bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspective From the National Medical Association
Authors: Epps Roselyn Payne 
Published: December 2021

I am pleased to comment as a member of the National Medical Association, the professional organization founded in 1895, which currently represents the 14,000 black physicians practicing in the United States. Members of the National Medical Association (many of whom have been inspired by the leadership of Dr Roland B. Scott) have been and continue to be in the forefront of sickle cell disease research. Their sustained interest and that of many other colleagues has contributed to the research accomplishments we observe today. On the other hand, some physicians have been reluctant to assume a prominent role in sickle cell screening, counseling, and follow-up because of their own uncertainties and legitimate differences of opinion. During this conference, experienced and knowledgeable speakers have eloquently presented varying and sometimes divergent points of view, reflecting existing practices and highlighting the need for consensus development.
As the consensus panel approaches its deliberations, I would like to emphasize that the health of the child and family must be paramount. I define health in its broad sense as the physical, mental, and social well-being of children and families. Results of the collaborative oral penicillin study, presented by Dr Gaston, leave no doubt that identification of sickle cell disease during infancy and prevention of its complications are imperative. Also, many speakers from successful programs spoke of the extensive time, effort, and resources required to screen, follow up, counsel, and treat patients and to coordinate services. I request that the panel carefully consider the advisability and feasibility of a public health education program, patterned after the highly successful high blood pressure education program launched by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, which included every resource of the country.
Public Health Perspective on Newborn Screening for Hemoglobinopathies
Authors: Walker Bailus 
Published: December 2021

The information presented during this conference has more than adequately demonstrated that the early identification of newborns with sickle cell disease, the administration of comprehensive care to newborns, including penicillin prophylaxis, and public education about the disease can greatly reduce infant and childhood morbidity and mortality.
Screening for the hemoglobinopathies has been a controversial topic for two decades. Many states, including Massachusetts, responded to the political pressures of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and the identification of sickle cell anemia as the "neglected disease" by hastily passing sickle cell testing legislation, which, unfortunately, resulted in the establishment of many poorly planned sickle cell screening programs.
This situation was confirmed by the 1983 President's Commission Report on Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions, in which serious problems with many of the existing sickle cell disease and carrier screening programs were pointed out, including unclear program objectives, poorly chosen target populations, lack of confidentiality of results leading to discrimination and stigmatization, and inadequate incorporation of genetic counseling and public education into the programs.
Although we now know that the appropriate time to screen is the newborn period, and we have available an effective treatment for the complications of sickle cell disease, concerns still remain.
From a state health department perspective, sickle cell screening programs that include all babies born (universal) are more appropriate than those that target babies of certain ethnic backgrounds. Because it is often difficult to determine ethnic background, especially in the newborn period, targeted screening would inevitably mean missing some babies at risk and affected babies.
Perspective From the American Academy of Pediatrics
Authors: Holtzman Neil A. 
Published: December 2021

Ten years ago, the initial report of the Committee on Genetics of the American Academy of Pediatrics was published, drawing heavily on the landmark report published 2 years earlier by the National Academy of Sciences. That report stated that new mass screening tests should not be implemented without pilot studies or facilities for follow-up. I would like to deal with the efficacy of screening as determined by pilot studies, the effectiveness of routine screening, and the importance of follow-up.
The Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease was essentially the first phase of a large pilot program that systematically demonstrated that sepsis, meningitis, and acute splenic sequestration occurred in young infants with sickle cell disease. Previous reports suggested, and the cooperative study corroborated, that without prior diagnosis many of these infants would die. The randomized trial of oral penicillin prophylaxis was the second phase of the pilot program, demonstrating that early treatment significantly reduced mortality. Thus, the results of this pilot program, conducted with support of the National Institutes of Health, documented that newborn screening for sickle cell disease satisfied a major criterion for screening: An intervention capable of reducing mortality would be efficacious if applied before the usual age of clinical diagnosis.
The pilot program was conducted under ideal conditions. The findings are not enough to conclude that screening for sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies will always be effective when performed routinely.
DIAPER AND SKIN FOLD RASHES AND THE HAIR DRIER
Authors: Austin Glenn 
Published: December 2021

