bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is classroom political discussion able to reduce anti‐immigrant attitudes in adolescents? Testing the effect of frequency, length, and topic of classroom political discussions on anti‐immigrant attitudes
Authors: Kudrnáč Aleš 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAnti‐immigrant attitudes are associated with many social problems and reduction of negative attitudes toward immigrants is one of many actions which can assist in preventing these problems, promote better relations within society, and subsequently, create a better quality of life. School is one of the environments that provide opportunity to reduce anti‐immigrant attitudes by implementing curriculums that require teachers to encourage discussions on the issue of immigrants and immigration. Previous research has shown that political discussions have positive effect on development of anti‐immigrant attitudes. However, there has been little research on classroom political discussions. Using Czech High School Survey panel data (N = 902; 53 classrooms) that include information from adolescents and their civics teachers, this study examines the role of classroom political discussions on the development of adolescents’ anti‐immigrant attitudes. The results show that adolescents experiencing classroom political discussions more often have lower levels of anti‐immigrant attitudes than adolescents that are exposed to discussions less frequently. Furthermore, adolescents from classrooms that discussed immigration during their civics classes also report less negative anti‐immigrant attitudes. Additionally, moderation analyses reveal that more frequent political discussions reduce anti‐immigrant attitudes for those who experienced on average longer political discussions and those that discussed immigration during their civics classes. These findings support the argument for enforcing school discussions on various political topics because as results of this article suggest, classroom discussions have positive impact on how adolescents view immigrants if discussed frequently and thoroughly and may in turn reduce the negative consequences associated with anti‐immigrant attitudes.
Freeze–thaw enhanced stability and mechanical strength of polysaccharide‐based sodium alginate/hyaluronic acid films
Authors: Li Cai‐Yun , Zhang Yu‐Bin , Han Yun , Zhao Xi‐Ya , Tian Fa‐Dong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn edible polysaccharide film with high tensile strength and biodegradability was prepared by freeze–thaw treatment with sodium alginate (SA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) and cross‐linking with calcium lactate. The SA/HA ratio, the calcium concentration, the number of freeze–thaw cycles, and the calcification time all have significant effects on the tensile strength of SA/HA films. An increase in tensile strength was obtained due to the reaction of 3% calcium lactate with 60% SA. Compared with the control group, the tensile strength of the SA/HA films developed in this study increased by 214% from 3.188 to 10.02 MPa. The compatibility of films was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; the absorption peaks of SA and sodium hyaluronate had shifted to a wavelength of 3,403 ~ 3,411 cm−1 after freeze–thaw treatment, and a strong interaction occurred at a wavelength of 1,328 cm−1. In addition, the swelling and solubility of the SA/HA film decreased by half during the freeze–thaw period. Further, scanning electron microscopy showed that the cross sections of the films were uniform and compact after two freeze–thaw treatments. SA/HA films that exhibited increased tensile strength and that had the potential to overcome the poor water vapor barrier problems traditionally experienced with these films were developed in this study.
Alpine subduction zone metamorphism in the Palaeozoic successions of the Monti Romani (Northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Papeschi Samuele , Pontesilli Alessio , Romano Claudia , Rossetti Federico , Theye Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe hinterland of the Cenozoic Northern Apennines fold‐and‐thrust belt exposes the metamorphic roots of the chain, vestiges of the subduction‐related tectono‐metamorphic evolution that led to the buildup of the Alpine orogeny in the Mediterranean region. Like in other peri‐Mediterranean belts, the tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the Palaeozoic continental basement in the Apennines is still poorly constrained, hampering the full understanding of their Alpine orogenic evolution. We report the first comprehensive tectono‐metamorphic study of the low‐grade metasedimentary (metapsammite/metapelite) succession of the Monti Romani Complex (MRC) that formed after Palaeozoic protoliths and constitutes the southernmost exposure of the metamorphic domain of the Northern Apennines. By integrating fieldwork with microstructural studies, Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material and thermodynamic modelling, we show that the MRC preserves a D1/M1 Alpine tectono‐metamorphic evolution developed under HP–LT conditions (~1.0–1.1 GPa at T ~ 400°C) during a non‐coaxial, top‐to‐the‐NE, crustal shortening regime. Evidence for HP–LT metamorphism is generally cryptic within the MRC, dominated by graphite‐bearing assemblages with the infrequent blastesis of muscovite ± chlorite ± chloritoid ± paragonite parageneses, equilibrated under cold palaeo‐geothermal conditions (~10°C/km). Results of this study allow extending to the MRC the signature of subduction zone metamorphism already documented in the hinterland of the Apennine orogen, providing further evidence of the syn‐orogenic ductile exhumation of the HP units in the Apennine belt. Finally, we discuss the possible role of fluid‐mediated changes in the reactive bulk rock composition on mineral blastesis during progress of regional deformation and metamorphism at low‐grade conditions.
