bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical–ethical implications and applications
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this chapter it is pointed out how the recent advances in placebo research can stimulate the development of new clinical trial designs for the validation of new treatments. One of the main implications of the recent advances in placebo research is the possibility of inducing drug-like effects without drugs, thus opening up the potential of reducing drug intake. As social stimuli may activate the same biochemical and receptor pathways on which drugs act, several cognitive and affective factors can modulate the action of drugs. The new scientific advances in placebo research need to be considered and analysed in more detail from an ethical perspective, as they raise a number of questions that need to be discussed in depth, including the use of placebos by quackery.
Physical and cognitive performance
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter is aimed at exploring the placebo effect beyond the healing context, specifically performance. In spite of the fact that very different experimental conditions have been investigated, all available data indicate athletes’ expectations as important elements of physical performance. Although there is compelling evidence that physical performance in sport activities is boosted by placebos, the underlying mechanisms are only partially known. The use of placebo procedures in sport competition poses some important ethical questions about doping. Nocebo effects have been found to counteract good physical performance, and indeed they can interfere with training programmes. The study of oxygen shortage has provided important information on the role of placebo in hypoxia at high altitude. In fact, oxygen can be considered in the same way as a drug, such that placebo oxygen has been found to produce physiological changes that are similar to those of real oxygen.
Unexpected Prosperity
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOnly a handful of economies have successfully transitioned from middle to high income in recent decades. One such case is Spain. How did it achieve this feat? Despite its relevance to countries that have yet to complete that transition, this question has attracted only limited attention. As a result, Spain’s development into a prosperous society is a success story largely underreported and often misunderstood. This book turns on their head the questions that usually frame the debate about Spain’s economic development. Instead of asking why Spain’s catching up was delayed, this book asks how it happened in the first place. Instead of focusing on how bad institutions undermined economic prospects, as the literature has done, this book explains how growth took place even in the presence of poor institutions. This wider lens opens up new perspectives on Spain’s development path. For example, comparisons are drawn not only with the richest countries but also with those that were in a similar stage of development as Spain. Drawing on a wide range of material, from archival sources to text analytics, the book provides a new account of why reforms were adopted, the role of external and internal factors, as well as that of unintended consequences. The result is an original interpretation of the economic rise of Spain that speaks also to the wider literature on the political economy of reform, the role of industrial and public policy more broadly, and the enduring legacy of political violence and conflict.
Contestability
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores a previously under-researched aspect of Spain’s path to prosperity. While much of the existing literature has focused on the high regulatory burdens and limited competition in many domestic markets, the chapter documents how Spain was able to infuse doses of contestability while protecting much of its industry. The example of the car industry, highly protected yet increasingly able to compete in the international market, is one of several examples that are examined in detail. The success of the car industry also provides a practical demonstration of how some distortions that resulted in an allocative inefficiency, such as local content rules, were precisely some of the levers used to bring about a greater market discipline and, as a result, increases in competitiveness. Overall, the chapter provides an illustration of how it is in the detail of both the design and implementation of policies and in their interaction with existing conditions that variation in results are likely to emerge.
Ideas and Aspirations
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores how, behind the change in economic policymaking, lies a change in the ideas of the elite. And behind the change in ideas was a relentless scanning of experience outside Spain, especially in Europe. The chapter documents how the technocrats that held increasing power in 1960s Spain consistently sought out new ideas about policymaking from Europe and the United States. They were deliberate policy entrepreneurs. Like their Western European peers, the technocrats considered a responsibility of the state to seek to advance progress for a wide spectrum of society. To pursue this objective, they considered it critical to increase efficiency and put great faith in technological progress. The chapter concludes that what truly stands out of the technocrats is that they were able to implement their practical agenda over a sustained period. There had been previous technocratic efforts to emulate European practices, sometimes from reformers that reached even higher levels of government. A long-term horizon allowed policies to evolve without unnecessary volatility, striking a balance between policy innovation and policy continuity.
Lucking Out
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the end of the Franco regime and the successful transition to a democratic one. It underscores that the process was an inherently risky one and could have derailed much of the prosperity achieved until then. The chapter argues that given the dictatorial and personalistic nature of Franco’s rule, a legacy of political instability and uncertainty was inevitable. This had negative economic consequences. It was not the economic policy legacy of Francoism but the inevitable legacy of uncertainty that was the biggest drag on economic prosperity in the late 1970s. The economic consequences of Francoism cannot be disentangled from its politics.
