bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Earth system feedbacks on the potential mitigation of large-scale tropical forest restoration
Authors: Koch Alexander , Brierley Chris , Lewis Simon L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract. To achieve the Paris Agreement requires aggressive mitigation strategies alongside negative emission technologies.
Recent studies suggest that increasing tree cover can make a substantial contribution to negative emissions, with the tropics being the most suitable region from a biogeophysical perspective.
Yet these studies typically do not account for subsequent carbon cycle and climate responses to large-scale land-use change.
Here we quantify the maximum potential temperature and CO2 benefits from pantropical forest restoration, including the Earth system response, using a fully coupled, emission-driven Earth system model (HadGEM2-ES).
We perform an idealised experiment where all land use in the tropics is stopped and vegetation is allowed to recover, on top of an aggressive mitigation scenario (RCP2.6).
We find that tropical restoration of 1529 Mha increases carbon stored in live biomass by 130 Pg C by 2100 CE.
Whilst avoiding deforestation and tropical restoration in the tropics removes 42 Pg C compared to RCP2.6, the subsequent reduction in extratropical and ocean carbon uptake means that carbon in the atmosphere only reduces by 18 Pg C by 2100.
The resulting small CO2 (9 ppm) benefit does not translate to a detectable reduction in global surface air temperature compared to the control experiment.
The greatest carbon benefit is achieved 30–50 years after restoration before the Earth system response adjusts to the new land-use regime and declining fossil fuel use.
Comparing our results with previous modelling studies, we identify two model-independent key points: (i) in a world where emission reductions follow the Paris Agreement, restoration is best deployed immediately, and (ii) the global carbon cycle response to reduced emissions limits the efficacy of negative emissions technologies by more than half.
We conclude that forest restoration can reduce peak CO2 mid-century, but it can only modestly contribute to negative emissions.
Diagnostic Value of Screening Questions for Vestibular Dysfunction in HIV Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nguy Peter L , Ware Deanna , Kelly Cameron , Plankey Michael 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: A number of vestibular function tests have been used to evaluate vestibular symptoms among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, these tests are inconsistent due to poor sensitivity and specificity. This study attempts to identify sensitive and specific vestibular symptoms that may be useful in selecting appropriate HIV-positive adults for clinical vestibular function tests. Methods: Participants were enrolled from the Baltimore-Washington, DC, site of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and the Washington, DC, site of the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. A total of 246 participants were evaluated using the Dix-Hallpike (DH) maneuver and the eyes closed, standing on foam (ECF) position in the Romberg test, and completed the Adult Balance and Dizziness Supplemental questionnaire of the 2008 National Health Interview Survey. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated using self-reported vestibular dysfunction from the questionnaire data compared with vestibular dysfunction determined by clinical testing. Results: Sixty participants (24.4%) reported vestibular dysfunction. The prevalence of abnormal tests was 40.8% for DH–any nystagmus, 1.5% for DH–classical nystagmus, 40.3% for DH–nonclassical nystagmus, 38.3% for gaze-evoked nystagmus, and 15.7% for Romberg ECF. Sensitivity of self-reported vestibular symptoms for all vestibular function tests reported ranged from 23.1% to 50.0%. These symptoms were moderately specific and ranged from 73.3% to 77.9%. Conclusions: Despite adequate specificity, the low sensitivity of self-reported symptoms of vestibular dysfunction were not useful to rule out a vestibular disorder in this sample of middle-aged PLWH. Therefore, clinical testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis of a vestibular disorder in the management of HIV disease.
Evaluating Risks, Reported Cases and Screening Recommendations for Breast Cancer in Transgender Patients
Authors: Dente Elizabeth , Farneth Richard , Purks Jennifer , Torelli Stefan 
Published: April 2021

