bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Neck Injury Assessment Risk Curves Based on Matched-Pair Human Data for Anthropomorphic Test Devices
Authors: Humm John , Yoganandan Narayan 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionUnder G +x accelerative loading, the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) is used to advance human safety. Although injury assessment risk curves (IARCs) are available at the level of the occipital condyles (commonly termed as upper neck), they do not exist for the cervical-thoracic junction (lower neck). The objectives of this study are to develop IARCs under G +x impact accelerations for the Hybrid III ATD and test device for human occupant restraint (THOR) ATD at the cervical thoracic junction.MethodsA series of Hybrid III ATD tests were conducted using input conditions that matched previously published cadaver tests. A separate series of THOR-ATD tests were conducted using the same input conditions that matched the same previously published cadaver tests. This type of experimental design where the cadaver input condition is the same as the ATD tests are termed matched-pair tests (Cadaver-Hybrid III and Cadaver-THOR-ATD). Injury outcomes from human cadaver tests were used with loads at the cervical thoracic junction, measured in the ATD tests. Data were censored based on injury outcomes and the number of tests conducted on each specimen. Parametric survival analysis was used to derive IARCs for cervical thoracic junction force-, moment-, and interaction-based lower neck injury criterion (LNic).ResultsInjuries were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale scheme. Abbreviated Injury Scale 1 or 2 was scored as injured. The 50% risk levels for the Hybrid III ATD were 315 N, 70 Nm, and 1.12 for the cervical thoracic A/P shear force-, sagittal plane extension moment-, and LNic-based injury criterion, respectively. Results for the THOR ATD were 261 N, 69 Nm, and 1.51.ConclusionsThis is the first study to develop cervical thoracic junction IARCs for the ATDs based on force, moment, and LNic for posterior to anterior loading.
Approaches for Monitoring Warfighter Blast-related Exposures in Training to Develop Effective Safety Standards
Authors: Kornguth Steven , Rylander Henry G , Smith Spencer , Campbell Julia , Steffensen Steve , Arnold David , Athey Alex , Rutledge J Neal 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Traumatic brain injuries are of concern to the sports and military communities because of the age of the participants and costly burden to society. To markedly reduce the impact of traumatic brain injury and its sequela (TBI-S), it is necessary to determine the initial vulnerability of individuals as well as identify new technologies that indicate early signs of TBI-S.

Materials and Methods
Currently, diverse methods have been used by the authors and others in laboratory settings to reveal early signs of persistent TBI-S including simulation modeling of the effect of rapid deceleration on the deviatoric strain (shear force) imposed on specific brain regions, auditory evoked potential (AEP) measurements to determine injury to the auditory cortex optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) measures sensitive to vestibular trauma, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures that reveal changes in central visual function obtained noninvasively by examination of the retina.

Results
Simulation studies provided technical information on maximal deviatoric strain at the base of the sulci and interface of gray and white matter consistent with results from neuropathology and from magnetic resonance imaging. The AEP and OKN reveal measurable injury to similar regions below the Sylvian fissure including auditory cortex and midbrain, and the OCT reveals changes to the retina consistent with forceful deceleration effects.

Conclusions
The studies and results are consistent with prior work demonstrating that noninvasive tests may be sensitive to the presence of TBI-S, potentially in the training field as advances in the portability of test instruments are underway. When combined with baseline data gathered from individuals in quantitative form, key variances can emerge. Therefore, it is hypothesized that AEP, OKN, and OCT, taken together, may yield faster objective and quantitative neurophysiological measures serving as a “signature” of neural injury and more indicative of potentially persistent TBI-S—recommending larger scale longitudinal studies.
Upright Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Cervical Flexor/Extensor Musculature and Cervical Lordosis in Females After Helmet Wear
Authors: Choi Hoon , Varghese Vicky , Baisden Jamie , Braza Diane W , Banerjee Anjishnu , Yoganandan Narayan 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Addition of head-supported mass imparts greater demand on the human neck to maintain functionality. The same head-supported mass induces greater demand on the female spine than the male spine because female necks are comparatively slender. Prevalence of neck pain is greater in military than civilian population because of the head-borne mass (among other factors). The goal of this study is to determine quantifiable parameters related to muscle geometry using female human volunteers and upright magnetic resonance imaging.

