bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skill‐Honey Badger Optimisation Algorithm‐Enabled Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Multiclass Leaf Disease Detection in Tomato Plant
Authors: Trivedi Naresh Kumar , Jain Sachin , Misra Alok , Tiwari Raj Gaurang , Maheshwari Shikha , Gautam Vinay 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTIn today's life, agriculture holds considerable importance in human life and the economy of a nation. Agriculture, including tomato farming, plays a vital role as one of the most extensively consumed vegetables worldwide. However, tomato crops are very prone to diseases, leading to reduced production and economic down in agricultural fields. To solve these issues, an effective method is proposed named Skill‐Honey Badger Optimisation Algorithm‐enabled deep convolutional neural network (CNN) (SHBOA_DeepCNN) for detecting leaf disease in tomato plants. In this method, the input is primarily preprocessed by utilising Savitzky–Golay (SG) filtering. Then, segmentation is performed by utilising Dense‐Res‐Inception Net (DRINet), which is trained by using devised SHBOA. The proposed SHBOA is designed by incorporating the Skill Optimisation Algorithm (SOA) and Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA). Subsequently, image augmentation is performed on segmented images by using two augmentation techniques, namely, colour augmentation and position augmentation. At last, multiclass leaf disease detection is performed using DeepCNN, which is trained by devised SHBOA. The experimental analysis of the devised SHBOA_DeepCNN method showed a high accuracy of 91.91% and a true positive rate (TPR) of 90.24%. Moreover, it achieved a minimum false positive rate (FPR) of 7.38%. The code of the article is available at “https://github.com/Amisra‐98/SHBOA_DeepCNN.git”.
Bioagents and Beyond: Harnessing the Diversity of Nematophagous Microorganisms and Predators for Sustainable Management of Plant–Parasitic Nematodes
Authors: Shukuru Bitaisha Nakishuka , Politaeva Natalia Anatolievna , Sharma Neeta Raj , Akhtar Nahid , TS Archana , Rana Meenakshi 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThe scientific interest in using natural methods to control plant diseases and pests is significantly growing. Microorganisms and predators that feed on plant–parasitic nematodes are important in controlling these pests. Many studies show promising results in using these natural enemies to manage nematode populations. Our review identifies the most promising natural enemies for different types of nematodes. We highlight fungi such as Purpureocillium lilacinum, Metacordyceps chlamydosporia, Hirsutella rhossiliensis, Orbilia oligospora and Arthrobotrys spp., and bacteria such as Pasteuria penetrans, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. These species show strong potential against specific nematode genera such as Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Pratylenchus and Globodera. Despite their effectiveness, several challenges hinder their widespread use. These include a lack of awareness among farmers, difficulties in mass‐producing and applying bioagents and limited research on their effectiveness in various environmental conditions. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges. This includes improving the production and application of bioagents, educating farmers and conducting more field studies to confirm their effectiveness. By addressing these concerns, biological control can become a reliable and sustainable method for managing nematode pests in agriculture.
HBV‐Induced Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms, Correlation With Viral Suppression, and Implications for Treatment
Authors: Tu Thomas , McQuaid Thomas J. , Jacobson Ira M. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common but underdiagnosed and undertreated health condition and is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. HBV (rated a Grade 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer) drives the transformation of hepatocytes in multiple ways by inducing viral DNA integrations, genetic dysregulation, chromosomal translocations, chronic inflammation, and oncogenic pathways facilitated by some HBV proteins. Importantly, these mechanisms are active throughout all phases of HBV infection. Nevertheless, most clinical guidelines for antiviral therapy recommend treatment based on a complex combination of HBV DNA levels, transaminasemia, liver histology, and demographic factors, rather than prompt treatment for all people with infection.AimsTo determine whether current antiviral treatment frameworks address the impacts of chronic HBV infection, particularly in preventing cancer development.Materials and MethodsWe reviewed recent data demonstrating that antiviral therapy can inhibit pro‐oncogenic factors acting throughout a chronic HBV infection.ResultsWe conducted an extensive review of Hepatitis B virology data and correlating clinical outcomes based on these findings we propose simplifying and expanding treatment initiation to reduce the incidence of new infections, prevent progression of liver disease, and lower the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, we draw insights from other blood‐borne pathogens, emphasizing the benefits of antiviral treatment in preventing transmission, reducing stigma, and reframing treatment as a strategy for cancer prevention.ConclusionIncorporating these practice changes into treatment is likely to reduce the overall burden of chronic HBV infections and HCC. Through this, we may better achieve the World Health Organization's goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat and minimise its impact on people's lives.
