bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« Droits humains » vs « droits de l’Homme ». Arguments en faveur de l’inclusivité du langage des droits
Authors: Bosvieux-Onyekwelu Charles 
Published: January 2021

Cette contribution se propose d’éclairer le problème que les locuteurs et les locutrices français·e·s rencontrent pour désigner ce que l’anglais dénomme « human rights ». L’utilisation du masculin générique (« droits de l’Homme » équivalant à l’humanité tout entière) est aujourd’hui contesté par les partisan·e·s d’une écriture inclusive, qui cherchent à rendre les femmes plus visibles afin que celles-ci puissent bénéficier plus amplement desdits droits humains. L’auteur revient sur les raisons et sur les circonstances historiques qui ont conduit l’expression « droits de l’Homme » à être utilisée comme un masculin « neutre », avant de se concentrer sur les expressions contemporaines (en France, au Québec et en Suisse) de la dénonciation de l’universalité des « droits de l’Homme » revendiquée par les tenant·e·s du conservatisme linguistique.
Familiarisation et diffusion de l’entomophagie en France
Authors: Gallen Céline , Pantin-Sohier Gaëlle , Peyrat-Guillard Dominique 
Published: January 2021

Dans un contexte de transition protéique, la consommation humaine d’insectes constitue un enjeu pour l’industrie alimentaire en France. Cette recherche porte sur l’étude des facteurs qui favorisent la familiarisation et la diffusion de ces innovations de discontinuité chez les consommateurs français. Une étude qualitative a été menée auprès de 37 consommateurs âgés de 18 à 30 ans à partir d’insectes et aliments à base d’insectes. Elle montre d’une part que la familiarisation est favorisée par les expositions répétées, l’association à des marqueurs gustatifs connus, et la dissimulation des insectes dans des aliments connus. D’autre part, l’étude révèle les facteurs de diffusion de cette innovation, à savoir : l’avantage relatif ; la compatibilité avec les valeurs, pratiques, besoins des consommateurs ; la complexité d’utilisation ; la probabilité d’essayer ; l’observabilité des effets. Codes JEL : M31, Q010
Les postures normatives face à la gestion normative de la crise sanitaire de la COVID-19
Authors: Sintez Cyril 
Published: January 2021

Comment expliquer la perpétuelle évolution et le respect très variable des normes juridiques et sanitaires contre la pandémie ? L’hypothèse avancée repose sur l’idée que les individus éprouvent les normes et font face de toute leur personne pour adopter, plus ou moins consciemment, un comportement adéquat. Ce dernier est le fruit de l’intégration personnelle de l’univers normatif formé par les normes, mais aussi par les récits les justifiant, les actions les mettant en œuvre et les comportements des autres individus. Ainsi, les normes étatiques ne délimitent ni exclusivement ni unilatéralement la gestion normative : il faut y ajouter le positionnement de chacun. La notion de posture normative est alors proposée pour définir le rapport de co-construction des comportements individuels et collectifs à la gestion normative de la pandémie. Loin de la distinction binaire respect/irrespect des normes, ce sont de multiples formes d’adhésion, d’adaptation, d’amplification, de soumission, de critique ou de rejet qu’expriment les postures normatives et qui contribuent à la fabrique de la norme, à ses variations et à son effectivité. Les postures normatives révèlent ce faisant le pouvoir normateur des individus à rebours de la notion de sujet de droit, passif, neutre, et extérieur à la norme. Bien connu des sociologues et des politologues, le rôle des acteurs sociaux et de l’ensemble des citoyens interpelle plus que jamais le droit et sa théorie.
Penser les masculinités dans une perspective globale : hégémonie, contestation et structures de pouvoir en évolution
Authors: Connel Raewyn 
Published: January 2021

