bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decomposition of Trace Li2CO3 During Charging Leads to Cathode Interface Degradation with the Solid Electrolyte LLZO
Authors: Delluva Alexander A. , Kulberg‐Savercool Jonas , Holewinski Adam 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA major challenge for lithium‐containing electrochemical systems is the formation of lithium carbonates. Solid‐state electrolytes circumvent the use of organic liquids that can generate these species, but they are still susceptible to Li2CO3 formation from exposure to water vapor and carbon dioxide. It is reported here that trace quantities of Li2CO3, which are re‐formed following standard mitigation and handling procedures, can decompose at high charging potentials and degrade the electrolyte–cathode interface. Operando electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC–MS) is employed to monitor the outgassing of solid‐state batteries containing the garnet electrolyte Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and using appropriate controls CO2 and O2 are identified to emanate from the electrolyte–cathode interface at charging potentials > 3.8 V (vs Li/Li+). The gas evolution is correlated with a large increase in cathode interfacial resistance observed by potential‐resolved impedance spectroscopy. This is the first evidence of electrochemical decomposition of interfacial Li2CO3 in garnet cells and suggests a need to report “time‐to‐assembly” for cell preparation methods.
Sculpting Bio‐Inspired Surface Textures: An Adhesive Janus Periosteum
Authors: Yang Yuhe , Xu Tianpeng , Bei Ho Pan , Zhao Yuanjin , Zhao Xin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExisting artificial periostea faces difficulty in supporting the entire bone repair cycle due to the absence of adhesion‐centric design and effective cell manipulation, leading to poor inhibition of soft tissue infiltration and induction of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Here, a Janus periosteum with interior surface adhesion and exterior anatomical patterns to mimic the structure and function of natural periosteum is presented. Photo‐crosslinkable polymers are employed to replicate the exterior anisotropic surface structured microgrooves for cell fate manipulation and assemble gecko‐inspired fibrillar setae arrays for interior surface adhesion. To further bolster its underwater adhesiveness, mussel‐inspired poly (dopamine methacrylamide‐co‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PDMH) is coated onto the periosteum surfaces. This periosteum presents adhesiveness with strong shear and normal adhesion in both dry and wet conditions due to the coordinated interactions of micro setae arrays and PDMH coating; it also boasts effective cell modulation for enhanced synchronous osteogenesis and angiogenesis, without the aid of growth factors. Moreover, the Janus periosteum is found to enhance bone regeneration in vivo with increased new bone formation and neovascularization. It is envisioned that this Janus periosteum will be able to streamline bone fracture surgical repair as a rapidly adhesive, low‐maintenance yet robust bandage to significantly cut down the healing phase.
Recapitulation of Thymic Function by Tissue Engineering Strategies
Authors: Silva Catarina S. , Reis Rui L. , Martins Albino , Neves Nuno M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe thymus is responsible for the development and selection of T lymphocytes, which in turn also participate in the maturation of thymic epithelial cells. These events occur through the close interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and developing thymocytes with the thymic stromal cells within an intricate 3D network. The complex thymic microenvironment and function, and the current therapies to induce thymic regeneration or to overcome the lack of a functional thymus are herein reviewed. The recapitulation of the thymic function using tissue engineering strategies has been explored as a way to control the body's tolerance to external grafts and to generate ex vivo T cells for transplantation. In this review, the main advances in the thymus tissue engineering field are disclosed, including both scaffold‐ and cell‐based strategies. In light of the current gaps and limitations of the developed systems, the design of novel biomaterials for this purpose with unique features is also discussed.
