bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cash waqf risk management and perpetuity restriction conundrum
Authors: Azrai Azaimi Ambrose Azniza Hartini , Abdullah Asuhaimi Fadhilah 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively discuss the issue of risk vis-à-vis the perpetuity restriction principle inherent in waqf (Islamic endowment). Specifically, it attempts to consolidate the axioms in both conventional and Islamic finance, such as the risk-return trade-off and al-ghunm bi al-ghurm (liability accompanies gain), with the perpetual nature of waqf. Overall, this paper attempts to find a resolution to the dilemma of perpetuity restriction inherent in cash waqf against the natural occurrence of the risk.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is based on the secondary research methodology; past literature encompassing journal articles, books, relevant financial axioms, fatwas (Islamic rulings) and state enactments is critically reviewed to present its case. In regard to state enactments, only Malaysian state enactments have been used, thus restricting the study to the Malaysian case only.

Findings
This study contends that the dilemma of the perpetuity restriction and the natural occurrence of risk can be resolved through the integration of waqf risk management, especially concerning cash waqf, with the Islamic spiritual approach. By implementing standard operating procedures that inculcate awareness on waqf risk management and Islamic spirituality in waqf stakeholders (wāqif (donor), trustee and beneficiaries), the stakeholders may accept the reality of risk that is inevitable even after all efforts have been exhausted. In other words, the violation of perpetuity is exonerated given that mental faculties aligned with revealed texts have been exhaustively used beforehand.

Practical implications
Findings from this study may broaden the choice of investment avenues for waqf trustees while adhering to the perpetual restriction of waqf. More importantly, waqf trustees will not be forced to invest in interest-bearing securities or be involved in any usurious transactions just to obtain guaranteed returns and preserve the corpus of waqf.

Originality/value
This study offers a unique perspective on cash waqf risk management by re-analyzing the axioms and concepts of finance and waqf while observing the welfare of the beneficiaries.
A foundational framework for agile enterprise architecture
Authors: Kaddoumi Tarek , Watfa Mohamed 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The application of agility principles and methodologies on Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a promising field. This paper aims to provide an in-depth study of the Agile Enterprise Architecture (AEA) by studying EA practitioners’ perspectives to propose a foundational framework for AEA.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors formulate a foundational framework that defines the AEA motivators, enablers and blockers using the agile manifesto as one of the AEA enablers where a total of 156 EA stakeholders with at least one year of experience in enterprise architecture were surveyed, and a set of hypotheses was analyzed and tested based on the proposed framework. The authors also develop a quantitative method to evaluate the agility index of the EA based on the introduced framework.

Findings
The research results show with significance that enterprise architects perceive positively the application of the agility methodologies on the enterprise architecture. This perception is primarily affected by the enterprise size, the EA dependency and the agile methodologies awareness. The findings also indicate that AEA is primarily motivated by the Business and IT Change Ready and Responsive EA. Finally, an EA Agility Index (EAAI) was designed to assess the agility application of the EA based on the three forces, i.e. motivators, enablers and blockers.

Research limitations/implications
Because of the chosen research approach and the sample size, the research results may lack generalizability. Also, EAAI designed was not thoroughly tested.

Practical implications
The paper includes implications for the design and development of an EA Agility Index, and the need to increase the awareness of the agility methodologies to overcome the blocker of the unfamiliarity with the agile methodologies implying that the current business models in enterprise must be more aligned with the agile methodologies.

