bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Correlations Among Severity of Depression, Level of Observed Expressed Emotions, Perceived Social Support and Psychosocial Functioning in Patients with Unipolar Depression
Authors: Igrutinovic Nevena , Batinic Borjanka , Mihajlovic Goran 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aims of the study were to examine the correlations among severity of depression, level of psychosocial functioning, level of observed expressed emotions and perceived social support in patients diagnosed with unipolar depression. The sample included 61 patients. The following study instruments were applied: the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Functioning Assessment Short Test, the Level of Expressed Emotion scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Descriptive statistics of the sample have shown the mean age of 42.39years (SD=13.387), moderate severity of depression (AS=22.7, SD=11.984), moderate level of observed expressed emotions (AS=74.70, SD=17.959), moderate level of psychosocial difficulties (AS=26.33, SD=17.207) and high level of perceived social support (AS=5.24, SD=1.395). There were significant positive correlations between severity of depression and psychosocial difficulties (r=0.69) and perceived social support (r=−0.42), as well as between psychosocial difficulties and both levels of observed expressed emotions (r=0.31) and perceived social support (r=− 0.53). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that 47.1% of the psychosocial functioning variance can be predicted by severity of depressive symptoms, and perceived social support explained the additional 7% of variance. The level of observed expressed emotion didn’t show an additional explanation of the psychosocial functioning variance. Our research showed that the severity of depressive symptoms and perceived social support predict difficulties in psychosocial functioning, while the level of observed expressed emotion was not an important predictor.
Nanoplastics as a Potential Environmental Health Factor: From Molecular Interaction to Altered Cellular Function and Human Diseases
Authors: Nikolić Sandra , Živanović Suzana , Papić Miloš , Janković Marina Gazdić , Stojković Miodrag , Ljujić Biljana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The problem of plastic pollution is becoming increasingly important and has attracted great interest in the last few years. Polystyrene is one of the most used plastic types in the food and beverage industry, medical and laboratory devices. Increased plastic production and increased food, water, and air pollution and contact with nanoplastics may cause long-lasting changes and predispose to adverse developmental and degenerative diseases through mechanisms that are not yet understood.
The aim of this article is to provide an overview of current knowledge to plastics, especially polystyrene, and their impact on the human health. In particular, we discuss the major sources of plastic waste, polystyrene surface chemistry, as well as mechanisms by which plastics degrade in the environment. We also provide an insight into cellular uptake mechanism and the molecular interaction of polystyrene nanoparticles and human cells. This review offers scientists and clinicians useful information and could be used as a starting point for more in-depth analysis of nanoplastics as a potential environmental health factor.
A Study to Compare Hypolipidemic Effects of Allium Sativum (Garlic) Alone and in Combination with Atorvastatin or Ezetimibe in Experimental Model
Authors: Sil Sudipta , Roy Uttam Kumar , Biswas Supreeti , Mandal Purnendu , Pal Keya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Dyslipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis induced conditions. Atorvastatin is an effective drug for dyslipidemia and reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ezetimibe is used as an adjunct to statins hypercholesterolemia. Garlic is known for the hypolipidemic effect in traditional medicine. There are very limited studies comparing the additive effects of Allium sativum on atorvastatin and ezetimibe. Aims: To compare the additive hypolipidemic effects of Allium sativum with atorvastatin and ezetimibe. Setting and Design: The experimental study was done in Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan from February 2014 - October 2015. Material and Methods: Dyslipidemia rat by (induced by atherogenic diet) were randomized into five groups of six rats in each and each cage was labelled for identification of different groups and treated with drugs (atorvastatin, ezetimibe, garlic homogenate, atorvastatin + garlic homogenate, ezetimibe + garlic homogenate) for twelve weeks and assessment of lipid profiles were done. Change of parameters checked for any significant difference by appropriate statistical tests. Results: Significant TC (Total Cholesterol) & TG (Triglyceride) concentrations reduction were maximum among ezetimibe group (51% and 47%) respectively. LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) & VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) concentrations reduction were maximum (62% and 26%) among combination of atorvastatin and garlic group when compared to other treatment groups. HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) concentration was maximally increased (31%) among combination ezetimibe and garlic group which was also statistically significant. Conclusion: Garlic have significant hypolipidemic effect when used in combination with atorvastatin and ezetimibe.
Nursing students’ knowledge of patient safety and development of competences over their academic years: Findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Bressan Valentina , Causero Giulia , Stevanin Simone , Cadorin Lucia , Zanini Antonietta , Bulfone Giampiera , Palese Alvisa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Future nurses should possess the knowledge and competences necessary to ensure patient safety. However, little evidence is available on the way in which students learn patient safety-related principles over time. This study explored the progress of a cohort of Italian undergraduate nursing students as they acquired patient safety knowledge and competences from time of enrolment to graduation.

