bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurological diseases, epidemiology, and public health
Authors: Kukull Walter A. , Govender Kumeren , Bowen James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents information for selected neurological conditions by referring to current or classic research papers. Conditions such as headache especially migraines have substantial public health impact because of the high prevalence, age groups affected, the associated lost economic productivity and the increase in disability-adjusted life years. Multiple sclerosis, a relatively common neurological disease, can affect individuals in young adulthood, decrease their productivity, and ultimately make them dependent on others. Traumatic brain injury occurring in youth or young adulthood can cause years of extra medical care in addition to lost productivity among those who survive the immediate event; in addition, repetitive trauma may cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy leading to dementia in later life. Epilepsy may have onset throughout one’s life course. While most causes are unknown, some may result from trauma or may be caused by specific genes, among other causes. While there are intractable forms of epilepsy, great strides have been made in preventing and managing seizures enabling patients to lead relatively full and normal lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, are now acknowledged to begin 10–30 years prior to symptom onset. This will influence how risk factor studies are conducted and interpreted, which may offer earlier diagnostic potential. Effective treatments for the resulting clinical dementias that reduce productivity, functional ability, and independence from older individuals have not yet been realized. Without question, neurological diseases have substantial public health as well as grave personal impact.
Sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Kojima Noah , Klausner J.D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) refer to a broad array of pathogens that are transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. While STI case rates are highest in adolescents and young adults, the most serious health outcomes occur later in life and are disproportionately borne by women and infants. For these reasons, STI prevention and control is an important public health investment for every country. This chapter summarizes the global epidemiology of STIs and their associated health consequences, and reports on factors affecting STI spread in the community. It also discusses STI prevention and control as a public health intervention, relying on many interrelated interventions working together to reduce STI incidence and prevalence in the community. Finally, it considers some of the most likely challenges and opportunities in STI prevention anticipated over the next few decades.
Injury prevention and control
Authors: Peek-Asa Corinne , Hyder Adnan A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability throughout the world and contribute disproportionately to premature life lost. Injury rates are highest among middle- and low-income countries. According to analyses of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease data, injuries cause over 4.6 million deaths per year, accounting for nearly 8.4% of all deaths and 10.7% of disability-adjusted life years. Many opportunities to implement injury prevention strategies exist, and a systematic approach to injury prevention can help identify the most effective and efficient approaches. Building capacity for injury prevention activities in low- and middle-income countries is an important public health priority.
Interpersonal violence
Authors: Jewkes Rachel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Interpersonal violence results in 404,000 deaths annually and substantial health and economic costs. Although there is an element of genetic susceptibility, its use largely a social construct and thus inherently preventable. Interpersonal violence encompasses child maltreatment, peer violence, youth violence, physical, sexual, emotional, and economic intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse. While these appear as a disparate set of acts of violence, they are actually very closely interrelated and perpetrators of one form are at greater risk of perpetrating others, and may also have been victims. This chapter uses an ecological approach to understanding common risk factors and underlying causes and reveals the importance of individual-level, interpersonal- or relationship-level, community-level, and societal factors. Evidence of the preventability of interpersonal violence is demonstrated in the United States, where the prevalence of all forms has declined since 1990. This has not been convincingly attributed to any one intervention, and further suggests that a complex and multilevel programme of interpersonal violence prevention is required, targeting risk factors, and encompassing effective health responses to support victims.
Intersectional and social epidemiology approaches to understanding the Influence of race, ethnicity, and caste on global public health
Authors: Beard Jennifer , Halim Nafisa , Abdalla Salma M. , Galea Sandro 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Ethnicity, race, caste, sex, and gender are characteristics that can determine social status, health, and illness for both individuals and communities. They are among the many attributes that social epidemiologists account for when conducting research to understand the forces driving health disparities. Intersectional theory posits that each individual comprises multiple, interlocking identities that are projected on to them by the society in which they live. These identities confer multilayered privilege or disadvantage based on context-specific power dynamics, social norms, and biases. Intersectionality is a perspective that grew out of the social justice movements that have shaken entrenched systems of power and social norms over the last 60 years. Intersectional theory challenges traditional epidemiological methods of measuring associations between demographic variables and health outcomes. It also offers social epidemiology an opportunity to explore new methodologies that illuminate factors contributing to health disparities and promote social justice as core research objectives. This chapter illustrates intersections between social determinants and health outcomes in a descriptive case study focused on India and explores innovative methods for incorporating intersectionality into epidemiological research methods and analysis.
