bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spray Cooling on Enhanced Surfaces: A Review of the Progress and Mechanisms
Authors: Xu Ruina , Wang Gaoyuan , Jiang Peixue 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The rapid development of high-power electronic, energy, and propulsion systems has led us to the point where the performances of these systems are limited by their cooling capacities. Current electronics can generate heat fluxes up to 10–100 W/cm2, and heat flux over 1000 W/cm2 needs to be dissipated with a minimum coolant flow rate in next-generation power electronics. The multiple efficient heat transfer mechanisms have made spray cooling a high heat flux, uniform and efficient cooling technique proven effective in various applications. However, the cooling capacity and efficiency of spray cooling need to be further improved to meet the demands of next-generation ultrahigh-power applications. Engineering of surface properties and structures, which is enabled by state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques, can fundamentally affect the liquid–wall interactions in spray cooling, thus becoming the most promising way to enhance spray cooling. However, the mechanisms of surface-enhanced spray cooling are diverse and ambiguous, causing a lack of clear guiding principles for engineered surface design. Here, the progress in surface engineering-enhanced spray cooling is reviewed for surface structures of millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer scales and hierarchical structured surfaces, and the performances from the reviewed literature are evaluated and compared. The reviewed data show that spray cooling can achieve a critical heat flux (CHF) above 945.7 W/cm2 and a heat transfer coefficient (HTC) up to 57 W/cm2K on structured surfaces without the assistance of secondary gas flow and a CHF and an HTC up to 1250.1 W/cm2 and 250 W/cm2K, respectively, on a smooth surface with the assistance of secondary gas flow. A CHF enhancement up to 110% was achieved on a hybrid micro- and nanostructured surface. A clear map of enhancement mechanisms related to the scales of surface structures is proposed, which can help the design of engineered surfaces in spray cooling. Some future concerns are proposed as well. This work helps the understanding and design of engineered surfaces in spray cooling and provides insights for interdisciplinary applications of heat transfer and advanced engineering materials.
Understanding Capacity Sensitivity of Cooled Transonic Nozzle Guide Vanes: A Parametric Experimental and Computational Study of the Impact of Trailing Edge Geometry
Authors: Burdett Daniel , Goenaga Frédéric , Povey Thomas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High-pressure (HP) nozzle guide vane (NGV) capacity is one of the most important parameters for setting overall turbine power output, for stage matching, and for understanding turbine performance. Accurate capacity prediction early in the engine design process reduces the cost and risk of late-stage changes in the overall turbine design. High accuracy predictions rely on calibrated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Because of the numerous sensitivities in the methods, they are generally restricted to certain classes of design for which there is experimental validation. This paper considers the effect of changes in trailing edge (TE) geometry—particularly suction side (SS) TE overhang length—on the flow capacity of a modern HP NGV. Ultra-low uncertainty experimental measurements and complementary numerical predictions of capacity are presented for four TE geometries, in a parametric study bridging the gap between a classical centered-ejection design and a SS overhang TE design. This study discusses the absolute and relative (differences between designs) accuracies of the numerical method and develops understanding of the sensitivity of capacity to TE geometry. Fundamental mechanisms responsible for the observed capacity changes are elaborated. The impacts on capacity of both changes in the coolant flows and the boundary layers in the controlling region of the vane passage are considered. These effects are found to be very small. A simple total pressure loss model was also developed but was found to be a poor predictor of the observed capacity changes across the entire range of overhang lengths. To understand the observed changes, two more sophisticated models of the vane passage are proposed. In the first model—for relatively long TE overhangs—the mainstream and TE flows (and a wake) pass through a common minimum area. In the second model—for relatively short TE overhangs—the two flows are considered to pass through independent, non-interacting minimum areas. This framework reconciles the experimental and numerical data with the models but illustrates the complexity of the problem. In particular, it demonstrates the arbitrariness of considering a single minimum area. Contrary to some received industrial wisdom, it is argued that deemphasising this construct, and explaining capacity changes by examining aerodynamic changes in the entire controlling region of the passage, is more helpful in attempting to understand design sensitivities.
