bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Without God
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis chapter argues that when Newton drafted the first edition of the Principia in the mid-1680s, he thought that (at least a part of) the cause of gravity is the disposition inherent in any individual body, but that the force of gravity is the actualization of that disposition; a necessary condition for the actualization of the disposition is the actual obtaining of a relation between two bodies having the disposition. The cause of gravity is not essential to matter because God could have created matter without that disposition. Nevertheless, at least a part of the cause of gravity inheres in individual bodies and were there one body in the universe it would inhere in that body. The force of gravity is neither essential to matter nor inherent in matter, because it is the actualization of a shared disposition. We can distinguish among (i) accepting gravity as causally real, (ii) positing the cause(s) of the properties of gravity, (iii) making claims about the mechanism or medium by which gravity is transmitted.
Newtonian Emanation, Spinozism, Measurement, and the Baconian Origins of the Laws of Nature
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe first two sections of this chapter investigate what Newton could have meant in a now famous passage from De Graviatione that “space is as it were an emanative effect of God.” First it offers a careful examination of the four key passages. The chapter shows that the internal logic of Newton’s argument permits several interpretations. In doing so, the paper calls attention to a Spinozistic strain in Newton’s thought. Second it sketches four interpretive options: (i) one approach is generic neo-Platonic; (ii) another approach is associated with the Cambridge Platonist, Henry More, while a variant on this (ii+) emphasizes that Newton mixes Platonist and Epicurean themes; (iii) a necessitarian approach; (iv) an approach connected with Bacon’s efforts to reformulate a useful notion of form and laws of nature. The paper offers new arguments to treat Newtonian emanation as a species of Baconian formal causation as articulated in part two of Bacon’s New Organon.
Newton’s Modal Metaphysics and Polemics with Spinozism in the “General Scholium”
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to explaining the nature and use of metaphysical necessity in Newton’s “General Scholium.” In particular, it focuses on Newton’s metaphysical commitments about (i) the nature of modality; (ii) the nature of formal causation; and (iii) God’s existence. In order to explain these, the chapter draws on Clarke and Clarke’s subsequent correspondence with Joseph Butler. In order to clarify some philosophical distinctions, I treat Toland’s Spinozism, in particular, as the target of some of Newton’s arguments. Along the way, I’ll provide suggestive evidence that Newton was in a decent position to distinguish the thought of Descartes from Spinozism
Evaluating Defenses of a Requirement of Adverse Interests
Authors: Pfander James E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter responds to scholars who have sought to defend a modified Article III adverse-party requirement by redefining that requirement in terms of the underlying adverse interests of potential parties to litigation. Such an adverse interest construct fares poorly as an account of the language and history of Article III and fails to cohere with the practice of federal courts during the antebellum period and with the way antebellum jurists explained that practice to the world. Nor does the adverse interest construct advance the normative goals that have sometimes been seen as justifying a requirement of adversary contestation. Lacking a clear basis in text, history, and normative considerations, the adverse-interest account does a poor job of making sense of Article III.
Uncontested Adjudication and Standing to Sue
Authors: Pfander James E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows that modern standing doctrine cannot be defended by reference to the history and meaning of the text of Article III. Cases, as understood in antebellum America, did not require the plaintiff to seek redress for an injury in fact inflicted by an adverse party. Instead, the term was broad enough to encompass uncontested adjudication by those asserting a claim of right in an ex parte application. The chapter invites the U.S. Supreme Court to reformulate its rule to require only a “litigable interest,” a claim of right in the form prescribed by law. Such a formulation can accommodate some aspects of the Court’s modern doctrine and the tradition of uncontested adjudication.
Disconnect to Reconnect! Self-help to Regain an Authentic Sense of Space Through Digital Detoxing
Authors: Enli Gunn , Syvertsen Trine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A typical call in contemporary self-help literature is to “look away from screens and enter the physical world.” Drawing on an empirical analysis of 15 self-help books, this chapter explores advice to reconnect with social and physical spaces by taking a break from digital technology. Digital detox is a relatively new term, but its ideological foundations are familiar from a long history of media and technology criticism. In the chapter, self-help advice on digital detoxing is discussed in the light of classical and contemporary criticism of media influence. Although the self-help books illuminate obstacles and difficulties, they propagate an optimistic belief that invasive technology can be controlled, authenticity restored, and social and physical dislocation reversed.
