bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of social corrections to peers sharing COVID-19 misinformation on WhatsApp in Brazil
Authors: Vijaykumar Santosh , Rogerson Daniel T , Jin Yan , de Oliveira Costa Mariella Silva 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
Online COVID-19 misinformation is a serious concern in Brazil, home to the second-largest WhatsApp user base and the second-highest number of COVID-19 deaths. We examined the extent to which WhatsApp users might be willing to correct their peers who might share COVID-19 misinformation.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional online survey using Qualtrics among 726 Brazilian adults to identify the types of social correction behaviors (SCBs) and health and technological factors that shape the performance of these behaviors.

Results
Brazil’s WhatsApp users expressed medium to high levels of willingness to engage in SCBs. We discovered 3 modes of SCBs: correction to the group, correction to the sender only, and passive or no correction. WhatsApp users with lower levels of educational attainment and from younger age groups were less inclined to provide corrections. Lastly, the perceived severity of COVID-19 and the ability to critically evaluate a message were positively associated with providing corrections to either the group or the sender.

Discussion
The demographic analyses point to the need to strengthen information literacy among population groups that are younger with lower levels of educational attainment. These efforts could facilitate individual-level contributions to the global fight against misinformation by the World Health Organization in collaboration with member states, social media companies, and civil society.

Conclusion
Our study suggests that Brazil’s WhatsApp users might be willing to actively respond with feedback when exposed to COVID-19 misinformation by their peers on small-world networks like WhatsApp groups.
PSVIII-23 Mycotoxin exposure on fetal skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy and miRNA transcriptome
Authors: Greene Maslyn A , Udoka Aliute , Powell Rhonda , Noorai Rooksana , Bruce Terri , Duckett Susan K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the miRNA transcriptome and muscle fiber characteristics of lambs from ewes consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) seed during two stages of gestation at two animal ages. Pregnant Suffolk ewes (yr 1 n = 36; yr 2 n = 60) were randomly assigned to one of two gestational treatments: E+ seed (1.77 mg/hd/d of ergovaline/ergovalinine) during mid- (gd 35 - 85; MID) or late-gestation (gd 86 – 133/parturition; LATE). Longissimus muscle samples (n = 3/E+ treatment/time) were collected from fetuses on gd 133 (FETAL; expt. 1) or from wethers after finishing to market weight (MKT; expt. 2) from ewes from MID and LATE E+ treatments. Data were analyzed as a 2 x 2 factorial with E+ treatment (MID or LATE), time (FETAL or MKT), and the two-way interaction in the model. Exposure to E+ fescue seed during LATE gestation reduced (P = 0.03) cross-sectional area of Type II muscle fibers at MKT but not at FETAL. Cross-sectional area of Type II muscle fibers were larger (P &lt; 0.05) at MKT than FETAL. Animal age influenced miRNA expression with 120 miRNA differentially expressed. miRNA-22-3p and -29a were down regulated (P &lt; 0.001; &gt; -5 log fold change) with animal age; whereas miR-3958-3p, -410-3p, -299-5p and -487b-3p (P &lt; 0.0001; &gt; 3 log fold change) were up-regulated. Exposure to E+ during MID or LATE gestation did not alter miRNA expression. Muscle fiber hypertrophy increased from FETAL to MKT age altered the expression of miRNA in longissimus muscle.
