bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DREADFUL CONSEQUENCES OF NOT REMOVING THE CHILD'S HYPERTROPHIED TONSILS AND ADENOIDS—AS VIEWED IN 1915
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The editorial below published in 1915 in the now defunct Archives of Pediatrics is typical of the prevailing medical attitude at that time toward the putative calamitous effect of hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids.
It would seem that everyone must be aware of the deleterious effect of hypertrophied adenoids and tonsils....
It is, however, the fall of the year, the time when the first series of infectious colds runs through the community, when household after household finds one member after another succumbing to sneezing and coryza. The ruggedness gained from months in the country, whose bacteria-free air has permitted a loss of resistance to the germs of the common cold, seems in a day to give place to pallor and weakness. It is now, therefore, that the adenoid question comes bobbing up again after months of retirement, for it is the child with adenoids to whom the first cold of the year comes with greatest injury....
Again, it is the fall of the year, when the schools open. Coming to the schools are hundreds of children, who, through fault of their parents or their physicians, do not come physically fit to profit by the instruction which the schools afford. The school physical examination, which is now so general, detects, among other things, enlarged tonsils, mouth breathing, open mouths, malocclusion, narrow noses, high palatal arches, all bearing a relationship to faulty nasopharyngeal conditions, all lessening in some degree the child's keenness of intellect, retarding him, delaying his mates, and requiring a greater effort on the part of his teachers and a greater cost to the community....
The Fontogram: A Noninvasive Intracranial Pressure Monitor
Authors: Salmon James H. , Hajjar Waleed , Bada Henrietta S. 
Published: December 2021

The applanation transducer was used to measure intracranial pressure (ICP) through the intact fontanel. The method is painless, rapid, and accurate. The pressures recorded with this fontogram were correlated with direct measurements of ICP. The correlation coefficient of the 21 paired determinations was .98—a very good correlation.
Fontanel pressure was determined in 35 normal newborn infants. The mean pressure was 7.37 mm Hg with an SD of ± 1.45 (range, 3.5 to 9.5 mm Hg). Three clinical cases are presented to illustrate the usefulness of this apparatus in the detection of increased ICP and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.
Neonatal Anterior Esophageal Perforation
Authors: Stein Robert T. , Wall Patrick M. , Kaufman Robert A. , Lamprecht Catherine , Roloff Dietrich W. 
Published: December 2021

Traumatic esophageal perforation and/or formation of esophageal diverticula may occur during the intensive care of premature infants. Lee and Kuhn1 have reviewed this entity and have noted typical characteristics of location, suspected etiologic factors, incidence, etc. We would like to extend these observations by reporting an unusual complication of anterior esophageal perforation probably secondary to trauma from a laryngoscope blade.
CASE REPORT
The patient, a boy, was admitted to the University of Michigan Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the age of 1 hour. Birth weight was 750 g; the estimated gestational age was 25 weeks. Membranes had ruptured just prior to delivery, and the amniotic fluid was cloudy and malodorous.
Myositis and Influenza
Authors: Buchta Richard M. 
Published: December 2021

It was with personal, as well as intellectual, interest that I read the article, "Acute Myositis Associated With Influenza B Infection" (Pediatrics 57:255, February 1976).
In February 1976, both of my sons had an influenza-like illness associated with a transient myositis of about 48 to 72 hours' duration. I was aware of this phenomenon because of previous experience with similar cases. Mason1 described this mini-epidemic of myositis associated with influenza B.
My 11-year-old son, as well as my wife, developed symptoms of fever, malaise, and headache for three days' duration.
A Modification of the Chest Transilluminator
Authors: Scanlon John W. 
Published: December 2021

