bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Garlic flavonoids alleviate H2O2 induced oxidative damage in L02 cells and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells by Bcl‐2/Caspase pathway
Authors: Gao Xudong , Yanan Jia , Santhanam Ramesh Kumar , Wang Yajie , Lu Yangpeng , Zhang Min , Chen Haixia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLiver damage is a common liver disorder, which could induce liver cancer. Oral antioxidant is one of the effective treatments to prevent and alleviate liver damage. In this study, three flavonoids namely myricetin, isoquercitrin, and isorhamnetin were isolated and identified from Laba garlic. The isolated compounds were investigated on the protective effects against H2O2‐induced oxidative damages in hepatic L02 cells and apoptosis inducing mechanism in hepatic cancer cells HepG2 by using MTT assay, flow cytometry and western blotting analysis. Myricetin, isoquercitrin, and isorhamnetin showed proliferation inhibition on HepG2 cells with IC50 value of 44.32 ± 0.213 µM, 49.68 ± 0.192 µM, and 54.32 ± 0.176 µM, respectively. While they showed low toxicity on normal cell lines L02. They could significantly alleviate the oxidative damage towards L02 cells (P < 0.05), via inhibiting the morphological changes in mitochondria and upholding the integrity of mitochondrial structure and function. The fluorescence intensity of L02 cells pre‐treated with myricetin, isoquercitrin, and isorhamnetin (100 µM) was 89.23 ± 1.26%, 89.35 ± 1.43% and 88.97 ± 0.79%, respectively. Moreover, the flavonoids could induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells via Bcl‐2/Caspase pathways, where it could up‐regulate the expression of Bax and down‐regulate the expression of Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL, pro‐Caspase‐3, and pro‐Caspase‐9 proteins in a dose dependent manner. Overall, the results suggested that the flavonoids from Laba garlic might be a promising candidate for the treatment of various liver disorders.Practical ApplicationFlavonoids from Laba garlic showed selective toxicity towards HepG2 cells in comparison to L02 cells via regulating Bcl‐2/caspase pathway. Additionally, the isolated flavonoids expressively barred the oxidative damage induced by H2O2 in L02 cells. These results suggested that the flavonoids from laba garlic could be a promising agent towards the development of functional foods.
DILS: Demographic inferences with linked selection by using ABC
Authors: Fraïsse Christelle , Popovic Iva , Mazoyer Clément , Spataro Bruno , Delmotte Stéphane , Romiguier Jonathan , Loire Étienne , Simon Alexis , Galtier Nicolas , Duret Laurent , Bierne Nicolas , Vekemans Xavier , Roux Camille 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present DILS, a deployable statistical analysis platform for conducting demographic inferences with linked selection from population genomic data using an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework. DILS takes as input single‐population or two‐population data sets (multilocus fasta sequences) and performs three types of analyses in a hierarchical manner, identifying: (a) the best demographic model to study the importance of gene flow and population size change on the genetic patterns of polymorphism and divergence, (b) the best genomic model to determine whether the effective size Ne and migration rate N, m are heterogeneously distributed along the genome (implying linked selection) and (c) loci in genomic regions most associated with barriers to gene flow. Also available via a Web interface, an objective of DILS is to facilitate collaborative research in speciation genomics. Here, we show the performance and limitations of DILS by using simulations and finally apply the method to published data on a divergence continuum composed by 28 pairs of Mytilus mussel populations/species.
In vitro studies of H520 cell cycle and apoptosis by anlotinib combined with radiotherapy
Authors: Guo Lu , Zhang Luyao , Guan Yan , Li Yan , Zhang Chufeng , Guo Qisen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo study in vitro the effects of anlotinib combined with radiotherapy on the lung cancer H520 cell cycle and apoptosis.MethodsThe log growth period H520 cells were divided into the control group, anlotinib group (A group), radiotherapy group (RT group) and combined group (A + RT group). Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry and changes in H520 cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed in each group.ResultsAnlotinib was determined to significantly inhibit cell growth in all groups, both alone, or in combination with radiotherapy. After receiving corresponding treatments, the proportions of G2/M‐phase cells in the control group, A group, RT group and A + RT group were different, and statistically significant (F = 32.086, P < 0.001). The apoptotic cell statistics of H520 cells in the control group, A group, RT group and A + RT group were significantly different (F = 44.537, P < 0.01). The relative expression of CDK1 in each group of cells was 0.04 ± 0.02, 0.07 ± 0.12, 0.81 ± 0.11, and 0.56 ± 0.16, respectively. There were differences between the groups by analysis of variance which were statistically significant (F = 58.36, P < 0.0001). The relative expression of cycle B in each group of cells was 0.27 ± 0.05, 0.40 ± 0.16, 0.65 ± 0.14, and 0.57 ± 0.13, respectively. There were differences between the groups by analysis of variance which were statistically significant (F = 10.77, P = 0.0002).ConclusionsAnlotinib had an inhibitory effect on lung cancer H520 cell proliferation. A higher rate of apoptosis and G2/M phase block was observed in the anlotinib‐radiotherapy combined group. Anlotinib combined with radiotherapy was able to synergistically inhibit tumor cell growth.Key pointsAnrotinib combined with radiotherapy can synergistically inhibit tumor cell growth.
