bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
H{[Na(H2O)3]6F}(PO4)2 ⋅ 2(H2O): A New Polycation‐Type Phosphate with Deep Ultraviolet Transparency
Authors: Yang Xukui , Liu Yuting , Li Yuxin , Ma Peixin , Zeng Tixian , Duan Meihong , Fang Zhi , Qin Dabin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA new polycation‐type phosphate of H{[Na(H2O)3]6F}(PO4)2 ⋅ 2(H2O) (FNPO) was synthesized by a mild hydrothermal method. FNPO crystallizes in the cubic space group of
with cell parameters of a=27.778 Å and Z=32. In the structure of FNPO, every sodium ion is six‐fold coordinated to five water molecules and one fluoride ion in forming electroneutral [NaF(H2O)5] octahedra, while one kind of super octahedral polycation‐type {[Na(H2O)3]6F}5+ complexes with center anion of F‐ is constructed by six [NaF(H2O)5] octahedra via the sharing of their terminal fluoride ion and water molecules. Besides counter cation of {[Na(H2O)3]6F}5+ complexes, all the other (PO4)3− and water molecules are in a discrete arrangement with sole connection of hydrogen‐bond interaction with {[Na(H2O)3]6F}5+ complexes in forming [101]‐oriented pseudo‐lines, while each line is hydrogen‐bonded to six adjacent lines in generating the three‐dimensional structure of FNPO. Benefitted by this polycation‐type structure, FNPO was characterized by a deep ultraviolet transparency.
Oxidative C−F Cleavage in Metalloenzymes and Model Compounds
Authors: Costas Miquel , Company Anna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractReplacement of C−H by C−F bonds provides lipophilicity and chemical stability to organic molecules. These properties make organofluorides interesting compounds in agrochemistry, medicinal chemistry and also in materials. However, the same properties hamper their chemical degradation, resulting in an increasingly concerning environmental persistence, which is fueling the quest for biological and chemical reagents that could cleave the C−F bonds. The first part of this review makes an overview of oxidative enzymes known to defluorinate organic molecules. The second part reviews coordination complexes, originally designed as functional models of oxidative enzymes, that can also engage in related defluorination reactions. The manuscript is hoped to provide ideas for the development of novel catalytic methodologies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bisthienylethene‐Porphyrin Photoswitchable Copolymers
Authors: Huo Zhaohui , Badets Vasilica , Ibrahim Helen , Goldmann Michel , Xu Hualong , Yi Tao , Boudon Corinne , Ruhlmann Laurent 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe bisthienylethene (BTE) class is one of the most intensely studied type of photochromatic dye which attract great attention from researchers seeking to exploit light responsive switches in an extensive diversity of fields. BTE is the subject of many avenues of research. We report here the synthesis of a new diarylethene‐porphyrin photoswitchable copolymer via the electropolymerization of zinc octaethyl porphyrin and pyridine substituted diarylethene. The electropolymerization was monitored by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The copolymer was characterized by electrochemistry, UV‐Vis spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The incorporated diarylethene maintains its reversible photochromism upon the UV‐Vis radiation with multiple cycles of ring‐opening and closing. Attention is focused on the ways the polymer environment affects BTE photochromism.
Impact of lipopolysaccharides on cultivation and recombinant protein expression in human embryonal kidney (HEK‐293) cells
Authors: Faust Christine , Beil Christian , Dittrich Werner , Rao Ercole , Langer Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe human embryonal kidney 293 cell (HEK‐293) is a widely used expression host for transient gene expression. The genes or plasmids used for the transient transfections are usually propagated and extracted from the gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli, the workhorse for molecular biologists. As a gram‐negative bacterium E. coli has an outer membrane (OM) containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or endotoxins. LPS are very potent inducers of inflammatory cytokines in the body. In early research phases DNA intended for transient transfections is not routinely checked for LPS‐levels. In this study we addressed the question whether LPS has an impact on the cultivation and production of a recombinant antibody. At high concentrations the presence of LPS has a detrimental impact on cell viability and recombinant protein expression. But low LPS concentrations are tolerated and might even enhance protein expression levels.
