bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the complex substantiation of the typology of juvenile delinquents: criminological and psychological aspect
Authors: Dushkin Anton , Suslov Yuriy , Shibaeva Galina 
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to the problem of juvenile delinquency, which is relevant in the context of discussing interdisciplinary issues of its prevention based on the analysis of the characteristics of the state of crime in the Russian Federation from 2018 to 2020. The article presents the content of psychological and legal categories that characterize the personality of a minor criminal and the mechanisms of the formation of criminal behavior. Special attention is paid to the description of the factors and conditions that contribute to the commission of crimes by minors, including repeated ones. On the example of specific classifications and typologies, the state of knowledge of the problem of studying the personality of a minor offender and a convicted person, as well as their psychological characteristics, is analyzed. The article describes the contribution of individual domestic and foreign scientists who proposed variants of classifications and typologies of juvenile delinquents.
The study found that a significant number of classifications and typologies of juvenile offenders often take as the basis of its system of one or more characteristics, research which largely depends on the scientific interests of the authors.
Based on the generalized scientific and empirical data on the psychological, criminological, socio-demographic characteristics of minors who have committed crimes, an attempt is made to typologize the designated group. As a result of the conducted research, priority areas of psychological and pedagogical work with minors in order to prevent crime were identified.
Features of conflicts of heads of internal affairs bodies and their manifestation in professional activities
Authors: Vahnina Viktoriya , Maltseva Tatyana 
Published: March 2021

The authors reveal the psychological determinants of the constructive behavior of police officers in interpersonal conflicts with various categories of citizens, as well as the development of algorithms for psychologically competent actions of an employee in typical emotionally intense interpersonal situations.
In order to study the peculiarities of conflicts and their manifestations in the activities of the heads of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, an empirical study was carried out, in which 104 respondents took part - the heads of the territorial bodies of the internal affairs of the Russian Federation, both acting and temporarily undergoing training in various educational programs of the Academy. Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
The study showed that modern chiefs of internal affairs bodies are focused on the implementation in everyday practice of interaction with subordinates of the subject-cooperating approach, since it is close to the national mentality and contributes to effective prevention and settlement of conflicts.
The most important task of the head of the internal affairs bodies in the process of managing socio-psychological conflicts is their objective complex analysis in order to use the positive experience of resolving conflicts and preventing the development of destructive socio-psychological conflicts.
The process of managing socio-psychological conflicts involves the implementation of modern psychotechnologies. To effectively solve emerging problems, each police officer must master the necessary minimum of theoretical knowledge and practical skills of behavior in a conflict, i.e. get conflictological training.
The influence of informatization on the systemic pedagogical traditions of the information and educational environment higher military education
Authors: Gubchenko Aleksey , Romanova Valeriya 
Published: March 2021

The article examines the features of the influence of informatization on the systemic pedagogical traditions of military education in Russia. The authors believe that in the information and educational environment of military universities, under the influence of the introduction of elements of e-learning, information and information and communication educational technologies, there is a "partial" transformation of the traditional pedagogical system, which means its further functioning, taking into account the didactic innovations of electronic pedagogy and continuously improving information dangers , risks and threats in the global educational IT space.
The practice of informatization of the educational environment of the Military University and other military universities shows that due to the introduction and saturation of information and pedagogical methods of e-learning, IT and ICT educational technologies in the information and educational environment of military universities, a fundamental adjustment of the systemic pedagogical traditions of military educational institutions and the established reproductive -informative learning model
The renewal of the traditional pedagogical system comes into conflict and dangerous conflict with the "network" generation of "independent" learning content for an individual, whose consciousness, under the influence of the Internet, found itself in conditions of free access to universal knowledge, but at the same time completely without methodological, ideological, psychological, moral and political and legal conviction in its reliability, outside the philosophy of security and psychological protection.
Introducing a flipped classroom in a pharmacology course
Authors: Sajjad Sehrish , Gowani Ambreen 
Published: March 2021

