bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on Current and Future Endoscopic Personal Protective Equipment Practices: A National Survey of 77 Endoscopists
Authors: Sun Warren Y L , Verhoeff Kevin , El Hafid Melanie , Mocanu Valentin , Dang Jerry T , Lutzak Gregory , Sultanian Richard , Karmali Shahzeer , Wong Clarence K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness about the importance of personal protective equipment (PPE). We aimed to study and compare PPE practices among Canadian endoscopists before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
A 74-item questionnaire was emailed from June 2020 to September 2020 to practicing endoscopists in Canada. Survey questions collected basic demographics and differences between PPE practices pre- and post-COVID-19. PPE practices were categorized into four endoscopic procedure types including upper or lower endoscopy and diagnostic or interventional. Outcomes for specific procedures were reported as rates, with ranges shown when evaluating all procedure types together.

Results
A total of 77 respondents completed the survey with the majority of respondents aged 40 to 49 (44%) and identifying as Gastroenterologists (70%). Gender was evenly split (49% females versus 51% males). In the pre-pandemic era, the majority of endoscopists wore gowns (91 to 94%) and all endoscopists wore gloves (100%). However, the majority of endoscopists did not wear surgical masks (21 to 31%), face shields (13 to 34%), eye protection (13 to 21%), hair protection (11 to 13%), or N95 respirators (2 to 3%). In the post-pandemic era, more surgeons plan on wearing face shields (33 to 47%, P = 0.001 to 0.045), goggles (38.5 to 58.7%, P &lt; 0.001), hair protection (33 to 36%, P = 0.011 to 0.024), and a trend suggests more surgeons will wear surgical masks (51 to 61%, P = 0.163 to 0.333). More endoscopists also plan on wearing N95 respirators during lower endoscopy (6 to 7%, P &lt; 0.005).

Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the attitudes of many endoscopists regarding future PPE use in routine endoscopy. Ongoing studies are needed to inform new post-pandemic PPE consensus guidelines.
Parsec-scale properties of the peculiar gigahertz-peaked spectrum quasar 0858−279
Authors: Kosogorov N A , Kovalev Y Y , Perucho M , Kovalev Yu A 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We performed multifrequency studies on the gigahertz-peaked spectrum high-redshift quasar 0858−279. Initially, the source presented itself in the early VLBI images as a very peculiar resolved blob. We observed the quasar with the VLBA at 1.4–24 GHz in a dual-polarization mode. The high spatial resolution and the spectral index maps enabled us to resolve the core-jet structure and locate a weak and compact core by its inverted spectrum. The dominant jet component 20 parsecs away from the core was optically thin above 10 GHz and opaque below it. We also estimated an uncommonly strong magnetic field in the bright jet feature, which turned out to be around 1 G. The Faraday rotation measure maps revealed high RM values over 6000 rad m−2. Additionally, these maps allowed us to follow the magnetic field direction in the bright jet feature being perpendicular to the propagation direction of the jet. All the results strongly indicated the formation of a shock wave in the dominant component arising from an interaction with the surrounding matter. Using the proposed hypothesis and the core shift approach, we discovered that the magnetic field in the core region is of the order of 0.1 G.
The synchrony of production and escape: half the bright Lyα emitters at z ≈ 2 have Lyman continuum escape fractions ≈50
Authors: Naidu Rohan P , Matthee Jorryt , Oesch Pascal A , Conroy Charlie , Sobral David , Pezzulli Gabriele , Hayes Matthew , Erb Dawn , Amorín Ricardo , Gronke Max , Schaerer Daniel , Tacchella Sandro , Kerutt Josephine , Paulino-Afonso Ana , Calhau João , Llerena Mario , Röttgering Huub 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The ionizing photon escape fraction [Lyman continuum (LyC) fesc] of star-forming galaxies is the single greatest unknown in the reionization budget. Stochastic sightline effects prohibit the direct separation of LyC leakers from non-leakers at significant redshifts. Here we circumvent this uncertainty by inferring fesc using resolved (R &gt; 4000) Lyman α (Lyα) profiles from the X-SHOOTER Lyα survey at z = 2 (XLS-z2). With empirically motivated criteria, we use Lyα profiles to select leakers ($f_{\mathrm{ esc}} &gt; 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) and non-leakers ($f_{\mathrm{ esc}} &lt; 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) from a representative sample of &gt;0.2L* Lyman α emitters (LAEs). We use median stacked spectra of these subsets over λrest ≈ 1000–8000 Å to investigate the conditions for LyC fesc. Our stacks show similar mass, metallicity, MUV, and βUV. We find the following differences between leakers versus non-leakers: (i) strong nebular C iv and He ii emission versus non-detections; (ii) [O iii]/[O ii] ≈ 8.5 versus ≈3; (iii) Hα/Hβ indicating no dust versus E(B − V) ≈ 0.3; (iv) Mg ii emission close to the systemic velocity versus redshifted, optically thick Mg ii; and (v) Lyα fesc of ${\approx} 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ versus ${\approx} 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. The extreme equivalent widths (EWs) in leakers ([O iii]+$\mathrm{ H}\beta \approx 1100$ Å rest frame) constrain the characteristic time-scale of LyC escape to ≈3–10 Myr bursts when short-lived stars with the hardest ionizing spectra shine. The defining traits of leakers – extremely ionizing stellar populations, low column densities, a dust-free, high-ionization state interstellar medium (ISM) – occur simultaneously in the $f_{\rm esc} &gt; 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ stack, suggesting they are causally connected, and motivating why indicators like [O iii]/[O ii] may suffice to constrain fesc at z &gt; 6 with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The leakers comprise half of our sample, have a median LyC$f_{\rm esc} \approx 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (conservative range: $20\!-\!55{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$), and an ionizing production efficiency $\log ({\xi _{\rm {ion}}/\rm {Hz\ erg^{-1}}})\approx 25.9$ (conservative range: 25.7–25.9). These results show LAEs – the type of galaxies rare at z ≈ 2, but that become the norm at higher redshift – are highly efficient ionizers, with extreme ξion and prolific fesc occurring in sync.
FRB 190520B – An FRB in a young supernova remnant?
Authors: Katz J I 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
FRB 190520B, a repeating FRB near-twin of FRB 121102, has a dispersion measure excess over the intergalactic and Galactic contributions of about 900 pc cm−3, attributable to its host galaxy or near-source environment. This excess varies on a time-scale of $\sim30$ yr and might be explained by a supernova remnant no more than a few decades old. A magnetic field in equipartition with the remnant’s expansion would be $\sim1\, \rm{G}$. I suggest the use of baseband data to measure very large rotation measures.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals abnormal fluctuations in human eight-cell embryos associated with blastocyst formation failure
