bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crisis of the 1780s
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the crisis that led to the calling of the convention that created the federal Constitution in 1787. Although the Articles of Confederation that united the thirteen states lacked the powers to tax and regulate trade, the country was not doing too badly economically or demographically. But the state legislatures were abusing the great power that had been granted to them in the revolutionary state constitutions and tending to ran amuck. The multiplicity, mutability, and injustice of state legislation, especially with the printing of paper money, led reformers to use the weakness of the Confederation as a cover to scrap the Articles and to create an entirely new and powerful central government.
Slavery and Constitutionalism
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
One of the major problems faced by Americans in the Revolutionary era was slavery, and they had made it a problem. Slavery had existed in the colonies for generations without substantial criticism until the Revolution. Abolishing slavery became one of the major reforms undertaken by the Revolutionaries. In the northern states they were reasonably successful, putting an end to slavery by 1804. Virginia was crucial, and there the effort failed. Virginians and others consoled themselves with the illusion that slavery was dying a natural death. But the desire of South Carolina and Georgia for twenty more years of slave importation should have exposed the illusions. The Deep South’s commitment to slavery required protective clauses in the new Constitution that eventually became sources of sectional division.
The Great Demarcation Between Public and Private
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
One of the major consequences of the Revolution was a clarification of the demarcation between private and public. In the ancien régime of the colonial period, the distinction between private and public had often been blurred. Social authority seemed to be a prerequisite to political authority, which enabled private individuals to conduct public affairs as if they were their own private business. The state was weak and used its legal authority to entice or compel private individuals to undertake things on behalf of the public. This was seen most clearly in the use of the corporation. All this was changed by the Revolution. Within a few years following the Declaration of Independence, the relation between state and society, pubic and private, including the nature of the corporation, had been transformed.
Epilogue
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This brief epilogue attempts to answer why Rhode Island was so criticized and why it alone refused to attend the Constitutional Convention. It was by far the most democratic colony and state and the most commercially advanced. It had the weakest elite and the most middling elements, which made it an ideal example of what was to come in the wild and disorderly northern economy of antebellum America. Its excessive paper money was a symptom of its advanced commercial character and the source of much of its economic success in the nineteenth century.
Big Hopes and Trouble, 1961–1969
Authors: Kelly Catriona 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In 1961, the government bodies responsible for film production (the Ministries of Culture of the USSR and RSFSR) forcibly imposed on a reluctant Lenfilm the complete reorganization of production planning. The old Scripts Department was shut down and three “creative units” set up. This change was pushed through by Lenfilm’s energetic and flamboyant new general director, Ilya Kiselev, who had begun his career as an actor. Of the creative units, the earliest to emerge was the Third Creative Unit, which soon had a role as the flagship of contemporary cinema, a genre heavily promoted during the Thaw. However, the Third Creative Unit ran into increasing trouble as political control tightened after Khrushchev was forced to resign, and in 1969, it was closed down altogether. Yet life was not always calmer in the other units, as witnessed in particular by the difficulties that gripped the Second Creative Unit’s efforts to produce movies commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the October Revolution in 1967, and by the problems of the First Creative Unit in establishing its own character and repertoire. At the same time, the general political line at this period, while unpredictable, was not uniformly harsh, as manifested in the conclusion of Leningrad’s Party leader that audiences could “make up their own mind” about a film he disliked.
Trust in Talent
Authors: Kelly Catriona 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the career of Ilya Averbakh, whose work more than any other director’s came to signify to 1970s audiences the essence of “Lenfilm style.” It contends that a key factor in Averbakh’s easy progress to authority among his elders was his capacity to inspire trust not just by his professional standing within the world of cinema, or his elite Leningrad background, but by virtue of his former professional life as a physician—that is, his membership of a group that enjoyed particularly high esteem from the Soviet population generally. The chapter also traces the resonance of trust in Averbakh’s own films, and particularly, Degree of Risk (which represents a cardiologist) and Monologue, where a scientist’s difficult path to professional rehabilitation is juxtaposed to his increasingly tense relations with his student-age granddaughter.
