bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the obesity paradox
Authors: Childers Douglas Karl , Allison David B. 
Published: June 2021

Regarding body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and mortality, two well established observations are (1) there is a U‐shaped (i.e., concave) association ‐ people with intermediate BMIs tend to outlive people with unusually high or low BMIs; and (2) The nadirs of these curves tend to increase monotonically with age. Whether these associations represent the true shape of the causal effects of BMI remain subject to debate and inquiry. Multiple hypotheses have been advanced to explain either of these two observations. Here we introduce a new hypothesis that may explain both phenomena, by drawing on the so‐called obesity paradox. We evaluate the plausibility that the concave relation and the increase in the nadir with age are mathematical consequences of the relationships among age, BMI, and disease; and mortality as a function of the prior two variables.We incorporate a hypothetical relationship between BMI and disease risk into the Weibull function, F(t) = exp(−λtk), to model the probability of an individual to survive until age t, with a given BMI; by replacing the constant λ with a function of age and BMI, that represents the effects of these two variables on disease and mortality. The resulting function can be viewed as a survival curve that now depends on both BMI and age. We consider the behavior of this survival curve as the individual's BMI varies, while holding t constant, to find the optimal BMI at age t. We then consider the behavior of the optimal BMI for an individual as age increases. In particular, we establish that under the assumptions of our model, the optimal BMI at age t increases as a function of t.
Low and high protein levels during pregnancy affect maternal body mass and composition as well as offspring birth weight in a porcine model
Authors: Lang Iris S , Goers Solvig , Junghans Peter , Hennig Ulf , Otten Winfried , Rehfeldt Charlotte , Metges Cornelia C 
Published: June 2021

It is now increasingly recognized that exposure to an imbalanced nutrition both in utero and in early postnatal life are related to a higher propensity to become obese in later life. This phenomenon is known as the Hales and Barker's ‘thrifty phenotype’ hypothesis. Less is however known about the underlying alterations of maternal body mass (BM) development and metabolic conditions. We investigated effects of isoenergetic diets containing either low (LP, 6%; n=12), high (HP, 30%; n=12) or control protein (CP, 12%; n=12) levels in young German Landrace sows from insemination (age 8 mo, 148 kg BM) to parturition (term 115 d). Body fatness was assessed by backfat ultrasound (BFU) measurements. Plasma was collected at −5, +24, +66, +108 gestational d (GD). Sows fed LP gained 45.3 kg BM until 109 GD, which was less than in CP and HP (66.4, 62.6; P<0.05). During the same time period BFU increased by 3.18, 4.06, and 4.87 mm in HP, LP and CP, respectively (P<0.05). Mean piglet birth weight was lower in LP and HP than in CP (1.16, 1.21, 1.38 kg; P<0.05) with no difference in litter size. Maternal plasma urea increased in HP and decreased in LP (P<0.05). We conclude that the porcine model is suitable to study maternal diet effects. LP and HP diets during pregnancy are detrimental for fetal growth. The underlying mechanisms need to be determined.Funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ME 1420/8‐1), Bonn, Germany
Effect of acute respiratory acidosis on translation signaling in skeletal muscle
Authors: Caso Giuseppe , Ballou Lisa M , Bunpo Piyawan , Anthony Tracy G , Garlick Peter J 
Published: June 2021

We previously demonstrated that acute respiratory acidosis depresses protein synthesis by approximately 22% in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms of the depressive effect of acidosis on muscle protein synthesis are not well known. In this study, we examined the effect of acidosis on the regulation of mRNA translation initiation and elongation by assessing the phosphorylation states of the translation repressor 4E‐BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and eukaryotic elongation factor‐2 (eEF‐2). Rats (n = 10) were made acidotic by increasing the CO2 content of inspired air to 12% for 1 h. Similar animals breathing normal air served as controls (n=10). Gastrocnemious muscles were harvested and the phosphorylation states of 4E‐BP1, eIF2 and eEF‐2 were assessed by immunoblot analysis. The results showed that 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation (γ‐form/total) was 28% lower in acidotic animals (P < 0.05), while no effect of acidosis could be detected on the phosphorylation status of eIF2 (p‐Ser51/total) and eEF‐2 (p‐Thr56/total) (P = NS). The results suggest that the depression of muscle protein synthesis by acute respiratory acidosis may be mediated in part by downregulation of the mRNA binding step in translation initiation.Supported by NIH grants DK54991 and 5‐MO1‐RR‐10710
Comparison of Quality of Life in Diabetics using Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Therapy versus Insulin Injection Therapy
Authors: Mistry Anahita M , Reynolds Katie 
Published: June 2021

