bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990: Redefining Pharmacists’ Legal Responsibilities
Authors: Huang Steven W. 
Published: February 2021

Henry Fan, owner of T.I. Drugstores, one of the city's largest pharmacies, just walked into your office for legal advice. He sits down across from your desk and holds his head in his hands. With a worried look on his face, he tells you that his pharmacy has just been sued by one of its customers, Elaine Jones. A year ago, T.I. Drugstores received a prescription for Jones from Dr. Kenneth Brown for Bendectin, a prescription drug used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting during the early stages of pregnancy. After reviewing the prescription for errors, the pharmacist filled the prescription according to its directions and sold it to Jones.Approximately eight months later, Jones gave birth to a baby girl with severe deformities as a result of the ingested Bendectin. Sadly, her child will never be able to sit or walk properly. Jones is suing T.I. Drugstores for negligently failing to advise her of the potential hazards associated with ingesting Bendectin. Additionally, Jones claims that T.I. Drugstores is strictly liable for failing to warn her of the fact that ingesting Bendectin causes birth defects in children.Fan informs you that the pharmacist assumed that Brown had forewarned Jones of the risks associated with Bendectin. Outraged, Fan insists that neither his drugstore nor his pharmacist acted incorrectly. They simply did what they were supposed to do: fill the prescription according to its specifications.
Ensuring the Safety of Genotech Drugs Through Implied Warranty Theory
Authors: Serra Wayne M. 
Published: February 2021

Genotechnology (genotech) is the subset of biotechnology (biotech) dealing with human genetics. Even as a subset, however, genotechnology has a significant effect within the U.S. economy. This impact is partly attributable to the federal government’s efforts to nurture the industry. Although these efforts have contributed to the American genotech industry’s rapid growth, the federal government has not kept pace in the legal and regulatory areas necessary to ensure that genotech drugs are marketed responsibly. In fact, current federal policy has been characterized as “grossly short-sighted.”The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) presently has approved more than thirty genotech drugs for general use. Over 450 more products are currently under development, with at least 120 of those in final testing awaiting FDA approval. Cancer treatment products comprise the largest segment with 114 drugs either under development, pending approval, or finally approved for sale.As sales figures indicate, genotech drugs have already firmly entrenched themselves in the marketplace.
The Patients’ Bill of Rights: Women’s Rights Under Managed Care and ERISA Preemption
Authors: Theodos Tiffany F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPublic concern over the perceived failure of managed care has led many to call for the increased accountability of managed care organizations (MCOs). In response, during his January 1998, State of the Union address, President Clinton outlined a Patients’ Bill of Rights that would guarantee patients certain protections against abuses by their health plans. Since January 1998, the Patients’ Bill of Rights has been entrenched in partisan politics. Consequently, the 105th Congress failed to enact a Patients’ Bill of Rights and the 106th Congress has passed two opposing versions of the Bill. At the time of publication, the two bills sat in a joint House Senate conference committee awaiting reconciliation.Although both sides support legislation increasing patient protections, Democrats and Republicans are divided over the issue of remedies for patients who have had their rights violated.
The Siren Song of the Elderly: Florida's Nursing Homes and the Dark Side of Chapter 400
Authors: Williamson Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2021

Nursing homes perform a vital function in the long-term care continuum by providing nursing care around the clock to the elderly and disabled. By entrusting these institutions with society's frailest members, the general population relies on government agencies and their regulations to ensure that the elderly receive quality care. States expect quality care, but providers often lack the financial support and regulatory guidance.Recently, the conflict between reimbursement and quality care received national attention. Vencor, the U.S.'s second largest nursing home chain, attempted to terminate its Medicaid contracts and evict all its Medicaid residents. Executives explained that the contract terminations and resident evictions were strategies to make room for higher paying private pay residents. Faced with state, and potentially federal, fines, as well as a district court injunction and public outrage over the patient dumping, the company quickly abandoned its policy and apologized.
