bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Tactics of Ab Initio Search for the Shape of Protein Particles from Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Data
Authors: Volkov V. V. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The determination of 3D particle shapes from the one-dimensional data on small-angle scattering from macromolecule solutions is ambiguous. In addition, due to the poor conditionality of the inverse problem, the determination is unstable and depends on the search algorithm parameters. Consequently, in practice, it is necessary not only to estimate the degree of stability of the solution of the problem but also to select the parameters of both the search method and the model itself. A search tactic is considered which consists in sequential determination of a set of models of particle shape represented in the form of a structure consisting of small close-packed spherical beads. The set of solutions is obtained by varying the relative contributions of objective function terms: the criterion for the deviation of the model scattering curve from the experimental one and the penalties for the looseness and discontinuity of the body structure, and the deviation of the average number of bead contacts from a specified value. Examples of the solution of model problems and the determination of molecular shape from the measurements available in the SASBDB bank of structures are presented.
Primary palliative care integrated model in paediatric ICU: an international cross-sectional study
Authors: Grunauer Michelle , Mikesell Caley , Bustamante Callejas Gabriela 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesNumbers are rising of chronically and critically ill, technology-dependent children, who are admitted to paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). An integrated model of care (IMOC), that combines paediatric critical care and primary paediatric palliative care (PPC), in which either approach varies depending on the disease trajectory and is provided by the critical care team, might be a fundamental component of the best available standard of care for patients with life-threatening conditions. The objective of this study is to assess how PICUs around the world, implement an IMOC.MethodsInternational multicentre cross-sectional observational study. Data was gathered from 34 PICUs from 18 countries in the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa. Provision of primary PPC was studied for each child admitted at the PICU. We evaluated score differences in each domain of the Initiative for Paediatric Palliative Care (IPPC) curriculum with multilevel generalised linear models.ResultsHigh-income country (HIC) units made up 32.4% of the sample, upper-middle income countries (UMICs) 44.1%, lower-middle income/lower income countries (LMIC/LICs) 23.5%. HICs had four statistically significantly higher IPPC scores compared with UMICs (domains: 1 holistic care; 2 family support, 3B family involvement; 6B grief/bereavement healthcare provider support) and two compared with LMIC/LICs (domains: 6A grief/bereavement family support; 6B grief/bereavement healthcare provider support).HICs had a statistically significant overall higher IPPC score than UMICs. Adjusting for patient/centre characteristics, shorter shifts and multiple comorbidities were associated with higher IPPC scores.ConclusionsAll centres offered some PPC provision and partially applied an IMOC. These results are encouraging, however, differences related to income and patients/unit evidence opportunities for improvement.Trial registration numberISRCTN12556149.
Complex advance care planning interventions for chronic serious illness: how do they work? a scoping review
Authors: Stevens Julie , Deliens Luc , Pype Peter , De Vleminck Aline , Pardon Koen 
Published: October 2021

ContextAdvance care planning (ACP) interventions have the potential to improve outcomes for patients with chronic serious illness. Yet the rationale for outcome choices and the mechanisms by which outcomes are achieved are not always clear.ObjectivesTo identify and map proposed mechanisms on how complex ACP interventions can impact outcomes for patients with chronic serious illness and to explore factors that might explain intervention outcomes.MethodsThis is a scoping review of randomised controlled trials of complex ACP interventions for patients with chronic serious illness which explicitly stated the mechanism(s) by which the intervention was thought to work. We searched six databases and hand-searched key journals and reference lists.ResultsInclusion yielded 16 articles. Inclusion procedures and mapping of mechanisms and outcomes indicated that causality between components and outcomes was not always clearly described. Tailoring intervention content to patients’ needs was linked to the greatest number of different outcome categories, while promoting competence and confidence to engage in ACP was most often explicitly linked to a primary outcome. Three main factors which might have affected intended outcomes were identified: participant characteristics, such as illness experience or cultural differences; the setting of implementation; or methodological limitations of the study.ConclusionFindings highlighted two main points of consideration for future ACP intervention studies: the need for clearly stated logic in how interventions are expected to impact primary outcomes and the importance of considering how an intervention may function for patients with chronic serious illnesses within a specific setting.
A non-inferiority study of the clinical effectiveness of anaesthesia obtained via application of a novel topical anaesthetic putty compared to infiltration of Lidocaine for the treatment of lacerations in the emergency department
Authors: Jenkins Mark 
Published: October 2021

