bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Moran forest
Authors: Bienvenu François , Duchamps Jean‐Jil , Foutel‐Rodier Félix 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStarting from any graph on {1, … , n}, consider the Markov chain where at each time‐step a uniformly chosen vertex is disconnected from all of its neighbors and reconnected to another uniformly chosen vertex. This Markov chain has a stationary distribution whose support is the set of nonempty forests on {1, … , n}. The random forest corresponding to this stationary distribution has interesting connections with the uniform rooted labeled tree and the uniform attachment tree. We fully characterize its degree distribution, the distribution of its number of trees, and the limit distribution of the size of a tree sampled uniformly. We also show that the size of the largest tree is asymptotically , where , and that the degree of the most connected vertex is asymptotically .
Assessing the effectiveness of agricultural conservation practices in maintaining soil organic carbon under contrasting agroecosystems and a changing climate
Authors: Gollany Hero T. , DelGrosso Stephen J. , Dell Curtis J. , Adler Paul R. , Polumsky Robert W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe potential of conservation practices to maintain soil organic C (SOC) and reduce climate change impacts on yields is unknown. This study aimed to validate the DayCent model with observed yield data and the CQESTR model with measured SOC in two agroecosystems, and predict the best practices to sustain SOC under projected climate change. Data were from a conventional tillage (CT) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow rotation without N or with 135 kg N ha–1 fertilizer, and no‐till (NT) experiments, NTA (NTA0W‐F and NTA135W‐F) and NTB with a wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.) cover crop (NTB0W‐P and NTB135W‐P) in Oregon; and crop rotations with CT and NT silage or grain corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with or without manure or stover removal or a cover crop in Pennsylvania. Measured and CQESTR‐simulated SOC were significantly (p < .0001) correlated (r = .90). In Oregon, predicted SOC to 60 cm increased under NTA135W‐F and NTB135W‐P at 0.05 and 0.08 Mg ha–1 yr–1 under projected climate change, respectively. The NT management under dryland production provided a limited SOC increase. In Pennsylvania, predicted SOC to 1 m decreased at 0.07 Mg ha–1 yr–1 in corn–soybean under CT or NT with stover removal, but increased by 0.71 Mg ha–1 yr–1 in dairy forage NT and manure added under climate change. The responses of SOC to climate change were affected by management, biomass type, edaphic properties, local climate, and agroecosystem.
Tannic Acid as a Natural Ferroptosis Inhibitor: Mechanisms and Beneficial Role of 3’‐O‐Galloylation
Authors: Liu Yangping , Li Xican , Hua Yujie , Zhang Wenhui , Zhou Xianxi , He Jianfeng , Chen Dongfeng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFerroptosis is a recently reported cellular apoptosis form. Screening for safe ferroptosis inhibitors and elucidation of the mechanisms have recently attracted significant attention. In this study, the ferroptosis‐inhibitory activities of gallotannin tannic acid and its parent, 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranose (β‐PGG), were comparatively evaluated using an erastin‐mediated bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (bmMSC) model, employing ferrostatin‐1 (Fer‐1) as a positive control. The relative inhibitory levels decreased in the following order: Fer‐1>tannic acid>β‐PGG. In the radical‐trapping assays, the relative levels decreased in the order of tannic acid>β‐PGG >Fer‐1. When mixed with ferrous ions, the UV‐visible spectra of tannic acid, β‐PGG, and Fer‐1 changed. In conclusion, natural tannic acid could undergo radical trapping and ferrous complexation pathways to inhibit ferroptosis in the bmMSCs. In contrast to Fer‐1, which utilized ferrous complexation to initiate its catalytic recycle, tannic acid mediated ferrous complexation to indirectly trap the radicals. The 3’‐O‐galloylation reaction enhanced the radical trapping and indirect radical trapping of tannic acid to enhance ferroptosis inhibition.
