bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hazardous use of alcohol among men in the tribal population of Jawadhi Hills, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Rose Anuradha , Mohan Venkat Raghava , Vinodh Amala , David Sam Marconi , George Kuryan , Minz Shantidani , Prasad Jasmin Helan 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Worldwide, hazardous use of alcohol is common among many cultures and societies and adversely impacts families and communities, with significant morbidity and mortality. Scheduled Tribes (STs) who are socially deprived and marginalised have higher rates of alcohol use.

Aim:
We attempted to determine the nature, prevalence, and risk factors associated with hazardous consumption of alcohol in the tribal community.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult male and permanent residents of Jawadhi hills. A total of 1200 men were interviewed. Study participants were chosen by Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) sampling method. The questionnaire that documented socio-demographic characteristics and patterns of alcohol use was used. AUDIT tool was used to assess the hazardous use of Alcohol. Data were analysed using SPSS.

Results:
Majority of the men were middle-aged, married, and were from lower socio-economic strata. A large proportion of men (65%) had a history of alcohol consumption in the last one year using one-year, of whom a quarter showed hazardous use (29%) and another quarter exhibited alcohol dependency (24%). Tobacco use, higher income and local alcohol production were found to be significant risk factors for Hazardous alcohol use.

Conclusion:
Alcohol consumption needs to be treated as a social problem and has to be tackled at the policy level. Population-based interventions, legislation, taxation, policies regarding the manufacture and sale of alcohol, are some of the ways to address this problem.
Lived experience of having type 2 diabetes
Authors: Alruwaili Mofreh A. F. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
The study was aimed to explore the lived experience among patients with type-2 diabetes living in rural settings.

Methods:
A qualitative phenomenological study design was used in this study.

Results:
First, the patients' reactions were a mixture of denial and shock regarding their diagnosis of diabetes. Second, they faced challenges of having debilitating disease. Third, all were Muslims, and their faith led them to accept their disease as their destiny from Allah. Fourth, they psychologically accepted the disease to gain the physical acceptance of their condition. Finally, the participants demonstrated a degree of adaptation.

Conclusion:
The study findings suggested that type-2 diabetes is viewed as a matter of destiny. Although participants in the current study revealed natural feelings of shock and denial towards their illnesses in the early stages; however, they soon became more familiar with their disease and expressed a feeling of acceptance and adaptation, especially during Ramadan.
Effect of preoperative multimedia based video information on perioperative anxiety and hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing surgery under spinal anesthesia
Authors: Rajput Sachin K. , Tiwari Tanmay , Chaudhary Ajay K. 
Published: January 2021

Background and Aims:
Pre-anesthesia checkup (PAC) gives unique opportunity for providing necessary information, patient education and allaying anxiety. Our objective was to measure the effect of preoperative multimedia video information (self made short video of 12 minutes) on patient's anxiety and hemodynamic parameters during surgery under spinal anesthesia.

Methods:
This prospective randomized study was conducted in 80 patients of either sex with ASA physical status I and II posted for lower limb surgery under spinal anesthesia. Patents were randomized to control or test group. At the end of preoperative visit, patients in test group watched the film and patient in control group did not watch any video. Verbal briefing by the attending anesthesiologist on the day of surgery was given to all patients of both the groups. Anxiety using Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) and hemodynamic parameters (SBP, DBP and HR) at various time intervals (A1: Baseline, A2: post intervention, A3: just before surgery, A4: after surgery) were measured.

Results:
Baseline anxiety (A1) scores were severe in both the groups and showed no statistical significance (P = 0.436). Patients in test group (video) showed better/lower anxiety levels than the control group (non video) at A2 (P = 0.020) and A3 (P = 0.005) respectively, similarly hemodynamic parameters were better controlled and showed lesser deviation from baseline values in test group as compared to control group and showed statistical significant difference (P < 0.001) just before surgery.

Conclusion:
Combination of multimedia based video information at the time of PAC and short verbal briefing on the day of surgery by the attending anesthesiologist provides effective management of perioperative anxiety. It can be cost effective way of enhancing patient care and providing adequate information to people with reading and comprehension difficulties.
A three year Seroepidemiological and molecular study of Epstein –Barr virus infection among different age groups with hematological malignancies in a Tertiary care centre of North India ( 2017 -2019)
Authors: Patel Sangram Singh , Singh Sweta , Sahu Chinmoy , Ghoshal Ujjala , Verma Hemant 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the family Gamma Herpes viridae and is usually implicated in malignancies like non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. The present study was designed with the aim to estimate the seroprevalence of EBV in people with hematological malignancies and further follow up was planned by viral load quantitation by Real time PCR in positive cases.

