bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facet Junction Engineering for Photocatalysis: A Comprehensive Review on Elementary Knowledge, Facet‐Synergistic Mechanisms, Functional Modifications, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Sun Shaodong , He Liping , Yang Man , Cui Jie , Liang Shuhua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA facet junction (also called facet heterojunction or surface heterojunction) is defined as a complex polyhedral single crystal exposed to two, three, or four types of crystallographic planes, and is a promising platform for achieving multifunctional photocatalysis. Compared with simple polyhedral counterparts enclosed by the same crystallographic planes or conventional heterogeneous junctions, facet junctions have notable facet‐crosslinking effects arising from different electronic structures of heterogeneous facets, which is beneficial for promoting the transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers in a single‐crystalline semiconductor without the introduction of external species or interfaces. However, there are few specialized review articles on facet junction engineering of photocatalysts. Herein, an overview of facet junction‐based photocatalysts is provided based on the following aspects: elementary knowledge, microstructural features, intrinsic facet‐synergistic mechanisms, functional modifications, enhanced photocatalytic mechanisms, challenges and issues, and directions for future investigations. This review article will act as a theoretical base for researchers who are focused on facet‐dependent effects to design and fabricate new photocatalysts.
Lossless, Passive Transportation of Low Surface Tension Liquids Induced by Patterned Omniphobic Liquidlike Polymer Brushes
Authors: Soltani Mohammad , Golovin Kevin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSurfaces enabling directional liquid transportation are of great interest for a wide range of applications such as water collection, microfluidics, and heat transfer systems. Surfaces capable of lossless, long‐range passive transportation of low surface tension (LST) liquids using wettability patterned, liquidlike coatings with minimal contact angle hysteresis are reported. Lossless LST droplet travel distances over 150 mm are achieved, enabled by a two‐phase transportation mechanism: morphological transformation from a bulge to a channel shape, followed by directional transportation along the asymmetrical wedge‐shaped channel. The developed surfaces can split, merge, and precisely transport various low‐surface tension liquids, including alcohols, alkanes, and solvents. The developed transportation strategy can also enhance LST liquid dropwise condensation through continuous removal of the condensate, even on horizontally positioned surfaces without the assistance of gravity.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission‐Active Poly(phenyleneethynylene)s for Fluorescence and Raman Dual‐Modal Imaging and Drug‐Resistant Bacteria Killing
Authors: Su Xiang , Liu Ruihua , Li Ying , Han Ting , Zhang Zhijun , Niu Niu , Kang Miaomiao , Fu Shuang , Wang Deliang , Wang Dong , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPoly(phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) is a widely used functional conjugated polymer with applications ranging from organic optoelectronics and fluorescence sensors to optical imaging and theranostics. However, the fluorescence efficiency of PPE in aggregate states is generally not as good as their solution states, which greatly compromises their performance in fluorescence‐related applications. Herein, a series of PPE derivatives with typical aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties is designed and synthesized. In these PPEs, the diethylamino‐substituted tetraphenylethene units function as the long‐wavelength AIE source and the alkyl side chains serve as the functionalization site. The obtained AIE‐active PPEs with large π‐conjugation show strong aggregate‐state fluorescence, interesting self‐assembly behaviors, inherently enhanced alkyne vibrations in the Raman‐silent region of cells, and efficient antibacterial activities. The PPE nanoparticles with good cellular uptake capability can clearly and sensitively visualize the tumor region and residual tumors via their fluorescence and Raman signals, respectively, to benefit the precise tumor resection surgery. After post‐functionalization, the obtained PPE‐based polyelectrolyte can preferentially image bacteria over mammalian cells and possesses efficient photodynamic killing capability against Gram‐positive and drug‐resistant bacteria. This work provides a feasible design strategy for developing functional conjugated polymers with multimodal imaging capability as well as photodynamic antimicrobial ability.
