bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Generation of Tuned Test Problems for Stress Concentrations
Authors: Sinclair G. B. , Kardak A. A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
When stress concentration factors are not available in handbooks, finite element analysis has become the predominant method for determining their values. For such determinations, there is a need to know if they have sufficient accuracy. Tuned Test Problems can provide a way of assessing the accuracy of stress concentration factors found with finite elements. Here we offer a means of constructing such test problems for stress concentrations within boundaries that have local constant radii of curvature. These problems are tuned to their originating applications by sharing the same global geometries and having slightly higher peak stresses and stress gradients. Consequently, they are incrementally more challenging to solve with finite elements than their originating applications. They also have exact solutions. Thus, a precise determination can be made of the errors incurred in their finite element analysis.
Reactions of New N-(2,2-Dichloro-1-cyanoethenyl)amides with Aliphatic Amines
Authors: Shablykin O. V. , Chumachenko S. A. , Brovarets V. S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The reaction of the newly synthesized N-(2,2-dichloro-1-cyanoethenyl)prop-2-enamide and 4-chloro-N-(2,2-dichloro-1-cyanoethenyl)butanamide with methylamine or dimethylamine gave rise to previously unknown 5-amino-1,3-oxazole-4-carbonitriles. In the case of the reaction of N-(2,2-dichloro-1-cyanoethenyl)amides with ethylenediamine diacetate, new (Z)-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-7-oxo-1H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-9-carbonitrile and 4-chloro-N-(cyano(imidazolidin-2-ylidene)methyl)butanamide were obtained.
Stroke Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: Results From the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry
Authors: Shakil Saate S. , Emmons-Bell Sophia , Rutan Christine , Walchok Jason , Navi Babak , Sharma Richa , Sheth Kevin , Roth Gregory A. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. 
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke. We present prevalence and characteristics of strokes in patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection enrolled in the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry.

Methods:
In this quality improvement registry study, we examined demographic, baseline clinical characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The primary outcomes were ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and in-hospital death.

Results:
Among 21 073 patients with COVID-19 admitted at 107 hospitals between January 29, 2020, and November 23, 2020, 160 (0.75%) experienced acute ischemic stroke/TIA (55.3% of all acute strokes) and 129 (0.61%) had other types of stroke. Among nonischemic strokes, there were 44 (15.2%) intracerebral hemorrhages, 33 (11.4%) subarachnoid hemorrhages, 21 (7.3%) epidural/subdural hemorrhages, 2 (0.7%) cerebral venous sinus thromboses, and 24 (8.3%) strokes not otherwise classified. Asians and non-Hispanic Blacks were overrepresented among ischemic stroke/TIA patients compared with their overall representation in the registry, but adjusted odds of stroke did not vary by race. Median time from COVID-19 symptom onset to ischemic stroke was 11.5 days (interquartile range, 17.8); median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 11 (interquartile range, 17). COVID-19 patients with acute ischemic stroke/TIA had higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation compared with those without stroke. Intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation were associated with higher odds of acute ischemic stroke/TIA, but older age was not a predictor. In adjusted models, acute ischemic stroke/TIA was not associated with in-hospital mortality.

