bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diverse Effects of Mass Media on Concerns about Immigration: New Evidence from Germany, 2001–2016
Authors: Erhard Lukas , Heiberger Raphael H , Windzio Michael 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Media discourse is often seen as an important condition of people’s attitudes and perceptions. Despite a rich literature, however, it is not well understood how media exposure influences attitudes towards immigrants. In contrast to previous studies, we argue that people rely on ‘availability heuristics’ shaped by mass media. From that point of view, it is the specific content of media discourse on immigration that affects people’s concerns. We use structural topic models to classify media content of more than 24,000 articles of leading German newspapers from 2001 to 2016. Utilizing linear fixed-effects models allows us to relate a person’s concern towards immigration, as reported in the German Socioeconomic Panel, to prevalent topics discussed in print media while controlling for several confounding factors (e.g., party preferences, interest in politics, etc.). We find a robust relationship between topic salience and attitudes towards integration. Our results reveal that specific topics with negative contents (e.g., domestic violence) increase concerns, while others (e.g., scientific studies, soccer) decrease concerns substantially, underlining the importance of available information provided by media. In addition, people with higher education are generally less affected by media salience of topics.
Individualized or fixed approach to pulmonary vein isolation utilizing the fourth-generation cryoballoon in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the randomized INDI-FREEZE trial
Authors: Heeger Christian Hendrik , Popescu Sorin Stefan , Saraei Roza , Kirstein Bettina , Hatahet Sascha , Samara Omar , Traub Anna , Fehe Marcel , D’Ambrosio Gabriele , Keelani Ahmad , Schlüter Michael , Eitel Charlotte , Vogler Julia , Kuck Karl Heinz , Tilz Roland Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
Cryoballoon (CB) based pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is a widely used technique for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF); however the ideal energy dosing has not yet been standardized. This was a single-centre randomized clinical trial aiming at assessing the safety, acute efficacy, and clinical outcome of an individualized vs. a fixed CB ablation protocol using the fourth-generation CB (CB4) guided by pulmonary vein (PV) potential recordings and CB temperature.

Methods and results
Patients were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to two different dosing protocols: INDI-FREEZE group (individualized protocol): freeze-cycle duration of time to effect plus 90 s or interruption of the freeze-cycle and repositioning CB if a CB temperature of −30°C was not within 40 s. Control group (fixed protocol): freeze-cycle duration of 180 s. No-bonus freeze-cycle was applied in either patient group. The primary endpoint was freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmia at 12 months. Secondary end points included procedural parameters and complications. A total of 100 patients with paroxysmal AF were prospectively enrolled. No difference was seen in the primary endpoint [INDI-FREEZE group: 38/47 (81%) vs. control group: 40/47, (85%), P = 0.583]. The total freezing time was significantly shorter in the INDI-FREEZE group (157 ± 56 s vs. 212 ± 83 s, P &lt; 0.001), while procedure duration (57.9 ± 17.9 min vs. 63.2 ± 20.2 min, P = 0.172) was similar. No differences were seen in the minimum CB and oesophageal temperatures as well as in periprocedural complications.

Conclusion
Compared to the fixed protocol, the individualized approach provides a similar safety profile and clinical outcome, while reducing the total freezing time.
The Association of Loneliness With Health and Social Care Utilization in Older Adults in the General Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Smith Kimberley J , Victor Christina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Loneliness is proposed to be linked with increased service use. This review examined the association of loneliness and health and social care utilization (HSCU) in older adults from the general population.

Research Design and Methods
Four databases were screened for studies that examined the association of loneliness (predictor) with HSCU (outcome) in older adults (defined as the majority of sample 60 or older). Study quality was assessed with the National Institutes for Health scale for observational cohorts and cross-sectional studies.

Results
We identified 32 studies, of which 9 prospective studies were evaluated as being good or good–fair quality. Two good–fair quality studies found that loneliness at baseline was associated with subsequent admission to a residential care home. There was emerging evidence that loneliness was associated with emergency department use (n = 1) and cardiovascular disease-specific hospitalization (n = 1). Once adjusted for confounders, the highest quality studies found no association of baseline loneliness with physician utilization, outpatient service utilization, skilled nursing facility use, and planned or unplanned hospital admissions. The remaining studies were cross-sectional, or of fair to poor quality, and inadequate to reliably determine whether loneliness was associated with a subsequent change in HSCU.

