bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dinámicas de colaboración en las organizaciones del tercer sector de acción social en España
Authors: Jaraíz Arroyo Germán , González-Portillo Auxiliadora 
Published: December 2021

La evolución y posicionamiento del tercer sector están vinculados a la morfología de sus redes propias y la conexión cívica mediante la que estas organizaciones tejen sus tramas. Este trabajo analiza la dimensión relacional del sector.El artículo presenta una parte de los resultados del Proyecto Perspectiva Comparada del Tercer Sector (en adelante PECOTSAS), los referidos al análisis del proceso de articulación del tercer sector de acción social en España y su aporte en la generación de capitales sociales. Pretendemos identificar los principales elementos incidentes en este proceso en un grupo de siete comunidades autónomas para discernir en qué medida su evolución ha dado lugar a diferentes desarrollos autonómicos de tercer sector.En lo metodológico, los resultados de investigación se han obtenido, por un lado del análisis bibliográfico y de fuentes secundarias (análisis descriptivo), y por otro del desarrollo de 48 entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave (gestores, técnicos, voluntariado, stakeholders) y 14 grupos focales (análisis de las percepciones). El trabajo concluye que, aunque el tercer sector es en esencia un actor cívico, en la configuración de sus redes han ejercido mayor influencia los aspectos de colaboración-prestación de servicios en contextos de política pública, siendo también influyentes la defensa de derechos, la producción y divulgación interna de conocimiento y el fomento de la participación voluntaria. Por último concluimos que, si bien es cierto que cada una de las comunidades analizadas posee singularidades, el condicionamiento de elementos de conjunto en el ámbito europeo y estatal ejercen una presión homogeneizadora mayor.
Are Three-Dimensional–Printed Foot Orthoses Able to Cover the Podiatric Physician's Needs?
Authors: Allado Edem , Poussel Mathias , Chary-Valckenaere Isabelle , Potier Clément , Loeuille Damien , Albuisson Eliane , Chenuel Bruno 
Published: December 2021

Background
Current management of foot pain requires foot orthoses (FOs) with various design features (eg, wedging, height) and specific mechanical properties (eg, hardness, volume). Development of additive manufacturing (three-dimensional [3-D] printing) raises the question of applying its technology to FO manufacturing. Recent studies have demonstrated the physical benefits of FO parts with specific mechanical properties, but none have investigated the relationship between honeycomb architecture (HcA) infilling density and Shore A hardness of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) used to make FOs, which is the aim of this study.

Methods
Sixteen different FO samples were made with a 3-D printer using TPU (97 Shore A), with HcA infilling density ranging from 10 to 40. The mean of two Shore A hardness measurements was used in regression analysis.

Results
Interdurometer reproducibility was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64–0.98; P < .001) and interprinter reproducibility was excellent/good (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.43–0.96; P < .001). Linear regression showed a positive significant relationship between Shore A hardness and HcA infilling density (R2 = 0.955; P < .001). Concordance between evaluator and durometer was 86.7%.

Conclusions
This study revealed a strong relationship between Shore A hardness and HcA infilling density of TPU parts produced by 3-D printing and highlighted excellent concordance. These results are clinically relevant because 3-D printing can cover Shore A hardness values ranging from 40 to 70, representing most FO production needs. These results could provide important data for 3-D manufacturing of FOs to match the population needs.
Improved In Situ Burn Efficiencies: An Overview of New Techniques and Technologies Resulting in Cleaner Burns
Authors: Stone Karen N. , Rangwala Ali , Arsava Kamal , Gollner Michael , Gullett Brian K. , Lamie Nathan 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT Number: 1141152
In situ burning is an efficient response method that quickly removes large quantities of oil from the marine environment eliminating the need for collection, storage, and transport. The combustion of hydrocarbons mainly yields carbon dioxide and water; however, it also creates large plumes of black carbon soot and residues of incompletely burned oils. Three research projects focusing on improving burn efficiencies show promise to make an already efficient response method even more efficient. Specifically, a technology to increase heat transfer back into the crude oil result in more complete combustion greatly reducing carbon soot is nearing completion and will soon be ready for transfer to industry for commercialization. A study reconfiguring existing booming techniques allows more oxygen into the fire resulting in decreased soot production and cleaner burns. Finally, a fundamental study into the phenomena of fire whirls demonstrates a dramatic increase in volumes of oil burned while greatly reducing emissions. Emissions and efficiencies of the studies are compared with standard pool fires.
