bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Fresnel and Fourier digital holography using a digital micro-mirror device
Authors: Jaramillo-Osorio Alexis , Bustamante Santiago , Muñoz Brayan , Velez-Zea Alejandro , Barrera-Ramírez John Fredy , Torroba Roberto 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We present an experimental off-axis optical holographic scheme employing a digital micromirror device (DMD) as projecting media instead of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). The DMD allows projecting information through light reflection. We perform holographic recording in the Fourier and the Fresnel domains under similar experimental configurations to test our experimental scheme and verify the DMD performance as a binary amplitude SLM. For the digital holographic recovery process of Fourier holograms, we applied a non-linear modification that allows reducing the degradation in the recovered data. We also implement a multiplexing protocol enabling the packaging of an entire holographic dynamic scene into a single data. Furthermore, we use QR codes as information containers to achieve noise-free information recovery after holographic reconstruction. Experimental results demonstrate the viability and versatility of a DMD in an experimental holographic scheme.
Enhanced asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized light based on all-dielectric stereometamaterial
Authors: Qin Chunhua , Dong Guohua , Qu Jia , Lv Tingting , Lv Bo , Li Yuxiang , Li Ping , Zhu Zheng , Liu Zhihai , Guan Chunying , Shi Jinhui 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Reciprocal asymmetric transmission (AT) phenomenon has received much attention due to various polarization applications, however, high-efficiency AT still remains out of reach in the optical range. In order to improve AT of linearly polarized light, low-loss dielectric metamaterial with twisted resonators should be designed and investigated. The stereometamaterial is constructed by an array of bilayer 90° twisted H-shaped Ge dimers. Based on the transmission matrix, numerical simulation and multipolar resonances analysis, the polarization responses in all-dielectric stereometamaterial are characterized. The simulated results show that the AT parameter reaches up to 98% around 194 THz. In addition, the AT can be engineered via geometrical parameters. The proposed stereometamaterial also exhibits strong circular dichroism that is direction-independent. The multipole decomposition calculations can be utilized to understand the resonant mechanism.
Experimental generation of helical Mathieu–Gauss vector modes
Authors: Rosales-Guzmán Carmelo , Hu Xiao-Bo , Rodríguez-Fajardo Valeria , Hernandez-Aranda Raul I , Forbes Andrew , Perez-Garcia Benjamin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Vector modes represent the most general state of light in which the spatial and polarisation degrees of freedom are coupled in a non-separable way. Crucially, while polarisation is limited to a bi-dimensional space, the spatial degree of freedom can take any spatial profile. However, most generation and application techniques are mainly limited to spatial modes with polar cylindrical symmetry, such as Laguerre– and Bessel–Gauss modes. In this paper we put forward a novel class of vector modes whose spatial degree of freedom is encoded in the helical Mathieu–Gauss beams of the elliptical cylindrical coordinates. We first introduce these modes theoretically and outline their geometric representation on the higher-order Poincaré sphere. Later on, we demonstrate their experimental generation using a polarisation-insensitive technique comprising the use of a digital micromirror device. Finally, we provide a qualitative and a quantitative characterisation of the same using modern approaches based on quantum mechanics tools. It is worth mentioning that non-polar vector beams are highly desirable in various applications, such as optical trapping and optical communications.
