bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediculus humanus capitis: a study of the male genitalia using a combined stereoscopic, confocal laser scanning, and scanning electron microscopy approach
Authors: Álvarez-Fernández Blanca E. , Morales-Suárez-Varela María , Nogueda-Torres Benjamín , Valero M. Adela 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe male genital structures of arthropods are key features in the taxonomic and phylogenetic study of these organisms. The male genitalia of the head lousePediculus humanus capitisare complex organs which are partly composed of structures that dynamically extrude during copulation.MethodsHere, we describe the morphology of the genitalia ofP. humanus capitisat the copulation stage, and at rest, by using stereoscopic microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsCLSM and SEM images revealed that the vesica is composed of two distinct anatomical parts, the proximal lobe and the distal lobe. Both lobes have short and narrow spines, as well as long and wide scales with either sharp or rounded tips. The rounded scales vary in size and have a wavy base and rounded tips, and thus resemble a tongue in appearance. We identified a gland-like area on the penis with 11 shallow circular depressions, and a flat area with 14–16 exit orifices. The apical end of the penis has a foliaceous trifurcation and serves to expel the contents of the ejaculatory duct. These characteristics were recorded for all the specimens analyzed, indicating that these structures are highly conserved; to our knowledge, they have not been previously reported for any suborder of lice.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, our results reveal for the first time the morphological details, and complexity, of the male genitalia of the head louseP. humanus capitisat different stages of copulation. The new approach described here provided information that should be taken into consideration in future research on the genitalia of lice. Application of this approach will also impact the taxonomic and phylogenetic study of other insect taxa.Graphical Abstract
Acaricidal efficacy of ultraviolet-C irradiation of Tetranychus urticae adults and eggs using a pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser
Authors: Gala Jean-Luc , Rebane Ott , Ambroise Jérôme , Babichenko Sergey , Nyabi Omar , Hance Thierry 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundPulsed ultraviolet (UV)-C light sources, such as excimer lasers, are used in emerging non-thermal food-decontamination methods and also have high potential for use in a wide range of microbial decontamination applications. The acaricidal effect of an experimental UV-C irradiation device was assessed using female adults and eggs of a model organism, the two-spotted spider miteTetranychus urticae.MethodsUV-C light was generated by a pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser operating at 248-nm emission wavelength. The pulse energy and pulse repetition rate were 5 mJ and up to 100 Hz, respectively. The distance from the light source to the target was 150 mm; the target surface area was 2.16 cm2. The exposure time for the mites and fresh eggs varied from 1 to 4 min at 5–300 mW, which corresponded to UV doses of 5–80 kJ/m2. Post-irradiation acaricidal effects (mite mortality) were assessed immediately and also measured at 24 h. The effects of UV-C irradiation on the hatchability of eggs were observed daily for up to 12 days post-irradiation.ResultsThe mortality of mites at 5 and 40 kJ/m2was 26% and 92%, respectively. Mite mortality reached 98% at 80 kJ/m2. The effect of exposure duration on mortality was minimal. The effect of irradiation on egg hatchability was even more significant than that on adult mite mortality, i.e. about 100% egg mortality at an accumulated dose of as little as 5 kJ/m2for each exposure time.ConclusionsA high rate of mite mortality and lethal egg damage were observed after less than 1 min of exposure to 5 mJ UV-C pulsed irradiation at 60 Hz. Pending further developments (such as beam steering, beam shaping and miniaturisation) and feasibility studies (such as testing with mites in real-life situations), the reported results and characteristics of the UV-C generator (modulation of energy output and adaptability to varying spot sizes) open up the use of this technology for a vast field of acaricidal applications that require long-range radiation.Graphical Abstract
Evaluating the potential for respiratory metagenomics to improve treatment of secondary infection and detection of nosocomial transmission on expanded COVID-19 intensive care units
Authors: Charalampous Themoula , Alcolea-Medina Adela , Snell Luke B. , Williams Tom G. S. , Batra Rahul , Alder Christopher , Telatin Andrea , Camporota Luigi , Meadows Christopher I. S. , Wyncoll Duncan , Barrett Nicholas A. , Hemsley Carolyn J. , Bryan Lisa , Newsholme William , Boyd Sara E. , Green Anna , Mahadeva Ula , Patel Amita , Cliff Penelope R. , Page Andrew J. , O’Grady Justin , Edgeworth Jonathan D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Clinical metagenomics (CMg) has the potential to be translated from a research tool into routine service to improve antimicrobial treatment and infection control decisions. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic provides added impetus to realise these benefits, given the increased risk of secondary infection and nosocomial transmission of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogens linked with the expansion of critical care capacity.

