bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement Heavy Oil Transportation IN Pipelines (laboratory study)
Authors: Faris Haidar A. , Abdulrazak Dr. Ayad A. 
Published: May 2021

Since from the past, drag has been identified as the main reason for the loss of energy in pipelines and other similar transportation channels. The contribution of this drag is due to mainly viscous of the flow as well as friction against the pipe walls. These energy losses can be identified through pressure drop, which will results in more pumping power consumption.
Due to their very high viscosity heavy oil cannot be transported as such in pipelines and required additional treatments [1].
This work studied flow increase (%FI) in heavy oil at different flow rates (2 to 10 m3/hr) in two pipes (0.0381 m & 0.0508 m) ID. By using different additives (toluene and naphtha) with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) %wt at 27ᵒC.
The results of this study showed Increasing values of FI % and Maximum Dr% of 40.48% and 37.03 % were obtained using heavy oil containing 10% wt of naphtha flowing in pipes of 0.0508 and 0.0381 m I.D. at 27°C respectively.
Increasing values of %Dr with increasing of Reynolds number, fluid velocity and additive concentration, the used additives (toluene and naphtha) reduce the high viscosity of used heavy oil, and naphtha is more efficient as viscosity reducer than toluene.
All these results show treatment heavy oil and improvement their transport in pipelines.
Precautionary Procedures in Basrah Oil Fields Drilling Operations Using Smartphones
Authors: Salih Ibrahim Abdul-Salam Salih , Aljawad Dr. Mohammed Saleh Aljawad , Mahdi Dr. Bashar Saadoon Mahdi 
Published: May 2021

Basrah oil fields carry multiple drilling problems that are drilled with difficulty, theseproblems are often treated incompetently. This inefficiency in the procedures in handling theproblems often results in a long wait around time. This study aims to offer the bestprecautionary procedures that can be taken in the form of a smartphone’s application(Precautions Enhancer) to reach trustworthy precautions anywhere needed on the oil field.
The introduction of smartphones to the drilling engineering in particular and the petroleumindustry in general is a critical and a very useful tool that could be developed to gain accuracyand speed on field.The plans of precautions for the expected drilling problems are carried out. The includedformations extend from the upper and lower Faris to Mishrif. The precautions that are set as thebest practice are based on field experience and standardized IWCF methods. The usedprogramming techniques are: the classify algorithm (forward) technique is used to enhancePrecautions Enhancer’s (PE) abilities to avoid the problems.An application called Precautions Enhancer (PE) having a friendly user interface that can be usedin the field is built with a full secure database of the fields’ problems and precautions with adatabase of the drilling problems in Basra oil fields in PE; all of the drilling problems that couldencountered while drilling with their precautionary procedures are all mounted in the database ofPE.
Using Microwave Technology to Extract Organic Matter from Rocks
Authors: Sachit Ahad D. , Basri Lamya J. , Jalil Dr. Rana R. , Hassan Ihab S. 
Published: May 2021

Rock extraction is one of the most important processes to prepare samples to core analyses but this method consumes large quantity of solvents and time which means high cost; so it is necessary to innovate new high efficiency ways to replace the traditional methods. The use of microwaves in rock processing is an innovative and unobtrusive method in this field. The design of special furnaces to generate microwave and use them in the extraction of crude oil from rocks become a necessity; because of the need to reduce the costs of this treatment and shorten the necessary time to laboratory experiments and decreased conducted solvent for this process.
A number of samples of carbonate reservoir rocks exposed to microwave radiation assisted extraction and many solvents were used to detect more suitable solvent, the results of the experiment show that some solvents were superior to others and the samples did not harm as a result of that processes, note that the type of rocks may be important in determining the ability of microwave waves to perform the required treatment. And it is approved its high efficiency by decreasing time of cleaning up to less than 25% of time, more economical, in term of the least consumption of solvent and safer by comparison with conventional.
