bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It’s (Almost) All About Desert: On the Source of Disagreements in Responsibility Studies
Authors: Rudy‐Hiller Fernando 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this article I discuss David Shoemaker’s recently published piece “Responsibility: The State of the Question. Fault Lines in the Foundations.” While agreeing with Shoemaker on many points, I argue for a more unified diagnosis of the seemingly intractable debates that plague (what I call) “responsibility studies.” I claim that, of the five fault lines Shoemaker identifies, the most basic one is about the role that the notion of deserved harm should play in the theory of moral responsibility. I argue that the deep divide between those theorists who affirm and those who deny that moral responsibility is essentially about the justification of desert thus understood can be traced to the disagreement about whether the focus on the reactive attitudesby itselfentails that moral responsibility has nothing to do with traditional questions about desert and free will. I then show that the seeming intractableness of the other four fault lines Shoemaker identifies is expectable and explicable in light of this more basic disagreement. After this diagnostic work, I conclude by suggesting a solution to the “morass” that has taken over responsibility studies: theorists working in the field should acknowledge that it has effectively bifurcated into two discrete subareas, which I suggest calling “retribution studies” and “interpersonal studies.”
A social identity perspective on conformity to cyber aggression among early adolescents on WhatsApp
Authors: Bleize Daniëlle N. M. , Tanis Martin , Anschütz Doeschka J. , Buijzen Moniek 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCyber aggressive behaviors such as nonconsensual image sharing, nasty comments, and social exclusion frequently take place on WhatsApp. These behaviors often involve group processes, where adolescents conform to peers’ behaviors. WhatsApp is pre‐eminently suited for group‐communication among adolescents, and, thus, may facilitate conformity to such behaviors. However, research on conformity on WhatsApp is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if and how the social identity perspective on group behavior may explain cyber aggression on WhatsApp. Specifically, we examined how social identification relates to conformity to cyber aggression on WhatsApp. In a preregistered survey, 647 early adolescents answered questions about social identification with group members and conformity to behavior of a WhatsApp group. Hierarchical multiple regression and moderated mediation analyses point toward an indirect, positive relation between the centrality component of social identification and conformity to cyber aggression, mediated by perceived social pressure to conform. These findings contribute to the literature by extending the social identity perspective to conformity on WhatsApp. Further exploration of this research line within the field of cyber aggression is warranted, because this can help improve applied interventions to reduce conformity to cyber aggression.
Overview of HIV treatment failure in Africa using the WHO Pharmacovigilance data
Authors: Miantezila Basilua Joe , Mesia Kahunu Gauthier , Pochart Philippe , Tona Lutete Gaston 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo characterise the factors associated with HIV treatment failure (HIVTF) from reported pharmacovigilance data in Africa.Materials and MethodsThis is an observational pharmacovigilance analysis of the safety data of HIVTF available in the WHO International Pharmacovigilance database ‘VigiBase®’. We used the Standardised MedDRA Queries (SMQ) to identify all the terms corresponding to HIVTF. To identify all relevant molecules and classes of antiretroviral therapy, we used the anatomic, therapeutic, and chemical classification. We presented results as a percentage or an adjusted Reporting Odds Ratio (aROR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI).ResultsHIVTF was more reported in Africa compared with the rest of the world with 19.1% (18.1%–20.1%) corresponding to 1206 of all 6304 HIVTF reports. Among all the 37 WHO country members in Africa, South Africa was the main source of origin for these HIVTF reports with 86.8% (84.9%–88.7%). Compared to adults, children and adolescents were the most population groups affected by HIVTF, aROR = 2.7, (95% CI) 1.7–4.2 and aROR = 7.9, (95% CI) 4.5–13.9, respectively.ConclusionSouth Africa was the leading country of the reporting of HIVTF in Africa. The proportion of HIVTF was higher in both HIV‐infected children and adolescents than in adults. There is a need for the improvement of medical care for children and adolescents with HIV infection in Africa.
Degradation of STOP1 mediated by the F‐box proteins RAH1 and RAE1 balances aluminum resistance and plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Fang Qiu , Zhou Fanglin , Zhang Yang , Singh Somesh , Huang Chao‐Feng 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe C2H2‐type zinc finger transcription factor sensitive to proton rhizotoxicity 1 (STOP1) is crucial for aluminum (Al) resistance in Arabidopsis. The F‐box protein Regulation of AtALMT1 Expression 1 (RAE1) was recently reported to regulate the stability of STOP1. There is a unique homolog of RAE1, RAH1 (RAE1 homolog 1), in Arabidopsis, but the biological function of RAH1 is still not known. In this study, we characterize the role of RAH1 and/or RAE1 in the regulation of Al resistance and plant growth. We demonstrate that RAH1 can directly interact with STOP1 and promote its ubiquitination and degradation. RAH1 is preferentially expressed in root caps and various vascular tissues, and its expression is induced by Al and controlled by STOP1. Mutation of RAH1 in rae1 but not the wild‐type (WT) background increases the level of STOP1 protein, leading to increased expression of STOP1‐regulated genes and enhanced Al resistance. Interestingly, the rah1rae1 double mutant shows reduced plant growth compared with the WT and single mutants under normal conditions, and introduction of stop1 mutation into the double mutant background can rescue its reduced plant growth phenotype. Our results thus reveal that RAH1 plays an unequally redundant role with RAE1 in the modulation of STOP1 stability and plant growth, and dynamic regulation of the STOP1 level is critical for the balance of Al resistance and normal plant growth.
