bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Interpreting the Global Economy through Local Anger
Authors: Dakhli Leyla , Bonnecase Vincent 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring the 1980s and 1990s, violent events occurred in the streets of many African and Middle Eastern countries. Each event had its own logic and saw the intervention of actors with differing profiles. What they had in common was that they all took place in the context of the implementation of a neoliberal political economy. The anger these policies aroused was first expressed by people who were not necessarily rebelling against the adjustments themselves, or against the underlying ideologies or the institutions that imposed them, but rather against their practical manifestations in everyday life. This special issue invites reflections on these revolts and what they teach us about the neoliberal turn in Africa and the Middle East.The echoes between the present and the recent past are as important for the genesis of this work as they are for those that read it. They must not prevent us from investigating the specifics of these uprisings, with a particular emphasis on the intersection between a global political economy and local challenges, while understanding them through their particular circumstances. This issue aims to stimulate a more general reflection on popular feelings and social responses in the face of neoliberalism.
Attentional salience and the neural substrates of response inhibition in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Wrege J. S. , Carcone D. , Lee A. C. H. , Cane C. , Lang U. E. , Borgwardt S. , Walter M. , Ruocco A. C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundImpulsivity is a central symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and its neural basis may be instantiated in a frontoparietal network involved in response inhibition. However, research has yet to determine whether neural activation differences in BPD associated with response inhibition are attributed to attentional saliency, which is subserved by a partially overlapping network of brain regions.MethodsPatients with BPD (n = 45) and 29 healthy controls (HCs; n = 29) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a novel go/no-go task with infrequent odd-ball trials to control for attentional saliency. Contrasts reflecting a combination of response inhibition and attentional saliency (no-go > go), saliency processing alone (oddball > go), and response inhibition controlling for attentional saliency (no-go > oddball) were compared between BPD and HC.ResultsCompared to HC, BPD showed less activation in the combined no-go > go contrast in the right posterior inferior and middle-frontal gyri, and less activation for oddball > go in left-hemispheric inferior frontal junction, frontal pole, superior parietal lobe, and supramarginal gyri. Crucially, BPD and HC showed no activation differences for the no-go > oddball contrast. In BPD, higher vlPFC activation for no-go > go was correlated with greater self-rated BPD symptoms, whereas lower vlPFC activation for oddball > go was associated with greater self-rated attentional impulsivity.ConclusionsPatients with BPD show frontoparietal disruptions related to the combination of response inhibition and attentional saliency or saliency alone, but no specific response inhibition neural activation difference when attentional saliency is controlled. The findings suggest a neural dysfunction in BPD underlying attention to salient or infrequent stimuli, which is supported by a negative correlation with self-rated impulsiveness.
How does the COVID-19 pandemic impact on population mental health? A network analysis of COVID influences on depression, anxiety and traumatic stress in the UK population
Authors: Zavlis Orestis , Butter Sarah , Bennett Kate , Hartman Todd K. , Hyland Philip , Mason Liam , McBride Orla , Murphy Jamie , Gibson-Miller Jilly , Levita Liat , Martinez Anton P. , Shevlin Mark , Stocks Thomas V. A. , Vallières Frédérique , Bentall Richard P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency has led to numerous attempts to assess the impact of the pandemic on population mental health. The findings indicate an increase in depression and anxiety but have been limited by the lack of specificity about which aspects of the pandemic (e.g. viral exposure or economic threats) have led to adverse mental health outcomes.MethodsNetwork analyses were conducted on data from wave 1 (N= 2025, recruited 23 March–28 March 2020) and wave 2 (N= 1406, recontacts 22 April–1 May 2020) of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium Study, an online longitudinal survey of a representative sample of the UK adult population. Our models included depression (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety (GAD-7) and trauma symptoms (ITQ); and measures of COVID-specific anxiety, exposure to the virus in self and close others, as well as economic loss due to the pandemic.ResultsA mixed graphical model at wave 1 identified a potential pathway from economic adversity to anxiety symptoms via COVID-specific anxiety. There was no association between viral exposure and symptoms. Ising network models using clinical cut-offs for symptom scores at each wave yielded similar findings, with the exception of a modest effect of viral exposure on trauma symptoms at wave 1 only. Anxiety and depression symptoms formed separate clusters at wave 1 but not wave 2.ConclusionsThe psychological impact of the pandemic evolved in the early phase of lockdown. COVID-related anxiety may represent the mechanism through which economic consequences of the pandemic are associated with psychiatric symptoms.