Enhancement of strength mechanical and corrosion resistance of 7055 alloy with minor Sc and Y addition
Authors: Huang Kai , Feng Qin , Zhou Wenbiao , Ren Yuelu , Huang Liang , Xiang Jing , Tang Hongqun , Zhu Yutao , Wei Yuezhou 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A new type of 7055-Y-Sc alloy with high strength and corrosion resistance was prepared. Eutectic Al3Y particles with sizes in the range of 500–600 nm were found in the as-cast structure of the 7055-Y-Sc alloys. The addition of Y significantly accelerated the precipitation of Al3Zr with L12 structure in Al–Zr–Y alloy, and the number density of Al3 (Zr, Y) precipitates was almost a grade higher than that of Al3Zr. In the process of aging at 120 ℃/12 h, the nano scale L12-type Al3 (Sc
x
Y
y
) phase nucleated uniformly within the Al matrix and nonuniformly on the dislocation. The grain size decreased from 100–200 um in 7055-Y-0Sc to 40–50 um in 7055-Y-0.25Sc, the percentage of Sc continued to increase, and the grain size remained unchanged or even increased, thereby decreasing the Vickers hardness of 7055-Y-Sc alloys from 196.4 HV to 187.9 HV. After aging, the hardness and tensile properties of 7055-Y-Sc alloy showed good performance. The effective Sc proportion of the 7055-Y-Sc alloy was 0.25%. Its tensile strength was 398.6 MPa. Its conductivity was 33.8% IACS. The current corrosion density was 6.7 × 10−8 A cm−2, its good strength, corrosion resistance and conductivity make the studied alloy to be a promising material.
Early prediction of diabetic type 2 based on fuzzy technique
Authors: Jabbar Shaima Ibraheem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Intelligent analysis of present lifestyle may help to understand the development of the chronic diseases and the relationship of these diseases together. It is possible to reduce or prevent the development of these diseases. In this work, a novel intelligent method is introduced and applied for early detection of type 2 diabetic. Intelligent analysis depends mainly on evaluation life-threatening conditions (obesity, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol drinking status and low level of physical activities) to extract knowledge from linguistic variablesand design a new cognitive tool to assist in the prediction process.This method consists from three stages: in the first stage, data was collected from 100 healthy volunteers, which includes evaluations of life-threatening conditions. The second stage is implementation of fuzzy model for early prediction of type 2 diabetes. Predicted blood glucose values of proposal technique were compared with average fasting blood glucose values based on analysis of Bland-Altman plot. Furthermore, fuzzy system model presents superior results (accuracy = 81%, precision = 0.57% and recall = 0.83%).
Diagnostic accuracy of dementia screening tools in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 167 diagnostic studies
Authors: Huo Zhaohua , Lin Jiaer , Bat Baker K K , Chan Joyce Y C , Tsoi Kelvin K F , Yip Benjamin H K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
The rate of undetected dementia is high in China. However, the performance of dementia screening tools may differ in the Chinese population due to the lower education level and cultural diversity. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of dementia screening tools in the Chinese population.

