bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation to Changes of Salinity in the Polychaetes
Authors: Beadle L. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Nereis diversicolor collected from the same locality at different times showed smaller weight increases in dilute sea water (25 per cent) during the winter than during the summer months. In spite of great variations in the weight curve, the body fluid concentration curve was very constant. The maintenance of hypertonic body fluids and the regulation of body volume are largely unconnected. The lowering of the weight curve below that theoretically expected from the concentration curve cannot be attributed to passive salt loss through the body surface. It is suggested that this is due to the removal of fluid through the nephridia under the hydrostatic pressure produced by the contraction of the body wall muscles. Animals previously subjected to dilute sea water, when placed in water isotonic with the body fluids, will increase the concentration of the latter. This result is more marked when the internal hydrostatic pressure is high. The results suggest that the osmotic regulatory mechanism involves the removal by the nephridia of fluid hypotonic to the body fluids. But no direct evidence for this is available. Calcium deficiency and cyanide in dilute sea water cause an increase of weight and ultimately inhibit the maintenance of hypertonic body fluids. Both these effects are reversible. The mechanism by which body fluids are maintained hypertonic to the external medium is not sufficiently developed to be of survival value in the locality in which the animals were found. The control of body volume is probably of greater importance. The majority of the extra oxygen consumption in dilute sea water is not the result of osmotic work. It is suggested that it may be due to work done by the body wall muscles in resisting swelling.
Studies on the Excreta of A Grasshopper (Melanoplus BivittatusSay)
Authors: Brown A. W. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe methods hitherto employed in the study of the gross metabolism of insects have been based mainly on the changes in their content of physiologically important substances during development, and on the ability of the organism to grow on selected diets of known composition. There is a third method, extensively employed by mammalian physiologists, namely analysis of excreta; this, as Uvarov (1928) has pointed out, necessarily involves its correlation with the constitution of the food. Very few analyses of insect excreta, however, have been made, and those of any completeness are confined to species of unusually specialized food habits, i.e. the clothes moth (Babcock, 1912), (Hollande&Cordebard, 1926), and Rhodnius prolixus (Wigglesworth, 1931).
Phasic Action of the Tensor Muscle Modulates the Calling Song in Cicadas
Authors: Fonseca P. J. , Hennig R. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The effect of tensor muscle contraction on sound production by the tymbal was investigated in three species of cicadas (Tettigetta josei, Tettigetta argentata and Tympanistalna gastrica). All species showed a strict time correlation between the activity of the tymbal motoneurone and the discharge of motor units in the tensor nerve during the calling song. Lesion of the tensor nerve abolished the amplitude modulation of the calling song, but this modulation was restored by electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve or by mechanically pushing the tensor sclerite. Electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve at frequencies higher than 30–40 Hz changed the sound amplitude. In Tett. josei and Tett. argentata there was a gradual increase in sound amplitude with increasing frequency of tensor nerve stimulation, while in Tymp. gastrica there was a sudden reduction in sound amplitude at stimulation frequencies higher than 30 Hz. This contrasting effect in Tymp. gastrica was due to a bistable tymbal frame. Changes in sound pulse amplitude were positively correlated with changes in the time lag measured from tymbal motoneurone stimulation to the sound pulse. The tensor muscle acted phasically because electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve during a time window (0–10 ms) before electrical stimulation of the tymbal motoneurone was most effective in eliciting amplitude modulations.
In all species, the tensor muscle action visibly changed the shape of the tymbal. Despite the opposite effects of the tensor muscle on sound pulse amplitude observed between Tettigetta and Tympanistalna species, the tensor muscle of both acts by modulating the shape of the tymbal, which changes the force required for the tymbal muscle to buckle the tymbal.
