bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
II. THE EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA ON HUMAN BEINGS
Authors: Zinberg N. E. , Weil A. T. 
Published: December 2021

The authors review and discuss the findings which they reported in Science, December 13, 1968. No human experiments with marijuana designed according to modern principles of drug testing had been previously performed.
The pharmacologic action of a drug is but one of three factors in its effect; the others are "set"—the individual's expectations of what the drug will do—and "setting" —the total environment (physical and social) in which a drug is taken. Set and setting can overshadow pharmacologic action. Asking drug users what effect they get is grossly unreliable; on the other hand, laboratory studies must be designed so that, through environmental manipulation, an observed effect may be ascribed to a known cause (as the administration of a drug).
CALCITONIN: ITS NATURE AND ROLE IN MAN
Authors: Haymovits Asher , Rosen John F. 
Published: December 2021

In the short span of 7 years since the first evidence for the existence of the hypocalcemic, hypophosphatemic principle, calcitonin, was advanced by Copp, et al., the study of this hormone has revealed many aspects of its chemical properties, biological action, and phylogenetic significance. Recently, the study of this hormone culminated in the structure determination and synthesis of the poncine and human hormones.
During this period, the subject has been reviewed by several authors and it has been discussed at three international meetings.
The purpose of this communication is to deal with the recent information that accrued since publication of those reviews. This newer information will be discussed with particular reference to the role of the hormone in children and adults.
Consideration will be given to the distribution in nature, structure, and physicochemical and biological properties of the hormone; its measurement, regulation of secretion, and laboratory synthesis; and, finally, its role in health and disease in humans.
DISTRIBUTION IN NATURE
Calcitonin on calcitonin-like activity has been demonstrated in tissues derived from embryological precursors of the thyroid and other pharyngeal glands of every mammalian species tested to date. A partial list includes the guinea-pig, rabbit, sheep, goat, pig, cattle, monkey, and man. In vertebrates other than mammals, calcitonin activity is widely distributed, although its role and action in these forms await further study.
Tissue of Origin
Copp's original experiments in the dog did not differentiate between the thyroid and parathyroid glands as the source of calcitonin. However, the thyroid origin of the hormone in some mammals was later suggested by perfusion studies in the goat and pig and finally proved by a demonstration of calcitonin activity in thyroid homogenates.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Nathan David G. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Stiehm is preparing a reply. Dr. Nathan comments as follows:
Several important points are made by the letters of Drs. Chessells and Pitney, Ekert and Hathaway. It is certainly true that the collection of blood in the presence of an inhibitor of fibrinolysin will reduce in vitro formation of fibrin split products. In addition, it is clear that failure to clot the blood completely will permit the continuous action of fibrinolysin on fibrinogen or seriously obfuscate an immunological assay of fibrin split products since residual immunoreactive fibrinogen will remain in the "serum" if clotting is not complete.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Ekelund Hans , Hedner Ulla , Nilsson Inga Marie 
Published: December 2021

The May 1969 issue (Pediatrics, 43: 770) contained an article by Stiehm and Clatanoff on "split products of fibrin in the serum of newborns." The authors discuss the origin of these split products and their possible clinical significance in different pathological conditions in the newborn.
At our laboratory we have recently completed a study of the fibrinolytic system in newborns which will be published in Acta paediatrica Scandinavia (accepted for publication July 16, 1969). Our material consists of 207 normal, full term newborns, where blood has been collected by catheterization of the umbilical vein during the first 5 days of life.
DR. WILLIAM BUCHAN'S (1729-1805) THOUGHTS ON CROUP; ITS CAUSE TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

No book was more sought after by families in the early decades of our country than Buchan's Domestic Medicine, which was first published in England in 1769 and passed through 19 editions during the following 50 years. Buchan described the signs, symptoms and treatment of children with croup as follows:
Children are often seized very suddenly with this disease, which, if not quickly relieved, proves mortal. . . . This disease generally prevails in cold and wet seasons. It is most common upon the seacoast, and in low marshy countries. Children of a gross and lax habit are most liable to it. . . . It generally attacks children in the night, after having been much exposed to damp cold easterly winds through the day. Damp houses, wet feet, thin shoes, wet clothes, or any thing that obstructs the perspiration, may occasion the croup.
It is attended with a frequent pulse, quick and laborious breathing, which is performed with a peculiar kind of croaking noise, that must be heard at a considerable distance. The voice is sharp and shrill, and the face is generally much flushed, though sometimes it is of a livid colour.
When a child is seized with the above symptoms, his feet should be immediately put into warm water. He ought likewise to be bled, and to have a laxative clyster administered as soon as possible.
He should be made to breathe over the steams of warm water and vinegar; or an emollient decoction, and emollient cataplasms or fomentations may be applied round his neck.
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE LOSSES DUE TO CHOLERA IN INFANTS AND SMALL CHILDREN: A RECOVERY BALANCE STUDY
Authors: Mahalanabis Dilip , Wallace Craig K. , Kallen Ronald J. , Mondal Arabindo , Pierce Nathaniel F. 
Published: December 2021