Methods
CMg using nanopore sequencing was evaluated in a proof-of-concept study on 43 respiratory samples from 34 intubated patients across seven intensive care units (ICUs) over a 9-week period during the first COVID-19 pandemic wave.

Results
An 8-h CMg workflow was 92% sensitive (95% CI, 75–99%) and 82% specific (95% CI, 57–96%) for bacterial identification based on culture-positive and culture-negative samples, respectively. CMg sequencing reported the presence or absence of β-lactam-resistant genes carried by Enterobacterales that would modify the initial guideline-recommended antibiotics in every case. CMg was also 100% concordant with quantitative PCR for detecting Aspergillus fumigatus from 4 positive and 39 negative samples. Molecular typing using 24-h sequencing data identified an MDR-K. pneumoniae ST307 outbreak involving 4 patients and an MDR-C. striatum outbreak involving 14 patients across three ICUs.

Conclusion
CMg testing provides accurate pathogen detection and antibiotic resistance prediction in a same-day laboratory workflow, with assembled genomes available the next day for genomic surveillance. The provision of this technology in a service setting could fundamentally change the multi-disciplinary team approach to managing ICU infections. The potential to improve the initial targeted treatment and rapidly detect unsuspected outbreaks of MDR-pathogens justifies further expedited clinical assessment of CMg.
Pneumonic-type lung adenocarcinoma with different ranges exhibiting different clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics
Authors: Huo Ji-wen , Huang Xing-tao , Li Xian , Gong Jun-wei , Luo Tian-you , Li Qi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Pneumonic-type lung adenocarcinoma (PLADC) with different ranges might exhibit different imaging and clinicopathological features. This study divided PLADC into localized PLADC (L-PLADC) and diffuse PLADC (D-PLADC) based on imaging and aimed to clarify the differences in clinical, imaging, and pathologic characteristics between the two new subtypes.

