bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistence of Complexity
Authors: Lourandos Harry , Ross Annie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Intensification debate of the late 1970s–1980s in world and Australian archaeology challenged conventional environmental theories of human behaviour, and the concept of hunter-gatherers in general. It emphasized change and dynamics in past hunter-gatherer societies, arguing against predominant environmental control and comparing, rather than contrasting, hunter-gatherers with other societies such as agriculturalists and horticulturalists. The debate was directed at questions of resource use and economy, demography, and sociostructural change, and it set forth paradigmatic changes and new narratives regarding the conceptualization of hunter-gatherers and their history (prehistory). Discussed here are the debate’s theoretical history and development in the Australian context, its results, its lasting influence and critique, and its continued relevance in debates today.
The Study of Peaceful Change in World Politics
Authors: Paul T. V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter offers an overview of the core themes addressed in The Oxford Handbook of Peaceful Change in International Relations. It begins with a discussion of the neglect of peaceful change and the overemphasis on war as the source of change in the discipline of international relations. Definitions of peaceful change in their different dimensions, in particular the maximalist and minimalist varieties, are offered. Systemic, regional, and domestic level changes are explored. This is followed by a discussion of the study and understanding of peaceful change during the interwar, Cold War, and post–Cold War eras. The chapter offers a brief summary of different theoretical perspectives in IR—realism, liberalism, constructivism, and critical as well as eclectic approaches—and how they explore peaceful change, its key mechanisms, and its feasibility. The chapter considers the role of great powers and key regional states as agents of change. The economic, social, ideational, ecological, and technological sources of change are also briefly discussed.
Science, Technology, and Peaceful Change in World Politics
Authors: Clunan Anne L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a three-dimensional survey of the role of science and technology in peaceful change in world politics. One dimension is a sociology of knowledge on S/T and change in IR and its influence on the subdisciplines of security studies, international organization, and international political economy. The second dimension is the manner in which S/T has shaped the emergence of actors, interests, material power, social purposes, and grammars of international order to produce our contemporary late-modern Anthropocene age. Woven through this survey is the third dimension, contestation over S/T and its effects—at the micro and meso levels of analysis—that create the dynamic, open-ended movements and countermovements that brought humankind from the preindustrial order to the Anthropocene. The chapter considers next how IR can improve its theories of change and the prospects for this volume’s maximalist definition of peaceful change, beginning with some criteria for distinguishing what actually constitutes “peaceful” change. One of the most profound changes the world faces is rethinking both our paradigms and governance structures in light of climate change and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, as these will profoundly alter the actual workings of economies and societies, remaking global politics in the process.
Disability in Deuteronomy and its Reception
Authors: Melcher Sarah J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter begins with a section offering highlights from a history of interpretation about Deuteronomy and disability. Especially prevalent among earlier interpretations is the association of disability with exclusion: exclusion from the community, from the tent of meeting, or from the priesthood. The second section maps out an overview of major works that include the study of disability and Deuteronomy. Scholars point out that infertility was considered a disability in ancient times. They also discuss how idols are represented as humans with disabilities while YHWH is portrayed as someone without disabilities. People who violate the covenant can be punished with disabilities. In the third section, the chapter explores how the conversation about disability and Deuteronomy is trending.
Research with Human Participants in the United States
Authors: Coleman Carl H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses research with human participants in the United States, most of which has been subject to federal regulations requiring prospective ethical oversight by entities known as institutional review boards (IRBs) since the 1970s. Research that is subject to the federal regulations may not begin until IRB approval has been obtained. The chapter begins by examining key aspects of the federal regulations governing IRB review of research with human participants, including the type of activities that fall under the IRB’s jurisdiction, how IRBs are organized, and some of the key substantive standards that IRBs apply. It then looks at additional regulatory standards that apply to studies involving particular populations, including pregnant women and fetuses, prisoners, and children. Finally, the chapter examines several other bodies of law related to research with human participants, including policies governing the inclusion of women and racial minorities in clinical trials; legal principles governing compensation for injuries to research participants; and requirements for registering clinical trials, reporting trial results, and disclosing research-related conflicts of interest.
Staggered Terms in Majoritarian and Nonmajoritarian Institutions
Authors: Willumsen David M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Staggered terms, that is, the partial renewal of terms of office, are widespread in both majoritarian and nonmajoritarian institutions, but they are little studied or understood. While the goals of staggered terms are to lengthen the time horizons of individual and institutions and to lead to more stable policy outcomes, this may not occur, as members often have the ability to influence their chances of obtaining additional terms of office and may alter their behavior in the pursuit of this. This chapter discusses the different forms staggered terms can take and the wide range of institutions where staggered terms are found. It then discusses the literature on the effects of staggered terms on behavior and outcomes, as well as how staggered terms have been used as a research design. Finally, the chapter sets out potential future research avenues.
Realigning Theory, Practice, and Justice in Global South Youth Studies
