bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WITHDRAWN: A Severe Microsporidian Disease in Cultured Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.)
Authors: López-Verdejo Alejandro , Montero Francisco E. , Gándara Fernando De la , Gallego Miguel A. , Ortega Aurelio , Raga Juan Antonio , Palacios-Abella José F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the most promising aquaculture species is the Atlantic bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus ) with high market value; disease control is crucial to prevent and reduce mortality and monetary losses. Microsporidia Balbiani, 1882 (Fungi) are a potential source of damage to bluefin tuna aquaculture. A new microsporidian species is described from farmed bluefin tunas from the Spanish Mediterranean. This new pathogen is described in a juvenile associated with a highly severe pathology of the visceral cavity. Whitish xenomes from this microsporidian species were mostly located at the caecal mass and ranged from 0.2 to 7.5 mm. Light and transmission electron microscopy of the spores revealed mature spores with an average size of 2.2 × 3.9 μm in size and a polar filament with 13–14 coils arranged in one single layer. Phylogenetic analysis clustered this species with the Glugea spp. clade. The morphological characteristics and molecular comparison confirm that this is a novel microsporidian species, Glugea thunni sp. nov. The direct life cycle and the severe pathologies observed makes this parasite a hard risk for bluefin tuna cultures.
The Resources of Oil-rich Coals in China
Authors: Ning Shuzheng , Zhang Li , Shu XinQian , Zhang JianQiang , Zou Zhuo , Shu Yuanfeng , Wang Danfeng , Huang Shaoqing , Liu Kang , Sun Hanying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The resource characteristics of coal-rich, oil-deficient, and low-gas have determined the need to fully exploit the advantages of coal resources in China. China holds a large amount of low-rank coal with high volatile content and high tar yield. Based on the abundant oil-rich and low-rank coal resources, resource evaluation and research on its development and utilization are of great significance to the coal geology. According to the estimated reserves, the low-rank coal reserves are about 63.86 billion tons. Among the low-rank coals, the tar yield is greater than 7%, which is called oil-rich coal. Gas and semi-coke resources, which can greatly increase the application value of this type of coal resources. The oil-rich coal resources are widely distributed in the Carboniferous-Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Neogene in China. They are mainly distributed in the three provinces of Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, and also Qinghai and Gansu in space. The Carboniferous-Permian oil-rich coal is mainly distributed in Shaanxi Fugu mining area, and the Triassic oil-rich coal is mainly distributed in the Zichang mining area of Shaanxi Province. It shows that the oil-rich coals are mainly lignite and long-flame coal with low metamorphism but also contains a small amount of gas coal and gas-fat coal. The tar yield and volatile content generally have a positive correlation. It has great significance to further study on the oil-rich coal resources.
Monitor to Innovate With Feedback Loops: Process Evaluation Protocol for an Anemia Prevention Intervention&nbsp;
Authors: Pant Ichhya , Patro Lipika , Sedlander Erica , Gupta Kriti , Chandarana Shikha , Rimal Rajiv N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: With the proliferation of the digital age, Information and Communication Technologies paired with feedback loops have the potential to facilitate process evaluations which include continuous iteration and innovation of intervention delivery. Objective: To describe how a multilevel social norms field trial is using feedback loops to innovate and enhance intervention delivery.Methods: We use a mixed-methods process evaluation design. Surveys and structured observation monitor fidelity to implementation and receptivity to implementation activities among study participants. Quantitative data evaluates implementation dose, coverage, exposure, and reach of intervention activities, and qualitative data will delve more deeply into reasons for high or low functioning. Iron folic acid supplement supply and demand are also monitored for stock-outs. Data collected from 130 intervention villages is processed, visualized, and triangulated in near to real-time via Real-time Monitoring for Knowledge Generation (RPM4K), a locally developed software application. Data visualization products facilitate the examination of monitoring data to mitigate bottlenecks and identify and implement tweaks to the RANI Project’s intervention delivery strategy on an ongoing basis. Discussion: Feedback loops assist with decision-making to facilitate timely course corrections. Feedback loops can also engender a shared understanding of ground realities for a geographically dispersed and culturally diverse team. Leveraging feedback loops, we identify opportunities to provide on-going supportive supervision for our community facilitators promoting joint problem-solving, and communication. Monthly media and hemoglobin level demonstration strategies are informed by participant engagement and receptivity. Stock-outs of iron folic acid tablets activate contingency plans to mobilize local stakeholders and advocate for timely resolutions. Unintended effects are monitored based on ongoing feedback from community facilitators.Conclusions: Documenting our processes can inform the future implementation or scale up of similar projects embracing feedback loops to iterate and innovate their intervention delivery. Trial Registration: The parent trial (RANI) was registered with Clinical Trial Registry- India (CTRI) (CTRI/2018/10/016186) on 29 October 2018.
