bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary and Physical Activity Factors in Overweight and Obese Adolescents At Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wagner Kelly , Horan Diarmuid , Smith Lisa , Hamilton Marc , Delp Edward , Boushey Carol , Hannon Tamara , Gletsu‐Miller Nana 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveOverweight youth are at increased risk for prediabetes, characterized by elevated plasma glucose concentrations that do not reach the threshold for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Modifiable risk factors include dietary and physical activity behaviors which impact glycemia. As part of a pilot and feasibility study to prevent T2D via a lifestyle intervention, we aim to evaluate baseline dietary and physical activity factors and examine how these factors are related to measures of glycemia.Methods: Eligible participants are overweight youth (body mass index [BMI] > 85th percentile; 10‐21 years). Dietary intake, physical activity and sedentary behavior are assessed using electronic monitoring techniques which have been validated in adolescents (4 days using Technology Assisted Dietary Assessment™ and 7 days using activPAL™, respectively). Glycemic status is assessed during a 2‐hour oral glucose tolerance test.Results: To date, 8 participants (5 females, BMI 29.4‐51.5 kg/m2) have been screened and 4 had prediabetes. Dietary and activity behaviors are reported.

Mean
Range (% of Recommendations)

Energy Intake (kcal)
1521
N/A

Fat (g)
72.5
68 ‐ 148 %

Saturated Fat (g)
25.5
94 ‐ 174 %

Total Sugar (g)
101.5
N/A

Fiber (g)
13.8
39 ‐64 %

Fruit (cups)
1.0
7 ‐ 133%

Vegetables (cups)
2.3
32 ‐ 152 %

Whole Grains (oz)
1.3
0 ‐ 103 %

Sweetened Drinks (8 fl oz)
1.2
N/A

Sedentary Activity (hour:min, excluding sleep)
10:12
N/A

Light Activity (hour:min)
0.59
N/A

Moderate/Vigorous Activity (hour:min)
0.38
35 ‐ 82 %

ConclusionFindings demonstrate inadequacy with regards to meeting recommendations for dietary and activity behavior. We expect to identify specific diet and activity behaviors that can be targeted in an intervention to prevent T2D in youth. (Indiana CTSI #UL1TR001108)
Investigation of Portion Size Calculations for The Measurement of Glycemic Response to Foods
Authors: Bordenave Nicolas , Kock Lindsay , Abernathy Mengyue , Parcon Jason , Gulvady Apeksha , van Klinken B Jan‐Willem , Kasturi Prabhakar 
Published: June 2021

Glycemic response to foods being measured as the concentration of blood glucose over time, we assumed here that adequate food portion sizes for clinical trials should be normalized by the amounts of monosaccharides resulting from digestion of foods carbohydrates. Our objective was to critically evaluate this assumption against current practices and recommendations for determination of food portions to be fed to subjects in clinical trials aimed at evaluating glycemic response to foods. Portion sizes were calculated and compared for 140 food samples, based on their label information (current practice), their actual available carbohydrate content (current recommendation) and the amount of monosaccharides yielded by digestion of their actual available carbohydrate content (reference). While the current method of portion size calculation generally yields equivalent amounts of monosaccharides from different food samples, it results in significant under‐ or over‐feeding of carbohydrates in 10% of tested cases, against the targeted reference dosage. Also, while the current recommendation for portion size calculation ensures standardized feeding of available digestible carbohydrates from different food samples regardless of their form, it results in significantly different yields of monosaccharides in 24% of tested cases. We recommend accounting for the amount of monosaccharides yielded by the digestive breakdown of the actual available carbohydrate content of foods as a reference for portion size calculation in clinical trials.
Compound heterozygous mutations elicit congenital lactase deficiency in a Japanese infant
Authors: Diekmann Lena , Pfeiffer Katrin , Naim Hassan 
Published: June 2021

