bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A subset of arachnoid granulations in humans drain to the venous circulation via intradural lymphatic vascular channels
Authors: Yağmurlu Kaan , Sokolowski Jennifer , Soldozy Sauson , Norat Pedro , Çırak Musa , Tvrdik Petr , Shaffrey Mark E. , Kalani M. Yashar S. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
The discovery of dural lymphatics has spurred interest in the mechanisms of drainage of interstitial fluid from the CNS, the anatomical components involved in clearance of macromolecules from the brain, mechanisms of entry and exit of immune components, and how these pathways may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer metastasis. In this study the authors describe connections between a subset of arachnoid granulations (AGs) and the venous circulation via intradural vascular channels (IVCs), which stain positively with established lymphatic markers. The authors postulate that the AGs may serve as a component of the human brain’s lymphatic system.

METHODS
AGs and IVCs were examined by high-resolution dissection under stereoscope bilaterally in 8 fresh and formalin-fixed human cadaveric heads. The superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and adjacent dura mater were immunostained with antibodies against Lyve-1 (lymphatic marker), podoplanin (lymphatic marker), CD45 (panhematopoietic marker), and DAPI (nuclear marker).

RESULTS
AGs can be classified as intradural or interdural, depending on their location and site of drainage. Interdural AGs are distinct from the dura, adhere to arachnoid membranes, and occasionally open directly in the inferolateral wall or floor of the SSS, although some cross the infradural folds of the dura’s inner layer to meet with intradural AGs and IVCs. Intradural AGs are located within the leaflets of the dura. The total number of openings from the AGs, lateral lacunae, and cortical veins into the SSS was 45 ± 5.62 per head. On average each cadaveric head contained 6 ± 1.30 intradural AGs. Some intradural AGs do not directly open into the SSS and use IVCs to connect to the venous circulation. Using immunostaining methods, the authors demonstrate that these tubular channels stain positively with vascular and lymphatic markers (Lyve-1, podoplanin).

CONCLUSIONS
AGs consist of two subtypes with differing modes of drainage into the SSS. A subset of AGs located intradurally use tubular channels, which stain positively with vascular and lymphatic markers to connect to the venous lacunae and ultimately to the SSS. The present study suggests that AGs may function as a component of brain lymphatics. This finding has important clinical implications for cancer metastasis to and from the CNS and may shed light on mechanisms of altered clearance of macromolecules in the setting of neurodegenerative diseases.
Segmentation of aneurysm wall enhancement in evolving unruptured intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Hashimoto Yukishige , Matsushige Toshinori , Kawano Reo , Shimonaga Koji , Yoshiyama Michitsura , Takahashi Hiroki , Kaneko Mayumi , Ono Chiaki , Sakamoto Shigeyuki 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
Morphological changes in unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are an imaging marker of aneurysm instability. Recent studies have indicated the ability of MR vessel wall imaging (VWI) to stratify unstable UIAs based on a correlation with histopathological aneurysm wall inflammation. In the present study the authors investigated the relationships between aneurysm growth patterns and the segmentation of aneurysm wall enhancement (AWE) in VWI.

METHODS
A total of 120 aneurysms with serial angiography from a follow-up period of at least 2 years (mean 65 months, range 24–215 months) were assessed by VWI. Two readers independently evaluated the patterns of morphological changes (stable, whole sac expansion, and secondary aneurysm formation) and the segmentation of AWE (no, focal, and circumferential AWE). The contrast enhancement ratio of the aneurysm wall versus the pituitary stalk (CRstalk) was calculated for the quantitative assessment of AWE. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between AWE patterns and patient baseline profiles, aneurysm characteristics, and morphological modifications.

