bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthraquinonoid pigments
Authors: Christie Robert , Abel Adrian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractColorants based on the anthraquinone structure are categorized as a subclass of carbonyl colorants. Anthraquinone textile dyes rank second in importance to azo dyes, especially within the vat dye application class. Vat dyes became of interest to the pigment industry because of their insolubility. This insolubility and generally excellent fastness properties inspired investigations into the selection of suitable established anthraquinonoid vat dyes for use as pigments after conversion to a physical form that is appropriate for their applications. Originally this proved difficult, but was eventually achieved following the development of appropriate conditioning after treatment processes. The structural chemistry of the various types of anthraquinonoid pigments in relation to their technical and coloristic performance is discussed. The chapter concludes with an illustrated description of the main synthetic routes and finally with a description of the principal applications of the individual commercial products. Anthraquinonoid pigments are generally regarded as high-performance products, suitable for highly demanding applications, although they tend to be expensive.
Principles of reverse electrodialysis and development of integrated-based system for power generation and water treatment: a review
Authors: Othman Nur Hidayati , Kabay Nalan , Guler Enver 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes the movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into the electrical current at the electrodes by redox reactions. Although several works have shown the possibilities of achieving high power densities through the RED system, the transformation to the industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly in understanding the correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and the operating conditions. This work provides an overview of the RED system including its development and modifications of IEM utilized in the RED system. The effects of modified membranes particularly on the psychochemical properties of the membranes and the effects of numerous operating variables are discussed. The prospects of combining the RED system with other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), and flow battery have been summarized based on open-loop and closed-loop configurations. This review attempts to explain the development and prospect of RED technology for salinity gradient power production and further elucidate the integrated RED system as a promising way to harvest energy while reducing the impact of liquid waste disposal on the environment.
Metabolomics and metabolites in ischemic stroke
Authors: Chumachenko Maria S. , Waseem Tatsiana V. , Fedorovich Sergei V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Stroke is a major reason for disability and the second highest cause of death in the world. When a patient is admitted to a hospital, it is necessary to identify the type of stroke, and the likelihood for development of a recurrent stroke, vascular dementia, and depression. These factors could be determined using different biomarkers. Metabolomics is a very promising strategy for identification of biomarkers. The advantage of metabolomics, in contrast to other analytical techniques, resides in providing low molecular weight metabolite profiles, rather than individual molecule profiles. Technically, this approach is based on mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, variations in metabolite concentrations during brain ischemia could alter the principal neuronal functions. Different markers associated with ischemic stroke in the brain have been identified including those contributing to risk, acute onset, and severity of this pathology. In the brain, experimental studies using the ischemia/reperfusion model (IRI) have shown an impaired energy and amino acid metabolism and confirmed their principal roles. Literature data provide a good basis for identifying markers of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke and understanding metabolic mechanisms of these diseases. This opens an avenue for the successful use of identified markers along with metabolomics technologies to develop fast and reliable diagnostic tools for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
The Child Opportunity Index 2.0 and Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions
Authors: Krager Molly K. , Puls Henry T. , Bettenhausen Jessica L. , Hall Matt , Thurm Cary , Plencner Laura M. , Markham Jessica L. , Noelke Clemens , Beck Andrew F. 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESHospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) are thought to be avoidable with high-quality outpatient care. Morbidity related to ACSCs has been associated with socioeconomic contextual factors, which do not necessarily capture the complex pathways through which a child’s environment impacts health outcomes. Our primary objective was to test the association between a multidimensional measure of neighborhood-level child opportunity and pediatric hospitalization rates for ACSCs across 2 metropolitan areas.METHODSThis was a retrospective population-based analysis of ACSC hospitalizations within the Kansas City and Cincinnati metropolitan areas from 2013 to 2018. Census tracts were included if located in a county where Children’s Mercy Kansas City or Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center had &gt;80% market share of hospitalizations for children &lt;18 years. Our predictor was child opportunity as defined by a composite index, the Child Opportunity Index 2.0. Our outcome was hospitalization rates for 8 ACSCs.RESULTSWe included 604 943 children within 628 census tracts. There were 26 977 total ACSC hospitalizations (46 hospitalizations per 1000 children; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.4–46.5). The hospitalization rate for all ACSCs revealed a stepwise reduction from 79.9 per 1000 children (95% CI: 78.1–81.7) in very low opportunity tracts to 31.2 per 1000 children (95% CI: 30.5–32.0) in very high opportunity tracts (P &lt; .001). This trend was observed across cities and diagnoses.CONCLUSIONSLinks between ACSC hospitalizations and child opportunity extend across metropolitan areas. Targeting interventions to lower-opportunity neighborhoods and enacting policies that equitably bolster opportunity may improve child health outcomes, reduce inequities, and decrease health care costs.
