bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illustrating potential effects of alternate control populations on real-world evidence-based statistical analyses
Authors: Huang Yidi , Yuan William , Kohane Isaac S , Beaulieu-Jones Brett K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
Case–control study designs are commonly used in retrospective analyses of real-world evidence (RWE). Due to the increasingly wide availability of RWE, it can be difficult to determine whether findings are robust or the result of testing multiple hypotheses.

Materials and Methods
We investigate the potential effects of modifying cohort definitions in a case–control association study between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We used a large (&gt;75 million individuals) de-identified administrative claims database to observe the effects of minor changes to the requirements of glucose and hemoglobin A1c tests in the control group.

Results
We found that small permutations to the criteria used to define the control population result in significant shifts in both the demographic structure of the identified cohort as well as the odds ratio of association. These differences remain present when testing against age- and sex-matched controls.

Discussion
Analyses of RWE need to be carefully designed to avoid issues of multiple testing. Minor changes to control cohorts can lead to significantly different results and have the potential to alter even prospective studies through selection bias.

Conclusion
We believe this work offers strong support for the need for robust guidelines, best practices, and regulations around the use of observational RWE for clinical or regulatory decision-making.
Prevalence of a Novel Bunyavirus in Tea Tussock Moth Euproctis pseudoconspersa (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Wang Xiaoqing , Gu Qiaoying , Zhang Wei , Jiang Hongyan , Chen Shichun , Smagghe Guy , Niu Jinzhi , Wang Jin-Jun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Euproctis pseudoconspersa is a major pest of tea plants, and also causes a skin rash on workers in tea plantations. Research on virus could provide fundamental insights for classification, genetic diversity, evolution, and host–virus interaction mechanisms. Here, we identified a novel RNA virus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa bunyavirus (Phenuiviridae), and found that it is widely distributed in field populations of E. pseudoconspersa. The replication of virus in E. pseudoconspersa was indicated by Tag-PCR. These results contribute to the classification of bunyaviruses and provide insight into the diversity of commensal E. pseudoconspersa bunyavirus and the host.
Toward identification of a putative candidate gene for nutrient mineral accumulation in wheat grains for human nutrition purposes
Authors: Alomari Dalia Z , Alqudah Ahmad M , Pillen Klaus , von Wirén Nicolaus , Röder Marion S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A multilocus genome-wide association study of a panel of 369 diverse wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes was carried out in order to examine the genetic basis of variations in nutrient mineral concentrations in the grains. The panel was grown under field conditions for three consecutive years and the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Mn, P, and S were determined. Wide ranges of natural variation were detected among the genotypes. Strong positive correlations were found among the minerals except for K, which showed negative correlation trends with the other minerals. Genetic association analysis detected 86 significant marker–trait associations (MTAs) underlying the natural variations in mineral concentrations in grains. The major MTA was detected on the long arm of chromosome 5A and showed a pleiotropic effect on Ca, K, Mg, Mn, and S. Further significant MTAs were distributed among the whole genome except for chromosomes 3D and 6D. We identified putative candidate genes that are potentially involved in metal uptake, transport, and assimilation, including TraesCS5A02G542600 on chromosome 5A, which was annotated as a Major Facilitator Superfamily transporter and acted on all the minerals except K. TraesCS5A02G542600 was highly expressed in seed coat, and to a lesser extent in the peduncle, awns, and lemma. Our results provide important insights into the genetic basis of enhancement of nutrient mineral concentrations that can help to inform future breeding studies in order to improve human nutrition.
Pax7 pioneer factor action requires both paired and homeo DNA binding domains
Authors: Pelletier Audrey , Mayran Alexandre , Gouhier Arthur , Omichinski James G , Balsalobre Aurelio , Drouin Jacques 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The pioneer transcription factor Pax7 contains two DNA binding domains (DBD), a paired and a homeo domain. Previous work on Pax7 and the related Pax3 showed that each DBD binds a cognate DNA sequence, thus defining two targets of binding and possibly modalities of action. Genomic targets of Pax7 pioneer action leading to chromatin opening are enriched for composite DNA target sites containing juxtaposed sites for both paired and homeo domains. The present work investigated the implication of the DBDs in pioneer action. We show that the composite sequence is a higher affinity binding site and that efficient binding to this site involves both DBDs of the same Pax7 molecule. This binding is not sensitive to cytosine methylation of the DNA sites consistent with pioneer action within nucleosomal heterochromatin. Introduction of single amino acid mutations in either paired or homeo domain that impair binding to cognate DNA sequences showed that both DBDs must be intact for pioneer action. In contrast, only the paired domain is required for low affinity binding of heterochromatin sites. Thus, Pax7 pioneer action on heterochromatin requires unique protein:DNA interactions that are more complex compared to its simpler DNA binding modalities at accessible enhancer target sites.
