bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass spectrometry of the soot left after ethylene oxide explosion answers some questions on the crash of Polish Air Force Flight 101
Authors: Wójcik Jacek 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Polish TU 154M plane, Polish Air Force Flight 101, had crashed near Smolensk on 10th of April 2010. The crash was investigated by The Interstate Aviation Committee, whose conclusions were questioned by a number of Polish scientists. The cause of the crash still appears to be incompletely documented and requires additional evidence. In this paper, investigations of a solid material eluted from a piece of cloth of one of the victims of the crash are described. High resolution mass spectrometry was applied to analyze the soot left after controlled ethylene oxide (EO) explosions, performed under different conditions. These included electric ignition of EO vapors in a large volume steel container, and explosions of glass tubes filled with liquid EO, stimulated by thermally initiated explosions of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). One of these explosions was conducted in the vessel used for the electric ignition of EO and the other in a hermetically locked, small volume container. It was shown that the soot comprises a set of C2H4O homopolymers and copolymers whose characteristic MS patterns are condition‐dependent. The MS spectrum of the postcrash sample referred to above reveals a number of polymers that are also present in the soot obtained in PETN‐initiated ethylene oxide explosions. It can be concluded that the piece of cloth was subjected to an EO explosion initiated by an explosion of energetic material, possibly PETN. Similar control experiments with ethylene glycol (EG) showed that the polymers identified in the investigated postcrash sample could not originate from exploding EG.
Oral health education and prevention strategies among remote Aboriginal communities: a qualitative study
Authors: Patel J , Durey A , Naoum S , Kruger E , Slack‐Smith L 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe delivery of effective oral health promotion strategies is essential to improving oral health outcomes among remote Aboriginal communities. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and attitudes of Aboriginal Australians living in remote Kimberley communities towards oral health education and disease prevention.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews and yarning circles were carried out following purposive sampling of Aboriginal adults living in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia.ResultsA total of 80 community members participated in the yarning process. School‐based oral health promotion and community‐driven restrictions on the sale of sugary food and drink were seen as positive strategies in improving oral health. Lifestyle changes brought about by modernity, internet availability and fixed community stores were perceived to create new challenges and shift the priorities for those living in remote communities.ConclusionsCommunity‐based yarning may better inform future oral health strategies in the Kimberley. A neoliberal approach of shifting responsibility onto the individual ignores the complex social inequities faced by Aboriginal people living in remote communities where macro‐level determinants such as remoteness, food security and education significantly influence decisions around diet and oral health.
Comparison of the Barrett Universal II formula to previous generation formulae for paediatric cataract surgery
Authors: Elbaz Uri , Khalili Sina , Sella Ruti , Reitblat Olga , Vega Yakov , Achiron Asaf , Tuuminen Raimo , Ali Asim , Mireskandari Kamiar 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare the accuracy of the Barrett Universal II (BUII) five‐variable formula to previous generation formulae in calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power following paediatric cataract extraction.MethodsRetrospective study of consecutive paediatric patients who underwent uneventful cataract extraction surgery along with in‐the‐bag IOL implantation between 2012 and 2018 in the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The accuracy of five different IOL formulae, including the BUII, Sanders‐Retzlaff‐Kraff Theoretical (SRK/T), Holladay I, Hoffer Q and Haigis, was evaluated. Constant optimization was performed for each IOL and for each formula separately. Mean prediction error (PE) and the mean and median absolute PE (APE) were calculated for the five different IOL formulae investigated.ResultsSixty‐six eyes of 66 children (59% males) with a median age at surgery of 6.2 years (IQR, 3.2–9.2 years) were included in the study. The mean IOL power that was implanted was 23.3 ± 5.1 D (range; 12.0–39.0 D). Overall, the BUII had a comparable median APE to the Hoffer Q, Holladay I, SRK/T and Haigis formulae (BUII: 0.49D versus 0.48D, 0.61D, 0.74D and 0.58D respectively; p = 0.205). The BUII, together with Hoffer Q, produced better predictability within 0.5D from target refraction compared with the SRK/T formula (BUII:51.5%, Hoffer Q:51.5% versus SRK/T:31.8%, p = 0.002 for both).ConclusionThe BUII formula had comparable accuracy to other tested formulae and outperformed the SRK/T formula, when calculating IOL power within the 0.5D range from target refraction in paediatric eyes undergoing cataract surgery with in‐the‐bag IOL implantation.
