bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What do we want to estimate from observational datasets? Choosing appropriate statistical analysis methods based on the chemical management phase
Authors: Takeshita Kazutaka M. , Hayashi Takehiko I. , Yokomizo Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The goals of observational dataset analysis vary with the management phase of environments threatened by anthropogenic chemicals. For example, identifying severely compromised sites is necessary to determine candidate sites in which to implement measures during early management phases. Among the most effective approaches is developing regression models with high predictive power for dependent variable values using the Akaike information criterion. However, this analytical approach may be theoretically inappropriate to obtain the necessary information in various chemical management phases, such as the intervention effect size of a chemical required in the late chemical management phase to evaluate the necessity of an effluent standard and its specific value. However, choosing appropriate statistical methods based on the data analysis objective in each chemical management phase has rarely been performed. This study provides an overview of the primary data analysis objectives in the early and late chemical management phases. For each objective, several suitable statistical analysis methods for observational datasets are detailed. In addition, the study presents examples of linear regression analysis procedures using an available dataset derived from field surveys conducted in Japanese rivers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1414–1422. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
KEY POINTS
This article presents an overview of several proper statistical analysis methods for observational datasets in accordance with data analysis objectives within the different management phases of riverine environments threatened by anthropogenic chemicals. Examples of linear regression analysis procedures using an available dataset derived from field surveys conducted in Japanese rivers are also presented.
Managing threats: A grounded theory of counseling engagement in clients with experiential avoidance
Authors: Tursi Michael M. , Sellers Craig R. , Marquis Andre 
Published: December 2021

AbstractConstructivist grounded theory methods were used to explore counseling engagement in clients with strong tendencies to avoid aversive emotion. Participants initially viewed counseling as a potentially adversarial and harmful relationship. An expectation and fear of judgment, as well as shame and self‐judgment, contributed to this view. Participants also reported anxiety about addressing specific issues. Their perceptions led to withholding of personal information and minimal engagement. The participants were initially susceptible to negative or fruitless counseling episodes. However, if a trusting therapeutic relationship developed, engagement increased. Trust developed if the participants perceived their counselors as non‐judgmental and genuine. Recognizing possible benefits—in addition to risks—of counseling also contributed to their decisions to engage. The participants reported that counseling helped change their perspectives. They eventually perceived and appreciated the benefits of emotional engagement. Implications for counselors are provided.
Novel splicing‐site mutation in DCAF17 gene causing Woodhouse‐Sakati syndrome in a large consanguineous family
Authors: Fozia Fozia , Shah Khadim , Nazli Rubina , Khan Sher Alam , Ahmad Ijaz , Mohammad Noor , Khan Saadullah , Alotaibi Amal 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundWoodhouse‐Sakati syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease with endocrine and neuroectodermal aberrations with heterogeneous phenotypes and disease course. The most common phenotypes of the disease are progressive sensorineural hearing loss and alopecia, mild‐to‐moderate mental retardation and hypogonadism. The disease results from mutations in the DCAF17 gene.MethodHere, we reported a large consanguineous pedigree with multiple affected individuals with Woodhouse‐Sakati syndrome phenotypes. Laboratory tests confirmed the endocrine perturbance in affected individuals. To find out the underlying genetic change, whole‐exome sequencing was carried out.ResultAnalysis of the exome data identified a splicing‐site deletion NM_025000.3:c.1423‐1_1425delGACA in DCAF17 gene. Sanger sequencing confirmed the co‐segregation of the variant with the disease phenotypes in the family.ConclusionThe variant is predicted to cause aberrant splicing, i.e., exon skipping, resulting in the translation of a truncated functionless protein which results in appearance of typical phenotypic features and clinical laboratory findings of Woodhouse‐Sakati syndrome in affected members of the family.
A validation study of after direct‐acting antivirals recommendation for surveillance score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection who had received direct‐acting antiviral therapy and achieved sustained virological response
Authors: Tada Toshifumi , Kurosaki Masayuki , Tamaki Nobuharu , Yasui Yutaka , Mori Nami , Tsuji Keiji , Hasebe Chitomi , Joko Koji , Akahane Takehiro , Furuta Koichiro , Kobashi Haruhiko , Kimura Hiroyuki , Yagisawa Hitoshi , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Kondo Masahiko , Kojima Yuji , Yoshida Hideo , Uchida Yasushi , Nakamura Shinichiro , Izumi Namiki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and AimThe pathogenic process underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not yet clear in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) who have received direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy and achieved sustained virological response (SVR). This study validated a composite predictive model for HCC in these patients.MethodsThis study included 3058 patients in whom HCV was eradicated with DAA therapy. After DAAs recommendation for surveillance (ADRES) score, which is based on sex, FIB‐4 index, and α‐fetoprotein, was used as a composite predictive model for HCC development.ResultsThe 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year cumulative incidence rates of HCC were 0.9, 4.5, and 15.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards models showed that male sex (hazard ratio [HR], 2.646; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.790–3.911), FIB‐4 index >3.25 (HR, 2.891; 95% CI, 1.947–4.293), and α‐fetoprotein >5 ng/mL (HR, 2.835; 95% CI, 1.914–4.200) are independently associated with HCC development. The incidence of HCC differed significantly by ADRES score (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards models showed that compared to the ADRES score 0 group, the HR for HCC development was 2.947 (95% CI, 1.367–6.354) in the ADRES score 1 group, 9.171 (95% CI, 4.339–19.380) in the ADRES score 2 group, and 20.630 (95% CI, 8.641–49.230) in the ADRES score 3 group. ADRES score had superior predictive power for HCC development compared with the FIB‐4 index and α‐fetoprotein according to time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis.ConclusionThe ADRES score is useful for predicting HCC development after SVR.
