bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The central densities of Milky Way-mass galaxies in cold and self-interacting dark matter models
Authors: Sameie Omid , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Sanderson Robyn , Vargya Drona , Hopkins Philip F , Wetzel Andrew , Bullock James , Graus Andrew , Robles Victor H 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a suite of baryonic cosmological zoom-in simulations of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) haloes within the ‘Feedback In Realistic Environment’ (FIRE) project. The three simulated haloes have virial masses of $\sim 10^{12}\, \text{M}_\odot$ at z = 0, and we study velocity-independent self-interaction cross sections of 1 and 10 ${\rm cm^2 \, g^{-1}}$. We study star formation rates and the shape of dark matter density profiles of the parent haloes in both cold dark matter (CDM) and SIDM models. Galaxies formed in the SIDM haloes have higher star formation rates at z ≤ 1, resulting in more massive galaxies compared to the CDM simulations. While both CDM and SIDM simulations show diverse shape of the dark matter density profiles, the SIDM haloes can reach higher and more steep central densities within few kpcs compared to the CDM haloes. We identify a correlation between the build-up of the stars within the half-mass radii of the galaxies and the growth in the central dark matter densities. The thermalization process in the SIDM haloes is enhanced in the presence of a dense stellar component. Hence, SIDM haloes with highly concentrated baryonic profiles are predicted to have higher central dark matter densities than the CDM haloes. Overall, the SIDM haloes are more responsive to the presence of a massive baryonic distribution than their CDM counterparts.
Estimating Teff, radius, and luminosity of M-dwarfs using high-resolution optical and NIR spectral features
Authors: Khata Dhrimadri , Mondal Soumen , Das Ramkrishna , Baug Tapas 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We estimate effective temperature (Teff), stellar radius, and luminosity for a sample of 271 M-dwarf stars (M0V-M7V) observed as a part of CARMENES (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exo-earths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) radial-velocity planet survey. For the first time, using the simultaneously observed high-resolution ($R\sim 90\, 000$) spectra in the optical (0.52–0.96 $\mu$m) and near-infrared (0.96–1.71 $\mu$m) bands, we derive empirical calibration relationships to estimate the fundamental parameters of these low-mass stars. We select a sample of nearby and bright M-dwarfs as our calibrators for which the physical parameters are acquired from high-precision interferometric measurements. To identify the most suitable indicators of Teff, radius, and luminosity (log L/L⊙), we inspect a range of spectral features and assess them for reliable correlations. We perform multivariate linear regression and find that the combination of pseudo-equivalent widths and equivalent width ratios of the Ca ii at 0.854 $\mu$m and Ca ii at 0.866 $\mu$m lines in the optical and the Mg i line at 1.57 $\mu$m in the near-infrared give the best fitting linear functional relations for the stellar parameters with root mean square errors of 99K, 0.06 R⊙, and 0.22 dex, respectively. We also explore and compare our results with literature values obtained using other different methods for the same sample of M dwarfs.
Constraining mechanism associated with fast radio burst and glitch from SGR J1935
Authors: Wang Wei-Hua , Xu Heng , Wang Wei-Yang , Du Shuang , Cheng Quan , Zheng Xiao-Ping , Xu Ren-Xin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The discovery of fast radio burst (FRB) 200428 from galactic SGR J1935+2154 makes it possible to measure rotational changes accompanied by FRBs and to test several FRB models which may be simultaneously associated with glitches. Inspired by this idea, we present order of magnitude calculations to the scenarios proposed. FRB models such as global starquakes, crust fractures, and collisions between pulsars and asteroids/comets are discussed. For each mechanism, the maximum glitch sizes are constrained by the isotropic energy release during the X-ray burst and/or the SGR J1935+2154-like radio burst rate. Brief calculations show that, the maximum glitch sizes for different mechanisms differ by order(s) of magnitude. If glitches are detected to be coincident with FRBs from galactic magnetars in the future, glitch behaviours (such as glitch size, rise time-scale, the recovery coefficient, and spin-down rate offset) are promising to serve as criterions to distinguish glitch mechanisms and in turn to constrain FRB models.
Tax Justice Beyond National Borders—International or Interpersonal?
Authors: Stark Johanna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recent times have seen growing calls for considerations of justice to be given a greater role in international taxation. The main driver of these calls are distributive concerns, although agreement is still missing as to what this means both in principle and in practice. This article asks whether it is the task of international tax law at all to implement principles of distributive justice beyond the national context and gives an overview of how the ‘global justice debate’ in contemporary political philosophy bears on this question. When it comes to distributive duties with respect to taxing rights, it is crucial to differentiate between the collective and the individual level. Absent a robust assumption of a benevolent and capable government on the recipient side, the reallocation of taxing rights from state to state does not necessarily help when it comes to fulfilling duties of justice towards individuals.
Mental health impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare workers in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a multi-country study
Authors: Ghaleb Yasser , Lami Faris , Al Nsour Mohannad , Rashak Hiba Abdulrahman , Samy Sahar , Khader Yousef S , Al Serouri Abdulwahed , BahaaEldin Hala , Afifi Salma , Elfadul Maisa , Ikram Aamer , Akhtar Hashaam , Hussein Ahmed Mohamud , Barkia Abdelaziz , Hakim Huda , Taha Hana Ahmad , Hijjo Yasser , Kamal Ehab , Ahmed Abdirizak Yusuf , Rahman Fazalur , Islam Khwaja Mir , Hussein Moshtaq Hassan , Ramzi Shahd Raid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Healthcare workers (HCWs) fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic are under incredible pressure, which puts them at risk of developing mental health problems. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among HCWs responding to COVID-19 and its associated factors.

