bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity induced by indigenous Beauveria bassiana isolate in different life stages of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Fergani Yasmin Adel , Refaei Elsayed Abd Elhameed 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The invincible effects of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) under appropriate circumstances compensate for the flaws of chemical insecticides in the control programs. Beauveria bassiana is one of the most elaborated EPF of pest control all over the world. The potential of using the B. bassiana isolate (Y-F_ITS1) was examined against different larval instars (L2, L3, L4, and L5), pupae, and eggs of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), using different concentrations under laboratory conditions.

Results
In bioassay, 2nd instar larvae of S. littoralis were significantly the most susceptible stage to B. bassiana isolate at P ≤ 0.05. It is apparent from the results that the cumulative mortality percentage increased with elapsing time with typical symptoms of infection and sporulation. High efficacies ranging from 85.0 to 99.0% corrected mortality rates were recorded for 2nd instar larvae at the spore concentration (1 × 109 spores ml−1). The mortality percentage reached 90.0% for the 3rd instar larvae treated with the same concentration after 5 days. The least mortality rates results were recorded at the 5th instar larvae. B. bassiana isolate showed an ovicidal effect to the eggs of S. littoralis that reached 100% mortality when treated with 1.0 × 108 and 1.0 × 109 spores ml−1, while the concentration 1 × 107 and 1.0 × 108 caused 65.0 and 87.0%, respectively. Reduction of adult emergence reached (0%) in case of treatment with the highest concentrations (1 × 108 and 1 × 109 spores ml−1). Morphogenetic abnormalities were also recorded.

Conclusion
Results of mortality rates and lethal concentration values resulted from the experiments indicated that the tested Y-F_ITS1 isolate was efficient and can be recommended as a potential biocontrol agent against S. littoralis. Further field evaluations are still needed.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation misdiagnosed as WPW syndrome
Authors: Seol Sang-Hoon , Kim Ki-Hun , Park Jino , Song Yeo-Jeong , Kim Dong-Kie , Kim Doo-Il 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is associated with an increased incidence of Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome and atrial fibrillation. However, a delta-like wide QRS can be observed in the hypertrophied myocardium. When considering the rarity of the paraseptal bypass tract (BT), the normal QRS axis suggests a higher possibility of HCM origin. Otherwise, there is no known electrocardiographic clue indicating a wide QRS differentiation between HCM and WPW syndrome. Moreover, the atriofascicular, nodofascicular/ventricular or fasciculoventricular BT should be differentiated. In this case, atrioventricular conduction system incidental injury revealed a wide QRS origin from the HCM, but this method should be avoided except in some selected cases.
Surgical planning in patients with brain glioma using diffusion tensor MR imaging and tractography
Authors: Shalan Mohamed E. , Soliman Ahmed Y. , Nassar Ibrahim A. , Alarabawy Reda A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that depicts the integrity of white matter (WM) tracts. This study was conducted to assess the utility of DTI tractography as an imaging technique in assessment of brain gliomas and planning of the surgical corridor.

Results
Twenty adult patients with brain gliomas were included. Neurological examination and conventional MRI and DTI scans were performed before and after surgery. Low-grade and high-grade tumors were found in 30% and 70% of patients, respectively. Preoperative DTI demonstrated five patterns of WM tract involvement: non-affected (10%), displaced (75%), edematous (55%), infiltrated (60%), and disrupted (20%). The obtained DTI scans were used for preoperative planning of the surgical corridor and extent of resection to achieve the maximum resection while preserving the WM tracts. Total resection was achieved in 40%, while 60% underwent subtotal resection. Postoperative neurological examination showed deterioration of cognitive function, motor power, and vision in 15%, 10%, and 5% of patients, respectively. Headache persisted in 15%, while motor power improved in 35% of patients. High-grade tumors were significantly associated with higher percentage of subtotal resection (p=0.018) and pattern IV (p=0.018). There was a significant association between the preoperative pattern of WM tract involvement and the postoperative DTI changes (p<0.001).

