bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of a Displaced Plasma Wake at Neptune's Moon Triton
Authors: Simon Sven , Addison Peter , Liuzzo Lucas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA prominent feature of the interaction between a planetary moon and its magnetospheric environment is the formation of a wake cavity in the downstream hemisphere, characterized by a significant decrease of the incident plasma density. Using an analytical model of Triton's sub‐Alfvénic interaction with Neptune's magnetosphere, we demonstrate that this moon's wake may be rotated away from its downstream hemisphere into a region that would be accessible to the undisturbed upstream flow. Due to the strong tilt of Neptune's magnetospheric field and the low Alfvénic Mach number of the plasma, one of Triton's Alfvén wings can penetrate into the upstream region and intercept the impinging plasma long before it reaches the moon. The interaction with this upstream wing causes the flow to be deflected toward Triton at a steep angle before being absorbed, thereby generating a wake cavity that is significantly displaced with respect to the moon's geometric plasma shadow. Along the downstream‐facing wing, the flow is deflected away from Triton and therefore unable to refill the displaced wake. Since the ionospheric Pedersen conductance greatly exceeds the Alfvén conductance, this asymmetric flow deflection is particularly intense at Triton: when the plasma encounters the wings, it is channeled toward or away from the moon along the axes of the wing tubes. The deflection of the streamlines away from their upstream direction peaks in the range of plasma parameters found along Triton's orbit. Therefore, the displaced wake may be a persistent feature of this moon's plasma interaction and observable during future flybys.
Processes Governing the Seasonal Evolution of Mixed Layers in the Red Sea
Authors: Krokos G. , Cerovečki I. , Papadopoulos V. P. , Hendershott M. C. , Hoteit I. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe processes governing the seasonal evolution of the oceanic mixed layer temperature (MLT) and salinity (MLS) in the Red Sea (RS) are analyzed using the outputs of a high‐resolution (1/100°) ocean general circulation model for 2001 to 2015, forced by a high‐resolution (5 km) regional atmospheric reanalysis. We quantify the roles of atmospheric forcing and the advective, diffusive, and entrainment processes in the seasonal variability of mixed layer (ML) properties by analyzing the closed and complete potential temperature and salinity budgets integrated over the ML depth. The seasonal evolution of the ML density is predominantly driven by the MLT, which is dominated by the air–sea heat exchange. The seasonal evolution of MLS is predominantly driven by the advection of fresher waters from the Gulf of Aden, whereas atmospheric forcing governs its gradual increase along the basin. The spatial distribution of strong mesoscale circulation and semipermanent eddies is imprinted on all processes, whereas advective fluxes tend to follow meandering currents around the periphery of mesoscale eddies. Entrainment processes affect the ML density through the reemergence of heat and salt stored below the ML. Entrainment is especially important in the northern parts of the RS, where increased salinity preconditions the upper layers for ML deepening and denser water formation.
Dynamical Downscaling of Near‐Term (2026–2035) Climate Variability and Change for the Main Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Fandrich K. M. , Timm O. Elison , Zhang C. , Giambelluca T. W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNatural climate variability poses a limit to the confidence in regional climate projections, particularly for the near‐term. Therefore, the next decades are of importance for regional impact studies and the development of regional adaptation plans. This article presents results from an ensemble of regional climate model simulations (years 1996–2005 and 2026–2035) that are used to examine the effects of both anthropogenic forcing and natural variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on near‐term climate projections for the Hawaiian Islands. The Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM‐LE) is used in conjunction with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for downscaling. The climate responses to the PDO and anthropogenic forcing are isolated and analyzed separately. In response to anthropogenic forcing, significant increases in surface air temperature, of ∼0.8 K, are projected