bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlated Population Genetic Structure in a Three-Tiered Host-Parasite System: The Potential for Coevolution and Adaptive Divergence
Authors: Colosimo Giuliano , Jackson Anna C , Benton Amanda , Varela-Stokes Andrea , Iverson John , Knapp Charles R , Welch Mark 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThree subspecies of Northern Bahamian Rock Iguanas, Cyclura cychlura, are currently recognized: C. c. cychlura, restricted to Andros Island, and C. c. figginsi and C. c. inornata, native to the Exuma Island chain. Populations on Andros are genetically distinct from Exuma Island populations, yet genetic divergence among populations in the Exumas is inconsistent with the 2 currently recognized subspecies from those islands. The potential consequences of this discrepancy might include the recognition of a single subspecies throughout the Exumas rather than 2. That inference also ignores evidence that populations of C. cychlura are potentially adaptively divergent. We compared patterns of population relatedness in a three-tiered host-parasite system: C. cychlura iguanas, their ticks (genus Amblyomma, preferentially parasitizing these reptiles), and Rickettsia spp. endosymbionts (within tick ectoparasites). Our results indicate that while C. c. cychlura on Andros is consistently supported as a separate clade, patterns of relatedness among populations of C. c. figginsi and C. c. inornata within the Exuma Island chain are more complex. The distribution of the hosts, different tick species, and Rickettsia spp., supports the evolutionary independence of C. c. inornata. Further, these patterns are also consistent with two independent evolutionarily significant units within C. c. figginsi. Our findings suggest coevolutionary relationships between the reptile hosts, their ectoparasites, and rickettsial organisms, suggesting local adaptation. This work also speaks to the limitations of using neutral molecular markers from a single focal taxon as the sole currency for recognizing evolutionary novelty in populations of endangered species.
Monoterpenoid biosynthesis by engineered microbes
Authors: Liu Yurou , Ma Xiaoqiang , Liang Hong , Stephanopoulos Gregory , Zhou Kang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Monoterpenoids are C10 isoprenoids and constitute a large family of natural products. They have been used as ingredients in food, cosmetics, and therapeutic products. Many monoterpenoids such as linalool, geraniol, limonene, and pinene are volatile and can be found in plant essential oils. Conventionally, these bioactive compounds are obtained from plant extracts by using organic solvents or by distillation method, which are costly and laborious if high-purity product is desired. In recent years, microbial biosynthesis has emerged as alternative source of monoterpenoids with great promise for meeting the increasing global demand for these compounds. However, current methods of production are not yet at levels required for commercialization. Production efficiency of monoterpenoids in microbial hosts is often restricted by high volatility of the monoterpenoids, a lack of enzymatic activity and selectivity, and/or product cytotoxicity to the microbial hosts. In this review, we summarize advances in microbial production of monoterpenoids over the past 3 years with particular focus on the key metabolic engineering strategies for different monoterpenoid products. We also provide our perspective on the promise of future endeavors to improve monoterpenoid productivity.
Comparative Lipid Profile Analysis of Hermetia illucens Larvae Fed Food Waste at Different Days of Age Using an LC-MS-Based Lipidomics Approach
Authors: Li Mengmeng , Wang Guiying , Shang Rongsheng , Xu Qinglong , Zhang Jincheng , Sun Ran , Li Lusheng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A lipidomics approach based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was applied to analyze the molecular-level mechanism of lipid deposition in Hermetia illucens (H. illucens) larvae fed food waste (FW) at different days of age. The H. illucens larvae reared on FW substrates generally became larger, heavier, and fatter at 5–15 d of age. A large amount of glycerolipids (GL) were deposited, while glycerophospholipids (GP), sphingolipids, and derivatized lipids became relatively less abundant during the growth stage of the larvae. Forty-three subclasses of 3,205 lipid molecules were identified in larvae, and 139 lipids (79 upregulated and 60 downregulated during larval growth and development) were identified as potential biomarkers (variable importance in projection &gt; 1; P &lt; 0.05). The differential lipids were mainly enriched in 19 metabolic pathways, of which 9 metabolic pathways related to lipids, including GL and GP metabolisms. The results demonstrate that the lipid composition and mechanisms changed during the growth and development stage of H. illucens larvae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work exploring the molecular-level mechanism of lipid deposition during the growth and development stage of H. illucens larvae. The findings provide novel information for determining and utilizing the nutritional value of H. illucens larvae.
Organization of the State: Home Assignment and Bureaucrat Performance
Authors: Xu Guo , Bertrand Marianne , Burgess Robin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How to allocate personnel is a central question in the organization of the state. We link survey data on the performance of 1471 elite civil servants in India to their personnel records between 1975 and 2005 to study how home allocations affect their performance and careers. Using exogenous variation in home assignment generated by an allocation rule, we find that bureaucrats assigned to their home states are perceived to be less effective and more likely to be suspended. These negative effects are driven by states with higher levels of corruption and cohorts with greater numbers of home state officers. (JEL: J45, O43, D73, M5)
Adaptive plasticity in response to light and nutrient availability in the clonal plantDuchesnea indica
Authors: Wang Mo-Zhu , Li Hong-Li , Liu Chun-Xiang , Dong Bi-Cheng , Yu Fei-Hai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity enables plants to buffer against environmental stresses and match their phenotypes to local conditions. However, consistent conclusive evidence for adaptive plasticity has only been obtained for a few traits. More studies on a wider variety of plant functional traits and environmental factors are still needed to further understand the adaptive significance of plasticity. We grew 21 genotypes of the stoloniferous clonal plant Duchesnea indica under different light and nutrient conditions, and used selection gradient analyses to test the adaptive value (benefits) of morphological and physiological plasticity responding to variation in light and nutrient availability. Plants grown in shade exhibited lower values for fitness measures (fruit number, ramet number and biomass), shortened thinner internode length and decreased adult leaf chlorophyll content, but higher petiole length, specific leaf area and old leaf chlorophyll content, than plants grown without shade. Plants grown in the low nutrient condition had shorter petiole length, thicker and smaller leaf area, lower chlorophyll content, but higher fruit number and root:shoot ratio than plants grown under the high nutrient condition. Selection gradient analyses revealed that plasticity of petiole length and old leaf chlorophyll content in response to light variation was adaptive, and plasticity of old and adult leaf chlorophyll content in response to nutrient variation was adaptive. Therefore, the adaptive value of plasticity in different traits depends on the specific ecological context. Our findings contribute to understanding the adaptive significance of phenotypic plasticity of clonal plants in response to environmental variation.
Three-dimensional printed personalized drug devices with anatomical fit: a review
Authors: Pinho Ludmila A G , Gratieri Tais , Gelfuso Guilherme M , Marreto Ricardo Neves , Cunha-Filho Marcilio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has opened the era of drug personalization, promising to revolutionize the pharmaceutical field with improvements in efficacy, safety and compliance of the treatments. As a result of these investigations, a vast therapeutic field has opened for 3DP-loaded drug devices with an anatomical fit. Along these lines, innovative dosage forms, unimaginable until recently, can be obtained. This review explores 3DP-engineered drug devices described in recent research articles, as well as in patented inventions, and even devices already produced by 3DP with drug-loading potential.

