bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Housing Temperature Influences Atypical Antipsychotic Drug‐Induced Bone Loss in Female C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Kunst Roni F , Langlais Audrie L , Barlow Deborah , Houseknecht Karen L , Motyl Katherine J 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTAtypical antipsychotic (AA) drugs, such as risperidone, are associated with endocrine and metabolic side effects, including impaired bone mineral density (BMD) acquisition and increased fracture risk. We have previously shown that risperidone causes bone loss through the sympathetic nervous system and that bone loss is associated with elevated markers of thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissue. Because rodents are normally housed in sub‐thermoneutral conditions, we wanted to test whether increasing housing temperature would protect against bone loss from risperidone. Four weeks of risperidone treatment in female C57BL/6J mice at thermoneutral (28°C) housing attenuated risperidone‐induced trabecular bone loss and led to a low‐turnover bone phenotype, with indices of both bone formation and resorption suppressed in mice with risperidone treatment at thermoneutrality, whereas indices of bone resorption were elevated by risperidone at room temperature. Protection against trabecular bone loss was not absolute, however, and additional evidence of cortical bone loss emerged in risperidone‐treated mice at thermoneutrality. Taken together, these findings suggest thermal challenge may be in part responsible for bone loss with risperidone treatment and that housing temperature should be considered when assessing bone outcomes of treatments that impact thermogenic pathways. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Synthesis of activated carbon from hydrothermally carbonized tamarind seeds for lipase immobilization: characterization and application in aroma ester synthesis
Authors: Gonçalves Gabriel RF , Gandolfi Olga RR , Bonomo Renata Cristina F , Fontan Rafael da Costa Ilhéu , Veloso Cristiane M 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal carbonization on the activated carbons properties of tamarind seeds, which were used as a support in porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) immobilization, and to evaluate the biocatalyst in the butyl butyrate synthesis.RESULTSThe activated carbon from hydrochar (ACHT) had oxygen functional groups content about 32.5% higher and a lower point of zero charge (4.42) when compared to those obtained from crude bran (ACT). Differences in textural properties were also observed, with an average pore diameter of 3.20 and 6.46 nm for ACHT and ACT, respectively. The optimal immobilization pH was 5.0, resulting in enzyme loading of 71.8 ± 1.42 mg.g1 and 53.03 ± 0.31 mg·g−1, and in a hydrolytic activity of 222.47 ± 2.80 U·g−1 and 257.18 ± 7.31 U·g−1 for ACT and ACHT, respectively. The addition of Triton X‐100 0.025 w·v−1 to the immobilization buffer led to an increase in ~7% of the hydrolytic activity. The PPL immobilized in pH 5.0 was used in the butyl butyrate synthesis, using a mixture of butanol (240 mmol L−1) and butyric acid (120 mmol L−1), with an esterification yield of ±83% after 4 h of reaction at 40 °C.CONCLUSIONThe PPL immobilized on ACHT showed a small decrease in activity over time, with a residual esterification yield of 84% after 4 cycles of reuse. The present results suggest that the supported biocatalyst has the potential to be used in aqueous and organic media, such as hydrolytic lipid reactions and aroma synthesis mostly used in the food industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
The influence of glycosaminoglycan proteoglycan side chains on tensile force transmission and the nanostructural properties of Achilles tendons
Authors: Al Makhzoomi Anas K. , Kirk Thomas B. , Dye Danielle E. , Allison Garry T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the nanostructural mechanisms that lie behind load transmission in tendons and the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the transmission of force in the tendon extracellular matrix. The GAGs in white New Zealand rabbit Achilles tendons were enzymatically depleted, and the tendons subjected to cyclic loading at 6% strain for up to 2 hr. A nanoscale morphometric assessment of fibril deformation under strain was linked with the decline in the tendon macroscale mechanical properties. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to characterize the D‐periodicity within and between fibril bundles (WFB and BFB, respectively). By the end of the second hour of the applied strain, the WFB and BFB D‐periodicities had significantly increased in the GAG‐depleted group (29% increase compared with 15% for the control, p < .0001). No statistically significant differences were found between WFB and BFB D‐periodicities in either the control or GAG‐depleted groups, suggesting that mechanical load in Achilles tendons is uniformly distributed and fairly homogenous among the WFB and BFB networks. The results of this study have provided evidence of a cycle‐dependent mechanism of damage accumulation. The accurate quantification of fibril elongation (measured as the WFB and BFB D‐periodicity lengths) in response to macroscopic applied strain has assisted in assessing the complex structure–function relationship in Achilles tendon.
