bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taphrina pruni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Taphrina pruni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: plum. DISEASE: Bladder or pocket plums. Developing fruit, if infected, becomes elongated and one side is hollow with pocket-like invaginations of the fruit. Later they become shrivelled prune-like and covered with an off-white bloom of developing asci. Finally they dry out and drop off. In this species the perennial mycelium growing in the twigs is a more important source of inoculum in spring than in, for example,
T. deformans
(CMI Descriptions No. 711). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (widespread), Japan, North America, Asia.
Nectria flammea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nectria flammea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus occurs on a variety of scale insects,
Aspidiotus nerii, Hemiberlesia rapax
(53, 1-694),
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(55, 2093) etc. on a wide range of hosts,
Acacia, Brachyglottis, Camellia, Citrus, Coffea, Morus, Ribes, Salix, Thea, Weinmannia
, etc. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Belize, Fiji, India, Japan, New Zealand, Papua and New Guinea, Tanzania, Tonga, Uganda, South Africa, Sarawak, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Airborne by ascospores or by moisture droplets as conidia.
Ustilago bullata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago bullata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Agropyron, Bromus, Brachypodium, Elymus, Festuca, Hordeum, Sitanion
. DISEASE: Causes head smut of grasses particularly species of
Bromus and Agropyron
. Sori develop at the base of spikelets and usually involve the ovary but glumes are usually unaffected, phyllody of floral parts also occurs. Latent infection with very reduced sori production can also occur. Infected seedlings show stunting and poor survival, older plants show slow growth rate and leaf distortion has been observed (56, 265). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, North and South America, W. Asia (USSR, Poland, Iraq), India, Kenya, Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Teliospores are released from the inflorescence sori to contaminate soil and seed. Teliospores have remained viable (in artificial storage) for 12 years. Germination results in the production of a metabasidium and sporidia, plasmogamy then produces a dikaryotic infection hypha. Seedlings and older shoots become infected, the former producing completely infected plants, but the latter producing separately diseased tillers (see Falloon, 1979).
Tilletia foetida
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia foetida
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum, Secale, Triticale, Hordeum, Agropyron, Elymus, Sitanion, Lolium
. DISEASE: Causes common bunt (stinking or covered smut) of wheat.
Tilletia caries
(CMI Descriptions 719) causes a virtually identical disease known by the same name. The seed contents inside the pericarp are converted to a mass of teliospores and the seed converted into a 'bunt ball' which ruptures on harvesting, releasing the black spores and the volatile compound trimethylamine which has a foul, fishy odour. Diseased plants are somewhat stunted and the heads of infected plants remain greener than those containing healthy grain and are more slender; the glumes of diseased spikelets are also spread apart. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in most countries where wheat is grown but less widespread than
T. caries
and not apparently in UK (CMI Map 295, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Spores are released when the grain is harvested and are dispersed by air to contaminate healthy grain and soil. Spores germinate in moist soil to produce a basidium and acicular basidiospores (primary sporidia). These fuse to produce a dikaryotic mycelium which may directly infect host seedling coleoptiles or produce further secondary sporidia.
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous. DISEASE: Seed contamination. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: The air dispersed conidia showed apeak concentration at 10.00 hours over a lawn in India (60, 3819).
Monographella albescens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Monographella albescens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: Leaf-scald of rice. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone); Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam); America and West Indies (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Salvador, USA); Australia (CMI Map. 492, ed. 1, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Conidia and ascospores presumably dispersed by wind and rain.
Diaporthe manihotis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diaporthe manihotis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Manihot esculenta
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cassava (46, 64) or sometimes referred to as
Phomopsis
blight of tapioca (54, 2588). In the early stages of infection the visible symptoms are pale green, watersoaked, small round spots on young leaves and petioles which rapidly enlarge and turn brown. Severe attack leads to defoliation and infection spreading to the stem. Affected areas become shrivelled with numerous pycnidia embedded in the tissue. On severely infected stems the bark starts to peel off gradually leading to partial or total girdling. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Nigeria); Asia (India); Central America and West Indies (S.E. Dominica); South America (Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by watersplash-dispersed conidia.
