bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The burden of hypertension and unmet need for hypertension care among men aged 15–54 years: a population-based cross-sectional study in India
Authors: Kothavale Ajinkya , Puri Parul , Yadav Suryakant 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHypertension is one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality among the working-age population in India. This study evaluated the burden of hypertension and unmet need for hypertension care among working-age men aged 15–54 years in India using data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16). An individual was recognized as hypertensive if his blood pressure was over 140/90 mmHg or if he was consuming anti-hypertensive medication to lower his blood pressue. The study design was based on the Rule of Halves framework. Hypertensive cases were segmented into five analytical levels: (1) total, (2) screened, (3) diagnosed, (4) treated and (5) controlled cases. The prevalence of hypertension was 16% (n=16,254) among the men aged 15–54 years. Of the total hypertensive individuals, 63.2% (10,314) were screened, 21.5% (3428) were diagnosed, 12.6% (1862) were treated and only 6.1% (905) had controlled blood pressure. Of the screened individuals, 66.8% (6886) had never been diagnosed, 45.7% (1566) of those diagnosed had not receive treatment and 51.4% (957) of those treated still had uncontrolled blood pressure. The analyses revealed that 36.5% (5940) of hypertensive individuals were lost at the screening stage. The results demonstrate that there is a significant burden of hypertension and unmet need for hypertension care among men aged 15–54 in India. There is an urgent need to develop suitable strategies and programmes to manage this rising burden of hypertension among men, and reduce losses in the hypertension care continuum.
Parasitic nematodes of the genus Syphacia Seurat, 1916 infecting Cricetidae in the British Isles: the enigmatic status of Syphacia nigeriana
Authors: Behnke Jerzy M. , Stewart Alex , Smales Lesley , Cooper Gemma , Lowe Ann , Kinsella John M. , Bajer Anna , Dwużnik-Szarek Dorota , Herman Jeremy , Fenn Jonathan , Catalano Stefano , Diagne Christophe A. , Webster Joanne P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOxyurid nematodes (Syphacia spp.) from bank (Myodes glareolus) and field/common (Microtus spp.) voles, from disparate geographical sites in the British Isles, were examined morphologically and genetically. The genetic signatures of 118 new isolates are provided, based primarily on the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region and for representative isolates also on the small subunit 18S rDNA region and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox-1) gene locus. Genetic data on worms recovered from Microtus spp. from the European mainland and from other rodent genera from the Palaearctic, North America and West Africa are also included. We test historical hypotheses indicating that S. nigeriana is a generalist species, infecting a range of different rodent genera. Our results establish that S. nigeriana is a parasite of both bank and field voles in the British Isles. An identical genotype was also recorded from Hubert's multimammate mouse (Mastomys huberti) from Senegal, but Mastomys spp. from West Africa were additionally parasitized by a related, although genetically distinct Syphacia species. We found no evidence for S. petrusewiczi in voles from the British Isles but isolates from Russia and North America were genetically distinct and formed their own separate deep branch in maximum likelihood molecular phylogenetic trees.
Do secondary hemiepiphytes exist?
Authors: Zotz Gerhard , Almeda Frank , Arias Salvador , Hammel Barry , Pansarin Emerson 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFor decades, tropical ecologists distinguished primary (PH) and secondary hemiepiphytes (SH) as two structurally dependent life forms with an epiphytic phase at, respectively, the beginning or the end of their ontogeny. However, the use of these terms has been criticized repeatedly because the term “hemiepiphyte” suggests an unsubstantiated biological similarity in ontogeny, and worse, because it is often used without a qualifier, which makes unambiguous interpretation of the life history of such species impossible. In this paper, we go one step further and ask the question whether an ontogenetic trajectory as described by the term “secondary hemiepiphyte” does exist at all. We show that until now all evidence available for the three families that were traditionally listed as taxa with SHs (Araceae, Cyclanthaceae, Marcgraviaceae) falsifies such claims, but critically discuss reports of possible SHs in other families. In all these cases unambiguous conclusions about the existence of any SH are difficult, but our detailed discussion of potential candidates is meant to provide the basis for focused field studies. Irrespective of the outcome of these studies, we urge researchers to abandon the use of the term SH for the time being: Terminological issues can be discussed once there are data.
Are recommended dietary patterns equitable?
