bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity in neuroscience education: A perspective from a Historically Black institution
Authors: Harrington Melissa A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe events of 2020, including the pandemic which highlighted the extent of health disparities in the United States, combined with the Black Lives Matter protests, have focused public attention on the systemic inequities that continue to afflict our nation. Publicly available data from the National Center for Education Statistics show that our discipline of neuroscience shows the same types of disparities, particularly for African‐American students. I have drawn on data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data Survey of U.S. colleges and universities to show that while the number of graduates from neuroscience undergraduate and graduate degree programs has grown dramatically in this century, only a small percentage of those graduates are African American, and the numbers are growing very slowly. I also present data on the neuroscience PhD program at my institution, Delaware State University, the only Historically Black University in the United States to offer a PhD in neuroscience. Because a high percentage of our students and graduates are African American, our small, young program has the potential for great impact in diversifying our discipline of neuroscience. While elite colleges and research‐intensive universities have been engaged for decades in efforts to increase diversity in their academic programs, change is slow, and large inequities remain. With Delaware State University's neuroscience PhD program as an example, I hope to convince readers that it is time for our nation to recognize the institutions that are best positioned to serve students from communities of color, and direct resources to support their growth and success.
Long‐term clinical outcomes of periodontal regeneration with enamel matrix derivative: A retrospective cohort study with a mean follow‐up of 10 years
Authors: De Ry Siro P. , Roccuzzo Andrea , Lang Niklaus P. , Sculean Anton , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite the large body of evidence on the efficacy of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects, few studies reported long‐term data (≥10‐year).MethodsPeriodontal patients treated with regenerative surgery with EMD between 1999 and 2012 were invited to participate in a clinical examination. The following clinical parameters were recorded and compared at baseline (T0), 6 months after surgery (T1) and after at least 8 years of follow‐up (T2): probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque and bleeding scores. The primary outcome variable was CAL change.ResultsForty‐one patients with 75 treated teeth were available for analysis. Out of these, 68 (tooth survival rate: 90.7%) reached the latest follow‐up with a mean observation period of 10.3 years (range: 8.0 to 21.3). The most frequent reason for tooth loss was recurrence of periodontal disease. Tooth survival curves showed a statistically significant difference between smokers and non‐smokers (P = 0.028). Mean CAL changed from 8.43 ± 1.86 (T0) to 6.47 ± 1.70 (T1) (P < 0.001) and to 5.91 ± 1.83 (T2) (P < 0.001). At T1, a CAL gain of ≥3 mm was measured in 35% of the defects whereas at T2 it was detected in 51% of cases.ConclusionsWithin their limitations, the present results have shown that in intrabony defects, the clinical improvements obtained following regenerative surgery with EMD can be maintained on a mean period of 10 years. Smoking status and maxillary molars were correlated with an increased risk for tooth and CAL loss, respectively.
Comparison of catalyst life and performance employing the conversion capacity concept
Authors: Parikh Apoorv P. , Parikh Vihang P. , Parikh Parimal A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractResearchers frequently come across catalyst performance reported as either conversion or rate of reaction as a function of time on stream. When different publications reported data in different manners, comparison of the performance of even similar catalysts becomes difficult. The same situation arises when catalytic behavior is shown at different space velocities. This is because catalyst deactivation characteristics depend on space velocity in addition to rate constants for the main chemical reaction as well as the deactivation process. To circumvent this difficulty, we have furthered the concept of conversion capacity originally brought out by Janssens (J. Catal., 2009;264:130–137) for methanol/dimethyl ether conversions. Conversion capacity was defined by him as the maximum amount of the reactant converted by the time the catalyst affords zero conversion. He developed equations for the first‐order main‐ and deactivation‐ reaction. However, many reactions of practical importance are of order two. We have developed expressions for the second‐order reactions to determine conversion capacity and also the time required for reaching 50% of the initial conversion, t0.5 for the reaction occurring in a plug flow reactor. Here we have given the example calculations for conversion capacity for the reaction of methane tri‐reforming taking data from two different published articles reporting conversion and rate of reaction as a function of time‐on‐stream. We further show the usefulness of these two parameters as giving information not only on the life of the catalysts but also their relative catalytic performance by drawing parallels between reported information and values determined here. Still, a word of caution is necessary. Expression for rate versus time on stream is valid for a linear relationship. Also, values of conversion capacity and t0.5 obtained by expressions given here are qualitative in nature and should be used for comparison purposes rather than attaching any physical significance to them.