Background:Flipped classroom pedagogy has been shown to improve nursing students' academic performance.Aim:The study aimed to determine the effect of a flipped classroom approach on students' pharmacology assessment scores in a school of nursing in Karachi, Pakistan.Methods:A retrospective chart review was performed. The pharmacology test scores of the BSc nursing cohort of 2020, when flipped classroom pedagogy was used, was compared with those of the BSc nursing cohort of 2019, where traditional pedagogy was employed. Students' summative evaluation for the course and their verbal feedback were analysed.Results:The median continuous assessment test score of the 2019 cohort was 35 (interquartile range (IQR) 32–38), while that of the 2020 cohort was 38 (IQR 35–41). The difference in the score was statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusion:The study gives an insight into a relatively novel pedagogy that was found to improve pharmacology knowledge test scores among nursing students.
Association of genetic liability to smoking initiation with e-cigarette use in young adults: A cohort study
Authors: Khouja Jasmine N. , Wootton Robyn E. , Taylor Amy E. , Davey Smith George , Munafò Marcus R. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Tobacco smoking and e-cigarette use are strongly associated, but it is currently unclear whether this association is causal, or due to shared factors that influence both behaviours such as a shared genetic liability. The aim of this study was to investigate whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) for smoking initiation are associated with ever use of e-cigarettes.

Methods and findings
Smoking initiation PRS were calculated for young adults (N = 7,859, mean age = 24 years, 51% male) of European ancestry in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective birth cohort study initiated in 1991. PRS were calculated using the GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use (GSCAN) summary statistics. Five thresholds ranging from 5 × 10−8 to 0.5 were used to calculate 5 PRS for each individual. Using logistic regression, we investigated the association between smoking initiation PRS and the main outcome, self-reported e-cigarette use (n = 2,894, measured between 2016 and 2017), as well as self-reported smoking initiation and 8 negative control outcomes (socioeconomic position at birth, externalising disorders in childhood, and risk-taking in young adulthood). A total of 878 young adults (30%) had ever used e-cigarettes at 24 years, and 150 (5%) were regular e-cigarette users at 24 years. We observed positive associations of similar magnitude between smoking initiation PRS (created using the p < 5 × 10−8 threshold) and both smoking initiation (odds ratio (OR) = 1.29, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.39, p < 0.001) and ever e-cigarette use (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.34, p < 0.001) by the age of 24 years, indicating that a genetic predisposition to smoking initiation is associated with an increased risk of using e-cigarettes. At lower p-value thresholds, we observed an association between smoking initiation PRS and ever e-cigarette use among never smokers. We also found evidence of associations between smoking initiation PRS and some negative control outcomes, particularly when less stringent p-value thresholds were used to create the PRS, but also at the strictest threshold (e.g., gambling, number of sexual partners, conduct disorder at 7 years, and parental socioeconomic position at birth). However, this study is limited by the relatively small sample size and potential for collider bias.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that there may be a shared genetic aetiology between smoking and e-cigarette use, and also with socioeconomic position, externalising disorders in childhood, and risky behaviour more generally. This indicates that there may be a common genetic vulnerability to both smoking and e-cigarette use, which may reflect a broad risk-taking phenotype.
Zika-related adverse outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women with rash in Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Ximenes Ricardo Arraes de Alencar , Miranda-Filho Demócrito de Barros , Montarroyos Ulisses Ramos , Martelli Celina Maria Turchi , Araújo Thalia Velho Barreto de , Brickley Elizabeth , Albuquerque Maria de Fátima Pessoa Militão de , Souza Wayner Vieira , Ventura Liana O. , Ventura Camila V. , Gois Adriana L. , Leal Mariana C. , Oliveira Danielle Maria da Silva , Eickmann Sophie Helena , Carvalho Maria Durce C. G. , Silva Paula F. S. da , Rocha Maria Angela Wanderley , Ramos Regina Coeli Ferreira , Brandão-Filho Sinval Pinto , Cordeiro Marli Tenorio , Bezerra Luciana Caroline Albuquerque , Dimech George , Valongueiro Sandra , Pires Pedro , Castanha Priscila Mayrelle da Silva , Dhalia Rafael , Marques-Júnior Ernesto Torres Azevedo , Rodrigues Laura C. ,   on behalf of the Microcephaly Epidemic Research Group (MERG)
Published: March 2021

