bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of diuretics in diuresis renography
Authors: Bäck Anna-Karin , Savvopoulos Christos , Geijer Håkan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this systematic literature review was to obtain an overview of when to administer the diuretics in relation to the radiopharmaceutical during a diuresis renography.

Methods
A systematic literature search was performed in three different databases (Embase, PubMed/Medline and Cochrane Library) together with an information specialist. The review question was: when should diuretics be administered in relation to the radiopharmaceutical in a diuresis renography? Studies of adults were included together with guidelines published in collaboration with an organization.

Results
Seventeen articles and four guidelines were retrieved in the literature search. The F − 15 method (diuretics administered 15 min before the radiopharmaceutical) was the one that was studied and described most and was compared with other time points for diuretic administration. The retrieved articles and guidelines report of advantages with different time points for diuretics. Both F − 15 and F + 0 are reported to clarify washout in equivocal cases compared to F + 20.

Conclusion
No consensus could be found for a preferred time point of diuretics administration during a diuresis renography.
Spatial Variation in Contraceptive Practice Across the Districts of India, 1998–2016
Authors: Joshi Shareen , Uttamacharya  , Borkotoky Kakoli , Gautam Abhishek , Datta Nitin , Achyut Pranita , Nanda Priya , Verma Ravi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIndia is currently one of the most demographically diverse regions of the world. Fertility and mortality rates are known to show considerable variation at the level of regions, states and districts. Little is known however, about the spatial variations of the contraceptive usage—a critical variable that is relevant to fertility as well as health policy. This paper uses data from four national population-based household surveys conducted between 1998 and 2016 to explore district-level variations in the contraceptive prevalence rate. We find no clear evidence of convergence. The gap between the best and worst performing districts is more than 70 percent across the four rounds and does not diminish over time. We also find considerable evidence of spatial clustering across districts. Districts with high prevalence concentrate in Southern states and more recently, in the Northeast of the country. Our analysis suggests that female literacy and health care infrastructure are important correlates of spatial clusters. This suggests that investments in women’s human capital and health-care infrastructure play a role in expanding women’s opportunities to time their births.
Experimental investigation and mathematical modelling of batch and semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of cellulose at high concentrations and long residence times
Authors: Bolaji I. O. , Dionisi D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the context of the anaerobic digestion of slowly biodegradable substrates for energy and chemicals production, this study investigated the anaerobic digestion of cellulose without any chemical pre-treatments using open (undefined) mixed microbial cultures. The anaerobic conversion of cellulose was investigated in extended-length (run length in the range 518–734 days) batch and semi-continuous runs (residence time 20–80 days), at high cellulose concentration (20–40 g L−1), at temperatures of 25 and 35 °C. The maximum cellulose removal was 77% in batch (after 412 days) and 60% (at 80 days residence time) in semi-continuous experiments. In semi-continuous experiments, cellulose removal increased as the residence time increased however the cellulose removal rate showed a maximum (0.17 g L−1 day−1) at residence time 40–60 days. Both cellulose removal and removal rate decreased when cellulose concentration in the feed was increased from 20 to 40 g L−1. Liquid-phase products (ethanol and short chain organic acids) were only observed under transient conditions but not at the steady state of semi-continuous runs. Most of the observed results were well described by a mathematical model which included cellulose hydrolysis and growth on the produced glucose. The model provided insight into the physical phenomena behind the observed results.
Research on parameter matching characteristics of pneumatic launch systems based on co-simulation
Authors: Zhang Z. , Peng Y. , Wei X. , Nie H. , Chen H. , Li L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPneumatic launch systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), including mechanical and pneumatic systems, are complex and non-linear. They are subjected to system parameters during launch, which leads to difficulty in engineering research analysis. For example, the mismatch between the UAV parameters and the parameter design indices of the launch system as well as the unclear design indices of the launching speed and overload of UAVs have a great impact on launch safety. Considering this situation, some studies are presented in this paper. Taking the pneumatic launch system as a research object, a pneumatic launcher dynamic simulation model is built based on co-simulation considering the coupling characteristics of the mechanical structure and transmission system. Its accuracy was verified by laboratory test results. Based on this model, the paper shows the effects of the key parameters, including the mass of the UAV, cylinder volume, pressure and moment of inertia of the pulley block, on the performance of the dynamic characteristics of the launch process. Then, a method for matching the parameter characteristics between the UAV and launch system based on batch simulation is proposed. The set of matching parameter values of the UAV and launch system that satisfy the launch take-off safety criteria are calculated. Finally, the influence of the system parameters of the launch process on the launch performance was analysed in detail, and the design optimised. Meaningful conclusions were obtained. The analysis method and its results can provide a reference for engineering and theoretical research and development of pneumatic launch systems.
