bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of self-management behaviors among pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a path analysis
Authors: Li Jin , Pu Jie , Liu Jiaqing , Wang Qingya , Zhang Rui , Zhang Ting , Zhou Jiani , Xing Wei , Liang Shengxiang , Hu Daiyu , Li Ying 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death in the world. Since Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) as a core strategy for the global TB control are not applicable to all types of TB patients, and self-management of TB patients (SMTP) as a patient-centered supervision type is a supplement to DOT and can improve TB case management. However, the factors related to SMTP are complex and need more study. This study aimed at identifying the determinants of SMTP and examining the direct/indirect effects of these determinants.MethodsThe purposive sampling technique was used to select study sites and participants were recruited from the study sites by the consecutive sampling method. The PRECEDE model was used as the framework to analyze the determinants of SMTP. The responses of TB patients were acquired via a questionnaire survey for data collection. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to define the relationship between the predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors with SMTP behaviors. A regression-based path analysis was used to determine the action paths of the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors on SMTP behaviors.ResultsThe predisposing (TB knowledge), enabling [health education and healthcare workers (HCWs) support], reinforcing factors (family support) had significant positive correlations with SMTP behaviors (P < 0.05). The predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors were positively correlated with each other (r = 0.123‒0.918,P < 0.05), except for family support and HCWs support. The predisposing factors (TB knowledge, β = 0.330) and the enabling factors (HCWs support, β = 0.437) had direct effects on SMTP behaviors. The enabling factors (health education and HCWs support) and the reinforcing factors (family support) had indirect effects on SMTP behaviors.ConclusionsThis study revealed the effects and action path of TB knowledge, health education, HCWs support, and family support on SMTP behaviors via a path analysis. Assessing patient’s needs for SMTP along with promoting effective TB health education and providing firm support from HCWs and family members are potential strategies to promote SMTP behaviors.Graphic abstract
Long-term survival in thymic carcinoma with postoperative pleural dissemination
Authors: Kimura Toru , Higashiyama Masahiko , Honma Keiichiro , Nakamura Harumi , Maniwa Tomohiro , Okami Jiro 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
We report a patient with thymic squamous cell carcinoma who underwent multiple rounds of surgical resection and definitive radiotherapy for both primary tumor and postoperative recurrence. However, the patient remains well and healthy 18 years after initial diagnosis. Since long-term survival after postoperative recurrence of thymic carcinoma is extremely rare, we also present her immunohistochemical staining results, which suggested indolent disease.

Case presentation
A 42-year-old woman with thymic squamous cell carcinoma underwent en bloc resection of the tumor and thymus gland. Pleural dissemination was noted in the right thoracic cavity 3, 10, and 16 years postoperatively. Where possible, the nodules were resected surgically: during the postoperative 3rd and 16th years. Definitive radiotherapy was administered for all nodules that could not be excised during the postoperative 3rd and 10th years. Disease-free survival is 25 months.

Conclusions
Local control of pleural dissemination may be beneficial in the treatment of postoperative recurrence of thymic carcinoma in limited cases of indolent disease.
Practical considerations of dietary therapies for epilepsy in adults
Authors: Kaul Neha , Nicolo John-Paul , O’Brien Terence J. , Kwan Patrick 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite the increasing number of anti-seizure medications becoming available, the proportion of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy remains unchanged. Dietary therapy for epilepsy is well-established practice in paediatric care, but relatively underutilised in adults. Recently, international recommendations have been published to guide the treatment of adults receiving dietary therapy for epilepsy.This review focuses on the specific aspects of care unique to the management of adults receiving dietary therapy for epilepsy, including patient selection, diet composition, initiation, monitoring and cessation of dietary treatment. We emphasise the need for a multidisciplinary team approach with appropriately trained neurologists and dietitians to provide holistic care while the patients are receiving dietary therapy. Future research should focus on the optimal diet composition and meeting the psychosocial needs of adults with epilepsy to maximise efficacy and adherence to dietary treatment.
Racial Differences in Patient Portal Activation and Research Enrollment Among Patients With Prostate Cancer
Authors: Halbert Chanita Hughes , Jefferson Melanie , Allen Caitlin G. , Babatunde Oluwole A. , Drake Richard , Angel Peggi , Savage Stephen J. , Frey Lewis , Lilly Michael , Obi Ted , Obeid Jihad 
Published: July 2021

