bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are the body shape index, the body roundness index and waist‐to‐hip ratio better than BMI to predict recurrent pregnancy loss?
Authors: Kiremitli Tunay , Kiremitli Sevil , Ulug Pasa , Dinc Kemal , Uzel Kemine , Arslan Yusuf Kemal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeEtiology could not be determined in approximately 50% of recurrent pregnancy loss cases, and it was named unexpected recurrent pregnancy loss(URPL). A body shape index(ABSI), body roundness index(BRI), and waist‐to‐hip ratio(WtHR) are new indexes that are superior to BMI in showing body fat distribution. We aimed to investigate the potency of ABSI, BRI, and WtHR in URPL, their superiority to BMI, and their suitability for clinical use.MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐eight patients between the ages of 20‐40 who applied to our hospital for URPL between January 2016 and December 31, 2020 were included in our study. Weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured, and indexes were calculated. Differences between the URPL and control groups were calculated using the IBM SPSS program.ResultsThere was a significant difference between the two groups for BRI, ABSI, and WtHR values, while there was no significant difference in BMI. BRI(4.4 ± 1.7vs3.9 ± 1.5), ABSI(0.08 ± 0.005 vs 0.078 ± 0.004), and WtHR(0.84 ± 0.06vs0.82 ± 0.05) values were higher in the URPL group. ROC analysis showed us that BRI, ABSI, and WtHR have a diagnostic value for URPL(P < .05). When indexes were above the cutoff values, RPL risk increased 3.59 times in ABSI, 2.26 times in BRI, and 2.9 times in WtHR(P < .05).ConclusionsThe relationship between obesity and URPL can be explained more clearly by using effective indexes that show body fat distribution rather than BMI. Ethics committee approval was obtained from Erzincan Binali Yildirim University in 14.01.2021. Clinical Research Ethics Committee no: 01/01.
Emergence of Ni‐Based Chalcogenides (S and Se) for Clean Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Maurya Oshnik , Khaladkar Somnath , Horn Michael R. , Sinha Bhavesh , Deshmukh Rajendra , Wang Hongxia , Kim TaeYoung , Dubal Deepak P. , Kalekar Archana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNickel chalcogenide (S and Se) based nanostructures intrigued scientists for some time as materials for energy conversion and storage systems. Interest in these materials is due to their good electrochemical stability, eco‐friendly nature, and low cost. The present review compiles recent progress in the area of nickel‐(S and Se)‐based materials by providing a comprehensive summary of their structural and chemical features and performance. Improving properties of the materials, such as electrical conductivity and surface characteristics (surface area and morphology), through strategies like nano‐structuring and hybridization, are systematically discussed. The interaction of the materials with electrolytes, other electro‐active materials, and inactive components are analyzed to understand their effects on the performance of energy conversion and storage devices. Finally, outstanding challenges and possible solutions are briefly presented with some perspectives toward the future development of these materials for energy‐oriented devices with high performance.
Methodological aspects of the acromiohumeral distance measurement with ultrasonography—Reliability and effects of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in overhead and non‐overhead athletes
Authors: Rentz Carolin , Legerlotz Kirsten 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionTo improve comparability and interpretation of acromiohumeral distance (AHD) measurements, consequences of varying methodological approaches and population specific effects have to be known. This study aimed to investigate the intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability of different AHD ultrasound image analysis approaches in asymptomatic overhead‐ and non‐overhead athletes. Furthermore, the impact of shoulder muscle activity as well as relationships between AHD and individual factors were examined in different measurement positions.MethodsIsometric shoulder strength, shoulder range of motion (ROM) and AHD were measured in 27 male and female participants (14 overhead athletes; 13 non‐overhead athletes, age = 27.8 ± 5.2 years).ResultsIntra‐rater reliability (ICC3,1 0.996) was excellent. Inter‐rater reliability for the AHD defined as shortest distance between the most infero‐lateral edge of the acromion and the most superior aspect of the humerus (ICC2,1 0.997) was minimally higher than for the AHD defined as perpendicular distance (ICC2,1 0.959). Increased shoulder muscle activity led to larger AHD reductions with abduction. Higher shoulder strength was associated with larger AHD, while larger shoulder ROM led to shorter AHD, dependent on measurement position and population.ConclusionWhile shoulder muscle activity and ROM had a pronounced effect on AHD, effects of shoulder strength and population appeared to be marginal.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal canine eye using a T1‐weighted volumetric acquisition
