bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Criminalization of Cyber-operations Under the Rome Statute
Authors: Trahan Jennifer 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article examines how a cyber-operation that has consequences similar to a kinetic or physical attack — causing serious loss of life or physical damage — could be encompassed within the crimes prosecuted before the International Criminal Court (ICC). It explains when and how such a cyber-operation could fall within the ambit of the ICC’s crimes — genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The article additionally acknowledges some limitations as to which cyber-operations would be encompassed, given the ICC’s gravity threshold as well as the potential difficulty of attributing conduct to a particular suspect through admissible evidence that could meet the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Notwithstanding such limitations, increased awareness of the previously largely overlooked potential of the Rome Statute to cover certain cyber-operations could potentially contribute to deterring such crimes.
Articulated Homogeneity in Cumulative Sentences
Authors: Chatain Keny 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this work, I use cumulative readings of every (Champollion, 2010, 2016a; Haslinger & Schmitt, 2018; Kratzer, 2003; Schein, 1993) as a tool to investigate homogeneity in cumulative readings in general. Based on a new observation about the homogeneity properties of cumulative readings of every, I argue that the homogeneity properties of cumulative readings arise from the interaction of multiple operators, each operator contributing one exhaustive participation inference which disappears in negative contexts. I identify these operators with the thematic role heads in a Neo-Davidsonian semantics. The resulting theory is able to predict the homogeneity properties of cumulative sentences from the homogeneity properties of their arguments and the position of these arguments.
Health Mindsets in Pediatric Chronic Headache
Authors: Caruso Alessandra , Grolnick Wendy , Mueller Claudia , Kaczynski Karen , Chang Cindy Yu-Hsing , Lebel Alyssa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
Given how frequently youth with chronic headache and migraine experience setbacks in treatment, identifying factors that promote coping and resilience is critical. Mindsets have gained attention as predictors of behavior and targets of intervention across contexts, including health. Health mindsets may help to explain how children with chronic pain interpret and respond to treatment. This study evaluated whether growth health mindsets might relate to adaptive outcomes in patients with chronic pediatric headache.

Methods
Participants were 88 children and adolescents (ages 10–17 years) with headache or migraine contacted following an appointment at a pediatric headache clinic, and their parent. Patients rated their beliefs about health as more fixed versus growth-oriented. They were presented with vignettes depicting hypothetical treatment setbacks and instructed to reflect upon real-life setbacks. Patients completed questionnaires about their cognitive appraisals of setbacks, coping, quality of life, life satisfaction, and functional impairment.

Results
The higher children rated their growth health mindsets, the less likely they were to appraise setbacks as threatening and endorse quality-of-life problems. Children with higher growth mindsets reported higher life satisfaction and lower functional disability. There was also an indirect relation between children’s mindsets and coping through cognitive appraisals of setbacks as a threat, but not challenge.

Conclusion
This research extends the health mindsets literature by contributing preliminary evidence of health mindsets as tied to adaptive outcomes in youth with chronic headache. These findings may be of interest to clinicians and parents, as health mindsets may offer an avenue by which resilience is promoted and maladaptive appraisals are minimized.
Influences of accreting primordial black holes on the global 21 cm signal in the dark ages
Authors: Yang Yupeng 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Baryonic matter can be accreted on to primordial back holes (PBHs) formed in the early Universe. The radiation from accreting PBHs is capable of altering the evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM), leaving marks on the global 21 cm signal in the dark ages. For accreting PBHs with mass MPBH = 103(104) M⊙ and mass fraction fPBH = 10−1(10−3), the brightness temperature deviation ΔδTb reaches $\sim 18~(26)~\rm mK$ at redshift z ∼ 90 ($\nu \sim 16~\rm MHz$), and the gradient of the brightness temperature dδTb/dν reaches $\sim 0.8~(0.5)~\rm mK~MHz^{-1}$ at frequency $\nu \sim 28~\rm MHz$ (z ∼ 50). For larger PBHs with higher mass fraction, the brightness temperature deviation is larger in the redshift range z ∼ 30–300 ($\nu \sim 5\!-\!46~\rm MHz$), and the gradient is lower at the frequency range $\nu \sim 20\!-\!60~\rm MHz$ (z ∼ 23–70). It is impossible to detect these low-frequency radio signals from the Earth due to the influence of the Earth’s ionosphere. However, after taking care of the essential factors properly, e.g. the foreground and interference, a future radio telescope in lunar orbit or on the farside surface of the Moon has a chance of detecting the global 21 cm signals impacted by accreting PBHs and distinguishing them from the standard model.
Characterization and prognosis of temozolomide-induced aplastic anemia in patients with central nervous system malignancies
Authors: Park Albert K , Waheed Anem , Forst Deborah A , Al-Samkari Hanny 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Temozolomide-induced aplastic anemia (TIAA) is a rare but highly challenging complication of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy. Evidence describing prognosis, clinical characteristics, and treatment of this entity is very limited.

