bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nitrogen topdressing mode of indica-japonica and indica hybrid rice are different after side-deep fertilization with machine transplanting
Authors: Wang Xiaodan , Wang Yaliang , Zhang Yuping , Xiang Jing , Zhang Yikai , Zhu Defeng , Chen Huizhe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDetermination of the optimal fertilization method is crucial to maximize nitrogen use efficiency and yield of different rice cultivars. Side-deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen, in conjunction with machine transplanting and subsequent topdressing, was applied to Indica–japonica hybrid rice ‘Yongyou1540’ (YY1540) and indica hybrid rice ‘Tianyouhuazhan’ (TYHZ). Four nitrogen treatments were applied in 2018 and 2019: traditional nitrogen application with quick-release nitrogen (T1), single-dose deep fertilization at transplanting with 100% controlled-release nitrogen (T2), and deep fertilization of 70% controlled-release nitrogen and topdressing of 30% quick nitrogen at tillering (T3), or at panicle initiation (T4). Side-deep fertilization reduced the fertilizer application frequency without causing yield loss, T4 enhanced the yield of YY1540 by increasing the number of productive tillers and number of spikelets per panicle compared with T1, T2 and T3. The yield of TYHZ showed no significant difference among treatments. The T4 treatment decreased the number of tillers at the tilling peak stage and increased the percentage productive tillers and number of differentiated spikelets. Compared with the other treatments, T4 increased dry matter accumulation and leaf area index during panicle initiation and grain ripening, and contributed to enhanced nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization in YY1540. On average, nitrogen uptake and utilization in YY1540 were highest in T4, but no significant differences among treatments were observed in TYHZ. Dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake from panicle initiation to heading of YY1540 were correlated with number of spikelets per panicle, but no significant correlations were observed for TYHZ. Supplementary topdressing with quick-release nitrogen at the panicle initiation stage was required to increase yield of indica–japonica hybrid rice, whereas single-dose deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen is satisfactory for the indica hybrid cultivar.
Subjective evaluation of socio-economic situation of residents of the South Bohemian Region and factors impacting it
Authors: Kajanova Alena , Urban David 
Published: January 2021