Authors: Manchip Katherine Edith Leonora , Sansom Philip George , Donaldson David , Warren‐Smith Chris 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurpose: MRI is becoming increasingly available within the veterinary profession, and eyes are frequently included as part of a cranial study. The advantages of volumetric imaging are numerous, when compared to traditional two‐dimensional imaging, and could be utilised within the veterinary setting. This report describing the normal MRI appearance of the canine eye, aimed to establish a standard reference range on a T1w volumetric acquisition.Method: This study retrospectively assessed 62 eyes from 31 dogs that had undergone MRI at the Small Animal Hospital, Langford Vets, University of Bristol between 2016 and 2018 using a standardised MRI protocol. Dogs were excluded if they had presented with any reported ocular or orbital abnormalities. Measurements were performed from the 3D T1w volumetric sequence by a single observer using a previously published technique.Results: Mean axial globe length was 2.13 cm and equatorial width 2.16 cm. Mean anteroposterior depth of the anterior chamber was 0.40 cm and 0.97 cm for the vitreous chamber. The mean anteroposterior and equatorial distance of the lens was 0.75 cm and 1.15 cm, respectively. Mean optic nerve width was 0.15 cm, and the mean width of the entire optic nerve sheath was 0.43 cm. Statistically significant relationships were noted between age and axial globe length and both lens dimensions. Highly significant relationships were noted between all variables, except lens dimensions and body weightConclusion: This study provides reference values to assist in the interpretation of ocular structures during MRI on a T1w volumetric acquisition
Avian malaria affecting penguins in zoological gardens, aquariums and wildlife parks in the UK
Authors: Hernandez‐Colina Arturo , Gonzalez‐Olvera Merit , Eckley Lindsay , Lopez Javier , Baylis Matthew 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundAvian malaria has caused mortalities in captive penguins worldwide and it is a conservation threat for some wild penguins. The experience of staff working on penguins is highly valuable for the improvement of captivity conditions.MethodsAn online questionnaire was designed to collect avian malaria information in penguins in the UK. Volunteers with diverse experience reviewed it for scientific value and clarity, and it was supported by the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums.ResultsForty‐two institutions were contacted by email, obtaining 27 complete and five partial responses. Eighteen institutions reported avian malaria in 38 suspected and 37 confirmed outbreaks in the past 20 years, mainly occurring in the summer and recent years. Proportional risk was higher in the south east region of England. Humboldt and African penguins were more commonly affected, and prevalence was mostly low or medium, but lethality was high. Different treatment protocols were reported with inconsistent outcomes.ConclusionsPenguins’ susceptibility, their translocation across institutions, and the wide distribution of avian malaria make this disease a constant threat. Preventive and control measures are recommended, including testing for early diagnosis and treatment, avoiding prolonged stressful events in penguins, and monitoring and controlling mosquito vectors.
Anisotropic thermomagnetic effects on the universal stability of a diffusive state in porous media
Authors: Saravanan S. , Brindha D. , Yamaguchi H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA nonlinear study is made to find the influence of transverse anisotropy on the onset of thermomagnetic convection in a homogeneous and rotating porous medium. The medium is filled with a magnetic fluid and is subjected to centrifugal force with alternating directions. Unconditional nonlinear stability bounds are found by exploiting the variational principles. Effects of various parameters on the stability threshold are discussed. The overpredicting nature of the linear theory is demonstrated by isolating the subcritical region which cannot be obtained a priori.
