bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiota‐derived extracellular vesicles in interkingdom communication in the gut
Authors: Díaz‐Garrido Natalia , Badia Josefa , Baldomà Laura 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal epithelial barrier and immune function. This microbial community, known as gut microbiota, is now recognized as an important partner of the human being that actively contribute to essential functions of the intestine but also of distal organs. In the gut ecosystem, bidirectional microbiota‐host communication does not involve direct cell contacts. Both microbiota and host‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key players of such interkingdom crosstalk. There is now accumulating body of evidence that bacterial secreted vesicles mediate microbiota functions by transporting and delivering into host cells effector molecules that modulate host signalling pathways and cell processes. Consequently, vesicles released by the gut microbiota may have great influence on health and disease. Here we review current knowledge on microbiota EVs and specifically highlight their role in controlling host metabolism, intestinal barrier integrity and immune training.
On the sedimentary carbonate accumulation and dissolution in Western Pacific marginal basins
Authors: Li Lan , Luo Yiming , Kienast Markus , Qi Di , Tjiputra Jerry 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe critical role of marginal seas in the global carbon cycle and their response to climate and circulation changes are not well understood. In this study, we used long‐term archives of sedimentary CaCO3 data and a conceptual model to systematically determine the spatial and vertical features of the sediment carbonate system in the marginal seas along the Western Pacific Ocean. Our results show that the northward‐flowing Antarctic Bottom Water and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water produced shallower calcium carbonate preservation depths as they moved north and became more carbonate‐undersaturated. This suggests that the carbonate chemistry in the deep Western Pacific marginal sea basins is mostly governed by the global ocean thermohaline circulation. In contrast, the carbonate system in the deep Japan/East Sea is unique, with limited sedimentary carbonate accumulation due to weak calcification and its internal overturning circulation. Despite differences in the hydrological and ecological settings, the sedimentary calcium carbonate profiles in the Tasman Sea and South Fiji Basin are comparable to those in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, reflecting the remarkable influence of open‐ocean carbonate chemistry.
Antifreeze and Rheological Properties of Injectable Triblock Copolymer Hydrogels with Supramolecular Junctions
Authors: Choi Jewon , Kim Seyoung , Mun Huy Ju , Yoo Jin , Choi Soo‐Hyung , Char Kookheon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractABC triblock copolymers composed of hydrophobic poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) midblock, and P(PEGMA‐UPy0.15) containing supramolecular ureidopyrimidinone moieties, poly(ε‐caprolactone‐block‐carboxybetaine methacrylate‐block‐[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate‐co‐(α‐methacryloyl‐ω‐(6‐(3‐(6‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐yl)ureido)hexylcarbamoyloxy)poly(ethylene glycol))]), are investigated to achieve multifunctional antifreeze hydrogels. The PCL and P(PEGMA‐UPy0.15) blocks induce the formation of physical network with a hierarchical nanostructure comprising hydrophobic PCL cores and supramolecular junctions, respectively. The super‐hydrophilic nature of polyzwitterion midblocks and the confinement effect of the supramolecular junctions enhance the antifreeze performance, where the majority of water molecules remains supercooled below sub‐zero temperature. The hydrogel relaxation characterized over a wide range of timescale reveals that the facile dynamics of the supramolecular junctions lead to the self‐healing and injectability of the hydrogels. In conjunction with the biodegradable PCL cores, the antifreeze and rheological characteristics of the triblock copolymer hydrogels provide significant potential to use for cryo‐preservable and bio‐injectable drug storage and delivery.
