bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Modeling of Hydraulic Fractures with Diamond Boundary in Shale Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Gao Mingyi , Zhou Wen , Zhang Jian , Chang Cheng , Liu Chuxi , Yu Wei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe effects of hydraulic fractures with complex boundaries on the well performance of a shale gas well, considering a more realistic corner point geological model, have rarely been studied previously. In this study, the nonintrusive embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) method was employed to investigate the effects of different boundary shapes of hydraulic fracture, coupling a network of sophisticated natural fractures discrete fracture network (DFN) on well performance. First, by implementing the powerful EDFM technology, concepts of two categories (rectangle and diamond) of hydraulic fracture with different boundaries were designed. Next, the geometric equations defining vertices of multiple rectangular- or diamond-shaped hydraulic fractures in arbitrary coordinate systems were derived. Subsequently, the horizontal well with multistaged hydraulic fractures and sophistically oriented 3D natural fractures was inputted into the reservoir model to perform history matching. After history matching, the results were further analyzed to compare the production forecast from the two categories. The results show that 20-year cumulative gas productions for rectangle- and diamond-shaped fractures are approximately 1.237×108 m3 and 1.486×108 m3, respectively. In other words, the diamond category can produce 20.1% more gas than the rectangle category. For cumulative water production, the diamond category produces 3.8×104 m3, as against the 3.0×104 m3 produced by the rectangle category (or 26.7% more). This implies that the diamond-shaped fractures have the potential to reach the far field region of the reservoir away from the wellbore. This means that more intersections with natural fractures DFN can be achieved, and more drainage area is unlocked. The visualization of pressure distributions and drainage volume was easily shown, and these results further confirm that the extent of fluid drainage by the diamond fracture is larger compared to that by the rectangular fracture given the same total surface area.
Potential Role of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Traumatic
Brain Injury
Authors: Marzano Lucas Alexandre Santos , de Castro Fabyolla Lúcia Macedo , Machado Caroline Amaral , de Barros João Luís Vieira Monteiro , Macedo e Cordeiro Thiago , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina , Teixeira Antônio Lúcio , Silva de Miranda Aline 
Published: September 2021

Abstract:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious cause of disability and death among
young and adult individuals, displaying complex pathophysiology including cellular and
molecular mechanisms that are not fully elucidated. Many experimental and clinical studies
investigated the potential relationship between TBI and the process by which neurons
are formed in the brain, known as neurogenesis. Currently, there are no available treatments
for TBI’s long-term consequences being the search for novel therapeutic targets, a
goal of highest scientific and clinical priority. Some studies evaluated the benefits of
treatments aimed at improving neurogenesis in TBI. In this scenario, herein, we reviewed
current pre-clinical studies that evaluated different approaches to improving neurogenesis
after TBI while achieving better cognitive outcomes, which may consist in interesting approaches
for future treatments.
Association Between Serum Lipid Levels and Severe Headache or Migraine
in Representative American Population: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Ge Wenjing , Gao Lijie , Zhang Yang , Wu Kongyuan , Chen Ning , He Li 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The relationship between serum lipids and migraine remains controversial.

Objective:
This study aimed to analyze the association between serum lipids and severe headache
or migraine in the general population.

Method:
Data were collected from a nationally representative sample of participants in the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2004. Interviewers recorded self-reported
severe headaches or migraines and whether pain lasted for more than 24 h in three months. A
weighted general linear model was used to estimate the association between serum lipids and severe
headache or migraine. Regression analyses were performed after adjusting for age, sex, race,
energy intake, sodium intake, etc. Subgroup analyses were performed using the same regression
model.

Results:
We included 5,937 individuals in the study, with a weighted mean age of 45.8 years.
Males accounted for 47.6% of the participants. After adjusting for covariates, a non-significant association
was found between migraine and total cholesterol (odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=
0.85, 1.05; P=0.32), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (odds ratio=0.96; 95% confidence interval=
0.75, 1.17, P=0.55), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (odds ratio=0.99; 95% confidence
interval=0.49, 1.59, P=0.58) in the continuous form. In subgroup analyses, no significant association
was found between total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, and self-reported severe headache or migraine.

Conclusion:
Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol were not significantly associated with severe headache or migraine in the general American
population after adjusting for covariates. The supporting information for measuring common
serum lipids in general headaches and migraines is insufficient.
Metformin Ameliorates Neuronal Necroptosis after Intracerebral Hemorrhage
by Activating AMPK
Authors: Lin Chenhan , Yang Kaichuang , Zhang Guoqiang , Yu Jun 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major cause of death and disability
globally. As a type of secondary injury after ICH, treatment for cell death can promote the recovery
of neurological function.

Methods:
Among all the cell death, neuronal necroptosis has recently been demonstrated of significance
in the pathogenesis of ICH. However, the administration of drugs against necroptosis has
many limitations.

