bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing the geographic classification for health, a rural‐urban classification for New Zealand health research and policy: A research protocol
Authors: Nixon Garry , Whitehead Jesse , Davie Gabrielle , Fearnley David , Crengle Sue , de Graaf Brandon , Smith Michelle , Wakerman John , Lawrenson Ross 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionRural‐urban health inequities, exacerbated by deprivation and ethnicity, have been clearly described in the international literature. To date, the same inequities have not been as clearly demonstrated in Aotearoa New Zealand despite the lower socioeconomic status and higher proportion of Māori living in rural towns. This is ascribed by many health practitioners, academics and other informed stakeholders to be the result of the definitions of 'rural' used to produce statistics.AimsTo outline a protocol to produce a ‘fit‐for‐health purpose’ rural‐urban classification for analysing national health data. The classification will be designed to determine the magnitude of health inequities that have been obscured by use of inappropriate rural‐urban taxonomies.MethodsThis protocol paper outlines our proposed mixed‐methods approach to developing a novel Geographic Classification for Health. In phase 1, an agreed set of community attributes will be used to modify the new Statistics New Zealand Urban Accessibility Classification into a more appropriate classification of rurality for health contexts. The Geographic Classification for Health will then be further developed in an iterative process with stakeholders including rural health researchers and members of the National Rural Health Advisory Group, who have a comprehensive ‘on the ground’ understanding of Aotearoa New Zealand's rural communities and their attendant health services. This protocol also proposes validating the Geographic Classification for Health using general practice enrolment data. In phase 2, the resulting Geographic Classification for Health will be applied to routinely collected data from the Ministry of Health. This will enable current levels of rural‐urban inequity in health service access and outcomes to be accurately assessed and give an indication of the extent to which older classifications were masking inequities.
Defining the decision‐to‐delivery interval at caesarean section: narrative literature review and proposal for standardisation
Authors: May R. L. , Clayton M. A. , Richardson A. L. , Kinsella S. M. , Khalil A. , Lucas D. N. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe decision‐to‐delivery interval is a widely used term at non‐elective caesarean section. While the definition may appear self‐evident, there is no universally agreed consensus about when this period begins and ends. We reviewed the literature for original research utilising the terms 'decision‐to‐delivery', 'decision‐to‐incision' or 'incision‐to‐delivery' and examined definitions used for decision, delivery, incision, as well as any additional time intervals that were assessed. Our analysis demonstrated an inconsistent non‐standardised approach to defining these intervals, which might have clinical practice and medicolegal ramifications. We propose that the decision‐to‐delivery interval should be defined as follows: the interval between the time at which the senior obstetrician makes the decision that a caesarean section is required and the time at which the fetus (or first fetus in the case of multiples) is delivered. The decision time should ideally be recorded contemporaneously in the medical notes or partogram.
Defining and understanding the “extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation gap” in the veno‐venous configuration: Timing and causes of death
Authors: Heuts Samuel , Makhoul Maged , Mansouri Abdulrahman N. , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Obeid Amir , Belliato Mirko , Broman Lars Mikael , Malfertheiner Maximilian , Meani Paolo , Raffa Giuseppe Maria , Delnoij Thijs , Maessen Jos , Bolotin Gil , Lorusso Roberto 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn‐hospital mortality of adult veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V‐V ECMO) patients remains invariably high. However, little is known regarding timing and causes of in‐hospital death, either on‐ECMO or after weaning. The current review aims to investigate the timing and causes of death of adult patients during hospital admittance for V‐V ECMO, and to define the V‐V ECMO gap, which is represented by the patients that are successfully weaned of ECMO but still die during hospital stay. A systematic search was performed using electronic MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through PubMed. Studies reporting on adult V‐V ECMO patients from January 2006 to December 2020 were screened. Studies that did not report on at least on‐ECMO mortality and discharge rate were excluded from analysis as they could not provide the required information regarding the proposed V‐V ECMO‐gap. Mortality rates on‐ECMO and after weaning, as well as weaning and discharge rates, were analyzed as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were the causes of death and complications. Initially, 35 studies were finally included in this review. Merely 24 of these studies (comprising 975 patients) reported on prespecified V‐V ECMO outcomes (on‐ECMO mortality and discharge rate). Mortality on V‐V ECMO support was 27.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 22.5%‐33.2%), whereas mortality after successful weaning was 12.7% (95% CI 8.8%‐16.6%, defining the V‐V ECMO gap). 72.2% of patients (95% CI 66.8%‐77.5%) were weaned successfully from support and 56.8% (95% CI 49.9%‐63.8%) of patients were discharged from hospital. The most common causes of death on ECMO were multiple organ failure, bleeding, and sepsis. Most common causes of death after weaning were multiorgan failure and sepsis. Although the majority of patients are weaned successfully from V‐V ECMO support, a significant proportion of subjects still die during hospital stay, defining the V‐V ECMO gap. Overall, timing and causes of death are poorly reported in current literature. Future studies on V‐V ECMO should describe morbidity and mortality outcomes in more detail in relation to the timing of the events, to improve patient management, due to enhanced understanding of the clinical course.
