bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Friction Stir Spot Welding of Copper and Aluminium During Plunging Phase
Authors: Shobri N N S M , Pedapati S R , Awang M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Simulation is limited and remains briefly addressed in the literature of friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process in joining dissimilar copper and aluminium. Thus, this study simulated the FSSW process of copper and aluminium to investigate the peak temperature during the plunging phase produced by all possible combinations of levels for tool rotational speed, plunge rate, and plunge depth according to the full factorial design. The modeling was established by Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) model and ‘dynamic, temperature-displacement, explicit’ analysis. The highest peak temperature of 994.4 oC was produced by 2400 rpm rotational speed, 100 mm/min plunge rate, and 1.6 mm plunge depth. The combination was suggested to be the optimum welding parameters in joining copper to aluminium as sufficient heat input was essential to soften the area around the welding tool and adequately plasticize the material. Three sets of confirmation tests presented consistent responses with a mean peak temperature of 994.4 °C, which validated that the response produced by the suggested optimum welding parameters was reliable. The statistical result reported that the variability in the factors could explain 84.12% of the variability in the response. However, only the rotational speed and plunge depth were statistically significant. The residual plots showed that the regression line model was valid.
Utilization of Biomass Flyash in Cementitious Application
Authors: Mohamaed A , KMuduli K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The use of biomass fly ash in concrete and composite materials is designed to ensure optimum use of fly ash and the development of the economic process. This report justifies the purpose of this project and why it is important for the environment and human health to use fly ash. The report also suggests how to use fly ash best and how to archive it.
Tensile properties of PolyLactic Acid Composite Foamed via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Nordin N M , Anuar H , Ali F , Buys Y F 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tensile properties of foamed PolyLactic Acid (PLA) composite were studied. In this work, PLA were incorporate with Durian Skin Fibre (DSF) and Cinnamon Essential Oil (CEO) to form PLA bio composite and further treat via supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) to form foamed PLA bio composite. The tensile strength value of foamed PLA bio composite slightly drops from foamed PLA. As for stress strain graph, the percentage of strain for foamed PLA and PLA bio composite did not distinct much. Through SEM, the foamed PLA bio composite showing that it did not fully foamed after treated via SCCO2 which due to treatment period and the thickness of the thin films.
Self-Healing Epoxy Coating with Microencapsulation of Linseed Oil for the Corrosion Protection of Magnesium (Mg)
Authors: Alias J , Johari N A , Zanurin A , Alang N A , Zain M Z M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The ability to self-heal is an important feature for the long-term durability of protective coatings on metal alloys. Microcapsules in the self-healing coating allowed for automatic recovery of any damages or cracks, extending the life of the coating. In this study, self-healing microcapsules containing linseed oil as the core material and polyurea-formaldehyde (PUF) as the shell material were manufactured to epoxy resin matrix. Coatings were applied to a bare magnesium (Mg) substrate and scratched to test the self-healing ability. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the microcapsules formed by varied stirring rates of 300 and 800 rpm. By using potentiodynamic polarization in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the corrosion rate of embedded microcapsules and coatings on Mg was evaluated, and the corrosion rate was studied using the Tafel plot. As a consequence, the epoxy coating containing linseed oil and urea formaldehyde, stirred at 800 rpm, significantly resists corrosion attack on the magnesium sheet, with decreased corrosion current density, icorr (1.552 μA/cm2) as compared to the bare magnesium sheet (109.8 μA/cm2). During the microcapsule preparation, increasing the stirring rate from 300 to 800 rpm reduces the icorr value by roughly half. As a result, the self-healing coatings demonstrated adequate self-healing and corrosion resistance recovery on magnesium alloys.
Modelling of Flexible Manipulator System via Ant Colony Optimization for Endpoint Acceleration
Authors: Nazri S S Z , Hadi M S , Yatim H M , Talib M H Ab , Darus I Z M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The application of flexible manipulators has increased in recent years especially in the fourth industrial revolution. It plays a significant role in a diverse range of fields, such as construction automation, environmental applications, space engineering and many more. Due to the lightweight, lower inertia and high flexibility of flexible manipulators, undesired vibration may occur and affect the precision of operation. Therefore, development of an accurate model of the flexible manipulator was presented prior to establishing active vibration control to suppress the vibration and increase efficiency of the system. In this study, flexible manipulator system was modelled using the input and output experimental data of the endpoint acceleration. The model was developed by utilizing intelligence algorithm via ant colony optimization (ACO), commonly known as a population-based trail-following behaviour of real ants based on autoregressive with exogenous (ARX) model structure. The performance of the algorithm was validated based on three robustness methods known as lowest mean square error (MSE), correlation test within 95% confidence level and pole zero stability. The simulation results indicated that ACO accomplished superior performance by achieving lowest MSE of 2.5171×10−7 for endpoint acceleration. In addition, ACO portrayed correlation tests within 95% confidence level and great pole-zero stability.
