bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of race distance on performance fatigability in male trail and ultra‐trail runners
Authors: Temesi John , Besson Thibault , Parent Audrey , Singh Benjamin , Martin Vincent , Brownstein Callum G. , Espeit Loïc , Royer Nicolas , Rimaud Diana , Lapole Thomas , Féasson Léonard , Millet Guillaume Y. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe etiology of changes in lower‐limb neuromuscular function, especially to the central nervous system, may be affected by exercise duration. Direct evidence is lacking as few studies have directly compared different race distances. This study aimed to investigate the etiology of deficits in neuromuscular function following short versus long trail‐running races. Thirty‐two male trail runners completed one of five trail‐running races as LONG (>100 km) or SHORT (<60 km). Pre‐ and post‐race, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque and evoked responses to electrical nerve stimulation during MVCs and at rest were used to assess voluntary activation and muscle contractile properties of knee‐extensor (KE) and plantar‐flexor (PF) muscles. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess evoked responses and corticospinal excitability in maximal and submaximal KE contractions. Race distance correlated with KE MVC (ρ = −0.556) and twitch (ρ = −0.521) torque decreases (p ≤ .003). KE twitch torque decreased more in LONG (−28 ± 14%) than SHORT (−14 ± 10%,p = .005); however, KE MVC time × distance interaction was not significant (p = .073). No differences between LONG and SHORT for PF MVC or twitch torque were observed. Maximal voluntary activation decreased similarly in LONG and SHORT in both muscle groups (p ≥ .637). TMS‐elicited silent period decreased in LONG (p = .021) but not SHORT (p = .912). Greater muscle contractile property impairment in longer races, not central perturbations, contributed to the correlation between KE MVC loss and race distance. Conversely, PF fatigability was unaffected by race distance.
Statistics education from a data‐centric perspective
Authors: Gehrke Matthias , Kistler Tanja , Lübke Karsten , Markgraf Norman , Krol Bianca , Sauer Sebastian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe ubiquitous acquisition and generation of data require a reworking of curricula in introductory statistics in tertiary education. We present a renewed curriculum that focuses on scientific thinking, modeling, and simulation‐based inference, utilizing R and various R tools such as shiny and learnr apps. We teach statistics from a data‐centric perspective, enabling the students to become data literate. Initial feedback of students and educators at our university of applied sciences shows that students' conceptual understanding improved and they understood the practical applicability of statistics better.
Toward data‐scientific thinking
Authors: Gould Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe growth of the data culture has led to calls for improving data literacy among primary and secondary students and their teachers. One approach to improving data literacy is to teach a course devoted to data science but, given the lack of consensus over the term “data science,” just what should an introductory data science course include? The author argues that at the secondary level, an introductory data science course should strive to teach data‐scientific thinking, which has statistical thinking at its core, blended with some computational thinking, and with a dash of mathematics.
Covid and data science: Understanding R0 could change your life
Authors: Ridgway Jim 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Covid epidemic has provided an excellent example of the need to call on a wide variety of statistical tools to address a global problem, and can give students insights into some of the dimensions of data science. Here, we describe some of the characteristics of data that students encounter as citizens. We set out some teaching ideas, which focus on a few familiar core ideas—such as exponential growth, estimation, interpreting graphs, measurement, and sampling—set in the authentic context of containing a pandemic. In the final section, we sketch some more ideas on activities to develop student skills essential for civic engagement in a data‐rich world.
A first introduction to data science education in secondary schools: Teaching and learning about data exploration with CODAP using survey data
Authors: Frischemeier Daniel , Biehler Rolf , Podworny Susanne , Budde Lea 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we will describe an introduction to Data Science for secondary school students. We will report on the design and implementation of an introductory unit on “Data and data detectives with CODAP” in which secondary school students used the online tool CODAP to explore real and meaningful survey data on leisure time activities and media use (so‐called JIM‐PB data) in a statistical project setting as a starting point for data science. The JIM‐PB data set served as a valuable data set that offered meaningful and exciting opportunities for data exploration for secondary school students, and CODAP proved to be a valuable tool for the first explorations of this data.
Patient decision aids for adults with advanced chronic kidney disease with a medical recommendation to start dialysis: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Salas-Gama Karla , Díaz Juan Manuel , Coronado Jorge , Pérez-Bracchiglione Javier , Requeijo Carolina , Samsó Laura , Suclupe Stefanie , Bolíbar Ignasi 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This review will identify and describe the content and assess the quality of available decision aids aimed at adults with advanced chronic kidney disease with medical indication to start dialysis who need to choose one of the two dialysis modalities.

Introduction:
The lack of evidence regarding the superiority of the different options for dialysis, hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis, indicated in advanced chronic kidney disease, makes the shared decision-making process especially important.