How Do I Get on With my Teacher? Affective Student‐Teacher Relationships and the Religious Match Between Students and Teachers in Islamic Primary Schools
Authors: Charki Fatima Zohra , Hornstra Lisette , Thijs Jochem 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundDespite the growing body of research concerning affective relationships between teachers and ethnic minority students, very little is known about student‐teacher relationship (STR) quality for religious minority students. Many Islamic schools have a mixed workforce consisting of both Muslim and non‐Muslim teachers. This means that the quality of religiously congruent and religiously incongruent STRs can be directly compared.AimsWe investigated whether the quality of the STR experienced by Dutch Islamic school students depended on the religious background of their teacher (Muslim vs. non‐Muslim). We also examined the role of teachers’ implicitly measured attitudes towards Muslims as a possible explanation for differences in relationship quality.SampleParticipants were 707 students (56.9% female) from 35 classes (Grade 3–6) (Mage = 10.02 years, SD = 1.25) and their 35 teachers (85.7% female; Mage = 32.94 years, SD = 6.37).MethodsStudents reported on the quality of the relationship with their teacher (closeness, conflict, and negative expectations), and teachers’ implicit attitude towards Muslims (vs. non‐Muslims) was measured with an Implicit Association Test.ResultsStudents reported relatively high levels of closeness and low levels of conflict and negative expectations for both Muslim and non‐Muslim teachers. Conflict was slightly higher in religiously incongruent STRs, but only when teachers’ implicitly measured attitude towards Muslims (vs. non‐Muslims) was included in our model.ConclusionResults of this study indicate that religious incongruence does not play a major role in STR quality in Islamic primary education.
Social nudges for vaccination: How communicating herd behaviour influences vaccination intentions
Authors: Lazić Aleksandra , Kalinova Kalina Nikolova , Packer Jali , Pae Riinu , Petrović Marija B. , Popović Dora , Sievert D. Elisabeth C. , Stafford‐Johnson Natalie 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesThis Registered Report attempted to conceptually replicate the finding that communicating herd immunity increases vaccination intentions (Betsch, et al., 2017, Nat. Hum. Behav., 0056). An additional objective was to explore the roles of descriptive social norms (vaccination behaviour of others) and the herd‐immunity threshold (coverage needed to stop disease transmission).DesignAn online experiment with a 2 (herd‐immunity explanation: present vs. absent) × 3 (descriptive norm: high vs. low vs. absent) × 2 (herd‐immunity threshold: present vs. absent) between‐subjects fractional design.MethodsSample consisted of 543 people (aged 18–64) residing in the United Kingdom. Participants first received an explanation of herd immunity emphasising social benefits (protecting others) in both textual and animated‐infographic form. Next, they were faced with fictitious information about the disease, the vaccine, their country’s vaccination coverage (80% or 20%), and the herd‐immunity threshold (90%). Vaccination intention was self‐rated.ResultsCompared to the control, communicating social benefits of herd immunity was effective in increasing vaccination intentions (F(1,541) = 6.97, p = .009, Partial Eta‐Squared = 0.013). Communicating the descriptive norm or the herd‐immunity threshold alongside the herd‐immunity explanation demonstrated no observable effect.ConclusionCommunicating social benefits of herd immunity increased self‐reported vaccination intentions against a fictitious disease, replicating previous findings. Although this result is positive, the practical relevance may be limited. Further research into the effect of social nudges to motivate vaccination is required, particularly with respect to the recent pandemic context and varying levels of vaccine hesitancy.
