bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiddlesticks: two bows from the Mary Rose
Authors: Fleming Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A crucial component of musical performance on bowed instruments is the bow, yet our knowledge of bows in early modern England is almost entirely derived from images that fail to represent bows in extensive or accurate detail. This article provides detailed descriptions of two musical instrument bows (mr81 a6975 and mr05 a0006) recovered from Henry VIII’s favourite ship the Mary Rose, which was wrecked in 1545 and salvaged in 1982. They probably belonged to the owners of the two fiddles recovered from the ship. Despite both bows being incomplete they provide unique evidence for the nature of such artefacts. One bow is a relatively crude object, made probably of oak, possibly by its owner for his own use. The other is a more sophisticated construction, apparently made of yew. Yew was the wood of choice for longbows but its use for musical instrument bows is previously unrecorded. This bow shows evidence of use, and some features indicate that either the bow was repaired or its design includes preparation for a known weakness. The bows are compared with continental European images and the potential forms of the missing parts are discussed. The possibility that two further finds from the Mary Rose (mr81 a1888 and mr82 a2036/2) are parts of musical instruments is dismissed.
Whole-genome sequencing of multiple isolates of Puccinia triticina reveals asexual lineages evolving by recurrent mutations
Authors: Fellers John P , Sakthikumar Sharadha , He Fei , McRell Katie , Bakkeren Guus , Cuomo Christina A , Kolmer James A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The wheat leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina Erikss., is a worldwide pathogen of tetraploid durum and hexaploid wheat. Many races of P. triticina differ for virulence to specific leaf rust resistance genes and are found in most wheat-growing regions of the world. Wheat cultivars with effective leaf rust resistance exert selection pressure on P. triticina populations for virulent race types. The objectives of this study were to examine whole-genome sequence data of 121 P. triticina isolates and to gain insight into race evolution. The collection included isolates comprising of many different race phenotypes collected worldwide from common and durum wheat. One isolate from wild wheat relative Aegilops speltoides and two from Ae. cylindrica were also included for comparison. Based on 121,907 informative variants identified relative to the reference Race 1-1 genome, isolates were clustered into 11 major lineages with 100% bootstrap support. The isolates were also grouped based on variation in 1311 predicted secreted protein genes. In gene-coding regions, all groups had high ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations and nonsense to readthrough mutations. Grouping of isolates based on two main variation principle components for either genome-wide variation or variation just within the secreted protein genes, indicated similar groupings. Variants were distributed across the entire genome, not just within the secreted protein genes. Our results suggest that recurrent mutation and selection play a major role in differentiation within the clonal lineages.
GC-biased gene conversion in X-chromosome palindromes conserved in human, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque
Authors: Jackson Emily K , Bellott Daniel W , Skaletsky Helen , Page David C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gene conversion is GC-biased across a wide range of taxa. Large palindromes on mammalian sex chromosomes undergo frequent gene conversion that maintains arm-to-arm sequence identity greater than 99%, which may increase their susceptibility to the effects of GC-biased gene conversion. Here, we demonstrate a striking history of GC-biased gene conversion in 12 palindromes conserved on the X chromosomes of human, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque. Primate X-chromosome palindrome arms have significantly higher GC content than flanking single-copy sequences. Nucleotide replacements that occurred in human and chimpanzee palindrome arms over the past 7 million years are one-and-a-half times as GC-rich as the ancestral bases they replaced. Using simulations, we show that our observed pattern of nucleotide replacements is consistent with GC-biased gene conversion with a magnitude of 70%, similar to previously reported values based on analyses of human meioses. However, GC-biased gene conversion since the divergence of human and rhesus macaque explains only a fraction of the observed difference in GC content between palindrome arms and flanking sequence, suggesting that palindromes are older than 29 million years and/or had elevated GC content at the time of their formation. This work supports a greater than 2:1 preference for GC bases over AT bases during gene conversion and demonstrates that the evolution and composition of mammalian sex chromosome palindromes is strongly influenced by GC-biased gene conversion.
Familial co-aggregation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autoimmune diseases: a cohort study based on Swedish population-wide registers
Authors: Hegvik Tor-Arne , Chen Qi , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Klungsøyr Kari , Butwicka Agnieszka , Lichtenstein Paul , Almqvist Catarina , Faraone Stephen V , Haavik Jan , Larsson Henrik 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with several autoimmune diseases (AD), both within individuals and across relatives, implying common underlying genetic or environmental factors in line with studies indicating that immunological mechanisms are key to brain development. To further elucidate the relationship between ADHD and autoimmunity we performed a population-wide familial co-aggregation study.

Methods
We linked Swedish national registries, defined a birth cohort with their biological relatives and identified individuals diagnosed with ADHD and/or 13 ADs. The cohort included 5 178 225 individuals born between 1960 and 2010, of whom 118 927 (2.30%) had been diagnosed with ADHD. We then investigated the associations between ADHD and ADs within individuals and across relatives, with logistic regression and structural equation modelling.

