bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airway Management
Authors: Dargin James M. , Emlet Lillian L. 
Published: January 2021

Endotracheal intubation is a commonly performed procedure in the intensive care unit (ICU). Active upper gastrointestinal bleeding, emesis in the airway, and the presence of a cervical collar are just a few examples of conditions encountered in critically ill patients that can make endotracheal intubation difficult. Furthermore, critically ill patients usually require intubation because they have exhausted their physiologic reserve and can deteriorate rapidly due to vasodilation from induction medications, reduction in preload from positive pressure ventilation, hypercapnia and acidosis during periods of apnea, hypoxia from failed attempts at intubation, and an increase in intracranial pressure during laryngoscopy attempts. Up to one third of patients undergoing emergency airway management will develop serious complications, including hypoxemia, hypotension, aspiration, or cardiac arrest. Careful planning, provision of the appropriate equipment and personnel, and an understanding of an individual patient’s physiologic derangements can help to prevent complications during intubation.
This review 13 figures, 4 tables, and 27 references.
Keywords: airway, intubation, endotracheal, rapid sequence, pre-oxygenation, bag-mask ventilation, laryngoscopy, cricothyrotomy, supraglottic airway
Benign Tumors of the Spleen
Authors: Paniccia Alessandro , Chapman Brandon 
Published: January 2021

Primary benign splenic tumors are uncommon and manifest with variable presenting signs and symptoms yet are frequently asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. Primary benign tumors involving the spleen can be broadly categorized as vascular/lymphatic tumors, tumorlike lesions, and cystic tumors. Although laboratory tests have little impact on the diagnosis of benign tumors of the spleen, radiologic imaging is mandatory and may narrow the differential diagnoses. However, it is often difficult to distinguish benign from malignant disease. Surgical management is based on the clinical presentation of the patient, disease etiology, and suspicion for malignancy. Surgical options include complete and partial splenectomy, andthe laparoscopic approach is favored.

This review contains 6 figures, 6 tables and 66 references
Key words: cystic, mass, spleen, splenectomy, tumor, tumorlike, vascular neoplasm
Clinical Management of Feeding and Eating Disorders
Authors: Westmoreland Patricia , O’Melia Anne Marie 
Published: January 2021

Eating disorders are diverse in etiology and presentation and are best treated by a multidisciplinary treatment team (physicians, nurses, dietitians, and psychotherapists). Effective treatment includes combinations of behavioral management, psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication. Pica and rumination disorder are typically treated with behavioral management. Treatment of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and restricting or binge/purge anorexia nervosa usually requires nutritional and medical management before patients are able to benefit from psychotherapy or psychiatric medication management. There are currently only two medications FDA approved for treatment in eating disorders. Fluoxetine is FDA approved for the treatment of bulimia. Lisdexamfetamine was recently approved for the treatment of binge eating disorder. Novel therapies, such as deep brain stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation, are being studied for the treatment of severe and enduring forms of anorexia nervosa.
This review contains 5 tables and 58 references
Key words: behavioral management, diversity, FDA approval, fluoxetine, lisdexamfetamine, multidisciplinary team, novel therapies, psychotherapy, psychotropics
Medical Management Of Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Waxman Aaron B , Schissler Andrew J 
Published: January 2021

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) can be fatal and requires prompt medical attention. This chapter reviews the treatment of acute PE, including a detailed report of the acute- and long-term management of high-risk (“massive”), medium-risk (“submassive”), and low-risk thrombi. It summarizes the reperfusion therapies available in hemodynamically unstable patients with massive PEs such as thrombolysis, embolectomy, and percutaneous catheter-directed treatment. There is further in-depth examination of the various anticoagulants available including parenteral therapies, vitamin K antagonists, and direct oral anticoagulants. Recommendations on the treatment duration are discussed. Other considerations are described, including how management changes in the pregnant patient with acute PE, when venous filters should be considered and whether to initiate treatment before confirming a diagnosis. Overall this chapter serves as an excellent evidenced-based guide to better manage the various presentations of acute PE.