Patients with type 1 diabetes are increasingly being treated with insulin infusions via a pump. The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of insulin delivered by infusion via a pump or delivered by multiple injections, on the quality of life in adult insulin dependent diabetics. Four parameters, specifically hemoglobin A1C (3 month average blood sugar levels), self‐reported healthy eating habits demonstrated by consumption of 3 meals/3 snacks everyday, frequency of exercise of daily 30 min or longer duration and opinion of quality of life were evaluated in patients receiving either insulin infusions or injections.Pump users reported enhanced eating and exercise behaviors and feeling in good health, compared with patients receiving conventional injections. In contrast, hemoglobin A1C concentrations were lower (6.9 ± 0.9 %) in patients receiving insulin injections compared with those receiving infusions (7.9 ± 0.6 %). Pump weareris perceived that they had a better quality of life but their glycemic control was not necessarily improved compared to those on insulin injections. Most likely, patients using the pump assumed that they had the flexibility to eat high glycemic foods without the problem of contending with insulin injections. Nutrition education and frequent blood glucose monitoring are required to improve glycemic control in type 1 diabetics using an insulin pump.
On Campus Living Increases Level of Physical Activity While Consuming More Calories
Authors: Lee Sukho , Park Kyung‐shin 
Published: June 2021

Place of living for college students may be associated with different diet pattern and level of physical activity.PURPOSETo compare level of physical activity and diet pattern between students who live on campus and off campus.METHODSForty‐three female college freshmen participated in this study and completed a lifestyle survey questionnaire and measurements of body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip (W/H) ratio and % body fat. Level of physical activity was monitored using a pedometer and dietary pattern was analyzed using computer software (Diet Power, Danbury, CT).RESULTSThere was no significant difference in body weight, BMI, W/H ration and % body fat. Total caloric consumption was significantly higher in students living on campus compared to those living off campus (1,846±122.4 (SE) vs. 1,459±92.2 cal/day, p<.05). Also, amount of sugar consumed was also significantly higher in students living on campus compared to those living off campus (17.4±3.58 vs. 6.4±1.41 g/day, p<.05) However, level of physical activity was significantly higher in students living on campus compared to those living off campus (90,000±19,000 steps/week vs. 42,000±5700, p<.05).CONCLUSIONSWe concluded that students who live on campus may consume more total calories and sugar per day. However, they have a higher level of physical activity as opposed to students living off campus. It results in no differences in body weight and body composition between these groups.
Serum IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 differences between Hutterite and Non‐Hutterite populations
Authors: Beare Tianna , Donnelly Kevin , Clapper Joan , Wey Howard , Binkley Teresa , Specker Bonny 
Published: June 2021

Hutterites, an Anabaptist religious group believing in isolated communal living and self‐sufficiency, are shorter yet have larger bone diameter for their height than non‐Hutterites. A polymorphism in the growth hormone receptor gene has been identified in Hutterites. The purpose of this study was to determine whether circulating levels of serum IGF‐1 differed between Hutterites and non‐Hutterites. Fasting serum IGF‐1 was measured in 217 Hutterites and 127 non‐Hutterites aged 20–66 years who were participants of the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study. Hutterites had higher IGF‐1 than non‐Hutterites (170 ± 5 vs. 117 ± 6 ng/ml, p<0.001, respectively), yet IGFBP‐3 concentrations were similar (5078 ± 135 vs. 5332 ± 237, p=0.4). Differences remained significant controlling for sex, age, weight, height, activity levels, and protein intake (lsmeans 162 ± 4 vs. 133 ± 6 ng/ml, p<0.001, Hutterite vs. non‐Hutterite). There was an association between IGFBP‐3 and IGF‐1 among non‐Hutterites (r=0.83, p<0.001), but not among Hutterites. The reason for IGF‐1 differences among Hutterites and non‐Hutterites is not known, but may be associated with the bone differences that have been observed.Supported by NIH R01 AR47852.
The effects of dietary protein on serum IGF‐1 levels in adult humans
Authors: Donnelly Kevin , Beare Tianna , Clapper Joan , Specker Bonny 
Published: June 2021