Cet article part du constat que le rapport entre l’hégémonie et la masculinité doit être réévalué à la lumière de la critique postcoloniale. Une approche historique de la notion d’hégémonie est nécessaire. La violence de la colonisation implique un double mouvement, bousculant l’ordre des genres et engendrant des projets hégémoniques inédits. On retrouve cette dynamique sous des formes diverses à travers l’histoire de la décolonisation, durant la période postcoloniale et à l’ère de la globalisation néolibérale. C’est ainsi que nous pouvons retracer des configurations particulières de la masculinité dans le dispositif contemporain de la métropole (ou « l’appareil-métropole »), tout comme nous pouvons dévoiler les rapports de ces configurations au pouvoir local. On assiste également à l’émergence d’un ordre du genre dans l’espace transnational, un espace au sein duquel les conditions minimales de l’hégémonie peuvent être définies. On voit se multiplier depuis quelques années des projets contre-hégémoniques masculins, quoique ceux-ci restent de portée limitée. Le concept clé est celui de l’hégémonie en construction et jamais achevé.
Pourquoi des saints en temps de nuit du monde ?
Authors: Redeker Robert 
Published: January 2021

Cet article se propose de situer les enjeux anthropologiques de la sainteté au moyen de deux concepts, s’articulant l’un à l’autre, celui d’exception, et celui, repris de Nietzsche, de puissance. Qu’est-ce que l’exception ? Qu’est-ce que la puissance ? Le pouvoir est l’inversion de la puissance au service de l’ego, quand la puissance est l’énergie qui conduit à fuguer de cet ego. C’est la puissance qui est l’énergie – dynamis – accompagnant la sainteté sur le chemin de l’âme. Déboulonnant la clôture onto-psychologique de l’ego des Modernes, bouclé à double tour depuis Descartes, la puissance libère le chemin qui conduit à la redécouverte de l’âme. L’âme, et non l’inconscient, est le refoulé de la psychologie moderne occidentale. L’âme, ce mot qui fut le plus important de la philosophie, est désormais un mot perdu.
Penser dans le temps pour éclairer les prospectives éthiques, politiques et écologiques
Authors: Torneberg Marie-Anne 
Published: January 2021

Penser les problématiques de notre monde contemporain est un projet requérant un angle d’analyse capable d’englober dans leurs évolutions des phénomènes aussi divergents que paradoxaux. Le xxi e siècle conjugue dans un espace globalisé des crises à la fois sociales, politiques et écologiques, auxquelles s’ajoutent des mutations techniques et épistémologiques touchant à la définition même de l’humain. L’étude de la dimension temporelle dans laquelle prennent place l’ensemble de ces phénomènes nous permettra de comprendre leurs dynamiques intrinsèques, et d’imaginer sur un plan technique et symbolique la question des finalités écologiques et prospectives de l’homme.
Machine Learning to Classify Driving Events Using Mobile Phone Sensors Data
Authors: Alqudah Yazan , Sababha Belal , Qaralleh Esam , Yousseff Tarek 
Published: January 2021

With the ever-increasing vehicle population and introduction of autonomous and self-driving cars, innovative research is needed to ensure safety and reliability on the road. This work introduces an innovative solution that aims at understanding vehicle behavior based on sensors data. The behavior is classified according to driving events. Understanding driving events can play a significant role in road safety and estimating the expense and risks of driving and consuming a vehicle. Rather than relying on the distance and time driven, driving events can provide a more accurate measure of vehicle driving consumption. This measure will become more valuable as more autonomous vehicles and more ride sharing applications are introduced to roads around the world. Estimating driving events can also help better design the road infrastructure to reduce energy consumption. By sharing data from official vehicles and volunteers, crowd sensing can be used to better understand congestion and road safety. This work studies driving events and proposes using machine learning to classify these events into different categories. The acquired data is collected using embedded mobile device motion sensors and are used to train machine learning algorithms to classify the events.
A New WoT Cryptography Algorithm Based on GOST and Novel 5d Chaotic System
Authors: Najm Hayder , Hoomod Haider K. , Hassan Rehab 
Published: January 2021

