bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Introduction of Bismarck's Social Security System and its Effects on Marriage and Fertility in Prussia
Authors: Guinnane Timothy W. , Streb Jochen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEconomists have long argued that introducing social insurance will reduce fertility. The hypothesis relies on standard models: if children are desirable in part because they provide security in case of disability or old age, then State programs that provide insurance against these events should induce couples to substitute away from children in the allocation of wealth. We test this claim using the introduction of social insurance in Germany in the period 1881–1910. Bismarck's social insurance scheme had three pillars: health insurance, workplace accident insurance, and an old‐age pension. Earlier studies typically focus on the pension alone; we consider all three pillars. We find that Bismarck's social insurance system affected fertility overall only via its effects on the incentive to marry. The old‐age insurance by itself tended to reduce marriages, but the health and accident insurance components had the opposite effect. For people exposed to all three pillars of social insurance, the two effects cancelled each other and the aggregate effect on fertility was muted.fertility transition; economics; social insurance
Sharing life together: Sibling's relationships while attending the same college
Authors: Younkin Felisha L. , Firmin Michael W. , Belles Ashley , Hardman Moriah L. , Holloway Michaela E. , Patrick David R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe present qualitative, phenomenological study involved semi‐structure interviews of 18 sibling pairs (n = 36) together at a private, selective, comprehensive, Midwest university. Since the support of siblings is important throughout the lifespan, but siblings typically have less contact during emerging adulthood, the study of sibling relationships while attending college together is a salient area of study. From the perspective of family systems theory, we report three common themes among the participants regarding their experience of attending college together. First, the siblings reported that they felt a shared loyalty to one another. This dynamic displayed itself in their reported desire to stand up for one another and to “have one another's back.” Second, the siblings reported a new sense of a closer connection as a result of attending college together. This construct was said to have occurred in the form of a renewed appreciation for one another and also a desire not to take one another for granted. Finally, the participants reported a sense of openness and sharing with one another that occurred during their college experience. This dynamic reportedly occurred partly because the siblings were able to have shared and similar experiences together at college. The participants reported that having this daily, face‐to‐face interaction positively contributed to their openness and share with one another.
Resolution of recurrent pediatric acute liver failure with liver transplantation in a patient with NBAS mutation
Authors: Geem Duke , Jiang Wenxiao , Rytting Heather B. , Chandrakasan Shanmuganathan , Salem Anand , Stevens James P. , Karpen Saul J. , Magliocca Joseph F. , Romero Rene , Rodriguez Dellys Soler 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPediatric acute liver failure (PALF) remains an enigmatic process of rapid end‐organ dysfunction associated with a variety of pathologic conditions though the predominant cause is indeterminate. A growing body of research has identified mutations in the NBAS gene to be associated with recurrent acute liver failure and multi‐systemic disease including short stature, skeletal dysplasia, facial dysmorphism, immunologic abnormalities, and Pelger‐Huët anomaly.Methods and ResultsHere, we describe a 4‐year‐old girl who presented with dehydration in the setting of acute gastroenteritis and fever but went on to develop PALF on day 2 of hospitalization. She clinically recovered with supportive measures, but after discharge, had at least 2 additional episodes of PALF. Ultimately, she underwent liver transplant and her recurrent episodes of PALF did not recur throughout a 6‐year follow‐up period. Whole‐exome sequencing post‐liver transplant initially revealed two variants of uncertain significance in the NBAS gene. Parental studies confirmed the c.1549C > T(p.R517C; now likely pathogenic) variant from her mother and a novel c.4646T > C(p.L1549P) variant from her father. In silico analyses predicted these variants to have a deleterious effect on protein function. Consistent with previously characterized NBAS mutation‐associated disease (NMAD), our patient demonstrated the following features: progeroid facial features, hypoplasia of the 12th ribs, Pelger‐Huët anomaly on peripheral blood smear, and abnormal B and NK cell function.ConclusionAltogether, we describe a novel pathogenic variant in the NBAS gene of a patient with NMAD and report the resolution of recurrent PALF secondary to NMAD following liver transplantation.
