bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Making a Prototype Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) as an Alternative Electric Energy Source
Authors: Sasongko Setia Budi , Novasari Diana , Ramadhan Dzillan Hidayat , Fadlilah Muthi’ah Nur , Pratiwi Wahyu Zuli 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Sunlight as a potential renewable energy source is an ideal solution to meet the increasing electricity needs. Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is an environmentally friendly solar cell because it uses dye organic matter. The purpose of this study was to make a DSSC prototype and examine the effect of dye types and the concentration and thickness of TiO2 layers on the DSSC voltage produced. Solar cells are devices that convert sunlight radiation into electrical energy. Solar cells use a photo-electric effect from semiconductor materials so they can collect solar radiation and convert it into electrical energy. Today, one of the solar cells developed is DSSC which uses electrolytes as an electron transportation medium. DSSC consists of TiO2 nanopores, dye molecules adsorbed on the surface of TiO2, and electrolyte solutions which are all deposited between two conductive glass. In this study, a prototype of DSSC was carried out using organic materials from the extraction of dragon fruit, orange fruits and darker colored mustard greens. Dye extract is adsorbed by TiO2 nanopores which have been deposited into conductive glass (TCO). Carbon is used as a counter-electrode, then an electrolyte solution is added when both conductive glass has been assembled in the form of a sandwich. Based on the experimental results, the greater the concentration of TiO2, the greater the power obtained. The greater the thickness of TiO2, the greater the power obtained, and the variable type of dye that has been studied obtained greater power found in the type of dye from dragon fruit.
The Effect of Temperature on Vermicelli Drying under Dehumidified Air
Authors: Sasongko S.B. , Rini B. P. , Maehiroh H. , Utari F.D. , Djaeni M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Vermicelli, called Sohun, is a white noodle made of arenga starch. The vermicelli is commonly produced by small to medium enterprises. The process consists of mixing starch with hot water forming gel, forming the vermicelli noodle, drying, and packaging. Vermicelli drying is an important part, since it influences the product quality. Currently, the drying was simply done under sunlight. The drawback of the process is weather dependency both quality and continuity. The convective dryer with air dehumidification can be an option to substitute sunlight dryer. In this case, the air as drying medium was passed to adsorbent for reducing the absolute humidity. The dry air was then heated up to certain drying temperature. The research studied the effect of air temperature varied from 313.15 - 353.15 K on vermicelli drying. As a response, the moisture content in vermicelli was observed and thermal efficiency was estimated. Results showed that after 60 minutes drying under 353.15 K, the moisture content in vermicelli can reach below 14.0% and thermal efficiency was about 54%. The dry vermicelli also had good swelling capacity. Upper 353.15 K, the drying is not recommended since it probably reduces the vermicelli quality.
Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Starch Degradation under Sonication Process
Authors: Andriansyah D W , Billah Al-Firdaus A A , Airlangga B , Trisanti P N , Juwari  , Sumarno  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Starch processing technology has been developed to enlarge the application of starch in most of food, medical and fermentation industries. Sonication is prominent technology that can alter physical and molecular structure of many material by generating vigorous cavitation which gives radicals and a microjet. Many researches of starch sonication process has been carried out experimentally, but there is only very small number of published works that correlated the experiment data and suitable reaction model. In this study, a reaction model that correlates with experimental results was develop to predict molecular weight, granule size, and conversion of cassava starch. The sonication has simulated with the nth-order reaction model. The result show the reaction was controlled by physical process control. The simulation depict that sonication process can produce a lower molecular weight of starch in very short time. At later time process, the sonication degradation ability was reduced because some part of granule have ability to withstand the cavitation.
Characteristics Dynamics and Control of Oxidative and Coupling Methane Catalytic Membrane Reactor
Authors: Sutikno J P , Tambunan A , Anugraha R P , Handogo R , Agung K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Oxidative and Coupling Methane (OCM) can be a promising technology for converting natural gas to Ethylene. Ethylene itself is an intermediate polymer product which is widely used for various needs of the chemical industry. The Oxidative and Coupling Methane reactor is currently in the researched to produce the most favorable conditions. The reactor configuration that is currently the most advantageous for application to oxidative and coupling methane reactors is the dual catalytic membrane reactor. This research is about controlling Methane and Ethane conversion systems in natural gas to produce Ethylene with the greatest conversion, determining the best tuning parameters for the three control structures, and comparing the three to get the best control arrangement. For this reason, control simulations are carried out on 9 controlled variables using three control structures, namely Proportional-Integral, Proportional Integral-Derivative, and Predictive Control Model. The disturbances given in this study were + 20% and −20% in the composition of the feed flow operating conditions (temperature, pressure, and flow rate). A comparison of the IAE values of each controller is used to determine the best controller configuration.