A comparison of proton stopping power measured with proton CT and x‐ray CT in fresh postmortem porcine structures
Authors: DeJongh Don F. , DeJongh Ethan A. , Rykalin Victor , DeFillippo Greg , Pankuch Mark , Best Andrew W. , Coutrakon George , Duffin Kirk L. , Karonis Nicholas T. , Ordoñez Caesar E. , Sarosiek Christina , Schulte Reinhard W. , Winans John R. , Block Alec M. , Hentz Courtney L. , Welsh James S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurpose: Currently, calculations of proton range in proton therapy patients are based on a conversion of CT Hounsfield units of patient tissues into proton relative stopping power. Uncertainties in this conversion necessitate larger proximal and distal planned target volume margins. Proton CT can potentially reduce these uncertainties by directly measuring proton stopping power. We aim to demonstrate proton CT imaging with complex porcine samples, to analyze in detail three‐dimensional regions of interest, and to compare proton stopping powers directly measured by proton CT to those determined from x‐ray CT scans.Methods: We have used a prototype proton imaging system with single proton tracking to acquire proton radiography and proton CT images of a sample of porcine pectoral girdle and ribs, and a pig's head. We also acquired close in time x‐ray CT scans of the same samples and compared proton stopping power measurements from the two modalities. In the case of the pig's head, we obtained x‐ray CT scans from two different scanners and compared results from high‐dose and low‐dose settings.Results: Comparing our reconstructed proton CT images with images derived from x‐ray CT scans, we find agreement within 1% to 2% for soft tissues and discrepancies of up to 6% for compact bone. We also observed large discrepancies, up to 40%, for cavitated regions with mixed content of air, soft tissue, and bone, such as sinus cavities or tympanic bullae.Conclusions: Our images and findings from a clinically realistic proton CT scanner demonstrate the potential for proton CT to be used for low‐dose treatment planning with reduced margins.
Antipsychotic initiation and new diagnoses excluded from quality‐measure reporting among Veterans in community nursing homes contracted by the Veterans Health Administration in the United States
Authors: Moyo Patience , Corneau Emily , Cornell Portia Y. , Mochel Amy L. , Magid Kate H. , Levy Cari , Mor Vincent 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess whether prevailing antipsychotic use rates in community nursing homes (CNH) influence new initiation of antipsychotics and diagnosis with antipsychotic indications among Veterans.MethodsWe used linked 2013–2016 Veterans Administration (VA) data, Medicare claims, Nursing Home Compare, and Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessments. The exposure was the proportion (in quintiles) of all CNH residents prescribed antipsychotics in the quarter preceding a Veteran's admission date. Using adjusted logistic regression, we analyzed two outcomes measured using MDS: antipsychotic initiation, and new diagnosis of an antipsychotic quality‐measure exclusionary condition (i.e., schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, or Huntington's disease).ResultsAmong 8201 Veterans without an indication for antipsychotics at baseline, 21.1% initiated antipsychotics and 3.5% were newly diagnosed with any exclusionary diagnosis after CNH admission. Schizophrenia accounted for almost all (96.8%) the new diagnoses. Antipsychotic initiation increased with higher CNH antipsychotic use rates: OR = 2.55, 95% CI: 2.08–‐3.12, quintile 5 versus 1. CNHs with the highest prevalent use of antipsychotics were associated with increased odds of Veterans acquiring an exclusionary diagnosis (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.32–3.32, quintile 5 vs. 1).ConclusionsIncident antipsychotic use is common among Veterans admitted to CNHs. CNH antipsychotic prescribing practices are associated with Veterans being newly diagnosed with antipsychotic prescription indications, primarily schizophrenia.
Mapping electric bulk conductivity in the human heart
Authors: Katscher Ulrich , Weiss Steffen 
Published: November 2021

PurposeTo explore the technical feasibility of mapping the electric bulk conductivity in the human heart, and to determine quantitative conductivity values of myocardium and blood from a small group of volunteers.MethodsUsing a 3T MR system, 6 healthy male volunteers were measured. For all volunteers, a time‐resolved 2D sequence over the cardiac cycle was applied (electrocardiogram [ECG]‐triggered SSFP acquired in breath‐hold). From these data, a dedicated, so‐called “2D conductivity” has been derived in the framework of electrical properties tomography (EPT). To validate the concept of 2D conductivity, a static 3D sequence (ECG‐triggered and respiratory‐gated SSFP 3D whole heart acquisition, allowing the full 3D reconstruction of conductivity) as well as a Q‐flow sequence (for investigating the relation between flow and reconstruction errors of the conductivity) have been applied for one of the volunteers.ResultsFor both, blood and myocardium, quantitative values of obtained 2D conductivity were approximately two‐thirds of the obtained 3D conductivity, as expected from Maxwell’s equations. Furthermore, the quantitative conductivity values agreed with corresponding literature values. Conductivity of left‐ventricular blood volume showed characteristic over‐ and under‐shooting at specific time points during the cardiac cycle for all volunteers investigated. This over‐ and under‐shooting correlated with the phase pattern caused by blood flow into/out of the ventricle.ConclusionThe study demonstrated the technical feasibility of cardiac conductivity measurements using standard MR systems and standard MR sequences, and therefore, may open new options for MR‐based cardiac diagnosis.
