bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breaking with tradition: A scoping meta‐analysis analyzing the effects of student‐centered and computer aided instruction on student performance in anatomy
Authors: Brown Kirsten M. , Wilson Adam B. , Misch Jonathan , Miller Corinne H. , Klein Barbie A. , Taylor Melissa A. , Goodwin Michael , Boyle Eve K. , Hoppe Chantal , Lazarus Michelle 
Published: June 2021

As the debate regarding anatomy education efficacy continues, student‐centered learning (SCL) and computer aided instruction (CAI) are garnering educators' attention. Although Freeman et al. (2014) demonstrated that active learning strategies increase student performance across STEM disciplines, summative analyses exploring how SCL and CAI affect knowledge gains in anatomy education, specifically, are lacking. The present study mirrored the protocol of prior anatomy education‐focused meta‐analyses (Wilson et al., 2017; Wilson et al., 2016) to answer the question: “How effective are SCL and CAI at increasing student knowledge gains in anatomy compared to traditional didactic approaches?”Relevant studies published over the past 51 years were searched using five databases. Strict eligibility criteria were applied to the screening of titles and abstracts to discern their appropriateness for study inclusion. A summary effect size was estimated to determine the effects of SCL and CAI on anatomy performance outcomes. A moderator analysis was also performed to gauge how certain study features may have influenced pooled effects.Of the 3,035 records screened, 327 underwent full‐text review. Seven studies, which comprised 1,564 participants, were included in the SCL analysis. An additional 19 studies analyzed the effects of CAI in the context of 2,570 participants. Upon comparing SCL to traditional instruction, a small positive effect on learner performance was detected (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.24; p=0.006). Likewise, students with CAI exposure scored moderately higher than those with limited or no access to CAI (SMD=0.59; p=0.003). The moderator analysis also detected significant and sizable effects (SMD=1.44, [CI=0.57, 2.31], p=0.001) for supplemental CAI interventions (SMD=1.44, [CI=0.57, 2.31], p=0.001). Whereas no effect (p=0.16) was reported for replacement interventions.Overall, learners exposed to SCL or CAI modestly outperformed their more classically‐trained peers, which is consistent with related research conducted outside of the scope of anatomy education. Note that these results represent knowledge gains in the short‐term and do not provide evidence of pedagogical efficacy for long‐term retention. Lastly, the supplemental versus replacement intervention findings further underscore the need for educational efficacy studies to have proper controls.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Chemically Prepared Cat Cadavers in Teaching of Surgical Technique ‐ Evaluation by Students of a Veterinary Medicine Course
Authors: OLIVEIRA FABRICIO SINGARETTI , Zero Raphael Chiarelo , de Sá Rocha Thiago André Salvitti , Minto Bruno Watanabe , Moraes Paola Castro , Dias Luis Gustavo Gosuen Gonçalves , De Nardi Andrigo Barboza 
Published: June 2021

It is essential to humanely use live animals in research and teaching activities and consequently, to search for alternative methods that do not prejudice academic or scientific efforts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the opinions of veterinary undergraduate students as to the acceptability of using chemically prepared cat cadavers to teach surgical methods. Ten cadavers of cats were fixed with ethylic alcohol with 5% of glycerine (120ml/kg) for 60 days and preserved in 30% sodium chloride aqueous solution up to one semester. During the conservation time, students were asked to complete an evaluation form at the end of the surgery classes. The students assigned a score of 1 (very bad) to 10 (excellent) to the resistance of the skin (7.94±1.60). muscles (7.98±1.39). stomach (8.12±1.33). intestine (7.54±1.72). and urinary bladder (7.58±1.79) to incision/suture and the malleability of intestines (7.78±1.58), spleen (7.34±2.24) and liver (7.14±2.28) were evaluated. The average score was 7.68 ± 1.74, and 92% of the students were found to be in favor of the use of cadavers. In addition, 90% of the students favored initial surgical training with chemically preserved cadavers, followed by classes including live animals from the Veterinary Hospital who came for elective surgery, such as an orchiectomy or ovariohysterectomy.Support or Funding InformationFAPESP, process 2015/08259‐9.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Expression of Nkx2.5 and Isl1 in the cardiopharyngeal mesoderm of developing Xenopus embryos
Authors: Siomava Natalia , Edwards Dameel , Ziermann Janine M. 
Published: June 2021