Cannabinoid and vanilloid pathways mediate opposing forms of synaptic plasticity in corticotropin‐releasing hormone neurons
Authors: Jamieson Bradley B. , Kim Joon S. , Iremonger Karl J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractActivity‐dependent release of retrograde signaling molecules form micro‐feedback loops to regulate synaptic function in neural circuits. Single neurons can release multiple forms of these signaling molecules, including endocannabinoids and endovanilloids, which act via cannabinoid (CB) receptors and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors. In hypothalamic corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurons, endocannabinoids acting via CB1 receptors have been shown to play an important role in regulating excitability and hence stress hormone secretion. However, the importance of endovanilloid signaling in CRH neurons is currently unclear. Here, we show that, in response to postsynaptic depolarization, CRH neurons release endocannabinoid/endovanilloid molecules that can activate CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Activation of CB1 receptors suppresses glutamate neurotransmission whereas activation of TRPV1 enhances spontaneous glutamate transmission. However, the excitatory effects of TRPV1 are normally masked by the inhibitory effects of CB1. When the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) was inhibited, this revealed tonic activation of CB1 receptors, suggesting tonic endocannabinoid release. However, we found no evidence for tonic activation of TRPV1 receptors under similar conditions. These findings show that activation of CRH neurons can drive the release of signaling molecules that activate parallel endocannabinoid and endovanilloid receptor pathways to mediate opposing forms of synaptic plasticity.
Development of the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone system
Authors: Duittoz Anne H. , Forni Paolo E. , Giacobini Paolo , Golan Matan , Mollard Patrice , Negrón Ariel L. , Radovick Sally , Wray Susan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis review summarizes the current understanding of the development of the neuroendocrine gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) system, including discussion on open questions regarding (1) transcriptional regulation of the Gnrh1 gene; (2) prenatal development of the GnRH1 system in rodents and humans; and (3) paracrine and synaptic communication during migration of the GnRH cells.
Home–hospital care for children with acute illnesses: A 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Cabrera López Isabel M , Agúndez Reigosa Beatriz , Adrados García Sandra , Villalobos Pinto Enrique , Cano Fernández Julia , Jiménez García Raquel 
Published: December 2021

AimProcedures normally performed in the hospital setting are increasingly delivered as part of hospital at home (HAH) programmes. The aim of this study is to describe the procedures and diseases treated during the first 2 years of a new paediatric HAH programme.MethodsThis is a retrospective, observational study conducted in the HAH programme of Niño Jesús Children's Hospital (Spain). We included demographic data, diagnosis and procedures delivered to patients admitted to the HAH programme from November 2018 to November 2020.ResultsThere were 935 admissions of 833 patients. The median age was 5 years (interquartile range 2.3–9.5). Seventy‐five percent of patients were previously healthy. The most frequent illnesses were acute infections (37%) (e.g. complicated appendicitis and ENT, genitourinary, skin and soft tissue infections) and acute respiratory diseases (17.3%) (e.g. asthma, bronchiolitis and pneumonia). Thirty‐six percent of admissions underwent nocturnal polysomnography. The median length of stay was 4 days (SD 4.9 days). Eight percent of the episodes studied required care in the emergency department due to condition worsening (55.3%) and problems with devices (36.1%). Hospital readmission was required in 5.6% of cases, 42.4% of which later resumed care in the HAH. The estimated daily cost of HAH is 330.65 euros, while the hospital per‐day costs of polysomnography, asthma and endovenous therapy are 1899.24, 1402.5, and 976.26 euros. Ninety percent of families reported a high level of satisfaction.ConclusionsPaediatric HAH programmes are a feasible, cost‐effective alternative to hospital care. Further studies should compare the evolution of patients treated in the traditional hospital setting and those in HAH.
