bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing monocyte phenotype in poly(γ-glutamic acid) hydrogels formed by orthogonal thiol–norbornene chemistry
Authors: Kim Min Hee , Lin Chien-Chi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hydrogels with tunable properties are highly desirable in tissue engineering applications as they can serve as artificial extracellular matrix to control cellular fate processes, including adhesion, migration, differentiation, and other phenotypic changes via matrix induced mechanotransduction. Poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) is an natural anionic polypeptide that has excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and water solubility. Moreover, the abundant carboxylic acids on PGA can be readily modified to introduce additional functionality or facilitate chemical crosslinking. PGA and its derivatives have been widely used in tissue engineering applications. However, no prior work has explored orthogonal crosslinking of PGA hydrogels by thiol–norbornene (NB) chemistry. In this study, we report the synthesis and orthogonal crosslinking of PGA-norbornene (PGANB) hydrogels. PGANB was synthesized by standard carbodiimide chemistry and crosslinked into hydrogels via either photopolymerization or enzymatic reaction. Moduli of PGA hydrogels were readily tuned by controlling thiol–NB crosslinking conditions or stoichiometric ratio of functional groups. Orthogonally crosslinked PGA hydrogels were used to evaluate the influence of mechanical cues of hydrogel substrate on the phenotype of naïve human monocytes and M0 macrophages in 3D culture.
Varied farm-level carbon intensities of corn feedstock help reduce corn ethanol greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Kwon Hoyoung , Wang Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A reduction in the overall carbon intensity (CI) of a crop-based biofuel can be achieved by cutting down the CI of the biofuel’s feedstock, which in turn correlates significantly to agricultural management practices. Proposals are being made to incentivize low-carbon biofuel feedstocks under U.S. fuel regulatory programs to promote sustainable farming practices by individual farms. For such an incentive scheme to function properly, robust data collection and verification are needed at the farm level. This study presents our collaboration with U.S. private sector companies to collect and verify the corn production data necessary for feedstock-specific CI calculation at the farm level, through a carefully designed questionnaire, to demonstrate the practicality and feasibility of data collection at scale. We surveyed 71 farms that produced 0.2 million metric tons of corn grain in 2018 in a Midwestern U.S. state to obtain information on key parameters affecting corn ethanol feedstock CI, such as grain yields, fertilizer/chemical application rates, and agronomic practices. Feedstock-specific CI was calculated in the unit of grams (g) CO2 equivalent (CO2e) of greenhouse gases per kilogram (kg) of corn produced. Results showed large CI variations—from 119 to 407 g CO2e kg−1 of corn—due to the farm-level inventory, while the production-weighted average CI for all surveyed farms was 210 g CO2e kg−1, comparable to the national average CI of 204 g CO2e kg−1. The nitrogen fertilizer type applied and rate were identified as key factors contributing most to CI variations at the farm level. The estimated N2O emissions from fertilizer and biomass nitrogen inputs to soil accounted for 51% of the overall farm-level CI and therefore need to be better monitored at farm level with high resolution. We concluded that this feedstock-specific, farm-level CI evaluation has the potential to be used to incentivize low-carbon feedstock for biofuel production.
Physio-Morphology of Pickerelweed (Monochoria vaginalis) in Various Soil Moisture Levels
Authors: Setiawan A N , Sarjiyah  , Sintadevi A 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRice is an important food crop for Indonesia, but its productivity is still low, which is 5.11 tons/ha. One of the factors causing the low productivity of rice is pickerelweed (Monochoria vaginalis) which can reduce yields by 80%. This research was aimed to determine the physio-morphological character of pickerelweed at various soil moisture levels and obtain soil moisture levels which can suppress the growth of pickerelweed. The research was conducted with a single factor experimental method that was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The treatments were soil moisture levels that consisting of 4 levels, i.e. field capacity, muddy, waterlogged 2 cm, and waterlogged 5 cm, and additional treatment is rice cultivation according to Good Agricultural Practice as a control. The results of the research showed that the moisture level of the field capacity and the muddy can reduce height, the number of leaves, plant growth rate, root length, shoots dry weight, and roots of pickerelweed, while the moisture level of waterlogged 2 cm and 5 cm increase height, the number of leaves, leaf area, weed growth rate, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of pickerelweed.
