bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative egg attendance patterns of incubating polar petrels
Authors: Shaffer Scott A. , Blévin Pierre , Barbraud Christophe , Chastel Olivier , Weimerskirch Henri 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The internal environment of eggs in most birds is regulated by transferring heat energy through contact incubation, maintaining nest microclimate, and frequent egg turning by the incubating parent on its nest. However, we lack information about egg attendance patterns in birds that breed in polar environments where variations in life history are expected to influence incubation behavior. Moreover, crevice/burrow nesting petrels in high-latitude regions are known for periodically leaving their egg unattended (hereafter ‘egg neglect’), but there is little reporting on the internal condition of unattended eggs. At Dumont d’Urville Station, Antarctica, we studied the incubation behavior of 24 snow (Pagodroma nivea) and 15 Cape (Daption capense) petrel pairs using egg loggers that recorded egg turning rates, orientation changes, and temperatures at 1 Hz for durations of 3–6 days.

Results
Egg turning frequency (1.31 ± 0.33 vs. 1.38 ± 0.39 turns h−1), angle change per turn (43.1 ± 43.2 vs. 48.6 ± 43.7° turn−1), and egg temperature (34.1 ± 2.3 vs. 34.1 ± 2.0 °C) were nearly identical for snow and Cape petrels, respectively. However, egg neglect was only observed in snow petrel nests (based on egg temperature changes) where loggers recorded mean durations of 1.34 ± 1.15 days (maximum duration of 3.63 days). During periods of neglect, eggs cooled to 5.5 ± 1.8 °C over an average of 91 min, but were rewarmed by parents in only 76 min at a rate of 0.33 °C min−1.

Conclusions
Egg temperatures of both species during regular incubation were within 1–2 °C of other high-latitude petrel species, but neglected snow petrel eggs remained several degrees above freezing, which was likely attributed to crevice nesting where neglected eggs are buffered by environmental conditions. Using egg rewarming rates, thermal capacity of eggs, and published metabolic rates, we estimate egg rewarming costs in snow petrels to be 1.5 to 1.9 × BMR. Excluding egg neglect periods, turning rates for both petrel species were lower than other seabirds studied using biologging devices, which may be associated with the prolonged incubation periods that are characteristic of procellariiform seabirds.
Immunological and genetic kinetics from diagnosis to clinical progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Jiménez Isabel , Tazón-Vega Bárbara , Abrisqueta Pau , Nieto Juan C. , Bobillo Sabela , Palacio-García Carles , Carabia Júlia , Valdés-Mas Rafael , Munuera Magdalena , Puigdefàbregas Lluís , Parra Genís , Esteve-Codina Anna , Franco-Jarava Clara , Iacoboni Gloria , Terol María José , García-Marco José Antonio , Crespo Marta , Bosch Francesc 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundMechanisms driving the progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from its early stages are not fully understood. The acquisition of molecular changes at the time of progression has been observed in a small fraction of patients, suggesting that CLL progression is not mainly driven by dynamic clonal evolution. In order to shed light on mechanisms that lead to CLL progression, we investigated longitudinal changes in both the genetic and immunological scenarios.MethodsWe performed genetic and immunological longitudinal analysis using paired primary samples from untreated CLL patients that underwent clinical progression (sampling at diagnosis and progression) and from patients with stable disease (sampling at diagnosis and at long-term asymptomatic follow-up).ResultsMolecular analysis showed limited and non-recurrent molecular changes at progression, indicating that clonal evolution is not the main driver of clinical progression. Our analysis of the immune kinetics found an increasingly dysfunctional CD8+T cell compartment in progressing patients that was not observed in those patients that remained asymptomatic. Specifically, terminally exhausted effector CD8+T cells (T-betdim/−EomeshiPD1hi) accumulated, while the the co-expression of inhibitory receptors (PD1, CD244 and CD160) increased, along with an altered gene expression profile in T cells only in those patients that progressed. In addition, malignant cells from patients at clinical progression showed enhanced capacity to induce exhaustion-related markers in CD8+T cells ex vivo mainly through a mechanism dependent on soluble factors including IL-10.ConclusionsAltogether, we demonstrate that the interaction with the immune microenvironment plays a key role in clinical progression in CLL, thereby providing a rationale for the use of early immunotherapeutic intervention.
Thoracic esophageal injury due to a neck stab wound: a case report
Authors: Honda Masaki , Tanioka Toshiro , Haruki Shigeo , Kamata Yuko , Hoshi Hiromasa , Ryu Kyoko , Yagi Kenta , Ueno Kodai , Matsui Satoshi , Ohata Yoshiteru , Hasegawa Fumi , Kaito Akio , Arita Kaida , Ito Koji , Takiguchi Noriaki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Traumatic esophageal injury leads to severe complications such as mediastinitis, pyothorax, and tracheoesophageal fistula. Although prompt diagnosis and treatment are required, there are no established protocols to guide diagnosis or treatment. In particular, thoracic esophageal injury tends to be diagnosed later than cervical esophageal injury because it has few specific symptoms. We report a case of thoracic esophageal injury caused by a cervical stab wound; the patient was stabbed with a sharp blade.