Conclusions:
Ischemic stroke risk did not vary by race. In contrast to the association between older age and death from COVID-19, ischemic stroke risk was the highest among middle-aged adults after adjusting for comorbidities and illness severity, suggesting a potential mechanism for ischemic stroke in COVID-19 independent of age-related atherosclerotic pathways.
The Enemy Within? Green Industrial Policy and Stranded Assets in China’s Power Sector
Authors: Nahm Jonas , Urpelainen Johannes 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article examines potential interest group opposition to green industrial policies through the lens of state investment in China’s coal power sector. Using a novel data set on financial investments in Chinese coal power plants, we show that state actors have controlling stakes in the majority of nominally private coal plants. Importantly, the majority of such plants have investments from multiple levels of government. Green industrial policies could therefore face resistance from economic coalitions within the state, as state-owned coal plants and government agencies object to policies that harm their financial interests. Theoretically, this implies the need for a conceptualization of state capacity that allows for the ability to overcome internal opposition. Empirically, we highlight a predicament for the Chinese state: it has set ambitious goals to decarbonize but also has a vested interest in ensuring the profitability of the world’s largest coal-fired power generation fleet.
Energy and the Complexity of International Order
Authors: Oatley Thomas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article explores the role of states and industrial policy in shaping the historical coevolution of energy and international order. I explore how states, by narrowly self-interested pecuniary goals, the desire for geopolitical advantage, and concerns about the political ramifications of domestic economic structure, use industrial policy to encourage the development of energy-intensive transportation and agricultural systems. Over time, increasingly energy-intensive systems allowed an increasingly complex international order to develop, one characterized by significant differentiation and specialization organized over a geographically expansive area. This contemporary complex order is dependent on fossil fuels. I argue that states retain geopolitical and domestic political incentives to use green industrial policy to develop the technologies needed to transition away from this fossil fuel dependence, but industrial policy today faces greater challenges than it did in the past.
RNA-Seq analysis in giant pandas reveals the differential expression of multiple genes involved in cataract formation
Authors: You Yuyan , Bai Chao , Liu Xuefeng , Lu Yan , Jia Ting , Xia Maohua , Yin Yanqiang , Wang Wei , Chen Yucun , Zhang Chenglin , Liu Yan , Wang Liqin , Pu Tianchun , Ma Tao , Liu Yanhui , Zhou Jun , Niu Lili , Xu Suhui , Ni Yanxia , Hu Xin , Zhang Zengshuai 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an endangered mammalian species native to China. Fewer than 2500 giant pandas are known to exist, many of which are bred in captivity as a means to preserve and repopulate the species. Like other captive mammals, giant pandas acquire age-related cataracts, reducing their quality of life. Recent comparative genome-wide methylation analysis revealed 110 differentially methylated genes associated with cataract formation including six also associated with the formation of age-related cataracts in humans.

Results
To investigate the pathological pathway in greater detail, here we used RNA-Seq analysis to investigate the differential expression profiles of genes in three giant pandas with cataracts and three healthy controls. We identified more than 700 differentially expressed genes, 29 of which were selected for further analysis based on their low q-value. We found that many of the genes encoded regulatory and signaling proteins associated with the control of cell growth, migration, differentiation and apoptosis, supporting previous research indicating a key role for apoptosis in cataract formation.

Conclusion
The identification of genes involved in the formation of age-related cataracts could facilitate the development of predictive markers, preventative measures and even new therapies to improve the life of captive animals.
The influence of probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and sleep insufficiency on fall risk in a community-dwelling elderly population
Authors: Han Chao , An Jing , Chan Piu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The objective was to investigate the individual effect and potential interactions of probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (pRBD) and sleep insufficiency on fall risk among a Chinese elderly population.

Methods
Community-dwelling population aged 55 years or above were recruited from the Beijing Longitudinal Study on Aging II cohort from 2010 to 2011. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. Multiplicative and additive interactions between pRBD and sleep insufficiency were examined using likelihood ratio tests and relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), respectively.

Results
Among 6891 included participants, 479 experienced at least once fall. pRBD and sleep insufficiency were both independently associated with elevated fall risk. Compared to the elderly without pRBD or sleep insufficiency, pRBD and sleep insufficiency was each associated with a 2.57-fold (OR = 2.57, 95%CI: 1.46–4.31) and 1.45-fold (OR = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.11–1.88) risk of falls individually, while their coexistence was associated with a less-than-additive 17% (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 0.43–2.63) increased risk of falls. The combination of these two factors demonstrated evidence of a negative interaction on both multiplicative (ratio of ORs = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.10, 0.86) and additive (RERI = − 1.85, 95%CI: − 3.61, − 0.09) scale.

