bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method to update traditional explanatory dictionaries
Authors: Petrauskaitė Rūta , Dadurkevičius Virginijus 
Published: October 2021

In the paper the method is presented how to update traditional digitalised dictionaries based on comparison of the dictionary lemmas and a big corpus. Hunspell platform is used for generation of all the word forms from the dictionary lemmas. 6th edition of The Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian was chosen for its comparison with the lexical data from The Joint Corpus of Lithuanian. The outcome of the comparison was two lists of non-overlapping lexis: the list of the dictionary lemmas unused in the present-day Lithuanian and the list of the dictionary gaps, i.e., frequently used words and word forms ignored by the dictionary. The latter is discussed in greater detail to give lexicographers a clue for updates.
Changes in the structure and dominance of the zooplankton community of the Kremenchuk Reservoir under the effect of climate changes
Authors: Kruzhylina S. V. , Buzevych I. Y. , Rudyk-Leuska N. Y. , Khyzhniak M. I. , Didenko A. V. 
Published: October 2021

Zooplankton plays an important role in aquatic food webs and changes in its abundance and diversity under changing climatic conditions can significantly affect the abundance and diversity of other aquatic organisms. The aim of the study was to assess quantitative and qualitative parameters of zooplankton development, dynamics of development of its dominant groups and the effect of water temperature. Species composition and abundance of zooplankton of the Kremenchuk Reservoir were studied in 2006, 2010–2012 and 2020 in relation to water temperature and pollution. Zooplankton species diversity fluctuated significantly over the years of the study. A total of 46 taxa were recorded in the reservoir during the study period. The number of recorded zooplankton taxa ranged 26 to 32 depending on the year. The most abundant zooplankters were Chydorus sphaericus, Copepoda nauplii, Brachionus diversicornis. The abundance of zooplankters in the reservoir during the study period ranged 23·103 to 256·103 ind./m3, and biomass 0.14 to 0.89 g/m3. A significant positive relationship was observed between the abundance of cladocerans, including some individual species (Ch. sphaericus and Ceriodaphnia sp.), and water temperature. Indicator species of water pollution in different years and in different parts of the Kremenchuk Reservoir differed significantly, which probably depended on the presence or absence (in a certain period of time) of polluting discharges. The total saprobity index in different years in different parts of the reservoir was in the range of 1.5–1.9. Structural indicators of zooplankton and its dominant complexes characterize the water in the Kremenchuk Reservoir as β-mesosaprobic. It is probably too early to assess the impact of climate change zooplankton as these changes are still unstable and short in time, but it is necessary to constantly monitor the biota of aquatic ecosystems to further study and summarize the data, which could later allow an identification of such changes.
ILAE Neuroimaging Task Force Highlight: harnessing optimized imaging protocols for drug‐resistant childhood epilepsy
Authors: Larivière Sara , Federico Paolo , Chinvarun Yotin , Jackson Graeme , Morgan Victoria , Rampp Stefan , Vaudano Anna Elisabetta , Wang Irene , Cendes Fernando , Boelman Cyrus G. , Bernasconi Andrea , Bernasconi Neda , Bernhardt Boris C. , Schrader Dewi V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe ILAE Neuroimaging Task Force aims to publish educational case reports highlighting basic aspects related to neuroimaging in epilepsy consistent with the educational mission of the ILAE. Previous quantitative MRI studies have established important imaging markers of epilepsy‐related pathology, including features sensitive to hippocampal cell loss and reactive astrogliosis. Here, we review the case of a female with pediatric drug‐resistant epilepsy. Throughout her course of treatment, she had seven MRI investigations at several centers; the first three did not follow optimized epilepsy imaging protocols whereas the remaining four adhered to HARNESS‐MRI protocols (harmonized neuroimaging of epilepsy structural sequences). Visual inspection of a set of HARNESS‐MR images revealed conspicuous left hippocampal hyperintensity which may have been initially overlooked on non‐optimized MR images. Quantitative analysis of these multimodal imaging data along hippocampal subfields provided clear evidence of hippocampal sclerosis, with increased atrophy, increased mean diffusivity, increased T2‐FLAIR signal, and lower qT1 values observed in the anterior portions of the left, compared to the right hippocampus. The patient underwent a left anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy at age 16 years. Histopathology of the resected specimen also confirmed hippocampal sclerosis with widespread gliosis and focal neuronal loss in the hippocampal subfields overlapping with regions of multimodal quantitative alterations. The patient remains seizure‐free one year after surgery. Collectively, this case highlights the need for optimized data acquisition protocols early in the treatment of epilepsy and supports quantitative analysis of MRI contrasts to enhance personalized diagnosis and prognosis of drug‐resistant patients with epilepsy.
THE NAMIBIAN LABOUR DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM: SOME LESSONS FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Felix Musukubili  , Adriaan van der Walt  
Published: October 2021