Stoichiometry‐selective modulation of α4β2 nicotinic ACh receptors by divalent cations
Authors: Mazzaferro Simone , Strikwerda John R. , Sine Steven M. 
Published: November 2021

Background and Purposeα4β2 nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) comprise the most abundant class of nAChRs in the nervous system. They assemble in two stoichiometric forms, each exhibiting distinct functional and pharmacological signatures. However, whether one or both forms are modulated by calcium or magnesium has not been established.Experimental ApproachTo assess the functional consequences of calcium and magnesium, each stoichiometric form was expressed in clonal mammalian fibroblasts and single‐channel currents were recorded in the presence of a range of ACh concentrations.Key ResultsIn the absence of divalent cations, each stoichiometric form exhibits high unitary conductance and simple gating kinetics composed of solitary channel openings or short bursts of openings. However, in the presence of calcium and magnesium, the conductance and gating kinetics change in a stoichiometry‐dependent manner. Calcium and magnesium reduce the conductance of both stoichiometric forms, with each cation producing an equivalent reduction, but the reduction is greater for the (α4)2(β2)3 form. Moreover, divalent cations promote efficient channel opening of the (α4)3(β2)2 stoichiometry, while minimally affecting the (α4)2(β2)3 stoichiometry. For the (α4)3(β2)2 stoichiometry, at high but not low ACh concentrations, calcium in synergy with magnesium promote clustering of channel openings into episodes of many openings in quick succession.Conclusion and ImplicationsModulation of the α4β2 nAChR by divalent cations depends on the ACh concentration, the type of cation and the subunit stoichiometry. The functional consequences of modulation are expected to depend on the regional distributions of the stoichiometric forms and synaptic versus extrasynaptic locations of the receptors.
Effects of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1 inhibition on resistance artery tone in patients with end stage kidney disease
Authors: Steinmetz‐Späh Julia , Arefin Samsul , Larsson Karin , Jahan Jabin , Mudrovcic Neja , Wennberg Lars , Stenvinkel Peter , Korotkova Marina , Kublickiene Karolina , Jakobsson Per‐Johan 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundThe microvasculature is a target organ for the early manifestations of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a better understanding of the prostaglandin system and characterising the effects of mPGES‐1 inhibition and concomitant reduction of PGE2 in vascular beds are of interest.Experimental ApproachThe effects of mPGES‐1 inhibition on constriction and relaxation of resistance arteries (diameter: 100–400 μm) from patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) and controls (Non‐ESKD) were studied using wire‐myography in combination with immunological and mass‐spectrometry based analyses.Key ResultsInhibition of mPGES‐1 in arteries from ESKD patients and Non‐ESKD controls significantly reduced adrenergic vasoconstriction, which was unaffected by the COX‐2 inhibitors NS‐398 and Etoricoxib, or by the COX‐1/COX‐2 inhibitor Indomethacin tested in Non‐ESKD controls. However, a significant increase of acetylcholine‐induced dilatation was observed for mPGES‐1 inhibition. In IL‐1β treated arteries, inhibition of mPGES‐1 significantly reduced PGE2 levels while PGI2 levels remained unchanged. In contrast, COX‐2 inhibition blocked the formation of both prostaglandins. Blockade of PGI2 signalling with an IP receptor antagonist did not restore the reduced adrenergic constriction, neither did blocking PGE2‐EP4 or signalling through PPARγ. A biphasic effect was observed for PGE2, inducing dilatation at nanomolar and constriction at micromolar concentrations. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of mPGES‐1, COX‐1, PGIS, weak expression for COX‐2, as well as receptor expression for PGE2 (EP1–4), thromboxane (TP) and PGI2 (IP) in ESKD and Non‐ESKD.ConclusionOur study demonstrates vasodilating effects following mPGES‐1 inhibition in human microvasculature and suggests that several pathways besides shunting to PGI2 are involved.
