bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Rate of SiO Gas from Industrial Quartz and Silicon
Authors: Sindland Caroline , Tangstad Merete 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The production rate of SiO gas from industrial quartz and silicon has been investigated by isothermal heat treatment experiments. Mixtures of silicon and different quartz samples have been heated to temperatures ranging from 1650 °C to 1950 °C and held for 30 to 120 minutes before cooling. The weight loss of each sample has been correlated to degree of reaction and a model for the reaction rate of Si + SiO2 has been developed based on these values. Five different types of industrial quartz were used in the experiments. No significant difference was found in their reaction rate, even though there are large variations in impurity content, melting rate, decrepitation, and phase transformation rate of each sample. Further on, it is shown that the reaction rate of silicon mixed with various types of quartz can be described by an Arrhenius equation:

$${{\rm {d}}\alpha /{\rm {d}}t = k_0 \, A \, {\rm {exp}} (- Q / RT)}$$

d
α
/
d
t
=

k
0

A

exp

(
-
Q
/
R
T
)

. A reaction constant (k
0) equal to

$${6.25 \, 10^8 {\rm {g}}\, {\rm {s}}^{-1}\, {\rm{m^{-2}}}}$$

6.25

10
8

g

s

-
1

m

-
2

and an activation energy (Q) equal to

$${557\, {\rm {kJ \, mol^{-1}}}}$$

557

kJ

mol

-
1

were obtained by linear regression. The degree of reaction (

$${\alpha }$$

α

) is shown to be increasing with available reaction area, temperature, and time.
Pulmonary Hypertension Complicating Pregnancy
Authors: Krishnan Sheila , Fricke Erin M. , Cordoba Marcos , Chalifoux Laurie A. , Girgis Reda E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose of review
This study aims to describe the pathophysiology of pregnancy in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and review recent literature on maternal and fetal outcomes.

Recent findings
There is an increasing number of pregnant women with PH. Maternal mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) ranges from 9 to 25%, most commonly from heart failure and arrythmias. The highest risk of death is peri-partum and post-partum. Fetal/neonatal morbidity and mortality are also substantial. There are high rates of prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and preeclampsia. Women should be referred to expert centers for management. Combination PAH therapy with parenteral prostacyclin and a phosphodiesterase type V inhibitor is recommended. Induced vaginal delivery is preferred, except in cases of severe heart failure or obstetric indications for cesarean section.

Summary
Despite advances in management, pregnancy in PAH remains a high-risk condition and should be prevented.
Study of the growth properties of meromorphic solutions of higher-order linear difference equations
Authors: Belaïdi Benharrat , Bellaama Rachid 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the growth of meromorphic solutions of homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear difference equations $$\begin{aligned} A_{k}(z)f(z+c_{k})+\cdots +A_{1}(z)f(z+c_{1})+A_{0}(z)f(z)= & {} 0, \\ A_{k}(z)f(z+c_{k})+\cdots +A_{1}(z)f(z+c_{1})+A_{0}(z)f(z)= & {} F, \end{aligned}$$

A
k

(
z
)

f

(
z
+

c
k

)

+
⋯
+

A
1

(
z
)

f

(
z
+

c
1

)

+

A
0

(
z
)

f

(
z
)

=

0
,

A
k

(
z
)

f

(
z
+

c
k

)

+
⋯
+

A
1

(
z
)

f

(
z
+

c
1

)

+

A
0

(
z
)

f

(
z
)

=

F
,

where $$A_{k}\left( z\right) ,\ldots ,A_{0}\left( z\right) ,$$

A
k

z

,
…
,

A
0

z

,

$$F\left( z\right) $$

F

z

are meromorphic functions and $$c_{j}$$

c
j

$$\left( 1,\ldots ,k\right) $$

1
,
…
,
k

are non-zero distinct complex numbers. Under some conditions on the coefficients, we extend early results due to Zhou and Zheng, Belaïdi and Benkarouba.
Free triiodothyronine (T3) is negatively associated with fasting ghrelin serum levels in a population sample of euthyroid subjects
Authors: Wittekind D. A. , Kratzsch J. , Mergl R. , Baber R. , Witte V. , Villringer A. , Kluge M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide hormone secreted in times of stress and hunger. It is deeply involved in the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis, promoting energy intake and inhibiting energy expenditure on a metabolic level. In this regard, it has in many ways antagonistic effect on the thyroid hormones, which increase metabolism and thus energy expenditure. While there is reasonable evidence of a negative association between ghrelin and hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT-) axis from studies in patients with thyroid dysfunction and small intervention studies, large-scale studies in healthy subjects are lacking. Therefore, we studied the relationship between total ghrelin serum levels and serum levels of the thyroid hormones in a large sample of euthyroid subjects.

