bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter Maxillary Fixation Versus Open Reduction for the Treatment of Mandibular Condyle Fractures: A Comparative Evaluation
Authors: Nasreen Saba , Bansal Anupam , Rela Rathi , Rai Gaurav , Sah Ram Prasad , Gupta Abhinav Raj 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The treatment for fractured mandibular condyles aims at restoring the masticatory ability, occlusion, symmetry, and function as the bit were before the trauma. The treatment of the mandibular condylar fracture can be done based on the two protocols.

Aims:
The present clinical trial was conducted to collate aftertreatment upshot of closed treatment and open surgical treatment for mandibular condyle fractures.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-two patients were divided into two groups (n = 12) which were treated with either the closed reduction using intermaxillary fixation or open reduction and internal fixation. The following clinical parameters were assessed at 1st and 3rd day and at 1, 3, and 6 weeks: lateral excursion and protrusion, occlusion; interincisal opening, mandibular ramus height, deviation/deflection during jaw opening, and pain assessment using visual analog score. The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation.

Results:
Interincisal opening was found to be 8.125 ± 0.3467 mm and 6.016 ± 0.1528 mm, respectively, for Group I and Group II which was statistically significant (P < 0.00001). At the 3 months and 6th week postoperatively, it was increased in the surgical groups to 17.433 ± 0.3822 mm and 19.175 ± 0.3696 mm, respectively.

Conclusion:
The present trial suggests surgical open reduction and internal fixation treatment of the mandibular condylar fracture is better than the nonsurgical closed reduction in terms of interincisal opening, lateral excursion, and protrusive mandibular movement range.
A New Zinc Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement: A Boon in Dentistry
Authors: Kumar Amit , Raj Anil , Singh Dharmendra Kumar , Donthagani Shashank , Kumar Manoj , Ramesh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC) has many beneficial properties, but it has poor physical and mechanical properties. Therefore, new glass ionomer cement (GIC) is manufactured by adding zinc to improve the mechanical properties of GIC ChemFil Rock. This material possesses better flexural tensile strength and compressive strength in comparison to conventional to CGIC.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to compare four properties of ZRGI like fracture toughness, surface micro-hardness, abrasive wear, and roughness to other GIC material, which are commercially available as: resin-coated glass ionomer (EQUIA FIL).

Materials and Methods:
The study was done in dual phase. In phase-1, micro-hardness surface roughness, abrasion of four GIC and a composite resin as control was analyzed and in phase-2, fracture toughness of four GIC was done at 24 h interval so that all cement achieve its peak strength.

Results:
Micro-hardness value of ChemFil Rock was lowest among different GIC groups. All four GIC group exhibit similar abrasion capacities, while composite were more wear-resistant significantly. Roughness change was highest on ChemFil Rock compared to other GIC. EQUIA FIL has the highest fracture toughness, followed by ChemFil Rock.

Conclusion:
We can conclude that incorporating zinc in the matrix of chemfil rock increases fracture toughness and good abrasive wear, but it does not improve micro-hardness or surface roughness.
Evaluation of Dental Status in Relation to Excessive Horizontal and Vertical Overlap in North Indian Population
Authors: Raj Anil , Ranjan Ravi , Kumar Amit , Kumar Mukesh , Mala Nutan , Ramesh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Tooth wear (attrition) is a multifactorial entity, the pathogenesis of which involves many factors but the role of malocclusion cannot be undermined. Overjet and overbite play an important role in defining occlusion, hence they should also play an important role in causing attrition.

Objectives:
This study aims to evaluate the relationship of dental health status between the vertical and horizontal overlap.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted on 600 patients selected randomly from rural population which were divided into three equal groups as per the predefined criteria, namely, horizontal overlap, vertical overlap, and control group. All patients were examined for the tooth attrition.

Results:
In Group 1 – 73 patients out of 200 showed one or more teeth attrition, in Group 2 – 38 patients out of 200 showed one or more teeth attrition, and in the control group, 22 patients out of 200 showed one or more teeth attrition.

Conclusion:
It was concluded that both vertical and horizontal abnormal relationships of teeth play an important role in the etiology of attrition, with abnormal horizontal overlap being the more detrimental as compared to the vertical one.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Oral Health in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases - An Original Study
Authors: Pinnamaneni Sai Prashanth , Kumar Shubham , Abrol Surbhi , Brar Rajwinder Singh , Khudare Prasad Anand , Gautam Nivedita 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Lack of exercise and change in diet habits and urbanization had led to the rapid increase in the case of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about oral health in patients with CVDs.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted among 172 CVDs patients. Oral health indices (OHIs) such as OHI, decay-missing-filled, and periodontal disease index were recorded. KAP components were categorized into poor, moderate, and good.