Design of the Oxygen and Substrate Pathways: IV. Partitioning Energy Provision From Fatty Acids
Authors: Weber Jean-Michel , Brichon Gérard , Zwingelstein Georges , Mcclelland Grant , Saucedo Christopher , Weibel Ewald R. , Taylor C. Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper quantifies the fluxes of fatty acids through the pathways supplying muscle mitochondria with oxidative fuel in exercising dogs and goats. We used continuous infusions of 1-[14C]palmitate and indirect calorimetry to measure fatty acid supply from two sources: the circulation and the triglyceride stores within the muscle cells. Our goal was to determine maximal flux through these two branches of the lipid pathway as key functional parameters for testing the principle of symmorphosis, i.e. that structural capacity is quantitatively matched to functional demand in the oxidative substrate pathways. It is under these rate-limiting conditions that we predict that all of the structural capacity will be used. Maximal rates of fatty acid oxidation were reached at low exercise intensities of 40 % . Fatty acids from the circulation supplied only a small fraction (15–25 %) of the total fat oxidized under these conditions. Although dogs were able to oxidize circulatory fatty acids faster than goats, maximal rates were not in proportion to the 2.2-fold difference in aerobic capacity between the two species. Dogs compensated for their relatively lower use of circulatory fatty acids by oxidizing more triglycerides from lipid droplets in their muscle cells. We conclude that fatty acids from intramuscular triglyceride stores are a major source of fuel during maximal rates of lipid oxidation. Furthermore, it is this branch of the fatty acid pathway that is adapted to the large difference in aerobic capacity between dogs and goats.
Design of the Oxygen and Substrate Pathways: VI. Structural Basis of Intracellular Substrate Supply to Mitochondria in Muscle Cells
Authors: Vock Ruth , Hoppeler Hans , Claassen Helgard , Wu David X. Y. , Billeter Rudolf , Weber Jean-Michel , Taylor C. Richard , Weibel Ewald R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper quantifies the structures involved in the transport and oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids within the muscle cell. The structural capacity is measured on whole-body random samples of the musculature of dogs and pygmy goats and compared with maximal rates of oxygen consumption and substrate oxidation. Comparing dogs and goats of the same body size provided a 1.55-fold difference in the maximal rate of oxidation when related to muscle mass. As in previous studies, we found that the volume of mitochondria was approximately proportional to aerobic capacity. The maximal glucose flux from intracellular stores to mitochondria is 1.6 times greater in the dog than in the goat; we find that the amount of glycogen stored in the muscle cells is 4.2 times as great in the dog, but part of the intracellular glycogen pool is used for anaerobic rather than for oxidative metabolism. The maximal fatty acid flux from intracellular stores to mitochondria is 1.5 times larger in the dog, and the amount of lipid stored is 2.3 times as great in the dog. Every lipid droplet is in direct contact with the outer membrane of a mitochondrion and the contact surface area is 3.6 times greater in the dog than in the goat. Additional measurements are needed to investigate the role of structural limitation at this step. The amount of substrates stored intracellularly in the muscle cells of the dog is about twice as much as would match the differences in the maximal rates of utilization. This allows the endurance-specialized dogs to run for longer periods at higher rates of oxidation.