A Theoretical Study on the Degenerate Cope Rearrangement of Hypostrophene Using the RRKM Theory and Topological Approaches
Authors: Khojandi Mahya , Zahedi Ehsan , Seif Ahmad , Taghvamanesh Afshin , Karimkhani Mehrnoosh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe CBS‐APNO and CBS‐QB3 model chemistries have been used to study the temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent kinetics of degenerate Cope rearrangement of hypostrophene. The rate constants are calculated by means of RRKM theory and corrected by the Wigner tunneling correction. The high‐ and low‐pressure limits of the rate constants reveal that the TST is valid to estimate the rate constant at 1 bar and the reaction in the bimolecular region cannot be observed experimentally. The estimated rate constant and activation energy at 1 bar and 308 K are 10−2 s−1 and 89 kJ.mol−1, respectively, such that the homoaromatic transition structure is stabilized by 85 kJ.mol−1 because of the interactions between the allyl moieties. Evolution of chemical events along the reaction has been analyzed by the BET together with the NCI and AIM topological approaches at the B3LYP with 6‐311G(d,p) basis set. The progress of reaction was monitored by five SSDs and controlled by the succession of catastrophes C†[F]2TS[F†]2C. The sequential chemical events consist of homolytic rupture of C−C bond and formation of pseudoradical centers on carbon atoms, disappearance of the generated pseudoradical centers, formation of new pseudoradical centers on two carbon, and formation of new C−C single bond through the C− to −C coupling of the generated pseudoradical centers. The NCI and AIM analyses have been performed to study the nature of the interaction in the regions where bond rupture/formation occur.
Structural Phase Transitions to 2D and 3D Oxygen Vacancy Patterns in a Perovskite Film Induced by Electrical and Mechanical Nanoprobing
Authors: Yao Lide , Inkinen Sampo , Komsa Hannu‐Pekka , van Dijken Sebastiaan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOxygen vacancy migration and ordering in perovskite oxides enable manipulation of material properties through changes in the cation oxidation state and the crystal lattice. In thin‐films, oxygen vacancies conventionally order into equally spaced planes. Here, it is shown that the planar 2D symmetry is broken if a mechanical nanoprobe restricts the chemical lattice expansion that the vacancies generate. Using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy, a transition from a perovskite structure to a 3D vacancy‐ordered phase in an epitaxial La2/3Sr1/3MnO3–δ film during voltage pulsing under local mechanical straining is imaged. The never‐before‐seen ordering pattern consists of a complex network of distorted oxygen tetrahedra, pentahedra, and octahedra that, together, produce a corrugated atomic structure with lattice constants varying between 3.5 and 4.6 Å. The giant lattice distortions respond sensitively to strain variations, offering prospects for non‐volatile nanoscale physical property control driven by voltage and gated by strain.
Highly Active Hollow RhCu Nanoboxes toward Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation
Authors: Qiao Bin , Yang Ting , Shi Shufeng , Jia Nan , Chen Yu , Chen Xinbing , An Zhongwei , Chen Pei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe efficient electrocatalysts toward the ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) are highly desirable for direct ethylene glycol fuel cells because of the sluggish kinetics of anodic EGOR. Herein, porous RhCu nanoboxes are successfully prepared through facile galvanic replacement reaction and succedent sodium borohydride reduction strategy. Benefiting from hierarchical pore structure, RhCu nanoboxes display excellent electrocatalytic performance toward the EGOR in alkaline medium with a mass activity of 775.1 A gRh−1, which is 2.8 times as large as that of commercial Rh nanocrystals. Moreover, the long‐term stability of RhCu nanoboxes is better than that of commercial Rh nanocrystals. Furthermore, the theoretical calculations demonstrate that RhCu nanoboxes possess lower adsorption energy of CO and lower reaction barrier (0.27 eV) for the COads oxidation with aid of the adsorbed OHads species, resulting in the outstanding electrocatalytic performance toward the EGOR. This work provides a meaningful reference for developing highly effective electrocatalysts toward the EGOR.
Immune Stimulating Antibody‐Photosensitizer Conjugates via Fc‐Mediated Dendritic Cell Phagocytosis and Phototriggered Immunogenic Cell Death for KRAS‐Mutated Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Authors: Kim Dahye , Lee Sanghee , Na Kun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough cetuximab (CTX) is a chimeric epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody, the antitumor efficacy of CTX has a negligible effect in patients with Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutated pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Given that all extant treatments are ineffective due to the undruggable characteristics of KRAS‐mutated cancer, alternative strategies have been investigated. In this work, CTX‐conjugated maleimide‐polyethylene glycol‐chlorin e6 (CMPC) is designed to strengthen its antitumor efficacy. With strong affinity for EGFR overexpressing Aspc‐1 cells, CMPC with laser exerts the greatest cytotoxicity (90%) and induction of immunogenic cell death. Through a combination of fragment crystallizable region‐mediated antigen uptake by CTX and danger‐associated molecular patterns released by photodynamic therapy (PDT), phagocytosis and maturation of dendritic cells treated with CMPC plus laser show dramatic increases. In vivo biodistribution and antitumor effect also demonstrate that CMPC has significant tumor selectivity and tumor ablation efficacy upon laser irradiation. Furthermore, a large number of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and mature DCs and natural killer cells are infiltrated in CMPC with laser‐treated tumor tissues and tumor‐draining lymph nodes, revealing both innate and adaptive cellular immune stimulation. This synergistic effect with CMPC and laser treatment provides an effective approach for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy attributed to both CTX and PDT.
