bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting fever in neutropenia with safety‐relevant events in children undergoing chemotherapy for cancer: The prospective multicenter SPOG 2015 FN Definition Study
Authors: Lavieri Luana , Koenig Christa , Bodmer Nicole , Agyeman Philipp K. A. , Scheinemann Katrin , Ansari Marc , Roessler Jochen , Ammann Roland A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundFever in neutropenia (FN) remains a frequent complication in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. Preventive strategies, like primary antibiotic prophylaxis, need to be evidence‐based.ProcedureData on pediatric patients with any malignancy from the prospective multicenter SPOG 2015 FN Definition Study (NCT02324231) were analyzed. A score predicting the risk to develop FN with safety‐relevant events (SRE; bacteremia, severe sepsis, intensive care unit admission, death) was developed using multivariate mixed Poisson regression. Its predictive performance was assessed by internal cross‐validation and compared with the performance of published rules.ResultsIn 238 patients, 318 FN episodes were recorded, including 53 (17%) with bacteremia and 68 (21%) with SRE. The risk‐prediction score used three variables: chemotherapy intensity, defined according to the expected duration of severe neutropenia, time since diagnosis, and type of malignancy. Its cross‐validated performance, assessed by the time needed to cover (TNC) one event, exceeded the performance of published rules. A clinically useful score threshold of ≥11 resulted in 2.3% time at risk and 4.1 months TNC. Using external information on efficacy and timing of intermittent antibiotic prophylaxis, 4.3 months of prophylaxis were needed to prevent one FN with bacteremia, and 5.2 months to prevent one FN with SRE, using a threshold of ≥11.ConclusionsThis score, based on three routinely accessible characteristics, accurately identifies pediatric patients at risk to develop FN with SRE during chemotherapy. The score can help to design clinical decision rules on targeted primary antibiotic prophylaxis and corresponding efficacy studies.
Block copolymer solution self‐assembly: Recent advances, emerging trends, and applications
Authors: Karayianni Maria , Pispas Stergios 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe self‐assembly process of block copolymers (BCPs) in solution has been at the focus of extended scientific research over the past several decades owing to the astonishing morphological diversity and attainable complexity of the resulting nanoassemblies, including spheres, cylinders, lamellae, vesicles, and many other complex, bicontinuous or even hierarchical structures. The ever‐increasing sophistication in the development of synthetic chemistry methods and techniques has led to a myriad of available macromolecules with varying chemical compositions, architectures, features, and properties. This assortment of characteristics has led in turn to a plethora of intriguing self‐organized polymeric nanostructures, with countless possible applications in several nanotechnological fields relevant to physics, chemistry, material science, nanomedicine, and biomaterials. The present review aims to illuminate the importance and fascinating potential of BCPs solution self‐assembly by highlighting recent advances and emerging trends in the field, as well as significant application‐oriented progress, through characteristic contemporary examples.
Preparation of Mitochondria‐ and Epigenetics‐Targeting Nanoparticles for Suppression of Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Yamazaki Takeru , Arima Kohe , Kubota Riku , Sato Kiyoshi , Kawakami Hiroyoshi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEpithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of carcinoma cells is a promising target for cancer therapy since it is closely related to tumor metastasis and therapeutic resistance. The process of EMT is strongly associated with epigenetic alterations in cancer cells. In addition, recent accumulating evidence suggests that EMT also has a significant influence on inducing cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, novel polymer core–lipid shell nanoparticles (PLNPs) are prepared to suppress cancer EMT by the combined effects of the antioxidant activity of core‐encapsulated Mn imidazolium porphyrin (MnImP) and the epigenetic control by histone acetyltransferase‐encoding plasmid DNA (pHAT) hybridized onto the shell surface. PLNPs show the ability to control the expression of EMT‐related markers, resulting in the suppression of EMT in lung epithelial cancer cells (paraquat‐treated A549 cells). Furthermore, PLNPs suppress the levels of intracellular mitochondrial ROS and the transformation to CSCs. The results of this study may provide a novel therapeutic strategy against tumor metastasis and treatment resistance.
Year in review 2020: Nutrition and gastrointestinal disease in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sathe Meghana , Sharma Preeti B. , Savant Adrienne P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe multisystemic manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) involve all parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, including the pancreas, intestine, and liver. As providers who care for people with CF, knowledge of the manifestations, treatment, and research related to nutrition and GI disease are important. This review is the last installment of the CF year in review 2020 series, focusing on nutritional, GI, and hepatobiliary articles from Pediatric Pulmonology and other journals of particular interest to clinicians.
