bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction Of Chloride In Raw Water By Nanofiltration And Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Panwattanakul Suppakit , Kasikun Kasipong , Musikavong Charongpun , Sinyoung Suthatip 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This research is aimed at determining the reduction of chloride in the raw water of a water supply plant using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Raw water was prepared by adding NaCl at the concentrations of 300 and 600 mg/L. This work used a PACl at 15 mg/L as the pre-treatment for removing turbidity and DOC. Coagulated water was filtered with GF/C filter as the filtration process for minimizing membrane blockage. At chloride concentrations of 300 and 600 mg/L, the flux values were in the range of 66.7-70.0 and 62.8–65.0 L/m 2-h for NF-270 and 17.2–20.6 and 18.3-20.8 L/m 2-h for TW-30, respectively. The performance capabilities of NF-270 and TW-30 for reducing chloride were significantly different. NF-270 and TW-30 membranes were able to reduce chloride by 67 % and 92 % at the added dose of 300 mg/L, respectively. At the added amount of 600 mg/L, NF-270 and TW-30 membranes could reduce chloride by 63 % and 85 %, respectively. In the case of chloride in raw water at a concentration lower than 600 mg/L, the nanofiltration is suitable for removing chloride in regards to the low operation costs compared with the reverse osmosis. Nanofiltration could reduce chloride to lower concentration levels than the water supply standards of the Provincial Waterworks Authority.
Hydrothermal blackening on AISI 4140 steel with and without hydrazine hydrate
Authors: Wiman P , Doungkaew K , Siripongsakul T 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The blackening coating is a conversion coating with the black colour of crystallised magnetite (Fe 3O4) on the surface of steel. The coating is to be soaked with oil or wax to prevent the corrosive environment. Recently, the technique to synthesise the black coating, hydrothermal method is introduced. In the synthesis process, hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O) is often recommended as a catalyst but it is also reported toxicity. In this work, AISI 4140 was hydrothermally immersed in the FeSO4·7H2O added NaOH solution with and without addition of hydrazine hydrate. During the process, the temperature and pressure of the chamber were controlled at 140°C and 2 bar, respectively. To confirm the formation of Fe 3O4, the samples were characterised by SEM and XRD. These results showed that the coatings were composed of octahedron morphology in all conditions and the thicknesses of the coating with hydrazine hydrate concentration of 0.0, 0.1, and 0.5M were 7.05, 9.25, and 8.75 μm, respectively. With hydrazine hydrate, the Fe3O4 layer can be easily formed. However, the results of the oxalic acid spot test and potentiodynamic polarisation indicated the equivalence in quality of the coating, despite the absence of hydrazine hydrate.
Native multiqubit Toffoli gates on ion trap quantum computers
Authors: Goel Nilesh , Freericks J K 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We examine the detailed scenario for implementing n-control-qubit Toffoli gates and select gates on ion-trap quantum computers, especially those that shuttle ions into interaction zones. We determine expected performance of these gates with realistic parameters for an ion-trap quantum computer and taking into account the time variation of the exchange integrals. This allows us to estimate the errors due to spin–phonon entanglement as well. While there are challenges with implementing these gates, because their performance always has some degree of error, they should be feasible on current hardware, but they may be too slow to be used efficiently in quantum codes on noisy intermediate scale quantum computers. Here, we estimate these gate times for Yb-based ion trap quantum computers.
Effects of initial invasive vs. initial conservative treatment strategies on recurrent and total cardiovascular events in the ISCHEMIA trial
Authors: Lopez-Sendon Jose L , Cyr Derek D , Mark Daniel B , Bangalore Sripal , Huang Zhen , White Harvey D , Alexander Karen P , Li Jianghao , Nair Rajesh Goplan , Demkow Marcin , Peteiro Jesus , Wander Gurpreet S , Demchenko Elena A , Gamma Reto , Gadkari Milind , Poh Kian Keong , Nageh Thuraia , Stone Peter H , Keltai Matyas , Sidhu Mandeep , Newman Jonathan D , Boden William E , Reynolds Harmony R , Chaitman Bernard R , Hochman Judith S , Maron David J , O’Brien Sean M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
The International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches (ISCHEMIA) trial prespecified an analysis to determine whether accounting for recurrent cardiovascular events in addition to first events modified understanding of the treatment effects.