People with disabilities
Authors: Kavanagh Anne , Shields Marissa , Devine Alex 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the developing field of disability in public health. Disability is traditionally associated with morbidity and mortality as negative public health outcomes. Primary prevention activities addressing birth defects, developmental disabilities, injuries, and chronic illnesses associated with disabling conditions are the foundation of public health. Public health is developing rapidly in promoting the health and well-being of the population of people living with disabling conditions. This chapter outlines the essential public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance for this population across countries and age groups. The WHO’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides the framework for the conceptual and scientific issues. Finally, the chapter discusses directions for public health and disability to develop more closely. Recommendations are made for improving communication, cooperation, and coordination of activities between the public health and disability communities. The fundamental tenet of the chapter is that people with disabilities should be included in planning, development, and implementation of all public health activities.
Prisoners
Authors: Butler Tony G. , Schofield Peter W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a public health analysis of imprisonment (the loss of personal freedom for short or long periods—including life sentences): the individual and population effects upon morbidity and mortality including suicide and homicide, drug addiction, and mental health. These effects impact the life course of former prisoners and their families, employment, and life expectancy, and have intergenerational impacts upon the children of incarcerated parents. While international data are presented for comparison of the magnitude and characteristics of imprisonment worldwide, this chapter examines the United States most closely. America is an atypical but instructive case study: the nation with the world’s largest number of prisoners and highest rate of imprisonment. Mass incarceration is not seen in other developed democratic nations but the case of America represents an important natural experiment, demonstrating precisely how high rates of imprisonment can become socially ‘toxic’, with damaging consequences for population health, societal well-being, and human rights.
Immunization and vaccination
Authors: Mutsaerts Eleonora A.M.L. , Madhi Shabir A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the history of vaccination, challenges to immunization programmes, the public health benefits of vaccination programmes, and the notable successes in terms of elimination. The broader social and economic effects of vaccination are discussed. For example, healthcare workers have increased risk for acquisition of vaccine-preventable diseases. It is important that healthcare workers can maintain delivery of healthcare services during epidemics. They should also avoid spreading disease to vulnerable patient groups. Appropriate vaccination for BCG, hepatitis B, polio, diphtheria, measles, rubella, meningococcal, influenza, varicella, and pertussis is recommended, especially if at increased risk of exposure. The Expanded Programme on Immunization recommended vaccines is fully covered. Vaccination of special populations and the future of vaccines is also discussed.
Training of public health professionals in developing countries
Authors: Hone San , Detels Roger 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Developing countries are asserting tremendous efforts to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) through primary healthcare-led approaches. Quality primary healthcare (PHC) is essential for improving health, social stability, sound national economies, and health security for all countries, rich or poor. Appropriate and competent training for public health professionals at every level, including core primary care providers, is therefore crucial for providing quality PHC, ensuring the effectiveness of the health system and, ultimately, the health of a country’s citizens. The training must embrace enduring strategies through postgraduate, refresher training, and online coaching (telemedicine) to ensure the continued competency of the public health workforce. This chapter addresses each of these issues in greater depth and makes suggestions for improvement and enhancement of health training in developing countries.
Private support of public health
Authors: Karim Quarraisha Abdool , Detels Roger 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Private funding of public health is well established. These additional resources have historically made a substantial contribution by focusing attention and catalysing investments to build public health capacity globally. Private investment has been pivotal in increasing access to available vaccines, treatment services, and innovations in otherwise neglected diseases that contribute to substantial morbidity and mortality rates in resource-constrained settings. The increase in public–private sector partnerships highlight emerging novel approaches to advancing global public health through innovation in research and product development and service delivery for new and re-emerging diseases. Recently a new group of billionaire philanthropists such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, still young and giving while they are alive, have changed the character and scope of giving. However, some giving can inadvertently be associated with negative consequences for the recipients. This chapter provides an overview of the history and current practices and impact of private giving, reflects on the benefits and challenges, and suggests how private investments could more effectively contribute to address the public health challenges of the twenty-first century and beyond.
Wide-field X-ray observations of the supernova remnant Puppis A with the SRG/ART-XC telescope
Authors: Krivonos R , Arefiev V , Lapshov I , Filippova E , Burenin R , Semena A , Grebenev S , Sazonov S , Shtykovsky A , Tkachenko A , Lutovinov A 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) observatory is currently conducting its 4-yr all-sky X-ray survey, started on 2019 December 12. The survey is periodically interrupted for technological operations with the spacecraft. These time intervals are usually used by the Mikhail Pavlinsky ART-XC telescope to perform calibrations. In this context, SRG carried out scanning observations of the Puppis A supernova remnant (SNR) with the aim to check the imaging performance of ART-XC and to optimize the technique of image reconstruction for extended objects. Using the unique imaging capabilities of ART-XC and its uniform coverage of the entire Puppis A region, we attempted to investigate the morphology of this SNR at energies ≳ 4 keV, and to search for previously unknown X-ray sources. Puppis A was observed in 2019–2020, conducting 1.5° × 1.5° shallow surveys with an exposure of 36 h. Additional deep pointed observations of the central part of Puppis A were carried out in 2021 lasted 31 h to highlight the morphology of the extended emission. The X-ray emission of the Puppis A was significantly detected as an extended structure in the 4–6 keV energy band. The morphology of the emission is in general agreement with that observed in soft X-rays previously. The deep sky image of Puppis A obtained with the ART-XC telescope is characterized by a typical SNR shell rim morphology, an extended emission and a bright emission knot in the north-eastern part of the supernova shell. Also, four point X-ray sources have been detected, including three objects identified in catalogues, and one newly discovered X-ray emitter.
