bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raman mapping of photodissociation regions
Authors: Henney William J 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Broad Raman-scattered wings of hydrogen lines can be used to map neutral gas illuminated by high-mass stars in star-forming regions. Raman scattering transforms far-ultraviolet starlight from the wings of the Lyβ line (1022–1029 Å) to red visual light in the wings of the Hα line (6400 –6700 Å). Analysis of spatially resolved spectra of the Orion Bar and other regions in the Orion Nebula shows that this process occurs in the neutral photodissociation region between the ionization front and dissociation front. The inner Raman wings are optically thick and allow the neutral hydrogen density to be determined, implying $n(\mathrm{H^0}) \approx 10^5\, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$ for the Orion Bar. Far-ultraviolet resonance lines of neutral oxygen imprint their absorption on to the stellar continuum as it passes through the ionization front, producing characteristic absorption lines at 6633 Å and 6664 Å with widths of order 2 Å. This is a unique signature of Raman scattering, which allows it to be easily distinguished from other processes that might produce broad Hα wings, such as electron scattering or high-velocity outflows.
Toll-like receptor 4 signaling activates ERG function in prostate cancer and provides a therapeutic target
Authors: Greulich Benjamin M , Plotnik Joshua P , Jerde Travis J , Hollenhorst Peter C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The TMPRSS2–ERG gene fusion and subsequent overexpression of the ERG transcription factor occurs in ∼50% of prostate tumors, making it the most common abnormality of the prostate cancer genome. While ERG has been shown to drive tumor progression and cancer-related phenotypes, as a transcription factor it is difficult to target therapeutically. Using a genetic screen, we identified the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway as important for ERG function in prostate cells. Our data confirm previous reports that ERG can transcriptionally activate TLR4 gene expression; however, using a constitutively active ERG mutant, we demonstrate that the critical function of TLR4 signaling is upstream, promoting ERG phosphorylation at serine 96 and ERG transcriptional activation. The TLR4 inhibitor, TAK-242, attenuated ERG-mediated migration, clonogenic survival, target gene activation and tumor growth. Together these data indicate a mechanistic basis for inhibition of TLR4 signaling as a treatment for ERG-positive prostate cancer.
The need for a central brain tumor registry in Africa: A review of central nervous system tumors in Africa from 1960 to 2017
Authors: Mbi Feh Marilyn Keng-Nasang , Lyon Kristopher A , Brahmaroutu Ankita V , Tadipatri Ramya , Fonkem Ekokobe 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors pose a substantial health problem. Although data on specific time periods and regions of Africa have been previously reported, no study has yet to provide a systematic review of CNS tumors for the entire continent of Africa. This study aims to analyze the frequency of CNS tumors in Africa from 1960 to 2017.

Methods
A comprehensive literature search on CNS tumors in Africa was performed using multiple online scientific databases. The following keywords were queried in combination with the phrase “CNS tumors in Africa”: incidence, frequency, epidemiology, prevalence, brain, and cancer. A total of 26 articles met the inclusion criteria. Each selected article reported incidence and mortality rates from different regions of Africa in a time period between 1960 and 2017. SPSS21 statistical software was used to analyze the data.

Results
Nigeria, Egypt, and Uganda were found to have the most of the cases of CNS tumors in Africa. Males made up 54% of the 5902 cases per 100 000 population. The most common CNS tumors found were astrocytoma (24.70%), meningioma (22.22%), pituitary adenoma (8.4%), medulloblastoma (4.26%), craniopharyngioma (4.07%), and other not specified (25.17%).

Conclusions
Given the large population of Africa, the total reported cases may be underestimated when compared with other continents due to the lack of a central brain tumor registry in Africa. A comprehensive knowledge of CNS tumors in Africa is critical to population-based research and improving the current healthcare system.
Temporal Trends of Infective Endocarditis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, Between 1970 and 2018: A Population-Based Analysis
Authors: DeSimone Daniel C , Lahr Brian D , Anavekar Nandan S , Sohail Muhammad R , Tleyjeh Imad M , Wilson Walter R , Baddour Larry M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
A population-based study of infective endocarditis (IE) in Olmsted County, Minnesota, provides a unique opportunity to define temporal and seasonal variations in IE incidence over an extended time period.

Methods
This was a population-based review of all adults (≥18 years) residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, with definite or possible IE using the Rochester Epidemiology Project from January 1, 1970, through December 31, 2018. Poisson regression was used to characterize the trends in IE incidence; models were fitted with age, sex, calendar time, and season, allowing for nonlinearity and nonadditivity of their effects.

