bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial wing transparency works better when disrupting wing edges: Evidence from a field experiment
Authors: Arias Mónica , Leroy Lucie , Madec Clément , Matos Louane , Tedore Cynthia , Elias Marianne , Gomez Doris 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLepidoptera—a group of insects in which wing transparency has arisen multiple times—exhibits much variation in the size and position of transparent wing zones. However, little is known as to how this variability affects detectability. Here, we test how the size and position of transparent elements affect the predation of artificial moths by wild birds in the field. Morphs with transparent elements touching wing borders showed a reduced predation risk, with the effect being the same regardless of the number of wing borders being touched. By contrast, transparent element size had little to no effect on predation risk. Overall, this experiment shows for the first time that transparency offers higher protection when it disrupts prey contour in terrestrial habitats.
Allopregnanolone and neuroHIV: Potential benefits of neuroendocrine modulation in the era of antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Salahuddin Mohammed F. , Qrareya Alaa N. , Mahdi Fakhri , Moss Emaya , Akins Nicholas S. , Li Jing , Le Hoang V. , Paris Jason J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractForty years into the HIV pandemic, approximately 50% of infected individuals still suffer from a constellation of neurological disorders collectively known as ‘neuroHIV.’ Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been a tremendous success, in its present form, it cannot eradicate HIV. Reservoirs of virus reside within the central nervous system, serving as sources of HIV virotoxins that damage mitochondria and promote neurotoxicity. Although understudied, there is evidence that HIV or the HIV regulatory protein, trans‐activator of transcription (Tat), can dysregulate neurosteroid formation potentially contributing to endocrine dysfunction. People living with HIV commonly suffer from endocrine disorders, including hypercortisolemia accompanied by paradoxical adrenal insufficiency upon stress. Age‐related comorbidities often onset sooner and with greater magnitude among people living with HIV and are commonly accompanied by hypogonadism. In the post‐cART era, these derangements of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal and ‐gonadal axes are secondary (i.e., relegated to the brain) and indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction. We review the clinical and preclinical evidence for neuroendocrine dysfunction in HIV, the capacity for hormone therapeutics to play an ameliorative role and the future steroid‐based therapeutics that may have efficacy as novel adjunctives to cART.
Acupuncture: A therapeutic approach against acne
Authors: Chun‐Yan Chen , Guang‐yao Xu , Yan‐yan Shang , Ming‐Shu Xu , Peng Liu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAcne is a common but chronic skin disease that influence large population especially juvenile. Acne can continue, begin, or grow into severe form in adult age, affecting face, back, and chest. It may be a serious issue if not cared or treated timely. Even if acne got treated it leaves a persistent scar, which is difficult to alleviate. These acne lesions are long‐lasting and result in significant impact on mental and physical health of an individual. There are four mechanisms that are involved in acne lesion formation. However, the accurate series of events of the interaction among the factors in acne pathogenesis is still unsettled. Pubescent acne is due to increase hormone levels, when in fact adult acne is due to fluctuation in hormone levels. There are various approaches for the treatment of acne, including oral medications, creams or gels, acupuncture. Traditional Chinese Medicine stated acne as a infection that is associated with the pathogenic influence of damp heat and heat on specific meridians. As an ancient and integral part of Chinese medicine acupuncture therapy is employed in the treatment of many diseases including acne. It functions by ameliorating the deep‐rooted mechanisms playing crucial role in acne development. In this review, we have explained the acne causes, pathogenesis, and its available treatment options. Additionally, we also discussed the acupuncture therapy methods, devices, different techniques. and its mechanism of action in treating acne. Furthermore, clinical trials studies motivated us to highlight the scope of acupuncture in the growing system of medicine.
Unpacking characteristics of spirituality through the lens of persons of colour living with serious illness: The need for nurse‐based education to increase understanding of the spiritual dimension in healthcare
Authors: Earlix Kerith , Shive Nadia , Coats Heather 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesTo examine the characteristics of spirituality as expressed by persons of colour living with serious illness.BackgroundSpiritual, Religious and Existential Care, as specified in the National Consensus Project (NCP) Guidelines, is a core domain of palliative nursing.Design of the studyA constructionist approach to narrative analysis was used for this study and reported in accordance with the COREQ guideline.MethodsIn‐depth narrative interviews were conducted with 20 participants. These participants included persons of colour living with serious illness who were admitted to an acute‐care hospital. Through a deductive coding approach, a codebook was created based on a broad definition of spirituality including: religion, self, family, community, nature and art/music/literature.ResultsThe major themes expressed were religion, self and family. Subthemes of religion included increased faith, support of the church community and God's intervention in patients' lives. Subthemes of self included increased self‐worth, self‐awareness of one's place in the world and individualised transition to new meaning in life. Subthemes of family included family adding meaning and purpose to their lives, family as an important source of strength and support, wanting to regain their health to go back to caring for their families, and believing that their illness had brought their family closer together.ConclusionThe thematic analysis revealed a broader existential aspect of what brought value, meaning and purpose into their lives, despite their progressive physical illness. More research is needed to understand spiritual, religious or existential needs of persons of colour living with serious illness and how nurses can best support these needs. By understanding the components of spirituality, nurses can learn to recognise the signs of spiritual distress. This awareness also helps to know when a spiritual specialist is needed—either the patient's own spiritual guide(s) or the hospital chaplain. Nurses can also use spiritual assessment tools when performing a general assessment on the patient.Relevance to clinical practiceBy understanding the components of spirituality, nurses can learn to recognise the signs of spiritual distress. This awareness also helps to know when a spiritual specialist is needed—either the patient's own spiritual guide(s) or the hospital chaplain. Nurses can also use spiritual assessment tools when performing a general assessment on the patient.