An Early Larval Feeding Protocol and Hypersaline Acclimation of Larval Spotted Seatrout
Authors: Schacht Bailey E. , Scarpa John , Fox Joe M. , Vega Robert R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The availability of Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus to anglers along the Texas coast is supported by a stock enhancement program that is managed by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. A study was conducted to improve production protocols during frequent hypersaline conditions in rearing ponds. The objectives of the study were to (1) develop a feeding protocol for use during extended indoor larval rearing and (2) determine whether gradual hypersaline acclimation during extended indoor larval rearing leads to increased growth and survival of Spotted Seatrout larvae when they are subjected to hypersaline conditions. Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate four rotifer enrichments (Algamac-3050, Easy Dry Selco, Ori-One, and Rotigrow Plus) that are used in a standard larval Spotted Seatrout diet. The feeding trials were necessary to ensure larvae health and survival for the salinity acclimation trial. The larvae in both trials that were fed with Algamac-3050-enriched rotifers exhibited significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) survival and growth (i.e., length, weight, specific growth rate, and percent weight gain). Based on these results, Algamac-3050 was used in a subsequent salinity acclimation trial. In the salinity acclimation trial, 3-d-posthatch (dph) larvae at 35‰ were subjected to increased salinity at a rate of 1‰/d; then at 3, 6, 9, and 12 dph, they were subjected to a hypersaline (50‰) condition to simulate pond stocking. The percentage of survival was highest when the larvae were acclimated until 6 or 9 dph (52.5 ± 7.0% and 65.0 ± 7.7% [mean ± SD], respectively) with no improvement in acclimation to 12 dph (65.2 ± 7.1%). The results for growth and percentage survival displayed similar trends. This study indicates that rearing larval Spotted Seatrout in hypersaline conditions is improved by increasing the indoor rearing time beyond 3 dph and gradually acclimating the larvae to a higher salinity during an extended rearing time.
Deep learning identifies inflamed fat as a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in early colorectal cancer
Authors: Brockmoeller Scarlet , Echle Amelie , Ghaffari Laleh Narmin , Eiholm Susanne , Malmstrøm Marie Louise , Plato Kuhlmann Tine , Levic Katarina , Grabsch Heike Irmgard , West Nicholas P , Saldanha Oliver Lester , Kouvidi Katerina , Bono Aurora , Heij Lara R , Brinker Titus J , Gögenür Ismayil , Quirke Philip , Kather Jakob Nikolas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe spread of early‐stage (T1 and T2) adenocarcinomas to locoregional lymph nodes is a key event in disease progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The cellular mechanisms behind this event are not completely understood and existing predictive biomarkers are imperfect. Here, we used an end‐to‐end deep learning algorithm to identify risk factors for lymph node metastasis (LNM) status in digitized histopathology slides of the primary CRC and its surrounding tissue. In two large population‐based cohorts, we show that this system can predict the presence of more than one LNM in pT2 CRC patients with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.733 (0.67–0.758) and patients with any LNM with an AUROC of 0.711 (0.597–0.797). Similarly, in pT1 CRC patients, the presence of more than one LNM or any LNM was predictable with an AUROC of 0.733 (0.644–0.778) and 0.567 (0.542–0.597), respectively. Based on these findings, we used the deep learning system to guide human pathology experts towards highly predictive regions for LNM in the whole slide images. This hybrid human observer and deep learning approach identified inflamed adipose tissue as the highest predictive feature for LNM presence. Our study is a first proof of concept that artificial intelligence (AI) systems may be able to discover potentially new biological mechanisms in cancer progression. Our deep learning algorithm is publicly available and can be used for biomarker discovery in any disease setting. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CHARMING: Harmonizing synonymous codon usage to replicate a desired codon usage pattern
