bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term nitrogen addition does not sustain host tree stem radial growth but doubles the abundance of high‐biomass ectomycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Karst Justine , Wasyliw Joshua , Birch Joseph D. , Franklin James , Chang Scott X. , Erbilgin Nadir 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGlobal change has altered nitrogen availability in boreal forest soils. As ectomycorrhizal fungi play critical ecological functions, shifts in their abundance and community composition must be considered in the response of forests to changes in nitrogen availability. Furthermore, ectomycorrhizas are symbiotic, so the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to nitrogen cannot be understood in isolation of their plant partners. Most previous studies, however, neglect to measure the response of host trees to nitrogen addition simultaneously with that of fungal communities. In addition to being one‐sided, most of these studies have also been conducted in coniferous forests. Deciduous and “dual‐mycorrhizal” tree species, namely those that form ecto‐ and arbuscular mycorrhizas, have received little attention despite being widespread in the boreal forest. We applied nitrogen (30 kg ha−1 year−1) for 13 years to stands dominated by aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and hypothesized that tree stem radial growth would increase, ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass would decrease, ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition would shift, and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi would increase. Nitrogen addition initially increased stem radial growth of aspen, but it was not sustained at the time we characterized their mycorrhizas. After 13 years, the abundance of fungi possessing extramatrical hyphae, or “high‐biomass” ectomycorrhizas, doubled. No changes occurred in ectomycorrhizal and AM fungal community composition, or in ecto‐ and AM abundance measured as root colonization. This dual‐mycorrhizal tree species did not shift away from ectomycorrhizal fungal dominance with long‐term nitrogen input. The unexpected increase in high‐biomass ectomycorrhizal fungi with nitrogen addition may be due to increased carbon allocation to their fungal partners by growth‐limited trees. Given the focus on conifers in past studies, reconciling results of plant–mycorrhizal fungal relationships in stands of deciduous trees may demand a broader view on the impacts of nitrogen addition on the structure and function of boreal forests.
PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy four times daily is superior to guidelines recommended regimens in the Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy within Asia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Cailing , Shi Yanyan , Suo Baojun , Tian Xueli , Zhou Liya , Song Zhiqiang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundSystematic reviews suggested that the eradication efficacy of PPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy is similar to that of other commonly used regimens. However, it might be affected by the medication frequency. Basic and clinical studies have shown that dual therapy administered four‐times daily has a reliable pathophysiological basis and could achieve satisfactory efficacy. Therefore, a systematic review of RCTs of dual therapy and other regimens was conducted to clarify whether dual therapy is superior to guidelines recommended regimens.Materials and MethodsThe RCTs comparing dual therapy with other regimens were subjected to meta‐analysis to evaluate the eradication rate, adverse reactions, and compliance using a random‐effects model.ResultsDual therapy administered four‐times daily had a higher eradication rate than other regimens (intention‐to‐treat analysis: 89.7% vs 84.6%, OR: 1.52, 95%CI 1.08–2.14, p = 0.02; per‐protocol analysis: 92.6% vs 88.2%, OR: 1.54, 95%CI 1.01–2.34, p = 0.04). In first‐line therapy, according to intention‐to‐treat analysis, the eradication rate of dual therapy was higher than other regimens (89.8% vs 84.2%, OR: 1.63, 95%CI 1.02–2.61, p = 0.04). In per‐protocol analysis, dual therapy showed better efficacy than others (92.9% vs 88.3%, OR: 1.68, 95% CI 0.98–2.89, p = 0.06), but not significantly. In salvage treatment, no significant difference was detected. The safety of dual therapy was significantly better than other regimens (19.6% vs 36.7%, p < 0.01), but no difference was observed in compliance (p = 0.58).ConclusionPPI‐amoxicillin dual therapy administered four‐times daily has better efficacy and safety in H. pylori eradication than current guidelines recommended regimens, especially in first‐line therapy, and mainly in Asia.
