bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fasten: Zur Popularität einer (religiösen) Praktik
Authors: Heiser Patrick 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungFasten weist nicht nur eine jahrtausendealte Tradition auf, sondern ist bis heute Bestandteil aller Weltreligionen. Auch in spätmodernen Gesellschaften wird es von vielen Menschen regelmäßig praktiziert; eine Beschränkung auf bestimmte Altersgruppen oder Schichten lässt sich nicht erkennen. Dies zeigt die Analyse einer standardisierten Online-Befragung von 1908 Personen aus Deutschland, deren Ergebnisse im vorliegenden Aufsatz vorgestellt und diskutiert werden. Ausgeleuchtet wird dabei eine hohe Gestaltungs- und Deutungshoheit des fastenden Individuums. Insbesondere die nachwachsende Generation von Fastenden bringt neue Verzichtsoptionen und Fastenmotivationen in die tradierte Fastenpraxis ein. Eine deskriptive Analyse arbeitet drei Konstanten des zeitgenössischen Fastens heraus: einen temporären Verzicht auf Genussmittel wie Alkohol und Süßigkeiten, eine subjektbezogene Fastenmotivation und eine fastenbedingte Steigerung des körperlichen Wohlbefindens. Anhand einer Regressionsanalyse werden drei zentrale Determinanten identifiziert, von denen sowohl die Gestaltung als auch die Effekte des Fastens abhängen: das Alter, die Konfessionszugehörigkeit und die Religiosität. Anhand dieser Befunde wird die Frage diskutiert, ob und inwiefern Fasten auch unter den säkularen Bedingungen der späten Moderne als religiöse Praktik konzeptualisiert werden kann. In Anschluss an den Lived-religion-Ansatz wird es als gelebte religiöse Praktik verstanden, deren Popularität sich durch ein spezifisches Zusammenspiel von individuellen Gestaltungsspielräumen und institutioneller Evidenzsicherung erklären lässt. Nicht irgendwann nämlich fastet die überwiegende Mehrheit der Befragten, sondern in konfessionell proklamierten Fastenzeiten mit langer Tradition.
Synthesis techniques, characterization and mechanical properties of natural derived hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone implants: a review
Authors: Osuchukwu Obinna Anayo , Salihi Abdu , Abdullahi Ibrahim , Abdulkareem Bello , Nwannenna Chinedu Sixtus 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HAp) with good mechanical properties is a promising material meant for a number of useful bids in dentistry and orthopedic for biomedical engineering applications for drug delivery, bone defect fillers, bone cements, etc. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been done, by reviewing different literatures related to synthesis techniques, mechanical properties and property testing, method of calcination and characterization of hydroxyapatite which are product of catfish and bovine bones. The discussion is in relations of the obligatory features vital to attain the best properties for the envisioned bid of bone graft. The process approaches that are capable of fabricating the essential microstructure and the ways to advance the mechanical properties of natural mined HAp are reviewed. The standard values for tensile strength were found to be within the range of 40–300 MPa, compressive strength was 400–900 MPa, while Elastic modulus was 80–120 GPa and fracture toughness was 0.6–1 MPa m1/2 (Ramesh et al. in Ceram Int 44(9):10525–10530, 2018; Landi et al. in J Eur Ceram Soc 20(14–15):2377–2387, 2000; Munar et al. in Dent Mater J 25(1):51–58, 2006). Also, the porosity range was 70–85% (Yang et al. in Am Ceram Soc Bull 89(2):24–32, 2010), density is 3.16 g/cm3 and relative density is 95–99.5% (Ramesh et al. 2018; Landi et al. 2000; Munar et al. 2006). The literature revealed that CaP ratio varies in relation to the source and sintering temperature. For example, for bovine bone, a CaP ratio of 1.7 (Mezahi et al. in J Therm Anal Calorim 95(1):21–29, 2009) and 1.65 (Barakat et al. in J Mater Process Technol 209(7):3408–3415, 2009) was obtained at 1100 °C and 750 °C respectively. Basic understanding on the effect of adding foreign material as a strengthening agent to the mechanical properties of HAp is ground factor for the development of new biomaterial (Natural hydroxyapatite, NHAp). Therefore, it is inferred that upon careful combination of main parameters such as compaction pressures, sintering temperatures, and sintering dwell times for production natural HAp (NHAp), mechanical properties can be enhanced.
