bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War and the Soul
Authors: LiVecche Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores in greater detail both the medical and phenomenological foundations of moral injury and its consequences upon the morally injured. It examines the clinical history that led to the recognition of the need for a diagnosis different than, though related to, posttraumatic stress disorder, and it zeroes in on moral injury’s relationship to killing in combat. It goes on to demonstrate the ubiquity of the belief, even among warfighters, that killing is morally evil—even if it is also morally necessary in war. Through again referencing clinical work, and introducing some of the key clinicians focusing on the moral injury construct, the paradoxical relationship between killing and moral injury is then linked to the suicide crisis afflicting combat veterans.
The Mournful Warrior
Authors: LiVecche Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 defends against the challenge that the attitudinal requirements the just war tradition demands of just warriors are so severe as to be impracticable in actual combat, thus rendering moral injury practically unavoidable, even if in principle unnecessary. Against more extreme forms of dehumanization, callousness—the thickening of one’s skin—is presented as an important moral insulation for the warfighter, even as a martial virtue. Pushing against a popular taxonomy of four “images of the enemy” (perceived as the only possible ways that warfighters view those they war against and each of which is incompatible with the just war tradition), a fifth image is identified—that of the mournful warrior. Articulating the common-sense distinction between grief and guilt, this image is shown to be both compatible with the just war attitudinal mandate and regularly employed by warfighters in actual combat.
World Chaos
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates how leading ecumenists like Henry Smith Leiper and fundamentalists such as J. Frank Norris and Gerald Winrod responded to a series of crises that swept over the transatlantic world in the early 1930s, including the global Great Depression, Hitler’s seizure of power, the German Church Struggle, and Nazi persecution of the Jews. It documents how ecumenical and fundamentalist Protestants in the United States developed dramatically different interpretations of these events. While ecumenists called for a new global order of democracy and ecumenism, fundamentalists undertook crusades against evil both at home and abroad. In sum, their respective responses to these challenges further fractured their churches and their nation.
Newspaper Confessions
Authors: Golia Julie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Newspaper Confessions chronicles the history of the newspaper advice column, a genre that has shaped Americans’ relationships with media, their experiences with popular therapy, and their virtual interactions across generations. Emerging in the 1890s, advice columns became unprecedented virtual forums where readers could debate the most resonant cultural crises of the day with strangers in an anonymous yet public forum. The columns are important—and overlooked—precursors to today’s digital culture: forums, social media groups, chat rooms, and other online communities that define how present-day American communicate with each other. This book charts the rise of the advice column and its impact on the newspaper industry. It analyzes the advice given in a diverse sample of columns across several decades, emphasizing the ways that advice columnists framed their counsel as modern, yet upheld the racial and gendered status quo of the day. It shows how advice columnists were forerunners to the modern celebrity journalist, while also serving as educators to audience of millions. This book includes in-depth case studies of specific columns, demonstrating how these forums transformed into active and participatory virtual communities of confession, advice, debate, and empathy.
Normative Judgment, Realism, and International Law
Authors: Pavel Carmen E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A strand of thought within international relations realism claims that international law, understood as the dense network of multilateral and bilateral treaties, customary law, and institutions tasked with interpreting and applying them, cannot have meaningfully legal authority. This chapter traces the genealogy of the realist take on international law to a problematic use of the rational choice model for state behavior. Namely, realists derive skeptical positions about the authority and value of international law by using the rational choice model applied to states prescriptively rather than merely descriptively. With parsimonious assumptions about instrumental rationality, preferences, and choice situations, realists have put the model to good use to explain state action in the context of international politics. But they go much further, by taking the rational actor model to articulate an implicit moral ideal for states.
Arable Lands
Authors: Husain Faisal H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs Ottoman irrigation policies in the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial plain. Numerous considerations shaped the Ottoman management of irrigation agriculture in the region. The state’s active support for agricultural development, for instance, was tied to Ottoman concepts of upholding precedent and justice. On the other hand, the ecology and location of the Tigris and Euphrates within the empire restrained whatever agricultural investment the Ottoman state desired to make in the region. Istanbul balanced those cultural, political, and environmental considerations to maintain a hybrid irrigation landscape, largely small in scale and local in character, but with a few giant canals that were administered directly by Ottoman imperial authorities.
