bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle Rider Mutual Information and Dendritic-Squirrel Search Algorithm With Artificial Immune Classifier for Brain Tumor Classification
Authors: Chakre Rahul Ramesh , Patil Dipak V 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMagnetic Resonance Images (MRI) is an imperative imaging modality employed in the medical diagnosis tool for detecting brain tumors. However, the major obstacle in MR images classification is the semantic gap between low-level visual information obtained by MRI machines and high-level information alleged by the clinician. Hence, this research article introduces a novel technique, namely Dendritic-Squirrel Search Algorithm-based Artificial immune classifier (Dendritic-SSA-AIC) using MRI for brain tumor classification. Initially the pre-processing is performed followed by segmentation is devised using sparse fuzzy-c-means (Sparse FCM) is employed for segmentation to extract statistical and texture features. Furthermore, the Particle Rider mutual information (PRMI) is employed for feature selection, which is devised by integrating Particle swarm optimization, Rider optimization algorithm and mutual information. AIC is employed to classify the brain tumor, in which the Dendritic-SSA algorithm designed by combining dendritic cell algorithm and Squirrel search algorithm (SSA). The proposed PRMI-Dendritic-SSA-AIC provides superior performance with maximal accuracy of 97.789%, sensitivity of 97.577% and specificity of 98%.
Estimated incidence of previously undetected atrial fibrillation on a 14-day continuous electrocardiographic monitor and associated risk of stroke
Authors: McIntyre William F , Wang Jia , Benz Alexander P , Johnson Linda , Connolly Stuart J , Van Gelder Isabelle C , Lopes Renato D , Gold Michael R , Hohnloser Stefan H , Lau Chu Pak , Israel Carsten W , Wong Jorge A , Conen David , Healey Jeff S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
There is uncertainty about whether and how to perform screening for atrial fibrillation (AF). To estimate the incidence of previously undetected AF that would be captured using a continuous 14-day ECG monitor and the associated risk of stroke.

Methods and results
We analysed data from a cohort of patients &gt;65 years old with hypertension and a pacemaker, but without known AF. For each participant, we simulated 1000 ECG monitors by randomly selecting 14-day windows in the 6 months following enrolment and calculated the average AF burden (total time in AF). We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for CHA2DS2-VASc score to estimate the risk of subsequent ischaemic stroke or systemic embolism (SSE) associated with burdens of AF &gt; and &lt;6 min. Among 2470 participants, the median CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.0, and 44 patients experienced SSE after 6 months following enrolment. The proportion of participants with an AF burden &gt;6 min was 3.10% (95% CI 2.53–3.72). This was consistent across strata of age and CHA2DS2-VASc scores. Over a mean follow-up of 2.4 years, the rate of SSE among patients with &lt;6 min of AF was 0.70%/year, compared to 2.18%/year (adjusted HR 3.02; 95% CI 1.39–6.56) in those with &gt;6 min of AF.

Conclusions
Approximately 3% of individuals aged &gt;65 years with hypertension may have more than 6 min of AF detected by a 14-day ECG monitor. This is associated with a stroke risk of over 2% per year. Whether oral anticoagulation will reduce stroke in these patients is unknown.
Lessons for strengthening childhood immunization in low- and middle-income countries from a successful public-private partnership in rural Nigeria
Authors: Ahonkhai Aima A , Odusanya Olumuyiwa O , Meurice François P , Pierce Leslie J , Durojaiye Temitope O , Alufohai Ewan F , Clemens Ralph , Ahonkhai Vincent I 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Immunization is a cost-effective public health strategy to reduce vaccine preventable disease, especially in childhood.

Methods
This paper reports the philosophy, service delivery, achievements and lessons learned from an immunization program in rural Nigeria privately financed via a corporate social responsibility initiative from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals.

Results
The immunization program served the community for a 16-y period extending from 1998 until 2015, resulting in an increase in age-appropriate immunization coverage from 43% to 78%.