Congenital lactase deficiency (CLD) is a rare severe autosomal recessive disorder, with symptoms like watery diarrhea, meteorism and malnutrition, which start a few days after birth by the onset of nursing. The most common rationales identified for this disorder are missense mutations or premature stop codons in the coding region of the lactase‐phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) gene. Recently, two heterozygous mutations, c.4419C>G (p.Y1473X) in exon 10 and c.5387delA (p.D1796fs) in exon 16, have been identified within the coding region of LPH in a Japanese infant with CLD.Here, we investigate the influence of these mutations on the structure, biosynthesis and function of LPH. We show that both mutant proteins are mannose‐rich glycosylated proteins that are not capable of exiting the endoplasmic reticulum. These mutant proteins are misfolded and turnover studies show that they are ultimately degraded. The enzymatic activities of these mutant forms are not detectable, despite the presence of lactase and phlorizin active sites in the polypeptide backbone of LPH‐D1796fs and LPH‐Y1473X respectively. Interestingly, wild type LPH retains its complete enzymatic activity and intracellular transport competence in the presence of the pathogenic mutants suggesting that heterozygote carriers presumably do not show symptoms related to CLD.Our study strongly suggests that the onset of severe forms of CLD is elicited by mutations in the LPH gene that occur in either a compound heterozygous or homozygous pattern of inheritance.
An analysis of dietary restraint and obesity using a dynamic model of cumulative food intake curves
Authors: Thomas Diana , Nduati Ann Nduati , Martin Corby 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundIn 1980, Kissileff et al. developed the universal eating monitor permitting investigators to calculate cumulative food intake curves. In this landmark study, cumulative food intake curves were fit using linear and quadratic functions. Yet, these models are artificial since cumulative food intake will never decrease, but rather saturate toward a carrying capacity.Methods: We used the Verhulst differential equation model that describes rapid growth followed by saturation to a carrying capacity and estimated model parameters for different food intake curves. The Verhulst model consists of two parameters, r (exponential growth rate) and the carrying capacity (K). Model parameters were calculated for unrestrained and restrained eaters who were guided to eat 1) as much as they feel comfortable with and 2) and as much as you can.Results: Model parameters were r=0.04, K=1500 g for the unrestrained eat as much as you can condition, and r=0.14, K=450 g for the unrestrained eat as much as you feel comfortable with condition. For restrained eaters, the eat as much as you can condition yielded r=0.05, K=1100 g while the eat as much as you feel comfortable with condition generated the parameters r=0.06, K=800 g.ConclusionNormalizing all cumulative food intake curves differentiated unrestrained eaters who were directed to eat as much as they could from all other scenarios. Mechanistically, the exponential growth rate parameter, r, associated with early increases in the rate of food intake was nearly three times larger than growth rates in all other cases. Identifying and classifying individuals who exhibit a high value of r can be useful for detecting and potentially changing eating rates to decrease energy intake.
Effect of High Concentration Lipid Diet Supplemented with n‐3 PUFA, on Serum Fatty Acid Profiles of Growing Rats
Authors: Perris Paula , Silva Carolina , Fernandez Inés , Slobodianik Nora , Feliu María 
Published: June 2021

Diet lipid profile is important to prevent chronic diseases and improve the quality of life of individuals. The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of high concentration lipid diet supplemented with EPA and DHA, on serum fatty acid profiles of growing rats.Weanling Wistar rats were fed during 40 days with experimental diet containing 45kcal% fat provided by butter (B group) and another group (BS) receive the same diet but supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Control group(C) received normocaloric diet according to AIN´93. Serum fatty acids profiles were determined by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis used ANOVA and Dunnett as post‐test. Results of fatty acids profiles expressed as area%±SD (*p<0.01) were: Palmitic acid: BS:24,76*±2,19; B:20,63*±2,54; C:16,08±2,15. Oleic acid: BS:16,52*±2,67; B:20,37*±2,23; C:11,29±2,27. Linoleic acid: BS:9,43*±0,49; B:9,79*±1,12; C:16,18±5,24. Alfa linolenic acid: BS:0,50±0,15; B:0,50±0,12; C:0.78±0,22. Araquidonic acid: BS:9,86*±1,69; B:10,77*±1,14; C:17,60±2,83. EPA: BS:2,91*±0,62; B:1,07±0,23; C:1,13±0,53. DHA: BS:3,98*±0,58; B:2,76±0,39; C:2,22±0,75.The results of experimental groups suggested an increase of saturated fatty acids and ω9 fatty acids with diminution of ω6 fatty acids. BS group showed high levels of EPA and DHA in response to the supplementation. Diet lipids provoked changes in serum fatty acids profile of growing rats. Supported by UBACyT20020120200068
The Effects of Pistachio Consumption on Erythrocyte Membrane Lipids, Dietary Changes, and Satiety in Healthy College‐Aged Females
Authors: Burns‐Whitmore Bonny , Roy Soma , Bushnell Alison , Towne Amy , Hall Laura 
Published: June 2021

