bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of position on gross motor function and spasticity in spastic cerebral palsy children
Authors: Wardah Rauf  , Samia Sarmad  , Iqra Khan  , Muhammad Jawad  , Admin  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of positioning on gross motor function and spasticity in spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy children with Gross Motor Function Classification System level IV and V.
Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at two Paediatric Physical Therapy Centres from November 2018 to July 2019. The study was comprised of seventy four children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy aged between 3 to 8 years. Data was obtained and gross motor functional abilities and spasticity were assessed by GMFM-88 and Modified Ashworth Scale respectively. Twenty four-hour positioning in specific seats, night positioning and standing frames for six months. The child was being positioned in 24 hours according to his challenges for the period of six months. Semi reclined positioning was performed to manage aspiration, oral leak and to develop retention. Prone positioning was done to develop righting reactions, functional sitting position was used in the treatment regime to attain better upright position and neutral pelvic standing using standing frames. SPSS 24 was used to analyse the data.
Results: Paired t-test reported significant improvement in the test scores in lying position, rolling, sitting position, crawling, kneeling, standing, walking or running. n=59 subjects exhibited improvement in the spasticity before and after interventional procedures, while n=15 showed no improvement as the value of p<0.05.
Conclusion: Twenty-Four-hour proper body positioning and postural techniques improved gross motor functioning in all of the five dimensions of functioning. The overall spasticity in quadriplegic cerebral palsy children was also reduced due to appropriate positioning techniques.
Continuous....
Phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii isolated in Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi
Authors: Asim Ali Shah  , Yasir Ali  , Ayesha Maqbool  , Shahid Ahmad Abbasi  , Admin  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from August 2018 to April 2019, after the ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. Consecutive Non- probability sampling technique was used, and comprised clinical specimens, including pus, blood, sputum, urine, tracheal tubes and canula double lumen, which were processed using standard protocols. Colonies of acinetobacter baumannii were identified by gram staining and Analytical Profile Index-20E kit. Combination disc method was used for the identification of extended-spectrum beta-lactamse. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines were used for antimicrobial susceptibility. Data was analysed using SPSS 22 and Sample size was calculated by using earlier study with 5 % margin of error and 95 % confidence level.
Results: Of the 78 isolates, 58(74.4%) related to females and 20(25.6%) to males. There was no extended-spectrum beta-lactamse producer. Imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, ampicillin and ceftazidime showed 100% resistance, while colistin and polymyxin B were sensitive to all strains. The incidence rate was high in samples isolated from tracheal tubes 47(60.3%), followed by pus 21(26.9%). Age was not found to be a significant factor (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Acinetobacter baumannii showed a high resistance to multiple drugs and was not confined to any specific age group. Colistin and polymyxin B were found to be better choices. Continuous...
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as an Alternative Model to Public Infrastructure Development and Service Delivery: The Case of PPP-Public Markets in the Philippines
Authors: ISOLANA JACK B. 
Published: January 2021

The study examined the internalization of core-values of New Public Management (NPM) among Local Government Units (LGUs) in the Philippines in their effort to reform the management and operation of public markets. Using Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as a framework of NPM for infrastructure development and service delivery, the study assessed the performance of PPP/BOT Public Markets in addressing the perennial problems of public markets in the Philippines. It inquired whether or not PPP as an instrument of reform has improved the management and operation of public markets.To substantiate the assessment, five pioneering PPP public markets in the country were examined, namely; Mandaluyong Public Market in Mandaluyong City, Carmen and Cogon Public Markets in Cagayan de Oro City, Suki Market in Quezon City, and Bocaue Public Market in Bocaue, Bulacan. It used organization and management, the scope of facilities and services, LGU-revenue income and expenditures, and income of market vendors, and client satisfaction on the quality of facilities and services as performance indicators. The data of the study were obtained through combined research methodologies such as case study, content analysis, ocular inspection, and interviews with the city and municipal administrators, market administrators, market vendors, and officers of market vendors associations.The study shows that while PPP has improved the performance of public markets during the early years of operation, these gains and all advances were not sustained by the LGUs when management and operation of public markets were turned over to them from the private project proponent-operators. The study argued that in order to sustain public-private partnerships in the operation of the public market, it is imperative to institutionalize reforms in the structure, processes, mindsets of the leaders, and stakeholders. The institutionalization of NPM’s core values can be carried out effectively through localization of PPP as a policy so that the necessary legal and institutional frameworks for PPP will be anchored based on the need, strength, and weaknesses of the LGU concerned.The study makes a positive contribution to the on-going discourse on public sector reform in the Philippines particularly at the local level using PPP as a model. It enriches not only the literature of Public Administration but also provides valuable lessons in the praxis of governance.
Prediction of Resistance and Self-Propulsion Characteristics of a Full-Scale Naval Ship by CFD-Based GEOSIM Method
Authors: Delen Cihad , Can Ugur , Bal Sakir 
Published: January 2021

