bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the effect of poaching activity on wildlife species?
Authors: Moore Jennifer F. , Uzabaho Eustrate , Musana Abel , Uwingeli Prosper , Hines James E. , Nichols James D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPoaching is a pervasive threat to wildlife, yet quantifying the direct effect of poaching on wildlife is rarely possible because both wildlife and threat data are infrequently collected concurrently. In this study, we used poaching data collected through the Management Information System (MIST) and wildlife camera trap data collected by the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) network from 2014 to 2017 in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. We implemented co‐occurrence multi‐season occupancy models that accounted for imperfect detection to investigate the effect of poaching on initial occupancy, colonization, and extinction of five mammal species. Specifically, we focused on two species of conservation concern (mountain gorilla [Gorilla beringei beringei] and golden monkey [Cercopithecus mitis kandti]), and three species targeted by poachers (black‐fronted duiker [Cephalophus nigrifrons], bushbuck [Tragelaphus scriptus], and African buffalo [Syncerus caffer]). We found that the probability of local extinction was highest in sites with poaching activity for golden monkey and bushbuck. In addition, the probability of initial occupancy for golden monkey was highest in sites without poaching activity. We only found weak evidence of effects of poaching on parameters governing the occupancy dynamics of the other species. All species showed evidence of poaching presence affecting the probability of detection of the wildlife species. This is the first study to our knowledge to combine direct threat observations from ranger‐based monitoring data with camera trap wildlife observations to quantify the effect of poaching on wildlife. Given the widespread collection of ranger‐based monitoring and camera trap data, our approach is broadly applicable to numerous protected areas and has the potential to significantly improve conservation management. Specifically, the relationship between poaching activity and wildlife population dynamics can be combined with information on the relationship between ranger patrols and poaching activity to develop models useful for making wise decisions about ranger patrol deployment.
Mixed‐conifer forest reference conditions for privately owned timberland in the southern Cascade Range
Authors: Collins Brandon M. , Bernal Alexis , York Robert A. , Stevens Jens T. , Juska Andrew , Stephens Scott L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe overwhelming majority of information on historical forest conditions in western North America comes from public lands, which may provide an incomplete description of historical landscapes. In this study we made use of an archive containing extensive timber survey data collected in the early 1920s from privately owned forestland. These data covered over 50,000 ha and effectively represent a 19% sample of the entire area. The historical forest conditions reconstructed from these data fit the classic model of frequent‐fire forests: large trees, low density, and pine‐dominated. However, unlike other large‐scale forest reconstructions, our study area exhibited relatively low overall variability in forest structure and composition across the historical landscape. Despite having low variability, our analyses revealed evidence of biophysical controls on tree density and pine fraction. Annual climatic variables most strongly explained the range in historical tree densities, whereas historical pine fraction was explained by a combination of topographic and climatic variables. Contemporary forest inventory data collected from both public and private lands within the same general area, albeit not a direct remeasurement, revealed substantial increases in tree density and greatly reduced pine fractions relative to historical conditions. Contemporary forests exhibited a far greater range in these conditions than what existed historically. These findings suggest that private forestland managed with multiaged silviculture may be similar to public forestland with respect to departure in forest structure and compositions from that of historical forests. However, there may be differences between management objectives that favor timber production, more typical on private lands, vs. those that favor restoration, increasingly supported on public lands.
Sex differences in morphology across an expanding range edge in the flightless ground beetle, Carabus hortensis
Authors: Yarwood Elisabeth , Drees Claudia , Niven Jeremy E. , Gawel Marisa , Schuett Wiebke 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Species’ ranges are dynamic, changing through range shifts, contractions, and expansions. Individuals at the edge of a species’ shifting range often possess morphological traits that increase movement capacity, that are not observed in individuals farther back within the species’ range. Although morphological traits that increase in proportion toward the range edge may differ between the sexes, such sex differences are rarely studied.

Here, we test the hypotheses that body size and condition increase with proximity to an expanding range edge in the flightless ground beetle, Carabus hortensis, and that these trait changes differ between the sexes.

Male, but not female, body size increased with proximity to the range edge. Body size was positively correlated with male front and mid tibia length and to female hind tibia length, indicating that body size is indicative of movement capacity in both sexes. Body condition (relative to body size) decreased with increasing population density in males but not females. Population density was lowest at the range edge.

Our results indicate that sex is an important factor influencing patterns in trait distribution across species’ ranges, and future studies should investigate changes in morphological traits across expanding range margins separately for males and females. We discuss the implications for sex differences in resource allocation and reproductive rates for trait differentiation across species’ shifting ranges.
