bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current trends in the application of causal inference methods to pooled longitudinal observational infectious disease studies—A protocol for a methodological systematic review
Authors: Hufstedler Heather , Matthay Ellicott C. , Rahman Sabahat , de Jong Valentijn M. T. , Campbell Harlan , Gustafson Paul , Debray Thomas , Jaenisch Thomas , Maxwell Lauren , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: April 2021

Introduction
Pooling (or combining) and analysing observational, longitudinal data at the individual level facilitates inference through increased sample sizes, allowing for joint estimation of study- and individual-level exposure variables, and better enabling the assessment of rare exposures and diseases. Empirical studies leveraging such methods when randomization is unethical or impractical have grown in the health sciences in recent years. The adoption of so-called “causal” methods to account for both/either measured and/or unmeasured confounders is an important addition to the methodological toolkit for understanding the distribution, progression, and consequences of infectious diseases (IDs) and interventions on IDs. In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic and in the absence of systematic randomization of exposures or interventions, the value of these methods is even more apparent. Yet to our knowledge, no studies have assessed how causal methods involving pooling individual-level, observational, longitudinal data are being applied in ID-related research. In this systematic review, we assess how these methods are used and reported in ID-related research over the last 10 years. Findings will facilitate evaluation of trends of causal methods for ID research and lead to concrete recommendations for how to apply these methods where gaps in methodological rigor are identified.

Methods and analysis
We will apply MeSH and text terms to identify relevant studies from EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, Business Source Premier, CINAHL, EconLit with Full Text, PsychINFO), EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Eligible studies are those that apply causal methods to account for confounding when assessing the effects of an intervention or exposure on an ID-related outcome using pooled, individual-level data from 2 or more longitudinal, observational studies. Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles, will be independently screened by two reviewers using Covidence software. Discrepancies will be resolved by a third reviewer. This systematic review protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020204104).
HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Knowledge, attitudes and counseling practices among physicians in Germany – A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Sammons Mary Katherine , Gaskins Matthew , Kutscha Frank , Nast Alexander , Werner Ricardo Niklas 
Published: April 2021

Background
German statutory health insurance began covering the costs associated with HIV PrEP in September 2019; however, to bill for PrEP services, physicians in Germany must either be certified as HIV-specialists according to a nationwide quality assurance agreement, or, if they are non-HIV-specialists, have completed substantial further training in HIV/PrEP care. Given the insufficient implementation of PrEP, the aim of our study was to explore the potential to increase the number of non-HIV-specialists providing PrEP-related services.

Methods
We conducted an anonymous survey among a random sample of internists, general practitioners, dermatologists and urologists throughout Germany using a self-developed questionnaire. We calculated a knowledge score and an attitudes score from individual items in these two domains. Both scores ranged from 0–20, with high values representing good knowledge or positive attitudes. We also asked participants about the proportion of PrEP advice they provided proactively to men who have sex with men (MSM) and trans-persons who met the criteria to be offered PrEP.

Results
154 physicians completed the questionnaire. Self-assessed knowledge among HIV-specialists was greater than among non-HIV-specialists [Median knowledge score: 20.0 (IQR = 0.0) vs. 4.0 (IQR = 11.0), p<0.001]. Likewise, attitudes towards PrEP were more positive among HIV-specialists than non-HIV-specialists [Median attitudes score: 18.0 (IQR = 3.0) vs. 13.0 (IQR = 5.25), p<0.001]. The proportion of proactive advice on PrEP provided to at-risk MSM and trans-persons by HIV-specialists [Median: 30.0% (IQR = 63.5%)] was higher than that provided by non-HIV-specialists [Median: 0.0% (IQR = 11.3%), p<0.001]. However, the results of our multiple regression suggest the only independent predictor of proactive PrEP advice was the knowledge score, and not whether physicians were HIV-specialists or non-HIV-specialists.

