bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Engineering Education for 1st Year Seminar Using Real Products
Authors: Sakamoto Haruo , Kusukawa Kazuhiro , Jorgensen Jens 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An engineering education experience for a 1st year mechanical engineering seminar using real world products is described. The seminar contains product dissection, report writing, and oral presentations. The objectives are to observe the real engineering world and to provide engineering experience for 1st year students. The product dissection items consist of a hand drill, hand cleaners, coffee maker, single-use camera, hedge trimmer, electric drill, and sheet finishing sander, some of which were obtained from the US and Japanese markets. It provides a comparison of consumer requirements in the US and Japanese markets as well as some technical aspects. The seminar was 1997 and 1998 at the Kochi University of Technology, which was opened in April, 1997. The seminar seemed successful because 1st year students were able to experience a first look at real world technology, although some modification will be needed for future sessions.
A Role of the Resultant Cutting Force in Deep-Hole Drilling
Authors: Latinovic V. N. , Astakhov V. P. , Osman M. O. M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper present results of the analysis of a tool static stability in deep-hole drilling. The analysis has been carried out to determine the optimal location of the drill guide pads relative to the drill’s cutters (based upon criteria of equal total pad reactions and equal stability indicators). It is demonstrated that the optimal location can be achieved under asymmetrical location of the supporting pads relative to the direction of the resultant cutting force in a plane perpendicular to the drill axis. By consideration of the drill static force system in the plane which contains the drill axis and the resultant cutting force vector, a new design criterion is proposed. The essence of this concept is to design the deep-hole drills with minimum rubbing and wear of the guide pads and provide for the tool self-piloting.
An Orthogonal Cutting Model Based on Finite Deformation Analysis: Part I — Model Development
Authors: Zheng Y. , Sutherland J. W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Based on the finite deformation theory of continuum mechanics, the velocity, Eulerian strain, Eulerian strain rate, and deformation rate distributions along a family of assumed streamlines are analytically obtained for an orthogonal cutting operation. An iterative incremental method is used to predict the temperature on the shear plane. The total power in orthogonal cutting may be expressed in terms of three parameters, which are predicted by minimization of the total power. This model allows a general form for the material constitutive equation, which, in general, is a function of strain, strain rate, and temperature. The rotation effect of streamlines on the strain and strain rate calculations is automatically considered using the finite deformation theory of continuum mechanics. In Part I of this paper, the theoretical underpinning for the orthogonal cutting model is established. The verification of the model, including determination of the material constitutive equation using the Hopkinson bar technique, is presented in Part II of this paper.
Physical Constraints in the Control of Chip Breakability
Authors: Brailov Alexander Yu. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to propose and discuss a new criterion of chip breakability. The comparisons of the proposed and known criteria are made for different cutting feeds and speeds. It is demonstrated that, in contrary to the known criteria, the proposed criterion reflects the chip ability to be broken. On the basis of practical experimental data, the criteria values for different kinds of chips obtained during machining stainless steel X18H10T are calculated.
On the Development of a Tangential Clamped-On Chipbreaker for Difficult-to-Machine Materials
Authors: Airikyan Armen L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Everyday practice of cutting process planning requires reliable chipbreacking and this is particularly true when machining difficult-ti-machine materials as austenitic stainless steels. The use of pressed-groove type of chipbreakers prove to provide a partly solution of the problem since their utilization unavoidably leads to increasing cutting force and chipping of the cutting edge. The use of clapped-on chipbreaker seems to solve these problems. However new design and application problem arise. This paper deals with the analysis of these problema and offers a methodology for it resolving. As a result, a new type of a clamped-on chipbreaker has been developed.
Generating and Modeling Subsurface Damage in Grinding γ-Ti-48Al
Authors: Nelson Luis , Razavi H. Ali , Kurfess Thomas , Danyluk Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on an experimental investigation and modeling results for the grinding-induced subsurface damage in gamma titanium aluminide (γ-TiAl). Grinding was carried out at various depths of cut, wheel and workpiece speeds with a friable diamond grinding wheel. The type/pattern and extent of the subsurface damage was determined by a bonded interface technique using optical microscopy and a surface laser profiler. The results show that the damage beneath the ground surface can be measured from the depth of a rumpled region that is identified with plastic deformation or shear/slip-fault deformation, distortion and microcracks. It was also determined that the depth of grinding-induced subsurface damage in the nearly fully lamellar γ-Ti-48Al microstructure ranges from 150 μm to 400 μm. The severity and depth of the subsurface damage was found to increase with an increase in grinding speed ratio and depth of cut.