Short‐term impact of fire on the total soil microbial and nitrifier communities in a wet savanna
Authors: Srikanthasamy Tharaniya , Barot Sébastien , Koffi Fulgence K. , Tambosco Kevin , Marcangeli Yoan , Carmignac David , N'Dri Aya Brigitte , Gervaix Jonathan , Le Roux Xavier , Lata Jean‐Christophe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSavannas are characterized by the coexistence of grasses and trees. Fires are critical for their coexistence, because they decrease the survival of tree seedlings and saplings and their recruitment to the adult stage. In some humid savannas, perennial grasses inhibit nitrification and trees stimulate nitrification, which likely favors coexistence between trees and grasses. However, fires may influence plant capacity to control nitrogen cycling, which could subsequently influence tree–grass coexistence and savanna nitrogen budget. Therefore, we sampled soil in a humid savanna of Ivory Coast under the dominant nitrification‐inhibiting grass species and the dominant nitrification‐stimulating tree species and under bare soil before and after (i.e., 5 days) fire during the long dry season. We quantified the total microbial and nitrifier abundances and transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzyme activity. Fire decreased soil water content, probably by increasing evaporation and, maybe, by triggering the growth of grasses, and increased soil ammonium availability likely due to ash deposition and increased mineralization. Fire did not impact the total archaeal, bacterial, or fungal abundances, or that of the nitrifiers. Fire did not impact archaeal transcriptional activity and increased bacterial and fungal total transcriptional activities. In contrast, fire decreased the archaeal nitrifier transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzymatic activity, likely due to the often reported resumption of the growth of nitrification‐inhibiting grasses quickly after the fire (and the subsequent increase in root exudation). These results pave the way for a better understanding of the short‐term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling and tree–grass competition for nitrogen.
Excluding spatial sampling bias does not eliminate oversplitting in DNA‐based species delimitation analyses
Authors: Lukic Daniel , Eberle Jonas , Thormann Jana , Holzschuh Carolus , Ahrens Dirk 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDNA barcoding and DNA‐based species delimitation are major tools in DNA taxonomy. Sampling has been a central debate in this context, because the geographical composition of samples affects the accuracy and performance of DNA barcoding. Performance of complex DNA‐based species delimitation is to be tested under simpler conditions in absence of geographic sampling bias. Here, we present an empirical dataset sampled from a single locality in a Southeast‐Asian biodiversity hotspot (Laos: Phou Pan mountain). We investigate the performance of various species delimitation approaches on a megadiverse assemblage of herbivorous chafer beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to infer whether species delimitation suffers in the same way from exaggerate infraspecific variation despite the lack of geographic genetic variation that led to inconsistencies between entities from DNA‐based and morphology‐based species inference in previous studies. For this purpose, a 658 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) was analyzed for a total of 186 individuals of 56 morphospecies. Tree‐based and distance‐based species delimitation methods were used. All approaches showed a rather limited match ratio (max. 77%) with morphospecies. Poisson tree process (PTP) and statistical parsimony network analysis (TCS) prevailingly over‐splitted morphospecies, while 3% clustering and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) also lumped several species into one entity. ABGD revealed the highest congruence between molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and morphospecies. Disagreements between morphospecies and MOTUs have to be explained by historically acquired geographic genetic differentiation, incomplete lineage sorting, and hybridization. The study once again highlights how important morphology still is in order to correctly interpret the results of molecular species delimitation.
Essential requirement for polypyrimidine tract binding proteins 1 and 3 in the maturation and maintenance of mature B cells in mice
Authors: Monzón‐Casanova Elisa , Bates Kirsty J. , Smith Christopher W. J. , Turner Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe maturation of immature B cells and the survival of mature B cells is stringently controlled to maintain a diverse repertoire of antibody specificities while avoiding self‐reactivity. At the molecular level this is regulated by signaling from membrane Ig and the BAFF‐receptor that sustain a pro‐survival program of gene expression. Whether and how posttranscriptional mechanisms contribute to B cell maturation and survival remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the polypyrimidine tract binding proteins (PTBP) PTBP1 and PTBP3 bind to a large and overlapping set of transcripts in B cells. Both PTBP1 and PTBP3 bind to introns and exons where they are predicted to regulate alternative splicing. Moreover, they also show high‐density of binding to 3’ untranslated regions suggesting they influence the transcriptome in diverse ways. We show that PTBP1 and PTBP3 are required in B cells beyond the immature cell stage to sustain transitional B cells and the B1, marginal zone and follicular B cell lineages. Therefore, PTBP1 and PTBP3 promote the maturation of quiescent B cells by regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level.
