bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The essential superficiality of the voluntary and the moralization of psychology
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIs the idea of the voluntary important? Those who think so tend to regard it as an idea that can be metaphysically deepened through a theory about voluntary action, while those who think it a superficial idea that cannot coherently be deepened tend to neglect it as unimportant. Parting company with both camps, I argue that the idea of the voluntary is at once important and superficial—it is an essentially superficial notion that performs important functions, but can only perform them if we refrain from deepening it. After elaborating the contrast between superficial and deepened ideas of the voluntary, I identify the important functions that the superficial idea performs in relation to demands for fairness and freedom. I then suggest that theories trying to deepen the idea exemplify a problematic moralization of psychology—they warp psychological ideas to ensure that moral demands can be met. I offer a three-tier model of the problematic dynamics this creates, and show why the pressure to deepen the idea should be resisted. On this basis, I take stock of what an idea of the voluntary worth having should look like, and what residual tensions with moral ideas this leaves us with.
Generalized parallel tempering on Bayesian inverse problems
Authors: Latz Jonas , Madrigal-Cianci Juan P. , Nobile Fabio , Tempone Raúl 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the current work we present two generalizations of the Parallel Tempering algorithm in the context of discrete-time Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for Bayesian inverse problems. These generalizations use state-dependent swapping rates, inspired by the so-called continuous time Infinite Swapping algorithm presented in Plattner et al. (J Chem Phys 135(13):134111, 2011). We analyze the reversibility and ergodicity properties of our generalized PT algorithms. Numerical results on sampling from different target distributions, show that the proposed methods significantly improve sampling efficiency over more traditional sampling algorithms such as Random Walk Metropolis, preconditioned Crank–Nicolson, and (standard) Parallel Tempering.
Ethical machine decisions and the input-selection problem
Authors: Lundgren Björn 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article is about the role of factual uncertainty for moral decision-making as it concerns the ethics of machine decision-making (i.e., decisions by AI systems, such as autonomous vehicles, autonomous robots, or decision support systems). The view that is defended here is that factual uncertainties require a normative evaluation and that ethics of machine decision faces a triple-edged problem, which concerns what a machine ought to do, given its technical constraints, what decisional uncertainty is acceptable, and what trade-offs are acceptable to decrease the decisional uncertainty.
No normative free lunch: relevance and the autonomy of the normative domain
Authors: Behrens Singa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe autonomy thesis is the claim that one cannot get a normative statement from purely descriptive statements. But despite its intuitive appeal a precise formulation of the thesis has remained elusive. In a recent paper, Maguire (2015) makes the promising suggestion that the thesis should be understood in terms of ground. But Maguire’s formulation, I argue, is based on controversial taxonomic assumptions that make the autonomy thesis into a non-substantive claim. I develop an alternative ground-based formulation of the autonomy thesis that appeals to the notion of normative relevance, which is in turn understood using the tools of truthmaker semantics. This formulation of the autonomy thesis avoids well-known counterexamples to other formulations and has significant advantages over Maguire’s formulation.
Characterization of Episomal Replication of Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 DNA in Long-Term Virion-Infected Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Culture
Authors: Tu Quanmei , Feng Weixu , Chen Zhuo , Li Qijia , Zhao Yu , Chen Jun , Jiang Pengfei , Xue Xiangyang , Zhang Lifang , Zhao Kong-Nan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe have previously reported that bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) DNA can replicate its genome and produce infectious virus-like particles in short term virion-infected S. cerevisiae (budding yeast) cultures (Zhao and Frazer 2002, Journal of Virology, 76:3359–64 and 76:12265–73). Here, we report the episomal replications of BPV-1 DNA in long term virion-infected S. cerevisiae culture up to 108 days. Episomal replications of the BPV-1 DNA could be divided into three patterns at three stages, early active replication (day 3–16), middle weak replication (day 23–34/45) and late stable replication (day 45–82). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis and Southern blot hybridization have revealed further that multiple replication intermediates of BPV-1 DNA including linear form, stranded DNA, monomers and higher oligomers were detected in the virion-infected yeast cells over the time course. Higher oligomers shown as covalently closed circular DNAs (cccDNAs) are the most important replication intermediates that serve as the main nuclear transcription template for producing all viral RNAs in the viral life cycle. In this study, the cccDNAs were generated at the early active replication stage with the highest frequencies and then at late stable replication, but they appeared to be suppressed at the middle weak replication. Our data provided a novel insight that BPV-1 genomic DNA could replicate episomally for the long period and produce the key replication intermediates cccDNAs in S. cerevisiae system.
