bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cladosporium cucumerinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cladosporium cucumerinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis sativus, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita pepo
. DISEASE: Scab of Cucurbits, especially cucumber (
Cucumis sativus
), muskmelon and cantaloupe (
C. melo
), and pumpkin, squash and marrow (
Cucurbita pepo
). Symptoms are most severe on the young fruit where deeply sunken lesions are formed, up to 1 cm diam. and with a gummy exudate. On older fruit infection is restricted by the host reaction and results in the formation of brown, cork-like scabs. Foliage infection (necrotic, water-soaked spots sometimes with a gummy exudate) is not very destructive. Sporulation on the leaf tends to be sparse. At favourable temperature the apical shoots of young plants are killed back. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in N. America and Europe; also in parts of Africa, S. and E. Asia, Panama and Trinidad. The disease has not been reported from Australasia or S. America (CMI Map 310, ed. 2, 1968). Additional records not mapped are Israel and Lebanon. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air dispersed conidia, and the pathogen survives between crops on host debris. Although seed treatment has been recommended (34: 341; 44, 311)
C. cucumerinum
is probably rarely seed-borne (47, 3058).
Hypoxylon mediterraneum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Hypoxylon mediterraneum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On trunks and branches of deciduous trees, particularly
Quercus suber
, usually following injury, but also occurring on
Castanea, Eucalyptus, Fagus sylvatica, Malus, Platanus hybrida, Platanus orientalis, Populus tremuloides, Quercus alba, Quercus ilex, Quercus imbricaria, Quercus lusitanica, Quercus palustris, Quercus pyrenaica
and
Shorea robusta
. DISEASES: Cause of 'charcoal disease' of
Quercus suber
, attacking trees of all ages, affecting the base of the trunk, large and small branches, but not the roots. Reaches epidemic proportions in Morocco (31: 409), Algeria and Tunisia (32: 458). Dark exudations with a strong tannin odour appear soon after infection, the bark then ruptures to disclose the carbonaceous stroma which destroys and lies in the place of the phloem (Barbosa, 1958). Trees are most susceptible when in poor condition, e.g. on poor soil, or when damaged by drought or fire. Cause of a disease of sal (
Shorea robusta
) in India (Bakshi, 1963). The disease is less severe on other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, China, Fiji, France, Germany (Rhine), India, Italy, Morocco, New Zealand, North America, Philippines, Portugal, Samoa, Tasmania, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Penetrates the living tissues by wind-borne conidia and possibly ascospores entering through wounds.
Corynebacterium rathayi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium rathayi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Dactylis glomerata
; also naturally on
Cynodon dactylon
(4, 336) and
Secale cereale
(6, 663). By artificial inoculation using nematodes as vectors on
Triticum aestivum, T. durum, T. dicoccum
and
T. pyramidale
(Sabet, 1954). DISEASE: Yellow slime disease of cocksfoot (orchard grass). Yellow bacterial slime covers upper parts of plants, especially the inflorescences. Such parts often become dwarfed and distorted and inflorescences may fail to emerge from sheaths, which are firmly stuck together by slime. Vessels and parenchyma are invaded by bacteria. Very similar diseases have been reported on other grasses as caused by different species. These include
Corynebacterium tritici
(CMI Descript. 377),
C. agropyri
on
Agropyron smithii, C. iranicum
on wheat, and
Bacillus mucilaginosus koeleriae
on
Koeleria glauca
. The first is often reported and of wide distribution, but the others have been reported only once or very few times each. It is possible that all belong to one species, perhaps a variable one, or one with different
formae speciales
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N.W. Europe, N. America, New Zealand (CMI Map 156, ed. 2, 1966). Also recently reported from Japan (51, 1579). TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. The pathogen occurs in slime on seed from partially infected inflorescences. Wet periods in May and June evidently favour the spread of the disease in Denmark, where it has been observed that the percentage of infected seed is maximum in years following two successive years in which May and June were wet (Skou, 1965). The aetiology is not fully known. The only records of successful artificial inoculation into
Dactylis glomerata
are those of Dowson & D'Oliveira (14, 514), who used bacterial slime inoculated with a scalpel into leaf sheaths at the bases of young, vigorously growing shoots; Severin & Docea (50, 1047y) used cultures, but unfortunately give few details. Other workers have reported no success with either pure cultures or with slime. The nematode
Anguina tritici
, which transmits the closely related
C. tritici
on wheat, has been shown by Sabet (1954) to carry
C. rathayi
into wheat and cause an identical disease, but this nematode does not go to
Dactylis
. Sabet therefore suggested that an unknown nematode vector may be involved in transmitting
C. rathayi
. Absence of the necessary vector may explain the frequent failure of inoculations. Direct plant to plant transmission seems very unlikely.
