bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freedom, diversity and the taste for revolt
Authors: Maimone Ansaldo Patti Dario , Marino Alba , Navarra Pietro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDo freedom and social diversity affect individual preferences for revolutionary action? In this paper, we study the interplay between subjective freedom, defined as autonomy in decision‐making, and social diversity, measured through the extent of religious and/or ethno–linguistic fractionalization. Our paper is based on three hypotheses about the impact of the above two variables and their interaction on individual preferences for revolt. Our hypotheses are tested using a dataset containing information on about 44,000 individuals and covering 51 different countries during the 1990–2003 period. Our research suggests that people that define themselves as free individuals are less likely to support revolutionary actions, while the extent of fractionalization mildly affects such a probability. Interestingly, subjective freedom moderates the impact of diversity on the individual preferences for revolt if the extent of fractionalization is below a certain threshold. Instead, when above, subjective freedom enhances the impact of diversity on the taste for revolt.
The Role of Language Teacher Metacognition and Executive Function in Exemplary Classroom Practice
Authors: HIVER PHIL , SOLARTE ANA C. SÁNCHEZ , WHITESIDE ZACH , KIM CLAUDIA J. , WHITEHEAD GEORGE E. K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMetacognition is a topic of increasing interest in the field of instruction and learning, but its relation to actual teaching behaviors is seldom investigated in second language (L2) classroom research. The purpose of this study was to examine whether and how language teacher metacognition and executive function are linked to high‐leverage teaching practice. We recruited foreign and second language teachers (N = 937), including bilingual/ESL teachers, from public schools across the southern United States. We obtained a direct measure of teachers’ executive function and an indirect measure of metacognitive capacity. Using the Tripod (7Cs) framework, we also assessed specific aspects of high‐leverage teaching practice under 3 broad conceptual areas: personal support, curricular support, and academic press. We examined the mediating role of teacher metacognitive capacity between executive function and exemplary classroom practice, and tested an alternative model. Analyses returned stronger support for our hypothesized model over the alternative, indicating that teacher metacognition—teachers’ adaptive capacity to monitor, interpret, evaluate, and intervene on L2 classroom events—constitutes an important mediating condition for building classroom environments that are engaging, demanding, and supportive of learners’ L2 development.
Measuring early childhood development: considerations and evidence regarding the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments
Authors: McCoy Dana Charles , Seiden Jonathan , Waldman Marcus , Fink Günther 
Published: April 2021

AbstractReflecting a burgeoning political interest in supporting young children around the world, global demand for reliable, valid, and scalable assessments of early childhood development (ECD) is on the rise. One of the more popular sets of tools for measuring the ECD of children under age 3 is the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments (CREDI), which includes both a long form for research and evaluation and a short form for population‐level monitoring. In this commentary, we describe the goals and limitations of the CREDI, research to support its use as a population‐level ECD instrument, as well as the major gaps in its evidence base. We also discuss how the work of Alderman and colleagues (in this issue) addresses some of these outstanding gaps, highlighting several critical areas for future research.
Erionite asbestiform fibres and health risk in Aotearoa/New Zealand: A research note
Authors: Patel Janki Prakash , Brook Martin S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractErionite is a naturally‐occurring fibrous zeolite mineral present in some rocks and soils. It is usually found in volcanic ash altered by weathering and groundwater, and recrystallised as zeolite. It is an “asbestiform” because it forms mineral fibres, and like asbestos, if inhaled, can lead to diseases like malignant mesothelioma (MM). Nevertheless, erionite is generally acknowledged as being more carcinogenic than asbestos minerals. Aotearoa/New Zealand has one of the highest MM rates in the western world. We describe preliminary results from erionite in Auckland, provide observations about asbestiform fibres and disease in the Aotearoa‐Pacific Island region, and briefly outline avenues for research.
Clinical guidelines for the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Ito Miharu , Terui Keita , Nagata Kouji , Yamoto Masaya , Shiraishi Masayuki , Okuyama Hiroomi , Yoshida Hideo , Urushihara Naoto , Toyoshima Katsuaki , Hayakawa Masahiro , Taguchi Tomoaki , Usui Noriaki ,   Japanese Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group
Published: April 2021

AbstractCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect of the diaphragm in which abdominal organs herniate through the defect into the thoracic cavity. The main pathophysiology is respiratory distress and persistent pulmonary hypertension because of pulmonary hypoplasia caused by compression of the elevated organs. Recent progress in prenatal diagnosis and postnatal care has led to an increase in the survival rate of patients with CDH. However, some survivors experience mid‐ and long‐term disabilities and complications requiring treatment and follow‐up. In recent years, the establishment of clinical practice guidelines has been promoted in various medical fields to offer optimal medical care, with the goal of improvement of the disease’ outcomes, thereby reducing medical costs, etc. Thus, to provide adequate medical care through standardization of treatment and elimination of disparities in clinical management, and to improve the survival rate and mid‐ and long‐term prognosis of patients with CDH, we present here the clinical practice guidelines for postnatal management of CDH. These are based on the principles of evidence‐based medicine using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The recommendations are based on evidence and were determined after considering the balance among benefits and harm, patient and society preferences, and medical resources available for postnatal CDH treatment.
