bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Modeling of Melt Pool Geometry in Additive Manufacturing Using Neural Networks
Authors: Jones Kevontrez , Yang Zhuo , Yeung Ho , Witherell Paul , Lu Yan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Laser powder-bed fusion is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that offers exciting advantages for the fabrication of metallic parts compared to traditional techniques, such as the ability to create complex geometries with less material waste. However, the intricacy of the additive process and extreme cyclic heating and cooling leads to material defects and variations in mechanical properties; this often results in unpredictable and even inferior performance of additively manufactured materials. Key indicators for the potential performance of a fabricated part are the geometry and temperature of the melt pool during the building process, due to its impact upon the underlining microstructure. Computational models, such as those based on the finite element method, of the AM process can be used to elucidate and predict the effects of various process parameters on the melt pool, according to physical principles. However, these physics-based models tend to be too computationally expensive for real-time process control. Hence, in this work, a hybrid model utilizing neural networks is proposed and demonstrated to be an accurate and efficient alternative for predicting melt pool geometries in AM, which provides a unified description of the melting conditions. The results of both a physics-based finite element model and the hybrid model are compared to real-time experimental measurements of the melt pool during single-layer AM builds using various scanning strategies.
Combinatorial Optimization of Pre-Formed Hose Assemblies
Authors: Gustafsson Erik , Persson Johan , Tarkian Mehdi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cable and hose routing is a complex and time-consuming process that often involves several conflicting objectives. Complexity increases further when routes of multiple components are to be considered through the same space. Extensive work has been done in the area of automatic routing where few proposals optimize multiple hoses together. This paper proposes a framework for the routing of multiple pre-formed hoses in an assembly using a unique permutation process where several alternatives for each hose are generated. A combinatorial optimization process is then used to find Pareto-optimal solutions for the multi-route assembly. This is coupled with a scoring model that predicts the overall fitness of a solution based on designs previously scored by the engineer as well as an evaluation system where the engineer can score new designs found through the use of the framework to update the scoring model. The framework is evaluated using a testcase from a car manufacturer showing a severalfold time reduction compared to a strictly manual process. Considering the time savings, the proposed framework has the potential to greatly reduce the overall routing processes of hoses and cables.
Optimal Selection of Equivalence Factors for ECMS in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Hegde Shailesh , Bonfitto Angelo , Rahmeh Hadi , Amati Nicola , Tonoli Andrea 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The increasing stringent emissions regulation over the years have shifted the focus of automotive industry towards more efficient fuel economy solutions. One such solution is Hybrid electric architecture, which is able to improve the fuel economy and consequently cutting down emissions. A well known control strategy to solve optimization problem for energy management of Hybrid electric vehicles is ECMS (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy). Finding the best control parameters (equivalence factors) of this strategy may become quite involved. This paper proposes a method for the selection of the optimal equivalence factors, for charging and discharging, by applying genetic algorithm in the case of a P0 mild hybrid electric vehicle. This method is a systematic and deterministic way to guarantee an optimal solution with respect to the trial and error method. The proposed ECMS is compared to a technique available in literature, known as the shooting method, which relies only on one equivalence factor for discharging. It is demonstrated that the performance in terms of pollutant emissions are comparable. However, ECMS with GA always guarantees an optimal solution even in the case of heavy accessory load, when shooting method is not valid anymore, as it does not guarantee a charge sustaining condition.
Influence of the Cyclist’s Characteristics on the Optimal Pacing Strategy for an Ascending Road
Authors: Angulo Manuel , Polanco Alejandra , Muñoz Luis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Pacing strategies are used in cycling to optimize the power delivered by the cyclist during a race. Gains in race time have been obtained when using these strategies compared to self-paced approaches. For this reason, this study is focused on revising the effect that the variation of the cyclist’s parameters has on the pacing strategy and its results.
A numeric method was used to propose pacing strategies for a cyclist riding on an ascending 3.7 km route with a constant 6.26% road grade. The method was validated and then implemented to study the effect of aerobic and anaerobic power delivery capacity, mass, and drag area on the pacing strategies and their corresponding estimated race times.
The results showed that modifying 1% of the aerobic capacity or cyclist mass value led to a change of 1% on the race time. Modifying 1% the anaerobic capacity and the drag area led to changes of 0.03% and 0.02% on the race time, respectively. These results are strongly dependent on the route characteristics.
