bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by house flies
Authors: Balaraman Velmurugan , Drolet Barbara S. , Mitzel Dana N. , Wilson William C. , Owens Jeana , Gaudreault Natasha N. , Meekins David A. , Bold Dashzeveg , Trujillo Jessie D. , Noronha Leela E. , Richt Juergen A. , Nayduch Dana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged coronavirus that is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 in humans is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that range from asymptomatic to mild or severe illness including death. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and is transmitted via the oral–nasal route through droplets and aerosols, or through contact with contaminated fomites. House flies are known to transmit bacterial, parasitic and viral diseases to humans and animals as mechanical vectors. Previous studies have shown that house flies can mechanically transmit coronaviruses, such as turkey coronavirus; however, the house fly’s role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has not yet been explored. The goal of this work was to investigate the potential of house flies to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, it was determined whether house flies can acquire SARS-CoV-2, harbor live virus and mechanically transmit the virus to naive substrates and surfaces.

Methods
Two independent studies were performed to address the study objectives. In the first study, house flies were tested for infectivity after exposure to SARS-CoV-2-spiked medium or milk. In the second study, environmental samples were tested for infectivity after contact with SARS-CoV-2-exposed flies. During both studies, samples were collected at various time points post-exposure and evaluated by SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-qPCR and virus isolation.

Results
All flies exposed to SARS-CoV-2-spiked media or milk substrates were positive for viral RNA at 4 h and 24 h post-exposure. Infectious virus was isolated only from the flies exposed to virus-spiked milk but not from those exposed to virus-spiked medium. Moreover, viral RNA was detected in environmental samples after contact with SARS-CoV-2 exposed flies, although no infectious virus was recovered from these samples.

Conclusions
Under laboratory conditions, house flies acquired and harbored infectious SARS-CoV-2 for up to 24 h post-exposure. In addition, house flies were able to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA to the surrounding environment up to 24 h post-exposure. Further studies are warranted to determine if house fly transmission occurs naturally and the potential public health implications of such events.

Graphical abstract
Assessment of Babesia bovis 6cys A and 6cys B as components of transmission blocking vaccines for babesiosis
Authors: Alzan Heba F. , Bastos Reginaldo G. , Ueti Massaro W. , Laughery Jacob M. , Rathinasamy Vignesh A. , Cooke Brian M. , Suarez Carlos E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Babesia bovis reproduces sexually in the gut of its tick vector Rhipicephalus microplus, which involves expression of 6cys A and 6cys B proteins. Members of the widely conserved 6cys superfamily are candidates for transmission blocking vaccines (TBV), but intricacies in the immunogenicity of the 6cys proteins in the related Plasmodium parasites required the identification of transmission blocking domains in these molecules for vaccine design. Hereby, the immunogenic efficacy of recombinant (r) B. bovis 6cys A and B proteins as a TBV formulation was studied.

Methods
The immunogenicity of r6cys A and 6cys B proteins expressed in a eukaryotic system was evaluated in a cattle immunization trial (3 immunized and 3 control calves). A B. bovis sexual stage induction in vitro inhibition assay to assess the ability of antibodies to block the production of sexual forms by the parasite was developed.

Results
Immunized cattle generated antibodies against r6cys A and r6cys B that were unable to block sexual reproduction of the parasite in ticks. Additionally, these antibodies also failed in recognizing native 6cys A and 6cys B and peptides representing 6cys A and 6cys B functional domains and in inhibiting the development of sexual forms in an in vitro induction system. In contrast, rabbit antibodies generated against synthetic peptides representing predicted B-cell epitopes of 6cys A and 6cys B recognized recombinant and native forms of both 6cys proteins as well as peptides representing 6cys A and 6cys B functional domains and were able to neutralize development of sexual forms of the parasite in vitro.

Conclusions
These data, combined with similar work performed on Plasmodium 6cys proteins, indicate that an effective 6cys protein-based TBV against B. bovis will require identifying and targeting selected regions of proteins containing epitopes able to reduce transmission.

Graphical abstract
Leveraging unstructured data to identify hereditary angioedema patients in electronic medical records
Authors: Brouwer Emily S. , Bratton Emily W. , Near Aimee M. , Sanders Lynn , Mack Christina D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The epidemiologic impact of hereditary angioedema (HAE) is difficult to quantify, due to misclassification in retrospective studies resulting from non-specific diagnostic coding. The aim of this study was to identify cohorts of patients with HAE-1/2 by evaluating structured and unstructured data in a US ambulatory electronic medical record (EMR) database.

