bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turkey
Authors: Özgül Ceren 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the supposed binary of a secular state and popular Islam is inadequate as a tool of analysis if we are to understand how religion has become a prominent category of both privilege and exclusion in Turkish society. Specifically, it contends that successive Turkish governments have privileged Sunni Islam as national identity. To build this argument, the chapter follows two parallel threads. The first analyses the ethnic and religious homogenization of the national body with a particular emphasis on violence against non-Muslim and non-Sunni groups. The second shows how, within the larger historical context of modernization theory, Cold War politics, and the post-9/11 promotion of moderate Islam, successive Turkish governments worked towards maintaining Sunni Muslim privilege while continuously expanding the category of enemies of the Turkish nation.
Religion and Europe
Authors: Davie Grace , Leustean Lucian N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Europe: its rationale, timeline, geographical scope, approach, structure, and contents. The timeline—from Antiquity to the present day—is captured in a series of ‘portraits’ taken from European museums. The scope, methods, theories, and approaches are then outlined. No single theory or theoretical approach drives the volume as a whole, but particular attention is paid to the work of Max Weber, Jürgen Habermas, and David Martin. The structure (five parts) and contents (forty-five chapters and a statistical appendix) of the Handbook are carefully set out. A number of cross-cutting themes are then identified, including the role of religion in the circulation of knowledge and the tensions between Europe and its constituent states. The future is difficult to predict as Europe becomes not only more secular, but more religiously diverse.
Oxylipin signaling in salt-stressed soybean is modulated by ligand-dependent interaction of Class II acyl-CoA-binding proteins with lipoxygenase
Authors: Lung Shiu-Cheung , Lai Sze Han , Wang Haiyang , Zhang Xiuying , Liu Ailin , Guo Ze-Hua , Lam Hon-Ming , Chye Mee-Len 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Plant lipoxygenases (LOXs) oxygenate linoleic and linolenic acids, creating hydroperoxy derivatives, and from these, jasmonates and other oxylipins are derived. Despite the importance of oxylipin signaling, its activation mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that soybean ACYL-COA-BINDING PROTEIN3 (ACBP3) and ACBP4, two Class II acyl-CoA-binding proteins, suppressed activity of the vegetative LOX homolog VLXB by sequestering it at the endoplasmic reticulum. The ACBP4–VLXB interaction was facilitated by linoleoyl-CoA and linolenoyl-CoA, which competed with phosphatidic acid (PA) for ACBP4 binding. In salt-stressed roots, alternative splicing produced ACBP variants incapable of VLXB interaction. Overexpression of the variants enhanced LOX activity and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots, whereas overexpressors of the native forms exhibited reciprocal phenotypes. Consistently, the differential alternative splicing pattern in two soybean genotypes coincided with their difference in salt-induced lipid peroxidation. Salt-treated soybean roots were enriched in C32:0-PA species that showed high affinity to Class II ACBPs. We conclude that PA signaling and alternative splicing suppress ligand-dependent interaction of Class II ACBPs with VLXB, thereby triggering lipid peroxidation during salt stress. Hence, our findings unveil a dual mechanism that initiates the onset of oxylipin signaling in the salinity response.
Effect of protein and glucogenic precursor supplementation on forage digestibility, serum metabolites, energy utilization, and rumen parameters in sheep
