bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome and Associated Factors among Adult Tetanus Patients Admitted to Jimma University Medical Center: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Tekle Enisha , Mehertab Markos , Lamba Dheeraj , Moren Rebecca , Bagilkar Vinod V. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Although, tetanus is a vaccine preventable disease mortality remains high. And despite the establishment of intensive care unit in Jimma University Medical Center the overall mortality reaches up to 40%. This study will question why the outcome of patients has not improved despite the improvement in the setup of ICU and tries to come up with possible associated factors that prognosticated the outcome.
Objective: The objective of this study will be to assess the outcome and factors associated with adult tetanus patients treated at JUMC, ICU from 1st Nov 2019 to 31st March 2021.
Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at JUMC on admitted patients with the diagnosis of tetanus. The study recruited all admitted patients from 1st Nov 2019 to 31st March 2021 at medical and surgical ICU. A structured checklist will be developed and the relevant information from the patients’ card will be entered in the structured checklist. Outcome will be defined as a binary variable (death, survival) independent variables will be examined for possible association with the dependent variable. Descriptive statistics like means, frequency and tabulations will be used.
Conclusion: Tetanus has high case fatality rate. Prevention of tetanus could have minimized the mortality. Delayed health care seeking by patients had determinant role for management outcome.
Specific Exercise for Spine can Improve Lumbar Spondylosis: A Case Report
Authors: Zade Ruchika , Sahu Priyanka , Shende Gunjan , Fating Tejaswini , Phansopkar Pratik 
Published: July 2021

Background: At some stage in their lives, between 60-85% of adults suffer from low back pain (LBP). Fortunately, symptoms are mild and intermittent for the vast majority of people, with 90 percent subsidization within six weeks. An approximate 15-45 percent of the individuals affected by chronic back pain, defined as symptoms such as pain that last beyond 3 months. The effect on the livelihoods and economic results are significant for the minority with intractable symptoms. Considering the high incidence of low back pain, the diagnostic strategy and treatment options are complex and sometimes conflicting and within the general population. Rising the expense and inconsistency of management throughout the nation. In fact, this is because it is impossible for most patients to establish a particular etiology, with established axial spine-wide nociceptive pain generators identified.
Clinical Finding: Patient having complaint of pain in lower back region and Radiated in the posterior part of the thigh, as well as lower limb numbness. Morning stiffness was present. On examination active movement (Range of Motion) of lumbar flexion, lumbar Extension and lumbar lateral flexions lightly restricted and painful at the end of range of motion.
Diagnosis: MRI was done, it shows posterior annulus tear on the level of L4-L5, L4-L5 –Diffuse disc bulge with right-sided bulge subarticular is disc protrusion causing indentation on anterior thecal sac with moderate to severe narrowing of bilateral neural foramina with propensity toward right side with compression of traversing and exiting nerve roots.
Conclusion: This case report provides patient with inclusive recovery which helped her to relieve pain.
Population dynamics and comparative demographics in sympatric populations of the round‐leaved orchidsPlatanthera macrophyllaandP. orbiculata
Authors: Berry Eric J. , Cleavitt Natalie L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOrchids (Orchidaceae) are a family of flowering plants with a high proportion of threatened taxa making them an important focus of plant conservation. Orchid conservation efforts are most effective when informed by reliable demographic research. We utilized transition matrix models to examine the population dynamics and demography within sympatric populations of a species pair of terrestrial round‐leaved orchids,Platanthera macrophyllaandP. orbiculata. The models were parameterized from a large data set spanning 9 years from field observations of over 1,000 orchids. Life table response experiments (LTRE) were used to identify which life history transitions, and which vital rates within those transitions, most contributed to observed differences between the two species and most contributed to interannual variation within each species. Results from mean transition matrices projected finite rates of population growth that were not significantly different between the two species, withP. macrophyllanear the replacement rate andP. orbiculatabelow it. LTRE revealed that the difference in population growth rates between the two species was mostly due to differences in fecundity (flowering adult to protocorm transition) driven by differences in fruit set and seed germination into protocorm, which were much greater forP. macrophylla. The two primary contributors to interannual variation in population growth rates for both orchids were adult survival and fruit set, respectively. These findings indicate that any environmental disturbances harming adult survival or fecundity will have a disproportionately negative effect on the orchid populations.
