bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operations for the preparation of metal powders for hot isostatic pressing
Authors: Manyanin S , Vaxidov U , Maslov K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Powder metallurgy as a method of manufacturing and processing metals is very diverse in its technological methods. This makes it possible to obtain parts of the required quality and necessary properties. Using the methods of powder metallurgy production, specialists can produce the latest composite materials, the production of which is impossible by traditional methods. The production of machine parts and mechanisms from metal powders provides significant savings on material, due to the low consumption coefficient. Metal powders are usually manufactured in specialized factories, but sometimes they are produced directly by the consumer; in this case, the manufacturing process is built in direct accordance with the requirements of this consumer. If the powder comes from a third-party supplier, there is a need for special preparation operations, before starting production, to give the powder certain chemical and physical characteristics. Hot isostatic pressing technology is a complex technological process in which a large number of parameters affect the quality of the final product. The complexity of the GIP process lies in various thermal, physical, and mechanical interactions. In this regard, a large role is played by the processes for preparing the powder for the GIP. The article describes the main operations for the preparation of powder for hot isostatic pressing.
Coefficient of mutual overlap in metal-polymer tribosystems
Authors: Kokhanovskii V , Nihotina N , Nikitina M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The polymer hybrid material under study is used as an antifriction coating of the friction contact surface. The experimental studies have been carried out on a special test bed with a reciprocating motion of the tribosystem in conditions of a mutual overlap coefficient less than one. The influence of the most important operational parameters, such as temperature, operating wear and wear rate, has been studied. The temperature was determined in the area of fixing the coating on a metal substrate, since the adhesive strength of the coating ensures the operability of this tribosystem. In addition, for the maximum friction modes, such standard parameters as the wear intensity and service life have been calculated. The wear resistance class has been set.
Methods for increasing the wear resistance of heavy loaded metal-polymer tribosystems
Authors: Kolesnikov I , Novikov E , Kolesnikov V , Sychev A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Methods of increasing the wear resistance and reliability of friction units are generating considerable interest being a vital factor in transport, mechanical engineering, and other fields of technology. The solution of the given problem is impossible without the creation of self-regulating structures on the friction contact surfaces. We strongly believe that this problem can be solved by creating multicomponent functional layers (hereafter MFL) on tribocontact.
Influence of aldol condensation processes on the formation of surface films during friction in ester lubricants
Authors: Boiko M , Boiko T , Kolesnikov I 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The boundary lubrication mode is usually implemented in conditions of low sliding speeds and high loads. The formation of strong boundary lubricating films under this friction mode determines the operability and durability of the friction units. It is believed that the formation of surface boundary films during friction includes the stages of the lubricant oxidation, and the aldol condensation reaction of oxidized molecules. As a result, high-molecular substances called “friction polymers” are formed. The paper studies the formation of surface films in the presence of substances with different reactivity in the aldol condensation and Claisen condensation reactions. Sunflower oil, bis (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DEHS), triisodecyl benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate (TC) were used as lubricants. It is shown by ATR IR-spectroscopy of that the common thing for the studied oils is that the C=O and C-O groups participate in the formation of boundary films in these oils. The addition of substances, active in aldol condensation reactions, into lubricants does not accelerate the formation of boundary films. Additives that can chemically interact with iron contribute to the dissolution of the surface oxide film and accelerate the formation of boundary layers. The formation of “friction polymers” occurs when the lubricant molecules interact with the metal surface.
Investigation of changes in the properties of diamond-like films under friction by the XPS method
Authors: Sidashov A V , Boiko M V , Luneva E I , Popov A M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The combination of unique physicochemical, mechanical and tribological properties of diamond-like coatings determines the prospects for their use in critical friction units, including those operating in a rarefied atmosphere and vacuum. The properties of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings depend on the contribution of the sp2 and sp3 fractions of the carbon hybrid atomic electron orbitals. Modern methods of determining the graphite and diamond proportion in coatings are time-consuming and insufficiently accurate. In addition, the determination of the sp3/sp2 ratio is often difficult due to the displacement of the energy position of the C1s electron line. In this paper, the change in the chemical state of carbon over the thickness of a diamond-like coating is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Analysis of the carbon line fine structure of the differential graphite spectra (sp2 bonds) and diamond (sp3 bonds) allowed us to establish the parameter δ, which determines the ratio of the graphite and diamond components in the DLC coating. Profiling with Ar+ ions of the diamondlike coating surface showed that with an increase in the etching time, the proportion of amorphized carbon increases, which means that the antifriction properties increase with the abrasion of the coating. The obtained regularities allow us to predict changes in the tribological properties of DLC coatings during operation. Ion profiling also allows to determine the thickness of coatings with high accuracy.