Methods
A longitudinal study carried out between 2015 and 2018 enrolled a cohort of 90 nursing students from two Italian Bachelor of Nursing Science Degree Courses at the Udine University, Italy. The students were followed-up on an annual basis and data collection was performed three times: at the end of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years. The validated Italian version of the Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey tool was used to collect data.

Results
At the end of the 1st year, students reported an average 4.19 out of 5 patient safety knowledge acquired in classrooms (CI 95%, 4.11–4.28), which was stable at the end of the 2nd (4.16; CI 95%, 4.06–4.26) and 3rd years (4.26; CI 95%, 4.16–4.32) and no statistical differences emerged over the years. With regard to the competences acquired in clinical settings, at the end of the 1st year the students reported an average 4.28 out of 5 (CI 95%, 4.20–4.37), which decreased significantly at the end of the 2nd year (4.15; CI 95%, 4.07–4.23; p=0.02) and increased at the end of the 3rd year (4.37; CI 95%, 4.27–4.47; p<0.01).

Conclusions
Nursing students’ competences in patient safety issues increases over time, while their knowledge remains stable. Students are more vulnerable at the end of the 1st year, when they seem to be overconfident about patient-safety issues.
Possibilities of Detection of the Jamming of the GNSS Receiver with the Helical Antenna
Authors: Felski Andrzej , Stopienski Piotr 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Jamming of GNSS signals is lately treated as essential threat for GNSS users. It is especially dangerous in the face of common usage of GPS-like systems in everyday life, and the great belief of everyday users in the truth of devices indications. In spite of the legal prohibition of using them, jammers are commonly accessible, especially in the Internet. Last years showed however that such threat generated purposely also some governments, what is clearly visible in armed conflicts, and during military exercises. Of course this creates the great threat for civilian users if will be in the vicinity.
Applications and services based upon GNSS are becoming increasingly embedded in modern society, so community have now become critically dependent upon their correct operation. This refers positioning first of all, but telecommunications networks, power grids, financial transactions, whole world of logistics are dependant as well. The main users of GNSS, both professional and non-professional smartphones users are not prepared on such situation, and usually have no technical possibilities to detect of jamming. For operators of critical installations, for example seaports, or airfields, the detection of jamming cases is extremely important. It can be provided with special devices, which are usually based on specific antennas, and deep analysis of signal. In this paper experiments in detection of the jamming with helical antennas are discussed
Descriptive Indexicals, Deferred Reference, and Anaphora
Authors: Kijania-Placek Katarzyna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this paper are twofold. The first is to present a differentiation between two kinds of deferred uses of indexicals: those in which indexical utterances express singular propositions (I term them deferred reference proper) and those where they express general propositions (called descriptive uses of indexicals). The second objective is the analysis of the descriptive uses of indexicals. In contrast to Nunberg, who treats descriptive uses as a special case of deferred reference in which a property contributes to the proposition expressed, I argue that examples in which a general proposition is indeed expressed by an indexical cannot be treated by assuming that the property is a deferred referent of the pronoun. I propose an analysis of descriptive uses of indexicals by means of a pragmatic mechanism of ‘descriptive anaphora’, which attempts to explain the special kind of contribution of the property retrieved from the context to the proposition that is characteristic of the descriptive interpretation.
The Knowability Paradox and Unsuccessful Updates
Authors: Wójcik Arkadiusz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper we undertake an analysis of the knowability paradox in the light of modal epistemic logics and of the phenomena of unsuccessful updates. The knowability paradox stems from the Church-Fitch observation that the plausible knowability principle, according to which all truths are knowable, yields the unacceptable conclusion that all truths are known. We show that the phenomenon of an unsuccessful update is the reason for the paradox arising. Based on this diagnosis, we propose a restriction on the knowability principle which resolves the paradox.
