bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multi‐state occupancy model to non‐invasively monitor visible signs of wildlife health with camera traps that accounts for image quality
Authors: Murray Maureen H. , Fidino Mason , Lehrer Elizabeth W. , Simonis Juniper L. , Magle Seth B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Camera traps are an increasingly popular tool to monitor wildlife distributions. However, traditional analytical approaches to camera trap data are difficult to apply to visible wildlife characteristics in single images, such as infection status. Several parasites produce visible signs of infection that could be sampled via camera traps. Sarcoptic mange Sarcoptes scabiei is an ideal disease to study using cameras because it results in visible hair loss and affects a broad host range.

Here, we developed a multi‐state occupancy model to estimate the occurrence of mange in coyotes Canis latrans across an urban gradient. This model incorporates a secondary detection function for apparent by‐image infection status to provide detection‐corrected estimates of mange occurrence.

We analysed a multi‐year camera trap dataset in Chicago, Illinois, United States, to test whether the apparent occurrence of sarcoptic mange in coyotes Canis latrans increases with urbanization or varies through time. We documented visible signs consistent with current or recovering mange infection and variables we hypothesized would improve mange detection: The proportion of the coyote in frame, image blur and whether the image was in colour.

We were more likely to detect coyotes with mange in images that were less blurry, in colour, and if a greater proportion of the coyote was visible. Mangy coyote occupancy was significantly higher in urban developed areas with low housing density and higher canopy cover whereas coyote occupancy, mangy or otherwise, decreased with urbanization.

By incorporating image quality into our by‐image detection function, we provide a robust method to non‐invasively survey visible aspects of wildlife health with camera traps. Apparently mangy coyotes were associated with low‐density forested neighbourhoods, which may offer vegetated areas while containing sources of anthropogenic resources. This association may contribute to human–wildlife conflict and reinforces posited relationships between infection risk and habitat use. More generally, our model could provide detection‐corrected occupancy estimates of visible characteristics that vary by image such as body condition or injuries.
Predators like it hot: Thermal mismatch in a predator–prey system across an elevational tropical gradient
Authors: Pintanel Pol , Tejedo Miguel , Salinas‐Ivanenko Sofia , Jervis Phillip , Merino‐Viteri Andrés 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Climate change may have dramatic consequences for communities through both direct effects of peak temperatures upon individual species and through interspecific mismatches in thermal sensitivities of interacting organisms which mediate changes in interspecific interactions (i.e. predation). Despite this, there is a paucity of information on the patterns of spatial physiological sensitivity of interacting species (at both landscape and local scales) which could ultimately influence geographical variation in the effects of climate change on community processes. In order to assess where these impacts may occur, we first need to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity in the degree of mismatch in thermal tolerances between interacting organisms.

We quantify the magnitude of interspecific mismatch in maximum (CTmax) and minimum (CTmin) thermal tolerances among a predator–prey system of dragonfly and anuran larvae in tropical montane (242–3,631 m) and habitat (ponds and streams) gradients. To compare thermal mismatches between predator and prey, we coined the parameters maximum and minimum predatory tolerance margins (PTMmax and PTMmin), or difference in CTmax and CTmin of interacting organisms sampled across elevational and habitat gradients.

Our analyses revealed that: (a) predators exhibit higher heat tolerances than prey (~4°C), a trend which remained stable across habitats and elevations. In contrast, we found no differences in minimum thermal tolerances between these groups. (b) Maximum and minimum thermal tolerances of both predators and prey decreased with elevation, but only maximum thermal tolerance varied across habitats, with pond species exhibiting higher heat tolerance than stream species. (c) Pond‐dwelling organisms from low elevations (0–1,500 m a.s.l.) may be more susceptible to direct effects of warming than their highland counterparts because their maximum thermal tolerances are only slightly higher than their exposed maximum environmental temperatures.

The greater relative thermal tolerance of dragonfly naiad predators may further increase the vulnerability of lowland tadpoles to warming due to potentially enhanced indirect effects of higher predation rates by more heat‐tolerant dragonfly predators. However, further experimental work is required to establish the individual and population‐level consequences of this thermal tolerance mismatch upon biotic interactions such as predator–prey.

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Drought resistance and resilience: The role of soil moisture–plant interactions and legacies in a dryland ecosystem
Authors: Hoover David L. , Pfennigwerth Alix A. , Duniway Michael C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

In many regions of the world, climate change is projected to reduce water availability through changes in the hydrological cycle, including more frequent and intense droughts, as well as seasonal shifts in precipitation. In water‐limited ecosystems, such as drylands, lower soil water availability may exceed the adaptive capacity of many organisms, leading to cascading ecological effects during (concurrent effects) and after drought (legacy effects). The magnitude and duration of concurrent and legacy effects depends on drought intensity, duration and timing as well as the resistance and resilience of the ecosystem.

