bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women’s Awareness of Obstetric Fistula and its Associated Factors Among Reproductive-Age Women in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis Based on National Survey Data
Authors: Alemnew Wallelign , Mulat Bezawit , Shitu Kegnie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the magnitude and associated factors of women’s awareness of obstetric fistula (OF).MethodsThis community based crossectional study was conducted among 15,683 reproductive-aged women. A multi-level multivariable logistic regression analysis employed. A 95% CI and p-value < 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance.ResultThe magnitude of women’s awareness of OF was 38% [95%CI: 0.37, 0.39]. Individual level variables such as being in the age group 20-25 [AOR=1.17; 95%CI:1.02, 1.35], 26-30 [AOR=1.50; 95%CI: 1.27, 1.76] and >30 [AOR=1.76; 95%CI: 1.50, 2.07], being Muslim religion follower [AOR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.73, 0.94], attending primary education [AOR=1.70; 95%CI: 1.53, 1.89], attending secondary education [AOR=3.43; 95%CI: 2.95, 3.99] and attending higher education [AOR=5.88; 95%CI: 4.66, 7.42], history of pregnancy termination [AOR=1.31; 95%CI: 1.13, 1.51], media exposure at least once a week [AOR= 1.33; 95%CI: 1.2, 1.49], internet use [AOR= 2.25; 95%CI: 1.84, 2.75], medium house hold wealth [AOR=1.17; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.34], rich house hold wealth [AOR=1.50; 95%CI:1.31, 1.72] and community level factors including high community media exposure [AOR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.05, 1.61], high community ANC rate [AOR=1.66; 95%CI: 1.37, 2.02] and low health facility distance problem [AOR=1.49; 95%CI: 1.23, 1.81] were significantly associated with awareness of OF.ConclusionThe magnitude of women’s awareness of OF was very low in Ethiopia. Maternal age, religion, being educated, media exposure, being from a wealthier household, low health facility distance problem, and high community ANC rate were significantly and positively associated factors with awareness of OF.
Executive functioning in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Chen Long Long , Flygare Oskar , Wallert John , Enander Jesper , Ivanov Volen Z. , Rück Christian , Djurfeldt Diana 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess executive functions in patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) compared with healthy controls.MethodsAdults diagnosed with BDD (n=26) or OCD (n=29) according to DSM-5, and healthy controls (n=28) underwent validated and computerized neuropsychological tests; spatial working memory (SWM), Intra- extra dimensional set shifting (IED) and Stop signal task (SST), from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Test performance was compared between groups, and correlated to standardized symptom severity of BDD and OCD. Significance level was set to p<0.05.ResultsThere were no statistically significant between-group differences on key outcome measures in SWM, IED, or SST. There was a weak positive correlation between symptom severity and test errors on SWM and IED in both OCD and BDD groups; increased clinical severity were associated with more errors in these tests. Further, there was a negative correlation between symptom severity and SST in the BDD group.ConclusionsPatients with BDD or OCD did not differ from healthy control subjects in terms of test performance, however there were several statistically significant correlations between symptom severity and performance in those with BDD or OCD. More studies on EF in BDD and OCD are required to elucidate if there are differences in EF between these two disorders.
Association of depression screening with diagnostic and treatment-related outcomes among youth
Authors: Riehm Kira E. , Brignone Emily , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Gallo Joseph J. , Mojtabai Ramin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe goals of depression screening, which is universally recommended in primary care settings in the U.S., are to identify adolescents with depression and connect them to treatment. However, little is known about how depression screening affects the likelihood of being diagnosed with a mental disorder or accessing mental health care over time.MethodsThis longitudinal cohort study used insurance claims data from 57,732 adolescents who had at least one routine well-visit between 2014 and 2017. Using propensity score matching, we compared adolescents who were screened for depression to similar adolescents who were not screened for depression during the well-visit. Diagnostic and treatment-related outcomes were examined over 6-month follow-up and included depression diagnoses, mood-related diagnoses, antidepressant prescriptions, any mental health-related prescriptions, and psychotherapy. We also examined heterogeneity of associations by sex.ResultsCompared to adolescents who were not screened for depression, adolescents screened for depression were 30% more likely to be diagnosed with depression (RR=1.30, 95% CI=1.11-1.52) and 17% more likely to receive a mood-related diagnosis (RR=1.17, 95% CI=1.08-1.27), but were not more likely to be treated with an antidepressant prescription (RR=1.11, 95% CI=0.82-1.51), any mental health prescription (RR=1.15, 95% CI=0.87-1.53), or psychotherapy (RR=1.13, 95% CI=0.98-1.31). In general, associations were stronger among females.ConclusionsAdolescents who were screened for depression during a well-visit were more likely to receive a diagnosis of depression or a mood-related disorder in the six months following screening. Future research should explore methods for increasing access to treatment and treatment uptake following screening.Clinical Trial Registration (if any)N/ATable of Contents SummaryInsurance claims data were used to explore associations between depression screening during routine well-visits and depression diagnoses, psychiatric prescriptions, and psychotherapy among adolescents.What’s Known on This SubjectDepression screening is increasingly viewed as a key strategy for addressing depression among adolescents. To inform clinical guidelines, the United States Preventive Services Task Force has called for research to examine the diagnostic and treatment-related outcomes of depression screening.What This Study AddsIn a sample of 57,732 adolescents, adolescents who were screened for depression during a well-visit were more likely to receive a depression or mood-related diagnosis over 6-month follow-up, but were not more likely to be treated with medication or psychotherapy.
