bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
210 Awardee Talk: The Future of Beef: Improved Eating Quality and Livestock Systems, But No Cultured Meat
Authors: Hocquette Jean-Francois 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Beef quality includes intrinsic (e.g., safety, palatability, healthiness) and extrinsic traits (e.g., animal health and welfare, environmental impacts). Concerns for extrinsic traits is increasing. In this context, cultured meat is advertised as a good alternative for consumers who want to be more responsible. However, the control of its safety and of its nutritional composition is still unclear, especially for micronutrients. Regarding environmental issues, the potential advantages of cultured meat related to greenhouse gas emissions are a matter of controversy. In this context, improving existing livestock management to have more eco- and animal-friendly systems is a key issue. In addition, communication to consumers about meat production should be more objective and well-balanced. However, there is still a high level of variability in beef palatability, which induces consumer dissatisfaction. Most grading systems describe carcasses using simple traits (e.g., weight, conformation, fatness). In parallel, research has focused on predicting beef palatability using muscle biochemical traits and biomarkers. For this, a precise definition of variables (e.g. tenderness) and repeatability of the measurements are crucial. Strategic choices have been made for the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) grading scheme to consider real consumers’ expectations, not well estimated by lab approaches. Furthermore, the “big data” approach should be encouraged to improve the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability of data (the FAIR Principles). The ambitions of the International Meat Research 3G Foundation is to set up an international database with a large number of consumers’ scores to offer a predictive model of beef palatability, flexible enough to consider any local characteristics. This approach is supported by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe to improve transparency and price signaling along the value chain.
214 Dietary Supplementation with a Combination of Valine and Isoleucine Annuls the Negative Effects of Very Low Protein Diets on Growth and Gut Development of Young Pigs
Authors: Habibi Mohammad , Goodarzi Parniyan , Shili Cedrick N N , Sutton Julia , Wileman Caitlyn , Kim Dohyung Markus , Lin Dingbo , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Increased feed cost, post-weaning diarrhea, and nitrogen excretion are challenging the modern swine industry. Very low-protein (LP) diets (&gt;4% units reduced protein) may reduce feed cost, diarrhea and nitrogen excretion; however, these diets impair growth performance of pigs despite supplementation of limiting amino acids (i.e., lysine, threonine, methionine and tryptophan). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of valine, isoleucine and combination of both supplemented to VLP diet on growth, thermal radiation, and gut development in young pigs. Forty three-week-old weaned barrows were weighed (6.75 ± 0.14 kg) and randomly assigned to five groups (8 pigs/group) including: 1) standard diet or positive control (PC), 2) LP diet, 3) LP + valine (LPV), 4) LP + isoleucine (LPI) and 5) LP + both valine and isoleucine (LPVI) for five weeks. Daily feed intake and weekly growth characteristics were measured and weekly thermal images were captured. All pigs were euthanized at week 5 and tissue samples collected. All data were analyzed with univariate GLM followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). Compared to PC, final body weight, average daily gain, average daily protein intake and gain:feed ratio were reduced in LP group, but feeding pigs with LPVI partially or completely recovered these parameters. Pigs fed with LPVI had higher thermal radiation than those fed with PC, LP, and LPI on days 28 and 35 of study and had a greater the area under the curve for thermal radiation than LP and LPI. Duodenal villus width and crypt depth, and ileal villus height were decreased in LP relative to PC, but LPVI either partially or fully recovered these measurements. In conclusion, supplementing a combination of valine and isoleucine recovered the negative effects of very low-protein diets on growth performance and gut development, but increased the thermal radiation in weaned pigs.