Resistance and self-propulsion characteristics of a naval ship at full scale have been investigated by using Telfer’s GEOmetrically SIMilar (GEOSIM) method based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. For this purpose, first, the resistance forces of the Office of Naval Research Tumblehome (ONRT) hull have been computed at different three model scales by using the overset mesh technique. The full-scale resistance and nominal wake fraction of the ONRT hull have been estimated by using Telfer’s GEOSIM method. Resistance and nominal wake fraction have then been compared with those of CFD at full scale. Later, the self-propulsion characteristics of the ONRT hull have been examined using Telfer’s GEOSIM method based on the CFD approach. Self-propulsion factors at the full-scale hull have been predicted by using the SST k–x turbulence model to involve 2-degrees of freedom ship motions (heave and pitch). Rotational motion of the propeller has also been simulated by using the rigid body motion technique. The results calculated by Telfer’s GEOSIM method and the 1978 International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) extrapolation technique have been compared with each other and discussed with those of the CFD approach at full scale. It was found that the full-scale results (both resistance and self-propulsion factors) predicted by Telfer’s GEOSIM method are closer to those of the CFD approach than those of the 1978 ITTC technique. It can be noted that Telfer’s GEOSIM method is fast, robust, and reliable and can be used as an alternative to the 1978 ITTC method for predicting the self-propulsion performance of a full-scale ship.

Introduction
Resistance and self-propulsion characteristics of a surface ship should be known properly in the design stages. For this purpose, model tests and numerical methods are used together to determine the resistance and self-propulsion performance of a ship. However, model tests are expensive and time-consuming, and the accuracy of the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) extrapolation technique from model scale to full scale may not have in a satisfactory level. On the other hand, Telfer’s GEOmetrically SIMilar (GEOSIM) method based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can overcome these difficulties.
A BEM/RANS Interactive Method Applied to an Axial Tidal Turbine Farm
Authors: Kim Seungnam , Su Yiran , Kinnas Spyros A. 
Published: January 2021

In this study, an interactive method coupling a boundary element method (BEM) with a viscous flow solver solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations is applied to multiturbine interaction problems. The BEMis first applied to a single turbine problem to predict its performance with/without yaw in noncavitating/cavitating conditions. Improved wake alignment models, the full wake alignment and the unsteady wake alignment, are used to align the blade wake. The former is adequate for steady state with zero yaw, and the latter is used for unsteady predictions in the case of nonzero yaw in the incoming flow. The BEM results are compared with the experimental measurements and the results from full-blown RANS simulations for a range of tip speed ratios. The comparisons show satisfactory agreement between the numerical and experimental approaches. Afterward, the BEM/RANS coupling method is applied to multiturbine interaction problems with different layouts and different turbine-to-turbine offsets in an axial turbine farm. The method is shown to work well in this multiturbine interaction problem because of the capability of using a strictly Cartesian grid in the RANS method, which minimizes the artificial diffusion and improves the numerical accuracy of long-range flow development. Representation of a turbine by the body force/mass source fields in the BEM/RANS coupling approach reduces the number of cells required for 3D full-blown RANS simulations, and therefore reduces the computational cost in an efficient way.

Introduction
In recent years, interests in tidal energy harvesting have been growing because of the needs and perspectives of clean and renewable energy. Among all different types of tidal stream generators, the axial tidal turbine has been most frequently implemented because of its similarity to wind turbines and the analysis tools which are originally developed for propellers but equally applicable to turbines without extensive modifications. Because of the predominantly bidirectional flow in most tidal current sites, typical tidal turbine farms arrange the turbine in multiple lines that are perpendicular to the flow (Turnock et al. 2011). In such applications, turbine-to-turbine interaction needs to be studied to reduce the energy-shadow effect and improve the overall turbine farm efficiency.
Enhanced Unified Theory with Forward-Speed Effect Taken into Account in the Inner Free-Surface Condition
Authors: Kashiwagi Masashi 
Published: January 2021