Intermediation Variety
Authors: DONALDSON JASON RODERICK , PIACENTINO GIORGIA , THAKOR ANJAN 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTWe explain why banks and nonbank intermediaries coexist in a model based only on differences in their funding costs. Banks enjoy a low cost of capital due to safety nets and money‐like liabilities. We show that this can actually be a disadvantage: it generates a soft‐budget‐constraint problem that makes it difficult for banks to credibly threaten to withhold additional funding to failed projects. Nonbanks emerge to solve this problem. Their high cost of capital is an advantage: it allows them to commit to terminate funding. Still, nonbanks never take over the entire market, but other coexist with banks in equilibrium.
The effect of unemployment on couples separating in Germany and the UK
Authors: Di Nallo Alessandro , Lipps Oliver , Oesch Daniel , Voorpostel Marieke 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis article examines how unemployment affects the separation risk of heterosexual coresiding couples, depending on couples' household income and whether men or women become unemployed.BackgroundUnemployment may decrease the separation risk as a drop in resources makes separation more costly—or it may increase the separation risk if unemployment creates stress and reduces the quality of couple relations. Moreover, unemployment may be more detrimental for couples if men rather than women, or low‐earners rather than high‐earners, become unemployed.MethodThis article adopts a couple perspective and assesses heterogeneous effects of unemployment on separation based on longitudinal data—large household panels from Germany and the UK using discrete‐time event history models.ResultsFor both countries, results show that the annual separation rate almost doubles after an unemployment spell: It increases from 0.9% to 1.6% per year. This effect does not vary when men or women lose their job. The separation risk after unemployment is somewhat higher for low‐income couples than high‐income couples in the UK, but overall differences are small.ConclusionFindings show that unemployment does not strengthen unions, but makes them more vulnerable—regardless of which partner becomes unemployed and regardless of a household's economic resources.
Epidemiological, clinical, and electrophysiological findings in dogs and cats with traumatic brachial plexus injury: A retrospective study of 226 cases
Authors: Troupel Thibaut , Van Caenegem Nicolas , Jeandel Aurélien , Thibaud Jean‐Laurent , Nicolle Audrey , Blot Stéphane 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe imaging and electrodiagnostic (EDX) characteristics of traumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI) are incompletely reported.ObjectivesTo describe the epidemiological, clinical, and EDX characteristics of TBPIs in a series of cases in dogs and cats; to determine the association between clinical data, EDX findings, and clinical outcomes; and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of EDX studies to classify nerve lesions.AnimalsOne hundred and seventy‐five dogs and 51 cats with TBPI and EDX exploration of radial nerve, ulnar nerve, or both nerves.MethodsRetrospective case series. All medical records were searched for dogs and cats presenting with TBPIs that underwent EDX exploration. Epidemiological, clinical, EDX, and follow‐up data were extracted. Association between clinical data, EDX findings, and clinical outcomes was explored.ResultsForty‐six percent of affected animals were injured before 2 years of age and 57% of dogs weighed more than 20 kg. The radial compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude for dogs and cats that had clinical improvement was higher than in animals without improvement (4.3 mV [0‐23.6] vs 0 mV [0‐2.4], respectively, P = .02). A discriminating radial CMAP amplitude threshold value of 5 mV had a specificity of 93% (95% CI [80‐100]) to predict recovery.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceElectrodiagnostic studies, particularly measurement of radial CMAP amplitude, are valuable diagnostic tests to refine the prognosis of these animals.
