bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional membranes for artificial lungs: Comparison of flow‐induced hemolysis
Authors: Hesselmann Felix , Arnemann Daniel , Bongartz Patrick , Wessling Matthias , Cornelissen Christian , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Steinseifer Ulrich , Jansen Sebastian Victor , Arens Jutta 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundMembranes based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) have proven a superior gas transfer compared to the contemporary hollow fiber membrane (HFM) design in artificial lungs. The improved oxygen transfer is attributed to disrupting the laminar boundary layer adjacent to the membrane surface known as main limiting factor to mass transport. However, it requires experimental proof that this improvement is not at the expense of greater damage to the blood. Hence, the aim of this work is a valid statement regarding the structure‐dependent hemolytic behavior of TPMS structures compared to the current HFM design.MethodsHemolysis tests were performed on structure samples of three different kind of TPMS‐based designs (Schwarz‐P, Schwarz‐D and Schoen’s Gyroid) in direct comparison to a hollow fiber structure as reference.ResultsThe results of this study suggest that the difference in hemolysis between TPMS membranes compared to HFMs is small although slightly increased for the TPMS membranes. There is no significant difference between the TPMS structures and the hollow fiber design. Nevertheless, the ratio between the achieved additional oxygen transfer and the additional hemolysis favors the TPMS‐based membrane shapes.ConclusionTPMS‐shaped membranes offer a safe way to improve gas transfer in artificial lungs.
Synthesis, structural investigations, and in vitro biological activity of Co(II) and Fe(III) mixed ligand complexes of 1,10‐phenanthroline and 2,2′‐bipyridine
Authors: Tigineh Getinet Tamiru , Abiye Melese , Melese Aklilu , Abebe Atakilt 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHerein, we report, four new mixed ligand complexes of Cobalt(II) and Iron(III), viz., [Co(L1)(L2)(H2O)2]Cl2 (1), [Co(L1)(L2)(L3)(H2O)]Cl2 (2), [Fe(L1)(L2)(H2O)2]Cl3 (3), and [Fe(L1)(L2)(L3)(H2O)]Cl3 (4), where L1 = 1,10‐phenanthroline (C12H8N2), L2 = 2,2′‐bipyridine (C10H8N2), and L3 = acetamide (C2H5NO)). They were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic analysis (ESI‐MS, ICP‐OES, FT‐IR, and UV–Vis), elemental analysis, melting point determination, and conductance measurement. The in vitro antibacterial activity was tested on two Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and two Gram‐negative Escherichia coli (E. Coli)and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) bacteria using the disc diffusion method. Based on the analytical and spectroscopic data, octahedral geometries are assigned to the complexes. Co(II) complexes were found more active against K. pneumoniae than the corresponding Fe(III) complexes which indicated that antibacterial activities of metal complexes have tuned with the nature of the metal. The results provide an insight to design and readily prepare task‐specific metal‐based drugs for interaction with particular bacterial strains.
Correlation between the clinical disability and T1 hypointense lesions’ volume in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Valizadeh Amir , Moassefi Mana , Barati Elham , Ali Sahraian Mohammad , Aghajani Faezeh , Fattahi Mohammad‐Reza 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the correlation between T1 hypointense lesions’ mean volume on cerebral MRI with disability level of patients with multiple sclerosis.MethodsWe included studies testing the desired outcome in adult patients diagnosed with RRMS or SPMS. In Feb 2021, we searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of Science to find relevant studies. All included studies were assessed for the risk of bias using a tailored version of the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Extracted correlation coefficients were converted to the Fisher's z scale, and a meta‐analysis using a random‐effects model was performed on the results.ResultsWe included 27 studies (1919 participants). Meta‐analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.32 (95% CI 0.26–0.37) between T1 hypointense lesions’ mean volume and EDSS score.DiscussionThe correlation between T1 hypointense lesions’ mean volume and EDSS was interpreted as low to slightly moderate. The certainty of the evidence was judged to be high.
