bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cercospora oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza saliva
. DISEASE: Narrow brown leaf spot of rice. The fungus has been reported on
Panicum repens
(
Plant Disease Reporter
54: 272, 1970). The linear leaf lesions are 2-10 mm long, usually up to 1-1.5 mm wide, the long axis parallel to that of the leaf; centre dark brown with the border fading as the outer margin is reached. Lesions on the sheath are similar to those on the leaf, whilst those on the glumes are shorter and tend to lateral spread. On susceptible cvs. the leaf lesions are wider and lighter brown whereas on resistant ones they are narrow and a more uniform dark brown. Symptoms are usually extensive during the later stages of growth and should not be confused with those caused by
Ramularia oryzae
Deighton & Shaw (white leaf streak; 40, 104). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and S. and S.E. USA (CMI Map 71, ed. 3, 1967). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Calonectria quinqueseptata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calonectria quinqueseptata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Annona, Camellia sinensis, Eucalyptus, Eugenia caryophyllata
and
Hevea
. DISEASE: Reported as causing a severe attack on clove seedlings. Leaf spots are circular, red at the periphery with a whitish centre. In severe attacks extensive brown patches appear and under humid conditions the clove leaves turn black (30, 431). Causes a leaf spot of
Annona squamosa
and damping-off of
Eucalyptus
(47, 765). On rubber minute chlorotic spots appear on immature leaves, becoming purplish-brown with a yellow halo. Older lesions have a dark brown margin with a white papery centre; the leaves become brittle but are not shed; the disease is severe in budwood nurseries only after pruning when subsequent flushing occurs in wet weather (52, 221). Causes a rare and minor leaf spot of
Eucalyptus robusta
and tea in Mauritius. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, Indonesia, W. Malaysia and Mauritius. TRANSMISSION: Probably by wind-borne conidia.
Calonectria colhounii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calonectria colhounii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Callistemon lanceolatus, Camellia sinensis
and
Eucalyptus robusta
. DISEASE: A common but secondary foliage disease. Brown spots appear, enlarge and coalesce in humid weather. Affected leaves are easily shed after their petioles are invaded. Unthrifty tea bushes and those growing in water-logged soil are more susceptible. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Mauritius only. TRANSMISSION: Most probably by wind-borne conidia and in rain splash.
Sclerospora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kenneth R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sclerospora sorghi
[Peronosclerospora sorghi]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum almum, Sorghum halepense
, maize, teosinte and, apparently,
Heteropogon contortus
. DISEASE: Sorghum downy mildew (SDM); both systemic and local infections occur in sorghums, in maize usually only systemic. In systemic infections, chlorotic laciniate areas extend from bases of leaf blades (half-leaf symptoms), with successive leaves displaying greater or complete chlorotic involvement. Sporulation (white down) occurs on dewy nights; conidia, actively ejected, germinate and infect immediately, inducing local lesions on sorghum leaves but seldom on maize. Resting spores form in systemically-infected plants in immense numbers within chlorotic areas (less, or sometimes not at all in maize, according to geographic region and variety) and leaves of sorghum, but not maize, later shred. Systemically infected plants tend to be dwarfed and, on many cultivars, produce few or sterile inforescences. There may be late expression of chlorotic symptoms in some plants inoculated at seedling stage. Local lesions are elongate, yellowish, then purple, with white down, finally necrotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 179 cd. 2, 1966, with some additions and deletions). Africa: Nigeria, Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, (?) Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa. Asia: Israel, (?) Iran, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Nepal, China. N. America: USA, Mexico, Honduras. S. America: Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Argentina. TRANSMISSION: Primary infection (systemic) in USA, Israel and part of India is by resting spores (oospores) which may remain viable in soil for a number of years. Conidial-induced systemic infection in all lands occurs on plants up to 4 weeks of age. and in Thailand is apparently the principal or only mode. With oospore infection, the frst leaf is never chlorotic: with early inoculation by conidia, the frst leaf may be infected and seedlings may die. Seed-transmitted infection has been proven (49, 744), mostly by adhering oospores, but when internal hyphae are present, no transmission occurs if seed is dried before sowing (52, 1114). Local lesions are induced only by conidial inoculation. Sowing in cold soil (less than 20°C) prevents infection by oospores (50, 1765). Conidia are normally viable only a few hours after sporulation which occurs after midnight to before dawn at 18-28°C (opt. 21°C) (15-30°C with opt. 22-25°C or 24-26°C in Thailand) and transmission of disease by air-borne conidia apparently is restricted to nearby fields. Opt. for conidial infection is 21-24°C. Resting spores were reported to retain infectivity after passage through digestive tract of cattle.
Peronospora destructor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora destructor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Affects species of
Allium
; common on
A. cepa
, rarer on
A. ascalonicum, A. fistulosum, A. porrum, A. sativum, A
.
schoenoprasum
, and a few wild species. DISEASE: Downy mildew (mildiou, falscher Mehitau) of onion. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: On onion in all parts of Europe and America; north, east and south Africa, west, south and east Asia, Australia, New Zealand; and Tasmania. On other
Allium
crops in a few countries in Europe and on other continents (CMI Map 76. ed. 3, 1969).