Recanalization of portal axis after cavoportal hemitransposition in a liver transplant recipient with complete splanchnic thrombosis
Authors: Clarysse Mathias , Wilmer Alexander , Debaveye Yves , Laleman Wim , Devos Timothy , Canovai Emilio , Verslype Chris , van der Merwe Schalk , van Malenstein Hannah , Nevens Frederik , Maleux Geert , Sainz‐Barriga Mauricio , Monbaliu Diethard , Pirenne Jacques 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundDiffuse splanchnic thrombosis may render standard LTx difficult or even technically impossible. A 19‐year‐old woman with acute‐on‐chronic Budd‐Chiari syndrome and complete splanchnic thrombosis underwent conventional LTx. Only limited anatomical portal inflow could be restored, and urgent re‐transplantation for recurrent splanchnic vein thrombosis became necessary.MethodsAt re‐transplant, and in addition to the reestablishment of some portal inflow through the preserved original porto (native)‐portal (graft) connection, a cavoportal shunt was created (first partial via 30% tapering of the vena cava, but eventually complete by total occlusion of the vena cava).ResultsThe postoperative course was then uneventful, and interestingly, the native portomesenteric axis gradually reopened. Two years post‐transplant, the liver graft is perfused via both physiological and non‐physiological sources. Liver function is normal. There is no IVC syndrome and no residual PHT. She is leading a normal life.ConclusionCreation of CPHT, in addition to the preservation of portal inflow from the native splanchnic system, should be considered in patients with diffuse splanchnic thrombosis, when sufficient physiological portal inflow cannot be restored at the time of LTx, but in whom the splanchnic circulation may reopen up later.
Quotational and other opaque belief reports
Authors: Davis Wayne A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn a novel move against Russellianism, Heck (2014) has argued that reports of the form S believes that p are semantically opaque on the grounds that there are no other means in English to report psychologically individuated beliefs, such as those Lois Lane reports using the names ‘Superman’ and ‘Clark Kent.’ I show that there are several other ways to meet this need. I focus on quotational reports of the form S believes “p,” which philosophers have overlooked or mischaracterized. I argue that reports of this form are no more metalinguistic than those using the complementizer that. In both, the meaning of the report depends on the meaning, not the form, of the complement. Some distinguishing features of non‐metalinguistic quotational reports are that their complements force “deictic shift” and have no transparent interpretation. Free direct speech and thought bubbles have the same properties. The “q‐ascriptions” McCullagh (2017a) proposed to defend Russellianism against Heck are not in common use and on his account are unsuitably metalinguistic. The fact that quotational belief reports are opaque without being metalinguistic makes the Russellian thesis that the meaning of a name is its referent untenable, thereby undermining Russellianism about belief reports.
Paraphrase, categories, and ontology
Authors: Goldwater Jonah 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe method of paraphrasing away apparent ontological commitments is a familiar tool for trimming one's ontology. Even so, I argue that aiming to avoid commitment via paraphrase is unjustified. The reason is the standard motivations for paraphrase rest on implicit yet faulty principles regarding ontological categories and categorization‐ or so I argue. These results also provide indirect support for a permissivist approach to ontology.
Selected Extracts from High Mountain Plants as Potential Sunscreens with Antioxidant Capacity
Authors: Mejía‐Giraldo Juan C. , Gallardo Cecilia , Puertas‐Mejía Miguel A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe photoprotective and antioxidant activities of extracts of six species of plants collected in a high mountain ecosystem at 3150 m.a.s.l. were evaluated. In vitro photoprotection according to UVA‐UVB absorption spectrum, Sun Protection Factor (SPF), UVA Protection Factor (UVAPF), (critical wavelength) λc and UVA/UVB Ratio were assessed. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical assay and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in methyl linoleate (MeLo). Total anthocyanins content (TAC) and total polyphenolic content (TPC) were evaluated. Among the extracts evaluated, the extract of B. antioquensis, an endemic plant of Colombia, showed a significant photoprotection against UVA‐UVB range, with SPF values of 15 ± 2 and UVAPF of 7 ± 1, λc: 378, UVA/UVB Ratio: 0.78. Furthermore, this extract presented an excellent antioxidant activity, with EC50 of 0.17 ± 0.04 g of dry extract/mmol DPPH, a value of TPC of 464 ± 9 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry extract and significant inhibition of MeLo peroxidation. The results suggest that the extract of B. antioquensis has the best quality to be a source of new UV filters, with a broad spectrum of protection and antioxidant properties.