Huawei, 5G and Security: Technological Limitations and Political Responses
Authors: Friis Karsten , Lysne Olav 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTHow did Chinese 5G providers, such as Huawei, become a security concern in the USA and Europe? Were the security concerns related to 5G and Chinese suppliers based upon technological features of the systems, or were they a product of geopolitical rivalry? How did European approaches to 5G distinguish themselves from those of the USA? This article addresses these questions using an interdisciplinary approach via the framework of securitization theory. The authors argue that the technological features of 5G made securitization more likely compared to 4G, and that screening and control of software was unlikely to defuse securitization concerns. They also show how Europe chose its own path for the securitization of 5G. In short, the article argues that the American macrosecuritization of China largely failed in Europe, whereas the niche securitization of 5G was more successful.
The Externalization of China's Technical Standardization Approach
Authors: Rühlig Tim Nicholas , ten Brink Tobias 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTInternational technical standardization has always been shaped by the externalization of the domestic standard systems of the most technologically advanced countries. China's growing technological footprint is no exception, and it has the potential to significantly reshape international technical standard setting. In contrast particularly to European standardization, which is realized through coordinated private self‐regulation, China has adopted a state‐centric approach. Based on the international and comparative political economy literature on China's global externalization, and through research on technical standardization, this article investigates 5G standard setting within formal international standard‐developing organizations and de facto standardization of railways within the Belt and Road Initiative. By triangulating data from interviews, policy documents and other primary and secondary sources, the article systematically analyses China's standardization practices, which also affords insight into the implications for international standardization.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Chinese Development Finance in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Jepson Nicholas 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTChina's bilateral loans have been the subject of much controversy. Most recently, an influential paper by Horn, Reinhart and Trebesch claimed that a large proportion of Chinese overseas lending is ‘hidden’ and not reported to any of the institutions which monitor global financial flows. This article examines this proposition in relation to Central and Eastern Europe, through an analysis of official Chinese lending to four countries (Belarus, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Ukraine). It finds that the most recent estimates of emerging markets’ and developing economies’ debts to China tend to be exaggerated, at least with respect to Central and Eastern Europe, and so are claims of hidden loans. In line with trends elsewhere, in three of the four cases private capital market debts outweigh debts to China. Although a lack of centralized data sources makes it challenging to form a full picture of Chinese lending, there seems to be less secrecy involved than is often suggested. Concerns remain regarding the apparent readiness of Chinese creditors to finance projects of dubious viability, as well as related issues of waste, corruption and environmental impact.
ForestTemp – Sub‐canopy microclimate temperatures of European forests
Authors: Haesen Stef , Lembrechts Jonas J. , De Frenne Pieter , Lenoir Jonathan , Aalto Juha , Ashcroft Michael B. , Kopecký Martin , Luoto Miska , Maclean Ilya , Nijs Ivan , Niittynen Pekka , van den Hoogen Johan , Arriga Nicola , Brůna Josef , Buchmann Nina , Čiliak Marek , Collalti Alessio , De Lombaerde Emiel , Descombes Patrice , Gharun Mana , Goded Ignacio , Govaert Sanne , Greiser Caroline , Grelle Achim , Gruening Carsten , Hederová Lucia , Hylander Kristoffer , Kreyling Jürgen , Kruijt Bart , Macek Martin , Máliš František , Man Matěj , Manca Giovanni , Matula Radim , Meeussen Camille , Merinero Sonia , Minerbi Stefano , Montagnani Leonardo , Muffler Lena , Ogaya Romà , Penuelas Josep , Plichta Roman , Portillo‐Estrada Miguel , Schmeddes Jonas , Shekhar Ankit , Spicher Fabien , Ujházyová Mariana , Vangansbeke Pieter , Weigel Robert , Wild Jan , Zellweger Florian , Van Meerbeek Koenraad 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEcological research heavily relies on coarse‐gridded climate data based on standardized temperature measurements recorded at 2 m height in open landscapes. However, many organisms experience environmental conditions that differ substantially from those captured by these macroclimatic (i.e. free air) temperature grids. In forests, the tree canopy functions as a thermal insulator and buffers sub‐canopy microclimatic conditions, thereby affecting biological and ecological processes. To improve the assessment of climatic conditions and climate‐change‐related impacts on forest‐floor biodiversity and functioning, high‐resolution temperature grids reflecting forest microclimates are thus urgently needed. Combining more than 1200 time series of in situ near‐surface forest temperature with topographical, biological and macroclimatic variables in a machine learning model, we predicted the mean monthly offset between sub‐canopy temperature at 15 cm above the surface and free‐air temperature over the period 2000–2020 at a spatial resolution of 25 m across Europe. This offset was used to evaluate the difference between microclimate and macroclimate across space and seasons and finally enabled us to calculate mean annual and monthly temperatures for European forest understories. We found that sub‐canopy air temperatures differ substantially from free‐air temperatures, being on average 2.1°C (standard deviation ± 1.6°C) lower in summer and 2.0°C higher (±0.7°C) in winter across Europe. Additionally, our high‐resolution maps expose considerable microclimatic variation within landscapes, not captured by the gridded macroclimatic products. The provided forest sub‐canopy temperature maps will enable future research to model below‐canopy biological processes and patterns, as well as species distributions more accurately.
