bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superficially described and ignored for 92 years, rediscovered and emended: Apodera angatakere (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Hyalospheniformes) is a new flagship testate amoeba taxon from Aotearoa (New Zealand)
Authors: Duckert Clément , Blandenier Quentin , McKeown Michelle , Hohaia Holden , Luketa Stefan , Wilmshurst Janet , Lara Enrique , Mitchell Edward A. D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEukaryotic microbial diversity is known to be extensive but remains largely undescribed and uncharted. While much of this unknown diversity is composed of inconspicuous flagellates and parasites, larger and morphologically distinct protists are regularly discovered, most notably from poorly studied regions. Here we report a new flagship species of hyalospheniid (Amoebozoa; Arcellinida; Hyalospheniformes) testate amoeba from New Zealand and an unusual story of overlooked description under a preoccupied name and subsequent oversight for nearly one century. Through a process involving The Māori Language Commission, we named the species Apodera angatakere, meaning “a shell with a keel.” This species resembles Apodera vas but differs by the presence of a distinctive hollow keel. Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI) sequence data show that this species forms a distinct clade nested within genus Apodera. This conspicuous species is so far known only from New Zealand and is restricted to peatlands. It is one of the few examples of endemic microorganisms from this biodiversity hotspot and biogeographer's paradise. As over 90% of New Zealand's peatlands have been lost since European colonization and much of the remaining surfaces are threatened, Apodera angatakere could be a flagship species not only for microbial biogeography but also for island biodiversity conservation.
Damage to subcutaneous tissue at the catheterization site during chemotherapy: A prospective observational study using ultrasonography
Authors: Abe‐Doi Mari , Murayama Ryoko , Kawamoto Atsuo , Komiyama Chieko , Doorenbos Ardith , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeChemotherapy administration can affect subcutaneous tissue at the catheterization site with no macroscopic signs or subjective symptoms. Yet clinical studies about the impact of chemotherapy on tissue at the catheterization site, except for apparent extravasation cases, are limited. This study aimed to investigate subcutaneous tissue changes in nonmacroscopically damaged catheterization sites after chemotherapy administration.MethodsParticipants were people with cancer receiving outpatient chemotherapy. Ultrasonographic images were used to assess the condition of subcutaneous tissues, including the vein, at the catheterization site before catheterization, immediately after chemotherapy, and on the next scheduled treatment day. Data on macroscopic inspection, palpation, and subjective symptoms were also collected and analyzed.ResultsData from 41 participants were analyzed. All had normal subcutaneous tissues before catheterization. After treatment, 16 (39.0%) manifested abnormalities such as subcutaneous edema, vessel wall thickening, and/or thrombosis; there was no extravasation immediately after treatment. On the next treatment day, 15 (36.6.%) showed persistent or new onset of abnormalities, including subcutaneous edema. Eight of the 15 did not exhibit any subjective symptoms or macroscopic or palpation findings.ConclusionAfter chemotherapy administration via peripheral intravenous catheters, it was found that this damage, which was difficult to detect by the conventional assessment method, persisted. Ultrasonography can provide useful information to avoid reusing damaged sites for chemotherapy administration.
Contractual provision of public services, commitment, and trust
Authors: PROSSER TONY 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTrust is a central concept in the regulation of public services. Two different models of trust can be distinguished, involving the creation of either substantive credible commitments or institutions to promote more collaborative relations. In this article, the differing implications of these two models are assessed through an examination of failed United Kingdom examples of the use of contracts for the provision of public services: the procurement of passenger rail services by means of franchises and the contracting out of a major part of the probation services. It is suggested that their problems can largely be explained through a failure to recognize the second model of trust in contractual provision, and possible institutional alternatives that might do so more fully are explored.
