bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bryophytes Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha as model systems for studying evolutionary cell and developmental biology in plants
Authors: Naramoto Satoshi , Hata Yuki , Fujita Tomomichi , Kyozuka Junko 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Bryophytes are nonvascular spore-forming plants. Unlike in flowering plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes dominates the sporophyte (diploid) generation. A comparison of bryophytes with flowering plants allows us to answer some fundamental questions raised in evolutionary cell and developmental biology. The moss Physcomitrium patens was the first bryophyte with a sequenced genome. Many cell and developmental studies have been conducted in this species using gene targeting by homologous recombination. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has recently emerged as an excellent model system with low genomic redundancy in most of its regulatory pathways. With the development of molecular genetic tools such as efficient genome editing, both P. patens and M. polymorpha have provided many valuable insights. Here, we review these advances with a special focus on polarity formation at the cell and tissue levels. We examine current knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of polarized cell elongation and cell division, including symmetric and asymmetric cell division. We also examine the role of polar auxin transport in mosses and liverworts. Finally, we discuss the future of evolutionary cell and developmental biological studies in plants.
Effects of Device Limitations on Acquisition of the /t/-/k/ Contrast in Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Johnson Allison A. , Bentley Danielle M. , Munson Benjamin , Edwards Jan 
Published: August 2021

Objectives:
The present study investigated how development of the /t/-/k/ contrast is affected by the unique perceptual constraints imposed on young children using cochlear implants (CIs). We hypothesized that children with CIs would demonstrate unique patterns of speech acquisition due to device limitations, rather than straightforward delays due to a lack of auditory input in the first year of life before implantation. This study focused on the contrast between /t/ and /k/ because it is acquired early in the sequence of development, requires less advanced motor control than later-acquired place contrasts, is differentiated by spectral cues (which are particularly degraded when processed by CIs), and is not easily differentiated by visual cues alone. Furthermore, perceptual confusability between /t/ and /k/ may be exacerbated in front-vowel contexts, where the spectral energy for /k/ is shifted to higher frequencies, creating more spectral overlap with /t/.

Design:
Children with CIs (n = 26; ages 31 to 66 mo) who received implants around their first birthdays were matched to peers with normal hearing (NH). Children participated in a picture-prompted auditory word-repetition task that included over 30 tokens of word-initial /t/ and /k/ consonants. Tokens were balanced across front-vowel and back-vowel contexts to assess the effects of coarticulation. Productions were transcribed and coded for accuracy as well as the types of errors produced (manner of articulation, voicing, or place of articulation errors). Centroid frequency was also calculated for /t/ and /k/ tokens that were produced correctly. Mixed-effects models were used to compare accuracy, types of errors, and centroid frequencies across groups, target consonants, and vowel contexts.

Results:
Children with CIs produced /t/ and /k/ less accurately than their peers in both front- and back-vowel contexts. Children with CIs produced /t/ and /k/ with equal accuracy, and /k/ was produced less accurately in front-vowel contexts than in back-vowel contexts. When they produced errors, children with CIs were more likely to produce manner errors and less likely to produce voicing errors than children with NH. Centroid frequencies for /t/ and /k/ were similar across groups, except for /k/ in front-vowel contexts: children with NH produced /k/ in front-vowel contexts with higher centroid frequency than children with CIs, and they produced /k/ and /t/ with equal centroid frequencies in front-vowel contexts.

Conclusions:
Children with CIs not only produced /t/ and /k/ less accurately than peers with NH, they also demonstrated idiosyncratic patterns of acquisition, likely resulting from receiving degraded and distorted spectral information critical for differentiating /t/ and /k/. Speech-language pathologists should consider perceptual confusability of consonants (and their allophonic variations) during their assessment and treatment of this unique population of children.
Physical exercise for the management of systemic autoimmune myopathies: recent findings, and future perspectives
Authors: dos Santos Alexandre Moura , Misse Rafael Giovani , Borges Isabela Bruna Pires , Perandini Luiz Augusto Buoro , Shinjo Samuel Katsuyuki 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
The aim of this review is to present the main pieces of evidence, recent literature and to present future perspectives on the use of exercise/physical training in the treatment and improvement of the quality of life of patients with systemic autoimmune myopathies.

Recent findings
In the last decades, knowledge about the relevance of physical exercise training in preventing and treating chronic diseases and improving quality of life has grown. Following the global trend exemplified by the expression ‘exercise is medicine’, the importance of exercise/physical training has also grown in myopathies. However, the science of exercise has a lot to collaborate on and improve patients’ quality of life with myopathies by appropriating new technological tools, including accessible and low-cost devices and smartphone apps.