This review contains 3 figures, 5 tables and 47 references
Key Words: anticoagulation, embolectomy, PE, pulmonary embolism, reperfusion therapy, thrombolysis, treatment
Alterations In Macronutrient ­Metabolism In Starvation And Disease
Authors: Hoffer L John 
Published: January 2021

This review explains starvation as both a physiologic process and a disease. It includes a detailed explanation of the modifying effects of metabolic adaptation and systemic inflammation, as interpreted in a clinical context. It navigates the reader through the difficult shoals of vague and conflicting terminology that burden this topic and provides current definitions and nuanced explanations of the important but frequently misunderstood terms related to starvation and its modifiers and consequences. It provides a succinct explanation of the physiology of total fasting and its clinical correlates. Finally, it explains the interactions among starvation, sarcopenia, frailty, involuntary weight loss, systemic inflammation, cachexia, and disuse muscle atrophy. The multiple and interacting causes of generalized muscle atrophy are pointed out. Inadequate appreciation of these interactions can result in failure to diagnose and treat starvation-induced diseases. A clinical approach to involuntary weight loss is outlined.

This review contains 6 figures, 2 tables and 56 references
Key words: adaptation, cachexia, frailty, hypoalbuminemia, inflammation, ketosis, kwashiorkor, malnutrition, marasmus, muscle atrophy, protein-energy malnutrition, sarcopenia, starvation, systemic inflammation, weight loss
Nutrition in Kidney Failure
Authors: Deger Serpil Muge , Ikizler T. Alp 
Published: January 2021

Among the many factors that affect outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a state of metabolic and nutritional derangements, more aptly called protein-energy wasting (PEW) CKD, plays a major role.1 Multiple studies now indicate that PEW is highly prevalent and is closely associated with important clinical outcomes, such as hospitalizations and risk of death in this patient population. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of nutrition and metabolism in all stages of CKD, including end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
This review contains 3 figures, 5 tables, and 105 references.
Key words: chronic-kidney disease (CKD), dialysis, end stage renal disease (ESRD), inflammation, maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), protein-energy wasting (PEW),uremia
Thyroid Disease I: Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
Authors: Martin Robert B. , Casey Brian 
Published: January 2021

Thyroid physiologic adaptations in pregnancy may be confused with pathologic changes. Human chorionic gonadotropin rises early in pregnancy, stimulating thyrotropin secretion and suppressing thyroid stimulating hormone. These chemical changes are often seen in hyperemesis gravidarum and gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. Therefore, mild thyrotoxicosis may be difficult to differentiate from early pregnancy thyroxine stimulation. However, overt hyperthyroidism usually includes classic symptoms seen outside of pregnancy in addition to suppressed TSH and T4 levels. Treatment includes thionamides propylthiouracil and methimazole. Thyroid ablation is contraindicated in pregnancy. Often, in affected women, the fetus is euthyroid, but neonates can develop hyper or hypothyroidism with or without a goiter. Lastly, thyroid storm, though rare, is life threatening. Often presenting as a hypermetabolic state with cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension, it generally results from decompensation from preeclampsia, anemia, sepsis, or surgery. Treatment requires intensive care level management, with initiation of thionamides, iodine, and beta blockers.
This review contains 2 figures, 4 tables and 38 references.
Keywords: Thyroid-releasing hormong, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyromegaly, thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, thryotoxicosis, thionamides, thyroid storm
Thyroid Disease II: Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy
Authors: Martin Robert B. , Casey Brian 
Published: January 2021

