bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance the growth of the exotic speciesAmbrosia artemisiifolia
Authors: Kong Lingjie , Chen Xue , Yerger Ellen Heininger , Li Qiao , Chen Fengxin , Xu Haiyun , Zhang Fengjuan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase host plant nutrient uptake via their mycelium, thus promoting plant growth. AMF have always been associated with successful invasion of most exotic plant species. However, knowledge regarding how AMF affect the success of plant invasion remains limited. Exotic Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an invasive and mycorrhizal plant species. A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the differences in AMF diversity and composition in the roots of A. artemisiifolia and Setaria viridis subjected to interspecific competition during growth. A greenhouse experiment was also performed to test the effect of Funneliformis mosseae on the growth of these two species. Ambrosia artemisiifolia invasion caused AMF diversity to change in native S. viridis roots. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of F. mosseae was significantly higher in the roots of A. artemisiifolia than in those of S. viridis. The higher AMF colonization rate in the exotic species (A. artemisiifolia) than in the native species (S. viridis) was found in both the field and greenhouse experiments. The greenhouse experiment possibly provided that AMF advantaged to the growth of A. artemisiifolia, by influencing its photosynthetic capacity as well as its phosphorus and potassium absorption. These observations highlight the important relationship of AMF with the successful invasion of A. artemisiifolia.
Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian GSK-3β promote in vitro plant cell reprogramming and somatic embryogenesis in crop and forest species
Authors: Berenguer Eduardo , Carneros Elena , Pérez-Pérez Yolanda , Gil Carmen , Martínez Ana , Testillano Pilar S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Plant in vitro regeneration systems, such as somatic embryogenesis, are essential in breeding; they permit propagation of elite genotypes, production of doubled-haploids, and regeneration of whole plants from gene editing or transformation events. However, in many crop and forest species, somatic embryogenesis is highly inefficient. We report a new strategy to improve in vitro embryogenesis using synthetic small molecule inhibitors of mammalian glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), never used in plants. These inhibitors increased in vitro embryo production in three different systems and species, microspore embryogenesis of Brassica napus and Hordeum vulgare, and somatic embryogenesis of Quercus suber. TDZD-8, a representative compound of the molecules tested, inhibited GSK-3 activity in microspore cultures, and increased expression of embryogenesis genes FUS3, LEC2, and AGL15. Plant GSK-3 kinase BIN2 is a master regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signalling. During microspore embryogenesis, BR biosynthesis and signalling genes CPD, GSK-3-BIN2, BES1, and BZR1 were up-regulated and the BAS1 catabolic gene was repressed, indicating activation of the BR pathway. TDZD-8 increased expression of BR signalling elements, mimicking BR effects. The findings support that the small molecule inhibitors promoted somatic embryogenesis by activating the BR pathway, opening up the way for new strategies using GSK-3β inhibitors that could be extended to other species.
The B-type binaries characterization programme I. Orbital solutions for the 30 Doradus population
Authors: Villaseñor J I , Taylor W D , Evans C J , Ramírez-Agudelo O H , Sana H , Almeida L A , de Mink S E , Dufton P L , Langer N 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present results from the B-type binaries characterization (BBC) programme, a multi-epoch spectroscopic study of 88 early B-type binary candidates in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). From radial-velocity analysis of 29 observational epochs, we confirm the binary status of 64 of our targets, comprising 50 SB1 and 14 SB2 B-type binaries. A further 20 systems (classified as SB1*) show clear signs of periodicity but with more tentative periods. Orbital solutions are presented for these 84 systems, providing the largest homogeneous sample to date of the binary properties of early B-type stars. Our derived orbital-period distribution is generally similar to those for samples of more massive (O-type) binaries in both the LMC and the Galaxy. This similarity with the properties of the more massive O-type binaries is important as early B-type stars are expected to account for the majority of core-collapse supernovae. Differences in the period distributions of the different samples start to increase above 4 d, and are also present between the earliest (B0-0.7) and later-type (B1-2.5) systems within the BBC sample, although further study is required to understand if this is an observational bias or a real physical effect. We have examined the semi-amplitude velocities and orbital periods of our sample to identify potential candidates that could hide compact companions. Comparing with probability distributions of finding black hole companions to OB-type stars from a recent theoretical study, we have found 16 binaries in the higher probability region that warrant further study.