Formation
Authors: Myrick Nathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues examining ethics and music beyond discourse and meaning, and, drawing on fieldwork and theoretical considerations from the literature, argues that the second way that music is ethically significant is through shared experiences of emotional orientation. Musical activity forms communities through its ability to marshal human emotions and orient emotional postures toward or against ideas or objects. Participants experience the emotions of others in profound ways through music, and this influences their thinking, suggesting that musical activity is a site where meaning and emotion intersect. This intersection of meaning and emotion is intensely formational, indicating that music plays an important role in the formation of both reason and relationships.
Conclusion
Authors: Myrick Nathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This final chapter concludes the argument of the previous five chapters. In doing so, it briefly engages the topic of aesthetics, coupling the notion of beauty with that of authenticity to show how the argument of the book precludes moralizing on the basis of aesthetics alone. However, this does not foreclose reflection on aesthetics and ethics but rather reconfigures them so that beauty and goodness are viewed through a relational lens. It further considers the relationship of aesthetics, affect, and goodness to lyrics and texts, and notes that caring worship words restore worshippers to just relationships with their fellows. Finally, the main argument is summarized and suggestions for future research are offered.
The Two-Sidedness of Natural Law
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines several divisive issues of the 19th century in which arguments based on natural law were prominent—capital punishment, property rights, the role of women, and slavery. These were highly salient political debates, and they were also issues that often arose in litigation. Participants on both sides framed their arguments in terms of natural law. By the later part of the century, lawyers began to wonder whether, if natural law could be invoked to support both sides of such hotly contested questions, it was too indeterminate to be used in court.
Substitutes for Natural Law
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a fresh perspective on some familiar aspects of the legal thought of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, by connecting them to the decline of natural law. Much of what we now call classical legal thought can be understood as the profession’s attempt to find a substitute for natural law, either by replicating the method of natural law with principles found elsewhere than in nature or by bringing natural law into the courtroom indirectly through positive law. At the same time, the decline of natural law led to the emergence of the view that judges are makers, not finders, of law.
Unilateral, Non-Statutory Executive Powers
Authors: Cohn Margit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth analysis of one form of constitution-generated fuzziness – unilateral rule-making under the constitution. The bases of such powers include historically-embedded sources of power such as the British royal prerogative, uncontested long-standing practices, expansive interpretations of clauses in a written constitution such as the take-care and the Commander-in-Chief clauses in the US Constitution, and reliance on other constructs such as 'third-source' powers, 'constitutional gloss' and concepts of sovereignty. The high-level but indeterminate sources of such action typically do not demarcate the limits of such action; thus, they essentially guarantee the fuzziness so favoured by executives. The chapter considers in detail all the recognized sources for the continued existence of unilateral non-statutory powers in the two compared systems, and addresses two accepted legal constraints on their application: their subjection to statute, under the doctrine of residuality, and their subjection to judicial review.
Fuzzy Legality and the Challenge to Proper Governance
Authors: Cohn Margit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses two aspects of the propriety of reliance on fuzzy law as a central strategy for the retention of executive dominance over and under law. First, it presents arguments concerning the direct negative impact of fuzzy law on proper governance. These arguments are sorted around two nodes of democratic theory: ‘the rule of law’, and theories of participatory/deliberative democracy. Both offer good bases for embedding these arguments in the normative debate. The second part of the chapter offers a hitherto untreated aspect: it traces the political economy of fuzziness. It traces the factors that enhance reliance on fuzzy modes of executive action, classified under a distinction between endogenous and exogenous factors. Beyond law’s endemic fuzziness, I study a group of external factors that impact on the retention of fuzziness, including power politics and player preferences; disagreement during the design stage of a rule or at a subsequent political juncture; pressure to act that results in fuzzy arrangement, not necessarily designed to be applied; and the relative marginalization of the action exercised, which leads to the retention of fuzziness. Combined, the two parts of the chapter enrich the understanding of the ubiquity of fuzziness, while emphasizing the prices paid by continuous reversion to such practices.
