bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water uptake of apple trees in the Alps: Where does irrigation water go?
Authors: Penna Daniele , Zanotelli Damiano , Scandellari Francesca , Aguzzoni Agnese , Engel Michael , Tagliavini Massimo , Comiti Francesco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnderstanding root water uptake sources in agricultural systems is becoming increasingly important in the sustainable management of water resources under changing climatic conditions. In this work, a stable isotope approach was adopted to investigate water sources accessed by apple trees in two orchards growing in two different locations in the upper Etsch/Adige valley (Eastern Italian Alps). We tested the general hypothesis that soil water, composed of a mixture of rain and irrigation water, was the main source for tree transpiration in both fields, but trees could also access groundwater according to the different proximity to the groundwater table of the two orchards. Our results revealed that apple trees during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons relied mostly on soil water present in the upper 20–40 cm of soils, with an apparently negligible contribution of groundwater, irrespective of the field location in the valley bottom. The isotopic composition of xylem water did not reflect irrigation water composition (or that of groundwater) but rather of rainfall and throughfall, and soil water. We related this behaviour to the intense rate of soil evaporation during the growing period that modified the original isotopic signature of irrigation water in the shallower layers, masking its actual contribution. This work contributes to improving the understanding of water uptake strategies in Alpine apple orchards and paves the way for further analysis on the proportion of irrigation and rainwater used by apple trees in mountain agroecosystems.
Environmental Characterization of Underwater Munitions Constituents at a Former Military Training Range
Authors: Rosen Gunther , Lotufo Guilherme R. , Belden Jason B. , George Robert D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
As a result of military activities, unexploded ordnance and discarded military munitions are present in underwater environments, which has resulted in the release of munitions constituents including the high explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), along with their primary degradation products, to the water column and adjacent sediments. The present study focused on the characterization of underwater exposure and concentrations of energetics such as TNT and RDX at the former Vieques Naval Training Range at Bahia Salina del Sur (Vieques, Puerto Rico, USA), a bay with documented high incidence of munitions. In situ passive sampling using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) was used for the detection and quantification of constituents in water at target locations approximately 15 to 30 cm from 15 individual potentially leaking munitions, and also at 15 unbiased locations approximately evenly spaced across the Bay. For comparison with POCIS-derived concentrations, grab samples were taken at the POCIS target locations. The POCIS-derived and averaged grab samples agreed within a factor of 3. When detected, munitions constituent concentrations (primarily TNT and RDX) were observed at ultratrace concentrations (as low as 4 ng/L for RDX), except 30 cm from one General Purpose bomb where the TNT concentration was 5.3 µg/L, indicating that low-level contamination exists at Bahia Salina del Sur on a very localized scale despite the relatively high density of munitions, similar to previously reported results for other munitions sites around the world. Sediment and porewater sampled at 4 stations where munitions constituents were detected in the water column had concentrations below detection (approximately 5 µg/kg and 5 ng/L, respectively), suggesting that the sediment was not a sink for these constituents at those locations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:275–286. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Abstract
Polar organic chemical integrative sampler placed adjacent to a 500-lb General Purpose bomb, potentially containing munitions constituents (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine), at Vieques, Puerto Rico, USA.
Neurocognitive basis of deductive reasoning in children varies with parental education
Authors: Demir‐Lira Ö. Ece , Prado Jérôme , Booth James R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe neurocognitive basis of elementary academic skills varies with parental socioeconomic status (SES). Little is known, however, about SES‐related differences underlying higher‐order cognitive skills that are critical for school success, such as reasoning. Here we used fMRI to examine how the neurocognitive basis of deductive reasoning varies as a function of parental education in school‐aged children. Higher parental education was associated with greater reliance on the left inferior frontal gyrus when solving set‐inclusion problems, consistent with other work suggesting that these problems might more heavily rely on verbal systems in the brain. In addition, children who are at the lower end of the parental education continuum, but have higher nonverbal skills relied on right parietal areas to a greater degree than their peers for solving set‐inclusion problems. Finally, lower parental education children with higher verbal or nonverbal skill engaged dorsolateral prefrontal regions to a greater degree for set‐inclusion and linear‐order relations than their peers. These findings suggest that children with lower parental education rely on spatial and cognitive control mechanisms to achieve parity with their peers with parents who have more education. Better understanding variability in the neurocognitive networks that children recruit as a function of their parental factors might benefit future individualized interventions that best match children's characteristics.
Cytotoxic effect of galvanically coupled magnesium‐titanium particles on Escherichia coli
Authors: Kim Jua , Ren Dacheng , Gilbert Jeremy L 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOrthopedic device‐related infections (ODRIs) are difficult to control due to microbial biofilm formation and associated with high‐level resistance to conventional antibiotics. In many cases, the only treatment option for ODRI is explantation. Previous studies have shown that application of cathodic potentials at the metal surface can eradicate biofilms, and Mg and Mg‐Ti particles have the same effect as cathodic potentials. This study investigated the effects of Mg and Mg‐Ti particles on established biofilms and planktonic cells E. coli. Bacterial cultures with developed biofilms or planktonic cells were treated with Mg or Mg‐Ti particles, and the viability were assessed using flow cytometry or visual assessment methods (i.e., observation from SEM images and opacity of the solution). It was found that viability of biofilms treated with 16.67 mg/ml of Mg was 2.8 ± 0.96% at the end of 6‐hr killing compared to untreated controls. This extent of killing was more significant compared to 24‐hr grown biofilms treated with ofloxacin, an antibiotic known to be effective against these bacteria. Biofilms treated with 50 and 100 μg/ml of ofloxacin had 62 ± 4.6% and 52 ± 19.3% survival, respectively, where ofloxacin at these concentrations is known to kill planktonic counterparts very effectively. Inhibition zone tests revealed that biofilms within 2 mm of Mg or Mg‐Ti particle clusters were effectively killed. These results demonstrated the potential of Mg or Mg‐Ti particles in killing microbial biofilms and potential for controlling ODRI.