Process Specification Language (PSL): Results of the First Pilot Implementation
Authors: Schlenoff Craig , Ciocoiu Mihai , Libes Don , Gruninger Michael 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In all types of communication, the ability to share information is often hindered because the meaning of information can be drastically affected by the context in which it is viewed and interpreted. This is especially true in manufacturing because of the growing complexity of manufacturing information and the increasing need to exchange this information among various software applications. Different manufacturing functions may use different terms to mean the exact same concept or use the exact same term to mean very different concepts. Often, the loosely defined natural language definitions associated with the terms contain so much ambiguity that they do not make the differences evident and/or do not provide enough information to resolve the differences.
A solution to this problem is the development of a taxonomy, or ontology, of manufacturing concepts and terms along with their respective formal and unambiguous definitions. This paper focuses on the Process Specification Language (PSL) effort at the National Institute of Standards and Technology whose goal is to identify, formally define, and structure the semantic concepts intrinsic to the capture and exchange of discrete manufacturing process information. Specifically, it describes the results of the first pilot implementation, where PSL was successfully used as an interlingua to exchange manufacturing process information between the IDEF3-based ProCAP1 process modeling tool and the C++ based ILOG Scheduler.
The RMS Characteristics of Acceleration and Force Signals Depending on Tool Wear in Stable Cutting
Authors: Chiou Richard Y. , Kwon Y. K. , Liang Steven Y. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An analysis of the RMS (Root Mean Square) characteristics of fluctuating force and acceleration signals for a cutting tool engaged in a turning operation in the presence of wear flat on the tool flank is presented in this research. The RMS of acceleration and force signals obtained from experiments in stable cutting is compared with theoretical machining models due to the tool wear effect. The RMS is a measure of the energy, at the tool tip-workpiece interface along the flank, to the random vibration of the cantilever portion of the tool holder. Increasing flank wear results in an increasing stability and decreasing RMS in the thrust direction, dependent upon flank wear-land width. The RMS force and acceleration signals in machining is calculated by frequency band RMS method at the first natural frequency of the cantilever portion of the tool holder in the frequency domain. By reference to experimental evidence, the theoretical predictions show generally good agreement with test results.
3D Shape-Generating Processes and the G-Buffer Modeling for CNC Machining
Authors: Chiou Chuang-Jang , Lee Yuan-Shin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a new approach is presented to construct the G-buffer models by finding 3D shape-generating profiles of milling cutters. The G-buffer method is commonly used in 3-axis machining verification. In this paper, the analytic 3D shape-generating profiles are formulated to construct the swept envelope in 5-axis tool motion. The 5-axis machining G-buffer model is updated by the constructed swept envelope. The techniques presented in this paper can be used for 5-axis tool path generation and the machined surface error analysis.
The Effect of Workpiece Hardness and Cutting Speed on the Machinability of AISI H13 Hot Work Die Steel When Using PCBN Tooling
Authors: Ng Eu-Gene , Aspinwall David K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
When machining hardened steel (≥ 45 HRC) with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tooling, the cutting speeds used produce high temperatures in the primary shear zone, which are sufficient to plasticise the workpiece. The paper initially reviews the effect of workpiece hardness and cutting speed on chip formation, workpiece surface integrity and cutting forces. Equations are detailed for determining the primary shear zone temperature, the proportion of heat conducted into the workpiece and the shear flow stress. Following on from this, experimental work is presented involving the orthogonal machining of AISI H13 hot work die steel with PCBN tooling. Tests were carried out over a range of cutting speeds with workpieces of different hardness, in order to provide cutting force, shear angle, chip morphology and primary shear zone thickness data.
The shear flow stress decreased with increasing cutting speed and/or workpiece hardness. With the AISI H13 heat treated to 49±1 HRC, the stress magnitude changed more significantly with cutting speed and the proportion of heat conducted away from the workpiece approached 99% at 200 m/min. Shear localised chips were produced with white unetched layers due to intense heat generation followed by rapid cooling.
A PC-Based Open Architecture Controller: Design, Implementation, and Operation
Authors: Marchetti Louis A. , Wright Paul K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper reports the implementation of an open architecture controller on a 3-axis machining center. This new controller, called MOSAIC-PC, takes advantage of readily available, off the shelf components, and the flexibility and low cost of the personal computer. While commercial products have been used as the building blocks for MOSAIC-PC, the overall architecture is novel. Specifically, high level CAD curves and patches, such as NURBS, can be incorporated at the machine level and sensor based machining is integrated in real-time. A description of the hardware and software components is given and the ease of integrating third party components is described. Finally the functionality of MOSAIC-PC is demonstrated.
