bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with urban water infrastructure: What we have learnt from China's practice
Authors: Zhang Qian , Smith Kate , Zhao Xu , Jin Xinkai , Wang Shuya , Shen Junjie , Ren Zhiyong Jason 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMunicipal water and wastewater services have complicated sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and quantifying their roles is critical for tackling global environmental challenges. In this study we provide a systematic review of the state‐of‐the‐art on GHG emission characterizations of China's urban water infrastructure with the aim of shedding light on global implications for sustainable development. We started by synthesizing a framework on GHG emissions associated with water and wastewater infrastructure. Then we analyzed the different sources of GHG emissions in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. In drinking water services, electricity consumption is the largest source of GHG emissions. A particular concern in China is the common use of secondary pumping for high‐rise buildings. Optimized pressure management with an efficient pumping system should be prioritized. In wastewater services, non‐CO2 emissions such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are substantial, but vary greatly depending on regional and technological differences. Further research directions may include GHG inventory development for urban water systems at the plant level, quantifications of GHG emissions from sewer systems, emission reduction measures via water reclamation, renewable energy recovery, energy efficiency improvement, cost–benefit analyses, and characterizations of Scope 3 emissions.This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Quark-sector Lorentz violation in Z-boson production
Authors: Lunghi Enrico , Sherrill Nathan , Szczepaniak Adam , Vieira Alexandre 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Quark-sector Lorentz violation is studied in the context of Drell-Yan dilepton production including effects from Z-boson exchange. We show the chiral nature of the weak interactions enables parity-violating and spin-dependent effects to be studied using unpolarized initial states. Constraints are placed on dimensionless and CPT-even coefficients for Lorentz violation for the first two generations of quarks using measurements from the Large Hadron Collider.
Natural Graph Wavelet Packet Dictionaries
Authors: Cloninger Alexander , Li Haotian , Saito Naoki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe introduce a set of novel multiscale basis transforms for signals on graphs that utilize their “dual” domains by incorporating the “natural” distances between graph Laplacian eigenvectors, rather than simply using the eigenvalue ordering. These basis dictionaries can be seen as generalizations of the classical Shannon wavelet packet dictionary to arbitrary graphs, and do not rely on the frequency interpretation of Laplacian eigenvalues. We describe the algorithms (involving either vector rotations or orthogonalizations) to construct these basis dictionaries, use them to efficiently approximate graph signals through the best basis search, and demonstrate the strengths of these basis dictionaries for graph signals measured on sunflower graphs and street networks.
Einfluss der Coronapandemie auf Schmerzpatienten
Authors: Cegla Thomas H. , Magner Astrid 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Erkrankungen verursacht durch das neuartige Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) haben in einem sehr dynamischen Verlauf zu einer Pandemie geführt. Die epidemiologische Lage von nationaler Tragweite erforderte Infektionsschutzmaßnahmen mit dem Ziel, die Morbidität und Mortalität zu senken. Eine Überbelastung der Gesundheitssysteme sollte vermieden werden. Die Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Pandemie hatten und haben Auswirkungen auf das öffentliche und private Leben. Chronisch schmerzkranke Patienten sind ebenfalls betroffen.

Fragestellung
Welche Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf ihre Versorgung nehmen Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen wahr?

Methode
Siebzig Schmerzpatienten nach einer multimodal stationären Therapie wurden in einem standardisierten Interview telefonisch zu ihrem Befinden wie folgt befragt: Führten die Coronabedingungen zu einer Zunahme der Schmerzbelastung, verschlechterte sich die Stimmung und hatte die Pandemie einen nachteiligen Einfluss auf die schmerzmedizinische Versorgungssituation?