Hypothyroidism affects between 2 and 12 per 1000 pregnancies. Symptoms in pregnancy are similar those encountered in the nonpregnant population, but may be attributed to the pregnancy itself. Thyroxine-binding globulin increases in pregnancy, leading to increased thyroxine levels in order to meet the metabolic needs of normal pregnancy. Routine screening is not recommended, and testing should be done using a targeted approach in women with symptoms or history of thyroid disease. Diagnosis is based upon the finding of an elevated serum TSH using population and trimester-specific ranges. Overt hypothyroidism, identified by high serum TSH and low free thyroxine, is associated with increased risk of pregnancy-related complications, and is treated with maternal thyroxine supplementation. Adequate iodine is necessary for fetal neurodevelopment, and women with iodine deficiency may present with a goiter, though it is important to distinguish it from other causes of thyroid enlargement, including malignancy. Postpartum thyroiditis is diagnosed infrequently, as only a small subset of women will demonstrate the classic biphasic presentation, Additionally, symptoms are often vague, nonspecific, and self-limited. Importantly, many women are at risk of eventually developing permanent hypothyroidism.
This review contains 6 tables, and 48 references.
Key words: euthyroid, goiter, overt hypothyroidism, postpartum thyroiditis, thyroixine binding globulin, thyroid peroxidase, thryroid nodules
Common Maternal Genetic Syndromes VI: 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Boothe Megan , Robin Nathaniel 
Published: January 2021

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common chromosomal microdeletion syndrome with an incidence of 1/3,000-1/4,000 live births. Common manifestations of 22q11.2DS include congenital heart defects, hypocalcemia, immune deficiency, cleft palate, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric disturbances. As childhood management of 22q11.2DS has improved, these individuals are living into adulthood and may have children of their own. Thus, it is imperative for the clinician to have an understanding of both the physical and psychiatric complications that may be seen in the adult with 22q11.2DS and how this may affect a pregnancy. Here we review the common features of 22q11.2DS in the adult and pregnancy management recommendations for the obstetrician.
This review contains 4 figures, 1 tables, and 27 references.
Keywords: 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome; DiGeorge Syndrome; Velocardiofacial Syndrome; 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Adult; 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome pregnancy; DiGeorge Syndrome pregnancy; DiGeorge Syndrome adult.
Cough and Hemoptysis
Authors: Andaz Shahriyour , Danovich Svetlana 
Published: January 2021

Cough is one of the most common complaints that brings patients to seek medical attention, resulting in 30 to 50 million visits annually. Cough can be divided into three categories based on chronicity: namely acute, subacute, and chronic. Treatment of cough depends on the chronicity and etiology of the cough. Similarly, hemoptysis is a common occurrence, albeit less frequent than cough. Like cough, the treatment is dependent on etiology. Hemoptysis must always be taken seriously as death may occur from massive hemoptysis and result from asphyxiation. Whenever possible, attempts must be made to control massive hemorrhage by interventional techniques.
This review contains 6 figures, 3 tables, and 69 references.
Keywords: Cough, Hemoptysis, Smoking, Chest pain, GERD, Asthma, Hemorrhage, mucus, tracheoinnominate
Management of Speech and Swallowing Disorders in Children with Oral Clefts
Authors: Garg Ravi K. , Mount Delora L 
Published: January 2021