It was concluded that for the studied route (constantly ascending), the variation of the cyclist’s aerobic capacity influences the pacing strategy (i.e., the power delivery over the distance). The anaerobic capacity and mass of the cyclist also influence the pacing strategy to a lesser extent.
Point-to-Point Path Planning Based on User Guidance and Screw Linear Interpolation
Authors: Laha Riddhiman , Rao Anjali , Figueredo Luis F. C. , Chang Qing , Haddadin Sami , Chakraborty Nilanjan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite the increasing number of collaborative robots in human-centered manufacturing, currently, industrial robots are still largely preprogrammed with very little autonomous features. In this context, it is paramount that the robot planning and motion generation strategies are able to account for changes in production line in a timely and easy-to-implement fashion. The same requirements are also valid for service robotics in unstructured environments where an explicit definition of a task and the underlying path and constraints are often hard to characterize. In this regard, this paper presents a real-time point-to-point kinematic task-space planner based on screw interpolation that implicitly follows the underlying geometric constraints from a user demonstration. We demonstrate through example scenarios that implicit task constraints in a single user demonstration can be captured in our approach. It is important to highlight that the proposed planner does not learn a trajectory or intends to imitate a human trajectory, but rather explores the geometric features throughout a one-time guidance and extend such features as constraints in a generalized path generator. In this sense, the framework allows for generalization of initial and final configurations, it accommodates path disturbances, and it is agnostic to the robot being used. We evaluate our approach on the 7 DOF Baxter robot on a multitude of common tasks and also show generalization ability of our method with respect to different conditions.
Reduced-Order Model With Foot Tipping Allowance for Legged Balancing
Authors: Peng William Z. , Song Hyunjong , Kim Joo H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tipping is an instrumental aspect of multi-phase contact situations that arise during common tasks such as the locomotion of legged systems. Despite its importance in balance recovery, tipping is often ignored in trajectory optimization due to the lack of existing methods that are able to actively plan and optimize for unspecified contacts. Trajectory Optimization based on nonlinear programming requires a priori knowledge about anticipated contact changes, such as their order and timing, in order to generate physically feasible motions. In this paper, an optimization framework with conditional constraints is established for direct collocation in trajectory optimization for legged balancing with foot tipping allowance. The proposed approach can evaluate the timing of contact phases without preplanned contact forces or sequences of events, which is not possible with conventional methods. This optimization framework is demonstrated by computing the balanced regions of two reduced-order models of a legged system, namely, inverted-pendulum-based models without and with a flywheel, and is verified with control simulations. The contribution of tipping to balance stability is quantified and compared to prior results obtained without tipping allowance. The framework presented can also be generalized to other multi-phase contact scenarios, such as rolling and sliding, where unspecified discontinuous changes in contact occur with important consequences in the performance of legged systems.
Feeling the Heat! Exploring the Relationship Between Students’ Empathy, Attitudes Towards Sustainability, and Their Identification of Problem Requirements
Authors: Prabhu Rohan , Alsager Alzayed Mohammed , Starkey Elizabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As global resources deplete, there has emerged a need for designers to emphasize sustainability in engineering design. Towards this end, several researchers have presented design tools to support sustainable design; however, designers must be encouraged to adopt a sustainable design mindset and actively utilize these design tools and techniques in the design process. Prior research has identified the need for interpersonal skills such as empathy among individuals to encourage an active sustainable mindset among them. While several researchers have demonstrated the relationship between designers’ empathy and their identification of problem requirements in engineering design, little research has explored this relationship in the context of sustainable design. This direction of research is particularly important as environment-focused decisions in engineering design do not always benefit the primary user of a solution, but often affect secondary and tertiary stakeholders. Our aim in this paper is to explore this research gap through an experimental study with undergraduate engineering students. Specifically, we compared the relationship between participants’ trait empathy and their attitudes towards sustainability, in the context of environmental sustainability. We then investigated the relationship between their trait empathy, attitudes towards sustainability, and their identification of problem requirements in a design task. From the results, we see that students’ intentions towards sustainable actions positively correlated with their identification of environment-focused requirements. On the other hand, students’ perspective-taking — a component of their trait empathy — positively correlated with their identification of user-focused requirements. These findings provide an important first step towards understanding the relationship between designers’ individual differences and their adoption of sustainability in engineering design.
