bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Evolutionary Dynamics of Energy Limited Microorganisms
Authors: Shoemaker William R , Polezhaeva Evgeniya , Givens Kenzie B , Lennon Jay T 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microorganisms have the unique ability to survive extended periods of time in environments with extremely low levels of exploitable energy. To determine the extent that energy limitation affects microbial evolution, we examined the molecular evolutionary dynamics of a phylogenetically diverse set of taxa over the course of 1,000 days. We found that periodic exposure to energy limitation affected the rate of molecular evolution, the accumulation of genetic diversity, and the rate of extinction. We then determined the degree that energy limitation affected the spectrum of mutations as well as the direction of evolution at the gene level. Our results suggest that the initial depletion of energy altered the direction and rate of molecular evolution within each taxon, though after the initial depletion the rate and direction did not substantially change. However, this consistent pattern became diminished when comparisons were performed across phylogenetically distant taxa, suggesting that although the dynamics of molecular evolution under energy limitation are highly generalizable across the microbial tree of life, the targets of adaptation are specific to a given taxon.
Undivided Forward-Looking Moral Responsibility
Authors: Pereboom Derk 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article sets out a forward-looking account of moral responsibility on which the ground-level practice is directly sensitive to aims such as moral formation and reconciliation, and is not subject to a barrier between tiers. On the contrasting two-tier accounts defended by Daniel Dennett and Manuel Vargas, the ground-level practice features backward-looking, desert-invoking justifications that are in turn justified by forward-looking considerations at the higher tier. The concern raised for the two-tier view is that the ground-level practice will be insufficiently responsive to the forward-looking aims that are held to justify it. On the single-tier alternative, forward-looking considerations can more readily motivate substantial revisions, which the practice, due to serious and pervasive deficiencies, requires.
Sex-Related Differences in Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in New York City
Authors: Mathad Jyoti S , Lee Myung Hee , Chalem Andrea , Frey Melissa K , Chapman-Davis Eloise , Kopparam Rohini V , Dayal Ashlesha K , Wald Gal , Pinheiro Laura C , Satlin Michael J , Goyal Parag , Safford Monika M , Salvatore Mirella , Holcomb Kevin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe evaluated sex-related differences in symptoms and risk factors for mortality in 4798 patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City. When adjusted for age and comorbidities, being male was an independent predictor of death with mortality significantly higher than females, even with low severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral load at admission.
Cortical and Subcortical Anatomy of the Orbitofrontal Cortex: A White Matter Microfiberdissection Study and Case Series
Authors: Rauch Philip , Serra Carlo , Regli Luca , Gruber Andreas , Aichholzer Martin , Stefanits Harald , Kadri Paulo Abdo do Seixo , Tosic Lazar , Gmeiner Matthias , Türe Uğur , Krayenbühl Niklaus 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
The literature on white matter anatomy underlying the human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is scarce in spite of its relevance for glioma surgery.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the anatomy of the OFC and of the underlying white matter fiber anatomy, with a particular focus on the surgical structures relevant for a safe and efficient orbitofrontal glioma resection. Based on anatomical and radiological data, the secondary objective was to describe the growth pattern of OFC gliomas.

METHODS
The study was performed on 10 brain specimens prepared according to Klingler's protocol and dissected using the fiber microdissection technique modified according to U.T., under the microscope at high magnification.

RESULTS
A detailed stratigraphy of the OFC was performed, from the cortex up to the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle. The interposed neural structures are described together with relevant neighboring topographic areas and nuclei. Combining anatomical and radiological data, it appears that the anatomical boundaries delimiting and guiding the macroscopical growth of OFC gliomas are as follows: the corpus callosum superiorly, the external capsule laterally, the basal forebrain and lentiform nucleus posteriorly, and the gyrus rectus medially. Thus, OFC gliomas seem to grow ventriculopetally, avoiding the laterally located neocortex.