Methods
Eleven electronic databases were searched for studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of dementia screening tools in older Chinese adults. The overall diagnostic accuracy was estimated using bivariate random-effects models, and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was presented.

Results
One hundred sixty-seven studies including 81 screening tools were identified. Only 134 studies qualified for the meta-analysis. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was the most commonly studied tool, with a combined sensitivity (SENS) and specificity (SPEC) of 0.87 (95%CI 0.85–0.90) and 0.89 (95%CI 0.86–0.91), respectively. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) (SENS: 0.96, 95%CI 0.89–0.99; SPEC: 0.96, 95%CI 0.89–0.98) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (SENS: 0.93, 95%CI 0.88–0.96; SPEC: 0.90, 95%CI 0.86–0.93) showed the highest performance. The General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG), Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale and Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument had performances comparable to that of the MMSE. The cut-off scores ranged widely across studies, especially for the MMSE (range: 15–27) and MoCA (range: 14–26).

Conclusions
A number of dementia screening tools were validated in the Chinese population after cultural and linguistical adaptations. The ACE-R and MoCA had the best diagnostic accuracy, whereas the GPCOG, with an administration time &lt; 5 minutes, could be considered as a rapid screening tool.
Echinacea purpurea water extracts suppress the release of chemical mediators from mast cells
Authors: Zorig Anuu , Toko Rine , Sukhbold Enkhtsetseg , Takasugi Mikako , Arai Hirofumi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Histamine and leukotrienes (LTs), the chemical mediators released from mast cells, play an important role in type-I allergies such as hay fever. Echinacea purpurea (EP) has traditionally been used for herbal tea and has been reported to show biological functions. We evaluated the inhibitory activity of water extracts of EP petals, leaves, and stems against the chemical mediators released from mast cell lines. Petal and leaf extracts exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on histamine release from the stimulated cells, while the stem extract did not exert any effect. Activity of the petal extract was much stronger than that of the leaf extract. All the extracts significantly suppressed LTB4 production in the stimulated cells and displayed similar activities. The petal extract decreased Syk phosphorylation and Ca2+ influx associated with signal transduction in the stimulated cells. These results suggest that EP petal extract may have a relieving effect on allergic symptoms.
Microglial activation and blood–brain barrier permeability in cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Walsh Jessica , Tozer Dan J , Sari Hasan , Hong Young T , Drazyk Anna , Williams Guy , Shah N Jon , O’Brien John T , Aigbirhio Franklin I , Rosenberg Gary , Fryer Tim D , Markus Hugh S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a major cause of stroke and dementia. The underlying pathogenesis is poorly understood, but both neuroinflammation and increased blood–brain barrier permeability have been hypothesized to play a role, and preclinical studies suggest the two processes may be linked. We used PET magnetic resonance to simultaneously measure microglial activation using the translocator protein radioligand 11C-PK11195, and blood–brain barrier permeability using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. A case control design was used with two disease groups with sporadic SVD (n = 20), monogenic SVD (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, CADASIL), and normal controls (n = 20) were studied. Hotspots of increased glial activation and blood–brain barrier permeability were identified as values greater than the 95th percentile of the distribution in controls. In sporadic SVD there was an increase in the volume of hotspots of both 11C-PK11195 binding (P = 0.003) and blood–brain barrier permeability (P = 0.007) in the normal appearing white matter, in addition to increased mean blood–brain barrier permeability (P &lt; 0.001). In CADASIL no increase in blood–brain barrier permeability was detected; there was a non-significant trend to increased 11C-PK11195 binding (P = 0.073). Hotspots of 11C-PK11195 binding and blood–brain barrier permeability were not spatially related. A panel of 93 blood biomarkers relating to cardiovascular disease, inflammation and endothelial activation were measured in each participant; principal component analysis was performed and the first component related to blood–brain barrier permeability and microglial activation. Within the sporadic SVD group both hotspot and mean volume blood–brain barrier permeability values in the normal appearing white matter were associated with dimension 1 (β  =  0.829, P = 0.017, and β  =  0.976, P = 0.003, respectively). There was no association with 11C-PK11195 binding. No associations with blood markers were found in the CADASIL group. In conclusion, in sporadic SVD both microglial activation and increased blood–brain barrier permeability occur, but these are spatially distinct processes. No evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability was found in CADASIL.
Long-term results of hybrid aortic arch repair using landing zone 0: a single-centre study
Authors: Kudo Tomoaki , Kuratani Toru , Shimamura Kazuo , Sakaniwa Ryoto , Sawa Yoshiki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has been gradually extended to the aortic arch region, with improved results. However, the rates of strokes and endoleaks in a hybrid TEVAR remain high. The goal of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of a hybrid TEVAR with a zone 0 landing using our treatment strategy.

METHODS
From April 2008 to March 2020, a total of 102 patients were enrolled in this study, with a median follow-up period of 3.2 years. The procedures included total debranching TEVAR with graft replacement of the ascending aorta in 62 patients, total debranching TEVAR with ascending aorta banding in 19 patients and total debranching TEVAR without ascending aorta banding in 21 patients.