Mobilization of soil phosphate after 8 years of warming is linked to plant phosphorus‐acquisition strategies in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhou Jun , Li Xiao‐Long , Peng Fei , Li Chengyang , Lai Chimin , You Quangang , Xue Xian , Wu Yanhong , Sun Hongyang , Chen Yang , Zhong Hongtao , Lambers Hans 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is essential for productivity of alpine grassland ecosystems, which are sensitive to global warming. We tested the hypotheses that (1) mobilized ‘calcium‐bound inorganic P’ (Ca‐Pi) is a major source of plant‐available P in alpine meadows with alkaline soils after long‐term warming, (2) mobilization of Ca‐Pi is linked to effective plant carboxylate‐releasing P‐acquisition strategies under warming, and (3) the mobilization is also related to plant nitrogen (N)‐acquisition. We conducted an 8‐year warming experiment in an alpine meadow (4635 m above sea level) on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. A significant increase in P concentration in both aboveground and belowground biomass indicates an increased mobilization and assimilation of P by plants under warming. We observed a significant decrease in Ca‐Pi, no change in moderately‐labile organic P, and an increase in highly resistant organic P after warming. There was no increase in phosphatase activities. Our results indicate that Ca‐Pi, rather than organic P was the major source of plant‐available P for alpine meadows under warming. Higher leaf manganese concentrations of sedges and forbs after warming indicate that carboxylates released by these plants are a key mechanism of Ca‐Pi mobilization. The insignificant increase in Rhizobiales after warming and the very small cover of legumes show a minor role of N‐acquisition strategies in solubilizing phosphate. The insignificant change in relative abundance of mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria related to P cycling after warming shows a small contribution of microorganisms to Ca‐Pi mobilization. The significant increase in leaf N and P concentrations and N:P ratio of grasses and no change in sedge leaf N:P ratio reflect distinct responses of plant nutrient status to warming due to differences in P‐acquisition strategies. We highlight the important effects of belowground P‐acquisition strategies, especially plant carboxylate‐releasing P‐acquisition strategies on responses of plants to global changes in alpine meadows.
The impact of land‐use change emissions on the potential of bioenergy as climate change mitigation option for a Brazilian low‐carbon energy system
Authors: Lap Tjerk , Daioglou Vassilis , Benders René , van der Hilst Floor , Faaij André 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLand‐use change (LUC)‐related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions determine largely whether bioenergy is a suitable option for climate change mitigation. This study assesses how LUC emissions influence demand for bioenergy to mitigate GHG emissions, and how this affects the energy mix, using Brazil as a case study. A methodological framework is applied linking bioenergy supply curves, with associated costs and spatially explicit LUC emissions, to a bottom‐up energy system model. Furthermore, the influence of four key determining parameters is assessed: agricultural productivity, time horizon, natural succession (NS), and the use of dynamic emission factors (EFs). Demand for new bioenergy plantations range from 0.5 to 6.7 EJ in 2050, and is avoided when its EF reaches above 15 kg CO2/GJbiomass. Dynamic EFs result in earlier and larger use of bioenergy. Static EFs attenuate all emissions evenly over time, resulting in relative high emissions around 2050 when the carbon budget is most stringent. This in contrast to dynamic EFs, having early high peaks because of clearance of natural vegetation, but relatively small long‐term emissions when the carbon budget is most stringent. Exclusion of NS, in combination with spared agricultural land, results in a demand of 6.7 EJ, because of its low carbon penalty. Assuming that land is spared due to continuous yield increase (which is the reason to include NS as and EF component), bypasses the fact that yield improvements (that make those lands available) take place because of demand for bioenergy. When low‐carbon biomass is in limited availability, increasing electrification is observed, leading to electric capacity increase of 62% (mainly wind and solar energy), and a 12% energy system costs increase. Inclusion of spatiotemporal explicit supply potential and LUC emissions leads to improved bioenergy deployment pathways that come closer to the real situation as the dynamic nature of LUC emissions is included.
