bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Framing and Self-Responsibility Modulate Brain Activities in Decision Escalation
Authors: Liang Ting-Peng , Li Yuwen , Yen Nai-Shing , Turel Ofir , Hsu Sen-Mou 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Escalation of commitment is a common bias in human decision making. The present study examined (1) differences in neural recruitment for escalation and de-escalation decisions of prior investments, and (2) how the activations of these brain networks are modulated by two factors that are often argued to modulate the behavior: (i) self-responsibility, and (ii) framing of the success probabilities. Results: Imaging data were obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) applied to 29 participants. A whole-brain analysis was conducted to compare brain activations between conditions. ROI analysis, then, was used to examine if these significant activations were modulated by two contextual factors. Finally, mediation analysis was applied to explore how the contextual factors affect escalation decisions through brain activations. The findings showed that (1) escalation decisions are faster than de-escalation decisions, (2) the corresponding network of brain regions recruited for escalation (anterior cingulate cortex, insula and precuneus) decisions differs from this recruited for de-escalation decisions (inferior and superior frontal gyri), (3) the switch from escalation to de-escalation is primarily frontal gyri dependent, and (4) activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula and precuneus were further increased in escalation decisions, when the outcome probabilities of the follow-up investment were positively framed; and activation in the inferior and superior frontal gyri in de-escalation decisions were increased when the outcome probabilities were negatively framed. Conclusions: Escalation and de-escalation decisions recruit different brain regions. Framing of possible outcomes as negative leads to escalation decisions through recruitment of the inferior frontal gyrus. Responsibility for decisions affects escalation decisions through recruitment of the superior (inferior) gyrus, when the decision is framed positively (negatively).
Differential metabolism -associated gene expression of duck pancreatic cells in response to two subtype s of duck hepatitis A virus type 1
Authors: SHI Shaohua , CHEN Zhen , HUANG Yu , HUANG Cuiqin , LIU Rongchang , CHENG Longfei , FU Guanghua , CHEN Hongmei , WAN Chunhe , FU Qiuling 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) causes a highly contagious disease in domestic ducklings, which is traditionally characterized by lesions in the liver and rarely in the pancreas. However, several outbreaks of DHAV-1, which were characterized by yellow coloration and hemorrhage in pancreatic tissues, have occurred in China. The causative agent was named as pancreatitis-type DHAV-1. Genomic sequencing indicated variation rates of 3.4-6.5% in the genome of the pancreatitis-type DHAV-1 compared with those of the classical type DHAV-1. The antigenic relationship between the pancreatitis-type DHAV-1 and classical type DHAV-1 indicated large variation. However, the mechanism involved in infection of the pancreatitis-type DHAV-1 is still unclear. Results: In the present study, transcriptome analysis of duck pancreas infected with classical type DHAV-1 and pancreatitis-type DHAV-1 was carried out. Following deep sequencing with Illumina-Solexa, a total of 53.9 Gb clean data were obtained from the cDNA library of the pancreas and a total of 29,597 unigenes with an average length of 993.43 bp were generated following de novo sequence assembly. The expression levels of D-3-phosphoglyceratedehydrogenase, phosphoserine aminotransferase, phosphoserine phosphatase, which are involved in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway, were significantly downregulated in the pancreatitis-type DHAV-1-infected group compared with those of the classical type DHAV-1-infected group.Conclusion: These findings provide information regarding differential expression levels of metabolism-associated genes between pancreatitis-type DHAV-1 and classical type DHAV-1, indicating that intensive metabolism disorders may contribute to different subtypes of DHAV-1-infection.
Gamification as an entrepreneur well-being intervention: A study protocol for a single-blinded randomised controlled trial
Authors: Naqvi Waqar M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Entrepreneurs usually work for long hours resulting in exhaustion, stress, and burnout. The prevalent symptoms of burnout are reduced levels of physical and mental energy, reduced job efficiency and diminished productivity. Therefore, it is important to improve the health of entrepreneurs. Gamification has a positive relationship with improvements in health and well-being as it influences positive experiences and satisfaction. This trial aims to study how 30-minutes of virtual reality game use via Kinect Azure and Oculus platforms 3-times per week, for 4 weeks, relates to differences in entrepreneur stress, burnout, subjective life quality, and downstream firm performance. We will recruit entrepreneurs over the age of 18 for the gamification analysis. Analysis of previous power using G*Power will determine the sample size. We will divide the participants into 3 groups, wherein Group A will undergo gamification on the Kinect platform, Group B will undergo the Oculus Quest intervention, and Group C will be the control group. We will conduct the study at two sites, one at the HuMen research. The outcome measures include a five-point Likert scale for measuring entrepreneurial stress, burnout-measuring scale (BMS) for burnout, five-point Likert scale for performance and SF-12 for Quality of life. Since current strains pave ways to future accomplishment, entrepreneurs' eudemonic well-being might particularly relate to forward-looking challenge stressors and burnouts. The results will provide an insight into how gamification could help entrepreneurs to deal with work stress and maintain high well-being.
