bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned During Prolonged Care of Combat Casualties by a Minimally Manned Surgical Team
Authors: Lesperance Richard N , Adamson Steven , Gurney Jennifer M 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
In the current deployed environment, small teams are dispersed to provide damage control surgical capabilities within an hour of injury. Given the well-developed evacuation system, these teams do not typically have a significant patient hold capability. Improved understanding of the shortfalls and problems encountered when caring for combat casualties in prolonged care situations will facilitate improved manning, training, and equipping of these resource-limited teams. We present the case of two critically injured soldiers who were evacuated to a 10-person split Forward Surgical Team (FST) during a weather system that precluded further evacuation. The casualties underwent damage control procedures necessitating temporary abdominal closures. The FST had to organize itself to provide intensive care significantly longer than traditional timelines for this role of care. Additionally, most team members had scarce critical care experience. An after-action review confirmed that most team members felt that they had not received adequate pre-mission training in postoperative intensive care and were not comfortable managing ventilated patients. In the current mature theaters of operations, there are robust evacuation capabilities, and presentations of scenarios like that are rare. However, as combat casualty care becomes increasingly austere and remote, small surgical teams need to train and be equipped to provide care outside of normal operation and doctrinal limits, including robust team cross-training. Incorporating principles of the prolonged care of combat casualties into the training of military surgeons will improve preparedness for these challenging situations.
Leadership Root Cause Analysis: Using a Formal Analysis Tool to Dissect and Promote Intrusive Leadership in a U.S. Naval Hospital
Authors: Paz David A , Thurber Jean A , Judy Cynthia L , Quast Timothy M 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Intrusive leadership is a method that looks for signs that might indicate a problem within or outside of the workplace that can affect a member’s performance and, subsequently, the mission. Our scenario demonstrates how intrusive leadership can identify potential problems which, when coupled with accountability, can prevent more significant complications.
An updated distance to the Cygnus Loop based on Gaia Early DR3
Authors: Fesen Robert A , Weil Kathryn E , Cisneros Ignacio , Blair William P , Raymond John C 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a revised distance to the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant of 725 ± 15 pc based on Gaia Early Data Release 3 parallax measurements (EDR3) for several stars previously found to be located either inside or behind the supernova based on the presence of high-velocity absorption lines in their spectra. This revised distance estimate and error means the Cygnus Loop remnant now has an estimated distance uncertainty comparable to that of its ≃18 pc radius.
Influence of the Galactic bar on the kinematics of the disc stars with Gaia EDR3 data
Authors: Melnik A M , Dambis A K , Podzolkova E N , Berdnikov L N 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
A model of the Galaxy with the outer ring R1R2 can explain the observed distribution of the radial, VR, and azimuthal, VT, velocity components along the Galactocentric distance, R, derived from the Gaia EDR3 data. We selected stars from the Gaia EDR3 catalogue with reliable parallaxes, proper motions, and line-of-sight velocities lying near the Galactic plane, |z| &lt; 200 pc, and in the sector of the Galactocentric angles |θ| &lt; 15° and calculated the median velocities VR and VT in small bins along the distance R. The distribution of observed velocities appears to have some specific features: the radial velocity VR demonstrates a smooth fall from +5 km s−1 at the distance of R ≈ R0 − 1.5 kpc to −3 km s−1 at R ≈ R0 + 1.0 kpc while the azimuthal velocity VT shows a sharp drop by 7 km s−1 in the distance interval R0 &lt; R &lt; R0 + 1.0 kpc, where R0 is the solar Galactocentric distance. We build a model of the Galaxy including bulge, bar, disc, and halo components, which reproduces the observed specific features of the velocity distribution in the Galactocentric distance interval |R − R0| &lt; 1.5 kpc. The best agreement corresponds to the time 1.8 ± 0.5 Gyr after the start of the simulation. A model of the Galaxy with the bar rotating at the angular velocity of Ωb = 55 ± 3 km s−1 kpc−1, which sets the OLR of the bar at the distance of R0 − 0.5 ± 0.4 kpc, provides the best agreement between the model and observed velocities. The position angle of the bar, θb, corresponding to the best agreement between the model and observed velocities is θb = 45 ± 15°.