at low elevations. Stronger warming, of up to 1.3 K, is seen at higher elevation areas. Future climate simulations show significant increases in wet season rainfall, of ∼10%–20%, along the windward slopes of Big Island and Maui. Rainfall patterns during the positive PDO phase are projected to reverse in sign, leading to drier conditions, by ∼10%–30%, at many locations. Future climate simulations show daily rainfall extremes will increase, by up to ∼10%–15%, at many locations. Daily temperature extremes are also projected to increase significantly, by up to 1.4 K. Overall, results indicate that natural variability will continue to contribute to uncertainty in near‐term rainfall projections for the Hawaiian Islands, masking the forced signal.
Pleistocene Megaflood Discharge in Grand Coulee, Channeled Scabland, USA
Authors: Lehnigk K. E. , Larsen I. J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBedrock erosion and canyon formation during extreme floods have dramatically altered landscapes on Earth and Mars. Grand Coulee was carved by outburst floods from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula and is the largest canyon in the Channeled Scabland, a megaflood‐scoured landscape in the northwestern USA. Quantifying paleo‐discharge is required to understand how landscapes evolve in response to extreme events, but there are few constraints on the magnitude of the floods that incised Grand Coulee; hence, we used hydraulic modeling and geologic evidence to quantify paleo‐flood discharges during different phases of canyon incision. When upper Grand Coulee was incising by headward waterfall retreat, the paleo‐discharge was 2.6 × 106 m3 s−1, which produced shear stresses great enough to cause the waterfall to retreat via toppling of basalt columns. The largest possible flood through upper Grand Coulee, a Missoula flood which raised glacial Lake Columbia to a stage of 750 m, produced a modeled discharge of 7.6 × 106 m3 s−1. The discharges associated with waterfall retreat and drainage of glacial Lake Columbia are >80% and ∼50% lower, respectively, than the 14–17 × 106 m3 s−1 discharge predicted by assuming the present‐day topography was inundated to the elevation of high‐water marks. Due to bedrock incision, high‐water marks may overestimate paleo‐flow depth in canyons carved by floods, hence bedrock erosion should be considered when estimating paleo‐discharge in flood‐carved canyons. Our results indicate that outburst floods with discharges and flow depths much lower than those required to inundate high‐water marks are capable of carving deep canyons.
Diffuse Whistler‐Mode Waves Detected by Kaguya in the Lunar Polar Region
Authors: Nakagawa T. , Takahashi F. , Shimizu H. , Saito Y. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe solar wind particles reflected by the lunar magnetic field are the major energy source of electromagnetic wave activities, such as the 100 s magnetohydrodynamic waves and the 1 Hz whistler‐mode waves generated by protons and the non‐monochromatic whistler‐mode waves generated by mirror‐reflected electrons. Kaguya found a new type of whistler‐mode waves at 100 km altitude above the polar regions of the Moon with a broad frequency range of 1–16 Hz. The waves appear diffuse in both the time and frequency domains, and their occurrence is less sensitive to the magnetic connection to the lunar surface. The polarization is right‐handed with respect to the background magnetic field, and the wave number vector is nearly parallel to the magnetic field perpendicular to the solar wind flow. The diffuse waves are thought to be generated by the solar wind ions reflected by the lunar magnetic field through cyclotron resonance. The resonant ions are expected to have a velocity component parallel to the magnetic field larger than the solar wind bulk speed; however, such ions were not always simultaneously detected by Kaguya. The waves may have been generated above the dayside of the Moon and then propagated along the magnetic field being convected by the solar wind to reach the polar regions to be detected by Kaguya.
Taste function in children: normative values and associated factors
Authors: van den Brink Mirjam , IJpma Irene , Fiocco Marta , Tissing Wim J. E. , Havermans Remco C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Although less frequent than in adults, taste loss also occurs in childhood. “Taste Strips” are frequently used for diagnosing taste dysfunction; however, normative values are lacking for children. In this study, we will create normative values for the “Taste Strips” in children.