PSXV-16 Blood glucose dynamics after feeding in the Orlov trotter horses in the conditions of the training center in preparation for trotter-racing
Authors: Sharaskina Olga 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
It is necessary to consider the factors affecting the dynamics and blood glucose (BG) level to maintain a horse’s high performance and health during intensive training. The study aimed to research the influence of the feeding regime on the change in BG level in the Orlov trotter horses during the period of intensive training (summer) in the conditions of the stud farm’s training center in the Kaluga region (Russia). Horses aged 2 to 4 years, stallions (n = 7), and mares (n = 5) received commercial mixed feed three times a day and grass hay in free access. Four times a week after lunch, horses are released into the paddock with cut grass. Blood was collected from the jugular vein. Blood was collected before morning feeding and then every hour until four h after morning and afternoon feeding. The dynamics of BG changes depending on the presence or absence of the grass paddock after feeding were evaluated. If horses remained in the stall after feeding, the BG level gradually increased, reaching a maximum (4.95 ± 0.21 mmol/L) 3 hours after feeding and was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than when they were immediately moved to the paddock with grass. The maximum BG concentration in horses in the paddock was observed 1 hour after feeding (4.55 ± 0.21 mmol/L); it didn’t have significant differences with the BG level after 1 hour in “stall horses” (4.5 ± 0.14 mmol/L). Then the BG level of the “paddock horses” gradually decreased, and in the “stall horses” increased. No significant difference in BG levels was observed 4 hours after feeding. When horses can walk in a paddock after feeding concentrates and eat grass, blood glucose levels do not rise and tend to decrease.
PSXV-13 The activity of thiol cathepsins in seminal plasma of stallions with different percentages of viable sperm after freezing-thawing
Authors: Atroshchenko Mikhail , Shitikova Anna , Engalycheva Mariya 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the activity of cathepsins B, L and H in the seminal plasma of stallions with normal (&gt;25%, n = 11) and low (&lt; 25%, n = 13) percentage of viable sperm after freezing-thawing. Sperm of 24 Arabian stallions aged from 5 to 20 years (12.1 ± 4.8 years on average) was collected during the breeding season (February-May). The activity of cathepsins in spermoplasm was studied by the spectrofluorometric method (System 3 Scanning Spectrofluorometry, Optical technology devices, inc. Elmstord, New York, 10523) by Barrett&Kirschke. The viability of the sperm was determined after its freezing-thawing. Sperm smears were eosin stained and live:dead-ratio was examined using an Olympus BX41 phase contrast microscope (Olympus Corporation, Japan). The significance of differences in the studied groups was determined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. There were no significant differences in the activity of catepsins B and L in the spermoplasm of stallions with normal and low percentages of viable spermatozoa after freezing-thawing. It was found that in the group of stallions with a normal percentage of viable spermatozoa after freezing-thawing, the activity of cathepsin H in the spermoplasm was significantly higher than in the group with a low percentage of viable spermatozoa (P = 0.0219). Free radicals formed during freezing-thawing of sperm can damage cell membranes, leading to loss of sperm viability. Thiol cathepsins are involved in the degradation of oxidatively modified proteins and, apparently, it is cathepsin H that is most actively involved in this process in the sperm of stallions. We assume that the low activity of cathepsin H in the seminal plasma of stallions with a low percentage of viable spermatozoa indicates a high involvement of this enzyme in the protection of sperm membranes from oxidative damage. The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 20-16-00101.
PSXV-15 Application of a survey instrument for understanding pain management practices associated with equine assisted activities and therapy horses
Authors: Clark Carter , Nicodemus Molly , Cavinder Clay A , Memili Erdogan , Holtcamp Katie , Brunson Cassie , Irvin Lori 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Equine assisted activities and therapy (EAAT) is a popular therapy option for physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders. A critical component of this treatment option is the horse, and while research has reported the benefits for human participants, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the therapy horse due to limited research documenting the impact of these activities. Nevertheless, those that manage these animals understand the demanding activities placed on the therapy horse, and thus, can play a vital role in educating those new to the industry. Therefore, the objective of this study was to utilize a survey instrument to document management activities associated with pain for the therapy horse. An 11 forced-choice question survey was developed and sent out to 97 EAAT programs within the U.S. Participation was available online for a total of four months. Response rate was 31% (n = 30). From the respondents, 50% answered +46 yrs old for age, 70% answered +15 yrs equine experience, and 60% answered +11 yrs working in EAAT. The most popular answer for number of horses in the respondents’ EAAT program was &gt;11 horses (53%), and as to the horses in the program, 50% answered they had &gt;7 geriatric horses. The majority of the respondents answered “definitely yes” to having functionally lame horses used regularly in their programs (53%) and having experience with pain management practices associated with orthopedic (50%) and gastrointestinal (67%) conditions. The majority of the programs used vital sign measurements (67%), facial expressions (73%), and behavioral changes (87%) to detect equine pain. In conclusion, EAAT horses appear to commonly need healthcare practices for pain management suggesting further research is needed in precision medicine and animal welfare. In addition, educational programs covering pain management practices for individuals going into the EAAT industry would assist in ensuring the welfare of these animals.
