bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progression of Gender Dysphoria in Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wagner Stephanie , Panagiotakopoulos Leonidas , Nash Rebecca , Bradlyn Andrew , Getahun Darios , Lash Timothy L. , Roblin Douglas , Silverberg Michael J. , Tangpricha Vin , Vupputuri Suma , Goodman Michael 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The progression of gender-expansive behavior to gender dysphoria and to gender-affirming hormonal treatment (GAHT) in children and adolescents is poorly understood.

METHODS
A cohort of 958 gender-diverse (GD) children and adolescents who did not have a gender dysphoria–related diagnosis (GDRD) or GAHT at index were identified. Rates of first GDRD and first GAHT prescription were compared across demographic groups.

RESULTS
Overall, 29% of participants received a GDRD and 25% were prescribed GAHT during the average follow-up of 3.5 years (maximum 9 years). Compared with youth assigned male sex at birth, those assigned female sex at birth were more likely to receive a diagnosis and initiate GAHT with hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) estimates of 1.3 (1.0–1.7), and 2.5 (1.8–3.3), respectively. A progression to diagnosis was more common among those aged ≥15 years at initial presentation compared with those aged 10 to 14 years and those aged 3 to 9 years (37% vs 28% vs 16%, respectively). By using the youngest group as a reference, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for a GDRD were 2.0 (1.3–3.0) for age 10 to 14 years and 2.7 (1.8–3.9) for age ≥15 years. Racial and ethnic minorities were less likely to receive a diagnosis or be prescribed GAHT.

CONCLUSIONS
This study characterized the progression of GD behavior in children and adolescents. Less than one-third of GD youth receive an eventual GDRD, and approximately one-quarter receive GAHT. Female sex at birth, older age of initial GD presentation to medical care, and non-Hispanic white race and ethnicity increased the likelihood of receiving diagnosis and treatment.
Mapa klasztorów reformackich z 1718 r.
Authors: Błachut Adam Jan 
Published: June 2021

I grandi benefattori della Provincia di Wielkopolska furono i Radziwiłł, proprietari di Biała, che dopo Nieśwież era la loro seconda cittá residenziałe. Proprio a Biała il principe Michał Kazimierz, insieme alia sua consorte, Katarzyna Emercjanna Sobieska, sorella di re Jan III, nel 1671 fecero costruire e donarono ai frati riformati la chiesa e il convento. Anche il loro figlio, Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, in modo generoso sosteneva i riformati di Wielkopolska e il convento di Biała. Egli stesso per diversi anni fu il loro sindaco apostolico. Come riconoscenza dei suoi meriti, il convento di Biała dedico' a lui un’incisione (160,4 x 52,7 cm), dove il motivo centrale era la carta geográfica rotonda con tutti i conventi dei riformati di ambedue le Province polacche: di Wielkopolska e Małopolska. La grafica fu fatta a Lipsia da Johann Gottfried Krügner (la firma in basso), che fino a poco fa e' stato sostenuto anche come autore del progetto. Pero la signatuta F. M. R., presente sulla carta, che era la firma caratteristica delle lettere di Fr. Mateusz Osiecki, famoso archittetto dei riformati, in modo quasi evidente indica la sua paternita artística. Tanto piu' che Fr. Mateusz apparteneva al cerechio delle persone legate ai Radziwiłł, per i quali fece diversi lavori. II primo a interesarsi di quell'incisione fu Wilhelm Dersch („FranziskanischeStudien”, 1916, nr 1-2), avendo esaminato un esemplare conservato allora nellArchivio Nazionale a Poznań. Egli pubblico' tutti i testi presentí sulla carta e la sua fotografía. La stessa incisione (in due esemplari) viene conservata attualmente anche al Museo Diocesanoa Płock (prima si trovava nella chiesa dei riformati a Szczawin Kościelny, nei pressi di Gostynin). Gli esemplari incompleti (soltanto la parte centrale) si trovano anche nel Museo Nazionale a Varsavia e nella Biblioteca del convento dei francescani di Poznań.
Biskup krakowski Piotr Tylicki wobec zakonów w swojej diecezji (1607 - 1616)
Authors: Bruździński Andrzej 
Published: June 2021

