bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferring the Morphology of Stellar Distribution in TNG50: Twisted and Twisted-stretched Shapes
Authors: Emami Razieh , Hernquist Lars , Alcock Charles , Genel Shy , Bose Sownak , Weinberger Rainer , Vogelsberger Mark , Shen Xuejian , Speagle Joshua S. , Marinacci Federico , Forbes John C. , Torrey Paul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We investigate the morphology of the stellar distribution (SD) in a sample of Milky Way–like galaxies in the TNG50 simulation. Using a local in shell iterative method as the main approach, we explicitly show evidence of twisting (in about 52% of halos) and stretching (in 48% of them) in real space. This is matched with the reorientation observed in the eigenvectors of the inertia tensor and gives us a clear picture of having a reoriented SD. We make a comparison between the shape profile of the dark matter (DM) halo and SD and quite remarkably see that their radial profiles are fairly close, especially at small galactocentric radii, where the stellar disk is located. This implies that the DM halo is somewhat aligned with stars in response to the baryonic potential. The level of alignment mostly decreases away from the center. We study the impact of substructures in the orbital circularity parameter. It is demonstrated that in some cases, faraway substructures are counterrotating compared with the central stars and may flip the sign of total angular momentum and thus the orbital circularity parameter. Truncating them above 150 kpc, however, retains the disky structure of the galaxy as per initial selection. Including the impact of substructures in the shape of stars, we explicitly show that their contribution is subdominant. Overlaying our theoretical results on the observational constraints from previous literature, we establish fair agreement.
Spectral Signatures of Population iii and Envelope-stripped Stars in Galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Berzin Elizabeth , Secunda Amy , Cen Renyue , Menegas Alexander , Götberg Ylva 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
While most simulations of the epoch of reionization have focused on single-stellar populations in star-forming dwarf galaxies, products of binary evolution are expected to significantly contribute to emissions of hydrogen-ionizing photons. Among these products are stripped stars (or helium stars), which have their envelopes stripped from interactions with binary companions, leaving an exposed helium core. Previous work has suggested these stripped stars can dominate the Lyman Continuum (LyC) photon output of high-redshift, low-luminosity galaxies post-starburst. Other sources of hard radiation in the early universe include zero-metallicity Population iii stars, which may have similar spectral energy distribution (SED) properties to galaxies with radiation dominated by stripped-star emissions. Here, we use four metrics (the power-law exponent over wavelength intervals 240–500 Å, 600–900 Å, and 1200–2000 Å, and the ratio of total luminosity in FUV wavelengths to LyC wavelengths) to compare the SEDs of simulated galaxies with only single-stellar evolution, galaxies containing stripped stars, and galaxies containing Population iii stars, with four different initial mass functions (IMFs). We find that stripped stars significantly alter SEDs in the LyC range of galaxies at the epoch of reionization. SEDs in galaxies with stripped stars have lower power-law indices in the LyC range and lower FUV to LyC luminosity ratios. These differences in SEDs are present at all considered luminosities (

M

UV

>
−
15

, AB system), and are most pronounced for lower-luminosity galaxies. Intrinsic SEDs as well as those with interstellar medium absorption of galaxies with stripped stars and Population iii stars are found to be distinct for all tested Population iii IMFs.
Measurements of the Magnetic Field Strengths at the Bases of Stellar Coronae Using the Magnetic-field-induced Transition Theory
Authors: Chen Yajie , Liu Xianyu , Tian Hui , Bai Xianyong , Jin Meng , Li Wenxian , Yang Yang , Yang Zihao , Deng Yuanyong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Measurements of the magnetic field in the stellar coronae are extremely difficult. Recently, it was proposed that the magnetic-field-induced transition (MIT) of the Fe x 257 Å line can be used to measure the coronal magnetic field of the Sun. We performed forward modeling with a series of global stellar magnetohydrodynamics models to investigate the possibility of extending this method to other late-type stars. We first synthesized the emissions of several Fe x lines for each stellar model, then calculated the magnetic field strengths using the intensity ratios of Fe x 257 Å to several other Fe x lines based on the MIT theory. Finally, we compared the derived field strengths with those in the models, and concluded that this method can be used to measure at least the magnetic field strengths at the coronal bases of stars with a mean surface magnetic flux density about one order of magnitude higher than that of the Sun. Our investigation suggests the need for an extreme ultraviolet spectrometer to perform routine measurements of the stellar coronal magnetic field.
Le terme de race en contexte nobiliaire : une histoire sociale (France, XVI e siècle)
Authors: Haddad Élie 
Published: August 2021

