bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple computational method to estimate stance velocity in running
Authors: Burns Geoffrey T. , Zernicke Ronald F. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Running dynamical analyses typically approximate a runner's stance velocity as the average stride cycle velocity (the average running speed). That approximation necessarily overestimates stance velocity and biases subsequent results. Stance velocity is crucial in kinetic spring–mass analyses of running, where approximation of a runner's impact angle and calculation of leg stiffness require that input. Here, a new method is presented to approximate a runner's stance velocity via measurement of contact and flight times with the runner's average speed, leg length or height, and mass. This method accurately estimated the stance velocity of simulated spring–mass systems across typical running speeds of 3.5–5.5 m s−1 (r&gt;0.99) and more accurately estimated the impact angle and leg stiffness. The method also accurately estimated the peak horizontal ground reaction force across speeds (r=0.82), but the bias magnitude increased with speed. Robustness of the new method was further tested for runners at 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 m s−1, and the new method provided steeper impact angles than those from traditional estimates and correspondingly higher leg stiffnesses, analogous to the observations in the simulation models. Horizontal ground reaction force estimates were weakly correlated in braking and propulsion. They were improved by a corrective algorithm, but the intra- and inter-individual variation persisted. The directionality and magnitude of angle and stiffness estimates in the human runners were similar to simulations, suggesting the new method more accurately modeled runners' spring–mass characteristics by using an accurate approximation of stance velocity. The new method can improve traditional kinetic analyses of running where stance velocity recordings are not captured with kinematic recordings and extend opportunities for accurate field-based analyses with limited measurement sources.
Oxidative damage increases with degree of simulated bacterial infection, but not ectoparasitism, in tree swallow nestlings
Authors: Butler Michael W. , Stierhoff Emma N. , Carpenetti Julianna M. , Bertone Matthew A. , Addesso Alyssa M. , Knutie Sarah A. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The purpose of mounting an immune response is to destroy pathogens, but this response comes at a physiological cost, including the generation of oxidative damage. However, many studies on the effects of immune challenges employ a single high dose of a simulated infection, meaning that the consequences of more mild immune challenges are poorly understood. We tested whether the degree of immunological challenge in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) affects oxidative physiology and body mass, and whether these metrics correlate with parasitic nest mite load. We injected 14 day old nestlings with 0, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 mg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per kg body mass, then collected a blood sample 24 h later to quantify multiple physiological metrics, including oxidative damage (i.e. d-ROMs), circulating amounts of triglyceride and glycerol, and levels of the acute phase protein haptoglobin. After birds had fledged, we identified and counted parasitic nest mites (Dermanyssus spp. and Ornithonyssus spp.). We found that only nestlings injected with 1 mg LPS kg−1 body mass, which is a common dosage in ecoimmunological studies, lost more body mass than individuals from other treatment groups. However, every dose of LPS resulted in a commensurate increase in oxidative damage. Parasitic mite abundance had no effect on oxidative damage across treatments. The amount of oxidative damage correlated with haptoglobin levels, suggesting compensatory mechanisms to limit self-damage during an immune response. We conclude that while only the highest-intensity immune challenges resulted in costs related to body mass, even low-intensity immune challenges result in detectable increases in oxidative damage.
Discrete and Continuous One-Dimensional Channels Based on Pillar[n]arenes
Authors: Kato Kenichi , Ohtani Shunsuke , Fa Shixin , Ogoshi Tomoki 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) channel structures, have spaces, entrances, and exits of specific sizes, therefore guest molecules can travel through the channel from the entrance to the exit. Such 1D channel structures are therefore ideal platforms for transporting molecules. In this mini-review, we will discuss the preparation of molecular-scale continuous 1D channels from pillar[n]arenes by using non-covalent interactions and covalent bonding. Because of their highly symmetrical structures, pillar[n]arenes are suitable building blocks for constructing 1D channel structures. Continuous 1D channels can be prepared by connecting both pillar[n]arene rims via physical interactions. Pillar[5]arenes with different rims can be used to produce discrete 1D channels, e.g., dimers and trimers, via non-covalent bonds. Non-covalent 1D channels can be produced by complexation between pillar[n]arene wheels and polymeric axles. Continuous and discrete 1D channels can also be produced by connecting pillar[n]arene units via covalent bonds. We will also discuss the characteristic features and potential uses of these 1D channels in material applications.
Good participatory practice for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) research: the case of a COVID-19 prevention study
Authors: Perrone Carlo , Schilling William , Callery James J. , Ashley Elizabeth A. , Chambers Mary , Chase Hannah , Dahal Piyush , Kanthawang Nipaphan , Nedsuwan Supalert , Hanboonkunupakarn Borimas , Intralawan Daranee , Karkey Abhilasha , Mayxay Mayfong , Souvong Vimalay , Tran Minh Hien , Udas Shakya Summita , Sharma Sanjib Kumar , Uranw Surendra , Vannachione Souphaphone , Woodrow Charles , White Nicholas J. , Cheah Phaik Yeong 
Published: August 2021