Phoma epicoccina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phoma epicoccina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA:
Avena
seeds,
Beta vulgaris, Dacrylis glomerata, Malus
sp.,
Phaseolus
sp.,
Triticum
sp.,
Zea mays
, air and straw decaying in soil. DISEASE: Information on pathogenicity is still unclear, but according to Herb. IMI records
P. epicoccina
has been isolated from necrotic leaf lesions in the Irish Republic and also in UK. It is a common contaminant of grass seeds (Tulloch & Leach, 1972) and beet seed. As the
Epicoccum
state of P.
epicoccina
is indistinguishable from
Epicoccum nigrum
Link (=
E. purpurescens
Ehrenb. ; CMI Descriptions 680) it is possible that the former could be confused with the latter. From the available data,
P. epicoccina
could be regarded as a saprophyte or a weak pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India); Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (France, Irish Republic, Netherlands, Sweden, UK); North America (Canada, USA, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: The
Epicoccum
state has been isolated from air and also commonly associated with orchard grass seed (Tulloch & Leach, 1972). Conidia are presumably dispersed by air and also seed-borne.
Phomopsis ipomoeae-batatas
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis ipomoeae-batatas
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Ipomoea batatas
(sweet potato). DISEASE: Leaf blight or leaf spot of sweet potato (3, 679; 10, 268). On mature leaves the early visible symptoms are distinct, minute, lesions with a purplish brown margin. As infection progresses the spots enlarge forming nearly circular to angular, dry, greyish-brown spots, 5-10 mm wide with a paler centre and a purplish-brown border. Usually the necrotic lesions are more prominent on the upper surface of the leaf and as the lesions become older pycnidia become evident embedded within the infected tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Edliopia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe); Asia (Hong Kong, Japan); Australasia & Oceania (Hawaii, Papua New Guinea); Europe; North America (USA, Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, Texas, and less commonly in the Northern sweet potato growing areas); Central America and Caribbean (Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, St. Vincent); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters on dead leaves in the field and it is probable that conidia are disseminated by water splash or contact (Steinbauer & Kushman, 1971).
Acremonium recifei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acremonium recifei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man,
Aydendron tenellum, Elaeis guineensis, Eugenia aromatica
wood,
Bertholletia excelsa
(rotten nuts),
Furcroya gigantea, Allium sativum
(garlic bulbs),
Cocos nucifera
(coconuts) and
Eriophyes guerreronis
[Aceria guerreronis]
(coconut mites on coconuts),
Triticum
rhizosphere. DISEASE: The type culture was described from a mycetoma of the foot with yellowish-white grains in a Brazilian farmer and has since been reported on several occasions (RMVM 1, 343; 2, 94, 2156; 6, 702; 15, 198). Many of the patients were recorded as developing the mycetoma following injury during agricultural work. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, India, W. Australia, France, Germany.
Exophiala jeanselmei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Exophiala jeanselmei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA: Man, pig. Dead wood of
Pinus banksia, Quercus
sp.,
Picea abies, Acerpseudoplatanus
, also from the soil and rhizosphere of potato and wheat (Domsch
et al.
, 1980). DISEASE: An agent of mycetoma of man with irregular black grains, generally affecting the foot or leg, occasionally the hand or arm, more often in men than in women (RMVM 6, 419; 7, 3896; 8, 783; 9, 1218; 15, 1986).
Exophiala jeanselmei
was reported as associated with a case of porcine abortion in USA (17, 1112). Experimental mycetoma was produced in the mouse (11, 1939). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. Most medical reports are from warmer regions, whilst most records of non-pathogenic strains are from Europe and N. America.
