bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dalam Konteks Islam
Authors: Husaini Husaini 
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara jelas dasar dan tujuan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD), materi serta kurikulum yang di pakai dalam kontek pendidikan Islam. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif analitik, maka pendekatannya adalah telaah krpustakaan dan penelaahan konsep, dalam hal ini buku-buku yang berhubungan dengan pandidikan anak sejak dalam kandungan dan yang lain yang relevan dengan penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian diperoleh data bahwa tujuan pendidikan anak usia dini adalah agar terwujud insan yang taqwa , Berakhlak mulia, berilmu, aktif dan kreatif , mandiri berjiwa demokratis serta bertanggung jawab, terpelihara kesucian jiwa agar menjadi fitrah sesuai dengan ajaran Islam sehingga membawa anak dalam kehidupan kebahagian dunia dan akherat, Materi/ kurikulum yang harus ditanamkan pada anak usia dini adalah materi tentang pokok-pokok inti ajaran Islam,; seperti shalat fardhu lima waktu, membaca al-Qur,an, mengenal Allah, malaikat, rasul dan Kitab-kitabnya, dan pelajaran tata karma yang baik, serta ilmu keduniaawiaan yang berguna bagi pertumbuhan anak di masa anak-anak maupun masa dewasanya kelak.
Utilization of Pain Rating Scales in Peadiatric Care Among Health Professionals in A Tertiary Children’s Hospital in Kenya
Authors: Limungi Godfrey Mbaabu , Makworo Dr Drusilla , Oluchina Dr Sherry , Mburugu Dr Patrick M. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The study assessed utilization of pain rating scales at a children’s hospital as a basis for making recommendation for their adoption by the ministry of health, Kenya. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, conducted in a tertiary children’s hospital in Nairobi-Kenya. Data was collected using semi- structured self-administered questionnaire, key informant interview guide (KII) and observation check list from a sample size of 160 Health Professionals and 71 patients’ medical records sampled from a study population of 280 Health professionals and 88 patients’ medical records. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics where by data was summarized using frequency tables and presented using pie chart, and bar graphs. A content analysis was performed on qualitative data based on stages of qualitative data analysis.Results: The hospital was found to have adopted four pain rating scales which included Neonatal guide score, FLACC, Wong Baker faces scale, and Numerical pain scale. Utilization of these tools among Health Professionals was found to be excellent, with nurses being the main health professionals who utilized them at 99%. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study aims at improving pain management in child health care in Kenya, where many paediatric units do not assess and measure pain in paediatric patients. Though nurses were the main Health Professionals who utilized pain rating scales in the hospital, inclusion of pain guidelines in all patient’s medical records would promote their utilization among other Health Professionals
Arctic observations and numerical simulations of surface wind effects on Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera measurements
Authors: Fitch Kyle E. , Hang Chaoxun , Talaei Ahmad , Garrett Timothy J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Ground-based measurements of frozen precipitation are heavily influenced by interactions of surface winds with gauge-shield geometry. The Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC), which photographs hydrometeors in free-fall from three different angles while simultaneously measuring their fall speed, has been used in the field at multiple midlatitude and polar locations both with and without wind shielding. Here, we present an analysis of Arctic field observations – with and without a Belfort double Alter shield – and compare the results to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the airflow and corresponding particle trajectories around the unshielded MASC. MASC-measured fall speeds compare well with Ka-band Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Zenith Radar (KAZR) mean Doppler velocities only when winds are light (≤5ms-1) and the MASC is shielded. MASC-measured fall speeds that do not match KAZR-measured velocities tend to fall below a threshold value that increases approximately linearly with wind speed but is generally <0.5ms-1. For those events with wind speeds ≤1.5ms-1, hydrometeors fall with an orientation angle mode of 12∘ from the horizontal plane, and large, low-density aggregates are as much as 5 times more likely to be observed. Simulations in the absence of a wind shield show a separation of flow at the upstream side of the instrument, with an upward velocity component just above the aperture, which decreases the mean particle fall speed by 55 % (74 %) for a wind speed of 5 m s−1 (10 m s−1). We conclude that accurate MASC observations of the microphysical, orientation, and fall speed characteristics of snow particles require shielding by a double wind fence and restriction of analysis to events where winds are light (≤5ms-1). Hydrometeors do not generally fall in still air, so adjustments to these properties' distributions within natural turbulence remain to be determined.
