bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-kidney transplant unintentional weight loss leads to worse post-kidney transplant outcomes
Authors: Harhay Meera N , Chen Xiaomeng , Chu Nadia M , Norman Silas P , Segev Dorry L , McAdams-DeMarco Mara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Weight loss before kidney transplant (KT) is a known risk factor for weight gain and mortality, however, while unintentional weight loss is a marker of vulnerability, intentional weight loss might improve health. We tested whether pre-KT unintentional and intentional weight loss have differing associations with post-KT weight gain, graft loss and mortality.

Methods
Among 919 KT recipients from a prospective cohort study, we used adjusted mixed-effects models to estimate post-KT BMI trajectories, and Cox models to estimate death-uncensored graft loss, death-censored graft loss and all-cause mortality by 1-year pre-KT weight change category [stable weight (change ≤ 5%), intentional weight loss (loss &gt; 5%), unintentional weight loss (loss &gt; 5%) and weight gain (gain &gt; 5%)].

Results
The mean age was 53 years, 38% were Black and 40% were female. In the pre-KT year, 62% of recipients had stable weight, 15% had weight gain, 14% had unintentional weight loss and 10% had intentional weight loss. In the first 3 years post-KT, BMI increases were similar among those with pre-KT weight gain and intentional weight loss and lower compared with those with unintentional weight loss {difference +0.79 kg/m2/year [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50–1.08], P &lt; 0.001}. Only unintentional weight loss was independently associated with higher death-uncensored graft loss [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.80 (95% CI 1.23–2.62)], death-censored graft loss [aHR 1.91 (95% CI 1.12–3.26)] and mortality [aHR 1.72 (95% CI 1.06–2.79)] relative to stable pre-KT weight.

Conclusions
This study suggests that unintentional, but not intentional, pre-KT weight loss is an independent risk factor for adverse post-KT outcomes.
Epidemiology of brain metastases and leptomeningeal disease
Authors: Lamba Nayan , Wen Patrick Y , Aizer Ayal A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Brain metastases affect a significant percentage of patients with advanced extracranial malignancies. Yet, the incidence of brain metastases remains poorly described, largely due to limitations of population-based registries, a lack of mandated reporting of brain metastases to federal agencies, and historical difficulties with delineation of metastatic involvement of individual organs using claims data. However, in 2016, the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program released data relating to the presence vs absence of brain metastases at diagnosis of oncologic disease. In 2020, studies demonstrating the viability of utilizing claims data for identifying the presence of brain metastases, date of diagnosis of intracranial involvement, and initial treatment approach for brain metastases were published, facilitating epidemiologic investigations of brain metastases on a population-based level. Accordingly, in this review, we discuss the incidence, clinical presentation, prognosis, and management patterns of patients with brain metastases. Leptomeningeal disease is also discussed. Considerations regarding individual tumor types that commonly metastasize to the brain are provided.
Realizing quinary charge states of solitary defects in two-dimensional intermetallic semiconductor
Authors: Gou Jian , Xia Bingyu , Wang Xuguang , Cheng Peng , Wee Andrew Thye Shen , Duan Wenhui , Xu Yong , Wu Kehui , Chen Lan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Creating and manipulating multiple charge states of solitary defects in semiconductors is of essential importance for solitary defect electronics, but is fundamentally limited by Coulomb's law. Achieving this objective is challenging, due to the conflicting requirements of the localization necessary for the sizable band gap and delocalization necessary for a low charging energy. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy experiments and first-principles calculations, we realized exotic quinary charge states of solitary defects in two-dimensional intermetallic semiconductor Sn2Bi. We also observed an ultralow defect charging energy that increases sublinearly with charge number rather than displaying the usual quadratic behavior. Our work suggests a promising route for constructing multiple defect-charge states by designing intermetallic semiconductors, and opens new opportunities for developing quantum devices with charge-based quantum states.
Soluble CD163 Identifies Those at Risk for Increased Hepatic Inflammation & Fibrosis
Authors: Sherman Kenneth E , Meeds Heidi L , Rouster Susan D , Abdel-Hameed Enass A , Hernandez Jacqueline , Tamargo Javier , Chen Jun , Ehman Richard L , Baum Marianna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Liver disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Soluble CD163 is a marker of Kupffer cell activation that is highly associated with development of hepatic fibrosis. The relative contributions of HIV-associated systemic immune activation vs other etiologies of injury are poorly characterized.

