bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Synthesis of 4-Aminomethyl-1-(2-Phenylethyl)-Piperidin-4-ol: A Key Intermediate in Fenspiride HCl Synthesis
Authors: Panchabhai Prasad , Kaliaperumal Neelakandan , Mannathusamy Gopalakrishnan , Chinnadurai Anbuselvan 
Published: November 2021

The article confers a scalable manufacturing process of Fenspiride HCl. 4-aminomethyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-piperidin-4-ol is the main building block in Fenspiride HCl synthesis. The reported reagents for 4-aminomethyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-piperidin-4-ol synthesis are costly, explosive, highly toxic, produce hazardous waste, and also need to be handled with most care. The paper introduces aqueous ammonia as an alternate reagent in Fenspiride HCl and used in 4-aminomethyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-piperidin-4-ol synthesis. The new green chemistry aspect makes the process environment-friendly and cheaper. It also eliminates toxic, sensitive, and hazardous reagents and makes the process safe on uncomplicated on bulk scale production.
The high pure Fenspiride HCl is obtained by following this process and meets the ICH limits with good yield.
Bromhexine Use in the Outpatient Department in a Public Hospital in Al-Kharj
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , A. Menshawy Menshawy 
Published: November 2021

Aim: This study was conducted to demonstrate the prescribing pattern of bromhexine in a public hospital in Alkharj.
Methodology: This is a retrospective study that included evaluating outpatient antibiotic prescriptions from 1st of January/2018 to 30th of June/2018 in a public hospital Al-kharj. The collected data were the personal data of the patients, the prescribing’ departments, the duration of bromhexine use, and the level of the prescribers.
Results: Most of the patients were in the age group of 20-29 (32.35%) followed by 10-19 (20.59%). About 73.53% of the prescriptions were written by the emergency department, followed by the chest department (20.59%). All of the prescriptions were written by residents. Most of the patients used bromhexine for 5 days (76.47%) followed by 1 week (20.59%).
Conclusion: The present study showed that bromhexine use in the outpatient setting was uncommon. More studies are needed to explore the frequency of prescribing other mucolytic agents.
Synthesis of Some Phenylisoindoline-1,3-Diones and their Acetylcholinesterase and Butyryl Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities
Authors: Taiwo F. O. , Obafemi C. A. , Obuotor E. M. , Olawuni I. J. 
Published: November 2021

Aims: To synthesize some phthalimides derivatives and evaluate the compounds for their possible biological properties.
Methods: The substituted phenylisoindoline-1,3-dione were synthesized from the reactions of N-phenyl phthalimide with different substituted aromatic aldehyde. The synthesized compounds were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis. The acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitions were determined by Spectro photochemical analysis of acetylthiocholine and butyryl choline chloride.
Results: Compounds 6 (IC50 = 30±3 µg/mL) and 4 (IC50 = 141±60 µg/mL) were found to be the most active inhibitors against acetylcholinesterase, while compounds 4 (IC50 = 102±10 µg/mL), 5 (IC50 = 105 ± 20 µg/mL) and 2 (IC50 = 190 ± 10 µg/mL), were found to be most active inhibitor against butyryl cholinesterase.
Conclusion: The considerable acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds makes them good candidates for the development of selective acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitors.
Physiotherapy Rehabilitation in Post Operative Tibia- Fibula Fracture with External Fixators
Authors: Ambalkar Gunjan , Jain Deepak , Phansopkar Pratik 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: A tibia - fibula fracture occurs when a fall or trauma to the lower extremities puts more tension on the bones than they can tolerate. Diaphyseal tibial fractures are the most common long bone fracture. Lower extremity Tibia and fibula fractures are examples of fractures. Tibial shaft fractures are most typically associated with a history of severe trauma. The tibia is the most commonly fractured bone in the lower extremity. The bone's shaft is in the middle Fibula fractures are usually, but not always, accompanied by tibial shaft fractures.
