bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mothers and Others: Designing a Randomized Trial to Prevent Obesity among Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Wasser Heather , Bentley Margaret 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundDespite increases in obesity among children under 2 years, few interventions have targeted this age group. Mothers and Others (M&O) will close this gap by testing the efficacy of a multi‐component obesity prevention intervention versus an attention control (child safety) in promoting healthy weight gain patterns among African‐American (AA) infants. The current study describes the design process and formative research findings. Methods: Formative data came from 3 sources: existing literature; preliminary longitudinal cohort of 217 AA mother‐infant dyads; and, 20 semi‐structured interviews with AA moms, dads and grandmothers. Results: The trial will be conducted among 468 AA mothers recruited through antenatal clinics. Intervention mothers will identify a study partner to participate with her. Delivery channels include face‐to‐face peer counseling through 6 home visits, support from a lactation consultant, 6 newsletters, and twice weekly text messages. Outcomes include differences in weight‐for‐length z‐scores at 18 months (main outcome) and breastfeeding, healthy complementary feeding, age‐appropriate sleep duration and lower levels of television and electronic media exposure (secondary outcomes). Formative feedback was generally positive, with target participants also requesting information on postpartum weight loss, depression, maternal sleep, father‐infant bonding and maintaining intimate relationships.DiscussionM&O contains several innovations, including beginning during a ‘teachable’ moment, pregnancy; active engagement of multiple caregivers; and use of text messaging. If successful, M&O will have high public health relevance for future obesity‐prevention efforts aimed at children less than 2 years.Funding: NIH/NICHD
Sanguinarine instead of Tryptophan on Growth and Metabolism of Pig under Conditions of Lower‐protein Diets
Authors: Xi He , Shirui Zhang , Long Yue , Qian Lin 
Published: June 2021

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sanguinarine on the growth performance of pigs under the conditions of lower‐protein diets. 192 healthy Duroc×Landrace×Large pigs with average body weight of 25 kg were randomly selected and allocated to 4 groups, 6 replicates in each group and 8 pigs in each replicate.The group I to IV were separately feeding with lower‐protein diet, lower‐protein without tryptophan diet, lower‐protein without tryptophan but with sanguinarine diet and basal diet. The experiment consisted of two stages according the weight about 25‐60 kg and 60‐100 kg.Results showed that: 1)There were no significant difference on growth performance of the whole period among each group (P>0.05). 2) The serum tryptophan levels of group III was always higher than group II(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the four groups (P>0.05). 3) Caecum sections' skatole was lowest in group III, but there was no significant difference among all the groups (P>0.05). In the colon, the contents of skatole of group II and group III were significantly lower than groupIand group IV(P<0.05).The activity of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) in the jejunal and ileum which from group III was lower than group II (P>0.05),and there were no significant difference among those groups.In general, the sanguinarine showed no difference on the growth performance of pigs. And sanguinarine couldn't affect the skatole which comes from the tryptophan metabolite. It showed that the sanguinarine could improve the content of tryptophan in the serum, and influence the activity of the tryptophan decarboxylase in pigs' gut, all this could be beneficial to the synthesis of protein.
The Impact of Tubaramure, a Food‐Assisted Integrated Health and Nutrition Program in Burundi, on Children's Development
Authors: Olney Deanna , Leroy Jef , Bliznashka Lilia , Ruel Marie 
Published: June 2021

