bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultra high efficiency/low pressure supercritical fluid chromatography (UHE/LP‐SFC) for triglyceride analysis: Identification, quantification, and classification of vegetable oils
Authors: Lesellier Eric , Latos Anna , West Caroline 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTriglycerides of vegetable oils have been extensively studied. Non‐aqueous reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and silver‐ion chromatography are most frequently used to achieve their separation. In previous works, we presented the use of supercritical fluid chromatography with long columns (75 cm) packed with fused‐core particles to provide ultra‐high‐performance separations, with a low‐toxicity fluid (carbon dioxide) compared to the usual liquid‐phase methods. In the present paper, we describe the quantification of triglycerides with supercritical fluid chromatography and evaporative light‐scattering detection. Thanks to the isocratic elution mode, this quantification can be simplified, assuming (a) identical response coefficients for compounds having a close structure, (as only triglycerides are quantified), and (b) constancy of the response coefficient along the analysis (no elution gradient). Therefore, the relative concentrations of triglycerides were easily assessed. Only one calibration curve for one reference compound (in this case triolein) was required. The resulting relative concentrations are in good accordance with the numerous publications available. Relative quantification with UV detection at 210 nm is also proposed, facilitated by the very low UV absorption of carbon dioxide and with a calibration curve taking account of the variation of UV response according to double bond number. Nineteen vegetable oils are compared. The identification of triglycerides was carried out based on previous knowledge of these oils, but also with the help of a Goiffon retention diagram, based on the relationship between the logarithm of retention factor and the total double bond number. Finally, cluster analyses were computed, based on evaporative light‐scattering detection or UV quantification data. They allow a quick comparison of the triglyceride content between the oils, in the goal to exchange one by the other for certain applications, or to compare a new oil to well‐known ones.
Chlorophyllase‐Catalyzed Chlorophyll Removal from Vegetable Oils Using Recombinant Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Enzymes
Authors: Sharafi Ebrahim , Dehestani Ali , Farmani Jamshid , Parizi Ali Pakdin , Taheri‐Kafrani Asghar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractChlorophyllase converts chlorophyll and pheophytin into their colorless derivatives (chlorophyllide/pheophorbide and phytol). This activity can be used in chlorophyll removal from vegetable oils. Chlorophyllase genes from Oscillatoria acuminata (OscChlase) and Citrus aurantium (CitChlase) were isolated, cloned, and expressed in E. coli. Bioinformatics analysis showed that both chlorophyllases shared a conserved GHSXG lipase motif responsible for their catalytic activity. SDS‐PAGE and immunoblot assays revealed that both enzymes had a molecular weight of 35 kDa. The purified chlorophyllases were stable at a broad range of temperatures and showed the highest activity at 40 °C. OscChlase and CitChlase exhibited the highest activity at pH 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. Enzyme kinetics analysis revealed that OscChlase was able to hydrolyze bacteriochlorophyll‐a more efficiently than the recombinant CitChlase (Vmax/Km of 0.38 for OscChlase vs. 0.01 min−1 mg protein for CitChlase). Instead, CitChlase hydrolyzed chlorophyll‐b more efficiently than OscChlase. Both enzymes were able to reduce the chlorophyll content of olive (from 623.1 to as low as 87.2 mg per kg oil) and canola oil (from 537.2 to as low as 101.1 mg per kg oil). The ratio of oil to the aqueous reaction media affected chlorophyll hydrolysis (P < 0.05). The lower the oil ratio was (10%), the higher the chlorophyll removal was (75–86%). The efficiency of CitChlase in chlorophyll removal was higher than that of OscChlase at oil ratios of 10 and 20, but lower at 30% ratio (P < 0.05). This is the first report on the application of recombinant OscChlase and CitChlase in chlorophyll removal (up to 86%) from vegetable oils.
