bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4D quantification of alpine permafrost degradation in steep rock walls using a laboratory‐calibrated electrical resistivity tomography approach
Authors: Scandroglio Riccardo , Draebing Daniel , Offer Maike , Krautblatter Michael 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThe warming of rock permafrost affects mechanical stability and hydro‐cryostatic pressures in rock walls. The coincident decrease in slope stability frequently affects infrastructure by creep and subsidence and promotes the generation of rockfalls and rockslides. The increasing hazard posed by warming permafrost rock walls and the growing exposure of infrastructure and individuals create a demand for quantitative monitoring methods. Laboratory‐calibrated electrical resistivity tomography provides a sensitive record for frozen versus unfrozen bedrock, presumably being the most accurate quantitative monitoring technique in permafrost areas where boreholes are not available. The data presented here are obtained at the permafrost‐affected and unstable Steintaelli Ridge at 3100 m a.s.l. and allow the quantification of permafrost changes in the longest electrical resistivity tomography time series in steep bedrock. Five parallel transects across the rock ridge have been measured five times each, between 2006 and 2019, with similar hardware. Field measurements were calibrated using temperature‐resistivity laboratory measurements of water‐saturated rock samples from the site. A 3D time‐lapse inversion scheme is applied in the boundless electrical resistivity tomography (BERT) software for the inversion of the data. To assess the initial data quality, we compare the effect of data filtering and the robustness of final results with three different filters and two time‐lapse models. We quantify the volumetric permafrost distribution in the bedrock and its degradation in the last decades. Our data show mean monthly air temperatures to increase from −3.4°C to −2.6°C between 2005‒2009 and 2015‒2019, respectively, while simultaneously permafrost volume degraded on average from 6790 m3 (±640 m3 rock in phase‐transition range) in 2006 to 3880 m3 (±1000 m3) in 2019. For the first time, we provide a quantitative measure of permafrost degradation in unstable bedrock by using a temperature‐calibrated 4D electrical resistivity tomography. Our approach represents a fundamental benchmark for the evaluation of climate change effects on bedrock permafrost.
Leadership in Absentia: Negotiating Distance in Centralized Solomon Islands
Authors: Hobbis Stephanie Ketterer , Hobbis Geoffrey 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThis article examines a tension at the heart of national leadership in Solomon Islands today: a conviction that national leaders need to spend more time in rural environments to better represent rural interests, needs and values, while having to be in town to access the individuals and organizations that, essentially, make them national leaders in the first place. Drawing on fourteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in urban Honiara and the rural Lau Lagoon, Malaita, we are especially interested in how this tension shapes rural perceptions of the legitimacy of chiefs as national leaders. Given that development projects can only be negotiated in Honiara, where the required state institutions, international (N)GOs and major businesses are based, rural residents feel compelled to send their most important village leaders, especially clan chiefs, to town. However, the longer these leaders are away from their homes, the more they seem distracted by urban ‘luxuries’ and the less they appear committed to their rural homes. In particular, villagers complain about their chiefs' contributions to exchange relations. Villages, thus, find themselves in a double‐bind that exaggerates a broader ‘crisis of leadership’ alongside an urban‐rural divide which challenges the promise of chiefly leadership as solution to antipolitical sentiments and a centralized state.
A Review of Immunotherapy for Stage III and Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and the Rationale for the ECOG-ACRIN EA5181 Study
Authors: Varlotto John M. , Sun Zhuoxin , Ky Bonnie , Upshaw Jenica , Katz Sharyn I. , Fitzgerald Thomas J. , Wakelee Heather , Diehn Maximilian , Mankoff David A. , Lovely Christine , Belani Chandra , Oettel Kurt , Masters Gregory , Ramalingam Suresh , Pennell Nathan A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

ECOG-ACRIN EA5181 is a phase III prospective, randomized trial that randomizes patients undergoing chemo/radiation for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) to concomitant durvalumab or no additional therapy, with both arms receiving 1 year of consolidative durvalumab. Radiation dose escalation failed to improve overall survival in RTOG 0617. However, conventionally fractionated radiation to 60 Gy with concomitant chemotherapy is associated with a high risk of local failure (38%–46%). It is hoped that concomitant immunotherapy during chemo/radiation can help decrease the risk of local failure, thereby improving overall survival and progression-free survival with acceptable toxicity. In this article, we review conventional chemo/radiation therapy for LA-NSCLC, as well as the quickly evolving world of immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and discuss the rationale and study design of EA5181.

