bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Displacement and the Legal Gymnastics of Justice: Is It All Political?
Authors: Simonelli Andrea C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe future for people becoming displaced due to climate processes is still unknown. The effects of climate change are more apparent every day, and those most acutely impacted are still unable to access an appropriate legal remedy for their woes. Two new books evaluate the limits to international legal protections and the application of justice. Climate Change, Disasters, and the Refugee Convention, by Matthew Scott, investigates the assumptions underpinning the dichotomy between refugees and those facing adversity due to climate-induced disasters. Climate Change and People on the Move: International Law and Justice, by Fanny Thornton, goes further by examining how justice is used—and curtailed—by international instruments of protection. Thornton's legal analysis is thorough and thoughtful, but also demonstrative of the limitations of justice when confined by historical precedent and political indifference. With so little still being done to hold industries to account, is it any surprise that the legal system is not yet ready to protect those harmed by carbon pollution? Demanding justice for climate displacees is an indictment of modern Western economics and development; it implicates entire national lifestyles and the institutions and people that support them.
‘Parity with all nations’: The ‘coolie’ trade and the quest for recognition by China and Japan
Authors: Le Moli Ginevra 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article explores the quest for sovereign equality by China and Japan as it unfolded in a specific historical moment, the third quarter of the nineteenth century. It does so by focusing on the debate around the ‘coolie trade’, i.e., the traffic of Chinese indentured labourers, which offered an opportunity for non-Western countries such as China and Japan to position themselves with respect to Western conceptions of ‘modernity’ or ‘civilization’ and thereby advance their quest for ‘parity with all nations’. Through a study of the Maria Luz case, decided in the early 1870s by Czar Alexander II and drafted by de Martens, the article sheds light on the different approaches of Japan and China with respect to international law at this critical historical juncture. Specifically, it shows that, although the coolie trade mostly affected China, it was Japan who first managed to reap a parity dividend by firmly condemning the practice, whereas China’s action was steered by the circumstances. Eventually, however, China’s growing interest in Chinese populations abroad paved the way for the establishment of its first permanent diplomatic representations overseas. For both countries, the events encapsulated by the Maria Luz case unveil an important, yet overlooked, moment in their quest for parity with all nations and, more generally, in their engagement with international law.
The distance profile of rooted and unrooted simply generated trees
Authors: Berzunza Ojeda Gabriel , Janson Svante 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt is well known that the height profile of a critical conditioned Galton–Watson tree with finite offspring variance converges, after a suitable normalisation, to the local time of a standard Brownian excursion. In this work, we study the distance profile, defined as the profile of all distances between pairs of vertices. We show that after a proper rescaling the distance profile converges to a continuous random function that can be described as the density of distances between random points in the Brownian continuum random tree. We show that this limiting function a.s. is Hölder continuous of any order
$\alpha<1$
, and that it is a.e. differentiable. We note that it cannot be differentiable at 0, but leave as open questions whether it is Lipschitz, and whether it is continuously differentiable on the half-line
$(0,\infty)$
. The distance profile is naturally defined also for unrooted trees contrary to the height profile that is designed for rooted trees. This is used in our proof, and we prove the corresponding convergence result for the distance profile of random unrooted simply generated trees. As a minor purpose of the present work, we also formalize the notion of unrooted simply generated trees and include some simple results relating them to rooted simply generated trees, which might be of independent interest.
Cite the Good Cite: Making Citations in Political Science More Transparent
Authors: Grossman Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTPolitical science research aims for greater transparency. Authors are increasingly expected to share their data and methodology so that readers and reviewers can follow their line of argument and replicate their findings. However, citations of books, articles, and other secondary sources in the discipline are still predominantly general, referring to entire works rather than specific parts of them. This article addresses the problem of the overuse of general citations as a disciplinary norm in political science. An analysis of articles published in five top-tier journals in 2019 reveals that only around 10% of the citations in these articles provide detailed source information (e.g., page numbers and location information) and identifies some of the causes for this scarcity. The article calls for more transparent citation norms in the discipline, suggests preliminary steps toward this goal, and proposes solutions for the challenges posed by the increasing use of digital sources.
