bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Head Face and Neck Surgical Workload From a Contemporary Military Role 3 Medical Treatment Facility
Authors: Breeze John , Gensheimer William , Berg Craig , Sarber Kathleen M 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Previous analyses of head, face, and neck (HFN) surgery in the deployed military setting have focused on the treatment of injuries using trauma databases. Little has been written on the burden of disease and the requirement for follow-up care. The aim of this analysis was to provide the most comprehensive overview of surgical workload in a contemporary role 3 MTF to facilitate future planning.

Method
The operating room database and specialty surgical logbooks from a U.S.-led role 3 MTF in Afghanistan were analyzed over a 5-year period (2016-2020). These were then matched to the deployed surgical TC2 database to identify reasons for treatment and a return to theatre rate. Operative records were finally matched to the deployed Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application-Theater outpatient database to determine follow up frequency.

Results
During this period, surgical treatment to the HFN represented 389/1989 (19.6%) of all operations performed. Surgery to the HFN was most commonly performed for battle injury (299/385, 77.6%) followed by disease (63/385, 16%). The incidence of battle injury-related HFN cases varied markedly across each year, with 117/299 (39.1%) being treated in the three summer months (June to August). The burden of disease, particularly to the facial region, remained constant throughout the period analyzed (mean of 1 case per month).

