bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dual-Task Gait Treadmill Training on Gait Ability, Dual-Task Interference, and Fall Efficacy in People With Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Baek Chang Yoon , Chang Woo Nam , Park Beom Yeol , Lee Kyoung Bo , Kang Kyoung Yee , Choi Myung Ryul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dual-task gait training using a treadmill on gait ability, dual-task interference, and fall efficacy in people with stroke.

Methods
Patients with chronic stroke (N = 34) were recruited and randomly allocated to the experimental or control group. Both groups underwent gait training on a treadmill and a cognitive task. In the experimental group, gait training was conducted in conjunction with the cognitive task, whereas in the control group, the training and the cognitive task were conducted separately. Each intervention was provided for 60 minutes, twice a week, for a period of 6 weeks for both groups. The primary outcomes were as follows: gait parameters (speed, stride, variability, and cadence) under single-task and dual-task conditions, correct response rate (CRR) under single-task and dual-task conditions, and dual-task cost (DTC) in gait parameters and CRR. The secondary outcome was the Fall Efficacy Scale.

Results
Dual-task gait training using a treadmill improved all gait parameters in the dual-task condition, speed, stride, and variability in the single-task condition, and CRR in both conditions. A difference between the groups was observed in speed, stride, and variability in the dual-task condition. Furthermore, dual-task gait training on a treadmill improved DTC in speed, variability, and cadence along with that in CRR, indicating true improvement of DTC, which led to significant improvement in DTC in speed and variability compared with single-task training.

Conclusions
Dual-task gait treadmill training was more effective in improving gait ability in dual-task training and dual-task interference than single-task training involving gait and cognitive task separately in people with chronic stroke.
Adapting to the culture of ‘new normal’: an emerging response to COVID-19
Authors: Corpuz Jeff Clyde G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A year after COVID-19 pandemic has emerged, we have suddenly been forced to adapt to the ‘new normal’: work-from-home setting, parents home-schooling their children in a new blended learning setting, lockdown and quarantine, and the mandatory wearing of face mask and face shields in public. For many, 2020 has already been earmarked as ‘the worst’ year in the 21st century. Ripples from the current situation have spread into the personal, social, economic and spiritual spheres. Is this new normal really new or is it a reiteration of the old? A recent correspondence published in this journal rightly pointed out the involvement of a ‘supportive’ government, ‘creative’ church and an ‘adaptive’ public in the so-called culture. However, I argue that adapting to the ‘new normal’ can greatly affect the future. I would carefully suggest that we examine the context and the location of culture in which adaptations are needed.
Epigenetic Element-Based Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Genes for Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Yao Shi , Wu Hao , Liu Tong-Tong , Wang Jia-Hao , Ding Jing-Miao , Guo Jing , Rong Yu , Ke Xin , Hao Ruo-Han , Dong Shan-Shan , Yang Tie-Lin , Guo Yan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Since the bipolar disorder (BD) signals identified by genome-wide association study (GWAS) often reside in the non-coding regions, understanding the biological relevance of these genetic loci has proven to be complicated. Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) providing a powerful approach to identify novel disease risk genes and uncover possible causal genes at loci identified previously by GWAS. However, these methods did not consider the importance of epigenetic regulation in gene expression. Here, we developed a novel epigenetic element-based transcriptome-wide association study (ETWAS) that tested the effects of genetic variants on gene expression levels with the epigenetic features as prior and further mediated the association between predicted expression and BD. We conducted an ETWAS consisting of 20 352 cases and 31 358 controls and identified 44 transcriptome-wide significant hits. We found 14 conditionally independent genes, and 10 genes that did not previously implicate with BD were regarded as novel candidate genes, such as ASB16 in the cerebellar hemisphere (P = 9.29 × 10–8). We demonstrated that several genome-wide significant signals from the BD GWAS driven by genetically regulated expression, and NEK4 explained 90.1% of the GWAS signal. Additionally, ETWAS identified genes could explain heritability beyond that explained by GWAS-associated SNPs (P = 5.60 × 10–66). By querying the SNPs in the final models of identified genes in phenome databases, we identified several phenotypes previously associated with BD, such as schizophrenia and depression. In conclusion, ETWAS is a powerful method, and we identified several novel candidate genes associated with BD.
