bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“IF YOU DON’T KNOW ME BY NOW…”
Authors: Whitehead Ellen M. , Farrell Allan , Bratter Jenifer L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe racial composition of couples is a salient indicator of race’s impact on mate selection, but how well do those in intimate partnerships know the racial identities of their partners? While prior research has revealed that an individual’s race may be perceived differently than how they identify, most of what is known comes from brief interactions, with less information on established relationships. This study examines whether discrepancies in the reports of a person’s race or ethnicity can be identified even within intimate relationships, as well as which relational, social, and attitudinal factors are predictive of divergent or concordant reports. We draw on the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n=3467), a U.S.-based dataset that uniquely provides both the father’s self-reported race and Hispanic origin and the mother’s report of the father’s race and ethnicity. We compare reports of the father’s race/Hispanic origin from both parents to assess the extent of mismatch, and we distinguish between whether mothers view the father’s race as similar to or different from her own. We find roughly 14% of mothers provide a race and Hispanic origin that is inconsistent with the father’s report, with a large share reflecting differences in the self-identified and perceived race of fathers who are reported as Hispanic. Among mismatched reports, mothers are more likely to report a race/ethnicity for the father that matches her own, depressing the number reporting interracial unions. Perceptions of racial homogamy are especially likely when mothers view racial sameness as important to marriage. Further, mismatches are more common in the midst of weak relational ties (i.e. non-marital relationships) and are less common when both parents are college-educated. These findings reveal that intimate unions are a site where race is socially constructed and provide insight into how norms of endogamy manifest within formed relationships.
“THERE IS QUEER INEQUITY, BUT I PICK TO BE HAPPY”
Authors: Ortiz Stephanie M. , Mandala Chad R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs racialized and gendered structures, organizations can reinforce complex inequalities, especially with regard to emotional labor. While the literature on emotional labor is established, little is known about how race and sexual orientation shape feeling rule enforcement. Interviewing staff at university LGBTQ resource centers, we argue that feeling rules have a sexual orientation-based dimension and are experienced and enforced differently based on race. White LGBTQ staff find that they can express anger strategically to bring awareness to issues of race, but do not confront racism in their work for fear of alienating other Whites, which they believe would harm their center. LGBTQ staff of color experience organizational consequences for their anger, which is directed toward the racism they and students of color experience in the university. Lacking the credential of Whiteness (Ray 2019), staff of color find they cannot reach the benchmark set by Whites’ enthusiastic performance of emotional labor. These feeling rules operate in service of what James M. Thomas (2018) calls diversity regimes, which are performances of a benign commitment to racial equality, that retrench racial inequality by failing to redistribute resources along racial lines. By sanctioning anger toward the university—as an institution that reproduces racism—feeling rules have organizational consequences: Whites can advance through compliance and enthusiasm; staff of color are terminated or denied opportunities; and critiques of racism are silenced. While created to address diversity, LGBTQ centers are purposely not structurally positioned to radically shift resources in a way to combat racism, and feeling rules maintain these arrangements while allowing universities to claim a commitment to equality. These findings hold implications for broader concerns of racism, sexual orientation, and inequality within work organizations, especially manifestations of worker control within diversity work.
Varying tillage promotes weed diversity, while a perennial alfalfa–grass mixture promotes weed control in an organic tillage system experiment in Germany
Authors: Grosse Meike , Haase Thorsten , Heß Jürgen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn organic farming the control of perennial weed species, in particular Cirsium arvense, can be a major concern for farmers, especially if there is no regulation through perennial forage production. To test whether the stubble cleaner (SC), an enhanced skim plow (PL), is as effective in the control of C. arvense and other weeds as conventional ploughing and perennial forage production, an organic field experiment was established. Three different tillage/crop rotation systems were compared: an SC system and a PL system, both in a cereal-based crop rotation and an additional PL system in a crop rotation that included a perennial alfalfa–grass mixture (PLALF). In the SC system, tillage was carried out solely with the SC, while in the PL and PLALF systems, ploughing was alternated with chiseling. In the fifth year, each main plot was divided into subplots, and seven different cover crop treatments were integrated into each of the three systems. The effects of the three systems and the cover crop treatments on weed cover and density, weed biomass, and weed diversity in the sixth and seventh year of the experiment are the subjects of this paper. The choice of cover crop species was of minor importance for weed control. The PLALF system was generally more effective in controlling C. arvense than the PL and SC systems. No significant differences between the PL and SC systems regarding the control of C. arvense could be identified in four of five assessments. The SC system had significantly higher total weed density than the PLALF and PL systems in both years. However, the differences in weed emergence between the PL and SC systems diminished until the assessment of weed cover and biomass in the main crops, when no significant differences between these two systems (2012) or no differences at all (2013) could be identified. Species richness was not significantly influenced by the tillage/crop rotation system in both years. Evenness and Shannon–Wiener index were significantly higher in the PLALF and PL systems than in the SC system on most assessment dates in 2012. In 2013 there was no clear trend regarding evenness and Shannon-Wiener index probably due to a hoeing operation.. In conclusion, for weed control, the choice of crop rotation was more important than the choice of tillage method, while for the diversity of the weed community, the choice of tillage method was more important than the crop rotation.