Physiological response to the weaning in two pig lines divergently selected for residual feed intake
Authors: Montagne Lucile , Gilbert Hélène , Muller Nelly , Le Floc’h Nathalie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBreeding efficient pigs is a way to reduce dietary costs and environmental waste. However, optimization of feed efficiency must not be linked to a decrease of the ability of animals to cope with stress, such as the weaning. This study characterizes the response after weaning of pigs from two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) during growth. Animals of the low (L) RFI line are more efficient than animals from the high (H) RFI line. Thirty‐six piglets from each line weaned at 28 days of age were individually housed and fed a conventional dietary sequence. Their performance, behaviour, health and oxidative status, immune and nutritional parameters were followed during three weeks. Daily feed intake and growth rate of pigs from the LRFI line were 35% and 40% lower compared with HRFI (p < 0.001). Pigs from the LRFI‐line had lower total tract apparent digestibility (−6% for OM) and suffered more from undernutrition with a 167 and 55% higher plasmatic concentration of NEFA and urea compared with HRFI (p < 0.01). In the first week after the weaning, they had more diarrhoea and had a higher inflammatory status with concentration of haptoglobin 52% higher (p < 0.001). These piglets then seemed to adapt to the weaning conditions and to recover during the second and third weeks. Both lines had similar zootechnical performance and physiological characteristics at the end of the post‐weaning period. To conclude, the physiological responses to the weaning differed between lines. Pigs from the LRFI line, selected for greater feed efficiency, were more sensitive to the weaning stress. They were also more resilient as they finally adapted to the new condition and recovered to show similar performance results as pigs of the HRFI line.
Effect of a long‐term high‐energy diet on cardiovascular parameters in Shetland pony mares
Authors: D' Fonseca Nicky M. M. , Beukers Martjin , Wijnberg Inge D. , Navas de Solis Cristobal , de Ruijter‐Villani Marta , van Doorn David A. , Stout Tom A. E. , Roelfsema Ellen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundChanges in cardiovascular parameters, including blood pressure (BP) and cardiac anatomical dimensions, are an inconsistent feature of the equine metabolic syndrome. The order in which these changes arise is unknown.ObjectivesDetermine the order in which EMS‐associated changes in cardiovascular parameters arise.AnimalsTwenty Shetland pony mares.MethodsHigh‐energy (HE) diet mares were fed 200% of net energy requirements for 1 (n = 3) or 2 (n = 7) consecutive diet‐years, with 17 weeks of hay‐only between years. Noninvasive BP measurements and echocardiograms were performed during both years. Resting 24‐hour ECGs and measurements of autonomic tone (splenic volume and packed cell volume [PCV]) were performed at the end of diet‐year 1. Results were compared to control mares receiving a maintenance diet for 1 (n = 7) or 2 (n = 3) consecutive years.ResultsIn year 1, HE mares had significantly higher values than control mares for mean relative left ventricular wall thickness (P = .001). After 2 diet‐years, mean systolic (P = .003), diastolic (P < .001) and mean arterial BP (P = .001), heart rate (HR; P < .001), and mean left ventricular wall thickness (P = .001) also were significantly increased in HE compared to control mares. No pathological arrhythmias or differences in splenic volume or PCV were detected.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIngesting a HE diet first induced minor changes in BP, and progressed to left‐sided cardiac hypertrophy in Shetland pony mares. These findings are of interest given the increasing incidence of obesity in horses.
Gastric microbiome in horses with and without equine glandular gastric disease
Authors: Paul Linda J. , Ericsson Aaron C. , Andrews Frank M. , Keowen Michael L. , Morales Yniguez Francisco , Garza Frank , Banse Heidi E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe role of the gastric microbiome in development or persistence of equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) remains to be investigated.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe objective was to characterize the glandular mucosal and gastric fluid microbiomes of horses with and without EGGD. It was hypothesized that differences in the mucosal microbiome are associated with EGGD.AnimalsTwenty‐four horses were enrolled.MethodsGastroscopy was performed and EGGD scores recorded (score 0, n = 6; score 1, n = 8; score ≥2, n = 10). Gastric fluid and pinch biopsies of healthy glandular mucosa and EGGD lesions were collected via gastroscope. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the gastric fluid and glandular mucosal biopsies was performed. Relationships between gastric fluid and mucosal microbial community composition were evaluated among EGGD score groups (EGGD 0‐BX, EGGD 1‐BX, EGGD ≥2‐BX) and among endoscopic appearances: controls from horses without EGGD and normal areas, hyperemic areas, and lesions from horses with EGGD.ResultsMicrobial community structure of mucosal biopsies differed among EGGD score groups (Jaccard similarity index;P = .009). Principal coordinate analysis showed separate clusters for EGGD 0‐BX and EGGD ≥2‐BX.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA modest difference was detected in the community structure of the gastric glandular mucosal microbiome in association with EGGD score.