Jupiter’s X-ray aurora during UV dawn storms and injections as observed byXMM–Newton, Hubble, andHisaki
Authors: Wibisono A D , Branduardi-Raymont G , Dunn W R , Kimura T , Coates A J , Grodent D , Yao Z H , Kita H , Rodriguez P , Gladstone G R , Bonfond B , Haythornthwaite R P 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTWe present results from a multiwavelength observation of Jupiter’s northern aurorae, carried out simultaneously by XMM–Newton, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the Hisaki satellite in 2019 September. HST images captured dawn storms and injection events in the far-ultraviolet aurora several times during the observation period. Magnetic reconnection occurring in the middle magnetosphere caused by internal drivers is thought to start the production of those features. The field lines then dipolarize, which injects hot magnetospheric plasma from the reconnection site to enter the inner magnetosphere. Hisaki observed an impulsive brightening in the dawnside Io plasma torus (IPT) during the final appearance of the dawn storms and injection events, which is evidence that a large-scale plasma injection penetrated the central IPT between 6 and 9RJ (Jupiter radii). The extreme ultraviolet aurora brightened and XMM–Newton detected an increase in the hard X-ray aurora count rate, suggesting an increase in electron precipitation. The dawn storms and injections did not change the brightness of the soft X-ray aurora and they did not ‘switch-on’ its commonly observed quasi-periodic pulsations. Spectral analysis of the X-ray aurora suggests that the precipitating ions responsible for the soft X-ray aurora were iogenic and that a power-law continuum was needed to fit the hard X-ray part of the spectra. The spectra coincident with the dawn storms and injections required two power-law continua to get good fits.
The H i angular momentum–mass relation
Authors: Kurapati Sushma , Chengalur Jayaram N , Verheijen Marc A W 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the relationship between the H i specific angular momentum ($\rm j_{g}$) and the H i mass ($\rm M_{g}$) for a sample of galaxies with well-measured H i rotation curves. We find that the relation is well described by an unbroken power law $\rm j_{g}$ ∝ $\rm M_{g}$α over the entire mass range (107–1010.5 M⊙), with α = 0.89 ± 0.05 (scatter 0.18 dex). This is in reasonable agreement with models which assume that evolutionary processes maintain H i discs in a marginally stable state. The slope we observe is also significantly different from both the j ∝ M2/3 relation expected for dark matter haloes from tidal torquing models and the observed slope of the specific angular momentum–mass relation for the stellar component of disc galaxies. Our sample includes two H i-bearing ultra-diffuse galaxies, and we find that their angular momentum follows the same relation as other galaxies. The only discrepant galaxies in our sample are early-type galaxies with large rotating H i discs, which are found to have significantly higher angular momentum than expected from the power-law relation. The H i discs of all these early-type galaxies are misaligned or counter-rotating with respect to the stellar discs, consistent with the gas being recently accreted. We speculate that late-stage wet mergers, as well as cold flows play a dominant role in determining the kinematics of the baryonic component of galaxies as suggested by recent numerical simulations.
How does the shape of gamma-ray bursts’ pulses affect the duration distribution?
Authors: Tarnopolski Mariusz 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) come in two types, short and long. The distribution of logarithmic durations of long GRBs is asymmetric rather than Gaussian. Such an asymmetry, when modelled with a mixture of Gaussian distributions, requires an introduction of an additional component, often associated with another class of GRBs. However, when modelled with inherently asymmetric distributions, there is no need for such a component. The cosmological dilation was already ruled out as a source of the asymmetry, hence its origin resides in the progenitors. GRB light curves (LCs) are usually well described by a series of fast-rise-exponential-decay pulses. A statistical analysis of ensembles of simulated LCs shows that the asymmetry is a natural consequence of the pulse shape and the multi-pulse character of the LCs.
Interstellar objects outnumber Solar system objects in the Oort cloud
Authors: Siraj A , Loeb A 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Here, we show that the detection of Borisov implies that interstellar objects outnumber Solar system objects in the Oort cloud, whereas the reverse is true near the Sun due to the stronger gravitational focusing of bound objects. This hypothesis can be tested with stellar occultation surveys of the Oort cloud. Furthermore, we demonstrate that $\sim 1 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of carbon and oxygen in the Milky Way Galaxy may be locked in interstellar objects, implying a heavy element budget for interstellar objects comparable to the heavy element budget of the minimum mass Solar nebula model. There is still considerable uncertainty regarding the size distribution of the interstellar objects.
Evolutionary Sparse Learning for Phylogenomics
Authors: Kumar Sudhir , Sharma Sudip 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe introduce a supervised machine learning approach with sparsity constraints for phylogenomics, referred to as evolutionary sparse learning (ESL). ESL builds models with genomic loci—such as genes, proteins, genomic segments, and positions—as parameters. Using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator, ESL selects only the most important genomic loci to explain a given phylogenetic hypothesis or presence/absence of a trait. ESL models do not directly involve conventional parameters such as rates of substitutions between nucleotides, rate variation among positions, and phylogeny branch lengths. Instead, ESL directly employs the concordance of variation across sequences in an alignment with the evolutionary hypothesis of interest. ESL provides a natural way to combine different molecular and nonmolecular data types and incorporate biological and functional annotations of genomic loci in model building. We propose positional, gene, function, and hypothesis sparsity scores, illustrate their use through an example, and suggest several applications of ESL. The ESL framework has the potential to drive the development of a new class of computational methods that will complement traditional approaches in evolutionary genomics, particularly for identifying influential loci and sequences given a phylogeny and building models to test hypotheses. ESL’s fast computational times and small memory footprint will also help democratize big data analytics and improve scientific rigor in phylogenomics.
