bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earthquake ethics—Recovering lost ground when disaster strikes
Authors: Mahoney Daniel , Smit Hunter S. , Wilkinson Timothy J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRenesas Electronics Corporation is a major global semiconductor supplier headquartered in Japan. It was formed in the early 2000s through the mergers of the semiconductor divisions of Hitachi, Mitsubishi, and NEC Corporation, each of which had a nearly 40‐year history. It is one of the world's leading suppliers of microcontroller devices, the brains of everything electronic and unique to each supplier, such that a redesign of the end‐system is needed to accommodate a change in microcontroller suppliers. Companies representing hundreds of billions of dollars of manufacturing revenue depended on a stable supply of microcontrollers from Renesas. This case‐based research analyzes how an ethical decision‐making framework helped Renesas survive the 2011 Great Japan Earthquake, which damaged Renesas's flagship factory and significantly reduced its production capacity, threatening to roil the global electronics industry. Because of this ethical framework, the company emerged stronger than before after an existential crisis.
Supersymmetry breaking, brane dynamics and Swampland conjectures
Authors: Basile Ivano 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We investigate interactions between branes of various dimensions, both charged and uncharged, in three non-supersymmetric string models. These include the USp(32) and U(32) orientifold projections of the type IIB and type 0B strings, as well as the SO(16)×SO(16) projection of the exceptional heterotic string. The resulting ten-dimensional spectra are free of tachyons, and the combinations of branes that they contain give rise to rich and varied dynamics. We compute static potentials for parallel stacks of branes in three complementary regimes: the probe regime, in which one of the two stacks is parametrically heavier than the other, the string-amplitude regime, in which both stacks are light, and the holographic regime. Whenever comparisons are possible, we find qualitative agreement despite the absence of supersymmetry. For charged branes, our analysis reveals that the Weak Gravity Conjecture is satisfied in a novel way via a renormalization of the effective charge-to-tension ratio.
On the assumptions leading to the information loss paradox
Authors: Buoninfante Luca , Di Filippo Francesco , Mukohyama Shinji 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The information loss paradox is usually stated as an incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics. However, the assumptions leading to the problem are often overlooked and, in fact, a careful inspection of the main hypothesises suggests a radical reformulation of the problem. Indeed, we present a thought experiment involving a black hole that emits radiation and, independently of the nature of the radiation, we show the existence of an incompatibility between (i) the validity of the laws of general relativity to describe infalling matter far from the Planckian regime, and (ii) the so-called central dogma which states that as seen from an outside observer a black hole behaves like a quantum system whose number of degrees of freedom is proportional to the horizon area. We critically revise the standard arguments in support of the central dogma, and argue that they cannot hold true unless some new physics is invoked even before reaching Planck scales. This suggests that the information loss problem, in its current formulation, is not necessarily related to any loss of information or lack of unitarity. Therefore, in principle, semiclassical general relativity and quantum mechanics can be perfectly compatible before reaching the final stage of the black hole evaporation where, instead, a consistent theory of quantum gravity is needed to make any prediction.
The imaginary part of the heavy-quark potential from real-time Yang-Mills dynamics
Authors: Boguslavski Kirill , Kasmaei Babak S. , Strickland Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We extract the imaginary part of the heavy-quark potential using classical-statistical simulations of real-time Yang-Mills dynamics in classical thermal equilibrium. The r-dependence of the imaginary part of the potential is extracted by measuring the temporal decay of Wilson loops of spatial length r. We compare our results to continuum expressions obtained using hard thermal loop theory and to semi-analytic lattice perturbation theory calculations using the hard classical loop formalism. We find that, when plotted as a function of mDr, where mD is the hard classical loop Debye mass, the imaginary part of the heavy-quark potential shows little sensitivity to the lattice spacing at small mDr ≲ 1 and agrees well with the semi-analytic hard classical loop result. For large quark-antiquark separations, we quantify the magnitude of the non-perturbative long-range corrections to the imaginary part of the heavy-quark potential. We present our results for a wide range of temperatures, lattice spacings, and lattice volumes. This work sets the stage for extracting the imaginary part of the heavy-quark potential in an expanding non-equilibrium Yang Mills plasma.