CONCLUSION
The findings in our study supplement available anatomical knowledge of the OFC, providing reliable landmarks for a precise topographical diagnosis of OFC lesions and for perioperative orientation. The relationships between deep anatomic structures and glioma formations described in this study are relevant for surgery in this highly interconnected area.
Residual and Recurrent Disease Following Endoscopic Endonasal Approach as a Reflection of Anatomic Limitation for the Resection of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas
Authors: Setty Pradeep , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C , Wang Eric W , Snyderman Carl H , Gardner Paul A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) to anterior skull base meningiomas have grown in popularity, though anatomic limitations remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To show the anatomic limits of EEA for meningiomas.

METHODS
Retrospective chart review for all patients that underwent EEA for anterior skull base meningiomas from 2005 to 2014.

RESULTS
A total of 100 patients averaged follow-up of 46.9 mo (24-100 mo). A total of 35 patients (35%) had olfactory groove, 33 planum sphenoidale (33%), and 32 tuberculum sella (32%) meningiomas. The average diameter was 2.9 cm (0.5-8.1 cm). Vascular encasement was seen in 11 patients (11%) and calcification in 20 (20%). Simpson Grade 1 (SG1) resection was achieved in 64 patients (64%). Only calcification impacted degree of resection (40% SG1, P = .012). The most common residual was on the anterior clinoid dura (11 patients [11%]). Six (6%) had residual superior/lateral to the optic nerve. Residual tumor was adherent to the optic apparatus or arteries in 5 patients (5%) each, and 3 patients (3%) had residual lateral to the mid-orbit. Rates of residual decreased over time. A total of 11 patients (11%) had tumor recurrence (mean of 40 mo): 4 (4%) on the anterior clinoid, 2 (2%) each on the lateral orbital roof, adherent to optic apparatus and superolateral to the optic nerve, and 1 (1%) was at the anterior falx.

CONCLUSION
Anterior skull base meningiomas can effectively be approached via EEA in most patients; tumors extending to the anterior clinoid, anterior falx, or superolateral to the optic nerve or orbital roof, especially if calcified, may be difficult to reach via EEA.
Applications and challenges of CRISPR-Cas gene-editing to disease treatment in clinics
Authors: Liu Wenyi , Li Luoxi , Jiang Jianxin , Wu Min , Lin Ping 
Published: July 2021

AbstractClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated systems (Cas) are efficient tools for targeting specific genes for laboratory research, agricultural engineering, biotechnology, and human disease treatment. Cas9, by far the most extensively used gene-editing nuclease, has shown great promise for the treatment of hereditary diseases, viral infection, cancers, and so on. Recent reports have revealed that some other types of CRISPR-Cas systems may also have surprising potential to join the fray as gene-editing tools for various applications. Despite the rapid progress in basic research and clinical tests, some underlying problems present continuous, significant challenges, such as editing efficiency, relative difficulty in delivery, off-target effects, immunogenicity, etc. This article summarizes the applications of CRISPR-Cas from bench to bedside and highlights the current obstacles that may limit the usage of CRISPR-Cas systems as gene-editing toolkits in precision medicine and offer some viewpoints that may help to tackle these challenges and facilitate technical development. CRISPR-Cas systems, as a powerful gene-editing approach, will offer great hopes in clinical treatments for many individuals with currently incurable diseases.
Small but Mighty: An Update on Small Molecule Plant Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors
Authors: Larson Raegan T , McFarlane Heather E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth. It provides mechanical support to growing plant cells and important raw materials for paper, textiles and biofuel feedstocks. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) are invaluable tools for studying cellulose biosynthesis and can be important herbicides for controlling weed growth. Here, we review CBIs with particular focus on the most widely used CBIs and recently discovered CBIs. We discuss the effects of these CBIs on plant growth and development and plant cell biology and summarize what is known about the mode of action of these different CBIs.
A RADIOLUMINESCENCE STUDY OF DOSE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIF:MG,TI
Authors: Zhang Siyuan , Tang Kaiyong , Fan Haijun , Li Zhiyuan , Huang Guangwei , Wu Kun , Fu Li 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A radioluminescence (RL) study of dose characteristics of tissue-equivalent LiF:Mg,Ti was carried out to determine the possible application as a real-time dosemeter. An RL measurements system based on LiF:Mg,Ti coupled with optical fiber was developed, and a blank fiber was set to remove the stem effect generated by the optical fiber due to direct radiation. A slight increase of RL sensitivity with accumulated dose and the afterglow effect due to shallow traps in LiF:Mg,Ti were observed, thus a set of algorithms was adopted to correct measured dose rate. A good linearity of dose-rate response using RL in LiF:Mg,Ti over more than four orders of magnitude (from 0.76 mGy/h to 8.02 Gy/h) was shown, and the deviation of calibrated dose rate is within 20%. Moreover, a satisfactory reproducibility (1.45%) of the measured dose rate after correction was represented. The results indicated that LiF:Mg,Ti might be promising for real-time dose monitoring.
Cutaneous α-synuclein is correlated with autonomic impairment in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Authors: Miglis Mitchell G , Zitser Jennifer , Schneider Logan , During Emmanuel , Jaradeh Safwan , Freeman Roy , Gibbons Christopher H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
To define the clinical implications of cutaneous phosphorylated α-synuclein (p-syn) and its association with subjective and objective measures of autonomic impairment and clinical features including antidepressant use in isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD).

