bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonic Electron Cyclotron Maser Emission Excited by Energetic Electrons Traveling inside a Coronal Loop
Authors: Yousefzadeh Mehdi , Ning Hao , Chen Yao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A complete understanding of solar radio bursts requires developing numerical techniques that can connect large-scale activities with kinetic plasma processes. As a starting point, this study presents a numerical scheme combining three different techniques: (1) extrapolation of the magnetic field overlying a specific active region in order to derive the background field, (2) guiding-center simulation of the dynamics of millions of particles within a selected loop to reveal the integral velocity distribution function (VDF) around certain sections of the loop, and (3) particle-in-cell simulation of kinetic instabilities driven by energetic electrons initiated by the obtained distributions. Scattering effects at various levels (weak, moderate, and strong) due to wave turbulence-particle interaction are considered using prescribed timescales of scattering. It was found that the obtained VDFs contain strip-like and loss-cone features with positive gradient, and both features are capable of driving electron cyclotron maser emission, which is a viable radiation mechanism for some solar radio bursts, in particular, solar radio spikes. The strip-like feature is important in driving the harmonic X mode, while the loss-cone feature can be important in driving the fundamental X mode. In the weak-scattering case, the rate of energy conversion from energetic electrons to X2 can reach up to

, where

is the initial kinetic energy of energetic electrons. The study demonstrates a novel way of exciting the X2 mode in the corona during solar flares and provides new sight into how escaping radiation can be generated within a coronal loop.
Dissecting the Energy Budget of a Gamma-Ray Burst Fireball
Authors: Zhang Bing , Wang Yu , Li Liang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The jet composition and radiative efficiency of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are poorly constrained from the data. If the jet composition is matter-dominated (i.e., a fireball), the GRB prompt emission spectra would include a dominant thermal component originating from the fireball photosphere and a nonthermal component presumably originating from internal shocks whose radii are greater than the photosphere radius. We propose a method to directly dissect the GRB fireball energy budget into three components and measure their values by combining the prompt emission and early afterglow data. The measured parameters include the initial dimensionless specific enthalpy density (η), bulk Lorentz factors at the photosphere radius (Γph) and before fireball deceleration (Γ0), the amount of mass loading (M), and the GRB radiative efficiency (η

γ
). All the parameters can be derived from the data for a GRB with a dominant thermal spectral component, a deceleration bump feature in the early afterglow lightcurve, and a measured redshift. The results only weakly depend on the density n of the interstellar medium when the composition