Early Introduction of AI in Spanish Middle Schools. A Motivational Study
Authors: Fernández-Martínez Carmen , Hernán-Losada Isidoro , Fernández Alberto 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper describes the practical initiative to include Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Spanish educational system’s curriculum at an early age. This proposal is in line with the current trend of introducing AI in school curricula all over the world. To this end, we propose an Artificial Intelligence workshop for middle schools within the existing subject, Technology, Programming and Robotics. In order to test the suitability of introducing AI at an early age, we conducted the activities at a bilingual middle school in Madrid. As evaluation tools, a quiz and motivational study of the students concerning AI was carried out using Situational Motivational Scale (SIMS) before and after introducing the activities. Responses of 84 students were analysed and the conclusion was reached that it is slightly better to introduce AI at an early age.
Flight flexibility in strategic traffic planning: visualisation and mitigation use case
Authors: Bolić Tatjana , Castelli Lorenzo , Scaini Giovanni , Frau Giuseppe , Guidi Stefano 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe concept of strategic traffic planning that takes into account changing airspace configurations, their capacity, and allows the quantification of flight flexibility is presented in this paper: the visualization of the results and an example of possible use. The concept is implemented through two deterministic optimization models. Here, we focus on the output of the models, which identifies the departure times, trajectories, flight flexibility and the list of saturated sector-hours throughout the day, based on the configurations used during the day. In order to make the output understandable to various stakeholders, we use a visualization tool and a set of performance indicators. The information on the saturated sectors, and their impact on flexibility (criticality index) is taken as an input in the example of mitigation action application by Air Navigation Service Providers, aimed at improving the situation. A mitigation strategy of increasing capacity of saturated airspace is implemented, and results show that the improvements in flexibility can be achieved.
Mining and indigenous rights in Sweden: what is at stake and the role for legislation
Authors: Tarras-Wahlberg Håkan , Southalan John 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMining and the permitting process for mineral projects in Sweden has been criticised as inadequately safeguarding the rights of Indigenous reindeer herding Sámi, who hold usufruct rights to more than half the country’s territory. There have been calls for Sweden to ratify the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO 169) and to change its Mineral Law. This paper evaluates the extent of protection of Sámi rights — and not only those engaged in reindeer herding — in Sweden’s minerals permitting process. It also considers the implications if changes were made to align this process with the Indigenous-rights framework. The paper demonstrates that reindeer herding Sámi are, broadly, treated similar to landowners in the mineral projectspermittingprocess. However, there is discrimination when it comes to being able to have a share in the benefits of a project: impacted reindeer herders have no such option whereas landowners do. Also, the permitting processes do not consider social and cultural impacts, nor are there obligations for the state to be sufficiently involved in consultation processes. Addressing the identified shortcomings would require only small changes to the Mineral Law and/or to its application and would be possible with only limited impacts on mining because the sector is not a significant user of land whilst it creates large economic values. However, extending those changes (to give parity between landowners and Sámi rights holders) in other important economic sectors which use more extensive land areas, would entail a considerable transfer of resources and associated power. Furthermore, changing the Mineral Law specifically would mean little in terms of safeguarding the rights of the majority of Sami who do not engage in reindeer herding. This suggests that calls for changes to mineral-related legislation to resolve indigenous land right issues are mis-directed or at least insufficient, and that other type of legislative change is required, fundamentally including resolving how extensive and strong the Sámi’s rights to land should be.
