bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives of different stakeholders on data use and management in public health emergencies in sub-Saharan Africa: a meeting report
Authors: Munung Nchangwi  Syntia , Chi Primus Che , Abayomi Akin , Afolabi Muhammed O. , Ambe Jennyfer , Bonarwolo Korlia , Yusuf Kabba , Kajoleh Francis Kombe , Staunton Ciara , Ujewe Samuel , Tangwa Godfrey B. 
Published: March 2021

During public health emergencies (PHEs), data are collected and generated from a variety of activities and sources, including but not limited to national public health programs, research and community-based activities. It is critical that these data are rapidly shared in order to facilitate the public health response, epidemic preparedness, as well as research during and after the epidemic. Nonetheless, collecting and sharing data during PHEs can be challenging, especially where there are limited resources for public health and research-related activities. In a symposium that brought together different stakeholders that were involved in the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreaks in West Africa, meeting attendees shared their perspectives on the values and management of data during PHEs in sub-Saharan Africa. Key factors that could inform and facilitate data management during PHEs in sub-Saharan Africa were discussed, including using data to inform policy decisions and healthcare; a coordinated data collection and management scheme; identifying incentives for data sharing; and equitable data governance mechanism that emphasise principles of reciprocity, transparency and accountability rather that trust between stakeholders or collaborators. Empirical studies are required to explore how these principles could inform best practices for data management and governance during PHE in sub-Saharan Africa.
Dynamic Sampling Allocation Under Finite Simulation Budget for Feasibility Determination
Authors: Shi Zhongshun , Peng Yijie , Shi Leyuan , Chen Chun-Hung , Fu Michael C. 
Published: March 2021

Monte Carlo simulation is a commonly used tool for evaluating the performance of complex stochastic systems. In practice, simulation can be expensive, especially when comparing a large number of alternatives, thus motivating the need to intelligently allocate simulation replications. Given a finite set of alternatives whose means are estimated via simulation, we consider the problem of determining the subset of alternatives that have means smaller than a fixed threshold. A dynamic sampling procedure that possesses not only asymptotic optimality, but also desirable finite-sample properties is proposed. Theoretical results show that there is a significant difference between finite-sample optimality and asymptotic optimality. Numerical experiments substantiate the effectiveness of the new method.Summary of Contribution: Simulation is an important tool to estimate the performance of complex stochastic systems. We consider a feasibility determination problem of identifying all those among a finite set of alternatives with mean smaller than a given threshold, in which the means are unknown but can be estimated by sampling replications via stochastic simulation. This problem appears widely in many applications, including call center design and hospital resource allocation. Our work considers how to intelligently allocate simulation replications to different alternatives for efficiently finding the feasible alternatives. Previous work focuses on the asymptotic properties of the sampling allocation procedures, whereas our contribution lies in developing a finite-budget allocation rule that possesses both asymptotic optimality and desirable finite-budget properties.
The Psychology of Second Guesses: Implications for the Wisdom of the Inner Crowd
Authors: Gaertig Celia , Simmons Joseph P. 
Published: March 2021

Prior research suggests that averaging two guesses from the same person can improve quantitative judgments, a phenomenon known as the “wisdom of the inner crowd.” In this article, we find that this effect hinges on whether people explicitly decide in which direction their first guess had erred before making their second guess. In nine studies (N = 8,465), we found that asking people to explicitly indicate whether their first guess was too high or too low before making their second guess made people more likely to provide a second guess that was more extreme (in the same direction) than their first guess. As a consequence, the introduction of that “Too High/Too Low” question reduced (and sometimes eliminated or reversed) the wisdom-of-the-inner-crowd effect for (the majority of) questions with non-extreme correct answers and increased the wisdom-of-the-inner-crowd effect for questions with extreme correct answers. Our findings suggest that the wisdom-of-the-inner-crowd effect is not inevitable but rather that it depends on the processes people use to generate their second guesses. This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, decision analysis.
A multicentre national study of the effectiveness of virtual fracture clinic management of orthopaedic trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic (MAVCOV): a cross-sectional study protocol
Authors: Ng Zhan H. , Downie Samantha , Makaram Navnit S. , Kolhe Shivam N. , Mackenzie Samuel P. , Clement Nicholas D. , Duckworth Andrew D. , White Timothy O. 
Published: March 2021

