bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Programmable Control of Two‐Phase Fluid Interface Relative Motion in Electrowetting Device
Authors: Guo Yuanyuan , Zhuang Lei , Feng Hao , Zhong Benpeng , Henzen Alex , Groenewold Jan , Liu Feilong , Deng Yong , Tang Biao , Zhou Guofu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractElectrowetting is a highly recognized way to control droplet movement on a solid surface and induce motion in the oil/water interface. It is still challenging to manipulate liquid/liquid interface dynamics due to the electro‐capillary instability caused by the electric field in the electrowetting system. Here a dielectric bridge is induced near the oil/water interface by constructing a conductive micropillar (CMP) directly on the hydrophobic surface in an electrowetting system. The CMP height can be adjusted by regulating the wettability of the hydrophobic surface. The electric‐field gradient induced by CMP can precisely control the rupture position and guide the contraction direction of the oil film. For application, the CMPs are added in the full‐color electrowetting display panel, and the average transmittance can increase 25% at white state due to the consistent oil contract direction. The rupture voltage is reduced, and the response time of the electrowetting display is also improved. The COMSOL simulation results are consistent with experimental results indicating the oil rupture position is controlled by the electric field strength. Combing with program patterning, the authors demonstrate a new display function in an unpatterned indium‐tin oxide‐based electrowetting display. These findings will benefit most switchable electrofluidic applications and devices with two‐phase liquid.
Large Linear Magnetoresistance of High‐Mobility 2D Electron System at Nonisostructural γ‐Al2O3/SrTiO3 Heterointerfaces
Authors: Niu Wei , Gan Yulin , Wu Zhenqi , Zhang Xiaoqian , Wang Yile , Chen Yongda , Wang Lixia , Xu Yongbing , He Liang , Pu Yong , Wang Xuefeng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMaterials with a large linear magnetoresistance (MR) are great candidates for magnetic sensors, but rarity boosts investigations for exploring this MR in material physics. 2D electron system (2DES) formed at the nonisostructural heterointerfaces between γ‐Al2O3 (GAO) and SrTiO3 (STO) provides plenty of intriguing or even superior emergent properties compared with the conventional isomorphic all‐perovskite counterparts. Herein, a large MR exceeding 2000% in magnitude at the magnetic GAO/STO heterointerfaces with a high carrier mobility of 30 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at low temperature is demonstrated. In contrast to the quadratic dependence on the magnetic field of the conventional oxide 2DES, MR in GAO/STO is linear and nonsaturating at high fields, which is stemmed from the magnetic inhomogeneities‐induced inhomogeneous conductivities. In addition, weak antilocalization effect gives rise to an extra quantum correction to the MR in low‐field region. Furthermore, a general qualitative picture of MR proportional to the mobility is established. These findings reveal the nonisostructural GAO/STO heterointerface is of great promise in magnetic sensor‐based practical memory applications and transistor designs.
Efficient, Stable, and Tunable Cold/Warm White Light from Lead‐Free Halide Double Perovskites Cs2Zr1‐xTexCl6
Authors: Liu Yang , Wu Ye , Juan Zhili , Sun Xun , Zhang Weiguang , Zeng Haibo , Li Xiaoming 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSingle‐component materials with efficient, stable, and tunable cold/warm white‐light emission are ideal candidates for lighting applications, which can overcome the problems of different deterioration rates and reabsorption effect in conventional mixed‐phosphors strategy. Efficient white phosphors based on double halide perovskite have been reported via manipulating the parity transitions recently. However, the emission wavelength is nonadjustable. Herein, a lead‐free double perovskite Cs2Zr1−xTexCl6 that exhibits efficient and stable white‐light emission is reported. The introduction of Te4+ results in bright self‐trapped exciton (STE) emission, which endows Cs2ZrCl6 matrix with multiple luminescent centers. Efficient white luminescence with tunable color temperature and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 61.5% (under 254 nm, CCT = 4039 K) and 96.1% (under 365 nm, CCT = 3313 K) is achieved. Efficient energy transfer between multiple luminescent centers and appropriate doping concentrations are the key points to achieve such highly efficient and tunable white emission. The as‐synthesized Cs2Zr1−xTexCl6 composites exhibit a robust stability against heat, ultraviolet light, and environmental oxygen/moisture, which show little spectra variation with less than ≈20% efficiency loss after 980 h testing even under high temperature and UV light. These results indicate Cs2Zr1−xTexCl6 are promising single‐component white‐light‐emitting phosphors for next‐generation lighting and display technologies.
