bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of interval kidney biopsy in ANCA-associated vasculitis
Authors: Chapman Gavin B , Farrah Tariq E , Chapman Fiona A , Pugh Dan , Bellamy Christopher O C , Lahiri Rashmi , Miller-Hodges Eve , Kluth David C , Hunter Robert W , Dhaun Neeraj 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare autoimmune disorder that commonly involves the kidney. Early identification of kidney involvement, assessing treatment-response and predicting outcome are important clinical challenges. Here, we assessed the potential utility of interval kidney biopsy in AAV.

Methods
In a tertiary referral centre with a dedicated vasculitis service, we identified patients with AAV who had undergone interval kidney biopsy, defined as a repeat kidney biopsy (following an initial biopsy showing active AAV) undertaken to determine the histological response in the kidney following induction immunosuppression. We analysed biochemical, histological and outcome data, including times to kidney failure and death for all patients.

Results
We identified 57 patients with AAV who underwent at least one interval kidney biopsy (59 interval biopsies in total; median time to interval biopsy ∼130 days). Of the 59 interval biopsies performed, 24 (41%) patients had clinically suspected active disease at time of biopsy which was confirmed histologically in only 42% of cases; 35 (59%) patients were in clinical disease-remission, and this was correct in 97% of cases. The clinician’s impression was incorrect in one in four patients. Hematuria at interval biopsy did not correlate with histological activity. Interval biopsy showed fewer acute lesions and more chronic damage compared with initial biopsy and led to immunosuppressive treatment-change in 75% (44/59) of patients. Clinical risk prediction tools tended to operate better using interval biopsy data.

Conclusion
Interval kidney biopsy is useful for determining treatment-response and subsequent disease management in AAV. It may provide better prognostic information than initial kidney biopsy and should be considered for inclusion into future clinical trials and treatment protocols for patients with AAV.
DOSIMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE TWO-PHASE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARATHYROID GLANDS IMAGING
Authors: Dimitroukas Christos P , Metaxas Vasileios I , Efthymiou Fotios O , Zampakis Petros E , Kalogeropoulou Christina P , Panayiotakis George S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study evaluates the patient radiation dose from the two-phase protocols of two different computed tomography (CT) systems and compares this with that delivered by the other similar protocols previously published. Two hundred and fourteen patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were included in the study with a two-phase CT scan between 2008 and 2020 by using a Toshiba Aquilion Prime 80 and a GE Light Speed 16. The standard ‘neck’ or a modified ‘parathyroid’ protocol was used. The patient dose was evaluated in terms of volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP) and effective dose (ED) per acquisition protocol and CT system. CTDIvol and DLP were recorded retrospectively, while the ED was calculated based on DLP and an appropriate conversion coefficient. Comparisons of patient dose between the two protocols and two CT systems and the corresponding published values were established. A significantly lower patient dose (40.2–43.2%) than the GE system (p &lt; 0.0001) resulted from the Toshiba system. The ‘parathyroid’ protocol resulted in a 6.5–9.6% lower patient dose than the standard ‘neck’ protocol. Compared with the literature, the lowest ED value (3.6 mSv) was observed since this protocol consists of a lowered tube voltage of 100 kVp, a reduced scan length for the pre-contrast phase and implementation of an iterative reconstruction algorithm.
Individualized Prediction of Prodromal Symptom Remission for Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Worthington Michelle A , Addington Jean , Bearden Carrie E , Cadenhead Kristin S , Cornblatt Barbara A , Keshavan Matcheri , Mathalon Daniel H , McGlashan Thomas H , Perkins Diana O , Stone William S , Tsuang Ming T , Walker Elaine F , Woods Scott W , Cannon Tyrone D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The clinical high-risk period before a first episode of psychosis (CHR-P) has been widely studied with the goal of understanding the development of psychosis; however, less attention has been paid to the 75%–80% of CHR-P individuals who do not transition to psychosis. It is an open question whether multivariable models could be developed to predict remission outcomes at the same level of performance and generalizability as those that predict conversion to psychosis. Participants were drawn from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS3). An empirically derived set of clinical and demographic predictor variables were selected with elastic net regularization and were included in a gradient boosting machine algorithm to predict prodromal symptom remission. The predictive model was tested in a comparably sized independent sample (NAPLS2). The classification algorithm developed in NAPLS3 achieved an area under the curve of 0.66 (0.60–0.72) with a sensitivity of 0.68 and specificity of 0.53 when tested in an independent external sample (NAPLS2). Overall, future remitters had lower baseline prodromal symptoms than nonremitters. This study is the first to use a data-driven machine-learning approach to assess clinical and demographic predictors of symptomatic remission in individuals who do not convert to psychosis. The predictive power of the models in this study suggest that remission represents a unique clinical phenomenon. Further study is warranted to best understand factors contributing to resilience and recovery from the CHR-P state.