There is No Link Between Birth Weight and Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Authors: Hanratty Charlotte , Thyagarajan Balamurugan , Clarke Nicholas M. , Aarvold Alexander 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Aims
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) has been linked to high birth weight and packaging disorders, though the evidence is limited. This has implications on screening strategies. The aim of this study was to establish whether birth weight was truly associated with the incidence of DDH.

Patients and Methods
This cohort study analysed the birth weights of all babies born at our institution over a 24 month period, between 01/01/2017 and 01/01/2019. Babies with DDH and those without DDH were compared. Babies were excluded if born before 38 weeks, had incomplete data or were a non-singleton pregnancy. Sub-analysis was performed for DDH severity (dysplastic versus subluxed/dislocated hips), breech presentation, gestational age, gender and ethnicity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.

Results
There were 10,113 babies born at our institution during the selected timeframe, of which 884 were excluded for prematurity, 336 for being non-singleton and 19 for incomplete data. This left 8874 for analysis, of which 95 babies had confirmed DDH. Both the Non-DDH and DDH data sets had normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilkes, p = 0.308 and 0.629, respectively), with mean birth weights of 3477.7 g with DDH and 3492.8 g without DDH. No difference in birth weight was found (Independent T test, p = 0.789). Females had a lower birth weight than males (3293.1 g versus 3416.6 g (p < 0.001)) yet have a higher incidence of DDH (ratio 6:1 in this dataset). No significant difference was found between birth weights of females with and without DDH (p = 0.068), nor between males with and without DDH (p = 0.513). There were no significant differences in birth weights even when only displaced hips were analysed (p = 0.543), nor according to breech presentation (p = 0.8). Longer gestation babies weighed more (p < 0.00001), yet showed no increase in DDH incidence (p = 0.64).

Conclusion
This study discredits the belief that DDH may be related to higher birth weight, thus casting doubt on the link to DDH being a packaging problem in utero. This, therefore, allows future research to prioritise the investigation of alternative aetiologies.
Hue and cry for Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don, a threatened medicinal plant in the Western Himalaya
Authors: Mathela Manisha , Kumar Amit , Sharma Monika , Goraya Gurinderjit Singh 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe unique Himalayan ecosystems are repositories to the wild populations of diverse flora and fauna. The high value medicinal and aromatic plant species (MAPs) are an example of the same. Since time immemorial, these MAPs have been traditionally used by the local inhabitants and have eventually developed a high market value all over the world. Increasing market demand engenders over-extraction of species, unsustainable collection further catalyses decline in wild populations. The current communication raises high conservation concern on the rapid population decline ofFritillaria cirrhosaD.Don in the Western Himalaya. Harvested and traded with a new trade name i.e., ‘Jangli lehsun’ probably to disguise commonAlliumspecies, the species is facing tremendous decline in wild populations due to its illegal harvesting and trade in Himachal Pradesh. Further,F. cirrhosafaces threat due to unorganized, over-extraction, unsustainable and premature harvesting of the bulbs, coupled with illegal hidden markets functioning parallelly. Considering that this valuable species is under multiple threats being a medicinally important plant, priority should be given for its conservation through in-situ such as identification of medicinal plant conservation areas and ex-situ methods for its propagation and multiplication. Further, to ensure the long-term conservation ofFritillaria cirrhosa, prioritized conservation strategies such as strengthening of the Biodiversity Management Committees, capacity building through awareness programs for the key stakeholders and sustainable harvesting would be the practical solution.
