bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priming of carbon decomposition in 27 dairy grazed soils after bovine urine additions
Authors: Lambie S. M. , Mason N. W. H. , Mudge P. L. 
Published: November 2021

Context Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a vital role in carbon (C) storage and agricultural sustainability. Additions of bovine urine to soils can cause positive priming of soil C decomposition and represents a pathway for SOM loss. However, data is limited to a few soils. Aims We investigated the priming response to bovine urine of 27 dairy grazed pasture soils from the North Island of New Zealand. Methods Soils from Allophanic, Gley, Recent and Brown soil orders were collected. 14C-labelled dairy cow urine was applied (1000 kg N ha−1) to undisturbed soil cores and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes measured (25°C) for 21 days. Urine applications were repeated, and CO2 measured for a further 21 days (25°C). Water was the control treatment. Key results CO2 fluxes rapidly increased after both urine additions by 86 ± 1% 24 h after the first urine addition, and 68 ± 4% after the second. Positive, negative and no priming were observed, and the mean absolute deviation of priming ranged between 200 and 1000 μg C g−1, and variability was greater after the second urine addition. Urine induced changes in pH and electrical conductivity (EC) had no effect on priming, and soil C contents were correlated to cumulative CO2, but not priming, and varied over time. Conclusions Factors affecting soil priming remain elusive and priming was highly variable within and between soil types. Implications The impacts of bovine urine on C pools requires further investigation to determine if, or when, urine patches are potential pathways for soil C loss.
The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing
Authors: Schrimpf Martin , Blank Idan Asher , Tuckute Greta , Kauf Carina , Hosseini Eghbal A. , Kanwisher Nancy , Tenenbaum Joshua B. , Fedorenko Evelina 
Published: November 2021