Pediatric Telehealth in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era and Beyond
Authors: Curfman Alison , McSwain S David , Chuo John , Yeager-McSwain Brooke , Schinasi Dana A. , Marcin James , Herendeen Neil , Chung Sandy L. , Rheuban Karen , Olson Christina A. 
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to an unprecedented demand for health care at a distance, and telehealth (the delivery of patient care using telecommunications technology) became more widespread. Since our 2018 state-of-the-art review assessing the pediatric telehealth landscape, there have been many changes in technology, policy, payment, and physician and patient acceptance of this care model. Clinical best practices in telehealth, on the other hand, have remained unchanged during this time, with the primary difference being the need to implement them at scale.
Because of the pandemic, underlying health system weaknesses that have previously challenged telehealth adoption (including inequitable access to care, unsustainable costs in a fee-for-service system, and a lack of quality metrics for novel care delivery modalities) were simultaneously exacerbated. Higher volume use has provided a new appreciation of how patients from underrepresented backgrounds can benefit from or be disadvantaged by the shift toward virtual care. Moving forward, it will be critical to assess which COVID-19 telehealth changes should remain in place or be developed further to ensure children have equitable access to high-quality care.
With this review, we aim to (1) depict today’s pediatric telehealth practice in an era of digital disruption; (2) describe the people, training, processes, and tools needed for its successful implementation and sustainability; (3) examine health equity implications; and (4) critically review current telehealth policy as well as future policy needs. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is continuing to develop policy, specific practice tips, training modules, checklists, and other detailed resources, which will be available later in 2021.
Cost-effective Evaluation of an Educational Intervention based on Multiple Intelligences Versus Traditional Care to Improve Exclusive Breastfeeding in Mothers’ Clubs in Peru
Authors: Chumpitaz Durand Rubén Balabonce , Gálvez Díaz Norma del Carmen , Córdova Sotomayor Daniel Ángel 
Published: July 2021

Objective. This work sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two educational interventions to improve exclusive maternal breastfeeding in mothers’ clubs in Peru.
Methods. This is a retrospective, longitudinal descriptive study, which reviewed 113 information registries of mothers participating in a traditional educational intervention and 104 mothers with intervention based on multiple intelligences, evaluating the level of knowledge and exclusive maternal breastfeeding practices through observation visits.
Results. The intervention based on multiple intelligences achieved greater cost-effectiveness than the traditional intervention given that with lower investment, it managed to get 56.73% of the mothers to increase their knowledge and 68.27% to practice exclusive maternal breastfeeding from six months to more months in comparison with the traditional intervention in which 41.59% and 43.36% improved, respectively. Moreover, for its effective application, on every 100 mothers, its investment would result lower than the traditional program.
Conclusion. Upon applying satisfactorily the cost-effectiveness evaluation, as model to compare educational interventions on exclusive maternal breastfeeding, better results were determined with the intervention based on multiple intelligences compared with the traditional intervention, given that with lower investment, it was possible to benefit a greater number of mothers in their level of knowledge and practices of maternal breastfeeding.
Grieves and struggles of family caregivers providing care for bedridden elderly patients affected by chronic degenerative diseases
Authors: Campos Joice Soares , Dos Anjos Anna Cláudia Yokoyama , Neto Sebastião Benício da Costa , Peres Rodrigo Sanches 
Published: July 2021

Objective. To understand grieves and struggles of family caregivers providing care for bedridden elderly patients affected by chronic degenerative diseases.
Methods. This cross-sectional study was developed following the guidelines of the clinical-qualitative method. The sample was composed of 10 female family caregivers of bedridden elderly patients affected by chronic degenerative diseases in a city in the interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sample size was determined by data saturation. The instruments used included semi-structured interviews and a field diary. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and submitted to content analysis. The field diary provided contributions to the organization of categories, conferring a more accurate context.
Results. The participants experienced two types of grief, one for the loss of a “healthy family member” and the other for the “announced death” of this person. Additionally, the participants faced two main struggles: overcoming (objective and subjective) fatigue and becoming fully capable of performing their roles.
Conclusion. The family caregivers of bedridden elderly patients affected by chronic degenerative diseases experience grieves and struggles that should be taken into account from the beginning of the care process through mental health actions intended to meet their needs.
