bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The combined use of steroids and immune checkpoint inhibitors in brain metastasis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jessurun Charissa A C , Hulsbergen Alexander F C , de Wit Anouk E , Tewarie Ishaan A , Snijders Tom J , Verhoeff Joost J C , Phillips John G , Reardon David A , Mekary Rania A , Broekman Marike L D 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have been a breakthrough for selected cancer patients, including those with brain metastases (BMs). Likewise, steroids have been an integral component of symptomatic management of BM patients. However, clinical evidence on the interaction between ICI and steroids in BM patients is conflicting and has not adequately been summarized thus far. Hence, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on the association between steroid use and overall survival (OS) in BM patients receiving ICI.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using random-effects models across included studies.ResultsAfter screening 1145 abstracts, 15 observational studies were included. Fourteen studies reported sufficient data for meta-analysis, comprising 1102 BM patients of which 32.1% received steroids. In the steroid group, median OS ranged from 2.9 to 10.2 months. In the nonsteroid group, median OS ranged from 4.9 to 25.1 months. Pooled results demonstrated significantly worse OS (HR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.22-2.77) and systemic progression-free survival (PFS; HR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.37-2.91) in the steroid group. Stratified analysis showed a consistent effect across the melanoma subgroup; not in the lung cancer subgroup. No significant association was shown between steroid use and intracranial PFS (HR = 1.31, 95% CI 0.42-4.07).ConclusionsAdministration of steroids was associated with significantly worse OS and PFS in BM patients receiving ICI. Further research on dose, timing, and duration of steroids is needed to elucidate the cause of this association and optimize outcomes in BM patients receiving ICI.
Bone Mineral Density Screening Among People With HIV: A Population-Based Analysis in the United States
Authors: Birabaharan Morgan , Kaelber David C , Karris Maile Y 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
HIV infection is associated with premature bone loss. The potential impact of recently updated osteoporosis screening guidelines is unknown. In a population-based cohort, we found low adherence and sex differences among eligible people with HIV.
Movers, Stayers, and the End of Southern Politics?
Authors: Morris Irwin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Southern politics is changing. Movers are altering the partisan and ideological landscapes of their new homes, where population growth spurs support for Democrats and greater progressivism. Stayers in communities vacated by these movers—often looking for better jobs and brighter economic futures—are changing as well. In many cases, these (largely white) communities are shifting in the conservative direction and are increasingly likely to vote Republican. As these dynamics alter the southern political landscape, the differences between high-growth areas and low-growth areas are only accelerating. Still the defining feature of southern politics, race relations are more complicated as the prominence of Latinos grows. Absent a wholesale reinvention of southern politics along the lines of class or (possibly) age, the current partisan trajectory does not bode well for Republicans. The COVID-19 pandemic will not change that.
Dead Zones
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book explores the many rivers, lakes, and oceans that are losing oxygen. Aquatic habitats with little dissolved oxygen are called dead zones because nothing can live there except some microbes. The number and size of dead zones are increasing worldwide. The book shows that oxygen loss causes fish kills, devastates bottom-dwelling biota, reduces biological diversity, and rearranges aquatic food webs. In the 19th century in rich countries and in poor regions today, dead zones are accompanied by waterborne diseases that kill thousands of people. The open oceans are losing oxygen because of climate change, whereas dead zones in coastal waters and seas are caused by excessive nutrients, which promote excessive growth of algae and eventually oxygen depletion. Work by Gene Turner and Nancy Rabalais demonstrated that nutrients in the Gulf of Mexico come from fertilizers used in the US Midwest, home to the most productive cropland in the world. Agriculture is also the biggest source of nutrients fuelling dead zones in the Baltic Sea and other coastal waters. Today, fertilizers contaminate drinking water and kick-start harmful algal blooms in local lakes and reservoirs. Nutrient pollution in some regions has declined because of buffer zones, cover crops, and precision agriculture, but more needs to be done. The book concludes by arguing that each of us can do our part by changing our diet; eating less, especially eating less red meat, would improve our health and the health of the environment. A better diet could reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emitted by agriculture and shrink dead zones worldwide.
