bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamma EEG Activation During Picture‐Word Semantic Processing in 3 Year Olds Varies As A Function of Gender And Infant Diet
Authors: Pivik R T , Andres A , Cleves M A , Badger T M 
Published: June 2021

Semanticrelationships between images and words essential for language comprehension andcognitive function begin to emerge in toddlers, but it is not known if theearly development of these relationships is modulated by infant diet andgender. In this study 254 healthy 3yr‐olds [breast‐fed (BF: 86, 42 boys), or fed milk formula (MF: 88, 40 boys),or soy formula (SF: 80, 44 boys) as infants] viewed images of known objects/animalswhile hearing single words that were either congruent or incongruent with theimages, or were non‐words. For each ofthese image‐word conditions we used ANOVA to compare group, gender, and groupby gender‐related changes in frontal and temporal gamma (30–50 Hz) EEG powerduring the word relative to an immediately preceding baseline. Gamma activityis considered to index activation of associative memory networks, with gammaresponse amplitude increasing with memory strength. All word types elicitedincreases in gamma amplitude, and across groups at both frontal and temporalsites increases were significantly greater to congruent and incongruent wordscompared with non‐words (p < 0.05). Significant gender influences were evident as main effects andgroup‐gender interactions (p < 0.05), reflecting greater gamma amplitudeincreases in boys than girls—most prominent in SF children and least evident inBF children—and in SF compared with MF boys. These findings are the first tolink infant diet and gender to brain activity indexing cross‐modality semanticrelationships in toddlers. The results provide evidence that early infantdiet‐gender interactions may contribute differentially to the development offunctional neural networks involved in semantic processing in children, andsuggest that semantic relationships at this time are more strongly developed inSF boys.Support or Funding InformationFunded by USDA‐ARS Project 6026‐51000‐010‐05S
The Relationship Between Infant Iron Status, Maternal‐Infant Interactions, and Cultural Ideology
Authors: McNeill Emily N. , Nevins Julie E.H. , Canfield Richard L. , Haas Jere D. 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAlthough there is no clinical definition of iron deficiency (ID) in infants younger than 12 months, studies have shown that low levels of serum ferritin in early infancy is linked to deficits in behavior, cognition, and motor activity. These deficits can negatively affect the infant's social interactions with the mother and other caretakers, and thus social and cognitive development.ObjectiveTo describe the relationship between iron status in early infancy, the quality of maternal‐infant interactions, and maternal cultural ideology.MethodsIn this study, 4–6 month old infants (n= 64) and their mothers were evaluated with PROCESS, the Pediatric Review of Children's Environmental Support and Stimulation. The PROCESS, derived from the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment‐Inventory for Infants (HOME), was designed to assess maternal caregiving and infant response in a clinical setting, and provides scores in four categories: maternal warmth, caring, responsiveness, and sensitivity in a clinical setting. As the PROCESS is a culturally sensitive measure, some questions were removed from the total score to form a new scale named “Cultural Context.” Infant anemia and iron stores were assessed with hemoglobin (Hb) <11.0 g/dL and serum ferritin, respectively. Associations between infant iron levels and the overall quality of the mother‐infant interactions, as well as each separate category, were estimated using linear regression models in SPSS. Potential confounders that were tested include maternal education and age, infant age, birth weight, number of previous children and the Cultural Context scale of the PROCESS.ResultsInfant Hb alone did not significantly predict the quality of maternal‐infant interactions (b=1.6 ± 1.067 (SE), p=.137). When the confounder Cultural Context was included in the model infant Hb became positively associated with the quality of maternal‐infant interactions (b=1.7 ± 0.8, p<.05). Infant anemia status was not significantly associated with the quality of maternal‐infant interactions Infant serum ferritin was also not significantly associated with any category of the maternal‐infant interaction nor the total PROCESS score.ConclusionThese results could be important in predicting the quality of maternal‐infant interactions based on infant Hb and highlight the importance of including cultural biases in socio‐behavioral analyses.Support or Funding InformationFunded by USDA/CUAES (#NYC‐399413) & Cornell Human Ecology Alumni Association; JN supported by NSF GRFP
