bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kellgren/Lawrence Grading in Cohort Studies: Methodological Update and Implications Illustrated Using Data From a Dutch Hip and Knee Cohort
Authors: Macri Erin M. , Runhaar Jos , Damen Jurgen , Oei Edwin H. G. , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita M. A. 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveThe Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) is a cohort of middle‐aged individuals with hip or knee pain. Radiographs were assigned Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) scores under different conditions at each follow‐up visit for 10 years. We aimed to describe and consolidate each scoring approach, then illustrate implications of their use by comparing baseline K/L scores assigned using 2 of these approaches, and evaluating their respective associations with joint replacement and incident radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA).MethodsWe compared baseline K/L scores assigned to hips and knees using 2 scoring approaches: 1) assigned by senior researchers to baseline images alone and 2) assigned by trained readers, with images read paired and in known sequence with up to 10 years of follow‐up radiographs (Poisson regression). We evaluated the associations of baseline ROA (any: K/L grade ≥1; established: K/L ≥2) with joint replacement, and of K/L 1 joints with incident established ROA (survival analysis).ResultsOf 1,002 participants (79% women, mean ± SD age 55.9 ± 5.2 years, body mass index 26.2 ± 4.0 kg/m2), the second scoring approach had 2.4 times (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.8–3.1 for knees) and 2.9 times (95% CI 2.3–3.7 for hips) higher prevalence of established ROA than the first approach. Established hip ROA had a higher risk of joint replacement using the first approach (hazard ratio [HR] 24.2 [95% CI 15.0–39.8] versus second approach HR 7.7 [95% CI 4.9–12.1]), as did knees (HR 19.3 [95% CI 10.3–36.1] versus second approach HR 4.8 [95% CI 2.4–9.6]). The risk of incident ROA did not differ by approach.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that evaluating ROA prevalence and predicting outcomes depends on the scoring approach.
Resist‐ and Etching‐Free Patterning Mediated by Predefined Photosensitive Polyimide for Two‐Dimensional Semiconductor‐Based Photodetectors
Authors: Lim Yi Rang , Park Hyunjin , Bae Garam , Seo Min Ki , Yun Hye‐Won , Yoo Sungmi , Myung Sung , Lim Jongsun , Lee Sun Sook , An Ki‐Seok , Won Jong Chan , Song Wooseok , Kim Yun Ho 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEven though molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) possesses superb features, its practical application in optoelectronics is hindered by the lack of a reliable synthetic route for producing large‐scale two‐dimensional (2D) MoS2 with spatial homogeneity and a pertinent patterning technique that can be used to realize 2D MoS2‐based photodetector arrays. To resolve these issues, the effectiveness of an unprecedented combination of a solution‐based synthetic route with resist‐ and etching‐free patterning of 2D MoS2 mediated by pre‐defined photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) for realizing 2D MoS2‐based photodetector arrays is demonstrated. A solution‐based large‐area compatible approach is adopted for the synthesis of MoS2. Comprehensive structural and chemical analysis of the MoS2 synthesized by altering the concentration of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate is performed to determine the optimum conditions for enhancing the photoelectrical responses of MoS2‐based photodetectors. It is ascertained that the photocurrent of MoS2‐based photodetectors fabricated by PSPI‐assisted patterning is unequivocally greater than that of photodetectors produced via the conventional photolithography process owing to the absence of photoresist residues associated with impeding photon absorption and providing scattering centers of photogenerated carriers.
Enhanced Electrical Performance of Van der Waals Heterostructure
Authors: Xu Lei , Wang Yun‐Yuan , Hsiao Chih‐Hsiang , Ni I‐Chih , Chen Mei‐Hsin , Wu Chih‐I 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, a novel van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure field‐effect transistor (FET) using vdW stacking as next‐generation device architecture is demonstrated. The MoS2/WS2 heterostructure FET exhibits a large improvement in the drain current and field‐effect mobility (from 43.3 to 62.4 cm2 V−1 s−1) compared with single MoS2 FET. Such significant enhancement is mainly due to the charge‐transfer effect. The vdW self‐encapsulation effect in the device channel also helps to reduce the Schottky barrier height from 120 to 52 meV at the contact interface. Finally, the WS2/MoS2/WS2 double heterostructure FETs further boosts the mobility up to 102.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature (25 °C) and 169.7 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 30 K. The much higher mobility exhibited at the lower temperature indicates the suppression of Coulomb scattering. Thus the electrical performance of the double‐heterostructure FETs can be further enhanced.