Case Presentation: At the previous 15 days, a 49-year-old male patient accounted in a hospital with a road traffic accident.
Discussion: The physiotherapy was given to this patient for muscle energy technique resulting in a high degree of range of motion in the lower extremity, reduce pain, and improves flexibility and strength.
Conclusion: Physiotherapy has a significant effect on pain, strength, and range of motion. The result of this case report specifies that it may be effective for pain relief, improvement in strength, and functional ability.
Interest, Coping Mechanisms, and Learning Achievements of Single Mothers in the Alternative Learning System
Authors: Bermudo Nieva G. , B. Moleño Roleen 
Published: November 2021

This study determined the interests, coping mechanisms and learning achievements of single mothers in Alternative Learning System. The study employed descriptive-correlational research design utilizing four-parts research instrument. There were 115 ALS learners enumerated as respondents of the study. Descriptive statistics and Pearson R correlation analysis were utilized. Many of the single mothers dropped out of school when they were in their grade seven to ten level of education because they experience difficulty in terms of their economic status but they were interested to continue and finish their study in the basic education level. They adjust to stressful events they encounter; struggle with their understanding in the prerequisite and fundamental knowledge and/ or skills in their communication skills in Filipino and English, and in Mathematics and Science. Further, number of siblings is the best predictor common to the achievements of single mothers in Communication Skills in Filipino and English, Expanding One’s World Views, and overall learning achievement but not in the area of Mathematics and Science and Sustainable Use of Resources and Productivity to which the last grade attended by the single mothers is the best predictor. More importantly, the single mothers enrolled in ALS were motivated to continue and finish their study despite the difficulties they experienced. They hurdle all the odd circumstances that distract their academic journey purposive of improving their current well-being. It was recommended mainly that intensive interventions should be implemented to address the factors such as pregnancy and parenthood, boredom, academic challenges, lack of parental support, and money that generally causes the youths to drop from attending school.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Aminooxygenation of Alkenes
Authors: Chemler Sherry R. , Chen Dake , Karyakarte Shuklendu D. , Shikora Jonathan M. , Wdowik Tomasz 
Published: November 2021

Alkene aminooxygenation reactions provide vicinal amino alcohol derivatives, moieties that frequently appear in catalysts, drugs, and other valuable molecules. This Chapter reviews transition‐metal‐catalyzed aminooxygenations of alkenes and aims to serve as a guide in the selection of appropriate reagents and procedures for specific substrate classes and desired transformations.
Inter‐ and intramolecular aminooxygenation reactions catalyzed by osmium, palladium, platinum, gold, copper, iron, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, and manganese are presented, as is a discussion of the factors involved in reactivity and selectivity. A brief section on non‐metal catalyzed alkene aminohydroxylation is also included. A complete set of alkene aminooxygenation reactions through mid‐2020 is provided in the Tabular Survey.
The measurement of entrance surface dose using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters for determining average glandular dose in digital breast tomosynthesis: Measurement and simulation study
Authors: Chusin Thunyarat , Yabsantia Sumalee , Matsubara Kosuke 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs), nanoDots, for the determination of an average glandular dose (AGD) with a specific digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system, whereas the X‐ray tube was fixed (2D mode) and moved (3D mode). The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was measured by placing the nanoDots on the surface of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom with 25, 28, and 34 kV W/Rh techniques. The experimental setup of the ESAK measurement was simulated using a Monte Carlo simulation code to determine the ESAK and the backscatter factor (BSF). The AGD was calculated by dividing the ESAK values over the corresponding BSF factors for each PMMA phantom thickness and multiplying the AGD conversion factors. The AGD determination by the nanoDots variated within ±5% for both 2D and 3D modes, compared to those determined using an ionization chamber. The results were similarly observed for the simulation, except for the 25 kV on the 3D mode. Regarding the International Atomic Energy Agency technical reports series number 457, the nanoDots can be used for the AGD determination with realistic 2D and 3D image acquisitions based on ±10% uncertainty.