Conclusion
In its success, this immunization program exemplified the importance of early and sustained community engagement, integration of strategies to optimize implementation outcomes and effective team building well before some of these principles were accepted and codified in the literature. The project also underscores the important role that the private sector can bring to achieving critical immunization goals, especially among underserved populations and provides a model for successful public-private partnership.
Effects of tenofovir on telomeres, telomerase and T cell maturational subset distribution in long-term aviraemic HIV-infected adults
Authors: Rodríguez-Centeno Javier , Esteban-Cantos Andrés , Montejano Rocío , Stella-Ascariz Natalia , De Miguel Rosa , Mena-Garay Beatriz , Saiz-Medrano Gabriel , Alejos Belén , Jiménez-González María , Bernardino Jose I. , Cadiñanos Julen , Castro-Alvarez Juan M. , Rodés Berta , Arribas Jose R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate whether the negative impact of tenofovir on telomere length (TL) is due to immune reconstitution interference or inhibition of telomerase.MethodsOne hundred and twenty-eight long-term aviraemic HIV adults treated with tenofovir-containing (n = 79) or tenofovir-sparing regimens (n = 49) were recruited to compare the following: TL in whole blood, PBMCs, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells by quantitative PCR (qPCR); telomerase activity in PBMCs, CD4+ cells and CD8+ T cells using the TRAPeze RT Telomerase Detection Kit; and T cell maturational subset distribution by flow cytometry.ResultsIn an adjusted analysis, participants treated with tenofovir for at least 4 years had shorter TL in CD8+ T cells (P = 0.04) and lower telomerase activity in CD4+ (P = 0.012) and CD8+ T cells (P = 0.023). Tenofovir treatment was also associated with lower proportions of recent thymic emigrant (RTE) CD4+ cells (P = 0.031) and PD1 marker expression (P = 0.013).ConclusionsIn long-term aviraemic HIV adults, the inhibition of telomerase by tenofovir could explain telomere shortening in CD8+ T cells. There is no telomere shortening in the CD4+ compartment and the decrease in telomerase activity could be explained both by the inhibition by tenofovir and by the lower proportion of RTE CD4+cells.
Beware the pancreatic incidentaloma in colorectal tumours: pancreatic adenocarcinoma with metastases to the colon and rectum
Authors: O’Sullivan Brian , Burton Thomas , Van Dalen Ralph , Welsh Fraser , Pandita Archana , Fischer Jesse 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed malignancy in the Western world. Routine staging of CRC often identifies incidental lesions on cross-sectional imaging. Appropriate treatment is dependent on a correct histological diagnosis. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a rarer and often devastating diagnosis for which the treatment pathway differs significantly to CRC. We report two rare cases: the first recorded case of PDAC with synchronous rectal metastasis and a case of an acute presentation with large bowel obstruction from synchronous colonic metastasis. Both cases presented a significant diagnostic challenge. The management of both cases would have been altered had the histological diagnosis been known prior to surgery. Clinicians treating CRC should be wary of incidental lesions on staging investigations as they rarely represent an occult extra-intestinal primary malignancy. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in ascertaining the origin of gastrointestinal malignancy.
Assessing the Quality of Self-Reported Financial Information
Authors: Madeira Carlos , Margaretic Paula , Martínez Felipe , Roje Pedro 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt is well known that self-reported financial information differs from administrative records. This article advances previous studies by using a unique matched representative sample of individual borrowers from the Chilean Household Finance Survey with administrative banking loan records. Our linked dataset allows us to test whether the differences between the two sources are due to the number of nonreported loans or to differences in the reported loan amounts. We show that discrepancies in debt ownership are larger when respondents have a mortgage and are not the highest income member of the family, when respondents have weak financial literacy and do not have confidence in the study, and when respondents live in complex or multigenerational households. However, borrowers report the maturity of their mortgage and installment loans quite accurately. Concerning loan amounts, differences between the two sources decrease with the financial literacy of the respondent. Finally, a simple form of rounding can go a long way towards explaining differences in the middle part of the debt amount and maturity distributions.