Race, Ethnicity and Quality Of Care: Inequalities and Incentives
Authors: Watson Sidney D. 
Published: February 2021

As was my custom, I moved from one exam room to the next with a fluidity that comes from years of practice, yet I was stopped in my tracks when Mr. North rose to his feet to greet me. His deep ebony, six foot-three-inch frame dwarfed my pale, five-foot-three presence. The tremendous hands on his 260 pound body grabbed my own outstretched right hand and shook it…. I glanced at his face, trying to see through my initial discomfort, only to be greeted by my own face staring back at me from the silver, reflective sunglasses he wore beneath a baseball cap that covered his head and any hair that might have been growing on it. His huge chest was tightly wrapped in a black T-shirt that, even in its largest version, couldn't stretch comfortably to encompass his pectoral girth….Mr. North became one of my favorite patients….I like him because I realize how hard I have had to work all of my life to overcome the racist feelings that made me fear him when we first met and that never allow me to act completely naturally in his presence.
Ashes to Ashes: Why FDA Regulation of Tobacco Advertising May Mark the End of the Road for the Marlboro Man
Authors: Paralusz Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDespite education campaigns about the health hazards associated with smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco, teenage use of tobacco products has reached epidemic proportions. Recent studies indicate that adolescent smoking is on the rise, and that children are beginning to smoke at progressively earlier ages. “Nearly 3,000 young people start smoking each day,” accounting for more than one million new smokers each year. In addition, ninety percent of all new smokers are under the age of eighteen.Although young people are generally aware of the serious, long-term health risks associated with tobacco use, studies suggest that those who smoke do not usually view those risks as applying to them personally. Furthermore, evidence shows that young people who begin to smoke know about the addictive properties of nicotine, but do not believe that they will become addicted. For these reasons, in August 1995, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed strict regulations aimed at reducing the number of children and adolescents who smoke. Several of these provisions target cigarette advertisements aimed at minors.
A narrative review of literature on the use of health and social care by older trans adults: what can United Kingdom services learn?
Authors: Benbow Susan Mary , Eost-Telling Charlotte , Kingston Paul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe carried out a narrative review and thematic analysis of literature on the physical health care, mental health care and social care of trans older adults to ascertain what is known about older trans adults’ contacts with and use of health and social care. Thirty papers were found: a majority originated in the United States of America. Five themes were identified: experience of discrimination/prejudice and disrespect; health inequalities; socio-economic inequalities; positive practice; and staff training and education. The first three themes present challenges for providers and service users. Experiences of discrimination/prejudice and disrespect over the course of their lives powerfully influence how older trans adults engage with care services and practitioners. Health and socio-economic inequalities suggest that older trans adults are likely to have greater need of services and care. The remaining two themes offer opportunities for service improvement. We conclude that more research is needed, that there is a strong argument for taking a lifecourse perspective in a spirit of cultural humility, and that contextual societal factors influence service users and providers. We identify positive trans-inclusive practices which we commend to services. More needs to be done now to make older adult services appropriate and welcoming for trans service users.
Hybrid IWD-GA: An Approach for Path Optimization and Control of Multiple Mobile Robot in Obscure Static and Dynamic Environments
Authors: Kumar Saroj , Parhi Dayal Ramakrushna , Pandey Krishna Kant , Muni Manoj Kumar 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYIn this article, hybridization of IWD (intelligent water drop) and GA (genetic algorithm) technique is developed and executed in order to obtain global optimal path by replacing local optimal points. Sensors of mobile robots are used for mapping and detecting the environment and obstacles present. The developed technique is tested in MATLAB simulation platform, and experimental analysis is performed in real-time environments to observe the effectiveness of IWD-GA technique. Furthermore, statistical analysis of obtained results is also performed for testing their linearity and normality. A significant improvement of about 13.14% in terms of path length is reported when the proposed technique is tested against other existing techniques.