Board attributes and corporate philanthropy behavior during COVID‐19: A case from China
Authors: Xuguang Zhu , Ahmad Muhammad Ishfaq , Ueng Joe , Ramaswamy Vinita 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between board attributes and corporate philanthropic behavior for combating the COVID‐19 epidemic and stock price fluctuations The results show that the philanthropic behavior has a positive effect on the stock prices; that companies with female leaders are more likely to engage in philanthropic behavior; and that the proportion of female's directors is positively correlated with philanthropic behavior. Additionally, the results show that board size is negatively correlated with philanthropic behavior.
Incidence, electrophysiological characteristics, and long‐term follow‐up of perimitral atrial flutter in patients with previously confirmed mitral isthmus block
Authors: Ioannidis Panagiotis , Christoforatou Evangelia , Zografos Theodoros , Charalambopoulos Panagiotis , Kouvelas Konstantinos , Christoulas Georgios , Syros Periklis , Tsitsinakis Georgios , Kappou Theodora , Tsoumeleas Andreas , Floros Sotirios , Tagoulis Dimitrios , Ntarladimas Ioannis , Tagoulis Ioannis , Avzotis Dimitrios , Manolis Antonis S. , Vassilopoulos Charalambos 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionAfter mitral isthmus (ΜΙ) catheter ablation, perimitral atrial flutter (PMF) circuits can be maintained due to the preservation of residual myocardial connections, even if conventional pacing criteria for complete MI block are apparently met (MI pseudo‐block). We aimed to study the incidence, the electrophysiological characteristics, and the long‐term outcome of these patients.MethodsSeventy‐two consecutive patients (mean age 62.4 ± 10.2, 62.5% male) underwent MI ablation, either as part of an atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation strategy (n = 35), or to treat clinical reentrant atrial tachycardia (AT) (n = 32), or to treat AT that occurred during ablation for AF (n = 5). Ιn all patients, the electrophysiological characteristics of PMF circuits were studied by high‐density mapping.ResultsMitral isthmus block was successfully achieved in 69/72 patients (95.6%). Five patients developed PMF after confirming MI block. In these patients, high‐density mapping during the PMF showed a breakthrough in MI with extremely low impulse conduction velocity (CV). In contrast, in usual PMF circuits that occurred after AF ablation, the lowest CV of the reentrant circuit was of significantly higher value (0.07 ± 0.02 m/s vs 0.25 ± 0.07 m/s, respectively; P < .001). Patients presented with clinical AT had better prognosis in maintaining sinus rhythm after MI ablation compared with patients presented with AF.ConclusionPerimitral atrial flutter with MI pseudo‐block may be present after MI ablation and has specific electrophysiological features characterized by remarkably slow CV in the MI. Thus, even after MI block is achieved, a more detailed mapping in the boundaries of the ablation line or reinduction attempts may be needed to exclude residual conduction.
The factor structure of the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder: Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling and measurement invariance over time
Authors: Guo Boliang , Li Lingyan , Crawford Michael J. , Morriss Richard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesThere is a lack of independent longitudinal evidence on the factor structure and validity of the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN‐BPD). This study aimed to investigate the dimensionality of ZAN‐BPD and its conceptual consistency over time.MethodsAdult BPD participants (n = 276) were recruited for a multicentre, two‐arm randomised clinical trial with ZAN‐BPD measured at baseline and follow up at 12, 24 and 52 weeks. The construct and stability of the ZAN‐BPD across 52 weeks was examined through a measurement equivalence/invariance procedure via Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling.ResultsFactor analysis results showed that the ZAN‐BPD had a bi‐2 factor structure that was stable over 52 weeks with a general factor and two specific factors. Factor loadings for eight of the nine items were greater for the general factor than the two specific factors. Factor 1 contrasts externalising distress with internalising distress. Factor 2 contrasts depression and self‐destruction with interpersonal anxiety and conflict.ConclusionZAN‐BPD is a conceptually and empirically valid measure of total BPD symptom severity in BPD patients over time suitable for use in clinical trials. Two factors related to the expression of distress and self‐harm may be utilised as possible predictors of outcome.
Identifying and mitigating systematic biases in fish habitat simulation modeling: Implications for estimating minimum instream flows
Authors: Rosenfeld Jordan S. , Naman Sean M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHabitat simulation approaches (e.g., PHABSIM) have been used to model instream flows in thousands of streams and rivers and remain the most widely implemented detailed instream flow methodology. However, recent studies suggest that conventional habitat simulation models incorporate assumptions that may systematically underestimate instream flow needs, particularly for drift‐feeding fish. These include: (i) systematic biases in velocity habitat suitability curves (HSCs) caused by territoriality where dominant individuals displace subordinate fish to lower velocity micro‐habitats at high densities, thereby inflating the fitness value of low velocities; (ii) habitat simulation models do not account for flow effects on prey flux to drift‐feeding fishes, which may decrease more rapidly with reduced flow than does available habitat; (iii) use of focal velocities to construct traditional HSCs, which systematically underestimates velocity preference within the broader foraging arena of a drift‐feeding fish, and (iv) inadvertent use of low‐velocity HSCs associated with daytime refuging behavior from predators that may underestimate the higher velocities necessary for crepuscular foraging. Collectively, these factors suggest that current and historic flow prescriptions using traditional habitat simulation methods may underestimate optimal rearing flows for salmonids and other drift‐feeding species by anywhere from 10 to 50%. This implies that traditional instream flow management may be failing to provide the intended level of protection for drift‐feeding fishes in multiple streams at landscape scales. We provide guidelines for identifying contexts where model predictions are likely to be biased and approaches for correcting them.
Optimization of load balancing routing algorithm based on extended localized link states in low earth orbit satellite networks
Authors: Xu Xin , Dong Chaoying , Liu Aijun 
Published: May 2021

