bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mississippi Valley
Authors: & Cohen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Mississippi Valley” explains about scientific and technological sites of adult interest in Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, including Hot Springs National Park, Transylvania Medical Museum, New Orleans Pharmacy Museum, Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum, and the American Museum of Science and Energy. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
Japan: Keeping the Death Toll to the Minimum
Authors: Ono Tomoya , Matsui Shigenori 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Japanese government’s responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Despite the strong criticisms and deep-rooted concerns with the insufficiency of government response to Covid-19, together with a limited availability of PCR testing, the government’s concentration on the treatment of more serious patients, its focus on prevention of cluster transmission, and its soft lockdown without any legal sanctions might be sufficient to achieve the primary goal of keeping the death toll to the minimum. However, it is not clear whether it could be ultimately successful as the pandemic continues to unfold, nor is it clear whether Japan could respond effectively to the outbreak of a much more deadly disease in the future. The Japanese unique approach against Covid-19 might work out to prevent pandemic outbreaks and medical system collapse, but some problems and challenges remain. Japan surely needs to re-evaluate its response to Covid-19 and reconsider, in a holistic and systematic way, the entire infectious disease prevention system and the possibility of emergency powers during a public health crisis.
India: Federalism, Majoritarian Nationalism, and the Vulnerable and Marginalized
Authors: Tremblay Reeta Chowdhari , George Namitha 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of Covid-19 in India and the government’s response. India has a long and tarnished history of reaching for emergency powers, which stretches back to the colonial period, in times of political crisis. Although India did not declare a formal constitutional emergency after its first reported case of Covid-19, within just under eight weeks, India went from “no health emergency” to a country-wide twenty-one-day lockdown. Despite a daily record jump in the number of deaths and cases each day since mid-March, India’s Ministry of Health, Family, and Welfare has consistently maintained a narrative that the growth rate of the Covid-19 cases in India has remained linear and not exponential; that its strict twenty-one-day lockdown, whose objective was preventive, has successfully slowed the spread of the virus; that India is “on the path of success and will win the war against the pandemic”; and that the two extensions of the lockdown should be considered an exit strategy. The chapter then discusses the policy instruments invoked to respond to the pandemic and examines some of the challenges and consequences resulting from them: the federal jurisdictional management of a pandemic, particularly in the treatment of informal migrant workers; and the reinforcement of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s populism and Hindutva majoritarian nationalism.
International Health Regulations and Compliance in Asia
Authors: Breau Susan , Nagaveni Preethi Lolaksha 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the Covid-19 pandemic through the lens of the international law regime of the International Health Regulations (IHR) of 2005. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) can claim some success in having worked with countries in Asia to build their capacity to respond to a pandemic, some of the countries that have been the most successful in containing the spread of Covid-19 did so despite the WHO’s hesitant response. The difficulty is that cumbersome IHR process of evaluating the threat posed by an outbreak and sounding the general alarm. This process enabled China to control the initial flow of information regarding the outbreak until such time as the WHO was able work through a cumbersome process and belatedly declare a “public health emergency of international concern.” The chapter then argues that a key element of combatting a pandemic is compliance with international law and the need to strengthen its regulatory mechanisms.
Religion amid the Pandemic: A Buddhist Case Study
Authors: Schonthal Benjamin , Jayatilake Tilak 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the strategies that religious groups are using to cope with a crisis that has simultaneously damaged the financial, spiritual, and organizational capacities of religion while also making those capacities more important than ever. Following a regional overview, it considers Covid-19’s effects on religion in one relatively small case study: Buddhist communities in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Buddhist communities face a variety of challenges which are also faced by other religious groups in Asia. These include avoiding close contact with co-worshippers, addressing economic depression among devotees and institutions, and managing the new legal and administrative restrictions proposed by government. Also, like other religious groups, Sri Lankan Buddhists have proposed their own range of religious solutions to the unfolding crisis. These include special forms of public blessing, social service activities, and alterations to public ceremonies and rituals. Looking at Buddhists’ responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka illuminates not only the depth and extent of the disease’s impact on societies in Asia, but it also highlights the creative and unprecedented changes to religion that have come from the pandemic.
