bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Controllable Thickness and Flatness of Wafer-Scale Nickel Shim in Precision Electroforming Process: Simulation and Validation
Authors: Zhang Honggang , Zhang Nan , Fang Fengzhou 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A new approach to precision electroforming of a wafer scale nickel shim using a rotating cathode with an auxiliary cathode mask is developed to improve thickness uniformity and flatness. The effects of critical process parameters, including cathode rotating speed, cathode mask size, and current density, on the thickness uniformity and flatness of electroformed nickel shim are systematically studied based on experiments and simulations. The results show that the thickness uniformity of the deposits is highly dependent on the current density distribution, where a cathode mask can effectively tune electrical field lines and induce a more uniform current density distribution. The simulations and experimental results consistently agree that a minimum thickness nonuniformity of 8% and below 1% on the wafer with a diameter of 80 mm and 40 mm, respectively, can be achieved using a mask with a 70 mm opening size. However, for flatness, the cathode rotating speed influences the surface warpage due to the intrinsic stress. It is also found that the gradient current density can significantly reduce the intrinsic stress with better flatness. The best flatness is controlled below 47 µm and 32 µm on the wafer with diameters of 80 mm and 40 mm, respectively, under the synergistic effect of optimal cathode rotating speed (30 rpm) and gradient current density.
Goal-Directed Design Agents: Integrating Visual Imitation With One-Step Lookahead Optimization for Generative Design
Authors: Raina Ayush , Puentes Lucas , Cagan Jonathan , McComb Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Engineering design problems often involve large state and action spaces along with highly sparse rewards. Since an exhaustive search of those spaces is not feasible, humans utilize relevant domain knowledge to condense the search space. Deep learning agents (DLAgents) were previously introduced to use visual imitation learning to model design domain knowledge. This note builds on DLAgents and integrates them with one-step lookahead search to develop goal-directed agents capable of enhancing learned strategies for sequentially generating designs. Goal-directed DLAgents can employ human strategies learned from data along with optimizing an objective function. The visual imitation network from DLAgents is composed of a convolutional encoder–decoder network, acting as a rough planning step that is agnostic to feedback. Meanwhile, the lookahead search identifies the fine-tuned design action guided by an objective. These design agents are trained on an unconstrained truss design problem modeled as a sequential, action-based configuration design problem. The agents are then evaluated on two versions of the problem: the original version used for training and an unseen constrained version with an obstructed construction space. The goal-directed agents outperform the human designers used to train the network as well as the previous feedback-agnostic versions of the agent in both scenarios. This illustrates a design agent framework that can efficiently use feedback to not only enhance learned design strategies but also adapt to unseen design problems.
A Sequential Sampling Generation Method for Multi-Fidelity Model Based on Voronoi Region and Sample Density
Authors: Liu Yin , Li Kunpeng , Wang Shuo , Cui Peng , Song Xueguan , Sun Wei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Multi-fidelity surrogate model-based engineering optimization has received much attention because it alleviates the computational burdens of expensive simulations or experiments. However, due to the nonlinearity of practical engineering problems, the initial sample set selected to produce the first set of data will almost inevitably miss certain features of the landscape, and thus, the construction of a useful surrogate often requires further, judicious infilling of some new samples. Sequential sampling strategies used to select new infilling samples during each iteration can gradually extend the data set and improve the accuracy of the initial model with an acceptable cost. In this paper, a sequential sampling generation method based on the Voronoi region and the sample density (SSGM-VRDS) is proposed. First, with a Monte Carlo-based approximation of a Voronoi tessellation for region division, Pearson correlation coefficients and cross-validation (CV) are employed to determine the candidate Voronoi region for infilling a new sample. Then, a relative sample density is defined to identify the position of the new infilling point at which the sample is the sparsest within the selected Voronoi region. A correction of this density is carried out concurrently through an expansion coefficient. The proposed method is applied to three numerical functions and a lightweight design problem via finite element analysis (FEA). Results suggest that the SSGM-VRDS strategy has outstanding effectiveness and efficiency in selecting a new sample for improving the accuracy of a surrogate model, as well as practicality for solving practical optimization problems.
Design and Development of a Tracked Robot to Increase Bulk Density of Flax Fibers
Authors: Galati Rocco , Mantriota Giacomo , Reina Giulio 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article presents an integrated mechanics study for the design and the development of a service tracked robot able to move inside a truck container and roll over flax raw material by compressing it to increase its overall bulk density. A series of flax material properties have been used to properly characterize the robot’s locomotion parameters and to obtain an optimal ground pressure and a correct floating capacity over the material. First, the performance of the proposed robot is evaluated in an emulated container. Then, results acquired during compression tests in a real scenario are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed robot for industrial applications.
Computer Aided Tolerance Analysis of Parts and Assemblies
Authors: Scott R. T. , Gabriele G. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An exact constraint scheme based on the physical contacting constraints of real part mating features is used to represent the process of assembling the parts. To provide useful probability information about how assembly dimensions are distributed when the parts are assembled as intended, the real world constraints that would prevent interference are ignored.
This work addresses some limitations in the area of three dimensional assembly tolerance analysis. As a result of this work, the following were demonstrated: 1. Assembly of parts whose assembly mating features are subjected to variation; 2. Assemble parts using a real world set of exact constraints; 3. Provide probability distributions of assembly dimensions.
Dilated choroidal veins and their role in recurrences of myopic macular neovascularisations
Authors: Xie Shiqi , Du Ran , Fang Yuxin , Onishi Yuka , Igarashi Tae , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Kamoi Koju , Ohno-Matsui Kyoko 
Published: April 2021

