bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A transposon in the vacuolar sorting receptor gene TaVSR1‐B promoter region is associated with wheat root depth at booting stage
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Li Long , Li Chaonan , Yang Xi , Xue Yinghong , Zhu Zhi , Mao Xinguo , Jing Ruilian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRoot depth, as an important component of root architecture, plays a significant role in growth, grain yield determination and abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants, but its genetic basis remains poorly elucidated. In this study, a panel composed of 323 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions was assessed for variation in root depth and genotyped with the Wheat 660K SNP Array. GWAS (genome‐wide association study) detected significant association between a 125 bp miniature inverted‐repeat transposable element (MITE) in the promoter of the TaVSR1‐B gene with root depth at the booting stage. We showed that the MITE repressed TaVSR1‐B expression by DNA methylation and H3K27 tri‐methylation. The roles of TaVSR1‐B in root growth were verified by altered expression of the gene in transgenic wheat, rice and a tavsr1 TILLING mutant. Increased TaVSR1‐B expression made the root elongation zone shorter and the differentiation zone longer, leading to deeper root. This work provides novel insight into the genetic basis of variation in root depth and a promising target for genetic improvement of root architecture in wheat.
Thinking through Heidegger’s “Untergang”☆
Authors: Ma Lin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article reveals and elucidates the multilayered significance of Heidegger’s notion of going‐under (Untergang) that remain concealed in his three‐volume Ponderings written from 1931 to 1941 as well as in his other nonpublic manuscripts concerning the history of Beyng written around the same period of time. For Heidegger, our era is one of gigantic going‐under, and Europe is the actualization of the decline (Untergang) of the West. However, the going‐under is constitutive of the transition (Übergang) into the other inception. By labeling the going‐under as the necessary courage of the human being, Heidegger accentuates the primordial role which going‐under could play in the grounding of the truth of Beyng. In On the Inception of 1941, Heidegger considers that such notions as event, inception, abyss, going‐under, and tragedy all share meaningful resonances in the free‐playing space of the clearing as the abyss, and need be all pondered upon from out of the inceptual essence of the abyss. Echoing his reversal of the relation between the Nothing and Beyng, which is derived from his self‐criticisms of the Contributions to Philosophy of 1936–1938, Heidegger even speaks of the overcoming of Beyng while stressing the primordiality of the going‐under.
Can light intensity modulate the physiological, anatomical, and reproductive responses of soybean plants to water deficit?
Authors: Almeida Gabriel Martins , Costa Alan Carlos , Batista Priscila Ferreira , Junqueira Verônica Barbosa , Rodrigues Arthur Almeida , Santos Emily Carolina Duarte , Vieira Dheynne Alves , de Oliveira Mariela Melo , Silva Adinan Alves 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLittle is known about the role of light intensity in modulating plant responses to stress due to water deficit (WD). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the WD and contrasting irradiance effects on the physiology, anatomy, and grain yield of soybean plants. The experimental design was a randomized block in a growth chamber and a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement: 90% (well‐watered, WW) and 40% (WD) of soil field capacities (FC); and 750 (medium irradiance, MI) and 1500 (higher irradiance, HI) μmol (photons) m−2 s−1irradiance. The WD caused a lower photosynthetic rate — as well as observed in the light curve and in the relative parameters, such as apparent quantum efficiency —, less investment in shoot biomass and pollen grain germination, resulting in lower grain yield. However, there was an increase in non‐photochemical energy dissipation, a higher concentration of total soluble sugars, proline, and malondialdehyde. The WD + MI‐soybean plants developed thicker spongy parenchyma (related to higher mesophilic conductance of CO2). In the WW + HI condition the palisade parenchyma was thicker, conferring maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency. In addition, there was an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzymes in leaves due to HI, regardless of FC. This induced higher energy expenditure, reflected in the reduction of the number of leaf and branches, leaf area, dry mass of leaves and stem in the WW + HI. Interestingly, these strategies of osmotic adjustment, photoprotection, and antioxidant defenses act together in the WD + HI.