Research on pistachio consumption of erythrocyte membrane lipids, diet, and satiety is limited. Thus, we sought to investigate the effects of pistachio consumption on these outcomes in healthy females (n=48, age=21±0.51).We utilized a free‐living crossover design: two 10wk treatment periods; pistachios added (20% of kcals) (PT), a no‐pistachio control treatment, and a 15wk washout at both campuses. Measurements were taken at beginning and end of each treatment and nine randomized diet and satiety records (Visual Analog Scale) per treatment collected. Diet was analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research software. Data were analyzed by mixed effects model.Neither treatment had significant effects on erythrocyte membrane lipids; however, the PT membranes contained more PUFA, total EFAs, as well as EPA and DHA. Dietary relationship trends for membrane incorporation indicate dietary pistachio MUFA and PUFA positively influence membrane lipids. PT diet data indicated a significant (P<0.001) increase of dietary total MUFA, total PUFA, insoluble fiber, gamma‐tocopherol, vitamin B6, copper, potassium, and decreased glycemic index. PT satiety data significantly indicated that when pistachios are consumed there was less hunger, participants were more satisfied, and felt more full when they consume pistachios than when they did not consume pistachios.Inclusion of 20% of kcals as pistachios in the diet may potentially increase lipid erythrocyte membrane concentrations, improve dietary nutrient intake, increase satiety, and decrease hunger and cravings.
Protein Status Modulates the Hedonic Value of Protein Meals in Rat
Authors: Chaumontet Catherine , Recio Isidra , Darcel Nicolas , Fromentin Gilles , Tome Daniel 
Published: June 2021

Protein is an indispensable component of the diet and a low protein status usually induces preferences fo rprotein‐rich food in animal and in human. This study hypothesized that these preferences involve a modulation of the activity of the hedonic reward system.MethodsMale adult Wistar rats received ad‐libitum for 15 days a normoprotein (NP) or a low‐protein (P6) diet containing either 14% or 6% protein as energy, and were trained to receive a morning calibrated meal. The last day of the feeding period each group was separated in 3 subgroups, which received a morning calibrated P6, NP or high‐protein (HP: 55% protein as energy) meal. The brain was removed 90 minutes after the meal and activation of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a brain area implicated in the reward system, was estimated by immunofluorescence staining of c‐Fos protein.ResultsFood intake was not different between groups but body weight gain was lower in P6 compared to NP‐diet rats. In the NP‐diet group, the HP and P6 meals both induced lower NAcc activation compared to the NP meal (NP>HP,P6). In the P6‐diet group, postprandial NAcc activation correlated with the protein content of the meal (HP>NP>P6), and it was significantly higher compared to NP‐diet rats after the HP and NP meals and remains low following P6 meal, respectively.DiscussionIn a situation of protein deficiency the preferences for protein could be related to higher hedonic value of protein‐containing meals. In contrast, protein sufficiency lowers the hedonic value of protein‐containing meals.
Quick Service Restaurant (Fast) Food and Obesity: A systematic review of human studies
Authors: Idigo Adeniyi , Brown Andrew , Jeansonne Madeline , Kell Kenneth , Allison David 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUNDSome hypothesize that quick service restaurant food (QSRF; i.e., fast‐food) uniquely contributes to obesity. Here, we present preliminary characterizations of scientific reports on the relationship between QSRF and obesity.METHODSWe searched for primary research in English that tested relationships between QSRF and anthropometry in humans. This generated 3,394 papers that were evaluated by at least two of the authors, yielding a current inclusion of 22 theses and 178 journal articles.RESULTSFrom 200 papers included, 75 (37.5%) specified their own definitions of QSRF, while in 70 (35%) QSRF was unclearly defined and thus may be confounded. Anthropometry was directly measured by researchers in 112 (56%) studies. Presently, 699 analyses were extracted based on having unique populations, primary outcomes and/or greatest inferential strength. Of these, there were 118 (16.9%) longitudinal analyses and only 1 (0.14% of analyses; 0.5% of papers) randomized control trial, which was the only study declaring solely industry funding. Funding was not disclosed in 68 (28.3%) of the papers, and only 4 (1.7%) reported some industry funding. Corresponding authors were predominantly affiliated with the United States (119; 59.5%). ConclusionsFew studies used designs providing meaningful causal inference on the relationship between QSRF and obesity, and most have varied or non‐standard definitions of QSRF. Forthcoming meta‐analyses of these results should help inform future directions for QSRF‐obesity research. PROSPERO #: CRD42013006170 NIH P30DK056336
Uncertain Effects of Beta‐Carotene Supplementation on Oxidation: a Meta‐Regression Analysis of Lag Time to Absorption
Authors: Vecchio Maria Gabriella , Minto Clara , Gregori Dario 
Published: June 2021

