bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School environment and overweight and obesity in Mexican student of primary and secondary school
Authors: Mundo Rosas Verónica , Shamah Levy Teresa , Rodríguez Ramírez Sonia 
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican Student of primary and secondary school is elevated (31.3%).ObjectiveTo describe some key school environment items related to childhood obesity.MethodsInformation from 374 scholastic establishments from the National Health Survey of students (ENSE‐2008) was included in the analysis. The items have a documented relationship to childhood obesity and are likely contributors to diet quality and physical activity. Items included were: water available, sweetened beverage, foods with low nutritional value available in and out the school and physical activity at the school (minutes per day).ResultsIn the school, 58.2% there was water available to drink, 85% sold candies, snacks, sodas and sweetened drinks; 49.3% sold fresh fruits and only 23.7% vegetables. Out side of the school, 48.2% sold candies, snacks, sodas and sweetened drinks; 29.9% sold fresh fruits and only 9% vegetables. The average of physical activity was 20 min/day).ConclusionInterventions that promote healthy eating and physical activity behaviors during childhood and adolescence are necessary in Mexican schools, since not only they may prevent some of the causes of illness but also may decrease direct health‐care costs and improve quality of life.Supported by the Rios Aronte Foundation, and Fondo de Apoyo al Programa Intersectorial de Educación Saludable.
Anemia in Mexican students
Authors: Gómez Luz María , Shamah Teresa , Villalpando Salvador , Mundo Verónica 
Published: June 2021

The objective of the study was to describe the prevalence and distribution of anemia in Mexican students from Elementary and Secondary Public Schools. Information was gathered from 55,034 students from the National Student Health Survey, 2008 (ENSE, 2008). A portable photometer was used to determine hemoglobin concentration by the capillary puncture method. The cut values used to classify anemia are those designated by WHO. Results showed that female students aged 12 years and over, had lower concentrations of hemoglobin (14.00 ± 1.50 in comparison with male students 14.21 ± 1.54 mg/dL; P <0.001). However, male students aged 12 years and over, had a higher prevalence of anemia (20.99 vs.11.72%; P<0.001), than female students. Once disaggregated by educational level, elementary school students showed a higher prevalence of anemia, than secondary school students (21.2 vs.14.4%; P<0.001). In a logistic regression model, the highest risk of anemia was associated with being a man (OR 1.26, CI95% 1.17, 1.36) and belong to secondary school (OR 1.15, CI95% 1.01, 1.30) and the probability of having anemia decreases as age increases (OR 0.87, CI95% 0.86, 0.89). Prevalence of anemia is still of high magnitude in Mexican students, so big efforts have to be done to undertake measures for prevention and control.Supported by the Rio Aronte Foundation, and Fondo de Apoyo al Programa Intersectorial de Educacion Saludable.
Effect of acculturation on food label use among immigrants from the former Soviet Union
Authors: Ludman Nadia , Jasti Sunitha 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of acculturation on use of food labels and food label reading skills among former Soviet Union (FSU) immigrants living in New York city.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey using self‐administered questionnaire assessed acculturation, food label use, label reading skills, nutrition knowledge and socio‐economic characteristics of a convenience sample of 200 FSU immigrants.ResultsThe study sample consisted of 63% females. Mean age was 43± 5.5 y, and mean length of US residency was 11.7±6.5 y. Annual household income was >$50,000 for 50%. The mean degree of acculturation was 2.3 ± 0.7 on a scale of 1 ‐ 5. Only 35% of the participants were acculturated scoring > 2.5 on the acculturation scale. 55% of the participants reported using food labels often/always, and only 32% had good label reading skills. Nutrition knowledge was low (<2 on 0‐7 scale) for 30% of the sample. Acculturation was not associated with food label use, but was significantly associated with label reading skills (p<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis of label reading skills, acculturation lost its significance while age, length of US residency and nutrition knowledge were strong predictors of label reading skills.ConclusionFood label use and reading skills may be improved by education programs that target new and younger FSU immigrants.
