bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Impairment in Children With Acute Nontraumatic Coma
Authors: Ziakas Nikolas G , Wong Chee P , Ramsay Andrew S , Bamashmus Mahfouth A , Forsyth Rob J , Eyre Janet A , Clarke Michael P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To determine the incidence and severity of visual impairment in children following acute nontraumatic coma.
Methods: An 18-month prospective epidemiologic study of acute nontraumatic coma was undertaken in the former Northern NHS Region of England. Children aged >1 month and <16 years were included in the study if they had a Glasgow Coma Score of «12 for >6 hours or if they died within 6 hours of the onset of decreased levels of consciousness. For survivors, ophthalmologic assessments were performed 6 weeks and 12 months after presentation.
Results: Two hundred eighty-seven children were included in the study, of whom 127 died. Of the 1 37 examined survivors, 35 had visual abnormalities suspected by the examining neurologist during the ophthalmic assessment. Of these, visual impairment was confirmed in 10 children at the 6-week assessment by the pediatric ophthalmologist. At the 12-month assessment, visual impairment remained stable in 9 children and improved in 1.
Conclusion: In this study, 6.6% of children surviving acute nontraumatic coma had visual impairment that persisted at the 12-month follow-up examination. Incidence of visual impairment in acute nontraumatic coma is 0.97 per 100,000 children per year.
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2001;38:6-10.
Heredity Versus Abnormalities in Pregnancy and Delivery as Risk Factors for Different Types of Comitant Strabismus
Authors: Matsuo Toshihiko , Yamane Takashi , Ohtsuki Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To elucidate risk factors for different types of comitant strabismus, the incidence of heredity and abnormalities in pregnancy and delivery was compared among different types of strabismus.
Methods: Between May 1 998 and January 1 999, a prospective clinical study of 500 consecutive patients with comitant strabismus at a referralbased university hospital was performed using data collected from questionnaires and interviews. Inclusion criteria were infantile esotropia (168 patients), accommodative and partially accommodative esotropia (97 patients), microesotropia (15 patients), acquired esotropia (12 patients), intermittent or constant exotropia (205 patients), and congenital exotropia (3 patients). Exclusion criteria were strabismus associated with systemic and central nervous system abnormalities and organic eye diseases.
Results: Family history was significantly more prevalent in intermittent or constant exotropia and accommodative or partially accommodative esotropia than in infantile esotropia (P<.0001 and P=.0267, respectively, Fisher's exact test). In contrast, abnormalities in pregnancy and delivery were noted at a significantly higher rate in infantile esotropia than in accommodative or partially accommodative and in intermittent or constant exotropia (P=.003 and P=.0215, respectively). Patients with infantile esotropia were significantly younger at the survey than those with the other two types of strabismus (P=.0004 and P<.0001). No significant difference was found in the number of siblings, birthweight, maternal age at delivery, or maternal cigarette smoking or alcohol drinking among these three types of strabismus.
Conclusion: Heredity and abnormalities in pregnancy and delivery are two major risk factors for comitant strabismus and contribute at different levels to the development of infantile esotropia, accommodative or partially accommodative esotropia, and intermittent or constant exotropia.
Journal of Pediatrie Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2001;38:78-82.
Effect of Retinopathy of Prematurity on Resolution Acuity Development in 1- to 3-Year-Old Children
Authors: Dogru Murat , Shirabe Hiroko , Nakamura Makoto , Taoka Keiko , Nomura Koji , Yamamoto Misao 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To assess the pattern of visual development in children aged 1-3 years with stage 1-3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
Methods: One hundred forty-four infants weighing <1500 g were divided into three groups according to ROP stage. Randomly chosen preterm infants were the controls. Ophthalmic examinations started 4-7 weeks after birth and were performed until the retina was fully vascularized or until any ROP that had developed resolved. Preferential looking acuity measurements were carried out at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age.
Results: Infants with stage 1-2 or no ROP showed evidence of improving acuity development after 12 months. Infants with stage 3 ROP had significantly lower acuity scores compared to infants with stage 1-2 or no ROP at the 18- and 24month follow-up examinations (P<.001). At 36 months, the visual acuity of infants with stage 3 ROP showed evidence of improving development but still lagged behind infants with stage 12 or no ROP.
