bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of scar revision after inadequate primary excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in 85 dogs (2000–2013)
Authors: Karbe Georga T. , Davis Elizabeth , Runge Jeffrey J. , Brown Dorothy C. , Holt David E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the frequency of residual tumor, and factors associated with local recurrence and disease progression in dogs with incompletely excised mast cell tumors (MCT) following scar revision surgery.Study DesignRetrospective study.AnimalsEighty‐five dogs.MethodsMedical records from January 2000 to April 2013 were reviewed. Dogs with scar revision surgery after incomplete primary MCT excision were included. Recorded were signalment; initial tumor size, location and grade; time interval between primary excision and scar revision surgery; presence of MCT in the resected scar; local recurrence, lymph node metastasis, systemic metastasis, and cause of death.ResultsEighty six tumors in 85 dogs were studied. Residual MCT was found in 23 (27%) resected scars. Seven (8%) scars with residual MCT had incomplete or narrow margins. Follow‐up was available for 68 dogs (69 tumors; median 403 days; range 4–2939). Local recurrence was reported in three (4%) dogs at 212, 555, and 993 days. Disease progressed in 10 dogs (14.5%) with regional or systemic metastasis at a median of 207 days (64–1583). Margin status and presence of MCT in the resected scar were not associated with local recurrence or disease progression. Lymph node metastasis (p= .004), locoregional recurrence (p= .013), and disease progression (p= .001) were significantly more likely in Grade III tumors.ConclusionTwenty‐seven percent of resected scars contained residual MCT, but recurrence was uncommon after surgical revision.Clinical significanceClinicians should primarily consider tumor grade when estimating the likelihood of local recurrence and disease progression and determining the need for ancillary treatment of MCT after scar resection.
Design Information System Infrastructure to Support Collaborative Design in a Large Organization
Authors: Bliznakov Plamen I. , Shah Jami J. , Jeon Dae K. , Urban Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In collaborative design in large organizations, many design tasks are executed concurrently by different groups or departments. Many of these tasks influence each other. Collaborative design can be facilitated by an information system that allows each group to post the status of their respective tasks so that other groups can follow their progress, obtain parameters/specifications required in their own tasks, and avoid conflicts/incompatible solutions. This paper examines the functional requirements for such a Design Information System (DIS), considers alternative solutions, and describes an implementation of such a system. The proposed solution includes a hybrid model for the representation of design information at several levels of formalization and granularity. Both Product Data and Design Procedures (processes) are supported through some common pre-defined design elements (primitives), but the system can be extended to include new user-defined elements. The user interface implementation utilizes the World Wide Web and public domain browsers. The system is currently undergoing field testing in an on-going collaborative design project.
A Generic Framework for the Integration of Mechanical and Electrical CAD Tools for Concurrent Design of Consumer Electronic Products
Authors: Wang Fu-Chung , Wright Paul K. , Richards Brian C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Most consumer or commercial electronic products are electromechanical systems consisting of mechanical components such as structures, enclosures, driving systems and mechanisms, combined with electrical components such as printed circuit boards (PCBs), power supply, wires (harness) and switches. The design of such multidisciplinary products involves high coordination and cooperation between the two different engineering fields of mechanical and electrical design. However, in spite of the advancements of CAD tool development in design automation technology within each field, a gap still exists for good communication between the designers in these two fields during the course of the design. This gap makes the design process of such products time-consuming and error prone. This paper describes a research effort that facilitates multidisciplinary concurrent design for consumer electronic products. The focus is on how to integrate mechanical and electrical CAD tools into a more flexible and extensible concurrent design environment to share and communicate critical design information during the design process. A multidisciplinary concurrent design environment based on the CAD framework concept is described. Approaches for integrating the design data and information in such a multidisciplinary design environment are discussed. A prototyping system for the concurrent design of consumer electronic products is also presented.
Optimal Tangent-Plane and Curvature Continuous Modification of Curves at a Common Nodepoint
Authors: Ye Xiuzi , Nowacki Horst 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Curvature continuity of curves at nodepoints is required in modeling tangent-plane and curvature continuous n-sided surfaces and surfaces over arbitrary curve meshes. This paper provides methods for optimal modification of curves at a common nodepoint, to make them tangent-plane and curvature continuous at the nodepoint. These methods can also be used to optimally estimate the intrinsic measures such as the Gaussian and mean curvatures of surfaces with discrete line and curve mesh representations such as triangular meshes.