Comparison of k‐wire insertion using oscillatory and unidirectional drilling modes under constant thrust force
Authors: Chen Lei , Li Annie D. R. , Symonds Christopher , Holmes James R. , Weick Jack W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHeat generation during the Kirschner wire (K‐wire) insertion process, under either unidirectional or oscillatory drilling mode, places bone at risk of thermal osteonecrosis which can lead to infection. There is a lack of quantitative understanding of the heat generation difference between the two drilling modes and knowledge of optimal thrust force level under each mode is missing. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of drilling modes and thrust force levels on the bone drilling outcomes. Controlled machine‐based constant thrust force K‐wire insertion experiments were conducted with key process parameters monitored and compared quantitatively. Statistical analysis showed that the oscillatory mode consumed 2.6 times more electricity than the unidirectional mode but generated 53% less thermal energy and 23% lower peak temperature. However, the oscillation also led to 18% higher peak torque in the transient drilling stage and 23% shallower drilling depth. The optimal choice of the drilling mode depends on specific surgical needs to minimize bone damage (control of peak temperature vs. exposure time and torque control). Heat generation was dominated by the torque and corresponding rotational power under both modes. To minimize the bone temperature while keeping high drilling speed efficiency, a moderate thrust force is preferred under the unidirectional mode to balance between feed force and compressed debris resistance. For oscillatory mode, a small thrust force to keep the K‐wire engaged with the bone is optimal.
Inhibitory Control Moderates the Intervention Effects of a Preventive Parenting Program on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Male Service Members
Authors: Zhang Jingchen , Buchanan Gretchen J. R. , Monn Amy R. , Gewirtz Abigail H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMilitary servicemembers face substantial challenges due to war‐related trauma exposure, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals with deficits in inhibitory control (IC) may have an increased risk of developing PTSD due to a reduced ability to regulate their cognitive responses to and disengage from trauma‐related stimuli. After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) is a mindfulness‐infused parenting program for military families that has also been found to have crossover effects on parental mental health. The present study examined whether fathers’ IC at baseline affected their response to this emotional skills–focused intervention and further influenced their PTSD symptoms 1 year later. The sample included 282 male National Guard and Reserve (NG/R) service members who had recently been deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. Fathers were randomly assigned to either the ADAPT program or a control condition, with IC measured at baseline and PTSD symptoms measured at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. Intent‐to‐treat analyses revealed no significant main effect of the intervention on fathers’ PTSD symptoms. However, fathers’ IC moderated intervention effects on PTSD symptoms, f2 = 0.03. The intervention had more beneficial effects on reducing fathers’ PTSD symptoms for participants with low IC at baseline. These findings are consistent with compensatory effects in the risk moderation hypothesis, which suggests that prevention or intervention programs are more effective for high‐risk subgroups.