Authors: King Tasha M , Beard Joslyn K , Norman Mitch M , Wilson Hannah C , MacDonald James M , Mulliniks J Travis 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Supplementation of glucogenic precursors in roughage diets may increase production responses due to improved efficiencies of nutrient utilization. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of source of supplemental glucogenic potential (GP) on forage digestibility, serum metabolites, energy utilization, and rumen parameters of growing wethers consuming a roughage diet (8.8% crude protein, 71.4% ash-free neutral detergent fiber). Crossbred wethers (49.1 ± 4.7 kg initial BW; n = 16) were utilized in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin Square design with four periods of 21 d. Supplements were designed to supplement increasing amount of GP: 1) no supplementation (CON; 0 g), 2) 40 g of calcium propionate (CAP; 30 g of GP), 3) 70 g of blood meal + 100 g of feather meal (BF; 40 g of GP), or 4) combination of CAP and BF (COMBO; 70 g of GP). Total fecal and urine collection was conducted from days 13–17 to calculate digestibility estimates and urinary losses. An acetate tolerance test was administered on day 17 to determine the effect of GP on acetate clearance. Blood samples were collected on day 19 and were analyzed for serum concentrations of glucose, urea N (SUN), non-esterified fatty acids, and amino acids. Rumen fluid was collected on day 21 to determine supplementation effects on ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia concentrations. Wethers receiving BF and COMBO supplementation had greatest (P ≤ 0.01) DM and OM total tract digestibility. Supplementation did not affect (P ≥ 0.37) NDF digestibility or digestible energy. Urinary nitrogen excretion was greatest (P = 0.02) for BF and COMBO. Circulating serum essential amino acid concentration was increased (P &lt; 0.01) in BF and COMBO compared to CAP and CON. In addition, BF and COMBO had increased (P &lt; 0.01) SUN concentrations compared to CAP and CON. Acetate half-life was not affected (P = 0.39) by supplementation strategy. However, area under the curve (AUC) for acetate was decreased (P = 0.04) with supplementation of BF and COMBO compared to CON-fed wethers. Ruminal propionate concentration was increased (P ≤ 0.01) for wethers fed CAP and COMBO supplementation, which resulted in decreased (P ≤ 0.01) A:P ratio. Overall, these results indicate that the increased propionate supply by providing propionate salts did not result in a protein sparing impact or increased N retention.
Analyses of HIV proteases variants at the threshold of viability reveals relationships between processing efficiency and fitness
Authors: Schneider-Nachum Gily , Flynn Julia , Mavor David , Schiffer Celia A , Bolon Daniel N A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Investigating the relationships between protein function and fitness provides keys for understanding biochemical mechanisms that underly evolution. Mutations with partial fitness defects can delineate the threshold of biochemical function required for viability. We utilized a previous deep mutational scan of HIV-1 protease (PR) to identify variants with 15–45 per cent defects in replication and analysed the biochemical function of eight variants (L10M, L10S, V32C, V32I, A71V, A71S, Q92I, Q92N). We purified each variant and assessed the efficiency of peptide cleavage for three cut sites (MA-CA, TF-PR, and PR-RT) as well as gel-based analyses of processing of purified Gag. The cutting activity of at least one site was perturbed relative to WT protease for all variants, consistent with cutting activity being a primary determinant of fitness effects. We examined the correlation of fitness defects with cutting activity of different sites. MA-CA showed the weakest correlation (R2 = 0.02) with fitness, suggesting relatively weak coupling with viral replication. In contrast, cutting of the TF-PR site showed the strongest correlation with fitness (R2 = 0.53). Cutting at the TF-PR site creates a new PR protein with a free N-terminus that is critical for activity. Our findings indicate that increasing the pool of active PR is rate limiting for viral replication, making this an ideal step to target with inhibitors.
Skin Cancer Risk Perception and Tanning Bed Use: A Population-Based Survey to Identify Persons at Risk for Melanoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota
Authors: Barbosa Naiara S. , Yost Kathleen J. , Petterson Tanya M. , Mara Kristin C. , Brewer Jerry D. 
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND
Cutaneous melanoma is strongly associated with tanning bed use.