Complete recovery balance studies on six infants with severe cholera are reported. Supporting data from a larger group of children with cholera, with particular reference to stool and small intestinal fluid composition, are also reported. The mean and range (in parentheses) for net retention at the end of the balance studies were: water, 96 gm (47—119); sodium, 10.5 mM (5.3—16.7); chloride, 8.9 mM (5.8—12.5); and potassium, 6.5 mM (4.3—9.7); all values are per kilogram of final body weight. Mean values for average evaporative water losses over day and night ranged from 31 gm to 63 gm/kg/24 hours. Stool output requiring parenteral replacement continued for 24 to 60 hours in five of six patients, and 48-hour stool output equaled 1:3 to 22% of final body weight.
Stool composition in pediatric cholera is compared to that in infantile diarrhea and adult cholera. Significant differences from each of the latter two are described in this paper.
Child Abuse: A Different Point of View
Authors: Joos Thad H. 
Published: December 2021

Woolley and Evans1 were among the first to report a series of children in whom abuse at the hands of adults led to serious bodily harm in the child. Since their paper, other authors2,3 have contributed articles attesting to this sad and ever present threat to the well-being of youngsters.
Child abuse, in a very subtle form, is encountered almost daily by the Pediatric Allergist when he sees children suffering from severe allergic rhinitis or asthma, in whom environmental allergens, such as household pets, play a prominent role.
INTRA-UTERINE TRANSFUSION: FETAL OUTCOME AND COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Fong Susie W. , Margolis A. J. , Westberg J. A. , Johnson P. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred and ten intra-uterine transfusions (IUT) were performed on 73 fetuses selected primarily on the basis of serial amniotic fluid analyses at the 450 mµ peak. In support of IUT for the current pregnancy, all but five of the mothers had a history of previous stillbirths and infants severely affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Eighteen (2 hydropic and 16 nonhydropic) of the 73 fetuses survived. The extremely poor outcome of those who exhibited excessive ascitic fluid at the time of paracentesis would lead us to believe that IUT is of questionable value after the development of hydrops fetalis. The survival rate of nonhydropic fetuses was better than 50% when slow blood infusion and the use of smaller blood volumes was initiated.
One of the 16 nonhydropic infants suffered severe respiratory depression after birth, which resulted in cerebral damage. No neurological, developmental, or immunological aberrations were observed in the remaining 15 survivors after 4 years of follow-up.
HOW BOSTON YOUNG LADIES IN 1836 SHOULD ACT TOWARD YOUNG MEN
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Young girls once received much advice about how to behave toward young men. The following is quite typical of the rules of behavior or taught to proper Boston young girls in the 1830's:
If the natural feelings of modesty are not sufficient to guard you from all personal familiarity with the young men of your acquaintance, let good breeding, and good taste, aid you in laying down rules for yourself on this head. Never join in any rude plays, that will subject you to being kissed or handled in any way by gentlemen. Do not suffer your hand to be squeezed, without showing that it displeases you by instantly withdrawing it. If a finger is put out to touch a chain that is round your neck, or a breast-pin that you are wearing, draw back, and take it off for inspection. Accept not unnecessary assistance in putting on cloaks, shawls, over-shoes, or anything of the sort. Be not lifted in and out of carriages, on or off a horse; sit not with another in a place that is too narrow; read not out of the same book; let not your eagerness to see anything induce you to place your head close to another person's. These, and many other little points of delicacy and refinement, deserve to be made fixed habits, and then they will sit easily and gracefully upon you, heightening the respect of all who approach you, and operating as an almost invisible, though a very impenetrable fence, keeping off vulgar familiarity, and that desecration of the person, which has too often led to vice.1
PURIFIED INFLUENZA VACCINE TRIAL IN A CHILDREN'S HOME
Authors: Phillips Carol F. , Phillips Charles A. , Forsyth Ben R. 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-two of 30 children residing in a children's center and 32 adult employees received a single inoculation of purified, killed, monovalent, influenza virus vaccine prepared with the Hong Kong variant of influenza A2 virus. All children showed significant four-fold or greater rises in HI antibody titer following vaccination, while 28 of 32 adults (88%) showed four-fold or greater rises in HI antibody titer. Twenty-five children living outside of the children's center were also immunized and those from whom paired sera were obtained (eight) showed four-fold or greater rises in HI antibody titer. Geometric mean titer rises from &lt;10 to 93.6 in children and from &lt; 10 to 70.9 in adults were recorded. Local reactions were limited to mild redness in one half of the children, and transient redness or soreness was seen in one half of the adults. No systemic reactions were seen in the children, but one adult had fever and malaise of 24 hours' duration.
In contrast to previously available influenza vaccines, the highly purified vaccine seems to be more satisfactory for use in children of school age; it should be particularly advantageous for use in children who are being immunized because of an underlying debilitating disease.
DIRECT EVIDENCE OF MUTATION AT THE LOCUS FOR GALACTOSE-I-PHOSPHATE URIDYL TRANSFERASE
Authors: Mellman William J. , Allen Fred H. , Baker Lester , Tedesco Thomas A. 
Published: December 2021

