bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the impact of a dental trauma care program on oral health‐related quality of life of children and their families
Authors: Milani Ana Júlia , Assaf Andrea Videira , Antunes Leonardo Santos , Antunes Lívia Azeredo Alves 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground/AimA traumatic dental injury (TDI) may have physical and psychosocial consequences for children and their families, and it may impact their oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL). The aim of this study was to assess the OHRQoL of children affected by TDI and their families after enrollment in the Dental Trauma Care Program (DTCP).MethodsThis longitudinal clinical study involved a consecutive sample of 2‐ to 6‐year‐old children registered in the DTCP over a period of six years. Parents/caregivers were interviewed and the OHRQoL questionnaire was completed. The Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was used before and after treatment. The Andreasen criteria were used to classify TDIs. The patients were treated (minimal intervention/invasive intervention) according to TDI severity (uncomplicated/complicated). Based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the Wilcoxon non‐parametric test was used to compare the ECOHIS total scale/subscales/domains before and after enrollment in the DTCP. The longitudinal changes were calculated using effect size measured by the Standardized Response Means (SRM). TDI severity and treatments were also evaluated.ResultsThe total ECOHIS mean scores were 7.4 ± 9.2 and 0.8 ± 2.5, before and after TDI treatment (p < .001), respectively. ECOHIS scores dropped by 6.6 points after treatment, demonstrating a positive reduction in the impact on OHRQoL, as reflected by the satisfactory responsiveness of ECOHIS (0.9). The changes following treatment, independent of TDI severity and type of treatment, were significant (p < .001) in children and the family section.ConclusionsThe impact of TDI on OHRQoL reduced after the enrollment of patients and their families in the DTCP.
Attitudes and opinions towards the prevention of orofacial injuries among water polo coaches in Catalonia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Iglesias‐Porqueras Natalia , Zamora‐Olave Carla , Willaert Eva , Martinez‐Gomis Jordi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground/AimAlthough orofacial injuries are frequent in water polo, fewer than 10% of players use mouthguards. The aim of this study was to determine the degree to which coaches and sports club managers encourage mouthguard use in water polo and to explore their opinions regarding other strategies designed to reduce the prevalence of orofacial injuries.Material and MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study in which the coaches and sports club managers of 16 water polo clubs in Catalonia were invited to participate. An online questionnaire was administered to the coaches to obtain general data, to determine whether they had recommended mouthguard use to their players and to record their opinions on other strategies designed to reduce the prevalence of orofacial injuries. Sports club managers were interviewed about the facilities offered by their clubs for players to obtain mouthguards and about their attitudes regarding the prevention of orofacial injuries.ResultsThe questionnaire was administered to 72 coaches who trained 111 teams during the 2019‐2020 season, together with 14 sports club managers. Coaches of only 11 teams (10%) recommended mouthguard use to their players. Two clubs (14%) offered some facilities to their players to obtain mouthguards. Interestingly, only 18% of the coaches believed that mouthguard use should be mandatory, in contrast to 50% of the sports club managers (p = 0.017; Fisher's exact test). Most coaches and sports club managers believe that a video monitoring system should be used to identify dangerous play and that orofacial injuries should be reported under a surveillance programme.ConclusionsFew water polo coaches recommend mouthguard use to their players and very few clubs offer facilities to obtain custom‐made oral protection. However, most coaches and sports club managers agree that the rules should be modified to protect players from aggressive play.
Water theft as social insurance: south‐eastern Spain, 1851–1948†
Authors: Donna Javier D. , Espín‐Sánchez José‐Antonio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor centuries, irrigation communities in south‐eastern Spain were socially stable and economically efficient. In this article, we show how these self‐governing institutions persisted by resolving conflicts over scarce resources with flexible punishment for water theft. We argue that variable penalties for violating irrigation rules provided social insurance to farmers during droughts. We develop a dynamic model in which judges trade off crime deterrence and social insurance, and test its predictions using a novel dataset on water theft in the self‐governed irrigation community of Mula, Spain, from 1851 to 1948. For the same offence, we show that recidivists were punished more harshly than first‐time offenders. When the defendant was wealthy, as indicated by the honorific title don, or the victim was poor, judgements were stricter.
