bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laws of War and Peace
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Alongside individual murders and crimes, the federal government also confronted in the territories a long-standing borderlands law governing organized violence. Both Natives and whites there conducted larger-scale, often brutal expeditions against each other, often with little or no formal authorization from their ostensible governments. The federal government sought to replace this seemingly pathological culture of violence by imposing a definition of war drawn from the newly adopted U.S. Constitution that made the federal government, and particularly Congress, the sole arbiter and source of legitimate violence against Native nations. The effects of this federal assertion of supremacy differed in the two territories. In the Northwest Territory, the conflict known as the Northwest Indian War expanded earlier practices of borderlands violence under federal auspices. Citizens of the Southwest Territory demanded the same, and nearly got it, in what this chapter terms the war-that-nearly-was. What actually followed in the Southwest Territory instead was an intense, polyvocal legal contest between territorial citizens and officials, Congress, the Washington administration, and the Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw Nations over the meaning of the categories of war and peace. Yet again, federal officials failed to establish federal supremacy, but they did succeed in insinuating federal law into territorial life and Indian country, including disputes between Native nations.
Conclusions
Authors: Williams Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 closes the book with a comparative analysis of the key theoretical frameworks employed in the book in order to illuminate the contribution of returnee entrepreneurs to post-conflict economies. As global migration continues to grow, the role of returnees are becoming an ever more important aspect of entrepreneurship research. The chapter articulates the specific components of isolation and assimilation, detailing that while individuals are returning to complex homelands, their contribution is not currently being maximised. They are not assimilated within the economy, often avoiding policy actions designed to engage with them. This will have a lasting impact on the potential of returnees to contribute to their homeland, especially given that the emotional ties of the first generation are stronger than subsequent generations and thus interest in homeland return may diminish over time.
Many-electron Systems and the Pauli Principle
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is shown how the quantum Hamiltonian for a general molecule is set up, using the ‘quantum recipe’ of chapter 3. In the most restrictive Born Oppenheimer approximation, the nuclei are held fixed and the Schrodinger equation (SE) is set up for the electrons only. The wavefunction depends on the positions and spin projections of all electrons. The electron spin projection is introduced heuristically as another two-valued electron degree of freedom. The electronic SE cannot be solved exactly, and (spin-) orbitals are introduced to construct an approximate wavefunction. The Pauli principle demands that a many-electron wavefunction is antisymmetric upon the exchange of electron labels, which leads to the construction of the approximate orbital-model wavefunction as a Slater determinant rather than a simple Hartree product. The orbital model wavefunction does not describe the Coulomb electron correlation, but it incorporates the (Fermi) correlation leading to the Pauli exclusion.
Recap: Molecular Orbitals and Common Misconceptions
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter recapitulates the series of approximations that lead to the commonly used description of the electronic structure of molecules in terms of molecular orbitals (MOs), which in turn are usually expressed as linear combination of atomic orbital-like basis functions. Next, a number of common misconceptions about orbitals are discussed, such that the reader is aware of not only what electron orbitals are but also what they are not.
Quantized Vibrational Motion
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The harmonic oscillator of chapter 2 is visited again, now in its quantum theoretical version. The solution of the Schrodinger equation (SE) is shown step-by step, as it features steps that are very similar to those used in solving the equations for the angular momentum and hydrogen-like orbitals in later chapters. The Morse oscillator has a potential function that is much more representative of the vibrations of atoms in molecules as the harmonic potential. The solutions of the harmonic and Morse oscillator are compared. It is then shown how nuclear vibrations in poly-atomic molecules are treated at the harmonic level. This requires the separation of internal degrees of freedom from the overall translation and rotation of a molecule, leading to the normal modes. The chapter also discusses basic aspects of vibrational spectroscopy and the selection rules of infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy.
From Schrödinger to Einstein and Dirac: Relativistic Effects
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The implications of Einstein’s special relativity in chemistry are discussed. It is shown that relativistic effects on the electronic structure of an atom or molecule scales in leading order as Z2, where Z is the charge number of the heaviest nucleus in the system. Well-known heavy atom effects in chemistry are discussed: The color of gold, the liquid state of mercury, the inert pair effect of heavy p-block elements, and more. Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is also a relativistic effect and plays a big role in spectroscopy and chemistry. The Dirac equation (DE) replaces the electronic Schrodinger equation in relativistic quantum chemistry. The Dirac wavefunctions have 4 components. It is shown how an ‘exact 2-component’ (X2C) Hamiltonian can be constructed. X2C based all-electron calculations are becoming increasingly popular in quantum chemical applications. Molecular properties may undergo a picture-change effect when going from a 4-component to a 2-component framework.