Backgroundβ‐carotene has the capability to delay oxidative processes having beneficial effects in preventing cancer and CVDs. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a meta‐analysis of clinical studies, the association between β‐carotene supplementation and lipid oxidation MethodsArticles published until September 2014 were collected using Pubmed.The search string was “Vitamins” limited to “clinical trials” and “humans”.18091 records were retrieved.Out of them,studies with detailed information of dose of β‐Carotene,Lag Time and Duration were retrained for the analysis.A meta‐regression model for Lag Time and another separate for Maximal Oxidation Rate(MOR)has been estimated using Generalized Least Squares, accounting for within‐study correlation (assuming a Continuous Auto‐Regressive of first order structure) and weights proportional to study variance and study size.Effect of dose has been estimated as Cumulative Effect (Dose per day over the weeks of study duration) Results9 studies (465 subjects) were included in the meta‐analysis for Lag Time evaluation (5 collected also information on MOR).Susceptibility of LDL to metal ions‐mediated oxidation in vitro was assessed by measuring conjugated diene formation at 234 nm.No significant dose‐response relationship has been found between β‐carotene supplementation and Lag Time and MOR

N. Studies
Effect
S.E.
p‐value

Dose on Lag Time(min)
9
0.00603
0.004026
0.1491

Dose on MOR(nmol/mg LDL protein/min)
5
‐0.00007383
0.0004117
0.8621

Conclusionsβ‐carotene supplementation may not have beneficial effects on lipid oxidation in healthy population.Given the high variability in study estimates and the promising meta‐effect,although not strictly significant,further studies are necessary to confirm these conclusion
No Evidence of the Effects of Beta‐Carotene Supplementation on Reducing Risk of Type‐II Diabetes: a Metanalysis
Authors: Minto Clara , Vecchio Maria Gabriella , Gregori Dario 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundOxidative stress seems to be linked to the decrease of insulin responsiveness in type 2 diabetes. Antioxidants have been proposed to prevent the development of this kind of disease and β‐ carotene, a plant‐derived, fat‐soluble pigment that reduce oxidation, should reduce risk for diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a meta‐analysis of clinical studies, the association between β‐carotene supplementation and type 2 diabetes onsetMethodsRelevant articles published until September 2014 were collected using electronic database PubMed. The search string was “vitamins”, limited to “clinical trials or cohort studies” and “humans”. 18091 records were retrieved. Out of them, studies with detailed information of Diabetes onset, Dosage and outcome measure in control studies, were retrained for the analysis. Pooled estimates are based on Mantel‐Hanszel and DerSimonian‐Laird estimatorsResultsThree studies involving an overall number of 55421 patients were included in the analysis. Subjects were followed for an average time of 9 years (min 6‐max 12 years), receiving different doses of β‐carotene supplementation. A non‐significant effect of β‐carotene on risk of developing diabetes was assessed (pooled RR 0.9762, 95% C.I. 0.9038; 1.0543)
imageConclusionsData suggest that β‐carotene supplementation may not have beneficial effects on diabetes onset. However, given the high variability in study estimates further researches are necessary to confirm the present conclusion
β‐carotene Levels Measured by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy: a Reproducibility Analysis in Colombian Adults
Authors: Ramirez‐Velez Robinson , Gonzalez‐Ruiz Katherine 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVETo assess reproducibility of resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) for detection of total β‐carotene levels in the skin of Colombian adults.METHODSForty‐eight healthy men and 30 healthy women with various pigmentation levels were enrolled into the study. Measurements by RRS were performed in the palmar region and medial and lateral aspects of the arms. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, adjusting for confounding factors: body mass index, waist circumference, percent body fat, age, race, smoking, and sex. Reproducibility of the technique was estimated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).RESULTSMean β‐carotene levels were 29.9 ± 11.9 in men and 30.6 ± 8.6 in women (P=.787). No differences or significant associations were found of β‐carotene levels with confounding factors assessed by sex. ICCs were 0.89 in the palmar region, 0.85 in the medial aspect of arm, and 0.82 in the external aspect of arm.CONCLUSIONRRS spectroscopy is a reliable method for non‐invasive measurement of β‐carotene levels in skin, and may be used as an important biomarker of antioxidant status in nutritional and health studies in humans.
Effects of Whole Egg Consumption on Carotenoids Absorption from Co‐Consumed, Carotenoids‐Rich Mixed‐Vegetable Salad
Authors: Kim Jung Eun , Gordon Susannah , Ferruzzi Mario , Campbell Wayne 
Published: June 2021