AimTo determine whether there is a correlation between the presence of macular dilated choroidal vein (DCV) and the recurrence of myopic macular neovascularisation (MNV) after antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment.MethodsMedical records of 168 eyes of 163 patients with myopic MNV were reviewed for the presence of macular DCV and episodes of recurrences. A macular DCV was defined as a choroidal vein whose diameter was 2× larger than the adjacent veins coursing in the macular area of 5.5 mm diameter.ResultsMacular DCV existed in 47 (28%) of the eyes with myopic MNV. 70 eyes (41.7%) had recurrence during a mean follow-up period of 52.5±23.0 months. Recurrence was found in 28 of the 47 eyes (59.6%) with DCV, which was significantly more frequent than the 42 of the 121 eyes (34.7%) without DCV (p=0.003). Cox model analysis showed that macular DCV was an independent risk factor (HR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.5) for recurrence. The recurrence rate was significantly higher in eyes with DCV within the first 2 years after the onset than in eyes without DCV.ConclusionsMacular DCVs may be indicators of a more aggressive phenotype of eyes with myopic MNV. These eyes need careful monitoring after anti-VEGF therapies.
Characteristics of endothelial corneal transplant rejection following immunisation with SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine
Authors: Phylactou Maria , Li Ji-Peng Olivia , Larkin Daniel F P 
Published: April 2021