A tissue-level phenome-wide network map of colocalized genes and phenotypes in the UK Biobank
Authors: Rocheleau Ghislain , Forrest Iain S. , Duffy Áine , Bafna Shantanu , Dobbyn Amanda , Verbanck Marie , Won Hong-Hee , Jordan Daniel M. , Do Ron 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhenome-wide association studies conducted in electronic health record (EHR)-linked biobanks have uncovered a large number of genomic loci associated with traits and diseases. However, interpretation of the complex relationships of associated genes and phenotypes is challenging.ResultsWe constructed a tissue-level phenome-wide network map of colocalized genes and phenotypes. First, we generated colocalized expression quantitative trait loci from 48 tissues of the Genotype-Tissue Expression project and from publicly available genome-wide association study summary statistics from the UK Biobank. We identified 9,151 colocalized genes for 1,411 phenotypes across 48 tissues. Then, we constructed a bipartite network using the colocalized signals to establish links between genes and phenotypes in each tissue. The majority of links are observed in a single tissue whereas only a few are present in all tissues. Finally, we applied the biLouvain clustering algorithm in each tissue-specific bipartite network to identify co-clusters of non-overlapping genes and phenotypes. The majority of co-clusters contains a small number of genes and phenotypes, and 88.6% of co-clusters are found in only one tissue. To demonstrate functionality of the phenome-wide map, we tested if these co-clusters were enriched with known biological and functional gene classes and observed several significant enrichments. Furthermore, we observed that tissue-specific co-clusters are enriched with reported drug side effects for the corresponding drug target genes in clinical trial data.ConclusionsThe phenome-wide map provides links between genes, phenotypes and tissues across a wide spectrum of biological classes and can yield biological and clinical discoveries. The phenome-wide map is publicly available athttps://rstudio-connect.hpc.mssm.edu/biPheMap/.
Minimal phrase composition revealed by intracranial recordings
Authors: Murphy Elliot , Woolnough Oscar , Rollo Patrick S. , Roccaforte Zachary , Segaert Katrien , Hagoort Peter , Tandon Nitin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe ability to comprehend phrases is an essential integrative property of the brain. Here we evaluate the neural processes that enable the transition from single word processing to a minimal compositional scheme. Previous research has reported conflicting timing effects of composition, and disagreement persists with respect to inferior frontal and posterior temporal contributions. To address these issues, 19 patients (10 male, 19 female) implanted with penetrating depth or surface subdural intracranial electrodes heard auditory recordings of adjective-noun, pseudoword-noun and adjective-pseudoword phrases and judged whether the phrase matched a picture. Stimulus-dependent alterations in broadband gamma activity, low frequency power and phase-locking values across the language-dominant left hemisphere were derived. This revealed a mosaic located in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), in which closely neighboring cortical sites displayed exclusive sensitivity to either lexicality or phrase structure, but not both. Distinct timings were found for effects of phrase composition (210–300 ms) and pseudoword processing (approximately 300–700 ms), and these were localized to neighboring electrodes in pSTS. The pars triangularis and temporal pole encode anticipation of composition in broadband low frequencies, and both regions exhibit greater functional connectivity with pSTS during phrase composition. Our results suggest that the pSTS is a highly specialized region comprised of sparsely interwoven heterogeneous constituents that encodes both lower and higher level linguistic features. This hub in pSTS for minimal phrase processing may form the neural basis for the human-specific computational capacity for forming hierarchically organized linguistic structures.SignificanceLinguists have claimed that the integration of multiple words into a phrase demands a computational procedure distinct from single word processing. Here, we provide intracranial recordings from a large patient cohort, with high spatiotemporal resolution, to track the cortical dynamics of phrase composition. Epileptic patients volunteered to participate in a task in which they listened to phrases (“red boat”), word-pseudoword or pseudoword-word pairs (e.g., “red fulg”). At the onset of the second word in phrases, greater broadband high gamma activity was found in posterior superior temporal sulcus in electrodes that exclusively indexed phrasal meaning, and not lexical meaning. These results provide direct, high-resolution signatures of minimal phrase composition in humans, a potentially species-specific computational capacity.