Methods
We performed a multicenter, 22-year observational cohort study of patients with central nervous system (CNS) malignancies treated with temozolomide who developed TIAA, retrospectively analyzing prognosis, complications, and recovery. TIAA was defined using adapted evidence-based severe aplastic anemia criteria incorporating profound cytopenias and a minimum duration (4 weeks) without hematologic recovery.

Results
Of 3821 patients with CNS malignancies receiving TMZ, 34 patients (0.89%) met criteria for TIAA. Onset was rapid, with 29 patients (85.3%) developing TIAA before completing a second TMZ cycle. 23 patients (67.6%) ultimately achieved a hematologic recovery. Patients without recovery were more likely to develop febrile neutropenia (72.7% vs. 30.4%, P = .03), infectious complications (45.5% vs. 8.7%, P = .02), require hospitalization (81.8% vs. 43.5%, P = .04), and die (100.0% vs. 60.9%, P = .02). Median overall survival from TIAA diagnosis was 752 days in patients achieving a partial hematologic recovery versus 28 days in those who did not (P &lt; .0001). 29 patients (85.3%) received one or more hematopoietic growth factors; hematologic recovery rates were higher in patients receiving thrombopoietin receptor agonists (81.8% vs. 60.9%) but were not higher in patients receiving granulocyte colony-stimulating factors.

Conclusions
TIAA occurs in &lt;1% of patients receiving TMZ for CNS malignancies, but is highly morbid when it occurs and frequently fatal in the one-third of patients not achieving hematologic recovery. Thrombopoietin receptor agonists may improve the likelihood of a hematologic recovery.
Breaking Isolation: Social Work in Solidarity with Migrant Workers through and beyond COVID-19
Authors: Alcaraz Nellie , Lorenzetti Liza , Thomas Sarah , Dhungel Rita 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the early months of COVID-19’s proliferation through Canadian communities, the now largely documented uneven impacts and burdens of the illness were emerging. Among the early COVID-19 casualties were workers in Alberta’s meatpacking plants, with infection rates so high that the news quickly gained international attention. The Cargill meatpacking plant, overwhelmingly staffed by temporary foreign workers with no permanent status or citizenship rights, was the site of the largest single coronavirus outbreak in Canada. The need for a community response to this emerging crisis was a focal discussion for a newly formed network of social workers. A multileveled series of actions and systems advocacy were put in place. These actions would foment a vibrant and diverse “community of communities” while also unveiling challenges and obstacles to the work during a period of a shifting health landscape, shutdowns, and changing legislation. This article focuses on the development of a grassroots and transformative community-led response to COVID-19, describing strategies, implementation, and challenges in the “real life” context of the recent pandemic. Key learnings for postpandemic community organizing and social work solidarity actions are highlighted.
Demystifying α-gal syndrome: identification and risk management in the perioperative setting
Authors: Wolaver Whitney , Thakrar Shilen , Thomas Kelvin , Thakrar Hiral , Schwartz Lawrence , Zuelzer Wilhelm , Butterworth John , Hoelting Kyle 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
α-Gal syndrome is among a vexing perioperative consideration for anesthesiologists. Commonly referred to as ‘red meat allergy’, α-Gal syndrome is precipitated by a lone star tick bite resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against the tick salivary glycoproteins and noncatarrhine mammalian tissue.