Discussion and implications
There was heterogeneity in study design, measurement, and study quality. This generated an inconsistent evidence base where we cannot determine clear inferences about the relationship between loneliness and HSCU. Only one consistent finding was observed between 2 good–fair quality studies regarding care home admission. To determine clinical implications and make reliable inferences, additional good quality longitudinal research is needed.
Implementing COVID-19 surveillance through inter-organizational coordination: a qualitative study of three cities in Colombia
Authors: Turner Simon , Segura Carolina , Niño Natalia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Introducing comprehensive surveillance is recommended as an urgent public health measure to control and mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. However, its implementation has proven challenging as it requires inter-organizational coordination among multiple healthcare stakeholders. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of soft and hard mechanisms in the implementation of inter-organizational coordination strategies for COVID-19 surveillance within Colombia, drawing on evidence from the cities of Bogotá, Cali and Cartagena. The study used a case study approach to understand the perspectives of local and national authorities, insurance companies and health providers in the implementation of inter-organizational coordination strategies for COVID-19 surveillance. Eighty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted between June and November 2020. The data were analysed by codes and categorized using New NVivo software. The study identified inter-organizational coordination strategies that were implemented to provide COVID-19 surveillance in the three cities. Both soft (e.g. trust and shared purpose) and hard mechanisms (e.g. formal agreements and regulations) acted as mediators for collaboration and helped to address existing structural barriers in the provision of health services. The findings suggest that soft and hard mechanisms contributed to promoting change among healthcare system stakeholders and improved inter-organizational coordination for disease surveillance. The findings contribute to evidence regarding practices to improve coordinated surveillance of disease, including the roles of new forms of financing and contracting between insurers and public and private health service providers, logistics regarding early diagnosis in infectious disease and the provision of health services at the community level regardless of insurance affiliation. Our research provides evidence to improve disease surveillance frameworks in fragmented health systems contributing to public health planning and health system improvement.
Responses of benthic calcifying algae to ocean acidification differ between laboratory and field settings
Authors: Page Heather N , Bahr Keisha D , Cyronak Tyler , Jewett Elizabeth B , Johnson Maggie D , McCoy Sophie J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Accurately predicting the effects of ocean and coastal acidification on marine ecosystems requires understanding how responses scale from laboratory experiments to the natural world. Using benthic calcifying macroalgae as a model system, we performed a semi-quantitative synthesis to compare directional responses between laboratory experiments and field studies. Variability in ecological, spatial, and temporal scales across studies, and the disparity in the number of responses documented in laboratory and field settings, make direct comparisons difficult. Despite these differences, some responses, including community-level measurements, were consistent across laboratory and field studies. However, there were also mismatches in the directionality of many responses with more negative acidification impacts reported in laboratory experiments. Recommendations to improve our ability to scale responses include: (i) developing novel approaches to allow measurements of the same responses in laboratory and field settings, and (ii) researching understudied calcifying benthic macroalgal species and responses. Incorporating these guidelines into research programs will yield data more suitable for robust meta-analyses and will facilitate the development of ecosystem models that incorporate proper scaling of organismal responses to in situ acidification. This, in turn, will allow for more accurate predictions of future changes in ecosystem health and function in a rapidly changing natural climate.
Memory-phenotype CD4+ T cells: a naturally arising T lymphocyte population possessing innate immune function
Authors: Kawabe Takeshi , Sher Alan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn conventional adaptive immune responses, upon recognition of foreign antigens, naive CD4+ T lymphocytes are activated to differentiate into effector/memory cells. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that in the steady state, naive CD4+ T cells spontaneously proliferate in response to self-antigens to acquire a memory phenotype (MP) through homeostatic proliferation. This expansion is particularly profound in lymphopenic environments but also occurs in lymphoreplete, normal conditions. The ‘MP T lymphocytes’ generated in this manner are maintained by rapid proliferation in the periphery and they tonically differentiate into T-bet-expressing ‘MP1’ cells. Such MP1 CD4+ T lymphocytes can exert innate effector function, producing IFN-γ in response to IL-12 in the absence of antigen recognition, thereby contributing to host defense. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of how MP T lymphocytes are generated and persist in steady-state conditions, their populational heterogeneity as well as the evidence for their effector function. We will also compare these properties with those of a similar population of innate memory cells previously identified in the CD8+ T lymphocyte lineage.
NDRG1 in Aggressive Breast Cancer Progression and Brain Metastasis
Authors: Villodre Emilly S , Hu Xiaoding , Eckhardt Bedrich L , Larson Richard , Huo Lei , Yoon Ester C , Gong Yun , Song Juhee , Liu Shuying , Ueno Naoto T , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Pusch Stefan , Tripathy Debu , Woodward Wendy A , Debeb Bisrat G 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
N-Myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) suppresses metastasis in many human malignancies, including breast cancer, yet has been associated with worse survival in patients with inflammatory breast cancer. The role of NDRG1 in the pathobiology of aggressive breast cancers remains elusive.