Despite a large first‐pass extraction for urea synthesis, the systemic bioavailability of meal arginine is high and dose‐dependent in men
Authors: Mariotti François , Petzke Klaus J , Huneau Jean François , Szezepanski Isabelle , Tomé Daniel , Bos Cécile , Bonnet Damien 
Published: June 2021

Dietary Arginine is supposed to be largely extracted by the liver for ureagenesis but favourable effects of dietary Arginine are mainly ascribed to a systemic utilization for NO synthesis.Using [15N2‐(guanido)]‐Arginine, we traced the fate of L‐Arginine at two nutritional levels in a complete amino acid meal given to healthy men. We monitored the postprandial appearance of meal arginine (mArg) in the plasma, body and urinary urea derived from mArg, and plasma citrulline and urinary nitrate derived from mArg[FM1].The relative urea production from mArg was high but similar whatever the mArg level (49±2% of mArg) and completed early after ingestion. With the lower level of mArg, intact mArg accounted for 56±4% of the marked postprandial increase in plasma arginine. In contrast, plasma concentrations of mArg‐derived citrulline were very low. After the 2.7‐fold higher mArg intake, plasma mArg AUC was 3.2±0.2‐fold higher, and plasma mArg‐derived citrulline AUC and urinary mArg‐derived nitrate excretion were 1.8±0.3 and 2.2±0.3‐fold higher, respectively.Because its relative splanchnic extraction for urea synthesis stays steady, mArg exhibits a high incremental systemic bioavailability. However, our data suggests that the utilization of mArg for NO synthesis, although modulated by the systemic availability of mArg, stays very low in these healthy men.Supported by a grant of the French ministry of research[FM1] OU, pour gagner un peu de place," mArg‐derived body and urinary urea, and mArg‐derived plasma citrulline and urinary nitrate"
Dietary Glutamic Acid Increased Postprandial Leucine Availability in Protein Malnourished Rats
Authors: Sakai Ryosei , Kawamata Yasuko , Yoneda Junya , Torii Kunio , Kuwahara Tomomi 
Published: June 2021

Glutamic acid (Glu), the most abundant amino acid in food proteins, is major intestinal energy source. Recently we have found that Glu removal from foods reduced dietary leucine (Leu) availability by reducing its oxidation. The present study investigated roles of dietary Glu on Leu metabolism in details using protein malnourished rats.Fischer strain male rats were fed normal amino acid (AA) defined diet containing 4% Glu or low AA diet (50% reduction) for 1 week. Then, the rats in each dietary group were divided into two groups and given daily amount of experimental diets with or without Glu in which all the Leu was replaced with [1‐13C]Leu. After 24h collection of expired air samples, blood and tissue samples were harvested. Breath 13CO2 and [1‐13C]Leu incorporation in tissue proteins were analyzed by IRMS and GCMS, respectively.Feeding of low AA diet reduced dietary Leu oxidation markedly. Glu removal from low AA diet significantly enhanced dietary Leu oxidation and reduced its incorporation in liver protein and plasma albumin but not kidney or muscle proteins, indicating decrease in dietary Leu availability for hepatic protein synthesis in these animals presumably due to increase in its intestinal oxidation. Besides, the effects of Glu removal from normal AA diet were not apparent. These results suggest Leu‐sparing effects of dietary Glu by reducing postprandial Leu oxidation especially in protein malnutrition.