A Powder Self‐Healable Hydrogel Electrolyte for Flexible Hybrid Supercapacitors with High Energy Density and Sustainability
Authors: Huang Hailong , Han Lu , Fu Xiaobin , Wang Yanling , Yang Zhongli , Pan Likun , Xu Min 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIonic conductive hydrogel electrolyte is considered to be an ideal electrolyte candidate for flexible supercapacitor due to its flexibility and high conductivity. However, due to the lack of effective recycling methods, a large number of ineffective flexible hydrogel supercapacitors caused by some irreversible damages and dryness of hydrogel electrolyte are abandoned, which would induce heavy economic and environmental protection problems. Herein,a smart ionic conductive hydrogel (SPMA‐Zn: ZnSO4/sodium alginate/polymethylacrylic acid) is developed for flexible hybrid supercapacitor (SPMA‐ZHS). The SPMA‐Zn exhibits an excellent self‐healing ability and can recover its electrochemical performance after multiple mechanical damages. More importantly, it possesses an outstanding powder self‐healable property, which could easily regenerate the hydrogel electrolyte after powdering, and maintain stable electrochemical performance of SPMA‐ZHS. Besides, the SPMA‐ZHS displays excellent electrochemical performance with a wide and stable working voltage range of 0–2.2 V, high energy density of 164.13 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 1283.44 Wh kg−1 and good stability with a capacity retention of 95.3% after 5000 charge/discharge cycles at 10 A g−1. The strategy in this work would provide a new insight in exploring flexible hydrogel electrolyte‐based supercapacitor with good sustainability and high energy density for flexible wearable electronic devices.
De Novo Designed Peptide and Protein Hairpins Self‐Assemble into Sheets and Nanoparticles
Authors: Galloway Johanna M. , Bray Harriet E. V. , Shoemark Deborah K. , Hodgson Lorna R. , Coombs Jennifer , Mantell Judith M. , Rose Ruth S. , Ross James F. , Morris Caroline , Harniman Robert L. , Wood Christopher W. , Arthur Christopher , Verkade Paul , Woolfson Derek N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe design and assembly of peptide‐based materials has advanced considerably, leading to a variety of fibrous, sheet, and nanoparticle structures. A remaining challenge is to account for and control different possible supramolecular outcomes accessible to the same or similar peptide building blocks. Here a de novo peptide system is presented that forms nanoparticles or sheets depending on the strategic placement of a “disulfide pin” between two elements of secondary structure that drive self‐assembly. Specifically, homodimerizing and homotrimerizing de novo coiled‐coil α‐helices are joined with a flexible linker to generate a series of linear peptides. The helices are pinned back‐to‐back, constraining them as hairpins by a disulfide bond placed either proximal or distal to the linker. Computational modeling indicates, and advanced microscopy shows, that the proximally pinned hairpins self‐assemble into nanoparticles, whereas the distally pinned constructs form sheets. These peptides can be made synthetically or recombinantly to allow both chemical modifications and the introduction of whole protein cargoes as required.
Dimensions of corruption in Pakistan: A systems thinking approach and qualitative analysis
Authors: Ullah Muhammad Aman , Urquhart Cathy , Arthanari Tiru , Ahmed Eatzaz 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOver the past few decades, many studies of corruption have been carried out. These studies have mainly focused on specific aspects of corruption such as economic issues, legal issues, social propositions, national development and economic policy. This study builds a systems thinking model of corruption, which helps in the understanding of corruption and acts as an input into future policymaking on corruption. Data for the qualitative analysis come from 198 interviews (including 43 in‐depth interviews) conducted in Pakistan. The main contribution of the study is the increased understanding and insights about issues of values, social aspects, inflation, government size and political norms when considering perceptions of corruption in Pakistan. Some of our key findings, such as the effect of inflation, government size, transparency in international negotiations and the juxtaposition of religious values with corruption, have not been widely discussed in the literature.