Duality theorems for stars and combs III: Undominated combs
Authors: Bürger Carl , Kurkofka Jan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn a series of four papers we determine structures whose existence is dual, in the sense of complementary, to the existence of stars or combs. Here, in the third paper of the series, we present duality theorems for a combination of stars and combs: undominated combs. We describe their complementary structures in terms of rayless trees and of tree‐decompositions. Applications include a complete characterisation, in terms of normal spanning trees, of the graphs whose rays are dominated but which have no rayless spanning tree. Only two such graphs had so far been constructed, by Seymour and Thomas and by Thomassen. As a corollary, we show that graphs with a normal spanning tree have a rayless spanning tree if and only if all their rays are dominated.
Performance of diagnostic tools for acute cholangitis in patients with suspected biliary obstruction
Authors: Sperna Weiland Christina J. , Busch Celine B. E. , Bhalla Abha , Bruno Marco J. , Fockens Paul , van Hooft Jeanin E. , Poen Alexander C. , Timmerhuis Hester C. , Umans Devica S. , Venneman Niels G. , Verdonk Robert C. , Drenth Joost P. H. , de Wijkerslooth Thomas R. , van Geenen Erwin J. M. ,   the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcute cholangitis is an infection requiring endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and antibiotics. Several diagnostic tools help to diagnose cholangitis. Because diagnostic performance of these tools has not been studied and might therefore impose unnecessary ERCPs, we aimed to evaluate this.MethodsWe established a nationwide prospective cohort of patients with suspected biliary obstruction who underwent an ERCP. We assessed the diagnostic performance of Tokyo Guidelines (TG18), Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group (DPSG) criteria, and Charcot triad relative to real‐world cholangitis as the reference standard.Results127 (16%) of 794 patients were diagnosed with real‐world cholangitis. Using the TG18, DPSG, and Charcot triad, 345 (44%), 55 (7%), and 66 (8%) patients were defined as having cholangitis, respectively. Sensitivity for TG18 was 82% (95% CI 74‐88) and specificity 60% (95% CI 56‐63). The sensitivity for DPSG and Charcot was 42% (95% CI 33‐51) and 46% (95% CI 38‐56), specificity was 99.7% (95% CI 99‐100) and 99% (95% CI 98‐100), respectively.ConclusionsTG18 criteria incorrectly diagnoses four out of ten patients with real‐world cholangitis, while DPSG and Charcot criteria failed to diagnose more than half of patients. As the cholangitis diagnosis has many consequences for treatment, there is a need for more accurate diagnostic tools or work‐up towards ERCP.
Robust clinical detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants by RT‐PCR/MALDI‐TOF multitarget approach
Authors: Hernandez Matthew M. , Banu Radhika , Gonzalez‐Reiche Ana S. , van de Guchte Adriana , Khan Zenab , Shrestha Paras , Cao Liyong , Chen Feng , Shi Huanzhi , Hanna Ayman , Alshammary Hala , Fabre Shelcie , Amoako Angela , Obla Ajay , Alburquerque Bremy , Patiño Luz Helena , Ramírez Juan David , Sebra Robert , Gitman Melissa R. , Nowak Michael D. , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos , Schutzbank Ted E. , Simon Viviana , van Bakel Harm , Sordillo Emilia Mia , Paniz‐Mondolfi Alberto E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has sparked the rapid development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) diagnostics. However, emerging variants pose the risk for target dropout and false‐negative results secondary to primer/probe binding site (PBS) mismatches. The Agena MassARRAY® SARS‐CoV‐2 Panel combines reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass‐spectrometry to probe for five targets across N and ORF1ab genes, which provides a robust platform to accommodate PBS mismatches in divergent viruses. Herein, we utilize a deidentified data set of 1262 SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive specimens from Mount Sinai Health System (New York City) from December 2020 to April 2021 to evaluate target results and corresponding sequencing data. Overall, the level of PBS mismatches was greater in specimens with target dropout. Of specimens with N3 target dropout, 57% harbored an A28095T substitution that is highly specific for the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant of concern. These data highlight the benefit of redundancy in target design and the potential for target performance to illuminate the dynamics of circulating SARS‐CoV‐2 variants.
