bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power and Interaction
Authors: Schwalbe Michael L. , Mischke Kelsey 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we draw on G. H. Mead to formulate a definition of power as an organism’s capacity to modify its environment to satisfy its needs and desires. We argue that in the social world this capacity is exercised by individuals and groups through forms of action that elicit the cooperation of others. This fundamentally symbolic interactionist approach to power helps us see how power operates on both situational and structural levels. Our argument highlights five forms of action through which the cooperation of others is elicited: (1) crafting virtual selves; (2) using normative and procedural rules; (3) establishing frames and definitions of reality; (4) managing emotions; and (5) invoking extra-situational relationships or “nets of accountability.” An advantage of this approach is that it can illuminate the processes through which power is nurtured, undermined, and resisted.
Disasters
Authors: Kusenbach Margarethe , Christmann Gabriela B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter’s objective is to summarize various theoretical and substantive contributions that researchers working in the tradition of Symbolic Interactionism have brought to disaster studies. We begin by discussing the advantages of conceptualizing disasters from a social constructionist perspective in public and political discourse. Next, we continue our review by turning to constructionist and interactionist thinking (or lack thereof) with regard to disaster perception at the micro level. In a third step, we consider the importance of examining culture, a traditional stronghold of interpretive social research, when studying disasters. Lastly, we conclude our review by assessing constructionist framings of vulnerability and resilience, two current key concepts in the field of disaster studies. Overall, we strive to show that the symbolic-interactionist perspective can help disaster scholars formulate and answer important research questions, as well as solve problems in the real world.
Durkheim’s Team
Authors: Fournier Marcel , Carls Paul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the research team of sociologists that, beginning in 1896, collaborated with Émile Durkheim to create the journal L’Année sociologique. It explores the central place that Durkheim held in the group, as well as the vital roles that different collaborators such as Célestin Bouglé and Marcel Mauss played in making L’Année sociologique an initial success. The chapter then follows the development of this Durkheimian school and its historical legacy after Durkheim’s death in 1917. This development includes the Durkheimian school’s maintenance of a prominent position in the 1920s and 1930s, its relative post–World War II obscurity, and its rebirth beginning in the 1970s and 1980s through renewed academic interest in the work of members of the team. Beyond L’Année sociologique, special attention is given to specific members of Durkheim’s team, including collaborators such as Henri Hubert, François Simiand, Maurice Halbwachs, and Robert Hertz.
Should We Deploy Nuclear Energy?
Authors: Taebi Behnam 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the lens of intergenerational ethics could help flesh out the moral implications of nuclear energy production and waste management. Instead of using ethics as a yardstick to pass a dichotomous judgment on nuclear energy, a better understanding of the technological subtleties of different existing and future nuclear technologies is needed; different technological pathways could influence the interests of different future generations in different ways. A more detailed look at these technologies and at future generations could improve the appreciation of the subtle intergenerational dilemmas of nuclear technology and contribute to technologically and ethically informed policymaking about the future of nuclear energy. This will provide a solid step toward comparing a specific type of nuclear energy (and its associated short-term and long-term risks and benefits) with other energy technologies.
Performative Practices and Life-Creation
Authors: Lipovetsky Mark 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Beginning with Nikolai Evreinov’s concept of the perfomative formed at the turn of the twentieth century, this article discusses performative practices and life-creation in the underground of the 1960s–1970s (excluding the performance art per se). According to Evreinov, the “theatrlization of life” is defined by the transgression of existing norms (behavioral, social, cultural, and moral) coupled withthe excess, redundancy, and demonstrative overproduction of perfomrative forms. These characteristics united the underground group and individual performances with the lifecreation (zhiznetvorchestvo) of Russian modernists and avant-gardists. A special focus is given to such a permanent stage of performative practices as the Leningrad café “Saigon.” The article also discusses group perfomrative styles, shared by such communities as “Philological poets” and Khelenukty, as well as individual lifelong performances exemplified by such figures as Dmitrii Prigov, Venedikt Erofeev, or Sergei Chudakov.
Comparing Voluntary Sustainability Standards
Authors: van der Ven Hamish 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Despite nearly two decades of comparative research on voluntary sustainability standards, a number of important questions remain unanswered. Chiefly, can they succeed in generating environmental outcomes? This chapter conducts a systematic review of articles that compare two or more voluntary sustainability standards to illuminate a number of blind spots and biases in the research to date. It finds a strongly interdisciplinary research community and a plurality of research methods. However, it also finds a number of weaknesses: namely, an inattention to research on environmental impacts and a tendency to draw broad lessons from a handful of sectors and certifications that are concentrated primarily in industrialized countries. These weaknesses suggest that considerable gaps remain in knowledge about voluntary sustainability standards and imply the need for rethinking this research agenda.
