bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of high intensity pulsed electric fields and heat treatments on vitamins of milk
Authors: BENDICHO SILVIA , ESPACHS ALEXANDRE , ARÁNTEGUI JAVIER , MARTÍN OLGA 
Published: July 2002

The effects of high intensity pulsed electric field (HIPEF) treatments at room or moderate temperature on water-soluble (thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid) and fat-soluble vitamins (cholecalciferol and tocopherol) were evaluated and compared with conventional thermal treatments. Vitamin retention was determined in two different substrates, milk and simulated skim milk ultrafiltrate (SMUF). Samples were subjected to HIPEF treatments of up to 400 μs at field strengths from 18·3 to 27·1 kV/cm and to heat treatments of up to 60 min at temperatures from 50 to 90 °C. No changes in vitamin content were observed after HIPEF or thermal treatments except for ascorbic acid. Milk retained more ascorbic acid after a 400 μs-treatment at 22·6 kV/cm (93·4%) than after low (63 °C-30 min; 49·7% retained) or high (75 °C-15 s; 86·7% retained) heat pasteurisation treatments. Retention of ascorbic acid fitted a first-order kinetic model for both HIPEF and thermal processes. First-order constant values varied from 1·8×10−4 to 1·27×10−3 μs−1 for the HIPEF treatments (18·3–27·1 kV/cm) and, for thermal processing ranged from 5×10−3 to 8×10−2 min−1 (50–90 °C). No significant differences were found between the results obtained after applying HIPEF treatments at room or moderate temperature. However, results depended on the treatment media. A beneficial effect of natural skim milk components, mainly proteins, was observed on the preservation of ascorbic acid, since skim milk retained more ascorbic acid than SMUF after HIPEF treatments.
Complement factor B and the alternative pathway of complement activation in bovine milk
Authors: RAINARD PASCAL 
Published: July 2002

The contribution of the alternative pathway of complement activation to the capacity of normal milk to deposit C3 fragments on bacteria was tested by attempting to block C3 deposition with antibodies to the alternative pathway component factor B (fB). Factor B was purified and antibodies of the IgY class, which does not activate mammalian complement, were obtained from the egg yolk of immunized laying hens. These antibodies specifically inhibited the deposition of C3. This inhibition and the absence of deposition of C4 demonstrated that C3 deposition in normal milk resulted from the activation of the alternative pathway. Antibodies raised in rabbit were used to develop an ELISA for measuring fB concentrations in milk. The mean concentration of fB was 2·06 μg/ml (±0·18, SEM), 0·57% of the mean value found in serum (360 μg/ml). This proportion was comparable to that of serum albumin (0·63% of serum value) but less than the proportion of C3 in milk (2·71%). Nevertheless, fB was apparently not a limiting factor for the functioning of the alternative pathway, since addition of purified fB to normal milk did not improve C3 deposition. In serum, mild heat-treatment (56 °C for 3 min or 50 °C for 45 min) blocked the alternative pathway and destroyed fB, as shown by loss of antigenicity in ELISA. In milk, mild heat-treatment did not abrogate C3 deposition, and fB was protected, retaining its functionality and antigenicity. Heating at 56 °C for at least 45 min was necessary to completely inhibit C3 deposition in normal milk.
The drainage of a foam lamella
Authors: BREWARD C. J. W. , HOWELL P. D. 
Published: July 2002

We present a mathematical model for the drainage of a surfactant-stabilized foam
lamella, including capillary, Marangoni and viscous effects and allowing for diffusion,
advection and adsorption of the surfactant molecules. We use the slender geometry
of a lamella to formulate the model in the thin-film limit and perform an asymptotic
decomposition of the liquid domain into a capillary-static Plateau border, a time-dependent
thin film and a transition region between the two. By solving a quasi-steady
boundary-value problem in the transition region, we obtain the flux of liquid from
the lamella into the Plateau border and thus are able to determine the rate at which
the lamella drains.Our method is illustrated initially in the surfactant-free case. Numerical results
are presented for three particular parameter regimes of interest when surfactant is
present. Both monotonic profiles and those exhibiting a dimple near the Plateau
border are found, the latter having been previously observed in experiments. The
velocity field may be uniform across the lamella or of parabolic Poiseuille type, with
fluid either driven out along the centreline and back along the free surfaces or vice
versa. We find that diffusion may be negligible for a typical real surfactant, although
this does not lead to a reduction in order because of the inherently diffusive nature
of the fluid–surfactant interaction. Finally, we obtain the surprising result that the
flux of liquid from the lamella into the Plateau border increases as the lamella thins,
approaching infinity at a finite lamella thickness.