Financial Transparency to the Rescue: Effects of Public Country‐by‐Country Reporting in the European Union Banking Sector on Tax Avoidance*
Authors: Overesch Michael , Wolff Hubertus 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTWe analyze the effect of mandatory financial transparency on corporate tax avoidance. The effectiveness of comprehensive tax transparency, in the form of a public country‐by‐country reporting, to mitigate corporate tax planning is largely unknown. Capital Requirements Directive IV by the European Commission required multinational banks to publish key financial and tax data in the form of public country‐by‐country reporting. We examine tax avoidance of banks around the reform. Our focus is on multinational banks newly required to report activities in tax havens that had not been publicly disclosed before the country‐by‐country reporting mandate. We predict and find that these exposed banks increased their tax expense relative to multinational banks with no activities in tax havens to disclose, as well as relative to domestic banks unaffected by the new mandate. In additional tests, we compare our sample of exposed multinational banks to several control groups from the financial sector and other industries. Our results suggest that country‐by‐country reporting can serve as an additional policy instrument to curb corporate tax avoidance, but only when the reporting exposes the firms' tax sheltering activities to public scrutiny.
Content validation of the nursing outcome Knowledge Heart Failure Management: Brazilian nurses’ opinions
Authors: da Costa Ferreira Natany , Takao Lopes Camila , Moorhead Sue , Gengo e Silva Butcher Rita de Cassia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo estimate the content validity of the outcome Knowledge: Heart Failure Management (1835) of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC).MethodsA methodological study conducted in Brazil with nurses with expertise in cardiovascular nursing and nursing process. The nurse experts evaluated the relevance of the indicators for the nursing outcome on a 5‐point Likert scale. A total of 55 indicators were analyzed, including 50 NOC indicators, four indicators located from a scoping review, and one suggested by an expert during the content validation process. The relevance ratio supported the categorization of indicators as critical, supplemental, or unnecessary. Relevance ratios of critical and supplemental indicators were summed and divided by the total number of the indicators to calculate the outcome content validity (OCV) score of the nursing outcome.FindingsFifteen nurse experts, mostly females (n = 13) with a mean age of 36.0 ± 6.3 years, 13.9 ± 6.5 years of professional experience, and extensive use of the nursing process in their clinical practice (n = 10), teaching (n = 13), and research (n = 11), participated in this study. Regarding the content validation, 43 (78.2%) out of 55 indicators were categorized as critical (relevance ratio .80–.98), 11 (20%) as supplemental (relevance ratio .67–.79), and one indicator (1.8%) was categorized as unnecessary (relevance ratio .48). The OCV score of the nursing outcome was .87.ConclusionThe study provided evidence of content validity of 49 indicators of the NOC outcome, Knowledge: Heart Failure Management, and five new indicators identified through the validation process based on nurse experts’ opinions.Implications for the nursing practiceThese findings provide evidence‐based indicators for the measurement of heart failure patients' knowledge about disease management. As a result, nurses can test the effectiveness of nursing interventions based on valid outcome indicators.
Despair in the time of COVID: A look at suicidal ingestions reported to the California Poison Control System during the pandemic
Authors: Ontiveros Sam T. , Levine Michael D. , Cantrell F. L. , Thomas Caroline , Minns Alicia B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite concern that the global pandemic will worsen depression and suicide rates, there remain little data on its actual effect. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic on suicidal ingestions reported to the California Poison Control System (CPCS).MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional comparison of suicidal ingestions reported to the CPCS during the 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic compared to suicidal ingestions reported during the same period in 2018 and 2019.ResultsThe CPCS received 19,607 call for suicidal ingestions during the study periods, of which 13,800 were in the pre‐COVID era (2018 and 2019) and 5,807 were in the COVID era. The median (IQR) number of suicidal ingestions per month decreased from 2,286 (2,240–2,364) to 1,940 (1,855–2,045; p = 0.02). This decrease was consistent and significant across all age groups except those age 70 or older. Ingestions without adverse events decreased by 101 cases/month (95% confidence interval [CI] = 136.8 to 65; p = 0.0003), minor outcomes decreased by 156.6 cases/month (95% CI = 226.2 to 87.1; p = 0.001), and moderate outcomes decreased by 96 cases/month (95% CI = 143.9 to 48.1; p = 0.00021). Major outcomes decreased from 793 (4.99%) cases in the pre‐COVID era to 315 (4.60%) cases in the COVID era (risk ratio = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.05). The number of deaths decreased by 3.7 cases/month (95% CI = –8.3 to 0.92, p = 0.10).ConclusionsDespite concern for worsening suicidality, calls regarding suicidal ingestions to the nation's largest poison control center decreased during the COVID era compared to the pre‐COVID era. This study provides evidence that the pandemic's effects on modern society remain difficult to predict. Further effort is needed to understand how pandemic will affect American's mental health.
