bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV-associated nephropathy: Protocol and rationale for an exploratory genotype-phenotype study in a sub-Saharan African population
Authors: Yusuf Aminu Abba , Musa Baba Maiyaki , Galadanci Najibah Aliyu , Babashani Musa , Mohammed Aminu Zakari , Ingles Donna J. , Fogo Agnes B. , Wester C. William , Aliyu Muktar Hassan 
Published: April 2021

Background
HIV-positive persons of African descent are disproportionately affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). Deterioration to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) also occurs in this population at a higher frequency. There remains a lot to learn about the genetic susceptibility to CKD in HIV positive patients, and the pathophysiology of progression to ESKD.

Objectives
We will conduct an exploratory genotype-phenotype study in HIV-positive persons with CKD in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, to determine blood-based differential gene expression biomarkers in different kidney risk groups according to the KDIGO 2012 criteria.

Methods
We will consecutively screen 150 HIV-positive adults (≥18 years of age) attending the HIV clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, for CKD based on proteinuria and elevation of estimated glomerular filtration rate. Among these, two separate groups of 16 eligible participants each (n = 32) will be selected in the four (4) KDIGO 2012 kidney risk categories. The groups will be matched for age, sex, viral suppression level and antiretroviral (ARV) regimen. In the first group (n = 16), we will determine differential gene expression markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using mRNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). We will validate the differential expression markers in the second group (n = 16) using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Using a systems-based approach, we will construct, visualize and analyze gene-gene interaction networks to determine the potential biological roles of identified differential expression markers based on published literature and publicly available databases.

Results
Our exploratory study will provide valuable information on the potential roles of differential expression biomarkers in the pathophysiology of HIV-associated kidney disease by identifying novel biomarkers in different risk categories of CKD in a sub-Saharan African population. The results of this study will provide the basis for population-based genome-wide association studies to guide future personalized medicine approaches.

Conclusion
Validated biomarkers can be potential targets for the development of stage-specific therapeutic interventions, an essential paradigm in precision medicine.
An Anomalous Cause of Portal Hypertension
Authors: Brown Sara A. , Trinh Vincent Q. , Healan Steven , Bichell David , Frischhertz Benjamin , Scanga Andrew 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Portal hypertension is a syndrome marked by an increase in the pressure of the portal vein. Portal hypertension can be diagnosed clinically or if the measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient is greater than 5 mm Hg. Cirrhosis is the most common etiology in Western countries, but there are other causes which lead to presinusoidal portal hypertension. We present a patient with a rare cause of portal hypertension.
Characteristic of the chemical composition of Artemisia pontica L.
Authors: Panasenko O. I. , Mozul V. I. , Denysenko O. M. , Aksonova I. I. , Oberemko T. V. 
Published: April 2021

The aim of this work is to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of biologically active compounds of Artemisia pontica L. Definition prospects of medicinal herbal raw materials in the treatment of diseases.
Materials and methods. Research material (Artemisia pontica L. herb) was collected in August 2019 in the Zaporizhzhia region, Ukraine. The tincture was obtained by maceration. So, the tincture was being extracted with methyl alcohol at room temperature for 10 days. The tincture was extracted with methyl alcohol at room temperature for 10 days according to the method of preparing tinctures. The study of the chemical composition of tincture of Artemisia pontica L. was carried out using gas chromatograph Agilent 7890B GC System (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with mass spectrometric detector Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and chromatographic column DB-5ms (30 m × 250 mkm × 0.25 mkm).
Results. 26 compounds were identified by analysis. Compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid (16.71 %), 9,12,15-(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (13.29 %), 2-(4a,8-dimethyl-7-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,7-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-propionic acid (8.80 %), 8-nitro-(1H)quinolin-4-ol-2-one (6.45 %) and neophytadiene (4.66 %) prevail in tincture. A literature review showed that n-hexadecanoic acid stimulates anti-inflammatory processes in human immune cells through TLR4 receptors, it has antitumor and antidiabetic activity and it also has anti-inflammatory effects. Derivatives of 9,12,15-(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid are used in diabetes therapy. 2-(4a,8-Dimethyl-7-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,7-hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-propionic acid is an immunosuppressant and probably improves tissue insulin sensitivity. In addition, it is necessary to underline the presence of neophytadiene that has an anti-inflammatory effect. The presence of β-phellandrene provides insecticidal and eucalyptol anti-inflammatory effects.
Conclusions. Considering the individual actions of the individual components, Artemisia pontica L. herb can be recommended for further research on its anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antitumor effects.
Phytochemical profile and diuretic activity of the bearberry leaves dry extracts
Authors: Chaika N. B. , Koshovyi O. M. , Komisarenko M. A. , Borodina N. V. , Kireyev I. V. , Starchenko H. Yu. 
Published: April 2021