Results
Overall, 269 cases of IE were identified over a 49-year study period. The median age of IE cases was 67.2 years, and 33.8% were female. The overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence of IE was 7.9 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 7.0–8.9), with corresponding rates of 2.4, 2.4, 0.9, and 0.7 per 100 000 person-years for Staphylococcus aureus, viridans group streptococci (VGS), Enterococcus species, and coagulase-negative staphylococci IE, respectively. Temporal trends varied by age, sex, and season, but on average IE incidence increased over time (P = .021). Enterococcal IE increased the most (P = .018), while S. aureus IE appeared to increase but mostly in the winter months (P = .018). Between 1996 and 2018, the incidence of VGS IE was relatively stable, with no statistically significant difference in the trends before and after the 2007 AHA IE prevention guidelines.

Conclusions
Overall, IE incidence, and specifically enterococcal IE, increased over time, while S. aureus IE was seasonally dependent. There was no statistically significant difference in VGS IE incidence in the periods before and after publication of the 2007 AHA IE prevention guidelines.
Sons and Daughters of the Soil: Politics and Protest of Kenyan Resettlement to Tanzania, 1961–1968
Authors: Moskowitz Kara 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on contestations over an international resettlement programme to move landless Kenyans of Gikuyu ethnicity to Tanzania during the early 1960s. It centres on three interconnected issues of decolonization: migration, statecraft and humanitarianism. Forced migration was integral to post-colonial statecraft, as both colonial and independent actors used displacement to construct their imagined nation state. In this case, the spatial ordering of politics, which focused on securing the profitable interior, departs from conventional narratives about refugees and nation-building. The colonial authorities in Kenya attempted to move Gikuyu not because of their ethnic or religious identity, but because they were poor and made populist claims to land. The withdrawing colonial power partnered with the post-colonial Tanzanian government and with humanitarian agencies. Through their involvement in this programme, aid agencies continued a long tradition of engaging in forced resettlement, and the relief they offered diminished the effectiveness of migrants’ claims to return to Kenya. Despite the power of the institutions involved, landless Gikuyu made compelling claims in the language of human rights, and local politicians encouraged dissent, while at the national level, Kenyan officials, by then part of an interim state, refused to support the programme publicly, illustrating the complexities of shared governance and bureaucracy at the end of empire.
How a Policy Network Matters for Refugee Protection: A Case Study of Japan’s Refugee Resettlement Programme
Authors: Akashi Junichi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In 2010, Japan became the first Asian country to launch a refugee resettlement programme. The programme continues today, and the government expanded the scheme to accept more refugees through the resettlement channel in 2020. How Japan, a country known for its reluctance to accept refugees, has strengthened its commitment to its refugee resettlement programme has been insufficiently investigated. Based on surveys of literature that mainly involved primary resources and interviews with key stakeholders of the programmes, this study reveals that the development of a policy network that mediates local constraints on refugee protection processes is a key determinant of the state’s capability to accept refugees as well as how well the refugee protection programme functions. Retracing the decade-long history of Japan’s resettlement programme, this study argues that the performance of the programme has hinged on local actors and in part on a non-governmental organisation that acts as an intermediary between the state and municipalities, whereas institutional settings in Japan remain the greatest hindrance to the effective participation of NGOs in national humanitarian initiatives.
Context-based interpersonal relationship modulates social comparison between outcomes: an event-related potential study
Authors: Zhang Huoyin , Gu Ruolei , Yang Ming , Zhang Mingming , Han Fengxu , Li Hong , Luo Wenbo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Social comparison is a common behavior that largely determines people’s experience of decision outcome. Previous research has showed that interpersonal relationship plays a pivotal role in social comparison. In the current study, we investigated whether the manipulation of context-based relationship would affect participants’ comparison of self-outcome and other-outcome. Participants first finished a trust game with likeable (dislikeable) partner and then they were involved in a gambling task and observed the outcomes for themselves and for partners. According to self-reports, participants were more satisfied with likeable partner’s gains than losses only when they received gains, but they were always more satisfied with dislikeable player’s losses compared to gains. Event-related potentials including the feedback-related negativity (FRN), P3 and late positive component (LPC) were sensitive to context-based relationship. Specifically, the prediction error signal (indexed by the FRN) was largest when participants received losses but dislikeable player received gains. Meanwhile, the P3 indicates that participants had stronger motivation to outperform dislikeable player. Finally, the LPC was larger when participants received the same outcomes with dislikeable players. In general, our results support the key point of the self-evaluation maintenance model that personal closeness modulates subjective sensitivity when drawing a comparison of one’s outcomes with other’s outcomes.
Labor Market Experience and Falling Earnings Inequality in Brazil: 1995–2012
Authors: Ferreira Francisco H G , Firpo Sergio P , Messina Julián 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Gini coefficient of labor earnings in Brazil fell by nearly a fifth between 1995 and 2012, from 0.50 to 0.41. The decline in other measures of earnings inequality was even larger, with the 90-10 percentile ratio falling by almost 40 percent. Applying micro-econometric decomposition techniques, this study parses out the proximate determinants of this substantial reduction in earnings inequality. Although a falling education premium did play a role, in line with received wisdom, this study finds that a reduction in the returns to labor market experience was a much more important factor driving lower wage disparities. It accounted for 53 percent of the observed decline in the Gini index during the period. Reductions in horizontal inequalities – the gender, race, regional and urban-rural wage gaps, conditional on human capital and institutional variables – also contributed. Two main factors operated against the decline: a greater disparity in wage premia to different sectors of economic activity, and the “paradox of progress”: the mechanical inequality-increasing effect of a more educated labor force when returns to education are convex.
BE FAST to recognize stroke
Authors: Toral Linda 
Published: January 2021