In our entry we focus on subjective evaluation of the socio-economic situation of residents of the South Bohemian Region. We explore and describe factors as well as contexts contributing to such subjective evaluations. The research was conducted via a survey, which made use of a self-designed questionnaire consisting of primarily closed scale questions focusing on areas including evaluating the socio-economic situation, the ability to manage own income. The sample consisted of 700 questionnaires.
The results of the research show that 43.4% of respondents have average income management skills and that the ability to manage income is statistically independent from age, education level, or sex of the respondent. Employment also does not statistically influence the ability. As part of subjective evaluation of poverty/wealth, the respondents feel to be middle class (29.1%), the extremes were selected seldomly. Only one percent evaluated their situation as poverty; 0.1% saw perceived themselves as wealthy.
Evaluation des Modellprojektes „Rezept für Bewegung“ in Baden-Württemberg mittels explorativer qualitativer Befragung
Authors: Emerich Sigrid , Preiser Christine , Rieger Monika A 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungZiel der Studie Bewegung hat auf die Gesundheit einen positiven Effekt, der bereits in vielen Studien bewiesen wurde. Bei der Unterstützung der PatientInnen hin zu mehr Bewegung haben ÄrztInnen eine besondere Rolle. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde 2009 das Modellprojekt „Rezept für Bewegung“ (RfB) in Deutschland ins Leben gerufen. Hierbei können ÄrztInnen ihren PatientInnen ein tatsächliches Rezept für Bewegung ausstellen. In Baden-Württemberg wurde dieses Angebot von 2015 bis 2016 in 4 Modellregionen erprobt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, nach dem Ende der Erprobung die Verwendung des RfB durch ÄrztInnen in Baden-Württemberg zu evaluieren.Methodik Die an dem Programm teilnehmenden ÄrztInnen wurden qualitativ befragt. Die Befragung wurde anhand eines strukturierten Interviewleitfadens telefonisch durchgeführt.Ergebnisse Die qualitative Befragung zeigte eine positive Einstellung der ÄrztInnen gegenüber dem RfB. Als hemmende Faktoren für die Ausstellung des RfB wurden fehlende örtliche Angebote und die fehlende direkte Kostenübernahme der Krankenkasse für die empfohlenen Bewegungsangebote angegeben. Weitere Einflussgrößen stellten die Eigenmotivation der PatientInnen sowie die antizipierte Wahrscheinlichkeit der Umsetzung der Bewegungsempfehlung dar.Schlussfolgerung Durch die vorliegende qualitative Erhebung konnten nicht nur Hemmnisse bei der Ausstellung des RfB durch ÄrztInnen und der Umsetzung der Bewegungsempfehlungen durch die PatientInnen, sondern auch förderliche Faktoren mit Blick auf die künftige Verwendung des RfB außerhalb des Modellvorhabens dokumentiert werden.
HPLC-UV, Metabarcoding and Genome Skims of Botanical Dietary Supplements: A Case Study in Echinacea
Authors: Handy Sara M. , Pawar Rahul S. , Ottesen Andrea R. , Ramachandran Padmini , Sagi Satyanarayanaraju , Zhang Ning , Hsu Erica , Erickson David L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe use of DNA-based methods to authenticate botanical dietary supplements has been vigorously debated for a variety of reasons. More comparisons of DNA-based and chemical methods are needed, and concordant evaluation of orthogonal approaches on the same products will provide data to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. The overall application of DNA-based methods is already firmly integrated into a wide array of continually modernizing stand alone and complementary authentication protocols. Recently, the use of full-length chloroplast genome sequences provided enhanced discriminatory capacity for closely related species of Echinacea compared to traditional DNA barcoding approaches (matK and rbcL). Here, two next-generation sequencing approaches were used: (1) genome skimming and (2) PCR amplicon (metabarcoding). The two genetic approaches were then combined with HPLC-UV to evaluate 20 commercially available dietary
supplements of Echinacea representing “finished” products. The trade-offs involved in different DNA approaches were discussed, with a focus on how DNA methods support existing, accepted chemical methods. In most of the products (19/20), HPLC-UV suggested the presence of Echinacea spp. While metabarcoding was not useful with this genus and instead only resolved 7 products to the family level, genome skimming was able to resolve to species (9) or genus (1) with the 10/20 products where it was successful. Additional ingredients that HPLC-UV was unable to identify were also found in four products along with the relative sequence proportion of the constituents. Additionally, genome skimming was able to identify one product that was a different Echinacea species entirely.