Implicit Function Alteration via Radius Mapping and Direct Function Modification
Authors: Ensz Mark T. , Ganter Mark A. , Storti Duane W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present two closely related techniques, radius mapping, and direct function modification, that allow for the alteration of both the major geometry and surface features of implicit solids. The first technique, radius mapping, is applied to implicit functions generated by swept solid techniques. A more generalized technique, direct function modification, allows for the mapping of generalized function modifiers onto any implicit solid. Both the radius functions and the function modifiers can be either algebraic or non-algebraic in nature. Techniques for generating both algebraic and non-algebraic radius functions and function modifiers are given along with several examples of their use on both swept solids and implicit functions.
A New Approach to Intelligent Design
Authors: Xiao Renbin , Zhou Ji , Yu Jun , Cha Jianzhong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper analyses the cognitive aspect of intelligent design and points out that the nested structure of a human being’s cognition on a complex design object, which is generated by thinking iteration while design thinking being in the chaotic state is the fundamental mechanism of intelligent design. A taxonomy of design problems is given based upon fractal theory and a complex design problem is considered as a fractal in our approach. Some new concepts such as granularity, refinement and coarsening are defined. Based upon the concepts of a cluster of problems and designs, the nested design, a new model for intelligent design, is proposed as continuity of the above work. The main steps of the nested design are listed and an illustrated example is given to demonstrate its implementation. The characteristics of the nested design show that it is the design methodology oriented to complex design problems.
Experience As Constraints in Embodiment Design
Authors: Yao Zhihui , Murdoch Tim , Johnson Aylmer 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A functional modelling system has been developed in the Cambridge EDC to support embodiment design. The system utilises constraint-based methods to represent design knowledge and to search for feasible solutions within given configurations. A recent extension of this research has enhanced the search processes by clustering the constraints according to a hierarchical structure. This has enabled new investigations into the capture and use of empirical constraints during embodiment design.
Quality is an important form of empirical design knowledge and may be evaluated in terms of technical merit, a property developed within the EDC from theories of configuration optimisation. Defined in terms of performance, reliability and economy, technical merit is a measure of the proximity of a technical system to the limitations of current technology. It is a premise of this paper that technical merit may be used to represent the estimate of design quality as a constraint early in the embodiment design stage.
The design process should benefit from this work in two ways: firstly potential design failures can be identified early; and secondly, the evaluation of alternative configurations will be more robust. As the result of quick and robust evaluation during the embodiment stage, overall design time may be reduced and design quality increased. The design of a gear train configuration is used to illustrate the method.
Geometric Modeling of a Moving Object With Self-Intersection
Authors: Hu Zeng-Jia , Ling Zhi-Kui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The solution to the self-intersection of a swept volume is the bottleneck to the geometric modeling of a moving object. Self-intersection of a swept volume is the result of an object, which is called a generator here, moving into a space which it previously occupied. A graphical solution is devised in this study. It consists of following steps. First of all, a candidate swept volume is created by warping a series of characteristics curves on the boundary of the generator in a given time domain. The result is the facet model of a swept volume. Secondly, a series of sectioning operations to the candidate swept volume are performed where the sectioning planes are parallel. If self-intersection exists for a given candidate swept volume, some of the resulting polygons (cross-sections) after the sectioning operations are complex polygons. Thirdly, an algorithm is proposed here to convert these polygons into sweep contours, which are simple polygons. A well defined facet model of the swept volume is then obtained by fitting the corresponding sweep contours with a surface.
Exploratory Investigation of Layered Fabrication Applied to Construction Automation
Authors: Pegna Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
After more than a decade of research in construction automation, robotic tools have brought little if any productivity improvement to the industry. In this paper, we argue that automation which applies to most manufacturing industry does not translate effectively to construction which is limited not by labor, but by process.
We propose a radical departure from generally accepted concepts in construction automation and demonstrate that new techniques of layered manufacturing can be applied effectively to construction. In the process, we also modified material processing of cement to adapt it to the requirements of rapid prototyping.
We illustrate our purpose with sample structures manufactured by incremental deposition of reactive bulk materials (cement and Silica in this instance).
Methods of System Identification for Anisotropic Laminates
Authors: Cinquini Carlo , Mariani Claudia , Venini Paolo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present paper is concerned with the identification of thin anisotropic laminates under transverse dynamic loads. A variational formulation of the problem governing the out-of-plane vibrations of the system is outlined allowing application of the Rayleigh-Ritz methodology for the spatial discretization. The resulting vector differential equation is then solved in the time domain with the objective of collecting enough input/output pairs so as to permit the selected identification algorithm to converge. A few identification methods of parametric type are described and applied to clamped anisotropic laminates under the assumption of a SISO (single-input single-output) structure model. The choice of the latter, of the relevant parameters and of the excitation capable of producing significant dynamics are among the keys for the success of the procedure. Extensions to other categories of identification methods as well as applications for the active control of the laminate are currently under development.