The Role of Exercise in Steatotic Liver Diseases: An Updated Perspective
Authors: Alabdul Razzak Iyiad , Fares Ahmed , Stine Jonathan G. , Trivedi Hirsh D. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), parallels the rise in sedentary lifestyles. MASLD is the most common form of steatotic liver disease (SLD), which represents the umbrella beneath which the vast majority of chronic liver diseases fall, including alcohol‐related liver disease and their overlap. These conditions are the leading contributors to chronic liver disease, significantly impacting global morbidity and mortality. Despite the emergence of new pharmacotherapies, exercise represents the foundation of MASLD treatment.ObjectiveThis review aims to provide an updated perspective on the role of exercise in the management of SLD, highlight its molecular and clinical benefits, and explore its benefits and safety in the stage of cirrhosis.MethodsEvidence from pre‐clinical and clinical studies was reviewed to evaluate the impact of exercise on SLD (mainly MASLD), advanced chronic liver disease stages, and its relevance in the context of evolving therapies such as Resmetirom and incretin‐based anti‐obesity medications.ConclusionExercise remains a cornerstone intervention in the management of MASLD, with suggested benefits even for patients who have progressed to cirrhosis. Personalized exercise regimens should be prioritized for all patients, including those receiving pharmacotherapy. Further research is needed to refine exercise protocols and investigate their impact on histologic and clinical outcomes, as well as their potential synergistic effects with emerging treatments.
The Association of Race With Outcomes in Hospitalised Patients With Hepatorenal Syndrome: Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Prakash Shahana , Vander Weg Mark , Tanaka Tomohiro 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionRacial/ethnic disparities have been previously reported in renal and hepatic disease care; however, acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of cirrhosis (hepatorenal syndrome [HRS]‐AKI) despite its complexity requiring a multidisciplinary approach, remains understudied.MethodsTo identify unique associations of clinical and sociodemographic factors with mortality and length of stay (LOS) among patients hospitalised with HRS‐AKI, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted, along with a mediation analysis to estimate how race‐related differences in in‐hospital mortality were influenced by payer type, area household income, and clinical severity.ResultsBlack patients demonstrated a significantly higher odds of in‐hospital mortality, compared to their white counterparts, adjusting for (1) sex and age, (2) sex, age, payer type, and area household income and (3) sex, age, and clinical severity [OR 1.16–1.20, 95% confidence intervals (CI) > 1]. Higher mortality rates among Black patients were partially mediated by clinical severity and area household income [proportion mediated (PM): 0.1890.190.192 and 0.160.170.18, respectively]. Black patients with HRS‐AKI had longer LOS than White patients. Hispanic patients tended to have lower odds of in‐hospital mortality [OR: 0.770.860.97] despite their lower income and more severe illness.ConclusionOur nationwide US study demonstrated that, partly due to higher clinical severity and lower household income, Black patients with HRS‐AKI experience higher inpatient mortality, compared to White patients. On the other hand, Hispanics with HRS‐AKI have a survival advantage. More awareness is warranted to address racial disparities in HRS‐AKI outcomes.