Transfer RNA-derived Fragments in Aging Caenorhabditis Elegans Originate from Abundant Homologous Gene Copies
Authors: Shin GiWon , Koo Hee Jung , Seo Mihwa , Lee Seung-Jae V. , Nam Hong Gil , Jung Gyoo Yeol 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Small RNAs that originate from transfer RNA (tRNA) species, tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs), play diverse biological functions but little is known for their association with aging. Moreover, biochemical aspects of tRNAs limit discovery of functional tRFs by high throughput sequencing. In particular, genes encoding tRNAs exist as multiple copies throughout genome, and mature tRNAs have various modified bases, contributing to ambiguities for RNA sequencing-based analysis of tRFs. Here, we report age-dependent changes in tRFs that may have functional impacts on aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. We first analyzed published RNA sequencing data by using a new strategy for tRNA-associated sequencing reads. Our current method used unique mature tRNAs as a reference for the sequence alignment, and properly filtered out false positive enrichment for tRFs. Our analysis successfully distinguished de novo mutation sites from differences among homologous copies, and identified potential RNA modification sites. Importantly, we revealed that the major source of tRFs up-regulated during aging was the tRNAs with abundant gene copy numbers. Together, our work raises the possibility that age-dependent changes in tRF levels have functional roles in the lifespan of animals, including C. elegans.
Physidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of western and central European range - morphological diversification and ecological features
Authors: Cieplok Anna , Anderson Roy , Gawlak Magdalena , Kałuski Tomasz , Spyra Aneta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: This is the first comparative study on Physidae identified in west and central Europe range. A thorough exploration of morphology supported by ecological features and distribution of European Physidae species are presented within this study. In the context of the lack of research on detailed morphology features on Physidae species we deeply analysed taxonomical features of snails which are being identified more and more frequently in the last years in the territory of the west and central Europe. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used to elucidate the external morphology of freshwater snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Physidae), that occur in the area of western and central part of Europe. We compared the external morphology of their shells and found important differences between the species. Results: Morphological analysis are benefited in revealing variations of Physide shells. We found intraspecific similarities within Physidae, which are the most evident in the overall structure of shells and the height of the spires. Many interspecific differences in morphology in the apex structure and spires were found. From our results, we can infer that the shells P. fontinalis and A. hypnorum had the lowest amount of variability between particular individuals. The most characteristic features and differences of representatives of Physidae are presented and discussed. This is especially important in Physa gyrina and a worldwide invader Physa acuta identification which is shape-wise not easy to distinguish.Conclusions: The implications of our study are new identification key along with the ecological characteristic of physid species and the assessment of their current range in Europe. Our data demonstrate similarities within Physidae, which are the most evident in the overall structure of shells, and the height of the spires, apex structure, and spires were found between analysed species and provide further evidence of the importance of morphological features as an identification driver.
Economic Implications of BREXIT for Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Aamir , Husnain Muhammad Iftikhar ul 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Pakistan’s trading relationship with the United Kingdom (UK) is governed through the European Union’s (EU) Single Market regulations & tariffs. Pakistan has granted a Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP) plus status by the EU, which allows Pakistan commodities duty-free access to the European market. Britain’s decision to leave the EU popularly quoted as “Brexit” can have implications for Pakistan. Pakistan will no more enjoy duty-free access to the UK market. With this backdrop, this research used a new global economic trade model calibrated using the latest GTAP Database and latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2013 of Pakistan to quantify the impact of Brexit on Pakistan's Economy. Results show that with Brexit, Pakistan's Exports to the UK will decrease by 48 percent. This research recommends the Pakistani government to revisit its trade relations with the UK and should launch negotiations with the UK for attaining unilateral preferential access like EU GSP Plus.
Functional Mobility in Walking Adult Population With Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay
Authors: Lessard Isabelle , St-gelais Raphaël , Hébert Luc J , Coté Isabelle , Mathieu Jean , Brais Bernard , Gagnon Cynthia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: This study aimed to describe lower limbs impairments, balance and activity limitations related to indoor mobility in adult walkers with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS). Results: Twenty-five participants were recruited with a mean age of 32.2 (±10.4) years with 45.7 % using a walking aid. There is a significant difference between participants with and without a walking aid in terms of lower limbs coordination, balance and mobility. Although participants who walk without a walking aid perform better than the others and they are below predictive or reference values. Despite significant mobility limitations, only mild spasticity and passive range of motion limitations were observed. However, there is a significant difference between unaffected individuals and participants with ARSACS for lower limb muscle cocontraction. Conclusions: Results show a high level of lower limb impairments, balance and mobility limitation in adults’ participants with ARSACS that are still walking, including people not using a walking aid. One of the most original finding is the presence of excessive cocontraction and a relatively mild level of spasticity in the lower limbs muscles. Results of this study better circumscribes the impairments and activities that should be the focus of intervention including rehabilitation in ARSACS.