Generating Compressive Surface Residual Stresses Using Hydraulic Autofrettage Process With Heat Treatment
Authors: Shufen Rajkumar , Dixit Uday S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recently, a method of inducing compressive residual stresses in the vicinity of the walls of a thermally autofrettaged cylinder was proposed. In the proposed method, the thermally autofrettaged cylinder was heated in such a manner that its outer wall attained a temperature more than the lower critical temperature and the inner wall was at a sufficiently lower temperature. When the cylinder was quenched, compressive residual stresses were induced in the vicinity of the cylinder walls. This article investigates the feasibility of the same procedure for a hydraulic-autofrettaged cylinder made of AISI 1080 steel. A finite element method (FEM)-based analysis is carried out using commercial package abaqus by incorporating microstructure and temperature-dependent material properties. The results indicate that the heat treatment design proposed for the thermally autofrettaged cylinder to induce compressive residual stresses at the outer wall can also be adapted for a hydraulic-autofrettaged cylinder. However, for cylinders subjected to high percentage of autofrettage, heating of the outer wall needs to be carried out well below the lower critical temperature. In fact, this is an advantage in terms of energy saving and can be implemented even for cylinders subjected to a low percentage of autofrettage.
Numerical Assessment of Elbow Element Response Under Internal Pressure
Authors: Attia Saher , Mohareb Magdi , Martens Michael , Yoosef-Ghodsi Nader , Li Yong , Adeeb Samer 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study presents a detailed assessment for the response of elbow elements in ABAQUS under internal pressure. Two main cases are considered: (1) a standalone 90 deg pipe bend, which was analyzed using both elastic and elasto-plastic material characterizations using shell and elbow elements; and (2) a geometrically nonlinear analysis with a materially elastic characterization of a piping system was conducting using shell, elbow, and pipe elements. Although the results show the capabilities of elbow elements to simulate the response of pipe bends in the elastic regime, the elements do not provide reliable predictions beyond the elastic range. Additionally, an assessment of the ASME B16.49 2017 elbow thickness equation and previously published stress estimate equations was carried out by comparisons with elbow and shell elements predictions.
Design Framework and Clinical Evaluation of a Passive Hydraulic Patient Simulator for Biceps Spasticity Assessment Training
Authors: Pei Yinan , Ewoldt Randy H. , Zallek Christopher M. , Hsiao-Wecksler Elizabeth T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article presents the framework for developing a passive (unpowered) mechanical training simulator for replication of biceps spasticity to complement current clinical assessment training. The passive training simulator was developed to mimic three main behavioral features of spasticity, i.e., abnormal muscle tone, catch-release behavior, and range of motion (ROM) reduction. The simulator can replicate varied levels of spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) levels 0–4) using a combination of three adjustable mechanical design features, i.e., resistance level, catch angle, and ROM selectors. Bench-top evaluation examined the performance of individual mechanical design features, as well as their combined performance. Spastic muscle resistance profiles generated by the simulator qualitatively agreed with the clinical descriptions of spasticity in the MAS. Mean peak simulated resistive torque fell within the clinical measures from actual spasticity patients for MAS 1–4, but was lower for MAS 0 (0.9, 3.5, 4.2, 6.9, 9.8 Nm for MAS 0–4, respectively). Seven clinicians were invited to validate the simulator performance. They were asked to identify the simulated MAS level during a blinded assessment and to score the realism of each simulation feature using a five-point scale, where 3 was “about right,” during a disclosed assessment. The mean percent agreement of clinicians’ judgments was 76 ± 12%. The mean realism score throughout MAS 0–4 were 2.82 ± 0.15. Preliminary results suggested good potential for this simulator in helping future healthcare practitioners learn and practice the basics of spasticity assessment.
Virtual Reality for Power Plant Design
Authors: Ebbesmeyer Peter , Gehrmann Peter , Grafe Michael , Krumm Holger 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We describe DesiRe, a Design Review system based on virtual reality technology. DesiRe is a production virtual reality system that is used to support design review processes during the development of The European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR). This paper starts with a brief description of the EPR project. We then focus on the design review processes that are an important part of the EPR development processes. We discuss why the use of virtual reality technology significantly improves the design review processes. The subsequent part of the paper introduces in detail the implementation issues and application issues of the virtual reality system DesiRe currently being used by the EPR engineers in their design review meetings. The end of the paper gives an outlook on future work and a brief conclusion. The work presented in this paper is part of an ongoing virtual reality research project at the Heinz Nixdorf Institut and Siemens AG KWU.
Constraint-Based Virtual Environment for Supporting Assembly and Maintainability Tasks
Authors: Fernando Terrence , Wimalaratne Prasad , Tan Kevin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the design and implementation of a constraint-based virtual environment for supporting interactive assembly and maintenance tasks. The system architecture of the constraint-based virtual environment is based on the integration of components such as OpenGL Optimizer, Parasolid geometric kernel, a Constraint Engine and an Assembly Relationship Graph (ARG). The approach presented in this paper is based on pure geometric constraints. Techniques such as automatic constraint recognition, constraint satisfaction, constraint management and constrained motion are employed to support interactive assembly operations and realistic behaviour of assembly parts. The current system has been evaluated using two industrial case studies. This work is being carried out as a part of a research programme referred to as IPSEAM (Interactive Product Simulation Environment for Assessing Assembly and Maintainability), at the University of Salford.