Toward High Efficiency Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: Role of Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Dan‐Dan , Xu Jian‐Long , Sun Hong‐Bo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe rapid development of nanotechnology for the last 30 years has enabled a rapid expansion in the applications of functional nanoparticles (NPs) on optoelectronic devices. Especially, NPs are of high significance in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) as they provide feasible solutions to the enduring challenges related to higher device efficiency. The use of NPs with designed structure and functionality is demonstrated, indicative of their great application potentials in OLEDs. Herein, the recent advances in OLEDs with the utilization of functional NPs are summarized. Starting with a brief overview about the unique properties of NPs, comprehensive roles of NPs in OLEDs, which include improving carrier injection abilities, local surface plasmonic resonance, light scattering, and magnetic field effects, are discussed together with their latest research progresses. Furthermore, one‐component and multicomponent heterostructured NPs with multifunctional capabilities in OLEDs are overviewed. Following the summarization of the roles of NPs in OLEDs and their latest research progress, a brief conclusion and outlook regarding the future research directions of highly efficient OLEDs by incorporation of NPs are provided.
Current Advances in Black Phosphorus‐Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Liu Wenxin , Dong Alideertu , Wang Bing , Zhang Han 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCancer has been one of the major threats to the lives of human beings for centuries. Traditional therapy is more or less faced with certain defects, such as poor targeting, easy degradation, high side effects, etc. Therefore, in order to improve the treatment efficiency of drugs, an intelligent drug delivery system (DDS) is considered as a promising solution strategy. Due to their special structure and large specific surface area, 2D materials are considered to be a good platform for drug delivery. Black phosphorus (BP), as a new star of the 2D family, is recommended to have the potential to construct DDS by virtue of its outstanding photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and biodegradable properties. This tutorial review is intended to provide an introduction of the current advances in BP‐based DDSs for cancer therapy, which covers topics from its construction, classified by the types of platforms, to the stimuli‐responsive controlled drug release. Moreover, their cancer therapy applications including mono‐, bi‐, and multi‐modal synergistic cancer therapy as well as the research of biocompatibility are also discussed. Finally, the current status and future prospects of BP‐based DDSs for cancer therapy are summarized.
Self‐Activated Cascade‐Responsive Sorafenib and USP22 shRNA Co‐Delivery System for Synergetic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy
Authors: Xu Shengjun , Ling Sunbin , Shan Qiaonan , Ye Qianwei , Zhan Qifan , Jiang Guangjiang , Zhuo Jianyong , Pan Binhua , Wen Xue , Feng Tingting , Lu Haohao , Wei Xuyong , Xie Haiyang , Zheng Shusen , Xiang Jiajia , Shen Youqing , Xu Xiao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractResistance to sorafenib severely hinders its effectiveness against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cancer stemness is closely connected with resistance to sorafenib. Methods for reversing the cancer stemness remains one of the largest concerns in research and the lack of such methods obstructs current HCC therapeutics. Ubiquitin‐specific protease 22 (USP22) is reported to play a pivotal role in HCC stemness and multidrug resistance (MDR). Herein, a galactose‐decorated lipopolyplex (Gal‐SLP) is developed as an HCC‐targeting self‐activated cascade‐responsive nanoplatform to co‐delivery sorafenib and USP22 shRNA (shUSP22) for synergetic HCC therapy. Sorafenib, entrapped in the Gal‐SLPs, induced a reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade and triggered rapid shUSP22 release. Thus, Gal‐SLPs dramatically suppressed the expression of USP22. The downregulation of USP22 suppresses multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (MRP1) to induce intracellular sorafenib accumulation and hampers glycolysis of HCC cells. As a result, Gal‐SLPs efficiently inhibit the viability, proliferation, and colony formation of HCC cells. A sorafenib‐insensitive patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model is established and adopted to evaluate in vivo antitumor effect of Gal‐SLPs. Gal‐SLPs exhibit potent antitumor efficiency and biosafety. Therefore, Gal‐SLPs are expected to have great potential in the clinical treatment of HCC.
Nucleic acid–based aggregates and their biomedical applications
Authors: Tian Run , Wang Zhaoran , Liu Jianbing , Jiang Qiao , Ding Baoquan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe more than three decades of research in nucleic acid nanotechnology has led to the thrilling progress in rationally designed structures and artificial molecular devices with programmable functions and various applications. Nucleic acid–based aggregates feature precise molecular recognition and sequence programmability, versatility, as well as marked biocompatibility, providing promising candidates for biomedical applications. In this minireview, we summarize the recent, successful efforts to construct and employ nucleic acid–based aggregates for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, cell analysis, and combined cancer therapy. We also discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities in the field.
Development and implementation of a hybrid scale up model for a batch high shear wet granulation operation
Authors: Sen Maitraye , García Muñoz Salvador 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe high shear wet granulation (HSWG) operation consists of several rate processes influenced by the raw material properties, process operational parameters, and equipment design. Their combined effect determines the granule attributes. In literature, these rate processes have been modeled using different dimensionless numbers and their correlations. Each of these dimensionless numbers represent only certain rate processes. Since many of these rate processes occur at the same time, it is necessary to simultaneously model them to account for all the important degrees of freedom. Most of the HSWG scale up approaches in literature calculate scale up conditions based on a single rate process or operating parameter of interest that can lead to sub‐optimal process design. We present the development of a hybrid HSWG scale up model accounting simultaneously for all the rate processes. The approach was successfully implemented to scale up the HSWG operation across laboratory, pilot, and commercial scales.
