bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Walter Lippmann, emotion, and the history of international theory
Authors: Van Rythoven Eric 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe recent ‘emotion turn’ in international theory is widely viewed as a cutting-edge development which pushes the field in fundamentally new directions. Challenging this narrative, this essay returns to the historical works of Walter Lippmann to show how thinking about emotions has been central to international theory for far longer than currently appreciated. Deeply troubled by his experience with propaganda during the First World War, Lippmann spent the next several decades thinking about the relationship between emotion, mass politics, and the challenges of foreign policy in the modern world. The result was a sophisticated account of the role of emotional stereotypes and symbols in mobilizing democratic publics to international action. I argue that a return to Lippmann's ideas offers two advantages. First, it shows his thinking on emotion and mass politics formed an important influence for key disciplinary figures like Angell, Morgenthau, Niebuhr, and Waltz. Second, it shows why the relationship between emotion and democracy should be understood as a vital concern for international theory. Vacillating between scepticism and hope, Lippmann's view of democracy highlights a series of challenges in modern mass politics – disinformation, the unintended consequences of emotional symbols, and responsibility for the public's emotional excesses – which bear directly on democracies' ability to engage the world.
Conceptualizing interstate cooperation
Authors: Graefrath Moritz S. , Jahn Marcel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere seems to exist a general consensus on how to conceptualize cooperation in the field of international relations (IR). We argue that this impression is deceptive. In practice, scholars working on the causes of international cooperation have come to implicitly employ various understandings of what cooperation is. Yet, an explicit debate about the discipline's conceptual foundations never materialized, and whatever discussion occurred did so only latently and without much dialog across theoretical traditions. In this paper, we develop an updated conceptual framework by exploring the nature of these differing understandings and situating them within broader theoretical conversations about the role of cooperation in IR. Drawing on an array of studies in IR and philosophy, our framework distinguishes between three distinct types of cooperative state interactions – cooperation through tacit policy coordination (‘minimal’ cooperation), cooperation through explicit policy coordination (‘thin’ cooperation), and cooperation based on joint action (‘thick’ cooperation). The framework contributes to better theorization about cooperation in two main ways: it allows scholars across theoretical traditions to identify important sources of disagreement and previously unnoticed theoretical common ground; and the conceptual disaggregation it provides grants scholars crucial theoretical leverage by enabling type-specific causal theorization.
FlocARAZI: An In‐Situ, Image‐Based Profiling Instrument for Sizing Solid and Flocculated Suspended Sediment
Authors: Osborn Ryan , Dillon Brandon , Tran Duc , Abolfazli Ehsan , Dunne Kieran B. J. , Nittrouer Jeffrey A. , Strom Kyle 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn inexpensive and compact underwater digital camera imaging system was developed to collect in situ high resolution images of flocculated suspended sediment at depths of up to 60 meters. The camera has a field of view of 3.7 × 2.8 mm and can resolve particles down to 5 . Depending on the degree of flocculation, the system is capable of accurately sizing particles to concentrations up to 500 mg/L. The system is fast enough to allow for profiling whereby size distributions of suspended particles and flocs can be provided at multiple verticals within the water column over a relatively short amount of time (approximately 15 min for a profile of 15 m). Using output from image processing routines, methods are introduced to estimate the mass suspended sediment concentration (SSC) from the images and to separate identified particles into sand and mud floc populations. The combination of these two methods allows for the size and concentration estimates of each fraction independently. The camera and image analysis methods are used in both the laboratory and the Mississippi River for development and testing. Output from both settings are presented in this study.
