bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shrinkage of regional differences in the cost‐of‐living index in Japan
Authors: Ogura Manami 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study aims to clarify the existence of regional differences and the impact of the 2008 Lehman (Brothers) shock, the collapse of a major U.S. securities firm that triggered the global financial crisis, on these differences based on the regional cost‐of‐living index (RCLI) in Japan. We apply a methodology developed by Kakwani and Hill, which is an axiomatic approach for constructing the multilateral spatial cost‐of‐living indices, to compare the price levels of households between regions of Japan. The results show, overall, a shrinkage of regional differences after the Lehman shock. However, the impact of the Lehman shock on the cost of living varies from region to region. In Japan, the Lehman shock lowered the RCLI in urban areas rather than rural areas. This finding implies that urban areas in Japan are more susceptible to macro shocks, which reduce regional differences with rural areas. Furthermore, based on the results of the cost‐of‐living index by group commodity, we offer a policy implication for the fundamental elimination of regional differences between Japan's urban and rural areas. This would encourage, for example, an increase in the cost of living in rural areas through increased public transport investment and costs, an accompanying increase in rent of housing in surrounding areas and an increase in communication costs owing to the spread of high‐speed internet services, such as 5G.
A Man and a Perpetuum Mobile? Assigned Hermaphrodite Andreas Bruce's Memoirs
Authors: Holmqvist Sam 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThis article presents the memoirs of Andreas Bruce, a Swedish man that was assigned female sex at birth and later re‐assigned sex as a male hermaphrodite. His memoirs, written by the end of the nineteenth century, are unique. They exhibit a rare example of what life could be like for gender transgressors during the nineteenth century. According to the memoirs, Bruce's transition and legal gender recognition was the source of some attention, but once he had gained a certificate of hermaphroditism and a male first name, his masculinity seldom seems to have been contested. Bruce navigates between describing himself as an ordinary man and describing his life story as unique.
Necessity, Non‐Violent Direct Activism, and the Stansted 15: Reasserting ‘Hoffmann's Bargain’
Authors: Cammiss Steven , Hayes Graeme , Doherty Brian 
Published: December 2021

In Thacker and ors the Court of Appeal overturned the convictions of the ‘Stansted 15’ due to a misdirection on the substantive offence. However, the court rejected their necessity defence, following Jones, as their actions were political, outweighing a desire to avoid a risk of death or serious injury; in a ‘functioning democratic state’ their claims should have been pursued through conventional means. This is a reaffirmation of what we call ‘Hoffmann's Bargain’; in Jones, Lord Hoffmann noted that non‐violent protestors who act proportionately can expect the state to act with restraint, but a necessity defence is unavailable. We argue that this rejection of the defence is mistaken and overly broad for direct action cases. It also fails to acknowledge Valderamma‐Vega, where the Court of Appeal held that defendants who claim duress may act for different motives as long as one is the avoidance of death or serious injury.
A Roman Holiday? African Americans and Italians in the Second World War
Authors: O'Connell Christian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article attempts to explain the positive reception of Black troops in Europe by focusing on the relatively underexplored case of the Italian campaign in the Second World War. It suggests that African American GIs actively nurtured positive relationships with Italian civilians in a number of ways that are hidden in official military documentation, but are detectable through testimonies, photographs, newspaper reports, veteran's surveys, and in Italian sources. By being more generous with their resources, befriending families, making efforts to learn the language, and often defying prevalent military attitudes that portrayed Italians as untrustworthy, African American GIs not only experienced liberal European attitudes, but actively fostered those attitudes by exploiting social opportunities so that they were seen as ‘goodwill ambassadors’ by the black press and by Italians. African American troops, particularly from poorer backgrounds, overcame the language barrier and formed ties with Italians worst affected by the war through empathy and a sense of shared experience. Cultivating these relationships was particularly significant given the context of racial discrimination in the American military, a situation that was compounded by the presence of Fascist and Nazi anti‐black propaganda, which coexisted with Italian racial attitudes that ranged from fascination to fear, especially when it came to relations with Italian women.