A Modular Biomaterial Scaffold‐Based Vaccine Elicits Durable Adaptive Immunity to Subunit SARS‐CoV‐2 Antigens
Authors: Langellotto Fernanda , Dellacherie Maxence O. , Yeager Chyenne , Ijaz Hamza , Yu Jingyou , Cheng Chi‐An , Dimitrakakis Nikolaos , Seiler Benjamin T. , Gebre Makda S. , Gilboa Tal , Johnson Rebecca , Storm Nadia , Bardales Sarai , Graveline Amanda , White Des , Tringides Christina M. , Cartwright Mark J. , Doherty Edward J. , Honko Anna , Griffiths Anthony , Barouch Dan H. , Walt David R. , Mooney David J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic demonstrates the importance of generating safe and efficacious vaccines that can be rapidly deployed against emerging pathogens. Subunit vaccines are considered among the safest, but proteins used in these typically lack strong immunogenicity, leading to poor immune responses. Here, a biomaterial COVID‐19 vaccine based on a mesoporous silica rods (MSRs) platform is described. MSRs loaded with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), the toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4) agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), and SARS‐CoV‐2 viral protein antigens slowly release their cargo and form subcutaneous scaffolds that locally recruit and activate antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) for the generation of adaptive immunity. MSR‐based vaccines generate robust and durable cellular and humoral responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens, including the poorly immunogenic receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. Persistent antibodies over the course of 8 months are found in all vaccine configurations tested and robust in vitro viral neutralization is observed both in a prime‐boost and a single‐dose regimen. These vaccines can be fully formulated ahead of time or stored lyophilized and reconstituted with an antigen mixture moments before injection, which can facilitate its rapid deployment against emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants or new pathogens. Together, the data show a promising COVID‐19 vaccine candidate and a generally adaptable vaccine platform against infectious pathogens.
Acceptor Modulation Strategies for Improving the Electron Transport in High‐Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Chen Jinyang , Yang Jie , Guo Yunlong , Liu Yunqi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHigh‐performance ambipolar and electronic type semiconducting polymers are essential for fabricating various organic optoelectronic devices and complementary circuits. This review summarizes the strategies of improving the electron transport of semiconducting polymers via acceptor modulation strategies, which include the use of single, dual, triple, multiple, and all acceptors as well as the fusion of multiple identical acceptors to obtain new heterocyclic acceptors. To further improve the electron transport of semiconducting polymers, the introduction of strong electron‐withdrawing groups can enhance the electron‐withdrawing ability of donors and acceptors, thereby facilitating electron injection and suppressing hole accumulation. In addition, the relationships between the molecular structure, frontier molecular orbital energy levels, thin film morphology, microstructure, processing conditions, and device performances are also comprehensively discussed. Finally, the challenges encountered in this research area are proposed and the future outlook is presented.
Atomic Structure Evolution of Pt–Co Binary Catalysts: Single Metal Sites versus Intermetallic Nanocrystals
Authors: Li Xing , He Yanghua , Cheng Shaobo , Li Boyang , Zeng Yachao , Xie Zhenhua , Meng Qingping , Ma Lu , Kisslinger Kim , Tong Xiao , Hwang Sooyeon , Yao Siyu , Li Chenzhao , Qiao Zhi , Shan Chongxin , Zhu Yimei , Xie Jian , Wang Guofeng , Wu Gang , Su Dong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDue to their exceptional catalytic properties for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and other crucial electrochemical reactions, PtCo intermetallic nanoparticle (NP) and single atomic (SA) Pt metal site catalysts have received considerable attention. However, their formation mechanisms at the atomic level during high‐temperature annealing processes remain elusive. Here, the thermally driven structure evolution of Pt–Co binary catalyst systems is investigated using advanced in situ electron microscopy, including PtCo intermetallic alloys and single Pt/Co metal sites. The pre‐doping of CoN4 sites in carbon supports and the initial Pt NP sizes play essential roles in forming either Pt3Co intermetallics or single Pt/Co metal sites. Importantly, the initial Pt NP loadings against the carbon support are critical to whether alloying to L12‐ordered Pt3Co NPs or atomizing to SA Pt sites at high temperatures. High Pt NP loadings (e.g., 20%) tend to lead to the formation of highly ordered Pt3Co intermetallic NPs with excellent activity and enhanced stability toward the ORR. In contrast, at a relatively low Pt loading (<6 wt%), the formation of single Pt sites in the form of PtC3N is thermodynamically favorable, in which a synergy between the PtC3N and the CoN4 sites could enhance the catalytic activity for the ORR, but showing insufficient stability.
