bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intentional Participation in the State
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter applies the idea of “intentional participation,” which was developed in chapter 2, to the state and its citizens. Its core claim is that citizens intentionally participate in their state and its policies, and that when that intention is genuine, they have a duty to accept a nonproportional share of their state’s remedial obligations for its wrongdoings. The chapter defends this claim from two core objections. First, that citizens’ participation in their state is nonvoluntary and therefore not genuine. Second, that citizens often disagree with, or are unaware of, some of their state’s policies and therefore cannot be said to take part in them. The chapter shows that despite the nonvoluntary nature of the state, and even when state policies are secret or controversial, citizens remain their inclusive authors and are liable for their outcomes.
The Silk Roads
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how in early antiquity the universal appeal of silk spread across Eurasia through a trade network known as the Silk Roads. Silk inspired the economic exchange of trading goods, which produced a network of trade centers and cities. The value of silk was so great that traders endured harsh conditions as they passed through the great mountain ranges of the Tien Shan, Karakorams, and Hindu Kush and skirted inhospitable deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi. Caravanserais, rest stops along the Silk Roads, allowed travelers to exchange ideas and innovations and created awareness of different cultures and religions. The product of the domestic silkworm figured prominently in the development of dominant Central and Western Asian empires and Chinese dynasties and produced significant historical figures, such as Timur and Mongol leader, Genghis Khan. As this chapter shows, that rich, arcane history developed because of the domestic silkworm.
Silk Goes East and West
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the early history of silk. The fabric was known about in Europe since the 1st Century BCE, but what it came from or how it was made were unknown, with early Romans thinking silk grew on plants or was the downy surface of leaves. As the chapter shows, the closely guarded secret eventually became known in Japan, Korea, and India, but the monopoly on Chinese silk making was only broken when the process made its way to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, where silk making flourished. Later moves to Italian cities, and France produced different silk patterns. In France, the Jacquard loom was developed, using punch cards to weave repeatable patterns, a technology later adapted for collecting and sorting data in the US census. Modern computers and cell phones can be traced to the refinement of punch cards from the Jacquard loom, used to weave silk from the domestic silkworm.
Not Just the Plague
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes two pandemics, separated by nearly a millennium, that raged through Asia and Europe in the 6th and 14th Centuries. The second plague pandemic, the Black Death, is better known than its predecessor, the Justinianic Plague. As the chapter relates, the causes of these pandemics were not known at the time, but both were spread along the Silk Roads from the deserts in Central Asia, through Constantinople, and then to Europe. It outlines the stories told about and explanations for both pandemics, which either are scarce or come from second-hand reports, and shows that because the cause was not known, preventative methods were largely ineffective, cruel, or even bizarre. Each of the two pandemics killed tens of millions of people–estimates of numbers vary widely. Finally, the chapter relates how the roles of insects as disease vectors were not understood until the 20th Century, and only then came the recognition that the plague pandemics differed and could not be called just the Plague.
Sorting Out the Plague
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the complex interactions among mammal hosts, insect vectors, bacteria and even amoebae implicated in the movement of the plague around the world. As it shows, trying to find the cause for the three plague pandemics is similar to the way a television detective solves a murder mystery. While the third pandemic established the roles of rats, rat fleas, and bacteria, that explanation has been incorrectly applied to explain the first two pandemics. The chapter shows how bacterial DNA collected from the teeth of 6th-Century plague victims, exhumed 1,400 years later, established greater understanding of the rate and geographic extent of the plague's spread. It goes on to relate how the age-old conclusions that brown rats were disease reservoirs and their fleas were vectors have been reconsidered, assigning rats and fleas specific roles and recognizing that humans and human lice as host and vector are more consistent with the plague’s rapid spread. Using clues from hosts and vectors to solve the mystery requires investigators to be like detectives.
Lice in War and Peace
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers human lice, which have been parasites of humans throughout all human history and transmit a deadly bacteria that has killed millions. Analyzing lice genetics tells of divergence of humans from other apes and when humans began to wear clothing. Human body lice live in clothing and infest people only to feed. Lice spread easily among people in crowded situations and transmit bacteria causing diseases, such as typhus. The chapter relates how lice-transmitted typhus caused jail fever in early England, resulting in the deaths of more prisoners than the death penalty. Lice and typhus worsened the Irish Great Famine, as the disease killed thousands of Irish emigrating to the United States on “coffin ships.” Epidemics of typhus were prevalent in wartime, killing troops in both World War I and World War II as well as civilians in Nazi concentration camps and the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II and immediately after. Post-war use of DDT averted typhus epidemics in Europe and Japan.