A thick‐point approximation of a small body embedded in an elastic medium: justification with an asymptotic analysis
Authors: Heibig Arnaud , Mannai Nidhal , Petrov Adrien , Renard Yves 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe present paper proposes an approximation of the influence of a small inhomogeneity, having different stiffness, in an elastic medium restricting its cinematics to a finite dimensional space. The problem, for the unknown displacement, is written in accordance of transmission conditions between elastic medium and inhomogeneity. The multi‐scale asymptotic expansions techniques, by using some corrective terms, are introduced to analyze the inhomogeneity influence in both initial and approximated problems. Finally, some error estimates for asymptotic expansions are presented and different strategies are compared.
Quantum information probes of charge fractionalization in large-N gauge theories
Authors: DiNunno Brandon S. , Jokela Niko , Pedraza Juan F. , Pönni Arttu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study in detail various information theoretic quantities with the intent of distinguishing between different charged sectors in fractionalized states of large-N gauge theories. For concreteness, we focus on a simple holographic (2 + 1)-dimensional strongly coupled electron fluid whose charged states organize themselves into fractionalized and coherent patterns at sufficiently low temperatures. However, we expect that our results are quite generic and applicable to a wide range of systems, including non-holographic. The probes we consider include the entanglement entropy, mutual information, entanglement of purification and the butterfly velocity. The latter turns out to be particularly useful, given the universal connection between momentum and charge diffusion in the vicinity of a black hole horizon. The RT surfaces used to compute the above quantities, though, are largely insensitive to the electric flux in the bulk. To address this deficiency, we propose a generalized entanglement functional that is motivated through the Iyer-Wald formalism, applied to a gravity theory coupled to a U(1) gauge field. We argue that this functional gives rise to a coarse grained measure of entanglement in the boundary theory which is obtained by tracing over (part) of the fractionalized and cohesive charge degrees of freedom. Based on the above, we construct a candidate for an entropic c-function that accounts for the existence of bulk charges. We explore some of its general properties and their significance, and discuss how it can be used to efficiently account for charged degrees of freedom across different energy scales.
Supergravity solution-generating techniques and canonical transformations of σ-models from O(D, D)
Authors: Borsato Riccardo , Driezen Sibylle 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Within the framework of the flux formulation of Double Field Theory (DFT) we employ a generalised Scherk-Schwarz ansatz and discuss the classification of the twists that in the presence of the strong constraint give rise to constant generalised fluxes interpreted as gaugings. We analyse the various possibilities of turning on the fluxes Hijk, Fijk, Qijk and Rijk, and the solutions for the twists allowed in each case. While we do not impose the DFT (or equivalently supergravity) equations of motion, our results provide solution-generating techniques in supergravity when applied to a background that does solve the DFT equations. At the same time, our results give rise also to canonical transformations of 2-dimensional σ-models, a fact which is interesting especially because these are integrability-preserving transformations on the worldsheet. Both the solution-generating techniques of supergravity and the canonical transformations of 2-dimensional σ-models arise as maps that leave the generalised fluxes of DFT and their flat derivatives invariant. These maps include the known abelian/non-abelian/Poisson-Lie T-duality transformations, Yang-Baxter deformations, as well as novel generalisations of them.
An even lighter QCD axion
Authors: Di Luzio Luca , Gavela Belen , Quilez Pablo , Ringwald Andreas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We explore whether the axion which solves the strong CP problem can naturally be much lighter than the canonical QCD axion. The $$ {Z}_{\mathcal{N}} $$

