bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between problematic internet use and behavioral/emotional problems among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of sleep disorders
Authors: Wang Wanxin , Du Xueying , Guo Yangfeng , Li Wenyan , Zhang Sheng , Guo Lan , Lu Ciyong 
Published: February 2021

Background
Studies that focus on the relationships of problematic Internet use (PIU), sleep disorders, and behavioral/emotional problems were limited. This study aimed to explore (1) the relationship between PIU and behavioral/emotional problems among Chinese adolescents and (2) whether sleep disorders mediate the relationship between PIU and behavioral/emotional problems.

Methods
A total of 1,976 adolescents were recruited by cluster sampling from ten secondary schools in Guangzhou between January and April 2019, and 1,956 of them provided valid information (response rate: 98.9% ). Among them, 50.8% were males and the mean age was 13.6±1.5 years, ranging from 11 to 18 years. Data on behavioral/emotional problems, sleep disorders, and PIU were collected using a self-reported questionnaire. Linear regression models and mediation analyses were performed.

Results
Of the participants, 14.5% (284/1,956) reported moderate to severe PIU, and their average score for total difficulties was significantly higher than the score for average users (14.9±5.5 Vs 9.8±4.7). After adjusting for controlled variables, PIU was further proven to be positively related to elevated levels of behavioral/emotional problems (unstandardized β = 0.16, p < 0.05). In addition, sleep disorders partially mediated the forgoing associations.

Conclusions
Adolescents with problematic Internet habits were at higher risk of developing behavioral and emotional problems than their normal-use peers, and sleep disorders partially mediated the effect. Close attention and effective guidance for adolescents with PIU and behavioral/emotional problems were recommended for parents and schools.
The click is not the trick: the efficacy of clickers and other reinforcement methods in training naïve dogs to perform new tasks
Authors: Gilchrist Rachel J. , Gunter Lisa M. , Anderson Samantha F. , Wynne Clive D.L. 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundA handheld metal noisemaker known as a “clicker” is widely used to train new behaviors in dogs; however, evidence for their superior efficacy compared to providing solely primary reinforcement or other secondary reinforcers in the acquisition of novel behavior in dogs is largely anecdotal.MethodsThree experiments were conducted to determine under what circumstances a clicker secondary reinforcer may result in acquisition of a novel behavior more rapidly or to a higher level compared to other readily available reinforcement methods. In Experiment 1, three groups of 30 dogs each were shaped to emit a novel sit and stay behavior of increasing duration with either the delivery of food alone, a verbal stimulus paired with food, or a clicker with food. The group that received only a primary reinforcer reached a significantly higher criterion of training success than the group trained with a verbal secondary reinforcer. Performance of the group experiencing a clicker as a secondary reinforcer was intermediate between the other two groups, but not significantly different from either. In Experiment 2, three groups of 25 dogs each were shaped to emit a nose targeting behavior and then perform that behavior at increasing distances from the experimenter using the same three methods of positive reinforcement as in Experiment 1. No statistically significant differences between the groups were found. In Experiment 3, three groups of 30 dogs each were shaped to emit a nose-targeting behavior upon an array of wooden blocks with task difficulty increasing throughout testing using the same three methods of positive reinforcement as previously tested. No statistically significant differences between the groups were found.ResultsOverall, the findings suggest that both primary reinforcement alone as well as a verbal or clicker secondary reinforcer can be used successfully in training a dog to perform a novel behavior, but that no positive reinforcement method demonstrated significantly greater efficacy than any other.
