bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Nano Approach to Formulate Photosensitizers for Photodynamic
Therapy
Authors: Girigoswami Agnishwar , Pallavi Pragya , Sharmiladevi Palani , Haribabu Viswanathan , Girigoswami Koyeli 
Published: December 2021

:
Conventional treatment modalities for tumors face a variety of pitfalls, including nonspecific
interactions leading to multiple adverse effects. These adverse effects are being overcome
through innovations that are highly intense and selective delivery of therapeutic agents. More recently,
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained its value over conventional chemo- and radiotherapies due to
the use of photosensitizers (PS) with an illuminating light source. Photosensitizers have crossed three
generations with Photofrin being the first clinically approved PS for PDT. Even though these PS have
proved to have cytotoxic effects against tumor cells, they suffer the selective distribution and concentration
into the tumor sites that are deeply localized. To overcome these disadvantages, nanoformulations
are currently being employed due to their unmatched physicochemical and surface properties.
These nanoformulations include the encapsulation of PS acting as a nanocarrier for the PS or the functionalization
of PS onto the surface of nanoparticles. The design of such nanoformulations involved in
PDT is critical and valuable to consider. Along with PDT, several multifunctional approaches are
being uplifted in the current trend where combined therapy and diagnosis are of great importance.
Furthermore, targeted, selective, and specific delivery of the PS-loaded nanoformulations with receptor-
mediated endocytosis is of interest to achieve better internalization into the tumor site. ROS generation
with the interaction of PS augments cell death mechanisms exhibited due to PDT, leading to the
immunogenic response that further results in an adaptive immune memory that prevents recurrence of
tumor metastasis. Therefore, this review concentrates on the mechanisms of PDT, examples of
nanocarriers and nanoparticles that are employed in PDT, combined therapies, and theranostics with
PDT. Moreover, molecular mechanisms of nano-based PDT agents in killing tumor sites and designing
considerations for better PDT outcomes have been discussed.
Levamisole-Induced Leukoencephalopathy in Russia: Analysis of 30 Cases
Authors: Zakharova Maria , Zakroyshchikova Inessa , Kozlova Alexandra , Zabirova Alfiia , Askarova Lola , Zhirova Ekaterina 
Published: December 2021

Aims:
The study aims to raise medical specialists’ awareness regarding the severity of
possible complications of levamisole administration, and demonstrate the role of accurate medical
history collection in a differential diagnosis.

Background:
Levamisole, an anthelmintic drug with immunomodulatory effects, has long been
used worldwide till the early 2000s, when its association with demyelinating leukoencephalopathy
was established. However, in the developing countries, it is still widely used for the prevention and
treatment of helminthic invasion in humans. The actual prevalence of levamisole-induced multiple
inflammatory leukoencephalopathy (LEV-induced MIL) in Russia remains unknown, and therefore,
the study of its frequency and characteristics is indisputably important.

Objectives:
The objective of this study is to determine the clinical features and MRI findings of levamisole-
induced MIL in the Russian population, and to analyse the frequency of diagnostic errors
at the initial assessment.

Methods:
A single-center retrospective analysis of total 30 patients who were diagnosed with
LEV- induced MIL and attended the Research Center of Neurology was conducted. Inclusion criteria
were 1) clinically: acute or subacute polysymptomatic onset of neurological disturbances, 2)
MRI: multifocal demyelinating lesion with no evidence of dissemination in time, 3) anamnestic data:
levamisole exposure from 2 to 8 weeks before symptoms onset as well as monophasic disease
course (absence of relapses according to follow up assessments up to 3 years).

Results:
Clinically, presentation with constitutional symptoms including headache, fever, fatigue
and myalgia, focal motor disturbances and dysarthria prevailed in our cohort. On the brain MRI,
multiple foci of demyelination with simultaneous gadolinium enhancement were observed. The
link between neurological symptoms and levamisole intake has often been detected only during follow-
up assessments. Patients were most often misdiagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis,
stroke and multiple sclerosis. In most cases, LEV-induced MIL was successfully
treated with intravenous corticosteroids and/or plasma exchange (PLEX), however, residual neurologic
symptoms were preserved in some patients. Additionally, two detailed clinical cases of patients
being initially misdiagnosed are presented in the article.

Conclusion:
The differential diagnosis remains difficult for suspected cases of LEV-induced MIL
that could lead to delayed therapy initiation, and consequently incomplete recovery. Growing evidence
suggests that a single administration of levamisole even in low doses might potentially lead
to severe neurological deficit or death. Therefore, changes in medication management policies are
required in order to prevent the uncontrolled use of levamisole.
PTSD and Depression in Healthcare Workers in the Italian Epicenter of the COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Carmassi Claudia , Pedrinelli Virginia , Dell’Oste Valerio , Bertelloni Carlo Antonio , Grossi Chiara , Gesi Camilla , Cerveri Giancarlo , Dell’Osso Liliana 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Increasing evidence highlights the susceptibility of Healthcare Workers to develop psychopathological sequelae, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression, in the current COronaVIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, but little data have been reported in the acute phase of the pandemic.