Comparing the Impacts of Czech ALMP Training Programmes Implemented During the 2020 COVID‐19 Pandemic to Programmes in 2016 and 2019
Authors: Hora Ondřej , Suchanec Miroslav 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the impacts of training programmes on leaving unemployment during the COVID‐19 period. The main issue addressed is uncertainty about the effects of ALMP programmes during the pandemic. We implemented the matched‐pairs quasi‐experimental design on administrative data from the 2016, 2019, and 2020 program implementation, counting 21,990 participants and controls. We found lower hazard rates of employment entry in absolute terms in the COVID‐19 period than before, but training programmes had greater positive impacts due to the economic cycle effect prevailing over implementation difficulties. The main conclusion is that the effects of training programmes during the COVID pandemic were sound because the situation among the disadvantaged worsened proportionally; on average, it took them much longer to find work than in the previous periods.
Characterizing the antibody response to amustaline/glutathione pathogen‐reduced red blood cells
Authors: Karim Christopher , Panigrahi Anil , Pearl Ronald G. , Sodha Neel R. , Beaver Thomas M. , Pelletier J. Peter R. , Nuttall Gregory A. , Reece T. Brett , Erickson Anna , Hedrick Teresa , Liu Kathy , Bentow Stanley , Corash Laurence , Mufti Nina , Varrone Jeanne , Benjamin Richard J. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical significance of natural and treatment‐emergent antibodies specific for amustaline/glutathione pathogen‐reduced red blood cells (PRRBCs) is not known.Study Design and MethodsA Phase 3, randomized clinical trial of PRRBCs (ReCePI) compared PRRBCs with conventional RBCs in cardiac or thoracic‐aorta surgery. Subjects transfused during and for 7 days after surgery were screened for PRRBC‐specific antibodies at baseline, 28 and 75 days post‐surgery. Subjects with treatment‐emergent antibodies were assessed for evidence of hemolysis. Cryopreserved subject RBC samples were assayed by flow cytometry for circulating PRRBCs using an acridine‐specific (2S197‐2M1) monoclonal antibody, and for human IgG‐coated RBCs. RBC‐surface acridine density was quantitated using a commercial calibrated phycoerythrin (PE)‐bead panel.ResultsFive of 159 (3.1%) PRRBC and zero of 162 conventional RBC recipients developed treatment‐emergent PRRBC‐specific IgG, low titer antibodies detected 26–80 days post‐surgery after exposure to 1–3 PRRBC units, without clinical evidence of hemolysis. DAT and eluate were weak (w+) positive and PRRBC‐specific in one subject. A monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) was non‐reactive in the three subjects with an interpretable result. Flow cytometry demonstrated circulating PRRBCs in all five subjects expressing surface acridine concentrations at the limit of detection (approximately 150–301 PE molecules/RBC) compared with freshly transfused PRRBCs (approximately 7500 PE molecules/RBC). In some samples, loss of surface acridine expression could not be distinguished from clearance of the PRRBCs.DiscussionTreatment‐emergent PRRBC‐specific antibodies with the characteristics of nonclinically significant antibodies were detected in five subjects transfused with PRRBCs. Flow cytometry demonstrated persistent circulating PRRBCs with minimal surface acridine expression. (www.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03459287).
What can the location of skin sheds tell us? A case study on Montpellier snake <em>Malpolon monspessulanus</em> in southeast France
Authors: Cheylan Marc , Stubbs David , Priol Pauline 
Published: December 2024

Montpellier snake Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann, 1804) skin sheds were collected over four years from an olive grove (0.21 ha) in southeast France. Examination of the cephalic scales allowed us to identify the individuals that frequented the site and the regularity of their visits for shedding. Reconstruction of the life histories of the individuals by capture-mark-recapture modelling showed that they visited the site during four consecutive years to shed. This site fidelity could be linked to mating opportunities or egg laying and foraging, or to the distinctive nature of the site, which is a sunny clearing within a dense woodland not very suitable for this thermophilic species. The concentration of the population in a very small area at certain times of the year risks making it vulnerable to predators as well as to changes that the site may undergo in the future, particularly if its agricultural use is abandoned and the woodland encroaches the open field area.