Cleft lip and palate are common congenital anomalies with significant implications for feeding, swallowing, and speech. If a cleft palate goes unrepaired, a child will have difficulty distinguishing nasal and oral sounds. Even following cleft palate repair, approximately 20 to 30% of nonsyndromic children have persistent hypernasal speech. This often occurs due to velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), a term describing failure of the soft palate and pharyngeal walls to seal the nasopharynx from the oropharynx during oral consonant production. The gold standard for diagnosis is perceptual examination by a trained speech pathologist, although additional diagnostic tools such as nasendoscopy are often used. Treatment options for VPD range from speech therapy to revision palatoplasty, sphincter pharyngoplasty, pharyngeal flap, and pharyngeal wall augmentation. Palatal prosthetics may also be considered for children who are not surgical candidates. Further research is needed to improve selection of diagnostic and treatment interventions and optimize speech outcomes for children with a history of oral cleft.
This review contains 1 figure, 3 videos, and 58 references.
Key words: Cleft lip and palate, hypernasal resonance, levator veli palatine, nasal emission, nasendoscopy, palatoplasty, pharyngeal flap, posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation, sphincter pharyngoplasty, velopharyngeal dysfunction
Extensor Tendon Repair and Reconstruction
Authors: Ledbetter Kelly D. , Friedrich Jeffrey B. 
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to review the anatomy and function of extensor tendons, the physiology of tendon healing, and general principles regarding common acute and chronic extensor tendon injuries. Acute injuries are classified according to the modified Verdan system and the presenting symptoms, physical exam findings, and treatment strategies are discussed by zone of injury. Common chronic extensor tendon injuries are discussed as they relate to the dorsal wrist's division into six discrete fibro-osseous compartments. Lastly, this chapter reviews the role of operative vs non-operative management as well as the use of immobilization vs early protective motion in the post-operative setting.
This review contains 7 figures, 1 table and 37 references.
Keywords: extensor, tendon, repair, reconstruction, rehabilitation, tendonopathy, surgery, splint
Free Flap-Based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: McArdle Adrian , Lipa Joan E. 
Published: January 2021

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide affecting one in eight women. Surgery continues to be the mainstay of treatment, and mastectomy is performed for treatment and prophylaxis of breast malignancies. Autologous microvascular tissue transfer is frequently an option for breast reconstruction. In appropriate patients, microsurgical breast reconstruction is a safe procedure with low donor site morbidities and excellent aesthetic results. The lower abdomen, thigh, and gluteal regions are the main source of free flaps frequently used in breast reconstruction.
This review contains 10 figures, 2 tables, and 54 references
Keywords: breast cancer, breast reconstruction, breast surgery, microsurgery, autologous tissue transfer, free flap, deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap (DIEP free flap), gracilis myocutaneous flap, gluteal artery perforator flap
Secondary Revision of Breast Augmentation (Capsular Contracture)
Authors: Smith J. Michael , Broyles Justin M. 
Published: January 2021

Revisionary surgery to correct problems following primary breast augmentation is a potentially complex clinical issue. Scarring, compromised vascularity, and other anatomical changes resulting from prior surgery increase both the operative difficulty and risk of post-operative complications. In this review, the authors outline the etiology and management of common problems that motivate patients to seek secondary breast augmentation; including capsular contracture, malposition, ptosis, rippling, and asymmetry. It is the aim of this chapter to provide the reader with a foundational understanding of the tools and techniques available to treat affected patients in order to maximize the probability of future success.
This review contains 3 figures, 6 tables, 31 references
Keywords: breast augmentation, breast revision, capsular contracture, malposition, ptosis, rippling, acellular dermal matrix, revision augmentation
Approach to the Geriatric Patient
Authors: Kostas Tia , Simone Mark , Rudolph James L 
Published: January 2021

As of 2012, over one in eight Americans is over the age of 65, and this number is rising, particularly in the 85+ age group. This segment of the population has a rate of hospitalization three times higher than that for persons of all ages. General internists and family medicine physicians provide a large portion of care for this age group and should therefore be comfortable using a comprehensive approach to geriatric assessment. This review describes general considerations regarding geriatric care, including the process of taking a functional history and clinical implications of geriatric care. The geriatric assessment process is discussed in terms of physical, cognitive, social, and medical domains. The benefits of geriatric assessment in primary care, specialty care, and hospitalized patients are described. Tables outline activities of daily living, sensory changes with aging, major causes of visual impairment in the geriatric population, major neurocognitive disorder diagnostic criteria, medications to avoid or use with caution based on Beers criteria and Screening Tool of Older individuals’ Potentially inappropriate Prescriptions criteria, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force–recommended services relevant to older adults, and vaccinations in older adults. Figures illustrate the key vulnerabilities of older adults; outcomes linked to functional dependence; common disorders associated with cognitive concerns; domains of cognition and examples of impairment in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition; the social and medical domains of geriatric assessment; barriers to medication adherence in older patients; and resources for medication appropriateness in older adults.
This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 110 references, and 5 MCQs.
Primary and Preventive Care of Women
Authors: Henrich Janet B. 
Published: January 2021

