bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of likelihood estimates for variances for the design and evaluation of multiregional clinical trials with heterogeneous variances
Authors: Wu Yuh‐Jenn , Cheng Yu‐Chieh , Chiang Chieh , Cheng Li‐Hsueh , Liu Ching‐Ti , Hsiao Chin‐Fu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlobalized drug development studies, such as multiregional clinical trials (MRCTs), have attracted much attention due to their ability to expedite drug development and shorten the time lag of drug release. While observing the overall effect of a new drug, the region‐specific effects to support drug registration in constituent regions can also be evaluated. Several challenges arise in conducting MRCTs, such as the heterogeneity in the variability of the primary endpoint across regions. However, most of the existing statistical methods assume a common variability, which may not be valid in practice due to differences across regions (eg, diversities in ethnicity or disparities in medical culture/practice). We present a statistical method for the design and evaluation of MRCTs to consider the heterogeneous variability across regions. We assessed the overall sample size requirement and addressed the region‐specific sample size determination to establish the consistency of treatment effects between the specific region and the entire group. We demonstrate the proposed approach with numerical examples.
Immobilized Na2WO4.2H2O on Arginine Modified Bentonite (Bentonite@L‐Arginine‐WO3): An Efficient and Sustainable Catalyst for the C−C Bond Formation
Authors: Taherinia Zahra , Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, we have reported the preparation of arginine modified bentonite supported WO3, bentonite@ L‐arginine‐WO3.The structure of the functionalized bentonite was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm techniques. Thereafter, this new material has been applied as a sustainable catalyst in the C−C bond formation and also heterogeneity of the catalyst was examined by a hot filtration test. Moreover, this catalyst can be easily recovered by centrifuge and reused for at least four cycles without any significant loss of catalyst activity.
The market value spillovers of technological acquisitions: Evidence frompatent‐textanalysis
Authors: Testoni Marco 
Published: October 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryThe resource‐based view claims that bundles of resources are the key determinants of a firm's value. Yet, market value spillovers stemming from firms' resource bases have received scarce attention in the literature. This article provides evidence of such spillovers in the context of technological acquisitions. I hypothesize that acquisitions act as signals, revealing to investors that the acquired technologies are more valuable than initially expected. These signals should affect firms owning similar technological resources. Measuring technological similarity with the text similarity of firms' patent portfolios, I find that the announcement of an acquisition brings a positive revaluation of firms with technological resources like those of the target. These spillovers also reach firms with a product market focus different from those of the merging firms.Managerial SummaryTechnological resources are key strategic resources that significantly contribute to firms' valuations. These resources are often acquired through corporate acquisitions. This study explores whether acquisitions affect the valuation of technological resources of other companies not involved in the transaction. The results show that a firm that owns patents similar to the company being acquired experience positive stock market returns at the acquisition announcement, which suggests that the deal signals to investors that the acquired resources are more valuable than initially expected. This effect holds regardless of whether the firm belongs to the same industry as the target or the acquirer. These spillovers change the market value of technological resources and are likely to affect the gains from later acquisitions or divestures of similar resources.
Specialization as a double‐edged sword: The relationship of scientist specialization with R&D productivity and impact following collaborator change
Authors: Jain Amit , Mitchell Will 
Published: October 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryOrganizational learning studies demonstrate that specialization conditions multiple aspects of firm performance, including productivity and financial returns, through its effect on skill development and coordination. We know little, however, about how specialization may influence a firm's R&D performance, including both R&D productivity and innovation impact. We propose that specialization is a double‐edged sword for R&D performance that can be influenced via changing scientists' collaborators: specialization increases scientist and firm R&D productivity but decreases the impact of innovations, while changing collaborators in a team reverses how specialization relates to productivity and impact. We validate this argument using a long panel (1970–2017) from the biotechnology industry. Specialization and collaborator change may thus serve as mechanisms to manage the trade‐off between productivity and impact in R&D activities.Managerial SummaryThis article studies how managers in firms may leverage their R&D workers' specialization to optimize their R&D performance. Our study shows that specialization is a double‐edged sword for R&D performance: it facilitates R&D productivity at the detriment of R&D impact, while the trade‐off shifts when collaborators within a scientist's team change. Thus, specialization and collaborator change condition R&D performance, with two implications for strategy. First, a firm's managers can recruit specialists or generalists depending on whether they want to prioritize productivity or impact in R&D activities. Second, job rotation practices that create periodic collaborator change may disrupt R&D productivity, yet invigorate explorative activity and increase the likelihood of impactful innovation.