The end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century were characterised in the Cracow diocese by intensive involvement in carrying out a reform introduced by the Council of Trent. The second bishop in the 17th century in Cracow was Piotr Tylicki, who was an ordinary of this diocese in the years 1607-1616. The Holy See appointed him as a special inspector of monastic orders in the diocese of Cracow. Bishop Tylicki was genuinely involved in the revival of monastic life in accordance with the rules of the Tridentinum. He visited the monasteries himself or through appointed envoys. Despite the lack of a number of sources referring to these inspections, it should be assumed that they were made in all major monasteries of the diocese. It does not mean that each inspection resulted in an increase in observance of monastic life in a given monastery or convent. It is doubtless, however, that bishop Tylicki had a great share in the reception of the Council of Trent by monastic orders in the Cracow diocese and elsewhere in Poland. The results of this activity were made visible only later. In mid 17th century the number of vocations increased considerably. One can assume that this increase in the number of candidates to monastic orders was also a result of a decade of Piotr Tylicki’s creative work in reforming and perfecting monastic life observance in convents and monasteries in the Cracow diocese area.
Święty Stanisław - Biskup i Męczennik na znaczkach pocztowych
Authors: Janicki Jan Józef 
Published: June 2021

Die Briefmarke trotz der alternativen Lösungen (elektronische Post, mechanische Frankatur) stellt in der ganzen Welt seit vielen Jahrzehnten ein ganz besonderes Phänomen im Leben von Menschen und Gesellschaften dar und spielt eine wichtige Rolleauch beim gegenseitigen Erfahrungs- und Meinungsaustausch. Millionen von Menschen benutzen jeden Tag die Dienste der Post. Mit den Postsendungen bringt dabei auch die Briefmarke vieles nahe, was anderswo geschieht und lenkt die Aufmerksamkeit auf Persönlichkeiten der Zeitgeschichte und bedeutungsvolle Ereignisse. Person und Tat des heiligen Stanislaus, Bischofs und Märtyrer (1030-1079), der hier als Motiv von Briefmarken unter anderem der polnischen Post vorgestellt wird, rufen die Bewunderung hervor für alles, was in seinem Leben herausragend war im Bereich seiner pastoral-Seelsorge und seiner Liebe zu Polen. Der Bischof Stanislaus wurde im Jahre 1253 heiliggesprochen und zum Patron von ganz Polen ernannt; im Jahre 2003 feiert also die Kirche in Polen das 750-jährige Jubiläum seiner Kanonisation. Der Verfasser stellt in diesem Artikel alle bisher erschienenen Briefmarken vor, die den hl. Stanislaus Bischof und Märtyrer als Motiv zeigen und analysiert sie. Marken mit diesem Thema brachte zuerst die Vatikan-Post (Poste Vaticane) zweimal: im Jahr 1966 und 1979 heraus; die Polnische Post hat nur eine einzige Briefmarke zu Ehren des hl. Stanislaus, im Jahr 2002, herausgebracht. Im Jahr 1966 setzte die Vatikanische Post anläßlich des „Sacrum Poloniae Millennium” eine Briefmarkenserie mit sechs Vorzugsstücken in Umlauf, die die wichtigsten persönlichkeiten der Kirche Polens zeigt. Auf dem Wert 40 Lire ist Bischof hl. Stanislaus dargestellt neben der Wawel - Kathedrale und der Kirche „Auf dem Felsen” („Na Skałce”), wo der Bischof Stanislaus 1079 von dem König Bolesław Śmiały ermordet wurde. Zum 900-jährigen Jubiläum seines Märtyrertodes im Jahre 1979 brachte die Vatikan - Post im Rahmen der Serie „S. Stanislaus 1079-1979” vier Marken heraus. Mit den Werten von 120 und 150 Lire sind die Darstellungen vom Leben des hl. Bischofs Stanislaus gebracht; mit den Werten von 250 und 500 Lire ist der Reliquienschrein des Heiligen und die Wawel-Kathedrale dargestellt. Im November 2002 hat die Polnische Post im Rahmen der Serie „Polnische und europäische Heilige” die erste Briefmarke (neben den Heiligen: Kasimir, Benedikt von Nursia, Cyrill und Methodius, Katharina von Siena und Faustina) mit dem hl. Stanislaus herausgebracht.
Kościół parafialny pod wezwaniem św. Stanisława Biskupa i Męczennika w Ligocie Bialskiej (diecezja opolska)
Authors: Kopeć Jan 
Published: June 2021