Tubaramure is a food‐assisted integrated health and nutrition program that targets pregnant women and their children up to 2 y of age (first 1000 d). Program beneficiaries received monthly food rations (corn‐soy blend and oil) and attended bi‐monthly nutrition and health education sessions and preventive health visits. We evaluated the program's impact over 2 y using a cross‐sectional cluster randomized controlled study. Sixty villages were assigned to one of 4 study groups that received benefits for different durations: T24: pregnancy up to 24 m; T18: pregnancy to 18 m; TNFP: same as T24, but without food rations during pregnancy; and Control. We estimated the program's impact on children's motor (30 milestones) and language (21 milestones) development in three age groups (4‐11 m, 12‐17 m and 18‐24 m).Tubaramure had statistically significant positive impacts on children's motor and language development although the pattern of impacts varied by age. The program led to higher achieved motor milestones among children aged 12‐17 m in the TNFP and T18 groups compared to control (1.2 and 0.8 milestones, respectively). No effect was found in T24. Tubaramure positively impacted language development among children 12‐17 m in the TNFP and T18 groups (0.9 and 0.8 milestones, respectively) and among children 18‐24 m in the T18 and T24 groups (0.8 and 1.6 milestones, respectively). There were no significant program impacts on motor or language development among children aged 4‐11 m. Tubaramure had a significant impact on motor development around the age when children obtain bipedal locomotion and on language development as they gain more language skills.Funded by USAID's Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project & CGIAR Research Program on A4NH, led by IFPRI.
Effect of Small‐Quantity Lipid‐Based Nutrient Supplement (SQ‐LNS) on Breast Milk Vitamin A Concentration among Ghanaian Women
Authors: Klevor Moses , Haskell Marjorie , Lartey Anna , Adu‐Afarwuah Seth , Zeilani Mamane , Dewey Kathryn 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundVitamin A deficiency remains a global public health problem.DesignWomen 蠄 20 weeks of gestation (N=1,320) were randomly assigned to receive either a multiple micronutrient supplement (MMN) providing 18 micronutrients including 800 µg RE vitamin A or SQ‐LNS with the same nutrients as the MMN group, plus four minerals and macronutrients contributing 118 kcal daily until 6 months postpartum; a control group received iron and folic acid only (IFA) during pregnancy and a placebo during the first 6 months postpartum. Breast milk samples collected at 6 months postpartum were analyzed for retinol and fat concentrations in a subsample of 756 women.ResultsAverage ± SD breast milk retinol concentration, per gram of fat, was 56.3 ± 2.1 nmol/g; there were no significant differences between groups [IFA (n=243) 59.1 ± 2.8, MMN (n=260) 55.4 ± 2.5, LNS (n=253) 54.7 ± 2.5 nmol/g fat; p=0.45], regardless of whether the woman had or had not received a high‐dose vitamin A supplement (200, 000 IU) soon after childbirth.About 17% of participants had low milk retinol (蠄 28 nmol/g fat), whereas we estimated that 36% of infants were potentially receiving vitamin A at levels above the Tolerable Upper Level (UL, 600 µg RAE/day).ConclusionDaily low dose vitamin A supplementation did not increase breast milk vitamin A levels in this sample of Ghanaian women. Women in this population may have had adequate dietary vitamin A intake.
The impact of Tubaramure, a food‐assisted integrated health and nutrition program in Burundi, on maternal and child anemia
Authors: Leroy Jef , Olney Deanna , Ruel Marie 
Published: June 2021

Tubaramure is a food‐assisted, preventive maternal and child health and nutrition (MCHN) program targeted to pregnant women and their child 0‐2 y of age (first 1000 days) in two highly food insecure provinces in Burundi. Monthly food rations include corn‐soy‐blend (CSB) and vit A‐ and D‐fortified oil. We evaluated the program's impact using a cluster randomized controlled study, where 60 villages were assigned to: T24: benefits during pregnancy up to 24 m; T18: pregnancy up to 18 m; TNFP: same as T24, but without food rations during pregnancy; and Control. We estimated the program's impact on Hb and anemia in children 0‐24 m and their mothers using double difference estimates with repeated cross‐sectional data at baseline (BL) and 2 y later (EL). We used mixed methods to document pathways of impact.Mean Hb was significantly lower at EL compared to BL in children (0.8 g/dL) and their mothers (0.7 g/dL), but the program had a significant protective effect. Compared to control, Hb in beneficiary children dropped 0.3‐0.5 g/dL less; in mothers 0‐3 m post‐partum, anemia increased 24‐39 pp less. Impact pathway analyses suggest that impacts were achieved through positive changes among children in dietary diversity, intake of Fe‐rich foods, bednet use, and lower morbidity; among mothers, bednet use appears to be part of the pathway. Differences between treatment groups will be discussed. This theory‐based impact evaluation demonstrated the effectiveness of a preventive food assisted MCHN program on children's HB and maternal anemia and highlighted the contribution of different program inputs in achieving this impact.Funded by USAID's Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project & CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), led by IFPRI.
The Risk of Overweight and Insufficient Dietary Intake among Children in Low‐income Family in South Korea
Authors: Min Jungwon , Lee Jeong‐rim , Lim Hyunjung 
Published: June 2021

