bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STUDY ON THE ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY OVER THE PERIOD OF 9 YEARS
Authors: Raza Maqbool , Rafique Atif , Khattak Shahid Farooq , Ali Muhammad , Aleem Adil , Zubair Muhammad 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To share experience of 1000 patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in 4different hospitals for various diseases over span of 9 years.
Study Design: Prospective observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: Sheikh Khalifa Hospital Muzaffarabad, Combined Military Hospital Sialkot, PakEmirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi and CMH Quetta, from Jun 2009 to Jun 2018.
Methodology: We included 1000 patients who underwent Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in fourdifferent military hospitals, suffering with various diseases discussed later. Patients were operated after failureto get response to medical therapy. All the patients had preoperative endoscopic examination and CT-scan paranasal sinuses (PNS) done for disease assessment. Patients were examined post operatively at 1, 15 days and 2 months. All patients were documented for the level of satisfaction at end of 2 months post-operative period.
Results: Most patients were suffering from rhino sinusitis 364 (36.4%). Bilateral ethmoidal polyps constitutedthe second largest group at 289 (28.9%) patients. About 837 (83.7%) of patients were completely free of symptom, 104 (10.4%) with partial improvement whereas, 59 (5.9%) patients did not report any improvement in symptoms. 899 (89.9%) of patients were discharged on their first post operation day meaning less hospital stay and quick recovery.Conclusion: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) can be employed to treatment variety of common nasal diseases (chronic rhino-sinusitis, nasal polyps) & non-nasal diseases like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea & as approach to skull base. This method of treatment was quite effective in alleviating symptoms of patients.
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING AND ADJUSTMENT OF SINGLE PARENTS: PSYCHOSOCIALAND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES
Authors: Tarar Amina Hanif , Asghar Huma , Ijaz Muhammad Mohsin , Tarar Muhammad Ali 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To explore the relationship between psychological well-being and psycho-social adjustment ofeconomically independent and dependent single parents belonging to various socio-economic classes.
Study Design: Correlational study.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at technical services association, Lahore, from Jun 2018 to Aug 2019.
Methodology: A sample of 213 single parents with ages ranging from 25 to 50 was selected through purposivesampling. Psychological Well-Being Scale Revisited and Psychological Adjustment Scale were used.
Results: Multivariate analysis showed that well-being and adjustment levels of divorced (M=114.17, SD=24.5),(M= 88.89, SD=19.45) single parents was significantly lower than those of widowed (M=136.78, SD=17.68),(M=105.86, SD=10.88) ones respectively. Also, economically independent (M=135.1, SD=20.38), (M=104.0, SD=14.5) single parents had better well-being and adjustment than those who are economically dependent (M=108.3, SD=24.5), (M=85.5, SD=17.1). Furthermore, post-hoc tests revealed significantly low psychological well-being (M=130.72, SD=23.16) and adjustment (M=81, SD=12.23) of single parents from lower social class.
Conclusion: The study concludes that socio-economic status and economic independence/dependence have aprofound impact on the psychological wellbeing and adjustment of single parents. These findings will promotethe understanding of single parenting in collectiveistic cultures and may lead towards learning of coping strategies to foster psychological well-being, familial and social adjustments of single parents.
CHALLENGES OF E-LEARNING FACED BY MEDICAL TEACHERS AND STUDENTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Qamar Khadija , Kiran Faiza , Khan Muhammad Alamgir , Raza Sayed Nusrat , Iram Maria , Rauf Ayesha 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To explore perceptions of medical students and faculty, regarding challenges of e-learning they faced, during COVID-19 pandemic.
Study Design: Mixed method study (Quantitative and Qualitative - Phenomenological approach).
Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College Pakistan, from Apr 2020 to Sep 2020.
Methodology: A self-made questionnaire, having both qualitative and quantitative elements, was developed after interviews of participants. It was pilot tested, finalized and sent via Google forms. Total 318 students and 6 faculty members responded, data was transcribed verbatim, themes were identified, and qualitative inductive content analysis of participants‟ reports was done.