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for monitoring actinic keratosis treated with 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy
Authors: Tan Lina , Zhang Yuezhong , Huang Jian , Tang Zhen , Tong Xiaoliang , Gao Lihua , Zeng Jinrong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundActinic keratosis (AK) occurs frequently in sun‐exposed skin while its diagnosis and treatment were still in exploration.Materials and methodsThirty two patients with facial AK lesions were selected and examined with reflective confocal microscopy (RCM) firstly, followed by biopsy at the same site. RCM was used to observe AK lesions before 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) treatment, after the first treatment, after 4 treatments, and at 1 and 6 months follow‐up. Retrospective analysis of RCM images was performed.ResultsThirty two AK cases showed initial RCM microscopic features including disorderly arranged epidermal cells (100%), atypical keratinocytes (100%), and blurry border between the epidermis and dermis (100%). 4 patients quitted trail. After treatments, 24 cases showed basically regular arrangement of epidermal cells, absent atypical keratinocytes, and clear border between epidermis and dermis, while 4 cases improved little. At 1 and 6 months follow‐up, 23 cases remained relapse‐free while 1 case developed recurrent symptoms. Effective rate of 4 ALA‐PDT treatments for AK was 100%; recurrence and cure rates were 4.2% and 82.1%, respectively.ConclusionALA‐PDT is effective to treat AK, while RCM can be recommended for in vivo evaluating and monitoring the effect of ALA‐PDT on AK.
Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing: Leveraging Crowdsourced Design Repositories
Authors: Hwang Dongwook , Blake Perez K. , Anderson David , Jensen Daniel , Camburn Bradley , Wood Kristin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Industry 4.0, as the fourth industrial revolution, represents significant challenges and numerous innovation opportunities for future product realization. A critical area of Industry 4.0 is the advancement of new design theories, design methods, and design principles to drive and enable the revolution with designers, engineers, teams, and organizations. This paper focuses on the advancement of a design theory and design principles for a growing manufacturing capability for Industry 4.0: additive manufacturing (AM). With high degrees of freedom, the field and use of AM requires design guidance and highly practical knowledge for supporting ideation processes, enabling understanding of capabilities, and creating a basis to innovative with the technology. Some design principles for AM exist in the literature; however, designers seek more fundamental and practical design guidelines for successfully creating and building their customized design artefacts, especially as Industry 4.0 moves forward. In this study, a crowdsourced repository for additively manufacturable components is used as the source of design data, within an empirical study, to extract practical design principles for AM. A total of 23 crowdsourced design principles for AM are extracted and clustered according to level specificity: (i) design for manufacturing, (ii) design for digital manufacturing, (iii) design for AM, and (iv) design for fused deposition modeling. These 23 AM design principles, as a foundation for AM design and Industry 4.0, are provided in a common framework; expressed for ready use by designers, developers, and researchers; and illustrated through some contemporary designs.
Influence of Varying the Stage Aspect Ratio on the Performance of Multi-Stage Savonius Wind Rotors
Authors: Saad Ahmed S. , Ookawara Shinichi , Ahmed Mahmoud 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although using a multi-stage rotor of Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine enhances the self-starting ability, it reduces the power coefficient. To improve power coefficient, the influence of varying the stage aspect ratio is investigated. Therefore, two-, three-, and four-stage Savonius rotors at stage aspect ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 with increments of 0.25 are considered. To determine performance parameters such as coefficients of torque, power, and thrust, a comprehensive three-dimensional unsteady incompressible turbulent flow model using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations along with a k–ω shear stress transport turbulence model is developed. The developed numerical model is validated utilizing the available experimental results. Moreover, a novel assessment technique relying on flow field characteristics such as pressure distribution in conjunction with streamlines around the proposed multi-stage Savonius rotor with various stage aspect ratios is carried out. The contribution of each stage on the performance of the whole rotor is computed and presented. The findings of the current study illustrate that utilizing a multi-stage rotor with stage aspect ratio equal to or greater than 1.0 significantly enhances the output power. By rising the stage aspect ratio within the range of 0.5–1.5, the peak coefficient of power boosts from 0.163 to 0.213 for a two-stage rotor and from 0.183 to 0.23 for a four-stage rotor. In addition, three-stage rotors with stage aspect ratio ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 show increased average static coefficient of torque from 0.196 to 0.272 with positive values at whole rotation angles. This improves the self-starting abilities of the multi-stage rotor and makes it suitable in areas where the wind is intermittent and very low. Furthermore, raising the stage aspect ratio from 0.5 to 1.5 significantly mitigates the oscillations of both torque and thrust coefficients throughout the entire cycle for all multi-stages. This lowers the mechanical vibrations and noise emission during operation conditions. Accordingly, multi-stage Savonius rotors with stage aspect ratio equal to or greater than 1.0 are highly recommended for practical applications.
