bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Work Practice with Adults under the Rising Second Wave of Covid-19 in England: Frontline Experiences and the Use of Professional Judgement
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Harris Jess , Burridge Stan , Fuller James , Martineau Stephen , Ornelas Bruno , Tinelli Michela , Cornes Michelle 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The impacts on adult social work in England of the Covid-19 pandemic were sudden and are proving long-standing. In England, many social workers moved to home working and virtual contact with colleagues, managers, staff from other agencies and service users. A first national lockdown was followed by a lessening of restrictions, but a second wave started at the end of Summer 2020 and restrictions were re-introduced. This study draws on telephone interviews with a sample of twenty-two social workers working with adults in a wide range of roles and settings in ten local authorities and two National Health Service Hospital Trusts, interviewed August–October 2020. Following transcription, interview data were analysed thematically. Findings are reported under three emerging themes: using professional judgement, new and emerging case work and embedding change. These are compared with findings from studies of practice in children’s services and of surveys of social workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Implications for practice, service users and research are explored.
Social determinants of telemedicine utilization in ambulatory cardiovascular patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Brown Kemar J , Mathenge Njambi , Crousillat Daniela , Pagliaro Jaclyn , Grady Connor , Katz Nava , Singh Jagmeet P , Bhatt Ami B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the rapid uptake of telemedicine (TM) for routine cardiovascular care. To examine the predictors of TM utilization among ambulatory cardiology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods and results
In this single-centre retrospective study, all ambulatory cardiovascular encounters occurring between 16 March and 19 June 2020 were assessed. Baseline characteristics by visit type (in-person, TM phone, TM video) were compared using Chi-square and student t-tests, with statistical significance defined by P-value &lt;0.05. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the predictors of TM vs. in-person care. A total of 8446 patients [86% Non-Hispanic (NH) White, 42% female, median age 66.8 ± 15.2 years] completed an ambulatory cardiovascular visit during the study period. TM phone (n = 4981, 61.5%) was the primary mode of ambulatory care followed by TM video (n = 2693, 33.2%). NH Black race [odds ratio (OR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.35–0.94; P-value = 0.02], Hispanic ethnicity (OR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29–0.98; P = 0.04), public insurance (Medicaid OR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.32–0.79; P = 0.003, Medicare OR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47–0.89; P = 0.009), zip-code linked median household income of &lt;$75 000, age &gt;85 years, and patients with a diagnosis of heart failure were associated with reduced access to TM video encounters and a higher likelihood of in-person care.

Conclusions
Significant disparities in TM video access for ambulatory cardiovascular care exist among the elderly, lower income, as well as Black and Hispanic racial/ethnic groups.
Slipped-Strand Mispairing at Noncontiguous Repeats in Poecilia reticulata: A Model for Minisatellite Birth
Authors: Taylor John S , Breden Felix 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The standard slipped-strand mispairing (SSM) model for the formation of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) proposes that a few tandem repeats, produced by chance mutations, provide the “raw material” for VNTR expansion. However, this model is unlikely to explain the formation of VNTRs with long motifs (e.g., minisatellites), because the likelihood of a tandem repeat forming by chance decreases rapidly as the length of the repeat motif increases. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the birth of a mitochondrial (mt) DNA minisatellite in guppies suggests that VNTRs with long motifs can form as a consequence of SSM at noncontiguous repeats. VNTRs formed in this manner have motifs longer than the noncontiguous repeat originally formed by chance and are flanked by one unit of the original, noncontiguous repeat. SSM at noncontiguous repeats can therefore explain the birth of VNTRs with long motifs and the “imperfect” or “short direct” repeats frequently observed adjacent to both mtDNA and nuclear VNTRs.