Six-Legged Livestock
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter relates the history of the well-known Western honey bees Apis mellifera, just one of 20,000 species of bees. It relates how honey bees originated in Asia, where they nested in tree cavities, from which humans robbed honey. Beekeeping arose as a mutualistic relationship, providing shelter for bees in exchange for consistent access to their products and was prominent in ancient Egypt, from where the practice moved to Western Asia and Europe. Honey bees were taken to North America in 1622 by colonists needing pollinators of food crops. The chapter explains the major roles honey bees play as pollinators of crops, enabling a diversity of food in modern diets and providing billions of dollars in economic benefit. Uniting flowering plants with pollinators means we raise honey bees as six-legged livestock, manipulating and moving the bees to meet human needs. Honey bees face modern threats, and threats to bees are threats to our food supply.
Text and Originalism
Authors: Thomas George 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Scalia is originalism and textualism’s most visible advocate—as is evident in his being taken as the model jurist for the appointment of justices Gorscuh, Kavanaugh, and Barrett—even while his interpretation of text was driven by his unwritten ideas. Scalia sought to limit judicial discretion, which is why he turned to text and original meaning. Much like Justice Black’s textual jurisprudence, Scalia’s jurisprudence of original meaning is rooted in unwritten understandings about democracy and the nature of the judiciary that are not obviously drawn from text. While Scalia frequently chastised his colleagues for departing from the Constitution, his quarrels with them were largely over unwritten understandings and ideas that we can see when we turn to his opinions regarding Fourteenth Amendment due process.
Text and Republican Government
Authors: Thomas George 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Early conflicts over religious liberty and freedom of speech reveal that while we can agree on the Constitution’s text, we can profoundly disagree over the unwritten ideas we think the text represents. Debates about religion and free speech point to deeper unwritten principles that are at the very heart of America’s constitutional republic. The first debate deals with the prohibition on religious tests for office in Article VI. The second speaks to freedom of speech and press. In these early debates about religious liberty and freedom of speech, the antagonists agreed on the wording of constitutional text; they disagreed profoundly on the principles and political theory that underlie it in their understanding of America’s new republic. These early arguments reveal the importance of constructing constitutional meaning from the unwritten ideas that underlie the constitutional text.
Text and Unwritten Understandings
Authors: Thomas George 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Unwritten ideas underlie all approaches to constitutional interpretation, as each approach has an implicit political theory that drives its understanding of text. Some jurists and scholars think that constitutional interpretation should include applying general principles and understandings in ways we may never have thought about before. Others insist that such work should come by way of democratic legislation or constitutional amendment, not by way of constitutional interpretation by unelected judges. Yet each approach rests on unwritten understandings—on a political theory that underlies the Constitution, which is the source of our debates about how to faithfully follow the written Constitution. This also requires that we weigh and balance the different parts of the Constitution to see how they fit together as a coherent whole, relying on judgments that are not rooted in text.
Clouds
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the phenomenon of “Intertextuality.” How it is understood in India and the West and why is an awareness of resonant texts essential to engaging the poem? The next section surveys ways in which Indian texts have been translated and understood in the West and makes a case for looking at the text through Indian categories as well. The main characteristics of classical Indian literatures are discussed; including ahistorical methodologies of reading, reader-response over a focus on the author, orality, and the evocation of rasa. The chapter ends with an exploration of the incongruity of a cloud carrying a message, which has ever-fascinated both Indian and Western readers of the Meghadūta.
The Power of Movies and a Method to Study It
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Popular cinema has been around a long time; much has remained constant, much has changed. This chapter broaches some of the changes in and around movies during the past century. These changes have been made to boost viewers’ engagement, which depends on at least four psychological dimensions: their sustained attention, their understanding of the narrative, their emotional commitment, and their feeling of presence in the story. The chapter also provides an overview of two methods of academic study in the sciences and humanities—the case study method and the wider sampling, statistical method. It then lays out the case for studying many movies as a sampled group, but it also knowledges pitfalls. Nonetheless, study of many movies has a great number of things to offer, for each of the movies and for understanding the nature of the human mind.