Authors: Wang Vivian Hsing-Chun , Foster Victoria , Yi Stella S 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjective:Dietary recommendations (DR) in the USA may be inadequate at improving diets in racial/ethnic minority communities and may require redesign of the systems driving their development over the long term. Meanwhile, cultural adaptation of evidence-based DR may be an important strategy for mitigating nutrition disparities, but less is known about the adaptability of these recommendations to meet the needs of diverse groups. We examined the content and origin of major DRs – aspects that provide context on their potential universality across populations and evaluated their potential for cultural adaptation.Design:Case studies of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Mediterranean diet (MD), the EAT-Lancet diet (EAT) and the NOVA classification system.Setting:United States.Participants:Racial/ethnic minority populations.Results:Current DR differ in their origin/evolution but are similar in their reductionist emphasis on physical health. DASH has been successfully adapted for some cultures but may be challenged by the need for intensive resources; MD may be more beneficial if applied as part of a broader set of food procurement/preparation practices than as just diet alone; EAT-Lancet adaptation may not honor existing country-specific practices that are already beneficial to human and environmental health (e.g. traditional/plant-based diets); evidence for cultural adaptation is limited with NOVA, but classification of levels of food processing has potential for widespread application.Conclusions:For DR to equitably support diverse populations, they must move beyond a Eurocentric or ‘general population’ framing, be more inclusive of cultural differences and honour social practices to improve diet and reduce disparities.
What explains the large disparity in child stunting in the Philippines? A decomposition analysis
Authors: Ulep Valerie Gilbert T , Uy Jhanna , Casas Lyle Daryll 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjective:About one-third of under-five Filipino children are stunted, with significant socio-economic inequality. This study aims to quantify factors that explain the large gap in stunting between poor and non-poor Filipino children.Design:Using the 2015 Philippine National Nutrition Survey, we conducted a linear probability model to examine the determinants of child stunting and then an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to explain the factors contributing to the gap in stunting between poor and non-poor children.Setting:Philippines.Participants:1881 children aged 6–23 months participated in this study.Results:The overall stunting prevalence was 38·5 % with a significant gap between poor and non-poor (45·0 % v. 32·0 %). Maternal height, education and maternal nutrition status account for 26 %, 18 % and 17 % of stunting inequality, respectively. These are followed by quality of prenatal care (12 %), dietary diversity (12 %) and iron supplementation in children (5 %).Conclusions:Maternal factors account for more than 50 % of the gap in child stunting in the Philippines. This signifies the critical role of maternal biological and socio-economic circumstances in improving the linear growth of children.
Seasonal variability of women’s dietary diversity and food supply: a cohort study in rural Burkina Faso
Authors: Lourme-Ruiz Alissia , Koffi Christophe Kouamé , Gautier Denis , Bahya-Batinda Dang , Bouquet Emmanuelle , Dury Sandrine , Martin-Prével Yves , Savy Mathilde 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjective:To investigate the seasonal variations of women’s dietary diversity (WDD) (items consumed and food supply) and its linkages with agriculture, market and wild resources.Design:A cohort of 300 women was followed-up over a year to investigate WDD and food sources (production, purchase or foraging). Monthly qualitative 24 h recalls allowed computing WDD Scores from a standard 10-food groups (FG) classification (WDDS-10). Associations between farm/women’s characteristics and WDDS-10 were investigated using multivariate mixed models including interaction terms factor*months.Setting:Tuy province, Burkina Faso.Participants:300 women of reproductive age.Results:Both dietary diversity and food sources were seasonal. The mean WDDS-10 was relatively stable from August to January (ranging from 3·1 to 3·5 FG) when farm production predominated. The WDDS-10 gradually increased from February, concomitantly with an increase in food purchases (onions, tomatoes, mangoes) and reached its highest levels (>4 FG) from March to June, when food purchases were still relatively high and when more women consumed foraged fruits (shea plums and wild grapes). Women living on farms owning > 3 plough oxen and different animal species had significantly higher WDDS-10 than others (+0·28 and +0·35 FG, respectively). Women who practiced off-farm activities also had higher WDDS-10 than those who did not (+0·21 FG, P < 0·05). Other factors, for example, the number of foraged edible species, provided advantages in terms of dietary diversity only during certain seasons (October – January, P for interaction < 0·01).Conclusions:Diversifying women’s diets throughout the year requires complementary interventions aimed at diversifying production, promoting foraging and increasing income-generating activities to enable food purchasing.
Silage corn yield is reduced by burcucumber competition and drought in New York State
Authors: Averill Kristine M. , Westbrook Anna S. , Morris Scott H. , Kubinski Emma , DiTommaso Antonio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDrought stress and weed competition are two of the most important threats to corn production in the northeastern United States. Both pressures have the potential to worsen under climate change. In a 2-yr field study in Ithaca, NY, we tested the effects of drought and burcucumber, an increasingly problematic annual vine, on silage corn. Burcucumber seedlings were transplanted into corn rows at densities of 0, 0.5, 2, and 3 plants m−2and a drought treatment was later imposed with rainout shelters constructed from steel frames and high-clarity plastic. Available soil moisture was lower in drought plots (47% ± 1% in 2018 and 52% ± 2% in 2019) than no-drought plots (69% ± 1% in 2018 and 68% ± 1% in 2019). Burcucumber planting density (P = 0.008) reduced fresh silage yield. Drought also reduced fresh silage yield (P < 0.001) with a drought-by-year interaction (P = 0.007): drought reduced fresh weight by 29% in 2018 (48,000 ± 2,000 kg ha−1to 34,000 ± 3,000 kg ha−1) and by 9% in 2019 (38,000 ± 3,000 kg ha−1to 34,000 ± 3,000 kg ha−1). Burcucumber planting density and drought did not interact. Overall, our findings indicate that drought and competition from burcucumber may have additive effects on silage corn in New York State. Regardless of water availability, active weed management is required to prevent yield losses due to burcucumber. Yield losses may be similar or greater in grain corn and might increase under climate change.