Hitchhiking Under Positive Darwinian Selection
Authors: Fay Justin C , Wu Chung-I 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Positive selection can be inferred from its effect on linked neutral variation. In the restrictive case when there is no recombination, all linked variation is removed. If recombination is present but rare, both deterministic and stochastic models of positive selection show that linked variation hitchhikes to either low or high frequencies. While the frequency distribution of variation can be influenced by a number of evolutionary processes, an excess of derived variants at high frequency is a unique pattern produced by hitchhiking (derived refers to the nonancestral state as determined from an outgroup). We adopt a statistic, H, to measure an excess of high compared to intermediate frequency variants. Only a few high-frequency variants are needed to detect hitchhiking since not many are expected under neutrality. This is of particular utility in regions of low recombination where there is not much variation and in regions of normal or high recombination, where the hitchhiking effect can be limited to a small (&lt;1 kb) region. Application of the H test to published surveys of Drosophila variation reveals an excess of high frequency variants that are likely to have been influenced by positive selection.
Social Participation and Healthy Aging Among the Older Japanese: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study
Authors: Lu Yukai , Matsuyama Sanae , Tanji Fumiya , Otsuka Tatsui , Tomata Yasutake , Tsuji Ichiro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Our study examined the association between social participation and healthy aging using a community-based cohort study among Japanese older adults.

Methods
This prospective study was conducted in Ohsaki City, Japan, and included 7226 participants aged ≥65 years at the baseline survey in 2006. We obtained information on frequency of participation in 3 types of community activities (ie, neighborhood activities, hobbies, and volunteer activities) at baseline. Exposure was measured by the number of types of community activities participated in and participants were categorized into 4 groups (ie, none, 1 type, 2 types, and 3 types). The primary outcome was healthy aging as assessed by a questionnaire survey conducted in 2017, and was defined as meeting the following 4 criteria: free of disability, free of depression, high health-related quality of life, and high life satisfaction. We used multiple logistic regression models to calculate the corresponding odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results
During 11 years of follow-up, 574 (7.9%) participants attained healthy aging. Compared with participants not participating in any activity, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.90 (1.40, 2.59) for those participating in 1 type, 2.49 (1.84, 3.38) for 2 types, and 3.06 (2.30, 4.07) for 3 types (p for trend &lt; .0001). Furthermore, for each type of community activity, a higher frequency of participation was related to higher probability of healthy aging.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that social participation is associated with the promotion of healthy aging, and that the benefits were observed across different types of community activities.
Securitization, surveillance and ‘de-extremization’ in Xinjiang
Authors: Kam Stefanie , Clarke Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Previous explanations on China's counterterrorism strategy have highlighted the results of China's strategy of repression in Xinjiang, the historical antecedents and institutional foundations of its counterterrorism policies, as well as international and domestic sources of China's counterterrorism strategy. While acknowledging the importance of all these dimensions, this article draws attention to a largely neglected feature of China's counterterrorism strategy: the Chinese party-state's social engineering of Xinjiang. Building on Maoist-era practices such as the mass line and the ‘friend vs. enemy’ binary, the Communist party under Xi Jinping has integrated surveillance technologies as part of its strategy of preventive counterterrorism and ‘de-extremization’. This article argues that the Chinese party-state's embrace of modern technologies, a weak liberal tradition in China, Xi Jinping's rise to power in late 2012, and the appointment of Chen Quanguo as Xinjiang's party-secretary in 2016, provides the socio-political background for the intensification of securitization, surveillance and introduction of ‘re-education and training centres’ in Xinjiang. Surveillance technologies now complement collective, face-to-face methods of surveillance and Maoist-era techniques of mass mobilization, enabling the Chinese party-state to govern and manage the biopolitical spaces of Uyghurs with greater intensity, according to the state's precise norms. The legalization and institutionalization of ‘de-extremization’ has also led to the shift from mass ‘de-extremization’ propaganda to ‘drip-irrigation’ ideological and political re-education of individuals deemed at risk of extremism. The result is an increased capacity by the Chinese party-state to surveil and control the region, and to more effectively negate the possibility of individual resistance.