The concept Web of Things (WoT) goes well beyond the emphasis on the Internet as a means of sharing data, instead of introducing all resources and connections involving computers, data, and people to the Web. It, therefore, focuses on a range of problems and opportunities, thus paving the way for several exciting industries applications. In cryptography a range of main characteristics of chaotic systems such as non-linearity, initial condition sensitivity, and mixing properties are available. These characteristics provide an essential connection between cryptography and chaos. GOST block cipher is based on secret key secrecy. However, when the encryption process with the same key is used for plaintext, the same cipher text is created. Message replication can be easily detected by an adversary who is a bad link in every communication. In this paper, propose to use a 5d chaotic system combined with GOST block cipher to create a new secure Web of Things (WoT) cryptography system. The 5D chaotic system was used to generate chaotic random keys used in GOST algorithm to provide proper security with as high hardness randomly enhances the NIST fifteen statistical tests and modifies key schedule as security operations.
Antifungal profile of vulvovaginal candidiasis in sexually active females from a tertiary care hospital of Western Rajasthan
Authors: Kombade Sarika P. , Abhishek Kumar S. , Mittal Payal , Sharma Charu , Singh Pratibha , Nag Vijaya L. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the commonest form of sexually transmitted infection especially in sexually active females. Various species of Candida i.e., Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida are associated with VVC. More than 75% of women experiences vulvovaginal candidiasis at least once in their lifetime and 10% of it can lead to recurrent VVC. So, this study was planned to evaluate the clinico-mycological profile and antifungal profile of VVC in sexually active female attending tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods:
The present two months study was conducted in sexually active females attending Obstetrics –gynecology OPD with VVC in tertiary care hospital. Two high vaginal swabs were taken and fungal culture was done on SDA agar by standard methods. Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of candidial isolates were done by standard mycological methods.

Results:
Most of the patients belonged to younger age group between 18 and 29 years (55%). Lower abdominal pain was the most common symptom after vaginal discharge followed by burning sensation and pruritis. Candida glabrata (15) with 58% of all the isolates was the most common Candida species associated with VVC in this study, followed by Candida albicans (5, 19%). Highest antifungal resistance was observed to itraconazole (81%) followed by amphotericin B (35%) and fluconazole (31%). 81% resistance to itraconazole among Candida glabrata and Candida albicans. Voriconazole was maximum susceptible to all Candida species.

Conclusion:
This study highlights the incidence of VVC among sexually active females of reproductive age group as its recurrence may result into obstetric complications and even infertility and also enlightens the common Candida species and their antifungal profile, which would help the treating clinicians to formulate local antifungal treatment policy for VVC.
Intravenous colistin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organism in tertiary hospital, Jazan, KSA
Authors: Ali Eman M. , Albarraq Ahmed A. , Makeen Hafiz A. , Ezzi Alhussein , Mashragi Yahia Ali Mohammed 
Published: January 2021

Background:
It was considered that the resistance of drugs such as carbapenems and cephalosporins against severe or high risk gram-negative bacteria became a tremendous confront. This might be attributed to the little amount of these drugs to be used against the multi-resistant bacteria (MRB). Therefore, Colistin, Fosfomycin, Temocillin, and Rifampicin are antibiotics that have been used as multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in the treatment of some species of bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas species, and Enterobacteriaceae.

Aim:
the present study is aimed to assess the integrity and efficiency of colistin for treating of the multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) especially gram-negative one among critical and non-critical patients in tertiary hospital in Jazan city. Ninety four patients who met the selection criteria and received colistimethate sodium (colistin) in the period between Februarys 2017 and March 2018 were recruited and their charts were reviewed retrospectively. Patients' information, medical conditions, and laboratory data were extracted. All patients received IV colistin, and the majority of the patients showed in their culture reports multidrug-resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Patients who had normal renal function received from 2.5 to 5.0 mg of colistin/kg, which was divided in two or three doses intravenously, for duration ranging between 10 and 14 days.

Results and conclusion:
Approximately half of patients (48.93%) were fully recovered, while 19% of them were partially responded to colistin treatment. In the current study it was showed that IV colistin treatment against the multidrug-resistant bacteria (gram-negative bacteria) was strongly related to mild nephrotoxicity in addition to with a proper response as shown only in three of our patients
Level of awareness regarding stroke among Riyadh population
Authors: Abutaima Mohammed K.T. , Almaghrabi Ammar , Alhazzaa Rashed , Alaydaa Abdullah , Alshuraymi Abdulhakim , Alzahim Meshari , Ashour Sohaib , Alayed Mohammed , Alshamrani Mukhlid , Khalifa Ammar Fathi M. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Stroke is known to be the second leading cause of death and persistent disability worldwide, with 5.5 million deaths each year. Public knowledge regarding risk factors, signs and symptoms and the prevention of stroke is an important factor in reducing the incidence of stroke.