Quinoa Ancient Whole Grain Gluten‐Free Snacks
Authors: Kahlon Talwinder Singh , Avena_Bustillos Roberto j , Chiu Mei‐Chen M 
Published: June 2021

Four kinds of whole grain gluten‐free low fat and salt quinoa snacks were evaluated. The snacks were Quinoa, Quinoa‐Pepper, Quinoa‐Ginger and Quinoa‐Turmeric. In the Asian cuisines ginger and turmeric are very common. Ginger has been reported to improve blood flow and prevent joint pains. Turmeric has been reported to have wound healing potential. All the snacks contained 6% corn oil and 2% salt. Snack dough was prepared using 120 mL water for 100 g dry ingredients. About 22 g of snack dough was placed on each side of preheated KrumKake Baker and cooked for 1.75 minutes. Seventy in‐house volunteers judged Color/Appearance of Quinoa, Quinoa‐Pepper and Quinoa‐Ginger snacks significantly higher than Quinoa‐Turmeric snacks. Odor/Aroma of Quinoa‐Turmeric snacks was significantly higher Quinoa‐Ginger snacks. Texture/Mouth‐feel of Quinoa‐Pepper, Quinoa‐Ginger and Quinoa‐Turmeric snacks was higher than Quinoa snacks. Taste/Flavor and Acceptance was similar in four kinds of snacks tested. Water activity of all the snacks tested ranged from 0.41–0.55 suggesting that these snacks were crispy with good microbial stability. These snacks would be quite filling due to their expansion of 2.6–3.1 times due to high porosity. There were significant differences in color and texture of the snacks tested. Acceptance of snacks tested was Quinoa 79%, Quinoa‐Pepper 77%, Quinoa‐Ginger 73% and Quinoa‐Turmeric 70%. These snacks contained only 3–4 ingredients and could be made in any house kitchen or commercial production. Acceptance of 70–79% is very desirable. These healthy nutritious snacks offer choice for all including individuals sensitive to gluten.Support or Funding InformationUSDA‐ARS Base funding
Increased Gastrointestinal Permeability During Prolonged Physical Stress Is Associated with Lower Energy Intakes but Not Dietary Macronutrient Composition
Authors: Karl J. Philip , Margolis Lee M , Murphy Nancy E , Martini Svein , Gundersen Yngvar , Castellani John W , Carrigan Christopher T , Teien Hilde K , Madslien Elisabeth H , Montain Scott J , Pasiakos Stefan M 
Published: June 2021

Increased gastrointestinal permeability (GP) induced by prolonged physical stress may contribute to systemic inflammation by facilitating translocation of microbial compounds from the gut. Though undernutrition and macronutrient intake independently modulate GP, relationships between diet and GP during prolonged physical stress are not well characterized. To examine the effects of energy and macronutrient intakes on GP during prolonged physical stress, 73 soldiers (71M/2F, 20 ± 1 yr, BMI 23 ± 2 kg/m2 [M ± SD]) were provided 3 combat rations/d, or 3 rations/d supplemented with 1000 kcal/d from protein‐ or carbohydrate‐based snacks during a 4‐d, 51 km cross‐country ski march (SKI). Energy intake was measured using ration‐specific checklists, and daily energy expenditure was measured in a subset (n = 41) by doubly‐labeled water. GP was measured in a subset (n = 48) over 24 hr before and again during SKI by dual sugar (sucralose and mannitol) absorption test. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serum IL‐6 were measured immediately before and after SKI as markers of microbial translocation and inflammation, respectively. Energy expenditure during SKI averaged 6179 ± 670 kcal/d. Energy deficit during SKI averaged 55 ± 12% in the combined cohort and was associated with a 2.8 ± 1.2 kg weight loss. GP increased 48 ± 7% (P < 0.001) during SKI independent of diet group (P = 0.96), and was positively associated with changes in LPS (r = 0.31, P = 0.04). Individuals with increased LPS experienced greater increases in IL‐6 relative to individuals with decreased LPS (P‐interaction = 0.07). Energy (r = −0.29), fat (r = −0.34), and carbohydrate (r = −0.31) intakes were associated with changes in GP (P ≤ 0.05), whereas the magnitude of energy deficit (r = 0.05, P = 0.79) and protein intake (r = −0.06, P = 0.67) were not. Associations between macronutrient intake and changes in GP were not significant when adjusted for total energy intake. Although correlative, these findings are consistent with microbial translocation concurrent to increased GP contributing to the inflammation induced by prolonged physical stress. Low energy intake, independent of the magnitude of energy deficit or dietary macronutrient composition, may potentiate increases in GP during periods of high energetic demand.Support or Funding InformationFunded by US Army Medical Research and Material Command, and the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment agreement NO. W81XWH‐12‐0279.
