bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Photo Atlas for Food Portion Estimation for a National 24-hr Recall Dietary Survey in Kenya
Authors: Bukania Zipporah , Kungu Jacqueline , Murage Lucy , Mugambi Gladys , Wefwafwa Terry 
Published: May 2021

Objectives: Reliance on respondents’ individual recall ability for accurate dietary data collection is always a challenge. We developed a photo atlas to aid respondents in recall of foods eaten during the interactive 24 hr recall multiple pass approach for data collection during the Kenya National Micronutrient Survey 2011. Photographs of foods are preferred for estimating portion sizes because the amount eaten is easier for the respondent to visualize. However, it was necessary to validate the photo atlas before using it.
Methods: Seven common Kenyan food items were chosen for validation of the atlas: cassava root, tomatoes, eggplant, raw chicken wings and legs, watermelon and fried dough. Each color photo displayed three differently sizes of each food item to capture “large,” “medium,” and “small”. Actual food portions were used for comparison with the photos. Volunteers were asked to rate the level of similarity between the actual-life food item and the item in the photograph on a scale of 1 to 5. Five indicated “Perfect Match” and one indicated “Not a Match.” 84 volunteers from KEMRI and Kibera were conveniently selected for the validation exercise.
Results: Exact matches were highly observed in all sizes of whole foods (onions (52.4; 61.9%; 59%), tomatoes (59.5%; 58.3%; 63.1%) and eggplants 35.7%; 27.4% and 63.1%) compared to sliced food items. No significant differences observed between female and male matches of food items.
Conclusions: Identification of difficult to recall foods can be presented as food albums and used as dietary data collection tools.
Frequency of Sensorineural Hearing Loss among Children with Pyogenic Meningitis
Authors: Baig Salman , Khan Muhammad Salman , Iqbal Nasima , Mumtaz Tayyaba , Hussain Ashfaq , Zafar Urooj 
Published: May 2021

Aim: To find out the frequency of sensorineural hearing loss among children with pyogenic meningitis.
Study Design: Cross-sectional.
Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Ziauddin university hospital during the period of July 2019 to February 2020.
Methodology: About 96 participants were enrolled in the study between the age group of one month up to 12 years. Patients were included on the basis of clinical presentation and laboratory findings of pyogenic meningitis. An expert audiologist performed the brainstem evoked response audiometry test before discharging the patient from the hospital. For data analysis SPSS version-20 was used. All the quantitative variables were calculated as mean with standard deviation while qualitative data were presented as frequency and percentages. To find out association between variables, the Mann Whitney U-test and chi-square test was applied while P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant.
Results: Mean age with standard deviation was 6.8 ±2.3. Majority of the study participants were boys (57%). The frequency of sensorineural hearing loss was 17%. It was more among females than their male counter parts that was 64.7% and 35.3% respectively but no significant association was reported. The younger age group was having higher frequency of sensorineural hearing loss (47.1%), followed by the age group of 6-8 years (29.4%) and the very small number of participants were affected from the age group of 9-12 years (23.5%) but all the age groups were having no significant association with frequency of hearing loss.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that sensorineural hearing loss is the most common complication reported among the children with pyogenic meningitis in current setup so there is a need of early evaluation of hearing problems in all patients diagnosed with pyogenic meningitis.
Efficacy of Capparis spinosa Linn Leaf and Fruit Extracts on Giardia Lambia Cysts In vitro
Authors: Mohamadian Aram , Mirzaei Asad , Abbasi Naser , Naserifar Razi , Feizi Jalil , Karimi Parviz , Khorshidi Ali , Maspi Nahid , Abdi Jahangir 
Published: May 2021

Aims: Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common intestinal parasites worldwide. There are some side effects and the reports of parasite resistance to metronidazole as the first line treatment of giardiasis. Therefore, it is essential to discover an effect and safe drug to treat giardiasis.
Methodology: In this study, the anti-parasitic activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Capparis spinosa Linn (C. spinosa) leaves and fruits with different concentrations (4 to 0.125 mg/ml) was assessed against human isolates of the G. lamblia cysts and incubated at 37℃. After staining Giardia cysts with 0.1% eosin, the lethal percentage and 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of fruit and leave C. spinosa L extracts and metronidazole on G. lamblia cysts were calculated after 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours.