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine racial differences in patient portal activation and research participation among patients with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were African American and White patients with prostate cancer who were treated with radical prostatectomy (n = 218). Patient portal activation was determined using electronic health records, and research participation was measured based on completion of a social determinants survey. RESULTS Thirty-one percent of patients completed the social determinants survey and enrolled in the study and 66% activated a patient portal. The likelihood of enrolling in the study was reduced with greater levels of social deprivation (odds ratio [OR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.98; P = .04). Social deprivation also had a signification independent association with patient portal activation along with racial background. African American patients (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.91; P = .02) and those with greater social deprivation (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.82; P = .002) had a lower likelihood of activating a patient portal compared with White patients and those with lower social deprivation. CONCLUSION Although the majority of patients with prostate cancer activated their patient portal, rates of patient portal activation were lower among African American patients and those who lived in areas with greater social deprivation. Greater efforts are needed to promote patient portal activation among African American patients with prostate cancer and address access to health information technology among those who live in socially disadvantaged geographic areas.
Word, Image, Sound
Authors: Engelke Matthew 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis essay introduces the special section “Word, Image, Sound,” a collection of essays on public religion and religious publicities in Africa and South Asia. The essays cover case studies in Myanmar, Zambia, Senegal, Rwanda, and Egypt. The introduction situates the essays in relation to the broader fields of work on the public sphere and publics, especially as they relate to recent work in the human sciences that focus on materiality, the senses, and media.
Drowning in Context
Authors: Edwards Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent reforms in Myanmar afforded local Christians new opportunities to more actively share the gospel with Buddhists. In doing so they entered into a public sphere tentatively emerging from five decades of censorship and other restrictions on expression. This article explores the place of misunderstanding and translation in encounters between evangelists and Buddhist audiences. For evangelists, to go public was to open oneself to the possibility, even the likelihood, of being misunderstood. Such misunderstandings emerged in part from the negotiation of similarity and difference entailed by translation practices. Edwards situates these practices in a conceptual and linguistic space partly shaped by nineteenth-century missionary efforts, and also by state attempts to regulate the public use of Buddhist language.
Inter-Islamic Modernity at the End of Empire
Authors: Amzi-Erdoǧdular Leyla 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This review essay of Faiz Ahmed's Afghanistan Rising: Islamic Law and Statecraft between the Ottoman and British Empires focuses on the late imperial and the postimperial context of inter-Islamic networks. It emphasizes the Ottoman, Balkan, and Eurasian exchanges within the historiographical framework of the changing global order characterized by novel deliberations among Muslims across geographic and political boundaries. Situating Afghanistan Rising within these networks reveals the complexity of the inter-Islamic region and the consequence of Muslim agency.
DARLENE – Improving situational awareness of European law enforcement agents through a combination of augmented reality and artificial intelligence solutions
Authors: Apostolakis Konstantinos C. , Dimitriou Nikolaos , Margetis George , Ntoa Stavroula , Tzovaras Dimitrios , Stephanidis Constantine 
Published: July 2021

Background: Augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI) are highly disruptive technologies that have revolutionised practices in a wide range of domains. Their potential has not gone unnoticed in the security sector with several law enforcement agencies (LEAs) employing AI applications in their daily operations for forensics and surveillance. In this paper, we present the DARLENE ecosystem, which aims to bridge existing gaps in applying AR and AI technologies for rapid tactical decision-making in situ with minimal error margin, thus enhancing LEAs’ efficiency and Situational Awareness (SA). Methods: DARLENE incorporates novel AI techniques for computer vision tasks such as activity recognition and pose estimation, while also building an AR framework for visualization of the inferenced results via dynamic content adaptation according to each individual officer’s stress level and current context. The concept has been validated with end-users through co-creation workshops, while the decision-making mechanism for enhancing LEAs’ SA has been assessed with experts. Regarding computer vision components, preliminary tests of the instance segmentation method for humans’ and objects’ detection have been conducted on a subset of videos from the RWF-2000 dataset for violence detection, which have also been used to test a human pose estimation method that has so far exhibited impressive results and will constitute the basis of further developments in DARLENE. Results: Evaluation results highlight that target users are positive towards the adoption of the proposed solution in field operations, and that the SA decision-making mechanism produces highly acceptable outcomes. Evaluation of the computer vision components yielded promising results and identified opportunities for improvement. Conclusions: This work provides the context of the DARLENE ecosystem and presents the DARLENE architecture, analyses its individual technologies, and demonstrates preliminary results, which are positive both in terms of technological achievements and user acceptance of the proposed solution.
DOSSIÊ “TURISMO EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA”
Authors: Tavares Maria Goretti Da Costa , Da Silva Simone Affonso , Guambe José Júlio Júnior 
Published: July 2021