Cet article teste la pertinence d’une historicisation radicale du terme de race à partir d’une histoire sociale de ses usages appliqués à la noblesse française du xvi e siècle. La liaison entre race et noblesse, pratiquement absente au début du xvi e siècle, fut avant tout un moyen de mettre l’accent sur une conception patrilignagère des groupes familiaux nobles, et de plus en plus à mesure que l’usage du terme se répandit à partir des années 1560. Cette connotation patrilignagère avait une dimension essentialisante et mettait l’accent sur la filiation plus que sur les fondements matériels, seigneuriaux par exemple, de l’appartenance à la noblesse. Il faut ajouter que le terme de race fut par la suite arrimé à celui de maison qui avait une forte connotation hiérarchique. L’ensemble orienta la conception de la noblesse vers une pensée en termes de catégorie à laquelle appartiennent des personnes, et non en termes de qualité attribuée à des personnes. Dans un contexte où certains nobles revendiquaient une fermeture du second ordre, où la politique royale reprenait et développait la dénonciation des usurpations, où une importance de plus en plus grande était attribuée à l’ancienneté comme critère de distinction nobiliaire, la notion de race vint s’insérer dans un vocabulaire qui structura désormais les débats autour de l’idée de « vraie noblesse », contre des types d’anoblissements, notamment taisibles, désormais qualifiés d’usurpations.
Les mers sont différentes ou l’imaginaire maritime de Pierre Ier à l’épreuve des ports européens, 1717
Authors: Gouzévitch Dmitri 
Published: August 2021

Dans cet article, nous allons examiner les diverses expériences maritimes de Pierre Ier et leur impact sur l’aménagement des ports dans le golfe de Finlande. Une attention particulière sera prêtée à cet égard au deuxième grand voyage du tsar à l’étranger (1716-1717), durant lequel il a visité plusieurs pays du nord-ouest européen et la France. L’analyse de ses impressions portuaires tout au long des côtes de la Baltique, de la mer du Nord et de La Manche, a permis de mettre à plat certaines idées reçues concernant les visées de ce voyage et de conclure que ces impressions ont contribué à concrétiser sa vision de la Baltique comme « mer imaginaire », en en faisant, techniquement, commercialement et politiquement, « le fait maritime » russe.
Materiality of marine sciences in late Imperial Russia and early Soviet Union: Research vessels, instruments, laboratory practices
Authors: Lajus Julia 
Published: August 2021

The paper discusses the materiality of marine science in Russia from the example of the Barents Sea. This sea became a scientific frontier in the late nineteenth century and in the first decades of the twentieth century by being included into the international research programme of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. The advantage of Russia was the possibility to get the very first Europe research vessel. The legacy of this period lasted into early Soviet time, when oceanography also developed around a research vessel that became a core of the Floating Maritime Institute. The study of the materiality of research is enriched by a focus on gender in marine science.
Être dessinateur ou dessinatrice à la Society of Arts de Londres au xviiie siècle : quels apprentissages ?
Authors: Giardinetti Marina 
Published: August 2021

Les archives de la Society of Arts de Londres révèlent que la pratique du dessin technique à but ornemental dans la deuxième partie du xviiie siècle est mixte. Des filles et des garçons participent aux concours organisés par l’institution et remportent des prix pour leurs réalisations. Le dessin n’est pas encore maîtrisé par tous et les esquisses conservées sont les témoins d’une technique en cours d’apprentissage. Il est possible d’appréhender la pédagogie de cet enseignement à travers les manuels de dessin en circulation. La pratique féminine et masculine du dessin et leurs enseignements sont différenciés et reflètent des aspirations artistiques et techniques souvent divergentes. Néanmoins, certains modèles utilisés sont mixtes et leurs copies sont pour les dessinateurs et dessinatrices le moyen de s’entraîner au geste technique tout en s’inspirant de motifs à la mode.
La règle et le temps sur Le Chevalier au lion de Chrétien de Troyes
Authors: Mosset Yannick 
Published: August 2021

