bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topographic volume-standardization atlas of the human brain
Authors: Akeret Kevin , Bas van Niftrik Christiaan Hendrik , Sebök Martina , Muscas Giovanni , Visser Thomas , Staartjes Victor E. , Marinoni Federica , Serra Carlo , Regli Luca , Krayenbühl Niklaus , Piccirelli Marco , Fierstra Jorn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveSpecific anatomical patterns are seen in various diseases affecting the brain. Clinical studies on the topography of pathologies are often limited by the absence of a normalization of the prevalence of pathologies to the relative volume of the affected anatomical structures. A comprehensive reference on the relative volumes of clinically relevant anatomical structures serving for such a normalization, is currently lacking.MethodsThe analyses are based on anatomical high-resolution three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data of 30 healthy Caucasian volunteers, including 14 females (mean age 37.79 years, SD 13.04) and 16 males (mean age 38.31 years, SD 16.91). Semi-automated anatomical segmentation was used, guided by a neuroanatomical parcellation algorithm differentiating 96 structures. Relative volumes were derived by normalizing parenchymal structures to the total individual encephalic volume and ventricular segments to the total individual ventricular volume.ResultsThe present investigation provides the absolute and relative volumes of 96 anatomical parcellation units of the human encephalon. A larger absolute volume in males than in females is found for almost all parcellation units. While parenchymal structures display a trend towards decreasing volumes with increasing age, a significant inverse effect is seen with the ventricular system. The variances in volumes as well as the effects of gender and age are given for each structure before and after normalization.ConclusionThe provided atlas constitutes an anatomically detailed and comprehensive analysis of the absolute and relative volumes of the human encephalic structures using a clinically oriented parcellation algorithm. It is intended to serve as a reference for volume-standardization in clinical studies on the topographic prevalence of pathologies.
Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infections in daycare facilities for children in a large city in Germany
Authors: Lübke Nadine , Schupp Anna-Kathrin , Bredahl Renate , Kraus Ursula , Hauka Sandra , Andrée Marcel , Ehlkes Lutz , Klein Thomas , Graupner Alexandra , Horn Johannes , Brinks Ralph , Göbels Klaus , Adams Ortwin , Timm Jörg 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe role of pre-school children as a source and distributor of SARS-CoV-2 infections is still unclear. Daycare facilities that care particularly for young children with limited hygiene measures may contribute to the infection dynamics during the pandemic. The aim of this study was to implement and evaluate a voluntary SARS-CoV-2 screening program in daycare facilities.MethodsThe study was conducted over a period of 4 weeks, from June 10th to July 7th 2020. The aim was to screen a representative group of 5000 individuals (children and staff at a ratio 3:1) attending daycare facilities in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia. Tests were performed twice per week with oral rinsing water as sample material for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-RNA by molecular pool testing.ResultsA total number of 5210 participants (75.9% children and 24.1% staff) from 115 day care centers participated in the study. Of a total of 34,068 returned samples (81.7%) during the study period, only one SARS-CoV-2 infection of a child was detected in the study cohort with one likely secondary infection within the daycare facility. Of note, during the study phase, no increase of SARS- CoV-2 infections was observed in daycare center compared to the overall incidence in Düsseldorf.ConclusionsA voluntary screening program for SARS-CoV-2 infections could successfully be implemented in daycare facilities. Although the low overall incidence during the study period precludes firm conclusions, there was no evidence for increased transmission in children attending daycare facilities compared to the general population of Düsseldorf.SummarySARS-CoV-2 screening programs in daycare facilities may help to detect asymptomatic infections at an early stage and thereby support containment. Here, a large screening study was evaluated suggesting similar infection rates in daycare facilities compared to the general population.