Regulator of G‐Protein Signalling 4 (RGS4) negatively modulates nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid receptor signalling: Implication for l‐Dopa‐induced dyskinesia
Authors: Pisanò Clarissa A. , Mercatelli Daniela , Mazzocchi Martina , Brugnoli Alberto , Morella Ilaria , Fasano Stefania , Zaveri Nurulain T. , Brambilla Riccardo , O'Keeffe Gerard W. , Neubig Richard R. , Morari Michele 
Published: November 2021

Background and PurposeRegulator of G‐protein signalling 4 (RGS4) is a signal transduction protein that accelerates intrinsic GTPase activity of Gαi/o and Gαq subunits, suppressing GPCR signalling. Here, we investigate whether RGS4 modulates nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) opioid (NOP) receptor signalling and if this modulation has relevance for l‐Dopa‐induced dyskinesia.Experimental ApproachHEK293T cells transfected with NOP, NOP/RGS4 or NOP/RGS19 were challenged with N/OFQ and the small‐molecule NOP agonist AT‐403, using D1‐stimulated cAMP levels as a readout. Primary rat striatal neurons and adult mouse striatal slices were challenged with either N/OFQ or AT‐403 in the presence of the experimental RGS4 chemical probe, CCG‐203920, and D1‐stimulated cAMP or phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK) responses were monitored. In vivo, CCG‐203920 was co‐administered with AT‐403 and l‐Dopa to 6‐hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats, and dyskinetic movements, striatal biochemical correlates of dyskinesia (pERK and pGluR1 levels) and striatal RGS4 levels were measured.Key ResultsRGS4 expression reduced NOFQ and AT‐403 potency and efficacy in HEK293T cells. CCG‐203920 increased N/OFQ potency in primary rat striatal neurons and potentiated AT‐403 response in mouse striatal slices. CCG‐203920 enhanced AT‐403‐mediated inhibition of dyskinesia and its biochemical correlates, without compromising its motor‐improving effects. Unilateral dopamine depletion caused bilateral reduction of RGS4 levels, which was reversed by l‐Dopa. l‐Dopa acutely up‐regulated RGS4 in the lesioned striatum.Conclusions and ImplicationsRGS4 physiologically inhibits NOP receptor signalling. CCG‐203920 enhanced NOP responses and improved the antidyskinetic potential of NOP receptor agonists, mitigating the effects of striatal RGS4 up‐regulation occurring during dyskinesia expression.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc
Climate change‐related worry among Australian adolescents: an eight‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Sciberras Emma , Fernando Julian W. 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundWorry about climate change may be associated with poorer mental health but also with greater political engagement. We determined trajectories of climate change‐related worry over adolescence and whether these were associated with depression symptoms and greater engagement with news and politics in late adolescence.MethodsAt ages 10–11, 12–13, 16–17 and 18–19 years, adolescents participating in the Kindergarten cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children rated their worry about climate change. At age 18–19 years, participants reported on depression symptoms and engagement with news and politics. Latent profile analysis determined trajectories of climate change‐related worry across all time points (N = 2244). Linear regression analyses examined the association between trajectories and outcomes at 18–19 years.ResultsThirteen per cent (n = 290) of adolescents had high persistent worry. The largest proportions had moderate (n = 559, 24.9%) or increasing worry (n = 546, 24.3%), followed by persistent low worry (n = 376, 16.8%), slightly decreasing worry (n = 297, 13.2%) and steeply decreasing worry (n = 176, 7.8%). Adolescents with high persistent worry had higher depression symptoms at age 18–19 years compared to the moderate group, while those with increasing worry did not. The high persistent and increasing worry groups reported greater engagement with news and politics across several measures.ConclusionThis is the first study to track climate‐related worry and outcomes in young people across adolescence. A substantial number of Australian adolescents experience high or increasing worry about climate change, which is associated with greater societal engagement.