Exploring overcrowding trends in an inner city emergence department in the UK before and during COVID-19 epidemic
Authors: Panovska-Griffiths Jasmina , Ross Jack , Elkhodair Samer , Baxter-Derrington Christopher , Laing Chris , Raine Rosalind 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundWe compared impact of three pre-COVID-19 interventions and of the COVID-19 UK-epidemic and the first UK national lockdown on overcrowding within University College London Hospital Emergency Department (UCLH ED). The three interventions: target the influx of patients at ED (A), reduce the pressure on in-patients’ beds (B) and improve ED processes to improve the flow of patents out from ED (C).MethodsWe analysed the change in overcrowding metrics (daily attendances, the proportion of people leaving within four hours of arrival (four-hours target) and the reduction in overall waiting time) across three analysis. The first analysis used data 01/04/2017-31/12-2019 to calculate changes over a period of six months before and after the start of interventions A-C. The second and third analyses focused on evaluating the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, comparing the first 10 months in 2020 and 2019, and of the first national lockdown (23/03/2020-31/05/2020).ResultsPre-COVID-19 all interventions led to small reductions in waiting time (17%, p<0.001 for A and C;9%, p=0.322 for B) but also to a small decrease in the number of patients leaving within four hours of arrival (6.6%,7.4%,6.2% respectively A-C,p<0.001).In presence of the COVID-19 pandemic, attendance and waiting time were reduced (40% and 8%;p<0.001), and the number of people leaving within four hours of arrival was increased (6%,p<0.001). During the first lockdown, there was 65% reduction in attendance, 22% reduction in waiting time and 8% increase in number of people leaving within 4 hours of arrival (p<0.001). Crucially, when the lockdown was lifted, there was an increase (6.5%,p<0.001) in the percentage of people leaving within four hours, together with a larger (12.5%,p<0.001) decrease in waiting time. This occurred despite the increase of 49.6%(p<0.001) in attendance after lockdown ended.ConclusionsThe mixed results pre-COVID-19 (significant improvements in waiting time with some interventions but not improvement in the four-hours target), may be due to a ‘spill-over effect’ where clogging up one part of the ED system affects other parts. Hence multifaceted interventions and a system-wide approach to improve the pathway of flow through the ED system is necessary.During 2020 and in presence of the COVID-19 epidemic, a shift in public behaviour with anxiety over attending hospitals and higher use of virtual consultations, led to notable drop in UCLH ED attendance and consequential curbing of overcrowding.Importantly, once the lockdown was lifted, although there was an increase in arrivals at UCLH ED, overcrowding metrics were reduced. Thus, the combination of shifted public behaviour and the restructuring changes during COVID-19 epidemic, maybe be able to curb future ED overcrowding, but longer timeframe analysis is required to confirm this.
Trapping and amplification of unguided mode EMIC waves in the radiation belt
Authors: Wang Geng , Gao Zhonglei , Wu Mingyu , Wang Guoqiang , Xiao Sudong , Chen Yuanqiang , Zou Zhengyang , Zhang Tielong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can cause the scattering loss of the relativistic electrons in the earth's radiation belt. They can be classified into the guided mode and the unguided mode, according to waves propagation behavior. The guided mode waves have been widely investigated in the radiation belt, but the observation of the unguided mode waves have not been expected. Based on the observations of Van Allen Probes, we demonstrate for the first time the existence of the intense unguided mode EMIC waves. The reflection interface formed by the spatial locations of local helium cutoff frequencies can be nearly parallel to the equatorial plane when the proton abundance ratio decreases sharply with L-shell. This structure combined with the anisotropic hot protons can lead to the trapping and significant amplification of the unguided mode waves. These results may help to understand the nature of EMIC waves in the radiation belt.
