bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
West Nile virus is predicted to be more geographically widespread in New York State and Connecticut under future climate change
Authors: Keyel Alexander C. , Raghavendra Ajay , Ciota Alexander T. , Elison Timm Oliver 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe effects of climate change on infectious diseases are a topic of considerable interest and discussion. We studied West Nile virus (WNV) in New York (NY) and Connecticut (CT) using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model climate change scenario, which allows us to examine the effects of climate change and variability on WNV risk at county level. We chose WNV because it is well studied, has caused over 50,000 reported human cases, and over 2200 deaths in the United States. The ecological impacts have been substantial (e.g., millions of avian deaths), and economic impacts include livestock deaths, morbidity, and healthcare‐related expenses. We trained two Random Forest models with observational climate data and human cases to predict future levels of WNV based on future weather conditions. The Regional Model used present‐day data from NY and CT, whereas the Analog Model was fit for states most closely matching the predicted future conditions in the region. Separately, we predicted changes to mosquito‐based WNV risk using a trait‐based thermal biology approach (Mosquito Model). The WRF model produced control simulations (present day) and pseudo‐global warming simulations (future). The Regional and Analog Models predicted an overall increase in human cases of WNV under future warming. However, the Analog Model did not predict as strong of an increase in the number of human cases as the Regional Model, and predicted a decrease in cases in some counties that currently experience high numbers of WNV cases. The Mosquito Model also predicted a decrease in risk in current high‐risk areas, with an overall reduction in the population‐weighted relative risk (but an increase in area‐weighted risk). The Mosquito Model supports the Analog Model as making more realistic predictions than the Regional Model. All three models predicted a geographic increase in WNV cases across NY and CT.
Water use efficiency of poplars grown for biomass production in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Pilipović Andrej , Headlee William L. , Zalesny Ronald S. , Pekeč Saša , Bauer Edmund O. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWater availability and other site conditions influence poplar biomass productivity and affect clonal performance due to genotype × environment interactions. It is important to select genotypes with high water use efficiency (WUE) that maximizes yield with available amounts of water at sites, while avoiding drought stress and growth impacts to the trees. During drought, stomatal closure induces increased accumulation of δ13C carbon isotope in tree tissues, which is strongly correlated with WUE of trees and usually expressed through carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). Our primary objectives were to evaluate differences in WUE among poplar genotypes grown in the Midwestern United States, and to identify genotypes with high WUE for future deployment on water‐limited sites in the region. Sites included 10‐year‐old biomass plantations in Escanaba, Michigan; Waseca, Minnesota; and Ames, Iowa established from 2000 to 2001 with seven poplar genotypes’ three genomic groups. Following harvest, height, diameter, and biomass were determined. Wood samples were collected from individual growth rings to assess annual ring width and WUE through δ13C and Δ. Aboveground dry biomass varied among sites (p = .0007), clones (p < .0001), and their interactions (p = .0134), ranging from 3.1 to 14.0 Mg ha−1 year−1. Δ varied among sites (Δ = 18.9–19.7‰; p < .0001) and clones (Δ = 18.6–19.9‰; p < .0001), indicating effects of site conditions on WUE of tested genotypes. Clones varied in their water‐conserving strategies. Some clones were characterized as water consumers with high growth and high WUE (“C916000”; “C916400”), while other genotypes were water conservers using lower amounts of water with moderate biomass production (“NC13624”; “NC13649”; “NM2” to a certain extent). Although δ13C carbon isotope accumulation correlates with WUE, Δ should only be used for selection when it is integrated with other parameters such as productivity, soils information, and climate data.
Caring for a sick or injured child during the COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown in 2020 in the UK: An online survey of parents' experiences
Authors: Neill Sarah , Carter Rachel , Jones Ray , Roland Damian , Bayes Natasha , Tavaré Alison , Hughes Joanne , Turner Tracy , Chynoweth Jade , Tan Chantal , Moll Henriette , Lakhanpaul Monica 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, the first UK lockdown (March to May 2020) witnessed a dramatic reduction in children presenting to primary/emergency care, creating concern that fear of the virus was resulting in children presenting late.MethodsAn online survey was co‐developed with UK parents to understand the impact of the lockdown on parents' help‐seeking for, and care of, their sick/injured child(ren). The survey was advertised through social media and snowballing to parents whose children had been ill/injured during the lockdown. Analysis used descriptive statistics, SPSSv25 and thematic analysis.ResultsThe survey was fully completed by 198 UK parents. The majority asked for help (144/198): from their family doctor (78), national helplines (48) or an Emergency Department (23). Most reported that their decision‐making had not changed, although how they sought help had changed. A few parents reported that the severity and duration of illness had increased because of uncertainty about and/or difficulty accessing services. Parents did not always report seeking help for symptoms rated red or amber by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Parents reported accessing information through the internet or using information that they already had.Parent ContributionThis was a collaboration with parents from survey development to dissemination, with two parents being integral members of our research team.ConclusionsOur questionnaire was completed by parents who were not deterred from seeking help for their sick or injured children. Even for these parents, the lockdown changes to services created uncertainty about, and barriers to, accessing medical help for their children.