3D Hollow Xerogels with Ordered Cellulose Nanocrystals for Tailored Mechanical Properties
Authors: Yang Yang , Huang Heqin , Xu Dan , Wang Xiaojie , Chen Ye , Wang Xiaohui , Zhang Kai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAdvanced materials with aligned cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted much attention due to their remarkable mechanical and optical properties, but most of them still focus on 1D or 2D architectures. Herein, complex 3D architectures as pseudo catenoid hollow xerogels with aligned CNCs are prepared from dynamic hydrogels by mechanical stretching and air‐drying process. Aligned CNCs endow the pseudo catenoids with distinct birefringence in addition to reinforcement. The mechanical properties of pseudo catenoid architecture are revealed for the first time to be controlled at two stages on diverse length scales. Both the aligned CNCs on the nanoscale and the geometry of the xerogels affect the mechanical properties. The inwardly curved surface of the pseudo catenoid xerogel makes the structure conducive to energy dissipation. These both stages of controls on the mechanical properties can be adjusted by changing the morphology of the initial hydrogels and the mechanical stretching ratios. These results will provide a new perspective for the design and manufacture advanced materials with tailored mechanical properties and functions.
Environmental records from coral skeletons: A decade of novel insights and innovation
Authors: Thompson Diane M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHundreds of coral paleoclimate records have been developed over the past several decades, significantly extending the instrumental record and improving our understanding of tropical climate variability and change in otherwise data‐poor regions. Coral “proxy” records measure the change in skeletal geochemistry or growth as a function of ocean conditions at the time of calcification. Over the past decade (since 2010), new syntheses have identified coherent patterns of warming and variability that are unique within the paleo record (albeit not yet unprecedented). In turn, ocean warming and acidification have had a detrimental impact on coral growth, with reduced extension and increased stress banding. Methodological advances have constrained uncertainties and improved our understanding of the processes by which climate information is archived in coral skeletons. Models that describe these processes have been developed to facilitate proxy‐model comparisons, identify sources of uncertainties, and provide a benchmark upon which forced changes may be detected within a highly variable climate system. Finally, several innovative new proxies have expanded the climate and environmental information that may be obtained from corals, including: seawater pH, aragonite saturation, anthropogenic nitrogen, runoff, and trade winds. Further extending established and novel proxies should remain a priority, along with seawater monitoring and density measurements with which to screen and calibrate these records. As this critical climate archive is increasingly threatened by warming and ocean acidification, the community must work closely together to collect this invaluable climate data in an ecologically and culturally sensitive manner, before it is too late.This article is categorized under:
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate
Cybersecurity as a Public Task in Administration
Authors: Chałubińska–Jentkiewicz Katarzyna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractContemporary models of public administration have been formed by various political, social and economic conditions. Public tasks are carried out on the basis of legal provisions under the conditions of applying specific decision-making rules and organisational techniques, which include specific principles, procedures and practice—experience. These features characterise public administration as a system of operations, also in relation to cyberspace. The transformations associated with the computerisation and dissemination of information and communication technologies have meant that the duty of public administration in the information age is, on the one hand, to synchronise the activities of entities belonging to different sectors, and on the other, to manage complex networks, as well as to adapt the functioning of public administration to using new technologies. The goal of cybersecurity management is to provide optimal cost protection; to determine which risks can be avoided and how, using both organisational and technical solutions, the risk can be minimised to an acceptable level.
Tasks of Operators of Essential Services and Digital Service Providers
Authors: Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz Katarzyna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPublic tasks for cyberspace security occupy an important place in the National Security System of the Republic of Poland. The responsibility for ensuring cybersecurity lies with all network users, but public administration authorities play a significant role, with one of the basic tasks being activities to ensure public security and order. In the conditions of arrangements for the implementation of public tasks for national security, with particular emphasis on the specification of public tasks in the area of critical infrastructure protection, it is important to determine the catalogue of entities performing public tasks in the field of cyberspace security. It should be noted that these entities may be public entities performing public tasks, private entities performing public tasks based on the privatisation of public task implementation, and private entities performing their own tasks that are of significant public interest, or which were once carried out as public tasks but were subject to privatisation.
The Liability of Entities Providing Services by Electronic Means for Digital Content
Authors: Zając Paweł 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs a result of computerisation, digitisation and informatisation of human activities, cyber responsibility became a key and indispensable issue related to human functioning in cyberspace. One of its aspects is the liability of service providers for digital content shared in network and information systems. This issue is increasingly important as the Internet has become a medium of exchange for ideas, views and content, and thus, a potential place of abuse, both from service providers and end users.This article aims to show the legal regulations regarding the scope of liability of entities providing electronic services for digital content provided under Polish legislation, with particular emphasis on the obligations incumbent on service providers and indication of limitations of liability in the case of mere conduit, caching and hosting services, upon fulfilling certain regulatory requirements. This article also deals with the issue of protecting the copyrights to works unlawfully made available on the web by users and the scope of responsibility of service providers for the above activities.