The protein challenge: matching future demand and supply in Indonesia
Authors: Sari Yessie W , Widyarani  , Sanders Johan P M , Heeres Hero J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIndonesia has the fourth largest population in the world and in the coming years food production will need to catch up with its growth. To fulfill the protein demand of this growing population, the productivity of the Indonesian agricultural sector should be increased. This can be achieved either by expanding the agricultural land or by increasing the productivity of existing agricultural land and protein use efficiency. An expansion of agricultural land is not always possible or desirable: large parts of Indonesia comprise forest areas, including tropical rain forests. Consequently, the optimization of the use of existing agricultural land is inevitable. The present manuscript describes and discusses the current protein consumption and production in Indonesia. It presents the levels predicted for 2035, which would imply a strong gap between consumption and production. Alternatives therefore need to be considered to avoid protein shortage in the future. These would include the use of new biomass resources, utilization of agricultural residues as alternative protein sources for feed and other nonfood applications, and biorefining of biomass sources. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Catalytic valorization of lignocellulosics: from bulk biofuels to value‐added chemicals
Authors: Zhang Shen , Yu Youfang , Sheng Kuichuan , Liu Jianglong , E Shuang , Jin Caidi , Xu Zenghua , Zhang Ximing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLignocellulose is a key starting material for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. This review discusses various catalytic systems, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems, for biomass valorization. Different strategies of biomass‐derived catalyst systems for value‐added chemicals are evaluated. Novel strategies for using biomass‐derived carbon‐based catalysts are proposed as a potential way to make the valorization process economically viable. This review also provides a comprehensive assessment of the fabrication of biomass‐derived carbon as catalytic support for biorefinery applications and discussion about mechanism of the synergistic catalytic effect between the biochar and catalyst. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Hemosiderotic dermatofibroma mimicking melanoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Li Changzhao , Allen Hunter , Loxas Margarita , Sharma Poonam 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHemosiderotic dermatofibroma (HDF) often mimics melanoma clinically. A definite diagnosis relies on histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry. As it can progress to aneurysmal dermatofibroma (ADF), complete excision is recommended.
Simultaneous hot and cold thyroid nodules: Which is malignant?
Authors: Otsuka Yuki , Nakano Yasuhiro , Omura Daisuke , Iwamoto Takayuki , Hayashi Ruiko , Otsuka Fumio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPhysicians should be aware of the risk of malignancy in patients with toxic multinodular goiter. Radionuclide scan cannot be used to predict the malignant potential of thyroid nodules. A comprehensive evaluation of imaging studies is needed.
Recycling of Graphite Anode from Spent Lithium‐ion Batteries for Preparing Fe‐N‐doped Carbon ORR Catalyst
Authors: Ruan Dingshan , Zou Ke , Du Ke , Wang Fengmei , Wu Lin , Zhang Zhenhua , Wu Xiaofeng , Hu Guorong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this work, we recycled anode graphite of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LiBs) to prepare an ORR electrocatalyst applied in fuel cells. The discarded graphite was used as a carbon carrier and doped with N and Fe via simple pyrolysis with polyaniline and iron salt. Importantly, in comparison with the commercial Pt/C catalyst, the obtained catalyst exhibits better catalytic activity, methanol resistance and durability. Currently, fuel cells and lithium‐ion batteries are served as two major energy sources in vehicles. This work provides a novel guideline for recycling the graphite anode of LiBs and paves a way forward for the application of a superior and low‐cost electrocatalyst in fuels.
Dynamic Optimization of Autocatalytic Esterification in a Semi‐batch Reactor
Authors: Rohman Fakhrony Sholahudin , Sata Suhairi Abdul , Othman Mohd Roslee , Aziz Norashid 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDynamic optimization of autocatalytic esterification in a semi‐batch reactor was employed to identify the most robust optimization method. Techniques such as control vector parameterization, orthogonal collocation, and multiple shooting were selected, compared, and analyzed. Three objective functions were considered, namely, maximizing conversion, minimizing final time, and maximizing operation profit using multiple input parameters, i.e., feed rate and temperature. Results from the dynamic optimization indicated that the most effective feed flow rate and temperature trajectory were demonstrated by the orthogonal collocation. The maximum conversion, minimum final time, and maximum profit from this approach were determined.