Methods
To study the role of NDRG1 in tumor growth and brain metastasis in vivo, we transplanted cells into cleared mammary fat pads or injected them in tail veins of SCID/Beige mice (n = 7-10 per group). NDRG1 protein expression in patient breast tumors (n = 216) was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Kaplan-Meier method with 2-sided log-rank test was used to analyze the associations between NDRG1 and time-to-event outcomes. A multivariable Cox regression model was used to determine independent prognostic factors. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
We generated new sublines that exhibited a distinct propensity to metastasize to the brain. NDRG1-high–expressing cells produced more prevalent brain metastases (100% vs 44.4% for NDRG1-low sublines, P = .01, Fisher’s exact test), greater tumor burden, and reduced survival in mice. In aggressive breast cancer cell lines, silencing NDRG1 led to reduced migration, invasion, and tumor-initiating cell subpopulations. In xenograft models, depleting NDRG1 inhibited primary tumor growth and brain metastasis. In patient breast tumors, NDRG1 was associated with aggressiveness: NDRG1-high expression was also associated with shorter overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.20 to 4.29, P = .009) and breast cancer–specific survival (HR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.07 to 4.48, P = .03). Multivariable analysis showed NDRG1 to be an independent predictor of overall survival (HR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.10 to 4.30, P = .03) and breast cancer–specific survival rates (HR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.05 to 4.92, P = .04).

Conclusions
We demonstrated that NDRG1 drives tumor progression and brain metastasis in aggressive breast cancers and that NDRG1-high expression correlates with worse clinical outcomes, suggesting that NDRG1 may serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in aggressive breast cancers.
The Survival Impact of Second Primary Lung Cancer in Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: Choi Eunji , Luo Sophia J , Aredo Jacqueline V , Backhus Leah M , Wilkens Lynne R , Su Chloe C , Neal Joel W , Le Marchand Loïc , Cheng Iona , Wakelee Heather A , Han Summer S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Lung cancer survivors have a high risk of developing second primary lung cancer (SPLC), but little is known about the survival impact of SPLC diagnosis.

Methods
We analyzed data from 138 969 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER), who were surgically treated for initial primary lung cancer (IPLC) in 1988-2013. Each patient was followed from the date of IPLC diagnosis to SPLC diagnosis (for those with SPLC) and last vital status through 2016. We performed multivariable Cox regression to evaluate the association between overall survival and SPLC diagnosis as a time-varying predictor. To investigate potential effect modification, we tested interaction between SPLC and IPLC stage. Using data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC) (n = 1540 IPLC patients with surgery), we evaluated the survival impact of SPLC by smoking status. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
A total of 12 115 (8.7%) patients developed SPLC in SEER over 700 421 person-years of follow-up. Compared with patients with single primary lung cancer, those with SPLC had statistically significantly reduced overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.06 to 2.17; P &lt; .001). The effect of SPLC on reduced survival was more pronounced among patients with early stage IPLC vs advanced-stage IPLC (HR = 2.14, 95% CI = 2.08 to 2.20, vs HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.21 to 1.70, respectively; Pinteraction &lt; .001). Analysis using MEC data showed that the effect of SPLC on reduced survival was statistically significantly larger among persons who actively smoked at initial diagnosis vs those who formerly or never smoked (HR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.48 to 3.61, vs HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.98 to 2.03, respectively; Pinteraction = .04).