Genomic analyses reveal range‐wide devastation of sea otter populations
Authors: Beichman Annabel C. , Kalhori Pooneh , Kyriazis Christopher C. , DeVries Amber A. , Nigenda‐Morales Sergio , Heckel Gisela , Schramm Yolanda , Moreno‐Estrada Andrés , Kennett Douglas J. , Hylkema Mark , Bodkin James , Koepfli Klaus‐Peter , Lohmueller Kirk E. , Wayne Robert K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe genetic consequences of species‐wide declines are rarely quantified because the timing and extent of the decline varies across the species’ range. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a unique model in this regard. Their dramatic decline from thousands to fewer than 100 individuals per population occurred range‐wide and nearly simultaneously due to the 18th–19th century fur trade. Consequently, each sea otter population represents an independent natural experiment of recovery after extreme population decline. We designed sequence capture probes for 50 Mb of sea otter exonic and neutral genomic regions. We sequenced 107 sea otters from five populations that span the species range to high coverage (18–76×) and three historical Californian samples from ~1500 and ~200 years ago to low coverage (1.5–3.5×). We observe distinct population structure and find that sea otters in California are the last survivors of a divergent lineage isolated for thousands of years and therefore warrant special conservation concern. We detect signals of extreme population decline in every surviving sea otter population and use this demographic history to design forward‐in‐time simulations of coding sequence. Our simulations indicate that this decline could lower the fitness of recovering populations for generations. However, the simulations also demonstrate how historically low effective population sizes prior to the fur trade may have mitigated the effects of population decline on genetic health. Our comprehensive approach shows how demographic inference from genomic data, coupled with simulations, allows assessment of extinction risk and different models of recovery.
Corporate debt, endogenous dividend rate, instability and growth
Authors: Parui Pintu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn a neo‐Kaleckian growth‐model, we endogenize the dividend rate and corporate debt in the long run and investigate the possibility of multiple equilibria and instability in the economy. We find that the economy is in a wage‐led demand and debt‐burdened growth regime. However, both debt‐led and debt‐burdened demand regimes are possible. In some instances, the speed of the adjustment parameter related to the dividend dynamics plays a crucial role in stabilizing the economy. Otherwise, the economy may lose its stability and gives birth to limit cycles. A rise in the floor level of the targeted dividend–capital ratio has a destabilizing effect on the economy. The same is true for a rise in the interest rate. Moreover, a significant rise in the interest rate may cause instability in the economy. Therefore, a lower value of the floor level of the targeted dividend–capital ratio and a lower level of interest rate are desirable for promoting stability in the economy.
A New Proposal about ‘the Fruits of the Mass’
Authors: Crean Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn unresolved question in sacramental theology is whether the Mass is to be considered as limited or unlimited in its efficacy, and in what sense. In modern times, this question has been less discussed, in part from a concern that it is incorrect to attempt to speak of spiritual realities in quantitative terms. I defend the use of such quantitative language, and its application to the so-called special fruit of the Mass, understood both ‘intensively’ and ‘extensively’. I then summarise the two principal positions taken on the question of the efficacy of the Mass, referring to an important representative of each, Cajetan and Bellarmine. I argue that neither position is fully satisfying. I note that authors have generally failed to find a coherent position in Aquinas's two treatments of the question. I argue that these two positions are in fact coherent, and when combined allow for a new proposal about the fruits of the Mass, integrating the insights of all parties. This proposal may be summed up as intensive infinitude and extensive finitude. I finish by an analogy between the Mass thus understood and one aspect of Aquinas's Christology.