Originality/value
While there are efforts to develop AEA frameworks, one of the major findings of the literature review conducted is that there is evident research gap in the literature on the perception and associated factors of the EA stakeholders on having an agile enterprise architecture. This paper attempts to fill this gap.
Information seeking and collaborative decision-making behaviour in consultancy project teams: a network theoretic viewpoint
Authors: Badi Sulafa , Ji Hanxiao , Ochieng Edward G. 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThis study aims to examine how embeddedness influences consultants' information seeking when making decisions within a social network of relationships, and how these social networks evolve throughout the project delivery stages. The study is grounded in social network theory and examines embeddedness from three perspectives: structural (network cohesion), relational (tie strength in terms of friendship and knowledge awareness) and actor prominence.Design/methodology/approachA social network analysis (SNA) questionnaire was administered to a team of consultants working on a management consultancy project in Shanghai, China. The SNA measures of density, degree centrality and betweenness centrality were used to analyse relationship patterns among project team members, permitting comparison between the networks. Networks were also compared across the three project delivery stages of collect, consider and create.FindingsStructural embeddedness was observed in the active information seeking behaviour among consultancy team members. The moderate network density of the self-organising information seeking networks across the project delivery stages ensures that the team remains connected but avoids information redundancy and overload. Relational embeddedness was evident through the multiplexity of ties among team members with overlapping friendship and information seeking relationships. The knowledge awareness network's sparseness indicates a team of autonomous knowledge workers with distributed expertise. Project managers were the most prominent actors across the three project delivery stages, underlining these actors' relational leadership role.Practical implicationsThe study provides a deeper understanding of collaborative decision-making behaviours in dynamic-project environments. Limited attempts have been made to visualise and analyse the relationships involved in small consulting teams. The novelty of the network approach adopted stems from its ability to offer a structural view of the relationship among consultants, thus offering a distinctive and arguably more complete picture of consultancy team dynamics.Originality/valueThe study validates the social network theory of embeddedness in a real-world collaborative decision-making setting and provides a deeper understanding of information seeking behaviours for decision-making in dynamic-project environments. From a project management process viewpoint, the evolving nature of the information seeking network as it changes across the project stages with associated actors' roles was also visualised graphically, offering a distinctive and arguably more complete picture of consultancy team dynamics.
Industry 4.0 an empirical analysis of users’ intention in the automotive sector
Authors: Toni Martina , Renzi Maria Francesca , Pasca Maria Giovina , Guglielmetti Mugion Roberta , di Pietro Laura , Ungaro Veronica 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to study the automotive 4.0 context to understand the consumers’ propensity towards high-tech automated cars. The paper analyses the antecedents that lead to the use of innovative vehicles. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is adopted and extended by including further constructs, such as environmental aspects and inhibitors.

Design/methodology/approach
The advent of smart technologies and the internet of things has given rise to several contributions that look at consumers’ intention towards innovation adoption in the automotive industry. Furthermore, this study rises from the growing interest that sustainable mobility achieved. Based on the previous technology acceptance models and particularly TPB, this paper develops a structured questionnaire. After a pilot survey, the final questionnaire was administered online through email and social media in the Italian context. Structural equation modelling technique has been used for analysing data and testing the conceptual model.

Findings
The number of questionnaires filled out was 310, with a sample composed of young adults, characterised by different addiction levels towards technology. The results explain the drivers that lead to accept and adopt high-tech automated vehicles. This topic is still under investigation and offers potential research opportunities, considering the evolution of the market and the consumers’ habits and needs. Future research studies in this area should focus on generalising the present findings in other countries. Moreover, once this technology starts to be adopted, other constructs could be discovered, investigated and included in the model.

Originality/value
Mobility has raised a growing interest with the fast increasing demand for sustainability and growth of innovative solutions embedded in mobility. This research explores the TPB model’s application and the relation between its constructs, environmental aspects, inhibitors and intention to adopt automated vehicles. On this strength, it is possible to identify each construct’s relevance for obtaining social consensus on the market.
Does the exchange rate overshoot in an emerging economy?
Authors: Aftab Muhammad , Rafique Amir , Lau Evan 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThe sticky-price monetary model of exchange rate states the overshooting hypothesis as, exchange rate depreciation beyond its long-term value in response to an increase in money supply owing to the sticky nature of prices. Because of interest and relevance to policy, there is a huge extant literature on it but with mixed findings that suggest the need for further studies to refine the findings. Pakistan’s rupee exchange rate against the US dollar depreciated 128.44% over the period May 2007–December 2018. Considering this substantial decline in rupee's value, this study aims to examine either the rupee short-run value is over-shot of its long-term value.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a linear ARDL approach that segregates the short-run and long-run effects thus clarifying the premise of exchange rate overshooting. Furthermore, this study also uses nonlinear ARDL as a robustness check incorporating structural breaks.FindingsFindings based on a linear model show evidence of exchange rate undershooting that means a positive money shock causes the exchange rate to appreciate. A nonlinear analysis also provides support to these findings. However, the increase in relative money supply has more such effect than that of a decrease in the relative money supply. Moreover, the authorities’ inclination to stabilize the exchange rate appreciates its short-run value.Originality/valueThis study substantiates the overshooting hypothesis literature by considering the role of asymmetric effects of exchange rate determinants and structural breaks that is a rare attempt in the extant literature.
Black African perceptions of entrepreneurial outcomes in the UK
Authors: Ojo Sanya 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThis study aims to discover how ethnic entrepreneurs actually understand the performance of their business through clarification of key indicators they use in evaluating business success and failure.Design/methodology/approachThe attribution of success and failure in business was investigated through in-depth interviews, bolstered by the self-determination theory, with some UK’s Black African entrepreneurs.FindingsFindings suggest that ethnic entrepreneurs’ attribution of success and failure is not only subjectively constructed but also enacted through cultural symbolism. The combination of cultural and personal values provoked attitudinal idiosyncrasy that construes business failure as success.Originality/valueThe result offers valuable knowledge to academics/practitioners researching success and failure factors in the ethnic entrepreneurship field.
Strengthening social innovation in higher education institutes – an organizational change process involving staff and students
Authors: Prantl Judith , Freund Susanne , Kals Elisabeth 
Published: June 2021