Investigating top tagging with Ym-Splitter and N-subjettiness
Authors: Dasgupta Mrinal , Helliwell Jack 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study top-tagging from an analytical QCD perspective focussing on the role of two key steps therein: a step to find three-pronged substructure and a step that places constraints on radiation. For the former we use a recently introduced modification of Y-Splitter, known as Ym-Splitter, and for the latter we use the well-known N-subjettiness variable. We derive resummed results for this combination of variables for both signal jets and background jets, also including pre-grooming of the jet. Our results give new insight into the performance of top tagging tools in particular with regard to the role of the distinct steps involved.
Self-organised localisation
Authors: Giudice Gian F. , McCullough Matthew , You Tevong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We describe a new phenomenon in quantum cosmology: self-organised localisation. When the fundamental parameters of a theory are functions of a scalar field subject to large fluctuations during inflation, quantum phase transitions can act as dynamical attractors. As a result, the theory parameters are probabilistically localised around the critical value and the Universe finds itself at the edge of a phase transition. We illustrate how self-organised localisation could account for the observed near-criticality of the Higgs self-coupling, the naturalness of the Higgs mass, or the smallness of the cosmological constant.
Genome-wide mRNA profiling identifies X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) as an IRE1 and PUMA repressor
Authors: Gebert Magdalena , Sobolewska Aleksandra , Bartoszewska Sylwia , Cabaj Aleksandra , Crossman David K. , Króliczewski Jarosław , Madanecki Piotr , Dąbrowski Michał , Collawn James F. , Bartoszewski Rafal 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAccumulation of misfolded proteins in ER activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a multifunctional signaling pathway that is important for cell survival. The UPR is regulated by three ER transmembrane sensors, one of which is inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1). IRE1 activates a transcription factor, X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1), by removing a 26-base intron from XBP1 mRNA that generates spliced XBP1 mRNA (XBP1s). To search for XBP1 transcriptional targets, we utilized an XBP1s-inducible human cell line to limit XBP1 expression in a controlled manner. We also verified the identified XBP1-dependent genes with specific silencing of this transcription factor during pharmacological ER stress induction with both an N-linked glycosylation inhibitor (tunicamycin) and a non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) (thapsigargin). We then compared those results to the XBP1s-induced cell line without pharmacological ER stress induction. Using next‐generation sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis of XBP1-binding motifs, we defined an XBP1 regulatory network and identified XBP1 as a repressor of PUMA (a proapoptotic gene) and IRE1 mRNA expression during the UPR. Our results indicate impairing IRE1 activity during ER stress conditions accelerates cell death in ER-stressed cells, whereas elevating XBP1 expression during ER stress using an inducible cell line correlated with a clear prosurvival effect and reduced PUMA protein expression. Although further studies will be required to test the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the relationship between these genes with XBP1, these studies identify a novel repressive role of XBP1 during the UPR.
Evaluierung der NEF-Fehl- und Übergabeeinsätze im Raum Innsbruck
Authors: Troppmair Teresa , Egger J. , Krösbacher A. , Zanvettor A. , Schinnerl A. , Neumayr A. , Baubin M. 
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Qualität eines Rettungssystems zeichnet sich auch durch den effizienten Einsatz seiner personellen und Fahrzeugressourcen aus. So können im berechtigten Fall Stornierungen des anfahrenden Notarztes durch den Rettungsdienst (RD) ebenso sinnvoll sein wie Übergaben des stabilen Patienten an den RD. Aufgrund der hohen Zahlen solcher Storno- und Übergabeeinsätze evaluiert diese Studie diese Entscheidungen retrospektiv und zeigt evtl. Auffälligkeiten auf. Studienkollektiv waren die 10.278 Notarztalarmierungen der beiden Notarzteinsatzfahrzeuge (NEF) Innsbruck Stadt (städtisch) und Telfs (ländlich) der Jahre 2017 und 2018.