Loss of soil carbon and nitrogen rather than variations in soil particle size distribution decreased microbial residues during conversion of grassland to croplands
Authors: Liang Shuang , Zhang Hao , Song Xiaoling , Liu Siwen , Yun Xinyao , Wu Yao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConversion of grassland into cropland always induces a great degradation of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, during this process information on microbial residue C (MR‐C) and its contribution to SOC with increasing conversion age remain scarce. The relative contribution of soil properties to the accumulation of amino sugars is still poorly understood. Here, we studied variations in soil amino sugars and MR‐C, and their contribution to SOC with increasing conversion age (5 (M05), 16 (M16) and 34 (M34) years, respectively) from grassland to cropland. In contrast to the contents of glucosamine, fungal glucosamine, galactosamine, muramic acid, total amino sugars and MR‐C in grassland, those in M05 decreased in the range of 14.8–37.5%, and those in M34 decreased in the range of 31.8–65.1%, respectively. The contents of amino sugars and MR‐C did not differ between M16 and M34. The similar contribution of MR‐C to SOC (44.6–46.3%) in grassland, M16 and M34 is likely to result from a balance between microbial and non‐degraded plant residues. Decreasing ratios of fungal to bacterial residue C with conversion age indicated a decreased relative contribution of fungal residues to SOC, which probably resulted from the decreased percentage of macroaggregates. MR‐C and SOC decreased and reached a steady status in a few years (≧16 a) after conversion of grassland to cropland. The redundancy analysis model revealed that total nitrogen (TN), pH, SOC and available nitrogen (AN) played a bigger role than particle size distribution, in terms of explaining the contribution of amino sugars to soil carbon.Highlights
Conversion of grassland into cropland decreased amino sugars and microbial residues.
The contribution of MR‐C to SOC peaked in M05.
The relative contribution of fungal residues to SOC decreased with increasing conversion age.
TN and SOC contributed more to the accumulation of amino sugars than particle size distribution.
The evolution of financial constraints
Authors: Christodoulou Demetris , Ho Shawn , Prokhorov Artem 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe demonstrate that the severity of financial constraints has declined over time for two reasons: (i) improved access to external funds as evidenced by a decreased reliance on internal cash flows, and (ii) an inward shifting investment frontier with reduced investment opportunities. The decline in financial constraints coincides with the documented diminishing sensitivity of investment to cash flows, yet we show that cash flows remain a determining factor in helping constrained firms overcome restricted access to external capital. There is a flight‐to‐quality during economic shocks, where the adverse effects following periods of tightened credit are particularly pronounced for smaller firms, with larger firms appearing largely unaffected.
Induction and reversibility of Ceriodaphnia cornuta horns under varied intensity of predation risk and their defensive effectiveness against Chaoborus larvae
Authors: Gu Lei , Xu Xiaoqing , Li Yannan , Sun Yunfei , Zhang Lu , Lyu Kai , Huang Yuan , Yang Zhou 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Phenotypic plasticity is common, and the induction and reversibility of plastic traits is closely related to the fitness of organisms in fluctuating environments. However, understanding the expression and reversion patterns of inducible traits in environments with fluctuating predation intensity is still a challenge.

The present study focused on the inducible horns of Ceriodaphnia cornuta and its interaction with predation by Chaoborus larvae. We described the expression and reversion patterns of horns under increasing predation risks, which included response time, rate, and intensity. Additionally, we used predation trials to measure the effect of inducible horns on the survival rate and resistance to Chaoborus larvae predation by juvenile and adult C. cornuta.

The results revealed that the size and expression patterns of horns at different body parts contributed to individual horn induction, which ultimately led to adaptive expression and reversion patterns under increasing predation risks. Specifically, the expression time and intensity increased linearly under increasing predation risks. Correspondingly, the reversion time also increased linearly, reversibility decreased linearly, and induction and reversion rates increased logarithmically. Corresponding with the plasticity pattern, predation trials showed that adult individuals with horns were remarkably less vulnerable to predation by Chaoborus larvae than undefended individuals. This finding provides a direct evidence of the benefit of inducible horns in C. cornuta.

By combining benefits and response patterns, the present study provided a basic understanding of the ontogenetic plasticity of horns in C. cornuta. Furthermore, our study indicates that C. cornuta could be an efficient organism for understanding the induction and reversibility of inducible defensive traits and related interspecific relationships under fluctuating conditions in aquatic environments.