Pressure injury prevalence and incidence in acute inpatient care and related risk factors: A cross‐sectional national study
Authors: Tervo‐Heikkinen Tarja Anita , Heikkilä Anniina , Koivunen Marita , Kortteisto Tiina‐Riitta , Peltokoski Jaana , Salmela Susanne , Sankelo Merja , Ylitörmänen Tuija Sinikka , Junttila Kristiina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe aim of this national cross‐sectional study was to explore the prevalence of pressure injuries and incidence of hospital‐acquired pressure injuries, and the relating factors in somatic‐specialised inpatient care in Finland. The study was conducted in 16 (out of 21) Finnish health care organisations offering specialised health care services. Data were collected in 2018 and 2019 from adult patients (N = 5902) in inpatient, emergency follow‐up, and rehabilitation units. Pressure injury prevalence (all stages/categories) was 12.7%, and the incidence of hospital‐acquired pressure injuries was 10%. Of the participants, 2.6% had at least one pressure injury at admission. The risk of hospital‐acquired pressure injuries was increased for medical patients with a higher age, the inability to move independently, mode of arrival, being underweight, and the absence of a skin assessment or pressure injury risk assessment at admission. For surgical patients, the risk was associated with the inability to move independently, mode of arrival, and lack of skin assessment at admission, while being overweight protected the patients. Overall, medical patients were in greater risk of hospital‐acquired pressure injuries than the surgical patients. An assessment of the pressure injury risk and skin status should be carried out more systematically in Finnish acute care hospitals.
A review of epidemic investigation on cold‐chain food‐mediatedSARS‐CoV‐2 transmission and food safety consideration duringCOVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Lu Li‐Che , Quintela Irwin , Lin Cheng‐Han , Lin Tzu‐Ching , Lin Chao‐Hsu , Wu Vivian C. H. , Lin Chih‐Sheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 has brought speculations on potential transmission routes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causal agent of the pandemic. It is reported that the main route of virus transmission to be person‐to‐person by respiratory droplets; however, people have raised concerns on the possible transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 to humans via food and packaging and its potential effects on food safety. This review discusses food safety issues in the COVID‐19 pandemic and reveals its possible transmission in cold‐chain food. The first outbreak of COVID‐19 in late 2019 was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan, China, while the second outbreak of COVID‐19 in June 2020 was also related to a seafood market in Beijing, China. As of 2020, several frozen seafood products linked with SARS‐CoV‐2 have been reported in China. According to the current survey and scientific studies, the risk of infection by SARS‐CoV‐2 from cold‐chain food, food products, and food packaging is thought to be very low. However, studies on food cold chain contamination have shown that SARS‐CoV‐2 remained highly stable under refrigerated (4°C) and even in freezing conditions (−10 to −80°C). Since one mode of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission appears to be touching contaminated surfaces, it is important to clean and sanitize food contact surfaces properly. Understanding food safety hazard risks is essential to avoid potential negative health effects and SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in the food supply chain during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Eucrite‐type achondrites: Petrology and oxygen isotope compositions†
Authors: Mittlefehldt David W. , Greenwood Richard C. , Berger Eve L. , Le Loan , Peng Zhan X. , Ross D. Kent 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe report petrologic studies and oxygen isotope analyses of normal and anomalous eucrites, termed eucrite‐type achondrites. Petrologically anomalous eucrite‐type achondrites can have normal oxygen isotope compositions, and vice versa. Two basaltic eucrites with normal oxygen isotope compositions contain pyroxenes with anomalous Fe/Mn engendered by parent body processes acting on normal eucrites: solid‐state reduction by S gas in EET 87542, and reduction during crystallization by magmatic S in QUE 94484. Cataclastic basaltic breccias PCA 82502 and PCA 