Unique Determination of Ellipsoids by Their Dual Volumes
Authors: Myroshnychenko Sergii , Tatarko Kateryna , Yaskin Vladyslav 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Gusakova and Zaporozhets conjectured that ellipsoids in $\mathbb R^n$ are uniquely determined (up to an isometry) by their intrinsic volumes. Petrov and Tarasov confirmed this conjecture in $\mathbb R^3$. In this paper, we solve the dual problem in all dimensions. We show that any ellipsoid in $\mathbb R^n$ centered at the origin is uniquely determined (up to an isometry) by an $n$-tuple of its dual volumes. As an application, we give an alternative proof of the result of Petrov and Tarasov.
Rice breeding for yield under drought has selected for longer flag leaves and lower stomatal density
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Tripathi Santosh , Singh Suresh Prasad , Prasad Archana , Akter Fahamida , Syed Md Abu , Badri Jyothi , Das Sankar Prasad , Bhattarai Rudra , Natividad Mignon A , Quintana Marinell , Venkateshwarlu Challa , Raman Anitha , Yadav Shailesh , Singh Shravan K , Swain Padmini , Anandan A , Yadaw Ram Baran , Mandal Nimai P , Verulkar S B , Kumar Arvind , Henry Amelia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Direct selection for yield under drought has resulted in the release of a number of drought-tolerant rice varieties across Asia. In this study, we characterized the physiological traits that have been affected by this strategy in breeding trials across sites in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. Drought- breeding lines and drought-tolerant varieties showed consistently longer flag leaves and lower stomatal density than our drought-susceptible check variety, IR64. The influence of environmental parameters other than drought treatments on leaf traits was evidenced by close grouping of treatments within a site. Flag-leaf length and width appeared to be regulated by different environmental parameters. In separate trials in the Philippines, the same breeding lines studied in South Asia showed that canopy temperature under drought and harvest index across treatments were most correlated with grain yield. Both atmospheric and soil stress strengthened the relationships between leaf traits and yield. The stable expression of leaf traits among genotypes and the identification of the environmental conditions in which they contribute to yield, as well as the observation that some breeding lines showed longer time to flowering and higher canopy temperature than IR64, suggest that selection for additional physiological traits may result in further improvements of this breeding pool.
Understanding and exploiting uniparental genome elimination in plants: insights from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Thondehaalmath Tejas , Kulaar Dilsher Singh , Bondada Ramesh , Maruthachalam Ravi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Uniparental genome elimination (UGE) refers to the preferential exclusion of one set of the parental chromosome complement during embryogenesis following successful fertilization, giving rise to uniparental haploid progeny. This artificially induced phenomenon was documented as one of the consequences of distant (wide) hybridization in plants. Ten decades since its discovery, attempts to unravel the molecular mechanism behind this process remained elusive due to a lack of genetic tools and genomic resources in the species exhibiting UGE. Hence, its successful adoption in agronomic crops for in planta (in vivo) haploid production remains implausible. Recently, Arabidopsis thaliana has emerged as a model system to unravel the molecular basis of UGE. It is now possible to simulate the genetic consequences of distant crosses in an A. thaliana intraspecific cross by a simple modification of centromeres, via the manipulation of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant gene, CENH3. Thus, the experimental advantages conferred by A. thaliana have been used to elucidate and exploit the benefits of UGE in crop breeding. In this review, we discuss developments and prospects of CENH3 gene-mediated UGE and other in planta haploid induction strategies to illustrate its potential in expediting plant breeding and genetics in A. thaliana and other model plants.
