bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marketing Structure and Opportunities of Almonds Products in Samangan and Balkh Provinces, Afghanistan
Authors: BOZ Ismet , ABDUL KHALIQ Ahmad Jawid 
Published: June 2021

The objective of the study was to identify the marketing structure and opportunities of almond products in the Samangan and Balkh provinces. The primary data were obtained from questionnaires conducted by face to face interviews with the 125 small scale almond producers and 42 intermediaries, and the secondary data collected from various sources. The collected data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. According to the results of the study, the average age was 45.13 years for almond farmers and 41.44 years for intermediaries. The average schooling years were 5.40 years for farmers and 9.43 years for intermediaries. While most of the farmers were elementary school graduates, the majority of the intermediaries were secondary school graduates. The strongest aspects of the almond marketing sector in the region are the experience of the farmers and their high interest in this product. The most important opportunities are the good experience of farmers, the adaptation of almonds in Balkh and Samangan, the interest of the farmer in horticulture, availability of substantial varieties of almonds, exports competitiveness of almond products of the region, and the favorable climatic conditions. The study concludes that the government and NGOs should support producers and intermediaries in developing the infrastructure of local markets. They should provide farmers with agricultural inputs at affordable prices, implement capacity building programs, inform all stakeholders on input and product prices, develop credit opportunities, and support farmers' organizations.
KAJIAN SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGAN TEORI EFEK MEDIA
Authors: Musfialdy  , Anggraini Ine 
Published: June 2021

Media is one of the important needs for the community, but the media has an effect on the community both directly and indirectly. In Media Effects Theory three paradigms are used by the media to find out the effects of these media. The first paradigm, called the powerful effects paradigm (Direct Effects Models), the media is said to have enormous power so that members of the isolated and anonymous audience of this mass audience will surrender immediately. The second paradigm is the minimalist effect or the limited effects paradigm (Limited Effects Models), the media seen in audience control over selectivity. The third paradigm of cumulative effects (Cumulative Effects Models), the community has too much potential for media in limited exposure. At present, the research on the theory of media effects has developed sufficiently to the extent of several specific sub-areas of research
Key word : Theory of media effects
Comunicación y docencia en la universidad doméstica-COVID19: ¿adaptación o reconfiguración?
Authors: Plachot González Graciela Beatriz 
Published: June 2021

Los saberes de la docencia universitaria han sido un campo de discusión inagotable. Lejos de los consensos, los docentes establecen relaciones hacia lo disciplinar, lo pedagógico, lo didáctico y lo curricular desde sus trayectos formativos. Jerarquizan acciones sustentadas en creencias implícitas sobre qué los vuelve buenos docentes qué mejoran la enseñanza. Desarrollan así modelos donde se tejen los saberes en cada relación pedagógica. Saberes no siempre conscientes, situados en contextos singulares. Privada de la presencialidad, la virtualización forzada de las aulas universitarias irrumpió en las prácticas naturalizadas, volviendo inevitable la pregunta de ¿Qué saberes se articularon en la universidad doméstica-COVID19? A partir de un análisis documental, el ensayo pone en diálogo reflexiones y lecturas sobre el lugar del docente en estas condiciones formativas. Permite desmantelar parte de los mandatos de adaptación naturalizados y avizorar oportunidades de reconfiguración postergadas e invisibilizadas. Las conclusiones discuten sobre la comunicación verbal y no verbal del aula virtual de la emergencia. Se reposiciona el saber comunicar del docente en el qué y desde el cómo. La transformación curricular de los programas, la singularización de las herramientas didácticas y la visibilidad de lo impalpable en términos de subjetividad configuran cambios inevitables del perfil comunicacional docente.
