bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Focal cortical dysplasia type 1
Authors: Coras Roland , Holthausen Hans , Sarnat Harvey B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe ILAE classification of Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) from 2011 has quickly gained acceptance in clinical practice and research and is now widely used around the world. This histopathology‐based classification scheme proposed three subtypes, that is, FCD Type 1 (with architectural abnormalities of the neocortex), FCD Type 2 (with cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the neocortex) and FCD Type 3 (architectural abnormalities of the neocortex associated with another principle lesion acquired during early life). Valuable knowledge was gathered during the last decade validating the clinical, pathological and genetic classification of FCD Type 2. This is in contrast to FCD subtype 1 and 3 with only few robust or new insights. Herein, we provide an overview about current knowledge about FCD Type 1 and its three subtypes. Available data strengthened, however, FCD Type 1A in particular, whereas a comprehensive clinico‐pathological specification for FCD Type 1B and 1C subtypes remain to be shown. The lack of a valid animal model for FCD Type 1 further supports our call and the ongoing need for systematic research studies based on a careful clinico‐pathological and genetic stratification of patients and human brain tissues.
Role of VAPB and vesicular profiles in α‐synuclein aggregates in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Mori Fumiaki , Miki Yasuo , Tanji Kunikazu , Kon Tomoya , Tomiyama Masahiko , Kakita Akiyoshi , Wakabayashi Koichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe pathological hallmark of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is fibrillary aggregates of α‐synuclein (α‐Syn) in the cytoplasm and nucleus of both oligodendrocytes and neurons. In neurons, α‐Syn localizes to the cytosolic and membrane compartments, including the synaptic vesicles, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). α‐Syn binds to vesicle‐associated membrane protein‐binding protein B (VAPB) in the ER membrane. Overexpression of wild‐type and familial Parkinson's disease mutant α‐Syn perturbs the association between the ER and mitochondria, leading to ER stress and ultimately neurodegeneration. We examined brains from MSA patients (n = 7) and control subjects (n = 5) using immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy with antibodies against VAPB and phosphorylated α‐Syn. In controls, the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells was positive for VAPB, whereas in MSA lesions VAPB immunoreactivity was decreased. The proportion of VAPB‐negative neurons in the pontine nucleus was significantly higher in MSA (13.6%) than in controls (0.6%). The incidence of cytoplasmic inclusions in VAPB‐negative neurons was significantly higher (42.2%) than that in VAPB‐positive neurons (3.6%); 67.2% of inclusion‐bearing oligodendrocytes and 51.1% of inclusion‐containing neurons were negative for VAPB. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that α‐Syn and VAPB were localized to granulofilamentous structures in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes and neurons. Many vesicular structures labeled with anti‐α‐Syn were also observed within the granulofilamentous structures in the cytoplasm and nucleus of both oligodendrocytes and neurons. These findings suggest that, in MSA, reduction of VAPB is involved in the disease process and that vesicular structures are associated with inclusion formation.
The first two non‐Finnish HYLS1 variants: Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of hydrolethalus syndrome
Authors: Ghesh Leïla , Musquer Marie Denis , Devisme Louise , Stichelbout Morgane , Boutaud Lucile , Elkhartoufi Nadia , Vaast Pascal , Boute Odile , Riteau Anne‐Sophie , Le Vaillant Claudine , Winer Norbert , Joubert Madeleine , Bezieau Stéphane , Thomas Sophie , Attie‐Bitach Tania , Beneteau Claire 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHydrolethalus syndrome (HLS) is a rare lethal fetal malformation disorder related to ciliogenesis disruption. This condition is more frequent in Finland where a founder missense variant in the HYLS1 gene was identified. No other HYLS1 variant has hitherto been implicated in HLS. We report two unrelated French fetuses presenting with a phenotype of HLS with brain abnormalities, limbs malformations with pre and postaxial hexadactyly and abnormal genitalia. These two fetuses have compound heterozygous variants in HYLS1. The first allele carries the same Finnish missense variant (NM_145014.2: c.632A > G, p.[Asp211Gly]) in both fetuses and the second allele carries a new missense variant (c.662G > C, p.[Arg221Pro]) in the first fetus, and a new nonsense variant (c.613C > T, p.[Arg205*]) in the second fetus. This is the first report of HYLS1 mutated cases outside Finland. Both cases presented here are consistent with HLS with additional malformations, allowing expansion of the phenotypic presentation previously described.