Product Development Using Perceived Correlations Between the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Social Impact Categories
Authors: Johnson Gabrielle E. , Fisher Marin J. , Salmon John L. , Mattson Christopher A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the perceived relations between the Social Impact Categories (SIC) and Social, Economic, and Environmental (SEE) Aspects derived from the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Surveys showed high correlations between Health and Safety and Population Change to the majority of SEE Aspects. There were also high correlations between the SICs and economic and environmental factors. Further research will survey perceived relations between all three SEE impact categories.
Dwelling on the Connection Between SO(3) and Rotation Matrices in Rigid Multibody Dynamics – Part 2: Comparison Against Formulations Using Euler Parameters or Euler Angles
Authors: Taves Jay , Kissel Alexandra , Negrut Dan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We compare three solution approaches that use the index 3 set of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) to solve the constrained multibody dynamics problem through straight discretization via an implicit time integrator. The first approach is described in a companion paper and dwells on the connection between the orientation matrix and the SO(3) group. Its salient point is that the orientation matrix A is a problem unknown, directly computed without resorting to the use of other position-level generalized coordinates such as Euler angles or Euler parameters. The second approach employs Euler angles as part of the position-level generalized coordinates, and uses them to subsequently evaluate the orientation matrix A. The third approach replaces the Euler angles with Euler parameters (quaternions). The numerical integration method of choice in this contribution is first order implicit Euler. We report a similar number of iterations for convergence for all solution implementations (called rA, rε, and rp); we also observed an approximately twofold speedup of rA over rp and rε. The tests were carried out in conjunction with three models: simple pendulum, slider crank, and four-link mechanism. These simulation results were obtained using two Python simulation engines that were developed independently as part of this formulation comparison undertaking. The codes are available in a GitHub public repository and were developed to provide two different perspectives on the formulation performance issue. The improvements in simulation speed are traced back to a simpler form of the equations of motion and more concise Jacobians that enter the numerical solution. It remains to investigate whether these speed gains carry to higher order integration formulas, where the underlying Lie-group structure of SO(3) brings additional complexity in the rA solution.
Implementation of the WHO’s collaborative framework for the management of tuberculosis and diabetes: a scoping review
Authors: Salifu Rita Suhuyini , Hlongwa Mbuzeleni , Hlongwana Khumbulani 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo map evidence on the implementation of the WHO’s collaborative framework for the management of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) comorbidity, globally.DesignScoping review.MethodsGuided by Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework, this review mapped literature on the global implementation of the framework for the management of TB and DM comorbidity, globally. An extensive literature search for peer-reviewed studies, theses, studies in the press and a list of references from the selected studies was conducted to source-eligible studies. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, the EBSCOhost platform (academic search complete, health source: nursing/academic edition, CINAHL with full text), Scopus and the WHO library were used to source the literature. We performed title screening of articles using keywords in the databases, after which two independent reviewers (RS and PV) screened abstracts and full articles. Studies from August 2011 to May 2021 were included in this review and the screening was guided by the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings were analysed using the thematic content analysis approach and results presented in the form of a narrative report. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension was used as a checklist and for explaining the scoping review process.ResultsThis review found evidence of the WHO TB-DM collaborative framework’s implementation in 35 countries across the globe. TB-DM comorbidity was identified in patients through bidirectional screening of both patients with TB and patients with DM in rural and urban settings.ConclusionDue to the paucity of evidence on mechanisms of collaboration, we recommend further research in other implementing countries to identify techniques used for diagnosis and integration of TB and DM services, in order to ensure that effective and joint management of TB-DM comorbidity in populations is achieved.
