bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size Effect in Bending Strength of Carburized Gear Teeth
Authors: Kato M. , Inoue Katsumi , Deng G. , Jeong B. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the bending strength and the size effect of carburized fine module gears. The fine module gears (m = 1.0–1.5) are made of a low-carbon alloy steel, and they are carburized to have various effective case depths. The bending fatigue tests are performed for these gears. The test results show the validity of the AGMA recommendation for the effective case depth. The experimental formulas of bending strength are estimated from the comparison with the strength of the gears of m = 5. In order to make clear the size effect, a method of fracture mechanics based strength evaluation is introduced and applied to the fatigue test results. The fatigue life is assumed to be the crack propagation process, and the maximum initial length of crack is calculated from the fatigue strength. The relation between this crack length and the thickness of non-martensitic layer at the fillet is obtained, and the size effect is discussed with the relation to the thickness of the non-martensitic layer.
Mechanics of Roller Chain-Sprocket Contact: Observations About the Contact Phenomena and Load Distribution
Authors: Kim Mahn Shik , Johnson Glen E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In a companion paper (“Mechanics of Roller Chain - Sprocket Contact: A General Modelling Strategy” submitted for presentation at this conference), a new theoretical model to describe the quasi-static contact phenomenon between a roller and sprocket is developed from first principles. The new model includes the external loading conditions, the curvature difference between die roller and the seating curve, the net error in the chain pitch (defined as the error in the chain pitch minus the error in the sprocket pitch), and Coulomb friction between the tooth and roller, the roller and bushing, and the bushing and pin. No assumption regarding the pressure angle at each contact point is made — rather the pressure angle at each contact point is calculated during the solution.
In this paper we present results generated by a computer simulation based on the new model. A comparison with experimental data taken from the literature (Naji and Marshek. 1983) indicates that excellent quantitative prediction of load distribution is possible. The simulation results suggest several practical observations about chain performance (including effects of friction, manufacturing tolerances, wear, and the incorporation of idler sprockets) and these are presented and discussed.
Optimal Design of Structural Shape: Minimal Weight Shapes Designed Corresponding to Displacement Restraining Planes
Authors: Itou Motomichi , Ohkouchi Teiichi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The designs of the elastic two-dimensional plate structure are optimized for the minimal weight structures of the characteristic shapes. Structures composed of finite elements are modified discretely by attaching and detaching of elements at external boundary of shapes. In the modifications, the steepest descent method is actualized using the sensitivity function that is evaluated from the strain energy of the structure by Finite Element Method. The sensitivity value of each element is calculated by the element stiffness matrix and the nodal displacements. The two structures “A” and “B” are modified by the above mention technique. The structure “A” with vertical and horizontal displacement restraining planes is converged into a hanging bar with a uniform cross-sectional area of the minimal weight shape. The structure “B” with only vertical displacement restraining plane is converged into a V-shaped structure supported by two forked ends.
The IFBMDA: A Model for Mechanical Design Automation
Authors: Lu Dongming , Sun Shouqian , He Zhijun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The IFBMDA is an Information-Flow-Based model for Mechanical Design Automation. This paper first analyzes the mechanical design process from the views of design methodology and cognitive model. Then, two essential assumptions about mechanical design behavior are provided. Based on the analysis and fundamental assumptions, this paper thoroughly describes five submodels which constitute the automation model IFBMDA. They are Information Flow model, Knowledge Processing model, Non-monotonic Expansion Search model, Iterative Constraint Generation and Solution model and Design Process Stage model. Then, this paper also evaluates the model in both practical and theoretical aspects and shows that it is well-developed in both aspects. Finally, the perspective of further mechanical design automation research is outlined.
Sensor Design for Automobile Air Bag Systems: Design Methods and Criteria
Authors: Chan Ching-Yao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Air bags are becoming a popular option chosen by the automobile manufacturers and also by the public to be installed on new cars sold in the United States. Sensors that detect crash occurrence play a fundamental role in the effectiveness of air bag systems. What properties of a vehicle should be sensed in a crash and used to activate an air bag system? How does a concept or method of crash sensing affect the design criteria? These issues are not only technically challenging but also closely related to the success of air bag technologies in millions of cars driven by the public.