Neuroendovascular Management of Acute Ischemic Basilar Strokes: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Porto Guilherme B F , Sattur Mithun G , Al Kasab Sami , Spiotta Alejandro M ,   Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG), Arthur Adam , Bain Mark , Bendock Bernard , Jo Binning Mandy , Boulos Alan S , Crowley Webster , Fessler Richard , Grande Andrew , Guterman Lee , Hanel Ricardo , Hoit Daniel , Hopkins L Nelson , Howington Jay , James Robert , Jankowitz Brian , Kan Peter , Khalessi Alex A , Kim Louis , Langer David , Lanzino Giuseppe , Levitt Michael , Levy Elad I , Lopes Demetrius , Mack William , Mericle Robert , Mocco J , Ogilvy Chris , Pandey Aditya , Replogle Robert , Riina Howard , Ringer Andrew , Rodriguez Rafael , Saugaveau Eric , Schirmer Clemens , Siddiqui Adnan H , Spiotta Alex , Sultan Ali , Tawk Rabih , Thomas Ajith , Turner Raymond , Veznedaroglu Erol , Welch Babu , White Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Basilar artery occlusions (BAOs) are devastating ischemic strokes that account for 1% of all strokes with high morbidity and mortality; however, neuroendovascular techniques such as ADAPT have recently revolutionized the clinical outcomes of these patients.
1-3
Common underlying pathology in patients with BAO include intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) as well as thromboembolic origin.
4
Basilar artery ICAD in a setting of acute stroke portends a poor prognosis and post-thrombectomy residual critical flow limiting stenosis treatment options, including balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement.
5-7
We present a video illustration of neuroendovascular technique and challenges encountered when managing this pathology.
Image at 5:42 reprinted with permission from Alawieh et al, Lessons learned over more than 500 stroke thrombectomies using ADAPT with increasing aspiration catheter size, Neurosurgery, 86(1), 2020, pp. 61-70, with permission from the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.
1
The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome
Authors: Watts Edward J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome: The History of a Dangerous Idea traces the development and use of the rhetoric of Roman decline and renewal across 2200 years. Beginning in the Roman Republic at the turn of the second century BC and stretching to the uses of Roman decline in the present day, the book argues that the use of this common rhetoric frequently blamed people for sparking Roman decline. It also evolves over time. In the Republic, politicians like Cato pointed to decline in the present and promised future renewal. Augustus and other emperors beginning a new imperial dynasty often claimed to have sparked a renewal that corrected the decline caused by their predecessors. Early Christian emperors like Constantine and Theodosius I experimented with a rhetoric of progress in which they claimed that Rome’s embrace of Christianity meant it would become better than it ever had been before. The fifth-century loss of the West forced Christians like Augustine to disentangle Christian and Roman progress. It also enabled the Eastern emperor Justinian to justify invasions of Africa, Italy, and Spain as restorations of lost territories to Roman rule. Western emperors ranging from Charlemagne to Charles V used similar claims to support military action directed from the West against the East. Figures as diverse as Napoleon and Mussolini show that the allure of restoring Rome remained potent into the twentieth century, but the story of Rome’s decline and fall, popularized by eighteenth-century writers like Montesquieu and Gibbon, is now most frequently evoked as a warning about the consequence of social or political change.
The Republic of Violence and the Empire of Peace
Authors: Watts Edward J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Both conservatives in the senate and populist reformers learned how to use violence as a political tool in the years after Tiberius Gracchus’s murder. Populists allied with figures like Marius made increasingly effective use of mobs to sway elections. The senate used the senatus consultum ultimum to deprive citizens of their rights. Sulla’s use of his army to seize power over Rome and dictate the terms of his restoration of the Republic represented a natural evolution of this process. By the late 50s BC, it had again become clear that Republican political norms had deteriorated to such a degree that prominent citizens could not trust that their rights would be protected. In Cicero’s formulation, Rome had become a Republic of violence. This violent climate prompted Julius Caesar’s march on Rome, but it took Augustus’s victory in the civil war with Antony to fully restore peace and the rule of law.
Renewal without Decline: The Antonines and Severans
Authors: Watts Edward J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The political stability of the Antonine dynasty saw emperors and the authors describing their reigns both move away from claims that problems in the empire had been caused by imperial predecessors. What emerged instead under the emperor Hadrian was a focus on restorations of the empire without blaming previous emperors for causing Rome to decline, a way of describing change that Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius followed. The Severan dynasty did as well, especially after Septimius Severus manufactured connections to his Antonine imperial predecessors in order to create the illusion of political continuity. This illusion of prosperous continuity gives the misleading impression of a thriving empire. Instead, for much of the later second century, Romans suffered from maladies as diverse as barbarian invasions and the deadly Antonine Plague. As conditions deteriorated under Alexander Severus, however, authors like Cassius Dio and, later, Herodian again return to the old way of speaking about Roman decline.