This note constitutes a contribution to the history of worship of St. Stanislaus, Bishop and Martyr, in the Opole are of Silesia, where this worship has been strong since he Middle Ages. Taking as an example the dedication of a parish church at Ligota Bial ka (German Ellguth) to St. Stanislaus, it wants to show the permanence of the rever nce for this Saint. The fact that a new church, built in the years 1908-1909 in the place f the old one (which dated back to the Middle Ages) received the same invocation is et another proof. Stained-glass windows designed by a Cracovian painter W. Tetmajer are a beautifiil decoration of this church.
Eremici i pustelnicy w Polsce średniowiecznej. Wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Rajman Jerzy 
Published: June 2021

W dziejach monastycyzmu polskiego w średniowieczu eremici i pustelnicy odegrali ważną rolę. Pierwszymi znanymi z imion eremitami w Polsce byli mnisi tworzący tzw. Erem Pięciu Braci. Żywot Pięciu Braci Męczenników napisany przez Brunona z Kwerfurtu jest najstarszym źródłem ukazującym eremitów w Polsce. Pozwala na ukazanie osób, które przyczyniły się do założenia eremu, okoliczności jego powstania i składu personalnego. Podstawą działania pierwszych eremitów w Polsce była reguła św. Benedykta obostrzona przez św. Romualda. Ich erem powstał prawdopodobnie w Mię­dzyrzeczu. Na kształtowanie się postaw pustelniczch miał także wpływ monastycyzm bizantyjski, o czym świadczy przykład sw. Andrzeja Świerada. On i jego naśladowcy działali w ziemi sądeckiej i na Słowacji. Można domniemywać istnienia w XI w. pustelników także pod Krakowem. W XIII w. ideały pustelnicze realizowano w ramach reguły premonstrateńskiej (Bł. Bronisława) i franciszkańskiej (bł. Salomea). Słabe okazało się, natomiast, oddziaływanie zakonu kartuzów.
Relacja kard. Jana Puzyny o konklawe 1903 r. i o jego słynnym weto
Authors: Urban Jacek 
Published: June 2021

W pierwszych dniach sierpnia 2003 r. minie setna rocznica wyboru kard. Giuseppe Sarto na stolicę Piotrową, jako Piusa X. Konklawe, które doprowadziło do jego wyboru należy do historii. W czasie jego trwania po raz ostatni w dziejach papiestwa zastosowano weto. W imieniu cesarza Austro-Węgier Franciszka Józefa I zgłosił je biskup krakowski kardynał Jan Puzyna.
Społeczny wymiar funkcjonowania krakowskiego konwentu kamedułów
Authors: Szczurowski Rafał 
Published: June 2021