Dietary lipid is one of the most effective stimulators of carotenoids (CAT) absorption, but very limited data exist on the impact of endogenous food sources of lipid to enhance CAT absorption. Co‐consuming whole egg which contains lutein (LUT) and zeaxanthin (ZEA), with CAT‐rich foods may increase overall CAT absorption via lipid rich egg yolk. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of egg consumption on CAT absorption from a CAT‐rich, raw mixed‐vegetable salad. Healthy young males (n=16) consumed the same salad (all served with 3g canola oil) with no egg (control, C); with 75g (1½ eggs) of scrambled whole egg (low egg, LE); and with 150g (3 eggs) of scrambled whole egg (high egg, HE) (randomized, crossover design). C, LE, and HE trials included 3g, 10.5g (7.5g from eggs), and 18g (15g from eggs) of total lipid, respectively. Blood was collected hourly for 10h and triacylglycerol rich lipoprotein fractions (TRL) were isolated. Total and individual CAT contents, including LUT, ZEA, α‐carotene (α‐C), β‐carotene (β‐C), and lycopene (LYC) in TRL were analyzed and composite areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Total CAT AUC0‐10h in TRL was higher for HE vs. LE and C (125.9±14.1a vs. 46.0±14.1b vs. 15.6±13.6b nmol•L−1•h, p<0.0001). 2 and 5‐fold increases (p<0.001) in TRL AUC0‐10h of LUT and ZEA and 2 to 4 and 4 to 9‐fold increases (p<0.01) in TRL AUC0‐10h of CAT beyond those found in egg such as α‐C, β‐C, and LYC were observed for HE compared to LE and C. These findings support that co‐consuming whole eggs is an effective way to increase both CAT content and absorption of CAT from raw vegetables.Support: American Egg Board; NIH UL1TR001108; Purdue Ingest Behav Res Ctr
Peptides in Common Bean Protein Hydrolysates Inhibit Molecular Target Enzymes in type‐2 Diabetes
Authors: Mojica Luis , Gonzalez de Mejia Elvira 
Published: June 2021

The objective was to optimize the enzymatic production of peptides with potential to inhibit carbohydrate degradation related enzymes (α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase). Black bean protein isolate was hydrolyzed using either flavourzyme, papain, alcalase, thermolysin, tripsin, chymotrypsin, proteinase k or pepsin at three ratios (1:20, 1:30, 1:50 E/S) and three times of hydrolysis (2, 3, 4 h). Percent inhibition of α‐amylase or α‐glucosidase were used as optimization parameters. Considering the response surface analysis output, the best protease was alcalase; for all tested proteases, 2 h of hydrolysis and 1:20 E/S showed the optimal inhibition (p= 0.001) with α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase of 66.2± 2.2%/mg of hydrolysate and 53.5 ± 2.9% /mg of hydrolysate, respectively. The in silico study revealed 68 peptides ranging from 2 to 21 amino acids derived from phaseolin amino acid sequence with molecular masses ranging from 280.3 to 2329.4 Da. Bioactivity from Biopep database showed potential bioactivities related with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (37.6%), dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibition (21.2%), and antioxidative properties (15.6%). Results indicated that peptides from black bean protein hydrolysates have potential to inhibit enzymes used as molecular targets in the management of type‐2 diabetes.Funded by University of Illinois International programs