bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for Temperature and Strain Measurements
Authors: Yan Yang , Wang Yudong , Li Fang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is highly desired to develop an inexpensive, wireless embedded sensor system that can provide high-bandwidth measurements of temperature and pressure inside a pipeline for rocket propulsion test applications. The fuel is generally liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, which must be kept at cryogenic temperatures. The environment places additional requirements on the design of sensors that is beyond the scope of most available products. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology has received considerable attention for harsh environment applications. The ultimate goal of our research is to develop a SAW sensor system for temperature and pressure sensing in the cryogenic environment. In this paper, the temperature testing of the SAW sensor was finished from 30 to 80°C. The strain testing was performed at room temperature. The results have shown that the temperature coefficient of the delay (TCD) at the room temperature is around 74.4 ppm/°C. The Strain coefficient of delay (SCD) of the testing result is 0.38 ppm/με at room temperature.
Thermal Conductance of Nanoparticles: A Study of Phonon Transport in Functionalized Nanodiamond Suspensions
Authors: Bain Aaron , Languri Ethan , Padmanabhan Venkat , Davidson Jim , Kerns David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nanoparticle additives, with their anomalous thermal conductivity, have attracted attention in research and industry as a novel mode of enhancing the heat transfer mediums. Most studies conducted on nanoparticle suspensions in liquids, pastes, or composites at present have relied on constitutive relations using properties of the bulk substance and of the nanoparticle to explain the effective thermal conductivity. In order to utilize nanoparticles in real world engineering applications, chemical functionalization of the surface of the nanoparticle is frequently employed, either to suspend in liquid applications or to stabilize in arrays. In this study, we have sought to explain the underlying mechanisms of thermal conductivity enhancement taking into consideration the nanoscale effects, such as phonon transport in the nanoparticle coupled with vibrational modes of the surface functional molecules, in order to tailor the functional groups not only for suspension stability but also for minimizing Kapitza resistance at the surface of the nanoparticle. Density functional theory simulations in SIESTA and equilibrium transport theory analysis via GOLLUM2 were used in tandem to evaluate the thermal transport at the nanoparticle to surface ligand junction. By treating the nanoparticle surface and the polymer or acid coating as distinct homogeneous substrates, a model for thermal conductivity becomes more tractable.
Extending the Capabilities of Digital Human Modeling: A Design Framework to Assess Emergencies Early in Design
Authors: Gawand Mihir Sunil , Demirel H. Onan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Digital Human Modeling (DHM) brings in the advantages of reducing the time and cost spent on building physical prototypes and minimizing the risk of conducting human-subject data collection in hazardous settings. However, most of the DHM studies focus on evaluating standardized tasks executed in normal or nominal work conditions. There is a limited existing DHM research that focuses on the analysis of high-risk tasks performed during emergencies. This paper introduces a DHM based design framework that focuses on the ergonomics evaluation of high-risk tasks that are required to be performed during an emergency. The research aims to provide a methodology that can be used to measure the effect on the visibility of the controls due to a fire or smoke emergency in a civilian aircraft cockpit. The design framework described in this paper also automates the repetitive task simulations and ergonomic evaluations, which are typically performed manually by the designer. Thus, the automation module saves time and allows the consideration of a large sample set of anthropometries for assessing ergonomic adequacies. The automation framework also brings in the advantage of making the emergency assessments part of the early design ergonomics analysis digitally, which has not been the focus of traditional ergonomics studies.
Driver Distraction Detection and Recognition
Authors: Chinta Kiran Kumar , Barez Fred 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Statistics have shown that the main reason for traffic accidents is human error. Modern vehicles are equipped to protect occupants in the event of a crash. The latest advanced vehicles come with driver behavior monitoring systems in recent years, and many have been proven to be effective systems in the prevention of accidents. However, these systems do not provide a complete solution and can only detect driver fatigue or driver distraction.
This project aims to build an AI model for sensing the distraction of drivers and identifying the kind of distraction using the Kinect sensor and the Brio camera and reorient driver’s attention on driving. For this, the system is divided into three sub-segments; calling arm position (arms up or down, arms right or left), facial expressions (blinking and mouth), and head orientation. Each segment develops important info for gauging the distraction of a driver based on the depth mapping of data and color from the Kinect sensor and Brio camera respectively. Testing on a driving simulator is completed on 4 different drivers of diverse ethnicity, sex, and age along with over 240 mins of recorded material. Since all the segments were recorded and prepared separately, they can further be taken to build different outcomes and can be implemented for real car systems.