Practical Magic: Welcome to Silicon Bali
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Bali is known as an exotic paradise, full of novel influences that Westerners are eager to experience. This chapter describes the pull factors that attract digital nomads to Bali. It uses the lens of place branding to break down the social and cultural construction of Bali as a remote working mecca, and it introduces the concept of work tourism, a new niche market of place branding aimed at consumers who want to reimagine their work and work identities in the context of a leisure travel experience. The chapter also describes digital nomads and explains how their sense of magic and practicality influenced them to move to Bali, transforming Bali into one of the world’s foremost digital nomad destinations. It also notes the drawbacks of Bali as a nomad site and draws attention to some of the more general negative aspects of tourism’s impact on the island.
Corruption and the Social Contract of the Welfare State
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
New research shows that issues related to various forms of malpractice in the implementation of social policies have a huge impact on the possibility of gaining citizens’ support for social policies. While the extension of social policies in different countries can be explained by referring to variation in political mobilization, there is also an argument for understanding this from a social contract approach. Even if a majority of citizens understand that they stand to gain from a more universal and encompassing system for social protection, a lack of trust may prevent them from transforming the demand to actual political support for such a system. Lastly, a universal and encompassing system is likely to have a positive effect on the general level of social trust and creates a sense of loyalty towards the state, which in turn is likely to lower the inclination to take part in corrupt exchanges.
Introduction
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter sketches the nature of contemplation. In the strict sense contemplation refers to the moment of insight after speculative reasoning. In the broad sense of the word, however, it refers to a receptivity to God that all Christians should cultivate. It is important to distinguish between these different meanings and the corresponding varied notions of wisdom (theoretical wisdom; as cognitive virtue; and as gift of the Holy Spirit) if we want to avoid attributing inconsistencies to Aquinas (who in ST I, q. 6, a. 6, ad 3 argues that the gifts are not necessary for contemplation but elsewhere (ST II-II, q. 45, a. 3) emphasizes their necessity for contemplation (in the broad sense)). Against the current of today’s scholarship the chapter also argues that Christian contemplation is included in Aquinas’s notion of ‘imperfect happiness’ on earth. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book.
Metaphysics
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the metaphysical foundations of contemplation. Aquinas generally describes contemplation as ‘the consideration of truth’. Hence, in this chapter we consider the nature of truth, which Aquinas understands in terms of a convergence of mind and reality, thereby pre-empting some of the modern philosophical problems of dualism and solipsism. Other transcendentals, which can be defined as fundamental properties that accompany being as such (and not just a limited class of things), such as oneness, being itself (which is what the intellect first grasps), and goodness, are also discussed. Aquinas’s approach is contrasted with the trinitarian metaphysics of the Summa Halensis and Bonaventure’s illuminist account.
Introduction
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The first century of educating clergy in the United States is rightly understood as classical professional education—that is, as formation into an identity and calling to serve the wider public through specialized knowledge and skills. This book argues that pastors, priests, and rabbis were best formed into capacities of culture building through the construction of narratives, symbols, and practices that served their religious communities and the wider public. This kind of education was closely aligned with liberal arts pedagogies of studying classical texts, languages, and rhetoric in order to form habits of inquiry, interpretation, and oratory in students. The theory of culture here is indebted to Clifford Geertz and Jerome Bruner’s social-semiotic view, which identifies culture as the social construction of narrative, symbols, and practices that shape the identity and meaning-making of certain communities. The theological framework of analysis is indebted to George Lindbeck’s cultural-linguistic view, which emphasizes the role of doctrine as grammatical rules that govern narratives, doctrinal grammars, and social practices for distinct religious communities. This framework is pushed toward the renewal and reconstruction of religious frameworks by the postmodern work of Sheila Devaney and Kathryn Tanner. The book also employs several other concepts from social theory, borrowed from Jurgen Habermas, Max Weber, Pierre Bourdieu, Michael Young, and Bernard Anderson.
