bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transom Flow Elevations in the Partially Ventilated Condition
Authors: Royce Richard A. , Doherty Patrick J. 
Published: April 2021

Predicting separation from a transom stern presents a problem for potential flow calculations. As the vessel speed increases, the transom flow elevation progressively deviates from the static condition. In the absence of viscosity, potential theory is not able to adequately capture this process. Without a priori information regarding the transom flow elevation, potential flow calculations either under or over-predict the resistance. The under-prediction results from placement of the wake sheet at the static condition waterline, and over-prediction results from placement of the wake sheet at the transom/keel intersection (the fully ventilated condition).
This paper expands the investigation of transom flow elevations by experimentally measuring the deflection of the flow from the static condition for five different transom configurations ranging from round bilge to deep-vee sections. The models use a common forebody of the vessel. The models were effectively fixed in sinkage and trim. High definition video was used to capture the flow elevations for a range of speeds. This paper presents the findings in terms of the transom Froude number and ventilation factors, and makes comparisons to prior empirical equations. Model data is also provided.
The use of social attraction techniques to restore seabird colonies on Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico
Authors: Herrera‐Giraldo Jose‐Luis , Figuerola‐Hernández Cielo E. , Wolf Coral A. , Colón‐Merced Ricardo , Ventosa‐Febles Eduardo , Silander Susan , Holmes Nick D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Desecheo Island (117 ha) was historically an important seabird island in the Caribbean with 15 species recorded, of which seven are known to breed, including major populations of brown boobies and red‐footed bobbies. The introduction of invasive mammals, plus the use of the island as a bombing range, contributed to the extirpation of five of the seven known breeding populations of seabird species and vastly reduced numbers of the remaining two species. The island became a National Wildlife Refuge in 1976 and major conservation interventions have included the eradication of invasive goats, rhesus macaques and rats between 1976 and 2016. Removing these critical threats from the island has allowed other active restoration goals to be realized, including restoring seabird colonies to the island.
Here, we report on the installation of social attraction equipment in 2018 to augment bridled tern and brown noddy colonies and establish a species of conservation concern, the Audubon's shearwater. We supported these actions through a review of historic seabird nesting and roosting on Desecheo. Motion‐sensing cameras were installed to document activity at each social attraction site and evaluate the effectiveness of our methods.
During the 2 years of deployment and monitoring, a total of seven bridled tern nests were documented in new and historic sites for the species, two of them next to a decoy colony; however, no brown noddy visits or nests were detected. In 2018 and 2019, one and two Audubon's shearwaters, respectively, were attracted to one of the sound system speakers, representing the first record for this species on the island.
Social attraction efforts on Desecheo appears to be a feasible activity that may help support seabird recolonization and support conservation goals for this National Wildlife Refuge.
Patient‐Specific Organoid and Organ‐on‐a‐Chip: 3D Cell‐Culture Meets 3D Printing and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Zheng Fuyin , Xiao Yuminghao , Liu Hui , Fan Yubo , Dao Ming 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe last few decades have witnessed diversified in vitro models to recapitulate the architecture and function of living organs or tissues and contribute immensely to advances in life science. Two novel 3D cell culture models: 1) Organoid, promoted mainly by the developments of stem cell biology and 2) Organ‐on‐a‐chip, enhanced primarily due to microfluidic technology, have emerged as two promising approaches to advance the understanding of basic biological principles and clinical treatments. This review describes the comparable distinct differences between these two models and provides more insights into their complementarity and integration to recognize their merits and limitations for applicable fields. The convergence of the two approaches to produce multi‐organoid‐on‐a‐chip or human organoid‐on‐a‐chip is emerging as a new approach for building 3D models with higher physiological relevance. Furthermore, rapid advancements in 3D printing and numerical simulations, which facilitate the design, manufacture, and results‐translation of 3D cell culture models, can also serve as novel tools to promote the development and propagation of organoid and organ‐on‐a‐chip systems. Current technological challenges and limitations, as well as expert recommendations and future solutions to address the promising combinations by incorporating organoids, organ‐on‐a‐chip, 3D printing, and numerical simulation, are also summarized.