Against all odds: Harbor porpoises intensively use an anthropogenically modified estuary
Authors: Taupp Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHarbor porpoises (Cetacea) are present in the North Sea throughout the year but periodically enter adjacent estuaries, which due to human activities are among the planet's most threatened aquatic systems. However, the occurrence of harbor porpoises in estuaries has rarely been studied. In this work, harbor porpoise occurrence at two stations in the anthropogenically modified Ems Estuary (Germany, Netherlands) was modeled using a machine learning approach (Random Forest) that drew on 8 years of acoustic monitoring data with C‐PODs together with environmental data. Harbor porpoises were present year‐round at both stations. According to the models, their detection was mainly explained by season, tide, and noise level, with the highest detection probabilities in spring, at high tide, and at low noise levels. The seasonal and tide‐dependent occurrence of harbor porpoises coincided with prey availability. Presumed feeding activity was detected in 47% of all harbor‐porpoise‐positive 10 min blocks and indicated the importance of the estuary as a regular feeding area. The elevated noise levels detected at one station were attributed to tidal‐induced currents and sediment movements. The results of this study can help to improve estuarine management through measures that include conducting dredging and disposal activities when harbor porpoise occurrence is less likely.
Does rapid maxillary expansion enlarge the nasal cavity and pharyngeal airway? A three‐dimensional assessment based on validated analyses
Authors: Niu Xiaowen , Motro Melih , Will Leslie A. , Cornelis Marie A. , Cattaneo Paolo M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the three‐dimensional changes following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) of the nasal cavity (NC) and pharyngeal airway (PA) in growing patients, using innovative and validated evaluation methods and to investigate whether a correlation between skeletal expansion and increase in airway volume exists.Settings and sample populationRecords of patients who had cone beam computed tomography taken before and after orthodontic treatment with or without RME were retrospectively collected and divided into two groups: (a) RME, 39 patients (mean age 10.40 ± 1.74 years); and (b) control, 29 patients, matched for age (mean age 11.07 ± 1.45 years) and follow‐up period.Material and methodsTotal and partial volumes of the NC and the PA were calculated. The PA centerline was determined to assess the minimal cross‐sectional area and hydraulic diameter. Paired and unpaired t test were applied to compare the difference between time points and between groups. One‐way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests were used to compare subgroups with respect to changes in palatal width and lacrimal ducts distance.ResultsAll of the NC, PA and skeletal parameters were significantly enlarged after RME. The NC volume and inter‐molar distance in the RME were significantly larger compared to the control group. The initially lower mean values of minimal cross‐sectional area and hydraulic diameter in the RME group when compared to the control group normalized after RME treatment.ConclusionsBased on validated analyses, the NC volume increase was evident after RME in the long term after controlling for growth.
