bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rosetta Stones and Cuneiform Tablets
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role in the marker design of buried objects intended to be inscribed with messages. Modeled on works like the Rosetta Stone, the stele of Hammurabi, and cuneiform tablets, this part of the design turned the marker system into an artificial archaeological site. Debates are explored about how meanings are effectively communicated, with an emphasis on parallel languages as securing transmission of meaning countered by historical evidence of English literary texts that rapidly became difficult to read. The chapter explores how Rosetta Stone came to be treated as a metaphor for a key to decipherment that would have been familiar to the expert consultants. Archaeological context demonstrates that the models used never actually were aimed to communicate into long-term futures. An interlude after the chapter explores the experts’ understanding of how Land Art worked, and how the artists creating such works understood them.
Reframing Vivien Leigh
Authors: Stead Lisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Reframing Vivien Leigh takes a fresh new look at one of the twentieth century’s most iconic stars. Focusing on Vivien Leigh as a distinctly archival subject, the book draws upon original oral history work with curators, archivists, and fan collectives and extensive research within a network of official and unofficial archives around the world to produce alternative stories about her place within film history. The study examines an intriguing variety of historical correspondence, costume, scripts, photography, props, and memorabilia in order to reframe the dominant narratives that have surrounded her life and career. While Leigh’s glamour, collaborations with Laurence Olivier, and mental health form important coordinates for any study of the star, the book foregrounds a range of alternative contexts that emphasize her creative agency, examining her off-screen labor in areas such as theatrical training, adaptation, war work, producing, protesting, and interactions with her fan base. Part I examines a variety of case studies of Leigh’s screen and stage craft as they emerge from the archive, looking at Leigh’s varied collaborations, her investment in faithful adaptations, and her vocal training. It interconnects star studies, feminist film studies, and performance studies to produce a new take on stardom as creative process rather than stardom as image. Part II turns toward unofficial archives and local museum collections, centering the work of the archivist and the amateur collector and their impact on women’s star histories. It explores Leigh’s archival afterlives as they are constructed by a range of agents and institutions beyond the “official” star archive.
“Her sort of trouble”
Authors: Stead Lisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter uses material from Vivien Leigh’s British Library papers to forge a new approach to histories of her struggles with mental health. The chapter examines how this particular aspect of her life is represented within the archive. As a case study, I analyze fan letters that were generated in response to press coverage of the breakdown Leigh suffered while filming Elephant Walk in 1953. The chapter shows how predominantly female fan writers corresponded with Leigh. In turn, they capitalized on the simultaneous intimacy and distance of the fan letter to create a platform for self-exploration. More broadly, the chapter considers the cultural frameworks in which such fan-inflected confession gestated. It reads the content of the letters against a backdrop of attitudes toward women’s mental health at this time.
Birth of Intelligence
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What is intelligence? How did it begin and evolve to human intelligence? Does a high level of biological intelligence require a complex brain? Can man-made machines be truly intelligent? Is artificial intelligence (AI) fundamentally different from human intelligence? Rapid expansion of AI applications has made these questions pressing. To better prepare for the future society and its technology, including how the use of AI will impact our lives, it is essential to understand the biological root and limits of human intelligence. After systematically reviewing biological and computational underpinnings of decision-making and intelligent behaviors, this book proposes that true intelligence requires life.
Brain and Decision-Making
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The brain is an organ of decision-making, and its studies requires multidisciplinary approaches, including neuroscience, economics, and psychology, three areas that have jointly formed the basis of neuroeconomics. This chapters reviews the utility theory to illustrate why it is important to start with a formal theory of decision-making to understand the biological mechanisms of decision-making, including the function of the brain. In addition, it discusses the limits of the classical utility theory and how its concepts are related to the common notion of happiness. Finally, it reviews key findings from neuroscience about how the brain makes decisions.
Why Learning?
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Once the genes delegate the responsibility of decision-making to the brain, the most important function of the brain is to develop successful decision-making strategies by incorporating new information about the animal’s environment. The complexity of this process increased during evolution, and in mammals, including humans, the brain utilizes multiple learning strategies to produce the most appropriate motor responses. After illustrating this using response and place learning, this chapter reviews the history of research on animal learning, including a potential conflict between different learning strategies. In particular, the author addresses the important role of classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning in learning.
