bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formal context reduction in deriving concept hierarchies from corpora using adaptive evolutionary clustering algorithm star
Authors: Hassan Bryar A. , Rashid Tarik A. , Mirjalili Seyedali 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is beneficial to automate the process of deriving concept hierarchies from corpora since a manual construction of concept hierarchies is typically a time-consuming and resource-intensive process. As such, the overall process of learning concept hierarchies from corpora encompasses a set of steps: parsing the text into sentences, splitting the sentences and then tokenising it. After the lemmatisation step, the pairs are extracted using formal context analysis (FCA). However, there might be some uninteresting and erroneous pairs in the formal context. Generating formal context may lead to a time-consuming process, so formal context size reduction is require to remove uninterested and erroneous pairs, taking less time to extract the concept lattice and concept hierarchies accordingly. In this premise, this study aims to propose two frameworks: (1) A framework to review the current process of deriving concept hierarchies from corpus utilising formal concept analysis (FCA); (2) A framework to decrease the formal context’s ambiguity of the first framework using an adaptive version of evolutionary clustering algorithm (ECA*). Experiments are conducted by applying 385 sample corpora from Wikipedia on the two frameworks to examine the reducing size of formal context, which leads to yield concept lattice and concept hierarchy. The resulting lattice of formal context is evaluated to the standard one using concept lattice-invariants. Accordingly, the homomorphic between the two lattices preserves the quality of resulting concept hierarchies by 89% in contrast to the basic ones, and the reduced concept lattice inherits the structural relation of the standard one. The adaptive ECA* is examined against its four counterpart baseline algorithms (Fuzzy K-means, JBOS approach, AddIntent algorithm, and FastAddExtent) to measure the execution time on random datasets with different densities (fill ratios). The results show that adaptive ECA* performs concept lattice faster than other mentioned competitive techniques in different fill ratios.
Gas-liquid mass transfer intensification for bubble generation and breakup in micronozzles
Authors: Reichmann Felix , Herath Jakob , Mensing Lena , Kockmann Norbert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe local gas-liquid mass transfer was characterized during bubble generation in T-contactors and in an adjacent micronozzle. A colorimetric technique with the oxygen sensitive dye resazurin was investigated to visualize gas-liquid mass transfer during slug flow, bubble deformation, as well as laminar and turbulent bubble breakup in the wake of a micronozzle. Two optimized nozzle geometries from previous studies were evaluated concerning volumetric mass transfer coefficients for low pressure loss, narrow residence time distribution, or high dispersion rates. Highest values in kla up to 60 s−1 were found for turbulent bubble breakup and an optimized micronozzle design in respect to pressure drop and dispersion rate. The achieved mass transfer coefficients were correlated with the energy dissipation rate within the micronozzles and with the inverse Kolmogorov time scale in vortex dissipation in good agreement for laminar and turbulent breakup regimes.
Graphical abstract
Cable Suspension and Balance System with Low Support Interference and Vibration for Effective Wind Tunnel Tests
Authors: Park Keum-Yong , Sung Yeol-Hun , Han Jae-Hung 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA cable-driven model support concept is suggested and implemented in this paper. In this case, it is a cable suspension and balance system (CSBS), which has the advantages of low support interference and reduced vibration responses for effective wind tunnel tests. This system is designed for both model motion control and aerodynamic load measurements. In the CSBS, the required position or the attitude of the test model is realized by eight motors, which adjust the length, velocity, and acceleration of the corresponding cables. Aerodynamic load measurements are accomplished by a cable balance consisting of eight load cells connected to the assigned cables. The motion responses and load measurement outputs were in good agreement with the reference data. The effectiveness of the CSBS against aerodynamic interference and vibration is experimentally demonstrated through comparative tests with a rear sting and a crescent sting support (CSS). The advantages of the CSBS are examined through several wind tunnel tests of a NACA0015 airfoil model. The cable support of the CSBS clearly showed less aerodynamic interference than the rear sting with a CSS, judging from the drag coefficient profile. Additionally, the CSBS showed excellent vibration suppression characteristics at all angles of attack.