Comparison of Model Predictive Controller and Neural Network Controller on Nonconventional Distillation Demethanizer/Deethanizer Rectifier/Column System
Authors: Setiawan Vian C , Alifah I U A , Anugraha Rendra P , Juwari  , Renanto  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nonconventional distillation demethanizer/deethanizer rectifier/column offers an economic advantage compared to conventional configurations by using sidestream from second column to remove the use of reboiler. However, this configuration brings a complex system that needs attention in its process control to ensure its operability. This work explores the use of neural network model predictive control (NNMPC) for this system. Aspen HYSYS was used to simulate the process, generate input-output data to develop the plant model and to conduct performance tests. MATLAB was used to conduct model identification, design the MPC and implement the multivariable control action. Sufficient time series data, where reflux valve positions and distillate compositions from each column act as input and output respectively, can be obtained from simulation and then utilized to train a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) neural network which will be used as a predictive model. Model predictive Control based on this neural network model is designed to control distillate compositions for each column by the changes of reflux valve positions for each column as control signal. Least square algorithm from MATLAB function wass employed to optimize the cost function. A comparison has been made between NNMPC and conventional MPC configurations with first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model to test the performance of the controller based on disturbance rejection and set-point tracking test. Quantitative calculation was done using integral absolute error (IAE) with trapezoidal rule used as numerical integral method. NNMPC shows better performance than MPC with FOPDT model in set-point tracking test. However, NNMPC has a disadvantage on the cost function calculation algorithm, which did not account for the difference between plant and model value thus cause the MPC with FOPDT model to give better performance on disturbance rejection. Bias addition on NNMPC cost function algorithm made the controller has better responses to disturbance rejection compared to MPC.
Optimization of Gypsum Composition Against Setting Time And Compressive Strength In Clinker For PCC (Portland Composite Cement)
Authors: Herliati  , Sagitha Anggi , Dyah Puspita A. , Puput Dwi R. , Salasa Akhirudin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Gypsum is one of the additive raw materials added to the clinker grinding process that regulate the binding time of cement or commonly known as a retarder. This research aims to observe the effect of gypsum added variation on the compressive strength of mortar and the whole quality of Portland Composite Cement at plant 14 P.T Indocement Tunggal Prakasa Tbk. The PCC compositions did prepare with a variation of the addition of 0 - 5% gypsum where the clinker ratio did fix at 75%, and two other additives, namely limestone, and trass did add with a fixed ratio of 1.2: 1. The effect of adding gypsum to clinker measured by performing a mortar compressive strength test and the binding time at the ages of 1, 3, 7, and 28 days. The results of series observation and analysis show that composite Portland cement has the most optimal quality in the addition of gypsum as much as 3.5%, where SO3 content is 1.7%, the initial setting time is ≥ 90, and the final setting time is maximum at 375 minutes.
Comparison study for extraction of bioactive flavonoids from moringa oleifera, apple, onion, and ascorbic acid (orange) by using microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted and maceration methods
Authors: Prasetyaningrum A , Rokhati N , Dharmawan Y , Prinanda G R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFlavonoid compounds are widely applied in the nutrition and pharmacy fields. Flavonoids have anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and antioxidant properties. This study compared the extraction of flavonoid compounds from moringa oleifera, apple, onion and orange using maceration, ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods. The extraction process using ethanol solvent with a concentration of 96% ethanol. Total flavonoid content (TF) was analyzed using the colorimetric method. The results of this research showed that extraction using the combination of microwave-ultrasonic had the highest yield. The results showed that the extraction with the combination of microwave-ultrasound-assisted extraction (MUAE) processes produced the highest yield of flavonoid. The TF analyzed show that the contains of flavonoids in orange extract were higher than the flavonoids in moringa, onion and apple. In the MUAE process, the total flavonoid content of moringa oleifera, apple, onion, and orange was 2.140, 1.975, 3.923, and 6.080 mg QE / g, respectively. Orange extract tends to the highest contain flavonoids than onion, moringa oleifera, and apples. High flavonoids contain indicate that these samples can be used as antioxidants.
Design of reverse osmosis filtration system for the supply of clean water from saltwater wells in tanjung lame village
Authors: Prayoga Anton , Zakwan Muhammad , Bismo Setijo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Groundwater sources from community wells in Tanjung Lame village, Pandeglang regency, are not suitable for consumption, due to high salinity. In addition, reverse osmosis (RO) filtration system is a typical and efficient alternative technology adopted during the processing of clean water from saltwater sources. However, large amount of pressure is usually involved for a conventional single-stage RO. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to design a multi-stage RO filtration system capable of operating at low pressures. Therefore, the adopted model with a configuration of hybrid RO/NF permeate staging has proven to produce potable water from saltwater wells in Tanjung Lame village at low pressures. Moreover, the system was operated at the first and second stage RO/NF pressure of 6 and 3 bar, respectively. Under these circumstances, salt rejection and permeate TDS were estimated at 97.02% and 86 ppm, respectively in order to obtain optimum outcome. Furthermore, the product water recovery rate was evaluated at 37%, and a permeate flow rate of 1.85 liters/minute. The systems’ specific energy consumption (SEC) was estimated to be 1.802 kWh/m3, while a reduced value of 58.39% was observed for conventional single-stage RO.