Oscillating chemiluminescence reaction in the L‐012–H2O2–KSCN–CuSO4–NaOH system
Authors: Tsuoka Kazuki , Samejima Nobutoshi , Toki Erika , Nakashima Tetsuto , Abe Rin , Oyama Takahiro , Tsukiyama Koichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe oscillating chemiluminescence of the L‐012–H2O2–KSCN–CuSO4–NaOH system was investigated both experimentally and numerically. The oscillation behavior could be classified into two patterns: (i) intense sharp spike‐like emission of a very short duration and (ii) slowly varying emission with a slow rise and a faster fall between the adjacent spike‐like emissions. The concentrations of OH·, HO2·, ·OS(O)CN, and SO3·− were simulated using the Runge–Kutta method. Comparing the time‐dependent emission intensities with calculated radical concentrations, we concluded that the pulsed sharp emission and slowly varying chemiluminescence were caused due to the reaction of L‐012 with ·OS(O)CN and HO2·, respectively. The OH· radicals did not participate in the chemiluminescence.
Influence of different tree species on autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration in a mined area under reclamation
Authors: Valente Fernanda D. A. , Gomes Lucas C. , Castro Marllon F. , Neves Julio Cesar L. , Silva Ivo R. , de Oliveira Teógenes S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPlanting trees is one of the most effective activities in recovering soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of degraded areas, but we still lack information on how different tree species can influence soil respiration, one of the main sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. This study aimed to explore the influence of different tree species on the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of the total soil respiration in a bauxite mining area under reclamation. We analyzed the soil CO2 efflux under five treatments: (i) monoculture of clonal Eucalyptus; (ii) monoculture of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.); (iii) a mixed plantation of 16 native tree species; (iv) a mined area without vegetation cover as a control site; and (v) a natural forest cover as a reference site. This design allowed exploring the soil CO2 dynamics in a gradient of recovery, from a degraded area to natural vegetation. Additionally, we measured soil temperature, moisture, and soil attributes. Soil CO2 efflux increased with increasing tree species cover in the rainy months. There was no significant change in CO2 efflux among the tree species. However, heterotrophic soil respiration contributed to 64% of total soil CO2 efflux and was associated with litter decomposition. Among the abiotic variables, increases in soil moisture had the most influence on CO2 efflux. Therefore, these results help to understand the factors that underpin the loss of SOC and show that afforestation with different tree species can recovery the soil biological activity by improving litter deposition and is a promising way to restore soil quality in degraded areas.
Carbon sequestration in Mediterranean soils following afforestation of abandoned crops: Biases due to changes in soil compaction and carbonate stocks
Authors: Juvinyà Carla , LotfiParsa Hassan , Sauras‐Yera Teresa , Rovira Pere 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCrop replacement by secondary forests increases soil organic carbon (OC) stocks. Quantifying this increase is subject to biases: the changes in soil compaction and, in calcareous zones, the changes in soil inorganic carbon (IC) content, which affect the carbon balance. How relevant are both biases, though? We studied this problem in NE Spain, subhumid Mediterranean, in a set of current crops, old forests, and new forests grown on croplands abandoned after 1956. We compared soil OC stocks on a fixed‐depth basis (30 cm), and on an equivalent‐mass basis: uppermost 425 kg m−2 of fine mineral matter (amount in crop soils). Down to 30 cm, OC stocks were lowest in crops (5.45 kg m−2) and highest in old forests (7.50 kg m−2), which gives a potential OC sequestration in the mineral soil of 2.05 kg m−2. On an equivalent‐mass basis, the potential is 2.50 kg m−2, meaning that the fixed‐depth criterion underestimates OC sequestration by more than 20%. These figures are surpassed by those of IC: crops store 17.73 kg IC m−2 down to 30 cm, old forests 12.28, suggesting a potential loss upon afforestation of 5.45 kg IC m−2. Nevertheless, the lack of negative relationships between IC losses and OC gains within a given land use suggests that the contrasting IC stocks result from past management, mainly tillage. The decarbonation is only apparent. Our results stress the need of accounting for changes in carbonate content and soil compaction in future studies about carbon sequestration in soils.