A multi‐institutional analysis of a general pelvis continuous Hounsfield unit synthetic CT software for radiotherapy
Authors: Yu Victoria Y. , Keyrilainen Jani , Suilamo Sami , Beslimane Ilyes , Dresner Alex , Halkola Aleksi , Van der Heide Uulke A. , Tyagi Neelam 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeTo validate a synthetic computed tomography (sCT) software with continuous HUs and large field‐of‐view (FOV) coverage for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐only workflow of general pelvis anatomy in radiotherapy (RT).MethodsAn sCT software for general pelvis anatomy (prostate, rectum, and female pelvis) has been developed by Philips Healthcare and includes continuous HUs assignment along with large FOV coverage. General pelvis sCTs were generated using a two‐stack T1‐weighted mDixon fast‐field echo (FFE) sequence with a superior‐inferior coverage of 36 cm. Seventy‐seven prostate, 43 rectum, and 27 gynecological cases were scanned by three different institutions. mDixon image quality and sCTs were evaluated for soft tissue contrast by using a confidence level scale from 1 to 5 for bladder, prostate/rectum interface, mesorectum, and fiducial maker visibility. Dosimetric comparison was performed by recalculating the RT plans on the sCT after rigid registration. For 12 randomly selected cases, the mean absolute error (MAE) between sCT and CT was calculated to evaluate HU similarity, and the Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) between the CT‐ and sCT‐generated digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) were obtained for quantitative comparison. To examine geometric accuracy of sCT as a reference for cone beam CT (CBCT), the difference between bone‐based alignment of CBCT to CT and CBCT to sCT was obtained for 19 online‐acquired CBCTs from three patients.ResultsTwo‐stack mDixon scans with large FOV did not show any image inhomogeneity or fat‐water swap artifact. Fiducials, Foley catheter, and even rectal spacer were visible as dark signal on the sCT. Average visibility confidence level (average ± standard deviation) on the sCT was 5.0 ± 0.0, 4.6 ± 0.5, 3.8 ± 0.4, and 4.0 ± 1.1 for bladder, prostate/rectum interface, mesorectum and fiducial markers. Dosimetric accuracy showed on average < 1% difference with the CT‐based plans for target and normal structures. The MAE of bone and soft tissue between the sCT and CT are 120.9 ± 15.4 HU, 33.4 ± 4.1 HU, respectively. Average PCC of all evaluated DRR pairs was 0.975. The average offset between CT and sCT as reference was (LR, AP, SI) = (0.19 ± 0.35, 0.14 ± 0.60, 0.44 ± 0.54) mm.ConclusionsThe continuous HU sCT software‐generated realistic sCTs and DRRs to enable MRI‐only planning for general pelvis anatomy.
KCNQ2‐DEE: developmental or epileptic encephalopathy?
Authors: Berg Anne T. , Mahida Sonal , Poduri Annapurna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveKCNQ2‐associated developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) present with seizures and developmental impairments. The relation between seizures and functional impairments in affected children and the relation of a specific genetic variant to seizure control remains unknown.MethodsParents of children with documented KCNQ2 variants who participated in a structured, online natural history survey provided information about seizure history, functional mobility, hand use, communication function, and feeding independence. Bivariate analyses were performed with nonparametric methods and logistic regression was used for multivariable analyses.ResultsThirty‐nine children (20, 51% girls, median age 4.5 years, interquartile range (IQR) 1.9—19.3) had a median age of seizure onset of 1 day (IQR 1—3 days). The most common seizure types were bilateral tonic‐clonic (N = 72, 28%) and bilateral tonic (N = 13, 33%). Time since last seizure was <6 months (N = 18, 46%), 6–23 months (N = 11, 28%), and ≥24 months (N = 10 26%). Severe functional impairment was reported for mobility (62%), hand grasp (31%), feeding (59%), and communication (77%). Twenty‐eight (72%) were impaired in ≥2 domains. There were only weak and inconsistent associations between seizure recency and individual impairments or number of impairments after adjustment for other factors. The functional location of the variants within the Kv7.2 protein was not associated with seizure control.InterpretationSeizures in KCNQ2‐DEE are often well‐controlled, but children have severe impairments regardless. With the increased potential for precision therapies targeting the Kv7.2 channel or the KCNQ2 gene itself, identifying the most relevant and sensitive clinical endpoints will be critical to ensure successful trials of new therapies.