Fault diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control of uncertain network control systems
Authors: Gu Zhaoyu , Yao Lina 
Published: July 2021

SummaryIn this article, the equivalent control strategy based on Laplace transform is proposed for the problem of stochastic delay in networked control systems. The original system is transformed into an equivalent control system without random delay block by Laplace transform. Then, a new augmented variable and equivalent control system is introduced to construct an augmented system. An adaptive fault diagnosis observer is designed based on the augmented system. The adaptive turning rate of the observer is obtained by solving the corresponding linear matrix inequality. Based on the information of online fault diagnosis and state estimation, a fault‐tolerant controller based on PI control strategy is designed to compensate the fault. Finally, a model of the switched reluctance motor system is considered to show the effectiveness of this method.
Parallel Polar Dimers in the Columnar Self‐Assembly of Umbrella‐Shaped Subphthalocyanine Mesogens
Authors: Lehmann Matthias , Baumann Maximilian , Lambov Martin , Eremin Alexey 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe self‐assembly of umbrella‐shaped mesogens is explored with subphthalocyanine cores and oligo(thienyl) arms with different lengths in the light of their application as light‐harvesting and photoconducting materials. While the shortest arm derivatives self‐assemble in a conventional columnar phase with a single mesogen as a repeating unit, the more extended derivatives generate dimers that pile up into liquid crystalline columns. In contrast to the antiparallel arrangement known from single crystals, the present mesogens align as parallel dimers in polar columnar phases as confirmed by X‐ray scattering, experimental densities, dielectric spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, alignment, and conductivity studies. UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopies reveal a broad absorption in the visible range and only weak emission of the Q‐band. Thus, these light‐collecting molecules forming strongly polar columnar mesophases are attractive for application in the area of photoconductive materials.
Electrostatic Flocking of Insulative and Biodegradable Polymer Microfibers for Biomedical Applications
Authors: McCarthy Alec , John Johnson V. , Saldana Lorenzo , Wang Hongjun , Lagerstrom Matthew , Chen Shixuan , Su Yajuan , Kuss Mitchell , Duan Bin , Carlson Mark A. , Xie Jingwei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectrostatic flocking, a textile engineering technique, uses Coulombic driving forces to propel conductive microfibers toward an adhesive‐coated substrate, leaving a forest of aligned fibers. Though an easy way to induce anisotropy along a surface, this technique is limited to microfibers capable of accumulating charge. This study reports a novel method, utilizing principles from the percolation theory to make electrically insulative polymeric microfibers flockable. A variety of well‐mixed, conductive materials are added to multiple insulative and biodegradable polymer microfibers during wet spinning, which enables nearly all types of polymer microfibers to accumulate sufficient charges required for flocking. Biphasic, biodegradable scaffolds are fabricated by flocking silver nanoparticle (AgNP)‐filled poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) microfibers onto substrates made from 3D printing, electrospinning, and thin‐film casting. The incorporation of AgNP into PCL fibers and use of chitosan‐based adhesive enables antimicrobial activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The fabricated scaffolds demonstrate both favorable in vitro cell response and new tissue formation after subcutaneous implantation in rats, as evident by newly formed blood vessels and infiltrated cells. This technology opens the door for using previously unflockable polymer microfibers as surface modifiers or standalone structures in various engineering fields.