Use of the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay to determine standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content, and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of plant-based protein by-products used in canine and feline diets
Authors: Reilly Lauren M , von Schaumburg Patrick C , Hoke Jolene M , Davenport Gary M , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Traditionally, protein by-products from oil seeds and cereal grains have been used in pet foods as sustainable, inexpensive, and protein-rich ingredients. However, the on-going demonization of soy- and corn-based ingredients continue to hinder their use in pet food and treat formulations. Ideally, the further demonstration of their protein quality and nutrient composition may encourage their favorable return as acceptable ingredients in pet foods and treats. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient composition, indispensable amino acid profile, standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content corrected for nitrogen (TMEn), and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of soy flakes (SF), peanut flour (PF), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM). Standardized amino acid digestibility was assessed using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All test ingredients demonstrated a profile of highly digestible indispensable amino acids except for lysine in PF, which was lowest (P &lt; 0.05) at 45.5%. The SBM and CGM had the highest (P &gt; 0.05) digestibilities of indispensable amino acids. A DIAAS-like value was calculated for each ingredient using either AAFCO (2020) recommended values or NRC (2006) recommended allowances as the reference protein pattern. For adult dogs compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was methionine for SF and SBM. For adult cats compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was threonine for SF. There was no first-limiting amino acid in SBM for cats as DIAAS-like values were over 100% for all indispensable amino acids. The TMEn values were highest (P &lt; 0.05) for PF and CGM (4.58 and 4.31 kcal/g [dry matter basis], respectively). The protein quality of these plant-based protein by-products reflects their value as nutritional ingredients for canine and feline diets. However, the prior processing of these by-products must be considered before exposing them to additional processing methods, such as extrusion. Additionally, the inclusion of complementary proteins or supplemental amino acids will be needed to meet all indispensable amino acid requirements for a portion of nutritionally complete and balanced pet food.
Cork cells in cork oak periderms undergo programmed cell death and proanthocyanidin deposition
Authors: Inácio Vera , Lobato Carolina , Graça José , Morais-Cecílio Leonor 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVascular plants with secondary growth develop a periderm mostly composed of dead suberized cork cells to face environmental hostile conditions. Cork oak has a highly active and long-living phellogen forming a remarkably thick periderm that is periodically debarked for industrial purposes. This wounding originates the quick formation of a new traumatic periderm, making cork oak an exceptional model to study the first periderm differentiation during normal development in young sprigs and traumatic (wound) periderm formation after debarking. Here, we studied the poorly known first periderm differentiation steps that involve cell wall suberization, polyphenolic accumulation and programmed cell death (PCD) by combining transmission electron microscopy, histochemical and molecular methods in periderms from young sprigs. These processes were further compared with traumatic periderms formed after wounding using molecular and histochemical techniques, such as the polyphenolic accumulation. In the first periderms from young sprigs, four distinct differentiation stages were defined according to the presence of PCD morphological features. First young and traumatic periderms showed an upregulation of genes related to suberin biosynthesis, proanthocyanidins biosynthesis and transport, autophagy, and PCD. Traumatic periderms revealed an overall upregulation of these genes, likely resulting from ontogeny differences and distinct phellogen origin associated with a faster metabolism, highlighting the impact of wounding on phellogen activity after debarking. First periderms from young sprigs showed gradual accumulation of proanthocyanidins in the vacuoles throughout PCD stages until total filled lumens, whereas in traumatic periderms, these compounds were found cell wall linked in already empty cells. This work enabled a comprehensive overview of the cork cells differentiation processes contributing to deepening the knowledge of the fundamental ontogenic program of this protective tissue, which is also a unique forest product, constituting the basis of a sustainable and profitable industry.
Home stay reflects symptoms severity in major depressive disorder: A multicenter observational study using geolocation data from smartphones
Authors: Laiou Petroula , Kaliukhovich Dzmitry A. , Folarin Amos , Ranjan Yatharth , Rashid Zulqarnain , Conde Pauline , Stewart Callum , Sun Shaoxiong , Zhang Yuezhou , Matcham Faith , Ivan Alina , Lavelle Grace , Siddi Sara , Lamers Femke , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Haro Josep Maria , Annas Peter , Cummins Nicholas , Vairavan Srinivasan , Manyakov Nikolay V. , Narayan Vaibhav A. , Dobson Richard , Hotopf Matthew 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMost smartphones and wearables are nowadays equipped with location sensing (using Global Positioning System and mobile network information) that enable continuous location tracking of their users. Several studies have reported that the amount of time an individual experiencing symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) spends at home a day (i.e., home stay), as well as various mobility related metrics, are associated with symptom severity in MDD. Due to the use of small and homogeneous cohorts of participants, it is uncertain whether the findings reported in those studies generalize to a broader population of individuals with the MDD symptoms. In the present study, we examined the relationship between overall severity of the depressive symptoms, as assessed by the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), and median daily home stay over the two weeks preceding the completion of a questionnaire in individuals with MDD. We used questionnaire and geolocation data of 164 participants collected in the observational Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse – Major Depressive Disorder (RADAR-MDD) study. Participant age and severity of the MDD symptoms were found to be significantly related to home stay, with older and more severely affected individuals spending more time at home. The association between home stay and symptom severity appeared to be stronger on weekdays than on weekends. Furthermore, we found a significant modulation of home stay by occupational status, with employment reducing home stay. Our findings suggest that home stay is associated with symptom severity in MDD and demonstrate the importance of accounting for confounding factors in future MDD studies.