Gestational diabetes in women living with HIV in Botswana: lower rates with dolutegravir‐ than with efavirenz‐based antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Mmasa KN , Powis K , Sun S , Makhema J , Mmalane M , Kgole S , Masasa G , Moyo S , Gerschenson M , Mohammed T , Legbedze J , Abrams EJ , Kurland IJ , Geffner ME , Jao J 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThere are few data on the prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM) in pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) in sub‐Saharan Africa, particularly those using integrase strand transfer inhibitors such as dolutegravir (DTG).MethodsWe prospectively enrolled pregnant WLHIV and pregnant women without HIV ≥18 years old in Gaborone, Botswana, excluding those with pre‐existing diabetes. We screened for GDM using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed at 24–28 weeks’ gestation or at the earliest prenatal visit for those presenting after 28 weeks. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess the association between maternal HIV infection and GDM. Subgroup analyses were performed among WLHIV to assess the association between maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnancy [DTG vs. efavirenz (EFV) with tenofovir/emtricitabine] and GDM.ResultsOf 486 pregnant women, 66.5% were WLHIV, and they were older than women without HIV (median age 30 vs. 25 years, P < 0.01). Among WLHIV, 97.8% had an HIV‐1 RNA level < 400 copies/mL at enrolment. Overall, 8.4% had GDM with similar rates between WLHIV and those without HIV (9.0% vs. 7.4%). The WLHIV receiving DTG‐based ART had a 60% lower risk for GDM compared with those on EFV‐based ART (adjusted odds ratio = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18–0.92) after adjusting for confounders.ConclusionsPregnant WLHIV on ART in Botswana were not at increased risk of GDM compared with women without HIV. Among WLHIV, the risk of GDM was lower with DTG‐ than with EFV‐based ART. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm these findings.
Revitalizing previously treated teeth with open apices: A case report and a literature review
Authors: Nosrat Ali , Bolhari Behnam , Saber Tahan Shima , Dianat Omid , Dummer Paul Michael Howell 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRevitalizing the root canals of previously treated teeth with open apices is appealing to clinicians and patients. However, there are fundamental differences in the microbiome and the microenvironment between a canal with a primary endodontic infection and a canal with a persistent endodontic infection. The aims of this report are to report a case where a previously treated tooth with an open apex and a large apical radiolucency was treated successfully using regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) and to review and critically appraise the literature on procedures and outcomes of RET that result in revitalization of canal(s) in previously treated teeth with open apices. A maxillary central incisor with poor‐quality root filling, a large apical radiolucency and an open apex was retreated using RET using platelet‐rich fibrin as the scaffold. After 24 months, there was complete healing of the periapical lesion and obvious radiographic signs of apical root closure. Electronic searches were performed in MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase, and the baseline, procedural and outcome data of qualified articles were collected. An assessment tool was developed to rate the quality of evidence reported in these case report/series. Nine articles, three case series and six case reports, with a total of 17 teeth of all types, were included in the reports identified. The age of patients ranged from 7 to 48 years (mean: 19.4 years). The recall period ranged from 12 to 72 months (mean: 29 months). All 17 teeth survived and were functional with healing/healed outcomes. “Apical closure” was the most common radiographic finding regarding root development. The quality of evidence using the new assessment tool was rated “Excellent” in three case reports but only “Fair” in the other six articles. The present case report, as well as the review of the literature, suggests that revitalizing the root canal system of teeth with open apices and post‐treatment disease using RET is a potentially valid treatment option. However, more clinical studies with higher levels of evidence and higher quality of evidence are required to confirm the viability of this treatment approach.