Aims Virtual fracture clinics (VFCs) are advocated by recent British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma and Orthopaedics (BOASTs) to efficiently manage injuries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary aim of this national study is to assess the impact of these standards on patient satisfaction and clinical outcome amid the pandemic. The secondary aims are to determine the impact of the pandemic on the demographic details of injuries presenting to the VFC, and to compare outcomes and satisfaction when the BOAST guidelines were first introduced with a subsequent period when local practice would be familiar with these guidelines. Methods This is a national cross-sectional cohort study comprising centres with VFC services across the UK. All consecutive adult patients assessed in VFC in a two-week period pre-lockdown (6 May 2019 to 19 May 2019) and in the same two-week period at the peak of the first lockdown (4 May 2020 to 17 May 2020), and a randomly selected sample during the ‘second wave’ (October 2020) will be eligible for the study. Data comprising local VFC practice, patient and injury characteristics, unplanned re-attendances, and complications will be collected by local investigators for all time periods. A telephone questionnaire will be used to determine patient satisfaction and patient-reported outcomes for patients who were discharged following VFC assessment without face-to-face consultation. Ethics and dissemination The study results will identify changes in case-mix and numbers of patients managed through VFCs and whether this is safe and associated with patient satisfaction. These data will provide key information for future expert-led consensus on management of trauma injuries through the VFC. The protocol will be disseminated through conferences and peer-reviewed publication. This protocol has been reviewed by the South East Scotland Research Ethics Service and is classified as a multicentre audit. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(3):211–215.
Phonon lasing in a hetero optomechanical crystal cavity
Authors: Cui Kaiyu , Huang Zhilei , Wu Ning , Xu Qiancheng , Pan Fei , Xiong Jian , Feng Xue , Liu Fang , Zhang Wei , Huang Yidong 
Published: March 2021

Micro- and nanomechanical resonators have emerged as promising platforms for sensing a broad range of physical properties, such as mass, force, torque, magnetic field, and acceleration. The sensing performance relies critically on the motional mass, mechanical frequency, and linewidth of the mechanical resonator. Herein, we demonstrate a hetero optomechanical crystal (OMC) cavity based on a silicon nanobeam structure. The cavity supports phonon lasing in a fundamental mechanical mode with a frequency of 5.91 GHz, an effective mass of 116 fg, and a mechanical linewidth narrowing in the range from 3.3 MHz to 5.2 kHz, while the optomechanical coupling rate is as high as 1.9 MHz. With this phonon laser, on-chip sensing can be predicted with a resolution of

δ
λ
/
λ
=
1.0
×

10

−
8

. The use of a silicon-based hetero OMC cavity that harnesses phonon lasing could pave the way toward high-precision sensors that allow silicon monolithic integration and offer unprecedented sensitivity for a broad range of physical sensing applications.
Wohngebietsentwicklung heute – was lernen wir aus den letzten 30 Jahren?
Authors: Spars Guido , Guhl Pascal 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDie aktuelle Lage auf den Wohnungsmärkten der wachsenden Großstadtregionen ist von erheblichen Defiziten geprägt. Ein wesentliches Defizit zeigt sich beim Wohnungsneubau im Verhältnis zu den Bedarfszahlen. Zwar wurden im Jahr 2019 rund 293.000 Wohnungen gebaut und damit rund 6000 mehr als im Vorjahr. Die Fertigstellungszahlen bleiben in fast allen Wachstumsstädten weit hinter den Bedarfen zurück, mit der Konsequenz einer weiter zunehmenden Verknappung von Wohnflächen und damit einhergehenden steigenden Miet- und Verkaufspreisen. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, ob nicht größere Vorhaben der Quartiers- bzw. Wohngebietsentwicklung eine wichtige Rolle bei dieser außergewöhnlichen Neubauherausforderung in deutschen Wachstumszentren spielen könnten. Auch die Bereitstellung von Bauland könnte über größere Vorhaben schneller erfolgen und vielleicht sogar – über den Einsatz entsprechender Instrumente – zu insgesamt günstigeren Bodenpreisen gelingen. Es drängt sich die Frage nach einer effizienten, Größenvorteile in der Produktion ausnutzenden Gebietsentwicklungsstrategie in den Kommunen auf. Was kann man für diese neuen Quartiersentwicklungen aus den größeren Wohngebietsentwicklungen der letzten 30 Jahre lernen? Gibt es Erkenntnisse aus einer empirischen Breitenuntersuchung, die helfen können solche strategischen Fragen besser beantworten zu können? Wir wollen versuchen in diesem Beitrag Antworten auf die aufgeworfenen Fragen zu geben und stützen uns hierbei auf die jüngst erschienene empirische Analyse zu neuen Quartiersentwicklungen seit 1990, die im Rahmen einer Dissertation erarbeitet wurden.
Insecticide resistance in dengue vectors from hotspots in Selangor, Malaysia
Authors: Rasli Rosilawati , Cheong Yoon Ling , Che Ibrahim M. Khairuddin , Farahininajua Fikri Siti Futri , Norzali Rusydi Najmuddin , Nazarudin Nur Ayuni , Hamdan Nur Fadillah , Muhamed Khairul Asuad , Hafisool Afiq Ahnaf , Azmi Ruziyatul Aznieda , Ismail Harith Aswad , Ali Roziah , Ab Hamid Nurulhusna , Taib Mohd Zainuldin , Omar Topek , Wasi Ahmad Nazni , Lee Han Lim 
Published: March 2021