The cardiopharyngeal field (CPF) is a mesodermal field that gives rise to the first (FHF) and second heart field (SHF)‐derived myocardium and the branchiomeric musculature. Isl1 and Nkx2.5 are transcription factors expressed in the CPF. Both genes are crucial for the specification of the myocardial cells derived from the SHF and for the further development of the heart in vertebrates. The importance of these genes is supported by the fact that perturbations in their expression lead to severe heart malformations and often result in embryonic death. In order to better understand the role of these two genes and their impact on the head and heart development, we analysed their expression in Xenopus laevis, which is potentially a good model to study the CPF and craniofacial defects in terms of evolutionary developmental medicine. In contrast to basal vertebrates, such as the urochordate Ciona, Xenopus' heart has an advanced morphology with several heart chambers and in‐ and outflow tracts. Concurrently, Xenopus is easy to rear in laboratory conditions. There are various genetic tools available to work with this species (e.g., TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, ZFNs) and there are certain advantages for the study of embryology (e.g., external fertilization and large size of eggs) that favour this species over the mouse and chicken models.Whole‐mount in situ hybridization of embryos revealed that during early stages Isl1 and Nkx2.5 are co‐expressed in cardiac progenitor cells localized near the cement gland. Isl1 was also present in the stomodeum region and other cell populations; e.g., cephalic placodes and their associated ganglia or cranial paraxial mesoderm. At stage 25 (Nieuwkoop and Faber), Nkx2.5 was expressed in the FHF, SHF, and anterior endoderm. Later, it nearly separated from the Isl1 expression and became restricted to the heart tube, derived from the FHF. Isl1 was mainly expressed in the pharyngeal arch mesoderm adjacent to the heart and in the dorsolateral heart domain. At late stages, Nkx2.5 could be detected throughout the myocardium, while Isl1 was present in the foregut and cephalic ganglia. In spite of minor differences, our results conform to early studies in X. laevis. The comparison with expression patterns in mouse and chicken shows that Xenopus is indeed a good organism to study the CPF derivatives, like the myocardium and head musculature. Therefore, Xenopus can be further extensively used for developmental, evolutionary, and medical studies of the normal and abnormal head and heart myogenesis.Support or Funding InformationJMZ is supported by a Howard University College of Medicine pilot study award (BFPSAP: U100217).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Internal Thoracic Arteries Arising Distal to the Anterior Scalene Muscles at the Origin of the Axillary Arteries: Implications for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Lynch Hannah L. , Lambert H Wayne , Zdilla Matthew J. 
Published: June 2021

The internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery is particularly important with regard to coronary artery bypass grafting. Typically, the artery arises from the first part of the subclavian artery before the subclavian artery passes posterior to the anterior scalene muscle. This case report documents internal thoracic arteries arising from the proximal aspect of the axillary arteries, lateral to the anterior scalene muscles and the lateral margins of the first rib where the subclavian arteries change names to the axillary arteries. The variation is clinically significant with regard to coronary artery bypass grafting. Since the internal thoracic arteries arise beyond the anterior scalene muscles, potential entrapment of the subclavian artery, common in thoracic outlet syndrome, may decrease blood flow through the variant arteries. If these variant arteries were utilized in bypass grafting, the patient could experience angina due to entrapment of the subclavian arteries by the anterior scalene muscles.Support or Funding InformationWV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06] and [HEPC.dsr.14.13]This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Protective effect of camel milk on Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced Reno‐toxicity in Rats
Authors: IHENTUGE CHURCHILL , OBIALOR AMBROSE , UGOCHUKWU CHIOMA , OKECHUKWU HOPE , EGEONU SOLOMON , IHENTUGE PHOEBE 
Published: June 2021

