bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Computer-Based Ophthalmic Recordkeeping (COR) System
Authors: Miller Joseph M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: The Computer-assisted Ophthalmic Recordkeeping (COR) System is described. Advantages and disadvantages of data entry during the patient encounter and computerized formatting of the examination report are discussed.
Methods: The COR System allows direct computer entry of patient data by the provider. During a patient encounter, text data are stored In a central computer and are accessible from any workstation. Upon completion, the report is printed.
Results: While source data entry is expensive, it reduces transcription costs, increases access to patient records, improves legibility of the patient record, and reduces transcription turnaround time.
Conclusion: Electronic preparation of the ophthalmic record allows immediate access to the text component, faster reporting to the referring physician, and enhanced capability of measuring outcomes.
Subjective and Objective Outcomes of Strabismus Surgery in Children
Authors: Mruthyunjaya Prithvi , Simon John W , Pickering J Dawn , Lininger Lloyd L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: The negative psychosocial impact of strabismus in adults has been well documented. Despite the increasingly recognized importance of outcomes research, parents' satisfaction with strabismus treatment in childhood and their assessment of its functional impact and "quality of life" impact have not been investigated.
Methods: A survey instrument was designed to assess parents' perceptions of preoperative, surgical, and postoperative phases of the clinical experience, including the long-term impact of surgery on their children.
Results: Overall satisfaction with the surgical result was rated "good" or "very good" in 85% of 77 children under age 6. The correlation between subjective satisfaction and objective alignment within 10 prism diopters (?) of orthophoria was significant (P<.001). Parents of children under age 4 noted improved eye contact (61%) and appearance (94%). Parents of older children noted improved interactions with others (47%) and self-esteem (55%). Coordination was considered improved in 56% of the entire group. Subjective satisfaction and psychosocial benefits often occurred even in cases deemed objectively unsuccessful.
Conclusion: Surgical correction of strabismus in childhood is clearly perceived by parents to be both successful and important to them and their children.
Transnasal Endoscopic Approach to Expose the Medial Rectus From the Annulus of Zinn to the Penetration of Tenon's Capsule
Authors: McKeown Craig A , Metson Ralph B , Dunya Ibrahim M , Shore John W , Joseph Michael P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Conventional strabismus surgery employs a conjunctival incision to gain access to Tenon's space where a wide variety of procedures are routinely performed on the tendon and anterior aspect of the extraocular muscles. Recently, transnasal endoscopic surgical techniques have gained acceptance as effective means of decompressing the medial wall and floor of the orbit in patients with thyroid-related orbitopathy.The orbital surface of the medial rectus and inferior rectus are exposed from the annulus of Zinn to a position close to where the muscles penetrate Tenon's capsule. In theory, this technique also provides the exposure necessary to locate and retrieve a "lost" medial rectus when the usual subTenon's approach fails to recover the muscle. Cadaver studies demonstrate the feasibility of exposure and suture placement in the stump of a lost medial rectus with passage of the suture through Tenon's capsule to transmit the force of the muscle to the globe, provided that the lost muscle is retrieved before severe contracture develops.
The Range and Variability of Ophthalmological Parameters in Normal Children Aged 4½ to 5½ Years
Authors: Lam Simon R , LaRoche G Robert , De Becker Inge , Macpherson Heather 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: Some standards for childhood ophthalmological variables exist. However, for most parameters, the range of variation found in normal children remains poorly defined.
Methods: We have determined the range of normal function for a number of commonly measured ophthalmological variables in 162 children, classified normal by Gold Standard ophthalmological examination. This group is representative of almost 12 000 normal children aged 41/2 to 5V2 in Nova Scotia.