Experiences of Parents of Preterm Children Hospitalized Regarding Restrictions to Interact with Their Children Imposed Because of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Osorio Galeano Sandra Patricia , Salazar Maya Ángela María 
Published: July 2021

Objective. To describe the experiences of parents of hospitalized preterm children regarding the restrictions implemented in the neonatal intensive care unit -NICU- during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods. Qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between April and October 2020 with 12 parents of preterm children, whose children were hospitalized and discharged from NICU during the pandemic. The analysis was performed with tools from grounded theory through open and axial coding.
Results. The study identified four categories regarding the experience: 1) needing information: refers to the need for clear and close information to compensate for the physical distance; 2) limiting the interaction with the children: expressed as a painful situation, which minimizes opportunities for learning to care at home for their preterm child; 3) the pandemic: adding to the fears: in which the virus appears as a new threat for the children, who are vulnerable given their premature condition; and 4) limiting social support after discharge: identifies that the parents had less family and professional support for care after discharge during times of pandemic.
Conclusion. Parents of preterm children lived a difficult experience that became complex within the context of the pandemic. The experiences of parents of preterm children during times of COVID-19 indicate that restrictions to enter neonatal units to prevent the virus transmission limited the interaction with the preterm child and with the health staff and increased the needs for information.
Professional and ethical values in Nursing practice: An Indian Perspective
Authors: Poreddi Vijayalakshmi , Narayanan Athira , Thankachan Athira , Joy Binila , Awungshi Changhorla , SaiNikhil Reddy S 
Published: July 2021

Objective. This study was carried out to examine professional and ethical values related to the profession from nurses' perspectives.
Methods. This was a cross-sectional survey carried out among 124 randomly selected nurses working at a tertiary care hospital in South India. The data was collected using Nursing Professional Values scale (NPVS-3). This tool consisted of 28 items to assess nurses’ professional values in three domains namely; Caring (10 items), activism(10items), and professionalism (8items). The maximum range of scores is 28–140. The higher the score, the stronger the nurse’s professional value orientation.
Results. The mean total score of the Professional Value scale was high (121.07±15.32). The mean score of the participants was higher in the caring domain (44.02±5.75) than activism (42.19±6.33) and professionalism domains (34.86±4.27). Pearson correlational analysis revealed that nurses with less experience had greater mean professional values score than nurses with higher experience (p<0.01).
Conclusion. The present study showed that nurses have high professional and ethical values, although they perceive that the most important values are those related to direct patient care. Continuing education programs should be designed so that nurses understand that nonclinical professional values are also equally important in promoting the nursing profession.
Seismicity and focal mechanisms associated with the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Olympic Peninsula, Washington
Authors: Taber J. John , Smith Stewart W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Two and a half years of data from an expanded, telemetered seismic network on the Olympic Peninsula reinforce the conclusion that the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting beneath Washington. However, the rate of seismicity is presently much lower than typical rates at other convergent margins.
The located earthquakes can be divided into two groups on the basis of depth. At the coast, a shallow zone extends to a depth of approximately 20 km while a deep zone begins at 25 km. On the eastern edge of the Peninsula, the shallow zone has thickened to 30 km and the depth to the top of the deep zone has increased to 45 km. The rate of crustal seismicity is much lower on the Peninsula than in the adjacent Puget Sound region. The deep zone is 5 to 10 km thick and dips to the east at an angle of about 11°. The deep events appear to be occurring in the upper part of the subducting oceanic lithosphere.
Focal mechanisms were constructed for 16 events in the suite of deep events with magnitudes ranging from 1.6 to 4.3. The solutions show primarily normal faulting with the P axes normal to the slab and the T axes displaying a range of angles within the slab with the average T axis in the downdip direction. Small events with down-dip tension in the downgoing slab are consistent with the slab sinking under its own weight. Several strike-slip events may be caused by a shearing within the slab. These features are consistent with ongoing subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America.
On the earthquake hazards of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
Authors: McCann William R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPuerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are located near the northeastern corner of the Caribbean seismic zone. Numerous large earthquakes have struck these islands, some with disastrous results. The 400-yr-long earthquake record of Puerto Rico describes shocks affecting nearly all portions of the island. The last destructive shock, in 1918 (7.5 MS), did not occur along the main seismic zone, but rather on an intraplate fault near Mona Canyon off the northwest coast. A possible great earthquake in 1787 (8 to 8.25 MS) appears to have occurred along the main seismic zone near the Puerto Rico Trench to the north of the island, but data for the event are scarce.A disastrous earthquake in the Virgin Islands (1867, 7.5 MS) also occurred on an intraplate fault. This fault is one of a series that bound the Anegada Trough separating Saint Croix from the main chain of the Virgin Islands.Seafloor morphology, microearthquakes, and the record of historic earthquakes define a zone of deformation extending from the Puerto Rico Trench, northeast of the Virgin Islands, trending southwest along the Anegada Trough and then westerly along the Muertos Trough. The Muertos Trough is the locus of convergence between the floor of the Caribbean Sea and Puerto Rico. Maximum dimensions of future large earthquakes are inferred from sizes of blocks in the Anegada and Muertos Troughs as well as Mona Canyon. Shocks as large as 7.5 can occur on these intraplate faults. Although strain rates on these faults may be an order of magnitude less than on faults in the Puerto Rico Trench, the large number of potential sources suggest that damaging earthquakes in this part of the Caribbean can come from either the Puerto Rico Trench or the intraplate faults with nearly equal probability.