What Can't be Said
Authors: Deguchi Yasuo , Garfield Jay L. , Priest Graham , Sharf Robert H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractParadox drives a good deal of philosophy in every tradition. In the Indian and Western traditions, there is a tendency among many (but not all) philosophers to run from contradiction and paradox. If and when a contradiction appears in a theory, it is regarded as a sure sign that something has gone amiss. This aversion to paradox commits them, knowingly or not, to the view that reality must be consistent. In East Asia, however, philosophers have reacted to paradox differently. Many East Asian philosophers—both in the Daoist and the Buddhist traditions—have openly embraced paradox. They have taken compelling arguments for contradictory positions to suggest that the world is—at least in some respects, and often in very deep respects—inconsistent, and that our best theories of the world will therefore be inconsistent. This book is an initial survey of the writings of some influential East Asian thinkers who were committed to paradox, and for good reason. Their acceptance of contradiction allowed them to develop important insights that evaded those who consider paradox out of bounds.
Non-dualism of the Two Truths
Authors: Deguchi Yasuo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter addresses the way that paradox is handled in two early Chinese Buddhist exegetical traditions: Sanlun and Tiantai. We show that the Sanlun philosophers Jizang and pseudo-Jizang see paradoxes as arising in a dialectical hierarchy structured by the catuṣkoṭi, and as an artifact of language, but that Tiantai extends this view through the doctrine of the three truths into a full-blown dialetheism regarding reality.
Chan Cases
Authors: Sharf Robert H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how medieval Chinese Chan exegetes grappled with the paradoxical structure of Buddhist thought. We show how Chan “public cases” (gong’an; Japanese: kōan) probe the nature and import of paradox with philosophical rigor and subtlety. Rather than viewing Chan cases as literary ephemera, or as anti-philosophy, or as incoherent mystical utterances, we see that they are critical and cogent treatments of issues at the very heart of both Mahāyāna thought and contemporary Western philosophy.
Dialetheism in the Work of Nishida Kitarō
Authors: Deguchi Yasuo , Fujikawa Naoya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter shows that the 20th-century Kyoto School philosopher Nishida Kitarō was committed to dialetheism. We show that he argues both that the subject must be knowable as an object and that it cannot be known as an object. We also show that he argues that the self both is and is not identical to the world and to itself in the relation he calls “contradictory self-identity.” This chapter demonstrates that East Asian dialetheism persists in the 20th century.
Market Power Politics
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J.C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book explores how market power competition between states can create disruptions in the global political economy and potentially lead to territorial aggression and war. When a state’s firms have the ability to set prices in a key commodity market like oil or natural gas, state leaders can benefit from increased revenue, stability, and political leverage. Given these potential benefits, states may be motivated to expand their territorial reach in order to gain or maintain such market power. This market power motivation can sometimes lead to war. However, when states are economically interdependent, they may be constrained from using force to achieve their market power goals. This can open up an opportunity for institutional settlements. However, in some cases, institutional rules and procedures can preclude states from reaching a settlement in line with their market power ambitions. When this happens, states may opt for strategic delay and try to gradually accumulate market power over time through salami tactics. To explore how these dynamics play out empirically, the authors examine three cases of market power competition in hard commodity markets: Iraq’s invasion and occupation of Kuwait to seize market power in the oil export market, Russia’s territorial encroachment into Georgia and Ukraine to preserve and expand its market power in the natural gas market, and China’s ongoing use of strategic delay and gray zone tactics in the South and East China Seas to maintain its dominant position in the global market for rare earth elements.
Introduction
Authors: Berry Craig 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe UK pensions system is in danger. How did we get here? Moreover, what exactly is it that is endangering UK pensions? This introductory chapter explores the main narratives of pensions crisis in elite and public discourse in the UK—centred around population ageing and increased longevity—and argues instead that pensions imperilment is a product of the UK’s dysfunctional political economy. Traditional private pensions practice has become increasingly incompatible with the financialization of economic life. The chapter introduces the book’s key analytical concepts, such as financialization and statecraft, and explore how the social sciences, particularly political economy scholarship, tend to treat generational change and inter-generational relations. Understanding private pensions provision as a set of temporal management mechanisms, organized cross-generationally, is integral to understanding the source of pensions imperilment—and how it can be overcome.
The Liberal Collectivist Experiment
Authors: Berry Craig 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the historical development of UK pensions provision, focusing on the main philosophical or ideological foundations of different elements of provision, how they fit together, how they have evolved, and the major policy initiatives that have both instituted and transformed UK pensions provision at different points in time. It focuses primarily on the post-war period, but actually locates the genesis of UK pensions provision in the seventeenth century, and details the birth of occupational pensions provision in the late nineteenth century. The chapter shows that the UK policy elite’s commitment to a liberal market order both shaped and constrained the development of public and private pensions provision—providing for a fragile patchwork of institutional and industrial practices, which were unravelled by the emergence of neoliberalism. Overall, the chapter situates the development of UK private pensions provision within the context of shifts within productive activity and industrial relations.