Objective:
To explore Healthcare Workers’ mental health reactions in the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first European epicenter (Lodi/Codogno, Italy), with particular attention to post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms and their interplay with other psychological outcomes.

Methods:
74 Healthcare Workers employed at the Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale of Lodi (Lombardy, Italy) were recruited and assessed by means of the Impact of Event Scale- Revised, the Professional Quality of Life Scale-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 item, the Resilience Scale and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Socio-demographic and clinical variables were compared across three subgroups of the sample (No PTSD, PTSD only, PTSD and depression).

Results:
A total of 31% of subjects endorsed a diagnosis of PTSD and 28.4% reported PTSD comorbid with major depression. Females were more prone to develop post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Subjects with PTSD and depression groups showed high levels of PTSD, depression, burnout and impairment in functioning. Anxiety symptoms were higher in both PTSD and depression and PTSD groups rather than in the No PTSD group.

Conclusion:
Our results showed high rates of PTSD and depression among Healthcare Workers and their comorbidity overall being associated with worse outcomes. Current findings suggest that interventions to prevent and treat psychological implications among Healthcare Workers facing infectious outbreaks are needed.
New Approaches for the Synthesis of 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole Derivatives
and their Anti-Proliferative, c-Met Enzymatic Activity and Tyrosine Kinases Inhibitions
Authors: Mohareb Rafat M. , Abdallah Amira E. M. , Helal Maher H. E. , Mohamed Sara S. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Due to their biological applications, many tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole derivatives were considered
the most important class of heterocyclic compounds. There are many drugs known in the market containing the
thiazole moiety responsible for the high drug activity.

Objective:
This work aimed to produce novel heterocyclic compounds such as pyrazole, isoxazole, thiophene,
chromeno[7,8-d]thiazole, and thiazolo[4,5-h]quinoline derivatives. The newly synthesized heterocyclic compounds
were evaluated against anticancer cell lines followed by c-Met enzymatic activity and tyrosine kinases inhibition for
the most active compounds.

Methods:
In this work, the 3-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-7(4H)-one (3) was synthesized through
the reaction of cyclohexane-1,3-dione with phenyl isothiocyanate and elemental sulfur. Compound 3 showed interesting
activity toward some chemical reagents producing new heterocyclic compounds that can not be obtained another
way. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated towards the six cancer cell lines. The most active compounds
were selected and tested toward the c-Met enzyme by taking foretinib as the positive control. Also, the inhibitions
toward the PC-3 cell line using the reference SGI-1776 were measured. Finally, the inhibitions towards the five tyrosine
kinases were also tested.

Results:
The synthesized quinoline and chromene derivatives were evaluated toward the c-Met enzyme using foretinib
as the positive control. The obtained results showed that twelve compounds exhibited IC50 values less than 1.30 nM.
On the other hand, sixteen compounds showed higher inhibitions than the reference SGI-1776 (IC50 4.86 nM) toward
the PC-3 cell line.

Conclusion:
Novel, heterocyclic compounds were synthesized with a high impact on biological activities. All synthesized
compounds were screened for their anti-proliferative effect, and most of them revealed high potent effects. In
addition, the c-Met and prostate cancer cell line PC-3 inhibitions for the most active compounds showed that these
compounds exhibited high inhibitions. Anti-proliferative activity of selected compounds toward cancer cell lines classified
according to the disease showed that most compounds exhibited high inhibitions.
COVID-19, the Brain, and the Future: Is Infection by the Novel Coronavirus
a Harbinger of Neurodegeneration?
Authors: Onaolapo Adejoke , Onaolapo Olakunle 
Published: December 2021

:
The possible impact of viral infections on the development or pathogenesis of neurodegenerative
disorders remains largely unknown. However, there have been reports associating the influenza
virus pandemic and long-term infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus with the development
of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism or von Economo’s encephalitis. In the last couple of
years, there has been a worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, which causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome
and is found to be associated with symptoms or complications of the central nervous system. Its
possible involvement with the central nervous system is in line with emerging scientific evidence
stating that the human respiratory coronaviruses can enter the brain, infect neural cells, persist in
the brain, and cause activation of myelin-reactive T cells. Currently, there is a dearth of scientific
information on the acute or possible long-term impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 on the development
of dementia and/or neurodegenerative diseases. This is related to the fact that the virus is
‘new,’ and its effects on humans are still being studied. This narrative review examines the extant
literature for understanding the impact of coronavirus infections on the brain as there is a possibility
that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could increase the risk for the development of neurodegenerative
diseases or hasten their progression.
Withdrawal Notice: An Investigative Analysis of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) Security
Authors: Khan Jibran Rasheed , Khan Shariq Mahmood , Siddiqui Farhan Ahmed 
Published: December 2021

The article has been withdrawn at the request of the author of the journal International Journal of Sensors,
Wireless Communications and Control.

Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.

The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php

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Recent Advancements in Nanodiamond Mediated Brain Targeted Drug
Delivery and Bioimaging of Brain Ailments: A Holistic Review
Authors: Singh Mohini , Mazumder Bhaskar 
Published: December 2021

Background:
The brain is a vital and composite organ. By nature, the innate make-up of
the brain is such that in anatomical parlance, it is highly protected by the “Blood-Brain Barrier”,
which is a nexus of capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, neuroglial membrane and
glialpodocytes. The same barrier, which protects and isolates the interstitial fluid of the brain from
capillary circulation, also restricts the therapeutic intervention. Many standing pharmaceutical formulations
are ineffective in the treatment of inimical brain ailments because of the inability of the
API to surpass and subsist inside the Blood Brain Barrier.

Objective:
This is an integrated review that emphasizes on the recent advancements in brain-targeted
drug delivery utilizing nanodiamonds (NDs) as a carrier of therapeutic agents. NDs are a novel
nanoparticulate drug delivery system, having carbon moieties as their building blocks and their surface
tenability is remarkable. These neoteric carbon-based carriers have exceptional, mechanical,
electrical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, which can be further rationally modified and
augmented.

Discussion:
NDs could be the next“revolution ”in the field of nanoscience for the treatment of neurodegenerative
disorders, brain tumors, and other pernicious brain ailments. What sets them apart
from other nanocarriers is their versatile properties like diverse size range and surface modification
potential, which makes them efficient enough to move across certain biological barriers and offer a
plethora of brain targeting and bioimaging abilities.

Conclusion:
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a major hurdle in the way of treating many serious
brain ailments. A range of nanoparticle based drug delivering systems have been formulated, including
solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanogels, polymeric NPs, metallic NPs
(gold, platinum, andironoxide) and diamondoids (carbonnanotubes). Despite this development, only
a few of these formulations have shown the ability to cross the BBB. Nanodiamonds, because of
their small size, shape, and surface characteristics, have a potential in moving beyond the diverse
and intricate BBB, and offer a plethora of brain targeting capabilities.
Maderas de zonas áridas de México, poder calorífico por ATG-ATD y mediante bomba calorimétrica
Authors: Barrera-Calva Enrique , González Federico , Hernández-Pérez Carlos David , Martínez Gloria , Huerta-Arcos Lázaro , Rosas-Cedillo Ricardo , Rentería - Tapia Víctor 
Published: December 2021