Conclusion: Although mild ROP does not seem to have a considerable effect on the development of resolution acuity until age 3, severe forms of ROP may be associated with impaired visual development, which strongly suggests the necessity of periodic monitoring of early visual acuity in infants with ROP.
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2001 ;38:1 44-148.
The Moving Dynamic Random Dot Stereosize Test: Development, Age Norms, and Comparison With the Frisby, Randot, and Stereo Smile Tests
Authors: Leat Susan J , St Pierre Jessica , Hassan-Abadi Saloumeh , Faubert Jocelyn 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To determine the response of infants and children to the Moving Dynamic Random Dot Stereosize (MDRS) test and to collect cross-sectional age-related data.
Methods: Sixty visually normal individuals were divided into four age groups: 0.5-<2, 2-<5, 5-<8, and 8-<20 years. Stereopsis was measured with the MDRS test on two occasions, plus the Frisby, Randot, or Stereo Smile tests, as was age appropriate.
Results: All children aged >2 years and 80% of the children between ages 6 months and 2 years were able to perform the MDRS test on at least one occasion. Sixty percent of the 6-month to 2-year-old children were able to perform the Stereo Smile test on both occasions. Performance on the MDRS test improved with age up to 9 years. Improvement on the Frisby and Randot tests was seen in children aged up to 7 years. Mean and 95% confidence interval ranges for each test are given.
Conclusion: This study gives evidence that aspects of the visual system are not fully mature until age 7-9 years. The MDRS test is a visually demanding but cognitively simple test that shows potential for detecting visual anomalies in young children.
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2001;38:284-294.
Pediatric Eye Emergency Department Visits: Retrospective Review and Evaluation
Authors: Ramsay Christopher , Murchison Ann P. , Bilyk Jurij R. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose:
To assess the epidemiology of pediatric ocular conditions presenting to an ophthalmic emergency department and analyze the incidence of ocular trauma and other ophthalmic diagnoses.

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed of all patients seen in an urban eye emergency department over a 1-year period. The following variables were examined: visit date, demographics, diagnosis, mechanism of injury, and level of patient care.

Results:
Analysis was performed on 1,136 pediatric visits spanning 1 year. Trauma was the most common etiology, seen in 44.4% of patients, followed by infection in 19.3%. The largest volume of pediatric use was in the spring and early summer, with the peak of trauma in the spring. Most admissions of pediatric patients were due to trauma (76.4%), of which the most common diagnoses were ruptured globe (27.3%), eyelid laceration (18.2%), and orbital fracture (10.9%). Sporting activities were the most frequent broad cause of trauma seen in pediatric patients, accounting for 30.9% of all trauma, whereas the highest singular cause of trauma was injury by air guns (9.5%).

Conclusions:
Pediatric ophthalmic emergency department visits in this urban setting are most often due to trauma, with increased use in the spring and early summer. A majority of the more serious conditions leading to admission can be attributed to trauma, which is often preventable. Knowledge of patterns of visits could improve planning of ophthalmology physician coverage.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2021;58(2):84–92.]
Boosting Strategies: Enhancing the Self-Esteem of Individuals With Catastrophic Illnesses and Injuries
Authors: Dewar Anne 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This qualitative study used grounded theory methods to determine how individuals were able to live with catastrophic illnesses and injuries. Twenty-eight participants were interviewed for stories of how they endured their circumstances. Although several strategies were used, this article describes a strategy entitled "boosting," which outlines the affected individuals' efforts to improve their self-esteem, which helped them bear their circumstances. Boosting has some relationship to social comparison theory. Implications for nurses and the importance of awareness of this communication need for patients are discussed.
Intraocular Pressure and the Intrastromal Corneal Ring
Authors: Kreisberg Amy L , Bacilious Norma , Asbell Penny A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: The intrastromal corneal ring is a refractive surgery device placed in the peripheral cornea at 2/3 depth, and it has the potential to correct both myopia and hyperopia. This study examined whether intraocular pressure (IOP) could be accurately measured with the ring in place and whether intraocular pressure was altered as a result of surgery.