Conservation tillage and organic nutrients management improve soil properties, productivity, and economics of a maize‐vegetable pea system in the Eastern Himalayas
Authors: Singh Raghavendra , Babu Subhash , Avasthe Ravi Kant , Meena Ram Swaroop , Yadav Gulab Singh , Das Anup , Mohapatra Kamal Prasad , Rathore Sanjay Singh , Kumar Amit , Singh Chandu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSoil quality restoration and sustainable crop production in the rainfed ecosystem of the Indian Himalayas can be achieved through effective conservation tillage and organic management. Hence, a six‐year (2013 to 2019) study was conducted to quantify the effect of tillage and organic nutrient management on soil properties, productivity, and profitability of the maize‐vegetable pea (Pisum sativum) system. Three tillage practices [conventional (CT), reduced (RT), and no‐till (NT)] and four organic nutrients management practices [(ONM)‐farmyard manure @ 8 Mg ha−1farmers practice (ONM1), 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through manures (ONM2), 75% RDN through manures + maize/vegetable pea stover in either of the crops (ONM3), and 50% RDN through manures + maize/vegetable pea stover in either of the crops (ONM4)] were tested. The results indicated that the NT had higher soil organic carbon (SOC, 16.49 g kg−1), available N (354.5 kg ha−1), and lesser bulk density (1.31 Mg m−3) and penetration resistance (1.85 MPa) in comparison with that of CT at 0–10 cm depth. The system productivity under NT was 9.6% higher than that obtained under CT. The ONM3had higher SOC content, plant‐available N, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) than ONM1. The integration of RT‐ONM2enhanced SMBC, DHA, maize, and vegetable pea yield by 27.2%, 35.7%, 38.0%, and 60.3%, respectively, over CT‐ONM1. Thus, the study suggested that the adoption of effective conservation tillage with adequate organic nutrient management has the potential to advance the soil properties and productivity of maize‐vegetable pea system in the Himalayan Region.
Compatibility of a Thermoresponsive and Controlled Release System for Promoting Sinonasal Cilia Regeneration
Authors: Schilling Andrea L. , Carcella Adam R. , Moore John , Zahid Maliha , Lo Cecilia , Wang Eric W. , Lee Stella E. , Little Steven R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe current clinical goal for managing chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a heterogenous disease of the paranasal sinuses, is to control inflammation, yet adjunct therapies that promote mucosal regeneration can improve the long‐term health of the upper airways. The small natural openings to the sinuses, however, limit the efficacy of traditional drug delivery methods (i.e., nasal sprays and irrigation). Accordingly, a conformable thermoresponsive and controlled release system (“TEMPS”, Thermogel, Extended‐release Microsphere‐based delivery to the Paranasal Sinuses) is developed. The poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microsphere component enables the encapsulation of numerous therapeutics, such as retinoic acid (RA), an analog of vitamin A (VA). Studies in CRS patients and preclinical models have shown that aqueous RA or VA gels promoted the differentiation of ciliated cells and improved mucosal healing following repeat applications. In the present study, TEMPS is designed for the controlled release of RA such that a single dose of RA‐TEMPS delivers bioactive drug for at least 30 days. Furthermore, as TEMPS will be in direct contact with sinonasal tissue, its compatibility with ciliated human nasal epithelium is explored. After ex vivo incubation in thermogel for 24 h, cilia motility is maintained, providing evidence that TEMPS can be compatible for application along the sinonasal epithelium.
Recent Advances in Boron Nitride Based Hybrid Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Aparna Asok , Sethulekshmi A. S , Jayan Jitha S. , Saritha Appukuttan , Joseph Kuruvilla 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBoron nitride (BN) is an eminent inorganic compound having many interesting characteristics such as improved oxidation resistance, mechanical strength, good thermal conductivity (TC), higher bandgap, high chemical stability, thermal stability, high hydrophobicity, and electrical insulation. The use of BN as a filler in polymers is a well‐established strategy to tailor the properties of polymer composites. Recent studies depict an interesting urge to reap the synergistic effect of various nanofillers with BN in the form of hybrids. Hence the consolidation of the works on BN based hybrid fillers would definitely attract researchers so that these new filler systems could be transformed into useful polymer nanocomposites in future. This review article focuses on the synthesis and characterization of various boron nitride based hybrids in detail. Moreover, the review also throws light on different BN hybrid reinforced polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) and their thermal, electrical, electronic as well as biomedical applications in a detailed manner. Thus the review anticipates serving as a tool toward understanding the recent trends in the field of boron nitride hybrid based ternary polymer composites.