Methods
Twenty-five iRBD patients had quantified neurological and cognitive examinations, olfactory testing, questionnaires, autonomic function testing, and 3 punch skin biopsies (distal thigh, proximal thigh, neck). Skin biopsies were stained for the pan-axonal marker PGP 9.5 and co-stained with p-syn, and results were compared to 28 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 18 healthy controls. Equal numbers of iRBD patients on and off antidepressants were recruited. The composite autonomic severity scale (CASS) was calculated for all patients.

Results
P-syn was detected in 16/25 (64%) of iRBD patients, compared to 27/28 (96%) of PD and 0/18 controls. The presence of p-syn at any biopsy site was correlated with both sympathetic (CASS adrenergic r = 0.6, p &lt; 0.05) and total autonomic impairment (CASS total r = 0.6, p &lt; 0.05) on autonomic reflex testing in iRBD patients. These results were independent of the density of p-syn at each site. There was no correlation between p-syn and antidepressant use.

Conclusions
In patients with iRBD, the presence of cutaneous p-syn was detected in most patients and was associated with greater autonomic dysfunction on testing. Longitudinal follow-up will aid in defining the predictive role of both skin biopsy and autonomic testing in determining phenoconversion rates and future disease status.
The Ideal Delegation: How Institutional Privilege Silences “Developing” Nations in the UN Climate Negotiations
Authors: Falzon Danielle 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the UN climate negotiations, national delegations cannot contribute equally. Scholars have shown that “developed” countries exert greater influence than “developing” nations. This study examines how these inequalities between delegations materialize under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Drawing on 30 interviews and over 200 hours of observation at five UNFCCC meetings, I ask (1) how are institutional structures in the UNFCCC aligned with normative ideals of national development; (2) how do these ideals impact the experiences of national delegations and their negotiators; and (3) what does this reveal about institutional inequality and privilege in this context? Building on institutional and organizational studies of work and literature on Developmental Ideals, I identify four characteristics of an ideal delegation to the UNFCCC that are based in norms of national development and privileged by the structures of the institution: they are large, English-speaking, equipped with Western scientific and legal expertise, and have the ability to send the same negotiators year after year. I demonstrate how non-normative countries that cannot send an ideal delegation find that the institutional structures prohibit them from engaging effectively. Ultimately, they must develop coping mechanisms to creatively compensate for their systemic disadvantages.
Seeking a pot of gold with integrated behavior therapy and research to improve health equity: insights from the RAINBOW trial for obesity and depression
Authors: Venditti Elizabeth M , Steinman Lesley E , Lewis Megan A , Weiner Bryan J , Ma Jun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
More than one third of adults in the United States (U.S.) live with multiple chronic conditions that affect their physical and mental health, functional outcomes, independence, and mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed not only an increased risk for infection, morbidity, and mortality among those with chronic conditions but long-standing health inequities by age, race, sex, and other social determinants. Obesity plus depression represent one such prevalent comorbidity for which few effective integrated interventions exist, prompting concern about the potential for secondary physical and mental health pandemics post COVID-19. Translational behavioral medicine research can play an important role in studying integrated collaborative healthcare approaches and advancing scientific understanding on how to engage and more effectively treat diverse populations with physical and mental health comorbidities. The RAINBOW (Research Aimed at Improving Both Mood and Weight) clinical trial experience offers a wealth of insights into the potential of collaborative care interventions to advance behavior therapy research and practice. Primary care patients with