Introduction: The Reformed Conformist Style of Piety
Authors: Hampton Stephen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This Introduction opens with an account of the consecration of Exeter College Chapel in 1624 and explains why the ceremony cannot accurately be described as either ‘Laudian’ or ‘Puritan,’ since it reflects theological emphases associated with both groups. It goes on to establish that the historiography of the Early Stuart period has generally acknowledged the presence of English clergy who were committed to both an orthodox Reformed understanding of grace and the established polity of the Church, although no dedicated analysis of their religious tradition has been undertaken before the present study. The ten significant Reformed Conformist theologians who will be the focus of the study are then introduced, and the personal links between them set out.
Responses to Montagu
Authors: Hampton Stephen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses the immediate responses to Montagu’s work undertaken by a number of Reformed Conformists. It exhibits the range of polemical approaches they used and establishes that Reformed Conformists were in the vanguard of the public opposition to Montagu. Featley’s Parallels illustrate how Reformed Conformists brought the teaching of the academy to bear within the public sphere. His Ancilla exhibits the use of devotional literature to advance their cause. Ward’s Gratia Discriminans sets out the Reformed Conformist case that their theology of grace did not undermine human free choice. Carleton’s Examination addressed Montagu’s suggestion that a Reformed view of grace was a manifestation of Puritanism and asserted its consonance with the Thirty-nine Articles. Hall’s unpublished Via Media, by contrast, advocated an irenic and moderate reading of English orthodoxy, but one in which there was still no room for any teaching that made salvation ultimately dependent on the human will.
Forgiveness, Self-Respect, and Humility
Authors: Holmgren Margaret R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that (at least) two important virtues—self-respect and humility—are exhibited by the victim of serious wrongdoing who adopts an attitude of unconditional genuine forgiveness toward her offender, and that each of these virtues plays a significant role in the process of forgiving. The chapter further argues that although these virtues may seem initially to pull in opposite directions, they are actually fully compatible with one another. Two specific forms of self-respect that are central to forgiveness are identified and discussed. The relationship between forgiveness and humility is then examined. Three previously recognized aspects of this relationship are found to be important but contingent. A fourth aspect of the relationship that is not contingent is then articulated and developed—an aspect that is grounded in a basic conflict between a judgmental orientation toward others and the virtue of humility.
Frailty and Forgiveness
Authors: Allais Lucy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
My aim in this chapter is to characterize the change of heart that plays a role in forgiveness—in giving up warranted blaming reactive attitudes. I present this in the context of developing a Kantian account of what forgiveness is and why we need it, drawing on his moral psychology to characterize the relevant change of heart. I appeal in particular to Kant’s account of human frailty and its relation to his account of human evil. I argue that it is frail and flawed agents who lack an entirely fixed and stable character for whom forgiveness is a live option and a need. For such agents, there may be space to interpret us in the light of better willing than our wrongdoing indicates.
Forgiveness and Consequences
Authors: Arneson Richard 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
When should you forgive a wrongdoer? This chapter develops an act-consequentialist approach to answering this question with a view to exhibiting its attractiveness. The act consequentialist holds that one ought always to do whatever would bring about the best reachable outcome, impartially assessed. So this approach conflicts with common beliefs. A second, independent aim of this chapter is to urge the usefulness of a spare idea of what forgiveness is. On the spare account, forgiveness is the extinguishing of certain negative reactive attitudes in a person toward another, these attitudes being directed at what is perceived to be that individual’s wrongdoing or at least subpar behavior that constitutes a wrong or offense either to the person harboring the attitudes or to others with whom that person specially identifies. Forgiving someone, then, may be something that happens to the forgiver, not something she does.
Veteran Hiring and Retention
Authors: Eiler Sherri , Nygren Ren , Olivarez Sandra , Profit Gary M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the experience and lessons learned regarding the veteran hiring initiative within Military Programs at Walmart. A proponent of veteran hiring for decades, Walmart formally launched the Veterans Welcome Home Commitment in 2013 and is currently the largest private sector employer of veterans and military spouses. While many companies understand the benefits of hiring veterans, a number of companies find that retaining veteran employees can be challenging. Using a four-step model, common-sense tactics utilized by Walmart are provided that can be used to help veterans successfully transition from their military careers to civilian organizations through understanding military and corporate culture and how veterans coming from the military’s culture fit in with an organization’s corporate culture. This chapter also describes how the lessons learned from Walmart’s veteran hiring efforts can be used by smaller companies that may be considering or are actively deploying veteran and military family member hiring initiatives.