Information encoding and transmission profiles of first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) speech
Authors: Bradlow Ann R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInspired by information theoretic analyses of L1 speech and language, this study proposes that L1 and L2 speech exhibit distinct information encoding and transmission profiles in the temporal domain. Both the number and average duration of acoustic syllables (i.e., intensity peaks in the temporal envelope) were automatically measured from L1 and L2 recordings of standard texts in English, French, and Spanish. Across languages, L2 acoustic syllables were greater in number (more acoustic syllables/text) and longer in duration (fewer acoustic syllables/second). While substantial syllable reduction (fewer acoustic than orthographic syllables) was evident in both L1 and L2 speech, L2 speech generally exhibited less syllable reduction, resulting in low information density (more syllables with less information/syllable). Low L2 information density compounded low L2 speech rate yielding very low L2 information transmission rate (i.e., less information/second). Overall, this cross-language comparison establishes low information transmission rate as a language-general, distinguishing feature of L2 speech.
Improvement of matching fields using coplanar field border method in postmastectomy radiotherapy
Authors: Kongsa Anupong , Chitapanarux Imjai , Watcharawipha Anirut , Huntrakul Lalita , Thongsuk Warit , Klunklin Pitchayaponne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aim:
To propose a new matching method for the supraclavicular (SC) and tangential fields on three-dimensional radiotherapy (3DRT) for postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT).

Methods:
A method of matching coplanar field borders (CFB) between the tangential and SC fields was created in 3DRT. The collimator angle of the medial tangential field was calculated to coplanar the SC field. The proposed method performance was ultimately benchmarked using the half beam block (HBB) and traditional three-field monoisocenter (TTM) methods by dosimetric comparison. The decision score was then employed to clarify the performance among these methods.

Results:
The results show that the TTM method exhibited not only low doses on the organs at risk (OAR) but also on the matching fields. The CFB and HBB produced comparable results, but the ipsilateral lung yielded lesser amounts than the HBB. The decision score indicated a low performance level when using the TTM method, whereas the CBF method exhibited a slightly higher performance score than the HBB.

Findings:
The CFB exhibited good performance in terms of the dose on OARs and at the matching fields. This method offers a comparable level of performance to the HBB. Thus, the CFB offers an alternative method of significant interest in PMRT.
Exploration of Decadal Tidal Evolution in Response to Morphological and Sedimentary Changes in the Yangtze Estuary
Authors: Zhu Chunyan , Guo Leicheng , van Maren D. S. , Wang Zheng Bing , He Qing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEstuarine tidal dynamics are influenced by changes in morphology and friction. In this work, we quantified changes in tidal damping in the Yangtze Estuary and explored the impact of morphology and friction using a numerical model. In‐depth analyses of tidal data reveal a strong reduction in tidal damping from 1990 to 2010, followed by a slightly enhanced damping from 2010 to 2020 in the South Branch. The reduced tidal damping in the South Branch from 1990 to 2010 is controlled by sediment decline which induces an increase in water depth (erosion), thereby strongly amplifying tides. However, the effective bottom roughness (Manning coefficient) is increased by 60%, which is probably related to the 80% decrease in the suspended sediment concentration (SSC). Such an effect may enhance tidal damping, which counteracts the contribution of water depth increase on amplifying tides by 75%. From 2010 to 2020, the tides in the South Branch became more damped, suggesting a dominance of the decrease in SSC over the morphological changes. In the mouth zone, tidal dissipation is enhanced from 1997 to 2010, which is mainly caused by an overall increase in effective bottom roughness. Local structures dominate the increase in effective bottom roughness; however, fluid mud formation may contribute to a decrease after 2010. Overall, we argue that estuarine morphological and sedimentary changes in response to riverine sediment decline and local engineering works control the tidal evolution in the Yangtze Estuary, which is important for evaluation of human activities and estuarine management.