Materials and Methods
Young healthy subjects were consented. Demographics and head–neck anthropometry were recorded. For all the 7 subjects, the T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the neutral sitting position was obtained immediately following donning and after 4 hours of continuous wear of standard issued military helmet, while seated in the same posture for 4 hours. Cross-sectional areas of sternocleidomastoid and multifidus muscles from C2-C7, overall and segmental Cobb angles (C2-T1), and centroid and radius of each muscle were calculated. Data were compared with determine differences with the continuous helmet wear.

Results
There were level specific changes in morphological parameters for each of the muscles. Significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) in cross-sectional areas was noted at C2-3 level for sternocleidomastoid and at C3-4 and C5-6 levels for multifidus. For centroid angles, significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was observed at C2-3 and C5-6 levels for sternocleidomastoid and at C3-4 level for multifidus. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in muscle centroid radii between the pre- and posttest conditions.

Conclusions
Alterations in muscle geometries were muscle specific and level specific: sternocleidomastoid was significant at the upper level, whereas multifidus was significant at the mid-lower cervical spine segments. The insignificant difference in the Cobb angles was attributed to length of time of continuous helmet wear attributed and sample size. Helmet wear can lead to morphometric alterations in cervical flexor/extensor musculature in females.
Medical Challenges in Underground Warfare
Authors: Sorkin Alex , Nadler Roy , Sommer Adir , Tsur Avishai M , Chen Jacob , Bader Tarif , Benov Avi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionThroughout history, underground systems have served military purposes in both offensive and defensive tactical settings. With the advance of underground mining, combat tactics, and weapon systems, providing medical support in the subterranean battlefield is a constantly growing challenge. This retrospective cohort study describes the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) Medical Corps experience with treating casualties from underground warfare, as recorded in the IDF Trauma Registry.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of all casualties engaged in underground warfare, between the years 2004-2018. Medical data were extracted from the IDF Trauma Registry and tactical data were obtained from operational reports. An expert committee characterized the most prevalent challenges. Recommendations were based on a literature review and the lessons learned by the IDF experience.ResultsDuring the study period, 26 casualties were injured in the underground terrain. Of casualties, 12 (46%) due to blast injuries, 9 (35%) were due to smoke inhalation, and 5 (19%) due to crushing injuries. All were males, and the average age was 21.6 years. Ten (38%) were killed in action (died before reaching a medical facility). All 16 casualties reaching the hospital survived (Table I). The expert committee divided the most common challenges into three categories—tactical, environmental, and medical. An overview of medical response planning, common injuries, and designated combat casualty care are discussed below. As in all combat casualty care, the focus should be on safety, bleeding control, and rapid evacuation.ConclusionTo plan and provide medical support, a thorough understanding of operational planning is essential. This manuscript presents the evolution of underground warfare, tactical and medical implications, environmental hazards, and common casualty care challenges.
Loading Effect of Prosthetic Feet’s Anthropomorphicity on Transtibial Osseointegrated Implant
Authors: Pitkin Mark , Frossard Laurent 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Osseointegrated implants for direct skeletal attachment of transtibial prosthesis carry risks that are yet to be fully resolved, such as early loosening, mechanical failure of percutaneous and medullar parts of implant, periprosthetic issues, and infections. Underloading could lead to early loosening and infection. Overloading might compromise the bone–implant interface. Therefore, Goldilocks loading regimen applied by transtibial bone-anchored prostheses is critical for safe and efficient development of osseointegration around the implant during rehabilitation and beyond. We hypothesized that Goldilocks loading could be achieved when ambulating with a so-called anthropomorphic prosthetic ankle showing moment–angle relationship similar to a sound ankle.