Qualitative detection of pesticide residues using mass spectral data based on convolutional neural network
Authors: Wei Jian , Wang Xuemei , Wang Zhenyu , Cao Jin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExcessive pesticide residues in crops directly threaten human life and health, so rapid screening and effective measurements of agricultural pesticides residues have important application significance in the field of food safety. It is imperative to detect different pesticide residue types in actual complex crop samples cause mixture analysis can provide more information than individual components. However, the accuracy of mixture analysis can be obviously affected by the impurities and noise disturbances. Purification and denoising will cost a lot of algorithm time. In this work, we used the problem transformation method to convert pesticide residues prediction into multi-label classification problem. In addition, a new convolutional neural network structure Pesticide Residues Neural Network (PRNet) was proposed to solve the problem of multi-label organophosphate pesticide residue prediction. The method of binary correlation and label energy set was used to adapt 35 pesticide residues labels. The Cross Entropy were used as loss functions for PRNet. The comprehensive comparison performances (e.g. 97% optimal accuracy rate) of PRNet is better than the other four models. By comparing the ROC curves of the five models, PRNet performs the best. The PRNet can separate the independent mass spectrometry data by different collision energy applied to phosphorus pesticide compounds through a three-channel structure. No complicated data preprocessing is required, the PRNet can extract the characteristics of different compounds more efficiently and presents high detecting accuracy and good model performance of multi-label mass spectrometry data classification. By inputting MS data of different instruments and adding more offset MS data, the model will be more transplantable and could lay the foundation for the wide application of PRNet model in rapid, on-site, accurate and broad-spectrum screening of pesticide residues in the future.
Our Moral Duty to Eat Meat
Authors: ZANGWILL NICK 
Published: June 2021

AbstractI argue that eating meat is morally good and our duty when it is part of a practice that has benefited animals. The existence of domesticated animals depends on the practice of eating them, and the meat-eating practice benefits animals of that kind if they have good lives. The argument is not consequentialist but historical, and it does not apply to nondomesticated animals. I refine the argument and consider objections.
Prelude—Neurology and Neurosurgery at McGill University 1894–1928
Authors: Leblanc Richard 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT:This paper reviews the history of neurology and neurosurgery at McGill University from their origins within the Departments of Medicine and of Surgery at the Royal Victoria Hospital in 1894, to the creation of an autonomous Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery in 1928 at the Montreal Neurological Institute. The argument is made that the collaboration of James Stewart and James Bell and of Colin Russel and Edward Archibald in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological patients created an institutional culture that favored the integration of neurology, neurosurgery, and allied disciplines within a departmental structure and the creation of the Montreal Neurological Institute.
Excess dietary fructose does not alter gut microbiota or permeability in humans: A pilot randomized controlled study
Authors: Alemán José O. , Henderson Wendy A. , Walker Jeanne M. , Ronning Andrea , Jones Drew R. , Walter Peter J. , Daniel Scott G. , Bittinger Kyle , Vaughan Roger , MacArthur Robert , Chen Kun , Breslow Jan L. , Holt Peter R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of chronic liver disease that accompanies obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Excess fructose consumption can initiate or exacerbate NAFLD in part due to a consequence of impaired hepatic fructose metabolism. Preclinical data emphasized that fructose-induced altered gut microbiome, increased gut permeability, and endotoxemia play an important role in NAFLD, but human studies are sparse. The present study aimed to determine if two weeks of excess fructose consumption significantly alters gut microbiota or permeability in humans.