Olanzapine inhibits hepatic apolipoprotein A5 secretion inducing hypertriglyceridemia in schizophrenia patients and mice
Authors: Huang Xiansheng , Zhang Yiqi , Zhu Wenqiang , Huang Piaopiao , Xiao Jingmei , Yang Yang , Shen Li , Luo Fei , Dai Wen , Li Rong , Wu Renrong 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTOlanzapine, an antipsychotic drug, was reported to induce hypertriglyceridemia, whereas the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. This study was to determine the role of apolipoprotein A5 (apoA5) in olanzapine-induced hypertriglyceridemia. In this study, 36 drug-naive and first-episode schizophrenic adult patients (aged 18–60 years) in a multi-center clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03451734) were enrolled. Before and after olanzapine treatment, plasma lipid and apoA5 levels were detected. Moreover, 21 female C57BL/6 J mice (8 weeks old) were divided into 3 groups (n = 7/each group): low-dose olanzapine (3 mg/kg/day), high-dose olanzapine (6 mg/kg/day) and control group. After 6 weeks, plasma glucose, lipids and apoA5 as well as hepatic apoA5 protein and mRNA expression in these animals were detected. In our study in vitro, primary mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells were treated with olanzapine of 25, 50, 100 μmol/L, respectively. After 24 hours, apoA5 protein and mRNA levels in hepatocytes were detected. Our study showed that olanzapine treatment significantly increased plasma triglyceride levels and decreased plasma apoA5 levels in these schizophrenic patients. A significant negative correlation was indicated between plasma triglyceride and apoA5 levels in these patients. Consistently, olanzapine dose-dependently increased plasma triglyceride levels and decreased plasma apoA5 levels in mice. Surprisingly, an elevation of hepatic apoA5 protein levels was detected in mice after olanzapine treatment, with no changes of APOA5 mRNA expression. Likewise, olanzapine increased apoA5 protein levels in hepatocytes in vitro, without changes of hepatocyte APOA5 mRNA. Therefore, our study provides the first evidence about the role of apoA5 in olanzapine-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, plasma apoA5 reduction, resulting in hypertriglyceridemia, could be attributed to olanzapine-induced inhibition of hepatic apoA5 secretion.
Machine Learning for Mechanical Ventilation Control
Authors: Suo Daniel , Zhang Cyril , Gradu Paula , Ghai Udaya , Chen Xinyi , Minasyan Edgar , Agarwal Naman , Singh Karan , LaChance Julienne , Zajdel Tom , Schottdorf Manuel , Cohen Daniel , Hazan Elad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe consider the problem of controlling an invasive mechanical ventilator for pressure-controlled ventilation: a controller must let air in and out of a sedated patient’s lungs according to a trajectory of airway pressures specified by a clinician.Hand-tuned PID controllers and similar variants have comprised the industry standard for decades, yet can behave poorly by over- or under-shooting their target or oscillating rapidly.We consider a data-driven machine learning approach: First, we train a simulator based on data we collect from an artificial lung. Then, we train deep neural network controllers on these simulators. We show that our controllers are able to track target pressure waveforms significantly better than PID controllers.We further show that a learned controller generalizes across lungs with varying characteristics much more readily than PID controllers do.
Vaccination and herd immunity thresholds in heterogeneous populations
Authors: Elbasha Elamin H. , Gumel Abba B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt has been suggested, without rigorous mathematical analysis, that the classical vaccine-induced herd immunity threshold (HIT) assuming a homogeneous population can be substantially higher than the minimum HIT obtained when considering population heterogeneities. We investigated this claim by developing, and rigorously analyzing, a vaccination model that incorporates various forms of heterogeneity and compared it with a model of a homogeneous population. By employing a two-group vaccination model in heterogeneous populations, we theoretically established conditions under which heterogeneity leads to different HIT values, depending on the relative values of the contact rates for each group, the type of mixing between groups, relative vaccine efficacy, and the relative population size of each group. For example, under biased random mixing and when vaccinating a given group results in disproportionate prevention of higher transmission per capita, it is optimal to vaccinate that group before vaccinating other groups. We also found situations, under biased assortative mixing assumption, where it is optimal to vaccinate more than one group. We show that regardless of the form of mixing between groups, the HIT values assuming a heterogeneous population are always lower than the HIT values obtained from a corresponding model with a homogeneous population. Using realistic numerical examples and parametrization (e.g., assuming assortative mixing together with vaccine efficacy of 95% and basic reproduction number of 2.5), we demonstrate that the HIT value considering heterogeneity (e.g., biased assortative mixing) is significantly lower (40%) compared with a HIT value of (63%) assuming a homogeneous population.
Confirmation bias optimizes reward learning
Authors: Tarantola Tor , Folke Tomas , Boldt Annika , Pérez Omar D. , Martino Benedetto De 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTConfirmation bias—the tendency to overweight information that matches prior beliefs or choices—has been shown to manifest even in simple reinforcement learning. In line with recent work, we find that participants learned significantly more from choice-confirming outcomes in a reward-learning task. What is less clear is whether asymmetric learning rates somehow benefit the learner. Here, we combine data from human participants and artificial agents to examine how confirmation-biased learning might improve performance by counteracting decisional and environmental noise. We evaluate one potential mechanism for such noise reduction: visual attention—a demonstrated driver of both value-based choice and predictive learning. Surprisingly, visual attention showed the opposite pattern to confirmation bias, as participants were most likely to fixate on “missed opportunities”, slightly dampening the effects of the confirmation bias we observed. Several million simulated experiments with artificial agents showed this bias to be a reward-maximizing strategy compared to several alternatives, but only if disconfirming feedback is not completely ignored—a condition that visual attention may help to enforce.