Materials and Methods
Quantitative characteristics of the moment–angle curve of the sound ankle during dorsiflexion phase of a free-pace walking were extracted for 4 able-bodied participants (experiment 1). A slope of the moment–angle curve (stiffness) was calculated twice: for the first half and for the second half of the moment–angle curve. The difference of stiffnesses (those at the second half minus at the first half) was called the index of anthropomorphicity (IA). By definition, positive IA is associated with concave shape of the moment–angle curve, and the negative IA is associated with convex shape. In experiment 2, the same recordings and calculations were performed for 3 participants fitted with transtibial osseointegrated fixation during walking with their usual feet and the Free-Flow Foot (Ohio Willow Wood). The Free-Flow Foot was selected for its anthropomorphicity demonstrated in the previous studies with amputees using traditional socket attachment.

Results
The IA was 5.88 ± 0.93 for the able-bodied participants, indicating that the stiffness during the first part of the dorsiflexion phase was substantially fewer than during the second parts, as the calf muscles resisted to angulation in ankle substantially less than during the second part of dorsiflexion phase. For amputees fitted with Free-Flow Foot, IA was 2.68 ± 1.09 and −2.97 ± 2.37 for the same amputees fitted with their usual feet.

Conclusions
Indexes of anthropomorphicity, while of different magnitude, were positive in control able-bodied group and in the amputee group wearing Free-Flow Foot, which was qualitatively associated with concave shape of their moment–angle curves. The 3 usual feet worn by the participants were classified as nonanthropomorphic as their individual moment–angle curves were convex and the corresponding IAs were negative. Furthermore, this study showed that a foot with anthropomorphic characteristics tends to decrease maximal loads at the bone–implant interface as compared to the nonanthropomorphic feet and possibly may minimize the risks to compromise the integrity of this interface.
Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices: Low-Cost Platforms for Rapid Biochemical Detection
Authors: Ünal Bariş , Camci-Unal Gulden , Mahmud Ken 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
We developed low-cost, portable paper-based diagnostic devices for detection of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum without any sample preparation. These devices can be used to help identify presence of diseases, used to provide rapid results (&lt;5 minutes), readily used by untrained personnel, employed in austere environments, configured to obtain multiplexed assays, and easily disposed of.

Materials and Methods
We successfully accomplished colorimetric detection of human IgG and human IgM using a sandwich-style assay within the microfluidic paper device via vertical flow immunoassay configuration. The reaction zone in the wax printed paper layer is a small circular pattern. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with anti-human IgG and IgM antibodies have been used for colorimetric detection of IgG or IgM by naked eye. Colorimetric signal can be precisely quantified through implementation of image analysis software which can be developed as an app for a smartphone. The size of the device is 2 cm × 2 cm × 1 mm.

Results
Colorimetric detection of human IgG was accomplished at 100 fg/mL concentration using a gold nanoparticle–conjugated anti-human IgG antibody. The developed platform has a dynamic range of IgM and IgG concentrations between 0.1 pg/mL and 100 μg/mL. These devices provided a color readout in &lt;5 minutes using 20 µL of serum. We also demonstrated that the devices show a significant degree of ruggedness and temperature stability as they were able to provide satisfactory results (detection of 0.1 pg/mL IgG) after 14 days of long stability and shelf-life experiment at an elevated temperature of at least 50 ˚C—the shelf life can be as long as 180 days under ambient conditions for detection of 100 µg/mL IgG.

