bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
May Sinclair
Authors: Jones Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 extends the previous chapter’s inquiry into the relationship between realist aesthetics and figurative language as it might be oriented towards an unimaginable term—an unknowable, noumenal category—by considering its collision with what May Sinclair posits as its psychological equivalent, the unconscious. Sinclair combined a career as a novelist with philosophical research, mounting a vindication of neo-Hegelian idealist philosophy. For Sinclair, idealism’s impetus for thinking about immaterial and unseen realities led to the intangible and unseen realms of the mind, and a metaphysical absolute becomes the conduit for her early realist novels to begin to imagine a form for the uncertain boundaries and contours of consciousness. Both lack a verifiable content and are therefore apparently beyond the power of language to define or accommodate. This chapter suggests that the models of subjectivity presented in her fiction seek to integrate a revelatory encounter with an idealist absolute with the incontrovertible material evidence of alternative forms of consciousness being presented by the ‘new psychology’.
Dialectics, Irony, and The Well of the Saints
Authors: Hewitt Seán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Beginning with a reading of a short manuscript fragment, A Rabelaisian Rhapsody (1898–1900), this chapter shows that this short dramatic dialogue affords us a unique and overlooked insight into the structures and key concerns of Synge’s entire dramatic oeuvre. In doing so, the chapter excavates many new influences on Synge’s work through a close reading of new source materials by Jacob Boehme, Spinoza, Blavatsky, Nietzsche, Hegel, Rabelais, Paracelsus, and a number of esoteric figures, reinforcing the continued importance of mysticism to his dramatic development. In The Well of the Saints (1905), we find the final synthesis of the dialectical structure of ‘A Rabelaisian Rhapsody’, and the preparation for Synge’s overt sociological statements regarding modernization in Ireland in his articles ‘From the Congested Districts’, published later the same year. Synge established a spiritual basis for his aesthetic, countering asceticism with pantheism, restriction with Rabelaisian excess. The various iterations of this conflict can be traced over numerous dialogues, scenarios, and plays in his oeuvre, and this dialectical structure became subsumed into a larger literary vision of nonconformity and multidirectional irony. In turn, Synge’s spiritual and aesthetic opposition to ascetic or conforming figures began to influence his understanding of political and social change in contemporary Ireland. Finally, this chapter demonstrates that by reading The Well of the Saints as a play based in Ossianic dialogues, nineteenth-century Celticist readings of racial difference, and conflicting modes of production, we can begin to understand Synge’s drama as one urging consciously towards protest and designed political impact.
Romantic Capabilities
Authors: Goode Mike 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Romantic Capabilities argues that popular new media uses of literary texts often activate and make visible ways the texts were already about their relationship to medium. Devising and modelling a methodology that bridges historicist literary criticism and reception studies with media studies and formalism, it contends that how a literary text behaves when it encounters new media reveals capabilities in media that can transform how we understand the text’s significance for the original historical context in which it was created. Following an introductory chapter that explains and justifies its approach to the archive, the book analyses significant popular “media behaviors” exhibited by three major Romantic British literary corpuses: the viral circulation of William Blake’s pictures and proverbs across contemporary media, the gravitation of Victorian panorama painters and stereoscopic photographers to Walter Scott’s historical fictions, and the ongoing popular practice of writing fanfiction set in the worlds of Jane Austen’s novels and their imaginary country estates. Blake emerges from the study as an important theorist of how viral media can be used to undermine law, someone whose art deregulates through the medium of its audiences’ heterogeneous tastes and conflicting demands for wisdom. Scott’s novels are shown to have fostered a new experience of vision and understanding of frame that helped launch modern immersive media. Finally, Austenian realism is revealed as a mode of ecological design whose project fanfiction grasps and extends.
Is our health system ready for the future?
Authors: and Davies 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at how the National Health Service (NHS) and the UK health system as a whole are understood now, and some of the issues that must be addressed. It also explores how to envisage a future that, after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, looks very different to what might have been predicted six months ago. The NHS is a source of deep pride to British citizens because of its founding principles—universal access to healthcare for all, free at the point of use. However, things have changed since the NHS was founded in 1948. Ageing populations present with more and more complex chronic health conditions, but the health and care services have not kept pace and continue to use a single-illness model. This does not work well for patients and is expensive for the payer.