Methods
We utilized subjects in the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort to evaluate 464 participants including 361 people with HIV (PWH) and 103 hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV-uninfected controls. Subjects underwent testing for hepatic fibrosis using both magnetic resonance elastography and the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis Index. Steatosis was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging–derived proton density fat fraction. Immune activation markers and cytokines were quantitated using Luminex methodologies.

Results
Participants with HIV with or without HCV coinfection had higher levels of sCD163 than uninfected controls (P &lt; .05). Soluble sCD163 was highly associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase, a key marker of inflammation/injury and with hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic steatosis was also associated with a cytokine pattern suggestive of Kupffer cell activation but was not associated with an increase in sCD14 or sCD27.

Conclusions
Injury and resultant hepatic fibrosis occur by distinct though overlapping mechanistic pathways. In PWH, sCD163 is highly associated with both injury and fibrosis, suggesting that persistent systemic immune activation is a major contributor to long-term outcomes, adding to damage caused by alcohol, steatosis, and other hepatotoxic drug effects.
Race Brokers
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book examines how housing market professionals—including housing developers, real estate agents, mortgage lenders, and appraisers—construct twenty-first-century urban housing markets in ways that contribute to or undermine racial segregation. Drawing on extensive ethnographic and interview data collected in Houston, Texas, the book shows that housing market professionals play a key role in connecting people—or refusing to connect people—to housing resources and opportunities. They make these brokering decisions through reference to racist or equitable, people-affirming ideas. Typically, White housing market professionals draw from racist ideas that rank order people and neighborhoods according to their perceived economic and cultural housing market value, entwining racism with their housing market activities and interactions. Racialized housing market routines encourage this entwinement by naturalizing racism as a professional tool. The book tracks how professionals broker racism across the housing exchange process—from the home’s construction to real estate brokerage, mortgage lending, and home appraisals. In doing so, it shows that professionals make housing exchange a racialized process that contributes to neighborhood inequality and racial segregation. However, in contrast to the racialized status quo, a small number of housing market professionals—almost all of color—draw on equitable, people-affirming ideas and strategies to extend equal opportunities to individuals and neighborhoods, denaturalizing housing market racism. The book highlights the imperative to interrupt the racism that pervades White housing market professionals’ work, dismantle the racialized routines that underwrite such racism, and cultivate a fair housing market.
Why Are Parents the Crucial Players?
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers why parents are—and increasingly have become—the central players in their children’s religious socialization. It theorizes historical transformations of the American religious field and of family life that are crucial for understanding intergenerational religious transmission, particularly the centrality of parents talking to children about religion as a most powerful mechanism of socialization in religious faith and practice. It suggests that the “reflexive imperative” theorized by Anthony Giddens and Margaret Archer creates a culture that situates parents and talk with children at the center of religious transmission. It provides a big-picture interpretation of the transformation of American religion in recent decades as one from religion as communal solidarity project to personal identity accessory, which sheds light not only on the dynamics of religious socialization but also changes in the macro religious field.
Shareholder Democracy and Shareholder Activism
Authors: Anand Anita Indira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines shareholder-driven corporate governance (SCG) through the twin concepts of shareholder democracy and shareholder activism. Taken together, these concepts are the vehicle through which SCG takes effect in practice. The term activist investor describes an institutional investor that seeks value-enhancing changes in the leadership, governance, capital structure, or strategy and operations of a corporation in which it is invested. There are two basic types of activism: offensive activism, in which a hedge fund takes over a poorly performing firm and then reforms it to enhance its performance; and defensive activism, in which the activist institution takes on an advocacy role when it is unhappy with a corporation of which it already holds a significant block. Meanwhile, shareholder democracy refers to the ability of shareholders to influence the corporation through their votes. It is an important concept in corporate law, one that underpins the legitimacy of shareholder activism.
Seeing
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter recounts an experience of the author’s family taking a summer trip to Italy, approximately eight months after his diagnosis, and the many questions and struggles he experienced related to having Parkinson’s disease. He recalls an experience of existential angst and spiritual questioning while in Vatican City and visiting St. Peter’s Square, and a subsequent experience of watching an older Italian man craft a beautiful decorative metal handrail working from the back of his small car, which encouraged the author. Through that man, the author saw that significant, even beautiful works can be created with rather modest resources. The chapter ends with the memory of his family happening upon an outdoor fashion show in Florence and his watching the lead designer drive up to the staging area and being helped out of his car and into a wheelchair by a woman (presumably his wife), which also encouraged him and showed that those with disabilities make significant contributions.