Authors: He Qi-Long , Yuan Peng , Yang Lu , Yan Zhi-Qiang , Chen Wei , Chen Yi-Dong , Kong Si-Ming , Tang Fu-Chou , Qiao Jie , Yan Li-Ying 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Infertility has become a global health issue, with the number of people suffering from the disease increasing year by year, and ART offering great promise for infertility treatment. However, the regulation of early embryonic development is complicated and a series of processes takes place, including the maternal-to-zygotic transition. In addition, developmental arrest is frequently observed during human early embryonic development. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on a biopsied blastomere from human eight-cell embryos and tracked the developmental potential of the remaining cells. To compare the sequencing results between different eight-cell embryos, we have combined the research data of this project with the data previously shared in the database and found that cells from the same embryo showed a higher correlation. Additionally, the transcriptome of embryos with blastocyst formation failure was significantly different from developed embryos, and the gene expression as well as cell signaling pathways related to embryonic development were also altered. In particular, the expression of some maternal and zygotic genes in the failed blastocyst formation group was significantly altered: the overall expression level of maternal genes was significantly higher in the failed blastocyst than the developed blastocyst group. In general, these findings provide clues for the causes of human embryonic arrest after the eight-cell stage, and they also provide new ideas for improving the success rate of ART in clinical practice.
Condensin extrudes DNA loops in steps up to hundreds of base pairs that are generated by ATP binding events
Authors: Ryu Je-Kyung , Rah Sang-Hyun , Janissen Richard , Kerssemakers Jacob W J , Bonato Andrea , Michieletto Davide , Dekker Cees 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The condensin SMC protein complex organizes chromosomal structure by extruding loops of DNA. Its ATP-dependent motor mechanism remains unclear but likely involves steps associated with large conformational changes within the ∼50 nm protein complex. Here, using high-resolution magnetic tweezers, we resolve single steps in the loop extrusion process by individual yeast condensins. The measured median step sizes range between 20–40 nm at forces of 1.0–0.2 pN, respectively, comparable with the holocomplex size. These large steps show that, strikingly, condensin typically reels in DNA in very sizeable amounts with ∼200 bp on average per single extrusion step at low force, and occasionally even much larger, exceeding 500 bp per step. Using Molecular Dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that this is due to the structural flexibility of the DNA polymer at these low forces. Using ATP-binding-impaired and ATP-hydrolysis-deficient mutants, we find that ATP binding is the primary step-generating stage underlying DNA loop extrusion. We discuss our findings in terms of a scrunching model where a stepwise DNA loop extrusion is generated by an ATP-binding-induced engagement of the hinge and the globular domain of the SMC complex.
Neural representation of the parent–child attachment from infancy to adulthood
Authors: Ulmer-Yaniv Adi , Waidergoren Shani , Shaked Ariel , Salomon Roy , Feldman Ruth 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Attachment theory is built on the assumption of consistency; the mother–infant bond is thought to underpin the life-long representations individuals construct of attachment relationships. Still, consistency in the individual’s neural response to attachment-related stimuli representing his or her entire relational history has not been investigated. Mothers and children were followed across two decades and videotaped in infancy (3–6 months), childhood (9–12 years) and young adulthood (18–24 years). In adulthood, participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while exposed to videos of own mother–child interactions (Self) vs unfamiliar interactions (Other). Self-stimuli elicited greater activations across preregistered nodes of the human attachment network, including thalamus-to-brainstem, amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and temporal cortex. Critically, self-stimuli were age-invariant in most regions of interest despite large variability in social behavior, and Bayesian analysis showed strong evidence for lack of age-related differences. Psycho–physiological interaction analysis indicated that self-stimuli elicited tighter connectivity between ACC and anterior insula, consolidating an interface associating information from exteroceptive and interceptive sources to sustain attachment representations. Child social engagement behavior was individually stable from infancy to adulthood and linked with greater ACC and insula response to self-stimuli. Findings demonstrate overlap in circuits sustaining parental and child attachment and accord with perspectives on the continuity of attachment across human development.
CE: Diagnosing and Managing Migraine
Authors: Goetz Allene , McCormick Samantha , Phillips Rosemary , Friedman Deborah 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT:
Roughly 90% of the U.S. population will develop a headache within their lifetime, and headache disorders account for more disability-adjusted life-years than all other neurologic disorders combined. Among primary headache disorders, the two most common are tension-type headache and migraine, with migraine identified as the most disabling. Here, the authors describe the importance of differentiating primary and secondary headache disorders and discuss the pathophysiology; clinical assessment; and outpatient management of the debilitating migraine headache, summarizing both acute and prophylactic treatment strategies that can substantially reduce associated disability.
Perceptions Regarding the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic’s Impact on Neurocritical Care Delivery: Results From a Global Survey
Authors: Lele Abhijit V. , Wahlster Sarah , Alunpipachathai Bhunyawee , Awraris Gebrewold Meron , Chou Sherry H.-Y. , Crabtree Gretchen , English Shane , Der-Nigoghossian Caroline , Gagnon David J. , Kim-Tenser May , Karanjia Navaz , Kirkman Matthew A. , Lamperti Massimo , Livesay Sarah L. , Mejia-Mantilla Jorge , Melmed Kara , Prabhakar Hemanshu , Tumino Leandro , Venkatasubba Rao Chethan P. , Udy Andrew A. , Videtta Walter , Moheet Asma M. ,   the NCC-COVID Study Collaborators
Published: December 2021

