bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening the Police
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
American police departments have presided over the business of motion pictures since the end of the nineteenth century. Their influence is evident not only on the screen but also in the ways movies are made, promoted, and viewed in the United States. Screening the Police explores the history of film’s entwinement with law enforcement, showing the role that state power has played in the creation and expansion of a popular medium. For the New Jersey State Police in the 1930s, film offered a method of visualizing criminality and of circulating urgent information about escaped convicts. For the New York Police Department, the medium was a means of making the agency world famous as early as 1896. Beat cops became movie stars. Police chiefs made their own documentaries. And from Maine to California, state and local law enforcement agencies regularly fingerprinted filmgoers for decades, amassing enormous records as they infiltrated theaters both big and small. Understanding the scope of police power in the United States requires attention to an aspect of film history that has long been ignored. Screening the Police reveals the extent to which American cinema has overlapped with the politics and practices of law enforcement. Today, commercial filmmaking is heavily reliant on public policing—and vice versa. How such a working relationship was forged and sustained across the long twentieth century is the subject of this book.
Cinema’s Municipalities
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the growing sophistication of collaborations between Hollywood and particular police forces during cinema’s first decades, showing how the locations of the emerging film industry—municipalities like New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles—decisively shaped that industry’s relationship to law enforcement. Representing a deliberate departure from the one- and two-reel films that had lampooned the police through slapstick and other farcical gestures, certain feature films also augured industrial trends that would run far deeper than onscreen depictions, involving law enforcement officials as more than just objects of narrative fascination. The national promotion of such films illustrates more than just the emergence of standardized, studio-dictated distribution and exhibition policies. It also indicates the coalescence of a national model of law enforcement that, like the strategies of circulation and ballyhoo determined at a studio’s corporate headquarters, experienced at least some degree of alteration at the local level, where municipal police departments, neighborhood cinemas, and other small businesses shaped, in idiosyncratic and often unpredictable ways, both professional methods and popular reception practices.
Cinematic Badges
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the tensions involved in the development and maintenance of film-specific forms of police public relations and addresses the persistence of certain cultural and institutional anxieties. From the threat of repetition and generic stagnation to the frictions resulting from the coexistence of strict representational codes and countervailing “realist” imperatives, these tensions and anxieties further illustrate the sheer complexity of cinema’s intersections with police power in the United States. American police departments have long been committed to shaping American film culture to their own advantage. American police officials were not necessarily easily satisfied by screen representations, and their ongoing demands had unexpected and sometimes contradictory effects.
Ballistics, Bertillonage, and Ballyhoo
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers some key intersections between cinema and criminal science, centering on a little-known case study: so-called suspect films—observational shorts produced initially by the New Jersey State Police and an assortment of municipal counterparts and later by private companies like RCA, Universal, and General Electric. As this case study reveals, cinema’s utility as a tool of policing was far from simple or self-evident. It had to be carefully constructed, aggressively promoted, and rendered profitable in a political economy in which the line between public service and private profit was rarely very distinct.
From Kiddie Cops to the Coal Police
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the United States, the normalization of police power has often demanded the delineation of fraudulent or otherwise illegitimate aspirants to such power. This chapter considers cinematic depictions of parapolicing. Such representations speak to ongoing anxieties surrounding the actual, discernable contours of police power in the United States. In Hollywood, the Studio Relations Committee was particularly wary of analogies between “real” police officers and their privately employed counterparts. The films examined in this chapter address the complexities of those public-private partnerships that pivot around law enforcement. Ultimately, these films work to affirm the state’s monopoly on lawful violence, either because it is the state itself that “generously” grants power to particular private actors or because those private actors fail miserably and, in so doing, necessitate the expansion of “real” police forces. Such films complicate, in markedly populist terms, the professional police’s presumed monopoly on expertise, without, however, questioning the police’s monopoly on violence. The films at the center of this chapter are meant to show that while policing may be teachable—imitable—actual law enforcement officials hold the real power.
