bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When the Hidden Issue of Elder Abuse Leads to Death
Authors: Mazzotti Maria Carla , Fais Paolo , Amadasi Alberto , Pelletti Guido , Giovannini Elena , Giorgetti Arianna , Pelotti Susi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
It is well known that elder neglect entails a number of physical and psychological consequences, as well as being an independent risk factor for death. In the present study, we describe 5 forensic cases of death of older adults where the diagnosis of neglect only emerged postmortem through the combination of the scene investigation, the often-scarce circumstantial data, and the autopsy findings. The gathering of this information allowed the presence of risk factors—not previously assessed or reported—to be identified. Nevertheless, complete medical information was lacking both for the isolation of the victims with their caregivers and for the absence of every social and health support in self-neglect. More research is needed also in the forensic pathology field with standardized methods to contribute to prevention strategies and to avoid that victims of elder neglect remain hidden also after death.
Permanent Unilateral Vision Loss From Allergic Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: O'Donnell Erin P. , Kane Ann E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the absence of trauma, sudden unilateral painless visual loss is an uncommon condition in the pediatric population requiring emergent medical evaluation. In the acute care setting, clinicians face the challenge of accurately assessing the patient and determining the initial diagnostic workup. A careful history alone helps guide diagnosis with sudden visual loss that is unilateral and persistent. Several neuro-ophthalmological conditions that present with these characteristics include retinal artery or vein occlusion, diseases affecting the cavernous sinus or orbital apex region, and optic neuropathy. Simple eye examination techniques have crucial diagnostic value in helping localize the disease process, determining the level of urgency, and need for timely intervention. Here we present an adolescent patient with nontraumatic, acute unilateral visual loss who had concerning ophthalmological examination findings and was subsequently diagnosed with optic neuropathy secondary to allergic fungal sinusitis.
Lifestyle Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Brierley Mary-Ellen E. , Thompson Emma M. , Albertella Lucy , Fontenelle Leonardo F. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
Lifestyle medicine is increasingly important in psychiatry for its efficacy as a transdiagnostic treatment, its preventative potential, and its increased tolerability compared with first-line strategies. Although the impact of lifestyle medicine is strong across many psychiatric illnesses, our understanding of the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in treating obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) is minimal. We aimed to conduct a systematic review examining the effect of lifestyle interventions (targeting diet, exercise, sleep, stress management, and tobacco/alcohol use) on OCRD symptoms.

Methods
We systematically searched four electronic databases for published randomized controlled trials reporting on lifestyle interventions for OCRDs. We qualitatively synthesized results of eligible studies and calculated mean changes in symptom severity from baseline to end point and standardized between-group effect sizes.

Results
We identified 33 eligible studies. Poor efficacy was noted across a number of rigorous dietary supplement interventions with some promising data in four (of six) studies regarding N-acetylcysteine for trichotillomania, skin picking, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Stress management interventions, generally characterized by high risk of bias, reported mild effectiveness with greater effects noted for mind-body exercises (yoga) for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Greater improvements may be achieved when lifestyle intervention is adjunct to first-line treatments and delivered by facilitators.

Conclusions
Diet (particularly N-acetylcysteine) and stress management interventions seem promising avenues for OCRDs treatment. We present an action plan to move the lifestyle interventions for OCRDs field forward. Further high-quality lifestyle interventions are required to improve the certainty of findings and to inform clinical treatment guidelines.

Review Registration Number: CRD42020151407.
Dispositional Optimism and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults: A Cohort Study
Authors: Craig Heather Jayne , Ryan Joanne , Freak-Poli Rosanne , Owen Alice , McNeil John , Woods Robyn , Ward Stephanie , Britt Carlene , Gasevic Danijela 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
Optimism is modifiable and may be associated with healthy aging. We aim to investigate whether dispositional optimism is associated with all-cause mortality in adults 70 years and older.

Methods
Between 2010 and 2014, older adults free of serious cardiovascular disease and dementia were recruited through primary care physicians and enrolled in the Aspirin Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) clinical trial. Australian ASPREE participants were invited to participate in the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons (ALSOP) that was running in parallel to ASPREE. Optimism was assessed at baseline using the Life Orientation Test—Revised. The association between optimism, divided into quartiles, and all-cause mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results
A total of 11,701 participants (mean [standard deviation] age = 75.1 [4.24] years; 46.6% men) returned the ALSOP Social questionnaire and completed the Life Orientation Test—Revised. During a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 469 deaths occurred. The fully adjusted model was not significant (hazard ratio = 0.78, 95% confidence interval = 0.58–1.06). There was evidence that age was an effect modifier of the association between optimism and longevity. Higher optimism was associated with lower mortality risk in the oldest individuals only (77+ years; hazard ratio = 0.61, 95% confidence interval = 0.39–0.96).