Cyberspace, Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism
Authors: Radoniewicz Filip 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to synthetically characterize the phenomenon of cybercrime, cyberterrorism and cyberwar. It presents attempts to define computer crimes and their classification, history of criminalization of this phenomenon together with related difficulties. The author consistently distinguishes cybercrime from cyberterrorism and cyberwar.
Patent Oppositions in India
Authors: Rathod Sandeep Kanak 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPre-grant and post-grant oppositions filed in India by civil society and generic companies have been instrumental in visibly increasing access of drugs to the public—both in terms of earlier generic entry and also cheaper prices due to such generic competition. This paper looks at the significant pharmaceutical patent oppositions in India during the last 15 years. It focuses on some unique aspects connected to each of these oppositions and tracks how these oppositions helped in securing earlier access to generic drugs. The last part of the paper analyses patent opposition pendency statistics and notes that increasing pendency numbers, over the last few years, is a matter of deep concern as it could impact access to drugs, in future.
Robust Patent Examination or Deep Harmonization? Cooperation and Work Sharing Between Patent Offices
Authors: Syam Nirmalya 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPatent laws and regulations in many countries have utilized the flexibility available under the WTO TRIPS Agreement to apply nationally appropriate standards to define the patentability criteria of novelty, inventive step and industrial applicability, in order to ensure the grant of high-quality patents for genuine inventions. Robust search and examination are crucial for the application of this flexibility to ensure the grant of patents for genuine inventions, e.g., for secondary pharmaceutical patent applications which could lead to patent evergreening and adversely impact access to medicines by restraining generic competition. However, limited examination resources of patent offices have been stretched by the tremendous surge in the number of patent applications to be processed, leading to delays and backlogs. This has led patent offices to prioritize efficient and speedy processing of patent applications with their limited resources by using the search and examination work of other patent offices, sometimes to the extent of granting a patent on the basis of a corresponding grant by another patent office. This chapter discusses how work sharing has been driven by the major patent offices as part of a global patent harmonization agenda, both within the WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty and through technical assistance and cooperation with other patent offices, and suggests how patent offices in developing countries could best harness the advantages of work sharing, particularly in a South-South cooperation framework, while safeguarding the ability to apply in practice the patentability requirements under their national laws through a robust search and examination of patent claims.
Der digitale Wandel als Motor der Hochschulentwicklung – Strategiemuster für die Digitalisierung der Hochschullehre
Authors: Budde Jannica 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDer digitale Wandel in Studium und Lehre stellt Hochschulen vor die Herausforderung, einen Veränderungsprozess strategisch zu gestalten, dessen Komplexität nicht zu unterschätzen ist. Denn einerseits soll die Digitalisierung kein Selbstzweck sein und in allen strategischen Prozessen mitgedacht werden, andererseits müssen sich Hochschulen auch konkret damit auseinandersetzen, was der digitale Wandel für Studium und Lehre an der jeweiligen Institution bedeutet. Dafür sollte ein individuelles Strategienarrativ entwickelt werden, das den Veränderungsprozess begründet und diesem eine konkrete Richtung gibt. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die Fragestellung, welche Grundmuster es für diese strategischen Narrative gibt. Dazu betrachtet der Beitrag unterschiedliche Modelle zu Strategie- und Profilierungsoptionen aus der Literatur und entwickelt hieraus ein Modell von sechs Strategiemustern, die als Begründung und Leitrahmen für strategische Digitalisierungsbestrebungen an Hochschulen dienen können.
Zwischen Dynamik und Synchronisation. Herausforderungen und Handlungsoptionen für die strategische hochschulweite digitale Transformation der Hochschullehre
Authors: Graf-Schlattmann Marcel , Thomsen Birte , Wilde Melanie , Meister Dorothee M. , Oevel Gudrun 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungIm vorliegenden Beitrag verbinden wir drei Aspekte der Digitalisierung der Hochschullehre miteinander und diskutieren sie im Verhältnis zu Strategieempfehlungen und Modellen der Agilität. Zuerst stellen wir dabei die Gelingensbedingungen der strategisch gerahmten Digitalisierung anhand unseres Modells der Kollektiven Veränderung dar. Anschließend widmen wir uns der Projektförmigkeit als dem zentralen Organisationsmuster der digitalen Transformation sowie dem Verhältnis von Dynamik und Synchronisation. Beide Phänomene sind wichtige Eigenschaften der digitalen Transformation, die eine Herausforderung, aber auch eine Chance darstellen.