Hystoria
Authors: Kelly Catriona 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Aleksei German’s recollections of his time at Lenfilm emphasize his own marginality and beleaguered status. The documentary record does not bear this out. However, the conviction that he had endured discrimination and misery was, for German, creatively energizing. Whether in relation to his own life or in relation to history more broadly, German sought not to establish facts in order to challenge or undermine myths, but to use myths of his own to challenge official myths. In other words, he tried to combat official war history on its own terms, rather than searching for alternative, antimythic narratives. Hence the provocativeness of German’s historical films with the agencies that were charged with protecting the integrity of official memory. Added to this, it was the emotional resonance of German’s historical films that made them problematic, their frequent recourse to hysteria not just in the sense of uncontrollable weeping, shrieking, and laughter, but in the technical, Freudian, sense, where hysteria applies to a specific worldview and set of discursive principles. This chapter traces these elements with particular reference to My Friend Ivan Lapshin, perhaps German’s greatest film, which also represented a decisive break with the “Lenfilm style” of the late 1960s and 1970s, and the start of a new artistic era.
Introduction
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The introduction sets out the aims of the book—namely, to produce a cultural history of the phonograph in Spain, from the first notices about Edison’s invention in 1878, to the development of the music record as a commercial product and as a cultural artifact. It situates the book within existing research, arguing that telling the early history of recording technologies necessitates a context-sensitive approach that puts the focus on how local discourses, practices, and communities contributed to shaping these transnational technologies. It sets out the historical and political context in which the phonograph arrived to and developed in Spain, focusing on the political and cultural movement known as Regeneracionismo.
Introduction
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This introduction lays out the book’s foundational philosophies and scope. It makes a case for the ways in which current metaethical trends in cognitive media theory could be extended to more normative and prescriptive goals, and explains how our inherent acts of moral evaluation in media engagement could be refined using the resources of cognitive science. Normativity, in the pressure it puts on theorists to ask “so what?” and to explain the practical applications of their knowledge, is positioned as a rigor that can be brought to current theories of film and screen media. The chapter considers foundational problems in drawing prescriptive ethics from scientific descriptions of the world, addresses the political and cultural challenges to a normative approach, and establishes key themes that will be explored throughout the book.
Cognitive Media Ethics
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys a breadth of approaches to the ethics of film and other narrative media, both contemporary and historic, and positions them in relation to developments in cognitive media ethics. These include cine-ethics and film philosophy, phenomenological approaches, literary ethics and hermeneutics, notions of aesthetic autonomy, and ethics in narratology. The contributions and challenges of each approach are summarized, as are their uses in the development of a normative ethics for cognitive media studies. Throughout this chapter, a case emerges for the complementary, elaborative rigors of cognitive science, normative ethics, and consequentialism. The chapter concludes by indicating how methods for analysis developed at the center of these areas of study will inform the remainder of the book.
A Humanistic Consequentialism for Film and Media Studies
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the framework for ethical analysis that will be carried through readings in the latter half of the book. It interrogates the reasons behind a dominant virtue ethics approach in film and media studies, and describes an alternative humanistic consequentialist approach. Consequentialism displaces the evaluation of others and their moral being, including the heroic or villainous qualities of fictive characters, in favor of a future-thinking concern that is more self-implicating, while humanist ethics integrates care and understanding of moral failures and the vagaries of moral luck. Humanistic consequentialism emerges as a pressure we can put on one another to be aware of the results of our behavior rather than a strict requirement to maximize the hedonic results of our actions; implications for the “thought experiments” of media are discussed.
Benign Violations in the Suburban Ensemble Dramedy
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Peter McGraw and Caleb Warren’s benign violation theory (BVT) argues that humor is produced when three conditions are met: we perceive a situation as potentially violating, we perceive it also as benign, and the two perceptions occur simultaneously. This chapter mobilizes BVT in describing the cognitive dissonances inherent in comedy spectatorship, using a particular case study in dramedy cinema: the suburban ensemble film, including such works as The Kids Are All Right, Little Miss Sunshine, and American Beauty. After surveying some of the key humorous stimuli recurrent across the genre, I turn to other comedic texts that deal with family and domestic studies with a striking lack of pathos—in particular the television series Family Guy. This comparison underscores an analysis of the ethics of benign violations in narrative media that is centered on the resolution of its fundamental affective incoherence and the way this resolution might guide later critical thought. The chapter ultimately demonstrates the uses of BVT as a hermeneutic tool, and one that might help us isolate an ethics of comedy in media.