Divergence and correlated evolution of male wing spot and courtship display between Drosophila nepalensis and D. trilutea
Authors: Mo Wen‐Zhou , Li Zhuo‐Miao , Deng Xiang‐Mei , Chen Ai‐Li , Ritchie Michael G. , Yang De‐Jun , He Zhuo‐Bin , Toda Masanori J. , Wen Shuo‐Yang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMale‐specific wing spots are usually associated with wing displays in the courtship behavior of Drosophila and may play important roles in sexual selection. Two closely related species, D. nepalensis and D. trilutea, differ in wing spots and scissoring behavior. Here, we compare male morphological characters, pigmentation intensity of male wing spots, wing‐scissoring behavior, courtship songs, and reproductive isolation between 2 species. F1 fertile females and sterile males result from the cross between females of D. nepalensis and males of D. trilutea. The pigmentation of wing spots is significantly weaker in D. trilutea than in D. nepalensis and the F1 hybrid. Males scissor both wings in front of the female during courtship, with a posture spreading wings more widely, and at a faster frequency in D. nepalensis than in D. trilutea and the F1s. Males of D. trilutea vibrate wings to produce 2 types (A and B) of pulse songs, whereas D. nepalensis and the F1s sing only type B songs. The incidence of wing vibration and scissoring during courtship suggests that wing vibration is essential but scissoring is a facultative courtship element for successful mating in both species. The association between the darker wing spots with more elaborate scissoring might be the consequence of correlated evolution of these traits in D. nepalensis; however, D. trilutea retains wing scissoring during courtship despite having weaker pigmentation of wing spots. The genetic architecture of 2 traits differs in the F1s, consistent with maternal or sex‐linked effects for spots but nonadditive effects for scissoring.
Use of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) to measure perceived knowledge about the control of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: The impact of a training program in primary healthcare professionals
Authors: Brito‐Brito Pedro Ruymán , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Domingo Ángel , Martínez‐Alberto Carlos Enrique , Sáez‐Rodríguez María Jesús , Núñez‐Marrero Janet , García‐Hernández Alfonso Miguel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeTo analyze the impact of an online training intervention on primary healthcare professionals in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), evaluating the perceived knowledge about prevention and control of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection using the NOC outcome “Knowledge: Infection management” [1842].MethodsQuasi‐experimental design with prepost analysis of 12 indicators. The participants were the 705 primary healthcare professionals, both healthcare professionals and nonhealthcare professionals, who completed the online training program prepared and implemented by nurses in the teaching and research fields between May and July 2020. The change in the perceived level of knowledge before and after, as well as other associations between this knowledge and the other variables included in the study, were confirmed.FindingsThe results of the study describe significant differences in the change between pre‐ and posttraining for all indicators included in the comparison.ConclusionsThis research shows the effectiveness of an online training program, appropriate for the need for social distancing required by the pandemic, in improving the knowledge of primary healthcare professionals about prevention and control of COVID‐19. It also describes a new context for the use of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) through a training program organized and led by nurses.Implications for nursing practiceOur results suggest that the NOC classification is useful for assessing perceived knowledge about prevention and control of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the community among primary healthcare professionals. This study also provides evidence of the effectiveness of a nurse‐led, nurse‐designed online training intervention. To this end, the outcome criterion “Knowledge: Infection management” [1842] was used and its 12 original indicators were operationally defined. Overall, this study proposes a useful new framework for the NOC taxonomy, which, in addition to being intended for the assessment of outcomes among patients, families, and communities, is versatile enough to assess knowledge outcomes among professionals as well.
CEO inside debt holdings and trade credit
Authors: Hasan Mostafa Monzur , Hossain Ashrafee T. , Hossain Takdir 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) inside debt holdings (pension benefits and deferred compensation) and use of supplier‐provided trade credit. We provide evidence that CEO inside debt holdings are negatively related to the use of trade credit. Our results are robust to the use of alternative regression estimation and alternative measures of key variables. We exploit the final enforcement of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) as an exogenous shock to inside debt holdings. Our difference‐in‐difference regression analysis establishes a causal relationship. In addition, we provide evidence that our documented results are not driven by omitted variable bias. We also employ instrumental variable regression estimation using heteroskedasticity‐based instruments to mitigate the endogeneity concern. Our cross‐sectional analyses reveal that the relationship between CEO inside debt holdings and trade credit is more pronounced in firms with poor information environments and greater financing constraints. Overall, findings from our study suggest that CEO inside debt has important implications for the financing policy of the firm.
Efficiency of Endosonic Blue, Eddy, Ultra X and Endoactivator in the removal of calcium hydroxide paste from root canals
Authors: Güven Yahya , Ali Afzal , Arslan Hakan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe investigated the efficiency of Endosonic Blue, EDDY, Ultra X and EndoActivator in removing calcium hydroxide from artificially created apical grooves in root canal walls. In Materials and Methods: A total of 60 single‐root maxillary central incisors, root canals were created and the roots were divided into two longitudinal parts. In the most suitable root piece, artificial grooves were created in the apical section and filled with calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide in the grooves was removed using EDDY, Ultra X, Endosonic Blue or EndoActivator, and the remnants in the grooves were examined under a stereomicroscope. EDDY and Ultra X removed significantly more calcium hydroxide than Endosonic Blue and EndoActivator. The performance of EDDY and Ultra X or Endosonic Blue and EndoActivator was comparable. Therefore, EDDY and Ultra X are more effective than Endosonic Blue and EndoActivator in removing calcium hydroxide from apical grooves in root canal walls. No technique could achieve complete calcium hydroxide removal.