Tag use to monitor fish behaviour in aquaculture: a review of benefits, problems and solutions
Authors: Macaulay Georgia , Warren‐Myers Fletcher , Barrett Luke T. , Oppedal Frode , Føre Martin , Dempster Tim 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA variety of tagging techniques are now available to monitor fish behaviour, physiology and their environmental experience. Tagging is frequently used in aquaculture research to monitor free‐swimming individuals within farmed populations. However, for information gathered from tagged fish to be representative of farmed populations, tagging must not fundamentally affect fish behaviour, physiology or survival. Here, we systematically review studies that used tags to monitor farmed fish behaviour and test factors that affect tag retrieval and tag‐related mortality. Most studies using tags assessed movement and swimming behaviour in salmonids, predominantly in Europe and North America. Mortality of tagged fish was 10 times higher in sea‐cages (mean = 25%, range = 0–61.5%,n = 22 studies) than in tanks (mean = 2.5%, range = 0–17%,n = 23 studies), while mortality of tagged fish in sea‐cages was markedly higher in longer trials (from 4% in single day trials to 36% after 100 days). Higher‐than‐usual mortality rates among tagged fish, together with largely unknown sublethal effects on behaviour, should caution against using tagging studies to make decisions related to farm management. Moreover, key metrics such as mortality rates of tagged and untagged fish or evidence of sublethal effects are often unreported. We make several recommendations to improve future tagging studies and increase transparency in reporting. A greater insight into the causes of tagged fish mortality in sea‐cages is required to secure animal welfare and data validity in studies that use tags to assess fish behaviour in aquaculture.
A magmatic‐hydrothermal origin of the Xinfang gold deposit, Liaodong Peninsula, China, revealed by in‐situ S–Pb isotopes and trace element analyses of pyrite
Authors: Yu Bing , Zeng Qingdong , Frimmel Hartwig E. , Zhou Lingli , Mcclenaghan Sean H. , Drakou Foteini , Wang Yongbin , Chen Peiwen , Yu Chuang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Xinfang deposit is a large gold deposit (>20 t of Au) on the southern edge of the Liaodong Peninsula, China. A total of 37 gold‐bearing orebodies are identified along NS‐ and NW‐striking faults and are mainly hosted by the Archean and Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks. Three stages of hydrothermal mineralization are distinguished, including Stage I of dominant quartz ± pyrite (Py1), Stage II of quartz‐polymetallic sulfide (Py2), and Stage III of quartz‐calcite ± pyrite (Py3). Gold primarily occurs at the Stage II in association with intensive silicification, pyritization, and sericitization. Here, we report on high‐precision in‐situ LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS analyses of S and Pb isotopic compositions of the sulfide minerals and LA‐ICP‐MS analyses of trace element signature of the pyrite from the Xinfang gold deposit. The δ34S values of the sulfides range from 1.3 to 5.3‰, which is consistent with a magmatic origin of S. The sulfides yield 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 206Pb/204Pb ratios of 37.497–37.773, 15.323–15.410, and 17.004–17.229, respectively, which deviate from the values of the wall rocks, suggesting an external Pb source. The in‐situ LA‐ICP‐MS spot analyses of the pyrite reveals that gold occurs in two generations of pyrite (Py2 and Py3) but at low concentrations (≤0.06 ppm for Py2, ≤0.24 ppm for Py3). Visible gold, however, only occurs in the Stage II assemblage as inclusions in pyrite and quartz, and is distributed along the margins or within the fractures of the sulfides. The Py2 shows high Co, Ni, and As concentrations and is depleted in other trace elements typical of a magmatic‐hydrothermal derivation. In contrast, Py3 exhibits low concentrations in most trace elements. Trace element mapping of Py2 revealed correlations between Fe and Co, as well as Ni and As, indicating their couped substitution in the pyrite structure. The available geological, petrographic and geochemical data consistently suggest that the Xinfang gold deposit formed during the Early Cretaceous by hydrothermal fluids of magmatic contribution.
