bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Metabolism
Authors: CHILDS BARTON 
Published: December 2021

It is increasingly apparent that the hereditary chromosomal material functions by governing the metabolic capabilities of organisms. It is also true that metabolic processes are very similar in organisms of all degrees of cellular differentiation and organization. Though the authors of this excellent book state in their preface that the book was written for graduate students of genetics, biochemistry and microbiology, it has pertinence for students of all kinds of biology, including medicine.
In the past, genetics in medicine consisted principally of accumulation of pedigrees and evidence for inheritance and the mode of inheritance of characteristics.
PSYCHIATRIC STUDY OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE
Authors: Woodward Katharine F. , Siegel Miriam G. 
Published: December 2021

This is a preliminary report of a proposed 3-year project for the study and treatment of a group of 8 mentally retarded preschool children. It represents the combined efforts of a clinic team, consisting of psychiatrist, pediatrician, psychologist, social workers, and nursery school teachers. The aim is to determine whether psychogenic factors are responsible for all or part of the retardation and if they are, whether the child can be helped to function at a normal on a higher level. The children selected for this study have no demonstrable organic basis for the retardation, and are free from familial tendency toward mental deficiency.
We have excluded from this project children ordinarily classified as "schizophrenic," yet most of our children reveal some schizoid features in varying intensity. Our preliminary findings would tend to corroborate the impressions of other workers in the field that many children who are labelled "mentally deficient" fit more correctly into a borderline psychotic group. Seven of the eight children in this study belong in this group although mental retardation was the main criterion for selection.
After 1 year of preliminary study it is our impression that psychogenic factors exist in these cases. Progress reports will be published in the second and third years of study of this group with publication of a follow-up study of all of the children and their siblings. The topics to be covered in these reports will include details of case histories with emphasis on personality dynamics, and the special therapeutic techniques developed to meet the unique needs of these children.
With the aid of a clinical team approach, those children in our group who attended regularly revealed changes of a positive nature, reflected in the attainment of skills more appropriate to their age bevel. We agree with Kanner that "Every person of a lower than average I. Q. has obtained a right to be studied with full attention to the genetic, physical, cultural, socio-economic, educational and emotional determinants...."
If psychiatry can make a positive contribution to the understanding and treatment of mentally retarded children, it should be instituted at a very early age, as soon as there is any suspicion of retardation. In the hope that the problem will correct itself spontaneously, parents and physicians tend to postpone such study until the child has reached school age.
In line with modern trends toward prevention, further and more intensive investigation of this problem at the preschool level might avoid problems later in life for the child and for the family. It is possible that such studies might reduce to a measurable degree the population of our institutions for the mentally defective child.
SALMONELLOSIS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Clyde Wallace A. 
Published: December 2021

An analysis of 100 consecutive cases of salmonellosis in infants and children from the files of Vanderbilt University Hospital is presented. Points covered with comparison to other studies in the literature where applicable include: age, sex, and racial incidence; types of organisms implicated; mode of treatment; duration and outcome of the disease; and discussion of symptoms, signs and laboratory data for the principal clinical syndromes.
Salmonellosis in children differs in several respects from the usual picture encountered in adults: Onset is more acute, with greater severity of symptoms; leukocytosis is the rule in infants, with gradually increasing leukopenia as age increases; differential leukocyte counts are usually within normal limits for the ages of the patients; the incidence of complications is high.
Enteric isolation is an important aspect of convalescent care.
CONGENITAL HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA
Authors: Pearson Howard A. , Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

A case of congenital hypoplastic anemia is reported in which a course of ACTH was followed by evidence of remission in the peripheral blood and marrow. The remission had been maintained for 10 months by administration of cortisone.
The effectiveness of an interrupted regimen of administration of cortisone in maintaining remission and yet avoiding clinical signs of hypercorticism is described.
An abnormality of tryptophan metabolism, as evidenced by the finding of anthranilic acid in the urine was noted. The anthranilic aciduria persisted during cortisone therapy despite a beneficial effect on production of reticulocytes and hemoglobin.
Concentration of tryptophan in the blood and urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid were normal.
THE EVOLUTION OF A PEDIATRIC SOCIETY
Authors: Bakwin Harry 
Published: December 2021