Evaluating Observational Constraints on Intermodel Spread in Cloud, Temperature, and Humidity Feedbacks
Authors: He Haozhe , Kramer Ryan J. , Soden Brian J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUncertainty in climate feedbacks is the primary source of the spread in projected surface temperature responses to anthropogenic forcing. Cloud feedback persistently appears as the main source of disagreement in future projections while the combined lapse‐rate plus water vapor (LR + WV) feedback is a smaller (30%), but non‐trivial source of uncertainty in climate sensitivity. Here we attempt to observationally constrain the feedbacks in an effort to reduce their intermodel uncertainties. The observed interannual variation provides a useful constraint on the long‐term cloud feedback, as evidenced by the consistency of global‐mean values and regional contributions to the intermodel spread on both interannual and long‐term timescales. However, interannual variability does not serve to constrain the long‐term LR + WV feedback spread, which we find is dominated by the varying tropical relative humidity (RH) response to interhemispheric warming differences under clear‐sky conditions and the RH‐fixed LR feedback under all‐sky conditions.
Wetter Summers Mitigated Temperature Stress on Rocky Mountain Forests During the Last Interglacial Warm Period
Authors: Berkelhammer M. , Insel N. , Stefanescu I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent droughts have highlighted concerns of how rising summer temperatures will increase tree mortality rates across the western United States. We analyzed subfossil wood samples from Colorado dating to the last interglacial to assess the response of two common conifers to a previous warm period. The trees experienced comparable growth rates and water use efficiency during the interglacial relative to modern despite evidence from model simulations of a 30% increase in evaporative demand during the peak of the growing season. High‐resolution isotopic analysis of the wood samples show an enrichment in the late season cellulosic O relative to modern samples, which we find was associated with increased reliance on summer rain. The data are consistent with model simulations showing the interglacial was associated with wetter summers across the western US. We propose enhanced summer rain during this period compensated for drought stress imposed by higher evaporative demand.
Seasonal Relationship Between Net Primary and Net Community Production in the Subtropical Gyres: Insights From Satellite and Argo Profiling Float Measurements
Authors: Yang Bo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe ratio between net community production (NCP) and net primary production (NPP) is a useful index of carbon export efficiency (e‐ratio). Seasonal variations of e‐ratio are poorly documented due to the lack of field measurements. In this study, the satellite‐based NPP and Argo‐Oxygen (O2) based NCP were used to determine e‐ratio in the subtropical gyres. Comparisons with long‐term field measurements at the Hawaii Ocean Time‐Series showed good agreement in annual mean and spring‐summer (April–July) e‐ratio. With the short‐term tracer (O2) the satellite‐Argo approach revealed significant seasonal variations in NCP and e‐ratio in the subtropical gyres of the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and South Pacific. The satellite‐Argo‐derived annual mean e‐ratio in all three Northern Hemisphere sites were close to those from the temperature‐based empirical model, but significantly lower in the South Pacific subtropical gyre where the sub‐annual NCP variations were stronger.
Intermodel Spread in the Impact of the Springtime Pacific Meridional Mode on Following‐Winter ENSO Tied to Simulation of the ITCZ in CMIP5/CMIP6
Authors: Zheng Yuqiong , Chen Wen , Chen Shangfeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Pacific meridional mode (PMM) is the leading air‐sea coupled mode over the subtropical northeastern Pacific and plays an important role in El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurrence. This study examined the performances of CMIP5/CMIP6 models in simulating the PMM and its association with ENSO. CMIP6 offers improvements in capturing the spatial structure and seasonality of PMM compared to CMIP5, but still considerably underestimates the air‐sea coupling strength and coupling persistence time associated with the PMM. Additionally, large intermodel spread exists in the springtime PMM‐wintertime ENSO relationship across the CMIP models, which is attributable to bias in the simulation of ITCZ. Models with a stronger climatological ITCZ provide favorable backgrounds for PMM‐related sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) to induce stronger atmospheric heating over the subtropical North Pacific. The enhanced air‐sea coupling favors PMM‐related SSTAs and atmospheric anomalies propagating southwestwards to the tropical central Pacific where they impact the following‐winter ENSO.