Modern stimulations
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at how modern developments have made the pilgrimage more accessible and given rise to a new cohort of ‘pensioner pilgrims’ who make numerous circuits, often sleeping in customised cars and supported by their pensions. The chapter also looks at other developments that encourage repeated performance, from status symbols that indicate one has done 100 pilgrimages, to a ranking system among pilgrims. It explores themes of status and examines how every pilgrim can determine their own ways of performance and thereby create a sense of personalised autonomy and authority. The chapter also indicates how issues of competition also play a part in this process. It introduces various pilgrims met during fieldwork, showing why and how they perform numerous pilgrimages in Shikoku and how they talk about addiction, ‘Shikoku illness’, and faith.
Attitudes, practices, schedules, and triggers
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses a detailed questionnaire study we carried out. The average number of circuits for respondents was over 120 times. Some have been doing the pilgrimage for sixty years and claim several hundred circuits. It discusses their motives, faith, and practices, and examines their economic circumstances, their attitudes towards other pilgrims, and issues of competition. They also commonly do other pilgrimages, often many times, and this suggests that pilgrimage in general (not just Shikoku) is their core life practice. The chapter also discusses schedules, speed, and how these relate to multiple performance, provides examples of people (commonly older men who have lost their spouses) who spend 300 days or more a year on the road as pilgrims, even into their eighties and nineties, and explores the idea of ‘triggers’ that lead people to become incessant pilgrims.
Concluding comments and new challenges
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter emphasises that the Shikoku pilgrimage is not a singular transient event but a recurrent thread in the lives of pilgrims, many of whom plan to continue doing it until they die or are physically unable. They often also do other pilgrimages and have a primary identity as pilgrims. Pilgrimage is unending while the image of life itself as pilgrimage permeates popular understandings of the Shikoku pilgrimage. We introduce a Shikoku pilgrimage T-shirt that symbolically reflects this view of pilgrimage as infinite and unending, arguing that such themes are not unique to Shikoku, although they have rarely been discussed in studies of pilgrimage. Researchers need to look more closely at the issues discussed in this book, for Shikoku pilgrimage shows that pilgrimage is not a transient activity but a life course that pilgrims view as unending.
Louisa Mariah Woosely
Authors: Giver-Johnston Donna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes the life and evangelist work of Louisa Woosley. Following an exploration of The Great Awakening, Evangelical Protestantism, and religious institutionalism, this chapter places Woosley within the context of the female preaching debate and the question of whether women should have the authority to preach. Although ordained by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Woosely continued to face institutional resistance throughout her life. This chapter argues that her use of the authority of scripture and biblical interpretation aided her in constructing her call narrative and claiming her call to preach. Finally, this chapter analyzes her prophetic rhetoric as recorded in Shall Women Preach? Or, The Question Answered as evidence of the definitive affirmation she utilized in presenting a compelling case for the ordination of women.
Florence Spearing Randolph
Authors: Giver-Johnston Donna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 surveys the life and pastoral ministry of Florence Spearing Randolph. As a black female preacher, Randolph faced issues of gender and racial inequality throughout her life in southern and northern states as she sought to advocate for reform of the extreme class divisions of the Gilded Age. As a proponent of the Social Gospel movement and an ordained and installed minister, she joined scripture with cultural reform for impactful messages. Through an analysis of her sermons, including Antipathy to Women Preachers and Looking Backward and Forward, this chapter investigates her perspective on gender roles, women’s ordination, and race relations. This chapter considers her call narrative and her use of pulpit rhetoric in communicating her position as a minister within the black church, summoning women to answer their call to preach as ordained ministers and claim the power of the pulpit.
Introduction
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Introduction begins with an overview of the Renegade dance’s popularity and the major players who made the dance challenge go viral—namely, TikTok sensation Charli D’Amelio who is the app’s most-followed account, and Georgia teen Jalaiah Harmon who created the dance but wasn’t given any credit for it until the Dubsmash community mobilized around her. The story of the Renegade dance challenge, D’Amelio, and Harmon serves as an entry point into a conversation about the teen artists of color in this book, whom the book labels “Renegades.” Riffing off the viral “Renegade” dance to K-Camp’s “Lottery,” the book reappropriates the term to embody the nuanced ways that Dubsmash users, or self-professed Dubsmashers, use digital hip hop culture and platforms to push again the pervasive Whiteness in mainstream US pop culture, as evidenced on apps such as TikTok. Renegades take up visual and sonic space on social media apps to self-fashion identity, form supportive digital communities, and exert agency to take up space that is often denied to them in other facets of their lives. The Introduction continues with a review of extant literature in social media and youth identity formation, with a particular focus on how Black teens engage with digital spaces. From there, it lays the groundwork for a theory of “Renegades.”