Machining Feature Recognition for Cast Then Machined Parts
Authors: Kim Yong Se , Wang Eric 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present a method to recognize machining features for the domain of cast-then-machined parts. Non-interacting volumetric machining features are recognized through a face pattern based recognition approach, and are filtered out of the part model. From the filtered part model and the specification of part surfaces as being cast or machined, we systematically generate the surface machining features and the starting workpiece, which represents the casting output in sufficient detail to support machining process planning. By subtracting the filtered part from its starting workpiece, we obtain the removal volume that is to be realized through machining operations. We apply the feature recognition method using Alternating Sum of Volumes With Partitioning (ASVP) Decomposition to decompose this removal volume into volumetric machining features.
Automatic Model Adjustment in Form Feature Conversion
Authors: Noort Alex , Bronsvoort Willem F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A problem with multiple-view form feature modelling is that, sometimes, a feature model cannot be derived for some view of a product. This indicates that the product, as it is, is not appropriate seen from the product development phase related to that view. In such a case, the product model should be adjusted such that a feature model for the view becomes possible.
A method is presented in which, if possible, the product model is automatically adjusted. The adjustment is based on information on the importance of properties of the model, and on information on the dependencies between the shape faces. After the model has been adjusted, a feature model of the new view is derived.
Component-Commonality via Hierarchical Orthogonal Arrays and Refining: Economic Decision Matrices
Authors: Majerus J. N. , Smith R. P. , Yao S. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Component-Commonality implies products using many common parts, desensitized to the range of product applications (defined as noise in this approach), and meeting the functionality objectives of each product. This paper presents a methodology for developing common components and applies it to a sample problem Basically, the methodology involves nine sequential steps. These steps utilize the major concepts of analytical modeling, economic decision matrices (EDM), quality Loss-functions (QLS) for variates and weighted utilities, stochastic models, finite element (FE) simulations for concurrent engineering, and statistical experiments for considering the uncertainty in either application, statistics or managerial decisions. In this paper, the statistical experiments utilize Taguchi’s orthogonal arrays (TOA). The details of these steps are illustrated by application to a problem involving a slider-link subjected to a wide range of noise (inertia/pressure loadings). Six candidate-designs of steel, aluminum and titanium, are generated using an analytical model and a sensitivity study with sequential TOA. These designs are ranked using cost and weight and factor-of-safety with respect to yielding, A Refining EDM with a three part robustness criteria (RC) selected two candidates (best was steel, followed by aluminum) considering Inner noise in the managerial decisions. Verification of the Refining EDM model via a Detailing EDM with a stochastic model and FE simulations is presented in a companion paper.
Automatic Step-Size Procedure in Forward-Difference for Reliability and Design Optimization
Authors: Wang Liping , Gau Kristy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, an improved automatic step-size procedure in forward-difference approximation for reliability analysis and optimization design is proposed. Traditionally, the step-size is pre-selected and does not change during optimization / reliability design process. This fixed step-size procedure may provide “poor” derivative approximations for highly nonlinear problems or the problems having insufficient digits of the outputs. The proposed method computes the optimum step size for each design variable by minimizing the truncation and condition errors. The condition error is focused on the error caused by insufficient digits of the outputs in this paper. Several numerical problems are tested to demonstrate the proposed procedure. The results comparison shows that the proposed procedure provides more accurate gradients for optimization and reliability design.
Serial 5DOF Manipulators: Workspace, Void, and Volume Determination
Authors: Abdel-Malek K. , Yeh Ham-Jou , Khairallah Nada 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Algorithms for identifying closed form surface patches on the boundary of 5DOF manipulator workspaces are developed and illustrated. Numerical algorithms for the determination of three- and four-DOF manipulator workspaces are available, but formulations for determining equations of surface patches bounding the workspace of five-DOF manipulators were never presented. In this work, constant singular sets in terms of the generalized variables are determined. When substituted into the vector function yield hyperentities that exist internal and external to the workspace envelope. The appearance of surfaces parametrized in three variables within the workspace requires further analysis pertaining to a coupled singular behavior and is also addressed. Previous results pertaining to bifurcation points that were unexplained are now addressed and clarified. Numerous examples are presented.