Implications for Practice
This article provides an up-to-date assessment of how immunotherapy is reshaping the landscape of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and how the impact of this therapy is now rapidly moving into the treatment of patients with locally advanced NSCLC who are presenting for curative treatment. This article reviews the recent publications of chemo/radiation as well as those combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy and chemo/radiation, and provides a strategy for improving overall survival of patients with locally advanced NSCLC by using concomitant immunotherapy with standard concurrent chemo/radiation.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Magnetic Behavior, Cytotoxic Effect
Authors: Miri Abdolhossein , Najafzadeh Hakimeh , Darroudi Majid , Miri Mohammad Javad , Kouhbanani Mohammad Amin Jadidi , Sarani Mina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIron oxide nanoparticles have attracted much attention because of their superparamagnetic properties and their potential applications in many fields such as magnetic storage devices, catalysis, sensors, superparamagnetic relaxometry (SPMR), and high‐sensitivity biomolecule magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs) have been synthesized using ataranjabin(camelthorn or persian manna) aqueous solution. The synthesized Fe2O3NPs were identified through powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), field energy scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating‐sample magnetometer (VSM) and Raman technics. The results show that the nanoparticles have a hexagonal structure with 20 to 60 nm in size. The cytotoxic effect of the synthesized nanoparticles has been tested upon application against lung cancer cell (A549) lines. It was found that there is no cytotoxic activity at lower concentrations of 200 μg/mL. The ability of the synthesized nanoparticles for lead removal in wastewaters was tested. Results show that highest concentration of adsorbent (50 mg/L) has maximum removal efficiency (96.73 %). So, synthesized Fe2O3NPs can be a good candidate to use as heavy metals cleaner from contaminated waters.
Ferroptosis‐Inhibitory Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Ellagitannin Geraniin
Authors: Chen Ban , Li Xican , Liu Jie , Li Yuling , Dai Wanjian , Chen Yingci , Chen Dongfeng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe search for safe and effective ferroptosis‐inhibitors has become an important topic. Geraniin, an ellagitannin bearing hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) and dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoyl (DHHDP) groups, was observed to inhibit erastin‐induced ferroptosis in bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs). To determine the mechanism, geraniin was further analyzed using UV‐vis spectra and several colorimetric assays, where its IC50 values were always much lower than that of the Trolox positive control. When interacted with several free radicals, geraniin gave no radical adduct formation (RAF) peak in the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. In conclusion, geraniin exhibits ferroptosis‐inhibitory potential towards erastin‐treated bmMSCs; such potential may mainly stem from its strong lipid peroxidation (LPO)‐inhibition, Fe2+‐chelating, and antioxidant actions. Geraniin gives neither dimer nor radical adduct, owing to the bulky HHDP (or DHHDP) group; thus, it is considered as a safe and effective ferroptosis‐inhibitor.
Keep your distance: Using Instagram posts to evaluate the risk of anthroponotic disease transmission in gorilla ecotourism
Authors: Van Hamme Gaspard , Svensson Magdalena S. , Morcatty Thais Q. , Nekaris K. Anne‐Isola , Nijman Vincent 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei trekking is a substantial source of revenue for the conservation of this threatened primate and its habitat. Trekking, however, may pose a threat of human‐to‐gorilla disease transmission that could have disastrous effects on wild gorillas.

We used 858 photographs posted on Instagram in 2013–2019 to analyse the proximity of tourists visiting mountain gorillas in the wild. We classified photographs of the encounters according to the distance between the closest gorilla and human, the age class of the gorilla, the trekking location and presence of a surgical face mask on the tourist. We ran a generalised linear mixed model to test whether these variables influenced the distance between the human and the wild gorillas in the photographs, and to test whether these distances have changed over time.

Most sampled photographs (86%) showed tourists within a critical 4 m of the gorillas, with 25 incidents of physical contact between a tourist and a gorilla, and only 3% at the recommended distance of 7 m or more. We only were able to record face mask use in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where these were present in 65% of uploaded photos.

Tourists and immature gorillas tended to get closer to each other than tourists and adult gorillas, and this is more pronounced in female tourists than male tourists. The mean distance between human and wild gorillas decreased by ~1 m between 2013 and 2019.

The results indicate that existing rules are not enforced and raise attention to this unsustainable aspect of mountain gorilla trekking as it is practiced today. These ever‐growing tourist attractions in the range countries pose risks of disease transmission in both directions between tourists and wildlife. The popularity of photograph‐based social media may stimulate closer contacts and influence people into risky behaviours.