Breast cancer research has traditionally focused on biological females who identify as women. Less is known about the incidence of breast cancer in transgender populations who identify with a gender that does not correspond with their birth sex. There are data to suggest a potential link between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast cancer in transgender patients. While there is a need for more robust studies in this area, current data suggest there is no increased risk in female-to-male transgender men, and a potential increased risk in male-to-female transgender women. These studies also suggest that transgender patients face significant disparities in care. Clinicians require improved education to understand the potential risks associated with HRT, standards of cancer screening for transgender patients, and proper sensitivity in communication with this patient population. This review examines the existing literature, outlines the current data on the potential risks associated with HRT, and provides a 3-pronged approach to communicate risk, screen, and diagnose breast cancer in transgender patient populations. Note: All authors contributed equally to this manuscript.
Conceptualizing Civic Renaissance as Social Movement
Authors: Wood John 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Our nation is experiencing a convergence of social, political, and structural forces that threaten our democracy. Acknowledging our current moment, this article discusses the idea of “civic renaissance” as a movement to transform social and institutional life by regaining trust and friendship among the American people. Civic renaissance as a social movement stands in contrast to other social movements in that it focuses on means rather than ends of political engagement as the ultimate goal. Drawing on examples of nonviolent traditions lead by Martin Luther King and Mohandas Gandhi, this article explores the power of constructive nonviolence in catalyzing individuals, organizations, and institutions to serve the common good. A contemporary expression of these ideals and practices is seen in the work of Braver Angels, America's largest bi-partisan organization dedicated to the work of political depolarization. In describing the goals and initiatives of this organization, this essay articulates the hope, challenges, and possibilities of developing a “beloved community” that binds Americans together in creating and sustaining a common life. The idea of civic renaissance—building community and restoring integrity to our institutions—is an idea well suited to addressing the problems facing the United States in our current moment.
The American Democracy Project: Equipping Students with the Knowledge, Skills, and Experiences to be Informed and Engaged Citizens
Authors: Nudelman Felice 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Preparing college and university students to be informed and engaged citizens is imperative for a healthy democracy. In our current reality of intense political polarization, today's college students are feeling increasingly isolated and disconnected from democratic structures where partisanship impedes their ability to address important societal challenges. In this essay, I introduce the work of the American Democracy Project (ADP)—a network of 297 public colleges and universities serving 2.7 million students—that is committed to equipping students with the ability to understand and employ interdisciplinary perspectives to address society's most pressing problems. In articulating the purposes and outcomes of various ADP projects, partnerships, and initiatives, I show how an association—working both nationally and with their member campuses—can both inspire and equip our students with the knowledge, skills, and experiences to build a flourishing democracy.
Seasonal and monthly variation in peak expiratory flow rate in children with asthma
Authors: Kim Minji , Kim Young-Min , Lee Ji Young , Yang Hea-Kyoung , Kim Hyunmi , Ahn Soohyun , Baek Sun-Young , Kim Jihyun , Ahn Kangmo 
Published: April 2021

Background
Although understanding the seasonal patterns of asthma deterioration is important to prevent asthma exacerbation, previous approaches have limitations in evaluating the actual trend of asthma exacerbation.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal and monthly variations in the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) among children with asthma.

Methods
A total of 89 patients with asthma were enrolled between December 2012 and March 2015. The PEFR in the morning and evening was recorded daily, and the percentage change in PEFR from baseline was calculated. Generalized estimating equation models were constructed after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and sensitization to house dust mites or pollen.

Results
The PEFR records of 11,222 person-days showed a significant decrease in the morning and evening in autumn than in winter by −1.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], −3.73 to −0.15) and −2.1% (95% CI, −3.80 to −0.37), respectively. The morning PEFR was significantly lower in April, August, October, and December than in January with changes of −4.2% (95% CI, −7.08 to −1.23) in April, −3.1% (95% CI, −5.79 to −0.47) in August, −3.7% (95% CI, −6.09 to −1.21) in October, and −1.9% (95% CI, −3.62 to −0.12) in December. The percentage change of evening PEFR significantly decreased by −3.3% (95% CI, −6.38 to −0.25) in April and by −3.3% (95% CI, −5.56 to −1.07) in October.