On the precision of full-spectrum fitting of stellar populations – III. Identifying age spreads
Authors: Asa’d Randa , Goudfrooij Paul , As’ad A M , El-Mir H G , Begum L , Aljasmi A , Almatroushi O 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this third paper of a series on the precision of obtaining ages of stellar populations using the full-spectrum fitting technique, we examine the precision of this technique in deriving possible age spreads within a star cluster. We test how well an internal age spread can be resolved as a function of cluster age, population, mass fraction, and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). For this test, the two ages (Age (SSP1) and Age (SSP2)) are free parameters along with the mass fraction of SSP1. We perform the analysis on 118 800 mock star clusters covering all ages in the range 6.8 &lt; log (age/yr) &lt; 10.2, with mass fractions from 10 per cent to 90 per cent for two age gaps (0.2 and 0.5 dex). Random noise is added to the model spectra to achieve S/N ratios between 50 and 100 per wavelength pixel. We find that the mean of the derived Age (SSP1) generally matches the real Age (SSP1) to within 0.1 dex up to ages around log (age/yr) = 9.5. The precision decreases for log (age/yr) &gt; 9.6 for any mass fraction or S/N, due to the similarity of SED shapes for those ages. In terms of the recovery of age spreads, we find that the derived age spreads are often larger than the real ones, especially for log(age/yr) $\lesssim$ 8.0 and high mass fractions of SSP1. Increasing the age gap in the mock clusters improves the derived parameters, but Age (SSP2) is still overestimated for the younger ages.
A multilevel examination of lifetime aggression: integrating cortical thickness, personality pathology and trauma exposure
Authors: Sheehan Ana E , Bounoua Nadia , Miglin Rickie , Spielberg Jeffrey M , Sadeh Naomi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aggression represents a significant public health concern, causing serious physical and psychological harm. Although many studies have sought to characterize the etiology of aggression, research on the contributions of risk factors that span multiple levels of analysis for explaining aggressive behavior is lacking. To address this gap, we investigated the direct and unique contributions of cortical thickness (level 1), pathological personality traits (level 2) and trauma exposure (level 3) for explaining lifetime physical aggression in a high-risk sample of community adults (N = 129, 47.3% men). First, the frequency of lifetime aggression was inversely associated with cortical thickness in regions of prefrontal and temporal cortices that have been implicated in executive functioning, inhibitory mechanisms and socio-emotional processing. Further, aggression was positively associated with pathological personality traits (antagonism and disinhibition) and exposure to assaultive trauma. Notably, all three levels of analysis (cortical thickness, pathological personality traits and assaultive trauma exposure) explained non-overlapping variance in aggressive behavior when examined simultaneously in integrative models. Together, the findings provide a multilevel assessment of the biopsychosocial factors associated with the frequency of aggression. They also indicate that cortical thickness explains novel variance in these harmful behaviors not captured by well-established personality and environmental risk factors for aggression.
Assessment of an iPad-based sperm motility analyzer for determination of canine sperm motility
Authors: Bulkeley Evelyn , Collins Christine , Foutouhi Azarene , Gonzales Kris , Power Heather , Meyers Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the repeatability and accuracy of canine sperm motility (total and progressive) assessment with a tablet-based Canine iSperm instrument compared to computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The experiment used fresh and frozen/thawed canine semen samples for comparisons of semen analysis parameters (concentration, total motility, and progressive motility) between a CASA system, iSperm, and NucleoCounter SP-100 (concentration) instruments. Spearman’s Rho correlational analysis was used to identify significant associations between motility assessment methods. Significant positive correlations were found between CASA assessment and iSperm for both progressive and total motility measurements. We also determined the coefficient of variation (CV) for repeatability of sample analysis for iSperm and CASA for fresh sperm, wherein each sample was assessed 10 times on both devices. For fresh and frozen-thawed samples, concentration assessment by iSperm showed high variability (CV= 19.9 ± 1.5%). For iSperm assessment of total and progressive motility, the CVs were 6.3 ± 0.5% and 10.7 ± 0.8%, respectively. The results indicate that the iSperm application offers an accurate and alternative measurement of motility to traditional CASA analysis, though caution should be taken when assessing concentration due to the high CV observed in this study.