We have found the Mini-Light Illuminator (Medgeneral, Minneapolis, Minnesota) extremely useful in our neonatal intensive care unit for the early detection of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and developing hydrocephalus; for defining some abdominal masses; and for following the removal of extrapulmonary air.
The initial article about the Mini-Light by Kuhns et al. (Pediatrics 56:355, September 1975) suggested the possibility of bacterial contamination. More recent correspondence (Pediatrics 57:975, June 1976) from them further noted a potential thermal hazard.
The International Children's Centre: An Experience in Teaching Social Pediatrics
Authors: Manciaux Michel , Berenberg Samuel R. , Masse Nathalie P. 
Published: December 2021

The principal objective of preventive and social pediatrics is to seek solutions to the health problems of infants, children, and youth through programs that encompass and coordinate all aspects of child health and welfare. (The wording "preventive and social pediatrics" is unsatisfactory. It could lead to the misunderstanding that one is dealing with still another pediatric subspecialty. It is used in this article for the sake of convenience and should be understood in the sense of the preventive and social aspects of pediatrics as a whole.)
Since pediatricians are increasingly involved in problems that exist prior to pregnancy and during the prenatal and birth periods (genetic counseling, monitoring of fetal growth in coordination with obstetricians) and, much later, in the physical and psychosocial problems of adolescents, the teaching range of the social aspects of pediatrics must be broadened.
To be more precise, preventive pediatrics is concerned with the prevention of diseases and disabilities and with the preservation and supervision of the health of children, whereas social pediatrics deals mainly with children, both healthy and ill, in relation to their families, the community, the school, and the total environment. As far as these milieux are concerned, it is possible to identify the micromilieu: the child, dependent on the play of forces between inborn and acquired influences, in close contact with its restricted nuclear family; the mesomilieu: interrelationships between the child and the extended family, other children, crèches, preschool facilities, and schools; the macromilieu: the complex network of state and national policies, regulations, and legislation concerned with the health and development of children; the megamilieu: global problems such as poverty, overpopulation, malnutrition, pollution, violence, and wars, which primarily affect children.
RICHARD HAZELTINE DESCRIBED KOPLIK SPOTS BEFORE KOPLIK'S REPORT
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Henry Koplik (1858-1927), an American pediatrician, is usually said to be the first to have noted and reported on Koplik spots, the buccal spots which are an important early diagnostic sign of measles (Arch Pediatr 13:918, 1896). However, nearly a century before Koplik described the spots which bear his name, Dr. Richard Hazeltine, a general practitioner in Berwick (Daughty's Falls) Maine, described these spots as follows:
I notice no phenomenon which I could call a precursor of the disease, except the early appearance of the eruption in the internal fauces might be called one. In almost every instance where the commencement of the disease came to my knowledge, this appearance was to be observed at least 36, and in some cases 48 hours before the eruption appeared externally. I suspect the coryza, raucedo [hoarseness] and tussis, which generally precede the cuticular eruption, and which constitute so important a trait in the diagnosis of the disease, are wholly attributable to this early eruption on the mucous membrane of the internal fauces, larynx, trachea, etc. I was informed by some persons, that they had pretty constantly observed a pale miliary eruption on the gums two to three days previous to the cuticular eruption; and I think I saw a case or two of this kind myself.
Pneumatosis Intestinalis Associated With Fatal Childhood Dermatomyositis
Authors: Fischer Thomas J. , Cipel Louis , Stiehm E. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Gastrointestinal complications are frequent in childhood dermatomyositis.1 Pneumatosis intestinalis has been reported only twice and both children had a benign course.2,3 We now report a boy in whom the appearance of pneumatosis intestinalis preceded colonic perforation, peritonitis, and death.
CASE REPORT
A boy 8½ years of age presented with a one-month history of muscle pain, weakness, dysphagia, and periorbital swelling. A diagnosis of dermatomyositis was established by elevated muscle enzyme levels and an abnormal electromyogram and muscle biopsy specimen. Despite prednisone therapy (60 mg/day), respiratory impairment developed and intravenous methotrexate (1 mg/kg/wk) was added, resulting in clinical improvement. During the next nine months the patient was hospitalized twice for respiratory weakness and a third time for abdominal pain, for which he underwent a third time for abdominal pain, for which he underwent a laparotomy with an incidental appendectomy.
Forgotten Children: Maltreated Children of Mentally Retarded Parents
Authors: Crain Lucy S. , Millor Georgia K. 
Published: December 2021