Methode
Der Patientenzustand sowie die Rettungsdienstdokumentation wurden beurteilt und die Notarztindikation retrospektiv anhand der klinischen Aufnahmediagnosen im Abgleich mit dem Notarztindikationskataloges der Deutschen Bundesärztekammer (NIKDBÄK) anhand vorgegebener Kriterien wie eingegebener Vitalparameter und/oder des Notfallgeschehens bewertet.

Ergebnisse
Im zweijährigen Studienzeitraum ergaben sich 2470 relevante Datensätze, davon 1190 Storno- und 1280 Übergabeeinsätze mit gesamt 210 Einsätzen (8,5 %) mit Notarztindikation laut NIKDBÄK. Am NEF Innsbruck fanden mehr Stornierungen statt, und es kam zu mehr Storno- als Übergabeeinsätzen, umgekehrt dazu am NEF Telfs zu mehr Übergabe- als Stornoeinsätzen. An Wochenenden fanden nachts weniger Storno- und Übergabeeinsätze statt. In 284 Protokollen bei Stornierungen (23,9 %) und 339 Protokollen bei Übergaben (26,5 %) war die Dokumentation der Sanitäterprotokolle unvollständig. Patienten mit gegebener Notarztindikation laut NIKDBÄK mussten länger stationär behandelt werden. 35 Patienten nach Storno- (2,9 %) und 35 Patienten nach Übergabeeinsätzen (2,7 %) mussten auf einer Intensivstation aufgenommen werden. Bei den Intensivbehandlungen wurde bei 20 Patienten (1,7 % der Stornoeinsätze) nach einem Stornoeinsatz eine kritische Aufnahmediagnose festgestellt bzw. bei 24 Patienten (1,9 % der Übergabeeinsätze) nach einem Übergabeeinsatz. Bei 40 (3,1 %) Übergabeeinsätzen vom Notarzt an den Rettungsdienst kam es innerhalb von 10 min nach Eintreffen des Notarztes zu einem Folgeeinsatz.

Schlussfolgerung
Die Einführung eines eigenen standardisierten Notfallindikationskataloges für Österreich erscheint als Vorgabe für Leitstellen und Rettungsdienstpersonal sinnvoll. Storno- und Übergabeentscheidungen müssen sorgsam getroffen werden und sollten QM-gesichert evaluiert werden. Der Dokumentationspflicht im Rettungswesen muss vermehrte Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Durch intensivere Aus- und Fortbildungen sowie Diagnosefeedbacks könnte die Anzahl an unberechtigten bzw. risikobehafteten Storno‑/Übergabeeinsätzen vermindert werden.
Reduced magnetic resonance angiography signal intensity in the middle cerebral artery ipsilateral to severe carotid stenosis may be a practical index of high oxygen extraction fraction
Authors: Mori Takahisa , Yoshioka Kazuhiro , Tanno Yuhei , Kasakura Shigen , Miyazaki Yuichi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Angiographic “slow flow” in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), caused by carotid stenosis, may be associated with high oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). If the MCA slow flow is associated with a reduced relative signal intensity (rSI) of the MCA on MR angiography, the reduced rSI may be associated with a high OEF. We investigated whether the MCA slow flow ipsilateral to carotid stenosis was associated with a high OEF and aimed to create a practical index to estimate the high OEF.

Methods
We included patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and MRA between 2015 and 2019 to evaluate carotid stenosis. MCA slow flow by image count using DSA, MCA rSI, minimal luminal diameter (MLD) of the carotid artery, carotid artery stenosis rate (CASr), and whole-brain OEF (wb-OEF) was evaluated. When MCA slow flow was associated with a high wb-OEF, the determinants of MCA slow flow were identified, and their association with high wb-OEF was evaluated.

Results
One hundred and twenty-seven patients met our inclusion criteria. Angiographic MCA slow flow was associated with high wb-OEF. We identified MCA rSI and MLD as determinants of angiographic MCA slow flow. The upper limits of MCA rSI and MLD for angiographic MCA slow flow were 0.89 and 1.06 mm, respectively. The wb-OEF was higher in patients with an MCA rSI ≤ 0.89 and ipsilateral MLD ≤ 1.06 mm than patients without this combination.

Conclusions
The combination of reduced MCA rSI and ipsilateral narrow MLD is a straightforward index of high wb-OEF.

Key Points
• The whole-brain OEF in patients with angiographic slow flow in the MCA ipsilateral to high-grade carotid stenosis was higher than in patients without it.
• Independent determinants of MCA slow flow were MCA relative signal intensity (rSI) on MRA or minimal luminal diameter (MLD) of the carotid stenosis.
• The wb-OEF was higher in patients with an MCA rSI ≤ 0.89 and ipsilateral MLD ≤ 1.06 mm than patients without this combination.
Diffusion kurtosis imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for the differentiation of parotid gland tumors
Authors: Huang Nan , Chen Yu , She Dejun , Xing Zhen , Chen Tanhui , Cao Dairong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objective
To assess the usefulness of combined diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in the differentiation of parotid gland tumors.