Effectiveness of CPP‐ACP and fluoride products in tooth remineralization
Authors: de Oliveira Patrícia Regina Almeida , Barreto Luísa Schubach da Costa , Tostes Mônica Almeida 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the effectiveness of the casein phosphopeptide‐stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) in the in situ remineralization of enamel exposed with two different degrees of preformed enamel lesions.MethodsOne hundred and sixty 3 × 3 × 2 mm human enamel slabs were demineralized and divided into two subgroups according to the baseline surface hardness (SH = B1≤150 and B2 >150). During each of four 10‐day experimental periods, 10 participants wore intra‐oral removable acrylic palatal expanders with four human enamel slabs with preformed lesions (B1 and B2): CO1 and CO2—Control: silica dentifrice without fluoride; MP1 and MP2: MI Paste; MPP1 and MPP2: MI Paste Plus; and FD1 and FD2: Fluoride dentifrice. The Knoop hardness test (50/15s Micromet 2001, Buehler) was performed after demineralization (B1 and B2) and after treatment (T1 and T2).ResultsSH was higher in all treatment groups, when compared with the controls, except for CO2 (Mann‐Whitney Wilcoxon Test; p < 0.05). The %SH was similar between MPP2 and FD2 and between MPP2 and MP2; however, FD2 and MPP2 products were more effective in microhardness recovery. In B1, all treatment groups were similar.ConclusionMPP and FD are more effective in preventing demineralization in enamel subsurface lesions.
On the oxidation behavior of ZrB2–SiC–VC composites
Authors: Arab Seyed Mohammad , Shahedi Asl Mehdi , Ghassemi Kakroudi Mahdi , Salahimehr Behnam , Mahmoodipour Kosar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, near‐fully dense ZrB2–SiC–VC (75‐20‐5 vol%) composite was manufactured through hot pressing at 1850°C under the pressure of 40 MPa for 60 min. Then the oxidation examination of the composite was carried out under different durations and temperatures. The microstructure and phase evolution after hot pressing and oxidation processes were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry. The VC addition led to the formation of ZrC and VSi2 phases, which assisted the densification of the composite by removing ZrO2 from the particles’ surface. The oxides of ZrO2, SiO2, ZrSiO4, V2O5, and VO2 formed distinct layers on the sample during the oxidation at 1700°C for 4 h with a parabolic regimen and activation energy of 177.5 kJ/mol.
Differences in microstructure and mechanical properties between Y‐TZP and AL2O3‐doped Y‐TZP/bioglass ceramics
Authors: Soubelet Clara G. , Albano María P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractY‐TZP (YZ) and Al2O3‐doped Y‐TZP (AYZ) bioceramics with addition of different contents of a refractory bioglass were fabricated. The influence of the glass addition and sintering temperature on the densification behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties of YZ and AYZ was studied. The developed ceramics contained small amounts of ZrSiO4 and Ca2P2O7 phases within the ZrO2 matrix. The incorporation of glass to YZ promoted the ZrO2 phase partitioning and enhanced the ZrO2 grain growth at all the sintering temperatures, whereas the glass addition in AYZ prevented the Y2O3 redistribution between ZrO2 grains and limited the ZrO2 grain growth at 1300–1400°C. The hardness of the samples with glass was not significantly altered by using either YZ or AYZ. A slight increase in the fracture toughness with increasing glass content was found for YZ, while the fractured toughness of AYZ decreased by the glass addition. The more pronounced ZrO2 phase partitioning of YZ with glass decreased the flexural strength, whereas AYZ maintained almost unaltered its flexural strength at a high level by the glass incorporation.
