bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific research and product development in the United States to address injuries from a radiation public health emergency
Authors: DiCarlo Andrea L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The USA has experienced one large-scale nuclear incident in its history. Lessons learned during the Three-Mile Island nuclear accident provided government planners with insight into property damage resulting from a low-level release of radiation, and an awareness concerning how to prepare for future occurrences. However, if there is an incident resulting from detonation of an improvised nuclear device or state-sponsored device/weapon, resulting casualties and the need for medical treatment could overwhelm the nation’s public health system. After the Cold War ended, government investments in radiation preparedness declined; however, the attacks on 9/11 led to re-establishment of research programs to plan for the possibility of a nuclear incident. Funding began in earnest in 2004, to address unmet research needs for radiation biomarkers, devices and products to triage and treat potentially large numbers of injured civilians. There are many biodosimetry approaches and medical countermeasures (MCMs) under study and in advanced development, including those to address radiation-induced injuries to organ systems including bone marrow, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, lungs, skin, vasculature and kidneys. Biomarkers of interest in determining level of radiation exposure and susceptibility of injury include cytogenetic changes, ‘omics’ technologies and other approaches. Four drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome (ARS), with other licensures being sought; however, there are still no cleared devices to identify radiation-exposed individuals in need of treatment. Although many breakthroughs have been made in the efforts to expand availability of medical products, there is still work to be done.
Differential degradation of RNA species by autophagy-related pathways in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hickl Daniel , Drews Franziska , Girke Christopher , Zimmer David , Mühlhaus Timo , Hauth Jan , Nordström Karl , Trentmann Oliver , Neuhaus Ekkehard H , Scheuring David , Fehlmann Tobias , Keller Andreas , Simon Martin , Möhlmann Torsten 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe plant vacuole recycles proteins and RNA delivered to it by autophagy. In this study, by isolating intact vacuoles from Arabidopsis plants, followed by subsequent RNA purification, and deep sequencing, we provide a comprehensive characterization of Arabidopsis vacuolar RNAome. In the vacuolar RNAome, we detected ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, including those of chloroplast origin, and in addition small RNA types. As autophagy is a main mechanism for the transport of RNA to the vacuole, atg5-1 mutants deficient in autophagy were included in our analysis. We observed severely reduced amounts of most chloroplast-derived RNA species in these mutants. Comparisons with cellular RNA composition provided an indication of possible up-regulation of alternative RNA breakdown pathways. By contrast, vacuolar RNA processing and composition in plants lacking vacuolar ribonuclease 2, involved in cellular RNA homeostasis, only showed minor alterations, possibly because of the presence of further so far unknown vacuolar RNase species. Among the small RNA types, we detected mature miRNAs in all vacuolar preparations but at much lower frequency in atg5-1, raising the possibility of a biological role for vacuolar miRNAs.
Parental Equality in Turkey: Understanding Gender Roles Through the Legal Treatment of Working and Divorced Mothers
Authors: Çelebi Özgün 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article addresses the position of Turkish law regarding parental equality, with a focus on day-to-day childcare responsibility. It discusses whether the current legal landscape is consistent with the aim of relieving mothers from a disproportionate share of childcare. The article first explains the general legal framework of gender equality in Turkey before offering closer insight into two fields that help understand whether parental equality is embraced or rejected: measures regarding work–life balance and the organisation of child–parent relationships after divorce. The article analyses specific legal measures impacting the delegation of childcare duties by mothers, including leave and flexible work policies and childcare services. It argues that the legal framework concerning working mothers conveys contradictory messages that reinforce the gendered character of childcare duties. Based on recent case law concerning divorced mothers, the article underlines the potential for the evolution towards parental equality but acknowledges the limited impact of such developments due to the attachment to the maternal preference rule. The article concludes that, despite good intentions and legal reforms favouring gender equality, Turkish law is still devoid of a comprehensive policy regarding parental equality and does not offer incentives for fathers to participate in daily childcare.
Highly Replicated Evolution of Parapatric Ecotypes