Recent findings
Up to 20% of the population in the southeastern United States may test positive for IgE antibodies to α-Gal. Increasingly, recognition of α-Gal syndrome as an immune response to red meat consumption and certain drugs, many of which may be administered within the perioperative period, has led to greater awareness of the insidious nature of its presentation – from mild urticaria and gastrointestinal symptoms to severe anaphylaxis.

Summary
With the increasing prevalence and identification of α-Gal syndrome, a safe and tailored perioperative process is needed to integrate a pathway that involves multidisciplinary communication, robust information sharing platform, and a structured peri-procedure management.
Differences and Similarities Among COVID-19 Patients Treated in Seven ICUs in Three Countries Within One Region: An Observational Cohort Study*
Authors: Mesotten Dieter , Meijs Daniek A. M. , van Bussel Bas C. T. , Stessel Björn , Mehagnoul-Schipper Jannet , Hana Anisa , Scheeren Clarissa I. E. , Strauch Ulrich , van de Poll Marcel C. G. , Ghossein-Doha Chahinda , Buhre Wolfgang F. F. A. , Bickenbach Johannes , Vander Laenen Margot , Marx Gernot , van der Horst Iwan C. C. ,   COVID Data Platform (CoDaP) Investigators
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To investigate healthcare system–driven variation in general characteristics, interventions, and outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted to the ICU within one Western European region across three countries.

DESIGN:
Multicenter observational cohort study.

SETTING:
Seven ICUs in the Euregio Meuse-Rhine, one region across Belgium, The Netherlands, and Germany.

PATIENTS:
Consecutive COVID-19 patients supported in the ICU during the first pandemic wave.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory values, and outcome data were retrieved after ethical approval and data-sharing agreements. Descriptive statistics were performed to investigate country-related practice variation. From March 2, 2020, to August 12, 2020, 551 patients were admitted. Mean age was 65.4 ± 11.2 years, and 29% were female. At admission, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores were 15.0 ± 5.5, 16.8 ± 5.5, and 15.8 ± 5.3 (p = 0.002), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores were 4.4 ± 2.7, 7.4 ± 2.2, and 7.7 ± 3.2 (p < 0.001) in the Belgian, Dutch, and German parts of Euregio, respectively. The ICU mortality rate was 22%, 42%, and 44%, respectively (p < 0.001). Large differences were observed in the frequency of organ support, antimicrobial/inflammatory therapy application, and ICU capacity. Mixed-multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that differences in ICU mortality were independent of age, sex, disease severity, comorbidities, support strategies, therapies, and complications.

CONCLUSIONS:
COVID-19 patients admitted to ICUs within one region, the Euregio Meuse-Rhine, differed significantly in general characteristics, applied interventions, and outcomes despite presumed genetic and socioeconomic background, admission diagnosis, access to international literature, and data collection are similar. Variances in healthcare systems’ organization, particularly ICU capacity and admission criteria, combined with a rapidly spreading pandemic might be important drivers for the observed differences. Heterogeneity between patient groups but also healthcare systems should be presumed to interfere with outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019.
Prognostic Factors Associated With Development of Venous Thromboembolism in Critically Ill Patients—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tran Alexandre , Fernando Shannon M. , Rochwerg Bram , Cook Deborah J. , Crowther Mark A. , Fowler Robert A. , Alhazzani Waleed , Siegal Deborah M. , Castellucci Lana A. , Zarychanski Ryan , English Shane W. , Kyeremanteng Kwadwo , Carrier Marc 
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To identify prognostic factors for the development of venous thromboembolism in the ICU.

DATA SOURCES:
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to March 1, 2021.