Studying Tumor Angiogenesis and Cancer Invasion in a Three‐Dimensional Vascularized Breast Cancer Micro‐Environment
Authors: Dey Madhuri , Ayan Bugra , Yurieva Marina , Unutmaz Derya , Ozbolat Ibrahim T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMetastatic breast cancer is one of the deadliest forms of malignancy, primarily driven by its characteristic micro‐environment comprising cancer cells interacting with stromal components. These interactions induce genetic and metabolic alterations creating a conducive environment for tumor growth. In this study, a physiologically relevant 3D vascularized breast cancer micro‐environment is developed comprising of metastatic MDA‐MB‐231 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells loaded in human dermal fibroblasts laden fibrin, representing the tumor stroma. The matrix, as well as stromal cell density, impacts the transcriptional profile of genes involved in tumor angiogenesis and cancer invasion, which are hallmarks of cancer. Cancer‐specific canonical pathways and activated upstream regulators are also identified by the differential gene expression signatures of these composite cultures. Additionally, a tumor‐associated vascular bed of capillaries is established exhibiting dilated vessel diameters, representative of in vivo tumor physiology. Further, employing aspiration‐assisted bioprinting, cancer–endothelial crosstalk, in the form of collective angiogenesis of tumor spheroids bioprinted at close proximity, is identified. Overall, this bottom–up approach of tumor micro‐environment fabrication provides an insight into the potential of in vitro tumor models and enables the identification of novel therapeutic targets as a preclinical drug screening platform.
Hierarchically Designed Salt‐Resistant Solar Evaporator Based on Donnan Effect for Stable and High‐Performance Brine Treatment
Authors: Zhao Wei , Gong Han , Song Yan , Li Bo , Xu Ning , Min Xinzhe , Liu Guoliang , Zhu Bin , Zhou Lin , Zhang Xu‐Xiang , Zhu Jia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInterfacial solar evaporation is considered to be a promising technology to treat brine with high energy transfer efficiency and a minimized carbon footprint. However, salt accumulation on solar evaporators during the brine treatment process has limited their widespread application. Herein, a hierarchically designed salt‐resistant solar evaporator is demonstrated, featuring confined Na+ with salt‐resistant ability based on the Donnan effect. The high chemical potential of confined Na+ leads to the Donnan distribution equilibrium, which minimizes the amount of the salt ions diffusing into the water supply layer and therefore fundamentally avoids salt accumulation. With this hierarchical design, the solar evaporator enables stable evaporation from high‐salinity brine (15 wt% NaCl) with a solar‐to‐vapor efficiency of 80% under 1 sun irradiation over a long period of time. Therefore, it provides an alternative and promising pathway for solar water treatment of high salinity brine.
Endogenous Stimuli‐Activatable Nanomedicine for Immune Theranostics for Cancer
Authors: Wang Weiqi , Jin Yilan , Liu Xiao , Chen Fangmin , Zheng Xiaohua , Liu Tianqing , Yang Yumin , Yu Haijun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCancer immunotherapy has witnessed significant advances in the past decade, however challenges associated with immune‐related adverse effects and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, have hindered their clinical application. Stimuli‐activatable nanomedicines hold great potential for improving the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy and minimizing the side effects via tumor‐specific accumulation, controllable drug release profile, and combinational therapy by integrating multiple therapeutic regimens. In this review, the recent advances of stimuli‐activatable nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy are first described, with particular focus on endogenous stimuli including pH, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, and excessive enzymes within the tumor microenvironment. Then, the endogenous stimuli‐activatable nanomedicines that target tumor cells, immune cells, or periphery immune systems for eliciting sustained systemic immune activation and modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, are described. Next, the general mechanisms underlying nanomedicine‐based immunotherapy by eliciting anti‐tumor immune responses and overcoming immunologic tolerance are described. Further, the emerging application of bioimaging techniques for monitoring immune response and evaluating therapy performance is described. Finally, the authors’ perspectives are provided for the clinical translation of nanomedicine‐based cancer immunotherapy.