Key findings
3D drug-loaded stents, implants and prostheses are reviewed, along with devices produced to fit hard-to-attach body parts such as nasal masks, vaginal rings or mouthguards. The most promising 3DP techniques for such devices and the complementary technologies surrounding these inventions are also discussed, particularly the scanners useful for mapping body parts. Health regulatory concerns regarding the new use of such technology are also analysed.

Summary
The scenario discussed in this review shows that for wearable 3DP drug devices to become a tangible reality to users, it will be necessary to overcome the existing regulatory barriers, create new interfaces with electronic systems and improve the mapping mechanisms of body surfaces.
Chrysophanol exerts neuroprotective effects via interfering with endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptotic pathways in cell and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Li Xinquan , Cheng Yaxun , Qin Yunpeng , Gao Huawu , Wang Guangyun , Song Hang , Wang Yan , Cai Biao 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Chrysophanol (CHR), also well-known as Rhei radix et rhizome, is a crucial component in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been widely studied as a potential treatment for many diseases due to its anti-inflammatory effects. However, there are very few studies to establish the potential therapeutic effect of CHR in cell and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, we aim to investigate whether CHR could be used as a potential therapeutic approach to patients with AD and further disclose the underlying mechanism. Increasing studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis emerges as a central player in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, augmentation of ER stress (ERS) promotes neuronal apoptosis, and excessive oxidative stress is an inducer of ERS. Therefore, we believe that ERS-mediated apoptosis may be one of the causes of AD.

Methods
This study examined the neuroprotective effects of CHR on AD rats and AD cell models and explored its potential mechanism.

Key findings
CHR could reduce the damage of neurons. In AD cell models, CHR significantly inhibited Aβ 25-35-induced neuronal damage, reduced the number of apoptotic cells and improved cell survival rate. Western blot showed that the expression of caspases 3, 9 and 12 was decreased after CHR treatment, and CHR also affected the ERS signalling pathway. In addition, the higher expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in the AD cell model was reduced after CHR treatment by inhibiting GRP78 signalling. Further studies have shown that overexpressed protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) inhibited the regulatory effect of CHR on PERK and weakened the neuroprotective effect of CHR on the AD cell model.

