bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives Moving Forward
Authors: Lele Uma , Agarwal Manmohan , Baldwin Brian C. , Goswami Sambuddha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Growing differentiation among developing countries, declining capital flows and remittances, uncertain external aid, weakening global architecture, and rising China are reviewed. In 2021, developed countries, led by the United States, had begun a recovery. Considerable progress was achieved in developing countries prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in reducing poverty; infant and child mortality, stunting, wasting, anemia; increasing food security and nutrition; and improving gender empowerment. Impacts of the pandemic on the poverty–food security–nutrition–health nexus and implications for action are described. Agricultural total factor productivity growth across regions and countries shows huge differences in aggregate productivity growth performance. Countries with low growth also lagged in structural transformation. Premature deindustrialization in developing countries peaks at earlier levels of per capita GDP than for industrialized countries. All farm sizes can achieve productivity growth and success, but smallholders require the functioning of factor and product markets, with strong public policy. Productivity growth measures have not included changes in the quality or quantity of natural resources, but that is changing. Overall, the issue of low financial flows to developing countries needs to be addressed, and available resources need to be used strategically to leverage greater public and private investments to food and agriculture. Substantial investments are needed in human and institutional capital and physical infrastructure for new technologies. The G20’s contribution to the global architecture for food and agriculture has not met its potential relative to a promising early start. For 54 industrial and emerging countries monitored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, changes in their agricultural policies offer scope for improvement in the overall policy environment and investment climate at the global level, including release of valuable resources for building better.
Mixing, Mass Transfer, and Numerical Models
Authors: Engh Thorvald Abel , Sigworth Geoffrey K. , Kvithyld Anne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We want to eliminate dissolved impurities to another phase: slag, gas, solid, or a molten metal that has limited solubility in the main metal. The various phases may be in the form of droplets, bubbles, particles, or walls. The contact areas with metal should be large. The aim in reactor design and operation is to achieve relatively high velocities and small dimensions. Relations for mass transfer are also included since the behaviour of systems with molten metals may be different from that usually treated in chemical engineering. In the field of turbulence the Prandtl eddy length is important for describing removal to walls. Hydrogen in aluminium and the pick-up of hydrogen in aluminium from water vapour is studied in some detail, measured, and modelled. It is taken into account that hydrogen gas is two-atomic. The approach concerning aluminium may be applied to a range of metals.
Absence and Nothing
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Nothing is not. Yet it seems that we invoke absences and nothings often in our philosophical explanations. Negative metaphysics is on the rise. It has been claimed that absences can be causes, there are negative properties, absences can be perceived, there are negative facts, and we can refer to and speak about nothing. Parmenides long ago ruled against such things. Here we consider how much of Parmenides’ view can survive. A soft Parmenidean methodology is adopted in which we aim to reject all supposed negative entities but are prepared to accept them, reluctantly, if they are indispensable and irreducible in our best theories. We then see whether there are any negative entities that survive this test. Some can be dismissed on metaphysical grounds, but other problems are explained only once we reject another strand in Parmenides and show how we can think and talk about nothing. Accounts of perception of absence, empty reference, and denial are gathered. With these, we can show how no truthmakers are required for negative truths since we can have negative beliefs, concerning what-is-not, without what-is-not being part of what is. This supports a soft ontological Parmenideanism, which accepts much though not all of Parmenides’ original position.
Causation by Absence
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Absences sometimes appear to be causes, such as when a houseplant dies due to lack of water. This would be problematic, however, because if absences can be causes it would follow, by the Eleatic principle, that they exist. The reality of causation by absence can be challenged, however. It is not clear that something ever comes from nothing, in the sense of being caused by it. Further, if absences are causes, it seems that there is nothing to stop a vast escalation of causes for every effect that occurs, since among its causes would be the absence of everything that could have prevented it. We should say instead that absences can be invoked in the explanation of events, but in non-causal explanations. The absence of F can be an explanation of G where, had F occurred, G would not have. This contains no commitment to any absence being causally powerful.
Mere Possibilities
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The mere possibilities are the possibilities that are not also actual. It would seem that they have no being but some attempts to account for them effectively give being to them: to say that they are actual at some other world or that they reside within the causal powers of things. This seems to grant mere possibilities both non-being and being, against Parmenideanism. Instead, a fictionalist stance is advanced wherein mere possibilities are fictional recombinations of already existing elements. Such recombinations have no being themselves but they can still be grounded in what there is. The Parmenidean preference is for a grounding in nature rather than other possible worlds since our knowledge of other worlds is largely informed by our knowledge of this world.
Negative Belief
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We are in a position to assess the fortunes of the soft Parmenidean project. A number of putative negative existents were dismissed as no threat to the project, but there remained a number of outstanding metaphysical problems, such as whether there were really negative properties and how negative truths were made true. To solve these, we needed to consider how we are able to talk about nothing without existential commitment to it. This required an account of perception of absence, showing how we gain an idea of absence, and then an account of empty terms, showing how we can talk about what-is-not. Finally, we gave an account of denial as an alternative to asserting a negative. When we put these together, it explains how we can have negative beliefs concerning what is not the case without having to treat any absence or nothing as if it is something.