Results: Anti-giardia activity of fruit and leaf extracts of C. spinosa was different between concentrations and time points (p<0.005). The lethal effect of both C. spinosa L extracts and metronidazole increased significantly in a concentration - and time–dependent response (P<0.0001). The highest lethal percentage of G. lamblia cysts was observed a concentration of 4 mg / ml of fruit (100%) and leaf (44%) extracts of C. spinosa L after 48 hours, respectively. LC50 values were 0.38 ± 0.02mg/ml for fruit extract, 2.32 ± 0.1 mg/ml for leaf extract and 0.53 ± 0.03 µg/ml for metronidazole after 48hours.
Conclusion: C. spinosa can be effective in eliminating Giardia cyst of contaminated environments and water.
MEMS‐ and MOEMS‐Based Visible and Near‐Infrared Spectrometers
Authors: Antila Jarkko , Tuohiniemi Mikko , Rissanen Anna , Kantojärvi Uula , Lahti Markku , Viherkanto Kai , Kaarre Marko , Malinen Jouko , Näsilä Antti 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe trend in near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is to go toward on‐site, in‐field, on‐the‐go applications with calibration‐free instruments and off‐the‐shelf chemometrics software. Micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) and micro‐opto‐electro‐mechanical systems (MOEMS) represent manufacturing techniques and components, capable of enabling highly miniaturized, robust, and low‐cost sensors and actuators. This article presents common MEMS and MOEMS manufacturing techniques and gives an insight into the demands of NIR spectroscopic applications. The main instrument categories are covered by a short theory followed by examples. Most thoroughly handled topics are Fourier‐transform spectrometers (FTSs), Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPIs), and dispersive spectrometers. Two other categories are also separately presented, namely light modulator systems and tunable MEMS light sources. We give an overview on NIR spectroscopy and its special requirements regarding the realization of MEMS spectrometers.
SBRT treatment of abdominal and pelvic oligometastatic lymph nodes using ring‐mounted Halcyon Linac
Authors: Pokhrel Damodar , Webster Aaron , Stephen Joseph , St Clair William 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurpose/objectivesThis work seeks to evaluate the plan quality, treatment delivery efficiency, and accuracy of single‐isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) of abdominal/pelvic oligometastatic lymph nodes (LNs) stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) on Halcyon Linac.Materials and MethodsAfter completing the in‐house multitarget end‐to‐end phantom testing and independent dose verification using MD Anderson’s single‐isocenter/multi‐target (lung and spine target inserts) thorax phantom, eight patients with two to three abdominal/pelvic oligometastatic LNs underwent highly conformal single‐isocenter VMAT‐SBRT treatment using the Halcyon Linac 6MV flattening filter free (FFF) beam. Targets were identified using an Axumin PET/CT scan co‐registered with planning CT images and a single‐isocenter was placed between/among the targets. Doses between 25 and 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions were delivered. Patients were treated every other day. Plans were calculated in Eclipse with advanced AcurosXB algorithm for heterogeneity corrections. For comparison, Halcyon VMAT‐SBRT plans were retrospectively generated for SBRT‐dedicated TrueBeam with a 6MV‐FFF beam using identical planning geometry and objectives. Target coverage, conformity index (CI), dose to 2 cm away from each target (D2cm) and dose to adjacent organs‐at‐risk (OAR) were evaluated. Additionally, various treatment delivery parameters including beam‐on time were recorded.ResultsPhantom measurements showed acceptable spatial accuracy of conebeam CT‐guided Halcyon SBRT treatments including compliance with MD Anderson’s single‐isocenter/multi‐targets phantom credentialing results. For patients, the mean isocenter to tumor center distance was 3.4 ± 1.2 cm (range, 1.5–4.8 cm). The mean combined PTV was 18.9 ± 10.9 cc (range, 5.6–39.5 cc). There was no clinically significant difference in dose to LNs, CI, D2cm and maximal doses to OAR between single‐isocenter Halcyon and Truebeam VMAT‐SBRT plans, although, Halcyon plans provided preferably lower maximal dose to adjacent OAR. Additionally, total monitor units, beam‐on time and overall treatment time was lower with Halcyon plans. Halcyon’s portal dosimetry demonstrated a high pass rate of 98.1 ± 1.6% for clinical gamma passing criteria of 2%/2 mm.ConclusionSBRT treatment of abdominal/pelvic oligometastatic LNs with single‐isocenter VMAT on Halcyon was dosimetrically equivalent to TrueBeam. Faster treatment delivery to oligometastatic LNs via single‐isocenter Halcyon VMAT can improve clinic workflow and patient compliance, potentially reducing intrafraction motion errors for well‐suited patients. Clinical follow‐up of these patients is ongoing.
