bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Western Alternative Development and Chinese Development
Authors: Kelly Ashley Scott , Lu Xiaoxuan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter, Western alternative development and Chinese development, presents two strategic planning proposals that are generated from frictions between rural development as construed by western aid agencies and forms of Chinese aid, especially regarding the speed of development and their cache of neoliberal ideologies. These programs dominated northern Laos in the 1990s and 2000s and have resulted in a patchwork landscape of development assistance and foreign investment. One featured strategic planning proposal references these earlier programs in Laos’s Muang Sing valley to help guide a strategy for basin-scale agricultural pollution remediation and increased water security, while the other proposal traces the legacies of opium’s replacement, primarily via Chinese investment, with rubber in northern Laos and the how the resultant patchwork of rubber, subsistence and cash crops, and ethnic diversity might deal with increasing rural–urban migration and significant associated strain on the rural agricultural labor force. These proposals exhibit the difficult balancing act between participating in the language and valuation metrics of development but with design concepts and approaches that actively resist easy constitution or reduction. The emphasis of alternative development on livelihood security, environmental sustainability and social development may be commendable, but the building of social capital takes time.
Chinese Mass Nature Tourism and Ecotourism
Authors: Kelly Ashley Scott , Lu Xiaoxuan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter features two planning proposals that engage the ideological and practical frictions between Chinese mass nature tourism and ecotourism. Employed by China’s southwestern frontier provinces as a development model since the early 2000s, mass nature tourism is driven by an economic ideology that appropriates an “impoverished” region and its population as resources. In recent years, the Chinese model of mass nature tourism has been introduced into northern Laos. These large-scale tourism programs may arguably prove economically viable but unavoidably raise ethical, cultural and environmental questions that call for urgent attention. Focusing on Boten and Luang Prabang, the two featured planning proposals challenge an economic-driven and object-based mass nature tourism model and investigate the possibility of a site-, culture-, and landscape-sensitive ecotourism approach. Both projects begin with an analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of key landscape systems that are crucial for enabling the establishment of tourism programs and for sustaining local livelihoods and cultural practices that are indispensable assets of authentic cultural landscape experiences. Based on these analyses, both projects identify site-specific tourism development capacities, guiding the scale and speed of development to minimize conflict between local communities and tourism, while maximizing tourism-related ecological and social benefits.
Infrastructure, logistics and clinical practice management of acute trauma hemorrhage and coagulopathy: a survey across German trauma centers
Authors: Karl Vivien , Schäfer Nadine , Maegele Marc 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Early detection and management of acute trauma hemorrhage and coagulopathy have been associated with improved outcomes, but local infrastructure, logistics and clinical strategies may differ.

Methods
To assess local differences in infrastructure, logistics and clinical management of acute trauma hemorrhage and coagulopathy we have conducted a web-based survey amongst clinicians working in DGU®-certified supraregional, regional and local trauma centers.

Results
137/1875 respondents completed the questionnaire yielding a response rate of 7.3%. The majority specified to work as head of department or senior consultant (95%) in trauma/orthopedic surgery (80%) of supraregional (38%), regional (34%) or local (27%) trauma centers. Conventional coagulation assays are most frequently used to monitor bleeding trauma patients. Only half of the respondents (53%) rely on extended coagulation tests, e.g. viscoelastic hemostatic assays. Tests to assess preinjury use of direct oral anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors are still not widely available and vary according to level of care. Conventional blood products are widely available but there remain differences between trauma centers of different level of care to access other hemostatic therapies, e.g. coagulation factor concentrates. Trauma centers of higher level of care are more likely to implement treatment protocols.

