bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A deep neural network based method for magnetic anomaly detection
Authors: Wang Yizhen , Han Qi , Zhao Guanyi , Li Minghui , Zhan Dechen , Li Qiong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMagnetic anomaly detection (MAD) is a technique to find ferromagnets hiding in strong and complicated magnetic background. In many practical cases, the targets are very far from the detection sensor, which leads to low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and high detection difficulty. Most of the current methods determine the existence of target by some approaches based on signal analysis, such as the orthogonal basis function (OBF) and the minimum entropy (ME). However, although these methods consume low resources, the detection performances are not satisfactory enough. In recent years, due to the increase of computer capability, complex methods become applicable in MAD. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) is adopted to detect the magnetic anomalies. The DNN has shown its better ability to represent natural data in many applications. A feature automatically learned by a DNN from data in the raw form is more effective for detecting target signals and suppressing irrelevant variations. Herein, a convolutional network with residual structure to implement the feature extraction is designed and an MAD method based on it is proposed. Through the semi‐real tests, the proposed method exhibits a strong capability to extract features and shows excellent performances on detection.
Analytical simulations of the effect of satellite constellations on optical and near-infrared observations
Authors: Bassa C. G. , Hainaut O. R. , Galadí-Enríquez D. 
Published: October 2021

Context. The number of satellites in low-Earth orbit is increasing rapidly and many tens of thousands of satellites are expected to be launched in the coming years. There is a strong concern among the astronomical community about the contamination of optical and near-infrared observations by satellite trails, what has led to several initial investigations of the impact of large satellite constellations.
Aims. We expand the impact analysis of such constellations on ground-based optical and near-infrared astronomical observations in a more rigorous and quantitative way, using updated constellation information and considering imagers and spectrographs and their very different characteristics.
Methods. We introduce an analytical method that allows us to rapidly and accurately evaluate the effect of a very large number of satellites, accounting for their magnitudes and the effect of trailing of the satellite image during the exposure. We use this to evaluate the impact on a series of representative instruments, including imagers (traditional narrow field instruments, wide-field survey cameras, and astro-photographic cameras) and spectrographs (long-slit and fibre-fed), taking their limiting magnitude into account.
Results. Confirming earlier findings, the effect of satellite trails is more damaging for high-altitude satellites, on wide-field instruments, or essentially during the first and last hours of the night. Thanks to their brighter limiting magnitudes, low- and mid-resolution spectrographs will be less affected, but the contamination will be at about the same level as that of the science signal, introducing additional challenges. High-resolution spectrographs will essentially be immune. We propose a series of mitigating measures, including one that uses the described simulation method to optimise the scheduling of the observations. We conclude that no single mitigation measure will solve the problem of satellite trails for all instruments and all science cases.
Die inadäquate Darstellung von COVID-19-Statistiken – ganz allgemein und in Zusammenhang mit Substanzkonsum und Suchtphänomenen
Authors: Uhl Alfred 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrund Die COVID-19-Pandemie führt seit nunmehr eineinhalb Jahren zu dramatischen Einschränkungen und Veränderungen der Gesellschaft. Da das Thema inzwischen die Bevölkerung stark polarisiert, ist eine sachlich korrekte Information umso wichtiger. Das betrifft sowohl die Beurteilung von COVID-19-assoziierten Problemen als auch Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie. Im Zusammenhang mit Suchtphänomenen stellt sich die Frage, wie sich COVID-19 bisher auf Substanzkonsum und suchtbedingte Verhaltensweisen auswirkte.Methode Exemplarisch wird analysiert, wie Forschungsergebnisse in der medialen Darstellung präsentiert werden und wie die Forschung zur Information bzw. Desinformation der Bevölkerung beiträgt. Einige gängige Mediendarstellungen, die auf intuitiv-assoziativem Denken beruhen, sowie die ihnen zugrunde liegenden wissenschaftlichen Texte werden methodenkritisch hinterfragt, um einen rational-analytischen Zugang zum Thema zu unterstützen.Ergebnisse Der Diskurs zum Thema COVID-19 ist geprägt von methodologisch inadäquaten Darstellungen – nicht nur von jenen, die systematisch zur Desinformation beitragen, sondern teilweise auch von jenen, die an einem sachlich-wissenschaftlichen Umgang mit der Pandemie interessiert sind und ihre Position durch wissenschaftliche Argumente stützen wollen.Schlussfolgerung Für Wissenschaftler wie Medienarbeiter ist es notwendig, sich mit den grundlegenden methodischen Prinzipien so weit vertraut zu machen, dass sie nicht Gefahr laufen, falsche Argumente zur Verteidigung richtiger Positionen zu verwenden – denn damit würden sie die eigene Glaubwürdigkeit nachhaltig untergraben.