Auto-Pilot
Authors: Berry Craig 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers in depth some of the key elements of the new landscape of individualized pensions provision in the UK, reflecting in particular on some of the state’s emerging functions as facilitator, regulator, and provider of defined contribution pensions. It charts how the Pensions Commission’s vision for state-managed defined contribution was subtly marginalized, resulting in an approach which enables and indeed privileges privatized delivery of auto-enrolment, leaving private pensions provision caught between two radically different regulatory regimes, and rendering the state unable to act decisively to protect individual welfare. The chapter also discusses decumulation processes, including the Coalition government’s radical and highly destructive reforms to the annuities market, and the peculiar role played by pensions tax relief—providing a largely ineffective saving incentive, albeit at great expense.
Rational Choice and its Limits for the Solution of Social and Legal Problems
Authors: Deakin Simon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses a number of methodological issues arising from the behavioural turn in law and economics and its claim to have established more realistic foundations for both positive and normative analysis. The first is whether models are necessarily better for being more realistic. Friedman’s proposal that the less realistic a model, the more useful it is as a basis for the identification of hypotheses, is rejected on the grounds that this is liable to direct research down fruitless or even erroneous paths. However, models such as the rationality axiom remain approximations of reality, not revealed truths. This leads on to a consideration of the second issue which is whether behavioural research should lead us to reject the rationality axiom. The claim that human beings are systematically wrong in their decision making is shown to be theoretically unsound and empirically unproven. Rather, theory and empirics alike suggest that rationality has a basis in social learning and institutional framing. The third issue concerns the normative conclusions to be drawn from behavioural law and economics. It is suggested that empirical research does not justify privileging ‘libertarian paternalism’ over alternative approaches to law and regulation. In the era of surveillance capitalism and the panoptic state, it is more than timely to reflect on the merits of collective learning and participatory decision making, democratic practices with adaptive qualities neglected by behavioural law and economics.
Most People Like Nudges—and Why that Matters
Authors: Reisch Lucia A. , Sunstein Cass R. , Kaiser Micha 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter reports the results of nationally representative surveys in fourteen countries, investigating the attitudes of people towards nudges and nudging, with a particular focus on environmental and health nudges. The countries covered are Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. There is strong majority support for both health and environmental nudges in all countries, with the exception of Japan, Denmark, and Hungary. China and South Korea stand out with particularly high acceptance rates. Beyond reporting the results of the combined dataset for the first time, the chapter provides an explanation first, of why policy makers might be interested in public approval or disapproval of nudges, and second, how information of public acceptance can inform both uses of and constraints on nudging.
Regulating under Uncertainty about Rationality
Authors: Hacker Philipp 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Theories of choice, and their legal consequences, dramatically differ based on whether they are premised on rational or boundedly rational actors. This chapter describes the interactions between, and regulatory implications of, three types of uncertainties that the selection of an adequate theory of choice requires. First, it suggests that Knightian uncertainty concerning the distribution of degrees of rationality between regulatees obtains in many regulatory areas. More recently, this has been described as a ‘knowledge problem’ of behavioural law and economics. This chapter argues that the best regulatory response to the knowledge problem is to frame regulation as a problem of decision making under uncertainty. Second, with the rise of machine learning, it is arguably becoming ever more possible to estimate the level of bias, or even entire rationality quotients, of individual regulatees. This opens the potential for, but also the pitfalls of, personalised law. Third, even Big Data analytics generally only offers a snapshot of a distribution of rationality at one moment in time. Recent economic analyses have suggested behavioural heterogeneity can evolve over time in unpredicted ways that may lead to unforeseen consequences, leading to economic complexity. This calls for a greater role of standards, as opposed to rules, in regulating environments with dynamic behavioural heterogeneity. The chapter focuses on the normative implications of different types of uncertainty. In the end, theories of choice can aid more transparent normative trade-offs but they cannot replace the value judgments, and normative discourses, that balance the involved interests.
Itinera Europea
Authors: Héritier Adrienne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Based on strategic interaction analysis, the chapter assesses the plausibility of the future paths of development of the European Union: a federal state, a differentiated and flexible union, covert integration, or disintegration. Systematically varying either the preferences of the main actors or the macro decision-making rules and external shocks/crises, the analysis comes to the conclusion that a differentiated and flexible union and covert integration are the most likely paths of development. The chapter discusses implications of specific scenarios, such as a possible popular backlash against ‘covert integration’ and elaborates on the desirability of practical proposals of a change in the European institutional architecture.