Improvement in Cassava Yield per Area by Fertilizer Application
Authors: Okoth Omondi John , Yermiyahu Uri 
Published: June 2021

Cassava is a source of carbohydrates to more than 200 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa, even though its production is 6–8 t ha−1, which is below the highest world production of 36.4 t ha−1 in India. To address this yield gap and increase cassava’s availability, affordability, and adequacy, intensive but sustainable production is important. Additionally, being an emerging raw material in the animal feeds, pharmaceutical, beer industries etc., only increases its demand, however the current production levels cannot effectively sustain this. Therefore, this paper reviews: improvement in cassava yields per area under fertigation and banding of fertilizers, a common practice among many farmers; the advantage of fertilizer application on starch of the storage roots, which is the fundamental ingredient in most industries using cassava as a raw material; and the climate smart technologies for intensive sustainable cassava production. In the end, this review enhances knowledge about fertilizer application to cassava, both banding and fertigation, and expounds on effective intensive sustainable climate-smart production strategies.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women and Newborn
Authors: Kanike Neelakanta , Kannekanti Naveen , Camacho Jenny 
Published: June 2021

Vitamin-D is not only an essential element in bone health, but it is also a pro-hormone. Deficiency of vitamin D is the most common cause of rickets and is also known to increase the risk of respiratory distress syndrome, lower respiratory infections, food sensitivities, asthma, type I diabetes, autism and schizophrenia. Vitamin D deficiency limits the effective absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D status in newborns is entirely dependent on maternal supply during pregnancy. Low maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy is a major risk factor for rickets in infants. Rickets in children is caused by severe, chronic vitamin D deficiency with apparent skeletal abnormalities, but neonates with vitamin D insufficiency have no overt skeletal or calcium metabolism defects. Rickets was a global disease in the early twentieth century. It has nearly disappeared in developed countries after its causal pathway was understood and fortification of milk with the hormone vitamin D was introduced at the population level. Surprisingly, rickets is re-emerging per recent evidence. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. The chapter will review the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and newborn population and its adverse effects on pregnancy and infant’s health. The chapter also describes evidence-based recommendations to prevent vitamin D deficiency in these vulnerable population.
Discovery of Quantitative Electronic Structure‐OER Activity Relationship in Metal‐Organic Framework Electrocatalysts Using an Integrated Theoretical‐Experimental Approach
Authors: Zhou Jian , Han Zhongkang , Wang Xingkun , Gai Huiyu , Chen Zongkun , Guo Tong , Hou Xianbiao , Xu Liangliang , Hu Xiaojuan , Huang Minghua , Levchenko Sergey V. , Jiang Heqing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeveloping cost‐effective and high‐performance catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential to improve the efficiency of electrochemical conversion devices. Unfortunately, current studies greatly depend on empirical exploration and ignore the inherent relationship between electronic structure and catalytic activity, which impedes the rational design of high‐efficiency OER catalysts. Herein, a series of bimetallic Ni‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Ni‐M‐MOFs, M = Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn) with well‐defined morphology and active sites are selected as the ideal platform to explore the electronic‐structure/catalytic‐activity relationship. By integrating density‐functional theory calculations and experimental measurements, a volcano‐shaped relationship between electronic properties (d‐band center and eg filling) and OER activity is demonstrated, in which the NiFe‐MOF with the optimized energy level and electronic structure situated closer to the volcano summit. It delivers ultra‐low overpotentials of 215 and 297 mV for 10 and 500 mA cm−2, respectively. The identified electronic‐structure/catalytic activity relationship is found to be universal for other Ni‐based MOF catalysts (e.g., Ni‐M‐BDC‐NH2, Ni‐M‐BTC, Ni‐M‐NDC, Ni‐M‐DOBDC, and Ni‐M‐PYDC). This work widens the applicability of d band center and eg filling descriptors to activity prediction of MOF‐based electrocatalysts, providing an insightful perspective to design highly efficient OER catalysts.
High‐Efficiency (16.93%) Pseudo‐Planar Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Binary Additives Strategy
Authors: Wang Xinkang , Zhang Lifu , Hu Lei , Xie Zijun , Mao Houdong , Tan Licheng , Zhang Youdi , Chen Yiwang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcquiring precision adjustable morphology of the blend films to improve the efficiency of charge separation and collection is a constant goal of organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, the above problem is improved by synergistically combining the sequential deposition (SD) method and the additive general strategy. By adding one additive 1,10‐decanediol (DDO) into PM6 and another 1‐chloronaphthalene (CN) into Y6, the molecule orientation of PM6 and the crystallite texture of the Y6 all become order. During the SD processing, a vertical phase separation OSCs device is formed where the donor enrichment at the anode and acceptor enrichment at the cathode. In comparison, the SD OSCs device with only CN additive still displays the bulk‐heterojunction morphology similar to PM6:Y6 blend film. The morphology with vertical phase distribution can not only inhibit charge recombination but also facilitate charge collection, finally enhancing the fill factor (FF) and photocurrent in binary additives SD‐type OSCs. As a result, the binary additives SD‐type OSCs with blend film PM6+DDO/Y6+CN exhibit a high FF of 77.45%, enabling a power conversion efficiency as high as 16.93%. This work reveals a simple but effective approach for boosting high‐efficiency OSCs with ideal morphologies and demonstrates that the additive is a promising processing alternative.