Association of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors With Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma in Kenyan Children
Authors: Muriuki Beatrice , Forconi Catherine , Oluoch Peter , Bailey Jeffrey , Ghansah Anita , Moormann Ann , Ong'echa John 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is an aggressive pediatric B cell lymphoma, common in Equatorial Africa. Co-infections with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Plasmodium falciparum, coupled with c-myc translocation are involved in eBL etiology. Infection-induced immune evasion mechanisms to avoid T cell cytotoxicity may increase the role of Natural killer (NK) cells in anti-tumor immunosurveillance. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes on NK cells exhibit genotypic and allelic variations and are associated with susceptibility to diseases and malignancies. However, their role in eBL pathogenesis remains undefined. This retrospective study genotyped sixteen KIR genes and compared their frequencies in eBL patients (n=104) and healthy geographically-matched children (n=104) using sequence-specific primers polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) technique. The relationship between KIR polymorphisms with EBV loads and eBL pathogenesis was investigated. Possession of ≥4 activating KIRs predisposed individuals to eBL (OR=3.340; 95% CI 1.530-7.825; p=0.004). High EBV levels were observed in Bx haplogroup (p=0.016) and AB genotypes (p=0.049) relative to AA haplogroup and AA genotype respectively, in eBL patients but not in healthy controls. Our results suggest that KIR- mediated NK cell stimulation could mute EBV control, contributing to eBL pathogenesis.
Network Governance Theory as Basic Pattern for Promoting Financial Support System of the Poor in Iranian Health System
Authors: Etemadi Manal , Kenis Patrick , Ashtarian Kioomars , Kangarani Hannaneh Mohammadi , Gorji Hasan Abolghasem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: The share of out-of-pocket payments in Iranian families have the greatest burden on the poor and lead to impoverishment caused by catastrophic health expenditures. It increased pressure on households’ budget, delayed treatment, distrust of health insurance systems, and rapid poverty growth in Iranian society. In order to improve access of the poor to public resources, it is necessary to create better governance system and effective policy-making. In this article, we are looking for a theoretical framework to overcome the challenges of Iranian health network. Based on network governance theory, the purpose of this study is to improve network effectiveness of Iranian health system and to design a financial protection network for the poor.Methods: we are using both qualitative and quantitative method with a network analysis approach. To draw an optimal network, we conducted interviews with experts by focusing on the arrangement and relationship among different institutions. The research sample was purposefully selected. We used UCINET software for data analysis and NetDraw software to draw networks.Results: In this article, the authors propose an optimal network with following characteristics. First, the problem of density of relationships among several central institutions and the isolation of the other institutions have been solved. Second, in our model, the relationships have been distributed in a balanced manner among all institutions in the network. Third, the number of participants has been reduced and consensus on poor people support policies has been achieved in this optimal network. Forth, executive organizations keep their central positions and upper institutions are not at the central position, so that the power is distributed in favor of more balanced governance. However, in order to increase efficiency and to have coherent decision-making, it is necessary to establish a “core” for this optimal network. The “core” has to include the organizations with the most relationship with others.Conclusion: The result revealed that the usefulness of network analysis as a tool for proposing an effectiveness of governance. By strengthening the relationship among the main actors, an organized system of network management can be achieved. The network has to include all actors from different levels, from policy-making to implementation. The network also has to clarify the tasks from identifying the poor to covering costs. From an academic perspective, this study showed the adequacy of network analysis as a tool for policy sciences. Governance in our optimal health financial protection model follows the shared-governance pattern due to its high density, low centralization and distance. The model of network governance can be the source of changes in health governance system. It is a necessary structural condition to provide access to universal health coverage.
BCL-xL is Correlated With Disease Severity in Neonatal Infants With Sepsis
Authors: Wu Wenshen , Peng Qi , Huang Tianli , Liao Jinfen , Li Ning 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective: to investigate the association between disease severity in patients with sepsis and TNF-a, B cell lymphoma-extra-large (BCL-xL), and serum Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Methods: we investigated the correlation between SNAP-II score and levels of TNF-α, BCL-xL, and MMP-index, respectively. The receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) was to assess the diagnostic value of the the Bcl - xL in the diagnosis of the of septic shock. Results: A total of 37 children were diagnosed with sepsis. SNAP-II was positively correlated with the level of BCL-xL (r=0.450, P =0.006). The area under the BCL-xL curve was 83.0%, and the 95% CI was 67.1–93.3%. The septic shock threshold was >3.022 ng/mL, and the sensitivity and specificity were 75.0% and 95.2%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 92.3%, and the negative predictive value was 83.3%. Furthermore, the level of SNAP-II was >10, and BCL-xL was >3.022 ng/mL as the threshold, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of septic shock were 93.8%, 95.2%, 93.8%, and 95.2%, respectively. Conclusion: A correlation has been established between SNAP II and neonatal prognosis. The combination of BCL-xL and SNAP-II was more sensitive and specific than the BCL-xL to predict neonatal sepsis outcomes.
