bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd: Reflective Loss and the Autonomy of Company Law
Authors: Hardman Jonathan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd the Supreme Court considered the ambit of the prohibition on a shareholder recovering losses from third parties for the reduction in the value of their shares or loss of dividend income arising from a wrong suffered by the company. This prohibition on ‘reflective loss’ had been growing in scope in recent years, leading to a lack of clarity as to whether it is taxonomically situated in company law or in private law. The majority in this case situated the prohibition firmly within company law. This note argues that the majority judgment did not go far enough and explores the impact of this case on company law more broadly.
Effect of intestinal dialysis using polyethylene glycol on fluid balance and thirst in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A comparative study
Authors: Bhuwania Puneet , Veerappan Ilangovan , Sethuraman Ramaswami , Rajgopal Ananthasubramaniam 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh inter‐dialytic weight gains (IDWG) and Hyperkalemia have been associated with adverse outcomes like poor quality of life and high mortality. Thirst remains an unsolved problem in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) based intestinal dialysis on IDWG, thirst and biochemical parameters. A prospective interventional evidenced based paired comparative single center study was conducted. Thirty‐five anuric patients on weekly thrice HD were studied for four consecutive dialysis weeks. Before the mid‐week dialysis day of week 3, Patients received 2 L PEG solution. The primary end points were change in mean relative IDWG and change in mean subjective thirst feeling as measured on visual analog scale (VAS) with secondary endpoints being change in small molecule clearance. There was significant reduction in IDWG after the therapy from 3 ± 0.81 L to 2.35 ± 0.72 (P = 0.002). The therapy also reduced the % IDWG BW from 5.1 ± 1.7% to 4.15 ± 1.6% (P = 0.017). No change in thirst was seen, that is, 6.16 ± 0.66, 6.14 ± 0.64, and 6.16 ± 0.65 (P = 0.986). A multivariate linear regression did not reveal any effect of age, gender, and co‐morbidities on the reduction of IDWG and thirst. The therapy achieved a significant urea, creatinine, and potassium reduction of 8.23%, 8.13%, and 8.33% respectively with an increase in sodium levels by 0.86%. This modality reduced the IDWG, was found to be a potent treatment modality for hyperkalemia but did not affect thirst sensation even after consumption of 2 L solution.
Transmission ability of Zika virus with artificially infected Aedes albopictus in Korea
Authors: Yang Sung‐Chan , Lee Hee il , Kim Hyunwoo , Lee Wook‐Gyo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV), a virus mainly occurring in South America, is now globally distributed. Understanding the pathogen transmission cycle in a vector is exceptionally important in developing disease control strategies. In this study, we performed ZIKV microinjection in Aedes albopictus (Skuese), to estimate its vertical and horizontal transmission ability. The virus infection rate was confirmed by real‐time qPCR in the F1 generation derived from the ZIKV‐injected Ae. albopictus. The minimum infection rate (MIR) of the F1 generation was highest when they were injected with the virus at 6–12 h (MIR: 16.1) and lowest at 12–24 h (MIR: 4.7) after feeding. In the developmental stage of the F1 progeny, MIR values were 1.0, 1.3, and 6.7 in each egg, larval, and adult stage, respectively, but ZIKV was not detected in the pupa stage. Virus transmission ability was not significantly different between the collection areas (Tongyeong and Jeju). Ae. albopictus demonstrated a high venereal transmission rate of ZIKV and was detected in males (6 pool/7 pool) and females (6 pool/7 pool), confirming that ZIKV can be transmitted from infected mosquitoes to uninfected mosquitoes via mating. This is the first study of the administration of a ZIKV microinjection to Ae. albopictus in Korea and suggests a possibility of a potential mechanism for the virus to survive during adverse conditions via vertical transmission.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): Radiographic appearances, complications and imaging artefacts for radiologists
Authors: Douraghi‐Zadeh Dariush , Logaraj Anthony , Lazoura Olga , Downey Katherine , Gill Simon , Finney Simon J , Padley Simon 
Published: July 2021

SummaryExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a form of cardiopulmonary support primarily used in cardiothoracic and intensive care unit (ICU) settings. The purpose of this review is to familiarise radiologists with the imaging features of ECMO devices, their associated complications and appropriate imaging protocols for contrast‐enhanced CT imaging of ECMO patients. This paper will provide a brief introduction to ECMO and the imaging modalities utilised in ECMO patients, followed by a description of the types of ECMO available and cannula positioning. Indications and contraindications for ECMO will be outlined followed by a description of the complications associated with ECMO, which radiologists should recognise. Finally, the imaging protocol and interpretation of contrast‐enhanced CT imaging in ECMO patients will be discussed. In the current clinical climate with millions of COVID‐19 cases around the world and tens of thousands of critically ill patients, many requiring cardiopulmonary support in intensive care units, the use of ECMO in adults has increased, and thus so has the volume of imaging. Radiologists need to be familiar with the types of ECMO available, the correct positioning of the catheters depending on the type of ECMO being utilised, and the associated complications and imaging artefacts.