BackgroundWhile Zika virus (ZIKV) is now widely recognized as a teratogen, the frequency and full spectrum of adverse outcomes of congenital ZIKV infection remains incompletely understood.MethodsParticipants in the MERG cohort of pregnant women with rash, recruited from the surveillance system from December/2015-June/2017. Exposure definition was based on a combination of longitudinal data from molecular, serologic (IgM and IgG3) and plaque reduction neutralization tests for ZIKV. Children were evaluated by a team of clinical specialists and by transfontanelle ultrasound and were classified as having microcephaly and/or other signs/symptoms consistent with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Risks of adverse outcomes were quantified according to the relative evidence of a ZIKV infection in pregnancy.Findings376 women had confirmed and suspected exposure to ZIKV. Among evaluable children born to these mothers, 20% presented with an adverse outcome compatible with exposure to ZIKV during pregnancy. The absolute risk of microcephaly was 2.9% (11/376), of calcifications and/or ventriculomegaly was 7.2% (13/180), of additional neurologic alterations was 5.3% (13/245), of ophthalmologic abnormalities was 7% (15/214), and of dysphagia was 1.8% (4/226). Less than 1% of the children experienced abnormalities across all of the domains simultaneously. Interpretation: Although approximately one-fifth of children with confirmed and suspected exposure to ZIKV in pregnancy presented with at least one abnormality compatible with CZS, the manifestations presented more frequently in isolation than in combination. Due to the rare nature of some outcomes and the possibility of later manifestations, large scale individual participant data meta-analysis and the long-term evaluation of children are imperative to identify the full spectrum of this syndrome and to plan actions to reduce damages.
High initial IgG antibody levels against Orientia tsutsugamushi are associated with an increased risk of severe scrub typhus infection
Authors: Devamani Carol S. , Prakash John A. J. , Alexander Neal , Stone William , Gunasekaran Karthik , Rose Winsley , Schmidt Wolf-Peter 
Published: March 2021

Background
Scrub typhus is a dominant cause of febrile illness in many parts of Asia. Immunity is limited by the great strain diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is unclear whether previous infection protects from severe infection or enhances the risk.

Methods/principal findings
We studied IgG antibody levels against O. tsutsugamushi at presentation in 636 scrub typhus patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The association between ELISA optical density (OD) and risk of severe infection was modelled using Poisson regression. OD was categorised as low (<1.0), intermediate (1.0 to 2.9), and high (≥3.0). OD was also modelled as a continuous variable (cubic spline). Median age of cases was 41 years (range 0–85), with 37% having severe infection. Compared to the low category, the age-adjusted risk of severe infection was 1.5 times higher in the intermediate category (95%CI 1.2, 1.9), and 1.3 times higher in the high category (95%CI 1.0, 1.7). The effect was stronger in cases <40 years, doubling the risk in the intermediate and high categories compared to the low category. The effect was more pronounced in cases tested within 7 days of fever onset when IgG ODs are more likely to reflect pre-infection levels.

Conclusions/Significance
Intermediate and high IgG antibody levels at the time of diagnosis are associated with a higher risk of severe scrub typhus infection. The findings may be explained by severe infection eliciting an accelerated IgG response or by previous scrub typhus infection enhancing the severity of subsequent episodes.
Fast-track treatment initiation counselling in South Africa: A cost-outcomes analysis
Authors: Larson Bruce A. , Pascoe Sophie J. S. , Huber Amy , Long Lawrence C. , Murphy Joshua , Miot Jacqui , Fraser-Hurt Nicole , Fox Matthew P. , Rosen Sydney 
Published: March 2021

Introduction
In 2016, under its new National Adherence Guidelines (AGL), South Africa formalized an existing model of fast-track HIV treatment initiation counselling (FTIC). Rollout of the AGL included an evaluation study at 24 clinics, with staggered AGL implementation. Using routinely collected data extracted as part of the evaluation study, we estimated and compared the costs of HIV care and treatment from the provider’s perspective at the 12 clinics implementing the new, formalized model (AGL-FTIC) to costs at the 12 clinics continuing to implement some earlier, less formalized, model that likely varied across clinics (denoted here as early-FTIC).

