bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation Versus Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Associated Pneumonitis: Distinct Radiologic Morphologies
Authors: Chen Xuguang , Sheikh Khadija , Nakajima Erica , Lin Cheng Ting , Lee Junghoon , Hu Chen , Hales Russell K. , Forde Patrick M. , Naidoo Jarushka , Voong Khinh Ranh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Patients with non-small cell lung cancer may develop pneumonitis after thoracic radiotherapy (RT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We hypothesized that distinct morphologic features are associated with different pneumonitis etiologies.

Materials and Methods
We systematically compared computed tomography (CT) features of RT- versus ICI-pneumonitis. Clinical and imaging features were tested for association with pneumonitis severity. Lastly, we constructed an exploratory radiomics-based machine learning (ML) model to discern pneumonitis etiology.

Results
Between 2009 and 2019, 82 patients developed pneumonitis: 29 after thoracic RT, 23 after ICI, and 30 after RT + ICI. Fifty patients had grade 2 pneumonitis, 22 grade 3, and 7 grade 4. ICI-pneumonitis was more likely bilateral (65% vs. 28%; p = .01) and involved more lobes (66% vs. 45% involving at least three lobes) and was less likely to have sharp border (17% vs. 59%; p = .004) compared with RT-pneumonitis. Pneumonitis morphology after RT + ICI was heterogeneous, with 47% bilateral, 37% involving at least three lobes, and 40% sharp borders. Among all patients, risk factors for severe pneumonitis included poor performance status, smoking history, worse lung function, and bilateral and multifocal involvement on CT. An ML model based on seven radiomic features alone could distinguish ICI- from RT-pneumonitis with an area under the receiver-operating curve of 0.76 and identified the predominant etiology after RT + ICI concordant with multidisciplinary consensus.

Conclusion
RT- and ICI-pneumonitis exhibit distinct spatial features on CT. Bilateral and multifocal lung involvement is associated with severe pneumonitis. Integrating these morphologic features in the clinical management of patients who develop pneumonitis after RT and ICIs may improve treatment decision-making.

Implications for Practice
Patients with non-small cell lung cancer often receive thoracic radiation and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), both of which can cause pneumonitis. This study identified similarities and differences in pneumonitis morphology on computed tomography (CT) scans among pneumonitis due to radiotherapy (RT) alone, ICI alone, and the combination of both. Patients who have bilateral CT changes involving at least three lobes are more likely to have ICI-pneumonitis, whereas those with unilateral CT changes with sharp borders are more likely to have radiation pneumonitis. After RT and/or ICI, severe pneumonitis is associated with bilateral and multifocal CT changes. These results can help guide clinicians in triaging patients who develop pneumonitis after radiation and during ICI treatment.
Substituent effects of fused Hammick germylenes: Estimating the stability and reactivity using density functional theory
Authors: Elveny Marischa , Alrazzak Nour Abd , Aljeboree Aseel M. , Alkaim Ayad F. , Ebadi Abdol Ghaffar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this theoretical survey, we compared and contrasted the substituent influences on stability, aromaticity, band gap, atomic charge distribution, and reactivity of 54 singlet and triplet fused Hammick germylenes derived from germabenzopyridine‐4‐ylidene as well as the synthesized five‐ and six‐membered ones by Herrmann and Driess, respectively. Investigations show (1) the lowest and the highest singlet–triplet energy difference (ΔΕs–t) is demonstrated by fusion of two phosphole rings and two furan rings in ortho‐positions (35.6 and 253.6 kJ/mol, respectively) compared with those of the synthesized germylenes (208.8 and 179.9 kJ/mol, respectively). (2) Whereas fusion of benzene, pyridine, phosphinine, and phosphole rings thermodynamically destabilizes the corresponding germylenes, fusion of pyrrole, furan, and thiophene rings stabilizes the corresponding germylenes. (3) The tendency of substituent influences in number and size of rings is arranged by two five‐membered rings > one five‐membered rings > one six‐membered rings > two six‐membered rings. (4) While pyrrole, furan, and thiophene rings kinetically stabilize the corresponding germylenes, other rings destabilize their germylenes with respect to germapyridine‐4‐ylidene and the isolated germylene's Driess. (5) All singlet Hammick germylenes reveal lower nucleophilicity and softness, also higher electrophilicity, chemical potential, and global hardness than their scrutinized triplet states. (6) We are waiting for experimental testing and verifications to fuse heterocyclic rings to the germapyridine‐4‐ylidene's plane in a favorable spatial position to act not only as π‐electron giver but also σ‐electron receiver.