Background
In Malaysia, dengue remains a top priority disease and usage of insecticides is the main method for dengue vector control. Limited baseline insecticide resistance data in dengue hotspots has prompted us to conduct this study. The present study reports the use of a map on the insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to provide a quick visualization and overview of the distribution of insecticide resistance.

Method and results
The insecticide resistance status of Aedes populations collected from 24 dengue hotspot areas from the period of December 2018 until June 2019 was proactively monitored using the World Health Organization standard protocol for adult and larval susceptibility testing was conducted, together with elucidation of the mechanisms involved in observed resistance. For resistance monitoring, susceptibility to three adulticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, and malathion) was tested, as well as susceptibility to the larvicide, temephos. Data showed significant resistance to both deltamethrin and permethrin (pyrethroid insecticides), and to malathion (organophosphate insecticide) in all sampled Aedes aegypti populations, while variable resistance patterns were found in the sampled Aedes albopictus populations. Temephos resistance was observed when larvae were tested using the diagnostic dosage of 0.012mg/L but not at the operational dosage of 1mg/L for both species.

Conclusion
The present study highlights evidence of a potential threat to the effectiveness of insecticides currently used in dengue vector control, and the urgent requirement for insecticide resistance management to be integrated into the National Dengue Control Program.
The incidence of acute respiratory infection in Indonesian infants and association with vitamin D deficiency
Authors: Oktaria Vicka , Danchin Margaret , Triasih Rina , Soenarto Yati , Bines Julie E. , Ponsonby Anne-Louise , Clarke Michael W. , Graham Stephen M. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency has been associated with acute respiratory infection (ARI) in early life, but this has not been evaluated in Indonesia. We aimed to determine the incidence of ARI in Indonesian infants, and to evaluate the association with vitamin D deficiency.MethodsFrom 23 December 2015 to 31 December 2017, we conducted a community-based prospective cohort study in Yogyakarta province. We enrolled 422 pregnant women and followed their infants from birth until 12 months of age for ARI episodes. Vitamin D status was measured at birth and at age six months. We performed Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency and pneumonia incidence.ResultsAt study completion, 95% (400/422) of infants retained with a total of 412 child years of observation (CYO). The incidence of all ARI and of WHO-defined pneumonia was 3.89 (95% CI 3.70–4.08) and 0.25 (95% CI 0.21–0.30) episodes per CYO respectively. Vitamin D deficiency at birth was common (90%, 308/344) and associated with more frequent episodes of ARI non-pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio 4.48, 95% CI:1.04–19.34). Vitamin D status at birth or six months was not associated with subsequent pneumonia incidence, but greater maternal sun exposure during pregnancy was associated with a trend to less frequent ARI and pneumonia in infants.ConclusionARI, pneumonia, and vitamin D deficiency at birth were common in Indonesian infants. Minimising vitamin D deficiency at birth such as by supplementation of mothers or safe sun exposure during pregnancy has the potential to reduce ARI incidence in infants in this setting.
The impact of the coronavirus disease and Tele-Heart Failure Clinic on cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalization in ambulatory patients with heart failure
Authors: Puwanant Sarinya , Sinphurmsukskul Supanee , Krailak Laddawan , Nakaviroj Pavinee , Boonbumrong Noppawan , Siwamogsatham Sarawut , Chettakulanurak Krailerk , Ariyachaipanich Aekarach , Boonyaratavej Smonporn 
Published: March 2021