Geographic variation in the calling song of the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and its relevance to mate recognition and mate choice
Authors: Ferreira M. , Ferguson J. W. H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFor Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), a comparison was made of the prediction from species recognition theory that stabilizing selection acts on mate recognition traits and that of sexual selection that predicts diversifying selection on mate recognition traits. The calling songs and morphometrics of four populations of field crickets from South Africa were compared. Song characteristics generally showed less between‐population variation than did morphometric variation. This applied in particular to the song characteristics known to be important in species recognition. Within‐population variation of species recognition traits were significantly smaller than for other call traits as well as morphometric traits. This is consistent with the expectation that stabilizing selection occurs for species recognition traits within populations as well as throughout their geographical ranges. No song traits correlated significantly with body size. Our study suggests that the calling song traits involved in mate recognition lack the variation required for sexual selection to operate. However, the amount of variation inherent in some of the other song parameters of field crickets still has the potential to give rise to sexual selection based on traits other than body size.
The influence of density on post‐weaning growth in roe deer Capreolus capreolus fawns
Authors: Hewison A. J. M. , Gaillard J. M. , Angibault J. M. , Van Laere G. , Vincent J. P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn temperate ungulates, the body weight of juveniles at the onset of winter is a crucial determinant of survival and can also influence subsequent reproductive success. However, growth may be retarded post‐weaning, during winter, as a result of resource restriction and/or the demands of thermoregulation in harsh climatic conditions. Post‐weaning growth rates of juveniles were compared in relation to varying density in two populations of roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Chizé, Dourdan) monitored for 10 and 15 years, respectively. Body growth of fawns continued over the post‐weaning stage of the juvenile period (October–March) at the rate of 0.017 kg/day at Chizé and 0.014 kg/day at Dourdan. Deer density had no influence on this post‐weaning growth rate of juveniles in their first winter. However, deer born in years of high density weighed less at a given date than those born in years of low density because of their smaller body size at the onset of winter, indicating density‐dependent rates of growth before weaning. At Chizé, the sexes grew at the same rate, but sexual dimorphism was apparent as males weighed about 1 kg (8%) more than females at a given date. At Dourdan, no significant sexual dimorphism was detected, although females tended to be heavier than males at a given date. We conclude that density influences juvenile body weight (through its effect on birth weight and/or post‐natal growth rate) before weaning in this species and, despite continued growth after weaning, during winter, roe deer whose early growth is limited through interspecific competition cannot compensate for this early restriction.
The ecology and feeding biology of two Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) found to ingest the embryos of host hermit crabs (Anomura: Decapoda) from the Philippines
Authors: Williams Jason D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ecology and feeding biology of two shell‐burrowing polydorids associated with hermit crabs from the Philippines were investigated. Polydora umangivora and P. robi were found in shells of 15 and 28 gastropod species, respectively, occupied by nine hermit crab species. Polydora umangivora constructs U‐shaped burrows in the outer shell while P. robi constructs burrows in the apex of the shell, extending to an opening along the columella of the upper body whorls. Polydora umangivora and P. robi preyed upon the embryos of three and seven species, respectively, of diogenid hermit crabs collected in the field. In laboratory feeding trials, P. robi ingested up to 230 developing eggs and 70 embryos of Calcinus gaimardii over a 6‐h period. The impact of embryo predation is more apparent in hermit crab species that produce small broods of eggs (Paguristes runyanae) than in species that produce large broods of eggs (Calcinus gaimardii). Polydora robi transports the embryos to the mouth by a combination of muscular and ciliary action of the palps; ingestion follows breakage of the attachment stalk between embryo and pleopod seta. Invertebrates known and suspected to feed on host hermit crab eggs are reviewed and the evolution of polydorid/hermit crab symbioses is discussed.