Effect of Frequent Broccoli Intake on Rat Gut Microbiota Metabolism and Composition
Authors: Wang Yanling , Liu Xiaoji , Miller Michael J , Jeffery Elizabeth H 
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate whether frequent cooked broccoli intake can modify the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota, specifically if broccoli feeding improves the ability of gut microbiota to hydrolyze glucoraphanin (termed myrosinase activity) and release bioactive sulforaphane. Myrosinase activity of cecal microbiota from adult male F344 rats fed with either 10% blanched, freeze‐dried (cooked) broccoli diet or control diet (AIN93G) was measured as the evaluation parameter. Results showed that feeding rats the broccoli diet for 4 days significantly increased myrosinase activity ex vivo compared with control diet (p<0.001). The stimulated myrosinase activity maintained those elevated levels when rats were fed the broccoli diet for longer periods (7 and 14 days). Remarkably, high‐throughput DNA sequencing data revealed a corresponding change in the gut microbiota composition based on microbial community analysis (MCA). The community composition of cecal microbiota from rats fed with the broccoli diet for 4, 7 and 14 days was clearly different from those fed for 0 and 1 day. To further identify which components in the broccoli diet that caused the change, a glucoraphanin‐free broccoli diet was made by hydrolyzing all the glucoraphanin to sulforaphane with exogenous myrosinase and was then fed to rats. Results showed cecal microbiota of rats fed with the whole broccoli diet exerted 4‐fold higher myrosinase activity than those rats fed the glucoraphanin‐free broccoli diets, indicating that it was the glucoraphanin in the broccoli, rather than sulforaphane, fiber or other components, that played the causative role of stimulation in the gut microbiota. Interestingly, the increased myrosinase activity was lost when the 4‐day broccoli diet was switched back to control diet for 3 days prior to harvest. Similar changes in glucoraphanin metabolic activity were observed using feces in place of cecal microbiota, indicating the potential for fecal metabolism to act as a biomarker of exposure. This study suggests that frequent ingestion of cooked broccoli may enhance the capability of gut microbiota to release the anti‐cancer bioactive sulforaphane from cooked broccoli.Support or Funding InformationUSDA/NIFA 2016‐67017‐24430
Beetroot Extract Increases the Expression of Uncoupling Protein 1 in Primary Brown Adipocytes in Vitro
Authors: Otieno Dammah , Lee Sang Gil , Kang Hye Won 
Published: June 2021

Increasing energy expenditure is a common and ideal way to prevent obesity which is defined as the accumulation of excess body fat, especially adipose tissue. The human body has two types of adipose tissues, white and brown adipose tissues. White adipose tissue stores excess calories as fat, which is evidently connected to developing obesity. On the other hand, brown adipose tissue utilizes stored and circulating fat by a non‐shivering thermogenesis which is promoted by uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, a critical protein to generate heat. With the evidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in human body, it is noted that activation of brown adipose tissue may be a potential way to improve obese condition. Although various studies have been performed to activate brown adipose tissue, there is limited information regarding foods in the activation of brown adipose tissue. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a root vegetable commonly found in grocery markets and consumed by most people worldwide. Some studies have shown the beneficial possibilities of beetroot especially in obese conditions, but it still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of beetroot extract in brown adipocytes through a non‐shivering thermogenesis. Briefly, brown preadipoctyes were isolated from interscapular brown adipose tissue of 4 week‐old male C57BL/6 mice, cultured and then differentiated to become mature brown adipocytes, characterized by multilocular lipid droplets. The cells were treated with beetroot extract (200ug/ml) 2 days before harvesting for RNA extraction. The expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of a non‐shivering thermogenesis were measured using real‐time PCR. Treatment using beetroot extract increased the expression of UCP1 gene. However peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPAR‐γ coactivator 1 α genes, transcriptional factors involved in regulating UCP1 were not changed. Interestingly PPARγ gene was increased, which may be indicated as an accelerated differentiation. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 gene which is related to mitochondria biogenesis was slightly increased. Taken together, this data suggests anti‐obesity effect of beetroot by increasing UCP1 in a non‐shivering thermogenesis of brown adipocytes.Support or Funding InformationSupported by USDA.