Exophiala pisciphila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Exophiala pisciphila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA: Fish: channel catfish (
Ictalaruspunctatus
), cod (
Gadus morhua
),
Stentotomus versicolor
, seahorse (
Hippocampus hudsonius
), trigger fish (
Xanthichthys ringers
),
Amphiprion sebae
. Dog (tongue ulcer), horse (sebaceous tongue ulcer), eggs from cysts of
Heterodera schachtii, Eucalyptus
sp.,
Pisum sativam, Triticum
rhizosphere. DISEASE: Usually apparent externally as skin lesions; in the channel catfish these consist of round irregular ulcers 1-15 mm diam. and 5 mm deep on the body; in the trigger fish on the right mandible and on the seahorse on the right side of the head. In the catfish numerous soft nodules up to 25 mm diam. present in all visceral organs with massive granulomatous adhesions. In the fish with no external ulcers, nodules present in the kidney, liver, intestinal wall and adipose tissue. In
S. versicolor
and
G. morhua
similar gross lesions present on the kidney, liver, myocardium, swimbladder and spleen (Fijan, 1969; Blazer & Wolke, 1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Netherlands, UK, Canada, USA, Australia.
Physoderma pulposum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Physoderma pulposum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chenopodiaceae (Atriplex
spp.,
Blitum
spp.,
Beta
spp.,
Chenopodium
spp.);
Compositae (Ambrosia
spp.);
Umbelliferae (Aegopodium
spp.). DISEASE: Parasitic in the leaves, petioles and stems causing fairly large and conspicuous galls (30, 125). The shoots of the host may become thickened and distorted and appear yellow to pink and finally brown. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Israel); Europe (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Sardinia, Yugoslavia); North America (USA); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: By dissemination of resting sporangia. Local dispersal by spores swimming in water films may also occur.
Synchytrium phaseoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Synchytrium phaseoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae
(
Phaseolus acutifolius, P. calcaratus, P. lunatus, P. radiatus, P. vestitus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Macroptilium
spp.,
Rhynchosia minima
). DISEASE: Orange aecidium-like pustules of sporangia develop on the leaves, stems and petioles, which may become distorted and deformed. Infected
M. atropurpureum
seedlings may also wilt and defoliate, often resulting in seedling death (60, 968). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil), Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia), Australasia & Oceania (Papua New Guinea). TRANSMISSION: No reports, but presumably by wind or splash dispersal of sporangia.
Synchytrium psophocarpi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Synchytrium psophocarpi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae
(winged bean,
Psophocarpus tetragonobolus, P. palustris
). DISEASE: False rust or orange gall of winged bean, stimulating severe galling and malformation on the leaves, stems, flower buds and pods. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania (Papua New Guinea), Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine Islands), Africa (Ghana, Uganda). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of sporangia with local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films.
Peronospora cytisi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Berrie A. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora cytisi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Laburnum alpinum, L. anagyroides; Robinia pseudacacia (fide
Lindtner, 1957, but not confirmed by cross inoculation). DISEASE: Downy mildew of laburnum. The disease is most severe on young seedlings about 6-8 inches high. Symptoms are first seen on the upper surface of the leaves as pale yellow spots, these areas rapidly become brown, dead and brittle. The down, which is greyish brown, develops in a dense felt on the undersurface of these spots. The infected leaves may become completely withered and drop off and the seedlings then soon die. Infection of older plants has been reported by Magnus (1892) who described a single shrub (no indication of size given) with many leaves fallen and the remainder with numerous spots. Berlese (1903) records that in older plants the parasite develops especially in the upper leaves but the plants are not killed. The following year they can look perfectly healthy unless attacked again by the disease. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Sweden (
fide
Gaumann (1923) but no specimen seen by Gustavsson (1959)), Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: No reports. Contaminated seed was not thought to be the source of the attack reported by Kirchner (1892) on seedlings raised from seed from the local botanic garden where the disease was not present nor did it subsequently appear. Oospores form in considerable numbers in the withered leaves and must form a potential source of infection on fallen debris in the soil. However the sporadic outbreaks of the disease suggests that the fungus may perhaps exist on other hosts such as
Robinia pseudacacia
or be present in small and undetected quantities on older laburnum plants in most seasons and only cause severe infection, and thus attract attention, when weather conditions favour its rapid development.