Authors: James Maddie E , Arenas-Castro Henry , Groh Jeffrey S , Allen Scott L , Engelstädter Jan , Ortiz-Barrientos Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractParallel evolution of ecotypes occurs when selection independently drives the evolution of similar traits across similar environments. The multiple origins of ecotypes are often inferred based on a phylogeny that clusters populations according to geographic location and not by the environment they occupy. However, the use of phylogenies to infer parallel evolution in closely related populations is problematic because gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting can uncouple the genetic structure at neutral markers from the colonization history of populations. Here, we demonstrate multiple origins within ecotypes of an Australian wildflower, Senecio lautus. We observed strong genetic structure as well as phylogenetic clustering by geography and show that this is unlikely due to gene flow between parapatric ecotypes, which was surprisingly low. We further confirm this analytically by demonstrating that phylogenetic distortion due to gene flow often requires higher levels of migration than those observed in S. lautus. Our results imply that selection can repeatedly create similar phenotypes despite the perceived homogenizing effects of gene flow.
Three human RNA polymerases interact with TFIIH via a common RPB6 subunit
Authors: Okuda Masahiko , Suwa Tetsufumi , Suzuki Hidefumi , Yamaguchi Yuki , Nishimura Yoshifumi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In eukaryotes, three RNA polymerases (RNAPs) play essential roles in the synthesis of various types of RNA: namely, RNAPI for rRNA; RNAPII for mRNA and most snRNAs; and RNAPIII for tRNA and other small RNAs. All three RNAPs possess a short flexible tail derived from their common subunit RPB6. However, the function of this shared N-terminal tail (NTT) is not clear. Here we show that NTT interacts with the PH domain (PH-D) of the p62 subunit of the general transcription/repair factor TFIIH, and present the structures of RPB6 unbound and bound to PH-D by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Using available cryo-EM structures, we modelled the activated elongation complex of RNAPII bound to TFIIH. We also provide evidence that the recruitment of TFIIH to transcription sites through the p62–RPB6 interaction is a common mechanism for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) of RNAPI- and RNAPII-transcribed genes. Moreover, point mutations in the RPB6 NTT cause a significant reduction in transcription of RNAPI-, RNAPII- and RNAPIII-transcribed genes. These and other results show that the p62–RPB6 interaction plays multiple roles in transcription, TC-NER, and cell proliferation, suggesting that TFIIH is engaged in all RNAP systems.
What Do Mutual Fund Investors Really Care About?
Authors: Ben-David Itzhak , Li Jiacui , Rossi Andrea , Song Yang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We show that mutual fund investors rely on simple signals and likely do not engage in sophisticated learning about managers’ alpha as widely believed. Simplistic performance chasing best explains aggregate flows to the mutual fund space and flows across funds. These results hold for both actively managed and passive index funds. Empirical patterns commonly interpreted as reflecting learning about managerial skill also appear in falsification tests and are mechanical. Our results are consistent with the view that, on average, households are homo sapiens with limited financial sophistication rather than hyperrational alpha-maximizing agents, as often assumed in the literature.
First use of acoustic calls to distinguish cryptic members of a fish species complex
Authors: Parmentier Eric , Scalbert Robin , Raick Xavier , Gache Camille , Frédérich Bruno , Bertucci Frédéric , Lecchini David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough molecular methods and bioacoustical analysis have been used to uncover cryptic species, the combination of both methodologies is still rare. The humbug damselfish complex, Dascyllus aruanus, is composed of at least two species with Dascyllus aruanus in the Pacific Ocean and Dascyllus abudafur in the Indian Ocean. However, genetic data suggest that additional species could be found. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether the sounds produced by different populations of fish could help to distinguish cryptic species. Recordings of chase and courtship sounds were made on humbug damselfish populations from Madagascar, Taiwan and French Polynesia. Chase sound features are more variable than courtship sounds, suggesting more constraints on courtship sounds, since they would contribute to premating isolation. Comparison between courtship sounds show the variation in acoustic features between Taiwan and Madagascar align with genetic differences, supporting that sounds could discriminate cryptic species in Teleosts. Moreover, differences in both acoustic features and genetic data are also found between Taiwan and French Polynesia, suggesting two clearly distinct populations. Consequently, the name D. emamo can be resurrected for the Polynesian humbug damselfish. External phenotype traits do not allow the distinction between populations, illustrating that only behaviour has been modified.
Characteristics Associated With Treatment Failure 1 Year After Midurethral Sling in Women With Mixed Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Sung Vivian W. , Richter Holly E. , Moalli Pamela , Weidner Alison C. , Nguyen John N. , Smith Ariana L. , Dunivan Gena , Ridgeway Beri , Borello-France Diane , Newman Diane K. , Mazloomdoost Donna , Carper Benjamin , Gantz Marie G. ,   for the NICHD Pelvic Floor Disorders Network
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate characteristics associated with treatment failure 1 year after midurethral sling in women with mixed urinary incontinence.