AimsObesity prevalence has increased steadily in Asian countries. Especially low‐income child is known as vulnerable to obesity due to the limited access to affordable foods and health care. To identify the health and nutrition condition of low‐income children in South Korea, data from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey(2010‐2012) was used. Methods: To define the risk of children's health and nutrition status, we adapted the classifications of the Korean family income level(The National Statistical Office, 2012), Korean child standard growth charts(KCDC, 2007), and Korean nutrition intake standards(The Korean Nutrition Society, 2010). Data from age 1 to age 5(n=2,272,243) were analyzed by survey module in SAS. Results: The children's overweight risk decreased by family income. 13.6% children in family with the minimum cost of living were over 95percentile in BMI. However their undergrowth(<5percentile in BMI) rate is the lower(2.2%) compared with other income groups. Those children in the lowest income group had the highest percent of inadequate intake of carbohydrate and fat among children(52.4%, 44.0%). They also had largest rate of insufficient intakes in Vitamin A(37.5%), B1(20.0%), B2(23.9%), Niacin(29.5%), Vitamin C(43.1%), Calcium(64.7%), and iron(41.2%).ConclusionsFor the healthy growth among children in low‐income families in South Korea the accessibility of healthy foods and health care are need to be secured.
Design and Characterization of a Multicellular, Three‐Dimensional (3D) Tissue Model of the Human Kidney Proximal Tubule
Authors: King Shelby , Creasey Olivia , Presnell Sharon , Nguyen Deborah 
Published: June 2021

Renal toxicity is a major cause of drug attrition at the clinical trial stage, and the primary site of this toxicity is within the proximal tubule. Conventional renal cell culture models lack the complexity of native tissue and thus have a limited capacity for predicting tissue‐level responses. In addition, the predictive potential of pre‐clinical animal trials is limited due to species‐specific differences between human and animal renal functions, including differential sensitivity to insults. We designed and fabricated a human three‐dimensional (3D) tissue model of the tubulointerstitial interface in which human renal interstitial tissue is supporting proximal tubule epithelial cells to facilitate their optimal morphology and function. Histological characterization demonstrated that the interstitial layer is viable and well organized, containing well‐developed CD31+ endothelial cell networks. Method optimization resulted in the formation of a polarized layer of renal epithelium on top of the interstitial layer, and formation of a basement membrane between the layers. Gene expression analysis showed that the renal tissues expressed key enzymes involved in metabolism and protein processing (CYPs, renin‐angiotensin system), suggesting that physiologic function is retained. These bioprinted human tissues may provide an opportunity to accurately study how compounds affect the renal proximal tubule as well as modeling pathogenic processes that involve tubular transport, cell‐cell interactions, and the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.This work was supported with internal funds.
Genetic Regulation of Endothelial Responses to Exercise Training
Authors: Kim Seung , Avila Joshua , Massett Michael 
Published: June 2021

Exercise training improves endothelial function in a duration and intensity‐dependent manner. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in endothelial adaptation to exercise training. Concentration response curves to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in isolated thoracic aortas from male mice (n ∼ 6/group/strain, 12 wks) from 26 inbred strains were obtained after moderate intensity continuous training (MOD) or sedentary controls (SED) for 4 weeks. Endothelium‐dependent relaxation to ACh (EDR) in SED mice varied by ~2 fold between two strains having the highest and lowest responses. However, only A/J and NON showed greater EDR in MOD mice compared to SED. Responses to SNP were similar among strains and between groups. These results imply that MOD for 4 weeks might not be sufficient to stimulate changes in endothelial function. Thus, a follow‐up study was conducted to examine the effects of different training modes (intensity and duration) on EDR in 4 selected inbred strains (NON, 129S1, C57BL6, SJL). Male mice from each strain were assigned into 6 groups (n = 6/group): SED, MOD or high intensity interval training for 4 or 8 weeks. Concentration response curves to ACh and SNP were measured after training. There was a significant interaction between strain and training mode for EDR. In 129S1 and C57BL6 mice, exercise training had no effect on EDR. EDR in NON was greater in 4 wk‐trained mice of either intensity, but not 8 wk, compared with SED. Interestingly, EDR was lower in 4wk‐high intensity interval trained‐SJL compared to SED. Responses to SNP were similar across all mice. These data indicate that there is a complex interactive effect between genetic background and training mode on endothelial function.Supported by NIH grant HL085918 to MPM
Relationship between oxidant-antioxidant status and hypercoagulobility indices in children with iron deficiency anaemia
Authors: Özdemir Zeynep Canan , Çolak Emine , Kar Yeter Düzenli , Özen Hülya , Bör Özcan 
Published: June 2021

