bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female Sexuality: Assessing Satisfaction and Addressing Problems
Authors: Potter Jennifer 
Published: January 2021

Sexuality is important to women of all ages. Although changes in sexual function occur with aging, hormonal transitions, illness, the use of medications, and disability, many women can maintain a satisfying sex life by making appropriate adaptations. Clinicians who take the time to obtain a complete and careful sexual history and perform a pertinent physical examination can help the majority of women who present with sexual complaints. Effective treatment must address the contribution of psychological, relationship, and biologic factors and often requires the collaboration of physicians and psychotherapists, as well as sex and physical therapists in many circumstances. Simply initiating a discussion about sexual concerns is frequently the most valuable aspect of treatment for women and their partners. Also useful are provision of basic education about normal female genital anatomy and sexual function across the lifespan; permission to explore masturbation, erotica, and versatile sexual techniques, as well as nongenital pleasuring; information about lubricants; and the prescription of estrogen in the setting of vulvovaginal atrophy. There are as yet no approved agents to treat the biologic component of hypoactive sexual desire. However, it may be appropriate to consider using androgen supplementation in patients with surgical menopause, as well as the addition of bupropion in patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This review discusses the epidemiology of female sexual disorders, the female sexual response and sexual behavior, and the diagnosis and management of specific sexual disorders, including desire, arousal, orgasm, and sexual-pain problems.
This review contains 4 figures, 41 tables, and 96 references.
Keywords: Sexual dysfunction disorder, arousal, orgasm, desire, dyspareunia, vulvodynia, vestibulitis, vaginismus
Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Carroll Brett J , Secemsky Eric A 
Published: January 2021

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a frequently encountered clinical condition with both short- and long-term adverse consequences. An integrated approach to diagnosis is important to maximize early diagnosis but also to minimize the unnecessary utilization of diagnostic imaging. Comprehensive risk stratification with clinical features and assessment of right ventricular strain by diagnostic imaging and cardiac biomarker results are essential to guide initial management decisions. There is a growing treatment arsenal for acute PE, including increased anticoagulation and advanced therapeutic options such as catheter-based therapy. Despite such advances, mortality remains high, particularly among those who present critically ill with PE, and long-term physical and psychological effects can persist in many patients for years after the initial diagnosis.
This review contains 7 figures, 6 tables, and 69 references.
Key Words: anticoagulation, catheter-directed therapy, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension pulmonary embolism, computed tomography, echocardiography, fibrinolysis, risk stratification, venous thromboembolism
Protozoan Infections
Authors: Van Voorhis Wesley C 
Published: January 2021

Protozoans cause a number of important infectious diseases. This chapter discusses malaria, babesiosis, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis; in addition, the chapter describes the intestinal protozoan infections caused by Giardia lamblia; Dientamoeba fragilis; Entamoeba histolytica; Blastocystis hominis; the coccidial organisms Cystoisospora belli, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora cayetanensis; Balantidium coli; and microsporidia. Figures illustrate the taxonomy of pathogenic protozoans; the life cycle of malaria; identification of species of malaria based on forms seen on blood smears; Babesia parasites in erythrocytes; the life cycle, tachyzoites, and tissue cysts ofToxoplasma gondii; G. lamblia trophozoites and cysts; a D. fragilis trophozoite; E. histolytica cyst and trophozoite forms; Entamoeba coli; clinical involvement in amebiasis; B. hominis; cysts of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora; Acanthamoeba polyphaga cyst and histopathologic features; histopathology of Naeglaria meningoencephalitis;Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis cutaneous infection; amastigotes of Old World leishmaniasis; the insect vector for Chagas disease; Romaña sign in acute Chagas disease;Trypanosoma cruzi, and T. brucei. Tables list the differentiating features of Plasmodium species that cause malaria; dosages, principal side effects, and main limitations of antimalarial drugs; and forms of New World leishmaniasis. A sidebar provides Internet links on protozoan infection.
This review contains 22 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 121 references.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Principles In Allergy
Authors: Grayson Mitchell H. , Mustillo Peter 
Published: January 2021

The incidence of allergic diseases, like asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy, is increasing in Westernized countries. This chapter discusses the importance of taking a careful and focused history and physical examination, as well as the laboratory studies that can be used to demonstrate the presence of allergic sensitization. Treatment for allergic disease is discussed, with an emphasis on new biologic therapies that have been developed. Finally, the chapter explores relatively new studies on the potential for interventions to prevent food allergy.

Allergy is defined as an untoward physiologic event mediated by immune mechanisms, usually involving the interaction between an allergen and the allergic antibody, immunoglobulin E (IgE). Allergic reactions typically occur due to exposure to either airborne allergens, foods, drugs, chemicals, or Hymenoptera (such as wasps, bees and fire ants). Allergies manifest in numerous ways, including allergic asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, urticaria, eczema, and in its most severe form, anaphylaxis.

