bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A federated learning method for network intrusion detection
Authors: Tang Zhongyun , Hu Haiyang , Xu Chonghuan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntrusion detection is a common network security defense technology. At present, there are many research using deep learning to realize network intrusion detection. This method has been proved to have high detection accuracy. However, deep learning requires large‐scale data sets for training. The network intrusion detection data set of some institution is lacking. If the network traffic data set is uploaded for centralized deep learning training, it will face privacy problems. Combined with the characteristics of network traffic, this article proposes a network intrusion detection method based on federated learning. This method allows multiple ISPs or other institutions to conduct joint deep learning training on the premise of retaining local data. It not only improves the detection accuracy of the model but also protects privacy in network traffic. This article conducts experiments on the CICIDS2017 network intrusion detection data set. Experimental results show that worker participating in federated learning have higher detection accuracy. The accuracy and other performance of federated learning are almost equal to those of centralized deep learning models.
Guinea Pig and Mouse Models for Genital Herpes Infection
Authors: Hook Lauren M. , Friedman Harvey M. , Awasthi Sita 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article describes procedures for two preclinical animal models for genital herpes infection. The guinea pig model shares many features of genital herpes in humans, including a natural route of inoculation, self‐limiting primary vulvovaginitis, spontaneous recurrences, symptomatic and subclinical shedding of HSV‐2, and latent infection of the associated sensory ganglia (lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, DRG). Many humoral and cytokine responses to HSV‐2 infection in the guinea pig have been characterized; however, due to the limited availability of immunological reagents, assessments of cellular immune responses are lacking. In contrast, the mouse model has been important in assessing cellular immune responses to herpes infection. Both the mouse and guinea pig models have been extremely useful for evaluating preventative and immunotherapeutic approaches for controlling HSV infection and recurrent disease. In this article, we describe procedures for infecting guinea pigs and mice with HSV‐2, scoring subsequent genital disease, and measuring replicating virus to confirm infection. We also provide detailed protocols for dissecting and isolating DRG (the site of HSV‐2 latency), quantifying HSV‐2 genomic copies in DRG, and assessing symptomatic and subclinical shedding of HSV‐2 in the vagina. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Primary and recurrent genital herpes infection in the guinea pig modelSupport Protocol 1: Blood collection via lateral saphenous vein or by cardiac puncture after euthanasiaSupport Protocol 2: Dissection and isolation of dorsal root ganglia from guinea pigsSupport Protocol 3: PCR amplification and quantification of HSV‐2 genomic DNA from samplesBasic Protocol 2: Primary genital herpes infection in the mouse modelAlternate Protocol: Flank infection with HSV‐2 in the mouse modelSupport Protocol 4: Dissection and isolation of mouse dorsal root ganglia
Carbonate‐Induced Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide via Two‐Electron Water Oxidation
Authors: Mavrikis Sotirios , Göltz Maximilian , Rosiwal Stefan , Wang Ling , Ponce de León Carlos 
Published: December 2021

AbstractElectrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), via the two‐electron water oxidation reaction (2e− WOR), is an attractive method for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals in place of oxygen during water electrolysis. While the majority of 2e− WOR studies have focussed on electrocatalyst design, little research has been carried out on the selection of the supporting electrolyte. In this work, we investigate the impact of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) electrolytes, and their key properties, on H2O2 production. We found that at electrolyte pH values (>9.5) where the carbonate anion (CO32−) was prevalent in the mixture, a 26.5 % increase in the Faraday efficiency (%FE) for H2O2 production was achieved, compared to bicarbonate (HCO3−) dominant solutions. Utilising boron‐doped diamond (BDD) in highly concentrated K2CO3 solutions, current densities of up to 511 mA cm−2 (in 4 m) and %FEs of 91.5 % (in 5 m) could be attained. The results presented in this work highlight the influence of CO32− on electrochemical H2O2 generation via the 2e− WOR and provide novel pathways to produce desirable commodities at the anode during electrochemical water splitting.
