bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and carcas characteristics of broilers fed alkali processed soybeans
Authors: Ayanwale B. A. 
Published: February 2021

An eight-week feeding tial was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding alkali processed soyabeans to broilers. Soyabeans were processed in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, sodium sesquicarvonate (trona) and alum respectively. The concentration of each of the salts was 3%. The soyabeans, after drying, were used in compounding 3 diffefrent diets. The control (T1) contained roasted soyabeans while diets T2 , T3 and T4 contained NaCl, trona and alum respectively. Broiler feeding lasted for 8 weeks starting from day - old. The results indicated that feeding NaCl processed soyabeans to broilerss significantly (P<0.05) depressed growth rate, feed consumption and body gain. NaCl treated soyabeans produced feed/gain ratio, protein efficiency ratio (PER), carcass and organ proportion comparable to thr control. The growth rate, feed intake and weight gain of NaCl to sufficiently inactive trypsin inhibitors and remove a substsntisl proportion of polyphenols and oligosaccharides in soyabeans. It was concluded that since alkaline salts are cheap and readily available all the year round their use in processing soyabeans should be encourage.
Performance of West African dwarf sheep fed cassava peel-based diets
Authors: Asaolu V. O. , Odeyinka S. M. 
Published: February 2021

Chemical compositions of ensiled cassava peels, dried cassava peels and gliricidia on the performance of West African Dwarf sheep were evaluated. Twelve grower rams and ewes between 5-7 months of age were allotted to three treatment diets: D1 (control) diet was 100% gliricidia (GLI) (leaves with bark and soft stem), D2 consisted of 80% ensiled cassava peels plus 20% gliricidia (ENP/GNI) while D3 consisted of 80% dried cassava peels plus 20% gliricidia (DP/GLI). The three test feeds were observed to have more comparable crude fibre contents ranging from 16.07% for ensiled cassava peels to 18.20% for gliricidia. The gross energy values were also comparable ranging from 3.93kcal/gDM for ensiled cassava peels to 4.64kcal/gDM for gliricidia. Gliricidia was however observed to be richer in crude protein and minerals compared to ensiled cassava peels and dried cassava peels. Dry matter intakes, dry matter digestibility and growth rates showed significant (P<0.05) differences with the tilt being in favor of the animals fed on the sole glricidia diet. The energy digestibility of 79.83% for the animals fed on ensiled cassava peels and gliricidia diet was not significanyly (P>0.05) different from the corresponding value of 82.67% observable for animals fed on the sole gliricidia diet. Both values were however significantly higher (P<0.05) than the values of 74.17% obtained for animals on the dried cassava peel plus gliricidia diet. Feed conversion values showed no significant (P>0.05) differences for the three groups ranging from 8.8. (ENP/GLI) to 10.80 (DP/GLI). Cassava peels supplemented with gliricidia can be used in practical production diets for West African Dwarf sheep with better prospects of utilization through ensiling of the peels.
EFFECTS OF ENSILING ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MINERALS CONTENTS OF GUINEA GRASS AND CASSAVA TOPS SILAGE
Authors: Oduguwa B. O. , Jolaosho A. O. , Ayankoso M. T. 
Published: February 2021

An experiment to determine the effects of ensiling on the physical properties, chemical composition and mineral contents of guinea grass and cassava tops silage was carried out between January and April, 2004. Cassava (Manihot esculentus var.Texas Cranz) tops and guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq var. Ntchisi) were ensiled alone and in mixture using plastic containers lined with polythene sheets. The experiment was a completely randomized design with three replicates comprising of the three plant mixtures i.e. cassava silage, guinea grass silage and mixture of the two. The result of the experiment showed that the silage from the three plant mixtures was similar physically. Although ensiling reduced the DM and CP contents slightly, the lower pH of between 3. 92 and 4. 38 showed that the silage was well preserved with improved quality due to the drastic reduction in hydrocyanide (HCN) content of cassava tops. Mixing guinea grass and cassava top produced average qualities especially in terms of the structural carbohydrates such as ADF, NDF and lignin with HCN content reduced and increased CP content (25.48%) and minerals. Other properties such as DM, moisture, ash, organic kmatter, cellulose, hemicellulose, gross energy and pH were not significantly different in the silages from the three plant mixtures i.e. guinea grass, cassava tops and mixtures of guinea grass and cassava tops. It was concluded that mixing guinea grass with cassava tops improved the quality of silage produced that ensiling any of them sole.
Influence of Mineral Supplementation on the Composition of Goat Milk.
Authors: Bawala T. O. , Taiwo A. A. , Isah O. A. , Akinsoyinu A. O. 
Published: February 2021