Spectral Albedo of Dusty Martian H2O Snow and Ice
Authors: Khuller Aditya R. , Christensen Philip R. , Warren Stephen G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent evidence of exposed H2O ice on Mars suggests that this ice was deposited as dusty (<∼1% dust) snow. This dusty snow is thought to have been deposited and subsequently buried over the last few million years. On Earth, freshly fallen snow metamorphoses with time into firn and, if deep enough, into glacier ice. While spectral measurements of martian ice have been made, no model of the spectral albedo of dusty martian firn or glacier ice exists at present. Accounting for dust and snow metamorphism is important because both factors reduce the albedo of snow and ice by large amounts. However, the dust content and physical properties of martian H2O ice are poorly constrained. Here, we present a model of the spectral albedo of H2O snow and ice on Mars, which is based on validated terrestrial models. We find that small amounts (<1%) of martian dust can lower the albedo of H2O ice at visible wavelengths from ∼1.0 to ∼0.1. Additionally, our model indicates that dusty (>0.01% dust) firn and glacier ice have a lower albedo than pure dust, making them difficult to distinguish in visible or near‐infrared images commonly used to detect H2O ice on Mars. Observations of excess ice at the Phoenix landing site are matched by 350‐μm snow grains with 0.015% dust, indicating that the snow has not yet metamorphosed into glacier ice. Our model results can be used to characterize orbital observations of martian H2O ice and refine climate‐model predictions of ice stability.
Foraging with the frontal cortex: A cross-species evaluation of reward-guided behavior
Authors: Rudebeck Peter H. , Izquierdo Alicia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEfficient foraging is essential to survival and depends on frontal cortex in mammals. Because of its role in psychiatric disorders, frontal cortex and its contributions to reward procurement have been studied extensively in both rodents and non-human primates. How frontal cortex of these animal models compares is a source of intense debate. Here we argue that translating findings from rodents to non-human primates requires an appreciation of both the niche in which each animal forages as well as the similarities in frontal cortex anatomy and function. Consequently, we highlight similarities and differences in behavior and anatomy, before focusing on points of convergence in how parts of frontal cortex contribute to distinct aspects of foraging in rats and macaques, more specifically. In doing so, our aim is to emphasize where translation of frontal cortex function between species is clearer, where there is divergence, and where future work should focus. We finish by highlighting aspects of foraging for which have received less attention but we believe are critical to uncovering how frontal cortex promotes survival in each species.
Network structure of resource use and niche overlap within the endophytic microbiome
Authors: Michalska-Smith Matthew , Song Zewei , Spawn-Lee Seth A , Hansen Zoe A , Johnson Mitch , May Georgiana , Borer Elizabeth T , Seabloom Eric W , Kinkel Linda L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Endophytes often have dramatic effects on their host plants. Characterizing the relationships among members of these communities has focused on identifying the effects of single microbes on their host, but has generally overlooked interactions among the myriad microbes in natural communities as well as potential higher-order interactions. Network analyses offer a powerful means for characterizing patterns of interaction among microbial members of the phytobiome that may be crucial to mediating its assembly and function. We sampled twelve endophytic communities, comparing patterns of niche overlap between coexisting bacteria and fungi to evaluate the effect of nutrient supplementation on local and global competitive network structure. We found that, despite differences in the degree distribution, there were few significant differences in the global network structure of niche-overlap networks following persistent nutrient amendment. Likewise, we found idiosyncratic and weak evidence for higher-order interactions regardless of nutrient treatment. This work provides a first-time characterization of niche-overlap network structure in endophytic communities and serves as a framework for higher-resolution analyses of microbial interaction networks as a consequence and a cause of ecological variation in microbiome function.