Assessment of a full-field initialized decadal climate prediction system with the CMIP6 version of EC-Earth
Authors: Bilbao Roberto , Wild Simon , Ortega Pablo , Acosta-Navarro Juan , Arsouze Thomas , Bretonnière Pierre-Antoine , Caron Louis-Philippe , Castrillo Miguel , Cruz-García Rubén , Cvijanovic Ivana , Doblas-Reyes Francisco Javier , Donat Markus , Dutra Emanuel , Echevarría Pablo , Ho An-Chi , Loosveldt-Tomas Saskia , Moreno-Chamarro Eduardo , Pérez-Zanon Núria , Ramos Arthur , Ruprich-Robert Yohan , Sicardi Valentina , Tourigny Etienne , Vegas-Regidor Javier 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In this paper, we present and evaluate the skill of an EC-Earth3.3 decadal prediction system contributing to the Decadal Climate Prediction Project – Component A (DCPP-A). This prediction system is capable of skilfully simulating past global mean surface temperature variations at interannual and decadal forecast times as well as the local surface temperature in regions such as the tropical Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and most of the continental areas, although most of the skill comes from the representation of the external radiative forcings. A benefit of initialization in the predictive skill is evident in some areas of the tropical Pacific and North Atlantic oceans in the first forecast years, an added value that is mostly confined to the south-east tropical Pacific and the eastern subpolar North Atlantic at the longest forecast times (6–10 years). The central subpolar North Atlantic shows poor predictive skill and a detrimental effect of initialization that leads to a quick collapse in Labrador Sea convection, followed by a weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and excessive local sea ice growth. The shutdown in Labrador Sea convection responds to a gradual increase in the local density stratification in the first years of the forecast, ultimately related to the different paces at which surface and subsurface temperature and salinity drift towards their preferred mean state. This transition happens rapidly at the surface and more slowly in the subsurface, where, by the 10th forecast year, the model is still far from the typical mean states in the corresponding ensemble of historical simulations with EC-Earth3. Thus, our study highlights the Labrador Sea as a region that can be sensitive to full-field initialization and hamper the final prediction skill, a problem that can be alleviated by improving the regional model biases through model development and by identifying more optimal initialization strategies.
The Relationship of Drug Abuse to Unexplained Sudden Death
Authors: Gruszecki Amy C. , McGwin, Jr Gerald , Robinson, Jr C. Andrew , Davis Gregory G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Forensic pathologists regularly investigate the deaths of individuals with a history of drug abuse. Autopsy, including toxicology testing, reveals no cause for death in a subset of this cohort.
Objective.—To determine whether deaths with an undetermined cause and manner of death are associated with a history of drug abuse.
Design.—Retrospective matched case-control study of 52 decedents whose cause of death remained undetermined following autopsy, matched 1:2 to a control group of living patients admitted for cholecystectomy according to age and date of death or procedure.
Results.—Individuals whose cause of death was undetermined were 5.3 times (95% confidence interval, 1.9– 14.5) more likely to have a history of drug abuse than were patients with cholecystitis.
Conclusions.—Decedents with a history of chronic drug abuse appear to be at an increased risk of dying by their chronic drug abuse, even in the absence of any anatomical or toxicologic finding at autopsy to account for death.
What Is Adequate Sampling of Extraplacental Membranes?: A Randomized, Prospective Analysis
Authors: Winters Ryan , Waters Brenda L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—It is the generally accepted practice to submit 1 or 2 membrane rolls when examining placentas.
Objective.—To determine whether obtaining additional sections would increase diagnostic yield and, if so, to what degree.
Design.—A membrane roll section was prospectively procured from each quadrant of its respective singleton placenta. These placentas were submitted for routine pathologic examination, the process of which was entirely separate from this study. All study sections were randomized and assigned new numbers, thereby blinding the pathologist to the placenta of origin. We evaluated the incidence of acute chorionitis/chorioamnionitis (AC/A) and atherosis when 1, 2, 3, or 4 slides were examined. The diagnostic yield from all possible combinations of single, pairs, and triplets of sections was tabulated. When an additional slide identified more extensive acute inflammation than what was demonstrated initially, the AC/A was upstaged.
Results.—With 1 section examined, 7 to 10 placentas had AC/A. With 2 sections, 10 to 15 placentas had AC/A; with 3 sections, 16 to 18 cases; and with 4 sections, 19 cases. Additional sections upstaged the AC/A diagnosis infrequently. A total of 4 of 53 placentas had atherosis, based on review of all 4 slides. One slide identified 1 to 3 cases of atherosis. With a second and third section, the yield increased to 2 to 4 and 3 to 4, respectively.
Conclusions.—Review of a single membrane roll identified, at most, 53% of cases of AC/A and 50% of cases of atherosis. Additional sections increased the yield for both diagnoses in a roughly linear manner.