Interpretive Methodologies, Quantitative Methods, and Comparative
Environmental Politics
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Chase V. Miranda , van Wees Saskia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues for a broader and more creative understanding of the relationship between methods and epistemology in the study of comparative environmental politics. Quantitative methods tend to be associated with comparative inferential questions while interpretive questions tend to be associated with qualitative methods. This chapter argues against these associations. The chapter begins by fleshing out the argument against assumed methodological associations. It identifies the use of quantitative methods in interpretive research as the biggest lacuna in the methodological playing field of comparative environmental politics. It then presents two examples of how to use quantitative methods effectively in interpretive research, without embedding those methods in an epistemological positivism with which they are generally associated. The first of these cases, based on dissertation research by Saskia van Wees, looks at the different patterns of environmental performance and environmental foreign policy in India and China in the period 2002–2012. The second case looks at efforts by Indigenous and traditional communities in Brazil’s Amazon Basin to oppose the construction of dams that would impact their communities.
Continuity and Change in Carbon Market Politics
Authors: Chavara Carley , Elliott Christian , Hoffmann Matthew , Paterson Matthew 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Paris Agreement institutionalized decentralized and national approaches to climate change policy through Article 4 and the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) process. In this new context, what can be said about the prospects for a global carbon market, and how might that analysis benefit from a comparative political perspective? In this chapter, the authors argue that, given the shift to the NDC process and considering the history of carbon market linkage and diffusion, understanding the past and future of carbon markets requires an analysis of the variation in institutions and the political economies of countries. To illustrate this point, the authors unpack continuity and change in five cases: the European Union, China, Canada, South Korea, and Indonesia. The authors conclude that making sense of carbon markets requires an integrative view of the comparative institutional dynamics as well as the transnational processes of diffusion and learning that promotes policy ideas.
The Comparative Politics of Environmental Activism in Russia
Authors: Henry Laura A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
How do environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) continue their activism under conditions of increasingly authoritarian governance? In the 1990s, during the immediate post-Soviet period, Russian environmental organizations developed activist strategies in a period of political instability and economic recession. These strategies roughly corresponded to Hirschman’s ideal types of exit, voice, and loyalty. Since that time, many of the conditions that facilitated the creation of these organizational types have changed. Foreign funding for civil society development declined sharply, the government has embraced a more coercive approach to shaping social activism, and social media provide new platforms and resources for environmentalists. Following the passage of the 2012 Law on Foreign Agents, new forms of environmentalism in Russia emerged to adapt to and challenge the government’s effort to contract space for autonomous action. These activist strategies complicate Hirschman’s ideal types in ways that illuminate how environmentalism may endure under authoritarian regimes in Russia and beyond.
Territory
Authors: Branch Jordan , Turnbull Timothy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The concept of territory has rarely been directly interrogated in International Political Economy (IPE) literature. Territory involves more than geography or space; instead it invokes a set of ideas and practices of political authority and control. While there are research programs in IPE that deal with spatial scale—including the study of global cities, regionalism, the size of states, offshoring, and special economic zones—there are important ways that IPE can draw on work from other fields that explicitly focuses on territory. Importantly, the literature on territory lays bare some of the territorial assumptions of common IPE models which, if further explored, have the potential to lead to better model specification and the opening up of new and fertile areas of research.
Introduction
Authors: Cabredo Hofherr Patricia , Doetjes Jenny 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis introduction gives an outline of the major issues in the research on grammatical number, covering different types of nominal number marking, the relation between number and individuation, and number in the event domain. The second part of the chapter provides a summary of the chapters of the book, which is divided into four parts: foundations, nominal number, event number, and case studies.
Collective Nouns
Authors: de Vries Hanna 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCollective nouns such as family, group, and herd combine properties associated with singularity or ‘oneness’ and properties associated with plurality, on all levels of grammar (lexical–conceptual, morphosyntactic, and semantic). Because of this property, they provide a unique window into the various factors that influence the expression and interpretation of grammatical number. This chapter starts out with a general introduction to the various conceptual and grammatical properties of collectives as well as the various ways in which they have been described and classified in different linguistic subfields. Then, it zooms in on their formal semantics, focusing on two central questions in particular: first, are collective nouns semantic plurals that are sometimes forced to behave like singulars, singulars that are sometimes allowed to behave like plurals, or simply ambiguous? And, second, how is the interpretation of an NP as either an indivisible atom or a quantifiable set influenced by morphosyntactic number marking?