Introduction: BackgroundThe standard treatment for lacerations in the Emergency Department is to use local anaesthetic to aid cleaning, analgesia and wound repair. The use of topical anaesthesia has not been widely accepted within clinical practice in the UK due to the lack of an appropriate delivery system. A new putty has been developed to deliver topical anaesthesia that can deliver lidocaine and then be removed intact from the wound in its entirety.AimTo assess the safety and efficacy of new topical Lidocaine putty in anaesthetising lacerations compared with standard Lidocaine injection. A secondary aim was to compare rates of wound infection and dehiscence between two groups.MethodsA non-inferiority randomised controlled trial comparing the anaesthesia obtained following application of topical anaesthetic gel to a laceration for 20 min compared with that obtained 10–15 min after infiltration with 1% w/v Lidocaine into the wound edges. Pain scores were assessed for the wound repair using visual analogue scales. Follow-up information regarding wound infection, wound dehiscence and wound appearance was performed 7–10 days later.ResultsSixty seven patients were recruited. Thirty four were in the Lidocaine gel group and 33 in the Lidocaine infiltration group. Pain scores were collected for both groups: the study group (range 0–7, mean 1.5) and control group (range 0–5, mean 1.1) showed no significant difference (p=0.29). Three patients in the control group required rescue anaesthesia and three patients in the study group required rescue anaesthesia. Two patients in the control group developed wound infection and one patient in the control group had wound dehiscence. In the study group two patients developed wound infection.ConclusionThe use of a new topical anaesthetic putty is as effective for analgesia and wound repair as infiltration with 1% Lidocaine.
Developing the role of emergency physicians in humanitarian assistance and disaster response
Authors: Rahman Najeeb 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo review and summarise information from Reliefweb (information website hosted by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) regarding medical response during the first 2 weeks following Pakistan Earthquake of 2005, and the Haiti Earthquake of 2010. This information, used in conjunction with personal experiences, will demonstrate the value that emergency physicians can contribute as part of a disaster response team during humanitarian aid efforts.MethodsAll situation reports authored by the WHO (who have lead responsibility in coordinating the health response during a disaster) which were published on Reliefweb during the first 2 weeks following the relevant earthquakes were selected. These reports were screened for information relating to numbers of deaths, injuries and illness, as well as number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs)/aid groups participating in efforts, in addition to operational health facilities and capacities.ResultsSummary of the reports demonstrate the rapid increase in patient numbers and NGO participation, as well as the challenges of coordination, communication, resourcing and planning, in addition to appropriate patient management. These findings help to outline the skills required to participate and respond to such crises, many of which constitute part of emergency medicine practice.ConclusionVolunteer participation by doctors during the first few weeks following such disasters continues. However, such participation occurs in an ad-hoc fashion, with many working through a variety of NGOs, but without appropriate coordination and relevant basic training.The College of Emergency Medicine is well placed to support such efforts. This could initially be done by establishing a working group under the auspices of the College, whose role would be support the skills training of doctors wishing to volunteer, as well as work with other associations, colleges, NGOs and Government, so as to better respond to such disasters in the future, with a consolidated role for emergency physicians.
Can introduction of a compulsory burns protocol in paediatric emergency departments increase detection of NAI in preschool children?
Authors: Pasha Farooq 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo assess whether use of a compulsory burns protocol in all preschool children attending a dedicated peadiatric emergency department with burns and scalds increases detection of non-accidental injury (NAI), improves case notes documentation and management of cases.MethodsThe case notes of all preschool children who attended the emergency department with burns and scalds over a 6 month period where reviewed against a basic predetermined standard in agreement with experienced child protection paediatricians. A similar prospective study was performed after introduction of a burns protocol for a similar period of time in the same paediatric emergency department.ResultsBoth groups were similar in their demographic characteristics. Only 12% case notes were deemed satisfactory when compared against the basic standard. This increased to 92% after introduction of the burns proforma. The rate of referral for further investigation as NAI in burns increased from 0.9% to 6.8% which was statistically significant. Similarly a substantial improvement was seen in the quality of note keeping, consistency of history, checks with EDT/previous attendences, photograhic evidence, pain score documentation and appropriate use of analgesia.ConclusionDocumentation of burns in preschool children with possibility of NAI in a busy paediatric emergency department can be improved by using a compulsory burns proforma along with a significant improvement in referrals to child protection team for further assessment.
The use of 320 slice coronary CT in low risk ACS clinical decision pathway in the ED
Authors: McNamara Aidan 
Published: October 2021