Optimal design and experimental test of a solar simulator for solar photovoltaic modules
Authors: Cortés‐Severino Rodrigo , Cárdenas‐Bravo Carlos , Barraza Rodrigo , Sánchez‐Squella Antonio , Valdivia Lefort Patricio , Castillo‐Burns Federico 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSolar simulators have been widely used to characterize the performance of solar photovoltaics cells, which typically have a size of 156 × 156 mm2. In order to amplify the testing area, a flexible optimal design method for solar simulators is presented in this study. In this work, 20 quartz tungsten halogen lamps are used with a light filter composed of a mixture of distilled water and cyan ink. The methodology includes the measurements of the irradiance nonuniformities, spectral profile, and explores the effects of light filters on the primary light source used. During this stage, the power source of the lights should be selected, where direct current is usually assumed. As soon as the primary light source is characterized by its corresponding model, a layout is defined by optimizing the nonuniformity of the irradiance. The constructed solar simulator presents a spectral match of 1.69%, a spatial nonuniformity of irradiance of 1.66%, and a temporal instability of irradiance lower than 0.1%. In addition, the current‐voltage curves are compared under indoor and outdoor test showing a root‐mean‐squared error lower than 3%. A class CAA solar simulator is achieved according to the International Electrotechnical Commission and American Society for Testing and Materials standards over an area of 270 × 270 mm2, suitable for testing small size solar photovoltaic modules.
Perceptions of Exercise and Its Challenges in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Survey‐Based Study
Authors: Glass Oliver , Liu Daniel , Bechard Elizabeth , Guy Cynthia D. , Pendergast Jane , Mae Diehl Anna , Abdelmalek Manal F. 
Published: October 2021

Exercise is a foundational treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the majority of patients are unable to initiate and maintain effective exercise habits and remain at increased risk for progressive liver disease. Barriers and limitations to exercise in patients with NAFLD have not been fully identified. We performed a single survey of 94 patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD to understand baseline physical activity and sedentary behavior, self‐perceived fitness, limitations to exercise, potential solutions to increase physical activity behavior, and perception of exercise as a foundational treatment for NAFLD. For exploratory analyses, we evaluated differences in responses to the survey by grouping severity of hepatic fibrosis as follows: nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL); early stage (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH] F0, NASH F1, NASH F2); and late stage (NASH F3, NASH F4). Zero weekly total physical activity was reported by 29% of patients with NAFLD. Late‐stage NASH had significantly lower vigorous (P = 0.024), walking (P = 0.029), total weekly activity (P = 0.043), and current fitness level (P = 0.022) compared to early stage NASH. Overall, 72% of patients with NAFLD reported limitations to exercise, with the greatest proportion citing lack of energy (62%), fatigue (61%), prior/current Injury (50%), and shortness of breath (49%). A preference for personal training to increase their physical activity was indicated by 66% of patients with NAFLD, and 63% preferred exercise over medication to treat NAFLD. Conclusion: The majority of patients with NAFLD have limitations to exercise but prefer exercise as a treatment option for NAFLD in the form of personal training. Patients with NAFLD may have unique physiologic limitations to exercise that worsen with fibrosis severity. Exercise interventions or services that are personalized and scalable may improve sustainability of exercise habits in the long term.
Aligning classroom assessment with engineering practice: A design‐based research study of a two‐stage exam with authentic assessment
Authors: Koretsky Milo D. , McColley Campbell J. , Gugel James L. , Ekstedt Thomas W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAuthentic assessment and two‐stage exams have recently received attention; however, they are rarely used together. We reimagine assessment by integrating an authentic, computer‐based assessment into the structure of a two‐stage exam in a large engineering class.PurposeWe seek to identify ways that such assessment extends classroom testing to better align with engineering practice by examining the ways teams negotiate uncertainty to make engineering decisions. We also identify differing students' reactions to increased uncertainty during tests.Design/MethodUsing the methodical framework of design‐based research, we analyze performance and reflection data for 117 student teams through two design iterations to explore four design and theoretical conjectures.ResultsTeams chose multiple solution paths to this authentic task, an aspect that aligns with the characteristics of engineering practice that we seek to assess. In addition, the technology tool allows the evaluation of procedural accuracy for many of the teams' chosen paths. The teams' decision‐making performances correlate; however, decision‐making and traditional assessments do not correlate, suggesting they measure different competencies. The computer‐based second stage provides a holistic assessment that shifts the messages that students implicitly receive about valued practices in the classroom. However, not all students took up the authentic group assessment in desired ways.ConclusionsTechnology‐based two‐stage exams with authentic assessment show promise to shift testing practices in large engineering classes to include decision‐making. Such assessments better align with engineering practices that are valued in the profession, but more work is needed to develop systems for widespread implementation.
Th1 cytokine gene polymorphism and the corresponding plasma cytokine levels: A comparative study in HIV‐1 positive and exposed uninfected infants
Authors: R. Chavan Vijay , Ahir Swati , Kerkar Shilpa , Ansari Zakia , Samant‐Mavani Padmaja , Nanavati Ruchi , Mehta Preeti , Mania‐Pramanik Jayanti 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe pro‐inflammatory (Th1) cytokines namely interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐6, IL‐12, interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) are vital in the clearance of HIV infection. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the polymorphisms of Th1 cytokine genes and their corresponding plasma cytokine levels in HIV‐1 positive and exposed uninfected (EU) infants born to HIV‐1 positive mothers. CD4 count, viral load of HIV‐1 positive mothers was done using commercially available reagents. Cytokine genotyping analysis and levels were done in 20 HIV‐1 positive and 54 EU infants. The polymorphisms of Th1 cytokines were done using the PCR‐SSP method. Plasma cytokine levels were estimated using Bio‐Plex‐Pro cytokine assay (BIO‐RAD; USA). Results revealed treatment status of the mothers and viral load were the two confounding factors having a significant effect on HIV status of the infant. TNF‐α GG genotype is significantly higher in EU infants as compared with HIV‐1 positive infants. GG genotype was associated with high TNF‐ α levels in HIV‐1 positive infants but the difference was not statistically significant. HIV‐1 positive infants with ‐IFN‐γ (+874) TT genotype was significantly associated with high IFN‐γ levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the role of Th1 cytokine gene polymorphisms and their corresponding plasma cytokine levels in HIV‐1 positive and EU infants from India.
Differential expression of circulating microRNAs in serum: Potential biomarkers to track Japanese encephalitis virus infection
Authors: Baluni Manjari , Ghildiyal Sneha , Fatima Tanzeem , Tiwari Rashmi , Upadhyay Shivbrat , Dhole Tapan N. , Reddy D. Himanshu , Singh Dharamveer 
Published: October 2021

AbstractJapanese encephalitis is one of the serious vector‐borne viral encephalitis diseases found worldwide and poses a major threat to public health. Most Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections are subclinical; only 1: 250 to 1:1000 infected persons develop clinical presentations. Delay in proper diagnosis of JE affects the timeliness of treatment initiation and increases the mortality rate in patients. Therefore, there is an extreme need to develop potential biomarkers, which might improve the diagnosis and can become the basis for development of new therapeutics. The microRNAs (miRNAs/or miRs) are small noncoding RNAs of 17–24 nucleotides that are known to regulate about 60% of human genes. Although miRNAs have been found to regulate various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, less information on circulating miRNAs in JE is known. The study of JEV infected human serum miRNAs will provide novel information for the diagnosis of JE as well as for the improvement of disease outcome.Total RNA, including miRNA, was extracted from serum followed by the complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis by using sequence‐specific primers. cDNA was amplified using target‐specific TaqMan MicroRNA Assay. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction data was normalized using both exogenous (cel‐miR‐39) and endogenous (hsa‐miR‐93) controls.We have found significantly altered expression of miR‐155 and miR‐21 in serum of JEV infected patients as compared to healthy controls, revealing their role as a a noninvasive biomarker in JE. A significant correlation between miRNAs and JE was observed that offers the basis for miRNAs to serve as a new component to develop possible therapeutic strategies for JE in near future.