SignificanceLanguage is a quintessentially human ability. Research has long probed the functional architecture of language in the mind and brain using diverse neuroimaging, behavioral, and computational modeling approaches. However, adequate neurally-mechanistic accounts of how meaning might be extracted from language are sorely lacking. Here, we report a first step toward addressing this gap by connecting recent artificial neural networks from machine learning to human recordings during language processing. We find that the most powerful models predict neural and behavioral responses across different datasets up to noise levels. Models that perform better at predicting the next word in a sequence also better predict brain measurements—providing computationally explicit evidence that predictive processing fundamentally shapes the language comprehension mechanisms in the brain.
In-cell structures of conserved supramolecular protein arrays at the mitochondria–cytoskeleton interface in mammalian sperm
Authors: Leung Miguel Ricardo , Zenezini Chiozzi Riccardo , Roelofs Marc C. , Hevler Johannes F. , Ravi Ravi Teja , Maitan Paula , Zhang Min , Henning Heiko , Bromfield Elizabeth G. , Howes Stuart C. , Gadella Bart M. , Heck Albert J. R. , Zeev-Ben-Mordehai Tzviya 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Spatial organization of mitochondria is vital for cellular function. In many specialized cell types, mitochondria are immobilized at specific subcellular loci through interactions with the cytoskeleton. One of the most striking mitochondrial configurations occurs in mammalian sperm, where mitochondria wrap around the flagellum. Malformation of the mitochondrial sheath causes infertility, but the molecular structures underlying this intricate arrangement are unknown. Here, we analyzed the mitochondrial sheath in sperm from three mammalian species. We find that although mitochondrial dimensions and cristae architecture vary across species, molecular assemblies mediating intermitochondria and mitochondria–cytoskeleton interactions are conserved. These findings yield important insight into sperm physiology and evolution and are relevant for other polarized cell types, such as muscles, neurons, photoreceptors, and hair cells.
Photons from relativistic nuclear collisions
Authors: Vormann Hannah , Reichert Tom , Spieles Christian , Steinheimer Jan , Bleicher Marcus 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Collisions of atomic nuclei at relativistic velocities allow us to recreate the conditions encountered in neutron stars or in the early Universe micro-seconds after the Big Bang. These reactions are performed in today’s largest accelerator facilities, e.g. at CERN in Geneva, at the relativistic heavy ion collider at Brookhaven, NY or in the planned FAIR facility in Darmstadt Germany. During such a collision the matter is heated to hundreds of MeV (billions of degrees) and compressed to densities of 3–10 times the density inside ordinary atomic nuclei (i.e. 1017–1018 kg m−3). Usually these collisions are studied via the measurement of a multitude of strongly interacting particles, called hadrons, that are emitted at the end of the collision. However, some photons are also created. These photons are of special interest as they allow us to look into the early stage of the collisions. This is because they only interact electro-magnetically with the hadrons of the created fireball, which is a much weaker interaction compared to the strong interaction. This paper elucidates the physics of the photons and what can be learned from them.
Photon force microelectromechanical system cantilever combined with a fibre optic system as a measurement technique for optomechanical studies
Authors: Orłowska Karolina , Świadkowski Bartosz , Sierakowski Andrzej , Gotszalk Teodor 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present a metrological measurement technique that is a combination of fibre optic interferometry and a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensor for photon force (PF) measurement with traceability via an electromagnetic method. The main advantage of the presented method is the reference to the current balance, which is the primary mass/force metrological standard. The MEMS cantilever transduces the PF to a deflection that can be compensated with the use of the Lorentz force. This movement is measured with the use of the interferometer and does not require any mechanical calibration. Combining the MEMS current balance system with interferometry is a unique and fully metrological solution. The resolution of the proposed measurement technique is calculated to be 4 pN Hz–0.5 (2% uncertainty). The PF–MEMS used for the investigation is a cantilever with a resolution of 46 fN Hz–0.5, which was calculated from the thermomechanical noise and is far below the resolution limit of the whole system. Because the whole construction is based on a fibre optic system, it does not require any complex adjustment procedure and may work as an optomechanical reference in any metrological laboratory.
The LHC Olympics 2020 a community challenge for anomaly detection in high energy physics
Authors: Kasieczka Gregor , Nachman Benjamin , Shih David , Amram Oz , Andreassen Anders , Benkendorfer Kees , Bortolato Blaz , Brooijmans Gustaaf , Canelli Florencia , Collins Jack H , Dai Biwei , De Freitas Felipe F , Dillon Barry M , Dinu Ioan-Mihail , Dong Zhongtian , Donini Julien , Duarte Javier , Faroughy D A , Gonski Julia , Harris Philip , Kahn Alan , Kamenik Jernej F , Khosa Charanjit K , Komiske Patrick , Le Pottier Luc , Martín-Ramiro Pablo , Matevc Andrej , Metodiev Eric , Mikuni Vinicius , Murphy Christopher W , Ochoa Inês , Park Sang Eon , Pierini Maurizio , Rankin Dylan , Sanz Veronica , Sarda Nilai , Seljak Urŏ , Smolkovic Aleks , Stein George , Suarez Cristina Mantilla , Szewc Manuel , Thaler Jesse , Tsan Steven , Udrescu Silviu-Marian , Vaslin Louis , Vlimant Jean-Roch , Williams Daniel , Yunus Mikaeel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new paradigm for data-driven, model-agnostic new physics searches at colliders is emerging, and aims to leverage recent breakthroughs in anomaly detection and machine learning. In order to develop and benchmark new anomaly detection methods within this framework, it is essential to have standard datasets. To this end, we have created the LHC Olympics 2020, a community challenge accompanied by a set of simulated collider events. Participants in these Olympics have developed their methods using an R&D dataset and then tested them on black boxes: datasets with an unknown anomaly (or not). Methods made use of modern machine learning tools and were based on unsupervised learning (autoencoders, generative adversarial networks, normalizing flows), weakly supervised learning, and semi-supervised learning. This paper will review the LHC Olympics 2020 challenge, including an overview of the competition, a description of methods deployed in the competition, lessons learned from the experience, and implications for data analyses with future datasets as well as future colliders.