Esse Dossiê apresenta os resultados parciais das investigações feitas pelo grupo de pesquisa “Turismo em Tempos de Pandemia”, do qual participam mais de 30 instituições e 100 pesquisadores de cinco países: Brasil, Argentina, Moçambique, Portugal e França. O objetivo geral das investigações é identificar e analisar impactos da pandemia sob uma perspectiva multi e trans-escalar, a partir de estudos de caso nas localidades com maior relevância da atividade turística nos referidos países e suas respectivas regiões.
Recognition and differentiation of dural puncture click sensation: A subjective and objective prospective study of dural puncture forces using fine-gauge spinal needles
Authors: Utsumi Isao , Hascilowicz Tomasz , Omi Sachiko 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundWe hypothesized that the click perceived when puncturing the dura-arachnoid with fine-gauge spinal needles can be subjectively identified, and investigated whether it may be distinguishable among different needle types.MethodsSubjective and objective evaluations were performed. First, physicians punctured the polyamide film or porcine dura mater (n = 70 and n = 20, respectively) with seven types of spinal needles and numerically evaluated the perceived click sensations. Using an 11-point numerical rating scale (from “0” for “no click sensation” to “10” for “the strongest click perceived”) data, subjective differentiation among needle types was assessed. Second, in the objective part of the study, total forces elicited by polyamide film or porcine dura mater punctures with each needle were measured using a biomechanical testing device, and load-displacement curves evaluated. Third, the results of subjective and objective evaluations were compared.ResultsAll participants recognized the click and could discriminate among needles of different tip shape. The load-displacement curves for polyamide film and porcine dura mater were similar and needle-specific. The subjective numerical rating scale values corresponded well with the objectively measured changes in total forces (R2= 0.862 andR2= 0.881 for polyamide film and porcine dura mater, respectively), indicating that an increase in the largest drop in total force value of 0.30 N or 0.21 N would produce an increase of numerical rating scale value of 1 for polyamide film and porcine dura mater, respectively.ConclusionsWe provide an objective proof of the click sensation felt upon dural puncture using different fine-gauge spinal needles. Click recognition could be used as an additional indicator of successful spinal puncture.
Comparability of estimates and trends in adolescent sexual and contraceptive behaviors from two national surveys: National Survey of Family Growth and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Authors: Lindberg Laura D. , Scott Rachel H. , Desai Sheila , Pleasure Zoe H. 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo compare adolescents’ reports of sexual and contraceptive behaviors between the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS).MethodsFor each survey, we estimated the year- and sex-specific prevalence of sexual and contraceptive behaviors among a comparably defined sample of US respondents ages 15–19 currently attending high school. We used logistic regression to test for changes in prevalence from 2007–2019 and conducted sensitivity analyses to investigate between-survey differences.ResultsWe found differences in both prevalence and trends between the YRBS and NSFG when limited to a comparably defined sample. Compared to the NSFG, adolescents in the YRBS were more likely to report being sexually experienced, less likely to report use of prescription methods for both sexes, and less likely to report condoms among males. Only the YRBS estimated significant declines in sexual experience for both sexes, and significant increases in prescription methods and declines in condom use among males. Differences between surveys in the prevalence of specific contraceptive methods reflected greater combined use of methods in the NSFG. We identified differences in question-wording and other aspects that may influence these differential patterns.ConclusionsThe NSFG and YRBS produced inconsistent prevalence estimates and trends for sexual and contraceptive behaviors among in-school adolescents. Further efforts to improve these national surveillance systems are critical to inform policy and research efforts that support adolescent sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing.
HIV-related stigma and uptake of antiretroviral treatment among incarcerated individuals living with HIV/AIDS in South African correctional settings: A mixed methods analysis
Authors: Chimoyi Lucy , Hoffmann Christopher J. , Hausler Harry , Ndini Pretty , Rabothata Israel , Daniels-Felix Danielle , Olivier Abraham J. , Fielding Katherine , Charalambous Salome , Chetty-Makkan Candice M. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Stigma affects engagement with HIV healthcare services. We investigated the prevalence and experience of stigma among incarcerated people living with HIV (PLHIV) in selected South African correctional settings during roll-out of universal test and treat.

Methods
A cross-sectional mixed-methods study design included 219 incarcerated PLHIV and 30 in-depth interviews were conducted with four different types of PLHIV. HIV-related stigma was assessed through survey self-reporting and during the interviews. A descriptive analysis of HIV-related stigma was presented, supplemented with a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts.