Retention of Postocular Visible Implant Elastomer in Two Sizes of Adult Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout
Authors: Bushon Amanda M. , Rash Jacob M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Retention of visible implant elastomer (VIE) was assessed during an evaluation of put-grow-and-take Brown Trout Salmo trutta and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss stockings in Apalachia Reservoir, North Carolina. Visible implant elastomer was injected in the postocular adipose tissue of two sizes (approximately 254 [small] and 356 [large] mm TL) of Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout in November 2012–2015. Each year, 1,000 large and 1,500 small trout of each species were marked with VIE. Mark retention was assessed after 30 d in a hatchery and during poststocking collection events in Apalachia Reservoir. The recaptured trout were examined for VIE marks during annual spring electrofishing, fall gill-net samples, and a year-long creel survey. The 30-d VIE retention rate for all trout and all years was 99.9%. Following stocking, both sizes of Rainbow Trout were collected up to 17 months after marking and VIE retention was 100%. Large and small Brown Trout were collected up to 33 and 34 months after marking, and the VIE retention rates were 100% and 99.3%, respectively. This study found visible implant elastomer to be an effective and simple batch mark that remained visible on Rainbow Trout for up to 17 months and Brown Trout for up to 34 months postmarking in the wild.
Characterization of the dissipative mappings and their application to perturbations of dissipative‐Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Baghel Mohit Kumar , Gillis Nicolas , Sharma Punit 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this article, we find necessary and sufficient conditions to identify pairs of matrices X and Y for which there exists such that is positive semidefinite and . Such a is called a dissipative mapping taking X to Y. We also provide two different characterizations for the set of all dissipative mappings, and use them to characterize the unique dissipative mapping with minimal Frobenius norm. The minimal‐norm dissipative mapping is then used to determine the distance to asymptotic instability for dissipative‐Hamiltonian systems under general structure‐preserving perturbations. We illustrate our results over some numerical examples and compare them with those of Mehl, Mehrmann, and Sharma (Stability radii for linear Hamiltonian systems with dissipation under structure‐preserving perturbations, SIAM J Matrix Anal Appl, 37(4):1625–54, 2016).
A study of water‐induced elementary hemp fiber swelling and the reinforced polypropylene composite expansion
Authors: Han Hong Chang , Gong Xiao Lu , Li Chen , Kang Feng , Yang Heng Bin , Zhou Ming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo deeply understand the swelling mechanism, the water swelling ratio and direction of elementary hemp fiber and the reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were analyzed by both experimental methods and numerical simulation. The fiber swelling force was also calculated based on Flory–Rehner theory. The results showed that the simulated fiber radial swelling ratio of 6.5% is slightly higher than the measured one of 5.6%. For the reinforced composites, the simulated cross‐sectional expansion of 3.7% is very close to the measured one of 3.5%. This indicates that fiber mainly swells along its radial direction and the composite expansion is affected by not only fiber swelling ratio and direction but also fiber volume fraction and orientation. The proposed simulation model could easily estimate the swelling ratio and rate of plant fiber and the reinforced composites from their weight gain data. The generated swelling force of fiber is almost 850 MPa at the beginning and decreases to zero until achieving saturation state, which is much higher than the constraint stress of PP matrix and drives composite water expansion behavior. It is concluded that reducing the mixing entropy of plant fiber with water should be an effective approach to inhibit composite water expansion and improve its dimensional stability. The obtained results are beneficial for constructing a water absorption and service life prediction model of shortcut hemp fiber composites.