Study of Activated Carbon Sheets Used for Air‐Cathodes of Portable Quasi‐Solid Aluminum‐Air Batteries
Authors: Iwai Toshiki , Nguyen Dang‐Trang , Taguchi Kozo 
Published: February 2021

The air‐cathode is investigated for the development and optimization of low‐cost, miniaturized, portable, quasi‐solid aluminum‐air batteries. The battery used aluminum as the anode and gelation sodium chloride as the electrolyte. The air‐cathode was activated carbon sheet made of carbon fiber, cellulose, and activated carbon powder. The air‐cathode requires a large surface area. Activated carbon (AC) has the property of porosity and large surface area. In this study, this property was utilized for enhancing the performance of the air‐cathode. The performance of AC sheets with AC ratio in the range of 0–75 wt% was compared. 60 wt% sample generated the highest maximum power density of 3.5 mW/cm−2 with an energy density of 1.0 kWh/kg. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Frontal and Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Complex Fractures
Authors: Balaraman Kannan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNaso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) injuries constitute about 5% of facial fractures and most of them are as a result of road traffic accidents. Deformities in the region tend to be more cosmetically apparent. Considering the proximity of the area to critical structures like brain and eye, such injuries need to be thoroughly evaluated both clinically and radiologically to understand the extent of the injury as well as initiate emergency management if required prior to constituting a definitive treatment plan. CT scans are the most useful investigation modality. Identification and maintaining the attachment of Medial canthal ligament in appropriate position along with reducing / stabilizing the bony fracture is the key to getting good results in these fractures. Primary management of the deformity produces better results compared to secondary correction.
Strategies for the treatment of femoral fractures in severely injured patients: trends in over two decades from the TraumaRegister DGU®
Authors: Bläsius Felix M. , Laubach Markus , Andruszkow Hagen , Lichte Philipp , Pape Hans-Christoph , Lefering Rolf , Horst Klemens , Hildebrand Frank ,   Trauma Register DGU®
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Treatment strategies for femoral fracture stabilisation are well known to have a significant impact on the patient’s outcome. Therefore, the optimal choices for both the type of initial fracture stabilisation (external fixation/EF, early total care/ETC, conservative treatment/TC) and the best time point for conversion from temporary to definitive fixation are challenging factors.

Patients
Patients aged ≥ 16 years with moderate and severe trauma documented in the TraumaRegister DGU® between 2002 and 2018 were retrospectively analysed. Demographics, ISS, surgical treatment strategy (ETC vs. EF vs. TC), time for conversion to definitive care, complication (MOF, sepsis) and survival rates were analysed.

Results
In total, 13,091 trauma patients were included. EF patients more often sustained high-energy trauma (car: 43.1 vs. 29.5%, p < 0.001), were younger (40.6 vs. 48.1 years, p < 0.001), were more severely injured (ISS 25.4 vs. 19.1 pts., p < 0.001), and had higher sepsis (11.8 vs. 5.4%, p < 0.001) and MOF rates (33.1 vs. 16.0%, p < 0.001) compared to ETC patients. A shift from ETC to EF was observed. The time until conversion decreased for femoral fractures from 9 to 8 days within the observation period. Sepsis incidences decreased in EF (20.3 to 12.3%, p < 0.001) and ETC (9.1–4.8%, p < 0.001) patients.

Conclusions
Our results show the changes in the surgical treatment of severely injured patients with femur fractures over a period of almost two decades caused by the introduction of modern surgical strategies (e.g., Safe Definitive Surgery). It remains unclear which subgroups of trauma patients benefit most from these strategies.