Label‐Free Cell Viability Assay and Enrichment of Cryopreserved Cells Using Microfluidic Cytometry and On‐Demand Sorting
Authors: Zhong Jianwei , Li Peixian , Liang Minhui , Ai Ye 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCryopreservation is essential for the long‐term storage of primary cell samples and enables accessing primary cells anytime via a simple thawing process. However, low viability and cell fragmentation are the major issues for cryopreserved cell samples due to the toxicity of cryoprotective agents and crystallization of intracellular contents during cooling at low temperature. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in high viability are critical for pathophysiological and therapeutic research of infectious diseases, especially for the current worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019. Conventional viability enrichment techniques for primary PBMC samples provoke either cryoinjury caused by cell sorting mechanism or substantial cell loss due to multiple sample preparation steps. Here, a label‐free viability assessment and on‐demand enrichment system for cryopreserved primary human PBMCs with validation by fluorescent label‐based flow cytometry, is demonstrated. It can provide consistent viability assays by discriminating viable PBMCs from apoptotic, DMSO toxicity‐induced dead cells and cell debris, and deliver over 90% viability of sorted samples in one step after thawing. This integrated cell viability assay and on‐demand enrichment of viable cells has broad applications in diverse cellular biology research and cell‐related biomedical diagnostics.
Rainbows at the End of Subwavelength Discontinuities: Plasmonic Light Trapping for Sensing Applications
Authors: Farid Sidra , Dixon Katelyn , Shayegannia Moein , Ko Remy H. H. , Safari Mahdi , Loh Joel Y. Y. , Kherani Nazir P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article presents recent advances in plasmonic multiwavelength rainbow light trapping, a field that has evolved over the last decade and today is an active area of research interest encompassing a manifold of potential applications which include optical biosensing, photodetection, spectroscopy, and medicine. Conventional plasmonic devices are designed and optimized to enhance optical performance at single wavelengths, and as such are not suitable for applications that require electromagnetic field localization at multiple frequencies or broad frequency ranges of interest. To overcome these limitations, the ability to slow and trap light at multiple wavelengths and at different spatial locations has attracted significant scientific attention and opened up new research endeavors. Herein, fundamental principles of plasmonic light localization are presented, recent advances using breakthrough metamaterials are discussed—as well as major achievements and diverse device configurations used in the design and fabrication of plasmonic multiwavelength light trapping platforms with an emphasis on sensing applications. A presentation of salient works in this field is encapsulated, including the earliest invention of the concept of trapped rainbow, current trends, future directions, and emergent allied themes. This review also scrutinizes key developments and technical challenges vis‐à‐vis the physics of electromagnetic spectral localization and device fabrication which together provides insights and will inspire scientists and engineers to innovate and further develop the field.
Adsorption of Water Molecules on Pristine and Defective NiPX3 (X: S, Se) Monolayers
Authors: Wu Zhicheng , Xu Sifan , Zhou Yong , Guo Qilin , Dedkov Yuriy , Voloshina Elena 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLayered transition metal trichalcogenides MPX3 (M: transition metal; X: S, Se) demonstrate a wide spectrum of properties and are widely proposed as effective materials for the water splitting reactions. Among these materials, NiPX3 are the most promising ones because their electronic structures, band gaps and positions of the valence and conduction bands edges fit to the potentials characteristic for the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. Here, first steps of a detailed theoretical description on the adsorption of water molecules on pristine and defected (chalcogen vacancies) surfaces of NiPX3 are presented and it is shown that in all cases a physisorption takes the place with adsorption energies do not exceeding −650 meV and water dissociative adsorption is unfavorable. This work provides a general description for water molecules interaction with MPX3 and can serve as a basis for further studies on more complicated water/MPX3 reactions.