SummaryIt has been observed for a long time that there exists a conflict between the un‐uniform terrestrial traffic distribution and the regular satellite deployed in low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks. This can result in the link congestion in some areas and the network performance degradation. Load balancing routing is an effective method to solve this problem. This paper discusses the optimization of this kind of routing algorithms and focuses on the local optimization problem due to the routing decision based on localized link states. The extended localized link state load balancing routing algorithm (LB‐ELS) is proposed. It makes use of the path congestion states to determine routes avoiding the local optimization and reduces the overhead by the on‐demand route computing and link congestion state exchange mechanism. The triggered local congestion notification mechanism (TLCN) is also presented, which ensures the timely response to the burst traffic changes and further alleviation of the traffic gathering in congestion links. Simulation results show that this algorithm can disperse the traffic better and improve the network performance greatly with an acceptable delay increase and a small overhead.
Morphological Analysis of general system–environment complexes: Representation and application
Authors: Hariharan Thangatur Sukumar , Ganesh L. S. , Venkatraman Vijayalakshmi , Sharma Piyush , Potdar Vidyasagar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSystems and their environments must be understood in an integrated manner because any changes in the systems will affect their environments and vice versa in the ubiquitous open systems. Existing studies classify systems based on the diversity of their interactions and the systems' responses to changes in their environments. However, the uses of such classifications are limited. We attempt to address this limitation by using morphological analysis (MA) to identify, represent and characterise the general system–environment complex (SEC) and its components. The latter, called ‘dimensions’, and their respective manifestations, termed ‘variants’, are integrated into the MA representation to enable a holistic understanding of SECs in terms of six dimensions and 101 variants. The resultant representation and characterisation will help researchers identify potential research opportunities, demonstrated through the construction of a variants intersection matrix, and help develop practical principles for system design and evaluation.
Anisotropic transition metal–based nanomaterials for biomedical applications
Authors: Xu Min , Song Yiling , Wang Jinping , Li Nan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTransition metal–based nanoparticles have attracted more and more attention in biomedicine, owing to their special characteristics that arise from finite‐size and surface effects, such as intense and broad light absorption, strong oxidation ability, catalytic activity, and robust mechanical properties. Researches on transition metal–based nanoparticles and their clinical applications have been, so far, mainly focus on the spherical shape. However, many efforts have been made to develop different anisotropic shapes to increase their physicochemical properties and biological activity. In this regard, it would be of great benefit to elaborate the recent developments, especially over the past 20 years, on the synthesis of anisotropic transition metal–based nanomaterials and their unique shape‐dependent properties, mechanism, as well as superiority and limitations in biomedicine, such as drug delivery, disease therapy, and resonance imaging. Here, we will summarize in detail the mechanism and advantages of three main shape categories of anisotropic transition metal–based nanomaterials in biomedical applications, including one‐dimensional (e.g., nanowire), two‐dimensional (e.g., nanosheet), and three‐dimensional (e.g., nanorod, nanocube, and nanoflower) anisotropic shapes. In addition, the critical challenges and prospects of this field will be also proposed and discussed.
Wiedemann-Franz laws and Sl(2, ℤ) duality in AdS/CMT holographic duals and one-dimensional effective actions for them
Authors: Melnikov Dmitry , Nastase Horatiu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper we study the Wiedemann-Franz laws for transport in 2+1 dimensions, and the action of Sl(2, ℤ) on this transport, for theories with an AdS/CMT dual. We find that Sl(2, ℤ) restricts the RG-like flow of conductivities and that the Wiedemann-Franz law is $$ \overline{L}=\overline{\kappa}/\left( T\sigma \right)={cg}_4^2\uppi /3 $$

