bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) productivity in urban cemeteries in Wroclaw (SW Poland)
Authors: Rydzanicz Katarzyna , Czułowska Aleksandra , Dyczko Dagmara , Kiewra Dorota 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn many European countries, cemeteries are found to be suitable habitats for the proliferation of native and invasive mosquito species. The study aimed to assess for the first time in Poland the suitability of urban cemeteries for mosquito larvae development in water supply wells. From May to September 2019 in three urban cemeteries in Wroclaw (SW Poland), a total of 757 inspection of water supply wells were carried out. The mosquito larvae development, expressed as the general container index (GCI), differed between the examined areas and months of the study. The highest GCI value was calculated for Grabiszyński and Bujwida cemeteries (72.0 % and 59.3 % respectively). Larvae of three native mosquito species were identified in all inspected breeding places during the survey: Culex pipiens s.l. Linnaeus (95 %), Cx. torrentium Martini (4 %), Anopheles maculipennis s.l. Meigen (less than 1 %). No larvae of invasive Aedes mosquito species were found. In the inspected water supply wells larval productivity peaked in June, when the average temperature reached 22.7 °C. Due to the likelihood of the establishment and adaptation of invasive aedine mosquito species in Poland, constant analysis of the larvae composition in cemeteries should be continued.
Bibliotherapy for Sexual Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: van Lankveld Jacques J.D.M. , van de Wetering Fleur T. , Wylie Kevan , Scholten Rob J.P.M. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTAimThe objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of bibliotherapy for sexual dysfunctions, when compared with no treatment and compared with other interventions.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from 1970 to January 2020. Selection criteria were randomized controlled trials evaluating assisted or unassisted bibliotherapy for all types of sexual dysfunctions compared with no treatment (wait list or placebo) or with other psychological interventions. Bibliotherapy is defined as psychological treatment using printed instruction to be used by the individual or couple suffering from sexual dysfunction. Primary outcome measures were male and female sexual functioning level and continuation/remission of sexual dysfunction. Secondary outcomes were sexual satisfaction and dropout rate. Sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction were self-reported by participants using validated questionnaires.RESULTSFifteen randomized controlled trials with a total of 1,113 participants (781 women; 332 men) met inclusion criteria. Compared with no treatment, unassisted bibliotherapy resulted in larger proportions of female participants reporting remission of sexual dysfunction, and sexual satisfaction was higher in treated participants, both female and male participants. Compared with no treatment, assisted bibliotherapy had significant positive effects on female sexual functioning; no effects on male sexual functioning were found. Results of unassisted and assisted bibliotherapy did not differ from those of other intervention types on any outcome. Throughout, no differences between study conditions were found regarding dropout rates. The certainty of the evidence for all outcomes was rated as very low.CONCLUSIONWe found indications of positive effects of bibliotherapy for sexual dysfunctions. Across studies, more significant effects were found for women than for men. However, owing to limitations in the study designs and imprecision of the findings, we were unable to draw firm conclusions about the use of bibliotherapy for sexual dysfunction. More high quality and larger trials are needed. Relevant outcome measures for future studies should be defined as well as unified grading systems to measure these endpoints. In addition, future studies should report on treatment acceptability and adherence.
Square Pegs and Round Holes (Continued): Financial Market Surveillance Authorities and Internal Market Association
Authors: BAUR GEORGES S 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAfter the financial crisis of 2008, the European Union (‘EU’) not only increased its substantial legislation regarding financial services, but also built up a strong and unified system of financial market supervision. In particular, central surveillance authorities were created. These were given far-reaching competences with regard to substituting dysfunctional national authorities or players in the financial services sector. The three European Economic Area (‘EEA’) and European Free Trade Association (‘EFTA’) States—Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway—participate in the EU's internal market through their membership of the EEA. In order to continue participating on an equal footing in the internal market for financial services and to honour their duty to maintain homogeneity, the EEA EFTA States also had to incorporate the new institutional setup regarding financial services supervision. This obligation, however, in particular relating to certain intrusive powers of the new surveillance authorities, collided with some constitutional reservations, above all of the two Nordic EEA EFTA States. This article will show how these conflicting aims could be merged into a system that on the one hand guarantees the unified overall approach needed for strengthened surveillance of the internal market for financial services, and on the other hand safeguards certain constitutional reservations of the EEA EFTA States. It also looks at how third countries that do not (fully) participate in the internal market, such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland, are likely to be treated in this context by the EU.