Results:
Out of 172 patients, males were 102 and females were 70, age group 30–60 years had 46 and >60 years had 126 patients. Thirty-four were illiterate, 72 had up to primary and 46 had up to secondary and 20 had degree, 104 were married and 68 were unmarried. Resident was urban in 110 and rural in 62 and financial status was very good in 26, good in 50, and moderate in 96. Females had higher KAP score than males; however, the difference was nonsignificant (P > 0.05). As the age advanced, KAP score increased (P < 0.05), patients living in urban area had significantly higher KAP score than living in rural area, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Patients with very good financial status had significantly higher KAP score than living in rural area (P < 0.05). As the education level increased, KAP score increased, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Authors found that patients with CVDs had moderate knowledge and attitude, but the practice was poor. There is need to educate the people about the importance of oral hygiene and their subsequent effect on general body.
Knowledge, Perception, and Attitude on Conservative and Endodontic Practice on COVID Pandemic Situation: A Qualitative Research
Authors: Khatore Sumit , Kathuria Sakshi , Rawat Manoj Kumar , Thakare Amar Ashok , Abrol Surbhi , Pinnamaneni Sai Prashanth , Tiwari Rahul VinayChandra 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The purpose of our study was to analyze the knowledge and attitude of conservative as well as endodontic practice among dental professionals during coronavirus pandemic situation.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 3 months among 1256 dental surgeons, which included 400 MDS and 856 BDS dentists. Questionnaire assessed knowledge of the participants about COVID-19, risk assessment about the pandemic, preparedness of the participants, as well as specific precautions in cases which require conservative and endodontic treatment strategies against COVID-19.

Results:
It was observed that around 83% of the study participants felt that rubber dams are a useful tool to prevent cross-infections, even COVID-19. However, COVID-19 prevention techniques such as use of low-speed handpiece and chemicomechanical techniques were preferred by a smaller number of participants: 25% of participants by former, only 12% for the latter. To prevent aerosol splatter, use of high-volume suction was preferred by 49% of dental surgeons.

Conclusion:
In our study, we concluded that dental surgeons, who come under high risk category; had good basic knowledge about COVID-19 disease process as well as transmission. However, it is imperative that these clinicians need to be extra cautious in handling cases during this pandemic time and limit the disease spread as well.
Assessment of Separation Impact and Perception of Discomfort on Various Orthodontic Separators: A Comparative Clinical Study
Authors: Shamsuddin Shaheen Vilayil , Alshahrani Sami , Sam George , Jeri Sumaya Yousuf , Ranjan Bhuyan Sriram Kirti , Mahanta Deviprasad 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the extent of separation and perception of pain and discomfort with the use of three different orthodontic separators.

Materials and Methods:
A total of sixty participants (26 males and 34 females) aged between 18 and 25 years were enrolled in this study. Participants were divided into three experimental groups: Group I: elastomeric separator, Group II: Dumbbell separators, and Group III: Kesling Separators. All the participants were asked to revisit 24 h after separator placement, and the effect of separation obtained by three different types of separators was measured. The space generated between premolars and molars was recorded separately on days 1, 3, and 7. The visual analog scales were used to assess pain.

Results:
The mean age in Dumbbell separators group was slightly more (23.32 ± 2.28) compared to Kesling Separators and Elastomeric separator group (22.46 ± 1.20 and 21.10 ± 1.19 years, respectively). The extent of separation on days 1, 3, and 7 was more in Group II study participants (0.20 ± 0.02, 0.32 ± 0.05, and 0.48 ± 0.07 mm, respectively) compared to other groups. A statistically significant (P = 0.022) difference was noted on day 7 in terms of no pain being recorded more in Group II participants, followed next by Groups III and I.

Conclusion:
This study concluded that the Dumbbell separators produce acceptable separation with negligible pain and discomfort when compared to elastomeric separators and Kesling separators.
Association of Dental Neglect Scale and Severity of Dental Caries among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Athira S. , Vallabhan Chitra Girija , Sivarajan Sujith , Dithi C. , Swathy Anand P. J. , Chandran Thara 
Published: June 2021

Aims:
The aim of this study is to assess the utilization of available dental services and home dental care practices in a sample of nursing students and to seek out the correlation if any, between the Dental Neglect Scale (DNS) scores and severity of dental caries.