Nominal Number and Language Pathologies
Authors: Biedermann Britta , Fieder Nora , Smith-Lock Karen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the evidence on grammatical number processing taken from cognitive neuropsychology, including developmental delays and impairments of language (e.g. developmental language disorder, and Williams syndrome) and aphasia, an acquired language impairment after brain injury. These types of language impairment can give insight into the functional architecture of nominal number processing by looking at error patterns that arise in each of the aforementioned populations. By classifying observed responses in language production tasks into non-number and number errors, we are able to reveal underlying mechanisms of syntactic rules and their representations when they develop, but also learn about processes and representation of number when this information breaks down.
Verbal Plurality Cross-Linguistically
Authors: Cabredo Hofherr Patricia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter gives a general overview of verbal plurality phenomena cross-linguistically, with verbal plurality understood as a descriptive label for instances of verbal morphology marking multiple events. Verbal plurality markers form a heterogeneous class cross-linguistically and many verbal plurality markers have readings that go beyond event plurality such as duratives and intensives. Part of this variation can be related to the fact that multiplicity readings arise from different sources such as plurality markers, collective markers, additive expressions, and degree expressions. Another factor of variation is contributed by the different event-identification conditions imposed by the verbal plurality marker. In particular, the event pluralities introduced by verbal plurality markers are often limited in their interaction with other elements in the clause and in many languages the availability of distributive dependencies between the event plurality and plural arguments depends on the syntactic type of the plurality denoting expression.
Multiple Event Readings andOccasional-Type Adjectives
Authors: Gehrke Berit 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe chapter discusses three different readings that so-called frequency adjectives (e.g. daily, frequent, occasional) have been attributed to (internal, generic, adverbial) and zooms in on one of these readings, the adverbial one. Under the adverbial reading (e.g. The occasional sailor strolled by) the adjective can be paraphrased as a sentence-level adverb and thus seemingly scopes over the entire sentence. Two competing analyses of the adverbial reading are discussed, one in terms of distributional quantification, according to which the adjective is a determiner (or is forming a complex determiner with the article), vs one in terms of distributional modification, according to which the adjective is a DP-internal modifier and its seemingly scopal behaviour is merely an illusion. The chapter ends with some considerations why both types of analyses might be needed and a discussion of some cross-linguistic implications.
Dual in Standard and Syrian Arabic
Authors: Al-Zahre Nisrine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the morphology and semantic interpretation of the dual in Standard Arabic and Syrian Arabic. In the evolution from classical Arabic to modern dialects dual agreement was lost entirely and only a few dialects such as Syrian Arabic have preserved productive dual marking on nouns. Even though the forms of dual agreement in Syrian Arabic are syncretic with the plural agreement forms the agreement pattern of duals remain clearly distinct from plural agreement with plural DPs and nouns modified by higher numerals. Furthermore, while the plural in Standard and Syrian Arabic allows inclusive readings, the dual expresses exact cardinality of two and does not allow the equivalent inclusive duals.
Non-inflectional plural in Yucatec Maya
Authors: Butler Lindsay 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the morphosyntactic properties of optional, non-inflectional plural marking in Yucatec Maya. Evidence is presented that suggests that the non-inflectional plural in Yucatec Maya adjoins to the Determiner Phrase rather than heading the Number Phrase as in better-known languages. Plural marking cannot occur inside of compounds, derivational morphology, or on a prenominal adjective. Additionally, it can adjoin to the second linear noun of a conjoined noun phrase and modify either or both of the conjuncts. The results of a sentence production experiment with speakers of Yucatec Maya are summarized and provide additional support for the Determiner Phrase–adjoined hypothesis. The Yucatec Maya facts are discussed in the wider context of cross-linguistic variation in the typology of plural marking and the implications for linguistic theory and models of language processing.