Wet macerated skin in the diaper area and in the skin folds under the chin, in the axilla, groin and between the buttocks predisposes to rashes. Most yeast, fungi and bacteria grow better on macerated skin than on dry skin. While frequent changes of disposable diapers with or without moisture absorbing chemicals seems to have reduced such rashes, the problem still exists. It often seems more prevalent among babies in crowded day care situations with a low ratio of caretakers to babies needing changing.
Over the last ten years I have found that the use of a hair drier to intermittently completely dry the skin in these areas leads to healthier skin and fewer rashes. This technique is especially helpful for plump babies where the skin is usually moist in the creases of the neck, groin and axilla and between the buttocks. Once the skin has been completely dried a light application of powder in the creases tends to keep the skin dry longer and less irritated. Bun warmers work.
Family-Centered, Community-Based, Coordinated Care for Children With Special Needs
Authors: NARKEWICZ RICHARD M. 
Published: December 2021

Assuring that all children with special health care needs have access to family-centered, community-based, coordinated care, as described by Brewer et al in this issue of Pediatrics, is a timely and commendable goal that the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) shares. Pediatricians have a major role to play in the shaping of these services and assuring their accessibility by the children who need them.
Last winter, the AAP held three task force meetings to discuss the role of pediatricians vis-á-vis the case manager/care coordinator. A consensus emerged from these meetings that a variety of roles should be available to pediatricians, depending upon the child's diagnosis, the pediatrician's training and interest, the skills of the family, and the community services available.
Skateboard Injuries
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON ACCIDENT AND POISON PREVENTION
Published: December 2021

Skateboards are again increasing in popularity (Time, June 6, 1988, pp 90-91). Not surprisingly, the increased use of skateboards is accompanied by a resurgence in the number of related injuries. Pediatricians informed about skateboard injuries can help to prevent needless injury.
In the last skateboard injury epidemic, the annual incidence of injuries peaked at 150,000 in 1977. The rate subsequently decreased to 16,000 injuries in 1983. Since that time, skateboard injuries had increased sharply: 19,000 in 1984, 37,000 in 1985, and 81,000 in 1986. According to data from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, in 1984 and 1985, 36 children are known to have died as a result of injuries sustained while riding skateboards.
Analysis of Consumer Product Safety Commission data from 1984 to 1985 indicates the following salient features of the current outbreak. Of recorded skateboard injuries during this period: (1) 88% involved skateboarders less than 20 years of age, 45% involved 10- to 14-year-old children; (2) 88% involving skateboarders younger than 20 years of age involved boys or young men; (3) 74% were to the extremities, 17% to the head and neck, and 9% to the trunk; (4) severe injuries were uncommon; moderate injuries were most common in all age groups. However, the severity of injuries increased with decreasing age. Moderate or severe injuries accounted for half of the injuries to children older than 9 years, two thirds of the injuries to children 5 to 9 years, and more than three fourths of the injuries to children 0 to 4 years of age; (5) the likelihood of injury to the head and neck increased as the age of the injured decreased.
More on Taurine
Authors: TYSON JON E. , MIZE CHARLES , LASKY ROBERT 
Published: December 2021

In a recent commentary, Perlman called for further study of the effects of taurine and expressed reservations about our randomized trial of taurine supplementation for infants weighing ≤1300 g at birth. We agree with the need for further investigation but would like to respond to his criticism that our sampling of patients was biased and that our statistical analyses were inappropriate.
What Perlman contends is a methodologic problem and a selection bias is, in fact, the careful selection of patients for the specific question under investigation.
Optimum Needle Length for Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Inoculation of Infants
Authors: HICK JOHN F. , CHARBONEAU J. WILLIAM , BRAKKE DUANE M. , GOERGEN BARBARA 
Published: December 2021

