bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frenkel pairs cause elastic softening in zirconia: theory and experiments
Authors: Kathiria Rushi , Wolf Dietrich E , Raj Rishi , Jongmanns Malte 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Recent results from molecular dynamics simulations have shown that significant concentrations of Frenkel pairs can be introduced by the proliferation of phonons lying at the edge of the Brillouin zone and when above the Debye temperature. Following the work of Granato (2014 Eur. Phys. J. B
87 18) we extend those calculations to the influence of Frenkels on the elastic modulus. Significant softening is predicted which is confirmed by in situ measurements of the elastic modulus during flash. Frenkel pairs have been proposed to play a central role in the flash phenomena.
Transmutation of protons in a strong electromagnetic field
Authors: Wistisen T N , Keitel C H , Di Piazza A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The process of turning a proton into a neutron, positron and electron-neutrino in a strong plane-wave electromagnetic field is studied. This process is forbidden in vacuum and is seen to feature an exponential suppression factor which is non-perturbative in the field amplitude. The suppression is alleviated when the proton experiences a field strength of about ten times the Schwinger critical field in its rest frame or larger. Around this threshold the lifetime of the proton, in its rest frame, is comparable to the conventional neutron decay lifetime. As the field strength is increased, the proton lifetime becomes increasingly short. We investigate possible scenarios where this process may be observed in the laboratory using an ultra-intense laser and a high-energy proton beam with the conclusion, however, that it would be very challenging to observe this effect in the near future.
The role of chaotic and ordered trajectories in establishing Born’s rule
Authors: Tzemos A C , Contopoulos G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study in detail the trajectories, ordered and chaotic, of two entangled Bohmian qubits when their initial preparation satisfies (or not) Born’s rule for various amounts of quantum entanglement. For any non zero value of entanglement ordered and chaotic trajectories coexist and the proportion of ordered trajectories increases with the decrease of the entanglement. In the extreme cases of zero and maximum entanglement we have only ordered and chaotic trajectories correspondingly. The chaotic trajectories of this model are ergodic, for any given value of entanglement, namely the limiting distribution of their points does not depend on their initial conditions. Consequently it is the ratio between ordered and chaotic trajectories which is responsible for the dynamical establishment (or not) of Born’s rule.
Inflation and cosmological constant
Authors: Bisabr Yousef 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In construction of an inflationary model, one usually assumes that the matter sector of the gravitational action is minimally coupled to the background. It means that the matter (inflaton) part of the action is coupled with the same metric of the gravitational part. We elaborate on this assumption and investigate some of the consequences. We assume that the gravitational and the inflaton sectors belong to different units (or conformal frames). We show that this coupling can convert a single-field inflationary model into a two-field one with a mixed kinetic term. The energy-momentum tensor of the inflaton is therefore non-conserved due to the interaction with the conformal factor. This allows an energy exchange between the two fields and provides us with a mechanism for reduction of a large effective cosmological constant during inflation.
Parametric control of propagation of optical vortices through fibre ring resonators
Authors: Alexeyev C N , Barshak E V , Lapin B P , Vikulin D V , Yavorsky M A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we have studied transmission of optical vortices (OVs) through ring resonators (RRs) based on multimode fibres. Using the formalism of transfer matrix we have obtained in the scalar approximation the analytical expressions for amplitudes of transmitted OVs with opposite topological charges (TCs) as functions of RR’s parameters. We have calculated the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the outcoming field and shown that by changing such parameters one can efficiently control its TC and continuously change its OAM. We have established that TC and OAM feature wavelength-scale sensitivity to variations of the ring’s length. We have demonstrated that this ability of RRs to influence OAM is due to a multipass interference assisted with TC inversion in the coupling area. We have also studied the effect of losses on the transmission of OVs through RRs and established that by controlling the attenuation parameter one can also control the TC of the outcoming field. Finally, we have solved the problem of OV transmission within the frameworks of a fully vectorial approach that allows for the spin–orbit interaction (SOI) in fibres. We have shown that accounting the SOI does not alter the main properties of RRs established with the use of the scalar approximation theory. We have shown that RRs, which operate on OAM modes, can be used for emulation of the quantum logical X, Y, S, T and Z gates. This can be useful for optical simulation of quantum computations.
Dispersing and semi-flat bands in the wide band gap two-dimensional semiconductor bilayer silicon oxide
Authors: Kremer Geoffroy , Camilo Alvarez-Quiceno Juan , Pierron Thomas , González César , Sicot Muriel , Kierren Bertrand , Moreau Luc , Rault Julien E , Le Fèvre Patrick , Bertran François , Dappe Yannick J , Coraux Johann , Pochet Pascal , Fagot-Revurat Yannick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Epitaxial bilayer silicon oxide is a transferable two-dimensional material predicted to be a wide band gap semiconductor, with potential applications for deep UV optoelectronics, or as a building block of van der Waals heterostructures. The prerequisite to any sort of such applications is the knowledge of the electronic band structure, which we unveil using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and rationalize with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We discover dispersing bands related to electronic delocalization within the top and bottom planes of the material, with two linear crossings reminiscent of those predicted in bilayer AA-stacked graphene, and semi-flat bands stemming from the chemical bridges between the two planes. This band structure is robust against exposure to air, and can be controlled by exposure to oxygen. We provide an experimental lower-estimate of the band gap size of 5 eV and predict a full gap of 7.36 eV using DFT calculations.
Effect of carbon nanotubes on the electrical, thermal, mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polyether-ether-ketone composites