Hepatic Adenomatosis
Authors: Greaves Wesley O. C. , Bhattacharya Baishali 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHepatic adenomatosis was first described in 1985 by Flejou et al as multiple adenomas, arbitrarily more than 10, in an otherwise normal liver parenchyma. Several authors have suggested that it is a distinct entity from hepatic adenoma, which is predominantly seen in young women taking oral contraceptives. Although considered a benign disease, it can be associated with potentially fatal complications such as malignant transformation and intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to rupture. Although its etiology and natural history have not been fully elucidated, germline mutation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, which is associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3, has recently been implicated in a subset of cases. Currently, there is no consensus on patient management. However, surgical removal of large lesions may significantly improve symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. Genetic counseling may now play an important role in case management.
Pediatric Follicular Lymphoma: A Rare Clinicopathologic Entity
Authors: Agrawal Renuka , Wang Jun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Follicular lymphoma, although common in adults, is rare in children. Pediatric follicular lymphoma has a more favorable prognosis than adult follicular lymphoma, even though it is often of higher grade. Children with follicular lymphomas are generally at a lower clinical stage, respond well to less aggressive therapy, and have a better survival than adults. Follicular lymphoma must be distinguished from reactive follicular hyperplasia, which it may mimic. Immunohistochemical and molecular markers serve to facilitate this distinction, as well as careful attention to clinical and morphologic details. It is important to recognize pediatric follicular lymphoma as a unique clinicopathologic entity to properly diagnose and manage these patients. It may represent a subset of follicular lymphoma with a particularly good prognosis.
Hamartoma of the Spleen
Authors: Lee Hwajeong , Maeda Koichi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSplenic hamartoma is a rare, benign vascular proliferation that is often found incidentally while working up other complaints or at autopsy. Women more commonly present with symptoms related to mass effect than men. Histologic findings consist of unorganized vascular channels of varying width, with intervening red pulp–like disorganized stroma with or without lymphoid follicles. The endothelial cells are similar to those of normal splenic sinuses. Although rendering a diagnosis can be difficult, endothelial cells that are positive for CD8 are a key feature that differentiate hamartoma from other vascular lesions of the spleen. Clinical, radiologic, and histologic correlation is essential to ensure this benign lesion is not mistaken for malignancy.
Human Papillomavirus Typing and Viral Gene Expression Analysis for the Triage of Women With Abnormal Results From Papanicolaou Test Smears to Colposcopy
Authors: Antonishyn Nick A. , Horsman Greg B. , Kelln Rod A. , Severini Alberto 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—A cascade of molecular tests for human papillomavirus (HPV), as a follow-up to Papanicolaou test screening, could eliminate unnecessary colposcopy. Tests based on detection of HPV E6 messenger RNA (mRNA) are already being used as screening tools, but there is a good biological rationale for expecting that an increase in the relative amounts of HPV E6 mRNA in cervical samples may better predict cancerous transformation.Objective.—To compare some of the available diagnostic methods and our novel method of relative quantification (RQ) of HPV gene expression for the effective triage of women with abnormal results from Papanicolaou tests to colposcopy.Design.—Sensitivities, specificities, and likelihood ratios were calculated for repeat Papanicolaou test smears, HPV DNA polymerase chain reactions, HPV genotyping, HPV-16 E6 mRNA detection, and the RQ of HPV-16 E6 mRNA calibrated to cellular RNA and DNA levels and standardized to viral load.Results.—Human papillomavirus genotype in combination with a repeat Papanicolaou test can be used to categorize most women (96%) with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or higher for colposcopy while eliminating 44% of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 or less. The presence of HPV-16 E6 mRNA (P &lt; .001) and RQ of HPV-16 E6 mRNA (P &lt; .001) displayed significant median differences among the various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Further testing of women who are positive for HPV-16 demonstrated that the RQ of E6 mRNA has diagnostic potential when combined with Papanicolaou testing in populations with higher disease prevalence.Conclusions.—The RQ of HPV E6 mRNA and HPV genotype could be useful in a cascade of diagnostic testing designed to refer women with findings of cervical abnormalities for colposcopy or treatment while reducing triage numbers.
Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kenney Barton , Stack Gary 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Drug-induced thrombocytopenia was first described in the 19th century, yet our understanding of its pathogenesis continues to evolve. The list of drugs implicated in drug-induced thrombocytopenia is extensive and growing. Many, if not most, of these medications induce thrombocytopenia by immune mechanisms. Because the degree of thrombocytopenia can put patients at risk for serious bleeding, a prompt diagnosis is key to clinical management. The laboratory approach to diagnosing drug-induced thrombocytopenia is 2-pronged. First, nondrug causes of thrombocytopenia must be ruled out. Second, testing for drug-dependent platelet antibodies, available at specialized reference laboratories, often can identify the offending medication, although usually not in time for initial clinical management. Once a medication is suspected of causing thrombocytopenia, it must be discontinued promptly, and the patient should be monitored closely. Thrombocytopenia generally resolves quickly after offending medication withdrawal, and the prognosis of drug-induced thrombocytopenia is then excellent.