Methods
A multi-country cross-sectional study was conducted during July–August 2020 among HCWs responding to COVID-19 in nine Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries. Data were collected using an online questionnaire administered using KoBo Toolbox. Mental problems were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21).

Results
A total of 1448 HCWs from nine EMR countries participated in this study. About 51.2% were male and 52.7% aged ≤ 30 years. Of all HCWs, 57.5% had depression, 42.0% had stress, and 59.1% had anxiety. Considering the severity, 19.2%, 16.1%, 26.6% of patients had severe to extremely severe depression, stress, and anxiety, respectively. Depression, stress, anxiety, and distress scores were significantly associated with participants’ residency, having children, preexisting psychiatric illness, and being isolated for COVID-19. Furthermore, females, those working in a teaching hospital, and specialists had significantly higher depression and stress scores. Married status, current smoking, diabetes mellitus, having a friend who died with COVID-19, and high COVID-19 worry scores were significantly associated with higher distress scores.

Conclusions
Mental problems were prevalent among HCWs responding to COVID-19 in EMR. Therefore, special interventions to promote mental well-being among HCWs responding to COVID-19 need to be immediately implemented.
Uses and Misuses of Recorded Mental Health Lived Experience Narratives in Healthcare and Community Settings: Systematic Review
Authors: Yeo Caroline , Rennick-Egglestone Stefan , Armstrong Victoria , Borg Marit , Franklin Donna , Klevan Trude , Llewellyn-Beardsley Joy , Newby Christopher , Ng Fiona , Thorpe Naomi , Voronka Jijian , Slade Mike 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mental health lived experience narratives are first-person accounts of people with experience of mental health problems. They have been published in journals, books and online, and used in healthcare interventions and anti-stigma campaigns. There are concerns about their potential misuse. A four-language systematic review was conducted of published literature characterizing uses and misuses of mental health lived experience narratives within healthcare and community settings. 6531 documents in four languages (English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian) were screened and 78 documents from 11 countries were included. Twenty-seven uses were identified in five categories: political, societal, community, service level and individual. Eleven misuses were found, categorized as relating to the narrative (narratives may be co-opted, narratives may be used against the author, narratives may be used for different purpose than authorial intent, narratives may be reinterpreted by others, narratives may become patient porn, narratives may lack diversity), relating to the narrator (narrator may be subject to unethical editing practises, narrator may be subject to coercion, narrator may be harmed) and relating to the audience (audience may be triggered, audience may misunderstand). Four open questions were identified: does including a researcher’s personal mental health narrative reduce the credibility of their research?: should the confidentiality of narrators be protected?; who should profit from narratives?; how reliable are narratives as evidence?)
Perceived daily sleep need and sleep debt in adolescents: associations with daily affect over school and vacation periods
Authors: Shen Lin , Wiley Joshua F , Bei Bei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
To describe trajectories of daily perceived sleep need and sleep debt, and examine if cumulative perceived sleep debt predicts next-day affect.