Ocular safety of repeated intravitreal injections of Carboplatin and Digoxin: A preclinical study on the healthy rabbits
Authors: Khodabande Alireza , Ghassemi Fariba , Asadi Amoli Fahimeh , Riazi‐Esfahani Hamid , Mahmoudzadeh Raziyeh , Mehrpour Mohammad , Valipour Niloufar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo evaluate the ocular safety of intravitreal carboplatin and digoxin injections as a new intravitreal chemotherapy option for retinoblastoma tumor vitreous seeds. Eighteen rabbits were divided randomly into three groups to receive intravitreal injection of Digoxin (6 rabbits), Carboplatin (7 rabbits), or Saline (5 rabbits). In every group, one eye randomly treated with 10 µg Digoxin in 0.1 cc or 1 µg Carboplatin or Saline, and the contralateral eye was considered as the control. All groups underwent three consecutive injections of the drugs with 1‐week intervals. Baseline electroretinography (ERG) was recorded from both eyes of all the animals prior to injection and was repeated 1st day, 1st week, and 1st month after the last injection. All rabbits were sacrificed 1 month after the last injection, and histological studies were done. Mean a and b wave amplitudes decreased significantly at 1st day, 1st week, and 1st month after the last intravitreal injection of 10 µg Digoxin in comparison with other groups (p‐value: .02). Contradictory, 1 µg Carboplatin injected eyes had minimal ERG changes. There were some nonspecific ERG changes with unclear clinical significance in non‐injected contralateral control eyes of Digoxin and Carboplatin groups in comparison with the control eyes of the Saline group. Histological studies revealed considerable neural retinal atrophy in injected eyes of the Digoxin group. Intravitreal 10 µg Digoxin might have more local ocular toxicity in comparison with intravitreal Carboplatin in albino rabbit eyes. Future studies should assess the induced toxicity of intravitreal injection of these drugs on the non‐injected contralateral eye.
Alternative prey and farming system mediate predation of Colorado potato beetles by generalists
Authors: Lynch Christine A. , Smith Olivia M. , Chapman Eric G. , Crossley Michael S. , Crowder David W. , Fu Zhen , Harwood James D. , Jensen Andrew S. , Krey Karol L. , Snyder Gretchen B. , Snyder William E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiological control by generalist predators can be mediated by the abundance and biodiversity of alternative prey. When alternative prey draw predator attacks away from the control target, they can weaken pest suppression. In other cases, a diverse prey base can promote predator abundance and biodiversity, reduce predator–predator interference, and benefit biocontrol. Here, we used molecular gut‐content analysis to assess how community composition altered predation of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) by Nabis sp. and Geocoris sp. Predators were collected from organic or conventional potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields, encouraging differences in arthropod community composition.RESULTSIn organic fields, Nabis predation of potato beetles decreased with increasing arthropod richness and predator abundance. This is consistent with Nabis predators switching to other prey species when available and with growing predator–predator interference. In conventional fields these patterns were reversed, however, with potato beetle predation by Nabis increasing with greater arthropod richness and predator abundance. For Geocoris, Colorado potato beetle predation was more frequent in organic than in conventional fields. However, Geocoris predation of beetles was less frequent in fields with higher abundance of the detritus‐feeding fly Scaptomyza pallida Zetterstedt, or of all arthropods, consistent with predators choosing other prey when available.CONCLUSIONAlternative prey generally dampened predation of potato beetles, suggesting these pests were less‐preferred prey. Nabis and Geocoris differed in which alternative prey were most disruptive to feeding on potato beetles, and in the effects of farm management on predation, consistent with the two predator species occupying complementary feeding niches. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Parthenolide, bioactive compound of Chrysanthemum parthenium L., ameliorates fibrogenesis and inflammation in hepatic fibrosis via regulating the crosstalk of TLR4 and STAT3 signaling pathway