Viewing and Lenses
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How do displays—those of smartphones, tablets, laptops, televisions, and movie screens—fit with how people see? This chapter discusses acuity, visual fields, and how aspect ratios and screen size interact with them. It also considers lenses to photograph and project movie images, their lengths, their angles of view, and other effects such as their falloff in luminance and image artifacts that they create—bokeh and flare, depth of focus, and distortions of shape. Finally, it considers types of lenses—wide-angle, normal, and telephoto; spherical and anamorphic—and discusses how these are used by cinematographers to create emotional effects, the buildup of anxiety and the change of emotion, and how they can induce fearfulness.
Montages, Sequences, and Syntagmas
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In addition to scenes, there are three other medium-size units in cinema that are scene-like, composed of scenes, or composed of scene-like parts. The first of these is the montage—a series of related shots traditionally knit together with dissolves. The sequences is groups of related scenes. And the syntagma, a term borrowed and modified from semiotics, is composed of subscenes—scene-like subunits that have neither a real beginning nor an end. Syntagmas are alternations of subscenes with some consistent combination of location, character, and time change. The evidence for these three types of units—montages, sequences, and syntagmas—is empirical, based on judgments by viewers. In experiments, viewers segmented two dozen movies. They almost never segmented within a montage; to them, it was a whole, just like a scene. They almost always segmented the scenes within a sequence, but they segmented within syntagmas erratically and only half the time.
Stories and Their Parts
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Film scholars often compare the structure of films to fairy tales and fables. These both typically have four main parts: a setup, a complication, a development, and a climax. This chapter discusses in detail the Disney animated short Paperman (2012), which has four parts of roughly the same length. Heretofore, only film theorists and practitioners have discussed these parts, but an experiment with average viewers shows that they agree quite well with professional assessments. This chapter then considers the psychological underpinnings of these roughly 20- to 35-minute units. The closest thing in psychology is found in vigilance experiments. After such intervals, performance in detecting rare objects declines. Movie producers and theater owners know that if nothing much happens in a movie after about 20 minutes, the audience with begin to squirm. Thus, these two intervals many be aligned. Changes are necessary for an audience’s sustained attention to the narrative.
Structure, Engagement, and Evolution
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a structural description of movie units, defends the notion that movies have evolved in the direction of fitting better our capacities and preferences, and summarizes evidence that the evolved changes have encouraged narrative engagement by viewers. Arguments against any true evolution of cinema concern reproduction, genes, random variation and selection, fashion, progression, speciation, and directionality, and these are discussed and all but the means of reproduction countered. The chapter then summarizes results of the previous chapters about how narrative engagement is attained through sustained attentional focus, understanding the narrative, emotional commitment, and a feeling of presence. It also warns the reader that increased engagement does not mean better movies. Engagement is driven by the narration; the quality of the movie is surely driven by the narrative.
Philosophical Foundations of Climate Change Policy
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Although the task of formulating an appropriate policy response to the problem of anthropogenic climate change is one that raises a number of very difficult normative issues, environmental ethicists have not played an influential role in government deliberations. This is primarily due to their rejection of many of the assumptions that structure the debates over policy. This book offers a philosophical defense of these assumptions in order to overcome the major conceptual barriers to the participation of philosophers in these debates. There are five important barriers: First, the policy debate presupposes a stance of liberal neutrality, as a result of which it does not privilege any particular set of environmental values over other concerns. Second, it assumes ongoing economic growth, along with a commitment to what is sometimes called a weak sustainability framework when analyzing the value of the bequest being made to future generations. Third, it treats climate change as fundamentally a collective action problem, not an issue of distributive justice. Fourth, there is the acceptance of cost-benefit analysis, or more precisely, the view that a carbon-pricing regime should be guided by our best estimate of the social cost of carbon. And finally, there is the view that when this calculation is undertaken, it is permissible to discount costs and benefits, depending on how far removed they are from the present. This book attempts to make explicit and defend these presuppositions, and in so doing offer philosophical foundations for the debate over climate change policy.
