bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Unique Subset: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Presenting as Spontaneous CSF Leak of the Anterior Skull Base
Authors: Hong Christopher S. , Kundishora Adam J. , Elsamadicy Aladine A. , Vining Eugenia M. , Manes R. Peter , Omay Sacit Bulent 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks represent a unique clinical presentation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), lacking classical features of IIH, including severe headaches, papilledema, and markedly elevated opening pressures.
Methods Following a single-institution retrospective review of patients undergoing spontaneous CSF leak repair, we performed a literature review of spontaneous CSF leak in patients previously undiagnosed with IIH, querying PubMed.
Results Our literature review yielded 26 studies, comprising 716 patients. Average age was 51 years with 80.8% female predominance, and average body mass index was 35.5. Presenting symptoms included headaches (32.5%), visual disturbances (4.2%), and a history of meningitis (15.3%). Papilledema occurred in 14.1%. An empty sella was present in 77.7%. Slit ventricles and venous sinus stenosis comprised 7.7 and 31.8%, respectively. CSF leak most commonly originated from the sphenoid sinus (41.1%), cribriform plate (25.4%), and ethmoid skull base (20.4%). Preoperative opening pressures were normal at 22.4 cm H2O and elevated postoperatively to 30.8 cm H2O. 19.1% of patients underwent shunt placement. CSF leak recurred after repair in 10.5% of patients, 78.6% involving the initial site. A total of 85.7% of these patients were managed with repeat surgical intervention, and 23.2% underwent a shunting procedure.
Conclusion Spontaneous CSF leaks represent a distinct variant of IIH, distinguished by decreased prevalence of headaches, lack of visual deficits, and normal opening pressures. Delayed measurement of opening pressure after leak repair may be helpful to diagnose IIH. Permanent CSF diversion may be indicated in patients exhibiting significantly elevated opening pressures postoperatively, refractory symptoms of IIH, or recurrent CSF leak.
Endoscope-Assisted Neuroportal Transcerebellar Approach to the Fourth Ventricle: An Anatomical Study
Authors: Piloni Martina , Gagliardi Filippo , Bailo Michele , Barzaghi Lina R. , Caputy Anthony J. , Mortini Pietro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and Study Aims Minimally invasive approaches to deep-seated lesions still represent a fundamental issue in modern neurosurgery. Tubular retractors allow to enhance the operability of intraventricular lesions, minimizing the risk of damages to brain parenchyma. Increasing interest for portal devices has been mainly focused on supratentorial pathologies, while transportal approaches in the posterior cranial fossa have been rarely described. In the present study, the authors aimed to investigate the surgical exposure and operability obtained with a microsurgical neuroportal transcerebellar approach targeting the fourth ventricle, assisted by endoscopic exploration.Material and Methods Six cadaveric specimens were provided for anatomical microsurgical dissection and Vycor ViewSite Brain Access System was used as tubular retractor. Surgical feasibility of the neuroportal transcerebellar approach was demonstrated through a definable and measurable parameter, the operability score.Results The neuroport provided a surgical corridor away from eloquent structures to target the whole fourth ventricle cavity, preventing injury to cerebellar nuclei and white matter pathways and, potentially, minimizing the risk of surgical morbidity. Maximal operability was reached in the pontomedullary junction and medullary area of the ventricular floor. Transportal endoscopic assistance contributed to a further extension of surgical exposure in blind spots, corresponding to the ipsilateral lateral recess, the uppermost part of the fourth ventricle, and the obex.Conclusion The neuroportal transcerebellar approach represents a viable alternative route to the fourth ventricle, avoiding vermian splitting or subarachnoid dissection of the cerebellomedullary cistern. Endoscopic assistance enhances the exposure of the surgical field and accomplishes a valid instrument for intraventricular orientation to ease microsurgical procedures.
