bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetics and infrafamilial classification of Commelinaceae (Commelinales)
Authors: Lee Chung-Kun , Fuse Shizuka , Poopath Manop , Pooma Rachun , Tamura Minoru N 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe morphologically diverse Commelinaceae consist of 41 genera with c. 650 species. Previous phylogenetic studies have revealed paraphyly of some taxa, but some of the infrafamilial taxa and most of the genera remain to be tested. To investigate phylogenetic relationships of the infrafamilial taxa and to test their monophyly, likelihood and Bayesian analyses with partial rbcL, matK and accD sequences were performed using 75 species from 33 genera of primarily eastern and south-eastern Asian Commelinaceae, with members of Haemodoraceae and Hanguanaceae as outgroups. The analyses resolved the early-diverging lineages of Commelineae and supported the monophyly of Dichorisandrinae and non-monophyly of Amischotolype, Belosynapsis, Murdannia, Pollia and Aneilema. Based on phylogenetics and morphology, we suggest that Palisotinae and Streptoliriinae should be raised to tribal rank, establishing subtribes Cochliostematinae, Commelininae and Murdanniinae, whereas Porandra, Belosynapsis, Anthericopsis are synonymized under Amischotolype, Cyanotis and Murdannia, respectively. Rhopalephora and two Australian Pollia spp. are moved to Aneilema. With all aforementioned taxonomic additions and changes, we propose a new classification for Commelinaceae, consisting of two subfamilies, six tribes, seven subtribes and 37 genera.
Robust Object Detection and Localization Using Semantic Segmentation Network
Authors: Francis Alexander Raghu A , Ananth J P 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe advancements in the area of object localization are in great progress for analyzing the spatial relations of different objects from the set of images. Several object localization techniques rely on classification, which decides, if the object exist or not, but does not provide the object information using pixel-wise segmentation. This work introduces an object detection and localization technique using semantic segmentation network (SSN) and deep convolutional neural network (Deep CNN). Here, the proposed technique consists of the following steps: Initially, the image is denoised using the filtering to eliminate the noise present in the image. Then, pre-processed image undergoes sparking process for making the image suitable for the segmentation using SSN for object segmentation. The obtained segments are subjected as the input to the proposed Stochastic-Cat Crow optimization (Stochastic-CCO)-based Deep CNN for the object classification. Here, the proposed Stochastic-CCO, obtained by integrating stochastic gradient descent and the CCO, is used for training the Deep CNN. The CCO is designed by the integration of cat swarm optimization (CSO) and crow search algorithm and takes advantages of both optimization algorithms. The experimentation proves that the proposed Stochastic-CCO-based Deep CNN-based technique acquired maximal accuracy of 98.7.
Adiponectin and cardiometabolic trait and mortality: where do we go?
Authors: Jang Albert Youngwoo , Scherer Philipp E , Kim Jang Young , Lim Soo , Koh Kwang Kon 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine known for its cardioprotective effects in preclinical studies. Early epidemiologic studies replicated these findings and drew great interest. Subsequent large-scale prospective cohorts, however, showed that adiponectin levels seemed not to relate to incident coronary artery disease (CAD). Even more surprisingly, a paradoxical increase of all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality with increased adiponectin levels was reported. The adiponectin-mortality paradox has been explained by some groups asserting that adiponectin secretion is promoted by elevated natriuretic peptides (NP). Other groups have proposed that adiponectin is elevated due to adiponectin resistance in subjects with metabolic syndrome or heart failure (HF). However, there is no unifying theory that can clearly explain this paradox. In patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), stretched cardiomyocytes secrete NPs, which further promote release of adiponectin from adipose tissue, leading to adiponectin resistance. On the other hand, adiponectin biology may differ in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which constitutes 50% of all of HF. Most HFpEF patients are obese, which exerts inflammation and myocardial stiffness, i.e. likely to prevent myocardial stretch and subsequent NP release. This segment of the patient population may display different adiponectin biology from its HFrEF counterpart. Dissecting the adiponectin-mortality relationship in terms of different HF subtypes may help to comprehensively understand this paradox. Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses claimed that adiponectin levels are not causally related to CAD or metabolic syndrome. Results from MR studies, however, should be interpreted with great caution because the underlying history of CAD or CHF was not taken into account in these analyses, an issue that may substantially confound the results. Here, we discuss many aspects of adiponectin; cardiometabolic traits, therapeutic interventions, and the ongoing debate about the adiponectin paradox, which were recently described in basic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies.