Methods
Total ghrelin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) were determined after an overnight fast in 1666 subjects participating in a population-based cross-sectional study (‘LIFE’) including 10,000 adults. 1012 subjects were included in this analysis. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed.

Results
FT3 was negatively associated with serum ghrelin; total sample: β = − 0.0001, p < 0.001; men: β = − 0.0002, p = 0.013; women: β = − 0.0001, p = 0.010, adjusted for age, BMI, alcohol consumption, serum levels of TSH and fT4 and smoking status. No associations were found between ghrelin serum levels and serum levels of fT4 or TSH.

Conclusion
This is to date the largest study investigating the relationship between total serum ghrelin and thyroid hormones. The results point to a complex interaction and should initiate further research.
Human gait analysis for osteoarthritis prediction: a framework of deep learning and kernel extreme learning machine
Authors: Khan Muhammad Attique , Kadry Seifedine , Parwekar Pritee , Damaševičius Robertas , Mehmood Asif , Khan Junaid Ali , Naqvi Syed Rameez 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHuman gait analysis is a novel topic in the field of computer vision with many famous applications like prediction of osteoarthritis and patient surveillance. In this application, the abnormal behavior like problems in walking style is detected of suspected patients. The suspected behavior means assessments in terms of knee joints and any other symptoms that directly affected patients’ walking style. Human gait analysis carries substantial importance in the medical domain, but the variability in patients’ clothes, viewing angle, and carrying conditions, may severely affect the performance of a system. Several deep learning techniques, specifically focusing on efficient feature selection, have been recently proposed for this purpose, unfortunately, their accuracy is rather constrained. To address this disparity, we propose an aggregation of robust deep learning features in Kernel Extreme Learning Machine. The proposed framework consists of a series of steps. First, two pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network models are retrained on public gait datasets using transfer learning, and features are extracted from the fully connected layers. Second, the most discriminant features are selected using a novel probabilistic approach named Euclidean Norm and Geometric Mean Maximization along with Conditional Entropy. Third, the aggregation of the robust features is performed using Canonical Correlation Analysis, and the aggregated features are subjected to various classifiers for final recognition. The evaluation of the proposed scheme is performed on a publicly available gait image dataset CASIA B. We demonstrate that the proposed feature aggregation methodology, once used with the Kernel Extreme Learning Machine, achieves accuracy beyond 96%, and outperforms the existing works and several other widely adopted classifiers.
Adaptive dropout for high-dimensional expensive multiobjective optimization
Authors: Lin Jianqing , He Cheng , Cheng Ran 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVarious works have been proposed to solve expensive multiobjective optimization problems (EMOPs) using surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms (SAEAs) in recent decades. However, most existing methods focus on EMOPs with less than 30 decision variables, since a large number of training samples are required to build an accurate surrogate model for high-dimensional EMOPs, which is unrealistic for expensive multiobjective optimization. To address this issue, we propose an SAEA with an adaptive dropout mechanism. Specifically, this mechanism takes advantage of the statistical differences between different solution sets in the decision space to guide the selection of some crucial decision variables. A new infill criterion is then proposed to optimize the selected decision variables with the assistance of surrogate models. Moreover, the optimized decision variables are extended to new full-length solutions, and then the new candidate solutions are evaluated using expensive functions to update the archive. The proposed algorithm is tested on different benchmark problems with up to 200 decision variables compared to some state-of-the-art SAEAs. The experimental results have demonstrated the promising performance and computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm in high-dimensional expensive multiobjective optimization.
Rainfall trend analysis and weather forecast accuracy in selected parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Alam Fakhri , Salam Muhammad , Khalil Nasir Ahmad , khan Owais , Khan Masaud 
Published: April 2021