Use of Radiofrequency Technology in Endonasal Skull Base and Transcranial Procedures
Authors: Tish Shahed , Habboub Ghaith , Borghei-Razavi Hamid , Woodard Troy D. , Sindwani Raj , Kshettry Varun R. , Recinos Pablo F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective Radiofrequency ablation is widely utilized in otorhinolaryngology. It is used for ablation, coagulation and resection, and hemostasis. It causes tissue destruction through a chemical interaction of ions. The potential benefit is to cause less thermal injury to surrounding tissues compared with other coagulative tools. In this article, we present novel uses of radiofrequency ablation in endoscopic endonasal, and transcranial surgery. This is the first study to describe its use in transcranial cases.
Design, Setting, and Participants This is a retrospective study of patients between 2016 and 2018 who underwent either endoscopic endonasal or transcranial surgery where radiofrequency ablation was used.
Main Outcome Measures We looked at indication for usage, blood loss, postoperative imaging to identify any stroke or edema, and clinical outcomes of these patients.
Results The radiofrequency device was used in eight endoscopic endonasal cases and four craniotomies. Four cases were for encephalocele repair and eight were for various intracranial pathologies. In endonasal encephalocele repair, the radiofrequency ablation helped in shrinking the herniated brain while minimizing thermal injury to the surrounding tissue. In tumors resection, the combination of ablation and coagulation effect was particularly effective for highly vascularized tumors. There were no vascular or major neurologic injuries. Postoperative periencephalocele edema was noted in one case.
Conclusion Initial experience with radiofrequency ablation showed that it was a safe technique to use in both endonasal skull-base and transcranial procedures. It seemed particularly useful for highly vascularized tumors but a greater experience is needed to further clarify its role in these procedures.
Assessing Toxicity in Drug Trials in Liver Disease
Authors: Sherman Morris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSince the early trials in viral hepatitis, more and more new drugs are being tested for use in various liver diseases. Since drug hepatotoxicity is a major cause of drugs under investigation not making it to market, the assessment of drug-induced liver injury in clinical trials of new drugs is crucial. This review will focus on the systems that are used to assess drug-induced liver injury in clinical trials and will discuss how some of these criteria are inappropriate or inaccurate in this function together with suggestions for improvement.
Impact of an Evidence-Based Antibiotic Protocol on Common Gram-Negative Bacteria's Antibiotic Resistance in a Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Singh Sarvesh Pal , Yagani Seshagiribabu , TP Shamsiya , Pandey Shivam , Sahu Manoj Kumar , Dhatterwal Ummed Singh ,   Parul
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background Based on the analysis of infections and antibiotic usage in the years 2013 and 2014, an evidence-based antibiotic protocol was developed and implemented in our cardiac surgical intensive care unit (CSICU). This study intends to study the impact of this new protocol on the sensitivity profiles of common gram-negative bacteria in our CSICU.
Methods The medical records of patients who underwent cardiac surgery at our center, between January 2017 and December 2018, were reviewed and the incidence of different hospital-acquired bacteria and their antibiotic sensitivity profiles were recorded. The antibiotic-sensitivity profiles of common gram-negative bacteria, for the years 2017 and 2018, were compared with the published data of 2013 and 2014 from our department.
Results There was a significant decrease in the incidence of Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems during 2017 and 2018. The incidence of colistin-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa also decreased significantly in 2017 and 2018. A significant increase in the proportion of amikacin resistant A. baumannii and E. coli and A. baumannii resistant to B lactam/B lactamase inhibitors also occurred.
Conclusion Antibiotic stewardship can reverse the antibiotic resistance of common gram-negative bacteria in the ICU.