Z
N

symmetry proposed by Hook, with $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
mirror and degenerate worlds coexisting in Nature and linked by the axion field, is considered in terms of generic effective axion couplings. We show that the total potential is safely approximated by a single cosine in the large $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
limit, and we determine the analytical formula for the exponentially suppressed axion mass. The resulting universal enhancement of all axion interactions relative to those of the canonical QCD axion has a strong impact on the prospects of axion-like particle experiments such as ALPS II, IAXO and many others: experiments searching for generic axion-like particles have in fact discovery potential to solve the strong CP problem. The finite density axion potential is also analyzed and we show that the $$ {Z}_{\mathcal{N}} $$

Z
N

asymmetric background of high-density stellar environments sets already significant model-independent constraints: 3 ≤ $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
≲ 47 for an axion scale fa ≲ 2.4 × 1015 GeV, with tantalizing discovery prospects for any value of fa and down to $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
∼ 9 with future neutron star and gravitational wave data, down to the ultra-light mass region. In addition, two specific ultraviolet $$ {Z}_{\mathcal{N}} $$

Z
N

completions are developed: a composite axion one and a KSVZ-like model with improved Peccei-Quinn quality.
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma as a model to understand paracrine and senescence-induced tumourigenesis
Authors: Gonzalez-Meljem Jose Mario , Martinez-Barbera Juan Pedro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCellular senescence is a process that can prevent tumour development in a cell autonomous manner by imposing a stable cell cycle arrest after oncogene activation. Paradoxically, senescence can also promote tumour growth cell non-autonomously by creating a permissive tumour microenvironment that fuels tumour initiation, progression to malignancy and metastasis. In a pituitary tumour known as adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP), cells that carry oncogenic β-catenin mutations and overactivate the WNT signalling pathway form cell clusters that become senescent and activate a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Research in mouse models of ACP has provided insights into the function of the senescent cell clusters and revealed a critical role for SASP-mediated activities in paracrine tumour initiation. In this review, we first discuss this research on ACP and subsequently explore the theme of paracrine tumourigenesis in other tumour models available in the literature. Evidence is accumulating supporting the notion that paracrine signalling brought about by senescent cells may underlie tumourigenesis across different tumours and cancer models.
Salvage laryngectomy after primary radio- and radiochemotherapy
Authors: Sievert Matti , Goncalves Miguel , Binder Benedicta , Mueller Sarina K. , Rupp Robin , Koch Michael , Dürr Stephan , Traxdorf Maximilian , Hecht Markus , Iro Heinrich , Gostian Antoniu-Oreste 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Recurrent and residual laryngeal cancer after organ-preserving radio- or radiochemotherapy is associated with a poor prognosis. Salvage surgery is the most important therapeutic option in these cases.

Objective
The study assessed rates of recurrence and residual tumor as well as survival and complication rates after salvage laryngectomy at the authors’ academic cancer center.

Materials and methods
A retrospective examination of all patients receiving laryngectomy between 2001 and 2019 due to tumor residuals or recurrence after primary radio- and radiochemotherapy was conducted.

Results
A total of 33 salvage procedures were performed. Defect reconstruction was performed by free flap surgery in 30.3% (n = 10) and regional flap surgery in 15.2% (n = 5) . One patient received regional flap surgery and free flap surgery simultaneously. Overall survival after 1, 2, and 5 years was 68.7, 47.9, and 24.2%, and disease-free survival was 81.6, 47.8, and 24.2%, respectively, with 48.5% (n = 16) postoperative tumor recurrences overall. Disease-free survival was significantly shorter for tumor extension into or onto the hypopharynx (p = 0.041). Postoperatively, 72.7% of patients developed a pharyngocutaneous fistula, of which 24.2% required surgical treatment. The hospital stay was 28.0 ± 16.1 days.