Camera trapping for conservation
Authors: Rovero Francesco , Kays Roland 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Camera traps use a motion sensor to capture images of passing animals, representing verifiable and non-invasive records of the presence of a given species at a specified place and time. These simple records provide fundamental data on biodiversity that have proven invaluable to conservation. Thanks to the improved (better, smaller, and less expensive) camera technology and the concurrent development of analytical approaches, camera trapping science has grown steadily in the last 15 years and advanced our knowledge of elusive and rare fauna across the planet. Here we review the use and potential of camera trapping in conservation science. We start with an introduction to the importance and challenges of studying reclusive wildlife and discuss the technical aspects of camera traps that make them so efficient and widely used for this purpose. We then review the variety of ways camera trapping has contributed to conservation, first presenting the wildlife metrics camera traps can document and then surveying how these have been applied to conservation through studies of habitat preference, distribution models, threat assessments, monitoring, and evaluations of conservation interventions. We also present case studies showing how camera trapping can effectively contribute to link ecological monitoring to conservation, including how data and images can be used to engage the public and policymakers with conservation issues, and how this work is now being scaled up through citizen science and networks of standardized data collection coupled with cyber-infrastructures for automatized analyses. We conclude by reviewing possible technological improvements of camera traps and how they would aid conservation in the future.
Environmental DNA for conservation
Authors: Piaggio Antoinette J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Detection and monitoring of wildlife species of concern is a costly and time-consuming challenge that is critical to the management of such species. Tools such as lures and traps can cause unnecessary stress or other health impacts to sensitive species. Development and refinement of tools that provide means to detect rare and elusive species without requiring contact with them reduce such impacts. Further, the potential of detection after the target species has moved on from a sampling site could allow for higher potential for detection of rare species. The ability to amplify DNA from environmental samples (e.g. water, soil, air, and other substrates) has provided a non-invasive method for detection of rare or elusive species while reducing negative impacts to wildlife. Like other non-invasive methods, such as cameras, there are methodological pitfalls associated with environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling to consider. Each study system will provide unique challenges to adequate eDNA sampling. Thus, pilot studies are critical for successful implementation of a larger-scale detection and monitoring study. This chapter will describe the benefits and challenges of using eDNA, detail types of eDNA sampling, and provide guidance on designing appropriate study design and sampling schemes. Empirical studies using eDNA applied to wildlife conservation efforts will be highlighted and discussed.
Digital surveillance technologies in conservation and their social implications
Authors: Simlai Trishant , Sandbrook Chris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In recent years, a range of new and existing monitoring technologies have been developed or redeployed for the practice of conservation. These include the use of drones, camera traps, and satellite and thermal imagery for activities such as anti-poaching and law enforcement. These technologies bring exciting new technical capabilities for conservation, but they also raise social concerns related to privacy and pervasive surveillance. Without proper consultation and dialogue with local communities, it has been suggested that the use of such technologies may lead to marginalization, interstakeholder tensions, and ultimately strain the relationship between conservation agencies, local communities, and even local authorities. In many respects surveillance is constitutive of modern society, especially in urban spaces. The social implications of surveillance have been heavily researched and discussed in that context, but the application of surveillance technologies in conservation and environmental management and its impacts remain an underexplored field of inquiry. This chapter aims to explore and understand the complexities that lie behind using surveillance technologies for conservation. It argues that these digital technologies are not a panacea for all conservation-related problems and need careful review before, during, and after use. The chapter also argues that it is important to consider who controls, benefits from, and pays for these technologies. Finally, the chapter calls for comprehensive ethical guidelines and frameworks of regulation that promote democratization of these technologies.
Inference to the Best Explanation, Relative Plausibility, and Probability
Authors: Allen Ronald J. , Pardo Michael S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In many areas of life, from hard science to managing one’s everyday affairs, explanatory considerations help to guide inference. From the fact that some proposition would explain a given phenomenon we infer that the proposition is true. And when several propositions may explain a given phenomenon we infer the one that best explains it. Inferences all share the same structure, typically referred to as “abduction” or “inference to the best explanation.” Because legal proof falls somewhere between science and managing one’s everyday affairs, it should perhaps not be surprising that the juridical proof process involves similar inferential practices. This chapter juxtaposes an explanation-based account of juridical proof against different probability accounts, develops an argument about the descriptive superiority of the explanation-based account over its competitors, and sets forth the theoretical and practical implications of this argument.
Generalizations and Reference Classes
Authors: Pardo Michael S. , Allen Ronald J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of the reference-class problem for attempts to model the probative value of evidence in mathematical terms. This examination makes three distinct contributions to evidence scholarship. First, and most importantly, it articulates and explains the problematic relationship between algorithmic tools and legal decision-making. Second, it points out serious pitfalls to be avoided for analytical or empirical studies of juridical proof. Third, it indicates when algorithmic tools may be more or less useful in the evidentiary process. As such, the chapter offers yet another demonstration of the very complex set of relationships involving human knowledge and rationality, on the one hand, and attempts to reduce either to a set of formal concepts, on the other.