Geographic Response Plans: Preparing for Inland Oil Spills in California Waterways
Authors: Burkholder Anna 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT #1141189
Emergency regulations governing the development of oil spill contingency plans in California, along with financial responsibility for inland facilities, pipelines, refineries and railroads, became effective in 2015, with final regulations being adopted in January of 2019. With the California Department of Fish and Wildlife's (CDFW's) Office of Spill Prevention and Response's (OSPR's) authority for oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response being extended to inland waters of the State, the need to develop Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) for priority watersheds with higher risk of an oil spill became a top priority. Given the successful history with developing, implementing, and maintaining the California marine Area Contingency Plans (ACPs), OSPR has implemented a similarly effective GRP program.
GRPs are driven primarily by access to sites along river systems and lakes where response activities are feasible. The process of developing GRPs for the State has consisted of: 1) developing a consistent document framework based on recently developed GRPs including the Region 10 Regional Response Team (RRT) and Northwest Area Committee (NWAC) GRPs in the Pacific Northwest, the Feather River GRP developed by Union Pacific Railroad in California, as well as previously developed GRPs by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region 9 (California, Nevada, Arizona); 2) implementing a Statewide GRP Steering Committee (SGSC) consisting of State, federal and local agencies, industry, oil spill response organizations (OSROs), an environmental Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), and a tribal representative; and 3) developing partnerships with industry representatives, and federal, State and local agencies, including first responders [Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) and others] to ensure critical local expertise and information is incorporated in each, individual GRP.
With the emerging trend of oil by rail transportation; historical spill threats from pipelines, fixed facilities, and truck transportation; and the promulgation of emergency regulations extending OSPR's oil spill preparedness activities to inland waters, the development of GRPs for at-risk watersheds became critical.
Oil Slick Discrimination and Characterization: A Multisource Image Processing System to Integrate SAR & PolSAR Data during Emergency Responses
Authors: Genovez Patrícia C. , Sant‘ Anna Sidnei , Jones Cathleen E. , Bentz Cristina M. , Freitas Corina C. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT 1141194
During oil spills response activities (OSR), discrimination and characterization of oil slicks has the potential to minimize false alarms and to indicate the location of thicker layers of oil, providing tactical and strategic information to decision makers. This specific demand for spatial intelligence during emergencies emphasizes the importance of the Multisource Image Processing System developed by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE) and described herein. Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) are the most common operational remote sensing data providers, acquiring images in different frequencies, incidence angles, resolutions, polarizations and formats (amplitude, intensity or complex). The system is able to integrate this product diversity including polarized (SAR), polarimetric (PolSAR) and optical data acquired by multiple sensors with different signal to noise ratios (SNR) and statistical distributions. The classifier uses a supervised approach to compare stochastic distances between different statistical distributions and statistical hypothesis testing to associate confidence levels to the results. Two study cases including mineral and biogenic oils with internal thickness variations were used to demonstrate the potential of the system to process SAR and PolSAR data, considering different formats and statistical distributions. The system was able to differentiate mineral oils from biogenic oils, as well as to detect thicker layers within the oil slicks with high global accuracies and low uncertainties. The polarimetric (dual and full-pol) and the intensity pair data had better accuracy at discriminating different types of oils; meanwhile SAR and PolSAR data returned statistically equivalent global accuracies in characterizing oil slicks. The low noise floor in UAVSAR sensor is able to detect oil thickness variations, which is feasible even if only using the VV channel. The possibility to qualitatively identify the thicker layers of the spilled oil, as well as minimize false alarms ratio is a significant contribution to ongoing efforts to improve OSR. The classification maps provided by the system may also be used to extract the relative areas for each type of oil, supporting the oil volume estimation. In this context, the integration of all information extracted from SAR and PolSAR data is useful both at strategic and tactical levels of an emergency, and is being used to guide aerial surveillance and the deployment of barriers and skimmers, aiming to increase oil recovery efficiency and minimize environmental impact.
A Shoreline Response Program (SRP) Decision Support Tool based on the Geographic Variability in Attenuation and Weathering of Stranded Oil.