Tracheostomy in Postoperative Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients—The Earlier, the Better
Authors: Bipin Chalattil , Sahu Manoj K. , Singh Sarvesh P. , Devagourou Velayoudam , Rajashekar Palleti , Hote Milind P. , Talwar Sachin , Choudhary Shiv K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectives This study was aimed to assess the benefits of early tracheostomy (ET) compared with late tracheostomy (LT) on postoperative outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgical patients.Design Present one is a prospective, observational study.Setting The study was conducted at a cardiac surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital.Participants All pediatric patients below 10 years of age, who underwent tracheostomy after cardiac surgery from January2019 to december2019, were subdivided into two groups according to the timing of tracheostomy: “early” if done before 7 days or “late” if done after 7 days postcardiac surgery.Interventions ET versus LT was measured in the study.Results Out of all 1,084 pediatric patients who underwent cardiac surgery over the study period, 41 (3.7%) received tracheostomy. Sixteen (39%) patients underwent ET and 25 (61%) underwent LT. ET had advantages by having reduced risk associations with the following variables: preoperative hospital stay (p = 0.0016), sepsis (p = 0.03), high risk surgery (p = 0.04), postoperative sepsis (p = 0.001), C-reactive protein (p = 0.04), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP; p = 0.006), antibiotic escalation (p = 0.006), and antifungal therapy (p = 0.01) requirement. Furthermore, ET was associated with lesser duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.0027), length of ICU stay (LOICUS; p = 0.01), length of hospital stay (LOHS; p = 0.001), lesser days of feed interruption (p = 0.0017), and tracheostomy tube change (p = 0.02). ET group of children, who had higher total ventilation-free days (p = 0.02), were decannulated earlier (p = 0.03) and discharged earlier (p = 0.0089).Conclusion ET had significant benefits in reduction of postoperative morbidities with overall shorter mechanical ventilation, LOICUS, and LOHS, better nutrition supplementation, lesser infection, etc. These benefits may promote faster patient convalescence and rehabilitation with reduced hospital costs.
Gut–Liver Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: the Impact of the Metagenome, End Products, and the Epithelial and Vascular Barriers
Authors: Gil-Gómez Antonio , Brescia Paola , Rescigno Maria , Romero-Gómez Manuel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a systemic, dynamic, heterogeneous, and multiaxis entity, the pathogenesis of which is still uncertain. The gut–liver axis is regulated and stabilized by a complex network encompassing a metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine cross-talk between the gut, the microbiota, and the liver. Changes in the gut–liver axis affect the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates in the hepatocytes, and they impact the balance of inflammatory mediators and cause metabolic deregulation, promoting NAFLD and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, the microbiota and its metabolites can play direct and indirect roles in gut barrier function and fibrosis development. In this review, we will highlight findings from the recent literature focusing on the gut–liver axis and its relation to NAFLD. Finally, we will discuss the impact of technical issues, design bias, and other limitations on current knowledge of the gut microbiota in the context of NAFLD.
“The rebirth of the West begins with you!”—Self-improvement as radicalisation on 4chan
Authors: Elley Ben 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAmong the discussion threads devoted to racism, conspiracies, and fascist dogma on 4chan’s notorious ‘Politically Incorrect’ board, there is also a small but significant number of posts on the topic of far-right self-improvement. These posts speak in a style that blends the language of self-help and fitness with far-right propaganda and conspiracies, and are designed to turn the movement from aimless online ‘shitposters’ into survivalists and soldiers. This article describes the unique form of self-improvement advice known on 4chan as the ‘iron pill,’ and considers the role that self-improvement plays in radicalisation among the far right online. It addresses how this plays into the history of fascism, looking in particular at the concept of the ‘New Man’ in Italian fascism, and discusses how a political narrative of conspiracy and resistance to imagined tyranny is used to motivate self-improvement, and how this in turn builds and cements radicalisation.
AV futures or futures with AVs? Bridging sociotechnical imaginaries and a multi-level perspective of autonomous vehicle visualisations in praxis
Authors: Martin Robert 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCurrent depictions of autonomous vehicle (AV) futures are produced primarily by automobile manufacturers that largely reflect and reinforce existing sociotechnical systems in a ‘business as usual’ model that frames this technology within a narrative of crisis and technological salvation. This article argues for a more complex analysis of AV futures in which images are understood as vessels for sociotechnical imaginaries that direct and delimit what we think is possible in the future. Through an analytical framework incorporating automobility, transitions, and imaginaries, I explore how depictions of AVs frame the technology as responding to various system pressures over time through a comparative analysis of two actors. The analysis suggests that regime actors deploy visual discursive material as a tool of regime stability or change to benefit their own agendas. The intention of the article is not to anticipate current trajectories but is a methodological exploration of how policymakers and planners can interpret AV visualisations. Therefore, the paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these imaginaries for future transportation systems. It further suggests that policymakers and planners need to take a more active role in the development of AV futures by paying much more attention to the latent meanings behind AV visualisations and working collaboratively with those who produce them.