Heterogeneity of outcome measures in the clinical trials of treatment for oral submucous fibrosis—Systematic review
Authors: Gondivkar Shailesh M. , Yuwanati Monal , Sarode Sachin C. , Gadbail Amol R. , Gondivkar Rima S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis systematic review was performed to evaluate the range of outcome measures used in interventional trials for oral submucous fibrosis (OSF).Materials and MethodsPubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from 2004 to 2018 about OSF treatment. All the outcome measures and measurement methods mentioned in the trials were extracted and analyzed.ResultsOut of 120 published papers, 12 RCTs that met the inclusion criteria were included. A total of 38 single outcome measures and 29 composite outcome measures were considered under four different outcome domains, of which clinical symptoms and clinical response were the most commonly used. The linear measurement of mouth opening (11 trials; 91.66%) and Visual Analogue Scale (10 trials, 83.33%) were the predominant measurement methods.ConclusionsThis systematic review highlights the high heterogeneity in outcome measures in therapeutic RCTs of OSF. This lack of widely agreed standard outcome measures in OSF is a great concern as it prevents the comparison of studies and meta‐analyses to gather evidence. There is a dire need of establishing a core outcome set for reporting in the future clinical trials that may help facilitate treatment choice for OSF to improve life quality of patients.
A reflection of changing priorities? The reallocative impact of priority‐based budgeting in US municipalities
Authors: Mitchell David , Larson Sarah E. , Henley Terry , Spranger Auria , Myser Suzette 
Published: December 2021

AbstractImplemented in over 200 North American local governments, priority‐based budgeting (PBB) reflects a contemporary attempt to systematically determine and implement desired budgetary reallocation. The study utilizes a lagged dependent variable alternative to difference in difference analysis to examine reallocation patterns for 32 early‐adopting US cities before and after PBB implementation. The findings suggest that PBB fulfills its promise, as low‐priority departmental budgetary allocations shrink by 2%–3% following PBB implementation. These PBB early adopters offer evidence that PBB can effectively transcend the marginal, transactional nature of incremental budgeting practices; however, its effectiveness must be weighed against potentially substantial costs of implementation.
Medication errors' causes analysis in home care setting: A systematic review
Authors: Dionisi Sara , Di Simone Emanuele , Liquori Gloria , De Leo Aurora , Di Muzio Marco , Giannetta Noemi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMany studies analyze the medication errors in the hospital setting, but the literature involving the home care setting seems scarce. The aim of this study is to identify the main risk factors that affect the genesis of medication errors and the possible solutions to reduce the phenomenon in the home care setting. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The critical analysis of the literature shows that medication errors in home care occur mainly during transitional care. The main risk factors related to transitional care are poor interprofessional communication, lack of a standardized process for medication reconciliation, the widespread use of computerized tools, and the inadequate integration of the pharmacist into the care team. The strategies to reduce the risk of errors from therapy at home are the implementation of the pharmacist in the health team to ensure accurate medication reconciliation and the use of computerized tools to improve communication between professionals and to reduce the dispersion of information.
Low oxygen concentration improves yak oocyte maturation and inhibits apoptosis through HIF‐1 and VEGF
Authors: He Honghong , Zhang Huizhu , Pan Yangyang , Zhang Tongxiang , Yang Shanshan , Liu Minqing , Robert Niayale , Wang Jinglei , Zhao Tian , Zhao Ling , Fan Jiangfeng , Cui Yan , Yu Sijiu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe gas‐phase environment of in vitro culture system plays an important role in the development of oocytes, and oxygen concentration is one of the important factors. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of different oxygen concentrations (20%, 10%, 5% or 1% O2) in yak oocyte maturation and to detect the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cell apoptosis in yak COCs. First, the maturation rate of oocytes, cleavage rate and blastocysts rate following parthenogenetic activation in the group with 5% oxygen concentration were significantly higher (p < .05) than the other groups. Then, TUNEL analysis showed that the 5% oxygen concentration group significantly inhibited apoptosis of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) compared to the other group, and the transcription and protein levels of pro‐apoptotic factor Bax, HIF‐1α and VEGF in yak COCs significantly reduced, while anti‐apoptotic factor Bcl‐2 significantly increased. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining results indicated that HIF‐1α protein was mainly located in theca follicle interna, mural follicular stratum granulosum, corona radiata and ovarian stroma in the follicular ovarian tissue, while VEGF protein was mainly located in the granulosa and theca cell layers. In summary, our findings demonstrate that 5% oxygen concentration may promote maturation and inhibit apoptosis of oocytes through HIF‐1α‐mediated VEGF expression.