Cone distribution and visual resolution of the yellow‐legged gull, Larus michahellis (Naumann, 1840)
Authors: Victory Noemi , Segovia Yolanda , García Magdalena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe morphological characteristics of the yellow‐legged gull's photoreceptors and cone distribution were studied using light and electron microscopy. In wholemount fresh retinas, five different coloured oil droplets located in the cone inner segments could be seen and characterized by colour, diameter and stratification. The photoreceptors were classified by comparing the fresh and fixed vertical sections under a light and electron microscope. Rods were easily distinguished from cones based on the outer segment morphology and the absence of oil droplets in their inner segments. Four types of single cones were associated with red, yellow, colourless and transparent oil droplets. Unequal double cones comprised a long principal member with a green oil droplet and an accessory short member containing a green microdroplet which was highly electron‐dense under electron microscopy. The different types of oil droplets were counted from microphotographs of fresh retinal samples in 20 regions. The density, percentage and diameter of the oil droplets were determined. The results showed that central regions had the highest oil droplet density which decreased towards the retinal periphery in all quadrants. Moreover, the oil droplet density was higher in the dorsotemporal quadrant than in other retinal regions. The average density of the red oil droplets was highest in the central areas, whereas colourless oil droplets had the highest density throughout the retina. In contrast, transparent oil droplets had the lowest density across all the regions of the retina. Finally, the retinal resolution was 52.61 cycles/degree. It was calculated using the posterior nodal distance and the oil droplet diameter. The work concludes by discussing the significance of the relative proportion of different cone types across the retina.
Validation of a residential aged care consumer experience survey, 2019
Authors: Forder Peta M. , Byles Julie E. , Golenko Xanthe , Cyarto Elizabeth , Donohoe Stuart G. , Zernike Wendy , Lowthian Judy A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveResidential aged care (RAC) quality is often measured as part of regulatory compliance. To inform care delivery and service improvements, we developed a consumer experience survey.MethodsValidation study incorporating 2018–2019 survey data (n = 1504 individuals, 25 RAC homes) and test‐retest reliability evaluation.ResultsMost of the respondents were women (67%) with 38% of the surveys completed by residents, 39% with staff support, and 23% by family members. Moderate‐to‐high correlations (0.46–0.84) between individual items indicate the survey is a coherent measure of satisfaction; good inter‐item correlation was found across all sections (0.61–0.70) with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.90–0.94); and moderate correlation for test‐retest reliability was found on the same individual when providing an overall recommendation score (individual ICC 0.684).ConclusionsThe RAC Consumer Experience Survey is a validated measure of lived experience and satisfaction that aligns closely with the Australian Aged Care Quality Standards, affording providers a standardised tool for benchmarking and informing care quality across the sector.
Avoiding use of lid speculum and indentation reduced infantile stress during retinopathy of prematurity examinations
Authors: Mataftsi Asimina , Lithoxopoulou Maria , Seliniotaki Aikaterini K. , Talimtzi Persefoni , Oustoglou Eirini , Diamanti Elisavet , Soubasi Vasiliki , Ziakas Nikolaos , Haidich Anna‐Bettina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeTo study the safety and efficacy of indirect ophthalmoscopy with (Sp) or without (speculum free, SpF) the use of lid speculum and scleral indentation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening.MethodsIn this crossover randomized controlled trial, preterm infants received either the Sp on their first and the SpF technique on their second examination a week later or vice versa. Video recordings of the infants’ reactions were assessed by two observers, using Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised score and the crying score of the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates. Fundoscopy adequacy, its duration and adverse events within the first 24 hr postscreening were also recorded.ResultsThirty‐seven infants with median (interquartile range) gestational age of 28.7 (28.0, 30.2) weeks and mean (standard deviation, SD) birth weight 1225 (377) grams were enrolled. The mydriasis‐induced stress was similar between the Sp and SpF exam (mean difference [MD]: 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.83, 2.38; p = 0.33). The stress induced by fundoscopy (MD: 4.98, 95% CI: 3.58, 6.37; p < 0.001) and examination overall (MD: 2.32, 95% CI: 0.96, 3.67; p = 0.001) were higher in the Sp than in the SpF exam, and so was the crying score during fundoscopy (MD: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.56; p < 0.001). Adverse events in the two groups were similar (p = 0.13). Fundoscopy was adequate in identifying the absence of treatment‐requiring ROP in all cases, and lasted longer in the Sp than in the SpF exam (p < 0.001).ConclusionOur study suggests that the use of speculum and indentation should be reserved for the few cases where fundus visualization is insufficient for excluding the presence of severe ROP.