Ophthalmology
Authors: Sundaram Venki 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ophthalmology principally aims to prevent visual loss, restore visual function, and relieve ocular discomfort. The majority of the pathology can be directly visualized and thus requires proficient ocular examination techniques and visual recognition skills. This chapter contains 17 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
ENT
Authors: Tostevin Philippa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains 33 questions that encompass all of the important areas of ear, nose, and throat (ENT), with detailed explanations. The questions are based on the important knowledge that needs to be accrued as an undergraduate or a recently qualified doctor, as many readers may not have the opportunity to work as a junior doctor in an ENT team before treating ENT patients in the Emergency Department or in a general practice setting. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
General practice
Authors: Edwards Philippa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains 34 questions that encompass all of the important areas of primary care, with detailed explanations. They will assess your knowledge in the common areas that present, testing diagnostic skills and reasoning. They also test negotiating skills to ensure patient compliance, teamworking within the primary care setting, and risk management. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
The Rise and Fall of Christian Ireland
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book describes the emergence, long dominance, sudden division, and recent decline of Ireland’s most important religion, as a way of telling the history of the island and its peoples. Surviving the hostility of earlier religious cultures and the depredations of Vikings, evolving in the face of Gregorian reformation in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and more radical protestant renewal from the sixteenth century, Christianity has shaped in foundational ways how the Irish have understood themselves and their place in the world. And the Irish have shaped Christianity, too. Their churches have staffed some of the religion’s most important institutions and developed some of its most popular ideas. But the Irish church, like the island, is divided. The southern state turned to the Catholic church to shape its social mores, until it emerged from an experience of sudden-onset secularization to become one of the most progressive nations in Europe. The northern state moved more slowly beyond the protestant culture of its principal institutions, but in a similar direction of travel. In 2021, 1,500 years on from the birth of Saint Columba, Christian Ireland appears to be vanishing. But after the failure of several varieties of religious nationalism, what looks like irredeemable failure might actually be a second chance.
Reformations
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Irish reformation, which began as a consequence of religious change in England. After several years of growing pressure, the Irish reformation commenced in 1536, when Henry VIII was proclaimed as supreme head of the established church. However, despite strenuous and sometimes bloody efforts to impose its ideals, the protestant reformation in Ireland comprehensively failed. The Irish church did not develop any equivalent to the Scots Confession (1560) or the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England (1563) until its convocation accepted the Irish Articles (1615). The chapter then considers why Catholic resistance to the protestant reformation eventually succeeded. Ultimately, the protestant reformation failed to persuade the majority of Irish Catholics, but it also failed to persuade a large minority of Irish protestants.
Revivals
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the revival in 1859 of religious enthusiasm in the north-east counties of Ireland. The effect of the 1859 revival was that the communities of Irish protestants became both more denominationally diverse and more politically united. Protestants who have not been brought together by the economic compulsion of the penal laws were instead combined by the powerful effects of evangelical faith and by fears about the possibility of home rule. In the same period, Catholic religion was similarly transformed. While never promoting the emotionalism that characterized the revivalist piety of the evangelicals, the Catholic ‘devotional revolution’ drew upon several generations of changes in popular belief and behaviour to promote, in the aftermath of the potato famine, catechism, regular confession, and weekly mass attendance. The power of these religious communities became increasingly important at home. In the early nineteenth century, the complexities of the ancien régime were radically simplified, as the multiple identities of the eighteenth century gave way to the differentiation of Catholics and nationalists versus Protestants and unionists.
Troubles
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies how the treaty that brought an end to the Anglo-Irish War, the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, divided Ireland in two. Northern Ireland was to be governed by a ‘protestant parliament for a protestant people’, while Southern Ireland, which became a Free State in 1922 and a Republic in 1949, would come to privilege in constitutional law the special status of the Catholic Church and to formulate policy that reflected Catholic teaching. Over eight decades, the Catholic Church validated the southern state, and provided much of the infrastructure of its institutions. Provoked by the structural inequalities that were the responsibility of the unionist politicians who governed Northern Ireland from 1922 until 1972, as well as by enduring sectarian tensions, a series of outbreaks of violence that were euphemistically known as ‘troubles’ extended, intermittently, from partition to the ceasefire that was announced in Belfast on Good Friday 1998. Yet even this was not an end to violence, and sectarian killings continued.