Somatic genetic rescue of a germline ribosome assembly defect
Authors: Tan Shengjiang , Kermasson Laëtitia , Hilcenko Christine , Kargas Vasileios , Traynor David , Boukerrou Ahmed Z. , Escudero-Urquijo Norberto , Faille Alexandre , Bertrand Alexis , Rossmann Maxim , Goyenechea Beatriz , Jin Li , Moreil Jonathan , Alibeu Olivier , Beaupain Blandine , Bôle-Feysot Christine , Fumagalli Stefano , Kaltenbach Sophie , Martignoles Jean-Alain , Masson Cécile , Nitschké Patrick , Parisot Mélanie , Pouliet Aurore , Radford-Weiss Isabelle , Tores Frédéric , de Villartay Jean-Pierre , Zarhrate Mohammed , Koh Ai Ling , Phua Kong Boo , Reversade Bruno , Bond Peter J. , Bellanné-Chantelot Christine , Callebaut Isabelle , Delhommeau François , Donadieu Jean , Warren Alan J. , Revy Patrick 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIndirect somatic genetic rescue (SGR) of a germline mutation is thought to be rare in inherited Mendelian disorders. Here, we establish that acquired mutations in the EIF6 gene are a frequent mechanism of SGR in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), a leukemia predisposition disorder caused by a germline defect in ribosome assembly. Biallelic mutations in the SBDS or EFL1 genes in SDS impair release of the anti-association factor eIF6 from the 60S ribosomal subunit, a key step in the translational activation of ribosomes. Here, we identify diverse mosaic somatic genetic events (point mutations, interstitial deletion, reciprocal chromosomal translocation) in SDS hematopoietic cells that reduce eIF6 expression or disrupt its interaction with the 60S subunit, thereby conferring a selective advantage over non-modified cells. SDS-related somatic EIF6 missense mutations that reduce eIF6 dosage or eIF6 binding to the 60S subunit suppress the defects in ribosome assembly and protein synthesis across multiple SBDS-deficient species including yeast, Dictyostelium and Drosophila. Our data suggest that SGR is a universal phenomenon that may influence the clinical evolution of diverse Mendelian disorders and support eIF6 suppressor mimics as a therapeutic strategy in SDS.
Translational control by DHX36 binding to 5′UTR G-quadruplex is essential for muscle stem-cell regenerative functions
Authors: Chen Xiaona , Yuan Jie , Xue Guang , Campanario Silvia , Wang Di , Wang Wen , Mou Xi , Liew Shiau Wei , Umar Mubarak Ishaq , Isern Joan , Zhao Yu , He Liangqiang , Li Yuying , Mann Christopher J. , Yu Xiaohua , Wang Lei , Perdiguero Eusebio , Chen Wei , Xue Yuanchao , Nagamine Yoshikuni , Kwok Chun Kit , Sun Hao , Muñoz-Cánoves Pura , Wang Huating 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSkeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate owing to its resident stem cells (also called satellite cells, SCs). SCs are normally quiescent; when stimulated by damage, they activate and expand to form new fibers. The mechanisms underlying SC proliferative progression remain poorly understood. Here we show that DHX36, a helicase that unwinds RNA G-quadruplex (rG4) structures, is essential for muscle regeneration by regulating SC expansion. DHX36 (initially named RHAU) is barely expressed at quiescence but is highly induced during SC activation and proliferation. Inducible deletion of Dhx36 in adult SCs causes defective proliferation and muscle regeneration after damage. System-wide mapping in proliferating SCs reveals DHX36 binding predominantly to rG4 structures at various regions of mRNAs, while integrated polysome profiling shows that DHX36 promotes mRNA translation via 5′-untranslated region (UTR) rG4 binding. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DHX36 specifically regulates the translation of Gnai2 mRNA by unwinding its 5′ UTR rG4 structures and identify GNAI2 as a downstream effector of DHX36 for SC expansion. Altogether, our findings uncover DHX36 as an indispensable post-transcriptional regulator of SC function and muscle regeneration acting through binding and unwinding rG4 structures at 5′ UTR of target mRNAs.