Urokliwe położenie, jak i okazałość klasztoru sprzyjały religijno-rekreacyjnemu natłokowi gości i w ogóle pragnieniom zobaczenia mniszej rzeczywistości, której forma była wielce misteryjna. Być może, gdyby nie decyzje fundatora eremu i kościoła na Srebrnej Górze, marszałka wielkiego koronnego Mikołaja Wolskiego, sprowadzeni przez niego w 1604 r. z Włoch kameduli mieliby pełniejszą sposobność do realizacji ideałów zakonnych. Marszałek Wolski, człowiek gruntownie wykształcony, znawca i miłośnik sztuki, sprawny dyplomata, lobbujący w kraju na rzecz Habsburgów, a zarazem zaufany Zygmunta III Wazy, uznał, łamiąc kamedulskie przepisy, iż asceza pustelników nie stała w sprzeczności z okazałością świątyni, którą im wystawił. Mnisi – pustelnicy ze Srebrnej Góry nie tylko współkształtowali (i nadal to czynią) dziedzictwo duchowe miejsca, na którym osiedli, ale także wpisali się lub byli wpisywani w jego dzieje społeczne. Dzieje eremu w podkrakowskich Bielanach potwierdzają, że jedynie umiejętne godzenie zakonnych ideałów z wymogami świata, opuszczanego dla pełniejszego zjednoczenia z Bogiem, wpływa na dobrą kondycję klasztoru.
Dwa oblicza Jana Eckharta z Hochheim w świetle polskich współczesnych badań
Authors: Markowski Mieczysław 
Published: June 2021

A profound scholarly interest in both Latin and German literary heritage of master of theology Johannes Eckhart von Hochheim dates back to 1933. Polish historiography has considerable achievements it the matter. The article presents two images of this German philosopher, as seen in the Polish literature on the subject.
Korespondencja internuncjusza Antonio Francesco Cirioli z Sekretariatem Stanu w przededniu sejmu zwyczajnego zwołanego w Warszawie w 1623 roku
Authors: Fitych Tadeusz 
Published: June 2021

From the mid-16th century onwards, the Apostolic Nunciature in Poland was pro-parliamentary, anti-Turkish and counter-reformative. It should not come as a surprise that the preliminary instruction issued to nuncio Giovanni Battista Lacellotti to stay especially alert and secure the interest of the Catholic Church in Poland as well as care for Christian affairs during parliamentary sessions acquired particular significance. In early November 1622, by the appointment of cardinal Cosimo de Torres, under Gregory's XV papal brief of 3 December 1622, Antonio Francesco Cirioli became internuncio. A Bolognese by origin, Cirioli was and a Doctor of Laws and from 1621 an auditor of Cosimo de Torres's nunciature (to date completely absent from the literature of the subject). The office of the internuncio in Warsaw, to which he was appointed following his 13-month service as an auditor, was held by Cirioli for as many as twenty-three weeks, i.e. from 19 November 1622 to 29 April 1623.
Obrzęd ekskomuniki zawarty w średniowiecznym Pontyfikale Rzymskim
Authors: Janicki Jan Józef 
Published: June 2021

The pontifical is a lituigical book used by the bishop. It contains prayer formulas and the rites proper to the liturgical confection of sacraments and sacramentals reserved solely to the bishop. The pontifical arose from a practical necessity - the use of only one book during holy functions. It was formed from three different ancient books of the Church: Liber sacramentorum, Ordines Romaniand Benedictionale, used by the bishops in the Gallic liturgy. A new type of book, which became the first pontifical combining the Roman and Gallic traditions, appeared in the tenth century (in the years 950-961) in Mainz, in the monastery of Saint Alban and was called the Roman - Germanic Pontifical (Pontificate Romano-Germanicum).
Application of heteroduplex analysis for CALR mutation screening detection in patients with Ph-myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Subbotina T. N. , Kurochkin D. V. , Maslyukova I. E. , Khazieva A. S. , Vasiliev E. V. , Mikhalev M. A. , Dunaeva E. A. , Mironov K. O. 
Published: June 2021