Do patients benefit from legislation regulating step therapy?
Authors: Tharp Louis , Rothblatt Zoe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStep therapy, also termedfail-first policy, describes a practice of insurance and pharmacy benefit management companies denying reimbursement for a specific treatment until after other treatments have first been found ineffective (i.e. failed). Laws to limit step therapy have been passed in 29 states of the United States. Using extrapolated data on fully insured employees, we find that except for New York and New Mexico, enacted State laws don't apply to even one-third of a state's population. Using the more robust Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) data, which do not include fully insured employees, we find that only 2–10% of a state's population is covered. Advocating for these laws has been an expensive and time-consuming process, likely to become more so for the 21 states without such laws. The laws that have been enacted can be near impossible, to enforce, and loopholes exist. As a result, using KFF data, more than 90% of people in the United States with health insurance may still be unable to access the treatment chosen as most appropriate for them with their physician. Based on these data, we conclude federal step-therapy legislation is needed.
Quad-band hybrid DRA loaded MIMO antenna with DGS for isolation enhancement
Authors: Divya G. , Jagadeesh Babu K. , Madhu R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article introduces a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) fed with a rhombic ring-shaped tapered feed for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) applications. The proposed hybrid MIMO CDRA resonates at four frequency bands 2.5, 5.09, 6.8, and 9.0 GHz with isolation levels of 22, 34.22, 30.55, and 18.55 dB. Isolation enhancements are achieved by introducing “L” shaped slots on the partial ground plane. Parametric analysis is performed to validate the optimized dimensions of the tapered feed without and with DRA and defected ground structure. Diversity performance is examined by using envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain. The proposed antenna operates in the S, C, and X-bands and is suitable for RF communication mobile broadband services, Wi-Fi, radar, and satellite applications. Good agreement is observed between simulated and measured results.
A Systematic Review of Self-Compassion in Chronic Pain: From Correlation to Efficacy
Authors: Lanzaro Camile , Carvalho Sérgio A. , Lapa Teresa A. , Valentim Ana , Gago Bruno 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chronic pain (CP) is a common condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Compassion-related interventions are proving to be advantageous in CP, and self-compassion (SC) is hypothesized to be related with pain regulation physiological processes, as well as with psychological benefits in CP. We aimed to review scientific literature on: 1) Compassion-based psychological interventions and their changes in pain outcomes; and 2) associations between SC and pain-related outcomes. We performed a systematic research in four electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library from inception until April 2020. In Question 1, we included studies involving adult patients with CP who participated in compassion-based psychological interventions. In Question 2, we included studies that examined the associations between SC and pain outcomes in adults with CP. We identified 16 studies. For Question 1, we included seven studies focused on different compassion-based interventions that assessed at least one pain outcome, in a total of 253 participants with CP associated with multiple conditions. For Question 2, we included nine studies, in a total of 1,430 participants, with eight different pain outcomes: Intensity, acceptance, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, disability, distress, pain related coping and anxiety. Considering the high heterogeneity between studies and the poor-quality assessment, we could not draw definitive conclusions on the efficacy of compassion-based interventions nor on the association between SC and pain outcomes. Studies are further discussed in detail. This review can be a starting point for large-scale and high-quality trials in this area as it provides an organized overview of the current literature on this topic.
Major Differences in Regional Climate Impact Between High‐ and Low‐Latitude Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Sjolte Jesper , Adolphi Florian , Guðlaugsdòttir Hera , Muscheler Raimund 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMajor low‐latitude volcanic eruptions cool Earth’s climate, and can lead to a positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during winter. However, the question of the climate and circulation impact of Northern Hemisphere high‐latitude eruptions has received less attention. Here we show that, contrary to low‐latitude eruptions, the response to high‐latitude eruptions can be associated with negative NAO both winter and summer. We furthermore demonstrate that also the response to low‐latitude eruptions prevails during summer months, and corroborates previous findings of an extended impact on winter circulation lasting up to 5 years. Our analysis of novel climate field reconstructions supports this extended response, with the addition of showing a positive NAO during summer after low‐latitude eruptions. The differences in the effect of high‐ and low‐latitude eruptions on atmospheric circulation and regional temperature provide important insights for the understanding of past and future climate changes in response to volcanic forcing.