Hope Under Oppression
Authors: Stockdale Katie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This book explores the nature, value, and role of hope in human life under conditions of oppression. Oppression is often a threat and damage to hope, yet many members of oppressed groups, including prominent activists pursuing a more just world, find hope valuable and even essential to their personal and political lives. This book offers a unique evaluative framework for hope that captures the intrinsic value of hope for many of us, the rationality and morality of hope, and ultimately how we can hope well in the non-ideal world we share. It develops an account of the relationship between hope and anger about oppression and argues that anger tends to be accompanied by hopes for repair. When people’s hopes for repair are not realized, as is often the case for those who are oppressed, anger can evolve into bitterness: a form of unresolved anger involving a loss of hope that injustice will be sufficiently acknowledged and addressed. But even when all hope might seem lost or out of reach, faith can enable resilience in the face of oppression. Spiritual faith, faith in humanity, and moral faith are part of what motivates people to join in solidarity against injustice, through which hope can be recovered collectively. Joining with others who share one’s experiences or commitments for a better world and uniting with them in collective action can restore and strengthen hope for the future when hope might otherwise be lost.
Losing Hope, Becoming Embittered
Authors: Stockdale Katie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers what happens to anger when people’s hopes for repair in the face of injustice are not realized. It argues that anger can evolve into the emotion of bitterness. Bitterness is a form of unresolved anger involving a loss of hope that an injustice or other moral wrong will be sufficiently acknowledged and addressed. And despite its unfortunate reputation as an inherently bad and destructive emotion, bitterness can be a prudentially rational, fitting, and morally appropriate response to injustice. Although it can lead to despair and inaction, some people who are bitter continue to be motivated to act against injustice even without hope that their efforts will be successful.
Digital Imaging Technology
Authors: Thomson-Jones Katherine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I examine one sense in which digital images are digital; namely, in virtue of being made and presented with digital technology. I begin by outlining some general theoretical commitments regarding the nature and conditions of appreciation. Broadly speaking, the appreciation of art is to be understood in terms of the differential exercise of cognitive skills. Such skills can be exercised when an appreciator takes into account the distinctively digital technology involved in both the production and the screening of digital images. I give some important background on the functioning of computers and digital display tools. This background helps us understand the debate surrounding potential aesthetic losses and gains when working creatively with digital, as opposed to analog, tools.
Digital Media and Appreciation
Authors: Thomson-Jones Katherine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes up the aesthetic implications of the technology of digital images. Taken together, digital technologies for production and presentation can be understood as the materials that, used for artistic ends, comprise the media of digital art. The challenge for this chapter is to defend medium-based artistic appreciation in the digital age. I argue that awareness of the uses to which an artist puts digital materials is crucial for understanding the particular embodied achievement that is that artist’s work. The kinds of image-based art examples used in this chapter are diverse. They include examples from earlier chapters but also films that rely on a digital workflow.
The Certainty, Modality, and Grounding of Newton’s Laws
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNewton began his Principia with three Axiomata sive Leges Motu We offer an interpretation of Newton’s dual label and investigate two tensions inherent in his account of laws. The first arises from the juxtaposition of Newton’s confidence in the certainty of his laws and his commitment to their variability and contingency. The second arises because Newton ascribes fundamental status both to the laws and to the bodies and forces they govern. We argue the first is resolvable, but the second is not. However, the second tension shows that Newton conceives laws as formal causes of bodies and forces. This neo-Aristotelian conception goes missing in Kantian accounts of laws, as well as accounts that stress laws’ grounding in powers and capacities.
Newton’s Philosophy of Time
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis chapter explains what Isaac Newton means with the phrase “absolute, true, and mathematical time” in order to discuss some of the philosophic issues that it gives rise to. It describes Newton’s thought in light of a number of scientific, technological, and metaphysical issues that arose in seventeenth‐century natural philosophy. The first section discusses some of the relevant context from the history of Galilean, mathematical natural philosophy, especially as exhibited by the work of Christiaan Huygens. The second section offers a close reading of what Newton says about time in the Principia’s Scholium to the definitions. It argues that Newton allows us to conceptually distinguish between “true” and “absolute” time from the vantage point of Newton’s dynamics. The third section, in the context of a brief account of Descartes’ views on time, discusses the material that Newton added to the second edition of the Principia in the General Scholium
The Posidonian Argument
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

Abstract*In this chapter I discuss the reception of a design argument by Cicero in the works of Holbach and Voltaire. This argument was directed against both the system of chance and the system of necessity. The chapter distinguishes three interpretations of this argument: (1) a prima facie interpretation; (2) a ‘neglected’ interpretation and (3) a ‘transcendental interpretation.’ It shows that in the early modern period Cicero’s argument was very widely discussed and its significance was not merely as a design argument; it connected scientific practice, even progress in science, to providential final causes. To show this I focus on Boyle and Locke before turning to Newton. In the final section, I return to Voltaire’s response to Holbach and show how Voltaire adapts the argument and uses Newton.
