bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should Iran join the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods?
Authors: Moghaddam Abrishami Ali 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
After 40 years of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), it is still controversial whether the CISG has been a successful uniform law in practice. It is, nevertheless, evident that the number of ratifications of the CISG has been increasing. This article aims to highlight the important question of whether Iran should implement the CISG. In addition, it argues that irrespective of the possible ratification of the CISG, the Iranian contract law needs to be modernized. In particular, advantages and disadvantages of the possible adoption of the CISG in Iran are explored. This article argues that acceding to the CISG will provide Iran with a number of opportunities, including the promotion of international trade with its trading partners. In proposing a model for the modernization of the Iranian Civil Code (CCI), the author, however, argues that the CISG is not the best option. Instead, the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) is the most appropriate model for reforming the Iranian contract law. This article concludes by suggesting that the combination of the CISG and the PICC is the best way forward for the Iranian legal system.
Supporting the Patient on LSD Day
Authors: Todd Betsy 
Published: May 2021

Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.
During the 1960s, the therapeutic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were studied in psychiatric clinical settings. In this February 1964 article, nurse Kay Parley writes enthusiastically about this work at one such research hospital. She describes the benefits of LSD therapy for patients with alcoholism, as well as the richness of the experience for the nurse who guides the patient through treatment. “No role is so welcomed on our psychiatric unit than that of ‘sitting’ with a patient during LSD therapy.”
Parley vividly describes the nurse's role in these treatments. Her own long hospitalization for “manic-depressive psychosis” and treatment with LSD undoubtedly framed her approach to this therapy.
Today there is renewed interest in the therapeutic use of psychoactive substances such as LSD. Penn and colleagues provide an update in “Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy” in this issue.—Betsy Todd, MPH, RN
Preventing Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration
Authors: Shoemaker Scarlett 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT:
Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA) is a preventable complication caused by improper needle placement. It is associated with persistent shoulder pain and limited range of motion that occur within hours of vaccination and can last for months or longer. This article provides a brief overview of SIRVA and explains how vaccinators can prevent it by using proper injection technique.
Intrauterine Versus External Tocodynamometry in Monitoring Labour: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Hautakangas T. , Uotila J. , Huhtala H. , Palomäki O. 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from BJOG 2020;127:1677–1686)
Intrauterine tocodynamometry (IT) and external tocodynamometry (ET) are used clinically to monitor contractions during labor and guide the use of oxytocin in prolonged labor. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), conducted over 20 years ago, compared IT with ET in women who were given oxytocin to induce or augment labor but did not have a previous cesarean delivery (CD).
The World Ovarian Cancer Coalition Every Woman Study: Identifying Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Survival and Quality of Life
Authors: Reid Frances , Bhatla Neerja , Oza Amit M. , Blank Stephanie V. , Cohen Robin , Adams Tracey , Benites Amanda , Gardiner Diane , Gregory Sylvia , Suzuki Makiko , Jones Annwen 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Int J Gynecol Cancer 2021;31:238–244)
The prognosis for ovarian cancer remains poor even in highly developed countries such as the United States, with approximately 1 in 6 women dying within 3 months of diagnosis and 1 in 2 dying within 5 years. Given that the global incidence of ovarian cancer is set to rise 55% by 2035, urgent action is required to improve survival and quality of life in this patient population.
Self-management Factors Associated With Quality of Life Among Women With Endometriosis: A Cross-sectional Australian Survey
Authors: O'Hara Rebecca , Rowe Heather , Fisher Jane 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Hum Reprod 2021;36(3):647–655)
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus, resulting in chronic pain and reduced quality of life requiring long-term multimodal management including surgery, analgesic medications, and hormonal therapy. Self-management of one's chronic disease is a concept defined as the active participation of the patient in planning decision-making and undertaking tasks to manage the symptoms, treatment, and physical and psychological changes involved in living with a chronic disease.
Work-Related Factors and Pregnancy Outcomes in Female Surgeons
Authors: Malcolm Rebecca J. , Pilkington Mercedes , Merchant Shaila J. , Velez Maria P. , Brogly Susan B. 
Published: May 2021

Objective:
To describe work-related factors, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcomes in female surgeons is the objective of this study.

Background:
Some data suggest surgeon workload may deter pregnancy and adversely affect pregnancy outcomes in female surgeons.

Methods:
A cross-sectional, web-based survey was distributed via e-mail to members of the Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists of Canada and to surgical departments of 6 Canadian universities from October 2019 to January 2020.