217 Comparative Effects of Dietary Methionine and Cysteine Supplementation on Redox Status and Intestinal Integrity in Immunologically Challenged-weaned Pigs
Authors: Koo Bonjin , Yang Chengbo , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim was to investigate the effects of dietary Met and Cys supplementation in immunologically challenged-weaned pigs. Forty weaned piglets (6.51 ± 0.29 kg) were randomly allocated to five treatments and fed the assigned diets for 9 days. The treatments included: (1) sham-challenged control (SCC), (2) challenged control (CC), (3) MET (CC + 0.1% DL-Met supplementation), (4) CYS (CC + 0.1% L-Cys supplementation), and (5) MET+CYS (CC + 0.1% DL-Met and 0.1% L-Cys supplementation). Piglets were intramuscularly injected with either lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 30 μg/kg) or saline solution on day 7. All data were analyzed using single degree of freedom contrasts in the mixed procedure of SAS to test the effect of LPS challenge, Met supplementation, Cys supplementation, and Met × Cys supplementation. The CC group had lower (P &lt; 0.05) villi height and villi surface area and glutathione (GSH) concentration and higher (P &lt; 0.05) flux of 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) in the jejunum than SCC group. Dietary Cys supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.05) villi surface area, GSH concentration and reduced GSH: oxidized GSH and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the flux of FD4 in the jejunum. Dietary Met supplementation enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) hepatic GSH content. Pigs in the MET group had greater mRNA abundance of IL-6 and IL-10 (P &lt; 0.05) and lower serum IL-8 concentration than those in the CC group. There were Met × Cys interactions (P &lt; 0.05) in serum IL-4 and IL-8 concentrations and hepatic Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, dietary L-Cys supplementation restored intestinal integrity and GSH concentration that were affected by LPS challenge. Dietary DL-Met supplementation improved hepatic GSH and reduced systemic inflammatory response, but antagonistic interaction with dietary Cys supplementation was observed in inflammatory response and redox status.
224 Amino Acid Imbalance with Excess Methionine in Late-finishing Pigs: Effects on Performance and Carcass Quality
Authors: Edmonds Michael S , Smith James W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Limitations in harvest facility capacity can necessitate feeding programs to slow growth rate in late-finishing pigs. In Trial 1, six dietary regimens were used with 423 pigs (initial weight, 109 kg) randomly allotted in a 35 d study. The regimens consisted of: 1) Con (11.7% CP diet), 2) Low Protein (LP 8.8% CP), 3) Methionine (Met) 1% (LP plus 1% added Met for 35 d), 4) Met 1–1.8% (LP plus 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8% added Met for d 0–7, 7–14, 14–21, 21–28 and 28–35 d, respectively), 5) Met 2% (LP plus 2% added Met for 35 d) and 6) Met 1.5–2.3% (LP plus 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1 and 2.3%, added Met for d 0–7, 7–14, 14–21, 21–28 and 28–35 d, respectively). Pigs on Met 1% had reduced overall ADG and ADFI (P &lt; 0.05) with similar G:F vs. pigs on LP. Compared to pigs on Met 1%, pigs on Met 1–1.8%, Met 2%, and Met 1.5–2.3% had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG of 28, 54 and 53%, respectively; and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI of 12, 26 and 26%, respectively. In Trial 2, three regimens were used with 393 pigs (initial weight, 109 kg) in a 35 d study. The regimens consisted of 1) Met 2%, 2) Met 1.5–2.3% and 3) Met 2.0–2.8% (LP plus 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8% added Met for d 0–7, 7–14, 14–21, 21–28 and 28–35 d, respectively). Regimens 1 and 2 were identical to Trial 1. Overall, pigs on Met 1.5–2.3% had ADG and ADFI which were greater (P &lt; 0.001) compared to pigs on Met 2%. Pigs on Met 2–2.8% had an overall ADG and ADFI which were less (P &lt; 0.05) than those pigs on Met 2%. These data suggest that growth can be manipulated with excess Met.
227 Awardee Talk: Advances in Lipid Nutrition of Modern Sows
Authors: van Heugten Eric 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The modern lactating sow is a highly productive female capable of producing large quantities of milk to support large, rapidly growing litters. The associated high energy and nutritional demands are challenging to meet, especially during heat stress, when tissue loss is extensive. Supplemental lipids are efficient energy sources with a high energy density and low heat increment associated with digestion and metabolism. Besides serving as concentrated energy sources, unsaturated lipids are important sources of essential fatty acids (EFA; linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; and α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3). These EFA are precursors of various prostanoids that are important regulators of reproductive processes. Lactating sows fed diets devoid of supplemental lipids exhibited poor reproduction but was significantly improved by inclusion of only 2% unsaturated lipids. It was shown that lactation diets were deficient in both linoleic and α-linolenic acid and tissue reserves were inadequate in mature sows. A multi-trial meta-analysis showed that more sows were successfully bred and maintained pregnancy when they consumed supplemental linoleic acid. Further, increased linoleic acid intake during lactation progressively reduced the number of sows removed from the herd due to reproductive failure (sows not returning to estrus, returning to estrus after breeding, pregnancy loss). Based on dose-response curves, the near maximum response was achieved when sows consumed a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid and 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid during lactation. Recent studies also demonstrated improved subsequent reproduction with supplemental linoleic and α-linolenic acid during lactation, but not during the post-weaning period. Responses appeared to be related to heavier fetoplacental units, elevated allantoic fluid volume, and higher embryo survival measured on day 30 of gestation in sows supplemented with linoleic acid during lactation and early gestation. Research demonstrated the importance of both EFA in lactating sows and their critical role in improving reproduction, thus resolving seasonal anestrus.