The enhanced unified theory (EUT) has been used as a core theory in the integrated system developed at the Research Initiative on Oceangoing Ships (RIOS) of Osaka University for predicting the propulsion and seakeeping performance of a ship in actual seas. In this study, the EUT is modified by adopting partially the solution method in the rational strip theory of Ogilvie and Tuck as a particular solution in the inner problem, thereby a forward-speed effect in the convection term of the free-surface condition is incorporated in the inner solution. This forward-speed effect is analytically shown to contribute only to the cross-coupling radiation forces. Some other forward-speed and 3D effects important in a low-frequency range are also included in the homogeneous component of the inner solution through matching with the outer solution in a similar manner to the unified theory of Newman. Numerical computations are implemented for a slender modified Wigley model and the RIOS bulk carrier model. Good agreement is confirmed in a comparison with experimental data for the cross-coupling added mass and damping coefficients between heave and pitch and also for the resulting ship motions, particularly in heave near the resonant frequency. The added resistance around the motion-resonant wavelength is found to be improved but sensitive to a slight change in heave and pitch motions. Thus, it is stressed that accurate prediction of the ship motions and resultant Kochin function is critical for more accurate prediction of the added resistance in waves.

Introduction
Although the design of the ship hull form has been based mainly on the propulsion performance in still water, recently, prediction and onboard data analysis for the propulsion and seakeeping performance of a ship in actual irregular waves have been attracting attention of the researchers (Orihara & Tsujimoto 2018; Minoura et al. 2019). In fact, real ships navigate mostly in rough seas, and thus, the so-called short-term and long-term predictions of ship response in actual seas must be made to guarantee the performance and safety of a ship. This trend to study the seakeeping performance of a ship is partly because the Energy Efficiency Design Index regulation was introduced by International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce greenhouse gas emission from the ships in operation. Thus, it becomes important to predict with sufficient accuracy the wave-induced ship motions, the added resistance, and the resultant speed loss of a ship in irregular waves represented by a directional wave spectrum (Kashiwagi 2009; Kim et al. 2017) even in the initial stage of ship design, necessitating computations for various profiles of a candidate ship.
Large Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Operation with a High-Pressure SCR System in Heavy Weather Conditions
Authors: Foteinos Michael I. , Christofilis George I. , Kyrtatos Nikolaos P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The transient performance of a direct-drive large two-stroke marine diesel engine, installed in a vessel operating in a seaway with heavy weather, is investigated via simulation. The main engine of the ship is equipped with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment system for compliance with the latest International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules for NOx reduction, IMO Tier III. Because of limitations of exhaust gas temperature at the inlet of SCR systems and the low temperature exhaust gases produced by marine diesel engines, in marine applications, the SCR system is installed on the high-pressure side of the turbine. When a ship sails in heavy weather, it experiences a resistance increase, wave-induced motions, and a time-varying flow field in the propeller, induced by ship motions. This results in a fluctuation of the propeller torque demand and, thus, a fluctuation in engine power and exhaust gas temperature, which can affect engine and SCR performance. To investigate this phenomenon and take into account the engine–propeller interaction, the entire propulsion plant was modeled, namely, the slow-speed diesel propulsion engine, the high-pressure SCR system, the directly driven propeller, and the ship’s hull. To simulate the transient propeller torque demand, a propeller model was used, and torque variations due to ship motions were taken into account. Ship motions in waves and wave-added resistance were calculated for regular and irregular waves using a 3D panel code. The coupled model was validated against available measured data from a shipboard propulsion system in good weather conditions. The model was then used to simulate the behavior of a Tier III marine propulsion plant during acceleration from low to medium load, in the presence of regular and irregular waves. The effect of the time-varying propeller demand on the engine and the SCR system was investigated.

Introduction
The effect of waves on a marine propulsion system is a complex phenomenon involving interactions between different subsystems of the propulsion plant, i.e., the prime mover, the propeller, and the ship’s hull. Ships sailing in heavy weather conditions experience a resistance increase, wave-induced motions, and a time-varying flow field in the propeller. This leads to a fluctuation of the propeller torque demand which results in a fluctuation in engine-produced power and exhaust gas temperature.
Ship Traffic Flow Prediction Based on Fractional Order Gradient Descent with Momentum for RBF Neural Network
Authors: Han Xue 
Published: January 2021