Background:
The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted many facets of critical care delivery.

Methods:
An electronic survey was distributed to explore the pandemic’s perceived impact on neurocritical care delivery between June 2020 and March 2021. Variables were stratified by World Bank country income level, presence of a dedicated neurocritical care unit (NCCU) and experiencing a COVID-19 patient surge.

Results:
Respondents from 253 hospitals (78.3% response rate) from 47 countries (45.5% low/middle income countries; 54.5% with a dedicated NCCU; 78.6% experienced a first surge) participated in the study. Independent of country income level, NCCU and surge status, participants reported reductions in NCCU admissions (67%), critical care drug shortages (69%), reduction in ancillary services (43%) and routine diagnostic testing (61%), and temporary cancellation of didactic teaching (44%) and clinical/basic science research (70%). Respondents from low/middle income countries were more likely to report lack of surge preparedness (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-5.8) and struggling to return to prepandemic standards of care (OR, 12.2; 95% CI, 4.4-34) compared with respondents from high-income countries. Respondents experiencing a surge were more likely to report conversion of NCCUs and general-mixed intensive care units (ICUs) to a COVID-ICU (OR 3.7; 95% CI, 1.9-7.3), conversion of non-ICU beds to ICU beds (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.8-6.5), and deviations in critical care and pharmaceutical practices (OR, 4.2; 95% CI 2.1-8.2). Respondents from hospitals with a dedicated NCCU were less likely to report conversion to a COVID-ICU (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9) or conversion of non-ICU to ICU beds (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9).

Conclusion:
This study reports the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global neurocritical care delivery, and highlights shortcomings of health care infrastructures and the importance of pandemic preparedness.
Evaluating the Anatomic Spread of Selective Nerve Scalp Blocks Using Methylene Blue: A Cadaveric Analysis
Authors: Harbell Monica W. , Bolton Patrick B. , Koyyalamudi Veerandra , Seamans David P. , Langley Natalie R. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
The modern scalp block consists of local anesthesia injections that target the supraorbital, supratrochlear, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal, and greater and lesser occipital nerves. Limited data exist on the local anesthetic spread that occurs with this technique. This study examines the extent of the spread of a scalp block using methylene blue in a cadaveric model.

Methods:
A traditional landmark-based scalp block was performed on 6 unembalmed human cadavers using 25-G, 1.5-inch needles to inject 1 to 2 mL of methylene blue 0.1% at each nerve bilaterally; a total volume of 20 mL was injected. The cadavers were then dissected, and the spread of injectate was measured and recorded.

Results:
All the nerves required for analgesic coverage were appropriately stained by the injections, except for in 2 specimens where the lesser occipital nerve could not be identified. The zygomatic (stained in 2 of 8 specimens) and temporal (stained in 5 of 8 specimens) branches of the facial nerve were stained as a result of the zygomaticotemporal and/or auriculotemporal injections. Tracking from the zygomatic injection site was noted as far inferior as the temporalis muscle attachments on the mandible.

Conclusions:
This cadaveric study confirms that the landmark-based technique for scalp blocks consistently stained all 6 nerves involved in scalp innervation. There was significant unintentional spread to the branches of the facial nerve when using the landmark technique.
Use of Mobile Application as an Auxiliary Tool in the Preoperative Marking of Nipple-areola Complex Positioning in Mammoplasty
Authors: Saliba Gustavo Augusto Matos , Alves José Carlos Ribeiro Resende 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Smartphones have the ability to benefit plastic surgeons in many ways. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that the use of a mobile application is a useful auxiliary tool for checking and eventual correction/adjustment of preoperative markings by plastic surgeons in mammoplasty.

Methods:
The retrospective study was performed in a consecutive series of cases from July 2016 to October 2019. After preoperative marking, photographs were taken using the laser-level application (inclinometer, a leveling instrument), produced by Examobile, with an objective of verifying alignment deviations in preoperative marking. Some marking asymmetry related to the vertical height of the areolas was immediately corrected and a new photograph using the application was made for alignment checking.

