bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the performance and emissions profile of CI engine using cashew nut shell pyro oil–toluene–diesel blends
Authors: Venkatesan K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article examines the prospects of using toluene added cashew nut shell pyro oil–diesel blends as alternative fuels in CI engine. Effects of adding fixed proportion (by vol.) of toluene (TU) to various cashew nut shell pyro oil (CPO)–diesel (D) blends on the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a direct injection, single cylinder, water cooled, naturally-aspirated, constant speed run, 4-stroke CI engine were investigated under varied brake power conditions. Tested fuels were neat diesel, CPOT5 (5% CPO + 5% TU + 90% D), CPOT10 (10% CPO + 5% TU + 85% D) and CPOT15 (15% CPO + 5% TU + 80% D). CPO was extracted through a lab-scale fast pyrolysis apparatus. Fuel samples were prepared and characterized according to ASTM standards. Owing to the features like low sensitivity, impressive anti pinging, etc., presence of toluene in an optimal CPO-diesel blend was expected to promote the engine characteristics. Set of experiments were conducted for each fuel mixture and the respective in-cylinder pressure, fuel consumption, exhaust emission levels, temperatures were recorded. At the rated power output condition, CPOT5 fuel had shown 1.67% increased brake thermal efficiency, 5% reduced brake specific fuel consumption, almost 3% reduced exhaust gas temperatures as well as reduced the exhaust emissions such as HC (from 91 to 87 ppm), CO (from 0.1 to 0.08%), NOx (from 458 to 426 ppm), smoke levels (from 72 to 69 BSN). CPOT5 showed improved combustion characteristics like reduced ignition delays and combustion durations, increased rates of cylinder pressure rise and heat release. However, overall attained improvements in the engine parameters were found to be not up to the mark which makes the chances of using CPOT5 as best alternative to diesel feeble.

Article highlights

The Cashew nut shells agro-waste is efficiently converted into an alternative fuel.

Effect of adding toluene to pyro oil – diesel blends in CI engine is examined.

Engine performance is improved marginally with 1.6% higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and 5% lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC).

Reductions in CO, HC, NOx and smoke emissions are observed.

Reduced Ignition delay and combustion durations, increased rate of pressure rise, and increased HRR are observed.
Conceptualising household food insecurity in Northern Ireland: risk factors, implications for society and the economy, and recommendations for business and policy response
Authors: Beacom Emma , Furey Sinéad , Hollywood Lynsey , Humphreys Paul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHousehold food insecurity in developed nations has been identified as a significant public health concern. Although various research on the topic exists, such as contributors to food insecurity, and implications for individual physical and mental health outcomes; there is currently a lack of consideration as to how individual implications of food insecurity such as poor physical and mental health can consequently impact on business and the wider economy. In addition, there is a lack of conceptual literature related to food insecurity. Stakeholder interviews (n = 19) were conducted, and data were used to inform the conceptual model (risk factors, potential implications for individuals, the economy and business, and opportunities for business and policy response). The main suggested implications related to business and the economy were reduced contribution to the workforce and the economy, and increased cost pressures on the National Health Service. Business responses suggested included the inclusion of initiatives to address food insecurity in corporate social responsibility strategies, and further involvement of food businesses/retailers in redistributing surplus food. Policy responses suggested included policies relating to welfare, wages and work contracts, food redistribution incentives, sustainability, and community interventions in disadvantaged areas. The resulting model is unique in conceptualising food insecurity in the Northern Ireland context, with applicability to the UK and other developed nations.
The Monetary Gold Principle: A Matter of Submissions
Authors: d'Argent Pierre 
Published: April 2021