Effective Deformations of Peristatic Random Structure Bar Subjected to Inhomogeneous Body-Forces
Authors: Buryachenko Valeriy A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A statistically homogeneous random bar with the bond-based peridynamic properties of constituents is considered for a static case. Estimation of effective properties for the random structure peridynamic composites can be considered as a straightforward generalisation of the corresponding classical results for locally elastic composites which were obtained for both statistically homogeneous composites and homogeneous remote loading. In such a case the effective properties of both the peri-dynamic composites and locally elastic ones are described by a constant tensor of local stifness. However, even for locally elastic composites subjected to inhomogeneous loading, the effective deformations are described by a nonlocal (either the differential or integral) operator relaiting a statistical average of stresses in the point with a statistical average of strains in the vicinity of the point being considered. On the other hand, to the best authors’ knowledge, there are no academic publications analyzing the mentioned effective deformations of locally elastic composites due to prescribed inhomogeneous body-forces. Thus, the current paper deducated to the estimation of effective deformatiobs of 1D statistically homogeneous peridynamic composite bar for the prescribed self equilibrated body-forces has no known locally elastic counterpart. A sabsequent simplification is described by the dilute approximation method assuming coinsidence of the effective field (acting on the inclusions) with the applied field when interaction of inclusions is neglegible. The method is based on estimation of a perturbator introduced by one inclusion that is, in fact, the solutions of the basic problem for one inclusion inside the infinite peristatic matrix subjected to the body-force. The statistical averages of both the displacement and stresses are estimated by summation of these perturbators for all possible location of inclusions.
A Methodology for Tracking Control for Formation Flight of Satellites
Authors: Cho Hancheol , Udwadia Firdaus E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper develops a methodology for the tracking control of satellite formation flight in the presence of external disturbances. The control methodology is composed of two steps. In the first step, an exact control strategy is developed for a nominal system model which provides the best assessment of real-life uncertainties. Upon using results from analytical dynamics, a closed-form control input is derived such that the formation configuration requirements are satisfied. In the second step, an additive robust controller is designed to compensate for the external disturbances to which the satellite formation system may be subjected. A gain adaptation law is developed that automatically updates the control gain in real time to adjust for the presence of environmental disturbances while keeping the precision of the tracking to within user-specified bounds. An additive combination of the two controllers enables precision tracking control for the satellite formation without a priori information about the bounds on the uncertainties and disturbances imposed on the formation system. Numerical simulations demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed two-step control methodology in which a desired formation configuration is to be maintained under unknown environmental disturbances.
On the Passive Noise Control of the Flow-Induced Noise Using Porous Materials
Authors: Nishikawa Reon , Terashima Osamu , Inasawa Ayumu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A passive noise control technique for the flow-induced noise using a porous material was studied experimentally. The purpose of this study was to decrease the aerodynamic sound using porous material that permeated only sound and clarify that reduction mechanism. In the experiment, flow-induced noises emitted from two types of rectangular cylinders was measured in a low-noise wind tunnel. One cylinder was made of four aluminum plates and the other was two aluminum and porous material plates each. Measurement results show that the frequency of the distinct tonal noise was different between two cylinders, that frequency was higher for using porous material. It was also found that the sound pressure level of the noise was also different and that of the cylinder using porous material plate was 25 dB smaller at maximum. Velocity field of the wake of cylinders were examined by the PIV measurement and that showed that time and space scale of separated vortices around cylinder were smaller for using porous material. It is assumed that the change of aerodynamic sound was caused by that change in velocity field.
Toxicity of Nanoparticles Used in Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) Machining: A Sustainability Analysis
Authors: Nouzil Ibrahim , Eltaggaz Abdelkrem , Deiab Ibrahim , Pervaiz Salman 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) with nanocomposite particles is among the new areas of study and has proven to provide very good cooling and lubrication in the machining of difficult to cut materials, such as titanium, Inconel and ADI. It is therefore imperative to understand their effects on the environment in the early stages of investigation, prior to their wide scale usage in industry. This study focuses on the different nanocomposite particles used in previous research, which is available in the literature, and evaluates their sustainability characteristics by investigating the toxicity of these nanocomposite particles on humans. The cooling capabilities of each of the nanoparticles considered is first established from the existing literature and summarized. Human cell viability measured from in vitro toxicity studies of nanoparticles is used as a variable to easily capture the toxicity of nanoparticles. Six different human cell lines were chosen to represent the effects of possible exposure through inhalation [human lung epithelial cells (A549), and bronchial epithelial cells (NL-20)], ingestion (AGS, and HepG2) and dermal contact (THP-1, and human peripheral blood cells). A comparison table was developed (Table 2.0), which provides easy interpretation of the toxicity levels of the five nanoparticles that were considered using all three human cell lines. The drawback of this comparison is the lack of sufficient data to assign conclusive toxicity levels to the nanoparticles. The toxicity studies of nanoparticles on humans is still in its infancy and contradictory results exist for some of the nanoparticles. This is the first attempt to combine the results of the experimental investigations of nano-MQL cooling and the toxicity studies of nanoparticles, allowing researchers to make informed decisions in the selection of the most sustainable nanoparticles in the nano-MQL machining process.