Methods:
The current study was planned for a period of three years and a total of 272 serum samples were tested from patients with hematological malignancies namely; HL, NHL, ALL, CLL. Serological testing was performed for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against EBV viral capsid antigen. Sera of the patients found positive for IgM was further subjected to viral DNA extraction and Real Time Quantitative PCR was performed by a commercial kit.

Results:
The overall seropositivity rate was 89.2% for EBV IgG antibodies and 56.1% for IgM antibodies. The seroprevalence for anti-EBV VCA IgM was found to be highest in the age group <10 years (34.8%) and 11–22 years (20.4%). Of the 109 EBV positive strains by PCR, 27.3% were HL, 35.2% NHL, 24.3% ALL and 13.7% were CLL. The mean viral load was 68.7 × 107 copies/ml DNA.

Conclusion:
Our study showed a higher seroprevalence and a definite causal relationship of EBV in lymphoma patients. Young adults showed a higher risk of hematological malignancies as compared to elder population. This study can prove to be an essential guide and aid to the primary care physicians in identifying the possible risk factors and seroprevalence in various age groups of EBV malignancy patients for their proper follow up and referral to higher speciality centres.
Comparing pattern of musculoskeletal injuries prior to and during COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Dahuja Anshul , Bansal Kapil , Gupta Nikhil , Arora Sagar , Garg Radhe Shyam , Gupta Mamta 
Published: January 2021

Background and Aims:
In the COVID-19 times, Indian sub-continent is struggling to contain the epidemic and trying to strengthen the existing health infrastructure, the national level lockdown has raised concerns about the pattern of injuries whether it has remained the same or has changed over this period. This is the first study to compare injury pattern during the two months lockdown period with the data of corresponding months from years 2016-2020. Also we compared the age- and sex-wise distribution patterns of these injuries for the above mentioned period.

Methods:
This retrospective cross sectional study was conducted by the Department of Orthopaedics in Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital (GGSMCH) in Faridkot, Punjab. Secondary data for patient's age and sex, mode of injury, and site of injury was collected through record review for the period of two months (24th March to 24th May) for five consecutive years of 2016-2020. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test was used to see the association between age and sex with mode and type of injury.

Results:
The five year injury trends reflected that the proportion of injuries in 2016 was 16.5% (n = 48) of the total musculoskeletal injuries (n = 291) which rose to 23.4% (n = 68) in 2020. Majority of the patients were males (80%), and belonged to adult age group (69.4%) followed by elderly (17.2%), adolescents (8.6%) and children (4.8%). The proportion of road traffic accidents out of all injuries significantly reduced during the lock down period of two months in 2020 (p = 0.001). On the contrary, the proportion of injuries due to falls as well as unspecified assault increased significantly in 2020 as compared to previous years.

Conclusions:
The proportion of musculoskeletal injuries have increased from 2016-2020. Unspecified assault and all types of falls pushed the road traffic accidents to third position during the lockdown period in 2020 as compared to previous four years. Injury surveillance needs to be integrated in routine hospital system for precise information and for more efficient functioning.
Awareness to consequences of teeth missing and prosthodontics treatment options among people of Aseer region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alshehri Mohammed D. , Alqahtani Wafa M. , Asiri Eman M. , Asiri Maha N. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Good teeth play a significant role in keeping a healthy personality and a decent quality of life. Loss of tooth is listed among the top hundred health condition affecting the world population, resulting not only in aesthetic and functional damage but also has negative social impact thus affecting the overall quality of life. It has been estimated to cause 7.6 million disability adjusted life years (DALY). Tooth loss has negative consequences on oral health as it may cause drifting of adjacent teeth or over eruption of opposing teeth, further loss of adjacent tooth and temporomandibular diseases (TMDs).

Methods:
This cross sectional study was performed in the clinics of Aseer Dental Centre and King Khalid University during the period from February 2020 to April 2020. In the current study, we kept a 95% level of confidence, precision error of 5%, and we anticipated the awareness among targeted population to be 85%. The sample size for our study was 200. Patients attending the Prosthodontic department for any dental consultation with a prosthetically unrestored partial edentulous areas in oral cavity were the target population.

Results:
Out of total 200 patients 50% of them were male while 50% of them were female. Mean Age ± S.D = 57.8 ± 22.5. We have observed that demographical variables have significant relationship regarding teeth awareness and treatment.

Conclusion:
Although tooth loss has a high prevalence, the common causes found were dental caries and loosing of teeth. As both these conditions can be prevented, repeated awareness campaign should be carried out in order to increase the awareness regarding oral hygiene..
Attitudes, beliefs, and self-use of Kabasura Kudineer among urban and rural population in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Bala Dharani 
Published: January 2021

Context:
During an earlier outbreak of dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and swine flu in Tamil Nadu, India, Kabasura Kudineer and Nilavembu Kudineer were used to control the febrile episodes. No research is conducted in the past to understand the attitude and beliefs of people towards using Kabasura Kudineer as a means to improve immunity in people, especially in Tamil Nadu, the birthplace of Siddha medicine which led the researcher to conduct the study.