STUDY SELECTION:
We included English-language studies describing prognostic factors associated with the development of venous thromboembolism among critically ill patients.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Two authors performed data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment. We pooled adjusted odds ratios and adjusted hazard ratios for prognostic factors using random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
We included 39 observational cohort studies involving 729,477 patients. Patient factors with high or moderate certainty of association with increased odds of venous thromboembolism include older age (adjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02–1.29 per 10 yr), obesity (adjusted odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.18–1.32), active malignancy (adjusted odds ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.18–2.44), history of venous thromboembolism (adjusted odds ratio, 4.77; 95% CI, 3.42–6.65), and history of recent surgery (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.26–2.47). ICU-specific factors with high or moderate certainty of association with increased risk of venous thromboembolism include sepsis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.12–1.78), lack of pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.14–2.84), central venous catheter (adjusted odds ratio, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.98–4.34), invasive mechanical ventilation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.36–2.24), and use of vasoactive medication (adjusted odds ratio, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.23–2.81).

CONCLUSIONS:
This meta-analysis provides quantitative summaries of the association between patient-specific and ICU-related prognostic factors and the risk of venous thromboembolism in the ICU. These findings provide the foundation for the development of a venous thromboembolism risk stratification tool for critically ill patients.
Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus: propositions and future directions
Authors: Liu Jin-Feng , Chen Tian-Yan , Zhao Ying-Ren 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection due to vertical transmission remains a critical concern with regards to eliminating HBV infection. Implementation of hepatitis B vaccine, the foundation to prevent perinatal and horizontal transmission, has reduced the prevalence of HBV by >80%. In countries where the hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is available, such as China and the United States, the administration of HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine to the infants of mothers who are positive for hepatitis B surface antigen has become a standard practice and is effective in preventing vertical transmission. Accumulating evidence on the efficacy and safety of antiviral prophylaxis during pregnancy indicates the probability of attaining the goal of the World Health Organization to eliminate hepatitis by 2030. In this review, we discuss the transmission routes, diagnostic criteria, and preventive strategies for vertical transmission. A preventive program that includes screening before pregnancy, antiviral prophylaxis during pregnancy, and postpartum immunoprophylaxis provides “perfect strategies” to eliminate vertical transmission. However, there is still a notable gap between “perfect strategies” and real-world application, including insufficient coverage of timely birth dose vaccine and the efficacy and necessity of HBIG, especially in mothers who are negative for hepatitis B envelope antigen. In particular, there is a clear need for a comprehensive long-term safety profile of antiviral prophylaxis. Therefore, feasible and cost-effective preventive strategies need to be determined across regions. Access also needs to be scaled up to meet the demands for prophylaxis and prevalence targets.
Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases: A Systematic Review
Authors: Parikh Manasi S. , Johnson Paul , Romanes Jonathan Paul , Freitag Harvey E. , Spring Mary E. , Garcia-Henriquez Norbert , Monson John R.T. 
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND:
Combined treatment modality of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is emerging as an alternative option for colorectal peritoneal metastases, but there is ambiguity regarding patient selection, treatment protocols, and efficacy.

OBJECTIVE:
To elaborate on the patient characteristics, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy protocol and health outcomes in colorectal peritoneal metastases patients undergoing a combination of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery and provide guidance for future studies.

DATA SOURCES:
A Medline search for English language studies published between 2004 and 2019.

STUDY SELECTION:
Medical subject headings and key terms, including: hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, colorectal peritoneal metastases, colorectal cancer and combinations thereof as per guidelines.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Overall survival, disease-free survival, and morbidity and mortality rates.

RESULTS:
Of the 26 included studies, 42% were published between 2016 and 2019. More than half of the studies were retrospective in nature and conducted in tertiary specialized centers outside of the United States. The median age range was 44 to 62 years. Mitomycin C-based therapy was seen in 50% of studies. Mean weighted median disease-free survival for 11 studies was 15 months (9 to 36 months). Median OS ranged from 12 to 63 months, with an average of 33.6 months among 20 studies. Overall morbidity varied from 11% to 56%, with a weighted mean of 29% in 18 studies. Mortality ranged from 0 to 34%, with a weighted mean of 4% in 15 studies.