People Management
Authors: Jacobsen Christian B. , Knies Eva 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The central issue in this chapter is people management in public organizations. That is, managers’ implementation of HR practices and their leadership behavior in supporting the employees they supervise at work. This chapter focuses on five key aspects related to HRM and leadership in a public sector context. First, the historical move from personnel management to HRM and leadership. Second, the distinction between external and internal management and this chapter’s focus on internal management. Third, the role of middle and frontline leaders in the implementation of policies and their responsibility for turning general policies into results. Fourth, the mutual dependency between HRM policies and leadership. Fifth, the distinction between intended, implemented, and perceived HRM and leadership. This chapter systematically draws on both the general HRM and leadership bodies of literature, and specifies these insights to the public sector context whenever possible.
Public Managers’ Contribution to Public Service Performance
Authors: Andersen Lotte B. , Jacobsen Christian B. , Jensen Ulrich T. , Salomonse Heidi H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes how public managers contribute to public service performance. First, the chapter investigates three critical contextual factors for how public leadership can make a difference to organizational performance: managerial autonomy, capacity, and ability. Second, three leadership strategies are introduced which have been positively related to organizational performance in the public sector: goal-oriented, relational, and non-leader-centered leadership. Third, a new concept with particular relevance for public management is presented—reputation management—and this points to the relevance of considering the nexus between reputation and performance. It is argued that an organization’s reputation and performance may be more or less aligned. However, more importantly, an organization’s reputation per se also provides an important but less studied contextual factor of relevance for public managers’ ability to improve organizational performance. Finally, the chapter discusses how to develop leadership skills that increase public managers’ ability to contribute to public service performance.
George Berkeley and Early Modern Philosophy
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book focuses on how, for Berkeley, mind is related to its ideas. It does not assume that thinkers like Descartes, Malebranche, or Locke define for Berkeley the context in which he develops his own thought. Instead, it indicates how he draws on a tradition that informed his early training and that challenges much of the early modern thought with which he is often associated. Specifically, this book indicates how Berkeley’s distinctive treatment of mind (as the activity whereby objects are differentiated and related to one another) highlights how mind neither precedes the existence of objects nor exists independently of them. This distinctive way of understanding the relation of mind and objects allows Berkeley to appropriate ideas from his contemporaries in ways that so transform the issues with which he is engaged that his insights—for example, about how God creates the minds that perceive objects—are only now starting to be fully appreciated.
How Berkeley’s Works Are Interpreted
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Instead of interpreting Berkeley exclusively in terms of how he relates to Descartes, Malebranche, and Locke, this chapter suggests we consider him in relation to other figures as well (e.g. Stoics, Ramists, Suárez, Spinoza, Leibniz). This allows us to integrate his published and unpublished work, and it reveals how the breadth of his writings are much more aligned with one another. Specifically, it indicates how mind is the will that things be identified by being differentiated and related rather than something distinct from already differentiated things.
The Ramist Context of Berkeley’s Philosophy
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Berkeley’s doctrines about mind, the language of nature, substance, minima sensibilia, notions, abstract ideas, inference, and freedom appropriate principles developed by the sixteenth-century logician Peter Ramus and his seventeenth-century followers (e.g. Alexander Richardson, William Ames, John Milton). Even though Berkeley expresses himself in Cartesian or Lockean terms, he relies on a Ramist way of thinking that is not a form of mere rhetoric or pedagogy but a logic and ontology grounded in Stoicism. This chapter summarizes the central features of Ramism, indicates how Berkeley adapts Ramist concepts and strategies, and chronicles Ramism’s pervasiveness in Berkeley’s education, especially at Trinity College Dublin.
Berkeley and Descartes on Mind
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The convergence of ontological and epistemological interests in discussing mind has led some commentators to argue that Berkeley’s appeal to the Cartesian vocabulary of “spiritual substance” signals his appropriation of elements of Descartes’s theory of mind. But in his account of spiritual substance, Berkeley focuses much more than Descartes on the intrinsic relation between mind and its ideas and less on the nature of mind as such. This makes it difficult to justify the claim that mind (for Berkeley) is either an object of self-awareness or something that can be conceived apart from the activities or ideas by which it is known. Instead, it is the intentionality of ideas as they are represented as signs.
Berkeley and Spinoza
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
There is a widespread assumption that Berkeley and Spinoza have little in common, even though early Jesuit critics in France often linked them. Later commentators have also recognized their similarities. This chapter focuses on how Berkeley’s comments on the Arnauld–Malebranche debate regarding objective and formal reality, and on his treatment of God’s creation of finite minds within nature relate his theory of knowledge to his doctrine in a way similar to that of Spinoza.
