bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VITAMINS—PAST AND PRESENT
Authors: György Paul 
Published: December 2021

IT is with gratitude and humble appreciation on that I accept the Borden Award for 1954 from the American Academy of Pediatrics. The feeling of gratitude is based on the acknowledgment by pediatric peers and colleagues of research activity conducted over a period of many years. This happens to be the first occasion that a recipient of the Borden Award given by the Academy of Pediatrics has received previously a Borden Award given by the American Institute of Nutrition for the year 1951. I am inclined to see in this event, a welcome justification and support of my professional career with its division of activities between the clinical-pediatric and the experimental-nutritional fields.
In accordance with the stipulation of the Award Committee it is proposed to give in the following, a summary of the research work for which the award was granted. The results achieved were made possible by the cooperation of a large number of helpful collaborators.
The problem of qualitative nutrition has been recognized early to be of paramount importance for the dietary management of the growing organism: infant and child. Vitamins are part of this over-all problem. As a young, beginning pediatrician in the early Twenties, deeply immersed in the clinico-chemical study of rickets and tetany, I had been particularly impressed by the use of animals for the solution of nutritional problems. At that time, the group working under McCollum, Park and their associates at Johns Hopkins, as well as Alfred Hess and Steinbock had published their classical studies on experimental rickets in rats. My first attempt to duplicate their observations, including those on the activation of inert oils by ultraviolet irradiation as potent preventives of experimental rickets, had been—for reasons never understood —unsuccessful.
THE TREATMENT OF INTUSSUSCEPTION IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Packard George B. 
Published: December 2021

1. The experience at the Denver Children's Hospital over the past 20 years has been analyzed in 2 10-year periods. Results in the last 10 years represent more accurately the improvements in general therapy including anesthesia, fluid and electrolyte replacement and anti-bacterial agents.
2. One hundred twenty-four cases of intussception were treated during the 20 years with an overall mortality rate of 7.2 per cent, and an operative mortality rate of 3.3 per cent. In the past 10 years, 89 cases were admitted, of which 3 died, all deaths being in moribund cases not mechanically treated, leaving no mortality following hydrostatic or surgical procedures.
3. In the last 10-year period, 47 cases were treated with initial surgery with no deaths; 39 were treated with initial barium enema, 19 of these enemas being followed by surgery, also with no deaths.
4. Most of the successful barium enema cases were those of short duration. But short duration does not insure reduction nor does the method always fail in late cases.
5. The main advantage of barium enema would seem to be its simplicity and an even chance of success in early cases thus avoiding unnecessary surgery and economic loss. The main advantage of initial surgery would seem to be its more positive approach and more definite assurance of adequate treatment.
CONGENITAL PITRESSIN RESISTANT DIABETES INSIPIDUS OF RENAL ORIGIN
Authors: Macdonald William B. 
Published: December 2021

1) The history of a male infant who presented soon after birth with features of failure to gain weight, dehydration and pyrexia of obscure origin, has been described. A diagnosis of pitressin resistant diabetes insipidus was made.
2) Renal function tests and post-mortem examination, including microdissection of the kidney, indicates that the basic defect in water metabolism was a functional inability of the distal renal tubules to respond to antidiuretic hormone.
3) Consequent dehydration was insufficient to cause circulatory collapse, but affected renal clearances.
4) There was evidence of increased catabolism and poor protein utilisation.
5) Hyperosmolarity of the extracellular fluid was accompanied by a rise in body temperature, probably due to a depression of sweat gland activity.
6) Post-mortem evidence suggests that infants with pitressin resistant diabetes insipidus should be investigated for cystine storage disease.
EDUCATION
Authors: Blattner Russell J. 
Published: December 2021

BECAUSE of the great variation and considerable confusion in designating the years of training in Intern and Residency Training Programs throughout the country, it was suggested by the Committee on Medical Education of the American Academy of Pediatrics, that a survey be undertaken to determine preference, if any, for a more standard form of nomenclature. Accordingly, an enquiry was sent to the Chiefs of Pediatrics of all hospitals listed in the Residency and Intern Number of the Journal of the A.M.A. (Sept. 26, 1953).
The message sent out was:
"There is need to standardize terminology used in designatimig the years of training in Intern and Residency Programs.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: ILLINGWORTH R. S. 
Published: December 2021

I thought that Dr. Park's article in Pediatrics about the National Health Service was a very fair one. Personally I am quite convinced that the Health Service has been a great success, but of course we all have criticisms of details in its working. Dr. Park is certainly right in saying that the people as a whole are entirely in favour of it. I have never yet heard a comment by a patient to the contrary. Neither do I know personally any consultant who feels that the country would be better off without it.
The training of the practitioner is, of course, a problem which exercises all of us. I agree with Dr. Park's point that much of the training comes from the consultant. Those of us in a teaching position try our best to contribute something by writing careful detailed reports to the practitioners about cases referred to us in the Out-patient department or admitted to our wards, by organising clinical meetings and courses of lectures for family doctors, and by taking part in the medical societies in the city and towns in the region. Nevertheless I certainly agree that there are considerable difficulties in giving adequate postgraduate training for General Practitioners.
VIRAL AND RICKEITSIAL DISEASES
Authors: Robbins Frederick C. , Gold Eli 
Published: December 2021