Novel newt regeneration genes regulate Wingless signaling to restore patterning inDrosophilaeye
Authors: Mehta Abijeet Singh , Deshpande Prajakta , Chimata Anuradha Venkatakrishnan , Tsonis Panagiotis A. , Singh Amit 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA fundamental process of regeneration, which varies among animals, recruits conserved signaling pathways to restore missing parts. Only a few animals like newts can repeatedly regenerate lost body parts throughout their lifespan that can be attributed to strategic regulation of conserved signaling pathways by newt’s regeneration tool-kit genes. Here we report use of genetically tractableDrosophilaeye model to demonstrate the regeneration potential of a group of unique protein(s) from newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), which when ectopically expressed can significantly rescue missing photoreceptor cells in aDrosophilaeye mutant. These newt proteins with signal peptides motifs exhibit non-cell-autonomous rescue properties and their regeneration potential even extends into later stages of fly development. Ectopic expression of these newt genes can rescue eye mutant phenotype by promoting cell proliferation and blocking cell death. These novel newt genes downregulate evolutionarily conserved Wingless (Wg)/Wnt signaling pathway to promote rescue. Modulation of Wg/Wnt signaling levels by using antagonists or agonists of Wg/Wnt signaling pathway in eye mutant background where newt gene(s) is ectopically expressed suggests that Wg signaling acts downstream of newt genes. Our data highlights the regeneration potential of novel newt proteins that regulate conserved pathways to trigger a robust regeneration response inDrosophilamodel with weak regeneration capability.
Bayesian MEG time courses with fMRI priors
Authors: Wang Yingying , Holland Scott K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMagnetoencephalography (MEG) records brain activity with excellent temporal and good spatial resolution, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers good temporal and excellent spatial resolution. The aim of this study is to implement a Bayesian framework to use fMRI data as spatial priors for MEG inverse solutions. We used simulated MEG data with both evoked and induced activity and experimental MEG data from sixteen participants to examine the effectiveness of using fMRI spatial priors in MEG source reconstruction. Our results provide empirical evidence that the use of fMRI spatial priors improves the accuracy of MEG source reconstruction.
Serotonin signaling modulates aging-associated metabolic network integrity in response to nutrient choice
Authors: Lyu Yang , Promislow Daniel E.L. , Pletcher Scott D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAging arises from complex interactions among multiple biochemical and metabolic products. Systems-level analyses of biological networks may provide insights into the causes and consequences of aging that evade single-gene or single-pathway studies. We have shown that dietary choiceper seis sufficient to modulate aging and metabolic health in the vinegar fly,Drosophila melanogaster. In other words, how each meal is presented, or the way in which it is eaten, is influential, independent of the amount or type of nutrients that are consumed. For example, when major macronutrients were presented separately, male flies exhibited a rapid and significant increase in mortality rate and a reduced overall lifespan relative to those fed a single medium containing both sugar and yeast. These effects are mediated by specific components of serotonin signaling, as a mutation in serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) eliminated the effects of dietary choice. Here we show that dietary choice influenced several measures of metabolic network integrity, including connectivity, average shortest distance, community structure, and robustness, with the effects of the latter two restricted to tissues in the head. These changes in network structure were associated with organism resilience and increased susceptibility to genetic perturbation, as measured by starvation survival. Our data suggest that the behavioral or perceptual consequences of exposure to individual macronutrients, involving serotonin signaling through 5-HT2A, qualitatively change the state of metabolic networks throughout the organism from one that is highly connected and robust to one that is fragmented, fragile, and vulnerable to perturbations.
A Universal Chemical Method for Rational Design of Protein-based Nanoreactors
Authors: Reddy Mullapudi Mohan , Bathla Punita , Sandanaraj Britto S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSelf-assembly of a monomeric protease to form a multi-subunit protein complex “proteasome” enables targeted protein degradation in living cells. The naturally occurring proteasomes serve as an inspiration and blueprint for the design of artificial protein-based nanoreactors. Here we disclose a general chemical strategy for the design of proteasome-like nanoreactors. Micelle-assisted protein labeling (MAPLab) technology along with the N-terminal bioconjugation strategy is utilized for the synthesis of a well-defined monodisperse self-assembling semi-synthetic protease. The designer protein is programmed to self-assemble into a proteasome-like nanostructure which preserves the functional properties of native protease.
