bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The economic arguments for and against a wealth tax
Authors: Adam Stuart , Miller Helen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper asks when a wealth tax would, in principle, be a desirable part of the tax system, setting aside the practicalities and politics that would be crucial in reality. The case for a one‐off wealth tax is simple. If it were unexpected and credibly one‐off – a major challenge in practice – this would be an efficient way to raise revenue and could be used to address existing wealth inequality. Whether such a tax is desirable hinges on whether it is considered fair, about which reasonable people will differ. Making the case for an annual wealth tax, which would affect future wealth accumulation as well as existing wealth, is less straightforward. It requires explaining why it is better to tax the same wealth every year – penalising those who save – rather than raising the same revenue by taxing all sources of wealth once when they are received (and/or when they are spent). Such a case can be made based on subtle arguments for why taxing wealth might help to ease the trade‐off between redistribution and work incentives; and a wealth tax might also be justified if holding on to wealth, rather than spending it, benefits the holder or harms others. These theoretical arguments probably justify some taxation of wealth in principle, though we have little basis for judging the appropriate level, so only part of the theoretical benefit could be attained. It is questionable whether the achievable benefits outweigh the costs of an imperfect wealth tax in practice.There are strong reasons to radically reform how we currently tax the sources/uses of wealth; this includes reforming capital income taxes in order to properly tax high returns. An annual wealth tax would be a poor substitute for doing that. But to the extent that taxes remain imperfect and that responses to a wealth tax would not affect revenue from other taxes (such as on income, expenditure and bequests), there may be a benefit to adding a wealth tax in order to diversify sources of revenue and prevent any one tax getting too high – though that must be weighed against the extra administrative burdens of having another tax.
Actor–partner association of work–family conflict and parental depressive symptoms during COVID‐19 in China: Does coparenting matter?
Authors: Zou Shengqi , Wu Xinchun , Ren Yizhen , Wang Xinyi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractParental depressive symptoms and their related factors have not been widely examined during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Therefore, the current study examined the actor and partner associations of work–family conflict and parental depressive symptoms. Considering the new demands and challenges for families during the COVID‐19 pandemic, we further explored the moderation effect of coparenting. A cross‐sectional online survey with 985 paired fathers and mothers was conducted in Mainland China. In 11.6% of families, only mothers reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; in 10.6% families, only fathers reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; in 9.5% families, the mother and father reported mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Results of the actor–partner interdependence model showed that parental family‐to‐work conflict was negatively associated with their own depressive symptoms. The negative actor association of maternal family‐to‐work conflict and depressive symptoms was moderated by undermining coparenting. The partner effects of maternal family‐to‐work and work‐to‐family conflicts on paternal depressive symptoms were moderated by undermining coparenting. Moreover, supportive coparenting moderated the actor association of work‐to‐family conflict and the depressive symptoms of fathers. Results highlight the importance of family‐to‐work conflict and family function for parental depressive symptoms. These findings can help promote parental well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Liver biopsy in the real world—reporting, expert concordance and correlation with a pragmatic clinical diagnosis
Authors: Kim Hannah P. , Idowu Michael O. , Mospan Andrea R. , Allmon Andrew G. , Roden Michael , Newsome Philip , Lok Anna S. , Thuluvath Paul J. , Taunk Jawahar , Fried Michael W. , Sanyal Arun J. , Barritt A. Sidney ,   TARGET‐NASH Investigators
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundPatients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis stage ≥2 comprise a target population for pharmacotherapy. Liver biopsy, the reference standard for identifying this population, requires complete and accurate assessment of steatohepatitis and fibrosis.AimsTo investigate the completeness of real‐world NASH‐related pathology reports, assess concordance between site pathologists and central expert interpretation of the histologic elements of NASH, and determine concordance between biopsy‐diagnosed NASH and a pragmatic clinical definition of NASH.MethodsLiver pathology reports from 222 patients across 38 TARGET‐NASH sites were analysed for documentation of the histologic features of NASH. Biopsy slides were over‐read by a blinded central expert pathologist. Concordance of histologic scores and interpretation was assessed. Histologic concordance with a clinical definition of NASH was determined. TARGET‐NASH clinically defined NASH: elevated ALT, hepatic steatosis on biopsy or imaging and ≥1 of the following: BMI ≥30 kg/m2, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia.ResultsDocumentation of steatosis, lobular inflammation, portal inflammation and ballooning were missing from 21%, 35%, 46% and 40% of reports, respectively. There was slight‐to‐fair concordance (weighted kappa 0.01‐0.35) between site and central pathologists for inflammatory features, and moderate concordance (weighted kappa 0.56‐0.57) for fibrosis staging. Clinical definition of NASH was 75%‐91% concordant (94%‐95% sensitive) with biopsy‐diagnosed NASH.ConclusionsThere is substantial variability in reporting and grading NASH and fibrosis staging in clinical practice. This heterogeneity may adversely impact patient assessment and translation of practice guidelines into reality. The TARGET‐NASH pragmatic clinical definition may serve as a valuable tool to accurately identify NASH patients in clinical practice.
