bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The COMPASS‐like complex modulates fungal development and pathogenesis by regulating H3K4me3‐mediated targeted gene expression in Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Zhou Sida , Liu Xiuying , Sun Wanyu , Zhang Mengyu , Yin Yue , Pan Song , He Dan , Shen Mi , Yang Jun , Zheng Qi , Wang Weixiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHistone‐3‐lysine‐4 (H3K4) methylation is catalysed by the multiprotein complex known as the Set1/COMPASS or MLL/COMPASS‐like complex, an element that is highly evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. However, the components and mechanisms by which the COMPASS‐like complex targets the H3K4 methylation of plant‐pathogenic genes in fungi remain elusive. Here we present a comprehensive analysis combining biochemical, molecular, and genome‐wide approaches to characterize the roles of the COMPASS‐like family in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, a model plant pathogen. We purified and identified six conserved subunits of COMPASS from M. oryzae: MoBre2 (Cps60/ASH2L), MoSpp1 (Cps40/Cfp1), MoSwd2 (Cps35), MoSdc1 (Cps25/DPY30), MoSet1 (MLL/ALL), and MoRbBP5 (Cps50), using an affinity tag on MoBre2. We determined the sequence repeat in dual‐specificity kinase splA and ryanodine receptors domain of MoBre2 can interact directly with the DPY30 domain of MoSdc1 in vitro. Furthermore, we found that deletion of the genes encoding COMPASS subunits of MoBre2, MoSPP1, and MoSwd2 caused similar defects regarding invasive hyphal development and pathogenicity. Genome‐wide profiling of H3K4me3 revealed that it has remarkable co‐occupancy at the transcription start site regions of target genes. Significantly, these target genes are often involved in spore germination and pathogenesis. Decreased gene expression caused by the deletion of MoBre2, MoSwd2, or MoSpp1 was highly correlated with a decrease in H3K4me3. These results suggest that MoBre2, MoSpp1, and MoSwd2 function as a whole COMPASS complex, contributing to fungal development and pathogenesis by regulating H3K4me3‐targeted genes in M. oryzae.
The OsmiRNA166b‐OsHox32 pair regulates mechanical strength of rice plants by modulating cell wall biosynthesis
Authors: Chen Hong , Fang Ruiqiu , Deng Rufang , Li Jianxiong 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe plant cell wall provides mechanical strength to support plant growth and development and to determine plant architecture. Cellulose and mixed‐linkage glucan (MLG) present in primary cell wall, whereas cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose exist in secondary cell wall. Biosynthesis of the cell wall biopolymers needs the coordinated transcriptional regulation of all the biosynthetic genes. The module of OsmiR166b‐OsHox32 regulates expression levels of the genes related to biosynthesis of MLG, cellulose and lignin. Transgenic plants knocking down miR166b (STTM166b) by short tandem target mimic (STTM) technology or overexpressing OsHox32 (OEHox32) showed drooping leaves and brittle culms. Due to accumulation of less lignin and cellulose, the cell wall thickness of STTM166b and OEHox32 plants was reduced when compared to that of wild‐type plants. Overexpression of miR166b (OE166b) in rice plants or knocking down of OsHox32 by RNA interference (RNAiHox32) led to increased thickness of cell walls and enhanced mechanical strength of culms. Molecular analyses showed that OsmiR166b‐OsHox32 pair regulates cell wall‐related gene expression. OsHox32 binds to the promoters of OsCAD2 and OsCESA7 to suppress the expression levels of these two genes. The suppression of OsCAD2 is synergistic when OsHox32 is co‐expressed with OSH15 (Oryza sativa homeobox 15). OsHox32 interacts with OSH15, and the START domain of OsHox32, harbouring the miR166b cleavage site, is required for the interaction of these two proteins. Our results demonstrate that OsmiR166b‐OsHox32 pair plays important roles not only in plant growth and development but also in plant architecture by regulating the cell wall‐related gene expression.