Methods
A retrospective feasibility study was performed using the GE Centricity EMR Database (2006–2017). Patients with ≥ 1 diagnosis code for HAE-1/2 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification 277.6 or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification D84.1) and/or ≥ 1 physician note regarding HAE-1/2 and ≥ 6 months’ data before and after the earliest code or note (index date) were included. Two mutually exclusive cohorts were created: probable HAE (≥ 2 codes or ≥ 2 notes on separate days) and suspected HAE (only 1 code or note). The impact of manually reviewing physician notes on cohort formation was assessed, and demographic and clinical characteristics of the 2 final cohorts were described.

Results
Initially, 1691 patients were identified: 190 and 1501 in the probable and suspected HAE cohorts, respectively. After physician note review, the confirmed HAE cohort comprised 254 patients and the suspected HAE cohort decreased to 1299 patients; 138 patients were determined not to have HAE and were excluded. The overall false-positive rate for the initial algorithms was 8.2%. Across final cohorts, the median age was 50 years and > 60% of patients were female. HAE-specific prescriptions were identified for 31% and 2% of the confirmed and suspected HAE cohorts, respectively.

Conclusions
Unstructured EMR data can provide valuable information for identifying patients with HAE-1/2. Further research is needed to develop algorithms for more representative HAE cohorts in retrospective studies.
Multivalued nonmonotone dynamic boundary condition
Authors: Aayadi Khadija , Akhlil Khalid , Ben Aadi Sultana , El Ouali Mourad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce a new class of hemivariational inequalities, called dynamic boundary hemivariational inequalities, reflecting the fact that the governing operator is also active on the boundary. In our context, it concerns the Laplace operator with Wentzell (dynamic) boundary conditions perturbed by a multivalued nonmonotone operator expressed in terms of Clarke subdifferentials. We show that one can reformulate the problem so that standard techniques can be applied. We use the well-established theory of boundary hemivariational inequalities to prove that under growth and general sign conditions, the dynamic boundary hemivariational inequality admits a weak solution. Moreover, in the situation where the functionals are expressed in terms of locally bounded integrands, a “filling in the gaps” procedure at the discontinuity points is used to characterize the subdifferential on the product space. Finally, we prove that, under a growth condition and eventually smallness conditions, the Faedo–Galerkin approximation sequence converges to a desired solution.
Complement mediates neuroinflammation and cognitive decline at extended chronic time points after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Mallah Khalil , Couch Christine , Alshareef Mohammed , Borucki Davis , Yang Xiaofeng , Alawieh Ali , Tomlinson Stephen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in progressive cognitive decline occurring for years after the initial insult, and for which there is currently no pharmacological treatment. An ongoing chronic inflammatory response after TBI is thought to be an important factor in driving this cognitive decline. Here, we investigate the role of complement in neuroinflammation and cognitive decline for up to 6 months after murine TBI. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to open head injury using a controlled cortical impact device. At 2 months post TBI, mice were moved to large cages with an enriched environment to simulate rehabilitation therapy, and assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1. vehicle (PBS), 2. CR2Crry (3 doses over 1 week), 3. CR2Crry (continuous weekly dose until the end of the study). The study was terminated at 6 months post-TBI for all groups. Motor and cognitive function was analyzed, with histopathological analysis of brain tissue. Measured at 6 months after TBI, neither of the complement inhibition paradigms improved motor performance. However, mice receiving continuous CR2Crry treatment showed improved spatial learning and memory compared to both mice receiving only 3 doses and to mice receiving vehicle control. Analysis of brain sections at 6 months after injury revealed ongoing complement activation in the control group, with reduced complement activation and C3 deposition in the continuous CR2Crry treatment group. The ipsilateral hemisphere of continuously treated animals also showed a decrease in microglia/macrophage and astrocyte activation compared to vehicle. There was also increased astrocytosis in the contralateral hippocampus of vehicle treated vs. naïve mice, which was reduced in mice continuously treated with CR2Crry. This study demonstrates continued complement mediated neuroinflammation at extended chronic time points after TBI, and extends the potential treatment window for complement inhibition, which has previously been shown to improve outcomes after murine TBI.
Providing value-based care as a physiotherapist
Authors: Cook Chad E. , Denninger Thomas , Lewis Jeremy , Diener Ina , Thigpen Charles 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Despite millions spent in research funding, studies, and guidelines, outcomes involving musculoskeletal care continue to decline. The purpose of this Viewpoint is to describe value-based care and to suggest measures for its adoption by physiotherapists who manage individuals with musculoskeletal related pain disorders.

Discussion
The provision of value-based care is best defined as care that includes: 1) patient centeredness, 2) guideline-oriented, integrated strategies, 3) measurement of patient outcomes and experiences, and 4) cost effectiveness. Physiotherapists are well positioned to be leaders in the application of value-based care by assuring they address each of the four strategies during the daily patient encounter. This Viewpoint discusses strategies for application to clinical practice.