How the Physicochemical Properties of the Bulk Material Affect the Ablation Crater Profile, Mass Balance, and Bubble Dynamics During Single‐Pulse, Nanosecond Laser Ablation in Water
Authors: Kalus Mark‐Robert , Barcikowski Stephan , Gökce Bilal 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the key steps that drive the laser‐based synthesis of colloids is a prerequisite for learning how to optimize the ablation process in terms of nanoparticle output and functional design of the nanomaterials. Even though many studies focus on cavitation bubble formation using single‐pulse ablation conditions, the ablation efficiency and nanoparticle properties are typically investigated under prolonged ablation conditions with repetition rate lasers. Linking single‐pulse and multiple‐pulse ablation is difficult due to limitations induced by gas formation cross‐effects, which occur on longer timescales and depend on the target materials’ oxidation‐sensitivity. Therefore, this study investigates the ablation and cavitation bubble dynamics under nanosecond, single laser pulse conditions for six different bulk materials (Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Ti, and Al). Also, the effective threshold fluences, ablation volumes, and penetration depths are quantified for these materials. The thermal and chemical properties of the corresponding bulk materials not only favor the formation of larger spot sizes but also lead to the highest molar ablation efficiencies for low melting materials such as aluminum. Furthermore, the concept of the cavitation bubble growth linked with the oxidation sensitivity of the ablated material is discussed. With this, evidence is provided that intensive chemical reactions occurring during the very early timescale of ablation are significantly enhanced by the bubble collapse.
Hydrothermal‐Induced Formation of Well‐Defined Hollow Carbons with Curvature‐Activated N−C Sites for Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Li Chunxiao , Xu Wanli , Ye Liangwen , Liu Jingjun , Wang Feng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMetal‐free carbons have been regarded as one of the promising materials alternatives to precious‐metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to their high activity and stability. In this paper, well‐defined N‐doped hollow carbons (NHCs) are firstly synthesized by using an ammonia‐based hydrothermal synthesis that is environmentally friendly and suitable for mass production in industry and a commercial black carbon as raw material. Moreover, the shell thickness of the NHCs can be easily tuned by this hydrothermal strategy. Zn–air battery test results reveal shell thickness‐dependent activity and durability for ORR over the NHCs, which exceeds that obtained by commercial Pt/C (20 wt %). The enhanced battery performance can be attributed to the curvature‐activated N–C moieties on the hollow carbon surface, which served as the main active sites for ORR as evidenced by DFT calculations. The proposed approach may open a way for designing curved hollow carbons with high graphitization degree and dopant nitrogen level for metal–air batteries or fuel cells.
Characterization of the Simplest Thiolimine: The Higher Energy Tautomer of Thioformamide
Authors: Bernhardt Bastian , Dressler Friedemann , Eckhardt André K. , Becker Jonathan , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs sulfur‐containing organic molecules thioamides and their isomers are conceivable intermediates in prebiotic chemistry, for example, in the formation of amino acids and thiazoles and resemble viable candidates for detection in interstellar media. Here, we report the characterization of parent thioformamide in the solid state via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and its photochemical interconversion to its hitherto unreported higher energy tautomer thiolimine in inert argon and dinitrogen matrices. Upon photogeneration, four conformers of thiolimine form, whose ratio depends on the employed wavelength. One of these conformers interconverts due to quantum mechanical tunneling with a half‐life of 30–45 min in both matrix materials at 3 and 20 K. A spontaneous reverse reaction from thiolimine to thioformamide is not observed. To support our experimental findings, we explored the potential energy surface of the system at the AE‐CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pCVTZ level of theory and computed tunneling half‐lives with the CVT/SCT approach applying DFT methods.