Conclusion
DTI enables assessment of displaced and infiltrated WM tracts in the vicinity of brain tumors. Preoperative planning of tumor resection and surgical corridor should include DTI scan to achieve the balance between maximum resection of tumor and maximal preservation of function.
Analysis methodology and assessment indices of vulnerability for asphalt pavement in cold regions
Authors: Wang Tongxu , Ma Xianyong , Li Huanyu , Dong Zejiao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAsphalt pavement structures in cold regions, which suffer from complicated environmental and geological conditions, such as large temperature difference and frozen soil, are prone to cracking, rutting, and moisture damage. However, most of the existing assessment methodologies focus on the vulnerability of the overall road traffic network, ignoring the impact of regional differences and pavements’ structural performance. To establish a highly targeted vulnerability analysis methodology for cold regional asphalt pavements, the concept of highway vulnerability and the assessment model composed of exposure, fragility, and resilience were proposed in this paper firstly. Meanwhile, the assessment indices and standards for exposure, fragility, and resilience were respectively discussed. Then, the calculation process for each index weight and vulnerability index was proposed based on AHP-fuzzy comprehensive assessment methodology. Consequently, the vulnerability grade of asphalt pavements in cold regions could be determined. Finally, the vulnerability assessment indices and methodology for cold regional asphalt pavements were illustrated and presented, providing a theoretical basis for asphalt pavement performance evaluation and vulnerability assessment serviced under cold regional climate.
Reverse phase-liquid chromatography assisted protocol for simultaneous determination of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combined medication used to control HIV infection: an investigative approach
Authors: Adhao Vaibhav S. , Chaudhari Suraj R. , Ambhore Jaya P. , Sangolkar Sunil , Thenge Raju R. , Cheke Rameshwar S. , Patil Amod S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes severe life-threatening condition, i.e., AIDS. HIV destabilises an individual’s ability to prevent infection. Therefore, the combine medication lamivudine (LVD) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are prescribed to suppress the amount of HIV infection in individual’s body; thus, the individual’s immune system could function properly. Consequently, the objective of present research work was to investigate robust and sensitive liquid chromatography avenue for simultaneous determination of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pure material and combined dosage form.

Results
The reversed-phase chromatographic separation has been performed through Hypersil BDS C18 column using solvent system composed of 10 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 4.0): acetonitrile (60:40% v/v). The determination was executed at 30 oC at 1 mL/min rate for flow of solvent system through column. The eluents of column were monitored at 265 nm using Photodiode Array detector has revealed admirable retention times, i.e., 4.67 and 8.78 min for both drugs, respectively. The calibration curve demonstrated excellent linearity in the range of 10–50 μg/mL for lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with better determination coefficients was more than (r2 0.999).

Conclusion
The estimable method was effectively validated with respect to accuracy, precision, sensitive (limit of detection and limit of quantitation), robustness, ruggedness, and for selectivity and specificity. The value less than 2 for percentage relative standard deviation for accuracy, precision, robustness, and ruggedness satisfying the acceptance criteria as per procedure of International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
Behavioral changes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, mediated by melatonin
Authors: Shi Longqing , Zhang Junian , Qiu Liangmiao , Jiang Zhaowei , Xie Zhenxing , Zhan Zhixiong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundMelatonin has been proved to exist and play importance roles in rice plant, such as biosynthesis and resistance. However, little is known about the function of melatonin in its monophagous pest, the brown planthopper.MethodsIn this study, we examined the effects of melatonin on the copulatory and locomotor behaviors of brachypterous and macropterous adult planthoppers by exposing them to melatonin, luzindole (a melatonin receptor antagonist), or a combination of melatonin and luzindole.ResultsA total of 68.7% of copulation events occurred at night in the control, while 31.2% occurred at night in the melatonin treatment, which led to a decrease in offspring. Brachypterous males were involved in mating events in the melatonin treatment but not in the other two treatments or the control. The daily locomotor pattern in the melatonin treatment was markedly different from that in the luzindole and melatonin and luzindole treatments. The total locomotor activities of the macropterous and brachypterous males exposed with melatonin were suppressed compared to those in the control. Melatonin significantly decreased the daytime and nighttime locomotor activities of macropterous females. In comparison, the activity of brachypterous females decreased slightly in the daytime but was more than double that of the control females at night.ConclusionsOur results reveal that melatonin plays a role in the behaviors of brown planthoppers.
TSH Activates Macrophage Inflammation by G13- and G15-dependent Pathways
Authors: Yang Chongbo , He Zhao , Zhang Qunye , Lu Ming , Zhao Jiajun , Chen Wenbin , Gao Ling 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) treatment activates inhibitor of NF-κB/nuclear factor κB (IκB/NFκB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)–P38 in macrophages, but how these pathways are activated, and how they contribute to the proinflammatory effect of TSH on macrophages remain unknown. The TSH receptor (TSHR) is coupled to 4 subfamilies of G proteins (Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13) for its downstream signaling. This study investigated the G protein subtypes responsible for the proinflammatory effect of TSH on macrophages. qPCR showed that Gi2, Gi3, Gas, Gq, G11, G12, G13, and G15 are abundantly expressed by macrophages. The contribution of different G protein pathways to the proinflammatory effect was studied by the corresponding inhibitors or siRNA interference. While TSH-induced IκB phosphorylation was not inhibited by Gs inhibitor NF449, Gi inhibitor pertussis toxin, or Gq or G11 siRNA, it was blocked by phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 or G15 siRNA interference. TSH-induced ERK and P38 phosphorylation was blocked by G13 but not G12 siRNA interference. Interference of either G13 or G15 could block the proinflammatory effect of TSH on macrophages. The present study demonstrate that TSH activates macrophage inflammation by the G13/ERK–P38/Rho GTPase and G15/phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinases C (PKCs)/IκB pathways.
Giant Prolactinoma Presenting With Facial Nerve Palsy and Hemiparesis
Authors: Sliwinska Aleksandra , Jalil Fatima , De La Portilla Lori , Baldwin Michael , Lorenzo Joseph , Bulsara Ketan R , Mirza Faryal S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Giant prolactinomas are an exceedingly uncommon type of pituitary adenomas that usually occur in men, and cause extremely high prolactin levels and mass-related symptoms. Rarely, patients may experience neurological deficits resembling ischemic events.