Flanqué de son lion, le chevalier Yvain parcourt les terres bretonnes pour conquérir et reconquérir la femme qu’il aime. Son parcours aventureux res­semble à un grand jeu dûment réglé et chronométré : il ne cesse de recevoir des échéances et de devoir obéir aux règles des rituels et des lois qui régissent l’univers arthurien. Cet apprentissage des codes et du temps semble fructueux : Yvain finira par respecter ses délais et, surtout, par intégrer les règles de la che­valerie : politesse courtoise, justice dans les armes, compassion pour les faibles, loyauté en amour.
Le lion qui accompagne le héros devient alors son emblème: quelle meilleure incarnation de la noblesse que le roi des animaux ? Et pourtant, le lion est aussi une bête sanguinaire. Chrétien, faisant miroiter le symbole, nous rappelle son ambiguïté. Le lion impose sa force, tout comme les règles du jeu social ne tirent leur justification que parce quelles s’imposent elles-mêmes. On peut alors s’interroger sur le droit qui guide les actions d’Yvain : est-ce celui du plus juste, ou du plus fort ?
Early Stress-Response Gene REDD1 Controls Oxazolone-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Mirzoeva Salida , Yang Yuchen , Klopot Anna , Budunova Irina , Brown Melissa A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
REDD1 is an energy sensor and stress-induced mTOR inhibitor. Recently, its novel role in linking metabolism and inflammation/immune responses has emerged. In this study, we assessed the role of REDD1 in murine oxazolone-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a T cell–dependent model with features of human ACD. A variety of immune indices, including edema, cellular infiltration, inflammatory gene expression, and glucocorticoid response, were compared in Redd1 knockout (KO) and isogenic (C57BL/6 × 129)F1 wild-type mice after sensitization and subsequent ear challenge with oxazolone. Despite relatively normal thymic profiles and similar T cell populations in the lymph nodes of naive Redd1 KO mice, early T cell expansion and cytokine production were profoundly impaired after sensitization. Surprisingly, higher steady-state populations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as macrophages (CD45+/Ly-6G−/CD11b+), dendritic cells (CD45+/Ly-6G−/CD11c+), neutrophils (CD45+/Ly-6G+/CD11b+), and innate lymphoid cells (CD45+/Lineage−/IL-7Ra+/ST2+/c-Kit+), were observed in the ears of naive Redd1 KO mice. Upon challenge, ear edema, T cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell infiltration into the ear was significantly reduced in Redd1 KO animals. Accordingly, we observed significantly lower induction of IFN-γ, IL-4, and other cytokines as well as proinflammatory factors, including TSLP, IL-33, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, in challenged ears of Redd1 KO mice. The response to glucocorticoid treatment was also diminished. Taken together, these data establish REDD1 as an essential immune modulator that influences both the initiation of ACD disease, by driving naive T cell activation, and the effector phase, by promoting immune cell trafficking in T cell–mediated skin inflammation.
Is foetal variant of posterior cerebral artery a risk factor for ischemic stroke?
Authors: Kannan Karthik Thamarai , Karri Madhavi , Ramasamy Balakrishnan , Ummer Aleesha 
Published: August 2021

Context:
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) derives its blood supply from the vertebrobasilar system. However, in 10% of the population, they get blood supply from the internal carotid artery via a posterior communicating artery. This variant is called as fetal type of PCA (fPCA). Whether fPCA is an anatomical variant or a predisposing factor for a cerebrovascular event remains an enigma.

Aims:
The aim is to assess if fPCA is associated with increased risk of ischaemic stroke or other vascular anomalies.

Settings and Design:
It is a retrospective cross-sectional observational study.

Subjects and Methods:
Patients who underwent MR or CT angiography, over 5 years for various neurological illnesses were screened for fPCA. Those patients were assessed for vascular anomalies and ischaemic stroke.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Chi-square in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v23.