More than 150 million cases of infectious diseases of the urinary system are registered annually in the world. Common bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.) leaves is one of the most well-known species of raw materials with uroantiseptic and diuretic activity. The method of a decoction obtaining from bearberry leaves is well known, but this dosage form is non-standardized, poorly stored and difficult to maintain the accuracy of dosing. In this regard, the development of domestic standardized medicines based on bearberry leaves is an urgent aim of modern pharmacy.
The aim of the research is to study the phytochemical profile and pharmacological activity of the bearberry leaves dry extracts, obtained by various extractants, to identify the most promising substance with diuretic and uroantiseptic activity.
Materials and methods. The subjects were the dry extracts obtained from bearberry leaves with purified water and ethanol solutions (30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 96 %). Determination of the main BAS extracts was performed by TLC, HPLC and spectrophotometry. Determination of diuretic activity of the extracts was performed by the method of E. B. Berchin, antibacterial activity – by diffusion into agar.
Results. Arbutin, 2 phenolic acids, 6 flavonoids and 8 saponins were detected in the bearberry extracts. The results showed that arbutin and saponins are better extracted with water and diluted solutions of ethanol, while phenolic acids and flavonoids – with 50–70 % ethanol. As a result of studying the diuretic activity of the bearberry extracts, it was found that the highest diuretic activity has the extract obtained with 50 % ethanol at a dose of 50 mg/kg, increasing diuresis by 70 %. The bearberry leaves extracts showed activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and C. albicans. The content of different groups of phenolic compounds, economic factor and pharmacological activity showed that 50 % ethanol is the optimal extractant for extraction phenolic compounds from bearberry leaves and creation of new medicines from the raw materials.
Conclusions. As a result of phytochemical and pharmacological studies, it was found that the dry bearberry leaves extract obtained with 50 % ethanol solution was the most promising substance with diuretic and uroantiseptic action
A study of acute toxicity of newly synthesized compound on adult hydrobiont Danio rerio
Authors: Safonov A. A. , Karpenko Yu. V. , Knysh Ye. H. 
Published: April 2021

From ancient times the people used different poisons as a treatment for diseases of different genesis. To date, almost nothing has changed. One of the main conditions for the development of a new drug is its low toxicity. Literature analysis has shown that 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives are low-toxic compounds and exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities.
The aim of this work was the investigate acute toxicity LC50 in vivo of sodium 2-((4-amino-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate on the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) aquatic model according to OECD instruction № 203.
Materials and methods. Determination of acute toxicity LC50 of the test compound was performed in vivo on a model of the aquatic organism Zebrafish (Danio rerio) according to the instruction OECD № 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test) for testing chemical compounds (acute toxicity test on fish from 10.12.2009).
It was used fish 2 months of age, 11.8 ± 0.1 mm long, and weighing 2.6 ± 0.2 g in the experiment. The concentration of the test compound ranged from 5.0 mg/l to 100.0 mg/l. Test water-soluble compounds were dissolved in distilled water. Each mini-aquarium with a certain dose of the compound contained at least 7 individuals of Danio rerio. During the experiments, the fish were kept on a diet for a test 96 hours and their mortality was checked every 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the program Statistica 6.
Results. According to the obtained data, graphs of the dependence of the concentration on the fish mortality percentage were constructed. Then the corresponding values of LC50 sodium 2-((4-amino-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate were calculated.
According to the acute toxicity of LC50 (96 hours) of sodium 2-((4-amino-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate, which according to the classification of D. R. Passino and co-authors allowed it to be classified as a moderately toxic compound.
Conclusions. The acute toxicity LC50 in vivo of sodium 2-((4-amino-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetate on the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) aquatic model was investigated. The research was conducted in accordance with the national “General Ethical Principles of Animal Experimentation” approved by the First National Congress on Bioethics and the “Bioethical Expertise of Preclinical and Other Animal Research”.
The highest fish mortality occurs on the last day of observation (96 hours). The highest number of Zebrafish deaths is at a minimum concentration of the substance. The acute toxicity LC50 (96 hours) of the test substance was 4.5364 mg/l.
El antiguo Díolkos de Corinto. Análisis de las propuestas sobre su trazado y cálculo de trayectoria óptima
Authors: García Ruiz Pere 
Published: April 2021