Oxidative stress is a potential mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Although a tendency for hypercoagulability has been reported in IDA, its underlying mechanism is yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the probable relationship between oxidative stress and hypercoagulability in children with IDA.
This study included 57 children diagnosed with IDA (IDA group) between October 2016 and October 2017 in addition to 48 healthy children (control group). The maximum clot firmness (MCF) index, and clot formation time (CFT) index, which are indicators of hypercoagulability in rotational thromboelastometry assays [intrinsic TEM (INTEM) and extrinsic TEM (EXTEM)] derived from our previous study, were recorded. Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were analysed from serum samples of the individuals.
In IDA group, OSI and TOS levels were higher and TAC level was lower compared to the control group (P < 0.001, for all). The EXTEM and INTEM MCF in the IDA group was higher than in the control group, while the INTEM CFT was lower than in the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, published data).TOS and OSI had a negative correlation with INTEM CFT (r:−0.361, P < 0.001 and r:−0.333, P = 0.001) and a positive correlation with INTEM MCF (r:+0.420, P < 0.001 and r:+0.367, P < 0.001) and EXTEM MCF (r:+0.476, P < 0.001 and r:+0.403, P < 0.001). However, TAC demonstrated no correlation with CFT and MCF index.
The oxidant–antioxidant balance is disrupted in favour of oxidative stress in children with IDA. In addition, TOS and OSI, which are parameters of oxidative stress, are correlated with CFT and MCF indices. Oxidative stress appears to be an important factor for the development of tendency to hypercoagulability in IDA.
The Anorexia Nervosa Care Pathway: Closing the Treatment Gap to Improve Care for Patients Admitted to Medical Hospitals
Authors: Allen Kathryn , Brien Kate O , O’Reilly Marese K , Henderson Deirbhile , Toole Aoibhlinn O , MacHale Siobhan , Boland Karen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionMedical complications of malnutrition and refeeding account for approximately half of deaths in anorexia nervosa (AN). The AN Care Pathway (ANCP) was introduced at our institution in 2016 to improve quality of care of patients admitted for medical observation and management. We report results from our review of medical complications and report the impact and adoption of the ANCP.MethodsThe ANCP was developed in response to a need to improve quality of medical monitoring of patients with severe AN using Squire Guidelines and the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle. All patients admitted to a medical hospital with AN between 2010-2020 were included after hospital inpatient enquiry and medical records were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were calculated using Stata (Statcorp).ResultsFifty-one patients (63 admissions) were included. Median BMI was 13.8 kg/m (11.9-22.5). After ANCP implementation in 2016, compliance with recommended daily ECG, thiamine and blood tests improved from 30% (n=8/27) to 86% (n=21/36). We report a high rate of medical complications of severe AN including anaemia (n=24, 47%), neutropoenia (n=18, 35%), abnormal liver bloods (n=15, 29%) and half developed refeeding syndrome. One-third patients had cardiovascular compromise including reduced cardiac contractility (n=13, 25%), pericardial effusion (n=7, 14%) and one death. Low BMI was associated with cardiovascular complications (mean BMI 13.5 kg/m vs 15.5 kg/m, p=0.01) and neutropoenia (mean BMI 13.4 kg/m vs 15.4 kg/m, p=0.02).ConclusionIntroduction of the ANCP improved quality of care during medical stabilisation. We report a high rate of medical complications of severe AN in patients admitted to a medical hospital. Use of multidisciplinary care protocols may contribute to quality improvement and improved consistency of care for this vulnerable population.
Psychological impact of home confinement due to coronavirus disease on medical students and its relationship with cognitive emotion regulation
Authors: Saguem Bochra Nourhene , Braham Amel , Romdhane Islem , Ben Nasr Selma 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to assess the psychological impact of home confinement in Tunisian medical students and analyze the relationship between psychopathology and cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

Design/methodology/approach
In total, 251 medical students who have been in home confinement accepted to participate in an online questionnaire survey. They completed depression, anxiety and stress scale, beck hopelessness scale and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire.