Results
The data of 131 patients with L-PLADC and 117 patients with D-PLADC who were pathologically confirmed and underwent chest computed tomography (CT) at our institute from December 2014 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected. Patients with L-PLADC were predominantly female, non-smokers, and without respiratory symptoms and elevated white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level, whereas those with D-PLADC were predominantly male, smokers, and had respiratory symptoms and elevated white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level (all p < 0.05). Pleural retraction was more common in L-PLADC, whereas interlobular fissure bulging, hypodense sign, air space, CT angiogram sign, coexisting nodules, pleural effusion, and lymphadenopathy were more frequent in D-PLADC (all p < 0.001). Among the 129 patients with surgically resected PLADC, the most common histological subtype of L-PLADC was acinar-predominant growth pattern (76.7%, 79/103), whereas that of D-PLADC was invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (80.8%, 21/26). Among the 136 patients with EGFR mutation status, L-PLADC had a significantly higher EGFR mutation rate than D-PLADC (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
L-PLADC and D-PLADC have different clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics. This new imaging-based classification may help improve our understanding of PLADC and develop personalized treatment plans, with concomitant implications for patient outcomes.
Existence of positive solutions for a system of nonlinear Caputo type fractional differential equations with two parameters
Authors: Chen Yang , Li Hongyu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to prove the existence of positive solutions for a system of nonlinear Caputo-type fractional differential equations with two parameters. By using the Guo–Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem, some existence theorems of positive solutions are obtained in terms of different values of parameters. Two examples are given to illustrate the main results.
The German research consortium for the study of bipolar disorder (BipoLife): a magnetic resonance imaging study protocol
Authors: Vogelbacher Christoph , Sommer Jens , Schuster Verena , Bopp Miriam H. A. , Falkenberg Irina , Ritter Philipp S. , Bermpohl Felix , Hindi Attar Catherine , Rauer Lisa , Einenkel Karolin E. , Treutlein Jens , Gruber Oliver , Juckel Georg , Flasbeck Vera , Mulert Christoph , Hautzinger Martin , Pfennig Andrea , Matura Silke , Reif Andreas , Grotegerd Dominik , Dannlowski Udo , Kircher Tilo , Bauer Michael , Jansen Andreas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Bipolar disorder is one of the most severe mental disorders. Its chronic course is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, a high risk of suicide and poor social and occupational outcomes. Despite the great advances over the last decades in understanding mental disorders, the mechanisms underlying bipolar disorder at the neural network level still remain elusive. This has severe consequences for clinical practice, for instance by inadequate diagnoses or delayed treatments. The German research consortium BipoLife aims to shed light on the mechanisms underlying bipolar disorders. It was established in 2015 and incorporates ten university hospitals across Germany. Its research projects focus in particular on individuals at high risk of bipolar disorder, young patients in the early stages of the disease and patients with an unstable highly relapsing course and/or with acute suicidal ideation.

Methods
Functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data was acquired across nine sites within three different studies. Obtaining neuroimaging data in a multicenter setting requires among others the harmonization of the acquisition protocol, the standardization of paradigms and the implementation of regular quality control procedures. The present article outlines the MRI imaging protocols, the acquisition parameters, the imaging paradigms, the neuroimaging quality assessment procedures and the number of recruited subjects.

Discussion
The careful implementation of a MRI study protocol as well as the adherence to well-defined quality assessment procedures is one key benchmark in the evaluation of the overall quality of large-scale multicenter imaging studies. This article contributes to the BipoLife project by outlining the rationale and the design of the MRI study protocol. It helps to set the necessary standards for follow-up analyses and provides the technical details for an in-depth understanding of follow-up publications.
The sensory-reactivity PROM set: identification of a parent reported outcome measure set for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: van Andel Dorinde M. , van Stel Henk F. , Scheepers Floortje E. , Oostrom Kim J. , Haverman Lotte , Bruining Hilgo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Most children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suffer from aberrant responses to sensory stimuli that significantly impact the quality of life. To develop sensory interventions, individually tailored outcome measures are crucially needed for the domain of sensory reactivity problems. Here, we describe the identification of relevant sensory themes according to caregivers of children with ASD according to the guidelines for developing a (parent proxy) patient-reported outcome measure set. Subsequently, we identify parallels between these themes and a well-validated and supported PROMIS® portal to facilitate implementation. Interviews with clinicians and focus groups and interviews with parents of children with ASD were used in the initial phase for concept elicitation. Codes and themes were generated by qualitative thematic data analysis on the transcripts and cognitive interviews with different parents were used for revisions. The resulting themes were compared to existing generic PROMIS-item banks and other existing questionnaires.

Results
A total of 11 parent-reported outcomes were identified that could be either classified as directly or indirectly related to sensory reactivity. Directly related themes comprised of: (1) sensory stimulation tolerance and (2) sensitivity to sensory stimuli. Indirectly related themes were: (3) irritable behavior (4) anxiety problems (5) mood problems (6) sleep problems (7) fatigue (8) physical complaints (9) daily functioning and participation (10) routines, structure and dealing with change and (11) problems in social interaction and communication. Seven out of 11 themes could be measured with generic PROMIS item banks. The four remaining outcomes (sensory stimulation tolerance; irritable behaviour; routines, structure and dealing with change; and sensitivity to sensory stimuli) were found suitable to be inventoried by existing PROMs.