Leavening Public Life
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
From the beginning of theological education in the United States, pastors, priests, and rabbis have been educated as leaders in public life by being producers of culture. This chapter describes how theological schools prepared clergy for leadership in five social arenas: families, congregations, schools, voluntary societies, and published media. Families were the seedbeds of religious identity and character, congregations became charismatic communities of piety and action, schools developed cultural capital and moral practices, voluntary societies mobilized resources and mass movements to reshape society, and popular media built national communities of religious identity and reform. These five social arenas also operated in harmony for clergy and religious communities to influence public morality and social discourse. Through their leadership in family life, educating youth, writing and publishing, and leading voluntary associations, the clergy mobilized aspects of their religious traditions to shape public narratives, symbols, and practices. In turn, this wider social engagement helped expand and renew the religious traditions they represented.
Muslim Kurds
Authors: Türkmen Gülay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces “religio-ethnic” identity via a focus on Civil Friday Prayers. It provides an overview of how the institutional and policy changes introduced during the AKP rule made possible the employment of Islam as a tool of resistance in the hands of Civil Friday Prayer imams. Building on interviews with these imams as well as observations from Friday prayers, it draws attention to imams as autonomous agents of contestation who have turned religion from a tool of assimilation into a tool of nonviolent resistance. Though acknowledging Islam’s capacity to unite, these imams are quite suspicious of the Muslim unity discourse. By quoting Qur’anic verses and hadiths that highlight ethnicity as a religious, God-given (fıtrî) identity, they claim that rejecting one’s Kurdish identity and assimilating into Turkish culture means going against God’s will. Hence, rather than the ethno-religious approach, these imams promote a “religio-ethnic” identity, which traces the origins of ethno-national identity back to religious identity.
The Great Stinks
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses one of the first dead zones, the River Thames near London in the 19th century. London used the river as a sewer to dispose of untreated human waste and garbage, causing oxygen to disappear and gut-wrenching odors to well up, shutting down the city in the summer of 1858, aka the Great Stink. The sewage also carried pathogens that contaminated drinking water. The chapter also points out that dead zones were common in other rivers near large cities, including the Delaware River south of Philadelphia. Wastewater treatment solved the problem, and oxygen has returned to the River Thames, the Delaware River, and many other urban rivers in rich countries. Also discussed is the fact that fish and other aquatic life have also returned, but not completely. Adequate dissolved oxygen is essential, but more is needed to make a habitat livable and to ensure the complete recovery of aquatic life.
Dead Zones Discovered in Coastal Waters
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the discovery of coastal dead zones, such as the Gulf of Mexico and Chesapeake Bay in North America and the Baltic and Black Seas in Europe. Gene Turner sailed out of Pascagoula, Mississippi, in the spring of 1975, on the first of seven cruises that led to the discovery of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone. In the Chesapeake Bay, an unlikely environmentalist, Charles Officer, sounded the alarm in 1984. The biggest dead zone, however, is the Baltic Sea. Even as early as 1969, ecologists feared hypoxia was turning the Baltic into a “biological desert.” The northwest shelf of the Black Sea turned hypoxic in the 1970s, which killed bottom-dwelling fish like goby and flounder. Many coastal regions around the world have low oxygen waters that devastate marine life and habitats. The early studies emphasized one or two of three ingredients—sewage, fresh water, and plant nutrients—thought to be essential in creating a dead zone. This chapter and Chapter 3 discuss these ingredients before revealing which is most important.
Coastal Dead Zones in the Past
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the dead zones of coastal areas: specifically the Gulf of Mexico and Europe’s Adriatic and Baltic Seas. Scientists were able to eliminate sewage from the list of ingredients that make a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico and other coastal regions, but there was still the possibility that the loss of oxygen was natural. It wasn’t clear when the dead zone rose in the Gulf and the Baltic Sea. Systematic monitoring of dissolved oxygen in the Gulf, led by Nancy Rabalais, once called “Queen of the Dead Zone,” started only in 1986, so scientists have had to use indirect ways to deduce oxygen levels in the past. Studies using foraminifera (“forams”) and other oxygen-sensitive indices found that the proliferation of the Gulf dead zone and others started around 1950. Both the Gulf and the Baltic experienced low oxygen levels in the 19th century or earlier, but hypoxia became more common and more extensive in the middle of the 20th century.