Discrimination of oestrous status in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) via chemical cues in urine
Authors: Swaisgood R. R. , Lindburg D. G. , Zhang H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGiant pandas Ailuropoda melanoleuca are a solitary, seasonally mono‐oestrous species, and as such are likely to rely heavily on chemical signals to co‐ordinate mating efforts. Perhaps the most crucial chemosensory task facing male pandas is the assessment of female reproductive condition on the basis of chemical cues. To test for this ability, eight male and 10 female giant pandas were presented with urine from oestrous and non‐oestrous females. Males but not females displayed a significant investigatory preference for oestrous over non‐oestrous female urine, as indicated by sniffing and flehmen. Males also investigated, displayed flehmen, and licked female urine more than did females. These findings indicate that female urine contains chemical cues permitting discrimination of oestrous status, and probably serves a reproductive advertisement function. The prevalence of flehmen and licking by males suggests that males may rely on the vomeronasal organ to assess female reproductive condition. Female odours may play an important role in the reproductive behaviour of male giant pandas and, therefore, may have implications for captive‐breeding programmes.
Karyotype and X–Y chromosome pairing in the Sikkim vole (Microtus (Neodon) sikimensis)
Authors: Mekada Kazuyuki , Koyasu Kazuhiro , Harada Masashi , Narita Yuichi , Shrestha Krishna C. , Oda Sen‐Ichi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPairing of the X and Y chromosomes during meiotic prophase and the G‐ and C‐banding patterns were analysed in Microtus sikimensis. The karyotype of M. sikimensis from central Nepal, has 2n= 48 and FNa = 56. It has been derived from the all single‐armed karyotype of M. carruthersi through a unique course of evolution. There is a synapsis between the X and Y chromosomes at pachytene and end‐to‐end association from diakinesis to metaphase I. Microtus sikimensis has no close karyological or morphological relationship to the other synaptic species studied so far. These data confirm that several species or lineages with synaptic condition exist in the genus Microtus, and that the ancestor of Microtus had synaptic sex chromosomes.
Introduction
Authors: Corradini Andrea , Ehrig Hartmut , Rozenberg Grzegorz , Taentzer Gabriele 
Published: July 2002

This special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science is devoted to the theory
and applications of graph transformations. This research area dates back to the early
seventies and is based on mathematical techniques from graph theory, algebra, logic
and category theory. The theory of graph transformations has become attractive as a
modelling and programming paradigm for complex graphical structures in a large variety
of areas in computer science and for applications to other fields. During the Joint
APPLIGRAPH/GETGRATS Workshop on Graph Transformation Systems (GRATRA
2000) – a satellite of ETAPS 2000 in Berlin – 35 lectures were presented by participants
from all over the world. The authors of presentations that stressed the theoretical point of
view were invited to submit a full version of their presentation to Mathematical Structures
in Computer Science. After a careful refereeing process nine papers have been accepted,
seven of which are included in this special issue.The paper by Ehrenfeucht, Petre, Prescott and Rozenberg connects the important new
area of DNA computing in vivo to our area of graph transformation. An application
of hypergraph constructions to the static analysis of concurrent systems is presented
by König, and normal forms for context-free node rewriting hypergraph grammars by
Klempien-Hinrichs. The construction of pushout complements for ‘partly total algebras’
generalising attributed graphs is presented by Burmeister, Llabrés and Roselló. Finally,
Courcelle and Makowsky present operations on relational structures (generalising different
kinds of graphs and hypergraphs) that are compatible with monadic second order logic.
Four other accepted papers could not be included in this special issue because of space
limitations.They will appear in regular issues of MSCS:— R. Heckel, M. Llabrés, H. Ehrig and F. Orejas: Concurrency and loose semantics of
open graph transformation systems.— L. Helouet, C. Jard and B. Caillaud: An event structure based semantics for high-level
message sequence charts.— J. Larossa and G. Valiente: Constraint satisfaction algorithms for graph pattern
matching.— N. Verlinden and D. Janssens: Algebraic properties for Local Action Systems.We are most grateful to all the referees of these papers, to Olga Runge and Claudia
Ermel for technical support, and to Giuseppe Longo and Cambridge University Press for
fruitful cooperation in editing this special issue.