Wear resistance discrete management of formative tool
Authors: Kochetov A N , Fisunova E I , Lavrenova T V , Filonenko L A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The article is devoted to the organization of management of the application of wear-resistant materials on the formative tool at set intervals by the method of electro-acoustic spraying. A complex highly concentrated effect of the ultrasonic method in a permanent process, based on the pulse energy, which leads to an increase in the plasticity of the material and is not associated with its heating. The law of electro-plastic deformation for a conducting material, taking into account the high density of the acting amperage in the process of active deformation at a constant rate, considered in this article, establishes a clear dependence of the strengthening of the substrate material. The process of concentration of electromagnetic and thermal fields in a conductive material with defects such as a crack makes it possible to use this technology to slow down the propagation of cracks while reducing the concentration of mechanical stresses.
About the dynamic error of strain gauge torque measuring devices
Authors: Manshin Yu P , Yu Manshina E , Geue Mario 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The dynamic error of devices belongs to the number of errors that are difficult to estimate. The mechanism for forming this error on the example of torsional torque dynamometersis briefly considered as the most common in the practice of research on the energy of agricultural machines. The limiting ratios of frequencies of external influences and natural vibrations of strain-measuring devices are given. Recommendations are made to reduce dynamic error in torque strain analysis. The present review and the accumulated experience of strain gauge research allows us to recommend some directions for reducing dynamic errors in torque measurements. In order for a strain gauge to keep up with changes in torque in its inertial characteristics, it must have the smallest torque inertia. In order to reduce the probability of high-frequency harmonics from the elastic vibrations of the strain gauge, it must be sufficiently rigid. From this point of view, strain rods, strain sprockets, etc., having a moment of inertia greater than that of the same gear parts, are irrational. Based on modern micromodules and power supplies, the system can have a small mass and have no significant effect on the inertial characteristic of the strain gauge.
Detection of radio signals against the background of strong electromagnetic noise in transport
Authors: Myasnikov E , Zaboronkova T , Kogan L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The problem of detecting a useful signal in the presence of a strong background noise is considered. To solve it, a statistical approach is used, based on a change in the level of chaos in the system when an additional random or deterministic process occurs, which is probabilistically independent from a set of stochastic phenomena that form background noise. It is shown that the occurrence of this process changes the level of entropy of the measured signal; this fact is the basis of the applied mathematical algorithm. It is based on the elements of the Fourier transform apparatus for the probability density with an appropriate choice of a nonlinear function of the random process under study. The proposed approach, based on variations in the randomness in the system in the presence of a useful signal, makes it possible to record its presence against the background of noise components even at low signal-to-noise ratios. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed both by theoretical justification and by the calculations presented in this work. The condition for the implementation of the technique described in the article, which does not impose restrictions on the studied physical fields and frequency ranges, is the comparability of the width of the probabilistic distribution of the desired useful signal with several intervals of discreteness of the measuring equipment. One of the results of this work is a high sensitivity to the emergence of independent random components.
Ensuring an effective voltage regime in the electrical network when powering ships of the technical fleet and floating objects from the shore
Authors: Denchik Y , Ivanova E , Salnikov V , Gorelov S , Zubanov D 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The article deals with topical issues of reducing the asymmetry of linear voltages in the electrical networks of water transport enterprises. Asymmetric modes in the electrical network are researched, which defined the need for automated determination of conductive electromagnetic disturbance. A mathematical description of the occurrence process and strategy for determining the conductive low-frequency electromagnetic disturbance by the voltage asymmetry coefficient in the reverse sequence are presented. The parameters of this coefficient are described: mathematical expectation, standard deviation, probability of occurrence during the calculation period. A mathematical model is obtained that represents a conductive electromagnetic disturbance and explains the probability of its occurrence. A method of automated determination of conductive electromagnetic disturbance has been developed. A software product is presented (certificate of registration No. 2016661752), which allows processing the voltage coefficients obtained as a result of measurements in the reverse sequence. The conductive disturbance is determined for the purpose of suppression and ensuring electromagnetic compatibility. To ensure an effective mode by powering ships from the shore and to increase the efficiency of power transmission, a strategy for voltage symmetry in the electrical network is presented.