RESULTS
Thirty-day mortality and hospital deaths were 1.0% (n = 1) and 3.9% (n = 4), respectively. The rates of aortic complications and endoleaks during the first 30 days postoperatively were 8.8% (n = 9) and 4.9% (n = 5), respectively. There was no type 1a endoleak, whereas retrograde type A dissection occurred in 2 (2.0%) patients. The rate of late aortic events was 3.9% (n = 4); there were no late endoleaks or aneurysm ruptures. The 10-year survival rate was 73.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 60.3–83.8%]. The 10-year rates of aorta-related deaths and aortic events when performing a competitive-risk analysis were 29.4% (95% CI 16.3–42.5%) and 7.2 (95% CI 23.0–51.4%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Satisfactory early and long-term results of a hybrid TEVAR with a zone 0 landing were achieved using our treatment strategy. When performing hybrid TEVAR in zone 0, postoperative aortic events may be reduced by accurate preoperative assessment of the ascending aorta.
Prediction of thromboembolic events and mortality by the CHADS2 and the CHA2DS2-VASc in COVID-19
Authors: Caro-Codón Juan , Lip Gregory Y H , Rey Juan R , Iniesta Angel M , Rosillo Sandra O , Castrejon-Castrejon Sergio , Rodriguez-Sotelo Laura , Garcia-Veas Jose M , Marco Irene , Martinez Luis A , Martin-Polo Lorena , Merino Carlos , Martinez-Cossiani Marcel , Buño Antonio , Gonzalez-Valle Luis , Herrero Alicia , Lopez-de-Sa Esteban , Merino Jose L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
Age, sex, and cardiovascular disease have been linked to thromboembolic complications and poorer outcomes in COVID-19. We hypothesize that CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores may predict thromboembolic events and mortality in COVID-19.

Methods and results
COVID-19 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from 1 March to 20 April 2020 who completed at least 1-month follow-up or died were studied. CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were calculated. Given the worse prognosis of male patients in COVID-19, a modified CHA2DS2-VASc score (CHA2DS2-VASc-M) in which 1 point was given to male instead of female was also calculated. The associations of these scores with laboratory results, thromboembolic events, and death were analysed. A total of 3042 patients (mean age 62.3 ± 20.3 years, 54.9% male) were studied and 115 (3.8%) and 626 (20.6%) presented a definite thromboembolic event or died, respectively, during the study period [median follow 59 (50–66) days]. Higher score values were associated with more marked abnormalities of inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers. Mortality was significantly higher with increasing scores for CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and CHA2DS2-VASc-M (P &lt; 0.001 for trend). The CHA2DS2-VASc-M showed the best predictive value for mortality [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.820, P &lt; 0.001 for comparisons]. All scores had poor predictive value for thromboembolic events (AUC 0.497, 0.490, and 0.541, respectively).

Conclusion
The CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and CHA2DS2-VASc-M scores are significantly associated with all-cause mortality but not with thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients. They are simple scoring systems in everyday use that may facilitate initial ‘quick’ prognostic stratification in COVID-19.
Witnessed and unwitnessed sudden cardiac death: a nationwide study of persons aged 1–35 years
Authors: Svane Jesper , Lynge Thomas Hadberg , Hansen Carl Johann , Risgaard Bjarke , Winkel Bo Gregers , Tfelt-Hansen Jacob 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study is to compare clinical characteristics and causes of death among witnessed and unwitnessed sudden cardiac death (SCD) cases aged 1–35 years.

Methods and results
In this retrospective nationwide study, all deaths in persons aged 1–35 years in Denmark during 2000–09 were included (23.7 million person-years). Using the in-depth descriptive Danish death certificates and Danish nationwide registries, 860 cases of sudden, unexpected death were identified. Through review of autopsy reports and register data, we identified 635 cases of SCD of which 266 (42%) were witnessed and 326 (51%) were unwitnessed. In 43 cases (7%), witnessed status was missing. Clinical characteristics were overall similar between the two groups. We found a male predominance among unwitnessed SCD compared to witnessed SCD (71% and 62%, respectively, P-value 0.012), as well as more psychiatric comorbidity (20% and 13%, respectively, P-value 0.029). Unwitnessed SCD more often occurred during sleep whereas witnessed SCD more often occurred while the individual was awake and relaxed (P-value &lt; 0.001). The autopsy rate among all SCD cases was 70% with no significant difference in autopsy rate between the two groups. Sudden unexplained death, which was the leading autopsy conclusion in both groups, was more frequent among unwitnessed SCD (P-value 0.001).