Slicing: A Procedure for Tolerance Evaluation of Manufactured Parts Using CMM Measurement Data
Authors: Wang Yu , Gupta Shilendra , Rao Srinavas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a sampling and processing procedure for tolerance evaluation of machined parts. In this method, deviations of the measured points from their ideal feature surface are evaluated in the plane where the data is measured by a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). This procedure is called slicing. It is shown that the use of the structure inherent in measurement data has a potential in reducing computational complexity for evaluation of certain types of form tolerances without significant loss of accuracy. An application of the proposed method to the development of manufactured part model for automotive spaceframe structures is also discussed.
An Improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Optimal Design
Authors: Aly Sherif , Ogot Madara M. , Pelz Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new algorithm based on the simulated annealing (SA) optimization algorithm is presented. This approach, simulated annealing with random search iterative improvement (SAWI), essentially initiates the SA process to locate the neighborhood of the global optimum. Prior to the convergence of SA, the algorithm switches to random search iterative improvement, a local search method, to converge to the optimum. The key to the effectiveness of SAWI is identifying when the premature termination of SA should occur. This paper presents the results of a parametric study conducted on the transition parameter, illustrating the effects of delayed and premature transition to the local search method, on the final solution. Two examples are presented and discussed to illustrate the efficacy of the algorithm. The results of these examples demonstrate that SAWI makes significant reductions in computation time while maintaining the simplicity of the original SA algorithm and without loss in quality of solution.
Optimization Methods for Calculating Design Imprecision
Authors: Law William S. , Antonsson Erik K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The preliminary design process is characterized by imprecision: the vagueness of an incomplete design description. The Method of Imprecision uses the mathematics of fuzzy sets to explicitly represent and manipulate imprecise preliminary design information, enabling the designer to explore the space of alternative designs in the context of the designer and customer’s preferences among alternatives. This paper introduces new methods to perform Method of Imprecision calculations for general non-monotonic design evaluation functions that address the practical necessity to minimize the number of function evaluations. These methods utilize optimization and experiment design.
Mixed Variable Optimization Using Taguchi’s Orthogonal Arrays
Authors: Chi H.-W. , Bloebaum C. L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Taguchi’s orthogonal arrays for Robust Design are used in this paper in a non-taditional way to solve a mixed continuous-discrete structural optimization problem. The factors of an orthogonal array correspond to the members of a structure and the levels of each factor correspond to the material choices of each member. Based on the number of factors to be studied and the number of levels of each factor, an appropriate orthogonal array is selected for each specific problem. The number of rows of the orthogonal array correspond to the number of experiments (i.e. continuous sizing optimizations) to be conducted. The response of these experiments, which are the weight of the optimal designs corresponding to different material settings, are then used to calculate the mean effect of each factor level. Some possible optimal material settings can then be determined. Three examples are presented in this paper. Analysis using Taguchi’s orthogonal arrays was able to isolate several near optimal or optimal designs. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method compared to more traditinoal solution methodologies are also discussed.
An Object-Oriented Approach to the Engineering Design Process
Authors: Korpela Tapio , Heikkinen Ari , Leinonen Tatu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Laboratory of Machine Design at the University of Oulu has modelled the production information for a gear transmission unit in co-operation with a Finnish gear manufacturer, Santasalo Ltd. The basic idea was to integrate computer aided design into modern FMS-based production activities. The main goal in this project is to capture the whole gear box development process from customer requirements to manufacturable assembly and detail information in OOA models.
Kinematic Analysis of Epicyclic-Type Transmission Mechanisms Using the Concept of Fundamental Geared Entities
Authors: Hsieh Hsin-I , Tsai Lung-Wen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The kinematic characteristics associated with fundamental geared entities are investigated. By decomposing an epicyclic gear mechanism into two subsystems and each subsystem into two subsystems until the lowest level subsystem contains only one fundamental geared entity, the overall speed ratio of an epicyclic gear mechanism can be conveniently expressed in terms of the speed ratios of the fundamental geared entities. The result can be applied for the identification of feasible clutching sequences of a transmission mechanism.