Results: In 56.8% of eyes the visual acuity was 6/4.5. The use of a chart with crowding bars was more discriminating between differences in higher levels of acuity and highlighted differences in acuity between the two eyes. Randot stereoacuity showed a uniform, non-Gaussian distribution of scores. Cycloplegic refractive errors were distributed about a modal value of between +0.5 and +1.0 diopter. Forty percent of eyes had no detectable astigmatism. Ninety-seven percent of subjects had no heterophoria. Fusional vergence data are presented.
Conclusion: Our results document the complete normal range for selected ophthalmological parameters in normal preschoolers. The values obtained were in general better than expected.
Predictive Value of Temporal Retinal Disease in Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Paysse Evelyn A , Coats David K , Sprunger Derek T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can be stressful to the premature infant. The temporal retina is the most easily visualized area of the peripheral retina. This study was undertaken to determine whether evaluation of the temporal peripheral retina provides a reliable indicator of the ROP status of the entire retina.
Methods: A total of 690 ROP eye examinations were performed on 156 premature infants. Eye examinations of 95 patients were reviewed retrospectively and of 61 patients prospectively. All patients were born at less than 34 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) and had a birth weight less than 1600 g. No examinations were performed prior to 4 weeks of age. Each eye examination was considered independently. The fundus examination was recorded using the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. The temporal four clock hours of retina were classified as the "temporal" retina. The remainder of the peripheral retina was classified as "nontemporal."
Results: A highly significant correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.88) between the severity (ie, stage) of temporal ROP and the severity of nontemporal ROP was noted. The status of temporal ROP was found to be more advanced or the same as nontemporal retina in 91.2% of the examinations. Nontemporal disease was found to be more severe than temporal disease in 8.8% of the examinations, but only 0.4% of examinations indicated nontemporal disease that was worse than temporal disease by more than one stage.
Conclusions: The temporal retinal disease status in ROP is strongly predictive of the disease status of the entire retina. An abbreviated retinal examination of the temporal four clock hours provides a reliable indicator of the highest stage of ROP present in the entire retina. Such a screening examination, although not recommended for routine screening, may be useful when a complete ROP examination cannot be performed because of physiologic instability or poor visibility.
Random Dot Stereoacuity of Preschool Children
Authors: Birch Eileen , Williams Cathy , Hunter Jeffrey , Lapa Maria Cecilia 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Commercially available book-format random dot stereopsis tests for children are quick and simple to use, but provide accurate measurement of stereoacuity only in children age 5 years or older. Alternative methods for preschool children provide only pass/fail information or require lengthy laboratory-based protocols. To address the need for a quick and accurate measure of random dot stereoacuity in the preschool age range, we developed a new book-format random dot stereoacuity test.
Methods and results: A total of 25 potential shapes for the new test were evaluated in a group of 43 healthy fullterm children aged 3 years±2 months. Eleven shapes that were identified successfully by more than 95% of the 3-year-olds were selected to be incorporated into the preschool stereotest. The preschool random dot stereotest books were administered to more than 1000 normal children and pediatric patients in multiple settings: a research laboratory (Retina Foundation SW), a population screening project (University of Bristol, UK), eye clinics (Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Tex), and a day care center (Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil). Randot, Lang 1, Frisby, or Titmus stereoacuity tests also were administered. Orthoptic or ophthalmic examinations were obtained for all children as a gold standard. Outcome measures were success rate and concordance with the clinical examination. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy exceeded 0.90 both in clinical and screening settings.
Conclusions: The preschool random dot books had a higher success rate than other tests in the preschool age range and provided accurate measurement of stereoacuity in the 3- to 5-year-old age range.
Tucking the Inferior Oblique Muscle Into Tenon's Capsule Following Myectomy
Authors: Lueder Gregg T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Myectomy of the inferior oblique muscle is a common procedure used to correct overaction of this muscle. Previous descriptions of the surgery have not discussed how the surgeon should handle the proximal muscle stump following myectomy. This study examined the effectiveness of inferior oblique muscle myectomy with tucking of the muscle into Tenon's capsule for treatment of inferior oblique muscle overaction.