Surface motion of topographical irregularities for incidentP, SV,and Rayleigh waves
Authors: Sánchez-Sesma Francisco J. , Bravo Miguel A. , Herrera Ismael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTrefftz's method is applied to solve the diffraction of P, SV, and Rayleigh waves by surface irregularities in an elastic, isotropic and homogeneous half-space. The diffracted wave fields are constructed with linear combinations of solutions which form c-complete or T-complete (T after Trefftz) families for the wave equation. Boundary conditions are satisfied in the least-squares sense on the irregularity and on a finite interval of the half-space surface. Excellent agreement was found with the solution by Wong (1982).
New probabilistic strong seismic ground motion maps of Canada
Authors: Basham P. W. , Weichert D. H. , Anglin F. M. , Berry M. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNew probabilistic strong seismic ground motion maps of Canada are derived by applying the “Cornell-McGuire” method to 32 earthquake source zones in Canada and adjacent regions. Peak horizontal acceleration and peak horizontal velocity are mapped to depict strong ground motion in the frequency ranges near 5 Hz and near 1 Hz, respectively.Some earthquake source zones are well defined on the basis of both tectonics and average seismicity rates, but a lack of understanding of the near-field effects of the large earthquakes prohibits accurate estimates of ground motion in their vicinity. Some source zones have no known large-scale crustal features or zones of weakness that can explain the seismicity and must, therefore, be defined simply as concentrations of seismic activity with no geological or geophysical controls on the boundaries. Other source zones lack information on low-magnitude seismicity that would be representative of longer periods of time.A significant source of uncertainty in the ground motion estimates is introduced by the uncertainty in strong ground motion attenuation relations, particularly in the near-field of large earthquakes and particularly in eastern Canada where no strong motion data are available for earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. Valid estimates can be made of relative levels of probabilistic strong ground motion on a regional basis at moderate probabilities; however, the simple peak ground motion parameters are not sufficient for engineering design purposes in the immediate vicinity of large earthquakes.A comparison of the new probabilistic ground motion estimates at the Canada-United States border with equivalent estimates made in the United States reveals that peak acceleration contours match well in the British Columbia-Washington State, Yukon-Alaska, and Lake Ontario border regions. Canadian peak velocities are a factor of two higher near the British Columbia-Washington State border. Canadian peak accelerations are higher in the border regions of eastern Canada influenced by the Charlevoix zone, and in regions of the Alaska Panhandle-British Columbia border influenced by the active Queen Charlotte and Fairweather fault zones.The new ground motion estimates are used to produce new peak acceleration and peak velocity zoning maps to replace the 1970 (peak acceleration) zoning map in the National Building Code of Canada. The acceleration and velocity maps provide independent ground motion reference levels for small rigid structures and taller flexible structures, respectively. Compared to the 1970 map with four zones, the new maps with seven zones have a finer subdivision of zoning in moderate risk areas and additional zones in the high risk areas. A change in probability of exceedence from 0.01 per annum on the 1970 map to 10 per cent in 50 yr on the new maps, and the addition of velocity as a zoning parameter, have necessitated changes in the seismic design provisions. These revisions will be incorporated into the 1985 edition of the Code.
Survey of damages during the Dhamar earthquake of 13 December 1982 in the Yemen Arab Republic
Authors: Arya A. S. , Srivastava L. S. , Gupta Satyendra P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Dhamar province of the Yemen Arab Republic was shaken on 13 December 1982 by a moderate earthquake. The earthquake caused considerable loss of life and different degrees of damage to the traditional houses in the area. The most common forms of construction, consisting of stone masonry and adobe, suffered very extensive damage. The destruction of houses was mainly due to failure of the superstructure and none due to the movement of foundations. An above-ground reinforced concrete water tank also collapsed. Ground fissures, rupture of stones on a hill side, rock falls, and slides were also observed. An isoseismal map of the earthquake-damaged area is also presented.