Socioeconomic development and ecological traits as predictors of human–bird conflicts
Authors: Araneda Paola , Ohrens Omar , Ibarra José Tomás 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBecause of the significant impacts on both human interests and bird conservation, it is imperative to identify patterns and anticipate drivers of human–bird conflicts (HBCs) worldwide. Through a global systematic review, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we analyzed the socioeconomic factors and bird ecological traits driving the degree of knowledge and extent of HBCs. We included 166 articles published from 1971 to 2020 in our analyses through which we built a profile of the socioeconomic conditions of 52 countries with reported conflicts and the ecological traits of the 161 bird species involved in HBCs. Although HBC expanded worldwide, it had the greatest impact in less‐developed countries (estimate 0. 66 [SE 0.13],p< 0.05), where agriculture is critical for rural livelihoods. Species with a relatively greater conflict extent had a relatively broader diet (estimate 0.80 [SE 0.22],p<0.05) and an increasing population trend (estimate 0.58 [SE 0.15],p<0.05) and affected human interests, such as agriculture and livestock raising. In countries with greater biodiversity, HBCs caused greater socioeconomic impacts than in more developed countries. Our results highlight the importance of understanding and addressing HBCs from multiple perspectives (ecological, sociocultural, and political) to effectively protect both biodiversity and local livelihoods.
Kinetics of response to first‐ and second‐line therapies in multiple myeloma: Assessment by both M‐spikes and light chains
Authors: Lebel Eyal , Li Xuan , Paul Harminder , Masih‐Khan Esther , Bhella Sita , Chen Christine , Prica Anca , Reece Donna , Tiedemann Rodger , Trudel Suzanne , Kukreti Vishal 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe prognostic value of kinetics of response to multiple myeloma (MM) therapy is controversial. We aimed to expand the knowledge on this topic by reviewing the kinetics of response to both first‐ and second‐line MM therapy, utilizing a homogeneously treated cohort and analyzing separately both M‐spike and light chain (LC) responses for each patient.MethodsWe reviewed all patients who received first‐line cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone induction followed by autologous transplant with melphalan and lenalidomide maintenance in our center between 2007 and 2019.ResultsAnalyzing 360 patients, we observed no correlation between response kinetics to first‐ versus second‐line therapy at the individual patient level. Time to best response to first‐line therapy was not a predictor of outcome; however, longer time to best response was highly predictive of a favorable outcome in the second‐line setting, independent of other factors. Patients with IgA‐MM cleared their M‐spike faster than IgG‐MM, probably reflecting different half‐lives of these isotypes rather than disease biology, as the clearance of LC in both subtypes was similar.ConclusionsAnalyzing both M‐spike and LC responses in a homogenously treated cohort, we identified important insights regarding the prognostic value of kinetic patterns. Prospective analysis may shed more light on unsolved questions.
A salience hypothesis of stress in PTSD
Authors: Chakraborty Prabahan , Chattarji Sumantra , Jeanneteau Freddy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAttention to key features of contexts and things is a necessary tool for all organisms. Detecting these salient features of cues, or simply, salience, can also be affected by exposure to traumatic stress, as has been widely reported in individuals suffering from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Interestingly, similar observations have been robustly replicated across many animal models of stress as well. By using evidence from such rodent stress paradigms, in the present review, we explore PTSD through the lens of salience processing. In this context, we propose that interaction between the neurotrophin brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoids determines the long lasting cellular and behavioural consequences of stress salience. We also describe the dual effect of glucocorticoid therapy in the amelioration of PTSD symptoms. Finally, by integrating in vivo observations at multiple scales of plasticity, we propose a unifying hypothesis that pivots on a crucial role of glucocorticoid signalling in dynamically orchestrating stress salience.