MiR396‐GRF module associates with switchgrass biomass yield and feedstock quality
Authors: Liu Yanrong , Yan Jianping , Wang Kexin , Li Dayong , Yang Rui , Luo Hong , Zhang Wanjun 
Published: February 2021

SummaryImproving plant biomass yield and/or feedstock quality for highly efficient lignocellulose conversion has been the main research focus in genetic modification of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a dedicated model plant for biofuel production. Here, we proved that overexpression of miR396 (OE‐miR396) leads to reduced plant height and lignin content mainly by reducing G‐lignin monomer content. We identified nineteen PvGRFs in switchgrass and proved thirteen of them were cleaved by miR396. MiR396‐targeted PvGRF1, PvGRF9 and PvGRF3 showed significantly higher expression in stem. By separately overexpressing rPvGRF1, 3 and 9, in which synonymous mutations abolished the miR396 target sites, and suppression of PvGRF1/3/9 activity via PvGRF1/3/9‐SRDX overexpression in switchgrass, we confirmed PvGRF1 and PvGRF9 played positive roles in improving plant height and G‐lignin content. Overexpression of PvGRF9 was sufficient to complement the defective phenotype of OE‐miR396 plants. MiR396‐PvGRF9 modulates these traits partly by interfering GA and auxin biosynthesis and signalling transduction and cell wall lignin, glucose and xylan biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, by enzymatic hydrolysis analyses, we found that overexpression of rPvGRF9 significantly enhanced per plant sugar yield. Our results suggest that PvGRF9 can be utilized as a candidate molecular tool in modifying plant biomass yield and feedstock quality.
Social distancing predicts suicide rates: Analysis of the 1918 flu pandemic in 43 large cities, research note
Authors: Stack Steven , Rockett Ian R. H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSocial distancing (e.g., school and business closings) has been emphasized in current sociopolitical efforts in controlling COVID‐19. Such policies are assumed to increase suicide risk through lowering social integration. While two studies have linked the presence of a pandemic to suicide rates, no study has assessed the degree of social distancing on suicide rates during a pandemic. The present study fills this gap with data on the extent of social distancing during the Spanish flu epidemic in 43 large cities. The results find that increasing social distancing increases suicide rates independent of the influenza mortality rate.
Introducing the Psychological Autopsy Methodology Checklist
Authors: Conner Kenneth R. , Chapman Benjamin P. , Beautrais Annette L. , Brent David A. , Bridge Jeffrey A. , Conwell Yeates , Falter Tyler , Holbrook Amanda , Schneider Barbara 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveCase–control psychological autopsy studies are the research standard for the postmortem, quantitative study of ongoing or recent risk factors for suicide. We aimed to develop a reliable checklist of methodological quality of these studies.MethodWe adapted items from a validated checklist to address general methodological elements and created novel items to address the unique aspects of psychological autopsy research to generate a 16‐item checklist assessing reporting, external validity, internal validity, and power. We used percent agreement and kappa to evaluate inter‐rater reliability of the items and overall checklist based on independent ratings of 26 case–control psychological autopsy studies conducted internationally. We also summed the items to generate overall quality ratings, assessing internal consistency with coefficient alpha (α).ResultsInter‐rater reliability for the overall checklist was high (percent agreement, 86.5%) and that based conservatively on kappa was substantial (κ .71) whereas internal consistency was low (α = 0.56). The inter‐rater reliability of the individual items showed acceptable to high agreement.ConclusionA novel checklist provides a reliable means to assess the methodological quality of specific elements of quantitative case–control psychological autopsy studies, providing detailed guidance in planning such studies. Lower internal consistency may limit its utility as a summary measure of study quality.
Correcting US payments imbalances: Taxing foreign holders of its treasury securities is better than import tariffs
Authors: Hallwood Clifford Paul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo correct US current account deficits, dollar depreciation rather than imposition of tariffs is economically the better response. The theory of second best (The Review of Economic Studies, 24, 11) implies that if there is only one distortion then correct it, but the welfare effects of adding a second, supposedly offsetting distortion, may not increase welfare and can reduce it. In the context of an overvalued dollar caused by the dollar's status as the predominant global investment currency—a distortion adversely affecting the US manufacturing sector, the first best policy is not to impose tariffs because this adds a trade distortion on top of an exchange rate distortion and can easily be welfare reducing. US imports may be diverted from China to higher‐cost foreign producers not subjected to the tariff, and tariffs do nothing to promote US exports. The first best policy is directly to reduce the distortion of an overvalued exchange by discouraging excessive accumulation of foreign holdings of US securities held as foreign exchange reserves and by foreign private investors. A tax on the foreign holdings is a way to accomplish this.