Novel syphon ureteric access sheath has the potential to improve renal pressures and irrigant flow
Authors: Lazarus John , Kaestner Lisa 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveTo describe a novel syphoning ureteric access sheath (UAS) intended for use during flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS). We aimed to assess if in vitro it could reduce intrarenal pressure (IRP) and increase irrigant flow compared to traditional UASs.Materials and MethodsA validated phantom kidney with fibre optic pressure sensing capabilities was used to assess the IRP. Standardised 80 cmH2O irrigation via a ureterorenoscope was instilled through traditional UASs (11/13 and 12/14 F) and compared to the novel 11/13‐F syphoning UAS. The measured minute volume, calculated hourly flow volume, and steady state IRP were compared.ResultsThe traditional 11/13 and 12/14‐F UASs had statistically poorer irrigant flow than the novel syphoning UAS, at 19.3 vs 29.3 mL/min (P < 0.001) and 22.7 vs 29.3 mL/min (P = 0.002), respectively. The steady state IRP was 20 mmHg for the traditional 11/13 F and 13 mmHg for the 12/14 F compared to 0 mmHg for the novel UAS.ConclusionThe described novel UAS is different from traditional devices by incorporating a syphon mechanism. Our in vitro assessment demonstrates that the novel UAS holds clinical potential to reduce IRP while allowing a significant increase in irrigant flow compared to larger diameter traditional UASs.
Can cytology reliably subtype non‐small cell lung carcinomas?
Authors: Jain Deepali , Bubendorf Lukas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCytology specimens play an important role in the diagnosis and predictive testing of lung cancer. While morphological characterisation of small cell and non‐small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) on cytology is possible, further subtyping of NSCLC into adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma morphology is also mandatory in the current era of personalised medicine. Notably, cytology specimens in different forms (fine needle aspiration, exfoliative, and cell block) with or without immunocytochemistry are reliable sources for accurate diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as evidenced by numerous studies present in the literature. However, there are instances where subtyping of NSCLC based on morphology alone is challenging on cytology samples, especially non‐cell block preparations. In this paper, we will discuss current concepts, advances, and challenges of subtyping NSCLC in cytology specimens.
Where's the Educational Virtue in Flourishing?
Authors: Carr David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecent philosophy and theory of education have witnessed considerable attention to the notion of flourishing as a benchmark or guiding principle for educational practice. There can also be little doubt that — while not all recent advocates of flourishing have drawn explicitly on Aristotle — a focus on flourishing has emerged in the wake of latter‐day neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics, and contemporary virtue ethicists have indeed been leading educational advocates of flourishing. However, while focusing more on basic formal features of the concept than on the detail of recent educational accounts, David Carr's main aim in this essay is to show that the notion of flourishing — along with ideas of moral and other virtue and (personal or literary) exemplification with which it has lately been associated — ultimately falls well short of illuminating any significant educational issues or concerns.
Forgotten rhythms? Revisiting the first evidence for rhythms in cognition
Authors: Quigley Cliodhna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPractically every neuroscientist knows that human brain rhythms were first recorded in the 1920s by Hans Berger, who coined the term ‘alpha waves’ for the regular activity of around 10 cycles per second that was clearly visible in many of his recordings. Almost 100 years later, alpha rhythms are still the subject of active investigation and continue to intrigue researchers. What we have perhaps forgotten though, is the clever experimentation that was carried out during the first decades of electroencephalogram (EEG) research, often using sophisticated, custom‐made analysis and stimulation devices. Here, I review selected findings from the early EEG literature regarding the character, origin, and meaning of human brain rhythms, beginning with Berger's publications and then focusing on the use of regular visual stimulation as a tool to understand intrinsic brain rhythms. It is clear that many of these findings are still relevant to open questions about the role of rhythmic brain activity. In addition, they also contain some general lessons for contemporary neuroscientists, meaning that there is great value in looking back at these forgotten publications.