Ergebnisse
Die Veränderungen im biopsychosozialen Bereich sind für die Patienten erlebbar und wirken sich auf die Gesamtsituation aus. Chronisch schmerzkranke Patienten waren vom sogenannten Lockdown betroffen. Patienten bringen eine Verschlechterung von Stimmung und ihrer Schmerzsituation zu einem großen Anteil mit den coronabedingten Maßnahmen in Verbindung. Deutlich ist die Stimmungsverschlechterung (70 % der Befragten). Eine Schmerzzunahme wird bei 44 % der Befragten mit den durch die Pandemie verursachten Veränderungen in Zusammenhang gebracht. 39 % der Patienten geben eine Verschlechterung ihrer schmerzmedizinischen Versorgung an. Die Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Pandemie hatten und haben Auswirkungen auf das Leben chronisch kranker Schmerzpatienten.

Diskussion
Die bestehenden, auch im Vergleich zur Situation ohne Pandemie begrenzten Möglichkeiten einer koordinierten Versorgung von Schmerzpatienten im Anschluss an einen multimodal stationären Aufenthalt auch in schwierigen Situationen beizubehalten, ist notwendig. Die negativen Auswirkungen einer Reduktion medizinischer Versorgung sind ein Argument für eine multimodal ambulante Weiterversorgung insbesondere nach erfolgter stationärer Behandlung.
Consensus-Statement der Österreichischen Gesellschaften für Pneumologie und Rheumatologie zur Definition, Evaluation und Therapie von progredient fibrosierenden interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen (pfILD)
Authors: Lang David , Moazedi-Fürst Florentine , Sautner Judith , Prosch Helmut , Handzhiev Sabin , Hackner Klaus , Tancevski Ivan , Flick Holger , Koller Hubert , Kiener Hans Peter , Prior Christian , Lamprecht Bernd 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungInterstitielle Lungenerkrankungen (ILD) sind eine heterogene Gruppe von Pathologien, die zunehmend als relevanter Faktor pulmonaler Morbidität und Mortalität erkannt werden. Verschiedene ILD wie die idiopathische Lungenfibrose (IPF), aber auch durch Autoimmunprozesse oder durch exogene Noxen bedingte ILD können zu progredienter, meist irreversibler Lungenfibrose führen. Die antifibrotischen Substanzen Nintedanib und Pirfenidon können den Krankheitsverlauf bei IPF-Patienten günstig beeinflussen. Dagegen werden ILD, die auf entzündlichen Prozessen wie z. B. rheumatologischen Grunderkrankungen oder exogen-allergischer Alveolitis beruhen, bis dato klassischerweise immunsuppressiv therapiert. Immer wieder kommt es aber trotz einer solchen Behandlung zu progredienter Fibrosierung. Eine positive Wirkung antifibrotischer Medikation auf progredient fibrosierende (pf)ILD abseits der IPF konnte in rezenten Studien demonstriert werden, auch wenn der Stellenwert der Antifibrotika in solchen Situationen noch nicht vollständig geklärt ist. Dieses Consensus-Statement beruht auf einem virtuellen, multidisziplinären Expertenmeeting von Rheumatologen, Pneumologen und Radiologen und wurde durch die jeweiligen ILD-Arbeitskreise der Österreichischen Gesellschaften für Pneumologie sowie Rheumatologie (ÖGP und ÖGR) akkordiert. Ziel war es, den aktuellen Stand von klinischer Praxis und wissenschaftlicher Datenlage zu Definition, Evaluation und Therapie von pfILD darzustellen. Zusammenfassend sollen ILD-Patienten einer standardisierten Abklärung unterzogen, in einem multidisziplinären ILD-Board diskutiert und dementsprechend therapiert werden. Kern dieser Empfehlungen ist, auch Non-IPF-Patienten mit dokumentiert progredient fibrosierendem ILD-Verlauf antifibrotisch zu behandeln, insbesondere wenn Honigwabenzysten oder eine bereits ausgedehnte Erkrankung vorliegen. Patienten mit fibrotischer ILD, die auf Basis der ILD-Board-Empfehlung primär keiner oder ausschließlich einer immunsuppressiven Therapie unterzogen werden, sollten engmaschig hinsichtlich eines progredienten Verlaufes überwacht werden.