Novel AT1R-Allosteric Ligands Mask the Preeclampsia Auto-antibody Epitope and Decrease Angiotensin-induced Vasoconstriction
Authors: Singh Khuraijam Dhanachandra , Jara Zaira P. , Harford Terri , Saha Prasenjit Prasad , Pardhi Triveni R. , Desnoyer Russell , Karnik Sadashiva S. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryMaternal blood pressure regulation by the hormone angiotensin II (AngII) sustains fetal growth through feto-placental circulation. AngII binding to orthosteric pocket in the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) induces G protein and β-arrestin signaling. AT1R blocking drugs and β-arrestin biased ligands also bind to the orthosteric pocket but evoke different inactive and active states1–6. AT1R-directed auto-antibodies observed in preeclampsia bound outside the orthosteric pocket to extracellular loop-2 (ECL2) of AT1R7–9. How auto-antibodies modulate AT1R activity causing preeclampsia pathogenesis is unknown. Here we report a druggable cryptic allosteric pocket encompassing the preeclampsia epitope on ECL2. Using structure based high-throughput small molecule screening we discovered 18 ligands specific for AT1R’s allosteric pocket. After procuring these ligands we validated inhibition of preeclampsia epitope-specific antibody binding. We characterize their inhibitory effect on antibody and AngII-signaling in cells and vasoconstrictionex vivo. These novel AT1R allosteric ligands, thus act as dual action negative modulators of auto-antibody action and vasoconstriction. Our study demonstrates that positive allosteric modulator action of auto-antibody causes a disease linked to AT1R. We anticipate our findings to kindle structure-based discovery of AT1R allosteric ligands for intervention in maladies such as preeclampsia7–10, rejection of organ transplants11, vasodilatory shock12, 13and metabolic syndrome14.
Development of an open source program to identify the size of objects using bright-field microscopy - an automated calibration tool
Authors: Glowacki Gerard , Gkantiragas Alexis , Brett-Holt Brooke , Mihalik Daniel , He Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn light microscopy, eyepiece graticules are commonly used to gauge the size of objects at the micron scale. While this is a relatively simple tool to use, not all microscopes possess this feature. Furthermore, calibrating an eyepiece graticule with a stage micrometer can be time-consuming, particularly for inexperienced microscopists. Similarly, calculating the size of individual objects may also take some time. We present an open-source program to determine the size of objects under a microscope using Python and OpenCV. Taking photos of a stage micrometer under a microscope, we identify gradations on the micrometer and calculate the distance between lines on the micrometer in pixels. From this, we can infer the size of objects from bright-field microscopy images. We believe this will improve access to quantitative microscopy techniques and increase the speed at which samples may be analyzed by light microscopy. Future studies may aim to integrate this with machine learning for object identification.
Adolescents’ dietary habits and meal patterns influence school performance in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986: mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Zagkos Loukas , Drenos Fotios , Emmett Pauline , Blakemore Alexandra I. , Nordstrom Tanja , Hurtig Tuula , Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta , Dovey Terence M. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSeveral observational studies indicate that dietary habits in children and adolescents are associated with school performance. These associations are heavily confounded by socio-economic characteristics, such as household income and parents’ educational attainment, amongst other factors. In this study, we report observational and causal effects of habitual diet on school performance, using individual level data for 9,220 adolescents in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. For this purpose, we derived principal components for the dietary variables, meal patterns and school performance variables. The observational study showed a significant association of consumption of foods that are high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) with poor performance in all school subjects, and an association of consumption of healthy foods and traditional foods with good school performance in general subjects, science and physical education (PE). Moreover, a positive association was observed between not skipping breakfast and good performance in all school subjects. Mendelian randomisation analysis confirmed a negative effect of HFSS on school performance in general/science subjects (−0.080, −0.128 to −0.033) and a positive effect of healthy food on school performance in general/science subjects (0.071, 0.024 to 0.119) and PE (0.065, 0.021 to 0.110). To conclude, we identified compelling evidence that HFSS foods and healthy foods were causally affecting school performance.