Foreign Aid and State Legitimacy
Authors: Blair Robert A. , Roessler Philip 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTWhat are the effects of foreign aid on the perceived legitimacy of recipient states? Different donors adhere to different rules, principles, and operating procedures. The authors theorize that variation in these aid regimes may generate variation in the effects of aid on state legitimacy. To test their theory, they compare aid from the United States to aid from China, its most prominent geopolitical rival. Their research design combines within-country analysis of original surveys, survey experiments, and behavioral games in Liberia with cross-country analysis of existing administrative and Afrobarometer data from six African countries. They exploit multiple proxies for state legitimacy, but focus in particular on tax compliance and morale. Contrary to expectations, the authors find little evidence to suggest that exposure to aid diminishes the legitimacy of African states. If anything, the opposite appears to be true. Their results are consistent across multiple settings, multiple levels of analysis, and multiple measurement and identification strategies, and are unlikely to be artifacts of sample selection, statistical power, or the strength or weakness of particular experimental treatments. The authors conclude that the effects of aid on state legitimacy at the microlevel are largely benign.
Exploring the Linguistic, Cognitive, and Social Skills Underlying Lexical Processing Efficiency as Measured by the Looking-while-Listening Paradigm
Authors: RONFARD Samuel , WEI Ran , ROWE Meredith L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe looking-while-listening (LWL) paradigm is frequently used to measure toddlers’ lexical processing efficiency (LPE). Children's LPE is associated with vocabulary size, yet other linguistic, cognitive, or social skills contributing to LPE are not well understood. It also remains unclear whether LPE measures from two types of LWL trials (target-initial versus distractor-initial trials) are differentially associated with the abovementioned potential correlates of LPE. We tested 18- to 24-month-olds and found that children's word learning on a fast-mapping task was associated with LPE measures from all trials and distractor-initial trials but not target-initial trials. Children's vocabulary and pragmatic skills were both associated with their fast-mapping performance. Executive functions and pragmatic skills were associated with LPE measures from distractor-initial but not target-initial trials. Hence, LPE as measured by the LWL paradigm may reflect a constellation of skills important to language development. Methodological implications for future studies using the LWL paradigm are discussed.
Examining drivers’ socio-demographic variables and perceptions towards sanction mechanisms on speeding behaviour on highways: targeting appropriate prevention
Authors: Trapsilawati Fitri , Priatna Nadhiya Ulhaq , Wijayanto Titis , Widyanti Ari , Syafitri Utami Dyah , Chamidah Nur 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInvestigating the underlying predictors of speeding behaviour deserves the full attention of research. This study aims to examine the effects of demographic variables on the perceived deterrent mechanisms and to predict speeding behaviour to target appropriate prevention programmes. In this study, 212 randomly selected drivers having a valid car driving licence participated in an online survey. The results revealed that demographic variables influenced drivers’ perceptions towards social and legal sanctions as well as material loss. The model revealed that two sanction-related constructs, that is, legal sanction (b = −0⋅227, P = 0⋅007) and material loss (b = −0⋅218, P = 0⋅005), as well as lax perception towards traffic accident (b = −0⋅176, P = 0⋅025), were the significant predictors of speeding behaviour. These findings suggested that prevention programmes should prioritise young and single drivers. The most effective targeted prevention programmes are highlighted accordingly based on the study results.