En este trabajo se determina el poder calorífico de maderas de huizache (Acacia farnesiana), maguey (Agave salmiana), nopal (Opuntia streptacantha), garambullo (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) y cardón (Pachycereus sp) que provienen de zonas áridas de México y que suelen utilizarse para el calentamiento de agua y cocción de alimentos en el medio rural. La determinación de los poderes caloríficos se realizó por medio de las técnicas de análisis térmico gravimétrico y la técnica de análisis térmico diferencial, ATG-ATD, que es similar a la calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), y mediante una bomba calorimétrica de combustión. En general, los resultados mostraron que el poder calorífico estimado por análisis (ATG-ATD) resulta en todos los casos ligeramente menor que lo estimado con bomba calorimétrica, pero en general son muy próximos entre sí. La máxima variación entre dichos valores en ± 5% se asocia en un intervalo dentro de la incertidumbre de las mediciones realizadas. Para la madera de nopal se encontró que el poder calorífico estimado por ATG-ATD alcanza 11 275 kJ/kg, resultando muy parecido al valor determinado con bomba calorimétrica, 11 605 kJ/kg. En los otros casos estudiados se encuentra una mayor discrepancia entre los valores medidos. El análisis elemental de las maderas y de sus cenizas permite la determinación del parámetro energético ambiental denominado intensidad de carbono de las maderas. Este se estima por medio de espectroscopía de fotoelec-trones emitidos por rayos X (XPS), lo que indica que no hay evidencia de metales tóxicos como los provenientes del carbón; esto demuestra que estas maderas son un producto sutentable y renovable cuando están disponibles para la combustión y obtención de energía calorífica.
Sensing Apps and Public Data Sets for Digital Phenotyping of Mental Health: Systematic Review
Authors: Mendes Jean P M , Moura Ivan R , Van de Ven Pepijn , Viana Davi , Silva Francisco J S , Coutinho Luciano R , Teixeira Silmar , Rodrigues Joel J P C , Teles Ariel Soares 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundMental disorders are normally diagnosed exclusively on the basis of symptoms, which are identified from patients’ interviews and self-reported experiences. To make mental health diagnoses and monitoring more objective, different solutions have been proposed such as digital phenotyping of mental health (DPMH), which can expand the ability to identify and monitor health conditions based on the interactions of people with digital technologies.ObjectiveThis article aims to identify and characterize the sensing applications and public data sets for DPMH from a technical perspective.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of scientific literature and data sets. We searched 8 digital libraries and 20 data set repositories to find results that met the selection criteria. We conducted a data extraction process from the selected articles and data sets. For this purpose, a form was designed to extract relevant information, thus enabling us to answer the research questions and identify open issues and research trends.ResultsA total of 31 sensing apps and 8 data sets were identified and reviewed. Sensing apps explore different context data sources (eg, positioning, inertial, ambient) to support DPMH studies. These apps are designed to analyze and process collected data to classify (n=11) and predict (n=6) mental states/disorders, and also to investigate existing correlations between context data and mental states/disorders (n=6). Moreover, general-purpose sensing apps are developed to focus only on contextual data collection (n=9). The reviewed data sets contain context data that model different aspects of human behavior, such as sociability, mood, physical activity, sleep, with some also being multimodal.ConclusionsThis systematic review provides in-depth analysis regarding solutions for DPMH. Results show growth in proposals for DPMH sensing apps in recent years, as opposed to a scarcity of public data sets. The review shows that there are features that can be measured on smart devices that can act as proxies for mental status and well-being; however, it should be noted that the combined evidence for high-quality features for mental states remains limited. DPMH presents a great perspective for future research, mainly to reach the needed maturity for applications in clinical settings.
Centering Lived Experience in Developing Digital Interventions for Suicide and Self-injurious Behaviors: User-Centered Design Approach
Authors: Kruzan Kaylee Payne , Meyerhoff Jonah , Biernesser Candice , Goldstein Tina , Reddy Madhu , Mohr David C 
Published: December 2021

Background
The prevalence of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB) signals a growing public health crisis. Despite a recognized need for improved and scalable interventions, the field of SITB intervention faces several challenges: existing interventions are often time and resource intensive, most individuals with SITB do not seek formal mental health care, and efficacious treatments are characterized by small effects. Combined, these challenges indicate a need for improved SITB interventions for individuals in formal treatment and those who are not treatment engaged but are at high risk of worsening mental health and future suicide attempts.

Objective
We present a methodological approach and set of techniques that may address these challenges by centering the lived experience of individuals with SITB in the process of developing needed services: user-centered design (UCD).

Methods
We highlight the value of UCD in the context of digital interventions for SITB by describing the UCD approach and explicating how it can be leveraged to include lived experience throughout the development and evaluation process. We provide a detailed case example highlighting 3 phases of the early development process that can be used to design an intervention that is engaging and meets end-user needs. In addition, we point to novel applications of UCD to complement new directions in SITB research.

Results
In this paper, we offer a 2-pronged approach to meet these challenges. First, in terms of addressing access to effective interventions, digital interventions hold promise to extend the reach of evidence-based treatments outside of brick-and-mortar health care settings. Second, to address challenges related to treatment targets and engagement, we propose involving individuals with lived experience in the design and research process.

Conclusions
UCD offers a well-developed and systematic process to center the unique needs, preferences, and perceived barriers of individuals with lived SITB experience in the development and evaluation of digital interventions.
The Rebranded NAFTA: Will the USMCA Achieve the Goals of the Trump Administration for North American Trade?
Authors: Blecker Robert A. 
Published: December 2021

The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (usmca) was the product of a renegotiation of the former North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta) that was intended by the Trump administration to “put America first.” This article analyzes the most important new provisions in the usmca that that administration believed would inhibit foreign investment in Mexico and reverse the offshoring of U.S. jobs. Some of the new provisions represent improvements over nafta, especially the limitations on investor-state dispute settlement and strengthened protections for labor rights. However, the new requirements for automobile production are likely to backfire by making North American automotive production more expensive and less competitive. On the whole, the formation of the usmca probably enhanced, rather than lessened, the confidence of foreign investors in the Mexican economy. However, the agreement is unlikely to bring about large gains in U.S. manufacturing employment or to boost the long-run growth of the Mexican economy.