Eighteen monoparousLactating West Afriacan Dwarf (WAD) does, with average weight of 25 土 0.80kg were used in a 12-week feeding trial to examine the effects of dietry mineral supplementation (Dicalcium phosphate and MgSO4 .7H2O) on milk production and composition of Ca. P and Mg The docs were grouped into three of six animal replicate/group and randomly assigned to each of the three isonitrogenous (15% CP) and isoenergetic 9.81MJ/kg ME) Supplementary diets (A, B,, and C) respectively. The supplementary diet contained graded levels (0.5, 1, and 1.5% of Dicalcium phosphate and MgSO4.7H20 and fed with a basal diet of cyndom nlemfeuns grass in a completely randomized design. Results showed that treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI (g/dry/kgB )circulating levels (mg/100ml) of ca, P and Mg in milk and sera of WAD does were significant (P <0.05), Variations observed on milk wal said were not significant (P >0.05. Significant (p<0,05) dry matter intake (DMI) (g/day/kgBW) values of 155.55, 174.77 and 193.34 were obtained for does on diets A, B and C respectively; While corresponding significant (P < 0.01) mean milk value of 185.30, 301.20, and 340.05 g/day were obtained significantly different (P<0.05) wear values of Ca, P and Mg levels obtained milk of WAD does on diets A, B and C were: Ca. 121.0, 127.0 and 132.0; P. 84.5, 89.78 and 94.08; and Mg: 18.90, 41.87 and 47.61(mg/100ml); while corresponding values in serumn were Ca: 9.75, 10.0 and 10.13. P: 7.15, 7.57 7.79; and Mg: 3.20, 3.52 and' 4.54 (mg/100ml)respectively.Significant (P < 0.05) positive correlations (r- 0.99, 0.97 and 0.73) existed between and serum Ca, P and Mg contents respectively, suggested that blood is a Secondary source of milk mineral secretion in lactating animals. The general trend was that increasing dietary mineral supplementation resulted in concomitant Increase in dr matter consumption, milk yield and milk mineral (Cu, P. and Mg) contents with does and diet C recording In the best performance. Consequently, dietary Ca. P and Mg levels %DM) in supplementary lactation diet for indigenous WAD goats seemed to be best at 0.43, 0.35, and 0.17 respectively
Assessing calcium availability from limestone sources through bone and blood status of chickens
Authors: Tion M. A. , Njoku P. C 
Published: February 2021

Calcium (Cu) availability from limestone (procured from different cement factories) was assessed through bone and blood status of chickens using the completely randomized design. Five hundred and twenty five (525) straight run broiler chicks that were 28 days Of age (trial l), four hundred and twenty (420) broiler finishers that were 56 days of age (trial 2), and 210 layers that had been laying for six months (trial 3) were used in the study. Six limestone dietary treatments and a control accounted for the seven diets that were assessed Twelve birds per treatment and 4 per replicate that had their weights close to the mean of the pen were selected in the broiler trials (trials I and 2) and three birds per pen and nine per diet were selected in the layer trial (trial 3) for bone and blood samples analysis. Bone samples were analyzed for bone weight, bone length, ash weight, percentage ash, Ca and phosphorus contents of ash and blood samples were analyzed for plasma Ca and alkaline phosphates activity. Results showed similar influence of sources on bone weight, bone length, ash weight and percentage ash. Ca and P contents of ash were significantly (P<0.05) affected by limestone sources but generally. Limestone sources produced mean values that were equal to or than the control diet in the starter phase (trail 1). In the finisher phase (trial 2), only Ca content of ashy varied significantly where Jakura source produced the least mean value. The layer trial (trial 3) also produced mean values that were significant (P <0.05) for Ca content of ash with the Sokoto source producing the least mean value. Plasma Ca and alkaline phosphates enzyme activity attained published values for chickens. It was concluded based on the information from this study that the (h from tested limestone sources was generally available for chicken production.
Influence of feeding frequency on changes in body measurements and carcass characteristics of Red Sokoto Goats
Authors: Bawala T. O. , Akinsoyinu A. O. , Eniolorunda O. O. , Aina A. B. J. , Ogun M. O. 
Published: February 2021