Nitrogen retention and ammonia production on tungsten
Authors: Ghiorghiu F. , Aissou T. , Minissale M. , Angot T. , De Temmerman G. , Bisson R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report a systematic study that quantifies nitrogen retention and ammonia production on tungsten and that sheds light on the mechanism for ammonia formation on ITER’s divertor material. Saturation of the nitrogen-implanted layer in polycrystalline tungsten is observed at room temperature for a nitrogen ion fluence in the low 1021 N+ m−2 range. Nitrogen desorption from this N-implanted layer occurs in the 800–1100 K temperature range and exhibits a zero-order kinetics with an activation energy of 1.45 eV and a prefactor of 5 × 1024 m−2 s−1. Following nitrogen and deuterium co-implantation, deuterated ammonia production is observed during temperature programmed desorption between 350 K and 650 K in conjunction with deuterium desorption. In contrast, nitrogen desorption still occurs above 800 K. Significant production of ammonia is obtained only when the nitrogen layer created by ion implantation is approaching saturation and the amount of nitrogen lost to ammonia production is only in the percent range. This result is understood by repeating cycles of deuterium implantation and thermo-desorption below the desorption temperature of the nitrogen layer. The exponential decay of the amount of produced ammonia with cycle number demonstrates that nitrogen diffusion to the surface is negligible in the ammonia production temperature range and that ammonia formation occurs at the outermost surface layer. The maximum quantity of ammonia produced from the present N implanted layer is below 2 × 1018 ND3 m−2, which is limited by the nitrogen atom surface density. Surface vibrational spectroscopy demonstrates the presence of ammonia precursors on the nitrogen-implanted tungsten surface upon deuterium implantation. These ammonia precursors can be created also at room temperature through the dissociative chemisorption of thermal D2 catalysed by nitrogen present at the tungsten surface and, more efficiently, by adsorption of deuterium atoms.
Comment on ‘Carbon Intensity of corn ethanol in the United States: state of the science’
Authors: Spawn-Lee Seth A , Lark Tyler J , Gibbs Holly K , Houghton Richard A , Kucharik Christopher J , Malins Chris , Pelton Rylie E O , Robertson G Philip 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In their recent contribution, Scully et al (2021 Environ. Res. Lett.
16 043001) review and revise past life cycle assessments of corn-grain ethanol’s carbon (C) intensity to suggest that a current ‘central best estimate’ is considerably less than all prior estimates. Their conclusion emerges from selection and recombination of sector-specific greenhouse gas emission predictions from disparate studies in a way that disproportionately favors small values and optimistic assumptions without rigorous justification nor empirical support. Their revisions most profoundly reduce predicted land use change (LUC) emissions, for which they propose a central estimate that is roughly half the smallest comparable value they review (figure 1). This LUC estimate represents the midpoint of (a) values retained after filtering the predictions of past studies based on a set of unfounded criteria; and (b) a new estimate they generate for domestic (i.e. U.S.) LUC emissions. The filter the authors apply endorses a singular means of LUC assessment which they assert as the ‘best practice’ despite a recent unacknowledged review (Malins et al 2020 J. Clean. Prod.
258 120716) that shows this method almost certainly underestimates LUC. Moreover, their domestic C intensity estimate surprisingly suggests that cropland expansion newly sequesters soil C, counter to ecological theory and empirical evidence. These issues, among others, prove to grossly underestimate the C intensity of corn-grain ethanol and mischaracterize the state of our science at the risk of perversely affecting policy outcomes.
Thermodynamics of dissipative coherent states
Authors: Moura A R , Mesquita P D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Almost all traditional physical formalisms are developed by using conservative forces, and the microscopic implementation of dissipation involves a sort of unusual process, mainly in quantum systems. In this work, we study the quantum harmonic model endowed with a non-Hermitian term responsible for dissipation. In addition, we also include an oscillating field that drives the model to a coherent state, which is dominated by fluctuation in a specific frequency, while regular thermal states are lowly occupied. The usual coherent state formalism at zero temperature is extended to treat dissipative models at finite temperature. We define a generating function that is used in the evaluation of the most relevant statistical averages, such as the particle distribution. Then, we successfully employ the developed formalism to discuss two well-known applications; the damped quantum harmonic oscillator, and the precession magnetization in a ferromagnetic sample.
Kurtosis of von Neumann entanglement entropy
Authors: Huang Youyi , Wei Lu , Collaku Bjordis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this work, we study the statistical behavior of entanglement in quantum bipartite systems under the Hilbert–Schmidt ensemble as assessed by the standard measure—the von Neumann entropy. Expressions of the first three exact cumulants of von Neumann entropy are known in the literature. The main contribution of the present work is the exact formula of the corresponding fourth cumulant that controls the tail behavior of the distribution. As a key ingredient in deriving the result, we make use of what we refer to as unsimplifiable summation bases leading to a complete cancellation. In addition to providing further evidence of the conjectured Gaussian limit of the von Neumann entropy, the obtained formula also provides an improved finite-size approximation to the distribution.
Star product for deformed oscillator algebra

