bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling environmental effects in microbial association networks
Authors: Deutschmann Ina Maria , Lima-Mendez Gipsi , Krabberød Anders K. , Raes Jeroen , Vallina Sergio M. , Faust Karoline , Logares Ramiro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Ecological interactions among microorganisms are fundamental for ecosystem function, yet they are mostly unknown or poorly understood. High-throughput-omics can indicate microbial interactions through associations across time and space, which can be represented as association networks. Associations could result from either ecological interactions between microorganisms, or from environmental selection, where the association is environmentally driven. Therefore, before downstream analysis and interpretation, we need to distinguish the nature of the association, particularly if it is due to environmental selection or not.

Results
We present EnDED (environmentally driven edge detection), an implementation of four approaches as well as their combination to predict which links between microorganisms in an association network are environmentally driven. The four approaches are sign pattern, overlap, interaction information, and data processing inequality. We tested EnDED on networks from simulated data of 50 microorganisms. The networks contained on average 50 nodes and 1087 edges, of which 60 were true interactions but 1026 false associations (i.e., environmentally driven or due to chance). Applying each method individually, we detected a moderate to high number of environmentally driven edges—87% sign pattern and overlap, 67% interaction information, and 44% data processing inequality. Combining these methods in an intersection approach resulted in retaining more interactions, both true and false (32% of environmentally driven associations). After validation with the simulated datasets, we applied EnDED on a marine microbial network inferred from 10 years of monthly observations of microbial-plankton abundance. The intersection combination predicted that 8.3% of the associations were environmentally driven, while individual methods predicted 24.8% (data processing inequality), 25.7% (interaction information), and up to 84.6% (sign pattern as well as overlap). The fraction of environmentally driven edges among negative microbial associations in the real network increased rapidly with the number of environmental factors.

Conclusions
To reach accurate hypotheses about ecological interactions, it is important to determine, quantify, and remove environmentally driven associations in marine microbial association networks. For that, EnDED offers up to four individual methods as well as their combination. However, especially for the intersection combination, we suggest using EnDED with other strategies to reduce the number of false associations and consequently the number of potential interaction hypotheses.
Leave no stone unturned: individually adapted xerotolerant Thaumarchaeota sheltered below the boulders of the Atacama Desert hyperarid core
Authors: Hwang Yunha , Schulze-Makuch Dirk , Arens Felix L. , Saenz Johan S. , Adam Panagiotis S. , Sager Christof , Bornemann Till L. V. , Zhao Weishu , Zhang Ying , Airo Alessandro , Schloter Michael , Probst Alexander J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
The hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert is an extremely harsh environment thought to be colonized by only a few heterotrophic bacterial species. Current concepts for understanding this extreme ecosystem are mainly based on the diversity of these few species, yet a substantial area of the Atacama Desert hyperarid topsoil is covered by expansive boulder accumulations, whose underlying microbiomes have not been investigated so far. With the hypothesis that these sheltered soils harbor uniquely adapted microbiomes, we compared metagenomes and geochemistry between soils below and beside boulders across three distantly located boulder accumulations in the Atacama Desert hyperarid core.

Results
Genome-resolved metagenomics of eleven samples revealed substantially different microbial communities in soils below and beside boulders, despite the presence of shared species. Archaea were found in significantly higher relative abundance below the boulders across all samples within distances of up to 205 km. These key taxa belong to a novel genus of ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota, Candidatus Nitrosodeserticola. We resolved eight mid-to-high quality genomes of this genus and used comparative genomics to analyze its pangenome and site-specific adaptations. Ca. Nitrosodeserticola genomes contain genes for ammonia oxidation, the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate carbon fixation pathway, and acetate utilization indicating a chemolithoautotrophic and mixotrophic lifestyle. They also possess the capacity for tolerating extreme environmental conditions as highlighted by the presence of genes against oxidative stress and DNA damage. Site-specific adaptations of the genomes included the presence of additional genes for heavy metal transporters, multiple types of ATP synthases, and divergent genes for aquaporins.