Sugarcane growth and yields in response to long-term monoculture practices under different soil orders
Authors: Kusumawati A , Hanudin E , Purwanto B H , Nurudin M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Indonesia is the seventh largest sugar producer in the world. Monoculture sugarcane cultivation has been practiced since the Dutch era, especially in the Entisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols soil orders. The field research with this multilocation design aims to determine the effect of the monoculture sugarcane cultivation period (1–10, 11–20 and 21–30 years) on the growth and yield of sugarcane plants under the three soil orders. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance and correlation was conducted to determine the effects of soil orders and monoculture period. The results showed that there were significant interactions between monoculture period and soil order on leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight, plant height, stalk diameters, number of stalks, leaf area, number of green leaf, root CEC, root length, root surface and root area. There was no interaction between monoculture period and soil order on stalk fresh weight, stalk dry weight, root dry weight, number of nodes. The sucrose content of sugarcane in Entisols at the 1–10 years monoculture period significantly lower (6.03%) compared to 11–20 years period (7.37%) and 21–30 year (7.79%), whereas at the 1–10 years monoculture period in Inceptisols and Vertisols (7.99% and 8.04 %) was significantly higher than that of Entisols (6.03%). Sugarcane productivity at monoculture period 1–10 years in Entisols significantly lowest (49.38 t/ha) compared to Inceptisols (54.82 t/ha) and Vertisols (63.05 t/ha) at the same period, while the 21–30 years period on Vertisols significantly highest (76.18 t/ha) compared to 11–20 years period (68.73 t/ha) and 1–10 years period (63.05 t/ha) in same soil order. These conditions indicate that the effect of long-term monoculture cultivation of sugarcane on the growth and yield of sugarcane varies, depending on the soil order as the grow medium and root parameters have the highest correlation with sugarcane yield. Land management to improve the root area is necessary for optimal plant growth.
Insect Population in Rice Ecosystems with Various Types of Irrigation and Local Rice Varieties
Authors: Isnawan B H , Ramadhanti R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
System of Rice Intensification is a new method of cultivation that has been widely done to improve the efficiency of water use, which can affect pest and predator populations. The research aims to determine the types of pests and natural enemies as predators in various irrigations and local varieties of rice. The study was conducted at the Research Field and Laboratory of Protection of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The research was carried out with a 3x4 Strip Plot Design in a Completely Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The factor I was the type of irrigation, consisting of 3 types of treatment, namely conventional irrigation, SRI intermittent irrigation for 10 days inundated 5 days dried, and irrigation for 7 days inundated, 3 days dry. Factor II was rice variety, which consists of 4 varieties, namely Rojolele Genjah, Mentik Wangi, Pandan Wangi, and Ciherang. Observation of pests and predators was done once a week for 5 weeks using the Sweeping Net trap. The numbers of pests and predators were analyzed by Generalized Linear Model analysis. The difference in the mean was further tested by the Tukey test. The results showed that the method of irrigation and varieties gave different effects depending on the role of the insect. Types of irrigation do not affect the population of pests, but irrigation affects the predator population. Varieties affect pest populations and predators. Irrigation types and varieties interact in determining pest populations and predators.
Rice growth in a combined submergence and salinity stresses
Authors: Kurniasih B , Tarigan I , Firmansyah E , Indradewa D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The occurrence of submergence in agricultural land is increased by the climate change. The level of tolerance in crops depends on many factors including plant stages, duration of submergence. Level of crop tolerance to submergence is likely to decrease when other adverse factors such as salinity exist. Two experiments have been conducted to study the effect of a combined submergence and salinity on rice growth. First experiment studied the salt tolerance at early seedling stage while submerged. Split plot design was used with oxygen concentrations (with and without aeration) as the main plot and salinity levels (0.2, 50, 100 dan 150 mM NaCl) as the sub plot. Second experiment evaluated the length of submergence (one and two weeks) and salinity levels (0.2 and 50 mM NaCl) at older stages rice plants. The results showed that at early stages of seedlings, almost all growth variables have been decreased by salinity. The oxygen deficit reduced salt tolerance in rice seedlings. At older stages of rice, one-week submergence did not reduce rice growth. However, for two weeks submergence, rice submerged in saline water showed better growth compared to those submerged in non-saline water.
The Effect of Weight and Incubation Time in DNA Quality of Kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) Leaves
Authors: Handayani E , Nandariyah  , Cahyani V R , Parjanto  
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) is a rare fruit plant which becomes the identity plant of the Yogyakarta Region. Kepel plants need to be conserved so they don’t become extinct Germplasm of kepel must be collected to get the genetic diversity of Kepel. Research on the genetic diversity of Kepel plants has never been done, so it needs the right method to obtain good quality DNA for molecular studies for future research. This study aims to obtain the best sample weight and incubation time to produce high-quality DNA for future research. This study used samples from young green leaves of kepel. DNA was extracted and purified from the leaves using a modified CTAB method to obtain DNA of kepel with high-purity and high-concentration. The result of DNA isolation and purification was analyzed by spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis method. The yield of DNA isolation on young kepel leaves had higher quality and quantity than DNA isolation on mature kepel leaves The results demonstrated that DNA isolation from young green leaves of kepel had a purity level of 1.64 – 2.01. In addition, it also showed that DNA isolation from young green leaves in weight 0.2 g with 30 minutes incubation gave the highest DNA concentration (880 ng/µl).