Chronological and Geochemical Study of the Cenozoic Potassic Felsic Igneous Rocks in Western Yunnan, SE Tibet: Implications for their Tectonic Mechanisms
Authors: TANG Wanli , CHEN Jianlin , TAN Rongyu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhether there is a relationship between widespread Cenozoic igneous rocks and the activated Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone (ASRR) in western Yunnan, SE Tibet, remains highly controversial. New geochronological, and geochemical data derived from Cenozoic igneous rocks both within and far from the ASRR offers answers. Although these coeval felsic rocks (36.9–33.5 Ma) are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements relative to high field strength elements, they also display some special geochemical features, such as high Y and Yb values of syenitic porphyries, which contrast with the high Sr and low Y contents of monzoporphyries and granitic porphyries. The syenitic porphyries exhibit geochemical characteristics similar to those of coeval mafic magmas, e.g., high K2O, Y, and Yb contents, indicating that the former were probably generated by fractional crystallization of the latter. However, the high Sr/Y (56.1–109) monzoporphyries and granitic porphyries, combined with their low MgO, and Cr (or Ni) contents, suggest that they were mainly derived from partial melting of a thickened mafic lower crust. Given that these Cenozoic magmatic events exhibiting planar distributions occurred outside of the activation of the ASRR (31–20 Ma), then they were not controlled by the latter. Instead, they were tied to convective removal of a thickened lower lithospheric mantle in western Yunnan during the Paleogene.
Formation of Foliations and their Related Minerals from Diagenetic to Medium‐grade Metamorphic Rocks: A Case Study of the Hongyanjing and Liao‐Ji Backarc Basins, China
Authors: TIAN Zhonghua , WEN Fei , LIU Fulai , ZHU Haozhong , YE Zhanghuang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDeciphering the relationship between polyphase tectonic foliations and their associated mineral assemblages is significant in understanding the process from diagenesis to low‐/medium‐/high‐grade metamorphism. It can provide information related to strain, metamorphic conditions and overprinting relationships and so help reveal the tectonic evolution of orogenesis. In this study, we predominately focus on the formation of foliations and their related minerals, as developed in two separate basins. First of all, two stages of axial plane cleavages (S1 and S2) were recognized in the Hongyanjing inter‐arc basin, the formation of the S1 axial plane cleavage is associated with mica rotation and elongation in mudstones in the local area. The pencil structure of S2 formed during the refolding phase, the minerals in the sedimentary rocks not changing their shape and orientation. Secondly, in the Liao‐Ji backarc basin, foliations include diagenetic foliation (bedding parallel foliation), tectonic S1 foliation (secondary foliation or axial plane cleavage of S0 folding) and crenulation cleavage (S2). The formation mechanism of foliation changes from mineral rotation or elongation and mineral solution transfer in S1 to crystal‐plastic deformation, dynamic recrystallization and micro‐folding in S2. Many index metamorphic minerals formed from low‐grade to medium‐grade consist of biotites, garnets, staurolite and kyanite, constituting a typical Barrovian metamorphic belt. Accordingly, a new classification of foliation is presented in this study. The foliations can be divided into continuous and disjunctive foliations, based on the existence of microlithons, detectable with the aid of a microscope. Disjunctive foliation can be further sub‐divided into spaced foliation and crenulation cleavage, according to whether (or not) crenulation (micro‐folding) is present. The size of the mineral grains is also significant for classification of the foliations.
