bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in Detection and Profiling of Cancer Cell‐Derived Exosomes
Authors: Xiong Huiwen , Huang Zhipeng , Yang Zhejun , Lin Qiuyuan , Yang Bin , Fang Xueen , Liu Baohong , Chen Hui , Kong Jilie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExosomes, known as nanometer‐sized vesicles (30–200 nm), are secreted by many types of cells. Cancer‐derived exosomes have great potential to be biomarkers for early clinical diagnosis and evaluation of cancer therapeutic efficacy. Conventional detection methods are limited to low sensitivity and reproducibility. There are hundreds of papers published with different detection methods in recent years to address these challenges. Therefore, in this review, pioneering researches about various detection strategies are comprehensively summarized and the analytical performance of these tests is evaluated. Furthermore, the exosome molecular composition (protein and nucleic acid) profiling, a single exosome profiling, and their application in clinical cancer diagnosis are reviewed. Finally, the principles and applications of machine learning method in exosomes researches are presented.
Perspective towards atomic‐resolution imaging of two‐dimensional polymers
Authors: Qi Haoyuan , Liang Baokun , Kaiser Ute 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent years have witnessed the rise of an emerging class of synthetic two‐dimensional (2D) materials‐2D polymers. The combination of organic chemistry and rational design of polymeric crystals has stimulated tremendous research efforts in the controlled synthesis of 2D polymers. However, despite the advancement in synthetic methodologies, the structural characterization of 2D polymers remains a significant challenge. Although aberration‐corrected high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (AC‐HRTEM) is capable of direct imaging of atomic structures with sub‐Ångström resolution, electron radiation damage poses a substantial limit on the achievable image resolution due to instant decomposition of the molecular framework. In this Perspective, we will briefly discuss radiation damage mitigation strategies, which may eventually result in AC‐HRTEM imaging of 2D polymers down to the atomic scale.
Liquid‐phase exfoliation of violet phosphorus for electronic applications
Authors: Lin Shenghuang , Lai Wai Kin , Li Yanyong , Lu Wei , Bai Gongxun , Lau Shu Ping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLarge‐scale production of two‐dimensional (2D) materials still is a crucial point toward its practical applications. Violet phosphorus (VP) with a wide bandgap accelerates and broadens the potential applications of elemental phosphorus in optoelectronics. Here, we demonstrate the scalable production of solution‐processable violet phosphorus flakes stably dispersed in several solvents. The exfoliated VP flakes exhibit thickness‐dependent visible photoluminescence characteristics, which covers the shortcoming of black phosphorus. Meanwhile, the VP‐based field‐effect transistor reveals relatively competitive electrical properties to other liquid‐phase exfoliated 2D materials. Our study paves the way for a wide range of applications of optical devices, energy storage, catalysis, and sodium batteries based on large‐scale VP flakes.
TRIP13 exerts a cancer‐promoting role in cervical cancer by enhancing Wnt/β‐catenin signaling via ACTN4
Authors: Liu Xiaoying , Shen Xin , Zhang Jing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIncreasing evidence has indicated that thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 13 (TRIP13) exerts a cancer‐promoting role in a broad spectrum of cancers. However, the detailed relevance and function of TRIP13 in cervical cancer remain undefined. The goal of this work was to evaluate the functional significance and mechanism of TRIP13 in cervical cancer. Our data demonstrated that TRIP13 expression was markedly increased in cervical cancer tissue, and high expression of TRIP13 predicted a low survival rate in cervical cancer patients. Knockdown of TRIP13 caused a significant reduction in the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells. By contrast, over‐expression of TRIP13 accelerated the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells. Further data revealed that TRIP13 enhanced the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling associated with modulation of α‐Actinin‐4 (ACTN4). Knockdown of ACTN4 markedly reversed TRIP13‐mediated activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. In addition, inhibition of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling reversed TRIP13‐induced cancer‐promoting effects in cervical cancer cells. Knockdown of TRIP13 markedly retarded the tumor formation and growth of cervical cells in vivo in nude mice. Taken together, the data of this work indicate that TRIP13 accelerates the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer by enhancing Wnt/β‐catenin signaling via regulation of ACTN4. These findings underscore a relevance of the TRIP13/ACTN4/Wnt/β‐catenin signaling axis in the progression of cervical cancer and suggest TRIP13 as a potential target for treatment of cervical cancer.