Combinatorial tuning of electronic structure and thermoelectric properties in Co2MnAl1−xSix Weyl semimetals
Authors: Modak Rajkumar , Goto Kazuki , Ueda Shigenori , Miura Yoshio , Uchida Ken-ichi , Sakuraba Yuya 
Published: March 2021

Tuning of the Fermi level (EF) near Weyl points is one of the promising approaches to realize the large anomalous Nernst effect (ANE). In this work, we introduce an efficient approach to tune EF for the Co2MnAl Weyl semimetal through a layer-by-layer combinatorial deposition of the Co2MnAl1−xSix (CMAS) thin film. A single-crystalline composition-spread film with x varied from 0 to 1 was fabricated. The structural characterization reveals the formation of a single-phase CMAS alloy throughout the composition range with a gradual improvement of L21 order with x similar to the co-sputtered single layered film, which validates the present fabrication technique. Hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy for the CMAS composition-spread film directly confirmed the rigid band-like EF shift of ∼0.40 eV toward the composition gradient direction from x = 0 to 1. The anomalous Ettingshausen effect (AEE), the reciprocal of the ANE, has been measured for the whole x range using a single strip along the composition gradient using the lock-in thermography technique. The similarity of the x dependence of observed AEE and ANE signals clearly demonstrates that AEE measurement on the composition-spread film is an effective approach to investigate the composition dependence of the ANE of Weyl semimetal thin films and realize the highest performance without fabricating several films, which will accelerate the research on ANE-based energy harvesting.
Automated pick-and-place of single nanoparticle using electrically controlled low-surface energy nanotweezer
Authors: Lyu Ya-Kun , Ji Zuo-Tao , He Tao , Lu Zhenda , Zhang Weihua 
Published: March 2021

In this work, we developed electrically controlled nanotweezers, which are capable of picking, moving, and placing a single sub-50 nm particle precisely and repeatably in ambient air. The nanotweezers are made of a fluoride polymer coated conductive atomic force microscope tip. By applying voltages on such a low surface energy tip, one can tune the binding energy between the tip and the nanoparticle up and down and consequently pick and place a nanoparticle with a high success rate (&gt;90%). Moreover, we automated the whole pick-and-place procedure with the help of the computer vision technique, and it allows us to pattern nanoparticles into arbitrary patterns without any manual operation.
Membrane bending by protein phase separation
Authors: Yuan Feng , Alimohamadi Haleh , Bakka Brandon , Trementozzi Andrea N. , Day Kasey J. , Fawzi Nicolas L. , Rangamani Padmini , Stachowiak Jeanne C. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Cellular membranes take on an elaborate set of highly curved and bent shapes which are essential to diverse cellular functions from endocytosis to cell division. The prevailing view has been that membrane bending is driven by proteins with curved shapes, which assemble at the membrane surface to form solid scaffolds. In contrast, here we show that proteins which form liquid-like assemblies on membranes are also potent drivers of bending. These “liquid scaffolds” apply compressive stress to the membrane surface, generating a diverse and dynamic family of membrane shapes. These data, which come at a time when liquid-like protein assemblies are being identified throughout the cell, suggest that protein liquids may play an important role in shaping cellular membranes.
