bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global long-term mapping of surface temperature shows intensified intra-city urban heat island extremes
Authors: Mentaschi Lorenzo , Duveiller Gregory , Zulian Grazia , Corbane Christina , Pesaresi Martino , Maes Joachim , Stocchino Alessandro , Feyen Luc 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Surface temperatures are generally higher in cities than in rural surroundings. This phenomenon, known as surface urban heat island (SUHI), increases the risk of heat-related human illnesses and mortality. Past global studies analysed this phenomenon aggregated at city scale or over seasonal and annual time periods, while human impacts strongly depend on shorter term heat stress experienced locally. Here we develop a global long-term high-resolution dataset of daytime SUHI as urban-rural surface temperature differences. Our results show that across urban areas worldwide over the period 2003-2020, 3-day SUHI extremes are on average more than twice as high as the warm-season median SUHI, with local exceedances up to 10 K. Over this period, SUHI extremes have increased more rapidly than warm-season medians, and averaged worldwide are now 1.04 K or 31% higher compared to 2003. This can be linked with increasing urbanisation, more frequent heatwaves, and greening of the earth, processes that are all expected to continue in the coming decades. Within many cities there are hotspots where extreme SUHI intensity is 10 to 15 K higher compared to relatively cooler city parts. Given the limited human adaptability to heat stress, our results advocate for mitigation strategies targeted at reducing SUHI extremes in the most vulnerable and exposed city neighbourhoods.
A Cost Effective Approach for Subsonic Aeroelastic Stability Analysis of Turbomachinery 3D Blade Cascade. A Reduced Order Aeroelastic Model Numerical Approach
Authors: Prasad Chandra Shekhar , Kolman Radek , Pesek Ludek 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper a cost effective numerical model for subsonic classical flutter analysis for turbomachinery is presented. The model is based on reduced order aeroelastic modeling (ROAM) approach. The prime objective of the ROAM is to significantly reduce the computational time for flutter analysis of low pressure (LP) stage blades of power turbines at preliminary design stage. A mesh free incompressible fluid solver based on boundary element method(BEM) e.g. 3D panel method is developed. The proposed ROAM is employed to perform subsonic aeroelastic stability analysis in 3D blade cascades. The ROAM simulated results are compared against experimental and high fidelity CFD-CSD model's results. The ROAM estimated results show good agreement with experimental results and prove to be much faster in execution compared to CFD-CSD model. Therefore, this gives designers and engineers a freedom to analyze multiple design iteration in very short time on normal workstation. Thus, the ROAM has immense potential for industrial use as a cost effective and faster numerical tool for design and analysis of more efficient and safer power turbines to meet the future demand of electric energy cheaply, quickly and efficiently.
Impact of Cultural Practices During Labor and Delivery on Maternal and Child Health Service Utilization and Associated Factors in Awi, East and West Gojjam Zones, Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia: Community Based Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Melesse MFM Misganaw Fikrie , Bitew YBB Yibelu Bazezew , Dessie KND Kumneger Nigussie , Wondim DBW Demeke Binalf , Bereka TMB Tefera Marie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Cultural practices are traditional and customary practices of a particular ethnic or any other social group. The time of labor and delivery is a period at which such practices and beliefs present in every society in the world with a varied degree in type, depth, and dependency. Thus, this research was aimed to assess the impact of cultural practices during labor and delivery on maternal and child health service utilization and associated factors in Awi, West, and East Gojjam Zones North West Ethiopia.Method: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted on women of the reproductive age group who have at least one pregnancy history in Awi, West, and East Gojjam Zones from January 1 to May 30, 2020. The multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select 845 study participants. Data was collected through a pre-tested and structured interview questionnaire, entered and cleaned using EPI info version 7.2, and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was employed to assess the association of the variables and a P-value less than 0.05 was declared as statistically significant.Result: The study revealed that the magnitude of home delivery due to the impact of cultural practices was 31.2% with 95% CI: 28.3 to 34.4. Educational status (AOR=5.2, 95% CI: 1.8, 14.7), parity (AOR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.3, 5.4), cultural practice experienced during labor and delivery (AOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.4), history of abortion (AOR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.1) and antenatal care follow up (AOR=33.8, 95% CI: 20.5, 55.7) had statistically significant association with impact of cultural practices on health service utilization during labor and delivery. Conclusion: This study showed that the impact of cultural practices on health service utilization during childbirth was high in Awi, West, and East Gojjam Zones. Working on antenatal care follow up and women education in a culturally acceptable manner may reduce the impact of cultural practices on health service utilization during labor and delivery