Administration of pharmacological sleep aids prior to, during and following critical illness
Authors: Wong Cliff , Ho Jankin , Ankravs Melissa J. , Sharrock Lucy , Kee Kirk , Goldin Jeremy , MacIsaac Christopher , Presneill Jeffrey J. , Ali Abdelhamid Yasmine , Deane Adam M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundSleep in the intensive care unit (ICU) is frequently disturbed and this may have a detrimental effect on recovery.AimTo determine the use of pharmacological sleep aids in critically ill patients prior to, during and after ICU admission.MethodsWe conducted a single‐centre period prevalence study of all adult patients admitted to a university‐associated adult medical‐surgical ICU for more than two nights in a 3‐month period ending September 2019. The major outcome of interest was the proportion of ICU patients who had a pharmacological sleep aid administered prior to, during and after ICU admission. Associations of selected patient variables with sleep aid prescription in the ICU were summarised both as unadjusted univariable comparisons and as adjusted effect estimates returned by a multivariable logistic regression model.ResultsDuring the study period, 370 patients met all eligibility criteria. A pharmacological sleep aid was identified prior to hospital admission in 34 (9%) patients and in 62 (17%) patients during ICU admission. Of the 340 ICU survivors, 292 remained in the same hospital. Of these, 96 (33%) received a pharmacological sleep aid at least once during their post‐ICU general hospital ward stay. Pre‐hospital sleep aid use, male sex, longer ICU admission and higher APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) III scores were associated with sleep aid prescription in the ICU.ConclusionsPharmacological sleep aids are administered frequently in the ICU with administration increasing substantially after ICU discharge.
A case of employers never letting a good crisis go to waste? An investigation of how work becomes even more precarious for hourly paid workers under Covid
Authors: Herman Eva , Rubery Jill , Hebson Gail 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe fragility of employers' voluntary, business‐case‐based improvements to employment standards for front‐line hourly paid staff is revealed in two organisational case studies from the art and care sectors. For different reasons, Covid provided a catalyst for employers to enact passive and active exit strategies that made work more precarious.
Up‐conversion and temperature sensing properties of Na2GdMg2(VO4)3:Yb3+,Er3+ phosphors
Authors: Li LianJie , Tong Ye , Chen Jing , Chen YiHang , Abbas Ashraf Ghulam , Chen LiPing , Pang Tao , Guo Hai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, Na2GdMg2(VO4)3:Yb3+,Er3+ phosphors were synthesized through high‐temperature solid‐state method. According to X‐ray powder diffractogram, diffuse reflection spectra, scanning electron microscopy, up‐conversion (UC) emission spectra, power‐dependent UC spectra, fluorescent lifetime curves, and temperature‐dependent emission spectra, the crystal structures, UC luminescent characteristics, and the performances of temperature sensing by using fluorescence intensity ratio technique were studied in detail. Heavy‐doped phosphors with 59% (Yb3+ and Er3+) doping content are achieved. In addition, excited by 980nm laser, three characteristic luminescence peaks of Er3+ at 525 nm (2H11/2 → 4I15/2), 550 nm (4S3/2 → 4I15/2) and 660 nm (4F9/2 → 4I15/2) emerge in the UC spectra of Er3+ single‐doped and Yb3+,Er3+ co‐doped phosphors. UC spectra are dominated by green emission and greatly enhanced UC emission over 389 times is realized by introducing Yb3+. In addition, the ratiometric techniques of thermally coupled energy levels of Er3+ (525/550 nm, 2H11/2/4S3/2 → 4I15/2) are used to achieve a wide range of temperature measurement. When the temperature is 303 K, relative sensitivity is as high as 0.976%K–1. The minimal temperature resolution is 0.3 K@303 K. All experimental results show Yb3+,Er3+ co‐doped Na2GdMg2(VO4)3 phosphors might act as optical temperature sensing materials.
Communicating expert consensus increases personal support for COVID‐19 mitigation policies
Authors: Kerr John R. , van der Linden Sander 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Gateway Belief Model (GBM) places perception of a scientific consensus as a key “gateway cognition” with cascading effects on personal beliefs, concern, and ultimately support for public policies. However, few studies seeking to evaluate and extend the model have followed the specification and design of the GBM as originally outlined. We present a more complete test of the theoretical model in a novel domain: the COVID‐19 pandemic. In a large multi‐country correlational study (N = 7,206) we report that, as hypothesized by the model, perceptions of scientific consensus regarding the threat of COVID‐19 predict personal attitudes toward threat and worry over the virus, which are in turn positively associated with support for mitigation policies. We also find causal support for the model in a large pre‐registered survey experiment (N = 1,856): experimentally induced increases in perceived consensus have an indirect effect on changes in policy support mediated via changes in personal agreement with the consensus. Implications for the role of expert consensus in science communication are discussed.