Plant Science and Intellectual Property Protections in Taiwan*
Authors: Welsh Rick , Chien Yuju , Traub Adrianne , Glenna Leland 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBeginning in 1980, and due to a number of significant court decisions, legislative initiatives and international economic agreements, there has been an increase in the importance and use of intellectual property mechanisms, such as patents, in protecting biological materials, including seeds and engineered crop traits. The trend originated in the U.S. but has since diffused to OECD and non‐OECD nations. A parallel but related set of policies designed to promote the patenting of university and federally funded research discoveries has also become evident in the U.S. and globally. In this paper, we discuss the trend toward more restrictive IP protections in agriculture through national‐level policies and international economic agreements especially for new plant varieties. We then present the case of plant science research in Taiwan, including interviews with 15 plant scientists, to illustrate how transnational trends can impact and interact with national level policies and practices. And, how research scientists can play critical roles in furthering or retarding the progression of the proprietary research model in plant science.
Cell wall‐derived mixed‐linked β‐1,3/1,4‐glucans trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants
Authors: Rebaque Diego , del Hierro Irene , López Gemma , Bacete Laura , Vilaplana Francisco , Dallabernardina Pietro , Pfrengle Fabian , Jordá Lucía , Sánchez‐Vallet Andrea , Pérez Rosa , Brunner Frédéric , Molina Antonio , Mélida Hugo 
Published: February 2021

SummaryPattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) is activated in plants upon recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of damage‐ and microbe‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and MAMPs) derived from plants or microorganisms, respectively. To understand better the plant mechanisms involved in the perception of carbohydrate‐based structures recognized as DAMPs/MAMPs, we have studied the ability of mixed‐linked β‐1,3/1,4‐glucans (MLGs), present in some plant and microbial cell walls, to trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. A range of MLG structures were tested for their capacity to induce PTI hallmarks, such as cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations, reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases and gene transcriptional reprogramming. These analyses revealed that MLG oligosaccharides are perceived by Arabidopsis thaliana and identified a trisaccharide, β‐d‐cellobiosyl‐(1,3)‐β‐d‐glucose (MLG43), as the smallest MLG structure triggering strong PTI responses. These MLG43‐mediated PTI responses are partially dependent on LysM PRRs CERK1, LYK4 and LYK5, as they were weaker in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 mutants than in wild‐type plants. Cross‐elicitation experiments between MLG43 and the carbohydrate MAMP chitohexaose [β‐1,4‐d‐(GlcNAc)6], which is also perceived by these LysM PRRs, indicated that the mechanism of MLG43 recognition could differ from that of chitohexaose, which is fully impaired in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 plants. MLG43 treatment confers enhanced disease resistance in A. thaliana to the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and in tomato and pepper to different bacterial and fungal pathogens. Our data support the classification of MLGs as a group of carbohydrate‐based molecular patterns that are perceived by plants and trigger immune responses and disease resistance.
Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for 1‐month‐old specific‐pathogen‐free Landrace pigs
Authors: Li Changwen , Wang Feng , Li Rui , Ishfaq Muhammad , Chen Hongyan , Liu Fangping , Liu Yun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundHematologic and biochemical reference intervals (RIs) provide valuable data for the nutritional status and clinical diagnosis of animals. However, the specific hematologic and biochemical RIs for specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) Landrace pigs has not been determined.ObjectiveThe present study was designed to establish the hematologic and biochemical RIs for SPF 1‐month‐old Landrace pigs.MethodsBlood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 105 SPF 1‐month‐old Landrace pigs (50 males and 55 females), and complete blood counts and biochemical examinations were performed. The mean, RI, and 90% confidence interval were calculated for each variable, and gender differences were analyzed.ResultsReference intervals for SPF 1‐month‐old Landrace pigs were generated. The results revealed that there was generally no significant difference between male and female hematologic and serum biochemical variables (P > .05). However, a significant difference was noted in serum triglyceride concentrations between male and female pigs (P < .05).ConclusionsThis study provides hematologic and biochemical RIs for SPF 1‐month‐old Landrace pigs and provides basic data for the research and application of SPF Landrace pigs as a laboratory animal.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert 
Published: February 2021

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 2 Fathia Lahwal, Elmergib University, LibyaHerman Fukada, University of HKBP Nommensen, IndonesiaHossein Chaharbashloo, Kharazmi University, IranIntakhab Khan, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi ArabiaJohn Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, UKKeyla Ferrari Lopes, UNICAMP, BrazilMan-fung Lo, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongMaria Rachel Queiroz, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, BrazilMeral Seker, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, TurkeyMinh Duc Duong, Thai Nguyen University, VietnamRachel Geesa, Ball State University, USARima Meilita Sari, STKIP Al-Washliyah, IndonesiaSamah El-Sakka, Suez University, EgyptThada Jantakoon, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, ThailandTilanka Chandrasekera, Oklahoma State University, USA Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail 1: jets@redfame.comE-mail 2: jets@redfame.orgURL: http://jets.redfame.com
A Numerical Simulation of Gas Jet Diffusion Flames Enveloped by a Cascade of Venturis
Authors: Qubbaj Ala R. , Gollahalli S. R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
“Venturi-cascading” technique has been developed in the Combustion Laboratory at the University of Oklahoma. The goal was to control the pollutant emissions of diffusion flames by modifying the air infusion rate into the flame. The modification was achieved by installing a cascade of venturis around the burning gas jet. The basic idea behind this technique is controlling the stoichiometry of the flame through changing the flow dynamics and rates of mixing in the combustion zone with a set of venturis surrounding the flame. A propane jet diffusion flame at burner-exit Reynolds number of 5100 was examined with a set of venturis of specific sizes and spacing arrangement.
The thermal and composition fields of the baseline and venturi-cascaded flames were numerically simulated using CFD-ACE+, an advanced computational environment software package. The instantaneous chemistry model was used as the reaction model. The concentration of NO was determined through CFD-POST, a post processing utility program for CFD-ACE+. The numerical results showed that, in the near-burner, mid-flame and far-burner regions, the venturi-cascaded flame had lower temperature by an average of 13%, 19% and 17%, respectively, and lower CO2 concentration by 35%, 37%. and 32%, respectively, than the baseline flame. An opposite trend was noticed for O2 concentration; the cascaded flame has higher O2 concentration by 7%, 26% and 44%, in average values, in the near-burner, mid-flame and far-burner regions, respectively, than in the baseline case. The results also showed that, in the near-burner, mid-flame, and far-burner regions, the venturi-cascaded flame has lower NO concentrations by 89%, 70% and 70%, in average values, respectively, compared to the baseline case.
The simulated results were compared with the experimental data. Good agreement was found in the near-burner region. However, the agreement was poor in the downstream regions. The numerical results substantiate the conclusion, which was drawn in the experimental part of this study, that venturi-cascading is a feasible method for controlling the pollutant emissions of a burning gas jet. In addition, the numerical results were useful to interpret the experimental measurements and understand the thermo-chemical processes involved. The results showed that the prompt-NO mechanism plays an important role besides the conventional thermal-NO mechanism.