Global and Local Feature Distinctiveness Effects in Language Acquisition
Authors: Siew Cynthia S. Q. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVarious aspects of semantic features drive early vocabulary development, but less is known about how the global and local structure of the overall semantic feature space influences language acquisition. A feature network of English words was constructed from a large database of adult feature production norms such that edges in the network represented feature distances between words (i.e., Manhattan distances of probability distributions of features elicited for each pair of words). A word's global feature distinctiveness is measured with respect to all other words in the network and a word's local feature distinctiveness is measured relative to words in sub‐networks derived from clustering analyses. This paper investigates how feature distinctiveness of individual words at local and global scales of the network influences language acquisition. Regression analyses indicate that global feature distinctiveness was associated with earlier age of acquisition ratings, and was a stronger predictor of age of acquisition than local feature distinctiveness. These results suggest that the global structure of the semantic feature network could play an important role in language acquisition, whereby globally distinctive concepts help to structure vocabulary development over the lifespan.
Research progress on biomarkers of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Yang Pengbo , Li Hexin , Zhang Junhua , Xu Xiaomao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo present a review on the traditional and new biomarkers of pulmonary embolism (PE).Data sourceA systematic search has been carried out using keywords as PE, biomarker, diagnosis and risk stratification.ResultsThe results of this work have been structured into three parts: first, conventional biomarkers for vascular, cardiac and inflammation, including static markers and dynamic markers for measuring the time course; next, a review of new biomarkers in recent years, such as RNAs and markers obtained through proteomics and mass spectrometry; finally, use of new detection methods to directly detect the activity of existing markers, such as the determination of coagulation factor II and plasmin activities based on the proteolytic activation of an engineered zymogen.ConclusionsThis work summarized the characteristics of current traditional biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and risk stratification of PE, as well as a series of newly discovered biomarkers obtained through various clinical experimental methods.
What are the factors associated with long‐term glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated glycated haemoglobin (≥7.0%) at initiation of second‐line therapy? Results from the DISCOVER study
Authors: Bonnet Fabrice , Chen Hungta , Cooper Andrew , Gomes Marίlia B. , Ji Linong , Leigh Paul , Ramirez Larisa , Shestakova Marina V. , Shimomura Iichiro , Siddiqui Afrah , Tang Fengming , Vora Jiten , Watada Hirotaka , Khunti Kamlesh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsGlycaemic control is a cornerstone of type 2 diabetes (T2D) management. We assessed factors associated with good long‐term glycaemic control in patients with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7.0% at initiation of second‐line glucose‐lowering therapy, using data from DISCOVER, a global, prospective, 3‐year observational study of patients with T2D.Materials and MethodsThis analysis included patients with HbA1c ≥7.0% at baseline (initiation of second‐line therapy). Multivariable regression models assessed factors associated with having HbA1c <7.0% at 3 years in two distinct groups: patients with (a) HbA1c ≥7.0% and <9.0%, and (b) HbA1c ≥9.0% at baseline.ResultsIn total, 7575 patients with baseline HbA1c ≥7.0% were included (2233 with baseline HbA1c ≥9.0%). At 6 months, 43.7% and 24.2% of patients had an HbA1c level <7.0% in groups a and b, respectively; the corresponding proportions at 3 years were 45.8% and 29.3%. Having HbA1c <7.0% at 6 months (vs. ≥7.0%) was the strongest predictor of having HbA1c <7.0% at 3 years in both group a and group b [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.01 (1.77‐2.27) and 2.68 (2.10‐3.41), respectively]. Longer T2D duration was associated with a decreased likelihood of having HbA1c <7.0% at 3 years.ConclusionsIn patients with poor glycaemic control at initiation of second‐line therapy, early attainment of HbA1c <7.0% appears predictive of long‐term glycaemic control, suggesting that timely modification of treatment strategies in patients with elevated HbA1c after 6 months is important to minimize therapeutic inertia.