Results: Twenty-seven subthemes were identified by analyzing students‟ and faculty perceptions. They were grouped under five major themes, namely, communicational, technological, institutional, related to educators and students.
Conclusion: Despite limiting factors like communication gap, digital refugee faculty teaching digital native students, limited technical support, digital divide and unplanned curricular delivery, e-learning was found to be beneficial in terms of flexibility in timings, improving learners‟ self-efficacy, faculty transformation and gradual acceptance. Moreover, it provided opportunity for hybrid e-curriculum development.
WORK RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL EFFECTS IN EMPLOYEES REPORTING TO FIELD HOSPITAL IN MONROVIA, LIBERIA, A SURVEY
Authors: Munir Muhammad Usman , Tariq Muhammad , Asif Naveed 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To analyze work related effects on musculoskeletal system in employees reporting to Pakistan Field Hospital level II (PFH lvl II) Star Base, Monrovia, Liberia.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: PFH lvl II, Star Base, Monrovia, Liberia, from Apr to Sep 2017.
Methodology: We enrolled 104 patients 30-60 years (years) consecutively, who were given a questionnaire regarding demographic and work related musculoskeletal issues. Type of work is divided into two categories as desk work/computer work and physical. Musculoskeletal issues were divided into head-ache, upper limb/cervical issues, lower limb/nonspecific back issues and combined upper and lower limb issues. Descriptivestatistics were used for variables under study. Pearson Chi square test (X2) and odd’s ratios (OR) were calculated.
Results: Our study showed 48 (46%) suffering from Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) as compare to 56 (54%) who were symptom free. There were increase in percentage of MSDs with increase in age groups. Desk related issues (58.8%) were more common in 41–50 yrs age whereas manual work related MSDs (72.2%) were predominant in 31–40 yrs group. Gender OR = 14.806, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 3.2-68.3 and obesity (OR = 2.727,95% CI: 1.0-7.1) showed strong association with work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).
Conclusion: Our study will raise awareness of work related musculoskeletal effects and measures to avoid them.Keywords: , , .
PATTERNS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE – MINERAL BONE DISEASE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AMONG THE PATIENTS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE UNDERGOING HEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Butt Batool , Ejaz Taymmia , Sabir Sohail , Khan Ghayas 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To determine the prevalence of patterns of CKD-MBD in dialysis patients at a tertiary care hospital and analyze its relationship with various socio demographic factors.
Study Design: Analytical cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jul 2017 to Dec 2017.
Methodology: The sample population comprised of 100 patients undergoing hemodialysis and blood samples of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and intact PTH were obtained from these patients. CKD-MBD was classified on the basis of biochemical abnormalities and their relationship with age, gender, marital status, smoking history, dialysis count per week, dialysis duration was assessed.Results: Out of 82 patients consisting of 62 males and 20 females, the mean age was 49.8 ± 16 years, 68% of dialysis patients had biochemical abnormalities of which 73% showing high turn over bone disease and 26.8% showing low turnover bone disease (adynamic and osteomalacia). After applying the logistic regression we found that age, gender, dialysis vintage and other socio-demograhic factors had no significant association with the CKD-MBD subtypes.
Conclusion: Biochemical abnormalities although common in dialysis patients but the sturdy interconnection between them is still shrouded in disputation. Special consideration should be remunerated to the dialysis population with different spectrum of CKD-MBD as propitious management can procrastinate the progression of CKD and eventually paring down the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
El posible origen náhuatl del hipocorístico “guanaco” aplicado a los salvadoreños
Authors: Lemus Jorge E. 