243 Relationship Among Granulosa Cell Gnrh-i, -II, and Receptor Mrna Abundance and Follicular Fluid Steroid Hormone Concentrations of Bovine Antral Follicles at Specific Stages of Follicular Development
Authors: Rich Jerica J , Northrop-Albrecht Emmalee J , Epperson Kaitlin M , Zoca Saulo Menegatti , Perkins Stephanie D , Daly Russell F , Cushman Robert A , Perry George A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Transcript abundance of two forms of GnRH and its receptor have been characterized in bovine ovaries. The objective was to investigate the relationship of GnRH-1, GnRH-2, GnRH-R, intrafollicular estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) during follicular development. Ovaries were collected from beef cows at specific stages of follicular development [pre-selection (PRE, n = 9), post-selection (POST, n = 9), and post-selection 24h after luteal regression (PG, n = 9)]. The largest follicle per stage was aspirated to obtain granulosa cells (GC) and follicular fluid (FF). Total cellular RNA was extracted from GC and RT-PCR was performed for GnRH-1, GnRH-2, GnRH-R and GAPDH. Radioimmunoassays were performed to determine FF concentrations of E2 and P4. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and REG procedures in SAS. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.23) in mRNA abundance of GnRH-2, GnRH-R or FF concentrations of P4 across follicular stages. There was an effect of stage on FF E2 (PRE: 17,925±20,273, POST: 28,458±21,503, and PG: 252,616±21,503 pg/mL; P &lt; 0.01). Stage affected GnRH-1 mRNA abundance (PRE: 2.28±0.55, POST: 0.92±0.55, and PG: 0.11±0.55; P = 0.03). There was no relationship of GnRH-1 and GnRH-2 mRNA abundance or effect of FF P4 on GnRH-R mRNA abundance (P ≥ 0.23). There was no effect of FF P4 on GnRH-1 mRNA abundance (P = 0.68). There was no effect of FF E2 on GnRH-2 mRNA abundance (P = 0.66). As FF E2 increased GnRH-R mRNA abundance tended to increase (P = 0.10;r2=0.13). As FF P4 concentrations increased GnRH-2 mRNA abundance tended to decrease (P = 0.09;r2=0.12). As FF E2 increased GnRH-1 mRNA abundance decreased (P = 0.02;r2=0.20). In conclusion, there were differences in peptide and receptor mRNA abundance of GnRH in relation to FF E2 and P4 at specific stages of follicular development. This is supportive of a regulatory relationship between ovarian GnRH and steroidogenesis. This work is supported by AFRI Grant No.2018-67016-27578 from USDA. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
242 Divergent Selection for Early Puberty Impacts KNDy Neuron Gene Expression in Gilts
Authors: Harlow KaLynn , Renwick Allison , Shuping Sydney , Sommer Jeff , Knauer Mark , Nestor Casey 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Advancing gilt puberty onset is financially desirable for swine production. Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that co-express kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (i.e. KNDy cells) are believed to control gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, but their role in gilt pubertal development is unknown. We hypothesized that puberty onset in gilts would coincide with greater expression of mRNA for kisspeptin and NKB, and less expression of dynorphin. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization (RNAscope), we examined expression of kisspeptin, NKB, and dynorphin in pre- and postpubertal gilts from two genetic lines divergently selected for age at puberty. Prepubertal (n = 6/line) and postpubertal (n = 6/line) gilts were used, and postpubertal animals all received Matrix (0.22% altrenogest) orally for 14 days with tissue collection two days after the final dose. Gilts were euthanized and heads were perfused with 8 L of 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Hypothalamic brain tissue was removed, placed in 4% PFA for 24 hrs, and then in 20% sucrose until sectioning (50 µm). Sectioned tissue was stored in cryopreservative at -20°C until RNAscope. Data were analyzed using SAS software (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Cary NC) with significance declared at P &lt; 0.05. We determined mRNA expression for kisspeptin was not different between groups (P &gt; 0.05). In addition, we found that mRNA expression for NKB was higher in prepubertal gilts compared to postpubertal gilts (P &lt; 0.05) but was not different between lines; mRNA expression was lowest in postpubertal late puberty gilts. Furthermore, total number of dynorphin cells were higher in prepubertal gilts compared to postpubertal gilts (P &lt; 0.05), while individual cell mRNA expression for dynorphin was greatest in postpubertal early puberty gilts (P &lt; 0.05). Taken together, we suggest puberty onset in gilts is more dependent on NKB and dynorphin than kisspeptin.