The program evaluation of 'Go‐To Educator Training' on educators' knowledge about and stigma toward mental illness in six Canadian provinces
Authors: Wei Yifeng , Kutcher Stan , Baxter Andrew , Heffernan Amy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimSchools are well positioned to promote mental health literacy and assist in the early identification of students who may have a mental disorder. However, many educators are unprepared to effectively address these issues. Enhancing this capacity may improve mental health outcomes for students. This report describes the application of a gatekeeper‐type program, the 'Go‐To Educator Training' (GTET), targeting educators whom students naturally gravitate toward for support, designed to improve educators' mental health knowledge and early identification skills and decrease stigma.MethodsGTET was conducted in six Canadian provinces (Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Alberta and Manitoba) (2012‐2015), with 949 secondary school educators involved. Pre‐ and postintervention mental health knowledge and stigma surveys were completed. Paired t‐tests assessed change in knowledge and stigma. ANCOVA compared knowledge and stigma change across subgroups. Correlation measured the relationship between knowledge and stigma.ResultsKnowledge significantly improved (t[919] = 58.40, P < .001, d = 2.12) and stigma significantly decreased (t[872] = 4.52, P < .001, d = 0.14). Similar results were identified within each province/region. Knowledge and stigma were correlated before (N = 922, r = .18, P < .01) and after the training (N = 888, r = .22, P < .01).ConclusionsThese results suggest GTET may be an effective school‐based mental health related intervention. Further study is needed to measure its long‐term impact and its role in addressing youth mental health care referrals.
The impact, identification and management of dispersive soils in rainfed cropping systems
Authors: Page Kathryn L. , Dang Yash P. , Dalal Ram C. , Kopittke Peter M. , Menzies Neal W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDispersive soils limit crop growth and significantly impact world food production. Although numerous reviews have examined soil dispersion, many focus on irrigated systems and fail to differentiate the approaches required for rainfed agriculture. This review seeks to fill this gap by focusing on the impact, identification and management of dispersive soils in rainfed areas. Dispersive soils can have large impacts on crop production because of their adverse physical, chemical and biological effects, with this impact particularly large in rainfed systems where irrigation water is unavailable to supplement crop water supply and assist with amelioration. However, the identification of these soils is challenging and tests that can reliably relate soil characteristics to crop performance are lacking. Recent work has found that first identifying consistently lower yielding locations (using yield mapping or proximal/remote sensing) and then using traditional soil testing to identify the potential cause/s of the yield loss may be a promising approach, although this requires refinement. Knowledge of the type of dispersive soil (e.g., saline/non‐saline, acidic/alkaline/neutral) and where constraints occur in the profile (surface or subsoil) must also be determined during identification as this will affect management approaches, particularly where multiple constraints need to be treated together to achieve yield increase. Improved understanding of how to economically use ameliorants and combine them to achieve maximum benefit in the presence of multiple constraints is needed. Greater appreciation of how to use agronomic management to improve crop growth in the presence of dispersive behaviour is also likely to increase profitability in rainfed systems where amelioration is often impractical or uneconomical. Dispersive soils are a major challenge for rainfed cropping, and so the refinement of our management approach can help improve profitability and productivity.Highlights
Dispersive soils limit crop growth and significantly impact world food production
We examine the impact, identification and management of dispersive soils in rainfed agriculture
Improvements in the identification of dispersive soils are required to improve management
Refinement of ameliorant use and agronomic management will improve profitability and productivity
Urban fox squirrels exhibit tolerance to humans but respond to stimuli from natural predators
Authors: Kittendorf Anna , Dantzer Ben 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnimals in urban areas that experience frequent exposure to humans often behave differently than those in less urban areas, such as exhibiting less vigilance or anti‐predator behavior. These behavioral shifts may be an adaptive response to urbanization, but it may be costly if animals in urban areas also exhibit reduced anti‐predator behavior in the presence of natural predators. In trials with only a human observer as the stimulus, urban squirrels exhibited reduced vigilance and anti‐predator behavior compared to those in less urban areas. Next, we exposed squirrels in multiple urban and less urban sites to acoustic playbacks of a control stimulus (non‐predatory bird calls), a natural predator (hawk), and dogs and recorded their vigilance and three different anti‐predator behaviors when a human approached them while either broadcasting one of these three playbacks or no playbacks at all. Squirrels at urban sites also did not differ in their behavioral responses to the playbacks from possible predators (hawks or dogs) when they were compared to those at less urban sites exposed to these playbacks. Urban squirrels also exhibited increased vigilance and anti‐predator behavior when exposed to a human paired with hawk playbacks compared to the control playbacks. Together, our results indicate that urban squirrels did perceive and assess risk to the natural predator appropriately despite exhibiting increased tolerance to humans. These results provide little support for the hypothesis that increased tolerance to humans causes animals to lose their fear of natural predators.