Recent Advances in the Selective Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenols to o-Quinones and o-Quinols with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Wengryniuk Sarah E. , Xiao Xiao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
ortho-Quinones are valuable molecular frameworks with diverse applications across biology, materials, organic synthesis, catalysis, and coordination chemistry. Despite their broad utility, their synthesis remains challenging, in particular via the direct oxidation of readily accessible phenols, due to the need to affect regioselective ortho oxidation coupled with the sensitivity of the resulting o-quinone products. The perspective looks at the emergence of I(V) hypervalent iodine reagents as an effective class of oxidants for regioselective o-quinone synthesis. The application of these reagents in regioselective phenol oxidation to both o-quinones and o-quinols will be discussed, including a recent report from our laboratory on the first method for the oxidation of electron-deficient phenols using a novel nitrogen-ligated I(V) reagent. Also included are select examples of total syntheses utilizing this methodology as well as recent advancements in chiral I(V) reagent design for asymmetric phenol dearomatization.1	Introduction2	I(V): Hypervalent Iodine Reagents3	I(V)-Mediated Dearomatization to o-Quinones4	Bisnitrogen-Ligated I(V) Reagents: ortho Dearomatization of Electron-Poor Phenols5	I(V)-Mediated Dearomatization to o-Quinols6	Conclusion and Outlook
New Developments in Microbiome in Alcohol-Associated and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Hartmann Phillipp , Schnabl Bernd 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The intestinal microbiota is involved in the development and progression of both ALD and NAFLD. Here we describe associated changes in the intestinal microbiota, and we detail randomized clinical trials in ALD and NAFLD which evaluate treatments modulating the intestinal microbiome including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics. Finally, we discuss precision medicine approaches targeting the intestinal microbiome to ameliorate ALD and NAFLD.
The Impact of Pulmonary Vascular Obstruction on the Risk of Recurrence of Pulmonary Embolism: A French Prospective Cohort
Authors: Orione Charles , Tromeur Cécile , Le Mao Raphael , Le Floch Pierre-Yves , Robin Philippe , Hoffmann Clément , Bressollette Luc , Nonent Michel , Le Roux Pierre-Yves , Salaun Pierre-Yves , Guegan Marie , Poulhazan Elise , Lacut Karine , Leroyer Christophe , Lemarié Catherine A. , Couturaud Francis 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background We aimed to assess whether high pulmonary vascular obstruction index (PVOI) measured at the time of pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE).
Study Design and Methods French prospective cohort of patients with a symptomatic episode of PE diagnosed with spiral computerized tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) or ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) lung scan and a follow-up of at least 6 months after anticoagulation discontinuation. PVOI was assessed based on the available diagnostic exam (V/Q lung scan or CTPA). All patients had standardized follow-up and independent clinicians adjudicated all deaths and recurrent VTE events. Main outcome was recurrent VTE after stopping anticoagulation.
Results A total of 418 patients with PE were included. During a median follow-up period of 3.6 (1.2–6.0) years, 109 recurrences occurred. In multivariate analysis, PVOI ≥ 40% was an independent risk factor for recurrence (hazard ratio 1.77, 95% confidence interval 1.20–2.62, p < 0.01), whether PE was provoked by a major transient risk factor or not. A threshold at 41% was identified as the best value associated with the risk of recurrence 6 months after stopping anticoagulation (area under curve = 0.64).
Conclusion PVOI ≥ 40% at PE diagnosis was an independent risk factor for recurrence VTE. Further prospective validation studies are needed.