Conclusion
By implementing value-based care principals, physiotherapists could assure that patients with musculoskeletal related pain disorders receive the right care at the right time, by the right provider.
Down syndrome and congenital heart disease: perioperative planning and management
Authors: Delany Dennis R. , Gaydos Stephanie S. , Romeo Deborah A. , Henderson Heather T. , Fogg Kristi L. , McKeta Angela S. , Kavarana Minoo N. , Costello John M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractApproximately 50% of newborns with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. Non-cardiac comorbidities may also be present. Many of the principles and strategies of perioperative evaluation and management for patients with congenital heart disease apply to those with Down syndrome. Nevertheless, careful planning for cardiac surgery is required, evaluating for both cardiac and noncardiac disease, with careful consideration of the risk for pulmonary hypertension. In this manuscript, for children with Down syndrome and hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease, we will summarize the epidemiology of heart defects that warrant intervention. We will review perioperative planning for this unique population, including anesthetic considerations, common postoperative issues, nutritional strategies, and discharge planning. Special considerations for single ventricle palliation and heart transplantation evaluation will also be discussed. Overall, the risk of mortality with cardiac surgery in pediatric patients with Down syndrome is no more than the general population, except for those with functional single ventricle heart defects. Underlying comorbidities may contribute to postoperative complications and increased length of stay. A strong understanding of cardiac and non-cardiac considerations in children with Down syndrome will help clinicians optimize perioperative care and long-term outcomes.
Fabrication of perfect plasmonic absorbers for blue and near-ultraviolet lights using double-layer wire-grid structures
Authors: Motogaito Atsushi , Tanaka Ryoga , Hiramatsu Kazumasa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study proposes using double-layer wire-grid structures to create narrow-band, perfect plasmonic absorbers, which depend on polarization, for the short-wavelength visible and near-ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A rigorous coupled-wave analysis reveals that the maximum absorption attained using Ag and Al is ~ 90% at 450 and 375 nm. Experiments using Ag yielded results similar to those predicted by simulations. These results demonstrate that narrow-band perfect plasmonic absorbers, which depend on the polarization, can be realized at 450 and 375 nm using Ag or Al.
Tensorial elastodynamics for anisotropic media
Authors: Konuk Tugrul , Shragge Jeffrey 
Published: April 2021

Elastic wavefield solutions computed by finite-difference (FD) methods in complex anisotropic media are essential elements of elastic reverse time migration and full-waveform inversion analyses. Cartesian formulations of such solution methods, though, face practical challenges when aiming to represent curved interfaces (including free-surface topography) with rectilinear elements. To forestall such issues, we have developed a general strategy for generating solutions of tensorial elastodynamics for anisotropic media (i.e., tilted transversely isotropic or even lower symmetry) in non-Cartesian computational domains. For the specific problem of handling free-surface topography, we define an unstretched coordinate mapping that transforms an irregular physical domain to a regular computational grid on which FD solutions of the modified equations of elastodynamics are straightforward to calculate. Our fully staggered grid (FSG) with a mimetic FD (MFD) (FSG + MFD) approach solves the velocity-stress formulation of the tensorial elastic wave equation in which we compute the stress-strain constitutive relationship in Cartesian coordinates and then transform the resulting stress tensor to generalized coordinates to solve the equations of motion. The resulting FSG + MFD numerical method has a computational complexity comparable with Cartesian scenarios using a similar FSG + MFD numerical approach. Numerical examples demonstrate that our solution can simulate anisotropic elastodynamic field solutions on irregular geometries; thus, it is a reliable tool for anisotropic elastic modeling, imaging, and inversion applications in generalized computational domains including handling free-surface topography.
Neck Dissections Based on Sentinel Lymph Node Navigation Versus Elective Neck Dissections in Early Oral Cancers: A Randomized, Multicenter, and Noninferiority Trial
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuhisa , Tsukahara Kiyoaki , Yoshimoto Seiichi , Miura Kouki , Yokoyama Junkichi , Hirano Shigeru , Uemura Hirokazu , Sugasawa Masashi , Yoshizaki Tomokazu , Homma Akihiro , Chikamatsu Kazuaki , Suzuki Mikio , Shiotani Akihiro , Matsuzuka Takashi , Kohno Naoyuki , Miyazaki Masakazu , Oze Isao , Matsuo Keitaro , Kosuda Shigeru , Yatabe Yasushi ,   for the HNCMM Research Group
Published: April 2021