The Original Renegade
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical framework for understanding the symbiotic relationship between hip hop and Dubsmash. Influenced by scholarship in critical race theory, gender studies, and hip hop, this chapter explores how Renegades have forged an inclusive digital community through Dubsmash. This chapter argues that Dubsmash’s culture of giving credit is the nexus from which a shared sense of values grows, one that encourages Dubsmashers to recognize the work of other artists. To demonstrate this, this chapter uses Jalaiah Harmon, the “Original Renegade,” as a case study. Harmon’s origin story from anonymous viral dance creator to full-blown celebrity status demonstrates how hip hop values operate in the Dubsmash community.
Moving as One
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how dancing in unison helps Renegades create stronger relationships and a more formidable sense of community. I use my own classroom experiences with my students as a case study in community-focused pedagogy. Building off of research on Broadway chorus lines and military formations/drills, this chapter analyzes the role of unison movement and muscular bonding in making Dubsmash videos. The chapter argues that dancing in unison with students on Dubsmash creates an affective response that helps build stronger relationships between students and teachers. As such, this chapter is a testament as to how Dubsmash can be used as a tool of hip hop education and culturally responsive teaching. To further demonstrate how Renegades materialize in the high school classroom, this chapter also features interviews with other dancing teachers. Dubsmash pushes against the barriers typically seen between teachers and students in public education, effectively becoming a tool of anti-racist community building.
The Panoptic Sort
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Panoptic Sort was published in 1993. Its focus was on privacy and surveillance. But unlike the majority of publications addressing these topics in the United States at the time that were focused on the privacy concerns of individuals, especially those related to threats associated with government surveillance, that book sought to direct the public toward the activities of commercial firms. The Panoptic Sort was intended to help us all to understand just what was at stake when the bureaucracies of government and commerce gathered, processed, and made use of an almost unlimited amount of personal and transaction-generated information to manage social, economic, and political activities within society. While the first edition provided numerous examples from marketing, employment, insurance, credit management, and the provision of government and social services, the second edition extends descriptions of the technologies that have been developed and incorporated into the panoptic sort in the nearly thirty years since its initial publication. Assessments of the implications for democracy that many associate with the possibility of an algorithmic Leviathan, invite a reconsideration of Jacques Ellul’s distressing predictions about the future that ended the first edition of The Panoptic Sort.
Foreword
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This foreword, an addition to this second edition, serves in part as a preface that was not included in the original. In addition to providing brief descriptions of the material to be covered in each of the chapters, it makes reference to important scholarly contributions made in related areas of concern that developed following the publication of The Panoptic Sort in 1993. Among these contributions, those made by Karl Marx, Jacques Ellul, Anthony Giddens, and Michel Foucault were featured quite extensively. Among my colleagues and contemporaries, particular attention was also paid to the contributions made by James Beniger, Klaus Krippendorff, David Lyon, Vincent Mosco, Helen Nissenbaum, Priscilla Regan, and Alan Westin. Although the book was focused primarily on the collection and use of personal and transaction generated information, critical changes in communication and information technology, including the internet and algorithmic data processing were noted as central factors in the further development of the panoptic sort.
Operating the Panoptic Sort
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the nature of the panoptic sort as a discriminatory technology. It emphasizes the role played by surveillance, or the collection, processing, and analysis of data gathered from a variety of transactions, many of them commercial, but many involving bureaucratic institutions involved in governance. While there is already an extensive literature on the nature and usage of data gathered by governments, this chapter focuses primarily on the transaction-generated information gathered by corporations. Its coverage includes traditional data-gathering methods familiar to government and social service agencies, but also includes technological systems, including the rapidly evolving telecommunications network. Considerable attention is paid to developments in the use of computers for data processing and analysis, including a primary function of the panoptic sort: classification, clustering, and segmentation of individuals into groups. The chapter ends with a discussion of an important but emergent segment of the information marketplace, that served by organizations that generate extensive lists of categories or types of persons, often described in terms of their market, or policy-related value.
