bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Utility of Visual Appearance in Predicting the Composition of Street Opioids
Authors: McCrae Karen , Wood Evan , Lysyshyn Mark , Tobias Samuel , Wilson Dean , Arredondo Jaime , Ti Lianping 
Published: February 2021

Background With the emergence of unregulated fentanyl, people who use unregulated opioids are increasingly relying on appearance in an effort to ascertain the presence of fentanyl and level of drug potency. However, the utility of visual inspection to identify drug composition in the fentanyl era has not been assessed. Methods We assessed client expectation, appearance, and composition of street drug samples being presented for drug checking. Results of a visual screening test were compared to fentanyl immunoassay strip testing. We calculated sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LR) to assess the accuracy of the common assumption that samples with a “pebbles” appearance contain fentanyl. Results In total, of the 2502 unregulated opioid samples tested, 1820 (73.5%) appeared as “pebbles”, of which 1729 (95.0%) tested positive for fentanyl for a sensitivity of 75.9% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 74.2–77.6) and specificity of 59.4% (95%CI: 57.5–61.3). Although, the odds of samples containing fentanyl was 4.60 (95%CI: 3.47−6.11) times higher among pebbles samples compared to non-pebble samples, the positive LR for pebbles to contain fentanyl was only 1.87 (CI: 1.59–2.19). The negative LR was more useful at 0.41 (95% CI: 0.36−0.46). Conclusions A positive screening test for pebbles is not strongly enough associated to be used as a proxy for detecting fentanyl. While the absence of the appearance of pebbles does somewhat reduce the likelihood of fentanyl being present in a given sample, the high prevalence of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues in the drug supply and the risks of consumption are such that public health providers should routinely advise people who use unregulated opioids against solely relying on visual characteristics of drugs as a harm reduction strategy.
The use and Impact of Self-Monitoring on Substance use Outcomes: A Descriptive Systematic Review
Authors: Gass Julie C. , Funderburk Jennifer S. , Shepardson Robyn , Kosiba Jesse D. , Rodriguez Lauren , Maisto Stephen A. 
Published: February 2021

Background Self-Monitoring (SM), the act of observing ones’ own behavior, has been used in substance use treatment because SM may bring conscious awareness to automatized substance use behaviors. Empirical findings regarding SM's effectiveness are mixed. The aim of this study was to synthesize the literature for the efficacy of SM on substance use. Method A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed. Results Out of 2,659 citations, 41 studies with 126 analyses were included. Among analyses from studies rated Moderate ( n = 24) or Strong ( n = 3) quality, SM was shown to have a helpful effect (e.g., reducing substance use) 29% of the time; to have no effect 63.0% of the time; and to be detrimental in 8.0% of analyses. SM's helpful effects were associated with methodological characteristics including longer monitoring and Phone/IVR and EMA/Computer methodologies compared to Paper/Pencil. SM was more helpful in non-treatment-seekers (35.0% of analyses showed SM to be helpful compared to 25.0% of analyses with treatment-seekers). Conclusions Results of this study suggest that SM, under certain circumstances, as the potential to be a low-cost, low-risk research and early intervention strategy for substance users.
Effect of Regular Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.) Use on Quality of Life of People who use Kratom
Authors: Leong Bin Abdullah Mohammad Farris Iman , Yuvashnee Novline , Singh Darshan 
Published: February 2021

Background Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is a traditional folk remedy used in Southeast Asia and is known to have a significant opioid-like effect. However, it is unknown whether kratom consumption can impair quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to examine the QoL of people who use kratom by comparing it with that of healthy non-kratom using controls and to determine the association between patterns of kratom use and QoL among people who use kratom. Methods 200 respondents (100 subjects who use kratom and 100 healthy controls) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF was administered to all the respondents to assess QoL, while the Kratom Dependence Scale (KDS) was used to assess the severity of kratom dependence among the subjects who use kratom. Results The physical health, psychological, and environment QoL scores of the subjects who use kratom were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed greater KDS score and longer duration of kratom use were significant predictors of physical health QoL, while only greater KDS score significantly predicted psychological and environment QoL scores. Conclusion Prolonged kratom use and kratom dependence may negatively impact the QoL of people who use kratom, hence kratom addiction has to be treated adequately.
“Stories of starting”: Understanding the complex contexts of opioid misuse initiation
Authors: Spencer Noelle E. , Taubenberger Simone P , Roberto Raisa , Krishnamurti Lauren Sealy , Chang Judy C. , Hacker Karen 
Published: February 2021