Anisometric Microstructures to Determine Minimal Critical Physical Cues Required for Neurite Alignment
Authors: Vedaraman Sitara , Perez‐Tirado Amaury , Haraszti Tamas , Gerardo‐Nava Jose , Nishiguchi Akihiro , De Laporte Laura 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn nerve regeneration, scaffolds play an important role in providing an artificial extracellular matrix with architectural, mechanical, and biochemical cues to bridge the site of injury. Directed nerve growth is a crucial aspect of nerve repair, often introduced by engineered scaffolds imparting linear tracks. The influence of physical cues, determined by well‐defined architectures, has been mainly studied for implantable scaffolds and is usually limited to continuous guiding features. In this report, the potential of short anisometric microelements in inducing aligned neurite extension, their dimensions, and the role of vertical and horizontal distances between them, is investigated. This provides crucial information to create efficient injectable 3D materials with discontinuous, in situ magnetically oriented microstructures, like the Anisogel. By designing and fabricating periodic, anisometric, discreet guidance cues in a high‐throughput 2D in vitro platform using two‐photon lithography techniques, the authors are able to decipher the minimal guidance cues required for directed nerve growth along the major axis of the microelements. These features determine whether axons grow unidirectionally or cross paths via the open spaces between the elements, which is vital for the design of injectable Anisogels for enhanced nerve repair.
Mechanomaterials: A Rational Deployment of Forces and Geometries in Programming Functional Materials
Authors: Cai Pingqiang , Wang Changxian , Gao Huajian , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe knowledge of mechanics of materials has been extensively implemented in developing functional materials, giving rise to recent advances in soft actuators, flexible electronics, mechanical metamaterials, tunable mechanochromics, regenerative mechanomedicine, etc. While conventional mechanics of materials offers passive access to mechanical properties of materials in existing forms, a paradigm shift is emerging toward proactive programming of materials’ functionality by leveraging the force–geometry–property relationships. Here, such a rising field is coined as “mechanomaterials”. To profile the concept, the design principles in this field at four scales is first outlined, namely the atomic scale, the molecular scale, the manipulation of nanoscale materials, and the microscale design of structural materials. A variety of techniques have been recruited to deliver the multiscale programming of functional mechanomaterials, such as strain engineering, capillary assembly, topological interlocking, kirigami, origami, to name a few. Engineering optical and biological functionalities have also been achieved by implementing the fundamentals of mechanochemistry and mechanobiology. Nonetheless, the field of mechanomaterials is still in its infancy, with many open challenges and opportunities that need to be addressed. The authors hope this review can serve as a modest spur to attract more researchers to further advance this field.
Nano‐ and Micro‐Structures Formed during Laser Processing of Selenium Doped Bismuth Telluride
Authors: Welch Ryan , Hobbis Dean , Birnbaum Andrew J. , Nolas George , LeBlanc Saniya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLaser processing of thermoelectric materials provides an avenue to influence the nano‐ and micro‐structure of the material and enable additive manufacturing processes that facilitate freeform device shapes, a capability that is lacking in thermoelectric materials processing. This paper describes the multiscale structures formed in selenium‐doped bismuth telluride, an n‐type thermoelectric material, from laser‐induced rapid melting and solidification. Macroscale samples are fabricated in a layer‐by‐layer technique using laser powder bed fusion (also known as selective laser melting). Laser processing results in highly textured columnar grains oriented in the build direction, nanoscale inclusions, and a shift in the primary charge carriers. Sparse oxide inclusions and tellurium segregation shift the material to p‐type behavior with a Seebeck coefficient that peaks at 143 µV K–1 at 95 °C. With an average relative density of 74%, fabricated parts have multiscale porosity and microscale cracking that likely resulted from low powder layer packing density and processing parameters near the transition threshold between conduction and keyhole mode processing. These results provide insights regarding the pathways for influencing carrier transport in thermoelectric materials via laser melting‐induced nanoscale structuring and the laser processing parameters required to achieve effective powder consolidation and hierarchical structuring in thermoelectric parts.