Laser‐Manufactured Metastable Supranano SnOx for Efficient Electron/Ion Bridging in SnO2‐Graphene Heterostructure Boosting Lithium Storage
Authors: Xu Xiaosa , Xu Fei , Qu Changzhen , Jiang Guangshen , Yu Haoqi , Repich Hlib , Han Haojie , Cao Fengren , Li Liang , Wang Hongqiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRobust anchoring of high‐capacity nanocrystals (NCs) on porous conductive substrates is of paramount importance but it is challenging for highly efficient energy storage to prevent the weak interfacial interactions, inevitable aggregation, and sluggish charge transfer, due to the technical hurdles of constructing heterostructures with firm electron/ion bridging. Herein, a facile and high‐efficiency liquid‐phase laser manufacturing strategy to guarantee the covalent bonding of ultrafine NCs on conductive substrates by predesigning metastable supranano (<10 nm) particles is proposed. The manufacturing of supranano SnO2 (≈3.4 nm) is demonstrated to tightly anchor on mesoporous walls of graphene with high loading (≈81.3%) and homogenous dispersion. Such a optimized heterostructure with unimpeded electron/ion transfer delivers extraordinary long‐term cycling stability (1132 mAh g–1 at 1.0 A g–1 after 1250 cycles) and impressive rate capability (275 mAh g–1 at 30.0 A g–1) as the anode for Li‐storage, which are some of the highest values among the reported SnO2‐based anodes. The study provides an important avenue for addressing the interfacial bridging in‐between heterostructures via creating active metastable supranano particles for intriguing electrochemical applications or even beyond, based on laser‐matter interactions.
Covalently Interlinked Graphene Sheets with Sulfur‐Chains Enable Superior Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes at Full‐Mass Level
Authors: Tantis Iosif , Bakandritsos Aristides , Zaoralová Dagmar , Medveď Miroslav , Jakubec Petr , Havláková Jana , Zbořil Radek , Otyepka Michal 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSulfur represents a low‑cost, sustainable, and high theoretical capacity cathode material for lithium–sulfur batteries, which can meet the growing demand in portable power sources, such as in electric vehicles and mobile information technologies. However, the shuttling effect of the formed lithium polysulfides, as well as their low conductivity, compromise the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur cells. To tackle this challenge, a so far unexplored cathode, composed of sulfur covalently bonded directly on graphene is developed. This is achieved by leveraging the nucleophilicity of polysulfide chains, which react readily with the electrophilic centers in fluorographene, as experimental and theoretical data unveil. The reaction leads to the formation of carbon–sulfur covalent bonds and a particularly high sulfur content of 80 mass%. Owing to these features, the developed cathode exhibits excellent performance with only 5 mass% of conductive carbon additive, delivering very high full‑cathode‑mass capacities and rate capability, combined with superior cycling stability. In combination with a fluorinated ether as electrolyte additive, the capacity persists at ≈700 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, and at ≈644 mAh g−1 after 250 cycles at 0.2 C, keeping ≈470 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles.
Ag Incorporation with Controlled Grain Growth Enables 12.5% Efficient Kesterite Solar Cell with Open Circuit Voltage Reached 64.2% Shockley–Queisser Limit
Authors: Gong Yuancai , Qiu Ruichan , Niu Chuanyou , Fu Junjie , Jedlicka Erin , Giridharagopal Rajiv , Zhu Qiang , Zhou Yage , Yan Weibo , Yu Shaotang , Jiang Jingjing , Wu Sixin , Ginger David S. , Huang Wei , Xin Hao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe large open‐circuit voltage deficit (Voc,def) is the key issue that limits kesterite (Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4, [CZTSSe]) solar cell performance. Substitution of Cu+ by larger ionic Ag+ ((Ag,Cu)2ZnSn(S,Se)4, [ACZTSSe]) is one strategy to reduce Cu–Zn disorder and improve kesterite Voc. However, the so far reported ACZTSSe solar cell has not demonstrated lower Voc,def than the world record device, indicating that some intrinsic defect properties cannot be mitigated using current approaches. Here, incorporation of Ag into kesterite through a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution that can facilitate direct phase transformation grain growth and produce a uniform and less defective kesterite absorber is reported. The same coordination chemistry of Ag+ and Cu+ in the DMSO solution results in the same reaction path of ACZTSSe to CZTSSe, resulting in significant suppression of CuZn defects, its defect cluster [2CuZn + SnZn], and deep level defect CuSn. A champion device with an efficiency of 12.5% (active area efficiency 13.5% without antireflection coating) and a record low Voc,def (64.2% Shockley–Queisser limit) is achieved from ACZTSSe with 5% Ag content.