Decision Theory and Allocating Decision Making in the Firm
Authors: Velasco Julian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Sometimes it is possible to deal productively with the subject matter of choosing and making decisions without actually settling upon any particular theory of choice. This is the case in the law of business organisations, which does not settle upon a theory of choice because it does not consider itself the ultimate decision maker. Rather, the law develops rules to allocate decision-making authority among the various parties. Utilising only a few basic principles of decision theory, the law of business organisation creates a structure for allocating decision-making responsibility on many different levels. However, it leaves the ultimate decision makers free not only to make substantive decisions for themselves but also to select from among the various theories of choice for doing so.
Conflict of Interest and Decision Making
Authors: Helleringer Geneviève 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at conflicts of interest (COI). It first considers tools of analytic philosophy to highlight the notion of COI, and in particular, the connection between COIs, choice and judgment, emphasising why decision making is a central element in the characterisation of COIs. Drawing on these elements, it is clear that any question of regulation and institutional design requires a sophisticated understanding of the capacity of individuals to recognise and resist bias in themselves and others when making judgments and decisions. The chapter then studies two specific mechanisms—bounded rationality and cognitive biases—that affect the behaviour of people in COI situations. It starts by analysing how rationalisation can reframe questionable behaviour as appearing acceptable, and how a sense of invulnerability encourages people to downplay the impact of COIs. The chapter then looks at techniques (policies, procedures, incentives, etc.) used to address COI situations in the light of insights from psychological studies. It concludes that both fiduciary duties and procedural requirements reflect an erroneous understanding of psychology and have led institutions and policies to deal ineffectively—if not indeed counterproductively—with the problems caused by COIs. Finally, the chapter assesses how alternative mechanisms may overcome the highlighted deficiencies. It specifically focuses on the key role that professional norms can play in dealing with unavoidable COIs while preserving trust between the affected parties, and the potential for self-regulation to provide worthwhile tools in combatting the harmful effects of COIs.
The PIF1-miR408-PLANTACYANIN repression cascade regulates light-dependent seed germination
Authors: Jiang Anlong , Guo Zhonglong , Pan Jiawei , Yang Yanzhi , Zhuang Yan , Zuo Daqing , Hao Chen , Gao Zhaoxu , Xin Peiyong , Chu Jinfang , Zhong Shangwei , Li Lei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Light-dependent seed germination is a vital process for many seed plants. A decisive event in light-induced germination is degradation of the central repressor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1). The balance between gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) helps to control germination. However, the cellular mechanisms linking PIF1 turnover to hormonal balancing remain elusive. Here, employing far-red light-induced Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination as the experimental system, we identified PLANTACYANIN (PCY) as an inhibitor of germination. It is a blue copper protein associated with the vacuole that is both highly expressed in mature seeds and rapidly silenced during germination. Molecular analyses showed that PIF1 binds to the miR408 promoter and represses miR408 accumulation. This in turn posttranscriptionally modulates PCY abundance, forming the PIF1-miR408-PCY repression cascade for translating PIF1 turnover to PCY turnover during early germination. Genetic analysis, RNA-sequencing, and hormone quantification revealed that PCY is necessary and sufficient to maintain the PIF1-mediated seed transcriptome and the low-GA-high-ABA state. Furthermore, we found that PCY domain organization and regulation by miR408 are conserved features in seed plants. These results revealed a cellular mechanism whereby PIF1-relayed external light signals are converted through PCY turnover to internal hormonal profiles for controlling seed germination.
Extended yeast surface display linkers enhance the enrichment of ligands in direct mammalian cell selections
Authors: Lown Patrick S , Cai Jessy J , Ritter Seth C , Otolski Jacob J , Wong Ryan , Hackel Benjamin J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Selections of yeast-displayed ligands on mammalian cell monolayers benefit from high target expression and nanomolar affinity, which are not always available. Prior work extending the yeast–protein linker from 40 to 80 amino acids improved yield and enrichment but is hypothesized to be below the optimal length, prompting evaluation of an extended amino acid linker. A 641-residue linker provided enhanced enrichment with a 2-nM affinity fibronectin ligand and 105 epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) per cell (14 ± 2 vs. 8 ± 1, P = 0.008) and a &gt;600-nM affinity ligand, 106 EGFR per cell system (23 ± 7 vs. 0.8 ± 0.2, P = 0.004). Enhanced enrichment was also observed with a 310-nM affinity affibody ligand and 104 CD276 per cell, suggesting a generalizable benefit to other scaffolds and targets. Spatial modeling of the linker suggests that improved extracellular accessibility of ligand enables the observed enrichment under conditions not previously possible.