Violin technique and the contrapuntal imagination in 17th-century German lands
Authors: Bandy Dorian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article examines the interplay of performing technique and compositional structure in the works of four violinist-composers from late 17th-century German-speaking lands: Johann Jakob Walther, Johann Paul von Westhoff, Heinrich Biber and Johann Georg Pisendel. Focusing on these musicians’ complex polyphonic writing, the article argues that the physical techniques necessary to perform their works—specifically, those developed as a corrective to the challenges of pre-chinrest shifting—are associated with a particular way of conceptualizing and imagining counterpoint on the violin. The article goes on to trace the legacy of violinistic counterpoint in the music of later composers, including in Johann Sebastian Bach’s unaccompanied Sonatas and Partitas, and Ludwig van Beethoven’s String Trio, op.9 no.1. Along the way, the article speculates as to whether the musical imaginations of past composers, performers and listeners are accessible to modern-day enquiry. It concludes by arguing that a lack of explicit documentary evidence need not be an impediment in the investigation of historical practices, providing an alternative to the ‘positivistic’ approach often criticized in recent discussions of historically informed performance.
Rural schools as effective hubs for agricultural technology dissemination: experimental evidence from Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: Kpaka Henry Musa , Wossen Tesfamicheal , Stein Daniel , Mtunda Kiddo , Laizer Lembris , Feleke Shiferaw , Manyong Victor 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Increasing agricultural productivity by promoting high-yielding and micronutrient-rich crop varieties has the potential to reduce poverty and malnutrition. However, getting these technologies into the hands of smallholders remains a challenge. This paper presents results from a randomised field experiment that uses rural primary schools as dissemination hubs for improved orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) vines and nutrition information in rural Tanzania and Uganda. Two years after the initial vine distribution, we find that households in treatment villages are 21 percentage points more likely to report growing OFSP and 27 percentage points more likely to correctly state the nutritional benefits of OFSP compared to those in control villages. We also find up to 16 percentage point increase in the likelihood of OFSP consumption by children under 5 years of age in treatment villages compared to that in control villages. Furthermore, we find suggestive evidence that increased knowledge on the nutritional benefits of OFSP mediated up to a third of the total treatment effect on OFSP adoption and consumption. Our findings suggest that rural primary schools can be effective channels for promoting and accelerating the diffusion of micronutrient-rich crop varieties in rural areas.
In situmicrocosms deployed at the coast of British Columbia (Canada) to study dilbit weathering and associated microbial communities under marine conditions
Authors: Schreiber Lars , Fortin Nathalie , Tremblay Julien , Wasserscheid Jessica , Sanschagrin Sylvie , Mason Jennifer , Wright Cynthia A , Spear David , Johannessen Sophia C , Robinson Brian , King Thomas , Lee Kenneth , Greer Charles W 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTDouglas Channel and the adjacent Hecate Strait (British Columbia, Canada) are part of a proposed route to ship diluted bitumen (dilbit). This study presents how two types of dilbit naturally degrade in this environment by using an in situ microcosm design based on dilbit-coated beads. We show that dilbit-associated n-alkanes were microbially biodegraded with estimated half-lives of 57–69 days. n-Alkanes appeared to be primarily degraded using the aerobic alkB, ladA and CYP153 pathways. The loss of dilbit polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was slower than of n-alkanes, with half-lives of 89–439 days. A biodegradation of PAHs could not be conclusively determined, although a significant enrichment of the phnAc gene (a marker for aerobic PAH biodegradation) was observed. PAH degradation appeared to be slower in Hecate Strait than in Douglas Channel. Microcosm-associated microbial communities were shaped by the presence of dilbit, deployment location and incubation time but not by dilbit type. Metagenome-assembled genomes of putative dilbit-degraders were obtained and could be divided into populations of early, late and continuous degraders. The majority of the identified MAGs could be assigned to the orders Flavobacteriales, Methylococcales, Pseudomonadales and Rhodobacterales. A high proportion of the MAGs represent currently unknown lineages or lineages with currently no cultured representative.