Conclusion
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter reflects on the decline of Christianity in Ireland. The Irish experience of secularization was sudden, shocking, and decisive. On both sides of the border, the tipping point may have occurred in the mid-1990s. In the north, the peace process led to sustained efforts to de-politicize religious identity, as weekly church attendance declined. In the Republic, popular culture internationalized, reflecting stronger links with the USA, an influence that was noticed in the changing accents of middle-class young people as much as in the cosmopolitan values they increasingly espoused. The grip of Catholic social teaching then began to relax, and this relaxation was symbolized by the changing status of contraception. In addition, the moral authority of the Church, which had so profoundly shaped the self-consciousness of the Republic as to become almost invisible, was shattered by a devastating sequence of scandals. These scandals include churchmen having secret families, financial misconduct, and child abuse. Ultimately, the institutions that had been inspired by Catholic religious nationalism had betrayed both church and nation. Christian Ireland was dead and gone, and Catholic politicians had killed it. The chapter then considers the possible future of Christianity in Ireland.
Giovanni Pastrone’s Cabiria, Gesture, Modernism
Authors: Duffy Enda , Boscagli Maurizia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Giovanni Pastrone’s epic Cabiria—not least because of its most famous technical innovation, the tracking or “Cabiria shot”—is a film preoccupied by gesture. In Cabiria the stylizations of human movement are central to the film’s establishment of a modernist vision of Italy in the context of an increasing technological interest in the analysis of human movement. Where modernism across all genres attends to gesture, from Edgar Degas’s dancers to the gait of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Cabiria does so with a modernist technology of the gaze that is now able to represent gesture in “real time.” Cabiria—which introduced both the lateral movement of the camera and the gesture later adopted by Benito Mussolini as the fascist salute—explores how such gestures situate the historical subject, and the historical crowd, in relationship to structures of political power.
D. W. Griffith’s Intolerance and the Ever-Present Now
Authors: North Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
D. W. Griffith once claimed that film introduces the viewer directly to the present. Yet his own innovations tended to break up that present by multiplying points of view and cutting back and forth between separate narrative lines. Particularly in Intolerance, cutting between the four storylines of the film establishes a single, oddly distended present in which all four follow the same path, though it is also clear they are widely separated in historical time. With his motif of the “cradle endlessly rocking,” Griffith claims that this present is both instantaneous and eternal. For him, the relationship between the visual image and historical time is immediate, with no need for any of the adjustments of representation. In this belief, he resembles certain literary modernists, who also gambled that the isolated image could lead immediately to logical and historical generalities.
“Tout le monde a ses raisons”
Authors: Matz Jesse 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Much about Jean Renoir’s La Règle du jeu could place it among the classic works of modernism, but Renoir’s film is also traditional and even conservative. This ambiguity derives from Renoir’s impressionism. He was dedicated to an impressionist aesthetic that he inherited in part from his father, the painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir—an aesthetic that also brought him artistic and ideological uncertainties. Renoir intended mainly to push film further toward full development of its own aesthetic through the fuller realization of an impressionist aesthetic, the immediacy, subjectivism, and immersiveness that had for some time seemed best able to assert film’s unique claim to artistic excellence. But the problem of impressionism—its uncertain way of resolving perceptual differences—threw him back upon older theatrical and pictorial modes. It is finally the problem of such inconsistencies that give La Règle du jeu its major claim to modernism.
On Auratic and Sentimental Objects
Authors: Mao Douglas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In a press release, Orson Welles claimed that he wanted Citizen Kane to conclude with “objects of art, objects of sentiment, and just plain objects.” This essay explores the relation, in the 1941 film, between the first of these (represented above all by the statues Charles Foster Kane collects in quantity) and the second (represented above all by the sled stamped “Rosebud,” one of the most famous things in cinema). It argues that Welles’s layered treatment of this relation discloses commonalities between, on the one hand, what Walter Benjamin called aura and, on the other, the affective power of the object of sentimental regard. It also argues that in striving to make a high-art film for a mass audience, Welles exploited these very commonalities—not to mention an association with loss that links auratic and sentimental objects to another kind of thing, film itself.