Viral infection among children under the age of 5 with diarrhea in Shenyang from 2018 to 2020: A hospital‐based study
Authors: Dong Xinxin , Qi Ying , Chai Ruiyu , Xu Han , Wang Jin , Wang Yingshuang , Chen Ye , Zhang Linlin , Lu Ying , Chen Huijie , Yao Yan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDiarrhea is one of the leading causes of death among children, especially in the age under 5, but few studies are available on viral diarrhea in Shenyang. To understand the infection status and the relevant epidemiological characteristics of viral diarrhea and to fill gaps of the distribution of viruses across Shenyang in children under the age of 5 with diarrhea, from 2018 to 2020, stool specimens of children with diarrhea aged 0–59 months and surveillance data were collected in Sentinel Hospital of Shenyang. Specimens were then tested to determine the type of viruses, the seasonal and spatial patterns for major viruses were determined. Viruses were identified in 47.9% of the 897 samples from children with diarrhea. The main viruses of stool samples were rotavirus (16.9%, predominant type G9P[8]), calicivirus (14.7%), adenovirus (11.8%), and astrovirus (4.5%). Viral infections were mainly detected in the age of 0–12 months. In the area of Shenyang, Huanggu had the most cases (198, 22.1%), followed by Dadong (137, 15.3%) and Hunnan (135, 15.1%). The positive rate of viruses varied among patients of different ages, seasons, and regions. Public health entities and the government should develop corresponding measures for different age groups, seasons, and regions.
Comparative study of corrosion inhibition by three anionic surfactants in an acidic environment
Authors: Earnden Laura , Van Der Zalm Joshua , Chen Aicheng , Marangoni Alejandro G. , van Lier Roy , Pensini Erica 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCorrosion in carbon steel units of chemical, petrochemical and oil and gas plants poses safety and economic concerns. The goal of our study is to investigate the corrosion inhibition effectiveness of an environmentally benign surfactant, namely sodium lauroyl lactylate (SLL), in comparison to sodium cocoyl glutamate (SCG) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The corrosion of carbon steel in 1 M HCl was markedly inhibited by 0.05 and 0.1 M of the anionic surfactant SLL, as determined from weight loss over 96 h, at ambient conditions. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that SLL adsorbed at the carbon steel surface, forming a protective film that decreased corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that carbon steel surfaces immersed in 1 M HCl for 96 h had an etched appearance without SLL, whereas they retained their smoothness with 0.1 M SLL. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements confirmed that SLL passivated carbon steel surfaces, markedly increasing the polarization resistance Rp from ≈95 to ≈20,694 Ω cm2 over a 12 h period. In contrast, without SLL, Rp decreased from ≈92 to ≈12 Ω cm2. These results demonstrate for the first time that the environmentally friendly surfactant SLL is an efficient corrosion inhibitor in extreme environments such as 1 M HCl solutions. Dissimilar to SLL, SCG and SDS were not effective in inhibiting corrosion.
Ultrathin narrowband frequency selective surface with high angular and polarization stability at X‐band frequencies
Authors: Chou Hsi‐Hsir , Ke Guan‐Jhou 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn experimental investigation of an ultrathin and narrowband frequency selective surface (FSS) with polarization‐insensitive and high angular stability at X‐band is reported. A roll‐off and narrow‐passband behavior of the FSS spatial filter is designed by coupling two layers of periodic square slot loops of resonance, which are etched on the top and bottom metal surfaces of a two‐substrate‐stacked printed circuit board (PCB). The sandwiched interface between these two PCB substrates is also a metal surface with periodic square slots for proper coupling. The bandpass nature is numerically simulated by high‐frequency structure simulator and is further validated by experimental measurements on an FSS prototype. The prototype comprises 50 × 33 unit cells in an area of 40 cm × 26.4 cm, and the total thickness is 0.025 λ. The experimental results show a resonant frequency at 12.23 GHz with a 3 dB relative bandwidth of 6.1%. The maximum frequency deviation of bandwidth is less than 0.4% for the incident angles from 0° to 60°, exhibiting good frequency stability.