Expected electromagnetic environment at the energy infrastructure facilities of remote ports (berths)
Authors: Denchik Y M , Ivanova E V , Ivanova M N , Salnikov V G , Zubanov D A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The article deals with the issues of electromagnetic compatibility of coastal and floating objects in the waters of ports (berths). The subject of the study is the processes occurring in the electrical network when powering ships of the technical fleet and floating objects from the shore, which determine the need for automated calculation of conductive low-frequency electromagnetic disturbance for their subsequent suppression. An algorithm for calculating the parameters of the electromagnetic environment is presented, which is based on the analysis of the distribution parameters of slow voltage changes. The mechanism of EMD occurrence in voltage deviation is described and a mathematical model explaining the probability of its occurrence is presented. An algorithm for calculating the parameters of the electromagnetic environment based on slow voltage changes in the network is compiled. This algorithm is implemented in the “Program for the study of slow voltage changes by the load changingof the electrical network ". For the object under study, the parameters of the distribution of conductive low-frequency electromagnetic disturbance over a slow voltage change are determined. A block diagram of an automatic voltage regulator implementing the proposed voltage stabilization law has been developed.
Experimental studies of vibration fields of a freight train in the far zone
Authors: Ya Bubnov E 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The article analyzes the sources of radiation of seismic and acoustic signals of railway transport. To determine the wave structure of the seismic field of freight train in the experiment, a linear antenna was used, located at a distance of 1000 m from the railway track. A fine spectral analysis of the seismic signal reveals the presence of two harmonics in the frequency range 1–6 Hz. One of the dominant in amplitude discrete coincides in frequency with the harmonic of the acoustic signal, which indicates the refraction of the acoustic wave into a solid medium at the location of the seismic sensor. The source of the infrasonic signal at the specified frequency can be the resonant oscillation of the car on the spring suspension elasticity. The second discrete at a frequency of 2.7 Hz remains unchanged during the movement of various trains and is even present in microseismic noise, which indicates the imposition of a layered structure of a solid medium. The propagation velocity of this harmonic of the seismic signal is less than the velocity of sound. The totality of the marked features makes it possible to identify this wave with the surface wave formed by the layer.
Choosing an approach to statistical processing of the ship’s pitching record
Authors: Sichkarev V I , Umrikhin V P , Koloskov A Y 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The developed instrumentation and software provides discrete values for the angles of a vessel’s list on an operational voyage in sea conditions at specified time intervals.The half-periods of pitching are considered; the half-period and the corresponding pitching amplitude can be obtained in three different ways: as the amplitude from one board to the other one with the reference of the initial peak-to-peak amplitude or with the reference of the final peak-to-peak amplitude; as the time interval of the ship listing on one side between zero roll angles. It was found that each method corresponds to its own, different from the others, amplitude-period statistics. This makes it difficult to compare different registrations and identify the essential reactions of the vessel to the seaway, unless a method is specified for determining the half-periods and linking the roll amplitudes to them. The proposal is justified to unify the processing by defining the half-period as the time of the ship listing on one board with the corresponding amplitude angle of the roll, that is, as the difference of the moments of time between two next values of the zero angle of the roll.
Mathematical description of the cavitation process in the jet apparatus
Authors: Mizgirev D S , Vlasov D V , Vlasov V N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The problem of mathematical description of non-steady processes in hydrodynamic systems is currently relevant and requires early resolution. The description of cavitation as a non-steady process is one of the most important issues of hydrodynamics. In this paper, as a result of the analysis and generalization of a priori information, plus transformation of the basic equations describing cavitation processes, a number of expressions are obtained that reflect the behavior of the incompressible fluid main flow in a jet apparatus, taking into account the conduct of hydrodynamic cavitation in it. To create a cavitation process mathematical description, it is proposed to apply an empirical formula for determining the ejected flow pressure. The newly developed mathematical dependencies can be used in the design of jet devices (ejectors, cavitators, ejectors-cavitators) for various purposes in both marine and stationary coastal technological systems for processing fluid media. In particular, it is advisable to use them in the preparation and conditioning of drinking and industrial water, wastewater and oily water purification, etc.