“Water‐in‐Deep Eutectic Solvent” Electrolytes for High‐Performance Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shi Jinqiang , Sun Tianjiang , Bao Junquan , Zheng Shibing , Du Haihui , Li Lin , Yuan Xuming , Ma Tao , Tao Zhanliang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAqueous Zn‐ion batteries have been considered as promising alternatives to Li‐ion batteries due to their abundant reserves, low price, and high safety. However, Zn anode shows poor reversibility and cycling stability in most conventional aqueous electrolytes. Here, a new type of aqueous Zn‐ion electrolyte based on ZnCl2–acetamide deep eutectic solvent with both environmental and economic friendliness has been prepared. The water molecule introduced in the “water‐in‐deep eutectic solvent” electrolyte could reduce the Zn2+ desolvation energy barrier by regulating Zn2+ solvation structure to promote uniform Zn nucleation. Zn anode shows improved electrochemical performance (≈98% Coulombic efficiency over 1000 cycles) in the electrolyte whose molar ratio of ZnCl2:acetamide:H2O is 1:3:1. The assembled full battery composed of phenazine cathode and Zn anode could stably cycle over 10 000 cycles with a high capacity retention of 85.7%. Overall, this work offers new insights into exploring new green electrolyte systems for Zn‐ion batteries.
The More, the Better–Recent Advances in Construction of 2D Multi‐Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Ruijie , Li Menghan , Li Lin , Wei Zhongming , Jiao Fei , Geng Dechao , Hu Wenping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe past few years have witnessed significant development in the controlled growth of 2D heterostructures. Among those kinds of heterostructures, vertical and lateral ones have drawn the most attention. Vertical heterostructures can be created in the mode of layer by layer. The layer number and sequence in the vertical orientation can be modulated and thus leading to customized properties. However, the fabrication of lateral heterostructures has been met with challenges. The most concerning issue is related to the consistency at the atomic scale when two layers are stitched in a lateral direction. Adhering to the concept of epitaxial growth, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has exerted significant impact in forming 2D lateral heterostructures. In this review, recent academic breakthroughs involving controlled growth of multi‐heterostructures by CVD are present. The CVD technique in terms of growth parameters, choice of catalysts, and mechanism is fully emphasized, offering guidelines for shaping novel 2D heterostructures. Several novel multi‐heterostructures attained by the CVD method are exhibited. Further, the properties and devices are described to demonstrate the unique features of multi‐heterostructures. The great advances in precisely constructing multi‐heterostructure are expected to push forward the way for 2D materials to industrialization and commercialization.
Materials for Improving Immune Cell Transfection
Authors: Kumar Arun R. K. , Shou Yufeng , Chan Brian , L. Krishaa , Tay Andy 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR‐T) therapy holds great promise for preventing and treating deadly diseases such as cancer. However, it remains challenging to transfect and engineer primary immune cells for clinical cell manufacturing. Conventional tools using viral vectors and bulk electroporation suffer from low efficiency while posing risks like viral transgene integration and excessive biological perturbations. Emerging techniques using microfluidics, nanoparticles, and high‐aspect‐ratio nanostructures can overcome these challenges, and on top of that, provide universal and high‐throughput cargo delivery. Herein, the strengths and limitations of traditional and emerging materials for immune cell transfection, and commercial development of these tools, are discussed. To enhance the characterization of transfection techniques and uptake by the clinical community, a list of in vitro and in vivo assays to perform, along with relevant protocols, is recommended. The overall aim, herein, is to motivate the development of novel materials to meet rising demand in transfection for clinical CAR‐T cell manufacturing.