Transcriptomics reveals the putative mycoparasitic strategy of the mushroomEntoloma abortivumon species of the mushroomArmillaria
Authors: Koch Rachel A. , Herr Joshua R. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTDuring mycoparasitism, a fungus—the host—is parasitized by another fungus—the mycoparasite. The genetic underpinnings of these relationships have been best characterized in ascomycete fungi. However, within basidiomycete fungi, there are rare instances of mushroom-forming species parasitizing the reproductive structures, or sporocarps, of other mushroom-forming species, which have been rarely investigated on a genetic level. One of the most enigmatic of these occurs betweenEntoloma abortivumand species ofArmillaria, where hyphae ofE. abortivumare hypothesized to disrupt the development ofArmillariasporocarps, resulting in the formation of carpophoroids. However, it remains unknown whether carpophoroids are the direct result of a mycoparasitic relationship. To address the nature of this unique interaction, we analyzed gene expression of field-collectedArmillariaandE. abortivumsporocarps and carpophoroids. Transcripts in the carpophoroids are primarily fromE. abortivum, supporting the hypothesis that this species is parasitizingArmillaria. Most notably, we identified differentially upregulatedE. abortivumβ-trefoil-type lectins in the carpophoroid, which we hypothesize bind toArmillariacell wall galactomannoproteins, thereby mediating recognition between the mycoparasite and the host. The most differentially upregulatedE. abortivumtranscripts in the carpophoroid code for oxalate decarboxylases—enzymes that degrade oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is a virulence factor in many plant pathogens, includingArmillariaspecies, however,E. abortivumhas evolved a sophisticated strategy to overcome this defense mechanism. The number of gene models and genes that code for carbohydrate-active enzymes in theE. abortivumtranscriptome were reduced compared to other closely related species, perhaps as a result of the specialized nature of this interaction.IMPORTANCEBy studying fungi that parasitize other fungi, we can understand the basic biology of these unique interactions. Studies focused on the genetic mechanisms regulating mycoparasitism between host and parasite have thus far concentrated on a single fungal lineage within the Ascomycota. The work presented here expands our understanding of mycoparasitic relationships to the Basidiomycota and represents the first transcriptomic study to our knowledge that examines fungal-fungal relationships in their natural setting. The results presented here suggest that even distantly related mycoparasites utilize similar mechanisms to parasitize their host. Given that species of the mushroom-forming pathogenArmillariacause plant root-rot diseases in many agroecosystems, an enhanced understanding of this interaction may contribute to better control of these diseases through biocontrol applications.
In heart failure reactivation of RNA-binding proteins drives the transcriptome into a fetal state
Authors: D’Antonio Matteo , Nguyen Jennifer P. , Arthur Timothy D. , Matsui Hiroko , Donovan Margaret K.R. , D’Antonio-Chronowska Agnieszka , Frazer Kelly A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTranscriptome-wide expression changes occur during heart failure, including reactivation of fetal-specific isoforms. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the extent to which a fetal gene program switch occurs remains unclear. Limitations hindering transcriptome-wide analyses of alternative splicing differences (i.e. isoform switching) in cardiovascular system (CVS) tissues between fetal and adult (healthy and diseased) stages have included both cellular heterogeneity across bulk RNA-seq samples and limited availability of fetal tissue for research. To overcome these limitations, we have deconvoluted the cellular compositions of 996 RNA-seq samples representing heart failure, healthy adult (heart and arteria), and fetal-like (iPSC-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells) CVS tissues. Comparison of the expression profiles revealed that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are highly overexpressed in fetal-like compared with healthy adult and are reactivated in heart failure, which results in expression of thousands fetal-specific isoforms. Of note, isoforms for 20 different RBPs were among those that reverted in heart failure to the fetal-like expression pattern. We determined that, compared with adult-specific isoforms, fetal-specific isoforms are more likely to bind RBPs, have canonical sequences at their splice sites and encode proteins with more functions. Our findings suggest targeting RBP fetal-specific isoforms could result in novel therapeutics for heart failure.
Multimodal brain features at preschool age and the relationship with pre-reading measures one year later: an exploratory study
Authors: Manning Kathryn Y. , Reynolds Jess E. , Long Xiangyu , Llera Alberto , Dewey Deborah , Lebel Catherine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPre-reading language skills develop rapidly in early childhood and are related to brain structure and function in young children prior to formal education. However, the early neurobiological development that support these skills is not well understood and has not been assessed longitudinally using multiple imaging approaches. Here we acquired anatomical, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) from 35 children at 3.5 years of age. Children were assessed for pre-reading abilities using the NEPSY-II subtests one year later (4.5 years). We applied a data-driven linked independent component analysis to explore the shared co-variation of grey and white matter measures. Two sources of structural variation at 3.5 years of age demonstrated a weak relationship with Speeded Naming scores at 4.5 years of age. The first imaging component involved volumetric variability in reading-related cortical regions alongside microstructural features of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. The second component was dominated by cortical volumetric variations within the cerebellum and visual association area. In a subset of children with rs-fMRI data, we evaluated the inter-network functional connectivity of the left-lateralized fronto-parietal language (FPL) network and its relationship with pre-reading measures. Higher functional connectivity between the FPL functional network and the default mode and visual networks at 3.5 years predicted better Phonological Processing scores at 4.5 years. Together, these results suggest that the integration of functional networks, as well as the co-development of white and grey matter brain structures in early childhood, may support the emergence of pre-reading measures in preschool children.