Positive associations have been observed between serum IGF‐1 and dietary protein. IGF‐1 concentrations appear to be influenced by protein source in pre‐pubertal boys, and middle aged and elderly men. Our hypothesis was that IGF‐1 concentrations would be associated with total protein intake, and not be associated with the protein source. Data were obtained from 115 participants (58 females) aged 20–66 years in the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study (SDRBH), a longitudinal study of lifestyle on bone density. Fasting blood samples were collected from subjects who completed a protein food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and at least 3 24‐hour quarterly dietary recalls within a 1‐year period. Pregnant, weaning, and lactating women were excluded. Contrary to our hypothesis there was no association between fasting serum IGF‐1 concentrations and total protein intake. However, fasting serum IGF‐1 concentrations were different in males between low and high poultry protein consumers (115 ± 27 vs. 143 ± 48 ng/mL, p=0.006, respectively).Supported by NIH AR47852.
The Legume Inflammation Feeding Experiment (LIFE): Effects of Serum Lipid Levels
Authors: Zhang Zhiying , Bagshaw Deborah , Rovine Michael , Kris‐Etherton Penny , Lanza Elaine , Hartman Terryl 
Published: June 2021

The LIFE Study was a randomized controlled crossover feeding study designed to test the effects of a low‐glycemic index diet rich in legumes on biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). Sixty four male subjects (35–75 yrs), who had undergone a screening colonoscopy within the past 2 years, were recruited in Central Pennsylvania, representing 4 combinations: IR (Y or N) and history of adenomatous polyps (Y or N). All subjects consumed a 4‐wk legume diet (LG; 1 ½ cups of cooked dry beans) and a 4‐wk isocaloric average American diet (AA) separated by a 3‐wk washout period. At baseline, mean (±S.D.) levels of serum total, HDL and LDL cholesterol (TC, HDL‐C and LDL‐C), and triglycerides (TG) were 200.2 (37.4), 45.1 (11.1), 128.9 (32.5), and 135.2 (72.3) mg/dL. Preliminary results show that serum TC was significantly reduced on both LG and AA diet (9.4% and 3.5%, respectively), with a significant difference between diets (P=0.0002). HDL‐C levels were reduced by 6.1% on LG diet and 1.9% on AA diet, and LDL‐C declined by 9.4% on LG diet and 1.6% on AA diet. For both HDL‐C and LDL‐C the differences between diets were significant (P=0.0138 and 0.0008, respectively). Serum TG levels were reduced significantly on both diets (LG diet, 7.2%; AA diet, 7.4%); however, the difference between diets was not significant (P=0.9620). These results suggest that a legume‐rich diet may have favorable effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins.Supported by the National Cancer Institute; partial support provided by the GCRC, PSU.
Organochlorine Compounds are Absorbed via Lymph and Portal Circulation
Authors: Jandacek Ronald J. , Tso Patrick 
Published: June 2021

The metabolism and toxicity of organochlorine compounds (OCs) have been studied extensively. Their persistence in the biosphere and their threat to health continue to be the focus of policy and scientific investigation. In spite of efforts to limit their use, OCs continue to enter into human tissues from the diet. Little is known about the absorption of these materials from the intestine. The route of absorption can determine whether or not peripheral tissues are exposed to parent compound or to metabolites from the liver. Lipophilic compounds are principally incorporated into chylomicrons and transported in lymph, and hydrophilic compounds are principally absorbed by the portal vein. We have developed an animal model which allows the simultaneous determination of the absorption of OCs by each route. The portal vein of a rat is catheterized to allow both normal flow and periodic sampling of dietary substances. A second catheter in the mesenteric lymph duct to divert intestinal lymph, allows measurement of dietary compounds in chylomicrons. We used this model to study hexachlorobenzene and DDT. The data are consistent with absorption of DDT and hexachlorobenzene by both routes. Both compounds appear in the lymph at a slower rate than triolein. There is significant absorption of both compounds by the portal vein, as shown by analysis of portal plasma and tissue analyses of the animals.Funded by ES014464‐A1(NIH/ESO)
Electron paramagnetic resonance analyses of the effect of dietary restriction on salmonella infection in different tissues
Authors: Rosales Martha C , Ramirez Daniel , Zamorano Rafael , Trujillo Jose G , Lara Eleazar 
Published: June 2021