Inclusion criteria:
We will include decision aids from published studies and non-published material aimed at adults with advanced chronic kidney disease.

Methods:
We will perform searches in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and Epistemonikos. In addition, we will search unpublished studies in OpenGrey, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Open Access Theses and Dissertations. We will also identify decision aids through a specific search in Google and by searching websites of nephrology societies or associations. We will include decision aids in English or Spanish aimed at adults with advanced chronic kidney disease with medical indication to start dialysis. Two independent reviewers will screen, select, and extract the data. General aspects and attributes of the decision aids will be collected. Their quality will be evaluated, and their recommendations for implementation in clinical practice will be analyzed.
Brief introductory group education programs for chronic disease patients in chronic disease management: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Tan Celia , Searle Amelia , Wall Cindy , Herriot Peter 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This review will scope the literature and map the features of brief introductory group education programs implemented in chronic disease management.

Introduction:
Brief introductory group education programs are resource-efficient interventions used in chronic disease management to educate patients about basic disease concepts, self-management strategies, and to introduce specialist services. There is a lack of published research that synthesizes the characteristics, guiding principles, and outcomes reported in brief group education programs in chronic disease management. This scoping review will seek to identify brief introductory group education programs and describe the i) scope of literature available on such programs, ii) characteristics of the programs, iii) guiding self-management principles used and the extent to which programs follow such principles, and iv) types of outcomes reported.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider studies describing an introductory or brief group patient education program (one to four sessions, no more than eight hours) for the management of chronic disease in adults with ongoing chronic disease.

Methods:
MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, Emcare, Web of Science, and PsycINFO will be searched for English-language articles published from 2001 to the present. Titles and abstracts will be screened against inclusion/exclusion criteria, followed by full-text review, independently assessed by two reviewers. Eligible articles will be extracted and charted using a standardized data extraction form. A descriptive review to summarize and contextualize the extracted data will be conducted.
The Fatigue of Metals—Its Nature and Significance
Authors: Moore H. F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The essential feature of “fatigue” failure in metals is a spreading crack. Studies of fatigue failure in single crystals of metal indicate that such cracks frequently start by slip along planes of atomic weakness. The study of fatigue failure of metals has shown certain limitations of the mathematical theory of elasticity when applied to actual non-homogeneous metals. The importance of the ability of a metal to resist occasional slight plastic action without starting a fatigue crack is emphasized. The relation between atomic strength and the strength of a multi-grained piece of metal is briefly discussed and a “crack-interference” hypothesis of fatigue failure suggested. The phenomenon of spreading cracks in metal under steady load at elevated temperatures is noted, and its significance discussed.
The Present State of the Turbulence Problem
Authors: Tollmien Walter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this survey the author first describes certain types of turbulent flow, following which he deals successively with the production of turbulent motion; the instability of the laminar motion; fully developed turbulence; momentum interchange and mixing lengths; and relations between the shearing stress at the wall and the mean velocity distributions. Finally he takes up the calculation of skin friction for simple cases of fully developed turbulence, especially for that of the flat plate. Although the methods outlined have often led to practically useful results, it is the author’s belief that they should be considered only as advances toward the real goal of the turbulence theory. The derivation of turbulence phenomena from the hydrodynamical equations will, in his opinion, be possible only by the application of statistical methods.
An Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Creep in Bending
Authors: MacCullough Gleason H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an experimental and analytical study of the phenomenon of creep as it occurs in bending. Creep tests upon a lead beam were made to determine the behavior of originally plane sections during pure bending accompanied by creep. From the results of these tests and of creep tests in tension and compression, a method is devised whereby the results of the usual tensile creep test may be utilized to predict the rate of creep for transverse sections of the beam. The paper concludes with several analytical examples involving creep as it occurs in pure bending.
Applications of Creep Tests
Authors: MacCullough Gleason H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Analytical solutions of problems which involve creep phenomena and which are of practical interest are at present very limited in number. This paper discusses four specific problems for which solutions have been presented: namely, the problem of the flanged and bolted pipe joint under creep conditions, and the three problems of stress distribution and creep in thick-walled cylinders under internal pressure, in a beam subjected to pure bending, and in a solid circular shaft under torsion. These solutions will illustrate the kind of creep data which the designer desires the experimenter to furnish.
Uncertainty Quantification of Deep Neural Network-Based Turbulence Model for Reactor Transient Analysis
Authors: Liu Yang , Hu Rui , Balaprakash Prasanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated good performance in learning highly non-linear relationships in large datasets, thus have been considered as a promising surrogate modeling tool for parametric partial differential equations (PDEs). On the other hand, quantifying the predictive uncertainty in DNNs is still a challenging problem. The Bayesian neural network (BNN), a sophisticated method assuming the weights of the DNNs follow certain uncertainty distributions, is considered as a state-of-the-art method for the UQ of DNNs. However, the method is too computationally expensive to be used in complicated DNN architectures.