The Keithian Controversy
Authors: Pennington Madeleine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the extent to which ordinary Quakers were affected by the theological changes traced through the preceding chapters, through a consideration of the Keithian controversy. It argues that this controversy was fundamentally a theological disagreement about the place of the historical Jesus in Quaker spirituality—and while the Quakers would not retreat from their belief in the ‘sufficiency of the Light’ in public, their internal records reflect a far greater appreciation of the Incarnation than Quaker thinking in the 1650s. At the same time, they appealed to earlier Quaker writings as authoritative in their own right, suggesting the emergence of a ‘Quaker orthodoxy’ by the end of the seventeenth century. In this sense, the Keithian controversy was a coming of age for the Quaker movement—and when considered alongside the changes traced in Chapter 1, it confirms the significance of theological motivations in the development of seventeenth-century Quakerism
Seek Consultation
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Seeking consultation commences with the recognition that seeking consultation is itself an ethical duty to the client. The chapter recommends three types of consultation, including ethical consultation, clinical consultation, and legal consultation. Ethical consultation occurs best when it is regularly scheduled, part of an ongoing relationship, and nurtures the professional’s own ethical growth. Clinical consultation can be used for ongoing supervision, understanding the connection between emotional and academic problems, staying current with clinical theory and interventions, recognizing the need for self-care, and managing clinical concerns. Legal consultation can assist with understanding constitutional rights of due process and equal protection, federal statutes such as the Every Student Succeeds Act or Individuals with Disabilities Act, state statutes, administrative regulations, and case law, such as the Tarasoff duty to protect and Jaffee v. Redmond. It ends with a discussion of the relationship between law and ethics and provides guidance regarding civil disobedience.
Ethical Recordkeeping
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ethical recordkeeping is new to this edition and begins by identifying the purposes of good recordkeeping. The chapter then addresses seven ethical issues related to recordkeeping, including privacy, accuracy, confidentiality, access, communication, documentation, and retention and destruction. Privacy asks: What information should I collect? Accuracy asks: How precise do I need to be? Confidentiality asks: To whom can I disclose information? Access asks: Who should be able to access my records? Communication asks: How should I transmit records? Documentation asks: What information should I record? Retention and destruction ask: How long should I keep records and how should I dispose of them?
Introduction
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book and what it is about. It also reminds the reader what the difference between innovation and invention is. Innovation is the complete process of taking new ideas and devising new or improved products and services, which are then sold in the market. It comes in all stages of the production, sale, and after-sales of products and services. The true impact of innovation was not in the invention of the internal combustion engine, nor even the invention of the first automobile. The true impact of innovation is represented by the continuous stream of implementation of large and small inventions to make the car a better and cheaper product, to improve the way it is produced, and to continuously find ingenious ways to sell, market, and service cars. We care about innovation because it is the only engine for sustained long-term growth and improved welfare. This is why it is dangerous to mix innovation and invention, which happens to be the most common mistake of policymakers, the media, and the educated public.
Making America Great Again?
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines a different, but equally tantalizing, option of trying to “bring back” traditional manufacturing and the high-paying production-line jobs that disappeared from many areas decades ago. To analyze the practicality of this strategy, the chapter explores recent changes in the global production landscape that are the result of digitization and other trends. What happened to the vertical manufacturers of yesteryear? How does innovation translate to growth in a globalizing world? To make those changes less abstract and more concrete, the chapters utilizes a few historical case studies. First, it examines the history of the rise and fall of innovation manufacturing in Michigan and Pennsylvania; then it looks at the brief success (and long and bitter decline) of the “high-end manufacturing” stars of the 1990s: Elk Grove, California, and Colorado Springs, Colorado. After effectively killing the two current deadly street drugs of Silicon Valley and Make America Great Again, the chapter leads the reader to appreciate other (and better) choices by moving away from the binary framing of innovation/manufacturing and back to the world of fragmented production, but this time armed with a new point view.