Transfer of resistance alleles from herbicide-resistant to susceptible grass weeds via pollen-mediated gene flow
Authors: Jhala Amit J. , Beckie Hugh J. , Mallory-Smith Carol , Jasieniuk Marie , Busi Roberto , Norsworthy Jason K. , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V. , Tidemann Breanne D. , Geddes Charles M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe objective of this paper was to review the reproductive biology, herbicide-resistant (HR) biotypes, pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF), and potential for transfer of alleles from HR to herbicide-susceptible grass weeds including barnyardgrass, creeping bentgrass, Italian ryegrass, johnsongrass, rigid (annual) ryegrass, and wild oats. The widespread occurrence of HR grass weeds is at least partly due to PMGF, particularly in obligate outcrossing species such as rigid ryegrass. Creeping bentgrass, a wind-pollinated turfgrass species, can efficiently disseminate herbicide resistance alleles via PMGF and movement of seeds and stolons. The genusAgrostiscontains about 200 species, many of which are sexually compatible and produce naturally occurring hybrids and hybrids with species in the genusPolypogon. The self-incompatibility, extremely high outcrossing rate, and wind pollination in Italian ryegrass clearly point to PMGF as a major mechanism by which herbicide resistance alleles can spread across agricultural landscapes, resulting in abundant genetic variation within populations and low genetic differentiation among populations. Italian ryegrass can readily hybridize with perennial ryegrass and rigid ryegrass due to their similarity in chromosome numbers (2n= 14), resulting in interspecific gene exchange. Johnsongrass, barnyardgrass, and wild oats are self-pollinated species, so the potential for PMGF is relatively low and limited to short distances; however, seeds can easily shatter upon maturity before crop harvest, leading to wider dispersal. The occurrence of PMGF in reviewed grass weed species, even at a low rate, is greater than that of spontaneous mutations conferring herbicide resistance in weeds and thus can contribute to the spread of herbicide resistance alleles. This review indicates that the transfer of herbicide resistance alleles occurs under field conditions at varying levels depending on the grass weed species.
Seasonal River Export of Nitrogen to Guanting and Baiyangdian Lakes in the Hai He Basin
Authors: Yang Jing , Strokal Maryna , Kroeze Carolien , Chen Xuanjing , Bai Zhaohai , Li Hongbo , Wu Yihong , Ma Lin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEutrophication refers to the nutrient enrichment, leading to blooms of algae. Such blooms in lakes can happen throughout the year because of the changes in nutrient and hydrological cycles. Nutrient export to lakes from rivers is the main cause of eutrophication problems. Seasonal trends in nitrogen (N) export by rivers to lakes are still not well understood. The objective of this study is, therefore, to better understand the seasonal trends in river export of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) to lakes of the Hai He Basin. To this end, we selected Guanting and Baiyangdian as representative lakes, whose drainage areas include various cropping systems. We developed a seasonal version of the Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to lAkes (MARINA‐Lakes) model for Guanting and Baiyangdian while assessing N flows from the land to the lakes. The model accounts for the seasonality in human activities (e.g., cropping systems and fertilizer practices), climate, and hydrology. The effective seasons are winter (December–February), spring (March–May), summer (June–August), and fall (September–November). The model results for the year 2012 indicate that river export of DIN was highest in winter and lowest in summer. Point sources accounted for over 50% of DIN exports to Guanting and Baiyangdian across seasons. Avoiding direct discharges of animal manure (point source) in winter is needed to reduce future lake pollution. We argue that effective lake pollution control requires accounting for seasonal N cycles. Our study can support effective nutrient management and environmental policies.