8D Problem Solving Methodology: Continuous Improvement in Automation Organization
Authors: Elangovan S , Jusoh M S , Muhd Yusuf D H , Ismail M S , Hj Din M S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Eight Disciplines (8D) is a problem-solving technique methodology to identify the root cause of a problem, devise a short-term fix and implement a long-term solution to prevent recurring problems. 8D is a remarkable first step to enhancing Quality and Reliability when the product is defective or not satisfying the customer. The study was conducted in a manufacturing company producing and assembly wire harness. The data was collected for a period of Three months from July 2020 to September 2020, to identify defective percentage of wire harness and they were found to be high at the average rate of 51.39%. In this work the objective was set to investigates quality issues and provides a solution to reduce the rejection of wiring harness mainly in crimping process. In order to achieve this, 8D problem solving technique was used to analyze and solve the problem. Then, Pareto analysis was done to identify vital causes contributing defectives. From the Pareto analysis, it was found that functioning contact crimp condition with percentage 66.67% is the major cause for rejection. Further brainstorming sessions was held to identify the root causes. After the brainstorming session, cause and effect diagram was constructed and it was found to be variation in the that the connector near cable chain is moving area. Thus, the wire assembly with too high radius may caused external force to the wires when machine running with speed and the end of wire may break off when the wire stretched. The suggestions to reduce the rejection percentage were to install mounting bracket prevent wires shaking when machine running and use proper crimp tools. After implementing the suggestion, the total rejection for wire harness particularly contact crimp condition was reduced to 0.93% in December 2020, from average rejection of 66.67%. (3 months data).
Response Surface Analysis of DIB Nozzle Geometry on Acoustic Power Level using Central Composite Design of Experiment
Authors: Hidayat Mat Mohamad Nur , Md Basir Md Faisal , Asmuin Nor Zelawati 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The critical process parameters in manufacturing dry ice blasting nozzle geometry directly related to particle jet velocity. Many studies focused on its performance without considering the noise emission due to high operating pressure. This paper, a numerical simulation study was performed using Ansys Fluent to investigate the effect of nozzle geometry of single-hose dry ice blasting on the acoustic power level. The process of modelling the two-way mass momentum and energy exchange between two phases was successfully solved iteratively in the two-way mass momentum model and the energy exchange between the two phases. It was found that the value of noise emission reaches a maximum level when the shortest convergent angle of 20° with a minimal convergent length of 50 mm and a maximum length of 300 mm is introduced. Besides, the peak value of acoustic power level swell up to 146 dB occurs at a nozzle area ratio of 20 without influencing by convergent angle and extending the divergent length highly influencing noise reduction as less than 143.5 dB for a divergent length of 700 mm.
Quality Improvement in Flexible Printed Circuit Board (FPCB) Using DMAIC Methodology: An Investigation in Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Shamsudin S N A , Jusoh M S , Rosli A G M , Ismail M S , Hj Din M S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Continuous Process Improvement is methodology to solve the defect problem by increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the business performances. DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analysis-Improve-Control) is a data improvement cycle designed for business process to find flaw or inefficiencies particularly resulting in defect or reject. This study was conducted at Company A and used DMAIC method to reduce the open defect for the circuit on the Flexible Printed Circuit Board (FPCB) from 0.6% to 0.3%. Part 13236 which has the highest open defect problem was chosen as the project improvement main focus. Imaging area was the main focus in this project because of its process forming the circuit. DMAIC methodology are initiated by problem identification through the past record of the open defect. The result observed for period of four months. After improvement, Part 13236 that have the highest defect decrease from 0.68% to 0.28% while the overall open defect decreases from 0.6% to 0.3%. The decline on product defect rate helps the company to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of business performances. It also results in cost saving which improves company’s profit margin in the long term.
Deep Learning to Handle Congestion in Vehicle Routing Problem: A Review
Authors: Satyananda D , Abdullah A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper reviews the implementation design of Deep Learning in Vehicle Routing Problem. Congestion and traffic condition are usually avoided in Vehicle Routing Problem due to its modeling complexity, and even the benchmark datasets only cover essential conditions. In the real situation, the traffic condition is varied, and congestion is the worst part. To model the real life, the delivery route must consider these situations. The vehicle needs information on traffic prediction in future time to avoid congestion. The prediction needs historical traffic data, which is very large. Deep Learning can handle the enormous size and extract data features to infer the prediction.