In this work, we utilized two more methods for the UQ of complicated DNNs, i.e. Monte Carlo dropout and deep ensemble. Both methods are computationally efficient and scalable compared to BNN. We applied these two methods to a densely connected convolutional network, which is developed and trained as a coarse-mesh turbulence closure relation for reactor safety analysis. In comparison, the corresponding BNN with the same architecture is also developed and trained. The computational cost and uncertainty evaluation performance of these three UQ methods are comprehensively investigated. It is found that the deep ensemble method is able to produce reasonable uncertainty estimates with good scalability and relatively low computational cost compared to BNN.
A Framework for In Silico Clinical Trials for Medical Devices Using Concepts From Model Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification (VVUQ)
Authors: Bodner Jeff , Kaul Vikas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The rising costs of clinical trials for medical devices in recent years has led to an increased interest in so-called in silico clinical trials, where simulation results are used to supplement or to replace those obtained from human patients. Here we present a framework for executing such a trial. This framework relies heavily on ideas already developed for model verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification. The framework uses results from an initial cohort of human patients as model validation data, recognizing that the best model credibility evidence usually comes from real patients. The validation exercise leads to an assessment of the model’s suitability based on pre-defined acceptance criteria. If the model meets these criteria, then no additional human patients are required and the study endpoints that can be addressed using the model are met using the simulation results. Conversely, if the model is found to be inadequate, it is abandoned, and the clinical study continues using only human patients in a second cohort. Compared to other frameworks described in the literature based on Bayesian methods, this approach follows a strict model build-validate-predict structure. It can handle epistemic uncertainties in the model inputs, which is a common trait of models of biomedical systems. Another idea discussed here is that the outputs of engineering models rarely coincide with measures that are the basis for clinical endpoints. This manuscript discusses how the link between the model and clinical measure can be established during the trial.
Performance monitoring of EBUS for the staging and diagnosis of lung cancer: auditing the Greater Manchester EBUS service against new national standards
Authors: Punjabi Anshu , Al-Najjar Haider , Teng Benjamin , Borrill Zoe , Brown Louise , Nagarajan Thapas , Gallagher Joanna , Grundy Seamus , Sundar Ram , Higgins Coral , Shackley David , Sinnott Nicola , Balata Haval , Lyons Judith , Martin Julie , Brocklesby Christopher , Crosbie Phil , Booton Richard , Evison Matthew 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionEndobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a pivotal test in lung cancer staging and diagnosis, mandating robust audit and performance monitoring of EBUS services. We present the first regional cancer alliance EBUS performance audit against the new National EBUS specification.MethodsAcross the five EBUS centres in the Greater Manchester Cancer Alliance, data are recorded at the point of procedure, when pathological results are available and at 6 months postprocedure to review any further pathological sampling (eg, at surgical resection) and the outcome of clinical–radiological follow-up. Outcomes across all five centres were compared with national standards for all lung cancer EBUS procedures from 01 January 2017 to 31 December 2018.Results1899 lung cancer staging or diagnostic EBUS procedures were performed across the five centres during the study period; 1309 staging EBUS procedures and 590 diagnostic EBUS procedures. Major complications were seen in six cases (<1%). All five trusts demonstrated performance above that set national standards in key metrics for both staging and diagnostic EBUS, however the provision of adequate tissue for predictive marker testing was below national standards at one trust. Across Greater Manchester, 72% and 64% of patients had their EBUS procedure performed within 7 days of referral in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Only one out of five trusts met the national targets of >85% of procedures performed within 7 days of referral.ConclusionThe National EBUS service specification is an important framework to drive the quality of EBUS services across the UK. Our data provide assurance of appropriate performance and safety while also highlighting specific areas for attention that can be addressed with the support of the cancer alliance.
Impact of walking aids on estimating physical activity using a tri-axial accelerometer in frail older adults
Authors: Nishida Yuki , Tanaka Shigeho , Hatamoto Yoichi , Hatanaka Mana , Ishikawa-Takata Kazuko , Abe Takayuki , Higaki Yasuki , Katsukawa Fuminori 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the estimation error of physical activity level (PAL) estimated using a tri-axial accelerometer between an independent walking group and an assisted walking group with walking aids.MethodsSubjects were 6 older adults who could walk independently and 10 older adults requiring walking assistance during gait. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method over 2 weeks and PAL was calculated as the measured TEE divided by the basal metabolic rate measured using indirect calorimetry (PALDLW). The participants wore a tri-axial accelerometer (Active style Pro HJA-750C) on the waist simultaneously as the DLW period, and the estimated PAL was derived from it (PALACC).ResultsThe median PAL estimation error in the assisted walking group was −0.30 kcal/day (range: −0.77 to −0.01 kcal/day) and more underestimated than that in the independent walking group (p=0.02). The estimation error of PALACCwas significantly correlated with PALDLW(r=−0.80, p<0.01).ConclusionsUsing the accelerometer, PAL was underestimated for older adults who used walking aids but not for those who walked independently under free-living conditions.