Fifteen eye bank eyes were attached to a manometric device to control pressure (10 to 40 mm Hg) which was measured over the range before and after placement of the ring with a pneumotonometer. A paired f-test showed no significant difference in pressure, pre- vs postoperative.
To determine the effect of the ring on IOP in vivo, ring implantation was performed on 1 0 rabbit eyes and pressure measured before and after surgery. At 24 and 48 hours postoperatively, there was no significant change in IOP (3 ± 2 mm Hg, P > .05, and 9 ± 8 mm Hg, P > .20 respectively) and facility of outflow calculated from tonography showed no significant change. (Refract Corneal Surg. 1991;7:303-307.)
Corneal Perforation in a Premature Infant
Authors: Zagelbaum Bruce M , Stroh Edward M , Perry Henry D , Donnenfeld Eric D , Cossari Alfred J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Few cases of corneal perforation in a premature infant have been described in the literature.
METHODS: Identical twins were born at 30-weeks gestation. One twin developed a corneal epithelial defect, infiltration, and perforation with extrusion of intraocular contents, requiring an emergency penetrating keratoplasty. The second twin developed a progressive corneal opacity, requiring a lamellar keratectomy.
RESULTS: After penetrating keratoplasty, the patient developed absolute glaucoma with buphthalmos, leading to enucleation. The twin's lamellar keratectomy specimen proved to be a dermoid.
CONCLUSIONS: One must be aware of the danger of the development of spontaneous corneal perforation with extrusion of intraocular contents in premature infants presenting at birth with an epithelial defect. [J Refract Surg. 1995;11:96-98.]
Excimer Laser In Situ Keratomileusis for Myopia
Authors: Bas Arturo Maldonado , Onnis Roger 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Excimer laser in situ keratomileusis was done in 97 eyes of 59 patients to correct moderate and high myopia. Mean follow-up was 150 days. Mean preoperative myopia was -10.75 diopters (D). Mean reduction in myopia was -11.281D (106.98%) at 1 month and -10.37 D (98.417%) at 3 months.
At 1-month, 41 eyes (42.27%) had a refraction within -1.00 D and 70 teeyes (72.16%) had a refraction within -2.00 D. At 3 months, 41 eyes (46.59% of 88 eyes) had a refraction within -1.00 D and 66 eyes (75% of 88 eyes) had a refraction within -2.00 D. Mean preoperative keratometric power was 44.00 D; mean postoperative keratometric power was 36.39 D. The keratometric change in power was 7.61 D. Preoperati vely, 73 eyes (75%) had a spectacle corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better; postoperatively, 64 eyes (65.63%) at 1 month and 75 eyes (77.01%) at 3 months reached 20/40 or better. The uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 33 eyes (33.72%) at 1 month and in 49 eyes (49.96%) at 3 months. Mean ablation zone diameter was 4.92 mm. Astigmatism was treated separately in 10 eyes. Complications included optical zone decentration (3 eyes with more than 1 mm, epithelial implantation (1 eye), incomplete resection of the disc (2 eyes), severe hypotension, and irregular astigmatism (1 eye). [J Refract Surg. 1995;11(suppl.):S229-S233.]
Excimer Laser In Situ Keratomileusis in 124 Myopic Eyes
Authors: Fiander D C , Tayfour F 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of corneal haze in some patients treated with excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and the variable predictability of the refractive cut in microkeratome keratomileusis in situ prompted us to evaluate excimer laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia. The Automated Corneal Shaper (Steinway-Chiron) was used to create a hinged corneal flap of 130 to 160 µm thick. PRK was performed on the lamellar bed with a Summit OmniMed laser. Minimum follow up was 3 months. Postoperative results and complications in the first 124 eyes are presented. LASIK is an effective method to correct myopia. [J Refract Surg. 1995;11 (suppl.):S234-S238.]