Microresonators in Lithium Niobate Thin Films
Authors: Xie Ran‐Ran , Li Gui‐Qin , Chen Feng , Long Gui‐Lu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLeveraging the outstanding nonlinear optical properties and the ultra‐high spatial confinement of light, microresonators based on lithium niobate (LN) thin films have emerged as intriguing elements in various frontiers such as integrated photonic circuits and quantum photonics. A number of applications have been realized based on LN thin‐film microresonators toward various on‐chip devices. In this paper, the recent advances of microresonators based on LN thin films are reviewed, including essential techniques used in fabrication/characterization and a detailed overview of applications, ranging from frequency conversion, electro‐optic modulation, frequency combs, microwave‐to‐optical transducers, quantum photonics, to lasing. A short summary and perspective is presented to indicate possible research topics related to LN thin‐film.
Reversible Photochemical Switching via Plasmonically Enhanced Upconversion Photoluminescence
Authors: Kim Byunghoon , Lee Kyu‐Tae , Cho Junhee , Darshanoju Narasimha Achary , Jung Kinam , Ahn In‐Hwan , Shin Jae‐Min , Oh Hyeongyeol , Ki Yeongcheol , Lee Hohjai , Kwon Seok Joon , Kim In Soo , Cai Wenshan , Ahn Kwang‐Hyun , Ko Doo‐Hyun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPhotochromic molecule‐incorporated optical devices offer desirable properties for photocontrollable optical systems, including advanced optical data storage and super‐resolution imaging. However, these molecules require multiple illumination sources, such as UV and visible light, for reversible photochemical reactions, which restricts their potential for advanced application. This study reports an effective strategy for modulating photoisomerization via a single near‐infrared light source assisted by plasmonically enhanced photoswitchable upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL). The proposed quasi‐periodic metal nanostructures to facilitate the resonance modes in the broadband region enable the substitution of the detrimental high‐energy light source (i.e., UV light) with near‐infrared stimuli, which is associated with UCPL enhancement of over two orders with spectrum orthogonality. To validate this concept, the accelerated reversible‐photoisomerization kinetics is experimentally confirmed by three‐ and tenfold amplification of the PL intensities of the photochromic disulfonyldiarylethene derivatives. Further validation of the proposed strategy is performed using photodynamic imaging, which reveals accelerated photoisomerization, high photocyclization stability, and high spatial resolution.
Two‐Step Sequence Multicomponent Synthesis/Reductive Rearrangement of 2‐Acyl‐2,3‐dihydrofurans for Modular Assembly of Annulated 4H‐Pyrans
Authors: Demidov Maxim R. , Osipov Dmitry V. , Korol'kov Konstantin A. , Osyanin Vitaly A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA variety of trans‐2‐acyl‐2,3‐dihydrofurans have been assembled from readily available structurally diverse precursors and then rearranged into a series of annulated 4H‐pyrans by the action of Sm/TMSCl or Zn/ZrCl4 redox systems. Present synthetic sequence is claimed as a modular approach to hetero‐ and carbon‐fused 4H‐pyrans. The rearrangement involves the SET reduction of carbonyl group to carbene followed by rare type of [1,2]‐aroxyl shift. Synthetic toolbar was enriched with the use of the Zn/ZrCl4 redox system.magnified image
Review on Asymmetric Catalysis Employing 5H‐Oxazol‐4‐Ones as α‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid Surrogates
Authors: Jain Anshul , Rana Nirmal K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHeterocycles play an essential role in medicinal as well as in organic synthetic chemistry. The synthesis of these valuable scaffolds is an emerging and challenging field of today‘s research in organic chemistry. In recent years, several heterocycles as new synthons have emerged as potential nucleophiles in asymmetric transformations. Among them, 5H‐oxazol‐4‐one is one of the strategic synthons for synthesizing enantioenriched α‐alkyl‐α‐hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives, which are otherwise very challenging via direct installation of a hydroxy group at the α‐position of carbonyls. Over the years, considerable progress has been made to establish new and efficient methodologies under mild reaction conditions exploiting metal‐ and organo‐catalysis. This review presents a comprehensive summary of various catalytic development in asymmetric synthesis employing 5H‐oxazol‐4‐ones as α‐alkyl‐α‐hydroxycarboxylic acid surrogates.magnified image