Trauma Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Shanthakumar Dhurka , Payne Anna , Leitch Trish , Alfa-Wali Maryam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background Trauma-related injury causes higher mortality than a combination of prevalent infectious diseases. Mortality secondary to trauma is higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than high-income countries. This review outlines common issues, and potential solutions for those issues, identified in trauma care in LMICs that contribute to poorer outcomes.
Methods A literature search was performed on PubMed and Google Scholar using the search terms “trauma,” “injuries,” and “developing countries.” Articles conducted in a trauma setting in low-income countries (according to the World Bank classification) that discussed problems with management of trauma or consolidated treatment and educational solutions regarding trauma care were included.
Results Forty-five studies were included. The problem areas broadly identified with trauma care in LMICs were infrastructure, education, and operational measures. We provided some solutions to these areas including algorithm-driven patient management and use of technology that can be adopted in LMICs.
Conclusion Sustainable methods for the provision of trauma care are essential in LMICs. Improvements in infrastructure and education and training would produce a more robust health care system and likely a reduction in mortality in trauma-related injuries.
The Role of Information in Dental Traumatology in Patients during Developmental Age: A Cognitive Investigation
Authors: Ludovichetti Francesco Saverio , Signoriello Anna Giulia , Zuccon Andrea , Padovani Sharon , Mazzoleni Sergio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objectives The gestation period involves a series of changes in all maternal organs and systems, due to hormonal fluctuations that also affect the oral cavity, leading to possible development of diseases such as gingivitis, oral pregnancy tumor, or periodontitis. Over the years, the positive correlation between poor oral health and adverse outcomes in pregnancy, such as fetal changes, low birth weight, preterm birth, or preeclampsia, has also been highlighted. The aim of this study is to analyze and understand the levels of knowledge and information of pregnant women about the possible repercussions that they may have on the oral cavity, caused by hormonal alterations.
Materials and Methods A questionnaire of 17 multiple choice questions was formulated and published online from 01/02/2020 to 31/08/2020, aimed at pregnant women and new mothers. The Google Forms platform was used to collect the data that were then statistically analyzed by creating crosstabs with multiple dependency variables.
Results The study cohort was represented by 1,191 women, whose responses first showed that about half were unaware of the predisposition to develop infections and periodontal problems during the gestation period. The same noticed bleeding and gum swelling during brushing and despite this, only 21% visited their dentist to resolve the situation. Furthermore, 88.2% of all women did not know that problems in the oral cavity can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Conclusion Primary prevention is essential and must be implemented with the collaboration of the various professional figures who follow the woman during gestation.
Endotoxemia and cardiometabolic biomarkers in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Data from the RICO survey
Authors: Putot A , Masson D , Cottin Y , Gauthier T , Tribouillard L , Rerole A L , Maza M , Pais De Barros J P , Deckert V , Farnier M , Lagrost L , Zeller M ,   RICO survey
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
The complex interplay between endotoxemia, inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases including acute myocardial infarction is poorly understood.

Aim
Our prospective study aimed to address the determinants of endotoxemia, including blood lipids and metabolic biomarkers, in patients admitted for an acute MI.

Methods
From the RICO survey, patients admitted to the coronary care unit of our University Hospital for type 1 acute MI were prospectively included between 2016 and 2018. Patients with prior coronary artery disease (CAD) or chronic kidney disease were excluded. Blood samples for biomarkers measurement were taken on admission. Endotoxemia was assessed by the LCMSMS measurement of circulating levels of LPS-derived 3-hydroxymyristate (3HM), a component of the lipid A moiety.

Results
Among the 245 patients included, mean age was 62±13 y, most were male (72%), almost half were hypertensive (43%), or current smokers (44%), 38% had hypercholesterolemia, or family history of CAD (31%), median (IQR) BMI was 27 (25–29) kg/m2 and 14% had diabetes. Median LDL-cholesterol was at 132 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol at 47 mg/dL, total cholesterol at 209 mg/dL and triglycerides (TG) at 116 mg/dL. Median (IQR) 3HM levels were at 106 (83–131) pmol/L. Among biomarkers, TG levels were the most strongly correlated with LPS levels (r=0.201, p=0.002), beyond HbA1c (r=0.197, p=0.002), BMI (r=0.192, p=0.003), cholesterol (r=0.191, p=0.003), blood glucose (r=0.174, p=0.006) and age (r=0.173, p=0.007). Inflammatory biomarkers and cytokines (CRP, IL6, IL8, TNF α) did not significantly relate to 3HM levels. When compared with patients without diabetes, patients with diabetes had ≈40% higher levels of 3HM (140 vs 103 pmol/L, p&lt;0.001). By multivariate regression linear analysis, TG (β(95% CI)=0.288 (7.757–20.357), p&lt;0.001) remained an independent determinant of 3HM levels, beyond age (β(95% CI)=0.184 (0.274–1.374), p=0.003), and HbA1c (β(95% CI)=0.157 (1.764–15.390), p=0.014).