Published: January 2021

For the past fifty years or so, Salvadoran people have come to accept the hypocoristic “guanaco”, currently used by Central Americans and people from other latitudes to refer to Salvadorans, as their own. Because of its unofficial character, there has been a variety of conjectures about the history and etymology of the word. In this paper, the author carries out a diachronic study of the word, consulting primary sources to test the validity of the most well-known hypotheses about its origin, such as “wanaku” (Lama guanicoe), “cuanacastli” (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) and “guanahico” (native from Guanahani—San Salvador—Island ). The paper shows that the term was not originally used to refer to Salvadorans exclusively, but to anyone born outside Guatemala City. Its reference to Salvadorans became more generalized from the second half of the XX Century on, especially after the 1969 El Salvador- Honduras War. Finally, the author, based on colonial and postcolonial texts, proposes a new hypothesis that considers “guanaco” as a word of Nahuatl origin.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 74, No. 757, 2019: 283-304.
Palabras del señor rector de la Universidad Centroamericana “José Simeón Cañas”, P. Andreu Oliva de la Esperanza, S. J., en ocasión de la visita de una delegación de congresistas estadounidenses a El Salvador el 9 de agosto 2019
Authors: Editor El 
Published: January 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 74, No. 758, 2019: 309-314.
El Salvador
Authors: Serrano Omar 
Published: January 2021

El Salvador vive un nuevo estilo de gobernar, hecho posible gracias a la incapacidad y la corrupción de los Gobiernos de la posguerra. Hasta el momento, del Gobierno no se conocen sus planes y apuestas estratégicas. Los cambios en la forma de ejercer el poder destellan signos de un Gobierno autocrático bien recibido por la mayoría de la población. Su empeño en ganar a toda costa la mayoría de escaños y alcaldías en las elecciones de 2021 y la búsqueda del apoyo incondicional de las Fuerzas Armadas y la Policía apuntan hacia el autoritarismo. Los signos que ha dado revelan también la apuesta por el neoliberalismo, una “diplomacia del billete” que posibilita a la vez el sometimiento a los Estados Unidos y recibir dádivas del Gobierno chino. La población ha dado signos de que en estos tiempos su apoyo no es incondicional y todo dependerá de que las promesas y esperanzas se conviertan en realidades para que este apoyo no troque, una vez más, en decepción colectiva.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 74, No. 759, 2019: 373-381
Descolonización como transgresión arquetípica de la dominación desde una praxis filosófica, intercultural, crítica y liberadora
Authors: Molina Martínez Julio César 
Published: January 2021

En los planteamientos de la necesidad de “repensar” el pensamiento en Latinoamérica, nos encontramos con la posibilidad de otras formas de llamar a la crítica. Si la enmarcamos dentro de los parámetros de la filosofía de la liberación, en clave descolonizadora, viene a ser la transgresión de los arquetipos que configuran la dominación, una transgresión que implica un empoderamiento de las categorías ancestrales en los aparatos discursivos y el resarcimiento de los vilipendios que han sufrido los símbolos, significantes y significados en la estructuración sociolingüística de los pueblos originarios. Para evitar caer en el abismo de lo negado por el sistema del mundo capitalista, el quehacer intelectual, tecnológico y cultural se ha mantenido en una asimilación mimética instrumental, aparentemente integrada en el modelo de “sistema-mundo de sobrevivencia humana por excelencia”. Por ello se hace necesario un contragiro transgresor que desmitifique la negación de posiciones económicas desclasificadas de la cultura universal. Redescubrir y reconstruir las categorías de un pensar propio, con el cual se pueda tejer la consciencia utópica de la liberación, demanda una regeneración de los estereotipos semánticos, semióticos y lingüísticos de la dominación. Y aunque puede parecer una empresa arriesgada, alienta el posicionamiento de las ausencias y las emergencias del no ser en diálogos capaces de reivindicar los epistemicidios que correlacionan y justifican los genocidios y ecocidios de las fuerzas militares y culturales de dominación neocolonizadoras.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 74, No. 759, 2019: 443-455