Lithium concentration and recurrence risk during maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: Multicenter cohort and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Wei , Carvalho Andre F. , Tsai Shang‐Ying , Wang Liang‐Jen , Tseng Ping‐Tao , Lin Pao‐Yen , Tu Yu‐Kang , Vieta Eduard , Solmi Marco , Hung Chi‐Fa , Kao Hung‐Yu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare differences in efficacy during maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder (BD) according to lithium serum levels. A multicenter retrospective cohort study and a dose‐response meta‐analysis were conducted.MethodsThe cohort study was conducted in Taiwan from 2001 to 2019 to identify patients with euthymic BD according to different serum levels (<0.4, 0.4–0.8, and 0.8–1.2 mmol/L). We adopted adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for time to the recurrence of mood episodes having the <0.4 mmol/L group as the reference group. Moreover, we systematically searched for related articles in major databases before January 31, 2021 (PROSPERO: CRD42021235812). We used random‐effects modeling to estimate the dose‐response relationships between lithium serum levels and recurrence of mood episodes, which were depicted as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs.ResultsA total of 1406 participants (cohort: 466; meta‐analysis: 940) were included. In the cohort study, the 0.4–0.8 mmol/L group was associated with a significantly lower risk of recurrences (aHR: 0.75), while the 0.8–1.2 mmol/L group had a lower risk without statistical significance (aHR: 0.77). The dose‐response meta‐analysis showed that with the increase in lithium serum levels, the risk decreased (linear model OR: 0.85, for every 0.1 mmol/L increase; non‐linear model OR: 1.00 at 0.0 mmol/L, 0.42 at 0.4 mmol/L, and 0.27 at 0.8 mmol/L).ConclusionAlthough confounding by indication cannot be excluded, the combined results suggest a significant preventative effect on the recurrence of major affective episodes among those with serum levels of 0.4–0.8 mmol/L.
Long‐term alcohol drinking in High Drinking in the Dark mice is stable for many months and does not show alcohol deprivation effects
Authors: Crabbe John C. , Hack Wyatt R. , Ozburn Angela R. , Savarese Antonia M. , Metten Pamela 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe have modelled genetic risk for binge‐like drinking by selectively breeding High Drinking in the Dark‐1 and ‐2 (HDID‐1 and HDID‐2) mice for their propensity to reach intoxicating blood alcohol levels (BALs) after binge‐like drinking in a single bottle, limited access paradigm. Interestingly, in standard two‐bottle choice (2BC) tests for continuously available alcohol versus water, HDID mice show modest levels of preference. This indicates some degree of independence of the genetic contributions to risk for binge‐like and sustained, continuous access drinking. We had few data where the drinking in the dark (DID) tests of binge‐like drinking had been repeatedly performed, so we serially offered multiple DID tests to see whether binge‐like drinking escalated. It did not. We also asked whether HDID mice would escalate their voluntary intake with prolonged exposure to alcohol 2BC. They did not. Lastly, we assessed whether an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) developed. ADE is a temporary elevation in drinking typically observed after a period of abstinence from sustained access to alcohol choice. With repetition, these periods of ADE sometimes have led to more sustained elevations in drinking. We therefore asked whether repeated ADE episodes would elevate choice drinking in HDID mice. They did not. After nearly 500 days of alcohol access, the intake of HDID mice remained stable. We conclude that a genetically‐enhanced high risk for binge‐like drinking is not sufficient to yield alterations in long‐term alcohol intake.