We advocate the establishment and reinforcement of regulations relating to the distance between animals and tourists in any in situ wildlife ecotourism context, as well as campaigns to raise awareness regarding the risks of anthroponosis, and fines applied in case of non‐compliance.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Mechanical characteristics and hydrophobicity of alkyl ketene dimer compatibilized hybrid biopolymer composites
Authors: Caylak Sena , Ertas Murat , Donmez Cavdar Ayfer , Angin Naile 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, the effect of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) on the mechanical and physical properties of natural fiber (NF) and glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were investigated in detail. The hybrid PLA composites were manufactured by extrusion method followed by hot press molding. AKD was used to improve the hydrophobicity of hybrid PLA composites and compatibility of NF and PLA in the polymer matrix. The tensile and flexural tests, thickness swelling, water absorption, and contact angle measurements were accomplished for determining the performance of the hybrid PLA composites. The surface morphology of the hybrid PLA composites was also performed by scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of AKD and NF into PLA matrix improved the mechanical strengths by 40% and above compared to those of samples without AKD. But, tensile and flexural moduli decreased as 7% and 14% of the samples with NF and AKD, respectively. Contact angle was higher for the hybrid PLA composites with AKD compared with the composites without AKD. However, the results revealed that in the presence of GF, AKD had no significant effect on overall properties of the hybrid PLA composites. In the light of the findings, AKD may have a potential usage as coupling agent in the NF filled PLA composites.
Synthesis of bio‐based poly(methacrylates) using SG1‐containing amphiphilic macroinitiators by nitroxide mediated miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Tajbakhsh Saeid , Marić Milan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSG1‐based amphiphilic macroinitiators were synthesized from oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate and 10 mol% acrylonitrile or styrene (as the controlling comonomer) to conduct the nitroxide mediated polymerization of bio‐based methacrylic monomers (isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA) and C13 alkyl methacrylate (C13MA)) in miniemulsion. The effect of the addition of surfactant (DOWFAX 8390), co‐stabilizer (n‐hexadecane) and different reaction temperatures (80, 90 and 100°C) on polymerization kinetics was studied. We found that the NMP of IBOMA/C13MA using amphiphilic macroalkoxyamines were most effective during miniemulsion polymerization (linear trend of Mn versus conversion and high latex stability) in presence of 2 wt% surfactant and 0.8 wt% co‐stabilizer (relative to monomer) at 90°C. The effect of surfactant, co‐stabilizer and temperature on particle size during the polymerization was studied and suggested a decrease in initial particle size with the addition of surfactant and co‐stabilizer. Finally, the thermal properties of IBOMA/C13MA polymers, prepared by amphiphilic macroinitiators, were examined thoroughly, indicating a Tg in the range of −44°C < Tg < 109°C.
Psychological symptoms in widowed parents with minor children, 2–4 years after the loss of a partner to cancer
Authors: Falk Megan W. , Angelhoff Charlotte , Alvariza Anette , Kreicbergs Ulrika , Sveen Josefin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to explore psychological symptoms in widowed parents with minor children, 2–4 years after the death of their partner. A second aim was to examine the associations between psychological symptoms and nonmodifiable and modifiable illness and healthcare‐related factors.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey study on widowed parents with minor children after the loss of a partner to cancer. In total, 42 parents completed an online questionnaire including instruments for assessing symptoms of anxiety, depression, grief rumination, prolonged grief, and posttraumatic stress. Descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation coefficients, Mann–Whitney U tests and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to analyze differences in symptomology based on modifiable and nonmodifiable factors.ResultsParents reported moderate–severe symptoms of anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and depression. Reporting having received more information during the partner's illness regarding how the illness could affect the partner's somatic and psychological health and where to turn for support were associated with fewer psychological symptoms.ConclusionsA substantial proportion of widowed parents with minor children reported a moderate–severe symptom burden regarding depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress, and less so with prolonged grief symptoms. This study also highlighted the value of receiving information from healthcare personnel regarding the somatic and psychological effects of a partner's illness and where widowed parents can turn for support.
Examining fear of cancer recurrence in primary brain tumor patients and their caregivers using the Actor‐Partner Interdependence Model
Authors: Braun Sarah Ellen , Aslanzadeh Farah J , Thacker Leroy , Loughan Ashlee R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveFear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is related to psychological distress and poor quality of life in cancer patients and their caregivers. However, no studies have investigated FCR in neuro‐oncology. Given the varied prognosis, treatment, and disease trajectory of brain cancer, FCR may affect patients and their caregivers differently.MethodsEighty adult primary brain tumor (PBT) patients and 52 caregivers completed questionnaires assessing FCR and psychological distress (depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety). Differences in patient and caregiver FCR by demographic and medical characteristics were examined. Using multilevel modeling, the Actor‐Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to investigate the interrelationship between patient and caregiver FCR with demographics and psychological distress measures.ResultsCaregivers reported significantly higher FCR than patients. There were no effects of demographic or medical characteristics on patient FCR. Time since diagnosis was negatively related to caregiver FCR. All measures of psychological distress exerted a significant actor effect on FCR among both patients and caregivers. Two partner effects were found: caregiver depressive symptoms and death anxiety negatively predicted patients' FCR.ConclusionsThis is the first investigation of FCR in PBT patients and their caregivers. Most demographic and medical characteristics were not related to patient or caregiver FCR. Caregiver FCR may be higher at the time of diagnosis and decrease over time. APIMs revealed actor effects on patient and caregiver FCR for all measures of psychological distress. Results demonstrated the dyadic effects of a brain tumor diagnosis, emphasizing the need to include caregivers in psychotherapy for neuro‐oncology patients.
Reaching the highest shelf: A review of organic production, nutritional quality, and shelf life of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)
Authors: Reda Tony , Thavarajah Pushaparajah , Polomski Robert , Bridges William , Shipe Emerson , Thavarajah Dil 
Published: February 2021