METHODS:
Four-hundred three women who participated in a randomized trial that compared midurethral sling and behavioral and pelvic floor muscle therapy (combined group) compared with midurethral sling alone for mixed incontinence with 1-year follow-up data were eligible for this planned secondary analysis. Overall treatment failure was defined as meeting criteria for subjective or objective failure or both. Subjective failure was defined as not meeting the minimal clinical important difference for improvement on the UDI (Urogenital Distress Inventory) total score (26.1 points). Objective failure was defined as not achieving 70% improvement on mean incontinence episodes of any type per day or having undergone any additional treatment for persistent urinary symptoms at 12 months postoperative. Logistic regression models for treatment failure were constructed. Independent variables included site and treatment group, and clinical and demographic variables based on bivariate comparisons (P<.2). Treatment group interaction effects were evaluated.

RESULTS:
One hundred twelve of 379 (29.6%) women had overall treatment failure, with 56 of 379 (14.7%) undergoing additional treatment but only two needing intervention for stress incontinence. Previous overactive bladder (OAB) medication (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.19, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.96, 95% CI 1.17–3.31); detrusor overactivity on cystometrogram (OR 2.25, aOR 2.82, 95% CI 1.60–4.97); and higher volume at first urge (OR 1.03, aOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.07) were associated with overall failure. Worse UDI-urgency scores were associated with failure, with an added interaction effect in the midurethral sling–alone group.

CONCLUSIONS:
Certain clinical and urodynamic variables are associated with treatment failure after midurethral sling in women with mixed urinary incontinence. Women with more severe urgency symptoms at baseline may benefit from perioperative behavioral and pelvic floor muscle therapy combined with midurethral sling. Overall, the need for additional urinary treatment was low and primarily for OAB.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01959347.
Intraoperative Rupture of the Ovarian Capsule in Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Dioun Shayan , Wu Jenny , Chen Ling , Kaplan Samantha , Huang Yongmei , Melamed Alexander , Gockley Allison , St. Clair Caryn M. , Hou June Y. , Tergas Ana I , Khoury-Collado Fady , Machida Hiroko , Mikami Mikio , Matsuo Koji , Hershman Dawn L. , Wright Jason D. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the effects of intraoperative ovarian capsule rupture on progression-free survival and overall survival in women who are undergoing surgery for early-stage ovarian cancer.