Coevolution of actions, personal norms and beliefs about others in social dilemmas
Authors: Gavrilets Sergey 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman decision-making is affected by a diversity of factors including material cost–benefit considerations, normative and cultural influences, learning and conformity with peers and external authorities (e.g. cultural, religious, political, organisational). Also important are dynamically changing personal perceptions of the situation and beliefs about actions and expectations of others as well as psychological phenomena such as cognitive dissonance and social projection. To better understand these processes, I develop a unifying modelling framework describing the joint dynamics of actions and attitudes of individuals and their beliefs about the actions and attitudes of their groupmates. I consider which norms get internalised and which factors control beliefs about others. I predict that the long-term average characteristics of groups are largely determined by a balance between material payoffs and the values promoted by the external authority. Variation around these averages largely reflects variation in individual costs and benefits mediated by individual psychological characteristics. The efforts of an external authority to change the group behaviour in a certain direction can, counter-intuitively, have an opposite effect on individual behaviour. I consider how various factors can affect differences between groups and societies in the tightness/looseness of their social norms. I show that the most important factors are social heterogeneity, societal threat, effects of authority, cultural variation in the degree of collectivism/individualism, the population size and the subsistence style. My results can be useful for achieving a better understanding of human social behaviour and historical and current social processes, and in developing more efficient policies aiming to modify social behaviour.
Characterization of Philippine natural bentonite
Authors: Olegario Eleanor M. , Gili Mon Bryan Z. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Philippine natural bentonite is characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), chemical analysis, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was also measured. XRD shows that the mineral is composed primarily of mordenite, hectorite, and montmorillonite. SEM shows the flaky and porous structure of the bentonite powder. Chemical analyses show that SiO2 (47.90 wt%) and Al2O3 (14.02 wt%) are the major components of the clay. TG-DSC shows that the mineral contains 15.55% moisture. IR transmittance spectrum shows the common vibration bands present in the sample which include O–H stretching of inter-porous water, symmetric and asymmetric stretching of hydroxyl functional groups, asymmetrical stretching of internal tetrahedra (O–Si–O and O–Al–O), symmetrical stretching of external linkages, and so on. The measured CEC were found to be 91.37 and 43.01 meq/100 g according to the ammonium acetate method and barium acetate method, respectively.
Smoothing toroidal crossing spaces
Authors: Felten Simon , Filip Matej , Ruddat Helge 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We prove the existence of a smoothing for a toroidal crossing space under mild assumptions. By linking log structures with infinitesimal deformations, the result receives a very compact form for normal crossing spaces. The main approach is to study log structures that are incoherent on a subspace of codimension 2 and prove a Hodge–de Rham degeneration theorem for such log spaces that also settles a conjecture by Danilov. We show that the homotopy equivalence between Maurer–Cartan solutions and deformations combined with Batalin–Vilkovisky theory can be used to obtain smoothings. The construction of new Calabi–Yau and Fano manifolds as well as Frobenius manifold structures on moduli spaces provides potential applications.
Narrative and gender as mutually constituted meaning-making systems
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Grysman Azriel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBoth gender and narrative are foundational to the ways in which humans engage in meaning-making. Arguing from evolutionary, psychological and feminist theoretical perspectives, we posit that narratives and gender are culturally mediated mutually constituted meaning-making systems: Narratives are defined through gender and gender is defined through narrative. To contextualise this argument, we define ‘narrative’ and ‘gender’ and review the extant literature on how gender is expressed in culturally mediated master narratives and how narratives are performed differently by women and men. Our core argument is that the very act of narrating is a gendered activity that constructs, represents and narrates gender as a primary category of human existence, and these fundamentally gendered ways of narrating then construct, define and reify gendered ways of being in the world.
On calibrating the completometer for the mammalian fossil record
Authors: Žliobaitė Indrė , Fortelius Mikael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe know that the fossil record is incomplete. But how incomplete? Here we very coarsely estimate the completeness of the mammalian record in the Miocene, assuming that the duration of a mammalian species is about 1 Myr and the species diversity has stayed constant and is structurally comparable to the taxonomic diversity today. The overall completeness under these assumptions appears to be around 4%, but there are large differences across taxonomic groups. We find that the fossil record of proboscideans and perissodactyls as we know it for the Miocene must be close to complete, while we might know less than 15% of the species of artiodactyl or carnivore fossil species and only about 1% of primate species of the Miocene. The record of small mammals appears much less complete than that of large mammals.