Eventually consistent distributed ledger despite degraded atomic broadcast
Authors: Bénassy Grégory , Ooshita Fukuhito , Inoue Michiko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe distributed ledger or blockchain technologies originated from the Bitcoin have been rapidly widespread in recent years. However, it also gives incentive to malicious users who would like to break the system or take advantage of it (steal money, hide some information stored in the ledger, isolate a particular node from the rest of the network, and so forth). Thus, research focusing on overcoming potential attacks to distributed ledgers is required. In this article, we focus on attacks that damage underlying networks of distributed ledgers. Underlying networks offer useful communication primitives such as an atomic broadcast, however, such attacks may degrade the property of the primitives and make distributed ledgers relying on the primitives no longer work. Hence we should design algorithms to make the distributed ledgers still work even when some attacks degrade the primitives. As the first study for such situations, we consider a problem to implement distributed ledgers tolerating the degradation of an underlying atomic broadcast service that distributed ledgers are relying on. We consider the case where the uniform agreement property of the atomic broadcast is degraded, and propose new algorithms that could ensure to reach eventual consistency despite degraded atomic broadcast.
Differential MCMI‐III psychopathological profiles between intimate partner violence perpetrators with and without childhood family violence
Authors: Siria Sandra , Fernández‐Montalvo Javier , Echauri Jose A. , Arteaga Alfonso , Azkárate Juana M. , Martínez María 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study explored the differential prevalence of personality disorders (PD) and clinical syndromes between male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) with and without a history of childhood family violence (CFV). A sample of 981 perpetrators of IPV was assessed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐III (MCMI‐III). Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and MCMI‐III scales' scores between perpetrators with (n = 293) and without (n = 688) CFV were carried out. Results showed that IPV perpetrators with CFV had a lower level of education, were less frequently employed, and had higher rates of previous psychiatric history than perpetrators without CFV. Statistically significant differences between groups in almost all the MCMI‐III scales were found. Perpetrators with CFV presented with higher scores on most of the evaluated scales and showed a more severe psychopathological profile than perpetrators without CFV. The multivariate analysis showed that the main MCMI‐III domains related to CFV were higher scores on the disclosure and alcohol dependence scales and lower scores on the passive‐aggressive scale. These findings reveal that CFV is associated with a more severe psychopathological profile in perpetrators of IPV. In order to develop tailored interventions, the presence of CFV and psychopathological symptoms should be assessed in IPV perpetrators.
Laboratory Maintenance and Culture of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Fungus That Causes Bat White‐Nose Syndrome
Authors: Blehert David S. , Lorch Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPseudogymnoascus destructans is a fungal pathogen that causes white‐nose syndrome, an emerging and fatal disease of North American bats that has led to unprecedented population declines. As a psychrophile, P. destructans is adapted to infect bats during winter hibernation, when host metabolic activity and core body temperature are greatly reduced. The ability to maintain and cultivate isolates of P. destructans in the laboratory is necessary for conducting research with this fungus. This article describes protocols for culturing P. destructans from bat wing skin and soil, for cryopreserving the fungus, and for preparing liquid suspensions for laboratory experimentation. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 18 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Isolating Pseudogymnoascus destructans from bat wing skinBasic Protocol 2: Isolating Pseudogymnoascus destructans from soilBasic Protocol 3: Cryopreservation of Pseudogymnoascus destructansBasic Protocol 4: Preparing liquid conidial suspension of Pseudogymnoascus destructans
Better spectral efficiency of device to device underlying massive multi‐input multi‐output using receiver filter algorithm and power control model
Authors: Heydari Faezeh , Ghazi‐Maghrebi Saeed , Shahzadi Ali , Rastegar Fatemi Mohammad Jalal 
Published: January 2021

SummaryBenefits of device to device (D2D) underlying massive multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) cellular networks are noticeable in the fifth generation (5G) of mobile broadband networks. However, the interference of such coexistence from massive MIMO and D2D, due to resource sharing between cellular users and D2D users, should be decreased. Because of this issue, the spectral efficiency of such networks will be reduced. The challenges of such networks are to control the transmit power of their users and to mitigate cellular‐to‐D2D and D2D‐to‐cellular interferences. In this paper, we introduce two techniques to enhance the performance of these systems. Since, we propose a linear receiver filter with a special structure in such coexistence network to increase intended signal and then to increase spectral efficiency. Also, in this research, to decrease the whole interference, by explaining power sets for cellular and D2D transmitter for various distance intervals, we apply an open loop power control approach in the uplink as a suboptimal solution. This solution is a closed‐form solution and is often more useful and take lower time than the optimal solution. Also, we analyze spectral efficiency for the cellular uplink of such networks with the proposed frameworks. Numerical results approve that the two proposed techniques decrease the interferences. Simulation results demonstrate an enhancement in the cellular spectral efficiency.