TWENTY-SIX years ago a small group of pediatric leaders met in the library of the Harper Hospital in Detroit to complete plans for the formation of a new society. A number of considerations contributed to the origin of this society, prominent among which was the rapidly growing number of well-trained pediatricians, but the immediate impetus was the White House Conference called by President Hoover in Washington in 1929. Here, with the guidance of many of the founders of the Academy, a program for child health was developed which could be best carried out by an organization of pediatricians.
In this way the Academy came into being. From the very beginning an appreciation of the broader aspects of pediatrics has colored its activities. The particular circumstances under which it was formed certainly had much to do with its interests and aims.
The founding fathers were not content with simply another "scientific society." True, there were scientific sessions, where the newer developments in pediatrics were presented and discussed. But, from the very start, the Academy took an active part in all matters relating to the health and welfare of children. And from the very start, the Academy showed that it was truly representative of all its members—practitioners, teachers, investigators, public health workers.
The breadth of its interests was reflected in the committee activities. In the first year of its existence there were, among others, Academy committees on Medical Education, Hospitals and Dispensaries, the relation of the Academy to Philanthropic, Welfare and Health and similar agencies, Nursing Education in Pediatrics, and Mental Hygiene. In this way the Academy of Pediatrics showed its awareness of its social obligations and its influence was felt early. As the Academy membership has grown in experience and in numbers, and as the Academy has extended its interests in more and more fields, it has attained a position of eminence and high respect among philanthropic and government agencies which have to do with children; and the help and guidance of the Academy is sought widely.
Device for Regulating Intravenous Infusion
Authors: SHURTLEFF DAVID B. 
Published: December 2021

Clinical and metabolic studies have PEDIATRIC I.V. DRIP [SEE FIG I. IN SOURCE PDF] indicated that critically ill patients may lose temporarily a major portion of their usual tolerance for water and certain electrolytes (New England J. Med., 252:856, 1955). As a result, they are apt to become water-intoxicated if given too much solute-free water and salt-intoxicated if given too much saline, especially during the operative and immediate postoperative periods.
It would appear that one simple way to avoid these difficulties is to keep the rate of intravenous fluid administration down to approximately 1200 ml/m2 of body surface area per 24 hours during such critical periods. In the adult of 1.8 m2 (70 kg), this rate of administration would mean the delivery of an absolute total of about 2200 ml/day.
THE INNOCENT(FUNCTIONAL) CARDIAC MURMUR IN CHILDREN
Authors: Fogel David H. 
Published: December 2021

THE DEVELOPMENT of modern cardiac surgical techniques is one of the great milestones in medicine. Its ramifications have been wide and deep. In its wake of many curative and palliative procedures for congenital and acquired heart disease, there is a renewed interest in the significance of the cardiac murmur. In former years the murmur was merely noted. Today, it is pursued until its etiology is firmly established with the hope that the final investigation will lead to remedial or palliative surgery. Many times the murmur turns out to be a functional one. This has prompted the physician to pose questions concerning the incidence and characteristics of the innocent or functional systolic murmur, especially in children. The answer is not readily obtained.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The accepted definition1 has been listed as, "Innocent (functional) murmurs are usually systolic in time, more often faint than of moderate intensity and usually blowing in quality. They are often inconstant and vary in intensity with change in posture. The commonest is a systolic murmur at the pulmonic area, which is usually best heard with the patient supine and during expiration. An apical systolic murmur is also common. Such murmurs are unaccompanied by any evidence of structural disease such as an enlargement of the heart, abnormal cardiac silhouette on roentgenologic examination or an abnormal electrocardiogram." It is the author's opinion that this general definition is not specifically descriptive for children; the commonest functional murmur in children is not located in the pulmonic area, it is not blowing, and further, an innocent apical systolic murmur is uncommon.
NEUROLOGIC DISEASES IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Hawke William A. , Prichard John S. 
Published: December 2021

THE SEMINAR was conducted in four 3-hour sessions and aimed to cover the more important features of pediatric neurology.
DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Hawke reviewed the normal development of the central nervous system in the infant and child which is so important in the assessment of neurologic disorders in this age group. It was noted that the nervous system was particularly immature and changing rapidly in the first 2 years of life. Development was related to myelination and it was emphasized that this was not a steady process but a pattern of sequences of rapid and slow growth. Motor and sensory development appeared to develop from above and to proceed downward, so that eye-control develops before hand- and legcontrol. Development was related to three functioning levels of the central nervous system—the brain stem, the archipallium, and the neopallium. It was observed that the newborn baby functioned at the brain stem level, and to illustrate this an example was given of the hydranencephalic baby which behaves perfectly normally for the first few weeks of life. The anchipallium, which includes part of the temporal lobe, the cingulate gyrus and basal ganglia, supervenes on the brain stem and may be considered responsible for the basic emotions and some primitive motor and sensory control. The neopallium, which includes most of the cerebral hemisphere, becomes dominant in primates. Its function is intellectual rather than emotional and is responsible for skills, discrimination and fine movements. The clinical application of these developmental patterns are innumerable but illustrations were given of changes in physical signs in static brain lesions.
USE OF ADRENAL HORMONES IN TREATMENT
Authors: Bongiovanni Alfred M. , Eberlein Walter R. 
Published: December 2021