Epilogue
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The book concludes as it began, with personal narrative. This Epilogue details three experiences. These include the author disclosing his illness to his boss and then publicly through an op-ed in his local newspaper; having lunch with a former colleague who expresses his sadness over the author’s having Alzheimer’s disease, which shows the author how much work is needed to educate others and raise awareness about Parkinson’s; and his experience in running the Texas Independence Relay on a twelve-person team, five of whose members live with Parkinson’s. The book ends on a hopeful note, based on the author’s realization that his life is far from over and that, in an exciting, interesting, and meaningful way, is only just beginning as a person living with Parkinson’s.
Skepticism
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter entertains a series of skeptical criticisms of the very project of epistemological theorizing—criticisms leveled by the Buddhist philosopher Nāgārjuna. The chapter begins with a discussion of the role of skeptical scenarios in Western and Buddhist philosophy. The remaining portions of the chapter explore a series of criticisms of the whole pramāṇa-based epistemological program that is predominant within the Indian tradition of philosophy. It examines a series of arguments provided by the Buddhist philosopher Nāgārjuna against the very idea that epistemic instruments can be used to establish the existence of epistemic objects.
Experimental and Cross-Cultural Epistemology
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 examines how contemporary trends in experimental philosophy can benefit from the study of Buddhist epistemology. In particular, it explores the question of whether an appreciation of Buddhist epistemology could inform philosophers about both the merits of experimental epistemology and experimental philosophy’s emphasis on probing intuitions about knowledge. The second half of the chapter steps back from this examination of experimental philosophy and argues that there is value to be found in contemporary philosophers learning more about other traditions of epistemological theorizing, including the Indian and Tibetan Buddhist traditions of epistemology. Among other things, it can serve to change the way we view our own tradition of epistemology and lay bare the tacit assumptions that undergird contemporary discussions of knowledge.
Legislative Department
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains Article V of the Colorado Constitution, which structures the legislative department. Original Section 1 vested all of the state’s legislative power in the general assembly. The rest of Section 1—added in 1910 and after—established, defined, and modified powers of citizens’ initiative and veto referendum. Section 3 defines the terms of senators and representatives and imposes term limits. Section 32 defines appropriations bills subject to the governor’s line-item veto, and Section 21 protects that veto power. Sections 20, 22a, and 22b require committee consideration of all bills but also prevent committees and caucus positions from killing bills. Sections 44–48.4 define and empower commissions to redistrict congressional and legislative seats.
Education
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies Article IX of the Colorado Constitution, on public schools. Sections 1 and 15 establish the basic structure for administration of the state’s schools. Section 1 provides for an elected State Board of Education. Section 15 authorizes the general assembly to create school districts “of convenient size” and provides for an elected board of education for each, which “have control of instruction in the public schools of their respective districts.” Section 16 forbids the legislature and the State Board of Education from prescribing public school textbooks. Section 2 requires free public schools open to all residents between ages six and twenty-one. Sections 3, 4, 5, 9, and 10 concern the state public school fund and trust lands. Section 17 sets minimum levels of financial support for schools. Section 8 bans the teaching of sectarian tenets or doctrines in public schools and the use of religious criteria in hiring teachers or admitting students. Section 11 empowers the general assembly to require school attendance or education by other means.
Militia
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes Article XVII of the Colorado Constitution, authorizing the state militia. The Article establishes and defines the militia, now called the Colorado National Guard. Section 2 requires that rules for the Guard conform to regulations governing the U.S. Army. Section 3 empowers the governor to appoint officers of the Guard. Section 4 requires the general assembly to maintain armories for safekeeping of weapons, military records, and “relics and banners of the state.” Section 5 exempts from “militia duty in time of peace,” persons having “conscientious scruples against bearing arms.” A statute limits this exemption to religious beliefs and combat services. It also exempts other classes: persons in essential public jobs and those with disabilities.
Normalizing Illegality?