Deflating Deflationism about Mental Representation
Authors: Hutto Daniel D. , Myin Erik 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The radically enactive, embodied view of cognition (REC) holds that cognition is not always and everywhere grounded in the manipulation of contentful representations. Arguments for REC have assumed that its opponents defend a substantive notion of representation—a notion that entails the existence of content-carrying mental states. This paper considers the prospects of representationalism of a different stripe—one that prefers deflated notions representation. For example, deflationists hold that talk of mental representations might just be a kind of convenient labeling that does not commit theorists to any substantive claims about the explanatory work done by psychosemantic properties. Taking the deflationary option thus undercuts the crucial motivation for positing mental representations in the first place. This chapter argues that, should the deflationist arguments prove warranted, they provide reason to hold that some forms of cognition are contentless, à la REC.
How Do We Take Real-World Action?
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes how games can support real-world action and change. How can knowledge be applied to the public sphere and serve communities? Why and how should games be used to enable ethics- and civics-in-action? What are the best practices and strategies for supporting connections among civics, ethics, and the real world using games? The chapter includes an overview of why it is necessary to engage in real-world action. It describes the benefits of applying learning to real-world contexts and processes, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to apply knowledge, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to take action and make change. It opens with the example EteRNA, and also shares five examples-in-action: Reliving the Revolution, 1979 Revolution: Black Friday, Community PlanIt, Bay Area Regional Planner, and Thunderbird Strike.
How Do We Cultivate Compassion and Respect for Others?
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 describes how games may help people to cultivate empathy, compassion, care, and respect for others. How do individuals learn how to treat people with dignity and humanity, and how might games support this? What are the best practices and strategies for supporting perspective-taking and bias reduction using games? The chapter includes an overview of why perspective-taking and compassion matter in civics and ethics, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to explore our perspectives and biases, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to practice skills related to empathy and compassion. It opens with the VR experiences Tree and 1000 Cut Journey, and also shares five examples-in-action: Mission US, Attentat 1942, The Migrant Trail, The Road Not Taken, and When Rivers Were Trails.
Life and Work
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to Kant’s life and his work. It situates Kant’s moral philosophy historically, explains his writing of The Doctrine of Virtue (DV) and its place in Kant’s overall moral philosophy. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book’s five parts. Part I is background comprising two chapters. Part II explains the material in Kant’s general introduction to The Metaphysics of Morals, of which DV is a part. Part III covers the dedicated introduction to DV, while parts IV and V cover the doctrine of elements of ethics and the doctrine of method that comprise his normative ethical theory.
Preliminary Concepts and Division for a Metaphysics of Morals
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explicates key ideas and concepts from Sections III and IV of the general introduction to Kant’s Metaphysics of Morals. Section 1 of the chapter explains the concepts of freedom, practical law, imperatives, obligation, and duty. Section 2 explains the distinctions between moral personality, humanity, and human being, while section 3 explains Kant’s view that there is a single fundamental moral principle that serves as a basis for deriving a complex system of duties. Section 4 explains the difference between the legality and morality of actions according to Kant’s technical understanding of these concepts. Section 5 explains the basis for a division between the doctrine of right and the doctrine of virtue. Finally, section 6 presents some of the basic elements of the doctrine of right, for purposes of contrast with the doctrine of virtue. The chapter concludes with reflections on Kant’s conception of duty and lawgiving.
The Doctrine of Virtue as a Doctrine of Ends
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter concerns the first three sections of Kant’s dedicated introduction to Part II of the Metaphysics of Morals—The Doctrine of Virtue. Section 1 of the chapter explains why, according to Kant, there must be a doctrine of virtue as a part of a more comprehensive doctrine of morals. Section 2 explains why ethics is both a doctrine of virtue and a doctrine of ends. Section 3 discusses the concept of an end that is also a duty and why such ends are fundamental in a doctrine of virtue. Section 4 considers Kant’s argument that there must be ends that are also duties, otherwise (so he argues) there can be no doctrine of morals. The chapter’s conclusion is summary.
Radical Evil and the Nature of Virtue
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter situates Kant’s conception of virtue against the thesis of radical evil, according to which although human beings have a predisposition to virtue, they nevertheless have a propensity to moral evil. Section 1 of the chapter explains Kant’s conception of the “original predisposition to good” as presented in the Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. Section 2 discusses the predispositions to moral feeling, conscience, love of humanity, and respect that Kant posits as presuppositions of being subject to moral requirements. The thesis of radical evil is explained in section 3. Kant’s concept of virtue is the topic of section 4, the propensities to evil (frailty, impurity, and depravity) are discussed in section 5, and in section 6 the task of acquiring virtue by overcoming affects and passions leading to moral evil is explained. The chapter ends with a brief comparison of Kant’s conception of virtue with Aristotle’s.