Comparison of Anti‐obesity Effects of Onion Peels by Different Extraction Methods Using 3T3‐L1 and Primary Brown Adipocytes In Vitro
Authors: Lee Sang Gil , Kang Hye Won 
Published: June 2021

Obesity, indicated by excess body fat accumulation, is a serious health problem. Various functional foods have been attracted for improving obese condition. Onion peel, a by‐product of onion has shown possible benefits in obesity studies. Since onion peel is not the edible part of onion, it is important to select a relevant extraction method to obtain beneficial compounds from onion peel for a targeted purpose. Different extracting process causes the distinct selectivity of functional compounds which may have different biological effects. Here, we utilized two onion peel extracts obtained through 60% ethanol extraction (OPE) and boiling water extraction (OPW). The purpose of this study was to compare anti‐obesity effect of OPE and OPW in white and brown adipocytes which are related to energy storage and utilization, respectively. Briefly, 3T3‐L1, fibroblasts that mimic white preadipocytes and primary brown preadipocytes isolated from interscapular brown adipose tissue of 4 week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were cultured and differentiated into mature adipocytes. Various concentrations of OPE and OPW were treated to the cells during differentiation and then gene expression was measured using real‐time PCR. In 3T3‐L1 cells, OPE decreased the expression of proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid synthase, and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase genes which are involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis respectively whereas OPW did not. Interestingly, both OPE and OPW significantly increased the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 α and PPARγ coactivator 1 α (PGC1α) genes which are related to the regulation of fatty acid oxidation. In brown adipocytes, PPARγ was significantly decreased by both OPE and OPW treatment. Only OPE significantly increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene which is associated with a non‐shivering thermogenesis, increasing energy expenditure by utilizing fatty acids. However UCP1 gene was not altered by OPW treatment. This was not correlated with the expression of PGC1α gene and other downstream genes of PGC1α. Collectively, onion peel extracts exhibited anti‐obesity effects in both white and brown adipocytes. However, the effects and mechanisms were affected by the different extraction methods.Support or Funding InformationSupported by USDA
Zinc Transporter 7 (Znt7) Knockout in Mice Differentially Affects Lipid Metabolism in Adipose Tissues
Authors: Huang Liping , Tepaamorndech Surapun , Kirschke Catherine P. , Pedersen Theresa L. , Keyes William R. , Newman John W. 