Mechanistic Evaluation of Black Cohosh Extract-Induced Genotoxicity in Human Cells
Authors: Seo Ji-Eun , Guo Xiaoqing , Petibone Dayton M , Shelton Sharon D , Chen Ying , Li Xilin , Tryndyak Volodymyr , Smith-Roe Stephanie L , Witt Kristine L , Mei Nan , Manjanatha Mugimane G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Black cohosh extract (BCE) is marketed to women as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy for alleviating menopausal symptoms. Previous studies by the National Toxicology Program revealed that BCE induced micronuclei (MN) and a nonregenerative macrocytic anemia in rats and mice, likely caused by disruption of the folate metabolism pathway. Additional work using TK6 cells showed that BCE induced aneugenicity by destabilizing microtubules. In the present study, BCE-induced MN were confirmed in TK6 and HepG2 cells. We then evaluated BCE-induced DNA damage using the comet assay at multiple time points (0.5–24 h). Following a 0.5-h exposure, BCE induced significant, concentration-dependent increases in %tail DNA in TK6 cells only. Although DNA damage decreased in TK6 cells over time, likely due to repair, small but statistically significant levels of DNA damage were observed after 2 and 4 h exposures to 250 µg/ml BCE. A G1/S arrest in TK6 cells exposed to 125 µg/ml BCE (24 h) was accompanied by apoptosis and increased expression of γH2A.X, p-Chk1, p-Chk2, p53, and p21. Conditioning TK6 cells to physiological levels of folic acid (120 nM) did not increase the sensitivity of cells to BCE-induced DNA damage. BCE did not alter global DNA methylation in TK6 and HepG2 cells cultured in standard medium. Our results suggest that BCE induces acute DNA strand breaks which are quickly repaired in TK6 cells, whereas DNA damage seen at 4 and 24 h may reflect apoptosis. The present study supports that BCE is genotoxic mainly by inducing MN with an aneugenic mode of action.
The Short- and Long-Term Burden of Acute Pancreatitis in the United States
Authors: Pokras Shibani , Ray Markqayne , Zheng Shan , Ding Yao , Chen Chi-Chang 
Published: April 2021

Objectives
This retrospective cohort study assessed short- and long-term economic, clinical burden, and productivity impacts of acute pancreatitis (AP) in the United States.

Methods
United States claims data from patients hospitalized for AP (January 1, 2011–September-30, 2016) were sourced from MarketScan databases. Patients were categorized by index AP severity: severe intensive care unit (ICU), severe non-ICU, and other hospitalized patients.

Results
During index, 41,946 patients were hospitalized or visited an emergency department for AP. For inpatients, median (interquartile range) AP-related total cost was $13,187 ($12,822) and increased with AP severity (P < 0.0001). During the postindex year, median AP-related costs were higher (P < 0.0001) for severe ICU versus severe non-ICU and other hospitalized patients. Hours lost and costs due to absence and short-term disability were similar between categories. Long-term disability costs were higher (P = 0.005) for severe ICU versus other hospitalized patients. Factors associated with higher total all-cause costs in the year after discharge included AP severity, length of hospitalization, readmission, AP reoccurrence, progression to chronic pancreatitis, or new-onset diabetes (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
An AP event exerts substantial burden during hospitalization and involves long-term clinical and economic consequences, including loss of productivity, which increase with index AP event severity.
Diagnostic Role of F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Characterization of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms
Authors: Kim Keunyoung , Kim Seong-Jang 
Published: April 2021

Objectives
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/computed tomography (CT) for characterization of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods
The PubMed and Embase database were searched for studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of F-18 FDG PET or PET/CT for characterization of IPMN.

Results
Across 14 studies (752 patients), the pooled sensitivity for F-18 FDG PET or PET/CT was 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–0.89) with heterogeneity (I2 = 55.5, P = 0.01) and a pooled specificity of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88–0.98) with heterogeneity (I2 = 83.9, P < 0.001). Likelihood ratio (LR) syntheses gave an overall positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 17.4 (95% CI, 6.5–46.8) and negative likelihood ratio (LR−) of 0.17 (95% CI, 0.12–0.25). The pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 101 (95% CI, 31–327). Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve and indicates that the areas under the curve were 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90–0.95).

Conclusions
The current meta-analysis showed a high sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, and the LR scatter gram of F-18 FDG PET or PET/CT for determination of characteristics of IPMN.