Lithiated Zeolite as Additives for Low‐Cost Positive Electrode
Authors: Liu Jin , Xiao Xingcheng , Haddad Daad , Zhang Qinglin , Cai Mei , Zeng Sherman 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor low‐cost positive electrode chemistry, including lithium manganese oxide (LMO) and its mixture with high capacity lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), such as NMC532 blended with LMO, transition metal dissolution potentially compromises battery cycle life. Here the benefits of using lithium‐ion exchanged zeolite (Li‐zeolite) are demonstrated on mitigating transitional metal dissolution and improving the cycling performance for batteries particularly at high temperature. Adopted as an additive to cathode electrodes through mixing or coating, Li‐zeolite has shown the improved cycle life. Postmortem analysis through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron probe micro‐analyzer (EPMA) further clarifies the functions of Li‐zeolite in batteries and advises it future development. While the efforts on further optimization of electrode quality and increasing loading for desirable energy density is ongoing, the processes and results reported in this work provide a simple and practical route to enhance the performance for LMO and LMO blended electrodes. The application of Li‐zeolite is envisioned as a low‐cost and scalable path which can be potentially implemented in electrode manufacturing.
Confronting the Challenges in Lithium Anodes for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Qingyu , Liu Bin , Shen Yuanhao , Wu Jingkun , Zhao Zequan , Zhong Cheng , Hu Wenbin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWith the low redox potential of −3.04 V (vs SHE) and ultrahigh theoretical capacity of 3862 mAh g−1, lithium metal has been considered as promising anode material. However, lithium metal battery has ever suffered a trough in the past few decades due to its safety issues. Over the years, the limited energy density of the lithium‐ion battery cannot meet the growing demands of the advanced energy storage devices. Therefore, lithium metal anodes receive renewed attention, which have the potential to achieve high‐energy batteries. In this review, the history of the lithium anode is reviewed first. Then the failure mechanism of the lithium anode is analyzed, including dendrite, dead lithium, corrosion, and volume expansion of the lithium anode. Further, the strategies to alleviate the lithium anode issues in recent years are discussed emphatically. Eventually, remaining challenges of these strategies and possible research directions of lithium‐anode modification are presented to inspire innovation of lithium anode.
Camera illustration of Indicator of Reduction in Soils (IRIS) reduction dynamics
Authors: LeFevre Olivia Victoria , Knappenberger Thorsten , Shaw Joey Nathan , Olshansky Yaniv 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIndicator of Reduction in Soils (IRIS) tubes or films are used with coatings of iron or manganese oxide to observe depth or occurrence of reducing conditions, with coating removal often assessed weekly. We evaluated the use of a rhizosphere camera to capture iron and manganese reduction (coating removal) at high temporal resolution. A rhizosphere tube was coated with iron and manganese oxide (two sections of each oxide) and inserted into a saturated column filled with a surface horizon from a wet soil (Fluvaquent). Images were taken hourly over 28 d and compared with Eh and pH data. Reducing conditions were observed for manganese and iron after 1 and 4 d, respectively. This technology builds upon an existing approach and could be used to evaluate real‐time reducing soil conditions with IRIS as well as to improve oxide coating composition and tube/film development (e.g., coating thickness).
Chemical Dopant‐Free Doping by Annealing and Electron Beam Irradiation on 2D Materials
Authors: Choi Min Sup , Lee Myeongjin , Ngo Tien Dat , Hone James , Yoo Won Jong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDoping is a key technique for forming complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) that is a basic building block for current state‐of‐the‐art semiconductor devices. However, conventional doping methods such as ion implantation are unsuitable for 2D materials due to their ultra‐thinness to accommodate substitutionally doped atomic structures and vulnerability to high energy ion bombardment. Chemical doping methods have been widely used for 2D materials to induce a charge exchange transfer; however, they are subjected to surface contamination which can be detrimental for high quality semiconductor device processing. In this work, the authors reveal the effects of chemicals‐free doping in which annealing induces a p‐doping effect by physisorption and substitution of oxygen atoms while electron beam irradiation selectively n‐dopes MoTe2, based on the results obtained by electrical characterization and Kelvin probe force microscopy. The annealing increases work‐function of MoTe2 which undergoes oxidation as observed in the reduction of surface potential and the transition of transfer curves toward the p‐type behavior. Electrical measurements and a significant reduction in surface potential after electron beam irradiation indicate the generation of trapped charges which is responsible for the n‐doping effect. Subsequently, the authors fabricate a CMOS inverter consisting of distinctively p‐ and n‐doped areas of MoTe2.