Aims:
The researcher in the present paper aims to understand the attitude, belief and self-use of Kabasura Kudineer among people in Tamil Nadu, India.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among various people in Tamilnadu, India wherein data was collected from 200 participants.

Methods and Material:
A cross-sectional study involving explanatory/descriptive research design was considered for the study.

Statistical Analysis Used:
For the analysis of collected data statistical package for SPSS software version 25.0 was used.

Results:
The urban participants who participated in the study were 80.5% and the rural participants were 19.5%. The significant P value (0.002) indicated that people use kabasura kudineer because allopathic medicine is less effective medicine and the significant P value (0.001) shows that kabasura kudineer is taken as a self-medication among Tamil Nadu people.

Conclusions:
The findings of the study revealed the better empowerment of people in the select region towards the use of Kabasura Kudineer.
Screening for the risk of diabetes among people aged 31 to 40 years using Indian' diabetic risk score among people attending medicine out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Chennai
Authors: Muthuvelraj Subhashree Bangaru , Maiya G Rakesh 
Published: January 2021

Context:
With an estimated 8.7% of the diabetic population in the 20 and 70 age group, diabetes is a rising problem in India. It is important to screen for diabetes, so that the incidence of diabetes and its complications can be controlled. IDRS is a simple method useful for diabetes risk screening.

Aim:
To assess the risk of diabetes among people aged 31–40 years and to estimate the proportion of participants at high risk for developing diabetes.

Setting and Design:
Cross-sectional study done among the people attending medicine out-patient department of a tertiary care Hospital in Chennai.

Methods:
This study was conducted among 318 participants aged 31 to 40 years. Convenient sampling method was used. IDRS questionnaire was used to assess the risk of diabetes.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data was entered in excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS software version 16, statistical analysis will be done using Chi square test.

Results:
According to IDRS, 35.2% (112) had high risk for developing diabetes, 55% (175) had moderate risk and 9.7% (31) had low risk for developing diabetes. Those subjects with family history of diabetes, increased waist circumference and increased age were found to be associated with higher risk of developing diabetes.

Conclusion:
In this study, majority of the participants had moderate risk (55%) and high risk (35.2%) of developing diabetes. Thus, it is necessary to bring more awareness among the people and initiation of lifestyle changes to delay the onset of diabetes and its complications.
Quality of life and depression among diabetic patients attending the lifestyle clinic of a teaching hospital, West Bengal
Authors: Basu Gandhari , Nandi Dipanjan , Biswas Sujata , Roy Suman Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Context:
The coexistence of diabetes and depression has resulted in poor quality of life. Reported literature suggested the need for research for assessing the correlates of both quality of life along with depression in diabetic persons.

Aims:
To assess the quality of life (QOL), the prevalence of depression and associated factors in diabetic patients attending the lifestyle clinic of a tertiary healthcare facility in Eastern India.

Settings and Design:
This hospital-based descriptive, cross-sectional research recruited 219 patients with diabetes to assess the QOL and depression in the lifestyle clinic of a tertiary healthcare facility.

Methods and Materials:
The quality of life was assessed with the help of the World Health Organization (WHO) QOL BREF instrument. Depression was determined by a standardized Patient Health Questionnaire - 9(PHQ-9). The sociodemographic and diabetes-related information were collected by a semistructured questionnaire. Clinical and anthropometric examinations were conducted.

Statistical Analysis Used:
All the available data were initially coded and then analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 licensed software.

Results:
The participants had a median age of 54 years. Illiteracy was significantly more among females. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity. Gender-wise difference in mean of weight, height, hip circumference, and QOL score in the psychosocial domain was significant. The mean QOL score was least in the social domain and highest in the environmental domain. Literate patients had a statistically significantly better QOL. Depression was observed significantly more in females, illiterates, and unemployed respondents.

Conclusions:
Diabetic women with lesser literacy have an increased risk of poor QOL. Women, illiterates, and the unemployed suffered more from depression. Therefore, a target-specific, routine, and well-planned clinic approach is needed to improve the QOL and mental health of respondents.
Predictors of mortality and the need of mechanical ventilation in confirmed COVID-19 patients presenting to the emergency department in North India
Authors: Suresh Soorya , Tiwari Atul , Mathew Roshan , Bhaskararayuni Jyothiswaroop , Sahu Ankit Kumar , Aggarwal Praveen , Murmu L.R. , Bhoi Sanjeev , Nayer Jamshed , Ekka Meera , Kumar Akshay , Mishra Prakash , Sinha Tej Prakash 
Published: January 2021

Background and Objectives:
As the number of COVID-19 cases keeps on rising, a better awareness of the nature and severity of the disease will aid in clinical decision-making and management. Hence, this study was conducted to find the predictors of mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients.