The Analysis of Forward/Inverse Force Transmission Capabilities of the Stewart Platform
Authors: Kim Han Sung , Choi Yong Je 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The statics relation of the Stewart platform has been investigated from the viewpoint of the forward/inverse force transmission capabilities. Two eigenvalue problems corresponding to the forward and inverse force transmission analyses have been formulated. The forward force transmission analysis is to determine the magnitude bounds of the force and moment generated at the end-effector for the given magnitude of actuating forces. Conversely, the inverse force transmission analysis is to find the magnitude bound of actuating forces for the given magnitudes of the force and moment at the end-effector. The inverse force transmission analysis is important since it can provide a designer with valuable information about how to choose the linear actuators. It has been proved that the two eigenvalue problems have a reciprocal relation with each other, which implies that solving either of the eigenvalue problems may complete the forward and inverse force transmission analyses. A numerical example is also presented.
A Study of Constraint Management Integration Into the Conceptual Design Phase
Authors: Yusan Hakan , Rudolph Stephan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Constraint management integration into the conceptual design phase is a key step towards a future support tool for engineering design. The use of graph theory in constraint management, where the design models are presented as constraints between the design parameters, provides a means for the automation of the solution path of the conceptual design equations. The generation of a solution path simplifies the study of the couplings between design parameters and the subsequent sensitivity analysis. Based on the so-called relevance list of the constraints, the approach is even applicable in design cases, where an explicit mathematical model of the constraints is not available or known.
The paper presents a constraint management system currently under implementation. As an extension to previous works, the symbolic processing capabilities of Maple V are used along the solution path to generate a C-code of the known constraint equations to further ease the design space exploration and subsequent design optimization efforts. Some theoretical and practical problems associated with the management of analytical constraints and the information flow in the different processing stages are described and discussed using a simplified design example.
Stable Assembly Sequence Planning Using a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Chen Shiang-Fong , Liao Xiao-Yun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Stability problems in assembly sequence planning have drawn great research interest in recent years. Most proposed methodologies are based on graph theory and involve complex geometric and physical analyses. As a result, even for a simple structure, it is difficult to take all the criteria into account and to implement real world solutions. This paper uses a genetic algorithm (GA) to synthesize different criteria fo generating a stable assembl plan. Three matrices (Connection Matrix, Supporting Matrix, and Interference-Free Matrix) are generated from an input B-rep file to represent the CAD information of a given product. The stability of a given assembly plan and reorientation numbers are incorporated into the fitness function of the genetic assembly planner. The proposed planning algorithm has been successfull implemented. This paper also presents implemented planne performance as measured for two industry-standard structures.
Methods and Principles for Concurrent Functional Tolerance Design
Authors: McAdams Daniel A. , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a concurrent functional tolerance design process is presented. The field of tolerance research is briefly reviewed to determine the new developments needed for a complete set of concurrent tolerance design tools. Motivated by this approach, the novel notion of metamorphosis for tolerance design is introduced and developed. Customer motivated techniques for determining component functional tolerances are developed. Also, principles of tolerance design are presented and demonstrated. The developed principles are clarified and validated through an original design case study of an electric guitar pickup (electromagnetic transducer) winder. The paper concludes with a discussion of the extensions of this work and future needs for tolerance design research.
Visualizing Sequential Information With Perceptual Cues
Authors: Dansie Christopher , Brown Don R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A new visualization technique is presented that utilizes interactive three-dimensional graphics and perceptual cues to visualize unstructured, sequential data. Upon evaluation the optimum values, trends and relationships between segments and sequences are quickly seen using the perceptual abilities of the human visual system.
This research is applied to visualizing logistics information, were decisions are made based upon multivariate, and sequential information. Using this technique the user can analyze route parameters visually rather than computationally to aid in the decision making process.
The visualization is accomplished through a custom software system written in Java utilizing the Java3D API to generate the three-dimensional visualization.
XYZ-Stage for Scanning Probe Microscope by Using Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Yamakawa Koshiro , Furutani Katsushi , Mohri Naotake 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with a xyz-stage for a scanning probe microscope (SPM) by using a parallel mechanism with 6 degrees of freedom Multilayer piezos are used to change the link length in the prototype. The movable range of the prototype is 100μm in the x- and y- directions and 10μm in the z- directions. The resonant frequency of the prototype is approximately 100 Hz in the x- and y- direction and approximately 50 Hz in the z- direction. The motion of the stage is controlled by the induced charge feedback control to allow compact SPM designs. The motion error is 16 nm in the z- direction by the induced charge feedback control. The displacement of the prototype can be controlled by the induced charge feedback control as well as by the displacement feedback control. This stage is applied to a positioning device of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The grooves of the diffraction grating are observed with good linearity with the AFM. The prototype can be used for the positioning device of the AFM.