Acute supplementation with whey protein or collagen does not alter appetite in healthy women: a randomised double-blind and crossover pilot study
Authors: Duarte Giovanna M. F. , de Freitas Ketolly V. , Marini Ana C. B. , Giglio Bruna M. , Fernandes Renata C. , Lobo Patrícia C. B. , Mota João F. , Pimentel Gustavo D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractProtein quality has an important role in increasing satiety. Evidence suggests that whey protein (WP) provides satiety via gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Hydrolysed collagen supplementation can also stimulate the production of incretins and influence satiety and food intake. Thus, we sought to compare the effect of acute supplementation of WP or hydrolysed collagen on post-intervention appetite and energy consumption. This was a randomised, double-blind, crossover pilot study with ten healthy adult women (22·4 years/old) who were submitted to acute intake (single dose) of a beverage containing WP (40 g of concentrated WP) or hydrolysed collagen (40 g). Subjective appetite ratings (feelings of hunger, desire to eat and full stomach) were measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), energy intake was quantified by ad libitum cheese bread consumption 2 hours after supplementation and blood was collected for leptin and glucose determination. There was no difference between treatment groups in the perception of hunger (P = 0·983), desire to eat (P = 0·326), full stomach feeling (P = 0·567) or food consumption (P = 0·168). Leptin concentrations at 60 min post supplementation were higher when subjects received hydrolysed collagen (P = 0·006). Acute supplementation with hydrolysed collagen increased leptin levels in comparison with WP, but had no effect on appetite measured by feelings of hunger, desire to eat, full stomach feeling (VAS) or energy consumption.
Positive solutions for a degenerate Kirchhoff problem
Authors: Arcoya David , Santos Júnior João R. , Suárez Antonio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBy assuming that the Kirchhoff term has $K$ degeneracy points and other appropriated conditions, we have proved the existence of at least $K$ positive solutions other than those obtained in Santos Júnior and Siciliano [Positive solutions for a Kirchhoff problem with vanishing nonlocal term, J. Differ. Equ. 265 (2018), 2034–2043], which also have ordered $H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )$-norms. A concentration phenomena of these solutions is verified as a parameter related to the area of a region under the graph of the reaction term goes to zero.
Red List assessment of widespread and long-lived species
Authors: Fensham Roderick J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe use of criterion A of the IUCN Red List to categorize species as threatened that have undergone recent decline can lead to the listing of relatively common and widespread species. Loss of habitat through deforestation is a common cause of decline throughout much of the world but is often not incorporated into assessments because of uncertainty about the magnitude of change. A recent assessment of eucalypt species in Australia subject to deforestation provides a method for assessment under criterion A and has implications for listing of long-lived, widespread species affected by deforestation. Scenarios for two widespread eucalypt species subject to extensive deforestation are used to demonstrate how the threat status of a species may be recategorized in a lower threat category as declines resulting from a threatening process are mitigated. I argue that criterion A indicates an appropriate assessment of extinction risk and I provide a simple function based on predicted diminishment of the population decline to identify when a species could be disqualified from a threat category under subcriterion A2 (past decline).
Moral injury and substance use disorders among US combat veterans: results from the 2019–2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Authors: Maguen Shira , Nichter Brandon , Norman Sonya B. , Pietrzak Robert H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundExposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) is associated with increased risk for substance use disorders (SUDs), although population-based studies remain limited. The goal of this study was to better understand the relationships between PMIE exposure and lifetime and past-year alcohol use disorder (AUD), drug use disorder (DUD), and SUD.MethodsData were analyzed from the 2019–2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, which surveyed a nationally representative sample of 1321 combat veterans. Multivariable analyses examined associations between three types of PMIE exposure (perpetration, witnessing, and betrayal), and lifetime and past-year AUD, DUD, and SUD, adjusting for sociodemographic variables, combat exposure severity, prior trauma, and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder.ResultsPerpetration was associated with increased odds of lifetime AUD (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.01–1.31) and lifetime SUD (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.03–1.35). Witnessing was associated with greater odds of past-year DUD (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.04–1.38) and past-year SUD (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02–1.28). Betrayal was associated with past-year AUD (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.03–1.39). A large proportion of the variance in past-year AUD was accounted for by betrayal (38.7%), while witnessing accounted for 25.8% of the variance in past-year DUD.ConclusionsExposure to PMIEs may be a stronger contributor to SUDs among veterans than previously known. These findings highlight the importance of targeted assessment and treatment of moral injury among veterans with SUDs, as well as attending to specific types of morally injurious experiences when conceptualizing and planning care.