Cercospora elaeidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora elaeidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Elaeis guineensis
. DISEASE: Freckle of oil palm. In the nursery areas of leaf infection show as groups of dull brown spots (each rarely exceeding 0.5 mm diam.); the spots coalesce, necrosis spreads and the surrounding tissue becomes orange; heavily infected areas of the lamina die. The final development of the symptoms is particularly noticeable on the older leaves. Necrotic spotting also occurs on field palms and it is usually most severe on the older fronds. The small brown spots have a small water-soaked halo; both the spots and halo (becoming yellow and then orange) enlarge; fully developed spots are round to oval, 3-4 mm diam. with the halo
c
. 10 × 4 mm; spots may coalesce and parts of the lamina become desiccated. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central, E. and W. Africa (CMI Map 487, ed. 1, 1972). There is a later record from Australia (NT) on
Carpentaria acuminata
. A record from Surinam is considered doubtful (51, 4761). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cercospora kikuchii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora kikuchii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Glycine max, Phaseolus
spp.,
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Vigna
. DISEASE: Purple seed stain (also purple blotch, purple stain or purple speck) of soyabean Infection has also been reported on other legumes, including bean (cowpea) and cluster bean or guar (35, 861; 42, 69). The most characteristic symptom is the light to dark purple colour of the seed coat, the whole of which can be affected, and which shows cracking. Other species of
Cercospora
cause this purple staining of soyabean seed when pods are inoculated (35, 861; 39, 68) but these are not apparently of importance in the field. Seed germination may not be greatly reduced but infected seeds develop into weak seedlings (sometimes there is a slow death) and less productive plants. Reddish-purple spots, becoming angular to irregular, up to 1 cm diam., occur on the leaves; stems are also infected (4, 714; 29, 489; 30, 503). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with host. TRANSMISSION: Through seed; infection of seed is lowest before maturity and can rise to 50% at maturity and to higher levels thereafter (36, 569). Plants whose maturity is delayed (and where the flowering period is longer) tend to show more seed infection (45, 3447). Infection of the seed reduced germination in a blotter test and in the field; the fungus can occur in seeds that show no purple staining (52, 1735).
Guignardia musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Guignardia musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Musa cavendishii, M. paradisiaca
and
M. sapientum
. DISEASE: Freckle of banana (
Musa
). Symptoms on the fingers may appear 2-4 weeks after the bunch has shot but are most noticeable at harvest. On the fruit are red brown, superficial spots usually circular, up to 2 mm diam., with dark green watersoaked halos. Spots may coalesce and dense aggregations of them may form streaks or circular areas. At harvest freckle may completely cover the fingers; the presence of pycnidia renders the surface rough to the touch. The proximal hand is often the most severely affected. On leaves the dark brown or black spots may be small (<1 mm diam.) or larger (up to 4 mm diam.). In the former case freckled areas have a sooty appearance, and streaks or circular areas may form. In the latter case the spots may have fawn or greyish centres with yellowish-green halos. Coalescence of spots occurs and freckle is usually restricted to the older leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in south and east Asia and the Pacific islands; also in east Africa, but the infections caused have not been found in central or south America (53, 797). TRANSMISSION: Conidia water-dispersed.
Stemphylium solani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Stemphylium solani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On living leaves of
Lycopersicon, Solanum
and other solanaceous hosts causing very small spots. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot of tomato or potato, potato leaf scorch (Mauritius). The fungus causes small grey spots with a yellow halo which eventually become necrotic, dry out and crack across. Dark masses of conidiophores are formed on the edge of the spot on both leaf surfaces. Severe attack leads to defoliation. In seedbeds, defoliation is accompanied by conspicuous yellowing (9, 813). Symptoms on peppers are minute light brown spots on young leaves which expand, developing red brown margins with distinct white centres as leaves mature (49, 319). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Ivory Coast, Libya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, Seychelles); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Japan, Thailand, Israel); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia); Europe (Italy, United Kingdom); N. America (Canada, USA); Central America and West Indies (Barbados, Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad); S. America (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela) (CMI Map 333, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores.
Venturia saliciperda
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Venturia saliciperda
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: On
Salix
spp. DISEASE: Willow scab. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Europe, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. The fungus overwinters by dormant mycelium in pustules on twigs and releases air-borne conidia in spring which infect young growth. Secondary infection may occur by conidia dispersed during summer.