AimWe report two cases of endothelial corneal allograft rejection following immunisation with SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine BNT162b2 and describe the implications for management of transplant recipients postvaccination for COVID-19.MethodsA 66-year-old woman with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and a unilateral Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) transplant received COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 14 days post-transplant. Seven days later, she presented with symptoms and signs of endothelial graft rejection. An 83-year-old woman with bilateral DMEK transplants for FECD 3 and 6 years earlier developed simultaneous acute endothelial rejection in both eyes, 3 weeks post second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2. Rejection in both cases was treated successfully with topical corticosteroids.ConclusionsWe believe this is the first report of temporal association between corneal transplant rejection following immunisation against COVID-19 and the first report of DMEK rejection following any immunisation. We hypothesise that the allogeneic response may have been initiated by the host antibody response following vaccination. Clinicians and patients should be aware of the potential of corneal graft rejection associated with vaccine administration and may wish to consider vaccination in advance of planned non-urgent keratoplasties. Patients should be counselled on the symptoms and signs that require urgent review to allow early treatment of any confirmed rejection episode.
Protocol for establishing an Adaptive Diseases control Expert Programme in Tanzania (ADEPT) for integrating care of communicable and non-communicable diseases using tuberculosis and diabetes as a case study
Authors: Mpagama Stellah G , Ramaiya Kaushik , Lillebæk Troels , Mmbaga Blandina T , Sumari-de Boer Marion , Ntinginya Nyanda Elias , Alffenaar Jan-Willem , Heysell Scott K , Bygbjerg Ib C , Christensen Dirk L 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionMost sub-Saharan African countries endure a high burden of communicable infections but also face a rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Interventions targeting particular epidemics are often executed within vertical programmes. We establish an Adaptive Diseases control Expert Programme in Tanzania (ADEPT) model with three domains; stepwise training approach, integration of communicable and NCDs and a learning system. The model aims to shift traditional vertical programmes to an adaptive diseases management approach through integrating communicable and NCDs using the tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) dual epidemic as a case study. We aim to describe the ADEPT protocol with underpinned implementation and operational research on TB/DM.Methods and analysisThe model implement a collaborative TB and DM services protocol as endorsed by WHO in Tanzania. Evaluation of the process and outcomes will follow the logic framework. A mixed research design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches will be used in applied research action. Anticipated implementation research outcomes include at the health facilities level for organising TB/DM services, pathways of patients with TB/DM seeking care in different health facilities, factors in service delivery that need deimplementation and the ADEPT model implementation feasibility, acceptability and fidelity. Expected operational research outcomes include additional identified patients with dual TB/DM, the prevalence of comorbidities like hypertension in patients with TB/DM and final treatment outcomes of TB/DM including treatment-related complications. Findings will inform the future policies and practices for integrating communicable and NCDs services.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by The National Research Health Ethical Committee (Ref-No. NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/2988) and the implementation endorsed by the government authorities. Findings will be proactively disseminated through multiple mechanisms including peer-reviewed journals, and engagement with various stakeholders’ example in conferences and social media.
Exploring spatial variation in BCG vaccination among children 0–35 months in Ethiopia: spatial analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016
Authors: Agegnehu Chilot Desta , Alem Adugnaw Zeleke 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTuberculosis is a major public health problem and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. BCG vaccination is a life-saving and important part of standard tuberculosis control measures, particularly in Ethiopia where tuberculosis is endemic. The End Tuberculosis Strategy targets of 2020 have not been achieved. Exploring spatial variations in BCG vaccination among children is vital to designing and monitoring effective intervention programmes. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the spatial variation in BCG vaccination among children in Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional study design.SettingEthiopia.ParticipantsChildren aged 0–35 months.Primary outcomeBCG vaccination coverage.MethodsData from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey were used and a total of 4453 children aged 0–35 months were included. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, cluster and outlier analysis, hotspot analysis, spatial interpolation, and spatial scan statistics were carried out to identify geographical risk areas for BCG vaccine utilisation. ArcGIS V.10.6 and SaTScan V.9.6 statistical software were employed to explore spatial pattern and significant hotspot areas for BCG vaccination among children.ResultsBCG vaccination was spatially clustered in Ethiopia at the regional level (Global Moran’s I=0.516, p<0.001). A total of 51 most likely clusters of low BCG vaccination were identified in the Somali and Afar regions (log-likelihood ratio=136.58, p<0.001). Significant secondary clusters were also identified in North West Gambela, South Amhara, South West Addis Ababa, North East Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region, and South West Oromia.ConclusionA low probability of receiving BCG vaccination was found among children in the Somali and Afar regions. Therefore, these areas should be given attention when designing effective immunisation strategies to improve BCG vaccination among children in order to reduce the burden of tuberculosis in Ethiopia.
Efficacy of an implementation package on documentation of central venous catheter insertions: an observational study
Authors: Linné Erik , Adrian Maria , Bentzer Peter , Kander Thomas 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundProper documentation of central venous catheter (CVC) insertions in electronic healthcare records is the basis for good follow-up and quality assurance. We have noted serious deficiencies in the documentation of CVC insertions and introduced an implementation package with the purpose of increasing the completeness of this documentation. The aim of the present study was to estimate the effect of the implementation package by assessing the proportion of missing data before and after the introduction of the implementation package.MethodsIn this single centre observational study, data from CVC insertion templates in a common electronic health record were extracted and analysed after introducing the implementation package. The package included adoption of new local CVC-directions, a new updated CVC-insertion template in the regional common electronic health record and a review of all CVC-insertion templates with a reminder to the inserting physician to supplement missing data. The proportion of terms with missing data was reviewed and also compared with the proportion of missing data in a study prior to the introduction of the package.ResultsIn total, 7126 CVC-insertion templates were included. Of these 5539 (78%) were without missing data for any of the 13 predefined variables. Completed insertion templates for three common terms increased from 38% prior to the introduction of the implementation package to 93%, which represents an absolute reduction for missing data of 55% (95% CI 53% to 56%, p<0.0001).ConclusionThe implementation package was highly effective in increasing the proportion of fully documented CVC insertions.
Three Es of linked injury data: Episodes, Encounters and Events
Authors: Vallmuur Kirsten , McCreanor Victoria , Cameron Cate , Watson Angela , Shibl Rania , Banu Shahera , McPhail Steven M , Warren Jacelle 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundTreatment and recovery times following injury can be lengthy, comprising multiple interactions with the hospital system for initial acute care, subsequent rehabilitation and possible re-presentation due to complications.AimsThis article aims to promote the use of consistent terminology in injury data linkage studies, suggest important factors to consider when managing linked injury data, and encourage thorough documentation and a robust discourse around different approaches to data management to ensure reproducibility, consistency and comparability of analyses arising from linked injury data.ApproachThis paper is presented in sections describing: (1) considerations for identifying injury cohorts, (2) considerations for grouping Episodes into Encounters and (3) considerations for grouping Encounters into Events. Summary tools are provided to aid researchers in the management of linked injury data.DiscussionCareful consideration of decisions made when identifying injury cohorts and grouping data into units of analysis (Episodes/Encounters/Events) is essential when using linked injury data. Choices made have the potential to significantly impact the epidemiological and clinical findings derived from linked injury data studies, which ultimately affect the quality of injury prevention initiatives and injury management policy and practice. It is intended that this paper will act as a call to action for injury linkage methodologists, and those using linked data, to critique approaches, share tools and engage in a robust discourse to further advance the use of linked injury data, and ultimately enhance the value of linked injury data for clinicians and health and social policymakers.
Cadaveric investigation of the minimum effective volume for ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca block
Authors: Kantakam Perada , Maikong Naraporn , Sinthubua Apichat , Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Tran De Q , Leurcharusmee Prangmalee 
Published: April 2021