Changes in body measurements and carcass characteristics were studied in Red Sokoto raised for 108days on three feeding regimes. Twenty one growing intact male goats with average weight of 8.70±0.23kg were randomly grouped into three, corresponding to the number offeeding (treatments) per day, viz, once OPD (08.00h), nwice TPD (08.00h and 13.00h) and thrice HPD (08.00, 13.00, 18.00) ina completely randomized design. Each goat was offered grass, Panicum maximum and concentrate (17% CP and 3.97 ME, Mcal/kgDM) supplement in separate containers at daily rates of 0.70 and 0.50 kg/head/day based on the number of Jeedings. Body weights and linear body measurements were taken weekly. Four representative goats were slaughtered at the close of the feeding periods to evaluate effect of level of feeding on carcass characteristics. Goats fed twice per day, TPD, had highest (P < 0.05) average weight gain (g/d) of 81.01, against 37.03 and 69.44 obtained for OPD and HPD fed goats. There were significantly differences (P < 0.05) in the changes in body weight, length, chest girth, and height at weithers values of goats as the trial progressed. Skeletal growth as represented by the height at withers HW was observed in all goals but more prominent and steady in OPD and TPD fed goats. Changes (cm) in HW of goats monitored in three stages of 36 days each of 108 day trial were: OPD goats; 3.50, 2.00, and 1.50; TPD goats,1.00, 5.00 and 0.05; HPD goats, 6.00, 3.00 and 0.20. Regression of body measurements on changes in body weight (P < 0.01) showed that chest girth was best in predicting changes in body weight on account of its highest correlation (r2 = 0.77). Similarly, TPD fed goats had highest (P<0.05) dressing % (58.30), carcass weight (7.90kg), carcass condition score (2.50) and offal composition. Corresponding values of 47.48 and 55.70 %, 5.00 and 7.00kg, and 1.00 and 1.90 were obtained for OPD and HPD fed goats respectinveb: Therefore. feeding goats twice per day improved production and could prevent waste of farmer's resources that is associated with higher mumber of feeding
The Effects of Replacing Groundnut Cake with Urea- Treated and Fermented Brewer’s Dried Grains on Nutrient’s Digestibility, Retention and Carcass Characteristics on Broiler Finishers
Authors: Isikwenu J. O. , Akpodiete O. J. , Omeje S. I. , Okagbare G. O. 
Published: February 2021

The effects of replacing groundnut cake(GNC) with urea-treated and fermented brewer's dried grains (BDG) in broiler finisher diets were investigated. urea-treated and fermented BDG was used to replace GDC at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels in broiler finisher diets. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric to provide 20% crude protein and 3000 kcal/kg metabolizable energy. One hundred and ninety five thirty day old broiler chicks of Anak breed (Anak 2000 strain) were randomly allocated to five equal dietart treatments of 13 chicks per replicate and 39 chicks per treatmentand fed ad libitum in rearing cages. At the end of the 8th week, 9 broilers per treatment (3 birds per replicate) were randomly selected from the five treatment groups for metabolic study. At 8 weeks, two birds per replicate were weighed and slaughtered for carcass measurement. Nutrient digestibililty and retention were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by urea-treated and fermented BDG incorporation in the diets. Nitrogen retention values of 63.80±0.32 and 62.15±0.39% for the control and 25% replacement for the levels of 50, 75 and 100%. Fat retention values of 97.71±0.39 and 92.49±0.66% for 75 and 100% replacement levels (P<0.05) were significantly higher than values of 53.37±2.72, 52.74±1.72, 42.54±2.37 and 42.75±2.67% for 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement levels. Carcass quality parameters and organ weights were not significantly (P>0.05) different in all treatment groups. Mortality level (5-7%) was normal and evenly spread across all treatment groups. Results indicate that ureat-treated and fermented BDG can completely replace GNC as a plant protein source in broiler finisher diets.
Effects of Chemical Treatments on Microflora Species on Eggshell and Hatchability of Broiler Eggs
Authors: Egbeyale L. T. , Abiola S. S. , Fanimo A. O. , Sogunle O. M. , Sowande O. S. , Oduguwa O. O. 
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to determine the effects of three disinfectants on the microbes and hatchabilty of broiler eggs. One hundred and ninety-two medium-sided hatchable broiler eggs were divided into four groups with three replications of sixteen eggs each. Each group of eggs was assigned to each of the following treatments; untreated, NaOCl, H2O2 and KMnO4:HCHO combination (1:2). The eggs were incubated for 21 days. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (225-390cfu/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (78-139cfu/ml), Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis (210-268cfu/ml), Salmonella spp (258-313cfu/ml) and fungi (63-101cfu/ml). Significant (P<0.05) variation was observed in the population of the micrfloral species on the egg shell. Escherichia coli were the pre-dominant bacteria recovered from all the samples before treatment. Effects of disinfectants on the microorganisms varied significantly (P<0.05) with KMnO4 + formaldehyde combination having the highest (57.36) effect on Salmonella spp. Similar effect of NaOCI and H2O2 was observed on S. aureus and proteus mirabilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and fungi. Eggs treated with KMnO4 + formaldehyde combination had the least significant (P<0.05) incubation weight losses value (14.63), while eggs treated with H2O2 had the highest value (17.00%). The results further showed that hatchability, chick hatchinh weight and early embryonic mortality were not significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments unlike the late embryonic mortality which was significant (P<0.05). Although, KMnO4 + formaldehyde combination is commonly used in the hatchery, in this experiment NaOCI and H2O2 compared favourably with formaldehyde as hatching disinfectants without adversely affecting hatching potentials.
Effect of â-mannanase supplementation and feed presentation on carcass characteristics and macro-mineral digestibility of growing rabbits fed palm kernel based diets
Authors: Abu O. A. , Tanimowo D. A. 
Published: February 2021