Ex vivo comparison of the bursting strength of an equine ventral midline celiotomy covered by two standard abdominal bandages
Authors: Weatherall Kathleen M. , Boone Lindsey H. , Munsterman Amelia , Hanson R. Reid 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the compressive effect of abdominal bandages after ventral midline celiotomy closure in horses.Study designEx vivo, experimental study.AnimalsEquine cadavers (n = 18), six per group.MethodsA 20‐cm ventral midline celiotomy was created in each of 18 equine cadavers. A 200‐L inflatable bladder was placed in the abdomen, and the linea alba was apposed. Horses were randomly assigned to no bandage (C), elastic (E), or Velcro inelastic (I) bandage groups for testing. Circumferential bandages were placed with a subbandage pressure monitoring system over the incision. The bladder was insufflated until construct failure, which was determined by a decrease in pressure reading. Bursting pressure, location of body wall or bandage failure, and subbandage pressures were recorded.ResultsMaximum bursting pressure was different between groups E and C (P = .004), with no difference between groups E and I (P = .146) or I and C (P = .085). Group I achieved higher subbandage pressure compared with group E (P = .036). Abdominal compliance was not different between groups (P = .099). Location of failure differed between groups (P = .011), with failure at the diaphragm more common in group I (6/6, 100%) compared with groups E (3/6 [50%]) and C (1/6 [16.7%]).ConclusionElastic abdominal bandages had higher abdominal bursting pressures compared with unbandaged incisions.
Design of a Xenia Coral Robot Using a High-Stroke Compliant Linear Electromagnetic Actuator
Authors: Kohls Noah , Abdeally Ibrahim , Ruddy Bryan P. , Mazumdar Yi Chen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Electromagnetic actuators provide fast speed, large forces, high strokes, and wide bandwidths. Most designs, however, are constructed from rigid components, making these benefits inaccessible for many soft robotics applications. In this work, we develop a new soft electromagnetic linear actuator using liquid gallium–indium for the conductor and neodymium–iron–boron and polymer composites for the permanent magnet. When combined in a solenoid configuration, high strokes can be generated using entirely soft components. To emulate the pulsing motion of Xenia coral arms, we develop an additional soft flexure system that converts the linear translation to rotary motion. The design and fabrication of the electromagnetic actuator and compliant flexure are first described. Models for the magnetic forces and the joint kinematics are then developed and compared with the experimental results. Finally, the robot dynamics are analyzed using stochastic system identification techniques. Results show that the compliant actuator is able to achieve an 18 mm stroke, allowing the soft arms to bend up to 120 deg. This further enables the tips of the arms to traverse an arc length of 42 mm. Bandwidths up to 30 Hz were also observed. While this article focuses on emulating a biological system, this highly deformable actuator design can also be utilized for fully soft grasping or wearables applications.
Collision-Free Robot Coordination and Visualization Tools for Robust Cycle Time Optimization
Authors: Spensieri Domenico , Åblad Edvin , Kressin Jonas , Carlson Johan S. , Andersson Alf 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents novel algorithms and visualization tools for avoiding collisions and minimizing cycle time in multi-robot stations by velocity tuning of robot motions. These tools have the potential to support product/manufacturing engineers in the practical task of adding synchronization instructions to robot programs to overcome the challenges in terms of product design, cycle time, quality control, and maintenance including re-usability of coordination schemes. We propose a range of techniques to achieve that, when additional requirements make the best coordination strategy hard to be chosen. Indeed, our main contributions are (i) considering and minimizing delays introduced by limitation in hardware synchronization mechanisms, (ii) highlighting insights on the relationship between a 3D working space and a path coordination space, and (iii) a computational tool for visualization of shared areas in both work space and path coordination space. Different strategies based on the developed algorithms are evaluated by successfully automatically solving industrial test cases from inspection measurement applications in the automotive industry. A study about how cycle time robustness is significantly influenced by variation in the robot motion execution times is also given.