Experimental Investigation on Friction and Wear Performance of C/C Composite Finger Seal
Authors: Yan-chao Zhang , Rui-min Zhou , Ming-hu Yin , Yong-tao Zhang , Hai-tao Hu , Ya-hui Cui 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to find a good friction pair for the finger seal, the pin-on-disc friction tests matching the actual working conditions of finger seal are designed based on the performance simulation of finger seal and the similarity principle of PV value, in which the friction characteristics between pins with two different materials (C/C composite or cobalt-base alloy GH605) and discs with two different coatings (Cr3C2 or Al2O3) are tested and analyzed respectively; the test results show that the wear loss of all the friction pairs increases with the load increasing, but the friction coefficient of the C/C composite pin (no matter contacting with Cr3C2 or Al2O3 coating) is much less than that of GH605 pin; in the four kinds of friction pairs, the C/C–Cr3C2 pair has the greatest friction characteristics and least wear loss. Then, to verify the application feasibility of C/C composite in the finger seal further, the bench-scale performance test of the finger seal with C/C–Cr3C2 pair (the finger seal is made of C/C composite, and the rotor surface is coated with Cr3C2) is carried out with a self-developed testing rig; according to the leakage and wear results before and after the durability test lasted for 60 h, there is little distinct trace of destruction on the friction surfaces of finger seal with C/C–Cr3C2 pair after the durability test, which is in good agreement with the result of pin-on-disc friction test; besides, after the durability test, the static leakage of finger seal with C/C–Cr3C2 pair becomes lower than that before and is lower than that of finger seal made of GH605. The test results in this paper indicates that the C/C–Cr3C2 pair has nice friction characteristics and can be a good choice for the friction pair of the finger seal.
The Acute Physiological and Perceptual Effects of Individualizing the Recovery Interval Duration Based Upon the Resolution of Muscle Oxygen Consumption During Cycling Exercise
Authors: Fennell Christopher R.J. , Hopker James G. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose: There has been paucity in research investigating the individualization of recovery interval duration during cycling-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The main aim of the study was to investigate whether individualizing the duration of the recovery interval based upon the resolution of muscle oxygen consumption would improve the performance during work intervals and the acute physiological response of the HIIT session, when compared with a standardized (2:1 work recovery ratio) approach. Methods: A total of 16 well-trained cyclists (maximal oxygen consumption: 60 [7] mL·kg−1·min−1) completed 6 laboratory visits: (Visit 1) incremental exercise test, (Visit 2) determination of the individualized (IND) recovery duration, using the individuals’ muscle oxygen consumption recovery duration to baseline from a 4- and 8-minute work interval, (Visits 3–6) participants completed a 6 × 4- and a 3 × 8-minute HIIT session twice, using the IND and standardized recovery intervals. Results: Recovery duration had no effect on the percentage of the work intervals spent at >90% and >95% of maximal oxygen consumption, maximal minute power output, and maximal heart rate, during the 6 × 4- and 3 × 8-minute HIIT sessions. Recovery duration had no effect on mean work interval power output, heart rate, oxygen consumption, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion. There were no differences in reported session RPE between recovery durations for the 6 × 4- and 3 × 8-minute HIIT sessions. Conclusion: Individualizing HIIT recovery duration based upon the resolution of muscle oxygen consumption to baseline levels does not improve the performance of the work intervals or the acute physiological response of the HIIT session, when compared with standardized recovery duration.
Exercise as a Mitigator of Poor Mental Health Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults
Authors: Pharr Jennifer R. , Flatt Jason D. , Chien Lung-Chang , Kachen Axenya , Olakunde Babayemi O. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: There is a positive association between exercise and improved mental health in the general population. Although there is a greater burden of psychological distress among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people, little is known about the association between exercise and mental health in this population. The authors explored the association between exercise and poor mental health reported by LGB adults in the United States. Methods: Our analyses used data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association between exercising and mental health days adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Data were available for 6371 LGB participants. LGB adults who participated in any exercise reported almost 1.0 day less of poor mental health in the past 30 days compared with LGB adults who did not exercise (P ≤ .01). LGB adults who met one or both of the physical activity guidelines had between 1.2 and 1.7 days less of poor mental health compared with those who did not meet the guidelines (P ≤ .01). Conclusion: Fewer days of poor mental health were reported by LGB adults who exercised. Determining whether physical activity interventions, including aerobic and strengthening exercises, could improve mental health outcomes in LGB adults should be studied.