Conclusions
We observed no independent relationship between optimism and all-cause mortality in the total sample, although optimism seemed to be associated with lower risk among the oldest old (adults 77 years and older).
Prenatal Maternal Bereavement and Its Association With Intellectual Disability in the Offspring
Authors: Su Xiujuan , Yu Yongfu , Meng Lulu , Duan Tony , Zhao Yan , László Krisztina D. , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur Anna , Hua Jing , Li Jiong 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study aimed to examine the association of a mother’s loss of a close relative before or during pregnancy with intellectual disability (ID) in the offspring.

Methods
We performed a nationwide population-based cohort study based on Danish national registries. All live-born singletons born in Denmark during the 1978–2016 period (n = 2,216,601) were followed up starting from birth to 38 years of age. Log-linear Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between maternal bereavement (the death of an older child, a partner, or a parent 1 year before or during pregnancy) and the risk of ID in the offspring.

Results
Maternal bereavement during or before pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of ID (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04–1.28). The risk of ID was increased by 27% when maternal bereavement occurred during pregnancy (IRR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.08–1.49). When stratifying on the child’s sex, we also observed an increased risk of ID associated with maternal bereavement during pregnancy both for male (IRR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.02–1.53) and for female (IRR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.02–1.69), respectively. The IRRs for unnatural death of a relative were also elevated (IRR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.91–1.64) in general, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that prenatal stress due to maternal loss of a close relative may increase the risk of offspring’s ID of both sexes, in particular when the loss happened during pregnancy.
Recalled Neighborhood Environments, Parental Control, and Cytokine-Mediated Response to Viral Challenge
Authors: Corallo Kelsey L. , Lyle Sarah M. , Murphy Michael L. M. , vanDellen Michelle R. , Ehrlich Katherine B. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
Neighborhood risk in childhood is associated with poor health across the life span. However, many people who are reared in risky neighborhoods remain healthy in adulthood. In the context of high-risk neighborhoods, parenting practices that are controlling might promote better physical health outcomes later in life. The current study used a viral challenge paradigm to examine whether parental control throughout childhood moderated the association between recalled neighborhood risk and cytokine-mediated cold susceptibility.

Methods
A sample of 209 healthy adults completed questionnaires to assess recalled neighborhood risk and parental control over the first 15 years of life, were exposed to a common cold virus, and were quarantined for 6 days. Researchers assessed nasal proinflammatory cytokine production and objective markers of illness. Participants were diagnosed with a clinical cold if they met the infection and objective illness criteria.

Results
A significant Neighborhood Risk by Parental Control interaction emerged to predict proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, parental control moderated the cytokine-mediated association between neighborhood risk and cold diagnosis (index = −0.073, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.170 to −0.016), likelihood of infection (index = −0.071, 95% CI = −0.172 to −0.015), and meeting the objective symptom criteria (index = −0.074, 95% CI = −0.195 to −0.005). Specifically, there was a negative association between neighborhood risk and objective cold diagnosis and infection status at higher levels of parental control, but a nonsignificant association at lower levels of parental control.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that the degree to which recalled neighborhood risk is related to adult health varies as a function of parental control throughout childhood.
Sustained Attention Deficits in Adults With Juvenile-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Zou Wenjing , He Jing , Liu Yuzhuo , Zhu Jiang , Liu Fang , Xie Yuting , Li Chuting , Du Hongyu , Huang Fansu , Zhou Zhiguang , Li Xia , Zhu Xiongzhao 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study aimed to investigate whether patients with juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have poorer sustained attention than their counterparts with adult-onset T1DM, and whether there is a relationship between diabetes-related variables and sustained attention.

Methods
This study included 76 participants with juvenile-onset T1DM, 68 participants with adult-onset T1DM, and 85 healthy controls (HCs). All participants completed the Sustained Attention to Response Task, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

Results
The juvenile-onset group showed more omission errors (p = .007) than the adult-onset group and shorter reaction time (p = .005) than HCs, whereas the adult-onset group showed no significant differences compared with HCs. Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that the age of onset was associated with omission errors in T1DM participants (β = −0.275, t = −2.002, p = .047). In the juvenile-onset group, the omission error rate were associated with the history of severe hypoglycemia (β = 0.225, t = 1.996, p = .050), whereas reaction time was associated with the age of onset (β = −0.251, t = −2.271, p = .026). Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly associated with reaction time in both the juvenile-onset and adult-onset groups (β = −0.236, t = −2.117, p = .038, and β = 0.259, t = 2.041, p = .046, respectively).