Conclusion
Authors: Cohn Margit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To conclude, this book has traced the ways two central Western democracies, the United Kingdom and the United States, have developed and retained fuzzy modes of law that were relied upon by aggrandized heads of the executive branch. Viewed as an unavoidable feature of governance, the resulting argument for a similar aggrandizement of review by courts, designed to curb some of the ensuing abuse of power, is central to the rounded model offered in the book.
Introduction
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the book, which addresses the basic notions and fundamental elements of the modern formalism of quantum field theory and presents an introduction to quantum field theory in curved space and quantum gravity. The chapter begins with a discussion of what constitutes a quantum theory and provides some preliminary notes on the topic. It then goes on to outline the structure of the book. The general notion of a quantized field is discussed. In addition, the Klein-Gordon equation, natural units, notations and conventions are introduced.
Canonical quantization of free fields
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses canonical quantization in field theory and shows how the notion of a particle arises within the framework of the concept of a field. Canonical quantization is the process of constructing a quantum theory on the basis of a classical theory. The chapter briefly considers the main elements of this procedure, starting from its simplest version in classical mechanics. It first describes the general principles of canonical quantization and then provides concrete examples. The examples include the canonical quantization of free real scalar fields, free complex scalar fields, free spinor fields and free electromagnetic fields.
Renormalization
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes in detail the general concept of renormalization. It starts with a discussion of the regularization of Feynman diagrams. After that, the subtraction procedure is explained in detail, followed by an introduction to the notion of a superficial degree of divergence of the diagram. On this basis, the models of quantum field theory are classified as renormalizable or non-renormalizable theories. The main arbitrariness of the subtraction procedure is fixed by imposing renormalization conditions. Special sections of this chapter are devoted to renormalization in dimensional regularization and renormalization group equations.
The renormalization group in perturbative quantum gravity
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This is a short chapter summarizing the main results concerning the renormalization group in models of pure quantum gravity, without matter fields. The chapter starts with a critical analysis of non-perturbative renormalization group approaches, such as the asymptotic safety hypothesis. After that, it presents solid one-loop results based on the minimal subtraction scheme in the one-loop approximation. The polynomial models that are briefly reviewed include the on-shell renormalization group in quantum general relativity, and renormalization group equations in fourth-derivative quantum gravity and superrenormalizable models. Special attention is paid to the gauge-fixing dependence of the renormalization group trajectories.
‘Our own policy is well known to you’
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Election addresses emerged in the nineteenth century from a vibrant tradition of broadsides, ballads, and hustings speeches. Following the ending of formal hustings meetings in 1868, the issue of election addresses acted as the formal start of the campaign, and became the key means for candidates to set out their cause. The high regard in which this form of election literature was held owed much to the actions of party leaders. From the 1860s onwards the election addresses of Gladstone and Disraeli were widely circulated by newspapers and in pamphlet form, and came to be commonly referred to as ‘manifestos’. While candidates commonly took inspiration from party leaders’ manifestos, these addresses were often brief statements of principle, which did not outline a formal programme for government. The nascent Labour Party offered novel ways of ‘doing politics’, centring each of their election campaigns around a manifesto programme.
Facing the future, 1940–1964
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Let Us Face the Future became the archetype of manifestos, which the Conservatives in due course felt obliged to follow in form or method, however much they disliked its policy content. In turn, the technique of promise-making that it represented affected expectations of how government should be conducted. Winston Churchill was a reluctant supporter of programmatic politics, often employing an anti-promise rhetoric. However, the Conservatives came to embrace a programmatic politics in the 1950s. The Salisbury–Addison Convention meant that the Lords would not attempt to frustrate policies that had been included in the governing party’s manifesto. While the growing word count of manifestos made them less accessible to voters, their contents were increasingly summarized in shortened popular versions and discussed in TV election broadcasts. While election addresses remained an important means for candidates to outline their character, principles, and record, the local campaign declined in significance.