PSXV-19 Informative value of study of mineral composition of the mane hair to assess quality of stallions’ sperm
Authors: Kalashnikov Valeriy , Zaitcev Alexander , Atroshchenko Mikhail , Zavyalov Oleg , Frolov Alexey , Kurilkina Marina , Frolova Natalia , Makhmutova Oksana , Shirokova Olga 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The research aim was to study the effect of the elemental status of stallions detected by concentration of chemical elements in the mane hair on the quality indicators of sperm. The research was done on stallions of Arabian breed (n = 54) aged from 5 to 15 years. Hair samples were taken from plot of the mane in the area of projection of the first cervical vertebra (not less 0.24g). The elemental composition of biosubstrates was explored for 5 toxic elements (Al, Cd, Pb, Sn, Sr) by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP). Spearman rank correlation was calculated at the first stage of the experiment that demonstrated negative correlation of Sr in the hair with volume of ejaculate (r=-0.55; P &lt; 0.05) and total number of progressive motile spermatozoa (r=-0.31; P &lt; 0.05). The entire research sample was divided into three groups: I - concentration of Sr in the hair below 1.88 mcg/g; II – within 1.89 – 3.89 mcg/g; III – above 3.9 mcg/g. Comparative analysis showed that stallions with Sr levels below 1.88 mcg/g (group I) exceed stallions from group II by ejaculate volume by 18.2%; sperm survival in hypothermic sperm preservation after cryopreservation by 24.1% (P &lt; 0.05); total spermatozoa number by 14.6% (P &lt; 0.05); total number of progressive motile spermatozoa by 15.0% (P &lt; 0.05). Difference in the value of the studied parameters between the animals of groups I and III was even more pronounced and was at the level of 38.2% (P &lt; 0.01); 34.7 (P &lt; 0.05); 23.7 (P &lt; 0.05); 26.7% (P &lt; 0.05), respectively. The research was carried out with the support of Russian Science Foundation (project №. 17-16-01109 P).
PSV-B-29 Late-Breaking: Comparisons of Practices of Raw Diet Versus Kibble Diet Dog Owners
Authors: Petree Madison , Sypniewski Lara M , McFarlane Dianne , Hiney Kris 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An increasing number of pet owners feed raw meat-based diets (RD) to their dogs. Reasons include food safety concerns and the belief that feeding RD improves the overall health of dogs. However, it is unknown if owners that chose to feed RD also elect alternative healthcare and management strategies compared to owners that feed commercial kibble (CK). A survey was created to investigate differences in strategies between owners that feed RD versus CK. The survey was distributed via Qualtrics through social media, veterinary clinics, and food cooperatives. Participants were asked questions to determine demographics, feeding practices, and management decisions. Data were separated into the two populations, reported by frequency, and compared using Fisher’s exact test with P &lt; .05 considered significant. A total of 1,249 participants completed the survey. Owners of RD dogs more commonly had intact dogs (RD 42.7% vs KB = 28.7%, P &lt; 0.0001) or chose to spay/neuter after 1 year of age (RD = 55%, KB = 47.8%, P = 0.02). CK and RD owners differed in preventative medicine strategies. RD owners were more likely to not vaccinate for DHPP (n = 296; 52%) compared to only 16.7% (n = 111, P &lt; 0.0001) of CK owners. However, RD owners used antibody titer tests to monitor immunity (n = 234, 46.8%) much more frequently compared to CK owners (n = 86;13.4%, P &lt; 0.0001). RD owners were less likely (P &lt; 0.0001) to vaccinate for Bordetella, (a non-core vaccine; n = 356; 62%) compared to CK (n = 218; 32.9%). More CK owners had their dog(s) on heartworm prevention, compared to RF (CK= 79%; RF = 62% P &lt; 0.0001) and provided chemical or prescription flea/tick medication for their dog(s) (RD = 57% vs CK = 83%; P &lt; 0.0001). The results of this survey support differences in management between owners that feed RD compared to CK.