Conclusions
In a former analysis of our prospective study in patients with acute MI, endotoxemia levels related mainly to chronic metabolic disorders including diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. The underlying mechanisms for the LPS-associated TG elevations and its clinical significance at the acute phase of MI remains to be explored.

Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): CHU Dijon Bourgogne ARS Bourgogne Franche comté
A scaling law of multilevel evolution: how the balance between within- and among-collective evolution is determined
Authors: Takeuchi Nobuto , Mitarai Namiko , Kaneko Kunihiko 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Numerous living systems are hierarchically organized, whereby replicating components are grouped into reproducing collectives—e.g., organelles are grouped into cells, and cells are grouped into multicellular organisms. In such systems, evolution can operate at two levels: evolution among collectives, which tends to promote selfless cooperation among components within collectives (called altruism), and evolution within collectives, which tends to promote cheating among components within collectives. The balance between within- and among-collective evolution thus exerts profound impacts on the fitness of these systems. Here, we investigate how this balance depends on the size of a collective (denoted by N) and the mutation rate of components (m) through mathematical analyses and computer simulations of multiple population genetics models. We first confirm a previous result that increasing N or m accelerates within-collective evolution relative to among-collective evolution, thus promoting the evolution of cheating. Moreover, we show that when within- and among-collective evolution exactly balance each other out, the following scaling relation generally holds: Nmα is a constant, where scaling exponent α depends on multiple parameters, such as the strength of selection and whether altruism is a binary or quantitative trait. This relation indicates that although N and m have quantitatively distinct impacts on the balance between within- and among-collective evolution, their impacts become identical if m is scaled with a proper exponent. Our results thus provide a novel insight into conditions under which cheating or altruism evolves in hierarchically organized replicating systems.
Hypertrophic Granulation Wounds Treated With Silver Nitrate Sticks or With Topical Steroid: Rate of Wound Closure
Authors: Linneman Paul K , Litt Jeffrey 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Hypertrophic granulation (HG) is abnormal granulation tissue raised above the level of surrounding intact skin and is thought to delay wound healing. Effective treatment to eliminate HG could speed healing, but this is not well studied. Two common treatments are chemical cautery with silver nitrate, and the use of topical steroids. In a Midwestern burn and wound clinic, both of these treatments are employed. A quality improvement project compared wound size reduction for HG wounds undergoing the two treatment modalities. Retrospective chart review identified HG wounds treated during a 1-year period, and compared wound size prior to and after 1 month of treatment (length, width, and surface area). Results were presented to the clinic staff, and 1 year later the quality assurance project was repeated. The initial audit found data on 18 patients treated with silver nitrate cautery, and 16 patients treated with 1% hydrocortisone cream. Median length and width were decreased by 5 mm with silver nitrate cautery treatment, and by 14 mm with 1% hydrocortisone treatment (P &lt; .05). The repeat audit 1 year later found 10 patients treated with silver nitrate, and 38 treated with hydrocortisone. Median length and width decreased by 0 and 2 mm respectively for silver nitrate cautery treatment, and 15 and 10 mm for 1% hydrocortisone treatment (P &lt; .05). In conclusion, this uncontrolled review suggests faster healing in HG wounds treated with 1% hydrocortisone compared with those treated with silver nitrate cautery. Confirmation with controlled and randomized studies is warranted.
Role of microhabitat and temporal activity in facilitating coexistence of endemic carnivores on the California Channel Islands
Authors: Bolas Ellen C , Sollmann Rahel , Crooks Kevin R , Boydston Erin E , Shaskey Laura , Boser Christina L , Dillon Adam , Van Vuren Dirk H 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMost extinctions worldwide have occurred on islands, primarily due to interactions with exotic species, but rarely due to interactions among endemic species. This potential exists on two of the California Channel Islands, Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, as endemic island spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) appear to have rapidly declined to rarity, possibly due to interference competition with endemic island foxes (Urocyon littoralis). Niche partitioning is expected in response to interference competition; hence, it is surprising that skunks and foxes show extensive overlap in macrohabitat use and circadian activity. However, the role of microhabitat associations and fine-scale temporal activity in facilitating coexistence of the two species has not been explored. We evaluated microhabitat associations of island spotted skunks and island foxes across both islands using data from live traps and wildlife cameras collected during 2015–2017, and we analyzed fine-scale temporal activity using camera data from 2016 and 2017. On both islands, skunks had a positive response to ground-level cover provided by rugged topography or woody vegetation such as shrubs or trees, whereas foxes had a weak or negative response, suggesting partitioning of these microhabitat characteristics. Additionally, on both islands the peak in timing of skunk activity offset the peak for foxes, which implies that skunks use fine-scale adjustments in activity to avoid foxes. Past grazing by exotic herbivores likely reduced habitat refuges for skunks; however, as vegetation on both islands recovers, regrowth of shrubs and trees may provide cover that will improve prospects for coexistence of island spotted skunks and island foxes.