Proceedings Preparatory to a Final Hearing
Authors: Law European 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the provisions on the proceedings preparatory to a final hearing under the European Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 61 provides that ‘to prepare for a final hearing, the court may hold an early case management hearing and if necessary further ones as the case progresses’. Rule 62(1) in connection with Rules 49(1) and (3) – (6) addresses the means of case management that are to be employed in or after the early management hearing. They are designed to ensure that the court takes such organisational measures as are necessary to facilitate the effective conduct of preparatory proceedings, including settlement endeavours, determination of the type and form of on-going proceedings, the procedural calendar or timetable, any limitation in terms of the number and/or length of submissions, the consolidation or separation of proceedings, or the order in which issues are to be tried. The chapter then considers the provisions on the closing of preparatory proceedings; the final hearing; early final judgments; judgments on preliminary procedural issues or on legal issues on the merits; and provisional measures and interim payment orders.
Stoichiometry
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Stoichiometry is the quantitative relation between the amounts of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. The various types of stoichiometric problems are described, and a step-by-step approach for calculating the amounts of reactants and products in a reaction is provided. Further types of calculations include limiting reagents, theoretical yields, and percent yields.
Volumetric Analysis
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Volumetric Analysis describes the general process of quantifying acid-base reactions by titration in which the known concentration of one solution (often a standard solution) is used to determine the unknown concentration of another. Common terms are defined, and calculations involving acid-base titration based on the concept of reaction stoichiometry, number of moles, mole ratio and molarity are discussed. The treatment is then broadened to include calculations involving mass and percentage of substance titrated. Back (or indirect) titration, a method to determine the concentration of a volatile substance or an unknown solid that is insoluble or only partly soluble in water, is described. The Kjeldahl method of determining the nitrogen content in organic and inorganic samples is used to illustrate back titration.
Language, Thought, and the Linguistics Wars
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides brief overviews of the role that language plays in culture and thought, of the job that linguists do to investigate the roles that language plays, and of the dispute among linguists that forms the narrative core of this book, as well as introducing the linguists who drove that dispute: Noam Chomsky, Ray Jackendoff, Robin and George Lakoff, Jim McCawley, Paul Postal, and Haj Ross. That dispute hinged on the relative significance of linguistic structure and linguistic meaning for the way we understand language and its relation to thought.
The Aftermath: Twenty-First Century Linguistics
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter revisits the major linguists of the Generative/Interpretive Semantics dispute (except Noam Chomsky, who fittingly gets his own chapter): Robin Lakoff, George Lakoff, Haj Ross, Paul Postal, and Jim McCawley, noting both their contributions and their post-dispute trajectories. It also charts out two broad legacies of the Generative Semantics movement: a number of technical proposals that arose in that framework which found themselves in other formal linguistic models, prominently including those associated with Chomsky; and the general “Greening of Linguistics”: a range of functional, cognitive, and usage-based approaches whose origins trace to the Generative Semanticists’ rejection of defining Chomskyan values.
Dendrite-free lithium electrodeposition enabled by 3D porous lithiophilic host toward stable lithium metal anodes
Authors: Xu Linghong , Yu Zhihao , Zheng Junrong 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Lithium metal is a promising anode utilized in cutting-edge high-energy batteries owing to the low density, low electrochemical potential, and super high theoretical capacity. Unfortunately, continuous uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth and ‘dead’ lithium result in capacity decay, low coulombic efficiency and short circuit, severely hindering the practical utilization of lithium anode. Herein, we propose a three-dimensional porous lithiophilic current collector for lithium storage. The conductive 3D structure constructed by carbon fiber (CF) can well accommodate the deposited lithium, eliminating volume change between the lithium depositing/stripping process. Moreover, the polydopamine (PDA) coating on the CF surface possesses a large number of polar groups, which can homogenize Li+ ions distribution and apply as the sites for lithium deposition, decreasing nucleation overpotential. As a result, under the 1 mA cm−2 current density, the PDA coated CF (PDA@CF) electrode exhibits high CE (∼98%) for 1000 cycles. Galvanostatic measurements demonstrate that the Li anode using PDA@CF achieves 1000 h cycling life under 1 mA cm−2 with a low overpotential (&lt;15 mV). The LiFePO4 full cell shows enhanced rate performance and stable long-term cycling.
Evidence for conifer sucrose transporters’ functioning in the light-dependent adjustment of sugar allocation
Authors: Han Xiaoyu , Gao Chen , Liang Buyou , Cui Jingxuan , Xu Qiyu , Schulz Alexander , Liesche Johannes 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSucrose is the central unit of carbon and energy in plants. Active intercellular transport of sucrose is mediated by sucrose transporters (SUTs), genes for which have been found in the genomes of all land plants. However, they have only been assigned functions in angiosperm species. Here, we cloned two types of SUTs from two gymnosperms, the conifers Cedrus deodara (Roxb. G. Don) and Pinus massoniana Lambert, and analyzed their sucrose transport activities. Uptake of the fluorescent sucrose-analog esculin into tobacco epidermis cells expressing the conifer SUT confirmed their transport ability. To determine their function in planta, we investigated their mRNA abundance in relation to photosynthesis and sugar levels in leaves, inner bark, wood and roots. Combined with measurements of protein abundance and immunolocalization of C. deodara SUTs, our results suggest a role for CdSUT1G and CdSUT2 in supporting phloem transport under varying environmental conditions. The implications of these findings regarding conifer physiology and SUT evolution are discussed.
Algibacter onchidii sp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium isolated from a marine invertebrate
Authors: Yin Qi , Liang Jinyou , Zheng Xiaoli , Wang Yu , Song Zhi-Man , Zhang Yu , Xu Ying 
Published: November 2021