The Kennicutt–Schmidt law and the main sequence of galaxies in Newtonian and milgromian dynamics
Authors: Zonoozi Akram Hasani , Lieberz Patrick , Banik Indranil , Haghi Hosein , Kroupa Pavel 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The Kennicutt–Schmidt law is an empirical relation between the star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR) and the gas surface density (Σgas) in disc galaxies. The relation has a power-law form $\Sigma _{\text{SFR}} \propto \Sigma _{\text{gas}}^{n}$. Assuming that star formation results from gravitational collapse of the interstellar medium, ΣSFR can be determined by dividing Σgas by the local free-fall time tff. The formulation of tff yields the relation between ΣSFR and Σgas, assuming that a constant fraction (εSFE) of gas is converted into stars every tff. This is done here for the first time using Milgromian dynamics (MOND). Using linear stability analysis of a uniformly rotating thin disc, it is possible to determine the size of a collapsing perturbation within it. This lets us evaluate the sizes and masses of clouds (and their tff) as a function of Σgas and the rotation curve. We analytically derive the relation $\Sigma _{\text{SFR}} \propto \Sigma _{\text{gas}}^{n}$ both in Newtonian and Milgromian dynamics, finding that n = 1.4. The difference between the two cases is a change only to the constant pre-factor, resulting in increased ΣSFR of up to 25 per cent using MOND in the central regions of dwarf galaxies. Due to the enhanced role of disc self-gravity, star formation extends out to larger galactocentric radii than in Newtonian gravity, with the clouds being larger. In MOND, a nearly exact representation of the present-day main sequence of galaxies is obtained if $\epsilon _{\text{SFE}} = \text{constant} \approx 1.1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. We also show that empirically found correction terms to the Kennicutt–Schmidt law are included in the here presented relations. Furthermore, we determine that if star formation is possible, then the temperature only affects ΣSFR by at most a factor of $\sqrt{2}$.
Reactivation of tumour suppressor in breast cancer by enhancer switching through NamiRNA network
Authors: Liang Ying , Lu Qi , Li Wei , Zhang Dapeng , Zhang Fanglin , Zou Qingping , Chen Lu , Tong Ying , Liu Mengxing , Wang Shaoxuan , Li Wenxuan , Ren Xiaoguang , Xu Peng , Yang Zhicong , Dong Shihua , Zhang Baolong , Huang Yanni , Li Daqiang , Wang Hailin , Yu Wenqiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Dysfunction of Tumour Suppressor Genes (TSGs) is a common feature in carcinogenesis. Epigenetic abnormalities including DNA hypermethylation or aberrant histone modifications in promoter regions have been described for interpreting TSG inactivation. However, in many instances, how TSGs are silenced in tumours are largely unknown. Given that miRNA with low expression in tumours is another recognized signature, we hypothesize that low expression of miRNA may reduce the activity of TSG related enhancers and further lead to inactivation of TSG during cancer development. Here, we reported that low expression of miRNA in cancer as a recognized signature leads to loss of function of TSGs in breast cancer. In 157 paired breast cancer and adjacent normal samples, tumour suppressor gene GPER1 and miR-339 are both downregulated in Luminal A/B and Triple Negative Breast Cancer subtypes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that miR-339 upregulates GPER1 expression in breast cancer cells by switching on the GPER1 enhancer, which can be blocked by enhancer deletion through the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Collectively, our findings reveal novel mechanistic insights into TSG dysfunction in cancer development, and provide evidence that reactivation of TSG by enhancer switching may be a promising alternative strategy for clinical breast cancer treatment.
Genetic vulnerabilities upon inhibition of DNA damage response
Authors: Wang Chao , Tang Mengfan , Chen Zhen , Nie Litong , Li Siting , Xiong Yun , Szymonowicz Klaudia Anna , Park Jeong-Min , Zhang Huimin , Feng Xu , Huang Min , Su Dan , Hart Traver , Chen Junjie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBecause of essential roles of DNA damage response (DDR) in the maintenance of genomic integrity, cellular homeostasis, and tumor suppression, targeting DDR has become a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. However, the benefits of cancer therapy targeting DDR are limited mainly due to the lack of predictive biomarkers. To address this challenge, we performed CRISPR screens to search for genetic vulnerabilities that affect cells’ response to DDR inhibition. By undertaking CRISPR screens with inhibitors targeting key DDR mediators, i.e. ATR, ATM, DNAPK and CHK1, we obtained a global and unbiased view of genetic interactions with DDR inhibition. Specifically, we identified YWHAE loss as a key determinant of sensitivity to CHK1 inhibition. We showed that KLHL15 loss protects cells from DNA damage induced by ATM inhibition. Moreover, we validated that APEX1 loss sensitizes cells to DNAPK inhibition. Additionally, we compared the synergistic effects of combining different DDR inhibitors and found that an ATM inhibitor plus a PARP inhibitor induced dramatic levels of cell death, probably through promoting apoptosis. Our results enhance the understanding of DDR pathways and will facilitate the use of DDR-targeting agents in cancer therapy.