In “The Monetary Gold Principle: Back to Basics,” Zachary Mollengarden and Noam Zamir claim that the well-known principle runs against fundamental ICJ statutory provisions. It would “depart” from Article 36(1), “undermine” Article 62, “import factors external” to Article 59 and “obscure . . . rather than illuminate . . . the relevant rules of law” contrary to Article 38(1). Additionally, the policy considerations upon which the principle is allegedly based—compliance, due process, and legitimacy—would support its abolition, rather than its perpetuation. I argue that the authors’ claims are unpersuasive in relation to Article 36(1) of the ICJ Statute (consent of the parties to adjudication) since they fail to distinguish between having jurisdiction in a case and exercising jurisdiction to decide a claim. The authors also overestimate the role of Article 62 in securing third-party interests, since only intervention as a party, rather than a non-party, is sufficient to overcome the Monetary Gold limitation.
Risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with blood culture contamination
Authors: Klucher Justin M. , Davis Kevin , Lakkad Mrinmayee , Painter Jacob T. , Dare Ryan K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To determine patient-specific risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with contaminated blood cultures.Design:A single-center, retrospective case-control risk factor and clinical outcome analysis performed on inpatients with blood cultures collected in the emergency department, 2014–2018. Patients with contaminated blood cultures (cases) were compared to patients with negative blood cultures (controls).Setting:A 509-bed tertiary-care university hospital.Methods:Risk factors independently associated with blood-culture contamination were determined using multivariable logistic regression. The impacts of contamination on clinical outcomes were assessed using linear regression, logistic regression, and generalized linear model with γ log link.Results:Of 13,782 blood cultures, 1,504 (10.9%) true positives were excluded, leaving 1,012 (7.3%) cases and 11,266 (81.7%) controls. The following factors were independently associated with blood-culture contamination: increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.01), black race (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.15–1.51), increased body mass index (BMI; aOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.02), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02–1.33), paralysis (aOR 1.64; 95% CI, 1.26–2.14) and sepsis plus shock (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.07–1.49). After controlling for age, race, BMI, and sepsis, blood-culture contamination increased length of stay (LOS; β = 1.24 ± 0.24; P < .0001), length of antibiotic treatment (LOT; β = 1.01 ± 0.20; P < .001), hospital charges (β = 0.22 ± 0.03; P < .0001), acute kidney injury (AKI; aOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.40–1.83), echocardiogram orders (aOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.30–1.75) and in-hospital mortality (aOR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.31–2.16).Conclusions:These unique risk factors identify high-risk individuals for blood-culture contamination. After controlling for confounders, contamination significantly increased LOS, LOT, hospital charges, AKI, echocardiograms, and in-hospital mortality.
Direct democracy, policy diffusion, and medicalized marijuana
Authors: Rugeley Cynthia , Frendreis John , Tatalovich Raymond 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVirtually all studies of policy diffusion are based on statutory enactments by state legislatures. But a substantial number of medicalized marijuana laws were initiated through citizen initiatives and ratified by referenda (I&R). This case study suggests that the diffusion of laws adopted by I&R requires two modifications to the conventional model of policy diffusion. First, early policy adoptions must occur through direct democracy so that horizontal diffusion results when those past adoptions by the I&R process lead to future adoptions. Second, the necessity of bypassing institutions of representative government must be operationalized as an interaction between the availability of direct democracy and the precise political variable that blocks legislative enactments.
How should wetheorizeabout justice in the genomic era?
Authors: Farrelly Colin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe sequencing of the human genome and advances in gene therapy and genomic editing, coupled with embryo selection techniques and a potential gerontological intervention, are some examples of the rapid technological advances of the “genetic revolution.” This article addresses the methodological issue of how we should theorize about justice in the genomic era. Invoking the methodology ofnon-ideal theory, I argue that theorizing about justice in the genomic era entails theorizing about (1) the new inequalities that the genetic revolution could exacerbate (e.g., genetic discrimination, disability-related injustices, and gender inequality),and(2) those inequalities that the genetic revolution could help us mitigate (e.g., the risks of disease in early and late life). By doing so, normative theorists can ensure that we develop an account of justice that takes seriously not only individual rights, equality of opportunity, the cultural and sociopolitical aspects of disability, and equality between the sexes, but also the potential health benefits (to both individuals and populations) of attending to the evolutionary causes of morbidity and disability.
Love and homophobia in Malawi's spoken-word poetry movement