Mathematical model of harmonic movement of a fixed cargo on the deck of a ship
Authors: Kudelin O G , Smirnova E V , Linevich O I 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The research is aimed at creating a mathematical model that allows describing the movement of cargo fixed on the deck of a ship, depending on a number of physical parameters acting on the cargo. The study is relevant in connection with the need to minimize the harmonic movement of a fixed cargo on the deck and prevent its resonating with the vibration of the vessel. During the development of the model, a number of assumptions were made: the case was considered when the load moves along the deck in one plane, and the fastening system presses it to the surface of the deck with a given coefficient of resistance. Under the given constraints, a mathematical model was created that allows determining the trajectory of the cargo fixed on the deck. The cases are considered: the friction force of the load on the surface is zero, the friction force on the surface is proportional to the square of the speed of movement in accordance with the analytical equations of motion of the object fixed on the deck of the vessel. The analysis of the resulting model will allow us to develop measures to optimize the fastening of cargo on the deck.
Indicators of the critical state of the ship’s stability
Authors: Kochnev Yu , Ronnov E , Gulyaev I 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
According to the main criterion, the vessel stability according to the main criterion is standardized by the Rules of the Russian Register by the assumption that the units of the stability margin are practically equal, which is the ratio of listing and restoring moments characterizing the equality of their work. That is, the current domestic and international standards allow the achievement of a shipborne borderline hazardous state, after which it will either capsize, or an uncontrolled inflow of water into the hull and emergency flooding will begin. The characteristics of the vessel that affect stability during its assessment, both at the design stages and during operation, are determined with some error. It is caused by the assumptions of the Rules to the displacement value determination and the coordinates of the gravity center, incomplete compliance with the predicted cruise conditions, due to the ship falling into possible more severe conditions, the construction of a static stability diagram, which is the dependence of the reduced restoring moment on the inclination angle, with a flat waterline, while it is three-dimensional, and other factors related to the vessel’s type and purpose, which are not taken into account when calculating stability. In this paper, we consider a group of such factors, in relation to ships of inland and mixed (river-sea) navigation, the features and reasons for their occurrence, taking into account in verification calculations. A mathematical stability safety factor form, reflecting the expected increments of permissible values, which will improve the safety of the ship, is proposed.
Assessment of the impact of the technical condition of the cylinder-piston group parts on nitrogen oxide emissions
Authors: Roslyakova O , Zaitsev V , Panov D 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, a lot is paid to environmental protection issues, including those related to reducing emissions from ships of the sea and river fleet, which is reflected in many works. Constant control over the content of harmful emissions in the environment forces us to deal with the issues of reducing emissions from diesel engines at the design stages and during operation. The solution to this problem allows us to consider 2 directions: constructional and the use of special equipment for capture and neutralization. In the best case, a combined method can be used, i.e. constructional with the use of capturing equipment for harmful components in diesel exhaust gases. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of various factors that reduce the load on the atmospheric air from nitrogen oxides of marine diesel engines, namely, from the operating settings of the diesel engine and its wear. On the ships of the river fleet, diesel engines are used with various mixture formation with volumetric, volumetric-film, vortex mixture formation. The leader in the listed group is the volumetric mixture engines. The paper provides an assessment of the research carried out to analyze various methods of influencing the working process of a diesel engine - the type of mixture formation, wear of the cylinder sleeve in order to determine their influence on the formation of NOx emissions.
Flaw detection of ship equipment parts
Authors: Kuznetsov A , Ivanchik S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The need for non-destructive testing is regulated by the rules of the Russian River Register, which can determine the choice of the method of non-destructive testing and the procedure for its implementation. Non-destructive testing methods used in naval mechanical engineering are: visual and measuring control, ultrasonic control, radiographic control, capillary control, magnetic control, eddy current control. Each of the methods, due to the difference in the implemented physical principles, has its own advantages and disadvantages, which impose restrictions on the flaw detection of parts. The analysis of the sculpted defects of ship equipment and machines, depending on the manufacturing method and operating conditions, was carried out. The limitations on the use of non-destructive testing methods are shown. Examples of non-flaw detective parts are given, the control of which is difficult, as well as flaw detective parts that can be controlled with a guaranteed condition for detecting defects. The advantage of the method of magnetic memory of metal is indicated, relative to other methods of non-destructive testing. Using the example of a piston pin of a marine diesel engine NVD 36, a comparative analysis of the applicability of ultrasonic testing methods, the magnetic memory method and the penetrating solutions method for detecting fatigue cracks was performed. The results of the control show that the applied methods confidently identify fatigue cracks in the controlled parts, machines and mechanisms of ship equipment.