A Lamellar Yolk–Shell Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Cathode Displaying Ultralong Cycling Life, High Rate Performance, and Temperature Tolerance
Authors: Liu Jinyun , Ding Yingyi , Shen Zihan , Zhang Huigang , Han Tianli , Guan Yong , Tian Yangchao , Braun Paul V. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe shuttling behavior and slow conversion kinetics of the intermediate lithium polysulfides are the severe obstacles for the application of lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries over a wide temperature range. Here, an engineered lamellar yolk–shell structure of In2O3@void@carbon for the Li‐S battery cathode is developed for the first time to construct a powerful barrier that effectively inhibits the shuttling of polysulfides. On the basis of the unique nanochannel‐containing morphology, the continuous kinetic transformation of sulfur and polysulfides is confined in a stable framework, which is demonstrated by using X‐ray nanotomography. The constructed Li‐S battery exhibits a high cycling capability over 1000 cycles at 1.0 C with a capacity decay rate as low as 0.038% per cycle, good rate performance, and temperature tolerance at −10, 25, and 50 °C. A nondestructive in situ monitoring method of the interfacial reaction resistance in different cycling stages is proposed, which provides a new analysis perspective for the development of emerging electrochemical energy‐storage systems.
Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Arylpyrrolidine Derivatives via the Crystallization‐induced Diastereomer Transformation
Authors: Smolobochkin Andrey V. , Gazizov Almir S. , Voronina Julia K. , Burilov Alexander R. , Pudovik Michail A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHerein we report a diastereoselective method for the synthesis of bis(pyrrolidine‐1‐carboxamides) via the acid‐catalyzed reaction of 1‐(4,4‐diethoxybutyl)‐3‐arylureas with resorcinol and its derivatives. The proposed method is operationally simple, does not require metal catalysts or chiral promoters and provides target compounds with high diastereoselectivity.
Stereoselective O‐Glycosylations by Pyrylium Salt Organocatalysis**
Authors: Nielsen Michael Martin , Holmstrøm Thomas , Pedersen Christian Marcus 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite many years of invention, the field of carbohydrate chemistry remains rather inaccessible to non‐specialists, which limits the scientific impact and reach of the discoveries made in the field. Aiming to increase the availability of stereoselective glycosylation chemistry for non‐specialists, we have discovered that several commercially available pyrylium salts catalyze stereoselective O‐glycosylations of a wide range of phenols and alkyl alcohols. This catalytic reaction utilizes trichloroacetimidates, an easily accessible and synthetically proven electrophile, takes place under air and only initiates when all three reagents are mixed, which should provide better reproducibility by non‐specialists. The reaction exhibits varying degrees of stereospecificity, resulting in β‐selective glycosylations from α‐trichloroacetimidates, whilst an α‐selective glycosylation proceeds from β‐trichloroacetimidates. A mechanistic study revealed that the reaction likely proceeds via an SN2‐like substitution on the protonated electrophile.
Management and Mitigation of Temperature and Humidity Events in the Perioperative Setting
Authors: Curless Melanie S. , Bow Lindsay , Lentz Tom , Trexler Polly , Maragakis Lisa L. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTTemperature or relative humidity variations that fall outside the recommended parameters for the perioperative environment can have serious implications for patient safety and satisfaction as well as business continuity. Some pathogenic microbes can thrive in prolonged elevated humidity. Supplies and equipment in perioperative environments exposed to variations in temperature and humidity may become sources of infection or undergo alterations in function, putting patients at increased risk of harm. Other negative effects include increased costs, legal liability, and decreased patient satisfaction stemming from delays or rescheduled procedures. This article includes two hypothetical scenarios in which facility personnel respond to a condensation event and a fluid leak to avoid substantial negative effects in perioperative services. Also discussed is the role perioperative staff members play in preventing adverse consequences through rapid identification of temperature and humidity variations and early intervention. Finally, the existing guidelines on perioperative temperature and humidity and multidisciplinary risk assessments and recommendations for education, prevention, and risk mitigation are explored.