Differential reward in “male” versus “female” pollen of functionally dioecious Solanum
Authors: Ndem‐Galbert Jackie R. , Hall Jessica E. , McDonnell Angela J. , Martine Christopher T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPremiseFive to six percent of angiosperm species exhibit a dioecious sexual system, with unisexual “male” or “female” flowers borne on separate plants. The consequent need for inter‐individual pollen exchange is a special challenge for taxa where pollen is the sole pollinator reward. Dioecious Australian Solanum assure visits from pollen‐foraging bees via production of inaperturate pollen in functionally female (morphologically bisexual) flowers. Biochemical composition of pollen from Australian Solanum has not been assessed nor compared to porate pollen from staminate flowers to reveal whether these flowers differ in their pollinator reward potential.MethodsPorate pollen from male flowers and inaperturate pollen from functionally female flowers of two functionally dioecious Australian species were compared for protein and amino acid content. We also assessed pollen from bisexual and staminate flowers of a closely related andromonoecious species, in which all pollen is porate, as a comparison across co‐occurring sexual systems.ResultsIn both functionally dioecious species, porate pollen grains from staminate flowers had significantly higher levels of proteins and amino acids than inaperturate pollen grains from functionally female flowers. Levels of proteins and amino acids were highest in bisexual and staminate flowers of the andromonoecious species.ConclusionsHigher levels of proteins and amino acids in porate pollen of “male” flowers in our functionally dioecious Solanum species suggests a greater nutritive reward for bees foraging on “male” plants than for those foraging on functionally “female” plants. Greater reward in porate pollen (including andromonoecious species) may be connected to the potential to generate a pollen tube.
Nectaries in ferns: their taxonomic distribution, structure, function, and sugar composition
Authors: Mehltreter Klaus , Tenhaken Raimund , Jansen Steven 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPremiseExtrafloral nectaries have mainly been studied in angiosperms, but have also been reported in 39 fern species. Here we provide a global review of nectaries in ferns and examined their structure, function, and nectar sugar composition in two genera.MethodsWe searched in the literature and living plant collections of botanical gardens for indications of fern nectaries, observed nectar‐feeding animals, studied the morphoanatomy in the two genera Aglaomorpha and Campyloneurum, and analyzed the total sugar concentrations and ratios of 16 species. Diurnal nectar release was observed with time‐lapse photography.ResultsWe found evidence for nectaries in 101 species of ferns from 11 genera and 6 families. Most of the nectary‐bearing species were tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) and epiphytic ferns of the family Polypodiaceae. Nectaries consisted of cytoplasm‐rich parenchyma with large nuclei and an epidermis with or without stomata, were attached to amphiphloic vascular bundles, and released nectar on the lower leaf surface mainly on expanding leaves during the night. Sugar concentrations varied between species (3.8–15.3%) but not between genera, and were sucrose‐dominant (3 spp.), sucrose‐rich (7), or hexose‐rich (3). In the greenhouse, introduced ants, scale insects, and snails fed on the nectar.ConclusionsThe wide taxonomic distribution, variable morphology, locations, and sugar compositions point to multiple evolutionary origins of fern nectaries. Nectar release in young leaves might attract mutualistic ants to protect leaves against herbivores only during this most vulnerable developmental stage. Even ex‐situ, fern nectar is a valuable food source because it attracted several opportunistic animal species.