Primary HBB gene mutation severity and long‐term outcomes in a global cohort of β‐thalassaemia
Authors: Musallam Khaled M. , Vitrano Angela , Meloni Antonella , Addario Pollina Sebastiano , Di Marco Vito , Hussain Ansari Saqib , Filosa Aldo , Ricchi Paolo , Ceci Adriana , Daar Shahina , Vlachaki Efthymia , Singer Sylvia T. , Naserullah Zaki A. , Pepe Alessia , Scondotto Salvatore , Dardanoni Gabriella , Karimi Mehran , El‐Beshlawy Amal , Hajipour Mahmoud , Bonifazi Fedele , Vichinsky Elliott , Taher Ali T. , Sankaran Vijay G. , Maggio Aurelio ,   the International Working Group on Thalassemia (IWG‐THAL)
Published: October 2021

SummaryIn β‐thalassaemia, the severity of inherited β‐globin gene mutations determines the severity of the clinical phenotype at presentation and subsequent transfusion requirements. However, data on associated long‐term outcomes remain limited. We analysed data from 2109 β‐thalassaemia patients with available genotypes in a global database. Genotype severity was grouped as β0/β0, β0/β+, β+/β+, β0/β++, β+/β++, and β++/β++. Patients were followed from birth until death or loss to follow‐up. The median follow‐up time was 34·1 years. Mortality and multiple morbidity outcomes were analyzed through five different stratification models of genotype severity groups. Interestingly, β0 and β+ mutations showed similar risk profiles. Upon adjustment for demographics and receipt of conventional therapy, patients with β0/β0, β0/β+, or β+/β+ had a 2·104‐increased risk of death [95% confidence interval (CI): 1·176–3·763, P = 0·011] and 2·956‐increased odds of multiple morbidity (95% CI: 2·310–3·784, P < 0·001) compared to patients in lower genotype severity groups. Cumulative survival estimates by age 65 years were 36·8% for this subgroup compared with 90·2% for patients in lower genotype severity groups (P < 0·001). Our study identified mortality and morbidity risk estimates across various genotype severity groups in patients with β‐thalassaemia and suggests inclusion of both β+ and β0 mutations in strata of greatest severity.
Copeptin assays in children for the differential diagnosis of polyuria‐polydipsia syndrome and reference levels in hospitalized children
Authors: Bonnet Laura , Marquant Emeline , Fromonot Julien , Hamouda Ilyes , Berbis Julie , Godefroy Alice , Vierge Melody , Tsimaratos Michel , Reynaud Rachel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesPolyuria‐polydipsia syndrome (PPS) is a common presentation in children but the differential diagnosis rests on burdensome water deprivation tests. The aims of this study were to determine a copeptin threshold to distinguish patients with central diabetes insipidus from those with primary polydipsia and to estimate the normal range of copeptin concentrations in children.DesignSingle‐centre retrospective descriptive study.PatientsTwo hundred and seventy‐eight children aged 2 months to 18 years who consulted for PPS (N = 40) or other reasons (control group, N = 238) at La Timone University Hospital in Marseille, France, between April 2015 and September 2019 and had a copeptin assay.MeasurementsUltrasensitive copeptin assays on blood samples.ResultsAmong the children with PPS, the mean copeptin concentrations were 1.72, 55.2 and 15.7 pmol/l in those with central diabetes insipidus (N = 21), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (N = 3), and primary polydipsia (N = 16), respectively. Copeptin levels lower than 3.53 pmol/l were diagnostic of central diabetes insipidus with 100% sensitivity and 87.4% specificity (p < .001). The 5th–95th copeptin percentile range in the control group was 2.53–21.03 pmol/L. Copeptin levels were significantly higher in boys than in girls but there was no association with age, pubertal stage, body mass index, or the reason for consulting.ConclusionsOur results indicate copeptin assays may be valuable in the differential diagnosis of PPS in children. Larger prospective studies are required to establish their accuracy in everyday clinical practice.