Results
Within individuals, ADHD was associated with a diagnosis of any of the 13 investigated ADs (adjusted odds ratio (OR) =1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-1.38) as well as several specific ADs. Familial co-aggregation was observed. For example, ADHD was associated with any of the 13 ADs in mothers (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.26–1.32), fathers (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.11–1.18), full siblings (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.15–1.22), aunts (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.10–1.15), uncles (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.05–1.10) and cousins (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.03–1.06). Still, the absolute risks of AD among those with ADHD were low. The genetic correlation between ADHD and a diagnosis of any of the investigated ADs was 0.13 (95% CI = 0.09–0.17) and the environmental correlation was 0.02 (95% CI = -0.03–0.06).

Conclusions
We found that ADHD and ADs co-aggregate among biological relatives, indicating that the relationship between ADHD and autoimmune diseases may in part be explained by shared genetic risk factors. The patterns of familial co-aggregation of ADHD and ADs do not readily support a role of maternal immune activation in the aetiology of ADHD. The findings have implications for aetiological models of ADHD. However, screening for autoimmunity among individuals with ADHD is not warranted.
Meeting them where they are on the web: addressing structural barriers for Latinos in telehealth care
Authors: Anaya Yohualli Balderas-Medina , Hernandez Giselle D , Hernandez Stephanie A , Hayes-Bautista David E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As we enter an era of health care that incorporates telehealth for routine provision of care, we can build a system that consciously and proactively includes vulnerable patients, thereby avoiding further exacerbation of health disparities. A practical way to reach out to Latino patients is to use media they already widely use. Rather than expect patients to adapt to suboptimal systems of telehealth care, we can improve telehealth for Latinos by using platforms already familiar to them and thereby refocus telehealth delivery systems to provide patient-centered care. Such care is responsive to patients’ needs and preferences; for Latinos, this includes using digital devices that they actually own (ie, smartphones). Equity-centered telehealth is accessible for all, regardless of linguistic, literacy, and socioeconomic barriers.
Feasibility of replacing the ICD-10-CM with the ICD-11 for morbidity coding: A content analysis
Authors: Fung Kin Wah , Xu Julia , McConnell-Lamptey Shannon , Pickett Donna , Bodenreider Olivier 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
The study sought to assess the feasibility of replacing the International Classification of Diseases–Tenth Revision–Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) with the International Classification of Diseases–11th Revision (ICD-11) for morbidity coding based on content analysis.

Materials and Methods
The most frequently used ICD-10-CM codes from each chapter covering 60% of patients were identified from Medicare claims and hospital data. Each ICD-10-CM code was recoded in the ICD-11, using postcoordination (combination of codes) if necessary. Recoding was performed by 2 terminologists independently. Failure analysis was done for cases where full representation was not achieved even with postcoordination. After recoding, the coding guidance (inclusions, exclusions, and index) of the ICD-10-CM and ICD-11 codes were reviewed for conflict.

Results
Overall, 23.5% of 943 codes could be fully represented by the ICD-11 without postcoordination. Postcoordination is the potential game changer. It supports the full representation of 8.6% of 943 codes. Moreover, with the addition of only 9 extension codes, postcoordination supports the full representation of 35.2% of 943 codes. Coding guidance review identified potential conflicts in 10% of codes, but mostly not affecting recoding. The majority of the conflicts resulted from differences in granularity and default coding assumptions between the ICD-11 and ICD-10-CM.

Conclusions
With some minor enhancements to postcoordination, the ICD-11 can fully represent almost 60% of the most frequently used ICD-10-CM codes. Even without postcoordination, 23.5% full representation is comparable to the 24.3% of ICD-9-CM codes with exact match in the ICD-10-CM, so migrating from the ICD-10-CM to the ICD-11 is not necessarily more disruptive than from the International Classification of Diseases–Ninth Revision–Clinical Modification to the ICD-10-CM. Therefore, the ICD-11 (without a CM) should be considered as a candidate to replace the ICD-10-CM for morbidity coding.
Multinational production and investment provisions in preferential trade agreements
Authors: Miroudot Sébastien , Rigo Davide 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUsing a novel database on multinational production (MP), this article investigates the impact of preferential trade agreements on foreign affiliates’ production activities. We find that trade agreements with investment provisions have a positive effect on MP. On average, signing an agreement including investment provisions is associated with increased MP up to 26% in the manufacturing sector and 34% in the services sector. Our findings suggest that investment provisions increase MP by facilitating multinationals operations in foreign markets, especially for activities requiring the proximity of suppliers and consumers, and by helping multinationals joining global value chains.
A rare case of spontaneous superficial femoral artery pseudoaneurysm in a young patient: case report and review of literature
Authors: Darigny Sandrine , Astarci Parla , Elens Maxime 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Spontaneous femoral artery pseudoaneurysm (PSA) is a rare disease and there are few reported cases. We report a case of a 17-year-old male with increasing left leg pain associated with swelling at the site of the pain. We observed a voluminous pulsatile mass. He had no history of trauma or surgery. Imaging confirmed a large PSA of the proximal portion of the left superficial femoral artery (SFA). The PSA was treated by resection of the aneurysm, reconstruction with inter-positional saphenous vein graft. Three months later; he came back to the emergency room for a pulsatile mass. The scan showed a PSA of his left SFA and a hematoma with active bleeding. It was treated surgically by resection of the aneurysm and reconstruction with graft.
Association between height and the risk of primary brain malignancy in adults: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Ahn Stephen , Han Kyungdo , Lee Jung Eun , Jeun Sin-Soo , Park Yong Moon , Joo Wonil , Yang Seung Ho 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The association between height and the risk of developing primary brain malignancy remains unclear. We evaluated the association between height and risk of primary brain malignancy based on a nationwide population-based database of Koreans.