From Chaos to Control: Programmable Crack Patterning with Molecular Order in Polymer Substrates
Authors: Kim Hyun , Abdelrahman Mustafa K. , Choi Joonmyung , Kim Hongdeok , Maeng Jimin , Wang Suitu , Javed Mahjabeen , Rivera‐Tarazona Laura K. , Lee Habeom , Ko Seung Hwan , Ware Taylor H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCracks are typically associated with the failure of materials. However, cracks can also be used to create periodic patterns on the surfaces of materials, as observed in the skin of crocodiles and elephants. In synthetic materials, surface patterns are critical to micro‐ and nanoscale fabrication processes. Here, a strategy is presented that enables freely programmable patterns of cracks on the surface of a polymer and then uses these cracks to pattern other materials. Cracks form during deposition of a thin film metal on a liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) and follow the spatially patterned molecular order of the polymer. These patterned sub‐micrometer scale cracks have an order parameter of 0.98 ± 0.02 and form readily over centimeter‐scale areas on the flexible substrates. The patterning of the LCN enables cracks that turn corners, spiral azimuthally, or radiate from a point. Conductive inks can be filled into these oriented cracks, resulting in flexible, anisotropic, and transparent conductors. This materials‐based processing approach to patterning cracks enables unprecedented control of the orientation, length, width, and depth of the cracks without costly lithography methods. This approach promises new architectures of electronics, sensors, fluidics, optics, and other devices with micro‐ and nanoscale features.
Energy Storage Structural Composites with Integrated Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review
Authors: Galos Joel , Pattarakunnan Koranat , Best Adam S. , Kyratzis Ilias L. , Wang Chun‐Hui , Mouritz Adrian P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntegration of lithium‐ion batteries into fiber‐polymer composite structures so as to simultaneously carry mechanical loads and store electrical energy offer great potential to reduce the overall system weight. Herein, recent progresses in integration methods for achieving high mechanical efficiencies of embedding commercial lithium‐ion batteries inside composite materials are reviewed. The manufacturing techniques used to fabricate energy storage structural composites are discussed together with a comparison of their mechanical properties, energy storage capacity, and electrical performance. The mechanical performance of energy storage composites containing lithium‐ion batteries depends on many factors, including manufacturing method, materials used, structural design, and bonding between the structure and the integrated batteries. Energy storage composites with integrated lithium‐ion pouch batteries generally achieve a superior balance between mechanical performance and energy density compared to other commercial battery systems. Potential applications are presented for energy storage composites containing integrated lithium‐ion batteries including automotive, aircraft, spacecraft, marine and sports equipment. Opportunities and challenges in fabrication methods, mechanical characterizations, trade‐offs in engineering design, safety, and battery subcomponents are also discussed.
Transparent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: Advances, Prospects, and Challenges
Authors: Huseynova Gunel , Lee Jae‐Hyun , Kim Yong Hyun , Lee Jonghee 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTransparent organic light‐emitting diodes (TOLEDs) are exciting next‐generation electronic devices that can be embedded and integrated into walls, windows, head‐up panels in commercial and domestic buildings, cars, planes, and other segments of the consumer goods sector. TOLEDs are also fundamental components for the realization of the stacked OLEDs for various industrial and research applications. Furthermore, futuristic smart wearables for clothing as well as medical purposes will also benefit remarkably from the development of TOLEDs. However, the efficiency of TOLEDs is significantly lower than that of their opaque counterparts. The achievement of high‐performance TOLEDs is directly dependent on the properties of the chosen electrode materials as well as the used light extraction techniques. In this review, the reported perspectives of TOLEDs are discussed along with their types, design, and architectures, applied TOLED materials and properties, and the application fields of these transparent devices. The performance of the electrode materials and the commonly used light extraction methods are reviewed in detail as well. The main purpose is to shed light on some of the effective TOLED approaches and the underlying reasons for the frequently encountered issues in these diodes. Auspicious novel fabrication techniques as well as device structures are also highlighted.