Summary
Physical exercise, as already consolidated in the literature, is an effective, well tolerated, and low-cost strategy for patients with myopathies. The use of wearable devices, smartphone apps, and online training prescriptions must accompany the global scenario, bringing new research fields and expanding the options for access to training for the individualized basis, and prescribed by qualified professionals.
Systemic Complications of Obesity in Operative Acetabular Fractures
Authors: Lameka Megan , Mabry Scott , Montgomery Tyler , Wilson Anthony L. , Fellows Kenneth , McGwin Gerald , Spitler Clay A. 
Published: August 2021

Objective:
To determine the effect of obesity on rates of systemic complications in operatively treated acetabular fractures.

Design:
Retrospective Case–Control study.

Setting:
Level 1 Trauma Center.

Patients/Participants:
All patients with acetabular fractures managed operatively from January 2015 to December 2019. Patients were divided into groups based on their body mass index (BMI) (normal weight = BMI <25 kg/m2, overweight = BMI 25–30, obese = BMI 30–40, and morbidly obese = BMI >40).

Intervention:
Operative management of an acetabular fracture.

Main Outcome Measurement:
Systemic complications, including mortality, sepsis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or venous thrombotic event.

Results:
A total of 428 patients were identified. One hundred nine patients (25.4%) were in normal weight, 133 (31.1%) were overweight, 133 (31.1%) were obese, and 53 (12.4%) were morbidly obese. The rate of systemic complications was 17.5%, and overall mortality rate was 0.005%. There were no significant differences between the different BMI groups in all-cause complications or any individual complications. When the morbidly obese group was compared with all other patients, there were also no significant differences in all-cause complications or any individual complications.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, in this study, there was no association with increasing BMI and inpatient systemic complications after operative management of acetabular fractures. As we continue to refine our understanding of how obesity affects outcomes after acetabular fracture surgery, other indices of obesity might prove more useful in predicting complications. In the obese population, there are well-documented risks of postoperative infections and challenges in obtaining an anatomic reduction, but the fear of postoperative systemic complications should not deter surgeons from undertaking operative management of acetabular fractures in the obese population. Because the prevalence of obesity in trauma patients continues to increase, it is incumbent on us to continue to improve our understanding of optimal treatment for our patients.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Development and Initial Internal Validation of a Novel Classification System for Perioperative Expectations Following Minimally Invasive Degenerative Lumbar Spine Surgery
Authors: Louie Philip K. , Vaishnav Avani S. , Gang Catherine H. , Urakawa Hikari , Sato Kosuke , Chaudhary Chirag , Lee Ryan , Mok Jung Kee , Sheha Evan , Lafage Virginie , Qureshi Sheeraz A. 
Published: August 2021

Study Design:
This was a prospective consecutive clinical cohort study.

Objective:
The purpose of our study was to develop and provide an initial internal validation of a novel classification system that can help surgeons and patients better understand their postoperative course following the particular minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and approach that is utilized.

Summary of Background Data:
Surgeons and patients are often attracted to the option of minimally invasive spine surgery because of the perceived improvement in recovery time and postsurgical pain. A classification system based on the impact of the surgery and surgical approach(es) on postoperative recovery can be particularly helpful.

Methods:
Six hundred thirty-one patients who underwent MIS lumbar/thoracolumbar surgery for degenerative conditions of the spine were included. Perioperative outcomes—operative time, estimated blood loss, postsurgical length of stay (LOS), 90-day complications, postoperative day zero narcotic requirement [in Morphine Milligram Equivalent (MME)], and need for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA).

Results:
Postoperative LOS and postoperative narcotic use were deemed most clinically relevant, thus selected as primary outcomes. Type of surgery was significantly associated with all outcomes (P<0.0001), except intraoperative complications. Number of levels for fusion was significantly associated with operative time, in-hospital complications, 24 hours oral MME, and the need for IV PCA and LOS (P<0.0001). Number of surgical approaches for lumbar fusion was significantly associated with operative time, 24 hours oral MME, need for IV PCA and LOS (P<0.001). Based on these parameters, the following classification system (“Qureshi-Louie classification” for MIS degenerative lumbar surgery) was devised: (1) Decompression-only; (2) Fusion—1 and 2 levels, 1 approach; (3) Fusion—1 level, 2 approaches; (4) Fusion—2 levels, 2 approaches; (5) Fusion—3+ levels, 2 approaches.