A Length-Constrained Ideal Curve Flow
Authors: Mccoy James A , Wheeler Glen E , Wu Yuhan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A recent article [1] considered the so-called ‘ideal curve flow’, a sixth-order curvature flow that seeks to deform closed planar curves to curves with least variation of total geodesic curvature in the L2 sense. It was critical in the analysis in that article that there was a length bound on the evolving curves. It is natural to suspect therefore that the length-constrained ideal curve flow should permit a more straightforward analysis, at least in the case of small initial ‘energy’. In this article we show this is indeed the case, with suitable initial data providing a flow that exists for all time and converges smoothly and exponentially to a multiply-covered round circle of the same length and winding number as the initial curve.
COMPARISON OF PULMONARY NODULE DETECTION, READING TIMES AND PATIENT DOSES OF ULTRA-LOW DOSE CT, STANDARD DOSE CT AND DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Svahn T M , Sjöberg T , Shahgeldi K , Zacharias F , Ast J C , Parenmark M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to evaluate performance in pulmonary nodule detection, reading times and patient doses for ultra-low dose computed tomography (ULD-CT), standard dose chest CT (SD-CT), and digital radiography (DR). Pulmonary nodules were simulated in an anthropomorphic lung phantom. Thirty cases, 18 with lesions (45 total lesions of 3–12 mm) and 12 without lesions were acquired for each imaging modality. Three radiologists interpreted the cases in a free-response study. Performance was assessed using the JAFROC figure-of-merit (FOM). Performance was not significantly different between ULD-CT and SD-CT (FOMs: 0.787 vs 0.814; ΔFOM: 0.03), but both CT techniques were superior to DR (FOM: 0.541; ΔFOM: 0.31 and 0.28). Overall, the CT modalities took longer time to interpret than DR. ULD chest CT may serve as an alternative to both SD-CT and conventional radiography, considerably reducing dose in the first case and improving diagnostic accuracy in the second.
Weighing the factors—the perils of trustee decision-making
Authors: Lincoln Bruce , Hooper Katie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In B v Erinvale PTC Limited & O'rs 2020 (2) JLR 316 (Erinvale), the Royal Court of Jersey has handed down a judgment which has important implications for trustee decision-making processes. In the context of a divorce between two of the beneficiaries (the husband also being the settlor), the trustee was requested to add the wife as a beneficiary of the relevant trust in her own right, her beneficial status being contingent at that time on her being the settlor’s spouse. The judgment in Erinvale, in which the Court scrutinised whether the wife’s request had been correctly decided by the trustee, stands as a stark illustration of the exacting standards which trustees are expected to meet.
An Afucosylated Anti-CD32b Monoclonal Antibody Induced Platelet-Mediated Adverse Events in a Human Fcγ Receptor Transgenic Mouse Model and Its Potential Human Translatability
Authors: Wolf Babette , Jeliazkova-Mecheva Valentina , Del Rio-Espinola Alberto , Boisclair Julie , Walker Dana , Cochin De Billy Benjamin , Flaherty Meghan , Flandre Thierry 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To assess the safety and tolerability of NVS32b, a monoclonal, afucosylated, anti-CD32b (FCGR2B) antibody, we used a humanized transgenic (Tg) mouse model that expresses all human Fc gamma receptors (FCGRs) while lacking all mouse FCGRs. Prior to its use, we extensively characterized the model. We found expression of all human FCGRs in a pattern similar to humans with some exceptions, such as low CD32 expression on T cells (detected with the pan CD32 antibody but more notably with the CD32b-specific antibody), variation in the transgene copy number, integration of additional human genes, and overall higher expression of all FCGRs on myeloid cells compared to human. Unexpectedly, NVS32b induced severe acute generalized thrombosis in huFCGR mice upon iv dosing. Mechanistic evaluation on huFCGR and human platelets revealed distinct binding, activation, and aggregation driven by NVS32b in both species. In huFCGR mice, the anti-CD32b antibody NVS32b binds platelet CD32a via both Fc and/or complementarity determining region (CDR) causing their activation while in human, NVS32b binding requires platelet preactivation and interaction of platelet CD32a via the Fc portion and an unknown platelet epitope via the CDR portion of NVS32b. We deemed the huFCGR mice to be overpredictive of the NVS32b-associated human thrombotic risk.