Conclusion
The PEFR in children with asthma was lower in autumn than in winter. In terms of monthly patterns, the PEFR was significantly reduced in April and October than in January. These results can serve as a basis for preventing asthma exacerbations by developing seasonal or monthly management strategies for children with asthma.
Cytotoxicity Study
Authors: R. Chavda Bhavin , N. Socha Bhavesh 
Published: April 2021

The nature of being poisonous to cells is cytotoxicity. A number of cell fates can result in the treatment of cells with a cytotoxic compound. In this study, the nauplii were exposed to different concentrations of compounds for 24 hours. Experiments were concluded with control and different concentration of the compound. The whole set was triplicate to get an accurate result. The LC50 was determined from the best fit line, of a graph of % mortality vs. concentration of nauplii. The LC50 value was obtained from the antilogarithm of log [complex] at 50% mortality (LC50), all data were collected from three independent experiments.
Model for Simulating the Financial Viability of a Just-in-Time Maintenance Program in an Agribusiness Company
Authors: Fontanini Carlos Augusto Candeo , Wollmann Dewey 
Published: April 2021

Research Question: The objective of this article is to present the model for simulating the financial viability of a Just-in-Time Maintenance Program in an agribusiness company. Motivation: Maintenance management in agro-industrial environments lacks effective systems to optimize the production process. The existing maintenance program have proven to be ineffective, from the point of view that unscheduled production downtime continues to occur. It is important to highlight that the types of maintenance used today, considering that their characteristics are not able to reduce or minimize the errors caused by human limited capacity, which has contributed to the increase of unscheduled production stoppages, causing equipment unavailability, low quality of final products and, mainly, failing to deliver products as agreed with customers. Idea: The maintenance program called Just-In-Time Maintenance Program - Maintenance Just in Time – consists of an integrated system for monitoring physical phenomena, with sensors installed in the equipment, connected to a central diagnosis able to predict failures in real time. With this program, it is possible to know in advance what may happen, taking the necessary measures regarding the acquisition of parts, repairs, and personnel allocation, among others, making these stops compatible or readjusting them with the production plan to minimize the undesirable stops. Data: The choice of the company participating in the research is made due to its continuous production process. The present study used a non-probabilistic sample for convenience with that provided by the observed company. The information collected in the agribusiness regarding the selling price, cost of raw material, cost of electricity, and total expenditure on maintenance, refer to the year 2020. Tools: A mathematical model was developed that estimates variations in the company's productivity and the consequent financial impacts. The results, operational and financial, of the model allow assessing the feasibility of implementing each of these programs. Findings: The results obtained indicate losses with the current maintenance program and show the potential for implementing the Just-In-Time Maintenance Program. This research concludes that it is possible to reduce unscheduled stoppages that cause production interruptions, increasing profit, with the implementation of the Just-In-Time Maintenance Program. Contribution: This article contributes to the literature as it presents an equipment maintenance model based on operational conditions, in contrast to other existing maintenance programs.
HiCEnterprise: identifying long range chromosomal contacts in Hi-C data
Authors: Kranas Hanna , Tuszynska Irina , Wilczynski Bartek 
Published: April 2021

Motivation
Computational analysis of chromosomal contact data is currently gaining popularity with the rapid advance in experimental techniques providing access to a growing body of data. An important problem in this area is the identification of long range contacts between distinct chromatin regions. Such loops were shown to exist at different scales, either mediating relatively short range interactions between enhancers and promoters or providing interactions between much larger, distant chromosome domains. A proper statistical analysis as well as availability to a wide research community are crucial in a tool for this task.

Results
We present HiCEnterprise, a first freely available software tool for identification of long range chromatin contacts not only between small regions, but also between chromosomal domains. It implements four different statistical tests for identification of significant contacts for user defined regions or domains as well as necessary functions for input, output and visualization of chromosome contacts.