New means, new measures: assessing prescription drug‐seeking indicators over 10 years of the opioid epidemic
Authors: Perry Brea L. , Odabaş Meltem , Yang Kai‐Cheng , Lee Byungkyu , Kaminski Patrick , Aronson Brian , Ahn Yong‐Yeol , Oser Carrie B. , Freeman Patricia R. , Talbert Jeffrey C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsPrescription drug‐seeking (PDS) from multiple prescribers is a primary means of obtaining prescription opioids; however, PDS behavior has probably evolved in response to policy shifts, and there is little agreement about how to operationalize it. We systematically compared the performance of traditional and novel PDS indicators.DesignLongitudinal study using a de‐identified commercial claims database.SettingUnited States, 2009–18.ParticipantsA total of 318 million provider visits from 21.5 million opioid‐prescribed patients.MeasurementsWe applied binary classification and generalized linear models to compare predictive accuracy and average marginal effect size predicting future opioid use disorder (OUD), overdose and high morphine milligram equivalents (MME). We compared traditional indicators of PDS to a network centrality measure, PageRank, that reflects the prominence of patients in a co‐prescribing network. Analyses used the same data and adjusted for patient demographics, region, SES, diagnoses and health services.FindingsThe predictive accuracy of a widely used traditional measure (N + unique doctors and N + unique pharmacies in 90 days) on OUD, overdose and MME decreased between 2009 and 2018, and performed no better than chance (50% accuracy) after 2015. Binarized PageRank measures however exhibited higher predictive accuracy than the traditional binary measures throughout 2009‐2018. Continuous indicators of PDS performed better than binary thresholds, with days of Rx performing best overall with 77–93% predictive accuracy. For example, days of Rx had the highest average marginal effects on overdose and OUD: a 1 standard deviation increase in days of Rx was associated with a 6–8% [confidence intervals (CIs) = 0.058–0.061 and 0.078–0.082] increase in the probability of overdose and a 4–5% (CIs = 0.038–0.043 and 0.047–0.053) increase in the probability of OUD. PageRank performed nearly as well or better than traditional indicators of PDS, with predictive performance increasing after 2016.ConclusionsIn the United States, network‐based measures appear to have increasing promise for identifying prescription opioid drug‐seeking behavior, while indicators based on quantity of providers or pharmacies appear to have decreasing utility.
From bad to worse: Poverty impacts of food availability responses to weather shocks
Authors: Koo Jawoo , Mamun Abdullah , Martin Will 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSince Amartya Sen's famous work on Poverty and Famines, economists have understood that the impacts of food market shocks on the poor depend much more on their impacts on households’ incomes and access to food than on overall food availability, and that availability‐based policies frequently exacerbate adverse impacts on household welfare. Perhaps because household‐level impacts are not directly observable many policy makers have continued to rely on availability‐oriented policies such as export bans. In the Zambia case considered in this article, export bans imposed in response to an El Niño event appear to have greatly exacerbated the small increase in poverty resulting from the weather shock. The combination of household‐level data and crop models used in this article allows us to assess the impacts of weather and price shocks at the household level, and to evaluate the suitability of availability‐based policies for dealing with weather shocks. These analytical techniques can also help identify the households and regions adversely affected, and design policies to improve poor consumers’ access to food.
Oil palm and structural transformation of agriculture in Indonesia
Authors: Chrisendo Daniel , Siregar Hermanto , Qaim Matin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStructural transformation of agriculture typically involves a gradual increase of mean farm sizes and a reallocation of labor from agriculture to other sectors. Such structural transformation is often fostered through innovations in agriculture and newly emerging opportunities in manufacturing and services. Here, we use panel data from farm households in Indonesia to test and support the hypothesis that the recent oil palm boom contributes to structural transformation. Oil palm is capital‐intensive but requires much less labor per hectare than traditional crops. Farmers who adopted oil palm increase their cropping area, meaning that some of the labor saved per hectare is used for expanding the farm. Average farm sizes increased in recent years. In addition, we observe a positive association between oil palm adoption and off‐farm income, suggesting that some of the labor saved per hectare is also reallocated to non‐agricultural activities. Oil palm adoption significantly increases the likelihood of households pursuing own non‐farm businesses. However, oil palm adoption does not increase the likelihood of being employed in manufacturing or services, which is probably due to the limited non‐farm labor demand in the local setting. Equitable and sustainable agricultural transformation requires new lucrative non‐agricultural employment opportunities in rural areas.