It is estimated that at least 1 million developmentally disabled adults, half of whom are mentally retarded, now reside in communities throughout the United States.1,2 With recent emphasis on increased independence, normalization, and reaffirmation of the civil rights of mentally retarded persons, many are now experiencing nonsheltered adult lives and marriage. As emancipated adults, childbearing and childrearing may follow, but few if any communities have developed adequate supportive services for meeting the needs of these mentally retarded parents and their children.
Although there is a lack of data on the prevalence of parenting problems among mentally retarded adults,3 abuse and neglect have been repeatedly implicated as etiologic factors in mental retardation.
Committee Report Needs Clarification
Authors: Kafka H. L. 
Published: December 2021

McMillan et al. in their article "Iron Sufficiency in Breast-Fed Infants and the Availability of Iron From Human Milk" (Pediatrics 58:686, November 1976) made it clear that iron from breast milk is better absorbed than iron from any other source, and that it is therefore safe, at least from the point of view of iron deficiency, to breast feed an infant up to 18 months of age.
In the same issue (p. 765) the Committee on Nutrition recommends that "iron supplementation from one or more sources should start no later than 4 months of age in term infants and no later than 2 months of age in preterm infants . . ." and a few lines later that ". . . In breast-fed infants the best source [of iron] is iron-fortified cereal, two portions per day. . . ." Yet the Committee states that "the needs of breast-fed infants for supplemental iron require more investigation."
Encopresis, Enemas, and Gold Stars
Authors: Fleisher David R. 
Published: December 2021

I was gratified to read the study of Levine and Bakow on childhood encopresis (Pediatrics 58:845, December 1976). Disorders of defecation cause great suffering to many children and their families. Pediatrics, as a clinical pursuit and scientific discipline, has too often side-stepped disorders of elimination.
The value of the authors' humane, caring attitude toward their patients cannot be overestimated. I would like to offer the following criticisms:
1. A pediatrician's ability to help a patient depends on his understanding of the symptom.
Sudden Death in Adolescence
Authors: Murphy Gordon K. 
Published: December 2021

The majority of adolescent deaths are sudden and unexpected; of these, the great majority result from violence. These violent deaths largely accounted for the 25% increase in total adolescent mortality during the 1960s. Yet, sudden death in adolescence is not a distinct entity and receives little study from either pediatricians or pathologists.
Some cases of sudden death in adolescence are puzzling and difficult to classify. The pathologist must in each case obtain a detailed history, usually perform a complete autopsy, and obtain consultation when necessary. Only then will each case be adequately studied, and related medical questions and other problems be properly resolved.
Behavior Therapy and Withdrawal of Stimulant Medication in Hyperactive Children
Authors: O'Leary Susan G. , Pelham William E. 
Published: December 2021