parameter (typically unity) is specified.
Superiority of Purple Okra (Abelmoschus&nbsp;esculentus) to Green Okra in Insulin Resistance&nbsp;and Pancreatic &beta; Cell Improvement in Diabetic&nbsp;Rats
Authors: Tyagita Nurina , Mahati Endang , Safitri Azizah Hikma 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Antidiabetic medicinal plants are increasingly used in the treatment of diabetes as they are generally assumed to pro-duce minimal side effects. Okra is a quercetin-containing plant which can induce pancreas regeneration and has antidiabetic effect. There has been a lot of research that demonstrate that purple okra contains more quercetin than green okra.
Aim: To demonstrate the advantages of purple okra over green okra on the diabetic markers improvement in diabetic rats.
Materials and methods: Fifteen male 2-month-old Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 65 mg streptozotocin and 110 mg niacinamide. Their blood glucose levels were measured three days after the injection. The induction of diabetes was deemed &nbsp;successful if the glucose level of the rats got higher than 250 mg/dL, and then such rats were considered diabetic. The diabetic rats were divided into three groups: an acarbose group, a purple okra powder group, and a green okra powder group. The latter two were given, respectively, purple and green okra powder for 28 days. Blood serum was taken to examine the fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-B and GLUT-4 levels. Pancreas was examined histologically for damage using hematoxylin eosin staining.&nbsp;
Results: Fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-B, and GLUT-4 levels of diabetic rats that received purple okra powder (p<0.05) were better than those of the rats that received green okra powder. The least damage (p<0.05) to pancreatic beta cells was found in the purple okra powder group.
Conclusions: Purple okra is superior to green okra in terms of improving the diabetic markers of rats.
Taste Masking of Granulated Acetaminophen by Water Insoluble Ethylcellulose Coating
Authors: Bansal Amit , Krieg Brian , Sharma Navneet , McGinnis James , Bhatia Inderdeep , Paz Carlos 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Bitter tasting of drugs leads to non-compliance especially in the case of pediatric patients due to their inability to swal-low medication.&nbsp;
Aim: In this study, we aimed to mask the bitter taste of acetaminophen (APAP) particles through coating.&nbsp;
Materials and methods: A pH independent water insoluble ethylcellulose polymer was used to coat the APAP. The coating of water insoluble ethylcellulose on APAP can have a significant impact on the dissolution profile. Various grades of APAP were used for coating; fine grade, Compap L90% having wide particle size distribution (PSD), and a special granular (SG) APAP 1680 having narrow PSD. Coating was performed using top spray (Vector) for Compap L90% and SG APAP 1680 grade of APAP.&nbsp;
Results: Bitter taste of SG APAP was masked after spraying dispersion equivalent to a weight gain of 10% compared to 35% used for Compap L90%. Using bottom spray (Wurster coater, GPCP 2.0), coating was performed on SG APAP 1680 grade of APAP by spraying aqueous dispersion of ethylcellulose (Surelease) equivalent to a weight gain of 10%. The scalability of the top spray process was also evaluated in GPCG 30 and bitter taste was masked by using Surelease dispersion equivalent to a weight gain of 6%. Coated APAP was examined for particle size (PS), particle size distribution (PSD), flowability, and drug release profile. Dissolution was performed using USP apparatus 2 and 4 in phosphate buffer and evaluated for mechanism of drug release. Particle size obtained for coated SG APAP 1680 via top and bottom spray process was 404 &micro;m d(90) and 487 &micro;m d(90) respectively.&nbsp;
Conclusions: The results of the study demonstrated the potential of Surelease dispersion in taste masking. The use of SG APAP 1680 having narrow PSD allowed taste masking to achieve at low weight gain without greatly affecting the dissolution profile.
Trajnostne prakse v turizmu – kako jih prepoznati? // Sustainable tourism practices - how can we recognise them?
Authors: Razpotnik Visković Nika 
Published: March 2021

V članku predstavljamo mehanizme za prepoznavanje trajnostnih praks v turizmu: standard, certificiranje, označevanje, nagrajevanje ter vključevanje v mreže oziroma združenja. Pojasniti želimo, kakšne so razlike med njimi, kaj posamezen mehanizem sporoča turističnim ponudnikom in obiskovalcem ter opozoriti na terminološke variacije, ki se pojavljajo v znanstveni literaturi in strokovnih virih. Omenjene mehanizme želimo predstaviti tudi na konkretnih uveljavljenih primerih iz slovenskega turizma ter opozoriti na dva dodatna vira informacij o trajnostnih praksah, vse bolj prisotna na trgu turistične industrije: vsebine, ki jih oblikujejo uporabniki, ter znamčenje. //

The article presents mechanisms for identifying sustainable tourism practices: standard, certification, labelling, awarding and networking. We aim to clarify the differences among them, explain what each mechanism communicates to tourism providers and visitors, and show some terminological variations that occur in scientific literature and professional sources. We also aim to present these mechanisms with concrete examples from Slovenian tourism, and point out two additional sources of information linked to sustainable practices in the tourism industry market: user-generated content and branding.
Slovenski eksonimi skozi prizmo prvega slovenskega pravopisa // Slovenian exonyms through the lens of the first Slovenian normative guide
Authors: Geršič Matjaž 
Published: March 2021

Članek z vidika eksonimov analizira prvi slovenski pravopis v slovenskem jeziku, ki ga je leta 1899 izdal Fran Levec. Analiza je pokazala, da se je Levec eksonimov zelo dobro zavedal, čeprav zanje še ni uporabil terminologije, ki jo poznamo danes. Osredinil se je predvsem na eksonime v okolici slovenskega jezikovnega območja, predvsem na matično državo Avstro-Ogrsko in sosednje dežele. V pravopisu pa ni nobenih imen iz nelatiničnih pisav in imen v latinici zunaj Evrope. Članek na koncu navaja slovenske eksonime, ki jih temeljna strokovna literatura doslej še ni obravnavala in bi jih bilo smiselno vključiti v Slovar slovenskih eksonimov. //