The impact of Parkinson's disease on manifestations and outcomes of Covid‐19 patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: El‐Qushayri Amr Ehab , Ghozy Sherief , Reda Abdullah , Kamel Ahmed Mostafa Ahmed , Abbas Alzhraa Salah , Dmytriw Adam A. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryParkinson's disease (PD) patients who contracted Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) had a decline in motor functions; nevertheless, there is limited evidence on whether PD patients have a higher risk for contracting Covid‐19 or have worse outcomes. This is the first systematic review and meta‐analysis to review the impact of PD on the prognosis of Covid‐19 patients. We performed a systematic search through seven electronic databases under the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analyses statement (PRISMA) guidelines. The R software version 4.0.2 was used to calculate pooled sample sizes and their associated confidence intervals (95%CI). Finally, we included 13 papers in this study. The pooled prevalence rate of Covid‐19 was 2.12% (95%CI: 0.75–5.98). Fever, cough, fatigue and anorexia were the most common symptoms with a rate of 72.72% (95% CI: 57.3 ‐ 92.29), 66.99% (95% CI: 49.08–91.42), 61.58% (95% CI: 46.69–81.21) and 52.55% (95% CI: 35.09–78.68), respectively. The pooled rates were 39.89% (95% CI: 27.09–58.73) for hospitalisation, 4.7% (95% CI: 1.56–14.16) for ICU admission and 25.1% (95%CI: 16.37–38.49) for mortality. On further comparison of hospitalisation and mortality rates among Covid‐19 patients with and without PD, there were no significant differences. In conclusion, the prevalence and prognosis of Covid‐19 patients seem comparable in patients with PD and those without it. The increased hospitalisation and mortality may be attributed to old age and co‐morbidities.
Sulfamic Acid as Versatile Green Catalyst Used For Synthetic Organic Chemistry: A Comprehensive Update
Authors: Chopra Paavan Kavi Param Gaitry , Lambat Trimurti L. , Mahmood Sami H. , Chaudhary Ratiram G. , Banerjee Subhash 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn recent times, synthetic organic reactions have gained significant attention as they are becoming a versatile tool in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and their intermediates. Sulfamic acid (SA) is an acid catalyst that demonstrated high efficiency in various organic transformations that will be highlighted in this review. These include efforts to develop green approaches using SA catalyst for the C−C bond formation reactions and functional group transformations, as well as the synthesis of various O− and N‐heterocyclic compounds and other miscellaneous reactions including multicomponent reactions. The easy recovery (for subsequent reuse) of the catalyst by filtration without the need for solvents is an important advantage of SA catalyst. In this review, SA promoted greener methodologies that were developed and the applicability of these methodologies are addressed.
Regio‐ and Diastereo‐Selective Biomimetic Synthesis of (±)‐ϵ‐Viniferin by NIS and Resveratrol
Authors: D'Orsi Rosarita , Morrongiello Francesca , Laurita Teresa , Funicello Maria , Lupattelli Paolo , Chiummiento Lucia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, we describe the synthesis of (±)‐permethylated‐ϵ‐viniferin from resveratrol by successive iodination, methylation and dehalogenation reactions. Iodination reaction by N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) was studied to optimize and confirm a proposed radical mechanism. Switching to acetyl protecting group, a new straightforward regio‐ and diastereo‐selective biomimetic synthesis of (±)‐ϵ‐viniferin was obtained. Permethylated and free ϵ‐viniferin were isolated up to 20 %yield.