Yes, You Can! Effects of Transparent Admission Standards on High School Track Choice: A Randomized Field Experiment
Authors: Keller Tamás , Takács Károly , Elwert Felix 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
High school track choice determines college access in many countries. We hypothesize that some qualified students avoid the college-bound track in high school simply because they overestimate admission requirements. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a randomized field experiment that communicated the admission standards of local secondary schools on the academic track to students in Hungary before the application deadline. We targeted the subset of students (“seeds”) who occupied the most central position in the classroom-social networks, aiming to detect both direct effects on the track choice of targeted seeds and spillover effects on their untreated peers. We found neither a direct effect nor a spillover effect on students’ applications or admissions on average. Further analyses, however, revealed theoretically plausible heterogeneity in the direct causal effect of the intervention on the track choice of targeted seeds. Providing information about admission standards increased applications and admissions to secondary schools on the academic track among seeds who had a pre-existing interest in the academic track but were unsure of their chances of admission. This demonstrates that publicizing admissions standards can set students on a more ambitious educational trajectory. We discuss the implications for theory and policy.
The Changing Impact of Family Background on Political Engagement During Adolescence and Early Adulthood
Authors: Janmaat Jan Germen , Hoskins Bryony 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the development of the impact of family background on young people’s political engagement during adolescence and early adulthood in order to test a number of hypotheses derived from the impressionable years and family socialization perspectives. The study analyses data of the British Household Panel Study and Understanding Society to assess these hypotheses. Political interest and voting intentions are used as outcomes of political engagement. The study finds parental education to have no effect on initial levels of these outcomes at age 11 but to be positively related to the change in these outcomes between ages 11 and 15. This indicates that the effect of parental education becomes stronger over time and that social disparities in political engagement are widening significantly during early adolescence. In contrast, parental political engagement is positively related to initial levels of voting intentions at age 11 but not related to the change in voting intentions between ages 11 and 15, which supports the hypothesis drawn from the family socialization perspective. Neither parental education nor parental political engagement are related to post-16 changes in political engagement. These results point to early adolescence as a crucial period for the manifestation of social inequalities in political engagement. They provisionally suggest that the influence of parental education runs through educational conditions in lower secondary and that these conditions could play an important role in amplifying the said inequalities.
Do News Media Kill? How a Biased News Reality can Overshadow Real Societal Risks, The Case of Aviation and Road Traffic Accidents
Authors: van der Meer Toni G L A , Kroon Anne C , Vliegenthart Rens 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Is irrational risk-avoiding behavior related to news media’s heightened attention for the negative and exceptional? Based on the theoretical approaches of mediatization and cultivation, it is hypothesized how news media can present an overly negative and biased reality that can have a severe impact on society. Focusing on the case of travel accidents, we argue that a disproportional increase in news attention for low-probability high-consequence aviation accidents can distort audiences’ risk perceptions such that driving is inaccurately perceived as a safer transportation alternative to flying, with potentially harmful consequences. This study accordingly documents results from time-series analyses (1996–2017) on US media attention for aviation and road accidents related to real-world data on travel behavior and fatal accidents. The over-time patterns expose how news media follow their own mediatized logic and reality: Negative incidents—i.e., both aviation and road accidents—become more prominent in the news over time, rather than accurately reflecting real-world trends. Next, since air travel is statistically the safest transportation mode, disproportionate attention for aviation accidents is argued to especially create a problematic distorted worldview among audiences. Accordingly, findings show how more media attention for aviation accidents is related to relatively more road traffic and more fatal road accidents in the subsequent months. We conclude that the media’s systematic overrepresentation of rare aviation accidents can overshadow the more substantial risk of (long-distance) driving. This paper illustrates how a distorted media reality can potentially result in severe consequences in light of audiences’ ill-informed fear perceptions and irrational risk-avoiding behavior.