Multizone Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia of 9 to 14 Diopters
Authors: Kim Hyo-Myung , Jung Hai Ryun 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We performed photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) using new multizone software of the Summit Omnimed excimer laser (Summit Technology, Inc., Waltham, Mass.) on thirteen highly myopic eyes. Average preoperative myopia was -10.94 diopters (D) (range -8.60 D to -13.50 D). Mean postoperative spherical equivalent refraction was -0.15 D (range +1.50 D to -4.00 D), at 3 months postoperatively. Uncorrected visual acuity of all the eyes improved markedly. There was no serious complication except one eye that lost two lines of spectacle corrected visual acuity possibly due to decentration. Though we need longer follow-up data and a larger sample size, the new multizone software seems to be effective for correcting high myopia. [J Refract Surg. 1995;11(suppl.):S293-S297.]
An Empirical Model of Hyperopic Shift With Corticosteroid Modulation and Refractive Power Prediction After Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: Wang Weiquan , Li Baoluo , Wang Zaowen , Li Weiye 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Data from a selected sample of 158 patients who received excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in our center and obtained a desirable refractive outcome at 6-months were analyzed retrospectively to establish an empirical model of refractive power after PRK.
This model, generated by a computer-assisted regression program, is presented as a multivariate non-linear quadratic equation. Since the coefficients of each variable (attempted correction and postoperative days) are statistically significant, the estimated influence of the variables on the postoperative refraction from this regression model is reliable and consistent. Therefore, this model has been used to direct the use of corticosteroids for modulating post-PRK refraction. The predictability of this model has also been corroborated by separate data from 1-year follow up of PRK recipients. The recipients whose refraction at 6 months agree with the calculation from this model have obtained an excellent outcome; while those whose refractive outcome deviates from this model have gotten undesirable results. [J Refract Surg. 1995;11 (suppl.):S314-S318.]
Effect of Photorefractive Keratectomy On Visual Functioning and Quality of Life
Authors: Freitas Catarina , Oliveiros Barbara M , Marques Eduardo , Leite Eugenio B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The authors present the results of the psychosocial outcomes of 45 patients undergoing excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).
The patients were evaluated by means of selfreport questionnaires preoperatively and 6 months after surgery to determine the effect of uncorrected vision change on the patients quality of life. The measurements include the following variables: clinical end points (spherical equivalent refraction); visual function (night driving, day driving, near vision, far vision, glare disability); functional status (physical, social, and role functioning, mental status); general well-being (health perceptions, personal well-being, overall quality of life); and satisfaction with surgery (expectations, satisfaction with medical staff, postoperative pain, satisfaction with treatment outcomes).
Preliminary results indicate that changes of uncorrected vision after PRK are reflected by improvement in each of the quality-of-life functions. [J Refract Surg. 1995;11(suppl.):S327-S334.]
Patient Satisfaction Following Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia
Authors: Hamberg-Nyström Helene , Tengroth Björn , Fagerholm Per , Epstein Daniel , van der Kwast Eva-Marie 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the subjective response of patients who underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia with the Summit Technology UV 200 LA excimer laser (Summit Technology, Inc., Waltham, Mass.) (3.5 to 5.0 mm diameter ablation zone) 36 months previously.
One-hundred thirteen patients with preoperative myopia between -1.50 diopters (D) and -6.50 D with an ablation diameter of 3.5 mm to 5.0 mm answered a questionnaire at the 36-month examination. Sixty-two percent of patients had both eyes treated.
Halo problems were experienced always by 34% of patients in the group, 26% sometimes, and 40% never. Permanent night vision problems were experienced by 40%; 30% reported them sometimes and 30% reported no problems at all. Sixty percent never needed to use glasses after treatment, 30% sometimes did, and 10 % always wore glasses.
Seventy percent of patients thought the results were very good; the remaining 30% experienced different degrees of halo and night vision problems. [J Refract Surg. 1995;11(suppl.):S335-S336.]
Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopic Astigmatism Using the Emphasis Erodible Mask
Authors: de Liano M Zato Gomez , Jimenez-Alfaro I , Carreras I , Castaneda J , Gracia M Lopez , Mendez J , Pellicer T , Bayo S Rodriguez 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) using the Summit emphasis erodible mask was performed on 229 eyes with myopic astigmatism. To analyze the efficacy and safety of the method, we evaluated the following: spectacle corrected visual acuity and refractive error as parameters of efficacy; corneal clarity, decentration of the ablation zone and complications as parameters of safety.