Sensible Agents in Supply Chain Management: An Example Highlighting Procurement and Production Decisions
Authors: Barber K. S. , McKay R. M. , Martin C. E. , Liu T. H. , Kim J. , Han D. , Goel A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Agent-based technologies can be applied to many aspects of supply chain management. The need for responsive, flexible agents is pervasive in this environment due to its complex, dynamic nature. Two critical aspects of agent capabilities are the ability to (1) classify agent behaviors according to autonomy level and (2) adapt problem-solving roles to various problem-solving situations during system operation. Sensible Agents, capable of Dynamic Adaptive Autonomy, have been developed to address these issues. A Sensible Agent’s “autonomy level” constitutes a description of the agent’s problem-solving role with respect to a particular goal. Problem-solving roles are defined along a spectrum of autonomy ranging from command-driven, to consensus, to locally autonomous/master. Dynamic Adaptive Autonomy is a capability that allows Sensible Agents to change autonomy levels during system operation to meet the needs of a particular problem-solving situation. This paper provides an overview of the Sensible Agent Testbed and introduces an example supply chain management domain with a scenario showing how this testbed could be used to simulate agent-based problem solving.
Enhancing Collaboration Using an Internet Integrated Workbench
Authors: Allen R. H. , Nidamarthi S. , Regalla S. P. , Sriram R. D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We report on our experience using an Internet-based collaborative environment to enhance the design and manufacturing process of a custom-designed artifact transport system (ATS). Specifically, we focus on overcoming the hurdles associated with exchanging heterogeneous information that includes text, graphics, and computer-aided design (CAD) data among 15 to 20 geographically-separated project participants, each with his own unique workstation and operating system. To share this heterogeneous information among the team’s members, which included designers, physicists, manufacturers and managers, we implemented a collaborative workbench (CW) that was designed specifically for platform-independent design and manufacturing collaboration. The workbench consists of two principal parts: an Internet-accessible portion and a platform-specific collaboration notebook. The Internet-accessible portion runs on a local server and consists of a Project Area that contains project-specific information such as drawings, specifications, and schedules, and a Document Vault, which stores files of any type that can be uploaded via client World Wide Web browsers. Based on specifications from the physicists, designers created and represented ATS components and assemblies on their respective CAD systems. The designers published their designs on the CW and informed project team members of the newly available CAD drawings via automatic email. Team members then commented directly on the CW representations of the CAD drawings, and those comments were republished with the drawings. This process continued until team members reached a consensus, or until face-to-face meetings helped resolve conflicting issues. Similar processes occurred with documents such as reports and schedules and with digitized photographs of manufactured components. We conclude that environments like the CW can be effective in helping teams overcome the problems associated with diverse computing environments and heterogeneous data formats, and can be effective in facilitating consensus-based decision making necessary for collaborative design.
Morphological Segmentation of Objects for Thick-Layered Manufacturing
Authors: Horváth Imre , Broek Johan J. , Rusák Zoltán , Kuczogi György , Vergeest Joris S. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Physical concept modeling (PCM) is a rapidly maturing subfield of rapid prototyping. It aims at producing physically editable materialized models to support functional and shape synthesis during conceptual design. PCM raises unprecedented design methodological and technological issues. Numerous technological problems stem from (i) the free-form shape and large size of the fabricated objects, (ii) the required surface finish and decoration, (iii) the need for on-line manufacturing with short production time and minimal costs, and (iv) the requested trade-off in terms of the efforts and the improvement of the product. The FF-TLOM technology has been earlier proposed by the research team of the authors to solve these problems. It permits to convert early CAD. models into a materialized model even for large-sized objects that cannot be fabricated by conventional layer depositioning or high-speed milling. This paper presents algorithms for preliminary morphological segmentation of the CAD model to improve the performance characteristics of the FF-TLOM process. The authors deal with only free-form objects without zero- and first-order shape singularities. The segmentation algorithms are based on normal vector analysis and feature point recognition. Pre-defined segmentation features are used to guide the process. The actual extent of the segments is found by dimensional and geometric analyses that are supported by a segmentation feature graph. The developed algorithms are able to define the segments in such a way that at least one planar surface is provided for the further orthogonal slicing. The segments are sliced into layers of standard thickness based on a higher order approximation of the free-form shapes.