bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RACIST TORTURE AND THE CODE OF SILENCE
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe join Eduardo Bonilla-Silva’s structural theory of the racialized U.S. social system with a situational methodology developed by Arthur L. Stinchcombe and Irving Goffman to analyze how law works as a mechanism that connects formal legal equality with legal cynicism. The data for this analysis come from the trial of a Chicago police detective, Jon Burge, who as leader of an infamous torture squad escaped criminal charges for more than thirty years. Burge was finally charged with perjury and obstruction of justice, charges that obscured and perpetuated the larger structural reality of a code of silence that enabled racist torture of more than a hundred Black men. This case study demonstrates how the non-transparency of courtroom sidebars plays an important role in perpetuating systemic features of American criminal injustice: a code of silence, racist discrimination, and legal cynicism.
Surface pH Record (1990–2013) of the Arabian Sea From Boron Isotopes of Lakshadweep Corals—Trend, Variability, and Control
Authors: Tarique Mohd , Rahaman Waliur , Fousiya A. A. , Lathika N. , Thamban Meloth , Achyuthan Hema , Misra Sambuddha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAtmospheric CO2 rise in post‐industrial era has resulted in decline in surface ocean pH, commonly known as “ocean acidification (OA),” which has become a threat to marine calcifiers. Instrumental records of ocean pH and its reconstruction utilizing boron isotope (δ11B) composition of corals demonstrate a long‐term OA trend characterized by large spatio‐temporal variability in both Pacific and Atlantic oceans. However, no such record exists to elucidate long‐term OA trend of the Indian Ocean. We report the first sub‐annually resolved pH record (1990–2013) from the Arabian Sea based on δ11B measurements on Porites coral from Lakshadweep coral reefs. This pH record is characterized by large variability ranging from 7.93 to 8.65 with no long‐term discernable trend. The long‐term declining trend expected from the ∼50 ppm increase in atmospheric CO2 during the coral growth interval appears to be obscured by large surface pH variability in the Arabian Sea. Our investigation reveals that physical oceanographic processes for example, upwelling, downwelling and convective mixing modulated by El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) largely control surface pH variability and masked expected long‐term OA trend resulting from anthropogenic CO2 rise. Combining the model‐based predictions of increase in frequency and amplitude of ENSO events in a future warming scenario and the observed ENSO dependency of surface water pH, we predict more frequent and large pH variability (“pH extremes”) in this region. Such pH extremes and their occurrences might be critical for the resilience and adaptability of corals and other calcifiers in Arabian Sea and other similar oceanic settings elsewhere.
On How Episodic Sediment Supply Influences the Evolution of Channel Morphology, Bedload Transport and Channel Stability in an Experimental Step‐Pool Channel
Authors: Wang Jiamei , Hassan Marwan A. , Saletti Matteo , Chen Xingyu , Fu Xudong , Zhou Hongwei , Yang Xingguo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present results from flume experiments in which an 8% steep channel with longitudinal width variations and step‐pool morphology was subjected to sediment feed pulses of different magnitude and frequency under constant water discharge. The channel response to these pulses included (a) large bedload transport rates, (b) bed aggradation, (c) fining of the bed surface, and (d) continuous formation and collapse of steps. In between pulses, the bed surface coarsened, and bedload transport rates dropped by several orders of magnitude. Steps continuously formed and collapsed during and shortly after the pulses, but their stability increased when the sediment feed was turned off. High pulse magnitude enhanced step formation, while low pulse frequency (i.e., long interpulse period) enhanced step stability. We back‐calculated the threshold for motion based on measured bedload transport rates and bed shear stress. Changes in the threshold for motion were much larger than changes in bed surface slope. By accounting for energy dissipation through the effective slope based on flow resistance partitioning, a better prediction was obtained. The threshold for motion decreased following sediment pulses then increased immediately after and fluctuated until the next sediment pulse. Our results indicate that longitudinal width variations and episodic sediment supply are primary controls on the evolution of step‐pool channels. Sediment feed magnitude affects mostly morphological changes, while sediment feed frequency controls channel stability.