Background The impacts of opioid use disorder and opioid-involved overdose are known, but less is known about the contexts in which people first misuse opioids, and the motivations for continued misuse. Methods In-depth interviews with 26 individuals in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania with current or past histories of opioid misuse were conducted. Narratives were analyzed to understand the circumstances and influences contributing to initial and continued misuse of opioids. Results Participants described social and familial contexts that normalized or accepted opioid misuse—this often included their own use of other illicit substances prior to initiating opioids. Participants also described initial use of opioids as related to efforts to cope with physical pain. They also described recognizing and then seeking psychological/emotional benefits from opioids. All three of these themes often overlapped and intersected in these stories of starting opioid misuse. Conclusions Opioid misuse stemmed from complex interacting influences involving coping with physical and psychological pain, perception that opioids are needed to feel “normal”, and acceptance or normalization of opioid use. This suggests a multi-pronged approach to both prevention and treatment are needed.
Extremes and extremal indices for level set observables on hyperbolic systems
*
Authors: Carney Meagan , Holland Mark , Nicol Matthew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Consider an ergodic measure preserving dynamical system (T, X, μ), and an observable

ϕ
:
X
→
R

. For the time series X

n
(x) = ϕ(T

n
(x)), we establish limit laws for the maximum process M

n
= max
k⩽n

X

k
in the case where ϕ is an observable maximized on a line segment, and (T, X, μ) is a hyperbolic dynamical system. Such observables arise naturally in weather and climate applications. We consider the extreme value laws and extremal indices for these observables on hyperbolic toral automorphisms, Sinai dispersing billiards and coupled expanding maps. In particular we obtain clustering and nontrivial extremal indices due to self intersection of submanifolds under iteration by the dynamics, not arising from any periodicity.
Charge trapping and recovery in ALD HfO2/β-Ga2O3 (010) MOS capacitors
Authors: Masten Hannah N , Phillips Jamie D , Peterson Rebecca L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The reliability of atomic layer deposited HfO2
β-Ga2O3 (010) MOS capacitors (MOSCAPs) was tested using constant voltage stress measurements. The HfO2/β-Ga2O3 MOSCAPs showed significant positive flatband voltage shifts (ΔV
fb) of up to +1.3 V after 4.3 × 103 s stress, likely due to electron trapping in the dielectric in border traps. Results indicate there may exist an electric field threshold between 0.98 and 1.23 MV cm−1 for electron trapping to occur in these MOSCAPs. Deep ultra-violet (DUV) illumination enables full recovery from the charge trapping. In contrast, HfO2/Si MOSCAPs do not recover under DUV illumination and exhibit smaller voltage shifts upon initial testing. We thus surmise that the type-II band alignment between HfO2 and β-Ga2O3 enables full recovery from stress-induced charge trapping via photogeneration of electron–hole pairs and hole transport across the negative valence band offset. This hypothesis is borne out by the observation of photo-current in the HfO2/β-Ga2O3 MOSCAPs when biased in depletion. In sum, HfO2/β-Ga2O3 MOS structures appear to be susceptible to flatband voltage shifts during stress bias due to the availability and accessibility of border traps. This work highlights the unique challenges in forming reliable ultra-wide band gap MOS devices, due to the significant role that border traps in the lower half of the insulator band gap play in bias stress response.
Ideal internal kink stability in presence of plasma flow and neoclassical toroidal viscosity due to energetic particles
Authors: Zhang N. , Liu Y.Q. , Yu D.L. , Hao G.Z. , Wang S. , Dong G.Q. , Liu L. , Shi Z.B. , Liu Yi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The influence of energetic particles (EPs) on the ideal internal kink mode, in rotating tokamak plasmas, is numerically investigated by simultaneously solving MHD-kinetic hybrid equations together with a toroidal momentum balance equation utilizing the MARS-Q code (Liu et al 2013 Phys. Plasmas
20 042503). The neoclassical toroidal viscous (NTV) torque, induced by precessional drift resonances of trapped energetic particles, acts as the momentum sink term to damp the plasma flow. Quasi-linear initial value simulations show local reduction of the flow amplitude and enhancement of the flow shear near the q = 1 rational surface (q is the safety factor) due to EP induced NTV. Both effects in turn destabilize the internal kink mode. These numerical findings are robust against the initial linear stability of internal kink, the initial plasma flow profile, as well as the equilibrium distribution model for EPs.
The role of El Niño in modulating the effects of deforestation in the Maritime Continent