Mobilising Private Adaptation Finance: Lessons Learned From the Green Climate Fund
Authors: Stoll P. P. , Pauw W. P. , Tohme Farah , Grüning C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The mobilisation of private sector engagement is considered to be critical to address the adaptation challenge, but literature demonstrates that it has proven difficult. In the context of international climate finance, the focus has been on mobilising private finance for adaptation, and in addressing barriers that prevent investments from materialising. In contrast, this article identifies options to engage the private sector in adaptation beyond finance and focuses on market imperfections instead of barriers. This moves the focus away from simply mobilising more private adaptation finance towards identifying market forces that innovate, engage and direct investments towards adaptation. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) and its portfolio of 67 adaptation projects serve as a case study. We demonstrate that 79 per cent of the GCF projects engage the private sector in ways that go beyond co-finance or project development, thus indicating the important broader role of the private sector in adaptation. Furthermore, our ordinal regression demonstrates that addressing the market imperfections of positive externalities, imperfect capital markets, and incomplete and/or asymmetric information all have a significant positive effect on private sector engagement in the GCF’s adaptation portfolio. Both findings indicate that there is a big potential for the GCF - and other climate finance providers - to increase private sector engagement in adaptation. However, the mobilisation of private sector engagement in adaptation is a means to this end, not an end in itself. The main aim should be to adapt society as a whole in an efficient manner, including the most vulnerable people.
A Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Tumor Dormancy: Doxorubicin Retention and Degradation Defines Resumed Growth in Vivo
Authors: Zaleskis Gintaras , Garberytė Sima , Pavliukevičienė Božena , Characiejus Dainius , Žilionytė Karolina , Kraśko Jan Aleksander , Karabanovas Vitalijus , Matuseviciene Nijole , Kucinskaite Vakare Barbora , Pasukoniene Vita 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background. Cancer recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy with long periods of remission is common. After cessation of the therapy, the dormant cells may repopulate, but the signals that control the tumor to exit dormancy are not completely understood. We hypothesized that tissue bound cytotoxic drug indwelling in a body for years might somehow contribute to dormancy or recurrence of a tumor. The purpose of this study was to design a model demonstrating that viable cells implanted in mice can repopulate or be suppressed, depending on the cytotoxic preload conditions.Methods. A two-step dormancy/recurrence (TSDR) murine model was designed, which mimics the extrusion of taken up drug from tumor cells. The viable cells preloaded with drug were implanted into mice. The survival rates of these mice were then used as criteria to demonstrate the relationship between resumed growth and drug cellular efflux/viability. The drug internalization patterns following their exposure to doxorubicin (dox) or degraded dox (dox-dgr) were investigated by exploring flow cytometry, spectral analysis, high performance liquid chromatography and confocal microscopy. Antiproliferative and myelotoxic capacity was evaluated by hematological nadir induced by the iv injected drug. Results. The viable SL2 lymphoma cells exposed to 10 µg/ml of dox for 30 min and injected into syngeneic DBA/2 mice were made unable to recure. Exposure of cells to lower dox concentrations (0.01 – 1.0 µg/ml) resulted in tumor recurrence, similar to that which was observed during implantation of an untreated tumor. Dox-dgr kept at 37 °C for 365 days lost its tumoricidal and antiproliferative capacity and displayed a loss of selectivity of nuclear fluorescence.Conclusions. Our TSDR model is a rapid convenient tool to study in vivo behavior of cells preloaded with cytotoxic drug. This approach focuses on mechanisms of tumor cells exiting dormancy, in relation to cytotoxic drug efflux. Multiple modifications of our TSDR model are possible, including nude mice models. As an example, we used one-year body temperature exposed dox to demonstrate its inability to retain sufficient cytotoxic capacity.