Grain‐Boundary Engineering of Monolayer MoS2 for Energy‐Efficient Lateral Synaptic Devices
Authors: Wang Xuewen , Wang Bolun , Zhang Qinghua , Sun Yufei , Wang Enze , Luo Hao , Wu Yonghuang , Gu Lin , Li Huanglong , Liu Kai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSynaptic devices based on 2D‐layered materials have emerged as high‐efficiency electronic synapses and neurons for neuromorphic computing. Lateral 2D synaptic devices have the advantages of multiple functionalities by responding to diverse stimuli, but they consume large amounts of energy, far more than the human brain. Moreover, current lateral devices employ several mechanisms based on conductive filaments and grain boundaries (GBs), but their formation is random and difficult to control, also hindering their practical applications. Here, four‐terminal, lateral synaptic devices with artificially engineered GBs are reported, which are made from monolayer MoS2. With lithography‐free, direct‐laser‐writing‐controlled MoS2/MoS2−xOδ GBs, such synaptic devices exhibit short‐term and long‐term plasticity characteristics that are responsive to electric and light stimulation simultaneously. This enables detailed simulations of biological learning and cognitive processes as well as image perception and processing. In particular, the device exhibits low energy consumption, similar to that of the human brain and much lower than those of other lateral 2D synaptic devices. This work provides an effective way to fabricate lateral synaptic devices for practical application development and sheds light on controllable electrical state switching for neuromorphic computing.
Tunable Structural Color Images by UV‐Patterned Conducting Polymer Nanofilms on Metal Surfaces
Authors: Chen Shangzhi , Rossi Stefano , Shanker Ravi , Cincotti Giancarlo , Gamage Sampath , Kühne Philipp , Stanishev Vallery , Engquist Isak , Berggren Magnus , Edberg Jesper , Darakchieva Vanya , Jonsson Magnus P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrecise manipulation of light–matter interactions has enabled a wide variety of approaches to create bright and vivid structural colors. Techniques utilizing photonic crystals, Fabry–Pérot cavities, plasmonics, or high‐refractive‐index dielectric metasurfaces have been studied for applications ranging from optical coatings to reflective displays. However, complicated fabrication procedures for sub‐wavelength nanostructures, limited active areas, and inherent absence of tunability of these approaches impede their further development toward flexible, large‐scale, and switchable devices compatible with facile and cost‐effective production. Here, a novel method is presented to generate structural color images based on monochromic conducting polymer films prepared on metallic surfaces via vapor phase polymerization and ultraviolet (UV) light patterning. Varying the UV dose enables synergistic control of both nanoscale film thickness and polymer permittivity, which generates controllable structural colors from violet to red. Together with grayscale photomasks this enables facile fabrication of high‐resolution structural color images. Dynamic tuning of colored surfaces and images via electrochemical modulation of the polymer redox state is further demonstrated. The simple structure, facile fabrication, wide color gamut, and dynamic color tuning make this concept competitive for applications like multifunctional displays.
Effect of Solvent on the Interfacial Crystallinity in Sequentially Processed Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Ko Jongkuk , Kim Jaehoon , Song Hyung‐Jun , Park Yeseul , Kwak Jeonghun , Lee Changhee , Char Kookheon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt is important to specify and control factors that significantly affect the performance and stability of organic solar cells (OSCs). Bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) prepared by spin‐coating donor/acceptor mixtures form vertically and laterally complex nanostructures, making them difficult to specify and control. Herein, various solvent‐dissolved PTB7‐th/PC70BM‐based sequentially processed OSCs are demonstrated and their thin‐film properties in terms of interfacial crystallinity are compared. The crystallinity of the donor/acceptor interfaces and PC70BM over‐layers is effectively controlled by varying the boiling points of the PTB7‐th solvents in sequential processes. It is found that the structures of the PTB7‐th layers formed by solvents with lower boiling points, as well as the PC70BM over‐layers, have a higher degree of crystallinity, consequently improving the performance to a degree resembling that of BHJ cells. In addition, sequentially processed samples show much higher thermal stability than BHJ cells, which constitute a nano‐blend of donor and acceptor materials. When compared with BHJ cells, whose power conversion efficiency deteriorates within the initial 5 h of thermal treatment, all sequentially processed devices deposited by solvents with different boiling points show significant thermal stability. This work provides comprehensive insight into the interfacial crystallinity of sequentially processed OSCs in terms of efficiency and stability.