Leprosy in wild chimpanzees
Authors: Hockings Kimberley J. , Mubemba Benjamin , Avanzi Charlotte , Pleh Kamilla , Düx Ariane , Bersacola Elena , Bessa Joana , Ramon Marina , Metzger Sonja , Patrono Livia V. , Jaffe Jenny E. , Benjak Andrej , Bonneaud Camille , Busso Philippe , Couacy-Hymann Emmanuel , Gado Moussa , Gagneux Sebastien , Johnson Roch C. , Kodio Mamoudou , Lynton-Jenkins Joshua , Morozova Irina , Mätz-Rensing Kerstin , Regalla Aissa , Said Abílio R. , Schuenemann Verena J. , Sow Samba O. , Spencer John S. , Ulrich Markus , Zoubi Hyacinthe , Cole Stewart T. , Wittig Roman M. , Calvignac-Spencer Sebastien , Leendertz Fabian H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHumans are considered as the main host forMycobacterium leprae1, the aetiological agent of leprosy, but spillover has occurred to other mammals that are now maintenance hosts, such as nine-banded armadillos and red squirrels2,3. Although naturally acquired leprosy has also been described in captive nonhuman primates4–7, the exact origins of infection remain unclear. Here we describe leprosy-like lesions in two wild populations of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau and Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. Longitudinal monitoring of both populations revealed the progression of disease symptoms compatible with advanced leprosy. Screening of faecal and necropsy samples confirmed the presence ofM. lepraeas the causative agent at each site and phylogenomic comparisons with other strains from humans and other animals show that the chimpanzee strains belong to different and rare genotypes (4N/O and 2F). These findings suggest thatM. lepraemay be circulating in more wild animals than suspected, either as a result of exposure to humans or other unknown environmental sources.
Cross-modal semantic autoencoder with embedding consensus
Authors: Sun Shengzi , Guo Binghui , Mi Zhilong , Zheng Zhiming 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCross-modal retrieval has become a topic of popularity, since multi-data is heterogeneous and the similarities between different forms of information are worthy of attention. Traditional single-modal methods reconstruct the original information and lack of considering the semantic similarity between different data. In this work, a cross-modal semantic autoencoder with embedding consensus (CSAEC) is proposed, mapping the original data to a low-dimensional shared space to retain semantic information. Considering the similarity between the modalities, an automatic encoder is utilized to associate the feature projection to the semantic code vector. In addition, regularization and sparse constraints are applied to low-dimensional matrices to balance reconstruction errors. The high dimensional data is transformed into semantic code vector. Different models are constrained by parameters to achieve denoising. The experiments on four multi-modal data sets show that the query results are improved and effective cross-modal retrieval is achieved. Further, CSAEC can also be applied to fields related to computer and network such as deep and subspace learning. The model breaks through the obstacles in traditional methods, using deep learning methods innovatively to convert multi-modal data into abstract expression, which can get better accuracy and achieve better results in recognition.
Association between the use of allopurinol and risk of increased thyroid-stimulating hormone level
Authors: Choi Wona , Yang Yoon-Sik , Chang Dong-Jin , Chung Yeon Woong , Kim HyungMin , Ko Soo Jeong , Yoo Sooyoung , Oh Ji Seon , Kang Dong Yoon , Yang Hyeon-Jong , Choi In Young 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAllopurinol is the first-line agent for patients with gout, including those with moderate‐to‐severe chronic kidney disease. However, increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are observed in patients with long-term allopurinol treatment. This large-scale, nested case–control, retrospective observational study analysed the association between allopurinol use and increased TSH levels. A common data model based on an electronic medical record database of 19,200,973 patients from seven hospitals between January 1997 and September 2020 was used. Individuals aged > 19 years in South Korea with at least one record of a blood TSH test were included. Data of 59,307 cases with TSH levels > 4.5 mIU/L and 236,508 controls matched for sex, age (± 5), and cohort registration date (± 30 days) were analysed. An association between the risk of increased TSH and allopurinol use in participants from five hospitals was observed. A meta-analysis (I2 = 0) showed that the OR was 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.32–1.72) in both the fixed and random effects models. The allopurinol intake group demonstrated that increased TSH did not significantly affect free thyroxine and thyroxine levels. After the index date, some diseases were likely to occur in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism. Allopurinol administration may induce subclinical hypothyroidism.