The α2δ‐1/NMDA receptor complex is involved in brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice
Authors: Li Jingchen , Song Guoqiang , Jin Qianxu , Liu Liqiang , Yang Liang , Wang Yuanyu , Zhang Xuesong , Zhao Zongmao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a common cerebrovascular disease, seriously threatens human health and has severe secondary injuries, while existing treatment methods have many limitations. α2δ‐1 is a subunit of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and can act on glutamate receptor N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) to relieve neuropathic pain.MethodsWe first performed ICH modeling on WT mice and Cacna2d1 knockout (KO) mice. The expression levels of GluN1 and α2δ‐1 were measured by Western blot and q‐PCR, and the interaction between the two proteins was evaluated by co‐precipitation. The neuronal apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL assay, and the expression levels of inflammatory factors were assessed by ELISA. The nerve functions of mice were evaluated using behavioral experiments including corner turn test and forelimb use asymmetry. Cerebral hematoma was indicated by brain water content and lesion volume.ResultsICH up‐regulated the expression levels of α2δ‐1 and GluN1. KO of Cacna2d1 significantly reduced the ICH‐induced apoptosis. The treatment of gabapentin on α2δ‐1 also significantly reduced the occurrence of apoptosis. KO of Cacna2d1 also reduced the ICH‐induced levels of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, neural functions were also significantly improved.ConclusionCacna2d1 KO alleviates cerebral hematoma in ICH mice, exhibits a significant regulating effect on its secondary injuries such as neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, and restores the nerve functions of ICH mice. Loss of Cacna2d1 can provide useful therapeutic clues for ICH treatment.
Advanced Photocatalysts: Pinning Single Atom Co‐Catalysts on Titania Nanotubes
Authors: Zhou Xin , Hwang Imgon , Tomanec Ondřej , Fehn Dominik , Mazare Anca , Zboril Radek , Meyer Karsten , Schmuki Patrik 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSingle atom (SA) catalysis, over the last 10 years, has become a forefront in heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, and most recently also in photocatalysis. Most crucial when engineering a SA catalyst/support system is the creation of defined anchoring points on the support surface to stabilize reactive SA sites. Here, a so far unexplored but evidently very effective approach to trap and stabilize SAs on a broadly used photocatalyst platform is introduced. In self‐organized anodic TiO2 nanotubes, a high degree of stress is incorporated in the amorphous oxide during nanotube growth. During crystallization (by thermal annealing), this leads to a high density of Ti3+‐Ovsurface defects that are hardly present in other common titania nanostructures (as nanoparticles). These defects are highly effective for SA iridium trapping. Thus a SA‐Ir photocatalyst with a higher photocatalytic activity than for any classic co‐catalyst arrangement on the semiconductive substrate is obtained. Hence, a tool for SA trapping on titania‐based back‐contacted platforms is provided for wide application in electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry. Moreover, it is shown that stably trapped SAs provide virtually all photocatalytic reactivity, with turnover frequencies in the order of 4 × 106h−1in spite of representing only a small fraction of the initially loaded SAs.