Conclusions
SPLC diagnosis is statistically significantly associated with decreased survival in SEER and MEC. Intensive surveillance targeting patients with early stage IPLC and active smoking at IPLC diagnosis may lead to a larger survival benefit.
Spatially resolved Lyman-α emission around radio bright quasars
Authors: Shukla Gitika , Srianand Raghunathan , Gupta Neeraj , Petitjean Patrick , Baker Andrew J , Krogager Jens-Kristian , Noterdaeme Pasquier 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We use Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) to perform long-slit spectroscopic observations of 23 newly discovered radio-loud quasars (RLQs) at 2.7 &lt; z &lt; 3.3. The sample consists of powerful AGN brighter than 200 mJy at 1.4 GHz and is selected on the basis of mid-infrared colours i.e. unbiased to the presence of dust. We report seven confirmed and five tentative detections of diffuse Ly α emission in the sample. We present the properties of diffuse Ly α emission and discuss in detail its relationship to different quasar properties. We find strong dependence of Ly α halo detection rate on the extent of radio source, spectral luminosity of RLQ at 420 MHz (L420MHz), presence of associated C iv absorption and nuclear He ii emission line equivalent width. As seen in previous surveys, the full width at half-maximum of diffuse Ly α emission in the case of confirmed detections are much higher (i.e. &gt;1000 km s−1 in all, except one). Using the samples of high-z radio-loud quasars and galaxies from literature, we confirm the correlation between the Ly α halo luminosity and its size with $L_{\rm 420\, \rm MHz}$. The same quantities are found to be correlating weakly with the projected linear size of the radio emission. Our sample is the second largest sample of RLQs being studied for the presence of diffuse Ly α emission and fills in a redshift gap between previous such studies. Integral field spectroscopy is required to fully understand the relationship between the large-scale radio emission and the overall distribution, kinematics, and overdensity of Ly α emission in the field of these RLQs.
DNA supercoiling-mediated collective behavior of co-transcribing RNA polymerases
Authors: Tripathi Shubham , Brahmachari Sumitabha , Onuchic José N , Levine Herbert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Multiple RNA polymerases (RNAPs) transcribing a gene have been known to exhibit collective group behavior, causing the transcription elongation rate to increase with the rate of transcription initiation. Such behavior has long been believed to be driven by a physical interaction or ‘push’ between closely spaced RNAPs. However, recent studies have posited that RNAPs separated by longer distances may cooperate by modifying the DNA segment under transcription. Here, we present a theoretical model incorporating the mechanical coupling between RNAP translocation and the DNA torsional response. Using stochastic simulations, we demonstrate DNA supercoiling-mediated long-range cooperation between co-transcribing RNAPs. We find that inhibiting transcription initiation can slow down the already recruited RNAPs, in agreement with recent experimental observations, and predict that the average transcription elongation rate varies non-monotonically with the rate of transcription initiation. We further show that while RNAPs transcribing neighboring genes oriented in tandem can cooperate, those transcribing genes in divergent or convergent orientations can act antagonistically, and that such behavior holds over a large range of intergenic separations. Our model makes testable predictions, revealing how the mechanical interplay between RNAPs and the DNA they transcribe can govern transcriptional dynamics.
SPDR-2 Histopathological investigation of the oligodendroglial tumors resected following alkylating agent chemotherapy
Authors: Masato Nakaya , Kanazawa Tokunori , Ohara Kentaro , Kitamura Yohei , Yoshida Kazunari , Sasaki Hikaru 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Oligodendrogliomas, i.e., lower grade gliomas with 1p/19q codeletion, are often responsive to chemotherapy, however, those tumors eventually recur and life-limiting in the majority of patients despite initial chemotherapeutic response. We have been treating those patients with upfront chemotherapy and subsequent resection following tumor volume decrease since 2006. This study aimed to elucidate the histological changes and the mechanism of recurrence after alkylating agent chemotherapy in oligodendrogliomas. Fifteen oligodendrogliomas (Grade 2: 12, Grade 3: 3) resected following tumor volume decrease after alkylating agent chemotherapy were included and compared with their pre-chemotherapy specimens. Histological changes were investigated using hematoxylin-eosin staining, and changes in proliferative activity, status of glioma stem cells (GSCs), and tumor-infiltrating macrophages were assessed using immunohistochemistry. The frequent histological findings following chemotherapy included a sparse glial background, abundant foamy cell infiltration, gliosis, calcification, and nuclear degradation. The Ki-67/MIB-1 index decreased and the number of macrophages increased after chemotherapy. Moreover, the ratio of GSCs to total tumor cells increased after chemotherapy. GSCs and macrophages constitute the mechanism of resistance to and recurrence after alkylating agent chemotherapy in oligodendrogliomas.
ET-5 Biological effects of simultaneous use of multiple drugs in neutron capture therapy using rat brain tumor model
Authors: Kawabata Shinji , Kashiwagi Hideki , Yoshimura Kohei , Fukuo Yusuke , Hiramatsu Ryo , Nonoguchi Naosuke , Furuse Motomasa , Miyatake Shin-Ichi , Wanibuchi Masahiko 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The world’s first clinical trial of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), which treats malignant brain tumors with a single dose of neutron irradiation using multiple boron drugs simultaneously, was performed at our institution, and its excellent results have stimulated BNCT research around the world. BNCT is a particle irradiation therapy that biologically targets cancer cells, and is expected to be a “new option for cancer treatment” because it can deliver a dose of radiation at the cellular level. In the case of BNCT using a combination of multiple drugs, a method to appropriately consider the biological effects of the combination in the dose calculation has not been established. At present, BNCT based on an accelerator-based irradiation system and a boron drug (BPA) based on essential amino acids has been approved by the regulatory approval for head and neck cancer and has shown good results in brain tumors. As basic research, we have continued to develop new boron drugs, which will be essential in the future, and have explored the interpretation of the biological effects of multiple boron drugs in combination and the optimal conditions required for drug development. The survival curve of BNCT in a rat brain tumor model showed that the effect of the new drug alone was comparable to that of BPA, and the effect of the combination was improved, but the effect of the combination did not match the prediction of the combined biological effect derived from each drug. However, it has been found that the effect of the combination does not match the prediction based on the combination of biological effects derived from each drug. In other words, even if the equivalent X-ray equivalent dose (Gy-Eq) is calculated, the combined effect of some drugs exceeds the prediction, while the combined effect of other drugs is poor.