Background. In accordance with the World health organization clinical guidelines, the analysis of somatic mutations in the CALR gene, as well as mutations in the JAK2 and MPL genes, are included in the list of criteria for the Ph-myeloproliferative neoplasms diagnosis.More than 50 different mutation variants have been found in the CALR gene, among which the most frequent are a 52 bp deletion (c.1092_1143del), also called type 1, and a 5 bp insertion (c.1154_1155insTTGTC), also called type 2 (88 %).The remaining 12 % are other type less frequent indels or combinations thereof.It is most convenient to use sequencing methods to identify all possible variants of CALR mutations. It is also important to develop inexpensive screening test that can detect any mutations in the analyzed DNA fragment of CALR gene. This method can be heteroduplex analysis followed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel (PAGE).The objective: to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of using heteroduplex analysis with separation of the PCR product by electrophoresis on non-denaturing PAGE for the CALR exon 9 mutations detection as the screening test. Materials and methods. DNA samples of 13 CALR-positive patients with different phenotypic variants of Ph-myeloproliferative neoplasms were screened by heteroduplex analysis. For the most common variants of CALR mutations (c.1092_1143del and c.1154_1155insTTGTC), a threshold determination of the mutant allele presence was analyzed.Nucleotide sequence of exon 9 fragment was determined using Sanger sequencing. Also, all 13 samples were analyzed using the pyrosequencing method to assess the allelic burden level.Results. Heteroduplex analysis revealed mutations in exon 9 of the CALR gene in all 13 patients. The threshold determinations of the method in the case of the c.1154_1155insTTGTC and c.1092_1143del analysis are 6.25 % and 3.13 % of the mutant allele presence in the patient sample, respectively.Conclusion. The proposed variant of the heteroduplex analysis with separation of the PCR product by electrophoresis on non-denaturing PAGE can be recommended for use as the preliminary screening test which is carried out before the confirming sequencing methods for the different indels (or combinations thereof) CALR mutations determine.The presence of heteroduplexes indicates the presence of a mutation, even if the mutant product is not visualized (in case of small mutations).
Aktivitas Antibakteri Kitosan Monosakarida Kompleks sebagai Penghambat Bakteri Patogen pada Olahan Produk Perikanan
Authors: Ratna Sari Selly , Baehaki Ace , Dwita Lestari Shanti , Arafah Elmeizy , Guttifera  
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri kitosan modifikasi monosakarida sebagai potensi pengawet alami untuk olahan produk perikanan. Pengawetan Alami kitosan monosakarida kompleks dibuat dengan cara memodifikasi kitosan dengan gula monosakarida yang disterilisasi menggunakan autoklaf dengan variasi 1% glukosa, 1% galaktosa dan 1% fruktosa. Analisis pengawetan dibuktikan dengan menguji aktivitas bakteri Vibrio cholerae yang sering digunakan untuk indikasi kerusakan produk perikanan. Kitosan yang dimodifikasi menujukkan lebih baik dibandingkan penggunaan kitosan tanpa modifikasi (kontrol).kitosan dengan modifikasi fruktosa menunjukkan daya hambat bakteri tertinggi bakteri Vibrio cholerae yaitu 9 mm. Hasil terbaik yaitu gula fruktosa. Pengawet alami seperti ini sangat dibutuhkan sebagai pengawet pada produk perikanan baik masyarakat maupun industri dan dapat menjadi alternatif bahan pengawet alami.
Aktivitas Antioksidan Caulerpa sp. Segar dan Rebus
Authors: Hidayat Taufik , Nurjanah  , Mardiono Jacoeb Agoes , Adhitia Putera Bagja 
Published: June 2021

Radikal bebas merupakan suatu molekul yang sangat reaktif dan tidak stabil, dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan protein, Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA), dan membran sel, serta dapat memicu timbulnya penyakit degeneratif. Kerusakan-kerusakan tersebut dapat dicegah dengan senyawa antioksidan alami maupun sintetik. Caulerpa sp. merupakan rumput laut hijau yang berpotensi sebagai sumber antioksidan alami. Caulerpa sp. umum diolah menjadi urap rumput laut dalam keadaan segar dan rebus. Proses perebusan dikhawatirkan dapat mengubah aktivitas antioksidannya, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai aktivitas antioksidan pada Caulerpa sp. segar dan rebus. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah ekstraksi tunggal menggunakan pelarut metanol selama 1×24 jam. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metode DPPH. Caulerpa sp. segar dan rebus memiliki rendemen ekstrak yaitu 8,88% dan 6,44%. Nilai IC50 Caulerpa sp. segar yaitu 452,37±8,29 mg/L dan rebus yaitu 484,59±5,69 mg/L. Kategori nilai IC50 ini tergolong sangat lemah berdasarkan metode 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sehingga perlu dilakukan uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode lainnya dan pemurnian ekstrak kasar Caulerpa sp..
Analisis Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Karakter pada Ekstrakurikuler Seni Tari Tradisional di SDN Sawojajar 3 Malang
Authors: Daningtyas Zahna Karisma , Wulandari Retno Tri , Nihayati Nihayati 
Published: June 2021