Breast-feeding promotion in hospitals and prospective breast-feeding rates during the first year of life in two national surveys 1997–1998 and 2017–2019 in Germany
Authors: Hockamp Nele , Burak Constanze , Sievers Erika , Rudloff Silvia , Burmann Anja , Thinnes Merlin , Zahn Johanna , Lücke Thomas , Kersting Mathilde 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectives:The present study aimed to assess the current state of breast-feeding promotion in hospitals and the prevalence of breast-feeding during the first year of life in Germany and to compare the results with a study 20 years earlier.Design:In the studies on ‘breast-feeding and infant nutrition in Germany’ named ‘SuSe’, a cross-sectional survey in hospitals was combined with a subsequent prospective survey of breast-feeding and infant nutrition during the first year of life (0·5, 2, 4, 6 and 12 months after birth) in mother–infant pairs who were recruited in the hospitals. Written questionnaires and phone calls were used in SuSe I and web-based questionnaires in SuSe II. Breast-feeding promotion and prevalence were evaluated using recommendations from the WHO and the UNICEF.Setting:Two nationwide surveys SuSe I (1997–1998) and SuSe II (2017–2019).Participants:In SuSe I, 177 hospitals and 1717 mother–infant pairs and in SuSe II 109 hospitals and 962 mother–infant pairs were included.Results:In SuSe II, hospitals implemented seven of the WHO ‘Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding’ to a greater extent than the hospitals in SuSe I. More mothers exclusively breastfed for 4 months (57 % v. 33 %) and continued breast-feeding until 6 (78 % v. 48 %) and 12 months (41 % v. 13 %). In both studies, exclusive breast-feeding decreased between 4 and 6 months of age due to the introduction of complementary feeding.Conclusions:In Germany, breast-feeding habits have come closer to the recommendations over the last 20 years.
Recruiting and retaining young adults: what can we learn from behavioural interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Whatnall Megan C , Hutchesson Melinda J , Sharkey Thomas , Haslam Rebecca L , Bezzina Aaron , Collins Clare E , Tzelepis Flora , Ashton Lee M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective:To describe strategies used to recruit and retain young adults in nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity intervention studies, and quantify the success and efficiency of these strategies.Design:A systematic review was conducted. The search included six electronic databases to identify randomised controlled trials (RCT) published up to 6 December 2019 that evaluated nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity interventions in young adults (17–35 years). Recruitment was considered successful if the pre-determined sample size goal was met. Retention was considered acceptable if ≥80 % retained for ≤6-month follow-up or ≥70 % for >6-month follow-up.Results:From 21 582 manuscripts identified, 107 RCT were included. Universities were the most common recruitment setting used in eighty-four studies (79 %). Less than half (46 %) of the studies provided sufficient information to evaluate whether individual recruitment strategies met sample size goals, with 77 % successfully achieving recruitment targets. Reporting for retention was slightly better with 69 % of studies providing sufficient information to determine whether individual retention strategies achieved adequate retention rates. Of these, 65 % had adequate retention.Conclusions:This review highlights poor reporting of recruitment and retention information across trials. Findings may not be applicable outside a university setting. Guidance on how to improve reporting practices to optimise recruitment and retention strategies within young adults could assist researchers in improving outcomes.