Halo merger tree comparison: impact on galaxy formation models
Authors: Gómez Jonathan S , Padilla N D , Helly J C , Lacey C G , Baugh C M , Lagos C D P 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We examine the effect of using different halo finders and merger tree building algorithms on galaxy properties predicted using the galform semi-analytical model run on a high resolution, large volume dark matter simulation. The halo finders/tree builders hbt, rockstar, subfind, and VELOCI raptor differ in their definitions of halo mass, on whether only spatial or phase-space information is used, and in how they distinguish satellite and main haloes; all of these features have some impact on the model galaxies, even after the trees are post-processed and homogenized by galform. The stellar mass function is insensitive to the halo and merger tree finder adopted. However, we find that the number of central and satellite galaxies in galform does depend slightly on the halo finder/tree builder. The number of galaxies without resolved subhaloes depends strongly on the tree builder, with VELOCIraptor, a phase-space finder, showing the largest population of such galaxies. The distributions of stellar masses, cold and hot gas masses, and star formation rates agree well between different halo finders/tree builders. However, because VELOCIraptor has more early progenitor haloes, with these trees galform produces slightly higher star formation rate densities at high redshift, smaller galaxy sizes, and larger stellar masses for the spheroid component. Since in all cases these differences are small we conclude that, when all of the trees are processed so that the main progenitor mass increases monotonically, the predicted galform galaxy populations are stable and consistent for these four halo finders/tree builders.
A resolution criterion based on characteristic time-scales for MHD simulations of molecular clouds
Authors: Granda-Muñoz Guido , Vázquez-Semadeni Enrique , Gómez Gilberto C , Zamora-Avilés Manuel 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the effect of numerical magnetic diffusion in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of magnetically supported molecular clouds. To this end, we have performed numerical studies on adaptive mesh isothermal simulations of marginally subcritical molecular clouds. We find that simulations with low and intermediate resolutions collapse, contrary to what is theoretically expected. However, the simulation with the highest numerical resolution oscillates around an equilibrium state without collapsing. In order to quantify the numerical diffusion of the magnetic field, we ran a second suit of current-sheet simulations in which the numerical magnetic diffusion coefficient can be directly measured and computed the corresponding diffusion times at various numerical resolutions. On this basis, we propose a criterion for the resolution of magnetic fields in MHD simulations based on requiring that the diffusion time to be larger than the characteristic time-scale of the physical process responsible for the dynamic evolution of the structure.
Capture of interstellar objects – II. By the Solar system
Authors: Dehnen Walter , Hands Thomas O , Schönrich Ralph 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Capture of interstellar objects (ISOs) into the Solar system is dominated by ISOs with asymptotic incoming speeds $v_\infty \lt 4\,$km s−1. The capture rate is proportional to the ISO phase-space density in the Solar vicinity and does not vary along the Sun’s Galactic orbit, i.e. is not enhanced during a passage through a cloud of ISOs (in contrast to previous suggestions). Most bound orbits crossing those of Jupiter and Saturn are fully mixed with unbound phase space, implying that they hold the same ISO phase-space density. Assuming an interstellar number density of ${n}_{\mathrm{iso}}\sim 0.1\,$au−3, we estimate that in 1000 years the planets capture ∼2 ISOs (while ∼17 fall into the Sun), resulting in a population of ∼8 captured ISOs within 5 au of the Sun at any time, less than the number of visiting ISOs passing through the same volume on hyperbolic orbits. In terms of phase-space volume, capture into and ejection from the Solar system are equal, such that on average ISOs will not remain captive at $a\lesssim 2000\,$au for extensive periods.