A Unified Model of a Proportional Valve
Authors: Eryilmaz Bora , Wilson Bruce H. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Developments in nonlinear control theory have made it possible to design controllers for systems having non-smooth nonlinearities in their dynamics. Hydraulic systems that use inexpensive proportional valves are examples of such systems, where non-smooth nonlinearities arise due to valve geometry and spool imperfections. Without a proper valve model, however, nonlinear analysis and control of these hydraulic systems is not possible. We have developed nonlinear equations for a generic proportional valve model and have used them to obtain simplified flow rate expressions under generally accepted assumptions. These equations related a set of geometric spool properties and physical model variables to the flow rate through the valve ports. The development focuses on obtaining a single set of flow rate equations for the cases of critical center, overlapped, and underlapped proportional valves. The proportional valve model equations are useful for system simulation and for nonlinear controller design.
Modeling and Control Design of a Powertrain Simulation Testbed for Earthmoving Vehicles
Authors: Prasetiawan Eko A. , Zhang Rong , Alleyne Andrew G. , Tsao Tsu-Chin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A nonlinear model of an Earthmoving Vehicle Powertrain Simulator is developed using both first principles as well as I/O data. The model is an interconnection of subsystem models, which consist of a prime mover, a variable-displacement pump, proportional flow valves, and fixed-displacement motor models. In addition, a typical drive or tractive load of an earthmoving vehicle is also presented and implemented in the system as one of the loads. Efforts have been directed to develop a simple model in order to cater to developing and testing powertrain controllers as well as studying the dynamic behavior of such systems. An initial control design approach utilizing the Linear Quadratic technique is also presented. The controller is aimed at regulating load speeds in presence of a step load disturbance. The simulation results of the compensated system response are presented.
A Study of the Impact of Knurling Parameters on Knurl Quality With the Design of Experiments Approach
Authors: Feng Chang-Xue (Jack) , Tran Chinh 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A local company produces various types of connecting cables for a number of military and civilian customers. A key part of these cables is the knurled component to provide proper frictional force for easy assembly and maintenance. In the past, the company has usually faced a problem of inconsistent knurl quality. There has been no report in the literature about knurling process design. Vendors of knurling tools could only recommend the traditional try-and-error method. This research uses the design of experiments (or 2n-k fractional factorial design) approach to examine the impact of different knurling process parameters on the knurl quality. Our purpose is to determine the key factors and factor interactions that have significant effect on the knurl quality so that we could set the process parameters in such a way that the process is robust (or insensitive) to any uncontrollable factors. As a result, a robust knurl quality is achieved. A case study illustrates our approach.
Experiments and Modeling of a Mesoscale Laminar Plate Heat Exchanger
Authors: Hong Seung-Ho , Kenning Vanessa , Call Charles , Shekarriz Reza 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the results of an experimental and computational study on the development of a plate heat exchanger are presented and discussed. We have evaluated the characteristics of a miniature counterflow plate heat exchanger (PHE) using air as the working fluid. Because of the small characteristic channel dimension (Dh ≤ 1.9mm) and specific application of interest, the Reynolds number produced ranged between 20 &lt; ReD &lt; 1500, well within the laminar flow regime. The mass flow rates of the two hot and cold streams were maintained the same. Two different configurations were tested and modeled. The first configuration was the single-layer condition where one cold air stream was adjacent to another hot air stream in a counter-flow arrangement. The second configuration was the interleaved channel arrangement where the different layers alternate between cold and hot streams.
Experiments were performed on a series of heat exchangers made of aluminum and stainless steel. The channel dimensions were 1mm × 20mm × 75mm. Because the flow region consists of hydrodynamically developing and fully developed flow for the range of Reynolds numbers tested, the experimental results show higher pressure drop compared with the results of fully developed parallel-plate channel flow and this difference increases with increasing Reynolds number. The dependency of Nusselt number on Reynolds number in the periodic boundary condition was larger than the single-layer arrangement. Further, the periodic boundary condition generates higher effectiveness than the single-layer arrangement. It was found that when using aluminum plates instead of stainless steel, axial conduction results in nearly 35% reduction in the overall heat transfer coefficient between hot- and cold-side channels. Computational results, corroborated with experimental data, suggested the use of an interleaved channel geometry for obtaining an effectiveness of 90% or higher when operating within the low mass flow rate regime.
Microlamination for Microtechnology-Based Energy, Chemical, and Biological Systems
Authors: Paul Brian K. , Peterson Richard B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Microlamination is a process for fabricating micro and meso scale systems having intricate arrays of components interconnected within a single block of metal, ceramic, or polymeric material. The process begins by surface machining, or through cutting, individual laminae with patterns containing the desired structure. The laminae are often shims of a base material having desirable mechanical and thermal properties important to the functioning of the final device. Once the patterns are cut, the shims are surface treated and stacked in a prearranged order. Bonding then takes place forming a single laminate. Some post processing of the final part can be performed to dissociate internal structures if needed. This paper describes work being accomplished at Oregon State University on the microlamination process. The paper emphasizes laser micromachining of metal and polymeric laminates. Laser techniques covered include pulsed Nd:YAG-based micromachining at the fundamental and higher harmonics. Also, examples of CO2 laser machining are presented. Process descriptions are provided and examples given of micro and mesoscale components needed for producing devices useful in the energy, chemical, and biological areas.