Interannual and Seasonal Drivers of Carbon Cycle Variability Represented by the Community Earth System Model (CESM2)
Authors: Wieder William R. , Butterfield Zachary , Lindsay Keith , Lombardozzi Danica L. , Keppel‐Aleks Gretchen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEarth system models are intended to make long‐term projections, but they can be evaluated at interannual and seasonal time scales. Although the Community Earth System Model (CESM2) showed improvements in a number of terrestrial carbon cycle benchmarks, relative to its predecessor, our analysis suggests that the interannual variability (IAV) in net terrestrial carbon fluxes did not show similar improvements. The model simulated low IAV of net ecosystem production (NEP), resulting in a weaker than observed sensitivity of the carbon cycle to climate variability. Low IAV in net fluxes likely resulted from low variability in gross primary productivity (GPP)—especially in the tropics—and a high covariation between GPP and ecosystem respiration. Although lower than observed, the IAV of NEP had significant climate sensitivities, with positive NEP anomalies associated with warmer and drier conditions in high latitudes, and with wetter and cooler conditions in mid and low latitudes. We identified two dominant modes of seasonal variability in carbon cycle flux anomalies in our fully coupled CESM2 simulations that are characterized by seasonal amplification and redistribution of ecosystem fluxes. Seasonal amplification of net and gross carbon fluxes showed climate sensitivities mirroring those of annual fluxes. Seasonal redistribution of carbon fluxes is initiated by springtime temperature anomalies, but subsequently negative feedbacks in soil moisture during the summer and fall result in net annual carbon losses from land. These modes of variability are also seen in satellite proxies of GPP, suggesting that CESM2 appropriately represents regional sensitivities of photosynthesis to climate variability on seasonal time scales.
Experimental Observations and Statistical Modeling of Crack Propagation Dynamics in Limestone by Acoustic Emission Analysis During Freezing and Thawing
Authors: Maji Vikram , Murton Julian B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe timing and location of microcracking events, their propagation and coalescence to form macrocracks, and their development by tension, shearing or mixed modes are little known but essential to understanding the fracture of intact rock by freezing and thawing. The aims of the present study are to investigate the mechanisms and transition of microcracking and macrocracking during repeated freeze‐thaw, and to develop a statistical model of crack propagation that assesses the distance and angular relationship of neighboring cracking events arranged in their temporal order of occurrence. Eight acoustic emission (AE) sensors mounted on a 300 mm cubic block of chalk captured the three‐dimensional locations of microcracking events in their temporal order of occurrence during 16 seasonal freeze‐thaw cycles simulating an active layer above permafrost. AE events occurred mostly during thawing periods (45%) and freeze‐to‐thaw transitions (37%) rather than during freezing periods (9%) and thaw‐to‐freeze transitions (8%), suggesting that most AE (microcrack) events were driven by the process of ice segregation rather than volumetric expansion. The outcomes of a novel statistical model of crack propagation based on two boundary conditions—inside‐out and outside‐in modes of cracking—were assessed based on Bayes’ theorem by testing the hypothesis that the inside‐out mode of cracking was favored by tensional activity, whereas the outside‐in mode was supported by shearing events. In both situations, the hypothesis accounted for 54%–73% confidence level. The microcrack propagation model can distinguish reasonably between cracks formed by volumetric expansion and ice segregation.
Infantile neuroblastoma and maternal occupational exposure to medical agents
Authors: Koga Yuhki , Sanefuji Masafumi , Toya Syunichiro , Oba Utako , Nakashima Kentaro , Ono Hiroaki , Yamamoto Shunsuke , Suzuki Maya , Sonoda Yuri , Ogawa Masanobu , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Kusuhara Koichi , Ohga Shouichi ,   The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group, Kamijima Michihiro , Yamazaki Shin , Ohya Yukihiro , Kishi Reiko , Yaegashi Nobuo , Hashimoto Koichi , Mori Chisato , Ito Shuichi , Yamagata Zentaro , Inadera Hidekuni , Nakayama Takeo , Iso Hiroyasu , Shima Masayuki , Kurozawa Youichi , Suganuma Narufumi , Kusuhara Koichi , Katoh Takahiko 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Healthcare workers are often exposed to hazardous agents and are at risk for adverse health consequences that affect not only themselves but also their infants. This study aimed to examine whether such occupational exposure increased the risk of childhood cancer in offspring.