Preparation of Copper Oxide/TiO2 Composite Films by Mechanical Ball Milling and Investigated Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: CHEN Xiuli , LIU Gaihua , ZHANG Guiyin , WAN Haiyi , ZHA Wusheng 
Published: May 2021

The Cu/Ti composite coatings were prepared by the mechanical ball milling, the CuO/TiO2 and Cu2O/TiO2 composite photocatalytic films were obtained by the subsequent oxidation process. The microstructure of the composite films was analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD）and scanning election microscope (SEM). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated, the effects of ball milling time on the formation of the Cu/Ti coatings were investigated, and the effects of the oxidation temperature and oxidation atmosphere on microstructure and photocatalytic activity of the films were studied. The results illustrate that the ball milling time has significant effects on the formation of the coatings and the coatings are continuous and compact by ball milling for 15 h. The photocatalytic activity of the CuO/TiO2 composite films is increased first and then decreased with the oxidation temperature increases, and the photocatalytic activity is the best at 500 °C. The CuO/TiO2 composite films are obtained by the oxidation of Cu/Ti coatings at 500 °C for 15 h in the air, while the Cu2O/TiO2 composite films are oxidized in carbon atmosphere. Photocatalysis efficiency of the films is obviously enhanced with the help of the p-n junction heterostructure in the Cu2O/TiO2 composite films.
Tspan5 promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition and tumour metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating Notch signalling
Authors: Xie Qian , Guo Huiling , He Peirong , Deng Huan , Gao Yanjun , Dong Ningning , Niu Wenbo , Liu Tiancai , Li Ming , Wang Suihai , Wu Yingsong , Li Ji‐Liang 
Published: May 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide due to a high rate of tumour metastasis and disease recurrence. In physiological conditions, tetraspanins interact with specific partner proteins in tetraspanin‐enriched microdomains and regulate their subcellular localization and function. However, the function of Tspan5 in pathological processes, particularly in cancer biology and its clinical significance, are still unclear. Here, we describe that a high expression of Tspan5 is significantly associated with some clinicopathological features including invasive length, vascular invasion, clinical stage and poor overall survival of HCC patients. Alterations of Tspan5 expression by lentivirus transductions in HCC cells demonstrated that Tspan5 promotes wound healing and cell migration in vitro and tumour metastasis of HCC cells in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that Tspan5 promoted cell migration and tumour metastasis by increasing the enzymatic maturation of ADAM10 and activating Notch signalling via the increase of the cleavage of the Notch1 receptor catalysed by the γ‐secretase complex. Activation of Notch signalling by Tspan5 was shown further to enhance the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and actin skeleton rearrangement of tumour cells. In clinical HCC samples, Tspan5 expression is strongly correlated with many key molecules acting in Notch signalling and EMT, highlighting the role of Tspan5 in the regulation of Notch signalling, EMT and tumour metastasis of HCC. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of tumour metastasis and disease progression of HCC and may facilitate the development of novel clinical intervention strategies against HCC.
Sleep disturbance and memory dysfunction in early multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sumowski James F. , Horng Sam , Brandstadter Rachel , Krieger Stephen , Leavitt Victoria M. , Katz Sand Ilana , Fabian Michelle , Klineova Sylvia , Graney Robin , Riley Claire S. , Lublin Fred D. , Miller Aaron E. , Varga Andrew W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveSleep‐dependent memory processing occurs in animals including humans, and disturbed sleep negatively affects memory. Sleep disturbance and memory dysfunction are common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but little is known about the contributions of sleep disturbance to memory in MS. We investigated whether subjective sleep disturbance is linked to worse memory in early MS independently of potential confounders.MethodsPersons with early MS (n = 185; ≤5.0 years diagnosed) and demographically matched healthy controls (n = 50) completed four memory tests to derive a memory composite, and four speeded tests to derive a cognitive efficiency composite. Z‐scores were calculated relative to healthy controls. Sleep disturbance was defined by the Insomnia Severity Index score ≥ 10. ANCOVAs examined differences in memory and cognitive efficiency between patients with and without sleep disturbance controlling for potential confounds (e.g., mood, fatigue, disability, T2 lesion volume, gray matter volume). Comparisons were made to healthy controls.ResultsSeventy‐four (40%) patients reported sleep disturbance. Controlling for all covariates, patients with sleep disturbance had worse memory (z = −0.617; 95% CI: −0.886, −0.348) than patients without disturbance (z = −0.171, −0.425, 0.082, P = .003). Cognitive efficiency did not differ between groups. Relative to healthy controls, memory was worse among patients with sleep disturbance, but not among patients without sleep disturbance.InterpretationSleep disturbance contributes to MS memory dysfunction, which may help explain differential risk for memory dysfunction in persons with MS, especially since sleep disturbance is common in MS. Potential mechanisms linking sleep disturbance and memory are discussed, as well as recommendations for further mechanistic and interventional research.