Angiopoietin‐like protein 4 and clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients
Authors: Zheng Xiaowei , Shen Suwen , Wang Aili , Zhu Zhengbao , Peng Yanbo , Peng Hao , Zhong Chongke , Guo Daoxia , Xu Tan , Chen Jing , Ju Zhong , Geng Deqin , Zhang Yonghong , He Jiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsAngiopoietin‐like protein 4 (ANGPTL‐4) had been reported to be associated with the risk of ischemic stroke, but its prognostic value remained unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between plasma ANGPTL‐4 concentrations and prognosis of ischemic stroke.MethodsBaseline plasma ANGPTL‐4 concentrations were measured in 3379 acute ischemic stroke patients. The primary outcome was a combination of death or major disability (modified Rankin Scale score, ≥3) at 3 months after ischemic stroke.ResultsAt 3 months after ischemic stroke, 850 (26.16%) participants experienced major disability or died (750 major disabilities and 100 deaths). After adjusting for important covariates, odds ratios for the highest tertile of plasma ANGPTL‐4 concentrations were 1.59 (1.22–2.06) for primary outcome, 1.53 (1.18–1.97) for major disability, and 2.03 (1.03–4.00) for death when compared with the lowest tertile of plasma ANGPTL‐4 concentrations. For 1‐SD increase in log‐ANGPTL‐4 concentrations (0.44 ng/mL), the adjusted odds ratios were 1.24 (1.11–1.38), 1.14 (1.03–1.27), and 1.72 (1.32–2.23), respectively. Adding ANGPTL‐4 to a model containing conventional risk factors improved risk prediction for composite outcome of death and major disability.ConclusionHigher plasma ANGPTL‐4 concentration was associated with poor prognosis in acute ischemic stroke patients, suggesting that ANGPTL‐4 might be a prognostic marker for ischemic stroke.
Supramolecular Peptide Nanofibrils with Optimized Sequences and Molecular Structures for Efficient Retroviral Transduction
Authors: Sieste Stefanie , Mack Thomas , Lump Edina , Hayn Manuel , Schütz Desiree , Röcker Annika , Meier Christoph , Kaygisiz Kübra , Kirchhoff Frank , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Ruggeri Francesco S. , Synatschke Christopher V. , Münch Jan , Weil Tanja 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmyloid‐like peptide nanofibrils (PNFs) are abundant in nature providing rich bioactivities and playing both functional and pathological roles. The structural features responsible for their unique bioactivities are, however, still elusive. Supramolecular nanostructures are notoriously challenging to optimize, as sequence changes affect self‐assembly, fibril morphologies, and biorecognition. Herein, the first sequence optimization of PNFs, derived from the peptide enhancing factor‐C (EF‐C, QCKIKQIINMWQ), for enhanced retroviral gene transduction via a multiparameter and a multiscale approach is reported. Retroviral gene transfer is the method of choice for the stable delivery of genetic information into cells offering great perspectives for the treatment of genetic disorders. Single fibril imaging, zeta potential, vibrational spectroscopy, and quantitative retroviral transduction assays provide the structure parameters responsible for PNF assembly, fibrils morphology, secondary and quaternary structure, and PNF‐virus‐cell interactions. Optimized peptide sequences such as the 7‐mer, CKFKFQF, have been obtained quantitatively forming supramolecular nanofibrils with high intermolecular β‐sheet content that efficiently bind virions and attach to cellular membranes revealing efficient retroviral gene transfer.
The Role of Defects in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: When Defects Switch to Features
Authors: Khalil Islam E. , Xue Cong , Liu Wenjing , Li Xiaohan , Shen Yu , Li Sheng , Zhang Weina , Huo Fengwei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), a contributor for producing ammonia under mild conditions sustainably, has recently attracted global research attention. Thus far, the design of highly efficient electrocatalysts to enhance NRR efficiency is a specific focus of the research. Among them, defect engineering of electrocatalysts is considered a significant way to improve electrocatalytic efficiency by regulating the electronic state and providing more active sites that can give electrocatalysts better physicochemical properties. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), along with their derivatives, have captured immense interest in electrocatalytic reactions owing to not only their large surface area and high porosity but also the ability to create rich defects in their structures. Hence, they can provide plenty of exposed active sites for electron transfer, NN cleavage, and N2 adsorption to enhance NRR performance. Herein, the concept, the in situ characterizations techniques for defects, and the most common ways to create defects into MOFs have been summarized. Furthermore, the recent advances of MOF‐based electrocatalysts towards NRR have been recapitulated. Ultimately, the major challenges and outlook of defects in MOFs for NRR are proposed. This paper is anticipated to provide critical guidelines for optimizing NRR electrocatalysts.