91007 are paired (petrology, anomalous oxygen). Although isotopically like Pasamonte, they are petrologically distinct. We confirm the petrological and isotopic anomalies of cumulate gabbro EET 92023; likely formed by impact melting of mixed cumulate and basaltic materials. Many main group eucrites include plagioclases that retain near‐liquidus compositions despite metamorphic overprinting. Stannern group eucrites contain more sodic plagioclase, which is consistent with the melt hybridization hypothesis for Stannern group magma formation. The lack of more calcic plagioclase suggests reactive exchange of the anorthite component of the primary melt with the albitic component of the crust. Asteroids that are modestly different in composition can produce virtually indistinguishable basalts, providing a ready explanation for the eucrite‐type achondrite suite. Small stochastic variations in petrologic evolution can cause substantial differences in rocks produced on an asteroid.
Comparison of 3‐D mandibular surfaces generated by MRI and CT
Authors: Maeda Jun , Tanikawa Chihiro , Nagata Namiki , Lim Jaeyeon , Kreiborg Sven , Murakami Shumei , Yamashiro Takashi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the errors of three‐dimensional mandibular surfaces generated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when computed tomography (CT) was set as the gold standard.Settings and sample populationSeven patients with orthognathic deformities who had undergone CT and MRI scans were included in the study.Materials and MethodsMandibular surfaces were generated on each CT and MR image by the surface‐rendering method. Intra‐individual reliability between CT and MRI was statistically tested by the confidence limits of agreement (LOA) for systematic error, 95% confidence interval minimal detectable change (MDC95) for random error and intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsThe average total error was 1.6 mm. The greatest MDC95 was observed in the coronoid region in all directions. The other regions showed MDC95 values of < 1.8 mm (transvers direction), 3.5 mm (vertical direction) and 1.7 mm (antero‐posterior direction). ICCs showed ‘almost perfect’ agreement with respect to all regions.ConclusionRandom errors were quantified for 3‐D rendering of the mandible from MRI data. Although the coronoid region showed the greatest errors, the other regions of the mandibular surfaces generated using MRI were able to be evaluated.
Tocilizumab administration for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Christos , Ntritsos Georgios , Gogali Athena , Milionis Haralampos , Evangelou Evangelos , Kostikas Konstantinos 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTocilizumab has been repurposed against the ‘cytokine storm’ in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of tocilizumab in the management of hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL and medRxiv for studies of tocilizumab in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Primary objective was the effectiveness of tocilizumab on mortality. Secondary objectives included the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), composite endpoints of mortality or IMV and intensive care unit (ICU) admission or IMV, length of hospitalization and differences in mortality in subgroups (ICU and non‐ICU patients and patients receiving or not receiving concomitant corticosteroids). We included 52 studies (nine randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and 43 observational) with a total of 27,004 patients. In both RCTs and observational studies, the use of tocilizumab was associated with a reduction in mortality; 11% in RCTs (risk ratio [RR] 0.89, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.96) and 31% in observational studies (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.83). The need for IMV was reduced by 19% in RCTs (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.93), while no significant reduction was observed in observational studies. Both RCTs and observational studies showed a benefit from tocilizumab on the composite endpoint of mortality or IMV. Tocilizumab improved mortality both in ICU and non‐ICU patients. Reduction in mortality was evident in observational studies regardless of the use of systemic corticosteroids, while that was not the case in the RCTs. Tocilizumab was associated with lower mortality and other clinically relevant outcomes in hospitalized patients with moderate‐to‐critical COVID‐19.