Self-administered Succus Entericus Reinfusion before Ileostomy Closure improves short-term outcomes
Authors: Liu Zhen , Fang Liang , Lv Liang , Niu Zhaojian , Hou Litao , Chen Dong , Zhou Yanbing , Guo Dong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective: The study aims to assess whether reinfusion of succus entericus prior to ileostomy closure can decrease postoperative length of stay and ameliorate low anterior resection score. Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis based on prospectively collected data. Patients were screened from May 2016 to November 2019. A total of 30 patients who underwent Reinfusion with Succus Entericus (SER) were enrolled in the SER group and 42 patients without SER were enrolled in the non-SER group. Results: There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative ileus between Succus Entericus Reinfusion (SER) group and the control group. Time to first passage of flatus or stool after surgery in the SER group (27.9 ± 1.10 hours) is significantly shorter than the control group (32.3 ± 0.97, hours p= 0.004). Compared with the control group (5.52 (4.0-7.0)days), postoperative length of stay in the SER group was 4.90 (3.0-7.0)days (p= 0.009). As for low anterior resection score(LARS), the SER group had a lower score 1 week after discharge than the control group (p=0.034). However, 1 month after discharge, the LARS in the two groups had no significant difference. Conclusions: Self-administered succus entericus reinfusion is a feasible prehabilitation management for outpatients and can improve better outcomes. Compared with non-reinfusion group, succus enterius reinfusion group displays significantly shorter time for gastrointestinal function recovery and postoperative hospital stay without increasing complication, and it can bring better quality of life in a short term.
Feasibility of Implementing Recommendations to Improve Neglected Tropical Diseases Surveillance and Response in Kenya: A Modified Delphi Study
Authors: Ng'etich Arthur , Voyi Kuku , Mutero Clifford 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Effective health information systems are critical towards achieving timely response to preventive chemotherapy targeted neglected tropical diseases (PC-NTDs) and eventual elimination. Endemic countries should initiate disease control programmes coupled with strengthened health systems that enable prompt case detection and effective response to halt disease transmission and prevent probable outbreaks. This study aimed to assess the importance and feasibility of implementing recommendations for improving surveillance core, support and attribute functions concerning PC-NTDs in Kenya.Methods: A descriptive web-based Delphi process comprising of two survey rounds was used to achieve group consensus. In the first round, participants were enrolled to complete a five-point likert-type self-administered electronic questionnaire comprising of 60 statements across 12 sub-domains on the importance of recommendations. In the second round, participants reappraised their responses following completion of a questionnaire with rephrased statements on feasibility of implementing the recommendations to improve PC-NTDs surveillance and response. Data from both rounds were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis performed for the open-ended responses. Results: Sixty-two key stakeholders actively involved in surveillance and response activities in seven PC-NTDs endemic counties in Kenya were invited to participate. Of these, 50/62 completed the first round (81% response rate) and 45/50 completed the second round (90% response rate). Consensus was achieved (defined as >70% agreement) on the importance (93%) of recommendation statements and feasibility (77%) of implementing the recommendations. Stakeholders agreed on the importance and feasibility of specific recommendations across the 12 sub-domains: case detection and registration, reporting, data analysis, feedback, epidemic preparedness and response, supervision, training, resources, simplicity, acceptability, stability and flexibility. However, there was lack of consensus on the practicability of availing case registers specific for PC-NTDs (42%), confirming all cases (29%), conducting routine data analysis (31%), increasing supervisory visits (22%), involving all health workers in surveillance training (16%), retaining trained surveillance staff (27%) and increasing the number of designated surveillance personnel (38%). Conclusion: Consensus among surveillance system stakeholders on implementation of the forty-six practical recommendations will inform development of a logical framework to guide decisions on strengthening specific surveillance components within the existing surveillance system in view of PC-NTDs in Kenya.
Death Risk Analysis for Patients With Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia
Authors: Dai Hui , Huang Renjun , Feng Mengmeng , Shang Yalei , Huang Jian’an , Su Nan , Zeng Daxiong , Li Hongmei , Li Yonggang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global pandemic. Information about the death predicting of severe COVID-19 is not clear. Methods: 151 in-patients from January 23th to March 8th 2020 were divided into severe and critically severe group, as well as survival and death group. The analysis of differences of clinical and imaging data were performed between groups. The logistic regression analysis of factors associated with death in COVID-19 were conducted, and the prediction model of death risk was developed.Results: Many clinical and imaging indices were significantly different between groups, including the age, the epidemic history, the past medical history, the duration of symptoms prior to admission, blood routine, inflammatory related factors, Na+, myocardial zymogram, liver and renal function, coagulation function, fraction of inspired oxygen and complications. The proportion of patients in imaging stage III and comprehensive CT scores was increased significantly in death group. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of the prediction model was 0.9593.Conclusions: The clinical and imaging data reflect the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. The prediction model of death risk might be a promising method to help clinicians to quickly identify and screen potential individuals who had a high-risk of death.