Die Digitalisierung der Lehre und die Hochschulpolitik. Was bei der Strategiebildung nicht übersehen werden sollte
Authors: Metzner Joachim 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungWenn die 2020 erfolgte Umstellung der Hochschulen auf digitales Lehren und Lernen zu einer nachhaltigen positiven Veränderung der Hochschule als Bildungsinstitution beitragen soll, wird es auf eine gut durchdachte Digitalisierungsstrategie ankommen; auch eine Neujustierung bestehender Strategien kann geboten sein. Das Gleiche gilt für strategische Positionen zur Digitalisierung der Hochschulen in der europäischen und nationalen Bildungspolitik. Im Beitrag werden inhaltliche Defizite in der bisherigen Strategiebildung auf beiden Seiten aufgezeigt, die nicht zuletzt auf das Fehlen einer politischen Dimension in den hochschulischen Strategien und ein unklares Bildungsverständnis seitens der Politik zurückzuführen sind. Der Aufsatz will zu einer Aufarbeitung dieser Defizite in der aktuellen Situation anregen.
Learning Analytics aus institutioneller Perspektive: Ein Orientierungsrahmen für die hochschulische Datennutzung
Authors: Scheidig Falk , Holmeier Monika 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDer digitale Wandel führt zu einer Zunahme des Datenvolumens und neuen Möglichkeiten der Datennutzung. Auch an Hochschulen befördert der voranschreitende Technologieeinsatz in Studium und Lehre die als „Datafication“ beschriebene Entwicklung. Hieraus erwachsen einerseits Anforderungen bezüglich des kompetenten Umgangs mit Daten (Data Literacy) und insbesondere des Datenschutzes, denen sich Hochschulen schon heute nicht entziehen können, andererseits aber auch neue Potenziale der gezielten Datennutzung. Unter „Learning Analytics“ werden seit etwa einer Dekade Möglichkeiten der Datenauswertung entwickelt und diskutiert, die ein tieferes Verständnis und eine Optimierung von Lernumgebungen und -prozessen in Aussicht stellen und sowohl Dozierende und Studierende als auch hochschulische Leitungspersonen und -gremien adressieren. Ungeachtet der technischen Dimension der Datenverarbeitung ist die Implementierung von Learning Analytics vor allem auch organisational anspruchsvoll. Zugleich korrespondieren mit Szenarien hochschulischer Datennutzung begründete Einwände und ethische Bedenken. Im Beitrag wird zunächst in das noch junge Feld Learning Analytics eingeführt und anschließend ein Orientierungsrahmen für Hochschulen vorgelegt, der aus institutioneller Perspektive 25 Handlungsanforderungen für einen sensiblen, potenzialorientierten und organisationsbewussten Umgang mit lehr- und lernbezogenen Daten beschreibt.
Analyse didaktischer Veränderungen durch Digitalisierung. Die Mär von mehr Partizipation?
Authors: Gloerfeld Christina 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel ist ein Beitrag zur Diskussion über die Transformation von Lehr-/Lernprozessen durch Digitalisierung aus didaktischer Perspektive und nimmt dabei gezielt den Bereich der Partizipation in den Blick. Es wird eine empirische Untersuchung der didaktischen Veränderungen durch Digitalisierung an der FernUniversität (FeU) in Hagen vorgestellt. Die Grundlage bildet eine systematische Erfassung der Lehr-/Lernprozesse anhand eines entwickelten analytischen Rahmenmodells, das aus sechs allgemeindidaktischen Modellen abgeleitet ist. Die exemplarischen Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Erkenntnisse diskutiert und geben auf diese Weise Impulse und Reflexionsansätze gegen teilweise stark überzogene Erwartungshaltungen der Veränderungen im Lehren und Lernen. Es ist evident, dass durch Digitalisierung Handlungsräume erweitert werden und Möglichkeiten für neue Handlungsformen und -praxen entstehen. Die Realisierung dieser Potenziale, zum Beispiel im Bereich der Partizipation, befindet sich jedoch noch am Anfang und hat grundlegende Strukturen bisher wenig aufgebrochen.
Der physische Raum im Kontext der Digitalisierung. Perspektiven für Lehr- und Lernraumkonstellationen an Hochschulen
Authors: Stang Richard , Petschenka Anke , Gläser Christine , Becker Alexandra 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungIm Zuge der Coronapandemie hat sich gezeigt, welche Relevanz Strategien für das Onlinelehren und -lernen für Hochschulen haben. Doch greift es zu kurz, nur den digitalen Raum in strategische Überlegungen bei der Hochschulentwicklung einzubeziehen. Auch der physische Raum wird in Zukunft von zentraler Bedeutung für die Gestaltung der Rahmenbedingungen für Lernende sein. Es gilt, hybride Lehr- und Lernraumkonstellationen zu entwickeln. Dabei wird die Einbeziehung der Studierendenperspektive besonders relevant. Der Beitrag entfaltet die verschiedenen Dimensionen einer entsprechenden Strategieentwicklung an Hochschulen im 21. Jahrhundert. Auf der Basis der Forschungsergebnisse des Projektes „Lernwelt Hochschule (LeHo)“ werden ausgewählte Aspekte diskutiert, die für Hochschulen von besonderer Relevanz sind, wenn sie im Modus der Digitalisierung Zukunft gestalten.