Occupant Dynamic Responses for Evaluation of Compliance Characteristics of Aircraft Bulkheads
Authors: Lankarani Hamid M. , Ma Deren , Menon Rajiv 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
One important aspect of aircraft crashworthiness studies is to reduce head injuries to an aircraft occupant in case of a head contact with its surroundings. In view of the significance of this problem, studies of post-crash dynamic behavior of victims and the compliance characteristics of the aircraft bulkhead are necessary in order to reduce severe head injuries. Crash dynamics program SOM-LA/TA, incorporating a dynamic model of the human body with a finite element model of the seat structure was used. Modifications including development of more accurate contact force models and an occupant/seat envelope were performed in SOM-LA/TA. It was then used as an analytical tool for determination of the occupant response and the compliance characteristics of the bulkhead in various crash environments. Correlated studies of analytical simulations with impact sled test results were accomplished. It was observed that the code reasonably predicted the Head-Injury-Criteria (HIC) for the triangular-shaped pulses. A parametric study of the coefficients in the contact force model was then performed in order to obtain a correlation between the HIC and the coefficients in the contact force model. A measure of optimal values for the bulkhead compliances and displacement requirements was thus achieved in order to keep the possibility of head injury as little as possible. This information could in turn be used in the selection of suitable materials for the bulkhead, instrument panel, or interior walls of an aircraft.
Hertz Contact Force Model With Permanent Indentation in Impact Analysis of Solids
Authors: Lankarani Hamid M. , Nikravesh Parviz E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A continuous analysis method for the direct-central impact of two solid particles is presented. Based on the assumption that local plasticity effects are the sole factor accounting for the dissipation of energy in impact, a Hertzian contact force model with permanent indentation is constructed. Utilizing energy and momentum considerations, the unknown parameters in the model are analytically evaluated in terms of a given coefficient of restitution and velocities before impact. The equations of motion of the two solids may then be integrated forward in time knowing the variation of the contact force during the contact period. For Illustration, an impact of two soft metallic particles is studied.
Rotatability Laws for Spherical N-Bar Kinematic Chains
Authors: Liu Yung-Way , Ting Kwun-Lon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ting’s rotatability laws of planar N-bar linkages are extended to spherical linkages. The paper proposed and proved theorems and criteria for spherical Kinematic chains (1) to provide the unique description, (2) to identify the assemblability condition, (3) to predict the revolvability between links, (4) to predict the full rotatatability, and (5) to provide a classification scheme and to identify the related characteristics. The criteria may also be applied to spatial nR3C linkages.
Practical Mobility Conditions for RSSR Mechanism
Authors: Lee Kyeong-Won , Seo Young-Jin , Yoon Yong-San 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study, two sets of mobility conditions for a RSSR mechanism are developed to ensure the crank motion in the three dimensional four-bar mechanism. First set of the mobility conditions is the Grashof-type necessary conditions expressed only in terms of link lengths. The other set of the mobility conditions provides the necessary and sufficient conditions in analytic form accounting for the constraint of the deviation angle. For some special cases, the equations are simplified. The first set of equations may be useful in the initial design stage while the second set may be used for the final detail design. An example of mechanism is taken for the comparison of the analyses results.
The Geometric Generation of the Joint Loci of Spatial Dyads With Axis Joints
Authors: Nisbett J. Keith , Lawley T. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The geometric aspects of Burmester theory, as used in planar four-bar linkage synthesis, are examined to define a general procedure which is applied to the generation of the joint loci of spatial dyads with axis joints. The joints are geometrically related to the screw axes of the prescribed motion, by means of a screw triangle. The geometric relationships are typically separated into several geometric constraints. Each geometric constraint is considered separately to generate the loci of lines representing joint axes which satisfy the constraint. Combining the loci from each constraint produces a single loci of all the possible fixed or moving joints. The geometric approach is shown to have several benefits not obtained in numerical and pure analytical techniques, especially in relating the characteristics of the loci to the physical linkage and its required motion.
Integrated Mechanism and Control Approach for Minimum Flexural Vibrations in Slewing Space Structures
Authors: Yang L. F. , Chew M. , Juang J. N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An integrated single-step approach to the synthesis of a mechanical device and a controller is presented. The mechanical device consists of a noncircular gear pair that acts as a varying gear ratio transmission between an electro-mechanical actuator and a flexible structure. Such a system has been introduced as an application in minimizing flexura] vibrations in the slewing maneuver of flexible space structures such as large solar panels and satellites in space. Only a simple regulator-type feedback controller is called for to control this complex electro-mechanical-and-structural system and the purpose is to design this complex system in an integrated procedure to achieve low flexural vibrations of the structure. Simulations of the slewing control tasks for two different flexible space structures are presented: a single planar flexible beam; and a planar flexible articulated double-beam.