Graphic abstract
Contaminants and heavy metals along the mangrove area of Dongzhai Harbor, China: distribution and assessment
Authors: Liu Jing , Myat Thiri 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn recent decades, higher-place shrimp ponds are prevalent in coastal areas of developing countries. However, shrimp aquaculture has a growing negative impact on mangrove wetland ecosystems. Mangroves located in Dongzhai harbor are under threat continuously of this commercialization. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of contaminants and heavy metals is necessary for Dongzhai harbor, considering the mangrove area was declined and ecological services offered to the coastal communities with an insight for future restoration activities. In this study, pond effluents (Total Nitrogen (TN), Ammonia Nitrogen (AN), Total phosphorus (TP), Chemical Oxygen Demond (COD)) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) were monitored in Dongzhai harbor yearly between 2013 and 2017. The results showed that the contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were far lower than the standards. However, the main contaminants were organic matter and nitrogen. Maximum values of COD and TN were 26.10 mg·L−1 and 1.34 mg·L−1, respectively in 2017. Single factor index, Nemerow's pollution index, and Trophic level index revealed that the heavily polluted areas were Tashi and Sanjiang town.
Development and evaluation of drug delivery patch for topical wound healing application
Authors: Hassan Sadia , Ali Murtaza Najabat , Mir Mariam , Ahmed Ammad , Arshad Munam 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWound treatment remains a challenge to many clinicians because of the complexities of the wound healing process. With the astonishing progress of biomedical engineering during the past few decades, conventional drug delivery systems have been evolved into smart drug delivery systems with stimuli-responsive characteristics. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an electromechanically actuated drug dispensation device which can release active pharmaceutical compound in a controlled fashion. Additive manufacturing was employed to design and fabricate the device. Haptic technology was used to provide stimulation for drug release, and Cicatrin was used to evaluate the drug release patterns of device. Drug release study was comprised of in vitro drug release, static study, and the purpose of this study was to develop a compliance chart for different wound conditions. The effectiveness of shortlisted drug regimen from compliance chart was validated through microbial study and animal studies. The results of animal studies were compared with commercially available drug release systems. The results of drug release studies gave different dose regimens for different wound conditions. The effective dose regimen was able to create 1-cm-wide microbial zone of inhibitions. The wound healing rate of mice for commercially available release system for five consecutive days was 10%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 50% and for test device was 10%, 30%, 60%, 90% and 100%. Hence, the device proved its effectiveness and efficacy of dosage regimen for wound healing applications through in vitro, microbial and in vivo studies. In conclusion, this device proved to be an accurate and specific drug delivery system with improved medication and therapeutic outcomes for personalized medication.
Diet-dependent entropic assessment of athletes’ lifespan
Authors: Yildiz Cennet , Öngel Melek Ece , Yilmaz Bayram , Özilgen Mustafa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLife expectancies of the athletes depend on the sports they are doing. The entropic age concept, which was found successful in the previous nutrition studies, will be employed to assess the relation between the athletes’ longevity and nutrition. Depending on their caloric needs, diets are designed for each group of athletes based on the most recent guidelines while they are pursuing their careers and for the post-retirement period, and then the metabolic entropy generation was worked out for each group. Their expected lifespans, based on attaining the lifespan entropy limit, were calculated. Thermodynamic assessment appeared to be in agreement with the observations. There may be a significant improvement in the athletes’ longevity if they shift to a retirement diet after the age of 50. The expected average longevity for male athletes was 56 years for cyclists, 66 years for weightlifters, 75 years for rugby players and 92 years for golfers. If they should start consuming the retirement diet after 50 years of age, the longevity of the cyclists may increase for 7 years, and those of weightlifters, rugby players and golfers may increase for 22, 30 and 8 years, respectively.