Discrimination and adjustment in adolescence: the moderating role of sleep
Authors: El-Sheikh Mona , Zeringue Megan M , Saini Ekjyot K , Fuller-Rowell Thomas E , Yip Tiffany 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesWe examined multiple actigraphy-based sleep parameters as moderators of associations between experiences of general and racial discrimination and adolescent internalizing symptoms (anxiety, depression) and externalizing behavior (rule-breaking). Adolescent sex and race were examined as additional moderators.MethodsParticipants were 272 adolescents (Mage = 17.3 years, SD = 0.76; 51% male; 59% White/European American, 41% Black/African American). Sleep was assessed using actigraphs for 7 consecutive nights from which sleep duration (minutes), efficiency, and variability in minutes over the week were derived. Youth reported on their experiences of general discrimination, racial discrimination, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and rule-breaking behavior.ResultsBoth types of discrimination were associated with poorer adjustment outcomes. Longer sleep duration, greater sleep efficiency, and less variability in sleep duration were protective in associations between race-specific and general discrimination and internalizing symptoms. Findings for duration and efficiency were more pronounced for females such that the adverse effects of discrimination were minimized among females with longer and more efficient sleep. Greater variability in sleep exacerbated rule-breaking behavior among adolescents experiencing general or racial discrimination. Associations did not differ by adolescent race.ConclusionsShort and poor-quality sleep may exacerbate internalizing symptoms for adolescents experiencing discrimination, particularly females. Variability in sleep duration was a key moderator of associations between discrimination and internalizing symptoms as well as rule-breaking behavior. Findings illustrate that actigraphy-assessed sleep parameters play a key role in ameliorating or exacerbating adjustment problems associated with discrimination.
For Love of Money: Rewards of Care for India’s Women Community Health Workers
Authors: Marwah Vrinda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
What are the rewards of paid care work for frontline health workers? I focus on India’s women community health volunteers, the largest such workforce in the world. Appointed since 2007 and numbering one million, these women are paid per-case incentives to connect the poor and marginalized to government-run health services. Using 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Delhi and Punjab, including 80 interviews, I find that women community health volunteers (called Accredited Social Health Activists or ASHAs) experience extrinsic rewards in paid care work. ASHAs earn not only from their official wages, but also from two unofficial streams: a) a boost of income from non-ASHA work and b) commissions from private hospitals. I also find that the intrinsic rewards ASHAs report—emotional gratification, relative autonomy, and skill-building—are co-constituted with extrinsic rewards; that is, they are tied to their earnings. This calls into question the “Love versus Money” binary, used to frame much of the discussion on care work. I argue instead for a “Love of Money” framing—that is, money as a reward and money as begetting other rewards. My findings highlight the significance of globalizing the empirical research on paid care work.
Lone Motherhood and Welfare Feminism: A Comparative Case Study of Iceland and Denmark
Authors: Boroumand Kiana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Nordic countries have gained a global reputation for their robust welfare states. They are praised as being the best countries in the world for families—but what kind? Using Iceland and Denmark as comparative case studies in welfare feminism, this article explores how lone mothers engage with Nordic family leave policies and labor markets. Based on in-depth interviews with Icelandic and Danish lone mothers, it demonstrates that work–family integration policies are more effective in social–democratic Denmark, but that Iceland’s more liberal welfare regime may provide greater benefits to women in the labor market. Ultimately, lone mothers in both countries still face difficulties in reconciling work and family life.
Fiduciary accountability shattered
Authors: Flannigan Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The law of fiduciary accountability has for some time been harried by the misinformed assertions and suppositions of various judges and writers. The numerous misconceptions increased the risk that the conventional understanding of the jurisdiction would collapse. That has now happened. The Supreme Court unconsciously (or consciously) rejected its own jurisprudence to reshape the conventional regulation into an extensive judicial power to assess the merits of the good faith actions of fiduciaries.
Efficiency of graft-transmitted JcFT for floral induction in woody perennial species of the Jatropha genus depends on transport distance
Authors: Tang Mingyong , Bai Xue , Wang Jingxian , Chen Tao , Meng Xin , Deng Hongjun , Li Chaoqiong , Xu Zeng-Fu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) promotes flowering by integrating six genetic pathways. In Arabidopsis, the FT protein is transported from leaves to shoot apices and induces flowering. However, contradictory conclusions about floral induction via graft-transmitted FT in trees were reported in previous studies. We obtained extremely early-flowering transgenic woody Jatropha curcas L. by overexpression of J. curcas FT using Arabidopsis thaliana SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 2 (SUC2) promoter (SUC2:JcFT) and non-flowering transgenic J. curcas by RNA interference (RNAi), which were used to investigate the function of graft-transmitted JcFT in floral induction in woody perennials. Scions from five wild-type species of the Jatropha genus and from JcFT-RNAi transgenic J. curcas were grafted onto SUC2:JcFT rootstocks. Most grafted plants produced flowers in 1–2 months, and the flowering percentage and frequency of various grafted plants decreased with increasing scion length. Consistently, FT protein abundance in scions also decreased with increasing distance from graft junctions to the buds. These findings suggest that FT proteins can be transmitted by grafting and can induce the floral transition in woody perennials, and the efficiency of graft-transmitted JcFT for floral induction depends on the scion length, which may help explain previous seemingly contradictory observations regarding floral induction via graft-transmitted FT in trees.