Authors: Lee Ting-Hui , Lo Min-Hui 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The deforestation rate in the Maritime Continent (MC) has been accelerating during the past several decades. Understanding the changes in local hydro-climatological cycles as deforestation takes place is essential because the MC is suffering from frequent and extreme droughts and fires, which often occur during the dry season and are more severe during El Niños. Therefore, this study explores how deforestation affects the hydrological cycle and precipitation in the MC during El Niños, focusing on the boreal autumn season and using the coupled atmosphere–land model simulations. It is found that the precipitation over the MC increases in the deforestation experiments, and the precipitation responses can be magnified during El Niño events. A strong subsidence anomaly associated with El Niño does not prevent enhanced convection associated with local deforestation. Instead, the subsidence reduces the cloud cover in the MC region during El Niño, which increases the incoming solar radiation and increases surface temperatures. Thus, a warmer environment induced by El Niño modulates the biogeophysical feedbacks associated with deforestation that also play a critical role in more substantial land surface warming. A warmer land surface induces a more unstable atmospheric environment associated with a tendency toward enhanced local convection and lateral moisture convergence. This study highlights how the different mean climate states may modulate the impact of local land-use changes on hydroclimatological cycles in the MC, and sheds light on the state of our knowledge of interactions between the local land surface and remote large-scale atmospheric circulations.
Air pollution and mental health: the moderator effect of health behaviors
Authors: Yang Zhiming , Song Qianhao , Li Jing , Zhang Yunquan , Yuan Xiao-Chen , Wang Weiqing , Yu Qi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Increasing incidents of regional pollution in China have threatened the well-being and physical and mental health of individuals. Therefore, the potential impact of air pollution on mental health must be assessed. This study examined the relationship between air pollution and mental health, as well as the regulatory effects of health behaviors. Air pollution was measured using the concentration of particulates with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and mental health was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Using the China Family Panel Studies 2010 and 2014 data sets, the panel data regression model was employed to discuss the associations between air pollution and mental health and the interaction between air pollution and health behaviors on mental health. In total, 52 568 observations were collected. When the concentration of PM2.5 increased by 1 μg m−3, the CES-D scale scores decreased by 0.012 (95% CI: −0.021 to −0.003). Smoking was the only health behavior that made this effect more pronounced, its regulatory effect on the CES-D scale scores was −0.011 (95% CI: −0.021 to −0.002). The mental health of low-income individuals was also more vulnerable to the adverse effects of air pollution. This study highlights the potential impact of air pollution on mental health and the importance of health behaviors; it also provides suggestions for maintaining mental health and formulating policies based on changing air quality in the future.
Weak-force sensing in optomechanical systems with Kalman filtering
Authors: Gong Beili , Dong Daoyi , Cui Wei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We investigate the weak-force sensing in an optomechanical resonator by Kalman filter. By discretizing the continuous-time optomechanical system, the state of the resulting system is estimated by the unbiased minimum variance Kalman filter. Subsequently, the external stochastic force is estimated, provided that all noises in the system are white and Gaussian. Furthermore, the accuracy of force estimation, described by the mean squared error, is derived theoretically. The proposed algorithm is finally illustrated by comparing the theoretical accuracy with the numerical accuracy in an explicit example.
An early investigation of spatial correlation between Sentinel-2 based rice growth stages maps with satellite-based precipitation data to support digital agriculture development in Indonesia
Authors: Ramadhani F , Misnawati  , Syahbuddin H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Sustainability of rice production is a critical issue to ensure food security and needs to be monitored on time. Therefore, the online monitoring system using Sentinel-2 has been introduced to monitor rice fields in Indonesia. However, the system needs to be coupled with precipitation to improve user usage. In this study, the spatial correlation using Pearson’s correlation analysis and linear regression between the floods and the vegetative stages area of the rice monitoring maps and the precipitation data from CHIRPS was investigated. The analysis was conducted with the two datasets with 439 regencies in Indonesia on a monthly basis from December 2019 until May 2020. The result shows that 96 regencies have a highly positive correlation (r>0.6, p>0.05, n=6) with 57 regencies have a high R2 (R