Caloric restriction (CR) involves a reduction in caloric intake while maintaining adequate nutrition and preserves the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The aim of the present contribution was study the formation of free radicals in different tissues of mice at 2, 6 and 12 months of age which were fed either with CR or ad libitum, produced by infection with S. Typhimurium determined through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).All samples of heart and brain collected depicted the same EPR spectra with a single signal at g=1.99, which corresponds to a free radical. The EPR spectra obtained from liver showed two signals, one of them at g=2.031 which corresponds to the the nitrosyl‐iron complex, this signal show higher intensity in mice fed with RC. Therefore, the production of nitric oxide could be important in the liver when the mice are treated with S. Typhimurium. The signal at g =1.99 correspond to free radical it was observed in muscle samples as well. In the 12 month old mice age different signals were observed, which has been assigned to peroxinitrite (ONOO‐) a molecule that is of great importance during the infection with salmonella.
Protective effects of quercetin against oxidized LDL‐induced apoptosis through p38 MAP kinase‐dependent and JAK‐responsive pathways in human endothelial cells
Authors: Choi Jung Suk , Li Jing , Kang Young Hee 
Published: June 2021

OxLDL is present in atherosclerotic lesions and has been proposed to play an important role in atherogenesis. The present study elucidated multiple MAPK‐responsive death/survival signaling pathways, through which quercetin exerted anti‐apoptosis in endothelial cells exposed to oxLDL. Quercetin substantially diminished the oxLDL‐induced cytotoxicity and DCF staining, suggesting the inhibition of accumulation of oxLDL‐triggered ROS and consequent apoptosis. Additionally, oxLDL induced p53 activation for the Bax translocation and the luciferase activity of p53, which induction was strikingly down‐regulated by quercetin. The Western blot data identified that quercetin at ≤ 10 μM promptly attenuated phosphorylation of ASK‐1, p38MAPK but not JNK, and its downstream c‐myc evoked by oxLDL. Furthermore, this study also attempted to explore JAK2/STAT3 activation in oxLDL‐induced endothelial apoptosis. It was found that quercetin rapidly attenuated the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 within 30 min. Our findings suggest that the interplay between p38MAPK and is involved in dietary quercetin protection against oxLDL through hampering p38 MAPK‐dependent pathways involving the activation of JAK2. Thus, quercetin may act as anti‐atherogenic agents blocking oxLDL‐induced endothelial apoptosis.Grant Funding Source: KRF‐2003‐041‐C20338 from Korea Research Foundation and Brain Korea 21.
Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Phoonlapdacha Phanphen , Chongviriyaphan Nalinee , Pakakasama Samart , Kalpravidh Rachaneekorn W. , Suthutvoravut Umaporn 
Published: June 2021

Oxidative stress is associated with cancers via many mechanisms including lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants play roles in protection against cancers. This study was conducted to determine the status of antioxidant enzymes and vitamins in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Ten patients aged 1–12 years, newly diagnosed with ALL and 10 age‐matched healthy controls were included in the study. The activities of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed. Levels of erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH), plasma vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE), and malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of lipid peroxidation) were evaluated.We found that patients with ALL had higher erythrocyte SOD and GPx activities as well as plasma MDA level than controls (3062.9 ± 243.4 vs. 2305.4 ± 71.1, 37.4 ± 5.5 vs. 21.0 ± 0.8 U/g Hb; p < 0.02, and 0.40 ± 0.04 vs. 0.19 ± 0.02 uM; p = 0.006, respectively). But they had lower levels of GSH, VC, and VE than controls (49.9 ± 2.3 vs. 65.4 ± 2.0, 0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 1.3 ± 0.1 mg/dL, and 799.8 ± 49.1 vs. 1180.4 ± 50.2 μg/dL, respectively; p < 0.05).In conclusion, pediatric patients with ALL have higher oxidative stress but lower levels of antioxidants than healthy counterparts. An intervention to increase antioxidant status in patients with ALL should be considered.Funded by the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital Research Grant
The prevalence and severity of anaemia and iron deficiency after marriage and before childbearing among adolescent and adult females in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Khambalia Amina Zehra , Chowdhury Nuzhat , Hyder Ziauddin , Zlotkin Stanley 
Published: June 2021