Peronospora dianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora dianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus chinensis, D. chinensis
hort. var. Heddewigi. DISEASE: Downy mildew of annual
Dianthus
. The pathogen appears to be systemic and infected leaves and shoots turn pale green then yellow and finally wither. Severely infected plants remain stunted although often with a profusion of shoots developing from the lower axillary buds giving a characteristic bushy appearance. Sporulation is abundant in the lower, and occasionally on the upper, surfaces of infected leaves. The conidiophore down is white, turning slightly darker when mature conidia are present. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco); Europe (Britain, Italy). TRANSMISSION: There are no reports but the abundance of oospores formed in the tissues of diseased plants suggests they may play a part in disseminating the disease.
Pseudoperonospora humuli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudoperonospora humuli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Humulus lupulus
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of hops. The first sign of infection, seen early in the year, is the development of spindly, stunted, shoots with pale, crowded and down-curled, leaves. These are known as 'primary basal spikes' and are shoots with a systemic infection developed from mycelium which has overwintered in the rootstock. The undersurfaces of the leaves of these shoots bear large crops of sporangia which in moist and humid conditions can soon spread the disease in the growing crop. Secondary infections may occur on leaves, growing tips, flowers and cones. On the leaves they are seen either as small discrete spots or larger, more angular, brown areas. The diseased shoots arising from secondary infections and depending upon the position of the infected bud are known as 'terminal' or 'lateral' spikes. They resemble basal spikes in appearance. Infection of the flowers can inhibit cone production. If cones do develop, and become infected, the brown spots and lesions of the fungus can make them unsaleable. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map No. 14, ed. 4, 1976, with the addition of Belorussia, Estonia, India, Kinghizia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Ukraine and Uzebekistan. TRANSMISSION: Ware (1926) demonstrated the presence of mycelium in diseased rootstocks but its significance in the overwintering of the pathogen was not fully recognized until Coley Smith (1962) showed that the primary basal spikes which develop in spring originate from infected buds on the rootstocks. Oospores, which are often produced in abundance, were at one time thought to be responsible for infection of the shoots in spring but there is no convincing evidence to support this theory.
Leptosphaeria bicolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria bicolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Saccharum offcinarum
(sugarcane). DISEASE: Leaf-scorch of sugarcane. Early visible symptoms are small red to dark brown spots with yellow haloes. With the progress of infection lesions enlarge, coalesce, turn reddish and become spindle shaped reaching 14 cm or more in length. Older lesions become straw coloured with a distinct reddish margin. In the advanced stages of infection pycnidia appear within the scorched areas of the leaf and in severe cases all parts of the leaf except the midrib become scorched. On long-standing canes the disease is more severe on older leaves than on young leaves. Leaf sheaths and stems are unaffected (Kaiser, Ndimande & Hawksworth, 1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya: Western province). TRANSMISSION: It is not clear how natural infection occurs and little is known about the factors which favour infection, spread of the disease and survival of the leaf-scorch fungus in the field. The severity of the scorch has been reported to increase during the dry season.
Cytospora sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cytospora sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mostly on sheaths, also on cuttings, young shoots, stems and stubble of
Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum
and
Holcus sorghum
(
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
). DISEASE: Sheath rot of sugarcane (Cytospora rot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with sugarcane but reported on
Holcus sorghum
(Taiwan). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by water borne conidia.
Exobasidium vaccinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Exobasidium vaccinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vaccinium
spp. DISEASE: Red leaf disease of
Vaccinium
spp. By mid summer the affected leaves drop but the infected plants produce a very small crop. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, USSR (Leningrad, Bashkir, Minusinsk); Greenland, Canada (B.C., Quebec); USA (Maine, New York, Alaska). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores and conidia; usually only young leaves are infected. May also be systemic. Infection occurs by direct penetration of the cuticle and the mycelium spreads throughout the cortex and into the pith on infected stems.