Conclusion
This survey confirms still existing differences in infrastructure, logistics and clinical practice management for the detection of acute trauma hemorrhage and coagulopathy amongst DGU®-certified supraregional, regional and local trauma centers. Further work is recommended to locally implement diagnostics, therapies and treatment algorithms compliant to current guidelines to ensure the best possible outcomes in bleeding trauma patients.
Continuum sensitivity and design optimization of superconducting systems under critical current densities with magnetic field dependence
Authors: Seo Kyungsik , Coombs Tim , Park Il Han 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an approach for deriving the continuum sensitivity of superconducting systems operating at critical current densities and an optimization method based on the continuum sensitivity. In the sensitivity problem, the superconducting systems is represented by a variational state equation, wherein the magnetic permeability depends on the magnetic field, which is transformed from a state equation with a field-dependent source. The design sensitivity is derived using the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics and the adjoint variable method. The adjoint system has a material property represented as a symmetric tensor that contains the sensitivity of the current density with respect to the magnetic field. The design sensitivity is represented in the analytical form of a surface integral on the interface between the superconducting material and its surroundings, which depends on the sensitivity of the current density. The optimization scheme is constructed based on the continuum design sensitivity. In the design optimization, the level set method is used to express the shape variation of the superconducting materials. The numerical example of infinite solenoids demonstrates that the design sensitivity provides an accurate design solution considering the critical current condition. In addition, the design example of a magnetic resonance imaging solenoid shows that the derived design sensitivity has the inherent ability for attaining the compact design by treating the input current of a superconducting system as a critical condition.
Osteoarthritic and non-osteoarthritic patients show comparable coronal knee joint line orientations in a cross-sectional study based on 3D reconstructed CT images
Authors: Hess Silvan , Moser Lukas B. , Robertson Emma L. , Behrend Henrik , Amsler Felix , Iordache Edna , Leclercq Vincent , Hirschmann Michael T. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Recently introduced total knee arthroplasty (TKA) alignment strategies aim to restore the pre-arthritic alignment of an individual patient. The native alignment of a patient can only be restored with detailed knowledge about the native and osteoarthritic alignment as well as differences between them. The first aim of this study was to assess the alignment of a large series of osteoarthritic (OA) knees and investigate whether femoral and tibial joint lines vary within patients with the same overall lower limb alignment. The secondary aim was to compare the alignment of OA patients to the previously published data of non-OA patients. This information could be useful for surgeons considering implementing one of the new alignment concepts.

Material
Coronal alignment parameters of 2692 knee OA patients were measured based on 3D reconstructed CT data using a validated planning software (Knee-PLAN®, Symbios, Yverdon les Bains, Switzerland). Based on these measurements, patients' coronal alignment was phenotyped according to the functional knee phenotype concept. These phenotypes represent an alignment variation of either the overall alignment, the femoral joint line orientation or the tibial joint line orientation. Each phenotype is defined by a specific mean and covers a range of ± 1.5° from this mean. Mean values and distribution among the phenotypes are presented and compared between two populations (OA patients of this study and non-OA patients of a previously published study) as well as between HKA subgroups (varus, valgus and neutral) using t tests and Chi-square tests (p < 0.05).

Results
Femoral and tibial joint lines varied within patients with the same overall lower limb alignment. A total of 162 functional knee phenotypes were found (119 males, 136 females and 94 mutual phenotypes). Mean values differed between the OA and non-OA population, but differences were small (< 2°) except for the overall alignment (e.g. HKA). The distribution of OA and non-OA patients among the phenotypes differed significantly, especially among the limb phenotypes.

Conclusion
Differences between OA and non-OA knees are small regarding coronal femoral and tibial joint line orientation. Femoral and tibial joint line orientation of osteoarthritic patients can, therefore, be used to estimate their native coronal alignment and plan an individualized knee alignment.