Authors: Englund Harri 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBy the early 2010s, a number of Malawian poets in their twenties had begun to substitute the elliptical expression of earlier generations with a language that resonated with popular idioms. As poetry directed at ‘the people’, its medium is spoken word rather than print, performed to live audiences and distributed through CDs, radio programmes and the internet. Crafted predominantly in Chichewa, the poems also address topics of popular interest. The selection of poetry presented here comes from a female and a male poet, who, unbeknown to each other, prepared poems sharply critical of homosexuality and what they regarded as its foreign and local advocacy. The same poets have also gained success for their love poems, which have depicted intimate desires in remarkably compatible ways for both women and men. The poets who performed ‘homophobic’ verse went against popular gender stereotypes in their depictions of romantic love and female and male desires. This introductory essay, as a contribution toAfrica's Local Intellectuals series, discusses the aesthetic challenges that the new poets have launched in the context of Malawi's modern poetry. With regard to gender relations in their love poems, the introduction also considers the poets’ possible countercultural contribution despite their avowed commitment to perform for ‘the people’.
Questioning territories and identities in the precolonial (nineteenth-century) Lake Kivu region
Authors: Mathys Gillian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThroughout Africa, contemporary boundaries are deemed ‘artificial’ because they were external impositions breaking apart supposedly homogeneous ethnic units. This article argues that the problem with the colonial borders was not only that they arbitrarily dissected African societies with European interests in mind, but also that they profoundly changed the way in which territoriality and authority functioned in this region, and therefore they affected identity. The presumption that territories could be constructed in which ‘culture’ and ‘political power’ neatly coincided was influenced by European ideas about space and identity, and privileged the perceptions and territorial claims of those ruling the most powerful centres in the nineteenth century. Thus, this article questions assumptions that continue to influence contemporary views of the Lake Kivu region. It shows that local understandings of the relationship between space and identity differed fundamentally from state-centred perspectives, whether in precolonial centralized states or colonial states.
Hloniphaand health: ancestors, taboos and social medicine in South Africa
Authors: Neely Abigail H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article examines the abandonment of an important food taboo – the prohibition of milk consumption by newly married women – in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in the 1940s and 1950s. Offering a detailed exploration of thishloniphacustom in three rural communities, I start from the position that food always reflects the entanglements of its material and symbolic attributes. By tracing health and illness, shifting livelihoods, diets and an important social medicine intervention, this article reveals that in the 1950s milk was a symbolically and materially different food than it had been in the 1930s. I argue that this difference determined whether or nothloniphawould be abandoned. By centring on understandings of food, health and taboos as material and symbolic, this article draws on scholarship on livestock in Southern Africa and contributes to scholarship on food taboos andhloniphacustoms, pushing for the incorporation of material aspects of those customs.
REVISITING THE RECTANGULAR CONSTANT IN BANACH SPACES
Authors: BARONTI M. , CASINI E. , PAPINI P. L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLet X be a real Banach space. The rectangular constant
$\mu (X)$
and some generalisations of it,
$\mu _p(X)$
for
$p \geq 1$
, were introduced by Gastinel and Joly around half a century ago. In this paper we make precise some characterisations of inner product spaces by using
$\mu _p(X)$
, correcting some statements appearing in the literature, and extend to
$\mu _p(X)$
some characterisations of uniformly nonsquare spaces, known only for
$\mu (X)$
. We also give a characterisation of two-dimensional spaces with hexagonal norms. Finally, we indicate some new upper estimates concerning
$\mu (l_p)$
and
$\mu _p(l_p)$
.
The relationship between urinary polyphenol metabolites and dietary polyphenol intakes in young adults
Authors: Clarke Erin D. , Collins Clare E. , Rollo Megan E. , Kroon Paul A. , Philo Mark , Haslam Rebecca L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpot urinary polyphenols have potential as a biomarker of polyphenol-rich food intakes. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between spot urinary polyphenols and polyphenol intakes from polyphenol-rich food sources. Young adults (18–24 years old) were recruited into a sub-study of an online intervention aimed at improving diet quality. Participants’ intake of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich foods was assessed at baseline and 3 months using repeated 24-h recalls. A spot urine sample was collected at each session, with samples analysed for polyphenol metabolites using LC-MS. To assess the strength of the relationship between urinary polyphenols and dietary polyphenols, Spearman correlations were used. Linear mixed models further evaluated the relationship between polyphenol intakes and urinary excretion. Total urinary polyphenols and hippuric acid (HA) demonstrated moderate correlation with total polyphenol intakes (rs = 0·29–0·47). HA and caffeic acid were moderately correlated with polyphenols from tea/coffee (rs = 0·26–0·46). Using linear mixed models, increases in intakes of total polyphenols or polyphenols from tea/coffee or oil resulted in a greater excretion of HA, whereas a negative relationship was observed between soya polyphenols and HA, suggesting that participants with higher intakes of soya polyphenols had a lower excretion of HA. Findings suggest that total urinary polyphenols may be a promising biomarker of total polyphenol intakes foods and drinks and that HA may be a biomarker of total polyphenol intakes and polyphenols from tea/coffee. Caffeic acid warrants further investigation as a potential biomarker of polyphenols from tea/coffee.
Haplotype comparisons of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato via mitochondrial gene sequences (co1, cytb, nadh1) among Pakistan and its neighbouring countries