Water‐Soluble Salt Template‐Assisted Anchor of Hollow FeS2 Nanoparticle Inside 3D Carbon Skeleton to Achieve Fast Potassium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Cui Yongpeng , Feng Wenting , Wang Dandan , Wang Yesheng , Liu Wei , Wang Huanlei , Jin Yongcheng , Yan Youguo , Hu Han , Wu Mingbo , Xue Qingzhong , Yan Zifeng , Xing Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe rationally structural engineering is an efficient strategy to improve the comprehensive performance of potassium‐ion storage anode materials. In this paper, a hybrid with hollow FeS2 nanoparticles anchored into the 3D carbon skeleton (labeled as H‐FeS2@3DCS) is successfully constructed through two critical steps of in situ chemical deposition and anion‐exchange reaction strategies. In the former, the water‐soluble Na2CO3 crystals are used as hard templates for the preparation of 3DCS, while Fe3+‐containing aqueous solutions are utilized to remove the Na2CO3 templates. Interestingly, the intense collision between Fe3+ and CO32‐ in aqueous solution produces nanoscale Fe(OH)3 colloidal particles, which are firmly anchored into the pores of the carbon skeleton to form a “lotus‐seed”‐like nanostructure. In the latter case, a central void space is created inside the FeS2 nanoparticles due to the different diffusion rates of S‐anions and Fe‐cations during the subsequent sulfidation process. Thanks to this unique composition model, the H‐FeS2@3DCS hybrid not only alleviates the volume expansion efficiently by rationally hollow structure design, but also provides spacious “roads” (3D carbon skeleton) and “houses” (hollow FeS2 nanoparticles) for fast K‐ion transition and storage. As the anode of PIBs and PIHCs, the resultant H‐FeS2@3DCS electrode delivers an obviously enhanced K‐ions storage performance over state‐of‐the‐art.
Viscoelastic hemostatic assays: Update on technology and clinical applications
Authors: Faraoni David , DiNardo James A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractViscoelastic hemostatic assays (VHA) are point of care tests that allow for a global assessment of coagulation using whole blood. The technology to allow this assessment has evolved from the original thromboelastography (TEG, Haemonetic, Boston, MA) to now include thromboelastometry (ROTEM, Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, MA), and, most recently, the Quantra Hemostasis Analyzer (Hemosonics, Charlottesville, VA). Diagnosis and treatment algorithms incorporating viscoelastic hemostatic tests for bleeding patients in a variety of clinical situations have now been developed. The original ROTEM and TEG technologies have been updated with emphasis placed on a cartridge‐based technologies. Results from the new devices show good correlation with those from the previous versions of the devices, while cartridge‐based technology has increased device stability and enhanced portability to the bedside. In this article, we will review recent advances in TEG and ROTEM technology and introduce the Quantra Hemostasis Analyzer device.
Additive‐Free Visible‐Light‐Mediated Hydro‐/Deuterodediazoniation of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates in THF/THF‐d8
Authors: Yang Lian , Zhang Cheng‐Pan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA visible‐light‐irradiated reductive hydrodediazoniation of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates in THF is described. The reaction proceeded at ambient temperature under catalyst‐ and additive‐free conditions to afford hydrodediazoniated products in good yields. This protocol was also suitable for deuterodediazoniation of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates in THF‐d8, supplying the corresponding deuterated arenes in excellent yields. Advantages of this dediazoniation strategy include mildness, simplicity, visible‐light irradiation, a wide range of substrates, good functional group tolerance, with no use of catalysts and additives, and feasibility of a one‐pot diazotization/hydrodediazoniation process, which allows for a safe and convenient way to (deuterated)arenes from anilines.
High electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness achieved by multiple internal reflection and absorption in polybenzoxazine/graphene foams
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Sun Hongyi , Lan Tiange , Liu Xiaobo , Ran Qichao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectromagnetic interference (EMI) is an increasingly severe issue in modern life and high‐performance EMI shielding materials are in desperate need. To achieve high EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), a series of polybenzoxazine/graphene composites foams are developed using a simple sol–gel method. When the graphene loading increases from 1 to 20 wt%, the density of the composites foams drops from 0.4143 g/cm3 to 0.1654 g/cm3. Meanwhile, an electrically conductive path is formed at around 7 wt% of graphene. Below the percolation threshold, the dielectric constant increases with graphene content and composite foam with 5 wt% graphene shows dielectric constant of 10.8 (1 MHz). At the highest graphene content of 20 wt%, the electric conductivity reaches 0.02 S/cm, 10 orders of magnitude higher than pure polybenzoxazine foam. Benefiting from the high electrical conductivity and lightweight porous structure, the composite foam PF/20G delivers an EMI SE of 85 dB and a specific SE of 513.9 dB·cm3/g. Importantly, the EMI shielding is dominated by absorption attenuation, with PF/20G shows absorption ratio higher than 98% in the range of 8.4–11.0 GHz, which is believed to be caused by multiple internal reflection and absorption inside the conductive foam.
Improved interfacial adhesion in carbon fiber/poly (ether ether ketone) composites with the sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) sizing treatment
Authors: Su Yanan , Liu Peipei , Jing Deqi , Zhang Xinghua , Zhang Shouchun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA water‐soluble sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) sizing agent is prepared and applied to improve the interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber/poly (ether ether ketone) (CF/PEEK) composites. The surface morphology, surface roughness, surface chemistries, and surface free energy of SPEEK sized CF are obtained to understand the sizing effect. The results reveal the increased surface free energy and surface roughness of SPEEK sized CF. In addition, a chemical reaction between the CF surface and sizing layer is proved based on the results of XPS, IR, and 1H NMR. The interfacial structure of CF/PEEK composites is further ascertained by AFM and the appearance of gradient interface could be verified for SPEEK sized CF/PEEK composites. The formation of the gradient interface is due to the chemical reaction between the CF and sizing agent as well as the improved compatibility between the sized CF and matrix, which benefits the improvement of interfacial adhesion.
Algae to angiosperms: Autofluorescence for rapid visualization of plant anatomy among diverse taxa
Authors: Pegg Timothy J. , Gladish Daniel K. , Baker Robert L. 
Published: July 2021

PremiseFluorescence microscopy is an effective tool for viewing plant internal anatomy. However, using fluorescent antibodies or labels hinders throughput. We present a minimal protocol that takes advantage of inherent autofluorescence and aldehyde‐induced fluorescence in plant cellular and subcellular structures to markedly increase throughput in cellular and ultrastructural visualization.Methods and ResultsTwelve species distributed across the plant phylogeny were each subjected to five fixative treatments: 1% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde, formalin‐acid‐alcohol (FAA), and 70% ethanol. Samples were prepared by embedding and mechanically sectioning or via whole mount. A confocal laser scanning system was used to collect micrographs. We evaluated and compared fixative influence on sample structural preservation and tissue autofluorescence.ConclusionsFormaldehyde fixation of Viridiplantae taxa samples generates useful structural data while requiring no additional histological staining or clearing. In addition, a fluorescence‐capable microscope is the only specialized equipment required for image acquisition. The minimal protocol developed in this experiment enables high‐throughput sample processing by eliminating the need for multi‐day preparations.