This review contains 4 videos, 5 figures, 4 tables and 42 references
Key Words: Delayed allergic reaction (Alpha-gal), Allergy diagnosis, Measurement of specific IgE, Allergy and asthma therapies, Anticytokine therapy (dupilumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab), AntiIgE therapy (omalizumab), Allergy skin testing, Basophil histamine release assay
Liver and Pancreas Transplantation
Authors: Thompson Julie A , Kukla Aleksandra 
Published: January 2021

More than 6,000 liver transplantations are performed annually in the United States. Enhancements in patient selection and surgical technique and the availability of more powerful immunosuppressive agents have resulted in steady improvement in patient survival. As a result, liver transplantation has been accepted as the standard of care for patients with severe acute or chronic liver disease in whom conventional modalities of therapy have failed. The major obstacle to patients receiving the procedure is the critical shortage of donor organs. Many more recipients of liver transplantation are now receiving the bulk of their care from general internists, gastroenterologists, and primary care physicians. As a result, recognition of potential long-term complications and the need for appropriate immunizations and regular screening visits have become increasingly important. This chapter discusses who qualifies as a candidate for liver transplantation, contraindications to transplantation, timing of transplantation, operative procedures, complications of transplantation (e.g., perioperative and surgical complications, immunologic complications, infectious complications, complications of medical and immunosuppressive therapy, and disease-specific complications), and transplantation outcome. Pancreas transplantation, which aims at providing physiologic insulin replacement, is a therapy that reliably achieves euglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The discussion of pancreas transplantation focuses on topics such as evaluation of candidates for transplantation (including islet transplantation); contraindications to transplantation; operative procedures; outcome survival; and the effect of transplantation on disorders associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The figures show estimated 3-month survival as a function of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, the sections of the liver that can be used for transplantation, an algorithm for evaluation of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus being considered for pancreas transplantation, and an illustration of enteric drainage technique used in whole pancreas transplantation. The tables provide the common indications for liver transplantation, the scoring system for the Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification of liver disease severity, drug interactions with immunosuppressants, and immunization recommendations for liver transplant patients. This chapter contains 4 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, 101 references, 5 MCQs, and 1 teaching slide set.
Ectopic Pregnancy and Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Levens Eric D. , DeCherney Alan H. 
Published: January 2021

Ectopic pregnancy, the implantation of an embryo outside the endometrial cavity, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the first trimester. The embryo may be implanted in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, abdomen, or cervix, with the fallopian tubes being the site of implantation in 95% of cases. If left untreated, ectopic pregnancy can result in rupture of the fallopian tube, which can lead to hemorrhagic shock and death. The signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy and diagnosis and treatment are detailed in the chapter. Spontaneous abortion, defined as a natural termination of a pregnancy before 20 weeks’ gestation, occurs in almost 30% of known pregnancies and an estimated 50% of all conceptions. Causes include genetic, environmental, endocrine, and immunologic factors; anatomic abnormalities; antiphospholipid syndrome; and polycystic ovary syndrome.
This review contains 6 figures, 7 tables, and 42 references.
Keywords: Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, early pregnancy loss, vaginal spotting
The Clinical Use of Nonimaging Exercise Stress Testing
Authors: Kumar Aswini , Muthuswamy Brinda , Duvall W Lane , Thompson Paul D 
Published: January 2021

Exercise stress testing is an exceptionally useful cardiovascular test providing a wealth of information that can be used in patient management. It can be used in the diagnosis and/or management of chest pain, hypertension, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Non-imaging exercise stress testing not only helps evaluate the etiology of clinical symptoms but also provides an opportunity to evaluate ECG changes with exercise, total exercise capacity, heart rate response or chronotropic index, blood pressure response, heart rate recovery, and to make estimates of the risk of coronary artery disease using tools such as the Duke Treadmill Score. These parameters, individually and collectively, provide valuable information on the likelihood of disease and an individual’s prognosis. In addition, exercise testing is inexpensive, quick and widely available compared to imaging studies.
This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 68 references.
Keywords: blood pressure response, chronotropic incompetence, coronary artery disease, Duke Treadmill Score, exercise physiology metabolic equivalents (METs), exercise stress test, exercise treadmill test, exercise-induced hypertension, heart rate recovery, maximal exercise capacity, ST-segment deviation
Acute Viral Meningitis
Authors: Roos Karen L. , Brosch Jared R. 
Published: January 2021