Methods
We describe an unusual case of a young man who presented with stroke-like symptoms and was found to have a giant prolactinoma.

Clinical Case
A 25-year-old man presented with left facial droop and gradually progressing upper and lower extremity weakness for evaluation of stroke. He reported recent weight gain and erectile dysfunction. Physical examination revealed left homonymous hemianopsia, left VII nerve palsy, and left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed an enormous mass in the sella turcica, which invaded the sphenoid sinus and right side of the skull base. Prolactin level was elevated at 13 580 ng/mL, and the testosterone level was low. The patient was started on cabergoline and had marked improvement in his symptoms in a few months. Fifteen months after starting treatment, he has had more than 90% reduction in tumor volume and a 93% reduction in prolactin level.

Conclusion
Giant prolactinomas are uncommon and present with compressive symptoms that can be mistaken for a stroke. Our case is a unique report of a facial nerve palsy and hemiparesis secondary to giant prolactinoma in the absence of stroke or pituitary apoplexy.
The Distribution of Radioactive Potassium in the Uterus of Pregnant Rats and Guinea-pigs
Authors: D’silva J. L. , Harrison R. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The distribution of tracer amounts of 42KC1 was studied in the kidney, placenta, uterus, and foetus (a) 5 minutes to 24 hours after injection into pregnant rats (20-21 days), and (b) 5 minutes after injection into pregnant rats (11-18 days) and guinea-pigs (near term). “ The changes in activity in the kidney and foetus (per gramme of tissue) indicate that the former exchanges its potassium rapidly and the latter slowly. The activity of the labyrinthine placenta of rats near term falls from 0·53 per cent, (per gramme of tissue) of the total injected radioactivity after 5 minutes to 0·29 per cent, after 24 hours. The activity of the uterus changes similarly and suggests a rapid rate of exchange and a slow blood-flow. The radioactivity of the uterus was not significantly different in the nonpregnant uterus, the non-pregnant horn of the pregnant uterus, and the pregnant horn. The placentae in different parts of the horn do not appear to have a significant advantage or disadvantage in regard to the availability of potassium. The amniotic fluid and vascular splanchnopleur contained only small amounts of radioactivity. The labyrinthine placenta was uniformly active throughout. The potassium content of the labyrinthine placenta, pregnant and nonpregnant uterus, has been determined.
On the Significance of the Neuromeres and Similar Structures in Vertebrate Embryos
Authors: Källén Bengt 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The relation between certain transverse bulges of the wall of the central nervous system (proneuromeres, neuromeres, and ‘transversal bands’ of migration areas) and proliferative processes was studied. Embryos with early migration areas were treated with colchicine and in this way the proliferative activity was changed. The number of cells in mitosis is increased by the colchicine and as a result of this the depth of the bulges is increased. The normally very shallow ventricular furrows come to resemble neuromeric furrows. The occurrence of the bulges in normal development is therefore probably the result of local increases of proliferative activity, i.e. of the formation of proliferation centres. It is suggested that all three systems of transverse bulges (proneuromeres, neuromeres, and ‘transversal bands’) represent successive activations of transverse proliferation centres.
Identification of embryonic cell lineages in histological sections ofM. musculus ↔M. carolichimaeras
Authors: Rossant J. , Vijh M. , Siracusa L. D. , Chapman V. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAn in situ cell marker system has been developed which allows identification of Mus caroli and Mus musculus cells in interspecific chimaeras. A radioactively labelled, cloned DNA probe to M. musculus satellite DNA was hybridized in situ to sections of M. musculus and M. caroli adult tissues. Autoradiography revealed high levels of hybridization to the nuclei of M. musculus cells, but little or no label bound to M. caroli cells. The DNA probe could also distinguish M. musculus and M. caroli cells in the same tissue section. Patches of labelled and unlabelled cells were clearly identified in sections of adult chimaeric tissues and also in the embryonic ectoderm of 6-5-day embryonic chimaeras.The ability to recognize M. musculus and M. caroli cells in sections of chimaeras should provide a powerful new tool in analyses of cell lineages in both embryonic and adult mouse chimaeras. The marker system has several advantages over other marker systems so far developed, the most important of which is its ubiquity. Since it is a nuclear marker, only cells without nuclei should be unsuited to its use. The potential of the marker system has been shown by its use in demonstrating directly for the first time the postimplantation derivatives of inner cell mass and trophectoderm in blastocysts ‘reconstituted’ with M. musculus trophectoderm and M. caroli inner cell mass.
Organization of microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum during mitosis and cytokinesis in wheat meristems