Background: The COPCOV study (chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine prevention of coronavirus disease), which started recruitment in April 2020, is a multi-country double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial which is being conducted in healthcare facilities involved in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case management. COPCOV aims to recruit healthcare workers and other staff employed in facilities managing people with proven or suspected COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a series of engagement sessions, each involving a short presentation of the study, a section where attendees were asked to express if they would be interested in participating in such a study and which information they would need to change their view and an open Q&A section. Answers were transcribed and coded into themes by two independent investigators. Themes were derived from the data. The aims were to assess the feasibility of the study at the respective sites, to identify context-specific ethical issues, to understand concerns potential participants might have, to fine tune research procedures and to refine COPCOV information materials. They complemented other site-specific engagement, communication and public relation activities such as press releases and websites. Results: From 16th March 2020 to 20th January 2021, 12 engagement sessions were conducted in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Nepal and the UK involving 213 attendees in total. The sessions were designed to encourage potential participants and research professionals not directly involved in the project to interact with those who planned the study and those conducting it. Many attendees were keen to join the study while others had concerns. Questions raised revolved around the social value and study rationale; safety of trial medications and risk-benefit balance; study design and commitments. Conclusions: These sessions helped us refine information materials, identify misunderstandings about the study as well as complement site feasibility assessments. Our experience strongly supports the use of participatory practices prior to conducting clinical trials.
The Impact of Workload on Operational Risk: Evidence from a Commercial Bank
Authors: Xu Yuqian , Tan Tom Fangyun , Netessine Serguei 
Published: August 2021