GATA3 regulation of human neuroblastoma stem cell activity
Authors: Shi Huilin , Ding Han‐Fei 
Published: June 2021

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common childhood malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system. BE(2)‐C cells, a human NB cell line enriched with tumorigenic stem cells, can be induced to undergo either neuronal or glial differentiation. We use BE(2)‐C cells as a system to identify the genes that regulate NB stem cell activities, such as self‐renewal and differentiation. One of these genes is GATA3, a zinc‐finger transcription factor with an essential role in sympathetic development. Downregulation of GATA3 by siRNA promotes BE(2)‐C cell proliferation and overexpression of GATA3 decreases the proliferation of BE(2)‐C cells. GATA3 regulates cell proliferation through a pathway involving cyclin D1, as evidenced by an increase in the expression of cyclin D1 in GATA3 knockdown cells. In addition, GATA3 knockdown induces BE(2)‐C cells to undergo glial differentiation, as indicated by an increase in the expression of GFAP, a glial cell marker, and a decrease in the expression of neuronal marker SNAP25, whereas GATA3 overexpression promotes neuronal differentiation of BE(2)‐C. GATA3 knockdown also downregulates Phox2B and Mash1, two transcription factors that are expressed in neuronal progenitor cells and are essential for sympathetic development. Together, these finding suggest that GATA3, Phox2b and Mash1 may function in a regulatory network in the control of NB cells in a stem/progenitor cell state.This work was supported by the NCI grant CA124982 (H.‐F.D.).
Human Cytochrome P450 2A7: Stability and Activity Relative to other Human CYP2A Enzymes
Authors: DeVore Natasha M. , Walsh Agnes A. , Scott Emily E. 
Published: June 2021

Humans have three cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A genes: CYP2A6, CYP2A7, and CYP2A13. CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 proteins metabolize coumarin and other compounds. Although CYP2A7 is 94% identical to CYP2A6, it has been reported that CYP2A7 is an inactive protein. CYP2A7 expressed in vaccinia virus did not yield functional holoprotein as evaluated by spectral analysis, Western blot, and catalytic activity, likely failing to incorporate heme1. Western blot revealed that CYP2A7 protein was produced in COS cells, but this protein did not metabolize coumarin to 7‐hydroxycoumarin2. Our goal is to reevaluate if CYP2A7 is a stable holoprotein capable of metabolizing coumarin or other CYP2A substrates. We have expressed truncated, His‐tagged CYP2A7 in E. coli. This system produces CYP2A7 protein that does incorporate heme, as indicated by a spectral shift in the reduced carbon monoxide difference assay. Generation of purified CYP2A7 protein is enabling new comparisons of human CYP2A stability, ligands, and catalytic activity. Additionally, comparison of the CYP2A7 sequence with the CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 structures suggests substitutions that may be responsible for differences among the human CYP2A enzymes. Research supported by NIH GM76343 (EES).1Yamano, S.; Tatsuno, J.; Gonzalez, F. J. Biochemistry 1990, 29, 1322‐1329.2Ding, S.; Lake, B. G.; Friedberg, T.; Wolf, C. R. Biochem J 1995, 306, 161‐166.
Estradiol Differentially Modulates the Growth of Oligodendroglial and Microglial Cells
Authors: Schaufelberger Sara Andrea , Gillespie Delbert G. , Barchiesi Federica , Dubey Raghvendra K. , Jackson Edwin K. 
Published: June 2021

PurposeEstradiol (E2) is neuroprotective, however the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we investigated the effects of E2 and its metabolites on cultured microglia and oligodendrocytes.ResultsTreatment with E2 differentially modulated growth of microglia (BV2) and oligodendrocytes (Oli‐Neu). E2 significantly induced growth of Oli‐Neu cells and inhibited growth of BV2 cells. In BV2 cells the inhibitory effects of E2 were mimicked by DPN (ER‐β agonist), but not by PPT (ER‐α agonist). Additionally, the anti‐proliferative effects of E2 on BV2 cells were blocked by ICI (unspecific ER antagonist) but not by MPP (ER‐α antagonist). These findings suggest that effects of E2 on BV2 growth are ER‐β mediated. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of E2 were mimicked by 2‐methoxyestradiol (2ME) and 2‐hydroxyestradiol, two endogenous E2 metabolites with no ER‐affinity. Additionally, 2ME decreased LPS‐stimulated iNOS and COX expression.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that inhibitory effects of E2 on microglia would limit neuronal injury by decreasing cell growth and production of cytotoxic molecules, whereas pro‐mitogenic effects of E2 on oligodendrocytes would promote neuronal recovery. Finally, the protective effects of E2 can be mediated via both ER‐dependent and ER‐independent mechanisms.