Intrinsic motivation for singing in songbirds is enhanced by temporary singing suppression and regulated by dopamine
Authors: Kim Yunbok , Kwon Sojeong , Rajan Raghav , Mori Chihiro , Kojima Satoshi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBehaviors driven by intrinsic motivation are critical for development and optimization of physical and brain functions, but their underlying mechanisms are not well studied due to the complexity and autonomy of the behavior. Songbirds, such as zebra finches, offer a unique opportunity to study neural substrates of intrinsic motivation because they spontaneously produce many renditions of songs with highly-quantifiable structure for vocal practice, even in the absence of apparent recipients (“undirected singing”). Neural substrates underlying intrinsic motivation for undirected singing are still poorly understood partly because singing motivation cannot be easily manipulated due to its autonomy. Also, undirected singing itself acts as an internal reward, which could increase singing motivation, leading to difficulty in measuring singing motivation independent of singing-associated reward. Here, we report a simple procedure to easily manipulate and quantify intrinsic motivation for undirected singing independent of singing-associated reward. We demonstrate that intrinsic motivation for undirected singing is dramatically enhanced by temporary suppression of singing behavior and the degree of enhancement depends on the duration of suppression. Moreover, by examining latencies to the first song following singing suppression as a measure of singing motivation independent of singing-associated reward, we demonstrate that intrinsic singing motivation is critically regulated by dopamine through D2 receptors. These results provide a simple experimental tool to manipulate and measure the intrinsic motivation for undirected singing and illustrate the importance of zebra finches as a model system to study the neural basis of intrinsically-motivated behaviors.
Localizing sensory processing sensitivity and its subdomains within its relevant trait space: a data-driven approach
Authors: Attary Taraneh , Ghazizadeh Ali 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSensitivity arising from enhanced processing of external and internal stimuli or sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is known to be present in a sizable portion of the population. Yet a clear localization of SPS and its subdomains with respect to other relevant traits is currently lacking. Here, we used a data-driven approach including hierarchical clustering, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and graph learning to portrait SPS as measured by Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) in relation to the Big-Five Inventory (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) as well as to shyness, alexithymia, autism quotient, anxiety, and depression (11 total traits) using data from more than 800 participants. Analysis revealed SPS subdomains to be divided between two trait clusters with questions related to aesthetic sensitivity (AES) falling within a cluster of mainly positive traits and neighbored by openness while questions addressing ease of excitation (EOE) and low sensory threshold (LST) to be mostly contained within a cluster of negative traits and neighbored by neuroticism. A similar spread across clusters was seen for questions addressing autism consistent with it being a spectrum disorder, in contrast, alexithymia subdomains were closely fit within the negative cluster. Together, our results support the view of SPS as a distinct yet non-unitary trait and provide insights for further refinements of the current SPS concept and scales.
Lateral migration of large sedimentary bodies in a deep-marine system offshore of Argentina
Authors: Kirby Adam , Hernández-Molina Francisco Javier , Rodrigues Sara 
Published: October 2021

AbstractContourite features are increasingly identified in seismic data, but the mechanisms controlling their evolution remain poorly understood. Using 2D multichannel reflection seismic and well data, this study describes large Oligocene- to middle Miocene-aged sedimentary bodies that show prominent lateral migration along the base of the Argentine slope. These form part of a contourite depositional system with four morphological elements: a plastered drift, a contourite channel, an asymmetric mounded drift, and an erosive surface. The features appear within four seismic units (SU1–SU4) bounded by discontinuities. Their sedimentary stacking patterns indicate three evolutionary stages: an onset stage (I) (~ 34–25 Ma), a growth stage (II) (~ 25–14 Ma), and (III) a burial stage (< 14 Ma). The system reveals that lateral migration of large sedimentary bodies is not only confined to shallow or littoral marine environments and demonstrates how bottom currents and secondary oceanographic processes influence contourite morphologies. Two cores of a single water mass, in this case, the Antarctic Bottom Water and its upper interface, may drive upslope migration of asymmetric mounded drifts. Seismic images also show evidence of recirculating bottom currents which have modulated the system’s evolution. Elucidation of these novel processes will enhance basin analysis and palaeoceanographic reconstructions.
