bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method for determining the thermal conductivity of in situ formation rock using drilling cuttings
Authors: Yi Fu , Qi Xupeng , Zheng Xuexin , Yu Huize , Bai Wenming , Bao Hanbo 
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a method for determining the thermal conductivity of in situ formation rock, which combines experimental measurements, theoretical model predictions, and geophysical logging of formation porosity, is presented to predict the thermal conductivity of in situ formation rocks (this method effectively combines experimental measurements, theoretical model, and geological conditions, referred to as “ETG,” where E is for experimental measurements, T is for the theoretical model, and G is for geological conditions). 24 drilling cuttings samples from rocks down to a depth of 2000 m were selected for transient plane source thermal conductivity tests, and an effective thermal conductivity method was used to predict the thermal conductivity of rocks corresponding to each formation. The predicted thermal conductivity of mudstone was 2.31–3.27 W/(m K), and that of sandstone was 2.40–3.69 W/(m K). An independent-samples t test was carried out between the thermal conductivity results from the ETG prediction method and those from a diagenetic mineral-theory model. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P &gt; 0.05) and that the fitting degree was high. The mean-square error in the solid thermal conductivities determined by the two methods was about 0.3, which indirectly demonstrates that the ETG method has high accuracy for predicting the thermal conductivity of in situ formation rock. Therefore, this method is likely to become popular in engineering practice.
Lethal control reduces the relative abundance of dingoes but not cattle production impacts
Authors: Edwards Glenn P. , Eldridge Stephen R. , Shakeshaft Bernie J. , Nano Teresa 
Published: June 2021

Context Lethal control through the application of 1080 baits is widely used in Australia to manage the negative impacts of wild dogs (dingoes, wild domestic dogs and their hybrids) on cattle production, but its effectiveness in this regard is not well understood. Aims To evaluate the efficacy of once yearly 1080 baiting on dingoes and its effects in mitigating predation and sublethal impacts on beef cattle. Methods A replicated experiment with two paired treatments (1080 poisoned and non-poisoned) was conducted on each of four cattle stations of 3782–10 850 km2, over 2.5 years (2000–02) in the southern Northern Territory. The study was undertaken in relatively good rainfall years. Key results Track-based surveys indicated that dingo abundance declined on poisoned relative to non-poisoned areas immediately following a single baiting episode. However, there was no detectable difference about 8 months after baiting. No difference was detected in observed levels of calf damage or calf loss between poisoned and non-poisoned areas. Conclusions The results add to the growing body of consistent evidence that contemporary dingo control practices yield little benefit to rangeland beef producers most of the time. Implications Routine dingo baiting (as currently undertaken) may be largely unnecessary for beef cattle producers in arid and semiarid areas. Alternative strategies and practices to reduce dingo mauling and predation impacts should be investigated using replicated and controlled field studies.
Thermodynamics of dynamical wormholes
Authors: Rehman Mudassar , Saifullah Khalid 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We study thermodynamics of dynamical traversable wormholes.
The surface gravity is evaluated on the trapping horizon and the
unified first law of thermodynamics is set up. The thermodynamic
stability of these wormholes has been investigated. We have also
extended these results to charged dynamical wormholes. Our results
generalize those that exist for static Morris-Thorne wormholes.
A review of manufacturing technologies for silicon carbide superjunction devices
Authors: Tian Run , Ma Chao , Wu Jingmin , Guo Zhiyu , Yang Xiang , Fan Zhongchao 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Superjunction technology is believed to reach the optimal specific on-resistance and breakdown voltage trade-off. It has become a mainstream technology in silicon high-voltage metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor devices. Numerous efforts have been conducted to employ the same concept in silicon carbide devices. These works are summarized here.
Modeling the photon counting and photoelectron counting characteristics of quanta image sensors
Authors: Liu Bowen , Xu Jiangtao 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A signal chain model of single-bit and multi-bit quanta image sensors (QISs) is established. Based on the proposed model, the photoresponse characteristics and signal error rates of QISs are investigated, and the effects of bit depth, quantum efficiency, dark current, and read noise on them are analyzed. When the signal error rates towards photons and photoelectrons counting are lower than 0.01, the high accuracy photon and photoelectron counting exposure ranges are determined. Furthermore, an optimization method of integration time to ensure that the QIS works in these high accuracy exposure ranges is presented. The trade-offs between pixel area, the mean value of incident photons, and integration time under different illuminance level are analyzed. For the 3-bit QIS with 0.16 e-/s dark current and 0.21 e- r.m.s. read noise, when the illuminance level and pixel area are 1 lux and 1.21 μm2, or 10 000 lux and 0.21 μm2, the recommended integration time is 8.8 to 30 ms, or 10 to 21.3 μs, respectively. The proposed method can guide the design and operation of single-bit and multi-bit QISs.