Vaso‐ and athero‐protective effects of Angiotensin (1‐7) and CGP42112 in apolipoprotein‐E deficient mice
Authors: Tesanovic Sonja , Vinh Antony , Widdop Robert , Gaspari Tracey 
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Angiotensin (Ang) (1‐7), a Mas receptor agonist, and CGP42112, an AT2 receptor agonist, in a setting of atherosclerosis. All treatments were investigated using apolipoprotein E‐deficient (ApoE−/−) mice fed a high fat diet for 16 weeks, with chronic treatment administered in final 4 weeks via osmotic mini‐pumps. Treatments were either: saline (vehicle), Ang (1‐7) (24µg/kg/hr) or CGP42112 (1µg/kg/min) alone, as well each agonist in combination with either an AT2R antagonist, PD123329 (10mg/kg/day), or the MasR antagonist, A779 (48µg/kg/hr). Chronic treatment with either Ang (1‐7) or CGP42112 significantly improved endothelial function and decreased lesion development compared to vehicle treated mice. Superoxide levels were significantly reduced and eNOS expression increased with Ang (1‐7) and CGP42112 treatments when compared to vehicle treated mice. Ang (1‐7) effects were reversed with both AT2R and MasR blockede, however, CGP42112 mediated effects were only reversed by the AT2R antagonist. This study indicates that both Ang (1‐7) and CGP42112 improve endothelial function and reduce atherosclerotic lesions via either the AT2 or the Mas receptor, or both. This highlights the importance of gaining a better understanding of the role of AT2 and Mas receptors in atherosclerosis.NHMRC (Australia)
The systemic inflammation of alveolar hypoxia is initiated by a circulating mediator(s) released from alveolar macrophages
Authors: Chao Jie , Wood John G , Blanco V. Gustavo , Gonzalez Norberto C. 
Published: June 2021

Alveolar hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.1) produces widespread systemic inflammation in rats. Recent evidence suggests that the inflammation is not triggered by the low systemic PO2, but by activation of mast cells (MC) by a circulating mediator released from activated alveolar macrophages (AM). If this is correct, the following should apply: 1.Neither MC nor resident tissue macrophages should be directly activated by hypoxia and 2. MC would be activated when in contact with hypoxic AM, but not with hypoxic tissue macrophages.MethodsRat mesenteric microcirculation intravital microscopy was combined with primary cultures of AM, peritoneal macrophages (PM), and peritoneal MC.Resultsa. Cultured peritoneal MC did not degranulate with hypoxia. b. Hypoxia induced a respiratory burst in AM, but not in PM cultures. c. Immersion of isolated MC in supernatant of hypoxic AM, but not in supernatant of hypoxic PM, induced MC degranulation d. Supernatant of hypoxic AM, but not of hypoxic PM produced MC degranulation and leukocyte‐endothelial adherence in mesentery.ConclusionsA mediator(s) released from hypoxic AM activates MC and triggers the systemic inflammation. Reduced systemic tissue PO2 and activation of systemic tissue macrophages do not play a role in this phenomenon. The inflammation may contribute to the systemic effects observed in conditions with reduced alveolar PO2.Supported by NIH HL39443‐18 and AHA 0815652G
Differential Effects of GRB2‐SOS, JNK, STAT and Akt Down Stream Signaling to EGFR Tyrosine Kinase in Mice Coronary Arteriolar Myogenic Tone
Authors: Abd Elmageed Zakaria , Amin Ali , Palen Desiree I , Matrougui Khalid 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundIn a previous report, we showed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase is essential in the development of microvascular myogenic tone (MT). We determined the mechanism of how EGFR tyrosine kinase contributes in the development of mice coronary arteriolar MT focusing on down stream signaling to EGFR: GRB2‐SOS, Akt, JNK and STAT.Methods and resultsFreshly isolated coronary arterioles from C57/BL6 mice were mounted in an arteriograph and stimulated by 25 to 100 mmHg of intraluminal pressure. We performed pressure‐active diameter, passive diameter with