Diabetic Nephropathy Progression in type 1 Diabetes: Temporal Renal Angiopoietin-Like Protein 2-Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Role of Early Renal Angiotensin II Inhibition by Valsartan
Authors: Tawfik Mona K. , keshawy mohammed , Makary Samy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is associated temporal changes in renal angiotensin II (ANG II) release and multiple mediators leading to DN. These changes were evaluated using early ANG II blocker valsartan as a DN renoprotective drug. Adult male Wister rats were divided into (i) vehicle group; (ii) valsartan received oral 30 mg/Kg/day; (iii) diabetic received single 50 mg/Kg intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection; (iv) renoprotection, valsartan treated-diabetic rats after 7 days from DM. Other group of diabetic animals assigned to receive late valsartan intervention from week 9 to 12 of DM. The renoprotective effect evaluated at 4th, 8th, 12th weeks. DN effects on urine albumin excretion, blood pressure and renal ANG II were measured. Urinary nephrin and kidney injury molecule-1 biomarkers, renal ANGPTL2, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4) mRNA expression were tested. DN-initiated fibrotic markers integrin, α-smooth muscle expression and collagen IV and apoptotic protein caspase 3 were tested. DM induced changes starting from the 4th week. At 12th week, early valsartan intervention showed a significant reduction in ANG II, ANGPTL2 and TLR 4 expression and improvement in albuminuria, blood pressure, urinary biomarkers, fibrotic and apoptotic markers, more than the late intervention. Early inhibition of ANG II in diabetes is associated with decrease in ANGPTL2 and TLR 4 proteins and fibrotic changes. This observation helps in understanding DN pathophysiology and its therapeutic approaches.
Human Umbilical Cord-Blood Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Can Improve the Clinical Outcome and Joint Space Width after High Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: Suh Dong Won , Han Seung Beom , Yeo Woo Jin , Cheong Kuhoang , So Sang-Yeon , Kyung Bong Soo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We compared the clinical and radiologic results of human umbilical cord-blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs)cartilage regeneration procedures combined with HTO to those of microfracture with HTO.
Methods
From August 2017 to December 2018, HTO patients with International Cartilage Regeneration and Joint Preservation Society (ICRS) grade IV cartilage defects over 200 mm2 on medial femoral condyle (MFC) were enrolled. For comparison, all participants were divided into two groups: those who had undergone an hUCB-MSC induced cartilage regeneration procedure (group MSC) and those with microfractures only (group C, controls). Clinically, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and Lysholm scores were evaluated post-operatively at 18 months. Radiologically, mechanical axis (MA) and joint space width (JSW) were evaluated.
Results
A total of 100 knees were enrolled (43 in group MSC, 57 in group C). The IKDC score in group MSC (69) was better than that in group C (62; P < 0.05). The JSW increment in the MSC group (0.6 mm) was more than that in group C (0.1 mm; P < 0.05). No patient developed nonunion, correction loss, or arthroplasty conversion.
Conclusion
hUCB-MSCs can improve clinical outcome and JSW better than microfracture only in HTO patients.
Phase Analysis on the Error Scaling of Entangled Qubits in a 53-Qubit System
Authors: Chang Ching-Ray , Huang Wei-Jia , Chien Wei-Chen , Cho Chien-Hung , Huang Che-Chun , Huang Tsung-Wei , Tan Seng Ghee , Cao C. , Zeng Bei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We have studied carefully the behaviors of entangled qubits on the IBM Rochester with various connectivities and under a “noisy” environment. A phase trajectory analysis based on our measurements of the GHZ-like states is performed. Our results point to an important fact that entangled qubits are “protected” against environmental noise by a scaling property that impacts only the weighting of their amplitudes. The reproducibility of most measurements has been confirmed within a reasonably short gate operation time. But there still are a few combinations of qubits that show significant entanglement evolution in the form of transitions between quantum states. The phase trajectory of an entangled evolution, and the impact of the sudden death of GHZ-like states and the revival of newly excited states are analyzed in details. All observed trajectories of entangled qubits arise under the influences of the newly excited states in a “noisy” intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer.
Application of a Method for Engineering Multivalent Antibodies to Substantially Enhance Functional affinity of Clinical Trial Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies
Authors: Leach Adam , Miller Ami , Bentley Emma , Mattiuzzo Giada , Thomas Jemima , McAndrew Craig , Montfort Rob , Rabbitts Terence 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 disease. Therapeutic antibodies are being developed that interact with the viral spike proteins to limit viral infection of epithelium. We have applied a method to dramatically improve the performance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by enhancing avidity through multimerization using simple engineering to yield tetrameric antibodies. We have re-engineered six anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using the human p53 tetramerization domain, including three clinical trials antibodies casirivimab, imdevimab and etesevimab. The method yields tetrameric antibodies, termed Quads, that retain efficient binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and show up to two orders of magnitude enhancement in neutralization of pseudovirus infection. The tetramerization method is simple and general and its application is a powerful methodological development for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that are currently in pre-clinical and clinical investigation.
Does Environmental Stress Affect Economic Growth: Evidence from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries?
