bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of domestic effluent on growth and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Pisces; Clariidae)
Authors: Kolawole Asiata Adekilekun , Ataitiya Reuben , Junaid Quazim Olawale , Mustapha Abdur-Rahman Kolawole 
Published: February 2021

Esta investigación determina el efecto toxicológico de efluentes domésticos en los parámetros sanguíneos de Clarias gariepinus. Se realizaron cuatro tratamientos: Control, 30, 50 y 70 mlL-1. Cada tratamiento fue por triplicado. Se produjeron cambios de comportamiento en los peces expuestos a 50 y 70 mlL-1 del efluente, y no se observó ninguno en los peces Control y los tratados con 30 mlL-1. Hubo diferencias significativas en la ganancia media de peso y longitud entre los peces expuestos al tratamiento y el control. Hubo una reducción significativa (p < 0.05) de los glóbulos rojos. Los glóbulos blancos, el hematocrito, el volumen corpuscular medio y la hemoglobina de los peces expuestos fueron significativamente más altos que en el control (p < 0,05). Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los efluentes domésticos pueden afectar.
This research determines the toxicological effect of domestic effluents on blood parameters of Clarias gariepinus. Four treatment were set up: Control, 30, 50 and 70mlL-1 . Each treatment was done in triplicate. There were behavioral changes in fishes exposed to 50 and 70 mlL-1 of the effluent while none was observed in Control fishes and fishes undergone 30 mlL-1. There were significant differences in the Mean Weight and Mean Length Gain between the fishes exposed to treatment and Control fishes. There was significant reduction in the red blood cells (p < 0.05). White blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and haemoglobin in the fishes exposed were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Control. Results from this study suggests that domestic effluents can negatively affect the growth and haematology of fishes.
Encuentros y desencuentros de las órdenes militares en las guerras de frontera entre Castilla y Portugal en el siglo XIV
Authors: BOIX SALVADOR Juan 
Published: February 2021

Este trabajo pretende exponer los encuentros, amistosos o no, entre las órdenes militares castellanas y portuguesas en su integración en las huestes de esos reinos, en el siglo XIV. Desarrollaremos la presencia e intervención de las órdenes militares en las guerras de desgaste o de frontera entre los dos espacios, fruto de la política de las respectivas monarquías, en la pretensión de imponer sus criterios y su poder en esas relaciones. Igualmente, se observa la actitud de las dos Coronas con las órdenes, en su deseo de control y de dominio de las mismas, así como las consecuencias de esos conflictos en el ámbito de la frontera.
This work aims to show the encounters, whether friendly or not, between the Castilian and the Portuguese military orders throughout their integration into the hosts of those kingdoms in the fourteenth century. We study the presence and intervention of the military orders in the wars of attrition or border wars between both spaces. Those wars were the product of the policy in the respective monarchies, which claimed to impose their criteria and their power in their relations. Likewise, the desire of both Crowns to control and dominate the orders can be observed, as well as the consequences of these conflicts at the border.
vicario Alonso de San Cebrián y la Bula de los Ocho Inquisidores (1474-1482)
Authors: CRUSELLES GÓMEZ José María 
Published: February 2021

En la biografía política del dominico Alonso de San Cebrián confluyen dos fenómenos relacionados con la construcción de la monarquía hispánica a finales del siglo XV. Por una parte, la reforma de las órdenes religiosas con la expansión de las congregaciones de la observancia regular; por otra, el nacimiento de la nueva inquisición. Hombre de acción e ideología extremista, San Cebrián fue un destacado reformador religioso cuyas importantes conquistas prepararon el triunfo definitivo de la Congregación de la Observancia dominicana en Castilla. Contó con la colaboración de los Reyes Católicos, imprescindible para someter a la oposición, sin reparar en la violencia de los medios. En contrapartida, además de facilitar el control de su orden por la Corona, el vicario prestó importantes servicios diplomáticos en Roma, entre ellos la obtención de la bula pontificia que dio origen a la carrera de Torquemada como inquisidor general.
In the political biography of the Dominican Alonso de San Cebrián, two phenomena related to the construction of the Hispanic monarchy at the end of the 15th century converge. On the one hand, the reform of religious orders through the expansion of the Observant Congregations; on the other hand, the birth of the new Inquisition. A man of action and extremist ideology, San Cebrián was a prominent religious reformer whose important conquests paved the way for the ultimate triumph of the Dominican Observant Congregation in Castilla. He had the collaboration of the Catholic Monarchs, indispensable to subdue the opposition, regardless of the violence of the means. In return, besides facilitating the Crown’s control over his order, the vicar provided important diplomatic services in Rome, including the obtention of the papal bull that gave rise to Torquemada’s career as general inquisitor.
señorío arzobispal de Yepes (siglos XIII y XIV)
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ TORIBIO Jorge 
Published: February 2021