Quantitative assessment of HER2 gene amplification of breast cancer using droplet digital PCR
Authors: Otsuji Kazutaka , Sasaki Takeshi , Tanabe Masahiko , Seto Yasuyuki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe previously reported the usefulness of droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) for the assessment of Human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene amplification in breast cancer using formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded sections. In our previous study, we combined HER2/CEP17 ratio (HER2 gene signals to chromosome 17 signals) with ddPCR and tumor content ratio (TCR) of each sample and determined the HER2 status by adopting a two‐dimensional chart. This “ddPCR‐TCR method” showed a high concordance with conventional HER2 status. In this study, we updated our method to assess the HER2 status of breast cancer in a more quantitative manner. We combined obtained data of the ddPCR ratio [Rx] and TCR [x]; we calculated “(Rx − 1)/x + 1” for 41 samples with primary breast cancer and named the value led by this formula as “eHER2 (estimated HER2/CEP17 ratio of a tumor cell)”. eHER2 was equivalent to conventional in situ hybridization (ISH) HER2/CEP17 ratio in most cases. eHER2 and ISH ratio showed a strong correlation (Spearman rank correlation ρ = 0.70, p < 0.0001). The obtained results indicated that eHER2 is a potential tool for HER2 status diagnosis in breast cancer.
A collaborative GIS programming course using GitHub Classroom
Authors: Anbaroğlu Berk 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGeospatial software developers often rely on Git to collaborate with each other and manage source code in an efficient way. Yet, most GIS programming courses do not prepare students for such a work environment. This article proposes a typology that a GIS programming course could follow consisting of three components: group organization, project and evaluation. Based on the typology, a GIS programming course was designed where randomly formed pairs develop a state‐of‐the‐art QGIS plugin. GitHub Classroom was used to facilitate collaboration among students, which also allowed the lecturer to monitor the progress of groups and provide timely feedback. Five out of the six groups were successful in completing the projects, and a substantial majority of the students were satisfied with the course. A strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats analysis reveals insights that other lecturers may find useful when designing their GIS programming courses.
Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid play minor roles in stomatal regulation by CO2, abscisic acid, darkness, vapor pressure deficit and ozone
Authors: Zamora Olena , Schulze Sebastian , Azoulay‐Shemer Tamar , Parik Helen , Unt Jaanika , Brosché Mikael , Schroeder Julian I. , Yarmolinsky Dmitry , Kollist Hannes 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYJasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) regulate stomatal closure, preventing pathogen invasion into plants. However, to what extent abscisic acid (ABA), SA and JA interact, and what the roles of SA and JA are in stomatal responses to environmental cues, remains unclear. Here, by using intact plant gas‐exchange measurements in JA and SA single and double mutants, we show that stomatal responsiveness to CO2, light intensity, ABA, high vapor pressure deficit and ozone either did not or, for some stimuli only, very slightly depended upon JA and SA biosynthesis and signaling mutants, including dde2, sid2, coi1, jai1, myc2 and npr1 alleles. Although the stomata in the mutants studied clearly responded to ABA, CO2, light and ozone, ABA‐triggered stomatal closure in npr1‐1 was slightly accelerated compared with the wild type. Stomatal reopening after ozone pulses was quicker in the coi1‐16 mutant than in the wild type. In intact Arabidopsis plants, spraying with methyl‐JA led to only a modest reduction in stomatal conductance 80 min after treatment, whereas ABA and CO2 induced pronounced stomatal closure within minutes. We could not document a reduction of stomatal conductance after spraying with SA. Coronatine‐induced stomatal opening was initiated slowly after 1.5–2.0 h, and reached a maximum by 3 h after spraying intact plants. Our results suggest that ABA, CO2 and light are major regulators of rapid guard cell signaling, whereas JA and SA could play only minor roles in the whole‐plant stomatal response to environmental cues in Arabidopsis and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato).