Validity and Reliability of Executive Function Measures in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Correspondence Between Multiple Raters and Laboratory Measures
Authors: Bernes Gemma A. , Villodas Miguel , Coles Claire D. , Kable Julie A. , May Philip A. , Kalberg Wendy O. , Sowell Elizabeth R. , Jones Kenneth L. , Riley Edward P. , Mattson Sarah N. ,   CIFASD
Published: January 2021

BackgroundRating scales are designed to complement traditional performance‐based measures, and both can provide useful information about the functioning of youth with histories of prenatal alcohol exposure. Few studies, however, have compared ratings from multiple informants or the relationship between these subjective rating scale scores and the objective results from laboratory performance‐based scales.MethodsThe current study addressed both of these questions in 3 study groups: children with histories of prenatal alcohol exposure (n = 47), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 41), and typically developing controls (CON; n = 73). All subjects completed a standardized neuropsychological test battery, including laboratory measures of executive functioning and a self‐report measure of executive function behaviors. Parents and teachers completed corresponding rating scales of executive function behaviors for each subject. This study assessed the relationship between these behavior rating scales and corresponding neuropsychological tests, and interrater agreement among the multiple informants.ResultsWeak correlations were found between the rating scales and laboratory measures, indicating poor convergent validity for the behavior rating scale. Interrater reliability was found but it differed by group. Agreement was found between parent and teacher ratings for children with prenatal alcohol exposure, whereas teacher–child agreement was found for those with ADHD.ConclusionsFindings from this study indicate that behavior ratings can be used to supplement laboratory measures but may not be measuring cognitive abilities regardless of whether a clinical diagnosis is present. A multimethod approach should be used when measuring skills in this domain. This was one of the first studies to examine cross‐informant agreement in a sample of children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Further research is necessary to understand why interrater agreement differed for children with prenatal alcohol exposure and those with ADHD.
Butterflies Australia: a national citizen science database for monitoring changes in the distribution and abundance of Australian butterflies
Authors: Sanderson Chris , Braby Michael F , Bond Suzi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractConservation biology is a field of science that is heavily biased against insects and allied invertebrates, largely due to a data deficiency feedback loop that maintains a cycle of ignorance and inaction. Because many invertebrate groups are, and remain, extremely data poor, it is frequently difficult to conduct even the most basic conservation actions, such as status evaluation, listing, recovery and monitoring of threatened species. Thus, declines and extinctions of invertebrates are frequently undetected and poorly documented. To address this data deficiency, we have developed a new national database – Butterflies Australia – for one insect taxon that integrates citizen science (data collectors) with global, standardised monitoring protocols and emerging tools in technology and biodiversity informatics. The database is created from a platform, which consists of a phone app and website, that offers the potential to rapidly increase data availability on the occurrence of Australian butterflies at a far greater scale than was previously possible, as well as to monitor trends in their distribution and abundance over time. We discuss the attributes and importance of successful citizen science projects and quantitative methods for monitoring butterflies, both from an Australian perspective and in an international context, and then outline the operational aspects of the Butterflies Australia platform. A review of survey methods that have been used for monitoring or inventorying butterflies in Australia over the past 50 years revealed a diverse array of sampling techniques, with little standardisation between studies and wide variation in space (sampling unit) and time (sampling effort). Transect counts, in particular, have rarely followed the international guidelines recommended for standardised global butterfly monitoring. Finally, we discuss the benefits of our new citizen science tool for butterflies and potentially other invertebrates. We envisage that our platform will engender increased community awareness, improved quantity and quality of data collection, better conservation policy and planning, as well as enhanced resourcing and research for the conservation management of butterflies.