and without inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase, GRB2‐SOS, Akt, JNK and STAT. Pressurized coronary arteriolar under 25 and 75 mmHg ± EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors were subjected to western blot analysis to determine EGFR tyrosine kinase, GRB2‐SOS, Akt, JNK and STAT phoshorylation.MT was significantly inhibited under EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition. Similarly, coronary arteriolar MT was significantly reduced under GRB2‐SOS, JNK or STAT inhibitors. However, Akt inhibition had no effect on coronary arteriolar MT. Western blot analysis showed increased EGFR tyrosine kinase, GRB2‐SOS, Akt, JNK and STAT phosphorylation, which were inhibited under EGFR inhibition.ConclusionThese novel findings suggest that EGFR dictates coronary arteriolar myogenic tone involves down stream signaling GRB2‐SOS, JNK and STAT, but not Akt.
Unilateral denervation changes NRG/ErbB signaling in adult rat diaphragm muscle
Authors: Argadine Heather M , Hellyer Nathan J , Mantilla Carlos B , Zhan Wen‐Zhi , Sieck Gary C 
Published: June 2021

Unilateral denervation (DNV) of rat diaphragm muscle (DIAm) increases protein synthesis and degradation, with net protein breakdown by 14 days after DNV. We hypothesized that neural influences such as the nerve‐derived trophic factor neuregulin (NRG‐1) are essential in maintaining DIAm protein balance. NRG activates receptor tyrosine kinases of the ErbB family, with the ErbB2‐ErbB3 co‐receptor showing highest affinity for NRG‐1 and strong phosphoinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) activation. Both protein synthesis (via Akt phosphorylation) and degradation (via the transcription factor FoxO3A) are regulated by PI3K activity. We used Western blot analyses to assess NRG‐1, ErbB2, ErbB3 and FoxO3A protein expression at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after DNV. By 1 day after DNV, NRG‐1 expression decreased, whereas ErbB2 and ErbB3 expression increased. Consistent with reduced NRG/ErbB signaling, association of the PI3K regulatory subunit p85 with ErbB3 decreased at 14 days after DNV. FoxO3A expression increased at 7 and 14 days after DNV, in agreement with delayed net protein breakdown. Importantly, DIAm inactivity induced by spinal hemisection had no effect on ErbB2, ErbB3, or FoxO3A expression. Taken together, these results indicate that DNV‐induced skeletal muscle adaptations result from removal of a trophic influence such as NRG‐1 rather than inactivity itself.Supported by NIH grant AR51173.
Neuregulin‐1: a trophic factor for phrenic motoneurons
Authors: Issa Amine Najib , Mantilla Carlos B. , Zhan Whenzi , Fang Yun‐Hua , Sieck Gary C 
Published: June 2021

Neuregulin (NRG) is a nerve derived trophic factor that regulates acetylcholine receptor expression during neuromuscular junction development. NRG also has important trophic effects in the adult central nervous system. We hypothesized that NRG is a trophic factor for phrenic motoneurons. In adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats, we examined NRG‐1 immunoreactivity in the vicinity of phrenic motoneurons. Retrogradely‐labeled phrenic motoneurons were imaged and reconstructed in 3D. NRG‐1 boutons were found mainly around the soma and primary dendrites. The co‐localization of NRG boutons and synaptic markers was determined using multicolor confocal microscopy and a custom‐developed application (Metamorph; Universal Imaging). We found that 94 ± 3% of NRG‐containing boutons resided on synapses, as determined by co‐localization with synaptophysin. In addition, 6 ± 3% of synapses on phrenic motoneurons (within 1 micrometer of soma and primary dendrite surface) expressed NRG. Overall, 13 ± 5 NRG boutons were present at the soma vs. 6 ± 3 at each primary dendrite of a motoneuron.Thus, 57% of NRG‐containing boutons were surrounding the motoneuron soma. In summary, NRG‐1 synaptic boutons are present at phrenic motoneurons in the adult, although its role is presently unknown.Supported by NIH grant AR51173.