Largely invariant communities of bacterial endophytes in the nonphotosynthetic mycoheterotrophic plant Pterospora andromedea
Authors: Miller Steven L. , Gans Maya R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPremiseMycoheterotrophic plants rely on fungi to obtain their carbon requirements. Recent experiments demonstrated the presence of endophytic bacteria associated with mycoheterotrophs. Although mycoheterotrophs show high specificity for their fungal partners, it is not known whether they also show high specificity for associated bacteria or whether the bacteria have a definite function in the symbiosis.MethodsTwo 16S rRNA sequencing experiments were designed to explore endophytic microbial community composition and function in root ball fractions of the mycoheterotroph Pterospora andromedea (Ericaceae), and rhizosphere soil and control soil 5 m away from each plant. One experiment compared microbial assemblages in fractions of six plants to those in rhizosphere and control soil samples. Another experiment documented bacterial endophyte diversity in root balls of 97 plants from across North America.ResultsSoil samples were similar in bacterial community structure but were significantly more diverse and less consistently structured than were bacterial communities within root balls. The proportion of endophytic bacterial species varied slightly but not their community composition despite differences in P. andromedea lineage, geography, conifer species, and fungi. Predictive metagenomic profiling of the endophytes in P. andromedea‐only root ball fractions showed many of the bacterial endophytes likely function in N‐metabolism and N‐fixation.ConclusionsOur results document a consistent and largely invariant community of endophytic bacteria in P. andromedea across biotic and abiotic environmental conditions at a continental scale. It is unknown what role these bacteria may play in the quad‐partite symbiotic network centered on P. andromedea; however, the predictive metagenomic profiling suggests a possible function in N‐metabolism or N‐fixation. Discovery of a ubiquitous community of endophytic bacteria with a putative function centered on N‐metabolism or N‐fixation could have a previously unrecognized impact on understanding of mycoheterotroph ecophysiology.
Immunohistochemistry of kangaroo rat hindlimb muscles
Authors: Ross Chanel D. , Meyers Ron A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) use specialized bipedal hopping like that of kangaroos. In contrast to kangaroos that have elastic tendons capable of storing energy, kangaroo rats have inelastic tendons that are unable to store large amounts of energy. Thus, the musculature of the ankle joint provides the greatest power contribution to kangaroo rat hopping. Skeletal muscle can be characterized by several fiber types, including slow twitch (Type I) and fast twitch (Type II) fibers. Fast fibers are found in higher concentration in muscles that perform quick, dynamic movements, whereas slow fibers are found in higher proportion in muscles that perform slow, endurant movements. Using fiber type specific antibodies, we identified four pure (Types I, IIA, IIB, and IIX) and two hybrid (Types I/IIA and IIA/IIX) fiber types in six hindlimb muscles from three kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) to investigate the relationship between fiber composition and hindlimb muscle function. Hindlimb muscles (except soleus) were dominated by Type IIB fibers, which were largest in cross‐sectional area, and are known to be best suited for rapid and explosive movements. Oxidative Type IIA and Type IIX fibers were found at moderate concentrations and likely function in maintaining continual saltatory locomotion. Thus, kangaroo rats can use these two fiber type populations as “gears” for both endurant and explosive behaviors.
Porous Organic Polymers for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Du Jing , Ouyang Huang , Tan Bien 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo overcome the challenges of global warming and environmental pollution, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which is mainly accumulated in the air through the burning of fossil fuels. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly strategies to capture carbon dioxide and convert it into value‐added products offers a promising way forward for reducing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. In this context, POPs (porous organic polymers) have shown great potential as CO2selective adsorbents due to their high specific surface area, chemical stability, nanoscale porosity and structural diversity, as well as POPs based heterogeneous catalysts for CO2conversion. This review provides a concise account of preparation methods of various POPs, challenges and current development trends of POPs in photocatalytic CO2reduction, electrocatalytic CO2reduction and chemical CO2conversion.