Radical Propagation Facilitating Aerobic Oxidation of Substituted Aromatics Promoted by Tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide
Authors: Bai Jiatong , Huang Jiangnan , Jiang Qi , Li Yuhang , Wang Hongjuan , Yu Hao , Zhang Qiao , Cao Yonghai , Peng Feng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe selective oxidation of aromatics to synthesize valued‐added products is of great significance for chemical industry. Molecule oxygen as oxidant is the priority for this process, however, low efficiency was usually obtained. In this work, a new strategy for aromatics oxidation using O2 and Tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as dual oxidants without catalyst was proposed. Typical radical process was observed when Toluene was used as the substrate. As high as 47.1 % conversion and 87.6 % selectivity of benzol acid were obtained, while a negligible or low activity were observed under O2 or TBHP oxidative systems. Detailed investigation shows that the distribution of products was almost the same between TBHP+N2 and TBHP+O2 processes, in which the very close active energies were obtained (46.0 and 46.3 kJ/mol). These results indicated that TBHP+N2 or TBHP+O2 involved reactions underwent the same reaction process. The mechanism study demonstrated that the decomposition of TBHP could produce abundance of t‐BuO. and .OH radicals, which significantly enhanced the αH abstraction from toluene and formed alkyl radicals. The alkyl radicals then react with O2 to produce peroxides, which started the radical propagation cycle. The overall rate would be enhanced subsequently. Furthermore, an extension application of other aromatic substrates was investigated and displayed a great promising future to produce aromatic products.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Lyso‐phosphatidyl β‐D‐Glucoside
Authors: Kano Koki , Ishii Nozomi , Hirabayashi Yoshio , Kamiguchi Hiroyuki , Greimel Peter , Matsuo Ichiro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLyso‐phosphatidyl β‐D‐glucoside (lysoPtdGlc) is during embryonic development a neurite growth cone guidance cue associated with G‐protein coupled receptor 55, and has been found to be involved in a variety of physiological and pathological events, including inflammatory pain, and cancer. Hence, the ability to prepare large quantities of lysoPtdGlc is an important objective. Herein, we report the convergent chemical synthesis of lysoPtdGlc and its glyceryl epimer (S‐lysoPtdGlc). High stereocontrol during β‐glycosyl H‐phosphonate construction was achieved using a microfluidic approach, and common but undesirable regioisomerization due to acyl migration on the glyceryl subunit was successfully suppressed during deprotection. Purification of the final product was optimized to obtain sufficiently large amounts of lysoPtdGlc and S‐lysoPtdGlc for biological assaying purposes.
Ultrathin Zirconium Hydroxide Nanosheet‐Assembled Nanofibrous Membranes for Rapid Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents
Authors: Liao Yalong , Chen Wenkun , Li Shouzhen , Jiao Wenling , Si Yang , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOrganophosphorus‐based chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are highly poisonous, and recent attacks using nerve agents have stimulated researchers to develop breakthrough materials for their fast degradation. Zr‐based materials have been identified as the most effective catalysts for breaking down CWAs, but in their powdered form, their practical application in personal protective equipment is limited. Herein, a surface‐confined strategy for the direct growth of vertically aligned zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) nanosheets with ultrathin and tortuous structures on nanofibers is reported. The freestanding Zr(OH)4 nanosheet‐assembled nanofibrous membranes (NANMs) show superior catalytic performance to degrade dimethyl methylphosphonate, a nerve agent simulant, with a half‐life of 4 min. In addition, intriguing membrane‐type NANMs feature integrated properties of exceptional breathability, prominent flexibility, and robust fatigue resistance over one million buckling loads. This facile strategy provides a novel route to manufacture new classes of nanosheet‐supported membranes for chemical‐protective materials, in particular for gas filters, protective suits, and clothing.
A nomenclatural study of Plumeria (Apocynaceae: Plumerieae) in the Caribbean Islands
Authors: Tiernan Nichole M. , Gandhi Kanchi , Francisco‐Ortega Javier 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn update of the nomenclature of 49 Caribbean Island‐occurring taxa of Plumeria (Apocynaceae: Plumerieae) is presented. We designate lectotypes for the following 29 names: Plumeria alba var. jacquiniana, P. apiculata, P. barahonensis, P. beatensis, P. berteroi, P. biglandulosa, P. confusa, P. cuneifolia, P. dictyophylla, P. discolor, P. domingensis, P. gibbosa, P. inaguensis, P. jaegeri, P. jamaicensis, P. krugii, P. leuconeura, P. longiflora, P. marchii, P. obtusa var. laevis, P. obtusa var. parviflora, P. ostenfeldii, P. paulinae, P. pilosula, P. revolutifolia, P. stenopetala, P. stenopetala var. angustissima, P. subsessilis, and P. trouinensis. A neotype is assigned to P. bahamensis, and epitypes are presented for P. alba var. jacquiniana, P. gibbosa and P. stenopetala. Plumeria portoricensis is regarded as an uncertain name. Fifteen of the Cuban endemics were inadvertently lectotypified; three of them (P. cayensis, P. cubensis, P. stenophylla) require a two‐step lectotypification, which is presented here. Two of the names (P. filifolia, P. tuberculata) were lectotypified in previous works and we concord with these typifications. The protologue of P. magna includes the holotype for this name.