Infectious Diseases Learning Unit: Understanding Advances in the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Mehtani Nicky J , Puryear Sarah , Pham Paul , Dooley Kelly E , Shah Maunank 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). The diagnosis of latent TB infection (LTBI) and treatment with TB preventative therapy (TPT) can reduce morbidity and mortality in this population. Historically, isoniazid has been recommended for TPT in PWH due to the absence of drug-drug interactions with most antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, newer rifamycin-based regimens are safer, shorter in duration, associated with improved adherence, and may be as or more effective than isoniazid TPT. Current guidelines have significant heterogeneity in their recommendations for TPT regimens and acceptability of drug interactions with modern ART. In this Infectious Diseases learning unit, we review common questions on diagnosis, treatment, and drug interactions related to the management of LTBI among PWH.
Use of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing to Identify Pathogens in Pediatric Osteoarticular Infections
Authors: Ramchandar Nanda , Burns Jessica , Coufal Nicole G , Pennock Andrew , Briggs Benjamin , Stinnett Rita , Bradley John , Arnold John , Liu George Y , Pring Maya , Upasani Vidyadhar V , Rickert Kathleen , Dimmock David , Chiu Charles , Farnaes Lauge , Cannavino Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Osteoarticular infections (OAIs) are frequently encountered in children. Treatment may be guided by isolation of a pathogen; however, operative cultures are often negative. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) allows for broad and sensitive pathogen detection that is culture-independent. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic utility of mNGS in comparison to culture and usual care testing to detect pathogens in acute osteomyelitis and/or septic arthritis in children.

Methods
This was a single-site study to evaluate the use of mNGS in comparison to culture to detect pathogens in acute pediatric osteomyelitis and/or septic arthritis. Subjects admitted to a tertiary children’s hospital with suspected OAI were eligible for enrollment. We excluded subjects with bone or joint surgery within 30 days of admission or with chronic osteomyelitis. Operative samples were obtained at the surgeon’s discretion per standard care (fluid or tissue) and based on imaging and operative findings. We compared mNGS to culture and usual care testing (culture and polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) from the same site.

Results
We recruited 42 subjects over the enrollment period. mNGS of the operative samples identified a pathogen in 26 subjects compared to 19 subjects in whom culture identified a pathogen. In 4 subjects, mNGS identified a pathogen where combined usual care testing (culture and PCR) was negative. Positive predictive agreement and negative predictive agreement both were 93.0% for mNGS.

Conclusions
In this single-site prospective study of pediatric OAI, we demonstrated the diagnostic utility of mNGS testing in comparison to culture and usual care (culture and PCR) from operative specimens.
Characteristics of High-Titer Convalescent Plasma and Antibody Dynamics After Administration in Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Bainbridge Emma D , Hsue Priscilla Y , Esensten Jonathan H , Lynch Kara L , Hendrickson Carolyn M , Doernberg Sarah B , Fung Monica , Chin-Hong Peter , Di Germanio Clara , Norris Philip J , Simmons Graham , Glidden David V , Luetkemeyer Anne F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We characterized the antibody composition of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) and the immunologic responses of hospitalized COVID-19 patients after receiving CCP or nonimmune fresh frozen plasma. Despite selection of CCP with significantly higher total immunoglobulin G than recipients, neutralizing antibody levels did not differ between donor plasma and CCP recipients.
Axonal dysfunction is associated with interferon-γ levels in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a multivoxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Authors: Frittoli Renan Bazuco , Pereira Danilo Rodrigues , Lapa Aline Tamires , Postal Mariana , Sinicato Nailu Angelica , Fernandes Paula Teixeira , Cendes Fernando , Castellano Gabriela , Rittner Leticia , Marini Roberto , Niewold Timothy B , Appenzeller Simone 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Axonal/neuronal damage has been shown to be a pathological finding that precedes neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of axonal dysfunction in childhood-onset SLE patients (cSLE) and to determine clinical, immunological and treatment features associated with its occurrence.

Methods
We included 86 consecutive cSLE patients [median age 17 (range 5–28) years] and 71 controls [median age 18 (5–28) years]. We performed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging using point resolved spectroscopy sequence over the superior–posterior region of the corpus callosum and signals from N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-based (CHO), creatine-containing (Cr), myo-inositol (mI), glutamate, glutamine and lactate were measured and metabolites/Cr ratios were determined. Complete clinical, laboratory and neurological evaluations were performed in all subjects. Serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α and INF-γ cytokine levels, antiribosomal P protein antibodies (anti-P) and S100β were measured by ELISA using commercial kits. Data were compared by non-parametric tests.

Results
NAA/Cr ratios (P = 0.035) and lactate/Cr ratios (P = 0.019) were significantly decreased in cSLE patients when compared with controls. In multivariate analysis, IFN-γ levels [odds ratio (OR) = 4.1; 95% CI: 2.01, 7.9] and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.2) were associated with NAA/Cr ratio. Increased CHO/Cr was associated with the presence of cognitive impairment (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 2.034, 5.078; P &lt; 0.001). mI/Cr ratio correlated with cumulative glucocorticoids dosage (r = 0.361, P = 0.014).