Published: June 2021

Znt7 (Slc30a7, zinc transporter 7) knockout (KO) mice are mildly zinc deficient, accompanied with low body weight gain and body fat accumulation. Immunohistochemistry study revealed that ZnT7 protein was more abundantly expressed in the mouse subcutaneous fat than the epididymal (visceral) fat. To investigate whether Znt7 KO had differential effects on fat metabolism in subcutaneous and epididymal fat depots, we examined fatty acid composition and insulin sensitivity in both fat depots isolated from Znt7 KO and control mice. We showed that Znt7 KO had differentially adverse effects on fatty acid metabolism and insulin action in the subcutaneous fat depot but not in the epididymal fat depot, consistent with the ZnT7 protein expression pattern in the tissue. Furthermore, we found that ZnT7 protein expression was significantly up‐regulated by lipogenic differentiation and ZnT7 expression reached a peak when 3T3‐L1 cells were fully differentiated. We further demonstrated that 3T3‐L1 adipocytes with Znt7 expression 70% knocked down had low activations of Akt and Erk1/2 upon lipogenic stimulation leading to low glucose uptake and lipid synthesis in adipocytes. Our findings strongly suggest a role for ZnT7 in adipocyte lipogenesis.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture, ARS CRIS projects 2032‐51000‐004‐00D and 2032‐51530‐022‐00D.
Dietary procyanidins lower serum triglyceride levels via up‐regulation in Pparα and its downstream target gene expression
Authors: Ricketts Marie‐Louise , Downing Laura E 
Published: June 2021

Hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We previously demonstrated that a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) reduces serum triglycerides (TG) in normolipidemic mice and dyslipidemic rats. The current study aimed to identify additional molecular mechanisms underlying the TG‐lowering effect of GSPE.Eight‐week old C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard rodent chow and administered vehicle (water) or GSPE (250 mg/kg) for 14 hours. Following termination, blood was collected and biochemical analyses were performed to assess serum TG and fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) levels. Liver was harvested and gene expression was analyzed via qPCR. Statistical significance was determined using a student's t‐test.GSPE increased peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (Pparα) expression (82%, p<0.05) and several target‐genes, including Fgf21 (eight‐fold, p<0.01), Cpt1a (40%, p<0.01), and ApoA5 (62%, p<0.05). In agreement with these results, serum Fgf21 levels were increased eight‐fold (p<0.05), compared to control, while TG levels were reduced (28%, p<0.001). Additionally, bile acid (BA) biosynthetic gene expression was up‐regulated, in particular Cyp7a1 expression was increased five‐fold (p<0.0001), indicative of increased BA synthesis in the presence of GSPE. Pparα target genes involved in biliary cholesterol excretion were also increased in the presence of GSPE (Abcg5/8, 47% and 42%, respectively, p<0.01), as was fecal cholesterol excretion (7.5%, p<0.05).In conclusion, we propose that GSPE increases BA biosynthesis, which then increases Pparα expression, facilitating increased expression of Fgf21 and genes associated with fatty acid oxidation, ultimately leading to increased TG catabolism and reduced serum TG levels. Pparα activation also leads to increased biliary cholesterol excretion and fecal cholesterol content.Support or Funding InformationFunding provided by USDA‐Hatch project NEV0749
Internephron Coupling Increases the Efficiency of Dynamic Autoregulation
Authors: Sgouralis Ioannis , Layton Anita 
Published: June 2021

In the kidney, dynamic autoregulation is provided by the response of the pre‐glomerular vascular resistance to time‐dependent perturbations of blood pressure. The two major autoregulatory mechanisms are the myogenic response, which is activated by afferent arteriole blood pressure, and tubuloglomerular feedback, which is activated by deviations in distal nephron chloride concentration. While the two mechanisms operate primarily on the single nephron level, signals that are transmitted through the supplying vasculature give rise to substantial internephron interactions. To study the impact of internephron coupling, we develop a mathematical model of the nephrovascular tree and apply the model to investigate the extent to which buffering of transient pressure perturbations is achieved. The model consists of coupled nephrovascular units; each unit represents an afferent arteriole, a glomerulus, and a nephron. The model includes superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons. Model simulations indicate effective buffering of pressure perturbations at low frequencies and slight amplification at high frequencies, in agreement with experimental observations of whole organ hemodynamics. Furthermore, the model predicts that internephron coupling increases the autoregulatory efficiency of the neprhovascular tree.Support or Funding InformationNSF DBI‐1300426