Greenhouse gas production and lipid biomarker distribution in Yedoma and Alas thermokarst lake sediments in Eastern Siberia
Authors: Jongejans Loeka L. , Liebner Susanne , Knoblauch Christian , Mangelsdorf Kai , Ulrich Mathias , Grosse Guido , Tanski George , Fedorov Alexander N. , Konstantinov Pavel Ya. , Windirsch Torben , Wiedmann Julia , Strauss Jens 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPermafrost thaw leads to thermokarst lake formation and talik growth tens of meters deep, enabling microbial decomposition of formerly frozen organic matter (OM). We analyzed two 17‐m‐long thermokarst lake sediment cores taken in Central Yakutia, Russia. One core was from an Alas lake in a Holocene thermokarst basin that underwent multiple lake generations, and the second core from a young Yedoma upland lake (formed ~70 years ago) whose sediments have thawed for the first time since deposition. This comparison provides a glance into OM fate in thawing Yedoma deposits. We analyzed total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, n‐alkane concentrations, and bacterial and archaeal membrane markers. Furthermore, we conducted 1‐year‐long incubations (4°C, dark) and measured anaerobic carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production. The sediments from both cores contained little TOC (0.7 ± 0.4 wt%), but DOC values were relatively high, with the highest values in the frozen Yedoma lake sediments (1620 mg L−1). Cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) production after 1 year was highest in the Yedoma lake sediments (226 ± 212 µg CO2‐C g−1 dw, 28 ± 36 µg CH4‐C g−1 dw) and 3 and 1.5 times lower in the Alas lake sediments, respectively (75 ± 76 µg CO2‐C g−1 dw, 19 ± 29 µg CH4‐C g−1 dw). The highest CO2 production in the frozen Yedoma lake sediments likely results from decomposition of readily bioavailable OM, while highest CH4 production in the non‐frozen top sediments of this core suggests that methanogenic communities established upon thaw. The lower GHG production in the non‐frozen Alas lake sediments resulted from advanced OM decomposition during Holocene talik development. Furthermore, we found that drivers of CO2 and CH4 production differ following thaw. Our results suggest that GHG production from TOC‐poor mineral deposits, which are widespread throughout the Arctic, can be substantial. Therefore, our novel data are relevant for vast ice‐rich permafrost deposits vulnerable to thermokarst formation.
Increasingly severe cyanobacterial blooms and deep water hypoxia coincide with warming water temperatures in reservoirs
Authors: Smucker Nathan J. , Beaulieu Jake J. , Nietch Christopher T. , Young Jade L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCyanobacterial blooms are expected to intensify and become more widespread with climate change and sustained nutrient pollution, subsequently increasing threats to lentic ecosystems, water quality, and human health. However, little is known about their rates of change because long‐term monitoring data are rare, except for some well‐studied individual lakes, which typically are large and broadly dispersed geographically. Using monitoring data spanning 1987–2018 for 20 temperate reservoirs located in the USA, we found that cyanobacteria cell densities mostly posed low‐to‐moderate human health risks until 2003–2005, after which cell densities rapidly increased. Increases were greatest in reservoirs with extensive agriculture in their watersheds, but even those with mostly forested watersheds experienced increases. Since 2009, cell densities posing high human health risks have become frequent with 75% of yearly observations exceeding 100,000 cells ml−1, including 53% of observations from reservoirs with mostly forested watersheds. These increases coincided with progressively earlier and longer summer warming of surface waters, evidence of earlier onset of stratification, lengthening durations of deep‐water hypoxia, and warming deep waters in non‐stratifying reservoirs. Among years, higher cell densities in stratifying reservoirs were associated with greater summer precipitation, warmer June surface water temperatures, and higher total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations. These trends are evidence that expected increases in cyanobacterial blooms already are occurring as changing climate conditions in some regions increasingly favor their proliferation. Consequently, their negative effects on ecosystems, human health, and socioeconomic wellbeing could increase and expand if warming trends and nutrient pollution continue.
Different life‐form strategies of perennial energy crops and related nutrient exports require a differentiating view specifically concerning a sustainable cultivation on marginal land
Authors: Ruf Thorsten , Emmerling Christoph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPerennial energy crops (PECs) are increasingly used as feedstock to produce energy in an environmental friendly way. Compared to traditional conversion strategies like thermal use, sophisticated technologies such as biomethanation defined different requirements of the feedstock. Whereas the first concept relies on dry, woody material, biomethanation requires a moist feedstock. Thus, over time, the spectrum of species used as PECs has widened. Moreover, harvest dates were adjusted to provide the feedstock at suitable moisture contents. It is well known that perennial, lignocellulose‐based energy crops, compared to annual, sugar‐ and starch‐based ones, offer ecological advantages such as, inter alia, improving biodiversity in landscape, protecting soil against erosion, and protecting groundwater from nutrient inputs. However, one of the main arguments for PEC cultivation was their undemanding nature concerning external inputs. With respect to the broader spectrum of PEC species and changed harvest dates, the question arises whether the concept of PECs being low‐input energy crops is still valid. This also implies the question of suitable growing conditions and sustainable management. The aims of this opinion paper were to classify different PECs according to their life‐form strategy, compare nutrient exports when harvested in different maturation stages, and to discuss the results in the context of sustainable PEC cultivation on marginal land. This study revealed that nutrient exports with yield biomass of PECs harvested in green state are in the same range than those of annual energy crops and therewith several times higher than those of PECs harvested in brown state or of woody short rotation coppices. Thus, PECs cannot universally be claimed as low‐input energy crops. These results also imply the consequences of cultivation of PECs on marginal land. Finally, the question has to be raised whether the term PECs should prospectively be better specified in written and spoken words.