Conclusion
NAA and CHO ratios may be useful as biomarkers in neuropsychiatric cSLE. Longitudinal studies are necessary to determine whether they predict structural damage.
Interracial contact differentially shapes brain networks involved in social and non-social judgments from faces: a combination of univariate and multivariate approaches
Authors: Handley Grace , Kubota Jennifer , Cloutier Jasmin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The present work explores the relationship between interracial contact and the neural substrates of explicit social and non-social judgments about both racial ingroup and outgroup targets. Convergent evidence from univariate and multivariate partial least squares (PLS) analyses reveals that contact shapes the recruitment of brain regions involved in social cognition similarly for both ingroup and outgroup targets. Results support the hypothesis that increased contact is associated with generalized changes in social cognition toward both ingroup and outgroup faces. Specifically, regardless of target race, low- and average-contact perceivers showed the typically observed increased recruitment of temporoparietal junction and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during social compared to perceptual judgments. However, high-contact perceivers did not show selective recruitment of these brain regions for social judgments. Complimenting univariate results, multivariate PLS analyses reveal that greater perceiver contact leads to reduced co-activation in networks of brain regions associated with face processing (e.g. fusiform gyrus) and salience detection (e.g. anterior cingulate cortex and insula). Across univariate and multivariate analyses, we found no evidence that contact differentially impacted cross-race face perception. Instead, when performing either a social or a novel perceptual task, interracial contact appears to broadly shape how perceivers engage with all faces.
Homoplasy and morphological stasis revealed through multilocus phylogeny of new myrmecophilous species in Armadillidiidae (Isopoda: Oniscidea)
Authors: Recuero Ernesto , Rodríguez-Flores Paula C , García-París Mario 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe terrestrial isopod family Armadillidiidae presents higher diversity in karstic areas, with fewer species present in areas with reduced suitable subterranean habitats, such as siliceous sandy soils. Myrmecophily, although not widespread in the family Armadillidiidae, can help these animals to colonize sandy substrates, as is observed in several populations of myrmecophilous Armadillidiidae species in central and southern Spain. Morphological examination and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, including mitochondrial DNA (Cox1) and nuclear DNA (18S, 28S and H3) markers, indicate that these myrmecophilous populations represent four new taxa: Iberiarmadillidium pinicola gen. & sp. nov., Iberiarmadillidium psammophilum sp. nov., Iberiarmadillidium sakura sp. nov. and Cristarmadillidium myrmecophilum sp. nov. Some of the main diagnostic characters used in the taxonomy of Armadillidiidae are not clearly apomorphic. Among head morphologies, Eluma type seems to be the ancestral state, being typical of several unrelated lineages; duplocarinate and Armadillidium types are derived states observed in unrelated lineages. The presence of a schisma is a convergent character state, because it has been identified in several taxa nested in unrelated clades. The newly described taxa present patterns of morphological stasis and homoplasy, likely to be associated with their shared myrmecophilous habits. The generic taxonomy of the family needs a deep revision including phylogenetic approaches and thorough taxon sampling.
Quantifying within-school SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the impact of lateral flow testing in secondary schools in England
Authors: Leng Trystan , Hill Edward M. , Holmes Alex , Southall Emma , Thompson Robin N. , Tildesley Michael J. , Keeling Matt J. , Dyson Louise 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo control within-school SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England, secondary school pupils have been encouraged to participate in twice weekly mass testing via lateral flow device tests (LFTs) from 8th March 2021, to complement an isolation of close contacts policy in place since 31st August 2020. Strategies involving the isolation of close contacts can lead to high levels of absences, negatively impacting pupils.MethodsWe fit a stochastic individual-based model of secondary schools to both community swab testing data and secondary school absences data. By simulating epidemics in secondary schools from 31st August 2020 until 21st May 2021, we quantify within-school transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in secondary schools in England, the impact of twice weekly mass testing on within-school transmission, and the potential impact of alternative strategies to the isolation of close contacts in reducing pupil absences.FindingsThe within-school reproduction number, Rschool, has remained below 1 from 31st August 2020 until 21st May 2021. Twice weekly mass testing using LFTs have helped to control within-school transmission in secondary schools in England. A strategy of serial contact testing alongside mass testing substantially reduces absences compared to strategies involving isolating close contacts, with only a marginal increase in within-school transmission.InterpretationSecondary school control strategies involving mass testing have the potential to control within-school transmission while substantially reducing absences compared to an isolation of close contacts policy.