Conclusions
Medical planning of the surgical requirements to treat HFN pathology is primarily focused on battle injury of coalition service personnel. This analysis has demonstrated that the treatment of disease represented 16% of all HFN surgical activities. The presence of multiple HFN sub-specialty surgeons prevented the requirement for multiple aeromedical evacuations of coalition service personnel which may have affected mission effectiveness as well as incurring a large financial burden. The very low volume of surgical activity demonstrated during certain periods of this analysis may have implications for the maintenance of surgical competencies for subspecialty surgeons.
MeerKAT-64 discovers wide-spread tidal debris in the nearby NGC 7232 galaxy group
Authors: Namumba B , Koribalski B S , Józsa G I G , Lee-Waddell K , Jones M G , Carignan C , Verdes-Montenegro L , Ianjamasimanana R , de Blok W J G , Cluver M , Garrido J , Sánchez-Expósito S , Ramaila A J T , Thorat K , Andati L A L , Hugo B V , Kleiner D , Kamphuis P , Serra P , Smirnov O M , Maccagni F M , Makhathini S , Molnár D Cs , Perkins S , Ramatsoku M , White S V , Loi F 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of large amounts of previously undetected cold neutral atomic hydrogen (H i) around the core triplet galaxies in the nearby NGC 7232 galaxy group with MeerKAT. With a physical resolution of ∼1 kpc, we detect a complex web of low-surface-brightness H i emission down to a 4σ column density level of ∼1 × 1019 cm−2 (over 44 km s−1). The newly discovered H i streams extend over ∼20 arcmin corresponding to 140 kpc in projection. This is approximately three times the H i extent of the galaxy triplet (52 kpc). The H i debris has an H i mass of ∼6.6 × 109 M⊙, more than 50 per cent of the total H i mass of the triplet. Within the galaxy triplet, NGC 7233 and NGC 7232 have lost a significant amount of H i while NGC 7232B appears to have an excess of H i. The H i deficiency in NGC 7232 and NGC 7233 indicates that galaxy–galaxy interaction in the group concentrates on this galaxy pair while the other disc galaxies have visited them over time. In comparison to the AMIGA sample of isolated galaxies, we find that with regards to its total H i mass the NGC 7232/3 galaxy triplet is not H i-deficient. Despite the many interactions associated to the triplet galaxies, no H i seems to have been lost from the group (yet).
The centres of M83 and the Milky Way: opposite extremes of a common star formation cycle
Authors: Callanan Daniel , Longmore Steven N , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Schruba Andreas , Ginsburg Adam , Krumholz Mark R , Bastian Nate , Alves João , Henshaw Jonathan D , Knapen Johan H , Chevance Mélanie 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
In the centres of the Milky Way and M83, the global environmental properties thought to control star formation are very similar. However, M83’s nuclear star formation rate (SFR), as estimated by synchrotron and H α emission, is an order of magnitude higher than the Milky Way’s. To understand the origin of this difference we use ALMA observations of HCN (1 − 0) and HCO+ (1 − 0) to trace the dense gas at the size scale of individual molecular clouds (0.54 arcsec, 12 pc) in the inner ∼500 pc of M83, and compare this to gas clouds at similar resolution and galactocentric radius in the Milky Way. We find that both the overall gas distribution and the properties of individual clouds are very similar in the two galaxies, and that a common mechanism may be responsible for instigating star formation in both circumnuclear rings. Given the considerable similarity in gas properties, the most likely explanation for the order of magnitude difference in SFR is time variability, with the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) currently being at a more quiescent phase of its star formation cycle. We show M83’s SFR must have been an order of magnitude higher 5–7 Myr ago. M83’s ‘starburst’ phase was highly localized, both spatially and temporally, greatly increasing the feedback efficiency and ability to drive galactic-scale outflows. This highly dynamic nature of star formation and feedback cycles in galaxy centres means (i) modelling and interpreting observations must avoid averaging over large spatial areas or time-scales, and (ii) understanding the multiscale processes controlling these cycles requires comparing snapshots of a statistical sample of galaxies in different evolutionary stages.
The imprint of cosmic web quenching on central galaxies
Authors: Winkel N , Pasquali A , Kraljic K , Smith R , Gallazzi A , Jackson T M 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate how cosmic web environment impacts the average properties of central galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We analyse how the average specific star formation rate, stellar age, metallicity, and element abundance ratio [α/Fe] of SDSS central galaxies depend on distance from the cosmic web nodes, walls, and filaments identified by the Discrete Persistent Structures Extractor (DisPerSE). In our approach we control for galaxy stellar mass and local density differentiated between field and group environment. Our results confirm the known trend whereby galaxies exhibit lower specific star formation rates with decreasing distance to the cosmic web features. Furthermore, we show that centrals closer to either nodes, walls, or filaments are on average older, metal richer, and α-enhanced compared to their equal mass counterparts at larger distances. The identified property gradients appear to have the same amplitude for central galaxies in the field as for those in groups. Our findings support a cosmic web quenching that stems from nurture effects, such as ram pressure stripping and strangulation, and/or nature effects linked to the intrinsic properties of the cosmic web.
Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Prospective, Multicenter Study
Authors: Mizobuchi Yoshifumi , Nagahiro Shinji , Kondo Akinori , Arita Kazunori , Date Isao , Fujii Yukihiko , Fujimaki Takamitsu , Hanaya Ryosuke , Hasegawa Mitsuhiro , Hatayama Toru , Inoue Tooru , Kasuya Hidetoshi , Kobayashi Masahito , Kohmura Eiji , Matsushima Toshio , Masuoka Jun , Morita Akio , Nishizawa Shigeru , Okayama Yoshihiro , Shigeno Taku , Shimano Hiroshi , Takeshima Hideo , Yamakami Iwao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Microvascular decompression (MVD) is the most effective procedure for the long-term management of trigeminal neuralgia (TGN). However, retrospective and single-center studies are inherently biased, and there are currently no prospective, multicenter studies.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes and complications in patients with TGN who underwent MVD at specialized Japanese institutions.

METHODS
We enrolled patients with TGN who underwent MVD between April 2012 and March 2015. We recorded their facial pain grade and complications at 7 d (short term), 1 yr (mid-term), and 3 yr (long term) postoperatively.