Adaptation to Temperature Stress and Aerial Exposure in Congeneric Species of Intertidal Porcelain Crabs (Genus Petrolisthes): Correlation of Physiology, Biochemistry and Morphology With Vertical Distribution
Authors: Stillman Jonathon H. , Somero George N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We examined physiological and biochemical responses to temperature and aerial exposure in two species of intertidal porcelain crabs (genus Petrolisthes) that inhabit discrete vertical zones. On the shores of the Northeastern Pacific,P. cinctipes (Randall) occurs under rocks and in mussel beds in the mid to high intertidal zone and P. eriomerus (Stimpson) occurs under rocks in the low intertidal zone and subtidally to 80 m. Because of their different vertical distributions, these two species experience very different levels of abiotic stress. Individuals of P. cinctipes can be emersed during every low tide, but P. eriomerus is only emersed during the lowest spring tides and on most days is not emersed at all. Temperatures measured underneath rocks in the mid intertidal zone were as high as 31 °C, 15 °C higher than maximal temperatures measured under rocks in the low intertidal zone. In air, at 25 °C, large specimens of P. cinctipes were able to maintain a higher respiration rate than similarly sized P. eriomerus. No interspecific differences in the respiratory response to emersion were seen in small specimens. Examination of the response of heart rate to temperature revealed that P. cinctipes has a 5 °C higher Arrhenius break temperature (ABT, the temperature at which there is a discontinuity in the slope of an Arrhenius plot) than its congener (31.5 °C versus 26.6 °C). The heart rate of P. cinctipes recovered fully after exposure to cold (1.5 °C), but the heart rate of P. eriomerus did not recover after exposure to 2 °C or cooler. The ABT of heart rate in P. cinctipes was very close to maximal microhabitat temperatures; thus, individuals of this species may be living at or near their thermal tolerance limits. P. cinctipes were able to maintain aerobic metabolism during emersion, whereas P. eriomerus shifted to anaerobic metabolism. A pronounced accumulation of whole-body lactate was found in specimens of P. eriomerus incubated in air at 25 °C over a 5 h period, but not in P. cinctipes similarly treated. P. cinctipes possesses a membranous structure on the ventral merus of each walking leg, but this structure is not found in P. eriomerus. To test the function of the leg membrane, we measured the aerial respiration rates and the lactate accumulation of P. cinctipes with their leg membranes obscured. These individuals had significantly lower aerial respiration rates at 30 °C than control crabs. Crabs with leg membranes obscured also accumulated a considerable amount of lactate during a 5 h period of emersion at 28 °C, but control crabs showed no accumulation under the same conditions. These data suggest that the leg membrane functions as a respiratory structure. The results of this study illustrate that a suite of morphological, physiological and biochemical features allows P. cinctipes to live higher in the intertidal region than P. eriomerus.
Synergistic Action of Neuropeptide Y and Adrenaline in the Eel Atrium
Authors: Uesaka Toshihiro 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
To investigate the influence of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on heart function in a relatively simple model system, the effects of eel NPY (eNPY) on the eel atrium were examined. Eel NPY enhanced the contractile force of the isolated atrium in a dose-dependent manner, without altering the rate of contraction. Although adrenaline also exerts a positive inotropic effect, the effect of eNPY was not blocked by the β1-adrenoceptor antagonist betaxolol, indicating that eNPY does not act via adrenaline release. When eNPY and adrenaline were applied simultaneously, their effects were additive at lower concentrations but not at higher concentrations. The plateau reached at high concentrations suggests that these two regulators act through a common signal transduction process. One candidate for this is an elevation of the concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), since treatment with eNPY or adrenaline enhanced [Ca2+]i, as assessed by fluorescence of Calcium Green-1. The increase in [Ca2+]I after eNPY and adrenaline treatment is presumably due to Ca2+ influx from the external medium, since the effect was greatly reduced in Ca2+-free Ringer’s solution and after treatment with verapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocker. Although both eNPY and adrenaline enhanced the atrial contractile force, the time courses were different, with the effect of eNPY being gradual and long-lasting, and that of adrenaline being immediate and transient. It is plausible, therefore, that eNPY and catecholamine(s) act synergistically to cause a long-lasting enhancement of contraction force if the two regulators arrive at the atrium simultaneously. The present study also demonstrates that the eel heart contains eNPY.