Interactional practices in person‐centred care: Conversation analysis of nurse‐patient disagreement during self‐management support
Authors: Forsgren Emma , Björkman Ida 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPerson‐centred care implies a change in interaction between care professionals and patients where patients are not passive recipients but co‐producers of care. The interactional practices of person‐centred care remain largely unexplored.ObjectiveThis study focuses on the analysis of disagreements, which are described as an important part in the co‐production of knowledge in interaction.DesignA qualitative exploratory study using conversation analysis.Setting and participantsData were collected from a nurse‐led person‐centred intervention in a hospital outpatient setting. Interactions between adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome (n = 17) and a registered nurse were audio‐recorded. COREQ guidelines were applied.ResultsDisagreements were found after demonstration of the nurse's or patients’ respective professional or personal knowledge. Disagreements were also evident when deciding on strategies for self‐management. Although negotiations between opposing views of the nurse and patient were seen as important, the patient generally claimed final authority both in knowing how IBS is perceived and in the right to choose self‐management strategies. The nurse generally oriented towards patient authority, but instances of demonstration of nurse authority despite patient resistance were also found.Discussion and conclusionsThis study provides information on how co‐production of knowledge and decisions occur in the context of a person‐centred care intervention. Negotiations between nurse and patient views require a flexible approach to communication, adapting interaction to each context while bearing in mind the patients having the final authority. To facilitate co‐production, the patient's role and responsibilities in interaction should be explicitly stated.
Alcohol use, cigarette smoking, vaping and number of sexual partners: A cross‐sectional study of sexually active, ethnically diverse, inner city adolescents
Authors: Bartholomew Rosalie , Kerry‐Barnard Sarah , Beckley‐Hoelscher Nicholas , Phillips Rachel , Reid Fiona , Fleming Charlotte , Lesniewska Agata , Yoward Freya , Oakeshott Pippa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractContextThere are few UK data on the prevalence and clustering of risky behaviours in ethnically diverse adolescents.ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of reported alcohol use, smoking and vaping, and explore whether these behaviours are associated with increased numbers of sexual partners.DesignQuestionnaire survey of ‘Test n Treat’ chlamydia screening trial participants.Setting and participantsSexually active students attending six London technical colleges completed confidential questionnaires and provided genitourinary samples.ResultsThe median age of the 509 participants was 17 years (IQR: 16‐18), 47% were male, 50% were of black ethnicity, 55% reported ≥2 sexual partners in the past year (67% of males and 45% of females) and 6.2% had chlamydia infection and 0.6% gonorrhoea. Almost half (48%) reported getting drunk in the past month, 33% smoked cigarettes and 7% had ever vaped.A larger percentage of students with ≥2 sexual partners than 0‐1 partners reported getting drunk in the past month (53.7%, 144/268% versus 42.2% 94/223, adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.11‐1.61) and smoking cigarettes (36.6%, 100/273% versus 30.2%, 67/222, 1.34 (1.05‐1.70)). By contrast, multiple sexual partners were not associated with vaping or chlamydia infection, but numbers were small.ConclusionsWe found high prevalences of risky behaviour and an association between multiple sexual partners and smoking and/or getting drunk. Findings support the introduction of compulsory sex and relationship education in UK secondary schools, including information about the adverse effects of alcohol and smoking.Public contributionParticipants helped with study design, conduct and interpretation.
Sustainable high‐entropy ceramics for reversible energy storage: A short review
Authors: Lin Yong , Luo Nan , Chamas Mohamad , Hu Chunfeng , Grasso Salvatore 
Published: March 2021

AbstractResearch on high‐entropy ceramics (HEC) is rapidly expanding; the myriad of unexplored compositions creates unique opportunities. Compared to the state of the art materials, HECs have shown favorable improvement on the long‐term stability and durability of secondary batteries (i.e., Li, Na, K, and S). This short review summarizes the recent (2015‐2020) progress done in the field of HECs for reversible energy storage (26 peer reviewed papers); it gives an overview on materials chemistry, reactivity/synthesis, processing routes, electrochemical performance, and applications. It also surveys 18 patents to trace the growing technological interest. The charge and discharge performance are analyzed and compared with reference established materials.
Raman spectroscopic study of corroded historical glass
Authors: Hruška Branislav , Nowicka Aleksandra , Chromčíková Mária , Greiner‐Wrona Elżbieta , Smolík Jan , Soltézs Vojtech , Liška Marek 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe corroded surfaces of historical glass samples were studied by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The spectra acquired from lateral and stratified mapping were analyzed by principal component analysis providing the number of linearly independent spectral components and by multivariate curve analysis resulting in spectrum of native glass and spectra of different corrosion products (loadings) and their relative abundances (scores) in each measured spot. The obtained results were qualified by comparison of results obtained by stratified mapping with the results of lateral mapping. On the basis of dominant scores, the lateral distribution of various corrosion products was identified. The quality of corrosion products was only roughly identified by the spectral database (S.T. Japan spectral database).