Case presentation
A 74-year-old woman was attacked with a knife while sleeping at home. The patient was taken to the emergency room with an injury localized to the left section of her neck. She was suspected of a left jugular vein and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury from cervical hematoma and hoarseness. On the day following the injury, computed tomography revealed a thoracic esophageal injury. Emergency surgery was performed for an esophageal perforation and mediastinal abscesses. Although delayed diagnosis resulted in suture failure, the patient was able to resume oral intake of food a month later following enteral feeding with a gastrostomy. Esophageal injuries due to sharp trauma are rare, and most are cervical esophageal injuries. There are very few reports on thoracic esophageal injuries.

Conclusions
The possibility of thoracic esophageal injury should always be considered when dealing with neck stab wounds, particularly those caused by an attack.
Did imports of sweetened beverages to Pacific Island countries increase between 2000 and 2015?
Authors: Lo Veronica Yueh Torng , Sacks Gary , Gearon Emma , Bell Colin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Nutrition-related chronic diseases are the major cause of illness and death in Pacific Island countries. Imports of sweetened beverages (SBs) are likely to be contributing but there is limited analysis of the quantities imported or the source countries of such beverages. The purpose of this study was to describe trends in the amount and types of SBs imported to Pacific Island countries and the impact of SB taxes on imports in Fiji and Tonga.

Methods
A repository of official international trade statistics was used to collect data on the volume, dollar value and source countries of SBs exported to Pacific Island countries from 2000 to 2015. Corresponding population data was sourced from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community for per capita analyses. We also explored which countries earned the most from exporting SBs to the Pacific. Descriptive and regression analyses were used to describe trends over time for each country and for the region as a whole.

Results
Imports of SBs to Pacific Island Countries from 2000 to 2015 increased by an average of 0.30 kg per person per year (p < 0.001). New Zealand and the USA were the largest income earners from SB exports to the Pacific over this period. The introduction of a tax did not impact the volume of SBs imported to Fiji. More data is needed to assess the impact of SBs tax on imports in Tonga.

Conclusions
Exports of SBs to Pacific Island countries are increasing. Both importing and exporting countries should consider the health implications of trade in these products.
Evaluation of different point-of-care tests to characterize the vaginal discharge of sows after parturition and parameters’ correlation with subsequent reproductive performance
Authors: Grahofer A. , Mäder T. , Nathues H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe lochia is the physiological uterine discharge post-partum, whereas abnormal fluids are often indicators of puerperal disorders in sows, which negatively influence the further reproductive performance. The aim of the study was to characterize the vaginal discharge in sows employing simple and feasible tests and to correlate the evaluated parameters with the subsequent reproductive performance of these sows. The birth process of 48 clinically healthy free farrowing sows was monitored and several parameters characterizing the vaginal discharge such as total amount, colour, amount of cells (somatic cell count) and cell characteristics (cytology) were collected daily from first to fifth day after parturition. Finally, the reproductive performance of the following gestation was evaluated and compared to the characteristics of the lochia. The amount of vaginal discharge was significantly increased on the second (p < 0.01), third (p = 0.019) and fourth (p = 0.011) day post-partum compared to day one. Furthermore, a decrease in the percentage of neutrophilic granulocytes from day one to three (p = 0.038), four (p = 0.038) and five (p = 0.048) post-partum was observed. The percentage of neutrophilic granulocytes in the yellowish vaginal discharge was increased compared to whitish (p = 0.02) or clear (p = 0.027) vaginal discharge. In addition, obstetrics (p = 0.003) and an increased farrowing duration (p = 0.017) significantly increased the amount of vaginal discharge. Sows with a high amount of vaginal discharge had a significant higher body temperature than sows with no (p = 0.014) or low amount (p < 0.01) of vaginal discharge. No correlation was detected between the evaluated parameters of the lochia and the subsequent reproductive performance. It is hypothesised that the amount of vaginal discharge alone is not a predictor for the performance of sows during their next gestation. However, it might serve as indicator for acute endometritis. In summary, the different parameters of the vaginal discharge determined by means of point-of-care tests might be useful to strengthen a presumptive diagnose of endometritis in sows during the first five days after parturition.
Infodemic: the effect of death-related thoughts on news-sharing
Authors: Lim Amy J. , Tan Edison , Lim Tania 
Published: May 2021