Xanthomonas vasculorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas vasculorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum
. Also found naturally infecting
Zea mays, Dictyosperma album, Thysanolaena maxima, Roystonea regia
and
Areca catechu
. In addition to these, infection has beer; obtained after artificial inoculation on
Bambusa vulgaris, Brachiaria mutica, Cocos nucifera, Coix lachyrma-jobi, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, Sorghum halepense, S. verticilliflorum
, 20: 381,
S. vulgare, S. vulgare
var.
sudanense, Sorghum
spp. (18, 710; 20, 381; 43, 218). DISEASE: Gumming disease or gummosis of sugarcane. On leaves, yellowish chlorotic stripes occur. These may be the only symptoms on the more resistant varieties. On other varieties they may become spotted with brownish spots that become necrotic with age. The necrosis may involve large areas of leaf. The vascular tissue of the stem becomes darkened and contains bacterial slime. In very susceptible varieties the yellow slime may also form below the terminal bud and sometimes interferes with the development of the top of the plant. The tops often die and the terminal bud decays. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Recently reported in the following countries: Africa: Ghana, Madeira, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Reunion, Rhodesia, South Africa; North America: Mexico; Central & South America: Puerto Rico, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Far East: New Guinea; Hughes (34, 487) considers that the pathogen may not be present in New Guinea (CMI Map 3, ed. 5, 1971). The disease has been observed in the past in 25 or more countries where sugarcane is grown (48, 3137k; 50, 915y). In some it is claimed to have been eradicated and in others it has not been seen for many years. It may be that the local conditions and use of resistant varieties have combined to eradicate the pathogen. TRANSMISSION: Introduction into new areas and countries is by planting diseased setts or cuttings. Healthy setts may be infected from diseased ones during planting by means of the cutting knife. Agricultural tools, workers, vehicles, animals and even insects may carry inoculum from field to field. The most rapid and important local spread, however, is from plant to plant by wind-driven rain. Fresh wounds are needed for entry of the pathogen, but these are available, especially in windy weather, as a result of leaves rubbing together. The saw-tooth edges of the leaves cause many tiny abrasions (North, 1935; Hughes, 1961).
Gibberella zeae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gibberella zeae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, maize, barley, carnations and other ornamentals; also reported infecting
Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium
and
Solanum
DISEASE: Seedling blight, pre-emergence and post-emergence blight, root and foot rot, brown rot, culm decay, head or kernel blight (scab or ear scab) of wheat, maize, barley and other cereals. Leaf and flower rot of carnations and other ornamentals. Also reported infecting species of
Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium
and
Solanum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide on maize and rice in the tropics. Wheat, oats, barley and rye in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: By planting infected or infested seeds or by planting in infested soil. Secondary infection occurs widely by water droplets under moist conditions or by ascospore discharge.
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, barley, oats, rye. Also occurs on many wild and cultivated grasses, including
Aegilops, Agropogon, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Bromus, Dactylis, Festuca, Koeleria, Lolium
and
Poa
spp. DISEASE: Causes eyespot of cereals. Typically the disease is characterized by a pale oval spot with a brown margin on the basal leaf sheaths and culm of cereal tillers at or just above ground level, but such symptoms maybe obscure on some cereals, e.g. oats. Black, stromatic pustules are often present within the centre of the lesion and stems may be ridged, kinked, frayed or otherwise distorted at the diseased zone. The grey mycelium of
P. herpotrichoides
can often be seen in the internal cavity of straws when they are split open. Random lodging ('straggling') of diseased crops occurs as diseased straws topple over before harvest; storm lodging is also more severe. Eyespot symptoms also include a culm or foot rot which can result in post emergence death of young seedlings or tillers; shrivelled grain and partially empty ears (whiteheads) can also occur on maturing crops. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Europe; also occurs in some areas of N. America, Africa and Australia and in New Zealand (CMI Map 74, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Survival of the fungus between crops occurs on infected plant debris, particularly old stubble. Conidia are produced abundantly on this in wet autumn and spring weather and infect the leaf sheaths of young winter cereals. Direct mycelial infection can also occur. The fungus can survive long periods in the soil in infected crop debris and can infect susceptible crops planted at intervals of several years. Secondary weed hosts also act as a source of the fungus but are not as important as old stubble (49, 2426). During moist, cool springs secondary infection within a crop can occur by conidia dispersed from diseased plants.
