bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ale beer containing free and immobilized Lactobacillus brevis, a potential delivery system for probiotics
Authors: Calumba Kriza Faye , Reyes Vondel , Bonilla Franklin , Villasmil Elio , Sathivel Subramaniam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Probiotics in ale beer may be attractive to health-conscious consumers. However, beer conditions may decrease probiotic viability. Powder produced from durian (Durio zibethinus) rind, a by-product that is currently unutilized, can be used for the immobilization of probiotics. MRS medium was incubated with Lactobacillus brevis and periodically sampled to obtain the growth curve. Ale beer with free L. brevis and cells immobilized in durian rind powder was produced and separately assessed during storage at 21 °C for 24 days. The physico-chemical parameters of both beers did not differ significantly. Durian rind powder conferred protection up to 12 days of storage with the immobilized cells in the beer having a significantly higher count than the free cells, which can be due to the acid detergent fiber content (19.67%). Free and immobilized cells remained viable with counts of 4.89 and 5.00 log CFU/mL of beer, respectively, at the end of the storage period. Both treatments had approximate counts of 5 log CFU/mL after 120 min in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The predominant bacterial species present at the end of storage were L. brevis and L. farciminis. This study suggests that ale beer could be a potential delivery system for free and immobilized probiotic bacteria. This is one of the few studies demonstrating the use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in beer brewing.

Graphical abstract
Tibial-graft fixation methods on anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions: a literature review
Authors: Pereira Vitor Luis , Medeiros João Victor , Nunes Gilvan Rodrigues Silva , de Oliveira Gabriel Taniguti , Nicolini Alexandre Pedro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the most performed orthopedic surgical procedure. The result of ACL reconstructions depends on multiple technical variables, including tension to be applied to the graft for fixation, knee-flexion angle during fixation and the type of fixation to the bone.

Objective
To carry out a survey of the literature with the best evidence on these themes.

Methods
Literature review about methods of tibial-graft fixation in ACL reconstructions – tension applied at the time of fixation, type of graft fixation, and knee-flexion degree during tibial fixation.

Results
Thirty studies on the selected topics were found. Most studies point to graft-tension levels close to 90 N to obtain the best results. Regarding the knee-flexion angle, multiple studies suggest that fixation at a 30° angle would bring superior biomechanical advantages. Regarding the type of implant for fixation, it is not possible to affirm the superiority of one method over another in clinical outcomes.

Conclusions
There is no consensus on the best method for tibial fixation of the grafts in ACL reconstructions regarding tension, type of implant and knee-flexion angle. However, the analysis of the studies pointed to certain trends and allowed the drawing of specific conclusions.
Dimethyl Fumarate Reduces Oxidative Stress and Pronociceptive Immune Responses in a Murine Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Authors: Guo Tian-Zhi , Shi Xiaoyou , Li Wenwu , Wei Tzuping , Kingery Wade S. , Clark J. David 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND:
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a highly disabling cause of pain often precipitated by surgery or trauma to a limb. Both innate and adaptive immunological changes contribute to this syndrome. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) works through the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor and other targets to activate antioxidant systems and to suppress immune system activation. We hypothesized that DMF would reduce nociceptive, functional, and immunological changes measured in a model of CRPS.

METHODS:
Male C57BL/6 mice were used in the well-characterized tibial fracture model of CRPS. Some groups of mice received DMF 25 mg/kg/d orally, per os for 3 weeks after fracture versus vehicle alone. Homozygous Nrf2 null mutant mice were used as test subjects to address the need for this transcription factor for DMF activity. Allodynia was assessed using von Frey filaments and hindlimb weight-bearing data were collected. The markers of oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were quantified in the skin of the fractured mice using immunoassays along with the innate immune system cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. The accumulation of IgM in the fractured limbs and lymph node hypertrophy were used as indexes of adaptive immune system activation, and the passive transfer of serum from wildtype fractured mice to B cell–deficient fractured muMT mice (mice lacking B cells and immunoglobulin) helped to assess the pronociceptive activity of humoral factors.

