bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trabecular meshwork's collagen network formation is inhibited by non‐pigmented ciliary epithelium‐derived extracellular vesicles
Authors: Tabak Saray , Schreiber‐Avissar Sofia , Beit‐Yannai Elie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present research aims to determine whether the application of non‐pigmented ciliary epithelium cells derived extracellular vesicles to human trabecular meshwork cells affects the formation and secretion of collagen type I to the extracellular matrix formation. Following the extraction of non‐pigmented ciliary epithelium derived extracellular vesicles by a precipitation method, their size and concentration were determined using tunable resistive pulse sensing technology. Extracellular vesicles were incubated with trabecular meshwork cells for 3 days. Morphological changes of collagen type I in the extracellular matrix of trabecular meshwork cells were visualized using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A Sirius Red assay was used to determine the total amount of collagen. Finally, collagen type I expression levels in the extracellular matrix of trabecular meshwork cells were quantified by cell western analysis. We found that non‐pigmented ciliary epithelium extracellular vesicles were very effective at preventing collagen fibres formation by the trabecular meshwork cells, and their secretion to the extracellular matrix was significantly reduced (P < .001). Morphological changes in the extracellular matrix of trabecular meshwork cells were observed. Our study indicates that non‐pigmented ciliary epithelium extracellular vesicles can be used to control collagen type I fibrillogenesis in trabecular meshwork cells. These fibrils net‐like structure is responsible for remodelling the extracellular matrix. Moreover, we suggest that targeting collagen type I fibril assembly may be a viable treatment for primary open‐angle glaucoma abnormal matrix deposition of the extracellular matrix.
Indebted by dispossession: The long‐term impacts of a Special Economic Zone on caste inequality in rural Telangana
Authors: Agarwal Samantha 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper contributes to a growing scholarship examining the ways in which dispossession in neoliberal India is reinforcing and reconfiguring agrarian social hierarchies. Existing studies have focussed on the differential successes of villagers in Special Economic Zone (SEZ)‐generated real estate markets, incorporation of land losers into stratified labour markets and the caste‐based politics of dispossession. Few studies, however, have systematically explored the long‐term implications of state‐orchestrated dispossession on agrarian credit and debt relations. Based on long‐term fieldwork on a village partially expropriated for a SEZ in the South Indian state of Telangana, this study shows how dispossession has led to a sharp rise of over‐indebtedness within the land losing population. Dispossession deprived villagers of land and livestock; low compensation was inadequate to obtain replacement assets; and labour inside the SEZ was insufficient to ensure the reproduction of most households. The result was a cascading process of indebtedness for consumption smoothing that was generalized but the greatest among former untouchables (Scheduled Castes, SCs) and Lambadas (Scheduled Tribes, STs). Since dispossession precluded these historically marginalized groups from access to institutional credit, their reliance on largely upper caste moneylenders—whose land was spared expropriation—was deepened. Thus, I show how dispossession for neoliberal projects has reinforced this traditional caste‐based form of exploitation.
Encoding sound in the cochlea: from receptor potential to afferent discharge
Authors: Rutherford Mark A. , von Gersdorff Henrique , Goutman Juan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRibbon‐class synapses in the ear achieve analog to digital transformation of a continuously graded membrane potential to all‐or‐none spikes. In mammals, several auditory nerve fibres (ANFs) carry information from each inner hair cell (IHC) to the brain in parallel. Heterogeneity of transmission among synapses contributes to the diversity of ANF sound‐response properties. In addition to the place code for sound frequency and the rate code for sound level, there is also a temporal code. In series with cochlear amplification and frequency tuning, neural representation of temporal cues over a broad range of sound levels enables auditory comprehension in noisy multi‐speaker settings. The IHC membrane time constant introduces a low‐pass filter that attenuates fluctuations of the receptor potential above 1–2 kHz. The ANF spike generator adds a high‐pass filter via its depolarization‐rate threshold that rejects slow changes in the postsynaptic potential and its phasic response property that ensures one spike per depolarization. Synaptic transmission involves several stochastic subcellular processes between IHC depolarization and ANF spike generation, introducing delay and jitter that limits the speed and precision of spike timing. ANFs spike at a preferred phase of periodic sounds in a process called phase‐locking that is limited to frequencies below a few kilohertz by both the IHC receptor potential and the jitter in synaptic transmission. During phase‐locking to periodic sounds of increasing intensity, faster and facilitated activation of synaptic transmission and spike generation may be offset by presynaptic depletion of synaptic vesicles, resulting in relatively small changes in response phase. Here we review encoding of spike‐timing at cochlear ribbon synapses.
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Cardiac Biomarkers Following Marathon Running: Is Running Time a Factor for Biomarker Change?