Perioperative Interventions to Reduce Surgical Site Infections: A Review
Authors: Goldberg Braden , Elazar Amit , Glatt Aaron , Camins Bernard , Datta Rajiv , Takahashi Hideo , Seitelman Eric 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTSurgical site infections (SSIs) contribute to increased health care costs and morbidity after procedures as well as prolonged length of stay. Perioperative personnel can use a variety of interventions to help reduce SSI incidence; however, all strategies are not effective for all patients (eg, antibiotic prophylaxis). Results of randomized controlled trials show that some SSI reduction strategies are generally effective, including preoperative skin antisepsis with an alcohol‐based agent, closing surgical wounds with triclosan‐coated suture, and applying a negative pressure wound therapy device to open and closed wounds. Study results do not show that irrigating clean wounds with crystalloid solutions containing antibiotics or routinely using plastic drapes with or without impregnated iodophor or silver nylon–impregnated dressings significantly reduces SSI incidence. Perioperative leaders should support the implementation of strategies to prevent SSIs and work with interdisciplinary team members to develop an SSI prevention bundle that will meet the needs of their patients.
Modified score function for monotone likelihood in the semiparametric mixture cure model
Authors: Almeida Frederico M. , Colosimo Enrico A. , Mayrink Vinícius D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe cure fraction models are intended to analyze lifetime data from populations where some individuals are immune to the event under study, and allow a joint estimation of the distribution related to the cured and susceptible subjects, as opposed to the usual approach ignoring the cure rate. In situations involving small sample sizes with many censored times, the detection of nonfinite coefficients may arise via maximum likelihood. This phenomenon is commonly known as monotone likelihood (ML), occurring in the Cox and logistic regression models when many categorical and unbalanced covariates are present. An existing solution to prevent the issue is based on the Firth correction, originally developed to reduce the estimation bias. The method ensures finite estimates by penalizing the likelihood function. In the context of mixture cure models, the ML issue is rarely discussed in the literature; therefore, this topic can be seen as the first contribution of our paper. The second major contribution, not well addressed elsewhere, is the study of the ML issue in cure mixture modeling under the flexibility of a semiparametric framework to handle the baseline hazard. We derive the modified score function based on the Firth approach and explore finite sample size properties of the estimators via a Monte Carlo scheme. The simulation results indicate that the performance of coefficients related to the binary covariates are strongly affected to the imbalance degree. A real illustration, in the melanoma dataset, is discussed using a relatively novel data set collected in a Brazilian university hospital.
Single‐strand annealing: Molecular mechanisms and potential applications in CRISPR‐Cas‐based precision genome editing
Authors: Vu Tien Van , Das Swati , Nguyen Cam Chau , Kim Jihae , Kim Jae‐Yean 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundSpontaneous double‐stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) frequently occur within the genome of all living organisms and must be well repaired for survival. Recently, more important roles of the DSB repair pathways that were previously thought to be minor pathways, such as single‐strand annealing (SSA), have been shown. Nevertheless, the biochemical mechanisms and applications of the SSA pathway in genome editing have not been updated.Purpose and ScopeUnderstanding the molecular mechanism of SSA is important to design potential applications in gene editing. This review provides insights into the recent progress of SSA studies and establishes a model for their potential applications in precision genome editing.Summary and ConclusionThe SSA mechanism involved in DNA DSB repair appears to be activated by a complex signaling cascade starting with broken end sensing and 5′‐3′ resection to reveal homologous repeats on the 3′ ssDNA overhangs that flank the DSB. Annealing the repeats would help to amend the discontinuous ends and restore the intact genome, resulting in the missing of one repeat and the intervening sequence between the repeats. We proposed a model for CRISPR‐Cas‐based precision insertion or replacement of DNA fragments to take advantage of the characteristics. The proposed model can add a tool to extend the choice for precision gene editing. Nevertheless, the model needs to be experimentally validated and optimized with SSA‐favorable conditions for practical applications.