Here, we investigated the effects of drought seasonality and plant community composition on two dominant perennial grasses, Achnatherum hymenoides (C3 photosynthesis) and Pleuraphis jamesii (C4 photosynthesis), in a dryland ecosystem. The experiment consisted of three precipitation treatments: control (ambient precipitation), cool‐season drought (−66% ambient precipitation November–April) and warm‐season drought (−66% ambient precipitation May–October), applied in two plant communities (perennial grasses with or without a large shrub, Ephedra viridis) over a 3‐year period. We examined the concurrent and legacy effects of seasonal drought on soil moisture, phenology and biomass.

Drought treatments had strong concurrent and legacy effects on soil moisture, which impacted the phenology and biomass of the two grasses. Drought reduced growing season length by delaying green‐up (cool‐season drought) or advancing senescence (warm‐season drought) and reduced biomass for both species. Biomass and phenology legacy effects from drought emerged in the second and third years of the experiment. While we observed differential sensitivity to drought legacies between the two grasses, we found limited evidence that shrub presence had interactive effects with the drought treatment.

Synthesis. The results from this study highlight how abiotic and biotic legacies can develop and influence a community's resistance and resilience to subsequent droughts. When the frequency of repeated extreme events, such as recurring seasonal droughts, exceeds the capacity of organisms or ecosystems to recover (i.e. resilience), persistent drought legacies can reduce the resistance to subsequent drought events. Overall, these results highlight how drought legacies are a product of ecological resistance and resilience to past drought and can influence ecosystem vulnerability to future droughts.
Membrane separation processes for enrichment of bovine and caprine milk oligosaccharides from dairy byproducts
Authors: Wang Yi , Yu Jinghua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBreast milk is an ideal source of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) for isolation and purification. However, breast milk is not for sale and at most is distributed to neonatal intensive care units as donor milk. To overcome this limitation, isolating HMOs analogs including bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) and caprine milk oligosaccharides (CMOs) from other sources is timely and significant. Advances in the development of equipment and analytical methods have revealed that dairy processing byproducts are good sources of BMOs and CMOs. Enrichment of these oligosaccharides from dairy byproducts, such as whey, permeate, and mother liquor, is of increasing academic and economic value. The commonly employed approach for oligosaccharides purification is chromatographic technique, but it is only used at lab scale. In the dairy industry, chromatographic methods (large‐scale ion exchange, 10,000 L size) are currently routinely used for the isolation/purification of milk proteins (e.g., lactoferrin). In contrast, membrane technology has been proven to be a suitable approach for the isolation and purification of BMOs and CMOs from dairy byproducts. Therefore, this review simply introduces BMOs and CMOs in dairy processing byproducts. This review also summarizes membrane separation processes for isolating and purifying BMOs and CMOs from different dairy byproducts. Finally, the technological challenges and solutions of each processing strategy are discussed in detail.
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 in children: Clinical classification, renal replacement therapy, and outcome in a single centre experience
Authors: Fadel Fatina I. , Kotb Magd A. , Abdel Mawla Mohamed A , Hasanin Rasha M. , Salem Amr Mohamed , Fathallah Mohamed Gamal , Amr Khalda Sayed , Ahmed Hoda Abdalla , Salah Doaa M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrimary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare disease that is challenged by the overproduced oxalate and commonly presented with radiopaque renal stones or obstructive uropathy. This study aimed to report clinical presentations, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and outcome of PH1 in end stage kidney disease (ESKD) children. This is an observational cohort study. Data of 22 patients with ESKD due to PH1 were analyzed at Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University. Infantile onset patients (n = 10) had worst renal outcome (80% with ESRD at presentation, p = 0.019) and worse patient outcome (mortality 40%, p = 0.016) than juvenile (n = 9) and late onset (PH1 n = 3) patients. RRT modalities include peritoneal dialysis (PD) in 7 (31.8%), hemodialysis (HD) in 11 (50%), and combined liver kidney transplantation (CLKT) in 4 (18.2%) patients. Infectious complications were encountered in 42.8% of PD patients. Better HD adequacy was observed with frequent HD (n = 6) and/or HD via arteriovenous fistula (AVF) than with infrequent dialysis (n = 5) and/or via central venous line (CVL) (p = 0.0001 and 0.0047, respectively). Morbidity and mortality (infection related) rates of the whole cohort were 63.6% and 31.8%, respectively. Clinical presentation of PH1 varies according to the age of onset (infantile onset being the most aggressive form). Aggressive HD (better through AVF) is needed to achieve acceptable HD adequacy, PD was challenged by infection. Infection found to be the main cause of mortality even after successful CLKT.
New conceptual framework for flood risk assessment in Sheffield, UK