DATA SOURCES:
MEDLINE using PubMed, EMBASE (Elsevier), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Scopus (Elsevier) were searched from inception until August 11, 2020.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
High-quality studies reporting survival outcomes comparing ovarian capsule rupture to no capsule rupture among patients with early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent surgical management were abstracted. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and studies with scores of at least 7 points were included.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
The data were extracted independently by multiple observers. Random-effects models were used to pool associations and to analyze the association between ovarian capsule rupture and oncologic outcomes. Seventeen studies met all the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Twelve thousand seven hundred fifty-six (62.6%) patients did not have capsule rupture and had disease confined to the ovary on final pathology; 5,532 (33.7%) patients had intraoperative capsule rupture of an otherwise early-stage ovarian cancer. Patients with intraoperative capsule rupture had worse progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.92, 95% CI 1.34–2.76, P<.001), with moderate heterogeneity (I2=41%, P=.07) when compared with those without capsule rupture. Pooled results from these studies showed a worse overall survival (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.15–1.91, P=.003), with moderate heterogeneity (I2=53%, P=.02) when compared with patients without intraoperative capsule rupture. This remained significant in a series of sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSION:
This systematic review and meta-analysis of high-quality observational studies shows that intraoperative ovarian capsule rupture results in decreased progression-free survival and overall survival in women with early-stage ovarian cancer who are undergoing initial surgical management.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:
PROSPERO, CRD42021216561.
Educational Video on Pain Management and Subsequent Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Mokhtari Neggin B. , Saeed Haleema , Kawakita Tetsuya , Huang Jim C. , Iqbal Sara N. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether viewing an educational video on pain management reduces opioid use after cesarean delivery.

METHODS:
We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of women aged 18 years or older who underwent cesarean delivery at a tertiary care center. Eligible women were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to usual discharge pain medication instructions plus an educational video on pain management or to usual discharge pain medication instructions alone. All women received the same opioid prescription at discharge: Twenty 5-mg oxycodone tablets. Participants were contacted at 7 days and at 14 days after delivery to assess the number of oxycodone tablets used, adjunct medication (acetaminophen and ibuprofen) use, pain scores, and overall satisfaction of pain control. The primary outcome was the number of oxycodone tablets used from discharge through postpartum day 14. A sample size of 23 per group (n=46) was planned to detect a 25% difference in mean number of oxycodone tablets used between groups, as from 20 to 15.

RESULTS:
From July 2019 through December 2019, 61 women were screened and 48 were enrolled—24 in each group. Women who viewed the educational video used significantly fewer opioid tablets from discharge through postpartum day 14 compared with women who received usual pain medication instructions (median 1.5, range 0–20 vs median 10, range 0–24, P<.001). Adjunct medication use, pain scores, and satisfaction with pain control did not differ significantly between groups.

CONCLUSION:
Among women who underwent cesarean delivery, viewing an educational video on pain management reduced postdischarge opioid use.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03959969.
Wrong-Patient Orders in Obstetrics
Authors: Kern-Goldberger Adina R. , Kneifati-Hayek Jerard , Fernandes Yelstin , Applebaum Jo R. , Schechter Clyde B. , Adelman Jason S. , Goffman Dena 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To compare rates of wrong-patient orders among patients on obstetric units compared with reproductive-aged women admitted to medical–surgical units.

METHODS:
This was an observational study conducted in a large health system in New York between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018. The primary outcome was near-miss wrong-patient orders identified using the National Quality Forum–endorsed Wrong-Patient Retract-and-Reorder measure. All electronic orders placed for eligible patients during the study period were extracted retrospectively from the health system data warehouse, and the unit of analysis was the order session (consecutive orders placed by a single clinician for a patient within 60 minutes). Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs comparing the probability of retract-and-reorder events in obstetric and medical–surgical units, overall, and in subgroups defined by clinician type and order timing.

RESULTS:
Overall, 1,329,463 order sessions were placed during the study period, including 676,643 obstetric order sessions (from 45,436 patients) and 652,820 medical–surgical order sessions (from 12,915 patients). The rate of 79.5 retract-and-reorder events per 100,000 order sessions in obstetric units was significantly higher than the rate in the general medical–surgical population of 42.3 per 100,000 order sessions (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.64–2.39). The obstetric retract-and-reorder event rate was significantly higher for attending physicians and house staff compared with advanced practice clinicians. There were no significant differences in error rates between day and night shifts.