Modulating the Coupling Efficiency of P450 BM3 by Controlling Water Diffusion through Access Tunnel Engineering
Authors: Meng Shuaiqi , Ji Yu , Liu Luo , Davari Mehdi D. , Schwaneberg Ulrich 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCytochromes P450 have gained much interest for their broad substrate scope in the catalysis of oxidation reactions for pharmaceuticals, plastics, and hormones. However, achieving high coupling efficiency by the engineering of P450s is still a big challenge. The presence of extra water around the active site is deemed to be related to uncoupling. In this study, the access tunnels of P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium are engineered to control water access from bulk solvent to the active site. Nine residues located in tunnels are investigated by site‐saturation mutagenesis to reduce water diffusion, thereby improving the coupling efficiency. The recombined variant N319L/T411V/T436A shows improved coupling efficiency (from 31.2 % to 52.6 %). Tunnel polarity analysis and molecular dynamics simulation further indicate that reduced water molecules around the active site lead to higher coupling efficiency. Overall, this study provides valuable insight on improving coupling efficiency by controlling water diffusion through tunnel engineering.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytological findings in three cases of metastatic amelanotic melanoma to the parotid gland with divergent differentiation
Authors: Laforga Juan B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis report presents the clinical and pathologic findings of three cases of metastatic amelanotic melanoma to the parotid gland. Two of the patients had a primary cutaneous tumor. Fine‐needle aspiration of the parotid showed clusters of epithelioid cells and/or spindle‐shaped cells with vesicular nuclei, macronucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. In addition, one had striking balloon‐cell features. In the immunohistochemical study, the tumors expressed S‐100, HMB‐45 antigen, Melan‐A, and SOX10, and focally smooth‐muscle actin, cytokeratin, CD56, p63, and synaptophysin. The diagnosis was challenging because the tumors were clinically thought to be primary parotid lesion and showed unusual immunohistochemical labeling for SMA, cytokeratins, p63, and neuroendocrine markers. Furthermore, the long clinical history in two of the cases made the diagnosis of a metastatic lesion less likely. Diagnostic errors can be reduced by integrating cytomorphologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and clinical findings.
Genetic structure and dispersal in peripheral populations of a marine fish (Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus) and their importance for adaptation to climate change
Authors: Fisher Mary C. , Helser Thomas E. , Kang Sukyung , Gwak Wooseok , Canino Michael F. , Hauser Lorenz 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSmall and isolated peripheral populations, which are often remnants of glacial refugia, offer an opportunity to determine the magnitude and direction of fine‐scale connectivity in high gene flow marine species. When located at the equatorial edge of a species’ range, these populations may also harbor genetic diversity related to survival and reproduction at higher temperatures, a critical resource for marine species facing warming ocean temperatures. Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), a marine fish in the North Pacific, has already experienced major shifts in biomass and distribution linked to climate change. We estimated the magnitude and direction of connectivity between peripheral populations of Pacific cod at the southern edge of the species’ range, by conducting restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing and individual assignment on fish collected around the Korean Peninsula during the spawning season. Three populations on the western, eastern, and southern Korean coasts were highly differentiated (FST = 0.025–0.042) and relatively small (Ne = 433–1,777). Ten putative dispersers and estimates of contemporary migration rates revealed asymmetrical, west‐to‐east movement around the Korean Peninsula, at a higher rate than predicted by indirect estimates of connectivity (FST). Allele frequencies at 87 RAD loci were decisively correlated with strong marine temperature gradients between the warmer southern coast and the cooler waters of the eastern and western coasts. Despite relatively small sample sizes, our data suggest asymmetrical dispersal and gene flow, potentially involving adaptive alleles, between peripheral populations inhabiting markedly different thermal regimes. Our study emphasizes the conservation value of peripheral populations in high gene flow marine fish species.