Conclusion
We provide the first genomic characterization of hyperarid soil microbiomes below the boulders in the Atacama Desert, and report abundant and highly adapted Thaumarchaeaota with ammonia oxidation and carbon fixation potential. Ca. Nitrosodeserticola genomes provide the first metabolic and physiological insight into a thaumarchaeal lineage found in globally distributed terrestrial habitats characterized by various environmental stresses. We consequently expand not only the known genetic repertoire of Thaumarchaeota but also the diversity and microbiome functioning in hyperarid ecosystems.
Deconstructing the molecular genetics behind the PINK1/Parkin axis in Parkinson’s disease using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism
Authors: Ganesan Suchita , Parvathi Venkatachalam Deepa 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder marked by the death of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in response to the compounding effects of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and protein aggregation. Transgenic Drosophila models have been used extensively to decipher the underlying genetic interactions that exacerbate neural health in PD. Autosomal recessive forms of the disease have been linked to mutations in the serine/threonine kinase PINK1(PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase 1) and E3 ligase Parkin, which function in an axis that is conserved in flies. This review aims to probe the current understanding of PD pathogenesis via the PINK1/Parkin axis while underscoring the importance of several molecular and pharmacologic rescues brought to light through studies in Drosophila.

Main body
Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin have been shown to affect the axonal transport of mitochondria within dopaminergic neurons and perturb the balance between mitochondrial fusion/fission resulting in abnormal mitochondrial morphology. As per studies in flies, ectopic expression of Fwd kinase and Atg-1 to promote fission and mitophagy while suppressing fusion via MUL1 E3 ligase may aid to halt mitochondrial aggregation and prolong the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, upregulation of Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone systems (Trap1, CHIP) to target misfolded mitochondrial respiratory complexes may help to preserve their bioenergetic capacity. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species as a consequence of respiratory complex dysfunction or antioxidant enzyme deficiency further escalates neural death by inducing apoptosis, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Fly studies have reported the induction of canonical Wnt signalling to enhance the activity of transcriptional co-activators (PGC1α, FOXO) which induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Enhancing the clearance of free radicals via uncoupling proteins (UCP4) has also been reported to ameliorate oxidative stress-induced cell death in PINK1/Parkin mutants.

Conclusion
While these novel mechanisms require validation through mammalian studies, they offer several explanations for the factors propagating dopaminergic death as well as promising insights into the therapeutic importance of transgenic fly models in PD.
FDG avid cerebellar atypical meningioma masquerading as solitary brain metastases in a recently diagnosed breast malignancy: a toss between MR and CT
Authors: Palaniswamy Shanmuga Sundaram , Subramanyam Padma 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
SUV Max is a glycolytic index obtained from PET imaging, relates to tumour cell proliferation. FDG uptake (i.e. SUV max) is found to be high in aggressive tumours and is used to identify malignant from benign pathologies. Meningiomas are intracranial tumours which display varying grades of FDG avidity based on its biological aggressiveness. Benign grade I meningiomas are FDG non-avid, while the rest of the typical and atypical meningiomas show varying degrees of FDG avidity. Uptake of FDG can be high in certain infectious and inflammatory brain etiologies and pose a diagnostic challenge in differentiating benign brain lesions from neoplasms. MRI is the preferred modality for accurately identifying meningiomas, providing superior contrast differentiation and its ability to differentiate extra-axial from intra-axial brain lesions. CT is said to be superior in specific types of meningioma where there is calcification and adjacent changes in calvarium. Although typical meningiomas have characteristic MRI features, care must be taken to avoid misleading diagnosis between brain tumours and atypical meningiomas.

Case presentation
We are presenting a recently diagnosed case of invasive breast carcinoma (Ca) referred for staging by PET/MR imaging. Based on atypical DWI and ADC map findings, MRI falsely reported an atypical meningioma as a brain metastasis. Abnormal intense FDG uptake was noted in a well-defined homogeneously enhancing mass lesion in posterior fossa in left paramedian aspect and broad base to left transverse sinus protruding into left cerebellar hemisphere. Atypical meningioma Grade III, i.e. papillary meningioma was later histologically proven.