Experiences of Teaching Hands-on Classes in Places Where They Are Rare
Authors: Das Shuvra 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Engineering education in many countries still follows a traditional model where the curriculum is broadly divided into lecture-based theory classes and laboratory classes where experiments are conducted by students using step by step instructions. This type of curriculum has heavy emphasis on theory and less on exploration, application and design. In this model, opportunities for students to do hands-on activities such as building hardware and deal with troubleshooting, writing simulation models and learning by failing, etc. are quite limited. Also, many instructors in these systems are uncomfortable to adopt more hands-on teaching for the fear of failure. In 2019, in China, I taught a freshmen-level course on Introduction to Robotics using Arduino-based hardware where the students had to work in teams to build and program a mobile robot using parts that were provided to them. In 2020, I taught two classes in India for junior/senior level students on Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems and Modeling and Simulation of Hybrid Vehicles, respectively. In both courses the students spent over 80% of class time developing models and running simulations. In all three courses, enrolling about 60 students each, extensive survey-based assessment showed students are hungry for this type of hands-on experience and would be embracing these types of classes with a lot of enthusiasm. This paper discusses the details of the three classes and results from all the survey-based assessments that were done in the courses.
Direct Write Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength, Short Fiber Reinforced Sandwich Panels
Authors: Nawafleh Nashat , Celik Emrah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a novel technology which allows fabrication of complex geometries from digital representations without tooling. In addition, this technology results in low material waste, short lead times and cost reduction especially for the production of parts in low quantities. Current additive manufacturing processes developed for thermoplastic sandwich panels suffer from an unavoidable weak mechanical performance and low thermal resistance. To overcome these limitations, emphasis is paid in this study on direct write AM technology for the fabrication of short carbon fiber-reinforced sandwich panel composites. Sandwich panels using different infill densities with high strength (&gt; 107 MPa), and high short carbon fiber volume (46%) were attained successfully. In parallel to the strength enhancement, these sandwich panels possessed reduced densities (0.72 g/cc3) due to their lightweight lattice core structures. The mechanical performance of the created sandwich panels was examined and compared to the unreinforced, base ink structures by performing compression tests. Successful fabrication and characterization of the additively manufactured thermoset-based carbon fiber reinforced, sandwich panels in this study can extend the range of applications for AM composites that require lightweight structures, high mechanical performance as well as the desired component complexity.
Finite Difference Time Domain Simulations of Hybrid Neurotransducers Based Optical Microlasers
Authors: Manzo Maurizio , Cavazos Omar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Different pathologies such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Wilson’s diseases, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy due to blasts and impacts affect the brain functions altering the neuronal electrical activity. An important aspect of the brain study is the use of non-invasive, non-surgical methodologies that are suitable to the well-being of the patients. Only a portion of the electromagnetic field can be detected by applying sensors outside the scalp; in addition, surgery is often involved if sensors are applied in the subcutaneous region of the skull. Optical techniques applied to biomedical research and diagnostics have been spread during the last decades. For example, near infrared light (NIR) of spectral range goes from 800 nm to 1300 nm, it is harmless radiation for the living tissue, and can penetrate the living matter in depth as, it turns out that most of the living matter is transparent to the NIR light. Optical microlasers have been recently proposed as neurotransducers for minimally invasive neuron activity detection for the next generation of brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. They are lightweight, require low power consumption and exhibit low latency. This novel sensor that can be made of biocompatible material is coupled with a voltage sensitive dye; the fluorescence of the dye, which is excited by an external light source, is used to generate optical (laser) modes. Any variation in the neurons’ membrane electric potential via evanescent field’s perturbation turn affect the shifting of these laser modes. In order to reduce the energy required to power these devices and to improve their optical emission, metal nanoparticles can be coupled in order to use their plasmonic effect. In this paper, finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) numerical technique is used to analyze the performances on a dye-doped microlaser. Purcell effect and resonant wavelengths are observed.