Synthesis and inhibitory activities of inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhou Shiyang , Huang Gangliang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology and pathogenesis, in which butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression. Inhibition of BuChE is a potential strategy for the treatment of advanced AD. Herein, the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis methods on BuChE inhibitors and their inhibitory activities were summarized.
High sugar intake from sugar‐sweetened beverages is associated with prevalence of untreated decay in US adults: NHANES 2013–2016
Authors: Moss Mark E. , Luo Huabin , Rosinger Asher Y. , Jacobs Molly M. , Kaur Roopwant 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the association between sugar from sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) and untreated decay in permanent teeth and calculate the cost burden of sugar from SSBs on untreated decay in US adults.MethodsCross‐sectional data from the 2013–2014 and 2015–2016 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analysed in 2020 (n = 9001 adults aged ≥20). Multivariable analyses assessed sugar intake from SSB consumption with the presence of untreated decay in permanent teeth and number of untreated decayed teeth. Population attributable risk was used to estimate the cost burden arising from SSBs on untreated decay in US adults.ResultsOne fourth (25.1%) of US adults had untreated dental decay, and higher prevalence was observed among those with low income, low education and race/ethnicity of non‐Hispanic Black. Overall, 53% of adults reported no intake of SSBs. For the remaining 47%, the median 24‐h intake was 46.8 g of sugar from SSBs. The adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) for untreated decay was 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.5) for consumption of 46.8 g or more of sugar from SSBs compared to those reporting no sugar from SSBs. Number of untreated decayed teeth increased with sugar intake from SSBs from lowest to highest tertile: 0.1, (p = .35); 0.4, (p = .006); and 0.6, (p < .001). The cost burden of untreated decay attributable to SSBs in US adults is estimated conservatively at $1.6 billion USD.ConclusionsCommunity level interventions directed at sugar from SSBs are justified to address disparities in the burden of untreated dental decay.
Individual participant data meta‐analysis versus aggregate data meta‐analysis: A case study in eczema and food allergy prevention
Authors: Van Vogt Eleanor , Cro Suzie , Cornelius Victoria R. , Williams Hywel C. , Askie Lisa M. , Phillips Rachel , Kelleher Maeve M. , Boyle Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionMeta‐analysis traditionally uses aggregate data from published reports. Individual Participant Data (IPD) meta‐analysis, which obtains and synthesizes participant‐level data, is potentially more informative, but resource‐intensive. The impact on the findings of meta‐analyses using IPD in comparison with aggregate data has rarely been formally evaluated.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of a Cochrane systematic review of skincare interventions for preventing eczema and food allergy in infants to identify the impact of the analytical choice on the review's findings. We used aggregate data meta‐analysis only and contrasted the results against those of the originally published IPD meta‐analysis. All meta‐analysis used random effects inverse variance models. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE.ResultsThe pooled treatment effects for the Cochrane systematic review's co‐primary outcomes of eczema and food allergy were similar in IPD meta‐analysis (eczema RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81, 1.31; I241%, 7 studies 3075 participants), and aggregate meta‐analysis (eczema RR 1.01 95% CI 0.77, 1.33; I253%, 7 studies, 3089 participants). In aggregate meta‐analysis, the statistical heterogeneity could not be explained but using IPD it was explained by one trial which used a different, bathing intervention. For IPD meta‐analysis, risk of bias was assessed as lower and more adverse event data were available compared with aggregate meta‐analysis. This resulted in higher certainty of evidence, especially for adverse events. IPD meta‐analysis enabled analysis of treatment interactions by age and hereditary eczema risk; and analysis of the effect of treatment adherence using pooled complier‐adjusted‐causal‐effect analysis, none of which was possible in aggregate meta‐analysis.ConclusionsFor this systematic review, IPD did not significantly change primary outcome risk ratios compared with aggregate data meta‐analysis. However, certainty of evidence, safety outcomes, subgroup and adherence analyses were significantly different using IPD. This demonstrates benefits of adopting an IPD approach to meta‐analysis.