AbstractClimate change is a multidimensional phenomenon, which has various effects on people's environmental and socioeconomic conditions. In the agricultural economy that is susceptible to natural changes, its impact is more profound. Therefore, climate change directly affects society in different ways, and society must pay a price. Climate change, especially the changes in annual temperature and rainfall, has attracted widespread attention worldwide. The variability of these factors or the magnitude of fluctuations varies according to location. Therefore, in the context of climate change, especially in countries dominated by rainfed agriculture, studying the trend of meteorological variables is essential to assess climate-induced variations and propose feasible adaptation approaches. Focusing on this fact is the main goal of this research study was to determine the rainfall trend and the accuracy of predicted temperature at three particular stations of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Kp) Province, Pakistan. For this purpose, rainfall and temperature data were provided by Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), Islamabad, for the period 1960–2020. Two types of nonparametric techniques, Sen’s slope estimate and the Mann–Kendall test, were applied to determine a trend in the average monthly and annual rainfall. The results of the annual rainfall trend analysis showed that Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan stations showed a positive increasing trend, while the monthly rainfall trend showed a negative decreasing trend for all stations. The trend was statistically significant for Peshawar and Saidu Sharif stations. The accuracy of predicted and actual temperature and rainfall indicated that mostly over-forecast occurred at Saidu Sharif and Peshawar. Most of the precipitation and temperature records showed under forecast for Dera Ismail Khan, but some over-prediction has also occurred.Graphical abstract
THE TEMPO OF CULTURAL CHANGE IN THE KOSTENKI UPPER PALEOLITHIC: FURTHER INSIGHTS
Authors: Dinnis Rob , Bessudnov Alexander A , Reynolds Natasha , Khlopachev Gennady A , Sablin Mikhail , Sinitsyn Andrei , Higham Thomas , Douka Katerina 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe Kostenki-Borshchevo site complex (Voronezh region, Russia) serves as the foundation of Eastern Europe’s Upper Paleolithic chronocultural framework. Here we present new radiocarbon dates for three Kostenki sites. Dates of ∼27.5–27 ka BP for Kostenki 15 suggest that its archaeological layer accumulated over a short period. These results help to confirm that the site is unrelated to Aurignacian assemblages. New dates for the Kostenki-Avdeevo Culture (KAC) Layer I of Kostenki 1 address the longstanding question of its chronology. Our results of ∼23.5–23 ka BP from different areas of the site are consistent with the layer’s accumulation over a short period. These results accord with recently obtained dates for Kostenki’s other KAC sites. Our younger results of ∼22.5–21 ka BP for different material from Layer III of Kostenki 21 are similarly consistent with a short chronological window for Kostenki’s KAC sites. Overall, this and other recent publications support the view that many Kostenki assemblages are chronologically distinct. This provides an important insight into the tempo of Upper Paleolithic cultural change.
WHAT THE RULERS WANT: XENOPHON ON CYRUS’ PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Illarraga Rodrigo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article presents an interpretation of Cyrus’ psychology in Xenophon'sCyropaedia. Its point is that Cyrus’ psychological structure is composed by a set of three desires (philotimía, philanthrōpía, philomátheia) given by nature and a set of virtues (sōphrosúnēandenkráteia) acquired by education. The paper will argue that Cyrus, as an enkratic ruler, does not long for any kind of honours, but is guided by truephilotimía, that is, the desire for true honours—honours freely given by gratitude or admiration.philanthrōpíais the key to achieve these honours, since it naturally prompts a benevolent and generous behaviour. At the same time,philomátheiaprovides the desire of knowledge necessary to acquire the techniques in order to accomplish ambitious and philanthropic deeds. Therefore, confronting those who have posed negative interpretations of Cyrus, the article will argue that the uncommon combination of these psychological predispositions makes Cyrus a virtuous and effective ruler.
Effect of wheat powdery mildew on grain nitrogen metabolism