Nonorographic inertia‐gravity waves over New Zealand's Southern Alps: A case study
Authors: Yang Yang , Carey‐Smith Trevor , Moore Stuart , Revell Mike , Uddstrom Michael 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWind profiles from radiosondes launched over New Zealand on June 29, 2014 during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE; June–July 2014) showed an interesting feature of two sharp peaks in wind speed: one in the upper troposphere and the other in the lower stratosphere. Analysis showed that the lower peak at around 11.5 km was associated with the upper‐tropospheric jet. Inertia‐gravity waves (IGWs) were found over the South Island from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The IGWs perturbed the environmental winds, leading to strong and weak wind layers that were tilted in a westerly direction and extended from 10 to 16 km in the IGW zone over the South Island. As a result, the upper wind peak was observed at ~14.5 km and the weak winds immediately below at ~13 km in the IGW zone. These IGWs had vertical wavelengths of ~3 km, horizontal wavelengths of 300–400 km, periods of 9–10 h, and a phase speed of ~11 m∙s−1. Numerical experiments showed that airflow over New Zealand's Southern Alps was not the main source for these IGWs. Further analysis suggested that the source of these IGWs in the lower stratosphere was likely due to the spontaneous adjustment of airflow associated with the upper‐tropospheric jet streak.
Monitoring Programs Are an Evolving Process: Detection of T&O in Filter Media
Authors: Adams Hunter , Reeder Sam , Southard Mark 
Published: October 2021

Key TakeawaysThe City of Wichita Falls, Texas, has experienced 13 taste and odor (T&O) events in the past five years, with one especially significant cyanobacterial bloom occurring in 2020.Thanks to Cypress Environmental Laboratory's thorough and effective T&O monitoring program developed in 2016, in each of the 13 cases, drinking water with elevated T&O concentrations was detected and treated before being released to the public.Laboratory staff further improved the monitoring program in January 2021, learning from steps they took to address an odor in the water at one of Wichita Falls’ treatment plants.
Improving Manganese Removal Across Surface Water Biofilters
Authors: Evans Ashley N. , Hakes Lyda , Ha Cynthia , Kirisits Mary Jo , Russell Caroline G. , Knocke William R. 
Published: October 2021

Key TakeawaysSince late 2012, Alameda County Water District (ACWD) has observed manganese breakthrough across its anthracite biofilters following winter shutdowns.Decreased manganese removal was observed across ACWD's biofilters when water temperatures dropped below 15 °C, even for biofilters that remained online.Source water quality, shutdown protocols, and empty bed contact time appeared to affect manganese removal across biofiltration at these lower temperatures.Utilities with measurable biofilter influent manganese should consider more frequent monitoring (e.g., at least weekly) and consult The Water Research Foundation Project 4749.
Influence of calcium and magnesium elimination on plant biomass and secondary metabolites of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Arslan , Deng Xu , Adeel Muhammad , Rizwan Muhammad , Shakoor Noman , Yang Yuesuo , Javed Rabia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study reports the increment in the secondary metabolites in Stevia rebaudiana plant after exposure to the elimination of Ca and Mg from Murashige and Skoog culture medium. The effect of nutrient stress on regenerants of S. rebaudiana is measured, which reveals significantly enhanced growth parameters, steviol glycosides (SGs) content, and nonenzymatic antioxidants; total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity, total reducing power, and DPPH‐free radical scavenging activity as compared with the control treatment. However, significantly highest amounts are obtained in a medium with only Ca deficiency. The amount of rebaudioside A (Reb A) and stevioside (ST) obtained in the case of Ca‐deficient medium is 4.08 and 0.69%, respectively. It is followed by the results obtained from both Ca‐ and Mg‐deprived medium [Reb A (3.23%) and ST (0.52%)] and the lowest values are obtained from medium lacking Mg only [Reb A (2.60%) and ST (0.40%)]. The most probable adaptation mechanism might be the production of reactive oxygen species by nutrients’ stress, which results in secondary metabolites production as defensive moieties to overcome stress situation. This effective protocol needs to be refined to apply on an industrial scale in bioreactors for increasing quantities of commercially important pharmaceutical compounds.