Auswirkung des COVID-19-Lockdowns auf Rettungseinsätze
Authors: Müller Frank , Hummers Eva , Jablonka Alexandra , Schmidt Tobias , Noack Eva Maria 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Zur Bekämpfung der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie wurden in Deutschland Mitte März 2020 weitgehende Kontaktbeschränkungen erlassen (sog. Lockdown). Die vorliegende Arbeit soll klären, welche Auswirkungen diese Maßnahmen auf Rettungsdiensteinsätze hatten.

Material und Methoden
Retrospektive Auswertung von 6668 Einsatzprotokollen von vier Rettungswachen in Ostniedersachsen der beiden ersten Quartale 2020. Deskription und teststatistischer Vergleich der Einsätze sechs Wochen vor den Kontaktbeschränkungen mit einem gleich großen Zeitraum nach deren Erlass.

Ergebnisse
In den sechs Wochen im Lockdown gab es 17,7 % weniger Einsätze als in den Wochen vor dem Lockdown. Insbesondere zeigte sich eine Abnahme von Einsätzen wegen Atemwegserkrankungen um 40,6 % (91 Fälle), die insbesondere auf den Rückgang von Pneumonien und exazerbierten chronisch-obstruktiven Lungenerkrankungen (COPD) zurückgeht. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich ein Anstieg des durchschnittlichen Alters der Patienten mit einer Verringerung des Anteils der unter 65-Jährigen. Veränderungen bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen, verstorbenen oder verletzten Patienten oder der Verweigerung von Behandlung und Transport wurden nicht beobachtet. Insgesamt wurden im Zeitraum 67 Patienten (1,0 %) mit Verdacht auf oder bestätigter COVID-19-Erkrankung behandelt.

Diskussion
Im Rettungsdienst zeigt sich eine Reduktion der Einsätze in Folge der Kontaktbeschränkungen, wobei diese nicht so stark ausfällt, wie für Notaufnahmen beschrieben wurde. Dieser Rückgang könnte auf eine Reduktion insbesondere weniger schwerer Erkrankungsfälle und jüngerer Patienten zurückzuführen sein. Auffällig ist die Reduktion von Pneumonien und exazerbierter COPD. Dies könnte einerseits bedeuten, dass Kontaktbeschränkungen das Infektionsgeschehen bei anderen Atemwegserkrankungen reduziert haben, aber ebenfalls, dass Patienten Krankenhausbehandlungen vermeiden wollten.
A space-time certified reduced basis method for quasilinear parabolic partial differential equations
Authors: Hinze Michael , Korolev Denis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a certified reduced basis (RB) method forquasilinearparabolic problems with strongly monotone spatial differential operator. We provide a residual-based a posteriori error estimate for a space-time formulation and the corresponding efficiently computable bound for thecertificationof the method. We introduce a Petrov-Galerkin finite element discretization of the continuous space-time problem and use it as our reference in a posteriori error control. The Petrov-Galerkin discretization is further approximated by the Crank-Nicolson time-marching problem. It allows to use a POD-Greedy approach to construct the reduced-basis spaces of small dimensions and to apply the Empirical Interpolation Method (EIM) to guarantee the efficientoffline-onlinecomputational procedure. In our approach, we compute the reduced basis solution in a time-marching framework while the RB approximation error in a space-time norm is controlled by our computable bound. Therefore, we combine a POD-Greedy approximation with a space-time Galerkin method.
The hierarchical SMAA-PROMETHEE method applied to assess the sustainability of European cities
Authors: Corrente Salvatore , Greco Salvatore , Leonardi Floriana , Słowiński Roman 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMeasuring the level of sustainability taking into account many contributing aspects is a challenge. In this paper, we apply a multiple criteria decision aiding framework, namely, the hierarchical-SMAA-PROMETHEE method, to assess the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of 20 European cities in the period going from 2012 to 2015. The application of the method is innovative for the following reasons: (i) it permits to study the sustainability of the mentioned cities not only comprehensively but also considering separately particular macro-criteria, providing in this way more specific information on their weak and strong points; (ii) the use of PROMETHEE and, in particular, of PROMETHEE II, avoids the compensation between different and heterogeneous criteria, that is arbitrarily assumed in value function aggregation models; finally, (iii) thanks to the application of the Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis, the method provides more robust recommendations than a method based on a single instance of the considered preference model compatible with few preference information items provided by the Decision Maker.