Effect of Anaerobiosis on Cysteine Protease Regulation During the Embryonic–Larval Transition in Artemia Franciscana
Authors: Warner A. H. , Jackson S. A. , Clegg J. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Hydrated encysted embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana have the ability to withstand years in anaerobic sea water using metabolic strategies that enable them to inactivate all cell metabolic activities and then to resume development when placed in aerobic sea water. However, this unique characteristic of Artemia franciscana embryos is lost during a very short period, at the embryonic–larval transition period of development, coincident with the appearance of prenauplius larvae. Thus, while encysted embryos show complete inhibition of proteolysis over at least 4 years under anoxia, control of this activity, together with resistance to anoxia, is lost in newly hatched nauplius larvae after only a few days in anaerobic sea water. In contrast to encysted embryos, young larvae in anaerobic sea water produce large amounts of lactic acid, which reaches a concentration of nearly 50 mmol l−1 within 12 h of incubation. The accumulated lactic acid is believed to reduce the intracellular pH (pHi) to considerably less than 6.3, the value found in encysted embryos after 5 months in anaerobic sea water. We find that larvae, in contrast to embryos, lose cytoplasmic proteins at the rate of 4–5 ng h−1 larva−1 upon transfer to anaerobic sea water, while yolk proteins are not degraded in either embryos or larvae under anoxic conditions. The decline in cytoplasmic protein levels in anaerobic larvae may be due to activation of an endogenous cysteine protease (CP) as the pHi becomes acidic. Contributing to the apparent uncontrolled CP activity is a decrease in the level of cysteine protease inhibitor (CPI) activity during the embryonic–larval transition period, resulting in an increase in the CP/CPI ratio, from approximately 0.5 in embryos to greater than 1.0 in newly hatched larvae. Finally, data are presented to suggest that loss of the 26 kDa stress protein from embryos during the embryonic–larval transition may also contribute to the loss in resistance of young nauplius larvae of A. franciscana to anaerobic conditions.
Membrane Potential Responses of Paramecium Caudatum to Bitter Substances: Existence of Multiple Pathways for Bitter Responses
Authors: Oami Kazunori 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The membrane potential responses of Paramecium caudatum to the external application of bitter substances were examined by employing conventional electrophysiological techniques. Mutant cells defective in voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were used to record the potential responses in the absence of contamination by Ca2+ action potentials. The cells produced a transient depolarization followed by a transient hyperpolarization in response to a rapid whole-cell application of chloroquine, strychnine nitrate or brucine. Of these chemicals, chloroquine was the most potent. Cells produced a simple depolarization in response to a localized application of test chemicals to the anterior region, whereas they produced a transient hyperpolarization in response to an application to the posterior region. Membrane potential responses to an application of chloroquine declined with repeated application. The presence of chloroquine in the external bathing solution strongly inhibited the membrane potential responses to an application of brucine or strychnine. However, the presence of chloroquine did not affect the membrane potential responses to an application of quinine. It is suggested that chloroquine, strychnine and brucine share a common component of their transduction pathways, but that the transduction pathway for quinine is different.
Embedding researchers into organisations: a study of the features of embedded research initiatives
Authors: Ward Vicky , Tooman Tricia , Reid Benet , Davies Huw , Marshall Martin 
Published: April 2021

Background: ‘Embedded research’ (co-locating researchers within non-academic organisations) is advocated as a way of developing more effective services through better creation and application of knowledge.
Aims and objectives: The existing literature on embedded initiatives has largely been descriptive. There has been less in the way of analysis, for example, disaggregating the components of such schemes, unpacking underpinning logics, or comparing the diverse ways in which schemes are instantiated. We aimed to explore the nature and organisation of such schemes in health settings in the UK, with the objective of providing a systematised means of understanding their makeup.
Methods: This study uses a focused literature review combined with a systematic scoping exercise of extant initiatives. We assembled documentation on each scheme (n=45) and conducted in-depth interviews in twelve of them (n=17). Analytically, we focused on surfacing and articulating the key features of embedded research initiatives in relation to their intent, structure and processes. Findings were then tested and validated during a co-production workshop with embedded researchers and their managers.
Findings: We identified 26 ‘clusters’ of peer-reviewed papers detailing specific embedded research initiatives, and we explored 45 extant initiatives. The initiatives were varied in intent, structure and processes, but we were able to surface ten themes representing common features: intended outcomes, power dynamics, scale, involvement, proximity, belonging, functional activities, skill and expertise, relational roles, and learning and reflection.