Results:
Ninety-three patients were included in the study. Comparatively, there was an increase in symmetry index around 28.6% of patients. The application of the Fisher and Chi-square tests evidenced statistical significance between the groups demonstrating the application as an auxiliary preoperative marking tool in relation to the symmetrical vertical positioning of the areolas.

Conclusions:
The use of technology has become an important component of the way plastic surgeons train and practice. Today, there is a big gap between the desire for digital resources and awareness of the resources that are already available. By aggregating and evaluating current mobile applications available, surgeons, residents, and medical students will have more efficient ways to connect to the information that drives education and tactical surgery development.
Real-world effectiveness and safety of golimumab in rheumatoid arthritis treatment: A two-center study in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Chun-Chun , Tseng Kuo-Sen , Tsao Yen-Po , Chen Wei-Sheng , Lai Chien-Chih , Sun Yi-Syuan , Liao Hsien-Tzung , Chen Ming-Han , Tsai Chang-Youh 
Published: December 2021

Background:
The real-world outcomes of golimumab (GLM) use have been rarely studied in Asian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study assessed the real-world effectiveness and safety of GLM in a Taiwanese cohort.

Methods:
One hundred and eight GLM-treated RA patients were enrolled. Predictors of a good European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response at 24 months and drug retention were identified through multivariate analyses.

Results:
After 24 months of GLM treatment, the mean Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) decreased from 6.7 to 3.1 (p < 0.001). Up to 58.9% of patients achieved a good EULAR response at 24 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that after adjustment for other variables, a higher baseline C-reactive protein was an independent negative predictor of good EULAR responses (odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.99; p = 0.043). During the mean follow-up period of 38.3 months, 15 (13.9%) patients discontinued GLM due to treatment failure. In multivariate analysis, high baseline ESR level, high DAS28-ESR, and the experience of biologic therapy were independent risk factors for GLM discontinuation (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05; p = 0.003; adjusted HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.42-6.08; p = 0.004; and adjusted HR, 5.00; 95% CI, 1.75-14.26; p = 0.003, respectively). In receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, the optimal cutoff values of baseline ESR and DAS28-ESR for predicting drug survival were 52 mm/h (sensitivity: 60.0% and specificity: 77.4%) and 7.7 (sensitivity: 46.7% and specificity: 94.3%), respectively. During the follow-up period, 22 patients (20.4%) developed adverse events. The safety profile of GLM in this study was comparable with that in previous clinical trials.

Conclusion:
GLM was effective and safe for the real-life management of Taiwanese RA patients and showed a high retention rate in biologic-naive patients compared with biologic-experienced patients.
Percutaneous direct puncture and embolization of vascularly inaccessible abdominal visceral pseudoaneurysms: A single-center experience and literature review
Authors: Tsai Yin-Chen , Tseng Hsiou-Shan , Lee Edward W. , Lee Rheun-Chuan , Chiu Nai-Chi , Hwang Hsuen-En , Liu Chien-An 
Published: December 2021

Background:
To evaluate the techniques, efficacy, and safety for treating vascularly inaccessible abdominal visceral pseudoaneurysms by direct puncture and embolization.

Methods:
A retrospective study of 5 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous direct puncture embolization for intra-abdominal pseudoaneurysms in our institution between January 2009 and December 2016. Technical aspects, success, clinical outcome, and complications were discussed.

Results:
Four patients (80%) were men, and the mean age of all five patients was 57.2 years (range, 47–72 years). The mean diameter of the pseudoaneurysms was 2.5 cm (range, 1.9–3.4 cm). All the pseudoaneurysms were punctured under the imaging guidance of fluoroscopy, ultrasound, or computed tomography. Coils and glue were used in four of the patients, the remaining one with coil only. The mean injected glue volume was 1.5 (range, 0.8–2) mL. The overall technical and clinical success rate was 100% without major complications or mortality.

Conclusion:
Our single-center experience and the literature review demonstrate that percutaneous direct puncture embolization is feasible and effective to serve as an alternative for treating abdominal vascular pseudoaneurysms when the traditional endovascular embolization fails. In this approach, fluoroscopy is the most needed guidance technique.