bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Advanced Age on Postoperative Outcomes Following Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Mohan Shruthi , Cha Elliot D. K. , Lynch Conor P. , Geoghegan Cara E. , Jadczak Caroline N. , Singh Kern 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Age 65 years or older is considered a risk factor for worse outcomes after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). However, few studies have differentiated this cohort from younger patients. This study compares postoperative outcomes among patients 65 years or older of age with a younger cohort after minimally invasive (MIS) TLIF.

Methods:
A database was reviewed for adults undergoing primary, elective, single-level MIS TLIF procedures for degenerative pathology from 2008 to 2019. Outcomes included visual analogue scale (VAS) for back and leg, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Short Form 12-Item physical component score (SF-12 PCS), and Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System physical function. Outcomes were collected preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Patients were categorized as ≥75 years, 65 to 74 years, or <65 years of age. Propensity score matching was performed, and outcome improvement and minimum clinically important difference (MCID) achievement were evaluated by group. MCID achievement was calculated using previously established values.

Results:
Our cohort included 51 patients aged younger than 65 years, 47 patients aged 65 to 74 years, and 16 patients aged 75 years or older. No significant perioperative differences or complications existed between groups. The 65- to 74-year group improved in VAS back, leg, and ODI from 6 weeks to 1 year (all P < 0.001) and SF-12 PCS at 12 weeks to 1 year (all P < 0.005). VAS back, ODI, and SF-12 PCS differed between groups preoperatively (P < 0.050), and VAS back and ODI varied at 6 weeks (P < 0.01). VAS leg differed between groups at 12 weeks and SF-12 PCS at 1 year (both P < 0.050). MCID achievement was similar between groups except for VAS leg at 6 weeks (P = 0.038) and 12 weeks (P = 0.023).

Conclusion:
Patients 65 years or older of age markedly improved from baseline, similarly to younger patients. Postoperative outcome scores and MCID achievement demonstrated differences between groups at intermittent timepoints. With appropriate selection criteria, patient age may not act as a notable risk factor for successful MIS TLIF procedures.
Gender and Socioeconomic Factors Affect Adolescent Patient and Guardian Preferences in Sports Medicine Physician Characteristics and Medical Decision Making
Authors: Beck Jennifer J. , West Nicole , Jackson Nicholas , Willimon S. Clifton , Busch Michael T. , Christino Melissa A. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Diversity has increased within youth sports. It is unknown whether these demographic or socioeconomic factors affect adolescent patients' and their guardians' preferences of sports medicine physicians and involvement in medial decision making. Demographic and socioeconomic factors may affect adolescent patient and guardian preferences for sports medicine physicians.

Methods:
Patients, age 10 to 18 years, and their guardians presenting to two sports medicine offices were asked to complete matched, anonymous surveys assessing their preferences for medical decision making, sports medicine physician gender, and personality characteristics. Analysis of demographic and socioeconomic effects on preferences was completed.

Results:
Matched survey responses were collected from 353 patients and 325 corresponding guardians. Patient average age was 14.6 years (SD 2.1), with 43% female. Guardian average age was 43.4 years (SD 8.3), with 79% female. For both patients and guardians, the highest valued physician characteristic was being a good listener. Overall, 21% of patients and 17% of guardians reported a physician gender preference that matched the gender of the patient. Among all female patients, 32% preferred a female physician. Among all male patients, 12% preferred a male physician (P < 0.001). Ninety-two percent of patients reported wanting to be involved, and 93% of guardians thought that their child should be involved in the decision-making process. Hispanic, non-White, non-English speaking, government or no insurance, or less than college level of education patients and guardians reported a significantly greater importance of the physician independently determining the treatment plan (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Demographic and socioeconomic factors do affect adolescent patient and guardian preferences for sports medicine physicians. Young patients have a desire to be included in the medical decision-making process. Female adolescent patients may have a same-gender preference for their sports medicine physician.

