bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased iris thickness on swept‐source optical coherence tomography in patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma
Authors: Chen Zhiqi , Liang Xin , Chen Wei , Wang Ping , Wang Junming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the iris thickness (IT) of patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) and older adults using anterior segment swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT).MethodsIn this comparative cross‐sectional study, 154 participants were enrolled, including 40 patients with POAG and 114 healthy individuals. Nasal‐angle SS‐OCT images were analysed using callipers to measure the thickness of the iris, including the anterior border layer, stromal, and pigmented epithelial layer, at 1 and 2 mm from the pupil edge. The relationship between IT and glaucoma severity was analysed, and receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess the ability of each IT parameter to distinguish patients with glaucoma from healthy controls.ResultsThe IT parameters and iris area were lower in the POAG group than in the age‐matched control group (p < 0.05). In the POAG group, the thickness of the pigmented epithelial layer at 1 and 2 mm was significantly correlated with the severity of glaucoma (p < 0.05). Iris area, with a cut‐off of 1.43 mm2, exhibited the highest sensitivity (85%) and specificity (64.81%; area under the curve = 0.783) for distinguishing patients with POAG from healthy controls. Older adults tended to have the thinnest IT, children had the smallest iris area (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIn patients with POAG, the severity of iris atrophy was associated with glaucoma severity. The results of IT measurements by SS‐OCT may help in the clinical evaluation of POAG.
Do firms practicing integrated reporting engage in less myopic behavior? International evidence on opportunistic earnings management
Authors: Wu Yi (Ava) , Zhou Shan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResearch Question/IssueEarnings management is often perceived as a typical response to managers' short‐term objectives at the expense of long‐term benefits. However, this is not aligned with the most recent development in corporate reporting—integrated reporting (IR)—which encourages long‐term orientation and a trustworthy, honest, and ethical corporate culture. We thus examine whether firms practicing IR to a greater extent exhibit lower levels of earnings management.Research Findings/InsightsUsing multiple IR measures and an international sample of 19,926 firm‐year observations from 2008 to 2015, we document that while firms practicing IR engage in less accrual‐based earnings management, they do resort to real activities earnings management. Such opportunistic earnings management behavior is most pronounced when firms' incentive to manage earnings is high. We also show that opportunistic earnings management behavior is moderated in countries and regions where IR is mandatory, where capital markets are more developed, and where financial reporting is less frequent.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study contributes to the growing literature on whether IR is an effective governance tool in constraining earnings management behavior. The results show that the institutional environment plays an essential role in enabling corporate reporting initiatives such as IR to affect substantive internal changes rather than being used opportunistically.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsFirms that practice IR to a greater extent are associated with a lower level of earnings management in countries where IR is mandatory, which contributes to the policy debate on mandating IR.
Aptamer‐mediated synthesis of multifunctional nano‐hydroxyapatite for active tumour bioimaging and treatment
Authors: Zhang Wenqing , Zhou Ronghui , Yang Yuting , Peng Shuanglin , Xiao Dexuan , Kong Tingting , Cai Xiaoxiao , Zhu Bofeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHAp) is widely used to develop imaging probes and drug carriers due to its excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, traditional methods usually need cumbersome and stringent conditions such as high temperature and post‐modification to prepare the functionalized nHAp, which do not benefit the particles to enter cells due to the increased particle size. Herein, a biomimetic synthesis strategy was explored to achieve the AS1411‐targeted tumour dual‐model bioimaging using DNA aptamer AS1411 as a template. Then, the imaging properties and the biocompatibility of the synthesized AS‐nFAp:Gd/Tb were further investigated.Materials and methodsThe AS‐nFAp:Gd/Tb was prepared under mild conditions through a one‐pot procedure with AS1411 as a template. Besides, the anticancer drug DOX was loaded to AS‐nFAp:Gd/Tb so as to achieve the establishment of a multifunctional nano‐probe that integrated the tumour diagnosis and treatment. The AS‐nFAp:Gd/Tb was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy disperse X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fourier‐transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis analyses, zeta potential and particle sizes. The in vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging were performed on an MRI system and a confocal laser scanning microscope, respectively. The potential of the prepared multifunctional nHAp for a targeted tumour therapy was investigated by a CCK‐8 kit. And the animal experiments were conducted on the basis of the guidelines approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Sichuan University, China.ResultsIn the presence of AS1411, the as‐prepared AS‐nFAp:Gd/Tb presented a needle‐like morphology with good monodispersity and improved imaging performance. Furthermore, due to the specific binding between AS1411 and nucleolin up‐expressed in cancer cells, the AS‐nFAp:Gd/Tb possessed excellent AS1411‐targeted fluorescence and MRI imaging properties. Moreover, after loading chemotherapy drug DOX, in vitro and in vivo studies showed that DOX@AS‐nFAp:Gd/Tb could effectively deliver DOX to tumour tissues and exert a highly effective tumour inhibition without systemic toxicity compared with pure DOX.ConclusionsThe results indicated that the prepared multifunctional nHAp synthesized by a novel biomimetic strategy had outstanding capabilities of recognition and treatment for the tumour and had good biocompatibility; hence, it might have a potential clinical application in the future.