Background: Anemia and iron deficiency (ID) during pregnancy are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. An estimated 300–500 mg of storage Fe is required for pregnancy.Objective: To examine iron (Fe) status of nulliparious, married females.Methods: Baseline data was from a RCT on periconceptional Fe supplementation in Kalingonj, Bangladesh.Results: Of 272 females, 37% were anaemic (Hb<120 g/L), 16% were ID (SF<12 ìg/L or TfR>4.4 mg/L) and 11% had ID and anaemia (ID with Hb<120 g/L). Median storage Fe was 328.1 (171.9–388.8). 20% of females had <300 mg of storage Fe and all females had <500 mg of Fe.Adolescents (<19 yrs) had significantly lower SF (32.6 vs 42.7, p<0.0007) and storage Fe values(321.2 vs 332.6, p=0.0035).Conclusions: A significant proportion of females have compromised Fe status and at least one fifth will enter pregnancy with insufficient Fe stores. Adolescent females represent a high‐risk group. Efforts around periconceptional Fe supplementation, education on dietary intake of iron‐rich foods and delayed childbearing are needed.
Developmental sensitivity to environmentally‐relevant levels of cadmium in the zebrafish, Danio rerio
Authors: Warren Kerri Staroscik , LeMasters Elizabeth H , Wilcox Kenton W , Goss Ashley J , O'Shea Stephen 
Published: June 2021

We find that embryonic zebrafish possess a differential sensitivity to cadmium ion that is stage‐, duration‐ and concentration‐dependent. After characterizing cadmium response, we developed a bioassay that includes a general indicator of cadmium‐induced lethality (swim bladder inflation failure) and a specific cardiac response to cadmium (cardiac conduction block). Using these endpoints, we determined that doses as low as 0.5 μM CdCl2 are lethal when administered after 24 hours of development, but not when chronically provided from early stages forward. ICP‐MS analysis of cadmium in embryos subjected to early and late treatments showed that cadmium accumulation was similar in 4 day old larvae of both treatments even though the prognosis for survival differed greatly. Preliminary examination of the role of environment on the biological impact of cadmium ion suggested that entry and accumulation is sensitive to the nature of the cadmium‐ligand complex. Exposure to cadmium doses above 10μM is associated with bradycardia and a reduced incidence of cardiac conduction block. Supporting the hypothesis that heart rate reduction masks the ventricular disorder by eliminating chamber rate mismatch, we found that genetic reduction of heart rate protected slow mo mutant zebrafish larvae from cadmium‐induced atrio‐ventricular delay.RI‐INBRE NIH P20 RR016457
Some biochemical parameters and histological findings in the kidneys of Hybro chickens treated with chromium (VI) and vitamin C
Authors: Gashi Agim Maliq , Bajraktari Ismet Dervish , Halili Fetah Murtez , Bislimi Bislimi , Bislimi Kemalj , Alija Avdulla Jashar , Fetahu Shukri , Sopa Ramadan 
Published: June 2021

In this study we have investigated the effect of ingestion of chromium (VI) as well as coeffect of chromium (VI) and vitamin C on biochemical parameters of the serum (uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase ‐ AST, lactatdehydrogenase ‐ LDH, and alkaline phosphatase ‐ AP), and as well as histopathological findings in kidneys. The chickens were divided in five groups (I–V), each consisting of 10 chickens, and were treated orally for six months with different dosage levels of chromium (VI) and vitamin C.In comparison with control chicken, the serum of chickens which were treated for 180 days with different dosage levels of chromium (VI) and vitamin C, shows that levels of concentration of uric acid and the activity of AST and LDH had increased, whereas the activity of AP had decreased. Considerable histopathological changes of tubules, interstitial areas and some glomerulus of kidneys of these chickens were observed as well. No protective effect of the vitamin C in this concentration was observed. Moreover, in the case of kidneys vitamin C amplifies a toxic effect of chromium (VI). The effects of chromium (VI) depend on the dosage administered, its duration of action and biochemical parameter.