Abiotic Methane Generation via CO2 Hydrogenation With Natural Chromitite Under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Ueda Hisahiro , Matsui Yohei , Sawaki Yusuke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn modern continental serpentinization systems and ultramafic rock‐hosted sub‐seafloor hydrothermal systems, it is believed that chromitite plays an important role in abiotic hydrocarbon generation. Previous experiments have suggested that chromite acts as a catalyst of CH4 generation, but the composition of chromite used in the previous experiment is unrealistic on Earth. On the other hand, other studies have suggested that natural chromite including Mg and Al cannot function as a catalyst for CH4 generation. Consequently, it still remains uncertain whether naturally occurring Cr‐rich minerals promote CH4 generation. We monitored the reaction between naturally occurring chromitite and CO2‐rich fluid at 300°C, 500 bars. We performed two experiments in different initial CO2/H2 ratios. In both experiments, CH4 was generated immediately after the beginning of experiments. When CO2 was more abundant than H2, the CH4 concentration in the fluid decreased below the detection limit value. On the other hand, when H2 was more abundant than CO2, the CH4 concentration in the fluid was maintained above 0.01 mmol/kg. This is the first report to demonstrate that naturally occurring Cr‐rich minerals act as a promotor of CH4 generation. Cr‐rich minerals such as Cr spinel are common accessory mineral in ultramafic rock. Therefore, on the early Earth, a certain level (on the order of 0.01 mmol/kg) of CH4 was likely produced through reactions between ultramafic rock and CO2‐bearing fluid. To produce more abundant CH4, more favorable conditions featuring greater quantities of Cr spinel and much higher H2 concentration (H2/CO2 ratio) must be necessary.
The Wide Swath Significant Wave Height: An Innovative Reconstruction of Significant Wave Heights From CFOSAT’s SWIM and Scatterometer Using Deep Learning
Authors: Wang J. K. , Aouf L. , Dalphinet A. , Zhang Y. G. , Xu Y. , Hauser D. , Liu J. Q. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe accuracy of a wave model can be improved by assimilating an adequate number of remotely sensed wave heights. The Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) and Scatterometer (SCAT) instruments onboard China‐France Oceanic SATellite provide simultaneous observations of waves and wide swath wind fields. Based on these synchronous observations, a method for retrieving the SWH over an extended swath is developed using the deep neural network approach. With the combination of observations from both SWIM and SCAT, the SWH estimates achieve significantly increased spatial coverage and promising accuracy. As evidenced by the assessments of assimilation experiments, the assimilation of this “wide swath SWH” achieves an equivalent or better accuracy than the assimilation of the traditional nadir SWH alone and enhances the positive impact when assimilated with the nadir SWH. Therefore, insights into the better utilization of wave remote sensing in assimilation are presented.
Evaluating Drought Responses of Surface Ozone Precursor Proxies: Variations With Land Cover Type, Precipitation, and Temperature
Authors: Naimark Jacob G. , Fiore Arlene M. , Jin Xiaomeng , Wang Yuxuan , Klovenski Elizabeth , Braneon Christian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrior work suggests drought exacerbates US air quality by increasing surface ozone concentrations. We analyze 2005–2015 tropospheric column concentrations of two trace gases that serve as proxies for surface ozone precursors retrieved from the OMI/Aura satellite: Nitrogen dioxide (ΩNO2; NOx proxy) and formaldehyde (ΩHCHO; VOC proxy). We find 3.5% and 7.7% summer drought enhancements (classified by SPEI) for ΩNO2 and ΩHCHO, respectively, corroborating signals previously extracted from ground‐level observations. When we subset by land cover type, the strongest ΩHCHO drought enhancement (10%) occurs in the woody savannas of the Southeast US. By isolating the influences of precipitation and temperature, we infer that enhanced biogenic VOC emissions in this region increase ΩHCHO independently with both high temperature and low precipitation during drought. The strongest ΩNO2 drought enhancement (6.0%) occurs over Midwest US croplands and grasslands, which we infer to reflect the sensitivity of soil NOx emissions to temperature.
Diverse Regional Sensitivity of Summer Precipitation in East Asia to Ice Volume, CO2 and Astronomical Forcing
Authors: Lyu A. Q. , Yin Q. Z. , Crucifix M. , Sun Y. B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe relative influence of insolation, CO2, and ice sheets on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is not well understood especially at regional scale. Here a Gaussian emulator based on simulations with HadCM3 is used to quantitatively assess how astronomical forcing, CO2, and northern hemisphere ice sheets affect the variation of the summer precipitation over the last 800 ky. Our results show that in the EASM domain north of 25°N, the variation of the summer precipitation is dominated by precession, leading to strong 23‐ky cycles, while the ice sheets only modulate the effect of insolation by influencing the land‐sea pressure gradient. In the southern part, ice sheets play a more important role, generating 100‐ky cycles, through influencing the latitude of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the Hadley cell. Obliquity and CO2 have little effect on the summer precipitation as compared to precession and ice sheets.