Nursing care factors influencing patients' outcomes in the intensive care unit: Findings from a rapid review
Authors: Danielis Matteo , Destrebecq Anne Lucia Leona , Terzoni Stefano , Palese Alvisa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsTo examine the nursing care factors investigated regarding their influence on outcomes of critically ill patients.BackgroundA large number of studies have considered patients' outcomes as sensitive to nursing practice in intensive care unit environments. However, no summary of nursing factors influencing these outcomes has been provided.DesignRapid review, following the seven‐stage process outlined by Tricco and colleagues.Data SourcesArticles published up to March 2020 were identified in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Scopus databases.Review MethodsEligibility of studies was first assessed at the title and abstracts level. Study inclusion was then established by two researchers by analysing the full texts.ResultsA total of 93 studies were included, with a total of 21 nursing care factors documented. At the structural level, nursing factors have been investigated at the organizational and at the personnel level. At the process level, nurse‐led programmes, independent nursing interventions and nurse behaviours have been investigated to date.ConclusionThe set of nursing factors that emerged can be used in future research to improve poorly developed areas and to accumulate further evidence through additional studies, both at managerial and practice levels.
Optimal CD8+ T‐cell memory formation following subcutaneous cytomegalovirus infection requires virus replication but not early dendritic cell responses
Authors: Dimonte Sandra , Gimeno‐Brias Silvia , Marsden Morgan , Chapman Lucy , Sabberwal Pragati , Clement Mathew , Humphreys Ian R 
Published: May 2021

SummaryCytomegalovirus (CMV) induction of large frequencies of highly functional memory T cells has attracted much interest in the utility of CMV‐based vaccine vectors, with exciting preclinical data obtained in models of infectious diseases and cancer. However, pathogenesis of human CMV (HCMV) remains a concern. Attenuated CMV‐based vectors, such as replication‐ or spread‐deficient viruses, potentially offer an alternative to fully replicating vectors. However, it is not well understood how CMV attenuation impacts vector immunogenicity, particularly when administered via relevant routes of immunization such as the skin. Herein, we used the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) model to investigate the impact of vector attenuation on T‐cell memory formation following subcutaneous administration. We found that the spread‐deficient virus (ΔgL‐MCMV) was impaired in its ability to induce memory CD8+ T cells reactive to some (M38, IE1) but not all (IE3) viral antigens. Impaired‐memory T‐cell development was associated with a preferential and pronounced loss of polyfunctional (IFN‐γ+ TNF‐α+) T cells and also reduced accumulation of TCF1+ T cells, and was not rescued by increasing the dose of replication‐defective MCMV. Finally, whilst vector attenuation reduced dendritic cell (DC) recruitment to skin‐draining lymph nodes, systematic depletion of multiple DC subsets during acute subcutaneous MCMV infection had a negligible impact on T‐cell memory formation, implying that attenuated responses induced by replication‐deficient vectors were likely not a consequence of impaired initial DC activation. Thus, overall, these data imply that the choice of antigen and/or cloning strategy of exogenous antigen in combination with the route of immunization may influence the ability of attenuated CMV vectors to induce robust functional T‐cell memory.
Reimagining laboratory‐based immunology education in the time of COVID‐19
Authors: Wilkinson Thomas S. , Nibbs Rob , Francis Nigel J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe pandemic has brought challenges to teaching lab and research skills. Here Nigel Francis and colleagues explore the diverse approaches taken to replace lab‐based immunology teaching, explain how networks of educators have driven this innovation and discuss the importance of retaining best practice into the future.
Safeners improve early‐stage chilling‐stress tolerance in sorghum
Authors: Vennapusa Amaranatha R. , Assefa Yared , Sebela David , Somayanda Impa , Perumal Ramasamy , Riechers Dean E. , Vara Prasad P. V. , Jagadish S. V. Krishna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is highly sensitive to chilling temperatures (<15°C soil temperatures) during germination and early seedling establishment. Hence, the main objectives of this research were to (a) validate the potential level of chilling tolerance in selected sorghum genotypes, (b) determine effective concentrations of selected safeners for improving chilling tolerance and (c) determine if safener combinations further enhance chilling tolerance compared to individual safener treatments. Four experiments were conducted with five sorghum genotypes, four safeners (oxabetrinil, fluxofenim, naphthalic anhydride and benoxacor), nine safener concentrations (0–25 μM) and two temperatures. The chilling‐tolerant genotypes recorded higher germination percentage (98% vs. 63%) and root (3.0 vs. 0.8 cm) and shoot lengths (0.7 vs. 0.1 cm) compared to sensitive genotypes under continuous 15℃. Each of the four safeners applied at the highest concentrations tested (20 and 25 μM) significantly enhanced seed germination and seedling growth at 15℃. The combination of four safeners was more effective in reducing chilling stress‐induced injury compared to individual, two‐ or three‐way combinations. Enhanced chilling tolerance may be extended to other cereal crops after optimizing the genetic background and effects of agro‐climatic conditions on safener chemistry, concentration, and proper combination of seed‐applied safeners.