The kidneys process the blood supplied to it via filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion leading to the formation of urine. It is constantly exposed to different drugs and products of metabolism which could be toxic and destructive to renal structures. This study investigated the protective effective of camel milk on carbon tetrachloride induced renotoxicity in wistar rat.Twenty adult wistar rats weighing between 150g and 200g were used in the study to determine the protective effective of camel milk on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced renotoxicity in rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E) of 4 animals each and were fed with rat feed and water for 30days. Control groups (A and B) were injected intraperitoneally (i/p) with 1ml/kgbw of paraffin oil on the 1st and 2nd days, and in addition group B was fed with camel milk for the remaining days. Groups C and D were injected i/p with CCl4 (1ml/kgbw) for 2 consecutive days and group D fed with camel milk for the remaining period. Group E were fed with camel milk and were injected i/p with CCl4 on the last two daysResults showed a 5.76% decrease in mean body weight of group C significant at p<0.05% while A and B; D and E showed increase in mean body weight of 7.69%, 12.60%, 4.40% and 9.21% respectively. The weight and relative weight of kidneys of Group C was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with group A and other groups. The sera levels of creatine and urea were significantly raised (p< 0.05) in group C while control and other experimental groups were within normal range. Histologically, there were moderate inflammation, congestion of the glomerulus and tubular necrosis in group C. The renal structures of control, groups B and E appear normal while group D show minimal inflammation.This shows that camel milk protects and ameliorates renal architecture and could serve as a nutritional supplement in renal diseases.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Vertebral Artery Variations in American‐Bred Cottontail Rabbits
Authors: Den Haese Jason P. , Kalota Alyse M. , Hechtel Laura J. 
Published: June 2021

It is estimated that there are over 6.2 million American‐bred rabbits owned as domesticated pets in the United States. However, variation in the vasculature of domesticated rabbits is not well studied and could therefore lead to complications during surgeries. This study examined the variation in the origin of the vertebral artery. In rabbits, the vertebral artery (right and left) typically branch off of the subclavian artery (right and left respectively), travels superiorly through the neck with spinal processes branching off of it to supply the spinal cord. The bilateral vertebral arteries then continue to travel cranially, through the foramen magnum. Here, they join to become the basilar artery, which aids in supplying the brain with blood. Through dissection of commercially available preserved rabbits, a new variation was found in the left vertebral artery: an anastomosis between the left subclavian artery and the left common carotid artery. No variation was found in the right vertebral artery. These results will potentially help veterinarian surgeons perform cardiovascular and cerebral surgeries with less complications, thus increasing survival rates.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
3D Modeling and Animation of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) of a Human Male with Implications for the Study of TMJ Dysfunction
Authors: Sonnier Breigh N. , Homberger Dominique G. 
Published: June 2021