Testing the State of Internal Load and Strength of the Facade Mesh Wire Subjected to the Corrugation Process
Authors: Gawronska Elzbieta , Śpiewak Szczepan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The article presents an example of a structural solution of a mesh facade installed on a public building. The types of loads that can affect the structure of such a mesh have been characterized. The course of the wire shaping process used to produce the described mesh was reported. A finite element method (FEM) model was developed to simulate mechanical phenomena occurring during the technological process of crimping stainless-steel wire. Material model parameters have been defined. The developed model was verified in production conditions. Relations between wire-forming loads and tensile limit loads, as well as the distribution of equivalent tensile stress forced by the crimping process and internal stresses after crimping, were determined. The description of the technological process was presented in a form of a graph. The work contains the results of strength tests of wire materials and shaping tools.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Influences of Direct Fuel Injection Into Oxygen-Depleted Environment of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Sok Ratnak , Yoshimura Kei , Nakama Kenjiro , Kusaka Jin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe oxygen-depleted environment in the recompression stroke can convert gasoline fuel into light hydrocarbons due to thermal cracking, partial oxidation, and water-gas shift reactions. These reformate species can influence the combustion characteristics of gasoline direct injection homogeneous charge compression ignition (GDI-HCCI) engines. In this work, the combustion phenomena are investigated using a single-cylinder research engine under a medium load. The main combustion phases are experimentally advanced by direct fuel injection into the negative valve overlap (NVO) compared with that of intake stroke under single/double-pulse injections. NVO peak in-cylinder pressures are lower than that of motoring due to the limited O2 concentration, emphasizing that endothermic reactions occur during the overlap. This phenomenon limits the oxidation reactions, and the thermal effect is not pronounced. The zero-dimensional chemical kinetics results present the same increasing tendencies of classical reformed species of rich mixture such as C3H6, C2H4, CH4, CO, and H2 as functions of injection timings. Predicted ignition delays are shortened due to the additions of these reformed species. The influences of the reformates on the main combustion are confirmed by three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations, and the results show that OH radicals are advanced under NVO injections relative to intake stroke injections. Consequently, earlier heat release and cylinder pressure are noticeable. Parametric studies on the effects of injection pressure, double-pulse injection, and equivalence ratio on the combustion and emissions are also discussed experimentally.
Mathematical Modeling and Computational Tool That Consider the Thermal Behavior of Inverters in the Forecast of Energy Yield in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Figueiredo Gilberto , Mares Fabrício M. , Manito Alex A. , Torres Pedro F. , Macêdo Wilson N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The evaluation of the DC/AC conversion process of inverters on photovoltaic (PV) systems can be performed through experimental monitoring or computer simulations. In general, the basis of the simulation tools is the mathematical models capable of describing the dynamics of the system components. This article presents the results of energy simulations of deterministic mathematical models implemented to estimate the energy processing steps of grid-connected photovoltaic systems (GCPVS) considering the thermal behavior of inverters under power limitation by temperature. Operational data of GCPVS with different configurations were used to validate the simulations, and the results in terms of annual energy presented relative error lower than ±2%.
Glucose Metabolism and Acetate Switch in Archaea: the Enzymes in Haloferax volcanii
Authors: Kuprat Tom , Ortjohann Marius , Johnsen Ulrike , Schönheit Peter 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii has been proposed to degrade glucose via the semiphosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff (spED) pathway. Following our previous studies on key enzymes of this pathway, we now focus on the characterization of enzymes involved in 3-phosphoglycerate conversion to pyruvate, in anaplerosis, and in acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) formation from pyruvate. These enzymes include phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. The essential function of these enzymes were shown by transcript analyses and growth experiments with respective deletion mutants. Furthermore, we show that H. volcanii—during aerobic growth on glucose—excreted significant amounts of acetate, which was consumed in the stationary phase (acetate switch). The enzyme catalyzing the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetate as part of the acetate overflow mechanism, an ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACD), was characterized. The functional involvement of ACD in acetate formation and of AMP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) in activation of excreted acetate was proven by using respective deletion mutants. Together, the data provide a comprehensive analysis of enzymes of the spED pathway and of anaplerosis and report the first genetic evidence of the functional involvement of enzymes of the acetate switch in archaea.
IMPORTANCE In this work, we provide a comprehensive analysis of glucose degradation via the semiphosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway in the haloarchaeal model organism Haloferax volcanii. The study includes transcriptional analyses, growth experiments with deletion mutants. and characterization of all enzymes involved in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and in anaplerosis. Phylogenetic analyses of several enzymes indicate various lateral gene transfer events from bacteria to haloarchaea. Furthermore, we analyzed the key players involved in the acetate switch, i.e., in the formation (overflow) and subsequent consumption of acetate during aerobic growth on glucose. Together, the data provide novel aspects of glucose degradation, anaplerosis, and acetate switch in H. volcanii and thus expand our understanding of the unusual sugar metabolism in archaea.