Methods: The procedure was studied prospectively in 22 patients who underwent 32 inferior oblique muscle myectomies. In 18 patients, the intraoperative behavior of the inferior oblique muscle was recorded. Complete ocular motiUty examinations were performed before and after surgery. Success was defined as the elimination of inferior oblique muscle overaction and the elimination of hypertropia secondary to persistent ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction in primary gaze.
Results: The surgery corrected inferior oblique muscle overaction in 94% of eyes. Hypertropia secondary to persistent ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction was eliminated in 92% of patients. There was no correlation between outcome and the intraoperative behavior of the inferior oblique muscle.
Conclusion: Tucking of the inferior oblique muscle stump into Tenon's capsule is recommended following inferior oblique myectomy. This procedure is safe and effective for correcting Inferior oblique muscle overaction.
Development and Evaluation of Social Skills Training for Schizophrenic Patients in Remission
Authors: Miller Thomas W , Wilson Gertha C , Dumas Mary A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Investigated were measures of self-esteem, selfperceived attitudinal dimensions and locus of control to assess the effects of group social skills training for schizophrenic psychiatric inpatients. A pretest, posttest control group design was employed utilizing forty subjects currently in treatment. It was hypothesized that short-term cognitively structured group therapy would realize significant improvement in self-esteem, internal locus of control and assertive attitude change. Significant mean differences between the treatment group's level of self-esteem, perceived assertive behavior and internal locus of control as a result of treatment were realized. Discussion of training methodology, issues and import for clinical applications and research are discussed.
Comparison of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Education Objectives: Consumers, Educators, and Practitioners
Authors: Mansfield Elaine , Garrard Judith , Hausman William , Howey Mary K 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This consumer-nurse study was part of a larger project, Research in Mental Health Education, which compared the priorities of educa tors and practitioners within and between three core mental health professions and between the professionals and consumers. In the consumer-nurse portion of the study, the objectives for graduate education in psychiatricmental health nursing were validated by psychiatricmental health nursing educators (N= 20) based in four university programs in the East, West, and Midwest. Another sample of nurse educators and practitioners in this specialty area, drawn from nine states, prioritized these objectives. A separate deck of objectives for mental health professionals was generated and prioritized by consumers (N= 15) who were members of the Mental Health Association of Minnesota. Standardized procedures for generating and validating the objectives for nurses and consumers and the same task, the Priority Sort, were used by all subjects, nurses, and consumers, to prioritize the objectives. Similarities and differences between nurses and consumers are discussed. Differences between nurse educators and practitioners, which are statistically significant, also are described. Implications for consumer and practitioner input into curricular decisions are discussed as well as interdisciplinary courses that could conserve faculty time and budgetary resources.
Self-Harm Among Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities: What Are They Trying to Tell Us?
Authors: Murray Lee 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTSelf-harm behavior exhibited by adolescents with developmental disabilities can be the most challenging behavior for caregivers and health care professionals to address. Past interventions have taken a behavioral approach and focused on functional analysis to guide assessment and treatment. However, self-harm behavior is becoming more recognized as a means of communication.Therefore, it is important for health care professionals and caregivers to listen to adolescents' attempts to communicate and try to understand the meaning of the behavior. Early assessment is crucial to understanding the meaning of the behavior, and early intervention is necessary to prevent escalation or chronicity. Thorough assessment guides interventions and must be implemented in the context of clients' families and social world, and the broader community. Establishment of trusting relationships among adolescents, their families, and health care professionals is imperative.This article discusses self-harm behavior from a psychosocial perspective related to prevalence, onset, purpose, maintenance, and escalation. It also introduces a comprehensive framework to guide assessment and intervention.