Comprehensive Observational Features for the Kuroshio Transport Decreasing Trend During a Recent Global Warming Hiatus
Authors: Liu Zhao‐Jun , Zhu Xiao‐Hua , Nakamura Hirohiko , Nishina Ayako , Wang Min , Zheng Hua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLinear trends in Kuroshio transport during a recent global warming hiatus (1998–2013) were evaluated using long‐term ferryboat ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler) data and tidal gauge data in the Tokara Strait south of Japan. The Kuroshio exhibited a remarkable weakening trend of approximately 0.05 Sv year−1 (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1). The pycnocline in the weakened Kuroshio was relaxed and displayed shoaling at the offshore edge, which was attributed to vertical thermocline displacement rather than to water mass modification. Importantly, Kuroshio transport trends in the Tokara Strait were affected by sea surface height anomalies, which were driven by the combined effects of the clockwise baroclinic‐mode coastal trapped wave propagation along the southern coast of Japan and downstream Kuroshio advection in the East China Sea. Both features were induced by wind stress curl changes related to the global warming hiatus over the North Pacific.
Toward an Ice‐Free Mountain Range: Demise of Pyrenean Glaciers During 2011–2020
Authors: Vidaller I. , Revuelto J. , Izagirre E. , Rojas‐Heredia F. , Alonso‐González E. , Gascoin S. , René P. , Berthier E. , Rico I. , Moreno A. , Serrano E. , Serreta A. , López‐Moreno J. I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPyrenean glaciers are the largest in southern Europe. Their survival is threatened by climate change, highlighting the significance of their study. This research presents an assessment of changes in the glacierized area and thickness of Pyrenean glaciers from 2011 to 2020, using high‐resolution optical satellite, airborne lidar and UAV images. The total glacierized area has shrunk by 23.2% and thickness has decreased on average by 6.3 m. These two variables show no correlation for individual glaciers. Although climatic conditions do not vary much among glaciers, their evolution was heterogeneous during the study period. The smaller glaciers (<10 ha) show a higher variability in their area decrease and thickness loss whereas the four largest glaciers (>10 ha) have a more homogeneous response. This can be attributed to the generally larger influence of local topography on the response of the smaller Pyrenean glaciers. There is no sign of slowdown in glacier shrinkage respect to previous decades.
Dependence of Precipitation on Precipitable Water Vapor Over the Maritime Continent and Implications to the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Chen Siyue , Wong Nathanael Z. , Ma Ding , Chan Pak Wah , Kuang Zhiming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe weakening of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) as it propagates over the Maritime Continent (MC) is often referred to as the MC barrier. Here, we use 3‐hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) data obtained from the Sumatran GPS Array and the ERA5 reanalysis to investigate the role played by the column moisture over the MC. Over Sumatra and the whole MC, we find a stronger dependence of precipitation on PWV over the ocean as compared to both inland and coastal regions. The MJO modulates the PWV over the ocean and over the MC by roughly the same amount, and the weaker precipitation variations over the MC between the MJO phases may be interpreted in terms of its weaker dependence on PWV over the MC. This different precipitation dependence on column moisture between the MC and the ocean may contribute to the MC barrier effect.
On the Stability of Talc in Subduction Zones: A Possible Control on the Maximum Depth of Decoupling Between the Subducting Plate and Mantle Wedge
Authors: Peacock Simon M. , Wang Kelin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeophysical observations including surface heat flow data indicate the subducting slab becomes fully coupled to the overlying mantle wedge at ∼70–80 km depth. This maximum depth of decoupling (MDD) separates cool, stagnant forearc mantle from warmer, convecting mantle capable of generating arc magmas. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that talc is stable in H2O‐undersaturated parts of the mantle wedge where its stability is controlled by the pressure‐dependent, fluid‐absent reaction: talc + forsterite = antigorite + enstatite, which occurs at pressures ∼2–2.5 GPa (∼70–80 km depth) and temperatures <650°C. At shallower depths, H2O‐undersaturated portions of the basal mantle wedge contain talc, which experimental studies show dramatically weakens rocks. At greater depths, talc is restricted to silica‐rich portions of the mantle wedge. The common MDD in subduction zones may reflect the downdip transition from a talc‐present decoupled shear zone to a talc‐absent fully coupled interface along the base of the mantle wedge.