Repetitive acute intermittent hypoxia increases neurotrophic and growth factor expression in non‐respiratory motor neurons
Authors: Satriotomo Irawan , Dahlberg Jenny M , Dale‐Nagle Erica A , Mitchell Gordon S 
Published: June 2021

Repetitive acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) elicits respiratory motor plasticity and increases growth/trophic factor expression in respiratory motor neurons (Satriotomo et al., 2007; Dale et al., 2007). Here, we tested the hypothesis that repetitive AIH similarly affects neurons involved in non‐respiratory motor behaviors. Growth/trophic factor protein levels were examined via immunofluorescence in sections from perfused rats exposed to thrice weekly AIH (3xwAIH; 10 episodes,10.5% O2, 5 min duration, 5 min interval, 3x per week, 10 weeks). Upper motor‐neurons of primary and secondary motor cortex (M1‐M2) and alpha motor neurons in the cervical (C7) and lumbar (L3‐4) ventral horns were investigated. Compared to sham rats, neurons in all three areas exhibited increased expression of: 1) brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high affinity receptor (TrkB); 2) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor‐2; and 3) an important VEGF gene regulator, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α. Thus, 3xwAIH regulates endogenous levels of important growth/trophic factors critical for motor neuron survival and plasticity, even in regions of the CNS associated with somatic (versus respiratory) motor control. 3xwAIH may be a useful tool in the treatment of disorders leading to partial paralysis, including spinal injury and motor neuron disease.(NIH HL080209 and NS057778).
Comparison of a rat and rabbit hemorrhagic shock model in response to administration of supplemental oxygen following hemorrhage
Authors: Gunther Robert A. , Talken Linda , Davis Jessica 
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have shown that giving oxygen (O2) post hemorrhage results in an increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the anesthetized rat. This study was done to determine if in the larger anesthetized rabbit model the same effect would be observed with supplemental oxygen. Changes in MAP, cardiac output (CO), and heart rate (HR) were observed.MethodsSix rats and five rabbits were studied. Rats (443±10 gm) were anesthetized with 1.5 to 2.0% isoflurane and allowed to spontaneously breath. Initial the inspired O2 content was the same for each group, air at 21% O2. Rabbits (3.8 ± .4 kg) were similarly anesthetized and intubated. Post hemorrhage (PH), both groups were switched to100% oxygen.ResultsData are mean ± SD. In the rat baseline MAP was 76.6 ± 5.2 mmHg, HR 335 ± 30 bpm, CO 154 ± 22 ml/min and in rabbit MAP was 74.8 ± 17, HR 257 ± 42 bpm, CO 841 ± 239 ml/min. At PH in rat MAP was 54.5 ± 9 mmHg, HR was 302 ± 24 bpm, CO 114 ± 29 ml/min, and in rabbit MAP was 32 ± 5 mmHg, HR 277 ± 39 bpm, CO 361 ± 281 ml/min. With oxygen in rat MAP was 85.7 ± 10 mmHg, HR 308 ± 23, CO 110 ± 23 ml/min, and in rabbit MAP was 29 ± 7 mmHg, HR 290 ± 32, CO 303 ± 112 ml/min.ConclusionAdministering O2 following hemorrhage significantly (P = 0.002) increased MAP in the rat hemorrhage model but did not increase MAP in the rabbit model. This data suggest that oxygen may have a unique role in regulating arterial pressure in the hypovolemic rat compared to the rabbit.