Authors: Cooper Adam , Swartz Sharlene , Batan Clarence M. , Kropff Causa Laura 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay outlines an agenda for youth studies from the vantage point of the Global South and describes the structure of the Oxford handbook of Global South Youth Studies. Youth in the Global South emerge in the postcolonial world in relation to material and social precarity, with their everyday practices constituting embodied forms of knowing, responses to their social, material, economic, and political circumstances. Research with Southern youth therefore involves working alongside, documenting, and acknowledging these practices, an exercise that constitutes a form of ‘epistepraxis’: a knowledge creation endeavor underpinned by contextually relevant theory, aligned with people’s innovative practices, in search of social justice. This approach is reflected in the structure of the handbook. An introductory section distils the conditions that precipitated the Global South and the characteristics of youthful populations that inhabit it. The second part grapples with features of life for youth in the Global South, unpacking eleven relevant concepts, using Southern theory. The final section continues to explore the intersections of theory, practice, and politics, shifting focus to look specifically at examples of methodological, practical, and policy-related interventions, in an attempt to disrupt business-as-usual knowledge production.
Tagore’s Vision of Postcolonial Youth Futurities in Education and Literature
Authors: Dasgupta Sreemoyee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, was a prolific writer. He left, as a legacy, many poems, essays, novels, plays, and songs, written in both English and Bengali. Tagore was an ardent believer in the beauty of humanity, with strongly anticolonial and antinationalist views. This essay explores his beliefs about youth, education, and pedagogical practices, through his poetry anthologies on childhood and his prose writings on nationalism and education. It argues that his vision of childhood represents the confluence of his educational philosophy and his imaginings of nascent Indian nationhood. Furthermore, Tagore’s indigenization of the Romantic child, and his establishment of a native pedagogical system based on Romantic ideals, provides the Global South with a path to decoloniality which avoids both the violence of extreme nationalism and the symbolic violence perpetuated by colonial education systems.
Polarized Partisanship and Voting Behavior in Zimbabwe: A Public Opinion Perspective
Authors: Bratton Michael 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter argues that voting behaviour and public opinion are deeply influenced by official controls applied by the entrenched ruling Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party. Popular voting behaviour in Zimbabwe is associated with an assortment of political, cultural, and economic views. In regard to the ruling ZANU-PF’s series of electoral triumphs, leading considerations are whether persons trust traditional leaders as a guide to vote choice, the extent to which they think the economy has been administered properly, and whether they fear retribution for not voting for incumbent political elites. However, the chapter further argues, to best appreciate Zimbabwean voting behaviour, scholars must pay significant attention to Zimbabwe’s acute hyper-partisan polarization. Zimbabweans are more divided politically than in any other African country in which party affiliation has been systematically measured. Ruling and opposition parties are divided by mutual distrust, conflicting standpoints on policy debates, and over electoral choice. Polarization is partly a construction by Zimbabwean political elites, but it also has substantial traction amongst ordinary citizens who have accepted partisan loyalty as an important facet in their range of identities.
The Anthropology of Indigenous Australia and Native Title Claims
Authors: Burke Paul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile most anthropological analyses of native title remain in an applied mode of assisting anthropologists to better perform their role as expert witnesses in claims, recent research has sought to move beyond this professional discourse by drawing on Bordieuan concepts supplemented by ideas of individual agency in resolving key indeterminate requirements in the legal formulation of native title. In considering the interaction of law and anthropology in native title claims as the interaction of distinct social fields, each with its own habitus, submerged issues are brought to light concerning the differential reception of anthropological expertise and the willingness of some judges to overrule a disciplinary consensus. Anthropological analyses have also been broadened to include the effects of the native title process on the Indigenous participants, including tendencies towards a more rapid objectification and regimentation of traditional culture, intensification of disputes, and juridification of Indigenous lifeworlds. Some macro analyses attempt to situate native title claims as a particular statecraft of late liberalism. There remains plenty of scope for further research to link the analysis of native title to the perennial themes of legal anthropology.
Brexit and Territorial Preferences: Evidence from Scotland and Northern Ireland
Authors: Daniels Lesley-Ann , Kuo Alexander 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHas the UK referendum to leave the EU (Brexit) affected territorial preferences within the UK? We draw on comparative theories of such preferences to address this question, as Brexit can be seen as a shock to a political unit. We test hypotheses in two key regions, Scotland and Northern Ireland, with original surveys fielded at a unique time (September 2019). We randomize making salient different Brexit scenarios and measure support for Scottish independence and unification with Ireland within each region. We find in Scotland the prospect of leaving the EU increases support for independence. This effect is pronounced among those who support the UK remaining in the EU. In Northern Ireland, religious background correlates highly with territorial views, and we find little evidence of Brexit or border-scenario effects. Our results contribute to the literature on decentralization processes and the EU, and provide evidence of when negative shocks affect such preferences.
Projecting the Nation(s) in Multinational Federal Systems: International Education and Nation Branding in Canada/Quebec
Authors: Moscovitz Hannah 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article pursues a novel endeavor by anchoring the study of nation branding in the context of multinational federal systems. Through an examination of the manner in which international education strategies are used to cultivate images of “nation” in Canada and Quebec, the study underlines how the “politics of recognition” at the heart of Canada/Quebec relations play out in the international education sphere. The results point to the significance of policy effectiveness for the “politics of recognition,” contributing to the literature on majority–minority tensions, which tends to highlight the symbolic role of policy control as opposed to the realization of said policies. The research also sheds light on the potential interplay between the political autonomy of minority nations and their symbolic recognition, by highlighting how the provision of policy control can work to substantiate the (external) recognition of their distinct nation status.
JAK inhibitors are effective in a subset of patients with juvenile dermatomyositis: a monocentric retrospective study
Authors: Le Voyer Tom , Gitiaux Cyril , Authier François-Jérôme , Bodemer Christine , Melki Isabelle , Quartier Pierre , Aeschlimann Florence , Isapof Arnaud , Herbeuval Jean Philippe , Bondet Vincent , Charuel Jean-Luc , Frémond Marie-Louise , Duffy Darragh , Rodero Mathieu P , Bader-Meunier Brigitte 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) in JDM.

