bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the effective 2D material stiffness matrix using ABAQUS
Authors: Horn Tobias Daniel , Bartelt Matthias , Wulf Hans , Ihlemann Jörn 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA cross‐scale homogenization approach for multi‐phase materials is to calculate an effective material stiffness in the smaller scale for the multiple states. These detailed results are used to identify a calculation rule for the effective material stiffness in the larger scale.The calculation of the stiffness matrix using ABAQUS for 3D finite elements was already described by [1]. This can be transferred to the calculation of the 2D stiffness matrix in ℝ3×3 without much effort. However, some 2D elements in ABAQUS require the specification of a matrix in ℝ4×4. In this article, the methods for calculating this type of stiffness matrix in 2D are presented.
Ecosystem services, well‐being benefits and urbanization associations in a Small Island Developing State
Authors: Lapointe Marie , Gurney Georgina G. , Coulthard Sarah , Cumming Graeme S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Urbanization is a key driver of social and environmental change world‐wide. However, our understanding of its impacts on the multidimensional well‐being benefits that people obtain from ecosystems remains limited.

We explored how the well‐being contributions from land‐ and seascapes varied with urbanization level in the Solomon Islands, a fast‐urbanizing Small Island Developing State. Drawing on the social well‐being framework, we compared perceived well‐being benefits derived from ecosystem services in paired urban and rural sites.

Our analysis of 200 semi‐structured interviews revealed complex associations between provisioning, regulating and cultural services and well‐being benefits, with all ecosystem services contributing to material, relational and subjective well‐being dimensions.

Although patterns of associations between ecosystem services and well‐being benefits were similar between urban and rural dwellers, urban dwellers reported significantly fewer material, relational and subjective well‐being benefits. The most important differences between urban and rural dwellers were in terms of meeting basic material needs (e.g. income and material comfort), feeling connected to nature and feeling happy and satisfied.

With urbanization, livelihood activities transition from being subsistence‐based to income‐generating, which is also associated with increased wealth in urban areas. Similar to the relationship between ecosystem service well‐being benefits and urbanization, material wealth was negatively associated with perceptions of well‐being benefits. People with less material wealth appeared more reliant on nature for their multidimensional well‐being.

Our findings demonstrate that the altered human–nature relationships in urban areas are associated with decreases in multidimensional well‐being that people derive from nature. Improving access to particular ecosystem services, which make clear contributions to multidimensional well‐being, could be a focus for urban planners and environmental management where enhanced human–nature relationships and poverty alleviation are central goals.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Providing implementation supports to intensify instruction in an autism classroom
Authors: Dyer Kathleen , Redpath Caroline 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study evaluated whether an implementation support package using collaborative goal setting, nondirective consultation, feedback, and reinforcement would result in an increase in the implementation of planned speech and language programs in a classroom for students with autism spectrum disorders. Additional measures were collected to assess generalization to other skill‐building programs in the students' schedules that were not targeted in the intervention. The results of a multiple‐baseline analysis revealed that the implementation supports were successful in increasing the frequency of implementation of speech and language programs to goal levels. Further, these gains were maintained when staff support was faded to a weekly schedule for two of the students. The third student required weekly staff support to maintain goal levels. Discontinuation of direct staff support in the maintenance phase resulted in higher and more consistent implementation frequency than seen in the baseline. Similar trends in the generalization targets were evidenced. The results are discussed in relation to implementation science for students with autism.
GmDNJ1, a type‐I heat shock protein 40 (HSP40), is responsible for both Growth and heat tolerance in soybean
Authors: Li Kwan‐Pok , Wong Cheuk‐Hon , Cheng Chun‐Chiu , Cheng Sau‐Shan , Li Man‐Wah , Mansveld Sandra , Bergsma Alex , Huang Tengfang , van Eijk Michiel J. T. , Lam Hon‐Ming 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGlobal warming poses severe threats to agricultural production, including soybean. One of the major mechanisms for organisms to combat heat stress is through heat shock proteins (HSPs) that stabilize protein structures at above‐optimum temperatures, by assisting in the folding of nascent, misfolded, or unfolded proteins. The HSP40 subgroups, or the J‐domain proteins, functions as co‐chaperones. They capture proteins that require folding or refolding and pass them on to HSP70 for processing. In this study, we have identified a type‐I HSP40 gene in soybean, GmDNJ1, with high basal expression under normal growth conditions and also highly inducible under abiotic stresses, especially heat. Gmdnj1‐knockout mutants had diminished growth in normal conditions, and when under heat stress, exhibited more severe browning, reduced chlorophyll contents, higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, and higher induction of heat stress‐responsive transcription factors and ROS‐scavenging enzyme‐encoding genes. Under both normal and heat‐stress conditions, the mutant lines accumulated more aggregated proteins involved in protein catabolism, sugar metabolism, and membrane transportation, in both roots and leaves. In summary, GmDNJ1 plays crucial roles in the overall plant growth and heat tolerance in soybean, probably through the surveillance of misfolded proteins for refolding to maintain the full capacity of cellular functions.