Subjects and Methods:
The study was conducted among 630 nursing students aged 18–21 years from the area of South Bangalore. The study was cross-sectional in design and a convenience sampling method was adopted to get the desired sample size. A prestructured questionnaire was administered to the students in their classrooms. Following this, a brief oral examination was conducted using mouth mirror and light for the detection of any visible carious lesions.

Results:
The dental attendance variable was found to be significantly associated with the DNS scores (P < 0.001). The DNS scores were significantly higher (P < 0.001) among those who had visible caries than those who do not. A very good correlation was obtained between scores of DNS and the caries severity (P < 0.001, r = 0.773).

Conclusions:
The DNS can be a very good predictor of the dental attendance pattern as well as clinically assessed severity of carious lesions.
A Study of Creatinine Level among Patients with Dyslipidemia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus using Multilayer Perceptron and Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Ghazali Farah Muna Mohamad , W Ahmad Wan Muhamad Amir , Srivastava Kumar Chandan , Shrivastava Deepti , Noor Nor Farid Mohd , Akbar Nurul Asyikin Nizam , Aleng Nor Azlida , Alam Mohammad Khursheed 
Published: June 2021

Background and Objective:
Dyslipidemia is one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart disease with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic dyslipidemia is correlated with reduced concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated concentrations of plasma triglycerides, and increased concentrations of dense small particles of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, dyslipidemia is one of the factors that accelerate renal failure in patients with nephropathy that is observed to be higher in these patients. This paper aims to propose the variable selection using the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network methodology before performing the multiple linear regression (MLR) modeling. Dataset consists of patient with Dyslipidemia, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was selected to illustrate the design-build methodology. According to clinical expert's opinion and based on their assessment, these variables were chosen, which comprises the level of creatinine, urea, total cholesterol, uric acid, sodium, and HbA1c.

Materials and Methods:
At the first stage, all the selected variables will be a screen for their clinical important point of view, and it was found that creatinine has a significant relationship to the level of urea reading, a total of cholesterol reading, and the level of uric acid reading. By considering the level of significance, α = 0.05, these three variables are being selected and used for the input of the MLP model. Then, the MLR is being applied according to the best variable obtained through MLP process.

Results:
Through the testing/out-sample mean squared error (MSE), the performance of MLP was assessed. MSE is an indication of the distance from the actual findings from our estimates. The smallest MSE of the MLP shows the best variable selection combination in the model.

Conclusion:
In this research paper, we also provide the R syntax for MLP better illustration. The key factors associated with creatinine were urea, total cholesterol, and uric acid in patients with dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Comparative Study of Tooth Size and Arch Dimensions in Class I Crowded, Proclined Malocclusion and Class I Normal Occlusion
Authors: Devakrishnan Dhayanithi , Gnansambandam Vimala , Kandasamy Saravanan , Sengottuvel Nagalakshmi , Kumaragurubaran Preethi , Rajasekaran Maivizhi 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The objectives are to compare the extent and to find whether it is arch dimension or tooth size that contributes to a greater extent to malocclusions such as dental crowding and proclination.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 90 pretreatment models were selected and divided into three groups, namely uncrowded (Group-A), crowded (Group B), and proclination (Group-C). Measurements obtained were: (1) The largest mesiodistal width of each tooth on each arch (except the second and third molars), (2) Buccal inter-canine and inter-molar widths, (3) Lingual inter-canine and inter-molar widths, (4) Arch perimeters, and (5) Arch length.

Results:
The mesiodistal teeth dimensions were higher in crowded and proclination group. Both inter canine width and inter molar width of maxilla were reduced in crowded group. Maxillary and mandibular arch perimeter and arch lengths were higher proclination group.
Efficacy of Routinely used Analgesics in Management of Pulpal Pain Postoperatively a Clinical Study
Authors: Thota Lavanya , Bansal Rahul , Thota Gunaranjan , Chikkanna Meena Kumari , Shanab Hanan , Kumari Vinutha V. 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various routinely used analgesics in the management of pulpal pain preoperatively.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 150 patients were randomly selected and divided into five groups each. At initial visit, a self-administered questionnaire was given, and patients were asked to mark on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) indicating severity of pain at that moment which is taken as a pretreatment VAS score. Group I patients received aceclofenac + paracetamol, Group II: ketorolac tromethamine, Group III: lornoxicam + paracetamol, Group IV: tramadol + paracetamol, and Group V: paracetamol. All the patients are requested to record their pain levels at 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h by means of VAS scores before and after treatment.

Results:
There was no significant decrease in frequency of pain when compared in the first three groups, whereas in Group III and Group IV, the patients experienced an effective reduction in pain because of sustained releasing ability of these drugs. Overall, there was no statistically significant differences among all the groups.