Authors: Owens Ed , Taylor Elliott , An Chunjiang , Chen Zhi , Danner George , Gmur Stephan , Lee Kenneth 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT #1141234
The coastal waters of Canada embrace a wide range of physical environments and ecosystems from the warm, sediment-rich waters of the Bay of Fundy to the nutrient-limited cold waters of the high Arctic. This range of biophysical characteristics impacts natural attenuation and weathering processes for oil stranded on shorelines. This study was conducted to: 1) identify and quantify the primary regional parameters that control shoreline oil translocation (removal) processes and pathways and 2) define the effectiveness and environmental consequences of current and potential oiled shoreline treatment strategies and tactics. A specific knowledge gap, here and elsewhere in the world, has been in understanding how the distribution and character of fine-grained sediments affect stranded oil attenuation. Fine-grained sediments (&lt;1mm) can play a critical role in natural or induced (that is, shoreline treatment) oil dispersal. Shoreline sediment samples were collected and analyzed from representative locations on Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific Ocean beaches to provide a broad geographic characterization of mineral fines at the regional level. This knowledge is the basis for an “Oiled Shoreline Response Program (SRP) Decision Support Tool” to aid spill scientists, students, environmental resource managers, spill responders and the public in understanding the response methods and the ramifications and consequences of their shoreline treatment options without the need to digest technical papers, large reports, or data bases. This MPRI SRP Decision Support Tool is intended to be a dynamic, interactive, multi-layered, geographically and seasonally-based model for shoreline oil spill response decision analyses. A goal of this interactive model is to move away from the traditional static format of learning from explanations in text reports and publications to an interactive tool that encourages its users to explore and fully understand the significance of the different environmental factors outlined in publications and data bases. Recent advances in web technology make this possible. The development of user interface platforms such as React, libraries such as D3, and notebook forms like Observable has created a palette of technologies that together make web application patterns such as Documodels a much more streamlined development process. The power of this medium is to convey a complex subject and to enable a user to grasp keen insights and so understand the consequences of intervention decisions.
Characterizing Dispersion Effectiveness at Varying Salinities
Authors: Conmy Robyn N. , Sundaravadivelu Devi , Schaeffer Blake A. , Robinson Brian , King Tom , Grosser Robert , Holder Edith 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Chemical dispersant formulations typically provide maximum oil dispersion in waters between 30–40 ppt (parts per thousand) salt content, which encompasses typical ocean salinity (~34 ppt). As a result, most laboratory studies of oil dispersion effectiveness (DE) are conducted at low to average ocean salinity. Ocean salinity can vary locally from below 20 ppt during ice and snow melt, to extremely high (over 100 ppt) during freeze up periods or within natural brine pools in deeper waters. In this study, the influence of salinity on DE was evaluated using the baffled flask test (BFT) at a dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 1:25. Benchtop experiments were conducted with Alaskan North Slope (ANS) crude oil in the presence or absence of chemical dispersant at 5 and 25°C and varying salinities (0.2 to 125 ppt). In addition to DE as determined by BFT, oil droplet size distribution (DSD) and fluorescence intensity was measured via a LISST-100X particle size analyzer (Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Bellevue, WA) and ECO fluorometer (Sea Bird - WET Labs, Inc.; Philomath, OR), respectively. Results indicate that in the presence of dispersant, maximum DE occurred at 25ppt, and decreases above and below this salinity. Concentration of small droplets (&lt;10 μm) was twice as high at 35ppt than at the other salinities in the presence of dispersant at 25°C. Treatments without dispersant did not vary significantly as a function of salinity. Flume tank experiments over a range of salinities support the lab scale results of DSD. These results provide a more comprehensive picture pertaining to the influence of salinity on dispersant usage at high salinities.
United States and Canada Transboundary Oil Spill Liability and Compensation Regimes: An Overview
Authors: Hemminger Helkei S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract # —1141278 —
In 2018, the Canadian government purchased the Trans Mountain pipeline, running from Alberta to British Columbia, along with the plans for expansion. The expansion could triple the transport capacity from 300,000 to 890,000 barrels of oil per day, and would increase the tanker traffic in the inland waterways of the Salish Sea, an area known for its sensitive marine habitat, and narrow, difficult to navigate passages. The anticipated increase in tanker traffic in this busy waterway continues to raise concerns about the impact of an oil spill and the financial means to address related injuries, particularly to natural resources. The transboundary nature of any spill further complicates the situation vis-à-vis the applicable liability regimes and response resources.