The effect of parthenolide on methamphetamine‐induced blood‐brain barrier and astrocyte alterations
Authors: Leitão Ricardo A. , Fontes‐Ribeiro Carlos A. , Silva Ana Paula 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundMethamphetamine abuse is a worldwide concern with long‐term health complications. Its impact on neurons has been extensively investigated, and it is currently known that glial cells, including astrocytes, are involved in drug‐induced outcomes. Importantly, METH also causes blood‐brain barrier (BBB) disruption and astrocytes are critical for BBB (dys)function. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the involvement of neuroinflammation mediated by astrocytes in BBB permeability and brain oedema induced by METH. Further, we aimed to identify a new approach to counteract METH effects.MethodsMice were administered with a METH binge regimen (4 × 10 mg/kg) alone or in combination with parthenolide (PTL; 4 × 1 mg/kg), and hippocampi were analysed. For in vitro studies, mouse primary cultures of astrocytes were exposed to 250 µM METH, alone or co‐treated with 10 µM PTL.ResultsWe observed a neuroinflammatory response characterized by astrocytic morphological changes and increased TNF‐α, iNOS and ICAM‐1 protein levels (213.62%, 205.76% and 191.47% of control, respectively). Additionally, brain oedema and BBB disruption were identified by increased water content (81.30% of tissue weight) and albumin (224.40% of control) in the hippocampal tissue, as well as a significant decrease in vessel coverage by astrocytes after METH exposure. Regarding astrocyte cultures, we further identified TNF‐α as a key player in METH‐induced cell swelling. Importantly, PTL (present in feverfew plant) prevented both animal and in vitro effects induced by METH.ConclusionsWe provided important insights on brain dysfunction induced by METH, and we also suggest a new approach to counteract such negative effects.
Adipose tissue insulin resistance and lipidome alterations as the characterizing factors of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Guerra Sara , Mocciaro Gabriele , Gastaldelli Amalia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now 25% in the general population but increases to more than 55% in subjects with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. Simple steatosis (NAFL) can develop into more severe forms, that is non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma leading to death.MethodsIn this narrative review, we have discussed the current knowledge in the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease, including both metabolic and non‐metabolic factors, insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, as well as the markers of liver damage, giving attention to the alterations in lipid metabolism and production of lipotoxic lipids.ResultsInsulin resistance, particularly in the adipose tissue, is the main driver of NAFLD due to the excess release of fatty acids. Lipidome analyses have shown that several lipids, including DAGs and ceramides, and especially if they contain saturated lipids, act as bioactive compounds, toxic to the cells. Lipids can also affect mitochondrial function. Not only lipids, but also amino acid metabolism is impaired in NAFL/NASH, and some amino acids, as branched‐chain and aromatic amino acids, glutamate, serine and glycine, have been linked to impaired metabolism, insulin resistance and severity of NAFLD and serine is a precursor of ceramides.ConclusionsThe measurement of lipotoxic species and adipose tissue dysfunction can help to identify individuals at risk of progression to NASH.
Insider trading and the algorithmic trading environment
Authors: Chang Millicent , Gould John , Huang Yuyun , Treepongkaruna Sirimon , Yang Joey Wenling 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe examine how algorithmic trading (AT) changes the trading environment for corporate insiders, specifically in terms of motivation to trade and timing of trade. Using SEC Form 4 insider filings and AT computed from the limit order book, we find that AT affects insiders' decisions to buy or sell, depending on whether the trades are information driven, resulting in changes in trading returns. AT reduces returns associated with routine insider sales by 0.9% of a change in AT. However being sophisticated and informed traders, insiders are able to trade strategically, leaving their purchase returns unaffected by AT. The results also show that while AT reduces information acquisition efforts in the pre‐earnings announcement period, insider trades counteract this effect by releasing information to the market. Our findings reinforce the important role of insider trading in providing fundamental information and aiding price discovery, especially in an era of computerized financial markets.
Association of healthy lifestyle and all‐cause mortality according to medication burden
Authors: Kelly Neil A. , Soroka Orysya , Onyebeke Chukwuma , Pinheiro Laura C. , Banerjee Samprit , Safford Monika M. , Goyal Parag 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundHealthy lifestyle is associated with reduced all‐cause mortality, but it is not known whether this association persists for individuals with high medication burden. We examined the association between healthy lifestyle behaviors and all‐cause mortality across different degrees of polypharmacy.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of 20,417 adults aged ≥45 years from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study. The primary exposure was healthy lifestyle (adherence to Mediterranean diet, physical activity, smoking abstinence, sedentary behavior avoidance, and composite healthy behavior score [HBS]). The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. Strata of medication burden were based on the number of medications taken (no polypharmacy: 0–4, polypharmacy: 5–9, hyperpolypharmacy: ≥10). We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the association between healthy lifestyle behaviors and mortality within each medication burden stratum and examined for interactions with age.ResultsThe healthiest category of each lifestyle behavior, except sedentary behavior avoidance among the hyperpolypharmacy group, was associated with lower all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR]) regardless of medication burden: Mediterranean diet (no polypharmacy: HR 0.77, polypharmacy: HR 0.78, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.85), physical activity (no polypharmacy: HR 0.87, polypharmacy: HR 0.82, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.79), smoking abstinence (no polypharmacy: HR 0.40, polypharmacy: HR 0.45, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.52), and sedentary behavior avoidance (no polypharmacy: HR 0.88, polypharmacy: HR 0.86, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.95). Higher HBS was inversely associated with all‐cause mortality within each medication burden stratum (no polypharmacy: HR 0.52, polypharmacy: HR 0.55, hyperpolypharmacy: HR 0.69). Although there was an interaction with age among those with no polypharmacy and those with polypharmacy, point estimates for HBS followed a graded pattern whereby higher HBS was incrementally associated with improved mortality across all age strata.ConclusionGreater adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with lower all‐cause mortality irrespective of medication burden and age.
