bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed magnitude and trends in socioeconomic and geographic area inequalities in obesity prevalence among non-pregnant women in Chad: evidence from three waves of Chad demographic and health surveys
Authors: Shibre Gebretsadik , Zegeye Betregiorgis , Woldeamanuiel Gashaw Garedew , Negash Wassie , Lemma Gorems , Taderegew Mitku Mamo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
While the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, the growing rates of overweight and obesity in developing countries are disquieting. Obesity is widely recognized as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Available evidence on whether obesity has been more prevalent among higher or lower socioeconomic groups, across regions and urban-rural women’s are inconsistent. This study examined magnitude of and trends in socioeconomic, urban-rural and sub-national region inequalities in obesity prevalence among non-pregnant women in Chad.

Method
Using cross-sectional data from Chad Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) conducted in 1996, 2004 and 2014; we used the World Health Organization (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) to analyze socio-economic, urban-rural and regional inequalities in obesity prevalence among non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years. Inequalities were assessed using four equity stratifiers namely wealth index, educational level, place of residence and subnational region. We presented inequalities using simple and complex as well as relative and absolute summary measures such as Difference (D), Population Attributable Risk (PAR), Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) and Ratio (R).

Results
Though constant pattern overtime, both wealth-driven and place of residence inequality were observed in all three surveys by Difference measure and in the first and last surveys by Ratio measure. Similarly, including the recent survey (D = -2.80, 95% CI:-4.15, − 1.45, R = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.50) absolute (in 1996 & 2014 survey) and relative (in all three surveys) educational status inequality with constant pattern were observed. Substantial absolute (PAR = -2.2, 95% CI: − 3.21, − 1.34) and relative (PAF = − 91.9, 95% CI: − 129.58, − 54.29) regional inequality was observed with increasing and constant pattern by simple (D) and complex (PAR, PAF) measures.

Conclusion
The study showed socioeconomic and area-based obesity inequalities that disfavored women in higher socioeconomic status and residing in urban areas. Prevention of obesity prevalence should be government and stakeholders’ priority through organizing the evidence, health promotion and prevention interventions for at risk population and general population.
Altered splicing associated with the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Berger Kiera , Somineni Hari , Prince Jarod , Kugathasan Subra , Gibson Greg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Aberrant splicing of individual genes is a well-known mechanism promoting pathology for a wide range of conditions, but disease is less commonly attributed to global disruption of exon usage. To explore the possible association of aberrant splicing with inflammatory bowel disease, we developed a pipeline for quantifying transcript abundance and exon inclusion transcriptome-wide and applied it to a dataset of ileal and rectal biopsies, both obtained in duplicate from 34 pediatric or young adult cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

Results
Expression and splicing covary to some extent, and eight individuals exhibited aberrant profiles that can be explained by altered ratios of epithelial to stromal and immune cells. Ancestry-related biases in alternative splicing accounting for 5% of the variance were also observed, in part also related to cell-type proportions. In addition, two individuals were identified who had 284 exons with significantly divergent percent spliced in exons, including in the established IBD risk gene CEACAM1, which caused their ileal samples to resemble the rectum.

Conclusions
These results imply that quantitative differences in splice usage contribute to the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease in a previously unrecognized manner.
Establishing a baseline of science communication skills in an undergraduate environmental science course
Authors: Shivni Rashmi , Cline Christina , Newport Morgan , Yuan Shupei , Bergan-Roller Heather E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Seminal reports, based on recommendations by educators, scientists, and in collaboration with students, have called for undergraduate curricula to engage students in some of the same practices as scientists—one of which is communicating science with a general, non-scientific audience (SciComm). Unfortunately, very little research has focused on helping students develop these skills. An important early step in creating effective and efficient curricula is understanding what baseline skills students have prior to instruction. Here, we used the Essential Elements for Effective Science Communication (EEES) framework to survey the SciComm skills of students in an environmental science course in which they had little SciComm training.