Brucine promotes apoptosis in cervical cancer cells (ME‐180) via suppression of inflammation and cell proliferation by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Seshadri Vidya Devanathadesikan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBrucine are the main constituents of Strychnos nux‐vomica. Earlier reports have determined brucine shows anti‐inflammatory, analgesic and excellent anti‐tumor drug. Even though its anticervical cancer cells remains not clearly evaluated. So that, we hypothesized the anti‐cervical cancer activity of brucine against the cervical (ME‐180) cells. Brucine inhibited the inflammation, cell proliferation and promoted rate of apoptotic cell death ad reduced the mitochondrial potential, which is evidenced by respective (AO/EB, Rh‐123, and PI) staining. Furthermore ELISA and real time PCR reaction determined that brucine were down regulated inflammatory (TNF‐α, NF‐kB, IL‐6 & COX‐2) cell proliferation (Cyclin D1) and apoptotic marker Bax, caspase‐3, PI3K (phosphoinosital 3 kinase), AKT, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and over expression Bcl‐2, associated death promoter. These findings were confirmed and finally suggested that brucine inhibited inflammation, cell proliferation and promoted the apoptosis through the down‐regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Taken together, these data were exhibited brucine as a good therapeutic agents for the prevention of anticancer cervical cancer drugs.
Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine‐B dye using composite prepared from drinking water treatment sludge and nano TiO2
Authors: Rashed Mohamed Nageeb , El Taher M.A.El‐Daim , Fadlalla Somaya M. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, composite Sludge adsorbent (ASN)/TiO2 was prepared from the drinking water treatment sludge ASN (activated with nitric acid) and nanoparticle TiO2 by the sol‐gel method, followed by using it to remove Rhodamine‐B (RB) dye from polluted water. The prepared composite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, and surface area N2‐adsorption/desorption analysis. Photocatalytic degradation of RB dye was investigated by UV and UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) irradiation. Parameters such as composite dosage, initial dye concentration, UV irradiation time, and solution pH were applied to obtain the optimum conditions for high RB dye degradation. The results showed that the highest RB dye degradation (96.7%) was using a 2:1 ratio of ASN/TiO2. High degradation of dye was achieved within 4 h at pH 7, 50 ppm dye concentration, and 0.125 g/50 ml composite dose. The maximum degradation of RB dye using the prepared composite under UV irradiation with H2O2 (99.85%) was higher than that with UV irradiation only (96.85%). The rate of the dye photocatalytic degradation followed the first‐order kinetics.
Implementation of endoscopic submucosal dissection in a country with a low incidence of gastric cancer: Results from a prospective national registry
Authors: Fernández‐Esparrach Gloria , Marín‐Gabriel José‐Carlos , de Tejada Alberto H. , Albéniz Eduardo , Nogales Oscar , del Pozo‐García Andres J. , Rosón Pedro J. , Goicotxea Unai , Uchima Hugo , Terán Alvaro , Alberto Alvarez , Joaquín Rodríguez‐Sánchez , Liseth Rivero‐Sánchez , José Santiago ,   en representación del grupo de DSE de la SEED
