bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Ideal Mild Steel Weld Properties Using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method
Authors: Nweze S. , Achebo J. 
Published: February 2021

Weld deformation which directly contributes to failures of welded components, has been a real time challenge in the manufacturing industry. To resolve this challenges, subtle manipulation of input process parameters is recommended by Researchers. This manipulation of input process parameters is done through the application of optimization methods hence this study.
In this study, the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method was used. This method was categorized into four groups, which are namely, linear scale transformation-Max method; linear scale transformation-Sum method; Vector normalization method and linear scale transformation-Max Min method. Each of these SAW methods was used to optimize the output parameters, which were classified as maximum criteria. It was noticed from the analysis, that the higher the values of the mechanical properties, the better the weldquality obtained and from using the linear scale transformation maximum method, weldment 7 was found to possess the best mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 395MPa, Impact energy (CVN) of 250J, Bead Height(BH) of 1.98 mm and Bead Width (BW) of4.82mmwas found to possess the best input and output parameters.
Basic Aerosol Science
Authors: Reist Parker C. , Zhu Yifang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An aerosol is a two‐phase system, consisting of particles and the gas in which they are suspended. Since airborne particles have been linked to various adverse health effects, it is essential to understand the behavior and properties of the aerosol. Health effects caused by aerosols depend on particle size and size distribution as well as on the composition of the particles. Other aerosol behavior including light scattering and coagulation can also vary markedly with particle size. This chapter focuses on various properties of the aerosol particles which influence their behavior, such as Stokes law, Reynolds number, Cunningham correction factor, particle motion, isokinetic sampling, electrical properties, and optical properties.
Heat Stress
Authors: Larrañaga Michael D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHeat stress is known as the aggregate of external heat from the environment, internal heat generated by the human body through physical activity and metabolism, and the insulating effects of the clothing worn, which collectively impose a thermal load on a person. Heat strain is the human response to heat stress. This chapter presents an in‐depth review of the development and current status of heat stress standards and guidelines; the physiology of human thermal exchange with the environment; the measurement and interpretation of the thermal environment; and the assessment of heat stress and heat strain; and the application of controls for the prevention of heat stress and heat strain.
Occupational Microbiological Biohazards – Exposure, Detection, and Disease
Authors: Reponen Tiina 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this book chapter, sources and characteristics of airborne microbiological contaminants including, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, are discussed in relation to their detection and health effects associated with personal exposure in the occupational environment. The impacts of microorganisms including protists and protozoans and other botanically sourced bioaerosols such as pollen are not reviewed in this book chapter. The potential exposures to microbial bioaerosols and the aerodynamic behavior of these contaminants are reviewed as well as their respiratory and dermal health effects. Direct and indirect sampling methods are presented along with methods of analysis. Methods to prevent personal exposure are also provided.
Respiratory Protective Equipment
Authors: Colton Craig E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Respirators have been used for almost 2000 years, and the genesis of their technical development is actually the mid‐nineteenth century. The Bureau of Mines in 1919 initiated the first respirator certification program based in the United States and certified their first respirator based on laboratory testing. In 1995, NIOSH promulgated new certification regulations. This chapter notes that respiratory protective equipment (RPE) should be used only when all higher priority control steps are not technically or financially feasible. Thus, RPE continues to be an important component in many respiratory exposure control plans. This chapter also addresses the performance of RPE and its evaluation in the laboratory and the more recent reliance on testing in the workplace. A respirator program ensures that the RPE selected can provide adequate protection under the conditions of intended use by implementing a respiratory protection program.
The History and Biological Basis of Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents
Authors: Paustenbach Dennis J. , Cyrs William D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The history and biological basis for setting occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemical agents are presented in this chapter. Baetjer reported that the first list of standards for chemical exposures in industry was the United States, known as maximum allowable concentrations (MAC), and that they were prepared in 1939 and 1940. Since then, more than 1000 occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been set for different chemicals in the United States and nearly 5000 limits are available in more than 10 countries. A considerable amount of information about the early history of OELs is presented here and about 300 different references are provided. The methods for setting limits based on the primary toxic effect are discussed (e.g. neurotoxicants, irritants, sensitizers, carcinogens, etc.). The topic of uncertainty factors received considerable attention given its importance to risk assessment. Methods for adjusting OELs for unusual work shifts are offered. The limitations inherent in various OELs are addressed in some detail. Modern approaches for incorporating additional insight into these factors are discussed. There is a brief discussion about the differences in OELs among different countries. The author's views about the future of OELs are provided.
Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Industrial Chemicals
Authors: Hopf Nancy B. , Fustinoni Silvia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Human biological monitoring is a powerful tool for scientists, policy makers, and occupational health‐care professionals, such as physicians and occupational hygienists, to assess and manage health risks associated with chemical exposures among the general population as well as at the workplace. This chapter will focus on using biological monitoring in occupational exposure assessments. It includes biological monitoring sampling strategies and practical approaches. Relevant biomarkers used in biomonitoring are derived based on fundamental understanding of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals. Therefore, ADME will be discussed along with toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Individual susceptibility is a topic associated with biological monitoring as opposed to air monitoring. Monitoring variability associated with air and biological monitoring is compared. The biomonitoring strategy choice is dependent on the purpose, selected biomarker, matrix (urine, blood, saliva, hair, exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate), sampling time, which is determined based on the selected biomarkers apparent elimination half‐life, and variability but also on the purpose of the biomonitoring program. Biological limit values are established on available scientific data. Their historic development and concepts are country specific. Biomonitoring of metals and inorganic compounds as well as organic compounds are extensively covered. Emerging biomarker fields as well as new chemical analytical methods are briefly discussed. Future trends in human biological monitoring are discussed as it is a current topic in public health policies, in occupational and environmental health and in science in general.
Characterizing Air Contaminant Emission Sources
Authors: Burton D. Jeff , Harris Robert L. , Arp Earl W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
All worker over‐exposures to air contaminants result from poorly controlled emissions of the contaminants into the work environment. The chapter focuses mainly on the emission inventory and how to implement cost‐effective emission and exposure controls. The role of industrial hygiene is also addressed in identifying and characterizing emission sources, which contribute to exposure.
Airborne and Emerging Infectious Diseases
Authors: Chiang Augusto Dulanto , Palmore Tara N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Airborne transmission of infections pathogens can occur in a wide range of occupational settings. Tuberculosis is a particular concern for personnel in health care and allied fields. The risk from exposure to infectious aerosols or droplet nuclei depends in part on characteristics of the source, the pathogen, and the aerosol droplets, as well as host susceptibility. The movement of infectious droplets is determined by their size and the flow of air. Many pathogens that are not classically airborne can be transmitted via aerosols under certain circumstances. Special consideration should be given to workers with immune impairment, who may be at higher risk of infection. Emerging pathogens that are not airborne but have had recent and significant public health consequences are also discussed.
Emergency and Disaster: Preparedness, Response, and Recovery
Authors: Laszcz‐Davis Chris , Massey Mary , Leibowitz Alan J. , Hardt Daniel , Woessner Herman , Jabara Jim , Lebourgeois Fabrice , Villarreal Vicki , McHaney Ron R. , Otum Peggy , Barnes David , Pereira Steven P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Emergency and disaster: preparedness, response, and recovery is an ongoing process of planning for and responding effectively to the occurrence of an event (planned or unplanned), as well as addressing the issue of recovery and restoration of operations and lives following an event. This chapter reflects a new paradigm which is being approached through increased awareness, preventive measures, and robust preparedness.
Emergency planning and disaster preparedness is not a new concept or philosophy. The inherent dangers and complex threats following the 11 September 2001 New York Twin Towers event, international wars, and dissemination of biological insults globally have raised the public's awareness level and need for quick response and recovery, dictating a new paradigm for incident management. The new paradigm for incident management is not designed to deal with only specific types of contingencies but is anchored by a National Incident Management System (NIMS), part of the National Response Framework (NRF), emphasizing unity of effort among all levels of government, flexible enough to accommodate “all hazards” and covering all disciplines required for conducting activities throughout the “full cycle” of an incident. Under this Framework, Federal, State, and local governments, along with private organizations and the American public, work as partners to manage domestic contingencies effectively and efficiently.
Health Care Industry: Contemporary Considerations
Authors: Emery Robert J. , Charlton Michael A. , Brown Bruce J. , Patlovich Scott J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Individuals seek health care to preserve or improve their health status, so there may be the presumption that the health care workplace is inherently safe and relatively free from possible hazards. But intertwined with the provision of modern medical care is possible exposures to a wide variety of potentially hazardous conditions and agents. Industrial hygienists providing services to this unique work environment must develop a thorough understanding of the variety of risks present to effectively anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and control the hazards. The types of hazards possibly present in the typical health care work setting (whether in‐patient, out‐patient, or home delivery) are discussed along with suggested concurrent prudent control measures, all within the context of providing quality health care for patients, while protecting workers.
Fire Safety in the Workplace
Authors: Custer, Richard L.P. , Powell Pamela A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The present study provides an overview of the terminology and concepts of fire safety with emphasis on the workplace setting. Various issues, such as fire protection codes, standards, and regulations, fire safety fundamentals, features of building construction related to fire protection, and employee response to emergencies have been examined. The topic of fire safety concerns of lithium‐ion batteries is introduced.