Conclusions
Adults with juvenile-onset T1DM have sustained attention deficits in contrast to their adult-onset counterparts, suggesting that the disease adversely affects the developing brain. Both the history of severe hypoglycemia and fasting blood glucose levels are factors associated with sustained attention impairment. Early diagnosis and treatment in juvenile patients are required to prevent the detrimental effects of diabetes.
A Longitudinal Evaluation of Goal-Striving Stress and Sleep Duration Among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Cain-Shields Loretta R. , Johnson Dayna A. , Glover LáShauntá , Sims Mario 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
The purposes of this study were to assess the association between changes in goal-striving stress (GSS) and changes in sleep duration in African Americans (AAs) and to determine if the association varies by sex, age, and/or educational attainment.

Methods
We completed a longitudinal analysis using examination 1 (2000–2004, n = 5306) and examination 3 (2009–2013, n = 3819) data from the Jackson Heart Study, with a final sample of 3500. Changes in GSS and changes in sleep duration were calculated by subtracting examination 1 GSS from examination 3 GSS. Mean differences (β [standard error]) between changes in GSS and changes in sleep duration were assessed using linear regression models that adjusted for length of follow-up, sociodemographics, health behaviors/risk factors, and stressors.

Results
In the fully adjusted models, the increase in GSS from examination 1 to examination 3 was associated with a decrease in sleep duration (in minutes) from examination 1 to examination 3 in the overall cohort (β = −7.72 [2.44], p < .002), in high school graduates (β = −21.23 [5.63], p < .001), and in college graduates (β = −7.57 [3.75], p = .044) but not in those with less than a high school education (β = 1.49 [8.35], p = .86) or those who attended college but did not graduate (β = 0.44 [4.94], p = .93).

Conclusions
Changes in GSS were inversely associated with changes in sleep duration over a mean period of 8 years in AA subgroups. Interventions that reduce stress related to goal striving should be considered to help improve sleep health in AAs.
Brief Report: Yield of Repeat Tuberculin Skin Testing for People Living With HIV in Brazil
Authors: Chaisson Lelia H. , Saraceni Valeria , Cohn Silvia , Cavalcante Solange C. , Chaisson Richard E. , Durovni Betina , Golub Jonathan E. 
Published: August 2021

Objectives:
In Brazil, annual tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) are recommended for people living with HIV (PLWH) with CD4 >350, with tuberculosis preventive therapy provided on test conversion. We aimed to determine the yield of repeat TSTs for PLWH.

Design:
Secondary analysis of the stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized THRio trial for isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) to prevent tuberculosis (TB).

Methods:
We analyzed data from newly registered PLWH with negative baseline TST results. We calculated the number of TST conversions after 1 and/or 2 years among patients eligible for follow-up TSTs, the proportion of converters initiating IPT, and incidence of TB/death.

Results:
Among 1770 PLWH with a negative baseline TST, 679 (38%) were female and median age was 36 years (IQR 29–43). Eighty-six (5%) developed TB or died within 1 year. Among 1684 eligible for a follow-up 1-year TST, 582 (35%) were tested and 53 (9%) were positive. Forty-nine converters (92%) started IPT. Of 529 patients with a negative 1-year TST, 7 (1%) developed TB or died over the following year. Of 522 patients eligible for a 2-year TST, 158 (30%) were tested and 13 (8%) were positive. Ten converters (77%) started IPT. Of 1102 patients who did not receive a 1-year TST, 33 (3%) developed TB or died. Of the 1069 patients eligible for a 2-year TST, 259 (24%) were tested and 34 (13%) were positive. Thirty converters (88%) started IPT.

Conclusions:
In this cohort of PLWH in Brazil, TST conversion was high among those retested, but only 48% received a follow-up TST within 2 years.
Radiopaque Recreations of Lung Pathologies From Clinical Computed Tomography Images Using Potassium Iodide Inkjet 3-dimensional Printing
Authors: Wang Jia , Falkson Samuel R. , Guo H. Henry 
Published: August 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to develop a 3-dimensional (3D) printing method to create computed tomography (CT) realistic phantoms of lung cancer nodules and lung parenchymal disease from clinical CT images.

Materials and Methods:
Low-density paper was used as substrate material for inkjet printing with potassium iodide solution to reproduce phantoms that mimic the CT attenuation of lung parenchyma. The relationship between grayscale values and the corresponding CT numbers of prints was first established through the derivation of exponential fitted equation from scanning data. Next, chest CTs from patients with early-stage lung cancer and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia were chosen for 3D printing. CT images of original lung nodule and the 3D-printed nodule phantom were compared based on pixel-to-pixel correlation and radiomic features.