Methods
We used the dataset of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, a nationwide birth cohort involving over 100,000 mother–child pairs. Information was obtained via successive questionnaires that were completed until the child turned 1 year of age. The parents were asked whether they occupationally handled medical agents during pregnancy.

Results
A total of 26 infants developed neoplasms: neuroblastoma, leukemia, and brain tumor. The incidence of neuroblastoma was significantly higher in infants whose mothers were exposed to radiation (3/2142: 140.1 per 100,000 population) than in those who were not (12/90,384: 13.3 per 100,000 population). Multivariable regression analyses revealed a close association between maternal irradiation and the development of neuroblastoma (adjusted incident rate ratio: 10.68 [95% confidence interval: 2.98‒38.27]).

Conclusions
The present study demonstrated, for the first time, a potential association between maternal occupational exposure and the occurrence of neuroblastoma in offspring. Further studies involving the large pediatric cancer registries are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Impact

Healthcare workers are often exposed to hazardous agents and are at risk for adverse health consequences that affect not only themselves but also their infants.

This study examined the association between such occupational exposure and offspring’s cancers that developed until the age of 1 year.

Maternal exposure to ionizing radiation was associated with infantile neuroblastoma in offspring.

Further studies involving the large pediatric cancer registries are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
Which factors have an association to the Quality of Life (QoL) of people with acquired Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)? A cross-sectional explorative observational study
Authors: Sturm Christian , Gutenbrunner Christoph M. , Egen Christoph , Geng Veronika , Lemhöfer Christina , Kalke Yorck B. , Korallus Christoph , Thietje Roland , Liebscher Thomas , Abel Rainer , Bökel Andrea 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Study design
Cross-sectional explorative observational study.

Objectives
To identify factors which have an association to the self-perceived Quality of Life (QoL) for persons with acquired spinal cord injury (SCI).

Setting
Eight specialized SCI-centers in Germany. The GerSCI survey is the German part of the International Spinal Cord Injury Survey (InSCI).

Methods
Self-disclosure questionnaire, created from the InSCI group, translated and adapted for Germany. The questionnaire collects a very broad range of data and, and due to its design as a self-report, is particularly suitable for the analysis on QoL. Because of the content, which is binding for all participating states, it allows a direct comparability of the results. Included in Germany were 1479 persons with acquired SCI aged 18 years and older.

Results
Various factors were identified with high associations to QoL, including changeable and unchangeable ones, such as those of particular importance: pain, sleep problems, sexual dysfunction, age, and time since onset of SCI. Some results confirmed reports of previous studies, others were surprising.