Circulating MicroRNAs and Monocyte–Platelet Aggregate Formation in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Stojkovic Stefan , Wadowski Patricia P. , Haider Patrick , Weikert Constantin , Pultar Joseph , Lee Silvia , Eichelberger Beate , Hengstenberg Christian , Wojta Johann , Panzer Simon , Demyanets Svitlana , Gremmel Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Monocyte–platelet aggregates (MPAs) are a sensitive marker of in vivo platelet activation in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and associated with clinical outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRs) play an important role in the regulation of platelet activation, and may influence MPA formation. Both, miRs and MPA, could be influenced by the type of P2Y12 inhibitor.
Aim To study the association of platelet-related miRs with MPA formation in ACS patients on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), and to compare miRs and MPA levels between prasugrel- and ticagrelor-treated patients.
Methods and Results We analyzed 10 circulating platelet-related miRs in 160 consecutive ACS patients on DAPT with low-dose aspirin and either prasugrel (n = 80) or ticagrelor (n = 80). MPA formation was measured by flow cytometry without addition of platelet agonists and after simulation with the toll-like receptor (TLR)-1/2 agonist Pam3CSK4, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or arachidonic acid (AA). In multivariate regression analyses, we identified miR-21 (β = 9.50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.60–17.40, p = 0.019) and miR-126 (β = 7.50, 95% CI: 0.55–14.44, p = 0.035) as independent predictors of increased MPA formation in vivo and after TLR-1/2 stimulation. In contrast, none of the investigated miRs was independently associated with MPA formation after stimulation with ADP or AA. Platelet-related miR expression and MPA formation did not differ significantly between prasugrel- and ticagrelor-treated patients.
Conclusion Platelet-related miR-21 and miR-126 are associated with MPA formation in ACS patients on DAPT. miRs and MPA levels were similar in prasugrel- and ticagrelor-treated patients.
Basilar Artery Occlusion and Emerging Treatments
Authors: Liu Zuolu , Liebeskind David S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBasilar artery occlusion is a relatively uncommon but neurologically devastating condition. If revascularization is not achieved, the potential for death and disability is substantial. During the last several years, there have been positive endovascular stroke trials for the treatment of large vessel occlusion; however, all of them excluded patients with basilar artery occlusion. The current treatment of basilar artery occlusion is still founded on small observational studies or meta-analyses. As case selection for revascularization and treatment protocols often vary widely across institutions, sample sizes remain limited. In this article, we aim to review some of the larger observational studies in stroke due to basilar artery occlusion, considering potential treatment strategies and resultant outcomes.
Tonic Tics in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Kaczyńska Justyna , Janik Piotr 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Aim Tonic tics (TTs) are a part of a clinical picture of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and manifest themselves as sustained and isometric contraction of a muscle group devoid of the movement effect or accompanied by only slight visible motion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and phenomenology of TTs, and to assess the clinical associations of TTs with tic severity and comorbidities in patients with GTS.
Methods We performed a one-time registration study in a cohort of 241 consecutive outpatients with GTS aged 5 to 50 years (188 males, 153 patients under the age of 18 years). All patients were personally interviewed and examined.
Results TTs occurred in 85.2% of adults and 63.9% of children and adolescents. Most frequently reported types of TTs were tensing of the abdomen (58.7%), neck (52.7%), and upper limbs (50.3%). Multivariate statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between TTs and the total number of simple tics, total number of complex tics, and age at evaluation. In the group of children and adolescents, an additional significant variable was the duration of GTS. In the group of adults, significant parameters were total number of simple tics, total number of complex tics, peak tic severity ever experienced, premonitory urges, and the presence of dystonic tics.
Conclusion TTs belong to the tic spectrum, common and early symptoms of GTS, are associated with overall a greater number of tics which are more severe, and with more comorbidities.
An immunohistochemical study of lymphatic elements in the human brain
Authors: Mezey Éva , Szalayova Ildikó , Hogden Christopher T. , Brady Alexandra , Dósa Ágnes , Sótonyi Péter , Palkovits Miklós 
Published: January 2021

