bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF THE FIBRINOLYTIC ENZYME SYSTEM IN MATERNAL AND UMBILICAL-CORD BLOOD
Authors: Phillips Louise Lang , Skrodelis Valija 
Published: December 2021

Studies of the fibrinolytic enzyme system in the plasma of mothers and the newborn infants are reported and the results compared.
All mothers had elevated levels of fibrinogen in the plasma at the time of delivery. The levels of fibrinogen in the newborn infants fell into a low normal range. Premature infants tended to have slightly lower levels of fibrinogen than term infants, with certain exceptions which are discussed. A direct correlation of values for fibrinogen with the birth weight could not be established. No correlation was observed between fibrinogen levels in mothers and infants, indicating that significant placental transfer of fibrinogen does not occur under normal conditions and that fibrinogen is manufactured by the fetus itself.
All mothers had higher levels of free and total profibrinolysin in the plasma than did the infants. The differences were found to be highly significant. The levels of free profibrinolysin in premature infants did not vary as much from those of the term babies, as was the case with total profibrinolysin. The levels of total profibrinolysin show a definite trend upward with increasing birth weight.
Inhibitors of the fibrinolytic enzyme system were also significantly higher in mothers than in infants. Premature infants had significantly lower levels than term infants although considerable overlapping in the range was noted.
Evidence was obtained that small amounts of an active proteolytic enzyme are present in the euglobulin fraction of the mother at delivery even after the course of a normal labor. No hemorrhagic manifestations were observed, presumably because of the high levels of inhibitor in maternal blood. In contrast, lysis of clots was observed more frequently in samples of cord blood, possibly due to lower levels of inhibitor.
Placental transfer of various decomposition products of protein apparently exists as indicated by measurements of trichloracetic acid-soluble products in samples of plasma.
A possible relation between the low proteolytic activity of the plasma of premature infants and the high incidence of fatality from hyaline membrane disease in these infants is proposed and discussed.
Hormones in Blood, Ciba foundation Colloquia on Endocrinology, Volume XI
Authors: KELLEY VINCENT C. 
Published: December 2021

This book is the report of a Ciba Foundation Symposium held February 18-22, 1957. The list of participants includes the names of 35 of the world's leading investigators in endocrine research. Among these are scientists from North and South America and Europe, all of whom have made major contributions in developing and applying methodology for the detection and quantitation of hormones in blood.
In the 410 pages of this volume there are included verbatim the papers which were presented formally at the Conference as well as detailed reports of the free and spontaneous discussion which followed each presentation.
THALLIUM POISONING
Authors: Chamberlain Philip H. , Stavinoha William B. , Davis Helen , Kniker William T. , Panos Theodore C. 
Published: December 2021

Fourteen children with thallium poisoning are described.
Alopecia and neurologic symptoms dominate the clinical picture. In the absence of alopecia, the diagnosis depends upon a high degree of suspicion in regard to any child presenting bizarre neurologic complaints with acute onset.
The best means of confirming a diagnosis of thallotoxicosis is by finding thallium in the urine.
Dithizon appeared to be beneficial treatment in five of six severely ill patients. Further cautious trials of this drug are indicated.
On the basis of the few patients studied, it appears that increased urinary excretion of thallium is not correlated with urine volume, clinical improvement or the use of dithizon.
Neomycin: Its Nature and Practical Application
Authors: ADAMS JOHN M. 
Published: December 2021

This book on neomycin is an excellent compilation f information on an antibiotic that has gained a permanent place among the useful therapeutic agents of today. Edited by Dr. Waksman and his associates, comprising a total of 35 contributors, no aspect of the story of neomycin is untouched from its brief history of less than ten years since its discovery in 1949 to its everyday use in clinical medicine at the present time.
Neomycin has found a permanent place in the therapy of man and animals, and because it is not readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract it has become an ideal intestinal antiseptic agent as well as being highly useful in the treatment of many infectious diseases.
Anomalies of Infants and Children
Authors: WARKANY JOSEF 
Published: December 2021

This book was written, according to the foreword, primarily for students and general practitioners. It is designed as a quick reference to aid in discussions with parents and to facilitate an understanding of the anatomic anomalies discussed, of the resulting functional disturbances and their treatment.
The authors are plastic surgeons and the subject matter is chosen essentially from their point of view. They deal with a variety of congenital anomalies but also with disorders resulting from postnatal injuries. Such etiologically heterogeneous subjects as deformities of the skull and brain, facial clefts, hemangiomas, fractures and dislocations of the facial bones and dental caries are discussed.
Association of Outpatient Directors
Authors: OLMSTED RICHARD W. 
Published: December 2021