Plant community succession following ungulate exclusion in a temperate rainforest
Authors: Woodward A. , Jenkins K. J. , Harmon M. E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEcosystem structure and processes of coastal temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest are thought to be strongly influenced by herbivory primarily of Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) and secondarily of Columbian black‐tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). Two large (0.5‐ha) exclosures were built in old‐growth coniferous rainforest communities in Olympic National Park, Washington, during 1979 to study these effects. Cover of shrubs, ferns, herbs, and graminoids and numbers of tree seedlings were described over 36 yr. Results show a sequence following ungulate exclusion of early release of shrubs, ferns, and herbs followed by eventual dominance of shrubs as other vegetation layers become shaded. Short‐term responses of individual species reflected functional traits related to ability to avoid or tolerate herbivory. Over the longer term, effects reflected changing competitive relationships among vegetation layers and other ecosystem dynamics such as the provision of fallen trees in the appropriate decay class to serve as establishment substrate for tree seedlings. In aggregate, vegetation composition shifted after 36 yr from a system dominated by herbaceous cover with a major graminoid component to one dominated by shrubs (5‐ to 6‐fold absolute increase) and ferns (5–7% increase in absolute cover), less absolute herb cover (15–20% loss), and almost no graminoids (<1.5% cover remaining in any plot) after 36 yr. These changes represented a substantial loss in plant community diversity with a loss of 46 of 74 species. Elk abundance outside of the exclosures began to decline in the 1990s leading to parallel changes in plant community trajectories outside of exclosures to those initially seen inside. While this suggests plant community responses inside the exclosures were also driven by elk exclusion, the strength of this response depends on elk abundance.
Ion‐Exchange Synthesis of ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe Core/Shell Heterostructured Nanowire Photoanodes toward High‐Performance Photocathodic Protection of 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Lin Yichang , Liu Sheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPhotocathodic protection technology is emerging to harvest solar light for electrochemical corrosion protection of metals. Herein, ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe heterostructured nanowire arrays were synthesized on conductive glass substrates by a two‐step ion‐exchange reaction in ZnO nanowire arrays. The as‐prepared ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe core/shell nanostructure was unveiled by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDAX elemental mapping, and XPS analyses. The ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe ternary heterojunction photoanode exhibits a considerably enhanced absorption for visible light and a significantly increased separation, transfer, and collection efficiencies for photogenerated charges. When working as photoanodes, the as‐deigned ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe heterostructured nanowire arrays demonstrates a superior photocathodic protection performance for the coupled 304 stainless steel under illumination with AM 1.5G.
Synthesis of Potential Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors by Thio‐Click Reactions
Authors: Debreczeni Nóra , Bege Miklós , Borbás Anikó 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLeloir glycosyltransferases play an important role in many fundamental processes of living systems by catalyzing biological glycosylations. Neutral analogues of nucleotide sugars, as potential donor‐substrate inhibitors of Leloir glycosyltransferases, are of prime interest in medicinal chemistry. We report the development of S‐linked sugar‐nucleotide analogues by replacing the α‐O‐pyrophosphate bridge with an electroneutral ethyl or propyl linker by radical mediated hydrothiolation of 2‐substituted glycals and olefinic nucleoside analogues. UDP‐glucose and UDP‐GlcNAc analogues were assembled from 2‐substituted glycals, 1,2‐ethanedithiols and uridine 4’‐exomethylene derivative by two subsequent thio‐click reactions. Morpholino type mimetics of UDP‐, GDP‐ and CMP‐sugars were constructed by photoinitiated additions of 1‐thiosugars (Glc, GlcNAc, Gal, Man) and 2‐thio‐Neu5Ac onto N‐allyl morpholinos.