Using biophysical modelling and population genetics for conservation and management of an exploited species, Pecten maximus L.
Authors: Hold Natalie , Robins Peter , Szostek Claire L. , Lambert Gwladys , Lincoln Harriet , Le Vay Lewis , Bell Ewen , Kaiser Michel J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractConnectivity between populations is important when considering conservation or the management of exploitation of vulnerable species. We investigated how populations of a broadcast‐spawning marine species (scallop, Pecten maximus) that occur in discrete geographic locations were connected to each other. Population genetic insights were related to the outputs from a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model implemented with scallop larval behaviour to understand the extent to which these areas were linked by oceanographic processes and how this was altered by season and two contrasting years that had strongly different average temperature records (warm vs cold) to provide contrasting oceanographic conditions. Our results span from regional to shelf scale. Connectivity was high at a regional level (e.g. northern Irish Sea), but lower at scales >100 km between sites. Some localities were possibly isolated thus dependent on self‐recruitment to sustain local populations. Seasonal timing of spawning and inter‐annual fluctuations in seawater temperature influenced connectivity patterns, and hence will affect spatial recruitment. Summer rather than spring spawning increased connectivity among some populations, due to the seasonal strengthening of temperature‐driven currents. Furthermore, the warm year resulted in higher levels of modelled connectivity than the cold year. The combination of genetic and oceanographic approaches provided valuable insights into the structure and connectivity at a continental shelf scale. This insight provides a powerful basis for defining conservation management units and the appropriate scale for spatial management. Temporal fluctuations in temperature impact upon variability in connectivity, suggesting that future work should account for ocean warming when investigating population resilience.
Risk of severe clinical events after sustained virological response following direct‐acting antiviral therapy in HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfected participants
Authors: Chalouni Mathieu , Wittkop Linda , Bani‐Sadr Firouzé , Lacombe Karine , Esterle Laure , Gilbert Camille , Miailhes Patrick , Zucman David , Valantin Marc Antoine , Brégigeon‐Ronot Sylvie , Morlat Philippe , Billaud Eric , Piroth Lionel , Naqvi Alissa , Sogni Philippe , Salmon Dominique ,   for the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH Cohort Study Group
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesSustained virological response (SVR) decreases the risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐related events. Nevertheless, a substantial risk of events persists. We estimated incidences and identified factors associated with severe clinical events after SVR following treatment with a direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients.MethodsParticipants from the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH were included if they reached SVR. Incidence rates of overall mortality, liver‐related events, AIDS‐defining events, ischaemic events and non‐liver non‐AIDS‐defining cancers (NLNA) were estimated. Factors associated with the risk of those events were identified using Poisson models adjusted on age at SVR and sex.ResultsIn all, 775 participants were included. Incidence rates (95% confidence interval) of liver‐related events, overall mortality, AIDS‐defining events, ischaemic events and NLNA cancers per 1000 person‐years were 5.9 (3.3–10.3), 22.2 (16.8–29.5), 0.6 (0.1–4.5), 7.3 (4.4–12.2) and 13.7 (9.4–20.0), respectively. For all events, incidence rates were higher in cirrhotic than in non‐cirrhotic participants. Cirrhosis, liver stiffness and CD4 count were associated with liver‐related events. Factors associated with overall mortality were age, cirrhosis, liver stiffness and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT). For ischaemic events and NLNA cancers, associated factors were total cholesterol and CD4 count, respectively.ConclusionsAfter SVR following a DAA treatment, liver‐related and AIDS‐defining events were observed less frequently than NLNA cancers. Severity of liver disease was associated with the risk of liver‐related events and of overall mortality but not with ischaemic events and NLNA cancers. Factors reflecting HIV infection were associated with NLNA cancers and liver‐related events.