The Influence of Femoral Proximal Medullary Morphology on Subtrochanteric Osteotomy in Total Hip Arthroplasty for Unilateral High Dislocated Hips
Authors: Du Yin‐qiao , Guo Ling‐fei , Sun Jing‐yang , Shen Jun‐min , Zhang Bo‐han , Jin Zhi‐gang , Zhou Yong‐gang 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the predictive values of femoral proximal medullary morphology for the use of subtrochanteric osteotomy (STO) in unilateral Crowe IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).MethodsNinety four patients with unilateral Crowe type IV DDH (59 hips in STO group and 35 hips in the non‐STO group) between April 2008 and June 2019 were enrolled. All patients underwent THA using the Pinnacle acetabular shell, ceramic liner and femoral head, the S‐ROM stem with proximal sleeve. Three parameters on the standard anteroposterior hip radiographs were measured: the widths of medullary canals at 20 mm above the center of lesser trochanter (CLT)，20 mm below the CLT and the isthmus. Canal flare index (CFI), metaphyseal canal flare index (MCFI), diaphyseal canal flare index (DCFI) were calculated. A S‐ROM femoral stem was used in all patients during total hip arthroplasty (THA).ResultsThe CFI and DCFI in the STO group were lower than those in the non‐STO group. However, there was no statistical difference in MCFI between the two groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves shown that DCFI had the highest area under the curve (AUC), at 0.885. This was followed by the CFI, which had an AUC of 0.847. The AUC of MCFI was 0.579. The optimal threshold for DCFI was 1.44, which lead to a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.771, 0.898, 0.869, and 0.818, respectively. For CFI, the optimal threshold was 3.28, resulting in a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 0.829, 0.729, 0.878, and 0.644, respectively.ConclusionsThe DCFI and CFI may be potent indicators in predicting the use of STO in unilateral Crowe IV DDH. The optimal threshold for CFI and DCFI were 3.28 and 1.44 and had good sensitivity and specificity for predicting the use of STO during THA.
Evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of risk communication for maps depicting the hazard of COVID‐19
Authors: Fang Hao , Xin Shiwei , Pang Huishan , Xu Fan , Gui Yuhui , Sun Yan , Yang Nai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 maps convey hazard and risk information to the public, which play an important role in the risk communication for individual protection. The aim of this study is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of communicating the specific risk of COVID‐19 maps. By testing 71 subjects from Wuhan, China, this study explored how color schemes (cool, warm, and mixed colors) and data presentation forms (choropleth maps, graduated symbol maps) influence visual cognition patterns, risk perception, comprehension, and subjective satisfaction. The results indicated that the warm scheme (yellow/red) has significant strengths in visual cognition and understanding, and the choropleth map (vs. the graduated symbol map) has significant strengths in risk expression. On subjective satisfaction, the combination of the mixed scheme (blue/yellow/red) and the choropleth map scored highest mean value. These results have implications for enhancing the focused functions of COVID‐19 maps that fit different terms: in the early and medium terms of disease transmission, choropleth maps with warm or cool colors should be considered as a priority design for their better risk perception. When the epidemic conditions are on the upturn, a better reading experience combination of choropleth maps with mixed colors can be considered.
Mechanics of Magnetic Robots Akin to Soft Beams Supported at Unanchored Contacts
Authors: de Oliveira Barros Amanda , Bhattacharya Sukalyan , Yang James 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article presents a novel algorithm to predict the shape and the support configurations of a magnetic robot acting like a supple beam, which deforms due to an imposed magnetic field. The soft magnet loosely rests on a flat horizontal surface, which provides the pivoting supports to the robot to attain its deformed shape. The key difficulty in analysis of the mechanics is the lack of any prior knowledge about the location of the contacts where the distorted beam finds support from the ground. This article outlines an algorithm in which different possibilities referred to as modes are checked systematically to locate the placement and the nature of such supports. Consequently, the 2D shape of the soft beam can be determined without any heuristic assumption about where the magnetic robot is touching the solid surface. This study focuses on single contact sections although the algorithm idea is valid for multiple contacts as well. The mathematical theory and the numerical scheme are validated by comparing the simulated results with existing experimentally obtained configurations. Also, the parametric space of system-defining nondimensional parameters is explored to determine when a transition happens from one mode to another and which magnetization methods are desirable for higher stability. Through theoretical simulation, the results show that a thin rectangular cross section provides higher deformation when compared to the other two tested shapes (circular and equilateral triangle cross section).