Flare June 7, 2011, and Analysis of Eruptive Prominence Fragments
Authors: Kupryakov Yu. A. , Bychkov K. V. , Malyutin V. A. , Gorshkov A. B. , Belova O. M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Solar flares can be accompanied by high plasma velocities exceeding several hundred km/s. Detection and measurement of such velocities is limited by narrow-band and small wavelength range in most solar instruments. However, similar events with Doppler velocities exceeding two hundred km/s have been detected by the solar optical spectrographs at the Ondřejov Observatory. The results of the analysis of our multi-wavelength observation performed during the solar flare of June 7, 2011 and the calculation of several physical parameters of the coronal mass ejection fragments following the flare have been present. The calculation of the radiation of heated gas have been performed with allowance for self-absorption in the spectral lines of hydrogen and calcium. All the crucial processes of discrete level populating and depopulating have been taken into account in the balance equations. The theoretical radiation fluxes in the lines have coincided with those observed in the temperature range of 6300–10000 K at a gas concentration of  ~$$(3{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} 5) \times {{10}^{{10}}} {\text{c}}{{{\text{m}}}^{{ - 3}}}$$, a gas layer thickness of $$6800{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} 7000$$ km, and a linear concentration of $$(2{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} 4) \times {{10}^{{19}}} {\text{c}}{{{\text{m}}}^{{ - 3}}}$$.
Risk for exertional heat illness among US army enlistees: climate indexes, intrinsic factors and their interactions
Authors: Kazman Josh B , Nelson D Alan , Ahmed Anwar E , Deuster Patricia A , O'Connor Francis G , Mancuso James D , Lewandowski Stephen A 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesTo characterise intrinsic and extrinsic (climatic) risks for mild and severe exertional heat illness (EHI) among first-year army enlistees.MethodsWe examined 337 786 soldiers who enlisted between 2012 and 2019. Survival models were used to predict incident EHI from intrinsic factors (demographics, healthcare utilisation, chronic conditions, body mass index (BMI), Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT), upper/lower respiratory tract infections (URTI and LRTI), skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTI), extrinsic factors (geographical region, daily mean Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)) and interactions.ResultsThere were 1390 cases of mild and 359 cases of severe EHI. Females had a higher risk for mild (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.78; 95% CI 1.57 to 2.02) but a lower risk for severe (aOR 0.61; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.87) EHI. Obesity was associated with severe EHI (aOR: 1.76; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.84) but not mild EHI (aOR: 1.03; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.39). URTI was associated with severe (aOR: 2.44; 95% CI 1.12 to 5.30) and mild (aOR 3.72, 95% CI 2.84 to 4.87) EHI, as were LRTI (severe, aOR: 11.40; 95% CI 6.09 to 21.32; mild, aOR 2.06; 95% CI 1.22 to 3.46), but not SSTI. UTCI outperformed WBGT in predicting EHI. Outside the Southern USA, EHI risk was elevated at lower UTCI. Associations varied over climate conditions and generally did not increase with climatic heat stress.ConclusionsRespiratory infections were associated with the highest risk for EHI in soldiers. Risk mitigation strategies may include monitoring prevention and recovery from respiratory infections. Female sex and obesity may have different associated risks over climate conditions.
Organizational Autonomy Beyond the Secretariat: Lessons from the Green Climate Fund
Authors: Gehring Thomas , Vizitiu Patrick 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Can international organizations (IOs) like the Green Climate Fund (GCF) gain significant organizational autonomy, even if member states dominate the decision process? We identify policy-guiding organizational rules as a major source of organizational autonomy that is missed by both intergovernmental and bureaucracy-focused approaches to IOs. Theoretically, we develop a mechanism that demonstrates how organizational autonomy arises from intergovernmental institutional settings, if organizational rules provide clear policy guidance, a decision procedure generates strong incentives for actors to honor these policies, and member states are generally committed to the overall IO policy. Empirically, we show that the institutional setup of the GCF meets these prerequisites remarkably well. The analysis of two highly contentious funding applications demonstrates that the GCF actually produces organizationally preferred decisions, even if important board members advocate different solutions. We conclude that policy-guiding rules may be better predictors for funding decisions in IOs than member state preferences or bureaucratic self-interest.