Increasing maximum lake surface temperature under climate change
Authors: Dokulil Martin T. , de Eyto Elvira , Maberly Stephen C. , May Linda , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. , Woolway R. Iestyn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnnual maximum lake surface temperature influences ecosystem structure and function and, in particular, the rates of metabolic activities, species survival and biogeography. Here, we evaluated 50 years of observational data, from 1966 to 2015, for ten European lakes to quantify changes in the annual maximum surface temperature and the duration above a potentially critical temperature of 20 °C. Our results show that annual maximum lake surface temperature has increased at an average rate of +0.58 °C decade−1 (95% confidence interval 0.18), which is similar to the observed increase in annual maximum air temperature of +0.42 °C decade−1 (95% confidence interval 0.28) over the same period. Increments in lake maximum temperature among the ten lakes range from +0.1 in the west to +1.9 °C decade−1 in the east. Absolute maximum lake surface water temperatures were reached in Wörthersee, 27.5 °C, and Neusiedler See, 31.7 °C. Periods exceeding a critical temperature of 20 °C each year became two to six times longer than the respective average (6 to 93). The depth at which water temperature exceeded 20 °C increased from less than 1 to more than 6 m in Mondsee, Austria, over the 50 years studied. As a consequence, the habitable environment became increasingly restricted for many organisms that are adapted to historic conditions.
The influence of temporal frequency and stimulus size on the relative contribution of luminance and L-/M-cone opponent mechanisms in heterochromatic flicker ERGs
Authors: Kremers Jan , Aher Avinash J. , Popov Yassen , Mirsalehi Maziar , Huchzermeyer Cord 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeTo study the effect of stimulus size and temporal frequency on the relative contribution of luminance and L-/M-cone opponent signals in the ERG.MethodsIn four healthy, color normal subjects, ERG responses to heterochromatic stimuli with sinusoidal, counter-phase modulation of red and green LEDs were measured. By inverse variation of red and green contrasts, we varied luminance contrast while keeping L-/M-cone opponent chromatic contrast constant. The first harmonic components in the full field ERGs are independent of stimulus contrast at 12 Hz, while responses to 36 Hz stimuli vary, reaching a minimum close to isoluminance. It was assumed that ERG responses reflect L-/M-cone opponency at 12 Hz and luminance at 36 Hz. In this study, we modeled the influence of temporal frequency on the relative contribution of these mechanisms at intermediate frequencies, measured the influence of stimulus size on model parameters, and analyzed the second harmonic component at 12 Hz.ResultsThe responses at all frequencies and stimulus sizes could be described by a linear vector addition of luminance and L-/M-cone opponent reflecting ERGs. The contribution of the luminance mechanism increased with increasing temporal frequency and with increasing stimulus size, whereas the gain of the L-/M-cone opponent mechanism was independent of stimulus size and was larger at lower temporal frequencies. Thus, the luminance mechanism dominated at lower temporal frequencies with large stimuli. At 12 Hz, the second harmonic component reflected the luminance mechanism.ConclusionsThe ERGs to heterochromatic stimuli can be fully described in terms of linear combinations of responses in the (magnocellular) luminance and the (parvocellular) L-/M-opponent retino-geniculate pathways. The non-invasive study of these pathways in human subjects may have implications for basic research and for clinical research.