The extracellular DNA can baffle the assessment of soil bacterial community, but the effect varies with microscale spatial distribution
Authors: Pathan Shamina Imran , Arfaioli Paola , Taskin Eren , Ceccherini Maria Teresa , Puglisi Edoardo , Pietramellara Giacomo 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Environmental DNA is made-up of intracellular (iDNA) and extracellular (eDNA) pools. In soils, eDNA can be present up to 40% and could distort the assessment of living microorganisms. Distribution of microbial community is inconsistent among different size-aggregates, and the persistence and turnover of eDNA are thus uneven. Uneven persistence and distribution of eDNA could lead to heterogeneity in community analysis biases that arise due to eDNA sequences at micro-scale distribution. Here, we investigated the diversity and structure of eDNA and iDNA bacterial communities in bulk soil and different size-aggregates. Significant differences were observed between eDNA and iDNA bacterial diversity and composition. Changes in community composition are more important than the amount of eDNA to assess the biases caused by eDNA in community analysis. Furthermore, variations were also observed in aggregates-levels for eDNA and iDNA community which indicates that colonization pattern of iDNA community and protection of eDNA through absorbance on particle surface within soil-matrix is heterogeneous. Our work provides empirical evidence that eDNA presence could mask the detection of aggregates-level spatial dynamics in soil microbial community and have potential to qualitatively baffle observed live effects of given treatment by adequately muting the actual response dynamics of the soil microbiome.
Establishment of a localized acute implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus bone infection model in sheep
Authors: Klein Karina , Schweizer Tiziano A , Siwy Katharina , Lechmann Beat , Karol Agnieszka , von Rechenberg Brigitte , Achermann Yvonne , Darwiche Salim E 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Orthopedic implant-associated bacterial infections with Staphylococcus aureus constitute a major clinical problem, and large pre-clinical animal models remain scarce. The aim of this study was to establish a standardized method of a localized, acute S. aureus bone infection in the presence of complex implanted devices in a sheep model. Four sheep underwent surgery receiving a complex implanted metallic device with a component stabilizing a bone defect created in the left tibial metaphysis, and an attached component placed in adjacent soft tissue. The bone defect was inoculated with S. aureus strain ATCC25293 (1 × 104 CFU). Twenty one days later, the surgery site was macroscopically evaluated, tissue samples and implants harvested for bacterial cell count quantification and tissue samples histologically analyzed. The animals exhibited clinical signs of localized infection (e.g. swelling, lameness, pain) but did not develop symptoms of sepsis. After euthanasia, macroscopic assessment revealed a localized bone and soft tissue infection at the surgery site. Histologically, an acute inflammation with neutrophils but also signs of bone destruction with necrosis was noted. An ovine model of a localized, acute S. aureus bone infection with complex implants was successfully established and could be used to test novel treatments against orthopedic implant-associated infections.