Inflation of Okmok Volcano During 2008–2020 From PS Analyses and Source Inversion With Finite Element Models
Authors: Wang Jiahui , Lu Zhong , Gregg Patricia M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOkmok volcano, located on northeastern Umnak Island along the eastern end of the Aleutian island arc, is one of the most active volcanoes in Alaska, producing multiple eruptions in the past century. The most recent eruption, which occurred during July–August of 2008, was the most explosive since the early nineteenth century. In the years following the 2008 eruption, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations indicate that Okmok has inflated at a variable rate of 40–195 mm/yr. In this study, we investigate the post‐eruptive deformation of Okmok (2008–2020) using InSAR and GNSS. L‐band ALOS‐2, C‐band Sentinel‐1/Envisat and X‐band TerraSAR‐X data are analyzed with Persistent Scatterer (PS) InSAR method. The deformation time series calculated from InSAR and GNSS are assimilated into finite element models using the Ensemble Kalman Filter to track the evolution of the magma system through time. The results indicate that the InSAR‐derived deformation history can be well explained by a spatially stable magmatic source located in the central caldera, at about 3 km beneath the sea level, which is also believed to be the same source that produced the 1997 and 2008 eruptions. Magma accumulation in the reservoir is about from 2008 to 2020, which is about 160% and about 60% of the total reservoir volume changes during the 1997 and the 2008 eruptions, respectively.
Variations in Summer Marine Heatwaves in the South China Sea
Authors: Yao Yulong , Wang Chunzai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMarine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged anomalous warm seawater events that can severely impact marine ecosystems and have never been studied previously in the South China Sea. Here, we combine satellite sea surface temperature and reanalysis products to provide a systematic analysis of variations in summer MHWs in the South China Sea and potential influencing factors. The MHW days and duration, calculated as multiyear average, are mainly concentrated near the Nansha Islands and Beibu Gulf. Additionally, we find significant increasing trends in MHW days, duration, and frequency in the South China Sea during 1982–2020. The first empirical orthogonal function mode accounts for 60% of the total variance and exhibits a general mono‐sign pattern over the entire South China Sea. Increased solar radiation and released latent heat during summer MHWs contribute to high pressure in the western North Pacific. The anticyclone induced by the anomalous intensification of the western North Pacific subtropical high and its westward extension bring easterly wind anomalies to low latitudes, weakening the summer southwest monsoon south of 12°N in the South China Sea. The midwestern South China Sea upwelling weakens or even disappears due to a negative wind stress curl, causing basin‐wide severe summer MHWs. The paper also points out that more attention should be given to inter‐ocean interactions when monitoring the risks of unprecedented MHW‐related coral bleaching and marine ranching in the South China Sea.
Dipole Mode of the Precipitation Anomaly Over the Tibetan Plateau in Mid‐Autumn Associated With Tropical Pacific‐Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly: Role of Convection Over the Northern Maritime Continent
Authors: Zhang Ping , Duan Anmin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBased on observational data and numerical simulation results with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4), version 4 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), the influence of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) of the tropical Pacific–Indian Ocean mode (PIM) on the interannual variability of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) precipitation in mid‐autumn (October) is investigated. We find that the interannual variation of the mid‐autumn TP precipitation is characterized by a dipole mode with a southeast–northwest inverse pattern, which is influenced significantly by the large‐scale circulation anomalies induced by PIM. During a positive phase of PIM, that is, positive SSTA in both the tropical central‐eastern Pacific and western Indian Ocean accompanied by negative SSTA around the Maritime Continent, a robust lower‐level anticyclonic anomaly over the South Asia region (SAAC) and an upper‐level cyclonic anomaly over subtropical Asia are generated owing to the Rossby wave response to the suppressed convective heating over the northern Maritime Continent. As a result, the southerly (northerly) anomalies on the west (east) side of the SAAC can enhance (reduce) the transportation of moisture and the ascending motion over the northwestern (southeastern) TP. Meanwhile, the southward‐shifted East Asian westerly jet can further enhance the ascending motion over the northwestern TP by stimulating secondary circulation. Correspondingly, a positive (negative) precipitation anomaly appears over the northwestern (southeastern) TP. During a negative phase of PIM, the opposite case is also true. Therefore, the suppressed convective heating over the Maritime Continent serves as a pivotal medium by which PIM affects the TP precipitation in mid‐autumn.
Tree-based machine learning performed in-memory with memristive analog CAM
Authors: Pedretti Giacomo , Graves Catherine E. , Serebryakov Sergey , Mao Ruibin , Sheng Xia , Foltin Martin , Li Can , Strachan John Paul 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTree-based machine learning techniques, such as Decision Trees and Random Forests, are top performers in several domains as they do well with limited training datasets and offer improved interpretability compared to Deep Neural Networks (DNN). However, these models are difficult to optimize for fast inference at scale without accuracy loss in von Neumann architectures due to non-uniform memory access patterns. Recently, we proposed a novel analog content addressable memory (CAM) based on emerging memristor devices for fast look-up table operations. Here, we propose for the first time to use the analog CAM as an in-memory computational primitive to accelerate tree-based model inference. We demonstrate an efficient mapping algorithm leveraging the new analog CAM capabilities such that each root to leaf path of a Decision Tree is programmed into a row. This new in-memory compute concept for enables few-cycle model inference, dramatically increasing 103 × the throughput over conventional approaches.