Methods
We conducted a single-centre retrospective study of patients with JDM treated by JAKi with a follow-up of at least 6 months. Proportion of clinically inactive disease (CID) within 6 months of JAKi initiation was evaluated using PRINTO criteria and skin Disease Activity Score. Serum IFN-α concentration was measured by Simoa assay.

Results
Nine refractory and one new-onset patients with JDM treated with ruxolitinib (n = 7) or baricitinib (n = 3) were included. The main indications for treatment were refractory muscle involvement (n = 8) and ulcerative skin disease (n = 2). CID was achieved in 5/10 patients (two/two anti-MDA5, three/four anti-NXP2, zero/three anti-TIF1γ-positive patients) within 6 months of JAKi introduction. All responders could withdraw plasmatic exchange, immunoadsorption and other immunosuppressive drugs. The mean daily steroid dose decreased from 1.1 mg/kg (range 0.35–2 mg/kg/d) to 0.1 (range, 0–0.3, P = 0.008) in patients achieving CID, and was stopped in two. Serum IFN-α concentrations were elevated in all patients at the time of treatment initiation and normalized in both responder and non-responder. A muscle biopsy repeated in one patient 26 months after the initiation of JAKi, showed a complete restoration of muscle endomysial microvascular bed. Herpes zoster and skin abscesses developed in three and two patients, respectively.