Relation Between Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and Inflammatory Biomarkers in a Large Cohort of Unselected Outpatients
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Targher Giovanni , Montagnana Martina , Salvagno Gian Luca , Zoppini Giacomo , Guidi Gian Cesare 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—A strong independent association has been recently observed between elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and increased incidence of cardiovascular events.
Objective.—To assess whether RDW is associated with plasma markers of inflammation since the mechanism(s) underlying this association remain unknown.
Design.—We retrospectively analyzed results of RDW, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, ferritin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in a large cohort of unselected adult outpatients who were consecutively referred by general practitioners for routine medical check-up.
Results.—Cumulative results of RDW and other factors were retrieved from the database of our laboratory information system for 3845 adult outpatients during a 3-year period. When participants were grouped according to RDW quartiles, there were strong, graded increases of ESR and hsCRP (P &lt; .001), both parameters being up to 3-fold higher in the fourth versus the first quartile. Accordingly, the percentages of those with hsCRP greater than 3 mg/L (from 28% to 63%; P &lt; .001) and ESR greater than 40 mm/h (from 8% to 40%; P &lt; .001) increased steadily across RDW quartiles. In multivariable regression analysis, ESR and hsCRP predicted RDW independently of age, sex, mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin, and ferritin.
Conclusions.—To our knowledge, our study demonstrates for the first time a strong, graded association of RDW with hsCRP and ESR independent of numerous confounding factors. If confirmed in future follow-up studies, this association might provide a rationale to introduce the easy, inexpensive RDW in algorithms for cardiovascular risk prediction.
Pathology of Breast Carcinomas After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: An Overview With Recommendations on Specimen Processing and Reporting
Authors: Sahoo Sunati , Lester Susan C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Currently, more women are being treated with chemotherapy or hormonal agents before surgery (neoadjuvant chemoendocrine therapy) for earlier-stage operable breast carcinoma. The pathologic examination of these specimens can be quite challenging.
Objective.—To give an overview of (1) pathologic changes that occur during treatment, (2) systems for evaluating response to treatment, and (3) recommendations for pathologic examination and reporting of such cases.
Data Sources.—The recommendations are based on the review of selected literature on breast carcinoma after neoadjuvant therapy and the authors' personal experience with the clinical and pathologic characteristics of cases from each of the authors' own institutions.
Conclusions.—Pathologists play a key role in the evaluation of pathologic response, which is extremely important as a prognostic factor for individual patients, as a short-term endpoint for clinical trials, and as an adjunct for research studies. Therefore, surgical pathologists must be familiar with the gross examination, sampling, and reporting of breast carcinomas after neoadjuvant therapy.
Sclerosing Hemangioma of the Lung
Authors: Keylock C. P. T. Joren B. , Galvin Jeffrey R. , Franks Teri J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present a brief review of sclerosing hemangioma, an uncommon but histologically distinctive neoplasm of the lung. Based on immunohistochemical and molecular findings, sclerosing hemangioma is thought to be derived from incompletely differentiated respiratory epithelium. Sclerosing hemangiomas typically present as asymptomatic, peripheral, solitary, well-circumscribed lesions in women with a mean age at diagnosis in the fifth decade. Rare cases are reported to have regional lymph node metastases; however, metastases do not appear to affect long-term survival. Histologically, sclerosing hemangioma is characterized by a distinct constellation of findings including 2 epithelial cell types, surface cells and round cells, which form 4 architectural patterns, papillary, sclerotic, solid, and hemorrhagic. Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung is generally considered to be a benign lesion, and surgical excision is curative without the need for additional treatment.
The Role of Computer-Aided 3-Dimensional Analytic Tools and Virtual Microscopy in the Investigation of Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation
Authors: Furuya Keizo , Maeda Toshiharu , Nakanura Seiji , Kikuchi Takanori 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To cope with recent advances in radiologic imaging technology, a corresponding method for pathomorphologic demonstration should be developed to promote better understanding of radiologic-pathologic correlation. We attempted to obtain gross and microscopic images by using a 3-dimensional analytic tool and virtual microscopy and to link these images with multidetector computed tomography images. Surgically resected specimens were sliced to a thickness of 3 mm, and the digital images of each slice were 3-dimensionally reconstructed with RATOC TRI/3D SRF II software. Histology slides were digitized by using virtual microscopy with an Olympus VS-100. We obtained clear gross pathologic images in arbitrary cut sections of organs, and it was possible to rotate these 3-dimensional images at any angle. Furthermore, we created synchronous cut-section movies of computed tomography and gross pathologic images. Subsequently, we switched from these cut-section movies to virtual microscopy images by clicking on the hyperlink button to observe radiologic-pathologic correlation.