Abstract: This study aims to (1) describe the process of extracurricular activities of traditional dance at Sawojajar 3 Malang Elementary School (2) to describe the values ​​of character education contained in the traditional dance extracurricular activities at Sawojajar 3 Malang Elementary School. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. Researcher as the main research instrument with research data source, namely the process of extracurricular activities of traditional dance. Collecting data using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The results showed the values ​​of character education in extracurricular traditional dance at Sawojajar 3 Malang Elementary School namely the process of extracurricular activities of traditional dance at Sawojajar 3 Malang Elementary School through 4 learning stages and 4 traditional dance materials. The four learning stages are pre- extracurricular activities for traditional dance, early extracurricular activities for traditional dance, core extracurricular activities for traditional dance, and final extracurricular activities for traditional dance. In the process of dance extracurricular activities through these 4 stages inserting habituation and giving examples of direct action. Religious character values, nationalist character values, community service character values, integrity character values, independent character values ​​with creative sub- values ​​have not been seen in extracurricular activities of traditional dance.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan proses kegiatan ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional di SDN Sawojajar 3 Malang (2) mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter yang terdapat pada ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional di SDN Sawojajar 3 Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis deskriptif. Peneliti sebagai instrumen penelitian utama dengan sumber data penelitian yaitu proses kegiatan ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter pada ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional di SDN Sawojajar 3 Malang yaitu proses kegiatan ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional di SDN Sawojajar 3 Malang melalui 4 tahap pembelajaran dan 4 Materi tari tradisional. Empat tahapan pembelajaran yaitu kegiatan pra-ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional, kegiatan awal ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional, kegiatan inti ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional, dan kegiatan akhir ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional. Dalam proses kegiatan ekstrakurikuler seni tari melalui 4 tahapan tersebut menyisipkan pembiasaan dan pemberian contoh tindakan langsung. Nilai karakter religius, nilai karakter nasionalis, nilai karakter gotong royong, nilai karakter integritas, nilai karakter mandiri dengan sub- nilai kreatif belum terlihat pada kegiatan ekstrakurikuler seni tari tradisional.
E-learning Berbasis Schoology dengan Penguatan Karakter Mandiri pada Materi Sistem Pencernaan Manusia di Kelas V SDI Ma’arif Garum Kabupaten Blitar
Authors: Dwi Naning , Bintartik Lilik , Muzaki Ferril Irham 
Published: June 2021

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to produce schoology based e-learning products by strengthening the independent character of the material in the human digestive system in class V SDI Ma'arif NU Garum, Blitar, which is valid, practical, and interesting. This study uses the Borg and Gall research model. The results of the validation of material experts, media experts, and users alike 93.75 percent the category is very valid and the product can be used without revision. While practicality and attractiveness, student responses showed 100 percent of the categories were very interesting and practical. It can be concluded that school-based e-learning can be used in learning.
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan produk e-learning berbasis schoology dengan penguatan karakter mandiri pada materi sistem pencernaan manusia di kelas V SDI Ma’arif NU Garum Kabupaten Blitar yang valid, praktis, dan menarik. Penelitian ini menggunakan model penelitian Borg and Gall. Hasil validasi ahli materi, ahli media, dan pengguna sama yaitu 93,75 persen kategori sangat valid dan produk dapat digunakan tanpa revisi. Sedangkan kepraktisan dan kemenarikan, respon siswa meunjukkan 100 persen kategori sangat menarik dan praktis. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa e-learning berbasis schoology dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran.