bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALMA Imaging of a Galactic Molecular Outflow in NGC 4945
Authors: Bolatto Alberto D. , Leroy Adam K. , Levy Rebecca C. , Meier David S. , Mills Elisabeth A. C. , Thompson Todd A. , Emig Kimberly L. , Veilleux Sylvain , Ott Jürgen , Gorski Mark , Walter Fabian , Lopez Laura A. , Lenkić Laura 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present the ALMA detection of molecular outflowing gas in the central regions of NGC 4945, one of the nearest starbursts and also one of the nearest hosts of an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We detect four outflow plumes in CO J = 3 − 2 at ∼0.″3 resolution that appear to correspond to molecular gas located near the edges of the known ionized outflow cone and its (unobserved) counterpart behind the disk. The fastest and brightest of these plumes has emission reaching observed line-of-sight projected velocities of over 450 km s−1 beyond systemic, equivalent to an estimated physical outflow velocity v ≳ 600 km s−1 for the fastest emission. Most of these plumes have corresponding emission in HCN or HCO+
J = 4 − 3. We discuss a kinematic model for the outflow emission where the molecular gas has the geometry of the ionized gas cone and shares the rotation velocity of the galaxy when ejected. We use this model to explain the velocities we observe, constrain the physical speed of the ejected material, and account for the fraction of outflowing gas that is not detected due to confusion with the galaxy disk. We estimate a total molecular mass outflow rate

M

̇

mol

∼
20

M
⊙ yr−1 flowing through a surface within 100 pc of the disk midplane, likely driven by a combination of the central starburst and AGN.
Limits to Ionization-parameter Mapping as a Diagnostic of Hii Region Optical Depth
Authors: Sawant Amit N. , Pellegrini Eric W. , Oey M. S. , López-Hernández Jesús , Micheva Genoveva 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We employ ionization-parameter mapping (IPM) to infer the optical depth of H ii regions in the northern half of M33. We construct [O iii]λ5007/[O ii]λ3727 and [O iii]λ5007/[S ii]λ6724 ratio maps from narrowband images continuum-subtracted in this way, from which we classify the H ii regions by optical depth to ionizing radiation, based on their ionization structure. This method works relatively well in the low-metallicity regime,

12
+
log
(
O

/

H
)
≤
8.4

, where [O iii]λ
λ4959, 5007 is strong. However, at higher metallicities, the method breaks down due to the strong dependence of the [O iii]λ
λ4959, 5007 emission lines on the nebular temperature. Thus, although O++ may be present in metal-rich H ii regions, these commonly used emission lines do not serve as a useful indicator of its presence, and hence the O ionization state. In addition, IPM as a diagnostic of optical depth is limited by spatial resolution. We also report a region of highly excited [O iii] extending over an area ∼1 kpc across and [O iii]λ5007 luminosity of 4.9 ± 1.5 × 1038 erg s−1, which is several times higher than the ionizing budget of any potential sources in this portion of the galaxy. Finally, this work introduces a new method for continuum subtraction of narrowband images based on the dispersion of pixels around the mode of the diffuse-light flux distribution. In addition to M33, we demonstrate the method on C iii]λ1909 imaging of Haro 11, ESO 338-IG004, and Mrk 71.
Documentation of a public communication project by German-speaking scientists prior to the September 2021 climate demonstrations
Authors: Hagedorn Gregor , von Elverfeldt Kirsten 
Published: December 2021

English: Documentation of a communication project by German-speaking scientists encouraging their peers to participate in the September 2021 climate demonstrations by means of short statements or appeals (German, with English and French translations).
Deutsch: Dokumentation eines Kommunikationsprojekts deutschsprachiger Wissenschaftler:innen, ihre Kolleg:innen mit kurzen Statements oder Aufrufen zur Teilnahme an den Klimademonstrationen im September 2021 zu ermuntern (deutsch, mit englischer und französischer Übersetzung).
Français: Documentation d'un projet de communication de scientifiques germanophones visant à encourager leurs collègues à participer aux manifestations pour le climat en septembre 2021 par de courtes déclarations ou des appels (en allemand, avec traduction en anglais et en français).
Factorial Validity and Invariance of an Adolescent Depression Symptom Screening Tool
Authors: Long Ashley , DeFreese J.D , Bickett Allison , Price David 
Published: December 2021

Context
Depression is among the most common mental health disorders in youth, results in significant impairment, and is associated with a higher risk of suicide. Screening is essential, but assessment tools may not account for the complex interrelatedness of various demographic factors, such as sex, socioeconomic status, and race.

Objectives
To determine the (1) the factor structure of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Adolescent (PHQ-A) for measuring depression in a group of adolescent athletes and (2) measurement invariance between Black and White patients on the PHQ-A.

Design
Retrospective cohort design.

Setting
Data were obtained from a secure database collected at a free, comprehensive, mass preparticipation physical examination event hosted by a large health care system.

Patients or Other Participants
Participants were 683 high school athletes (Black = 416, White = 267). The independent variables were somatic and affective factors contributing to the construct of depression measured by the PHQ-A and participant race (Black or White).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
(1) Factors upon which the construct of depression is measured and (2) measurement invariance between Black and White participants.

Results
A 2-factor model, involving affective and somatic components, was specified and exhibited adequate fit to the data (comparative fit index &gt;0.90). All items exhibited moderate to high squared multiple correlation values (R2 = 0.10–0.65), suggesting that these items resonated relatively well with participants. The 2-factor model demonstrated noninvariance between Black and White participants (root mean square error of approximation = 0.06–0.08).

Conclusions
Overall, the structure of the PHQ-A was supported by a 2-factor model in adolescent athletes, measuring both affective and somatic symptoms of depression. However, a 2-factor PHQ-A structure was not fully invariant for the adolescents sampled across participant groups, indicating that the model functioned differently between the Black and White participants sampled.
Talar-Cartilage Deformation and Spatiotemporal Gait Patterns in Individuals With and Those Without Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Kosik Kyle B. , Hoch Matthew , Allison Rae L. , Bain Katherine Ann , Slone Stacey , Gribble Phillip A. 
Published: December 2021

Context
Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) present with alterations in the compositional structure of their talar articular cartilage. These alterations likely influence how the talar cartilage responds to the loading associated with activities of daily living, such as walking. Ultrasonography has emerged as an alternative imaging modality for assessing the amount of cartilage deformation in response to loading because it is clinically accessible and cost effective for routine measurements.

Objectives
To (1) compare talar-cartilage deformation in response to a standardized exercise protocol between those with and those without CAI and (2) examine the association between spatiotemporal walking gait parameters and cartilage deformation.

Design
Case-control study.

Setting
Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A volunteer sample of 24 participants with self-reported CAI (age = 23.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass index [BMI] = 25.1 ± 3.7 kg/m2) and 24 uninjured controls (age = 24.3 ± 2.9 years, BMI = 22.9 ± 2.8 kg/m2).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Spatiotemporal walking gait was first assessed from 5 self-selected trials using an electronic walkway with data sampled at 120 Hz. An 8- to 13-MHz linear-array ultrasound transducer placed transversely in line with the medial and lateral malleoli captured 3 images before and after a standardized loading protocol consisting of 30 single- and double-limb squats, 2-minute single-limb balance, and 10 single-legged drops from a 40-cm-height box.

Results
After controlling for BMI, we found that the participants with CAI had greater deformation than the uninjured control participants (P = .034). No other between-groups differences were observed (P values &gt; .05). No significant partial correlations were noted between talar-cartilage deformation and spatiotemporal gait parameters when controlling for BMI (P &gt; .05).

Conclusions
Individuals with CAI had greater talar-cartilage deformation in response to a standardized exercise protocol than control individuals. The amount of talar-cartilage deformation was not associated with the spatiotemporal walking gait.
Kemalpaşazâde’ye Göre Şerrin Allah’a Nispeti Problemi
Authors: TEKİN Özkan 
Published: December 2021

Bu makalede Kemalpaşazâde açısından şerrin Allah’a nispet edilip edilemeyeceği problemini araştırdık ve onun böyle bir nispeti olumsuzlayan görüşü nasıl temellendirdiğini ortaya koyduk. Kemalpaşazâde, şerrin Allah’a nispeti problemini “Risâle fî Beyâni Ademi Nisbeti’ş-şerri İlellâhi Teâlâ” adlı hususi bir risalede ele almıştır. Biz makalede problemi bu risale yanında Kemalapşazâde’nin Tefsîr’ine müracaat ederek ve kötülük problemini kelami ve felsefi perspektiften inceleyen bazı modern araştırmalara başvurarak inceledik. Kemalpaşazâde, hayrın Allah’a nispet edilebileceğini, ama şerrin ona nispet edilemeyeceğini düşünmektedir. Bu tezini hem ayet ve hadislerden yaptığı çıkarımlar hem de doğrudan aklî istidlaller yoluyla kanıtlamaya çalışmıştır. Problemi incelerken başvurduğu ilk nas, “Ne mutlu ki iyi senin iki elindedir, kötü sana ait değildir.” hadisi olmuştur. Kemalpaşazâde “el” kelimesi ile kastedilen anlamın tasarruf olduğunu kanıtlamak için “Seni iki elimle yarattığım kimseye secde etmekten ne alıkoydu?” ayetine başvurmuştur. Buna göre iki el ile Allah’ın mülk ve melekût âlemlerindeki tasarrufları kastedilmektedir ve insan her iki âlemden de nasibi olduğu için meleklerden üstündür. Hadiste “şer senden değildir” yerine “şer sana ait değildir” ifadesinin tercih edilmesi, şerrin de hayır gibi varlığını Allah’a borçlu olduğunu göstermektedir. Kemalpaşazâde, eseri ister iyi ister kötü olsun, Allah’ın yapmasının her şeyi yerli yerine koyma anlamında adalet ve hikmete uygun olduğunu düşünmektedir. Kötü, kötü olması bakımından Allah’a nispet edilemez. “Bilmiyoruz, yeryüzündekiler için şer mi dilendi, yoksa Rableri onlar için hayır mı diledi?” ayetinde hayrın aksine şerrin Allah’a nispet edilmeden meçhul sigayla dilendiğinden bahsedilmesi de bu yaklaşımı doğrulamaktadır. Allah’ın her şeyin yaratılışını en iyi ve en güzel şekilde yaptığını belirten ayetler de eserdeki değil, sanattaki iyiliğe dikkat çekmesiyle Kemalpaşazâde’nin tezini desteklemektedir.
Rectus femoris muscle thickness and cross-sectional area on ultrasonography may predict isometric and isokinetic knee extension strength: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Şekir Ufuk , Can Yalaki Uğur , Akova Bedrettin 
Published: December 2021

Objective: To examine the relationship between knee extensor strength and quadriceps muscle architecture evaluated with ultrasonography during relaxed and contracted situations.
Materials and Methods: A total of 40 healthy participants (age range 18-40), doing sports at a recreational level were included. Pennation angle, muscle thickness, and cross-sectional area of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris muscles were measured firstly during rest while participants are sitting on an isokinetic dynamometer with their knees at 0° and 60° of flexion. Thereafter, ultrasound evaluations were performed during maximal isometric contraction at 60° knee flexion and maximal isokinetic contraction at 30°/sec and 60°/sec speeds. The architectural parameters were correlated with peak isometric (measured at 60° knee flexion) and isokinetic (measured at 30°/sec and 60°/sec angular velocities) torque values.
Results: Pennation angle (p<0.001), muscle thickness (p<0.001) and muscle cross-sectional area (p<0.001) of the vastus medialis muscle during rest, and isometric and isokinetic maximal contractions were higher than the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles. Pennation angle, muscle thickness and muscle cross-sectional area parameters measured during rest, and isometric and isokinetic maximal contractions in the vastus medialis (r=0.39-0.64, p<0.05-0.01) and vastus lateralis (r=0.36-0.68, p<0.05-0.01) showed weak to moderate correlations with isometric and isokinetic peak torque. In rectus femoris muscle, on the other hand, except the weak correlation in pennation angle (r=0.35-0.49, p<0.05-0.01), muscle thickness (r=0.74-0.80, p<0.001) and cross-sectional area (r=0.71-0.80, p<0.001) had a moderate to strong correlation with isometric and isokinetic strength. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that rectus femoris cross-sectional area measured during knee relaxed at 60° flexion (R2=0.532-0.610) and rectus femoris muscle thickness measured during isometric and isokinetic contraction modes (R2=0.538-0.600) were decisive to predict the isometric and isokinetic strength of the quadriceps muscle.
Conclusion: Contrary to pennation angle, muscle thickness and cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris measured during relaxed and contracted conditions may be determinative in predicting isometric and isokinetic strength.
PENGEMBANGAN DAN PENERAPAN REKAM MEDIS ELEKTRONIK (RME) DALAM MEMANTAU INSIDEN HIPERTENSI: TELAAH JURNAL
Authors: Apriyani Santi , Herawati Tuti 
Published: December 2021