PurposeIn recent decades, higher education institutes (HEIs) have come under pressure to cooperate with society as a whole. This shift towards an increased focus on third mission and social innovation activities implies a substantial organizational change process for many HEIs, as they need to initiate both structural and cultural changes. This paper provides guidance for such change processes by examining the views and attitudes of academic and administrative staff, as well as students within the HEIs over a period in which the HEIs increase their focus on social innovation.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a longitudinal quantitative approach consisting of a survey of administrative and academic staff, as well as students at two German HEIs. The authors studied members’ attitudes towards third mission and social innovation activities (N= 3470).FindingsResults suggest that the university members’ attitudes towards third mission and social innovation are positive but change to some extent over time. Different aspects shape the attitudes within the three groups (administrative staff, academic staff and students). Furthermore, attitudes vary among academic employees who are involved in the process and those who are not.Practical implicationsThe findings provide useful information for university managers and anyone aiming to promote social innovation at HEIs.Originality/valueThe study examines how attitudes of university members change whenever social innovation takes place at HEIs. This study includes data on the participation and empowerment of all HEI members in view of the important role that HEIs can play as supporters of social innovation.
The effect of sustainability on foreign direct investment inflows: evidence from developing countries
Authors: Singh Neha , Kapuria Cheshta 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to analyse, the issue concerning the quality of inward foreign direct investments (FDI) by empirically investigating the role of four sustainability determinants of FDI, namely, economic, environmental, social and governance using data from 22 developing countries of the Asian region over a period from 2000–2016.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology adopted to achieve this purpose is dynamic panel estimation (two-step difference generalised method of moments) by developing three econometric models. The data is sourced from the World Development, Worldwide Governance Indicators, International Telecommunication Union and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

Findings
The econometric results indicate that, in general, control of corruption, political stability and electricity consumption influence sustainable FDI favourably; and CO2 emissions lower the extent of sustainable FDI. The result underlines deficiencies in the information technology aspect, which has a non-significant yet positive relationship with sustainable FDI. A pertinent finding of this study is that the past value of FDI inflows increases the current year’s FDI inflows in developing countries.

Practical implications
The findings related to gender and information technology aspects found in this paper will be of interest to both researchers and policymakers for substantially reorienting the sustainability attributes to foreign investment.