Improving the insulating performance of epoxy resin in humid environments byHTPDMSmodification
Authors: Gong Chao , Zhao Yushun , Zhang Song , Zhang Ziyang , Ding Lijian , Zhang Hongda , Li Xiong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe rapid development of the electronic packaging industry imposes stringent requirements on epoxy resin insulation materials for lower water absorption and higher insulation properties. Here, hydroxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS) was grafted on the molecular chain of the epoxy resin for enhanced waterproof and insulating properties of the epoxy resin. The HTPDMS‐modified epoxy resin specimens were prepared and subjected to water absorption and water absorption insulation performance tests. The experimental results indicated that the water absorption rate of the modified epoxy resin was reduced by 34.2%, resulting in a 25.2% reduction of the dielectric loss, an 11.6% increase of the breakdown strength, and a 98.3% increase of the volume resistivity. The satisfactory performance of the HTPDMS‐modified epoxy resin insulation material is attributed to the low surface energy and flexible SiO bond of the introduced HTPDMS. Simultaneously, the reduction of surface defects is also conducive to the epoxy resin insulation performance. Thus, HTPDMS‐modified epoxy resin insulation materials can maintain excellent insulation properties in humid environments, making them a promising application in the field of electronic packaging.
Fluorescent Benzothiadiazole Derivatives as Fluorescence Imaging Dyes: A Decade of New Generation Probes
Authors: Neto Brenno A. D. , Correa Jose R. , Spencer John 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe current review describes advances in the use of fluorescent 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivatives after nearly one decade since the first description of bioimaging experiments using this class of fluorogenic dyes. The review describes the use of BTD‐containing fluorophores applied as, inter alia, bioprobes for imaging cell nuclei, mitochondria, lipid droplets, sensors, markers for proteins and related events, biological processes and activities, lysosomes, plasma membranes, multicellular models, and animals. A number of physicochemical and photophysical properties commonly observed for BTD fluorogenic structures are also described.
Oxygen Atom Transfer Mechanism for Vanadium‐Oxo Porphyrin Complexes Mediated Aerobic Olefin Epoxidation
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Hui , Huang Jia‐Ying , Tao Lei‐Ming , Yu Hai‐Yang , Zhou Xian‐Tai , Xue Can , Han Qi , Zou Wen , Ji Hong‐Bing 
Published: October 2021

Comprehensive SummaryThe development of catalytic aerobic epoxidation by numerous metal complexes in the presence of aldehyde as a sacrificial reductant (Mukaiyama epoxidation) has been reported, however, comprehensive examination of oxygen atom transfer mechanism involving free radical and highly reactive intermediates has yet to be presented. Herein, meso‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrinatooxidovanadium(IV) (VOTPFPP) was prepared and proved to be efficient toward aerobic olefin epoxidation in the presence of isobutyraldehyde. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (in situ EPR) showed the generation, transfer pathways and ascription of free radicals in the epoxidation. According to the spectral and computational studies, the side‐on vanadium‐peroxo complexes are considered as the active intermediate species in the reaction process. In the cyclohexene epoxidation catalyzed by VOTPFPP, the kinetic isotope effect value of 1.0 was obtained, indicating that epoxidation occurred via oxygen atom transfer mechanism. The mechanism was further elucidated using isotopically labeled dioxygen experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Bioequivalence and Food Effect Assessment of 2 Rivaroxaban Formulations in Healthy Chinese Volunteers: An Open, Randomized, Single‐Dose, and 4‐Period Crossover Study
Authors: Tao Ye , Jiang Xin , Shi Ping , Liu Yanping , Lin Pingping , Liu Shuqin , Li Ting , Ma Yaping , Gao Xiaomeng , Cao Yu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRivaroxaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor used for the management of thromboembolic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetic profile, and bioequivalence of a generic and a branded rivaroxaban formulation (Xarelto) under fasted and fed conditions in healthy Chinese volunteers. An open‐label, randomized, single‐dose, 4‐period complete, and replicate crossover study in healthy Chinese volunteers was performed. A single oral dose of 20 mg of 2 rivaroxaban formulations was administered to 72 healthy volunteers, with 36 in the fasted group and 36 consuming a high‐fat diet. The evaluated pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum rivaroxaban concentration, the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and AUC from time 0 to infinity, were assessed for BE. The plasma concentrations of rivaroxaban were measured by a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. The geometric mean ratios with 90% confidence intervals of the maximum rivaroxaban concentration, AUC from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and AUC from time 0 to infinity were all within the range of 80% to 125% under fasted and fed conditions. The within‐subject variability of the test and reference products was compared, and the upper limit of the 90% confidence intervals for the test‐to‐reference ratio of the within‐subject variability was <2.5, which indicated that the rivaroxaban test and the rivaroxaban reference formulation were bioequivalent. No serious adverse events were reported during either fasted or fed conditions of the study.