Methods
Daily sleep and affect were measured over two school weeks and two vacation weeks (N = 205, 54.1% females, M ± SDage = 16.9 ± 0.87 years). Each day, participants wore actigraphs and self-reported the amount of sleep needed to function well the next day (i.e. perceived sleep need), sleep duration, and high- and low-arousal positive and negative affect (PA, NA). Cumulative perceived sleep debt was calculated as the weighted average of the difference between perceived sleep need and sleep duration over the past 3 days. Cross-lagged, multilevel models were used to test cumulative sleep debt as a predictor of next-day affect. Lagged affect, day of the week, study day, and sociodemographics were controlled.

Results
Perceived sleep need was lower early in the school week, before increasing in the second half of the week. Adolescents accumulated perceived sleep debt across school days and reduced it during weekends. On weekends and vacations, adolescents self-reported meeting their sleep need, sleeping the amount, or more than the amount of sleep they perceived as needing. Higher cumulative actigraphy sleep debt predicted higher next-day high arousal NA; higher cumulative diary sleep debt predicted higher NA (regardless of arousal), and lower low arousal PA the following day.

Conclusion
Adolescents experienced sustained, cumulative perceived sleep debt across school days. Weekends and vacations appeared to be opportunities for reducing sleep debt. Trajectories of sleep debt during vacation suggested recovery from school-related sleep restriction. Cumulative sleep debt was related to affect on a daily basis, highlighting the value of this measure for future research and interventions.
Effect of upper airway fat on tongue dilation during inspiration in awake people with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Jugé Lauriane , Olsza Ida , Knapman Fiona L , Burke Peter G R , Brown Elizabeth C , Stumbles Emma , Bosquillon de Frescheville Anne France , Gandevia Simon C , Eckert Danny J , Butler Jane E , Bilston Lynne E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
To investigate the effect of upper airway fat composition on tongue inspiratory movement and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methods
Participants without or with untreated OSA underwent a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Anatomical measurements were obtained from T2-weighted images. Mid-sagittal inspiratory tongue movements were imaged using tagged MRI during wakefulness. Tissue volumes and percentages of fat were quantified using an mDIXON scan.

Results
Forty predominantly overweight participants with OSA were compared to 10 predominantly normal weight controls. After adjusting for age, BMI, and gender, the percentage of fat in the tongue was not different between groups (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA], p = 0.45), but apnoeic patients had a greater tongue volume (ANCOVA, p = 0.025). After adjusting for age, BMI, and gender, higher OSA severity was associated with larger whole tongue volume (r = 0.51, p &lt; 0.001), and greater dilatory motion of the anterior horizontal tongue compartment (r = −0.33, p = 0.023), but not with upper airway fat percentage. Higher tongue fat percentage was associated with higher BMI and older age (Spearman r = 0.43, p = 0.002, and r =0.44, p = 0.001, respectively), but not with inspiratory tongue movements. Greater inspiratory tongue movement was associated with larger tongue volume (e.g. horizontal posterior compartment, r = −0.44, p = 0.002) and smaller nasopharyngeal airway (e.g. oblique compartment, r = 0.29, p = 0.040).