Controlled Assembly of MXene Nanosheets as an Electrode and Active Layer for High‐Performance Electronic Skin
Authors: Fu Xiyao , Wang Lili , Zhao Lianjia , Yuan Zeyu , Zhang Yupu , Wang Dongyi , Wang Depeng , Li Junzhi , Li Dongdong , Shulga Valerii , Shen Guozhen , Han Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMXenes are an emerging class of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides. They have been widely used in flexible electronics owing to their excellent conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and water dispersibility. In this study, the electrode and active layer applications of MXene materials in electronic skins are realized. By utilizing vacuum filtration technology, few‐layer MXene electrodes are integrated onto the top and bottom surfaces of the 3D polyacrylonitrile (PAN) network to form a stable electronic skin. The fabricated flexible device with Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes outperforms those with other electrodes and exhibits excellent device performance, with a high sensitivity of 104.0 kPa−1, fast response/recovery time of 30/20 ms, and a low detection limit of 1.5 Pa. Furthermore, the electrode and the constructed MXene/PAN‐based flexible pressure sensor exhibit robust mechanical stability and can survive 240 bending cycles. Such a robust, flexible device can be enlarged or folded like a jigsaw puzzle or origami and transformed from 2D to 3D structures; moreover, it can detect tiny movements of human muscles, such as movements corresponding to sound production and intense movements during bending of fingers.
Actuation of Three‐Dimensional‐Printed Nanocolloidal Hydrogel with Structural Anisotropy
Authors: Gevorkian Albert , Morozova Sofia M. , Kheiri Sina , Khuu Nancy , Chen Heyu , Young Edmond , Yan Ning , Kumacheva Eugenia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPolymer hydrogels exhibit actuation properties that result in reversible shape transformations and have promising applications in soft robotics, drug delivery systems, sensors, and microfluidic devices. Actuation occurs due to differential hydrogel swelling and is generally achieved by modulating hydrogel composition. Here a different approach to hydrogel actuation that originates solely from its structural anisotropy is reported. For 3D‐printed single‐layer hydrogels formed by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and gelatin methacryloyl it is shown that shear‐induced orientation of CNCs results in anisotropic mechanical and swelling properties of the hydrogel. Upon swelling in water, planar hydrogels acquire multiple complex 3D shapes that are achieved by i) varying CNC orientation with respect to the shape on the hydrogel sheet and ii) patterning the hydrogel with the regions of shear‐mediated and random CNC orientation. This study shows the capability to generate multiple shapes from the same hydrogel actuator based on the degree of its structural anisotropy. In addition, it introduces a biocompatible nanocolloidal ink with shear‐thinning and self‐healing properties for additive manufacturing of hydrogel actuators.
Chemically Controllable Magnetic Transition Temperature and Magneto‐Elastic Coupling in MnZnSb Compounds
Authors: Murgatroyd Philip A. E. , Routledge Kieran , Durdy Samantha , Gaultois Michael W. , Surta T. Wesley , Dyer Matthew S. , Claridge John B. , Savvin Stanislav N. , Pelloquin Denis , Hébert Sylvie , Alaria Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMagneto‐caloric materials offer the possibility to design environmentally friendlier thermal management devices compared to the widely used gas‐based systems. The challenges to develop this solid‐state based technology lie in the difficulty of finding materials presenting a large magneto‐caloric effect over a broad temperature span together with suitable secondary application parameters such as low heat capacity and high thermal conductivity. A series of compounds derived from the PbFCl structure is investigated using a combination of computational and experimental methods focusing on the change of cell volume in magnetic and non‐magnetic ground states. Scaling analysis of the magnetic properties determines that they are second order phase transition ferromagnets and that the magnetic entropy change is driven by the coupling of magneto‐elastic strain in the square‐net through the magnetic transition determined from neutron and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. The primary and secondary application related properties are measured experimentally, and the c/a parameter is identified as an accurate proxy to control the magnetic transition. Chemical substitution on the square‐net affords tuning of the Curie temperature over a broad temperature span between 252 and 322 K. A predictive machine learning model for the c/a parameter is developed to guide future exploratory synthesis.