The high‐frequency variability of Antarctic sea ice and polar cold air incursions over Amazonia
Authors: Carpenedo Camila Bertoletti , Campos José Leandro Pereira Silveira , Ambrizzi Tércio , Braga Ricardo Burgo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe cold air incursion over South America is associated with the frontal systems generated in the Antarctic region, and sea ice cover plays an important role in its formation. Little is known about how the high‐frequency variability of the coupled ocean–cryosphere‐atmosphere system affects weather conditions in South America, especially in the Amazon region ‐ in tandem with the largest tropical forest on the planet and a key region of the global climate system. The results presented here suggest that the high‐frequency variability of the expansion of Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) extremes, in the Ross Sea and Indian Ocean, modulate the cold air incursion over the Amazon in the southern winter 4 and 2 days after the expansion of SIE extremes, respectively. The SIE extremes can couple with the atmosphere, inducing Rossby waves that propagate and undergo amplification downstream from the Ross Sea and Indian Ocean during such extremes. In this way, the atmospheric wave train acquires a more southern spread over South America, reaching tropical latitudes after the SIE extremes. In non‐SIE extreme periods, the atmospheric wave train has a more zonal spread and reaches only the extratropical latitudes of the continent.
The effects of non‐stationarity on SPI for operational drought monitoring in Europe
Authors: Cammalleri Carmelo , Spinoni Jonathan , Barbosa Paulo , Toreti Andrea , Vogt Jürgen V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIt is a good practice to follow common guidelines in the computation of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) data sets as part of operational drought monitoring systems. In the European Drought Observatory (https://edo.jrc.ec.europa.eu/), reference statistics are computed following the World Meteorological Organization Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals, where a definition of the reference period for monitoring applications is introduced as the most recent 30‐year period finishing in a year ending with 0. In this study, the temporal consistency of the SPI time series computed using the fifth‐generation European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecast reanalyses model precipitation data set is tested over Europe to quantify the effect of the transition from one baseline period (1981–2010) to another (1991–2020) and to evaluate the capability of these static baselines to reproduce the behaviour of non‐stationary SPIs (nSPIs). The results of the comparison suggest that the threshold commonly used to identify droughts (SPI = −1) is only marginally affected by the change in reference period (mean absolute deviation, MAD = 0.15 ± 0.1) for short‐term SPI, whereas larger differences (MAD up to 0.6) can be observed over certain areas (i.e., Southern Italy and Eastern Europe) for longer accumulation periods (i.e., SPI‐9 or SPI‐12). Examples show that changes in drought classification from extremely dry (SPI < −2) to moderately dry (SPI < −1) are not uncommon, which may lead to misinterpretation by users. Finally, analyses against nSPI highlight an overall good correspondence between stationary and nSPIs, even if both static baselines displayed difficulties in reliably capturing the magnitude of nSPI for the entire 10‐year period for which they should be used. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that more spatially uniform results can be achieved with 5‐year updates, with a good matching (MAD <0.25) for SPI‐1 and an acceptable matching (MAD < 0.50) for SPI‐12 over more than 80% of Europe.
Heatwaves in Southern Armenia in the context of climate change
Authors: Galstyan Hrachuhi , Shiri Babak , Safaryan Tatevik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe quantitative and qualitative evaluations of long‐term trends and spatial distribution of heatwaves (HW) are carried out in Southern Armenia (Syunik province). For this purpose, the daily average maximum air temperature data (𝑇max) from four meteorological stations (Sisian, Goris, Kapan, and Meghri) are studied for the 1936–2019 period. The HW catchment algorithm and a new concept of HW (which is called potential HWs [PHWs]) are developed. The presence of trends and their significance for different HW measures are assessed utilizing linear and exponential trends, Sen's slope, and Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test. The results show that HWs become increasingly frequent and intense. Moreover, they have extended duration, as they emerge earlier and fade later in Syunik province. Significant variation trends of HW are observed (e.g., the frequency of HWs increased up to five times), especially after the 1990s in southern and central parts of the province. Contrary to this, relatively weaker or no trends occurred in the northern parts. Our methodological approach successfully determines the HW measures' trends in the province based on the relief features and altitude differences. The outcomes highlight their notable impact on the progression of HW. Overall, this study provides significant insights into understanding HW's variations and their transformation in the mountainous areas.