co-occurring obesity and depression were assigned to either Integrated Coaching for Mood and Weight (I-CARE), which blended Group Lifestyle Balance (GLB) for weight management and the Program to Encourage Active Rewarding Lives (PEARLS) for depression, or usual care, to examine clinical, cost-effectiveness, and implementation outcomes. This commentary highlights the empirical findings of eight RAINBOW research papers and discusses implications for future studies, including their relevance in the U.S. COVID-19 context. Organized by key principles of translational behavioral medicine research, the commentary aims to examine and embrace the heterogeneity of baseline and intervention response differences among those living with multiple chronic conditions. We conclude that to prevent health and healthcare disparities from widening further, tailored engagement, dissemination, and implementation strategies and flexible delivery formats are essential to improve treatment access and outcomes among underrepresented populations.
Comparing the Predictivity of Human Placental Gene, microRNA, and CpG Methylation Signatures in Relation to Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Clark Jeliyah , Avula Vennela , Ring Caroline , Eaves Lauren A , Howard Thomas , Santos Hudson P , Smeester Lisa , Bangma Jacqueline T , O’Shea Thomas Michael , Fry Rebecca C , Rager Julia E 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMolecular signatures are being increasingly integrated into predictive biology applications. However, there are limited studies comparing the overall predictivity of transcriptomic versus epigenomic signatures in relation to perinatal outcomes. This study set out to evaluate mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression and cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) methylation signatures in human placental tissues and relate these to perinatal outcomes known to influence maternal/fetal health; namely, birth weight, placenta weight, placental damage, and placental inflammation. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) different molecular signatures will demonstrate varying levels of predictivity towards perinatal outcomes, and (2) these signatures will show disruptions from an example exposure (ie, cadmium) known to elicit perinatal toxicity. Multi-omic placental profiles from 390 infants in the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns cohort were used to develop molecular signatures that predict each perinatal outcome. Epigenomic signatures (ie, miRNA and CpG methylation) consistently demonstrated the highest levels of predictivity, with model performance metrics including R2 (predicted vs observed) values of 0.36–0.57 for continuous outcomes and balanced accuracy values of 0.49–0.77 for categorical outcomes. Top-ranking predictors included miRNAs involved in injury and inflammation. To demonstrate the utility of these predictive signatures in screening of potentially harmful exogenous insults, top-ranking miRNA predictors were analyzed in a separate pregnancy cohort and related to cadmium. Key predictive miRNAs demonstrated altered expression in association with cadmium exposure, including miR-210, known to impact placental cell growth, blood vessel development, and fetal weight. These findings inform future predictive biology applications, where additional benefit will be gained by including epigenetic markers.
The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genusAnalges(Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines
Authors: Dabert Jacek , Mironov Serge V , Dabert Miroslawa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMites of the genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) inhabit the down feathers of passeriform birds. The evolutionary history of Analges and the co-phylogentic relationships between these mites and their hosts are unknown. Our phylogenetic analysis supported the monophyly of the genus, but it did not support previous taxonomic hypotheses subdividing the genus into the subgenera Analges and Analgopsis or arranging some species into the A. chelopus and A. passerinus species groups. Molecular data reveal seven new species inhabiting Eurasian passerines and support the existence of several multi-host species. According to molecular dating, the origin of the Analges (c. 41 Mya) coincided with the Eocene diversification of