Methods:
We performed a pilot double-blind, cross-over, metabolic unit study in 10 subjects with obesity (body mass index [BMI] 30–40 mg/kg/m2). Each arm provided 75 grams of either fructose or glucose added to subjects’ individual diets for 14 days, substituted isocalorically for complex carbohydrates, with a 19-day wash-out period between arms. Total fructose intake provided in the fructose arm of the study totaled a mean of 20.1% of calories. Outcome measures included fecal microbiota distribution, fecal metabolites, intestinal permeability, markers of endotoxemia, and plasma metabolites.

Results:
Routine blood, uric acid, liver function, and lipid measurements were unaffected by the fructose intervention. The fecal microbiome (including Akkermansia muciniphilia), fecal metabolites, gut permeability, indices of endotoxemia, gut damage or inflammation, and plasma metabolites were essentially unchanged by either intervention.

Conclusions:
In contrast to rodent preclinical findings, excess fructose did not cause changes in the gut microbiome, metabolome, and permeability as well as endotoxemia in humans with obesity fed fructose for 14 days in amounts known to enhance NAFLD.
Mapping the types of modularity in open-source hardware
Authors: Gavras Kosmas , Kostakis Vasilis 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe importance of intangible code modularity in open-source software, as well as of tangible product modularity in proprietary hardware, is widely acknowledged. Nevertheless, modularity in open-source hardware (OSH) remains under-researched. This article first describes qualitatively different types of modularity based on two OSH case studies and then quantifies each type of modularity, following a unified network-based approach. The results are discussed and compared within each case to test the ‘mirroring hypothesis’, and between cases to evaluate the impact of physical against intangible modularity types. The ultimate goal is to prompt a discussion into a wide but under-explored subset in OSH.
Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among Rohingya (forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals or FDMNs) older adults in Bangladesh amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mistry Sabuj Kanti , Ali A. R. M. Mehrab , Irfan Nafis Md. , Yadav Uday Narayan , Siddique Rumana Ferdousi , Peprah Prince , Reza Sompa , Rahman Ziaur , Casanelia Lisa , O'Callaghan Cathy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundDepression is globally a crucial communal psychiatric disorder, which is more common in older adults. The situation is considerably worse among millions of older (forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals or FDMNs) Rohingya adults, and the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may exacerbate the already existing precarious situation. The present study investigated depressive symptoms and their associated factors in older adult Rohingya FDMNs in Cox Bazar, Bangladesh, during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodA total of 416 older adults aged 60 years and above residing in Rohingya camps situated in the South Eastern part of Bangladesh were interviewed using a 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) in Bengali language. Chi-square test was performed to compare the prevalence of depressive symptoms within different categories of a variable and a binary logistic regression model was performed to determine the factors associated with depressive symptoms.ResultsMore than 41% of Rohingya older adults had depressive symptoms (DS). Socio-demographic and economic factors such as living alone, dependency on family for living, poor memory, feelings of being left out, difficulty in getting medicine and routine medical care during COVID-19, perception that older adults are at highest risk of COVID-19 and pre-existing non-communicable chronic conditions were found to be significantly associated with developing DS. Higher DS was also evident among older female Rohingya FDMNs.ConclusionDS are highly prevalent in older Rohingya FDMNs during COVID-19. The findings of the present study call for immediate arrangement of mental health care services and highlight policy implications to ensure the well-being of older FDMNs.
Porosity formation during atmospheric ice accretion: measurements using micro-computed tomography
Authors: Velandia Juan S. , Diener Alexander , Bansmer Stephan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAtmospheric ice accretion results from the exposure of technical equipment or facilities to cold and humid environments. Supercooled droplets in a cloud can impact an airplane's surface and quickly form an ice layer. The presence of air pockets in such a layer is well known and explains the white appearance of some of the accretions. However, estimation of its porosity values and studies on the pore formation mechanics remain limited. In this study, we performed tests in an icing wind tunnel and scans with micro-computed tomography to address these issues. Here, we show that the accretion has closed porosity below 1%, which is mostly produced by the interaction between a spray-like impact on the water surface. The insights we provide here are important to improve ice accretion modelling techniques and establish a different approach to address the interaction between the cloud and the surfaces exposed to atmospheric icing.