Fundamental resource specialization of herbivorous butterflies decreases towards lower latitudes
Authors: Nakadai Ryosuke , Nyman Tommi , Hashimoto Koya , Iwasaki Takaya , Valtonen Anu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimIt is generally assumed that the degree of resource specialization in herbivorous insects increases towards lower latitudes. However, latitudinal patterns in herbivore diet breadth at large spatial scales remain poorly understood. In this work, we investigated the drivers of latitudinal variation in lepidopteran ‘fundamental’ resource specialization, which we defined as the host breadth when not limited by interspecific interactions at the same trophic level.LocationThe Japanese archipelago (22°N–45°N), including hemiboreal, temperate and subtropical zones.TaxonHerbivorous butterflies.MethodsSpecies‐specific fundamental host breadth was calculated based on pooled host‐use records. We investigated the latitudinal pattern and significant drivers of the degree of specialization in regional species pools at a 10‐km grid level. As potential drivers, we focused on geography, current climate and diversity and body size of butterflies. Through Bayesian structural equation modelling, we investigated the complicated relationships between these variables and community‐level resource specialization represented by three different indices of host breadth.ResultsWe found that the fundamental resource specialization of butterfly communities increases towards higher latitudes. This pattern is contrary to the presumed general trend found in studies based on realized resource specialization within local communities. We found that the observed pattern is driven mainly by factors related to climate, butterfly diversity and body size in each community. Above all, annual mean temperature most strongly drove community‐level fundamental host breadth of herbivorous butterflies.Main conclusionsOur findings suggest that the fundamental resource specialization may show different latitudinal patterns from the conventional prediction based on knowledge of realized resource specialization. Our results emphasize the importance of the current climate as a major factor regulating butterfly morphology and fundamental host breadth, regardless of whether the impact is direct or indirect.
DNA metabarcoding for dietary analysis of Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) to evaluate the threat to native fishes in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Chien‐I , Wang Feng‐Yu , Liu Min‐Yun , Chou Tak‐Kei , Liao Te‐Yu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDNA metabarcoding analysis for gut contents has been shown to compensate the disadvantage of traditionally morphological identification and offer higher resolution of prey items in an efficient way. Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) is a freshwater fish native to southern and eastern Taiwan. In the past two decades, this species has been introduced as a sport fish into the river basins of northern and western Taiwan. The large body size and active predation make it a potential threat for native fishes, but which native species are preyed by Holland's carp remains unknown. In this study, the diet from the gut contents of Holland's carp from the Zhonggang River, an invaded basin, was examined using DNA metabarcoding from 51 individuals and by morphological examinations on 140 samples. Detritus of plants were found in 83.6% samples (117 individuals). Twenty fish species of seven families were identified by DNA metabarcoding, including species of all water layers. Taiwan torrent carp (Acrossocheilus paradoxus) and Rhinogobius spp. are the most common prey items. Based on the results of this study, Holland's carp is considered an opportunistic omnivore because of its diverse diet items, which is an important trait for successful invasive fish species. The population decline of Opsariichthys pachycephalus may not result from the invasion of Holland's carps. Nonetheless, the time lag between successful invasion and the samplings of this study may be a concern because the population size of O. pachycephalus may have declined and become difficult to prey. The Holland's carps consumed the least species in winter; nonetheless, the occurrence frequencies of preys among seasons were not significantly different probably because of limited temperature fluctuation. The smallest Holland's carps consumed the least prey species compared to other size categories, similar to the relationship of prey species number to size of invasive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).
Phosphorylated protein modification analysis on normal liver and Exo‐celiac liver of Glyptosternum maculatum
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Mou Zhenbo , Xue Wenhua , Liu Haiping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to reveal the biological function and molecular mechanism of phosphorylated proteins in the normal liver (NG) and Exo‐celiac liver (WG) of Glyptosternum maculatum and potential plateau‐adaption mechanisms of G. maculatum.MethodsA multivariate analysis was performed on proteomic quantitative data (label‐free group) and phosphorylated proteome data (phosphorylation group) to reveal protein characteristics. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between NG and WG in the two groups were analysed. Enrichment analysis of these DEPs was performed prior to the protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Finally, an integrated interaction network was constructed to reveal the biological mechanism of the DEP‐mediated signal transduction process.ResultThe NG and WG samples in the phosphorylation group were well distinguished compared to the label‐free group. A total of 49 and 313 DEPs were identified in the label‐free and phosphorylation groups, respectively. These DEPs, including LIM and calponin homology domains‐containing protein 1 (LIMCH1) and DEAD(Asp‐Glu‐Ala‐Asp)‐Box Helicase 51 (DDX51), were mainly assembled in functions such as cell adhesion. Two PPI networks were constructed using DEPs in the two groups. Finally, an integrated interaction network was constructed using co‐DEP Ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) and associated pathways, including RNA transport.ConclusionLIMCH1 and DDX51 might play important roles in the organogenesis of normal liver and Exo‐celiac liver in G. maculatum via the cell adhesion function. Moreover, FXD1 might be associated with the plateau‐adaption mechanisms of G. maculatum via participation in the RNA transport pathway.