Authors: Cui Zhen‐Yu , Wang Ge , Zhang Jing , Song Jian , Jiang Yu‐Chen , Dou Jia‐Yi , Lian Li‐Hua , Nan Ji‐Xing , Wu Yan‐Ling 
Published: July 2021

The current study focused on the regulatory effects of parthenolide (PNL), a bioactive component derived from Chrysanthemum parthenium L., against hepatic fibrosis via regulating the crosstalk of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). HSCs or Raw 264.7 macrophages were activated by TGF‐β or LPS for 1 hr, respectively, and then treated with PNL, CLI‐095 (TLR4 inhibitor), or Niclosamide (STAT3 inhibitor) for the indicated time to detect the crosstalk of TLR4 and STAT3. PNL significantly decreased the expressions of α‐SMA, collagen I, and the ratio of TIMP1 and MMP13 in TGF‐β‐activated HSCs. PNL significantly reduced the releases of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐1α, IL‐18, and regulated signaling P2X7r/NLRP3 axis activation. PNL obviously induced the apoptosis of activated HSCs by regulating bcl‐2 and caspases family. PNL significantly inhibited the expressions of TLR4 and STAT3, including their downstream signaling. PNL could regulate the crosstalk of TLR4 and STAT3, which were verified by their inhibitors in activated HSCs or Raw 264.7 cell macrophages. Thus, PNL could decrease the expressions of fibrosis markers, reduce the releases of inflammatory cytokines, and also induce the apoptosis of activated HSCs. In conclusion, PNL could bi‐directionally inhibit TLR4 and STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that blocking the crosstalk of TLR4 and STAT3 might be the potential mechanism of PNL against hepatic fibrosis.
New 1,2,4‐Triazole Scaffolds as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Docking Studies
Authors: Maddali Narendra Kumar , Ivaturi V. Kasi Viswanath , Murthy Yellajyosula L. N. , Malkhed Vasavi , Brahman Pradeep Kumar , Pindiprolu Sai Kiran S. S. , Kondaparthi Vani , Nethinti Sundara Rao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA series of novel 4,5‐diphenyloxazol‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives (6 a–6 l) were synthesized and screened for anticancer activity against the prostate lung cancer cell lines viz., PC‐93 and HBT‐55. The outcome of the investigation reveals that compounds 6 a, 6 b and 6 j showed potential anticancer activity against PC‐93 cell line with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 13.12, 15.34, and 16.34 μM, respectively. Compounds 6 a, 6 d and 6 j exhibited potential anticancer activity against HBT‐55 cell line with IC50 value 17.28, 16.48, and 15.12 μM respectively, when compared to standard drug doxorubicin. Further, docking studies are performed to understand the possible interactions responsible for their potential activity by considering the Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and the Ser‐/Thr‐specific kinase Akt protein (Akt) as target proteins. The amino acid residues from ALA639 to PRO741 of FGFR1 and from GLU17 to ASP292 of Akt proteins are involved in non‐covalent interactions with the ligands 6 a–6 l. The insilico pharmacokinetic properties are predicted for the molecules 6 a–6 l to assess the druggability. The study provides that compounds 6 a, 6 b, 6 d, and 6 j scaffolds serve as promising lead molecules for treating cancer and further structure optimizations.