In Namibia and South Africa respectively, there are social partners (social partners are the workers’ and employers’ organisations in terms of the ILO classification) with common and divergent short- and long-term interests. These divergent interests must be accommodated and reconciled and this process is the subject of labour law and industrial relations. However, the processes employed in Namibia and South Africa vary. The purpose of this comparative article is to highlight and explain the differences between and similarities of the two respective countries’ labour dispute-resolution systems. This comparative approach brings to bear two schools of thought, the first being the convergence school, and the second is the divergence school. The convergence school holds that the influence of industrialisation gradually brings the labour-relations systems of various countries closer to one another. The divergence school, on the other hand, maintains that labour relations are sub-systems of political systems and manifestations of prevailing social and economic conditions. Despite these perspectives above, it should not be taken for granted that systems and institutions are transplantable as it is argued that any attempt to do so may entail a wish of rejection. The reason for this view is premised on the basis that Namibia and South Africa are not identical; there are distinct differences in certain areas, such as economic development. However, the differences between the systems do not mean that Namibia cannot adopt solutions that have proved successful in South Africa or vice versa, and therefore a degree of transferability may be accepted.
THE EMERGENCE OF A “FLEXIBLE” CONDITIO SINE QUA NON TEST TO FACTUAL CAUSATION? Lee v Minister of Correctional Services 2013 (2) SA 144 (CC)
Authors: CJ  Visser  , Christin  Kennedy-Good  
Published: October 2021