Discussion and conclusion: The themes uncovered can be used as a framework for guiding further systematic and evaluative enquiry on embedded research initiatives.
Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Doped Zirconium Oxychloride by PSTA BATAN Yogyakarta Production as Photoanode Semiconduktors for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Slamet Domo , Krisdiyanto Didik , Khamidinal Khamidinal 
Published: April 2021

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a device for light conversion to be electrical energy based on the concept of semiconducting sensitivity of the wide gap. This study aims to synthesis nanoparticles of ZnO: Zr semiconductors and tested the performance of ZnO: Zr nanoparticles on the DSSC system. ZnO Doped Zr Nanoparticles from precursor by Science and Technology Acceleration Center of National Nuclear Energy Agency (PSTA BATAN) Yogyakarta production was synthesized by gel-combustion method, and tested its performance on DSSC system. Effect of doping concentration variation Zr (0, 1, 3 and 5%) on the structure crystals and optical properties of ZnO studied by X-ray diffraction, infra-red spectra, and UV-Visible absorbance spectra. In this study also studied about the effect of Zr doping on changes in the parameters of crystal structures such as distances between fields of crystals , crystals lattice (a and c), unit cell volume, crystallite size, microstrain (ε), dislocation density (δ), and the textural coefficient . The synthesized nanoparticles meet the criteria 3-dimensional nanostructure of hexagonal wurtzite crystals. Uptake ZnO infrared radiation shows an increase in intensity as well shift in wave number 610 - 400 due to doping Zr. Doping Zr also influences the electronic structure of semiconductors characterized by the change of bandgap energy from 3,10-3,05 eV. Semiconductor performance test nanoparticles on the DSSC system showed a 1% Zr doping concentration increasing the voltage by 174 mV and the stability of the solar cell than the cell ZnO solar without doping that produces a voltage of 128 mV.
The Development of Momen of Inertia Props Based On Arduino Uno for Second Year of Senior High School Student
Authors: Sukindar Sukindar , Kartika Ika , Untoro Nur 
Published: April 2021

Momen of inertia concept is difficult subject to teach. Many teachers still teach momen of inertia concept by using lecture method. On the orther hands, students need a momen of inertia props. It encourages researcher to 1) develop momen of inertia props based on Arduino UNO 2) measure the momen of inertia props based on Arduino UNO quality 3) study the students responses and Arduino UNO-based momen of inertia props enforceability. This research is Research and Development by Borg and Gall model that consists of seven steps, namely 1) Research and information collecting 2) Planning 3) Develop preliminary form of product 4) Preliminary field testing 5) Main product revision 6) Main field testing 7) Operational product revision. This research is using questionnaires and observation techniques in data collection process with instruments such as assessment sheets, response sheets, and observation sheet. The data were analyzed by finding the average score and compared with classification table. The research results is 1) researcher successfully developed moment of inertia props based on Arduino UNO with Student Worksheet and Teachers Guide 2) Quality of Arduino UNO-based moment of inertia props were set into Very Good category by material experts assessment, media experts assessment, and teachers assessment with average score of 3.38; 3,69; and 3.58 3) student response of the Arduino-based momen of inertia props is set into Agree category with average score of 0.97 and enforceability shows that the props can be used in momen of inertia concept learning in second year grade of Senior High School.
Classification of Indramayu’s Mangoes Based on Shape Features Using Neural Network and Rule Based Programming
Authors: Sumarudin Sumarudin , Iryanto Iryanto , Ismantohadi Eka 
Published: April 2021

Object classification using image processing simplifies the process. Many approaches have been used to classify the object. In general, classification of mangoes uses image of leaves. In this research, we do a slightly different approach using image of mango itself. Here, two kinds of method are used to classify the object. Implementations of deep learning using neural network and rule based programming are used in the process. Comparative study of the methods are presented in the article. Our result show that accuracy of deep learning approach is better than the rule based programming. The accuracy is 80% and 8% for neural network and rule based programming, respectively.