RESULTS
Forty-one of 120 UIAs (34%) exhibited aneurysm growth (whole sac expansion in 19 and secondary aneurysm formation in 22). AWE was detected in 35 of 120 UIAs (focal AWE in 25 and circumferential AWE in 10). The maximum diameter of, irregularities in, and morphological modifications in aneurysms were associated with the segmentation of AWE. Focal AWE correlated with secondary aneurysm formation, and circumferential AWE correlated with whole sac expansion. In focal AWE, CRstalk was significantly higher in secondary aneurysm formation than in stable UIAs. UIAs without AWE (categorized as no AWE) correlated with aneurysm stability.

CONCLUSIONS
The segmentation of AWE was associated with aneurysm growth scenarios and may provide a novel insight into the evaluation of unstable UIAs.
Intracranial pressure dynamics and cerebral vasomotor reactivity in community-acquired bacterial meningitis during neurointensive care
Authors: Svedung Wettervik Teodor , Howells Timothy , Ljunghill Hedberg Anna , Lewén Anders , Enblad Per 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE
Community-acquired bacterial meningitis (CABM) is a severe condition associated with high mortality. In this study the first aim was to evaluate the incidence of intracranial pressure (ICP) insults and disturbances in cerebral vasomotor reactivity and the second aim was to evaluate the management and clinical outcome of CABM patients treated in the neurointensive care unit (NICU).

METHODS
CABM patients who were treated in the NICU of Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, during 2008–2020 were included in the study. Data on demographics, admission variables, treatment, ICP dynamics, vasomotor reactivity, and short-term clinical outcome were evaluated in these patients.

RESULTS
Of 97 CABM patients, 81 (84%) received ICP monitoring, of whom 22% had ICP > 20 mm Hg during 5% or more of the monitoring time on day 1, which decreased to 9% on day 3. For those patients with ICP monitoring, 46% required CSF drainage, but last-tier ICP treatment, including thiopental (4%) and decompressive craniectomy (1%), was rare. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity was disturbed, with a mean pressure reactivity index (PRx) above 0.2 in 45% of the patients on day 1, and remained high for the first 3 days. In total, 81 (84%) patients had a favorable outcome (Glasgow Coma Scale motor score [GCS M] 6) at discharge, 9 (9%) patients had an unfavorable outcome (GCS M < 6) at discharge, and 7 (7%) patients died in the NICU. Those with favorable outcome had significantly better cerebral vasomotor reactivity (lower PRx) than the two other outcome groups (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Intracranial hypertension was frequent following severe CABM and CSF drainage was often sufficient to control ICP. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity was commonly disturbed and associated with poor outcome. Clinical outcome was slightly better than in earlier studies.
Improving the test methodology of design piles on a construction site
Authors: Boyko Igor , Dyptan Tetiana 
Published: August 2021

Reliable solutions for the design of tall buildings with pile foundations depend on the correctness of the load-bearing capacity. In some cases, you need to know that it is impossible to determine the ability on the side surface and under the sole. To do this, it is proposed to develop a special technique that combines tests to remove and pull out and educate the nature of the downloads (static or kinematic).Тhe publication proposes a method of testing piles in the field, which simulates the processes that accompany the interaction of the pile with the soil base in real situations of operation of the technical object: for example, emergency soaking of soils when there is no time for stabilization deformations under load from a building or structure. It is shown that the value of friction on the side surface of the piles significantly depends on the nature of the loads. The analyzed results of the test schedule allow to separate these two components in the case when unloading is carried out continuously and the beginning of the pile movement in the opposite direction gives the value of soil resistance on the side floor. This simulates the real behavior of the pile at the base of the building, because in real objects there is no time for stabilization.It is offered to carry out tests of piles before loading which causes continuous indentation of piles, and division into components - bearing capacity on lateral surface Fdf and bearing capacity under the sole of the pile FdR will allow to accumulate the calculated soil supports in the respective zones, which makes it possible to create tables «R» and «f» for soil conditions of Ukraine.Taking into account the peculiarities of the construction of the pile test schedule and the proposed approaches will allow to correctly determine the components used in determining the bearing capacity of the pile. The accumulation of test results in the future will clarify the calculated soil supports of Ukraine. Reliable values of the calculated resistances will reduce the amount of static tests, which are time consuming and expensive.
INFLUENCE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES AS MEGA-EVENT ON URBANIZATION PROCESSES IN THE CITY AND THE REGION
Authors: Kovpak Volodymyr 
Published: August 2021