The influence of â -mannanase supplementation and feed presentation of palm kernel cake (PKC) based diets were assessed on grower rabbits. Twenty crossbred grower rabbits (757.5 ± 65g) of mixed sex aged between eight to ten weeks old were used during the trial in 2 X 2 factorial design conducted in a completely randomized experimental design giving four treatment interactions with five replicates of one rabbit per replicate. The treatments were; T1- diet in mash form without enzyme; T2- diet in pellet form without enzyme; T3- diet in mash form with â-mannanase (0.5g/kg) and T4- diet in pellet form with mannanase (0.5g/kg). The trial lasted for six weeks. The animals were weighed individually at the beginning of the study and weekly thereafter. At the end of the study period the feacal samples were collected and animals were slaughtered and measurements taken from the carcasses. The carcass yield showed no interaction, though full GIT weights (g) were significantly influenced (T1-23.04, T2-17.67, T3-19.99 and T4- 18.74. Enzyme inclusion and feed form elicited significant effects on carcass characteristics, with varying improvements observed. Enzyme inclusion on the mash diet gave lower organ weights compared to other diets. Feed form and enzyme inclusion influenced lengths of the segments of the GIT, with rabbit on Diet 3 having the longest length. Pelleting influenced ileum lengths positively. Rabbits fed pelleted or mash diets whether supplemented or non-supplemented with â-mannanase digested dry matter, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the same level. In conclusion, supplementation of diets with â-mannanase and pelleting of diets improved phosphorus digestibility in palm kernel cake based diets. In addition, rabbits feed mash and pelleted rations with addition of â-mannanase had improved loins as opposed to those fed mash and non-supplemented rabbits while other carcass and visceral organ characteristics were not significantly affected.
Biometric measurements of body and internal organ traits of indigenous chickens on free range in South-Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Okoro V. M. O. , Ejiogu G. E. , Okoli I. C. , Anyanwu, G. A. , Ezeokeke C. T. , Okoro C. L. 
Published: February 2021