Social choice problems with public reason proceduralism
Authors: Kugelberg Henrik D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMost political liberals argue that only rules, policies and institutions that are part of society’s basic structure need to be justified with so-called public reasons. Laws enacted outside this set are legitimate if and when public reasons can justify the procedure that selects them. I argue that this view is susceptible to known problems from social choice theory. However, there are resources within political liberalism that could address them. If the scope of public reason is extended beyond the basic structure it could order people’s preferences in a way that circumvents the identified issues.
Early economic evaluation to guide the development of a spectroscopic liquid biopsy for the detection of brain cancer
Authors: Gray Ewan , Cameron James M. , Butler Holly J. , Jenkinson Michael D. , Hegarty Mark G. , Palmer David S. , Brennan Paul M. , Baker Matthew J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
An early economic evaluation to inform the translation into clinical practice of a spectroscopic liquid biopsy for the detection of brain cancer. Two specific aims are (1) to update an existing economic model with results from a prospective study of diagnostic accuracy and (2) to explore the potential of brain tumor-type predictions to affect patient outcomes and healthcare costs.

Methods
A cost-effectiveness analysis from a UK NHS perspective of the use of spectroscopic liquid biopsy in primary and secondary care settings, as well as a cost–consequence analysis of the addition of tumor-type predictions was conducted. Decision tree models were constructed to represent simplified diagnostic pathways. Test diagnostic accuracy parameters were based on a prospective validation study. Four price points (GBP 50-200, EUR 57-228) for the test were considered.

Results
In both settings, the use of liquid biopsy produced QALY gains. In primary care, at test costs below GBP 100 (EUR 114), testing was cost saving. At GBP 100 (EUR 114) per test, the ICER was GBP 13,279 (EUR 15,145), whereas at GBP 200 (EUR 228), the ICER was GBP 78,300 (EUR 89,301). In secondary care, the ICER ranged from GBP 11,360 (EUR 12,956) to GBP 43,870 (EUR 50,034) across the range of test costs.

Conclusions
The results demonstrate the potential for the technology to be cost-effective in both primary and secondary care settings. Additional studies of test use in routine primary care practice are needed to resolve the remaining issues of uncertainty—prevalence in this patient population and referral behavior.
Minimising CM degree and slope stability of projective varieties
Authors: OHNO KENTARO 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe discuss a minimisation problem of the degree of the Chow–Mumford (CM) line bundle among all possible fillings of a polarised family with fixed general fibers, motivated by the study of the moduli space of K-stable Fano varieties. We show that such minimisation implies the slope semistability of the fiber if the central fiber is smooth.
A lower bound for Cusick’s conjecture on the digits of n + t
Authors: SPIEGELHOFER LUKAS 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLet S be the sum-of-digits function in base 2, which returns the number of 1s in the base-2 expansion of a nonnegative integer. For a nonnegative integer t, define the asymptotic density
$${c_t} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } {1 \over N}|\{ 0 \le n < N:s(n + t) \ge s(n)\} |.$$
T. W. Cusick conjectured that ct > 1/2. We have the elementary bound 0 < ct < 1; however, no bound of the form 0 < α ≤ ct or ct ≤ β < 1, valid for all t, is known. In this paper, we prove that ct > 1/2 – ε as soon as t contains sufficiently many blocks of 1s in its binary expansion. In the proof, we provide estimates for the moments of an associated probability distribution; this extends the study initiated by Emme and Prikhod’ko (2017) and pursued by Emme and Hubert (2018).