Authors: Chen I‐Hui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study explores a new framework of flood risk assessment that considers four components, namely hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and community resilience. The key variables and coefficients were selected using principal component analysis and geographically weighted regression (GWR) in a geographic information system (GIS). GWR was applied to present a spatial relation between flood risks and regeneration areas for dependent and independent variables in the four components. Then the new conceptual framework was overlaid as a flood risk map using risk indicators of the four components. The first three components were included in the GIS framework to map flood risk indices, whereas the community resilience component was subtracted from the total indices. Finally, the total number of indices of the flood risk map were divided into nine levels, from 0 to 8. Overall, the study shows the utility of the flood risk map, which is based on the spatial coincidence of mapping of the four components in a case study of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Areas with an index value of 8 on the flood risk map had the highest flood risks, which points to where there is a need for regeneration to improve flood defences and resilience.
Optimization and antimicrobial efficacy of curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against foodborne bacteria in hamburger patty
Authors: Alanchari Masoumeh , Mohammadi Maryam , Yazdian Fatemeh , Ahangari Hossein , Ahmadi Nahid , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra , Homayouni‐Rad Aziz , Ehsani Ali 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to design a delivery system of curcumin (CU) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (CU‐CSLNs) for evaluating the antimicrobial properties in hamburger patty. Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) was prepared through a homogenizing technique. A response surface methodology was applied to optimize the CU‐CSLNs to minimize the particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), as well as to maximize the zeta potential to avoid aggregation of particles. The optimized sample revealed a spherical morphology under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) with particle sizes of 126.87 ± 0.94 nm and 0.21 ± 0.025 PDI. The zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency (EE %) were found to be −30 ± 0.3 mV and 99.96 ± 0.01%, respectively. The CSLNs exhibited higher in vitro antimicrobial effect (142 µg·ml−1) against Staphylococcus aureus and generic Escherichia coli as compared to free CU (1000 µg·ml−1). Finally, the CSLNs antimicrobial effect was tested in hamburger patty inoculated with foodborne pathogens during eight days of storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that CSLNs had a higher antimicrobial effect than free CU. This study provides insight into the preparation of the novel antimicrobial nanoparticles for food safety applications.
The dosimetric benefit of in‐advance respiratory training for deep inspiration breath holding is realized during daily treatment in left breast radiotherapy: A comparative retrospective study of serial surface motion tracking
Authors: Kalet Alan M , Kim Aileen , Hippe Daniel S , Lo Simon S , Fang L Christine , Meyer Juergen , Lang Elvira V , Mayr Nina A 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionA novel approach of in‐advance preparatory respiratory training and practice for deep inspiration breath holding (DIBH) has been shown to further reduce cardiac dose in breast cancer radiotherapy patients, enabled by deeper (extended) DIBH. Here we investigated the consistency and stability of such training‐induced extended DIBH after training completion and throughout the daily radiotherapy course.MethodsDaily chestwall motion from real‐time surface tracking transponder data was analysed in 67 left breast radiotherapy patients treated in DIBH. Twenty‐seven received preparatory DIBH training/practice (prepTrn) 1–2 weeks prior to CT simulation, resulting in an extended DIBH (extDIBH) and reduced cardiac dose at simulation. Forty had only conventional immediate pre‐procedure DIBH instruction without prepTrn and without extended DIBH (non‐Trn group). Day‐to‐day variability in chestwall excursion pattern during radiotherapy was compared among the groups.ResultsThe average of daily maximum chestwall excursions was overall similar, 2.5 ± 0.6 mm for prepTrn/extDIBH vs. 2.9 ± 0.8 mm for non‐Trn patients (P = 0.24). Chestwall excursions beyond the 3‐mm tolerance threshold were less common in the prepTrn/extDIBH group (18.8% vs. 37.5% of all fractions within the respective groups, P = 0.038). Among patients with cardiopulmonary disease those with prepTrn/extDIBH had fewer chestwall excursions beyond 3 mm (9.4% vs. 46.7%, P = 0.023) and smaller average maximum excursions than non‐Trn patients (2.4 ± 0.3 vs. 3.0 ± 0.6 mm, P = 0.047, respectively).ConclusionSimilar stability of daily DIBH among patients with and without preparatory training/practice suggests that the training‐induced extended DIBH and cardiac dose reductions were effectively sustained throughout the radiotherapy course. Training further reduced beyond‐tolerance chestwall excursions, particularly in patients with cardiopulmonary disease.
An overview of the impacts of feral cattle, water buffalo and pigs on the savannas, wetlands and biota of northern Australia