THE DISCUSSION of therapy with adrenal steroid hormones dealt with fundamental concepts of steroid metabolism and the application of these principles to the treatment of various important diseases of pediatric interest. This summary is limited to the basic concepts of therapy with steroids because a discussion of theory is considered likely to be of more lasting value than a temporary summing-up of clinical results.
The human adrenal cortex secretes two main types of steroid hormones, the socalled mineralocorticoids and the glucocorticoids. The first is normally represented by aldosterone, the action of which is mimicked by the synthetic steroid, desoxycorticosterone. (DOCA stands for the acetate of desoxycorticosterone.) Aldosterone secretion appears to be regulated by changes in the volume of extracellular fluid of the body via an hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism. The actions of the mineralocorticoids are widespread but mainly concern the kidney and the sweat glands, leading to retention of sodium and, with it, of water in exchange for potassium. Deficiency of mineralocorticoid, as in Addison's disease, results in loss of sodium and water, accumulation of potassium, dehydration, hypotension, and ultimately renal failure and death.
Hydrocortisone is the predominant glucocorticoid normally secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress or injection of adrenocorticotropin(ACTH). It appears that the concentration of hydrocortisone in the blood regulates the amount of ACTH secreted by the anterior pituitary; as it decreases, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to release more ACTH in an effort to raise it; conversely, as the concentration increases, the hypothalamus inhibits pituitary release of ACTH and the adrenal cortex becomes inactive.
Oxygen Therapy and Survival Rate in Prematures
Authors: GORDON HARRY H. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
The recent publication (Pediatrics, 18: 511, 1956) of a caution on the use of oxygen in the care of premature infants prompts this letter.
Although the Cooperative Study of Retrolental Fibroplasia confirmed, beyond question of even the most skeptical, previously published reports of investigators from many countries that excessive use of oxygen caused retrolental fibroplasia, the conclusions reached concerning the relation of oxygen restriction to survival rate of the infants are not clear.
SPECIAL REVIEWS
Authors: SCHLESINGER R. WALTER 
Published: December 2021

The scope of diagnostic procedures suitable for routine use in a viral laboratory has been discussed in relation to the general problem and the etiologic diversity of viral infections affecting the central nervous system. Diagnostic tests are available for a limited number of these diseases but their practical usefulness depends on observance of certain stringent requirements which the laboratory must impose on clinicians and pathologists who desire aid in the specific diagnosis. Among these are the choice of suitable test materials and their proper collection, storage, and shipment. It has been emphasized that all requests for diagnostic study must be accompanied by detailed clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic data.
Since the specific diagnosis of this group of diseases does not affect therapy or outcome in the individual case, the tests available at present have their greatest practical significance as epidemiologic tools.
OBSERVATIONS ON AN EPIDEMIC OF STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS AND RECURRENCES OF RHEUMATIC FEVER AMONG CHILDREN TREATED WITH PENICILLIN
Authors: Markowitz Milton 
Published: December 2021

An outbreak of streptococcal pharyngitis among children in a convalescent hospital has been described. Eleven of thirty-three subjects with rheumatic fever, under close observation, developed group A streptococcal infections while they received a single daily oral dose of 200,000 units of benzathine penicillin G.
Treatment of the streptococcal infections was carried out with therapeutic doses of various penicillin preparations. Four children who received single injections of 600,000 units of benzathine penicillin G, developed recurrences of rheumatic fever.
The results of the study indicate that a single daily oral dose of 200,000 units of benzathine penicillin G is inadequate for the prevention of streptococcal infections in a closed or semiclosed community of rheumatic fever subjects. It is suggested that at least twice this dosage be employed in such an environment. The data based on a small series of cases suggest that the treatment of acute streptococcal infections with a single intramuscular dose of 600,000 units of benzathine penicillin G will not prevent recurrences of rheumatic fever in highly susceptible patients.
THREE CASES OF MYOCARDITIS IN CHILDREN LESS THAN ONE YEAR OF AGE
Authors: McCue Carolyn M. 
Published: December 2021

A brief discussion of the historic aspects of myocarditis in children is given.
Three cases are presented as myocarditis, showing cardiac enlargement, absence of significant murmurs, marked electrocardiographic changes and normal blood pressure.
In two of the cases the electrocardiograms improved and the size of the heart decreased as the patients made clinical improvement during a 12- to 18-month period. In the third patient, who died, pathologic reports are presented as well as electrocardiographic records.
Although myocarditis is not frequently found in children less than 1 year of age, its presence must be suspected in children with the findings mentioned and appropriate therapy begun promptly.
CHEST RADIOGRAPHY OF PREMATURES
Authors: Bauman William Allen , Nadelhaft Jerome 
Published: December 2021