Switched‐On: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Metal Halide Perovskite Transistors
Authors: Paulus Fabian , Tyznik Colin , Jurchescu Oana D. , Vaynzof Yana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractField‐effect transistors (FETs) are key elements in modern electronics and hence are attracting immense scientific and commercial attention. The recent emergence of metal halide perovskite materials and their tremendous success in the field of photovoltaics have triggered the exploration of their application in other (opto)electronic devices, including FETs and phototransistors. In this review, the current status of the field is discussed, the challenges are highlighted, and an outlook for the future perspectives of perovskite FETs is provided. First, attention is drawn to the device physics and the fundamental processes that influence these devices, including the role of ion migration and defects, effects of temperature, light, and measurement conditions. Next, the performance of perovskite transistors and phototransistors reported to date are surveyed and critically assessed. Finally, the key challenges that impede perovskite transistor progress are outlined and discussed. The insights gained from the study of other perovskite optoelectronic devices may be adopted to address these challenges and advance this exciting field of research closer to the industrial application are examined.
Advanced Materials in Wireless, Implantable Electrical Stimulators that Offer Rapid Rates of Bioresorption for Peripheral Axon Regeneration
Authors: Guo Hexia , D'Andrea Dom , Zhao Jie , Xu Yue , Qiao Zheng , Janes Lindsay E. , Murthy Nikhil K. , Li Rui , Xie Zhaoqian , Song Zhen , Meda Rohan , Koo Jahyun , Bai Wubin , Choi Yeon Sik , Jordan Sumanas W. , Huang Yonggang , Franz Colin K. , Rogers John A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInjured peripheral nerves typically exhibit unsatisfactory and incomplete functional outcomes, and there are no clinically approved therapies for improving regeneration. Post‐operative electrical stimulation (ES) increases axon regrowth, but practical challenges, from the cost of extended operating room time to the risks and pitfalls associated with transcutaneous wire placement, have prevented broad clinical adoption. This study presents a possible solution in the form of advanced bioresorbable materials for a type of thin, flexible, wireless implant that provides precisely controlled ES of the injured nerve for a brief time in the immediate post‐operative period. Afterward, rapid, complete, and safe modes of bioresorption naturally and quickly eliminate all of the constituent materials in their entirety, without the need for surgical extraction. The unusually high rate of bioresorption follows from the use of a unique, bilayer enclosure that combines two distinct formulations of a biocompatible form of polyanhydride as an encapsulating structure, to accelerate the resorption of active components and confine fragments until complete resorption. Results from mouse models of tibial nerve transection with re‐anastomosis indicate that this system offers levels of performance and efficacy that match those of conventional wired stimulators, but without the need to extend the operative period or to extract the device hardware.