Myanmar: Pandemic in a Time of Transition
Authors: Ostwald Kai , Myint Tun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how Myanmar faced distinct disadvantages in its ability to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic relative to regional neighbours. This is due to its continued grappling with simultaneous political, economic, and conflict-related transitions: Myanmar was a largely closed-off military dictatorship for nearly fifty years prior to its partial opening in 2011. In conjunction with structural factors, the triple transition had several important implications for Myanmar’s response to the pandemic. First, many of the aggressive approaches to countering Covid-19 that were effective in other contexts were infeasible for Myanmar, as the state lacked the capacity to enforce comprehensive population movement controls and large-scale testing and contact tracing. Second, Myanmar’s structural conditions prevented a uniform response to the pandemic. Third, Myanmar has several high-risk subgroups that complicated responses to the pandemic.
Sri Lanka: Pandemic-Catalyzed Democratic Backsliding
Authors: Fonseka Bhavani , Ganeshathasan Luwie , Welikala Asanga 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates Sri Lanka’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Covid-19 has posed for Sri Lanka not only a public health challenge and an economic challenge but also, perhaps most seriously, a crisis of constitutional democracy. Although questions have been raised about the accuracy of government statistics, the scale of testing and contact tracing, and failures in providing protective equipment to front-line workers including military personnel, there is broad public approval of the government’s crisis response. However, much more alarming are the clear signs in the government’s response that the public health emergency has provided the impetus for an aggressive executive takeover of the state, steepening the curve of de-democratization. The chapter then describes the aspects of the governmental crisis response that are the cause of worry, and offers an analysis based on a framework drawn from comparative politics and comparative constitutional law as to the agentic, institutional, and causal dimensions of the democratic backslide underway in Sri Lanka. While the pandemic has undoubtedly boosted the process of executive aggrandizement that had already commenced, this catalysis may in fact also shorten the authoritarian cycle, because the accelerated de-democratization is likely to result in executive actions that cross the threshold of public tolerance sooner in what as yet remains a procedural democracy.
Asian Trade and Supply Chain Linkages
Authors: Ciuriak Dan , Calvert Philip 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economies of Asia generally, before turning to its impact on supply chains specifically, using the medical equipment sector as a case study to illustrate the practical complexities. It then considers the pandemic’s implications for the multilateral trade system and its impact on Asian economic integration and regionalism. The pandemic has motivated attempts to increase robustness of supply chains through diversification away from excessive dependence on China and into Southeast and South Asia, in an incremental rather than revolutionary way; no wholesale departure from manufacturing in China is anticipated. For most countries, the most efficient response is to continue to rely on international trade and global production networks, while addressing the strategic concerns through improved emergency-preparedness stockpiles. The increased pressure for reshoring, however, is part of a larger disaffection with globalization and the erosion of the rules-based international trade system.
Edward the Confessor
Authors: Garnett George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 shows how during John’s reign the baronial opposition appropriated the figure of the recently canonized Edward the Confessor, and used him as a standard against which to judge the current king. A key part was played by the London Collection of the Leges Anglorum, which compiled and in important respects elaborated and extended the compilations of Old English law codes made during the twelfth century. The Collection informed opposition thinking prior to the crisis which produced Magna Carta. The chapter also subjects to minute analysis two very unusual episodes recorded in thirteenth-century annals of provincial churches. First, the St Augustine’s, Canterbury account of Duke William’s having allowed the men of Kent, uniquely, to continue to use Old English Laws and customs. This episode is supposed to have taken place at Swanscombe Down in 1066. The second is the Burton Abbey account of what purports to be a dialogue between King John and a papal legate, allegedly in 1211. The nub of the dialogue is a disagreement about the role of Edward the Confessor. The chapter then shows how Henry III re-appropriated St Edward for the royal cause, but by emphasizing his saintliness rather than his alleged legislation. Henry focussed on the development of the cult, expressed in liturgical, artistic, and architectural terms, and focussed on the rebuilt Westminster Abbey. The chapter concludes with a brief envoi on the later medieval expression of the cult, especially under Richard II.