Narrative Monetary Policy Surprises and the Media
Authors: TER ELLEN SASKIA , LARSEN VEGARD H. , THORSRUD LEIF ANDERS 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe propose a simple method to quantify narratives from textual data, and identify “narrative monetary policy surprises” as the difference in narrative focus in central bank communication accompanying interest rate meetings and economic media coverage prior to those meetings. Identifying narrative surprises, using Norwegian data, provides surprise measures that are uncorrelated with conventional monetary policy surprises, and, in contrast to such surprises, have a significant effect on subsequent media coverage. Narrative monetary policy surprises lead to macroeconomic responses similar to what recent monetary policy literature associates with the information component of monetary policy communication, highlighting media's role as information intermediaries.
On the importance of integrating comparative anatomy and One Health perspectives in anatomy education
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sourav , Ceri Davies D. , Holland Jane C. , Holmes Jonathan M. , Kilroy David , McGonnell Imelda M. , Reynolds Alison L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs a result of many factors, including climate change, unrestricted population growth, widespread deforestation and intensive agriculture, a new pattern of diseases in humans is emerging. With increasing encroachment by human societies into wild domains, the interfaces between human and animal ecosystems are gradually eroding. Such changes have led to zoonoses, vector‐borne diseases, infectious diseases and, most importantly, the emergence of antimicrobial‐resistant microbial strains as challenges for human health. Now would seem to be an opportune time to revisit old concepts of health and redefine some of these in the light of emerging challenges. The One Health concept addresses some of the demands of modern medical education by providing a holistic approach to explaining diseases that result from a complex set of interactions between humans, environment and animals, rather than just an amalgamation of isolated signs and symptoms. An added advantage is that the scope of One Health concepts has now expanded to include genetic diseases due to advancements in omics technology. Inspired by such ideas, a symposium was organised as part of the 19th International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) Congress (August 2019) to investigate the scope of One Health concepts and comparative anatomy in contemporary medical education. Speakers with expertise in both human and veterinary anatomy participated in the symposium and provided examples where these two disciplines, which have so far evolved largely independent of each other, can collaborate for mutual benefit. Finally, the speakers identified some key concepts of One Health that should be prioritised and discussed the diverse opportunities available to integrate these priorities into a broader perspective that would attempt to explain and manage diseases within the scopes of human and veterinary medicine.
The populist trinity of communication, ideology, and strategy: A proposal to enhance the analysis of populist discourses
Authors: Flores‐González Rubén , Andrade del Cid Patricia , Ávalos‐Rivera Alexia R. , Torio‐Hernández Mónica 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe academic community continues to debate what the best conceptualization of populism may be. Three definitions stand out, populism as a communication style, as a political strategy, and as an ideology. Based on a sample of 21 days of morning conferences given by the Mexican president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, we analyze his discourse for content representative of these three conceptualizations. We observe that the analysis of populist discourse is enriched when populism is considered as a product where communication, ideology, and strategy are articulated to work for the political empowerment of a leader, who fuels and manages the anger of a base of followers.
Root cortex development is fine‐tuned by the interplay of MIGs, SCL3 and DELLAs during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Seemann Christine , Heck Carolin , Voß Stefanie , Schmoll Jana , Enderle Eileen , Schwarz Diana , Requena Natalia 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Root development is a crucial process that determines the ability of plants to acquire nutrients, adapt to the substrate and withstand changing environmental conditions. Root plasticity is controlled by a plethora of transcriptional regulators that allow, in contrast to tissue development in animals, post‐embryonic changes that give rise to new tissue and specialized cells.

One of these changes is the accommodation in the cortex of hyperbranched hyphae of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, called arbuscules. Arbuscule‐containing cells undergo massive reprogramming to coordinate developmental changes with transport processes.

Here we describe a novel negative regulator of arbuscule development, MIG3. MIG3 induces and interacts with SCL3, both of which modulate the activity of the central regulator DELLA, restraining cortical cell growth. As in a tug‐of‐war, MIG3‐SCL3 antagonizes the function of the complex MIG1‐DELLA, which promotes the cell expansion required for arbuscule development, adjusting cell size during the dynamic processes of the arbuscule life cycle.

Our results in the legume plant Medicago truncatula advance the knowledge of root development in dicot plants, showing the existence of additional regulatory elements not present in Arabidopsis that fine‐tune the activity of conserved central modules.