Affective and anxiety disorders in patients with different rare chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Uhlenbusch N. , Swaydan J. , Höller A. , Löwe B. , Depping M. K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe aimed to identify the prevalence of affective and anxiety disorders across different rare disease and identify correlates of psychopathology. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched Medline, PSYNDEX, PsycINFO for observational studies examining clinically diagnosed affective and/or anxiety disorders in adults with rare chronic diseases. Two researchers reviewed titles and abstracts independently and, for eligible studies, independently extracted data. The prevalence rates were pooled using a random intercept logistic regression model. We published a review protocol (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018106614CRD42018106614). We identified and screened 34 402 records for eligibility and considered 39 studies in the qualitative and 37 studies in the quantitative analysis, including N = 5951 patients with 24 different rare diseases. Heterogeneity between studies was large. Prevalence rates ranged widely between studies, with pooled prevalence estimates of 13.1% (95% CI 9.6–17.7%; I2 = 87%, p < 0.001) for current and 39.3% (95% CI 31.7–47.4%; I2 = 84%, p < 0.001) for lifetime major depressive disorder, 21.2% (95% CI 15.4–28.6%; I2 = 90%, p < 0.001) for current and 46.1% (95% CI 35.8–56.8%; I2 = 90%, p < 0.001) for lifetime affective disorders, and 39.6% (95% CI 25.5–55.6%; I2 = 96%, p < 0.001) for current and 44.2% (95% CI 27.0–62.9%; I2 = 94%, p < 0.001) for lifetime anxiety disorders. Sensitivity analyses excluding studies of low quality revealed nearly the same results. We conducted the first systematic review examining affective and anxiety disorders in adults with different rare diseases and found high prevalence rates. Supporting patients in disease adjustment can be crucial for their overall health and well-being.
Design and motion control of an under-actuated snake arm maintainer
Authors: Qin Guodong , Ji Aihong , Cheng Yong , Zhao Wenlong , Pan Hongtao , Shi Shanshuang , Song Yuntao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study presents an under-actuated snake arm maintainer (SAM) for complex and extreme environments such as nuclear power plants. The structure adopts the layered cable drive principle, whereby a single drive layer drives multiple joints. This design significantly reduces the complexity of the control system while increasing the spatial curvature. The traction of multiple wire ropes with a composite capstan drives the synchronous angular motion of several adjacent joints. By changing the number of joints in the single driver layer of the snake arm, the arm can be adapted to various complex environments. The trajectory planning and trajectory tracking motion control methods of the under-actuated SAM are established based on the improved backbone method and the variable rod length algorithm. Finally, a 10-joint prototype with an arm length of 2300 mm is designed for nuclear reactor maintenance. Trajectory experiments confirmed the rationality of the under-actuated SAM, the correctness of the inverse kinematics, and the effectiveness of the motion control methods.
Extreme hyperthermia-induced arrhythmogenesis
Authors: Kaur Tripat , Sriram Chenni S. , Kohli Utkarsh 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHyperthermia is defined as an elevated body temperature above the normal range due to a failure of heat regulatory mechanisms. In addition to its effects on other organ systems, hyperthermia is associated with profound cardiovascular effects. We report the sentinel case of a 6-year-old girl with structurally and electrically normal heart, who presented with life-threatening hyperpyrexia-induced ventricular tachycardia, which was refractory to cardioversion and anti-arrhythmics but responded promptly to cooling. We emphasise the lifesaving role of immediate and aggressive cooling in such patients.