Methods and results
Patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and moderate or severe ischaemia on stress testing were randomized to either initial invasive (INV) or initial conservative (CON) management. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), and hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or cardiac arrest. The Ghosh–Lin method was used to estimate mean cumulative incidence of total events with death as a competing risk. The 5179 ISCHEMIA patients experienced 670 index events (318 INV, 352 CON) and 203 recurrent events (102 INV, 101 CON). A single primary event was observed in 9.8% of INV and 10.8% of CON patients while ≥2 primary events were observed in 2.5% and 2.8%, respectively. Patients with recurrent events were older; had more frequent hypertension, diabetes, prior MI, or cerebrovascular disease; and had more multivessel CAD. The average number of primary endpoint events per 100 patients over 4 years was 18.2 in INV [95% confidence interval (CI) 15.8–20.9] and 19.7 in CON (95% CI 17.5–22.2), difference −1.5 (95% CI −5.0 to 2.0, P = 0.398). Comparable results were obtained when all-cause death was substituted for cardiovascular death and when stroke was added as an event.

Conclusions
In stable CAD patients with moderate or severe myocardial ischaemia enrolled in ISCHEMIA, an initial INV treatment strategy did not prevent either net recurrent events or net total events more effectively than an initial CON strategy.

Clinical trial registration
ISCHEMIA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01471522, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01471522.
Relationships between work, lifestyles, and obesity: cross-sectional study based on the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey
Authors: de Pedro-Jiménez Domingo , Romero-Saldaña Manuel , Molina-Recio Guillermo , de Diego-Cordero Rocío , Cantón-Habas Vanesa , Molina-Luque Rafael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
Overweight and obesity are affected by factors such as dietary transgressions and lack of exercise, as well as less obvious factors such as shift work and sedentary working. (i) To explore the associations between overweight and obesity (O/O) with working conditions such as type of job position, and work shifts; (ii) to know the associations between O/O with lifestyles (physical activity, eating habits, and tobacco and alcohol consumption).

Methods and results
A cross-sectional, population-based design was used based on the Spanish National Health Survey. The final sample consisted of 9097 workers aged between 18 and 65. The influence of the explanatory variables on the outcome variable (body mass index) was examined using logistic regression. The prevalence of O/O increased by 4% for every additional year of age (P &lt; 0.001) and was 3.1 times more frequent among men (P &lt; 0.001). It also was 20% higher in night work or rotating shifts (P &lt; 0.01), and 14.9% lower in sedentary job positions (P &lt; 0.05). Low consumption of the following foods was significantly associated with a reduction in O/O: meat (16.2%), fish (75.4%), cured meats (35.1%), dairy products (33.3%), and snacks (47.1%).

Conclusion
Age, men, engaging in moderate or low levels of physical activity, being an ex-smoker, working during the night or rotating shifts, holding a non-sedentary job position, having a low to moderate consumption of pasta, potatoes, and rice, a moderate consumption of bread and cereals, as well as dairy products, vegetables, sugary foods, and fast food, have been significantly associated with a higher prevalence of O/O. No relationships were identified between the consumption of alcohol, fruit, eggs, pulses, and sugary soft drinks.
The psychological impact of COVID-19 among primary care physicians in the province of Verona, Italy: a cross-sectional study during the first pandemic wave
Authors: Lasalvia Antonio , Rigon Giulio , Rugiu Carlo , Negri Claudia , Del Zotti Franco , Amaddeo Francesco , Bonetto Chiara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Among healthcare professionals working with COVID-19 patients, general practitioners (GPs) are under considerable pressure and may develop adverse mental health outcomes.

Objectives
To assess mental health outcomes on GPs working during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore their associations with personal characteristics and features of GP practices.

Methods
Observational cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of GPs working in Verona province (Italy) during the first pandemic wave. Participants were invited to complete a web-based form addressing socio-demographic and work-related information, previous practice organization, practice re-organization during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a set of measures for post-traumatic stress (IES-R), anxiety (SAS), depression (PHQ-9), and burnout (MBI-GS).