Introduction
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The introductory chapter sets out the chronological span and the geographical spread of the book, the questions asked, and the methodology followed. It examines the source material and their cross-referencing with those of both visual and material culture, finishing with a summary of the historiography. The structure of the book is set out as a form of theatrical performance. The Introduction and Chapter 1, the context and the questioning of the sources, provide the overture; Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the people, the actors on the stage; Chapter 4 focuses on how they are involved in the life of the city through props: places of power, manifestations, and instruments through which they are exercised. Chapter 5 follows for the action or plot of the play: how those who control public space exercise it to reflect and promote consensus or to manifest discontent and rebellion
Analytic Theology and the Academic Study of Religion
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAnalytic theology can flourish in the secular academy, and flourish as authentically Christian theology. This book aims to explain analytic theology to other theologians and to scholars of religion, and to explain those other fields to analytic theologians. The book defends analytic theology from some common criticisms, but also argues that analytic theologians have much to learn from other forms of inquiry. Analytic theology is a legitimate form of theology, and a legitimate form of academic inquiry, and it can be a valuable conversation partner within the wider religious studies academy. All sides would benefit if analytic theology were given a seat at the interdisciplinary table. The book articulates an attractive vision of analytic theology, fosters a more fruitful interdisciplinary conversation, and enables scholars across the religious studies academy to understand one another better.
The Value and Distinctiveness of Analytic Theology
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe book begins with three very brief chapters that collectively introduce the work as a whole. I aim to hold together three very different audiences: analytic theologians and philosophers of religion, other academic theologians, and scholars of religion. I want to build bridges across the various intellectual gaps that currently divide them. Chapter 1 introduces analytic theology and attempts to distinguish it from related forms of inquiry. Analytic theology uses analytic philosophy to elucidate the meaning, coherence, and truth of Christian doctrines. This form of inquiry is valuable because the questions it asks are intrinsically important. For analytic theologians, though not for everyone, analytic theology is also fun. I outline the argument of Part II, which considers the nature of analytic theology and analytic philosophy in more depth.
Why Do They Write That Way?
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA deep gulf of misunderstanding separates analytic philosophers from scholars in other humanistic disciplines. The same gulf also separates analytic theologians from the rest of the religious studies academy. Explaining and addressing this gulf is one of the major tasks of this book as a whole. There is no doubt that the gulf is a joint construction, and that analytic and nonanalytic thinkers have collectively created it and allowed it to persist. Analytic philosophers sometimes lack hermeneutical charity. But at the same time, other humanists often misunderstand what analytic philosophy really is. I want to persuade nonanalytic colleagues of the value of analytic theology, and so I must allay some of these misunderstandings. Yet I also want analytic theologians and philosophers to recognize that the analytic style of writing and thinking comes with its own limitations. Like all forms of inquiry, analytic theology has “characteristic deformations,” typical excesses, and common ways of going wrong. Many of its characteristic deformations are inherited from analytic philosophy. Analytic theologians can accept this criticism without conceding the value of analytic philosophy or analytic theology.
The Real Trouble with Ontotheology and Univocity
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPart III calls for a more theological analytic theology and defends analytic theology from some common theological objections. Chapter 8 considers contemporary theological worries about ontotheology and univocity. Ontotheology is the error of treating God as a being among beings; univocity affirms that Creator and creatures all fall under a single concept of being. Both seemingly lead to the same theological fault: the sin of idolatry. Building on Chapter 7, I argue that analytic theologians should indeed worry about ontotheology, but as long as they avoid idolatry, they avoid ontotheology too. Furthermore, semantic univocity does not entail ontological univocity or, as I call it, “ontological sameness.” Even though many analytic theologians do affirm semantic univocity, and do say that God is “a being,” it does not follow that they endorse any ontological sameness between God and creatures, violate the creator/creature distinction, or fall into ontotheology or idolatry.
Analytic Theology as a Spiritual Practice
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPart III calls for a more theological analytic theology and defends analytic theology from some common theological objections. Many theologians reject analytic theology because they find it too abstract and spiritually sterile to count as genuine theology. In contrast, I argue that analytic theology may be understood as a spiritual practice. Intellectual practices are also spiritual exercises when they (1) aim at self-improvement or liberation, instead of simply the acquisition of knowledge; (2) discipline the passions, since unchecked passions and immoderate desires are the enemy of both the spiritual life and the life of the mind; (3) help us see the world as it really is, rather than as we imagine or wish it to be; and (4) help us cultivate specific virtues that are at once intellectual and moral, like attention or concentration. It is in these senses that analytic theology can be understood as a spiritual practice. Analytic theology is an authentic development of a tradition of Christian philosophical theology, which includes Anselm and Aquinas as members, and which treats theology as both theoretical and practical at once.