RESULTS
There were 166 patients, comprising 60 men and 106 women (mean age 62.7 yr). Furthermore, 105 patients were aged over 60 yr. We conducted neuromonitoring in 84.3% of the cases. The complete pain relief, mortality, and complication rates at the short-term follow-up were 78.9%, 0%, and 16.3%, respectively. Overall, 155 patients (93.4%) completed the long-term follow-up, with the complete pain relief and complication rates of 80.0% and 5.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSION
In the hands of experienced neurosurgeons, MVD for TGN can achieve high long-term curative effects. In addition, complications are uncommon and usually transient. Our results indicate that MVD is an effective and safe treatment for patients with TGN, including elderly patients.
Impact of an Inner-City Smoke-Free Zone on Outdoor Smoking Patterns: A Before–After Study
Authors: Breunis Leonieke J , Bebek Metehan , Dereci Nazmi , de Kroon Marlou L A , Radó Márta K , Been Jasper V 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionOn September 2, 2019, Rotterdam’s first inner-city outdoor smoke-free zone encompassing the Erasmus MC, a large university hospital in the Netherlands, the Erasmiaans high school, the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences and the public road in between, was implemented.Aims and MethodsWe aimed to assess spatiotemporal patterning of smoking before and after implementation of this outdoor smoke-free zone. We performed a before–after observational field study. We systematically observed the number of smokers, and their locations and characteristics over 37 days before and after implementation of the smoke-free zone.ResultsBefore implementation of the smoke-free zone, 4098 people smoked in the area every weekday during working hours. After implementation, the daily number of smokers was 2241, a 45% reduction (p = .007). There was an increase of 432 smokers per day near and just outside the borders of the zone. At baseline, 31% of the smokers were categorized as employee, 22% as student and 3% as patient. Following implementation of the smoke-free zone, the largest decreases in smokers were observed among employees (–67%, p value .004) and patients (–70%, p value .049). Before and after implementation, 21 and 20 smokers were visibly addressed and asked to smoke elsewhere.ConclusionsImplementation of an inner-city smoke-free zone was associated with a substantial decline in the number of smokers in the zone and an overall reduction of smoking in the larger area. Further research should focus on optimizing implementation of and compliance with outdoor smoke-free zones.ImplicationsA smoke-free outdoor policy has the potential to denormalize and discourage smoking, support smokers who want to quit, and to protect people from secondhand smoke exposure. Implementation of an inner-city smoke-free zone encompassing a large tertiary hospital and two educational institutions was associated with a substantial decline in the number of smokers in the zone, as well as in the larger area. Voluntary outdoor smoke-free zones can help reduce the number of smokers in the area and protect people from secondhand smoke. There is a need to explore effectiveness of additional measures to further improve compliance.
How loose, how tight? A measure of monetary and fiscal stance for the euro area*
Authors: Batini Nicoletta , Cantelmo Alessandro , Melina Giovanni , Villa Stefania 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article builds a model-based dynamic monetary and fiscal conditions index (DMFCI) and uses it to examine the evolution of the joint stance of monetary and fiscal policies in the euro area (EA) and in its three largest member countries over the period 2007–2018. The index is based on the relative impacts of monetary and fiscal policy on demand using actual and simulated data from rich estimated models featuring also financial intermediaries and long-term government debt. The analysis highlights a short-lived fiscal expansion in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis, followed by a quick tightening, with monetary policy left to be the ‘only game in town’ after 2013. Individual countries’ DMFCIs show that national policy stances did not always mirror the evolution of the aggregate stance at the EA level, due to heterogeneity in the fiscal stance.
Prevalence, recent infection and predictors of HIV infection in fishing community along the shore of Lake Victoria in Tanzania
Authors: Panga Onna Duuma , Joachim Agricola , Samizi Florence George , Gitige Catherine Gale , Moremi Nyambura , Simeo Japhet , Mtebe Majigo , Abade Ahmed 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Fishing communities are a subpopulation burdened by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), mainly due to their mobility and cash income access. Strategies to mitigate the spread of HIV in fishing communities have varying outcomes. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of HIV, recent infection and associated factors among fishing communities at Lake Victoria in Tanzania.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study in the first quarter of 2019. The participants' information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were screened for HIV infection; the positive samples were tested for avidity and viral load to determine the recent infection. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with HIV infection.