Capture of interstellar objects – I. The capture cross-section
Authors: Dehnen Walter , Hands Thomas O 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the capture of interstellar objects (ISOs) by a planet–star binary with mass ratio q ≪ 1, semimajor axis ap, orbital speed vc, and eccentricity ep. Very close (slingshot) and wide encounters with the planet are amenable to analytical treatment, while numerically obtained capture cross-sections σ closely follow the analytical results even in the intermediate regime. Wide interactions can only generate energy changes $\Delta E\lesssim q{v}_{\mathrm{c}}^2$, when $\sigma \propto v_\infty ^{-2} |\ln \Delta E|^{2/3}$ (with v∞ the ISO’s incoming speed far away from the binary), which is slightly enhanced for ep &gt; 0. Energy changes $\Delta E\gtrsim q{v}_{\mathrm{c}}^2$, on the other hand, require close interactions when σ ∝ (v∞ΔE)−2 hardly depending on ep. Finally, at $\Delta E\gtrsim {v}_{\mathrm{c}}^2$, the cross-section drops to zero, depending on the planet’s radius Rp through the Safronov number Θ = qap/Rp. We also derive the cross-sections for collisions of ISOs with planets or moons.
Origin of post-maximum bump in luminous Type Ic supernova 2019stc
Authors: Chugai Nikolai N , Utrobin Victor P 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We address the issue of the post-maximum bump observed in the light curve of some superluminous supernovae. We rule out the popular mechanism of a circumstellar interaction suggested for the bump explanation. Instead, we propose that the post-maximum bump is caused by the magnetar dipole field enhancement several months after the explosion. The modelling of SN 2019stc light curve based on the thin shell approximation implies that at the age of ∼90 d, the initial dipole magnetic field should be amplified by a factor of 2.8 to account for the post-maximum bump. The specific mechanism for the field amplification of the newborn magnetar on the time-scale of several months has yet to be identified.
H2A mono-ubiquitination differentiates FACT’s functions in nucleosome assembly and disassembly
Authors: Wang Yi-Zhou , Liu Cuifang , Zhao Jicheng , Yu Juan , Luo Anfeng , Xiao Xue , Dou Shuo-Xing , Ma Lu , Wang Peng-Ye , Li Ming , Li Guohong , Yan Jianbin , Chen Ping , Li Wei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The histone chaperone FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription) plays an essential role in transcription and DNA replication by its dual functions on nucleosome assembly to maintain chromatin integrity and nucleosome disassembly to destabilize nucleosome and facilitate its accessibility simultaneously. Mono-ubiquitination at Lysine 119 of H2A (ubH2A) has been suggested to repress transcription by preventing the recruitment of FACT at early elongation process. However, up to date, how ubH2A directly affects FACT on nucleosome assembly and disassembly remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that the dual functions of FACT are differently regulated by ubH2A. The H2A ubiquitination does not affect FACT’s chaperone function in nucleosome assembly and FACT can deposit ubH2A–H2B dimer on tetrasome to form intact nucleosome. However, ubH2A greatly restricts FACT binding on nucleosome and inhibits its activity of nucleosome disassembly. Interestingly, deubiquitination of ubH2A rescues the nucleosome disassembly function of FACT to activate gene transcription. Our findings provide mechanistic insights of how H2A ubiquitination affects FACT in breaking nucleosome and maintaining its integrity, which sheds light on the biological function of ubH2A and various FACT’s activity under different chromatin states.
The Concept of Diaspora in Rabbinic Sources
Authors: Fonrobert Charlotte Elisheva 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The rabbinic diaspora in the Persianite and Sasanian empires of the second through seventh century CE provided the context for the production of one the great monuments of the culture of Jewish learning, the Babylonian Talmud. As the originary compilation of the rabbinic movement, the Mishnah (second century ce), on the other hand, appears as a text that was not only produced in the “land of Israel,” but also remained tethered to the land in its vision. This chapter discusses the dynamics of cultural mobility that enabled the rabbinic movement to transplant its traditions of learning to the geographic diaspora of what the rabbis referred to as Bavel (Babylonia). It traces some specific rhetorical strategies and, more generally, the consciousness that allowed the rabbis to transform Jewish dispersion into diaspora.
Not Quite Exile, Not Quite Home
Authors: Gerber Jane S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
“Sepharad” was more than simply the Hebrew name for Iberia. Through much of Jewish history it denoted a set of Jewish cultural traits that included a high level of cultural and social integration, a sense of Jewish aristocracy and noble lineage, and unmatched creativity in Hebrew poetry, philosophy, science, mystical thought, rabbinic codification, and biblical exegesis. Spanish Jews lived under both Muslim and Christian rule, sometimes in harmony and mutual enrichment, but often under oppressive conditions of discrimination, forced conversion, and Inquisition. Their history of co-existence (convivencia) included uprootings as well as cultural flowering. The expulsion of 1492 did not spell the end of their deep bonds with Spain. Instead, Sephardim remained one of the main branches of the Jewish people.