Coda
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Interrogating the entwinement of Hollywood and law enforcement means reconsidering standard definitions of the corporate media system. Scholars continue to view that system—typified, in conventional accounts, by the Hollywood studios—as largely independent of state power. Police participation—broadly defined—has always saved the industry money, with state and municipal agencies funneling their own resources into principal photography, postproduction, and promotion. Tie-ups between police departments and film companies, which are constant rather than occasional—standard rather than exceptional—thus illustrate the rarely acknowledged reality that Hollywood is, in fact, publicly subsidized. Tax credits tempt filmmakers to far-flung locations where law enforcement agencies do their part to keep production costs down, sustaining Hollywood by public subsidy—a sort of “socialism for the rich.” Put simply, the police labor that is so frequently subsumed under Foucauldian abstractions has long been a key factor in the public funding of Hollywood.
A Fake Saint and the True Church
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book uncovers the remarkable story of a fake saint to tell a tale about truth. It begins at the end of the 1650s, when a large quantity of forged documents suddenly appeared throughout the kingdom of Naples. Narrating the life and deeds of a previously unknown medieval saint named Giovanni Calà, the trove generated much excitement around the kingdom. No one was more delighted by the news than Carlo Calà, Giovanni’s wealthy and politically influential seventeenth-century descendant. Attracted by the prospect of adding a saint to the family tree, Carlo presented Giovanni’s case to the Roman Curia. The Catholic authorities immediately realized that the sources were forged and that Giovanni was not real (let alone holy). Yet it took more than two decades before the forgery was exposed: why? Vividly reconstructing the intricate case of the supposed saint, the book reveals the tensions between historical and theological truth. How much could the truth of doctrine depend on the truth of the facts before religion lost its connection with the supernatural? To what extent could theology ignore the truth of history without ending up engulfed in falsity and deceit? This story of a fake saint illuminates early modern tensions. But the struggles to distinguish between facts, opinions, and beliefs remain with us. Examining how our predecessors dealt with the relationship between truth and authenticity guides us too in thinking through what is true and what is not.
Introduction
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historiographical context in which this book is situated, and the scholarly debates to which it seeks to contribute. The chapter also presents the methodological framework of the book and examines the historical and historiographical benefits of a microhistorical analysis. The chapter shows that the story of Carlo Calà and his allegedly holy ancestor enables us to understand better important political, cultural, and theological aspects of early modern Catholicism. The chapter also puts the past in conversation with the present by suggesting that studying how the Roman Inquisition dealt with the problem of discerning the truth from the fake can provide insight into the relationship between truth, authenticity, and belief.
The Making of a Success Story
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main protagonist of the book: Carlo Calà Duke of Diano, a jurist and high-ranking official in the viceregal administration. This chapter also sets the historical context of the story of the forgery by describing the main political, economic, social, and religious characteristics of the Kingdom of Naples in the seventeenth century. More specifically, this chapter explains the social, cultural, and intellectual advantages that a noble pedigree conferred to the Neapolitan non-aristocratic elites; explores the main sources of tension between the papacy and the Neapolitan viceroy; sheds light on the power dynamics between the Roman Inquisition and the local ecclesiastical leaders; and introduces the complexities of the liturgical and devotional life of early modern Catholics.
The Fraud Is Uncovered
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Despite Carlo Calà’s efforts to publicize Giovanni’s story and to secure supporters for the potential canonization, the city of Naples was buzzing with rumors that Giovanni was not a real person and the documents narrating his holy life were forgeries. This chapter narrates the discovery of the fraud and the investigation promoted by the Holy Office and conducted by the Neapolitan ministro or representative of the Roman Inquisition. This investigation was received with much less enthusiasm (if not discreetly undermined) by the local authorities, especially the archbishop of Naples, who was worried by the potential repercussions of taking action against a powerful and influential member of the viceregal administration. Following Giovanni’s case enables us to appreciate the tensions between the center and the localities of the Catholic Church, and the complex interplay of religious orthodoxy, political authority, social capital, and local patronage.