Conclusion
this study provides an important basis for the planned analysis of the InSCI participating countries in the 6 WHO regions. Germany was able to contribute the largest study population. The concrete study design of InSCI allows us to directly compare data and helps us to improve ourselves within the framework of a “learning health system”. Medical measures can be orientated towards the found results, in order to ensure the best possible care and support by the therapeutic team, individually adapted to the person, place of residence and impairment.
Global transcriptomic changes in glomerular endothelial cells in mice with podocyte depletion and glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Fu Jia , Yi Zhengzi , Cai Minchao , Yuan Weijie , Zhang Weijia , Lee Kyung , He John Cijiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPodocytes are a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier, and its dysfunction and eventual loss drive glomerular disease progression. Recent research has demonstrated the importance of podocyte cross-talk with other glomerular cells, such as glomerular endothelial cells (GECs), in both glomerular homeostasis and in disease settings. However, how GECs are affected globally by podocyte injury and loss in disease settings remains unclear. Therefore, to characterize the molecular changes occurring in GECs in response to the podocyte loss, we performed the transcriptomic profiling of isolated GECs after diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated podocyte depletion in transgenic mice with podocyte-specific human DT receptor and endothelial-specific enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) expression. DT administration led to nearly 40% of podocyte loss with the development of glomerulosclerosis. Differential gene expression analysis of isolated GECs in the diseased mice showed significant changes in pathways related to cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton, proliferation, and angiogenesis, as well as apoptosis and cell death. However, quantification of EYFP + GECs indicated that there was a reduction in GECs in the diseased mice, suggesting that despite the ongoing proliferation, the concomitant injury and the activation of cell death program results in their overall net loss. The upstream regulator analysis strongly indicated the involvement of p53, TGF-β1, and TNF-α as key mediators of the molecular changes occurring in GECs in the diseased mice. Our findings demonstrate significant molecular changes in GECs as a secondary consequence of podocyte loss and provide a valuable resource for further in-depth analysis of potential glomerular cross-talk mediators.
Overexpression of PSMC2 promotes the tumorigenesis and development of human breast cancer via regulating plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU)
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Zhu Mingzhi , Li Jingruo , Xiong Youyi , Wang Jing , Jing Haihong , Gu Yuanting 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEmerging evidence has declared that Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 2 (PSMC2) is involved in tumor progression. However, its role in breast cancer has not been investigated. Therefore, we sought to establish a correlation between breast cancer and PSMC2. PSMC2 expression in tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Loss-of-function study was used to evaluate the effects of PSMC2 knockdown in cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. A gene microarray was performed to explore the potential downstream of PSMC2 with the help of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The effects of the PSMC2/PLAU axis on breast cancer were examined in vitro. Compared to para-cancer tissues, PSMC2 level was considerably elevated in breast cancer, which was significantly correlated with tumor grade. Knockdown of PSMC2 suppressed breast cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. The mechanistic research revealed that PSMC2 promotes the development and progression of human breast cancer through interacting with PLAU. Outcomes of our study showed that overexpression of PSMC2 provide tumorigenic and metastatic advantages in breast cancer, which may involve the regulation of PLAU. This study not only reveals a critical mechanism of breast cancer development, but also provides a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
Thermohaline structure and circulation beneath the Langhovde Glacier ice shelf in East Antarctica
Authors: Minowa Masahiro , Sugiyama Shin , Ito Masato , Yamane Shiori , Aoki Shigeru 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBasal melting of ice shelves is considered to be the principal driver of recent ice mass loss in Antarctica. Nevertheless, in-situ oceanic data covering the extensive areas of a subshelf cavity are sparse. Here we show comprehensive structures of temperature, salinity and current measured in January 2018 through four boreholes drilled at a ~3-km-long ice shelf of Langhovde Glacier in East Antarctica. The measurements were performed in 302–12 m-thick ocean cavity beneath 234–412 m-thick ice shelf. The data indicate that Modified Warm Deep Water is transported into the grounding zone beneath a stratified buoyant plume. Water at the ice-ocean interface was warmer than the in-situ freezing point by 0.65–0.95°C, leading to a mean basal melt rate estimate of 1.42 m a−1. Our measurements indicate the existence of a density-driven water circulation in the cavity beneath the ice shelf of Langhovde Glacier, similar to that proposed for warm-ocean cavities of larger Antarctic ice shelves.
Homozygous MTAP deletion in primary human glioblastoma is not associated with elevation of methylthioadenosine
Authors: Barekatain Yasaman , Ackroyd Jeffrey J. , Yan Victoria C. , Khadka Sunada , Wang Lin , Chen Ko-Chien , Poral Anton H. , Tran Theresa , Georgiou Dimitra K. , Arthur Kenisha , Lin Yu-Hsi , Satani Nikunj , Ballato Elliot S. , Behr Eliot I. , deCarvalho Ana C. , Verhaak Roel G. W. , de Groot John , Huse Jason T. , Asara John M. , Kalluri Raghu , Muller Florian L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHomozygous deletion of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) in cancers such as glioblastoma represents a potentially targetable vulnerability. HomozygousMTAP-deleted cell lines in culture show elevation of MTAP’s substrate metabolite, methylthioadenosine (MTA). High levels of MTA inhibit protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), which sensitizesMTAP-deleted cells to PRMT5 and methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) inhibition. While this concept has been extensively corroborated in vitro, the clinical relevance relies on exhibiting significant MTA accumulation in human glioblastoma. In this work, using comprehensive metabolomic profiling, we show that MTA secreted byMTAP-deleted cells in vitro results in high levels of extracellular MTA. We further demonstrate that homozygousMTAP-deleted primary glioblastoma tumors do not significantly accumulate MTA in vivo due to metabolism of MTA by MTAP-expressing stroma. These findings highlight metabolic discrepancies between in vitro models and primary human tumors that must be considered when developing strategies for precision therapies targeting glioblastoma with homozygousMTAPdeletion.
Structural basis of LAIR1 targeting by polymorphic Plasmodium RIFINs
Authors: Xu Kai , Wang Yiran , Shen Chen-Hsiang , Chen Yiwei , Zhang Baoshan , Liu Kevin , Tsybovsky Yaroslav , Wang Shuishu , Farney S. Katie , Gorman Jason , Stephens Tyler , Verardi Raffaello , Yang Yongping , Zhou Tongqing , Chuang Gwo-Yu , Lanzavecchia Antonio , Piccoli Luca , Kwong Peter D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRIFIN, a large family of Plasmodium variant surface antigens, plays a crucial role in malaria pathogenesis by mediating immune suppression through activation of inhibitory receptors such as LAIR1, and antibodies with LAIR1 inserts have been identified that bind infected erythrocytes through RIFIN. However, details of RIFIN-mediated LAIR1 recognition and receptor activation have been unclear. Here, we use negative-stain EM to define the architecture of LAIR1-inserted antibodies and determine crystal structures of RIFIN-variable 2 (V2) domain in complex with a LAIR1 domain. These structures reveal the LAIR1-binding region of RIFIN to be hydrophobic and membrane-distal, to exhibit extensive structural diversity, and to interact with RIFIN-V2 in a one-to-one fashion. Through structural and sequence analysis of various LAIR1 constructs, we identify essential elements of RIFIN-binding on LAIR1. Furthermore, a structure-derived LAIR1-binding sequence signature ascertained >20 LAIR1-binding RIFINs, including some from P. falciparum field strains and Plasmodium species infecting gorillas and chimpanzees.
Ultrafast imaging of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a photoionized molecular system
Authors: Li Min , Zhang Ming , Vendrell Oriol , Guo Zhenning , Zhu Qianru , Gao Xiang , Cao Lushuai , Guo Keyu , Su Qin-Qin , Cao Wei , Luo Siqiang , Yan Jiaqing , Zhou Yueming , Liu Yunquan , Li Zheng , Lu Peixiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Jahn-Teller effect is an essential mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking in molecular and solid state systems, and has far-reaching consequences in many fields. Up to now, to directly image the onset of Jahn-Teller symmetry breaking remains unreached. Here we employ ultrafast ion-coincidence Coulomb explosion imaging with sub-10 fs resolution and unambiguously image the ultrafast dynamics of Jahn-Teller deformations of $${{\rm{CH}}}_{4}^{+}$$