Pyrenophora teres
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora teres
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily barley, but also occurs sporadically on wheat, oats and many other
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Causes net blotch of barley. Primary infection occurs from seed-borne inoculum and produces lesions on the first leaves, which are at first pale but develop into dark spots or streaks later. Secondary infection on older leaves produces pale brown blotches, in which is a network of dark brown lines; these may later coalesce to form irregular leaf stripes. Lesions also occur on the floral bracts. On other hosts the reticulate pattern of the lesions is usually absent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide; occurs in most barley-producing countries (CMI Map 364, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: The disease can be seed-borne as mycelium or conidia, but can also over-winter on crop debris. Perithecia are common on old barley stubble in the spring and ascosporic inoculum can produce much infection (49, 116). Secondary infection by air-borne conidia occurs throughout the growing season.
Sphaerostilbe repens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sphaerostilbe repens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Persea americana, Theobroma cacao, Citrus
spp.,
Coffea
spp.,
Mangifera indica, Carica papaya, Hevea brasiliensis, Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: Violet, red or stinking root rot of many woody hosts in the tropics, including avocado pear, cacao, coffee, mango, papaw, rubber and tea. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: W. and Central Africa, S.E. Asia, Central America and W. Indies, and also Bermuda, Colombia, Fiji, Guyana, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua-New Guinea (CMI Map 288, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Soil and water-borne.
Selenophoma donacis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waller J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Selenophoma donacis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Agropyron, Arundo, Avena, Dactylis glomerata, Elymus, Hordeum, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum pratense, Phragmites, Secale, Stipa
and
Triticum
, and many cultivated and wild grasses. DISEASE: Causes halo spot of grasses and cereals. Pale oval spots, with a brown or purplish margin, are produced towards the tips and edges of leaves. The centre becomes greyish and is usually studded with rows of small, dark pycnidia. Lesions may coalesce and destroy large areas of leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand, North America, northern Europe, Scandinavia. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are exuded in mucilaginous threads from pycnidia in wet weather and are water-borne. The fungus can also be transmitted on seed.
Venturia carpophila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Venturia carpophila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: apricot, plum, peach and almond. DISEASE: Freckle, black spot, peach scab or black scab of peach; on fruits, leaves and sometimes other parts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan (CMI Map 198, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By splash dispersal of spores from infected plant parts.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Thanatephorus cucumeris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Economically important on bean, beet, cabbage, cotton, pine, potato and tomato; infects wheat and turf grasses and is locally or seasonally important on over 250 other plants. It is doubtful whether any crop can be regarded as resistant to all strains. A mycorrhizal association is formed with some orchids. DISEASE: Early infection gives rise to seed decay and pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off, later infection to stem canker, wire-stem, eyespot and other diseases which result from decay of stem cortex and may be accompanied by stunting, yellowing and leaf roll symptoms. Other diseases are rot of organs in contact with soil, web, leaf and thread blights, fruit rot, root rot and storage rots and blemishes. Sites susceptible to infection are generally more restricted with increasing maturity of the host. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. Probably present in all arable soils and has been isolated from virgin soils. Little is known of distribution of individual strains. TRANSMISSION: Primarily soil-borne. Capable of extensive growth through soil and survives in the form of sclerotia and on crop residues and weed hosts. Inoculum is spread during vegetative propagation (e.g. on potato tubers) and can be seed-borne. Basidiospores are reported to initiate a leaf spot of
Hevea
(48, 271) but their role in transmission of other diseases has not been studied extensively.