Estimation of local near‐surface wind conditions –a comparison of WASP and regression based techniques
Authors: Achberger C , Ekström M , Bärring L 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study compares the performance of different models used to assess the local wind near‐surface conditions at an agricultural site in Scania, southern Sweden. The methods are: (a) the WASP model (Wind Analysis and Application Program), (b) separate linear regressions of the two wind vector components, (c) a regression model based on vector correlation, and (d) linear regression of scalar wind. Each method was tested with three different data sets over nine months: wind measurements from the nearby Sturup airport SYNOP station, 10 m surface wind and surface geostrophic wind produced by the operational Swedish Mesoscale Analysis system (Mesan). The wind climate estimations were compared with observed winds at the field site, with respect to mean wind speed, wind direction, wind speed frequency distribution and the relative frequency of winds above 6 m s−1. All models performed reasonably well with data from Sturup and Mesan surface wind, but gave less reliable results with the Mesan geostrophic data. The estimated frequency of winds above 6 m s−1 was in general lower than the observed frequency. Overall, best results were obtained with WASP in combination with measurements from Sturup. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Using the GANDOLF system as a tool to aid the forecasting of lightning strikes
Authors: Soul K M , Archibald E J , Hardaker P J , Hounsell A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn partnership with the Environment Agency, the Met Office has developed a short‐period thunderstorm forecasting system based on a conceptual life‐cycle model of convective cells. Although originally intended to provide forecasts of intense precipitation, the model provides a mechanism for predicting other forms of severe weather phenomena associated with thunderstorms. This paper investigates the possibility of using GANDOLF to generate a forecast of lightning risk. Model life‐cycle stages are compared against observed lightning locations in order to derive a basis for forecasting risk, and this was then tested on data for three different events. The results from this initial investigation seem promising and suggest this type of approach can be effective. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
How many protected minke whales are sold in Japan and Korea? A census by microsatellite DNA profiling
Authors: Dalebout Merel L. , Lento Gina M. , Cipriano Frank , Funahashi Naoko , Baker C. Scott 
Published: July 2002

AbstractProducts from the protected East Sea/Sea of Japan (‘J’ stock) minke whales (Balaenoptera acuturostrata) are sold widely on the commercial markets of Japan and Korea despite the protection of this stock since 1986. To determine the minimum number of individual whales for sale, genotypes from six microsatellite loci were used to profile North Pacific (NP) minke whale products purchased on these markets between December 1997 and October 1999. Genotype differences showed that 99 NP minke whale products from the Japanese market represented 86 unique individuals. Of these, 33.7% were of likely J‐stock origin based on mitochondrial (mt) DNA haplotypes. In Korea, genotyping showed that 23 NP minke products from March 1999 represented 18 individuals, and 19 products from October 1999 represented 16 individuals. No matches were found between the two sampling periods, giving a total of 34 unique individuals. A frequency‐of‐capture model suggests that 98 minke whales were present on the Korean market over the two brief sampling periods. No genotype matches were confirmed between the two countries, indicating that undocumented exploitation of this depleted stock must be additive, and greater than previously assumed.
A phylogenetic supertree of the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Authors: JONES KATE E. , PURVIS ANDY , MacLARNON ANN , BININDA‐EMONDS OLAF R. P. , SIMMONS NANCY B. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTWe present the first estimate of the phylogenetic relationships among all 916 extant and nine recently extinct species of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera), a group that accounts for almost one‐quarter of extant mammalian diversity. This phylogeny was derived by combining 105 estimates of bat phylogenetic relationships published since 1970 using the supertree construction technique of Matrix Representation with Parsimony (MRP). Despite the explosive growth in the number of phylogenetic studies of bats since 1990, phylogenetic relationships in the order have been studied non‐randomly. For example, over one‐third of all bat systematic studies to date have focused on relationships within Phyllostomidae, whereas relationships within clades such as Kerivoulinae and Murinae have never been studied using cladistic methods. Resolution in the supertree similarly differs among clades: overall resolution is poor (46.4% of a fully bifurcating solution) but reaches 100% in some groups (e.g. relationships within Mormoopidae). The supertree analysis does not support a recent proposal that Microchiroptera is paraphyletic with respect to Megachiroptera, as the majority of source topologies support microbat monophyly. Although it is not a substitute for comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of primary molecular and morphological data, the bat supertree provides a useful tool for future phylogenetic comparative and macroevolutionary studies. Additionally, it identifies clades that have been little studied, highlights groups within which relationships are controversial, and like all phylogenetic studies, provides preliminary hypotheses that can form starting points for future phylogenetic studies of bats.