Perm‐Inspired High‐Performance Soy Protein Isolate and Chicken Feather Keratin‐Based Wood Adhesive without External Crosslinker
Authors: Li Xiaona , Zhou Ying , Li Jiongjiong , Li Kuang , Li Jianzhang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCrosslinking modification can effectively improve the water resistance of soy protein isolate (SPI) adhesive, but it often depends on petroleum‐based reagents, violating the concept of green environmental protection. Here, inspired by the breaking and recombination of the disulfide bond in the perm process, a high‐performance wood adhesive is prepared by incorporation of SPI (modified by sodium sulfite to cleave the disulfide bonds of protein chains) and feather keratin (FK, extracted from waste chicken feathers by breaking the disulfide bond) without using any other crosslinkers. The crosslinking reaction occurs by disulfide bonds derived from the sulfhydryl group of FK and SPI. Thus the wet shear strength of the SPI/FK‐20 adhesive is improved from 0.57 to 1.18 MPa, an increment of 107%. This study provides a green strategy to prepare high‐performance protein‐based adhesive from the waste products‐chicken feathers, which will contribute to the development of the environmentally friendly wood adhesive industry.
Extension and validation of a GPU‐Monte Carlo dose engine gDPM for 1.5 T MR‐LINAC online independent dose verification
Authors: Li Yongbao , Ding Shouliang , Wang Bin , Liu Hongdong , Huang Xiaoyan , Song Ting 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo extend and validate the accuracy and efficiency of a graphics processing unit (GPU)‐Monte Carlo dose engine for Elekta Unity 1.5 T Magnetic Resonance‐Linear Accelerator (MR‐LINAC) online independent dose verification.MethodsElectron/positron propagation physics in a uniform magnetic field was implemented in a previously developed GPU‐Monte Carlo dose engine–gDPM. The dose calculation accuracy in the magnetic field was first evaluated in heterogeneous phantom with EGSnrc. The dose engine was then commissioned to a Unity machine with a virtual two photon‐source model and compared with the Monaco treatment planning system. Fifteen patient plans from five tumor sites were included for the quantification of online dose verification accuracy and efficiency.ResultsThe extended gDPM accurately calculated the dose in a 1.5 T external magnetic field and was well matched with EGSnrc. The relative dose difference along central beam axis was less than 0.5% for the homogeneous region in water–lung phantom. The maximum difference was found at the build‐up regions and heterogeneous interfaces, reaching 1.9% and 2.4% for 2 and 6 MeV mono‐energy photon beams, respectively. The root mean square errors for depth–dose fall‐off region were less than 0.2% for all field sizes and presented a good match between gDPM and Monaco GPUMCD. For in‐field profiles, the dose differences were within 1% for cross‐plane and in‐plane directions for all calculated depths except dmax. For penumbra regions, the distance‐to‐agreements between two dose profiles were less than 0.1 cm. For patient plan verification, the maximum relative average dose difference was 1.3%. The gamma passing rates with criteria 3% (2 mm) for dose regions above 20% were between 93% and 98%. gDPM can complete the dose calculation for less than 40 s with 5 × 108 photons on a single NVIDIA GTX‐1080Ti GPU and achieve a statistical uncertainty of 0.5%–1.1% for all evaluated cases.ConclusionsA GPU‐Monte Carlo package–gDPM was extended and validated for Elekta Unity online plan verification. Its calculation accuracy and efficiency make it suitable for online independent dose verification for MR‐LINAC.