Conclusion
Several clinical characteristics and autopsy findings were similar between witnessed and unwitnessed SCD cases. Our data support the inclusion of both witnessed and unwitnessed cases in epidemiological studies of SCD cases aged 1–35 years, although the risk of misclassification is higher among unwitnessed and non-autopsied cases of SCD.
Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tallo Christian A , Duncan Laura H , Yamamoto Akihiko H , Slaydon Joshua D , Arya Gunjan H , Turlapati Lavanya , Mackay Trudy F C , Carbone Mary A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
Draft genome of the herbaceous bamboo Raddia distichophylla
Authors: Li Wei , Shi Cong , Li Kui , Zhang Qun-Jie , Tong Yan , Zhang Yun , Wang Jun , Clark Lynn , Gao Li-Zhi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Bamboos are important nontimber forest plants widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, America, and Pacific islands. They comprise the Bambusoideae in the grass family (Poaceae), including approximately 1700 described species in 127 genera. In spite of the widespread uses of bamboo for food, construction, and bioenergy, the gene repertoire of bamboo still remains largely unexplored. Raddia distichophylla (Schrad. ex Nees) Chase, belonging to the tribe Olyreae (Bambusoideae, Poaceae), is a diploid herbaceous bamboo with only slightly lignified stems. In this study, we report a draft genome assembly of the ∼589 Mb whole-genome sequence of R. distichophylla with a contig N50 length of 86.36 Kb. Repeat sequences account for ∼49.08% of the genome assembly, of which LTR retrotransposons occupy ∼35.99% of the whole genome. A total of 30,763 protein-coding genes were annotated in the R. distichophylla genome with an average transcript size of 2887 bp. Access to this herbaceous bamboo genome sequence will provide novel insights into biochemistry, molecular marker-assisted breeding programs, and germplasm conservation for bamboo species worldwide.
REPRESSOR AND ANTIREPRESSOR IN THE REGULATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINASE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Imsande John 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
5-methyltryptophan (5MT) induces penicillinase synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. The analog is incorporated into protein by both wild-type and tryptophan-starved cells. Since normal penicillinase repressor appears to contain tryptophan even though penicillinase itself does not, it is concluded that 5MT induces penicillinase synthesis by becoming incorporated into the penicillinase repressor and thereby inactivating the repressor. Thus biochemical data support the existence of a penicillinase repressor and indicate that penicillinase synthesis is regulated by negative control and not by positive control.—In the absence of exogenous tryptophan, staphylococcal penicillinase induction can be inhibited by 7-azatryptophan (7azaT). Because 7azaT is incorporated into protein by tryptophan-starved cells, it is concluded that 7azaT blocks penicillinase induction by inactivating a penicillinase regulatory protein into which the analog has been incorporated. Incorporation of 7azaT does not appear to inactivate the operator binding site or the effector binding site on the penicillinase repressor. Therefore, it appears that 7azaT blocks penicillinase induction by inactivating the penicillinase antirepressor, a protein required for inactivation of the penicillinase repressor and, hence, required for penicillinase induction.
THE APPARENT CONSERVATION OF THE INTERNAL LOW EFFICIENCY PROMOTER OF THE TRYPTOPHAN OPERONS OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
Authors: Largen Michael , Belser William 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The specific activities of the tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes were determined for eleven different species of Enterobacteriaceae grown under repressing and non-repressing conditions. In all the bacteria examined the multipliciy of derepression for the first two enzymes of the pathway was at least twofold greater than the multiplicity of derepression for the last three enzymes.