Demons in the North Atlantic: Variability of Deep Ocean Ventilation
Authors: MacGilchrist G. A. , Johnson H. L. , Lique C. , Marshall D. P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTranslation of atmospheric forcing variability into the ocean interior via ocean ventilation is an important aspect of transient climate change. On a seasonal timescale in the subtropics, this translation is mediated by a so‐called “Demon” that prevents access to all except late‐winter mixed‐layer water. Here, we use an eddy‐permitting numerical circulation model to investigate a similar process operating on longer (interannual) timescales in the subpolar North Atlantic. We find that variations in atmospheric forcing are mediated in their translation to the ocean interior, with year‐to‐year changes in the late‐winter mixed layer depth being the critical factor. The signature of persistent strong atmospheric forcing driving deep mixed layers is preferentially ventilated to the interior when the forcing is ceased. Susceptibility to this effect depends on the location and density of subduction—with the rate at which newly ventilated water escapes its region of subduction being the crucial factor.
Exact Analytical Solutions for Kinetic Equations Describing Thermochemical Remanence Acquisition for Single‐Domain Grains: Implications for Absolute Paleointensity Determinations
Authors: Shcherbakov V. P. , Lhuillier F. , Sycheva N. K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe magnetic record, preserved by igneous rocks in the form of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) or thermo‐chemical remanent magnetization (TCRM), is essential to reconstruct Earth's absolute paleointensity (API) but strongly depends on the kinetic conditions in which the remanence was acquired. In this paper, we present exact analytical solutions describing the time‐dependent processes of acquisition and thermal demagnetization of various kinds of thermally activated remanences for non‐interacting single‐domain grains with uniaxial shape anisotropy. Our solutions, derived in less‐restrictive conditions than previous studies, are also valid for TCRMs acquired either by growth of grain volume or by increase of the Curie point Tc. We first show that TCRMs by Tc increase and TRMs are of comparable intensity whereas TCRMs by volume growth are significantly less intense. We then model Arai‐Nagata diagrams for assemblies of coercivity‐variable grains and find that all Thellier‐type protocols yield reliable API determinations for TRMs and TCRMs by Tc increase, with the peculiarity of the IZZI protocol to produce small zigzags in the Arai‐Nagata diagram. In contrast, TCRMs by volume growth yield convex Arai‐Nagata diagrams. The most conspicuous kinetic effect is the influence of cooling rate on API determinations due to a ∼5% increase of the remanent magnetization for a 10‐fold increase in cooling time. We show that the situation is problematic when the cooling time of natural samples coincides with the geomagnetic secular‐variation time scales. Natural samples with cooling times sufficient to average out secular variation conversely yield reliable API determinations provided a cooling‐rate correction is applied.
Diversity of the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation
Authors: Chen Guosen , Wang Bin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBoreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) profoundly impacts Northern Hemisphere monsoon onsets and breaks, tropical cyclones, and many climate extremes. BSISO exhibits more complex propagation patterns than the dominant eastward propagation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation. Previous studies have extensively examined the dominant northeastward propagating BSISO mode and its northward component, but this mode only accounts for about half of the total cases. We conducted an objective cluster analysis of the two‐dimensional BSISO propagation and revealed two new forms of BSISO propagation besides the northeastward propagation: the dipolar northward propagation and the eastward expansion. We investigate processes governing the different propagation forms using moisture tendency analysis. We show that the propagation diversity is related to BSISO’s circulation structural asymmetries and the associated moistening processes. The Rossby‐wave component in the background zonal wind shear favors northward propagation while the Kelvin‐wave component favors eastward propagation. The circulation differences are affected by the variation of background states, especially those season‐dependent variations. The results provide insights into the BSISO diversity and potential precursors for foreseeing BSISO propagation.
New Horizons in Electromagnetics in Medicine and Biology
Authors: Ueno Shoogo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractForty years of studies on bioelectromagnetics, in our laboratory, are presented to view new horizons in electromagnetics in medicine and biology. The several topics are reviewed and discussed. The review includes transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human brain, imaging of electrical information in the brain based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as impedance MRI and current MRI, cancer therapy using magnetizable beads and pulsed magnetic fields, magnetic control of cell orientation and cell growth, and effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields on iron ion release, and uptake from and into iron cage proteins, ferritins. These techniques are leading medicine and biology into a new horizon through the novel applications of magnetism and electromagnetics.