Sensitivity and specificity of a shortened elimination diet protocol for the diagnosis of food‐induced atopic dermatitis (FIAD)
Authors: Fischer Nina , Spielhofer Leonie , Martini Franco , Rostaher Ana , Favrot Claude 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundThe gold standard to diagnose food allergy in dogs is an eight week elimination diet trial (EDT) followed by a re‐challenge. A recent study demonstrated that a shorter EDT is possible if prednisolone is administered initially.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe goal was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the EDT based on the number of relapses after prednisolone discontinuation. In addition, the aim was to determine whether the initial treatment length or the replacement of prednisolone with oclacitinib would influence the outcome.AnimalsEighty‐seven dogs with atopic dermatitis.Methods and materialsDogs were fed an elimination diet and treated with either prednisolone or oclacitinib for two to three weeks. Relapsing dogs were treated a second time. In the absence of a relapse after two weeks off medication, dogs then were challenged. Dogs never achieving two weeks off treatment without relapse received the regular EDT.ResultsFifty‐eight of 87 dogs completed the study. Thirty‐nine of 58 dogs received prednisolone; 21 of these were diagnosed with FIAD and had no relapse (n = 14), one relapse (n = 6) or two relapses (n = 1). Nineteen of 58 dogs received oclacitinib; 11 of these were deemed food‐allergic and had no relapse (n = 7) or two relapses (n = 4). The initial treatment duration did not influence the outcome. The threshold of one relapse or less for the diagnosis of FIAD was associated with a sensitivity of 95% for prednisolone and 63% for oclacitinib. The specificity was 100% for both drugs.Conclusion and clinical importanceInitial prednisolone or oclacitinib use in EDT shortens the time to diagnosis of FIAD.
Pulsed Suction Control in a Highly Loaded Compressor Cascade With Low Suction Flowrates
Authors: Zhang Hongxin , Chen Shaowen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The influence of pulsed suction (PS) on flow separation and aerodynamic performance in a highly loaded compressor cascade is experimentally studied herein. The excitation frequency is investigated as it determines the effectiveness of PS in flow control. Low suction flowrates are examined to analyze the potential of PS in providing a satisfactory cascade performance. For comparison, the corresponding parameters of steady continuous suction (SCS) are studied as well. Oil-flow visualizations and steady and unsteady pressure data are used to characterize the control effects of SCS and PS. The experimental results validate the efficacy of PS in controlling flow separation, even at a reduced suction flowrate of 0.1%. It suppresses passage vortex (PV), improving aerodynamic performance. PS provides a better control effect than SCS at different excitation parameters, which can be attributed to twofold main reasons: first, at the same suction flowrate, PS has a larger suction momentum than SCS during the suction phase, resulting in a stronger suction force and having a more profound effect on the flow characteristics; and second, owing to the introduction of pulsed excitation to the suction, PS creates additional vortex structures that energize the boundary layer by transporting high momentum freestream fluid near the wall. PS is also effective at a higher incidence angle, but its control effect is reduced.