Conclusion
JAKis resulted in a CID in a subset of new-onset or refractory patients with JDM and may dramatically reverse severe muscle vasculopathy. Overall tolerance was good except for a high rate of herpes zoster infection.
Not all errors are alike: modulation of error-related neural responses in musical joint action
Authors: Paas Anita , Novembre Giacomo , Lappe Claudia , Keller Peter E 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDuring joint action, the sense of agency enables interaction partners to implement corrective and adaptive behaviour in response to performance errors. When agency becomes ambiguous (e.g. when action similarity encourages perceptual self–other overlap), confusion as to who produced what may disrupt this process. The current experiment investigated how ambiguity of agency affects behavioural and neural responses to errors in a joint action domain where self–other overlap is common: musical duos. Pairs of pianists performed piano pieces in synchrony, playing either the same pitches (ambiguous agency) or different pitches (unambiguous agency) while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded for each individual. Behavioural and event-related potential results showed no effects of the agency manipulation but revealed differences in how distinct error types are processed. Self-produced ‘wrong note’ errors (substitutions) were left uncorrected, showed post-error slowing and elicited an error-related negativity (ERN) peaking before erroneous keystrokes (pre-ERN). In contrast, self-produced ‘extra note’ errors (additions) exhibited pre-error slowing, error and post-error speeding, were rapidly corrected and elicited the ERN. Other-produced errors evoked a feedback-related negativity but no behavioural effects. Overall findings shed light upon how the nervous system supports fluent interpersonal coordination in real-time joint action by employing distinct mechanisms to manage different types of errors.
Experiences, challenges and looking to the future in a clinical tuberculosis cohort in the time of COVID-19 in the Philippines
Authors: Ferrer Julius Patrick , Suzuki Shuichi , Alvarez Cristelyn , Berido Clarinda , Caballero Michelle , Caraig Bliss , Flores Paul Ian , Juson Romil Jeffrey , Lustresano Ann , Opinion Trivon , Saavedra Michelle , Verde Ares , Faguer Benjamin N , Cox Sharon E , Solon Juan A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A cohort study of Filipino tuberculosis patients is currently undergoing data collection amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In this article we present the current experiences, challenges and obstacles of our team during this period as we attempt to fulfil our roles and responsibilities in Metro Manila, Cebu and Negros Occidental in the Philippines. Each site had different lockdown restrictions and experienced problems to different degrees. The underlying themes were similar, covering the supply chain, mobility, communication, physical and mental health and disruption of health services due to reallocation of staff. While we maximized the use of mobile devices, logistical challenges remained. Institutional support for the field teams, creative problem solving and resilience are required to adapt in a rapidly changing environment.
Fully Integrated Readiness for Service Training (FIRST): An Accelerated Medical Training Program for Rural and Underserved North Carolina
Authors: Coe Catherine L. , Baker Hannah M. , Byerley Julie S. , Page Cristen P. 
Published: February 2021

Problem
The U.S. primary care workforce remains inadequate to meet the health needs of the U.S. population. Effective programs are needed to provide workforce development for rural and other underserved areas.

Approach
At the University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine (SOM), between November 2014 and July 2015, the authors developed and implemented the Fully Integrated Readiness for Service Training (FIRST) Program, an accelerated curriculum focused on rural and underserved care that links 3 years of medical school with a conditional acceptance into UNC’s 3-year family medicine residency, followed by 3 years of practice support post-graduation. Students are recruited to the FIRST Program during the fall of their first year of medical school. The FIRST Program promotes close faculty mentorship and familiarity with the health care system, includes a longitudinal quality improvement project with an assigned patient panel, includes early integration into the clinic, and fosters a close cohort of fellow students.

Outcomes
As of March 2020, the FIRST Program had successfully recruited 5 classes of medical students, and 3 of those classes had matched into residency. In total, as of March 2020, 18 students had participated in the FIRST Program.

Next Steps
The FIRST Program will be expanded to additional clinical sites across North Carolina and to specialties beyond family medicine, including pediatrics, general surgery, and psychiatry.
National Survey of Wellness Programs in U.S. and Canadian Medical Schools
Authors: Schutt Alison , Chretien Katherine C. , Woodruff James N. , Press Valerie G. , Vela Monica , Lee Wei Wei 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
To describe the prevalence and scope of wellness programs at U.S. and Canadian medical schools.

Method
In July 2019, the authors surveyed 159 U.S. and Canadian medical schools regarding the prevalence, structure, and scope of their wellness programs. They inquired about the scope of programming, mental health initiatives, and evaluation strategies.

Results
Of the 159 schools, 104 responded (65%). Ninety schools (93%, 90/97) had a formal wellness program, and across 75 schools, the mean full-time equivalent (FTE) support for leadership was 0.77 (standard deviation [SD] 0.76). The wellness budget did not correlate with school type or size (respectively, P = .24 and P = .88). Most schools reported adequate preventative programming (62%, 53/85), reactive programming (86%, 73/85), and cultural programming (52%, 44/85), but most reported too little focus on structural programming (56%, 48/85). The most commonly reported barrier was lack of financial support (52%, 45/86), followed by lack of administrative support (35%, 30/86). Most schools (65%, 55/84) reported in-house mental health professionals with dedicated time to see medical students; across 43 schools, overall mean FTE for mental health professions was 1.62 (SD 1.41) and mean FTE per student enrolled was 0.0024 (SD 0.0019). Most schools (62%, 52/84) evaluated their wellness programs; they used the Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire (83%, 43/52) and/or annual student surveys (62%, 32/52). The most commonly reported barrier to evaluation was lack of time (54%, 45/84), followed by lack of administrative support (43%, 36/84).

Conclusions
Wellness programs are widely established at U.S. and Canadian medical schools, and most focus on preventative and reactive programming, as opposed to structural programming. Rigorous evaluation of the effectiveness of programs on student well-being is needed to inform resource allocation and program development. Schools should ensure adequate financial and administrative support to promote students’ well-being and success.