The Duhem-Quine Thesis Reconsidered
Authors: Szałek Piotr K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The high point of the falsification of physical theories in a standard view of the philosophy of science is the so-called crucial experiment. This experiment is a kind of manipulated empirical test, which provides the criterion for distinguishing between two rival hypotheses, where one is an acceptable theory due to passing the test, and the other turns out to be an unacceptable theory as it does not pass the test. The crucial experiment was supposed to play a significant role because, in virtue of an empirical disconfirmation of one theory, the experiment was assumed to confirm the other as true. However, in 1906, in La théorie physique, son object et la structure (hereafter quoted in English translation as The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (1906/1954)), Pierre Duhem famously argued against this view and stated that crucial experiments in physics are impossible as they are necessarily ambiguous and logically incomplete. His contention rested on the claim that, “[a] physical theory is not an explanation [of true reality in itself in virtue of some broad metaphysical ramification of physics]. It is a system of mathematical propositions, deduced from a small number of principles, which aim to represent as simply, as completely, and as accurately as possible a set of experimental laws” (ibid., p. 19). Furthermore, different theories could be equally suitable to represent a given group of experimental laws. And, assuming holism, no hypothesis could be tested in isolation, but merely as a part of a set of an entire scientific theory. The problem which Duhem identified in 1906 was slightly overshadowed and neglected in mainstream philosophy of science until the appearance of a challenging paper by Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951 and entitled “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”. Quine’s paper caused a revival of interest in Duhem’s original formulation and gave a new impulse towards the problem in the form of the so-called Duhem-Quine thesis. The aim of this paper is to reconsider whether Duhem was right to argue that there are no crucial experiments in physics. In order to assess the validity of the thesis, first, this paper makes an exposition of Duhem’s arguments in their favour, and analyses the major criticisms of this position offered in the subject-literature of Adolf Grünbaum, who explicitly attacked the arguments for the thesis as inconclusive and false. Then, this paper presents possible modes of defence of the Duhem-Quine thesis and argues that the original formulation of the thesis is well qualified and plausible. Finally, this paper offers a pragmatic interpretation of the theory choice.
The Non-Professional Judge as a Component of Civic Culture in Poland
Authors: Kużelewski Dariusz 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to present the role of the non-professional judge in Poland as an important manifestation of civic culture based on citizens’ activity in the sphere of justice among other things. The paper also highlights the importance of an appropriate selection of citizens who are to adjudicate and possibly place restrictions on access to judicial functions using the example of Polish law. The last part addresses the problem of the gradual reduction of the participation of lay judges in the Polish justice system and the controversial attempts to halt this trend, such as the introduction of lay judges to the Supreme Court and the start of discussions on the introduction of the justice of the peace to common courts.
Correlation Between Car Size, Weight, Power, and Vowel Quality in Model Names
Authors: Stolarski Łukasz 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on the practical application of the theory of sound symbolism in brand name development and examines which of the two phonetic dimensions of vowel articulation, the vertical articulatory scale or the horizontal one, is utilised to a higher degree in communicating the size of a vehicle to customers. The methodology used in previous studies on size-sound symbolism did not make it possible to separate the two aspects of vowel articulation. In the present paper, these dimensions were categorised by the use of quantitative methods. Each Received Pronunciation vowel was assigned a numerical value separately on both scales. Then, the correlations between the values obtained for horizontal and vertical articulation of the vowels present in the names of cars sold in Great Britain and the physical attributes of the respective vehicles such as size, weight, and power were calculated. The final results reveal that it is only the vertical scale of vowel articulation which is utilised to signal the physical characteristics of the vehicles examined in this project. Although these findings refer directly to British English, they may also have more universal implications for the theory of magnitude sound symbolism.
An Investigation of Affective Reactions to the First-Time Administration of an English Oral Elicited Imitation Test and Oral Narrative Test
Authors: Bielak Jakub , Mystkowska-Wiertelak Anna , Pawlak Mirosław 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs some language tests may be more anxiety-provoking than others, anxiety, other affective reactions, and related perceptions evoked by the English oral elicited imitation test (EI), a sentence repetition task measuring the implicit knowledge of grammar in a way not resembling natural communication, were investigated during first-time administration by means of a 10-point rating scale and a thought-listing tool. Because anxiety and other emotions cannot be interpreted in absolute terms, the same reactions induced by a special type of an English oral narrative test (ON) were investigated for comparison. A quantitative and qualitative analysis revealed EI to be more anxiety-provoking than ON as it created considerably higher levels of tension and worry. The possible causes include the perception of EI as very difficult, the uncertainty and confusion generated by the oral nature of its instruction and stimuli, and lack of an openly declared focus. Careful administration of EI is recommended to reduce anxiety and unfavorable perceptions. Other, much less frequent affective reactions to the tests and perceptions included satisfaction, curiosity, excitement, hope, confusion, interest, boredom, uncertainty, and concentration.