The Existence and Population Dynamic of New Fall Armyworm Species Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Nurkomar I , Putra I L I , Trisnawati D W , Saman M , Pangestu R G , Triyono A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a new pest in Indonesia that attacks corn plants. S. frugiperda larvae damage by eating the leaves to the growing point which can result in yield loss from 55 to 100%. This pest reportedly attacked corn plantations at the beginning of 2019 then spread almost throughout Indonesia. This study aims to study the distribution and population dynamic of S. frugiperda in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Preliminary research was conducted in Sleman and Bantul regency covering all district in these areas, then the research was continued in six corn fields in Bantul regency (Kasihan, Pajangan, Sedayu) district. The result show that the S. frugiperda has been spread throughout Bantul and Sleman District. The populations of S. frugiperda are different in each location, the density of each larvae ranged from 0-1 larvae per plant. Larvae population increased by increasing the age of plants. Mortality of S. frugiperda larvae found in the field was relatively low. Mortality is caused by fungal infections, entomopathogenic bacteria, parasitoid insect Tachinidae sp.1 and predatory insects Coccinella transversalis. The population rate was influenced by the internal factors of S. frugiperda itself that is the life cycle.
Nano Rice Husk Ash as Bulb Coating in Increasing Storability of Shallot Seed (Allium cepa var. aggregatum group)
Authors: Kokkwilai K , Hidayat T , Mulyono M , Utama N A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Shallot seed generally used form bulb that stored for short period, and it led to decrease the seed quality. Application of nano rice husk as that contain high silica could utilize as seed coating to minimize the decrease in seed quality. The experiment was carried out for evaluating the usage of nano rice husk ash as bulb coating in increasing stroagbility of shallot seed. Concentration of nano rice husk ash with concentration of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% were test in this research. Application of rice husk ash as shallot seed coating could preserve the quality of seed. Moreover, the concentration of 0.3 and 0.4 could maintain water content, weight loss, firmness, bulb diameter, number of bulb loss, vigor index and germination rate in optimum value.
Evaluation of land suitability for Yam (Dioscorea alata ) in Cangkringan, Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Authors: Aini L N , Prasetyo J , Nurul Makiyah S N , Mulyono  
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cangkringan Subdistrict is one of areas in Southern flank of Mount Merapi, Special Region of Yogyakarta which is prone to eruptions. Landuse changes due to eruptions often occur in this area. As a result, the Cangkringan area is prone to food security, due to the damage and landuse changes that have occurred. Yam is a tuber crop that is resistant to nutrient-poor land and has not been widely cultivated. The prospect of developing Yam is very large as a way of diversifying food. Therefore, an effort is needed to evaluate the land for cultivation of Yam on marginally lands affected by the eruption by determining the characteristics of the land as the basis for determining land suitability. The research was conducted using analytical descriptive method and analyzed using the matching method between land quality and land characteristics as parameters with land suitability class criteria. The results showed that the actual land suitability class in Cangkringan sub-district for Yam cultivation was S3nr, na, eh, tc with limiting factors for nutrient retention, total N content, land slope, and temperature. While the potential land suitability is S3eh, tc with limiting factors for land slope and temperature. Improvements that can be made include the addition of organic matter, fertilization, making terraces and planting on land that is not shaded.
The application of several cultivation practices on growth and production of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties in the rainy season
Authors: Devy N F , Hardiyanto  , Syah J A , Setyani R , Udiarto B K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Application of chemical pesticides may cause significant negative impact on production and quality of Chili. Therefore, implementation of friendly environmentally based cultivation practiced is absolutely needed. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the growth and the yield of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties grown by using three cultivation practices. This study was conducted in Bengkayang region, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, from August 2019 to February 2020. A Nested Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications was arranged. The subplots were the commercial chili varieties (Lingga, Kencana, and Leket as a local one) and main plot were cultural practices, i.e., CO: friendly environmental-based technology (i.e., increased plant population from 20.000 to 30.000 plants/ha, the using of biopesticides, trapping, and maize as barrier plant; CP: recommended technology (CO + a recommended pesticides), and CF: farmer technology-based. The results showed that the plant height of Leket on CO treatment was the best until eight weeks after planting; whereas the widest plant canopy was found in the Lingga. More than 30% of plants were attacked by pests and diseases that cause curling leaves. The Leket was the most sensitive to curl (40%); on the other hand, CO treatment decreased this symptom by 5.5%. In terms of yield, the Kencana produced the highest fruit number per plant (142), and the CP treatment had the most harvest frequency. Percentage of ripe fruit weight loss after one week of storage was about 12-22% with the most severe was Lingga. In this area during the rainy season, the highest potential yield was on the CO treatment (17.5 tons/ha). These results indicated that environmentally friendly cultivation on chili could be developed in this season.
Sectoral Integration in Watershed Management in Indonesia : Challenges and Recomendation
Authors: Waskitho N T , Pratama A A , Muttaqin T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The integration of watershed management in Indonesia is still far from what was expected. Sectoral integration is influenced by several factors such as communication, coordination, cooperation, policies and regulations. The lack of communication, the limited coordination and cooperation between sectors is a limitation in realizing integration between sectors. Policies reinforced by regional autonomy legislation hamper sectoral integration of watershed management. This article will explain why inter-sectors have not been successfully integrated in watershed management. The sector concept will clarify this situation. Sectoral integration in watershed management in Indonesia is a challenge for the government in this case the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Ministry of State-owned enterprises. The existence of an institution that manages a Watershed will avoid overlapping programs so that it will greatly save the budget and improve the performance of the watershed.
The expression of chili defense gene due to oviposition of fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)
Authors: Kirana R , Karjadi A K , Faizal A , Syamsudin T S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ovipositions of fruit flies typically leave some wounds on the chili fruits. These punctures might allow some pathogenic microorganisms to get into the fruits and eventually cause the secondary infections. Taking this into account, this study aimed at determining the expression of chili defense gene (CaRGA2) due to pathogenic fungus infection which occurred following the fruit fly oviposition activities. The research was carried out from April to October 2018 in two research facilities located in West Java, Indonesia, i.e. the Molecular Laboratory of IVEGRI (West Bandung) and the Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Biotechnology and Bioindustry Research Center (Bogor). Chili fruits of three chili varieties with different levels of resistance againts fruit fly infestations (i.e. susceptible, moderately resistant, and resistant) were used in this study. Moreover, the RNA of each of the varieties was isolated before and after the fruit fly oviposition. The chili defense gene of CaRGA2 was tested in this study whereas the housekeeping gene used was Actin. The gene was amplified by using the RT-PCR method and afterwards, the data from the amplification were analyzed by employing the Livak method. The results showed that chili defense gene expression increased significantly in the susceptible chili variety, but did otherwise in both the moderately resistant and resistant varieties. Eventually, this result supported the previous studies that revealed the increased fungal pathogen infections in host plants due to the injuries caused by fruit fly oviposition.
Use of Growth Hormones to Support Improvement of Garlic Production in Central Java
Authors: Samijan  , Nurlaily R , Lestari F , Jauhari Sodiq 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
At present around 95% of Indonesia’s consumption of garlic needs is fulfilled from imports. In 2019, the need for Indonesian garlic is reported to be 570 thousand tons and can only be fulfilled from domestic production of around 3.36%. Through efforts to increase production, starting in 2017 the Indonesian government has been determined to reduce the dependence of garlic imports and is targeted to gradually become self-sufficient in 2021. The use of growth hormones is believed to be able to help stimulate the growth of garlic bulbs becoming bigger. In the 2017/2018 planting season an assessment of the use of growth hormones in garlic production in Temanggung was conducted. The study used a randomized block design by applying 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment consisted of the gibberelin ‘Super Gibs’ hormone, Patrol, Hormonik and control. The study was conducted in 2 farmers groups of garlic in Glapansari Village, Parakan Sub District of Temanggung District, from December 2017 to April 2018. The results of the study of growth hormone stimulation, showed an increase in yield of 17-56% from control,which not given hormone treatment. The treatment of growth hormone can reach an average yield of 6.68 tons/ha or an increase of 1.30 tons/ha (an average of 24%) from controls, which only achieve an average yield of 5.39 tons/ha. The highest of yield increase was achieved in the treatment of hormonal ‘Hormonik’ (35% increased) and Patrol (32% increased) of the controls, but between both tended not to be significantly different. While the application of the Super Gibs hormone, has not shown a real and consistent effect on improving garlic yield. The increase in yield on the treatment of growth hormone is due to an increase in the bulbs weight component (an average of 25% increased) and the size of the bulbs diameter (an average of 11% bigger) of garlic produced.