Conclusions
We wish to highlight the inconsistency of DWI and ADC map MR findings in papillary meningioma masquerading as solitary brain metastases in a Ca breast patient on 18F FDG PET/MR imaging. From an imaging standpoint, it is important to recognize the variable and pleomorphic features exhibited by meningiomas in MR based on atypical location, histological subtypes, and biologic behaviours. Further FDG PET was incremental in displaying a high SUV max indicating biologic aggressiveness of lesion and correlating with the CT diagnosis of papillary meningioma.
Engineering the sensitivity of macroscopic physical systems to variations in the fine-structure constant
Authors: Zjawin B. , Bober M. , Ciuryło R. , Lisak D. , Zawada M. , Wcisło P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Experiments aimed at searching for variations in the fine-structure constant α are based on spectroscopy of transitions in microscopic bound systems, such as atoms and ions, or resonances in optical cavities. The sensitivities of these systems to variations in α are typically on the order of unity and are fixed for a given system. For heavy atoms, highly charged ions and nuclear transitions, the sensitivity can be increased by benefiting from the relativistic effects and favorable arrangement of quantum states. This article proposes a new method for controlling the sensitivity factor of macroscopic physical systems. Specific concepts of optical cavities with tunable sensitivity to α are described. These systems show qualitatively different properties from those of previous studies of the sensitivity of macroscopic systems to variations in α, in which the sensitivity was found to be fixed and fundamentally limited to an order of unity. Although possible experimental constraints attainable with the specific optical cavity arrangements proposed in this article do not yet exceed the present best constraints on α variations, this work paves the way for developing new approaches to searching for variations in the fundamental constants of physics.
The perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students’ future careers
Authors: Mahjoub Heba , Vasavda Chirag , Bertram Amanda , Davison Ashwini , Sozio Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted medical education on multiple levels, and medical students have been forced to adjust to distance learning, altered clinical opportunities, and standardized testing inconsistencies. We sought to identify the effects of these dramatic deviations on medical students’ career plans. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of medical students between July 13, 2020, and September 9, 2020 in order to assess the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on students’ career decisions. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. Results: Of the 585 eligible medical students, we had a final sample of 76 responses (n=76) (13% response rate). Students felt neutral regarding having more time to explore research projects (Mean ± SD; 3.06 ± 1.18) and hobbies (3.43 ± 1.28). Most survey respondents somewhat disagreed that they considered quitting medical school during the pandemic (1.55 ± 1.10). Students somewhat agreed that they view the field of medicine more positively since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (3.60 ± 1.09). Respondents somewhat agreed that they would be unable to explore other specialties and find their best fit (3.55 ± 1.32). We found that the minority (4/66, 6%) of students had considered changing their specialty. Students felt neutral in terms of their Step 1 (3.25 ± 1.05) or Step 2 (2.81 ± 1.02) score deterring them from future career opportunities. Conclusions: Most medical students have experienced barriers in their career pathway as a direct cause of COVID-19 restrictions on medical education, including the ability to explore different specialties to discover their best fit or find a chance to network with mentors. However, despite these obstacles, most students remain committed to medicine.
The job applicant reactions towards Patterned Behavior Description Interview (PBDI) and Mixed Situational and Patterned Behavior Description Interview (Mixed SPBDI)
Authors: Mahadi Masyitah 
Published: November 2021