OBJECTIVE
To describe local residents' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding skin cancer and tanning bed use and to estimate prevalence of high risk for melanoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A survey was mailed to 886 local residents (549, aged 18–39 years; 337, aged ≥40 years). Logistic and linear regression and univariate and multivariable analysis were used to assess perceived risk and skin cancer knowledge.

RESULTS
The response rate was 21%; 55% of the younger group and 37% of the older group had used indoor tanning, and prevalence of high risk for melanoma according to a skin cancer risk calculator was 18% in the younger group and 33% in the older group. Individuals with high risk scores were more likely to correctly perceive that they were at high risk for skin cancer. Most participants with high risk scores and those who previously used tanning beds reported low likelihood of future indoor tanning.

CONCLUSION
Female sex, high risk score, and previous indoor tanning were associated with participants' views of higher skin cancer risk. No specific knowledge gaps were identified. Understanding community residents' attitudes about skin cancer and indoor tanning can help guide interventions.
Birth weight and the risk of overall breast cancer, premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer in adulthood: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Wang Kang , Ge Mingxiu , Liu Lulu , Lv Haihong , Wang Shujuan , Jia Fei , Sun Jinjun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Importance:
The effect of birth weight on breast cancer across different menopausal states remains unknown.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the association of birth weight with the risk of overall breast cancer (OBC) and premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer during adulthood. In parallel, the dose-response analyses were performed.

Evidence Review:
Relevant studies were systematically searched from the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases from the inception to May 25, 2021, without language restrictions. All the results were pooled according to risk ratios (RRs).

Findings:
In total, 21 cohort studies comprising 1,139,032 participants were included. An increase in the birth weight was not associated with the risk of OBC and premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. Compared with women having normal weight at birth, those with a high birth weight are likely to have an increased risk of invasive breast cancer (RR: 1.19, 95% confidence intervals: 1.03-1.38; I2: 28.6%). The dose-response analyses showed that the risk of premenopausal breast cancer increased significantly in unknown singleton status with birth weight over 2850 g (RR: 1.14 [1.02-1.30]). Similarly, postmenopausal breast cancer risk was increased in singleton births with birth weight over 3750 g (RR: 1.21 [1.00-1.47]).

Conclusions and Relevance:
High weight at birth might be not significantly associated with the risk of OBC, premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer and ER+ and ER− breast cancer but is positively associated with the risk of invasive breast cancer, regardless of parity. Furthermore, with an increase in birth weight, the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer is likely to increase in the singleton births, whereas the risk of premenopausal breast cancer is likely to increase in unknown singleton status.
Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis: a case report of chronic endometritis presenting as postmenopausal bleeding
Authors: Mercer Victoria J. , Naseemuddin Ather , Webb Amanda 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Chronic endometritis is rarely reported in the postmenopausal population. Here, we describe a case of chronic endometritis in a patient who had undergone premature menopause that was later found to have Monckeberg arteriosclerosis (MocA) of the uterine vessels.

Methods:
A review of the literature revealed a single report of MocA affecting the uterine vessels and no reports in a patient who had undergone premature menopause. A case of a 69-year-old presenting with postmenopausal bleeding and having the diagnosis of chronic endometritis is described.

Results:
Following definitive management with hysterectomy, final histopathology showed MocA of the uterine vessels.

Conclusions:
The lack of reviews of chronic endometritis in postmenopausal women reveals a gap in the literature. Further studies are necessary to review MocA and decreased uterine perfusion in the context of a possible predisposition to chronic endometrial infection and/or inflammation.
Effect of Early Steroid Withdrawal on Posttransplant Diabetes Among Kidney Transplant Recipients Differs by Recipient Age
Authors: Ahn JiYoon B. , Bae Sunjae , Schnitzler Mark , Hess Gregory P. , Lentine Krista L. , Segev Dorry L. , McAdams-DeMarco Mara A. 
Published: December 2021

Background.
Posttransplant diabetes (PTD), a major complication after kidney transplantation (KT), is often attributable to immunosuppression. The risk of PTD may increase with more potent steroid maintenance and older recipient age.

Methods.
Using United States Renal Data System data, we studied 12 488 adult first-time KT recipients (2010–2015) with no known pre-KT diabetes. We compared the risk of PTD among recipients who underwent early steroid withdrawal (ESW) versus continued steroid maintenance (CSM) using Cox regression with inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding. We tested whether the risk of PTD resulting from ESW differed by recipient age (18–29, 30–54, and ≥55 y).