Conclusions
Because of the inherent simplicity of the device operation and their ease of use, there is no variation between samples and users of the device. This low-cost approach enables multiplexing with &gt;1 measurement performed in parallel at the same time. We anticipate that because of the sensitivity, specificity, ease of use, and overall reliability, this approach will become a standard for diagnosis of diseases and health conditions.
Mitigating the effects of undersampling in weak lensing shear estimation with metacalibration
Authors: Kannawadi Arun , Rosenberg Erik , Hoekstra Henk 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
metacalibration is a state-of-the-art technique for measuring weak gravitational lensing shear from well-sampled galaxy images. We investigate the accuracy of shear measured with metacalibration from fitting elliptical Gaussians to undersampled galaxy images. In this case, metacalibration introduces aliasing effects leading to an ensemble multiplicative shear bias about 0.01 for Euclid  and even larger for the Roman Space Telescope, well exceeding the missions’ requirements. We find that this aliasing bias can be mitigated by computing shapes from weighted moments with wider Gaussians as weight functions, thereby trading bias for a slight increase in variance of the measurements. We show that this approach is robust to the point-spread function in consideration and meets the stringent requirements of Euclid for galaxies with moderate to high signal-to-noise ratios. We therefore advocate metacalibration as a viable shear measurement option for weak lensing from upcoming space missions.
The radiative efficiency of neutron stars at low-level accretion
Authors: Qiao Erlin , Liu B F 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
When neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries (NS-LMXBs) are in the low-level accretion regime (i.e. $L_{\rm X}\lesssim 10^{36}\ \rm erg\ s^{-1}$), the accretion flow in the inner region around the NS is expected to exist in the form of the hot accretion flow, e.g. the advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) as that in black hole X-ray binaries. Following our previous studies in Qiao & Liu (2020a, b) on the ADAF accretion around NSs, in this paper, we investigate the radiative efficiency of NSs with an ADAF accretion in detail, showing that the radiative efficiency of NSs with an ADAF accretion is much lower than that of $\epsilon \sim {\dot{M} GM\over R_{*}}/{\dot{M} c^2}\sim 0.2$ despite the existence of the hard surface. As a result, given an X-ray luminosity LX (e.g. between 0.5 and 10 keV), $\dot{M}$ calculated by $\dot{M}=L_{\rm X}{R_{*}\over {GM}}$ is lower than the real $\dot{M}$ calculated within the framework of the ADAF accretion. The real $\dot{M}$ can be more than two orders of magnitude higher than that calculated by $\dot{M}=L_{\rm X}{R_{*}\over {GM}}$ with appropriate model parameters. Finally, we discuss that if applicable, the model of ADAF accretion around a NS can be applied to explain the observed millisecond X-ray pulsation in some NS-LMXBs (such as PSR J1023+0038, XSS J12270−4859, and IGR J17379−3747) at a lower X-ray luminosity of a few times of $10^{33}\ \rm erg\ s^{-1}$, since at this X-ray luminosity the calculated $\dot{M}$ with the model of ADAF accretion can be high enough to drive a fraction of the matter in the accretion flow to be channelled on to the surface of the NS forming the X-ray pulsation.
Explosive nucleosynthesis of a metal-deficient star as the source of a distinct odd-even effect in the solar twin HIP 11915
Authors: Yana Galarza Jhon , Meléndez Jorge , Karakas Amanda I , Asplund Martin , Lorenzo-Oliveira Diego 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The abundance patterns observed in the Sun and in metal-poor stars show a clear odd-even effect. An important question is whether the odd-even effect in solar-metallicity stars is similar to the Sun, or if there are variations that can tell us about different chemical enrichment histories. In this work, we report for the first time observational evidence of a differential odd-even effect in the solar twin HIP 11915, relative to the solar odd-even abundance pattern. The spectra of this star were obtained with high-resolving power (140 000) and signal-to-noise ratio (∼420) using the ESPRESSO spectrograph and the VLT telescope. Thanks to the high spectral quality, we obtained extremely precise stellar parameters (σ(Teff) = 2 K, $\sigma (\rm {[Fe/H]})$ = 0.003 dex, and σ(log g) = 0.008 dex). We determine the chemical abundance of 20 elements (Z ≤ 39) with high precision (∼0.01 dex), which shows a strong pattern of the odd-even effect even after performing galactic chemical evolution corrections. The odd-even effect is reasonably well-reproduced by a core-collapse supernova of 13 $\rm {M_{\odot }}$ and metallicity Z = 0.001 diluted into a metal-poor gas of 1 $\rm {M_{\odot }}$. Our results indicate that HIP 11915 has an odd-even effect slightly different than the Sun, thus confirming a different supernova enrichment history.
In vitro selected GUAA tetraloop-binding receptors with structural plasticity and evolvability towards natural RNA structural modules
Authors: Zakrevsky Paul , Calkins Erin , Kao Yi-Ling , Singh Gurkeerat , Keleshian Vasken L , Baudrey Stephanie , Jaeger Luc 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
GNRA tetraloop-binding receptor interactions are key components in the macromolecular assembly of a variety of functional RNAs. In nature, there is an apparent bias for GAAA/11nt receptor and GYRA/helix interactions, with the former interaction being thermodynamically more stable than the latter. While past in vitro selections allowed isolation of novel GGAA and GUGA receptors, we report herein an in vitro selection that revealed several novel classes of specific GUAA receptors with binding affinities comparable to those from natural GAAA/11nt interactions. These GUAA receptors have structural homology with double-locked bulge RNA modules naturally occurring in ribosomal RNAs. They display mutational robustness that enables exploration of the sequence/phenotypic space associated to GNRA/receptor interactions through epistasis. Their thermodynamic self-assembly fitness landscape is characterized by a rugged neutral network with possible evolutionary trajectories toward natural GNRA/receptor interactions. High throughput sequencing analysis revealed synergetic mutations located away from the tertiary interactions that positively contribute to assembly fitness. Our study suggests that the repertoire of GNRA/receptor interactions is much larger than initially thought from the analysis of natural stable RNA molecules and also provides clues for their evolution towards natural GNRA/receptors.
A chronic high phosphate intake in mice is detrimental for bone health without major renal alterations
Authors: Ugrica Marko , Bettoni Carla , Bourgeois Soline , Daryadel Arezoo , Pastor-Arroyo Eva-Maria , Gehring Nicole , Hernando Nati , Wagner Carsten A , Rubio-Aliaga Isabel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Phosphate intake has increased in the last decades due to a higher consumption of processed foods. This higher intake is detrimental for patients with chronic kidney disease, increasing mortality and cardiovascular disease risk and accelerating kidney dysfunction. Whether a chronic high phosphate diet is also detrimental for the healthy population is still under debate.