RESULTS:
We observed that oral DMF administration strongly prevented nociceptive sensitization and reduced uneven hindlimb weight bearing after fracture. DMF was also very effective in reducing the accumulation of markers of oxidative stress, activation of innate immune mediator production, lymph node hypertrophy, and the accumulation of IgM in fractured limbs. The sera of fractured vehicle-treated but not DMF-treated mice conferred pronociceptive activity to recipient mice. Unexpectedly, the effects of DMF were largely unchanged in the Nrf2 null mutant mice.

CONCLUSIONS:
Oxidative stress and immune system activation are robust after hindlimb fracture in mice. DMF strongly reduces activation of those systems, and the Nrf2 transcription factor is not required. DMF or drugs working through similar mechanisms might provide effective therapy for CRPS or other conditions where oxidative stress causes immune system activation.
“I've Never Seen You When You Weren't Pregnant”
Authors: Morgan Nicholas C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This essay posits in Vaginal Davis's 1987 video That Fertile Feeling a strategy of resistance to HIV/AIDS rooted in the dynamic of transfeminine pregnancy and fertility, arguing that Davis develops a range of aesthetic strategies for undermining, inverting, and appropriating mainstream discourses of reproduction as they intersect with legal strictures and cultural scripts around normative understandings of embodiment, health, and the notion of morality embedded in the period's dominant set of “family values.” AIDS is not, on the surface of things, a central referent in That Fertile Feeling, but the author shows how precisely this submerged status of the crisis as a signifier in the video allows Davis to visualize a broad biopolitical field and situate the epidemic within that field to address the interrelated, mutually supporting injustices perpetuated at its peak in Los Angeles. The figure of the excessively fertile trans woman emerges as useful for theorizing this oblique yet radiant approach to developing a coalitional ethos to confront both the politics around the AIDS crisis in LA at the time and its material and psychic impact.
Route Optimization Tool (RoOT) for distribution of vaccines and health products
Authors: Zabinsky Zelda B. , Zameer Mariam , Petroianu Larissa P.G. , Muteia Mamiza M. , Coelho Aida L. 
Published: March 2021

Delivery of health products from provinces or districts to health facilities, including temperature-sensitive vaccines, is one of the most effective interventions to ensure availability of supplies and save lives in low- and middle-income countries. Currently, routes are hand drawn by logisticians that are adjusted based on vehicle availability and quantity of products. Easy-to-use supply chain tools are needed that planners can use in real-time to create or adjust routes for available vehicles and road conditions. Efficient and optimized distribution is even more critical with the COVID-19 vaccine distribution. We develop a Route Optimization Tool (RoOT) using a variant of a Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Algorithm (VeRSA) that is coded in Python, but reads and writes Excel files to make data input and using outputs easier. The tool takes into account cold chain distribution, is easy-to-use, and provides routes quickly within two minutes. RoOT can be used for routine operations or in emergency situations, such as delivery of new COVID-19 vaccine. The tool has a user-centric design with easy dropdown menus and the ability to optimize on time, risk, or combination of both. Training of logisticians in Mozambique indicate that RoOT is easy to use and provides a tool to improve planning and efficient distribution of health products, especially vaccines. We illustrate using RoOT in an emergency situation, such as a cyclone. RoOT is an open-source tool for optimal routing of health products. It provides optimized routes faster than most commercial software, and is tailored to meet the needs of government stakeholders. Currently, RoOT does not allow multi-day routes, and is designed for trips that can be completed within twenty-four hours. Areas for future development include multi-day routing and integration with mapping software to facilitate distance calculations and visualization of routes.
Vancomycin presoaking of hamstring autografts to prevent infection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a narrative review
Authors: Figueroa Francisco , Figueroa David , Calvo Rafael , Vaisman Alex , Espregueira-Mendes João 
Published: March 2021