Practical cognition as volition
Authors: Fix Jeremy David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPractical cognitivism is the view that practical reason is the self‐conscious will and that practical cognition is self‐conscious volition. This essay addresses two puzzles for practical cognitivism. In akratic action, I act as I understand is illegitimate and not as I understand is legitimate. In permissible action, I act as I understand is legitimate and also do not act as I understand is legitimate. In both types of action, practical cognition seems to come apart from volition. How, then, can practical reason be our will and practical cognition be volition? Practical cognitivists can solve these puzzles because the claims that practical reason is our will and that practical cognition is volition are about the nature of a capacity, and the nature of a capacity establishes standards of correctness for its exercises. Akratic action is a type of erroneous exercise of practical reason as tripping is an erroneous exercise our capacity to walk. Permissible action is a successful exercise of practical reason as stepping first with my right foot rather than my left is a successful exercise of my capacity to walk. The puzzles of akratic and permissible action do not refute practical cognitivism.
Coastal winds and larval fish abundance indicate a recruitment mechanism for southeast Australian estuarine fisheries
Authors: Schilling Hayden T. , Hinchliffe Charles , Gillson Jonathan P. , Miskiewicz Anthony G. , Suthers Iain M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCoastal winds transport water masses and larval fish onshore or offshore which may influence estuarine recruitment, yet our understanding of the mechanism underlying this relationship is limited. Here, we combine datasets from a historical database of larval fish off southeast Australia with a high‐resolution atmospheric reanalysis model to show that normalised abundance of coastally spawned larvae increased with weak to moderate upwelling favourable winds 14 days prior to sampling. The increase in abundance may reflect increased nutrient and plankton availability for larval fish. Normalised larval abundance decreased following strong upwelling favourable winds but increased after onshore (downwelling favourable) winds, due to wind‐driven transport. By combining a commercial estuarine fisheries catch‐rate dataset (4 species, 8 estuaries, 10 years) and the high‐resolution atmospheric reanalysis model, we show that negative effects of upwelling favourable winds during the spawning period can be detected in lagged estuarine commercial fisheries catch rates (lagged by 2–8 years depending on species' growth rates), potentially representing the same mechanism proposed for larval fish. Upwelling favourable winds in the southeast Australian region have increased since 1850 while onshore winds have decreased, which may have reduced larval recruitment to estuaries. Coastal winds are likely an important factor for estuarine recruitment in the southeast Australian region and future research on the estuarine recruitment of fish should incorporate coastal winds.
EDUARD TRAUTNER (1890–1978): AN ELUSIVE LATE‐EXPRESSIONIST WRITER
Authors: Wallace Wes , Steinle Christa 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThe poet, doctor, writer and editor Eduard Trautner (1890–1978) was a central figure in the literary Expressionist and New Objectivist movements in Germany of the 1920s. This is the first detailed study of his life and literary legacy. His most important works are the short play Haft (1921), the political crime study Der Mord am Polizeiagenten Blau (1924), and the novel Gott, Gegenwart und Kokain (1927). He took part in the Munich revolution of 1919 and was co‐editor of the Munich cultural‐revolutionary journal Der Weg. He served a prison sentence for helping Ernst Toller to escape lynching. After moving to Berlin, he completed his medical studies, worked as an editor for the publishing houses of Kiepenheuer and Die Schmiede, and became a leading figure in the ‘Novembergruppe’ and ‘Gruppe 1925’. A dark but gregarious person, he was a regular presence at the ‘Romanisches Café’, where he was known as a ‘father‐confessor’ to the artists there. In 1930, after a controversial relationship with the French writer Colette Peignot, aka Laure, he withdrew from literary life, finding his way to Mallorca, England and, eventually, Australia, where he achieved distinction as a biomedical researcher with pioneering studies on the psychopharmacology of lithium.