Stewart‐Treves syndrome and other cutaneous malignancies in the context of chronic lymphedema: a systematic review
Authors: Kim Patrick J. , Mufti Asfandyar , Sachdeva Muskaan , Lytvyn Yuliya , Zabihi‐Pour Dorsa , Zaaroura Hiba , Yeung Jensen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionAngiosarcoma developing in chronically lymphedematous tissue, or Stewart‐Treves syndrome (STS), is a rare and lethal complication of lymphedema. This systematic review summarizes characteristics and outcomes of STS and other cutaneous malignancies arising in chronic lymphedema.MethodsMEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched on February 19th, 2021, to identify 200 articles included in the analysis.ResultsOf 369 included patients, 89.7% (n = 331/369) had STS and 10.3% (n = 38/369) had other associated malignancies. Mean age of onset was 61.2 years, and 85.9% (n = 317/369) of cases were female. Common risk factors were previous cancer history (69.8%,n = 258/369) and radiation history (53.7%,n = 198/369). Lymphedema was most commonly attributed to surgical causes (68.3%,n = 252/369). STS begins on average 14.9 years after lymphedema with mortality of 53.9% (n = 178/331) and remission rate of 16.1% (n = 53/331). Other malignancies begin on average 23.7 years after lymphedema, with mortality of 10.5% (n = 4/38) and remission rate of 31.6% (n = 12/38). STS and other malignancies had 5‐year survivals of 22.4% and 65.2%, respectively (P = 0.00145). For all patients, patients initially treated with excision had the best survival (median: 48 months, 5‐year survival: 43.3%) and radiotherapy had the worst survival (median: 10 months, 5‐year survival: 6.5%) (P = 0.0141).ConclusionMalignancy can appear in lymphedematous tissue many years after lymphedema onset. STS has poorer prognosis compared to other malignancies. Further research should be conducted to better understand the causes, risk factors, and management of this phenomenon.
Assessment of the impact of drying processes on orange peel quality characteristics
Authors: Phuon Vichearavann , Ramos Inês N. , Brandão Teresa R. S. , Silva Cristina L. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOrange peel was dried applying three different processes: convective drying, microwave drying, and freeze‐drying. Some physicochemical properties (moisture content, water activity, and color parameters) and phytochemical characteristics (total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity) were assessed in fresh and dried samples. Four kinetic models were tested aiming for convenient modeling of the convective drying curves. The Page and Approximation of diffusion models were adequate in data fitting, which was assessed by the magnitude of the adjusted coefficient of determination () and reduced χ2. The moisture content and water activity of peel dried with the three processes were within acceptable levels for safe storage of products. All processes affected peel color. However, the browning index of freeze‐dried samples was equivalent to fresh ones, being higher when convective and microwave drying were applied. Higher chroma parameters were obtained in dried samples indicating a more intense color than fresh peel. Freeze‐drying enhanced total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity of orange peel when compared to convective and microwave drying. Therefore, from a quality point of view this process seems to be the most appropriate to produce dried orange peel.Practical ApplicationsDried orange peel transformed in flour, or slices, cubes, or different geometrical features, may be suitable for incorporation as an ingredient in many types of foods such as cakes, biscuits, or bread, enriching their content in phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity, therefore creating a value‐added product. Within the drying conditions used in this study, it was found that the freeze‐drying process is preferable when a lighter and more yellow dried orange peel is desired, with improved phytochemical characteristics. On the other hand, when a darker product with color similar to the fresh peel needs to be attained, the microwave drying process should be chosen.