Conclusion
The majority of parent-reported problems seemed related to indirect consequences of sensory reactivity, which are suitable to be measured with generic item banks. In sum, we identified a sensory-reactivity PROM (parent-proxy) set consisting of PROMIS® item banks and additional domains that together form a comprehensive and readily available outcome set for sensory reactivity problems in children with ASD.
Evolution of dental age estimation methods in adults over the years from occlusal wear to more sophisticated recent techniques
Authors: Phulari Rashmi G. S. , Dave Esha J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Age estimation has been an integral part of forensic science, and age estimation by dental means is by far the most commonly employed method. Dental age estimation in children is more accurate and straightforward as most methods use the chronological stages of odontogenesis that are highly systematic, reducing the chances of dispersed results. In contrast, estimation of age in adults becomes tricky and less accurate with varied approaches since tooth formation is already complete.

Main body
The methods of adult dental age estimation have come a long way from a calculated guess based on crude visual observation of teeth to radiological methods and to more recent sophisticated methods. Technological advances have opened up molecular and genetic methods by utilizing DNA methylation and telomere length to improve the accuracy of age estimation by reducing error chances.

Conclusions
Although dental age estimation methods in children and adolescents have been extensively reviewed, various adult age estimation methods are not reviewed as a whole. The aim of this review is to appraise the evolution of dental age estimation methods in adults over the years from mere visualization of dental attrition to employing more sophisticated means such as radioactive carbon dating and genetics. This comprehensive review also attempts to add an account of the accuracy and suitability of various adult dental age estimation methods.
A double-blind placebo-controlled study of brexpiprazole for the treatment of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Valle Stephanie , Chesivoir Eve , Ehsan Dustin , Chamberlain Samuel R. 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundBorderline personality disorder is associated with impaired quality of life and has a number of untoward public health associations. There is no established first-line pharmacological treatment for borderline personality disorder, and available options are not suitable for all individuals.AimsTo evaluate brexpiprazole, which has effects on the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, for the reduction of borderline personality disorder symptoms.MethodEighty adults with borderline personality disorder were recruited for a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Participants received 12-week treatment with brexpiprazole (1 mg/day for 1 week, then increasing to 2 mg/day) or placebo in a parallel design. The primary efficacy outcome measure was the clinician-rated Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD). Safety data were collected. Effects of active versus placebo treatment were characterised with linear repeated measures models.ResultsThere was a significant interaction between treatment and time on the ZAN-BPD scale (P = 0.0031), solely because of differentiation specifically at week 12. Brexpiprazole was generally well tolerated. Secondary measures did not result in statistically significant differences from placebo.ConclusionsBrexpiprazole appears to have some possible effect on borderline personality disorder symptoms, but further studies are needed because of the significant effects evident, specifically at the final time point. These findings also need to be viewed cautiously, given the small sample size, large drop-out rate and robust placebo response.
Real-World Data on the Prevalence of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase–Positive Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Jazieh Abdul Rahman , Gaafar Rabab , Errihani Hassan , Jaafar Hassan , Al Dayel Fouad , Bahnassy Abeer A. , El Kadi Hatem , Abdallah Mohamed Magdy , Zaatari Ghazi 
Published: November 2021