Regular Voluntary Running Inhibits Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Growth in Mice
Authors: Esteves Mário , Silva Carina , Pereira Sofia S. , Morais Tiago , Moreira Ângela , Costa Madalena M. , Monteiro Mariana P. , Duarte José A. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Benefits of regular physical exercise were demonstrated as preventive and coadjuvant nonpharmacological anticancer therapy. However, the role of exercise in modulating prostate cancer behavior has yet to be established. Methods: Prostate tumors were induced in C57BL/6 male mice (n = 28) by subcutaneous inoculation of a suspension of murine androgen-independent RM1 cells (1.5 × 105 cells/500 μL phosphate-buffered saline) in the dorsal region. Mice were randomly allocated into 2 study groups: sedentary tumor-induced (n = 14) and exercised tumor-induced (n = 14). Exercise consisted of voluntary running in wheeled cages. Mice (n = 7 per group) were sacrificed either 14 or 28 days after cell inoculation to evaluate tumor weight and percentage of area occupied by immunohistochemistry stained cells for Ki-67 and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling, used as surrogate markers of cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Results: Compared with sedentary tumor-induced mice, the tumors developed by exercised tumor-induced mice were significantly smaller at 14 days (0.17 [0.12] g vs 0.48 [0.24] g, P < .05) and at 28 days (0.92 [0.73] g vs 2.09 [1.31] g, P < .05), with smaller Ki-67 and greater TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling stained areas (P < .05). Conclusion: These results suggest that regular voluntary running inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by reducing cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis.
Effectiveness of treatments for acute and subacute mechanical non-specific low back pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis
Authors: Gianola Silvia , Bargeri Silvia , Del Castillo Gabriele , Corbetta Davide , Turolla Andrea , Andreano Anita , Moja Lorenzo , Castellini Greta 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of interventions for acute and subacute non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP) based on pain and disability outcomes.DesignA systematic review of the literature with network meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, Embase and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception until 17 October 2020.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomised clinical trials (RCTs) involving adults with NS-LBP who experienced pain for less than 6 weeks (acute) or between 6 and 12 weeks (subacute).ResultsForty-six RCTs (n=8765) were included; risk of bias was low in 9 trials (19.6%), unclear in 20 (43.5%), and high in 17 (36.9%). At immediate-term follow-up, for pain decrease, the most efficacious treatments against an inert therapy were: exercise (standardised mean difference (SMD) −1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) −2.41 to –0.40), heat wrap (SMD −1.38; 95% CI −2.60 to –0.17), opioids (SMD −0.86; 95% CI −1.62 to –0.10), manual therapy (SMD −0.72; 95% CI −1.40 to –0.04) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (SMD −0.53; 95% CI −0.97 to –0.09). Similar findings were confirmed for disability reduction in non-pharmacological and pharmacological networks, including muscle relaxants (SMD -0.24; 95% CI -0.43 to -0.04). Mild or moderate adverse events were reported in the opioids (65.7%), NSAIDs (54.3%) and steroids (46.9%) trial arms.ConclusionWith uncertainty of evidence, NS-LBP should be managed with non-pharmacological treatments which seem to mitigate pain and disability at immediate-term. Among pharmacological interventions, NSAIDs and muscle relaxants appear to offer the best harm–benefit balance.
Infrastructure and operating processes of PIONEER, the HDR-UK Data Hub in Acute Care and the workings of the Data Trust Committee: a protocol paper
Authors: Gallier Suzy , Price Gary , Pandya Hina , McCarmack Gillian , James Chris , Ruane Bob , Forty Laura , Crosby Benjamin L , Atkin Catherine , Evans Ralph , Dunn Kevin W , Marston Eliot , Crawford Clark , Levermore Martin , Modhwadia Shekha , Attwood John , Perks Stephen , Doal Rima , Gkoutos Georgios , Dormer Richard , Rosser Andy , Fanning Hilary , Sapey Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionHealth Data Research UK designated seven UK-based Hubs to facilitate health data use for research. PIONEER is the Hub in Acute Care. PIONEER delivered workshops where patients/public citizens agreed key principles to guide access to unconsented, anonymised, routinely collected health data. These were used to inform the protocol.MethodsThis paper describes the PIONEER infrastructure and data access processes. PIONEER is a research database and analytical environment that links routinely collected health data across community, ambulance and hospital healthcare providers. PIONEER aims ultimately to improve patient health and care, by making health data discoverable and accessible for research by National Health Service, academic and commercial organisations. The PIONEER protocol incorporates principles identified in the public/patient workshops. This includes all data access requests being reviewed by the Data Trust Committee, a group of public citizens who advise on whether requests should be supported prior to licensed access.Ethics and disseminationEast Midlands–Derby REC (20/EM/0158): Confidentiality Advisory Group (20/CAG/0084). www.PIONEERdatahub.co.uk