Rival principals and shrewd agents: Military assistance and the diffusion of warfare
Authors: Neads Alex 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMilitary assistance is a perennial feature of international relations. Such programmes typically aim to improve the effectiveness of local partners, exporting the donor's way of war through the provision of training and equipment. By remaking indigenous armies in their own image, donors likewise hope to mitigate the profound agency costs associated with the transfer of military capability. But, while technical and organisational transformations can provide notable battlefield advantages, the philosophies underlying such innovations are not so easily propagated. Instead, new tactics, structures, and technologies typically intersect with pre-existing local schemata of war, producing novel if sometimes dysfunctional hybrid praxes. According to principal-agent theory, the application of greater conditionality in the provision of military assistance should improve the fidelity of military diffusion, aligning agents’ divergent interests with their principals’ goals. In practice, however, principal-agent exchanges rarely exist in isolation. Examining the modernisation of nineteenth-century Japan as a case study in military diffusion, this article argues that competition between rival patrons allows recipient states to play would-be principals off against each other, bypassing conditionality by replicating a marketplace for military assistance. In so doing, however, agents trade functionality for sovereignty in their military diffusion.
Imagining (in)security: NATO's collective self-defence and post-9/11 military policing in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Pomarède Julien 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHow do scenarios of dangerous futures imagined in the framework of the post-9/11 counterterrorism shape security institutions? Critical Security Studies (CSS)'s dominant answer is that state apparatus are significantly transformed by the use of new technologies of prediction that are very prolific in imagining potential risks. The present article questions this technologically determinist thesis. Introducing the notion of weak field in the study of pre-emption, it argues that the political sociology of transnational fields of power can help us in historicise and assess more precisely the impact of imagination over power and control in the pre-emptive era. The article analyses NATO's reaction to 9/11 as a case study. It shows how the fabrication of potential terrorist threats by NATO's practitioners, that served to justify the pre-emptive use of the collective self-defence clause of the Washington Treaty (Article 5), evolved into an ambiguous support for NATO's military policing of the Mediterranean basin and into its involvement in migration control.
An Identification-Based Method Improving the Transparency of a Robotic Upper Limb Exoskeleton
Authors: Verdel Dorian , Bastide Simon , Vignais Nicolas , Bruneau Olivier , Berret Bastien 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYOver the past decade, research on human–robot collaboration has grown exponentially, motivated by appealing applications to improve the daily life of patients/operators. A primary requirement in many applications is to implement highly “transparent” control laws to reduce the robot impact on human movement. This impact may be quantified through relevant motor control indices. In this paper, we show that control laws based on careful identification procedures improve transparency compared to classical closed-loop position control laws. A new performance index based on the ratio between electromyographic activity and limb acceleration is also introduced to assess the quality of human exoskeleton interaction.
Quantification of Nonlinear Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Zhang Yihuai , Bijeljic Branko , Gao Ying , Lin Qingyang , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe measure the pressure difference during two‐phase flow across a sandstone sample for a range of injection rates and fractional flows of water, the wetting phase, during an imbibition experiment. We quantify the onset of a transition from a linear relationship between flow rate and pressure gradient to a nonlinear power‐law dependence. We show that the transition from linear (Darcy) to nonlinear flow and the exponent in the power‐law is a function of fractional flow. We use energy balance to accurately predict the onset of intermittency for a range of fractional flows, fluid viscosities, and different rock types.
An Integrated Late Pleistocene to Holocene Tephrostratigraphic Framework for South‐East and East Asia
Authors: Sun Chunqing , Wang Luo , Plunkett Gill , Zhang Enlou , Liu Jiaqi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVolcanic ash has been widely used as unique independent marker horizons for dating and synchronizing paleoenvironments and archeological records. Here, we report a series of key widespread late Pleistocene to Holocene tephras horizons from a lake sequence in southern China that have significant potential for dating and synchronizing paleoenvironmental records from East Asia. Translatitudinal paleoclimatological, paleoenvironmental, and archeological correlations from the tropical Philippines, mainland China, and midlatitude Japan are achievable through these extensively distributed tephras, including synthetic studies of the Younger Dryas and mid‐Holocene climate events. Additionally, we establish refined ages for four pre‐1991 Pinatubo eruptions and date three late Pleistocene Luzon eruptions based on the lake sequence age model, which will facilitate future studies of tropical volcanic eruptions’ forcing of climate change. Our results highlight the volcanic hazards around densely populated East Asia, and bring solutions to resolving dating uncertainty in the synchronization of rapid climate events across the region.