Anti‐Sandwich Structured Photo‐Electronic Wound Dressing for Highly Efficient Bacterial Infection Therapy
Authors: Zhou Kun , Chigan Dongdong , Xu Letian , Liu Chenjing , Ding Rui , Li Guoping , Zhang Zixi , Pei Dandan , Li Ang , Guo Baolin , Yan Xuzhou , He Gang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhoto‐electronic devices based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation suffer a crucial limitation in wound treatment due to their sandwich structure, which prevents the contact of ROS with wound tissue. In this work, the first anti‐sandwich structured visible‐light/electricity dual‐responsive wound dressing is constructed for treatment of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), based on selenoviologen‐appendant polythiophene (SeV2+‐PT)‐containing polyacrylamide hydrogels. The new wound dressing is named an anti‐sandwich structured photo‐electronic wound dressing (PEWD). The unique structure of PEWD enables its use in synergistic electrodynamic and photodynamic therapy (EDT and PDT), providing rapid, on‐demand, and sustained generation of ROS in situ via short‐time light irradiation and/or wireless‐controlled electrification. The PEWD possesses good flexibility, excellent biocompatibility, and fast response, as well as sustained ROS generation in a physiological environment. Animal experiments demonstrate effective ROS generation in 6 s under irradiation and electrification, inhibiting infection at an early stage, and substantially shortening the healing time of bacterial infection (to within 7 days). This proof‐of‐concept research holds great promise in developing new flexible PEWD, and novel strategies to improve wound treatment.
Therapeutic antibodies under development for SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Ma Zetong , Zhu MengMei , Zhang Shuyi , Qian Kewen , Wang Chuqi , Fu Wenyan , Lei Changhai , Hu Shi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe world is experiencing one of the most difficult moments in history with COVID‐19, which has rapidly developed into a worldwide pandemic with a significant health and economic burden. Efforts to fight the virus, including prevention and treatment, have never stopped. However, no specific drugs or treatments have yet been found. Antibody drugs have never been absent in epidemics such as SARS, MERS, HIV, Ebola, and so on in the past two decades. At present, while research on the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine is in full swing, antibody drugs are also receiving widespread attention. Several antibody drugs have successfully entered clinical trials and achieved impressive therapeutic effects. Here, we summarize the therapeutic antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2, as well as the research using ACE2 recombinant protein or ACE2‐Ig fusion protein.
Treatment of municipal wastewater by employing membrane bioreactors combined with efficient nitration microbial communities isolated by Isolation Chip with Plate Streaking technology
Authors: Zhang Yinan , Ye Xueping , Fang Yuxin , Zhang Hangjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this research, we developed a method so‐called Isolation Chip with Plate Streaking (ICPS) to selectively enrich nitrifying microbial consortium for treating municipal wastewater. In batch experiment, these bacterial communities were able to remove NH3‐N in 72 h with an efficiency of 96%. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria species are dominant bacteria in these communities. When the bacterial communities were used in the membrane bioreactor under typical condition, the removal efficiency was 81.0%. In contrast, under the actual wastewater condition, the efficiency could reach 91.2%. All above results showed clearly that the consortium selected by our ICPS method could achieve high‐efficient NH3‐N removal, thus offering a reliable technique for screening functional microorganisms in the field of water treatment.Practitioner points

ICPS technology was designed and used for screening specialized NH3‐N‐removing isolates.
The screening process benefited the growth of the dominant nitrifying bacteria Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.
When the functional bacteria applied into the MBR, the NH3‐N removal efficiency was 91.2% under actual wastewater conditions.
Effects of coagulant morphology and chemical properties on soluble reactive phosphate removal in corn ethanol wastewater
Authors: Mancuso Chandler , Jamison Megan , Zaporski Jared , Yang Ziming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs ethanol production continues to rise around the world, and wastewater discharge requirements for phosphorus become more stringent, it is important that phosphorus removal technologies are evaluated on ethanol wastewater streams. In this study, five coagulating agents with distinct characteristics were evaluated for their soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) removal performance on both a synthetic wastewater sample and a wastewater sample collected from a corn ethanol manufacturer. All coagulants demonstrated a positive correlation between coagulant dose and percent removal of SRP on both samples. Alum and ferric chloride produced the highest SRP removal efficiencies on both the ethanol and synthetic wastewater, indicating that prepolymerized, high‐basicity coagulants (e.g., aluminum chlorohydrate, poly‐aluminum ferric chloride) are less effective for SRP removal than nonpolymerized coagulants. The background matrix analysis combined with the pH studies revealed that the high alkalinity in the ethanol wastewater has a substantial inhibitory effect on SRP removal capacity that supersedes pH effects. These experimental results suggest that the Al‐Al and Al‐OH bonds in the heavily hydroxylated and polymerized structure of high‐basicity coagulants are very rigid, which could prevent inner‐sphere complexation and drive a less effective outer‐sphere interaction, thus hindering SRP removal efficiency.Practitioner points

Five different coagulants are evaluated for reactive phosphate removal from wastewater.