Formation of artificial chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans and analyses of their segregation in mitosis, DNA sequence composition and holocentromere organization
Authors: Lin Zhongyang , Xie Yichun , Nong Wenyan , Ren Xiaoliang , Li Runsheng , Zhao Zhongying , Hui Jerome Ho Lam , Yuen Karen Wing Yee 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To investigate how exogenous DNA concatemerizes to form episomal artificial chromosomes (ACs), acquire equal segregation ability and maintain stable holocentromeres, we injected DNA sequences with different features, including sequences that are repetitive or complex, and sequences with different AT-contents, into the gonad of Caenorhabditis elegans to form ACs in embryos, and monitored AC mitotic segregation. We demonstrated that AT-poor sequences (26% AT-content) delayed the acquisition of segregation competency of newly formed ACs. We also co-injected fragmented Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic DNA, differentially expressed fluorescent markers and ubiquitously expressed selectable marker to construct a less repetitive, more complex AC. We sequenced the whole genome of a strain which propagates this AC through multiple generations, and de novo assembled the AC sequences. We discovered CENP-AHCP-3 domains/peaks are distributed along the AC, as in endogenous chromosomes, suggesting a holocentric architecture. We found that CENP-AHCP-3 binds to the unexpressed marker genes and many fragmented yeast sequences, but is excluded in the yeast extremely high-AT-content centromeric and mitochondrial DNA (&gt; 83% AT-content) on the AC. We identified A-rich motifs in CENP-AHCP-3 domains/peaks on the AC and on endogenous chromosomes, which have some similarity with each other and similarity to some non-germline transcription factor binding sites.
Computational resources to define alleles and altered regulatory motifs at genomically edited candidate response elements
Authors: Ehmsen Kirk T , Knuesel Matthew T , Martinez Delsy , Asahina Masako , Aridomi Haruna , Yamamoto Keith R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Unequivocal functional assessment of candidate genomic regulatory regions, such as transcriptional response elements, requires genetic alteration at their native chromosomal loci. Targeted DNA cleavage by Cas9 or other programmable nucleases enables analysis at virtually any genomic region, and diverse alleles generated by editing can be defined by deep sequencing for functional analysis. Interpretation of disrupted response elements, however, presents a special challenge, as these regions typically comprise clustered DNA binding motifs for multiple transcriptional regulatory factors (TFs); DNA sequence differences, natural or engineered, that affect binding by one TF can confer loss or gain of binding sites for other TFs. To address these and other analytical complexities, we created three computational tools that together integrate, in a single experiment, allele definition and TF binding motif evaluation for up to 9216 clones isolated, sequenced and propagated from Cas9-treated cell populations. We demonstrate 1) the capacity to functionally assess edited TF binding sites to query response element function, and 2) the efficacy and utility of these tools, by analyzing cell populations targeted by Cas9 for disruption of example glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding motifs near FKBP5, a GR-regulated gene in the human adenocarcinoma cell line A549.
Mapping health-related quality of life after kidney transplantation by group comparisons: a systematic review
Authors: Wang Yiman , Hemmelder Marc H , Bos Willem Jan W , Snoep Jaapjan D , de Vries Aiko P J , Dekker Friedo W , Meuleman Yvette 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is becoming an increasingly important outcome in kidney transplantation (KT). To describe HRQOL in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), this systematic review summarizes literature that compared HRQOL among KTRs and other relevant populations [i.e. patients receiving dialysis, patients on the waiting list (WL) for KT, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT), the general population (GP) and healthy controls (HCs)] and themselves before KT.

Methods
The literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies published between January 2000 and October 2020 were included.

Results
Forty-four studies comprising 6929 KTRs were included in this systematic review. Despite the study heterogeneity, KTRs reported a higher HRQOL after KT compared with pre-transplantation and compared with patients receiving dialysis with or without being on the WL, especially in disease-specific domains (i.e. burden and effects of kidney disease). Additionally, KTRs had similar to marginally higher HRQOL compared with patients with CKD Stages 3–5 not receiving RRT. When compared with HCs or the GP, KTRs reported similar HRQOL in the first 1 or 2 years after KT and lower physical HRQOL and lower to comparable mental HRQOL in studies with longer post-transplant time.

Conclusions
The available evidence suggests that HRQOL improves after KT and can be restored to but not always maintained at pre-CKD HRQOL levels. Future studies investigating intervention targets to improve or maintain post-transplant HRQOL are needed.