Objective:
This study aimed to determine the level of awareness regarding stroke in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
This study recruited 150 participants from primary health care (PHC) centres, based on the methodology of a similar cross-sectional study conducted in Riyadh. The study group included adult male and female PHC visitors and excluded visitors with mental illness and medical personnel. Systematic random sampling was used to select participants. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analysed using SPSS. Microsoft Excel was used to generate tables and charts. Consent was obtained before data collection, with emphasis on each participant's right to withdraw from the study at any time.

Result:
A total of 150 respondents were included in this study. We found that the majority of the participants had a high level of awareness regarding the risk factors of stroke (n = 115, 76.66%). More than half of the participants (n = 95, 63.3%) had a moderate level of awareness of the signs and symptoms of stroke. The study also revealed that there was no statistically significant relationship between education level and level of awareness regarding risk factors of stroke (p = 0.334).

Conclusion:
This study found that the majority of participants had a high level of awareness regarding stroke. Regarding the education level of the participants, we found that the majority of participants with primary school-level education had a high level of awareness regarding stroke risk factors. Furthermore, we found that the level of awareness about prevention of stroke was moderate among participants. Thus, further studies should explore how to improve levels of awareness regarding the prevention of stroke.
Previous history of surgery in females and roadside shaving in males are the commonest risk factors for hepatitis C infection
Authors: Patwa Ajay Kumar , Deep Amar , Kumar Sushil , Rungta Sumit , Atam Virendra , Swaroop Suchit 
Published: January 2021

Background and objectives:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a causative agent of hepatitis C disease of the liver. We have analysed the major risk factors including demographic, clinical and genotypic distribution among HCV seropositive patients and their distribution in Uttar Pradesh, India.

Methods:
This study was conducted by a questionnaire-based proforma, filled in Hepatobiliary Clinic, Department of Medicine, King Georg's Medical University, Lucknow, from 2014 to 2017. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded. Seropositivity was demonstrated through an anti-HCV IgG ELISA kit. Positive patients were further examined for HCV RNA by RT-PCR.

Results:
A total of 31,440 patients attended the hepatobiliary clinic. Among these, 310 (0.99%) patients were confirmed for HCV infection and there was no significant difference between males and females (50.3% vs. 49.7%). Previous surgery (49.0%), dental extraction (41.0%) and roadside shaving (38.1%) were the major risk factors for HCV infection. We also observed that previous surgery 143/154 (92.9%) in female and roadside shaving 118/156 (75.6%) in male was the commonest factor for HCV, however; dental extraction was comparable among male and female (65 [51.8%] vs 62 [48.2%], P value = 0.818). HCV RNA genotype 3 (81.6%) was the most frequent followed by 3a (11.3%), 3b (5.8%), 1 (0.7%) and 4 (0.7%). In the district-wise analysis, frequent cases were included from Lucknow with previous surgery and dental extraction as the commonest risk factor.

Interpretation and Conclusions:
Previous surgery among female and roadside shaving among males are the commonest risk factors for HCV. This study suggests a powerful and strict guideline, to avoid HCV infection.
Prevalence of obesity and overweight among type 2 diabetic patients in Bisha, Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlShahrani Mohammad S. 
Published: January 2021

Context:
Obesity is a significant worldwide public health issue and one of the significant risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Aims:
This study aims to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight among type 2 diabetic patients, and explore the association between Body Mass Index (BMI), social demographics and time since diagnosis.

Settings and Design:
This study followed a cross-sectional study design in Bisha, Saudi Arabia.

Methods and Material:
Participants were identified by convenience sampling from 6 Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) over a period of two weeks from March 16 to March 28, 2020.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Frequency and percentage were used to report the obesity prevalence. Chi-Square test was used to test the association between social demographics and time since diagnosis with BMI.