Conclusions
Larger tongue volume and a smaller nasopharynx are associated with increased inspiratory tongue dilation during wakefulness in people with and without OSA. This compensatory response was not influenced by higher tongue fat content. Whether this is also true in more obese patient populations requires further investigation.
Airway management in the adult patient with an unstable cervical spine
Authors: d’Arville Asha , Walker Matthew , Lacey Jonathan , Lancman Benn , Hendel Simon 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
The ideal airway management of patients with unstable spinal injury presents a perennial challenge for anaesthesiologists. With competing interests, potentially catastrophic complications, and a scarcity of evidence to support common practices, it is an area rich with dogma and devoid of data. This review seeks to highlight recent evidence that improves our assurance that what we do to manage the airway in the unstable cervical spine is supported by data.

Recent findings
The increasing range of available technology for intubation provides important opportunities to investigate the superiority (or otherwise) of various techniques – and a chance to challenge accepted practice. Long-held assumptions regarding spinal immobilisation in the context of airway management may require refinement as a true base of evidence develops.

Summary
Video laryngoscopy may replace direct laryngoscopy as the default technique for endotracheal intubation in patients with suspected or confirmed spinal instability. Immobilisation of the unstable cervical spine, manually or with rigid cervical collars, is increasingly controversial. It may be that hard collars are used in specific circumstances, rather than as universal precaution in the future.
There are no recent data of significantly high quality to warrant wholesale changes to recommended airway management practice and in the absence of new information, limiting movement (in the suspected or confirmed unstable cervical spine) remains the mainstay of clinical practice advice.
Role of regional anesthesia in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols
Authors: Mancel Leander , Van Loon Kathleen , Lopez Ana M. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols and interventional locoregional anesthesia (LRA) techniques continuously evolve. This review outlines the latest recommendations for the use of regional anesthesia in ERAS protocols and emerging interventional analgesia techniques.

Recent findings
Research in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia has led to a refinement of the traditional techniques and the introduction of a number of new approaches to complement ERAS strategies. The efficacy and versatility of LRA enable its use in an increasing number of ERAS indications.

Summary
The implementation of ERAS protocols in different surgical procedures reduces overall complications and recovery time. Multimodal analgesia strategies with regional anesthesia techniques are some of the key interventions contributing to the improvement in postoperative outcomes.
Plasma Metabolites in Early Sepsis Identify Distinct Clusters Defined by Plasma Lipids
Authors: Rogers Angela J. , Leligdowicz Aleksandra , Contrepois Kévin , Jauregui Alejandra , Vessel Kathryn , Deiss Thomas J. , Belzer Annika , Liu Tom , Lippi Matthew , Ke Serena , Ross Erin , Zhou Hanjing , Hendrickson Carolyn , Gomez Antonio , Sinha Pratik , Kangelaris Kirsten N. , Liu Kathleen D. , Calfee Carolyn S. , Matthay Michael A. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Unbiased global metabolomic profiling has not been used to identify distinct subclasses in patients with early sepsis and sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this study, we examined whether the plasma metabolome reflects systemic illness in early sepsis and in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

DESIGN:
Plasma metabolites were measured in subjects with early sepsis.

SETTING:
Patients were admitted from the emergency department to the ICU in a plasma sample collected within 24 hours of ICU admission. Metabolic profiling of 970 metabolites was performed by Metabolon (Durham, NC). Hierarchical clustering and partial least squares discriminant clustering were used to identify distinct clusters among patients with early sepsis and sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Among critically ill patients with early sepsis (n = 197), three metabolically distinct subgroups were identified, with metabolic subtype driven by plasma lipids. Group 1, with 45 subjects (23% of cohort), had increased 60-day mortality (odds ratio, 2; 95% CI, 0.99–4.0; p = 0.04 for group 1 vs all others). This group also had higher rates of vasopressor-dependent shock, acute kidney injury, and met Berlin acute respiratory distress syndrome criteria more often (all p < 0.05). Conversely, metabolic group 3, with 76 subjects (39% of cohort), had the lowest risk of 60-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22–0.86; p = 0.01) and lower rates of organ dysfunction as reflected in a lower Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (p < 0.001). In contrast, global metabolomic profiling did not separate patient with early sepsis with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 78) from those with sepsis without acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 75).