RASSAL ORMAN REGRESYONU VE DESTEK VEKTÖR REGRESYONU İLE PİYASA TAKAS FİYATININ TAHMİNİ
Authors: DEMİREZEN Sinan , ÇETİN Meral 
Published: January 2021

Antik çağdan beri varlığı bilinen statik elektrik 1880’de New York’ta üretilen elektrik ile farklı bir anlam kazanarak insan hayatının vazgeçilmez bir unsuru olmuştur. Günümüzde, temel ihtiyaç alanına girmiş olan elektriğin üretiminden dağıtımına kadar önceleri devlet tekeliyle gerçekleştirilse de özellikle 1980’lı yıllardan itibaren elektrik piyasası serbestleştirilmeye başlanarak rekabetçi bir yapıya dönüşmesi amaçlanmıştır. Serbestleşme adımları başta Şili olmak üzere, İngiltere, Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda ve Baltık ülkelerinde gerçekleşmiş ve günümüzde de bu dönüşüm süreci devam etmektedir. Ülkemizde ise elektrik piyasasındaki serbestleşme çalışmaları tam olarak 2000’li yıllarda gerçekleşmeye başlamıştır. 2015 yılında EPDK’dan aldığı piyasa işletim lisansı ile Enerji Piyasaları İşletme Anonim Şirketi (EPİAŞ) faaliyete geçerek elektrik piyasasının serbestleştirilmesinde önemli bir adım atılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, EPİAŞ tarafından işletilmekte olan Gün Öncesi Piyasası’nda belirlenen saatlik Piyasa Takas Fiyatının (PTF) tahmin edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. PTF’nin geçmiş değerlerinin ve gün öncesi piyasasında oluşan işlem hacminin PTF tahminindeki başarısı araştırılmıştır. Tahmin yöntemi olarak, makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinden rassal orman regresyonu ve destek vektör regresyonu kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda, makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinin tahmin performanslarının karşılaştırılmasında literatürde sıklıkla kullanılan RMSE, MAE ve MAPE kriterlerine göre rassal orman regresyon yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen ve işlem hacminin de dahil olduğu değişken grubu PTF’yi en iyi tahmin eden model (RFR-2.grup) olmuştur. Bu çalışma ile işlem hacminin PTF için önemli bir değişken olduğu belirlenmiş olup PTF tahmin çalışmalarında diğer yöntemlere göre görece daha az kullanılan rassal orman regresyonunda bu yöntemler kadar önemli olduğu görülmüştür.
ANALISIS LOKASI PADA PERENCANAAN TERMINAL TOPOYO MAMUJU TENGAH
Authors: Fisu Amiruddin Akbar 
Published: January 2021

Pada perencanaan terminal yang baik adalah yang perencanaan lokasinya secara sistem jaringan mampu berperan dalam melancarkan pergerakan sistem transportasi secara keseluruhan, dengan demikian perencanaan dan pengembangannya perlu ditata dalam satu kesatuan sistem yang terpadu. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis lokasi perencanaan Terminal Topoyo, Mamuju Tengah, baik secara makro maupun mikro. Letak terminal sangatlah berperan, terutama dalam kaitannya dengan peran yang disandang oleh terminal bersangkutan dalam sistem jaringan rute ataupun keberadaan terminal tersebut dalam system prasarana jaringan jalan. Jenis studi ini adalah deskriptif evaluatif dengan membandingkan kriteria lokasi terminal yang ideal dengan kondisi alternatif-alternatif lokasi yang ada. Analisis terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu analisis lokasi terminal decara makro dan secara mikro. Analisis lokasi secara makro dilakukan dengan metode skoring berdasarkan tujuh kriteria lokasi terminal yang telah ditetapkan. Sedangkan untuk Analisis lokasi secara mikro, juga menggunakan teknik analisis skoring dan matriks kinerja (performance matrix) yang merupakan representasi dari tingkat pemenuhan kriteria dari suatu alternatif yang merupakan hasil perkalian dari skor alternative terhadap variabel kriteria dengan besarnya bobot setiap kriteria. Hasil analisis makro, dengan menggunakan metode skoring dan penilaian kualitatif, maka terpilih lokasi alternatif pertama. Pada lokasi tersebut dianalisis mikro dengan juga menggunakan teknik analisis skoring dan matriks kinerja (performance matrix) maka diperoleh hasil pada Lokasi 1 (nilai 87.397) ditetapkan sebagai lokasi terbaik dalam pembangunan terminal di Kabupaten Mamuju Tengah dibandingkan dengan lokasi alternatif 2 yang hanya memiliki nilai 84.613
