bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The in vivo metabolism of Furazadrol in greyhounds
Authors: Pranata Andy , Curtis Blake , Waller Christopher C. , Caldwell Karen , Zahra Paul W. , Karamatic Steven L. , McLeod Malcolm D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSamples of the ‘dietary supplement’ Furazadrol sourced through the internet have been reported to contain the designer anabolic androgenic steroids [1′,2′]isoxazolo[4′,5′:2,3]‐5α‐androstan‐17β‐ol (furazadrol F) and [1′,2′]isoxazolo[4′,3′:2,3]‐5α‐androstan‐17β‐ol (isofurazadrol IF). These steroids contain an isoxazole fused to the A‐ring and were designed to offer anabolic activity while evading detection, raising concerns over the potential for abuse of this preparation in sports. The metabolism of Furazadrol (F:IF, 10:1) was studied by in vivo methods in greyhounds. Urinary phase II Furazadrol metabolites were detected as glucuronides after a controlled administration. These phase II metabolites were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by Escherichia coli β‐glucuronidase to afford the corresponding phase I metabolites. Using a library of synthetically derived reference materials, the identities of seven urinary Furazadrol metabolites were confirmed. Major confirmed metabolites were isofurazadrol IF, 4α‐hydroxyfurazadrol 4α‐HF and 16α‐hydroxy oxidised furazadrol 16α‐HOF, whereas the minor confirmed metabolites were furazadrol F, 4β‐hydroxyfurazadrol 4β‐HF, 16β‐hydroxyfurazadrol 16β‐HF and 16β‐hydroxy oxidised furazadrol 16β‐HOF. One major hydroxyfurazadrol and two dihydroxyfurazadrol metabolites remained unidentified. Qualitative excretion profiles, limits of detection and extraction recoveries were established for furazadrol F and major confirmed metabolites. These investigations identify the key urinary metabolites of Furazadrol following oral administration, which can be incorporated into routine screening by anti‐doping laboratories to aid the regulation of greyhound racing.
Evaluation of camera trap‐based abundance estimators for unmarked populations
Authors: Amburgey S. M. , Yackel Adams A. A. , Gardner B. , Hostetter N. J. , Siers S. R. , McClintock B. T. , Converse S. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEstimates of species abundance are critical to understand population processes and to assess and select management actions. However, capturing and marking individuals for abundance estimation, while providing robust information, can be economically and logistically prohibitive, particularly for species with cryptic behavior. Camera traps can be used to collect data at temporal and spatial scales necessary for estimating abundance, but the use of camera traps comes with limitations when target species are not uniquely identifiable (i.e., “unmarked”). Abundance estimation is particularly useful in the management of invasive species, with herpetofauna being recognized as some of the most pervasive and detrimental invasive vertebrate species. However, the use of camera traps for these taxa presents additional challenges with relevancy across multiple taxa. It is often necessary to use lures to attract animals in order to obtain sufficient observations, yet lure attraction can influence species’ landscape use and potentially induce bias in abundance estimators. We investigated these challenges and assessed the feasibility of obtaining reliable abundance estimates using camera‐trapping data on a population of invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) in Guam. Data were collected using camera traps in an enclosed area where snakes were subject to high‐intensity capture–recapture effort, resulting in presumed abundance of 116 snakes (density = 23/ha). We then applied spatial count, random encounter and staying time, space to event, and instantaneous sampling estimators to photo‐capture data to estimate abundance and compared estimates to our presumed abundance. We found that all estimators for unmarked populations performed poorly, with inaccurate or imprecise abundance estimates that limit their usefulness for management in this system. We further investigated the sensitivity of these estimators to the use of lures (i.e., violating the assumption that animal behavior is unchanged by sampling) and camera density in a simulation study. Increasing the effective distances of a lure (i.e., lure attraction) and camera density both resulted in biased abundance estimates. Each estimator rarely recovered truth or suffered from convergence issues. Our results indicate that, when limited to unmarked estimators and the use of lures, camera traps alone are unlikely to produce abundance estimates with utility for brown treesnake management.