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Black leaf streak of banana. A comparison of the conidial states of
M. fijiensis
and
M. musicola
(CMI Descript. 414, Sigatoka of banana) has been given, as has a detailed account of the symptoms (48, 3071; and see 44, 191, 1180; 45, 1867). Initially reddish-brown specks form on the lower leaf surface, they elongate to become streaks up to 20 × 2 mm, with the long axis parallel to the leaf veins and at this stage are more clearly visible on the lower leaf surface. The streaks can be extremely numerous; they darken, become almost black and are clearly seen on the lower surface. The streak develops into a fusiform or elliptical spot, with a light brown, water soaked margin and a dark centre. The centre dries out becoming light grey or buff, sunken, surrounded by a narrow dark brown or black border and often by a chlorotic zone beyond. Necrosis of the whole leaf can occur in 3-4 weeks. Some differences in the macroscopic leaf symptoms between black leaf streak and Sigatoka occur. In the latter disease the early stage streaks are clearly seen on the upper surface and are yellowish; in the former the streaks are darker at similar stages in development. But there are no clear macroscopic differences between the mature spots of the two diseases. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The disease was first described from Fiji in 1963 (although because of probable confusion with
M. musicola
there may be earlier unsubstantiated records). It is widespread in the islands of the Pacific (Oceania); it may be absent from the mainland of S.E. Asia and does not occur in Australia, Africa or America (CMI Map 500, ed. 1, 1974). TRANSMISSION: Perithecia are formed in abundance and, therefore, the ascospores are considered important in spread, perhaps more so than the conidia (44, 1180; 45, 1867). In dry weather ascospore concentration reached a max. near 0600 h as dew formed. On rainy days peak concentrations were reached shortly after rain began. Seasonal increases in ascospores were associated with those of rainfall and relative humidity (52, 4160).
Mycosphaerella musicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella musicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Sigatoka of banana is the major leaf disease of this crop. Its conidial state has been compared with that of the similar (but more restricted and only recently described) disease caused by
Mycosphaerellafijiensis
(CMI Descript. 413, black leaf streak of banana; 48, 307i). A yellowish-green speck (< 1 mm long) becomes a yellowish streak 3-4 × 1 mm; this broadens and lengthens, has an ill defined margin and turns brown or rusty. The outline becomes more definite and the brown centre has a yellow to light brown halo, sometimes with a water-soaked border. In the fully developed spot (12-15 × 2-5 mm) the sunken central area is at first dark then becoming grey, with a dark brown or black border and sometimes a chlorotic halo. Coalescence of the spots can lead to the death of large areas of the leaf. In general, spotting is commoner towards the leaf apex and edges. Streak and tip spotting are caused by ascospore infection, mostly on the apical third of the leaf. Line spotting (mostly basal) is caused by conidial infection (45, 2189). The damage to the leaves detrimentally affects the physiology of fruit ripening (at lower levels of infection), reduces yield and increases the time from shooting to bunch maturity. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 7, ed. 6, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Water splash and air dispersal by conidia and ascospores, respectively. Conidiomata are probably more abundant than perithecia. Ascospores are released largely through rain over a wide temperature range. In Honduras the peak ascospore dispersal occurred at
c
. 0200 h (lower rainfall season) and at
c
. 1000 h (higher rainfall season). The conidia are the major source of inoculum.
Cercospora koepkei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora koepkei
[Mycovellosiella koepkei]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Saccharum officinarum
. DISEASE: Yellow spot of sugarcane. Irregularly outlined yellow green spots form on the young leaves, up to 12 mrn diam. ; they may coalesce to cover large areas of the leaves. Reddish patches occur as the leaf approaches maturity and infected fields appear a conspicuous rusty yellow. The leaves show a dirty grey growth of conidiophotes and conidia on the lower surface and die prematurely. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in S. and E. Asia, also in Australia and Oceania. In Africa: Ghana, Malagasy Republic, Mauritius, Reunion, S. Africa, Tanzania, Uganda. The identity of the disease reported in Central America, West Indies and S. America (Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela) is uncertain (CMI Map 341, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: In S. India a diurnal periodicity for the conidia was found, with a max. in the forenoon (51, 3537). No natural hosts apart from
Saccharum
are known.