Results:
A total of 223 surgeons with 451 pregnancies participated. Work hours were reduced in 33.3% of pregnancies, and 28.0% had a policy for pregnancy in their workplace. A total of 57% of surgeons intentionally delayed pregnancy due to heavy workload and 39% to career concerns, and 31% reported work adversely affected their pregnancy. Adverse maternal outcomes included miscarriage (14.9%), preterm labor (6.2%), hypertension (5.5%), pre-eclampsia (2.9%), and placenta praevia (1.3%). Adverse infant outcomes included preterm birth (6.9%), small for gestational age at birth (6.9%), and neonatal intensive care unit admission (4%). Congenital anomalies occurred in 4.2% of pregnancies. Surgeons who reported a policy for working while pregnant were more likely to have reduced their work hours than those without a policy (48.4% vs 28.5% respectively, P < 0.0001). In unadjusted models, those who reduced their work hours while pregnant were less likely to have a miscarriage than those who did not (odds ratio = 0.2, 95% confidence interval, 0.1–0.4).

Conclusions:
Female surgeons reported delays in pregnancy due to work, adverse effects of work on pregnancy, and some elevated rates of adverse outcomes. These data support policies for pregnancy in surgeons and surgical trainees.
Be Part of the Conversation: Audiology Messaging During a Hearing Screening
Authors: St. Jean Craig Richard , Cummine Jacqueline , Singh Gurjit , Hodgetts William E. 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:
The moment patients learn the results from a hearing assessment can be a critical juncture on their journey to rehabilitation. Message framing (e.g., the positive or negative manner in which information is presented) has been explored in a wide range of health contexts as a method for shaping patients’ decision-making. This study investigated whether attitudes toward hearing loss treatment varied as a function of how messages about treatment were framed, and whether such attitudes differed as a function of participants being led to believe they had failed a hearing screening.

Methods:
Sixty-four participants (18 to 39 years of age) took the Hearing in Noise Test. In the sound booth, participants saw a poster bearing either a gain-framed or loss-framed message about hearing loss treatment. During the test, half the participants were interrupted by the researcher who stated that their performance appeared to suggest a hearing loss, with the caveat that it might be due to an equipment malfunction. While the researcher investigated the problem, the participants completed an 11-item questionnaire asking about their attitudes toward help seeking for hearing loss. Participants in the control group completed the same questionnaire with no interruption.

Results:
Statistical analyses revealed no significant interaction effect between message type and experimenter feedback condition, though a significant main effect was present for message type. Post hoc testing showed medium to large effect sizes as a function of message type on five of the 11-questionnaire items. These data indicated that participants were more likely to endorse health-positive responses (i.e., greater interest in hearing treatment) when exposed to the gain-framed message than the loss-framed message.

Conclusions:
The greater likelihood of health-positive responses in the presence of the gain-framed message suggests that this framing strategy may have a positive influence on attitudes toward hearing health behaviors among individuals under 40 years of age with no history of hearing loss.
Trends in Leadership at Pediatric Orthopaedic Fellowships
Authors: Cohen Lara L. , Sama Andrew J. , Schiller Nicholas C. , Spielman Amanda F. , Donnally Chester J. , Shore Benjamin J. , Glotzbecker Michael P. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Pediatric orthopaedic fellowship directors (FDs) have a valuable impact on the education of trainees and future leaders in the field. There is currently no research on the characteristics of pediatric orthopaedic FDs.

Methods:
Programs were identified using the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America fellowship directory. Operative, nonoperative, and specialty programs were included. Data was collected through Qualtrics survey, e-mail, telephone, and online searches. Variables included demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity), Hirsch index (h-index) as a measure of research productivity, graduate education, residency and fellowship training, years of hire at current institution and as FD, and leadership roles.

Results:
Fifty-five FDs were identified. The majority (49/55, 89%) were male and 77% (27/35) were Caucasian. The mean age at survey was 51.1±8.2 years. The mean h-index was 17.2. Older age correlated with higher h-index (r=0.48, P=0.0002). The average duration from fellowship graduation to FD appointment was 9.6±6.7 and 6.9±6.1 years from institutional hire. Sixteen FDs (29%) had additional graduate level degrees. Almost all (52/55, 95%) FDs completed orthopaedic surgery residencies and all graduated fellowship training. Twenty-nine percent (16/55) completed more than 1 fellowship. Most FDs (51/55, 93%) completed a fellowship in pediatric orthopaedic surgery. Ten FDs (18%) completed pediatric orthopaedic surgery fellowships that included spine-specific training. One-third of all current FDs were fellowship-trained at either Boston Children’s Hospital (9/55, 16%) or Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children (9/55, 16%).