There is no consensus about the most appropriate needle length for injection of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine in infants. IM administration with a 2.54 to 3.17 cm (1- to 1 ¼-in) needle was recommended according to the 1982 Red Book. A specific recommendation for needle length was deleted from the 1986 Red Book, although IM administration was still recommended. This route is preferred because of the known risk of sterile abscess formation related to subcutaneous administration of the DTP vaccine.
No systematic surveys have been conducted among practitioners to establish the most commonly used needle length for DTP shots. We informally surveyed the five largest pediatric clinics in the Minneapolis-St Paul area and found that four of five clinics used a 1.58-cm (⅝-in) needle.
Summary of the Annual Meeting of the Section on Pediatric Urology, October 30-November 2, 1987: Update on Subjects of Current Interest to Pediatricians
Authors: Rabinowitz Ronald , Hensle Terry W. 
Published: December 2021

The Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics met for 3 days in conjunction with the 56th Annual Meeting of the Academy in New Orleans, Louisiana. Throughout the meeting, numerous research papers were presented along with clinical reports. This meeting has become the premier pediatric urology meeting and attracts worldwide attendance and participation. The growth of clinical and research aspects of pediatric urology has long been promoted by the recipient of this year's Pediatric Urology Medal, John K. Lattimer.
URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION
The problem of neonatal ureteropelvic junction obstruction, its evaluation, and the criteria for intervention are areas of intense interest to both the pediatric urologist and the primary care pediatrician.
Hypothyroidism With Thyroxine-Binding Gobulin Excess
Authors: LEUNG ALEXANDER K. C. , MCARTHUR ROBERT G. 
Published: December 2021

Since our letter was printed in January 1989, we have come across an additional example of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) excess associated with hypothyroidism.
In a recent article, Menon reported the case of a 21-month-old boy with developmental and growth delay and other clinical features of hypothyroidism. Investigations confirmed the diagnosis of hypothyroidism: serum thyroxine (T4) 28 nmol/L (normal range 60 to 140 nmol/L), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 100 mU/L (normal range 2 to 10 mU/L), and bone age 4 months.
WHO IS AT FAULT?
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

Doctors, lawyers, architects, and other professionals strike a bargain with society: Leave us alone, they say, and we will take care of you. . . .
But do professionals warrant the trust placed in their hands?
Headlines shout of bridges and buildings toppling. Health care costs escalate. Our children compare poorly in knowledge of science, math, and foreign languages with those of other countries. Malpractice suits skyrocket. Greed corrupts Wall Street. America has lost the industrial muscle that was once the envy of the world.
Has our army of experts, whom we entrust to take care of us, let us down?
Or, on the other hand, have we let them down, shackling them in regulations, keeping them from doing their jobs, impeding them in the free exercise of their expertise?
REVIEWS OF LAY LITERATURE ON CHILD CARE: WHAT PARENTS ARE READING
Authors: Glascoe Frances P. , Moore William R. , Henderson James , Martin Elaine D. 
Published: December 2021

Leach P. Your Baby and Child: From Birth to Age Five. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf; 1978; list price $24.45 (#4 on the 1988 bestseller list of books on child care of the Ingram Book Co, distributors of trade books).
Addressing the effects of nature and nurture on development, Leach covers prenatal development through preschool with particular attention to infancy. Parents' roles, identical for mothers and fathers, are diverse and include controller of environments, model of ideal behavior, nurturer, and instructor. Management methods involve positive reinforcement, ignoring, and active listening; designed to be preventive, corrective, and instructive. Detailed information is given about specific practices including nutrition, stimulatory activities, illness, and education. There is some consideration of environmental forces, parenting difficulties, and the needs of exceptional children. While an intact family is not presumed, material resources are, and presence of a homemaker is advised until children reach three years of age. The text is moderately difficult to read, lacks organization and cross-referencing in the indices. However, the book is supported by numerous photographs and illustrations. The medical content was rated as fair but parents are prompted to seek medical attention appropriately.
MODEL FOR THE WAR ON DRUGS?
Authors: M. R. J. 
Published: December 2021