The Roman Curia Takes Over
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Given the difficulties encountered when they tried to investigate and possibly prosecute Carlo Calà for the forgery, the Catholic authorities moved Giovanni’s case from Naples to Rome. This chapter takes us inside the Roman censorship apparatus. It focuses on Stefano Gradi, tasked by the Congregation of the Index to examine the sources on Giovanni. Gradi believed that all historical sources needed to be authenticated by means of solid documentary and historical analysis, and that the sources related to Giovanni did not pass muster. Carlo Calà, by contrast, believed that as long as the sources were stored in official archives and authenticated by public notaries, no further proof of their authenticity was needed. The debate between Calà and Gradi has profound implications for our own society and for the way we think about truth and authenticity in the process of governing people (through information) and the past (through historical records).
The End of the Story
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter narrates the end of this story. First, it shows how the Papacy finally managed to declare once and for all that the story of Giovanni was entirely fake, thus banning any source or books defending or promoting it and punishing the main culprits. The chapter also shows that even though Carlo Calà was never officially condemned as the inspirator or executor of the forgery, nevertheless the pope’s final condemnation dealt a heavy blow to his political influence, which was already declining because of a change in leadership within the viceregal administration. Finally, this chapter provides information on the decisions taken by the Roman Curia on the unofficial cult to Joachim of Fiore, whose canonization trial is still open to this day.
Introduction
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central puzzle that motivates the book: why, given the multitude of actors working to prevent and resolve violent conflict, does violence persist? The chapter then presents a theoretical approach to resolving the puzzle. It argues that variations in corporate conflict prevention result from changing local dynamics and shifts in governmental capacity, as well as threats to the ability to conduct business. It then goes on to describe how active corporations can prevent violence from occurring. Active engagement, however, can have a prolonging effect on the conflicts that occur, since corporations add additional veto players to negotiations. The chapter offers a preview of the main findings and concludes with a roadmap for the rest of the book and a preview of the implications of my central findings.
Peacebuilding
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter situates the concept of peacebuilding and the incentives for actors to engage in such activities within the rational choice framework. It begins by defining the term “peacebuilding.” It then outlines the varied actors that have the opportunity to engage in this process with a focus on the role and attributes of private firms. It presents a theoretical argument about the conditions that foster corporate peacebuilding and the effects of their efforts. Next, it presents the Company of Peace and Conflict (COPC) data, original cross-national data coding firm activities that span beyond traditional economic exchange. Peacebuilding by firms in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are coded from 2000 to 2018. The chapter presents the coding processes and data trends, which creates a basis for the quantitative analyses included in the book.
Supplying Peace
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the conditions that encourage corporations to engage in proactive peacebuilding. It explains variation in firm-led peacebuilding as a product of the operating environment. These environmental variations offer insights into how corporations respond to local dynamics and shifts in political capacity, as well as threats to the ability to conduct business. The chapter also considers the alternative explanation that firms use peacebuilding to overcome past bad behavior. It tests these arguments on the original cross-national data of peacebuilding efforts. The findings bring large-N empirical analysis to a topic dominated by case studies and emphasize the need for peace science scholars to examine the role of the private sector in many of the topics we study.
Conclusion
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This conclusion returns to the book’s central puzzle, theoretical argument, and research questions. It synthesizes key findings and shows how the answers to the research questions make continued violence and civil war less puzzling, even in a world with many international actors taking steps to prevent and resolve them. It also returns to the conditions that encourage corporations to engage in peacebuilding: local factors that can help encourage private action. It concludes by discussing the implications for conflict prevention and resolution in an era with increasingly globalized economic ties and corporate power.