The Experience Of Prophecy in the Mystical Diaries of Rabbi David Kohen
Authors: Bitty Yehuda 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article seeks to direct attention to one unusual figure who provided his own interpretation of the renewal of prophecy during the generation of redemption (i.e., the success of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel). Rabbi David Kohen (1887–1972), known as Ha-Nazir, the Nazirite, was the author of a book entitled Kol ha-Nevu’ah [The Voice of Prophecy]. His original thought combines philosophy and Kabbalah, reason and experience, knowledge and creativity. He was also interested in questions of prophecy as a possible experience in the present, and many descriptions recounted in his personal diaries reveal the portrait of a mystic in search of an encounter with the beyond. This study will explore the man himself from his writings, especially through the descriptions of his mystical experiences that appear in his personal journal entitled Megillat Setarim. The methodology presented in this article is based on careful textual reading: an analysis of a phenomenon through its post-experiential written account, the product of later reflection, and based on the presumption that there is a connection between the mystical experience and the written record of that experience, despite the difference between the two.
Detection of anomalous element distribution in the extremely slowly rotating magnetic O9.7 V star HD 54879
Authors: Järvinen S P , Hubrig S , Schöller M , Cikota A , Ilyin I , Hummel C A , Küker M 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The O9.7 V star HD 54879 is currently the only massive magnetic star whose magnetic field geometry and rotation period are not constrained. Over the last 3 yr, we gathered additional observations of this star, obtained using various instruments at several astronomical facilities, with the aim to constrain the rotation period and the magnetic field geometry. The new data include the first full Stokes vector observations with the Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI), installed at the Large Binocular Telescope. The acquired spectropolarimetric observations show a very slow magnetic field variability related to the extremely slow rotation of HD 54879, which is also indicated in a dynamical spectrum, displaying variability of the Hα line. The most intriguing result of our study is the discovery of differences in longitudinal magnetic field strengths measured using different least-squares deconvolution (LSD) masks containing lines belonging to different elements. It is the first time that such a differential analysis of the field strength in dependence of the used lines is carried out for a magnetic O-type star. Since the LSD Stokes I profiles of the studied O, Si, and He line masks remain stable over all observing epochs, we conclude that the detection of different field strengths using lines belonging to these elements is related to the different formation depths, with the He lines formed much higher in the stellar atmosphere compared to the silicon and the oxygen lines, and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) effects. Our numerical magnetospherical model suggests the presence of enhanced gas density that fills the volume inside the field lines close to the star.
Eclipse mapping of EXO 0748–676: evidence for a massive neutron star
Authors: Knight Amy H , Ingram Adam , Middleton Matthew , Drake Jeremy 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Determining the maximum possible neutron star (NS) mass places limits on the equation of state (EoS) of ultra-dense matter. The mass of NSs in low-mass X-ray binaries can be determined from the binary mass function, providing independent constraints are placed on both the binary inclination and mass ratio. In eclipsing systems, they relate via the totality duration. EXO 0748–676 is an eclipsing NS low-mass X-ray binary with a binary mass function estimated using stellar emission lines from the irradiated face of the companion. The NS mass is thus known as a function of mass ratio. Here, we model the X-ray eclipses in several energy bands, utilizing archival XMM–Newton data. We find a narrow region of absorbing material surrounding the companion star is required to explain the energy-dependent eclipses. Therefore, we suggest the companion may be experiencing ablation of its outer layers and that the system could transition into a redback millisecond pulsar. Our fit returns a mass ratio of $q=0.222^{+0.07}_{-0.08}$ and an inclination $i = 76.5 \pm ^{1.4}_{1.1}$. Combining these with the previously measured radial velocity of 410 ± 5 km s−1, derived from Doppler mapping analysis of H α emission during quiescence, returns an NS mass of ∼2 M⊙ even if the line originates as far from the NS as physically possible, favouring hard EoS. The inferred mass increases for a more realistic emission point. However, a ∼1.4 M⊙ canonical NS mass is possible when considering radial velocity values derived from other emission lines observed both during outburst and quiescence.