Surface and Interface Engineering of Nanoarrays toward Advanced Electrodes and Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Li Linpo , Liu Wenyi , Dong Haoyang , Gui Qiuyue , Hu Zuoqi , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Jinping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe overall performance of electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs) is intrinsically correlated with surfaces and interfaces. As a promising electrode architecture, 3D nanoarrays (3D‐NAs) possess relatively ordered, continuous, and fully exposed active surfaces of individual nanostructures, facilitating mass and electron transport within the electrode and charge transfer across interfaces and providing an ideal platform for engineering. Herein, a critical overview of the surface and interface engineering of 3D‐NAs, from electrode and interface designs to device integration, is presented. The general merits of 3D‐NAs and surface/interface engineering principles of 3D‐NA hybrid electrodes are highlighted. The focus is on the use of 3D‐NAs as a superior platform to regulate the interface nature and unveiling new mechanism/materials without the interference of binders. The engineering and utilization of the surface of 3D‐NAs to develop flexible/solid‐state EESDs with 3D integrated electrode/electrolyte interfaces, or 3D triphase interfaces involving other active species, which are characteristic of (quasi‐)solid‐state electrolyte infiltration into the entire device, are also considered. Finally, the challenges and future directions of surface/interface engineering of 3D‐NAs are outlined. In particular, potential strategies to obtain electrode charge balance, optimize the multiphase solid‐state interface, and attain 3D solid electrolyte infiltration are proposed.
2D Material Based Thin‐Film Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Treatment
Authors: Yang Jindi , Li Zhikao , Wang Zhuyuan , Yuan Shi , Li Yang , Zhao Wang , Zhang Xiwang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMembrane‐based separation technologies are essential in the fields of desalination and wastewater treatment. 2D material based thin‐film nanocomposite (2D‐M‐TFN) membranes are emerging technology that combines 2D nanomaterials and conventional thin‐film composite membranes. It has great potential to further improve the efficiency of the membrane separation process. Although extensive studies are reported, 2D‐M‐TFN membranes for water treatment are not systemically reviewed. This work gives an intensive summary of this emerging technology. The function, mechanisms, and common characteristics of various 2D materials in the 2D‐M‐TFN membrane are first summarized and compared. An in‐depth discussion of different types of 2D‐M‐TFN membranes is then conducted, followed by the discussions on the challenges and opportunities.
VCSELs with On‐Facet Metasurfaces for Polarization State Generation and Detection
Authors: Wen Dandan , Meng Jiajun , Cadusch Jasper J. , Crozier Kenneth B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPolarization plays a critical role in optical systems that range from optical communications to imaging, lithography, metrology, and data storage. Thus, in systems that need to generate a certain polarization state, a light source (e.g., laser) is combined with polarization control elements such as polarizers, polarizing beam splitters, and waveplates. Similarly, in systems requiring polarization state detection, such elements are combined with photodetectors. There is currently a trend toward miniaturized optical systems. This motivates the question of how to achieve what may be argued as an ultimate level of miniaturization: a single chip that can both generate light with a prescribed polarization state and detect the polarization state of light impinging upon it. This paper demonstrates this via vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with on‐facet metasurfaces. Two classes of devices are demonstrated. The first class uses high‐index dielectric metasurfaces (amorphous silicon nanofins), whereas the second class uses plasmonic metasurfaces (aluminum bilayer gratings). Each can operate as a laser (to generate) and as a photodetector (to detect) circularly or linearly polarized light.
Organic Permeable Base Transistors – Insights and Perspectives
Authors: Guo Erjuan , Dollinger Felix , Amaya Baltasar , Fischer Axel , Kleemann Hans 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVertical organic transistors have emerged as a new device concept holding great promise to overcome the limitations of lateral organic transistors. In this regard, the organic permeable base transistor (OPBT), a special kind of vertical transistor, stands out due to excellent performance figures such as low‐voltage operation and high transition frequency measured in a pulse‐biasing mode. On the occasion of Prof. Karl Leo's 60th birthday, his contributions to the development of high‐performance OPBTs are honored and a perspective for the future of OPBT development is provided. The current state of the art of OPBTs is reviewed and the principles of the device operation are summarized. New insights into the formation of the permeable base layer, which is vital to the function of OPBTs, are discussed. Additionally, a full yield analysis on a batch of 144 equivalent OPBTs is reported and the device yield and temporal evolution of device parameters are statistically analyzed. This analysis proves a device yield of >90% for these short‐channel transistors, rendering the possibility for circuit integration. Finally, the scaling laws of OPBTs are derived and strategies for new materials and device layouts to push the performance to the gigahertz regime are concluded.