CONCLUSION:
Order errors occurred more frequently on obstetric units compared with medical–surgical units. Systems strategies shown to decrease these events in other high-risk specialties should be explored in obstetrics to render safer maternity care.
SARS-CoV-2 Infections in mRNA Vaccinated Individuals are Biased for Viruses Encoding Spike E484K and Associated with Reduced Infectious Virus Loads that Correlate with Respiratory Antiviral IgG levels
Authors: Mostafa Heba H. , Luo Chun Huai , Morris C. Paul , Li Maggie , Swanson Nicholas J. , Amadi Adannaya , Gallagher Nicholas , Pekosz Andrew 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionCOVID-19 large scale immunization in the US has been associated with infrequent breakthrough positive molecular testing. Whether a positive test is associated with a high viral RNA load, specific viral variant, recovery of infectious virus, or symptomatic infection is largely not known.MethodsIn this study, we identified 133 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients who had received two doses of either Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) or Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccines, the 2nd of which was received between January and April of 2021. The positive samples were collected between January and May of 2021 with a time that extended from 2 to 100 days after the second dose. Samples were sequenced to characterize the whole genome and Spike protein changes and cycle thresholds that reflect viral loads were determined using a single molecular assay. Local SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were examined using ELISA and specimens were grown on cell culture to assess the recovery of infectious virus as compared to a control unvaccinated cohort from a matched time frame.ResultsOf 133 specimens, 24 failed sequencing and yielded a negative or very low viral load on the repeat PCR. Of 109 specimens that were used for further genome analysis, 68 (62.4%) were from symptomatic infections, 11 (10.1%) were admitted for COVID-19, and 2 (1.8%) required ICU admission with no associated mortality. The predominant virus variant was the alpha (B.1.1.7), however a significant association between lineage B.1.526 and amino acid change S: E484K with positives after vaccination was noted when genomes were compared to a large control cohort from a matched time frame. A significant reduction of the recovery of infectious virus on cell culture as well as delayed time to the first appearance of cytopathic effect was accompanied by an increase in local IgG levels in respiratory samples of vaccinated individuals but upper respiratory tract IgG levels were not different between symptomatic or asymptomatic infections.ConclusionsVaccination reduces the recovery of infectious virus in breakthrough infections accompanied by an increase in upper respiratory tract local immune responses.FundingNational Institute of Health (The Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, HHSN272201400007C), Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Department of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Utilization, satisfaction and barriers to access of health services for Arabic-speaking refugees resettled in Connecticut, USA after completion of Refugee Medical Assistance (RMA)
Authors: Elreichouni Ali , Aly Sarah , Maciejewski Kaitlin , Salem Islam , Ghossein Noah , Mankash M. Salah , Dziura James , Mowafi Hani 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundArabic-speaking refugees are the largest group of resettled persons in the United States since 2008, yet little is known about their rates of healthcare access, utilization and satisfaction.MethodsFrom January to December 2019, a household survey was conducted of Arabic-speaking refugees resettled in CT. Data collected included demographics, prevalence of chronic conditions, patterns of health seeking behavior, insurance status and patient satisfaction using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18).ResultsSixty-five households responded to the survey representing 295 Arabic-speaking refugees – of which 141 (48%) were children. Forty-seven households (72%) reported members with chronic conditions, 62 persons (21%) needed daily medication, 285 (97%) persons were insured. Respondents reported high median patient satisfaction with wide variation.ConclusionArabic-speaking refugees resettled in CT are young but have similar adult rates of chronic medical conditions as the host community. They majority remained insured after RMA lapsed. They expressed median high satisfaction with health services but with wide variation. Inaccessibility of health services in Arabic and difficulty obtaining medications remain areas in need of improvement.