In 1982, after learning that 48% of its sailors aged 18 to 24 were using illicit drugs, the Navy declared war. The battle plan I directed from 1982 to 1984 reduced that percentage to less than 10% within two years; today it is less than 5%. The Navy has conducted 10 million drug tests each year. An independent survey taken in late 1983 revealed that 83% of the sailors in that age group cited random testing as the number one deterrent to drug abuse. Perhaps even more significant, about 26% said they probably would resume usage if the testing program were dropped.
To cut down on "false positive," the Navy's program has called for 6,000 quality-control urine samples to be sent to the laboratory without its knowledge each year. Not one of the more than 36,000 such "blind negative" quality-control specimens tested to date has been incorrectly labeled positive by the laboratory.
Have testing mistakes been made? Yes. However, the Navy instituted a thorough review system for any specimen that tests positive for illicit substances. It is based on a philosophy of "if there's any doubt, throw the case out," weighted in favor of the individual. The lab must never be the sole judge.
The Navy has done all it can to make sure that the Fourth (search and seizure) and Fifth (self-incrimation) Amendments are protected. It has shown that a combination of compassion, sensitivity and clear, firm rules works.
Pediatric Rheumatology Manpower and Training: Planning for the 1990s
Authors: LEHMAN THOMAS J. A. , MAGILAVY DANIEL B. , WARREN ROBERT 
Published: December 2021

According to recent estimates, 350 000 children each year will experience an acute episode of joint pain, and nearly 200 000 will have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or another collagen vascular disease. In 1976, there were only 30 pediatric rheumatologists, and fewer than 10 inpatient centers for the care of children with rheumatic diseases in the United States. By 1986, there were pediatric rheumatology faculty in 46 (37%) of the 126 academic pediatric departments in the United States.
Recently, it was noted that several available pediatric rheumatology faculty positions remained unfilled for significant periods of time. Whether this indicated a need to train additional fellows or other problems was not clear.
Ehrlichia canis Infection in a Child
Authors: BARTON LESLIE L. , FOY THOMAS M. 
Published: December 2021

Ehrlichia canis is a tick-borne rickettsia that causes disease in animals throughout the world. Its importance as a human pathogen, however, has only recently been documented. We report a child with serologically proven ehrlichiosis, to highlight differential diagnosis, to expand the spectrum of dermatologic manifestations, and to provide the first clinical evidence of therapeutic efficacy of chloramphenicol.
CASE REPORT
A 4-year-old boy from rural Missouri was admitted to the hospital on August 10, 1988, for evaluation of a fever of 2 weeks' duration. During the week before he became ill, his parents had removed numerous ticks from both the patient and the family's pet dog.
ERRATA
Authors: Selbst Steven M. 
Published: December 2021

In a Letter to Editor (Pediatrics 1989;83(suppl):639-640) the following letter was misprinted and it is repeated here.
CHEST PAIN IN AN ADOLESCENT: THINK OF COCAINE!
We appreciate Dr. Schwartz' thoughtful comments about our article. Our failure to mention cocaine abuse in the discussion of chest pain was an oversight. previously, I reported the case of an adolescent who presented to our Emergency Department with acute, severe chest pain from cocaine abuse. This teenager presented long after completion of our study of 407 children with chest pain, even after our manuscript was first drafted. We were surprised by his presentation, and by the fact that no others like him had presented during our one year study period. I think it is unlikely that we missed any cocaine abusers in our group of patients with "idiopathic" chest pain. As noted previously, cocaine can cause tachycardia, pneumothorax, hypertension, and coronary artery spasm with myocardial infarction. Thus, those with subsequent chest pain will undoubtedly have acute, severe chest pain and physiologic changes. These children would have been evaluated in our Emergency Department with electrocardiograms and further studies.
I agree that a drug history and toxicologic screening for cocaine abuse should be obtained for all adolescents with severe chest pain of sudden onset. This should even be considered for some younger children as drug abuse has become more widespread in our society. However, I do not think a drug screen is indicated for all children with idiopathic chest pain, especially if their pain is chronic and the physical findings are normal.
Resurgence of Acute Rheumatic Fever
Authors: KAVEY RAE-ELLEN W. , KAPLAN EDWARD L. 
Published: December 2021