Recent advances in the rhodium‐catalyzed cyanation reactions
Authors: Soumya Puthukudichola Krishna , Vaishak Thottuvazhiyil Balakrishnan , Saranya Salim , Anilkumar Gopinathan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCyanation reactions have found a dominant position in organic synthesis due to the propensity of the cyanide group for conversion to various other functionalities. This property has opened up wide application for cyanide group. In recent years, transition metal‐catalyzed reactions in general and rhodium‐catalyzed reactions in particular have attracted the attention of organic chemists, which lead up to a number of cyanation procedures and synthetic transformation of the cyanide group into highly functionalized products. This review provides an overview of the rhodium‐catalyzed cyanation reactions and subsequent transformations leading to the formation of various types of compounds such as amines, acids, indoles, isocyanides, nitriles, and oximes.
Preparation of chemically functionalized and self compatibilized short coir fiber ‐ high density polyethylene composites
Authors: Babu S. Archana , Narayanankutty Sunil K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe interphase adhesion plays key role in the performance of composites. The commonly employed strategies include blending with an external compatibilizer or utilizing chemical grafting followed by purification and copolymerization. Here, we showcase a reformed and simple approach in the fabrication of chemically functionalized, self compatibilized composites [PE‐TCF5%‐MA2%] by insitu grafting of maleic anhydride in the polymer melt, followed by the reactive compatibilization of treated short coir fiber. Micro‐structural analysis of the composites revealed enhanced fiber/matrix adhesion. The improved mechanical, viscoelastic, and thermal properties of composites can be attributed to new interfacial bond formed, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared [FTIR] studies. PE‐TCF5%‐MA2% exhibited approximately 74% and 25% improvement in tensile strength compared to untreated (PE‐UCF) and treated (PE‐TCF) fiber composites respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis of composites displayed similar trend with highest value of storage modulus recorded for PE‐TCF5%‐MA2%. Final decomposition temperature of all composites was shifted to higher side. Peak degradation temperature was increased with a marginal increase of residual char. Together with the goodness of agro‐based fiber and feasiblity of this low cost method suggests the potential of PE‐TCF‐MA toward bulk industrial prodution of composite panels.
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene with improved crosslink density, oxidation stability, and microbial inhibition by chemical crosslinking and tea polyphenols for total joint replacements
Authors: Shah Nouman Ali , Ren Yue , Lan Ri‐Tong , Lv Jia‐Cheng , Gul Rizwan M. , Tan Peng‐Fei , Huang Shishu , Tan Lin , Xu Jia‐Zhuang , Li Zhong‐Ming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHighly crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) stabilized by vitamin E (VE) is widely applied in artificial joints as the bearings. Despite the approval, there is a discord that VE lowers the crosslinking efficiency, limiting its use at high concentration. In this work, we aim to obtain highly crosslinked and oxidation resistant UHMWPE through the conjunction of tea polyphenol and chemical crosslinking. We hypothesized that highly incorporated tea polyphenol with multiple reactive sites can ameliorate crosslinking efficiency of chemical crosslinked UHMWPE in comparison to VE. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as representative tea polyphenol was incorporated into UHMWPE at high concentration (2–8 wt%), followed by chemical crosslinking with 2 wt% organic peroxide. Unlike VE/UHMWPE blends as the control, chemical crosslinking achieved an increasing trend in crosslink density of EGCG/UHMWPE blends with increasing antioxidant concentration. High concentration of EGCG also enhanced the oxidation stability of UHMWPE. Intriguingly, EGCG endowed UHMWPE with an excellent antimicrobial property, which was inefficient in VE/UHMWPE. Cell viability was hardly affected by the high loaded antioxidant and peroxide. The chemically crosslinked UHMWPE blended with EGCG is proved to be a reasonable, cost effective and realistic alternative for use in artificial joints.