LIMITATIONS:
Despite careful study selection, variability in methodology of the included studies can limit review findings.

CONCLUSION:
Due to study heterogeneity, and a recent large, randomized trial showing no overall benefit, use of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in colorectal peritoneal metastases patients is highly controversial. Further standardized controlled studies can help uniformly define and build consensus among the medical community on patient eligibility and the optimal hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy techniques.

PROSPERO:
Registered on March 3, 2020, CRD42020146942.
Recent dynamic studies of the metabolism of atherogenic lipoproteins: elucidating the mode of action of new therapies
Authors: Chan Dick C. , Ying Qidi , Watts Gerald F. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
LDL, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] particles are the key atherogenic lipoproteins. Deranged metabolism of these lipoproteins accounts for a spectrum of clinically important dyslipidemias, such as FH, elevated Lp(a) and diabetic dyslipidemia. We review the findings from recent dynamic and tracer studies that have contributed to expanding knowledge in this field.

Recent findings
Deficiency in LDL receptor activity does not only impair the catabolism of LDL-apoB-100 in FH, but also induces hepatic overproduction and decreases catabolism of TRLs. Patients with elevated Lp(a) are characterized by increased hepatic secretion of Lp(a) particles. Elevation of TRLs in diabetes is partly mediated by increased production of apoB-48 and apoC-III, and impaired clearance of apoB-48 in the postprandial state. Tracer kinetic studies show that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 mAbs alone or in combination with statin can increase the catabolism and decrease production of LDL and Lp(a) particles. By contrast, angiopoietin-like protein 3 inhibitors (e.g. evinacumab) reduce VLDL production and increase LDL clearance in FH. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists can improve diabetic dyslipidemia by increasing the catabolism of apoB-48 and decreasing the production of apoB-48 and apoC-III.

Summary
Dynamic studies of the metabolism of atherogenic lipoproteins provide new insight into the nature of dyslipidemias and point to how new therapies with complementary modes of action may have maximal clinical impact.
Long-term HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Trajectories Among Racial & Ethnic Minority Patients: Short, Declining, & Sustained Adherence
Authors: Pyra Maria , Brewer Russell , Rusie Laura , Kline Jeanelle , Willis India , Schneider John 
Published: October 2021

Background:
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) requires continued use at an effective dosage to reduce HIV incidence. Data suggest early PrEP drop-off among many populations. We sought to describe PrEP use over the first year among racial and ethnic minority patients in the US.

Setting:
Racial and ethnic minority patients initiating PrEP at a federally qualified health center in Chicago, IL.

Methods:
Using electronic health records, we determined the adherence (≥6 weekly doses) trajectories over the first year of PrEP use and compared baseline and time-varying patient characteristics.

Results:
From 2159 patients, we identified 3 PrEP use trajectories. Sustained use was the most common (40%) trajectory, followed by short use (30%) and declining use (29%). In adjusted models, younger age, Black race, as well as gender, sexual orientation, insurance status at baseline, and neighborhood were associated with trajectory assignment; within some trajectories, insurance status during follow-up was associated with odds of monthly adherence (≥6 weekly doses).

Conclusion:
Among racial and ethnic minorities, a plurality achieved sustained PrEP persistence. Access to clinics, insurance, and intersectional stigmas may be modifiable barriers to effective PrEP persistence; in addition, focus on younger users and beyond gay, cismale populations are needed.
Bifid Tongue, Congenital Tongue Tumor, and Wide Bilateral Complete Cleft Palate
Authors: Zhou Zuo , Chen Renji , Guo Siyuan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Congenital tumor of tongue is not rare, but associated with cleft palate and bifid tongue is unusual. The authors describe a case of 7-year-old patient having bifid tongue, congenital tongue tumor, and cleft palate. Clinical features, physical and pathological examinations, possible diagnosis, and surgical treatment have been elaborated in this case report.