Feature Analysis of Prognostic Factors for the Radiation Toxicity Prediction of Lung Cancer Using Explainable Outcome Representation Method
Authors: Kim Kwang Hyeon , Sohn Moon-Jun , Koo Hae-Won , Yoon Sang-Won , Heo Eun Jeong , Lee Nam Kwon , Kim Chul Yong , Lee Suk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe method of solely using a black box model for radiation toxicity prediction in patients with lung cancer has limitations in explaining the causality of the prediction results. Therefore, the feature importance of predictors was analyzed using explainable artificial intelligence.Materials and MethodsPredictions were made for the clinical prognosis through SHAP analysis (Shapley additive explanations) by using pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, concurrent chemoradiation therapy, age, and dosimetric factors [lung volume receiving ≥20 Gy (V20), mean lung dose (MLD)] as prognostic factors in 110 lung cancer patients who received radiation therapy. The model was analyzed using a random forest regressor and a tree explainer; and the SHAP analysis was used to examine the features of prognostic factors affecting radiation side effects and to derive mutual impact.ResultsFor patients with grade 2 toxicity, pneumonia, MLD, and V30 were analyzed as very important factors in the prediction results. However, for grade 0 toxicity patients, V30 and MLD were identified as the predictors that had a more important impact (SHAP value=0.7) than pneumonia. In addition, pneumonia had a decisive influence on the prognosis for future side effects of grades 1 and 2 or higher, and MLD was found to have a correlation with pneumonia and SHAP value=0.38. Moreover, through this prediction model, the predicted result for patients with mild radiation pneumonitis by the ground truth of a specific patient was 1.6 (close to grade2), and MLD>20 Gy, pathology, V20, and V30 were analyzed as high-risk factors in predicting radiation side effects. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the model system were 0.88, 0.79, and 0.78, respectively.ConclusionThrough this study, MLD and V30 were analyzed as important predictors of side effects, and the features of each factor were analyzed for the degree of importance by the SHAP value. To predict radiation pneumonia using this method, a personalized analysis was conducted to identify the factors that influenced each patient. Through this process, comparisons were made with the existing black box method, which confirmed that increasing the explainability can reinforce an in-depth analysis of radiation side effect prediction.
Potential of Acid Phosphatase Activity and Mycorrhizal Colonization to Reduce Phosphorus Fertilization in Maize Cultivated in Brazil
Authors: Silva Lucas Lopes e , Andrade Joao Antonio da Costa , Maltoni Kátia Luciene , Lannes Luciola S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose: It is urgent to mitigate the environmental impacts resulting from agriculture, especially in highly biodiverse and threatened areas, as the Brazilian Cerrado. We aim to investigate whether phosphatase activity and mycorrhizal colonization are alternative plant strategies for nutrient acquisition in maize cultivated under fertilized and unfertilized conditions in Brazil, potentially contributing to reduce the use of phosphate fertilizers needed for production.Methods: Three experiments were performed: the first was conducted in a glasshouse, with 17 experimental pure maize lineages and two phosphorus treatments; the second in the field, with 3 pure maize lineages and two treatments, one without fertilization and another with NPK fertilization; and the third was also carried out in the field, with 13 simple commercial hybrids, grown either under NK or under NPK treatment. Soil and plant variables were measured and tested for the response to fertilization, differences amongst genotypes and response to phosphatase activity and mycorrhizal colonization.Results: We detected a positive effect of mycorrhizal colonization upon growth in pure maize lineages. The activity of acid phosphatase was modulated by the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil, and promoted grain filling of commercial hybrids in soils with low phosphorus availability. Conclusions: These results demonstrate, for the first time, that it is possible to select genotypes that are more adapted to low soil phosphorus availability aiming at organic production, or to use genotypes that have high phosphatase activity under phosphorus fertilization to reduce the amount of added phosphorus needed for maize production in Brazil.
Survey of Radiation Field and Dose in HPV-Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer: Is De-escalation Actually Applied in Clinical Practice?