Chronic urticaria and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): an association to remember
Authors: Villatoro Santos Claudia , Yacoub Michael 
Published: February 2021

The patient is a 64-year-old Caucasian woman with idiopathic chronic urticaria who presented to her primary care physician’s office with mucoid otitis media. Medical history was significant for hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, allergic rhinitis, pre-diabetes, gastro-oesophageal reflux, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, diverticulosis with prior diverticulitis and history of recurrent infections. Her chronic urticaria was initially treated with antibiotics, antihistamines and oral steroids, but later she developed refractory urticaria requiring dapsone with modest improvement. When she presented with mucoid otitis media, immunoglobulin levels were found to be decreased. The pneumococcal vaccine antibody challenge confirmed the diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Her HIV test was negative. She was started on intravenous immunoglobulin infusions and her chronic urticaria stabilised.In patients with chronic urticaria refractory to treatment, especially with a history of recurrent infections, a diagnosis of CVID should be considered, regardless of HIV status.
Caucasian lean subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease share long-term prognosis of non-lean: time for reappraisal of BMI-driven approach?
Authors: Younes Ramy , Govaere Olivier , Petta Salvatore , Miele Luca , Tiniakos Dina , Burt Alastair , David Ezio , Vecchio Fabio Maria , Maggioni Marco , Cabibi Daniela , McLeod Duncan , Pareja Maria Jesus , Fracanzani Anna Ludovica , Aller Rocio , Rosso Chiara , Ampuero Javier , Gallego-Durán Rocío , Armandi Angelo , Caviglia Gian Paolo , Zaki Marco Y W , Liguori Antonio , Francione Paolo , Pennisi Grazia , Grieco Antonio , Birolo Giovanni , Fariselli Piero , Eslam Mohammed , Valenti Luca , George Jacob , Romero-Gómez Manuel , Anstee Quentin Mark , Bugianesi Elisabetta 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveThe full phenotypic expression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in lean subjects is incompletely characterised. We aimed to investigate prevalence, characteristics and long-term prognosis of Caucasian lean subjects with NAFLD.DesignThe study cohort comprises 1339 biopsy-proven NAFLD subjects from four countries (Italy, UK, Spain and Australia), stratified into lean and non-lean (body mass index (BMI) </≥25 kg/m2). Liver/non-liver-related events and survival free of transplantation were recorded during the follow-up, compared by log-rank testing and reported by adjusted HR.ResultsLean patients represented 14.4% of the cohort and were predominantly of Italian origin (89%). They had less severe histological disease (lean vs non-lean: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis 54.1% vs 71.2% p<0.001; advanced fibrosis 10.1% vs 25.2% p<0.001), lower prevalence of diabetes (9.2% vs 31.4%, p<0.001), but no significant differences in the prevalence of thePNPLA3I148M variant (p=0.57). During a median follow-up of 94 months (>10 483 person-years), 4.7% of lean vs 7.7% of non-lean patients reported liver-related events (p=0.37). No difference in survival was observed compared with non-lean NAFLD (p=0.069).ConclusionsCaucasian lean subjects with NAFLD may progress to advanced liver disease, develop metabolic comorbidities and experience cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as liver-related mortality, independent of longitudinal progression to obesity andPNPLA3genotype. These patients represent one end of a wide spectrum of phenotypic expression of NAFLD where the disease manifests at lower overall BMI thresholds.Lay summaryNAFLD may affect and progress in both obese and lean individuals. Lean subjects are predominantly males, have a younger age at diagnosis and are more prevalent in some geographic areas. During the follow-up, lean subjects can develop hepatic and extrahepatic disease, including metabolic comorbidities, in the absence of weight gain. These patients represent one end of a wide spectrum of phenotypic expression of NAFLD.
What are the non-technical skills required by junior doctors in the NHS to manage medical emergencies? A scoping review
Authors: Tan Ying Xin , Jalal Arif Hanafi Bin , Ngai Victoria , Manobharath Nivetha , Soh Terrence Chi Fang 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTMany junior doctors have reported a lack of confidence in managing emergency conditions. However, there is insufficient literature summarising the current knowledge about the non-technical skills needed by junior doctors to tackle medical emergencies. This paper aims to identify the non-technical skills necessary for the management of medical emergencies by junior doctors. Three databases were systematically searched to identify relevant articles published between January 2000 and March 2020. In total, 8707 unique articles were identified and independently screened by at least two authors, using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A coding framework was applied to extract relevant data and for thematic analysis of the included studies. These methods have been performed following the PRISMA-ScR Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. There were a total of 13 articles included in the thematic analysis. The result of this review was the identification of several key non-technical skills: teamwork, communication, asking for help, challenging seniority, task prioritisation, decision-making, leadership and handling stress. In conclusion, lack of non-technical skills in junior doctors has a negative impact on patient care in a medical emergency. The training of junior doctors can be re-evaluated and designed to reflect the importance of these non-technical skills.