INTRODUCTION
IT WILL not be possible to cover exhaustively the field of virus and rickettsial diseases in this brief summary. The growth and basic properties of viruses and rickettsiae as well as the pathogenesis of diseases due to these agents will be reviewed in outline form. Epidemiology and immunity and current opinion on prophylaxis and therapy will be discussed. Finally, we will consider some recent developments and speculate a bit on what the future may offer.
It is hoped that some of the more basic material presented, although admittedly elementary, will help to orient the reader. An understanding of some of the procedures conducted in the virus laboratory may make the physician aware not only of what can be done to help diagnostically, but also what cannot be done.
FUNDAMENTAL INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES AND RICKETTSIAE
A) Size
1) Rickettsiae are large enough to be seen with the light microscope and do not pass through porcelain filters. The rickettsia of Q fever does have filtrable form.
2) Viruses vary tremendously as to size. Some are highly complicated organisms (e.g., vaccinia), others such as tobacco mosaic virus, are apparently large protein molecules.
Psittacosis and related organisms occupy intermediate position between rickettsiae and true viruses.
B) Culture
No virus or rickettsia has ever been propagated except in the presence of living cells.
C) Life Cycle
Most of time available information concerning infection of time cell and multiplication of viruses is derived from studies with bacterial viruses (bacteriophage). This may or may not be fully applicable to animal viruses but the cycle is represented below:
HUGH McCULLOCH
Authors: POWERS GROVER F. 
Published: December 2021

AN OUTLINE of the career of Hugh McCulloch, founding editor of Pediatrics, is as follows:
He was born in Marianna, Arkansas, August 20, 1888, of Scottish ancestry, the son of a judge. He graduated A.B. from the University of Arkansas and received his M.D. from the Johns Hopkins University in 1912. His post-doctoral experience was an intern and resident in internal medicine at the Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, service of Dr. George Dock, Professor of Medicine in Washington University.
In 1915 McCulloch began his career in pediatrics under Dr. Borden Veeder at the St. Louis Children's Hospital, and Washington University. McCulloch later was an associate of McKim Marriott and Alexis Hartman; he became chief of the Cardiac clinic at the Children's Hospital and physician-in-charge of Ridge Farm, the convalescent institution of the hospital. There was an interlude of 2 years during World War I when McCulloch served as Captain with Base Hospital Number 21, the Washington University Unit.
While in St. Louis, McCulloch in addition to school and hospital responsibilities carried on a private practice and from 1932 to 1948 was co-editor with Borden Veeder of the Journal of Pediatrics; he also served as associate Editor of the American Heart Journal.
In 1948, McCulloch accepted the position of Chief of Staff and Director of Medical Service at LaRabida Jackson Park Sanitarium in Chicago; he also serves as Professional Lecturer in Pediatrics in the College of Medicine, University of Illinois. The Sanitarium is a very stimulating and valuable teaching center due to McCulloch's broad active interests in education.
In the same year (1948) Pediatrics was established by the American Academy of Pediatrics and McCulloch was appointed Editor; a position he held until his resignation June 30, 1954.
IDENTIFICATION OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROIDS IN RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Lubschez Rose 
Published: December 2021

1. The combined use of chromatographic separation of urinary 17-ketosteroid extracts on alumina columns and infra-red analysis of the fractions has permitted the identification of the major components in 5 mg. of a mixture of α ketosteroids.
2. In 4 non-rheumatic children, 4 rheumatic (inactive) children and 1 patient with active rheumatic carditis, the steroids identified in the urinary extracts were androsterone, Δ androstenolone, etiocholanolone and 11-keto etiocholanolone. Other steroids were present in insufficient quantity to be identified.
3. In 1 patient with active rheumatic carditis, the steroids excreted during an 8-day course of ACTH therapy were Δ androstenolone, etiocholanolone,11-hydroxy androsterone, 3 α, 11 β androstanediol-17-one, and 1 compound of possible clinical significance which has been reported by other investigators, the structural formula for which is not known.
4. There appears to be no inherent difference between the urinary ketosteroids of rheumatic (inactive) and non-rheumatic children.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: McCulloch Hugh 
Published: December 2021