Authors: Traiperm Natthapon , Chaunchaiyakul Rungchai , Burtscher Martin , Gatterer Hannes 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin T levels show a transient increase after marathon running. The aim of this study was to investigate whether running duration influences the patterns of changes in cardiac biomarkers. Methods: Twenty participants with fast and slow finishing times were included in the study. Blood samples were taken before the marathon race, immediately after, and 24 hours after the race. Samples were analyzed for NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T concentration. Furthermore, a complete blood cell count was performed. Results: After the marathon race, the fast and slow runners showed similar changes of NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T (ie, a transient increase). Curve estimation regression analysis showed a curvilinear relationship (quadratic model) between running times and NT-proBNP increments immediately after the race, with less of an increase in the very fast and the very slow runners (r2 = .359, P = .023). NT-proBNP increments immediately after the race were correlated to the decline 24 hours after the marathon (r = −.612, P = .004). Conclusions: This study indicates that NT-proBNP release immediately after marathon running varies in a curvilinear fashion with running time. It is speculated that low NT-proBNP release is associated with training adaptation in most elite runners and the relatively low cardiac stress in the slowest (but experienced) runners. The combination of less adaptation and relatively large cardiac wall and metabolic stress may explain the highest NT-proBNP values in runners with average running times. In addition, NT-proBNP decrements 24 hours after the race depend primarily on the values reached after the marathon and not on running time.
Is being a 'left-behind' child associated with an increased risk of self-poisoning in adulthood? Findings from a case–control study in Sri Lanka
Authors: Knipe Duleeka , Moran Paul , Howe Laura D , Bandara Piumee , Wickramage Kolitha , Gunnell David , Rajapakse Thilini 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe long-term consequences of parental emigration on offspring self-harm risk is unknown.MethodsWe investigated the association between experiencing parental emigration in childhood with hospital presentations for self-poisoning in adulthood using a hospital case–control study. Cases were adult self-poisoning patients (≥18 year olds) admitted to the medical toxicology ward Teaching Hospital Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Sex and age frequency matched controls were recruited from the outpatient department or nearby specialist clinics at the same hospital. Details of parental emigration were collected using a pre-piloted questionnaire. The relationship between parental emigration and self-poisoning in adulthood was estimated using logistic regression models.Results298 cases, and 500 hospital controls were interviewed for the study. We estimate that one in five adults experienced parental emmigration as children (95% CI 17% to 24%). We find limited evidence that children from households with emigrating parents were more likely to experience adverse childhood experiences than those with non-emigrating parents. We found no statistical evidence of an increased risk of self-poisoning in adulthood in individuals who experienced parental emigration (maternal or paternal) during childhood. There was no statistical evidence that the impact differed by the sex of the participant.ConclusionAdults who experienced parental emigration as children were no more likely to self-poison than adults with non-emigrating parents. Further research using longitudinal data are needed to understand whether any adverse outcomes observed in 'left-behind' children are a consequence of parental emigration or due to factors associated but predate the emigration. Prospective data are also important to investigate whether there are any lasting effects on children who experience parental emigration.
Is health literacy associated with antibiotic use, knowledge and awareness of antimicrobial resistance among non-medical university students in Egypt? A cross-sectional study
Authors: Mostafa Aya , Abdelzaher Abdurrahman , Rashed Salma , AlKhawaga Salma I , Afifi Shadwa K , AbdelAlim Shaimaa , Mostafa Shaimaa A , Zidan Taha A 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesAntibiotic resistance is a global public health concern, especially in developing countries, where antibiotic misuse is widespread. However, studies investigating relevant factors, particularly in youth, are limited. This study examined the levels of health literacy (HL) and their association with antibiotic use, knowledge of antibiotics and awareness of antibiotic resistance among university students in Egypt.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered questionnaires during 2018. The Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q16) and the WHO Antibiotic resistance: Multi-Country Public Awareness Survey were used. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used to compare responses on use and knowledge of antibiotics, and awareness of antibiotic resistance between the three levels of students’ HL.SettingUniversity, Cairo, Egypt.Participants508 non-medical university students.OutcomesStudents’ HL scores were categorised into sufficient, problematic and inadequate. Students’ knowledge of antibiotics was categorised into good and poor. Students’ awareness of antibiotic resistance was categorised into high, average and poor.Results35.1% of students had sufficient HL. 79.7% of students had poor knowledge of antibiotics. 39.9% of students reported having used antibiotics in the past month without a prescription. 92.2% had limited awareness of antibiotic resistance and 30.6% of students heard about the term ‘antimicrobial resistance’. Background characteristics did not significantly differ by HL levels or knowledge scores, except for students’ year of study. Sufficient HL was independently associated with students’ high awareness of antibiotic resistance (adjusted OR=2.8; 95% CI: 1.3 to 5.9).ConclusionsHL was insufficient in this sample of non-medical Egyptian university students. Across all levels of HL, knowledge of antibiotics and awareness of antibiotic resistance were limited, reflecting deficiency in relevant education programmes. Findings suggest that sufficient HL supports high awareness of antibiotic resistance. Incorporating HL and rational antibiotic use awareness raising programmes in university curricula is an urgent necessity to curb antibiotic resistance.