Methods
This cross-sectional study included 609 children aged 6–15 years. “Taste Strips” were used to determine sweet, sour, salty, and bitter taste scores by a non-forced procedure. The 10th percentile was used to distinguish normal taste function from a reduced sense of taste. Multivariable generalized linear models (GLM) were estimated to study the effect of age (group), sex, and 6‐n‐propylthiouracil (PROP) status on taste function.

Results
Taste function changed with age, allowing for a distinction of three age groups: (I) 6–7 years, (II) 8–9 years, and (III) 10–15 years. Normative values were created for the age groups and boys and girls separately. Additionally, GLM showed a significant effect of (1) age (group) on sweet, salty, bitter, and total taste scores; (2) sex on sweet, sour, and total taste scores; and (3) PROP status on total taste scores.

Conclusions
This study provided normative values for the “Taste Strips” in children, highlighting age- and sex-related differences.

Impact

Taste dysfunction can be harmful and impacts quality of life, a topic that became increasingly important since the COVID-19 pandemic.

Although taste dysfunction is thought to be rare in childhood, the detrimental impact of such dysfunction might be large, as children’s eating habits are strongly influenced by input from the chemical senses.

Measuring taste function may elucidate the relationship between taste dysfunction and disease, fostering the development of more appropriate supportive strategies. However, adequate tools are lacking for children.

Normative values of the “Taste Strips” are now available for children, which bolster the clinical utility of this test.
Potential of [11C]UCB-J as a PET tracer for islets of Langerhans
Authors: Puuvuori Emmi , Rokka Johanna , Carlsson Per-Ola , Li Zhanchun , Eriksson Jonas , Eriksson Olof 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBiomarkers for the measurement of islets of Langerhans could help elucidate the etiology of diabetes. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A) is a potential marker reported to be localized in the endocrine pancreas. [11C]UCB-J is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer that binds to SV2A and was previously evaluated as a synaptic marker in the central nervous system. Here, we evaluated whether [11C]UCB-J could be utilized as a PET tracer for the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas by targeting SV2A. The mRNA transcription of SV2A was evaluated in human isolated islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue. In vitro autoradiography was performed on pancreas and brain sections from rats and pigs, and consecutive sections were immunostained for insulin. Sprague–Dawley rats were examined with PET-MRI and ex vivo autoradiography at baseline and with administration of levetiracetam (LEV). Similarly, pigs were examined with dynamic PET-CT over the pancreas and brain after administration of [11C]UCB-J at baseline and after pretreatment with LEV. In vivo radioligand binding was assessed using a one-compartment tissue model. The mRNA expression of SV2A was nearly 7 times higher in endocrine tissue than in exocrine tissue (p < 0.01). In vitro autoradiography displayed focal binding of [11C]UCB-J in the pancreas of rats and pigs, but the binding pattern did not overlap with the insulin-positive areas or with ex vivo autoradiography. In rats, pancreas binding was higher than that in negative control tissues but could not be blocked by LEV. In pigs, the pancreas and brain exhibited accumulation of [11C]UCB-J above the negative control tissue spleen. While brain binding could be blocked by pretreatment with LEV, a similar effect was not observed in the pancreas. Transcription data indicate SV2A to be a valid target for imaging islets of Langerhans, but [11C]UCB-J does not appear to have sufficient sensitivity for this application.
Informal Written Language Analysis Methods: Case Examples of Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Dinnes Carly R. , Hux Karen 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
Written expression challenges following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults have received little clinical attention but can substantially affect quality of life and the success of reintegration efforts. Assessment tools and procedures are lacking despite the likelihood of post-TBI problems with microstructure (e.g., productivity, spelling accuracy) and macrostructure (e.g., topic adherence, organization) aspects of written language. The lack of standardized procedures forces reliance on informal methods to determine writing strengths and challenges.

Method:
A combination of assessment procedures allowed for evaluation of the productivity and efficiency, adherence to writing conventions (e.g., spelling, sentence structure, punctuation), and macrostructure organization (e.g., story grammar, topic adherence) of written narratives collected from five adults with TBI.