Authors: Mihailou Helenna , Massaro Melanie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince the extinction of the megafauna some 45 000 to 50 000 years ago, grazing pressure on Australian savannas has been relatively low compared to that on savannas in other continents. However, the introduction of several species of ungulate, primarily during the 1800s, and the establishment of large feral populations in northern Australia has resulted in an increase in grazing pressure compared to pre‐colonial times when soft‐footed macropods were the largest extant grazers. Here, we provide an overview of the introduction of three key ungulates to northern Australia: cattle (Bos taurus, B. indicus), Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and pigs (Sus scrofa), and the impact of these populations on both abiotic and biotic elements of savanna habitats in northern Australia. Feral ungulate populations have considerable impacts on soil, water quality, waterhole hydrology, vegetation, fire regimes and the spread of exotic plants, and resulting changes to habitat have flow‐on effects for native wildlife. Ungulate impacts on vegetation communities and associated changes in fire regimes are particularly concerning given that sustained grazing can lead to the permanent removal of key grass species and changes in fire intensity and frequency can result in the conversion of grassland to woodland. Native wildlife can be affected by ungulate disturbance in a multitude of ways, but overwhelmingly, habitat loss or degradation is the main driver for declines in biodiversity. Based on current knowledge gaps, we discuss potential directions for future research about how feral ungulate activity affects Australian native species and their impact on savanna habitats.
Telmisartan attenuates human glioblastoma cells proliferation and oncogenicity by inducing the lipid oxidation
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhang Tengrui , Li Chen , Guo Jia , Xu Baohui , Xue Lixiang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundGlioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most common primary brain tumors, which accounts up to 80% of malignant brain tumors and the 5‐year relative survival rate is below 5%. Recent studies showed that the lipid metabolism played an essential role in GBM development. As a peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptors γ (PPAR‐γ) agonist, telmisartan improves the lipid metabolism and has been used to treat hypertension for long time. It has also been shown to have anticancer function, such as in lung cancer and melanoma.MethodsIncucyte real‐time live cell imaging system was used to assess the effect of telmisartan on glioma cell lines U87 and U251 proliferation. Transwell assay and colony formation assay were conducted to detect the effect of telmisartan on oncogenicity of GBM cell lines. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis were used to detect the effect of telmisartan on the expression of PPAR‐γ and hydroxyacyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase alpha subunit (HADHA).ResultsWe demonstrate that telmisartan inhibits two glioma cell lines U87 and U251 proliferation in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, and arrests the cell cycle at S phase. We further show that telmisartan decreases the oncogenicity of GBM cell lines. Our data show that telmisartan treatment significantly increases the PPAR‐γ expression level, enhances the lipid oxidation, and upregulates the level of fatty acid oxidation key enzyme HADHA.ConclusionsTelmisartan inhibits the proliferation and oncogenicity while it also increases the lipid oxidation of human GBM cells.
Reproductive health risks and clinician practices with gender diverse adolescents and young adults
Authors: Quinn Gwendolyn P. , Tishelman Amy C. , Chen Diane , Nahata Leena 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundReproductive health counseling is essential for adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) AYAs would benefit from tailored counseling given concerns about iatrogenic infertility and sexual dysfunction, and high rates of interpersonal violence, unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, yet there are multiple obstacles to providing this care at the patient/family and clinician levels.ObjectivesThis narrative review summarizes the literature on reproductive health considerations for TGD AYAs, current practices, and clinician barriers and facilitators to providing culturally sensitive reproductive care for TGD AYAs. Specific areas of focus include reproductive health goals, risks, and access barriers; clinician knowledge practices and challenges; and strategies for improving counseling practices.Materials and methodsPubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases were searched using the following terms: transgender, non‐binary, gender expansive, gender non‐conforming, reproductive health, sexual health, fertility, family planning/building, contraception, sexual dysfunction; gender‐affirming hormones/surgery, clinician, physician or provider knowledge and attitudes; counseling.ResultsMany TGD AYAs desire biological children and improved sexual experiences. TGD AYAs may experience infertility and sexual dysfunction associated with transition; have disproportionate HIV/STI risk; experience high rates of interpersonal/sexual violence and trauma; and encounter barriers to accessing competent medical care. Clinicians lack knowledge about reproductive health needs of TGD AYAs; inconsistently discuss family building options; perceive counseling challenges; and desire more training in this area.DiscussionEnriched communication training for medical/mental health clinicians is necessary to provide a skilled workforce for TGD AYAs. Web‐based reproductive health training with other populations (eg oncology) demonstrates efficacy for improving communication skills and confidence in counseling,ConclusionThis review highlights barriers to adequate reproductive care encountered by TGD AYAs, exacerbated in underserved minority youth. Dedicated training for providers, and programs increasing access are important goals for improving care. The need for additional research is also emphasized.