Does the healthcare system help or hinder our health?
Authors: and Davies 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the problems inherent in the healthcare system today, and explores what a health system that copes with illness and also helps us to live well for longer might look like. Whether the healthcare system helps or hinders our health may seem a silly question. After all, the NHS has been crucial in saving the lives of tens of thousands of people during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic; without it the death toll would have been many times higher. But is our healthcare system helping us to be and remain healthy in the long term? Despite the efforts of the health and care workforce, there were more than 60,000 excess deaths in England and Wales in the three months from March to May 2020. The NHS was not set up, nor was it resilient enough, to cope with normal care and COVID-19 together.
The promise of technology
Authors: and Davies 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how technology can contribute by helping the healthcare system to do more with less, empowering individuals with chronic conditions to live well for longer, and providing the tools to make populations healthier in the 21st century. Healthcare owes much of its success to technology, from penicillin, aspirin, and blood transfusions to transplantation, monoclonal antibodies, genomics, modern imaging, and surgery. Today, emerging and digital technologies—the fourth industrial revolution—have the potential to transform health and care services, making it better and easier for staff and patients, but unfortunately health and healthcare are yet to participate fully in the digital era. Public services as a whole lag way behind other sectors, let alone their users, the public. To drive change, both users of healthcare and those working in it must demand better and play their part in making it happen.
So whose health is it? Time to value total health
Authors: and Davies 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the key issues around total health and describes a multi-pronged approach that starts from a true understanding of the value of health to individuals and to society. We outline the entities and processes that could underpin a new total health system, one that could serve to take us into a happier and more prosperous future. Everything we value as humans depends on health. But as a society, we do not seem to place a value on health that is concomitant with what it means to us, as individuals and as part of a wider community. Our vulnerability to COVID-19 has taught us that health is our most untapped opportunity for prosperity and fairness in the 21st century. It has brought us together, and shown us the stark realities of living in an unequal society. Good health, total health, must be at the centre of our recovery.
Non-Identity Theodicy
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This book develops Non-Identity Theodicy as an original response to the problem of evil. It begins by recognizing that horrendous evils pose distinctive challenges for belief in God. To home in on these challenges, this book constructs an ethical framework for theodicy by sketching four cases of human action where horrendous evils are either caused, permitted, or risked, either for pure benefit (i.e. a benefit that does not avert a still greater harm) or for harm avoidance. This framework is then brought to bear on the project of theodicy. The initial conclusions drawn impugn the dominant structural approach of depicting God as causing or permitting horrors in individual lives for the sake of some merely pure benefit. This approach is insensitive to relevant asymmetries in the justificatory demands made by horrendous and non-horrendous evil and in the justificatory work done by averting harm and bestowing pure benefit. Next this book critiques Fall-based theodicies that depict God as permitting or risking horrors in order to avert greater harm. The second half of this book develops a theodicy that falls outside of the proposed taxonomy. Non-Identity Theodicy suggests that God allows evil because it is a necessary condition of creating individual people whom he desires to love. This approach to theodicy is unique because the justifying good recommended is neither harm-aversion nor pure benefit. It is not a good that betters the lives of individual human persons (for they would not exist otherwise), but it is the individual human persons themselves.
Introduction
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the problem of evil and then the more specific problem of horrendous evil (that is, the argument that the existence of horrendous evils makes the existence of God impossible or unlikely). First horrendous evil is defined as a technical term. Then, after proposing conditions for successful theodicy, prima facie reasons are given for why two of the most popular approaches to theodicy—a greater goods approach and a blame-shifting approach—are not successful where horrendous evils are concerned. The chapter ends by outlining the rest of the book.
High Fall Theodicy
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the theodicies identified in the previous chapter as structurally promising (i.e. as depicting God as ethically in the clear on the assumption that the explanatory story told by the theodicy is true). Because these fall-based theodicies conceive of humanity as having fallen at some point in history from a much more advanced state, they face a number of plausibility challenges rooted in modern science and theological tradition. Moreover and more decisively, these theodicies are implausible due to their overestimation of the extent to which finite human agents can bear primary responsibility for evils that are horrendous. The conclusion drawn is that the most influential contemporary theodicies fail either ethically or otherwise.