Results:
Use of multiple assessment methods revealed disparate writing challenges across the five case examples. The differing writing profiles underscore the necessity of evaluating multiple aspects of written narratives.

Conclusions:
The described analysis methods can help clinicians determine areas of strength and challenge in written work generated by adults with TBI. Examination of multiple aspects of writing is key to garnering a comprehensive appraisal of post-TBI writing.
Is There a Cognate Effect in Bilingual Children With Developmental Language Disorder?
Authors: Payesteh Bita , Pham Giang T. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
Cognates, words in two languages that share form and meaning, can be used to support vocabulary development in bilingual children. Typically developing bilinguals have shown better performance on cognates versus noncognates. Of key interest is whether bilinguals with developmental language disorder (DLD) also show a cognate effect and, if so, which factors are related to their cognate performance.

Method:
Thirty-five Spanish–English bilingual children (5–11 years old) with DLD completed the Expressive and Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Tests, third edition, in English (EOW, ROW) to measure cognate performance. Test items were divided by difficulty level (easy, medium, and hard) and classified as cognates or noncognates using the Cross-Linguistic Overlap Scale for Phonology.

Results:
On average, children showed clear and robust cognate effects on EOW across difficulty levels with medium-to-large effect sizes. Results on the ROW showed minimal effects that varied by difficulty. Individually, 80% of participants (28 of 35) demonstrated a cognate effect in EOW, whereas only 31% (11 of 35) showed an effect in ROW. A cognate effect in ROW was positively correlated with age and English proficiency, whereas no factors correlated with the EOW cognate effect.

Conclusions:
Bilingual children with DLD show higher performance on cognates than noncognates, at least in expressive vocabulary. Participants who did show a receptive cognate effect tended to be older and have higher English proficiency. Further investigation is needed to identify factors underlying cognate performance in order to tailor intervention strategies that promote bilingual vocabulary development.
Inhomogeneous defect distribution of triangular WS2 monolayer revealed by surface-enhanced and tip-enhanced Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Miao Peng , Chen Yu-Ting , Pan Lin , Horneber Anke , Greulich Katharina , Chassé Thomas , Peisert Heiko , Adam Pierre-Michel , Xu Ping , Meixner Alfred , Zhang Dai 
Published: December 2021

Confocal optical microscopy and tip-enhanced optical microscopy are applied to characterize the defect distributions in chemical vapor deposition-grown WS2 monolayer triangles qualitatively and quantitatively. The presence of defects in individual monolayer WS2 triangles is revealed with diffraction-limited spatial resolution in their photoluminescence (PL) images, from which the inhomogeneous defect density distribution is calculated, showing an inverse relationship to the PL intensity. The defect-related surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) effect is investigated by depositing a thin copper phthalocyanine layer (5 nm) as the probe molecule on the monolayer WS2 triangles surface. Higher SERS enhancement effects are observed at the defect-rich areas. Furthermore, tip-enhanced optical measurements are performed, which can reveal morphologically defected areas invisible in the confocal optical measurements. Furthermore, the area with high defect density appears brighter than the low-defected area in the tip-enhanced optical measurements, which are different from the observation in the confocal optical measurements. The underlying reasons are attributed to the near-field enhancement of the defect exciton emission induced by the optically excited tip and to an improved coupling efficiency between the tip-generated near-field with the altered dipole moment orientation at the local defect.
A View From Physics
Authors: McDermott Lillian C. 
Published: December 2021

A View From Physics: Discipline-Based Education Research presents the author’s account as one of the founders of the field of physics education research, the scientific study of the teaching and learning of physics. The hallmark of this relatively new field is the use of rigorous analytical and quantitative study to develop more effective curriculum and validate its efficacy.
This unique title features:The founder’s personal history of building the world-renowned Physics Education Group at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USAAn outline of the growth of physics education research, including discussions of current topicsA chronicle of the author’s pioneering career as one of the few women in physics during the mid-20th century and her lasting impact on physics education
A View From Physics: Discipline-Based Education Research offers insights and perspectives for university physics faculty, physics education researchers, secondary school physics/physical science teachers, and those interested in science education more broadly. This book is also for those interested in the history of women in science.
Diagnostic vocal fold injection as an intervention for secondary muscle tension dysphonia
Authors: Dwyer Christopher D. , Carroll Thomas L. 
Published: December 2021