Background
We sought to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Tele-HF Clinic (Tele-HFC) program on cardiovascular death, heart failure (HF) rehospitalization, and heart transplantation rates in a cohort of ambulatory HF patients during and after the peak of the pandemic.

Methods
Using the HF clinic database, we compared data of patients with HF before, during, and after the peak of the pandemic (January 1 to March 17 [pre-COVID], March 17 to May 31 [peak-COVID], and June 1 to October 1 [post-COVID]). During peak-COVID, all patients were managed by Tele-HFC or hospitalization. After June 1, patients chose either a face-to-face clinic visit or a continuous tele-clinic visit.

Results
Cardiovascular death and medical titration rates were similar in peak-COVID compared with all other periods. HF readmission rates were significantly lower in peak-COVID (8.7% vs. 2.5%, p<0.001) and slightly increased (3.5%) post-COVID. Heart transplant rates were substantially increased in post-COVID (4.5% vs. peak-COVID [0%], p = 0.002). After June 1, 38% of patients continued with the Tele-HFC program. Patients managed by the Tele-HFC program for <6 months were less likely to have HF with reduced ejection fraction (73% vs. 54%, p = 0.005) and stage-D HF (33% vs. 14%, p = 0.001), and more likely to achieve the target neurohormonal blockade dose (p<0.01), compared with the ≥6-month Tele-HFC group.

Conclusions
HF rehospitalization and transplant rates significantly declined during the pandemic in ambulatory care of HF. However, reduction in these rates did not affect subsequent 5-month hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality in the setting of Tele-HFC program and continuum of advanced HF therapies.
Management of People by Managers with a Technical Background - Research Results
Authors: Dobrovská D. 
Published: March 2021

In 1999 and 2000, the Masaryk Institute of Advanced studies of CTU in Prague launched a study of the efficiency of human resource management in Czech enterprises, with emphasis on technically educated managers. About 85 managers, each responsible for 5-250 employees assessed their own HRM activities and attitudes and those of their firm. The following aspects were analysed: evaluating individual management areas, assessing the general management standard of the given company, awareness of the company's personnel management policy, manager's own contribution to formulating the company's personnel management strategy, developing job descriptions, using professional methods of employee selection, promoting employees to the status of manager, periodic assessment of employees, training of staff responsible for assessment, employee remuneration and other motivation tools, etc. Results and data analysis are given in the paper. The managers of the Czech companies reviewed are still involved mainly in operating management, and devote limited time to the conceptual work needed in order to formulate an integral company policy in the area of personnel management. On the basis of this analysis, further training for managers with technical education will be designed and organised by the Masaryk Institute of Advanced Studies.
Effect of Thermal Cycling on the Strength and Texture of Concrete for Nuclear Safety Structures
Authors: Hošková Š. , Kapičková O. , Trtík K. , Vodák F. 
Published: March 2021

The effect of thermal cycling (freezing and thawing) on the texture and strength of two types of concrete is studied: 1. Concrete used for a containment structure at NPP Temelín (Czech Republic) - so-called TEMELÍN concrete.2. Highly resistant PENLY concrete, which was used as a standard because of its high quality, proved by the research carried out in a European Commission project. The results for the two samples of concrete are compared.
Class Representation of Shapes Using Qualitative-codes
Authors: Ismail Ashraf Fouad Hafez 
Published: March 2021