In recent decades, the Olympic Games have become one of the most important mega-events in the world. The large number of cities applying for the Olympics and the increase in mega-event budgets indicate that the leadership of cities and regions perceive the possibility of holding the Olympics as a tool to improve economic and social aspects in cities by accumulating investment.
Since its inception, the Olympic Games have closely influenced urbanization processes in host societies. From the second half of the 20th century, a significant evolution can be observed via increasing the scale of the mega-event: from the Olympic mono-stadium to the Olympic quarter, urban and regional planning. Thus, the Olympics began to provide investment not only in sports infrastructure but also in becoming an element of urban and regional renewal and development, introducing changes in transport infrastructure, housing, parks, streets, public space.
From the point of view of urban and regional planning, the holding of such a mega-event as the Olympics is considered within the concept of the Olympic heritage; namely, researchers study the material impact of mega-events. The tangible Olympic legacy is divided into sports and non-sports. The sports heritage of mega-events includes sports facilities, as well as training facilities. The non-sporting heritage of the mega-event includes the Olympic Villages (after the mega-event, the Olympic Village usually becomes the city's housing stock), the media center (which has the potential to become a shopping, entertainment, exhibition, or multicenter), renewed transport infrastructure and public and park spaces, urban environment.
Especially for cities hosting a mega-event, the benefits of hosting the Olympics can be vast and varied. In the post-Fordism world, cities began to consider the possibility of holding the Olympics as a tool for the revival of the city. Such applications can be called "regeneration games". The Olympic Games can be part of a strategic plan to renovate the city, significantly change the urban environment, improve transport infrastructure, and affect the quality of life in the city. However, the mega-event can have a negative impact on the city, forming an overuse of funds or the implementation of unnecessary infrastructure of the city, which declines after the Olympics.
CHINA’S TRADITIONAL HOUSING TYPES: EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
Authors: Kuzmenko Tеtiana , Dmytrenko Andrii 
Published: August 2021