Dynamics in an unusual acyl carrier protein from a ladderane lipid‐synthesizing organism
Authors: Dietl Andreas , Barends Thomas R. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnaerobic ammonium‐oxidizing (anammox) bacteria express a distinct acyl carrier protein implicated in the biosynthesis of the highly unusual “ladderane” lipids these organisms produce. This “anammox‐specific” ACP, or amxACP, shows several unique features such as a conserved FF motif and an unusual sequence in the functionally important helix III. Investigation of the protein's structure and dynamics, both in the crystal by ensemble refinement and by MD simulations, reveals that helix III adopts a rare six‐residue‐long 310‐helical conformation that confers a large degree of conformational and positional variability on this part of the protein. This way of introducing structural flexibility by using the inherent properties of 310‐helices appears unique among ACPs. Moreover, the structure suggests a role for the FF motif in shielding the thioester linkage between the protein's prosthetic group and its acyl cargo from hydrolysis.
Kidney damage from nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs—Myth or truth? Review of selected literature
Authors: Drożdżal Sylwester , Lechowicz Kacper , Szostak Bartosz , Rosik Jakub , Kotfis Katarzyna , Machoy‐Mokrzyńska Anna , Białecka Monika , Ciechanowski Kazimierz , Gawrońska‐Szklarz Barbara 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely available drugs with anti‐inflammatory and analgesic properties. Their mechanism of action is associated with the enzymes of the arachidonic acid cycle (cyclooxygenases: COX‐1 and COX‐2). The cyclooxygenase pathway results in the formation of prostanoids (prostaglandins [PGs], prostacyclins, and thromboxanes). It affects various structures of the human body, including the kidneys. Medical literature associates the usage of NSAIDs with acute kidney injury (AKI), tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), as well as nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI associated with the chronic consumption of NSAIDs is mainly attributed to pharmacological polytherapy and the presence of cardiovascular or hepatic comorbidities. The pathomechanism of AKI and CKD is associated with inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostanoids involved in the maintenance of renal blood flow, especially PGE2 and PGI2. It is suggested that both COX isoforms play opposing roles in renal function, with natriuresis increased by COX‐1 inhibition followed by a drop in a blood pressure, whereas COX‐2 inhibition increases blood pressure and promotes sodium retention. TIN after NSAID use is potentially associated with glomerular basement membrane damage, reduction in pore size, and podocyte density. Therefore, nephrotic proteinuria and impairment of renal function may occur. The following article analyzes the association of NSAIDs with kidney disease based on available medical literature.
Sclerotium oryzae biocontrol in flooded rice fields with floating microcarrier technology: The effect of chitosan molecular weight
Authors: Matias Morelli N , Osvaldo Sponton , Rodrigo Leonardi J , Liliana Santiago G , Josue Heinrich M 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiocontrol strategies are of significant concern for their application in crops. Various green practices have been designed, but almost all of them had delivery constraints. In particular, to design biocontrol strategies against Sclerotium oryzae in flooded rice fields, the active agent should be retained on the plant leaves by spreading application, nevertheless the direct application onto the water produces the biocontrol agent dilution. An effective delivery model was needed. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan molecular weight on the formation of positively charged Pseudomonas fluorescens–chitosan complex as a floating microcarrier against Sclerotium oryzae. To this end, three different sizes of chitosan [molecular weights (MWs) 20 000, 250 000, and 1 250 000 g mol−1] at different pH values (4, 6, and 7) were tested. The electrostatic interaction was analyzed through ζ‐potential measurement. An adjustment of the experimental values was carried out for making predictions. The bacteria antifungal activity into the carrier with different chitosan MWs was analyzed.RESULTSOur results suggest that it is possible to form a bacteria–chitosan complex with a net positive charge under condition that improve bacteria incorporation to the microcarrier technology without harming bacteria viability and antifungal activity. Thus, high chitosan MW (1 250 000 g mol−1) at pH 6 is preferable for microcarrier technology.CONCLUSIONOur findings provide relevant information about bacteria–chitosan interaction and may be useful in biocontrol programs that involved these two components as well as situations in which bacteria adsorption to an anionic carrier or anionic surface is desirable.