New insights into the role of constitutive bacterial rhizobiome and phenolic compounds in twoPinusspp. with contrasting susceptibility to pine pitch canker
Authors: Leitão Frederico , Pinto Glória , Amaral Joana , Monteiro Pedro , Henriques Isabel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe rhizobiome is being increasingly acknowledged as a key player in plant health and breeding strategies. The pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, affects pine species with varying susceptibility degrees. Our aims were to explore the bacterial rhizobiome of a susceptible (Pinus radiata) and a resistant (Pinus pinea) species together with other physiological traits, and to analyze shifts upon F. circinatum inoculation. Pinus seedlings were stem inoculated with F. circinatum spores and needle gas exchange and antioxidant-related parameters were analyzed in non-inoculated and inoculated plants. Rhizobiome structure was evaluated through 16S rRNA gene massive parallel sequencing. Species (non-inoculated plants) harbored distinct rhizobiomes (&lt;40% similarity), where P. pinea displayed a rhizobiome with increased abundance of taxa described in suppressive soils, displaying plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and/or anti-fungal activity. Plants of this species also displayed higher levels of phenolic compounds. F. circinatum induced slight changes in the rhizobiome of both species and a negative impact in photosynthetic-related parameters in P. radiata. We concluded that the rhizobiome of each pine species is distinct and higher abundance of bacterial taxa associated to disease protection was registered for the PPC-resistant species. Furthermore, differences in the rhizobiome are paralleled by a distinct content in phenolic compounds, which are also linked to plants’ resistance against PPC. This study unveils a species-specific rhizobiome and provides insights to exploit the rhizobiome for plant selection in nurseries and for rhizobiome-based plant-growth-promoting strategies, boosting environmentally friendly disease control strategies.
Molecular epidemiology of dengue in a setting of low reported endemicity: Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia
Authors: Hayati Rahma F , Denis Dionisius , Tallo Karolina T , Sirait Tuppak , Tukan Joanita , Santoso Marsha S , Yohan Benediktus , Haryanto Sotianingsih , Frost Simon D W , Stubbs Samuel C B , Sasmono R Tedjo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundMost regions in Indonesia experience annual dengue epidemics. However, the province of East Nusa Tenggara has consistently reported low incidence. We conducted a dengue molecular epidemiology study in Kupang, the capital of the province.MethodsDengue patients were recruited from May 2016 to September 2017. Dengue virus (DENV) screening was performed using NS1 and immunoglobulin G (IgG)/IgM detection. Serotype was determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the envelope genes were sequenced to infer the genetic identity and phylogeny.ResultsFrom 119 patients, dengue was confirmed in 62 (52%). Compared with official data, underreporting of dengue incidence was observed. The majority (36%) of patients were children &lt;10 y of age. Most patients (80%) experienced mild fever. All serotypes were detected, with DENV-3 as the predominant (57%). Kupang DENV-1 isolate was classified as genotype IV, an old and endemic strain, DENV-2 as cosmopolitan, DENV-3 as genotype I and DENV-4 as genotype II. Most isolates showed relatively low evolutionary rates and are closely related with strains from Bali and Timor Leste.ConclusionsThe low dengue incidence was most likely caused by sustained local circulation of endemic viruses. This study provides information on the epidemiology of dengue in a low-endemicity setting that should help future mitigation and disease management.
Mortality and complications of scrub typhus in the paediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Kaushik , Chakrabarty Samir , Chatterjee Chandan , Misra Saheli Chatterjee 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Scrub typhus is a leading cause of treatable febrile illness. It can produce complications and dysfunction of multiple organs in children and is associated with considerable mortality. We attempted to perform a systematic review of original articles published between 1990 to 2020 based on certain selection criteria to estimate the case fatality risk of this disease in children. We addressed the pattern of complications of this disease with its impact on mortality We calculated pooled prevalence with a random effects model (restricted maximum likelihood method) that assumed varying effect sizes between studies using R statistical software. We reported the case fatality rate and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the pooled analysis. Thirty-seven articles with a total of 3329 children were identified for inclusion. The case fatality rate was 1.1% (CI 0.05 to 2, I2=58% and prediction interval 0–6%). The mortality rate showed a declining trend over the last 5 y. Hepatitis (30.68% [95% CI 18.52 to 44.38]) remains the most common complication, followed by shock (14.45% [95% CI 7.71 to 22.85]), pneumonia (14.71% [95% CI 9.76 to 20.48]), acute kidney injury (13.72% [95% CI 8.49 to 19.97]) and meningitis/meningoencephalitis (11.57% [95% CI 7.83 to 15.92]). Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome was the main contributor to mortality.