Body size is associated with yearling breeding and extra-pair mating in the Island Scrub-Jay
Authors: Desrosiers Michelle A , Langin Kathryn M , Funk W Chris , Sillett T Scott , Morrison Scott A , Ghalambor Cameron K , Angeloni Lisa M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Large body size is an important determinant of individual fitness in many animal species, especially in island systems where habitat saturation may result in strong intraspecific competition for mates and breeding territories. Here we show that large body size is associated with benefits to yearling breeding and extra-pair mating in the Island Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma insularis), endemic to Santa Cruz Island, California. This species is ~20% larger than its mainland congener, consistent with the island syndrome, indicating that body size may be a trait under selection. From 2009 to 2013, we quantified the reproductive success of a marked population of Island Scrub-Jays, tracked which yearlings acquired a breeding territory and bred, and measured the occurrence of extra-pair paternity. Two potential contributors to fitness were positively related to body size. Larger yearling males were more likely to breed, possibly due to greater behavioral dominance during aggressive encounters. Larger males were also less likely to lose paternity to extra-pair males and, anecdotally, extra-pair males were larger than the social male cuckolded. This study provides evidence that larger males may have a fitness advantage over smaller males by breeding earlier and avoiding paternity loss, but estimates of lifetime reproductive success are ultimately needed for Island Scrub-Jays and other long-lived species.
Efficacy and safety of strong opioids for chronic noncancer pain and chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Nury Edris , Schmucker Christine , Nagavci Blin , Motschall Edith , Nitschke Kai , Schulte Erika , Wegwarth Odette , Meerpohl Joerg J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In recent years, long-term prescribing and use of strong opioids for chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) has increased in high-income countries. Yet existing uncertainties, controversies, and differing recommendations make the rationale for prolonged opioid use in CNCP unclear. This systematic review and meta-analyses compared the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of strong opioids with placebo or nonopioid therapy in CNCP, with a special focus on chronic low back pain (CLBP). Systematic literature searches were performed in 4 electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL) in July 2019 and updated by regular alerts until December 2020. We included 16 placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials for CLBP and 5 studies (2 randomized controlled trials and 3 nonrandomized studies) of opioids vs nonopioids for CNCP in the quantitative and qualitative synthesis. Random effects pairwise meta-analyses were performed for efficacy, safety, and tolerability outcomes and subgroup analyses for treatment duration, study design, and opioid experience status. Very low to low certainty findings suggest that 4 to 15 weeks (short or intermediate term) opioid therapy in CLBP (compared with placebo) may cause clinically relevant reductions in pain but also more gastrointestinal and nervous system adverse events, with likely no effect on disability. By contrast, long-term opioid therapy (≥6 months) in CNCP may not be superior to nonopioids in improving pain or disability or pain-related function but seems to be associated with more adverse events, opioid abuse or dependence, and possibly an increase in all-cause mortality. Our findings also underline the importance and need for well-designed trials assessing long-term efficacy and safety of opioids for CNCP and CLBP.
Evidence from imaging resilience genetics for a protective mechanism against schizophrenia in the ventral visual pathway
Authors: Hettwer Meike D. , Lancaster Thomas M. , Raspor Eva , Hahn Peter K. , Mota Nina Roth , Singer Wolf , Reif Andreas , Linden David E.J. , Bittner Robert A. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionIlluminating neurobiological mechanisms underlying the protective effect of recently discovered common genetic resilience variants for schizophrenia is crucial for more effective prevention efforts. Current models implicate adaptive neuroplastic changes in the visual system and their pro-cognitive effects as a schizophrenia resilience mechanism. We investigated whether common genetic resilience variants might affect brain structure in similar neural circuits.MethodUsing structural magnetic resonance imaging, we measured the impact of an established schizophrenia polygenic resilience score (PRSResilience) on cortical volume, thickness, and surface area in 101 healthy subjects and in a replication sample of 33,224 healthy subjects (UK Biobank).FindingWe observed a significant positive whole-brain correlation between PRSResilienceand cortical volume in the right fusiform gyrus (FFG) (r=0.35; p=.0004). Post-hoc analyses in this cluster revealed an impact of PRSResilienceon cortical surface area. The replication sample showed a positive correlation between PRSResilienceand global cortical volume and surface area in the left FFG.ConclusionOur findings represent the first evidence of a neurobiological correlate of a genetic resilience factor for schizophrenia. They support the view that schizophrenia resilience emerges from strengthening neural circuits in the ventral visual pathway and an increased capacity for the disambiguation of social and non-social visual information. This may aid psychosocial functioning, ameliorate the detrimental effects of subtle perceptual and cognitive disturbances in at-risk individuals, and facilitate coping with the cognitive and psychosocial consequences of stressors. Our results thus provide a novel link between visual cognition, the vulnerability-stress concept and schizophrenia resilience models.