Placebo Selection in Survey Experiments: An Agnostic Approach
Authors: Porter Ethan , Velez Yamil R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough placebo conditions are ubiquitous in survey experiments, little evidence guides common practices for their use and selection. How should scholars choose and construct placebos? First, we review the role of placebos in published survey experiments, finding that placebos are used inconsistently. Then, drawing on the medical literature, we clarify the role that placebos play in accounting for nonspecific effects (NSEs), or the effects of ancillary features of experiments. We argue that, in the absence of precise knowledge of NSEs that placebos are adjusting for, researchers should average over a corpus of many placebos. We demonstrate this agnostic approach to placebo construction through the use of GPT-2, a generative language model trained on a database of over 1 million internet news pages. Using GPT-2, we devise 5,000 distinct placebos and administer two experiments (N = 2,975). Our results illustrate how researchers can minimize their role in placebo selection through automated processes. We conclude by offering tools for incorporating computer-generated placebo text vignettes into survey experiments and developing recommendations for best practice.
A Distant Reading of Legal Dissertations from German Universities in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractScholars and students at early modern European universities wrote hundreds of thousands of dissertations. One reason why these sources have long been neglected is that they defy any individual's capacity for close reading. This article adopts a digital distant reading approach to uncover long-term trends in the titles of over 20,000 legal dissertations written at German universities during the seventeenth century. Providing a pathway into a forbidding archive, the article highlights the dissertations’ interest for the history of jurisprudence and its receptiveness to social change, the history of universities and academic publishing, baroque rhetoric, and cultural, political, and economic history. The titles reveal a markedly declining interest in civil law, with topical issues like debt and marriage eluding this trend. Initially, dissertations were often written in dialogic form, but these were gradually supplanted by more single-voiced and monographic texts. Jurists increasingly preferred sharply delineated, diverse, and often original subjects, writing about anything from somnambulism to pearl fishing. The way in which seventeenth-century jurists expanded the scope of their writing reflects broader revaluations of scholarly curiosity and baroque polyhistorism as well as the heightened stature of an epistemic community that interpreted ever more spheres of life through its own categories.
Manufacturing agricultural working knowledge: the scientific study of agricultural work in industrial Europe, 1920s–60s
Authors: Auderset Juri 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAfter the First World War, agricultural work became a subject of intense interdisciplinary scientific inquiry. The shortage of agricultural labour, the nutritional and agricultural crises and the increasing significance of the movement for the rationalisation of work contributed to the creation of new scientific institutions that focused on the study and improvement of agricultural work. This contribution sketches the emergence and development of the science of agricultural work in Europe from the 1920s to the 1960s and explores the intellectual controversies sparked by the attempts to shape farm work along the model of industrial manufacturing. The frictions and tensions between industrial ideals and agricultural idiosyncrasies not only led to a new scientific treatment of agricultural work, but also created a field of contestation between different conceptual approaches to perceiving, analysing and transforming agricultural work in the age of industrial capitalism.
THE COPERNICAN MULTIVERSE OF SETS
Authors: GORBOW PAUL K. , LEIGH GRAHAM E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe develop an untyped framework for the multiverse of set theory.