El presente artículo tiene como finalidad contribuir a un mayor conocimiento acerca del señorío arzobispal de Yepes, así como de los diferentes agentes que intervinieron en su origen y posterior desarrollo. Su estudio para los siglos XIII y XIV resulta de gran interés pues nos permite conocer aspectos relacionados no sólo con el devenir de la villa y sus vasallos, sino también con el proceso de asentamiento previo por parte de las tropas cristianas en la región. No obstante, los enfrentamientos protagonizados por el concejo de Toledo y los prelados de la sede primada ocupan un espacio destacado dada su relevancia y el mayor volumen de datos al respecto.
The aim of this article is to contribute to a broader learning of the archiepiscopal manor of Yepes and the different agents that took part in its origin and its subsequent development. Its study in the 13th and 14th centuries is of great interest as it allows us to identify not only the aspects related to the evolution of the town and the vassals but also those related to the settling process accomplished by Christians troops in the region. Nevertheless, the conflicts leaded by the council of Toledo and the prelates of the primacy see occupy an important place in this work due to their relevance and the large amount of data relate to them.
Mestres d’obra, mestres de cases e imaginaires: La semántica de la construcción a finales de la Edad Media en el contexto lingüístico catalán
Authors: LÓPEZ LORENTE Víctor Daniel 
Published: February 2021

A través de este artículo se pretende analizar la semántica de la arquitectura a finales de la Edad Media, partiendo de ejemplos fundamentalmente de los ámbitos catalán y valenciano. En primer lugar, se someten a examen términos que con frecuencia son usados como sinónimos, como mestre d’obres, mestre de cases, e imaginaire, y otros menos habituales como los de arquitecto y aparejador, que esclarecen una realidad edilicia compleja. El análisis de la documentación permite ahondar en la versatilidad de los constructores medievales, comprender el prestigio que alcanzaron determinados artífices, y las relaciones que establecieron con otros oficios cercanos.
This paper analyses architecture semantics at the end of the Middle Ages, starting mainly with Catalonian and Valencian examples. First of all, we examine terms such as mestre d’obres, mestre de cases, and imaginaire, which are often used as synonyms. On the other hand, the study of many other less common ones, such as architect and builder, can help us to clarify a rather complex building reality. The analysis of the documents allows us to strengthen our understanding of the versatility of the medieval master builders, the prestige that some of them acquired, and the relationships that they established with other related professions.
Anatomía de un préstamo para la Guerra de Granada: dinámicas cooperativas y negociación en torno a la compra de Maqueda por Gutierre de Cárdenas y el empréstito de Alonso Carrillo de Acuña (1483-1491)
Authors: ORTEGO RICO Pablo , GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ Manuel 
Published: February 2021

La compra de la villa de Maqueda por Gutierre de Cárdenas, contador mayor de los Reyes Católicos, en 1483 a Alonso Carrillo de Acuña, guarda mayor, estuvo relacionada hasta 1491 con la prolija negociación de un importante préstamo regio de dieciséis millones de maravedís para la Guerra de Granada. El análisis de la documentación conservada al respecto nos descubre el complicado proceso de financiación, ejecución, amortización y cancelación del mismo con sus intermediarios financieros, así como las medidas tendentes a maximizar sus posibles beneficios. Así mismo el estudio comparado de las fuentes hacendísticas relacionadas con el préstamo de Carrillo a la Corona nos proporciona información sobre la deuda pública en la hacienda regia castellana del siglo XV.
The purchase of the town of Maqueda in 1483 by Gutierre de Cárdenas, chief accountant of the Catholic Monarchs, from Alonso Carrillo de Acuña, senior guard, was related, until 1491, to the prolix negotiation of an important royal loan of sixteen million maravedís for the War of Granada. The analysis of the documentation preserved on this subject reveals the complicated process of financing, execution, repayment and cancellation of the loan with its financial intermediaries, as well as the measures to maximize its possible benefits. Likewise, the comparative study of the tax sources related to Carrillo's loan to the Crown provides us information about the public debt in the 15th century Castilian royal estate.
retorno a la obediencia de Juan I: la reinstauración de las décimas pontificias (1387-1393)
Authors: TELLO HERNÁNDEZ Esther 
Published: February 2021