Conclusions:
Pediatric orthopaedic FDs are typically early-career to mid-career when appointed, with a strong research background. Nearly a third completed additional graduate degrees or multiple fellowships. Although male dominated, there are more female FDs leading pediatric orthopaedic programs compared with adult reconstruction, trauma, and spine fellowships. As fellowships continue to grow and diversify, this research will provide a baseline to determine changes in FD leadership.
Gynecological sarcomas: literature review of 2020
Authors: Hanvic Brunhilde , Ray-Coquard Isabelle 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
This article, focus on recently published data of the last 18 months on the management of gynecologic sarcomas.

Recent findings
Different tools have been studied to identify the differences between benign from malignant uterine conjonctive tumor.
Molecular biology impact more and more on the diagnosis of uterine sarcoma with new definitions of very specific groups. This will make it possible to better define the last group of endometrial sarcoma which has been defined as undifferentiated.
In several articles, surgical approaches and fertility-sparing surgery were described including the role of surgery for recurrences.
Some other articles have evaluated the potential benefice of adjuvant therapy for uterine sarcoma with early stages.
Several new targeted therapies are in development. Notably deoxyribonucleic acid repair machinery in uterine leiomyosarcoma and also immune therapies, transforming growth factor beta pathway, mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitor, anti angiogenics, etc.

Summary
This last year the potential interest for uterine sarcoma increased, demonstrated by the increasing number of publications in the literature compared to previous years. Despite this greater interest over time, the standard of care for uterine sarcoma does not change and we are always waiting for new innovative therapies able to change routine practice and survival of patients. Currently, the result of different clinical trials, which include new options as targeted molecular approach or immune checkpoint inhibitors are closed to be reported.
ADCY2 rs10059539 C>T polymorphism confers a decreased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese Han women
Authors: Chao Xu , Miao Feng , Feng Xuesong , Shi Hailong , Wang Yuewen , Wu Jieqiong , Zhao Luyan , Zhang Wei , Jiang Chao 
Published: May 2021

Objective
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a serious threat to human health. ADCY2 gene polymorphisms may be related to HCC susceptibility. Therefore, we investigated whether ADCY2 gene polymorphisms are correlated to the risk of HCC in a Chinese Han population.

Methods
In a case-control study, we examined the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADCY2 and HCC risk. In 434 HCC cases and 442 healthy controls, we used the Agena MassARRAY platform to select and genotype four tag SNPs in ADCY2. We used logistic regression after adjusting for age and sex to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The results showed that ADCY2 rs10059539 polymorphism was associated with a reduced susceptibility to HCC in women under the dominant model (TC/TT vs. CC; OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.13–0.83; P = 0.018) and the log-additive model (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.13–0.83; P = 0.018).

Conclusions
Our results support the hypothesis that ADCY2 gene polymorphisms influence the genetic susceptibility to HCC.
Prognostic Value of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment for Early-stage, Non−Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Tuminello Stephanie , Petralia Francesca , Veluswamy Rajwanth , Wang Pei , Flores Raja , Taioli Emanuela 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
The role of specific immune cell types within the tumor immune microenvironment in non−small cell lung cancer survival is unclear. The potential of these immune cells to become predictive biomarkers of prognosis, and to define subpopulations who will benefit of additional treatment is urgently needed.

Methods:
Stage I to IIIA non−small cell lung cancer patients who underwent surgical resection were queried from the Cancer Genome Atlas; RNAseq data as well as clinical information was extracted. Sample-specific scores for different immune cells were computed via xCell. The association between each cell type and survival was assessed with Cox regression, both unadjusted and adjusted for sex, stage, smoking status, and tumor purity. Models were stratified by lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Results:
There were 383 lung adenocarcinoma and 328 lung squamous cell carcinoma samples, and 161 (42%) and 124 (38%) deaths respectively. There was no association between any immune cell infiltrations and survival in the combined unadjusted Cox regression model. After adjustment, the presence of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (adjusted hazard ratio [HRajd]: 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-0.99; P=0.03), CD4+ helper T cells (HRajd: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66-0.95; P=0.01) and CD20+ B cells (HRajd: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66-0.97; P=0.02) were significant predictors of decreased risk of death.

Conclusions:
This study shows that the adjustment for clinical characteristics is key when evaluating tumor immune infiltration and its association with cancer outcomes. Adjustment for confounding factors modified the prognostic significance of specific immune cell populations in early-stage surgically resected NSCLC cases; clinical attributes may have high relevance on immune infiltration composition.
Measurement and Identification of Parenting Behaviors Associated with Social-Emotional Outcomes in Children: The Racial and Cultural Appropriateness of a Commonly Used Parenting Measure
Authors: Guerrero Alma D. , Biely Christopher , Dudovitz Rebecca , Coker Tumaini , Iyer Sai , Barnert Elizabeth , Szilagyi Peter , Szilagyi Moira , Chung Paul J. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
The objective of this study was to examine parenting styles (observed parent-child interactions via the Two-Bag Task) associated with young children's socioemotional outcomes, comparing children from Mexican-American and African American families with children from their White counterparts.