Operational risk has been among the three most significant types of risks in the financial services industry, and its management is mandated by Basel II regulations. To inform better labor decisions, this paper studies how workload affects banks’ operational risk event occurrence. To achieve this goal, we use a unique data set from a commercial bank in China that contains 1,441 operational risk events over 16 months. We find that workload has a U-shaped impact on operational risk error rate. More specifically, the error rate of operational risk events decreases first, as workload increases, and then increases. Furthermore, when workload is low, employees tend to make performance-seeking risks; however, when workload is high, employees tend to exhibit quality degradation due to cognitive multitasking. Based on the causal relationship between workload and operational risk events from the empirical analysis, we discuss staffing policies among branches aimed at reducing operational risk losses. We find that employing a flexible staffing rule can significantly reduce the number of operational risk events by 3.2%–10% under different scenarios. In addition, this significant performance improvement can be achieved by adding even a little bit of flexibility to the process by allowing employees to either switch their business lines in the same branch or switch branches within the same business lines on a quarterly basis. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
Mindful Parenting, Caregiver Distress, and Conduct Problems in Children With Autism
Authors: Raulston Tracy J. , Kosty Derek , McIntyre Laura Lee 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Children with autism may display an externalizing problem behavior, which are associated with increased parenting stress and depression in caregivers. Mindful parenting is defined as having a non-judgmental moment-to-moment awareness during caregiver-child interactions. The extant literature is mixed, with some reporting that associations between child problem behavior and parenting stress and depression vary by level of mindful parenting, while others have not found these relations. We sought to extend these explorations. Participants who were caregivers of 75 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ages 5–10, in the Pacific Northwestern region of the United States. Child conduct problems, parenting stress and caregiver depression, and mindful parenting were measured using caregiver-reported measures. Child conduct problems, parenting stress, and caregiver depression, and mindful parenting were all significantly correlated. The association between child conduct problems and parenting stress was significant for caregivers with high and low levels of mindful parenting. In contrast, the association between child conduct problems and caregiver depression was significant only for caregivers with low levels of mindful parenting. Our results suggest that mindful parenting may be a promising protective factor for the well-being of caregivers of children with autism. Implications are discussed.
CRP immunodeposition and proteomic analysis in abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Kim Eun Na , Yu Jiyoung , Lim Joon Seo , Jeong Hwangkyo , Kim Chong Jai , Choi Jae-Sung , Kim So Ra , Ahn Hee-Sung , Kim Kyunggon , Oh Se Jin 
Published: August 2021

Objective
The molecular mechanisms of the degeneration of the aortic wall in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are poorly understood. The monomeric form of C-reactive protein (mCRP) is deposited in damaged cardiovascular organs and aggravates the prognosis; however, it is unknown whether mCRP is deposited in the degenerated aorta of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We investigated whether mCRP is deposited in AAA and examined the associated pathogenic signaling pathways.

Methods
Twenty-four cases of AAA were analyzed and their histological features were compared according to the level of serum CRP and the degree of mCRP deposition. Proteomic analysis was performed in AAA cases with strong and diffuse CRP immunopositivity (n = 7) and those with weak, focal, and junctional CRP immunopositivity (n = 3).

Results
mCRP was deposited in the aortic specimens of AAA in a characteristic pattern that coincided with the lesion of the diminished elastic layer of the aortic wall. High serum CRP level was associated with stronger mCRP immunopositivity and a larger maximal diameter of aortic aneurysm. Proteomic analysis in AAA showed that multiple proteins were differentially expressed according to mCRP immunopositivity. Also, ingenuity pathway analysis showed that pathways associated with atherosclerosis, acute phase response, complement system, immune system, and coagulation were enriched in AAA cases with high mCRP immunopositivity.

Conclusions
AAA showed a characteristic deposition of mCRP, and multiple potentially pathologic signaling pathways were upregulated in AAA cases with strong CRP immunopositivity. mCRP and the aforementioned pathological pathways may serve as targets for managing the progression of AAA.
Relationship between interoceptive sensibility and somatoform disorders in adults with autism spectrum traits. The mediating role of alexithymia and emotional dysregulation
Authors: Zdankiewicz-Ścigała Elżbieta , Ścigała Dawid , Sikora Joanna , Kwaterniak Wanda , Longobardi Claudio 
Published: August 2021

Objective
The purpose of the study is to analyses the relationship between interoceptive sensibility and somatoform disorders among persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It has been assumed that the interoceptive sensibility is accompanied by a high level of alexithymia and emotion dysregulation in somatoform disorders.

Methods
Persons under the care of the foundation helping people with ASD were asked to participate in the study. In total, 205 people took part in the research. The participants aged from 18 to 63 (M = 34.91; SD = 8.44). The ASD group comprised 79 persons (38.5% of subjects). The control group comprised 126 individuals (61.5% of subjects). Participants completed self-report questionnaires measuring autism (AQ), interoceptive sensibility (BPQ), alexithymia (TAS20), emotional dysregulation (DERS), and somatoform disorder (SDQ).