An apparent fresh mutation has been identified at the human transferase locus (Gt) that has resulted in an occurrence of the heterozygous state for galactosemia (Gt+/GtG). The individual concerned is the mother of a child with galactosemia, neither of whose parents was found to be heterozygous for galactosemia.
Recently discovered human genetic markers and established blood group antigens have been used to test for non-paternity as an alternative explanation to mutation. Paternity was proven in this instance with greater than 98% confidence.
This paper illustrates the feasibility of determining biochemically the mutation rates for specific genetic loci and the improved confidence that can be achieved in paternity testing with more recently described human genetic polymorphisms.
THE "INCIDENTAL" SYSTOLIC MURMUR
Authors: Moss Arthur J. 
Published: December 2021

The child with symptomatic heart disease is not generally much of a problem for the practicing pediatrician. He is promptly referred to a cardiac center or to a pediatric cardiologist for further evaluation. However, such is not the case with the asymptomatic child in whom a systolic murmur is heard incidentally during the course of a routine physical examination. This very Common event requires that the pediatrician decide in each instance whether the murmur can be safely ignored or whether further studies are indicated. For a detailed description of murmurs in childhood, the reader is referred to the excellent work of Castle and Craige.1
The overwhelming majority of systolic murmurs discovered in asymptomatic children are either innocent or are caused by a ventricular septal defect. The present discussion is limited to the two most common innocent murmurs, the vibratory and the pulmonic ejection murmur, and their differentiation from murmurs due to ventricular septal defect, mitral insufficiency, and other organic lesions. The venous hum, also a frequently encountered innocent murmur, is not included because it is easily recognizable by the louder diastolic component, the location over the base of the heart, and the characteristic diminution in intensity or complete disappearance with compression of the neck vessels, with movement of the head from side to side, or when the patient lies down. It is sometimes confused with the murmur of patent ductus arteriosus; but, because of the foregoing features and because it is usually located parasternally to the right rather than to the left, the differentiation is not difficult.
Remission of Grade III Astrocytoma after Irradiation and Amphotericin B
Authors: Rubissow M. Joyce 
Published: December 2021

I would like to share an experience and receive comment regarding a child who has experienced an apparent remission of an astrocytoma grade III of the lower brain stem with amphotericin B.
This is an 11-year-old school girl with an inoperable tumor of the upper cervical cord and lower brain stem, diagnosed by open biopsy 6 months ago, and unresponsive to a prolonged course of radiation therapy. An atrioventricular shunt was performed 2 weeks after diagnosis because of increased intracranial pressure secondary to obstruction.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Kitterman Joseph A. , Phibbs Roderic H. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Anderson has questioned our study on two counts. He asked whether the infants in our study could be considered normal when normality was based oniy on physical examination, hematocrit, and arterial blood gases and pH. This is an important point, but we think it is adequately covered in the Discussion section of our report.
He also questioned whether the indications for umbilical arterial catheterization in some infants were valid in view of the potential hazards associated with the procedure.
STANDARDS FOR BIRTH WEIGHT OR INTRA-UTERINE GROWTH
Authors: Tanner J. M. 
Published: December 2021

One of the consequences of the present interest in perinatal biology is a demand for standards of intra-uterine growth as reliable and useful as the standards for weight and height of children after birth. Since the first papers of Lubchenco and her colleagues1, several authors have tried to satisfy this demand, though none to date can be said to have entirely succeeded. However, two recent attempts, Thomson, et al.2 and Sterky2, deserve special appraisal.
The problems in constructing prenatal standards are generally similar to those in constructing postnatal ones. In some respects they are simpler; since at present fetuses cannot be weighed serially in utero, standards of rate or "velocity" of growth, though in theory more critical than standards of "distance" or weight attained, are not obtainable.
Fetal Response to Glucose Infusion: How Much Credit Does the Fetal Pancreas Deserve?
Authors: Cordero Leandro , Grunt Jerome A. , Anderson Gerald G. 
Published: December 2021