Three-dimensional distribution of ions and electrons in the lunar ionosphere originated from the photochemical reactions
Authors: Ambili K M , Choudhary R K 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Using a fluid-based time-dependent numerical photochemical model, the three-dimensional distribution of ions and electrons in the lunar ionosphere, originated purely from photochemical reactions, is investigated. The photochemical model includes the production and recombination of 16 ions, namely CO$_2^+$, H2O+, H3O+, OH+, O$_2^+$, O+, Ar+, Ne+, He+, H+, H$_2^+$, CH$_3^+$, CH$_4^+$, and CH$_5^+$. The model also includes the interaction of solar wind with lunar plasma and calculates electron density profiles from the surface to 200 km altitude for the entire latitudes and longitudes. Model runs suggest that the surface electron density at the Moon could be as high as 1.2 × 105 cm−3 over the mid-latitudes if dynamical interaction between the solar wind and lunar plasma is not accounted for. The dominant ions, in this case, would be Ar+, Ne+, and He+. The absence of any intrinsic magnetic field however leads the ionosphere at the Moon to interact continuously with the solar wind and result in the removal of positive ions. This, in turn, leads to a negligible presence of plasma in the lunar ionosphere with a maximum electron density of ∼1600 cm−3. The electron density is maximum during the midnight and post-midnight periods at all the latitudes, and the maximum is centred around the polar region. Though solar wind acts as a strong removal agent, the electron density distribution is controlled by photochemistry, and ions are molecular in origin.
X-ray timing and spectral variability properties of blazars S5 0716 + 714, OJ 287, Mrk 501, and RBS 2070
Authors: Mohorian Maksym , Bhatta Gopal , Adhikari Tek P , Dhital Niraj , Pánis Radim , Dinesh Adithiya , Chaudhary Suvas C , Bachchan Rajesh K , Stuchlík Zdeněk 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The X-ray emission from blazars has been widely investigated using several space telescopes. In this work, we explored statistical properties of the X-ray variability in the blazars S5 0716+714, OJ 287, Mkn 501, and RBS 2070 using the archival observations from the XMM-Newton telescope between the period 2002–2020. Several methods of timing and spectral analyses, including fractional variability, minimum variability time-scale, power spectral density analyses, and countrate distribution, were performed. In addition, we fitted various spectral models to the observations, as well as estimated hardness ratio. The results show that the sources are moderately variable within the intraday time-scale. Three of the four sources exhibited a clear bi-modal pattern in their countrate distribution, revealing possible indication of two distinct countrate states, that is, hard and soft countrate states. The slope indices of the power spectral density were found to be centred around 0.5. Furthermore, the spectra of the sources were fitted with single power law, broken power law, log-parabolic, and blackbody + log-parabolic models (the latter only for OJ 287). We conclude that for most of the observations log-parabolic model was the best fit. The power-spectral-density analysis revealed the variable nature of PSD slopes in the source light curves. The results of this analysis could indicate the non-stationary nature of the blazar processes on intraday time-scales. The observed features can be explained within the context of current blazar models, in which the non-thermal emission mostly arises from kilo-pc scale relativistic jets.
Estimating the Impact of Low Influenza Activity in 2020 on Population Immunity and Future Influenza Seasons in the United States
Authors: Lee Kyueun , Jalal Hawre , Raviotta Jonathan M , Krauland Mary G , Zimmerman Richard K , Burke Donald S , Roberts Mark S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Influenza activity in the 2020–2021 season was remarkably low, likely due to implementation of public health preventive measures such as social distancing, mask wearing, and school closure. With waning immunity, the impact of low influenza activity in the 2020–2021 season on the following season is unknown.

Methods
We built a multistrain compartmental model that captures immunity over multiple influenza seasons in the United States. Compared with the counterfactual case, where influenza activity remained at the normal level in 2020–2021, we estimated the change in the number of hospitalizations when the transmission rate was decreased by 20% in 2020–2021. We varied the level of vaccine uptake and effectiveness in 2021–2022. We measured the change in population immunity over time by varying the number of seasons with lowered influenza activity.