Antioxidant Extraction from Indonesian Crude palm Oil and It’s Antioxidation Activity
Authors: Supriyono  , Sediawan WB 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Crude palm oil (CPO) is a vegetable oil that came from a palm tree bunch. Palm oil tree was known as highest vegetable oil yield. It was grown across Equatorial County, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. The greenish red color on CPO was came from carotenoid antioxidant, which could be extracted and use widely as functional food and other purposes as antioxidant source such on the biodiesel posttreatment to prevent biodiesel oxidation. Another antioxidant that also found in CPO is tocopherol. The aim of the research work is to find antioxidant activity on CPO comparing to the synthetic antioxidant that available in a market. On this research work, antioxidant was extracted by using a mixture of acetone and n. hexane, while activity of the antioxidant extract was determined by DPPH method. Antioxidant activity of the extracted compound has better performance compare to pure tocopherol. While the solvent mixture does not influence on the antioxidant activity.
Optimization Extraction of Indigofera tinctoria L. using Microwave-assisted Extraction
Authors: Syafaatullah Achmad Qodim , Mahfud Mahfud 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Dyes are many used in textiles, food, drink, and cosmetics. In the textile industry, the demand for dye is increasing, especially in natural dye. One of the natural dye that is often used in those products is Indigofera tinctoria L. due to its various potential. However, the time extraction needed is very long in the conventional extraction process. Because of that, some researchers have proved that microwave-assisted extraction takes a short time and high yield extraction obtained because microwave radiation is transmitted to the plant matrix that increasing solubility of solvent, and decreasing surface tension. Correlated with that, Indigofera tinctoria L. dye extraction using microwave-assisted extraction has been analyzed by modeling with response surface methodology with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) with parameters of ratio feed to solvent (0.02-0.1 g/ml), temperature (50-60°C) and extraction time (50-90 minutes). The obtained model could represent the extraction process and showed there an interaction among parameters on the yield, but ratio F/S had the most significant effect. Besides, the difference of optimization model obtained at optimum condition process extraction at ratio feed to solvent 0.02, temperature 60°C, and 50 minutes. The actual yield is 4.976% is closed to the predicted yield which the value is 4.85%. The compounds and similarity of the sample were analyzed using FT-IR and the similarity compound of indigo is 39.11%.
Saturation Time Characteristics of RO Membrane Skid to Clean Water Supply with Pressure Stage in Rejection
Authors: Zakwan Muhammad , Prayoga Anton , Bismo Setijo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is one major water treatment process used to filter out the water pollution due to the Tsunami disaster in Pandeglang. This technology is applied where highly purified water is essential, including sea/groundwater desalination, boiler feed water filtering, product rinsing, laboratory testing, and biotechnology. However, RO requires advanced research to ascertain the method and optimum pressure of the multi-pass system needed to produce clean water through a membrane with a long saturation time. Therefore, this study employs RO multi-pass by varying pressure 6-3, 6-4, and 7-4 on the first and second stage to observe the effects of decreasing flux and TDS enhancement for 72 hours in Tanjung Lame village. The results showed more performance in producing potable water at pressure P1 = 6 bar/P2 = 3 bar compared to P1 = 6/P2 = 3, and P1 = 7/P2 = 4. Moreover, the total dissolved solids (TDS) known to satisfy clean water provision was estimated at 20 ppm, after the permeate in the first stage is used as feedstock in the second. Furthermore, applying P1 = 6 bar and P2 = 3 bar for the first and second stage produced the membrane saturation time in hours ranging between 72-80 and 72-131, respectively.
Palm carotene production technologies – A membrane perspective
Authors: Nabu E B P , Sulaswatty A , Kartohardjono S 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPalm fruit mesocarp and palm oil matrix contain valuable minor substances such as carotene, tocopherol and tocotrienol. Carotene convey important nutritional function which are pro vitamin A activity and antioxidant. Therefore, numerous studies have been developed to establish method of preparing carotene preserved red palm olein. Furthermore, the review of carotene concentrate production through palm oil transesterification into fatty acid methyl ester and its successive concentration methods will be presented. Post treatment stage includes particularly saponification process and could involve membrane technology. A perspective on the potential application of membrane based methods in carotene concentrate production stages will be briefly discussed.