Reverse Engineering a Hedge Trimmer: A Practical Approach to Incorporate Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) Effectively in an Undergraduate Freshman Engineering Course
Authors: Kocharian Tikran , Manoharan Sanjivan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T), due to the inherent complexity, is a challenging topic to teach and learn, especially at the undergraduate freshman level. Many institutes either cover GD&T on a superficial level or choose to overlook it. Incorporating such a broad subject in an already busy curricula remains a major challenge for many academic institutes, including ours. The knowledge and skill level of our students in GD&T at the beginning of their co-op is a major concern for several employers. These employers have to expend significant resources to train our students and graduates. To address this growing concern, a practical project was incorporated into a freshman introductory engineering course; a Ryobi hedge trimmer Model No. RY39500 was utilized. The students were divided into five groups, and each group was given a mechanical component from the assembly. First, each group was tasked with taking the necessary measurements to create a Computer Aided Design (CAD) model of their component in an effort to commence the reverse engineering process. The CAD model was then additively manufactured using fused deposition modeling. A detailed drawing of each component was created and GD&T concepts and symbols were applied to the drawing following ASME/ANSI Y14.5-2009 standards. The project was very well received by the students. It enhanced their understanding and skills necessary to implement GD&T concepts and symbols both in practice and in preparing engineering drawings. The 3-D printed parts were shared among the groups and the manufactured parts were fit together to replicate the real life assembling.
Camera-Based Coaxial Melt Pool Monitoring Data Registration for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Lu Yan , Yang Zhuo , Kim Jaehyuk , Cho Hyunbo , Yeung Ho 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The quality of powder bed fusion (PBF) built parts is highly correlated to the melt pool characteristics. Camera-based coaxial melt pool monitoring (MPM) is widely applied today because it provides high-resolution monitoring on the time and length scales necessary for deep PBF process understanding, in-process defect detection, and real-time control. For such functions, MPM data has to be registered correctly to a well-defined coordinate system. This paper presents methods for camera-based coaxial melt pool monitoring (MPM) data registration using the build volume coordinate system defined in ISO/ASTM52921, for both open architecture AM systems and 3rd party MPM augmented closed commercial systems. Uncertainties are evaluated for the proposed methods and case studies provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.
Piezoelectric Performance of PVDF Composites for Transportation Engineering: A Multi-Scale Simulation Study
Authors: Yin Xiao-Hong , Jian Jin-Wen , Yang Can , Lei Tian , Cheng Tao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present work, the poly (vinylidene fluoride) composite filled with the lead zirconium titanate (PVDF/PZT) was numerically investigated focusing on the improvement of piezoelectric performance parameters. With a multi-scale simulation strategy, effects of the PZT fillers’ orientation and length on the electrical outputs of the piezoelectric energy collectors buried in the roads were systematically examined. Specifically, at the micro-scale, based on our previous research results, Comsol Multiphysics connected with Matlab was utilized to create the unit cell of piezoelectric composites. The simulation results showed that parameters of PZT nano-fillers greatly affect the piezoelectric coefficients. For the macro-scale simulation, a road energy collector with innovative symmetrical cantilever structure was designed, with piezoelectric constants obtained at micro-scale simulation as inputs. The correlation between the output voltage of the energy-collector and PZT parameters (i.e., orientation and length) was successfully developed by applying the vehicle’s axle-load. This work provides a way for tailoring the piezoelectric performance of the macro components (i.e., sensors) through adjusting the states of the fillers inside the piezoelectric composites.
GMRES Solver for MLPG Method Applied to Heat Conduction
Authors: Singh Abhishek Kumar , Singh Krishna Mohan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent years, meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method has emerged as the promising choice for solving variety of scientific and engineering problems. MLPG formulation leads to a non-symmetric system of algebraic equations. Iterative methods (such as GMRES and BiCGSTAB methods) are more competent than the direct solvers for solving a general linear system of larger size (order of millions or billions). This paper presents the use of GMRES solver with MLPG method for the very first time. The restarted version of the GMRES method is applied in connection with the interpolating MLPG method, to solve steady-state heat conduction in three-dimensional regular geometry. The performance of GMRES solver (with and without preconditioner) has been compared with the preconditioned BiCGSTAB method in terms of computation time and convergence behaviour. Jacobi and successive over-relaxation methods have been used as preconditioners in both the solvers. The results show that GMRES solver takes about 18 to 20% less CPU time than the BiCGSTAB solver along with better convergence behaviour.