To prevent the maritime traffic accidents and make scientific decision, scientific and accurate prediction of the traffic flow is useful, which has often been made by neural network. The weight updating methods have played an important role in improving the performance of neural networks. To ameliorate the oscillating phenomenon in training radial basis function (RBF) neural network, a fractional order gradient descent (GD) with momentum method for updating the weights of RBF neural network (FOGDM-RBF) is proposed. Its convergence is proved. The new algorithm is used to predict vessel traffic flow at Xiamen Port. It performs stable and converges to zero as the iteration increases. The results verify the theoretical results of the proposed algorithm such as its monotonicity and convergence. The descending curve of error values by fractional order GDM is smoother than the GD and GDM method. Error analysis shows that the algorithm can effectively accelerate the convergence speed of the GD method and improve its performance with high accuracy and validity. The influence of fractional order, number of hidden layer neurons, tide peak hours, and ship size is analyzed and compared.
1. Introduction
As the world shipping becomes more and more busy, the large ship traffic flow leads to frequent maritime traffic accidents, resulting in huge economic losses. Ship traffic flow is a basic system in marine traffic engineering and an important index to measure the construction of marine traffic infrastructure. Its prediction results can provide basis for formulating scientific Port management planning and ship navigation management. Therefore, to ensure the accuracy and rationality of ship traffic flow forecasting is of great significance for improving port infrastructure construction and formulating scientific port management strategies. Many advanced artificial intelligence optimization algorithms have been used for ship traffic flow forecasting, such as artificial neural network (Zhai 2013; Zhang 2015). Neural network can deal with complex nonlinear problems and has achieved some results. However, the neural network itself has some shortcomings, such as slow learning speed, easy to fall into the local extremum, learning and memory instability, etc.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Green Water Occurrence for KRISO Container Ship
Authors: Babu Kudupudi Ravindra , Nelli Sri Vinay Krishna Rayudu , Bhattacharyya Anirban , Datta Ranadev 
Published: January 2021

The occurrence of green water on the deck of Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO) container ship is investigated using model test experiments and a fully coupled impulse response function (IRF)–computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–based numerical approach. In the experimental study, green water pressure over the deck and superstructure is investigated for different regular head wave conditions (wavelength/ship length ratio: .8–1.5) and vessel speeds (Froude number: .055–.166). The impact pressure on the deck is found to be highest at a wavelength/ ship length ratio of 1.2 and increases drastically with the increase in Froude number. The variation of green water pressure with wave steepness is linear for points on the forward deck and quadratic for the superstructure. In the second part, a coupled IRF-CFD–based numerical method is developed in which the global hydrodynamic forces such as radiation–diffraction and Froude–Krylov force are computed using a potential flow solver, whereas the local pressure due to the shipping water impact is computed using CFD and added as an external force. Comparisons of vessel motions and green water pressures with experiments indicate that the coupled IRF-CFD method can be a robust and efficient tool to predict shipping water loads on ships.

Introduction
The prediction of green water shipped on the deck and the resulting impact on ships and offshore structures have been an important research topic in the last couple of decades because it is directly related to the safety of the structure at sea. Historically, shipping of water on the deck had caused many serious damages to the bow and superstructure, and some of them have even capsized; e.g., the Schiehallion Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) was damaged severely in November 1998 because of steep waves. These incidents resulted in considerable research on this topic in the past two decades. The primary focus has been on the understanding of critical aspects and the accurate prediction of green water loading which requires proper modeling of green water occurrence. Also, accurate calculation of the green water loads on the deck and superstructure is very important for structural design load calculation. However, this is a nontrivial task because it depends on many physical and geometrical factors such as wave steepness, the wavelength- to-ship length ratio, hull shape around the bow region, and vessel speed. Hence, efforts have been made to develop suitable numerical models that may consider most of these aspects under necessary underlying assumptions.
Towing Tank Model Tests for Propulsive Performance Analysis of a Waterjet-Propelled Amphibious Vehicle
Authors: Seo Jeonghwa , Jeong Hoe-Seong , Rhee Shin Hyung , Chang Kyogun 
Published: January 2021

The present study concerns a series of model tests in a towing tank on waterjet propulsive performance. The test model was an armored vehicle consisting of a box-shaped hull, two waterjets, a bow flap, and a trim tab. As per the powering prediction procedure of high-speed vessels, resistance tests, waterjet system tests, and self-propulsion tests were performed. The Froude number based on the characteristic length and advance speed for the model tests ranged from .981 to 1.178. Bollard pull tests were also conducted to investigate the interaction between the hull and two installed waterjets and to validate the flow rate estimation. In the self-propulsion condition, the dry transom and nozzle end modification changed the interaction efficiency. The waterjet reduced the vehicle trim in the self-propulsion condition, owing to the nozzle exit flow onto the trim tab.

Introduction
Waterjet propulsion systems have been widely used in marine vessels, thanks to its advantages of low cavitation in high loading, safe operation in shallow water, and good maneuverability at low advance speed (Allison 1993). However, the propulsive performance of waterjets is a complicated problem and hard to analyze. The extrapolation method for the powering performance prediction of waterjet-propelled vessel is suggested by the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) (ITTC 2011), but it is less comprehensive than that of the conventional ship with screw propellers (ITTC 2017a), as test institutions for waterjet-propelled vessels are scarce and test methodology is not standardized (Altosole et al. 2012).