Pendahuluan: Rekam Medis Elektronik (RME) mulai diterapkan di pelayanan kesehatan untuk mendeteksi dan memonitoring suatu penyakit dan perlu dikembangkan secara luas. Peningkatan kualitas kesehatan menjadi outcome dari pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Memberikan gambaran hasil telaah jurnal tentang pengembangan penerapan Rekam Medis Elektronik (RME) untuk memantau insiden Hipertensi.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode telaah jurnal dari online database : J-Stors, Science Direct, Clinical Key dan Pro-Quest dengan kata kunci Nursing Informatics, Electronic Health Record, Hypertension, Monitoring Hypertension, Monitoring Blood Pressure
Hasil: Dari hasil telaah 10 jurnal pilihan, disimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan RME bisa digunakan secara luas diantaranya memonitoring penyakit hipertensi atau mendeteksi penyakit akibat hipertensi. Penggunaan fitur algoritma secara otomatis, penggunaan anotasi dan monitoring yang terhubung dengan tempat tinggal pasien adalah bagian dari pengembangan dan pemanfaatan system RME.
Kesimpulan: Pemanfaatan RME bisa digunakan untuk memonitoring penyakit hipertensi, mendeteksi penyakit akibat hipertensi dan mencegah kejadian rehospitalisasi.
EFEKTIVITAS TERAPI BEKAM PADA PASIEN DENGAN NYERI PUNGGUNG BAWAH: LITERATUR REVIEW
Authors: Anshori Rika Oktaviani , Sunari Tia Bella , Sholeha Wildatus , Rohayati Rohayati 
Published: December 2021

Pendahuluan: Nyeri punggung bawah dan nyeri leher merupakan suatu gejala yang memberikan dampak yang cukup besar dalam aktivitas gerak seseorang. Nyeri punggung bawah dan nyeri leher dapat diatasi dengan terapi bekam. Terapi bekam merupakan bagian dari terapi komplementer yang dilakukan melalui prosedur penghisapan kulit dengan melakukan penyayatan sehingga mengeluarkan darah dari permukaan kulit lalu ditampung di dalam gelas dengan cara disedot menggunakan gelas atau vakum modern yang bersih dan steril. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas terapi bekam dalam mengurangi nyeri punggung bawah dan nyeri leher.
Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan sederhana terhadap 6 artikel tentang bekam bagi pasien dalam periode 2016-2020.
Hasil: Hasil yang didapatkan adalah dalam beberapa penelitian membuktikan penggunaan terapi bekam (cupping) memiliki efek positif yaitu dapat mengurangi skala nyeri dan nyeri punggung bawah non-spesifik.
Kesimpulan: Kurangnya penelitian yang ada di Indonesia tentang terapi bekam menjadi tantangan bagi perawat dan perawat diharapkan menekuni terapi bekam karena dapat memberikan banyak manfaat.
EFEKTIVITAS TERAPI LEG EXERCISE INTRADIALYTIC TERHADAP PENURUNAN MUSCLE CRAMP PADA PASIEN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE YANG MENJALANI HEMODIALISIS
Authors: Fauzi Achmad , Radika Radika 
Published: December 2021