Psychopharmacological intervention has been the most frequent treatment for hyperactive children for two decades. Recent estimates suggest that approximately 2% of all U.S. elementary schoolchildren are receiving psychostimulant medication for hyperactivity.1 Dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexedrine) and methylphenidate (Ritalin) hydrochloride are the most frequently administered psychostimulant medications. The efficacy of these drugs in changing teacher ratings of hyperactivity and improving sustained attention has been well established.2
Despite the consistency of salutary effects of stimulants on hyperactive children in school settings, the exclusive reliance on drug treatment has been questioned repeatedly.3-5 The concern stems from several sources. First, such treatment appears to have no long-term effect on academic achievement.6,7 Second, such treatment does not appear to be associated with long-term amelioration of social problems.7 Third, increases in heart rate and blood pressure have been observed,8 and decreases in the rate of height and weight gains have been found in some studies.4 Although the decrease in weight gain in probably reversible, the same may not be true of the decrease in height gains. Fourth, the child's attribution of his behavior change to the medication may have deleterious long-range effects. The child may learn that the only way to control his behavior is to take a pill.9 Fifth, because of the anorexic and insomnious effects of the stimulant medications, they are usually not administered in the late afternoon. Since the effects of the medication last only three to five hours, change in the children's behavior at home is often not observed.10 Thus, the parents whose children are given medication without psychological consultation are often faced with serious problems at home.
DR. WILLIAM BUCHAN ON THE INJURY DONE TO CHILDREN BY THE TOO EARLY AND UNNECESSARY USE OF MEDICINE—1804
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. William Buchan (1729-1805), the author of Domestic Medicine or the Family Physician, the most popular work of its kind ever published, served as physician to the Foundling Hospital in Ackworth, Yorkshire, for a number of years.
Writing in 1804 in his Advice to Mothers, he described the sad fate of over-medicated infants:
About forty years ago when I undertook the charge of a large branch of the Foundling Hospital at Ackworth in Yorkshire, I found that the children at nurse had till then been attended by the country apothecaries, who, sure of being paid for their drugs, always took care to exhibit them with a liberal hand. Every cupboard and every shelf in the house was filled with phials and gallipots. Under such treatment, half the children died annually. As it was evident to me that this mortality could not be natural, I suggested to the governors, that the children had little or no occasion for medicines, and that with proper care they would thrive and do well. A new arrangement took place. The nurses were forbidden, at their peril, to give any medicine but what should he ordered by me; and were advised to rely more on the faithful discharge of their duty than on doses of physic. The consequence was, that the expense for drugs did not amount to a hundredth part of what it had been before, and that not above one in fifty of the children died annually. An opportunity of making experiments on so extensive a scale seldom occurs.
Long-Term Results of Renal Transplantation in Children
Authors: Fine Richard N. , Malekzadeh Mohammad H. , Pennisi Alfred J. , Ettenger Robert B. , Uittenbogaart Christel H. , Negrete Vida F. , Korsch Barbara M. 
Published: December 2021

During the past decade, as hemodialysis and renal transplantation have become more available, the outlook for children with irreversible renal insufficiency has changed dramatically. Prior to that time, no programs were devoted exclusively to the treatment of children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and a limited number of children received treatment in adult facilities. In light of very limited experience there were those who claimed1,2 that the rigors of the treatment program were so catastrophic for both child and family, and the outlook so dismal, that dialysis and transplantation should not be offered to children.
Despite these warnings a program was initiated in 1967 at Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles (CHLA) to provide dialysis and transplantation for children with ESRD. The program was designed to include a component for long-term medical and psychosocial evaluation.
Subsequently, other programs were developed in the United States, Canada, and western Europe. The latest report on Regular Dialysis and Transplantation of Children in Europe, 1975,3 of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry included 1,111 children who were less than 15 years of age at the initiation of therapy, and the last report of the ACS/NIH Transplant Registry4 included data on 987 children, 0 to 15 years of age. In addition, numerous articles5-25 describing experience with transplantation in children attest to the increasing acceptance of this therapeutic modality for children. However, there are few reports of children surviving with a functioning graft for more than five years.13,14,21-23-25 Only the reports of DeShazo et al.21 and Weil et al.25 include data on the long-term results of renal transplantation in a large number of pediatric patients.
Prognosis in Children With Febrile Seizures
Authors: Nelson Karin B. , Ellenberg Jonas H. 
Published: December 2021