This paper introduces our qualitative shape representation formalism that is devised to overcome, as we have argued, the class abstraction problems created by numeric schemes. The numeric shape representation method used in conventional geometric modeling systems reveals difficulties in several aspects of architectural designing. Firstly, numeric schemes strongly require complete and detailed information for any simple task of object modeling. This requirement of information completeness makes it hard to apply numeric schemes to shapes in sketch level drawings that are characteristically ambiguous and have non-specific limitations on shape descriptions. Secondly, Cartesian coordinate-based quantitative shape representation schemes show restrictions in the task of shape comparison and classification that are inevitably involved in abstract concepts related to shape characteristics. One of the reasons why quantitative schemes are difficult to apply to the abstraction of individual shape information into its classes and categories is the uniqueness property, meaning that an individual description in a quantitative scheme should refer to only one object in the domain of representation. A class representation, however, should be able to indicate not only one but also a group of objects sharing common characteristics. Thirdly, it is difficult or inefficient to apply numeric shape representation schemes based on the Cartesian coordinate system to preliminary shape analysis and modeling tasks because of their emphasis on issues, such as detail, completeness, uniqueness and individuality, which can only be accessed in the final stages of designing. Therefore, we face the need for alternative shape representation schemes that can handle class representation of objects in order to manage the shapes in the early stages of designing. We consider shape as a boundary description consisting of a set of connected and closed lines. Moreover, we need to consider non-numeric approaches to overcome the problems caused by quantitative representation approaches.This paper introduces a qualitative approach to shape representation that is contrasted to conventional numeric techniques. This research is motivated by ideas and methodologies from related studies such as in qualitative formalism ([4], [6], [19], [13], [31]), qualitative abstraction [16], qualitative vector algebra ([7], [32]), qualitative shapes ([18], [23], [21]), and coding theory ([20], [25], [26], [1], [2], [3], [22]). We develop a qualitative shape representation scheme by adopting propitious aspects of the above techniques to suit the need for our shape comparison and analysis tasks. The qualitative shape-encoding scheme converts shapes into systematically constructed qualitative symbols called Q-codes. This paper explains how the Q-code scheme is developed and applied.
Mixing Suspensions in Slender Tanks
Authors: Rieger F. , Rzyski E. 
Published: March 2021

Industrial suspension mixing processes are carried out both in standard tanks (H/D =1) and in the tanks with height H/D > 1. When only one impeller is used in such slender tanks, it may be difficult to produce a suspension of desired homogeneity. Hence it may be necessary to install a larger number of impellers on the shaft.The aim of this study was to explain the mechanism of suspension formation in slender tanks (H/D = 2) with an increased number of impellers. On the basis of the solid bed height on the tank bottom, the position of the suspension - water interface and the concentration profile of solid particles in the suspension (standard deviation of solid body concentration) the operation of the impellers was estimated and conclusions were drawn on how and at what distance from each other to install them were presented.The location of the upper, highest impeller appeared to be specially significant. On the basis of this study it is recommended to locate the upper impeller so that its distance from the free liquid surface is less than 0.8 D. It was found that such a position of the highest impeller was also advantageous from the energy point of view.
Macro-instabilities of a Suspension in an Axially Agitated Mixing Tank
Authors: Jahoda M. , Machoň V. , Vlach L. , Fořt I. 
Published: March 2021

This paper deals with an experimental assessment of the occurrence of flow macro-instabilities in a mechanically stirred suspension and visual observation of the origination and extinction of macro-vortices. The mean frequency of the occurrence of macro-instabilities in operational conditions was also observed. The experiments were carried out in a cylindrical vessel with an inner diameter of 0.19 m, and an axial stirrer with six pitched 45° blades (PBT) was used. The diameter of the stirrer was equal to half of the vessel diameter. The mean frequencies of the occurrence of macro-instabilities were determined at the stirrer frequency for just suspended conditions in dependence on solids concentration and impeller clearance (height of the stirrer above the bottom of the vessel).Two regions of origin of macro-instabilities and one region of extinction were determined visually. It was found that the mean frequency of occurrence of macro-instabilities increases with increasing stirrer frequency at constant concentration of solids. At constant stirrer speed, the frequency of occurrence of macro-instabilities decreases with increasing concentration of solids. At higher concentration of solids, a sharp change toward lower mean frequencies of macro-instabilities was observed.