Aq(2,ν)

*
Authors: Korybut Anatoly 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An analogue of the Moyal star product is presented for the deformed oscillator algebra. It contains several homotopy-like additional integration parameters in the multiplication kernel generalizing the differential Moyal star product formula exp[iϵ

αβ
∂
α
∂
β
]. Using Pochhammer formula Pochhammer (1890 Math. Ann.
35 495–526), integration over these parameters is carried over a Riemann surface associated with the expression of the type z

x
(1 − z)
y
where x and y are arbitrary real numbers. Procedure for perturbative expansion in deformation parameter for the product is provided.
Amphilimus- vs. zotarolimus-eluting stents in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: the SUGAR trial
Authors: Romaguera Rafael , Salinas Pablo , Gomez-Lara Josep , Brugaletta Salvatore , Gómez-Menchero Antonio , Romero Miguel A , García-Blas Sergio , Ocaranza Raymundo , Bordes Pascual , Kockar Marcelo Jiménez , Salvatella Neus , Jiménez-Díaz Victor A , Alameda Mar , Trillo Ramiro , Lee Dae Hyun , Martín Pedro , López-Benito María , Freites Alfonso , Pascual-Tejerina Virginia , Hernández-Hernández Felipe , Blanco Bruno García del , Mohandes Mohsen , Bosa Francisco , Pinar Eduardo , Roura Gerard , Comin-Colet Josep , Fernández-Ortiz Antonio , Macaya Carlos , Rossello Xavier , Sabate Manel , Pocock Stuart J , Gómez-Hospital Joan A ,   SUGAR trial investigators, Salazar Carlos H , Ortega-Paz Luis , de la Torre Hernández José M , de Prado Armando Pérez , Sanchis Juan , Ojeda Soledad , Ferreiro José L , Gracida Montserrat , Fuentes Lara , Teruel Luis , Muntané-Carol Guillem , Castillo-Poyo Rocío , Jiménez-Quevedo Pilar , Cequier Angel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aim
Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk of adverse events after percutaneous revascularization, with no differences in outcomes between most contemporary drug-eluting stents. The Cre8 EVO stent releases a formulation of sirolimus with an amphiphilic carrier from laser-dug wells, and has shown clinical benefits in diabetes. We aimed to compare Cre8 EVO stents to Resolute Onyx stents (a contemporary polymer-based zotarolimus-eluting stent) in patients with diabetes.