In this issue of Pediatrics appears an article by Doctor Barbara Korsch entitled "Pediatric Outpatient Departments."
In her article, Doctor Korsch states that "a group of pediatricians with special interest in outpatient work have met together over a series of years to discuss problems of common interest." It seems appropriate at this time to acquaint others with the history, present status and future plans of this group.
Since 1953, this group has met at the time of the combined meetings of the American Pediatric Society and the Society for Pediatric Research to discuss "problems of common interest." Anyone interested in outpatient department matters has been invited to participate. In 1956 and 1958, formal agenda were arranged for presentation of specific topics but with these exceptions the meetings have consisted of informal discussions. Until the present no attempt has been made to establish a definitive organization.
BODY SURFACE AS A BASIS FOR DOSAGE
Authors: FORBES GILBERT B. 
Published: December 2021

MODERN therapeutic technology, with its array of drugs, sera and infusates, has demanded that the pediatrician devise some means whereby these materials can be given in proper dosage to subjects of widely varying size. At the same time modern clinical investigation has indicated the extent to which the human young differ metabolically and physiologically from adults. The practitioner has seen for himself that the dosage of many therapeutic agents is far from a simple linear function of body weight. The result has been the formulation of a number of dosage schemes, the most recent of which is the surface-area rule. In this scheme, dosage is expressed as grams or milliliters of a given material per square meter surface area rather than per unit body weight.
Body surface is calculated from weight and height according to the conventional DuBois nomogram, or from weight alone. The use of this rule automatically provides the infant with a larger per kilogram dose than the older child. This is because surface area increases less rapidly than weight as the body grows.
GROUP DISCUSSIONS WITH MOTHERS IN THE CHILD HEALTH CONFERENCE
Authors: Bleiberg Nina , Forrest Susanne 
Published: December 2021

The rationale and organization of two series of group discussions with mothers are described. The group of mothers from the better economic area was more successful in terms of attendance and continuity. A brief summary of five selected sessions of one group is given, in order to demonstrate the problems and the flow of the discussion. A brief summary of the courses of three cases from the other group is also reported.
It is believed that distinct benefits do accrue to parents from these group discussions with mothers. This type of experience is also considered valuable for the professional staff.
It is hoped that this report will stimulate interest in an experimental design for evaluation of the effects of group discussions so that further understanding of their value in mental hygiene might be gained.
COR PULMONALE ASSOCIATED WITH SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF ASTHMA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Griffin J. Trenholme , Kass Irving , Hoffman Murray S. 
Published: December 2021

Symptoms and signs of bronchial asthma, associated with cor pulmonale, are rare clinical findings in infants and children. Three cases are presented which suggest a relationship between the two entities. Two of the three cases did not present any evidence of atopy.
Although studies of cardiopulmonary functions should be done in all children suffering from "bronchial asthma," it is essential that the cardiac status be evaluated whenever a patient with asthma is responding poorly to treatment or evidence of decreased pulmonary function is found.
It is hoped that this presentation will alert physicians to cor pulmonale as a complication of asthma.
EFFECTS OF EARLY AMBULATION ON THE COURSE OF NEPHRITIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: McCrory Wallace W. , Fleisher Daniel S. , Sohn William B. 
Published: December 2021

The course of convalescence of acute nephritis in 35 children allowed early resumption of physical activity was followed for at least 2 years.
Thirty-four of the 35 children completely recovered from nephritis as judged by one or more normal Addis counts of the urinary sediment.
The early resumption of physical activity did not appear to have any adverse effect on the prognosis of nephritis in these children.
The value or necessity of continuing bed rest after symptoms and signs of the acute stage have subsided in typical cases is considered to be unsubstantiated.
THE ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM GLUCURONATE TO JAUNDICED NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Dwyer J. Henry , McCue Carolyn M. 
Published: December 2021

Sixteen cases of jaundice in the newborn period were treated with parenteral administration of sodium glucuronate. One case showed a decrease in concentration of indirect bilirubin in the serum, 2 cases showed a slight increase, and 13 cases showed no change during the entire observation period.
Experimental evidence and clinical experience suggest that parenteral administration of sodium glucuronate does not enhance the formation of bilirubin glucuronide in the newborn infant. In the authors' experience, it has been an inefficient and unreliable method of reducing the concentration of indirect bilirubin in serum. In our opinion exchange transfusion is still the only recognized therapeutic procedure for decreasing indirect bilirubin in serum in the newborn infant.
ADRENAL FUNCTION IN ALLERGY
Authors: Siegel Sheldon C. , Lovin Bailey J. , Ely Robert S. , Kelley Vincent C. 
Published: December 2021