Societal Impact StatementSince its inception in the early 20th century, organic agriculture has grown increasingly popular due to its focus on a holistic, environmentally friendly approach to crop production. However, it is comparatively limited in biomass production, disease management, nutritional quality, and postharvest treatment compared to conventional agriculture. These challenges carry over into kale production, the majority of which is certified organic. This article reviews organic kale production, morphology, and shelf life, focusing on nutrition and plant breeding. It explores the shortcomings of organic output and potential areas of study to enhance shelf life in organic kale while maintaining nutritional quality.
Summary
Organic production has grown exponentially over the past few decades in both acreage and popularity worldwide. This review focuses specifically on kale produced in the USA. However, regulations limiting synthetic inputs leave organic produce at a disadvantage compared to conventional agriculture in terms of biomass, nutritional quality, disease management, and postharvest treatment. Organic agriculture requires significant improvements to be a viable means of production for a growing population. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a “nutritional powerhouse” leafy green vegetable. The high concentration of vitamins, minerals, and prebiotic carbohydrates in a low‐calorie food makes kale an important crop for combatting obesity‐related non‐communicable diseases. However, the short shelf life of organic kale and inevitable fresh food waste make developing new kale cultivars with increased shelf life essential. This review article aims to (a) review kale morphology, consumer preference, and production, and (b) review nutritional quality, its effect on shelf life, and current breeding efforts of kale. Future research could focus on developing a kale breeding pipeline following suitable kale germplasm selection adapted to organic agriculture with both superior shelf life and improved nutritional quality.
Deep learning pan‐specific model for interpretable MHC‐I peptide binding prediction with improved attention mechanism
Authors: Jin Jing , Liu Zhonghao , Nasiri Alireza , Cui Yuxin , Louis Stephen‐Yves , Zhang Ansi , Zhao Yong , Hu Jianjun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAccurate prediction of peptide binding affinity to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins has the potential to design better therapeutic vaccines. Previous work has shown that pan‐specific prediction algorithms can achieve better prediction performance than other approaches. However, most of the top algorithms are neural networks based black box models. Here, we propose DeepAttentionPan, an improved pan‐specific model, based on convolutional neural networks and attention mechanisms for more flexible, stable and interpretable MHC‐I binding prediction. With the attention mechanism, our ensemble model consisting of 20 trained networks achieves high and more stabilized prediction performance. Extensive tests on IEDB's weekly benchmark dataset show that our method achieves state‐of‐the‐art prediction performance on 21 test allele datasets. Analysis of the peptide positional attention weights learned by our model demonstrates its capability to capture critical binding positions of the peptides, which leads to mechanistic understanding of MHC‐peptide binding with high alignment with experimentally verified results. Furthermore, we show that with transfer learning, our pan model can be fine‐tuned for alleles with few samples to achieve additional performance improvement. DeepAttentionPan is freely available as an open‐source software at https://github.com/jjin49/DeepAttentionPan.
Challenges to managing aging process equipment and infrastructure
Authors: Kelly Brian D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAging equipment has long been a reality in the chemical process industries. Plants built in the 1950s and 1960s, during an age of prosperity and growth, have since surpassed their life expectancy and many are still operating. Aging equipment is often more prone to failure than equipment built to current standards. Aging is recognized as a significant contributor to industrial accidents particularly in North America. CCPS published a concept book in 2018 highlighting best practices for dealing with aging equipment. In the current economic downturn coupled with the COVID‐19 pandemic there are some additional challenges in applying these best practices. This article discusses some of these challenges.
Defining distance thresholds for migration research
Authors: Lomax Nik , Norman Paul , Darlington‐Pollock Frances 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere exists a large body of research focused on migration distance, where migration is either the outcome of interest or used as an input variable to model something else. However, there is little consistency in the distance thresholds used: these are often arbitrary, based on administrative boundaries or constrained by definitions available in the dataset. This causes problems with comparison across studies, and in some cases where migration distance is poorly defined could lead to issues with interpretation of results. Using Binary Logistic Regression and drawing on data from the 2011 Census Sample of Anonymised Records for England and Wales, we demonstrate that the odds of migrating vary when considering a range of population characteristics across 16 distance thresholds. We argue that the choice of distance cut‐offs needs to be population and context specific and that decisions about these cut‐offs should be made carefully as part of the study design.