Conclusions
These findings point to opportunities to improve PrEP implementation in individuals at risk of acquiring HIV. Targeted training, particularly for non-HIV-specialists, and the provision of patient-centered information material could help improve care, especially in rural areas.
Patient perspectives on how to demonstrate respect: Implications for clinicians and healthcare organizations
Authors: Bridges Celina , Duenas Devan M. , Lewis Hannah , Anderson Katherine , Opel Douglas J. , Wilfond Benjamin S. , Kraft Stephanie A. 
Published: April 2021

Objective
Clinicians and healthcare organizations are ethically obligated to treat patients with respect, yet it is not clear what actions best demonstrate respect to patients. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to understand what actions on both an individual and organizational level effectively demonstrate respect for primary care patients.

Methods
We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with primary care patients in an integrated healthcare delivery system in Oregon and an integrated safety net health system in Colorado who were participating in a genomics implementation research study of a hereditary cancer screening program. We systematically coded interview transcripts using a coding framework developed based on iterative review of the interview guide and transcripts. We further analyzed the data coded with sub-codes relating to patients’ experiences with respect in healthcare using a descriptive content analysis approach.

Results
We interviewed 40 English-speaking (n = 30, 75%) and Spanish-speaking (n = 10, 25%) patients. Most interviewees identified as female (n = 35, 88%) and either Hispanic/Latino(a) (n = 17, 43%) or White or European American (n = 15, 38%). Interviewees identified two categories of efforts by individual clinicians that demonstrate respect: engaging with patients and being transparent. They identified five efforts by healthcare organizations: promoting safety and inclusivity, protecting patient privacy, communicating about scheduling, navigating financial barriers to care, and ensuring continuity of care.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that patients’ experiences of respect depend on efforts by individual clinicians as well as healthcare organizations. Our findings offer insight into how clinicians can build stronger partnerships with patients and how organizations can seek to promote access to care and patient safety and comfort. They also illustrate areas for future research and quality improvement to more effectively respect patients.
Assessment of exposure risks to COVID-19 among frontline health care workers in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Atnafie Seyfe Asrade , Anteneh Demssie Ayalew , Yimenu Dawit Kumilachew , Kifle Zemene Demelash 
Published: April 2021

Background
The burden to fight with Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has lied to frontline health care workers that are putting themselves at a higher risk in the battle against the disease. This study aimed to assess the exposure health risks of COVID-19 among frontline healthcare workers in the Amhara region, Ethiopia.

Method
A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted on public health workers from May to August 2020. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire via email and telegram services. Both descriptive statistics and bivariate followed by multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify distribution patterns and factors associated with exposure risks to COVID-19. Odds ratio with 95% Confidence Interval (CI), and a P-value of <0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.

Result
A total of 418 health care workers participated in the study with a response rate of 99.1%. The majority of the study participants 310(74.2%), were males, and 163(39%) were nurses/ midwives respectively. More than half of the respondents 237(56.7%), had reported that they didn`t have face-to-face contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient. Among the respondents, 173(41.4%), 147(35.2%), 63(15.1%), and 65(15.6%) of the health professionals had always used gloves, medical masks, face shield, or goggles/protective glasses, and disposable gown, respectively. In this study, age between 25–34 years (AOR = 0.20), age between 35–44 years (AOR = 0.13), family size of >6 (AOR = 3.77), work experience of 21–30 years (AOR = 0.01), and good handwashing habit (AOR = 0.44) were the protective factors against COVID-19. On the other hand, perception of non-exposure to COVD 19 (AOR = 9.56), and poor habit of decontamination of high touch areas (AOR = 2.52) were the risk factors associated with confirmed COVID 19 cases among health care workers.

Conclusion
Poor adherence to personal protective equipment use and aseptic practices during and after health care interactions with patients were identified. Strategies should be implemented to institute effective and sustainable infection control measures that protect the health care workers from COVID-19 infection.
SLSP and swisscovery – a Swiss success story on how to create a multilingual, national library network
Authors: Marty Thomas , Küssow Jürgen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the ’go live’ of swisscovery, Swiss libraries have taken a big step into the future. Combining the migration of six local data sets with the creation of a national network and the independent library service provider SLSP (Swiss Library Service Platform) within a single project was a bold goal that was reached on 7 December 2020. Looking back on the three years of implementation (2018–2020), which followed the conception phase of 2015–2017, we identify and discuss the key success factors, hurdles that were faced, and challenges still to be met. While some of these elements are found on the technical level, others refer to business and management aspects. Indeed, such projects are always a combination of technological, economical, and human factors.
Status quo und Planungen der Kulturgutdigitalisierung beim Bundesarchiv
Authors: Hänger Christian , John Kristina , Zahnhausen Vera 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Das Bundesarchiv hat in den letzten Jahren erhebliche Mittel in die Kulturgutdigitalisierung investiert. Das Portal „Weimar – Die erste deutsche Demokratie“ und die dort präsentierten digitalen Objekte waren ein erster wichtiger Meilenstein. Bis zum Jahr 2030 ist die Digitalisierung von insgesamt 400 Millionen Aktenseiten vorgesehen. Dieser Beitrag stellt die drei Programmlinien der Digitalisierung beim Bundesarchiv vor und beschreibt die einzelnen Prozessschritte für deren Operationalisierung. Abschließend werden die noch bestehenden Probleme und das Verhältnis von Digitalisierung und Bestandserhaltung diskutiert.
Die neue Bibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften – ein Baustein im Open-Space-Konzept der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
Authors: Kellersohn Antje , Röckel Susanne , Schneider Christine 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Im Juni 2020 wurde die neue Bibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg mit insgesamt 210 Arbeitsplätzen für die Nutzerinnen und Nutzer und einem Bestand an Printmedien von 85 000 Bänden eröffnet. Sie ist eine der größeren Fachbibliotheken im zweischichtigen Bibliothekssystem der Universität. Der Neubau wurde in enger Abstimmung der Architektinnen und Architekten, Fachplanerinnen und Fachplaner, der Bauverwaltung, der Bibliotheksvertreterinnen und -vertreter sowie der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer auf Basis eines Co-Creation-Ansatzes entwickelt. Dabei wurde auch auf das in der zentralen Universitätsbibliothek bereits erfolgreich etablierte Lernortkonzept zurückgegriffen. Die klare und offene Gestaltung des Gebäudes, die vielfältige Möblierung im Innern und der attraktive Bibliotheksgarten fördern ein konzentriertes Lernen als auch das kreative Arbeiten in der Gruppe und den wissenschaftlichen Austausch. Die Bibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften ist ein wichtiger Baustein im Open-Space-Konzept der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität.
Nachbildung von Phasenschiebereffekten durch Stromquellen
Authors: Gebhardt Marc , Wolter Martin 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Die steigende Distanz von Erzeugung und Verbrauch in elektrischen Übertragungsnetzen zieht die Notwendigkeit einer transparenten Leistungsflusssteuerung nach sich. Zur Steuerung von Leistungsflüssen lassen sich unter anderem Phasenschiebertransformatoren (PST) einsetzen, wie es auch schon in mehreren Gebotszonen des europäischen Verbundnetzes an zahlreichen Stellen geschehen ist. Die Abbildung der Einflüsse der einzelnen PST auf den Leistungsfluss im Netz lässt sich bisher nur durch linearisierte Gleichstrom-Leistungsfluss-Annahmen vornehmen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode dargestellt, die ohne DC-Annahmen die Berechnung von PST-Einflüssen ermöglicht. Dazu wird jeder PST durch zwei Stromquellen nachgebildet und darauf basierend werden für jeden PST einzeln die Flüsse im Netz berechnet.
Historische Rheinlaufkarten für die Zukunft erhalten: KEK-Projekt sichert Kartensammlung im Landesbibliothekszentrum
Authors: Frühauf Helmut , Koelges Barbara 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Die Sammlung historischer Rheinlaufkarten im Landesbibliothekszentrum / Rheinische Landesbibliothek umfasst 370 zum Teil mehrblättrige Karten des gesamten Rheinlaufes in seinen unterschiedlichen Abschnitten mit dem Schwerpunkt auf dem Gebiet des Mittelrheines. Sie ist aus regionalgeschichtlicher und aus kartographischer Sicht von großer Bedeutung. 2020 konnte im Rahmen eines von der Koordinationsstelle für die Erhaltung des schriftlichen Kulturguts (KEK) geförderten Projektes die gesamte Sammlung gereinigt und restauriert werden. Am Beispiel dieser Sammlung und dieses Projektes sollen die Aktivitäten der Abteilung Sammlungen des LBZ in den Arbeitsbereichen Bestandserhaltung und -vermittlung illustriert werden.
On the socles of characteristically inert subgroups of Abelian p-groups
Authors: Chekhlov Andrey R. , Danchev Peter V. , Goldsmith Brendan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We define the notion of a characteristically inert socle-regular Abelian p-group and explore such groups by focussing on their socles, thereby relating them to previously studied notions of socle-regularity. We show that large classes of p-groups, including all divisible, totally projective and torsion-complete p-groups, share this property when the prime p is odd. The present work generalizes notions of full inertia intensively studied recently by several authors and is a development of a recent work of the authors published in Mediterranean J. Math. (2021).
A novel transient search optimization for optimal allocation of multiple distributed generator in the radial electrical distribution network
Authors: Bhadoriya Jitendra Singh , Gupta Atma Ram 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Most of the generated electricity is lost in power loss while transmitting and distributing it to the consumer end. The power losses occurring in the distribution network cause deviation in voltage and lower stability due to increased load demand. The integration of multiple Distributed Generation (DG) will enable the existing radial electrical distribution network efficient by minimizing the power losses and improving the voltage profile. Metaheuristic optimization techniques provide a favorable solution for optimal location and sizing of DG in the distribution network. A novel modern metaheuristic Transient Search Optimization (TSO) algorithm, inspired by the electrical network’s transient response of storage components implemented in the proposed work. The TSO formulated optimal DGs allocation to minimize total active power loss, voltage deviation and enhance voltage stability index as minimization optimization problem satisfying various equality and inequality constraints. The installation of multiple DG units at unity, fixed, and optimal power factors were examined. The TSO algorithm’s effectiveness was tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution networks, including various operating events developed in the form of single and multi-objective fitness functions. The active power loss reduced to 94.29 and 94.71% for IEEE 33 and 69 bus distribution systems. The obtained results trustworthiness is confirmed by comparison with well-known optimization methods like Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), combined GA/PSO, Teaching Learning Based Algorithm (TLBO), Swine influenza model-based optimization with quarantine (SIMBO-Q), Multi-Objective Harris Hawks optimizer (MOHHO) and other provided in the literature. The presented numerical studies represent the usefulness and out-performance of the proposed TSO algorithm due to its exploration and exploitation optimization mechanisms for the DG allocation problem meticulously.
An intelligent approach towards very short-term load forecasting
Authors: Pati Uttamarani , Ray Papia , Singh Arvind R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Very short term load forecasting (VSTLF) plays a pivotal role in helping the utility workers make proper decisions regarding generation scheduling, size of spinning reserve, and maintaining equilibrium between the power generated by the utility to fulfil the load demand. However, the development of an effective VSTLF model is challenging in gathering noisy real-time data and complicates features found in load demand variations from time to time. A hybrid approach for VSTLF using an incomplete fuzzy decision system (IFDS) combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) based feature selection technique for load forecasting in an hour ahead format is proposed in this research work. This proposed work aims to determine the load features and eliminate redundant features to form a less complex forecasting model. The proposed method considers the time of the day, temperature, humidity, and dew point as inputs and generates output as forecasted load. The input data and historical load data are collected from the Northern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (NRLDC) New Delhi for December 2009, January 2010 and February 2010. For validation of proposed method efficacy, it’s performance is further compared with other conventional AI techniques like ANN and ANFIS, which are integrated with genetic algorithm-based feature selection technique to boost their performance. These techniques’ accuracy is tested through their mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) value. Compared to other conventional AI techniques and other methods provided through previous studies, the proposed method is found to have acceptable accuracy for 1 h ahead of electrical load forecasting.
Fostering Knowledge Sharing Behavior Among Pakistani Engineering Students: Role of Individual and Classroom Related Factors
Authors: Safdar Muhammad , Batool Syeda Hina , Mahmood Khalid 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate students’ behavior towards knowledge sharing and the factors, individual and classroom, affecting it. Quantitative research design was used to conduct this study. Students enrolled in engineering universities, located in three provinces (Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh) and capital (Islamabad) of Pakistan, were the population of this study. Researchers collected the data through survey questionnaires. SPSS-22 was used to analyze the collected data and for testing the hypotheses. Results revealed that the majority of engineering students’ knowledge sharing behavior was positive. Findings proved that majority of individual and classroom related factors were affecting knowledge sharing behavior of Pakistani students significantly. This is the first study which investigated Pakistani 10 engineering category universities’ students’ behavior towards knowledge sharing and factors impacting it. Results contributed in the body of literature by advancing it regarding behavior towards knowledge sharing in the context of engineering students of Pakistan. The study’s findings can play a vital role in facilitating educational institutions, students, and academicians in understanding the factors impacting students’ knowledge sharing behavior. This, in turn, might help them in removing negatively influencing factors by taking essential measures and facilitating factors with positive impact to improve students’ knowledge sharingbehavior.
Hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian
Authors: Cabré Teresa , Torres-Tamarit Francesc , Vanrell Maria del Mar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian. Besides disyllabic truncation, hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian also yields trisyllabic truncated forms by means of a process of reduplicative prefixation (e.g.,Totore ← Servatore) and, more interestingly, a process of copy of what is analyzed as an internally layered ternary foot (e.g.,(Va(tore)) ← Servatore). In this paper we develop an OT analysis of hypocoristic truncation based on output-output correspondence relations between bases and truncated morphemes that gives further support to internally layered ternary feet in the domain of the phonology–morphology interface.
Ausbau der Datenerhebungsbefugnisse von Sicherheitsbehörden – Lässt die wissenschaftliche Empirie Chilling-Effekte in der Bevölkerung erwarten?
Authors: Moll Ricarda , Schneider Franziska 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Aufgrund der kontinuierlichen Ausweitung von Datenerhebungsbefugnissen für Sicherheitsbehörden wird ein häufig als »Chilling« bezeichneter Effekt befürchtet. Demnach führt die Sorge über ein mögliches Überwachtwerden dazu, dass freiheitliche Grundrechte nicht mehr ausgeübt werden. In der Rechtswissenschaft ist die Existenz eines Chilling-Effekts bzw. das Ausmaß seiner Auswirkungen auf Verhaltensänderungen jedoch umstritten. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die empirische Evidenz zum Chilling-Effekt. Hinzugezogen werden im ersten Teil Befunde aus verschiedenen Paradigmen und Traditionen, die den Chilling-Effekt nicht explizit untersuchen, jedoch Hinweise auf die dahinterstehenden Mechanismen geben (Asch-Paradigma, Watching Eyes-Paradigma, Befunde aus der Forschung zur Wirkung von Sicherheitskameras im öffentlichen Raum). Einschränkungen in der Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse werden jeweils diskutiert. Im zweiten Teil werden Untersuchungen skizziert, die den Chilling-Effekt direkt in Online-Kontexten untersuchen, wobei die methodischen Probleme der verschiedenen Ansätze diskutiert werden. Wir beleuchten abschließend die empirische Evidenz zu Argumenten, die häufig als Gegenbeweise zur Existenz von Chilling-Effekten angeführt werden. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass es sich verdichtende Hinweise auf die Existenz eines Chilling-Effekts aufgrund von Datenerhebungsbefugnissen gibt, jedoch weitere empirische Forschung notwendig ist.