This article analyses the first Slovenian normative guide, published by Fran Levec in 1899, from the perspective of exonyms. The analysis shows that Levec was well acquainted with exonyms, even though he did not yet apply the same terminology as used today to describe them. He primarily focused on exonyms close to the Slovenian linguistic area, especially those in Austria-Hungary and neighboring countries. However, the normative guide does not include any names in non-Roman scripts or any Roman-script names of places outside Europe. The article concludes with a list of Slovenian exonyms that have not yet been examined in seminal specialist literature and that should be included in Slovar slovenskih eksonimov (Dictionary of Slovenian Exonyms).
Mutual assistance of nucleus accumbens cannabinoid receptor-1 and orexin receptor-2 in response to nicotine
Authors: Fartootzadeh Reza , Alaei Hojjatallah , Reisi Parham 
Published: March 2021

Background and purpose:
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) express both orexin-2 receptor (OX2R) and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R). Orexin and cannabinoid regulate the addictive properties of nicotine. In this study, the effect of the CB1R blockade on the electrical activity of NAc neurons in response to nicotine, and its probable interaction with the OX2R in this event, within this area, were examined via the single-unit recording.

Experimental approach:
The spontaneous firing rate of NAc was initially recorded for 15 min, and then 5 min before subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg)/saline, AM251 and TCS-OX2-29 were injected into the NAc. Neuronal responses were recorded for 70 min, after nicotine administration.

Findings/Results:
Nicotine excited the NAc neurons significantly and intra-NAc microinjection of AM251 (25 and 125 ng/rat), as a selective CB1R antagonist, prevented the nicotine-induced increases of NAc neuronal responses. Moreover, microinjection of AM251 (125 ng/rat), before saline injection, could not affect the percentage of change of the neuronal response. Finally, simultaneous intra-NAc administration of the effective or ineffective doses of AM251 and TCS-OX2-29 (a selective antagonist of OX2R) prevented the nicotine- induced increases of NAc neuronal responses, so that there was a significant difference between the group received ineffective doses of both antagonists and the AM251 ineffective dose.

Conclusion and implications:
The results suggest that the CB1R can modulate the NAc reaction to the nicotine, and it can be concluded that there is a potential interplay between the OX2R and CB1R in the NAc, in relation to nicotine.
Expression of cyclin D1, p21, and estrogen receptor alpha in aflatoxin G1-induced disturbance in testicular tissue of albino mice
Authors: Zamir-Nasta Toraj , Pazhouhi Mona , Ghanbari Ali , Abdolmaleki Amir , Jalili Cyrus 
Published: March 2021

Background and purpose:
Aflatoxin (AF) is a mycotoxin produced by various strains of the Aspergillus family. AFG1 as one of the most important types is highly found in cereals and grains. AF affects sperm production or even its quality. This study was designed to test the effects of AFG1 on mice testicular tissue.

Experimental approach:
Twenty-four Albino mice were divided into four groups of 6 each; a control group (0.2 mL corn oil and ethanol), three treatment groups with different periods (20 μg/kg AFG1 for 7, 15, and 35 consecutive days). All treatments were applied intraperitoneally. Biosynthesis of cyclin D1, p21, and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Levels of cyclin D1, p21, and ERα mRNA were evaluated by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Tubular differentiation index (TDI), reproductive index (RI), and spermiogenesis indices were also analyzed.

Findings/Results:
AFG1 increased the percentage of seminiferous tubules with negative TDI, RI, and SPI compared to the control group (P < 0.05). RT-PCR and IHC analyses illustrated time-dependent enhancement in p21 expression and cyclin D1 biosynthesis in AFG1-treated groups significantly (P < 0.05). While the protein and mRNA levels of ERα were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in a time-dependent manner.