Influence of Polymer Gate Dielectric on Organic Field‐Effect Transistors: Interdependence of Molecular Weight, Solvent Polarity, and Surface Energy—A Case Study with PMMA and Pentacene
Authors: V. R. Rajeev , Pillai Sradha , Nunzi Jean‐Michel , Unni K. N. Narayanan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe semiconductor/dielectric interface controls the performance of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Herein, the influence of both the molecular weight and the polarity of the solvent of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐based gate dielectric on the performance of pentacene OFETs is systematically investigated, by studying surface energy, surface roughness, morphology, leakage current, and capacitance of the dielectric. Various existing views on the role of the surface energy are considered while deriving a correlation. Larger pentacene grains are observed when the film is grown on high molecular weight‐PMMA films cast from high dipole moment‐solvent. The electrical properties of the corresponding OFETs show great improvement compared to those of OFETs fabricated with low molecular weight‐PMMA film as the gate dielectric, irrespective of the solvent. The authors attribute this enhanced performance to the increased surface energy of the polymeric dielectric which turns out to be a strong function of its molecular weight and the dipole moment of the solvent. Bias‐stress measurements on the OFETs confirm this correlation.
Fire retarded polyurethane foam composites based on steel slag/ammonium polyphosphate system: A novel strategy for utilization of metallurgical solid waste
Authors: Yang Sujie , Liu Xiuyu , Tang Gang , Long Hongming , Wang Bibo , Zhang Hao , Ji Yilong , Yang Yadong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA series of FR‐RPUF composites were prepared by a one‐step water foaming process with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and steel slag (SS) as flame retardants. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 vertical combustion test, microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), TG‐Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG‐FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectra and FTIR were used to investigate the thermal stability, flame retardancy, combustion performance, gas phase products, and char residue morphology of FR‐RPUF composites. TG test results showed that the initial decomposition temperature (T‐5wt%) and char residue rate at 700°C of RPUF/APP/SS composites were significantly enhanced by the addition of APP and SS, and the thermal stability of the composites was improved. Flame retardant test results confirmed the significantly increased LOI values of RPUF/APP/SS composites with V‐0 rating. TG‐FTIR also confirmed the obviously decreased release of toxic gases and flammable gases in the combustion of RPUF/APP/SS composites. SEM and Raman spectra of char residues for the composites suggested that APP/SS system improved the compactness and graphitization degree of char layer for RPUF/APP/SS composite. The above researches provide a new strategy for the utilization of SS in fire safety engineering.
Mitochondria govern histone acetylation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Ohshima Kenji , Oi Ryo , Nojima Satoshi , Morii Eiichi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCancer cells have an altered metabolic state that supports their growth, for example, aerobic glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect. Colorectal cancer cells have been reported to exhibit the Warburg effect and mainly rely on glycolysis for progression and have dysfunctional mitochondria. So far, how mitochondrial function influences the properties of colorectal cancer cells is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that mitochondria maintain histone acetylation, in particular acetylated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac), a surrogate epigenomic marker of active super‐enhancers, in colorectal cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry was used on human colorectal adenocarcinoma specimens and showed that mitochondrial mass and H3K27ac marks were increased in adenocarcinoma lesions compared with adjacent non‐neoplastic mucosa. Immunoblotting after using inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory complex or mitochondrial DNA‐depleted human colorectal cancer cells revealed that mitochondria maintained pan‐histone acetylation and H3K27ac marks. Notably, anchorage‐independent growth, a feature of cancer, increased mitochondrial mass and H3K27ac marks in human colorectal cancer cells. These findings indicate that mitochondria in human colorectal cancer cells are not dysfunctional, as formerly believed, but function as inducers of histone acetylation. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.