Results:
In the present study, we found that metformin, a first-line medication for the treatment of
type 2 diabetes, can effectively inhibit neuronal necroptosis after ICH by activating the AMPK related
pathway, thereby significantly improving neurological function scores and reducing brain edema.

Conclusion:
These results will provide a new perspective for future research in necroptosis.
Observation of the Therapeutic Effect of Correcting Foot Varus on Improving Knee Hyperextension and Gait in Patients After Stroke
Authors: Yu Hui-Xian 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
The present study aimed to observe the therapeutic effect of elastic bandages
on improving knee hyperextension in patients with stroke after correcting the foot varus.

Methods:
A total of 45 patients with stroke admitted to the hospital from January to August 2019
were enrolled in the present prospective study. Elastic bandages were used to fix the affected foot
in a mild valgus position. Before and after the intervention, the Noitom walking function evaluation
system was adopted, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the 10-meter walking test were
conducted. The gait speed, stride length, knee angle, and the number of knee hyperextensions >5°
were selected as the results. The weight-bearing time of the affected leg was evaluated, and the
changes in the control ability of the affected limb before and after the intervention were compared.

Results:
It was found that compared with before treatment, the time of knee hyperextension was
significantly reduced after fixation with the elastic bandage, and the knee extension angle was significantly
reduced (p < 0.05). After the treatment, the gait speed was significantly higher than before
the treatment (p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in the stride length (P >
0.05). After the treatment, the time in the TUG test was significantly shorter than before the treatment
(p < 0.05), together with an obvious increase in the weight-bearing time of the affected leg (p
< 0.05).

Conclusion:
Correcting foot varus could improve the biomechanics of the lower limbs and improve
the symptoms of knee hyperextension in patients with stroke, thereby improving the control
ability of the affected limb and improving the walking function.
Effects of Natural Products on Neuromuscular Junction
Authors: Akkol Esra Küpeli , Karatoprak Gökçe Şeker , Carpar Elif , Hussain Yaseen , Khan Haroon , Aschner Michael 
Published: September 2021

:
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorders result from damage, malfunction or absence of
one or more key proteins involved in neuromuscular transmission, comprising a wide range of disorders.
The most common pathology is antibody-mediated or downregulation of ion channels or receptors,
resulting in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and acquired neuromyotonia
(Isaac’s syndrome), and rarely congenital myasthenic syndromes caused by mutations in NMJ proteins.
A wide range of symptomatic treatments, immunomodulating therapies, or immunosuppressive
drugs have been used to treat NMJ diseases. Future research must be directed at a better understanding
of the pathogenesis of these diseases, and developing novel disease-specific treatments. Numerous secondary
metabolites, especially alkaloids isolated from plants, have been used to treat NMJ diseases in
traditional and clinical practices. An ethnopharmacological approach has provided leads for identifying
new treatments for NMJ diseases. In this review, we performed a literature survey in Pubmed, Science
Direct, and Google Scholar to gather information on drug discovery from plant sources for NMJ disease
treatments. To date, most research has focused on the effects of herbal remedies on cholinesterase
inhibitory and antioxidant activities. This review provides leads for identifying potential new drugs
from plant sources for the treatment of NMJ diseases.
MRI in Normal Myelination: A Pictorial Review
Authors: Bhatia Vikas , Seth Raghav , Saini Arushi Gahlot , Singh Paramjeet 
Published: September 2021

:
This article's primary goal is to provide an image-based review to paediatricians to gain
insight into the typical appearance of myelin evolution. We briefly discuss the structure and development
of myelination, the role of qualitative and quantitative MRI in myelin imaging, and provide
an image-based review as a quick reference for understanding the pattern of myelination on
MR imaging.
Renal Involvement in Pediatric Patients with COVID-19: An Up-to-date Review
Authors: Campos Yuri Márcio , Drumond André Luís Vieira , de Matos Gamonal Mariane , Parreira Milena Pereira , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina 
Published: September 2021