Significance
The connection between brain and peripheral lymphatics has been studied for 250 y, mainly in animals. Specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were discovered about a decade ago. We stained postmortem human brains with LYVE1 and PDPN to identify LECs. Marker-positive cells were found in membranes covering the brain, walls of vessels, and perivascular spaces, and among nerve fibers. These spaces also seem to contain T cells and are connected to peripheral lymphatics through passageways in the nasal cavity, optic nerve, and base of the skull. Our findings show a path that brain waste products take when they leave the central nervous system, paths that may be bidirectional.
Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations
Authors: Andrasfay Theresa , Goldman Noreen 
Published: January 2021

Significance
COVID-19 has generated a huge mortality toll in the United States, with a disproportionate number of deaths occurring among the Black and Latino populations. Measures of life expectancy quantify these disparities in an easily interpretable way. We project that COVID-19 will reduce US life expectancy in 2020 by 1.13 y. Estimated reductions for the Black and Latino populations are 3 to 4 times that for Whites. Consequently, COVID-19 is expected to reverse over 10 y of progress made in closing the Black−White gap in life expectancy and reduce the previous Latino mortality advantage by over 70%. Some reduction in life expectancy may persist beyond 2020 because of continued COVID-19 mortality and long-term health, social, and economic impacts of the pandemic.
Speech language pathologists’ beliefs and knowledge-base for providing pronunciation instruction
Authors: Foote J. A. , Thomson R. I. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A number of studies have investigated the degree to which language instructors are prepared to offer pronunciation instruction (PI), but little research has addressed the readiness of another group of professionals, speech-language pathologists (SLPs), who are increasingly offering pronunciation instruction under the term foreign accent modification (FAM). To address this gap, the study reported here investigates the extent to which SLPs who offer PI are equipped to do so. We surveyed 54 SLPs who offer PI in North America, focusing on their beliefs, and the extent to which they are able to critically evaluate a range of statements and materials obtained from pronunciation resources. Results indicated that while survey respondents may have transferrable knowledge with respect to the articulation of speech sounds, many of their beliefs and practices are not grounded in a comprehensive understanding of the field. We recommend that SLPs offering PI should first receive specialized training in this area.
Tidal forces are gravitational waves
Authors: Goswami Rituparno , Ellis George F R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper we show in a covariant and gauge invariant way that in general relativity, tidal forces are actually a hidden form of gravitational waves. This must be so because gravitational effects cannot occur faster than the speed of light. Any two body gravitating system, where the bodies are orbiting around each other, may generate negligible gravitational waves, but it is via these waves that non-negligible tidal forces (causing shape distortions) act on these bodies. Although the tidal forces are caused by the electric part of the Weyl tensor, we transparently show that some small time varying magnetic part of the Weyl tensor with non zero curl must be present in the system that mediates the tidal forces via gravitational wave type effects. The outcome is a new test of whether gravitational effects propagate at the speed of light.
Dimension of the isometry group in three-dimensional Riemannian spaces
Authors: Ferrando Joan Josep , Sáez Juan Antonio 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The necessary and sufficient conditions for a three-dimensional Riemannian metric to admit a group of isometries of dimension r acting on s-dimensional orbits are obtained. These conditions are Intrinsic, Deductive, Explicit and ALgorithmic and they offer an IDEAL labeling that improves previously known invariant studies.
Charged black hole mergers: orbit circularisation and chirp mass bias
Authors: Christiansen Øyvind , Jiménez Jose Beltrán , Mota David F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We consider the inspiral of black holes carrying U(1) charge that is not electromagnetic, but corresponds to some dark sector. In the weak-field, low-velocity regime, the components follow Keplerian orbits. We investigate how the orbital parameters evolve for dipole-dominated emission and find that the orbit quickly circularises, though not as efficiently as for a gravitationally dominated emission. We then regard circular orbits, and look for modifications in the gravitational waveform from the components carrying small charges. Taking this into account we populate the waveform with simplified LIGO noise and put it through a matched filtering procedure where the template bank only consists of uncharged templates, focusing on the charges’ effect on the chirp mass estimation. We find a consistent overestimation of the ‘generalised’ chirp mass, and a possible over- and underestimation of the actual chirp mass. Finally, we briefly consider the effect of such charges on hyperbolic encounters, finding again a bias arising from interpreting the generalised chirp mass as the actual chirp mass.
Gauge-invariant quadratic approximation of quasi-local mass and its relation with Hamiltonian for gravitational field
Authors: Jezierski Jacek , Kijowski Jerzy , Waluk Piotr 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Gauge invariant, Hamiltonian formulation of field dynamics within a compact region Σ with boundary ∂Σ is given for the gravitational field linearized over a Kottler metric. The boundary conditions which make the system autonomous are discussed. The corresponding Hamiltonian functional

H

Inv

uniquely describes the energy carried by the (linearized) gravitational field. It is shown that, under specific boundary conditions, the quasi-local Hawking mass

H

Haw

reduces to

H

Inv

in the weak field approximation. This observation is a quasi-local version of the classical Brill–Deser result (Brill and Deser 1968 Ann.Phys.(N.Y.)
50 3) and enables us to declare Hawking mass as the correct expression (at least up to quadratic terms in the Taylor expansion) for the quasi-local mass, which correctly describes energy carried by the gravitational field.
Photoionization of open-shell nitrogen confined in C60
Authors: Gorczyca T W , Manson S T 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Endofullerene photoionization of open-shell N@C60 is investigated using a coupled-channel, correlated R-matrix approach with additional modifications for a finite spherical-shell fullerene potential. Particular focus is on the initial-state dependence of the photoionization cross section. Comparisons show significant differences between the 1s
22s
22p
3(4S) initial state and the metastable 2D and 2P states, as well as strong confinement oscillations.