Experimental Investigation of Film Cooling Performance on Blade Endwall With Diffusion Slot Holes and Stator–Rotor Purge Flow
Authors: Yu Zhiqiang , Liu Jianjun , Li Chen , An Baitao , Xu Guangyao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on the influences of the discrete-hole shape and layout on the blade endwall film cooling effectiveness. The effect of upstream purge slot injection on the film cooling performance of the discrete hole was also investigated. The diffusion slot hole was first applied to the blade endwall. As a comparison, the cooling performance of the fan-shaped hole was also measured. Totally, six discrete-hole cooling configurations (two hole shapes × three layouts) were investigated. Experiments were performed in a seven-blade linear cascade with the exit Reynolds number of 2.64 × 105. The average blowing ratios (BR) of the discrete holes changed from 0.5 to 2.5, and the coolant mass flow ratio of the purge slot (MFR) was fixed at MFR = 1.5%. The distributions of the cooling effectiveness on the blade endwall were measured by the pressure-sensitive paint technique. Results indicate that the diffusion slot hole significantly increases the film cooling effectiveness on the blade endwall compared to the fan-shaped hole, especially at a high blowing ratio. The maximum relative increment of the cooling effectiveness is over 40%. The layout with the discrete holes arranged lining up with the tangent direction of the blade profile offset curves exhibits a comparable film cooling effectiveness with the layout with the discrete holes arranged according to the cross-flow direction. The film cooling effectiveness on the pressure surface corner is remarkably enhanced by deflecting the hole orientation angle toward the pressure surface. The combination of purge slot and diffusion slot holes supplies a full-coverage film cooling for the entire blade endwall at MFR = 1.5% and BR = 2.5. In addition, the slot injection leads to a non-negligible influence on the cooling performance of the discrete holes near the separation line.
Analysis of Fluid Flow in the Sealing Gap of Radial Shaft Seals and Elastic Deformation of the Sealing Surface
Authors: Schulz Markus , Hagmayer Marius , Baumann Matthias , Bauer Frank 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The function of a radial shaft seal is based on interactions between the sealing edge and the shaft counterface. To better understand these mechanisms, a look inside the sealing contact was taken. The procedure and the testing facility are presented in this article. In addition, a research methodology was developed to systematically analyze the fluid flow and the distortion of the sealing surface of shaft seals. The results of the test procedure are documented in an evaluation matrix that allows the comparison of sealing systems with different worn sealing edges. For example, the tests show an influence of the rotation direction of the shaft during running-in on the formation of leakage channels or oil collecting chambers within the sealing contact.
Experimental Data Mining Research on Factors Influencing Friction Coefficient of Wet Clutch
Authors: Wu Bangzhi , Qin Datong , Hu Jianjun , Liu Yonggang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, an experiment is conducted for assessing the friction characteristics of a wet clutch on actual working conditions, to determine how various factors influence the friction coefficient in the actual working process of a wet clutch. Based on the experimental data of a wet clutch under different engagement conditions, a data surrogate model construction method is proposed for the friction coefficient. According to this model, the decoupling between different influencing factors of friction coefficient is realized, and their influence on friction coefficient is obtained. To reveal the change mechanism of the friction coefficient, a theoretical analysis model of the friction coefficient is established by using the elastic contact theory and the elastic fluid dynamic pressure lubrication theory. In addition, based on the constructed friction coefficient data surrogate model, the sensitivity of different influencing factors on the friction coefficient and the coupling relationship between the different influencing factors are studied.
Applying Social Cognition Models to Explain Walking Duration in Older Adults: The Role of Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Labudek Sarah , Fleig Lena , Jansen Carl-Philipp , Kramer-Gmeiner Franziska , Nerz Corinna , Becker Clemens , Klenk Jochen , Schwenk Michael 
Published: February 2021

This study examined the applicability of the health action process approach (HAPA) to walking duration in older adults and the added value of extending the HAPA by intrinsic motivation. Self-reports from older adults (N = 309; Mage = 78.7, 70–95 years) regarding activity-related intrinsic motivation and HAPA variables were collected at the baseline of a fall prevention intervention study. Walking duration at ≥3 metabolic equivalents of task was measured for 7 days via body-worn accelerometers. Two structural equation models with walking duration as a manifest outcome were specified. In both models, the model fit was acceptable, but intention and planning were not associated with walking duration. Intrinsic motivation was significantly related to most HAPA variables and walking duration. Variance explained for walking duration was R2 = .14 in the HAPA and R2 = .17 in the extended model. For explaining older adults’ walking duration, intrinsic motivation, but not HAPA-based intention and planning, seemed to be important.