Background:In pediatric patients, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been mostly associated with mild symptoms. However, as in adults, renal involvement has been reported in children and adolescents with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).Objective:This review aimed to report data about renal involvement in pediatric COVID-19 patients. The focuses were on the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury in Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated (PIMS-TS) with SARS-CoV-2 and the possible impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection upon kidney function, as well as data concerning patients with previous kidney diseases, including Nephrotic Syndrome and Chronic Renal Disease. The implications for COVID-19 outcomes in pediatric patients were also discussed.Methods:This integrative review searched for articles on renal involvement in pediatric COVID-19 patients. The databases evaluated were PubMed and Scopus.Results:The emergence of PIMS-TS with SARS-CoV-2 has shown that pediatric patients are at risk of severe COVID-19, with multi-organ involvement and dysfunction. In addition to intense inflammation, several systems are affected in this syndrome, collectively creating a combination of factors that results in acute kidney injury. Several studies have proposed that kidney cells, including the podocytes, might be at risk of direct infection by SARS-CoV-2, as high levels of ACE2, the virus receptor, are expressed on the membrane of such cells. Some cases of glomerular diseases triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection and relapses of previous renal diseases have been reported.Conclusion:Further studies are necessary to establish risk factors for renal involvement in pediatric COVID-19 and to predict disease outcomes.
Is Fibromyalgia Associated with Borrelia-specific T Lymphocytes?
Authors: Puri Basant K. , Lee Gary S. , Schwarzbach Armin 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Although fibromyalgia is a common cause of chronic musculoskeletal
pain, its aetiology and pathophysiology are uncertain. It has recently been suggested that fibromyalgia
symptomatology represents a T lymphocyte-mediated immune response to pathogens, which
are known risk factors for autoimmune diseases. One major suggested candidate pathogen is the
bacterial genus Borrelia. However, to date, this hypothesis has not been tested.

Objective:
The aim was to carry out the first test of this hypothesis by comparing Borrelia-specific
T lymphocyte reactivity in fibromyalgia patients and matched controls.

Methods:
The enzyme-linked immunospot assay was used to detect T-lymphocyte reactivity to
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (full antigen), outer surface protein (Osp) A from Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii, native OspC plus decorin binding protein
A recombinant and lymphocyte function antigen-1 (shared epitope) in 27 patients who fulfilled
the revised diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia of the American College of Rheumatology and in
26 control subjects. The assays were carried out blind to the group status of the participants.

Results:
The two groups did not differ by age, sex or ethnicity. They did not differ significantly in
respect of T lymphocyte reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (full antigen) (p = 0.847),
Osp mix (p = 0.709) or lymphocyte function antigen-1 (p = 0.367).

Conclusion:
This novel controlled study provides no evidence of an association between fibromyalgia
and Borrelia-specific T lymphocytes.
Brain Tumor Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning: A
Review
Authors: Lotlikar Venkatesh S. , Satpute Nitin , Gupta Aditya 
Published: September 2021

:
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the mortality
rate due to brain tumors is 76%. It is required to detect the brain tumors as early as possible and to
provide the patient with the required treatment to avoid any fatal situation. With the recent advancement
in technology, it is possible to automatically detect the tumor from images such as Magnetic
Resonance Iimaging (MRI) and computed tomography scans using a computer-aided design. Machine
learning and deep learning techniques have gained significance among researchers in medical
fields, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), due to their ability to analyze large
amounts of complex image data and perform classification. The objective of this review article is
to present an exhaustive study of techniques such as preprocessing, machine learning, and deep
learning that have been adopted in the last 15 years and based on it to present a detailed comparative
analysis. The challenges encountered by researchers in the past for tumor detection have been
discussed along with the future scopes that can be taken by the researchers as the future work. Clinical
challenges that are encountered have also been discussed, which are missing in existing review
articles.
Efficient Synthesis of Novel N-[4-Methyl-3-(4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-
yl)phenyl)thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]benzamide Hybrid Ring System as
Potential Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Rafique Hummera , Saeed Aamer , Naseem Muhammad , Riaz Tauqeer , Perveen Fouzia , Mumtaz Amara , Maalik Aneela , Sharif Muhammad 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Heterocyclic compounds display versatile biological applications, so the aim of this paper was to prepare biologically important heterocycles with enhanced bacterial resistance and to evaluate for their various structural features that are responsible for their biological properties.

Objective:
The objective was to synthesize bacterial resistance compounds with enhanced antibacterial properties.

Method:
Ester moiety containing thiazole ring was converted into its hydrazide derivatives. These heterocyclic derivatives were cyclized into another ring oxadiazole; hence a hybrid ring system of two biologically active rings was prepared.

Result:
All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and were screened for their antibacterial potential; they possess significant antibacterial activities.

Conclusion:
New hybrid heterocyclic ring systems were synthesized by cyclization of hydrazide derivatives by adopting two step strategy in good yields. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities; they showed moderate to significant activities. QSAR and Molecular docking studies were performed to determine the mode of interaction. Experimental and computational data is in accordance with the determined antibacterial activities.
Skin Tests for the Exploration of Hypersensitivity Reactions Associated with Iodinated Contrast Media
Authors: Zaiem Ahmed , Ben Hammamia Syrine , Ben Salem Fares , Charfi Ons , Aouinti Imen , Kastalli Sarrah , Aidli Sihem El , Badri Talel , Lakhoua Ghozlane , Mizouni Habiba 
Published: September 2021