Conclusions
This study revealed a novel mechanism through which CHR plays a neuroprotective role by regulating ERS when it comes to the therapy of AD.
Typhoid fever in travellers: estimating the risk of acquisition by country
Authors: Forster Daniel P , Leder Karin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Typhoid fever is a notifiable disease within Australia. Although studies in endemic regions give an indication of acquisition risk, many countries lack reliable data, and little is known of the absolute or relative risk in Australian travellers. By combining notified case data with travel statistics provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the aim of this study was to give an indication of risk for typhoid acquisition among Australian travellers.

Methods
Australian typhoid notifications between 1st January 2010 and 30th June 2017 were grouped by country of acquisition and age category (&lt;15 or ≥15 years). Australian travel data were used to inform time at risk and incidence rate of Australian typhoid notifications pertaining to country and region of acquisition. Salmonella Paratyphi infections, though notifiable, were excluded as the focus was vaccine preventable illness. Data from New South Wales and Victoria were used to examine the incidence in those acquiring infection in their country of birth (COB) against travellers who did not.

Results
Nine hundred twenty-three cases of typhoid were notified over the period of review, 96% of which were acquired overseas. The greatest determinant of risk was travel destination, with countries in south Asia associated with highest crude incidence rate (252 per 100 000 person-years), particularly Bangladesh. Younger age and immigrants returning to their COB were generally associated with higher risk of acquisition.

Conclusions
The risk of typhoid fever in Australian travellers to endemic regions is considerable. Immigrants returning to their COB appear to be at higher risk and it is likely that this risk extends to their traveling dependents. These findings help clinicians and public health officials to plan and advise pre-travel vaccination strategies with at-risk individuals and groups. Additional sociodemographic data collection with Australian typhoid notifications would enhance the surveillance of differing international travel risk groups leaving Australia.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for COVID-19-associated Candidemia
Authors: Omrani Ali S , Koleri Junais , Ben Abid Fatma , Daghfel Joanne , Odaippurath Thasneem , Peediyakkal Mohamed Zuhail , Baiou Anas , Sarsak Enas , Elayana Mahmoud , Kaleeckal Anvar , Almaslamani Muna A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Patients with COVID-19-associated candidemia (CAC) in an intensive care unit (ICU) were matched 1:2 with those without candidemia, based on ICU admission date and length of stay in ICU being at least equal to that before candidemia in the corresponding case. The incidence rate of CAC was 2.34 per 1000 ICU days. Eighty cases could be matched to appropriate controls. In the multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis, age (P 0.001), and sequential organ failure assessment score (P 0.046) were the only risk factors independently associated with CAC. Tocilizumab and corticosteroids therapy were not independently associated with candidemia.