Migration without interbreeding: Evolutionary history of a highly selfing Mediterranean grass inferred from whole genomes
Authors: Stritt Christoph , Gimmi Elena L. , Wyler Michele , Bakali Abdelmonaim H. , Skalska Aleksandra , Hasterok Robert , Mur Luis A. J. , Pecchioni Nicola , Roulin Anne C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWild plant populations show extensive genetic subdivision and are far from the ideal of panmixia which permeates population genetic theory. Understanding the spatial and temporal scale of population structure is therefore fundamental for empirical population genetics – and of interest in itself, as it yields insights into the history and biology of a species. In this study we extend the genomic resources for the wild Mediterranean grass Brachypodium distachyon to investigate the scale of population structure and its underlying history at whole‐genome resolution. A total of 86 accessions were sampled at local and regional scales in Italy and France, which closes a conspicuous gap in the collection for this model organism. The analysis of 196 accessions, spanning the Mediterranean from Spain to Iraq, suggests that the interplay of high selfing and seed dispersal rates has shaped genetic structure in B. distachyon. At the continental scale, the evolution in B. distachyon is characterized by the independent expansion of three lineages during the Upper Pleistocene. Today, these lineages may occur on the same meadow yet do not interbreed. At the regional scale, dispersal and selfing interact and maintain high genotypic diversity, thus challenging the textbook notion that selfing in finite populations implies reduced diversity. Our study extends the population genomic resources for B. distachyon and suggests that an important use of this wild plant model is to investigate how selfing and dispersal, two processes typically studied separately, interact in colonizing plant species.
Nursing support for older people's autonomy in residential care: An integrative review
Authors: Moilanen Tanja , Suhonen Riitta , Kangasniemi Mari 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundNurses play a crucial role in enabling older people's autonomy in residential care. However, there is a lack of synthesised knowledge about how nurses can support older people.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify and synthesise nursing support for older people's autonomy in residential care.MethodsAn integrative review was carried out by searching the CINAHL, Philosopher's index, PubMed, SocINDEX, Scopus and Web of Science databases, supplemented by manual searches. The searches focused on peer‐reviewed scientific empirical research papers published in English, without date limitations. The constant comparison method was used for the analysis.ResultsThe review identified 24 papers, and these showed that older people's autonomy was based on dignity. Nurses protected older people's autonomy in eight different ways. They protected their right to make their own decisions, acted as advocates, respected their wishes, provided opportunities for autonomy, fostered independence, gave information to residents and relatives, provided individualised care practices and protected older people's safety. However, there were also barriers that needed to be overcome.ConclusionsNurses used multiple, individually tailored activities to support older people's autonomy, but they also had different reasons for supporting or hindering it. Work and leadership structures are needed to ensure that older people's autonomy is driven by ethical practices.Implications for practiceThe results of this review can help nurses who provide residential care for older people to recognise the different nursing activities that can be used to support older people's autonomy and to develop strategies to apply them in different daily care situations. However, further research is needed to determine how these activities can be realised in daily care and how they cover different aspects of older people's lives in residential care.
Laboratory testing of sunscreens on the US market finds lower in vitro SPF values than on labels and even less UVA protection
Authors: Andrews David Q. , Rauhe Kali , Burns Carla , Spilman Emily , Temkin Alexis M. , Perrone‐Gray Sean , Naidenko Olga V. , Leiba Nneka 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundNew research has attributed increased significance to the causal link between ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation and immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. In the United States, sunscreens are labeled with only their sun protection factor (SPF) and an imprecise term “broad‐spectrum protection.” Sunscreen marketing and efficacy evaluations continue to be based primarily on skin redness (sunburn) or erythema. We sought to evaluate the ultraviolet (UV) protection offered by common sunscreen products on the US market using laboratory‐measured UV‐absorption testing and comparing with computer‐modeled protection and the labeled SPF values. This approach enables an investigation of the relationship between the labeled SPF and measured UVA protection, a factor that is ignored in current regulations.MethodsFifty‐one sunscreen products for sale in the United States with SPF values from 15 to 110 and labeled as providing broad‐spectrum protection were tested using a commercial laboratory. All products were evaluated using the ISO 24443:2012 method for sunscreen effectiveness. The final absorbance spectra were used for analysis of in vitro UV protection.ResultsIn vitro SPF values from laboratory‐measured UV absorption and computer modeling were on average just 59 and 42 percent of the labeled SPF. The majority of products provided significantly lower UVA protection with the average unweighted UVA protection factor just 24 percent of the labeled SPF.ConclusionRegulations and marketplace forces promote sunscreens that reduce sunburn instead of products that provide better, more broad‐spectrum UV protection. The production and use of products with broad spectrum UV protection should be incentivized, removing the emphasis on sunburn protection and ending testing on people.