Background:Iodinated contrast media (ICM) are responsible for multiple side effects, especially hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions can either be authentic allergies or non-allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Skin tests (prick and intradermal tests) are simple to perform and can be of great help, especially if the ICM needs to be re-used. The aim of the study was to assess the characteristics of the patients in whom skin tests were performed and the results of these tests.Methods:This is a retrospective study from June 2014 to June 2019. All included patients had at least one episode of hypersensitivity reaction to ICM and underwent skin tests.Results:We included 35 patients aged 18 to 85 years. The iopromide was the most implicated ICM. The reactions were mainly cutaneous (n=30) and immediate (n=27). The skin tests were negative, except for two patients. The re-use of ICM occurred in 11 patients: 9 with an ICM other than the one suspected and two patients with the same ICM. Among these patients, 5 did not have any premedication. Two of them had a second hypersensitivity reaction, the first with another ICM and the second with the same ICM.Conclusion:One of the main pillars of allergic exploration is ICM skin testing, not only to prevent a recurrence, but also to allow patients to benefit from ICM re-use, which are sometimes essential.
Hyperglycemia-Induced Immune System Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus
and the Concept of Hyperglycemic Memory of Innate Immune Cells: A
Perspective
Authors: Lisco Giuseppe , Giagulli Vito Angelo , De Pergola Giovanni , Guastamacchia Edoardo , Jirillo Emilio , Triggiani Vincenzo 
Published: September 2021

Introduction:
wealth of information suggests that hyperglycemia plays a paramount
role in diabetes-related chronic complications. Notably, in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), a persistent
condition of hyperglycemia and altered insulin signaling seems to account for a status of
chronic low-grade inflammation [1]. This systemic inflammatory condition, in turn, depends on the
profound impairment of the immune machinery, especially in some corporeal districts such as the
adipose tissue, pancreatic islets, endothelia, and circulating leukocytes [2]. Interestingly, poor
glycemic control has been associated with cardiac autoimmunity in patients with Type 1 Diabetes
(T1DM), and cardiac autoantibody positivity is associated with an increased risk of Cardiovascular
Diseases (CVD) decades later. This condition also suggests a role for autoimmune mechanisms in
CVD development in patients with T1DM, possibly through inflammatory pathways [3]. Evidence
has been provided for an elevated release of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6, as
well as chemokines (C-C motif Ligand 2 and IL-8) [4]. Of note, these mediators are responsible for
abnormal leukocyte trafficking into many tissues, contributing to insulin resistance, reduced insulin
secretion, and vascular complications [5, 6]. In fact, hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes
mellitus is associated with higher circulating E-selectin, soluble Cell Adhesion Molecule (s-
CAM)-1, and vascular CAM-1 compared to normoglycemic healthy volunteers. Therefore, patients
with diabetes mellitus exhibit an exaggerated adhesion of leukocytes to endothelia, and this phenomenon
is related to hyperglycemia [7]. The increased production of advanced glycosylation end
products or AGEs activates a further cascade of noxious events with a massive generation of Reactive
Oxygen Radicals (ROS) and enhanced expression of CAMs [8].
Chemical Constituents of Functional Food Amomum villosum to Combat
Human Diseases
Authors: Zeng Yawen , Ali Muhammad Kazim , He Wei , Deng Lin , Yang Xiaomeng , Li Xia , Pu Xiaoying , Yang Jiazhen 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Amomum villosum is an important medicinal and edible plant owing to its
valuable compositions of volatile and non-volatile compounds.

Objective :
The study was conducted to reveal the chemical constituents and medicinal values of A. villosum
against various diseases.

Methods :
A critical and comprehensive data mining from 2004 to 2021 was performed based on
CNKI, PubMed, and Google.

Results:
120 Compounds have been reported collectively in seeds, peels, and rhizomes of A. villosum,
10 compounds were common however the content of bornyl acetate was maximum in
seeds and peels. Similarly, Amomi fructus of China and Vietnam showed 59 different types of
volatile compounds while 13 were common, the round large black fruits (1.56% bornyl acetate
and 4.05% volatile oil) and long small red fruits type (1.64% bornyl acetate and 3.04% volatile
oil) from China showed good quality and high medicinal values. In addition, Amomi fructus manifested
30-40 kinds of nonvolatile compounds, i.e., phenolic, polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoid,
vanillic acid, catechin, epicatechin, polydatin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, glycosides, inorganic and
organic acids.

Conclusion:
A. villosum is widely used as anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal protection, antiobesity,
anticancer, antioxidant, analgesic, bacteriostasis, antidiabetic and anti-COVID-19, etc. So,
it is manifested that the fruit, flowers, roots, stems, and leaves of A. villosum can be used as a
medicine, especially fruit (Amomi fructus=Sharen), as the best functional food for the COVID-19
treatment and gastrointestinal protection as well as prevention of other diseases.