Lay summary
In COVID-19 patients who need medical care in an intensive care unit, the risk of developing bloodstream Candida infection is higher in older patients and in those who have a more severe critical illness. Treatment with steroids or tocilizumab does not seem to affect the risk of candida bloodstream infection in these patients.
A consistent reduced-speed-of-light formulation of cosmic ray transport valid in weak- and strong-scattering regimes
Authors: Hopkins Philip F , Squire Jonathan , Butsky Iryna S 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We derive a consistent set of moment equations for cosmic ray (CR)-magnetohydrodynamics, assuming a gyrotropic distribution function (DF). Unlike previous efforts, we derive a closure, akin to the M1 closure in radiation hydrodynamics (RHD), that is valid in both the nearly isotropic DF and/or strong-scattering regimes, and the arbitrarily anisotropic DF or free-streaming regimes, as well as allowing for anisotropic scattering and transport/magnetic field structure. We present the appropriate two-moment closure and equations for various choices of evolved variables, including the CR phase space DF f, number density n, total energy e, kinetic energy ϵ, and their fluxes or higher moments, and the appropriate coupling terms to the gas. We show that this naturally includes and generalizes a variety of terms including convection/fluid motion, anisotropic CR pressure, streaming, diffusion, gyro-resonant/streaming losses, and re-acceleration. We discuss how this extends previous treatments of CR transport including diffusion and moment methods and popular forms of the Fokker–Planck equation, as well as how this differs from the analogous M1-RHD equations. We also present two different methods for incorporating a reduced speed of light (RSOL) to reduce time-step limitations: In both, we carefully address where the RSOL (versus true c) must appear for the correct behaviour to be recovered in all interesting limits, and show how current implementations of CRs with an RSOL neglect some additional terms.
Formation of the first galaxies in the aftermath of the first supernovae
Authors: Abe Makito , Yajima Hidenobu , Khochfar Sadegh , Dalla Vecchia Claudio , Omukai Kazuyuki 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We perform high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamic simulations to study the formation of the first galaxies that reach the masses of 108 − 9 h−1 M⊙ at z = 9. The resolution of the simulations is high enough to resolve minihaloes and allow us to successfully pursue the formation of multiple Population (Pop) III stars, their supernova (SN) explosions, resultant metal-enrichment of the inter-galactic medium (IGM) in the course of the build-up of the system. Metals are ejected into the IGM by multiple Pop III SNe, but some of the metal-enriched gas falls back on to the halo after $\gtrsim 100~\rm Myr$. The star formation history of the first galaxy depends sensitively on the initial mass function (IMF) of Pop III stars. The dominant stellar population transits from Pop III to Pop II at z ∼ 12−15 in the case of power-law Pop III IMF, dn/dM ∝ M−2.35 with the mass range 10−500 M⊙. At z ≲ 12, stars are stably formed in the first galaxies with a star formation rate of ∼10−3−10−1 M⊙ yr −1. In contrast, for the case with a flat IMF, gas-deprived first galaxies form due to frequent Pop III pair-instability SNe, resulting in the suppression of subsequent Pop II star formation. In addition, we calculate UV continuum, Lyα- and Hα-line fluxes from the first galaxies. We show that the James Webb Space Telescope will be able to detect both UV continuum, Lyα and Hα line emission from first galaxies with halo mass ≳ 109 M⊙ at z ≳ 10.
The two phases of core formation – orbital evolution in the centres of ellipticals with supermassive black hole binaries
Authors: Frigo M , Naab T , Rantala A , Johansson P H , Neureiter B , Thomas J , Rizzuto F 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The flat stellar density cores of massive elliptical galaxies form rapidly due to sinking supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in gas-poor galaxy mergers. After the SMBHs form a bound binary, gravitational slingshot interactions with nearby stars drive the core regions towards a tangentially biased stellar velocity distribution. We use collisionless galaxy merger simulations with accurate collisional orbit integration around the central SMBHs to demonstrate that the removal of stars from the centre by slingshot kicks accounts for the entire change in velocity anisotropy. The rate of strong (unbinding) kicks is constant over several hundred Myr at $\sim 3 \ \mathrm{ M}_\odot\, \rm yr^{-1}$ for our most massive SMBH binary (MBH = 1.7 × 1010 M⊙). Using a frequency-based orbit classification scheme (box, x-tube, z-tube, rosette), we demonstrate that slingshot kicks mostly affect box orbits with small pericentre distances, leading to a velocity anisotropy of β ≲ −0.6 within several hundred Myr as observed in massive ellipticals with large cores. We show how different SMBH masses affect the orbital structure of the merger remnants and present a kinematic tomography connecting orbit families to integral field kinematic features. Our direct orbit classification agrees remarkably well with a modern triaxial Schwarzschild analysis applied to simulated mock kinematic maps.
Periodic variability of the z = 2.0 quasar QSO B1312+7837
Authors: Minev M , Ivanov V D , Trifonov T , Ovcharov E , Fabrika S , Sholukhova O , Vinokurov A , Valcheva A , Nedialkov P 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We report here the first results from a 15-yr long variability monitoring of the z = 2.0 quasar QSO B1312+7837. It shows luminosity changes with a period P ∼ 6.13 yr (P ∼ 2.04 yr at rest frame) and amplitude of ∼0.2 mag, superimposed on a gradual dimming at a rate of ∼0.55 mag per 100 yr. Two false periods associated with power peaks in the data windowing function were discarded. The measured period is confirmed with a bootstrapping Monte Carlo simulation. A damped random walk model yields a better fit to the data than a sine-function model, but at the cost of employing some high-frequency variations which are typically not seen in quasars. We consider the possible mechanisms driving this variability, and conclude that orbital motion of two supermassive black holes – result from a recent galaxy merger – is a possible explanation.
Gravitational self-lensing in populations of massive black hole binaries
Authors: Kelley Luke Zoltan , D’Orazio Daniel J , Di Stefano Rosanne 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The community may be on the verge of detecting low-frequency gravitational waves from massive black hole binaries (MBHBs), but no examples of binary active galactic nuclei (AGN) have been confirmed. Because MBHBs are intrinsically rare, the most promising detection methods utilize photometric data from all-sky surveys. Gravitational self-lensing has recently been proposed as a method of detecting AGN in close separation binaries. In this study, we calculate the detectability of lensing signatures in realistic populations of simulated MBHBs. Within our model assumptions, we find that VRO’s LSST should be able to detect tens to hundreds of self-lensing binaries, with the rate uncertainty depending primarily on the orientation of AGN discs relative to their binary orbits. Roughly a quarter of lensing detectable systems should also show detectable Doppler boosting signatures. If AGN discs tend to be aligned with the orbit, lensing signatures are very nearly achromatic, while in misaligned configurations, the bluer optical bands are lensed more than redder ones. Whether substantial obscuring material (e.g. a dusty torus) will be present in close binaries remains uncertain, but our estimates suggest that a substantial fraction of systems would still be observable in this case.