Corporate Perspectives on the Panoptic Sort
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter is focused on understanding the similarities and differences within the corporate sectors actively engaged in the development and use of the panoptic sort in support of their business ventures. The chapter focuses on three central actors of the time: the American Express Corporation, a dominant data services provider; TRW, a major defense contractor; and Equifax, an emerging giant in the provision of information about credit worthiness and other assessments of financial worth. Additional attention is focused on the special role played by a market auxiliary, the Direct Marketing Association, which played a central role in defending the industry against privacy laws and regulations emerging on the horizon. An additional effort to understand the corporate perspective on surveillance and the pursuit of power and influence made use of a survey of Fortune 500 companies at the time. Despite the quite low participation rate of the members of this special class, characteristics of their marketing techniques, their concerns about government regulation, and their assignment of responsibility for the development of a regulatory response were subject to analysis. It was not surprising to see how concerned they actually were about a consumer backlash against their collection and use of transaction-generated information.
A Data Protection Regime
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter is focused on the need for and the likely problems to be encountered as we pursue a regulatory response, especially through the traditional framework for thinking about privacy and data protection. This regulatory framework is characterized through a consideration of an evolving tradition beginning with the contributions that were made by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis in 1890. Other perspectives, including those of Edward Bloustein, which suggested the importance of dignity and other intangible injuries are explored. Links between privacy interests and interests in intellectual property emerged within legislative and regulatory concerns being raised about rights to information. Of particular importance are struggles over information rights as they apply to individuals and rights claimed by corporate actors, including those rights being claimed by corporate pursuit of First Amendment, or speech, rights. Distinctions are also drawn in this chapter between rights sought as defenses against actions taken by corporate actors versus those of governmental actors, given the fact that the First Amendment as a constraint applies only to agencies of government. A variety of specific cases and continuing struggles within the legal and regulatory environment are described, and due note is taken of the increasing influence of a neoliberal framing of a “marketplace solution” as the appropriate solution for conflicts over informational rights. The chapter concludes with a discussion of “Fair Information Practices” as a strategy for assigning oversight responsibility for informational regulation to a government agency. While there was expression of hope and desire for a governmental agency focused solely on privacy-related concerns, the creation of such an agency in the United States was not forthcoming.
The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and World Communism
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The devastation caused by World War II on Eastern Europe, the USSR, and China, among other nations, created the conditions of social dislocation that made possible the imposition, or autonomous coming to power, of communist regimes in eight countries of Eastern Europe. Tens of millions of deaths during the war, followed by millions of dislocated people and mass population transfers, created the conditions of social disintegration that preceded communist rule.
Diversity and Defiance within the World Communist Movement
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As Soviet leaders worked to manage the contradictions they had unleashed, they faced a wide range of responses from within the world communist movement: worker rebellions in Eastern Europe; revolution in Hungary in 1956; near revolution in Poland; and criticism or ambivalence from Yugoslavia, China, and nonruling communist parties in the wake of de-Stalinization and the crushing of the Hungarian revolution.
Why US-Soviet Détente Failed
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Given the issues that remained on the table for later negotiation, given the rightward drift in US politics of the mid-1970s, and given the intense commitment on both sides to competing for influence in Third World countries, it may be that US-Soviet détente was destined to collapse. But the counterfactual must consider, what would have happened had the Nixon administration not collapsed due to the Watergate scandal?
Gorbachev’s Peaceful Revolution from Above
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gorbachev did not anticipate how far he would have to go to lead the communist party and his country out of the “era of stagnation” he inherited from Brezhnev. But as he started to implement policies, the obstacles became clearer and he responded with radicalization. This led to democratization of political authority relationships through increasingly free elections. Ultimately, the system collapsed as social polarization intensified and Boris Yeltsin outflanked Gorbachev to discredit the latter’s effort to create a “democratic socialism.”
Is There a Future for New Communist States?
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Communism was the offspring of wars: World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War. Are such wars likely in the coming decades? If not, new communist regimes on the Leninist-Stalinist-Maoist models are unlikely to come to power in the name of Marxism-Leninism. Whether that ideological heritage becomes again a beacon for revolution may depend on whether, in the future, the historical imagination comes to view communism as having been an achievement or a tragedy.