AbstractResearch on the sharing of fake news has primarily focused on the manner in which fake news spreads and the literary style of fake news. These studies, however, do not explain how characteristics of fake news could affect people’s inclination toward sharing these news articles. Drawing on the Terror Management Theory, we proposed that fake news is more likely to elicit death-related thoughts than real news. Consequently, to manage the existential anxiety that had been produced, people share the news articles to feel connected to close others as a way of resolving the existential anxiety. Across three experimental studies (totalN = 416), we found that it was not news type per se (i.e., real versus fake news) that influenced news-sharing intentions; instead, it was the increased accessibility to death-related thoughts elicited from the content of news articles that motivated news-sharing. The findings support the Terror Management framework and contribute to the existing literature by providing an empirical examination of the underlying psychological motive behind fake news-sharing tendencies.
Sexual dimorphism, metabolic, and oxidative stress markers of African catfish (Clarias garepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis) broodstock in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Jimoh Olatunji Abubakar , Raimi Christie Oluwatosin , Adebayo Ebenezer Temitope , Oyeyemi Bolaji Fatai , Odedele Matthew Ayobami 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Sexual dimorphism in metabolic and oxidative stress markers of Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis found in southwest Nigeria was investigated. C. garepinus and H. longifilis broodstock weighing 2.54 ± 0.12 and 2.11 ± 0.15 kg consisting of 20 males and females each per species were sourced from southwest Nigeria. Fishes conditioned conditioning for breeding, blood samples were collected, and serum obtained to assess metabolic and oxidative stress indices using standard procedures.

Results
The results obtained show that serum albumin, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, and total antioxidant activity of Clarias garepinus were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Heterobranchus longifilis. Superoxide dismutase of males was significantly (p < 0.05) superior to females in both species. The total antioxidant activity of males was significantly (p < 0.05) superior to females in Heterobranchus longifilis. Serum catalase, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation were not affected by sex and species differences. Superoxide dismutase activity and some non-enzyme antioxidants could account for superior total antioxidant activity in males despite similar lipid peroxidation.

Conclusion
Catfish broodstocks of Heterobranchus longifilis possess superior total antioxidant activity than Clarias gariepinus owing to its superior non-enzyme antioxidants fraction. In both clariid species, males have better antioxidant defence than females.
Review on the “Biological Applications of Okra Polysaccharides and Prospective Research”
Authors: Al-Shawi Ali A. A. , Hameed Mustafa F. , Hussein Kawkab A. , Thawini Haneen K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundVegetables with edible parts like flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, fibers, roots, and seeds are rich sources of essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements with various medical functions. Many diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, heart diseases, and stroke are caused by poor, healthy lifestyle or nutrition. Therefore, generation of new biological functions from vegetables will increase the interests of scientific research and applications.Main bodyOkra is an edible vegetable which contains vitamins, fiber, carbohydrates, protein, and minerals. The bioactive compounds of okra possess various biological activities such as anti-inflammation, antibacterial, anticancer, and antifungal. Polysaccharides from vegetables or medicinal plants are important large molecules with various biological applications. In this review, we will focus on the biological properties and nanoparticle uses of polysaccharides isolated from okra and the extraction methods of polysaccharides.ConclusionThis review will enhance the scientific research findings of okra polysaccharides and recommend future prospective of polysaccharides for biological uses.
Current perspectives in herbal and conventional drug interactions based on clinical manifestations
Authors: Surana Ajaykumar Rikhabchand , Agrawal Shivam Puranmal , Kumbhare Manoj Ramesh , Gaikwad Snehal Balu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Herbs are an important source of pharmaceuticals. Herbs are traditionally used by millions of peoples for medicine, food and drink in developed and developing nations considering that they are safe. But, interaction of herbs with other medicines may cause serious adverse effects or reduces their efficacy. The demand for “alternative” medicines has been increased significantly, which include medicine derived from plant or herbal origin. The objective of this review article mainly focuses on drug interactions of commonly used herbs along with possible mechanisms. The method adopted for this review is searching of herb-drug interactions in online database.

Main text
Herb-drug interaction leads to pharmacological modification. The drug use along with herbs may show pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Pharmacokinetic interaction causes alteration in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Similarly, pharmacodynamic interaction causes additive or synergistic or antagonist effect on the drugs or vice versa. Researchers had demonstrated that herbs show the toxicities and drug interactions like other pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of knowledge amongst physician, pharmacist and consumers related to pharmacological action and mechanism of herb-drug interaction. This review article focuses on the herb-drug interaction of danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), garlic (Allium sativum), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), green tea (Camellia sinensis), kava (Piper methysticum), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) along with probable mechanisms and clinical manifestation based on case studies reported in literature.