Results:
On analysis of 250 patients, five had aneurysms; three had AV malformation, one with Fenestration and one with vascular loop. And 51% were found to have an ischaemic stroke, in which 34% had large vessel disease, 41% had lacunar infarct, 7% had a cardioembolic stroke and 18% had an embolic stroke of unknown source with predominantly middle cerebral artery territory infarct (55%). Among 127 patients with ischaemic stroke, 45% had infarcts ipsilateral to fPCA vs 28% on the opposite side of fPCA.

Conclusions:
We conclude that patients with fPCA had increased risk of MCA infarct probably due to poor collaterals from posterior circulation and fPCA is not associated with increased risk of aneurysms or AV malformations.
Colposcopic evaluation of cervix in symptomatic women and its correlation with Pap smear. A prospective study at a tertiary care centre
Authors: Prasad Dipali , Sinha Archana , Mishra Urvashi , Parween Sadia , Raman Ravi Bhushan , Goel Neeru 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Back in India, cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer in women (aged 15–45 years) following breast cancer, accounting for nearly 14% of all female cancer cases. The aim of this study is to yell the findings of pap smear with colposcopy and directed biopsy (if needed) and to evaluate the usefulness of colposcopy in discovering the premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix.

Methods:
This is a prospective observational analysis of 150 symptomatic women attending the gynecology OPD of Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, for a period of one year from 2019 to 2020. Assessment of symptomatic women was completed with a pap smear, colposcopy, and biopsy in selected instances.

Statistical Analysis Used:
MS Excel spreadsheet application, SPSS v23 (IBM Corp.), was used for data analysis.

Results:
The expression age (years) has been 34.68 ± 8.05. The sensitivity and specificity of pap smear were 91.7% and 45.45%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy were 83.3% and 72.72%, respectively, in the present study.

Conclusions:
Pap smear had low specificity as compared to colposcopy. Hence simultaneous use of colposcopy has shown to rise in the rate of carcinoma cervix discovery in symptomatic women.
Effect of habits, traditions, and beliefs on seizure diagnosis and provide first aid in Taif city, KSA
Authors: Alshareef Abdulrahman H. , Alnofaiey Yasser H. , Milibary Ali A. , Sibyani Afnan K. , Alotaibi Ghaida H. , Alshehri Raghad A. , Althobaiti Albatoul F. , Alkhawtani Rehab A. , Alaynayn Faris K. 
Published: August 2021

Aim:
To determine the effect of habits, traditions, and beliefs on seizure diagnosis and provide first aid in Taif city, KSA.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 297 participants from Taif, KSA. An Arabic self-administrated electronic questionnaire was used that included different parts to collect the information from participants; characters, previous history of seizures, habits, beliefs and traditions about the seizures and first aid.

Results:
Most of the participants had an average level of knowledge by 20.88, 47.14 and 31.99% of the participants had a poor, average and good level of knowledge about seizures and epilepsy. 70.0% of our participants knew that seizure is a symptom associated with many diseases; 40.7% knew that hypoglycemia can cause a seizure, while 37 and 32.3% did not know seizure treatment and whether Hijama and Cupping therapy were enough to treat seizure; 26.9 and 35.4% of the participants responded by neither putting something hard on the patient's mouth nor opening the patient's mouth by force to protect him from swallowing his tongue, respectively. Only 17.2% agreed on not calling the ambulance for all seizure cases. Participants aged between 20 and 29 and single had a significant higher percent of good knowledge with no significant association between gender, income and educational level and the participant's level of knowledge.

Conclusion:
There is a lack of knowledge and misconceptions about aspects related to seizures among the studied participants. It is recommended to raise awareness and correct false misconceptions about providing first aid to seizure patients.
Parenting style in a rapidly developing country
Authors: Hendaus Mohamed A. , Alozeib Rihab , Saied Lama , Shehzad Saira , Abdulmajeed Mohammed , Arab Khuloud , Hadid Faisal K. , Alhammadi Ahmed H. 
Published: August 2021

Objective:
To investigate the different styles of parenting in the State of Qatar, a country that is considered a cosmopolitan hub with rapid development.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sidra Medicine, the only tertiary pediatric hospital in Qatar. Parents of children 3–14 years old were offered a questionnaire.