Type 2N VWD: Conclusions from the Spanish PCM‐EVW‐ES project
Authors: Pérez‐Rodríguez Almudena , Batlle Javier , Pinto Joana Costa , Corrales Irene , Borràs Nina , Garcia‐Martínez Iris , Cid Ana Rosa , Bonanad Santiago , Parra Rafael , Mingot‐Castellano María Eva , Navarro Nira , Altisent Carmen , Pérez‐Montes Rocío , Moretó Ana , Herrero Sonia , Soto Inmaculada , Mosteirín Nuria Fernández , Jiménez‐Yuste Víctor , Jacob Aurora de Andrés , Fontanes Emilia , Mateo José , Quismondo Nerea Castro , Batlle Fernando , Vidal Francisco , López‐Fernández María Fernanda ,   investigators and centers involved in the PCM‐EVW‐ES project
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionType 2N von Willebrand disease (VWD) is characterized by a decreased affinity of von Willebrand factor (VWF) for factor VIII (FVIII). Abnormal binding of FVIII to VWF (VWF:FVIIIB), results in low FVIII plasma levels, which can lead to a misdiagnosis of mild haemophilia A. Accurate diagnosis of type 2N VWD is essential for appropriate genetic counselling and therapy. This disease can be distinguished from haemophilia A by in vitro assays (measurement VWF:FVIIIB activity) and/or genetic analysis.AimTo identify the current challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of this type of VWD and provide an in‐depth description of the phenotypes and mutations identified.ResultsTwenty‐eight patients had at least one type 2N mutation, and 13 of these had a type 2N mutation combined with other variations. Three type 2N mutations were detected: p.Arg816Trp, p.Arg854Gln, and p.Arg763Ser. Two of these are the most frequently described mutations worldwide. This mutational spectrum differs from the broad spectrum seen in neighbouring France, where at least eight distinct 2N mutations have been found. In the PCM‐EVW‐ES cohort, 11 asymptomatic type 2N carriers with borderline FVIII plasma levels would probably have been excluded if the evaluation had been based on clinical and laboratory data only. Likewise, three patients with a severe phenotype would have been classified as homozygous for a 2N mutation if only the phenotype study had been performed.ConclusionThe high detection yield and affordability of next‐generation sequencing support the use of this technology as a first‐line diagnostic tool in this setting.
Evaluating programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: concordance between the 22C3 PharmDx assay and the SP263 assay on whole sections from a multicentre study
Authors: Cerbelli Bruna , Girolami Ilaria , Eccher Albino , Costarelli Leopoldo , Taccogna Silvia , Scialpi Renzo , Benevolo Maria , Lucante Teresa , Luigi Alò Piero , Stella Francesca , Gemma Pignataro Maria , Fadda Guido , Perrone Giuseppe , D’Amati Giulia , Martini Maurizio 
Published: September 2021

AimsThe introduction of immunotherapy for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) raises the need for harmonisation between different types of antibody and immunohistochemistry platform for evaluating the expression of PD‐L1 by use of the combined positive score (CPS) in this tumour. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of PD‐L1 as determined with the CPS and two widely used assays (the 22C3 PharmDx assay and the SP263 assay) in a cohort of HNSCCs.Methods and resultsWe analysed 43 whole sections of HNSCC with two different anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies, 22C3 and SP263. The results, expressed as the CPS, were evaluated by 10 trained pathologists and statistical analyses were performed. We found a very similar results for PD‐L1 expression between the 22C3 PharmDx assay and the SP263 assay in our cohort, and a strong and significant correlation between the two assays for all specimens (P < 0.0001). The interobserver reliability among pathologists for the continuous scores of CPS with the intraclass correlation coefficient and the correlation between the two assays were both good. Moreover, the rate of agreement between assays was high at all cut‐offs and was best for the most relevant cut‐off of CPS ≥ 1, and the kappa values were always in the range of almost perfect.ConclusionsTwo different assays (the 22C3 PharmDx assay and SP263 assay) for PD‐L1 in HNSCC showed high agreement. These data suggest that these two assays are interchangeable in the selection of patients with HNSCC for immunotherapy.