Despite the short follow up (the longest was 12 months) our results show that the emphasis erodible mask appears to be an effective surgical method for correcting myopic astigmatism. However, we found a great number of complications and subjective symptoms that worsened the visual outcome. We conclude that the emphasis erodible mask has satisfactory efficacy but unsatisfactory safety. [J Refract Surg. 1995; 11(suppl.):S343-S348.]
Holmium:YAG Laser Thermokeratoplasty for Correction of Astigmatism
Authors: Hennekes R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The effect of astigmatic Holmium:YAG laser thermokeratoplasty in three eyes with previous surgery (extracapsular cataract extraction, penetrating keratoplasty and failed extracapsular cataract extractionntric photorefractive keratectomy 1 to 7 years previously) was evaluated. In the extracapsular cataract extraction eye the effect of a four-spot laser thermokeratoplasty regressed to almost zero within 1 week. In the penetrating keratoplasty and photorefractive keratectomy eyes an eight-spot laser thermokeratoplasty produced an enormous overshoot in astigmatic power of about 15.00 diopters (D), decreasing within 5 months to almost zero in the eye with penetrating keratoplasty and to 4.00 to 5.00 D corneal astigmatic power in the photorefractive keratectomy eye after 8 months of observation. [J Refract Surg. 1995; 11(suppl.):S358-S3602]
Do Topical Corticosteroids Have a Role Following Excimer Laser Photorefractive Keratectomy?
Authors: Corbett Melanie C , O'Brart David P S , Marshall John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The article reviews the evidence for and against the use of topical corticosteroids following PRK. Two significant problems after PRK are the development of corneal haze and unpredictability of the refractive outcome. These arise from changes in the anterior stroma, the deposition of new subepithelial tissue, and individual variations in the wound healing response.
In rabbits, corticosteroids reduced corneal haze by limiting the synthesis of subepithelial collagen. However, in humans, controlled trials showed that corticosteroids had no lasting effect on either haze or regression, and were associated with an unacceptably high incidence of unwanted effects.
The difference between species probably relates to the relative absence of collagen and predominance of glycosaminoglycans during corneal wound healing in humans. Some human studies have shown rapid changes in refraction occurring within days of stopping or restarting corticosteroids. This suggests that their transient hyperopic effect is probably mediated by changes in the hydration of the tissue.
Therefore, the role of corticosteroids in PRK is very limited. There is no justification for their routine use after PRK for low or moderate myopia. If corticosteroids have a role in improving haze or refractive outcome in selected patients, a means for their early identification must be found. [J Refract Surg. 1995;11:380-387.]
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of Intrastromal Photorefractive Keratectomy With the Nd:YLF Picosecond Laser
Authors: Habib Maged S , Speaker Mark G , Tello Celso , Liebmann Jeffrey , Ritch Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate corneal morphology in vivo following intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy (D?RK) with the Nd:YLF picosecond laser, using the ultrasound biomicroscope.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Myopic intrastromal PRK was performed in the anterior stroma of cat corneas with the neodymium:yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) picosecond laser. Periodic examination of the treated corneas up to 6 months postoperative was performed with high resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy. Corneal thickness, depth of the laser patterns from the corneal surface, alignment of the laser treatment, extent of stromal opacification until resolution, and contour of the corneal surface were measured with the ultrasound biomicroscope throughout follow up.
RESULTS: The treated corneas were thickened on ultrasonic biomicroscopy measurement immediately after intrastromal PRK and revealed a densely echogenic shadow parallel to the corneal surface at the treatment site. There was increased stromal echogenicity denoting mild edema. The echoes decreased over time and appeared thinner at 2 months compared to the preoperative and immediate postoperative measurements. At 6-month follow up, the treated corneas were echolucent on ultrasonic biomicroscopy.
CONCLUSION: The ultrasound biomicroscope might become a helpful tool in assessing accuracy of treatment parameters of intrastromal PRK as well as in monitoring the response of the cornea to treatment. [J Refract Surg. 1995;11:448-452.]