In‐Fiber Switchable Polarization Filter Based on Liquid Crystal Filled Hollow‐Filament Bragg Gratings
Authors: Rahnama Abdullah , Dadalyan Tigran , Mahmoud Aghdami Keivan , Galstian Tigran , Herman Peter R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFemtosecond laser filaments are formed by surface aberration to open nano‐hole arrays, passing through the silica cladding and guiding core cross‐section of a standard telecommunication fiber. The hollow filament grating presents a strong capillarity effect to draw nematic liquid crystal (NLC) into homogeneous alignment with the cylindrical walls and presents a high birefringent response in the second‐order Bragg stopband. The NLC provides a strong extinction ratio of up to 20 dB over a ≈5 nm band with only a moderate insertion loss of <1 dB arising between the two polarization states of the shifted stopbands. The Bragg grating follows the thermo‐optic response of the NLC to further offer dynamic tuning and switching of the polarization extinction response without an increase in the insertion loss. The flexible laser writing enables tailoring of the Bragg spectral and polarization responses in the telecommunication C‐band.
Reconfigurable Parametric Amplifications of Spoof Surface Plasmons
Authors: Gao Xinxin , Zhang Jingjing , Luo Yu , Ma Qian , Bai Guo Dong , Zhang Hao Chi , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNext‐generation inter‐chip communication requires ultrafast ultra‐compact interconnects. Designer plasmonics offers a possible route towards this goal. Further development of the plasmonic technique to circuit applications requires the direct amplification of plasmonic signals on a compact platform. However, significant signal distortions and limited operational speeds prevent the application of traditional MOS‐based amplifiers to plasmonics. Up to day, the amplification of surface plasmons without phase distortion has remained a scientific challenge. In this work, the concept of parametric amplification (PA) is transplanted to the plasmonics and is realized experimentally an ultrathin reconfigurable PA using a spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) waveguide integrated with tunable and nonlinear varactors. The measured parametric gain in the experiment can reach up to 9.14 dB within a short nonlinear propagation length, for example, six SSPP wavelengths, in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction. By tuning the bias voltage of varactors, the phase‐matching condition can be precisely controlled over a broad frequency band, enabling the authors to realize the multi‐frequency PA of plasmonic signals. Measured phase responses confirm that the plasmonic parametric amplifier can significantly suppress the signal distortions as compared with the traditional MOS‐based amplifier, which is a property highly desired for ultrafast wireless communication systems and integrated circuits.
Advanced High‐Voltage All‐Solid‐State Li‐Ion Batteries Enabled by a Dual‐Halogen Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Zhang Shumin , Zhao Feipeng , Wang Shuo , Liang Jianwen , Wang Jian , Wang Changhong , Zhang Hao , Adair Keegan , Li Weihan , Li Minsi , Duan Hui , Zhao Yang , Yu Ruizhi , Li Ruying , Huang Huan , Zhang Li , Zhao Shangqian , Lu Shigang , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Mo Yifei , Sun Xueliang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSolid‐state electrolytes (SEs) with high anodic (oxidation) stability are essential for achieving all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries (ASSLIBs) operating at high voltages. Until now, halide‐based SEs have been one of the most promising candidates due to their compatibility with cathodes and high ionic conductivity. However, the developed chloride and bromide SEs still show limited electrochemical stability that is inadequate for ultrahigh voltage operations. Herein, this challenge is addressed by designing a dual‐halogen Li‐ion conductor: Li3InCl4.8F1.2. F is demonstrated to selectively occupy a specific lattice site in a solid superionic conductor (Li3InCl6) to form a new dual‐halogen solid electrolyte (DHSE). With the incorporation of F, the Li3InCl4.8F1.2 DHSE becomes dense and maintains a room‐temperature ionic conductivity over 10−4 S cm−1. Moreover, the Li3InCl4.8F1.2 DHSE exhibits a practical anodic limit over 6 V (vs Li/Li+), which can enable high‐voltage ASSLIBs with decent cycling. Spectroscopic, computational, and electrochemical characterizations are combined to identify a rich F‐containing passivating cathode‐electrolyte interface (CEI) generated in situ, thus expanding the electrochemical window of Li3InCl4.8F1.2 DHSE and preventing the detrimental interfacial reactions at the cathode. This work provides a new design strategy for the fast Li‐ion conductors with high oxidation stability and shows great potential to high‐voltage ASSLIBs.