En nuestro artículo nos proponemos una reinterpretación del trazado del antiguo Díolkos de Corinto desde una perspectiva científica y rigurosa. Con las herramientas informáticas actuales y la cartografía de la región del Istmo anterior a la apertura del canal, hemos elaborado un conjunto de programas que nos permiten evaluar los posibles trayectos aportados por los estudiosos del tema y, además, elaborar una propuesta de trayectoria óptima.
En nuestro trabajo pensamos que el hecho de abordar el estudio de esta ruta desde el punto de vista de la física y la ingeniería puede aportar una visión complementaria y enriquecedora a los trabajos históricos y arqueológicos, basados exclusivamente en las fuentes históricas. Esperamos que nuestra contribución sea de utilidad a la hora de evaluar los requerimientos técnicos y las dificultades del traslado de embarcaciones entre los golfos del Istmo de Corinto, así como profundizar en el interés económico y estratégico de esta famosa vía.
El primer PSOE ante el sufragio universal (1879-1891): el movimiento obrero como agente democratizador en el sistema de la Restauración
Authors: Sánchez Castillo Adrián 
Published: April 2021

Los inicios del movimiento obrero en la historia contemporánea que aborda el siglo XIX, tanto a escala internacional como en sus historias nacionales, suelen vincularse, en términos prácticos, a la pugna económica en la sociedad de clases configurada a raíz de la Revolución Industrial y, en términos teóricos, a la evolución ideológica de sus diferentes corrientes organizadas. Es ya en los estudios dedicados al siglo XX donde encontramos mayor incidencia del papel que jugó el movimiento obrero en la democratización de las sociedades contemporáneas. Teniendo en cuenta la influencia clave que el socialismo tendría en este proceso en España, el presente trabajo analiza los orígenes más remotos de su práctica política democratizadora en torno a la cuestión del sufragio universal en el contexto sistémico de la Restauración con el objetivo de comprender las bases de las que partió un sujeto que sumaría a miles de personas por primera vez a la sociedad política de la época.
Considering unemployment in Ecuador during the Great Depression
Authors: Naranjo Navas Cristian Paúl 
Published: April 2021

The Great Depression struck Latin America through the commerce: the reduction in revenues from the external commerce spread to the rest of the economy, resulting in the continue decreasing of the monetary supply. The Ecuadorian monetary policy until 1932, based on the gold standard, faced the phenomenon of deflation, which caused real salaries to grow. Since 1932, the monetary supply increased due to the abandonment of the gold standard, which caused real wages to decreased. In the same period, from 1928 to 1935, the primary data of the central offices of eight institutions shows that public employment decreased abruptly from 1928 to 1930, from 109.4 to 83.1 points (1927=100). After 1930, there was a quick recovery until 1932, and, from this point in time, it remained relatively stable until 1935. This article constructs, for the first time in the Ecuadorian historiography, an employment index which serves to see employment as the adjustment variable of the Great Depression.
“Combatir al comunismo sin hacerle el juego”. Una aproximación a las memorias de militantes del Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara
Authors: Albornoz Celina 
Published: April 2021

El Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara (MNT) fue una agrupación de la derecha nacionalista argentina que actuó entre finales de la década de 1950 y principios de la de 1970. Extremadamente católicos, anticomunistas y antisemitas, perseguían la creación de un “orden” bajo el lema “Dios, patria y hogar”. En este trabajo nos proponemos como objetivo reconstruir la memoria de exmilitantes del MNT acerca de su uso de la violencia, instrumentalizada principalmente contra personas e instituciones de izquierda y judías. Para ello, se utilizan entrevistas realizadas a ex militantes, empleando las herramientas de la historia oral. Se verá que existe un intento de desprenderse del antisemitismo y una pretensión de transmutación del anticomunismo en una militancia que perseguía la concreción de una revolución nacional. Además, se observará que emergen códigos masculinos que caracterizan la violencia ejercida por la agrupación.
Changes in Neurodevelopmental Outcomes From Age 2 to 10 Years for Children Born Extremely Preterm
Authors: Taylor Genevieve L. , Joseph Robert M. , Kuban Karl C.K. , Douglass Laurie M. , Laux Jeff , Andrews Bree , Fry Rebecca C. , Price Wayne A. , O’Shea Thomas M. 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Evidence-based care of extremely preterm infants (&lt;28 weeks’ gestation) depends heavily on research in which a primary outcome is infant neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI), yet it is unclear how well NDI in infancy predicts long-term NDI. In this study, we aim to assess the relationship between 2- and 10-year neurodevelopment using a well-known 2-year definition and a 10-year definition developed by an expert panel.