Chest pain is an extremely common presentation to all Emergency Departments in the UK. Many Departments now run evidence-based pathways to exclude acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in low risk patients. Most current pathways rely on the use of biochemical markers for cardiac injury (Troponin I, Troponin T) and electrophysiological testing (stress ECG) with some Units using ST monitoring. Recent National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance has suggested that stress ECG is not a useful tool and has advocated the use of cardiac CT and calcium scoring in the assessment and management of these patients. Previous published studies and the recent NICE guidance has been based on the premise of 64 slice cardiac CT being the utility employed. We report our experience using 320 slice cardiac CT in a low risk ACS pathway in an Emergency Department Clinical Decision Unit in a busy, urban Emergency Department.
Analysis of findingsTotal No26AgeMean = 50 years, range 29–71Gender female: male9 (35%): 17 (65%)TIMI-RS scores312211022Initial Troponin TAll negative (<0.01 ng/ml), including one = 0.02 ng/ml (TIMI score 3)12 h Troponin TAll negative (<0.01 ng/ml)Coronary CTA ResultsNormalTIMI score 3 (1)Both normalTIMI score 2 (2)Extensive three vessel diseaseTIMI score 1 (1)Three with significant stenosis (requiring CA intervention / further investigation)TIMI score 0 (22)One mild disease requiring further CA investigationOne normal CA, but incidental pulmonary cavitations referred to RespOne aberrant RCA, referred for Cardiology follow-up.16 normal20 (77%) patients were discharged with no further investigation, 6 (23%) required further investigation. In four of these cardiac CT identified significant coronary artery disease despite a low TIMI-RS score and negative biochemical markers.CA, coronary artery; CTA, CT angiography; RCA, right coronary artery; TIMI, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score.Data collection is on-going and data will be up-dated. Four of the patients had significant coronary artery disease (1 TIMI 1 and 3 TIMI 0) and one had mild disease requiring Cardiology referral for further evaluation (TIMI 0).
Entanglement entropy of asymptotically flat non-extremal and extremal black holes with an island
Authors: Kim Wontae , Nam Mungon 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe island rule for the entanglement entropy is applied to an eternal Reissner–Nordström black hole. The key ingredient is that the black hole is assumed to be in thermal equilibrium with a heat bath of an arbitrary temperature and so the generalized entropy is treated as being off-shell. Taking the on-shell condition to the off-shell generalized entropy, we find the generalized entropy and then obtain the entanglement entropy following the island rule. For the non-extremal black hole, the entanglement entropy grows linearly in time and can be saturated after the Page time as expected. The entanglement entropy also has a well-defined Schwarzschild limit. In the extremal black hole, the island prescription provides a logarithmically growing entanglement entropy in time and a constant entanglement entropy after the Page time. In the extremal black hole, the boundary of the island hits the curvature singularity where the semi-classical approximations appear invalid. To avoid encountering the curvature singularity, we apply this procedure to the Hayward black hole regular at the origin. Consequently, the presence of the island in extremal black holes can provide a finite entanglement entropy, which might imply non-trivial vacuum configurations of extremal black holes.
On the fourth-order Leray–Lions problem with indefinite weight and nonstandard growth conditions
Authors: Kefi K. , Irzi N. , Al-Shomrani M. M. , Repovš D. D. 
Published: October 2021

We prove the existence of at least three weak solutions for the fourth-order problem with indefinite weight involving the Leray–Lions operator with nonstandard growth conditions. The proof of our main result uses variational methods and the critical theorem of Bonanno and Marano [Appl. Anal. 89 (2010) 1–10].
Adaptive Monitor Placement for Near Real-time Node Failure Localisation in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Bezerra Pamela , Chen Po-Yu , McCann Julie A. , Yu Weiren 
Published: October 2021

As sensor-based networks become more prevalent, scaling to unmanageable numbers or deployed in difficult to reach areas, real-time failure localisation is becoming essential for continued operation. Network tomography, a system and application-independent approach, has been successful in localising complex failures (i.e., observable by end-to-end global analysis) in traditional networks.
Applying network tomography to wireless sensor networks (WSNs), however, is challenging. First, WSN topology changes due to environmental interactions (e.g., interference). Additionally, the selection of devices for running network monitoring processes (monitors) is an NP-hard problem. Monitors observe end-to-end in-network properties to identify failures, with their placement impacting the number of identifiable failures. Since monitoring consumes more in-node resources, it is essential to minimise their number while maintaining network tomography’s effectiveness. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art solutions solve this optimisation problem using time-consuming greedy heuristics.
In this article, we propose two solutions for efficiently applying Network Tomography in WSNs: a graph compression scheme, enabling faster monitor placement by reducing the number of edges in the network, and an adaptive monitor placement algorithm for recovering the monitor placement given topology changes. The experiments show that our solution is at least 1,000× faster than the state-of-the-art approaches and efficiently copes with topology variations in large-scale WSNs.
Edge-assisted Collaborative Image Recognition for Mobile Augmented Reality
Authors: Lan Guohao , Liu Zida , Zhang Yunfan , Scargill Tim , Stojkovic Jovan , Joe-Wong Carlee , Gorlatova Maria 
Published: October 2021