Ethics in Industrial Hygiene
Authors: Townsend Nina , Brown Garrett , Katchen Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Industrial hygienists have a moral responsibility, and, if certified or a member of an OHS professional organization, a professional obligation to act and perform their work in an ethical manner. According to ethicist Rushworth Kidder, the single largest problem in ethics is the inability to recognize ethical issues. Ethical challenges for individual industrial hygienists and the companies that employ them grew substantially with the development of the global economy starting in the 1990s. The growth of corporate social responsibility has not improved working conditions around the world; however, a handful of examples of worker‐driven social responsibility show potential. A code of ethics provides for a common understanding and minimum expectations. A professional code of ethics also provides evidence to those outside of the organization or discipline of the members' value and repute. The American Board of Industrial Hygiene code is enforceable among CIH candidates and diplomats. American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) has a Code of Conduct, AIHA and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists have joint ethical principles and the International Commission on Occupational Health has the more comprehensive International Code of Ethics for Occupational Health Professionals. Case studies provide an opportunity to work through common and complex ethical issues faced by industrial hygienists.
Industrial Hygiene Issues in Construction
Authors: Lippy Bruce , West Gavin H. , Gillen Matthew , Betit Eileen , Goldenhar Linda M. , Memarian Babak , Rinehart Richard , Barlet Grace , Fletcher M.K. , Brooks Sara , Le Jean Christophe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractConstruction is unique. Unlike other sectors, construction workplaces regularly involve multiple employers with a mix of trades that changes over the life of a project. Construction firms are predominantly small with the overwhelming number having less than 20 employees. Smaller contractors incur a disproportionate percentage of injuries and fatalities, which has led to construction consistently having the highest number of deaths of any sector. Most fatal construction injuries are caused by falls to a lower level, being struck by an object or a vehicle, contact with electric current, or being caught‐in or between objects or equipment. Health hazards are not given the prominence of safety hazards in construction because their effects may not be felt for decades and their causes may be unclear. Safety hazards are easier to identify. Seven percent of all OSHA construction inspections are for health hazards. Industrial hygienists should focus on task‐based personal monitoring, rather than time‐weighted averages, to better protect construction workers. Episodic exposures are more common in construction and can be quite elevated. Bystander exposures from nearby trades must also be considered as part of any hazard assessment. Dermal exposures are significant in construction because of the widespread use of cement, adhesive, solvents, abrasive cleaners, spray insulation, and paints. Engineering controls like local exhaust ventilation and wet methods can clearly reduce exposures to construction workers, if made available and maintained. New technological advances, like drones and nanomaterials, are appearing in construction. Industrial hygienists will be instrumental in navigating the benefits and risks of these technologies.
Decision Making in Managing Risk
Authors: Redinger Charles F. , Boelter Fred W. , O'Reilly Mary V. , Howard John , Barbi Glenn J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRisk is a ubiquitous part of life and work, and decision making is at the heart of any consideration about what to do, if anything about risk. Whether our decision making about risk is framed in qualitative terms – good versus bad, acceptable versus unacceptable – or quantitative terms – permissible exposure limit, recommended exposure limit, we are always engaged in making decisions about risk. Decision making in managing risk is rife with complexity, tension, and paradox which arise from this arena's values‐dependent, and subjective nature. A central question is, “to whom or what is something a risk?” Depending upon the context and the “who or what,” a risk may be acceptable or not.This chapter is purposefully not titled “risk management” or “risk analysis” or some variation, even though much of its content is about understanding and managing risks. Rather, the focus is on decision making in risk management because of decision making's central role in this arena, and the lens it provides to leverage advances in cognitive and organizational science to improve the success of risk management outcomes.A goal with this chapter is to increase your risk awareness beyond occupational health and safety's (OHS) traditional roots. While OHS is the foundational focus, it is suggested, if not urged that OHS professionals need to expand their risk perspective as risk profiles get more complex and interconnected. It is also suggested that there is an imperative to look at health more broadly than just work‐related injury or illness, and to consider organization, community, personal, and environmental health, as well as how a worker's employment, or lack of, impacts their total health profile.
DNA methylation markers have universal prognostic value for anal cancer risk in HIV‐negative and HIV‐positive individuals
Authors: van der Zee Ramon P. , van Noesel Carel J.M. , Martin Ivonne , ter Braak Timo J. , Heideman Daniëlle A.M. , de Vries Henry J.C. , Prins Jan M. , Steenbergen Renske D.M. 