PURPOSE Anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK) gene alterations are potent oncogenic drivers in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the ALK pathway are effective in treating ALK-positive NSCLC. Around 5% of Asian and White patients with NSCLC have ALK-positive tumors, but ALK rearrangement prevalence data in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are limited. METHODS In this noninterventional epidemiology study, histologically confirmed nonsquamous NSCLC samples retained for < 5 years in tissue banks at six centers in MENA were retrospectively analyzed for ALK rearrangement using the VENTANA immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. Patient characteristics obtained were analyzed for association with ALK rearrangement. Concordance between IHC and Vysis fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ALK detection methods was assessed in a subset of samples. RESULTS Four hundred forty-eight tissue samples were analyzed using IHC: 137 (30.6%) in Lebanon, 104 (23.2%) in Saudi Arabia, 97 (21.7%) in Egypt, 80 (17.9%) in the United Arab Emirates, and 30 (6.7%) in Morocco. On the basis of IHC, the prevalence was 8.7% (95% CI, 6.3 to 11.7) for ALK-positivity and 91.3% (95% CI, 88.3 to 93.7) for ALK-negativity. On the basis of FISH (n = 148), the prevalence was 5.4% positivity and 81.8% negativity (12.8% nonevaluable). Concordance between IHC and FISH (n = 129) was 98.4% (95% CI, 94.2 to 99.8) for negative agreement and 98.5% (95% CI, 94.5 to 99.8) for overall agreement. Univariate analysis showed that ALK rearrangement was significantly associated with epidermal growth factor receptor wild-type status ( P = .03) but was not significantly associated with sex, race, smoking history, or histologic subtype. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ALK rearrangements are more prevalent in MENA than other geographic regions. High concordance was found between FISH and IHC. Except for epidermal growth factor receptor wild-type status, no clinicopathologic characteristics were associated with ALK-positive NSCLC.
Single-cell reconstruction with spatial context of migrating neural crest cells and their microenvironments during vertebrate head and neck formation
Authors: Morrison Jason A. , McLennan Rebecca , Teddy Jessica M. , Scott Allison R. , Kasemeier-Kulesa Jennifer C. , Gogol Madelaine M. , Kulesa Paul M. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The dynamics of multipotent neural crest cell differentiation and invasion as cells travel throughout the vertebrate embryo remain unclear. Here, we preserve spatial information to derive the transcriptional states of migrating neural crest cells and the cellular landscape of the first four chick cranial to cardiac branchial arches (BA1-4) using label-free, unsorted single-cell RNA sequencing. The faithful capture of branchial arch-specific genes led to identification of novel markers of migrating neural crest cells and 266 invasion genes common to all BA1-4 streams. Perturbation analysis of a small subset of invasion genes and time-lapse imaging identified their functional role to regulate neural crest cell behaviors. Comparison of the neural crest invasion signature to other cell invasion phenomena revealed a shared set of 45 genes, a subset of which showed direct relevance to human neuroblastoma cell lines analyzed after exposure to the in vivo chick embryonic neural crest microenvironment. Our data define an important spatio-temporal reference resource to address patterning of the vertebrate head and neck, and previously unidentified cell invasion genes with the potential for broad impact.
Safety factors as a ‘design’ principle of animal form and function: an historical perspective
Authors: Hicks James W. , Wang Tobias 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
For well over 150 years, factors of safety (also known as safety factors) have been a fundamental engineering concept that expresses how much stronger a system is compared with the intended load. The pioneering work of Robert McNeill Alexander in the early 1980s applied this engineering concept to biomechanics. Over the next decade, evidence from comparative biomechanics supported the idea that safety factors are a fundamental principle of animal form and function. In terms of physiology, Jared Diamond related the maximal capacity of a physiological process to normal functional demands and incorporated evolutionary thinking into the concept of safety factors. It was proposed that evolutionary reasoning is required to understand the magnitudes of biological reserve capacities, an idea called ‘quantitative evolutionary design’. However, the general idea of safety factors as related to organismal form and function is much older. In 1906, Samuel James Meltzer, a physiologist and physician, presented the 5th Harvey Lecture to the New York Academy of Medicine; a lecture entitled ‘The Factors of Safety in Animal Structure and Animal Economy’, which was later published in Science in 1907. The 1907 paper is rarely cited and has never been cited within comparative biomechanics or comparative physiology. The purpose of this Commentary is to highlight Meltzer's historical contribution to the concept of safety factors as a general principle of organismal ‘design’.