Classifying foreign publics: Examining the relationships behavioral experience, symbolic environment, and communication behaviors among key foreign publics
Authors: Perez Loarre Andreu , Chon Myoung‐Gi , Vibber Kelly , Kim Jeong‐Nam 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study applies Tam and Kim's 2019 taxonomy to alumni data for the Global Korea Scholarship in order to segment key foreign publics and understand their communication behaviors toward South Korea in the context of public diplomacy. In this study, key foreign publics refer to groups of foreign publics who are positioned to impact the public diplomacy goals of a nation. They have a direct behavioral relationship with a foreign host country and maintain communication and relationships with those in their home country. The findings of this study provide empirical results that identify four types of foreign publics, showing that the new segmentation taxonomy of foreign publics by Tam and Kim is applicable in public diplomacy. The results also indicate that each public type acts differently in terms of positive megaphoning, negative megaphoning, and likelihood of recommending of South Korea, further supporting the typology's behavioral descriptions.Related Articles in this Special IssueAyhan, Kadir Jun, and Nancy Snow. 2021. “Introduction to the Special Issue—Global Korea Scholarship: Empirical Evaluation of a non‐Western Scholarship Program from a Public Diplomacy Perspective.” Politics & Policy 49(6): 1282–1291. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12440.Hong, Moon Suk, Minjeong Jeon, and Kadir Jun Ayhan. 2021. “International Scholarship for Social Change? Re‐contextualizing Global Korea Scholarship Alumni's Perceptions of Justice and Diversity in South Korea.” Politics & Policy 49(6): 1359–1390. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12435.Tam, Lisa, and Kadir Jun Ayhan. 2021. “Evaluations of People, Affection, and Recommendation for a Host Country: A Study of Global Korea Scholarship (GKS) Recipients.” Politics & Policy 49(6): 1292–1307. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12438.
Poverty in India in the face of Covid‐19: Diagnosis and prospects*
Authors: Dang Hai‐Anh , Lanjouw Peter , Vrijburg Elise 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIndia has been hard‐hit by the Covid‐19 pandemic. The virus has exacted a heavy toll in terms of lives lost and deteriorating health outcomes. The economic consequences of the pandemic have been similarly grim. In this paper we attempt an initial, interim, assessment of the impacts of the crisis on poverty. We review the growing literature that considers emerging poverty impacts, noting that there remain significant knowledge gaps due to limited evidence on current welfare outcomes. We analyze pre‐Covid survey data to examine the incidence of chronic poverty and downward mobility during a period of rapid economic growth and declining poverty. A profile of poverty during such a period might offer a plausible, partial, window on population groups currently at risk. We suggest that, notwithstanding the severe initial impacts of the crisis on poverty, there are grounds for expecting further consequences going forward. As the virus has spread out of the relatively affluent cities, and as economic stagnation persists, rural areas, with historically higher rates of chronic poverty and vulnerability, may see particularly sharp increases in poverty. While recent vaccination developments offer some grounds for optimism, there remains an urgent need to identify, implement and amplify effective policy alleviation measures.
Macrosomia and its predictors in pregnant women with diabetes in Ethiopia
Authors: Belay Demeke Mesfin , Bayih Wubet Alebachew , Alemu Abebaw Yeshambel , Sinshaw Aklilu Endalamaw , Mekonen Demewoz Kefale , Ayele Amare Simegn , Aytenew Tigabu Munye , Aynew Yeshambaw Eshetie , Hailemichael Wasihun , Getu Sisay , Kiros Mulugeta , Andualem Henok , Birihan Binyam Minuye 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo estimate the prevalence of macrosomia and contributing factors among pregnant women with diabetes in Ethiopia.MethodsThe Cochrane, PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Web of Science electronic databases and grey literature found in online university repositories were searched for primary studies reporting the prevalence of macrosomia (birth weight ≥4 kg, irrespective of gestational age) and/or at least one determinant factor using WHO diabetes diagnosis criteria were involved. Variations across the studies were checked using theI2 statistic; funnel plot and Egger's test were used to assess publication bias. A weighted inverse random effect model was used to estimate the overall prevalence of macrosomia.ResultsThe overall prevalence of macrosomic newborns among pregnant women with diabetes [15.1% (95% CI: 9.0%, 21.2%)] was higher than the prevalence among non‐diabetic mothers (3.9%). Maternal blood glucose level >100 mg/dl [AOR = 10.5: 95% CI: 5.9, 15.1] and >120 mg/dl [AOR = 8.8: 95% CI: 4.5, 13.0], lack of Antenatal Care (ANC) visit [AOR = 10.8: 95% CI: 6.0, 15.0], previous adverse birth outcomes and advanced maternal age [AOR = 3.5: 95% CI: 1.0, 5.9] were significantly associated with the prevalence of macrosomia at 95% CI.ConclusionThe pooled prevalence of macrosomia among pregnant women with diabetes was higher than the prevalence among non‐diabetic pregnant women (3.9%). Advanced maternal age, previous adverse birth outcomes, lack of ANC and uncontrolled maternal plasma glucose level were independent predictors of macrosomia.