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has become the treatment of choice for early gastric malignancies. In recent years, the ESD technique has been implemented in Western countries with increasing use.ObjectivesTo describe the results of gastric ESD in a Western country with a low incidence of gastric cancer.Patients and MethodsThe prospective national registry was conducted over 4 years in 23 hospitals, including 30 endoscopists. Epithelial and subepithelial lesions (SEL) qualified to complete removal with ESD were assessed. The technique, instruments, and solution for submucosal injection varied at the endoscopist's discretion. ESD was defined as difficult when: en‐bloc resection was not achieved, had to be converted to a hybrid resection, lasted more than 2 h or an intraprocedural perforation occurred. Additionally, independent risk factors for difficult ESD were analyzed.ResultsTwo hundred and thirty gastric ESD in 225 patients were performed from January 2016 to December 2019 (196 epithelial and 34 SEL). Most lesions were located in the lower stomach (111; 48.3%). One hundred and twenty‐eight (55.6%) ESD were considered difficult. The median procedure time was 105 min (interquartile range [IQR]: 60–150). The procedure time for SEL was shorter than for epithelial lesions (90 min [45–121] vs. 110 min [62–160]; p = 0.038). En‐bloc, R0, and curative resection rates were 91.3%, 75.2%, and 70.9%, respectively. Difficult ESD had lower R0 resection rates than ESD that did not meet the difficulty criteria (64.8% and 87.6%; p = 0.000, respectively). Fibrosis and poor maneuverability were independent factors associated with difficult ESD (OR 3.6, 95%CI 1.1–11.74 and OR 5.07, 95%CI 1.6–16.08; respectively).ConclusionsAlthough the number of cases is limited, the results of this analysis show acceptable en‐bloc and R0 rates in gastric ESD considering the wide variability in experience among the operators. Fibrosis and poor maneuverability were associated with more difficulty in completing ESD.
Adsorption–biodegradation coupled remediation process for the efficient removal of a textile dye through chemically functionalized sugarcane bagasse
Authors: Gita Samchetshabam , Shukla Satya Prakash , Deshmukhe Geetanjali , Singh Arvind Rajdeo , Choudhury Tanmoy Gon , Singh Ashutosh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTextile dye effluents have many deleterious effects; therefore, it is essential to remove before releasing into waterbodies. This study developed a two‐step process for decolorization of textile dye using sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The first step of the process involved functionalization of SCB with alginic acid and applying as packing material in column and assessing its performance for adsorptive removal of Drimarene red. The designed column showed 90% removal of the dye in dye‐aqueous solution whereas 80% removal in dye‐house wastewater. Adsorption capacity was increased at first 10 min and then gradually decreased with time. Breakthrough point was not achieved during the 60 min of experiment. Three non‐equilibrium models were applied to understand the column bed properties. In the second step, the adsorbed dye molecules in SCB were degraded using an edible fungus Pleurotus sp. to obtain a dye‐free nitrogen‐rich bagasse. The fungus‐treated SCB showed no residual toxicity and a considerable improvement in nitrogen content (from 0.14% to 0.62%) was noticed after the study of elemental profile. New design of the column bed, the processes of the chemical functionalization of the SCB, and bioremediation of dye treated bagasse through Pleurotus sp. offer a novel solution for efficient and safe disposal of textile dyes.Practitioner Points

Two‐step process for remediation of a textile dye using an agrowaste and Pleurotus sp.
Chemical functionalization of an agrowaste for enhanced dye removal.
New process of adsorption–fungal degradation for safe disposal of the dyes.
Novel technology for a sustainable use of the agrowaste for environmental safety.