Mesoporous Coatings with Simultaneous Light‐Triggered Transition of Water Imbibition and Droplet Coalescence
Authors: Khalil Adnan , Rostami Peyman , Auernhammer Günter K. , Andrieu‐Brunsen Annette 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA systematic study of gating water infiltration and condensation into ceramic nanopores by carefully adjusting the wetting properties of mesoporous films using photoactive spiropyran is presented. Contact angle measurements from the side reveal significant changes in wettability after irradiation due to spiropyran/merocyanine‐isomerization, which induce a wetting transition from dry to wet pores. The change in wettability allows the control of water imbibition in the nanopores and is reflected by the formation of an imbibition ring around a droplet. Furthermore, the photoresponsive wettability is able to overcome pinning effects and cause a movement of a droplet contact line, facilitating droplet coalescence, as recorded by high‐speed imaging. The absorbed light not only effectuates droplet merging but also causes flows inside the drop due to heat absorption by the spiropyran, which results in gradients in the surface tension. IR imaging and particle tracking is used to investigate the heat absorption and temperature‐induced flows, respectively. These flows can be used to manipulate, for example, molecular movement inside water and deposition inside solid mesoporous materials and are therefore of great importance for nanofluidic devices as well as for future water management concepts, which include filtering by imbibition and collection by droplet coalescence.
Interfacial Liquid Film Transfer Printing of Versatile Flexible Electronic Devices with High Yield Ratio
Authors: Chen Yihao , Liu Xin , Ma Yinji , Chen Ying , Lu Bingwei , Feng Xue 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEmerging flexible electronic devices differ widely in terms of material, shape, scale, and structure. The conventional solid‐contact stamp transfer printing method easily causes cracks and interfacial delamination in large‐area, intricately‐patterned multilayered devices. Liquid film transfer printing (LTP) is presented as a strategy to obtain flexible devices with a high yield ratio regardless of the device material, scale, shape, and structure. In this technique, the liquid film is used to hydrolyze and break the chemical bonds between the film and silicon wafer substrate. Thus, there is less stress on the device during the transfer process. In addition, the buoyancy and surface tension of the liquid film help the flexible device to unroll itself on the liquid surface. In the experiments, flexible devices of different types and with extreme properties consistently achieved a transfer printing yield ratio of 98.57%. The sensitivity of temperature sensor change before and after LTP is less than 2%. The real‐time and visualized comparisons of the stress distribution and evolution during LTP and solid‐contact methods demonstrated that the LTP maximum strain is 70% smaller than the latter method. Thus, LTP has great potential for sophisticated and system‐level flexible device transfer printing and integration.
The Exfoliation of Crystalline Covalent Triazine Frameworks by Glycerol Intercalation
Authors: Liu Jing , Liu Manying , Wang Xueqing , Wang Kewei , Jin Shangbin , Tan Bien 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt is a huge challenge to exfoliate covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) into large‐area CTF sheets, because of the ultrastrong triazine linkage and its high crystallinity. Herein, a glycerol intercalation strategy is reported to exfoliate bulk crystalline CTF‐HC1 into large‐area crystalline E‐CTF‐HC1 sheets. The three vibration states of glycerol molecules at 25, 90, and 300 °C are a key role in the process of CTFs exfoliation. As the temperature increases, the vibration energy increases. When the temperature reaches 300 °C, the vibration energy becomes large enough to make the glycerol occupy the CTF layer spacing at the vibrational state of the maximum cross section, resulting in the exfoliation of CTFs. The specific capacitance of the exfoliated E‐CTF‐HC1 electrode (342.15 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) is about 3.3 times higher than that of bulk CTF‐HC1 electrode (104.04 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1).
Biodegradable PEDOT:PSS/Clay Composites for Multifunctional Green‐Electronic Materials
Authors: Lee Seunghyeon , Hong Yeongbeom , Shim Bong Sup 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPlastics are now causing challenging environmental issues, especially electronic waste (E‐waste) and microplastics. While no single solution exists to address all these complex problems, superworms’ ingestion behavior toward plastics provides an innovative way to reduce plastic pollutions. Here, it is demonstrated that poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/montmorillonite (MMT) composites are biodegradable with versatile multifunctionalities originating from natural nacre‐inspired layered nanostructures. While their physical performances are modulated interdependently, eco‐biodegradability of the MMT/PEDOT:PSS composites are confirmed by the superworm's ingestion behaviors and their chemical changes after digestion. The electrically conductive composites with PEDOT:PSS also exhibit excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, flame retardancy, long‐term water stability, flexibility, and electrochemical properties. Combined with these inherent multifaceted properties, the eco‐biodegradable features of the MMT/PEDOT:PSS composites open a new direction to use electronic materials for emerging eco‐friendly applications, including green‐electronics, bioelectronics, and edible‐electronics.