Enhanced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and caveolin‐1 in human cirrhosis
Authors: Yokomori Hiroaki , Oda Masaya , Ogi Mariko , Sakai Kaoru , Ishii Hiromasa 
Published: July 2002

Abstract:  Background/aims: Nitric oxide is synthesized in diverse mammalian tissues by a family of calmodulin‐dependent nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Caveolin, the principal structural protein in caveolae, interacts with endothelial NOS (eNOS) leading to enzyme inhibition by a reversible process modulated by Ca++ ‐calmodulin. The aim of the present study was to examine the localizations of eNOS and caveolin‐1 at protein level in normal human liver tissue, and how the expressions are altered in cirrhotic liver.Methods: Fresh liver specimens were obtained from hepatic surgeries. Normal portions resected from cases of carcinoma metastasized to the liver were used as control specimens, and cirrhotic portions resected from cases of hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis C‐related cirrhosis were used as cirrhotic specimens. Anti‐eNOS and anticaveolin‐1 antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Immunoelectron microscopy was conducted on ultra thin sections using immunoglobulin–gold combined with silver staining.Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that both eNOS and caveolin‐1 were sparsely expressed on hepatic sinusoidal lining in normal liver specimens, and these findings were confirmed by Western blot. Both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting demonstrated over‐expression of eNOS and caveolin‐1 in cirrhotic liver specimens. Morphometric analysis of immunogold particle labeling for eNOS and caveolin‐1 was performed on immunoelectron micrographs. In normal liver tissue, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) expressed low levels of caveolin‐1, and SEC expressed a very low level of eNOS. In cirrhotic liver, both caveolin‐1 and eNOS expressions were significantly increased by approximately four‐fold on SEC compared to normal liver.Conclusion: In cirrhotic human liver, marked increase of caveolin‐1 in perisinusoidal cells may promote caveolin‐eNOS binding and reduce the activity of eNOS despite an increased eNOS expression, leading to impaired NO production and increased hepatic microvascular tone.
Quantitative testing of liver function compared to prognostic scores in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Herold Christoph , Ganslmayer Marion , Deynet Christine , Hahn Eckhart G. , Schuppan Detlef 
Published: July 2002

Abstract:  Aim: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a slowly progressive liver disease which can lead to cirrhosis. We investigated if quantitative tests of liver function (QTLF) and serum levels of a surrogate marker of hepatic fibrogenesis (PIIINP) provide information in addition to established prognostic scores.Methods: In 34 PBC patients PIIINP, PBC‐relevant parameters, histological staging and QTLF at entry and at 2 years were determined and compared with the Christensen (CPS I, CPS II) and Mayo prognosis score. QTLF included aminopyrine breath test, galactose elimination capacity, sorbitol and indocyanine green clearance.Results: Bilirubin, serum IgM and PIIINP were elevated at both time points, whereas albumin and prothrombin time remained normal. Clinical findings (ascites, cirrhosis, central cholestasis) and histological staging worsened after 2 years, as did the CPS II. However, QTLF, PIIINP, CPS I and the Mayo score revealed no significant changes.Conclusions: Only CPS II changed after 2 years, whereas CPS I and the Mayo score remained unaltered. QTLF and PIIINP did not provide any further information on progression of PBC, suggesting that QTLF cannot predict prognosis of PBC patients in a two‐year interval and that CPS II is superior to CPS I and the Mayo score in short‐term studies for PBC.