Dynamic Force and Torque Analysis of a Spherical Four-Bar Mechanism
Authors: Dooley J. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Spherical four-bar linkages are compact mechanisms capable of motion outside the plane and transmission between intersecting shafts. Dynamic analyses of spherical four-bar linkages are complicated by the fact that they are statically indeterminate. Previous solutions have used an RCCC approximation to model the 4R linkage. This paper extends previous results to include the material elasticity in the dynamic analysis. The results of this more accurate model are compared to those obtained from the RCCC model and it is shown that the RCCC approximation yields significant errors.
Optimal Geometric Design of Robot Manipulator Link Shapes
Authors: Tu Q. , Rastegar J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In a recent article, Rastegar and Tu (1993), the authors presented a method for determining allowable link shapes for robot manipulators once their preferred operational environment is specified. The operational environment may include the preferred size and geometry of the end-effector task space(s), the obstacle and the installation spaces, and the enclosure within which the robot is to operate. In this method, by defining weighted (preferred) distributions for the task and/or obstacle spaces and for the enclosure geometry, weighted allowable manipulator link shapes are determined. In the present study, the developed method is extended to address the problem of optimal geometric design of robot manipulator link shapes. The developed methods are very simple, numeric in nature, readily implemented on computer, and can be classified as being based on the Monte Carlo method. The extension of the present method to the solution of optimal geometric shape synthesis for task and obstacle spaces is discussed. Numerical examples are presented.
Interference Distance Calculation for Two Objects Bounded by Quadratic Surfaces
Authors: Sharf Inna , Nahon Meyer 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We describe an algorithm for determining the interference or penetration distance between two moving objects. The objects are assumed to be specified by quadratic and/or linear constraints and thus, encompass a wide variety of objects encountered in robotics and multibody dynamics applications. The interference distance problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem where we maximize the shrinkage of both objects, while maintaining a non-empty intersection volume between them. The key to the present algorithm is a nonlinear transformation which allows a closed-form description of the shrunk bodies. The resultant nonlinear programming problem is solved using an existing optimization scheme which is based on a recursive quadratic programming technique. The paper concludes with a numerical example demonstrating the validity and the computational efficiency of the proposed solution.
Simulation of Automated Robotic Assembly
Authors: Miller Alec R. , Cipra Raymond J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the development of a networked simulation system. The Automated Robotic Manipulation (ARM) simulator is a central part of the network. This simulation tool currently assists with research and education into automated assembly. Robots, fixtures, conveyors, and parts create an automated assembly cell which is used to test advanced manufacturing software. ARM animates models of these physical components and enhances them with additional forms of three-dimensional graphical visualization. The feasibility of automated assembly can rapidly be assessed from the visual content presented by the simulator. Input formats for ARM are flexible enough to support a wide range of assembly cells and activities. Files and network transmissions customize the simulator to a particular assembly cell and its activities. The emerging assembly data protocol promotes the development of a truly integrated manufacturing system. A graphical interface complete with multiple views assists assembly cell layout and activity review, and networked operations significantly expand its role to areas such as interactive robot control and assembly preview.
Mathematical Model for Kinematic Analysis of Working Coordinates of General Mechanisms
Authors: Wang J. Y. , Yeh H. J. , Lin T. C. , Wu J. K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mathematical models have been derived for the kinematic analysis of working coordinates, which contain the formulation of the working coordinates constraint equations in terms of the relative joint coordinates, the transformation of the Jacobian matrix of the associated constraint equations from the Cartesian coordinate space to the relative joint coordinate space, and formulation for velocity and acceleration calculation. Such models lay out a solid foundation for the computational inverse kinematic analysis. In addition, moveable working coordinates are derived for both local and global coordinate systems. Application of this can be the working path design of general manipulators.
Dynamic Frictional Contact of Rubber-Like Bodies
Authors: Szefer Gwidon , Jasińska Dorota 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the paper a frictional contact of a high elastic body in terms of dynamics and large deformations has been considered. An effective mixed lagrangean-eulerian formulation and solution of the nonlinear boundary value problem is given. Unilateral contact of a rubber block and a rubber bearing are discused in detailes. Stress distributions, displacements and phase trajectories for chosen points illustrate the result of the paper.
Placement Analysis for a Class of Platform Manipulators
Authors: Ji Zhiming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Development in parallel-actuated platform manipulators has opened new applications. Proper placement of a platform manipulator is important for it to meet different workspace and other task requirement. We formulate the placement of platform manipulators with triangle-shaped mobile plate as an optimization problem. This paper presents the derivation of multi-variable objective function for both platform placement and task planning. It also discusses the implementation of the down-hill simplex algorithm, and some data from our initial investigation.