Authors: Khan Aisha , Ahmed Haroon , Simsek Sami , Shahzad Khuram , Celik Figen , Afzal Muhammad Sohail , Khan Mobushir Riaz , Liu Hua , Shen Yujuan , Cao Jianping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Weighting on waiting: Willpower and attribute weighting models of decision making
Authors: Harris Alison 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Willpower is often conceptualized as incorporating effortful and momentary suppression of immediate but ultimately inferior rewards. Yet, growing evidence instead supports a process of attribute weighting, whereby normatively optimal choices arise from separable evaluation of different attributes (e.g., time and money). Strategic allocation of attention settles conflicts between competing choice-relevant attributes, which could be expanded to include self-referential predictions (“resolve”).
Stress and imagining future selves: resolve in the hot/cool framework
Authors: Metcalfe Janet , Jacobs William James 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although Ainslie dismisses the hot/cool framework as pertaining only to suppression, it actually also has interesting implications for resolve. Resolve focally involves access to our future selves. This access is a cool system function linked to episodic memory. Thus, factors negatively affecting the cool system, such as stress, are predicted to impact two seemingly unrelated capabilities: willpower and episodic memory.
Self-control (or willpower) seeks to bias the resolution of motivational conflicts toward an individual's long-term interests
Authors: Nordli Samuel A. , Hirt Edward R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We define self-control as an individual's efforts to bias the outcome of present or anticipated motivational conflicts in order to increase the likelihood that subsequent behavior serves perceived long-term interests. We suggest suppression and resolve are not “mechanisms” that underlie self-control, but rather are classes of strategies that influence motivations in order to increase the likelihood of successful self-control outcomes.
Socializing willpower: Resolve from the outside in
Authors: Setman Stephen , Kelly Daniel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAinslie's account of willpower is conspicuously individualistic. Because other people, social influence, and culture appear only peripherally, it risks overlooking what may be resolve's deeply social roots. We identify a general “outside-in” explanatory strategy suggested by a range of recent research into human cognitive evolution, and suggest how it might illuminate the origins and more social aspects of resolve.
Turán theorems for unavoidable patterns
Authors: GIRÃO ANTÓNIO , NARAYANAN BHARGAV 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe prove Turán-type theorems for two related Ramsey problems raised by Bollobás and by Fox and Sudakov. First, for t ≥ 3, we show that any two-colouring of the complete graph on n vertices that is δ-far from being monochromatic contains an unavoidable t-colouring when δ ≫ n−1/t, where an unavoidable t-colouring is any two-colouring of a clique of order 2t in which one colour forms either a clique of order t or two disjoint cliques of order t. Next, for t ≥ 3, we show that any tournament on n vertices that is δ-far from being transitive contains an unavoidable t-tournament when δ ≫ n−1/[t/2], where an unavoidable t-tournament is the blow-up of a cyclic triangle obtained by replacing each vertex of the triangle by a transitive tournament of order t. Conditional on a well-known conjecture about bipartite Turán numbers, both our results are sharp up to implied constants and hence determine the order of magnitude of the corresponding off-diagonal Ramsey numbers.
Creating Public Opinion, Advancing Knowledge, Engaging in Politics: The Local Public Sphere in Chengdu, 1898–1921
Authors: Veg Sebastian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSituated far from coastal cities and foreign concessions, Chengdu yields insights into the role of the local press and its specific publics in the political evolution of the late Qing and early Republic. Despite its remote location, Chengdu developed its own modern press in the late Qing, relying on print entrepreneurs and modern journalists recruited from the ranks of the local literati and traditional sociability, in particular teahouses. They all played a role in forming a modern reading public which came to understand itself as a distinct local political community in dynamic interaction with national politics and transnational networks. The local press evinced three successive but intertwined ideals of publicness: as a link between the state and the people and a vector of enlightenment, as a professional forum for public opinion and as a tool for political mobilization. In solidifying public opinion around the local community, the press served as a forum and catalyst for political activism in the 1911 Railroad Protection movement and the 1919 May Fourth movement, events which were shaped as much by local dynamics as they were by national developments.
Climate resilience in rural Zambia: evaluating farmers’ response to El Niño-induced drought
Authors: Alfani Federica , Arslan Aslihan , McCarthy Nancy , Cavatassi Romina , Sitko Nicholas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper aims at identifying whether and how sustainable land management practices and livelihood diversification strategies have contributed to moderating the impacts of the El Niño-related drought in Zambia. This is done using a specifically designed survey called the El Niño Impact Assessment Survey, which is combined with the Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Surveys, as well as high resolution rainfall data at the ward level over 34 years. This unique panel data set allows us to control for the time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity to understand the impacts of shocks like El Niño, which are expected to become more frequent and severe as a result of climate change. We find that maize yields were substantially reduced and that household incomes were only partially protected from the shock thanks to diversification strategies. Mechanical erosion control measures and livestock diversification emerge as the only strategies that provided yield and income benefits under weather shock.