Authors: Qiao Liang , Zhu Kaili , Tan Hongsheng , Yan Xu , Zheng Lihang , Dong Shuhua 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The continuous carbon fiber reinforced Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) prepreg tapes with the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by a wet powder impregnation process. Their electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, the tensile properties, dynamic mechanical behavior, fracture morphology and crystallization melting behavior were investigated. The results show that, the electrical conductivity (σ), thermal conductivity (λ), tensile strength (σ
t) and interfacial adhesion of the prepreg tapes were obviously improved with the addition of CNTs. When CNT content was 1.0 wt%, the σ of CNT/CCF/PEEK prepreg tapes in the 0° direction reached a maximum value of 0.701 s cm−1, which was increased 165% than that of CCF/PEEK prepreg tapes. The λ reached 1.053 W m−1·K−1, which was improved by 12.14%. The tensile strength was 1489 MPa, which was increased by 16.4%. The results of SEM images show that the interface adhesion between the fiber and the matrix is good. The results of DMA indicate that, the capability of deformation resistance of the prepreg tapes were further improved with the addition of CNTs. When the temperature was 280 °C, the decline rate of E′ of 1.0 wt% CNT/CCF/PEEK prepreg tapes were 3.58%. The results of DSC indicate that, the T
c of CNT/CCF/PEEK prepreg tapes moved to high temperature after adding CNTs, which indicate that CNTs played a role of heterogeneous nucleation in the PEEK matrix.
Experimental and numerical study for direct powder bed selective laser processing (sintering/melting) of silicon carbide ceramic
Authors: Montón Alejandro , Abdelmoula Mohammed , Küçüktürk Gökhan , Maury Francis , Grossin David , Ferrato Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The study was carried out to investigate the manufacturing possibility of Silicon Carbide (SiC) by direct Powder Bed Selective Laser Processing (PBSLP) experimentally and numerically. The experimental study was carried out by means of PBSLP while the numerical study was accomplished by developing a CFD model. The CFD model simulates accurately realistic conditions of the PBSLP process. A user-defined code, that describes the process parameters such as laser power, scanning speed, scanning strategies, and hatching distance has been developed and compiled to ANSYS FLUENT 2020 R1. Also, the model was validated with the available published data from the literature. The model was used to deeply analyse and support the results obtained through the experimental runs. Different values of laser power and scanning speeds with scanning strategy in the form of a continuous linear pattern and rotated by 90 degrees between layers were studied. The laser power is ranging from 52W to 235 W while the scanning speed is ranging from 300 to 3900 mm s−1. The results showed that the direct PBSLP of SiC is possible with the optimization of the process parameters. Layer thickness and hatching distance are the most important parameters that needed to be optimized. Also, the laser power and scanning speed needed to be adjusted so that the scanning temperature was between the sintering and the decomposition limits. The good agreement between experimental and simulation results proved the power and ability of the developed CFD model to be a useful tool to analyse and optimize future experimental data.
Response of shear in bulk orientations of charged DNA rods: Taylor- and gradient-banding
Authors: Kang Kyongok 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Shear-induced instabilities leading to various kinds of inhomogeneous flow profiles play an important role in the processing of complex fluids, ranging from polymeric materials to various types of biological systems. In previously studied systems, either Taylor banding, or gradient banding, or fracture is observed. In the present work we study a system for which all instabilities occur in orientation textures (OTs), and where Taylor banding occurs simultaneously with gradient banding. The system here consists of crowded suspensions of long and thin DNA-based rods (at a low ionic strength of 0.16 mM salt), where the applied shear rate is systematically varied, for concentrations well below and above the glass-transition concentration (12.4 mg ml−1). To simultaneously measure the velocity profile along the gradient direction, in fracture and gradient banding, the optical cell is placed in a specially designed heterodyne light scattering set up, where the scattering volume can be scanned across the cell gap. The results confirm that Taylor bands and gradient banding occur in the concentration of DNA rods and applied shear-rates (35–80 s−1). Taylor bands clearly show the flow access in vorticity-direction, while the gradient banding is rearranged as thick rolling flows of OTs, at the middle shear-rate (50 s−1). The observations can be then useful to facilitate other biological complex fluids and the glass-forming liquids.
Mapping incentives for sustainable water use: global potential, local pathways
Authors: Wight Charles , Garrick Dustin , Iseman Tom 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Competition for freshwater resources is intensifying water scarcity and its impacts on people, economies, and the environment, posing a growing challenge for sustainable development. Meeting these challenges will require incentives to encourage sustainable water use. Prior calls to shift from supply-driven solutions to a soft path of demand management (pricing, markets, behavioral changes) have encountered stubborn obstacles. We undertake a multi-scale assessment of water reallocation and investment in water conservation technologies to understand their potential and limits for addressing different drivers of water scarcity. Our model identifies what drives water scarcity at the subbasin scale, and examines two prominent responses to these drivers. Our analysis distinguishes different types of water scarcity based on the demands for water and their timing, creating nine (9) categories of water competition, which can overlap. Water demand within agriculture contributes to scarcity in 94% of the basins experiencing scarcity, concentrated in central USA, Spain, and India. Urbanization has led to competition between cities and agriculture in 1,596 of 3,057 subbasins (52%). We examine how different institutional mechanisms (incentive-based water reallocation) and technologies (investment in water conservation technologies) can address these different types of water scarcity. This study builds on several local and high-resolution models demonstrating the potential to increase the economic efficiency (and marginal productivity) of water use. The gap between potential and implementation is high, however. Efforts to bridge this gap in priority geographies can link modelling advances with the design of pathways that combine incentives with robust water accounting, caps on water extraction, and enforcement capacity at multiple scales.
The path towards 1 µm monocrystalline Zn3P2 films on InP: substrate preparation, growth conditions and luminescence properties
Authors: Zamani Mahdi , Stutz Elias , Escobar Simon , Zamani Reza R , Paul Rajrupa , Leran Jean-Baptiste , Dimitrievska Mirjana , Fontcuberta i Morral Anna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Semiconductors made with earth abundant elements are promising as absorbers in future large-scale deployment of photovoltaic technology. This paper reports on the epitaxial synthesis of monocrystalline zinc phosphide