Linking overhead expenses and nonprofit effectiveness: Evidence from Habitat for Humanity
Authors: Berrett Jessica L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPublic scrutiny of the nonprofit sector often focuses on excessive overhead spending, seeing it as an obstacle to mission fulfillment. Yet, there have been few prior studies on the impact of overhead expenditures on the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations. Building and utilizing a unique dataset of Habitat for Humanity affiliates across the United States between 2010 and 2016, this paper analyses the relationship between overhead spending and effectiveness using fixed effects and mediation models. Results indicate that an increase in the overhead ratio leads to greater nonprofit effectiveness in terms of more houses built and revenue raised. However, findings suggest that overhead ratios of more than 15% yield positive but diminishing returns. Findings also show that organizational capacity indicators such as investments into salaries, professional fees, marketing, information technology, and fundraising mediate a positive relationship between the overhead ratio and nonprofit effectiveness. Implications for both scholars and practitioners are discussed.
Thermomechanical properties of epoxy resin/basalt fiber/hydrotalcite composites and influence of hydrotalcite particle size on their properties
Authors: Li Jidong , Bi Ying , Zhao Binhui , Zu Liwu , Yang Qing , Cong Shanshan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNatural fibers (NFs) and inorganic particles have been successfully grown in the polymer to enhance its properties. The basalt fiber (BF) and modified hydrotalcite (LDHs) reinforced epoxy resin matrix composites were prepared, and the effects of fiber and modified hydrotalcite (G‐LDHs) on the microstructural characteristics of composites were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction were respectively used to analyze the structure of modified BF and G‐LDHs, and thermogravimetric analysis was performed to study thermal stability. The mechanical properties of composites, including dynamic thermomechanical and tensile and flexural properties, were respectively studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and universal testing machine. Experimental results show the successful synthesis of high‐performance epoxy copolymers. The impact strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of EP/BF/G‐LDHs respectively reached 7.07 kJ/m2, 20.52 MPa, and 2595 MPa when the content ratio of BF to hydrotalcite in the additive was 3:3. The DMA test showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) value increased by 18.3°C, and the thermal stability of composite materials was improved. The storage modulus E′ value increased by 268.04 MPa, and the stiffness of the epoxy material and the mechanical properties were also elevated. The TGA and DTG curves indicate that the cured composites also exhibit excellent thermal stability. The effect of g‐LDHS particle size on the properties of composites was also discussed. Overall, the synergistic and complementary enhancement effect of the two materials is the best when the diameter of hydrotalcite is similar to that of BF, and the performance of the composite material is considerably improved.
Influence of material contamination on polypropylene melt filtration using assembled and fused screens
Authors: Koller Kerstin , Paulik Christian , Burgstaller Christoph 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe large range of polymers produced leads to their use in such diverse areas as packaging, the automotive industry, electrical applications, electronics, household appliances, building, and construction. For these applications, materials should be clean and free from contaminants, such as unintentionally cross‐linked material (gels), unconverted polymers, agglomerated additives, dirt, and dust. Since 2000, the amount of plastic produced globally has increased by 5% per year. In 2019, Europe consumed 50.7 million tonnes of plastics, and demand is increasing. As production rises, so does waste, making it essential to reduce plastic waste via recycling. To be recycled, materials must be clean and free from contaminants. While numerous preparation processes in recycling can reduce contamination, the final remaining contaminants can be separated from the polymer by melt filtration. The aim of this work was thus to gain insights into the mechanisms underlying melt filtration in an extruder to determine how effective the process is depending on the type of contamination (PET particles and glass beads served as model contaminants). Additionally, behavior and filtration efficiency of two different screen‐pack types were investigated. We found that rigid contaminants (i.e., glass beads) can be filtered from the melt by using screens that are finer than the particle size, but removing soft contaminants, (i.e., PET particles) requires even finer.
Reactive diluent strategy for general benzoxazine to achieve high performance thermoset via a combination of styrene and glycidyl methacrylate
Authors: Li Qing , Qu Jie Hao , Qian Zi Zhao , Sun Hao Ran , Wang Lu Jie , Fu Fei Ya , Liu Xiang Dong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMost of polybenzoxazines suffer from intrinsic processability problems, while application of the conceptual strategy of reactive diluent remains challenge in benzoxazine field. Here, we reported a new methodology employing a mixture of styrene (St) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as a reactive diluent to dissolve benzoxazine. A commercially available benzoxazine, bis(4‐(3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐3‐yl))phenylmethane (PH‐ddm), was used as a model benzoxazine monomer for a variety of evaluation tests. GMA and St are capable of passing a robust radical polymerization to form linear copolymers, while offer epoxy groups to crosslink the PH‐ddm polymer resulting from the ring opening polymerization. Moreover, the benzoxazine mixture solutions show advantages in preparing composites with glass fibers. By comparing to bulk benzoxazine, the mixture solutions allow significant improvement in terms of tensile strength and elongation of the composites. The main contributor for the enhanced properties is their low‐viscosity nature and the capability to increase crosslinking density of the cured resin. The methodology presented here shows great potential for improving processability of benzoxazines, particularly in large‐scale manufacturing of composite.