Archaeal Connectase is a specific and efficient protein ligase related to proteasome β subunits
Authors: Fuchs Adrian C. D. , Ammelburg Moritz , Martin Jörg , Schmitz Ruth A. , Hartmann Marcus D. , Lupas Andrei N. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Connectase is an unusual monomeric homolog of proteasome subunits which, unlike all other currently known members of this hydrolase family, is a sequence-specific protein ligase. We identify a natural target for it in a key enzyme of the pathway by which carbon dioxide and hydrogen are converted to methane in archaea. The transpeptidase reaction it catalyzes is highly sequence-specific, allowing it to efficiently ligate proteins that carry the recognition sequence, even in dilute and impure solutions. Connectase ligates substrates at substantially higher rates than other transpeptidases and without detectable side reactions, thus representing a valuable new tool for bioengineering.
Disruption of neonatal Purkinje cell function underlies injury-related learning deficits
Authors: Sathyanesan Aaron , Kratimenos Panagiotis , Gallo Vittorio 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Injury to the cerebellum during late fetal and early postnatal life is associated with long-term motor and cognitive deficits. It is thought that injury at this stage of development results in delayed maturation of neural circuitry, causing altered behavior at later stages. This study identifies the neural basis of locomotor learning deficits in the cerebellum using a clinically relevant model of neonatal brain injury. By combining fiber-optic-enabled Purkinje cell activity measurement during locomotor behavior, we provide evidence for long-term changes in neuronal responses during learning. By artificially reducing Purkinje cell function during the neonatal stage, we observed similarly altered physiological responses as those seen in injury. Our findings indicate that injury-related inhibition of developing Purkinje cells causes long-term locomotor dysfunction.
Distinct functional developments of surviving and eliminated presynaptic terminals
Authors: Midorikawa Mitsuharu , Miyata Mariko 
Published: March 2021

Significance
During neuronal circuit development, there is a surplus of synapses that undergo selective strengthening or elimination via experience-dependent mechanisms. However, the functional differentiation of presynaptic terminals during the refinement process remains elusive. To address this issue, we performed direct electrophysiological recordings selectively from presynaptic terminals fated for survival or elimination in the somatosensory thalamus during neural circuit refinement. With development, the transmitter release mechanisms matured in an experience-dependent manner at surviving presynaptic terminals but not at those that were later eliminated. However, the maturation of action potential waveforms was indistinguishable between surviving and eliminated terminals. Thus, we clarified a distinct functional development of presynaptic terminals fated for survival and for elimination during neuronal circuit refinement.
Synthetic heparan sulfate standards and machine learning facilitate the development of solid-state nanopore analysis
Authors: Xia Ke , Hagan James T. , Fu Li , Sheetz Brian S. , Bhattacharya Somdatta , Zhang Fuming , Dwyer Jason R. , Linhardt Robert J. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Glycans, proteins, and nucleic acids are the three most important biomolecule classes. Nanopore DNA sequencing is moving toward maturity as a competitive alternative to commonly used technologies. A few nanopore studies have made successful forays into the realm of glycan analysis, motivating the work described in our paper. However, these previous studies have been limited by the absence of highly controlled/well-regulated standards, which now have been chemoenzymatically synthesized by us. Without using amplification, with pioneering solid-state nanopore platform and machine-learning–based signal, we clearly differentiate four synthetic heparan sulfates and, astonishingly, determine disaccharide and even monosaccharide composition on as little as 1 zeptomole of sample.
Quantification ofBrucella abortuspopulation structure in a natural host
Authors: Fiebig Aretha , Vrentas Catherine E. , Le Thien , Huebner Marianne , Boggiatto Paola M. , Olsen Steven C. , Crosson Sean 
Published: March 2021

SignificanceUnderstanding microbial population dynamics during infection has important implications for disease management, transmission, and pathogen evolution. A quantitative analysis of microbial population structure requires the ability to track individual strains. We used a pool of individually barcoded strains to measure changes inBrucella abortuspopulation structure during infection of bovine hosts via the ocular conjunctiva, a natural route of entry. Cattle exert a severe bottleneck on the bacterial population entering through the conjunctival mucosa such that individual cells have a 0.0001 probability of colonizing a local draining lymph node. The populations in lymph nodes, even on different sides of the same animal, are distinct and dominated by a small number of highly abundant, spatially distinct clones.