Results:
CT images of part-solid lung cancer and 3D-printed nodule phantom showed both high visual similarity and quantitative correlation. R
2 values from linear regressions of pixel-to-pixel correlations between 5 sets of patient and 3D-printed image pairs were 0.92, 0.94, 0.86, 0.85, and 0.83, respectively. Comparison of radiomic measures between clinical CT and printed models demonstrated 6.1% median difference, with 25th and 75th percentile range at 2.4% and 15.2% absolute difference, respectively. The densities and parenchymal morphologies from COVID-19 pneumonia CT images were well reproduced in the 3D-printed phantom scans.

Conclusion:
The 3D printing method presented in this work facilitates creation of CT-realistic reproductions of lung cancer and parenchymal disease from individual patient scans with microbiological and pathology confirmation.
Immunoscore Signatures in Surgical Specimens and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Pretreatment Biopsy Predict Treatment Efficacy and Survival in Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Noma Toshiki , Makino Tomoki , Ohshima Kenji , Sugimura Keijiro , Miyata Hiroshi , Honma Keiichiro , Yamashita Kotaro , Saito Takuro , Tanaka Koji , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Kurokawa Yukinori , Yamasaki Makoto , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Morii Eiichi , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: August 2021

Objectives:
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have long been recognized as playing an important role in tumor immune microenvironment. Lately, the Immunoscore (IS) has been proposed as a new method of quantifying the number of TILs in association with patient survival in several cancer types.

Methods:
In 300 preoperatively untreated esophageal cancer (EC) patients who underwent curative resection at two different institutes, immunohistochemical staining using CD3 and CD8 antibodies was performed to evaluate IS, as objectively scored by auto-counted TILs in the tumor core and invasive margin. In addition, in pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (pre-NAC) endoscopic biopsies of a different cohort of 146 EC patients who received NAC, CD3, and CD8 were immunostained to evaluate TIL density.

Results:
In all cases, the IS-high (score 3–4) group tended to have better survival [5-year overall survival (OS) of the IS-high vs low group: 77.6 vs 65.8%, P = 0.0722] than the IS-low (score 1–2) group. This trend was more remarkable in cStage II–IV patients (70.2 vs 54.5%, P = 0.0208) and multivariate analysis of OS further identified IS (hazard ratio 2.07, P = 0.0043) to be an independent prognostic variable. In preNAC biopsies, NAC-responders had higher densities than non-responders of both CD3+ (P = 0.0106) and CD8+ cells (P = 0.0729) and, particularly CD3+ cell density was found to be an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 1.75, P = 0.0169).

Conclusions:
The IS signature in surgical specimens and TIL density in preNAC- biopsies could be predictive markers of clinical outcomes in EC patients.
Hepatocellular Adenoma Risk Factors of Hemorrhage: Size Is Not the Only Concern!
Authors: Julien Céline , Le-Bail Brigitte , Ouazzani Touhami Kevin , Frulio Nora , Blanc Jean-Frédéric , Adam Jean-Philippe , Laurent Christophe , Balabaud Charles , Bioulac-Sage Paulette , Chiche Laurence 
Published: August 2021

Objective:
Our aim was to determine independent risk factors of clinical bleeding of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) to define a better management strategy.

Summary Background Data:
HCA is a rare benign liver tumor with severe complications: malignant transformation that is rare (5%–8%) and more often, hemorrhage (20%–27%). To date, only size > 5 cm and histological subtype (possibly sonic hedgehog) are associated with bleeding, but these criteria are not clearly established.

Methods:
We retrospectively collected data from a cohort of 268 patients with HCA managed in our tertiary center, from 1984 to 2020 and focused on clinical bleeding. Hemorrhage was considered severe when it required intensive care and moderate when bleeding symptoms required a hospitalization. We included 261 patients, of whom 130 (49.8%) had multiple HCAs or liver adenomatosis. All surgical specimen and liver biopsy were reviewed by an experienced liver pathologist and reclassified in the light of the current immunohistochemistry. Mean duration of follow-up was 93.3 months (range 1–363). We analyzed type, frequency, consequences of bleeding, and risk factors among clinical data and HCA characteristics.

Results:
Eighty-three HCA (31.8%) were hemorrhagic. There were 4 pregnant women with 1 newborn death. One patient died before treatment. Surgery was performed in 78 (94.0%) patients. Mortality was nil and severe complications occurred in 11.5%. Multivariate analysis identified size (OR 1.02 [1.01–1.02], P < 0.001), shHCA (OR 21.02 [5.05–87.52], P < 0.001), b-catenin mutation on exon 7/8 (OR 6.47 [1.78–23.55], P = 0.0046), chronic alcohol consumption (OR 9.16 [2.47–34.01], P < 0.001) as independent risk factors of clinical bleeding.

Conclusions:
This series, focused on the hemorrhagic risk of HCA, shows that size, but rather more molecular subtype is determinant in the natural history of HCA.