Study Design:
This is a prospective, cohort study.
The Influence of Gender on the Cortical Width of the Lower Border of the Mandible and the Mandibular Cortical Index
Authors: Kamber-Ćesir Alma , Dardagan Đonlagić Amela , Ajanović Muhamed , Strujić Porović Sanela , Gavranović Alma , Kazazić Lejla , Berhamović Lejla , Berhamović Emir 
Published: May 2021

<p><strong>Objective.</strong> To evaluate the influence of gender on the mental index (MI) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI).</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> In this study, there were 120 subjects (43 male and 77 female subjects), who had undergone a dental panoramic radiograph examination for the needs of diagnosis and future treatment planning. MI and MCI were determined by orthopantomograph.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> There was a statistically significant difference in MI dependent on gender. Male patients demonstrated significantly higher values for MI than female patients (right: t=4.127; P=0.0001, left: t=3.110; P=0.002). No statistically significant difference was observed for MCI dependent on gender (right: χ²=2.36 P=0.308, left: χ²=3.85 P=0.146).</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>MI is affected by gender, but MCI is not.</p>
The Veil of Obscuration: Additional Radiographic Sign of Posterior Shoulder Dislocation
Authors: Hirai Gimber Lana , Taljanovic Mihra S. , Rockov Zachary A. , Krupinski Elizabeth A. , Chadaz Tyson S. , Rogers Lee F. 
Published: May 2021

<p><strong>Objective.</strong> To describe a new radiographic sign, “veil of obscuration”, associated with posterior glenohumeral joint (shoulder) dislocations and determine its incidence and validity compared to other known classic radiographic signs.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> Four-year retrospective study identified 30 acute posterior shoulder dislocation patients. Radiographs reviewed in consensus by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists for the “veil of obscuration”, seen on AP shoulder radiographs and representing a comminuted fracture of the lesser tuberosity projecting over the humeral head or glenohumeral joint. Incidence of this radiographic sign of posterior glenohumeral joint dislocation in addition to other previously described classic radiographic signs, and association with other fractures, surgery, and mechanism of injury were evaluated. Continuous data was analysed with student t-test and categorical data with Chi-Square test.</p><p><strong>Results. </strong>There were 20 right and 10 left posterior shoulder dislocations. Majority of injuries resulted from vehicle crash (44%). In most cases, reverse Hill-Sachs lesion (83%) and fixed internal rotation of the humeral head (76%) were present, followed by trough line (43%) and “veil of obscuration” (40%). Trough line was seen in significantly more major trauma and vehicle crashes (78% and 46%; P=0.015), while “veil of obscuration” was seen in more seizures (86%; P=0.037) and in all surgical patients. No significant difference in presence of other classic radiographic signs in regards to surgery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>The newly described radiographic sign of posterior shoulder dislocations named the “veil of obscuration” has comparable incidence as other classic radiographic signs and may be useful in the recognition and diagnosis of these injuries.</p>
Evaluation of Physical Parameters of Novel Licorice Varnish Versus Fluoride and Combination Varnish: An In-Vitro Study
Authors: Sankeshwari Roopali , Ankola Anil , Bhat Kishore , Bolmal Udaya , Rao Malleswara 
Published: May 2021

<p><strong>Objectives. </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of locally prepared Licorice varnish (LV), commercially available Fluoride varnish (FV) and a Combination of both Varnishes (CV).</p><p><strong>Material and Methods. </strong>LV was prepared using authenticated licorice roots. Commercially available FV (Bifluorid 12) was used as a positive control and CV was prepared in six different concentrations of both varnishes. Conventional antibacterial activity assessment, employing disc diffusion and broth dilution methods, was inconclusive. Therefore a novel assessment method was used, whereby the varnish was directly added to a mixture of Brain Heart Infusion broth with <em>Streptococcus mutans </em>and incubated. Physical parameters such as pH, rate of evaporation, viscosity, film forming ability, and cost incurred for preparation were assessed and compared.</p><p><strong>Results. </strong>FV, LV and CV (except the combination of LV 80% + FV 20%) showed antibacterial activity against <em>Streptococcus mutans</em>. All three varnishes formed films on the tooth surface as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Mean pH was in the range of 4-4.5, viscosity 48-52 centipoise (cP), rate of evaporation was 150-160 seconds. They were comparable to each other in the physical parameters tested, except for the shelf life of LV.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>All three varnishes showed antibacterial activity against <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> which was established using an innovative method of antibacterial activity assessment. LV was most economical of all but had a shorter shelf life. The results of this study need to be evaluated through an in vivo study.</p>
A Rare Branching Pattern of a Middle Mesenteric Artery Supplying the Head of the Pancreas and the Transverse Colon
Authors: Venieratos Dionysios , Tsoucalas Gregory , Panagouli Eleni 
Published: May 2021