Predictors of hospitalisations and emergency department presentations shortly after entering a residential aged care facility in Australia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Inacio Maria C , Jorissen Robert N , Wesselingh Steve , Sluggett Janet K , Whitehead Craig , Maddison John , Forward John , Bourke Alice , Harvey Gillian , Crotty Maria 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo: (1) examine the 90-day incidence of unplanned hospitalisation and emergency department (ED) presentations after residential aged care facility (RACF) entry, (2) examine individual-related, facility-related, medication-related, system-related and healthcare-related predictors of these outcomes and (3) create individual risk profiles.DesignRetrospective cohort study using the Registry of Senior Australians. Fine-Gray models estimated subdistribution HRs and 95% CIs. Harrell’s C-index assessed risk models’ predictive ability.Setting and participantsIndividuals aged ≥65 years old entering a RACF as permanent residents in three Australian states between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2016 (N=116 192 individuals in 1967 RACFs).Predictors examinedIndividual-related, facility-related, medication-related, system and healthcare-related predictors ascertained at assessments or within 90 days, 6 months or 1 year prior to RACF entry.Outcome measures90-day unplanned hospitalisation and ED presentation post-RACF entry.ResultsThe cohort median age was 85 years old (IQR 80–89), 62% (N=71 861) were women, and 50.5% (N=58 714) had dementia. The 90-day incidence of unplanned hospitalisations was 18.0% (N=20 919) and 22.6% (N=26 242) had ED presentations. There were 34 predictors of unplanned hospitalisations and 34 predictors of ED presentations identified, 27 common to both outcomes and 7 were unique to each. The hospitalisation and ED presentation models out-of-sample Harrell’s C-index was 0.664 (95% CI 0.657 to 0.672) and 0.655 (95% CI 0.648 to 0.662), respectively. Some common predictors of high risk of unplanned hospitalisation and ED presentations included: being a man, age, delirium history, higher activity of daily living, behavioural and complex care needs, as well as history, number and recency of healthcare use (including hospital, general practitioners attendances), experience of a high sedative load and several medications.ConclusionsWithin 90 days of RACF entry, 18.0% of individuals had unplanned hospitalisations and 22.6% had ED presentations. Several predictors, including modifiable factors, were identified at the time of care entry. This is an actionable period for targeting individuals at risk of hospitalisations.
Smoking Cessation in Stroke Survivors in the United States: A Nationwide Analysis
Authors: Parikh Neal S. , Parasram Melvin , White Halina , Merkler Alexander E. , Navi Babak B. , Kamel Hooman 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Continued smoking after stroke is associated with a high risk of stroke recurrence and other cardiovascular disease. We sought to comprehensively understand the epidemiology of smoking cessation in stroke survivors in the United States. Furthermore, we compared smoking cessation in stroke and cancer survivors because cancer is another smoking-related condition in which smoking cessation is prioritized.

Methods:
We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an annual, nationally representative health survey. Using pooled data from 2013 to 2019, we identified stroke and cancer survivors with a history of smoking. We used survey procedures to estimate frequencies and summarize quit ratios with attention to demographic and geographic (state-wise and rural-urban) factors for stroke survivors. The quit ratio is conventionally defined as the proportion of ever smokers who have quit. Then, we used multivariable logistic regression to compare quit ratios in stroke and cancer survivors while adjusting for demographics and smoking-related comorbidities.

Results:
Among 4 434 604 Americans with a history of stroke and smoking, the median age was 68 years (interquartile range, 59–76), and 45.4% were women. The overall quit ratio was 60.8% (95% CI, 60.1%–61.6%). Quit ratios varied by age group, sex, race and ethnicity, and several geographic factors. There was marked geographic variation in quit ratios, ranging from 48.3% in Kentucky to 71.5% in California. Furthermore, compared with cancer survivors, stroke survivors were less likely to have quit smoking (odds ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.67–0.79]) after accounting for differences in demographics and smoking-related comorbidities.

Conclusions:
There were considerable demographic and geographic disparities in smoking quit ratios in stroke survivors, who were less likely to have quit smoking than cancer survivors. A targeted initiative is needed to improve smoking cessation for stroke survivors.
Trauma Visits to a Pediatric Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Quarantine and “Stay at Home” Period
Authors: Sethuraman Usha , Kannikeswaran Nirupama , Singer Adam , Krouse Carolyn B , Cloutier Dawn , Farooqi Ahmad , Donoghue Lydia , Stankovic Curt 
Published: November 2021

Background Impact of social distancing on pediatric injuries is unknown. Methods We retrospectively compared injury visits to a pediatric emergency department by individuals ≤21 years during “Stay at Home” (SHO) period to the same period in 2019 (non-SHO). Demographics, types, and outcomes of injuries were noted. Results Although, there was a 35.6% reduction in trauma-related emergency department visits during SHO period (1226 vs 1904), the proportion of injury visits increased (15.5% vs 8.1%, P < .001) and mean age was lower (5.8 yrs ±4.5 vs 8.4 yrs ± 5.2, P < .001). There were significant increases in visits related to child physical abuse (CPA), firearms, and dog bites. Further, significant increases in trauma alerts ( P < .01), injury severity ( P < .01), critical care admissions ( P < .001), and deaths ( P < .01) occurred during the SHO period. Conclusions Although overall trauma-related visits decreased during SHO, the proportion of these visits and their severity increased. Trauma visits related to child physical abuse, dog bites, and firearms increased. Further studies are required to assess the long-term impact of pandemic on pediatric trauma epidemiology.