Background: When applying for a job, applicant reactions are defined as the amount to which the applicants of the job regard the process of selection as impartial or unbiased. The questions for the structured interview can be future-oriented (Situational Interview) or past-oriented (Patterned Behaviour Description Interview). Past research on using SI or PBDI in selection process and their effects on applicant reactions showed that applicant reactions are highest towards PBDI. Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combining PBDI and SI (mixed SPBDI) as interview questions, and to differentiate its effect with PBDI. This study involved 46 lecturers from the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). This study used (a) mixed SPBDI, and PBDI as interview questions, and (b) Applicant Reaction Questionnaires which was based on the Organizational Justice theory. The interview was conducted in a transcript form. After the participants answered the interview transcripts, they answered the applicant reactions questionnaires. The data was then analysed and presented. Results: The results showed a significant difference between mixed SPBDI and PBDI, with the PBDI’s mean (M = 13.61; SD = 1.57) is significantly higher than the mixed SPBDI’s mean (M = 10.89; SD 1.91), t (46) = 7.22; p < 0.01. Specifically, applicants reacted more positively to PBDI interview content compared to the mixed SPBDI. Conclusion: This research had few limitations such as the interview being conducted in the form of transcript and not verbally as in real workplace context. It is also limited to studying the reactions in terms of only perceived fairness and no other elements such as organizational effectiveness or the decision making of the applicants. Nevertheless, this study has contributed to the theoretical and research development in applicant reactions, and to the practical application for organizations in Malaysia.
Developing assessment criteria for operation control of local security health fund in the upper central area, Thailand
Authors: Boonmee Prapot , Kessomboon Pattapong , Thongjit Supattarayan 
Published: November 2021

Background: The government's support for public health care in Thailand is very important and necessary. Therefore, there must be a supervisory process for budgeting to create the most equality and fairness to all people. At present, the instruments used to monitor health fund performance cannot be comprehensively assessed for effectiveness such as planning, organizing, leading and controlling. To address this gap, we created the Assessment Criteria for Operation control of Local security health Fund (ACOLF) which evaluates old assessment criteria, review literature and experience as separate constructs. Methods: The ACOLF is a 42-item survey with 12 old assessment criteria, 26 review literature and four experience items rated on scale from 0-9. In an observational analytical study, the survey was administered to 406 general population participants working in a provincial office for local administration. Validity and reliability were evaluated by testing construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the item of old assessment criteria, review literature and experience. Reliability of the questionnaires was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results: The ACOLF demonstrated convergent construct validity (KMO = 0.88 and Bartlett's Test; p value <0.001) and explaining 88.95% of the variance of this construct. There were seven factors involved and all factors consisted of a total of 41 variables observed by the weight of the composition of the observed variables ranged from 0.780 to 0.972 at the significance level of 0.05. The reliability of the assessment criteria was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, the total results was at 0.889. Conclusions: The ACOLF is a short, cover activity, valid, and reliable instrument for assessment operation control of local security health fund. Based on research findings the tool can be used to comprehensively assess the performance of local security health fund.
First mating report of tayra (Eira barbara) in the wild, in Panamá
Authors: Fuentes M. Rogemif D. , De Gracia C. Aracelys , Quintero-Arrieta Helio , Baules Alexis , Miranda Madian , Batista Abel 
Published: November 2021

Existe poca información acerca del proceso de apareamiento de Eira barbara (tayra o gato cutarro, como se le conoce en Panamá). Reportado únicamente en cautiverio, por Poglayen-Neuwall (1975). Se colocaron dos cámaras trampa, separadas 220 m, dentro del Parque Nacional Altos de Campana, en la zona limítrofe con la comunidad de El Chileno. Se analizaron los sonidos emitidos por los individuos durante el evento mediante los programas PREMIERE PRO-6.0.0 y Raven Pro1.5. Describimos etapas de este proceso evidenciado en una secuencia de 8 videos de 10 segundos cada uno, captado por una de nuestras cámaras trampa; consideramos el evento como una sola monta. Ambos individuos hacen sonidos durante el evento, que interpretamos como clics con frecuencia dominante de 3.19 KHz y trinos frecuencia dominante de 3.23 KHz. Comparamos este evento con el reportado en cautiverio por Poglayen-Neuwall (1975). Tanto en cautiverio como en nuestro reporte se observa el agarre nucal y el arrastre ocasional de la hembra por parte del macho. También realizamos el primer análisis bioacústico del proceso de apareamiento de esta especie.
Early observations on the use of termite nests by bats
Authors: Timm Robert M. 
Published: November 2021