Abstract:
An easy-to-use acronym, BE FAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arms, Speech, Time), is gaining in popularity for rapid screening of patients for signs and symptoms of stroke that would otherwise be missed by using the more familiar FAST (Face, Arms, Speech, Time) acronym alone. This article describes the BE FAST tool and discusses how to integrate it into nursing practice.
Early Adolescent Social Media–Related Body Dissatisfaction: Associations with Depressive Symptoms, Social Anxiety, Peers, and Celebrities
Authors: Charmaraman Linda , Richer Amanda M. , Liu Cindy , Lynch Alicia Doyle , Moreno Megan A. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
It is critical to examine the powerful socializing effects of networked media on early adolescents when social media use, body self-consciousness, and social comparisons are at their peak.

Method:
Using 2 subsamples (N = 374 and N = 396) of those aged 11 to 14 years from a larger survey sample of 700 middle school participants in the Northeast United States, we conducted a cross-sectional pilot survey using brief, descriptive body dissatisfaction measures directly related to social media use.

Results:
Within our body dissatisfaction subsample, 19% reported dissatisfaction to body image issues. Participants' most common concerns around body image included not being thin enough, not attractive enough, and feeling dissatisfaction with body shape, hair, and face. The results from analysis of covariance analyses showed that those reporting social media–related body dissatisfaction checked their social media more frequently. When compared with those who did not feel negatively about their body image because of social media, those who did had higher rates of depressive symptoms, had online social anxiety, had found it harder to make new friends, and were more socially isolated. Those who followed celebrities checked social media more frequently and were more likely to have depressive symptoms and online social anxiety.

Conclusion:
There may be negative socioemotional health consequences of early adolescent social media users with exposure to particular sources of social media content, such as photographs of celebrities.
Duration of Breastfeeding Mediates the Association Between Early Socioeconomic Risk and Child Vocabulary at Age 4
Authors: Natale Brianna N. , Shaw Daniel S. , Janson Harald , Nærde Ane 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
Early-life socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with both obesity and lower cognitive abilities in childhood. One theorized underlying mechanism is breastfeeding duration because breast milk contains nutrients that can promote healthy adiposity profiles and stimulate brain development. However, studies have rarely examined these potential associations with child body mass index (BMI) in high-income Western countries, much less investigated breastfeeding duration as a mediator of the relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and later child vocabulary. The current study aimed to prospectively examine associations between early-life family socioeconomic risk and both child BMI and vocabulary at age 4 in a Norwegian cohort and the potential mediating contribution of breastfeeding duration.

Methods:
The Behavior Outlook Norwegian Developmental Study (BONDS) followed 1159 families and their children from 6 months of age onward. Parents reported on SES and breastfeeding duration in infancy, and child BMI and vocabulary ability were assessed at age 4. Direct and indirect effects were estimated using a path model that adjusted for several demographic and perinatal covariates (e.g., parental nativity and birthweight).

Results:
Family socioeconomic risk was significantly and negatively related to child vocabulary but was unrelated to child BMI. In addition, breastfeeding duration mediated the association between family socioeconomic risk and child vocabulary, with greater family socioeconomic risk associated with a shorter breastfeeding duration, which, in turn, predicted poorer child vocabulary.

Conclusion:
The current findings suggest that longer breastfeeding duration is a viable target for preventatively promoting child vocabulary, especially among families at socioeconomic risk.
Oxygenation Strategies in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Evers Julianne M. , Pehlke Sarah J. , Jones Lauren L. , Urquhart Michelle G. 
Published: January 2021

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a disease characterized by a range of clinical syndromes including variable degrees of respiratory symptoms from mild respiratory illness and severe interstitial pneumonia to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, coagulopathies, and multiorgan dysfunction. This virus carries the potential to manifest in a wide range of pulmonary findings and hypoxemias, from mild respiratory symptoms to more severe syndromes, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. The rapid accumulation of evidence and persistent gaps in knowledge related to the virus presents a host of challenges for clinicians. This creates a complex environment for clinical decision-making.