Middle portion of the wheat culm remobilizes more carbon reserve to grains under drought
Authors: Thapa Sushil , Rudd Jackie C. , Jessup Kirk E. , Liu Shuyu , Baker Jason A. , Devkota Ravindra N. , Xue Qingwu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn a semi‐arid climate, heat and drought stress can significantly reduce photosynthesis during grain filling hence, the remobilization of stored carbon reserves from stems becomes important to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. A 2‐year field study was conducted to better understand the contributions of different internodes to grain yield. We measured remobilization of stored carbon reserves in eight wheat genotypes under irrigated and dryland conditions. For each genotype, plant samples consisting of ten culms were collected between anthesis and physiological maturity. There was no difference in single stem weight loss between two water levels, but the stem loss contribution to yield was higher in dryland wheat (54.4%) than that in irrigated wheat (38.5%). Among the genotypes, the stem loss contribution to yield ranged 38.9%–58.1% in the relatively wet season of 2017 and 36.5%–62.5% in the dry season of 2018. The amount of stem loss showed a strong relationship with grain yield, especially under the dryland condition. At each sampling date, length as well as the dry weight of peduncle (first internode from the top) was greater than the other internodes; however, more stem loss (in weight and percentage weight) occurred in the third internode, followed by second and fourth internodes. Results suggest that the stem loss contribution to yield is greater under dryland than irrigated condition and occurs mainly in the middle portion of the culm.
Artificial intelligence in nursing: Priorities and opportunities from an international invitational think‐tank of the Nursing and Artificial Intelligence Leadership Collaborative
Authors: Ronquillo Charlene Esteban , Peltonen Laura‐Maria , Pruinelli Lisiane , Chu Charlene H. , Bakken Suzanne , Beduschi Ana , Cato Kenrick , Hardiker Nicholas , Junger Alain , Michalowski Martin , Nyrup Rune , Rahimi Samira , Reed Donald Nigel , Salakoski Tapio , Salanterä Sanna , Walton Nancy , Weber Patrick , Wiegand Thomas , Topaz Maxim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo develop a consensus paper on the central points of an international invitational think‐tank on nursing and artificial intelligence (AI).MethodsWe established the Nursing and Artificial Intelligence Leadership (NAIL) Collaborative, comprising interdisciplinary experts in AI development, biomedical ethics, AI in primary care, AI legal aspects, philosophy of AI in health, nursing practice, implementation science, leaders in health informatics practice and international health informatics groups, a representative of patients and the public, and the Chair of the ITU/WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health. The NAIL Collaborative convened at a 3‐day invitational think tank in autumn 2019. Activities included a pre‐event survey, expert presentations and working sessions to identify priority areas for action, opportunities and recommendations to address these. In this paper, we summarize the key discussion points and notes from the aforementioned activities.Implications for nursingNursing's limited current engagement with discourses on AI and health posts a risk that the profession is not part of the conversations that have potentially significant impacts on nursing practice.ConclusionThere are numerous gaps and a timely need for the nursing profession to be among the leaders and drivers of conversations around AI in health systems.ImpactWe outline crucial gaps where focused effort is required for nursing to take a leadership role in shaping AI use in health systems. Three priorities were identified that need to be addressed in the near future: (a) Nurses must understand the relationship between the data they collect and AI technologies they use; (b) Nurses need to be meaningfully involved in all stages of AI: from development to implementation; and (c) There is a substantial untapped and an unexplored potential for nursing to contribute to the development of AI technologies for global health and humanitarian efforts.