Design and Analysis of Auto-Plastering Machine
Authors: Zulhazreen M , Goh C H , Tan W J , Law J C , Radhwan H , Dawi M S I M , Farizuan M , Asyahid W A R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Nowadays contractors in Malaysia is still using the traditional way in the process of plastering wall. This traditional way not only wastes time, less efficiency and low production but also high in human intensity. Based on the innovation and creativeness, this research is to design an Auto-Plastering Machine. The Auto-Plastering Machine can improve the operation rate is much quicker compared to the traditional method due to less labor with experienced or non-experiences workers able to be used. This machine helps contractors in the construction industry of a building or dwelling in improving the efficiency of time and smoothen plaster finishing. It will perform well compare to the traditional plasterwork process.
Removal of Tartrazine Dye Using Kyllinga Brevifolia Extract And Silver Nanoparticles As Catalysts
Authors: Azhar Azzam Saiful , Wan Kamis Wan Zuraida , Hamid Haslinda Abdul , Abu Kassim Nur Fadzeelah , Isa Norain 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of kyllinga brevifolia (KB) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as catalysts in the removal of tartrazine dye. The experiment was carried out in batch mode. Different parameter such as temperature, initial concentration, contact time and pH were studied. It was found that the equilibrium was achieved in 20 min and the optimum pH was 2. The removal of dye highest at 80 °C, which is 64%. From an initial concentration of 60 ppm and onwards, the removal efficiency of dye was the most (62.34%) when compared to other intial concentrations. The use of a AgNPs as catalyst increases the removal efficiency 20.68% more effective than without a catalyst. Significant of this study is to show the effect of AgNPs as catalyst in tartrazine dye removal from wastewater.
Direct Current (DC) Motor Speed and Direction Controller
Authors: Shaharudin Nurshahirah , Hasan Mohd Zamri , Noor Syatirah Mohd 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The direct current motor is an important drive configuration for many applications across a wide range of power and speeds. It has variable characteristics and is used extensively in variable-speed drives. The goals of this project are to control the direction and speed of a Direct Current (DC) motor. Due to the advancement of wireless technology, there are several communication devices introduced such as GSM, Wi-Fi, ZIGBEE and Bluetooth. Each of the connections has its own unique specification and application. Among these wireless connections, Bluetooth technology is often implemented and can be sent from the mobile phone at a distance of 10 meters. The speed control was implemented using Bluetooth technology to provide communication access from a smartphone. Instead, the ARDUINO UNO platform can be used to quickly promote electronic systems. And an electronics technique is called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used to achieve speed control, and this technique generates high and low pulses, then these pulses vary the speed in the motor. In order to control this PWM pulse, variable resistors are used and depend on it the speed of the DC motor will increase or decrease. The variable resistor is adjusting to varying the speed of the motor, and the higher the resistance the lower the speed of the motor rotates. The direction of the motor is controlled by the relay by giving and giving a command on the virtual terminal. The speed of the motor is directly proportional to the resistance as the speed increased after the resistance also increased and vice versa. The significance of this study is practical and highly feasible from the economic point of view and has the advantage of running the motor at a higher rating in term of a reliable, durable, accurate and efficient way of controlling speed and direction control.
Non-Destructive Measurement and Evaluation of Surface Cracks Using Ultrasonic Rayleigh Waves – A Review
Authors: Hishamuddin Muhamad Akmal Haziq , Mohd Zin Shahruddin Mahzan , Yusup Eliza M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Quality control and inspection methods have become a critical challenge in everyday situations of the engineering profession. This is due to the evolution of the materials used today in industry and also increasingly complex and critical nature of many of the products and structures produced with them. Ultrasonic measurement is widely used especially in oil and gas and aerospace industries. This method is used because it is effective and not involving damaging the original parts. In ultrasonic measurement there are few types of waves emitted and where one of it is Rayleigh wave or mostly known as surface wave. Surface waves are generated when longitudinal waves intersects a surface near to the second critical angle. This review paper will describe about the types of waves emitted and produce and also some of the research that has been done related to the surface wave. This research can contribute to green environment because it reduces waste by suggesting the uses of Perspex.