Chapter 3 Thrusts, extensional faults and fold patterns of the major units
Authors: Scharf Andreas , Mattern Frank , Al-Wardi Mohammed , Frijia Gianluca , Moraetis Daniel , Pracejus Bernhard , Bauer Wilfried , Callegari Ivan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the main faults and folds within the Southeastern Oman Mountains based on available literature. The main, best and most widely exposed thrusts are those related to the SW-directed late Cretaceous obduction of the allochthonous nappes onto the Arabian platform and margin. These thrusts are related to obduction of rocks, which had formed hundreds of kilometres offshore Oman. The thrusts were active from the Cenomanian to the Campanian. Obduction-related thrusts and folds are spectacularly exposed within the rocks of the Arabian platform in the eastern part of the Saih Hatat Dome, including large-scale recumbent cylindrical folds and sheath folds. At least six fold sets can be studied in the Southeastern Oman Mountains. At least two of them had formed prior to obduction and are exposed in the Pre-Permian formations of the Jabal Akhdar Dome. At least three fold sets formed in the course of obduction, while at least one fold set is postobductional in age. Besides the compressional structures, the Oman Mountains expose major post-obductional extensional faults, mostly at the margins of the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. The throw of these faults amounts to a few to several kilometres. Finally, this chapter provides an overview of the enigmatic Batinah Mélange which consists of slivers of Hawasina rocks, resting (unusually) structurally above the Semail Ophiolite.
Chapter 6 Conclusions, differences between the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes and unanswered questions
Authors: Scharf Andreas , Mattern Frank , Al-Wardi Mohammed , Frijia Gianluca , Moraetis Daniel , Pracejus Bernhard , Bauer Wilfried , Callegari Ivan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the conclusions/outlines of the tectonics, affecting the Southeastern Oman Mountains, including the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. The main tectonic events include amongst others (1) Neoproterozoic rifting, (2) two distinct early Paleozoic compressive events, (3) large-scale open ‘Hercynian’ folding and formation of a pronounced unconformity during the late Paleozoic, (4) rifting preceding the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the late Paleozoic, (5) late Cretaceous obduction of the Semail Ophiolite and the response of the Arabian lithosphere as well as (6) post-obductional tectonics. Also of major geological significance are the three major glaciations (Sturtian, Marinoan and Late Paleozoic Gondwana glaciation) which have been recorded in the rocks of northern Oman. Moreover, major lithological, structural and metamorphic differences exist between the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. It appears likely that a major fault, striking parallel to the eastern margin of the Jabal Akhdar Dome, probably originating during Neoproterozoic terrain accretion, acted as a divide between both domes until present. This fault was multiple times reactivated and could explain the differences between the two domes. A catalogue of unanswered questions is included in chronological order to express that many geological aspects need further investigation and future research projects.
Abstract IA-09: Mapping cell structure across scales by fusing protein images and interactions
Authors: Ideker Trey 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cancer cells are multi-scale structures with modular organization across at least four orders of magnitude. Two central approaches for mapping this structure – protein fluorescent imaging and protein interaction – each generate extensive datasets but of distinct qualities and resolutions that are typically treated separately. Here, I will describe ongoing efforts to reconcile the large-scale data emerging from protein imaging and protein affinity purification interaction screens to create unified maps of cancer cells. The core concept is to use machine learning to compute a suitable embedding for each dataset, then to use these data embeddings to produce a general measure of protein distance calibrated against cellular components of known size. The evolving map, called the Multi-Scale Integrated Cell (MuSIC 1.0), currently resolves 69 subcellular systems of which approximately half are undocumented. Based on these findings we have performed 134 additional affinity purifications, validating close subunit associations for the majority of systems. I will also discuss how these cell maps can be used to identify protein complexes, and larger-scale systems such as organelles, that are under significant selective pressure for somatic mutations in different tumor types. In many of these cases, the mutation burden of the complex is far more substantial than the mutation frequency of any of the individual genes that encode it. By integration across scales, MuSIC substantially increases the mapping resolution obtained from imaging while giving protein interactions a spatial dimension, paving the way to incorporate many molecular data types in proteome-wide maps of cells. This work is a collaboration between the Cancer Cell Mapping Initiative (CCMI), the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and the BioPlex Resource.
Citation Format: Trey Ideker. Mapping cell structure across scales by fusing protein images and interactions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Diagnosis, and Imaging; 2021 Jan 13-14. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(5_Suppl):Abstract nr IA-09.
