bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A holobiont view of island biogeography: Unravelling patterns driving the nascent diversification of a Hawaiian spider and its microbial associates
Authors: Armstrong Ellie E. , Perez‐Lamarque Benoît , Bi Ke , Chen Cerise , Becking Leontine E. , Lim Jun Ying , Linderoth Tyler , Krehenwinkel Henrik , Gillespie Rosemary G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe diversification of a host lineage can be influenced by both the external environment and its assemblage of microbes. Here, we use a young lineage of spiders, distributed along a chronologically arranged series of volcanic mountains, to investigate how their associated microbial communities have changed as the spiders colonized new locations. Using the stick spider Ariamnes waikula (Araneae, Theridiidae) on the island of Hawaiʻi, and outgroup taxa on older islands, we tested whether each component of the “holobiont” (spider hosts, intracellular endosymbionts and gut microbial communities) showed correlated signatures of diversity due to sequential colonization from older to younger volcanoes. To investigate this, we generated ddRAD data for the host spiders and 16S rRNA gene amplicon data from their microbiota. We expected sequential colonizations to result in a (phylo)genetic structuring of the host spiders and in a diversity gradient in microbial communities. The results showed that the host A. waikula is indeed structured by geographical isolation, suggesting sequential colonization from older to younger volcanoes. Similarly, the endosymbiont communities were markedly different between Ariamnes species on different islands, but more homogeneous among A. waikula populations on the island of Hawaiʻi. Conversely, the gut microbiota, which we suspect is generally environmentally derived, was largely conserved across all populations and species. Our results show that different components of the holobiont respond in distinct ways to the dynamic environment of the volcanic archipelago. This highlights the necessity of understanding the interplay between different components of the holobiont, to properly characterize its evolution.
Demographic changes in Pleistocene sea turtles were driven by past sea level fluctuations affecting feeding habitat availability
Authors: van der Zee Jurjan P. , Christianen Marjolijn J.A. , Bérubé Martine , Nava Mabel , van der Wal Sietske , Berkel Jessica , Bervoets Tadzio , Meijer zu Schlochtern Melanie , Becking Leontine E. , Palsbøll Per J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPleistocene environmental changes are generally assumed to have dramatically affected species’ demography via changes in habitat availability, but this is challenging to investigate due to our limited knowledge of how Pleistocene ecosystems changed through time. Here, we tracked changes in shallow marine habitat availability resulting from Pleistocene sea level fluctuations throughout the last glacial cycle (120–14 thousand years ago; kya) and assessed correlations with past changes in genetic diversity inferred from genome‐wide SNPs, obtained via ddRAD sequencing, in Caribbean hawksbill turtles, which feed in coral reefs commonly found in shallow tropical waters. We found sea level regression resulted in an average 75% reduction in shallow marine habitat availability during the last glacial cycle. Changes in shallow marine habitat availability correlated strongly with past changes in hawksbill turtle genetic diversity, which gradually declined to ~1/4th of present‐day levels during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 26–19 kya). Shallow marine habitat availability and genetic diversity rapidly increased after the LGM, signifying a population expansion in response to warming environmental conditions. Our results suggest a positive correlation between Pleistocene environmental changes, habitat availability and species’ demography, and that demographic changes in hawksbill turtles were potentially driven by feeding habitat availability. However, we also identified challenges associated with disentangling the potential environmental drivers of past demographic changes, which highlights the need for integrative approaches. Our conclusions underline the role of habitat availability on species’ demography and biodiversity, and that the consequences of ongoing habitat loss should not be underestimated.
The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and autism spectrum disorder in adult patients in the United States
Authors: Kamionkowski Sara , Shibli Fahmi , Ganocy Stephen , Fass Ronnie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been associated with psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. Those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, but most research has been done on children. Our aim was to determine the relationship between GERD and autism in adults and assess GERD‐related complications in those with autism.MethodsA national cohort of adults aged 18 and above with GERD with and without ASD were compared to those without GERD. Complications of GERD that were studied included Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, esophageal stricture, ulcer, and malignancy. Conditions associated with GERD were evaluated including chronic cough, wheezing, sore throat, non‐cardiac chest pain, and hoarseness. GERD treatment that was evaluated included proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA), and anti‐reflux surgery.Key ResultsThere was an increased risk of GERD in subjects with ASD (p = 0.0001). Erosive esophagitis and esophageal ulcer were more likely to occur in those with GERD and ASD (p = 0.0001). Those with ASD were at higher risk of suffering from wheezing following a diagnosis of GERD compared to those without ASD (p = 0.0001). Those with GERD and ASD were more likely to be treated with an H2RA both as monotherapy and in combination with PPI versus those without ASD (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0037, respectively).Conclusions and InferencesAdult patients with ASD are more likely to have GERD as well as complications including erosive esophagitis and esophageal ulcer. Treatment of patients with GERD and ASD is not consistent and may suggest health care disparities.
Prenatal exposure to antibiotics and risk of childhood overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Solans Marta , Barceló Maria A. , Morales‐Suárez‐Varela Maria , Moya Andrés , Saez Marc 
Published: December 2021

SummaryInfant antibiotic use has been modestly associated with childhood overweight, while evidence on prenatal exposures remains less clear. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to examine associations between maternal antibiotic exposure and subsequent risk of childhood overweight/obesity. Publications were retrieved from PubMed and Web of Science databases up to December 2019. A random effects model was used to summarize risk estimates, overall, and by period and frequency of exposure. Ten observational studies were included in the narrative synthesis. We did not observe a clear pattern of association between prenatal antibiotic use and childhood overweight/obesity. There were suggestive associations for repeated exposures (≥3 courses) and those taking place during the second trimester of gestation, which were also pointed out in our meta‐analysis (relative risk, RR2T = 1.15 (95% CI 1.04; 1.28, I2 = 18%), and RR3courses = 1.31 (95% CI 1.03; 1.67, I2 = 65%), respectively). In most studies, however, confounding by underlying infections cannot be ruled out. Overall, current data do not conclusively support the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to antibiotics is a risk factor for childhood obesity/overweight. Further studies, controlling for underlying infections and exploring the association according to frequency, period (both prenatal and intrapartum) and type of antibiotic, are needed to clarify this association.
The Gendered Spaces and Experiences of Female Faculty in Colleges of Agriculture*
Authors: Niewoehner‐Green Jera E. , Rodriguez Mary T. , McLain Summer R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe “leaky pipeline” metaphor has been used to describe the dearth of women in science, technology, and leadership roles. For colleges of agriculture within land grant universities (LGUs), college leadership and tenured faculty in agricultural science disciplines have historically been disproportionately male, even though women earn nearly an equal number of doctorates. Conscious gender discrimination may account for some of these disparities; however, this is not the only cause of this imbalance. Gendered constructions of the division of labor and allocation of power within organizational cultures are also important to consider when addressing gender inequalities. Using a qualitative feminist methodology, we explored the intersection of identity, social roles, and gendered organizational cultures in colleges of agriculture and life sciences for female faculty. Findings reflect how gender norms have shifted through time as more female faculty join academic units yet, subtle bias and the institutional culture of large LGUs still influence behavioral expectations and perceived gender roles. However, the power of academic leaders to support equality indicates a type of local level influence that can push against the structural constraints of the institution. We also discuss specific recommendations for academic departments and leaders of colleges of agriculture and life sciences.
Current status and challenges in the care of patients with bacterial meningitis in the Philippines: A scoping review
Authors: Ocampo Ferron F. , Espiritu Adrian I. , Jamora Roland Dominic G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveBacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality if not treated early. Due to the high disease burden, there are barriers in the provision of healthcare services for these patients, especially in low‐ to middle‐income countries, such as the Philippines. We aimed to give an overview of healthcare services delivery and identify gaps in the provision of care for patients with bacterial meningitis in the Philippines.MethodWe conducted a scoping review on the available literature on the epidemiology, research, health services delivery, diagnostics and management of Filipino patients with bacterial meningitis. A qualitative summary of the results was conducted to provide an overview of the findings.ResultsThere is a paucity of epidemiological data and research on bacterial meningitis. Healthcare expenditure remains out‐of‐pocket, with limited coverage from the national health insurance programme. There is an inadequate number of neurologists as well as inequities in the distribution of manpower and facilities due to the devolution of the healthcare system. Diagnosis remains a challenge due to the inaccessibility of tests for CSF analysis. Costs of antibiotics, adjunctive treatment, neurosurgical interventions and rehabilitation are also prohibitive. Outbreaks can be prevented by strengthening existing surveillance systems and improving vaccination coverage against the most common causative organisms.ConclusionEnormous challenges still exist with regards to health services delivery in patients with bacterial meningitis in the Philippines in terms of epidemiologic data and research, access to healthcare facilities and diagnostic tools, healthcare costs, surveillance systems and immunisation against causative pathogens.
Electrode Design for Thermal and Nonthermal Plasma Discharge Inside a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber
Authors: Shaffer James , Askari Omid , Zare Saeid 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Previous methods of achieving ignition in the Plasma, Combustion and Fluid imaging (PCFi) Laboratory’s Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC) utilizes either a standard or modified spark plug. The standard spark plug achieves a representation of side wall ignition (similar to a combustion engine), while the modified spark plug has an extended electrode to allow for a center camber ignition used for laminar burning speed (LBS) measurements. The creation of the modified spark plug required welding a stainless-steel (SS) wire to the electrode of the plug. This process is time consuming and requires a large quantity to effectively test a wide range of parameters such as gap size or electrode geometry. Two custom-design electrodes are presented in this paper which extend the experimental range of the PCFi’s CVCC system. Electrode Design A, gives the ability to test thin wire electrode with adjustability of gap size and different diameters through use of a compression fitting. This electrode design (i.e., tip-to-tip) is utilized with a traditional style of automotive ignition system (i.e., capacitive discharge) to study ignition process (i.e., thermal plasma) and spherical flame propagation. Electrode Design B, adds the ability to change tip geometry (i.e., plate-to-plate, tip-to-plate, tip-to-sphere, plate-to-sphere, etc.). In this paper, the plate-to-plate configuration is demonstrated to study uniform low-temperature nanosecond plasma discharge. Both electrode designs reduce structural weakness by removing the welded joint and allow for linear gap size adjustment. The electrode utilizes high-temperature epoxy, ceramic, and grafoil seals to make parameter adjustments easy and precise. The design was analyzed, prior to building and testing, based on the stress induced from the sealant, the total rated voltage, the rated temperature, and the fracture stress of the ceramic material. The stress induced in the electrodes was analyzed with finite element analysis (FEA) and the results were found to be within the limits of the material in terms of the compressive and fracture strengths. The maximum voltage was found to be around 30 kV. Design A is presented with three different electrode diameters of 1.3, 1, and 0.5 mm and Design B which utilizes a threaded connection for adjustable tip geometry. A sample of data, visual and electrical, is presented for the newly created electrode with a 0.5 mm diameter as well as combustion images for up to 10 atm of initial pressure for methane-air mixture. The new electrode design was able to survive several months of experimental use with few issues compared with the previous welded design.
Procedural Guide for System-Level Impact Evaluation of Industrial Artificial Intelligence-Driven Technologies: Application to Risk-Based Investment Analysis for Condition Monitoring Systems in Manufacturing
Authors: Sharp Michael , Dadfarnia Mehdi , Sprock Timothy , Thomas Douglas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Industrial artificial intelligence (IAI) and other analysis tools with obfuscated internal processes are growing in capability and ubiquity within industrial settings. Decision-makers share their concern regarding the objective evaluation of such tools and their impacts at the system level, facility level, and beyond. One application where this style of tool is making a significant impact is in Condition Monitoring Systems (CMSs). This paper addresses the need to evaluate CMSs, a collection of software and devices that alert users to changing conditions within assets or systems of a facility. The presented evaluation procedure uses CMSs as a case study for a broader philosophy evaluating the impacts of IAI tools. CMSs can provide value to a system by forewarning faults, defects, or other unwanted events. However, evaluating CMS value through scenarios that did not occur is rarely easy or intuitive. Further complicating this evaluation are the ongoing investment costs and risks posed by the CMS from imperfect monitoring. To overcome this, an industrial facility needs to regularly and objectively review CMS impacts to justify investments and maintain competitive advantage. This paper's procedure assesses the suitability of a CMS for a system in terms of risk and investment analysis. This risk-based approach uses the changes in the likelihood of good and bad events to quantify CMS value without making any one-time pointwise estimates. Fictional case studies presented in this paper illustrate the procedure and demonstrate its usefulness and validity.
Flexibility “of” Versus “in” Systems: A Complementary Strategy for Designing Fleet-Based Systems for Uncertainty
Authors: Sapol Stephen J. , Szajnfarber Zoe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Complex systems must sustain value over extended lifetimes, often in the face of significant uncertainty. Flexibility “in” systems have been shown to be highly valuable for large monolithic systems (LMS). However, other research highlighted that the value of flexibility “in” is highly contingent on delays in implementation. These limitations become more important when applied to other classes of complex systems, including fleet-based systems (FBS). To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a complementary approach to flexible design, termed flexibility “of,” and applies it to a case study of a fleet of military vehicles (an FBS). Unlike LMS, FBS are composed of multiple identical units that collectively deliver value. While each unit is itself a complex system (e.g., a tank or aircraft), the collective nature of the operations provides additional paths to flexibility: in addition to implementing flexibility at the vehicle level, flexibility can be applied to the management of the fleet. Flexibility “of” involves procuring a mixed capability fleet upfront and then actively managing which subsets of that fleet are deployed to meet emerging needs. Our results demonstrate the potential value for an of strategy and provide guidance for when different flexibility strategies should be adopted alone or in combination.
Geohydrology of the four largest spring systems in the Ozarks of Missouri and Arkansas, USA
Authors: Boswell Cecil , Duley James W. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The four largest spring systems in the mid-continent receive recharge through large interconnected voids in fractured and solution-weathered dolostones of the Ordovician and Cambrian systems. Cumulative thickness of the carbonate bedrock aquifer ranges up to 700 m in the Ozark region. Recharge from the surface occurs through weathered overburden, sinkholes, and losing streams and has been traced up to 60 km (straight-line horizontal distance) using fluorescent dyes. Mean discharge of the combined flow of these four spring systems is ~1400 cubic feet/second (ft3/s) or 40 m3/second (m3/s). All four spring systems will be visited while discussing the karst terrane that recharges them. Environmental and engineering challenges in the region will be discussed, such as wastewater treatment systems, solid waste disposal, and failed reservoirs. Hodgson Mill Spring represents a branch of the Rainbow/North Fork/Hodgson Mill System. While it receives base flow from the main system, it also receives local recharge that Rainbow and North Fork springs do not. A portion of the Mammoth Spring recharge system will be viewed at Grand Gulf State Park in Missouri, where a cave collapse has created cliffs and a natural bridge and exposed a small losing tributary that flows into a cave that has been traced to the spring. Mammoth Spring State Park in Arkansas offers a historical perspective of the development and use of large springs. Greer Spring in Missouri was used as a power source for grist, flour, and lumber mills, but has now largely returned to its predevelopment state and is managed by the U.S. Forest Service. Big Spring, featured in a former state park in Missouri, is now part of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways.
The blast, the quake, and the bomb: A guide to high-energy events in western Nevada, USA
Authors: Louie* John N. , Ruprecht* Philipp 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
This guide presents an eight-hour, in-person tour of intersecting geologic and human history in western Nevada, USA. A 25 megaton phreatomagmatic blast created a mile-wide (1.6-km-wide) maar, now filled by Soda Lake. The magnitude 7 Dixie Valley earthquake ripped along more than 45 km of the Stillwater Range front in 1954. The 12 kiloton Shoal nuclear test in 1963 created a 50-m-wide cavity in solid granite.
Effects of tactile stimulation on spontaneous breathing during face mask ventilation
Authors: Gaertner Vincent D , Rüegger Christoph Martin , Bassler Dirk , O'Currain Eoin , Kamlin C Omar Farouk , Hooper Stuart B , Davis Peter G , Springer Laila 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveWe sought to determine the effect of stimulation during positive pressure ventilation (PPV) on the number of spontaneous breaths, exhaled tidal volume (VTe), mask leak and obstruction.DesignSecondary analysis of a prospective, randomised trial comparing two face masks.SettingSingle-centre delivery room study.PatientsNewborn infants ≥34 weeks’ gestation at birth.MethodsResuscitations were video recorded. Tactile stimulations during PPV were noted and the timing, duration and surface area of applied stimulus were recorded. Respiratory flow waveforms were evaluated to determine the number of spontaneous breaths, VTe, leak and obstruction. Variables were recorded throughout each tactile stimulation episode and compared with those recorded in the same time period immediately before stimulation.ResultsTwenty of 40 infants received tactile stimulation during PPV and we recorded 57 stimulations during PPV. During stimulation, the number of spontaneous breaths increased (median difference (IQR): 1 breath (0–3); padj<0.001) and VTe increased (0.5 mL/kg (−0.5 to 1.7), padj=0.028), whereas mask leak (0% (−20 to 1), padj=0.12) and percentage of obstructed inflations (0% (0–0), padj=0.14) did not change, compared with the period immediately prior to stimulation. Increased duration of stimulation (padj<0.001) and surface area of applied stimulus (padj=0.026) were associated with a larger increase in spontaneous breaths in response to tactile stimulation.ConclusionsTactile stimulation during PPV was associated with an increase in the number of spontaneous breaths compared with immediately before stimulation without a change in mask leak and obstruction. These data inform the discussion on continuing stimulation during PPV in term infants.Trial registration numberAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12616000768493).