The relevance of left ventricular functions to clinical and metabolic characteristics of prepubertal children with obesity
Authors: Rakha Shaimaa , Salem Nanees , Razek Ahmed Abdel Khalek Abdel , Sobh Donia M. , El-Moslemany Farahat , Elmarsafawy Hala 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground:Paediatric obesity is a worldwide health burden, with growing evidence linking obesity to myocardial function impairments. The study aims to evaluate left ventricular functions among prepubertal obese children to obesity-related clinical and metabolic parameters.Methods:Between June 2019 and March 2020, 40 prepubertal children with obesity were recruited and compared to 40 healthy controls. Patients were assessed for body mass index z scores, waist circumference, body adiposity by bioimpedance analysis, and obesity-related laboratory tests, for example, serum chemerin. Left ventricular functions were assessed using variable echocardiographic modalities, such as M-mode, tissue Doppler, and two-dimensional speckle tracking.Results:Mean patients’ age was 9.25 ± 1.05 years. Left ventricular mass index, E/E’, and myocardial performance index were significantly increased in obese children than controls. Although M-mode-derived ejection fraction was comparable in both groups, two-dimensional speckle tracking-derived ejection fraction, global longitudinal strain, and global circumferential strain were significantly lower in cases than controls. Left ventricular mass index displayed a positive correlation with body mass index z score (p = 0.003), fat mass index (p = 0.037), and trunk fat mass (p = 0.021). Global longitudinal strain was negatively correlated with body mass index z score (p = 0.015) and fat mass index (p = 0.016). Serum chemerin was positively correlated with myocardial performance index (p = 0.01).Conclusion:Alterations of left ventricular myocardial functions in prepubertal obese children could be detected using different echocardiographic modalities. Chemerin, body mass index z score, fat mass index, and trunk fat mass were correlated with subclinical left ventricular myocardial dysfunction parameters before puberty. Our results reinforce early and strict management of childhood obesity upon detection of changes in anthropometric and body adiposity indices.
Telemedicine maybe an effective solution for management of chronic disease during the COVID-19 epidemic
Authors: Wang Huan , Yuan Xiaojie , Wang Jiping , Sun Chenglin , Wang Guixia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aim:
Based on the development of telemedicine and the experience of using it during the COVID-19 epidemic, we aimed to explore its convenience and shortcomings to provide a reference for the further improvement of telemedicine.

Background:
Traditional healthcare has been significantly affected by the outbreak of COVID-19, which has increased fear in patients with chronic diseases and increased the difficulty of obtaining hospitalized treatment.

Methods:
This is a conceptual article. The literature search is based on Pubmed, including articles published between January 2015 and December 2020. The purpose was to determine whether telemedicine is effective in the management of chronic diseases in the epidemic situation and to develop telemedicine and chronic disease management for long-term epidemic situations in the future.

Findings:
Telemedicine has demonstrated its advantages during the COVID-19 epidemic and can provide diversified clinical care services for patients with chronic diseases; these services have played a vital role in epidemic prevention and control, greatly alleviated the shortage of medical resources, increased the utilization level of medical resources, and reduced the cross-infection risk during treatment in hospitals. Furthermore, the epidemic situation presents opportunities for the development of diagnosis and treatment methods via the internet and active health management modalities.
Non-Tariff Measures and the Quality of Imported Products
Authors: Ghodsi Mahdi , Stehrer Robert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLegitimate reasons for the imposition of non-tariff measures (NTMs) within regulations have triggered their extensive use. Among these measures, technical barriers to trade (TBTs) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures allow countries to impose restrictions on the import of low-quality products suspected of harming domestic consumers’ health, plant life, or the environment. This paper analyses two regulative and standard-like NTMs – TBTs and SPS measures – and the quality of traded products that is driven by their imposition, which is a general underlying motive for the adoption of such regulations. A dummy variable measuring the existence of these NTMs and a count variable indicating their stringency are used in the analysis. Moreover, two other variables indicate flows of NTMs imposed in each year and stocks of these NTMs accumulated over years. The results indicate that TBTs and SPS measures do indeed imply a higher quality of traded products. Stringent TBTs with more regulations imposed in each year (i.e. flows of count TBTs) have the largest impact on the quality of traded products. However, for SPS measures, only the existence of a regulation (i.e. the dummy variable on flows of SPS measures) on a traded product has the strongest impact on its quality.