Acute viral meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges of the brain in response to a viral pathogen. Viruses cause meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, or a combination of these, meningoencephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Viral meningitis is typically a self-limited disorder with no permanent neurologic sequelae. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis. Tables describe Wallgren’s criteria for aseptic meningitis, important arboviral infections found in North America, herpes family viruses and meningitis, classic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities with viral meningitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for confirming arboviral meningitis, basic CSF studies for viral meningitis, and etiology of CSF pleocytosis. Figures depict common causes of viral meningitis, nuchal rigidity, examination for Kernig sign, and Brudzinski sign for meningeal irritation.
This chapter contains 4 figures, 12 tables, 19 references
Keywords: Meningitis, viral infection, encephalitis, enterovirus, herpesvirus, lumbar puncture, arbovirus, aseptic meningitis, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign
Biology of Aging
Authors: Bharadia Deepak , Minasian Raquel , Sinha Indranil 
Published: January 2021

With aging, there are multiple internal and external factors that are associated with age-related changes in skin and soft tissue. As Plastic Surgeons, we very commonly evaluate and treat elderly patients, often offering ‘anti-aging’ treatments. An understanding of the science behind aging as well as common patterns of change seen in soft tissue may allow us to refine our treatments. This review provides an overview of mechanisms underlying aging, as well common clinical scenarios with aging regarding anatomic sites commonly treated by Plastic Surgeons including the face, breast, and abdomen. Separately, we discuss aging associated changes to specific tissue types, including skin, fat, muscle, and bone. Knowledge of factors related to aging and concepts related to safe interventions to reverse or mitigate age-related changes and integral to our ability to care for the elderly population.

This review contains 9 figures, 3 tables and 69 references
Key Words : Cellular senescence, mitochondrial theory, free radical theory, inflammation, protein damage hypothesis, glycation hypothesis, atrophy, lipotoxicity, rhytids, involution
Microtia and Ear Reconstruction
Authors: Kaufman-Goldberg Tal , Ganske Ingrid M. , Rogers-Vizena Carolyn R. 
Published: January 2021

Microtia is a congenital anomaly where the ear is smaller than normal and often missing its usual architecture. It is frequently accompanied by conductive hearing loss. Severity of microtia is highly variable. It can be an isolated anomaly, associated with other findings, or part of a syndrome. A coordinated approach is warranted to manage both aesthetic and functional concerns. Hearing rehabilitation options include bone conducting hearing aids that can be implanted or worn with a headband, and construction of the auditory canal for suitable candidates. Three treatment options for auricular construction should be considered. First, autologous construction that involves costal cartilage harvest, framework creation and implantation, lobule transposition, tragal and conchal construction, and ear elevation. Brent’s and Nagata’s methods are described, however various modifications exist. Second, alloplastic construction, as pioneered by Reinisch, consisting of a porous polyethylene framework covered by a temporoparietal facia flap, local flaps and skin grafts. Third, auricular prosthesis, mainly those retained with osseointegrated implants, that is an alternative to plastic surgery and suitable for certain microtia patients. Options are reviewed along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This review contains 5 tables, 10 figures, and 50 references
Key Words: microtia, anotia, ear construction, auricle construction, autologous ear construction, alloplastic ear construction, ear prosthesis, hearing rehabilitation
Endoscopic Correction of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Authors: Garcia-Roig Michael , Kirsch Andrew J. 
Published: January 2021

Management of vesicoureteral reflux may involve a period of observation while the patient is on continuous antibiotic prophylaxis while awaiting spontaneous resolution. There are several indications for surgical correction that include non-resolution after a period of observation, parent preference, or breakthrough infections while on antibiotic prophylaxis, just to name a few. Endoscopic injection for correction of vesicoureteral reflux is an effective, minimally invasive method of treatment. Successful treatment is dependent on surgical technique, with a success rate of 77 to 94% with the double hydrodistension implantation technique (HIT) and uniform endpoints of injection. We aim to describe the double HIT technique for endoscopic injection along with tips and tricks for a successful result.

This review contains 10 figures, 5 tables and 26 references

Keywords: Vesicoureteral reflux, minimally invasive, febile urinary tract infection, voiding cystourethrogram, deflux, dextranomer/hyaluronic acid, children, cystoscopy, pyelonephritis, endoscopy
Urothelial Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis
Authors: Hutchinson Ryan , Lotan Yair 
Published: January 2021

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the primary cancer arising from the lining of the urinary tract. It is a costly disease to manage both for individual patients and the healthcare system as a whole. We present a review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic pathway currently used in the management of this disease and examine current trends and avenues forward. Epidemiologically, the disease varies widely worldwide, both in frequency and in causation. Multiple agents including tobacco use, industrial exposures, Schistosoma infection, and herbal medicines all cause UCs with unique attributes. Current diagnostic management is the result of decades of technologic advancement in urology and continues to rapidly evolve both with respect to surgical devices and molecular biomarkers. Both strategies are giving providers better information to make treatment decisions than ever before. We hope to provide the reader a timely overview of these aspects of UCs and provide a strong introductory fund of knowledge that will be useful both in clinical and academic practices.