Results.
Of 12 488, 28.3% recipients received ESW. The incidence rate for PTD was 13 per 100 person-y and lower among recipients who received ESW (11 per 100 person-y in ESW; 14 per 100 person-y in CSM). Overall, ESW was associated with lower risk of PTD compared with CSM (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.720.790.86), but the risk differed by recipient age (P
interaction = 0.09 for comparison between recipients aged 18–29 and those aged 30–54; P
interaction = 0.01 for comparison between recipients aged 18–29 and those aged ≥55). ESW was associated with lower risk of PTD among recipients aged ≥55 (aHR = 0.620.710.81) and those aged 30–54 (aHR = 0.730.830.95), but not among recipients aged 18–29 (aHR = 0.811.181.72). Although recipients who received ESW had a higher risk of acute rejection across the age groups (adjusted odds ratio = 1.011.171.34), recipients with no PTD had a lower risk of mortality (aHR = 0.580.660.74).

Conclusions.
The beneficial association of ESW with decreased PTD was more pronounced among recipients aged ≥55, supporting an age-specific assessment of the risk-benefit balance regarding ESW.
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Reza Nosheen , De Feria Alejandro , Wang Teresa , Chowns Jessica L. , Hoffman-Andrews Lily , Kim Jessica , Hornsby Nicole , Marzolf Amy , Atluri Pavan , Herrmann Howard C. , Owens Anjali Tiku 
Published: December 2021

Background.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients has been reported in association with use of calcineurin inhibitors. However, data on the incidence and prevalence of HCM in adult posttransplant patients are limited. We sought to describe the clinical characteristics of solid organ transplant recipients who were diagnosed with HCM from 2011 to 2021 at a single center.

Methods.
Patients who had undergone solid organ transplant and exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy with left ventricular wall thickness ≥13 mm on transthoracic echocardiography were included. Clinical history, pedigree analysis, clinical genetic testing, transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, treatment, and follow-up testing results were collected. Categorical variables were described as n (%). Continuous variables were described with medians and interquartile ranges and compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests. A 2-sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results.
Three lung, 5 kidney, and 4 liver transplant recipients from 12 different families were included. Seven patients (58%) did not carry a preexisting diagnosis of hypertension, and none had a history of aortic or subaortic stenosis. A majority of patients exhibited asymmetric septal hypertrophy (67%; medial septal thickness versus left ventricular posterior wall thickness 17 versus 13 mm; P < 0.001) and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction (58%). All patients were managed long term with calcineurin inhibitors. Clinical genetic testing in 6 patients identified 2 with disease-causing variants in 2 sarcomere genes, myosin binding protein-C and myosin heavy chain 7. Four patients (33%) underwent successful septal reduction therapy for treatment of symptomatic LVOT obstruction.

Conclusions.
Symptomatic HCM with dynamic LVOT obstruction can develop in solid organ transplant recipients, and genetic testing can identify individuals with sarcomeric HCM. Medical management and septal reduction therapies are treatment options for severe symptomatic disease.
Shewanella nanhaiensis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from sediment of South China Sea, and emended descriptions of Shewanella woodyi, Shewanella hanedai and Shewanella canadensis
Authors: Cao Wen-Rui , Li Xue , Sun Yuan-Yuan , Jiang Ming-Yu , Xu Xiao-Dong , Li Ying-Jie 
Published: December 2021

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, facultative anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain NR704-98T, was isolated from marine sediment of the northern South China Sea. Cells were positive for oxidase and catalase activity. Growth was observed at 4–30 °C (optimum 20–25 °C), at pH 6–9 (pH 7) and with 0.5–7 % NaCl (2 %). The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain NR704-98T were

Shewanella woodyi

MS32T (97.9 %),

Shewanella hanedai

281T (97.1 %),

Shewanella sediminis

HAW-EB3T (96.8 %) and

Shewanella canadensis

HAW-EB2T (96.7 %). Based on the results of phylogenomic analysis, the average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain NR704-98T and the previously mentioned type strains of species of the genus