Evidences and drivers of ocean deoxygenation off Peru over recent past decades
Authors: Espinoza-Morriberón D. , Echevin V. , Gutiérrez D. , Tam J. , Graco M. , Ledesma J. , Colas F. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDeoxygenation is a major threat to the coastal ocean health as it impacts marine life and key biogeochemical cycles. Understanding its drivers is crucial in the thriving and highly exploited Peru upwelling system, where naturally low-oxygenated subsurface waters form the so-called oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), and a slight vertical shift in its upper limit may have a huge impact. Here we investigate the long-term deoxygenation trends in the upper part of the nearshore OMZ off Peru over the period 1970–2008. We use a unique set of dissolved oxygen in situ observations and several high-resolution regional dynamical-biogeochemical coupled model simulations. Both observation and model present a nearshore deoxygenation above 150 m depth, with a maximum trend of – 10 µmol kg−1 decade1, and a shoaling of the oxycline depth (− 6.4 m decade−1). Model sensitivity analysis shows that the modeled oxycline depth presents a non-significant (+ 0.9 m decade−1) trend when remote forcing is suppressed, while a significant oxycline shoaling (− 3 m decade−1) is obtained when the wind variability is suppressed. This indicates that the nearshore deoxygenation can be attributed to the slowdown of the near-equatorial eastward currents, which transport oxygen-rich waters towards the Peruvian shores. The large uncertainties in the estimation of this ventilation flux and the consequences for more recent and future deoxygenation trends are discussed.
Effects of Concurrent Training on 1RM and VO2 in Adults: Systematic
Review with Meta-analysis
Authors: Pito Pedro Gabriel , Cardoso Jefferson R. , Tufano James , Guariglia Débora 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of concurrent
training on one repetition maximum (1RM), maximum oxygen consumption
(VO2max), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in
healthy adults. The review followed PRISMA recommendations using randomized
controlled trials in nine databases. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion
criteria, totaling a sample of 796 subjects to perform the meta-analysis. As
result, concurrent training provides similar increases in 1RM as strength
training for upper limbs (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.12; 95%
IC: [−0.18; 0.41]; p=0.43) and for the lower limbs (SMD:
−0.32; 95% IC: [−0.79; 0.15]; p=0.19).
Similarly, no difference was found in the aerobic capacity between the
concurrent training vs. aerobic training groups ([SMD –
VO2max]: −0.19; 95% IC: [−0.71; 0.33];
p=0.48 and [SMD – VO2peak]: −0.24;
95% IC: [−0.57; 0.08]; p=0.14). Based on the
results found, we can affirm that a) similar to strength training, concurrent
training provides maximum strength development for upper and lower limbs; and b)
cardiorespiratory capacity is not impaired by concurrent training in relation to
aerobic training, demonstrating the compatibility of the two training
sessions.
Decreased Need for Anesthesia during Ultra-Fast Cranial MRI in Young Children: One-Year Summary
Authors: Sorge Ina , Hirsch Franz Wolfgang , Voit Dirk , Frahm Jens , Krause Matthias , Roth Christian , Zimmermann Peter , Gräfe Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Purpose Rapid volume coverage sequences based on real-time MRI allow for scanning of the entire brain within a few seconds. Movements of children become almost irrelevant due to the ultra-fast acquisition of 30 ms per slice. The adoption of these sequences in a real-time cranial MRI protocol (RT-cMRI) is expected to reduce the frequency of examinations requiring anesthesia in infants and toddlers. The aim of the study was to quantify the reduction in the number of anesthesia examinations in young children after the implementation of the new RT-cMRI protocol.