A full‐stack model proposal to remotely help the development of IoT sensor devices
Authors: Martins Hugo M. S. , Reis Manuel J. C. S. , Ferreira Paulo J. S. G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe teaching and development of the necessary skills to efficiently implement and develop Internet of Things (IoT) sensor devices is particularly challenging. Traditionally, the development of these skills is achieved with the help of several laboratorial facilities. Here, a full‐stack model to help in this process is presented. This model includes the utilization of a set of tools that can be used to remotely access the available resources, thus creating an “online lab.” This “online lab” is of particular interest and usefulness in the current pandemic context and is of particular interest not only for students to have access to real hardware devices, thus developing their skills and knowledge, but also to professional teams collaborating in the development of IoT sensor devices.
Examining the association among fear of COVID‐19, psychological distress, and delays in cancer care
Authors: Caston Nicole E. , Lawhon Valerie M. , Smith Karen Lisa , Gallagher Kathleen , Angove Rebekah , Anderson Eric , Balch Alan , Azuero Andres , Huang Chao‐Hui Sylvia , Rocque Gabrielle B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundGiven the high risk of COVID‐19 mortality, patients with cancer may be vulnerable to fear of COVID‐19, adverse psychological outcomes, and health care delays.MethodsThis longitudinal study surveyed the pandemic's impact on patients with cancer (N= 1529) receiving Patient Advocate Foundation services during early and later pandemic. Generalized estimating equation with repeated measures was conducted to assess the effect of COVID‐19 on psychological distress. Logistic regression with repeated measures was used to assess the effect of COVID‐19 on any delays in accessing health care (e.g., specialty care doctors, laboratory, or diagnostic testing, etc.).ResultsAmong 1199 respondents, 94% considered themselves high risk for COVID‐19. Respondents with more fear of COVID‐19 had a higher mean psychological distress score (10.21; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 9.38–11.03) compared to respondents with less fear (7.55; 95% CI 6.75–8.36). Additionally, 47% reported delaying care. Respondents with more fear of COVID‐19 had higher percentages of delayed care than those with less (56; 95% CI 39%–72% vs. 44%; 95% CI 28%–61%). These relationships persisted throughout the pandemic. For respondents with a COVID‐19 diagnosis in their household (n = 116), distress scores were similar despite higher delays in care (58% vs. 27%) than those without COVID‐19.ConclusionsFear of COVID‐19 is linked to psychological distress and delays in care among patients with cancer. Furthermore, those who are personally impacted see exacerbated cancer care delays. Timely psychosocial support and health care coordination are critical to meet increased care needs of patients with cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Characterization of Structure and Dynamics of the Guanidine‐II Riboswitch from Escherichia coli by NMR Spectroscopy and Small‐Angle X‐ray Scattering (SAXS)
Authors: Schamber Tatjana , Binas Oliver , Schlundt Andreas , Wacker Anna , Schwalbe Harald 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRiboswitches are regulatory RNA elements that undergo functionally important allosteric conformational switching upon binding of specific ligands. The here investigated guanidine‐II riboswitch binds the small cation, guanidinium, and forms a kissing loop‐loop interaction between its P1 and P2 hairpins. We investigated the structural changes to support previous studies regarding the binding mechanism. Using NMR spectroscopy, we confirmed the structure as observed in crystal structures and we characterized the kissing loop interaction upon addition of Mg2+ and ligand for the riboswitch aptamer from Escherichia coli. We further investigated closely related mutant constructs providing further insight into functional differences between the two (different) hairpins P1 and P2. Formation of intermolecular interactions were probed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and NMR DOSY data. All data are consistent and show the formation of oligomeric states of the riboswitch induced by Mg2+ and ligand binding.