Abstract PO-054: Development of machine learning based early warning for rapid response system in a single cancer center
Authors: Kho Bo-Gun , Kim Min-Seok , Kim Tae-Ok , Park Cheol-Kyu , Kim Young-Chul , Kim Soo-Hyung , Oh In-Jae 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Rapid response systems identify deteriorating hospitalized patients and prevent unexpected mortality by providing immediate interventions. But there are also difficulties in costs and human resources for clinical implementation. Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. We try to develop a machine learning based early warning system to predict intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using vital signs and laboratory values. Methods: The training set was composed of all patients admitted to a cancer hospital named Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital for two years (event group 277 vs. non-event group 3576 cases), and the test set was made from all patients admitted to non-cancer hospital named Chonnam National University Hospital for four months (event group 61 vs. non-event group 2334 cases). The time point at which the patient's clinical deterioration was recognized in the ward was defined as ‘detection time’, and the time point at which the patient suffered airway intubation or CPR was defined as ‘event time’. The algorithm is developed using five vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation) and laboratory values. We compared the efficacy of developed models which were ensemble model, recurrent neural network (RNN), low gradient boosting (LGB), extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and random forest with established modified early warning score (MEWS) using receiver operating characteristic area under curve (ROC AUC) and precision recall AUC (PR AUC) analyses. Results: The ROC AUC value of the ensemble model using five vital signs was 0.9219 and the PR AUC was 0.0732. After adding laboratory values, the ROC AUC values of the ensemble, RNN, LGB, XGB, random forest improved to 0.9964, 0.9814, 0.9950, 0.9862 and 0.9962. The PR AUC values were also increased to 0.2326, 0.2140, 0.3252, 0.2095 and 0.1985, respectively. The developed models showed higher performance than MEWS (ROC AUC: 0.7253, PR AUC: 0.0468) Conclusion: Machine learning based early warning system using vital signs and laboratory results was feasible. And the performance was better than traditional MEWS model because the ensemble model showed highest value in ROC AUC and LGB showed highest value in PR AUC.
Citation Format: Bo-Gun Kho, Min-Seok Kim, Tae-Ok Kim, Cheol-Kyu Park, Young-Chul Kim, Soo-Hyung Kim, In-Jae Oh. Development of machine learning based early warning for rapid response system in a single cancer center [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Diagnosis, and Imaging; 2021 Jan 13-14. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(5_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-054.
Thinking Differently about Cancer Treatment Regimens
Authors: Settleman Jeff , Neto João M. Fernandes , Bernards René 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Summary:
Most experimental cancer drugs ultimately fail during the course of clinical development, contributing to the high cost of the few that are granted regulatory approval. Moreover, approved drugs often deliver only modest clinical benefit to patients with advanced disease due to the development of resistance. Here, we discuss opportunities we consider promising to overcome drug resistance associated with interactions between signaling pathways and the presence of multiple coexisting cell states within tumors with distinct vulnerabilities. We highlight how understanding drug-resistance mechanisms can enable innovative treatment regimens that deliver longer-lasting benefit to patients.
Formation of Nocturnal Offshore Rainfall near the West Coast of Sumatra: Land Breeze or Gravity Wave?
Authors: Bai Hedanqiu , Deranadyan Gumilang , Schumacher Courtney , Funk Aaron , Epifanio Craig , Ali Abdullah , Endarwin  , Radjab Fachri , Adriyanto Riris , Nurhayati Noer , Nugraha Yudha , Fauziah Annisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAfternoon deep convection over the Maritime Continent islands propagates offshore in the evening to early morning hours, leading to a nocturnal rainfall maximum over the nearby ocean. This work investigates the formation of the seaward precipitation migration off western Sumatra and its intraseasonal and seasonal characteristics using BMKG C-band radar observations from Padang and ERA5 reanalysis. A total of 117 nocturnal offshore rainfall events were identified in 2018, with an average propagation speed of 4.5 m s−1 within 180 km of Sumatra. Most offshore propagation events occur when the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is either weak (real-time multivariate MJO index < 1) or active over the Indian Ocean (phases 1–3), whereas very few occur when the MJO is active over the Maritime Continent and western Pacific Ocean (phases 4–6). The occurrence of offshore rainfall events also varies on the basis of the seasonal evolution of the large-scale circulation associated with the Asian–Australian monsoons, with fewer events during the monsoon seasons of December–February and June–August and more during the transition seasons of March–May and September–November. Low-level convergence, resulting from the interaction of the land breeze and background low-level westerlies, is found to be the primary driver for producing offshore convective rain propagation from the west coast of Sumatra. Stratiform rain propagation speeds are further increased by upper-level easterlies, which explains the faster migration speed of high reflective clouds observed by satellite. However, temperature anomalies associated with daytime convective latent heating over Sumatra indicate that gravity waves may also modulate the offshore environment to be conducive to seaward convection migration.