Conclusion
Salvage laryngectomy is associated with a high rate of treatable complications and high morbidity. Nevertheless, considering the advanced tumor stages treated, it allows for respectable oncological results.
Selective blood-nerve barrier leakiness with claudin-1 and vessel-associated macrophage loss in diabetic polyneuropathy
Authors: Ben-Kraiem Adel , Sauer Reine-Solange , Norwig Carla , Popp Maria , Bettenhausen Anna-Lena , Atalla Mariam Sobhy , Brack Alexander , Blum Robert , Doppler Kathrin , Rittner Heike Lydia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication in diabetes and can be painful in up to 26% of all diabetic patients. Peripheral nerves are shielded by the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) consisting of the perineurium and endoneurial vessels. So far, there are conflicting results regarding the role and function of the BNB in the pathophysiology of DPN. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal tight junction protein profile, barrier permeability, and vessel-associated macrophages in Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced DPN. In these rats, mechanical hypersensitivity developed after 2 weeks and loss of motor function after 8 weeks, while the BNB and the blood-DRG barrier were leakier for small, but not for large molecules after 8 weeks only. The blood-spinal cord barrier remained sealed throughout the observation period. No gross changes in tight junction protein or cytokine expression were observed in all barriers to blood. However, expression of Cldn1 mRNA in perineurium was specifically downregulated in conjunction with weaker vessel-associated macrophage shielding of the BNB. Our results underline the role of specific tight junction proteins and BNB breakdown in DPN maintenance and differentiate DPN from traumatic nerve injury. Targeting claudins and sealing the BNB could stabilize pain and prevent further nerve damage.

Key messages
• In diabetic painful neuropathy in rats:
• Blood nerve barrier and blood DRG barrier are leaky for micromolecules.
• Perineurial Cldn1 sealing the blood nerve barrier is specifically downregulated.
• Endoneurial vessel-associated macrophages are also decreased.
• These changes occur after onset of hyperalgesia thereby maintaining rather than inducing pain.

Graphical abstract
Flat F-Manifolds, F-CohFTs, and Integrable Hierarchies
Authors: Arsie Alessandro , Buryak Alexandr , Lorenzoni Paolo , Rossi Paolo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe define the double ramification hierarchy associated to an F-cohomological field theory and use this construction to prove that the principal hierarchy of any semisimple (homogeneous) flat F-manifold possesses a (homogeneous) integrable dispersive deformation at all orders in the dispersion parameter. The proof is based on the reconstruction of an F-CohFT starting from a semisimple flat F-manifold and additional data in genus 1, obtained in our previous work. Our construction of these dispersive deformations is quite explicit and we compute several examples. In particular, we provide a complete classification of rank 1 hierarchies of DR type at the order 9 approximation in the dispersion parameter and of homogeneous DR hierarchies associated with all 2-dimensional homogeneous flat F-manifolds at genus 1 approximation.
Within- and across-network alterations of the sensorimotor network in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Caspers Julian , Rubbert Christian , Eickhoff Simon B. , Hoffstaedter Felix , Südmeyer Martin , Hartmann Christian J. , Sigl Benjamin , Teichert Nikolas , Aissa Joel , Turowski Bernd , Schnitzler Alfons , Mathys Christian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is primarily defined by motor symptoms and is associated with alterations of sensorimotor areas. Evidence for network changes of the sensorimotor network (SMN) in PD is inconsistent and a systematic evaluation of SMN in PD yet missing. We investigate functional connectivity changes of the SMN in PD, both, within the network, and to other large-scale connectivity networks.

Methods
Resting-state fMRI was assessed in 38 PD patients under long-term dopaminergic treatment and 43 matched healthy controls (HC). Independent component analysis (ICA) into 20 components was conducted and the SMN was identified within the resulting networks. Functional connectivity within the SMN was analyzed using a dual regression approach. Connectivity between the SMN and the other networks from group ICA was investigated with FSLNets. We investigated for functional connectivity changes between patients and controls as well as between medication states (OFF vs. ON) in PD and for correlations with clinical parameters.

Results
There was decreased functional connectivity within the SMN in left inferior parietal and primary somatosensory cortex in PD OFF. Across networks, connectivity between SMN and two motor networks as well as two visual networks was diminished in PD OFF. All connectivity decreases partially normalized in PD ON.

Conclusion
PD is accompanied by functional connectivity losses of the SMN, both, within the network and in interaction to other networks. The connectivity changes in short- and long-range connections are probably related to impaired sensory integration for motor function in PD. SMN decoupling can be partially compensated by dopaminergic therapy.