Amperometric Sarcosine Biosensors Based on Electrodeposited Conductive Films Contain Indole‐6‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Zhang Xiaofang , Chen Jing , Wang Qia , Du Bing , Fan Gaochao , Zheng Weidong , Yang Haipeng , Xu Tailin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSarcosine level in serum is of important clinical significance in distinguishing prostate cancer. This work depicts an amperometric sarcosine biosensor with good anti‐interference performance by electro‐codepositing manganese phosphate, 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and indole‐6‐carboxylic acid (IA) on the glass carbon electrode. The prepared sarcosine biosensor has a wide linear detection range (1–55 μM) with a low detection limit of 0.11 μM. This work provides an anti‐interference approach by controlling the surface charge density of the biosensor to sarcosine sensing, which has great potential to be used as point of care testing (POCT) device for the rapid detection of prostate cancer biomarkers.
Sheath‐assisted versus sheathless dielectrophoretic particle separation
Authors: Dalili Arash , Hoorfar Mina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLab‐on‐chip devices are widely being used for binary and ternary cell/particle separation applications. Among the lab‐on‐chip methods, dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a cost‐effective and label‐free method, with great capabilities for size‐based separation of cells and particles, which is mostly performed in sheath‐assisted forms. However, the elimination of the sheath flows offers advantages such as ease of operation and higher sample throughput. In this work, we present a comparison of sheath‐assisted and sheathless DEP separation of three sizes of microparticles using tilted electrodes. The sheath‐assisted design was capable of separating the 5, 10, and 15 μm particles with a separation efficiency as high as 98.0% for 15 μm particles. By adding a DEP focusing region, a sheathless DEP separator was proposed, which offered higher throughputs (up to 10 times) at the cost of lowering the separation efficiency (a reduction up to 10.3% for 15 μm) compared to the sheath‐assisted design. To enhance the separation efficiency, a combination of the DEP focusing accompanied by weak sheath flows from both sides was proposed. This design achieved the highest sample separation yield in the outlets (as high as 98.7% for 15 μm) with a sample throughput of more than 4.2 μL/min. This study provides insights into the choice of an appropriate platform for any application in which the yield, purity, throughput, and portability must be considered.
Patterned vascularization in a directional ice‐templated scaffold of decellularized matrix
Authors: Shen Li , Song Xiuyue , Xu Yalan , Tian Runhua , Wang Yin , Li Peifeng , Li Jing , Bai Hao , Zhu Hai , Wang Dong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVascularization is fundamental for large‐scale tissue engineering. Most of the current vascularization strategies including microfluidics and three‐dimensional (3D) printing aim to precisely fabricate microchannels for individual microvessels. However, few studies have examined the remodeling capacity of the microvessels in the engineered constructs, which is important for transplantation in vivo. Here we present a method for patterning microvessels in a directional ice‐templated scaffold of decellularized porcine kidney extracellular matrix. The aligned microchannels made by directional ice templating allowed for fast and efficient cell seeding. The pure decellularized matrix without any fixatives or cross‐linkers maximized the potential of tissue remodeling. Dramatical microvascular remodeling happened in the scaffold in 2 weeks, from small primary microvessel segments to long patterned microvessels. The majority of the microvessels were aligned in parallel and interconnected with each other to form a network. This method is compatible with other engineering techniques, such as microfluidics and 3D printing, and multiple cell types can be co‐cultured to make complex vascularized tissue and organ models.
Experimental investigation on the application of carbon dioxide adsorption for a shale reservoir
Authors: Zhang Hongyan , Khayatnezhad Majid , Davarpanah Afshin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNew advancements in unconventional oil reservoirs to enhance cumulative oil production are essential for petroleum industries to develop new oilfields. Carbon dioxide injection (CO2) is considered one of the most functional enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, especially in shale reservoirs, regarding their low permeability of pores and cracks. This paper aims to experimentally investigate the crucial factors such as shale particle size, pressure, and temperature on the CO2 adsorption that can be used as a useful guideline for developing unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Thereby, pressure increase would be an essential parameter to increase CO2 storage capacity; however, temperature increase has a reverse pattern and has caused to decrease the CO2 storage capacity. The essence of the oil recovery factor from shale reservoirs is another crucial factor that depends on the pressure, temperature, and soaking time factors. CO2 injection would be a proper (EOR) method to increase the oil recovery factor for higher pressures and temperatures. Therefore, the applicability of CO2 injection in shale reservoirs could provide efficient results rather than other EOR techniques.