OPTIMALISASI SALURAN PEMBUANG TO’ PONGO DESA TO’ PONGO KECAMATAN LAMASI
Authors: Sari Andi Kartini 
Published: January 2021

Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak optimalisasi pada saluran pembuang To’pongo dan seberapa besar daya tampung volume genangan serta debit rata-rata dan debit rencana pada saluran tersebut untuk para petani Desa To’pongo. Lokasi penelitian berada di Desa To’ Pongo Kecamatan Lamasi Kabupaten Luwu. Perhitungan volume saluran pembuang eksisting diambil satu sempel penampang patok saja, dengan Lebar saluran (B) 1,92 m, lebar saluran (B1) 1,20 m dan tinggi saluran (T) 0,63 m. Lebar atas genangan (B) 0,57 cm, lebar bawah genangan (B1) 0,40 cm, tinggi genangan (T) 0.40 cm, panjang tersier (P1) 488 m dan Panjang tarsier (P2) 451 m. Hasil perhitungan didapatkan panjang saluran pembuang To’Pongo 2236 m, volume eksisting pembuang To’pongo 3939.71 m3, Volume rencana 5781.33 m3, volume luapan areal sawah 406,187 m3 ,dan volume saluran tersier bernilai 187,31 m3, Sehingga berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat di nyatakan pengoptimalan pada saluran pembuang To’Pongo dengan jumlah volume luapan pada areal sawah 406,187 m3, sedangkan volume rencana optimalisasi adalah 9720,95 m3. Dengan hasil optimalisasi yang maksimal tentu kecepatan aliran luapan di areal sawah akan semakin maksimal
IMPLEMENTASI WHITE BOX PADA INFORMASI AKADEMIK SMP NEGERI 1 BUPON
Authors: Paembonan Solmin 
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan informasi akademik yang mampu mengatasi kelemahan-kelemahan dari sistem yang sedang dipakai saat ini. Sistem akademik yang sedang berjalan di SMP NEGERI 1 BUPON masih menggunakan ms.office, tanpa adanya database. Hal ini dapat diliat dari cara pembuatan laporan data siswa, staf dan guru. Waterfall pada desain akademik SMP Negeri I BUPON ini melakukan pendekatan secara urut mulai dari level kebutuhan sistem lalu menuju ke tahap analisis, desain, coding, testing dan maintenance, dimana tahap demi tahap dilalui harus menunggu selesainya tahap sebelumnya dan berjalan berurutan. Selanjutnya hasil pengujian dengan metode pengujian white box bernilai sama untuk jumlah Region = 71, Cyclomatic Complexity = 71 dan Independent Path = 71
BIODEGRADATION OF USED BABY DIAPERS USING CELLULOLITIC FUNGUS AND BACTERIA WITH SOLID FERMENTATION
Authors: Novianty Riryn , Dahliaty Andi , Nasution Nurul Iflah , Haryati Haryati 
Published: January 2021

Diapers are made by cotton and pulp containing cellulose that can be used as a substrate in the production of cellulose enzymes. The purpose of this research is to determine the ability of cellulolytic fungi Trichoderma asperellum LBKURCC1 and cellulolytic bacteria S-22 to degrade the used diapers containing urine by solid fermentation for 10, 20, and 30 days. The activity of crude extract of cellulose enzyme was observed with CMC 2% as substrate at pH 5,5 (Trichoderma asperellum LBKURCC1) and pH 7 (bacteria S-22 isolate), incubation temperature 40ºC during 30 minutes by using Nelson Somogyi’s method. The result showed that used diapers can be used as substrate for cellulose enzyme production by fungi Trichoderma asperellum LBKURCC1 with the highest activity of cruide extract cellulose enzyme obtained at 10th days solid fermentation of (1,891 ± 1,453) × 10-3 U / mL and by bacteria S-22 isolate at 20th days solid fermentation of (2,854 ± 0,019) × 10-3 U/mL. It can be concluded that bacteria S-22 isolate would degrade the used diapers better than fungi Trichoderma asperellum LBKURCC1. The result of this research compared to quality standards compost of SNI: 19-7030-2004 have not fulfilled, so it can not be used as compost.