T/V Pronouns and FTAs inthe Works of Sir Thomas Malory: Medieval Politeness and Impoliteness in Directives, Expressives, and Commissives
Authors: Wiśniewska-Przymusińska Malwina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMiddle English second person pronounsthouandyou(T/V) are considered to be among the means employed by medieval speakers to express their attitudes towards each other. Along with face-threatening acts, the use of these pronouns could indicate power relations or solidarity/distance between the interactants (Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003; Jucker 2010; Mazzon 2010; Bax & Kádár 2011, 2012; Jucker 2012). Using the tools available in pragmatic research, this paper attempts to provide an analysis of selected fragments fromThe Works of Sir Thomas Malory(Vinaver 1948 [1947]), analysed through the lens of Searle’s speech act theory (1969, 1976). The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the usage of T/V pronouns in polite or impolite contexts depends on the speech act in which they appear or not. Secondly, it looks at the presence of face-threatening acts (FTAs) and their potential influence on polite or impolite pronoun usage. Lastly, the analysis looks at the usage of FTAs within specific speech acts. The fragments used in this article were chosen from five chapters of Malory’s text:The Tale of King Arthur,Lancelot and Guinevere,The Morte Arthur,The Noble Tale, andTristram de Lyones.
To Translate, or Not to Translate: A Cognitive Linguistic Analysis of Selected English and Polish Proverbs
Authors: Mandziuk-Nizińska Justyna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Proverbs are often said to be part and parcel of the cultural, social, and cognitive heritage of a given linguistic community. This very specific nature of proverbs poses a challenge for any contrastive paremiological study which looks for “equivalents” in the target language. Especially difficult cases which escape systematic analysis are novel modifications of well-established traditional proverbs. To illustrate this, consider a proverb such as The early bird gets the worm. Based on this traditional saying, we have nowadays a number of modifications such as The early bird gets the worm, but the late one gets the pizza or The early bird gets the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese. Also, a Polish original saying such as Kto rano wstaje, temu Pan Bóg daje, lit. “God provides to those who rise early”, now has a number of variants, including Kto rano wstaje, ten idzie po bułki (lit. “Those who rise early go to a shop to buy rolls”) or Kto rano wstaje, ten jest niewyspany (lit. “Those who rise early are sleepy”). One thing is certain: any attempt to develop a viable contrastive paremiological analysis can hardly ignore the complex and intricate relations between the cognitive, linguistic, and cultural aspects of proverbs compared. What is needed is a multifaceted account of such structures. A translation model which seems to be perfectly suited for this purpose is Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk’s theory of reconceptualization (2010). Using as a point of departure Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk’s assertion that that the translation of a proverb from a source language (SL) to a target language (TL) entails “a number of cycles of reconceptualization of the original SL message, expressed eventually in the TL” (2010: 107), we will offer a re-conceptualization-based account of the shift in meaning involving traditional proverbs and their jocular transformations.
Dupont Analysis of Farms in V4 Countries
Authors: Ladvenicová Jana , Bajusová Zuzana , Gurčík Ľubomír , Červený Dávid 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The paper deals with the analysis of factors that influence the change in return on equity (ROE) in farms of individual V4 countries – in Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. DuPont analysis denotes the decomposition of the ROE indicator and is classified as a basic pyramid decomposition. The pyramid system captures the relationship between indicators, where one synthetic indicator (ROE) is broken down into analytical indicators through linkages. In the case of a multiplicative link between indicators, the functional and logarithmic method is used. The source of data is the Farm Accountancy Data Network for the period 2009–2017. Comparing the first and last year we can conclude that the ROE indicator decreased in farms of all V4 countries (in Slovakia by 155%, in Czech Republic by 133%, in Hungary by 52% and in Poland by 19%). The predominantly positive or negative impact on its development was mainly influenced by two indicators: return on assets and return on sales in all countries.
Eksplorasi dampak negatif dan positif pengalaman body shaming melalui pendekatan autoetnografi
Authors: Astuti Annisa Dwi , Mansoer Winarini Wilman D. 
Published: April 2021

Body shaming, atau mempermalukan seseorang karena bentuk tubuhnya, baik yang dilakukan oleh diri sendiri maupun orang lain, dapat memicu respons negatif terhadap korban. Studi autoetnografi ini bertujuan untuk menggali bagaimana individu memaknai pengalaman malu terkait tubuh. Partisipan adalah peneliti sendiri dan dua orang wanita dewasa muda yang memiliki pengalaman malu terkait tubuh. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa pengalaman malu terkait tubuh memunculkan emosi negatif pada semua partisipan. Akan tetapi, terdapat dampak yang berbeda di setiap partisipan. Hasil studi dirangkum dalam tujuh tema besar, yaitu kemunculan malu terkait tubuh, alasan melakukan diet, dampak negatif, strategi koping, malu terkait tubuh saat dan setelah diet, dampak positif, dan dukungan menghadapi malu terkait tubuh. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat tentang fenomena malu terkait tubuh, dampaknya, dan berbagai strategi untuk mengatasi pengalaman tersebut.