For many years the factual causation inquiry has remained relatively uncontentious as the determination of a factual nexus has not posed many problems for the courts. The courts establish a factual nexus on the evidence and probabilities of each case and employ the well-known conditio sine qua non test to affirm their findings on factual causation (we use the terms conditio sine qua non test and “but for” test interchangeably). However, in a recent judgment of the Constitutional Court, Lee v Minister of Correctional Services (2013 (2) SA 144 (CC)), the Court was tasked to determine a factual nexus in a multifaceted set of circumstances which challenged the traditional application of the conditio sine qua non test. Specifically, the Court had to determine the existence of a factual nexus between a systemic state omission in protecting prisoners from contracting pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and the subsequent harm that ensued. In response to this scenario, the Court articulated a so-called “flexible” conditio sine qua non test which purports to be more adaptable than the traditional formulation of this test.
This paper mainly seeks to interrogate whether the Constitutional Court indeed created a novel approach to factual causation by expanding on the traditional conditio sine qua non test. In doing so, we will examine existing law on the various approaches to establish a factual nexus in an attempt to provide context to this “flexible” conditio sine qua non test. In addition, we shall also consider two schools of thought regarding the appropriate approach to be utilized to determine factual causation, which schools draw upon the co-existence of these various approaches, in a further attempt to highlight the possible flexibility in the factual causation inquiry. Thereafter, consideration will be given to the statements made by the Constitutional Court in the Lee case, and the preceding lower-court judgments, in relation to the issue of factual causation in order to gain greater clarity on the substance of the “flexible” conditio sine qua non test. Lastly, we shall provide an analysis of the court’s judgment to ascertain the importance of flexibility in the factual causation inquiry, and then we shall evaluate whether the Court succeeded in creating a new approach to factual causation and whether the judgment enabled further legal development in this area of the law.
Evaluation of Earthquake Response Spectra Directionality Using Stochastic Simulations
Authors: Poulos Alan , Miranda Eduardo , Baker Jack W. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTFor earthquake-resistant design purposes, ground-motion intensity is usually characterized using response spectra. The amplitude of response spectral ordinates of horizontal components varies significantly with changes in orientation. This change in intensity with orientation is commonly known as ground-motion directionality. Although this directionality has been attributed to several factors, such as topographic irregularities, near-fault effects, and local geologic heterogeneities, the mechanism behind this phenomenon is still not well understood. This work studies the directionality characteristics of earthquake ground-motion intensity using synthetic ground motions and compares their directionality to that of recorded ground motions. The two principal components of horizontal acceleration are sampled independently using a stochastic model based on finite-duration time-modulated filtered Gaussian white-noise processes. By using the same stochastic process to sample both horizontal components of motion, the variance of horizontal ground acceleration has negligible orientation dependence. However, these simulations’ response spectral ordinates present directionality levels comparable to those found in real ground motions. It is shown that the directionality of the simulated ground motions changes for each realization of the stochastic process and is a consequence of the duration being finite. Simulated ground motions also present similar directionality trends to recorded earthquake ground motions, such as the increase of average directionality with increasing period of vibration and decrease with increasing significant duration. These results suggest that most of the orientation dependence of horizontal response spectra is primarily explained by the finite significant duration of earthquake ground motion causing inherent randomness in response spectra, rather than by some physical mechanism causing polarization of shaking.
Scattering Attenuation of the Martian Interior through Coda-Wave Analysis
Authors: Karakostas Foivos , Schmerr Nicholas , Maguire Ross , Huang Quancheng , Kim Doyeon , Lekic Vedran , Margerin Ludovic , Nunn Ceri , Menina Sabrina , Kawamura Taichi , Lognonné Philippe , Giardini Domenico , Banerdt Bruce 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTWe investigate the scattering attenuation characteristics of the Martian crust and uppermost mantle to understand the structure of the Martian interior. We examine the energy decay of the spectral envelopes for 21 high-quality Martian seismic events from sols 128 to 500 of InSight operations. We use the model of Dainty, Toksöz, et al. (1974) to approximate the behavior of energy envelopes resulting from scattered wave propagation through a single diffusive layer over an elastic half-space. Using a grid search, we mapped the layer parameters that fit the observed InSight data envelopes. The single diffusive layer model provided better fits to the observed energy envelopes for high-frequency (HF) and very-high-frequency (VF) than for the low-frequency and broadband events. This result is consistent with the suggested source depths (Giardini et al., 2020) for these families of events and their expected interaction with a shallow scattering layer. The shapes of the observed data envelopes do not show a consistent pattern with event distance, suggesting that the diffusivity and scattering layer thickness is nonuniform in the vicinity of InSight at Mars. Given the consistency in the envelope shapes between HF and VF events across epicentral distances and the trade-offs between the parameters that control scattering, the dimensions of the scattering layer remain unconstrained but require that scattering strength decreases with depth and that the rate of decay in scattering strength is the fastest near the surface. This is generally consistent with the processes that would form scattering structures in planetary lithospheres.
Las “Vías Clínicas” como estrategia de mejoramiento en el manejo del Síndrome Coronario Agudo, una revisión narrativa.
Authors: Tarazona Tabares Diana Carolina , Franco Vasquez Luis Guillermo , Castillo Jiménez Diana Andrea 
Published: October 2021