Methods
We fed healthy mature adult mice over a period of 1 year with either a high (1.2% w/w) or a standard (0.6% w/w) phosphate diet, and investigated the impact of a high phosphate diet on mineral homeostasis, kidney function and bone health.

Results
The high phosphate diet increased plasma phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol levels, with no change in fibroblast growth factor 23 levels. Urinary phosphate, calcium and ammonium excretion were increased. Measured glomerular filtration rate was apparently unaffected, while blood urea was lower and urea clearance was higher in animals fed the high phosphate diet. No change was observed in plasma creatinine levels. Blood and urinary pH were more acidic paralleled by higher bone resorption observed in animals fed a high phosphate diet. Total and cortical bone mineral density was lower in animals fed a high phosphate diet and this effect is independent of the higher PTH levels observed.

Conclusions
A chronic high phosphate intake did not cause major renal alterations, but affected negatively bone health, increasing bone resorption and decreasing bone mineral density.
The podocyte as a direct target of glucocorticoids in nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Broek Martijn van den , Smeets Bart , Schreuder Michiel F , Jansen Jitske 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by massive proteinuria; podocyte loss or altered function is a central event in its pathophysiology. Treatment with glucocorticoids is the mainstay of therapy, however, many patients experience one or multiple relapses and prolonged use may be associated with severe adverse effects. Recently the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids have been attributed to a direct effect on podocytes in addition to the well-known immunosuppressive effects. The molecular effects of glucocorticoid action have been studied using animal and cell models of NS. This review provides a comprehensive overview of different molecular mediators regulated by glucocorticoids, including an overview of the model systems that were used to study them. Glucocorticoids are described to stimulate podocyte recovery by restoring pro-survival signalling of slit diaphragm–related proteins and limiting inflammatory responses. Of special interest is the effect of glucocorticoids on stabilizing the cytoskeleton of podocytes, since these effects are also described for other therapeutic agents used in NS, such as cyclosporin. Current models provide much insight but do not fully recapitulate the human condition since the pathophysiology underlying NS is poorly understood. New and promising models include the glomerulus-on-a-chip and kidney organoids, which have the potential to be further developed into functional NS models in the future.