This review contains 10 figures, 5 tables, and 49 references
Key Words: biomarkers, bladder tumor, cancer staging, cystoscopy, diagnostic modalities, epidemiology, pathogenesis, tobacco smoking, urine cytology, urothelial carcinoma
Revisión del baremo de acceso al Cuerpo de Catedráticos de Enseñanza Secundaria en Educación Física: otra medalla para el deporte de élite
Authors: Rodríguez de la Cruz Julio César 
Published: January 2021

El ingreso en el Cuerpo de Catedráticos de Enseñanza Secundaria ha estado paralizado en Castilla y León durante más de veinte años. Ha sido un largo periodo en el que los profesores de Secundaria han tenido coartadas sus posibilidades de promoción interna a un nivel de desempeño profesional superior.
Aunque el curso 2019-2020 ha supuesto una reactivación del proceso de acceso a la condición de Catedrático de Enseñanza Secundaria, la convocatoria oficial ofertada ha suscitado algunas críticas en varios sectores educativos. Partiendo de una breve aproximación a la figura del Catedrático, el objeto principal de este artículo es revisar esas críticas y sacar a la luz otras relacionadas con el baremo de méritos publicado, en el que el deporte de élite vuelve a cobrar protagonismo en la Educación Física escolar.
SAGA GIS for Information Extraction on Presence and Conditions of Vegetation of Northern Coast of Iceland Based on the Landsat TM
Authors: Lemenkova Polina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper aims to evaluate the presence and condition of vegetation by SAGA GIS. The study area covers northern coasts of Iceland including two fjords, the Eyjafjörður and the Skagafjörður, prosperous agricultural regions. The vegetation coverage in Iceland experience the impact of harsh climate, land use, livestock grazing, glacial ablation and volcanism. The data include the Landsat TM image. The methodology is based on computing raster bands for simulating Tassel Cap Transformation (wetness, greenness and brightness) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) sensitive to high biomass. The results include modelled three bands of brightness, greenness and wetness. Greenness variation shows the least values in ice-covered areas (-56.98 to -18.69). High values (-23.48 to 9.12) are in the valleys with dense vegetation, correlating with the geomorphology of the river network, the vegetation-free areas and ocean which corresponds to the peak of 30.87 to 41.19. The bell-shaped data distribution shows frequency 43.19–141.74 for vegetation indicating healthy state and canopy density. Maximal values are in ice-covered regions and glaciers (64°N-65°N). Very low values (0 to -20) show desertification and mountainous rocks. Moderate values (20-40) indicate healthy vegetation. The most frequent data: -28,17 to 11,8. The EVI shows data variations (-0.14 to 0.04). The study contributes both to the regional studies of Arctic Iceland and methodological approach of remote sensing data processing by SAGA GIS.
Staphylococcus Sp. Strain MY 83295F: A Potential P,P’-DDT-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from Pesticide Contaminated Soil
Authors: Murtala Ya’u , Nwanguma Bennett C , Ezeanyika Lawrence Us 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although DDT has been on the ban list by the Stockholm Convention for its environmental degradation, still a wave of emerging shreds of evidence has proved its circulation in developing countries. The intensity of environmental degradation and human health problems posed by residual DDT and its metabolites become of serious ecological concern, warranting a search for novel strains with a capacity to biodegrade these environmental contaminants. A new strain of the genus Staphylococcus was isolated from pesticide-contaminated soil. The 16S rRNA and phylogenetic analyses were used to identify the isolate and the 16S rRNA partial gene sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank as Staphylococcus sp. strain MY 83295F. The isolate was capable of growing in up to 60 mg L−1 of p,p’-DDT as the sole carbon source at an optimum pH of 6.5 and optimum temperature of 30°C within 120 h. Zn2+ has demonstrated a stimulatory effect on the growth of the strain in p,p’-DDT containing medium. However, Fe, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ag, and Cr ions showed inhibitory effects on the strain’s growth in the medium. The strain could be a handy tool for the bio-cleansing of residual p,p’-DDT in the contaminated environment.
Protective Effect of Naturally-Derived Antioxidants Against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Review
Authors: Rahaman Md. Mizanur , Sharmin Shabnam , Atolani Olubunmi , Adeyemi Oluyomi Stephen , Islam Mohammad Torequl 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) drug known to induce hepatotoxicity when consumed in excess. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidation of cellular proteins and enzymes are directly involved in its toxic mechanisms. However, antioxidants can be helpful to inhibit or restrict the oxidative damage. Besides synthetic antioxidants, naturally-derived substances can be used to serve the purpose. In this paper, a thorough literature review revealed that APAP combined with food-derived natural antioxidants exhibit a protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.