Febrile seizures occurred in 3.5% of white and 4.2% of black children who were followed up in a large prospectively defined cohort. The frequency of adverse outcomes was examined in this population and risk factors were identified. Among 1,706 children with febrile seizures, no deaths or persistent motor deficits occurred as sequelae of seizures. Todd's paresis occurred in 0.4%. Risk factors identified for epilepsy after febrile seizures were family history of afebrile seizures, preexisting neurological abnormality, and complicated initial seizure. Of the 60% of children with febrile seizures who had none of these factors, 1% developed epilepsy by age 7 years. A single risk factor was present in 34%, of whom 2% developed epilepsy. Of the 6% with two or more of these factors, 10% developed epilepsy.
After an initial brief febrile seizure, 1.4% experienced a subsequent attack which lasted 30 minutes or longer; none of these children had an afebrile seizure by the age of 7 years.
Febrile seizures were associated with an increased risk of intellectual deficit only among children with preexisting neurological or developmental abnormality, and in those who developed subsequent afebrile seizures. A third of the children with febrile seizures had a recurrence, and 9% had three or more recurrences. The major predictor of recurrence was early age at onset.
Behavior Disturbance, Phenobarbital, and Febrile Seizures
Authors: Wolf Sheldon M. , Forsythe Alan 
Published: December 2021

Of 109 children treated daily with phenobarbital following the first febrile convulsion, 42% developed a behavior disorder, usually hyperactivity. Daily phenobarbital therapy was prematurely discontinued in 54% of the children with behavior abnormality (20% of those treated). The behavior disturbance usually appeared within several months, was not correlated with high blood barbiturate levels, disappeared in 73%, and improved in all children when barbiturate therapy was discontinued. No characteristics of the child, the initial febrile seizure, or recurrence of febrile seizures were significantly correlated with the occurrence of the behavior disorder except for behavioral abnormality preceding the initial febrile convulsion.
Eighteen percent of the children who received no phenobarbital developed behavior disorder, most often hyperactivity. The behavior disturbance spontaneously disappeared in 52%. Among these children not given phenobarbital, the group with normal behavior had a greater frequency of family history of seizures, especially febrile convulsions, and a lower frequency of preseizure behavior disturbance; abnormalities of pregnancy, labor, delivery, and neonatal period; delayed milestones; long seizures; abnormal results of neurological examination; abnormal EEC; and recurrent febrile seizures.
Turn down the water temperature and win a prize
Authors: Bergman Abraham B. 
Published: December 2021

Certain signs of a publication with an ailing circulation are the appearance of stories about unidentified flying objects, techniques of sexual rejuvenation, life after death, and the sponsorship of contests. The circulation of Pediatrics is doing well, thank you, but we still announce what we think is the first-ever competition promulgated by a medical journal. (The Lancet's quizzes are too esoteric and they don't give prizes.) It's a grand chance for readers to get their competitive juices flowing while bathing in moral rectitude.
Here's the pitch: Elsewhere in this issue (page 1) Feldman and colleagues make a compelling case that if the temperature of hot water heaters were regulated so as not to exceed 52°C(125°F), the incidence of scald burns would be reduced, and our patriotic duty to conserve energy would be furthered.
BECOMING HUMAN
Authors: Jenks Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Opponents of abortion sometimes argue that a fetus "wants" to grow up into a real person. But every egg and sperm also "want" to become a person in this sense. And if that is the case, how can one defend either contraception or celibacy, both of which deny life to millions of eggs and sperms that "want" to become people, and both of which also involve repression of "natural" impulses?
The question of whether abortion is morally wrong depends on when we become "human." Unfortunately, this does not happen all at once, as in medieval fantasies of the soul's entering the body. It happens bit by bit. We must therefore make some arbitrary decision about when to confer the "right to life." Because nature offers no clear guidance about where this line should be drawn, the most humane solution is to draw it so as to minimize human suffering. I doubt, however, that opponents of abortion will accept this approach, for once you accept it, you will almost inevitably be led to precisely the same "liberal" conclusion the Supreme Court reached five years ago in Roe v. Wade.