Ambulatory Fluoroquinolone Use in the United States, 2015–2019
Authors: Umarje Siddhi Pramod , Alexander Caleb G , Cohen Andrew J 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundFrequently used fluoroquinolones have been subject to increasing safety concerns and regulatory alerts. This study characterized ambulatory fluoroquinolone utilization in the United States and evaluated the impact of 2016 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety advisories on its use.MethodsWe used IQVIA’s National Disease and Therapeutic Index to quantify adult outpatient fluoroquinolone use (“treatment visits”). Descriptive statistics and segmented regression were used to report trends and quantify the varied use before and after FDA’s 2016 alerts.ResultsBetween 2015 to 2019, fluoroquinolone use decreased by 26.7% (18.7 million treatment visits in 2015 to 13.7 million treatment visits in 2019). Annual use declined by 44%, 24%, and 24% for respiratory, urogenital, and gastrointestinal conditions, respectively; and by 66% among providers ≤44 years old vs negligible decline among those ≥65 years old. Before 2016 FDA advisories, there were approximately 4.8 million fluoroquinolone treatment visits/quarter, which had a statistically significant immediate drop by 641035 visits (95% confidence interval [CI], –937368 to –344702; P=.000) after FDA’s 2016 advisories. A statistically significant difference of approximately 45000 visits/quarter (95% CI, –85956 to –3122; P=.036) was observed after the advisories.ConclusionsLarge reductions in ambulatory fluoroquinolone use in the United States have coincided with increasing evidence of safety concerns and FDA advisories. However, fluoroquinolone use varies significantly based on patient and provider characteristics, suggesting heterogeneous effects of emerging risks on clinical practice.
Ancient Melt-Depletion in Fresh to Strongly Serpentinized Tonga Trench Peridotites
Authors: Day James M D , Brown Diana B 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Peridotites from the Tonga Trench are some of the deepest-derived and freshest ever obtained from the seafloor. This study reports new bulk-rock major-, trace-, highly siderophile-element (HSE) abundance and 187Os/188Os data, as well as major- and trace-element abundances of mineral phases for NOVA88D dredge peridotites. The samples are harzburgites that experienced varying degrees of serpentinization, recorded in their loss on ignition (LOI) values, from zero to 16.7%. Degree of serpentinization in samples is correlated with Na, B, K, Sr, Ca, Rb and U, and weakly correlated with W, Fe, Pb, Cs and Li abundances, but is uncorrelated with other lithophile elements, most especially the rare earth elements (REE). Serpentinization had no systematic effect on the HSE abundances or 187Os/188Os compositions in the harzburgites. NOVA88D harzburgites record &gt;18% melt depletion which has resulted in heterogenous distribution of the HSE within the rocks, likely due to retention of these elements within sub-micron sized alloy or sulphide phases. Time of rhenium depletion (TRD) ages, recorded by Os isotopes, average ~ 0.7 ± 0.4 Ga and can be as ancient as 1.5 Ga. Some harzburgite compositions are consistent with minor melt infiltration processes modifying incompatible trace element compositions and Re abundances, with a possible melt infiltration event at ~120 Ma based on 187Re-188Os, prior to the inception of subduction at the Tonga Trench at ~52 Ma. Evidence for ancient melt depletion, combined with limited melt processing since inception of subduction suggests that NOVA88D harzburgites represent melt residues incorporated into the Tonga arc, rather than their geochemical signatures being produced beneath the recent arc. Estimates of fO2 (~ − 0.4 ± 0.4 ΔFMQ) and olivine-spinel equilibration temperatures for the Tonga Trench samples (830 ± 120 ̊C) are similar to abyssal peridotites and some Izu-Mariana-Bonin peridotites. These values are unlikely to relate directly to recorded degrees of melt depletion and melt depletion ages in the rocks. Refractory residues from prior melt depletion events are probably common in the convecting mantle, and those with high degrees of melt depletion (&gt;18%) and relatively ancient melt depletion ages (&lt;2 Ga) are likely to have been formed during prior melting processes rather than melting processes within their current tectonic setting. These refractory peridotites can be incorporated into a range of tectonic settings, including into mid-ocean ridges, succeeding arcs, or within the continental lithospheric mantle, where they may play a limited role in melt generation processes.
The response of a pediatric ED to COVID-19
Authors: Elwell Sean , Alfonsi Laura , Lietzke Lisa , Thomas James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract:
At the beginning of the pandemic, little was known about the effect of COVID-19 on children, urging pediatric health care systems to rapidly, efficiently, and safely address new challenges. This article describes structural, procedural, and functional changes developed in a pediatric ED to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. The discussion also includes case studies to illustrate the changes made.