Findings
Moderate to extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress were reported by 57.4%, 51.0% and 31.4% of medical students, respectively. Based on the cut-off value of nine, 31.1% of the participants showed high levels of hopelessness. Hierarchical regression analysis identified four cognitive emotion regulation strategies as significant independent contributors to psychopathology above and beyond home confinement related variables. Self-blame positively predicted stress. Catastrophizing positively predicted anxiety and hopelessness. Refocusing on planning negatively predicted anxiety. Positive reappraisal negatively predicted hopelessness.

Practical implications
Cognitive emotion regulation strategies may constitute a valuable target of preventive and interventional measures to improve medical students’ mental health.

Originality/value
A unique feature of this study is the demonstration of the important role played by cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting anxiety, stress and hopelessness in medical students. In the context of mandatory home confinement, these cognitive strategies were significant predictors of psychopathology above and beyond home confinement related variables.
Human iPSC‐derived neural precursor cells differentiate into multiple cell types to delay disease progression following transplantation into YAC128 Huntington's disease mouse model
Authors: Park Hyun Jung , Jeon Juhyun , Choi Jiwoo , Kim Ji Yeon , Kim Hyun Sook , Huh Ji Young , Goldman Steven A. , Song Jihwan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate whether human HLA‐homozygous induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived neural precursor cells (iPSC‐NPCs) can provide functional benefits in Huntington’s disease (HD), we transplanted them into the YAC128 transgenic HD mouse model.Materials and MethodsCHAi001‐A, an HLA‐homozygous iPSC line (A*33:03‐B*44:03‐DRB1*13:02), was differentiated into neural precursor cells, and then, they were transplanted into 6 months‐old YAC128 mice. Various behavioural and histological analyses were performed for five months after transplantation.ResultsMotor and cognitive functions were significantly improved in transplanted animals. Cells transplanted in the striatum showed multipotential differentiation. Five months after transplantation, the donor cells had differentiated into neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Transplantation restored DARPP‐32 expression, synaptophysin density, myelin basic protein expression in the corpus callosum and astrocyte function.ConclusionAltogether, these results strongly suggest that iPSC‐NPCs transplantation induces neuroprotection and functional recovery in a mouse model of HD and should be taken forward for clinical trials in HD patients.
Fluorescence Assay for Tolyporphins Amidst Abundant Chlorophyll in Crude Cyanobacterial Extracts
Authors: Nguyen Kathy‐Uyen , Zhang Ran , Taniguchi Masahiko , Lindsey Jonathan S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTolyporphins are distinctive tetrapyrrole natural products found singularly in a filamentous cyanobacterial‐microbial holobiont (termed HT‐58‐2) from Micronesia. The absorption and fluorescence features of tolyporphins resemble those of chlorophyll a, complicating direct analysis of culture samples. Treatment of the crude (unfractionated) organic extract (CH2Cl2/2‐propanol, 1:1) of HT‐58‐2 cultures with NaBH4 in methanol causes reduction of the peripheral ketone auxochromes, whereupon tolyporphins (predominantly 7,17‐dioxobacteriochlorins) exhibit a bathochromic shift (λabs ˜ 676 → ˜ 700 nm) and chlorophyll a (a 131‐oxochlorin) exhibits a hypsochromic shift (λabs 665 → 634 nm). Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (at 368 and 491 nm with λem 710 nm) enabled detection of reduced tolyporphins amidst abundant reduced chlorophyll a (1:19 ratio), a detection sensitivity >5 times that without reduction. The resulting assay combines simple sample preparation from non‐axenic cultures at microscale quantities (2 mL, 2 μm), absence of any fractionation procedures, and fluorescence detection. Tolyporphins were readily detected in cultures of HT‐58‐2 at reasonable growth periods in the absence of environmental stressors, which was not possible previously.