Carbohydrate Drink Use During 30 Minutes of Variable-Intensity Exercise Has No Effect on Exercise Performance in Premenarchal Girls
Authors: Heidorn C. Eric , Dykstra Brandon J. , Conner Cori A. , Mahon Anthony D. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: This study examined the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) drink during variable-intensity exercise (VIE) and a postexercise test in premenarchal girls. Methods: A total of 10 girls (10.4 [0.7] y) participated in the study. VO2peak was assessed, and the girls were familiarized with VIE and performance during the first visit. The trial order (CHO and placebo) was randomly assigned for subsequent visits. The drinks were given before VIE bouts and 1-minute performance (9 mL/kg total). Two 15-minute bouts of VIE were completed (10 repeated sequences of 20%, 55%, and 95% power at VO2peak and maximal sprints) before a 1-minute performance sprint. Results: The mean power, peak power, heart rate (HR), %HRpeak, and rating of perceived exertion during VIE did not differ between trials. However, the peak power decreased, and the rating of perceived exertion increased from the first to the second bout. During the 1-minute performance, there were no differences between the trial (CHO vs placebo) for HR (190 [9] vs 189 [9] bpm), %HRpeak (97.0% [3.2%] vs 96.6% [3.0%]), rating of perceived exertion (7.8 [2.3] vs 8.1 [1.9]), peak power (238 [70] vs 235 [60] W), fatigue index (54.7% [10.0%] vs 55.9% [12.8%]), or total work (9.4 [2.6] vs 9.4 [2.1] kJ). Conclusion: CHO supplementation did not alter physiological, perceptual, or performance responses during 30 minutes of VIE or postexercise sprint performance in premenarchal girls.
Marine sedimentary records of chemical weathering evolution in the western Himalaya since 17 Ma
Authors: Zhou Peng , Ireland Thomas , Murray Richard W. , Clift Peter D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Indus Fan derives sediment from the western Himalaya and Karakoram. Sediment from International Ocean Discovery Program drill sites in the eastern part of the fan coupled with data from an industrial well near the river mouth allow the weathering history of the region since ca. 16 Ma to be reconstructed. Clay minerals, bulk sediment geochemistry, and magnetic susceptibility were used to constrain degrees of chemical alteration. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used to measure the abundance of moisture-sensitive minerals hematite and goethite. Indus Fan sediment is more weathered than Bengal Fan material, probably reflecting slow transport, despite the drier climate, which slows chemical weathering rates. Some chemical weathering proxies, such as K/Si or kaolinite/(illite + chlorite), show no temporal evolution, but illite crystallinity and the chemical index of alteration do have statistically measurable decreases over long time periods. Using these proxies, we suggest that sediment alteration was moderate and then increased from 13 to 11 Ma, remained high until 9 Ma, and then reduced from that time until 6 Ma in the context of reduced physical erosion during a time of increasing aridity as tracked by hematite/goethite values. The poorly defined reducing trend in weathering intensity is not clearly linked to global cooling and at least partly reflects regional climate change. Since 6 Ma, weathering has been weak but variable since a final reduction in alteration state after 3.5 Ma that correlates with the onset of Northern Hemispheric glaciation. Reduced or stable chemical weathering at a time of falling sedimentation rates is not consistent with models for Cenozoic global climate change that invoke greater Himalayan weathering fluxes drawing down atmospheric CO2 but are in accord with the idea of greater surface reactivity to weathering.
Effect of PCI of culprit and non-culprit lesions for patients with STEMI compared with culprit lesion-only PCI
Authors: Magavern Emma , Khong Teck K 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCommentary on:Mehta SR, Wood DA, Storey RF,et al. Complete Revascularization with Multivessel PCI for Myocardial Infarction.N Engl J Med2019; 381:1411–21.Commentary by:Dr Emma Magavern and Dr Teck Khong Clinical Pharmacology, St George’s, University of London, UK.Series Editor:Dr Teck Khong, DTB Associate Editor Clinical Pharmacology, St George’s, University of London, UK.
Reduced membrane cholesterol content in skeletal muscle is not essential for greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after acute exercise by rats
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Arias Edward B. , Cartee Gregory D. 
Published: March 2021

One exercise session can elevate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) by skeletal muscle, but it is uncertain if this effect is accompanied by altered membrane cholesterol content, which is reportedly inversely related to insulin-stimulated GU. Muscles from sedentary (SED) or exercised 3 h post-exercise (3hPEX) rats were evaluated for GU, membrane cholesterol, and phosphorylation of cholesterol regulatory proteins (pHMCGRSer872 and pABCA1Ser2054). Insulin-stimulated GU for 3hPEX exceeded SED. Membrane cholesterol, pHMCGRSer872 and pABCA1Ser2054 did not differ between groups. Novelty: Alterations in membrane cholesterol and phosphorylation of proteins that regulate muscle cholesterol are not essential for elevated insulin-stimulated GU in skeletal muscle after acute exercise.