Inquiry and Argument in the Secular Academy
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPart IV turns to an extended engagement with the academic study of religion, which is often constitutively hostile to any form of theology. Chapter 11 identifies some of the norms of inquiry and argument that prevail in the secular academy in order to show that analytic theology conforms to those very same norms. I develop a framework for academic argument that depends on the notion of “discursive commitments,” taken from the pragmatist philosophy of Robert Brandom and Jeffrey Stout. Here is the central insight: when we engage in academic argument, we are obliged to support our claims with reasons and evidence, and to respond with reasons and evidence when our claims are appropriately challenged.
The Hegemony of Critique
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPart IV turns to an extended engagement with the academic study of religion, which is often constitutively hostile to any form of theology. Chapter 13 concerns the role of “critique” in the academic study of religion, where “critique” is understood as a specific discourse—something more than mere criticism. Critique remains valuable, but in the contemporary religious studies academy, it has become hegemonic, to the point where it threatens to crowd out other equally legitimate methods of inquiry. Analytic theologians are well positioned to grasp the limitations of critique precisely because critique’s moves and methods are so different from those of analytic theology. I argue that the academic study of religion needs to supplement critical inquiry’s “epistemology of power” with a more analytic “epistemology of truth,” one that allows us to assess religious adherence as a form of rational behavior. At the same time, analytic theologians have much to learn from the tradition of critical inquiry.
Analytic Theology as Rigorous Appreciation
Authors: Wood William 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPart IV turns to an extended engagement with the academic study of religion, which is often constitutively hostile to any form of theology. Chapter 14 considers the vexed role of normative inquiry in the academic study of religion. It defends normative inquiry, and argues that analytic theology is a form of post-critical, normative inquiry that prizes attachment and “rigorous appreciation.” As such, analytic theology can contribute to the study of religions while it also maintains its own distinctive focus on evaluating Christian truth claims and practices. The chapter then concludes with a modest proposal on behalf of comparative analytic theology.
Children and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis book provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights as it relates to children. Covering areas including juvenile justice, the immigration system, and education and religion, as well as family life, child protection, and adoption, it undertakes a comprehensive examination of the way in which the Court has approached the rights of children, both in relation to their parents and in relation to the state. In doing so, it tracks the evolution of the Court’s treatment of children’s rights, from its inauspicious and paternalistic beginnings to an emerging recognition of children’s individual agency.
Introduction
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief introduction to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), as it relates to children. Over the past 60 years, the ECtHR has developed a substantial and ever-growing body of case law concerning children, covering issues ranging from juvenile justice and physical integrity to immigration, education, and religion, as well as a code of family law which significantly expands the scope and influence of the ECHR. The chapter explains four key principles of interpretation (positive obligations, the living instrument doctrine, subsidiarity, and the margin of appreciation), as well as the Court’s use of international instruments.
The Right to Respect for Private Life
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers the right of the child to respect for private life from the perspective of three interrelated, but distinct, aspects. First, it considers the Court’s case law concerning the right to privacy, and the protection of one’s image. Second, it examines the development of the Court’s approach to the right to receive information—this ranges from rather conservative and paternalistic beginnings to a more robust protection of freedom of expression. Finally, the chapter analyses the Court’s jurisprudence concerning the right to identity, including the right to information on origins and rights concerning the naming of children and their citizenship.
Juvenile Justice
Authors: Fenton-Glynn Claire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights concerning juvenile justice. It begins by considering challenges to differences in treatment between adult and child offenders, as well as disputes concerning the minimum age of criminal responsibility. It then goes on to analyse the deprivation of liberty of children under Article 5 of the Convention, looking at both detention for the purposes of educational supervision and detention on suspicion of having committed an offence. Under Article 6, the chapter examines the way in which the Court has interpreted the ‘right to a fair trial’ in proceedings concerning children, including the right to effective participation in proceedings, the right to a public hearing, and the right to legal representation. Finally, the chapter discusses the sentencing of children, focusing on the issue of proportionality.