Z

n

3

P

2

films using molecular beam epitaxy with thicknesses up to 1 µm thickness on InP (100) substrates, as demonstrated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. We explain the mechanisms by which thick monocrystalline layers can form. We correlate the crystalline quality with the optical properties by photoluminescence at 12 K. Polycrystalline and monocrystalline films exhibit dissimilar photoluminescence below the bandgap at 1.37 and 1.30 eV, respectively. Band edge luminescence at 1.5 eV is only detected for monocrystalline samples. This work establishes a reliable method for fabricating high-quality

Z

n

3

P

2

thin films that can be employed in next generation photovoltaic applications.
The Dual Reality of No-Rights
Authors: McBride Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract:
In a fascinating recent debate in the pages of this journal, several legal philosophers have clashed over the very existence and nature of the deontic position of Hohfeldian no-rights. While the debate has many strands, and has become increasingly intricate, I want to focus on one—or, the—central strand, a strand the importance of which cannot sensibly be questioned. Countering Andrew Halpin, I shall vindicate the dual nature of the claim-right/no-right relation, recently articulated by Matthew Kramer. In so doing, I go far beyond anything Kramer has currently ventured. Ultimately, then, I am countering Heidi Hurd & Michael Moore by vindicating the existence of Hohfeldian liberties. The Hohfeldian table emerges unmarked.
Out of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and rapid radiation across Eurasia for Allium section Daghestanica (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Li Min-Jie , Yu Huan-Xi , Guo Xian-Lin , He Xing-Jin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The disjunctive distribution (Europe–Caucasus–Asia) and species diversification across Eurasia for the genus Allium sect. Daghestanica has fascinating attractions for researchers aiming to understanding the development and history of modern Eurasia flora. However, no any studies have been carried out to address the evolutionary history of this section. Based on the nrITS and cpDNA fragments (trnL–trnF and rpl32–trnL), the evolutionary history of the third evolutionary line (EL3) of the genus Allium was reconstructed and we further elucidated the evolutionary line of sect. Daghestanica under this background. Our molecular phylogeny recovered two highly supported clades in sect. Daghestanica: the Clade I includes Caucasian–European species and Asian A. maowenense, A. xinlongense and A. carolinianum collected in Qinghai; the Clade II comprises Asian yellowish tepal species, A. chrysanthum, A. chrysocephalum, A. herderianum, A. rude and A. xichuanense. The divergence time estimation and biogeography inference indicated that Asian ancestor located in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and the adjacent region could have migrated to Caucasus and Europe distributions around the Late Miocene and resulted in further divergence and speciation; Asian ancestor underwent the rapid radiation in the QTP and the adjacent region most likely due to the heterogeneous ecology of the QTP resulted from the orogeneses around 4–3 million years ago (Mya). Our study provides a picture to understand the origin and species diversification across Eurasia for sect. Daghestanica.
Proteome characterization of two contrasting soybean genotypes in response to different phosphorus treatments
Authors: Zhao Hongyu , Yang Ahui , Kong Lingjian , Xie Futi , Wang Haiying , Ao Xue 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for the growth and development of plants. Soybean (Glycine max) is an important food crop that is grown worldwide. Soybean yield is significantly affected by P deficiency in the soil. To investigate the molecular factors that determine the response and tolerance at low-P in soybean, we conducted a comparative proteomics study of a genotype with low-P tolerance (Liaodou 13, L13) and a genotype with low-P sensitivity (Tiefeng 3, T3) in a paper culture experiment with three P treatments, i.e. P-free (0 mmol·L−1), low-P (0.05 mmol·L−1) and normal-P (0.5 mmol·L−1). A total of 4126 proteins were identified in roots of the two genotypes. Increased numbers of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained from low-P to P-free conditions compared to the normal-P treatment. All DEPs obtained in L13 (660) were upregulated in response to P deficiency, while most DEPs detected in T3 (133) were downregulated under P deficiency. Important metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism and carbon metabolism were suppressed in T3, which could have affected the survival of the plants in P-limited soil. In contrast, L13 increased the metabolic activity in the 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycolysis, biosynthesis of amino acids, pentose phosphatase, oxidative phosphorylation, other types of O-glycan biosynthesis and riboflavin metabolic pathways in order to maintain normal plant growth under P deficiency. Three key proteins I1KW20 (prohibitins), I1K3U8 (alpha-amylase inhibitors) and C6SZ93 (alpha-amylase inhibitors) were suggested as potential biomarkers for screening soybean genotypes with low-P tolerance. Overall, this study provides new insights into the response and tolerance to P deficiency in soybean.
No neighbour-induced increase in root growth of soybean and sunflower in mesh-divider experiments after controlling for nutrient concentration and soil volume
Authors: Chen Bin J W , Huang Li , During Heinjo J , Wang Xinyu , Wei Jiahe , Anten Niels P R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Root competition is a key factor determining plant performance, community structure and ecosystem productivity. To adequately estimate the extent of root proliferation of plants in response to neighbours independently of nutrient availability, one should use a set-up that can simultaneously control for both nutrient concentration and soil volume at plant individual level. With a mesh-divider design, which was suggested as a promising solution for this problem, we conducted two intraspecific root competition experiments: one with soybean (Glycine max) and the other with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). We found no response of root growth or biomass allocation to intraspecific neighbours, i.e. an ‘ideal free distribution’ (IFD) norm, in soybean; and even a reduced growth as a negative response in sunflower. These responses are all inconsistent with the hypothesis that plants should produce more roots even at the expense of reduced fitness in response to neighbours, i.e. root over-proliferation. Our results suggest that neighbour-induced root over-proliferation is not a ubiquitous feature in plants. By integrating the findings with results from other soybean studies, we conclude that for some species this response could be a genotype-dependent response as a result of natural or artificial selection, or a context-dependent response so that plants can switch from root over-proliferation to IFD depending on the environment of competition. We also critically discuss whether the mesh-divider design is an ideal solution for root competition experiments.
Trail Making Test Normative Data for the German Older Population
Authors: Specka Michael , Weimar Christian , Stang Andreas , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Scherbaum Norbert , Hoffmann Sarah Sanchez , Kowall Bernd , Jokisch Martha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
We provide normative data for the Trail Making Test (TMT)-A and B and the derived scores B − A and B/A, for the German general population aged 57–84 years.

Methods
Data were derived from the third examination of the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. We excluded participants with a history of dementia or stroke, a depression score above cutoff (CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score ≥ 18), or mild cognitive impairment according to a neurocognitive test battery. The normative sample (n = 2,182) was stratified by age, using the interval superposition approach, and by three levels of educational attainment (up to 10 years of schooling; &gt;10 years of schooling; and university degree).

Results
We tabulated test performance scores at percentage rank thresholds 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, and 90. In multiple linear regression, TMT-A performance declined by 1 s each year of life, and TMT-B performance by 3 s; educational level had an impact of up to 30 s in TMT-B. TMT-B/A was only weakly associated with age and education. TMT-B and B − A correlated r = 0.96. Completion of the TMT-B within the time limit of 300 s was not achieved by 10.9% of participants &gt;74 years, and especially by those &gt;74 years who were on the lowest educational level (13.9%).

Conclusions
For TMT-A, TMT-B, and B − A, the narrow age categorization and distinction between three educational levels proved meaningful. The 300 s limit for the TMT-B impedes the identification of thresholds for very low performance in this age group and needs reconsideration.