Methods
Seventy patients with 80 parotid gland tumors who underwent DKI and DCE-MRI were retrospectively enrolled and divided into four groups: pleomorphic adenomas (PAs), Warthin tumors (WTs), other benign tumors (OBTs), and malignant tumors (MTs). DCE-MRI and DKI quantitative parameters were measured. The Kruskal–Wallis H test and post hoc test with Bonferroni correction and ROC curve were used for statistical analysis.

Results
WTs demonstrated the highest Kep value (median 1.89, interquartile range [1.46–2.31] min−1) but lowest Ve value (0.20, [0.15–0.25]) compared with PAs (Kep, 0.34 [0.21–0.55] min−1; Ve, 0.36 [0.24–0.43]), OBTs (Kep, 1.22 [0.27–1.67] min−1; Ve, 0.28 [0.25–0.41]), and MTs (Kep, 0.71 [0.50–1.23] min−1; Ve, 0.35 [0.26–0.45]) (all p < .05). MTs had the lower D value (1.10, [0.88–1.29] × 10−3 mm2/s) compared with PAs (1.81, [1.60–2.20] × 10−3 mm2/s) and OBTs (1.57, [1.32–1.89] × 10−3 mm2/s) (both p < .05). PAs had the lower Ktrans value (0.12, [0.07–0.18] min−1) compared with OBTs (0.28, [0.11–0.50] min−1) (p < .05). The cutoff values of combined Kep and Ve, D, and Ktrans to distinguish WTs, MTs, and PAs sequentially were 1.06 min−1, 0.28, 1.46 × 10−3 mm2/s, and 0.21 min−1, respectively (accuracy, 89% [71/80], 91% [73/80], 78% [62/80], respectively).

Conclusion
The combined use of DKI and DCE-MRI may help differentiate parotid gland tumors.

Key Points
• The combined use of DKI and DCE-MRI could facilitate the understanding of the pathophysiological characteristics of parotid gland tumors.
• A stepwise diagnostic diagram based on the combined use of DCE-MRI parameters and the diffusion coefficient is helpful for accurate preoperative diagnosis in parotid gland tumors and may further facilitate the clinical management of patients.
Disparate effects of ankle-brachial index on mortality in the ‘very old’ and ‘younger old’ populations-the PolSenior survey
Authors: Królczyk Jarosław , Skalska Anna , Piotrowicz Karolina , Mossakowska Małgorzata , Grodzicki Tomasz , Gąsowski Jerzy 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo assess the relationship between ankle-brachial index (ABI) and up to 10-year mortality in older individuals below and above the age of 80 years. In a multicenter survey of health status in the community dwelling subjects aged 55–59 and 65 + years in Poland, we assessed baseline medical history including risk-factors. We measured ABI, and serum creatinine, cholesterol, NT-proBNP, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations. We assessed mortality based on public registry. Between 2009 and 2019, 27.3% of 561 participants < 80 years, and 79.4% of 291 participants ≥ 80 years, died (p < 0.001); 67.8, 41.5, and 40.3% in the ABI groups < 0.9, 0.9–1.4, and > 1.4, respectively (p < 0.01). In the unadjusted Cox models, ABI was associated with mortality in the entire group, and < 80 years. In the entire group, analysis adjusted for age and sex showed mortality risk increased by 11% per year, and 50% with male sex. Mortality decreased by 37% per 1 unit ABI increase. In the group of people ≥ 80 years, only age was significantly associated with mortality (p < 0.001). In stepwise regression ABI < 0.9, male sex, active smoking, and NT-proBNP level were associated with risk of death < 80 years. In the ≥ 80 years old, mortality risk was associated with older age, and higher levels of IL-6, but not ABI. The ABI < 0.9 is associated with higher mortality in older people, but not among the oldest-old. In the oldest age group, age is the strongest predictor of death. In this age group, inflammageing is of importance.
Cost-minimisation analysis of a treat-and-extend regimen with anti-VEGFs in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Quist S. W. , de Jong L. A. , van Asten F. , Knoester P. , Postma M. J. , Freriks R. D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeAlthough intraocular anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGFs) are effective as treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), the (economic) burden on the healthcare system is considerable. A treat-and-extend (T&E) regimen is associated with a lower number of injections without compromising the effectiveness and can therefore help optimise nAMD treatment. This study investigates the per-patient costs associated with nAMD treatment, when using aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab with a T&E regimen.MethodsIn this cost-minimisation model, the per-patient costs in the Netherlands were modelled using a healthcare payers’ perspective over a 3-year time horizon with the assumption that efficacy of treatments is similar. Additionally, the break-even price of the different anti-VEGFs was calculated relative to the cheapest option and injection frequency.ResultsThe injection frequency varied from 14.2 for aflibercept to 27.4 for bevacizumab in 3 years. Nonetheless, bevacizumab remains the cheapest treatment option (€14,215), followed by aflibercept (€18,202) and ranibizumab (€31,048). The medication covers the majority of the per-patient costs for aflibercept and ranibizumab, while administration covers the majority of the per-patient costs for bevacizumab. The break-even prices of aflibercept and ranibizumab are respectively €507 and €60.58 per injection. Brolucizumab was included in the scenario analysis and was more expensive than aflibercept (€20,446). Brolucizumab should reduce to 13.8 injections over 3 years to be as costly as aflibercept.ConclusionBevacizumab is the cheapest anti-VEGF treatment. The list prices of all anti-VEGFs should reduce to be as costly as bevacizumab. Aflibercept is the second-choice treatment and so far brolucizumab is not.
Health and life insurance-related problems in very long-term cancer survivors in Germany: a population-based study
Authors: Thong Melissa S. Y. , Doege Daniela , Weißer Linda , Koch-Gallenkamp Lena , Bertram Heike , Eberle Andrea , Holleczek Bernd , Nennecke Alice , Waldmann Annika , Zeissig Sylke Ruth , Pritzkuleit Ron , Schlander Michael , Brenner Hermann , Arndt Volker 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Limited research suggests that cancer survivors have problems with insurance. Our study aimed to gain insight into the proportion of very long-term (14–24 years post-diagnosis) survivors of breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers who had problems with health (HI) and life (LI) insurance.