Unraveling the Causes of the Seismicity Induced by Underground Gas Storage at Castor, Spain
Authors: Vilarrasa Víctor , De Simone Silvia , Carrera Jesus , Villaseñor Antonio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe offshore Castor Underground Gas Storage (UGS) project had to be halted after gas injection triggered three M4 earthquakes, each larger than any ever induced by UGS. The mechanisms that induced seismicity in the crystalline basement at 5–10 km depth after gas injection at 1.7 km depth remain unknown. Here, we propose a combination of mechanisms to explain the observed seismicity. First, the critically stressed Amposta fault, bounding the storage formation, crept by the superposition of well‐known overpressure effects and buoyancy of the relatively light injected gas. This aseismic slip brought an unmapped critically stressed fault in the hydraulically disconnected crystalline basement to failure. We attribute the delay between induced earthquakes to the pressure drop associated to expansion of areas where earthquakes slips cause further instabilities. Earthquakes occur only after these pressure drops have dissipated. Understanding triggering mechanisms is key to forecast induced seismicity and successfully design deep underground operations.
Californian Wildfire Smoke Over Europe: A First Example of the Aerosol Observing Capabilities of Aeolus Compared to Ground‐Based Lidar
Authors: Baars Holger , Radenz Martin , Floutsi Athena Augusta , Engelmann Ronny , Althausen Dietrich , Heese Birgit , Ansmann Albert , Flament Thomas , Dabas Alain , Trapon Dimitri , Reitebuch Oliver , Bley Sebastian , Wandinger Ulla 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn September 2020, extremely strong wildfires in the western United States of America (i.e., mainly in California) produced large amounts of smoke, which was lifted into the free troposphere. These biomass‐burning‐aerosol (BBA) layers were transported from the US west coast toward central Europe within 3–4 days turning the sky milky and receiving high media attention. The present study characterizes this pronounced smoke plume above Leipzig, Germany, using a ground‐based multiwavelength‐Raman‐polarization lidar and the aerosol/cloud product of ESA’s wind lidar mission Aeolus. An exceptional high smoke‐AOT >0.4 was measured, yielding to a mean mass concentration of 8 μg m−3. The 355 nm lidar ratio was moderate at around 40–50 sr. The Aeolus‐derived backscatter, extinction and lidar ratio profiles agree well with the observations of the ground‐based lidar PollyXT considering the fact that Aeolus’ aerosol and cloud products are still preliminary and subject to ongoing algorithm improvements.
Intensification and Driving Forces of Pastoralism in Northern China 5.7 ka Ago
Authors: Huang Xiaozhong , Zhang Jun , Ren Lele , Zhang Shengrui , Chen Fahu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInitiation and development of pastoralism in northern China, and the mechanisms involved, are poorly understood. Here we use analyses of Sporormiella‐type coprophilous fungal spores in a well‐dated sediment core from Lake Gonghai in northern China, together with other sequences of fungal spores to reconstruct the population dynamics of large herbivores during the Holocene. Comparison of the results with paleoclimatic and zooarchaeological records suggests that grazing appeared at ∼5.7–5.5 ka and further intensified again after ∼4.2–4.0 ka. The changes represent two stages of the migration of herdsmen from the steppe regions in inner East Asia eastward and/or southward into northern China, and we propose that the occurrence of drought and cooling climate were responsible. The rapid intensification of pastoralism after ∼3.6 ka may have been promoted by the wider use of horses and the development of grasslands in northern China. Intensified grazing activity potentially has contributed to methane increase during the late Holocene.