Tweeting is Leading
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Social media is changing the business of representation and lawmaker reputation building, and this book uses the US Senate to illustrate the constituent-driven nature of political communication. I offer a critical analysis of senators’ communication on Twitter, the forces that shape it, and the agendas that result. Senators strategically communicate a political image that reflects their unique political persona. They have to decide what they want to be known for, crafting communications that prioritize legislation, constituent service, and party politics in ways that meet the interests of their constituencies and foster promising electoral returns. Senators’ communicated, public priorities—what is termed in this book as the rhetorical agenda—offer a necessary tool for understanding how senators link their carefully crafted public image with potential voters. The rhetorical agenda uses more than 180,000 lawmaker tweets to challenge what we know about representation, removing the institutional and political constraints on congressional communication and giving lawmakers a messaging platform where individual discretion is high, the relative costs are low, and someone is always watching.
Categorizing Senators’ Tweets and Styles of Communication
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Senators get to decide how to buttress their reputation with their rhetorical agendas, reflecting lawmakers’ diverse interests. The challenge is understanding what leads senators to adopt the communication styles that they do and to explain the individual patterns of these rhetorical agendas. This chapter offers a typology of senators’ rhetorical agendas on Twitter and details what it means for representation when senators adopt policy, constituent, and partisan styles of communication. Senators make the decision to connect with constituents as a policy wonk, a constituent servant, or a partisan warrior. The chapter details the collection and systematic coding of more than 180,000 tweets, using this data set to examine what leads senators to the priorities that drive their strategic communication. Senators have added capacity to influence the narratives coming out of Congress, and that influence over the supply of information affects both the framing and substance of congressional communication.
Putting Policy First
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The vast potential of Twitter means that it can be used as a tool for policy information. This chapters shows that a majority of senators adopt a policy-wonk style for their rhetorical agenda. While institutions and constituent expectations constrain the issues senators may act on, what they communicate in their rhetorical agenda is an opportunity to gain agency over their policy messaging. Senators with policy-focused constituencies, particularly committee leaders and Democrats with policy coalitions, act as legislative entrepreneurs by taking advantage of Twitter’s expansive network to link their legislative activity and policy-focused rhetorical agenda with a diverse constituency of followers networked by shared attention to issue priorities. Additionally, this chapter introduces the concept of a dual process of policy prioritization where lawmakers not only have to decide to become a policy wonk but also make a second decision about which policies define their time in office.
Rethinking Securities Law
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Rethinking Securities Law focuses on a very important and timely subject that merits comprehensive analysis: “rethinking” the securities laws, with particular emphasis on the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The system of securities regulation that prevails today in the United States is one that has been formed through piecemeal federal legislation, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) invocation of its administrative authority, and self-regulatory organization episodic action. As a consequence, the presence of consistent and logical regulation all too often is lacking. In both transactional and litigation settings, with frequency, mandates apply that are erratic and antithetical to sound public policy. Over four decades ago, the American Law Institute (ALI) adopted the ALI Federal Securities Code. The Code has not been enacted by Congress and its prospects are dim. Since that time, no treatise, monograph, or other source has comprehensively focused on this meritorious subject. The objective of this book is to identify the deficiencies that exist under the current regimen, address their failings, provide recommendations for rectifying these deficiencies, and set forth a thorough analysis for remediation in order to prescribe a consistent and sound securities law framework. By undertaking this challenge, the book provides an original and valuable resource for effectuating necessary law reform that should prove beneficial to the integrity of the U.S. capital markets, effective and fair government and private enforcement, and the enhancement of investor protection.
The Disclosure Regimen of the Federal Securities Laws
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the disclosure framework of the federal securities laws. It explores the benefits as well as drawbacks of the current regimen and recommends measures that should be implemented to enhance its efficacy. Subjects addressed in this chapter include the focus of the securities laws on adequate disclosure rather than substantive fairness, the concept of materiality, the mandatory disclosure framework, the integrated disclosure system, the SEC’s dismantling of the mandatory disclosure framework in certain contexts, and the disclosure obligations placed upon publicly-held companies by the national securities exchanges. Upon analysis, significant gaps and drawbacks exist in this framework that should be remedied. The chapter thereupon proffers adaptable solutions that should meaningfully improve the disclosure regimen. Implementing these measures, including the requirement that companies (absent a meritorious business justification) promptly and adequately disclose all material information to the securities markets and investors, should enhance both market efficiency and investor protection.