Clinical and economic impacts of large volume delayed sampling and pathogen reduction technology platelet processing strategies in the United States
Authors: Earnshaw Stephanie , Beyhaghi Hadi , McDade Cheryl , Purser Molly , Marriott Robert , Daane Lori , Le Coent Virginie , Yang Julie , Toback Seth 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundLarge volume delayed sampling (LVDS) and pathogen reduction technology (PRT) are strategies for platelet processing to minimize transfusion of contaminated platelet components (PCs). This study holistically compares the economic and clinical impact of LVDS and PRT in the United States.Study Design and MethodsA decision model was constructed to simulate collection, processing, and use of PCs and to compare processing strategies: PRT with 5‐day shelf life, LVDS with 7‐day shelf life (LVDS7), and LVDS with 5‐day shelf life extended to 7 days with secondary testing (LVDS5/2). Target population was adults requiring two or more transfusions. Collection, processing, storage, and distribution data were obtained from the National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey and published literature. Patient outcomes associated with transfusions were obtained from AABB guidelines, meta‐analyses, and other published clinical studies. Costs were obtained from reimbursement schedules and other published sources.ResultsGiven 10,000 donated units, 9512, 9511, and 9651 units of PRT, LVDS5/2, and LVDS7 PCs were available for transfusion, respectively. With these units, 1502, 2172, and 2329 transfusions can be performed with similar levels of adverse events. Assuming 30 transfusions a day, a hospital would require 69,325, 47,940, and 45,383 units of PRT, LVDS5/2, and LVDS7 platelets to perform these transfusions. The mean costs to perform transfusions were significantly higher with PRT units.ConclusionsCompared with PRT, LVDS strategies were associated with lower costs and higher PC availability while patients experienced similar levels of adverse events. Increased utilization of LVDS has the potential to improve efficiency, expand patient access to platelets, and reduce health care costs.
A Carbon-Based Ultramicrothermocouple
Authors: Scheibel Olivia V. , Koz Mustafa , Scheibel Dieter M. , Schrlau Michael G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Micropipette-based thermocouples provide the advantage of a high tip diameter-to-length aspect ratio allowing the maintenance of a reference temperature crucial for accurate thermal sensing in microdomains. The research efforts in this field strive to achieve high thermoelectric power (voltage change per unit temperature change) while minimizing the sensing area, a pair of tasks that is by nature contradictory and thus, challenging. Herein, the design and fabrication of a carbon-based micropipette thermal sensor are described. A novel manufacturing method and set of materials are used to overcome the reduction in thermoelectric performance associated with small sensor sizes. A glass micropipette is utilized as a template in a chemical vapor deposition process to form a carbon layer in the lumen of the pipette. This carbon micropipette then serves as a scaffold on which gold and nickel are deposited, enabling the device to function as a thermocouple. This low-cost fabrication process results in a thermocouple with a sub-500 nm tip. The response of the thermocouple was characterized and demonstrated good repeatability in a temperature range of 0 to 60 °C. The unique material selection provided a thermoelectric power of 14.9 μV·K−1, a significant improvement (68%) relative to other micropipette-based thermocouples.
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation for Flow Inside Open-Ended Porous Medium With Partially Thermally Active Walls
Authors: Chaabane Raoudha , Jemni Abdelmajid , Perré Patrick 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Free convection heat transfer and flow characteristics in an open-ended enclosure occupied with fluid saturated porous media are highlighted in this paper. All numerical investigations are achieved using the mesoscopic approach thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) by using the Darcy-Forchheimer model. The bottom and the top sides of the porous enclosure is thermally isolated with complete or partially heated vertical wall facing the opening sidewall. The partial slice of left wall of the enclosure with a fixed heating length as (H/3) is isothermally heated at the middle, top and bottom locations. However, right side is open to the ambient physical conditions. The influences of partial heating location on free convection characteristics, namely, isotherms, streamlines, centerline variations of horizontal and vertical, average and local Nusselt numbers are explored for Darcy number of 0.01, porosity of 0.4, Rayleigh number of 106 and unity Prandtl number.