Methods
We used data from CAESAR (CAncEr Survivorship—A multi-Regional population-based study). Participants completed questions on change in insurance providers since cancer diagnosis, problems with requesting (additional) HI or LI, and how potential problems were resolved. We conducted logistic regression to determine factors associated with change in statutory HI.

Results
Of the 2714 respondents, 174 (6%) reported having changed HI providers. Most switched between different statutory HI providers (86%), 9% from statutory to private, and 5% from private to statutory. Respondents who changed statutory HI providers were more likely to be prostate cancer survivors (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.01–7.68) while being ≥ 65 years at time of diagnosis (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.35–0.96) and having ≥ 2 comorbid conditions (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40–0.92) were associated with reduced odds for change. Problems in changing HI were minimal and were resolved with additional contribution. Of the 310 respondents who tried to get LI, 25 respondents reported having difficulties, of whom the majority had their request rejected.

Conclusion
Most cancer survivors did not change their HI nor tried to buy LI after cancer diagnosis. Problems with changing statutory HI were generally resolved with additional contribution while the main problem encountered when buying LI was rejection of request.
Distress and quality of life do not change over time in patients with operated and conservatively managed intracranial meningioma
Authors: Kalasauskas Darius , Keric Naureen , Abu Ajaj Salman , von Cube Leoni , Ringel Florian , Renovanz Mirjam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Purpose

The patients’ burden with asymptomatic meningiomas and patients with good clinical outcome after meningioma resection often remains neglected. In this study, we aimed to investigate the longitudinal changes of psychological distress and quality of life in these patient groups.

Methods
Patients with conservatively managed (CM) or operated (OM) meningiomas and excellent neurological status, who were screened for psychological distress during the follow-up visit (t1), were included. We performed a follow-up mail/telephone-based survey 3–6 months (t2) after t1. Distress was measured using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Distress Thermometer (DT), 36-item Short Form (SF-36), and Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI).

Results
Sixty-two patients participated in t1 and 47 in t2. The number of patients reporting increased or borderline values remained high 3 months after initial presentation, with n = 25 (53%) of patients reporting increased anxiety symptom severity and n = 29 (62%) reporting increased depressive symptom severity values. The proportion of distressed patients according to a DT score remained similar after 3 months. Forty-four percent of patients reported significant distress in OM and 33% in CM group. The most common problems among distressed patients were fatigue (t2 75%) and worries (t2 50%), followed by pain, sleep disturbances, sadness, and nervousness. Tumor progress was associated with increased depression scores (OR 6.3 (1.1–36.7)).

Conclusion
The level of psychological distress in asymptomatic meningiomas and postoperative meningiomas with excellent outcome is high. Further investigations are needed to identify and counsel the patients at risk.