Unmasking the Fragility of Trigger Warnings, Safe Spaces, and Code‐Switching on Campus
Authors: Jackson Myron 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this essay, Myron Jackson offers a critique of trigger warnings, safe spaces, and code‐switching that is based on two grounds. First, these practices derive from ideals of assimilation and appropriation, and are therefore wedded to a logic of domination. Second, these practices promote fragility. Increased reliance on trigger warnings, safe spaces, and code‐switching is, Jackson contends, a biopolitical reflexive response of bodies under erasure in racialized spaces. In place of these practices, he proposes fostering an ideal of open selfhood (rather than fragility) that derives from techniques of cultural adoption (rather than assimilation or appropriation). He then locates these practices within a vision of democratic education.
Functional connectivity changes in complex migraine aura: beyond the visual network
Authors: Silvestro Marcello , Tessitore Alessandro , Di Nardo Federica , Scotto di Clemente Fabrizio , Trojsi Francesca , Cirillo Mario , Esposito Fabrizio , Tedeschi Gioacchino , Russo Antonio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeAlthough the majority of migraine with aura (MwA) patients experience simple visual aura, a discrete percentage also report somatosensory, dysphasic or motor symptoms (the so‐called complex auras). The wide aura clinical spectrum led to an investigation of whether the heterogeneity of the aura phenomenon could be produced by different neural correlates, suggesting an increased visual cortical excitability in complex MwA. The aim was to explore whether complex MwA patients are characterized by more pronounced connectivity changes of the visual network and whether functional abnormalities may extend beyond the visual network encompassing also the sensorimotor network in complex MwA patients compared to simple visual MwA patients.MethodsBy using a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging approach, the resting‐state functional connectivity (RS‐Fc) of both visual and sensorimotor networks in 20 complex MwA patients was compared with 20 simple visual MwA patients and 20 migraine without aura patients.ResultsComplex MwA patients showed a significantly higher RS‐Fc of the left lingual gyrus, within the visual network, and of the right anterior insula, within the sensorimotor network, compared to both simple visual MwA and migraine without aura patients (p < 0.001). The abnormal right anterior insula RS‐Fc was able to discriminate complex MwA patients from simple aura MwA patients as demonstrated by logistic regression analysis (area under the curve 0.83).ConclusionOur findings suggest that higher extrastriate RS‐Fc might promote cortical spreading depression onset representing the neural correlate of simple visual aura that can propagate to sensorimotor regions if an increased insula RS‐Fc coexists, leading to complex aura phenotypes.
Path‐dependent multiaxial fatigue prediction of welded joints using structural strain method
Authors: Han Qinghua , Wang Peipeng , Lu Yan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe maximum shear strain's rotational conditions are investigated under multiaxial loading. The additional hardening is closely related to the relative value, rotational range, and gradual or severe rotation way of the maximum shear strain change. A novel path‐dependent loading factor is introduced to account for the nonproportional additional hardening effect. Subsequently, a computational formula of the structural strain method is established for the multiaxial loading state. The structural stress/strain terms and the proposed path‐dependent factor are introduced into the existing energy‐based fatigue parameter based on the critical plane model. The proposed fatigue prediction method provides prediction results showing that more than 68% and 87% of the data are within the scatter bands of 3 and 5, respectively, for the selected tube–flange/tube welded joints under multiaxial loading paths.
Chronic stress induces NPD‐like behavior in APPPS1 and WT mice with subtle differences in gene expression
Authors: Clement Amalie , Pedersen Mads M. , Stensballe Allan , Wiborg Ove , Asuni Ayodeji A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNeuropsychiatric disturbances (NPDs) are considered hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, treatment of these symptoms has proven difficult and development of safe and effective treatment options is hampered by the limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Thus, robust preclinical models are needed to increase knowledge of NPDs in AD and develop testable hypotheses and novel treatment options. Abnormal activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is implicated in many psychiatric symptoms and might contribute to both AD and NPDs development and progression. We aimed to establish a mechanistic preclinical model of NPD‐like behavior in the APPPS1 mouse model of AD and wildtype (WT) littermates. In APPPS1 and WT mice, we found that chronic stress increased anxiety‐like behavior and altered diurnal locomotor activity suggestive of sleep disturbances. Also, chronic stress activated the HPA axis, which, in WT mice, remained heightened for additional 3 weeks. Chronic stress caused irregular expression of circadian regulatory clock genes (BMAL1, PER2, CRY1 and CRY2) in both APPPS1 and WT mice. Interestingly, APPPS1 and WT mice responded differently to chronic stress in terms of expression of serotonergic markers (5‐HT1A receptor and MAOA) and inflammatory genes (IL‐6, STAT3 and ADMA17). These findings indicate that, although the behavioral response to chronic stress might be similar, the neurobiochemical response was different in APPPS1 mice, which is an important insight in the efforts to develop safe and effective treatments options for NPDs in AD patients. Further work is needed to substantiate these findings.