Armed groups, IHL and the invisible world: How spiritual beliefs shape warfare
Authors: García Ana Dols 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Secret societies”, “traditional hunters”, “charms” and “mystical weapons” are recurrent terms when analyzing some of the present armed conflicts in the Sub-Saharan region. However, though spiritual beliefs shape armed groups’ behaviour, and such beliefs are integrated into the modus operandi of some armed groups, the role of these beliefs in warfare is largely overlooked. Far from being something anecdotal or incidental, the invisible world plays a role in shaping armed groups’ behaviour and framing warfare dynamics. Spiritual beliefs might influence the respect afforded to international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Such beliefs may also serve various strategic functions, including for legitimation of the group, mobilization of support, control, cohesion, discipline, motivation and protection. Digging further into the matter and understanding how such beliefs impact the internal dynamics of armed groups and their external relations, including with the State, other armed groups and communities, is an essential part of understanding armed conflicts and their aftermath.
Rückfälle als Chance nutzen
Authors: Flegel Saskia , Rixe Jacqueline 
Published: September 2021

Was ist bereits zu diesem Thema bekannt? Obgleich Rückfälle zu erwartende Begleitphänomene einer Abhängigkeitserkrankung darstellen, werden sie oft – nicht nur von den Betroffenen, sondern auch den im Gesundheitssystem tätigen Personen – als Versagen oder Fehlverhalten gedeutet. Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht? Die Bereitschaft, Rückfälle als Lernchance zu verstehen und sie zur Vorbereitung für zukünftige Risikosituationen zu nutzen, eröffnet auch psychiatrisch Pflegenden viele Möglichkeiten für eine intensive Begleitung abhängigkeitserkrankter Menschen. Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis? Beim Umgang mit Rückfällen ist die Haltung von zentraler Bedeutung. Konkrete Interventionen wie Rückfallanalysen und das Erarbeiten von Anti-Craving-Skills können zur Rückfallprophylaxe beitragen. Die Bezugspflege bietet hierfür den passenden Rahmen.
Rift Focusing and Magmatism During Late‐Stage Rifting in Afar
Authors: Moore C. , Wright T. J. , Hooper A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractProcesses that facilitate the transition between continental rifting and sea‐floor spreading remain unclear. Variations in the spatial distribution of extension and magmatism through Afar and into the Red Sea are indicative of temporal evolution of the rifting process. We develop a time series of Sentinel‐1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations of ground deformation covering the whole Afar rift zone from 2014 to 2019, to study the distribution of extension. By incorporating Global Navigation Satellite System observations, we resolve 3D average velocities in the vertical, rift‐perpendicular, and rift‐parallel directions. Results show the spatial distribution of long‐wavelength deformation over the rift zone, as well as deformation at individual volcanic centers, including Dallol, Nabro, and Erta ’Ale. We find that in northern and central Afar, the majority of extension is accommodated close to the rift axis (15–30 km). In southern Afar, near the Nubia‐Arabia‐Somalia triple junction, amagmatic extension is distributed over 80–160 km, which may indicate an increase in rift focusing with rift maturity. We also observe rapid surface uplift and rift‐perpendicular extension at the Dabbahu‐Manda‐Hararo rift segment with velocities of 33 4 mm/yr and 37 4 mm/yr respectively. These are higher than the background extension rate of 18–20 mm/yr, but have decreased by 55%–70% since 2006–2010. The data suggests that this is due to an ongoing long‐lived response to the 2005–2010 rifting episode, with potential continued processes below the rift segment including a lower‐crustal viscous response and magma movement. Continued observations of surface deformation provide key constraints on tectono‐magmatic processes involved in rift development.