Methods
This was a cost-outcome analysis using standard methods and a composite outcome defined as initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) within 30 days of treatment eligibility and retained in care at 9 months. Using patient-level, bottom-up resource-utilization data and local unit costs, we estimated patient-level costs of care and treatment in 2017 U.S. dollars over the 9-month evaluation follow-up period for the two models of care. Resource use and costs, disaggregated by antiretroviral medications, laboratory tests, and clinic visits, are reported by model of care and stratified by the composite outcome.

Results
A total of 350/343 patients in the early-FTIC/AGL-FTIC models of care are included in this analysis. Mean/median costs were similar for both models of care ($135/$153 for early-FTIC, $130/$151 for AGL-FTIC). For the subset achieving the composite outcome, resource use and therefore mean/median costs were similar but slightly higher, reflecting care consistent with treatment guidelines ($163/$166 for early-FTIC, $168/$170 for AGL-FTIC). Not surprisingly, costs for patients not achieving the composite outcome were substantially less, mainly because they only had two or fewer follow-up visits and, therefore, received substantially less ART than patients who achieved the composite outcome.

Conclusion
The 2016 adherence guidelines clarified expectations for the content and timing of adherence counseling sessions in relation to ART initiation. Because clinics were already initiating patients on ART quickly by 2016, little room existed for the new model of fast-track initiation counseling to reduce the number of pre-ART clinic visits at the study sites and therefore to reduce costs of care and treatment.

Trial registration
Clinical Trial Number: NCT02536768.
Allergic rhinitis is associated with atmospheric SO2: Follow-up study of children from elementary schools in Ulsan, Korea
Authors: Kim Suk Hwan , Lee Jiho , Oh Inbo , Oh Yeonsuh , Sim Chang Sun , Bang Jin-Hee , Park Jungsun , Kim Yangho 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the association of allergic rhinitis with air pollutant concentrations using the follow-up data of elementary school children in Ulsan, Korea.MethodsAll students of four elementary schools in Ulsan, South Korea were surveyed at two-year intervals. The survey used data collected five times, over a nine-year period from June 2009 to April 2018. The questionnaire used in the survey was a modified version of the ISAAC (International society of asthma and allergy of children) questionnaire. A skin prick test (SPT) was performed with 24 standard antigens. To estimate the levels of exposure to outdoor air pollution, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) were used. As a dependent variable, a history of allergic rhinitis diagnosed by a doctor during the last 1-year was considered. Logistic regression analysis was used to select variables suitable for the statistical model. The selected variables were then used to assess their association with the dependent variable using the generalized estimation equation.ResultsAmong environmental factors, SO2was associated with a high risk and PM10 was associated with a low risk of allergic rhinitis. The risk of allergic rhinitis from living in a house built within the last year was high, and the risk from living in a multi-family house or apartment was higher than that from living in a segregated house. History of allergic diseases in the family was a high-risk factor for allergic rhinitis. There was a relationship between a history of bronchiolitis at less than 2 years of age and a high risk of allergic rhinitis. Boys were at a higher risk than girls.ConclusionFrom the follow-up data of elementary school students in Ulsan, Korea, the concentration of SO2, which is an indicator of the degree of industrialization, was related to the prevalence of allergic rhinitis. Among all the risk factors, history of allergic disease in the parents was the most important factor, and the study reconfirmed the results of the previous studies.
Descriptive analysis of sickle cell patients living in France: The PHEDRE cross-sectional study
Authors: Gerardin Marie , Rousselet Morgane , Couec Marie-Laure , Masseau Agathe , Guerlais Marylène , Authier Nicolas , Deheul Sylvie , Roussin Anne , Micallef Joelle , Djezzar Samira ,   French Addictovigilance Network (FAN), Feuillet Fanny , Jolliet Pascale , Victorri-Vigneau Caroline 
Published: March 2021