Introduction
Authors: Koinova Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Introduction lays out the book’s theoretical and empirical foundations, based on large-scale research conducted among the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas in the UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. Two questions are of core interest: (1) why do conflict-generated diasporas mobilize in more or less contentious ways; and (2) why do they pursue their mobilizations through host-state, transnational, and supranational channels? Diaspora entrepreneurs are studied with their linkages to contested states experiencing challenges to their sovereignty, specifically de facto states with limited international recognition, Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Palestine, respectively. The chapter presents a novel typology of four types of diaspora entrepreneurs based on configurations of their socio-spatial linkages to different global contexts: the Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved. A two-level typological theory features interactions between diaspora entrepreneurs and homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, and critical events or limited global influences. This chapter presents other intellectual contributions of this book: going beyond analysis of diasporas as groups but focusing on individual agency; considering the socio-spatial positionality of diaspora entrepreneurs to different global contexts, not simply to host-states and home-states; shedding light comparatively on little explored diaspora lobbying in Europe, and integrating scholarship on migrant integration into the study of contested statehood. Scope conditions, methodology, coding, and dataset based on 146 interviews with diaspora entrepreneurs are presented next. The Introduction finishes by laying out the content of the individual chapters.
The Impact of Host-states and Places Within Them on Diaspora Mobilizations
Authors: Koinova Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Closer focused on host-states in which diaspora entrepreneurs live, Chapter 10 presents a comparative discussion. The empirical chapters (4–9) have demonstrated that analysts cannot make clear-cut comparisons of host-states, unless considering a transnational social field perspective: the UK has been the hub for mobilization for Palestinians, France for Armenians, and Switzerland and Germany for Kosovo Albanians in Europe, apart from the US. The chapter argues that host-states are not to be treated as units of analysis for controlled comparisons but should be considered as contexts of embeddedness that empower diaspora entrepreneurs in specific ways. Such approach is in line with scholarly efforts to analyse beyond methodological nationalism. The chapter argues, while a diaspora entrepreneur’s contextual embeddedness is not powerful enough to explain the contentiousness of diaspora mobilizations, it shapes the socio-spatial positionality of individual diaspora entrepreneurs. The discussion focuses on three dimensions: migration incorporation regimes, systems of interest representation, and decentralization patterns of these host-states. Empirical evidence from the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas shows that diaspora entrepreneurs are shaped in their migrant integration experiences, engagement through federal vs unitary systems of states, with trade unions, host-land political parties, and protest politics. Also, certain places within these host-states, such as London and Sheffield in the UK, Berlin and Stuttgart in Germany, Malmö and Gothenburg in Sweden, The Hague in the Netherlands, Paris in France, and Zurich and Geneva in Switzerland, play an important role for diaspora mobilizations but do not explain their contentiousness.
Getting acquainted
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Beckerman Andrew P. , Cooper Natalie , Childs Dylan Z. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Before working through a real example of getting insights from data, we need to become acquainted with some tools we will use. Learning a bit about the tools first can help us feel more confident and comfortable when we then come to use them for real. Hence this chapter takes some time to introduce you to R and RStudio, including writing some simple commands, writing scripts, what to do when things seem to go wrong (as they often do!), what are functions, what are add-on packages, how to get help, and some common pitfalls to avoid.
Taking Guilt Seriously
Authors: Norrie Alan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies two kinds of guilt and considers how the retributive theory of punishment sits in relation to them. It draws on two lines in psychoanalytic theory, Melanie Klein’s object relations approach, and the Hans Loewald and Jonathan Lear development of the later Freud’s structural theory in terms of an ontology of love. The two kinds of guilt may be termed ‘early’ and ‘mature’, where the former entails a punitive and persecutory attitude of condemnation to a perpetrator, the latter an account which emphasizes restoration or atonement through making good. Considering Jeffrie Murphy’s account, I argue that the problem for retributivism is that there is at least an historical logic in how it is deployed in modern society, in terms of an early guilt which tends to the punitive and persecutory. An alternative guilt that is restorative and atoning might inform another retributive theory, one that was mature in its understanding of how serious violation should be addressed.