Shewanella

were in the range of 74.9–93.1 % and 20.6–51.4 %, respectively. The respiratory quinones were Q-7 and Q-8. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) of strain NR704-98T were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c) and iso-C15 : 0. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminophospholipids and five unidentified lipids were detected in strain NR704-98T. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain NR704-98T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Shewanella

, for which the name Shewanella nanhaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NR704-98T (=KCTC 82799T=MCCC 1K06091T).
Applications of geospatial analyses in health research among homeless people: A systematic scoping review of available evidence
Authors: Ahasan Rakibul , Alam Md Shaharier , Chakraborty Torit , Asger Ali S M , Alam Tunazzina Binte , Islam Tania , Hossain Md Mahbub 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus pandemic visualized the inequality in the community living standards and how housing is a fundamental requirement to ensure a livable environment. However, even before the pandemic, unequal housing access resulted in more than 150 million homeless people worldwide, and more than 22 million new people were added to this inventory for climate-related issues. This homeless population has a counterproductive effect on the social, psychological integration efforts by the community and exposure to other severe health-related issues.MethodsWe systematically identified and reviewed 24 articles which met all three requirements we set forth-i. samples include homeless people, ii. focused on public health-related issues among the same group of people, and iii. used geospatial analysis tools and techniques in conducting the research.ResultOur review findings indicated a major disparity in the geographic distribution of the case study locations-all the articles are from six (6) countries-USA (n = 16), Canada (n = 3), UK (n = 2), and one study each from Brazil, Ireland, and South Africa. Majority of the studies used spatial analysis tools to identify the hotspots, clustering and spatial patterns of patient location and distribution. ArcGIS is the most frequently used GIS application, however, studies also used other statistical applications with spatial analysis capabilities. These studies reported relationship between the location of homeless shelters and substance use, discarded needles, different infectious and non-infectious disease clusters.ConclusionAlthough, most studies were restricted in analyzing and visualizing the trends, patterns, and disease clusters, geospatial analyses techniques can be used to assess health problems such as disease distributions and associated factors across communities. Moreover, health and services and accessibility concerns could be well addressed by integrating spatial analysis into homelessness-related research. This may facilitate policymaking for health-issues among the homeless people and address health inequities in this vulnerable population.
Reduced Odds of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection after Vaccination among New York City Adults, June–August 2021
Authors: Levin-Rector Alison , Firestein Lauren , McGibbon Emily , Sell Jessica , Lim Sungwoo , Lee Ellen H. , Weiss Don , Geevarughese Anita , Zucker Jane R. , Greene Sharon K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundBelief in immunity from prior infection and concern that vaccines might not protect against new variants are contributors to vaccine hesitancy. We assessed effectiveness of full and partial COVID-19 vaccination against reinfection when Delta was the predominant variant in New York City.MethodsWe conducted a case-control study in which case-patients with reinfection during June 15– August 31, 2021 and control subjects with no reinfection were matched (1:3) on age, sex, timing of initial positive test in 2020, and neighborhood poverty level. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate matched odds ratios (mOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsOf 349,598 adult residents who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020, did not test positive again >90 days after initial positive test through June 15, 2021, and did not die before June 15, 2021, 1,067 were reinfected during June 15–August 31, 2021. Of 1,048 with complete matching criteria data, 499 (47.6%) were known to be symptomatic for COVID-19-like-illness, and 75 (7.2%) were hospitalized. Unvaccinated individuals, compared with fully vaccinated individuals, had elevated odds of reinfection (mOR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.90, 2.61), of symptomatic reinfection (mOR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.72, 2.74), and of reinfection with hospitalization (mOR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.43, 4.69). Partially versus fully vaccinated individuals had 1.58 (95% CI: 1.22, 2.06) times the odds of reinfection. All three vaccines authorized or approved for use in the U.S. were similarly effective.ConclusionAmong adults with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination reduced odds of reinfections when the Delta variant predominated.