Background
Sickle cell disease (SCD) induces chronic haemolytic anaemia and intermittent vaso-occlusion that results in tissue ischaemia causing acute, severe pain episodes that can lead to frequent hospitalizations. These consequences can have repercussions on family, social, school and/or professional life. Here, we present some of the results of the PHEDRE study (Pharmacodépendance Et DREpanocytose—drug dependence and sickle-cell disease), which is the largest study of patients with SCD in France. This paper intends to describe characteristics of the French SCD population. We also aimed to assess the impact of the disease on the lives of patients using objective and subjective variables.

Methods
The PHEDRE study was a national multicentric observational study. Adults, adolescents and children with a confirmed SCD diagnosis were included in the study by their referring doctor. Then, they were interviewed by phone about their socioeconomic status, about the impact of the disease on their lives and about their analgesic and psychoactive drug use.

Results
The study population consisted of 872 patients (28% were minors). Seventy-two percent of adults were active, and all minors were in school. Many patients presented criteria of severe SCD. Seventy-five percent were homozygous SS, 15% were double heterozygotes SC and 8% were heterozygotes Sβthal, 87% received specific treatment, 58% were hospitalized at least once for vaso-occlusive crisis in the past 12 months, and the number of analgesic drugs taken averaged 3.8. Seventy-five percent of patients reported academic or professional consequences related to their SCD, and 52% reported social consequences.

Conclusions
The impact of SCD on patients’ lives can be significant, nevertheless their social integration seems to be maintained. We highlighted respect of recommendations regarding analgesic treatments and only a few patients used tobacco, alcohol or cannabis.

Trial registration
Clinical Trials, NCT02580565; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ Registered 16 October 2015.
What shapes gender attitudes among adolescent girls and boys? Evidence from the UDAYA Longitudinal Study in India
Authors: Patel Sangram Kishor , Santhya K. G. , Haberland Nicole 
Published: March 2021

Introduction
The role of gender norms in shaping education and work opportunities, distribution of power and resources, and health and wellbeing is well recognised. However, rigorous studies in low- and middle-income countries on when and how norms change over time and what factors shape adolescents’ and young adult’s gender attitudes are limited. This paper explores the factors that determine adolescents’ gender attitudes, as well as patterns in gender attitude shifts over time among younger and older adolescent boys and girls in India.

Data and methods
Data presented in this paper were drawn from a unique longitudinal study of adolescents aged 10–19 (Understanding the lives of adolescent and young adults–UDAYA study) in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India, conducted during 2015–2016 (wave 1) and 2018–2019 (wave 2). The analysis presented in this paper drew on data from 4,428 boys and 7,607 girls who were aged 10–19 and unmarried at wave 1 and interviewed at both rounds of the survey. We used univariate and bivariate analyses to examine changes in adolescents’ gender role attitudes over time and the association between explanatory variables and gender role attitudes. We also used linear fixed effects regression models to identify factors that shape adolescents’ gender role attitudes.

Results
Gender role attitudes became more egalitarian over time among boys and girls, except among the older cohort of boys in our study. Among both younger and older cohorts, girls/young women held more egalitarian views than boys/young men and this pattern held over time for both cohorts. Factors that influenced gender role attitudes differed for younger and older adolescents, particularly among boys. While some predictors differed for boys and girls, there were substantial similarities as well. Gender attitudes were affected by factors at the individual, family, peer, and societal levels, as well as by community engagement.

Conclusions
Our findings show that it is possible to shift gender attitudes toward greater equity and, in so doing, contribute to improved health and rights.