Results:
A total of 114 questionnaires were completed (response rate = 95%). Approximately 65% of parents were between 30 and 39 years of age. Almost 90% of parents state that they are confident of their parenting ability. More than 90% of the participating parents stated that they are responsive to their child's feeling and needs, give comfort and understanding when their child is upset, praise their child when well-behaved, give reasons why rules should be followed, help children understand the impact of their behavior, explain consequences of bad behavior, take into account their child's desire before asking him/her to do something, encourage their child to freely express him/herself when disagreeing with his/her parents, and show respect to their child's opinion. However, 60% of parents sometimes scold, yell, and criticize their child when he/she misbehaves but less than 50% of them use threats as a consequence with little or no justification. Furthermore, two-thirds of parents give consequences by putting their child off somewhere with little or no explanation. Moreover, one in four participants gives in to their child when he/she causes a commotion about something, threatens their child with consequences more often than actually giving them, and states consequences to their child and do not actually do them.

Conclusion:
Residents in Qatar have a mixed type of parental style (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive). This study will guide us to raise the awareness about the types of parenting style in Qatar, in order to provide professional parenting counseling taking into consideration the cultural background.
Immediate effects of positional release therapy and manual trigger point release on neck pain and range of motion in computer users with upper trapezitis
Authors: Pathan Nawaj Mehtab , Thakur Snehal , Kadam Kajal , Lohade Sayali , Chandak Neelam 
Published: August 2021

Background/Objective:
The intent of the current study was to compare the immediate effects of positional release therapy (PRT) and manual trigger point release (MTpR) on neck range of motion and pain in upper trapezitis.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty participants with upper trapezius myofascial trigger points (MTrPs)’ participated in this study. Subjects were randomly classified into two groups (30 in each group): the subjects in Group A received PRT in a shortened position while those in Group B received MTpR in the neutral position for the upper trapezius muscle. They received four therapy sessions every day for four days. The pain intensity and range of motion were measured using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and cervical range of motion (CROM), respectively, before treatment sessions and repeated immediately after the first and fourth treatment sessions in each group till the last day of their interventions.

Results:
Paired and unpaired t-Test was used for the data analysis. Pre- and postinterventional effects measured on each day and between groups, revealed that CROM and NPRS values were significantly improved in (MTpR) group (CROM, and NPRS P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Both groups (PRT and MTpR) showed an increase in range of motion on CROM and a decrease in pain intensity on the NPRS during four sessions of therapy, but MTpR showed to be more effectual in these participants.
Quality of life among type II diabetic patients attending the primary health centers of King Saud Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsuwayt Saleh , Almesned Mohammed , Alhajri Shahad , Alomari Naif , Alhadlaq Razan , Alotaibi Abdullah 
Published: August 2021

Background/Aim:
Type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) have lower quality of life (QoL) compared to the general population. This study was conducted to determine QoL of T2DM patients and analyze factors that affect patients' QoL.

Methods:
We conducted this cross-sectional study in January to February of 2019 at several primary care health centers (PCHC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All adult T2DM patients were invited to participate in the study. We used the EQ-5D-3L and EQ VAS tools to determine the patients' health state and their self-rated overall health.

Results:
A total of 274 T2DM patients were surveyed, 149 (54.4%) were males. The mean age was 59.7 ± 10.4 years. Of the five EQ-5D-5L domains, self-care had the highest proportion that reported no problem (n = 183, 66.8%). The mobility domain had the highest proportion of reported severe problems (n = 37, 13.5%) and extreme problems (n = 7, 2.6%). Nineteen (6.9%) patients reported with a full state of health. The mean EQVAS was 65.9 ± 22.1, with only 24.1% reported as between 81–100%. Females, patients above 75 years old, those who are in the low socioeconomic income, unemployed, widow had lower EQ VAS.

Conclusion:
Males, with higher socioeconomic status, employed, married and younger patients experience better QoL compared to their counterparts. The overall health related QoL among our diabetic patients is low. These findings suggest improvement of health-related QoL, and more efforts should be invested in patient education particularly among patients who are in the low socioeconomic status, the elderly, females and the unemployed.