Genomic and common garden approaches yield complementary results for quantifying environmental drivers of local adaptation in rubber rabbitbrush, a foundational Great Basin shrub
Authors: Faske Trevor M. , Agneray Alison C. , Jahner Joshua P. , Sheta Lana M. , Leger Elizabeth A. , Parchman Thomas L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe spatial structure of genomic and phenotypic variation across populations reflects historical and demographic processes as well as evolution via natural selection. Characterizing such variation can provide an important perspective for understanding the evolutionary consequences of changing climate and for guiding ecological restoration. While evidence for local adaptation has been traditionally evaluated using phenotypic data, modern methods for generating and analyzing landscape genomic data can directly quantify local adaptation by associating allelic variation with environmental variation. Here, we analyze both genomic and phenotypic variation of rubber rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa), a foundational shrub species of western North America. To quantify landscape genomic structure and provide perspective on patterns of local adaptation, we generated reduced representation sequencing data for 17 wild populations (222 individuals; 38,615 loci) spanning a range of environmental conditions. Population genetic analyses illustrated pronounced landscape genomic structure jointly shaped by geography and environment. Genetic‐environment association (GEA) analyses using both redundancy analysis (RDA) and a machine‐learning approach (Gradient Forest) indicated environmental variables (precipitation seasonality, slope, aspect, elevation, and annual precipitation) influenced spatial genomic structure and were correlated with allele frequency shifts indicative of local adaptation at a consistent set of genomic regions. We compared our GEA‐based inference of local adaptation with phenotypic data collected by growing seeds from each population in a greenhouse common garden. Population differentiation in seed weight, emergence, and seedling traits was associated with environmental variables (e.g., precipitation seasonality) that were also implicated in GEA analyses, suggesting complementary conclusions about the drivers of local adaptation across different methods and data sources. Our results provide a baseline understanding of spatial genomic structure for E. nauseosa across the western Great Basin and illustrate the utility of GEA analyses for detecting the environmental causes and genetic signatures of local adaptation in a widely distributed plant species of restoration significance.
Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in tropical ecosystems following fire
Authors: Jiang Dalong , Xu Chonghua , Xu Xia , Luo Yiqi , Chen Chen , Ju Chenghui , Chen Han Y. H. , Shi Zheng , Ruan Honghua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimTropical ecosystems have grown increasingly prone to fire over the last century. However, no consensus has yet emerged regarding the effects of fire disturbances on tropical biogeochemical cycles.LocationTropics.Time period1960–2018.Major taxa studiedTropical ecosystems: Above‐ and below‐ground carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics.MethodsWe analysed the impacts of fire on C and N dynamics in tropical ecosystems through a meta‐analysis of 1,420 observations from 87 studies.ResultsFire reduced both above‐ and below‐ground C and N pools, with greater reductions above‐ than below‐ground. Fire decreased soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen () and increased ammonium nitrogen () in surface mineral soil layers but did not affect those in deep layers. Fire decreased TC and TN in savanna but did not affect those in tropical dry and moist forests. Fire did not affect and in savanna because of non‐significant responses of N mineralization rate (Nmin) to fire. Conversely, fire increased and decreased in tropical dry forest, but did not affect and increased in tropical moist forest owing to thermal decomposition of soil organic N and increased soil nitrification, respectively. Moreover, declined and increased initially and then decreased with time after fire. Above‐ and below‐ground response variables to prescribed fire were mediated largely by fire frequency and experimental duration, respectively.Main conclusionsOur results suggest a high vulnerability of the above‐ground C and N pools to fire, whereas the biogeochemical cycles below‐ground are of high complexity. Fire effects on below‐ground C and N pools, which are highly uncertain and vegetation specific, should be investigated further.
The interaction mechanism of rural housing land transition and rural development: A spatial governance perspective
Authors: Sun Dongqi , Ge Dazhuan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs a significant material carrier of rural production and life, rural housing land transition (RHLT) is an important field of rural spatial governance, and the transition process of its utilization is closely related to rural development. Applying the “matter‐ownership‐organization” perspective to the governance of rural space, this study constructs an analytic framework of the interaction between RHLT and rural development. Taking the case of Tangjiajia Village, a tourist village in the suburbs of Nanjing, this study analyzes empirically the interaction mechanism between RHLT and rural development. On the basis of the findings, the challenges of rural spatial governance of suburban tourism are discussed, and the process of multiple‐subject participation in rural spatial governance is clarified. This elucidation of the interaction mechanism between RHLT and rural development in the suburbs of big cities will provide a point of reference for rural development in underdeveloped areas.