The article examines the evolution and diversity of traditional Chinese dwellings, Which are due to the multinational composition of the population and the natural conditions of different parts of the country.
The syncretism characteristic of China also had a great influence on the formation of the dwelling. Confucianism formed the forms of family structure and norms of behavior, and Taoist principles and Buddhist rules – interaction with the world.
The most common type of dwelling is the siheyuan, which is based on Chinese tradition and philosophy. This term is the key to creating an ensemble, regardless of the hierarchy and location of the settlement. The country has a very large variety of landscape and climatic territories, a rich historical heritage, a huge number of nationalities, which in interrelation have formed an equally rich historical typology of residential buildings. However, China has its own special differences that played a crucial role shaping the typology of housing. These are, first of all, inviolable forms of family structure and norms of behavior based on centuries-old dogmas of Confucianism, developed by the Taoist principles of interaction with the Buddhist worldview.
In general, in different regions of China there were various modifications of the traditional type of house Siheyuan, which is certainly due to the peculiarities of climatic, economic and social conditions. The peculiarities of Chinese architecture have made the concept of siheyuan key in creating any ensemble in settlement. All buildings are subject to the rules of siheyuan (si – the four corners of the world, he – the environment, yuan – the garden, in this case, the garden with the yard). Its essence is that any complex is created around the yard, if there are several, then the main yard.
All buildings are strictly symmetrical along the longitudinal axis.
Pengembangan Buku Panduan Bimbingan Karier dengan Teori Trait and Factor
Authors: Basri Nur Arifaizal , Darminto Eko , Wiryosutomo Hadi Warsito 
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan dan keefektifan buku panduan bimbingan karier dengan teori trait and factor. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) model pengembangan Dick and Carey (2015) dengan subjek penelitian ahli materi, ahli media, ahli bahasa, guru bimbingan dan konseling, dan peserta didik kelas XI di SMAN 2 Pamekasan, SMAN 3 Pamekasan, SMAN 5 Pamekasan dengan total 18 peserta didik. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara menyebarkan angket, treatment bimbingan karier menggunakan buku panduan bimbingan karier dengan teori trait and factor. Data diperoleh dalam bentuk kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian pada (1) hasil penilaian validasi ahli materi, ahli media, dan ahli bahasa menunjukkan kategori buku panduan sangat layak untuk di uji coba di lapangan, (2) hasil penilaian individu pada guru BK di SMAN 3 Pamekasan dinyatakan layak untuk dipakai, (3) hasil penilaian kelompok kecil di SMAN 2 Pamekasan dan SMAN 5 Pamekasan menunjukkan sangat layak dan bermanfaat sebagai panduan layanan bimbingan karier, (4) hasil penilaian lapangan menunjukkan bahwa buku panduan mudah dipakai dan mudah dipahami, (5) evaluasi sumatif pada buku panduan bimbingan karier dengan teori trait and factor menunjukkan efektif berdasarkan data rata-rata peningkatan skor angket pre-test dan post-test serta hasil analisis uji paired sample t-test pada peserta didik kelas XI.
This study aims to determine the need for development of a career guidebook, the validity, and effectiveness of a guidebook based on the theory of traits and factors. This research is a research and development (R&D) using the Dick and Carey (2015) with research subjects material experts, media experts, linguists, guidance and counseling teachers, and class XI students at SMAN 2 Pamekasan, SMAN 3 Pamekasan, SMAN 5 Pamekasan with a total of 18 students. The data was collected by interviews, questionnaires, career guidance treatment using a career guidance guide book based on the trait and factor theory.The data obtained in qualitative and quantitative. The results of the research on (1) the results of the validation assessment of material experts, media experts, and linguists showed that the guidebook category was very feasible to be tested in the field, (2) the results of individual assessments of BK teachers at SMAN 3 Pamekasan were declared suitable for use, ( 3) the results of the small group assessment at SMAN 2 Pamekasan and SMAN 5 Pamekasan showed that it was very feasible and useful as a guide for career guidance services, (4) the results of the field assessment showed that the guidebook was easy to use and easy to understand, (5) summative evaluation of the guidance manual Career based on trait and factor theory shows that it is effective based on the average increase in pre-test and post-test questionnaire scores and the results of paired sample t-test analysis for students in class XI.
Athlete Brand Development in Social Media: Analysis of Students’ Attitudes
Authors: Deliautaitė Karolina , Baubonytė Silvija , Staškevičiūtė-Butienė Inga , Valantinė Irena 
Published: August 2021

Background. Athlete brand image management is one of the most popular topics of discussion in sport management right now. As professional sport has become a commercialised industry segment with more athletes involved, athletes are becoming promotional faces. Most professional athletes are involved in the use of social networks. There athletes actively demonstrate their personal lives, professional accents and advertise products. It is important to understand and analyse the impact of social networks on an athlete’s brand and ways to properly position themselves in social media. Using social networks, athletes are closer to fans and consumers than ever before. Based on and applying the Athlete Brand model developed by Arai (2010), this study aimed to investigate students’ attitudes towards athletes’ self-positioning on social networks.
Methods. The study involved 367 students (151 men and 216 women) from three Lithuanian universities. The Arai (2010) questionnaire was used for the study. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 26.0.
Results. It has been found that athletes’ sports performance is statistically significant in the development of a professional athlete’s brand, it is the fundamental aspect that creates the initial status of athlete’s brand. Results showed that the strongest direct causal link was found between an athlete’s athletic performance and lifestyle. It was also found that very strong links, in the opinion of the respondents, were between the athletes’ communication and behaviours.
Conclusions. When building an athlete’s brand, it is important to pay attention to three key components: athletic performance, attractive appearance, and marketable lifestyle. These three uses of an athlete’s brand can be explained by specific aspects of sports competitions or components of personal life. However, one of the most important factors in shaping a positive image of an athlete is athletic achievements.
Practical implications. This study can provide a consistent consumer approach to key aspects, focusing on consumer attention in athlete positioning. This can help the athlete and marketers develop an appropriate personal branding and positioning strategy in social media, which will then broaden the circle of fans and strengthen the opinion of loyal fans. Athlete’s brand is a set of closely interrelated and fan-centred physical, functional, aesthetic, and emotional elements that sets athlete’s brand apart from competitors and creates financial benefits for the athlete. The brand creates benefits not only for the athlete, but also for the market participants around him/her (consumer/fan, commercial brand), which can be called the functions of the brand.
Keywords: Athlete’s image, social network, brand relationship.
Sporto renginių kokybės vertinimas žiūrovų požiūriu: Lietuvos krepšinio rinktinių rungtynių pavyzdžiu
Authors: Kanovalovas Arijus , Jasinskas Edmundas 
Published: August 2021