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) affects approximately 60–70% of the U.S. population, but the precise mechanisms underlying the causes of TMD are not well understood. To contribute to a better understanding of the possible biomechanical causes of TMD, a 3D model that can be manipulated to simulate different positions and postures, which may adversely affect the TMJ, was developed. To create such a 3D model, donated x‐ray CT data of the head, neck, and shoulders of an adult male of unknown etiology was analyzed using the visualization software program Avizo 9®. The skull, mandible, and cervical vertebrae were then manually segmented (i.e., marked) as independent entities. The resulting segmented structural 3D model was transferred to the software animation program Maya 2017® and subjected to character rigging so that the skull, mandible, and neck could be individually moved into various positions. This animated dynamic 3D model allows the study of various positions and body postures and their effects on the TMJ (e.g., a forward head posture and its effects on the forces acting on the TMJ) without having to resort to clinical observations with their ethically dictated limitations.Support or Funding InformationLSU Foundation support to Dominique G. HombergerThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Novel Approach to Dissection of the Pelvis and Perineum for Professional Students
Authors: Hunter Leah D. , Mosley Claudia F. , McHugh Kirk M. 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTIONUnderstanding the gross anatomy of the pelvis and perineum has been a challenge for professional students for years. Dissection of this region is hampered by the complex spatial orientation of the pelvis and perineum, limited access for dissection, structural density and ambiguity as well as low anatomic efficiency (i.e. time dissecting versus number of structures identified). These limitations often result in programs minimizing dissection of the pelvis and perineum by utilizing prosected specimens as well as anatomic and computer models.RESOURCESAt The Ohio State University, we have developed a novel approach to the cadaveric dissection of the pelvis and perineum that we implemented in the laboratory this past year with medical, dental and graduate students.DESCRIPTIONOur approach involves the en bloc removal of the perineum from the cadaver followed by excision of the symphysis pubis. This approach closely mimics pelvic exenteration, a surgical salvage procedure used for recurrent pelvic cancers. It permits autonomous dissection of the perineal bloc while providing open access to all of the organs in the pelvis still intact. Following the examination and dissection of the midline pelvic organs, the pelvis is hemisected permitting removal of a single leg for continued dissection of the internal iliac vessels and pelvic nerves.SIGNIFICANCEWe have developed and successfully piloted a novel approach to the dissection of the pelvis and perineum that appears to resolve many of the prior difficulties associated with this region. The majority of dissecting tables were able to successfully complete the new dissection approach on their first try, albeit with significant prelab preparation and GTA/faculty guidance in the lab. This approach appears to significantly improve the anatomic efficiency of pelvis and perineum dissections and provides professional students with a much better understanding of this complex region of human anatomy.Support or Funding Information(Supported by Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University.)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The function of Nsdhl during vascular development in zebrafish
Authors: Liang Shuo‐Rong 
Published: June 2021

Genetic conrol of vascular development and patterning in vertebrates is not fully understood. We used zebrafish as a model organism to identify transcription factors Islet2 (Isl2) and Nr2f1b required for the growth of intersegmental vessels (ISV) and caudal vein plexus (CVP). We further identify NAD(P)H steroid dehydrogenase‐like (Nsdhl) gene is positively regulated by Ist2 /Nr2f1b. Nsdhl is a dehydrogenase that participates in sterol production in cholesterol biosynthesis. Excess cellular cholesterol often leads to abnormal proliferation and migration. In addition, recent study showed cholesterol efflux related to angiogenesis control.Here, we show Nsdhl is highly conserved in all species. Nsdhl mRNA is expressed in vessels, suggesting its roles in vascular development. Knockdown of Nsdhl expression by Morpholino (MO) disrupts the growth of ISV and CVP, suggesting the role of Nsdhl in controlling ISV and CVP growth. Consist with the defects in vascular development, we examined the expression of vascular markers flk1, mrc1, stabilin, flt4 and ephrinb2 and we found the remodeling the expression of vascular markers in nsdhlMO. To address whether the cell death contributes to the ISV and CVP defects in nsdhlMO, we performed AO staining and TUNEL assay. The data showed that vascular defects do not caused by cell death, but likely due to the impairment of proliferation and migration. We also revealed the relationship between Nsdhl and VEGF/BMP signals. Together, we showed that Nsdhl plays important role for vascular development in zebrafish.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Palladin Functionally Replaces the Arp2/3 Complex and Organizes Actin‐Rich Structures Generated during Listeria monocytogenes Infections
Authors: Dhanda Arandeep S. , Vogl A Wayne , Otey Carol A. , Beck Moriah R. , Guttman Julian A. 
Published: June 2021