Probate and Domestic Relations Proceedings
Authors: Pfander James E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of uncontested adjudication in probate and domestic relations proceedings. While state courts commonly issued constitutive decrees to recognize or create new legal relationships in these settings (to admit wills to probate or to confirm adoption of children), federal courts declined to hear uncontested proceedings to register or claim a right or title in these contexts. The federal courts lacked power to entertain uncontested applications for the issuance of constitutive decrees as to matters of state law. Such a finding lays the foundation for distinguishing between cases under federal law and controversies over state law, and helps explain the federal judicial reluctance to assert jurisdiction over matters of probate and domestic relations.
The Judicial Response to the Administrative State
Authors: Pfander James E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the way a requirement of contestation was introduced into definitions of federal judicial power in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The case-or-controversy requirement arose as a tool with which federal courts could refrain from lending support to the investigatory and regulatory initiatives of the growing administrative state. Justice Stephen Field played a central role in the introduction of the contestation construct, and it took hold at the Supreme Court in the twentieth century, as progressive Justices came to embrace contestation as an essential limit on the judicial role in constitutional litigation.
Digital Disconnection as Othering
Authors: Musha Doerr Neriko 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Digital disconnection is often considered a necessary condition for “authentic” experience of difference. However, this discourse others not only those whose lives are “authentically” experienced, but also those who thrive on digital connection. Three cases illustrate this effect. First, the discourse of immersion prevalent in study abroad encourages students to “live like the locals”—“authentically”—by forgoing cell phones and the Internet. Second, educational farms provided college students on alternative break trips with simulations of life in poverty through digital disconnection to cultivate empathy toward them. Although meant to eliminate distraction, the digital disconnection in both cases also linked the life of Cultural Others and people in poverty with digital disconnection, othering them. Third, frictions on another alternative break trip pitted mainstream “outdoorsy” students seeking digital disconnection for “authentic” nature experience against “non-outdoorsy” students who enjoyed nature while digitally connected. This chapter investigates the othering effects of the discourse of digital disconnection and suggests ways to learn about difference with digital connectivity.
Automating Digital Afterlives
Authors: Fordyce Robbie , Nansen Bjørn , Arnold Michael , Kohn Tamara , Gibbs Martin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The question of how the dead “live on” by maintaining a presence and connecting to the living within social networks has garnered the attention of users, entrepreneurs, platforms, and researchers alike. In this chapter we investigate the increasingly ambiguous terrain of posthumous connection and disconnection by focusing on a diverse set of practices implemented by users and offered by commercial services to plan for and manage social media communication, connection, and presence after life. Drawing on theories of self-presentation (Goffman) and technological forms of life (Lash), we argue that moderated and automated performances of posthumous digital presence cannot be understood as a continuation of personal identity or self-presentation. Rather, as forms of mediated human (after)life, posthumous social media presence materializes ambiguities of connection/disconnection and self/identity.
Senses and Sensors of Sleep
Authors: Nansen Bjørn , Mannell Kate , O’Neill Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes sleep technology products designed to mediate and modulate patterns of sleep. Products analyzed include sleep-tracking applications and wearable devices for customizing personal phases of sleep architecture, and “smart” bedroom systems that use sensors and Internet connectivity to monitor and automate sensory environments to optimize the architectural spaces of sleep. Drawing on theories of digital disconnection, this chapter highlights how historical and theoretical notions of sleep as a site of subjective, social, and technological disconnection are reworked by contemporary media technologies. The now ubiquitous use of smartphones in bed reflects ongoing demands for digital participation and productivity. Yet such arrangements are unevenly distributed, with disconnective sleep technologies operating as a form of privilege and distinction for those who have the resources to reshape the architectures of personal sleep rhythms and spaces.