Water‐CaO‐Al2O3 Join Interaction: Crystallization Behavior Investigation Using the Single Hot Thermocouple Technique (SHTT)
Authors: Silva Daniel dos Reis , Heck Nestor Cezar , Vilela Antonio Cezar Faria , Heller Hans‐Peter , Volkova Olena 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCalcium aluminate system is widely used in several ceramic and metallurgical materials and processes such as tundish and mold slags for continuous casting process. In the case of mold powders, they play significant role during the steel solidification process and knowing its physicochemical properties is crucial in the study of slag behavior. In this context, the crystallization tendency of the mold powders plays a significant role in essential properties such as viscosity—which is fundamental to the efficiency of the casting process. In the present study, the effect of a water vapor atmosphere on the crystallization behavior of the CaO‐Al2O3 join is investigated using the single hot thermocouple technique. Distinct crystallization behaviors in presence of water vapor atmosphere are observed, according to the temperature range. Hindering of crystallization onset occurs at a temperature range above 1150 °C. For the temperature range below 1150 °C, crystallization improvement can be observed. The resulting time–transformation–temperature diagrams show the influence of temperature on the effect of water vapor upon crystallization, denoting the amphoteric nature of water.
Enhancing Surface Chemical Stability of LiMn2O4 Cathode by Strontium Enrichment at Grain Boundaries
Authors: Shu Yuming. , Zeng Jingyao. , Huang Jiangnan. , Hu Guorong , Du Ke , Peng Zhongdong. , Cao Yanbing B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLiMn2O4 (LMO) cathodes suffer from limited cycle life, resulting from Mn dissolution and side reactions between electrode and electrolyte. In this study, Sr‐modified LMO is prepared by using a simple strategy. The nature and position of large‐radius Sr ions are investigated, alongside their influence on the structural stability of the bulk. SrMnO3 (SMO) is found to be enriched at grain boundaries of LMO, with Mn−O−Sr bonds forming at the SMO/LMO interface. Furthermore, stable SMO alleviates the migration of Mn ions in LMO associated with structural integrity and suppresses side reactions between the electrode and electrolyte. The modified LMO cathodes maintain their structural integrity and display improved rate performance and cycling stability under harsh conditions. Remarkably, the discharge capacity of a Sr‐modified LMO||Li half‐cell maintains 94.8 % at 25 °C and 79.6 % at 55 °C after 500 cycles. Consequently, enrichment of strontium at grain boundaries presents a promising strategy for developing cathodes for long‐term use.