Results
Our analyses revealed that, despite not being given the framework, students included several of the 13 elements, especially those which were explicitly asked for in the assignment instructions. Students commonly targeted broad audiences composed of interested adults, aimed to increase the knowledge and awareness of their audience, and planned and executed remote projects using print on social media. Additionally, students demonstrated flexibility in their skills by slightly differing their choices depending on the context of the assignment, such as creating more engaging content than they had planned for.

Conclusions
The students exhibited several key baseline skills, even though they had minimal training on the best practices of SciComm; however, more support is required to help students become better communicators, and more work in different contexts may be beneficial to acquire additional perspectives on SciComm skills among a variety of science students. The few elements that were not well highlighted in the students’ projects may not have been as intuitive to novice communicators. Thus, we provide recommendations for how educators can help their undergraduate science students develop valuable, prescribed SciComm skills. Some of these recommendations include helping students determine the right audience for their communication project, providing opportunities for students to try multiple media types, determining the type of language that is appropriate for the audience, and encouraging students to aim for a mix of communication objectives. With this guidance, educators can better prepare their students to become a more open and communicative generation of scientists and citizens.
Hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging in focal onset seizure with impaired awareness—descriptive study from tertiary care centre in southern part of India
Authors: Andrews Aleena Elizabeth , Perumpalath Naufal , Puthiyakam Juvaina , Mekkattukunnel Andrews 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal onset seizure. Focal onset seizure with impaired awareness, previously known as complex partial seizure (CPS), account for 18–40% of all seizure types. Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common cause of temporal lobe epilepsy, which produces focal onset seizure with impaired awareness. It may be detected in MRI visually, but bilateral abnormalities are better identified using volumetric analysis.
We aimed to compare hippocampal volume in patients with focal onset seizure with impaired awareness visually and quantitatively.

Methodology
This cross-sectional study includes clinically diagnosed cases of 56 focal onset seizure with impaired awareness undergoing MRI at a tertiary teaching hospital in the southern part of India for a duration of 18 months from February 2018 to August 2019.

Results
Out of 53 patients studied using 1.5 T MRI brain with seizure protocols, hippocampal atrophy was identified visually in 13 (24.5%) on the right side, 9 (16.98%) on the left side, and in 6 (11.32%) bilaterally. However, with volumetry, hippocampal atrophy (not taking T2 signal change) was detected in 15 (28.30%) on the right side, 10 (18.86%) on the left side, and in 7 (13.20%) bilaterally. Hippocampal volumes between ipsilateral and contralateral seizure focus were found to have no significant difference (p-0.84).

Conclusions
Though visual analysis is efficient in the diagnosis of pathology, MR volumetry may be used as an expert eye in cases of subtle volume loss.
Body Mass Index and Risk of COVID-19 Diagnosis, Hospitalization, and Death: A Cohort Study of 2 524 926 Catalans
Authors: Recalde Martina , Pistillo Andrea , Fernandez-Bertolin Sergio , Roel Elena , Aragon Maria , Freisling Heinz , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Burn Edward , Duarte-Salles Talita 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
A comprehensive understanding of the association between body mass index (BMI) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still lacking.

Objective
To investigate associations between BMI and risk of COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization with COVID-19, and death after a COVID-19 diagnosis or hospitalization (subsequent death), accounting for potential effect modification by age and sex.

Design
Population-based cohort study.

Setting
Primary care records covering &gt;80% of the Catalan population, linked to regionwide testing, hospital, and mortality records from March to May 2020.

Participants
Adults (≥18 years) with at least 1 measurement of weight and height.

Main outcome measures
Hazard ratios (HR) for each outcome.

Results
We included 2 524 926 participants. After 67 days of follow-up, 57 443 individuals were diagnosed with COVID-19, 10 862 were hospitalized with COVID-19, and 2467 had a subsequent death. BMI was positively associated with being diagnosed and hospitalized with COVID-19. Compared to a BMI of 22 kg/m2, the HR (95% CI) of a BMI of 31 kg/m2 was 1.22 (1.19-1.24) for diagnosis and 1.88 (1.75-2.03) and 2.01 (1.86-2.18) for hospitalization without and with a prior outpatient diagnosis, respectively. The association between BMI and subsequent death was J-shaped, with a modestly higher risk of death among individuals with BMIs ≤ 19 kg/m2 and a more pronounced increasing risk for BMIs ≥ 40 kg/m2. The increase in risk for COVID-19 outcomes was particularly pronounced among younger patients.