Methods:
This was a single centre, prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care centre in north India. We included patients with influenza like illness who tested positive for COVID-19. Information regarding patient demography, symptoms, and vital signs on presentation, laboratory values, chest imaging findings, and disease severity was collected by the emergency physician. QSOFA score and National early warning score (NEWS) score were calculated using initial vital signs. Each patient was followed up till discharge or death.

Results:
We included 116 COVID-19 patients with 33 patients having mild, 46 patients with severe and 37 patients with critical disease. The median age of our patients was 47 years (39–59) with 63% males. About 58% of patients had at least one comorbidity and shortness of breath was the most common presenting feature. The patients with severe and critical disease had a significantly higher respiratory rate and heart rate as compared to mild disease (p < 0.05). SpO2 of those with critical disease was significantly lower as compared to those with mild disease. Mechanical ventilation was required in around 36% of patients which included 67% of patients with critical disease. The overall mortality was 51% with 90% among critical disease. Lower SpO2 and GCS were the only parameters that showed a significant association with mortality and need for mechanical ventilation. The receiver operating characteristics analysis showed NEWS score as a better predictor of mortality and need for mechanical ventilation as compared to qSOFA score.

Conclusion:
NEWS and qSOFA scores are useful tools in predicting fatal outcomes in COVID patients with NEWS score being a better score than qSOFA.
Biodiversity of fauna and heavy metal assessment in selected areas of University of Lagos Akoka Campus, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Osuala F.I. , Abiodun O.A. , Oyeleke B.G. , Humphrey O.F. 
Published: January 2021

The biodiversity of terrestrial fauna and assessment of some heavy metals - cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in soil samples were investigated in selected areas of the University of Lagos Akoka campus. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for heavy metals analysis and biodiversity index was calculated with Margalef, Shanon- Weiner and Simpson index. On the basis of the Shanon- Weiner index, Zoological garden had the highest species richness (2.75) while High-Rise (1.71) had the lowest species diversity. On the basis of the Simpson index (1-D), Faculty of Science had the highest species diversity (0.95) while High-Rise had the lowest diversity (0.75). Formicidae (21.60%), Gecarcinidae (13.77%) and Libellulidae (13.51%) were the families with the highest relative abundance in theUniversity of Lagos while Cercopithecidae (0.26%), Elapidae (0.34%) and Gryllidae (0.34%) were the families with least relative abundance. The result of the soil texture (particle size) of the various sampled zones indicated that sand is the dominant component with a mix of loam. Heavy metal mean concentrations of the soil samples from the University of Lagos indicated the presence of Pb (0.17 - 29.67 mg/kg), Ni (0.59 - 6.63 mg/kg), Mn(72.72 - 398.63 mg/kg), Cr (0.01 - 16.23 mg/kg), Cd (0.20 - 0.87 mg/kg) and Co (0.17 – 6.52 mg/kg). All heavy metals detected were below Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and European Union (EU) permissible limit for heavy metals in soils except Mn. Though, Mn is biologically important with low toxicity, there is need for consistent monitoring of the heavy metals so as not to pose a threat to the biodiversity of the study area.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Heavy metals, Diversity indices, University of Lagos
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through consumption of some popular soft drink products in Nigeria
Authors: Oyekunle J.A.O. , Afolabi F.P. , Okewale F.O. , Adekunle A.S. , Adenuga A.A. , Adeleye A.O. , Ogunfowokan A.O. , Fagbemi J.O. 
Published: January 2021

In this study, levels and types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the commonly consumed soft drink products in Nigeria. This was done to assess the possible human health risks associated with the long-term regular consumption of the soft drink products. Two batches of twelve samples of differently packaged soft drink products were obtained from Ile-Ife, Osun Sate, Nigeria. The PAHs were extracted by Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) method using n-hexane as the extracting solvent, while the cleaned-up samples were analysed for their PAHs content using Gas Chromatography coupled with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The results obtained from the study indicated that seventeen PAHs could be detected from the soft drink samples at levels (μg/mL) that varied diversely among the soft drink samples. Pyrene had the highest level of prevalence while 2-methyl naphthalene had the lowest level of prevalence; it was present in only one sample. Levels of SPAHs were lowest in sample B while the least levels of SPAHs were found in sample F. The result indicated that B had a higher potential for carcinogenic risks from consumptionthan the other soft drink samples. The observed values of estimated Dietary Daily Intake (DDI) for the total PAHs and carcinogenic toxic equivalents (TEQ) in sample B were the highest indicating that there could be a higher risk of exposure and carcinogenic human health risk from regular consumption of B in preference to the other soft drink products.
Key words: Soft drinks, Consumption, Health risks, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Nigeria