Attitudes Towards a Transient Carnivore Prior to Recolonization
Authors: Olson Erik R. , Goethlich Jamie , Goudos‐Weisbecker Brittany 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTCougars (Puma concolor) have been recolonizing portions of their historic range over the last few decades and are currently a rare, transient species in the western Great Lakes Region. Anticipatory attitude surveys can identify potential management challenges, stakeholder groups, and conservation and educational priorities for recolonizing cougars. We implemented an anticipatory attitude survey to better understand attitudes towards transient cougars in northern Wisconsin, USA. We distributed the survey in fall and early winter of 2014–15 (n = 423) and 2015–16 (n = 594). We compared attitudes towards transient cougars to attitudes towards other established large carnivores and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We also explored factors that may affect human attitudes towards cougars, such as hunter identity, livestock ownership, risk perception, and the loss of a domestic animal to wildlife. Despite the rare, transient status of cougars in Wisconsin, many respondents (mean of 29%) reported to have observed a cougar or sign of one in the wild in Wisconsin. Cougars had a mean favorability score similar to coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) and less than bobcats (Lynx rufus), bear (Ursus americanus), and white‐tailed deer. Comparatively, respondents’ risk perception for all categories of risk (i.e., fear for personal safety, the safety of children, and the safety of domestic animals) was higher for cougars than for wolves. Hunter identity and loss of livestock to wildlife were determined by multinomial logistic regression as the most important parameters affecting respondents’ favorability towards cougars (ωi = 0.71). Using the 2015–2016 survey data, we found that as cougar risk perception increased, favorability towards cougars decreased similarly for both hunters and non‐hunters. Hunters were less likely to be favorable towards cougars, more likely to be neutral, and equally likely to be unfavorable towards cougars compared to nonhunters. We identify potential management challenges, stakeholder groups (e.g., hunters and those who have experienced loss of livestock to wildlife), and conservation and educational priorities for recolonizing cougars. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Aliovalent substitution in phosphide‐based materials – Crystal structures of Na10AlTaP6 and Na3GaP2 featuring edge‐sharing EP4 tetrahedra (E=Al/Ta and Ga)
Authors: Restle Tassilo M. F. , Zeitz Sabine , Meyer Jan , Klein Wilhelm , Raudaschl‐Sieber Gabriele , Karttunen Antti J. , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecently, ternary lithium phosphides have been studied intensively owing to their high lithium ion conductivities. Much less is known about the corresponding sodium‐containing compounds, and during investigations aiming for sodium phosphidotrielates, two new compounds have been obtained. The sodium phosphidoaluminumtantalate Na10AlTaP6, at first obtained as a by‐product from the reaction with the container material, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (no. 14) with lattice parameters of a=8.0790(3) Å, b=7.3489(2) Å, c=13.2054(4) Å, and β=90.773(2)°. The crystal structure contains dimers of edge‐sharing [(Al0.5Ta0.5)P4] tetrahedra with a mixed Al/Ta site. DFT calculations support the presence of this type of arrangement instead of homonuclear Al2P6 or Ta2P6 dimers. The 31P and 23Na MAS NMR as well as the Raman spectra confirm the structure model. The assignment of the chemical shifts is confirmed applying the DFT‐PBE method on the basis of the ordered structural model with mixed AlTaP6 dimers. The sodium phosphidogallate Na3GaP2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Ibam (no. 72) with lattice parameters of a=13.081(3) Å, b=6.728(1) Å, and c=6.211(1) Å and is isotypic to Na3AlP2. Na3GaP2 exhibits linear chains of edge‐sharing 1∞[GaP4/2] tetrahedra. For both compounds band structure calculations predict indirect band gaps of 2.9 eV.
Age‐based variation in calf independence, social behavior and play in a captive population of African elephant calves
Authors: Freeman Patrick T. , Anderson Erica L. , Allen Kristin B. , O'Connell‐Rodwell Caitlin E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAfrican elephant calves are highly social and their behavioral development depends heavily on interactions with other elephants. Evaluating early social behaviors offers important information that can inform management decisions and maximize individual‐ and population‐level welfare. We use data collected from the population of elephants at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park in Escondido, CA to evaluate developmental trajectories of spatial independence and social behavior in nine elephant calves across a range of ages. As calves aged, the probability of being further from mothers also increased. Tactile interactions were common among calves, with all individuals either initiating or receiving physical touches from other elephants in a large proportion of focal scans. While the probability of initiating tactile interactions tended to decline with increases in calf age, the probability of receiving tactile interactions from other elephants remained invariant with regard to this variable. The social play was also common, occurring in a fifth of all focal scans. While there was evidence that social play tended to decline with increases in calf age, results suggest additional factors may be useful in characterizing patterns in play behavior at the individual level. Calves most frequently engaged in play with individuals of similar age but showed substantial variation in play partner choice. Results of this study suggest that maintaining groups of elephants in captivity with diverse age structure positively contribute to their healthy social development.