Conclusions
There is a monotonic association between BMI and COVID-19 diagnosis and hospitalization risks but a J-shaped relationship with mortality. More research is needed to unravel the mechanisms underlying these relationships.
Effect of obesity on risk and severity of periodontitis: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Maulani Chaerita , Auerkari Elza Ibrahim , C. Masulili Sri Lelyati , Kusdhany Lindawati S. , Prahasanti Chiquita , Soedarsono Nurtami 
Published: July 2021

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between obesity and periodontitis, among other risk factors for periodontitis. Methods: In total, 262 Indonesian male and female subjects were analysed for body mass index (BMI), oral hygiene, plaque index, and clinically evaluated periodontitis. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman tests and Pearson chi-square tests to estimate the correlation between BMI and periodontitis. Multivariate binary logistic analysis was conducted between covariate and periodontitis. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of obesity was 48.47%. There were positive correlations between BMI and periodontal status for healthy-mild periodontitis, moderate, and severe periodontitis respectively. BMI and periodontitis crude odds ratio (OR) = 2.31 (95% CI 1.41-3.78); p < 0.05, adjusted OR of BMI among other variables, was 1.88 (95%CI 1.05-3.37); p < 0.05. Exploration of the ROC curve found a BMI cut off point of 24.785 kg/m2. Conclusion: Obesity by BMI measurement of ≥ 25kg/m2 correlated to a higher risk of acquiring periodontitis compared to normal-weight individuals.
The use of Betel leaf in Nyirih tradition: Analyzing an ethnoscience-based learning material
Authors: Rizaldi Dedi Riyan , Andayani Yayuk , Doyan Aris , Makhrus Muh. , Fatimah Ziadatul , Nurhayati Eris 
Published: July 2021

Nyirih tradition is one of popular traditions in Indonesia, a country with a diverse ethnic groups, cultures, and languages. The traditions are potential to be explored and used as contextual learning materials. This research aims to analyze the relationship between science (physics, biology, and chemistry) on the use of Betel leaf in the Nyirih tradition. This research used an ethnoscience approach, an approach which raises various cultures in a society to become a science learning topic, so that it would be easier for students to integrate various material in science learning with the real-life contexts. It was a qualitative research using the study literature type which consists of several steps, namely: (1) determining the topic, (2) gathering materials as references, (3) making an introduction, (4) determining the method, (5) discussing the findings, and (6) making a conclusion. The results suggest that the use of Betel leaf in Nyirih tradition could become an interesting topic in explaining several concepts in science.
Phase-factor spectra of turbulent phase screens
Authors: Muschinski Andreas 
Published: July 2021

The optical phase

ϕ

is a key quantity in the physics of
light propagating through a turbulent medium. In certain respects,
however, the statistics of the phase factor,

ψ
=
exp
⁡
(
i
ϕ
)

, are more relevant than the
statistics of the phase itself. Here, we present a theoretical
analysis of the 2D phase-factor spectrum

F
ψ

(

κ

)

of a random phase screen. We apply
the theory to four types of phase screens, each characterized by a
power-law phase structure function,

D
ϕ

(
r
)
=
(
r

/

r
c

)
γ

(where

r
c

is the phase coherence length defined
by

D
ϕ

(

r
c

)
=
1

r
a
d

2

), and a probability density function

p
α

(
α
)

of the phase increments for a given
spatial lag. We analyze phase screens with turbulent (

γ
=
5

/

3

) and quadratic (

γ
=
2

) phase structure functions and with
normally distributed (i.e., Gaussian) versus Laplacian phase
increments. We find that there is a pronounced bump in each of the
four phase-factor spectra

F
ψ

(
κ
)

. The precise location and shape of
the bump are different for the four phase-screen types, but in each
case it occurs at