In Vivo Evaluation of Epikeratophakia Lenses By Means of Scheimpflug Photography
Authors: Busin Massimo , Spitznas Manfred , Laser Heike , Leyendecker Marion , Hockwin Otto 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: The recovery of clarity in frozen, lyophilized human tissue lenticules used for epikeratophakia has been a matter of controversy. According to some authors, several months are necessary for the lenticules to resume normal transparency; others report clinical experience of much shorter times. Up to now, objective documentation of such findings has not been substantiated. We used a Topcon SL-45 camera to photograph four eyes that underwent epikeratophakia, preoperati vely and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after surgery, and analyzed the film negatives by linear microdensitometry. The degree of film blackening, that is the density of the tissue, was expressed graphically by peaks of various height measured in millimeters. Best spectacle corrected Snellen visual acuity was also recorded. Similar measurements of corneal transparency were performed in 20 healthy adult volunteers whose best corrected spectacle visual acuity was 20/20.
In the four operated eyes (two keratoconus, one aphakia, and one myopia), the light scattering was increased in both the host cornea and the donor lenticule. The lenticule had a considerably increased light scattering in all patients at both 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, but was comparable to that of unoperated corneas in three of four patients at 6 weeks. [Refractive & Corneal Surgery 1989; 5:155-160.1
Corneal Light Scattering After Excimer Laser Photorefractive Keratectomy: The Objective Measurements of Haze
Authors: Lohmann Chris P , Timberlake George T , Fitzke Fred W , Gartry David S , Muir Malcolm Kerr , Marshall John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackground: After photorefractive keratectomy using excimer lasers (193 nm), most corneas show a marginal loss of transparency (haze) and the assessment of its magnitude in clinical studies has been subjective. To address this problem, we have developed a new device for the objective measurement of haze by measuring corneal light scattering.Methods: A CCD-camera was fixed at 40° to a slit-lamp microscope and connected via frame-grabber to a computer. By incorporating polarizing filters, the system could discriminate between reflected and scattered light. The intensity of light coming from the cornea was measured in gray scale levels using in-house image analysis software. The system was calibrated against three different sizes of microspheres (0.25, 0.50, and 5.00 µm) which corresponded to the size of cellular and extracellular elements known to occur at sites of corneal surgery. Data were obtained from three treated human eyes with measurements before treatment and at five different postoperative intervals with a maximum follow up of 4 months.Results: All three sizes of microspheres caused disturbances in gray scale levels (30 to 255 units) in the same range of those observed in corneal measurements. Disturbances in corneal light scattering were noted from 1 week postoperatively and persisted throughout the period of observation. We observed an increase in reflected and scattered light until the 2nd postoperative month followed by a subsequent decline.Conclusions: It appears that this device is very useful to detect and measure objectively disturbances in corneal transparency after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. (Refract Corneal Surg 1992;8:114-121.)
One-Year Results of Excimer Laser Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia
Authors: Salz James J , Maguen Ezra , Macy Jonathan I , Papaioannou Thanassis , Hofbauer John , Nesburn Anthony B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy tor the correction of myopia is presently under investigation in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Phase 1 1 -B FDA study is being conducted on 75 normally sighted myopic eyes utilizing three currently available excimer lasers. This report presents the 1 -year results on 12 myopic eyes treated with the VISX excimer laser system at the Ellis Eye Center at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles under the Phase H-B FDA protocol.
METHODS: Twelve eyes of 12 patients with myopia between - 1.75 and -5.00 diopters underwent 193 nm argon/fluoride excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. The epithelium was mechanically removed, and fixation was accomplished with a suction ring which provided nitrogen flow across the corneal surface. The computer controlled corneal ablations were 5.00 mm in diameter and were accomplished with an iris diaphragm closing from large to small.
RESULTS: The preoperative spherical equivalent myopia was -3.50 D (SD = 1.02) and the postoperative myopia was -0.25 (SD = 0.48). Eleven of the 12 patients achieved an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/30 or better and were corrected to within ±0.50 D of emmetropia. All corneas demonstrated a mild reticular subepithelial haze which was barely visible at 1 year. There were no visionthreatening complications and none of the eyes experienced a loss of best corrected visual acuity.