Results
The analyses showed a moderation effect of the group, which indicates the existence of a relationship between interoceptive sensibility and somatoform disorders to the greater extent in the clinical group than in the control group. In addition, the serial multiple mediation model analysis allowed to verify the mediating effect of emotion dysregulation and alexithymia on the abovementioned relationship. The indirect effect, which assumed the mediating role of alexithymia turned out to be significant, contrary to the indirect effect where emotion dysregulation was a mediator in a situation where both variables were applied simultaneously.

Conclusions
Interoceptive sensibility correlated with level of alexithymia, in particular, difficulties in identifying and verbalizing emotions and emotion dysregulation in the lack of emotional awareness and lack of emotional clarity and is associated with somatoform disorders in the investigated group regardless of participants’ belonging to the ASD or control group.
CONTAMINAÇÃO DA ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA E DO SOLO POR HIDROCARBONETOS ORIUNDOS DE POSTOS DE SERVIÇOS DE BRASÍLIA, DISTRITO FEDERAL, BRASIL
Authors: Batista Fernanda Viana , Barros Rosana Gonçalves , Barbara Viniciu Fagundes 
Published: August 2021

A pesquisa objetivou quantificar hidrocarbonetos em terrenos de postos de combustíveis localizados no Cerrado brasileiro, mais especificamente em Brasília, Distrito Federal, mediante a realização de Investigações de Passivo Ambiental Detalhadas. Para tanto, 83 sondagens foram executadas em dez estabelecimentos (P-1 a P-10) visando delimitar plumas de contaminação em fase livre, sorvida e dissolvida. No total, 117 amostras de água subterrânea e 83 de solo foram analisadas para os parâmetros benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX) e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (PAH). Os resultados demonstraram a inexistência de contaminação ambiental por PAH, contudo, em 80% dos estabelecimentos foram identificados BTEX na água subterrânea e no solo, cujas maiores concentrações foram de 2.653,00 μg.L-1 (B; P-8), 14.744,00 μg.L-1 (T; P-7), 3.820,00 μg.L-1 (E; P-5), 29.650,00 μg.L-1 (X; P-5) para o meio hídrico subsuperficial, e de 1,18 mg.Kg-1 (B; P-5) e 112,76 mg.Kg-1 (X; P-7) para o edáfico. São necessárias ações voltadas à proteção humana e ambiental nos terrenos contaminados, o que deve ser feito com base nas próximas etapas integrantes da Metodologia de Gerenciamento de Áreas Contaminadas (GAC).
Continuous embedding between P-de Branges spaces
Authors: Bellavita Carlo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper we study the continuity of the embedding operator ℓ : ℋ
p
(E) ↪ ℋ
q
(E) when 0 < p < q ⩽ ∞. The necessary and sufficient condition has already been described in [10] if p > 1. In this work, we address the problem when p = 1, using a new approach, but asking some additional hypothesis about the Hermite-Biehler function E. We give also a different proof for the case p > 1.
Public Expenditure and Sustainable Public Finances Post-COVID
Authors: Schuknecht Ludger 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The COVID 19 pandemic resulted in a major increase in fiscal imbalances and public spending. Spending and debt ratios reached new historic records in many advanced countries. To some observers this means heightened concerns about sustainability, while others argue for even more public spending financed with more “interest-free” debt. The facts, however, show that more public spending would be a risky strategy given very high public debt ratios. Moreover, there is much room for expenditure reductions and efficiency gains, that would allow to attain more sustainable public finances, boost real economic growth, enhance resilience against crises and pay for future challenges such as population aging, climate change and geopolitics.
Human Rights at the Time of a Global Pandemic: The Case of Muslim Tatars
Authors: Shaykhutdinov Renat 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
How are the human rights pertaining to the freedom of conscience/religion, health, and distinct culture intersect in the context of a global pandemic in the Muslim-minority areas? How do Russia’s Muslims make sense of the challenges to those rights caused or exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic? In this paper, I focus on diverse Muslim Tatar communities, primarily of the Middle Volga region, who have recently witnessed numerous political and socioeconomic challenges infringing on their human rights. Attending on the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, in this paper I gauge the nature of human rights in the areas of health and religion by interrogating how the general Muslim publics and elites understand, justify, and explain those challenges in an environment of creeping authoritarianism. I call for a conceptual shift from the elite-driven traditional security perspectives to those of human rights as quotidian/everyday experiences while considering these vital issues. I use the Tatar-language Internet forums for the empirical analysis, offering and delineating the discursive repertoires and categorizing the areas of public concern in the new pandemic world.