Proteome‐wide analyses reveal diverse functions of acetylation proteins in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Wang Tielin , Guan Wei , Du Yongxi , Xu Yang , He Zhen , Zhang Yan , Kang Chuanzhi , Wan Xiufu , Chi Xiulian , Sun Kai , Zhang Xiaobo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractQuantitative acetyl‐proteomics, a newly identified post‐translational modification, is known to regulate transcriptional activity in different organisms. Neurospora crassa is a model ascomycete fungus maintained for biochemistry and molecular biology research; however, extensive studies of the functions of its acylation proteins have yet to be performed. In this study, using LC‐MS/MS qualitative proteomics strategies, we identified 1909 modification sites on 940 proteins in N. crassa and analysed the functions of these proteins using GO enrichment, KEGG pathway, and subcellular location experiments. We classified the acetylation protein involvement in diverse pathways, and protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network analysis further demonstrated that these proteins participate in diverse biological processes. In summary, our study comprehensively profiles the crosstalk of modified sites, and PPI among these proteins may form a complex network with both similar and distinct regulatory mechanisms, providing improved understanding of their biological functions in N. crassa.
Prevalence/Incidence of Low Back Pain and Associated Risk Factors Among Nursing and Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wong Arnold Y. L. , Chan Lloyd L. Y. , Lo Cathy W. T. , Chan Winnie W. Y. , Lam Kelvin C. K. , Bao Jackie C. H. , Ferreira Manuela L. , Armijo‐Olivo Susan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize evidence regarding the prevalence and incidence of low back pain and associated risk factors in nursing and medical students.TypeSystematic review and meta‐analysis.Literature SurveyThe protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42015029729). Its reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Seven databases were searched until August 2020 to identify relevant studies.MethodologyTwo independent reviewers screened, extracted, and evaluated the risk of bias of the selected studies. Meta‐analyses were used to estimate 12‐month prevalence/incidence rates of low back pain and associated risk factors in these students. Levels of evidence for risk factors were determined by the updated Guidelines for Systematic Reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group.SynthesisSixteen studies involving 7072 students were included. The pooled 12‐month prevalence rates of low back pain for nursing and medical students were 44% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 27%‐61%) and 53% (95% CI: 44%‐62%), respectively. The 12‐month incidence of low back pain in nursing students ranged from 29% to 67%. No incidence rate was reported in medical students. Strong/moderate‐quality evidence supported that final year of study (pooled odds ratio [OR] from five studies, 1.96, 95% CI: 1.13‐3.40), anxiety (OR ranging from 3.12 to 4.61), or high mental pressure or psychological distress (OR ranging from 1.37 to 4.52) was associated with a higher 12‐month low back pain prevalence in both student groups. Moderate‐quality evidence suggested that prior history of low back pain (pooled OR from two studies: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.88‐6.36) was associated with a higher 12‐month low back pain incidence in nursing students. Similarly, moderate‐quality evidence suggested that female medical students (pooled OR from two studies: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.09‐2.86) demonstrated a higher 12‐month low back pain prevalence than male counterparts.ConclusionsAlthough it is impossible to alter nonmodifiable risk factors for low back pain, universities may develop and implement proper strategies to mitigate modifiable risk factors in these students.
How nurses use reassurance to support the management of acute and chronic pain in children and young people: An exploratory, interpretative qualitative study
Authors: Carter Bernie , Harris Jane , Jordan Abbie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractReassurance in the context of pediatric pain is regarded to promote distress. Typically, spoken reassurance is reported as short, generic statements (“it's ok,” “don't worry”); little research has considered wider reassuring behaviors and actions undertaken by nurses. Most studies focus on unidirectional, dyadic relationships between reassurance and pain (parent‐to‐child, professional‐to‐child) failing to capture the inherent complexities. Adopting an exploratory, interpretative, and qualitative approach, this paper reports on findings from the qualitative interview component of a mixed‐methods study, concerning how nurses actively use reassurance when talking to children and their parents about pain. Eighteen nurses with experience of managing children's pain were recruited on completion of an international online survey (distributed by pain and children's nursing networks and via newsletter, email, and social media). All 18 nurses completed a semi‐structured interview concerning their experiences of managing children's pain working in the UK (n = 14), Canada (n = 3), and Australia (n = 1) in primary, secondary, and tertiary settings with nursing experience ranging from pre‐qualification to >20 years. Thematic analysis generated three themes which reflect the main ways in which nurses focus their reassurance within encounters with children and their parent(s): (a) on child and parent(s), (b) on the child, and (c) on the parent. Nurses generated reassurance using language, gesture, relationship building, individualizing approaches, education, and preparation. The study highlights the diversity of reassurance provided by nurses in relation to children's pain. Our study finds that when nurses reassure children about pain, they focus their reassurance in three distinct directions (child, parents, and children and parents in partnership); this has not been specifically acknowledged by previous research. We highlight the wide range of implicit and explicit reassurance actions undertaken by nurses and propose that reassurance that extends beyond limited vocalizations is part of a complex package of care that can support children's current and future pain experiences.
A new flavonoid derivative exerts antitumor effects against androgen‐sensitive to cabazitaxel‐resistant prostate cancer cells
Authors: Naito Renato , Kano Hiroshi , Shimada Takashi , Makino Tomoyuki , Kadomoto Suguru , Iwamoto Hiroaki , Yaegashi Hiroshi , Izumi Kouji , Kadono Yoshifumi , Nakata Hiroki , Saito Yohei , Goto Masuo , Nakagawa‐Goto Kyoko , Mizokami Atsushi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundOur previous report has shown that the flavonoid 2′‐hydroxyflavanone (2′‐HF) showed inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) activity against androgen‐sensitive prostate cancer (PCa) cells, LNCaP, and exhibited antitumor effects against androgen‐insensitive PCa cells, PC‐3, and DU145. In the present study, we prepared a derivative of 2′‐HF, 16MS7F1924, and confirmed the effects of this derivative on PCa cells.MethodsThe antiproliferation effects of 16MS7F1924 were investigated in PCa cells using LNCaP, PC‐3, DU145 and docetaxel‐resistant and cabazitaxel‐resistant cell lines of PC‐3‐TxR/CxR and DU145‐TxR/CxR. Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and AR expression level in whole cells and the nucleus were confirmed in LNCaP by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. AR activity in LNCaP cells was confirmed by luciferase assay using PSA promoter‐driven reporter. To analyze the antiproliferative effects, cell‐based assays using flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and TUNEL assay as well as Western blot analysis were employed. Furthermore, PC‐3, DU145 and each chemoresistant strain of human PCa cells were subcutaneously xenografted. The antitumor effects of 16MS7F1924 were evaluated in vivo.Results16MS7F1924 showed antitumor effect on all PCa cells in a dose‐dependent manner. 16MS7F1924 reduced the expression of PSA messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein and inhibited AR activity in a dose‐dependent manner, while expression of AR protein and mRNA was reduced by 16MS7F1924. 16MS7F1924 induced mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. Apoptotic cells were increased in a dose‐dependent manner, and the apoptosis was mediated through the Akt pathway. Tumor growth was safely and significantly inhibited by both intraperitoneal and oral administration of 16MS7F1924 in vivo.Conclusion16MS7F1924 had sufficient antitumor activity against androgen‐sensitive and cabazitaxel‐resistant PCa cells and may be useful as a novel therapeutic agent overcoming hormone‐ and chemoresistant PCas.
Topical mitomycin‐C as an adjuvant to multimodal endoscopic treatment for tracheobronchial stenosis secondary to endobronchial tuberculosis
Authors: Huan Nai‐Chien , Ng Khai Lip , Nasaruddin Mona Zaria , Muhammad Noorul Afidza , Daut Ummi Nadira , Abdul Rahaman Jamalul Azizi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTracheobronchial stenosis secondary to endobronchial tuberculosis (TSTB) is a rare but debilitating complication of endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB). Topical mitomycin‐C (TMC) has been successfully utilized to restore airway patency and to prevent recurrence of TSTB, although little is known about its exact efficacy. Here, we report the biggest case series to date involving seven patients who received TMC as part of multimodality endoscopic treatment for TSTB with varying levels of success. All patients presented with dyspnoea during or after treatment completion for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Four patients had short‐segment concentric membranous TSTB while two patients had concurrent bronchomalacia. Another one patient had a thick fibrotic band adjacent to luminal opening. We hypothesize that TMC is more efficacious in short membranous stenosis without concurrent bronchomalacia and/or thick fibrotic bands. More studies are needed to bridge the current gaps in knowledge regarding the optimal role and benefits of TMC for TSTB patients.
The Synthesis of Conical Carbon
Authors: Zhang Qianyan , Xie Xiao‐Ming , Wei Shi‐Yao , Zhu Zheng‐Zhong , Zheng Lan‐Sun , Xie Su‐Yuan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractConical carbon, specifically multi‐walled carbon nanocones (CNCs) and single‐walled carboncones, is a new class of sp2‐hybridized carbon allotrope, in addition to fullerene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene. Characterized by a conical and delocalized aromatic configuration, the conical carbon structure is considered the intermediate structure between planar graphene and open‐cage fullerene. CNCs can be stiffer than CNTs and exhibit intriguing physical and chemical properties owing to their unique hollow conical structure, which make these materials promising for application as field emission sources and scanning probes. The research on conical carbon structures is in its nascent stage, mainly because of the limitations in the synthesis and purification of conical carbons. This review summarizes the significant progress in the synthesis of CNCs and carboncones. Particularly, the synthetic methods, which can be divided into traditional physical‐chemical synthesis methods for multi‐walled CNCs and emerging bottom‐up organic synthesis methods for single‐walled carboncones, are comprehensively discussed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the various synthetic methods as well as the possible formation and growth mechanisms of CNCs and carboncones are discussed. Finally, some outlooks on the potential solutions to the synthesis of single‐walled carboncones with uniform apex angles are presented.
Molecular evaluation of Toxocara species in stray cats using loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique as a rapid, sensitive and simple screening assay
Authors: Azimian Hamid , Shokrani Hamidreza , Fallahi Shirzad 
Published: January 2021

AbstractToxocara species are parasitic nematodes of dogs and cats with a worldwide distribution. The adult worm lives in the intestine, and horizontal transmission of the infection occurs through eating paratenic host or embryonated eggs. This study aimed to estimate the molecular prevalence of Toxocara species in stray cats using the loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique. A total of 95 stool samples were randomly collected from stray cats in Khorramabad city in western Iran. Microscopic examination was performed after the separation and extraction of supernatants. The LAMP reaction was performed using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene primers of Toxocara species and the appropriate master mix. The overall prevalence of Toxocara spp. in stray cats was 20% (19/95, CI 95%: 0.2 ± 0.08) by parasitological and molecular assessments. The microscopic examination of stool samples revealed that 19 samples were positive for Toxocara. The same 19 positive samples were also positive by the LAMP technique. Interestingly, based on the results of the LAMP assay, out of 95 studied samples, 18 (18.94%; CI 95%: 0.19 ± 0.08) specimens were Toxocara canis, while only 1 (1.05%; CI 95%: 0.005 ± 0.01) sample was diagnosed as Toxocara cati. The relatively high prevalence of Toxocara species in the studied cats shows the role of this species in spreading the parasite and the role of the cats in transmitting this zoonotic parasite. Preventive measures including the control of stray cat's population by castration and protection of public gardens where children play are recommended. The easy, highly sensitive and specific LAMP method is proposed for the differential detection of Toxocara species in animals and humans.
Evaluation and Validation
Authors: Marwedel Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuring the design procedure, we have to check repeatedly whether or not the system under design is likely to perform its function and to satisfy all relevant design objectives. This is the purpose of validations and evaluations which must be performed during the design process. This chapter starts with a presentation of techniques for the evaluation of (partial) designs with respect to objectives. In particular, we consider (worst case) execution time, quality of results, thermal behavior, and dependability as objectives. We provide an introduction into fundamental techniques for computing the worst case execution time. Examples of energy models will be presented in order to demonstrate the need for an adjustment of the level of model details to the particular application at hand. Thermal modeling is reduced to the problem of equivalent electrical modeling. With respect to dependability, an introduction to statistical models of reliability as well as an introduction to fault trees are included. As a means for relating results for the different objectives against each other, we introduce the concept of Pareto optimality. This chapter closes with hints regarding validation techniques, including simulation, rapid prototyping, and formal verification.
Optimization
Authors: Marwedel Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEmbedded systems have to be efficient (at least) with respect to the objectives considered in this book. In particular, this applies to resource-constrained mobile systems, including sensor networks embedded in the Internet of Things. In order to achieve this goal, many optimizations have been developed. Only a small subset of those can be mentioned in this book. In this chapter, we will present a selected set of such optimizations. This chapter is structured as follows: first of all, we will present some high-level optimization techniques, which could precede compilation of source code or could be integrated into it. We will then describe concurrency management for tasks. Section 7.3 comprises advanced compilation techniques. The final Sect. 7.4 introduces power and thermal management techniques.