Interplay between long‐term vulnerability and new risk: Young adolescent and maternal mental health immediately before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Wright Nicola , Hill Jonathan , Sharp Helen , Pickles Andrew 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe examine whether there has been an increase in young adolescent and maternal mental health problems from pre‐ to post‐onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsChildren aged 11–12 years and their mothers participating in a UK population‐based birth cohort (Wirral Child Health and Development Study) provided mental health data between December 2019 and March 2020, and again 3 months after lockdown, 89% (N = 202) of 226 assessed pre‐COVID‐19. Emotional and behavioural problems were assessed by self‐ and maternal reports, and long‐term vulnerability by maternal report of prior child adjustment, and maternal prenatal depression.ResultsThe young adolescents reported a 44% (95% confidence interval [CI: 23%–65%]) increase in symptoms of depression and 26% (95% CI [12%–40%]) for post‐traumatic stress disorder, with corresponding maternal reports of child symptoms of 71% (95% CI [44%–99%]) and 43% (95% CI 29%–86%). Disruptive behaviour problem symptoms increased by 76% (95% CI [43%–109%]) particularly in children without previous externalising symptoms. Both female gender and having had high internalising symptoms earlier in childhood were associated with elevated rates of depression pre‐pandemic, and with greater absolute increases during COVID‐19. Mothers' own depression symptoms increased by 42% (95% CI [20%–65%]), and this change was greater among mothers who had prenatal depression. No change in anxiety was observed among children or mothers. None of these increases were moderated by COVID‐19‐related experiences such as frontline worker status of a parent. Prior to the pandemic, rates of maternal and child depression were greater in families experiencing higher deprivation, but changed only in less deprived families, raising their rates to those of the high deprivation group.ConclusionsCOVID‐19 has led to a marked increase in mental health problems in young adolescents and their mothers with concomitant requirements for mental health services to have the resources to adapt to meet the level and nature of the needs.
Elevated serum pentosidine is independently associated with the high prevalence of sarcopenia in Chinese middle‐aged and elderly men with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhang Xiaofan , Liu Juan , Zhang Qing , Lu Aijiao , Du Yunfeng , Ye Xinhua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionSarcopenia has recently been recognized as another complication associated with diabetes, but its early screening still lacks clinical markers. Here, we aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of pentosidine, which is an advanced glycation end‐product, and sarcopenia in Chinese middle‐aged and elderly men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and evaluate whether pentosidine could be used as a kind of screening maker.Materials and MethodsA total of 182 male type 2 diabetes mellitus patients aged ≥50 years were selected in the cross‐sectional study for whole‐body dual‐energy X‐ray measurement and calculating the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index. At the same time, handgrip strength and gait speed were assessed. According to the updated consensus on Asian sarcopenia in 2019, the patients were divided into the sarcopenia group (n = 83) and non‐sarcopenia group (n = 99). Serum pentosidine levels in the two groups were detected using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsSerum pentosidine was significantly higher in the sarcopenia group (191.27 pmol/mL) than in the non‐sarcopenia group (34.93 pmol/mL). Serum pentosidine was negatively correlated with appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and handgrip strength (r = −0.30 and −0.25, respectively; P < 0.05), but not gait speed. The prevalence of sarcopenia increased as the quartile of serum pentosidine increased (P < 0.05). The association between pentosidine and the prevalence of sarcopenia was still significant after additional adjustments (odds ratio 1.01, P < 0.05).ConclusionsPentosidine is an independent risk factor for sarcopenia in Chinese middle‐aged and elderly men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The detection of serum pentosidine levels in clinics might be helpful for the monitoring of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with sarcopenia.