Authors: Frier Bruce W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although Roman jurists never accepted the idea that girls below the legal age for marriage (twelve years) could enter into a legitimate marriage, they did come to acknowledge that when such underage “marriages” did nonetheless occur, there could be important legal complications stemming especially from four problems: the transition into legitimate marriage when girls reached age twelve, the status of dowries, the application of the adultery law of Augustus, and the giving of gifts or legacies. Surviving sources in Justinian’s Digest show the jurists wrestling with creative solutions to such problems, without, however, ever reaching an entirely coherent doctrinal construction of underage marriage; instead, they prefer a case-by-case approach. The argument of Julian, that underage brides should be legally construed as “engaged” (sponsae) to their putative husbands, is, nevertheless, decisively rejected by late Classical jurists.
Conclusion: Torture in a State of Exception
Authors: Heath Deana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Colonial Terror concludes by exploring how the attempts of the British colonial regime in India, in the decades following the Madras torture commission, to deny the ongoing prevalence of torture in the Indian police began to unravel in the early twentieth century thanks to the emergence of a voluble Indian press and a mass nationalist movement. But it was not until 1909, following the failures of a series of high-profile ‘conspiracy’ trials due to the ongoing reliance of the police on extorted confessions as their primary form of evidence, combined with pressure exerted by yet another group of reformist MPs, that torture once again erupted into scandal. The Indian and British governments were thus forced to act, but although the actions they took exposed the sheer scale of police torture in colonial India, they did little, once again, to attempt to eradicate it, since eradication was impossible thanks to the importance of torture to the maintenance of colonial rule. They endeavoured, instead, to make it disappear by renaming it, as well as to transform India into a fully-fledged state of exception in which police torture could continue to flourish, freed from the constraints placed on it by the rule of law.
The Intermediary
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter Three traces the initial construction from late 1972 onwards of a back-channel that linked the IRA Army Council and the British government through intermediary Brendan Duddy. When the British government imposed a ban on direct contact with the IRA after the 1972 talks, it created a new opening for mediators and intermediaries. Archival sources reveal that the back-channel was built to a great extent from the middle out by the intermediary who initiated the contact and worked to draw the positions of the two parties closer together. It contributes to our understanding of the dynamics of mediation, explaining how an intermediary, even a private individual with no organizational backing, could acquire significant independent power and influence over the interaction between the parties.
Long War and a Policy Vacuum
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The ‘Long War’ in Northern Ireland that stretched from the end of the 1975 ceasefire to the mid-1990s is conventionally understood as a battle for victory that finally ended with mutual recognition that neither side could either achieve a military victory or be defeated. Chapter Six offers a very different account. It analyses this phase of conflict not as a struggle for victory but as a phase in the process of bargaining both within and between the key parties. It provides a new interpretation of the policies of normalization, criminalization, and Ulsterization that the British government adopted, arguing they were not a well thought out strategy but were instead the outcome of political drift that contributed to renewed escalation.
The European Court of Human Rights and Removal of Long-term Migrants
Authors: Çalı Başak , Cunningham Stewart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the general interpretative outlook of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on the rights of long-term migrants facing deportation. It shows that this outlook is strongly marked by recognising the primacy of state discretion in the field of migration policy, while at the same time ensuring that long-term migrants are given access to the protection of the Convention. The chapter then surveys the case law of the ECtHR related to the deportation of long-term migrants, identifying the factors that the Court employs in balancing its dual commitment to states and long-term migrants. The central argument of the chapter is that the Court’s approach to the right to stay of long-term migrants falls short of adequately recognising the unique position of long-term migrants and is unable to differentiate between those who have lived for lengthy periods in host states and any other category of alien in those states. The Court’s recent emphasis on principled deference to domestic courts in balancing the rights of long-term migrants and host states further undercuts any future progressive developments in the field of right to stay for long-term migrants.
Memory as Public Identity
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter places collective memory at the basis of a country’s identity and posits that memory returns from the international sphere to the domestic environment. In the course of this process, memory moves from being an official strategy to becoming part of the wider public identity. Memory’s impact thus transforms from a direct, active opportunity to an indirect, passive constraint for policymakers. Notably, as identity, collective memory is unexamined, and assumed to underwrite the mindset of a country’s public and its representatives. To illustrate this transformation, this chapter looks to the cases of West Germany and Austria in the second post-war decade. The ‘critical situation’ for analysis arrived in 1961 in the form of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann’s trial in Jerusalem. The West German and Austrian reactions to the trial demonstrate that by the early 1960s these countries had come to view their role in World War II through the lens of a pre-existing national narrative in almost entirely unexamined ways.