Introducción: En Colombia, entre 2005 y 2017 las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio fueron la primera causa de mortalidad, y para ese último año, las enfermedades isquémicas del corazón produjeron el 53,3% (38.618) de las muertes dentro de ese grupo de enfermedades. El aumento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares hace parte de una transición epidemiológica hacia un perfil de morbilidad cada vez más costoso, amenazando la sostenibilidad del sistema de salud. Se han implementado diferentes estrategias de gestión clínica a nivel mundial para mejorar la prestación de servicios y contribuir a la eficacia y eficiencia de los sistemas de salud, entre las cuales se encuentran las denominadas “Vías clínicas”. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre los resultados de las Vías Clínicas en el manejo del Síndrome Coronario Agudo.
Método: Se realizo una revisión narrativa de la literatura en PubMed y otras bases de datos.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 14 artículos publicados entre 2013 y 2020. Una RS, cuatro ECAS, seis estudios cuasiexperimentales, dos observacionales de cohortes prospectivos, uno observacional descriptivo. Los estudios demostraron un efecto positivo para el mejoramiento de la oportunidad Puerta-Balón, disminución de la estancia hospitalaria y aumento de altas tempranas. No se evidencian cambios en la mortalidad, complicaciones, ni en la oportunidad puerta-aguja y puerta-ECG.
Conclusiones: Las vías clínicas muestran efectos positivos en el mejoramiento de la oportunidad de atención, la disminución de la estancia y la estimulación de altas tempranas, sin detrimento de la seguridad ni de los resultados clínicos.
Factors Affecting Financing of Rural Agricultural Projects in Rwanda: Experience of Equity Bank
Authors: Kayijamahe Chantal Mukandoli 
Published: October 2021

In the processes of financial deepening in low-income countries, lags prevail in the provision of services in the rural areas, particularly in the supply of the financial services required for agricultural activities and of those demanded by households that earn an important portion of their incomes from crops. This study examined factors affecting financing of rural agricultural projects in Rwanda with a focus on the experience of Equity Bank. Objectives were to assess how nature of existing financial products by Equity Bank influences financing of rural agricultural project in Rwanda; to examine how nature of rural agricultural projects in Rwanda influence access to Equity Bank’s financial services; to assess how characteristics of rural clients who engage in agricultural projects in Rwanda influence their ability to access Equity Bank’s financial services; and to examine influence of how rural agricultural environment in Rwanda influences ability of farmers to access Equity Bank’s financial services. Results revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between factors influencing financial support and rural agricultural projects (rho=0.392, p value<0.05). Secondly, there was a positive significant relationship between financial services and farmers’ progress (rho =0.358, p value <0.05). Thirdly, there was a positive and significant relationship between farmers’ ability to access funds and rural agricultural projects (rho =0.562, p value <0.05). The research concluded equity bank to creates a strong coordination with rural farmers that indicated by the factor that the big number of respondents agree with the statements relate to successful projects. From on the shortcomings of the research, Equity bank is suggested to provide financial support whenever its necessary because a number of respondents disagreed with this statement and the rural agricultural projects leaders are suggested to rely most of the time on the financial institutions.

Key words rural agricultural projects, Financing Factors
Adaptation genre of Ukrainian folk songs in the interpretation of K. Gorski: aspects of texture stylistics
Authors: Hanna V. Marynchak 
Published: October 2021

The article examines the adaptation principles of Ukrainian folklore material used by an outstanding representative of the Polish-Ukrainian branch of the musical culture of Kharkov at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries.
For the analysis, a collection-cycle was selected, compiled by the author himself on the basis of adaptations of the songs used in the operetta “Oi Bozhe shcho ta liubov zmozhe!” for the libretto by A. Zbukireva, staged by M. Kropyvnytsky, one of the founders of the Ukrainian national theater.
Several groups of adaptations are outlined and classified, representing the portraits of the characters of the operetta, as well as the stage situations. Generalizing characteristics of the texture-stylistic approaches used by K. Gorski in the piano parts, prefixed to each of the 20 songs, are given.
It is noted that K. Gorski not only demonstrates professional mastery of adaptation techniques approved in classical music, but also translates features of Ukrainian folk polyphony into texture and harmony, which gives his adaptation an individualized charm.
Thermal Characterization of Resin Concrete Elaborate By Infusion
Authors: Hawachi Ilhem , Sammouda H. 
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the results of numerical simulation to investigate the effect of temperature on the performance of resin concrete. Resin concrete is a composite material in which polymeric materials are used to bond the aggregates in a fashion similar to that used in the preparation of cement concrete. In this paper, at first the temperature distribution in gravel preform heated with epoxy resin injection was investigated. Furthermore, a thermo-mechanical study is presented. For this purpose, prismatic and cylindrical specimens were prepared for flexural and compressive tests, respectively, at different temperatures. The effect of heating on the thermal conductivity and elastic modulus were evaluated.
Finally, the thermal behavior of resin concrete has been compared to that of cement concrete. When exposed to high temperatures the epoxy polymer concrete shows a significant loss of strengths mainly due to the thermo-oxidative degradation of the epoxy polymer and to the debonding between aggregates and the binder. Results show that when exposed to temperatures less than 250°C the epoxy polymer concrete is still more efficient than cement based concrete.
METHODS FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS IN QUERCUS ROBUR L. BUDS
Authors: Ryabov N. A. , Ryzhov V. M. , Kurkin V. A. 
Published: October 2021