Potential of fungicides, botanicals and biocontrol agents to induce physio-biochemical tolerance onCurcuma longaimpaired byColletotrichum gloeosporioides
Authors: Musheer Nasreen , Ashraf Shabbir , Jamil Arshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNecrotic leaf spot ofCurcuma longa(turmeric) limits the chief physio-biochemical activity for maintaining the plant health and productivity. In the present study, polyhouse and open field trials were conducted to estimate the pathogenicity ofC. gloeosporioideson turmeric and to evaluate the foliar efficiency of propiconazole @ RD and copper oxychloride, extracts ofA. indica, A. sativumandO. sanctum@ 40%, and culture filtrates ofT. viride, T. harzianumandT. virens @4×106cfu/ml in inducing physio-biochemical tolerance of pathogen inoculated and non-inoculated plants. In both the trials, these three agents yielded the highest efficiency to enhance the physio-biochemical traits. The induced physio-biochemical tolerance in treated turmeric plants showed variation in the elevation of plant health and immunity in response to pathogen aggressiveness or disease severity. However, phytophenol content was quite higher in infected plants than non-infected plants due to initiation of defense reaction in response of pathogenic elicitors. Thus, the present study demonstrated the novelty of physio-biochemical tolerance induction on turmeric plants by using fungicides, biocontrol agents and phytoextracts.HighlightsFoliar treatments improve desirable plant physio-biochemical traits against pathogen.Physio-biochemical variation induces the innate plant defense system.High phytophenol accumulation counteracts the pathogenic stress.Turmeric plant’s health and yield enhance by the reduction of disease intensity.
Resting EEG spectral slopes are associated with age-related differences in information processing speed
Authors: Pathania A. , Euler M.J. , Clark M. , Cowan R. , Duff K. , Lohse K.R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has shown the slope of the EEG power spectrum differentiates between older and younger adults in various experimental cognitive tasks. Here, we extend that work, assessing the relation between the EEG power spectrum and performance on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), a widely-used neuropsychological instrument that assesses a broad range of cognitive domains.MethodsForty-four participants (21 younger adults, 23 older adults) completed the RBANS with EEG data collected at-rest. Using spectral parameterization, we tested the mediating effect of the spectral slope on age-related differences in subsequent cognitive task performance.ResultsOlder adults performed reliably worse on the RBANS overall, and on the Attention and Delayed Memory domains. However, evidence of mediation was only found for the Coding subtest, a measure of information processing speed.ConclusionsWe found some evidence that the slope of the resting EEG power spectrum mediated age-related differences in cognition. These effects were evident only in tasks requiring speeded processing, whereas this effect was not statistically significant for delayed memory, even though age-related differences were present.