Objectives
In this review, we draw on the available evidence supporting use of a diagnostic vocal fold injection as part of the treatment paradigm for secondary muscle tension dysphonia when voice therapy incompletely addresses patient’s voice and laryngeal related symptoms. We aim to outline some key diagnostic and treatment considerations, focussing on the search for underlying glottic insuffiency, and role of a diagnostic vocal fold augmentation for the patient with secondary muscle tension dysphonia.

Methods
A literature review of PubMed was performed, titles and abstracts were assessed, and articles that most comprehensively addressed our clinical question were selected. We also draw upon the authors’ experience with the management of secondary muscle tension dysphonia. A representative case presentation along with review of classification, diagnosis, work-up and management of muscle tension dysphonia in the setting of glottic insuffiency is presented.

Conclusions
Glottic insuffiency resulting in secondary muscle tension dysphonia is an under-recognised contributor to voice and laryngeal related complaints. When behavioural treatments are unsuccessful, a diagnostic vocal fold injection is a relatively simple method to determine if addressing underling the glottic insufficiency affords symptomatic improvement. If a favourable response is obtained, it is reasonable for both patient and treating surgeon to proceed with a more durable or even permanent augmentation option.
GPU-I-TASSER: a GPU accelerated I-TASSER protein structure prediction tool
Authors: MacCarthy Elijah A , Zhang Chengxin , Zhang Yang , KC Dukka B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Accurate and efficient predictions of protein structures play an important role in understanding their functions. Iterative Threading Assembly Refinement (I-TASSER) is one of the most successful and widely used protein structure prediction methods in the recent community-wide CASP experiments. Yet, the computational efficiency of I-TASSER is one of the limiting factors that prevent its application for large-scale structure modeling.

Results
We present I-TASSER for Graphics Processing Units (GPU-I-TASSER), a GPU accelerated I-TASSER protein structure prediction tool for fast and accurate protein structure prediction. Our implementation is based on OpenACC parallelization of the replica-exchange Monte Carlo simulations to enhance the speed of I-TASSER by extending its capabilities to the GPU architecture. On a benchmark dataset of 71 protein structures, GPU-I-TASSER achieves on average a 10× speedup with comparable structure prediction accuracy compared to the CPU version of the I-TASSER.

Availability and implementation
The complete source code for GPU-I-TASSER can be downloaded and used without restriction from https://zhanggroup.org/GPU-I-TASSER/.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Oocyte quality following in vitro follicle development
Authors: Xu Jing , Zelinski Mary B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In vitro follicle development (IVFD) is an adequate model to obtain basic knowledge of folliculogenesis and provides a tool for ovarian toxicity screening. IVFD yielding competent oocytes may also offer an option for fertility and species preservation. To promote follicle growth and oocyte maturation in vitro, various culture systems are utilized for IVFD in rodents, domestic animals, wild animals, nonhuman primates, and humans. Follicle culture conditions have been improved by optimizing gonadotropin levels, regulatory factors, nutrient supplements, oxygen concentration, and culture matrices. This review summarizes quality assessment of oocytes generated from in vitro-developed antral follicles from the preantral stage, including oocyte epigenetic and genetic profile, cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation, preimplantation embryonic development following in vitro fertilization, as well as pregnancy and live offspring after embryo transfer. The limitations of oocyte quality evaluation following IVFD and the gaps in our knowledge of IVFD to support proper oocyte development are also discussed. The information may advance our understanding of the requirements for IVFD, with a goal of producing competent oocytes with genetic integrity to sustain embryonic development resulting in healthy offspring.