Fault kinematics: A record of tectono-climatically controlled sedimentation along passive margins, an example from the U.S. Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Omale Abah P. , Lorenzo Juan M. , AlDhamen Ali , Clift Peter D. , Webb A. Alexander G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFaults offsetting sedimentary strata can record changes in sedimentation driven by tectonic and climatic forcing. Fault kinematic analysis is effective at evaluating changes in sediment volumes at salt/shale-bearing passive margins where sediment loading drives faulting. We explore these processes along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Incremental throw along 146 buried faults studied across onshore Louisiana revealed continual Cenozoic fault reactivation punctuated by inactive periods along a few faults. Fault scarp heights measured from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data are interpreted to show that Cenozoic fault reactivation continued through the Pleistocene.The areas of highest fault throw and maximum sediment deposition shifted from southwest Louisiana in the early Miocene to southeast Louisiana in the middle–late Miocene. These changes in the locus of maximum fault reactivation and sediment deposition were controlled by changing tectonics and climate in the source areas. Early Miocene fault throw estimates indicate a depocenter farther east than previously mapped and support the idea that early Miocene Appalachian Mountain uplift and erosion routed sediment to southeast Louisiana.By correlating changes in fault throw with changes in sediment deposition, we suggest that (1) fault kinematic analysis can be used to evaluate missing sediment volumes because fault offsets can be preserved despite partial erosion, (2) fault throw estimates can be used to infer changes in past tectonic and climate-related processes driving sedimentation, and (3) these observations are applicable to other passive margins with mobile substrates and faulted strata within overfilled sedimentary basins.
Identification of presumed corneal neuromas and microneuromas using laser-scanning in vivo confocal microscopy: a systematic review
Authors: Chinnery Holly Rose , Rajan Rajni , Jiao Haihan , Wu Mengliang , Zhang Alexis Ceecee , De Silva Manikkuwadura Eranda Harshan , Makrai Eve , Stepp Mary Ann , Di Girolamo Nick , Downie Laura Elizabeth 
Published: February 2021

Background/aimsThis systematic review critically evaluated peer-reviewed publications describing morphological features consistent with, or using terms related to, a ‘neuroma’ or ‘microneuroma’ in the human cornea using laser-scanning in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).MethodsThe review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020160038). Comprehensive literature searches were performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase and the Cochrane Library in November 2019. The review included primary research studies and reviews that described laser-scanning IVCM for examining human corneal nerves. Papers had to include at least one of a pre-specified set of keyword stems, broadly related to neuromas and microneuromas, to describe a corneal nerve feature.ResultsTwenty-five papers (20 original studies; 5 reviews) were eligible. Three original studies evaluated corneal nerve features in healthy eyes. Most papers assessed corneal nerves in ocular and systemic conditions; seven studies did not include a control/comparator group. There was overlap in terminology used to describe nerve features in healthy and diseased corneas (eg, bulb-like/bulbous, penetration, end/s/ing). Inspection of IVCM images within the papers revealed that features termed ‘neuromas’ and ‘microneuromas’ could potentially be physiological corneal stromal-epithelial nerve penetration sites. We identified inconsistent definitions for terms, and limitations in IVCM image acquisition, sampling and/or reporting that may introduce bias and lead to inaccurate representation of physiological nerve characteristics as pathological.ConclusionThese findings identify a need for consistent nomenclature and definitions, and rigorous IVCM scanning and analysis protocols to clarify the prevalence of physiological, as opposed to pathological, corneal nerve features.
Sex differences for phenotype in pathologically defined dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Bayram Ece , Coughlin David G , Banks Sarah J , Litvan Irene 
Published: February 2021

IntroductionSex differences in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) have been reported in clinically defined cohorts; however, clinical diagnostic accuracy in DLB is suboptimal and phenotypic differences have not been assessed in pathologically confirmed participants.MethodsCore DLB features were compared across 55 women and 156 men with pathologically defined DLB in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center. These analyses were repeated for 55 women and 55 men matched for age, education and tau burden.ResultsIn the total sample, women died older, had fewer years of education, had higher tau burden but were less likely to be diagnosed with dementia and clinical DLB. In the matched sample, visual hallucinations continued to be less common in women, and fewer women met clinical DLB criteria.DiscussionSex impacts clinical manifestations of underlying pathologies in DLB. Despite similar underlying Lewy body pathology, women are less likely to manifest core DLB features and may be clinically underdiagnosed.