Passerida into Sylvioidea and Muscicapoidea–Passeroidea. The initial diversification of Analges took place on the Muscicapoidea clade, while remaining passerine superfamilies appear to have been colonized because of host-switching. Co-speciation appears to be relatively common among Analges species and their hosts, but the most striking pattern in the co-phylogenetic scenario involves numerous complete host-switches, spreads and several failures to speciate. The mechanism of long-term gene-flow among different populations of multi-host Analges species is enigmatic and difficult to resolve. Probably, in some cases mites could be transferred between birds via feathers used as nest material.
Proxalutamide (GT0918) Reduces the Rate of Hospitalization in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 Female Patients: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Two-Arm Parallel Trial
Authors: Cadegiani Flávio Adsuara , Zimerman Ricardo Ariel , do Nascimento Fonseca Daniel , do Nascimento Correia Michael , McCoy John , Wambier Carlos Gustavo , Goren Andy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAntiandrogens were shown to be effective in mild-tomoderate COVID-19 male patients, supported by the SARS-CoV-2 dependency on transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which is solely modulated by androgens, for cell entry. While women with hyperandrogenism experiment more symptoms in COVID-19 compared to women without hyperandrogenism, and the chronic use of an antiandrogen seemed to mitigate these symptoms, whether the benefits would be observed in overall females is unknown. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of proxalutamide as a treatment for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in females.MethodsThis was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-arm, parallel study on COVID-19 female outpatients, that compared the use of proxalutamide versus placebo. The primary outcome was hospitalization rates throughout 30 days after randomization. Patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 not hospitalized were recruited in two sites in Brasilia, Brazil, between January 4 and February 28, 2021, were randomized on a 2:3 ratio between proxalutamide and placebo, and were administered proxalutamide 200mg/day or placebo for seven days, in addition to usual care.ResultsA total of 177 women were randomized, including 75 in the proxalutamide arm and 102 patients in the placebo arm. None of the patients lost follow-up or discontinued treatment. The 30-day hospitalization rate was 2.7% in the proxalutamide arm and 18.6% in the placebo arm (p<0.001), with a hospitalization risk ratio (RR) of 0.14 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.03-0.59].ConclusionsThese findings suggest that treatment of COVID-19 patients with proxalutamide in combination with standard of care was reduced hospitalization rate by 86% (p < 0.001), with no safety concerns. (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04853134)
Three-step rhythmic breathing exercise and COVID-19: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Pandya Apurvakumar , Mavalankar Dileep , Maithia Pravin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe present study assessed the prevalence of COVID-19 among people practicing three-step rhythmic breathing (3SRB) exercise and those who were not practicing any breathing exercises, including 3SRB exercise.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted. Data was collected using a self-constructed online google survey tool from July 2020 to August 2020.ResultsOut of a total 1083 sample, a higher proportion of the participants (41.3%) belonged to the 34-49 years age group, followed by the age group of 50-65 (32.5%). The sample was almost equally distributed; about 51.9% of the population was male, and 48.4% were female. The COVID-19 positivity was recorded almost double (3.1%) in groups not practicing 3SRB exercises compared to a group (1.3%) practicing 3SRB exercises. Furthermore, the practice of 3SRB was significantly associated with a lower percentage of COVID-19 infection (p=0.046).ConclusionsPractice of 3SRB is significantly associated with a lower percentage of COVID-19 infection. A future study with a robust methodology is warranted to validate the findings of this study and determine the effects of 3SRB on physiological and biological markers.