Development of a deep learning model from breeding substrate images: a novel method for estimating the abundance of house fly (Musca domestica L.) larvae
Authors: Ong Song‐Quan , Ahmad Hamdan , Majid Abdul Hafiz Ab 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe application of computer vision and deep learning to pest monitoring has recently received much attention. Although several studies have demonstrated the application of object detection to the number of pests on a substrate, for house flies (Musca domestica L.), in which the larvae were aggregated and overlapped together, the object detection technique was difficult to implement. We demonstrate a novel method for estimating larval abundance by using computer vision on larval breeding substrate, in which the reflective color and topography are affected by the size of the population.RESULTSWe demonstrate a method using a web‐based tool to construct a deep learning model and later export the model for deployment. We train the model by using breeding substrate images with different spectra of illumination on known densities of larvae and evaluate the training model in both the test set and field‐collected samples. In general, the model was able to predict the larval abundance by the laboratory‐prepared breeding substrate with 87.56% to 94.10% accuracy, precision, recall, and F‐score on the unseen test set, and white and green illumination performed significantly higher compared to other illuminations. For field samples, the model was able to obtain at least 70% correct predictions by using white and infrared illumination.CONCLUSIONLarval abundance can be monitored with computer vision and deep learning, and the monitoring can be improved by using more biochemistry parameters as the predictors and examples of field samples included building a more robust model. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Word Complexity of Primary‐Level Texts: Differences Between First and Third Grade in Widely Used Curricula
Authors: Kearns Devin M. , Hiebert Elfrieda H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Common Core State Standards emphasize the need for U.S. students to read complex texts. As a result, the level of word complexity for primary‐level texts is important, particularly the dimensions of and changes in complexity between first grade and the important third‐grade high‐stakes testing year. In this study, we addressed word complexity in these grades by examining its dimensions and differences in the texts in three widely used U.S. reading programs. Fourteen measures of word complexity were computed, and exploratory factor analysis established that four dimensions—orthography, length, familiarity, and morphology—characterized word complexity. As expected, the third‐grade texts have more complex words than the first‐grade texts have in the four dimensions, with the greatest differences in length and familiarity. More surprisingly, the words in the first‐grade texts increase in complexity over the year, but overall, the words in the third‐grade texts do not. Polysyllabic words are common in texts in both grades, comprising 48% of unique words in first‐grade texts and 65% in third‐grade texts. Polymorphemic words comprise 13% of unique first‐grade words and 19% of third‐grade words (for derived words, 3% and 6%, respectively, of all words). Results show that word complexity changes markedly between grades as expected, not only in length and familiarity but also in syllabic and morphemic structure. Implications for instruction and future word complexity analyses are discussed.
XAS Diagnostic of the Photoactive State in Co(II) Azobenzene Complex in Organic Solvents
Authors: Vlasenko Valery G. , Shapovalova Svetlana O. , Guda Alexander A. , Chernyshev Anatolii V. , Starikov Andrey G. , Smolentsev Grigory Yu. , Burlov Anatolii S. , Mashchenko Sergey A. , Soldatov Alexander V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractX‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to characterize the structure of the photoactive Co(II) azobenzene complex. Optical absorption spectra show that photoinduced changes occur only in dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent, while in acetonitrile, this complex is photochemically inactive. Co K‐edge XAS spectra indicate 6‐coordinated species in acetonitrile with a structure similar to one in the crystalline form of the complex. However, in DMF, an activation process occurs related to the decrease of coordination number, bond shortening and absorption edge shift to the higher energies. Quantitative analysis indicates that observed spectral changes are related to the high spin ‐ low spin transition in the Co complex accompanied by the bond dissociation and solvent coordination.
Pd‐Au Supported Reduced Graphene Oxide Catalyst for Carbon‐ Hydrogen Bond Activation in Benzene
Authors: Sharma Deepika , Thakur Kamal Kishor , Gupta Neeraj 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn improved reduced graphene oxide supported bimetallic palladium and gold catalyst was synthesized for the carbon‐hydrogen bond activation of un‐activated aromatic organic substrate benzene. XPS analysis has revealed that catalyst contained Au(0) nanoparticles with Pd(II) ions on its surface. The surface of rGO was found to be rich in sp2 carbon content with >C=O groups that most probably provided supporting sites for the gold and palladium metals. The XRD analysis further confirmed that Au(0) nanoparticles with palladium oxide and palladium nanoparticles were present on rGO surface. The catalytic activity of the material was tested towards activation of benzene to form biphenyl as an end product. Density function theory has revealed that Pd(II) ion was the active component that insert itself in between C−H bond of benzene and showed efficiency to interact with oxygen molecules. Simultaneously, Au(0) atoms have the tendency to adsorb on the π‐bonded surface of the catalyst and extend its conjugation that reduced the HOMO‐LUMO gap of the catalyst and provided the good catalytic activity.
In Situ Coupling of Catalytic Centers into Artificial Substrate Mesochannels as Super‐Active Metalloenzyme Mimics
Authors: Yang Jian , Li Ke , Li Chunzhong , Gu Jinlou 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHighly evolved substrate channels in natural enzymes facilitate the rapid capture of substrates and direct transfer of intermediates between cascaded catalytic units, thus rationalizing their efficient catalysis. In this study, a nanoscale ordered mesoporous Ce‐based metal–organic framework (OMUiO‐66(Ce)) is designed as an artificial substrate channel, where MnO2 is coupled to Ce–O clusters as a super‐active catalase (CAT). An in situ soft template reduction strategy is developed to deposit well‐dispersed and exposed MnO2 in the mesochannels of OMUiO‐66(Ce). Several synthesis parameters are optimized to minimize the particle size to ≈150 nm for efficient intracellular endocytosis. The mesochannels provide interaction guidance that not only rapidly drove H2O2 substrates to CAT‐like catalytic centers, but also seamlessly transfer H2O2 intermediates between superoxide dismutase‐like and CAT‐like biocatalytic cascades. As a result, the biomimetic system exhibits high efficiency, low dosage, and long‐lasting intracellular antioxidant function. Under disease‐related oxidative stress, the artificial substrate channels promote the rate of the reactions catalyzed by MnO2, which exceeds that of the reactions catalyzed by natural CAT. Based on this observation, a set of design rules for substrate channels are proposed to guide the rational design of super‐active biomimetic systems.