Enzyme immobilization in hydrogels: A perfect liaison for efficient and sustainable biocatalysis
Authors: Meyer Johanna , Meyer Lars‐Erik , Kara Selin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBiocatalysis is an established chemical synthesis technology that has by no means been restricted to research laboratories. The use of enzymes for organic synthesis has evolved greatly from early development to proof‐of‐concept – from small batch production to industrial scale. Different enzyme immobilization strategies contributed to this success story. Recently, the use of hydrogel materials for the immobilization of enzymes has been attracting great interest. Within this review, we pay special attention to recent developments in this key emerging field of research. Firstly, we will briefly introduce the concepts of both biocatalysis and hydrogel worlds. Then, we list recent interesting publications that link both concepts. Finally, we provide an outlook and comment on future perspectives of further exploration of enzyme immobilization strategies in hydrogels.
A seismic fragility model accounting for torsional irregularity in low‐rise non‐ductile RC moment‐resisting frames
Authors: Bhasker Rohan , Menon Arun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBuildings characterized by torsional irregularity are notorious for their vulnerability to earthquakes. However, most fragility/vulnerability models used for regional seismic risk assessment fail to distinguish between buildings with torsionally balanced and unbalanced configurations. The present study aims to develop a seismic fragility model sensitive to torsional irregularity for low‐rise non‐ductile RC moment frame buildings. To this end, a numerical investigation centred on 13 three‐storied plan‐asymmetric models, each characterized by a distinct combination of normalized stiffness eccentricity, torsional radius to mass radius of gyration ratio and normalized strength eccentricity, is presented. Using high‐dimensional model representation (HDMR), a metamodel for the maximum inter‐storey drift under bi‐directional seismic action is calibrated, considering average spectral acceleration and the above trio of torsional irregularity descriptors (TIDs) as the predictor variables. Carrying out numerical simulations on limit state functions formulated using the above demand model and appropriate capacity thresholds, the seismic fragility is estimated. The parameters of a lognormal fragility function compatible with the above estimates are determined using the method of maximum likelihood. A strong correlation is observed between the TIDs and the fragility function parameters. This reinforces the importance of accounting for all three TIDs while rating the seismic fragility of a building. Using least‐square error minimization technique, a functional relationship is established between the fragility model parameters and the TIDs. The framework described herein provides a simple, yet rational means to develop the next generation of seismic fragility models accounting for one of the most critical factors governing seismic behaviour––‘torsional irregularity’.
The impact of COVID‐19 on the continuum of integrated perinatal, infant, and early childhood behavioral health services
Authors: Talmi Ayelet 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis is a brief introduction to four papers examining the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the continuum of integrated infant and early childhood mental health services offered across hospital and community settings. The COVID‐19 pandemic profoundly impacted the delivery of perinatal, infant, and early childhood behavioral health services. Perinatal and early childhood integrated behavioral health services ensured access to early childhood and family mental health services, adapted service delivery to meet the needs of the populations being served and comply with public health guidelines, and promoted appropriate utilization of preventive, primary care, and hospital services for populations with and without medical complexity during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Chemical modification of ordered/disordered carbon nanostructures for metal hosts and electrocatalysts of lithium‐air batteries
Authors: Lee Jeongyeon , Lee Tae Hyung , Jang Ho Won , Park Ho Seok 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlthough lithium‐air batteries (LABs) are considered the promising alternative of existing lithium–ion batteries owing to their high energy density of 11 680 W h kg−1, their practical applications are limited by the technical issues, such as unstable solid electrolyte interface and dendrite formation from metal anode and insufficient bifunctional activities and durability from cathode catalyst. In order to resolve these bottlenecks, carbon nanostructures have been investigated owing to their high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, electrochemical stability, and various modification chemistries. Herein, we comprehensively review a recent progress on the design of carbon nanostructures for their applications into metal hosts, protection layers, and bifunctional electrocatalysts of LABs. The correlation between the crystalline, electronic, porous, and chemical structures and the electrochemical properties of carbon nanomaterials are discussed depending on their classification and characteristics. Various chemical modifications, such as morphological control, hierarchical architecturing, heteroatom incorporation, and the formation of composites, for the improved electrochemical performances of anode and cathode will be also addressed. Furthermore, we deal with the perspectives for the ongoing obstruction and future guidance.