Vicarious Identity
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Departing from established social psychological understandings the chapter provides a re-theorization of vicarious identity that identifies it as a form of ontological security seeking that can best be captured through drawing on Lacanian understandings of subjectivity. The chapter explores vicarious identity as an everyday phenomenon and practice, focusing on why vicarious relationships are tempting for subjects, but it also considers the norms that circumscribe the legitimate limits of vicarious identification in different contexts, which can make it both highly controversial and politicized. A methodological discussion further considers how vicarious identification can be recognized by considering the strategies that subjects adopt when vicariously identifying with others.
Vicarious Identification as Foreign Policy Strategy
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter reinterprets the United Kingdom-US special relationship through the lens of vicarious identification. It demonstrates how historical proclamations of the special relationship have responded to recurrent British anxieties related to its postwar, post-imperial, and now, following Brexit, its (impending) post-(EU)ropean decline. Vicarious identification with the United States is seen to offer the chance to reaffirm core narratives of self-identity central to British ontological security and which when successful enable the country to avoid serious reflection on its current situation. The chapter highlights the historical continuities of this move but also shows how vicarious identity promotion operates as a foreign policy strategy designed, not only to legitimize the special relationship, but also to entice the United States and its citizens to reciprocate in kind. Beyond exploring the temptations of vicarious identification as a form of foreign policy strategy, the chapter also explores its vulnerabilities, vulnerabilities crystallized during the course of the Trump presidency.
A Line of Blood and Dirt
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book examines the creation and enforcement of the border between Canada and the United States from 1775 until 1939. Built with Indigenous labor and on top of Indigenous land, the border was born in conflict. Federal administrators used deprivation, starvation, and coercion to displace Indigenous communities and undermine their conceptions of territory and sovereignty. European, African American, Chinese, Cree, Assiniboine, Dakota, Lakota, Nimiipuu, Coast Salish, Ojibwe, and Haudenosaunee communities faced a diversity of border closure experiences and timelines. Unevenness and variation served as hallmarks of the border as federal officials in each country committed to a kind of border power that was diffuse and far-reaching. Utilizing historical GIS, this book showcases how regional conflicts, political reorganization, and social upheaval created the Canada–US border and remade the communities who lived in its shadows.
Higher Than Sight Can Reach
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 follows the Canada–US border’s development from 1900 until the 1930s. It surveys the Alaska Boundary Survey, World War I, Prohibition, the Great Depression, and Indigenous resistance to new immigration laws. In the 1920s, the Indian Citizenship Act and National Origins Act extended federal immigration law over Indigenous people, resulting in resistance. Deskaheh (Levi General) gave speeches in Europe to garner support for the Haudenosaunee rights to self-governance. Clinton Rickard helped found the Indian Defense League of America to increase pan-Indigenous resistance to federal policy. Paul Diabo’s legal challenge to the Immigration Service’s interpretation of the Jay Treaty helped entrench Indigenous mobility as a fundamental part of the Canada–US border. As battles over citizenship and prohibition attested, increases in federal personnel did not give either country the ability to ignore popular resistance.
The Borders of Everyday Life
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the 1930s Canada and the United States struggled to prevent people from crossing the border at its physical location, but had succeeded in developing border policies that projected fear and uncertainty into the interior of each country. The stories of Letitia B. Caldwell (Ojibwe), George First Rider (Kainah), Max Ireland (Haudenosaunee), Joe Louis (Matsqui), and Gratia A. Countryman (American) provide an overview of the effectiveness of this approach. Federal administrators measured their power along the border in terms of personnel, confiscations, treaties, deportations, and tribunals. Everyday people measured the border in picnics, medicine bundles, marriages, insults, and headaches. In that context, the Canada–US border continued to have a far less certain legacy than the reams of administrators who guarded its length would suggest.
Epilogue
Authors: Hoy Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The epilogue compares Donald Trump’s attempt to build a border wall with Mexico and an earlier attempt by Montana Congressman Joseph M. Dixon in 1903 to build a barbed wire fence along much of Canada’s border with the United States. Stepping back, the epilogue provides an overview of the impacts of 9/11, the development of new technologies, and the ways contemporary problems in art, politics, and business often have historic roots. The epilogue returns to the ways Indigenous people conceptualize land, territory, and belonging and how this has shifted over time. It argues that if the border today is a more prominent impediment to movement than it was even twenty years earlier, it has not succeeded in shaking its past. It remains one border among many: a border built on Indigenous lands with all the ambiguity and complexity that such a venture creates.