CONCLUSIONS: In this small trial, the excimer laser appears to be capable of accurately changing the refractive power of the cornea for the correction of myopia with minimal side effects. Only when larger numbers of patients undergo the procedure will we be able to determine the safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy as a refractive surgical procedure Refract Corneal Surg 1992;8:269-273.)
RÉSUMÉ
INTRODUCTION. La kératectomie refractive lamellaire au laser excimer pour Ia correction de la myopie est maintenant un sujet d'investigation chez la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) aux Etats-Unis. On est en train de conduire la phase H-B de l'étude clinique chez 75 yeux myopes avec une potenìiaìiìé de vision de 10/10° en utilisant trois lasers maintenant disponibles. Cette communication présente les résultats de 12 yeux myopes traités aux VISX système de laser excimer chez The Ellis Eye Center au Cedars-Sinai Medical Center à Los Angefes, selon le protocole de la phase M-B de la FDA, et suivis depuis une année.
Silicon Cast Method for Quantification of Photoablation
Authors: Bachmann Werner , Jean Benedikt , Bende Thomas , Seiler Theo , Hibst Raimund , Thiel Hans-J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Topometry and measurement of photoablation patterns are key questions for keratorefractive photoablation. Ablation rates have been determined previously by either tissue perforation or by micrometry performed on histologic sections.
METHODS: A three-dimensional cast of cornea after irradiation was made by using a twocomponent silicon gel that polymerizes within minutes, thus preserving the corneal topography immediately after photoablation. Polymerization is athermal and nontoxic. The resulting silicon blocks were cut perpendicularly to the anterior surface and measured by calibrated light microscopy.
RESULTS: The silicon surface is extremely smooth and the accuracy of the cast is better than 0.25 µ. Reproducibility and long-term stability were demonstrated for casts of photoablated polymethylmethacrylate. Thus, ablation rates and profile, volumetry, and topometry can be determined following laser ablation. The method has been applied for 193-nanometer excimer laser in vitro irradiation of the human cornea. Ablation rates in Bowman's layer and stroma for various radiant energies and distinct pulse numbers were found to be in agreement with published data, and an incubation effect for the first laser pulses could be demonstrated.
CONCLUSIONS: The method is nondestructive, accurate, inexpensive, practical, and reduces requirements for laboratory animals. [Refract Corneal Surg 1992;8:363-367.)
RÉSUMÉ
INTRODUCTION. La topométrie et l'analyse directe des impacts après photoablation sont des questions d'importance pour le resurfacage corneen après laser. Le taux de photoablation a été précédemment déterminé par différentes techniques: perforation du tissu ou microanalyse sur coupe histologique.
MÉTHODES. Une empreinte en 3 dimensions (3D) après irradiation a été réalisée par l'utilisation de deux gels de silicone polymérisant en quelques minutes, en préservant ainsi, l'empreinte de la topographie coméenne après photoablation. La polymérisation est non toxique et ne produit aucun dégagement thermique. L'empreinte en silicone est alors coupée perpendiculairement à la surface antérieure et est mesurée à l'aide d'un microscope optique calibré.
RÉSULTATS. La surface en silicone est extrêmement lisse et la fiabilité de l'empreinte est supérieure à 0.25 micromètre. La reproductibilité et la stabilité de la technique ont été démontrées pour des répliques de PMMA. Le profil, le taux d'ablation, le volume, la topométrie peuvent ainsi être déterminés après photo-ablation. La méthode a été appliquée pour le laser excimer à 193 nanometres sur des cornées humaines (in vitro). Les taux d'ablation de la membrane de Bowman et du stroma cornée, pour différentes densité d'énergie et nombre d'impacts ont été trouvés en concordance avec les données publiées à ce jour et l'effet de préparation du substrat pour les premiers impacts pourrait être mis en évidence.