An evaluation of a schedule of intermittent prednisolone therapy in the treatment of 42 children with severe allergic disorders, who had failed to respond to ordinary allergic management, is presented. In 11 subjects the response was excellent; in 28, good; and in 3, poor. No serious complications were observed as a consequence of the method of treatment.
Appraisal of adrenal function, as measured by a standardized test of response to adrenocorticotropin, was undertaken before and after the institution of therapy in the majority of the subjects. The mean urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the test observed after the introduction of therapy was significantly less than that prior to treatment. This suggests that the regimen of therapy employed impairs the adrenals' response to exogenous ACTH. The unresponsiveness of the adrenals was at least partly dependent upon the dosage of hormone administered.
The effect of intermittent steroid therapy on the urinary excretion of adrenocortical steroids in 16 subjects is also reported. Some hypofunction of the adrenals, which is overcome only partially during the days hormones are withheld, is suggested by the data on 17-OHCS. There was no discernible effect on the urinary excretion of 17-KS.
The indications for use of steroid therapy in allergic children and the implications of the findings in this study are discussed. Although a schedule of intermittent steroid therapy was found to be useful as an adjunct in the treatment of intractable asthma and atopic dermatitis, it should not be used as a substitute for conventional methods of treating allergic patients. The criteria for selection of patients and the precautions required in the administration of continuous hormone therapy, should also be applied in the use of intermittent hormone therapy.
The Advantages of Surface Area of the Body as a Basis for Calculating Pediatric Dosages
Authors: TALBOT NATHAN B. , RICHIE ROBERT H. 
Published: December 2021

The use of surface area of the body as a basis for calculating fluid dosages has been questioned in recent communications. This letter is being written to call attention to certain facts which the authors of these communications appear to have overlooked.
One is that body fluid requirements, like many other body functions, are not directly proportional to body weight. For this reason, Oliver et al. find it necessary to use five separate ml/lb-factors to calculate the fluid allowances of infants, children and adults. As can be seen in the table at the bottom of Figure 1, these diminish as individuals grow larger. Darrow likewise lists a series of eight factors to calculate body fluid requirements. Specifically he recommends that calories expended per kilogram be assumed to vary between 45 and 50 in the newborn, 60 and 80 in infants of 3 to 10 kg, 45 and 60 in children of 10 to 15 kg and so on down to a range of 25 to 30 in individuals weighing more than 60 kg.
The Magic Years
Authors: WORK HENRY H. 
Published: December 2021

The fact that there continue to be books written to help parents with child rearing suggests both that our knowledge is improving and that it is not always possible for one writer to reach all audiences. The Magic Years is a new and fresh approach which will appeal to many mothers.
In general, this book tends to stress strongly the situations which arise in the earliest years of the child's life and the effect of these situations on a child's later development. The book places a healthy emphasis on the very real effect of mother-child relationships in these years. Fortunately, also, fathers are not neglected.
A STUDY OF CHILDREN WITH MONGOLISM REARED IN THE HOME COMPARED TO THOSE REARED AWAY FROM THE HOME
Authors: Centerwall Siegried A. , Centerwall Willard R. 
Published: December 2021

A comparison was made of the physical and mental development of children with mongolism who were put into foster placement very soon after birth (Group P) with similar children who were reared in their own homes until 2½years of age or older (Group H). All of these children at the time of study had been patients at a state hospital for several years. The two groups (consisting of 32 children each) were matched as to present age but were otherwise chosen in a random way from the hospital population.
The children of Group H showed significantly better nutrition and growth and walked at a much earlier age.
The average Intelligence Quotient of Group P at an average age of 7 years was 16 while that of Group H at the same age was 23. The Social Quotients at the same time were 24 for Group P and 32 for Group H. A statistical analysis of these differences show them to be highly significant. It might be said that the children in Group P function generally within the severely retarded range whereas those in Group H are within the moderately retarded or trainable range.
Determination of Specific Gravity of Urine
Authors: ROSENTHAL IRA M. 
Published: December 2021

Goldman (Pediatrics, 24:814, 1959) pointed out that determination of the specific gravity of urine of pediatric patients by use of a urinometer was often difficult to perform because a minimum sample of 25 ml was required. It should also be noted that the ordinary urinometer is a relatively inaccurate instrument. Moreover, the test as ordinarily done does not take into consideration additional error resulting from variation in the temperature of the urine.
Goldman suggested that the determination of specific gravity of urine by means of the copper sulfate method was suitable for clinical use in pediatrics. The method suggested requires replacement of solutions every 2 weeks and some skill in performance of the test.
WATER-SOLUBLE RADIOPAQUE MEDIA IN ROENTGENOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Jarvis J. Luther , Nadelhaft Jerome 
Published: December 2021