Conclusion and implications:
The chronic exposure to AFG1 reduced the expression and synthesis of ERα, increased the expression and synthesis of p21 and cyclin D1, impaired apoptosis, which in turn could impair spermatogenesis.
Effects of intrathecal and intracerebroventricular microinjection of kaempferol on pain
Authors: Jabbari Sajjad , Bananej Maryam , Zarei Mohammad , Komaki Alireza , Hajikhani Ramin 
Published: March 2021

Background and purpose:
Kaempferol (KM), a flavonoid, has an anti-inflammatory and anticancer effect and prevents many metabolic diseases. Nonetheless, very few studies have been done on the antinociceptive effects of KM. This research aimed at assessing the involvement of opioids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, and inflammatory mediators in the antinociceptive effects of KM in male Wistar rats.

Experimental approach:
The intracerebroventricular and/or intrathecal administration of the compounds was done for examining their central impacts on the thermal and chemical pain by the tail-flick and formalin paw tests. For assessing the role of opioid and GABA receptors in the possible antinociceptive effects of KM, several antagonists were used. Also, a rotarod test was carried out for assessing motor performance.

Findings/Results:
The intracerebroventricular and/or intrathecal microinjections of KM (40 μg/rat) had partially antinociceptive effects in the tail-flick test in rats (P < 0.05). In the formalin paw model, the intrathecal microinjection of KM had antinociceptive effects in phase 1 (20 and 40 μg/rat; P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and phase 2 (20 and 40 μg/rat; P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Using naloxonazine and/or bicuculline approved the involvement of opioid and GABA receptors in the central antinociceptive effects of KM, respectively. Moreover, KM reduced the expression levels of caspase 6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. The antinociceptive effects of KM were not linked to variations in the locomotor activity.

Conclusion and implications:
It can be concluded that KM has remarkable antinociceptive effects at a spinal level, which is associated with the presence of the inflammatory state. These impacts were undetectable following injections in the lateral ventricle. The possible mechanisms of KM antinociception are possibly linked to various modulatory pathways, including opioid and GABA receptors.
A Realist Synthesis of Community-Based Interventions in Vector-Borne Diseases
Authors: Pérez Dennis , Robert Emilie , Pérez Elsury Johanna , Vanlerberghe Veerle , Lefèvre Pierre , Ridde Valéry 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTRandomized control trials have provided evidence that some community-based interventions (CBIs) work in vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Conversely, there is limited evidence on how well those CBIs succeed in producing specific outcomes in different contexts. To conduct a realist synthesis for knowledge translation on this topic, we examined the extent to which realist concepts (context, mechanisms, and outcomes) and their relationships are present in the existing literature on CBIs for VBDs. Articles on CBIs were identified from prior scoping reviews of health interventions for VBDs. Content of the articles was extracted verbatim if it referred either to realist concepts or CBI features. The number of articles and the average number of words extracted per category per CBI were quantified. Content of the articles was scrutinized to inductively gather qualitative evidence on the interactions between realist concepts. We reviewed 41 articles on 17 CBIs from 12 countries. The average number of words used for mechanisms was much lower than those used for outcomes and context (309,474, and 836, respectively). The average number of words used for mechanisms increased when a CBI was described in three or more articles. There were more extensive accounts on CBI features than on mechanisms. It was difficult to gather evidence on the interactions among realist concepts from the content of the articles. Scarce reporting on mechanisms in published articles limits conducting a realist synthesis of CBIs in VBDs. More transdisciplinary research that goes beyond the biomedical paradigm is needed to boost the development of intervention mechanisms in this field.
Clinico-pathological Analysis of Cervical Pap Smear in Patients Attending Gynecology OPD of a Medical College
Authors: Tamrakar Renuka , Ranabhat Sabin , Shrestha Madhu , Poudel Sandesh , Shrestha Sabita , Khanal Bandana , Joshi Rakshya , Sharma Basant , Khatri Dhan Bahadur , Lamichhane Janak 
Published: March 2021