Straipsnyje analizuojama sporto renginių kokybė Lietuvos krepšinio rinktinių rungtynėse. Buvo atlikta kokybės vertinimo modelių lyginamoji analizė ir pasirinktas tinkamiausias sporto renginių kokybės modelis šiam tyrimui – SPORTSERV. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, jog Lietuvos krepšinio rinktinių (Lietuvos nacionalinės krepšinio vyrų ir moterų rinktinės, Lietuvos jaunučių, jaunių ir jaunimo) rungtynių renginio kokybę vertina gerai ir labai gerai. Kaip svarbiausią, tyrime naudoto SPORTSERV modelio sporto renginių kokybės kategoriją, respondentai išskyrė saugumą (renginio vietos ir aplinkos saugumo užtikrinimas). Analizuojant skirtumus tarp vyrų ir moterų, paaiškėjo, jog vyrai geriau vertina Lietuvos krepšinio rinktinių rungtynių renginio kokybę negu moterys. Tiek vyrai, tiek moterys kaip mažiausiai įtakos turintį veiksnį įvardijo, jog arenoje galima nusipirkti kokybiško maisto ir gėrimų.
Raktiniai žodžiai: sportas, renginiai, kokybė, lemiantys veiksniai.
Clinical diagnosis of vertebral fractures in osteoporosis (literature review)
Authors: Evstigneeva L. P. 
Published: August 2021

Background. Osteoporosis is a common pathology among older age groups. Vertebral fractures are one of the most severe complications of osteoporosis, as they lead to a decrease in the quality of life, disability and increased mortality. The risk of vertebral fractures increases with age, especially in those who have already has a fracture of this localization. To improve the prognosis in this category of patients, early detection, treatment of patients with fractures, as well as prevention of new fractures, are important. At the same time, the diagnosis of osteoporotic vertebral fractures presents certain difficulties due to the variability of their clinical manifestations, which often leads to insufficient detection, wrong diagnosis and, as a consequence, to the lack of adequate treatment.Purpose of the review. To conduct a literature search to evaluate the clinical diagnosis of osteoporotic vertebral fractures.Conclusion. There was no single highly specific and at the same time sensitive clinical symptom of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Back pain remains a relatively nonspecific symptom in vertebral fractures. The most specific symptoms: kyphosis and height loss have a high predictive value only when they are significantly changed. Thus, vertebral fractures should be suspected if height decreased more than 2.0 cm per year or more than 4.0 cm per life, if the patient does not reach the wall with his head or if the «rib to pelvis» distance is two fingers or less. The combination of clinical symptoms with the assessment of risk factors and bone mineral density has the greatest clinical significance. If a vertebral fracture is clinically suspected, it is advisable to perform an X-ray of the thoracic and lumbar spine, since the localization of pain indicated by the patient may not correspond to the localization of the fracture.