Conclusions:
We present a novel classification system and initial internal validation to describe the perioperative expectations following various MIS surgeries in the degenerative lumbar spine. This initial description serves as the basis for ongoing external validation.
A Unique Model for Developing Continuing Education Resources for Health Professionals in Geographically Dispersed Health Organizations
Authors: Ohr Se Ok , Maguire Dee , Lord Nina , Talluri Chitti , Solman Annette 
Published: August 2021

Abstract:
The provision of high quality, equitable, and accessible education resources is a key to supporting continuing professional development (CPD) in health organizations. The Health Education and Training Institute (HETI) and its operational model for districts (District HETI Operational Model), is a novel approach that supports this imperative for over 155,000 staff working across the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The model uses three principles in education and training development. These include collaborative partnerships, rapid resource development, and effective leadership within virtual teams. A state-wide learning management system has been implemented to support this initiative. Over 451 standardized, education, and training online modules have been developed for medical, nursing and midwifery, dental, allied health, and nonclinical NSW Health employees since 2013. These educational resources are accessible 24 hours a day. Cost-effective online programs have enabled more than 13.6 million learner completions. Program evaluations highlight the value of these resources in providing a positive learning experience. Furthermore, the District HETI Operational Model has been recognized by multiple national and international excellence awards in learning and development. The principles of the District HETI Operational Model apply to other health organizations that may choose to adopt a similar model. Such a model may support equity of access to contemporary, standardized, evidence-based education resources for health professionals working across geographically and clinically diverse environments. Implementation of a similar model for future CPD interventions warrants consideration by practitioners, researchers, and policymakers.
Association of Optimal Lamotrigine Serum Levels and Therapeutic Efficacy in Mood Disorders
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Nuñez Nicolas A. , Prokop Larry J. , Veldic Marin , Betcher Hannah , Singh Balwinder 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Purpose
The aim of the study was to appraise the current evidence on the optimal serum level for lamotrigine (LAM) in the treatment of mood disorders (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder).

Methods
Major databases were searched for randomized controlled trials, open-label trials, and observational studies reporting serum LAM levels in adult patients treated with LAM for mood disorders.

Results
A total of 814 abstracts were screened and 24 articles were selected for full-text review. Seven studies (226 bipolar disorder and 17 major depressive disorder patients) including 1 randomized controlled trial (n = 43), 3 prospective (n = 53), and 3 retrospective (n = 147) studies met the study criteria with a study duration range from 6 to 96 weeks. Lamotrigine daily dosage varied from 25 to 425 mg/d among the studies. Studies reported inconsistent findings between LAM concentration and efficacy. Three studies did not identify a relationship between LAM levels and a significant improvement in mood symptoms. Two studies (n = 99) reported higher response rates with LAM serum levels of greater than 3.25 μg/mL and 1 study (n = 25) reported a wide therapeutic window of 5 to 11 μg/mL. Overall, LAM was well tolerated with no major significant adverse effects.

Conclusions
Most studies showed a minimum LAM threshold level of 3 μg/mL in patients with mood disorders; however, the data are inconsistent regarding the therapeutic range for LAM. Based on the pooled data, there is inconsistent evidence to make conclusive recommendations on therapeutic LAM serum levels for mood improvement. Further studies including larger sample sizes are required to address this relevant clinical question.
Comparative Effectiveness of Training Alternatives for the EPA's Worker Protection Standard Regulation Among Immigrant Latino Farmworkers
Authors: Grzywacz Joseph G. , Gonzales-Backen Melinda , Liebman Amy , Trejo Maribel , Ordaz Gudino Cecilia , Trejo Maria , Economos Jeannie , Xiuhtecutli Nezahualcoyotl , Tovar-Aguilar J. Antonio 
Published: August 2021

Objectives:
To determine the comparative effectiveness of two EPA-approved WPS training strategies.

Methods:
Farmworkers in GA and FL blinded to content before training (N = 339) were randomly assigned to either a video training (n = 121) or a culturally tailored, facilitator-led training (n = 136), or an attention-placebo training focused on heat-related illness (n = 82). Data were obtained immediately before and after training and 3 months after training.

Results:
Both active interventions increased pesticide knowledge. At the 3-month follow-up, participants in the EPA video lost acquired knowledge. Those in the facilitator-led group retained acquired knowledge and showed greater pesticide safety behavior.

Conclusions:
Standardized training through video improves short-term knowledge, but it is not retained and unable to support desired behavior to reduce pesticide exposure among farmworkers. A culturally tailored, facilitator-led training is more effective in achieving the spirit of the WPS regulation.
The value of preoperative 18F-FDG PET metabolic and volumetric parameters in predicting microvascular invasion and postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Chunjuan , Ma Guang , Liu Qiufang , Song Shaoli 
Published: August 2021

Background
Microvascular invasion (MVI) is very important in the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but diagnosis is determined by postoperative pathology; thus, preoperative noninvasive methods will play an active role. The purpose of the study was to assess the performance of metabolic parameters of preoperative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computerized tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in the prediction of MVI and postoperative recurrence in primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods
We retrospectively collected 72 patients with HCC who have performed 18F-FDG PET/CT scan before partial hepatectomy between 2016 and 2019. We used both normal liver tissue and inferior vena cava as the reference background and combined with clinicopathological features, 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic and volumetric indices to predict MVI and postoperative recurrence of primary HCC before surgery.