Methods
Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance System cohort, 6 833 744 people over 20 years of age that underwent regular national health examination were followed from January 2009 until the end of 2017. We documented 4771 cases of primary brain malignancy based on an ICD-10 code of C71 during the median follow-up period of 7.30 years and 49 877 983 person-years.

Results
When dividing the population into quartiles of height for each age group and sex, people within the highest height quartile had a significantly higher risk of brain malignancy, compared to those within the lowest height quartile (HR 1.21 CI 1.18–1.32) after adjusting for potential confounders. We also found that the risk of primary brain malignancy increased in proportion with the quartile increase in height. After analyzing subgroups based on older age (≥ 65) and sex, we found positive relationships between height and primary brain malignancy in all subgroups.

Conclusions
This study is the first to suggest that height is associated with an increased risk of primary brain malignancy in the East-Asian population. Further prospective and larger studies with precise designs are needed to validate our findings.
Low-dose oral glucocorticoid therapy and risk of osteoporotic fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Abtahi Shahab , Driessen Johanna H M , Burden Andrea M , Souverein Patrick C , van den Bergh Joop P , van Staa Tjeerd P , Boonen Annelies , de Vries Frank 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Clinical trials have shown that low-dose glucocorticoid therapy in patients with RA reduces bone loss in hands or hip, but the effect on osteoporotic fractures is not yet clear. Therefore, we investigated the use of low-dose oral glucocorticoids and risk of osteoporotic fractures among patients with RA.

Methods
This was a cohort study including patients with RA aged 50+ years from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1997 and 2017. Exposure to oral glucocorticoids was stratified by the most recent prescription in current (&lt;6 months), recent (7–12 months) and past (&gt;1 year) use, and average daily and cumulative doses. Risk of incident osteoporotic fractures (including hip, vertebrae, humerus, forearm, pelvis and ribs) was estimated by time-dependent Cox proportional-hazards models, adjusted for lifestyle parameters, comorbidities and comedications. Secondary analyses assessed osteoporotic fracture risk with a combination of average daily and cumulative doses of oral glucocorticoids.

Results
Among 15 123 patients with RA (mean age 68.8 years, 68% females), 1640 osteoporotic fractures occurred. Current low-dose oral glucocorticoid therapy (≤7.5 mg prednisolone equivalent dose/day) in patients with RA was not associated with overall risk of osteoporotic fractures (adjusted hazard ratio 1.14, 95% CI 0.98, 1.33) compared with past glucocorticoid use, but was associated with an increased risk of clinical vertebral fracture (adjusted hazard ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.11, 2.29). Results remained unchanged regardless of a short-term or a long-term use of oral glucocorticoids.

Conclusion
Clinicians should be aware that even in RA patients who receive low daily glucocorticoid doses, the risk of clinical vertebral fracture is increased.
The attitudes and practices of physicians caring for patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: an international survey
Authors: Solomon Joshua J , Swigris Jeffrey J , Kreuter Michael , Polke Markus , Aronson Kerri , Hoffmann-Vold Anna-Maria , Dellaripa Paul F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study sought to determine the level of understanding and opinion among rheumatologist and pulmonologists regarding risk factors, diagnostic approach and treatment of RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD).

Methods
We conducted an international electronic survey of rheumatologists and pulmonologists utilizing two separate Redcap-based surveys with questions on the epidemiology, workup and management of RA-ILD as well as ILD screening questions using case-based scenarios directed at rheumatologists. The survey also collected demographic data on participants including their practice setting, years in practice and country of practice.