Alum and ferric chloride show higher removal efficiency than prepolymerized and high‐basicity coagulants.
Optimal removal pH increases with increasing coagulant basicity.
Abiotic reductive removal of organic contaminants catalyzed by carbon materials: A short review
Authors: Qin Hejie , Sun Yuankui , Rao Dandan , Qiao Junlian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSince the observation that carbon materials can facilitate electron transfer between reactants, there is growing literature on the abiotic reductive removal of organic contaminants catalyzed by them. Most of the interest in these processes arises from the participation of carbon materials in the natural transformation of contaminants and the possibility of developing new strategies for environmental treatment and remediation. The combinations of various carbon materials and reductants have been investigated for the reduction of nitro‐organic compounds, halogenated organics, and azo dyes. The reduction rates of a certain compound in carbon‐reductant systems vary with the surface properties of carbon materials, although there are controversial conclusions on the properties governing the catalytic performance. This review scrutinizes the contributions of quinone moieties, electron conductivity, and other carbon properties to the activity of carbon materials. It also discusses the contaminant‐dependent reduction pathways, that is, electron transfer through conductive carbon and intermediates formed during the reaction, along with possibly additional activation of contaminant molecules by carbon. Moreover, modification strategies to improve the catalytic activity for reduction are summarized. Future research needs are proposed to advance the understanding of reaction mechanisms and improve the practical utility of carbon material for water treatment.Practitioner points

Reduction rates of contaminants in carbon‐reductant systems and modification strategies for carbon materials are summarized.
Mechanisms for the catalytic activity of carbon materials are discussed.
Research needs for new insights into carbon‐catalyzed reduction are proposed.
The Dioxygen Complexes of VO2
Authors: Hübner Olaf , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBy matrix isolation in solid Ne and Kr, VO, VO2, and the complexes VO2(O2) with one superoxo ligand and VO2(O2)2 with one superoxo and one neutral dioxygen ligand, as well as V2O2 and V2O4 have been generated. For VO2(O2), transitions of five vibrational modes have been observed, and for VO2(O2)2, transitions belonging to seven vibrational modes, confirming and extending former Ar matrix results. Attempts to stabilise the cyclic V(O2) peroxide by use of the heavier Kr matrix were not successful. By accompanying MRCI calculations on VO2 and V(O2), vibrational frequencies have been determined. Furthermore, the investigation is assisted by density functional calculations with the TPSS functional. Possibly, also one vibrational transition of the VO3 molecule has been observed.
Gravitational SL(2, ℝ) algebra on the light cone
Authors: Wieland Wolfgang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In a region with a boundary, the gravitational phase space consists of radiative modes in the interior and edge modes at the boundary. Such edge modes are necessary to explain how the region couples to its environment. In this paper, we characterise the edge modes and radiative modes on a null surface for the tetradic Palatini-Holst action. Our starting point is the definition of the action and its boundary terms. We choose the least restrictive boundary conditions possible. The fixed boundary data consists of the radiative modes alone (two degrees of freedom per point). All other boundary fields are dynamical. We introduce the covariant phase space and explain how the Holst term alters the boundary symmetries. To infer the Poisson brackets among Dirac observables, we define an auxiliary phase space, where the SL(2, ℝ) symmetries of the boundary fields are manifest. We identify the gauge generators and second-class constraints that remove the auxiliary variables. All gauge generators are at most quadratic in the fundamental SL(2, ℝ) variables on phase space. We compute the Dirac bracket and identify the Dirac observables on the light cone. Finally, we discuss various truncations to quantise the system in an effective way.