Disentangling the direct, indirect, and combined effects of experimental warming on a plant–insect herbivore interaction
Authors: Kharouba Heather M. , Yang Louie H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that climate warming will have both direct and indirect effects on species. Whereas the direct effects of climate warming represent the proximate physiological consequences of changing abiotic conditions, the indirect effects of climate change reflect changes mediated by at least one other interacting species. The relative importance of these two kinds of effects has been unclear, limiting our ability to generalize the response of different species to climate change. Here, we used a series of experiments to disentangle some of the key direct and indirect effects of warming on the growth of monarch butterfly caterpillars (Danaus plexippus) and showy milkweed plants (Asclepias speciosa) during a window of rapid growth for both species. The effects of warming differed between direct, indirect, and combined effect experiments. Warming from 26°C to 30°C directly increased the growth of both monarch larvae and milkweeds, with monarch and milkweed growth rates showing similar sensitivity to warming. However, in a subsequent experiment, we did not observe significantly increased growth when comparing caterpillars and plants reared at 27°C and 31°C, suggesting that small differences can change the direct effects of warming. When caterpillars that were maintained at laboratory temperatures were fed leaves from host plants that were exposed to warmer temperatures, warming had a negative indirect effect on larval growth rates likely mediated by decreases in milkweed leaf quality. In experiments combining direct and indirect effects, we observed a net positive effect of warming on larval growth rates. Warming had no combined effects on milkweed growth, potentially due to opposing positive direct and negative indirect effects on growth mediated via increased monarch herbivory. These results show how variability among the direct, indirect, and combined effects of even relatively simple, short‐term climatic perturbations can present challenges for predicting the broader effects of climatic warming in multispecies communities.
Habitat‐specific behavior, growth rate, and survival of piping plover chicks in New Jersey, USA
Authors: Stantial Michelle L. , Cohen Jonathan B. , Darrah Abigail J. , Farrell Shannon , Maslo Brooke 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic disturbance has been demonstrated to affect the behavior of beach‐nesting birds, yet the energetic consequences of recreational activities have received less attention. Because precocial chicks are often displaced as a result of disturbance events, lower access to food may lead to lower fitness. We studied the influence of site characteristics and human disturbance on behavior, habitat use, growth rate, and survival of piping plover chicks in New Jersey, a portion of the Atlantic Coast population that continues to demonstrate poor demographic output. Sites varied in levels of human disturbance and access to high‐quality foraging habitat, which are two critical components of fledging success. We found that compared to chicks with access to bayside foraging habitat, chicks at sites without such access experienced higher rates of anthropogenic disturbance, spent less time in moist‐substrate habitats, and spent more time in upland dunes. Foraging rates were greatest for chicks in moist‐substrate habitat with bayside access and for chicks in the oceanside intertidal zone without bayside access. Further, overall chick growth rates were higher for chicks reared at sites with bayside access. Chick survival increased with age, decreased with increasing precipitation, and increased with bayside foraging habitat availability. Human disturbance was likely limiting chick access to foraging opportunities at sites open to the public, with an apparent effect on growth rate. Maintaining access to high‐quality foraging habitat that is free of human activity through habitat restoration, supplementary food, or beach closures could help to increase reproductive success in New Jersey.
Antimicrobial activity of red pigments derived from Monascus purpureus: A comparison to industrial red pigments
Authors: Gökmen Gökhan Gurur , Şılbır Mehmet Selim , Göksungur Yekta , Kışla Duygu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, the various advantages of fungal pigments over other natural or synthetic pigments have opened new avenues for wide range of applications in different industries. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of fungal pigment produced by Monascus purpureus CMU001, against some Gr(+) and Gr(−) bacteria, yeasts and molds.MethodIn this study, the 96‐well microplate dilution and macro dilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of pigments on tested microorganisms. Therefore, the microbial plating method was performed to observe the antifungal activity of pigment since the MIC values could not be determined on molds.ResultsThe antibacterial activity of Monascus pigment against all tested bacteria was higher than the commercial red pigment. The minimum bactericidal concentration on Bacillus cereus ATCC11778 was determined as 256 mg/ml for the commercial pigment and 128 mg/ml for Monascus pigment. The MIC values could not be determined for both pigments against yeast and molds even at the highest possible concentration.ConclusionThe Monascus pigments have a big potential to use in different industries such as foods, textile, and biomedical products, since the high inhibitory effects was confirmed on various food‐borne and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Although the specific mechanism and properties of the antimicrobial activity of Monascus pigments are still unknown, the differences between lab‐produced and commercial pigments showed that the antimicrobial activity was based on the type of microorganism, growth conditions, and the composition of culture medium.