Coastal darkening substantially limits the contribution of kelp to coastal carbon cycles
Authors: Blain Caitlin O. , Hansen Sandra Christine , Shears Nick T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMacroalgal‐dominated habitats are rapidly gaining recognition as important contributors to marine carbon cycles and sequestration. Despite this recognition, relatively little is known about the production and fate of carbon originating from these highly productive ecosystems, or how anthropogenic‐ and climate‐related stressors affect the role of macroalgae in marine carbon cycles. Here, we examine the impact of increasing turbidity on carbon storage, fixation and loss in southern hemisphere kelp forests. We quantified net primary production (NPP) and biomass accumulation (BA), and estimated carbon release via detritus and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) across a large‐scale turbidity gradient. We show that increased turbidity, resulting in a 63% reduction in light, can result in a 95% reduction in kelp productivity. When averaged annually, estimates of NPP and BA per plant at high‐light sites were nearly six and two times greater than those at low‐light sites, respectively. Furthermore, the quantity of carbon fixed annually by kelp forests was up to 4.7 times greater than that stored as average annual standing stock. At low‐light sites, the majority of C goes directly into tissue growth and is subsequently eroded. In contrast, excess production at high‐light sites accounts for up to 39% of the total carbon fixed and is likely released as DOC. Turbidity is expected to increase in response to climate change and our results suggest this will have significant impacts on the capacity of kelp forests to contribute to carbon sequestration pathways. In addition to demonstrating that turbidity significantly reduces the quantity of carbon fixed by kelp forests, and subsequently released as detritus, our results highlight the negative impacts of turbidity on a large source of previously unaccounted for carbon.
Community treatment orders and care planning: How is engagement and decision‐making enacted?
Authors: Dawson Suzanne , Muir‐Cochrane Eimear , Simpson Alan , Lawn Sharon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn many jurisdictions worldwide, individuals with a mental illness may be forced to receive care and treatment in the community. In Australia, legislation states that such care should be driven by a care plan that is recovery‐focussed. Key components in the care planning process include engagement and decision‐making about a person's support needs and care options, with trust being an essential component of care planning relationships.ObjectiveThis study examines how these components were enacted during service care contacts for individuals on community treatment orders.MethodsThe study was located at two community mental health teams in South Australia. Ethnographic observations of care planning discussions between consumers, their carers and clinicians, and interviews with individuals from these groups, were conducted over 18 months. Carspecken's critical ethnography provided a rigorous means for examining the data to identify underlying cultural themes that were informing day‐to‐day care interactions.ResultsCare planning was not occurring as it was intended, with service culture and structures impeding the development of trusting relationships. Clinicians striving to work collaboratively with consumers had to navigate a service bias and culture that emphasized a hierarchy of ‘knowing’, with consumers assumed to have less knowledge than clinicians.ConclusionsServices and clinicians can challenge prejudicial ethical injustice and counter this through testimonial justice and implementation of tools and approaches that support genuine shared decision‐making.Patient or Public ContributionThis study included individuals with lived experience of mental illness, their carers and clinicians as participants and researchers.
Experimental study and numerical modeling of pulse CVI for the production of organomorphic C/SiC composites
Authors: Kulik Alexey , Bogachev Evgeny , Kulik Victor 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDuring the recent years, considerable attention has been given to the development of efficient and environmentally friendly technologies for the production of ceramic matrix composites. However, little research has been carried out on use of methylsilane (MS) as a halogen‐free precursor in the CVI process. The goal of this work was therefore to study the production of SiC‐matrix composites by pulse chemical vapor infiltration (PCVI) method with MS as a precursor and recently developed organomorphic frameworks as preforms. Experimental research was combined with numerical modeling to get deeper insight into the physical mechanisms underlying the technological process. Results of the study demonstrated that the PCVI allows performing the process with higher densification rate compared to continuous‐flow modifications of CVI. It is shown that optimization of PCVI providing a compromise between the utilization efficiency of the precursor, the densification uniformity, and the process time requires a proper choice of duration of the deposition stage and the process temperature. Numerical modeling proved to be a helpful tool in research and development of PCVI technology.