<p><strong>Objective</strong>. The appearance of a middle mesenteric artery is a rare branching variation, with an incidence lower than 0.1%. Our case reports such an anatomical artery pattern which was discovered in a male Caucasian cadaver during routine educational dissection. This alternation is seldom encountered and may trouble diagnostic and surgical interventions.</p><p><strong>Case Report.</strong> The case of a Middle Mesenteric Artery is described, as a vessel originating from the Abdominal Aorta 3.3 cm below the origin of the Superior Mesenteric and 3.8 cm above the origin of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery. The middle mesenteric artery, directed upwards, gives two branches for supplying blood to the head of the pancreas. We first mention the thinner branch, corresponding to the posterior one of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and second the thicker branch corresponding to the anterior branch of the Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery. The main artery continues its course between the two sheets of the mesocolon to supply the transverse colon, thus substituting the normal colic artery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>The occurrence of a Middle Mesenteric Artery constitutes a very rare anatomic variation. We present, to our knowledge, the first case described where the Middle Mesenteric Artery provides blood to the pancreas.</p>
Estilo docente y competencia en educación superior: mediación del clima motivacional
Authors: Granero-Gallegos Antonio , Hortigüela-Alcalá David , Hernando-Garijo Alejandra , Carrasco-Poyatos María 
Published: May 2021

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la mediación del clima motivacionalentre el estilo interpersonal docente y la satisfacción y frustración de la competencia académica en alumnado de educación superior. El diseño de la investigación es observacional, descriptivo y transversal, con muestreo por conveniencia.Han participado 354 estudiantes universitarios (59.6% varones) (Medad=21.84;DT=1.98) y se han utilizado las siguientes escalas: Estilo Interpersonal Docenteen Educación Superior, Clima Motivacional en Educación, Satisfacción de lasNecesidades Psicológicas Básicas y Frustración de las Necesidades PsicológicasBásicas. Las relaciones predictivas del estilo interpersonal docente sobre lasatisfacción y frustración de la competencia académica, mediados por el climamotivacional, se han sometido a verificación mediante un modelo de senderos(path analysis). Se presentan las relaciones directas e indirectas del modelo. Haquedado demostrada la importancia del clima motivacional como elementomediador entre el estilo interpersonal docente y la satisfacción y frustraciónde la competencia académica del alumnado, siendo el clima hacia la maestríael mediador más relevante para la predicción positiva de la satisfacción de lacompetencia a partir de un estilo de apoyo a la autonomía.
Representaciones sobre sexismo en Educación Superior y Formación Profesional
Authors: Fernandez Rotaeche Patricia , Jaureguizar Alboniga-Mayor Joana , Idoiaga Mondragon Nahia 
Published: May 2021