Currently, the actual task of modern pharmacy is to study the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of plant objects. Within the framework of this concept, it seems interesting to study Quercus robur L. buds. One of the promising groups of biologically active compounds of Quercus robur L. buds are flavonoids. This group of substances has a wide range of a pharmacological activity, which is significant in the creation of new medicines based on medicinal plant raw materials.The aim of the article was to work out methods for quantitative determination of total flavonoids in Quercus robur l. buds.Materials and methods. The research materials were aqueous-alcoholic extracts from Quercus robur L. buds with 70% ethyl alcohol which were analyzed by differential UV spectrophotometry on spectrophotometer “SF 2000” (Russia).Results. The methods for quantitative determination of total flavonoids in Quercus robur L. buds by differential UV spectrophotometry, has been developed using a standard sample of cynaroside at the analytical wavelength of 400 nm. The optimum parameters for the extraction of total flavonoids from Quercus robur L. buds have been determined. They are: the optimum extractant is 70% ethyl alcohol; the “raw material-extractant” ratio is 1:50; the extraction time is 120 min, the degree of atomization is 2 mm.The content of total flavonoids for Quercus robur L. buds has been determined; it varies from 0.27%±0.01 to 0.44%±0.02. These results make possible to recommend the content of total flavonoids for this type of raw materials not less than 0.25% as a lower limit.Conclusion. The data obtained in the course of the experiment, makes it possible to conclude that a further study of Quercus robur L. buds is promising, and it also contributes to the implementation of medicinal plant raw materials “Quercus robur L. buds” in the State Pharmacopoeia (Russia).
Actualización de la distribución e historia natural de Plecturocebus caquetensis (Mammalia: Pitheciidae) en Colombia
Authors: Villota Johana , Delgado-Bermeo Gerlando , Ruiz Alexis , García-Villalba Javier E. , Ramírez-Chaves Héctor E. 
Published: October 2021

El tití del Caquetá, Plecturocebus caquetensis (Primates: Pitheciidae) es endémico del piedemonte Amazónico en los departamentos del Caquetá y Cauca, Colombia. Por ser una especie descrita recientemente, la información sobre su distribución e historia natural es aún limitada. Se actualiza la distribución y se presentan observaciones ad libitum sobre su historia natural e interacciones ecológicas en el departamento del Cauca. Se obtuvieron 129 registros de presencia para los departamentos de Caquetá (n=75) y Cauca (n=54), de los cuales 51 y 31, respectivamente, son nuevos para cada departamento. El área de ocupación (AOO) y la extensión de presencia (EOO) fueron de 196 km2 y 3741 km2, respectivamente. Plecturocebus caquetensis fue observada predominantemente en bordes de bosque secundario estacionalmente inundables con presencia de guadua (Guadua sp.). Las actividades diurnas incluyeron vocalizaciones, descanso, juego y alimentación. Las interacciones ecológicas con aves, reptiles y mamíferos incluyeron eventos de depredación de los titíes por parte de boas y aves. Otras actividades incluyeron el consumo de guadua y el uso de árboles del género Vochysia como dormideros. Se recomienda la exploración de la especie en el área protegida Serranía de los Churumbelos Auka-Wasi y la definición de planes de conservación con comunidades locales.