Authors: Gao H. Y. , Niu J. S. , Liu W. Q. , Zhang D. L. , Li S. P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGlutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) play a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism. In order to study the effect of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Bgt) on N metabolism, field experiments were carried out to evaluate GS and GOGAT activity, GS expression and grain protein content (GPC) in susceptible (Xi'nong 979) and resistant (Zhengmai 103) wheat cultivars under three treatments. The three treatments were no inoculation (CK), inoculated once with Bgt (MP) and inoculated nine times with Bgt (HP). For Xi'nong 979, the activities of GS and GOGAT in grains as well as GS activity in flag leaves increased at 10–15 days after anthesis (DAA), and decreased significantly at 15 or 20–30 DAA in HP and MP. However, GS activity in grains decreased from 20 DAA, which was later than that of flag leaves (15 DAA). At the same time, GS expression in grains was up-regulated at early stage, with GS1 at 10 DAA and GS2 at 15 DAA, followed by a continuous down-regulation. This result indicated that GS and GOGAT activity as well as GS expression were inhibited by powdery mildew, indicating that N metabolism in grains was inhibited at 20–30 DAA. The current study also found out that the yield of the susceptible cultivar decreased significantly, while its GPC increased obviously in HP. It was shown that the increase of GPC was not due to the enhancement of N metabolism, but due to the passive increase caused by yield reduction.
Study of livestock biogas upgrading using a pilot-scale photocatalytic desulphurizer followed by a hollow fibre carbon dioxide adsorption module
Authors: Su Jung-Jeng , Chung Hsin-Cheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe objective of this project is to integrate a domestic photocatalytic desulphurization facility with a biogas upgrading module and try to develop a system for biogas desulphurization and upgrading under ambient conditions. Four photocatalytic desulphurization reactors (PDRs) and one activated carbon reactor (ACR) were applied for biogas desulphurization and filtration under ambient conditions. Moreover, a hollow fibre carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption module was applied for biogas upgrading. The operation pressure of the PDR and ACR was under ambient pressure. Results showed that hydrogen sulphide removal efficiency of the photocatalytic desulphurizer was about 0.99–1.00 (v/v) under the inlet biogas flow less than 5 litres/min and the concentration of inlet hydrogen sulphide was lower than 5600 mg/m3. For desulphurized biogas upgrading, the removal efficiency of CO2 was higher than 0.90 (v/v) under the outlet biogas flow was 1 litre/min (i.e. inlet biogas flow was about 2 litres/min). However, the ratio of methane in the upgrading biogas was lower than 0.90 (v/v). Thus, nitrogen gas removal cartridges will be integrated with the biogas upgrading module to promote methane concentration in the upgraded biogas.
Redescription and synonymization of Oscheius citri Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira and Erum, 2016 (Rhabditida, Rhabditidae) from India and its taxonomical consequences
Authors: Rana A. , Bhat A.H. , Chaubey A.K. , Půža V. , Abolafia J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A population of a nematode species belonging to the genus Oscheius was isolated in western Uttar Pradesh, India. Morphological and morphometrical studies on this species showed its high similarity with six species described previously from Pakistan (Oscheius citri, O. cobbi, O. cynodonti, O. esculentus, O. punctatus and O. sacchari). The molecular analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences of the Indian population and the six species described from Pakistan showed that all the sequences are almost identical. Thus, based on morphological and molecular characteristics, all of the six above-mentioned Pakistani species and Indian strain do not differ from each other, hence can be considered synonyms. The correct name for this taxon is the first described species O. citri. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA and the 28S rDNA sequences showed that Oscheius citri is sister to the clade formed by O. chongmingensis and O. rugaoensis from China. The high similarity of morphological and morphometric characteristics of O. citri and other species, O. maqbooli, O. nadarajani, O. niazii, O. shamimi and O. siddiqii, suggest their conspecificity; however, lack of molecular data for these species does not allow this hypothesis to be tested.
Prevalence and risk factors of psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the ELSA-Brasil COVID-19 mental health cohort
Authors: Brunoni André Russowsky , Suen Paulo Jeng Chian , Bacchi Pedro Starzynski , Razza Lais Boralli , Klein Izio , dos Santos Leonardo Afonso , de Souza Santos Itamar , da Costa Lane Valiengo Leandro , Gallucci-Neto José , Moreno Marina Lopes , Pinto Bianca Silva , de Cássia Silva Félix Larissa , de Sousa Juliana Pereira , Viana Maria Carmen , Forte Pamela Marques , de Altisent Oliveira Cardoso Marcia Cristina , Bittencourt Marcio Sommer , Pelosof Rebeca , de Siqueira Luciana Lima , Fatori Daniel , Bellini Helena , Bueno Priscila Vilela Silveira , Passos Ives Cavalcante , Nunes Maria Angelica , Salum Giovanni Abrahão , Bauermeister Sarah , Smoller Jordan W. , Lotufo Paulo Andrade , Benseñor Isabela Martins 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
There is mixed evidence on increasing rates of psychiatric disorders and symptoms during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020. We evaluated pandemic-related psychopathology and psychiatry diagnoses and their determinants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Health (ELSA-Brasil) São Paulo Research Center.