Fixationssysteme und Techniken zur arthroskopischen Rotatorenmanschettenrekonstruktion
Authors: Borbas Paul , Wieser Karl , Grubhofer Florian 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungArthroskopische Rotatorenmanschettenrekonstruktionen wurden initial mit einer einreihigen („single row“) Technik beschrieben. Im Rahmen technischer Weiterentwicklungen der arthroskopischen Chirurgie wurden diverse Techniken zur zweireihigen („double row“), transossären und transossär-äquivalenten Sehnenfixation entwickelt, nicht zuletzt durch eine zunehmende Verbreitung knotenloser Anker. Die klinischen Ergebnisse zeigen keine relevanten Unterschiede zwischen den jeweiligen Techniken. Biomechanisch sind zweireihige Rekonstruktionen jedoch durch Vergrößerung der Kontaktfläche an der Insertionsstelle und der erreichten Stabilität überlegen, insbesondere mit medial geknoteten Fäden, welche in eine laterale Reihe als sog. Suture-Bridge abgespannt werden. Klassischerweise wurden Schraubanker aus Metall für eine arthroskopische Sehnenfixierung verwendet. Im Laufe der letzten Jahre wurde das Anker-Portfolio jedoch durch moderne bioresorbierbare und nichtresorbierbare (PEEK) Schraub- und Einschlaganker sowie auch um reine Fadenanker (All-suture) erweitert. Ein allgemeingültiger Goldstandard für die Ankerverwendung existiert bis dato nicht, wobei die meisten gängigen Anker – zumindest bei guter Knochenqualität – ausreichende Stabilität gewährleisten. Beim Nahtmaterial kam es ebenso zu relevanten Weiterentwicklungen, sodass dem Versagen der Nähte heutzutage weniger Bedeutung zukommt. Das Aufkommen von bandartigem Nahtmaterial (Tapes) konnte in diversen biomechanischen Studien seine Überlegenheit nachweisen, jedoch ist bei geknoteten Techniken mit Tapes aufgrund des womöglich negativen Einflusses durch größere Knoten Vorsicht geboten. Nicht zuletzt ist die mediale Stichposition möglichst nahe des Rotatorenkabels von großer Bedeutung, da der häufigste Versagensmechanismus einer Rotatorenmanschettenrekonstruktion mit modernem Naht- und Ankermaterial weiterhin ein Hindurchschneiden der Fäden durch das vorgeschädigte Sehnengewebe ist.
Studentische Ausbildung im Fach Rechtsmedizin in Deutschland: Prüfungen und Evaluation
Authors: Nold Sibylle , Heide Steffen , Bajanowski Thomas , Anders Sven 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungSeit der Umsetzung der Approbationsordnung für Ärzte 2002 haben sich erhebliche Veränderungen in den Bereichen Lehre, Prüfungen und Evaluation ergeben. Zur Erfassung der aktuellen Situation im Fach Rechtsmedizin erfolgte eine standardisierte Befragung unter den rechtsmedizinischen Instituten in Deutschland mittels eines Online-Fragebogens. Der Rücklauf betrug 80 %. Die Ergebnisse der Befragung weisen auf ein Überwiegen faktenbasierter Prüfungen hin. Anpassungen an die häufig praktisch ausgerichteten Unterrichtsformate erscheinen hier erforderlich. Die Evaluationsergebnisse zeigen überwiegend eine hohe studentische Zufriedenheit mit der Lehre im Fach Rechtsmedizin. Famulaturen und praktisches Jahr können aktuell von etwa 90 % der Institute angeboten werden. Die für die Lehre zur Verfügung stehende Stundenzahl wird von einem relevanten Teil der befragten Institute als nicht ausreichend bewertet.
A theoretical relationship between probabilistic relative operating characteristic skill and deterministic correlation skill in dynamical seasonal climate prediction
Authors: Yang Dejian , Tang Youmin , Yang Xiu-Qun , Ye Dan , Liu Ting , Feng Tao , Yan Xiaoqin , Sun Xuguang , Zhang Yaocun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the relationship between probabilistic and deterministic prediction skills is of important significance for the study of seasonal forecasting and verification. Based on the Brier skill score methodology, we have previously found a theoretical relationship between the probabilistic resolution skill and the deterministic correlation (i.e., anomaly correlation; AC) skill and a lack of necessary or consistent relationship between the probabilistic reliability skill and the deterministic skill in dynamical seasonal prediction. Here, we further theoretically investigate the relationship between the probabilistic relative operating characteristic (ROC) skill and the deterministic skill. The ROC measures the discrimination attribute of probabilistic forecast quality, another important attribute besides the resolution and reliability. With some simplified assumptions, we first derive theoretical expressions for the hit and false-alarm rates that are basic ingredients for the ROC curve, then demonstrate a sole dependence of the ROC curve on the AC, and finally analytically derive a relationship between the related ROC score and the AC. Such a theoretically derived ROC-AC relationship is further examined using dynamical models’ ensemble seasonal hindcasts, which is well verified. The finding here along with our previous findings implies that the discrimination and resolution attributes of probabilistic seasonal forecast skill are intrinsically equivalent to the corresponding deterministic skill, while the reliability appears to be the fundamental attribute of the probabilistic skill that differs from the deterministic skill, which constitutes an understanding of the fundamental similarities and difference between the two types of seasonal forecasting skills and predictability and can offer important implications for the study of seasonal forecasting and verification.