Large-Deflection Nonlinear Mechanics of Curved Cantilevers Under Contact Point Loading
Authors: Garcia Geoffrey A. , Wakumoto Kody M. , Brown Joseph J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Presented here is a comprehensive model for hook bending behavior under contact loading conditions, motivated by the relevance of this problem to reusable hook attachment systems in nature and engineering. In this work, a large-deflection model that can describe the bending of hooks, taken as precurved cantilevers with uniform initial curvature, was derived and compared with physical testing. Physical testing was performed with stainless-steel and aluminum hooks shaped as semicircular arcs. The force versus displacement behavior exhibited a linear portion for small displacements but at large displacements there was an asymptotic relation where the force approached some limit and remained flat as further displacement occurred. Comparison with testing showed that the model developed in this paper gave good agreement with the physical testing. Surprisingly, in dimensionless form, all parameters to define the hook transform to approximately linear functions of displacement. Using these linear relations, several equations are presented that allow for rapid calculation of the dimensional force versus displacement for a hook.
Different Passive Viscoelastic Properties Between the Left and Right Ventricles in Healthy Adult Ovine
Authors: Liu Wenqiang , Nguyen-Truong Michael , Ahern Matt , Labus Kevin M. , Puttlitz Christian M. , Wang Zhijie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ventricle dysfunction is the most common cause of heart failure, which leads to high mortality and morbidity. The mechanical behavior of the ventricle is critical to its physiological function. It is known that the ventricle is anisotropic and viscoelastic. However, the understanding of ventricular viscoelasticity is much less than that of its elasticity. Moreover, the left and right ventricles (LV&RV) are different in embryologic origin, anatomy, and function, but whether they distinguish in viscoelastic properties is unclear. We hypothesized that passive viscoelasticity is different between healthy LVs and RVs. Ex vivo cyclic biaxial tensile mechanical tests (1, 0.1, 0.01 Hz) and stress relaxation (strain of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%) were performed for ventricles from healthy adult sheep. Outflow track direction was defined as the longitudinal direction. Hysteresis stress–strain loops and stress relaxation curves were obtained to quantify the viscoelastic properties. We found that the RV had more pronounced frequency-dependent viscoelastic changes than the LV. Under the physiological frequency (1 Hz), the LV was more anisotropic in the elasticity and stiffer than the RV in both directions, whereas the RV was more anisotropic in the viscosity and more viscous than the LV in the longitudinal direction. The LV was quasi-linear viscoelastic in the longitudinal but not circumferential direction, and the RV was nonlinear viscoelastic in both directions. This study is the first to investigate passive viscoelastic differences in healthy LVs and RVs, and the findings will deepen the understanding of biomechanical mechanisms of ventricular function.
Evidence-Theory-Based Kinematic Uncertainty Analysis of a Dual Crane System With Epistemic Uncertainty
Authors: Zhou Bin , Zi Bin , Zeng Yishan , Zhu Weidong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn evidence-theory-based interval perturbation method (ETIPM) and an evidence-theory-based subinterval perturbation method (ETSPM) are presented for the kinematic uncertainty analysis of a dual cranes system (DCS) with epistemic uncertainty. A multiple evidence variable (MEV) model that consists of evidence variables with focal elements (FEs) and basic probability assignments (BPAs) is constructed. Based on the evidence theory, an evidence-based kinematic equilibrium equation with the MEV model is equivalently transformed to several interval equations. In the ETIPM, the bounds of the luffing angular vector (LAV) with respect to every joint FE are calculated by integrating the first-order Taylor series expansion and interval algorithm. The bounds of the expectation and variance of the LAV and corresponding BPAs are calculated by using the evidence-based uncertainty quantification (UQ) method. In the ETSPM, the subinterval perturbation method (SIPM) is introduced to decompose original FE into several small subintervals. By comparing results yielded by the ETIPM and ETSPM with those by the evidence theory-based Monte Carlo method (ETMCM), numerical examples show that the accuracy and computational time of the ETSPM are higher than those of the ETIPM, and the accuracy of the ETIPM and ETSPM can be significantly improved with the increase of the number of FEs and subintervals.