A biometric study of the body conformation and internal organs of the indigenous chickens on free range in rural areas of Imo State in South-Eastern Nigeria was conducted using 5 Local Government Areas. It was observed that the predominant plumage colours were black (51.25%) and brown (36.25%) for the hens while the cocks were predominantly black (30.36%) and red (25.01%). The dressed colour of the birds was majorly yellow and white comprising of (70.68%) and (29.32%) for the hens and (77.75%) and (22.25%) for the cocks, respectively. Shank colour was black (95.4%) and white (4.65%) for the hens, while the cocks were (54.24%) black and (46.76%) white respectively. The mean shank length, neck length and back length of 6.725±0.09 cm, 11.11±0.20 cm and 17.77±0.29 cm were estimated for the hens, while the cocks had mean shank length, neck length and back length of 7.79±0.13 cm, 11.35±0.30 cm and 18.29±0.44 cm, respectively. The mean body weights of the hens and cocks were 868.48±21.18 g, and 1032±57.84 g, respectively with cocks being significantly (P<0.05) higher in body weight and back length than hens. The mean biometric and internal organ measures of chickens per Local Government Area (LGA) were also investigated with no significant (P>0.05) differences among chickens in the five LGAs except for weight of proventriculus and full intestine. Regression equations for the prediction of body weight using the biometric and internal organ measurements were obtained under two functional forms (linear and semi-log) which showed a weak coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 7.5 to 24.3% for biometric measurements, and a strong coefficient of determination (R2) ranging between 21.4 to 98.89% for internal organs. There was no significant correlation coefficient (r) between the biometric measurements taken, but strong and significant correlation (r) was shown between internal organs and body weight. Therefore, indigenous chickens of South-Eastern Nigeria exhibit wide variability among phenotypes in terms of physical appearance, biometric measurement and internal organ characteristics. More so, the internal organs can be predicted more effectively than biometric measurements by the body weight, using regression models of the two functional forms; and significant indirect selection can be made to improve internal organs like gizzard weight using the bodyweight, due to significant correlation coefficient established.
Prediction of grasscutters (Thryonomis swinderianus) body weight from linear body measurements
Authors: Henry A. J. , Ibe S. N. , Asuquo B. O. 
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between linear body measurements (LBMs) and body weights of grasscutters at 2, 4 and 6 weeks of age. Simple linear correlation procedure was used to establish the strength of linear relationships and associations between the different linear body measurements with body weight. These parameters were also subjected to step-wise regression analysis. The goodness of fit (R2) was tested to determine the contribution of each independent variable measured to the prediction of the dependent variable, the body weight of grasscutters at different ages of 2, 4,6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 weeks. One hundred and thirty-nine (139) juvenile grasscutters obtained from 24 parents comprising of 18 does and 6 bucks were used for the study. Experimental animals were raised under a mixed feeding regime throughout the experimental period of 20 weeks. The linear body measurements assessed are head length (HL), body length (BL), heart girth (HG), ear length (EL) and tail length (TL). Correlation coefficients (r) between body measurements and weights were generally positive and significant (p < 0.01) at 2 weeks, demonstrating strong relationships between variables. At 4 weeks, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.013 to 0.829 whereas at 6 weeks values ranged from -0.230 to 0.859. Coefficient of determination (R2) varied from 0.926 to 0.997, 0.965 to 0.989 and 0.930 to 0.991 at 2, 4 and 6 weeks, respectively The positive correlation coefficients observed for body length and heart girth shows that these parameters can be improved upon for grasscutters raised under intensive management. Results from this study further revealed that body weight of grasscutters can be estimated under field condition using the ear,head, body lengths and heart girth in the absence of a weighing balance.
Gene flow in three broiler chicken populations in Abeokuta using jackknife procedure
Authors: Olowofeso O. , Adeleke M. A. , Azeez M. A , Adesegun A. O. 
Published: February 2021

Jackknife procedure (JP) is a less biased and fascinating method of obtaining gene flow among populations. The purpose of this study was to use JP to eliminate bias associated with indirect estimators of gene flow. With microsatellite markers, it has been possible to estimate gene flow (Nmo ) in natural populations. To quantify Nmo in chicken populations, we used five polymorphic microsatellite markers with 115 genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) obtained from (dihybrid (DH = 37), trihybrid (TH = 32) and Anak White (AW = 46) broiler chicken populations, respectively. Through polymerase chain reaction, we amplified DNA from the broiler chicken populations, subjected amplicons to electrophoresis, fragment sizes determined and analysed across populations considering selected markers through which standardized genetic variance among sub-populations in total sample depicted as (F)ST was obtained per marker for chicken population pairs. Its average across markers/population pairs was used to infer Nmo in the chicken population pairs. We used JP which is a mathematical approach that utilizes mean FST across markers to obtain Nmo in the chicken population pairs. Gene flow based on JP in chicken population pairs designated as (Nm)JP were 5.4267 (DH vs. TH), 7.0127 (TH vs. AW) and 11.7405 (DH vs. AW) and among chicken populations, (Nm)JP was 7.1969. Considering these estimates, we concluded that there was JP gene flow among the three broiler chicken populations examined in Abeokuta, Nigeria.