Results:
Obesity and overweight prevalence was 85.8% (n = 525), among which 27.9% (n = 171) were overweight, 57.8% were obese (n = 354), and only 13.2% (n = 81) had normal weight. A statistically significant difference between BMI and age was observed (P = 0.01). Differences between BMI and time since obesity diagnosis were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Differences between BMI and time since type 2 diabetes diagnosis were not found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:
There is a high prevalence of obesity and overweight among type 2 diabetic patients in Bisha. Differences in BMI were found to be statistically significant according to age, gender, education level and time since obesity diagnosis. Patient education programs and public health awareness about diabetes and obesity are highly recommended.
Clinical profile of children with West syndrome
Authors: Gehlawat Virender K. , Arya Vandana , Bhardwaj Harish , Vaswani Narain D. , Kaushik Jaya S. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
This study was intended to document the clinical profile and treatment outcome of West syndrome in children attending a tertiary care centre in Northern India.

Methods:
Data were collected by a retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with West syndrome between January 2017 to January 2018. Information was recorded pertaining to the age at onset and presentation, etiology, and associated co-morbidities; results of electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroimaging; treatment given; and final outcome. The following drugs were used for treatment: ACTH (n = 7), prednisolone (n = 17), vigabatrin (n = 25), sodium valproate (n = 28), clonazepam (n = 30), and levetiracetam (n = 13) and modified Atkins diet (n = 7). The response was categorized as spasm cessation, partial improvement (>50% improvement), or no improvement.

Results:
Records of 30 children (21 boys) were analyzed. The median (IQR) age at onset was 4 (3, 6.5) months. The median (IQR) lag time to treatment was 5 (2,14) months. Eight (26%) were premature, 2 (7%) were small for gestational age, birth asphyxia in 56%, neonatal encephalopathy in 62%. EEG findings were hypsarrhythmia in 13 (43.3%) children and modified hypsarrhythmia in 9 (30%) children. MRI finding was periventricular leukomalacia (54.1%), cystic encephalomalacia (13.8%), normal MRI (20.7%) and one had arrested hydrocephalus. There was no improvement with valproate (93%), clonazepam (89%), levetiracetam (78%). Cessation of spasm was achieved with vigabatrin (28%), prednisolone (38.2%), ACTH (42.8%). Hypsarrhythmia resolved with improvement in of background and other epileptiform abnormalities in 17 children.

Conclusion:
The present research highlights favourable response of West syndrome to oral steroids, vigabatrin and ACTH with limited role of conventional antiepileptic drugs like sodium valporate, levetiracetam and clonazepam. Primary care physician plays a vital role in early recognition and treatment of epileptic spasm.
Parental knowledge and practices toward foreign body aspiration in children in the Al Qassim region of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almutairi Aisha T. , Alharbi Fahad S. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a perilous condition with a high mortality rate, especially in children less than three years of age.

Aim:
This study aimed to assess parental knowledge and practices toward FBA in children in the Al Qassim region of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:
This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among Saudi parents at AlQassim region, Saudi Arabia during the period between February 2020 and June 2020. A validated self-administered questionnaire containing 16 questions of knowledge and practices toward FBA was distributed online via various Social Media platforms. Correct answers were coded and scored. Participant responses were grouped based on their score level of knowledge and practices.

Results:
We recruited 385 parents with a mean age of 35.4 (range: 19–59) years, and 59.2% were female and 40.8% were male. The mean ± SD knowledge score was 4.97 (1.42)/8 points and the practice score was 12.4 (2.13)/20 points. Parents with poor and good knowledge were 61.3% and 36.9% and those with poor and good practices were 55.3% and 44.7%, respectively. Female professionals with less children who were more aware of FBA significantly influenced knowledge, while having no incidence of FBA among children and having heard of FBA significantly influenced practices.

Conclusion:
We found that parental knowledge and practices toward FBA were insufficient. Educated females with less children that heard about FBA influenced parental knowledge. Also, having no incidence of FBA among children and being aware about FBA led to a better impact in parental practices.