Nodal immune flare mimics nodal disease progression following neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Cascone Tina , Weissferdt Annikka , Godoy Myrna C. B. , William William N. , Leung Cheuk H. , Lin Heather Y. , Basu Sreyashi , Yadav Shalini S. , Pataer Apar , Mitchell Kyle G. , Khan Md Abdul Wadud , Shi Yushu , Haymaker Cara , Solis Luisa M. , Parra Edwin R. , Kadara Humam , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Sharma Padmanee , Allison James P. , Ajami Nadim J. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Jenq Robert R. , Gibbons Don L. , Lee J. Jack , Swisher Stephen G. , Vaporciyan Ara A. , Heymach John V. , Sepesi Boris 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRadiographic imaging is the standard approach for evaluating the disease involvement of lymph nodes in patients with operable NSCLC although the impact of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) on lymph nodes has not yet been characterized. Herein, we present an ad hoc analysis of the NEOSTAR trial (NCT03158129) where we observed a phenomenon we refer to as “nodal immune flare” (NIF) in which patients treated with neoadjuvant ICIs demonstrate radiologically abnormal nodes post-therapy that upon pathological evaluation are devoid of cancer and demonstrate de novo non-caseating granulomas. Abnormal lymph nodes are analyzed by computed tomography and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computer tomography to evaluate the size and the maximum standard uptake value post- and pre-therapy in NEOSTAR and an independent neoadjuvant chemotherapy cohort. NIF occurs in 16% (7/44) of patients treated with ICIs but in 0% (0/28) of patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. NIF is associated with an inflamed nodal immune microenvironment and with fecal abundance of genera belonging to the family Coriobacteriaceae of phylum Actinobacteria, but not with tumor responses or treatment-related toxicity. Our findings suggest that this apparent radiological cancer progression in lymph nodes may occur due to an inflammatory response after neoadjuvant immunotherapy, and such cases should be evaluated by pathological examination to distinguish NIF from true nodal progression and to ensure appropriate clinical treatment planning.
Dynamics of moisture diffusion and adsorption in plant cuticles including the role of cellulose
Authors: Tredenick E. C. , Farquhar G. D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFood production must increase significantly to sustain a growing global population. Reducing plant water loss may help achieve this goal and is especially relevant in a time of climate change. The plant cuticle defends leaves against drought, and so understanding water movement through the cuticle could help future proof our crops and better understand native ecology. Here, via mathematical modelling, we identify mechanistic properties of water movement in cuticles. We model water sorption in astomatous isolated cuticles, utilising three separate pathways of cellulose, aqueous pores and lipophilic. The model compares well to data both over time and humidity gradients. Sensitivity analysis shows that the grouping of parameters influencing plant species variations has the largest effect on sorption, those influencing cellulose are very influential, and aqueous pores less so but still relevant. Cellulose plays a significant role in diffusion and adsorption in the cuticle and the cuticle surfaces.
Methyl groups as widespread Lewis bases in noncovalent interactions
Authors: Loveday Oliver , Echeverría Jorge 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt is well known that, under certain conditions, C(sp3) atoms behave, via their σ-hole, as Lewis acids in tetrel bonding. Here, we show that methyl groups, when bound to atoms less electronegative than carbon, can counterintuitively participate in noncovalent interactions as electron density donors. Thousands of experimental structures are found in which methyl groups behave as Lewis bases to establish alkaline, alkaline earth, triel, tetrel, pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen bonds. Theoretical calculations confirm the high directionality and significant strength of the interactions that arise from a common pattern based on the electron density holes model. Moreover, despite the absence of lone pairs, methyl groups are able to transfer charge from σ bonding orbitals into empty orbitals of the electrophile to reinforce the attractive interaction.