The association of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio with retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Zhengyang , Perry Luke A. , Penny‐Dimri Jahan C. , Raveendran Dev , Hu Monica L. , Arslan Janan , Britten‐Jones Alexis Ceecee , O’Hare Fleur , Ayton Lauren N. , Edwards Thomas L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are emerging haematological inflammatory biomarkers. However, their significance in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and its subtypes, branch and central RVO (BRVO and CRVO, respectively), is uncertain. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to clarify the association of NLR and PLR with RVO. We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid) and the Cochrane Library for studies investigating the association of NLR and PLR with RVO from inception to 2 December 2020. We used random‐effects inverse‐variance modelling to generate pooled effect measures. We used bivariate Bayesian modelling to meta‐analyse the ability of NLR and PLR to differ between individuals with and without RVO and performed meta‐regression and sensitivity analyses to explore inter‐study heterogeneity. Eight studies published encompassing 1059 patients were included for analysis. Both NLR and PLR were significantly elevated in RVO, with pooled mean differences of 0.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31–0.95) and 21.49 (95% CI 10.03–32.95), respectively. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and area under the Bayesian summary receiver operating characteristic curve were, respectively, 0.629 (95% credible interval (CrI) 0.284–0.872), 0.731 (95% CrI 0.373–0.934) and 0.688 (95% CrI 0.358–0.872) for NLR; and 0.645 (95% CrI 0.456–0.779), 0.616 (95% CrI 0.428–0.761) and 0.621 (95% CrI 0.452–0.741) for PLR. Mean and variability of age and diabetes mellitus prevalence partially explained between‐study heterogeneity. NLR and PLR are significantly elevated in RVO. Future research is needed to investigate the potential prognostic value and independence of these findings.
Thermal transformation of chalcedonite artefacts from the Magdalenian site of Ćmielów 95”Mały Gawroniec” (Poland)
Authors: Miśta‐Jakubowska Ewelina Agnieszka , Kruszewski Łukasz , Przeździecki Michał , Paczkowski Michał , Marynowski Leszek , Gójska Aneta Maria , Wilczopolska Magdalena , Diduszko Ryszard , Pyżewicz Katarzyna , Kosiński Tymoteusz , Trela Krystian , Szubski Michał 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTwo chalcedonite artefacts from the Magdalenian site of Ćmielów 95 (Poland), with macroscopic features suggestive of thermal treatment, were subjected to a multi‐instrumental analysis. The red upper layer of the objects consists of ”protohematite”, implying temperature‐driven, goethite‐to‐hematite transition. The red layer shows traces of carbonized matter with saccharides and levoglucosan (from burning wood) as well as fatty acids. PXRD data suggest a source of higher temperatures (up to ~800°C) within the bottom layer, with ~200–300°C range ascribed to the red layer. On the basis of the collected data the artefacts are proposed to be relics of cooking stones.
Mapping components of verbal and visuospatial working memory to mathematical topics in seven‐ to fifteen‐year‐olds
Authors: Gordon Rebecca , Santana De Morais Danila , Whitelock Emily , Mukarram Arzoo 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundDevelopmental research provides considerable evidence of a strong relationship between verbal and visuospatial working memory (WM) and mathematics ability across age groups. However, little is known about how components of WM (i.e., short‐term storage, processing speed, the central executive) might relate to mathematics sub‐categories and how these change as children develop.AimsThis study aimed to identify developmental changes in relationships between components of verbal and visuospatial WM and specific mathematics abilities.SampleChildren (n = 117) were recruited from four UK schools across three age groups (7–8 years; 9–10 years; and 14–15 years).MethodsChildren’s verbal and visuospatial short‐term storage, processing speed, and central executive abilities were assessed. Age‐based changes in the contributions from these abilities to performance on mathematics sub‐categories were examined.ResultsWhen WM was examined both as an amalgamation of its component parts, and individually, relationships with mathematics were more evident in younger children compared to the middle and older age groups. However, when unique variance was examined for each WM predictor (controlling for the other components), many of those relationships disappeared. Relationships with processing speed and the central executive were found to be more evident in the older age groups.ConclusionsThe WM‐mathematics relationship changes dependent on age and mathematical sub‐component. Overlap in individual WM abilities in younger children, compared to reliance on the central executive and processing speed in older children, suggests a set of fluid resources important in mathematics learning in younger children but separating out as children grow older.