Conclusion
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter takes a step back to consider the place of Non-Identity Theodicy in the contemporary theodicy literature. It recaps the key areas of overemphasis and underemphasis in contemporary theodicies. These misemphases include a failure to adequately appreciate the distinctive challenges that horrendous evils pose for the moral justification of harm; an overemphasis on the moral distinction between causing and permitting (especially where God is the agent in question); an overestimation of the moral significance of caretaker rights to cause or permit harm; an overemphasis on the role of free will in theodicy (resulting in a tendency towards anthropocentrism); and a questionable focus on general goods which manifests itself in a prioritizing of worlds over human persons, generic human persons over individual human persons, and all-things-considered benefit over more specific interests such as the aversion of serious harm. It is argued that Non-Identity Theodicy corrects for these various misemphases by conceiving of God first and foremost not as a creator of goods but as a lover of persons. This chapter ends by discussing how Non-Identity Theodicy can be combined with other theodicies in the formulation of a cumulative case theodicy.
The European Union
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyses the development of the European Parliament (EP) since the European Coal and Steel Community (1952). Specifically, it includes the establishment of an international parliamentary institution (IPI) in 1952, the initial creation of legislative powers in the Single European Act (1986), the renegotiation of legislative powers ahead of the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and the extension and consolidation of legislative powers in the Treaty of Lisbon (2009). The EP is the earliest case of IPI establishment in the sample and the most successful case of IPI empowerment. Even though the effective conditions for IPI establishment and empowerment have varied over time, parliamentarization in the EU has generally resulted from strategic democratic legitimation in an IO characterized by a configuration of high and increasing authority, general purpose, and democratic membership.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the reasons why governments rejected a formal recognition of the ASEAN Interparliamentary Organization/Assembly for a long time, but finally established an official affiliation during the Charter-making process in 2008/10. Until today, ASEAN provides a comparatively unfavourable context for parliamentarization because the organization has little authority and the membership is largely non-democratic. Yet, when the Asian financial crisis hit the region in 1997/98, a demand for re-legitimation emerged, which was supplied as a result of the combination of a subsequent change in the purpose of the organization, which created affinities with other ‘parliamentarized’ organizations and diffusion from the European Union.
Comparative case study analysis
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the results of a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of the case studies on the establishment and empowerment of international parliamentary institutions by international organizations. The analysis looks for patterns in the necessary and sufficient conditions of international parliamentarization as well as for distinct and diverse configurations of conditions favouring, generating, and preventing international parliamentarization. The QCA suggests that there are two contexts of and pathways to IPI creation—one starting from general-purpose and high-authority international organizations (IOs), the other one driven by international diffusion of IO parliamentarization. At the same time, we find that the task-specificity of IOs is the major obstacle to IPI creation.
Introduction
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter shows that it was in the nineteenth century that cancer acquired the unique symbolic, emotional, and politicized status it maintains today. Not only did it maintain a not-insignificant incidence, cancer also played a culturally significant role in nineteenth-century life. Then, as now, observers tied cancer to environment, diet, and morality; and malignancy was a prominent feature of the social, political, and cultural landscape. This chapter introduces the two main interrelated concerns of the book: one, the lasting formation of cancer’s identity as an uncommonly incurable and therefore uncommonly dreadful disease; and two, how cancer was made into a malady of modern life, a pathology of progress, and a product of civilization.
Cancer Quackery
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter brings in patients and practitioners whose views on cancer diverged from those of the London and Edinburgh elites. Analysis of their perspectives demonstrates that the climate of pessimism surrounding cancer’s intractability was not hegemonic, and that various voices of dissent existed both within and without the ‘regular’ profession. This chapter reconsiders the medical marketplace and places the concept of incurability at the centre of patient choice and professional self-fashioning. The suffering that cancer patients were willing to undergo suggest that for many the diagnosis of an incurable disease and subsequent offers of palliative care alone were unsatisfying. Incurability made space for a crowded medical marketplace that catered for desperately ill people and provided treatments of last resort.