Determination of trap density-of-states distribution of nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite films
Authors: Shaban Mahmoud 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Thin films comprising nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous-carbon (UNCD/a-C:H) composite films were experimentally investigated. The prepared films were grown on Si substrates by the coaxial arc plasma deposition method. They were characterized by temperature-dependent capacitance-frequency measurements in the temperature and frequency ranges of 300–400 K and 50 kHz–2 MHz, respectively. The energy distribution of trap density of states in the films was extracted using a simple technique utilizing the measured capacitance-frequency characteristics. In the measured temperature range, the energy-distributed traps exhibited Gaussian-distributed states with peak values lie in the range: 2.84 × 1016–2.73 × 1017 eV–1cm–3 and centered at energies of 120–233 meV below the conduction band. These states are generated due to a large amount of sp2-C and π-bond states, localized in GBs of the UNCD/a-C:H film. The attained defect parameters are accommodating to understand basic electrical properties of UNCD/a-C:H composite and can be adopted to suppress defects in the UNCD-based materials.
Oscillation neuron based on a low-variability threshold switching device for high-performance neuromorphic computing
Authors: Li Yujia , Tang Jianshi , Gao Bin , Li Xinyi , Xi Yue , Zhang Wanrong , Qian He , Wu Huaqiang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Low-power and low-variability artificial neuronal devices are highly desired for high-performance neuromorphic computing. In this paper, an oscillation neuron based on a low-variability Ag nanodots (NDs) threshold switching (TS) device with low operation voltage, large on/off ratio and high uniformity is presented. Measurement results indicate that this neuron demonstrates self-oscillation behavior under applied voltages as low as 1 V. The oscillation frequency increases with the applied voltage pulse amplitude and decreases with the load resistance. It can then be used to evaluate the resistive random-access memory (RRAM) synaptic weights accurately when the oscillation neuron is connected to the output of the RRAM crossbar array for neuromorphic computing. Meanwhile, simulation results show that a large RRAM crossbar array (> 128 × 128) can be supported by our oscillation neuron owing to the high on/off ratio (> 108) of Ag NDs TS device. Moreover, the high uniformity of the Ag NDs TS device helps improve the distribution of the output frequency and suppress the degradation of neural network recognition accuracy (< 1%). Therefore, the developed oscillation neuron based on the Ag NDs TS device shows great potential for future neuromorphic computing applications.
The Relationship Between the Chinese Stock Market, the US Stock Market, and Some Other Economic Indexes Under the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Yang Jinyu , Jia Ziyi , Mao Yunxiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 outbreak has had a huge impact on all sectors of the world, especially the economy. Among all the economic indicators, the stock market indexes are particularly important, because the stock markets anticipate the future economic change and reflect investor confidence and thus may be the barometer of the overall economy. The Chinese and US stock markets are the most important stock markets. Because New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) have the greatest market cap worldwide. And Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) and Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE) can obviously show the conditions of economy in the mainland of China and East Asia. We collected the daily increase or decrease indexes of the U.S. and China stock markets to study their relationships and how they are affected by the pandemic. To study this problem, this paper uses three methods, including Local Similarity Analysis (LSA), Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Markov chain. We calculate the correlation between the U.S. stock indexes and China stock indexes with LSA and analyze the possible factors which lead to these correlations. LASSO is used to find out other economic indexes which affect the U.S. and China stock markets and test whether these indexes can predict the trend of future markets. Lastly, Markov chains can be used to analyze the effects of the day to the next day transmission in stock markets. We find that there is a high correlation between the U.S. and the China stock using LSA, especially, from Jan.10 to Feb.10. We find that Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index (SSEC) and NASDAQ are correlated to the Standard and Poor’s 500 Index (S&P500) in the US market. S&P500, confirmed cases of COVID-2019 in China (Chinese cases), USD to CNY exchange rate are correlated to the SSEC in the Chinese market. Using these indexes, the future indexes of the U.S. stock market can be predicted at a PCC correlation, the highest is 0.44 and the lowest is 0.24 for the China market. LASSO shows that the U.S. market can be more accurately predicted by the indexes. The estimated Markov models of the two stock markets are pretty similar, i.e. the probability that the value of the U.S. stocks increases two days in a row is 13.40% and the Chinese market is 11.34%. To sum up, we find that the two stock markets are highly correlated under the Covid-19 pandemic despite from some differences.
Convergence of a higher order finite difference scheme for two-phase Stefan problems.
Authors: Martínez-Rosado R , Castillo-Aranguren F , Santiago-Acosta R D , Hernández-Cooper E M , Otero-Hernández J A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This work establishes a sufficient condition for convergence of a semi-implicit finite difference scheme with variable space grid of fourth order of accuracy in space, previously set by the authors. The scheme is intended to solve one-dimensional two-phase Stefan problems. The proofs of the above-mentioned results are based on estimates which are obtained and subsequently employed in order to find an upper bound of the discretization error both at phases and the interface. The computational behavior of the scheme under the sufficient condition is corroborated by a series of numerical tests.