Four Are Better Than One—But First, Let Us Plan It Strategically
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter starts the constructive journey of developing a strategy for local innovation-based growth in each stage of production. It does so by first making clear what is (and what is not) innovation policy. Reminding the reader that there are only two innovation actors in the economy (individuals and firms), and only three goals of innovation policy: (i) equipping the agents of innovation with the necessary capacities, (ii) building and sustaining the ecosystem in which they can flourish, and (iii) finding the most effective ways to stimulate said actors to innovate. It then introduces the concept of growth models to develop and build the ideas of the four fundamentals of local innovation-based growth policy: (1) Flows of local–global knowledge, demand, and input; (2) The supply and creation of public and semi-public goods; (3) A local ecosystem that reinforces the firm-level benefits of the previous two fundamentals; and (4) Managing the co-evolution of the previous three fundamentals and the changing role of public policy as the locale grows and excels. Using these tools, the chapter analyzes the case for stage 4 innovation specialization through the case of Shenzhen.
Looking for Better Options
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
But how should a community manage its efforts? Locales seeking to promote innovation-based growth must think carefully not only about the needed actions, but also about the public agencies chosen to lead them. Strikingly, there has been almost no research on how to design and develop innovation agencies. Further, anyone who wants to model innovation agencies on the example of successful organizations could be forgiven for ending in utter confusion. Effective innovation agencies include large, powerful, central organizations as well as small, lightly funded ones. Some innovation agencies have clear technological objectives and manage much of the research themselves, whereas others have delegated these decisions to private sector actors. In short, there is considerable variation, with no clear lessons. The chapter cuts through this fog by demonstrating that the different designs of innovation agencies are similar to the different innovation models needed to excel in different stages of production, and each of which necessitates different set of capabilities. Effective institutional design thus depends on an agency’s mission or the specific type of innovation it seeks to pursue. The chapter distinguishes among four different types of innovation agencies, illustrated by multiple case studies: “directed upgraders,” “productivity facilitators,” “state-led disruptors,” and “transformation enablers.” These categories reflect different choices concerning (i) the level of public sector R&D involvement, (ii) the positioning of the agencies within the public sector, and (iii) the degree of embedding within private industry. Building on these case studies, the chapter discusses the implications for communities as they plan their innovation-based future.
Precursors of Conversion Themes under the Umayyads
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 is devoted to sources attributed to pre-ᶜAbbāsid writers, who lived and wrote during the Umayyad Caliphate: Sulaym ibn Qays (d. 76/695), Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī (d. 124/741), and Mūsā ibn ᶜUqba (d. 135/752). These sources are problematic for various reasons, examined extensively in the first section of the chapter. The chapter then focuses on the literary descriptions of conversion and detectable themes. This chapter demonstrates how the earliest available historical reports include precursors of conversion themes, which are to be developed, used, or reinterpreted under the ᶜAbbāsid rule. Chapter 2 argues that, since the genesis of Muslim historical writing, religious historians not only emphasized conversion but also used it to advance their religious views and support their political agendas.
Mormonism, Medicine, and Bioethics
Authors: Campbell Courtney S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Moral Realities: Medicine, Bioethics, and Mormonism articulates and applies a framework of ethical principles in the moral culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) to an array of specific topics in bioethics, including reproductive technologies, stem-cell research, preventive medicine, vaccinations, genetic screening and editing, biomedical enhancements, organ and tissue donation, life endings in neonatal intensive care, withdrawing medical treatments, medical-assisted death, human cloning, abortion, medical marijuana, and universal health care. Moral Realities proposes that LDS understandings of medicine as a healing vocation and ethical principles and virtues of love, hospitality, covenant, justice, and moral agency can guide ethical deliberation in concrete circumstances of moral choice; mediate relationships between families, patients, and the healing professions; and present ethical criteria for assessing health care public policy. The book honors the communal moral authority of personal experience and intertwines communal experience and ecclesiastical policy positions with perspectives in professional bioethical discourse. Moral Realities expands the realm of Mormon studies to include ethics and bioethics, provides for a bioethics-literate LDS moral culture and an LDS-literate bioethics, and presents a critically reflective ethic for the LDS community, including LDS health care professionals.
Faith, Medicine, and Healing
Authors: Campbell Courtney S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops from the revealed realities and moral culture formed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints a theological and ethical rationale for the healing professions as callings within which the moral reality of healing is conceptualized and enacted. Healing, which is characterized by restoring wholeness, relationships, witnessing the patient’s narrative, the potency of touch, and empathetic solidarity, provides moral convergence and continuity between communal rituals and practices oriented by faith convictions and communal reliance on medical interventions. An evolving moral reality of healing is represented through a typology of three broad patterns of relationship between faith convictions and medical practice that emerged historically in LDS culture: faith against medicine, faith and medicine, and faith in medicine.