Diet quality and all-cause mortality among US adults, estimated from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003–2008
Authors: Gicevic Selma , Tahirovic Emin , Bromage Sabri , Willett Walter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:We assessed the ability of the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) to predict mortality in the US population and compared its predictiveness with that of the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015).Design:PDQS and HEI-2015 scores were derived using two 24-h recalls and converted to quintiles. Mortality data were obtained from the 2015 Public-Use Linked Mortality File. Associations between diet quality and all-cause mortality were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, and predictive performance of the two metrics was compared using a Wald test of equality of coefficients with both scores in a single model. Finally, we evaluated associations between individual metric components and mortality.Setting:A prospective analysis of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data.Participants:Five-thousand five hundred and twenty-five participants from three survey cycles (2003–2008) in the NHANES aged 40 years and over.Results:Over the 51 248 person-years of follow-up (mean: 9·2 years), 767 deaths were recorded. In multivariable models, hazard ratios between the highest and lowest quintiles of diet quality scores were 0·70 (95 % CI 0·51, 0·96, Ptrend = 0·03) for the PDQS and 0·77 (95 % CI 0·57, 1·03, Ptrend = 0·20) for the HEI-2015. The PDQS and HEI-2015 were similarly good predictors of total mortality (Pdifference = 0·88).Conclusion:Among US adults, better diet quality measured by the PDQS was associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality. Given that the PDQS is simpler to calculate than the HEI-2015, it should be evaluated further for use as a diet quality metric globally.
Kant’s Enlightenment and Women’s Peculiar Immaturity
Authors: Sabourin Charlotte 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn ‘What is Enlightenment?’, Kant claims that no women are currently enlightened. Here I argue that this exclusion is due to certain legal restrictions guiding Kant’s conception of enlightenment. As enlightenment is intended to take place in society, it appears that Kant has a specific legal context in mind that affects its enactment. His twofold conception of citizenship and the dimension of subordination he puts forward by restricting the private use of reason will prove useful in clarifying those legal restrictions. It thus seems unlikely that Kant intended women to take an active part in enlightenment.
Comparison of multiplex PCR kits for SCoT and SRAP genotyping in plants
Authors: Sathapondecha Ponsit , Boonsermsukchareon Lathapol , Whankeaw Sukhuman 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTaq polymerase system is one of the key success factors for genotyping by using semi-random marker types. Start codon targeted (SCoT) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) are semi-random markers that amplify more than one target at a time, like in multiplex PCR. Here, we compared the performance of five multiplex PCR kits (QIAGEN®, Thermo Scientific™, New England Biolabs, KAPA Biosystem and iNtRON Biotechnology) and Taq DNA polymerase from Vivantis as a representative common Taq polymerase. The PCR using three SCoT and three SRAP markers was performed in six plants, which were different in genome size, including three monocotyledons (rice, oil palm and onion) and three dicotyledons (holy basil, chilli pepper and eggplant). The overall results demonstrated consistent high performance of the Taq polymerase system with the multiplex PCR kit from KAPA Biosystem. Considered by plant, the multiplex PCR kit from KAPA Biosystem showed the best performance in holy basil, eggplant, oil palm and chilli pepper, whereas in rice, the Taq DNA polymerase from Vivantis generated better results than the KAPA Biosystem. In onion, multiplex PCR kit from Thermo Scientific™ showed the best performance among those tested, even if it did not perform well in the other plans. Different Taq polymerase systems might generate different band patterns, therefore using the same Taq polymerase system within one experimental dataset is recommended. The multiplex PCR kit from KAPA Biosystem is the best starting choice.
Application of Hydraulic Geometry to High Gradient Rivers in Southern Ecuador
Authors: Carrillo V. M. , Petrie J. E. , Cisneros F. E. , Timbe L. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUsing hydraulic geometry (HG) theory, we investigated three rivers typical of the Ecuadorian mountainous region with longitudinal slopes ranging from 0.8% to 10% and coarse bed material with d50 ranging from 3 to 54 mm and values of d90 up to 908 mm. Extensive field measurements were performed to characterize geometric and hydraulic properties at 33 sites. Using these field data, at‐a‐station HG relationships were obtained for top width, average flow depth, and average flow velocity. Dimensional and dimensionless downstream HG relations were obtained for these parameters as well as the channel bed slope using the bankfull discharge estimated with at‐a‐station HG. The correlation coefficients indicate that the dimensionless equations adequately represent the observed data for all quantities with the exception of slope. In addition to a low correlation coefficient, the exponent on non‐dimensional discharge was small in the downstream HG relation for slope. This small exponent indicates that slope is not dependent on discharge. Based on this finding, the non‐dimensional HG relations were reformulated using both dimensionless discharge and bed slope as independent variables. These new relations show improved correlation coefficients and demonstrate the role of slope in determining channel width, flow depth, and average velocity in high gradient rivers.