κ
∼
1

/

r
c

. The bump is unrelated to the
well-known “Hill bump” and is not caused by diffraction effects. It is
solely a characteristic of the refractive-index statistics represented
by the respective phase screen. We show that the second-order

ψ

statistics (covariance function,
structure function, and spectrum) characterize a random phase screen
more completely than the second-order

ϕ

counterparts.
High-speed wide-angle interleaved scanning technique for a 3D imaging lidar
Authors: Prasad Narasimha S. , Mylapore Anand R. 
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we describe a novel interleaved scanner for an eye-safe 3D scanning lidar system to measure aerodynamic phenomena in a wind tunnel using elastic backscatter from seeding particles. The scanner assembly consists of a rotating polygon scanner for line scanning along the fast axis, a galvanometer (galvo) scanner for scanning along the slow axis, angular position sensors, and motor controllers. The polygon scanner sweeps the lidar beam at up to 10,000 lines/s across a 27 deg angular field of regard in the fast axis, while the galvo scanner covers an angular range of 20 deg in the slow axis. Using this scanner, the lidar can perform nonintrusive flow visualization, velocimetry, and hard target mapping at millimeter-scale spatial resolution to a standoff range of 5 m at an update rate of 50 Hz for the full field of regard. An interleaved scanning methodology for the acquisition of two snapshots of 3D lidar intensity data with a 100 µs time offset is discussed. The design of the control and data acquisition electronics is described. The effects of rapid scanning on the response of a narrow field-of-view lidar are addressed. The design of the scanner is scalable and can be tailored to meet the requirements of other applications by increasing or decreasing the standoff range, angular field of regard, and scan rate.
Seeing the beam cleanup effect in a high-power graded-index-fiber Raman amplifier based on mode decomposition
Authors: Fan Chenchen , An Yi , Yao Tianfu , Xiao Hu , Huang Liangjin , Xu Jiangming , Leng Jinyong , Zhou Pu 
Published: July 2021

Due to the beam cleanup effect, brightness enhancement (BE) can be achieved in a Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) based on multimode (MM) graded-index (GRIN) fiber. In this Letter, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, diagnostic tool of mode decomposition (MD) based on a stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm is demonstrated to observe the beam cleanup effect in a GRIN-fiber-based RFA for the first time, to our knowledge. During output power boosting up to 405 W at 1130 nm, the output beam quality factor

M

2

improves from 3.45 to 2.88, with a BE factor of 10.5. The MD results based on the near-field beam profiles from RFA indicate that the modal weight of the fundamental mode increases from 74.5% to 87%, confirming that the fundamental mode dominates with higher Raman gain. Moreover, the beam quality is found to be limited by the existence of a higher-order (Laguerre–Gaussian)

L
G

10

mode, which is insensitive to the beam cleanup effect. The correlation coefficient reaches over 0.98 for all MD results. Thus, the accuracy of the MD method is high enough to provide further valuable insight into the physics of spatiotemporal beam dynamics in MM GRIN fiber.
Integrated balanced homodyne photonic–electronic detector for beyond 20  GHz shot-noise-limited measurements
Authors: Bruynsteen Cédric , Vanhoecke Michael , Bauwelinck Johan , Yin Xin 
Published: July 2021

Optical homodyne detection is used in numerous quantum and classical applications that demand high levels of sensitivity. However, performance is typically limited due to the use of bulk optics and discrete receiver electronics. To address these performance issues, in this work we present a co-integrated balanced homodyne detector consisting of a silicon photonics optical front end and a custom integrated transimpedance amplifier designed in a 100 nm GaAs pHEMT technology. The high level of co-design and integration provides enhanced levels of stability, bandwidth, and noise performance. The presented detector shows a linear operation up to 28 dB quantum shot noise clearance and a high degree of common-mode rejection, at the same time achieving a shot-noise-limited bandwidth of more than 20 GHz. The high performance of the developed devices provide enhanced operation to many sensitive quantum applications such as continuous variable quantum key distribution, quantum random number generation, or high-speed quantum tomography.
Robotic Process Automation und Digitale Service-Transformation bei der DRV
Authors: Koç Hasan , Weisweber Wilhelm , Lüttke Marcus 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungAufgrund neuer Marktanforderungen müssen Organisationen ihr Wertversprechen ständig anpassen. Durch die zunehmende Digitalisierung sind die Organisationen immer mehr befähigt, sich dieser Herausforderung zu stellen. Auch die Deutsche Rentenversicherung befindet sich mit 59.000 Mitarbeiter*innen, die rund 56 Mio. Versicherte und fast 21 Mio. Rentner im In- und Ausland betreuen, im ständigen Wandel. Ein Indikator dafür ist die Einführung von innovativen Dienstleistungen, die auf die digitale Strategie der Organisation ausgerichtet sind. Einen wichtigen Baustein für die Digitalisierungsstrategie der Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund stellt Robotic Process Automation dar, mit der sich die Deutsche Rentenversicherung erhebliche Vorteile in der Serviceerbringung durch Prozessautomatisierung und Fehlerreduktion erhofft. In der Literatur und Praxis besteht ein zunehmendes Interesse an Robotic Process Automation, jedoch sind die Beiträge im Kontext des öffentlichen Sektors eher knapp. Dieser Artikel berichtet über die Umsetzung von einem Robotic Process Automation-basierten Transformationsprozess der Dienstleistungen bei der Deutsche Rentenversicherung. Konkret werden die ersten Ergebnisse aus der Transformation von vier Dienstleistungen beschrieben, die aus einer strukturierten Analyse von 26 Use Cases mit den serviceerbringenden Abteilungen resultiert haben.
Burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in India based on data from cross-sectional serosurveys, 2017 and 2019–20
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Devika , Awasthi Shally , Dwibedi Bhagirathi , Geetha S. , Jain Manish , Malik Shikha , Patel Bhupeshwari , Singh Himabindu , Tripathi Shalini , Viswanathan Rajlakshmi , Agarwal Anjoo , Bonu Rajeswari , Jain Shuchi , Jena Saubhagya Kumar , Priyasree J. , Pushpalatha K , Ali Syed , Biswas Debasis , Jain Amita , Narang Rahul , Madhuri Sudha , George Suji , Kaduskar Ojas , Kiruthika G. , Sabarinathan R. , Sapakal Gajanan , Gupta Nivedita , Murhekar Manoj V. 
Published: July 2021

Background
India has set a goal to eliminate measles and rubella/Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) by 2023. Towards this goal, India conducted nationwide supplementary immunization activity (SIA) with measles-rubella containing vaccine (MRCV) targeting children aged between 9 months to <15 years and established a hospital-based sentinel surveillance for CRS. Reliable data about incidence of CRS is necessary to monitor progress towards the elimination goal.

Methods
We conducted serosurveys in 2019–20 among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of 6 hospitals, which were also sentinel sites for CRS surveillance, to estimate the prevalence of IgG antibodies against rubella. We systematically sampled 1800 women attending antenatal clinics and tested their sera for IgG antibodies against rubella. We used rubella seroprevalence data from the current survey and the survey conducted in 2017 among antenatal women from another 6 CRS surveillance sites to construct a catalytic models to estimate the incidence and burden of CRS.

Result
The seroprevalence of rubella antibodies was 82.3% (95% CI: 80.4–84.0). Rubella seropositivity did not differ by age group and educational status. Based on the constant and age-dependent force of infection models, we estimated that the annual incidence of CRS in India was 225.58 per 100,000 live births (95% CI: 217.49–232.41) and 65.47 per 100,000 live births (95% CI: 41.60–104.16) respectively. This translated to an estimated 14,520 (95% CI: 9,225–23,100) and 50,028 (95% CI: 48,234–51,543) infants with CRS every year based on age-dependent and constant force of infection models respectively.

Conclusions
Our findings indicated that about one fifth of women in the reproductive age group in India were susceptible for rubella. The estimates of CRS incidence will serve as a baseline to monitor the impact of MRCV SIAs, as well progress towards the elimination goal of rubella/CRS.