Substitution of Fly Ash as Mineral Filler in Wearing Course of Hot Mix Asphalt
Authors: Ab Manaf Mohd Badrul Hisyam , Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al , Razak Rafiza Abdul , Ahmad Muhammad Munsif , Rahim Mustaqqim Abdul , Tuan Muda Sharifah Nurfarhana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Fly Ash (FA) is one of the sustainable materials to substitute Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was found commercialized in construction field but the usage in HMA pavement is limited. Thus, this study is important to promote FA as a sustainable filler instead of using OPC to reduce greenhouse gases. The primary aim is to investigate the Marshall Stability of HMA that incorporating of OPC and FA as filler. In addition, Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) determination also conducted in this study. Marshall Stability test was conducted based on ASTM 2006 for both mixtures. The parameters gained from the test are the stability, flow, air void in mix (VIM), void filled bitumen (VFB) and stiffness being used to OBC. The OBC for HMA with OPC filler obtained is 5.06% meanwhile for HMA with FA is 4.79%. All Marshall Parameters was complied with of Malaysia Public Work Department (PWD) Standard for both mixtures. The HMA with FA filler give better results for all parameters. Based on OBC percentage, usage of asphalt binder was reduced at 0.29%. Thus, it was more economical if using FA compared with OPC as a filler. Furthermore, HMA with FA filler have better stability and strength as well as lesser deformation with HMA with OPC filler. For the overall, FA have huge potential in substituting other mineral filler to produce better quality of asphalt pavement.
Model Development in Predicting Academic Performance of Students Based on Self-Efficacy Using K-Means Clustering
Authors: Sabri Mohammad Zahid Mohammad , Majid Nazatul Aini Abd , Hanawi Siti Aishah 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMany prediction models have been developed using data mining tools in order to predict the performance of the students at the early stage. The academic performance of higher education students commonly was predicted based on their results in the end of the previous semester or during the semester like test score or mid-term exam. However, there is lack of models that emphasize the use of data related to student’s behaviour for predicting the academic performance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the use of self-efficacy behaviour data to predict the academic performance of students using principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering (KMC). This study focuses on the first part of the prediction which is model development. In the model development phase, the number of variables were reduced from 20 into two by using PCA. The scores for the first two principal components were clustered by using KMC. The results show that the scores can be clustered into three main clusters to differentiate the student’s self-efficacy behaviour. Next research will investigate the underlying causes of the clusters in order to predict the risky students.
A Review of Breast Cancer Histopathological Image Classification
Authors: Huang Lei , Zain Azlan Mohd , Zhou Kai-Qing , Chen Chang-Feng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Breast Cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor for women in the world. Histopathological examination serves as basis for breast cancer diagnosis. Due to the low accuracy of histopathological images through manual judgment, the classification of histopathological images of breast cancer has become a research hotspot in the field of medical image processing. Accurate classification of images can help doctors to properly diagnoses and improve the survival rate of patients. This paper reviews the existing works on histopathological image classification of breast cancer and analysis the advantages and disadvantages of related algorithms. Findings of the histopathological image classification of the Breast Cancer study are drawn, and the possible future directions are also discussed.
Distinct Detection of Ganoderma Boninense On Metal Oxides-Gold Nanoparticle Composite Deposited Interdigitated Electrode DNA sensor
Authors: Thivina V , Hashim U , Gopinath S C B , Ayoib A , Nordin N K S , Uda M N A , Afnan Uda M N 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOil palms suffer severe losses due toGanoderma boninenseinfection that causes Basal Stem Rot (BSR). The available detection measuring the severity of BSR disease have not proved satisfactory output. Due to the influence of oil palm industry in country’s economy, effective and efficient means of diagnostic measure is mandatory. Among the available diagnostic tools, biosensors were redeemed to yield the most rapid and selective results. To overcome the current issues, herein Interdigitated Electrode (IDE) electrochemical DNA biosensor to detectGanoderma boninensewas successfully designed and fabricated by thermal deposition. Lift-off photolithography fabrication process was applied followed by the surface chemical functionalization via seed deposition. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) were overlaid and the functionalized metal oxides IDE surfaces were used to detect DNA sequence complementation fromGanoderma boninense. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles were doped to increase the surface to volume ratio and enhance biocompatibility. Characterizations were made by validating the sensor’s topology characteristics and electrical characteristics. From the results recorded, it has been justified that IDE with ZnO doped with gold nanoparticles surface serves as an excellent DNA sensor for the detection ofGanoderma boninensewith a remarkable current of 290 nA and 176 nA for immobilization and hybridization respectively.
Electrical Characterisation of Polypyrrole Thin Film Conducting Polymer
Authors: Syamimi N , Yahud S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is known that organic acids doped Polypyrrole (PPy) will conduct electricity, and the electrical characteristics of the polymer is presented in this paper. The PPy is deposited on a glass substrate using a spin coater, resulted in a thin film with of 0.0823 μm thickness. The I/V characteristics of the PPy thin film were measured using two-point and four-point probe at room temperature. The finding shows that the I/V characteristic is nonlinear. Comparison between these two methods is further explored, and statistically it shows that there is no mean difference between the two methods. Hence, it helps in designing future experiment to measure I/V characteristics at elevated temperature.