La educación, y la escuela como institución, juegan un papel fundamental en el proceso de socialización de todo ser humano, y, a través de ella se transmiten creencias y actitudes donde se constata el papel del personal docente como transmisor de las mismas. Entre las creencias y actitudes que el profesorado puede transmitir de forma no consciente están las ideas sexistas. Este estudio quiere conocer la representación que sobre el sexismo tiene el alumnado de grados de Educación Infantil, Primaria y Técnico Superior en Educación Infantil, considerando que éstos son el futuro personal docente-educador y, por tanto, responsables de la transmisión de ideas, creencias y actitudes en las aulas. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, 114 alumnas y alumnos de grados de Educación Infantil y Primaria, así como también alumnado de formación profesional, Técnicos y Técnicas en Educación Infantil, realizaron una tarea de asociación libre mediante el Grid Elaboration Method con el fin de recoger las representaciones sobre sexismo de dicho alumnado. Para analizar el contenido del ejercicio se realizó un análisis lexical mediante el método Reinert a través del software Iramuteq. Los resultados más significativos nos muestran que este alumnado representa el sexismo como una infravaloración por razón de género, y que esta infravaloración se daría por igual en hombres y en mujeres. El estudio también recoge situaciones sexistas que el alumnado observa y vive, las cuales son identificadas en su mayoría en el ámbito laboral y deportivo, quedando excluido el sexismo en el ámbito educativo. Finalmente, se quiere conocer las repercusiones sociales del sexismo, donde sobre todo se menciona la discriminación social hacia la mujer haciendo claras referencias al patriarcado. Además, se discute la ausencia de conciencia de este alumnado de que el sexismo se puede dar también en el ámbito educativo, y sobre las implicaciones de la misma.
Perception, practice and proximity. Qualifying threats as psychological torture in international law.
Authors: Cakal Ergün 
Published: May 2021

Background: Fear is a central dimension of torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment (hereafter ‘other ill-treatment’), particularly as a part of verbal or non-verbal threats. Adjudicators and policy-makers have grappled, arguably at a greater depth than with other methods of psychological torture, with the circumstances in which fear-based methods amount to torture or other ill-treatment. The pursuit of non-coercive standards of police interrogation has further underscored the need to better distinguish the prohibited from the permitted. Upon this background, this article reviews the existing jurisprudential and social scientific literature in formulating a lens through which fear-inducing methods could be better functionally conceptualised. Method: This article has identified, through systematic full-text search of databases, texts with keywords ‘threat’, ‘fear’, ‘coercion’, ‘intimidation’, ‘distress’, ‘anguish’ and ‘psychological pressure’. The identified texts, limited to English-language journal articles, NGO reports, court-cases and UN documents from 1950 to date, were then selected for relevance pertaining to conceptual, evidentiary and legal critique provided therein. Discussion: Whilst it is broadly recognized that the deployment of fear to inflict violence can amount to torture, methods of threats or coercion are not adequately conceptualized particularly at the lower end, i.e. routine interrogational torture. Here, principles pertaining to the legitimate use of force and minimum level of severity are used as functional guidelines to distinguish the prohibited from the permitted. The power, practice and proximity of state authorities to harm necessarily qualify threats as real, immediate and credible and therefore torturous.
Defining and documenting threats in the context of ill-treatment and torture
Authors: Pérez-Sales Pau 
Published: May 2021

Threats are a common feature of detention and interrogation settings and have long been regarded as a routine procedure. Despite their prevalence and propensity to amount to ill-treatment and torture, threats have not been systematically and thoroughly analysed in case documentation processes. Given a lack of understanding, threats have unduly been considered a form of “torture-lite” at best by some juridical actors. However, its effect as an instrument of coercion can be devastating – engendering states of fear and anxiety and forcing its subject to act against their will.
There is an important lack of theoretical reflection on what threats are, what types exist and how they impact the survivor. In this editorial, we aim to partly fill this gap from a medical and psychological perspective, providing a framework of understanding that will hopefully improve conceptual and practical assessment, documentation and qualification.
Longer leisure walking time is associated with positive self-rated health among adults and older adults: a Brazilian nationwide study
Authors: Silva Diego Augusto Santos 
Published: May 2021

Background
To verify the association between weekly leisure walking time and positive self-rated health in the Brazilian adult and elderly population.

Methods
This cross-sectional study used information collected in 2019 across all regions of Brazil. This study included 25,785 people aged ≥ 18 years (mean = 51.6; standard deviation = 18.0) from all capitals of the Brazilian states who reported practicing walking as physical activity during leisure time. Self-rated health was the dependent variable (positive or negative). The leisure walking time/week was the main exposure and it was categorized in “150 minutes/week”, “150–299 minutes/week” and “≥ 300 minutes/week”. We used binary logistic regression to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) that was adjusted for relevant covariates.

Results
We found that individuals who reported leisure walking for a period from 150 to 299 minutes/week and those who reported walking for a period ≥ 300 minutes/week were respectively 28% (OR = 1.28. 95% CI [1.10–1.48]) and 52% (OR = 1.52. 95% CI [1.27–1.82]) more likely of perceiving their health positively compared to those who reported walking for a period < 150 minutes/week. Individuals who reported leisure walking time <150 minutes/week had 72.3% (95% CI [70.4–74.1]) probability of perceiving their health positively. Individuals who reported leisure walking time from 150 to 299 minutes/week had 76.6% (95% CI [75.0 –78.3) probability of perceiving their health positively. On the other hand, individuals who reported leisure walking time ≥ 300 minutes/week had 79.2% probability (95% CI [77.1–81.4]) of perceiving their health positively.

Conclusion
Longer leisure walking time was associated with positive self-rated health among adults and older adults in Brazil.
Effect of Steam Blanching on Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds Content and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Pumpkin’s Pulp (Cucurbita moschata) Farmed with Three Biological Fertilizers
Authors: Vanessa Boudjeka Guemkam , William Djeukeu Asongni , Gisèle Loé-Etame , Fabien Dongho Dongmo Fabrice , Bolea Carmen , Stanciuc Nicoleta , Alice Tchiaze Ifoue , Iordachescu Gabriela , Inocent Gouado 
Published: May 2021

Aims: This study aims to assess the effect of steam blanching on the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties of Cucurbita moschata pulp, obtained with the use of three biological fertilizers.
Study Design: The study was done on five samples of pumpkin pulp grown in different conditions. All the samples were evaluated before and after steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications.
Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biochemistry-University of Douala, Cameroon. The duration of study was seven months, from March to September 2018.
Methodology: Pumpkin were grown in May-September 2018 using the following fertilizers: ash at 10kg/25m2; bovine compost at 62.5 kg/25m2; ash + bovine compost (1:1). Besides negative control without fertilizers and positive control represented by NPK (20-10-10) at 2 kg/25m2 have been done. After harvesting, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities were determined using standard methods before and after a steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying process.
Results: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash, after a steam blanching treatment had the highest contents of total carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene respectively of 696.03 ± 7.57; 584.86 ± 15.50 and 115.00 ± 1.25 mg/100g of edible portion and the lowest percentages of loss of these bioactive compounds. Pumpkin pulp fertilized with bovine compost and ash showed the lowest rates of loss of total phenolic compounds, respectively 0.62% and 4.25%, while those fertilized with the positive control (NPK) showed the highest rate of loss of total phenolic compounds (60%). Steam blanching treatment had a significant impact on phytonutrient contents and total phenolic compounds extracted from dried pumpkin pulp exert greater antioxidant activity.
Conclusion: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash provides the highest carotenoids content after steam blanching treatment and this treatment increases the antioxidant activity and probably the shelf life of dried pumpkin pulp.
Saponins from the Pericarp of Albizia lebbeck (Benth) L. and Their Biological Screening on Laboratory Animals
Authors: Eid Basma G. , Sokkar Nadia M. 
Published: May 2021

Aim: Albizia lebbeck L. is widely used to treat many diseases. Saponins are one of the major constituents that are found in the tissues of the tree. The purpose of this study was aimed at the phytochemical and biological investigation of the saponins of the pericarp.
Methodology: 50% ethanol extract of the dried powdered pericarp of A. lebbeck was fractionated with different organic solvents and examinated for their oxidative stress radical, anticonvulsant and analgesic effects. The highly potent fraction was subjected to chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis of its saponins.
Results: The n-butanol fraction expressed the best results regarding the biological activities. Chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis of this fraction revealed the identification of three oleanane-type saponins.
Conclusion: The present study constituted the first phytochemical analysis of the bioactive saponins content in the pericarp of A. lebbeck.

Graphical Abstract