Validation of Methods for Estimation of Knee Joint Mechanical Impedance During Locomotion Using a Torque-Controllable Knee Exoskeleton
Authors: Nazon Yves F. , Doshi Raveena M. , Rouse Elliott J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The mechanical impedance of the joints of the leg governs the body's response to external disturbances, and its regulation is essential for the completion of tasks of daily life. However, it is still unclear how this quantity is regulated at the knee during dynamic tasks. In this work, we introduce a method to estimate the mechanical impedance of spring-mass systems using a torque-controllable exoskeleton with the intention of extending these methods to characterize the mechanical impedance of the human knee during locomotion. We characterize system bandwidth and intrinsic impedance and present a perturbation-based methodology to identify the mechanical impedance of known spring-mass systems. Our approach was able to obtain accurate estimates of stiffness and inertia, with errors under 3% and ∼13–16%, respectively. This work provides a qualitative and quantitative foundation that will enable accurate estimates of knee joint impedance during locomotion in future works.
Employing Faculty, Peer Mentoring and Coaching to Increase the Self-Confidence and Belongingness of First-Generation College Students in Biomedical Engineering
Authors: Ahmed Mona , Muldoon Timothy J. , Elsaadany Mostafa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
First-Generation College Students (FGCSs) face myriad challenges including the lack of parental guidance, economic and social burdens, isolation, decreased belongingness, and lowered self-confidence making them at an increased risk of dropping out of college compared to their Continuing College Students (CCSs) colleagues. In addition, being in a multidisciplinary Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) field such as Biomedical Engineering (BMEG) is another challenge as it requires the integration of several disciplines. This study aims to maximize FGCSs' success and retention in Biomedical Engineering. We hypothesize that STEM-tailored faculty and peer mentoring that is focused on academic and professional development will significantly increase BMEG FGCSs' academic and professional success and enhance their belongingness to the engineering community. Study participants were assigned to either group; faculty mentoring combined with academic coaching or peer mentoring combined with academic coaching. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using two surveys; pre-mentoring and post-mentoring. Both faculty mentoring and peer mentoring led to increasing FGCSs' confidence, belongingness, and involvement in professional opportunities. To tackle the added challenge of studying a multidisciplinary STEM field to the challenges facing FGCSs, a mentorship program that is focused on enhancing self-confidence, sense of belonging and augmenting professional development can be employed to ensure the success, integration, and retention of FGCSs in multidisciplinary STEM fields such as Biomedical Engineering.
The World's First Test Facility That Enables the Experimental Visualization of Cavitation on a Rotating Inducer in Both Cryogenic and Ordinary Fluids
Authors: Ito Yu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
It is well known that cavitation breakdown, which is a phenomenon in which the pump head suddenly drops with a decrease in the inlet cavitation number, occurs in turbopumps. Especially in cryogenic pumps, cavitation breakdown occurs at a lower inlet cavitation number than that of ordinary fluids such as water. This phenomenon is referred to as a thermodynamic effect, as Stepanoff reported. The thermodynamic properties of the working fluid affect the sizes of the cavitation elements, which affect cavitation breakdown; therefore, experimental flow visualization is an effective approach to realize a more efficient and more reliable cryogenic pump. In 2010, the author and colleagues developed the world's first test facility to enable the visualization of cavitation on a rotating inducer in both cryogenic and ordinary fluids. At that time, only two reports on the flow visualization of a rotating cryogenic impeller had been published: one on flow visualization in liquid hydrogen by NASA in 1967 and the other on flow visualization in liquid nitrogen by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in 2010. The present facility employs a triple-thread helical inducer with a diameter of 65.3 mm and a rotation rate of up to 8000 rpm, with both liquid nitrogen and water available as working fluids. Unsteady visualization experiments for cavitation on an inducer in liquid nitrogen and water have revealed the characteristics of tip vortex cavitation, backflow vortex cavitation, and cavitation element size based on comparisons between cryogenic fluids that exhibit a stronger thermodynamic effect and ordinary fluids such as water.