Droplet impact onto a spring-supported plate: analysis and simulations
Authors: Negus Michael J. , Moore Madeleine R. , Oliver James M. , Cimpeanu Radu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe high-speed impact of a droplet onto a flexible substrate is a highly non-linear process of practical importance, which poses formidable modelling challenges in the context of fluid–structure interaction. We present two approaches aimed at investigating the canonical system of a droplet impacting onto a rigid plate supported by a spring and a dashpot: matched asymptotic expansions and direct numerical simulation (DNS). In the former, we derive a generalisation of inviscid Wagner theory to approximate the flow behaviour during the early stages of the impact. In the latter, we perform detailed DNS designed to validate the analytical framework, as well as provide insight into later times beyond the reach of the proposed analytical model. Drawing from both methods, we observe the strong influence that the mass of the plate, resistance of the dashpot, and stiffness of the spring have on the motion of the solid, which undergo forced damped oscillations. Furthermore, we examine how the plate motion affects the dynamics of the droplet, predominantly through altering its internal hydrodynamic pressure distribution. We build on the interplay between these techniques, demonstrating that a hybrid approach leads to improved model and computational development, as well as result interpretation, across multiple length and time scales.
Particle movement in a boundary layer
Authors: Jolley Ellen M. , Palmer Ryan A. , Smith Frank T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe study here is concerned with a thin solid body passing through a boundary layer or channel flow and interacting with the flow. Relevant new features from modelling, analysis and computation are presented along with comparisons. Three scenarios of such fluid-body interactive evolution in two-dimensional settings are considered in turn, namely a long body translating upstream or downstream, a long body with little or no translation and a short body with or without translation. The main progress and findings concern predictions of the time taken by the body to traverse the flow and impact upon the underlying wall, the delicate behaviour at the onset of impact, the dependence on parameters such as the initial conditions and the mass and shape of the body, and the influence of streamwise translation of the body in the surrounding fluid flow.
Integrative hormone and transcriptome analysis underline the role of abscisic acid in seed shattering of weedy rice
Authors: Lang Hong , He Yuting , Li Fengcheng , Ma Dianrong , Sun Jian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWeedy rice is one of the most severe weeds in paddy fields, characterized by its high degree of seed shattering. Abscisic acid (ABA) serves as an abscission-accelerating signal and plays a critical role during abscission. However, mechanisms that link ABA and seed shattering remain elusive. In this study, WR04-6 (shattering) and SN9816 (non-shattering) were used to investigate the expression levels of genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and to determine the levels of ABA in tissues collected from the abscission zone (AZ) and the spikelet. ABA content in WR04-6, particularly in AZ, was significantly higher than in SN9816, significantly increasing prior to abscission. RNA-Sequencing and further expression analyses showed that the expression of OsNCED, the key gene involved in ABA biosynthesis, coincided with the increase of ABA content in the AZ and significantly increased during the seed shattering process. Additionally, the expression analysis of genes related to biosynthesis and metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellin acid, and ethylene showed the greatest fold-change. Phytohormone levels associated with ABA co-expression-prediction revealed a potential signal transduction network among plant hormones involved in the regulation of seed abscission. Taken together, data presented in this study suggest that ABA contributes to seed shattering and transiently cooperates with other hormones, triggering a hormone imbalance that leads to the downstream activation of the AZ.
How theoretical is your (historical) syntax? Towards a typology of Verb-Third in Early Old High German
Authors: Catasso Nicholas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVerb-Third (V3) constructions, i.e. root clauses displaying more than one element in their prefield, have been attested throughout the history of German. In this paper, I discuss some methodological issues related to the investigation of this structure in Early Old High German (EOHG, eighth to ninth century). In this language stage, the linear syntax of matrix clauses is very unstable—mainly due to the not-yet complete systematization of the V2/verb-final distinction and to the considerable amount of extraposition in main clauses—which makes the detection of this construction in the available texts particularly challenging. Moreover, little substantial and reliable prose data are extant for this period. In order to get a realistic picture of the distribution of the phenomenon at stake in EOHG, it is therefore necessary to evaluate the data by means of diagnostic tests for verb movement and only consider those cases in which the verb is unambiguously located in C and the preverbal area hosts multiple (head or non-head) elements. I will show that: (1) some of the patterns that are usually assumed to be good candidates for the category of V3 in the relevant literature are never attested in the diagnostic dataset; (2) a typology consisting of five non-correlative and three correlative diagnostic V3 constructions can be identified on the basis of an approach based on replicable methods; (3) some of these patterns display historical continuity; (4) non-prose texts are inadequate for syntactic investigations.