Hamstring autograft use has been linked to an increased risk of infection after anterior cruciate (ACL) reconstruction compared to other grafts. The absolute reason for this remains unclear, with contamination after harvesting and preparation of the graft being the most accepted hypothesis. Using the rationale that a contaminated graft could be the main factor in postoperative septic arthritis and in an effort to maximize the antibiotic efficacy of the graft, the Vancomycin presoaking technique was developed. It has shown success in decreasing the infection rate in ACL reconstruction. In recent years, an important number of research articles using this protocol have appeared, but the technique is still not widely implemented. Recent literature shows that Vancomycin presoaking of the graft has shown a successful decrease in the infection rate after hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction. It has also shown efficacy decreasing the infection rate in other types of grafts (patellar tendon, quadriceps tendon, allograft) and also in patients with concomitant ligament procedures or open surgeries. Despite the positive effects of Vancomycin presoaking reducing the infection rate after ACL reconstruction, the lack of prospective randomized control trials and the heterogeneity of the different studies mean it is not feasible to recommend Vancomycin presoaking of the graft universally for every ACL reconstruction patient.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:211-216. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200059
Tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, and deep neck space infections in England: the case for a new guideline for surgical and non-surgical management
Authors: Pankhania M , Rees J , Thompson A , Richards S 
Published: March 2021

Introduction Tonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure performed chiefly for recurrent tonsillitis. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidance Network (SIGN) introduced guidelines in 1998 to improve patient selection for tonsillectomy and reduce the potential harm to patients from surgical complications such as haemorrhage. Since the introduction of the guidance, the number of admissions for tonsillitis and its complications has increased. National Hospital Episode Statistics over a 20-year period were analysed to assess the trends in tonsillectomy, post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage, tonsillitis and its complications with reference to the guidance, procedures of limited clinical value and the associated costs and benefits. Materials and methods A literature search was conducted via PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant research. Hospital Episode Statistics data were interrogated and relevant data compared over time to assess trends related to the implementation of national guidance. Results Over the period analysed, the incidence of deep neck space infections has increased almost five-fold, mediastinitis ten-fold and peritonsillar abscess by 1.7-fold compared with prior to SIGN guidance. Following procedures of limited clinical value implementation, the incidence of deep neck space infections has increased 2.4-fold, mediastinitis 4.1-fold and peritonsillar abscess 1.4-fold compared with immediately prior to clinical commissioning group rationing. The rate of tonsillectomy and associated haemorrhage (1–2%) has remained relatively constant at 46,299 (1999) compared with 49,447 (2009) and 49,141 (2016), despite an increase in the population of England by seven million over the 20-year period. Discussion The rise in admissions for tonsillitis and its complications appears to correspond closely to the date of SIGN guidance and clinical commissioning group rationing of tonsillectomy and is on the background of a rise in the population of the UK. The move towards daycase tonsillectomy has reduced bed occupancy after surgery but this has been counteracted by an increase in admissions for tonsillitis and deep neck space infections, sometimes requiring lengthy intensive care stays and a protracted course of rehabilitation. The total cost of treating the complications of tonsillitis in England in 2017 is estimated to be around £73 million. The cost of tonsillectomy and treating post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage is £56 million by comparison. The total cost per annum for tonsillectomy prior to the introduction of SIGN guidance was estimated at £71 million with tonsillitis and its complications accounting for a further £8 million.
Detection of atmospheric temperature by using polarization high-spectral-resolution lidar
Authors: Wang Jun , Pang Jingzhe , Chen Ning , Zhang Wanlin , Liu Jingjing , Wang Li , Yan Qing , Hua Dengxin 
Published: March 2021