Background
This cadaveric dose-finding study investigated the minimum effective volume of dye in 90% of cases (MEV90), required to stain the femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous and obturator nerves for ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca block (SIFIB).

Methods

In cadaveric specimens of the lower limb, the block needle was advanced, medial to the anterosuperior iliac spine, until its tip was positioned between the internal oblique and iliacus muscles underneath the fascia iliaca. The dye was injected inside the fascia iliaca compartment. Volume assignment was carried out using a biased coin design, whereby the volume of dye administered to each cadaveric specimen depended on the response of the previous one. In case of failure, the next one received a higher volume (defined as the previous volume with an increment of 2.5 mL). If the previous cadaveric specimen had a successful block, the next one was randomized to a lower volume (defined as the previous volume with a decrement of 2.5 mL), with a probability of
b
=0.11, or the same volume, with a probability of 1–
b
=0.89. Success was defined as the staining of the femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, and obturator nerves on dissection.

Results
Thirty-six cadavers (60 cadaveric specimens) were included in the study. Using isotonic regression and bootstrap CI, the MEV90 for ultrasound-guided SIFIB was estimated to be 62.5 mL (95% CI 60 to 65).

Conclusion
For ultrasound-guided SIFIB, the MEV90 of dye required to stain the femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous and obturator nerves is 62.5 mL. Further studies are required to correlate this finding with the MEV90 of local anesthetic in human subjects.
Design and validation of a handheld capnography device for cardiopulmonary assessment based on the Arduino platform
Authors: Singh Om Prakash , El-Badawy Ismail M. , Malarvili M. B. 
Published: April 2021

The design of a handheld capnography device is in great demand because of its effective and practical uses in all cardiac arrest resuscitations, according to the recommendation of the American Heart Association. Herein, a handheld capnography device that can be used in clinical settings and the home environment is reported. The proposed device was developed by using an infrared CO2 sensor, Arduino Mega2560, and a high-resolution display (2.8”). Furthermore, two rechargeable batteries (7.6[Formula: see text]V, 0.99[Formula: see text]A) and a secure digital card with a capacity of 16[Formula: see text]GB were incorporated to increase the portability and usability of the device. Algorithms were implemented to measure standard features, namely, inspired CO2 (ICO2), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), and respiratory rate (RR). The features of 15 healthy subjects were recorded by using the developed prototype and the standard capnography device (CapnostreamTM20 Model CS08798). Validation was performed with Bland–Altman plots. Findings revealed that mean differences [Formula: see text] standard deviations for the set limits of ICO2, EtCO2 and RR were 0.29 ± 1.30 millimeters of mercury (mmHg), 0.15 ± 1.77 mmHg and 0.40 ± 0.97 breaths per minute (bpm), respectively. Most of the differences among device measurements across all features fell within the 95% limits of agreement. Thus, the developed device may help manage respiratory distress conditions in and outside of a hospital setting.