Methods
Between pre-pandemic ELSA-Brasil assessments in 2008–2010 (wave-1), 2012–2014 (wave-2), 2016–2018 (wave-3) and three pandemic assessments in 2020 (COVID-19 waves in May–July, July–September, and October–December), rates of common psychiatric symptoms, and depressive, anxiety, and common mental disorders (CMDs) were compared using the Clinical Interview Scheduled-Revised (CIS-R) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Multivariable generalized linear models, adjusted by age, gender, educational level, and ethnicity identified variables associated with an elevated risk for mental disorders.

Results
In 2117 participants (mean age 62.3 years, 58.2% females), rates of CMDs and depressive disorders did not significantly change over time, oscillating from 23.5% to 21.1%, and 3.3% to 2.8%, respectively; whereas rate of anxiety disorders significantly decreased (2008–2010: 13.8%; 2016–2018: 9.8%; 2020: 8%). There was a decrease along three wave-COVID assessments for depression [β = −0.37, 99.5% confidence interval (CI) −0.50 to −0.23], anxiety (β = −0.37, 99.5% CI −0.48 to −0.26), and stress (β = −0.48, 99.5% CI −0.64 to −0.33) symptoms (all ps < 0.001). Younger age, female sex, lower educational level, non-white ethnicity, and previous psychiatric disorders were associated with increased odds for psychiatric disorders, whereas self-evaluated good health and good quality of relationships with decreased risk.

Conclusion
No consistent evidence of pandemic-related worsening psychopathology in our cohort was found. Indeed, psychiatric symptoms slightly decreased along 2020. Risk factors representing socioeconomic disadvantages were associated with increased odds of psychiatric disorders.
Reanalysis processes in non-native sentence comprehension
Authors: Fujita Hiroki , Cunnings Ian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report two offline and two eye-movement experiments examining non-native (L2) sentence processing during and after reanalysis of temporarily ambiguous sentences like “While Mary dressed the baby laughed happily”. Such sentences cause reanalysis at the main clause verb (“laughed”), as the temporarily ambiguous noun phrase (“the baby”) may initially be misanalysed as the direct object of the subordinate clause verb (“dressed”). The offline experiments revealed that L2ers have difficulty reanalysing temporarily ambiguous sentences with a greater persistence of the initially assigned misinterpretation than native (L1) speakers. In the eye-movement experiments, we found that L2ers complete reanalysis similarly to L1ers but fail to fully erase the memory trace of the initially assigned interpretation. Our results suggested that the source of L2 reanalysis difficulty is a failure to erase the initially assigned misinterpretation from memory rather than a failure to conduct syntactic reanalysis.
Hong Kong breaking into the international league: Cathay Pacific's extension to long-haul routes, 1970s–1980s
Authors: Wong John D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article studies the process by which British politicians and corporate executives, in both Hong Kong and London, handled the colony's elevating economic status and negotiated its flagship carrier's penetration of international aviation networks. Through Cathay Pacific's extending reach, Hong Kong translated its economic success into an expanded presence in the world of commercial aviation. As the colonial government channeled Hong Kong's burgeoning financial prowess to fund an infrastructure upgrade, the colony's budding airline capitalized on the commercial availability of jumbo jets to leapfrog into the long-haul market. Such groundwork primed Hong Kong to take advantage of the opening skies as deregulation transformed the airline industry. As the colony's economy flourished, Cathay Pacific broke free from its regional configuration and arrived at faraway ports in Australia, North America, and Europe. The Hong Kong carrier's extended reach was but the material manifestation of the city's economic takeoff and growth into a global metropolis.