Exact Solution for a Rectangle with Rigidly Clamped Horizontal Sides
Authors: Menshova I V , Kerzhaev A P , Shulyakovskaya T D , Yu G , Zeng X 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, in the form of expansions in Papkovich–Fadle eigenfunctions, an exact solution to the boundary value problem of the theory of elasticity is constructed for a rectangle whose horizontal sides are rigidly clamped. The expansion coefficients are determined with the help of biorthogonal functions by simple formulas.
2-Dimensional Regional Mapping of Ionospheric Total Electron Content Using Kriging Interpolation over the Philippines: Initial Results
Authors: Maglambayan Vincent Louie L. , Mendoza Merlin M. , Macalalad Ernest P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Total electron content (TEC) is an important parameter in studying the characteristics of the ionosphere of the Earth. By measuring the phase and group delays of the signals produced by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites, the slant TEC along the ray path can be measured. Assuming that the ionosphere is a thin shell, the point of intersection between the shell and the ray path is the ionospheric pierce point (IPP). The slant TEC at this point can be converted to the vertical TEC (VTEC). To produce continuous 2-dimensional TEC maps, a mapping method must be used based on the data that has been measured. While there are numerous methods to map TEC that are in used today, this study investigates the performance of Kriging interpolation over the Philippine region using the data from the Philippine Active Geodetic Network (PAGENet). To test the performance, the maps produced were compared to the Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs) which are provided by the International GPS Service (IGS). The initial results show that the PAGENet maps have lower TEC values compared to GIMS with a mean difference of ~6 TECU with 12 UT having the highest difference.
The Correlation between Solar Wind and Active Sunspot AR2776 in 25th Solar Cycle
Authors: Hamidi Z S , Shariff N N M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The solar wind is one of the main properties of the Sun which has a stream of charged particles released from the corona of the Sun. The study of this parameter has started in 1957 and there are a few models that related to prove how the solar wind could escape from the Sun’s gravity. In this paper, we choose the latest solar event that occurred on 16th October 2020 in this new 25th solar cycle. During these months, the Sun considered as active mode and the active region AR2776 potentially contributes high solar activities. Uniquely, a micro solar flare class B formed together with solar burst type II. A very intense flashing which also known as Ellerman bombs can be detected in the optical region. The sunspot number is only 14 and solar wind exceeds up to 306 kms -1 with a density of 4.0 protons/cm 3. We confirmed that AR2776 is a member of Solar Cycle 25.
Theoretical Quantum Immortality and its Mathematical Authority
Authors: Han Ce 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Quantum Immortality usually refers to, in a classical sense, a person who is “lucky” enough to survive in any incident in the world. Such a quantity of luckiness is even big enough to keep that person away from the aging of the human body. That is, in fact, when we say that one becomes “immortal”. Throughout the history of the world, there have been many times when people tried to find out the secret of anti-aging, but this ambitious dream, obviously, has failed every time. This paper will discuss quantum immortality in theoretical and mathematical aspects and evaluate its authority, or possibility, of its existence in real life. In order to accomplish this evaluation, the concepts of the main two interpretations of quantum physics: 1)Copenhagen Interpretation(or non-MWI interpretation), and 2)Many Worlds Interpretation(or MWI)will be necessarily involved. Throughout this paper, the MWI is proven to support the theoretical quantum immortal state, which, in this paper, means to achieve an expected theoretical outcome in the Everett box experiment. In order to show how MWI will give its credit to quantum immortality, the idea of the Infinite Monkey experiment is demonstrated in detail. After that, discussions of the computable probability of the outcome of the Infinite Monkey theorem and its pathological distribution are involved. Regardless of the situation in the Everett box, whether it is pathologically distributed or not, the mathematical outcomes show that MWI will be the only possibility of achieving the quantum immortal state during the Everett box experiment, or quantum gun experiment. Finally, the paper brings out the evaluation of quantum immortality in a real life stance.
Spatial tourism supply: the case of ASEAN-5 countries
Authors: Chaiboonsri C , Wannapan S , Chokethaworn K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article is the applied econometric analyses in estimating the spatial stochastic frontier (SSF) model. The heart of the modelling inference is Bayesian statistics with Gibbs sampling, which can provide flexible parametric distributions for capturing abnormal distributional observations. Yearly panel data between 2008 and 2018 regarding tourism supplies such as numbers of hotels, service rooms, and labour forces in ASEAN-5 countries (Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysian, Singapore, and Thailand) is observed. The empirical results are divided into two major parts. The first section is the understanding of spatial effects which causally relate to the way for expanding tourism supplies is explained by the model validation using deviance information criterion (DIC). The panel spatial-error stochastic frontier (random-effect model) contains the minimum DIC which implies the parameters of locational effects is the minor, but it should be still considered for stimulating tourism supply sides in these five countries. The second section is the estimation of random parameters are processed to monitor technical efficiencies. Spatial effects are a specific impact on the group of connected borderline countries. On the other hand, this impact is dependently reduced when a country contains a remote area condition. Ultimately, this paper is the alternative to better analyse supply-chain management in the tourism sector without the restrictions of P-value, asymptotic struggling, and multicollinear problems. For further researches, subjective statistics (Bayesian) is the main issue that applies for modern econometrics.