Extra Sodiation Sites in Hard Carbon for High Performance Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Gan Qingmeng , Qin Ning , Gu Shuai , Wang Zhenyu , Li Zhiqiang , Liao Kemeng , Zhang Kaili , Lu Li , Xu Zhenghe , Lu Zhouguang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHard carbons are promising anodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, the low practical capacity from limited sodiation sites impedes their applications. Herein, ultrahigh concentration of pyridine N (≈7.9%) is introduced inside hard carbon, considering that pyridine N may provide extra sodium storage sites with stable CN• and CC• radicals during cycling. To expose more radical sites for sodium storage, a 3D structure with a multistage pore structure is constructed through NH3 release during the pyrolyzation process. As expected, the hard carbon with extra sodiation sites exhibits an impressively high capacity of 434 mA h g−1 at 20 mA g−1, superior rate performance of 238 mA h g−1 at a current density of 5 A g−1 and a high‐capacity retention of 98.7% after 5000 cycles. The radicals induced Na‐adsorption mechanism was further explored through ex situ electron paramagnetic resonance technology, in situ Raman technology and density functional theory calculations. The results reveal that the extra sodiation sites come from the electrostatic interaction at low potentials. This work constructs a sodium ions storage model of extra radicals and provides an extended strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of SIBs anode materials.
RNA‐seq bulked segregant analysis combined with KASP genotyping rapidly identified PmCH7087 as responsible for powdery mildew resistance in wheat
Authors: Zhan Haixian , Wang Yingli , Zhang Dan , Du Chenhui , Zhang Xiaojun , Liu Xiaoli , Wang Guangyuan , Zhang Shuosheng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPowdery mildew causes considerable yield losses in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Mapping and cloning powdery mildew‐resistant quantitative trait loci can benefit stable yield production by facilitating the breeding of resistant varieties. In this study, we used the powdery mildew resistance introgression line ‘CH7087’ (harboring the resistance gene PmCH7087) and developed a large F2 population and a corresponding F2:3 segregation population containing 2,000 family lines for molecular mapping of PmCH7087. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the resistance phenotype was controlled by a single dominant gene. According to the performance exhibited by the F2:3 lines, 50 resistant lines and 50 susceptible lines without phenotype segregation were chosen for pooling and bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR‐Seq) analysis. A region spanning 42.77 Mb was identified, and genotyping of an additional 183 F2:3 lines with extreme phenotypes using 20 kompetitive allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers in the BSR‐Seq mapping regions confirmed this region and narrowed it to 9.68 Mb, in which 45 genes were identified and annotated. Five of these transcripts harbored nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms between the two parents, with the transcripts of TraesCS2B01G302800 being involved in signal transduction. Furthermore, TraesCS2B01G302800.2 was annotated as the closest homologue of serine/threonine‐protein kinase PBS1, a typical participant in the plant disease immune response, indicating that TraesCS2B01G302800 was the candidate gene of PmCH7087. Our results may facilitate future research attempting to improve powdery mildew resistance in wheat and to identify candidate genes for further verification and gene cloning.
Eliciting forgiveness
Authors: Yucel Meltem , Vaish Amrisha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhen we commit transgressions, we need to be forgiven to restore our friendships and social standing. Two main ways we can elicit forgiveness is through asking for forgiveness after committing a transgression (i.e., retrospective elicitors) or before committing a transgression (i.e., prospective elicitors). Research on retrospective elicitors with adults and children indicates that apologizing or showing remorse elicits forgiveness from both victims and bystanders, and sheds light on the nuances of such elicitors and their functions. Far less is known about how adults and children respond to prospective elicitors of forgiveness, such as disclaimers (statements that prepare the listener for a transgression or a failure of character or performance, e.g., “I don't mean to be rude but…”), and how the functions and effectiveness of prospective elicitors compare to those of retrospective elicitors. Furthermore, much less is known about the additive effects of using both retrospective and prospective elicitors of forgiveness. A better understanding of how and when forgiveness is elicited in childhood and through adulthood promises to shed light on human sociality and cooperativeness.This article is categorized under:
Cognitive Biology > Social Development
Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Cognitive Biology > Cognitive Development