Inclusive Trade: Justice, Innovation, or More of the Same?
Authors: Goff Patricia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInclusive trade is taking hold in various forms in international organizations and in the trade policy of national governments. Absent empirical evidence that will take time to generate, it can be difficult to assess the achievements of this new approach to trade. Nancy Fraser's three justice idioms provide a conceptual entry point for evaluating the potential of the inclusive trade agenda. Fraser argues that the contemporary global justice conversation must acknowledge claims for recognition, representation, and redistribution. Applying this conceptualization to the inclusive trade agenda shows that trade agreement provisions intended to favor women and Indigenous peoples go some distance in addressing claims for recognition and representation but accomplish less in remedying injustices associated with maldistribution. Therefore, the inclusive trade agenda does significantly advance global justice for marginalized groups, but works primarily in ways that are political and cultural, not economic.
Participation and Degrees
Authors: Wieland Jan Willem 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhat's wrong with joining corona parties? In this article, I defend the idea that reasons to avoid such parties (or collective harms, more generally) come in degrees. I approach this issue from a participation-based perspective. Specifically, I argue that the more people are already joining the party, and the more likely it is that the virus will spread among everyone, the stronger the participation-based reason not to join. In defense of these degrees, I argue that they covary with the expression of certain attitudes.
Toward Waveform‐Based Characterization of Slab & Mantle Wedge (SAM) Earthquakes
Authors: Halpaap Felix , Rondenay Stéphane , Liu Qinya , Millet Florian , Ottemöller Lars 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEarthquakes in subduction zones occur in the slab mantle, in the subducting crust, on the subduction plate interface, and, in some cases, in the mantle wedge–regions that are separated by strong seismic discontinuities. These discontinuities are typically imaged with techniques using teleseismic waves, while local earthquakes are located based on arrival times. While this combination of imaging and earthquake location provides a good initial overview of where the earthquakes are located, the uncertainties associated with the two approaches are too large (i.e., few kilometers) to robustly identify on which side of a discontinuity (with thickness 100 m) the earthquakes occurred. Here we investigate how the waveforms of local earthquakes, which contain secondary phases arising from wave scattering at discontinuities, can be exploited to determine the source region of subduction zone earthquakes more robustly. Our investigation involves a three‐step approach and includes an application to data from western Greece. First, to identify characteristic secondary phases, we analyzed synthetic seismograms from a generic 2‐D subduction zone. Second, to enhance the visibility of secondary phases in field data, we implemented a workflow to process three‐component seismograms. Third, to identify individual secondary phases in the data, we matched their timing to arrivals computed in a 3‐D velocity model. We identified on average two to three secondary arrivals per station. These include P‐ and S‐reflections from the plate interface which indicate hypocenters in the mantle wedge, and P‐reflections from the slab Moho which indicate hypocenters on the plate interface and in the subducting crust.
Calibration and Uncertainty Quantification of Convective Parameters in an Idealized GCM
Authors: Dunbar Oliver R. A. , Garbuno‐Inigo Alfredo , Schneider Tapio , Stuart Andrew M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractParameters in climate models are usually calibrated manually, exploiting only small subsets of the available data. This precludes both optimal calibration and quantification of uncertainties. Traditional Bayesian calibration methods that allow uncertainty quantification are too expensive for climate models; they are also not robust in the presence of internal climate variability. For example, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods typically require model runs and are sensitive to internal variability noise, rendering them infeasible for climate models. Here we demonstrate an approach to model calibration and uncertainty quantification that requires only model runs and can accommodate internal climate variability. The approach consists of three stages: (a) a calibration stage uses variants of ensemble Kalman inversion to calibrate a model by minimizing mismatches between model and data statistics; (b) an emulation stage emulates the parameter‐to‐data map with Gaussian processes (GP), using the model runs in the calibration stage for training; (c) a sampling stage approximates the Bayesian posterior distributions by sampling the GP emulator with MCMC. We demonstrate the feasibility and computational efficiency of this calibrate‐emulate‐sample (CES) approach in a perfect‐model setting. Using an idealized general circulation model, we estimate parameters in a simple convection scheme from synthetic data generated with the model. The CES approach generates probability distributions of the parameters that are good approximations of the Bayesian posteriors, at a fraction of the computational cost usually required to obtain them. Sampling from this approximate posterior allows the generation of climate predictions with quantified parametric uncertainties.