Conclusion:
This study suggests that there was no significant difference in reduction of pain preoperatively. However, lornoxicam + paracetamol and tramadol + paracetamol were effective because of their sustained releasing ability. Ketorolac was effective to reduce the pain for shorter duration. Paracetamol can be advised in compromised patients where safety is concerned.
Influence of Occlusal Bite Forces on Teeth with Altered Periodontal Support: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Stress Analysis
Authors: Agrawal Richa , Narang Sumit , Ahmed Hina , Prasad Shyam , Reddy Shyamsunder , Aila Shivaramakrishna 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Masticatory forces generate various degrees of stress and strain in the periodontium of teeth which determine the clinical functions and load-bearing capacity of the teeth. There are few in vitro studies that have analyzed stress generated due to combined forces acting on the teeth. Thus, the objective of the present study was to do a comparative analysis of the influence of various stresses on the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone of maxillary central incisor with normal bone height and reduced bone height under simulated standard masticatory using finite element stress analysis.

Methodology:
A 3D model of the tooth was obtained with the help of ANSYS software. These models were subjected to various oblique forces, i.e., 100N and 235.9N, applied at 45° angle on the lingual surface of the maxillary central incisor and stress values were recorded in three dimensions. The results from FE analysis were analyzed using 3D Von Mises Criteria.

Results:
It was observed that in healthy periodontium; it was observed that among the periodontal structure studied, the maximum stress levels were exerted on root followed by cortical bone, cancellous bone, and PDL, irrespective of the force, as compared to the diseased periodontium, in which the bone height was reduced, the maximum stresses were on root followed by cortical bone, PDL, and cancellous bone.

Conclusion:
The main factor governing the success of any periodontal procedure depends on the height of the remaining bone and the amount of force exerted on to the tooth and the stress generated within the tooth. The finite element method could be of substantial importance in this respect as it can assess the stresses of various occlusal forces on the periodontal ligament, root, cortical bone, and cancellous bone of teeth in a periodontally healthy and diseased state.
Perception of Dental Students on Gender Preferences in Career Choice, Plans, and Expectations in Dentistry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Pullishery Fawaz , Alhejoury Hajer Ayed , Ahmed Turki Hamza , Allugmani Wysal Abdullah , Alrowaily Ghada Sultan , Aljohani Dareen Dhaifullah , Alshehab Bassam Abdullah 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Gender-based preferences are common in dental practice and maybe even more prevalent in academic dentistry. A large number of females have been entering the practice of general dentistry for the past two decades. The present study was done to assess dental students' perception of gender preferences in dentistry using a questionnaire in Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:
A survey was conducted using a pretested questionnaire among dental interns pursuing their internship at different dental schools in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaires were distributed to 482 interns who were willing to participate in the survey. All the responses were collected, tabulated, and analyzed accordingly using appropriate statistical methods.

Results:
Four hundred and eighty-two dental interns (180 males and 302 females) responded to the survey. Most female interns (68%) prefer female patients for their treatments to the opposite gender. Seventy-five percent of the male interns felt more capable than females to handle stress and workload associated with branches such as prosthodontics, surgery, and implantology. 52.1% felt that female students fared well in academics.

Conclusion:
The present study shows that more females are taking up this profession in the current situation. It also shows that females are as competitive as males in dentistry and that most of the dental interns want to take up postgraduation after completion of the course. Both males and females are given equal working space and respect in this field of dentistry.
Comparative Evaluation of Periodontal Osseous Defects Using Direct Digital Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Mark Ruhi , Mohan Ranjana , Gundappa M , Balaji M. D. Saravana , Vijay V. K. , Umayal M. 
Published: June 2021

Objectives:
To evaluate and compare the accuracy of Direct Digital Radiography (DDR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in determination and diagnosis of periodontal osseous defects.

Methods:
A nonrandomized in vivo study was conducted to compare the two imaging modalities, DDR and CBCT, for the diagnosis of periodontal osseous defects. Comparison was made between the linear measurements of DDR and CBCT images with the actual measurements of various osseous defects during surgical exposure (Gold standard).

Results:
The results of the present study demonstrated the difference in the mean values of the DDR and surgical exposure measurements of periodontal osseous defects, whereas comparable mean values were found between the CBCT and surgical exposure measurements, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) being found between each modality.

Conclusion:
CBCT proved to be an indispensable imaging tool in detecting and quantifying periodontal defects and furcation involvement more precisely and could provide additional benefits over the traditional radiography for clinical and postsurgical evaluation.