Results
A total of 1048 individuals were included with a mean age of 34 years (SD ± 11.5). The overall prevalence of HIV was 9.1%, while 7.4% had a recent infection. Lack of formal education, being separated/divorced/widowed, transactional sex, history of sexually transmitted infections, not tested for HIV in the last 12 months had 1.7 to three times more odds of contracting HIV.

Conclusion
A proportion of HIV recent infection among the fisherfolks was relatively high, signifying the continuous spread, which is predisposed by some demographic and behavioural characteristics.
Contributions to charitable foundations—French tax perspective
Authors: Jolk Christophe 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Gifting assets to foreign charitable foundations could constitute a taxable event in France under French gift or inheritance tax. Such gifts thus require careful planning, as, depending on the localization and nature of that foreign charitable foundation, they might be taxed in France and hence jeopardize the initially intended charitable project, at least from the standpoint of its financing. Assessing whether the charitable project would indeed qualify for French preferential tax rules, requires a good understanding of both the respective foreign charitable institution and its French counterpart.
Ready for a “breakthrough” with ketamine? A look at recent pharmacological insights!
Authors: Himmelseher Sabine , Kochs Eberhard F. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
To update pharmacological insights on ketamine integrating information from different disciplines for developing steps to “breakthrough” approaches in clinical challenges.

Recent findings
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models have incorporated recirculation, ketamine metabolites, drug–drug interaction, and covariates such as age. Ketamine-induced relief from treatment-resistant depression has been explained by “disinhibition” of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons and synaptogenic mechanisms requiring neurotrophic signals. Neuroimaging/electroencephalographic investigations have shown an increase in gamma spectral power in healthy volunteers and patients with depression, but also opposite changes in functional network connectivity after subanesthetic ketamine. Volunteer data may not be transferable to clinical conditions. Altered states of consciousness induced by subanesthetic ketamine have been described by disruption of resisting-state functional networks and frontoparietal connectivity with preservation of multisensory and sensor-motor networks. This has been interpreted as a “disconnected consciousness”.

Summary
More precise PK/PD models may improve the ketamine use regimen. The findings from research on depression are an important discovery because ketamine's impact on neuronal plasticity and synaptogenesis in human brain disease has directly been documented. Psychic adverse effects with subanesthetic ketamine are related to a “disconnected consciousness”. Overall, progress has been made, but the “breakthrough” still has to come.
Postoperative Screening With the Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale After Noncardiac Surgery: A Pilot Study
Authors: Flexman Alana M. , Kim Clara N.H. , Plyley Tyler , Vila-Rodriguez Fidel , Gelb Adrian W. , Field Thalia S. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Perioperative stroke is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, yet there is no validated screening tool. The modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (mNIHSS) is validated for use in nonsurgical strokes but is not well-studied in surgical patients. We evaluated perioperative changes in the mNIHSS score in noncardiac, non-neurological surgery patients, feasibility in the perioperative setting, and the relationship between baseline cognitive screening and change in mNIHSS score.

Methods:
Patients aged 65 years and above presenting for noncardiac, non-neurological surgery were prospectively recruited. Those with significant preoperative cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score [MoCA] ≤17) were excluded. mNIHSS was assessed preoperatively, on postoperative day (POD) 0, POD 1, and POD 2, demographic data collected, and feedback solicited from participants. Changes in mNIHSS from baseline, time to completion, and relationship between baseline MoCA score and change in mNIHSS score were analyzed.

Results:
Twenty-five patients were enrolled into the study; no overt strokes occurred. Median mNIHSS score increased between baseline (0 interquartile range [IQR 0 to 1]) and POD 0 (2 [IQR 0 to 3.5]; P<0.001) but not between baseline and POD 1 (0.5 [IQR 0 to 1.5]; P=0.174) or POD 2 (0 [IQR 0 to 1]; P=0.650). Time to complete the mNIHSS at baseline was 3.5 minutes (SD 0.8), increasing to 4.1 minutes (SD 1.0) on POD 0 (P=0.0249). Baseline MoCA score was correlated with mNIHSS score change (P=0.038). Perioperative administration of the mNIHSS was feasible, and acceptable to patients.