L
¯

=

κ
¯

/

Tσ

=

cg
4
2

π
/
3
, from the weakly coupled gravity dual. In a self-dual theory this value is also the value of L = κ/(Tσ) in the weakly coupled field theory description. Using the formalism of a 0+1 dimensional effective action for both generalized SY Kq models and the AdS4 gravity dual, we calculate the transport coefficients and show how they can be matched at large q. We construct a generalization of this effective action that is invariant under Sl(2, ℤ) and can describe vortex conduction and integer quantum Hall effect.
Process Mining bei hybriden Vorgehensmodellen zur Umsetzung von Unternehmenssoftware
Authors: Alpers Sascha , Karle Thomas , Schreiber Clemens , Schönthaler Frank , Oberweis Andreas 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungProcess Mining hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren zur Analyse von Prozessdaten etabliert und wird in verschiedenen Kontexten, wie beispielsweise Industrie 4.0, eingesetzt. Die Potenziale dieser Technologie liegen jedoch nicht nur in der Analyse von Wertschöpfungsprozessen im Kontext von Produktion und Verwaltung. Die Technologie kann darüber hinaus auch für die Verbesserung des Vorgehens bei den dazugehörigen – meist großen und komplexen – Softwareprojekten genutzt werden. Für die Umsetzung der für Industrie‑4.0‑Prozesse erforderlichen Unternehmenssoftware werden häufig agile oder hybride Vorgehensmodelle eingesetzt. Software Innovations unterstützen die Umsetzung in zweierlei Hinsicht. Software Innovations bezeichnen zum einen Innovationen für das Software Engineering durch neue Vorgehensmodelle, Methoden und Werkzeuge. Zum anderen umfasst der Begriff Innovationen, welche durch (neuartige) Software ermöglicht werden. Ausgehend von diesen beiden Aspekten von Software Innovations beschreibt der Beitrag, wie Process Mining zur Analyse und Verbesserung des Vorgehens bei Unternehmenssoftwareprojekten verwendet werden kann. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Anwendung und Verbesserung von hybrid durchgeführten Entwicklungs- und Konfigurationsprojekten. Das vorgestellte Verfahren kann jedoch auch für klassisch oder agil durchgeführte Projekte angewendet werden. Es dient generell dazu, den Prozess zur Softwareerstellung kontinuierlich, anhand von Erkenntnissen aus laufenden und abgeschlossenen Projekten, automatisiert zu analysieren und zu verbessern. Hierzu wird exemplarisch der hybride Referenzprozess aus dem Vorgehensmodell eines mittelständischen Software- und Beratungsunternehmens als Anwendungsfall betrachtet.
The role of imaging in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Brizi Maria Gabriella , Perillo Federica , Cannone Federico , Tuzza Laura , Manfredi Riccardo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAcute pancreatitis is one of the most commonly encountered etiologies in the emergency setting, with a broad spectrum of findings that varies in severity from mild interstitial pancreas to severe forms with significant local and systemic complications that are associated with a substantial degree of morbidity and mortality. In this article the radiological aspect of the terminology and classification of acute pancreatitis are reviewed. The roles of ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and evaluation of acute pancreatitis and its complications are discussed. The authors present a practical image-rich guide, applying the revised Atlanta classification system, with the goal of facilitating radiologists to write a correct report, and reinforcing the radiologist’s role as a key member of a multidisciplinary team in treating patients with acute pancreatitis. Computed tomography is the most performed imaging test for acute pancreatitis. Nevertheless, MRI is useful in many specific situations, due to its superiority soft tissue contrast resolution and better assessment of biliary and pancreatic duct, for example in the ductal disconnection. The purpose if this article is to review recent advances in imaging acquisition and analytic techniques in the evaluation of AP.