La Rabida Sanitarium is situated on the shore of Lake Michigan in the South Shore district not far from the University of Chicago with which La Rabida has a close affiliation, its research program being directed from the Department of Pediatrics and Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children.
La Rabida derives its name from the convent Santa Maria de Rabida near Palos de Moguer, Andalusia, in Spain where Columbus visited when he was seeking funds to support his proposed trip "around" the world. He was interviewed by the prior, Juan Perez de Marchena, who also was interested in this new conception. Later a friend of the prior, Garcia Fernandez, a physician and a resident in Palos became interested in the discussion. He agreed that Queen Isabella, who at that time was residing in nearby Granada, should be approached and the matter presented. The outcome of this focal combination of persons is history. A replica of this convent was built in 1893 for the World's Columbian Exposition located in Jackson Park by the Spanish government to house its important exhibit. After the close of the exposition the Spanish consul encouraged a group of women interested in child welfare on the south side of Chicago to use the building for a summer time day nursery for sick infants and mothers living in the hot crowded west side and stock yards districts. After many difficulties, the venture succeeded and has been continued. Visitors to the present hospital as late as 1952 could see in the harbor across the road the full size replica of the "Santa Maria," one of the 3 ships, made for the Columbian Exposition and navigated across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. The decaying wooden structure has now been removed.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: Fishbein Morris 
Published: December 2021

THE POET John Donne wrote that no man is an island. Never was this more apt than when applied to the person who is suffering with a crippling disease. For him isolation is disastrous. If intelligent and left too much alone, he becomes embittered, sullen and perhaps an enemy of society. If unintelligent, he deteriorates slowly and steadily into a parasitic, vegetable-like existence, which may eventually sap the lives of all about him. The modern approach to the problem emphasizes adjustment of the handicapped person to the family, the community, and even the nation. All these forces are brought to bear from the social, economic and psychologic points of view, so that such a person is able to live an existence as nearly normal as possible. He contributes to rather than lives upon the society that encompasses him. This consideration of the social aspects of rheumatic heart disease is concerned with these problems and with the extent to which the individual, the family, the community and the nation are able to solve them.
On July 29, 1789, Edward Jenner, who first introduced vaccination against smallpox, reported to the medical society in Gloucestershire, England, on "Disease of the Heart Following Acute Rheumatism." The case was illustrated by dissection. This was probably the first reference to rheumatic fever in scientific medical reports. Unfortunately neither the paper nor any record other than its title has ever been found. Perhaps the first physician who pointedly called attention to the association of acute rheumatism and heart disease was David Pitcairn, born in 1749.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: Lowe Charles U. 
Published: December 2021

Afghanistan is a country in south central Asia, approximately rectangular in shape, with an area estimated at 250,000 square miles. Its borders have been inadequately surveyed and many sections are as yet unvisited by foreigners. The Hindu Kush Mountains divide it roughly from northeast to southwest; they make surface transportation slow and difficult, and along with the desert areas of the southwest sector, reduce the tillable land to less than 20,000 square miles. In spite of this, Afghanistan raises more than enough food to feed its Population and has sufficient surplus to export. Its climate is hot in the summer and very cold in the winter, while rainfall is scarce, rarely averaging more than 11 inches Per year.
Racially, 5 ethnic groups make up its population. In the east, and along the Pakistan border, one finds the Pathans. These are tall, frequently fair individuals, claiming descent from both the Greek legions of Alexander and the ancient tribes of Israel. In a broad band running mainly along the Russian border and the Oxus River are the Turkmen, herdsmen and breeders of karakul sheep. South of these, and inhabiting the center of the country from Kabul to Meshed in Persia live the Hazaris, descendents from Genghis Kahn's slaughtering hordes.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: Jennings Percy H. 
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this article has been to discuss certain aspects of a pediatric group partnership agreement and to outline one possible method of setting up pre-payment financing in a pediatric practice. Some assistance may from this be given to those doctors who are in the process of their planning. It is hoped that other pediatricians who have had parallel experience will contribute further discussion concerning either subject, so that this section in Pediatrics can serve as a well-rounded help in planning the relationships and the finances within a pediatric office.
Any group of doctors desiring to work together in medical practice will produce a partnership arrangement which meets the individual desires and needs of the members involved. We have mentioned here a few of the issues which must be discussed and settled. There will of course be as many different ways of solving these issues as there are doctors combining in groups, since the human personality varies widely. Our effort has been to settle these issues in such a way as to allow for the greatest universality of control and the greatest unity of organization within our group of physicians.
Pre-payment pediatric care, by comparison with pay-per-visit care, tends to carry a different emphasis with greater interest in preventive medicine and in the normal health problems of childhood growth. The degree of this emphasis in a doctor's practice toward well child care and away from illness care is determined by the amount of time that a particular pediatrician allots to routine health supervision visits. A given pediatrician's interest in trying out or in enlarging the pre-payment method of financing in his practice will be influenced by his own desire to emphasize preventive medicine.
BORIC ACID POISONING TREATED BY EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
Authors: Boggs Thomas R. , Anrode Harry G. 
Published: December 2021