Recent Insights on Catalyst Layers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Zhu Weikang , Huang Tong , Zheng Chenyang , Pei Yabiao , Shen Guoqiang , Nie Zixi , Xiao Di , Yin Yan , Guiver Michael D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAnion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) performance have significantly improved in the last decade (>1 W cm−2), and is now comparable with that of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). At high current densities, issues in the catalyst layer (CL, composed of catalyst and ionomer), like oxygen transfer, water balance, and microstructural evolution, play important roles in the performance. In addition, CLs for AEMFCs have different requirements than for PEMFCs, such as chemical/physical stability, reaction mechanism, and mass transfer, because of different conductive media and pH environment. The anion exchange ionomer (AEI), which is the soluble or dispersed analogue of the anion exchange membrane (AEM), is required for hydroxide transport in the CL and is normally handled separately with the electrocatalyst during the electrode fabrication process. The importance of the AEI–catalyst interface in maximizing the utilization of electrocatalyst and fuel/oxygen transfer process must be carefully investigated. This review briefly covers new concepts in the complex AEMFC catalyst layer, before a detailed discussion on advances in CLs based on the design of AEIs and electrocatalysts. The importance of the structure–function relationship is highlighted with the aim of directing the further development of CLs for high‐performance AEMFC.
Recent Progress on Electrical and Optical Manipulations of Perovskite Photodetectors
Authors: Wang Fang , Zou Xuming , Xu Mengjian , Wang Hao , Wang Hailu , Guo Huijun , Guo Jiaxiang , Wang Peng , Peng Meng , Wang Zhen , Wang Yang , Miao Jinshui , Chen Fansheng , Wang Jianlu , Chen Xiaoshuang , Pan Anlian , Shan Chongxin , Liao Lei , Hu Weida 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhotodetectors built from conventional bulk materials such as silicon, III–V or II–VI compound semiconductors are one of the most ubiquitous types of technology in use today. The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in emerging photodetectors based on perovskite materials driven by the growing demands for uncooled, low‐cost, lightweight, and even flexible photodetection technology. Though perovskite has good electrical and optical properties, perovskite‐based photodetectors always suffer from nonideal quantum efficiency and high‐power consumption. Joint manipulation of electrons and photons in perovskite photodetectors is a promising strategy to improve detection efficiency. In this review, electrical and optical characteristics of typical types of perovskite photodetectors are first summarized. Electrical manipulations of electrons in perovskite photodetectors are discussed. Then, artificial photonic nanostructures for photon manipulations are detailed to improve light absorption efficiency. By reviewing the manipulation of electrons and photons in perovskite photodetectors, this review aims to provide strategies to achieve high‐performance photodetectors.
A Wearable Sustainable Moisture‐Induced Electricity Generator Based on rGO/GO/rGO Sandwich‐Like Structural Film
Authors: Chen Si , Xia Hong , Ni Qing‐Qing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGreen energy conversion is the first choice in solving contemporary energy pollution and shortages. In this work, a flexible moisture‐induced electricity generator is developed. Graphene oxide (GO) film is simply region‐treated by bilateral ultraviolet irradiation to obtain two special structural films—reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/GO/rGO sandwich‐like structural (rGrSF) film and rGrSF–GO composite film. The special sandwich‐like structure endows films with the capability to easily transport water molecules and difficultly release moisture that improves the adaptability of generator to environmental change. A single moisture‐induced electricity generator (MIEG) could supply an open circuit voltage of 215.7 mV for more than 3 h. 9 MIEGs successfully powered a light emitting diode (LED) in 1 h under moisture, and its total discharging process took about 5.5 h in a normal room condition, in which the LED kept lit for 1 h. Additionally, with outstanding flexibility, high stability, and reproducibility, the generator shows the potential in application of wearable electronics and it can generate sustainable electricity in the face of suddenly changes in humidity.