A novel symbiotic bacterium, designated strain XY-114T, was isolated from the cerata of an Onchidium marine invertebrate species collected in the South China Sea. Strain XY-114T was an aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and short rod-shaped bacterium (0.5–0.8 µm wide and 1.0–1.5 µm long) without flagellum. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain XY-114T belonged to the genus

Algibacter

with the highest similarity of 97.2 % to the closest phylogenetic relative

Algibacter aestuarii

KYW371T. Cells grew at 15–37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.5–9.0 (optimum 7.0–8.0) and at NaCl concentrations of 0.5–5.0 % (w/v; optimum 1.5–3.0 %). The major fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The predominant polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-6. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. The genome size of strain XY-114T was 3.4 Mbp, with 34.9 mol% of DNA G+C content. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA–DNA hybridization and amino acid identity values between strain XY-114T and

A. aestuarii

KYW371T were 74.5 %, 17.0±1.8 % and 73.9 %. Characterization based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic evidence demonstrated that strain XY-114T represents a novel species of the genus

Algibacter

, for which the name Algibacter onchidii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XY-114T (=KCTC 72217T=MCCC 1K03606T).
Electrochemical biosensors based on peptide-kinase interactions at the kinase docking site
Authors: Joshi Pralhad Namdev , Mervinetsky Evgeniy , Solomon Ohad , Chen Yu-Ju , Yitzchaik Shlomo , Friedler Assaf 
Published: November 2021

AbstractKinases are important cancer biomarkers and are conventionally detected based on their catalytic activity. Kinases regulate cellular activities by phosphorylation of motif-specific multiple substrate proteins, resulting in lack of selectivity of activity-based kinase biosensors. We present an alternative approach of sensing kinases based on the interactions of their allosteric docking sites with a specific partner protein. The new approach was demonstrated for the ERK2 kinase and its substrate ELK-1. A peptide derived from ELK-1 was bound to a gold electrode and ERK2 sensing was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensors showed high level of target selectivity for ERK2 when compared with p38γ kinase and BSA. ERK2 was detected in its cellular concentration range, 0.2-8.0 μM. Using the flexibility of peptide design, our method is generic for developing sensitive and substrate-specific biosensors and other disease-related enzymes based on their interactions.Abstract Figure