En 1387, el papa aviñonense Clemente VII promulgó tres décimas pontificias en la Corona de Aragón que debían servir para sufragar los gastos que ocasionaban las revueltas en Cerdeña. Parte de la colecta se destinó al rey aragonés Juan I que acaba de acceder al trono tras la muerte de su padre. Se desmarcaba así de su predecesor, quien se había incautado durante nueve años de las rentas de la Cámara Apostólica. En este artículo se estudia el retorno a la obediencia de Juan I y la reinstauración progresiva del aparato fiscal y financiero pontificio en la Corona de Aragón a través de la recaudación y gestión del tributo de la décima papal.
Pope Clement VII of Avignon promulgated in 1387 three papal tithes in the Crown of Aragon in order to support the expenses caused by the riots in Sardinia. Part of the takings were destined to the Aragonese King John I, who had just acceded to the throne. With this action, King John I dissociated himself from the previous king – his father, who had appropriated the income of the Apostolic Chamber for nine years. This article studies the return of John I to the obedience, the progressive reestablishment of the pontifical fiscal system and the financial structure in the Crown of Aragon through the collection and management of the tribute taken by the papal tithes.
Sensitivity of Soil Water in Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3) for Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM)
Authors: Das Sukanta Kumar 
Published: February 2021

The study has been attempted to investigate the relationship between the soil-water and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall through the simulation of a global climate model named Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3). Two sets of simulation have been done during monsoon season for the years 2009 to 2012 using the pre-monsoon (May) and the previous winter season (December of previous year) state of soil-water as the model initial conditions. The control simulation and four sensitivity cases assuming 25% and 50% dryer and wetter soil-water respectively have been considered for all the aforesaid four years and for both the set of experiments. It has been observed that the impact of upper level soil-water persist for 15 to 20 days of simulation during the summer monsoon; the middle and lower layer soil state persist for a longer period of time due to its slow-varying nature with time. The daily surface temperature shows strong coupling with the upper layer of soil-water. When taken into comparison with the wet soil conditions, the dry soil state in most of the circumstances causes less rainfall. The Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and partial correlation technique have been implied to demonstrate the relationship between the daily soil-water columns, subsequent 30-days accumulated rainfall and past 21-days accumulated rainfall. Strong negative correlation has been reported between the soil-water and subsequent 30-days accumulated (All-India Rainfall) AIR for different simulation cases with dry soil conditions; however, the relation weakened and turned positive over some parts of the region for the simulations with wet soil conditions.
Effects of Climate Change and Variability in Africa: A Review of Concepts and Evidence
Authors: Wiston Modise 
Published: February 2021

Global climate has been changing for many thousands of years and will continue to do so in the future. While it is acknowledged that the entire climate change has always been happening even before the start of anthropogenic activities, this is perhaps the most serious problem that the civilized world is facing today. Key important phrases such as ‘climate change’ and ‘global warming’ now form part of our lives and rarely a day goes without being mentioned. There is a serious concern for the state of climate because of the strong consensus that climate change has implications on rainfall, temperature, agriculture and food security and human life styles, although climate change projections are quite diverse and vary widely across the globe. While industrialization has always been viewed as the key to wealth and better living (technological innovations, economic and social transformations of the human society), it has also been acknowledged that it affects the environment and ultimately contributes to climate change. This paper presents a review of the state of climate change and variability in Africa. We describe some common aspects on the African climate system and discuss related factors triggering its dynamics, aiming to determine social and demographic sectors vulnerable to climate change and whether there is evidence of critical thresholds beyond which climate drastically changes. With projected high temperature rise than the rest of the world, increase in the occurrence of droughts, floods and other natural disasters, Africa’s economy, its people and ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change. Immediate changes also impact on global energy budget, water resources, air quality and consequently influence changes in human lifestyles and philosophies, habitat quality and distribution of wildlife and other natural resources.
Molecular Evaluation of COVID-19 in Pandemic Era
Authors: Kumari Diksha , Prasad Bishun Deo , Dwivedi Padmanabh , Sahni Sangita 
Published: February 2021

COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently emerged as an ongoing pandemic disease or probably syndemic and became the latest threat to global health. The main route of transmission of virus droplet start with respiratory problems coughing, sneezing, fever during infection period, which may end up with death, if not treated. Many emerging epidemiological factors have made COVID-19 as global alarming disease. To control the outbreak of COVID-19, a critical management along with quarantine measure is applicable, which requires early detection of infection. The early detection of COVID-19 infection is playing a vital role in controlling of progression of illness and limiting viral spread within the population. Therefore, reliable, highly specific and sensitive diagnosis techniques are necessary for its early detection. Among several detection techniques, qRT-PCR is the rapidly employed, sensitive and widely accepted technique. In present review, different molecular techniques with emphasis on qRT-PCR for early diagnosis of emerging COVID-19 will be discussed.
The Outcome of Infants with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated with Interfant-99 Protocol
Authors: Bahoush Gholamreza , Salajegheh Pourya 
Published: February 2021