Retrospective study of partial lateral corpectomy to treat thoracic and lumbar intervertebral disc herniation in 12 cats
Authors: Tyroller Florian , Wennemuth Jan , Forterre Franck , Flegel Thomas , Markert Carina , Kiefer Ingmar , Wunderlin Nadja 
Published: December 2024

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the safety and effectiveness of thoracic or lumbar partial lateral corpectomy (PLC) in cats with spinal cord compression due to intervertebral disc herniation (IVH). Methods A retrospective study was conducted of 12 client-owned cats from two academic and one private referral veterinary centres. Cross-sectional imaging was available in 12 cats for evaluation of disc herniation. Nine cats had postoperative imaging for evaluation of slot creation and decompression. Neurological examination was performed for assessment of pre- and postoperative status. Complications were evaluated. Results Seven cats had severe (>50%), four moderate (>20 to <50%) and one mild (<20%) spinal cord compression on cross-sectional imaging. IVH occurred at Th12–13 in five cases, at L1–2 in two cases and at Th3–4, Th13–L1, L4–5 and L5–6 in one case each. After PLC, two cats had insufficient decompression (>20% remaining spinal cord compression), five had good decompression (<20% remaining spinal cord compression) and complete decompression (normal shape of the spinal cord) was achieved in two cats. Outcomes included five cats with an excellent result, three with significant improvement, one with mild improvement and three cats that died intra- or postoperatively due to extensive intraoperative bleeding. One cat was euthanased as a result of neurological deterioration 5 months postoperatively. The median follow-up period was 13.2 months (range 0 days to 84 months). Conclusions and relevance PLC in cats offers a potential treatment option for IVH to decompress the spinal cord. Fatal haemorrhage associated with this surgery is a significant risk, as occurred in 25% of the cats in this study. Surgeons should especially be aware of the potential for intraoperative haemorrhage and the need for sufficient slot creation to achieve sufficient spinal cord decompression and avoid complications.
Changes in Intestinal Microbiota and Their Relationship With Patient Characteristics in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Zhao Lu , Fang Yongkun , Zhang Jingqiu , Wei Chen , Ji Hao , Zhao Jiahao , Wang Daorong , Tang Dong 
Published: December 2024

Background: Gut microbiota are associated with the pathological features and development of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, how gut microbiota changes in patients with CRC is unknown. This study investigated the role of gut microbiota in the development and progression of CRC by retrospectively comparing the structural differences between the gut microbiota of patients with CRC and healthy individuals. Methods: Together with clinical data, we collected fecal samples from patients with CRC (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 18) and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and alpha and beta diversity analysis to compare microbiota richness and diversity. Based on the differences in microbiota between the CRC and control groups, we identified disease-specific microbial communities after relevant factors. PICRUSt2 software was used to predict the differential microbial functions. Results: The CRC and control groups differed in both composition and abundance of intestinal microbiota. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla in both groups, while Verrucomicrobi was significantly more abundant in the CRC group. Megamonas, Lachnospira, and Romboutsia were more abundant in the control group; 18 genera differed significantly in abundance between the groups, which were found to involve 21 metabolic pathways. The distribution and abundance of gut microbiota differed significantly between patients with CRC with and without lymph node metastasis; at the genus level, the abundance of Rothia and Streptococcus was significantly higher and that of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Oscillibacter was significantly lower in patients with lymph node metastasis. Conclusions: The gut microbiota is altered in CRC patients compared with healthy individuals, with specific changes in the microbiota associated with clinical and pathological features such as tumor stage, lymph node involvement, and tumor differentiation. Our findings elaborate to some extent on the link between the gut microbiota and CRC.