Vapor-liquid equilibria for binary and ternary systems composed of acetone, 1-butanol, and ethanol at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Adi A F N W , Wulanndari T G , Wiguno A , Kuswandi K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for three binary systems of acetone + 1-butanol, ethanol + 1-butanol, acetone + ethanol and a ternary system of ethanol + acetone + 1-butanol at atmospheric pressure were measured using an ebulliometer. The binary experimental data were correlated using the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models to obtain the binary interaction parameters of the models. These parameters were used to predict the ternary equilibrium data. The average absolute deviations of temperature (AAD T) between the experimental and correlation data of the three models are the same, 0.63, for the acetone + 1-butanol system, 0.72, 0.65, and 0.70, for the ethanol + 1-butanol system, and 0.15, 0.30, and 0.19, for the acetone + ethanol system, respectively. The AAD T values for the ternary system of ethanol + acetone + 1-butanol by comparing the experimental data with the data calculated using the three models were 0.28, 0.56, and 0.67, respectively.
Liquid/liquid equilibrium data measurement of iso-butanol + diethyl carbonate + water ternary system at 303.15 - 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure
Authors: Tetrisyanda R , Wiguno A , Kuswandi  , Wibawa G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Oxygenate compounds are organic compounds that can be mixed into fuel to increase the oxygen content. The effect of these additions to the fuel is increased combustion efficiency and reduced environmental pollution. Diethyl carbonate (DEC) is an ideal additive to replace toxic fuel additives such as methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). DEC has high oxygen content, low vapour pressure, high octane mixture value, reduces emissions of hydrocarbons, CO, NOx, and other particles. DEC can be used as a single additive in gasoline or a co-additive in combination with alcohol such as iso-butanol. The aim of this study were to obtain liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of DEC (1) + iso-butanol (2) + H2O (3) ternary system at temperature of 303.15 - 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The LLE data were obtained by experiment using equilibrium cell equipped with heating jacket. This equipment has a pressure deviation of ± 100.72 kPa. Each liquid sample was taken separately to analyse its composition as an equilibrium composition using gas chromatography with a standard deviation of 0.1% mol. Based on LLE data result, it shows that iso-butanol + H2O and DEC + H2O binary mixtures are partially miscible while iso-butanol + DEC mixture is total miscible. The experimental data were then correlated with thermodynamic models Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) and Universal Quasi-Chemical (UNIQUAC) equations with RMSD values of 0.72% and 0.62%.
Removal of phenols and COD from petroleum refinery wastewater using electrocoagulation method
Authors: Abbas Hussam , Al-Obaidy Saba S. M. , Al-Samarray Shatha Y. , Edwan Khaled , Al-Hayawi Anas Y. , Yeboah David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the possibility of removing phenols and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from petroleum wastewater (refinery wastewater) using an electrocoagulation (EC) reactor supplied with aluminium electrodes. The influence of current density (CD) (4 to 12 mA/cm2), distance between electrodes (DBE) (20 to 40 mm), and treatment time (T) (up to 120 min) was investigated by carrying out several sets of batch flow experiments. The concentrations of COD and phenols were measured using the Hach-Lang spectrophotometer and standard cuvette tests (LCK 514, LCK 314, or APC 400 for COD, and LCK 346 or LCK 345 for phenols (according to the residual concentration). The results of the present study confirmed the ability of the electrocoagulation method to reduce the concentrations of both phenols and COD in petroleum wastewater within a relatively short treatment time. It has been found that the best removal efficiency of COD and phenols were 80% and 58%, respectively. The best removal efficiency was attended, after 100 min of electrolysing, at CD of 8 mA/cm2 and DBE of 20 mm.
Assessment of the effects of municipal landfills on the metal pollution in the surrounding soils: A case study in Iraq
Authors: Al-Rifaie Jawad K. A. , Heil Suad M. , Khamees Saheb K. , Alajmi Saad , Yeboah David , Abdellatif Mawada , AlKayyat Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The present investigation has been devoted to assessing the environmental impacts of a local landfill, in the north of Hilla city, Iraq, on the surrounding soils in terms of heavy metal pollution. The concentrations of heavy metals, namely chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were measured during, November 2019, at three investigation sites that located at distances of 10 (site 1), 20 (site 2) and 30 m (site 3) from the edge of the mentioned landfill. Soil samples were collected from these sites at a constant depth of 20 cm. The collected samples were air-dried, manually crushed, and sieved through a 2 mm mesh before subjecting them to a chemical digesting process. The concentrations of the targeted metals were measured using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and compared to the standards of the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA). The obtained results showed that the highest concentrations of the targeted metals were in site 1, while the lowest concentrations were detected at site 3. Generally, it was found that the concentrations of the studied metals followed the order: Cr>Pb>Ni>Cu. Additionally, it was noticed that all the measured concentrations were within the limitations of the SEPA.