Diplocarpon rosae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diplocarpon rosae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Confined to members of the genus
Rosa
. DISEASE: Black spot of roses. More or less circular black lesions up to 1.5 cm diam. with radially fringed margins usually on the upper side of the leaf, which may be followed by chlorosis and leaf cast. Severe leaf cast may be followed by a further flush. Stem lesions occur as small indistinct black areas without a fringed margin and symptoms may occur on floral parts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide in temperate and tropical zones (CMI Map 266, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersed conidia formed in acervuli on infected leaves on the host or after they have been cast. A microconidial state (spermagonia) with a similar dispersal mechanism may occur on fallen leaves in the spring and autumn. Conidia lose viability rapidly, few surviving more than one month (24, 508). Overwintering is by saprophytic mycelium in cast foliage or infected stem tissues. The perfect state has been reported from Britain, North America and the USSR (51, 2590 and IMI 185129), where it is formed on infected cast foliage in the spring. Ascospores are forcibly ejected; they do not appear to be essential for the survival of the pathogen.
Cheilaria agrostis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Gibson I. A. S. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cheilaria agrostis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves of
Gramineae: Agropyron, Agrostis, Elymus, Arrhenatherum, Calamagrostis, Cymbopogon, Triticum
. DISEASE: Blotch and char spot of various
Gramineae
. Lesions first tawny, yellow margined, circular, becoming elliptical, elongate and covered with dull black charcoal-like streaks, 2-5 mm wide and several times as long. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, Canada), Northern Europe, New Zealand, Africa (Sudan). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by splash dispersed air-borne conidia. The role of infected debris in overwintering has not been investigated.
Kabatina thujae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Gibson I. A. S. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Kabatina thujae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, C. lawsoniana, Cupressus sempervirens, C. arizonica, Thuja occidentalis
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, France, Netherlands); N. America (Canada). TRANSMISSION: Probably by splash-dispersed conidia.
Verticillium fungicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Verticillium fungicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated mushrooms (the fungus has also been recorded from decaying leaf litter and from the sporophores of other larger Basidiomycetes). DISEASE: Dry bubble, brown spot of mushrooms; '
mole
'. Causes light brown superficial irregular spots on caps, later enlarging and coalescing into dark brown blotches. Severe attacks cause mushrooms to become distorted with abnormal swelling of the stipe and the tissues drying out and becoming leathery. The disease occurs either in single or clumps of sporophores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, France, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Denmark); North America (USA); Asia (China, India, Japan); Australia; Africa (S. Africa, Rhodesia). TRANSMISSION: By splash dispersed conidia and contaminated casing soil.
Mycogone rosea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycogone rosea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated mushrooms,
Amanita rubescens, A. caesaraea, Inocybe
sp.,
Trichloma terreum
, termite fungus garden. DISEASE: A disease of mushroom similar to 'wet bubble' in some respects. Causes dark brown discoloration of caps with underlying tissues stained yellow. May cause small depressions in the cap under which the tissues are discoloured dark brown; alternate zoning of white and brown on the affected area is also sometimes found (18, 570). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Britain, Germany, Uganda, Hungary and (?) New South Wales (Australia), but probably more widely distributed in regions where edible fungi are cultivated (49, 1869; 41, 275). TRANSMISSION: Probably by spores and mycelium in soil. Mycelium and spores have been shown to be infective (570).
Sclerotium cepivorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sclerotium cepivorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On onion, chives, garlic, leek, shallot,
Allium canadense, A. fistulosum, A. vineale
and other species of
Allium
. Has been recorded on
Zephyranthes, Belamcanda chinensis
(probably saphrophytic on the latter; 50, 1846) and on linseed, clover, cabbage and tomato by inoculation (49, 720). DISEASE: White rot of onions and their allies. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Libya, Rhodesia, S. Africa); Asia (India, Japan, Pakistan); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Azores, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, UK, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, USA); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay). (CMI Map 331, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Inoculum remains viable and capable of reinfecting crops for at least 8 yr (17, 717), and there is a limited amount of saprophytic growth in soil (33, 134; 36, 567). Also dispersed on diseased seedlings and sets and by agricultural practices which disseminate soil particles and refuse from diseased crops; can survive passage through domestic animals (22, 422; 54, 3585).
Mucor miehei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mucor miehei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil, compost, stored barley, hay and resting
Parthenium argentatum
(guayule). DISEASE: Has been reported by Cooney & Emerson (1964) as isolated from brain and other organs of a calf. However, this record is based on Smith's (1957) description of an isolate received from Austwick which appears to be a homothallic
Mucor pusillus
[Rhizomucor pusillus]
(CMI Descript. 527). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, UK, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Gymnosporangium asiaticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium asiaticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
), European pear (
Pyrus communis
), Japanese pear (
P. sinensis
) and other
Pyrus
spp.,
Chaenomeles
spp. and
Photinia
spp. (and possibly
Crateagus
spp.). Telia on
Juniperus chinensis
and
J. procumbens
. DISEASE: Japanese pear rust. Aecia on leaves. Telia on leaves and green stems of juniper; not causing any swelling of tissues. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Korea, China. Intercepted in the USA.
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and crab apple (
Malus
sp.). Telia on
Juniperus virginiana
and related species of the '
sabina
' group. DISEASE: American apple rust. Aecia chiefly on the leaves but also on stems and fruit. Telia on globoid or kidney-shaped galls of juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the USA east of the Rockies, also in California, Ontario and Quebec (CMI Map 61, ed. 2, 1965).