2
>0.6). Also, there are 83 regencies has a profoundly negative correlation (r≤-0.6, p<0.05, n=6) with 32 regencies with high R2 (R

2
>0.6), On the other hand, there are 79 regencies have medium R2 (0.4≤R

2

<0.6), and 271 regencies have the lowest R2 value (R

2

≤0.4). These early-stage results show an opportunity to combine two datasets to produce early warning systems or recommended cropping calendar in a timely and accurate manner to the stakeholders or the farmers.
Characteristics and land potential for sugarcane development in Blitar Regency, East Java Province
Authors: Pratamaningsih M M , Mulyani A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The expansion of the sugarcane planting area needs to be supported by land resource data, such as characteristics and land suitability maps to optimize sugarcane growth and production. The study aimed to evaluate the land suitability, the dominant limiting factor, and the land availability for sugarcane development in Blitar Regency. Land suitability assessment was conducted by matching between land characteristics and sugarcane growth requirements. The study showed that the dominant soil in Blitar Regency was Kambisol Eutrik, having moderate to very deep soil depth, well-drained, and medium to a fine texture. The suitability classes of the land in the Blitar Regency were mostly marginally suitable (S3) covering of 87,529 ha (97.11%). This type of land has limiting factors, i.e., rooting condition (poorly drained and slightly coarse texture), nutrient retention (CEC <5 cmolc kg−1, pH >8.0), nutrient availability (very low K2O), and erosion hazard (slope 8 to 15%). The rest were classified as moderately suitable (S2) covering 2,604 ha (2.89%). The study implies that the extensification areas of sugarcane area in Blitar Regency around 21,876 ha could be expected to increase sugarcane productivity and sugar production.
Evaluation of land suitability and factors influencing the development of shallots (Allium cepa L.) in North Padang Lawas, North Sumatera
Authors: Girsang S S , Manurung E D , Girsang M A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Allium cepa L. is a horticultural commodity that influences inflation. The objective of the study was to determine land suitability class and factors increasing the shallots productivity in North Padang Lawas. The study was conducted in 6 sub-districts, North Padang Lawas District, North Sumatra in period of May-August 2019. Survey method to obtain data on shallot farming (R/C ratio) and soil sampling were using a purposive sampling technique by descriptive exploratory survey method, with an analysis unit of the Land Mapping Unit (LMU). The results showed that the potential land suitability class increased to be moderately suitability (S2). Land quality and shallot production can be improved by planting shallots at the end to the beginning of the rainy season, organic matter application >5 t ha−1 continuously, certified high yielding varieties, nutrient management, and integrated pest control. If land management and cultivation techniques are implemented properly, the current R/C ratio of 1.31 can be improved. This can cater the local market also reduce inflation.
Biophysical characteristics of dry-climate upland and agriculture development challenges in West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara Provinces
Authors: Suriadi A , Mulyani A , Hadiawati L , Suratman  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Provinces covered an area of about 6.6 million ha, of which largest part (95%) categorized has dry-climate with annual rainfall <2,000 mm and has 5-8 dry months. The study aimed to identify biophysical characteristics and propose development challenge of dryland agriculture in NTB and NTT. Biophysical land surveys have been conducted and soil samples have been analyzed for chemical and physical properties. The results showed good fertility status at three islands which was characterized by neutral to basic soil acidity, medium to high P and K total content, high cations content, high CEC and high to very high base saturation. Except for South West Sumba and West Sumba, several observation have indicated acidic pH due to andesitic lava parent material and have >2,000 mm rainfall that lead to high leaching. Soil texture may influence water content where the higher sand portion of soil, the lesser capacity to hold water and nutrients. Fertility status of the three islands is quite good but low in organic carbon content which indicated special attention to improve soil quality. Thus the land management of upland dry-climate area should be focused on surface water availability and conservation agriculture.
Assessing machine learning techniques for detailing soil map in the semiarid tropical region
Authors: Cahyana D , Barus B , Darmawan  , Mulyanto B , Sulaeman Y 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The major problem detailing soil map in large tropical country such as Indonesia is high cost and time-consuming. The machine learning technique is one of DSM methodologies that explores spatial patterns to predict soil class and soil attribute. K-nearest neighbours (KNN), random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) are popular for detailing soil map in temperate country, but it is still rare to be applied in a tropical country. This study aimed to asses three machine learning in updating soil map from 1:50,000 to 1:25,000 scale in the semiarid tropical region. The existing soil map was collated and then derived environmental covariates representing soil-forming factors from the digital elevation model. There were 72 training datasets were originating from polygon soil maps used as input for these machine learning to recognize the pattern and predict soil class map in Bikomi Utara Sub District, Timor Tengah Utara Regency, Indonesia. Overall accuracy and kappa coefficient by KNN for the best three predictive soil maps were 74-75% and 0.62-0.63, respectively; and followed by SVM, 71-73% and 0.58-0.60; and the last RF, 69-75% and 0.55-0.63. This research revealed that machine learning of the KNN is potentially for updating soil map in a tropical semiarid area.
Socio-economic aspect and carrying capacity of agricultural land resources to support the development of strategic agricultural commodities
Authors: Mamat H S , Husen E 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The challenges of future agricultural development in Indonesia are still very heavy in relation to the carrying capacity of land resources and socio-economic aspects. This paper aimed to analyze the important steps of strategic commodity development based on the role of socio-economic aspects and the support of agricultural land carrying capacity. The analyses showed that the contribution of the agricultural sector to national income is quite high as indicated by the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) at around 10.27% of the national GDP and current agricultural commodities as a source of foreign exchange come from oil palm and cocoa. However, fluctuation in market demand and price of agricultural commodities still depends on supply and demand. The supply is affected by climate disturbances and natural disasters, while the demand is related to the growing population. Socio-economic aspects as the prerequisites for agricultural commodity development include markets, farmer exchange rates and other supporting facilities. Land resources include the availability of land and irrigation water. The carrying capacity of rice fields in Indonesia is still very heavy, namely 34 people ha−1 of rice fields, while neighboring countries such as Vietnam and Thailand are 14.0 and 2.5 people ha−1, respectively.