Drug Release from Thermo‐Responsive Polymer Brush Coatings to Control Bacterial Colonization and Biofilm Growth on Titanium Implants
Authors: Choi Hongsuh , Schulte Anna , Müller Mareike , Park Mineon , Jo Suenghwan , Schönherr Holger 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDespite decades of biomedical advances, the colonization of implant devices with bacterial biofilms is still a leading cause of implant failure. Clearly, new strategies and materials that suppress both initial and later stage bacterial colonization are required in this context. Ideal would be the implementation of a bactericidal functionality in the implants that is temporally and spatially triggered in an autonomous fashion at the infection site. Herein, the fabrication and validation of functional titanium‐based implants with triggered antibiotic release function afforded via an intelligent polymer coating is reported. In particular, thermo‐responsive poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PDEGMA) brushes on titanium implants synthesized via a surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization with activators regenerated through the electron transfer technique (ARGET ATRP) allows for a controlled and thermally triggered release of the antibiotic levofloxacin at the wound site. Antibiotic loaded brushes are investigated as a function of thickness, loading capacity for antibiotics, and temperature. At temperatures of the infection site >37 °C the lower critical solution temperature behavior of the brushes afforded the triggered release. Hence, in addition to the known antifouling effects, the PDEGMA coating ensured enhanced bactericidal effects, as demonstrated in initial in vivo tests with rodents infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
Multifunctional and Ultrathin Electronic Tattoo for On‐Skin Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Gogurla Narendar , Kim Yisub , Cho Suyoung , Kim Jangsun , Kim Sunghwan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEpidermal electronic systems for detecting electrophysiological signals, sensing, therapy, and drug delivery are at the frontier in man–machine interfacing for healthcare. However, it is still a challenge to develop multifunctional bioapplications with minimal invasiveness, biocompatibility, and stable electrical performance under various mechanical deformations of biological tissues. In this study, a natural silk protein with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is utilized to realize an epidermal electronic tattoo (E‐tattoo) system for multifunctional applications that address these challenging issues through dispersing highly conductive CNTs onto the biocompatible silk nanofibrous networks with porous nature to construct skin‐adhesive ultrathin electronic patches. Individual components that incorporate electrically and optically active heaters, a temperature sensor (temperature coefficient of resistance of 5.2 × 10−3 °C−1), a stimulator for drug delivery (>500 µm penetration depth in skin), and real‐time electrophysiological signal detectors are described. This strategy of E‐tattoos integrated onto human skin can open a new route to a next‐generation electronic platform for wearable and epidermal bioapplications.
Light‐Induced Stark Effect and Reversible Photoluminescence Quenching in Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Cottam Nathan D. , Zhang Chengxi , Wildman Joni L. , Patanè Amalia , Turyanska Lyudmila , Makarovsky Oleg 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInorganic perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have demonstrated a number of unique optical and electronic properties for optoelectronic applications. However, the physical properties of these nanostructures, such as the dynamics of charge carriers on different timescales and their effect on the optical recombination of carriers, are not yet fully understood. This work reports on a slow (>1 s) reversible quenching of the NC photoluminescence due to a light‐induced Stark effect involving defects on the surface of the NCs and the redistribution of photoexcited carriers onto the NC surface. This phenomenon can influence the operation of optoelectronic devices based on these NCs, including hybrid photosensors based on graphene decorated with inorganic perovskite NCs, revealing their prospects and limitations.
C1‐Symmetric [Ir(C^N1)(C^N2)(O^O)]‐Tris‐Heteroleptic Iridium(III)‐Complexes with the Preferentially Horizontal Orientation for High‐Performance Near‐Infrared Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Wentao , Wang Baowen , Miao Tiezheng , Liu Jiaxiang , Lü Xingqiang , Fu Guorui , Shi Linxi , Chen Zhongning , Qian Pengcheng , Wong Wai‐Yeung 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe development of high‐efficiency near‐infrared (NIR)‐emitting Ir(III)‐complex‐based phosphors for reliable NIR‐OLEDs (near‐infrared organic light‐emitting diodes) is still a formidable challenge. Herein, a molecule‐engineered approach is developed to afford three C1‐symmetric [Ir(C^N1)(C^N2)(O^O)]‐tris‐heteroleptic Ir(III)‐complexes ([Ir(iqbt)(dFppy)(acac)] (1), [Ir(iqbt)(ppy)(acac)] (2), and [Ir(iqbt)(dpqx)(acac)] (3)), whose good NIR‐luminescent efficiency (ΦPL = 0.18 for 1 (λem = 703 nm), 0.26 for 2 (λem = 715 nm) or 0.28 for 3 (λem = 707 nm)) originates from the strengthened 3MLCT contribution (MLCT = metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer). Moreover, the quantitative molecular orientation determination of their doped emitting layers (EMLs) reveals that the preferentially horizontal orientation of the emitting dipoles is beneficial to their highly efficient NIR‐OLEDs with light out‐coupling. Especially for the NIR‐OLED ‐2 with λem = 715 nm, a high performance (ηEQEMax = 5.30% and negligible (<2%) efficiency‐roll‐off) is realized among the reported solution‐processed NIR‐OLEDs based on Ir(III)‐complexes at similar color gamut. This result shows that C1‐symmetric [Ir(C^N1)(C^N2)(O^O)]‐tris‐heteroleptic Ir(III)‐complexes can provide a new platform to low‐cost and large‐area scalable NIR‐OLEDs.