A Two‐Phase, Pore‐Scale Reactive Transport Model for the Kinetic Interface‐Sensitive Tracer
Authors: Gao H. , Tatomir A. B. , Karadimitriou N. K. , Steeb H. , Sauter M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPrevious laboratory experiments with the kinetic interface sensitive (KIS) tracers have shown promising results with respect to the quantification of the fluid‐fluid interfacial area (IFA) under dynamic, two‐phase flow conditions. However, pore‐scale effects relevant to two‐phase flow (e.g., the formation of hydrodynamically stagnant/immobile zones) are not yet fully understood, and quantitative information about how far these effects influence the transport of the tracer reaction products is not yet available. Therefore, a pore‐scale numerical model that includes two‐phase, reactive flow, and transport of the KIS tracer at the fluid‐fluid interface is developed. We propose a new method to quantitatively analyze how the mass of the KIS‐tracer reaction product in the flowing water is affected by the presence of the immobile zones. The model employs the phase field method (PFM) and a new continuous mass transfer formulation, consistent with the PFM. We verify the model with the analytical solutions of transport involving advection, reaction and diffusion processes. The model is tested for two‐phase flow conditions in a conceptual 2D slit. The applicability of the model is demonstrated in NAPL/water drainage scenarios in a conceptual porous domain, comparing the results in terms of the spatial distribution of the phases and solute concentration. Furthermore, we distinguish the mobile and immobile zones based on the local Péclet number, and the corresponding IFA, and solute mass in these two zones is quantified. Finally, we show that the solute mass in flowing water can be employed to selectively determine the mobile part of the IFA.
Mitigated PM2.5Changes by the Regional Transport During the COVID‐19 Lockdown in Shanghai, China
Authors: Gu Yixuan , Yan Fengxia , Xu Jianming , Duan Yusen , Fu Qingyan , Qu Yuanhao , Liao Hong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntensive observations and WRF‐Chem simulations are applied in this study to investigate the adverse impacts of regional transport on the PM2.5(fine particulate matter; diameter ≤2.5 μm) changes in Shanghai during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 lockdown. As the local atmospheric oxidation capacity was observed to be generally weakened, strong regional transport carried by the frequent westerly winds is suggested to be the main driver of the unexpected pollution episodes, increasing the input of both primary and secondary aerosols. Contributing 40%–80% to the PM2.5, the transport contributed aerosols are simulated to exhibit less decreases (13.2%–21.8%) than the local particles (37.1%–64.8%) in urban Shanghai due to the lockdown, which largely results from the less decreased industrial and residential emissions in surrounding provinces. To reduce the influence of the transport, synergetic emission control, especially synergetic ammonia control, measures are proved to be effective strategies, which need to be considered in future regulations.
Gravity Wave Weakening During the 2019 Antarctic Stratospheric Sudden Warming
Authors: Kogure Masaru , Yue Jia , Liu Huixin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA rare Antarctic stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) occurred on August 30, 2019, and was a minor warming event. We investigated variations in gravity wave (GW) activity before and after this Antarctic SSW event using two satellite measurements (AIRS and CIPS) and reanalysis data (GEOS‐5 FP). GW activity over the Andes decreased after August 30, although the westerly wind was 40–60 ms−1 and cannot filter out GWs with small zonal phase speed. This decline over the Andes was probably caused by wave saturation. Zonal mean GW activity over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean likewise decreased, with a weakening of zonal wind. The zonal mean GW activity further decreased around September 8 which coincided with a reversal of the zonal mean zonal wind at 40 km. The decline in the zonal mean GW activity after August 30 was probably caused by wind filtering and polar night jet breaking.
High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Can Be More Effective if Injection Is Limited to Spring
Authors: Lee Walker Raymond , MacMartin Douglas G. , Visioni Daniele , Kravitz Ben 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStratospheric aerosol geoengineering focused on the Arctic could substantially reduce local and worldwide impacts of anthropogenic global warming. Because the Arctic receives little sunlight during the winter, stratospheric aerosols present in the winter at high latitudes have little impact on the climate, whereas stratospheric aerosols present during the summer achieve larger changes in radiative forcing. Injecting SO2 in the spring leads to peak aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the summer. We demonstrate that spring injection produces approximately twice as much summer AOD as year‐round injection and restores approximately twice as much September sea ice, resulting in less increase in stratospheric sulfur burden, stratospheric heating, and stratospheric ozone depletion per unit of sea ice restored. We also find that differences in AOD between different seasonal injection strategies are small compared to the difference between annual and spring injection.