PSX-A-4 Late-Breaking: Assessing the antifungal efficacy of EverWildTM D01 against Aspergillus flavus in semi-moist pet treats
Authors: Kiprotich Samuel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Semi-moist pet treats contain moisture levels ranging from 20–30% making them ideal for mold growth and mycotoxin production. To control mold, synthetic mold inhibitors such as potassium sorbate or calcium propionate are used. Synthetic additives are effective, but there is a shift in the pet owner preferences for ‘natural’ products. Fermented and (or) cultured whey has been shown to contain antifungal metabolites and has been used to control fungal growth in bread. EverWildTM D01 is a commercially available cultured whey product. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of EverWildTM D01 against Aspergillus flavus in a semi-moist pet treat. A model semi-moist pet treat fortified to be nutritionally complete was produced with three levels of powdered whey fermentate, [1.0%, 3.0% and 5% (w/w)], a negative control with no antifungal and a “positive control” which contained potassium sorbate as a standard industrial mold inhibitor. Treats were produced by baking in 3cm x 3cm squares. Individual squares were inoculated with 0.1 mL of Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 204304) to achieve a final concentration of ~ 5.0 Log CFU/square. The inoculated squares were individually incubated at 250 C. Fungal analysis was performed at day 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 28 by surface plating on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) followed by incubation at 250 C for 72h. The total log reductions were calculated by subtracting the initial inoculum with the colony counts on day 28. EverWildTM D01 at 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5% (w/w) had a 1.90, 3.89 and 4.58 Log CFU/square log reduction, respectively. The positive control had a 1.19 Log CFU/square log reduction. All treatments differed from the negative control (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, EverWildTM D01 may be effective as a natural alternative to synthetic mold inhibitors in semi-moist pet treats.
PSX-A-10 Late-Breaking: Effects of paternal high energy diets on blastocyst development during in vitro embryo production in the bovine
Authors: Davis Dylan B , Seekford Zachary , Dickson Mackenzie , Gonçalves Lucas , Burato Samir , Holton Matthew P , Gordon Julie , Pohler Ky G , Bromfield John , Lamb G Cliff C , Pringle Dean , Stewart R Lawton , Ferrer Maria , Fontes Pedro L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paternal high energy diets on blastocyst development during in vitro embryo production (IVP). Eight sires were stratified by body weight (initial BW = 946 ± 85 kg) and randomly assigned to the same diet (NEm = 2.10, NEg = 1.44, CP = 14.1%, NDF = 16.6%, DM basis) fed at two different inclusion rates while having ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (NEm = 1.02, NEg = 0.45, CP = 10.2%, NDF = 71.6). After a 10-d adaptation period, sires were individually fed to receive 0.5% (MAINT) or 1.25% [High gain (HG)] of their BW daily for 67 days. At the end of the feeding period, semen was collected through electroejaculation and frozen. Antral follicles were aspirated from ovaries obtained from a slaughterhouse and utilized for IVP in 4 independent replicates (n = 2,227 total oocytes). Cleavage rates were evaluated 48 h after fertilization and blastocyst development rates were evaluated after 7 days of embryo culture. The proposed treatments successfully induced differences in BW gain (P &lt; 0.01; 2.28 vs -0.04 kg/d) and carcass composition (Rump fat: 1.63 vs. 0.41 cm, P = 0.08; Rib fat: 1.06 vs. 0.41 cm, P = 0.02; intramuscular fat: 3.5 vs. 3.0%, P = 0.36; for HG vs. MAINT sires, respectively). There was a significant decrease in cleavage rates (69.9 ± 2.5 vs. 65.0 ± 2.7; P &lt; 0.04), blastocyst rate as a percentage of oocytes (16.7 ± 2.9 vs. 11.5 ± 2.1; P &lt; 0.01), and blastocyst rates as a percentage of cleaved structures (24.1 ± 3.8 vs. 11.5 ± 2.1; P &lt; 0.01) for HG compared with MAINT sires. In conclusion, sires fed diets that induce highly anabolic conditions had impaired blastocyst development compared to sires fed a maintenance diet.