Level of clinical evidence
III.
Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of leaves and roots of Rubus hyrcanus Juz.
Authors: Yousefbeyk Fatemeh , Ghasemi Saeed , Evazalipour Mehdi , Dabirian Sara , Schubert Clara , Hekmatnia Sanaz , Habibi Yasamin , Eghbali Koohi Diba , Böhm Volker 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRubus hyrcanusJuz. (Rosaceae), known as Caspian blackberry, is wildly distributed around the Caspian Sea. This study focused on antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of total extracts and different fractions from the roots and leaves of this species. The total phenolics and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Finally, the phenolic profiles of selected fractions were determined using HPLC–DAD and LC–MS/MS. The results indicated that the total phenolics content (TPC) of root total extract (RTE) was 3.5 times that of leaves (340.4 and 102.7 mg GAE/g, respectively). The TPC of three root fractions ranged from 226.6 to 392.9 mg GAE/g, while in leaves fractions, it ranged between 68.3 and 101.8 mg GAE/g. The total extract of leaves had higher contents of total flavonoids than roots (70.5 and 8.9 mg QE/g, respectively). The methanol fractions of both parts had the highest amounts of flavonoids. The root methanol fraction (RMF) had the best antioxidant effect in both DPPH radical scavenging assay (IC50: 9.16 μg ml−1) and total antioxidant capacity test (1010.5 mg ɑTE/g). The RMF and RTE had potent antibacterial activities againstBacillus subtilisandStaphylococcus aureus(MIC 1.5 mg ml−1). In the MTT assay, ethyl acetate fractions of roots and leaves exhibited the best cytotoxicity (IC50247 and 227 μg ml−1, respectively) and the highest selectivity indexes (4.73 and 5.31, respectively). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid in leaves ethyl acetate fraction, chlorogenic acid in leaves methanol fraction, and gallic acid in the root ethyl acetate fraction.
Two Types of Diurnal Variations in Heavy Rainfall during July over Korea
Authors: Park Chang-Kyun , Chang Minhee , Ho Chang-Hoi , Ha Kyung-Ja , Kim Jinwon , Sohn Byung-Ju 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study examined the characteristics of the diurnal variations of heavy rainfall (⩾110 mm in 12 hours) in Korea and the related atmospheric circulation for July from 1980–2020. During the analysis period, two dominant pattens of diurnal variation of the heavy rainfall emerged: all-day heavy rainfall (AD) and morning only heavy rainfall (MO) types. For the AD-type, the heavy rainfall is caused by abundant moisture content in conjunction with active convection in the morning (0000–1200, LST; LST = UTC + 9) and the afternoon hours (1200–2400 LST). These systems are related to the enhanced moisture inflow and upward motion induced by the strengthening of the western North Pacific subtropical high and upper-tropospheric jet. For the MO-type, heavy rainfall occurs mostly in the morning hours; the associated atmospheric patterns are similar to the climatology. We find that the atmospheric pattern related to severe heavy rainfalls in 2020 corresponds to a typical AD-type and resembles the 1991 heavy-rainfall system in its overall synoptic/mesoscale circulations. The present results imply that extremely heavy rainfall episodes in Korea during the 2020 summer may occur again in the future associated with the recurring atmospheric phenomenon related to the heavy rainfall.
Deswelling of microfibril bundles in drying wood studied by small-angle neutron scattering and molecular dynamics
Authors: Zitting Aleksi , Paajanen Antti , Rautkari Lauri , Penttilä Paavo A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Structural changes of cellulose microfibrils and microfibril bundles in unmodified spruce cell wall due to drying in air were investigated using time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The scattering analysis was supported with dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) measurements to quantify the macroscopic drying kinetics. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to aid in understanding the molecular-level wood-water interactions during drying. Both SANS experiments and simulations support the notion that individual cellulose microfibrils remain relatively unaffected by drying. There is, however, a significant decrease in fibril-to-fibril distances in microfibril bundles. Both scattering and DVS experiments showed two distinct drying regions: constant-rate drying and falling-rate drying. This was also supported by the MD simulation results. The shrinking of the fibril bundles starts at the boundary of these two regions, which is accompanied by a strong decrease in the diffusivity of water in between the microfibrils.