Interventions since the Cold War: from statebuilding to stabilization
Authors: Clausen Maria-Louise , Albrecht Peter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Through the lens of security sector reform, this article explores shifts in international interventions since the Cold War. Identifying three phases, it traces the global North's failure to transform fragile states into liberal democratic polities and changes to intervention practices in response to that failure. Immediately after the Cold War, an unfettered belief in the liberal peace thesis, and its global applicability, drove interventions that sought to establish an integrated liberal internationalist system of states shaped by mutuality. This changed with 9/11, shifting the focus towards extensive statebuilding exercises to replace, by force if necessary, security sectors and reconstruct failed states as liberal democracies. The current phase reflects lost faith in the global North's transformative potential following experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan. New forms of intervention from a distance have emerged, relying on delegation to technology and militaries of the global South. This type of intervention allows the global North to maintain a sense of influence while shifting the burden of intervention onto the global South's populations and militaries—and foreclosing comprehensive statebuilding. The global North can no longer claim to act on behalf of universally applicable norms, but alternatives have yet to materialize, leaving interventions in an ideological limbo.
An Introduction to an Evolutionary Tail: EvoDevo, Structure, and Function of Post-Anal Appendages
Authors: Schwaner M J , Hsieh S T , Swalla B J , McGowan C P 
Published: June 2021

Synopsis
Although tails are common and versatile appendages that contribute to evolutionary success of animals in a broad range of ways, a scientific synthesis on the topic is yet to be initiated. For our Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB) symposium, we brought together researchers from different areas of expertise (e.g., roboticists, biomechanists, functional morphologists, and evolutionary and developmental biologists), to highlight their research but also to emphasise the interdisciplinary nature of this topic. The four main themes that emerged based on the research presented in this symposium are: (1) How do we define a tail?, (2) Development and regeneration inform evolutionary origins of tails, (3) Identifying key characteristics highlights functional morphology of tails, and (4) Tail multi-functionality leads to the development of bioinspired technology. We discuss the research provided within this symposium, in light of these four themes. We showcase the broad diversity of current tail research and lay an important foundational framework for future interdisciplinary research on tails with this timely symposium.
Shift and night work during pregnancy and preterm birth—a cohort study of Swedish health care employees
Authors: Kader Manzur , Bigert Carolina , Andersson Tomas , Selander Jenny , Bodin Theo , Skröder Helena , Härmä Mikko , Albin Maria , Gustavsson Per 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Previous studies of preterm birth (PTB) concerning night work have been inconclusive and partly limited by imprecise data on working schedules. This study investigated the risk of PTB in relation to detailed, registry-based data on working hours.

Methods
In a register-based prospective cohort study, we identified 4970 singleton births with information on PTB from the Swedish Medical Birth Register of health care employees in Stockholm. Day-by-day information on working hours 2008–16 was obtained from a computerized employee register. Odds ratios (ORs) of PTB according to work hour characteristics were analysed by logistic regression adjusted for mother’s age, stature, body mass index (BMI), parity, smoking habits, education, profession and country of birth.

Results
There was an increased risk of PTB among those who frequently worked night shifts (&gt;25 times) [OR, 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–2.53] and who ever worked ≥3 consecutive night shifts (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.03–1.99) during the first trimester. Frequently (&gt; 8 times) working 3 or more consecutive nights, and frequently (&gt;18 times) having quick returns from night shifts (&lt;28 h) during the first trimester showed 3–4 fold increased risk of PTB. Moreover, working frequent (&gt;20 times) long shifts (≥10 h) (OR 1.63; 95% CI, 1.07–2.49) during the first trimester and working any Week &gt;40 h (OR 2.05; 95% CI, 1.31–3.22) during the third trimester were associated with PTB.

Conclusions
In this cohort of Swedish health care employees with registry-based data on working hours, night work, especially working frequent consecutive nights, and quick returns from night shifts during the first trimester were associated with increased risk of PTB among pregnant women.
Optimal convergence of a second-order low-regularity integrator for the KdV equation
Authors: Wu Yifei , Zhao Xiaofei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we establish the optimal convergence for a second-order exponential-type integrator from Hofmanová & Schratz (2017, An exponential-type integrator for the KdV equation. Numer. Math., 136, 1117–1137) for solving the Korteweg–de Vries equation with rough initial data. The scheme is explicit and efficient to implement. By rigorous error analysis, we show that the scheme provides second-order accuracy in $H^\gamma $ for initial data in $H^{\gamma +4}$ for any $\gamma \geq 0$, where the regularity requirement is lower than for classical methods. The result is confirmed by numerical experiments, and comparisons are made with the Strang splitting scheme.