Conclusion
Herb-drug interactions may lead to serious side effects. Physician, pharmacist and patients must be more cautious while prescribing and or consuming these herbs.
Specific language impairment: speech perception in relation to noise
Authors: Elmahallawi Trandil H. , Gabr Takwa A. , Darwish Mohamad E. , Seleem Fatma M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildren with specific language impairment (SLI) fail to develop age-appropriate language despite being apparently normal in other respects. Those children usually have abnormal speech perception in noise. This work is designed to investigate speech perception in background noise in those children. It included two groups of children: control group (15 children with normal typical language development) and study group (25 children diagnosed with SLI). All children were submitted to intelligence scale, language assessment, full audiological evaluation, and Arabic Pediatric Speech Intelligibility in noise test (PSI).ResultsResults showed no statically significant difference in total and verbal IQ, while non-verbal IQ was significantly lower in the study group. As regard results of speech audiometry, the control group had better SRT and higher WD% than the study group. Expressive, receptive, and total language scores were lower in the study group. Arabic Pediatric Speech Intelligibility in noise test showed significantly increased PSI scores with increasing the SNR from 0 to +8dB in both groups. The comparison between both groups showed a significant higher score in the control group at different S/N recording conditions.ConclusionsChildren with SLI have difficulty in speech perception when compared to typically developed language children. This difficulty is more apparent in the presence of background noise.
Association of Gut Microbiota during Early Pregnancy with Risk of Incident Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hu Ping , Chen Xiuyi , Chu Xufeng , Fan Mengran , Ye Yi , Wang Yi , Han Maozhen , Yang Xue , Yuan Jiaying , Zha Li , Zhao Bin , Yang Chun-Xia , Qi Xiao-Rong , Ning Kang , Debelius Justin , Ye Weimin , Xiong Bo , Pan Xiong-Fei , Pan An 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsWe aimed to assess the association between gut bacterial biomarkers during early pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Chinese pregnant women.MethodsWithin the Tongji-Shuangliu Birth Cohort study, we conducted a nested case-control study among 201 incident GDM cases and 201 matched controls. Fecal samples were collected during early pregnancy (at 6-15 weeks), and GDM was diagnosed at 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. Community DNA isolated from fecal samples and V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries were sequenced.ResultsIn GDM cases versus controls, Rothia, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Adlercreutzia, and Coriobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae spp. were significantly reduced, while Enterobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae spp., and Veillonellaceae were overrepresented. In addition, the abundance of Staphylococcus relative to Clostridium, Roseburia, and Coriobacteriaceae as reference microorganisms were positively correlated with fasting blood glucose, 1-hour and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels. Adding microbial taxa to the base GDM prediction model with conventional risk factors increased the C-statistic significantly (P &lt; 0.001) from 0.69 to 0.75.ConclusionsGut microbiota during early pregnancy was associated with subsequent risk of GDM. Several beneficial and commensal gut microorganisms showed inverse relations with incident GDM, while opportunistic pathogenic members were related to higher risk of incident GDM and positively correlated with glucose levels on OGTT.
Loss of p21-activated kinase Mbt/PAK4 causes Parkinson-like phenotypes inDrosophila
Authors: Pütz Stephanie M. , Kram Jette , Rauh Elisa , Kaiser Sophie , Toews Romy , Lueningschroer-Wang Yi , Rieger Dirk , Raabe Thomas 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTParkinson's disease (PD) provokes bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural instability, and also non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, sleep and cognitive impairments. Similar phenotypes can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster through modification of PD-relevant genes or the administration of PD-inducing toxins. Recent studies correlated deregulation of human p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) with PD, leaving open the question of a causative relationship of mutations in this gene for manifestation of PD symptoms. To determine whether flies lacking the PAK4 homolog Mushroom bodies tiny (Mbt) show PD-like phenotypes, we tested for a variety of PD criteria. Here, we demonstrate that mbt mutant flies show PD-like phenotypes including age-dependent movement deficits, reduced life expectancy and fragmented sleep. They also react to a stressful situation with higher immobility, indicating an influence of Mbt on emotional behavior. Loss of Mbt function has a negative effect on the number of dopaminergic protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) neurons, most likely caused by a proliferation defect of neural progenitors. The age-dependent movement deficits are not accompanied by a corresponding further loss of PAM neurons. Previous studies highlighted the importance of a small PAM subgroup for age-dependent PD motor impairments. We show that impaired motor skills are caused by a lack of Mbt in this PAM subgroup. In addition, a broader re-expression of Mbt in PAM neurons improves life expectancy. Conversely, selective Mbt knockout in the same cells shortens lifespan. We conclude that mutations in Mbt/PAK4 can play a causative role in the development of PD phenotypes.