Gallium Arsenide‐Based Active Antennas for Optical Communication Photodetection with Robustness to Voltage and Temperature
Authors: Lin Ching‐Che , Chang Bo‐Jyun , Chen Szu‐Hung , Lin Keng‐Te , Chang Sih‐Wei , Chen Wei‐Yu , Chen Bo‐Yi , Liu Ming‐Chen , Chen Hsuen‐Li 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough gallium arsenide (GaAs) is one of the most commonly used semiconductor substrate materials, its intrinsic bandgap of 1.42 eV hinders the use of GaAs photodetectors for optical communication. In this study, hot‐electron‐based GaAs active antenna devices are demonstrated, displaying photoresponses well below the bandgap at the telecommunication wavelengths. Using a deep‐trench/thin metal (DTTM) active antenna, a metallic plasmonic structure, high photoresponsivities are achieved under zero bias at wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm. Even though the resistance of the semi‐insulating GaAs substrate is approximately 106 times larger than that of the n‐type silicon (Si) substrate, the photoresponsivities are commensurate with most previously reported hot‐electron n‐Si‐based photodetectors operating at communication wavelengths. Furthermore, the devices can be operated under a reverse‐biased voltage with significant enhancements in the photoresponsivities; the highest photoresponsivity (19.96 mA W−1 at 1310 nm) is greater than those reported in all previous studies. Moreover, these GaAs‐based devices are sufficiently robust to be operated over a wide range of operating temperatures (from −193 to +200 °C) while displaying a relatively large bandgap, low dark leakage currents, and high electron mobilities at low temperature. Because these devices can operate at high and low temperatures and at large voltage biases, they are suitable for use under harsh environmental conditions.
Universal Strategy Integrating Strain and Interface Engineering to Drive High‐Performance 2D Material Photodetectors
Authors: Yang Mengmeng , Gao Wei , Song Qiqi , Zhou Yuchen , Huang Le , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Zhao Yu , Yao Jiandong , Li Jingbo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract2D indium chalcogenides including α‐In2Se3 and InSe are promising candidates for next‐generation optoelectronic devices. However, the performance of traditional SiO2‐supported devices is limited because of the detrimental effect of the substrate, which greatly restricts charge transportation. Although the induction of an internal (built‐in) electric field can alleviate this situation, the application of conventional stacking technology required in this case inevitably introduces interface defects. Against this backdrop, in this study, a simple and universal structure for the fabrication of highly sensitive photodetectors is designed and engineered. A SiO2 window to afford a “suspended” α‐In2Se3 channel, effectively eliminating the detrimental effects of the substrate, is etched. In addition, the approach induces local strain in the suspended α‐In2Se3, which regulates the band structure and introduces intramolecular type‐II alignment. Thus, the interfacial charge transfer is optimized, and the photodetection performance is enhanced. The resulting device exhibits excellent photosensitivity (responsivity of 1672 A W−1, on/off ratio of 263, and detectivity of 7.5 × 1013 Jones), and a relatively fast response rate (12 ms for both rise and decay). This structure can also be extended to InSe devices to comprehensively enhance their photodetection performance, thereby demonstrating the broad applicability of the proposed method.