METHODS:
Using data from the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn Study cohort, we classified 2-year NDI using definitions developed by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. We classified 10-year NDI using definitions developed by an expert panel, which added epilepsy and ASD at 10 years.

RESULTS:
Of 1506 infants, 80% survived. Data sufficient to classify severity of NDI at both 2 and 10 years were available for 67% of survivors (n = 802). Among children classified as having moderate to severe NDI at 2 years, 63% had none to mild NDI at 10 years; among children classified as having profound NDI at 2 years, 36% had none to mild NDI at 10 years. Cohen’s κ statistic indicated minimal to fair agreement between NDI at 2 and 10 years (0.34, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
NDI in infancy, as defined in this study, only weakly predicts NDI in middle childhood. For the parents at risk for delivery of an extremely preterm infant, a hopeful message can be taken from our findings that one-third of surviving children classified as having profound NDI and nearly two-thirds of those classified as having moderate to severe NDI at 2 years had none to mild NDI at 10 years.
COMBINED CRITERION FOR THE CHOICE OF ROUTING BASED ON D2D TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Bulashenko А. V. 
Published: April 2021

Context. 5G network is able to improve existing services and provide a new quality of services. 5G communication networks combine various radio technologies and technologies of fixed communication networks, therefore they are often called heterogeneous, which emphasizes their difference from other networks. One of the main features of such networks is over-density and ultra-low latency. It is the Internet of things that is the basic component of the concept of super dense networks. 3GPP suggests planning 5G networks based on the condition that 1 million devices is 1 km2. Also, ultra-low latency communications networks have a big impact on networking methods, especially for the tactile Internet concept. Such networks require decentralization through 1 ms delay requirements. This requires new approaches to building a new generation of networks, which is the reason for the development of new technologies. One such technology is D2D (device-to-device) technology. This technology allows you to reduce the load on the core of the network due to the use of a significant proportion of the traffic directly between devices and reduces the delay in providing services.
Objective. The goal of the work is to create an optimal combined criterion for choosing effective traffic routes in a wireless network based on D2D technology.
Method. Many modern works are devoted to the study of D2D technology, but they are not exhaustive in the study of routing in such networks. It is objective enough to study networks built on the basis of the interaction of devices with each other using D2D technology, since such interactions have proven to be effective technologies. This, in turn, involves the development of appropriate routing methods in networks using D2D technology, especially taking into account the property of over-density 5G networks. The paper proposes a criterion for selecting routes, taking into account interference within the channels forming the network nodes. This criterion combines the choice of routes according to the length criteria and the criterion of maximum throughput.
Results. A developed combined criterion for selecting traffic routing in a wireless network that uses D2D technology. The results of the study are shown in graphic data.
Conclusions. The experiments confirmed the efficiency and effectiveness of the developed method and allow us to recommend this method for practical use as a result of route selection, taking into account those network properties that are more likely to affect the quality of the route.
ONLINE FUZZY CLUSTERING OF INCOMPLETE DATA USING CREDIBILISTIC APPROACH AND SIMILARITY MEASURE OF SPECIAL TYPE
Authors: Bodyanskiy Ye. V. , Shafronenko A. Yu. , Klymova I. N. 
Published: April 2021

Context. In most clustering (classification without a teacher) tasks associated with real data processing, the initial information is usually distorted by abnormal outliers (noise) and gaps. It is clear that “classical” methods of artificial intelligence (both batch and online) are ineffective in this situation.The goal of the paper is to propose the procedure of fuzzy clustering of incomplete data using credibilistic approach and similarity measure of special type.
Objective. The goal of the work is credibilistic fuzzy clustering of distorted data, using of credibility theory.
Method. The procedure of fuzzy clustering of incomplete data using credibilistic approach and similarity measure of special type based on the use of both robust goal functions of a special type and similarity measures, insensitive to outliers and designed to work both in batch and its recurrent online version designed to solve Data Stream Mining problems when data are fed to processing sequentially in real time.
Results. The introduced methods are simple in numerical implementation and are free from the drawbacks inherent in traditional methods of probabilistic and possibilistic fuzzy clustering data distorted by abnormal outliers (noise) and gaps.
Conclusions. The conducted experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of proposed methods of credibilistic fuzzy clustering of distorted data operability and allow recommending it for use in practice for solving the problems of automatic clusterization of distorted data. The proposed method is intended for use in hybrid systems of computational intelligence and, above all, in the problems of learning artificial neural networks, neuro-fuzzy systems, as well as in the problems of clustering and classification.