CH

4

+

cation in symmetry space. It is unraveled that the Jahn-Teller deformation from C3v to C2v geometries takes a characteristic time of 20 ± 7 fs for this system. Classical and quantum molecular dynamics simulations agree well with the measurement, and reveal dynamics for the build-up of the C2v structure involving complex revival process of multiple vibrational pathways of the $${{\rm{CH}}}_{4}^{+}$$

CH

4

+

cation.
Co-factor-free aggregation of tau into seeding-competent RNA-sequestering amyloid fibrils
Authors: Chakraborty Pijush , Rivière Gwladys , Liu Shu , de Opakua Alain Ibáñez , Dervişoğlu Rıza , Hebestreit Alina , Andreas Loren B. , Vorberg Ina M. , Zweckstetter Markus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPathological aggregation of the protein tau into insoluble aggregates is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. The emergence of disease-specific tau aggregate structures termed tau strains, however, remains elusive. Here we show that full-length tau protein can be aggregated in the absence of co-factors into seeding-competent amyloid fibrils that sequester RNA. Using a combination of solid-state NMR spectroscopy and biochemical experiments we demonstrate that the co-factor-free amyloid fibrils of tau have a rigid core that is similar in size and location to the rigid core of tau fibrils purified from the brain of patients with corticobasal degeneration. In addition, we demonstrate that the N-terminal 30 residues of tau are immobilized during fibril formation, in agreement with the presence of an N-terminal epitope that is specifically detected by antibodies in pathological tau. Experiments in vitro and in biosensor cells further established that co-factor-free tau fibrils efficiently seed tau aggregation, while binding studies with different RNAs show that the co-factor-free tau fibrils strongly sequester RNA. Taken together the study provides a critical advance to reveal the molecular factors that guide aggregation towards disease-specific tau strains.