Trade, value chains, and rent distribution with foreign exchange controls: Coffee exports in Ethiopia
Authors: Tamru Seneshaw , Minten Bart , Swinnen Johan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExchange rate policies can have important implications on incentives for export agriculture. However, their effects are often not well understood. We study the issue of foreign exchange controls and pricing in the value chain for Ethiopia's coffee—its most important export crop. Relying on unique pricing and cost data, we find that coffee exporters are willing to incur losses during exporting by offering high prices for coffee locally in order to access scarce foreign exchange. We further find that the consequent high wholesale prices for coffee are transmitted to producers, so that coffee farmers are unintended beneficiaries of this rent.
Regional anaesthesia: risk, consent and complications
Authors: McCombe K. , Bogod D. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe risks of regional anaesthesia relate primarily to the technical nature of the procedure, chief among them being neurological. While rare, the direct relationship between nerve damage and the procedure itself means that patients need to be aware of this complication when consent is sought. In order to give valid consent, a patient must be informed. The extent of the information required has been defined by a 2015 legal ruling which established that the standard is the expectation of a reasonable patient, rather than the information deemed consequential by a reasonable doctor. The implications of this for clinicians are profound, and mean that the process of consent must, for example, include alternatives to the proposed treatment. Additionally, patients must have capacity and give their consent without coercion. Effective communication of risk can be challenging. As well as the barriers to comprehension that can result from language, literacy and numeracy, clinicians need to be aware of their own biases, often in favour of a regional anaesthetic approach. Patients also have biases, and doctors must be aware of these in order to best target their provision of information. Careful use of language and employing adjuncts such as information leaflets and visual aids can help to maximise the individual's autonomy. Particular care must be taken in special situations such as where patients have capacity issues or time is limited by the emergency nature of the intervention.
Updates in our understanding of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity: a narrative review
Authors: Macfarlane A. J. R. , Gitman M. , Bornstein K. J. , El‐Boghdadly K. , Weinberg G. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryDespite advances in clinical practice, local anaesthetic systemic toxicity continues to occur with the therapeutic use of local anaesthesia. Patterns of presentation have evolved over recent years due in part to the increasing use of ultrasound which has been demonstrated to reduce risk. Onset of toxicity is increasingly delayed, a greater proportion of clinical reports are secondary to fascial plane blocks, and cases are increasing where non‐anaesthetist providers are involved. The evolving clinical context presents a challenge for diagnosis and requires education of all physicians, nurses and allied health professionals about these changing patterns and risks. This review discusses: mechanisms; prevention; diagnosis; and treatment of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity. The local anaesthetic and dose used, site of injection and block conduct and technique are all important determinants of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity, as are various patient factors. Risk mitigation is discussed including the care of at‐risk groups, such as: those at the extremes of age; patients with cardiac, hepatic and specific metabolic diseases; and those who are pregnant. Advances in the changing clinical landscape with novel applications and settings for the use of local anaesthesia are also described. Finally, we signpost future directions to potentially improve the management of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity. The utility of local anaesthetics remains unquestionable in clinical practice, and thus maximising the safe and appropriate use of these drugs should translate to improvements in patient care.
Cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery treated with remote ischaemic preconditioning: 1‐year follow‐up of a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Ekeloef S. , Koyuncu S. , Holst‐Knudsen J. , Gundel O. , Meyhoff C. S. , Homilius M. , Stilling M. , Ekeloef P. , Münster A. M. B. , Mathiesen O. , Gögenur I. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryRemote ischaemic preconditioning reduces the risk of myocardial injury within 4 days of hip fracture surgery. We aimed to investigate the effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events 1 year after hip fracture surgery. We performed a phase‐2, multicentre, randomised, observer‐blinded, clinical trial between February 2015 and September 2017. We studied patients aged ≥ 45 years with a hip fracture and a minimum of one cardiovascular risk factor. Patients were allocated randomly to remote ischaemic preconditioning applied just before surgery or no treatment (control group). Remote ischaemic preconditioning was performed on the upper arm with a tourniquet in four cycles of 5 min ischaemia and 5 min reperfusion. Primary outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events within 1 year of surgery. A total of 316 patients were allocated randomly to the remote ischaemic preconditioning group and 309 patients to the control group. Major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 43 patients (13.6%) in the remote ischaemic preconditioning group compared with 51 patients (16.5%) in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio (95%CI) 0.83 (0.55–1.25); p = 0.37). Fewer patients in the remote ischaemic preconditioning group had a myocardial infarction (11 (3.5%) vs. 22 (7.1%); hazard ratio (95%CI) 0.48 (CI 0.23–1.00); p = 0.04). Remote ischaemic preconditioning did not reduce the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events within 1 year of hip fracture surgery. The effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on clinical cardiovascular outcomes in non‐cardiac surgery needs confirmation in appropriately powered randomised clinical trials.