Synthesis of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating films for self‐cleaning glass using nanoemulsion technique
Authors: Mohamed Reham H. , El‐Din M. R. Noor , N. O. Shaker 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis work aims to fabricate new potent superhydrophobic‐hybrid coated nanocomposites used as a self‐cleaning coating on the glass surface. Three (styrene/vinyl acetate) copolymers with monomer molar ratios of 0.06:0.17, 0.12:0.11, and 0.17:0.06 denoted as Z1‐, Z2‐, and Z3‐copolymers were synthesized using the emulsion phase inversion concentration (EPIC) method. Two functionalized SiO2‐NPs using dodecyl triethoxysilane and hexadecyl trimethoxysilane as coupling agents denoted as E‐NPs and F‐NPs, respectively were fabricated by a sol–gel process to promote the hydrophobicity properties of the synthesized SiO2‐NPs. New hybrid composites denoted as Py and Ty(y = 1, 2, and 3) were fabricated by incorporating 1, 3, and 5 wt% of the functionalized SiO2‐NPs (E‐NPs or F‐NPs) into the Z3‐copolymers matrix, respectively. The chemical structures of the synthesized copolymers, unfunctionalized SiO2‐NPs, and the hybrid composites were elucidated by FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopes. The surface wettability and topography of the glass‐surface coated by synthesized (styrene/vinyl acetate) copolymers and the silica hybrid composites were analyzed using water contact angle, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopes. The results showed that a highly superhydrophobic coated hybrid composite with a contact angle of 161.48° was achieved by Z3‐copolymer/F5‐NPs denoted as T3‐composite at F5‐NPs concentration of 5 wt%.
Simultaneous analysis of oxytetracycline hydrochloride, lidocaine, and bromhexine hydrochloride in the presence of many interfering excipients
Authors: Gamal Mohammed , Naguib Ibrahim A. , Abdelfatah Rehab M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA gradient elution high‐performance liquid chromatographic method with a diode array detector is introduced for the first time for the simultaneous estimation of three drugs, namely, oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OXT), lidocaine (LDC), and bromhexine hydrochloride (BRH), in a veterinary formulation (OxyClear® solution) that contains many interfering additives. The method used a C‐8 column. The chromatographic eluting solution included acidified water (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water) and acetonitrile at a 1‐ml/min flow rate and 254 nm as a nominated detection wavelength. The chromatographic process was assessed in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. OXT, LDC, and BRH were linear in the range of 1–60, 5–100, and 1–60 μg/ml, respectively. The three drugs were determined successfully without the interference of three excipients having UV absorbances. Furthermore, the purities of the peaks of the three drugs were confirmed by comparing the UV spectra of investigated peaks to the UV reference spectra in Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons. The greenness value of the method was 0.69 with a faint green‐colored pictogram using the AGREE tool. These merits recommend the application of the planned method in QC laboratories for purity testing and concentration assays for the pure drugs and commercial formulations.
Revisiting the decay of scientific email addresses
Authors: Rodriguez‐Esteban Raul , Vishnyakova Dina , Rinaldi Fabio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEmail is the primary method of communication with authors of scientific publications. This study sought to measure the reliability, over time, of contact email addresses from biomedical publications, particularly depending on email type. Emails were written to randomly selected email addresses from publications in MEDLINE, and email bounce rates were modeled probabilistically. The use of personal email addresses was quantified and compared to the use of other types of email addresses. Eighteen percent of authors' contact email addresses in MEDLINE were estimated to be invalid. A steadily growing share of email addresses was personal: 32% of all new email addresses in MEDLINE in 2018 were of this kind. These email addresses were less likely to be invalid than email addresses from other types of providers. While the percentage of invalid email addresses was significant, it was lower than previously estimated. Personal email addresses are taking an increasingly more important role by supplying more reliable email addresses to scientists. To mitigate the problem of invalid email addresses, institutions should provide email forwarding, scientific directories should offer the possibility of contacting authors, or scientific authors should use more stable email addresses.