Between February 1987 and September 1988, there were eight published reports of outbreaks or increases of acute rheumatic fever cases in civilian as well as in military populations in the United States. This is a change from the past decade. Because rheumatic fever is no longer a reportable disease to local or state health departments, we thought it important to attempt to ascertain the extent of this middle 1980s resurgence.
We contacted 56 physicians by telephone, all of them pediatric cardiologists. Essentially, all practice in large referral medical centers.
Early Language Milestone Scale and Language Screening
Authors: FRANKENBURG WILLIAM K. 
Published: December 2021

Walker et al made a contribution by calling attention to the importance of validation of screening tests in their article. However, the paper had three major shortcomings.
First, the authors inappropriately cite a limitation of the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) based on a report by Borowitz and Glascoe. The Borowitz-Glascoe study has three major methodologic biases that invalidate its conclusions: One is failure to interpret the DDST in the prescribed manner—the authors wrongly compared their criterion tests with only one sector of the DDST.
In Reply: Expert Testimony
Authors: ROBERTSON WILLIAM O. 
Published: December 2021

On behalf of the AAP's Medical Liability Committee, I thank both Drs Hendricks and Dry for taking time to comment on our guidelines for expert witness testimony. I believe, unfortunately, that both have fallen into the understandable philosophic trap of exclusive defense advocacy. Our goal through these guidelines was to aspire toward objectivity—and to avoid advocacy—advocacy for either side as society attempts to resolve medical disputes.
As a consequence, I can second Dr Hendrick's suggestion to have any expert seek an affidavit of completeness of medical records from the requesting attorney—with the caveat that such be sought from counsel for either the plaintiff or the defense.
ON THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Henry Adams (1838-1918), grandson of President John Quincy Adams and great-grandson of President John Adams, in his privately-printed The Education of Henry Adams describes his father's way of educating and amusing young Henry as follows:
By way of educating and amusing the children, Mr. Adams read much aloud, and was sure to read political literature, especially when it was satirical, like the speeches of Horace Mann and the Epistles of Hosea Biglow, with great delight to the youth. So he read Longfellow and Tennyson as their poems appeared, but the children took possession of Dickens and Thackeray for themselves. Both were too modern for tastes founded on Pope and Dr. Johnson. The boy Henry soon became a desultory reader of every book he found readable, but these were commonly eighteenth-century historians because his father's library was full of them. In the want of positive instincts, he drifted into the mental indolence of history. So, too, he read shelves of eighteenth-century poetry, but when his father offered his own set of Wordsworth as a gift on condition of reading it through, he declined. Pope and Gray called on no mental effort; they were easy reading; but the boy was thirty years old before his education reached Wordsworth.
OUTCOME-ORIENTED BIAS OF PEER REVIEWERS
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

A draft of an article was sent to all the consulting editors of the Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, a periodical devoted to the work of followers of B. F. Skinner. One-third received a version interpreting the data as favorable to Skinner's ideas; one-third, a version concluding that the data opposed Skinner, and one-third, an ambiguous version. The method used was described in identical words in all versions.
[The author] reported that a majority of the editors receiving the pro-Skinner paper recommended publication, a majority of those receiving the anti-Skinner draft opposed publication. The third group split about 50-50. Even more striking, those getting the pro-Skinner interpretation rated the method as strictly scientific; those getting the critical version thought the methodology was sloppy, and the third group took a middle position. Remember that the method was described as identical for all three drafts.