Originality/value
The authors’ main contributions are to encapsulate the conceptual framework into an empirical model by combining all the four dimensions, namely, environmental, economic, social and governance for developing countries.
Reduced expression of programmed cell death 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 in infiltrating inflammatory cells of lichen planus without administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Shirouchi Kazufumi , Koshikawa Sachiko , Shinya Koichiro , Watanabe Hideaki , Izumi Miki , Yoshimura Kiyoshi , Sueki Hirohiko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractKeratinocytes are the main targets of infiltrating T cells in the pathogenesis of lichen planus. However, the mechanisms of dense inflammatory infiltrates beneath the epidermis remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to clarify the roles of programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) and its ligand (PD‐L1) in the pathogenesis of lichen planus. Immunohistochemistry of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 in 12 cases each of lichen planus and dermal‐type erythema multiforme was performed. The expression of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 on infiltrating inflammatory cells, predominantly lymphocytes in lichen planus, was significantly less compared to that in dermal‐type erythema multiforme. By dual immunofluorescence, the overlap between PD‐1 and leukocyte common antigen, CD4, CD8, CD68, and factor XIIIa was limited and found in only a very small portion of lichen planus cells. Our data suggest that decreased expression of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 could play a role in accelerating inflammatory cell infiltration targeting the epidermis in the pathogenesis of lichen planus.
The poultry pathogen Riemerella anatipestifer appears as a reservoir for Tet(X) tigecycline resistance
Authors: Umar Zeeshan , Chen Qiwei , Tang Biao , Xu Yongchang , Wang Jinzi , Zhang Huimin , Ji Kai , Jia Xu , Feng Youjun 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe transferability of bacterial resistance to tigecycline, the ‘last‐resort’ antibiotic, is an emerging challenge of global health concern. The plasmid‐borne tet(X) that encodes a flavin‐dependent monooxygenase represents a new mechanism for tigecycline resistance. Natural source for an ongoing family of Tet(X) resistance determinants is poorly understood. Here, we report the discovery of 26 new variants [tet(X18) to tet(X44)] from the poultry pathogen Riemerella anatipestifer, which expands extensively the current Tet(X) family. R. anatipestifer appears as a natural reservoir for tet(X), of which the chromosome harbours varied copies of tet(X) progenitors. Despite that an inactive ancestor rarely occurs, the action and mechanism of Tet(X2/4)‐P, a putative Tet(X) progenitor, was comprehensively characterized, giving an intermediate level of tigecycline resistance. The potential pattern of Tet(X) dissemination from ducks to other animals and humans was raised, in the viewpoint of ecological niches. Therefore, this finding defines a large pool of natural sources for Tet(X) tigecycline resistance, heightening the need of efficient approaches to manage the inter‐species transmission of tet(X) resistance determinants.
Extent and Causes of Chesapeake Bay Warming
Authors: Hinson Kyle E. , Friedrichs Marjorie A.M. , St‐Laurent Pierre , Da Fei , Najjar Raymond G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCoastal environments such as the Chesapeake Bay have long been impacted by eutrophication stressors resulting from human activities, and these impacts are now being compounded by global warming trends. However, there are few studies documenting long‐term estuarine temperature change and the relative contributions of rivers, the atmosphere, and the ocean. In this study, Chesapeake Bay warming, since 1985, is quantified using a combination of cruise observations and model outputs, and the relative contributions to that warming are estimated via numerical sensitivity experiments with a watershed–estuarine modeling system. Throughout the Bay’s main stem, similar warming rates are found at the surface and bottom between the late 1980s and late 2010s (0.02 ± 0.02°C/year, mean ± 1 standard error), with elevated summer rates (0.04 ± 0.01°C/year) and lower rates of winter warming (0.01 ± 0.01°C/year). Most (~85%) of this estuarine warming is driven by atmospheric effects. The secondary influence of ocean warming increases with proximity to the Bay mouth, where it accounts for more than half of summer warming in bottom waters. Sea level rise has slightly reduced summer warming, and the influence of riverine warming has been limited to the heads of tidal tributaries. Future rates of warming in Chesapeake Bay will depend not only on global atmospheric trends, but also on regional circulation patterns in mid‐Atlantic waters, which are currently warming faster than the atmosphere.
A Social Policy Theory of Everyday Borrowing: On the Role of Welfare States and Credit Regimes
Authors: Wiedemann Andreas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDebt has become an essential part of many people's daily lives. This article develops a new comparative political economy perspective on the relationship between welfare states and household borrowing. I argue that the ways in which welfare states distribute benefits, and credit regimes provide access to credit, affect how individuals address social risks and, as a consequence, shape patterns of indebtedness. Permissive credit regimes substitute for social policies in limited welfare states, pushing economically disadvantaged groups into debt. Alternatively, credit markets complement social policies in the provision of financial liquidity in comprehensive welfare states, protecting vulnerable groups through government benefits while allowing less‐protected affluent groups to borrow money. In restrictive regimes, people instead rely on savings, expenditure cuts, and family support. I test these arguments using an original measure of credit regime permissiveness, cross‐national survey data, and full‐population administrative records from Denmark and panel data from the United States.