Rigidity of Elliptic Genera: From Number Theory to Geometry and Back
Authors: Bringmann Kathrin , Caviedes Castro Alexander , Sabatini Silvia , Schwagenscheidt Markus 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we derive topological and number theoretical consequences of the rigidity of elliptic genera, which are special modular forms associated to compact almost complex manifolds. On the geometry side, we prove that rigidity implies relations between the Betti numbers and the index of a compact symplectic manifold admitting a Hamiltonian action of a circle with isolated fixed points. We investigate the case of maximal index and toric actions. On the number theoretical side, we prove that from each compact almost complex manifold of index greater than one, that can be endowed with the action of a circle with isolated fixed points, one can derive non-trivial relations among Eisenstein series. We give explicit formulas coming from the standard action on ${{\mathbb{C}}} P^n$.
Natural Resources, International Commodity Prices and Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa (1990–2019)
Authors: Katoka Ben , Dostal Jörg Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the link between windfall gains and losses of income associated with commodity exports and economic performance in a panel of 45 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period from 1990 to 2019. Windfall gains and losses of income are measured in terms of fluctuations in a country-specific commodity terms of trade (CTOT) index in which each commodity is weighted by the ratio of exports of that commodity in the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). The CTOT index therefore reflects the commodity export specialisation for individual countries. The data on CTOT are taken from the International Monetary Fund. Additionally, we use changes in real GDP per capita as our SSA economic performance measure. We employ a random coefficient model that yields individual estimates for each of the countries included in the analysis. Our approach is based on the assumption that the effect of windfall gains and losses on real GDP per capita growth varies across different SSA countries. Our main conclusion can be elaborated as follows: first, natural resources have undoubtedly contributed to higher economic growth in SSA countries since 1990. Second, when SSA countries are analytically divided into two groups depending on their commodity export specialisation, we find that resource-rich countries—in particular oil rich—are the best economic growth performers during the observation period. Finally, we find that windfall gains from commodity exports are not significantly associated with increased real GDP per capita growth in most agriculture-exporting countries.
Analyzing security issues of android mobile health and medical applications
Authors: Tangari Gioacchino , Ikram Muhammad , Sentana I Wayan Budi , Ijaz Kiran , Kaafar Mohamed Ali , Berkovsky Shlomo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
We conduct a first large-scale analysis of mobile health (mHealth) apps available on Google Play with the goal of providing a comprehensive view of mHealth apps’ security features and gauging the associated risks for mHealth users and their data.

Materials and Methods
We designed an app collection platform that discovered and downloaded more than 20 000 mHealth apps from the Medical and Health & Fitness categories on Google Play. We performed a suite of app code and traffic measurements to highlight a range of app security flaws: certificate security, sensitive or unnecessary permission requests, malware presence, communication security, and security-related concerns raised in user reviews.

Results
Compared to baseline non-mHealth apps, mHealth apps generally adopt more reliable signing mechanisms and request fewer dangerous permissions. However, significant fractions of mHealth apps expose users to serious security risks. Specifically, 1.8% of mHealth apps package suspicious codes (eg, trojans), 45.0% rely on unencrypted communication, and as much as 23.0% of personal data (eg, location information and passwords) is sent on unsecured traffic. An analysis of the app reviews reveals that mHealth app users are largely unaware of the surfaced security issues.

Conclusion
Despite being better aligned with security best practices than non-mHealth apps, mHealth apps are still far from ensuring robust security guarantees. App users, clinicians, technology developers, and policy makers alike should be cognizant of the uncovered security issues and weigh them carefully against the benefits of mHealth apps.