Authors: Pickett-Heaps J. D. , Northcote D. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The fine-structural changes accompanying mitosis in meristematic cells of the roots and coleoptile tissue of wheat have been studied. A band of microtubules encircling the nucleus appeared in the cytoplasm before the cells entered prophase. These microtubules were oriented at right angles to the direction of the mitotic spindle and were located at the position on the mother cell wall where the future cell plate dividing the daughter cells would have joined it. During prophase the number of microtubules in this preprophase band decreased and eventually disappeared, while microtubules were found to be aligned along the spindle axis. These spindle microtubules appeared as a cone-shaped array of units radiating from the polar zones of the spindle and passing very close tangentially to the nucleus. At late prophase they penetrated the disintegrating nuclear envelope and were seen between the chromosomes. During metaphase and anaphase many microtubules were present running throughout the length of the spindle, and others were found to be attached to chromosomes. Paired sister chromosomes were found joined to microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle. The position and orientation of the lamellae of the endoplasmic reticulum which invaded the spindle from the two poles was closely related to the position and alignment of the microtubules. During the formation of the cell plate vesicles were seen to be collected between the microtubules. As the vesicles fused to form the plate the microtubules were found only at its growing edge, where the vesicles were still being aligned. At the initial stage of its formation the microtubules passed right through the plate, but as it extended they appeared to end at the plate region.
The results of the investigation are discussed in relation to the descriptions of mitosis and cytokinesis based on optical microscopy of living cells.
The uptake of valine and cytidine by sea-urchin embryos and its relation to the cell surface
Authors: Mitchison J. M. , Cummins J. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The rate of uptake of [14C] valine and [3H]cytidine into the metabolic pool of early embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was measured by giving 5-min pulses of these precursors. The uptake rate rose sharply after fertilization, reached a maximum before first cleavage and then stayed constant until at least the fifth interphase. There were no changes in uptake rate at cell division. A longer-term experiment with valine showed that the uptake rate remained approximately constant until the pluteus stage, and was not altered for the first 10 h by a actinomycin D. Continuous labelling experiments indicated that the uptake rate may be controlled by the level of precursor in the pool. The following experiments indicated that the uptake was by specific transport mechanisms. Both precursors showed an uptake inhibited by competitors, an apparent concentration within the cells, and no back-exchange. In addition, the uptake of valine was inhibited by dinitrophenol and azide, and showed a concentration response with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Valine uptake was not inhibited by puromycin added at fertilization, though it was somewhat affected if the eggs were pretreated.
It is suggested that the transport mechanisms are mediated by specific carrier molecules at the cell surface. These mechanisms are activated at fertilization through links with metabolism. There is no change in the number of carriers per embryo throughout early development. Since the number of cells and the total cell surface are increasing, this implies that the number of carriers per cell or per unit of surface is decreasing. There is a possible reason for this differentiation of the cell surface.
Tissue Culture: A Critical Summary
Authors: Carleton H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe adjunct of the experimental method to histology, or to any other descriptive science, is always invaluable. In fact, the recent experimental trend of microscopical anatomy would seem to justify the assumption that the histological researches of the future will be based more on the physiology and dynamics of the cell than on descriptive morphology.The in vitro cultivation of animal tissues is one of the latest experimental acquisitions of biology, and the aim of this article is to furnish a critical summary of the more important researches up to date, and the theoretical considerations to be derived therefrom with the minimum of personal bias.
Further Data on Linkage inGammarus Chevreuxi; and its Relation to Cytology
Authors: Huxley J. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT1. In the Amphipod Gammarus chevreuxi, the cross-over value between the loci of two mutant genes (red and albino), for the 4528 offspring of 33 pair matings continued for 3 to 10 broods, was 44.69 per cent.2. The haploid number of chromosomes is about 20; they are small, round, or ovoid.3. In view of the small size of the chromosomes in G. chevreuxi, it is concluded that the cytological basis of crossing-over in this species is probably different in essential respects from that found in Drosophila, where it appears that a considerable actual length of chromosome must separate loci before they can show high cross-over values. Work is being continued on the subject.4. In addition to the effect previously reported to be exerted by temperature on crossing-over in this species, it is found that age also modifies the process. The percentage of crossing-over is low in the first three broods, and rises later. This is the reverse of what is found in Drosophila.