Your recent publication on the effects of glucose infusion during labor1 was comparable to our own studies which were reported at the meetings of The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Halifax, October 1968) and at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation (Denver, March 1969).
Since the reports of our observations are in press2,3 and, therefore not available as yet, we believe that your readers and the authors of the article on fetal insulin response1 may be interested in the following comments: In our studies, the infusion of 1 gm of glucose per kg of maternal body weight was given over a 10minute period at a concentration of 30%.
What Should Kernicterus Mean as a Clinical Diagnosis?
Authors: Ackerman Bruce D. 
Published: December 2021

The term kernicterus is frequently used to describe both a pathologic entity and a clinical syndrome. There appears to be no great difficulty in interpreting what the word kernicterus means as a pathologic diagnosis. It is the purpose pose of this letter to comment on the use of the term as a clinical designation.
The long-term clinical effects of kernicterus were classically described as a very characteristic syndrome, of which athetoid cerebral palsy and hearing loss were regarded as the most important elements.1
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Stark Earl W. , Borton Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

In general, the critical comments of Dr. Reynolds concerning the validity of case finding in maternal rubella are well taken. Some, however, are ambiguous and worthy of response.
First, Dr. Reynolds suggests that the case records examined have little clinical value "unless the two Illinois State agencies are remarkable exceptions..." because the data "often become increasingly nebulous with each successive transcription." The state agencies involved are indeed remarkable and Dr. Reynold olds's stated reason for lacking confidence in the case records is unintelligible to us.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND TOXICITY OF BILIRUBIN
Authors: Odell Gerard B. 
Published: December 2021

I am very honored and grateful to have been selected as a recipient of an E. Mead Johnson Award. It is indeed flattering to have one's professional efforts receive such special recognition, and it is a moment to be savored for a lifetime. Although this distinction is awarded to me, it belongs to many; and, I wish to give public recognition to some of the persons who have made this occasion possible.
I was fortunate to have had my introduction into pediatrics at Yale under the gifted faculty of Dr. Grover F. Powers. It was the originality and scientific integrity of Dr. Daniel C. Darrow that served as a model for me in the application of basic science principles to the understanding of clinical problems. It was Dr. Robert E. Cooke who taught me at the laboratory bench that the application of a method requires a thorough understanding of what it can measure quantitatively and that duplicate analyses are not a sign of weakness. He also taught me that the best experiments to test a hypothesis are those designed to prove it wrong rather than yield results that are compatible with it. It has also been Bob's continuing interest and support over the subsequent years as Chairman of the Department of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins that has provided me the freedom to pursue my interests in bilirubin. Behind the scenes, not willing to accept credit, is Dr. Harry H. Gordon who provided my initial research support and most of my knowledge of newborn infants.
SWEDISH STANDARD CURVES FOR INTRA-UTERINE GROWTH
Authors: Sterky Göran 
Published: December 2021

The classification of newborn infants according to intra-uterine growth must take into account gestational age as well as birth weight. Also important is the intrauterine growth pattern of the population from which individual and epidemiological data are derived and to which they are to be compared. In constructing a definition of "normal" intra-uterine growth, the only practical approach now seems to be a statistical definition from data on live born infants of supposedly normal pregnancies. In Sweden it has been possible to collect such information from material compiled primarily for forensic purposes. Because the resultant curves have been published only in Swedish1, and because the birth weight at term in Sweden has been said to be the highest so far obtained2, the curves are presented here for readers from other countries.
The Swedish National Board of Health instructed all maternity wards to report certain data on all infants born from July 1, 1956, to June 30, 1957. Due to various reasons, some small hospitals could not take part. After an intense correspondence to complete the reports, the material included 92,348 infants (51.7% boys). It was calculated that about 110,000 infants were born in the whole country during the period in question. Stillborn and malformed infants were excluded, as were those born to mothers with clinical diabetes mellitus and toxemia (proteinuria at two separate occasions and/or resting systolic blood pressure above 150 mm Hg). Only single births were included. The material now contained 82,011 infants (51.0% boys).
Before constructing the curves, it was also decided that the normal menstrual pattern of the mothers had to be known and had to be regular with intervals within 21 to 35 days.
LOBAR EMPHYSEMA AND PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Authors: Leape Lucian L. , Ching Nathaniel , Holder Thomas M. 
Published: December 2021

The development of lobar emphysema while under observation is described in a 16-month-old boy with patent ductus arteriosus. Lack of typical x-ray findings of mediastinal shift or depression of the diaphragm, together with the late age of development in the patient, delayed diagnosis and treatment. Successful lobectomy was followed by division of the patent ductus.
We believe this is the first case in which the development of lobar emphysema has been documented radiologically. The mechanism appears to be compression of the lobar bronchus by a dilated right pulmonary artery.