Results
Twenty-one of the 72 patients recurred, in recurrent cases showed higher maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), TNR (ratio of tumor SUVmax to mean SUV [SUVmean] of the background tissue), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) than nonrecurrence cases (P < 0.001). All 18F-FDG PET metabolic and volumetric indices for predicting postoperative HCC recurrence were significant on receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analyses (P < 0.05). TNRIVC, TNRNL, MTVIVC, MTVNL TLGIVC and TLGNL were significant factors for predicting MVI in HCC (P < 0.05). On multivariate analyses, MVI, SUVmax, TNRIVC, TNRNL, MTVIVC, MTVNL, TLGIVC and TLGNL (P < 0.05) are independent risk factors for predicting postoperative HCC recurrence. TNRIVC is the most relevant PET/CT parameter for predicting MVI in HCC, and MTVIVC is the most valuable for predicting postoperative HCC recurrence. Moreover, the PET/CT parameters are more accurate for prognosis with inferior vena cava as a reference background than with normal liver tissue.

Conclusion

18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic and volumetric indices are effective predictors, and could noninvasively provide more comprehensive predictive information on MVI and postoperative recurrence of primary HCC before surgery.
Optimization of cross-calibration factor for quantitative bone SPECT without attenuation and scatter correction in the lumbar spine: head-to-head comparison with attenuation and scatter correction
Authors: Ichikawa Hajime , Onoguchi Masahisa , Shibutani Takayuki , Kato Toyohiro , Ito Toshimune , Shimada Hideki 
Published: August 2021

Objectives
Quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with computed tomography (SPECT/CT) is known to improve diagnostic performance. Although SPECT-alone systems are used widely, accurate quantitative SPECT using these systems is challenging. This study aimed to improve the accuracy of quantitative bone SPECT of the lumbar spine with the SPECT-alone system.

Methods
The cross-calibration factor (CCF) was measured using three kinds of phantoms and the optimal values were determined. The recovery coefficient with and without attenuation and scatter correction (ACSC) were compared. Bone SPECT/CT was performed on 93 consecutive patients with prostate cancer, and the standardized uptake values (SUVs) were compared using the respective CCFs. The first 60 patients were classified according to body weight, and the correlation coefficient between SUVs with and without ACSC were calculated; the slopes were defined as body weight-based coefficients (BWCs). In the remaining 33 patients, the SUV was adjusted according to BWC, and the accuracy of the adjustment was verified.

Results
The quantitative SPECT values obtained from the CCF using SIM2 bone phantom showed nearly accurate radioactivity concentrations, even without ACSC. The recovery coefficients with and without ACSC were similar. Unadjusted SUVs with and without ACSC were strongly correlated; however, SUVs without ACSC were significantly higher than those with ACSC (P < 0.0001). The mean difference between the SUVs with and without ACSC disappeared when the SUVs without ACSC were adjusted by BWC (P = 0.9814).

Conclusions
Our cross-calibration method for quantitative bone SPECT enables interpretation with a harmonized SUV even in SPECT-alone systems.
The new world: hematopoietic stem cell transplant during a pandemic
Authors: Riches Marcie 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impacted every facet of hematopoietic cell transplantation. This article reviews the adjustments to recipient and donor care that occurred in response to this unprecedented event.

Recent findings
Transplant centers modified algorithms, patient flow, education, and how we provided care. Our donor center partners reworked how donors were evaluated and products delivered to the transplant center. Our professional societies provided guidelines for patient and donor care and rapidly modified these based upon the never-ending stream of new data learned about SARS-CoV-2. Our research organizations provided rapid analyses to ensure the care modifications necessitated did not have a profound negative impact on our patients or donors.

Summary
The efforts of transplant providers and donor centers worldwide allowed patients to receive the transplant needed with assurances that they were receiving the best care available despite the worldwide challenge.
Clinical experience of coronavirus disease 2019 in hematopoietic cell transplant and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell recipients
Authors: Sharma Akshay , Bhatt Neel S. , Hijano Diego R. 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
To discuss the clinical experience of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hematopoietic cell transplant and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy recipients over the past year and to identify key knowledge gaps for future research.

Recent findings
Immunocompromised individuals and those with chronic health conditions are especially susceptible to infections, which have had a disproportionate impact on health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several studies have evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of transplant and cellular therapy (TCT) recipients who developed COVID-19. Age, sex, comorbid conditions, and social determinants of health are important predictors of the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and of the eventual severity of the disease. Various treatment approaches have been investigated over the last year. The paradigm of management strategies continues to evolve as more experience is accumulated.

Summary
In this review, we summarize some important findings as they relate to the clinical characteristics of TCT recipients who develop COVID-19. We also discuss some treatment approaches that are currently recommended and opine on vaccination in this population.