Results
ART uptake was high (n = 198, 90.4%) and most reported HIV-related stigma (n = 192, 87.7%). The intersectional stigma occurring due to individual and structural stigma around provision of healthcare in these settings mostly contributed to perceived stigma through involuntary disclosure of HIV status. Interpersonal and intrapersonal factors led to negative coping behaviours. However, positive self-coping strategies and relationships with staff encouraged sustained engagement in care.

Conclusion
We encourage continuous peer support to reduce stigmatization of those infected with HIV and whose status may be disclosed inadvertently in the universal test and treat era.
Assessing national cervical cancer screening guidelines: Results from an HIV testing clinic also screening for cervical cancer and HPV in Soweto, South Africa
Authors: Hopkins Kathryn L. , Jaffer Maya , Hlongwane Khuthadzo E. , Otwombe Kennedy , Dietrich Janan , Cheyip Mireille , Olivier Jacobus , Doherty Tanya , Gray Glenda E. 
Published: July 2021

Objective
A screening centre in Soweto, South Africa (SA), investigated high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), HIV, cervical cancer risk amongst women.

Methods
This cross-sectional study (June 2018-March 2019) describes screening results (Roche Linear Array HPV test and Pap smear liquid based cytology) and history of screening (known HIV status, antiretroviral therapy [ART] use, previous Pap smears). Data were stratified by age group (18–29, 30+ years), HIV status, Pap smear results and tested for statistical significance.

Results
Of 280 women, 20.4% were HIV-positive, 18.2% had abnormal Pap smears, 41.8% had HR-HPV. Of older women, 48.2% (n = 78/162) had never had a Pap smear. Of younger women, 89.0% (n = 105/118) never had a Pap smear, but had significantly more low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and other HR-HPV infection than older women (12.7%[n = 15/118] vs 4.9%[n = 8/162], p = 0.0193; and 49.2%[n = 58/118] vs 29.0%[n = 47/162], p = 0.0006; respectively). HIV-positive women had more abnormal cytology results and infection with other HR-HPV types or co-infection with other HR-HPV type(s)/HPV-16 compared to HIV-negative women (35.1%[n = 20/57] vs 13.9%[n = 31/223], p = 0.0002; 56.1%[n = 32/57] vs 32.7%[n = 73/223], p = 0.001; and 12.3%[n = 7/57] vs 4.9%[n = 11/223], p = 0.044; respectively). Of 57 HIV-positive women, 45.6% (n = 26) already knew their HIV status; of which 69.2% were on ART and 34.6% never had a Pap smear.

Conclusion
South African women have high rates of HIV, Pap smear abnormalities and HR-HPV, with low cervical cancer screening coverage. SA cervical cancer screening policy excludes (undiagnosed) HIV-positive and HIV-negative women <30 years, both populations found to have high prevalence of HR-HPV. HPV-based primary screening from 25 years could improve outcomes.
Circulating levels of cell adhesion molecules and risk of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Peres Bernardo U. , Hirsch Allen A. J. , Daniele Patrick , Humphries Karin H. , Taylor Carolyn , Laher Ismail , Almeida Fernanda , Jen Rachel , Sandford Andrew J. , van Eeden Stephan F. , Ayas Najib T. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are increased in OSA and CAM are also implicated in the development of CVD.

Research question
Do CAM (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) have prognostic value in identifying risk of cardiovascular events in OSA?

Study design and methods
Patients with suspected OSA referred for a polysomnogram provided a fasting blood sample. Plasma levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin were determined by multiplex Luminex Assay (Milliporesigma ON, Canada). Cardiovascular events were determined by deterministic linkage to provincial health databases.

Results
418 patients were included in the analysis. Mostly male (68.2%), mean age of 50.7 yrs, median AHI 16.5 events/hour, and mean BMI of 31.7 kg/m2. 36 cardiovascular events occurred in 8-yrs of follow up. Higher levels of ICAM-1 were associated with developing CVD (HR = 3.65 95% CI 1.40–9.53, 2nd and 3rd tertiles vs. 1st tertile), including in patients with OSA (HR = 3.1 95% CI 1.16–8.25). E-selectin was significantly associated with cardiovascular events in patients with moderate to severe OSA (HR = 3.31 95% CI 0.94–11.72, 2nd and 3rd tertiles vs. 1st tertile) but not in patients without moderate to severe OSA (HR = 0.67 95% CI 0.19–2.38), p-value for interaction = 0.07.

Interpretation
In a suspected OSA cohort, patients with higher levels of ICAM-1 (>816 ng/ml) were significantly more likely to experience a cardiovascular event within 8 years after PSG. In moderate to severe OSA patients, a higher E-selectin (>36.4 ng/ml) was significantly associated with cardiovascular events.