El notable descubrimiento de murciélagos de orejas redondeadas neotropicales (Phyllostomidae, Lophostoma) que habitan las cavidades en los nidos de termitas como sitios de anidamiento, ha permitido a los investigadores explorar varios aspectos desconocidos de su comportamiento. Ahora sabemos que los murciélagos de orejas redondeadas excavan cavidades en los nidos de Nasutitermes que son utilizados activamente por las termitas y que los murciélagos anidan exclusivamente en esas cavidades, entre otros aspectos de su comportamiento de los quirópteros. A principios de la década de 1800, un naturalista británico, Charles Waterton, publicó la observación de que los murciélagos hacen agujeros y se posan en nidos de termitas y cómo fue capaz de comprobar si un nido de termitas estaba siendo utilizado por murciélagos. La descripción por parte de Waterton de este comportamiento se ha obviado durante mucho tiempo y ahora nos proporciona información adicional sobre la distribución y la ecología de estos quirópteros poco conocidos.
Abundance of aposematic patterns in hooded skunk, Mephitis macroura
Authors: Monroy-Gamboa Alina Gabriela , Lavariega Mario C. , Ramos-Méndez Dagoberto 
Published: November 2021

Algunos organismos advierten a sus depredadores a través de patrones de coloración. Este es el caso del zorrillo listado sureño, Mephitis macroura. Asumimos que la coloración de los zorrillos es aposemática, por lo que el objetivo fue analizar los patrones de coloración de una población de zorrillo listado sureño. Nuestra hipótesis fue que los individuos que mostraran una coloración más contrastante serían más abundantes en tipos de vegetación abierta que aquellos con una coloración de pelaje menos contrastante. Por medio de cámaras-trampa, agrupamos las fotografías del zorrillo listado sureño mostrando diferentes tipos de combinación de los patrones de coloración y se determinó la abundancia relativa de los individuos por patrones por grupo y hábitat. Identificamos 25 individuos en el área de estudio, la mayoría en pastizales inducidos e identificamos cuatro combinaciones de patrones de coloración. Encontramos una superposición en el periodo de actividad y el espacio, así como una alta abundancia del patrón de coloración más contrastante en el tipo de vegetación más abierta, aceptando nuestra hipótesis. Se contribuye a un mayor entendimiento sobre las relaciones ecológicas entre el hábitat y la posible adaptación de las especies a su ambiente como los zorrillos.
Outcomes following Endoscopic-Assisted Woodward Procedure for Sprengel Deformity
Authors: Soldado Francisco , Barrera-Ochoa Sergi , Diaz-Gallardo Paula , Nguyen Trong-Quynh , Nguyen Dinh-Hung , Knörr Jorge 
Published: November 2021

Purpose An endoscopic-assisted approach for Sprengel deformity has been previously reported. Our objective was to assess outcomes of the endoscopic Woodward procedure in a series of patients. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed of children with a Sprengel deformity treated between November 2014 and February 2018. Recorded data were demographic, pre- and postoperative active shoulder elevation and deformity severity according to Cavendish. Results A total of 12 children (four girls and eight boys, ten right-sided/two left-sided) with a mean age of nine years two months (3 years 5 months to 16 years 1 month) and mean follow-up 19.8 months (10 to 48) were assessed. Nine children were classified as Cavendish Grade III and three as grade IV, respectively. Mean preoperative active shoulder forward elevation was 100.8° (70° to 120°), while postoperatively it increased to 149.2° (100° to 170°). Mean preoperative scapular high difference was 4.5 cm (2.8 to 5.2), while postoperatively it was 1.33 cm (0 to 2.8). Conclusion The endoscopic assisted Woodward procedure is an effective technique. Further comparative studies will ascertain advantages in functional and cosmetic results compared to the standard Woodward procedure. Level of Evidence Therapeutic study, Level IV