A new approach to the treatment of boric acid poisoning is presented. In the absence of any antidote or specific therapy for this type of poisoning, an exchange transfusion using a quantity of blood approximately 4 times the patient's blood volume was performed.
The amount of boric acid removed was quantitatively measured by a technique which is described. The values thus obtained demonstrated that the exchange transfusion resulted in the removal of at least 36 per cent of the total boric acid in this infant's body. Twenty-four hours later a second exchange transfusion was performed using a volume of blood 2 times the infant's circulating blood volume. This exchange was shown to have resulted in the removal of 20 per cent of the remaining boric acid.
In view of the high mortality rate previously reported in similar cases, we believe that the performance of this procedure on our patient materially contributed to his recovery.
The favorable evidence presented in this report, suggests that exchange transfusion should be undertaken in selected cases of boric acid poisoning and is worthy of further evaluation.
Semi-quantitative and quantitative techniques for the estimation of the boric acid content of blood and urine are described.
EDUCATION
Authors: Thelander Hulda E. 
Published: December 2021

IT IS a year and a half since the World Conference on Medical Education was held in London. Soon after the sessions a number of journals carried short reports of the meetings or abstracts of some of the speeches. This conference was too significant to be quickly forgotten. Fortunately the entire proceedings are now available in book form under the title First World Conference on Medical Education published by the Oxford University Press. It should be in every medical school library.
There probably will be other international conferences on medical education in the future. I would like to urge that medical schools make it possible for their younger teachers to attend such a conference.
IDIOPATHIC LETHAL GRANULOMA OF THE NOSE AND FACE
Authors: Lane Harold C. , Dodd Katharine 
Published: December 2021

A case of "idiopathic lethal granuloma of the nose and face" is submitted. The patient died after failure to respond to all modes of treatment. In addition to the case report a brief survey of the literature is presented regarding etiology, symptomatology, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment.
The report is primarily intended to bring the attention of pediatricians to a syndrome known to otorhinologists for several years. Since we first became interested in the condition other physicians have recalled having seen similar lesions occurring in children; thus, it seemed appropriate to publish a case in the pediatric literature.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE LABORATORY TO THE PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT OF DISORDERS OF BODY WATER AND ELECTROLYTE
Authors: Cooke Robert E. 
Published: December 2021

In the treatment of patients with disturbances in the volume of body fluids, laboratory data are of value in the planning of minor modifications in usual deficit therapy as well as in the evaluation of the effectiveness of such therapy. In conditions in which the volume of body fluids is not disturbed, accurate analyses permit approximate calculations and gradual correction of deficits in concentration of electrolyte. As therapy is continued, the laboratory is essential for the detection of patients who show an unusual response to the supply of ordinary requirements and a consequent failure in the regulation of normal body composition.
Regardless of the multiplicity of laboratory determinations, proper interpretation and therapy depend nonetheless upon frequent and accurate clinical evaluation.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: Stokes Joseph 
Published: December 2021

NO ONE to our knowledge in this hemisphere before 1855 had thought infants and children were sufficiently different from adults to warrant special care and facilities for them when they were sick.
This meant that no one had really faced the proposition that the well child—and this means a healthy mind and spirit in a healthy body—must precede the healthy adult.
Only a few perhaps in the last century have faced, in the field of health, the potentialities of the bending of the twig—whether before birth, soon after birth, in infancy, in childhood, or in adolescence.
Until the middle of the Nineteenth Century medicine was too much engaged in the saving of life alone to center its interest in the future potentialities of the child, healthy in mind, spirit, and body. And midway between the discoveries of the life saying procedure of anesthesia and the microbiologic origin of infectious diseases it was natural that a Philadelphia physician—an emissary from our western hemisphere—should be deeply affected and stimulated by the saving of infants' and children's lives he witnessed in London. The emissary was Dr. Francis West Lewis and his stimulus was the mother of all children's hospitals in the English-speaking world—The Great Ormond Street Hospital of London. When Dr. Lewis visited Great Ormond Street just before 1855 he was not thinking so much of the healthy mind and spirit in a healthy body as he was of the infants and children who suffered and died literally by the tens of thousands because of the lack of knowledge of the origins of diesases and of methods for their treatment and control.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: FABER HAROLD K. 
Published: December 2021

Forgive my delay in commenting on Dr. C. C. McLean's earlier inquiry regarding the possible dangers arising from the addition of penicillin to the Salk vaccine. I have only recently received a copy of the revised "Minimum Requirements: Poliomyelitis Vaccine," issued by the Public Health Service of the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
In the first revision, dated April 12, 1955, it is stated (sect. 2.2) that the "virus for preparing vaccine is grown in tissue cultures containing . . . (c) penicillin and streptomycin in a concentration of not more than 200 units of micrograms per ml., respectively."