Women’s health can be defined as diseases or conditions that are unique to women or that involve gender differences that are particularly important to women. This definition acknowledges the increasing scientific evidence supporting a focus on sex and gender and expands the concept of women’s health beyond the traditional focus on reproductive organs and their function. Over time, the definition has come to include an appreciation of wellness and prevention, the interdisciplinary and holistic nature of women’s health, the diversity of women and their health needs over the life span, and the central role of women as patients and as active participants in their health care. This broader interdisciplinary perspective has important implications for clinicians providing care to women. In addition to understanding basic female physiology and reproductive biology, clinicians need to appreciate the complex interaction between the environment and the biology and psychosocial development of women. When dealing with conditions that are not specific to women, clinicians need to be aware of those aspects of disease that are different in women or have important gender implications. The ability to apply this information requires that clinicians adopt attitudes and behavior that are culturally and gender sensitive. Figures visualize female life expectancy, age-adjusted death rates, female breast cancer incidence and death rates, trends in female cigarette smoking, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines for preventive primary care in women.
This chapter contains 5 highly rendered figures, 52 references, 5 MCQs, and 1 teaching slide set.
Pediatric Renal Trauma
Authors: Husmann Douglas A 
Published: January 2021

This review addresses the new staging criteria applied to classify renal trauma accurately. We discuss the unique differences in the etiology and management of renal trauma between adults and children. The commentary defines the differences in managing low-, medium-, and high-velocity traumatic injuries compared with blunt renal trauma, and the criteria and methods used to screen for these injuries in children are provided. Absolute and relative indications for surgical exploration of traumatic renal injuries are examined. Management of the complications of acute and delayed renal hemorrhage, asymptomatic and symptomatic urinomas, chronic pain, and hypertension is discussed. Recommendations for physical activity following the traumatic loss of a kidney are reviewed.

This review contains 10 figures, 7 tables and 49 references
Key words: false aneurysm, hematuria, kidney, nonpenetrating wounds, penetrating wounds, renal hypertension, renal trauma, therapeutic embolization, traumatic shock, urinoma
Respiratory Viral Infections
Authors: Ison Michael G. 
Published: January 2021

The respiratory tract can be infected by a diverse group of viruses that produce syndromes ranging in severity from mild colds to fulminant pneumonias. Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality throughout the world; influenza and pneumonia were the most prevalent infectious causes of death during the 20th century in the United States.

This review contains 8 figures, 26 tables and 87 references.
Keywords: Virus, infection, respiratory tract, antiviral, pneumonia, croup, pharyngitis, epidemic, pandemic, outbreak
Upper Airway Disorders
Authors: Proano Lawrence , Gemme Seth , Partridge Robert 
Published: January 2021

Upper airway disorders are frequently encountered in the primary care setting and present in both adults and children. This review covers earache, sinusitis, sore throat, peritonsillar abscess, sialolithiasis and sialadenitis, parotitis, epiglottitis, epistaxis, foreign body in the ear, nose, or throat, and Ludwig angina. Figures show right-sided peritonsillar abscess demonstrating swelling and distortion of the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars and uvular deviation, peritonsillar abscess demonstrated by an ultrasound image of a hypoechoic fluid collection, ultrasound imaging of sagittal view of the tonsillar pillars, lateral radiograph of the neck demonstrating a swollen epiglottis and widened vallecula, photographs of brawny swelling of the submandibular region of the neck in Ludwig angina, and a patient with peritonsillar abscess with extension to the base of the tongue. Tables list criteria for diagnosing acute sinusitis, and clinical presentations that best identify patients with acute bacterial versus viral rhinosinusitis.

This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables, and 66 references
Keywords: Epiglottitis, epistaxis, parotitis, peritonsillar abscess, pharyngitis, sialolithiasis, sinusitis