Savings in human force field learning supported by feedback adaptation
Authors: Mathew James , Lefèvre Philippe , Crevecoeur Frederic 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSavings have been described as the ability of healthy humans to relearn a previously acquired motor skill faster than the first time, which in the context of motor adaptation suggests that the learning rate in the brain could be adjusted when a perturbation is recognized. Alternatively, it has been argued that apparent savings were the consequence of a distinct process that instead of reflecting a change in the learning rate, revealed an explicit re-aiming strategy. Based on recent evidence that feedback adaptation may be central to both planning and control, we hypothesized that this component could genuinely accelerate relearning in human adaptation to force fields during reaching. Consistent with our hypothesis, we observed that upon re-exposure to a previously learned force field, the very first movement performed by healthy volunteers in the relearning context was better adapted to the external disturbance, and this occurred without any anticipation or cognitive strategy because the relearning session was started unexpectedly. We conclude that feedback adaptation is a medium by which the nervous system can genuinely accelerate learning across movements.Significance StatementSavings describe the ability of healthy humans to faster relearn a previously acquired motor skill. It is debated whether savings result from implicit changes in the learning rate or an explicit strategy. Given recent evidence that feedback control plays a key role in movement adaptation, we hypothesized that this component also contributed to savings in the context of force field adaptation. We confirm that relearning was faster and demonstrate that the very first relearning movement was better adapted to the external disturbance, i.e., the online corrections in the first re-exposure trial carried imprints of feedback adaptation from the previous sessions in the absence of any explicit strategy. We conclude that this non-explicit feedback component can genuinely accelerate motor learning.
Minimizing path loss and improving security in wireless body area networks
Authors: Anguraj Dinesh Kumar , Bashar Abul , Nidhya R. , Shimna P.K. , Ravi Renjith V. 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is energy consumption and security. To extend the sensor’s life span, saving the energy in a sensor is important. In this paper, biosensors are implanted or suited on the human body, and then, transposition has been applied for biosensors for reducing the sensor distance from the sink node. After transposition path loss has been calculated, security is maintained and also compared the results with the existing strategies.Design/methodology/approachNowadays, one of the most emergent technologies is wireless body area network (WBAN), which represents to improve the quality of life and also allow for monitoring the remote patient and other health-care applications. Traffic routing plays a main role together with the relay nodes, which is used to collect the biosensor’s information and send it towards the sink.FindingsTo calculate the distance and observe the position, Euclidean distance technique is used. Path loss is the main parameter, which is needed to reduce for making better data transmission and to make the network stability. Routing protocols can be designed, with the help of proposed values of sensors locations in the human body, which gives good stability of network and lifetime. It helps to achieve as the less deplete energy.Originality/valueThis scheme is compared with the two existing schemes and shows the result in terms of parameter path loss. Moreover, this paper evaluated a new method for improving the security in WBAN. The main goal of this research is to find the optimal sensor location on the body and select the biosensor positions where they can get less energy while transmitting the data to the sink node, increasing the life span in biosensors, decreasing memory space, giving security, controlling the packet complexity and buffer overflow and also fixing the damages in the existing system.
Does workplace spirituality lead to raising employee performance? The role of citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence
Authors: Jena Lalatendu Kesari 
Published: March 2021

PurposeFor businesses today, employee performance is most important. Therefore, this paper aims to the greater purpose of ‘ideal workplace’; focusing on determining the effect of workplace spirituality on employee performance because organizations tend to neglect employees’ spiritual and/or mental wellness but well-maintain the output. This paper also shines light on the mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior and the moderating nature of employee’s emotional intelligence.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted with a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical approach. Data were collected in two rounds. In total, 761 responses (416 offline and 345 online) were analyzed for all four hypotheses using statistical data package for social sciences and analysis of moments structure; imploring correlation, regression and mediation and moderation analysis.FindingsThe study found that workplace spirituality is indeed positively linked with employees’ performance. Organizational citizenship behavior is positively associated with workplace spirituality and employee performance. Mediation analysis indicated that organizational citizenship behavior significantly enhances the relationship of workplace spirituality and employee performance. Moderation analysis suggested that employee’s emotional intelligence significantly boosts employee performance.Originality/valueThis research offers deep and critical insights for curating future research and managerial practices, strengthening the concept of workplace spirituality as a promising area in the fields of human resource management and organizational psychology. The study uses a unique approach and provides exclusive findings regarding Indian service and manufacturing professionals.