Simulation investigation of the effect of various exhaust gas recirculation temperatures and amounts on the exergy terms in a direct injection diesel engine fueled by diesel/biodiesel
Authors: Jafarmadar Samad , Amini Niaki Seyed Reza 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecently, applying biodiesel as an alternative fuel to improve the combustion stability in combination with implementing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to bring in‐cylinder temperature under control has come under focus. Exergy analysis deals with the energy lost because of the irreversibilities and heat transfer across the combustion chamber. The present study investigates the effect of the various EGR amounts and temperatures on diesel/biodiesel combustion in a turbocharged direct injection diesel engine from the exergy analysis standpoint. The employed biodiesel percentages are considered at two levels, 0 and 20% (i.e., B0 and B20). The rates of EGR amount are 0, 5, 10, 13, and 20%, which are inducted into the combustion chamber at various temperatures of 370, 395, 575, 735, and 825 K. The results revealed that the higher EGR implementation at higher temperature had reduced the accumulative (acc) work and fuel burn exergies as well as irreversibility. In contrast, the total fuel and acc heat loss exergies are increased. The maximum and minimum acc exergy losses are detected for B0‐EGR20‐835 K and B0‐EGR5‐370 K, respectively.
Local meteoric water lines describe extratropical precipitation
Authors: Smith Devin F. , Saelens Elsa , Leslie Deborah L. , Carey Anne E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractStable water isotopes δ18O and δ2H are used to investigate precipitation trends and storm dynamics to advance knowledge of precipitation patterns in a warming world. Herein, δ18O and δ2H were used to determine the relationship between extratropical cyclonic precipitation and local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) in the eastern Ohio Valley and the eastern United States. Precipitation volume weighted and unweighted central Ohio LMWLs, created with samples collected during 2012–2018, showed that temperature had the greatest effect on precipitation isotopic composition. HYSPLIT back trajectory modelling showed that precipitation was primarily derived from a mid‐continental moisture source. Remnants of major hurricanes were collected as extratropical precipitation during the 2012–2018 sampling period in central Ohio. Extratropical precipitation samples were not significantly different from the samples that created the central Ohio LMWL. Six additional LMWLs were derived from United States Geological Survey (USGS) Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) samples collected in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Tennessee, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Oxford, Ohio. Meteoric water lines describing published samples from Superstorm Sandy, plotted with these AIRMoN LMWLs, showed isotopic composition of Superstorm Sandy precipitation was commonly more depleted than the average isotopic composition at the mid‐latitude locations. Meteoric water lines describing the Superstorm Sandy precipitation were not significantly different in slope from LMWLs generated within 300 km of the USGS AIRMoN site. This finding, which was observed across the eastern Ohio Valley and eastern United States, demonstrated a consistent precipitation δ2H–δ18O relationship for extratropical cyclonic and non‐cyclonic events. This work also facilitates the analysis of storm development based on the relationship between extratropical event signature and the LMWL. Analysis of extratropical precipitation in relation to LMWLs along storm tracks allows for stronger development of precipitation models and understanding of which climatic and atmospheric factors determine the isotopic composition of precipitation.