Prognostic Role of p16/HPV in Non-oropharyngeal Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer (HNSCC)
Authors: Gkolfinopoulos Stavros , Economopoulou Panagiota , Psyrri Amanda 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTranscriptionally active HPV infection is recognized as a prognostic factor in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Also, p16 positivity has been established as an effective surrogate biomarker for HPV and shares its prognostic significance in cancer of the oropharynx. Less clear is the prognostic role of p16/HPV status in non-oropharyngeal head and neck cancers since relevant studies have produced conflicting results. The existing evidence suggests that p16 is a poor surrogate marker for HPV infection in non-oropharyngeal cancers, while the prognostic impact of HPV positivity is reserved for the oropharynx. Consequently, routine HPV testing is not recommended for disease sites of the head and neck outside oropharynx.
Re-Irradiation for Local Relapses or Second Primaries: When and how?
Authors: Budach Volker , Thieme Alexander 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith modern radiotherapy techniques, re-irradiation is a potentially curative treatment approach. However, it carries still a serious risk of severe radiation morbidity including treatment-related death. High-level evidence for an adequate treatment of these patients is still lacking since the majority of trials are retrospective. Thus, inherent biases like unbalanced patients’ characteristics in terms of the relapse intervals, sites of recurrence, and inhomogeneous re-irradiation volumes, total tumor doses, and fractionation are by definition competing risks that will flaw the validity of these studies. Hence, future well-designed prospective randomized trials are still urgently needed.
Update of Immune Therapies in Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Rischin Danny 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSince the initial reports of activity of pembrolizumab in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC), investigation of the role of immune therapies has been the major focus of clinical trials in R/M HNSCC. Randomised trials initially with nivolumab and later with pembrolizumab established overall survival benefit in patients with R/M HNSCC previously treated with platinum compared to physicians choice of 2nd line therapy, and have led to regulatory approval around the world. More recently the Keynote-048 trial has compared both pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab + platinum/5FU to the Extreme regimen of platinum/5FU/cetuximab in the first-line R/M setting. The key findings from this trial are that pembrolizumab monotherapy compared to Extreme improved overall survival in patients with PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥ 20 and ≥ 1, and that pembro/chemotherapy improved OS in CPS ≥ 20, CPS ≥ 1 and the total population. Relative to Extreme there was less toxicity in the monotherapy arm and comparable toxicity in the pembro/chemo arm. Based on this trial use of pembrolizumab as part of first-line treatment for R/M HNSCC is appropriate for the majority of patients, and represents a new standard of care. The focus has now moved to identifying combinations that may be superior to pembrolizumab monotherapy or to chemotherapy + pembrolizumab. Some of the more promising approaches under investigation in HNSCC are discussed in this chapter. In summary, immune therapies are now the cornerstone of management of R/M HNSCC with the approval of pembrolizumab in the first-line R/M setting.
New Developments in the Management of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Niu Xiaoshuang , Tao Yungan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) have unique characteristics with a specific geographic distribution and radiotherapy (RT) is the cornerstone of initial treatment due to its radiosensitive behaviour and deep-seated location. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has become the standard RT technique compared with 2D/3D and could reduce the late toxicities such as xerostomia. We established the international guideline for the delineation of clinical target volumes (CTV) and dose prioritization and constraint guideline for a better implementation of IMRT for NPC. The role of RT in addition to systemic therapy for the initially diagnosed metastatic NPC has recently been investigated in a randomized trial. The meta-analysis MAC-NPC confirmed the role of chemotherapy in addition to RT for NPC and established concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) as a standard of care in locally advanced (LA) NPC. In the recent actualization of MAC-NPC and network meta-analysis, more chemotherapy (adjuvant or induction) has been suggested to further improve treatment efficacy. However, a randomized trial did not shown survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in addition to CCRT in LA-NPC. More recently, several phase III trials (French GORTEC trial and Chinese trials) showed benefit of induction chemotherapy (PF/TPF/GP) when added to cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy. Preliminary study has failed to show benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for the patients with detectable plasma Epstein Barr virus (EBV) DNA after chemoradiotherapy. The presentation will also focus on the ongoing trials with association of immune checkpoint inhibitors with chemoradiotherapy and the role of EBV DNA during or after treatment among others.