Introduction
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Although philosophers have spent a great deal of time debating what “justice” requires, they have struggled when pressed to specify the implications that any particular conception of justice has for concrete questions of public policy. As a result, policy debates over the problem of anthropogenic climate change have been dominated by the normative framework of utilitarianism (or variants of the welfare consequentialism favored by economists), not for its intrinsic merits, but because it can easily be applied to the question, and generates plausible recommendations in most cases. This introduction presents the outlines of a “minimally controversial contractualism,” intended to serve as an alternative normative framework for developing climate change policy. It endorses the same plausible policy prescriptions in the standard cases while offering better resources for addressing the question of social discounting.
Filmgoers’ Fingerprints
Authors: Tsika Noah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on fingerprinting stations, which, from the early 1920s until the late 1950s, were often located in the lobbies of movie theaters and used both in conjunction with crime films and as part of a broader push to collect Americans’ personal biometric information. An increasingly popular component of efforts to normalize civil identification, fingerprinting stations routinely functioned to promote both crime films and local police departments. They also raised alarming questions about the scope of police power in the United States. Fingerprinting stations were naturalized aspects of a cinematic assemblage that served police power, smuggling law enforcement into the local movie theater and making the collection of patrons’ personal biometric information seem continuous both with screen representations and with the wider work of advertising and publicity departments.
A Controversial Partner
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Joachim of Fiore, Giovanni’s alleged companion and inspirator. After a brief introduction to Joachim’s life and works, this chapter explains the controversies that Joachim’s prophecies and theological views provoked. The chapter also explores the centuries-long and failed attempts made by Joachim’s followers to have him officially canonized. In the seventeenth century, the case for Joachim’s sanctity received several boosts, including the important endorsement of the Jesuit Daniel Papebroch, one of the leaders of the Bollandists. The chapter explores all the political, intellectual, and theological reasons for this novel enthusiasm, which Carlo hoped would have benefited Giovanni’s case as well. Analyzing the joint cases of Joachim and Giovanni provides a unique lens through which we can appreciate the politics of sanctity in connection with questions of historical authenticity and theological orthodoxy.
The Building and Breaking of Peace
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Building and Breaking of Peace considers the role of corporate firms in building peaceful societies. Examining the corporate motives for peacebuilding and then the implications of these activities for preventing violence and conflict resolution creates a holistic picture of the peace and conflict process. The book examines variation in corporate engagement as a product of corporate culture and shifts in government capacity, as well as threats to the ability to conduct business. Corporations engage in peacebuilding when there is a gap in the state’s capacity to enforce laws creating the demand for engagement but when there is stability that enables firms to supply peacebuilding. The book then considers the implications of corporate engagement for preventing and ending violence. Building on the rational choice theory of civil war and drawing from business research, The Building and Breaking of Peace examines the role of corporate firms in building peaceful societies. While firms are uniquely situated in their ability to raise the cost of violence, an active private sector acts as an additional veto player in the bargaining process, making it significantly harder to reach an agreement. The findings suggest that corporations help to prevent violence but not resolve it. These arguments are tested on original cross-national data of peacebuilding efforts by firms in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa from 2000 to 2018 and in-depth case analyses of corporate actions and outcomes in Colombia, Northern Ireland, and Tunisia.
Transnational Corporations and Conflict Resolution in Northern Ireland
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of Northern Ireland and shows how engaged transnational corporations can help move a country from violence to peace when domestic firms lack either the strength or the will to do so. The sectarian conflict, which dates back hundreds of years, has always had economic roots and consequences. It makes sense then, that corporations, as the main drivers of modern economic exchange, would be a large part of the answer. The chapter looks at how companies like Fruit of the Loom, Allstate, and Seagate Technology have helped create the economic opportunities that are necessary to help Northern Ireland maintain a peaceful future.
Rhetorical Agendas
Authors: Russell Annelise 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
All senators are adapting their communications to a new media climate where they make strategic choices about how to differentiate themselves through their rhetorical agenda—a public-facing presentation of a senator’s priorities for representation. This chapter lays out a theory of senators’ rhetorical agendas and constituent-driven communication on Twitter. Senators are utilizing Twitter’s unconstrained platform for low-cost reputation building with the public. Each senator is incentivized to strategically communicate a rhetorical agenda that fosters constituency relationships, building trust and legitimacy with voters. Senators make these connections on Twitter via a two-step approach, directly engaging people online but also by building digital relationships with journalists and political influencers who indirectly translate a senator’s priorities for the public. Senators get to decide how they frame their agenda and what type of constituency they want to cultivate with their strategic messaging.