PURPOSEThis study aimed to compare patients with early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) (tumor category [T] 1-2, node-negative, and no distant metastasis) treated with traditional elective neck dissection (ND) with those managed by sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) using survival and neck function and complications as end points.METHODSSixteen institutions in Japan participated in the study (trial registration number: UMIN000006510). Patients of age ≥ 18 years with histologically confirmed, previously untreated OCSCC (Union for International Cancer Control TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors 7th edition T1-2, node-negative no distant metastasis), with ≥ 4 mm (T1) depth of invasion, were randomly assigned to undergo standard selective ND (ND group; n = 137) or SLNB-navigated ND (SLNB group; n = 134). The primary end point was the 3-year overall survival rate, with a 12% noninferiority margin; secondary end points included postoperative neck functionality and complications and 3-year disease-free survival. Sentinel lymph nodes underwent intraoperative multislice frozen section analyses for the diagnosis. Patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes underwent either one-stage or second-look ND.RESULTSPathologic metastasis-positive nodes were observed in 24.8% (34 of 137) and 33.6% (46 of 134) of patients in the ND and SLNB groups, respectively ( P = .190). The 3-year overall survival in the SLNB group (87.9%; lower limit of one-sided 95% CI, 82.4) was noninferior to that in the ND group (86.6%; lower limit 95% CI, 80.9; P for noninferiority < .001). The 3-year disease-free survival rate was 78.7% (lower limit 95% CI, 72.1) and 81.3% (75.0) in the SLNB and ND groups, respectively ( P for noninferiority < .001). The scores of neck functionality in the SLNB group were significantly better than those in the ND group.CONCLUSIONSLNB-navigated ND may replace elective ND without a survival disadvantage and reduce postoperative neck disability in patients with early-stage OCSCC.
Effects of Temperature on Cuticular Lipids and Water Balance in a Desert Drosophila: is Thermal Acclimation Beneficial
Authors: Gibbs Allen G. , Louie Angela K. , Ayala Jose A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The desert fruit fly Drosophila mojavensis experiences environmental conditions of high temperature and low humidity. To understand the physiological mechanisms allowing these small insects to survive in such stressful conditions, we studied the effects of thermal acclimation on cuticular lipids and rates of water loss of adult D. mojavensis. Mean hydrocarbon chain length increased at higher temperatures, but cuticular lipid melting temperature (Tm) did not. Lipid quantity doubled in the first 14 days of adult life, but was unaffected by acclimation temperature. Despite these changes in cuticular properties, organismal rates of water loss were unaffected by either acclimation temperature or age. Owing to the smaller body size of warm-acclimated flies, D. mojavensis reared for 14 days at 33°C lost water more rapidly on a mass-specific basis than flies acclimated to 25°C or 17°C. Thus, apparently adaptive changes in cuticular lipids do not necessarily result in reduced rates of water loss. Avoidance of high temperatures and desiccating conditions is more likely to contribute to survival in nature than changes in water balance mediated by surface lipids.
COVID-19 vaccine-related lymph node activation – patterns of uptake on PET-CT
Authors: Shah Sweni , Wagner Thomas , Nathan Malavika , Szyszko Teresa 
Published: April 2021

In a bid to end the current COVID-19 crisis, many countries including UK have begun a mass immunization programme. Immunization can cause transient inflammation thereby causing increased metabolic activity at injection site and hypermetabolic lymph nodes. Various vaccinations and local injections have been known to cause diagnostic dilemma due to false-positive uptake on FDG PET-CT. In this pictorial case review, we present five cases demonstrating various patterns of uptake including an ipsilateral deltoid muscle, axillary, supraclavicular, and subpectoral lymph nodes post COVID-19 vaccination. A careful history of COVID-19 vaccination and normal size and morphology of lymph node on unenhanced low-dose CT will aid the diagnosis. All patients undergoing FDG PET-CT will require detailed documentation of the vaccination history including the time interval since vaccination. Knowledge about these patterns of uptake on PET-CT will ensure accurate interpretation by Nuclear Medicine physicians and radiologists during the current vaccination drive.
Explaining nursing attrition through the experiences of return-to-practice students: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Garside Joanne , Stephenson John , Hayles Jean , Barlow Nichola , Ormrod Graham 
Published: April 2021

Background: Nurse shortage is an international issue that has adverse effects on health and the quality of care of whole populations. Aims: The study aimed to explore attrition experienced by return-to-practice students attending higher education institutions in England. Methods: A mixed-methods design, involving questionnaires (n=114) and in-depth interviews (n=20), was used. Findings: Just over half (52%) of respondents left nursing after ≥10 years. Most of these (84%) stayed in alternative employment during their break from nursing. There were two distinct reasons for leaving nursing: the inability to maintain a positive work/life balance and a lack of opportunity for career advancement while retaining nursing registration. Respondents reflected positively on their nursing experience yet frequently reported significant personal or professional incidents prompting their decision to leave. Conclusion: The reasons nurses leave are complex. Professional bodies and managers need to work together to address concerns many nurses have during their careers that lead to them deciding to leave the profession.