Founder and professionalCEOs' performance differences across institutions: Ameta‐analyticstudy
Authors: Zaandam Aten , Hasija Dinesh , Ellstrand Alan E. , Cummings Michael E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryWe examine the effect of institutions on performance differences between founder and professional CEOs. We do so by integrating an institutional perspective with findings from the literatures on CEOs' managerial discretion and cognition. Specifically, we theorize that in informal institutional environments characterized by high power distance and individualism and in formal institutional contexts characterized by low regulatory and political quality, differences in cognitive styles lead founders to enjoy performance advantages over professional CEOs. The results of our meta‐analysis of 117 studies across 22 countries conducted between 1987 and 2020 support our predictions. We conclude by discussing the implications for research and policy regarding institutional development and the governance of entrepreneurial firms.Managerial SummaryWe develop a framework to examine the influence of the institutional environment on performance differences between founder and professional CEOs. Our results show that founder CEOs experience performance advantages across high discretionary institutional settings when compared with professional CEOs. Boards may use this information to guide their recommendations or decisions related to founder CEO succession or retention. Moreover, firms pursuing international strategies such as joint ventures may also use this information as one of their search criteria while shortlisting their potential prospect partners.
The paradoxical effect of responsible leadership on employee cyberloafing: A moderated mediation model
Authors: Zhu Jinqiang , Wei Hongguo , Li Hai , Osburn Holly 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDrawing on the conservation of resources theory (COR), this study examines the relationship between responsible leadership and counterproductive work behavior of employee cyberloafing. Incorporating related concepts of felt obligation, job stress, and conscientiousness as possible mediators and moderators between responsible leadership and cyberloafing, a field study and a quasi‐experimental design were conducted on two data sets. Data from Study 1 showed that while responsible leadership reduced employee cyberloafing through increased felt obligation, it also promoted employee cyberloafing through increasing job stress. Study 2 further showed that conscientiousness moderated the mediating effect of felt obligation between responsible leadership and cyberloafing. The results from this work illustrate the paradoxical mechanisms of self‐regulatory resources anticipated from COR.
Piezotronics in two‐dimensional materials
Authors: Zhang Qin , Zuo Shanling , Chen Ping , Pan Caofeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe fascinating two‐dimensional (2D) materials are being potentially applied in various fields from science to engineering benefitting from the charming physical and chemical properties on optics, electronics, and magnetism, compared with the bulk crystal, while piezotronics is a universal and pervasive phenomenon in the materials with broking center symmetry, promoting the new field and notable achievements of piezotronics in 2D materials with higher accuracy and sensitivity. For example, 20 parts per billion of the detecting limitations in NO2 sensor, 500 μm of spatial strain resolution in flexible devices, and 0.363 eV output voltage in nanogenerators. In this review, three categories of 2D piezotronics materials are first introduced ranging from organic to inorganic data, among which six types of 2D inorganic materials are emphasized based on the geometrical arrangement of different atoms. Then, the microscopic mechanism of carrier transport and separation in 2D piezotronic materials is highlighted, accompanied with the presentation of four measured methods. Subsequently, the developed applications of 2D piezotronics are discussed comprehensively including different kinds of sensors, piezo‐catalysis, nanogenerators and information storage. Ultimately, we suggest the challenges and provide the ideas for qualitative–quantitative research of microscopic mechanism and large‐scale integrated applications of 2D piezotronics.image
Differential Iron Requirements for Osteoblast and Adipocyte Differentiation
Authors: Edwards Daniel F. , Miller Christopher J. , Quintana‐Martinez Arelis , Wright Christian S. , Prideaux Matthew , Atkins Gerald J. , Thompson William R. , Clinkenbeard Erica L. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells are precursors for various cell types including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. The external environment and signals act to direct the pathway of differentiation. Importantly, situations such as aging and chronic kidney disease display alterations in the balance of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation, adversely affecting bone integrity. Iron deficiency, which can often occur during aging and chronic kidney disease, is associated with reduced bone density. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of iron deficiency on the capacity of progenitor cell differentiation pathways. Mouse and human progenitor cells, differentiated under standard osteoblast and adipocyte protocols in the presence of the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO), were used. Under osteogenic conditions, 5μM DFO significantly impaired expression of critical osteoblast genes, including osteocalcin, type 1 collagen, and dentin matrix protein 1. This led to a reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity and impaired mineralization. Despite prolonged exposure to chronic iron deficiency, cells retained viability as well as normal hypoxic responses with significant increases in transferrin receptor and protein accumulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1α. Similar concentrations of DFO were used when cells were maintained in adipogenic conditions. In contrast to osteoblast differentiation, DFO modestly suppressed adipocyte gene expression of peroxisome‐proliferating activated receptor gamma, lipoprotein lipase, and adiponectin at earlier time points with normalization at later stages. Lipid accumulation was also similar in all conditions. These data suggest the critical importance of iron in osteoblast differentiation, and as long as the external stimuli are present, iron deficiency does not impede adipogenesis. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.