Using a new muscle activation model to improve the stability of force estimation with Hill-type models over different activation levels
Authors: Hussein Moemen , Shebl Said , Elnemr Rehab , Elkaranshawy Hesham 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Hill-type models are attractive in biomechanics simulation due to their low computational cost and commonly measured parameters. They mainly consist of two parts, the activation dynamics, and the contraction dynamics. Since Hill-type models are phenomenological models, it is meant to capture the process’s main characteristics using a descriptive system that approximates the behaviour of the real physical one. This paper developed a novel activation dynamics formulation to estimate the force of the triceps surae muscles at two different contraction levels without retuning the model parameters. The new formulation simulates the cell calcium dynamics as well as the recently discovered role of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) channels. The proposed model reflects the main characteristics required from the activation model, which are the electro-mechanical delay, the process nonlinearity, and the ability to couple the activation process with some parameters from the subsequent force-generating process. The parameters of the model are task-independent to closely approximate the muscle function and to have the ability to simulate different movements adequately. The model shows a more stable performance along with different contraction levels in comparison with two other activation models.
Monthly Observations of Cold-point Tropopause Temperature and Height for 2008 in the Philippines Using COSMIC GPS Radio Occultations
Authors: Eugenio Ryan G. , Macalalad Ernest P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The cold-point tropopause (CPT) is the thermal boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere defined by a temperature profile’s coldest level. In this paper, the CPT is examined using temperature profiles from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) GPS radio occultation measurements during 2008 inside the Tropical Cyclone Advisory Domain (TCAD) in the Philippines. The monthly and spatial variability is examined using two CPT properties: CPT temperature (CPT-T) and CPT height (CPT-H). Generally, the coldest CPT temperatures are in the months of December-January-February, which lie within the cool dry season. CPT-T is at its hottest in July-August-September, within the rainy season. CPT-H is observed to decrease (increase) as CPT-T increases (decreases), suggesting an inverse relationship between the two properties. CPT-T is also observed to rise in the upper latitudes, while no discernible spatial pattern can be seen for CPT-H over this domain expect for that the start increase and decrease of CPT-H appear to occur over the Pacific first.
The Comparison of Secure Key Rate of BB84 Protocol Using Single Photon Detectors and Optical Homodyne Detectors
Authors: Xiong Peiyao 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
To increase the security and efficiency of information transmission, the technology of Quantum Key Distribution is developed. A simulation of secure key rate of BB84 protocol is done to give a visualized comparison of efficiency of the protocol using different light sources and detectors. The simulation shows that the Poisson light source is less efficient than single photon source and the secure key rate of using continuous variable detectors is lower than using discrete variable detectors.
Code Transformation Impact on Compiler-based Optimization: A Case Study in the CMSSW
Authors: Ploensin Teerit , Piromsopa Krerk , Srimanobhas Norraphat 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the benefit of applying loop transformations to a part of module in the CMS software. Particularly, we focus at the effect of loop transformations in term of performance improvement from the optimization process of compilers. Loop optimizations have been considered at low-level phase, such as loop unrolling using compiler directive. For high-level code transformations such as index set splitting and loop reordering, we adopt the polyhedral model to simplify the transformations. In this study, our loop optimization has been evaluated quantitatively. We study the impact on loops execution speed up and its instruction executed. Our observation shows that high-level loop optimizations can reduce both execution time and the number of instruction. This behavior suggested that simple loop transformations can trigger other optimizations. Moreover, we not only improve the overall performance, but also reduce the number of instruction. The results show that loop optimizations yield the speed up between 1.5 and 1.7.
Retraction: Bayesian estimation of scale factor for CG-5 relative gravimeter (IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.
734 012037)
Authors: Zheng Qiuyue , Liu Dong , Wang Linhai , Huang Jiangpei , Wang Qinghua 
Published: June 2021

This article has been retracted at the authors request, for the following reasons:

•The work was submitted without the approval of the one of the co-authors, Linhai Wang.

• The original gravity data used in the paper has been found incorrect through repeated verification recently, which is leading to erroneous conclusions.

•The theoretical method used needs further development before it is ready for publication.
All co-authors agree to this retraction.
Retraction published: 10 June 2021