Loss-of-function variants in DNM1 cause a specific form of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy only in biallelic state
Authors: Yigit Gökhan , Sheffer Ruth , Daana Muhannad , Li Yun , Kaygusuz Emrah , Mor-Shakad Hagar , Altmüller Janine , Nürnberg Peter , Douiev Liza , Kaulfuss Silke , Burfeind Peter , Wollnik Bernd , Brockmann Knut 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundDevelopmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) represent a group of severe neurological disorders characterised by an onset of refractory seizures during infancy or early childhood accompanied by psychomotor developmental delay or regression. DEEs are genetically heterogeneous with, to date, more than 80 different genetic subtypes including DEE31 caused by heterozygous missense variants in DNM1.MethodsWe performed a detailed clinical characterisation of two unrelated patients with DEE and used whole-exome sequencing to identify causative variants in these individuals. The identified variants were tested for cosegregation in the respective families.ResultsWe excluded pathogenic variants in known, DEE-associated genes. We identified homozygous nonsense variants, c.97C>T; p.(Gln33*) in family 1 and c.850C>T; p.(Gln284*) in family 2, in the DNM1 gene, indicating that biallelic, loss-of-function pathogenic variants in DNM1 cause DEE.ConclusionOur finding that homozygous, loss-of-function variants in DNM1 cause DEE expands the spectrum of pathogenic variants in DNM1. All parents who were heterozygous carriers of the identified loss-of-function variants were healthy and did not show any clinical symptoms, indicating that the type of mutation in DNM1 determines the pattern of inheritance.
Sick leave in early axial spondyloarthritis: the role of clinical and socioeconomic factors. Five-year data from the DESIR cohort
Authors: Nikiphorou Elena , Carvalho Pedro D , Boonen Annelies , Fautrel Bruno , Richette Pascal , Machado Pedro M , van der Heijde Desirée , Landewé Robert , Ramiro Sofia 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate the occurrence of sick leave (SL) and the impact of clinical and socioeconomic factors on SL in early axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).MethodsPatients with a clinical diagnosis of axSpA from the DEvenir des Spondyloarthrites Indifférenciées Récentes (DESIR) cohort with work-related data and up to 5-year follow-up were studied. Incidence, time to first SL and potential role of baseline and time-varying clinical and socioeconomic factors (age, gender, ethnicity, education, job type, marital and parental status) were analysed. Univariable analyses, followed by collinearity and interaction tests, guided subsequent multivariable time-varying Cox survival model building.ResultsIn total, 704 axSpA patients were included (mean (SD) age 33.8 (8.6); 46% men). At baseline, 80% of patients were employed; of these, 5.7% reported being on SL. The incidence of SL among those at risk during the study period (n=620, 88%) was 0.05 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.06) per 1000 days of follow-up. Mean (SD) time to first SL was 806 (595) days (range: 175–2021 days). In multivariable models, male gender (HR 0.41 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.86)) and higher education (HR 0.48 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.95)) were associated with lower hazard of SL, while higher disease activity (HR 1.49 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.13)), older age, smoking and use of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors were associated with higher hazard of SL.ConclusionsIn this early axSpA cohort of young, working-age individuals, male gender and higher education were independently associated with a lower hazard of SL, whereas older age and higher disease activity were associated with higher hazard of SL. The findings suggest a role of socioeconomic factors in adverse work outcomes, alongside active disease.
Itaconate: an antimicrobial metabolite of macrophages
Authors: Duncan Dustin , Auclair Karine 
Published: June 2021

Itaconate is a conjugated 1,4-dicarboxylate produced by macrophages. This small molecule has recently received increasing attention due to its role in modulating the immune response of macrophages upon exposure to pathogens. Itaconate has also been proposed to play an antimicrobial function; however, this has not been explored as intensively. Consistent with the latter, itaconate is known to show antibacterial activity in vitro and was reported to inhibit isocitrate lyase, an enzyme required for survival of bacterial pathogens in mammalian systems. Recent studies have revealed bacterial growth inhibition under biologically relevant conditions. In addition, an antimicrobial role for itaconate is substantiated by the high concentration of itaconate found in bacteria-containing vacuoles, and by the production of itaconate-degrading enzymes in pathogens such as Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Yersinia pestis. This review describes the current state of literature in understanding the role of itaconate as an antimicrobial agent in host–pathogen interactions.