Pengembangan Mikroskop Digital Berbasis Blended Learning untuk Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Jasmaniah Kinestetik Mahasiswa pada Praktikum Anatomi Tumbuhan
Authors: Sugianto Sugianto , Fitriani Any , Anggraeni Sri , Setiawan Wawan 
Published: January 2021

Kondisi awal pembelajaran praktikum anatomi tumbuhan di Universitas Wiralodra menunjukkan belum terlatihnya kecerdasan jasmaniah kinestetik mahasiswa. Hal ini terbukti bahwa mahasiwa tidak merasa terlatih dalam mengoprasikan mikroskop dan menentukan pembesaran mikroskop, yang artinya kecerdasan jasmaniah kinestetik mahasiswa belum terlatih. Berdasarkan permasalah tersebut maka dibutuhkan mikroskop digital yang dapat melatih kecerdasan jasmaniah kinestetik mahasiswa dalam praktikum anatomi tumbuhan. Perlu adanya inovasi teknologi mikroskop digital sebagai sarana penunjang praktikum anatomi tumbuhan. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan mikroskop digital berbasis blended learning dalam meningkatkan kecerdasan majemuk mahasiswa pada praktikum anatomi tumbuhan. Sesuai dengan sifat penelitian merupakan pengembangan mikroskop digital berbasis blended learning, maka jenis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Research and Development). Subyek uji coba pada penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa calon guru pendidikan biologi semester 2 prodi Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Wiralodra yang terdiri 5 kelas dan berjumlah 185 mahasiswa. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode cluster random sample, terdiri dari 2 kelas yaitu Bio B (kelas eksperimen) dan Bio D (kelas kontrol) dengan syarat populasi tersebut bersifat homogen. Hasil pengembangan Mikroskop digital berbasis blended learning yang digunakan pada praktikum anatomi tumbuhan dinyatakan sangat valid. Mikroskop digital berbasis blended learning yang dikembangkan dapat meningkatkan kecerdasan jasmaniah kinestetik mahasiswa pada praktikum anatomi tumbuhan,dalam kategori tinggi. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan peningkatan kecerdasan jasmaniah kinestetik mahasiswa antara kelas yang menggunakan mikroskop digital berbasis blended learning dan kelas yang menggunakan mikroskop cahaya binokuler.
EFEKTIVITAS MODEL OPEN INQUIRY TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS PADA MATERI EKOSISTEM
Authors: Yuliana Eva 
Published: January 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas model open inquiry terhadap keterampilan proses sains pada materi ekosistem di MAN 1 Indramayu. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian Quasi Eksperimen, menggunakan statistik parametrik dengan populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X MAN 1 Indramayu yang berjumlah 185 siswa dengan sempel dua kelas yaitu kelas X MIA 1 berjumlah 25 siswa dan X MIA 2 berjumlah 20 siswa dengan teknik penarikan sampel cluster random sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lima butir soal uraian. Hasil pengolahan dan analisis data keterampilan proses sains diperoleh hasil uji hipotesis sebagai berikut: thitung= 6,0215 dan ttabel= 1,671. Karena Thitung>ttabel, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ho ditolak, artinya model open inquiry efektif terhadap keterampilan proses sains siswa pada materi ekosistem