Dosimetry of a novel converging X‐ray source for kilovoltage radiotherapy
Authors: Stalbaum Tyler , Partain Larry , Weil Michael D. , Kim Joon , Han Jae Y. , Plies Michael J. , Chen Hong , Ziskin Vitaliy , Bazalova‐Carter Magdalena , Song Samuel , Rand Roy , Boyd Douglas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this work was to evaluate phantom dosimetry of a novel kilovoltage (kV) X‐ray source, which employs a stationary tungsten anode and a linearly swept scanning electron beam. The source utilizes converging X‐ray collimation along with orthogonal mechanical rotation to distribute surface flux over large area. In this study, this was investigated as a potential solution to fast‐falloff limitations expected with kV radiotherapy. This was done with the aim of future clinical development of a lower cost radiotherapy alternative to megavoltage (MV) linac systems.MethodsRadiochromic film was employed for dosimetry on the kV X‐ray source of the linear‐converging radiotherapy system (LCRS). The source utilizes charge particle optics to magnetically deflect and focus an electron beam along a stationary, reflection tungsten target in an ultra‐high‐vacuum stainless‐steel chamber. Resulting X‐rays were collimated into converging beamlets that span a large planar angle and converge at the system isocenter. In this study, radiochromic film dosimetry was done at 140 and 145 kVp for a designated planning treatment volume (PTV) of 4 cm diameter. An acrylic phantom was employed for dose distribution measurements of stationary and rotational delivery. Film dosimetry was evaluated in planes parallel to the source X‐ray window at various depths, as well as in the plane of gantry rotation.ResultsAt 140 and 145 kVp and using a collimated 4 cm square field at depth, lesion‐to‐skin dose ratio was shown to improve with additional beams from different relative source positions, where the different beams are focused at the same isocenter and do not overlap at the phantom surface. It was only possible to achieve a 1:1 Dmax‐to‐surface ratio with four delivery beams, but the ratio improved to 4:1 with 12 beams, focused at the same isocenter depth of 7.8 cm in an acrylic phantom. For the tests conducted, the following Dmax‐to‐surface ratios were obtained: 0.4:1 lesion‐to‐skin ratio for stationary delivery from one entry beam, 0.71:1 lesion‐to‐skin ratio was obtained for two beams, 1.07:1 ratio for four beams, and 4:1 for 12 beams. Dose‐depth profiles were evaluated for stationary and rotational dosimetry. Additionally, rotational dosimetry was measured for a case more analogous to a clinical scenario, where the isocenter was located at an off‐center simulated lesion.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate potential dose‐depth improvements with kV arc therapy by distributing the surface flux with a wide converging beam along with perpendicular mechanical source rotation of the LCRS. The system delivered tolerable dose to a large surface area when a threshold of multiple, separated beams was reached. The radiochromic film data support the feasibility of the construct of the LCRS kV radiotherapy system design.
Scout accelerated motion estimation and reduction (SAMER)
Authors: Polak Daniel , Splitthoff Daniel Nicolas , Clifford Bryan , Lo Wei‐Ching , Huang Susie Y. , Conklin John , Wald Lawrence L. , Setsompop Kawin , Cauley Stephen 
Published: August 2021

PurposeTo demonstrate a navigator/tracking‐free retrospective motion estimation technique that facilitates clinically acceptable reconstruction time.MethodsScout accelerated motion estimation and reduction (SAMER) uses a single 3‐5 s, low‐resolution scout scan and a novel sequence reordering to independently determine motion states by minimizing the data‐consistency error in a SENSE plus motion forward model. This eliminates time‐consuming alternating optimization as no updates to the imaging volume are required during the motion estimation. The SAMER approach was assessed quantitatively through extensive simulation and was evaluated in vivo across multiple motion scenarios and clinical imaging contrasts. Finally, SAMER was synergistically combined with advanced encoding (Wave‐CAIPI) to facilitate rapid motion‐free imaging.ResultsThe highly accelerated scout provided sufficient information to achieve accurate motion trajectory estimation (accuracy ~0.2 mm or degrees). The novel sequence reordering improved the stability of the motion parameter estimation and image reconstruction while preserving the clinical imaging contrast. Clinically acceptable computation times for the motion estimation (~4 s/shot) are demonstrated through a fully separable (non‐alternating) motion search across the shots. Substantial artifact reduction was demonstrated in vivo as well as corresponding improvement in the quantitative error metric. Finally, the extension of SAMER to Wave‐encoding enabled rapid high‐quality imaging at up to R = 9‐fold acceleration.ConclusionSAMER significantly improved the computational scalability for retrospective motion estimation and correction.