Conclusions
Our study has provided robust evidence for the adverse effect of pRBD and sleep insufficiency, as well as their negative interaction on increasing fall risk in a Chinese elderly population.
Effects of half-dose and full-dose GnRH antagonists on IVF-ET outcomes: a retrospective study
Authors: Zhao Yingge , Lian Fang , Xiang Shan , Yu Yi , Pang Conghui , Qiu Yue 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist(GnRH-ant) has been shown to have a negative effect on endometrial receptivity. Therefore, the use of lower doses of GnRH-ant during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) may improve endometrial receptivity and clinical pregnancy rate. However, the GnRH-ant dose is relatively flexible and there is no fixed requirement for guidance. In this retrospective study, we determined the effects of half-dose and full-dose GnRH-ant on IVF-ET outcomes.

Methods
Of the 316 cycles in the 314 patients analyzed in this study, 149 received GnRH-ant half-dose (Group1), while 167 received GnRH-ant full-dose (Group2). The groups were further classified based on age and BMI. Age subgroups, were divided as age ≤ 35(subgroup A) and age > 35(subgroup B): 180 cycles in subgroup A (107 cycles in subgroup A1,73 cycles in subgroup A2), 136 cycles in subgroup B (42 cycles in subgroup B1,94 cycles in subgroupB2). The subgroups based on BMI were divided as BMI < 25 (subgroup C)and BMI ≥ 25 (subgroup D):208 cycles in subgroup C (94 cycles in subgroup C1,114 cycles in subgroup C2), 108 cycles in subgroup D (55 cycles in subgroup D1,53 cycles in subgroup D2).

Results
The number of fertilized oocytes, superior-quality embryos, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rate differed significantly between the two groups. However, the number of retrieved oocytes and available embryos were significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (8.17 ± 4.10 vs. 7.07 ± 4.05, 2.96 ± 2.03 vs. 2.52 ± 1.62, respectively,p<0.05). Differences between the age subgroups were not statistically significant. However, in the subgroups based on BMI, the fertilized oocytes, available embryos, the number of superior-quality embryos, and the live birth rate differed significantly between the four subgroups. The number of retrieved oocytes was higher in subgroup C1 than in subgroup C2 (8.24 ± 4.04 vs. 6.83 ± 3.92,p < 0.05), In addition, the clinical pregnancy rate was slightly higher in subgroup D1 than in subgroup D2(45.45 vs. 24.53%, P < 0.05).

Conclusions
The results showed that half-dose GnRH-ant was as effective as full-dose GnRH-ant for most patients. Moreover, half-dose GnRH-ant may be more suitable in patients with BMI greater than or equal to 25. The findings of this study need to be validated in a large sample RCT.

Trial registration
Retrospectively registered.
Prognostic value of metabolic activity of the psoas muscle evaluated by preoperative 18F-FDG PET-CT in breast cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Kim Keunyoung , Kim In-Joo , Pak Kyoungjune , Kang Taewoo , Seol Young Mi , Choi Young Jin , Kim Hyojeong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of metabolic activity of the psoas muscle measured by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography to predict treatment outcomes in patients with resectable breast cancer.

Methods
The medical records of 288 patients who had undergone surgical resection for stages I–III invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast between January 2014 and December 2014 in Pusan National University Hospital were reviewed. The standardized uptake values (SUVs) of the bilateral psoas muscle were normalized using the mean SUV of the liver. SUVRmax was calculated as the ratio of the maximum SUV of the average bilateral psoas muscle to the mean SUV of the liver. SUVRmean was calculated as the ratio of the mean SUV of the bilateral psoas muscle to the mean SUV of the liver.

Results
Univariate analyses identified a higher T stage, higher N stage, estrogen receptor negativity, progesterone receptor negativity, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity, triple-negative breast cancer, mastectomy (rather than breast-conserving surgery), SUVRmean > 0.464, and SUVRmax > 0.565 as significant adverse factors for disease-free survival (DFS). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that N3 stage (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.347, P = 0.031) was an independent factor for recurrence. An SUVRmax > 0.565 (HR = 4.987, P = 0.050) seemed to have a correlation with shorter DFS.

Conclusions
A higher SUVRmax of the psoas muscle, which could be a surrogate marker of insulin resistance, showed strong potential as an independent prognostic factor for recurrence in patients with resectable breast cancer.
Patient characteristics associated with different types of prison TB: an epidemiological analysis of 921 TB cases diagnosed at an Ethiopian prison
Authors: Amirkhani Asmah , Humayun Maheen , Ye Wen , Worku Yoseph , Yang Zhenhua 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Despite incarcerated population being at an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) and serving as a potential source of TB transmission for the general population, prison TB remains understudied. Given its adverse impact on progress towards TB elimination, World Health Organization (WHO) has identified prison TB research as a top priority to guide TB treatment/control interventions.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 921 notified TB cases that were diagnosed at Kality Federal Prison, Ethiopia during 2009–2017. To assess trends of microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB (PTB), extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB), and TB-HIV co-infection, an ecological analysis of aggregated cases was used to report trends over time. Additionally, we used multivariable log binomial regression to identify patient characteristics associated with microbiologically confirmed PTB, EPTB, and TB-HIV co-infection.

Results
Microbiologically confirmed PTB proportion increased over time. Young age was identified as an important risk factor for EPTB (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.74, 95% CI 0.97, 3.13) while HIV coinfection was negatively associated with EPTB (aPR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55, 0.97). While previous TB history was associated with a lower likelihood of EPTB (aPR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.25, 0.70), it was associated with an increased risk of TB-HIV coinfection (aPR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.10, 1.71). Clinically diagnosed PTB patients were more likely to have TB-HIV coinfection compared to microbiologically confirmed PTB patients (aPR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.02, 1.72).

Conclusions
Increasing proportion of microbiologically confirmed PTB may suggest delayed access to treatment, severe disease and increased risk of intramural transmission. Associations with clinical/demographic factors varied for different types of TB and were not always consistent with what has been previously reported for the general population, necessitating the need to refocus prison TB control/treatment strategies based on context specific epidemiological factors.
СИСТЕМА ГЛУТАТИОНА КАК МЕХАНИЗМ ДЕТОКСИКАЦИИ ГЕРБИЦИДОВ У ВАКУОЛЕЙ И ПЛАСТИД КЛЕТОК КОРНЕПЛОДОВ СТОЛОВОЙ СВЕКЛЫ
Authors: Pradedova Elena V. , Salyaev Rurick K. 
Published: October 2021