Authors: Sweidan Osama Daifalla D. , Elbargathi Khadiga 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper empirically investigates the influence of environmental stress on economic growth in the GCC countries during (1995-2016). We use a panel cointegration analysis and compute an autoregressive distributed lag model. Our paper is motivated by the high CO2 emissions per capita and environmental stress in these countries relative to other countries. We assume that the income per capita is a function of the natural resource’s rents and environmental stress. Our findings show that environmental stress has a positive and significant effect on economic growth, mainly in the long run. Further, the natural resources’ rents have a significant positive effect in the short run, while the long run impact is negative. Our paper’s policy implication states that economic policymakers should monitor and evaluate future environmental stress outcomes in these countries. There is no guarantee that the positive influence prevails. Therefore, they should diversify their economies and energy resources.Jel Classification: Q51, Q56.
Experimental Study on Response Law and Failure Process of Slopes in Fully Weathered Granites Under Precipitation Infiltration
Authors: Tan Fei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To investigate the response law and failure process of slopes in fully weathered granites under precipitation infiltration, a typical fully weathered granite slope is selected for sampling in Fengkai, Guangdong. The physical simulation experimental study of rainfall-induced landslide is conducted, in which Weber criterion is used as the similarity criterion for precipitation. The research results reveal that under precipitation infiltration, the fully weathered granite slope responds quickly. Further, the water content increases sharply, and the matrix suction quickly dissipates. After dissipation, the matrix suction transforms into pore water pressure, which accelerates the deformation of the slope. The wet peak has a large infiltration depth in the slope, and the acceleration of deep part is lower than that of the shallow part. Under the action of precipitation, the fully weathered granite model undergoes four stages of failure. Firstly, gullies and cracks appear. Secondly, cracks propagate and link up. Then, the soil on the slope surface swells and ruptures. Finally, the slope slides locally until the entire slope creeps, collapses, and transforms into a "soil flow." Based on the analysis of precipitation similarity, the landslide will be triggered in fully weathered granite slope by precipitation when the precipitation intensity comes up to 155 mm/d, and the landslide occurs at an accumulated precipitation of 304 mm. Overall, the results can provide a reliable theoretical basis and abundant experimental data for the prevention, monitoring, and forecasting of geological disasters in granitic areas.
Generating Circularly Polarized Light from Clustering‐Triggered Emission Using Solid Phase Molecular Self-Assembly
Authors: Liao Peilong , Zang Shihao , Wu Tongyue , Jin Hongjun , Wang Wenkai , Huang Jianbin , Yan Yun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Clustering-triggered emission (CTE) has displayed promising abilities in bioimaging, chemical sensing, and multicolor luminescence. However, it remains absent in the field of circularly polarized emission (CPL) due to the difficulties in well-aligning the nonconventional luminogens. We report the first case of CPL generated with CTE using the solid phase molecular self-assembly(SPMSA) of poly-L-lysine(PLL) and sodium oleate (OL). Under mechanical pressure, the electrostatic complex of PLL/OL form supramolecular film in which the OL ions self-assemble into lamellar mesophases bridged by the PLL chains. Since the OL mesophases are very alike giant 2D rigid supramolecular polymers with well-defined surface charge distribution, the PLL chains are forced to fold regularly as a requirement of optimal electrostatic interaction. Further facilitated by hydrogen bonding, the O and N atoms that form through space conjugation aligned orderly on the 2D surface, leading to CTE-based CPL. The CTE-based CPL is in analogy with conventional emission, which is capable to transfer its energy to a donor via a FRET process, making it possible to develop environmental friendly and economic CPL from sustained and renewable materials.
Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Gene in the Antarctic Yeast Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa AN5
Authors: Shi Cuijuan , Zhang Hong , Yu Kai , Wang Yingying , Jiang Jie , Ju Yun , Zhang Chuanzhou , Cheng Ziyi , Kan Guangfeng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in various signaling transduction networks of biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, MAPK signaling pathways in cold-active yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa have not been reported comprehensively. In the present study, MAPK gene ( RmMAPK ) was first cloned and characterized from Antarctic sea ice yeast R. mucilaginosa AN5. The full length of the RmMAPK gene is 1086 bp and encodes a 361 amino acids protein with a predicted molecular mass of 40.9 kDa and a pI of 5.25. The RmMAPK contains 11 MAPK conserved subdomains and the phosphorylation motif TGY located in the activation loop of the kinase. Quantitative real-time PCR assay revealed that the expression of RmMAPK up-regulated rapidly and significantly when yeast cells were subjected to low temperature (4 °C), high salinity (120‰ NaCl) and heavy metal (2 mmol/L CuCl 2 ), which suggested that the RmMAPK might act as a key function in response to extreme stresses, such as low temperature, high salinity and heavy metal.