$\mathsf {ZF}$
is extended with semantically motivated axioms utilizing the new symbols
$\mathsf {Uni}(\mathcal {U})$
and
$\mathsf {Mod}(\mathcal {U, \sigma })$
, expressing that
$\mathcal {U}$
is a universe and that
$\sigma $
is true in the universe
$\mathcal {U}$
, respectively. Here
$\sigma $
ranges over the augmented language, leading to liar-style phenomena that are analyzed. The framework is both compatible with a broad range of multiverse conceptions and suggests its own philosophically and semantically motivated multiverse principles. In particular, the framework is closely linked with a deductive rule of Necessitation expressing that the multiverse theory can only prove statements that it also proves to hold in all universes. We argue that this may be philosophically thought of as a Copernican principle that the background theory does not hold a privileged position over the theories of its internal universes. Our main mathematical result is a lemma encapsulating a technique for locally interpreting a wide variety of extensions of our basic framework in more familiar theories. We apply this to show, for a range of such semantically motivated extensions, that their consistency strength is at most slightly above that of the base theory
$\mathsf {ZF}$
, and thus not seriously limiting to the diversity of the set-theoretic multiverse. We end with case studies applying the framework to two multiverse conceptions of set theory: arithmetic absoluteness and Joel D. Hamkins’ multiverse theory.
Permafrost Dynamics Observatory—Part I: Postprocessing and Calibration Methods of UAVSAR L‐Band InSAR Data for Seasonal Subsidence Estimation
Authors: Michaelides Roger J. , Chen Richard H. , Zhao Yuhuan , Schaefer Kevin , Parsekian Andrew D. , Sullivan Taylor , Moghaddam Mahta , Zebker Howard A. , Liu Lin , Xu Xingyu , Chen Jingyi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInterferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has been used to quantify a range of surface and near surface physical properties in permafrost landscapes. Most previous InSAR studies have utilized spaceborne InSAR platforms, but InSAR datasets over permafrost landscapes collected from airborne platforms have been steadily growing in recent years. Most existing algorithms dedicated toward retrieval of permafrost physical properties were originally developed for spaceborne InSAR platforms. In this study, which is the first in a two part series, we introduce a series of calibration techniques developed to apply a novel joint retrieval algorithm for permafrost active layer thickness retrieval to an airborne InSAR dataset acquired in 2017 by NASA's Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar over Alaska and Western Canada. We demonstrate how InSAR measurement uncertainties are mitigated by these calibration methods and quantify remaining measurement uncertainties with a novel method of modeling interferometric phase uncertainty using a Gaussian mixture model. Finally, we discuss the impact of native SAR resolution on InSAR measurements, the limitation of using few interferograms per retrieval, and the implications of our findings for cross‐comparison of airborne and spaceborne InSAR datasets acquired over Arctic regions underlain by permafrost.
Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Noelaerhabdaceae Algae in Culture and a Critical Evaluation of the Alkenone Paleobarometer
Authors: Phelps Samuel R. , Hennon Gwenn M. M. , Dyhrman Sonya T. , Hernández Limón María D. , Williamson Olivia M. , Polissar Pratigya J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe carbon isotope fractionation in algal organic matter (εp), including the long‐chain alkenones produced by the coccolithophorid family Noelaerhabdaceae, is used to reconstruct past atmospheric CO2 levels. The conventional proxy linearly relates εp to changes in cellular carbon demand relative to diffusive CO2 supply, with larger εp values occurring at lower carbon demand relative to supply (i.e., abundant CO2). However, the response of Gephyrocapsa oceanica, one of the dominant alkenone producers of the last few million years, has not been studied closely. Here, we subject G. oceanica to various CO2 levels by increasing pCO2 in the culture headspace, as opposed to increasing dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity concentrations at constant pH. We note no substantial change in physiology, but observe an increase in εp as carbon demand relative to supply decreases, consistent with DIC manipulations. We compile existing Noelaerhabdaceae εp data and show that the diffusive model poorly describes the data. A meta‐analysis of individual treatments (unique combinations of lab, strain, and light conditions) shows that the slope of the εp response depends on the light conditions and range of carbon demand relative to CO2 supply in the treatment, which is incompatible with the diffusive model. We model εp as a multilinear function of key physiological and environmental variables and find that both photoperiod duration and light intensity are critical parameters, in addition to CO2 and cell size. While alkenone carbon isotope ratios indeed record CO2 information, irradiance and other factors are also necessary to properly describe alkenone εp.