CONCLUSIONS:
Plasma metabolomic profiling in patients with early sepsis identified three metabolically distinct groups that were characterized by different plasma lipid profiles, distinct clinical phenotypes, and 60-day mortality. Plasma metabolites did not distinguish patients with early sepsis who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome from those who did not.
Effect of Inhaled Xenon on Cardiac Function in Comatose Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest—A Substudy of the Xenon in Combination With Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Trial
Authors: Saraste Antti , Ballo Haitham , Arola Olli , Laitio Ruut , Airaksinen Juhani , Hynninen Marja , Bäcklund Minna , Ylikoski Emmi , Wennervirta Johanna , Pietilä Mikko , Roine Risto O. , Harjola Veli-Pekka , Niiranen Jussi , Korpi Kirsi , Varpula Marjut , Scheinin Harry , Maze Mervyn , Vahlberg Tero , Laitio Timo 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES:
This explorative substudy aimed at determining the effect of inhaled xenon on left ventricular function by echocardiography in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

DESIGN:
A randomized two-group single-blinded phase 2 clinical drug trial.

SETTING:
A multipurpose ICU in two university hospitals.

PATIENTS:
Of the 110 randomized comatose survivors after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a shockable rhythm in the xenon in combination with hypothermia after cardiac arrest trial, 38 patients (24–76 yr old) with complete echocardiography were included in this study.

INTERVENTIONS:
Patients were randomized to receive either inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia (33°C) for 24 hours or hypothermia treatment alone. Echocardiography was performed at hospital admission and 24 ± 4 hours after hypothermia.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Left ventricular ejection fraction, myocardial longitudinal systolic strain, and diastolic function were analyzed blinded to treatment. There were 17 xenon and 21 control patients in whom echocardiography was completed. Clinical characteristics did not differ significantly between the groups. At admission, ejection fraction was similar in xenon and control patients (39% ± 10% vs 38% ± 11%; p = 0.711) but higher in xenon than control patients after hypothermia (50% ± 10% vs 42% ± 10%; p = 0.014). Global longitudinal systolic strain was similar in xenon and control patients at admission (–9.0% ± 3.8% vs –8.1% ± 3.6%; p = 0.555) but better in xenon than control patients after hypothermia (–14.4.0% ± 4.0% vs –10.5% ± 4.0%; p = 0.006). In patients with coronary artery disease, longitudinal strain improved in the nonischemic myocardial segments in xenon patients. There were no changes in diastolic function between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
Among comatose survivors of a cardiac cause out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inhaled xenon combined with hypothermia was associated with greater recovery of left ventricular systolic function in comparison with hypothermia alone.
Exosomes in HIV infection
Authors: Chen Jing , Li Chuanyun , Li Rong , Chen Huan , Chen Dexi , Li Weihua 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
The exosomes play a critical role in HIV infection, which constitute a pathway to release intracellular material and exchange material and information between cells. Exosomes have become a hotspot in the field of AIDS research. This review introduces the formation process of HIV particles and exosomes, and summarizes the role of exosomes in the progression of HIV disease from multiple aspects.

Recent findings
Many components of the exosomes involved in HIV transfer and replication affect the occurrence, development, and outcome of AIDS, and are closely related to HIV infection. Exosomes can have a dual impact on HIV infection, and play an important role in activating the latent reservoir of HIV and affecting the chronic inflammation of HIV. The biological information carried by exosomes is also of great significance for the prediction of HIV disease.

Summary
The present review summarizes the role of exosomes in HIV disease progression in various aspects in order to further understand the underlying mechanism affecting the infection and providing a new idea for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIDS.