bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social vulnerability in persons with chronic hepatitis C virus infection is associated with a higher risk of prescription opioid use
Authors: Butt Adeel A. , Yan Peng , Kapadia Shashi , Abou-Samra Abdul-Badi , Janjua Naveed Z. , Ibrahim Said 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrescription opioid use (POU) is often a precursor to opioid use disorder (OUD) and subsequent consequences. Persons with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC) may be at a higher risk of POU due to a higher comorbidity burden and social vulnerability factors. We sought to determine the burden of POU and associated risk factors among persons with CHC in the context of social vulnerability. We identified CHC persons and propensity-score matched HCV− controls in the electronically retrieved Cohort of HCV-Infected Veterans and determined the frequency of acute, episodic long-term and chronic long-term POU and the prevalence of social vulnerability factors among persons with POU. We used logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with POU. Among 160,856 CHC and 160,856 propensity-score matched HCV-controls, acute POU was recorded in 38.4% and 38.0% (P = 0.01) respectively. Episodic long-term POU was recorded in 3.9% in each group (P = 0.5), while chronic long-term POU was recorded in 28.4% and 19.2% (P < 0.0001). CHC was associated with a higher risk of chronic long-term POU (OR 1.66, 95%CI 1.63, 1.69), but not with acute or episodic long-term POU. Black race, female sex and homelessness were associated with a higher risk of chronic long-term POU. Presence of ≥ 1 factor was associated with a higher risk of all POU patterns. Persons with CHC have more social vulnerability factors and a higher risk of chronic long-term POU. Presence of ≥ 1 social vulnerability factor is associated with a higher risk of POU. Downstream consequences of POU need further study.
Facile accelerated specific therapeutic (FAST) platform develops antisense therapies to counter multidrug-resistant bacteria
Authors: Eller Kristen A. , Aunins Thomas R. , Courtney Colleen M. , Campos Jocelyn K. , Otoupal Peter B. , Erickson Keesha E. , Madinger Nancy E. , Chatterjee Anushree 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMultidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a grave concern to global health, which is perpetuated by a lack of new treatments and countermeasure platforms to combat outbreaks or antibiotic resistance. To address this, we have developed a Facile Accelerated Specific Therapeutic (FAST) platform that can develop effective peptide nucleic acid (PNA) therapies against MDR bacteria within a week. Our FAST platform uses a bioinformatics toolbox to design sequence-specific PNAs targeting non-traditional pathways/genes of bacteria, then performs in-situ synthesis, validation, and efficacy testing of selected PNAs. As a proof of concept, these PNAs were tested against five MDR clinical isolates: carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniae, New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae, and MDR Salmonella enterica. PNAs showed significant growth inhibition for 82% of treatments, with nearly 18% of treatments leading to greater than 97% decrease. Further, these PNAs are capable of potentiating antibiotic activity in the clinical isolates despite presence of cognate resistance genes. Finally, the FAST platform offers a novel delivery approach to overcome limited transport of PNAs into mammalian cells by repurposing the bacterial Type III secretion system in conjunction with a kill switch that is effective at eliminating 99.6% of an intracellular Salmonella infection in human epithelial cells.
Hydrogenation of diamond nanowire surfaces for effective electrostatic charge storage
Authors: Panda Kalpataru , Kim Jae-Eun , Sankaran Kamatchi Jothiramalingam , Lin I-Nan , Haenen Ken , Duesberg Georg S. , Park Jeong Young 
Published: March 2021

Hydrogenation effect on the morphology of (a) DNW0 and (b−d) hydrogenated DNWs for (b) 5 min (DNW5), (c) 10 min (DNW10), and (d) 15 min (DNW15) (e) Charge patterning on DNW10 (f) Hydrogenation period dependent charge storage on DNW materials.
Well-defined polyvinylpyridine-block-polystyrene diblock copolymers via RAFT aqueous-alcoholic dispersion polymerization: synthesis and isoporous thin film morphology
Authors: Nieswandt Katharina , Georgopanos Prokopios , Abetz Volker 
Published: March 2021

This work presents the synthesis of polyvinylpyridine-polystyrene (PVP-b-PS) diblock copolymers via RAFT dispersion polymerization. Spin-coated PVP-b-PS films were converted into porous surfaces by a controlled alignment and swelling strategy.
Das Adipositas-Paradox/Paradigma bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen: Fakten und Kommentare
Authors: Döhner Wolfram 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungPatienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen zeigen oft ein besseres Überleben bei Übergewicht und milder Adipositas als bei normalem Körpergewicht. Darüber hinaus ist bei solchen Patienten ein beobachteter Gewichtsverlust oft mit einer erhöhten Sterblichkeit assoziiert. Dieser Befund steht im Gegensatz zur fest etablierten Erkenntnis für Adipositas als kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktor und wird daher als Adipositas-Paradox beschrieben. Eine zunehmende Evidenz bestätigt die Erkenntnisse bei verschiedenen kardiovaskulären
Erkrankungen. Insbesondere bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz wurde die auch als inverse Epidemiologie beschriebene geringere Sterblichkeit bei höherem BMI umfangreich beschrieben. In Berechnungsmodellen zur Risikoabschätzung bei Herzinsuffizienz wie dem Seattle Heart Failure Model wird Adipositas daher mittlerweile als protektiver Faktor verwendet. Auch bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung, akutem Herzinfarkt, Hypertonus, Vorhofflimmern, Schlaganfall, peripherer Gefäßerkrankung, mit Diabetes und kardiovaskulärem Risikoprofil oder dialysepflichtiger Niereninsuffizienz bestätigt sich ein besseres Überleben für Patienten mit Übergewicht und milder Adipositas, ebenso
bei Patienten mit zahlreichen kardiovaskulären Interventionen wie Herzkatheter, Bypass-Chirurgie, TAVI, Klappenchirurgie oder Herztransplantation. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene methodische, statistische und konzeptionelle Aspekte diskutiert, die die Erkenntnisse kritisch bewerten und eine mutmaßlich fehlerhafte Interpretation der Befunde folgern. Dagegen gibt es auch mechanistische Erklärungen, die einen protektiven Effekt durch erhöhte Körpermasse beschreiben angesichts einer kardiovaskulären Erkrankung mit grundsätzlich gestörter Stoffwechselkontrolle im Sinne einer katabolen/anabolen Imbalance. Der Stellenwert und die Limitationen des Body-Mass-Index als grundlegende Methode zur Einschätzung des Körperbaus, die Besonderheiten eines ungewollten gegenüber eines gewollten Gewichtsverlustes, widersprüchliche Daten aus prospektiven, kontrollierten Studien wie auch der Einfluss des Alters sind Gegenstand der Diskussion. Der Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die aktuelle Diskussion zum Adipositas-Paradox. Überlegungen zum Körpergewicht und zum Gewichtsmanagement sollten über die Erkenntnisse der Primärprävention hinaus eine differenziertere Sichtweise berücksichtigen, die individuelle Faktoren wie Alter und bestehende Erkrankungen der Patienten einbezieht.
Mind the gap! On the future of AI research
Authors: Dahlin Emma 
Published: March 2021

AbstractResearch on AI tends to analytically separate technical and social issues, viewing AI first as a technical object that only later, after it has been implemented, may have social consequences. This commentary paper discusses how some of the challenges of AI research relate to the gap between technological and social analyses, and it proposes steps ahead for how to practically achieve prosperous collaborations for future AI research. The discussion draws upon three examples to illustrate the analytical gap in different phases of the development of AI systems. Attending to the planning phase, the first example highlights the risk of oversimplifying the task for an AI system by not incorporating a social analysis at the outset of the development. The second example illuminates the issue of system acceptance, where the paper elaborates on why acceptance is multifaceted and need not be approached as merely a technical problem. With the third example, the paper notes that AI systems may change a practice, suggesting that a continuous analysis of such changes is necessary for projects to maintain relevance as well as to consider the broader impact of the developed technology. The paper argues that systematic and substantial social analyses should be integral to AI development. Exploring the connections between an AI’s technical design and its social implications is key to ensuring feasible and sustainable AI systems that benefit society. The paper calls for further multi-disciplinary research initiatives that explore new ways to close the analytical gap between technical and social approaches to AI.
Low temperature and high magnetic field performance of a commercial piezo-actuator probed via laser interferometry
Authors: Adhikari R. , Doesinger K. , Lindner P. , Faina B. , Bonanni A. 
Published: March 2021

The advances in the fields of scanning probe microscopy, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, point contact spectroscopy, and point contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy to study the properties of conventional and quantum materials under cryogenic conditions have prompted the development of nanopositioners and nanoscanners with enhanced spatial resolution. Piezoelectric-actuator stacks as nanopositioners with working strokes of 10 μm and positioning resolution ∼(1–10) nm are desirable for both basic research and industrial applications. However, information on the performance of most commercial piezoelectric actuators in cryogenic environment and in the presence of magnetic fields in excess of 5 T is generally not available. In particular, the magnitude, the rate, and the associated hysteresis of the piezo-displacement at cryogenic temperatures are the most relevant parameters that determine whether a particular piezoelectric actuator can be used as a nanopositioner. Here, the design and realization of an experimental setup based on interferometric techniques to characterize a commercial piezoelectric actuator over a temperature range of 2 K ≤ T ≤ 260 K and magnetic fields up to 6 T are presented. The studied piezoelectric actuator has a maximum displacement of 30 μm at room temperature for a maximum driving voltage of 75 V, which reduces to 1.2 μm with an absolute hysteresis of 9.1±3.3nm at T = 2 K. The magnetic field is shown to have no substantial effect on the piezo-properties of the studied piezoelectric-actuator stack.
Modulation of a protein-folding landscape revealed by AFM-based force spectroscopy notwithstanding instrumental limitations
Authors: Edwards Devin T. , LeBlanc Marc-Andre , Perkins Thomas T. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is widely applied to unfold proteins. Using advanced cantilevers in a commercial AFM to improve stability and precision, we unfolded and then refolded an individual fast-folding, mechanically labile protein—a technically challenging sample—thousands of times. To address concerns that the measured dynamics of such proteins are dominated by the AFM assay, we modulated the protein’s folding rate using pH. Kinetic analysis demonstrated changes in free-energy landscape parameters with pH, despite the reconstructed landscape being dominated by the assay. Hence, AFM using advanced cantilevers can yield biophysical insight into proteins, even if they unfold at low force.
Flood risk behaviors of United States riverine metropolitan areas are driven by local hydrology and shaped by race
Authors: Knighton James , Hondula Kelly , Sharkus Cielo , Guzman Christian , Elliott Rebecca 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Flooding remains one of the costliest natural disasters globally. Perceptions of—and strategies for mitigating—riverine flooding risk vary both within and across communities, yet this is often overlooked in formal planning efforts. We fit a sociohydrologic model to 50 US metropolitan areas to understand divergent community risk behaviors. We identified two archetypes: “risk-enduring” communities with lower flood defenses and longer memory of past floods and “risk-averse” communities with higher defenses but shorter memory. Behaviors were correlated with streamflow conditions, local dam heights, and the proportion of White to non-White residents. Our findings highlight a potential awareness of local hydrology that may drive perceptions of risk as well as racial inequity in flood exposure and resilience within the United States.
Discovery of a caspase cleavage motif antibody reveals insights into noncanonical inflammasome function
Authors: Davies Christopher W. , Stowe Irma , Phung Qui T. , Ho Hoangdung , Bakalarski Corey E. , Gupta Aaron , Zhang Yingnan , Lill Jennie R. , Payandeh Jian , Kayagaki Nobuhiko , Koerber James T. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Inflammasomes, cytosolic multicomponent complexes, sense patterns of pathogenesis or metabolic changes and initiate a cellular response via the activation of the inflammatory caspases (iCasps). A more comprehensive substrate analysis for iCasps will greatly improve our understanding of this pathway and provide potential blood-based biomarkers for inflammasome activation in disease. Antibodies typically exhibit high affinity and specificity for a single modification site, in direct contrast to a protease that exhibits a more degenerate recognition profile. Here, we generate antibodies that defy this convention and exhibit a degenerate recognition motif similar to the iCasps and apply these new tools to elucidate hundreds of putative iCasp substrates. Our findings reveal insights into inflammasome function.
Neuronal circuits overcome imbalance in excitation and inhibition by adjusting connection numbers
Authors: Sukenik Nirit , Vinogradov Oleg , Weinreb Eyal , Segal Menahem , Levina Anna , Moses Elisha 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Standard hippocampal circuitry contains about 20 to 30% inhibitory neurons. We show that cultured hippocampal networks maintain stable and robust dynamics in a wide range of precisely controlled cellular excitatory/inhibitory ratios. To uncover the mechanism underlying the stability of network dynamics, we use single-cell patch-clamp recordings. We suggest that the networks adapt to altered excitation/inhibition compositions by adjusting the number of connections. Our modeling of the collective dynamics observed experimentally demonstrates that neuronal networks self-organize toward excitation/inhibition balance via changes in connectivity.
On the effects of the ocean on atmospheric CFC-11 lifetimes and emissions
Authors: Wang Peidong , Scott Jeffery R. , Solomon Susan , Marshall John , Babbin Andrew R. , Lickley Megan , Thompson David W. J. , DeVries Timothy , Liang Qing , Prinn Ronald G. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Manufactured CFC-11 is depleting the Antarctic ozone layer. CFC production has been strictly controlled by the Montreal Protocol, but emission estimates are very sensitive to choices of lifetimes, which are often assumed as constant over time. We employ a hierarchy of models to study the effect of the ocean on the time-dependent uptake and release of atmospheric CFC-11. The ocean is a sink for CFC-11 and significantly affects its total lifetime and hence the emission inferred from concentration data of past decades. This has not been explicitly included in international ozone assessments. We show that, as anthropogenic production ceases, ocean fluxes become more important, suggesting a need for further studies with high-resolution global models linking atmospheric chemistry and ocean processes.
Conditions and extent of volatile loss from the Moon during formation of the Procellarum basin
Authors: Tartèse Romain , Sossi Paolo A. , Moynier Frédéric 
Published: March 2021

Significance
The depletion of moderately volatile elements in the lunar interior, compared to the Earth’s interior, is accompanied by enrichment in heavy isotopes for most species. This has been explained by vapor loss from the protolunar disk, incomplete accretion of volatiles, or volatile degassing during crystallization of the lunar magma ocean. Importantly, these hypotheses have assumed that volatile depletion and associated isotope fractionations are relevant to the whole Moon. However, our lunar sample collections are biased, as Apollo and Luna samples come from within or around the anomalous Procellarum KREEP Terrane region on the lunar nearside. Here, we propose that these chemical and isotopic features could have resulted from a large-scale impact event on the nearside early in the Moon’s history.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor facilitates the human cytomegalovirus-mediated G1/S block to cell cycle progression
Authors: Naseri-Nosar Pooya , Nogalski Maciej T. , Shenk Thomas 
Published: March 2021

Significance
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. It was originally characterized as a sensor, responding to environmental pollutants and inducing enzymes able to eliminate toxins. AhR is now known to be activated by endogenous ligands as well, such as the tryptophan metabolite, kynurenine. Its activation regulates numerous cell functions, including immunity and proliferation, that impact multiple diseases, such as cancer and infection. Here we show that AhR is activated following infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Its activation impacts both viral and cellular gene expression. Of note, AhR induces a cell cycle block, providing a mechanistic explanation for a long-known consequence of infection that is believed to reserve metabolic resources for the virus by preventing cellular proliferation.
Reconceptualising the interpreter’s role
Authors: Yuan Xiaohui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The interpreter’s role and performance in interpreting-facilitated interactions have attracted considerable
scholarly attention since the 1970s. Seminal field research on interpreting in courtrooms, in hospitals, and in war zones describe
interpreters as active participants. Nevertheless, Hale (2006) and Pöchhacker (2006) critique that much data-driven research in the area suffers from a lack
of theoretical conceptualisations, and is short of diversified sociocultural and linguistic contexts for investigation. To
strengthen the theoretical background to research on the interpreters’ role, this study draws on social psychology theories of
social identity and optimal distinctiveness, and the sociolinguistic notion of face, to develop an interdisciplinary framework for
conceptualising how identity claims may influence interpreters’ choice of linguistic strategies in delivery. The English-Mandarin
political press conference interpreting context is examined to illustrate how the proposed framework may shed light on our
understanding of interpreters’ behaviour in action.
The dynamics of English in Namibia
Authors: Schneider Edgar W. , Schröder Anne 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper positions the volume’s findings on
English in Namibia in the wider context of World Englishes. After
briefly summarizing generally important insights of the book’s
contributions, Namibian English is compared to other global
varieties with respect to its sociohistorical embedding (being an
exceptionally young variety), sociolinguistic settings (including
multilingualism, language contact, linguistic mixing), language
policy (found to be unique) and structural properties on the levels
of pronunciation, morphosyntax and lexis (showcasing an
idiosyncratic vowel split and many shared structures). Special
attention is paid to Namibia’s linguistic relationship with South
Africa and other southern African countries. Finally, closer
attention is paid to Namibia’s role in several models of World
Englishes, including traditional, established and more recent lines
of thinking.
How Better Information and Broader Engagement Transformed Tourism in Wyoming’s Teton County
Authors: Russell Nigel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Teton County covers huge areas of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, as well as the tourism destination of Jackson Hole. The County has been an early adopter of responsible and sustainable tourism practice. In 2014, it made the commitment to obtain formal certification, with the help of the Riverwind Foundation, in partnership with EarthCheck.

EarthCheck logo

© EarthCheck 2021

Information

This case is based on material originally published by EarthCheck, in a different format, on its website (
https://earthcheck.org/media/50772/teton-county-earthcheck-case-study-aug2020.pdf
)

© EarthCheck
Density scaling of error field penetration in radio-frequency-dominant heating plasmas in the EAST tokamak
Authors: Ye Cheng , Sun You-Wen , Wang Hui-Hui , Wang Zheng-Xiong , Wei Lai , Ma Qun , Zang Qing , Gu Shuai , He Kai-Yang , Chu Nan , Wu Xue-Min , Xie Peng-Cheng , Sheng Hui , Sheng Zhi-Cai , Shen Biao , Chen Ying-Jie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The density scaling of n = 1 error field penetration is investigated under radio-frequency (RF)-dominant heated L-mode discharges in the EAST tokamak. It is found that the density scaling of the threshold field strength for error field penetration in lower-hybrid current drive (LHCD) plasmas is about

b

r

∝

n

e

0.4

, where b
r represents the error field amplitude. The results show a weaker density dependence compared to that observed in the previous ohmic heated discharges (Wang et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion
58 056024). For a better understanding of the density scaling, it is compared with field penetration theories, and it is found that it lies in the Waelbroeck regime. The observed scaling is consistent with that evaluated with the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory on error field penetration, for which all the physical parameters are determined experimentally. Due to the density dependence of LHCD heating efficiency, the stronger negative correlation between density and temperature results in a weaker density scaling in these LHCD plasmas. Using realistic parameters under LHCD and ohmic heating as input, respectively, the numerical results based on a reduced MHD model reproduce well the scaling from the error field penetration theory and the observations. Besides, the density scaling in various tokamak operational regimes is also numerically investigated. This provides an excellent validation of MHD theory on error field penetration in the RF-dominant heated L-mode discharges.
The planted k-factor problem
Authors: Sicuro Gabriele , Zdeborová Lenka 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We consider the problem of recovering an unknown k-factor, hidden in a weighted random graph. For k = 1 this is the planted matching problem, while the k = 2 case is closely related to the planted traveling salesman problem. The inference problem is solved by exploiting the information arising from the use of two different distributions for the weights on the edges inside and outside the planted sub-graph. We argue that, in the large size limit, a phase transition can appear between a full and a partial recovery phase as function of the signal-to-noise ratio. We give a criterion for the location of the transition.