Depositional sequences in northern Peru: new insights on the palaeogeographic and palaeotectonic reconstruction of western Gondwana during late Permian and Triassic
Authors: Carrillo Emilio , Barragán Roberto , Hurtado Christian , Calderón Ysabel , Martín Germán , Vázquez-Taset Yaniel , Parra Mauricio , Rivera Ariana , Cadena Fanny Mariela , Sarmiento Luis 
Published: March 2021

Late Permian to Early Jurassic strata in northern Peru allow us to carry out a seismostratigraphic, lithotectonic and chemostratigraphic analysis connecting the Andean–Amazonian foreland basins of Huallaga, Ucayali, southern Marañón and the Eastern Cordillera. This analysis and data integration from Ecuador to western Brazil and southern Peru and Bolivia allow us to redefine the timing of the major documented tectonic phases and corresponding palaeogeographies of western Gondwana from the late Permian to the Triassic. Three lithotectonic sequences and four associated deformation stages are recognized: (1) A sequence, tectonic relaxation, during the late Permian; (2) A–B intra-sequence, folding-and-thrusting attributed to a continuation in time of the Gondwanide Orogeny, during the Early to Middle Triassic; (3) B sequence, rifting, attributed to Gondwana breakup during the Middle and late Triassic; (4) C sequence, thermal sag, during the Late Triassic. Evaporites and carbonates (A sequence) dominated a low-subsidence basin with southern restricted marine inflow at the Permian–Triassic boundary. A novel palaeogeographic model for these evaporites suggests that this saline basin extended up to 50 000 km
2
in a restricted environment area with a potential bullseye pattern. The last pulse of the Gondwanide Orogeny and associated fold and thrust belt (A–B intra-sequence) exhumed prior to the sequence, generating emerged areas with little to no sedimentation. Red beds (B sequence) characterize the rifting stage, representing the syn-depositional infill of continental grabens, likely extending to the Acre Basin in Brazil. Finally, during the thermal sag, a marine inflow likely from the northwestern part of Peru generated sedimentation of carbonates and evaporites (C Sequence) to the west and east of the Peruvian margin. This sediment differentiation was, in part, controlled by the existence of pre-existing grabens associated with the previous rifting stage. This interpretation, together with other evaporitic occurrences, attributed here to a Late Triassic epoch in south and north Peru and west Brazil, suggest the existence of an evaporitic basin filling an undeformed area of probably
c.
170 000 km
2
. It is therefore suggestive of the existence of a Late Triassic (Norian to Rhaetian; 217 to 204 Ma) salt giant controlled by thermal sag in western Gondwana. Our results are of great relevance for any future interpretation related to mass extinctions, palaeoclimatic analysis and ocean dynamics during the Permian and Triassic as well as natural resource distribution between Ecuador and Bolivia.
Therapeutic Escape in Gαq-mutant Uveal Melanoma: It's a FAK
Authors: Harbour J. William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Through a synthetic lethal screen, ERK activation was found to mediate resistance to FAK inhibition in GNAQ-mutant uveal melanoma. With PLCB-PKC-ERK and Trio-FAK-Yap representing compensatory effectors of mutant Gαq signaling, combined inhibition of both pathways may be a promising therapeutic strategy in metastatic uveal melanoma.
See related article by Paradis et al., p. 3190
Nonclassical Monocytes (CD14dimCD16+) Are Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression for Men but Not Women
Authors: Feinstein Matthew J. , Doyle Margaret F. , Stein James H. , Sitlani Colleen M. , Fohner Alison E. , Huber Sally A. , Landay Alan L. , Heckbert Susan R. , Rice Kenneth , Kronmal Richard A. , Hedrick Catherine , Manichaikul Ani , McNamara Coleen , Rich Stephen , Tracy Russell P. , Olson Nels C. , Psaty Bruce M. , Delaney Joseph A.C. 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
Few studies of population-based cohorts have investigated prospective associations of lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets in cardiovascular disease onset and progression. The purpose of this analysis was to determine associations of prespecified myeloid and lymphoid lineage cell subsets with common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) progression.

Approach and Results:
We performed a prospective case-cohort study of 1195 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who had peripheral blood mononuclear cells stored from the baseline examination. Key exposure variables were prespecified subsets of lymphoid and myeloid lineage immune cells, phenotyped by multicolor flow cytometry. The primary outcome was progression from baseline (Exam 1) to year 10 (Exam 5) in common carotid IMT. Higher proportions of nonclassical monocytes (CD14dimCD16++) were significantly associated with IMT progression over 10 years, but classical monocytes (CD14++CD16−), CD4+CD28− T cells, and T helper cells producing IL-17 (interleukin 17; T helper 17 cells) were not associated with significant changes in IMT over 10 years. There were significant interactions between monocyte subsets and sex with respect to IMT progression: in sex-stratified analyses, nonclassical monocytes were associated with significant IMT progression and classical monocytes were associated with significant IMT regression for men, whereas there were no significant associations of monocyte subsets with IMT change for women.

Conclusions:
Nonclassical monocytes were associated with progression of carotid IMT. There were significant sex differences in associations of monocyte subsets with IMT progression: for men, nonclassical monocytes were associated with IMT progression and classical monocytes were associated with regression, whereas these associations were null for women.