Experimental seed sowing reveals seedling recruitment vulnerability to unseasonal fire
Authors: Miller Russell G. , Fontaine Joseph B. , Merritt David J. , Miller Ben P. , Enright Neal J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnseasonal fire occurrence is increasing globally, driven by climate change and other human activity. Changed timing of fire can inhibit postfire seedling recruitment through interactions with plant phenology (the timing of key processes, e.g., flower initiation, seed production, dispersal, germination), and therefore threaten the persistence of many plant species. Although empirical evidence from winter‐rainfall ecosystems shows that optimal seedling recruitment is expected following summer and autumn (dry season) fires, we sought experimental evidence isolating the mechanisms of poor recruitment following unseasonal (wet season) fire. We implemented a seed‐sowing experiment using nine species native to fire‐prone, Mediterranean‐climate woodlands in southwestern Australia to emulate the timing of postfire recruitment and test key mechanisms of fire seasonality effects. For seeds sown during months when fire is unseasonal (i.e., August–September: end of the wet winter season), seedling recruitment was reduced by up to 99% relative to seeds sown during seasonal fire months (i.e., May–June: end of the dry summer season) because of varying seed persistence, seedling emergence, and seedling survival. We found that up to 70 times more seedlings emerged when seeds were sown during seasonal fire months compared to when seeds were sown during unseasonal fire months. The few seedlings that emerged from unseasonal sowings all died with the onset of the dry season. Of the seeds that failed to germinate from unseasonal sowings, only 2% survived exposure on the soil surface over the ensuing hot and dry summer. Our experimental results demonstrate the potential for unseasonal fire to inhibit seedling recruitment via impacts on pregermination seed persistence and seedling establishment. As ongoing climate change lengthens fire seasons (i.e., unseasonal wildfires become more common) and managed fires are implemented further outside historically typical fire seasons, postfire seedling recruitment may become more vulnerable to failure, causing shifts in plant community composition towards those with fewer species solely dependent on seeds for regeneration.
Species diversity of freshwater shrimp in Henan Province, China, based on morphological characters and COI mitochondrial gene
Authors: Zhou Chuan‐jiang , Feng Meng‐xia , Tang Yong‐tao , Yang Chang‐xing , Meng Xiao‐lin , Nie Guo‐xing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFreshwater shrimp are a rich species group, with a long and problematic taxonomic history attributed to their wide distribution and similar morphological characteristics. Shrimp diversity and species identification are important cornerstones for fisheries management. However, identification based on morphological characteristics is a difficult task for a nonspecialist. Abundant freshwater shrimp species are distributed in the waters of Henan Province, but investigations of freshwater shrimp are limited in this region, especially concerning molecular features. Here, we combined morphology and DNA barcodes to reveal the species diversity of freshwater shrimp in Henan province. A total of 1,200 freshwater shrimp samples were collected from 46 sampling sites, and 222 samples were chosen for further microscopic examination and molecular delimitation. We used tree‐based methods (NJ, ML, and bPTP) and distance‐based methods (estimation of the paired genetic distances and ABGD) to delimit species. The results showed that there were nine morphospecies based on morphological characteristics; all could effectively be defined by molecular methods, among which bPTP and ABGD defined 13 and 8 MOTUs, respectively. The estimation of the paired genetic distances of K2P and the p‐distances had similar results. Mean K2P distances and p‐distances within species were both equal to 1.2%. The maximum intraspecific genetic distances of all species were less than 2%, with the exception of Palaemon modestus and M. maculatum. Various analyses have shown that P. modestus and M. maculatum have a large genetic differentiation, which may indicate the existence of cryptic species. By contrast, DNA barcoding could unambiguously discriminate 13 species and detect cryptic diversity. Our results demonstrate the high efficiency of DNA barcoding to delimit freshwater shrimp diversity and detect the presence of cryptic species.
A density estimation model of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) supporting camera‐monitoring programs
Authors: Jia Ying‐Hui , Qiu Jun , Ma Cang , Wang Jin‐Zhao , Wang Guang‐Qian , Li Fang‐Fang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs an important species in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, the roles played by plateau pikas in grassland degradation and protection are controversial. The behavior characteristics and population density of this species are important in answering this question, but these traits have not been fully elucidated to date. Camera‐capture methods have been used widely in recent years to characterize or calculate population density with the advantage of simple operation and nonintrusive investigation. However, establishing the relationship between actual population density and monitoring data with the condition that individual identification is not possible is a major challenge for this method. In this study, a model composed of a behavioral module and a burrow system module is proposed and applied to simulate the moving path of each individual pika. Based on Monte Carlo method, the model is used to develop the relationship between population density and recorded capture number, which is compared with the results derived from the random encounter model (REM) based on field observations. The simulated results mixed with the calculated density based on observation data could reach R2 = 0.98 using linear fitting, with proper parameter settings. A novel index named activity intensity of pikas per population density is also proposed, providing information on both the ecological physical characteristics and monitoring space. The influence of different parameters on this index, mainly the pika number per burrow system, pika activity time outside the burrow, and activity intensity, is discussed. The proposed methodology can be applied to different scenarios in further studies when behavioral characteristics of pikas change for such reasons as climate change and vegetation degradation.
A least squares based diamond scheme for anisotropic diffusion problems on polygonal meshes
Authors: Dong Cheng , Kang Tong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present a new least squares based diamond scheme for anisotropic diffusion problems on polygonal meshes. This scheme introduces both cell‐centered unknowns and vertex unknowns. The vertex unknowns are intermediate ones and are expressed as linear combinations with the surrounding cell‐centered unknowns by a new vertex interpolation algorithm which is also derived in least squares approach. Both the new scheme and the vertex interpolation algorithm are applicable to diffusion problems with arbitrary diffusion tensors and do not depend on the location of discontinuity. Benefitting from the flexibility of least squares approach, the new scheme and vertex interpolation algorithm can also be extended to 3D cases naturally. The new scheme and vertex interpolation algorithm are linearity‐preserving under given assumptions and the numerical results show that they maintain nearly optimal convergence rates for both error and error in general cases. More interesting is that a very robust performance of the new vertex interpolation algorithm on random meshes compared with the algorithm LPEW2 is found from the numerical tests.
Multimorbidity clusters among long‐term breast cancer survivors in Spain: Results of the SURBCAN study
Authors: Jansana Anna , Poblador‐Plou Beatriz , Gimeno‐Miguel Antonio , Lanzuela Manuela , Prados‐Torres Alexandra , Domingo Laia , Comas Mercè , Sanz‐Cuesta Teresa , Del Cura‐Gonzalez Isabel , Ibañez Berta , Abizanda Mercè , Duarte‐Salles Talita , Padilla‐Ruiz Maria , Redondo Maximino , Castells Xavier , Sala Maria ,   SURBCAN Group
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe disease management of long‐term breast cancer survivors (BCS) is hampered by the scarce knowledge of multimorbidity patterns. The aim of our study was to identify multimorbidity clusters among long‐term BCS and assess their impact on mortality and health services use. We conducted a retrospective study using electronic health records of 6512 BCS from Spain surviving at least 5 years. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify groups of similar patients based on their chronic diagnoses, which were assessed using the Clinical Classifications Software. As a result, multimorbidity clusters were obtained, clinically defined and named according to the comorbidities with higher observed/expected prevalence ratios. Multivariable Cox and negative binomial regression models were fitted to estimate overall mortality risk and probability of contacting health services according to the clusters identified. 83.7% of BCS presented multimorbidity, essential hypertension (34.5%) and obesity and other metabolic disorders (27.4%) being the most prevalent chronic diseases at the beginning of follow‐up. Five multimorbidity clusters were identified: C1‐unspecific (29.9%), C2‐metabolic and neurodegenerative (28.3%), C3‐anxiety and fractures (9.7%), C4‐musculoskeletal and cardiovascular (9.6%) and C5‐thyroid disorders (5.3%). All clusters except C5‐thyroid disorders were associated with higher mortality compared to BCS without comorbidities. The risk of mortality in C4 was increased by 64% (adjusted hazard ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.52‐2.07). Stratified analysis showed an increased risk of death among BCS with 5 to 10 years of survival in all clusters. These results help to identify subgroups of long‐term BCS with specific needs and mortality risks and to guide BCS clinical practice regarding multimorbidity.
Anisotropic hair keratin‐dopamine composite scaffolds exhibit strain‐stiffening properties
Authors: Zhao Zhitong , Chua Huei Min , Goh Bernice Huan Rong , Lai Hui Ying , Tan Shao Jie , Moay Zi Kuang , Setyawati Magdiel Inggrid , Ng Kee Woei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman hair keratin (HHK) has been successfully explored as raw materials for three‐dimensional scaffolds for soft tissue regeneration due to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. However, none of the reported HHK based scaffolds is able to replicate the strain‐stiffening capacity of living tissues when responding to large deformations. In the present study, strain‐stiffening property was achieved in scaffolds fabricated from HHK via a synergistic effect of well‐defined, aligned microstructure and chemical crosslinking. Directed ice‐templating method was used to fabricate HHK‐based scaffolds with highly aligned (anisotropic) microstructure while oxidized dopamine (ODA) was used to crosslink covalently to HHKs. The resultant HHK‐ODA scaffolds exhibited strain‐stiffening behavior characterized by the increased gradient of the stress–strain curve after the yield point. Both ultimate tensile strength and the elongation at break were enhanced significantly (~700 kPa, ~170%) in comparison to that of HHK scaffolds lacking of aligned microstructure or ODA crosslinking. In vitro cell culture studies indicated that HHK‐ODA scaffolds successfully supported human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) adhesion, spreading and proliferation. Moreover, anisotropic HHK‐ODA scaffolds guided cell growth in alignment with the defined microstructure as shown by the highly organized cytoskeletal networks and nuclei distribution. The findings suggest that HHK‐ODA scaffolds, with strain‐stiffening properties, biocompatibility and bioactivity, have the potential to be applied as biomimetic matrices for soft tissue regeneration.
Leveraging research to inform prevention and intervention efforts: Identifying risk and protective factors for rural and urban homeless families within transitional housing programs
Authors: Brott Holly , Kornbluh Mariah , Banfield Jayme , Boullion Anna Maria , Incaudo Gary 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis mixed method study spotlights hardships and supportive factors for unhoused families led by single mothers who have successfully graduated from two transitional housing programs, one rural and one urban. Data collection consisted of entry and exit surveys (n = 241) as well as qualitative interviews (n = 11). Binary logistic regression results indicated education and social support as significant predictors of successful program completion. Qualitative findings further illustrate narratives surrounding supportive factors and program supports (i.e., assistance securing employment, education courses, sense of community), as well as policy implications. Implications stress the need for enhancing supportive factors (i.e., education and social capital) in early prevention efforts (e.g., schools and community centers), as well as an intentional integration of addressing socio‐emotional needs and resources within housing programs and services unique to rural and urban communities.
LncRNA NEAT1_1 suppresses tumor-like biologic behaviors of fibroblast-like synoviocytes by targeting the miR-221-3p/uPAR axis in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Wang Manli , Chen Yixiong , Bi Xuan , Luo Xiqing , Hu Zuoyu , Liu Yan , Shi Xiaoyi , Weng Weizhen , Mo Biyao , Lu Yan , Pan Yunfeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are the predominant effector cells in the pathological progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism of the biologic behaviors in RA-FLSs will be helpful in developing the potent targets for the treatment of RA. We have previously documented that the tumor-like biologic behaviors of RA-FLSs are exacerbated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a specifically up-regulated receptor in RA-FLSs. Here, we investigate the further mechanism of uPAR and clarify its function in RA-FLSs. We demonstrate that miR-221-3p positively correlates to uPAR and regulates uPAR level in RA-FLSs. Simultaneously, one long noncoding RNA, nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1_1 (NEAT1_1) is identified, which can predictively target miR-221-3p at three sites, indicating a strong possibility of being a competing endogenous RNA in RA-FLSs. Interestingly, NEAT1_1 and miR-221-3p can colocate in the nucleus and cytoplasm in RA-FLSs. Importantly, NEAT1_1 can act as a rheostat for the miR-221-3p/uPAR axis and the downstream JAK signaling. In line with the biologic function, NEAT1_1 negatively regulates the tumor-like characters, and cytokine secretions of RA-FLSs. Collectively, our data provide new insight into the mechanisms of NEAT1_1 in modulating RA-FLSs tumor-like behaviors. The targeting of NEAT1_1 and miR-221-3p/uPAR axis may have a promising therapeutic role in patients with RA.
Staging Liver Fibrosis: Comparison of Native T1 Mapping, T2 Mapping, and T1ρ: An Experimental Study in Rats With Bile Duct Ligation and Carbon Tetrachloride at 11.7 T MRI
Authors: Lu Yimei , Wang Qianfeng , Zhang Tingting , Li Jinning , Liu Huanhuan , Yao Defan , Hou Liang , Tu Beiwu , Wang Dengbin 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundT1, T2, and T1ρ might be potential biomarkers for assessing liver fibrosis. However, few studies reported the value of them in different animal models.PurposeTo investigate and compare the performances of T1, T2, and T1ρ for noninvasively staging liver fibrosis in bile duct ligation (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) model.Study TypeProspective animal model.SubjectsLiver fibrosis was induced by BDL or injection of CCl4 in 120 rats.Field Strength/Sequence11.7 T, T1 mapping with 10 repetition times, T2 mapping with 32 echo times, and T1ρ with 10 spin‐lock times.AssessmentT1, T2, and T1ρ were measured and correlated with liver fibrosis stages, as well as the degree of inflammation, steatosis, iron deposition, and the expression of cytokeratin 19. The discriminative performance of T1, T2, and T1ρ for staging liver fibrosis was compared.Statistical TestsOne‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Spearman's correlation analysis, factorial design ANOVA, and receiver operating characteristic curves (P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant).ResultsT1, T2, and T1ρ (BDL: rho = 0.73, 0.85, 0.68; CCl4: rho = 0.80, 0.29, 0.61) were significantly correlated with liver fibrosis stages, while there was no significant difference in T2 among stage F0–F4 in the CCl4 model (P = 0.204). The area under the curves (AUCs) range of T1, T2, and T1ρ for predicting ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 were 0.76–0.95, 0.89–0.98, and 0.80–0.94 in the CCl4 model. For the CCl4 model, the AUCs range of T1, T2, and T1ρ for predicting ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 were 0.83–0.95, 0.61–0.74, and 0.73–0.89, respectively. T2 had significantly higher AUC in the BDL model than CCl4 model for diagnosing liver fibrosis.Data ConclusionThe most sensitive and accurate method for staging liver fibrosis appeared to be T1 in our animal models followed by T1ρ. T2 may not be suitable for evaluating liver fibrosis.Level of Evidence1Technical Efficacy Stage2