Integrating multiple inputs for soft red and white winter wheat
Authors: Steinke Kurt , Purucker Seth , Chilvers Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMichigan winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growers continue to adopt intensive management strategies. However, instead of broadscale implementation of an entire collection of inputs simultaneously, practitioners question which inputs may better contribute to improved production. Studies evaluated soft winter wheat plant growth, grain yield, and expected economic net return for multiple agronomic and nutrient inputsacross varying production intensities. Field trials established in Richville and Lansing, MI, during 2017 and 2018 evaluated six agronomic inputs including: seeding rate, fungicide, plant growth regulator (PGR), autumn starter fertilizer, weekly nitrogen (N) applications, and a high N rate. Autumn‐applied starter fertilizer was the only individual input resulting in a consistent grain yield response. Removal of autumn starter fertilizer from high‐input (HI) management decreased grain yield an average of 1.6 Mg ha–1 while increasing grain yield 1.1 Mg ha–1 on average when added to low‐input (LI) management. Autumn starter fertilizer accounted for 71% of the grain yield difference between HI and LI. Although greater management intensity increased grain yield compared to LI management in 3 of 4 site‐years, expected net return was greater when utilizing LI management. Results suggest producers consider current soil, plant, and climate conditions at the time of application and across variabilities through the field as weather factors may control much of the uncertainty growers encounter when deliberating between individual or multiple input adoption.
Correlation and tolerance of garlic genotypes under nutrient stress conditions induced by organic farming
Authors: Zaki Haitham E. M. , Abdelrasheed Khaled G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere is a growing interest in raising yields of organic farming to provide more nutritious food for a growing population. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes cultivated in a variety of environments therefore the yield of garlic can vary considerably between different regions of production. In this research, 21 garlic genotypes were evaluated for their tolerance to nutrient stress under the organic system. Nutrient stress was mediated by organic implementation where two nutrient sources were applied in a newly reclaimed soil; nutrient source‐A (plant‐derived compost) and B (plant–animal‐derived compost). Nutrient stress was adjusted in line with levels, A‐1 and B‐1 (100% N) and A‐2 and B‐2 (50% N). Significant differences were observed among garlic genotypes and white‐skin genotypes displayed a much greater tolerance for increasing stress level (A‐2 and B‐2) than colored‐skin genotypes. The principal component analysis showed that fresh and cured yields had the largest variances and ranged from 0.9803 to 5.036 t/feddan (fed.) and from 0.633 to 3.445 t/fed., respectively. Elwady and Clone‐5 provided the highest fresh yield (4.496 and 4.135 t/fed.) while the highest cured yield was produced from Clone‐5 and Clone‐22C (2.561 and 2.425 t/fed.). Elwady had the largest N use efficiency and Egyptian improved the agronomic efficiency of N. Elwady, Clone‐5, and Egyptian gave the highest stress tolerance indices. Cluster analysis clarified the genotype‐specific existence of nutritional stress. Cluster II was found to contain a group of genotypes, Elwady, Clone‐5, and Egyptian which closely developed high traits under stress conditions. This genotypes group is a good candidate for organic farming.
Vacuum Birefringence at the Gamma Factory
Authors: Karbstein Felix 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe perspectives of studying vacuum birefringence at the Gamma Factory are explored. To this end, the parameter regime which can be reliably analyzed resorting to the leading contribution to the Heisenberg–Euler effective Lagrangian is assessed in detail. It is explicitly shown that—contrary to naive expectations—this approach allows for the accurate theoretical study of quantum vacuum signatures up to fairly large photon energies. The big advantage of this parameter regime is the possibility of studying the phenomenon in experimentally realistic, manifestly inhomogeneous pump and probe field configurations. Thereafter, two specific scenarios giving rise to a vacuum birefringence effect for traversing gamma probe photons are analyzed. In the first scenario the birefringence phenomenon is induced by a quasi‐constant static magnetic field. In the second case it is driven by a counter‐propagating high‐intensity laser field.