Availability
The software and the corresponding documentation are available at: github.com/regulomics/HiCEnterprise.

Supplementary information
Supplemental data are available in the online version of the article and at the website regulomics.mimuw.edu.pl/wp/hicenterprise.
Experiencing fear during the pandemic: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in Polish
Authors: Pilch Irena , Kurasz Zofia , Turska-Kawa Agnieszka 
Published: April 2021

Background
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is a brief self-report measure developed at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. The scale evaluates the emotional responses to COVID-19. To date, the FCV-19S has been translated and validated in about 20 languages and has been used in many published research. The current study aimed to validate the Polish version of the FCV-19S.

Method
The FCV-19S was translated into Polish using forward- and back-translation. From May 15th to June 15th 2020, a total of 708 community members (Sample 1: 383 persons, 209 females, Sample 2: 325 persons, 198 females) participated in the online study. The participants were recruited using online advertisements in social media. Participation was anonymous, voluntary, and without compensation. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the one-factor structure of the FCV-19S. Then, measurement invariance was analyzed across samples, gender and age groups. To assess the validity of the scale, correlations between the FCV-19S and the remaining scales were computed.

Results
Internal consistency of the FCV-19S was good in both samples (Cronbach’s alpha 0.89 and 0.85). The CFA showed that the one-factor model fits the data well (RMSEA = 0.067, 90% CI [0.059–0.094], CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.965, GFI = 0.986). The criteria for configural, metric, scalar and strict invariance were met for all models tested. The FCV-19S scores correlated significantly with age, subjective vulnerability to the disease, neuroticism, self-reported compliance with the pandemic measures, and three kinds of preventive behavior (i.e., social distancing, hand hygiene, and disinfecting things).

Conclusion
The Polish version of the FCV-19S had a unidimensional structure, good reliability, and correlated as predicted with other variables. With the FCV-19S and the obtained results, healthcare professionals, researchers, and the government can gain more valuable information about people who may be at risk for negative psychological outcomes during the pandemic or who are not implementing protective behavior. The tool can be used in hospitals to quickly screen the level of fear in patients and minimize its severe adverse consequences.
Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Water, Ethyl Acetate and Hexane Fractions from the Mangrove Young Leaves Sonneratia alba
Authors: Dotulong Verly , Wonggo Djuhria , Montolalu Lita A. D. Y. 
Published: April 2021