Seismic Evidence of Bottom‐Up Crustal Control on Volcanism and Magma Storage Near Mount St. Helens
Authors: Kiser Eric , Levander Alan , Schmandt Brandon , Hansen Steven 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe lower crust has long been recognized as a place where significant chemical evolution of magma occurs. Understanding the conditions that lead to long‐term storage in or rapid transport through these lower crustal systems has remained a challenge. In this study, active‐source seismic data are processed to image prominent reflectors in the lower crust and upper mantle near Mount St. Helens. Results show strong and weak near‐Moho reflectivity located near previously inferred regions of magma storage and high‐density bodies underlying volcanic centers, respectively. To explain these observations, we hypothesize that magmas intersecting the high‐density lower crustal bodies experience enhanced vertical buoyancy forces/transport due to the increased density contrast between melt and host rock. The reduced reflectivity near high‐density bodies is therefore a result of both decreased impedance contrasts between crust and mantle host rocks and diminished lower crust magma accumulation, which ultimately causes focusing of volcanism above these features.
Geophysical Monitoring Shows that Spatial Heterogeneity in Thermohydrological Dynamics Reshapes a Transitional Permafrost System
Authors: Uhlemann S. , Dafflon B. , Peterson J. , Ulrich C. , Shirley I. , Michail S. , Hubbard S. S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClimate change is causing rapid changes of Arctic ecosystems. Yet, data needed to unravel complex subsurface processes are very rare. Using geophysical and in situ sensing, this study closes an observational gap associated with thermohydrological dynamics in discontinuous permafrost systems. It highlights the impact of vegetation and snow thickness distribution on subsurface thermohydrological properties and processes. Large snow accumulation near tall shrubs insulates the ground and allows for rapid and downward heat flow. Thinner snow pack above graminoid results in surficial freezing and prevents water from infiltrating into the subsurface. Analyzing short‐term disturbances, we found that lateral flow could be a driving factor in talik formation. Interannual measurements show that deep permafrost temperatures increased by about 0.2°C over 2 years. The results, which suggest that snow‐vegetation‐subsurface processes are tightly coupled, will be useful for improving predictions of Arctic feedback to climate change, including how subsurface thermohydrology influences CO2 and CH4 fluxes.
Paleomagnetic and Chronologic Data Bearing on the Permian/Triassic Boundary Position of Qamdo in the Eastern Qiantang Terrane: Implications for the Closure of the Paleo‐Tethys
Authors: Guan Chong , Yan Maodu , Zhang Weilin , Zhang Dawen , Fu Qiang , Yu Liang , Xu Wanlong , Zan Jinbo , Li Bingshuai , Zhang Tao , Shen Miaomiao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe tectonic evolution of the eastern Paleo‐Tethys in the Three‐Rivers headwater region remains uncertain, especially because of the lack of quality paleomagnetic data from the east Eastern Qiangtang Terrane (EQT). Here, we present an integrated paleomagnetic and zircon U‐Pb geochronologic study of the Gadikao Formation (Fm.) volcanic rocks in the EQT. This previously assumed Carboniferous or Permian rock unit is now zircon U‐Pb dated to ∼254–248 Ma. Our new high quality (29 sites and 257 samples) inferred primary paleomagnetic results yield a robust Permo‐Triassic boundary paleopole of 59.7°N and 228.2°E (A95 = 3.3°), with a paleolatitude of 10.0 ± 3.3°N for the study area. Integrated with other reliable Permo‐Triassic paleomagnetic data of the EQT and the Tarim Block and other lines of geologic evidence, we propose that the EQT drifted continuously northward during 300–200 Ma and the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean probably closed at ∼232–220 Ma around the Qamdo region, most likely at 230 Ma.
Fluid‐Earthquake and Earthquake‐Earthquake Interactions in Southern Kansas, USA
Authors: Verdecchia Alessandro , Cochran Elizabeth S. , Harrington Rebecca M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn increase in injection activity associated with energy production in southern Kansas starting in 2013 has been linked to the occurrence of more than 130,000 earthquakes (M −1.5 to 4.9) between 2014 and 2017. Studies suggest that the dramatic increase in seismicity rate is related to wastewater injection into the highly permeable Arbuckle formation. Most of the seismicity is located in the underlying crystalline basement, for which hydrological properties and specific fault geometries are unknown. Additionally, some earthquake clusters occurred relatively far (tens of kilometers) from the main injection wells. Therefore, the effect of pore pressure diffusion may be insufficient to explain the relation between the volume of injected fluids and the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity. Combining physical models (static stress and poroelasticity) and a statistical cluster analysis applied to a high‐resolution relocated catalog, we analyze the evolution of seismicity in southern Kansas. We find that pore pressure changes (Δp) and Coulomb stress changes (ΔCFS) due to fluid diffusion smaller than 0.1 MPa are enough to initiate seismic sequences, which then evolve depending on their distance from the major injection wells. However, we find that earthquake sequences have different seismogenic responses to Δpand ΔCFS in terms of triggering threshold. In regions located close to disposal wells (Harper area) our cluster analysis suggests that both earthquake interactions and fluid diffusion control the evolution of seismicity. On the other hand, at greater distances (Milan area), where clustering behavior suggests greater earthquake interactions, we find that coseismic ΔCFS are larger than Δp.