PSX-A-5 Late-Breaking: Branched chain amino acid and threonine requirements for puppy (&gt;14 wk-9mo) Labrador Retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Adams Heather , Cox Sarah , Cline Kevin , Bailey Rhianna , Weil Jordan T , Coon Craig N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Branched chain amino acids are heavily involved in protein synthesis and turnover, emphasizing the need to establish requirement for growing animals. On the other hand, threonine is vital for supporting proteins necessary for gut health. Thus, it is very important to supply branched chain amino acids and threonine in appropriate amounts to growing animals. In this experiment, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique was utilized to determine valine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine requirements in six puppy Labrador Retrievers (&gt;14wk-9mo). Puppies were subjected to diets ranging from deficient to excess, with each of the indispensable amino acids formulated at 1.6x NRC values. The control diet was fed for two days of adaptation, followed by one experimental day in which the test diet was fed. On the test day, a breath sample was collected using a using a respiration mask (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments). A priming dose of L-[1-^13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on body weight was supplied to each puppy, followed by [1-^13C]Phe doses every 30 minutes, for a four hour period. ^13CO[2] was collected after each dose and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results from IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a segmented line model (JMP^® Pro 16). Each of the Four Rivers mean and population requirements were as follows: 1.72 ± 0.11 g/1000 kcal ME for valine; 1.43 ± 0.24 g/1000 kcal ME for isoleucine; 2.25 ± 0.15 g/1000 kcal ME for leucine; 1.74 ± 0.16 g/1000 kcal ME for threonine (mean ± 2SD). The knowledge gained from this study is highly useful as the lean mass deposited as a puppy influences the animal throughout their lifetime.
PSX-A-1 Late-Breaking: A fully automated system for 3D image acquisition, classification and processing for real-time monitoring growth of finishing cattle in feedlots
Authors: Padilha Joseane , Fernandes Arthur , Dorea Joao R , Acedo Tiago S , Rosa Guilherme J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Computer vision has been proposed as an alternative to monitor livestock growth, for example using 3D cameras to estimate body weight and condition. However, implementing this technology outdoors and with unrestrained animals poses a great challenge, because of harsh conditions for the equipment, as well as varying lighting and animal movement. Here we propose an automated system to acquire 3D images of individual animals, integrate the animal ID in the image file, and process images. This comprises a fundamental step for implementing a real-time assessment tool of growth of animals grouped in pens, to aid optimal feed management and marketing decision. The study comprised 50 beef cattle of Nellore breed during a finishing phase at DSM Innovation and Applied Center, in Brazil. Animals were tagged with RFID eartags, and 5 Intel RealSense D435 cameras were installed on the top of the water sources in each pen. For each animal approaching the water tank, an RFID antenna read the animal ID and triggered the camera to acquire a top-down view image. Images were then sent to a central computer using Wi-Fi, and later to the cloud. A decision tree algorithm was trained to sort images as usable or unusable, where the retained images had one single animal on the frame, with full body and relatively straight position. Selected frames were then processed using a threshold Otsu’s method to segment the animal body and obtain the necessary biological features, including body length, multiple width and height values, body area and volume. A total of 16,000+ images were collected, from which 3,100 were deemed usable. The algorithm successfully extracted the animal body from each image and obtained the biological features (cross-correlation values above 0.90). The proposed system was demonstrated to be extremely promising and the next stage of the study will be devoted to individual body weight prediction.