Published: February 2021

Anal cancer has increasing incidence and is preceded by high‐grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN; AIN2–3). Previously, we identified and validated several methylation markers for accurate detection of anal cancer and HGAIN with cancer risk in HIV‐positive (HIV+) men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aimed to evaluate these markers in HIV‐negative risk groups. A cross‐sectional series of 176 tissue samples of anal cancer, AIN3, AIN2, AIN1 and control biopsies obtained in HIV‐negative women and men was tested for six methylation markers (ASCL1, LHX8, SST, WDR17, ZIC1andZNF582). Accuracy for detection of AIN3 and cancer (AIN3+) was determined by univariable and multivariable mixed‐effect ordinal logistic regression. Methylation levels of all markers increased with increasing severity of disease (P < 0.0001) and were comparable to results in HIV+ MSM. All markers showed high accuracy for AIN3+ detection [area under the curve (AUC): 0.83–0.86]. The optimal marker panel (ASCL1andZIC1; AUC = 0.85 for AIN3+) detected 98% of cancers at 79% specificity. In conclusion, DNA methylation markers show a high diagnostic performance for AIN3+ detection in HIV+ and HIV‐negative risk groups, justifying broad application of methylation analysis for anal cancer prevention programmes.
Development of Thermoinks for 4D Direct Printing of Temperature‐Induced Self‐Rolling Hydrogel Actuators
Authors: Podstawczyk Daria , Nizioł Martyna , Szymczyk‐Ziółkowska Patrycja , Fiedot‐Toboła Marta 
Published: February 2021

Abstract4D printing has emerged as an important technique for fabricating 3D objects from programmable materials capable of time‐dependent reshaping. In the present investigation, novel 4D thermoinks composed of laponite (LAP), an interpenetrating network of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), and alginate (ALG) are developed for direct printing of shape‐morphing structures. This approach consists of the design and fabrication of 3D honeycomb‐patterned hydrogel discs self‐rolling into tubular constructs under the stimulus of temperature. The shape morphing behavior of hydrogels is due to shear‐induced anisotropy generated via 3D printing. The compositionally tunable hydrogel discs can be programmed to exhibit different actuation behaviors at different temperatures. Upon immersion in 12 °C water, singly crosslinked sheets roll up into a tubular construct. When transferred to 42 °C water, the tubes first rapidly unfold and then slightly curve up in the opposite direction. Through a dual photocrosslinking of PNIPAAm, it is possible to inverse temperature‐dependent shape morphing and induce self‐folding at higher and unrolling at lower temperatures. The extensive self‐assembling motion is essential to developing thermal actuators with broad applications in, e.g., soft robotics and active implantology, whereas controllable self‐rolling of planar hydrogels is of the highest interest to biomedical engineering as it allows for effective fabrication of hollow tubes.
High‐Performance All‐Polymer Solar Cells with a Pseudo‐Bilayer Configuration Enabled by a Stepwise Optimization Strategy
Authors: Wu Qiang , Wang Wei , Wu Yao , Chen Zeng , Guo Jie , Sun Rui , Guo Jing , Yang Yang (Michael) , Min Jie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, an efficiency of 15.17% in the PBDB‐T/PYT all‐PSCs fabricated by a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) deposition technique is achieved by synergistically controlling additive dosages, which is not only higher than that (14.06%) of the corresponding bulk heterojunction (BHJ) device, but also the top efficient for all‐PSCs. Through the studies of physical dynamics and morphological characteristics, it is found that the LbL film can effectively improve optical and electronic properties, ensure exciton separation, charge generation and extraction, reduce trap‐assisted recombination, and facilitate hole transfer in LbL blends, thus achieving higher performance compared to its BHJ counterpart. Notably, the synergistic regulation of additive dosages in donor and acceptor solutions is also confirmed in the other three photovoltaic systems. Of particular note is that over 15% device performance is also achieved in the PBDB‐T/PYT LbL all‐PSCs fabricated via a blade‐coating technique, further demonstrating the great significance of this synergistic additive‐doping strategy for the printing fabrication of organic photovoltaics.
Extreme‐Angle Silicon Infrared Optics Enabled by Streamlined Surfaces
Authors: Zhang Fei , Pu Mingbo , Li Xiong , Ma Xiaoliang , Guo Yinghui , Gao Ping , Yu Honglin , Gu Min , Luo Xiangang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInfrared optical systems are indispensable in almost all domains of society, but their performances are often restricted by bulky size, small field of view, large thermal sensitivity, high fabrication cost, etc. Here, based on the concept of catenary optics, a novel isophase streamline optimization approach is leveraged to design silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible metasurfaces with broadband, wide‐angle, and high‐efficiency performances, which breaks through the glass ceiling of traditional optical technologies. By using the truly local geometric phase, a maximum diffraction efficiency approaching 100% is obtained in ultrawide spectral and angular ranges. Somewhat surprising results are shown in that wide‐angle diffraction‐limited imaging and laser beam steering can be realized with a record field of view up to 178°. This methodology is scalable to the entire optical band and other materials, enabling unprecedented compact infrared systems for surveillance, unmanned vehicles, medical science, etc.