Background: Cervical cancer ranks the most common cancer among Nepalese women. Cervical and vaginal infections constitute the most common gynecological problems. Through Pap smear screening, early diagnosis, follow up and treatment, morbidity and mortality can be reduced by 70% and 80% respectively.
Methods: This retrospective study was conducted to know the incidence of abnormal cervical epithelial lesions and cervico-vaginal infections. It was carried out in the Outpatient Department of Gynecology at Chitwan Medical College from April 2018 to March 2019. The data were collected and standard statistical analysis done using Microsoft Excel 2007.
Results: The most prevalent cervical epithelial cell abnormality was atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (3.43%) whereas the least common was low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (0.21%). The most prevalent cervical vaginal infection was Bacterial vaginosis (12.30%) whereas the least prevalent was Trichomoniasis (0.29%). The majority of the women with epithelial cell abnormality were in the age group of 31-40 years whereas the lowest number in the age group less than 20 years. The highest prevalence of cervical vaginal infection was in the reproductive age group (31-50 years) and the lowest in the age above 51 years. Most of the patients had multiple symptoms like vaginal discharge, genital itching, whereas only (20.17%) visited for routine screening.
Conclusion: Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and Bacterial vaginosis were the most common finding in Pap smear test representing abnormal cytology of cervix and cervicovaginal infection respectively.
PROTECCIÓN AMBIENTAL, UN DESAFÍO SOCIAL ACTUAL EN LA CIUDAD DE PORTOVIEJO
Authors: Moreira Perez Diana Jahaira , Rodriguez Espinoza Nelson Stalin , Solórzano Jaramillo María Fernanda , Zambrano Tuarez José Javier 
Published: March 2021

La protección ambiental tiene como propósito exponer la implicación de los seres humanos en la protección ambiental y cómo este contexto está repercutiendo negativamente en la salud, se aborda, además la influencia positiva de la educación ambiental en la conservación del entorno, por ello se utilizó una metodología descriptiva, y los métodos cuantitativo, investigativo, experimental, analítico y bibliográfico, con las técnicas bibliográficas por medio de encuestas , la muestra se le aplico a 384 personas en la ciudad de Portoviejo habiendo un margen de error de 5,63. De acuerdo a los resultados con la encuesta realizada a los ciudadanos de la ciudad de Portoviejo se pudo analizar que las gestiones realizadas por el Gad Municipal de Portoviejo el desafío ambiental ha generado cambios positivos de concientización sobre el cuidado del medio ambiente y se podrían implementar campañas que mejoren la educación ambiental. Sin lugar a duda el desafío ambiental y la protección ambiental en la ciudad de Portoviejo se ha tenido que enfrentar a diferentes cambios como el deterioro ecológico o medio ambiental que producen afectaciones a la salud de cada individuo.
Ritual and Authority in Premedical Advisory Committee Evaluation Processes
Authors: Tolen Rachel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this article I examine how premedical committees function to assert power and authority over applicants to medical school, looking at the historical roots of premedical committee processes in the late 1960’s. The main historical document used here is a report entitled “The Buck Hill Falls Conference on Medical Education and the College-Medical-School Interface.” This report shows how premedical committees were seen as a means of social control against the forces of change gripping American society in the late 1960’s. I examine how elements of ritual pervade premedical committee evaluation processes. Premedical committee processes at various schools take a wide variety of forms, but share many features with other rites of passage. Finally, I raise questions on whether our contemporary circumstances fifty-three years later in the year 2021 while we are experiencing the COVID-19 global pandemic warrant abandoning premedical committee evaluations in order to reduce barriers for applicants and support greater diversity within the medical profession.
LEGAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM OF 2020 IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Литвинов А.М. 
Published: March 2021

Аннотация. В настоящей статье рассматриваются конституционно-
правовые и социально-политические предтечи комплексного изменения Кон-
ституции Российской Федерации в 2020 году. На основе анализа релевантной
статистической информации и существующих научных подходов автор дела-
ет вывод о своевременности конституционной реформы.
Annotation. This article examines the constitutional, legal and socio-political forerunners
of a comprehensive amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in
2020. Based on the analysis of relevant statistical information and existing scientific approaches,
the author concludes that the constitutional reform is timely.