Available Energy: I. Gibbs Revisited; II. Gibbs Extended
Authors: Gaggioli Richard A. , Richardson David H. , Bowman Anthony J. , Paulus David M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The concept of available energy, as defined by Gibbs (1873b) is revisited. He gave representations of available energy for two circumstances. The first was the available energy of a “body,” for the case when a body, alone, is in a nonequilibrium condition and therefore has energy available. In turn, he presented the available energy of “the body and medium,” for the energy which is available because a body is not in equilibrium with some arbitrarily specified medium. Gibbs’ representations were graphical. Since Gibbs, representations with formulas have been developed and are common, for the “available energy of body and medium.”
Gaggioli (1998a, b) has developed formulas which are more general, to represent “the available energy of the body (alone)” and to assign an exergy to subsystems of the body as a measure of each sub-system’s contribution to the available energy. In contrast to the available energy, exergy is an additive property, so that balance equations can be written. And the formulas are independent from any “medium,” which is important both theoretically and practically — because of its relevance to proper selection of “the dead state.” These issues are discussed and extended, after reviewing Gibbs development of available energy and additional concepts which he introduced, such as “available vacuum” and “capacity for entropy.”
It is argued that these “availabililty” and “capacity” concepts are all equivalent to one another. In turn, because of interconvertability, it is seen that available energy is something more fundamental than “maximum useful work.”
Furthermore, it is illustrated that available energy, equilibrium and stability, and thermostatic property relations are relative, to “constraints.”
Analysis of Thermal Efficiency in a Hydrogen Premixed Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Shudo Toshio , Nakajima Yasuo , Futakuchi Takayuki 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Hydrogen has higher flame velocity and smaller quenching distance than hydrocarbon fuels, and is supposed to have special characteristics in combustion process of internal combustion engines. In this research, contributors to thermal efficiency in a hydrogen premixed spark ignition engine were analyzed and compared with methane combustion. Results showed hydrogen combustion had higher cooling loss to combustion chamber wall, and thermal efficiency of hydrogen combustion was mainly dominated by both cooling loss to combustion chamber wall and degree of constant volume combustion.
Entropy Production as a Predictive Performance Measure: I — Turbomachinery
Authors: Paulus David M. , Gaggioli Richard A. , Dunbar William R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is proposed that consideration be given to an alternative, streamlined manner for mathematical modeling of the performance of energy conversion and transfer equipment. We make the case, here, by application to compressors. It is advocated that, instead of using an expression for efficiency as one of the governing equations, performance can be accounted for directly, with entropy production. It is shown that (1) the modeling is more straightforward, using fewer relations, and (2) that compressor performance (e.g. maps) can be represented equally well.
A Model of Crack Nucleation in Layered Electronic Assemblies Under Thermal Cycling
Authors: Chandra A. , Huang Y. , Jiang Z. Q. , Hu K. X. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A model for crack nucleation in layered electronic assemblies under thermal cycling is developed in this paper. The present model includes three scales: (i) at the microscale or the mechanism level, the damage mechanisms such as diffusive void growth or fatigue cracks, determine the damage growth rate; (2) at an intermediate mesoscale, the localized damage bands are modeled as variable stiffness springs connecting undamaged materials; and (iii) at the macroscale or the continuum level, the localized damage band growing in an otherwise undamaged material is modeled as an array of dislocations. The three scales are then combined together to incorporate damage mechanisms into continuum analysis. Traditional fracture mechanics provides a crack propagation model based on pre-existing cracks. The present work provides an approach for predicting crack nucleation. The proposed model is then utilized to investigate crack nucleations in three-layered electronic assemblies under thermal cycling. The damage is observed to accumulate rapidly in the weakest regions of the band. Estimates are obtained for critical time or critical number of cycles at which a macroscopic crack will nucleate in these assemblies under thermal cycling. This critical number of cycles is found to be insensitive to the size of the damage cluster, but decreases rapidly as the local excess damage increases.
Modeling of Thermal Expansion
Authors: Rooney Francis J. , Bechtel Stephen E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper we treat two types of thermomechanical constraints, temperature-deformation and entropy-deformation. It is shown that for the temperature-deformation constraint equilibrium states are unstable, in that certain perturbations of the equilibrium state grow exponentially. The entropy-deformation constraint, however, does not exhibit this instability. By considering the constrained materials as limits of unconstrained materials, it is shown that the instability is associated with the loss of convexity of the internal energy.