Results
We received a total of 616 responses (354 rheumatologists and 262 pulmonologists) from six continents. There were significant differences in responses between pulmonologists and rheumatologists in estimated prevalence and mortality, risk factors for the development of ILD in RA and medications that are effective or should be avoided. Rheumatologists were much less likely to consider assessment for ILD in high risk, asymptomatic patients compared with high-risk patients with either symptoms or exam findings suggestive of ILD.

Conclusion
Our study brought to light the variability in disease assessment and clinical practice among providers caring for patients with RA-ILD and indicate that greater education is needed to optimize clinical decision making in the risk assessment, screening and treatment of RA-ILD. Research questions that address appropriate screening and treatment strategies for RA-ILD will be valuable for rheumatologists given their central role in the overall health and lung health of patients with RA.
Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep and circadian rhythms in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Authors: Moderie Christophe , Boudreau Philippe , Shechter Ari , Lespérance Paul , Boivin Diane B 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We previously found normal polysomnographic (PSG) sleep efficiency, increased slow-wave sleep (SWS), and a blunted melatonin secretion in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) compared to controls. Here, we investigated the effects of exogenous melatonin in five patients previously studied. They took 2 mg of slow-release melatonin 1 h before bedtime during their luteal phase (LP) for three menstrual cycles. At baseline, patients spent every third night throughout one menstrual cycle sleeping in the laboratory. Measures included morning urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMt6), PSG sleep, nocturnal core body temperature (CBT), visual analog scale for mood (VAS-Mood), Prospective Record of the Impact and Severity of Menstrual Symptoms (PRISM), and ovarian plasma hormones. Participants also underwent two 24-hour intensive physiological monitoring (during the follicular phase and LP) in time-isolation/constant conditions to determine 24-hour plasma melatonin and CBT rhythms. The same measures were repeated during their third menstrual cycle of melatonin administration. In the intervention condition compared to baseline, we found increased urinary aMt6 (p &lt; 0.001), reduced objective sleep onset latency (p = 0.01), reduced SWS (p &lt; 0.001), and increased Stage 2 sleep (p &lt; 0.001). Increased urinary aMt6 was correlated with reduced SWS (r = −0.51, p &lt; 0.001). Circadian parameters derived from 24-hour plasma melatonin and CBT did not differ between conditions, except for an increased melatonin mesor in the intervention condition (p = 0.01). Ovarian hormones were comparable between the conditions (p ≥ 0.28). Symptoms improved in the intervention condition, as measured by the VAS-Mood (p = 0.02) and the PRISM (p &lt; 0.001). These findings support a role for disturbed melatonergic system in PMDD that can be partially corrected by exogenous melatonin.
Trustee duties versus equity’s moral conscience: trust law’s inadequate facilitation of socially responsible investment
Authors: Broadway Luke 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Socially responsible investment (SRI) aims to affect social change whilst delivering financial benefits to investors. This article explores the extent to which trust law facilitates SRI. An analysis of trustee duties will demonstrate that, though in practice SRI is possible, the opportunities to lawfully employ such policies are limited. This insufficient facilitation conflicts with equity’s morally normative conscience which, it is argued, should necessitate SRI’s availability. This conflict is reconciled through an analysis of equity’s wider functions. Following an exploration of attempts at SRI facilitation within charity law, this article concludes by proposing an amendment to the Trustee Act 2000.
Climate of origin has no influence on drought adaptive traits and the drought responses of a widely distributed polymorphic shrub
Authors: Xu Gui-Qing , Farrell Claire , Arndt Stefan K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Climate has a significant influence on species distribution and the expression of functional traits in different plant species. However, it is unknown if subspecies with different climate envelopes also show differences in their expression of plant functional traits or if they respond differently to drought stress. We measured functional traits and drought responses of five subspecies of a widely distributed, cosmopolitan polymorphic shrub, Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq., in an experiment with 1-year-old plants. Functional traits, such as leaf size, specific leaf area, turgor loss point (ΨTLP), maximum stomatal conductance and maximum plant hydraulic conductance, differed among the five subspecies. However, while the were some differences among traits, these were not related to their climate of origin, as measured by mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation and mean annual aridity index. Drought response was also not related to climate of origin, and all subspecies showed a combination of drought avoiding and drought tolerance responses. All subspecies closed their stomata at very high water potentials (between −1.0 and −1.3 MPa) and had large hydraulic safety margins (drought avoidance). All subspecies adjusted their ΨTLP via osmotic adjustment, and subspecies with inherently lower ΨTLP showed greater osmotic adjustment (drought tolerance). All subspecies adjusted their midday water potentials in response to drought but subspecies from more arid environments did not show greater adjustments. The results indicated that climate niche was not related to plant trait expression or response to drought. The combination of drought avoidance and drought tolerance behavior seems to be a successful strategy for this widely distributed species that occupies many different climate zones and ecosystems. Hence, the wide distribution of D. viscosa seems to be related to plasticity of trait expression and drought response rather than long-term genetic adaptations to different environmental conditions.