Conclusion
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes that cancer’s incurability was not just an obstacle to overthrow, but a galvanizing and intellectually provocative idea that shifted medicine, health care, and professional identity in profound and lasting ways. It enabled the construction of professional credentials and community values; turned hospitals into places for treating ‘terminal’ illness; made possible the invention of new forms and rationales of intervention; and brought into being certain modes of investigating the disease such as mapping, the microscope, and discourses of progress and decline. I also suggest that it is almost impossible to research and write a history of cancer without reflecting on its contemporary life. This chapter explores the relationship between cancer then and now and reappraises the twenty-first-century disease.
The Shape of Agency
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this book Shepherd offers a perspective on the shape of agency by offering interlinked explanations of the basic building blocks of agency, as well as its exemplary instances. In the book’s first part, he offers accounts of phenomena that have long troubled philosophers of action: control over behavior, non-deviant causation, and intentional action. These accounts build on earlier work in the causalist tradition and undermine the claims of many that causalism cannot offer a satisfying account of non-deviant causation, and therefore intentional action. In the book’s second part, he turns to modes of agentive excellence—ways that agents display quality of form. He offers a novel account of skill, including an account of the ways that agents display more or less skill. He discusses the role of knowledge in skill and concludes that while knowledge is often important, it is inessential. This leads to a discussion of knowledge of action—of the way that knowledge of action and knowledge of how to act informs action execution. Shepherd argues that knowledgeable action includes a unique epistemic underpinning. For in knowledgeable action, the agent has authoritative knowledge of what she is doing and how she is doing it when and because she is poised to control her action by way of practical reasoning.
Skill
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this chapter and chapter 8 we are concerned with modes of agentive excellence. These are ways that agents, qua agent, display excellence. This chapter develops a philosophical account of skill. This account offers clarity on the primary targets of skill. It argues that these are not necessarily particular actions, but often clusters of actions and behaviors—action domains. A part of this account is an explanation of the different ways skill varies—that is, of the different ways skill is gradable. After developing the account, this chapter brings it into contact with competitors that place greater emphasis on the role of knowledge in skill. This chapter argues that though knowledge is often important for skill, the account gets the basic contours of skill right in a way that knowledge-involving accounts do not.
Knowledgeable Action
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops an account of a different mode of agentive excellence. This one essentially involves knowledge of action and knowledge of how to act. Here we call it knowledgeable action. The aim of this chapter is two-fold. First, to explain the special epistemic features often thought to hold of knowledge of action. Second, to explain how this knowledge plays an important role in action execution. Along the way this chapter discusses various accounts of knowledge of action, which variously emphasize roles for intention, perception, and conscious awareness. Towards the end, the chapter compares and contrast the author’s account to nearby accounts that focus, not on knowledgeable action, but on knowledge how.
Conclusion
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes. Its aim is primarily summary and paraphrase, and placing the ideas developed in this book side by side. Cormac McCarthy is gratuitously quoted. And then the chapter brings reflection back to the metaphorical distinction between activity and passivity with which the book began. On the picture the book develops, agents become active by degree, in various ways. With the exercise of control, the passive becomes active, and plans give rise to intentional action. With the development of skill, capacities for planning and for exercising control and for executing intentional action begin to cover broad differences of circumstance. With the acquisition of knowledge, agents are able to impose their will on parts of the world that their practice may not have adequately prepared them for. In knowledgeable action, agents exert change in the world in part by figuring out the world they change.
The Democratic Design Framework: Motivations and the Dual Core
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter specifies the features at the heart of the new democratic design framework. Focusing on what motivates the framework, it details the notion of ‘democratic sensibility’ and other features of democracy’s normativity, and democracy’s minimum requirements (the ‘democratic minimum’). This is followed by specification of the critical idea of the ‘dual core’, consisting of (a) practices and (b) political principles. These two interacting elements together form the core of the democratic design framework as a whole. Central to the dynamics of the dual core is the enactment of principles through single or multiple institutionalized practices; the discussion treats this feature in some detail, along with the scope and justification of principles.
Conclusion
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Democratic change or reform is a complex and challenging task. The democratic design framework provides a flexible but clear guide to thinking through the complexities and challenges. The framework is a versatile tool that might be put to work for many different reasons: to aid critical thinking, challenge existing power structures, generate new ideas, facilitate rapid responses, promote critical action, or to make links between different branches of democratic thinking and practice.