Синтетические соединения, используемые в растениеводстве, представляют собой ксенобиотики, которые, попадая в растения, могут отрицательно влиять на функционирование клеток. Внутри клеток, они подвергаются (или в случае ослабления защитных механизмов не подвергаются) химической трансформации и транспортируются в вакуоли. Избыточное накопление ксенобиотиков в вакуолях, по всей видимости, является следствием нарушения их химической трансформации и деградации в других субклеточных структурах. В связи с этим системы детоксикации ксенобиотиков в вакуолях и других компартментах растительной клетки заслуживают пристального внимания.
Цель работы. Следовало установить, может ли система глутатиона в таких органеллах, как вакуоли и пластиды, служить одним из механизмов детоксикации гербицидов.
Материалы и методы. Проводили сравнительное исследование системы глутатиона у вакуолей и лейкопластов, изолированных из клеток корнеплодов столовой свеклы (Beta vulgaris L.). Методы спектрофотометрического анализа и гель-электрофореза применяли, чтобы определить содержание глутатиона, активность глутатион-S-трансферазы (GST, КФ 2.5.1.18) и глутатионредуктазы (GR, КФ 1.8.1.7).
Результаты. Количество глутатиона было выше в вакуолях, по сравнению с лейкопластами. Активность GST у вакуолей также была выше. Ферменты из семейства GST, катализирующие реакции конъюгации глутатиона с различными соединениями, имеют непосредственное отношение к детоксикации метаболитов и ксенобиотиков. GSTs вакуолей и пластид взаимодействовали с гербицидами (глифосатом, фтородифеном и клопиралидом), что свидетельствовало об участии этих ферментов в детоксикации экзогенных токсичных соединений. Поддерживает пул глутатиона в восстановленном состоянии GR. Активность этого фермента в лейкопластах оказалась намного выше, по сравнению с вакуолями. GRs вакуолей и пластид отличались стабильностью, в условиях in vitro их активность не подавляли используемые в работе гербициды.
Заключение. На основании полученных данных можно предположить, что глутатион, аккумулируемый вакуолями, так же как глутатион пластид, вовлечен в процессы детоксикации, которые протекают в этих субклеточных компартментах. Дальнейшее всестороннее изучение субклеточных механизмов обезвреживания цитотоксичных соединений расширит представление о детоксикационных процессах у растительного организма.
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КАЧЕСТВА ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНОЙ ДИСПАНСЕРИЗАЦИИ ДЕТЕЙ В АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНЕ ЗА 2014–2019 ГОДЫ
Authors: Mustafayeva Zakiyya M. 
Published: October 2021

Цель. Изучение качества и эффективности организации обязательной диспансеризации в детских амбулаторно-поликлинических учреждениях страны за 2014-2019 гг. на основании утвержденных показателей стандартов качества.
Материалы и методы. Ретроспективный анализ динамики показателей диспансеризации (охват профилактическими медицинскими осмотрами; структура больных, состоящих под диспансерным наблюдением, по нозологическим формам; своевременность взятия больных на диспансерный учет; полнота проведения лечебно-оздоровительных мероприятий; удельный вес больных, снятых с диспансерного учета в связи с выздоровлением и т.д.). Использованы данные о деятельности детских амбулаторно-поликлинических учреждений (по стране за период 2014-2019 гг. по формам статистической отчетности №12, 30).
Результаты. Тенденции уменьшения охвата профилактическими прививками и снижения показателей выявляемости заболеваний, неравномерное распределение детей по группам здоровья и показателей первичной инвалидности детей могут быть скрытым результатом ослабления внимания службы здравоохранения на вопросы обязательной диспансеризации детей, которые влияют в свою очередь на показатели состояния здоровья детей в будущем.
Заключение. Изучение динамики показателей качества обязательной диспансеризации позволяет сделать вывод о том, что несмотря на улучшение работы по организации профилактических и лечебно-оздоровительных мероприятий в детских амбулаторно-поликлинических учреждениях в связи с принятием в 2014 г. “Закона об обязательной диспансеризации детей” в стране, качество и эффективность проведения диспансеризации требует дальнейшего усовершенствования.
Synthesis of novel thiourea-/urea-benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents
Authors: Siddig Lamia A. , Khasawneh Mohammad A. , Samadi Abdelouahid , Saadeh Haythem , Abutaha Nael , Wadaan Mohammad Ahmed 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A new series of urea and thiourea derivatives containing benzimidazole group as potential anticancer agents have been designed and synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. In vitro anticancer assay against two breast cancer (BC) cell lines, MDA-MB-231ER(−)/PR(−) and MCF-7ER(+)/PR(+), revealed that the cytotoxicity of 1-(2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylamino)ethyl)-3-p-tolylthiourea (7b) and 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxamide (5d) were higher in MCF-7 with IC50 values of 25.8 and 48.3 µM, respectively, as compared with MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, 7b and 5d were assessed for their apoptotic potential using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, and Caspase-3/7. After incubation with MCF-7, the compounds 7b and 5d induced apoptosis through caspase-3/7 activation. In conclusion, the compounds 7b and 5d are potential candidates for inducing apoptosis in different genotypic BC cell lines.