, the most “ventral “of the dotted mesenteries in Fig. A of Dr. Fowler was developed so early as to form one of the eight mesenteries in the stage with eight mesenteries. If this were so the eight-mesentery stage in Sagartia, Actinia, and Bunodes could not correspond to the permanent condition in Edwardsia, or to the condition described first by Professor Haddon for the larva of Halcampa, because in these no “lateral “mesentery is present with its muscle plate pointing “dorsal wards.” The Hertwigs’ figure for Adamsia is given by Dr. Fowler in Fig. B, and this represents what they assumed to be the arrangement also in young specimens of Sagartia, Actinia, and Bunodes.
A Contribution to the Morphology of Bacteria
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Since the classical papers on Bacteria published by Professor F. Cohn in the ‘Zeitschrift der Biologie d. Pflanzen,’ vols, i to iii, all bacteriologists have accepted the subdivision of the Schizomycetes into cocci, bacilli, and vibrios or spirilla, as representing the main morphological fundamental types. But by Lankester1 and Zopfs’researches on Cladothrix dichotoma, and by Hauser’s well-known and exhaustive work on ‘Putrefactive Bacteria’ (‘Ueber Fäulnissbacterien,’ Leipzig, 1885), it has become recognised that the shape under which a particular bacterial species presents itself depends both on the medium in which it grows, as also on certain inherent characters of the organism itself. Thus it has become recognised that while the elements of one species appear as often in the form of oval as of cylindrical cells, those of another retain, under almost all conditions, pre-eminently that of cylindrical cells. To name a few instances : (a) the Proteus vulgaris of Hauser. This organism—the organism of putrefaction par excellence—is known to occur in the most varied shapes, as cocci, oval forms, cylindrical and vibrionic forms; but when growing in gelatine plates at 20° C. it will be found that in the first twenty-four to forty-eight hours the colonies are made up entirely of cylindrical bacilli, some of extreme length and forming very characteristic threads. The “swarming” out and the development of strands from such a colony are uniformly due to, and consist of, thread-like bacilli (see my article in Stevenson and Murphy’s ‘Treatise on Hygiene,’ II, pl. ii) ; but later on, say after three or four days, when liquefaction of the gelatine has become extensive, the forms one meets are those various kinds described by Hauser as coccus forms, ovals, cylindrical cells, and vibrionic forms.
Spolia Nemoris
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It was in the summer of 1889 that an invitation reached me, coming from the Royal Physical Society (Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging) in Batavia, to undertake a trip to the Indian Archipelago for purposes of scientific research. This invitation opened the prospect of realisation of a wish long cherished and for a naturalist not exorbitant,—the wish to have a direct glimpse and a personal impression of animal and vegetable life in the tropics. And so it was accepted with alacrity.
Some Abnormal Annelids
Authors: Andrews E. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Amongst the Annelida, as amongst other groups of non-Vertebrates, various abnormalities and monstrosities may be found upon examining large numbers of individuals. Thus in some groups, as in the Eunicidæ, double and supernumerary antennæ and parapodia are not so very unusual, though they have received little or no attention as yet. Again, more fundamental abnormalities affecting the integrity of the body somites occur in widely separated groups of Annelids, as has been recently demonstrated by C. J. Cori, T. H. Morgan, and F. Buchanan. Even repetitions of considerable regions of the body, bifurcations of the main axis that produce a double monster have been observed again and again. As naturally to be expected from the accessibility to observation and familiar occurrence of the terrestrial Annelids, the earthworms, it is chiefly amongst this group that cases of doubleness have been observed and recorded, though such also exist amongst the marine forms.