Results
A total of 215 GPs (38.3% of the eligible population) participated. Overall, 44.7% reported COVID-19-related traumatic events; among these, 35.9% (95% CI, 26%‒46%) developed symptoms of post-traumatic distress. Furthermore, 36% (95% CI, 29%‒43%) reported symptoms of anxiety, 17.9% (95% CI, 12%‒23%) symptoms of at least moderate depression, and 25.4% (95% CI, 19%‒32%) symptoms of burnout. Multivariate regressions showed that being quarantined or admitted for COVID-19 was associated with all the mental health outcomes considered. Being female, working in rural settings, and having less professional experience were associated with higher anxiety and depression. The ability to diagnose COVID-19 increased self-perceived professional efficacy, thus contributing to burnout reduction.

Conclusion
The high prevalence of adverse mental health outcomes among GPs during the pandemic highlights the importance of timely interventions in this population and promoting targeted preventive actions in the event of future healthcare crises.
Phylogenetic relationships and codon usage bias amongst cluster K mycobacteriophages
Authors: Crane Adele , Versoza Cyril J , Hua Tiana , Kapoor Rohan , Lloyd Lillian , Mehta Rithik , Menolascino Jueliet , Morais Abraham , Munig Saige , Patel Zeel , Sackett Daniel , Schmit Brandon , Sy Makena , Pfeifer Susanne P 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Bacteriophages infecting pathogenic hosts play an important role in medical research, not only as potential treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections but also offering novel insights into pathogen genetics and evolution. A prominent example is cluster K mycobacteriophages infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a causative agent of tuberculosis in humans. However, as handling M. tuberculosis as well as other pathogens in a laboratory remains challenging, alternative nonpathogenic relatives, such as Mycobacterium smegmatis, are frequently used as surrogates to discover therapeutically relevant bacteriophages in a safer environment. Consequently, the individual host ranges of the majority of cluster K mycobacteriophages identified to date remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the complete genome of Stinson, a temperate subcluster K1 mycobacteriophage with a siphoviral morphology. A series of comparative genomic analyses revealed strong similarities with other cluster K mycobacteriophages, including the conservation of an immunity repressor gene and a toxin/antitoxin gene pair. Patterns of codon usage bias across the cluster offered important insights into putative host ranges in nature, highlighting that although all cluster K mycobacteriophages are able to infect M. tuberculosis, they are less likely to have shared an evolutionary infection history with Mycobacterium leprae (underlying leprosy) compared to the rest of the genus’ host species. Moreover, subcluster K1 mycobacteriophages are able to integrate into the genomes of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium marinum—two bacteria causing pulmonary and cutaneous infections which are often difficult to treat due to their drug resistance.
Desaturation effects of pyrite–sand mixtures on induced polarization signals
Authors: Martin Tina , Weller Andreas , Behling Laura 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY
Induced polarization (IP) is an acknowledged method in ore exploration and can be applied to evaluate the metal content in dumps containing the residues of ore processing facilities. Existing models explain the relationships between ore content and grain size of the ore particles with IP parameters. However, the models assume full water saturation of the ore containing samples, which is often not the case in field conditions at dump sites. Hence, our study investigates the effect of desaturation on the resulting IP signal. We used six different sand–pyrite mixtures with varying amount and grain sizes of the pyrite particles. Evaporative drying desaturated the samples. Complex conductivity spectra were recorded in the frequency range between 0.02 and 1000 Hz at certain saturation levels. The resulting spectra indicate an decrease of the conductivity amplitude with progressing desaturation. This effect agrees with the second empirical Archie equation. The saturation exponent of the conductivity amplitude shows values slightly larger than one. The measured spectra were processed by a Debye decomposition. We observe a nearly constant total chargeability during desaturation. This finding is in agreement with existing models that relate the total chargeability to the metal content in the sample. However, the mean relaxation time decreases remarkably during the drying process, whereas the normalized relaxation time, which considers the ratio between the mean relaxation time and the resistivity of the embedding material, does not indicate any dependence on water saturation. This behaviour contradicts existing models that predict a decreasing relaxation time with increasing water salinity, which results from evaporative drying. In order to explain the observed effects, we propose a conceptional model that compares a mixture of pyrite particles in an embedding material (sand, water and air) with an electrical RC circuit. The pyrite grains behave as small condensers that are charged and discharged via the conductive background material. According to this simple physical model, the relaxation time is proportional to the resistivity of the embedding material. A resistivity increase while desaturation causes an increase of relaxation time as observed in our experiments. This conceptional model is in good agreement with other experiments that change the resistivity in the background material by varying water salinity or clay content. The capacitive behaviour of the dispersed particles is characterized by the normalized relaxation time that depends on the grain size and the volume content of the pyrite particles.
Determining reservoir intervals in the Bowland Shale using petrophysics and rock physics models
Authors: de Jonge-Anderson Iain , Ma Jingsheng , Wu Xiaoyang , Stow Dorrik 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY
An evaluation of prospective shale gas reservoir intervals in the Bowland Shale is presented using a wireline log data set from the UK's first shale gas exploration well. Accurate identification of such intervals is crucial in determining ideal landing zones for drilling horizontal production wells, but the task is challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of mudrocks. This heterogeneity leads to stratigraphic variations in reservoir quality and mechanical properties, and leads to complex geophysical behaviour, including seismic anisotropy. We generate petrophysical logs such as mineralogy, porosity, and organic content and calibrate these to the results of core studies. If ‘reservoir quality’ is defined by combined cut-offs relating to these parameters, we find that over 100 m of reservoir quality shale is present in the well, located primarily within the upper section. To examine the link between geophysical signature and rock properties, an isotropic rock physics model is developed, using effective medium theories, to recreate the elastic properties of the shale and produce forward-looking templates for subsequent seismic inversion studies. We find that the mineralogical heterogeneity in the shale has a profound impact on modelled elastic properties, obscuring more discrete changes due to porosity, organic content and water saturation and that the best reservoir quality intervals of the shale bear a distinctive response on rock physics cross-plots. Finally, we consider the density of natural fractures in the shale by developing an anisotropic rock physics model to reflect high-angle fractures observed on micro-imagery logs. We invert crack density using shear wave splitting well log data and find a crack density of up to 4 per cent which correlates well with micro-imagery observations. Our work further supports previous authors’ core-based studies in concluding that the Bowland Shale holds good reservoir characteristics, and we propose that there are multiple intervals within the shale that could be targeted with stacked horizontal wells, should those intervals’ mechanical properties also be suitable and there be adequate stress barriers between to restrict vertical hydraulic fracture growth. Finally, our rock physics templates may provide useful tools in interpreting pre-stack seismic data sets in prospective areas of the Bowland Shale and picking the best locations for drilling wells.
Long-term multiband monitoring of blazar 3C 66A: Evidence of the two distinct states with different baseline flux
Authors: Mohana A Krishna , Bhattacharya Debbijoy , Misra Ranjeev , Bhattacharyya Subir , Bhatt Nilay 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Blazar variability can be described as flaring activities on a wide range of time-scales over a baseline flux level. It is important to detect and distinguish baseline flux changes from long-term flare variations, since the former may reflect state transitions caused by a secular change in bulk properties such as the bulk Lorentz factor or the viewing angle. We report such a transition observed in the 11 yr Fermi γ-ray light curve of the blazar 3C 66A, where the baseline flux of ∼1.8 × 10−7 ph cm−2 s−1 persisted for three years and then changed over a month time-scale to ∼0.8 × 10−7 ph cm−2 s−1 and remained in that level for the next eight years. Moreover, there is evidence for a similar shift in baseline flux in the optical band. Broad-band spectral energy distribution modelling for the two activity states reveals that the baseline flux change is consistent with an overall decrease in the Doppler factor, which in turn implies an increase in the jet inclination angle by ∼1° or a decrease in the bulk Lorentz factor by ∼25 per cent. We discuss the implication of such a variation occurring on a month time-scale.
The KBSS–KCWI survey: the connection between extended Ly α haloes and galaxy azimuthal angle at z ∼ 2–3
Authors: Chen Yuguang , Steidel Charles C , Erb Dawn K , Law David R , Trainor Ryan F , Reddy Naveen A , Shapley Alice E , Pahl Anthony J , Strom Allison L , Lamb Noah R , Li Zhihui , Rudie Gwen C 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the first statistical analysis of kinematically resolved, spatially extended $\rm Ly\alpha$ emission around z = 2–3 galaxies in the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey (KBSS) using the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI). Our sample of 59 star-forming galaxies (zmed = 2.29) comprises the subset with typical KCWI integration times of ∼5 h and with existing imaging data from the Hubble Space Telescope and/or adaptive optics-assisted integral field spectroscopy. The high-resolution images were used to evaluate the azimuthal dependence of the diffuse $\rm Ly\alpha$ emission with respect to the stellar continuum within projected galactocentric distances of ≲30 proper kpc. We introduce cylindrically projected 2D spectra (CP2D) that map the averaged $\rm Ly\alpha$ spectral profile over a specified range of azimuthal angle, as a function of impact parameter around galaxies. The averaged CP2D spectrum of all galaxies shows clear signatures of $\rm Ly\alpha$ resonant scattering by outflowing gas. We stacked the CP2D spectra of individual galaxies over ranges of azimuthal angle with respect to their major axes. The extended $\rm Ly\alpha$ emission along the galaxy principal axes is statistically indistinguishable, with residual asymmetry of ≤2 per cent (∼2σ) of the integrated $\rm Ly\alpha$ emission. The symmetry implies that the $\rm Ly\alpha$ scattering medium is dominated by outflows in all directions within 30 kpc. Meanwhile, we find that the blueshifted component of $\rm Ly\alpha$ emission is marginally stronger along galaxy minor axes for galaxies with relatively weak $\rm Ly\alpha$ emission. We speculate that this weak directional dependence of $\rm Ly\alpha$ emission becomes discernible only when the $\rm Ly\alpha$ escape fraction is low. These discoveries highlight the need for similar analyses in simulations with $\rm Ly\alpha$ radiative transfer modelling.
YB-1 unwinds mRNA secondary structures in vitro and negatively regulates stress granule assembly in HeLa cells
Authors: Budkina Karina , El Hage Krystel , Clément Marie-Jeanne , Desforges Bénédicte , Bouhss Ahmed , Joshi Vandana , Maucuer Alexandre , Hamon Loic , Ovchinnikov Lev P , Lyabin Dmitry N , Pastré David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the absence of the scanning ribosomes that unwind mRNA coding sequences and 5′UTRs, mRNAs are likely to form secondary structures and intermolecular bridges. Intermolecular base pairing of non polysomal mRNAs is involved in stress granule (SG) assembly when the pool of mRNAs freed from ribosomes increases during cellular stress. Here, we unravel the structural mechanisms by which a major partner of dormant mRNAs, YB-1 (YBX1), unwinds mRNA secondary structures without ATP consumption by using its conserved cold-shock domain to destabilize RNA stem/loops and its unstructured C-terminal domain to secure RNA unwinding. At endogenous levels, YB-1 facilitates SG disassembly during arsenite stress recovery. In addition, overexpression of wild-type YB-1 and to a lesser extent unwinding-defective mutants inhibit SG assembly in HeLa cells. Through its mRNA-unwinding activity, YB-1 may thus inhibit SG assembly in cancer cells and package dormant mRNA in an unfolded state, thus preparing mRNAs for translation initiation.
Axis fracture due to giant cranial AVM
Authors: Karamani Lydia , Dürr Nikola Reinhard , Suchorska Bogdana , Scholz Martin , Brassel Friedhelm 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a vascular anomaly consisting of a bundle of direct connection of arteries and veins. AVMs clinical expression ranges from complete asymptomatic, and thus incidentally found, to life threatening with rupturing and bleeding. In this wide spectrum, osteolysis is considered as a rare complication of interosseous AVMs, and only few cases of mandible and maxilla osteolysis have been reported. We present, herein, a case of an intracranial AVM, which has caused in the course of the time an osteolysis of the dens and axis.