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) co‐opts the actin cytoskeleton of host cells for their entry, intracellular motility and dissemination. These bacteria generate Arp2/3‐based, branched actin‐containing structures called comet tails that propel the bacteria within and amongst host cells. The host protein palladin is a crucial component of actin‐rich structures. Whether this protein can promote actin based motility events remains unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that palladin is a crucial organizer of actin structures generated during Listeria infections and simultaneously used Listeria as a model to establish if palladin could compensate for processes requiring the Arp2/3 complex. Using immunofluorescence microscopy we identified palladin at bacterial invasion sites and motile comet tails. Strikingly, depletion of palladin via RNAi results in shorter and severely misshapen comet tails. When palladin mutants defective for actin or VASP binding are expressed in cells, comet tails disintegrate or become progressively thinner as they move. Through transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that these thin comet tails result from a switch in the actin network from branched arrays to parallel F‐actin bundles. To determine whether palladin could compensate for the Arp2/3 complex during comet tail motility, we overexpressed palladin in cells treated with the potent Arp2/3 inhibitor CK‐666. In these cells, Listeria can initiate and maintain its actin‐based motility. Additionally, we utilized a cell line depleted of multiple Arp2/3 complex subunits. Within these cells Listeria fail to generate comet tails. However, when palladin is overexpressed in this Arp2/3 functionally null cell line, the ability of Listeria to generate actin clouds and comet tails is restored. Taken together, we show that palladin is essential for the organization of F‐actin structures generated by Listeria and, importantly, can compensate for Arp2/3 complex functional defects without hindrance during bacterial actin‐based motility.Support or Funding InformationGrant Funding Source: NSERC (grant no. 355316 to J.A.G and grant no. 155397 to A.W.V), NIH (grant no. R15 GM120670 to M.R.B) and, SFU departmental fundsThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Tau does not protect microtubules during Klebsiella pneumoniae infections
Authors: Bogdan Alexander Constantine , Chua Michael Dominic , Guttman Julian Andrew 
Published: June 2021

Hospitals have raised a growing concern for the rampant spread of the bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae, which can cause a wide array of symptoms such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, septicemia, and pyogenic liver abscesses. Moreover, the misuse of antibiotics has contributed to the surge of multidrug‐resistant hypervirulent strains. As a result, therapeutics for K. pneumoniae infections are becoming ineffective leading to lower survival rates and higher mortality rates in highly infected individuals. In our laboratory, we have shown that K. pneumoniae activates katanin microtubule severing enzymes to induce microtubule disassembly in lung epithelial cells. In contrast, microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) in host cells regulate the stability of microtubules and specific MAPs such as Tau (MAPTau) can protect microtubules from katanin‐induced severing. Since Tau plays a role in the stability of microtubules, we hypothesized that Tau protein levels may prevent microtubule disassembly during K. pneumoniae infections. To test this hypothesis, we initially determined if K. pneumoniae targets Tau in infected A549 lung epithelial cells. We lysed uninfected and infected cells and we found that a higher molecular weight Tau species was present in the infected cell lysates. Hyperphosphorylation of Tau typically regulates its binding to microtubules, and thus, we then determined if overexpressing Tau constructs that have different phosphorylation abilities could protect microtubules from K. pneumoniae‐induced katanin‐mediated severing. To do this, we obtained three green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‐tagged tau constructs: wildtype Tau (wt Tau), hyperphosphorylated Tau (E14 Tau), and Tau that cannot be phosphorylated (AP Tau). We then expressed these plasmids in A549 cells and infected the cells with K. pneumoniae. If Tau protects microtubules from katanin‐severing, E14 Tau should have no effect on K. pneumoniae‐induced severing while wild‐type Tau and AP Tau should prevent microtubule severing. During these infections no rescue of the microtubule phenotype was observed thus, neither wild‐type Tau nor AP Tau protected microtubules from K. pneumoniae‐triggered microtubule disassembly. Our findings show that Tau overexpression plays no discernible role in protecting microtubules during Klebsiella pneumoniae infections.Support or Funding InformationThis study was funded by SFU institutional funds.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.