Results
With the lowered influenza activity in 2020–2021, the model estimated 102 000 (95% CI, 57 000–152 000) additional hospitalizations in 2021–2022, without changes in vaccine uptake and effectiveness. The estimated changes in hospitalizations varied depending on the level of vaccine uptake and effectiveness in the following year. Achieving a 50% increase in vaccine coverage was necessary to avert the expected increase in hospitalization in the next influenza season. If the low influenza activity were to continue over several seasons, population immunity would remain low during those seasons, with 48% of the population susceptible to influenza infection.

Conclusions
Our study projected a large compensatory influenza season in 2021–2022 due to a light season in 2020–2021. However, higher influenza vaccine uptake would reduce this projected increase in influenza.
Introduction
Authors: Zuber Mike A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The introduction outlines competing views on how to interpret alchemy, presents the book’s definition of spiritual alchemy, and provides an outline of the work. Throughout the past three centuries, alchemy has often been viewed as either fraudulent superstition, introspective religion, or practical science. Bringing together the latter two in a way that challenges our habit of distinguishing sharply between science and religion, spiritual alchemy was based on early-modern concepts of spiritus, a subtle matter pervading the universe. As a concept, spiritus transitioned freely between laboratory alchemy, medicine, cosmology, and even theology. In the process, it could give rise to heterodox implications, something that also affected spiritual alchemy.
Jacob Boehme’s Spiritual Alchemy of Rebirth
Authors: Zuber Mike A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the first fully developed spiritual alchemy as encountered in the later works of Jacob Boehme, including his Signatura rerum of 1622. In his earliest work of 1612, Aurora, alchemy did not yet play a role, and rebirth had not yet acquired its distinct shape. That changed as Boehme gained access to networks of correspondents and supporters who introduced him to alchemical terminology and the notion of rebirth as developed by Valentin Weigel and others. In works composed between 1619 and 1622, Boehme frequently used alchemical language to describe rebirth, thus formulating the spiritual alchemy of rebirth. For him the ubiquitous body of Christ was the philosophers’ stone and the subtle body of the new birth at once.
Friedrich Breckling, the 1682 Boehme Edition, and Spiritual Alchemy
Authors: Zuber Mike A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Since Georg Lorenz Seidenbecher died young, this chapter explores how one of his associates, Friedrich Breckling, shared his millenarianism and eventually described spiritual alchemy in his writings. After initially associating closely with the controversial prophet Ludwig Friedrich Gifftheil, Breckling discovered the writings of Jacob Boehme around 1680. His contacts included many who were directly involved with the first complete edition of Boehme’s works in 1682, including his estranged neighbour Johann Georg Gichtel. Breckling, too, may have contributed to this project. In two small treatises published in the same year, Breckling described the spiritual alchemy of rebirth and contrasted it against the fraudulent alchemy of priestcraft. Breckling’s spiritual alchemy prominently reflected his double calling as ‘God’s librarian’ and advocate of persecuted believers, to whom he extended hospitality throughout his life.
Mesmerists and Alchemists in Victorian London
Authors: Zuber Mike A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the context in which Mary Anne South composed her Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery and shows that it remained faithful to Jacob Boehme’s spiritual alchemy despite its modern trappings. In the years around 1850, her father, Thomas South, corresponded with Christopher Walton, who would amass the largest collection of manuscript works by Dionysius Andreas Freher. Extant letters demonstrate that they discussed Freher and alchemy side by side. Father and daughter initially composed a work titled Early Magnetism together but subsequently discovered in alchemy and spiritual rebirth matters they considered of greater importance. This insight found expression in Mary Anne South’s Suggestive Inquiry, published anonymously and quickly withdrawn. Despite its obscurity, it gives voice to Boehme’s spiritual alchemy in modernised jargon.
A Thawing Earth
Authors: Taillant Jorge Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the warming of permafrost found in the Earth’s coldest regions. It relates how this warming results in the release of large amounts of methane gas from gas hydrates buried in frozen grounds and discusses the implications for climate change of this release. The chapter outlines the categories of permafrost and the role that thawing and freezing cycles play in the local environment. It also describes how to use online GIS tools to locate permafrost regions on the Earth. Finally, the chapter reviews the common impacts of melting permafrost such as subsidence, sinkholes, destruction of infrastructure, as well as the possible release of human and animal disease agents.