Methods:
The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort data were used to examine 6 global parenting styles with socioemotional outcomes at 48 months of age while controlling for both time-independent and time-depending sociodemographic, maternal mental health, and child characteristics. Data were stratified by race and ethnicity, and weighted longitudinal linear regressions models were estimated using STATA/Xtmixed.

Results:
The 6 global parenting scores from the Two-Bag Task measures differed across White, African American, and Mexican-American groups of parents. White parents on average scored higher on parenting styles related to sensitivity, positive regard, and cognitive stimulation, whereas Mexican-American and African American parents scored lower. These parenting styles were associated with both approach to learning and social competence outcomes among White children but were nearly nonexistent for Mexican-American and African American children when adjusting for covariates.

Conclusion:
Our results highlight the need to critically evaluate measures of parenting behaviors used in research studies with racially and ethnically diverse families. Examining the comprehensive psychometric properties and cultural appropriateness of parenting measures for diverse families is important to optimally support child development for non-White children. Furthermore, a critical lens is important to mitigate the perpetuation of inaccurate research findings for Mexican-American and African American children.
Comparison of topical fractional CO2 laser and vaginal estrogen for the treatment of genitourinary syndrome in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dutra Paula Fernanda Santos Pallone , Heinke Thais , Pinho Stella Catunda , Focchi Gustavo Rubino Azevedo , Tso Fernanda Kesselring , de Almeida Bruna Cristine , Silva Ivaldo , Speck Neila Maria Góis 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective:
To compare the efficacy of fractional CO2 laser therapy with topical estrogen therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal genitourinary syndrome of menopause.

Methods:
We conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial involving 25 postmenopausal women. Participants were aged between 50 and 65 years with at least 1 year of amenorrhea and follicle-stimulating hormone levels of >40 IU/L. The women were randomized into two groups: the laser therapy group (n = 13) and the vaginal topical estrogen therapy group (n = 12). Changes in the vaginal epithelium thickness, Frost index, and cell maturation were analyzed in both the groups. The female sexual quotient of each woman was also evaluated. Subjective evaluation was performed through a physical examination.

Results:
Histological analysis showed a significant increase in the vaginal epithelium thickness at the end of treatment in females in both the laser therapy (P < 0.001) and topical estrogen therapy (P = 0.001) groups. The topical estrogen therapy group tended to present a higher maturation index at the end of treatment when compared with that of the other group. Sexual function increased significantly over time in both the topical estrogen therapy (P < 0.001) and laser therapy (P < 0.001) groups. Subjective evaluation through physical examination showed a significant improvement in atrophy in both the groups.

Conclusion:
Despite the nonequivalence with topical estrogen therapy, our data suggest that laser therapy is an effective method for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy.
Is climacterium by the mid-40s associated with thyroid dysfunction or autoimmunity? A population-based study
Authors: Savukoski Susanna M. , Niinimäki Maarit J. , Pesonen Paula R.O. , Auvinen Juha P. , Männistö Tuija , Puukka Katri S. , Ebeling Tapani , Suvanto Eila T.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective:
We investigated whether more advanced climacteric stage in the mid-40s is associated with thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction.

Methods:
This cross-sectional cohort study included 2,569 46-year-old women. Thyroid hormone, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were determined. Using menstrual history and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, the participants were divided into climacteric (n = 340) and preclimacteric (n = 2,229) groups. Women diagnosed with premature ovarian insufficiency (menopause by 40 y of age) were excluded. The use of thyroid medication was evaluated from the medication reimbursement register. The prevalence of thyroid medication use, laboratory-based thyroid dysfunction, and thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity was compared between the two groups. The association between climacteric status and thyroid disorders was investigated using a logistic regression model including smoking and thyroid antibody status.

Results:
At 46 years old, climacteric women used thyroid medication more often than preclimacteric women (9.1% vs 6.1%; P = 0.04). There was no difference in the prevalence of subclinical or clinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in nonmedicated participants (5.5% vs 5.0%; P = 0.7) or thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity (14.0% vs 15.0%, P = 0.7). In the regression model, being climacteric (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.3; P = 0.02) and antibody positivity (OR 4.9; 95% CI 3.6-6.6; P < 0.001) were associated with a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction.

Conclusions:
More advanced climacteric stage in the mid-40s was slightly associated with thyroid dysfunction but not thyroid autoimmunity.

Video Summary:

http://links.lww.com/MENO/A771.