Water-soluble iodinated compounds can be satisfactorily used as the radiopaque contrast agents in certain roentgenographic [see Table VI in Source PDF] examinations of the alimentary tract in infants and children. They are preferable to barium-water mixtures in tracheo-esophageal fistulas, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, fistulous tracts which communicate with the alimentary tract, and in post-surgical examinations of the alimentary tract. The low viscosity of these substances permits their passage through tiny tracts or narrowed lumens which will not permit passage of thicker suspensions of barium.
These contrast solutions are the opaque materials of choice in the radiologic investigation of megacolon. The iodinated compounds because they are true solutions, do not desiccate and form the impactions which are the main hazard in the use of barium-water suspensions in cases with obstruction of the alimentary tract.
PROCEEDINGS
Authors: Cramblett Henry G. 
Published: December 2021

Croup is a syndrome in which there is inspiratory stridor, cough and hoarseness, due to varying degrees of laryngeal obstruction . A schematic representation of the pathogeneses of croup is presented in Figure 1. In an individual case, the clinical manifestations of croup may be entirely the result of spasm or edema or any combination of the two. Further, a foreign body or extrinsic mass which encroaches upon the laryngeal airway may be accompanied by varying degrees of spasm and edema. In addition to the larynx, the rhinopharynx and tracheobronchial tree may be simultaneously involved if the basic etiology is infectious.
CLASSIFICATION OF ETIOLOGY
For the purposes of this discussion, the etiology of the croup syndrome will be considered as being due to infectious, mechanical or allergic factors (Table I). Traditionally, most classifications of croup have included in addition another distinct category, i.e., "spasmodic" croup. Typically, this form of croup was described as developing suddenly at night, tending to be recurrent and usually associated with minor upper respiratory infection. This type of disease was said to be due to allergy or immaturity of the larynx and to occur in "the nervous type of child." No doubt a major portion of the laryngeal obstruction in this form of the disease is due to spasm with a lesser degree of actual subglottic edema. However, there is increasing evidence that the laryngeal spasm is apparently triggered by, and associated with, a preceding viral upper respiratory infection in a majority of cases. [SEE TABLE I IN SOURCE PAGE].
THE BODY COMPOSITION OF NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: Osler Mogens , Pedersen Jorgen 
Published: December 2021

Studies on the body composition of new born infants of diabetic mothers (diabetic infants) are reported. Birth weight and length, total body water, water compartments, body fat, osseous maturity, and urinary excretion of water, electrolytes and nitrogen were determined in newborn infants of diabetic mothers, and for comparison in normal full-term infants (normal infants) and new-born infants of the same gestational age as the first group, but born to nondiabetic mothers (control infants).
Infants of diabetic mothers must be characterized as infants whose maturity in terms of development of ossification centers, excretion of water, electrolytes and nitrogen, and other organ functions corresponds to their chronologic age, or even less. Besides they are grossly overweight on account of a surplus of fat, and to a lesser degree, of carbohydrate stores in tissues and organs.
The combination of premature organ functions, increased fat content and water release on account of breakdown of protein and carbohydrate stores after birth, may be major factors in the neonatal pulmonary syndrome exhibited by infants of diabetic mothers.
Discussing the influence of glucose plus insulin, growth hormone and adrenal cortical steroids upon the body composition, the authors conclude that the changes found in newborn infants of diabetic mothers may be due primarily to maternal hyperglycemia.
BEHAVIOR, DIET AND GLUCOSURIA OF DIABETIC CHILDREN IN A SUMMER CAMP
Authors: Weil William B. , Sussman Marvin B. 
Published: December 2021

Observations were made on 13 pre-adolescent diabetic boys at a summer camp. Glucosuria, hypoglycemia, dietary intake with self-regulated and prescribed diets, emotional adjustment and measures of group structure were recorded and correlated to determine the relationship between psychologic-sociologic factors and metabolic changes in the diabetic state.
Average values for glucosuria for the entire group indicated that during the period of a prescribed diet, the per cent glucose in the urine was not statistically different during any of the three periods of the 24 hours. With the self-regulated diet there was a significantly greater per cent glucose in the urine during the day and evening periods than during the night period.
The type of diet the boys had received at home did not affect their performance during the two dietary programs.
There was less hypoglycemia and a higher per cent glucose in the urine during the day with the self-regulated diet than with the prescribed diet. These differences were significant, with a P value of less than .025. There was no difference in glucosuria during the night collection with the two dietary programs.
Well adjusted boys had less of an increase in glucosuria when they went from a prescribed diet to a self-regulated one than did the poorly adjusted boys. The differences in glucosuria were partially correlated with the differences in caloric consumption, the poor adjustors having a greater increase in calories consumed than the good adjustors. These changes did not reach the .05 level of significance.
Eating as a preferred activity increased in prominence during the course of the study.
Group structure did not become well defined with these boys because of the lack of a cabin-oriented program in the camp, so no correlation could be made between group position and change in glucosuria.