Performance of ICESat‐2 Precision Pointing Determination
Authors: Bae Sungkoo , Helgeson Benjamin , James Michael , Magruder Lori , Sipps Jonathan , Luthcke Scott , Thomas Taylor 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGlobal elevations are critical to understanding the Earth's dynamic processes and changing climate. These measurements are best acquired from a space‐based vantage point and are most accurate using laser altimetry technology. However, the accuracy associated with the elevation retrievals from laser altimetry relies heavily on the ability to precisely determine the pointing angle of the laser beams from the satellite to the illuminated spot on the surface. The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat‐2) has a system consisting of instruments that support the determination of the laser pointing direction through a process called Precision Pointing Determination (PPD). In this paper, we describe the PPD conceptual implementation, instrument details, data processing approach, calibration/validation techniques, and performance assessment. We show that the PPD has successfully achieved the allocated accuracy goal essential to meeting the ICESat‐2 geolocation mission requirement.
ICESat‐2 Precision Orbit Determination
Authors: Thomas T. C. , Luthcke S. B. , Pennington T. A. , Nicholas J. B. , Rowlands D. D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe ICESat‐2 Precision Orbit Determination (POD) system computes the precise position of the laser altimeter instrument in inertial space, a measurement necessary for accurate geolocation of individual photon surface returns. ICESat‐2 POD solutions are generated by the reduction of Global Positioning System (GPS) double‐difference carrier phase observable residuals with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's GEODYN software. Independent satellite laser ranging (SLR) measurements are withheld from the POD solutions and used as an independent arbiter of POD performance. Measurement model updates in the form of estimated GPS antenna phase center and satellite laser ranging retro‐reflector tracking point offset vectors as well as a GPS antenna phase center variation map have led to significant improvement in POD performance. GPS residual analysis and orbit precision analysis show no significant anomalous temporal or geographic POD performance issues. The independent SLR residual analysis indicates that POD solutions have achieved a radial orbit accuracy just below 1.5 cm, thus exceeding the mission radial orbit accuracy requirement of 3.0 cm by more than a factor of 2. Future POD processing updates have been identified and will lead to even further improvements in POD performance.
TROPOMI NO2 in the United States: A Detailed Look at the Annual Averages, Weekly Cycles, Effects of Temperature, and Correlation With Surface NO2 Concentrations
Authors: Goldberg Daniel L. , Anenberg Susan C. , Kerr Gaige Hunter , Mohegh Arash , Lu Zifeng , Streets David G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObserving the spatial heterogeneities of NO2 air pollution is an important first step in quantifying NOX emissions and exposures. This study investigates the capabilities of the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) in observing the spatial and temporal patterns of NO2 pollution in the continental United States. The unprecedented sensitivity of the sensor can differentiate the fine‐scale spatial heterogeneities in urban areas, such as emissions related to airport/shipping operations and high traffic, and the relatively small emission sources in rural areas, such as power plants and mining operations. We then examine NO2 columns by day‐of‐the‐week and find that Saturday and Sunday concentrations are 16% and 24% lower respectively, than during weekdays. We also analyze the correlation of daily maximum 2‐m temperatures and NO2 column amounts and find that NO2 is larger on the hottest days (>32°C) as compared to warm days (26°C–32°C), which is in contrast to a general decrease in NO2 with increasing temperature at moderate temperatures. Finally, we demonstrate that a linear regression fit of 2019 annual TROPOMI NO2 data to annual surface‐level concentrations yields relatively strong correlation (R2 = 0.66). These new developments make TROPOMI NO2 satellite data advantageous for policymakers and public health officials, who request information at high spatial resolution and short timescales, in order to assess, devise, and evaluate regulations.