Graphic abstract
The Long and the Short of It: A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parent–Child Care (PC–CARE) and Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
Authors: Timmer Susan G. , Hawk Brandi , Usacheva Maria , Armendariz Lindsay , Boys Deanna K. , Urquiza Anthony J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractResearch shows that parenting interventions struggle with keeping clients in treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare attrition and rates of improvement in caregiver-child dyads participating in either Parent–Child Care (PC–CARE), a brief, 7-session parenting intervention or Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) over a 7–week period. Participants were 204 caregiver-child dyads referred to either PC-CARE (N = 69) or PCIT (N = 135) between 2016 and 2019. Children were aged 2–7 years, referred for treatment by county Behavioral Health Services, and Medicaid funded. Findings showed that PC–CARE participants were 2.5 times more likely than PCIT participants to complete 7 sessions, all other things being equal, and showed significantly greater rates of improvement during this timeframe in reported child behavior problems and parenting stress. In conclusion, compared with PCIT, PC–CARE showed greater retention and rate of improvement in child and parent outcomes over a comparable time period.
Development of PBPK model for intra-articular injection in human: methotrexate solution and rheumatoid arthritis case study
Authors: Le Merdy Maxime , Mullin Jim , Lukacova Viera 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA physiologically based model describing the dissolution, diffusion, and transfer of drug from the intra-articular (IA) space to the plasma, was developed for GastroPlus® v9.8. The model is subdivided into compartments representing the synovial fluid, synovium, and cartilage. The synovium is broken up into two sublayers. The intimal layer acts as a diffusion barrier between the synovial fluid and the subintimal layer. The subintimal layer of the synovium has fenestrated capillaries that allow the free drug to be transported into systemic circulation. The articular cartilage is broken up into 10 diffusion sublayers as it is much thicker than the synovium. The cartilage acts as a depot tissue for the drug to diffuse into from synovial fluid. At later times, the drug will diffuse from the cartilage back into synovial fluid once a portion of the dose enters systemic circulation. In this study, a listing of all relevant details and equations for the model is presented. Methotrexate was chosen as a case study to show the application and utility of the model, based on the availability of intravenous (IV), oral (PO) and IA administration data in patients presenting rheumatoid arthritis (RA) symptoms. Systemic disposition of methotrexate in RA patients was described by compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) model with PK parameters extracted using the PKPlus™ module in GastroPlus®. The systemic PK parameters were validated by simulating PO administration of methotrexate before being used for simulation of IA administration. For methotrexate, the concentrations of drug in the synovial fluid and plasma were well described after adjustments of physiological parameters to account for RA disease state, and with certain assumptions about binding and diffusion. The results indicate that the model can correctly describe PK profiles resulting from administration in the IA space, however, additional cases studies will be required to evaluate ability of the model to scale between species and/or doses.
Linking Human And Machine Behavior: A New Approach to Evaluate Training Data Quality for Beneficial Machine Learning
Authors: Hagendorff Thilo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMachine behavior that is based on learning algorithms can be significantly influenced by the exposure to data of different qualities. Up to now, those qualities are solely measured in technical terms, but not in ethical ones, despite the significant role of training and annotation data in supervised machine learning. This is the first study to fill this gap by describing new dimensions of data quality for supervised machine learning applications. Based on the rationale that different social and psychological backgrounds of individuals correlate in practice with different modes of human–computer-interaction, the paper describes from an ethical perspective how varying qualities of behavioral data that individuals leave behind while using digital technologies have socially relevant ramification for the development of machine learning applications. The specific objective of this study is to describe how training data can be selected according to ethical assessments of the behavior it originates from, establishing an innovative filter regime to transition from the big data rationalen = allto a more selective way of processing data for training sets in machine learning. The overarching aim of this research is to promote methods for achieving beneficial machine learning applications that could be widely useful for industry as well as academia.
On the meaning of EPR’s Reality Criterion
Authors: Gömöri Márton , Hofer-Szabó Gábor 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis essay has two main claims about EPR’s Reality Criterion. First, we claim that the application of the Reality Criterion makes an essential difference between the EPR argument and Einstein’s later arguments against quantum mechanics. We show that while the EPR argument, making use of the Reality Criterion, does derive that certain interpretations of quantum mechanics are incomplete, Einstein’s later arguments, making no use of the Reality Criterion, do not prove incompleteness, but rather point to the inadequacy of the Copenhagen interpretation. We take this fact as an indication that the Reality Criterion is a crucial, indispensable component of the incompleteness argument(s). The second claim is more substantive. We argue that the Reality Criterion is a special case of the Common Cause Principle. Finally, we relate this proposal to Tim Maudlin’s recent assertion that the Reality Criterion is an analytic truth.
Surgical reconstruction of small and medium rotator cuff tears shows superior long-term results
Authors: Wirth Barbara , Weinhold Leonie , Müller-Rath Ralf 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundDegenerative rotator cuff tears are common in elderly patients. However, the treatment strategies remain controversial. While physiotherapy can lead to pain relief and improved shoulder function, spontaneous tendon healing will not take place and, thus, non-operative management bears the risk of tear progression. Surgical management is the only way to restore the tendon-to-bone interface in spite of a considerable number of retears.MethodsThe present study reviewed the data provided by randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have compared physiotherapy with surgical rotator cuff repair. Systematic reviews of this kind have been published before; however, this paper re-analyzes the data, given that Moosmayer et al. recently published an RCT with 10-year follow-up. Such long-term data are comparatively rare in the field of musculoskeletal surgery and therefore a reconsideration of treatment recommendations seems necessary.ResultsThe results show a mean difference in the Constant and Murley score of 6.2 points (95% confidence interval, 2.6; 9.7,P < 0.001) in favor of the surgical groups. The visual analog scale pain score also improved more in the operatively treated patients with a mean difference of −1.4 (95% confidence interval −2.1; −0.8,P < 0.001).ConclusionIn summary, this review shows superior clinical results for surgical repair of small- to medium-sized degenerative rotator cuff tears especially in the long term compared to physiotherapy.
One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of a CoTe@rGO Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Tianrui , Su Yupeng , Xiao Mi , Zhao Meilian , Zhao Tingwu , Shen Jianguo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCoTe@reduced graphene oxide (CoTe@rGO) electrode materials for supercapacitors were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method in this paper. Compared with that of pure CoTe, the electrochemical performance of CoTe@rGO was significantly improved. The results showed that the optimal CoTe@rGO electrode material has a remarkably high specific capacitance of 810.6 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. At 5 A/g, the synthesized material retained 77.2% of its initial capacitance even after 5000 charge/discharge cycles, thereby demonstrating good cycling stability. Moreover, even at a high current density of 20 A/g, the composite electrode retained 79.0% of its specific capacitance at 1 A/g, thus confirming its excellent rate performance. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with a wider potential window and higher energy density was assembled by using 3 M KOH as the electrolyte, the CoTe@rGO electrode as the positive electrode, and active carbon as the negative electrode. The operating voltage of the supercapacitor could be increased to 1.6 V, and its specific capacitance could reach 112.6 F/g at 1 A/g. The specific capacitance retention rate of the fabricated supercapacitor after 5000 charge/discharge cycles at 5 A/g was 87.1%, which confirms its excellent cycling stability. In addition, the ASC revealed a high energy density of 40.04 W·h/kg at a power density of 799.91 W/kg and a high power density of 4004.93 W/kg at an energy density of 33.43 W·h/kg. These results collectively show that CoTe@rGO materials have broad application prospects.