Authors: Wright Gabriel , Rodriguez Anabel , Li Jun , Milenkovic Tijana , Emrich Scott J. , Clark Patricia L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere is a growing appreciation that synonymous codon usage, although historically regarded as phenotypically silent, can instead alter a wide range of mechanisms related to functional protein production, a term we use here to describe the net effect of transcription (mRNA synthesis), mRNA half‐life, translation (protein synthesis) and the probability of a protein folding correctly to its active, functional structure. In particular, recent discoveries have highlighted the important role that sub‐optimal codons can play in modifying co‐translational protein folding. These results have drawn increased attention to the patterns of synonymous codon usage within coding sequences, particularly in light of the discovery that these patterns can be conserved across evolution for homologous proteins. Because synonymous codon usage differs between organisms, for heterologous gene expression it can be desirable to make synonymous codon substitutions to match the codon usage pattern from the original organism in the heterologous expression host. Here we present CHARMING (for Codon HARMonizING), a robust and versatile algorithm to design mRNA sequences for heterologous gene expression and other related codon harmonization tasks. CHARMING can be run as a downloadable Python script or via a web portal at http://www.codons.org.
In silico prediction of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 main protease cleavage sites
Authors: Yang Zheng Rong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOne of the emerging subjects to combat the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus is to design accurate and efficient drug such as inhibitors against the viral protease to stop the viral spread. In addition to laboratory investigation of the viral protease, which is fundamental, the in silico research of viral protease such as the protease cleavage site prediction is critically important and urgent. However, this problem has yet to be addressed. This article has, for the first time, investigated this problem using the pattern recognition approaches. The article has shown that the pattern recognition approaches incorporating a specially tailored kernel function for dealing with amino acids has the outstanding performance in the accuracy of cleavage site prediction and the discovery of the prototype cleavage peptides.
Serious adverse drug reactions in sub‐Saharan Africa in the era of antiretroviral treatment: A systematic review
Authors: Mouton Johannes P. , Jobanputra Nicole , Tatz Gayle , Cohen Karen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe aimed to summarize and describe the burden of serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) in the era of antiretroviral therapy. We searched Medline, CINAHL, Africa‐Wide Information, Scopus, and Web of Science, without language restriction up to March 2021. We hand‐searched reference lists, conference abstracts, and dissertation databases. We included studies reporting proportions of admissions attributed to ADRs, admissions prolonged by ADRs, or in‐hospital deaths attributed to ADRs. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, reviewed the study quality using a previously published tool, and extracted the data. We tested for heterogeneity using I2‐statistics and summarized the study results using medians and interquartile ranges. Subgroup analyses summarized the results by study quality, setting, methodology, and population. From 1005 unique references identified, we included 15 studies. Median study quality was 7/10; heterogeneity was very high. Median [IQR] proportion of admissions attributed to ADRs was 4.8% [1.5% to 7.0%] (14 studies) and 6.4% [4.0% to 8.4%] in nine active surveillance studies in adults. Two pediatric studies reported the proportion of admissions prolonged by ADRs (0.29% and 0.99%). Three studies reported the proportion of in‐hospital deaths attributed to ADRs (2.5%, 13%, and 16%). Antiretroviral and antituberculosis drugs were often implicated in serious ADRs. Evidence of the burden of serious ADRs in SSA is patchy and heterogeneous. A few high‐quality studies suggest that the burden is considerable, and that it reflects the regional impact of the HIV pandemic. Further characterization of this burden is required, ideally in studies of standardized methodology.