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Rapid estimations of intensity standard deviations for optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Yang Chaojiang , Zhu Jiang , Zhu Lianqing , Fan Fan , Ma Zongqing , Zhang Fan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can map microvascular networks and quantify blood flow velocities with high resolution by calculating intensity standard deviations of time‐series signals. However, statistical calculations of the standard deviations need much processing time and reduce the analysis efficiency. In this study, we proposed three optimized OCTA algorithms incorporating rapid estimations of the intensity standard deviations, including the range algorithm, the mean absolute error algorithm and the maximum absolute error algorithm. The abilities of the optimized algorithms to quantify the flow velocities were validated by a flow phantom. After a rat cerebral cortex was imaged, the optimized OCTA algorithms were compared with the conventional relative standard deviation algorithm in the metrics of imaging quality and processing time. The results show that the optimized algorithms incorporating rapid estimations of the intensity standard deviations have faster processing speeds with equivalent image quality.
Immunogenic and immunotolerogenic effects of extracorporeal photopheresis in high immunological risk kidney recipients. A single center case series
Authors: Xipell Marc , Molina‐Andújar Alícia , Cid Joan , Piñeiro Gastón J. , Montagud‐Marrahi Enrique , Cofan Frederic , Oppenheimer Frederic , Rovira Jordi , Diekmann Fritz , Lozano Miquel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe immunomodulatory effects of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) have been used for the treatment of T‐cell mediated disorders, such as rejection in organ transplantation. Currently, it is an established therapy for heart and lung rejection, but not for kidney transplantation (KT), where experience is limited. In addition, some data suggest that ECP could generate an immune response against infections, thus being an alternative for the treatment of rejection in case of active or high‐risk of infection. In the present study, we analyze four cases of use of ECP as concomitant therapy in patients with KT and high risk of opportunistic infections due to the high burden of immunosuppression throughout their renal diseases. Two patients had concomitant viral infection (cytomegalovirus and BK virus, respectively) and three patients were on treatment for graft rejection. In the two patients with active viral infection, the infection was successfully controlled during ECP treatment. In all cases, ECP has been shown to be a safe procedure, without complications.
Early predictors of severe COVID‐19 among hospitalized patients
Authors: Zhao Qiongrui , Yuan Youhua , Zhang Jiangfeng , Li Jieren , Li Wei , Guo Kunshan , Wang Yanchao , Chen Juhua , Yan Wenjuan , Wang Baoya , Jing Nan , Ma Bing , Zhang Qi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundLimited research has been conducted on early laboratory biomarkers to identify patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). This study fills this gap to ensure appropriate treatment delivery and optimal resource utilization.MethodsIn this retrospective, multicentre, cohort study, 52 and 64 participants with severe and mild cases of COVID‐19, respectively, were enrolled during January‐March 2020. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and binary forward stepwise logistic regression were used to construct a predictive risk score. A prediction model was then developed and verified using data from four hospitals.ResultsOf the 50 variables assessed, eight were independent predictors of COVID‐19 and used to calculate risk scores for severe COVID‐19: age (odds ratio (OR = 14.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–22.7), number of comorbidities (OR = 7.8, 95% CI 1.4–15.5), abnormal bilateral chest computed tomography images (OR = 8.5, 95% CI 4.5–10), neutrophil count (OR = 10.1, 95% CI 1.88–21.1), lactate dehydrogenase (OR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.2–19.2), C‐reactive protein OR = 16.7, 95% CI 2.9–18.9), haemoglobin (OR = 16.8, 95% CI 2.4–19.1) and D‐dimer levels (OR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.2–23.1). The model was effective, with an area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve of 0.944 (95% CI 0.89–0.99, p < 0.001) in the derived cohort and 0.8152 (95% CI 0.803–0.97; p < 0.001) in the validation cohort.ConclusionPredictors based on the characteristics of patients with COVID‐19 at hospital admission may help predict the risk of subsequent critical illness.