Materials and Methods All cMRI studies of children up to 6 years in the first 12 months after the establishment of the RT-cMRI 2019/2020 were retrospectively compared to a matched group of the same period in 2017/2018. The frequency of examinations under anesthesia vs. non-sedation examinations was analyzed. In addition, the number of follow-up examinations and the effectiveness of RT-cMRI was determined.
Results The launch of RT-cMRI led to a significant decrease in the proportion of cMRI under anesthesia from 92 % to 55 %. Only 2 % of the RT-cMRI failed and required conventional MRI under sedation in the follow-up. The speed and ease of use of RT-cMRI increased the number of follow-up examinations from 1.3 to 1.4 examinations per child.
Conclusion This innovative real-time MRI examination allows a drastic reduction in the number of studies under anesthesia for suitable cranial pathologies in children under 6 years. However, cautious selection of indications as well as adjustments to the workflow in the radiological department are required.
Key Points:
Citation Format
Activity of THC, CBD, and CBN on Human ACE2 and SARS-CoV1/2 Main Protease to Understand Antiviral Defense Mechanism
Authors: Pitakbut Thanet , Nguyen Gia-Nam , Kayser Oliver 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTHC, CBD, and CBN were reported as promising candidates against SARS-CoV2 infection, but the mechanism of action of these three cannabinoids is not understood. This study aims to determine the mechanism of action of THC, CBD, and CBN by selecting two essential targets that directly affect the coronavirus infections as viral main proteases and human angiotensin-converting enzyme2. Tested THC and CBD presented a dual-action action against both selected targets. Only CBD acted as a potent viral main protease inhibitor at the IC50 value of 1.86 ± 0.04 µM and exhibited only moderate activity against human angiotensin-converting enzyme2 at the IC50 value of 14.65 ± 0.47 µM. THC acted as a moderate inhibitor against both viral main protease and human angiotensin-converting enzymes2 at the IC50 value of 16.23 ± 1.71 µM and 11.47 ± 3.60 µM, respectively. Here, we discuss cannabinoid-associated antiviral activity mechanisms based on in
silico docking studies and in vitro receptor binding studies.
Berberin bei Atherosklerose – Verbesserung des Lipidprofils der Endothelfunktion
Authors: Bielenberg Jens 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungAtherosklerose ist eine multifaktorelle Gefäßerkrankung, verursacht durch Fettstoffwechselstörungen, chronische Entzündungsprozesse des Gefäßendothels, Plaquebildung mit Stenosen und thrombotischen Prozessen, induziert durch Plaquerupturen. In letzter Zeit verdichten sich mehr und mehr Erkenntnisse über die therapeutische Wirkung von Berberin bei Atherosklerose: Verbesserung der mitochondrialen Funktion, Verhinderung von Oxidationsprozessen im Gefäßendothel sowie entzündungshemmende Wirkungen. Darüber hinaus ergeben sich neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich antiatherogener Effekte durch eine Induktion der Autophagie und einer Reduktion des PCSK9-Spiegels. Der folgende Artikel stellt einen neuen Kandidaten für den Schutz vor Atherosklerose durch Verbesserung des Lipidprofils und der Endothelfunktion der Koronargefäße vor.
Fette runter mit Omega-3? – Der Einfluss von Omega-3-Fettsäuren auf den Lipidstoffwechsel
Authors: Schmiedel Volker 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungImmer wieder hört man, dass Omega-3-Fettsäuren die Blutfette senken. Doch was ist gesichert? Werden nur die Triglyzeride gesenkt oder auch das Cholesterin und hier besonders das als schädlich angesehene LDL? Haben alle Omega-3-Fettsäuren diese Effekte oder gibt es Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Omega-3-Fettsäuren? In diesem Artikel soll die wissenschaftliche Datenlage hierzu gesichtet werden.