Objective
To examine oxygenation strategies in critically ill patients with hypoxia who are hospitalized with COVID-19.

Discussion
These proposed strategies may help to improve the respiratory status and oxygenation of those affected by COVID-19. However, additional high-quality research is needed to provide further evidence for improved respiratory management strategies. Areas of future research should focus on improving understanding of the inflammatory and clotting processes associated with the virus, particularly in the lungs. High-level evidence and randomized controlled trials should target the most effective strategies for improving oxygenation, time requiring mechanical ventilation, and survival for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 presenting with hypoxemia.
Drug interactions with herbal medicines: mechanisms and implications
Authors: Routledge Philip A. , Bracchi Robert C. , Woods Fiona J. 
Published: January 2021

Summary
Interactions between herbal and conventional medicines can occur by either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic mechanisms, resulting in a reduction or increase in the effects of the conventional medicine. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) should always take a full medicines history, including herbal medicines use as well as other complementary products (e.g., food supplements and other dietary supplements), and be aware that they may sometimes affect the efficacy or safety of other medicines the patient receives. A range of resources are available to inform HCPs and patients/carers about potential drug/herb interactions. HCPs and the public need to be aware of the importance of reporting suspected adverse drug reactions (including suspected interactions) to the appropriate regulatory agency. Finally, further research is necessary to ascertain the clinical impact and mechanisms of such interactions, and how adverse outcomes can be avoided.
Development and Validation of the DiAbeTes Education Questionnaire (DATE-Q) to Measure Knowledge Among Diabetes and Prediabetes Patients Attending Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs
Authors: Ghisi Gabriela Lima de Melo , Aultman Crystal , Konidis Renee , Foster Evelyn , Sandison Nicole , Alavinia Mohammad , Sarin Michael , Oh Paul 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
Knowledge assessment tools are highly useful in clinical practice, as they help health care teams to customize education and clinical care plans based on the needs of patients. The objective of this study was to develop and validate the DiAbeTes Education Questionnaire (DATE-Q) to measure knowledge among diabetes and prediabetes patients attending cardiac rehabilitation (CR).

Methods:
Based on patient information needs, other validated tools and diabetes education standards and current practices, experts developed 20 items to comprise the first version of the DATE-Q. To establish content validity, they were reviewed by an expert panel (n = 12) and patients. Refined items were psychometrically tested in 84 diabetes and prediabetes patients attending CR. The internal consistency was assessed via regularized factor analysis and Cronbach α, and criterion validity with regard to patient education and family income. For interpretability analysis, the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was estimated using distribution- and anchor-based methods.

Results:
All items were appropriate for administration in this population according to experts and patients. Three factors were extracted and were generally internally consistent and well defined by the items. Criterion validity was supported by significant differences in mean scores by family income (P < .05). Results showed that increases in knowledge can moderately increase mean steps/d and peak oxygen uptake, with an MCID of 2.13.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated preliminary validity of the DATE-Q. Future research is needed to assess other measurement properties to confirm the applicability of this tool in clinical and research settings.
Improvement in Physical Function After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Using a Novel Rehabilitation Intervention
Authors: Rengo Jason L. , Savage Patrick D. , Hirashima Fuyuki , Leavitt Bruce J. , Ades Philip A. , Toth Michael J. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose:
Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle deconditioning occurs following coronary artery bypass graft surgery and hospitalization. Outpatient, phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is designed to remediate this deconditioning but typically does not begin until several weeks following hospital discharge. Although an exercise program between discharge and the start of CR could improve functional recovery, implementation of exercise at this time is complicated by postoperative physical limitations and restrictions. Our objective was to assess the utility of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) as an adjunct to current rehabilitative care following postsurgical discharge and prior to entry into CR on indices of physical function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Methods:
Patients were randomized to 4 wk of bilateral, NMES (5 d/wk) to their quadriceps muscles or no intervention (control). Physical function testing was performed at hospital discharge and 4 wk post-discharge using the Short Physical Performance Battery and the 6-min walk tests. Data from 37 patients (19 control/18 NMES) who completed the trial were analyzed. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03892460).

Results:
Physical function measures improved from discharge to 4 wk post-surgery across our entire cohort (P < .001). Patients randomized to NMES, however, showed greater improvements in 6-min walk test distance and power output compared with controls (P < .01).

Conclusion:
Our results provide evidence supporting the utility of NMES to accelerate recovery of physical function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.