ANOTHER syndrome—Familial presentations of progressive lung disease leading to double lung transplantation: A case report and literature review
Authors: Thornton Christina S. , Puttagunta Lakshmi , Helmersen Douglas , Thakrar Mitesh V. , Nagendran Jayan , Lien Dale , Varughese Rhea A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEctodermal dysplasias (EDs) are a heterogeneous rare group of disorders with an incidence at 1/100,000 live births. Currently, there are limited case reports of patients requiring lung transplantation. Here, we report two brothers who present with a constellation of features including alopecia, nail dystrophy, ophthalmic complications, thyroid disease, hypohidrosis, ephelides, enteropathy and recurrent respiratory tract infections, known as ANOTHER syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive variant of ED. Both presented in early childhood with progressive respiratory decline and eventual failure. Chronic respiratory decline was refractory to standard therapy. Both patients required lung transplantation for sequelae of end‐stage lung disease. Pathology demonstrated multifocal bronchiectasis with areas of fibrosis and small airway obstruction. ANOTHER syndrome is rare with a paucity of data in the literature. Given the limited therapeutic options available with natural progression towards respiratory failure, lung transplantation may be considered.
Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Low Crest Factor via Precise Phase Difference Design Realized by 3D Printing
Authors: Hu Yuexiao , Li Xinyuan , Zhao Zhihao , Zhang Chuguo , Zhou Linglin , Li Yanhong , Liu Yuebo , Wang Jie , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has presented the huge potential application in distributed energy field which can realize the conversion from dispersed mechanical energy to electric energy. However, the natural characteristic of pulse output for conventional TENG, which means high crest factor, is defective for directly driving electronics. Here, a strategy to convert the pulse alternate current of TENG into a direct current with low crest factor is achieved through introducing a phase difference design into the structure of TENG. As a result, a direct current with a crest factor of 1.07 is obtained in a rotational free‐standing TENG (RF‐TENG) array at optimum phase difference, where 3D digital printing technology is used to accurately control the parameter of phase difference. Moreover, an adaptable contact mode structure between tribolayer and electrode improves the durability of the RF‐TENG array, which can present a stable performance after working 1.2 million cycles. This work provides a combined strategy to obtain a long‐lifetime and low crest‐factor TENG for its large‐scale application in energy harvesting.
Aggregation-Induced Emission in Electrochemiluminescence: Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Moreno-Alcántar Guillermo , Aliprandi Alessandro , De Cola Luisa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe discovery of aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) in 2017 opened new research paths in the quest for novel, more efficient emitters and platforms for biological and environmental sensing applications. The great abundance of fluorophores presenting aggregation-induced emission in aqueous media renders AIECL a potentially powerful tool for future diagnostics. In the short time following this discovery, many scientists have found the phenomenon interesting, with research findings contributing to advances in the comprehension of the processes involved and in attempts to design new sensing platforms. Herein, we explore these advances and reflect on the future directions to take for the development of sensing devices based on AIECL.
Die Verwirklichung des europäischen Binnenmarkts im Transport- und Verkehrsrecht
Authors: Perathoner Christoph 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungMobilität und Verkehr sind für das Funktionieren einer modernen Gesellschaft unabdingbar geworden und bilden heute eine der Grundlagen der europäischen Integration. Der flächendeckende Ausbau nachhaltiger Verkehrsnetze stellt dabei eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die Verwirklichung und den Fortbestand des europäischen Binnenmarktes dar. Vor eben diesem Hintergrund macht es sich der vorliegende Beitrag zur Aufgabe, grundlegende Fragen des europäischen Transport- und Verkehrsrechts offenzulegen und zu analysieren.
Der Brennerverkehrsgipfel-Prozess. Ein Meilenstein der Verkehrspolitik in der Europaregion Tirol – Ein Diskussionsbericht
Authors: Jicha Stephanie 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDeutschland, Österreich, Italien, Bayern, Nordtirol und Südtirol streben gemeinsame Lösungen für den Verkehr auf der Brennerachse an. Die Regierungsvertreter*innen der Staaten und Regionen entlang der Brennerachse ringen um Lösungen für die Verkehrssituation am Brenner. Ein gemeinsames Ziel ist die Verlagerung des Güterverkehrs von der Straße auf die Schiene.