251 Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Improves Fat and Glucose Metabolism in Low Birthweight Piglets
Authors: Goodarzi Parniyan , Habibi Mohammad , Roberts Kennedy , Sutton Julia , Shili Cedrick N N , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Low birthweight (LBW) is associated with complications such as insulin resistance, obesity and metabolic disturbances of glucose and fat metabolism in early life. Dietary tryptophan (Trp) has been shown to reduce liver fat and suppress hyperglycemia in different species. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary Trp on growth and glucose and fat metabolism in LBW pigs. Piglets (7-days old) weighing &lt; 2 kg were considered as LBW while those weighting &gt; 2 kg were considered as normal birthweight (NBW) and randomly allocated to 4 milk-replacer based treatments (n = 7–8): 1) NBW-0% Trp (NBW-T0), 2) LBW-0% Trp (LBW-T0), 3) LBW-0.4% Trp (LBW-T0.4), and 4) LBW-0.8% Trp (LBW-T0.8) for 3 weeks. Growth parameters and body weight were measured biweekly. At week 3, blood and tissue samples were collected in overnight-fasted pigs after a meal test. The mRNA and protein abundance of key glucose and lipid metabolism markers were determined using qPCR and western blot, respectively. Univariate GLM with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (SPSS®) was used to analyze the data. Growth parameters did not change among groups. Plasma triglycerides concentration was lower in LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8 compared to LBW-T0. Blood glucose was lower in LBW-T0.8 than LBW-T0 at 60 min following the meal test. LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript and protein abundance of liver glucose transporter-2 relative to LBW-T0. Compared to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.8 had a higher mRNA abundance of glucokinase and tended to have a lower transcript of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver. Relative to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.4 tended to have a lower protein abundance of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in jejunum. Compared to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript of liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase and LBW-T0.4 had a higher transcript of liver 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. In conclusion, Trp supplementation reduced the lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, but increased the glycolysis in LBW piglets.
248 Maternal Nutrient Restriction During Mid-gestation Decreases Uteroplacental Release and Fetal Uptake of Essential Amino Acids in Sheep
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Vasquez-Hidalgo Manuel A , Smith Brandon I , Reed Sarah A , Govoni Kristen E , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To examine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction on net uteroplacental flux during mid-gestation, 14 singleton ewes (48.2 ± 4.0 kg body weight) were fed 100% (control; CON; n = 7) or 60% of nutrient requirements (restricted; RES; n = 7) from day 50–90 (mid-gestation). On day 90, uteroplacental blood flow was measured via Doppler ultrasonography and blood samples were collected from the femoral artery, uterine vein, umbilical artery, and umbilical vein. Blood vessel glucose and amino acids (AA) concentrations were measured and arterial-venous (uterine, AV; fetal, va) differences and net fluxes were calculated. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS for effects of treatment. Nutrient restriction during mid-gestation did not influence (P ≥ 0.17) uterine or umbilical blood flows. Uterine AV and fetal va differences of total, essential, and nonessential AA were not influenced (P &gt; 0.10) by nutrient restriction. Nutrient restriction decreased (P ≤ 0.05) uterine and uteroplacental release of total AA and tended to decrease (P = 0.07) total AA uptake by the fetus. Uteroplacental release and fetal uptake of essential AA were decreased (P = 0.03) with RES by 53.4% and 45%, respectively. Uterine and uteroplacental release of nonessential AA were decreased (P = 0.03) with RES but, fetal uptake was not affected (P = 0.14). Nutrient restriction decreased (P ≤ 0.04) fetal uptake of methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine and tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.10) fetal uptake of isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan. Umbilical artery glucose concentrations were 32% lesser (P = 0.01) with RES and RES tended to increase (P = 0.08) fetal glucose uptake. Nutrient restriction during mid-gestation altered uteroplacental and fetal flux of AA in the current study. The results may indicate that fetal metabolism shifts to adapt to reduced AA supply which results in greater glucose utilization.