Orange-fleshed sweetpotato: Strategies and lessons learned for achieving food security and health at scale in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Girard Amy Webb , Brouwer Anthony , Faerber Emily , Grant Frederick K. , Low Jan W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Against a worsening backdrop of climate stress and population growth, drought-resistant, highly adaptable, nutritious orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) stands out as a sustainable food crop that supports household resiliency, food security, and health. Recognized as one of the cheapest sources of vitamin A (VA), OFSP holds promise as a food-based approach to combat VA deficiency, a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Because the dominant white-fleshed varieties have no beta-carotene, research initiated in the mid-1990s set out to adapt, develop, and promote VA-rich OFSP as a more nutritious alternative to non-OFSP types. Multisectorial strategies that integrate agriculture with health or education sectors hold promise as effective strategies to ensure OFSP reaches and meets the needs of those populations at greatest risk of VA deficiency – pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children. In this article, we share experiences, findings, implementation challenges, and lessons learned from four integrated programs in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Ethiopia that aimed to improve the nutrition and health of women and children with production and promotion of OFSP. Across these projects, households significantly increased OFSP production. In all but one, changes in OFSP production were accompanied by improved food security and maternal and child diets.
Design of hydrogen supply chains under demand uncertainty – a case study of passenger transport in Germany
Authors: Ochoa Bique Anton , Maia Leonardo K. K. , Grossmann Ignacio E. , Zondervan Edwin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A strategy for the design of a hydrogen supply chain (HSC) network in Germany incorporating the uncertainty in the hydrogen demand is proposed. Based on univariate sensitivity analysis, uncertainty in hydrogen demand has a very strong impact on the overall system costs. Therefore we consider a scenario tree for a stochastic mixed integer linear programming model that incorporates the uncertainty in the hydrogen demand. The model consists of two configurations, which are analyzed and compared to each other according to production types: water electrolysis versus steam methane reforming. Each configuration has a cost minimization target. The concept of value of stochastic solution (VSS) is used to evaluate the stochastic optimization results and compare them to their deterministic counterpart. The VSS of each configuration shows significant benefits of a stochastic optimization approach for the model presented in this study, corresponding up to 26% of infrastructure investments savings.
Molybdenum nitrides from structures to industrial applications
Authors: Jaf Zainab N. , Miran Hussein A. , Jiang Zhong-Tao , Altarawneh Mohammednoor 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Owing to their remarkable characteristics, refractory molybdenum nitride (MoN
x
)-based compounds have been deployed in a wide range of strategic industrial applications. This review reports the electronic and structural properties that render MoN
x
materials as potent catalytic surfaces for numerous chemical reactions and surveys the syntheses, procedures, and catalytic applications in pertinent industries such as the petroleum industry. In particular, hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodeoxygenation are essential processes in the refinement of oil segments and their conversions into commodity fuels and platform chemicals. N-vacant sites over a catalyst’s surface are a significant driver of diverse chemical phenomena. Studies on various reaction routes have emphasized that the transfer of adsorbed hydrogen atoms from the N-vacant sites reduces the activation barriers for bond breaking at key structural linkages. Density functional theory has recently provided an atomic-level understanding of Mo–N systems as active ingredients in hydrotreating processes. These Mo–N systems are potentially extendible to the hydrogenation of more complex molecules, most notably, oxygenated aromatic compounds.