Pendahuluan: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) yang terjadi > 3 bulan dan ditunjukan oleh nilai laju filtrasi glomerulus (GFR) < 15 ml/menit/1,73m2 pada tahap stadium akhir (End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)) diperlukan terapi pengganti ginjal, yaitu salah satunya hemodialisis. Salah satu permasalahan yang sering dikeluhkan pasien hemodialisis rutin adalah muscle cramp, yang biasanya dirasakan satu jam sebelum hemodialisis selesai dilakukan. Untuk mengatasi gejala tersebut dilakukan leg exercise intradialytic. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh terapi leg exercise intradialytic terhadap penurunan muscle cramp pada pasien CKD yang menjalani hemodialisis.
Metode: Metode penelitian: penelitian bersifat kuantitatif dengan desain quasi eksperimental one group pre-post test design. Sampel ditentukan dengan metode purposive sampling.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan yang signifikan muscle cramp sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan terapi leg exercise intradialytic dengan p value = 0,000.
Kesimpulan: Terapi leg exercise intradialytic selama hemodialisis dapat menurunkan muscle cramp pada pasien CKD yang menjalani hemodialisis.
Comparative Analysis of Education Reforms and Access to Quality Education as a Tool for National Development: A Case of Ghana’s Educational Reforms
Authors: Adam-Yawson Nana , Mensah Victoria , Arkorful Paul , Akuamoah Genevieve 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: It has been an indispensable fact that Education has been a vibrant instrument in the developmental processes of any given nation across the world. In this article, the researchers made critical analysis of various educational reforms that have been undertaken in Ghana (formerly Gold Coast Colony) in both colonial and post-colonial periods and their relationship to improve educational standards towards national development.
Methodology: Precisely, the paper scrutinizes historical development of Ghanaian’s education and its problems encountered in meeting its national developmental goal.
Findings: In order to address the above challenges, this paper contends that it is important to separate the management of the education process from the national political agenda. Changes and management of the education processes should be handled by relevant stakeholders who are imbued with accurate, effective knowledge and acumen in the field of education and should follow appropriate procedures namely: examining the nation’s educational and historical trends, theoretical considerations, objectives of the education processes, curriculum and administration demands.
Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy: The Ghanaian educational curriculum should be crafted by all stakeholders to suit the indigenous African context. These would meet the needs for the required manpower. The researchers also identified that some educational policies were reformed without appropriate analysis of the previous ones before those reformations were made due to over politicisation of the reforms. Above all, it is imperative to develop a clear educational policy and to correlate it to Ghana’s national character and societal needs. In order for education to foster accelerated development, this paper recommends: the need to separate educational policies from national politics, clear stipulation of educational policies and their role in national augmented development, and a sound implementation of educational reforms. The studies of technical subjects were mentioned in the entire policies yet very little has been done. The Researchers also suggest that there should be National Education Policy as Long term Plan for a specific number of years for every political party to implement so as to deny any political party to interfere with their political programme outside the national educational developmental plan. The researchers also suggest that for the government to help solve the problem of unemployment, technical and vocational education should be given a critical attention. This is due to the fact that some of the current problems have existed for over a century now.
Aproximación al análisis del deterioro del río Fucha, Bogotá D.C.
Authors: Molina Pineda Licet Tatiana , Fuentes Nivia Johan Felipe 
Published: December 2021

Colombia es un país con variedad en recursos hídricos y su capital no es ajena a este hecho. Bogotá está rodeada de páramos y, por esta razón, en su interior fluye una gran cantidad de ríos y quebradas que atraviesan la ciudad. Entre ellos, está el Río San Cristóbal, el cual se une con el Río Fucha y, por último, culminan su recorrido en la desembocadura con el Río Bogotá. Ahora bien, estos han ido perdiendo la calidad del agua, representando así un problema ambiental, social, cultural, económico e incluso de salud pública, debido al alto nivel de contaminación que presentan estos efluentes, que llegan a convertirse en una sustancia no apta para el consumo humano y para la vida en general. Esta condición se evidencia en los sectores aledaños a la ronda del río principalmente, por lo cual se hace necesaria la caracterización fisicoquímica del agua para identificar los factores más relevantes que contribuyen a la pérdida del recurso, tomando como referente la normatividad vigente y así buscar medidas que mitiguen los impactos asociados a la contaminación del agua.
Pros and cons of e-learning in higher education
Authors: Хайруллина Э.Р. 
Published: December 2021

Образование сегодня выглядит совершенно иначе, чем в традиционном понимании. Сегодня высокие технологии во многом определяют, чему и как мы учимся. В будущем их влияние на образование будет только возрастать.
Всем университетам необходимо внедрять технические инновации, иначе предлагаемое ими образование перестанет отвечать вызовам времени и потребностям студентов. Чтобы этого не произошло, необходимо развивать цифровое образование и интегрировать его с традиционным. Этому уделяется большое внимание во всем мире: по оценкам, расходы на цифровизацию образования к 2025 году составят не менее 350 миллиардов долларов. В данной статье рассматривается возможный положительный и отрицательный опыт использования онлайн-технологий в преподавании и обучении. Здесь слово «возможный» является центральным, так как полностью общеприменимые вопросы вряд ли можно отследить. Цель статьи - выделить такие преимущества и недостатки онлайн-обучения, которые довольно часто повторяются в ряде педагогических ситуаций и контекстов.
Education today looks very different from what we have traditionally understood. Today, high technology largely determines what and how we learn. In the future their influence on education will only increase.
All universities need to implement technical innovations, otherwise the education they offer will no longer meet the challenges of our time and the needs of their students. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to develop digital education and integrate it with traditional education. A lot of attention is being paid to this worldwide: it is estimated that the cost of digitalization of education will be at least $350 billion by 2025. This article examines the possible positive and negative experiences of using online technologies in teaching and learning. The word "possible" is central here, as fully applicable issues are unlikely to be traceable. The purpose of the article is to highlight such advantages and disadvantages of online learning, which are quite often repeated in a number of pedagogical situations and contexts.