The chests of 104 unselected, newborn prematures were studied by roentgenogram in the first 72 hours of life in a routine manner which yielded satisfactory roentgenograms and involved minimal disturbance of the patients. Nineteen of the infants showed clinical signs of dyspnea sufficient to suggest that they were suffering from some degree of the respiratory distress syndrome. Thirty-five of the total number presented roentgenographic pictures compatible with hyaline membrane syndrome. Twenty-five of the infants died within the first 8 days of life. Of the 23 in this fatal group who came to necropsy, 10 had hyaline membranes: Eight of these had shown during life both respiratory distress and pulmonary roentgenographic appearance of bilateral diffuse increased reticulogranularity. In statistical analyses, this association is found to be highly significant (p &lt; 0.006).
That several infants with both these abnormalities survived indicates that prematures may recover from the respiratory distress syndrome. Until the diagnosis can be established with greater certainty during life, the possibility of spontaneous recovery must be considered in the evaluation of therapeutic measures.
In the individual case, a premature who has a high retraction score and pulmonary roentgenograms demonstrating increased reticulogranularity has a greater chance of dying with hyaline membrane formation than does the infant who fails to show these symptoms and signs during life.
PSYCHOLOGIC STUDIES BEFORE AND AFTER CLITORIDECTOMY IN FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM CAUSED BY CONGENITAL VIRILIZING ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: Rosenwald Alan K. , Handlon Joseph H. , Rosenthal Ira M. , Hyde John S. , Bronstein I. Pat 
Published: December 2021

Psychobogic tests were performed with five female pseudohermaphrodites with congenital adrenal hyperplasia both before and some time after clitoridectomy. Of these children, four had been reared as girls. The child who had been reared as a boy underwent change of sex assignment at the age of 6 years, after performance of the initial psychologic tests. None of the children showed evidence of significant psychopathology before clitoridectomy. None showed evidence of deleterious psychologic effects after the operation. The child whose sex was changed at the age of 6 years apparently made a good adjustment and showed no adverse effects as evaluated by psychologic tests.
If there is no significant psychopathology, clitoridectomy may be performed without fear of deleterious psychologic effects in female pseudohermaphrodites who have been reared as girls. While, in general, change of sex assignment should not be done in any hermaphrodite beyond the infantile age period, female pseudohermaphrodites with adrenogenital syndrome who have been reared as boys, because of an original diagnostic error, should be individually evaluated with regard to possible change of sex assignment. Despite the apparent success in the case reported here with its unusual special circumstances, the psychologic hazards involved will make reassignment of sex inadvisable in most of these cases.
Alcaptonuria
Authors: MILCH ROBERT AUSTIN 
Published: December 2021

I have read with considerable interest the excellent review article by Dr. Selma E. Snyderman in Pediatrics (21:117, 1958), entitled, "The Metabolism of Amino Acids." There are, however, a few minor points in regard to the discussion of alcaptonuria which I should like to call to the attention of your readers.
First, with respect to pathogenesis: Alcaptonuria is, in fact, not a disease, but rather the temporally initial manifestation of a very distinct syndrome, characterized by alcaptonuria, ochronosis and arthritis.
STURGE-WEBER-DIMITRI DISEASE
Authors: Falkinburg L. W. , Silver M. L. , Kay M. N. , Stoll J. 
Published: December 2021

A case of Sturge-Weber's disease, confirmed by necropsy, in a female 2 3/12 years old, is presented.
This case, aside from its rarity, is noteworthy in that it is confirmed by necropsy, that the facial lesion is bilateral while the brain lesion is unilateral, and that there is an unusual amount of mineral deposit in the brain considering the short duration of the disease.
A general review of this interesting condition is presented.
As far as we have been able to tell, this case is the eighteenth confirmed case of Sturge-Weber's disease recorded in the American literature.
SYMPOSIUM: ANIMALS AND DISEASE INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Authors: Top F. H. 
Published: December 2021

AT FIRST blush the symposium title is arresting—and perhaps an odd one to many whose practice is limited to the diseases of children. Animals are prone to diseases. These diseases may affect man, and adults would appear to be more frequently involved than children. However, animal diseases transmissible to man and called the zoonoses, are becoming more obvious in their frequency because of the changing character of infections during the past 50 years—and children contract the zoonoses frequently enough to warrant consideration.
The beginning of the present century seemed to usher in a change in the incidence and severity of many infectious diseases and particularly the so-called "common communicable diseases of childhood." It was certainly true for diseases of bacterial etiology relating to both morbidity and mortality whereas the incidence of several viral diseases such as chickenpox, measles, rubella and mumps remained the same, but the sting of complications and the threat of death were markedly reduced. The latter is well illustrated in Table I, which shows a comparison of death rates for certain diseases using the years 1900, 1925 and 1950 as mileposts. Deaths are chosen as a measure because case information is meager for the United States at large. The period between 1900 and 1925 was the era in which rapid strides were being made toward an improvement of community hygiene, while a consciousness of the importance of personal hygiene became evident around 1910. Between 1925 and 1950 the likely influences were an improved economy, better housing and more adequate nutrition for the general population.