Associations of maternal and infant metabolite profiles with foetal growth and the odds of adverse birth outcomes
Authors: Voerman Ellis , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Shokry Engy , Ruijter George J. G. , Felix Janine F. , Koletzko Berthold , Gaillard Romy 
Published: August 2021

SummaryBackgroundAdaptations in maternal and foetal metabolic pathways may predispose to altered foetal growth and adverse birth outcomes.ObjectiveTo assess the associations of maternal early‐pregnancy metabolite profiles and infant metabolite profiles at birth with foetal growth from first trimester onwards and the odds of adverse birth outcomes.MethodsIn a prospective population‐based cohort among 976 Dutch pregnant women and their children, serum concentrations of amino acids, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), phospholipids (PL) and carnitines in maternal early‐pregnancy blood and in cord blood were obtained by liquid‐chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Information on foetal growth was available from first trimester onwards.ResultsAfter false discovery rate correction for multiple testing, higher infant total and individual NEFA concentrations were associated with a lower weight, length, and head circumference at birth. Higher infant total and individual acyl‐lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso.PC.a) and alkyl‐lysophosphatidylcholine concentrations were associated with higher weight and head circumference (lyso.PC.a only) at birth, higher odds of LGA and lower odds of SGA. Few individual maternal metabolites were associated with foetal growth measures in third trimester and at birth, but not with the odds of adverse birth outcomes.ConclusionsOur results suggest that infant metabolite profiles, particularly total and individual lyso.PC.a and NEFA concentrations, were strongly related to growth measures at birth and the odds of adverse birth outcomes. Few individual maternal early‐pregnancy metabolites, but not total metabolite concentrations, are associated with foetal growth measures in third trimester and at birth.
Deep lateral transurethral incision for vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Shinchi Masayuki , Horiguchi Akio , Ojima Kenichiro , Hirano Yusuke , Takahashi Eiji , Kimura Fumihiro , Ito Keiichi 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate the outcomes of deep lateral incision for vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy and its impact on postoperative urinary incontinence.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated 43 men who underwent deep lateral incision for non‐obliterated vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy between 2011 and 2020. The bladder neck was deeply incised through its circular fibers into the surrounding perivesical fat at 3 and 9 o’clock through electrocautery incision using needle‐type electrodes. Successful deep lateral incision was defined as the absence of additional treatment, including self‐dilatation. The postoperative urinary incontinence status was evaluated based on the number of pads used daily.ResultsDeep lateral incision was successful in 35 (81.4%) patients, with a median follow‐up period of 43 months (interquartile range 15–80 months). There was no significant association of age (P = 0.66), body mass index (P = 0.49) and history of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.39), radiation therapy (P = 0.89) or previous vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis treatment (P = 0.71) with the incision outcomes; however, there were significantly more unsuccessful cases in those with preoperative urinary retention (P = 0.04) or indwelling urinary catheters for >5 days post‐incision (P = 0.01). A second incision was carried out in eight patients and a third incision in two patients, resulting in 42 (97.7%) successful incisions. A total of 37 (88.1%) patients had urinary incontinence and used at least one pad daily; seven (16.7%) underwent artificial urinary sphincter implantation after the last incision.ConclusionsDeep lateral incision is highly effective for treating vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy. Appropriate treatment is required for urinary incontinence, which occurs frequently after incision.
Our contemporary understanding of the aetiology of pressure ulcers/pressure injuries
Authors: Gefen Amit , Brienza David M. , Cuddigan Janet , Haesler Emily , Kottner Jan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn 2019, the third and updated edition of the Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) on Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries has been published. In addition to this most up‐to‐date evidence‐based guidance for clinicians, related topics such as pressure ulcers (PUs)/pressure injuries (PIs) aetiology, classification, and future research needs were considered by the teams of experts. To elaborate on these topics, this is the third paper of a series of the CPG articles, which summarises the latest understanding of the aetiology of PUs/PIs with a special focus on the effects of soft tissue deformation. Sustained deformations of soft tissues cause initial cell death and tissue damage that ultimately may result in the formation of PUs/PIs. High tissue deformations result in cell damage on a microscopic level within just a few minutes, although it may take hours of sustained loading for the damage to become clinically visible. Superficial skin damage seems to be primarily caused by excessive shear strain/stress exposures, deeper PUs/PIs predominantly result from high pressures in combination with shear at the surface over bony prominences, or under stiff medical devices. Therefore, primary PU/PI prevention should aim for minimising deformations by either reducing the peak strain/stress values in tissues or decreasing the exposure time.