Methods and results
We did an investigator-initiated, randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded trial at 23 sites in Spain. Eligible patients had diabetes and required percutaneous coronary intervention. A total of 1175 patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive Cre8 EVO or Resolute Onyx stents. The primary endpoint was target-lesion failure, defined as a composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically indicated target-lesion revascularization at 1-year follow-up. The trial had a non-inferiority design with a 4% margin for the primary endpoint. A superiority analysis was planned if non-inferiority was confirmed. There were 106 primary events, 42 (7.2%) in the Cre8 EVO group and 64 (10.9%) in the Resolute Onyx group [hazard ratio (HR): 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44–0.96; P non-inferiority &lt; 0.001; P superiority = 0.030]. Among the secondary endpoints, Cre8 EVO stents had significantly lower rate than Resolute Onyx stents of target-vessel failure (7.5% vs. 11.1%, HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46–0.99; P = 0.042). Probable or definite stent thrombosis and all-cause death were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusion
In patients with diabetes, Cre8 EVO stents were non-inferior to Resolute Onyx stents with regard to target-lesion failure composite outcome. An exploratory analysis for superiority at 1 year suggests that the Cre8 EVO stents might be superior to Resolute Onyx stents with regard to the same outcome.

Clinical trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03321032.
Ecology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Southeastern United States: Incriminating Vector and Host Species Responsible for Virus Amplification, Persistence, and Dispersal
Authors: Burkett-Cadena Nathan D , Day Jonathan F , Unnasch Thomas R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) is a mosquito-borne pathogen found in eastern North America that causes severe disease in humans and horses. The mosquito Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary enzootic vector of EEEV throughout eastern North America while several mosquito species belonging to diverse genera serve as bridge vectors. The ecology of EEEV differs between northern and southern foci, with respect to phenology of outbreaks, important vertebrate hosts, and bridge vector species. Active transmission is limited to roughly half of the year in northern foci (New York, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut), while year-round transmission occurs in the southeastern region (particularly Florida). Multiple phylogenetic analyses indicate that EEEV strains circulating in northern foci are likely transported from southern foci by migrating birds. Bird species that overwinter or migrate through Florida, are bitten by Cs. melanura in late spring, and arrive at northern breeding grounds in May are the most likely candidates to disperse EEEV northward. Available data indicate that common yellowthroat and green heron satisfy these criteria and could serve as virus dispersers. Understanding the factors that drive the phenology of Cs. melanura reproduction in the south and the timing of avian migration from southern foci could provide insight into how confluence of these biological phenomena shapes outbreaks of EEE throughout its range. This information could be used to develop models predicting the likelihood of outbreaks in a given year, allowing vector control districts to more efficiently marshal resources necessary to protect their stakeholders.
Modeling the Spatial Distribution ofXylella fastidiosa: A Nonstationary Approach with Dispersal Barriers
Authors: Cendoya Martina , Hubel Ana , Conesa David , Vicent Antonio 
Published: November 2021

Spatial species distribution models often assume isotropy and stationarity, implying that spatial dependence is direction-invariant and uniform throughout the study area. However, these assumptions are violated when dispersal barriers are present. Despite this, the issue of nonstationarity has been little explored in the context of plant health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of barriers in the distribution of Xylella fastidiosa in the demarcated area in Alicante, Spain. Occurrence data from 2018 were analyzed through spatial Bayesian hierarchical models. The stationary model, illustrating a scenario without control interventions or geographical features, was compared with three nonstationary models: a model with mountains as physical barriers, and two models with a continuous and discontinuous perimeter barrier representing hypothetical control interventions. In the stationary model, the posterior mean of the spatial range, as the distance where two observations are uncorrelated, was 4,030 m 95% credible interval (2,907 to 5,564). This distance can be used to define the buffer zone in the demarcated area. The predicted probability of X. fastidiosa presence in the area outside the barrier was 0.46 with the stationary model, whereas it was reduced to 0.29 and 0.36 with the continuous and discontinuous barrier models, respectively. Differences between the discontinuous and continuous barrier models showed that breaks, where no control interventions were implemented, resulted in a higher predicted probability of X. fastidiosa presence in the areas with low sampling intensity. These results may help authorities prioritize the areas for surveillance and disease control.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .