bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration Infrastructure to Support Concurrence and Collaboration in Engineering Design
Authors: Bliznakov Plamen I. , Shah Jami J. , Urban Susan D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Traditionally, CAD tools have provided limited possibilities for interaction between different participants in a design project. This paper describes an environment for information integration of CAD systems and other application programs referred to as meta-level design information system. Taxonomies of CAD and other application programs with regards to their “integration friendliness” and possibilities for remote access by the enduser are developed. These taxonomies can be used by CAD vendors as a guidance for development of software which can be integrated easier in a higher-level design information system. In this work the taxonomies are used to catalogue the applications and their data.
The information integration infrastructure is based on an object-oriented multidatabase using the WWW to transfer the transactions. An information broker provides a global conceptual view of data and knowledge stored in a metadatabase including description of product data and design constraints, design process, organizational information, etc. It processes user queries and dynamically accesses the information from CAD tools (which act as objects on the WWW) if needed. The CAD tools interface is provided by software network adapters. They export parts of the local application models needed for maintaining intertool constraints and supporting remote queries by participants in the design process who do not have direct access to the CAD systems.
Topological Synthesis of Geared Robotic Mechanism
Authors: Chen Dar-Zen , Shieu Shuen-Chen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An efficient and systematic methodology for the topological synthesis of geared robotic mechanisms is developed. The approach is based on the idea that the kinematic structure of a geared robotic mechanism can be described by an equivalent open-loop chain (EOLC) and mechanical transmission lines (MTLs) which drive the joints of the EOLC. It is shown that an MTL can be decomposed as an input unit and several transmission units connected in series. The characteristics of the input and transmission units are laid out and a systematic methodology is developed to enumerate all admissible input and transmission units from the existing atlas of non-fractionated geared kinematic chains. The atlas of admissible MTLs are then generated accordingly. Thus, all admissible geared robotic mechanisms can be enumerated efficiently with the atlas of admissible MTLs and a preferred form of the EOLC. With this new methodology, some novel structures of geared robotic mechanisms are obtained and it is believed that new areas of application can be further explored.
Design and Implementation of Metamorphic Robots
Authors: Pamecha Amit , Chiang Chih-Jung , Stein David , Chirikjian Gregory 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses issues in the design and implementation of metamorphic robotic systems. A metamorphic robotic system is a collection of independently controlled mechatronic modules, each of which has the ability to connect, disconnect, and climb over adjacent modules. A metamorphic system can dynamically reconfigure by the locomotion of modules over their neighbors. Thus they can be viewed as a collection of connected modular robots which act together to perform the given task. The planar metamorphic robots described in this paper consist of hexagonal or square modules. Because of their shape, the modules completely fill the plane without any gaps, their centers forming a regular lattice. Both the hexagonal and square modules are provided with electromechanical coupling mechanisms actuated by D.C. motors. These connectors help to couple and uncouple modules as they move around each other to form different configurations. The modules are currently controlled by an external processor.
Spatial Motion Interpolation in an Image Space of SO(4)
Authors: Etzel Karl R. , McCarthy J. Michael 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many applications in robotics, spatial mechanism design, and mechanical systems animation require the specification of the movement of a rigid body through space. In this paper, we apply Shoemake’s quaternion interpolation formula to pairs of quaternions, known as biquaternions, to obtain an interpolation procedure for spatial motion. A biquaternion represents a rotation in four dimensional space, an element of SO(4). Because a spatial displacement can be viewed as special case of a four dimensional rotation, we can use a biquaternion as an image point of a spatial configuration and a biquaternion curve to represent spatial movement. We present an example of biquaternion interpolation using four key configurations. The result is a smooth movement in SO(4), which we then map to a spatial movement. A comparison with a similar technique based on dual quaternions is provided.
Elastodynamics of Horizontally Body-Guiding Cam-Driven Linkages Interacting With Robots, and Elastic Error Compensation for Robot Positioning
Authors: Kurnool Sirihari , Bagci Cemil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Common industrial applications of body-guiding linkages occur with robot (or CNC machine) interaction at workstations in automated production and assembly lines in industry. A linkage in such cases is generally operated horizontally where large deflections at the body location occur creating positioning and orientation errors of the body. These errors must be delivered to the interacting robot to program its motions and operating geometries to eliminate effects of errors on the performed tasks at the workstations. Driving the linkage at high speed, generating dwells at workstations, experiencing efficient dynamic behaviors is an important phase of its design. In this article, a four-bar linkage guides the body. A disk cam with translating roller follower drives a slider-crank loop driving the body guiding linkage providing dynamically efficient motion of the guided-body along its path and the mechanism. Processes of programming motion of the rigid-body along its path, obtaining the corresponding motions of the links of the mechanism, designing the cam-follower mechanism, determnine elastic errors and their correction and minimization, and performing the elastodynamics of the system are offered. A three-dimensional isoparametric beam element and matrix exponential method are used to perform the elastodynamics of the cam-link mechanism, determining dynamic stresses, elastic errors, bearing forces, frequencies, and response with and without vibratory motion effects, and furnishing data for the interacting robot. Numerical results for a system are given.
Modified Standard Codes in Enumeration and Automatic Sketching of Mechanisms
Authors: Jonnalagadda Srinath , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the application of modified standard codes in the systematic enumeration and graphical display of non-isomorphic mechanisms. A two-stage enumeration procedure is presented that involves the identification and generation of contracted graphs using modified standard codes. In this scheme, unique numbering reflecting the symmetry properties of the higher order links deduced from these contracted graphs is propagated to the second stage in which all the non-isomorphic kinematic chains corresponding to each contracted graph are enumerated. The integration of the resulting numerical code values with a robust automatic sketching algorithm provides the basis for the systematic enumeration and pictorial displays of basic kinematic chains. Illustrative examples from the enumeration of basic kinematic chains with up to 12 bar 3 degree of freedom system are presented, and the results are discussed.
Parametric Deflection Approximations for Initially Curved, Large-Deflection Beams in Compliant Mechanisms
Authors: Howell Larry L. , Midha Ashok 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The analysis of systems containing highly flexible members is made difficult by the nonlineararities caused by large deflections of the flexible members. The analysis and design of many such systems may be simplified by using pseudo-rigid-body approximations in modeling the flexible members. The pseudo-rigid-body model represents flexible members as rigid links, joined at pin joints with torsional springs. Appropriate values for link lengths and torsional spring stiffnesses are determined such that the deflection path and force-deflection relationships are modeled accurately. Pseudo-rigid-body approximations have been developed for initially straight beams with externally applied forces at the beam end. This work develops approximations for another fundamental type of flexible member, the initially curved beam with applied force at the beam end. This type of flexible member is commonly used in compliant mechanisms. An example of the use of the resulting pseudo-rigid-body approximations in compliant mechanisms is included.
On the Complete Balancing of the Inertia-Caused Input Torque for Plane Mechanisms
Authors: Funk Wolfram , Han Jianyou 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new method for complete balancing inertia-caused input torque. This method transforms the balancing problem into a displacement curve synthesis for a plate cam. The method is simple and convenient to be used. The planar four-bar linkage and a six-bar linkage are cited as two examples. The fluctuating torques in the driving shaft caused by the inertia forces are completely balanced.
Longitudinal Locomotor Competence and Body Mass Index Across Self-Reported Gender and Vision Level for Youth With Visual Impairments: A 3-Year Investigation
Authors: Brian Ali , Starrett Angela , Pennell Adam , Haibach-Beach Pamela , Gilbert Emily , Stribing Alexandra , Miedema Sally Taunton , Lieberman Lauren 
Published: February 2021

Youth with visual impairments are more likely to be overweight than peers without visual impairments and often struggle with their locomotor skills. Locomotor development can combat unhealthy body weight statuses by supporting physical activity behaviors. There are no longitudinal investigations concerning the locomotor skill and body mass index (BMI) developmental trajectories of youth with visual impairments. The purpose of this study was to examine the 3-year developmental trajectory of the locomotor skills and BMI of youth with visual impairments including differential effects of self-reported gender and degree of vision. Participants (N = 34, Mage = 11.75 years, 47% female) showed severely delayed and arrested locomotor development with increases in BMI across 3 years regardless of self-reported gender or degree of vision. Participants failed to breech a proficiency barrier of motor competence to combat against increases in BMI across time. Additional longitudinal inquiries are needed.
Haplotype-resolved diverse human genomes and integrated analysis of structural variation
Authors: Ebert Peter , Audano Peter A. , Zhu Qihui , Rodriguez-Martin Bernardo , Porubsky David , Bonder Marc Jan , Sulovari Arvis , Ebler Jana , Zhou Weichen , Serra Mari Rebecca , Yilmaz Feyza , Zhao Xuefang , Hsieh PingHsun , Lee Joyce , Kumar Sushant , Lin Jiadong , Rausch Tobias , Chen Yu , Ren Jingwen , Santamarina Martin , Höps Wolfram , Ashraf Hufsah , Chuang Nelson T. , Yang Xiaofei , Munson Katherine M. , Lewis Alexandra P. , Fairley Susan , Tallon Luke J. , Clarke Wayne E. , Basile Anna O. , Byrska-Bishop Marta , Corvelo André , Evani Uday S. , Lu Tsung-Yu , Chaisson Mark J. P. , Chen Junjie , Li Chong , Brand Harrison , Wenger Aaron M. , Ghareghani Maryam , Harvey William T. , Raeder Benjamin , Hasenfeld Patrick , Regier Allison A. , Abel Haley J. , Hall Ira M. , Flicek Paul , Stegle Oliver , Gerstein Mark B. , Tubio Jose M. C. , Mu Zepeng , Li Yang I. , Shi Xinghua , Hastie Alex R. , Ye Kai , Chong Zechen , Sanders Ashley D. , Zody Michael C. , Talkowski Michael E. , Mills Ryan E. , Devine Scott E. , Lee Charles , Korbel Jan O. , Marschall Tobias , Eichler Evan E. 
Published: February 2021

Resolving genomic structural variationMany human genomes have been reported using short-read technology, but it is difficult to resolve structural variants (SVs) using these data. These genomes thus lack comprehensive comparisons among individuals and populations. Ebertet al.used long-read structural variation calling across 64 human genomes representing diverse populations and developed new methods for variant discovery. This approach allowed the authors to increase the number of confirmed SVs and to describe the patterns of variation across populations. From this dataset, they identified quantitative trait loci affected by these SVs and determined how they may affect gene expression and potentially explain genome-wide association study hits. This information provides insights into patterns of normal human genetic variation and generates reference genomes that better represent the diversity of our species.Science, this issue p.eabf7117
Late Mesoproterozoic low-P/T–type metamorphism in the North Wulan terrane: Implications for the assembly of Rodinia
Authors: Wang Lu , Johnston Stephen T. , Chen Nengsong , Wang Heng , Xia Bin , He Chuan , Ma Jianjun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRegional metamorphism provides critical constraints for unravelling lithosphere evolution and geodynamic settings, especially in an orogenic system. Recently, there has been a debate on the Rodinia-forming Tarimian orogeny within the Greater Tarim block in NW China. The North Wulan terrane, involved in the Paleozoic Qilian orogen, was once part of the Greater Tarim block. This investigation of petrography, whole-rock and mineral geochemistry, phase equilibrium modeling, and in situ monazite U-Pb dating of garnetite, pelitic gneiss, and quartz schist samples from the Statherian–Calymmian unit of the North Wulan terrane provides new constraints on the evolutionary history of the Greater Tarim block at the end of the Mesoproterozoic during the assembly of Rodinia. The studied samples yielded three monazite U-Pb age groups of ca. 1.32 Ga, 1.1 Ga, and 0.45 Ga that are interpreted to be metamorphic in origin. The tectonic significance of the early ca. 1.32 Ga metamorphism is uncertain and may indicate an extensional setting associated with the final breakup of Columbia. The ca. 1.1 Ga low-pressure, high-temperature (low-P/T)–type granulite-facies metamorphism is well preserved and characterized by a clockwise P-T path with a minimum estimation of ∼840–900 °C and ∼7–11 kbar for peak metamorphism, followed by postpeak decompression and cooling. A tectonothermal disturbance occurred at ca. 0.45 Ga, but with limited influence on the preexisting mineral compositions of the studied samples. The characteristics of the metamorphism indicate an arc–back-arc environment with ongoing subduction of oceanic lithosphere at ca. 1.1 Ga. Combined with previous studies, we suggest that the Greater Tarim block probably experienced a prolonged subduction-to-collision process at ca. 1.1–0.9 Ga during the assembly of Rodinia, with a position between western Laurentia and India–East Antarctica.
Geochronology of volcanically associated hydrocarbon charge in the pre-salt carbonates of the Namibe Basin, Angola
Authors: Rochelle-Bates N. , Roberts N.M.W. , Sharp I. , Freitag U. , Verwer K. , Halton A. , Fiordalisi E. , van Dongen B.E. , Swart R. , Ferreira C.H. , Dixon R. , Schröder S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In volcanic rifted margins, the timing of hydrocarbon charge is difficult to predict, but is important in understanding fluid genesis. We investigated whether igneous activity was linked to hydrocarbon charge in the prolific South Atlantic pre-salt petroleum system. To do this, we applied in situ carbonate U-Pb geochronology, a relatively novel tool for dating hydrocarbon migration, to bituminous veins in pre-salt travertines from the rifted onshore Namibe Basin (Angola). To test if fluid flow was synchronous with known volcanic pulses, we also obtained new 40Ar/39Ar geochronology from a nearby volcanic complex. Bitumen is associated with calcite in a first generation of veins and vugs, and with dolomite in younger veins. The dated calcite veins yielded a pooled U-Pb age of 86.2 ± 2.4 Ma, which overlaps the volcanism 40Ar/39Ar age of 89.9 ± 1.8 Ma. The overlapping dates and the localized bitumen occurrence around the dated volcanic center show a clear genetic relationship between Late Cretaceous igneous activity and hydrocarbon charge. The dolomite was dated at 56.8 ± 4.8 Ma, revealing a previously unknown Paleocene/Eocene fluid-flow phase in the basin.
Mineralogical Crystallography: Look in the Past, New Trends, and Highlights
Authors: Pushcharovsky D. Yu. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many urgent problems of modern mineralogical crystallography, to which the papers of this thematic issue of the journal Kristallografiya (Crystallography Reports) are devoted, have been considered. It is shown how the use of advanced physicochemical methods enriches scientific concepts about the real structures of minerals and nature-like compounds, structural conditionality of their physical properties, forms of concentration of chemical elements in terrestrial shells, crystallogenesis conditions, structural transformations in deep geospheres, relationships between structure types, and their interpretations based on modern concepts.
Statin treatment and muscle symptoms: series of randomised, placebo controlled n-of-1 trials
Authors: Herrett Emily , Williamson Elizabeth , Brack Kieran , Beaumont Danielle , Perkins Alexander , Thayne Andrew , Shakur-Still Haleema , Roberts Ian , Prowse Danielle , Goldacre Ben , van Staa Tjeerd , MacDonald Thomas M , Armitage Jane , Wimborne Jon , Melrose Paula , Singh Jayshireen , Brooks Lucy , Moore Michael , Hoffman Maurice , Smeeth Liam 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
To establish the effect of statins on muscle symptoms in people who had previously reported muscle symptoms when taking statins.

Design
Series of randomised, placebo controlled n-of-1 trials.

Setting
Primary care across 50 sites in the United Kingdom, December 2016 to April 2018.

Participants
200 participants who had recently stopped or were considering stopping treatment with statins because of muscle symptoms.

Interventions
Participants were randomised to a sequence of six double blinded treatment periods (two months each) of atorvastatin 20 mg daily or placebo.

Main outcome measures
At the end of each treatment period, participants rated their muscle symptoms on a visual analogue scale (0-10). The primary analysis compared symptom scores in the statin and placebo periods.

Results
151 participants provided symptoms scores for at least one statin period and one placebo period and were included in the primary analysis. Overall, no difference in muscle symptom scores was found between the statin and placebo periods (mean difference statin minus placebo −0.11, 95% confidence interval −0.36 to 0.14; P=0.40)). Withdrawals because of intolerable muscle symptoms were 18 participants (9%) during a statin period and 13 (7%) during a placebo period. Two thirds of those completing the trial reported restarting long term treatment with statins.

Conclusions
No overall effect of atorvastatin 20 mg on muscle symptoms compared with placebo was found in participants who had previously reported severe muscle symptoms when taking statins. Most people completing the trial intended to restart treatment with statins. N-of-1 trials can assess drug effects at the group level and guide individual treatment.

Trial registration

ISRCTN30952488
, EUDRACT 2016-000141-31,
NCT02781064
.
Prevalence of non-communicable chronic conditions, multimorbidity and its correlates among older adults in rural Nepal: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Yadav Uday Narayan , Ghimire Saruna , Mistry Sabuj Kanti , Shanmuganathan Selvanaayagam , Rawal Lal B , Harris Mark 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesThis study’s objectives were to estimate the prevalence of major non-communicable conditions and multimorbidity among older adults in rural Nepal and examine the associated socioeconomic and behavioural risk factors.DesignThis was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted between January and April 2018.SettingRural municipalities of Sunsari and Morang districts in eastern Nepal.Participants794 older Nepalese adults, 60 years and older, were recruited using a multistage cluster sampling approach.Primary outcome measure(s)Prevalence of four major non-communicable chronic conditions (osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and multimorbidity.ResultsAlmost half (48.9%: men 45.3%; women 52.4%) of the participants had at least one of four non-communicable chronic conditions, and 14.6% (men 12.5%; women 16.8%) had two or more conditions. The prevalence of individual conditions included: osteoarthritis—41.7% (men 37.5%; women 45.9%), cardiovascular disease—2.4% (men 2.8%; women 2.0%), diabetes—5.3% (men 6.0%; women 4.6%) and COPD—15.4% (men 13.3%; women 17.5%). In the adjusted model, older adults aged 70–79 years (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.62; 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.54), those from Madhesi and other ethnic groups (AOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.72), without a history of alcohol drinking (AOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.01) and those physically inactive (AOR: 5.02; 95% CI: 1.47 to 17.17) had significantly higher odds of multimorbidity.ConclusionsThis study found one in seven study participants had multimorbidity. The prevalence of multimorbidity and associated socioeconomic and behavioural correlates need to be addressed by integrating social programmes with health prevention and management at multiple levels. Moreover, a longitudinal study is suggested to understand the temporal relationship between lifestyle predictors and multimorbidity among older Nepalese adults.
Study protocol for investigating the performance of an automated blood test measuring GFAP and UCH-L1 in a prospective observational cohort of patients with mild traumatic brain injury: European BRAINI study
Authors: Richard Marion , Lagares Alfonso , Bondanese Victor , de la Cruz Javier , Mejan Odile , Pavlov Vladislav , Payen Jean-François 
Published: February 2021

IntroductionMild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common cause of clinical consultation in the emergency department. Patients with mTBI may undergo brain CT scans based on clinical criteria. However, the proportion of patients with brain lesions on CT is very low. Two serum biomarkers, glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), have been shown to discriminate patients regarding the presence or absence of brain lesions on initial CT scan when assessed within the first 12 hours after TBI. However, the current technique for measuring serum concentrations of GFAP and UCH-L1 is manual and time consuming, which may hinder its use in routine clinical practice. This study assesses the diagnostic accuracy of an automated assay for the measurement of serum GFAP and UCH-L1 in a cohort of patients with mTBI who received a CT scan as the standard of care.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective multicentre observational study of 1760 patients with mTBI recruited in France and Spain across 16 participating sites. Adult patients with an initial Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13–15 and a brain CT scan underwent blood sampling within 12 hours after TBI. The primary outcome measure is the diagnostic performance of an automated assay measuring serum concentrations of GFAP and UCH-L1 for discriminating between patients with positive and negative findings on brain CT-scans. Secondary outcome measures include the performance of these two biomarkers in predicting the neurological status and quality of life at 1 week and 3 months after the trauma.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained by the Institutional Review Board of Sud-Ouest Outre Mer III in France (Re#2019-A01525-52) and Hospital 12 de Octubre in Spain (Re#19/322). The results will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov:NCT04032509.