Countability and Number Without Number Inflection
Authors: Paul Moles , Zribi-Hertz Anne , Glaude Herby 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the mass–count distinction in Haitian Creole, where all nouns, including those meaning ‘mud’ or ‘remorse’, are combinable with cardinals and plural marking. It is argued that the English/Haitian contrast lies in the distribution of covert classifiers—freer in Haitian than in English—rather than in the relevance/irrelevance of the mass–count distinction. This distinction is arguably grounded in both syntax and the lexicon. A subclass of nouns (e.g. liv ‘book’) require 3pl pronominalization when bare, do not combine with small-amount markers, are strictly entity-denoting: they are assumed to merge with a lexically induced classifier. Stuff-denoting nouns (labou ‘mud’, remò ‘remorse’) are ambivalent with respect to pronominalization (3sg/3pl), combine with small-amount markers, and may denote continuous stuff or discontinuous units of stuff. It is assumed that while all lexical roots must combine with a classifier feature to trigger discontinuous readings, this feature may occur in n° (triggering entity denotations) or in Cl° (triggering unit-of-stuff-denotations).
Production and comprehension studies on the mass–count distinction in Yudja
Authors: Lima Suzi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the grammar of counting in Yudja, a Brazilian Indigenous language. Based on experimental studies with children and adults, the chapter shows that substance-denoting nouns may directly interact with the counting system in the language (constructions with numerals, constructions with count quantifiers such as ‘many’ and ‘size’ adjectives like ‘big’). In presenting the results of the studies for Yudja, the chapter exemplifies how psycholinguistic methods (particularly from language acquisition) can be a useful tool in fieldwork research.
Verbal Number in Chadic, with Special Reference to Hausa
Authors: Zimmermann Malte 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe chapter provides a general overview of the formal marking of pluractionality in Chadic languages and its observable interpretive effects, with a special focus of Hausa. Section 29.2 introduces the three major strategies for marking pluractionality in Chadic (reduplication, infixing/ablauting, suffixation), before discussing possible correspondences between formal marking and interpretation. The empirical focus lies on languages that do not figure prominently in earlier works on pluractionality in Chadic. The section also contains a case study on the interpretation of different ways of pluractional marking in West Chadic Bole. Section 29.3 introduces the basic patterns of pluractional marking in Hausa, and their basic semantic interpretation in terms of distribution over participants or places. It then discusses secondary, pragmatically inferred meaning effects in terms of abundance, individuation, or intensification. The chapter ends with a discussion of why pluractional marking in Hausa does not easily allow for iterative event interpretations.
Dependent Numerals in Kaqchikel
Authors: Henderson Robert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an empirical overview of dependent numerals in the Mayan language Kaqchikel. The strategy is to divide the phenomenon along a few core parameters that are known to be relevant to the distribution of these distributed numerals cross-linguistically. First, it considers the space of dependent expressions in Kaqchikel in general, comparing numerals to other quantificational expressions known to have dependent readings in other languages. It then looks at which expressions are able to license the appearance of dependent numerals, considering a variety of quantificational expressions, with different syntactic and semantic properties, including aspectual and pluractional morphemes. It then explores how syntax mediates licensing. In particular, it looks at what syntactic configurations are possible between a dependent numeral and its licensor, including interclausal relationships. Finally, the chapter examines the precise semantic relationship between licensor and dependent numeral. More pointedly, it considers what it means to exhibit dependence.
Number in Balinese
Authors: Arka I Wayan , Dalrymple Mary 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNominal number in Balinese varies in expression. All Balinese pronouns are singular, in violation of Greenberg’s Universal 42 (‘All languages have pronominal categories involving at least three persons and two numbers’). Non-reduplicated common nouns have general number, and regular and associative plural constructions allow for expression of nominal plurality. Common nouns can also be reduplicated, which often (but not always) indicates plural meaning. In the verbal domain, reduplication is a derivational process which can imply rather than encode plural meaning. We also examine the semantics of nominal plurality in Balinese and the availability of inclusive/exclusive plural readings.
Individuation
Authors: Cheung Pierina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLanguages differ in how they refer to countable objects. In number-marking languages such as English, countable individuals are often labelled by count nouns (e.g. two hippos), but languages such as Japanese lack mass–count syntax and require classifiers when referring to entities (e.g. two CL hippo). These cross-linguistic differences have led some to propose that linguistic structure affects how speakers construe entities in the world. Shown an ambiguous entity, English speakers tend to construe it as an object kind, whereas Japanese speakers construe it as a substance kind. However, recent studies show that these differences are likely due to lexical statistics, with English speakers drawing on the distribution of mass– count nouns to infer that the ambiguous entity is likely an object kind. Developmental studies further show that infants can distinguish between objects and substances. Together, recent studies suggest the language we speak does not affect how we construe entities.