Objective: The Outcome of Infants with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated with Interfant-99 Protocol
Materials and Methods: In this retrospective analytical study, all newly diagnosed infants with ALL who were treated with Interfant-99 protocol from 2004 to 2014 in Ali-Asghar Children's Hospital in Tehran were included. Demographic data including age at diagnosis, sex, initial WBC, Hb and platelet count, flow cytometric diagnosis, cytogenetic findings, follow-up duration, and their outcome was extracted from patients' medical records. All the above data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software.
Results: 11 infants with ALL (5 girls and 6 boys) were included in the study. Mean and median age at diagnosis of all enrolled patients were 7.20 (std. deviation = 1.78; range = 3.57-9.37) and 7.90 months, respectively. 5 of the 11 patients had t (4; 11) and all of them were Pro-B ALL. The mean initial WBC in patients with this translocation was significantly higher than the others (193400 vs. 49166), and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.004) despite the small number of patients under study. None of the patients had CNS involvement or mediastinal mass at diagnosis. Three patients relapsed, two of whom had isolated CNS relapse. Finally, one of them recovered completely as chemotherapy continued, another suffered a bone marrow relapse and eventually died, and a third suffered a bone marrow relapse and died about 10 months after relapse. The median follow-up of all patients was 53.83-mo. The estimated 5-yr overall survival of patients was 68.60% ± 15.10, and their Estimated 5-yr event-free survival was 21.20%±45.70. Infection was the most common complication during treatment that was manageable.
Conclusion: The Interfant-99 protocol appeared to improve the outcome of infants with ALL even with t (4; 11), with manageable complications. However, its implementation in developing countries has problems due to the small number of rooms suitable for heavy chemotherapy, and the dose of drugs that should be modified. It is worth noting that proving this requires a comprehensive prospective study with an appropriate sample size.
Treatment of Grade 3 Fatty Liver by the Principles of Persian Medicine: A Case Report
Authors: Niknafs Alireza , Latifi Seied Amirhossein , Salehi Mehdi 
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Nowadays, societies have witnessed a rapid increase of Fatty Liver, which is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide, due to some changes in lifestyle and the increased obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Case presentation: in this study, the patient under research was a 41-year-old woman who was diagnosed with grade 3 fatty liver caused by the absence of a healthy diet and lifestyle. She was successfully treated using the methods of Traditional Iranian Medicine.
Discussion: Classical medicine is not able to develop a certain treatment for this disease yet. Therefore, this article has mainly concentrated on the therapeutic effects of medicinal herbs on the liver.
Conclusion: Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of fatty livermay lead to irreversibility or liver Cirrhosis, which cannot be treated using any method, but by liver transplants. However, the principles of PM (Persian Medicine) can be useful as useful in the prevention and treatment of this disease.
Dosimetric evaluation of synthetic CT image generated using a neural network for MR‐only brain radiotherapy
Authors: Tang Bin , Wu Fan , Fu Yuchuan , Wang Xianliang , Wang Pei , Orlandini Lucia Clara , Li Jie , Hou Qing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurpose and backgroundThe magnetic resonance (MR)‐only radiotherapy workflow is urged by the increasing use of MR image for the identification and delineation of tumors, while a fast generation of synthetic computer tomography (sCT) image from MR image for dose calculation remains one of the key challenges to the workflow. This study aimed to develop a neural network to generate the sCT in brain site and evaluate the dosimetry accuracy.Materials and methodsA generative adversarial network (GAN) was developed to translate T1‐weighted MRI to sCT. First, the "U‐net" shaped encoder‐decoder network with some image translation‐specific modifications was trained to generate sCT, then the discriminator network was adversarially trained to distinguish between synthetic and real CT images. We enrolled 37 brain cancer patients acquiring both CT and MRI for treatment position simulation. Twenty‐seven pairs of 2D T1‐weighted MR images and rigidly registered CT image were used to train the GAN model, and the remaining 10 pairs were used to evaluate the model performance through the metric of mean absolute error. Furthermore, the clinical Volume Modulated Arc Therapy plan was calculated on both sCT and real CT, followed by gamma analysis and comparison of dose‐volume histogram.ResultsOn average, only 15 s were needed to generate one sCT from one T1‐weighted MRI. The mean absolute error between synthetic and real CT was 60.52 ± 13.32 Housefield Unit over 5‐fold cross validation. For dose distribution on sCT and CT, the average pass rates of gamma analysis using the 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm criteria were 99.76% and 97.25% over testing patients, respectively. For parameters of dose‐volume histogram for both target and organs at risk, no significant differences were found between both plans.ConclusionThe GAN model can generate synthetic CT from one single MRI sequence within seconds, and a state‐of‐art accuracy of CT number and dosimetry was achieved.