Conclusions:
Changes in mNIHSS score can occur early after surgery in the absence of overt stroke. Assessment of mNIHSS appears feasible in the perioperative setting, although further research is required to define its role in detecting perioperative stroke.
The Effect of Paternal Skin-to-Skin Care
Authors: Kuo Shu-Fen , Chen I-Hui , Chen Su-Ru , Chen Kee-Hsin , Fernandez Ritin S. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Research about skin-to-skin care (SSC) experiences in early period after birth has focused on mothers and infants.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to determine the outcomes of paternal skin-to-skin care (P-SSC) in both fathers and infants.

Methods:
The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Airiti Library, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported outcomes of P-SSC in both fathers and infants. We calculated pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using RevMan 5.3 for the meta-analysis [PROSPERO: CRD42018106790].

Results:
Seven RCTs including a total of 552 participants were eligible for inclusion. Compared to the maternal skin-to-skin care (M-SSC), fathers in the P-SSC exhibited no significant differences in salivary oxytocin levels (MD: −0.35 pg/mL; 95% CI: −0.75, 0.05), salivary cortisol levels (MD: 0.25 μg/dL; 95% CI: −0.82, 1.33), or anxiety scores (MD: −0.17; 95% CI: −0.57, 0.22) during the period of SSC. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the salivary cortisol levels (MD: −0.11 μg/dL; 95% CI: −0.05, 0.28) among preterm infants between the 2 groups. However, the crying time was less among full-term infants in the P-SSC group compared with infants in the incubator care or cot care groups.

Implications for Practice and Research:
P-SSC had similar effects as M-SSC on stress-related outcomes during and after SSC among fathers and infants in the early stages after birth. We recommend that P-SSC be implemented in the early stages after birth. Further RCTs with a longitudinal design and large samples are needed to better understand the long-term effects of P-SSC on fathers and infants.
Innovating patient care and gynecologic surgery instruction through tele-education
Authors: Siedhoff Matthew T. , Truong Mireille D. , Wright Kelly N. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
Effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic prompted the need for rapid, flexible change in the delivery of care, education, and commitment to the well-being of obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) residents.

Recent findings
Published literature shows multiple models for surge scheduling for residency programs in other specialties. We describe our experience creating a surge schedule for OB/GYN residents that allowed for sufficient coverage of inpatient care while minimizing resident exposure and limited hospital resources, respecting work hour requirements, and plans for coverage due to illness or need for home quarantine. We also report innovative approaches to trainee education through the use of remote-learning technology and gynecologic surgery skills training in absence of normal clinical exposure.

Summary
Our approach serves as a model for adapting to unprecedented challenges and offers suggestions for creative transformations of traditional teaching that can be continued beyond the immediate crisis.
Common pediatric gynecological issues: a review
Authors: Kudze Tambu , Wheeler Carol 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
To provide clinicians with a review of recent research and methods for evaluation of common pediatric gynecology complaints and problems.

Recent findings
The examination and history of a pediatric gynecologic patient involve information gathering in order to limit anxiety for the child and optimize the ability to diagnose and treat her. Child abuse recognition is increasing, and its management requires special expertise. The early management of disorders of sexual development (DSDs) has changed with a focus towards early identification and consideration of delayed surgical management. The multidisciplinary evaluation and management of the pelvic mass in the child involves careful preoperative evaluation to allow for conservative management.

Summary
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) providers are often called upon to evaluate children when a pediatric gynecologist is not immediately available. This review highlights valuable information for adult gynecologic providers who may encounter young girls with gynecologic issues in a variety of settings. Having some basic knowledge of the evaluation and management will allow the provider to either manage the child themselves or triage her to the appropriate consultant.