The fractions from young leaves of mangrove Sonneratia alba was studied for its associated secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities. The objective of this study was to determine the secondary metabolite components and antioxidant activity of water, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions of the young leaves of mangrove S. alba. The fraction was obtained from dry powder of young leaf S.alba using continuous fractionation of crude extracts. The crude extract was attained by 2 extraction methods (soxhlet and maceration) and 2 extraction solvents (methanol and ethanol). Secondary metabolites analyses were qualitatively conducted to detect the presence or absence of phenols, flavonoid, tannin, steroid, triterpenoid and alkaloid. Total phenols were measured using Folin Ciocalteau reagents and gallic acid standard curves whereas antioxidant activity were analyzed using DPPH method (1- 1-diphenil-2-picrihydrasil). Results showed that all fractions contained secondary metabolite components tested. The highest rendement was found in the water fraction fromsoxhletation extract with methanol (6.36±0.29%). The total phenol values were found the highest in the ethylacetatefraction from macerated extract with ethanol (352±9.77 mgGAE/g). Stronger antioxidant activity was also found in ethylacetate fraction as indicated by the small value of IC50 DPPH namely the ethylacetate fraction with soxhletation extract with ethanol (3.43±0.25 µg / mL). The results of this study indicate that the semipolar fraction (ethylacetate fraction) has more potential as a source of natural antioxidants.
Discovery of Small Anti‐ACE2 Peptides to Inhibit SARS‐CoV‐2 Infectivity
Authors: Adhikary Pratik , Kandel Sashi , Mamani Umar‐Farouk , Mustafa Bahaa , Hao Siyuan , Qiu Jianming , Fetse John , Liu Yanli , Ibrahim Nurudeen Mohammed , Li Yongren , Lin Chien‐Yu , Omoscharka Evanthia , Cheng Kun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which infects host cells by binding its viral spike protein receptor‐binding domain (RBD) to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells. Blocking the SARS‐CoV‐2‐RBD/ACE2 interaction is, therefore, a potential strategy to inhibit viral infections. Using a novel biopanning strategy, a small anti‐ACE2 peptide is discovered, which shows high affinity and specificity to human ACE2. It blocks not only the SARS‐CoV‐2‐RBD/ACE2 interaction but also the SARS‐CoV‐1‐RBD/ACE2 interaction. Moreover, it inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in Vero‐E6 cells. The peptide shows negligible cytotoxicity in Vero‐E6 cells and Huh7 cells. In vivo short‐term lung toxicity study also demonstrates a good safety of the peptide after intratracheal administration. The anti‐ACE2 peptide can be potentially used as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for SARS‐CoV‐2 or other ACE2‐mediated viruses. The strategy used in this study also provides a fast‐track platform to discover other antiviral peptides, which will prepare the world for future pandemics.
Inelastic Tunnel Transport and Nanoscale Junction Thermoelectricity with Varying Electrode Topology
Authors: Roy Talem Rebeda , J John Donald Raj , Sen Arijit 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntricacies in the charge transport behavior of single‐molecule junctions often revolve around the complex nature of orbital hybridization stemming from diversified metal‐molecule coupling at interfaces. It will hence be pertinent to fathom the myriad aspect of inelastic charge transport and nanoscale thermoelectricity in single‐molecule junctions. It is examined from first‐principles, achiral and chiral quasi‐1D electrodes to understand the role of junction heterogeneity in overall thermoelectric behavior during charge transport. This calculated inelastic electron tunneling spectra exhibit intense peaks in the low‐frequency regime (< 25 meV) with characteristic bending and rocking modes, which auger well with the available measured data. It is subsequently found that the thermopower can be as high as 212 µV K−1 for σ‐saturated molecular moieties, depending strongly on the configuration of electrodes. Besides, a majority of such single‐molecule junctions turn out to deviate from the Wiedemann–Franz law, leading to anomalies in the electronic thermal conductance. The authors' analysis suggests that as nanoscale electrodes, Au(111) nanowires are likely to render a relatively high thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT > 1) for a small molecular junction at room temperature. Discerning the diversity as driven exigently by the electrode topology may thus augment the device performance in terms of thermal stability at molecular scale.
Introduction to P‐TRAP software for designing phosphorus removal structures
Authors: Penn Chad J. , Frankenberger James , Livingston Stanley 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhosphorus (P) removal structures are a new best management practice for filtering dissolved P in non‐point drainage from legacy P soils through use of P sorption materials (PSMs). Structures must be designed according to characteristics of the site (hydrology and constraints) and PSMs to be utilized, as well as user‐defined goals (P removal, lifetime, and flow rate), making it a cumbersome process. A freely available P Transport Reduction App (P‐TRAP) allows users to quickly produce a custom design or evaluate a hypothetical or existing structure. The software includes a library of P removal flow‐through curves for many different PSMs conducted under various conditions of inflow P concentration and retention time. Design output includes the necessary PSM mass and orientation, pipe requirement, and a table of annual P removal. The software enables conservationists and engineers to quickly compare cost and efficiency among possible designs.
Phosphorus Transport Reduction App (P‐Trap) software is used to evaluate and design site‐specific P removal structures based on (a) user inputs regarding site and P sorption material (PSM) characteristics and (b) P removal performance goals.imagePhosphorus Transport Reduction App (P‐Trap) software is used to evaluate and design site‐specific P removal structures based on (a) user inputs regarding site and P sorption material (PSM) characteristics and (b) P removal performance goals.