Authors: Choi Kyu Hye , Song Jin Ho , Kim Yeon-Sil , Moon Sung Ho , Lee Jeong Shim , Oh Young-Taek , Oh Dongryul , Kim Jin Ho , Kim Jun Won , Lee Youn Soo , Cho Jae-Keun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Studies on de-escalation in radiation therapy (RT) for human papillomavirus-related [HPV(+)] oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) are currently ongoing. This study investigated the current practice regarding the radiation dose and field in the treatment of HPV(+) OPC.Methods: The subcommittee on Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment Guidelines of the Korean Society for Head and Neck Oncology (KSHNO) conducted a questionnaire on the primary treatment policy in five scenarios. Among them, for HPV(+) OPC scenarios, radiation oncologists were questioned regarding the field and dose of RT.Results: Forty-two radiation oncologists responded to the survey. In definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) treatment for stage T2N1M0 OPC, most respondents prescribed a dose of >60 Gy to the primary tonsil and involved ipsilateral lymph nodes (LNs). However, eight of the respondents prescribed a relatively low dose of ≤54 Gy. Various doses were prescribed for the non-involved chain, and 50 and 54 Gy were the most commonly selected doses. For stage T2N1M0 OPC, postoperative adjuvant RT was prescribed by eight and nine respondents with a lower dose of ≤50 Gy for the ipsilateral tonsil and involved neck, respectively. In definitive CCRT in complete remission after induction chemotherapy for initial stage T2N3M0 OPC, most respondents included the contralateral LNs with less de-escalated radiation fields. De-escalation of the tonsil and involved neck were performed by eight and seven respondents, respectively. Regarding whether de-escalation is applied in radiotherapy for HPV(+) OPC, 27 (64.3%) did not do it at present, and 15 (35.7%) were doing or considering it.Conclusions: The field and dose of prescribed treatment varied between institutions in Korea. Among them, dose de-escalation of RT in HPV(+) OPC was observed in approximately 20% of the respondents. Consensus guidelines will be set in the near future after the completion of ongoing prospective trials.
Biomechanical properties of growing and decaying roots of Cynodon dactylon
Authors: Kamchoom Viroon , Boldrin David , Leung Anthony , Sookkrajang Chanakan , Likitlersuang Suched 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
AimWe measured the effects of growth and decay on the tensile strength of roots of Cynodon dactylon, considering different mortality causes common to agricultural land conversion (i.e., burning and herbicide application). Drivers of root strength changes have also been studies, including root chemical composition (i.e., cellulose and lignin).MethodWe applied three treatments to C. dactylon grass: (i) growth duration (60, 120 and 180 days), (ii) decay duration after burning (30, 60, 120, 180 and 360 days) and (iii) decay duration after herbicide application (15, 30 and 60 days). After each treatment, diameter, tensile strength, cellulose content and lignin content from root samples were measured (n = 303).ResultsIrrespective to the treatments, strength-diameter relations followed a negative power law (R2 > 0.6). Increase in the median strength values due to grass growth was consistent with the increases in both the cellulose and lignin contents. Root decay caused by herbicide applications caused significantly greater and faster reduction in strengths than by burning treatment, because of the faster reduction of both the cellulose and lignin contents.ConclusionRoot decay due to different causes of plant mortality can increase the susceptibility to erosion and slope instability during conversion of agricultural land. Measures on slope safety and erosion are vital when applying herbicides for weed clearance in farmlands because of faster deterioration of root chemical composition and root strength (compared to burning).
How Much Improvement Can Satisfy Patients? Exploring Patients’ Satisfaction 3 Years After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: fan xiaoyu , ma jinhui , wu xinjie , xu xin , shi lijun , li tengqi , wang peixu , li chengxin , li zhizhuo , zhang qingyu , Sun Wei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Despite the innovations in total knee arthroplasty(TKA), there is still a subset of patients who do not acquire significant relief or expected satisfaction after primary TKA. However, this subgroup of patients still gains improvements more or less in terms of objective or quantified assessments after the procedure. The purpose of our study is to explore the factors that correlate with patients’ satisfaction and identify minimal clinically important difference(MCID) and minimum important change(MIC)in clinical parameters.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 161 patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis who underwent unilateral total knee arthroplasty from Jan. 2017-Dec. 2017. We collected the following parameters: body mass index(BMI), duration of disease, education level, depression state, preoperative flexion contracture angle of knee, HSS scores, 11-point NRS scores and radiological parameters(preoperative minimal joint space width and varus angle of knee). The satisfaction was graded by self-reported scores in percentage(0-100). Results: we revealed that 80.8% of patients were satisfied 3 years overall after primary TKA. HSS score change, NRS-Walking score change, age and Pre-mJSW showed significant difference between satisfied and dissatisfied group. The varus angle change revealed statistical significance according to the levels of satisfaction. Simple linear regression identified the MCID for HSS score to be 5.41 and for the NRS-Walking to be 1.24. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve identified the MIC for HSS score to be 25.5 and for the NRS-Walking score to be 6.5. Conclusions: In summary, we identified several factors that correlated with patients’ satisfaction independently after TKA in a long-term. In addition, we revealed the minimal clinically important difference(MCID) and minimum important change(MIC)for HSS and NRS score.