In order to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio by using small laser energy and telescope aperture, we present a polarization filter in high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) for the measurement of atmospheric temperature. Compared with the filter method in a traditional HSRL in which the intensity of the return signal is split into the different transmission channel of a discriminator, the advantage of this filter system is that the intensity of the return signal is fully utilized for each discriminator channel, and the return signal changes the polarization state of the light without loss of intensity when it is incident on the two Rayleigh channels. In addition, the daytime detection capability of HSRL is improved by using a polarization optical scheme to suppress the solar background light. The advantages of the polarization filter are proven by the theoretical calculations using the Stokes vector and a Mueller matrix. In detection experiments of atmospheric temperature, the detection height is 4 km at night and 2.5 km during the day by using the pulsed energy of 50 mJ and telescope diameter of 250 mm. The results are in good agreement with the data detected by radiosonde.
High-speed and high-power germanium photodetector with a lateral silicon nitride waveguide
Authors: Hu Xiao , Wu Dingyi , Zhang Hongguang , Li Weizhong , Chen Daigao , Wang Lei , Xiao Xi , Yu Shaohua 
Published: March 2021

Up to now, the light coupling schemes of germanium-on-silicon photodetectors (Ge-on-Si PDs) could be divided into three main categories: (1) vertical (or normal-incidence) illumination, which can be from the top or back of the wafer/chip, and waveguide-integrated coupling including (2) butt coupling and (3) evanescent coupling. In evanescent coupling the input waveguide can be positioned on top, at the bottom, or lateral to the absorber. Here, to the best of our knowledge, we propose the first concept of Ge-on-Si PD with double lateral silicon nitride (

Si

3

N

4

) waveguides, which can serve as a novel waveguide-integrated coupling configuration: double lateral coupling. The Ge-on-Si PD with double lateral

Si

3

N
4

waveguides features uniform optical field distribution in the Ge region, which is very beneficial to improving the operation speed for high input power. The proposed Ge-on-Si PD is comprehensively characterized by static and dynamic measurements. The typical internal responsivity is evaluated to be 0.52 A/W at an input power of 25 mW. The equivalent circuit model and theoretical 3 dB opto-electrical (OE) bandwidth investigation of Ge-on-Si PD with lateral coupling are implemented. Based on the small-signal (S21) radio-frequency measurements, under 4 mA photocurrent, a 60 GHz bandwidth operating at

−
3

V

bias voltage is demonstrated. When the photocurrent is up to 12 mA, the 3 dB OE bandwidth still has 36 GHz. With 1 mA photocurrent, the 70, 80, 90, and 100 Gbit/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and 100, 120, 140, and 150 Gbit/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation clear openings of eye diagrams are experimentally obtained without utilizing any offline digital signal processing at the receiver side. In order to verify the high-power handling performance in high-speed data transmission, we investigate the eye diagram variations with the increase of photocurrents. The clear open electrical eye diagrams of 60 Gbit/s NRZ under 20 mA photocurrent are also obtained. Overall, the proposed lateral

Si

3

N
4

waveguide structure is flexibly extendable to a light coupling configuration of PDs, which makes it very attractive for developing high-performance silicon photonic integrated circuits in the future.
Translanguaging design in a third grade Chinese Language Arts class
Authors: Tian Zhongfeng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Traditionally strict language separation policies in dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs reflect parallel monolingualism and have been criticized as failing to recognize the sociolinguistic realities of bilingual students (García, Ofelia & Angel M. Y. Lin. 2017. Translanguaging in bilingual education. In Ofelia García, Angel M. Y. Lin & Stephen May (eds.), Bilingual and multilingual education, 117–130. Cham: Springer International Publishing). To recognize the dynamic nature of bilingualism and leverage bilingual learners’ full semiotic and linguistic repertoire as a resource, this study looks at how to strategically and purposefully develop flexible and multilingual educational spaces in a third grade Chinese Language Arts (CLA) class in a Mandarin-English DLBE program in the New England area, U.S. Drawing upon Sánchez, María Teresa (Maite), Ofelia García & Cristian Solorza. 2018. Reframing language allocation policy in dual language bilingual education. Bilingual Research Journal 41(1). 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2017.1405098, translanguaging allocation policy framework, the researcher and the teacher co-designed and implemented translanguaging documentation, translanguaging rings, and translanguaging transformation spaces in the CLA class throughout the school year of 2018–19. Taking the form of participatory design research (Bang, Megan & Shirin Vossoughi. 2016. Participatory design research and educational justice: Studying learning and relations within social change making. Cognition and Instruction 34(3). 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2016.1181879), this collaborative inquiry demonstrates that translanguaging pedagogies could promote student engagement, contribute to their academic learning, and build home-school connections. It aims to provide authentic, sustainable knowledge for both researchers and practitioners to better serve bilingual learners in DLBE programs.
Controller design for output constrained thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) of time-delayed power system
Authors: Maddela Chinna Obaiah , Subudhi Bidyadhar , Ghosh Sandip , Gogikar Priyanjali 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is employed as actuator in an interconnected power system using Supplementary Damping Controller (SDC) to enhance the power transfer capabilities between areas as well as damp out the Inter-Area Low-Frequency (IALF) oscillations by varying the impedance of transmission lines. The time-varying delays in the feedback loop and asymmetric saturation limits at the output of TCSC may reduce the performance of the designed controller and lead to closed-loop instability if these are not considered in the process of controller design. Usually, a Minimum Absolute Saturation Bound technique (MASB) is used to convert asymmetric saturation limits into symmetric one. However, such consideration provides an apparent conservative and degrades the performance of the control system. To reduce the conservative in the control design process, a Normalized Saturation Bound (NSB) technique is used in this paper to convert asymmetric saturation limits of TCSC of time-delayed power system. The L-K functional and generalized sector conditions are utilized in the proposed controller design process to compensate the effect of time-varying delay and converted symmetric saturation limits. Sufficient conditions required for controller design are formulated in LMI form. 2-area 4-machine power model is used to verify the performance of the designed controller. From the simulation results, it is observed that the designed controller is giving superior performance in the present of time-varying delays and asymmetric saturation as compared to the designed controller using MASB technique.
Quality Improvement Approach to Reducing Admission Hypothermia Among Preterm and Term Infants
Authors: Sprecher Alicia , Malin Kathryn , Finley Deanna , Lembke Paula , Keller Sally , Grippe Ann , Hornung Genesee , Antos Nicholas , Uhing Michael 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND:Newborns, particularly premature newborns, are susceptible to hypothermia when transitioning from birth to admission to the NICU, potentially leading to increased mortality and morbidity. Despite attention to this issue, our rate of admission hypothermia was 39.8%.METHODS:We aimed to reduce the rate of admission hypothermia for all inborn infants admitted to our institution to &lt;10%. We undertook a quality improvement effort that spanned from 2013 through 2019 in our level IV NICU. Current state analysis involved investigating patient risk factors for hypothermia and staff understanding of hypothermia prevention. Improvement cycles included auditing processes, an in-hospital relocation of our NICU, expanded use of chemical heat mattresses and polyethylene bags, and staff education. Improvement was evaluated by using Shewhart control charts.RESULTS:We demonstrated a reduction in admission hypothermia from 39.8% to 9.9%, which was temporally related to educational efforts and expanded use of chemical heat mattresses and polyethylene bags. There was not an increase in admission hyperthermia over this time period. We found that our group at highest risk of admission hypothermia was not our most premature cohort but those infants born between 33 and 36 6/7 weeks’ gestation and those infants prenatally diagnosed with congenital anomalies.CONCLUSIONS:Expanded use of polyethylene bags and chemical heat mattresses can improve thermoregulation particularly when combined with staff education. Although premature infants have been the focus of many hypothermia prevention efforts, our data suggest that older infants, and those infants born with congenital anomalies, require additional attention.