The California Undercurrent as a Source of Upwelled Waters in a Coastal Filament
Authors: Zaba Katherine D. , Franks Peter J. S. , Ohman Mark D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the California Current System, cross‐shore transport of upwelled, nutrient‐rich waters from the coastal margin to the open ocean can occur within intermittent, submesoscale‐to‐mesoscale features such as filaments. Time‐varying spatial gradients within filaments affect net cross‐shore fluxes of physical, biological, and chemical tracers but require high‐resolution measurements to accurately estimate. In June 2017, the California Current Ecosystem Long Term Ecological Research program process cruise (P1706) conducted repeat sections by an autonomous Spray glider and a towed SeaSoar to investigate the role of one such coastal upwelling feature, the Morro Bay filament, which was characterized by enhanced cross‐filament gradients (both physical and biological) and an along‐filament jet. Within the jet, speeds were up to 0.78 m/s and the offshore transport was 1.5 Sverdrups (3.8 Sverdrups) in the upper 100 m (500 m). A climatological data product from the sustained California Underwater Glider Network provided necessary information for water mass differentiation. The analysis revealed that the cold, salty side of the filament carried recently upwelled California Undercurrent water and corresponded to higher chlorophyll‐a fluorescence than the warm, fresh side, which carried California Current water. Thus, there was a convergence of heterogeneous water masses within the core of the filament’s offshore‐flowing jet. These water masses have different geographic origins and thermohaline characteristics, which has implications for filament‐related cross‐shore fluxes and submesoscale‐to‐mesoscale biological community structure gradients.
The Impact of Föhn Conditions Across the Antarctic Peninsula on Local Meteorology Based on AWS Measurements
Authors: Kirchgaessner Amélie , King John C. , Anderson Philip S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFöhn winds are warm, strong, downslope winds on the lee side of mountains, which can last from several hours to a few days. Recently Föhn conditions over the ice shelves on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) mountains have attracted particular interest in the polar science community. Here, on the Larsen ice shelves (LIS) they provide atmospheric conditions for significant warming over the ice shelf which are thought to have clearly contributed to the collapse of Larsen A and B ice shelves in 1995 and 2002, respectively. We examine the representation of Föhn conditions as observed by measurements at an Automatic Weather Station (AWS) located on Cole Peninsula (CP) on the east of the AP mountain range in 2011. We introduce criteria to identify Föhn conditions and analyze the meteorological conditions at the AWS location with regard to the influence of Föhn overall, and on a seasonal and monthly basis. We consult two cases to highlight the seasonally different effects Föhn can have. We also compare our findings with data obtained in other studies, e.g., an AWS in a comparable location at Flask Glacier (FG). Measurements obtained at a crest AWS on the Avery Plateau (AV), and the analysis of conditions upstream using the Froude number help to put observations at CP into a wider context. Most importantly our data show that Föhn conditions can raise the air temperature to above freezing, and thus trigger melt/sublimation even in winter.
Machine Learning the Warm Rain Process
Authors: Gettelman A. , Gagne D. J. , Chen C.‐C. , Christensen M. W. , Lebo Z. J. , Morrison H. , Gantos G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClouds are critical for weather and climate prediction. The multiple scales of cloud processes make simulation difficult. Often models and measurements are used to develop empirical relationships for large‐scale models to be computationally efficient. Machine learning provides another potential tool to improve our empirical parameterizations of clouds. To explore these opportunities, we replace the warm rain formation process in a General Circulation Model (GCM) with a detailed treatment from a bin microphysical model that causes a 400% slowdown in the GCM. We analyze the changes in climate that result from the use of the bin microphysical calculation and find improvements in the rain onset and frequency of light rain compared to high resolution process models and observations. We also find a resulting change in the cloud feedback response of the model to warming, which will significantly impact the climate sensitivity. We then replace the bin microphysical model with several neural networks designed to emulate the autoconversion and accretion rates produced by the bin microphysical model. The neural networks are organized into two stages: the first stage identifies where tendencies will be nonzero (and the sign of the tendency), and the second stage predicts the magnitude of the autoconversion and accretion rates. We describe the risks of overfitting, extrapolation, and linearization by using perfect model experiments with and without the emulator. We can recover the solutions with the emulators in almost all respects, and get simulations that perform as the detailed model, but with the computational cost of the control simulation.