Mobile Augmented Reality (AR), which overlays digital content on the real-world scenes surrounding a user, is bringing immersive interactive experiences where the real and virtual worlds are tightly coupled. To enable seamless and precise AR experiences, an image recognition system that can accurately recognize the object in the camera view with low system latency is required. However, due to the pervasiveness and severity of image distortions, an effective and robust image recognition solution for “in the wild” mobile AR is still elusive. In this article, we present CollabAR, an edge-assisted system that provides
distortion-tolerant image recognition
for mobile AR with
imperceptible system latency
. CollabAR incorporates both
distortion-tolerant
and
collaborative
image recognition modules in its design. The former enables distortion-adaptive image recognition to improve the robustness against image distortions, while the latter exploits the spatial-temporal correlation among mobile AR users to improve recognition accuracy. Moreover, as it is difficult to collect a large-scale image distortion dataset, we propose a Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Network-based data augmentation method to synthesize realistic image distortion. Our evaluation demonstrates that CollabAR achieves over 85% recognition accuracy for “in the wild” images with severe distortions, while reducing the end-to-end system latency to as low as 18.2 ms.
Study on Influence of Cavity and Water Mist on Flame Propagation of Gas Explosion in a Pipeline
Authors: Gu Shicheng , Yuan Shujie , Yan Zhuo , Xu Xiaoxue 
Published: October 2021

For studying the influence of the cavity and water mist on the flame propagation of gas explosion, a rectangular steel cavity of size of length

80

cm
×
width

50

cm
×
height

20

cm

was designed. The influence of the cavity and it with water mist on explosion flame propagation in a large circular gas explosion system with a length of 34 m was studied. The change of gas explosion flame in the pipeline was analyzed. The results showed that the intensity and flame propagation velocity increase after the explosion flame passes through the straight pipeline, and the attenuation rates are 4.93% and -2.48%, respectively. After the explosion flame passes through a rectangular cavity of length

80

cm
×
width

50

cm
×
height

20

cm

, its intensity and propagation speed are inhibited, and the attenuation rates are 66.58% and 45.26%, respectively. After the explosion flame passes through the rectangular cavity of the size of length

80

cm
×
width

50

cm
×
height

20

cm

with water mist, the intensity and propagation speed are inhibited much more, and the attenuation rates are 85.09% and 65.85%, respectively. The influence of the cavity with water mist on flame attenuation of gas explosion is better than that of the cavity alone. Based on theoretical analysis, it is concluded that the inhibition influence of the cavity on explosion flame propagation is mainly due to repeated reflection of flame in the cavity, which results in the attenuation of its energy. The inhibition influence of water mist is mainly due to its heat absorption by vaporization.
Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Relapsed and Refractory Childhood Solid Tumors Reveals a Diverse Molecular Landscape and Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
Authors: Byron Sara A. , Hendricks William P.D. , Nagulapally Abhinav B. , Kraveka Jacqueline M. , Ferguson William S. , Brown Valerie I. , Eslin Don E. , Mitchell Deanna , Cornelius Albert , Roberts William , Isakoff Michael S. , Oesterheld Javier E. , Wada Randal K. , Rawwas Jawhar , Neville Kathleen , Zage Peter E. , Harrod Virginia L. , Bergendahl Genevieve , VanSickle Elizabeth , Dykema Karl , Bond Jeffrey , Chou Hsien-Chao , Wei Jun S. , Wen Xinyu , Reardon Hue V. , Roos Alison , Nasser Sara , Izatt Tyler , Enriquez Daniel , Hegde Apurva M. , Cisneros Faith , Christofferson Austin , Turner Bryce , Szelinger Szabolcs , Keats Jonathan J. , Halperin Rebecca F. , Khan Javed , Saulnier Sholler Giselle L. , Trent Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Children with treatment-refractory or relapsed (R/R) tumors face poor prognoses. As the genomic underpinnings driving R/R disease are not well defined, we describe here the genomic and transcriptomic landscapes of R/R solid tumors from 202 patients enrolled in Beat Childhood Cancer Consortium clinical trials. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was elevated relative to untreated tumors at diagnosis, with one-third of tumors classified as having a pediatric high TMB. Prior chemotherapy exposure influenced the mutational landscape of these R/R tumors, with more than 40% of tumors demonstrating mutational signatures associated with platinum or temozolomide chemotherapy and two tumors showing treatment-associated hypermutation. Immunogenomic profiling found a heterogenous pattern of neoantigen and MHC class I expression and a general absence of immune infiltration. Transcriptional analysis and functional gene set enrichment analysis identified cross-pathology clusters associated with development, immune signaling, and cellular signaling pathways. While the landscapes of these R/R tumors reflected those of their corresponding untreated tumors at diagnosis, important exceptions were observed, suggestive of tumor evolution, treatment resistance mechanisms, and mutagenic etiologies of treatment.

Significance:
Tumor heterogeneity, chemotherapy exposure, and tumor evolution contribute to the molecular profiles and increased mutational burden that occur in treatment-refractory and relapsed childhood solid tumors.