Impact of donor multidrug‐resistant organisms on solid organ transplant recipient outcomes
Authors: Anesi Judith A. , Blumberg Emily A. , Han Jennifer H. , Lee Dong Heun , Clauss Heather , Hasz Richard , Molnar Esther , Alimenti Darcy , Motzer Andrew R. , West Sharon , Bilker Warren B. , Tolomeo Pam , Lautenbach Ebbing ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of donor colonization or infection with multidrug‐resistant organisms (MDROs) on solid organ transplant (SOT) recipient outcomes remains uncertain. We thus evaluated the association between donor MDROs and risk of posttransplant infection, graft failure, and mortality.MethodsA multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed. All SOT recipients with a local deceased donor were included. The cohort was divided into three exposure groups: recipients whose donors had (1) an MDRO, (2) a non‐MDRO bacterial or candidal organism, or (3) no growth on cultures. The primary outcomes were (1) bacterial or invasive candidal infection within 3 months and (2) graft failure or death within 12 months posttransplant. Mixed effect multivariable frailty models were developed to evaluate each association.ResultsOf 658 total SOT recipients, 93 (14%) had a donor with an MDRO, 477 (73%) had a donor with a non‐MDRO organism, and 88 (13%) had a donor with no organisms on culture. On multivariable analyses, donor MDROs were associated with a significantly increased hazard of infection compared to those with negative donor cultures (adjust hazard ratio [aHR] 1.63, 95% CI 1.01–2.62, p = .04) but were not associated with graft failure or death (aHR 0.45, 95% CI 0.15–1.36, p = .16).ConclusionsMDROs on donor culture increase the risk of early posttransplant infection but do not appear to affect long‐term graft or recipient survival, suggesting organ donors with MDROs on culture may be safely utilized. Future studies aimed at reducing early posttransplant infections associated with donor MDROs are needed.
Strategies of tolerance reflected in two North American maple genomes
Authors: McEvoy Susan L. , Sezen U. Uzay , Trouern‐Trend Alexander , McMahon Sean M. , Schaberg Paul G. , Yang Jie , Wegrzyn Jill L. , Swenson Nathan G. 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYMaples (the genus Acer) represent important and beloved forest, urban, and ornamental trees distributed throughout the Northern hemisphere. They exist in a diverse array of native ranges and distributions, across spectrums of tolerance or decline, and have varying levels of susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stress. Among Acer species, several stand out in their importance to economic interest. Here we report the first two chromosome‐scale genomes for North American species, Acer negundo and Acer saccharum. Both assembled genomes contain scaffolds corresponding to 13 chromosomes, with A. negundo at a length of 442 Mb, an N50 of 32 Mb, and 30 491 genes, and A. saccharum at a length of 626 Mb, an N50 of 46 Mb, and 40 074 genes. No recent whole genome duplications were detected, though A. saccharum has local gene duplication and more recent bursts of transposable elements, as well as a large‐scale translocation between two chromosomes. Genomic comparison revealed that A. negundo has a smaller genome with recent gene family evolution that is predominantly contracted and expansions that are potentially related to invasive tendencies and tolerance to abiotic stress. Examination of RNA sequencing data obtained from A. saccharum given long‐term aluminum and calcium soil treatments at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest provided insights into genes involved in the aluminum stress response at the systemic level, as well as signs of compromised processes upon calcium deficiency, a condition contributing to maple decline.