Under the Canada-United States Joint Marine Contingency Plan (“JCP”), the United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard acknowledge each country's responsibility to fund their own response actions and pursue reimbursement of those costs within their respective jurisdictions. The availability of funding for a response, and to compensate injured parties, however, including the limits of liability of the responsible party, differs under each regime, and could impact the nature and scope of a response.
For spills into or posing a substantial threat to the navigable waters of the United States, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 governs and a national fund, the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (“OSLTF”), is immediately available to address an incident, including emergency restoration to natural resources. Canada's Marine Liability Act enables the Ship-source Oil Pollution Fund (“SOPF”) to pay claimants who have incurred damages as a result of oil pollution. Both countries' funds operate under the same principal—the polluter pays—but the compensation structure, and claims processes and procedures are entirely different.
This paper provides an overview of these funding sources and claims procedures, comparing and contrasting the different systems. The discussion is meant to provide an overall understanding of potential funding pools available for spill responses under each scheme in order to facilitate transboundary spill planning and discussion.
Developing a regulatory framework for certifying spill management teams in California: a balancing act
Authors: Fabian Rachel A. , Addassi Yvonne Najah 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT 1141476
Major oil spills in California have historically instigated legislation aimed at improving preparedness and response. Most recently, public concern over management of high-profile pipeline spills precipitated the 2017 passage of Assembly Bill (AB) 1197, which mandated a certification program for spill management teams (SMTs). AB 1197 directs contingency plan holders to identify a certified SMT capable of managing their reasonable worst-case spill (RWCS) volumes, and tasks the Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) with adopting regulations establishing criteria for certification, including personnel on-scene times, training, and response objectives. We aimed to develop regulations detailing requirements that are achievable, but effectively advance preparedness, drawing upon accepted standards while incorporating mechanisms for flexibility. As we developed the regulations, we conducted informal scoping meetings with industry to fine-tune these mechanisms. We created three tiers for certification delineated by RWCS volume. To account for phased resource mobilization, we established separate requirements for initial response and cascading SMT personnel. We applied team-based training requirements to initial responders and used pared-down National Incident Management System qualifications for cascading personnel, allowing equivalent courses and/or experience to substitute for required training courses. We composed a short objectives checklist, aiming to capture essential tasks to be completed within the first 24 hours. The final regulatory package strikes balances between flexibility and prescription, and between achievability and advancing statewide preparedness.
Integrating physical, chemical and biological data to understand fate, behaviour and effects of diluted bitumen in coastal waters
Authors: Ortmann Alice C , Cobanli Susan E , King Thomas L , Greer Charles W. , Wohlgeschaffen Gary , Robinson Brian 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT: 1141488
Production of bitumen from oil sands is predicted to rise over the next decade. Some of this increased production will be transported to coastal areas for export. While some product will be transported via rail, the majority is likely to be transported through pipelines as diluted bitumen. This unconventional oil product is a mixture of the highly viscous bitumen with differing amounts of diluent, which can include condensates, synthetic crudes or conventional crudes. As a mixture of products, the behaviour of diluted bitumen may differ from conventional heavy crude oils following a spill. This is of concern in Canada as the main transportation route for exporting diluted bitumen will go through the Salish Sea, home to endangered southern resident killer whales, economically important commercial and traditional fisheries including Pacific salmon, and millions of people. Knowing how diluted bitumen products will behave and their potential impacts if a spill occurs in these coastal waters is important in developing an effective response plan.
The Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research (COOGER) within Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has been carrying out research to characterize and predict the fate and behaviour of diluted bitumen products in marine environments over the last seven years. Using a combination of small-scale microcosms, medium-scale mesocosms, large-scale weathering and wave tank studies as well as field experiments, we have collected a broad range of data providing insights into how diluted bitumen might behave following a spill.
Our research suggests that diluted bitumen will weather rapidly, with density and viscosity increasing significantly over the first 48 h. Low concentrations of hydrocarbons are typically detected in the water column, even in the presence of high energy breaking waves. The amount of weathering and water column hydrocarbons vary with season, but overall the microbial community shows a small response to the presence of diluted bitumen. Conventional spill response technologies may be used within the first 48 h of a spill, but extensive weathering will further limit their effectiveness. While the studies provide a more complete understanding of the fate and behaviour of diluted bitumen in coastal waters, there are important questions yet to be answered, some of which are presented here.