Jumper Enables Discontinuous Transcript Assembly in Coronaviruses
Authors: Sashittal Palash , Zhang Chuanyi , Peng Jian , El-Kebir Mohammed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGenes in SARS-CoV-2 and, more generally, in viruses in the order ofNidoviralesare expressed by a process of discontinuous transcription mediated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This process is distinct from alternative splicing in eukaryotes, rendering current transcript assembly methods unsuitable toNidoviralessequencing samples. Here, we introduce the DiscontinuousTranscriptAssemblyproblem of finding transcriptsand their abundancescgiven an alignmentunder a maximum likelihood model that accounts for varying transcript lengths. Underpinning our approach is the concept of a segment graph, a directed acyclic graph that, distinct from the splice graph used to characterize alternative splicing, has a unique Hamiltonian path. We provide a compact characterization of solutions as subsets of non-overlapping edges in this graph, enabling the formulation of an efficient mixed integer linear program. We show using simulations that our method, Jumper, drastically outperforms existing methods for classical transcript assembly. On short-read data of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 samples, we find that Jumpernot only identifies canonical transcripts that are part of the reference transcriptome, but also predicts expression of non-canonical transcripts that are well supported by direct evidence from long-read data, presence in multiple, independent samples or a conserved core sequence. Jumperenables detailed analyses ofNidoviralestranscriptomes.Code availabilitySoftware is available athttps://github.com/elkebir-group/Jumper
The N-terminus of Stag1 is required to repress the 2C program by maintaining rRNA expression and nucleolar integrity
Authors: Pezic Dubravka , Weeks Samuel , Varsally Wazeer , Dewari Pooran S. , Pollard Steven , Branco Miguel R. , Hadjur Suzana 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTSeveral studies have shown a role for Stag proteins in cell identity. Our understanding of how Stag proteins contribute to cell identity have largely been focused on its roles in chromosome topology as part of the cohesin complex and the impact on protein-coding gene expression. Furthermore, several Stag paralogs exist in mammalian cells with non-reciprocal chromosome structure and cohesion functions. Why cells have so many Stag proteins and what specific functions each Stag protein performs to support a given cell state are poorly understood. Here we reveal that Stag1 is the dominant paralog in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) and is required for pluripotency. Through the discovery of diverse, naturally occurring Stag1 isoforms in mESCs, we shed new light not only on the unique ends of Stag1 but also the critical role that their levels play in stem cell identity. Furthermore, we revel a new role for Stag1, and specifically its unique N-terminal end, in regulating nucleolar integrity and safeguarding mESCs from totipotency. Stag1 is localised to repressive perinucleolar regions, bound at repeats and interacts with Nucleolin and TRIM28. Loss of the Stag1 N-terminus, leads to decreased LINE-1 and rRNA expression and disruption of nucleolar structure and function which consequently leads to activation of the two-cell-like (2C-LC)-specific transcription factor DUX and conversion of pluripotent mESCs to totipotent 2C-LCs. Our results move beyond protein-coding gene regulation via chromatin loops into a new role for Stag1 in repeat regulation and nucleolar structure, and offer fresh perspectives on how Stag proteins contribute to cell identity and disease.
The Role Of Senescent Cells Removal For Cell Culture Rejuvenation
Authors: Prokhorov Leonid Yu. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIt is well known that aging reduces the number of healthy, vital cells, increases the number of dead cells, some of which are replaced by connective tissue. Similar processes occur in cell culture. If endlessly dividing transformed, or cancer cells grow in glass flasks and after their death for various reasons detach from the growth surface, lyzed and thus free up space for the growth of “young” cells, the culture lives arbitrarily long. But if in culture the “senescent” cells do not detach from the growth surface and do not make room for “young” cells, the “young” cells do not have the ability to devide and die. Because of this, the entire population of cells dies. Also in the body, “senescent” cells and intercellular tissues occupy a certain place in the body and do not allow “young”, “healthy” cells to divide.
Assessment of the reproducibility and inter-site transferability of the murine direct splenocyte mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA)
Authors: Tanner Rachel , Zelmer Andrea , Painter Hannah , Stylianou Elena , Pinpathomrat Nawamin , Harrington-Kandt Rachel , Biffar Lucia , Brennan Michael J. , McShane Helen , Fletcher Helen A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates must be tested for safety and efficacy using preclinical challenge models prior to advancement to human trials, because of the lack of a validated immune correlate or biomarker of protection. New, unbiased tools are urgently needed to expedite the selection of vaccine candidates at an early stage of development and reduce the number of animals experimentally infected with virulentMycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb). In recent years, there has been a concerted effort to develop standardised functionalex vivomycobacterial growth inhibition assays (MGIAs) as a potential surrogate read-out of vaccine efficacy. We have previously described a direct MGIA for use with mouse splenocytes. In the current study, we set out to systematically compare co-culture conditions for the murine direct splenocyte MGIA with respect to both intra-assay repeatability and inter-site reproducibility. Common sample sets were shared between laboratory sites and reproducibility and sensitivity to detect a BCG-vaccine induced response were assessed. Co-culturing 5×106splenocytes in 48-well plates resulted in improved reproducibility and superior sensitivity to detect a vaccine response compared with standing or rotating sealed 2ml screw-cap tubes. As the difference between naïve and BCG vaccinated mice was not consistently detected across both sample sets at both sites, we sought to further improve assay sensitivity by altering the multiplicity of infection (MOI). Cell viability at the end of the co-culture period was improved when splenocyte input number was reduced, with the highest viability for the condition of 3×106splenocytes in 48-well plates. This cell input was also associated with the greatest sensitivity to detect a BCG vaccine-mediated MGIA response using anM.tbinoculum. Based on our findings, we recommend optimal co-culture conditions in a move towards aligning direct MGIA protocols and generating a cross-species consensus for early evaluation of TB vaccine candidates and biomarker studies.