257 Awardee Talk: Pursuit of Novel Factors that Regulate Ovarian Follicular Function
Authors: Spicer Leon J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As follicles grow, theca cells (TC) and granulosa cells (GC) must proliferate with minimal differentiation while thecal vascularization increases so that follicles do not prematurely ovulate or luteinize before the oocyte is fully mature. In the early 2000s we used Affymetrix microarrays to discover several unique genes involved in ovarian follicular development. Thrombospondin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 receptor genes were stimulated by IGF1 in porcine GC. We compared GC gene expression in bovine cystic versus normal follicles and discovered several novel genes including Indian hedgehog protein (IHH), FGF9, brain ribonuclease (BRB), and G protein-coupled receptor 34 (GPR34), leading to identification of roles for these proteins in ovarian follicular development. During the past 10 years, follow-up TC microarray and mechanistic studies have identified FGF9 control of cell cycle proteins, tight junction proteins, and microRNA 221 (MIR221), and that the mitogenic and steroidogenic responses to the major trophic hormones of the ovary (including IGF1, LH and FSH) are altered by overexpression of MIR221 in GC. In addition, we discovered that: 1) FGF9 stimulates GC and TC mitosis while inhibiting steroidogenesis; 2) FGF9 induces E2 transcription factor (E2F)-1, E2F-8 and cyclin D1 (CCND1), and that both IGF1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) synergize with FGF9 to further induce E2F8 and CCND1 mRNA; 3) FGF9 induces the nuclear protein UHRF1; and 4) an E2F inhibitor blocks the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of FGF9 on GC proliferation and steroidogenesis, respectively, and down-regulates UHRF1 mRNA and up-regulates VEGFA mRNA. Thus, aberrant production of FGF9 and the factors it induces/inhibits may lead to vascular dysfunction and ovarian disorders such as ovarian cysts. With additional research, knowledge about these newly identified factors may be used to help the livestock industry improve reproductive efficiency via new treatments for estrous synchronization, superovulation and cystic ovaries.
276 Relationship Between Water Use Efficiency and Feedlot Steer Performance and Health
Authors: Bruno Kelsey , Ahlberg-Smith Cashley , McPhillips Levi J , Meador Heather , Taylor Alex , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S , Desilva Udaya , Krehbiel Clint , Mateesku Raluca , Place Sara , Rolf Megan M , VanOverbeke Deb , Wilson Blake K , Richards Chris 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As climate change progresses, it is expected that water availability for livestock production will be challenged due to competition from human population growth and use by other agricultural sectors. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in animal performance and health between feedlot steers with differing water use efficiencies. Four groups of steers from numerous sources (n = 469) were randomly allocated to 2 body weight (BW) blocks. Individual feed and water intake (WI) were measured daily using an Insentec RIC feeding system. Steers had ad libitum access to feed and water for 70 d (BAS). After a 28 d step-down period, steers were maintained at 50% of ad libitum water consumption for 42 d (RST) while feed continued to be offered ad libitum. Based on average daily water intake during BAS, steers were sorted into low, medium, or high-water use efficiency (LWE, MWE, or HWE) using k-means clustering. Every 14 d BW was collected in addition to blood samples for complete blood counts. Body weight was used to evaluate ADG and G:F. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with the model statement including effects of water use efficiency, day, and the interaction. Body weights were greater in HWE than MWE and LWE at the end of BAS and RST (P &lt; 0.01). Steer ADG and G:F were greater in HWE compared to MWE and LWE (P &lt; 0.01)during BAS, but not different during RST (P &gt; 0.54). Hematocrit and red blood cell counts initially increased during water restriction step down, and then returned to normal levels (P &lt; 0.01); these values were also greater in HWE compared to MWE and LWE (P &lt; 0.01). All steers adapted to limited water access similarly and the degree of health differences had little clinical significance.