Development of a filtered reaction rate model for reactive gas–solid flows based on fine‐grid simulations
Authors: Huang Zheqing , Wang Lingxue , Zhou Qiang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe filtered reaction rate for the coarse‐grid simulations of reactive gas–solid flows can be obtained via a correction to its microscopic reaction rate. The correction term is defined as the mesoscale effectiveness factor ηΔ, which is the ratio of the reaction rate obtained from the fine‐grid simulations to that obtained from the coarse‐grid simulations. The considered reaction is an isothermal, solid‐catalyzed surface reaction with a power law reaction rate model. The simulation results show that the mean ηΔ is almost invariant with the reaction orders at the same Damköhler number. A closure correlation for the mean ηΔ is formulated. However, the standard deviation of ηΔ is found to be quite large. A presumed probability density function model is proposed to capture the fluctuating properties of ηΔ. The predictability of the closure correlations are evaluated via performing the filtered two fluid model simulations in circulating fluidized beds of ozone decomposition.
Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage facilitates endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage in patients with acute cholecystitis
Authors: Hsieh Meng‐Shu , Shih Hsiang‐Yao , Hsu Wen‐Hung , Yu Fang‐Jung , Wang Yao‐Kuang , Wu Jeng‐Yih 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDrainage of gallbladder is important for the management of acute cholecystitis in inoperable elderly patients. Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) is an ideal option because this internal drainage has more advantages such as life convenience, no need for exchange of the tube and low possibility of tube dislodgement, compared with external drainage such as percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD). However, ETGBD is challenging because it demands competence in ERCP skills. Moreover, for patients with biliary tract infection, the biliary tract is inflamed, edematous and full of sticky dirty bile, causing selective cannulation into cystic duct more difficult and low successful rates of ETGBD. Herein, we hypothesized that the drainage with PTGBD attenuates the biliary inflammation and facilitates the subsequent ETGBD. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective study to compare the clinical outcomes, procedure outcomes and complications of ETGBD in patients of cholecystitis with and without prior PTGBD. Nineteen patients of acute cholecystitis were retrospectively included. Ten of them had no PTGBD while nine of them had PTGBD based on clinical conditions. All of them underwent ETGBD either for drainage or for infectious source control or for converting external drainage to internal drainage. Basic demographics, laboratory data, procedure time, technical success, early clinical success and complications were compared in both groups. Baseline demographics, pre‐procedural laboratory data (bilirubin, C‐reactive protein) were similar in both groups. ETGBD was technically successful in eight of the nine patients with PTGBD, superior to those without prior PTGBD (88.9% vs 70%, P = .31). The early clinical success rates of PTGBD group were both 100%. The procedure time of ETGBD was shorter in PTGBD group (28.4 minutes vs 39.4 minutes, P = .09). The rates of significant post‐ERCP hyperamylasemia/hyperlipasemia was lower in PTGBD group (22.2% vs 30.0%, P = .7). On the analysis of logistic regression, the odd ratio of technical success was 3.4 in PTGBD group. Our study demonstrated that ETGBD was easier to perform in patients with PTGBD. After the infection source is controlled with PTGBD, selective cannulation into cystic duct seems to be easier to manipulate. Beside higher technical success rate, ETGBD in patients with PTGBD required shorter procedure time and contributed to less complications. Although the statistics was not significant, yet the trend toward to the superiority in PTGBD group was confirmed. Consequently, PTGBD possibly facilitates ETGBD insertion in patients with acute cholecystitis.
Root vascular traits differ systematically between African savanna tree and grass species, with implications for water use
Authors: Wargowsky Isabel K. , NeSmith Julienne E. , Holdo Ricardo M. 
Published: January 2021

PremiseBelowground functional traits play a significant role in determining plant water‐use strategies and plant performance, but we lack data on root traits across communities, particularly in the tropical savanna biome, where vegetation dynamics are hypothesized to be strongly driven by tree–grass functional differences in water use.MethodsWe grew seedlings of 21 tree and 18 grass species (N = 5 individuals per species) from the southern African savanna biome under greenhouse conditions and collected fine‐root segments from plants for histological analysis. We identified and measured xylem vessels in 539 individual root cross sections. We then quantified six root vascular anatomy traits and tested them for phylogenetic signals and tree–grass differences in trait values associated with vessel size, number, and hydraulic conductivity.ResultsGrass roots had larger root xylem vessels than trees, a higher proportion of their root cross‐sectional area comprised vessels, and they had higher estimated axial conductivities than trees, while trees had a higher number of vessels per root cross‐sectional area than grasses did. We found evidence of associations between trait values and phylogenetic relatedness in most of these traits across tree species, but not grasses.ConclusionsOur findings support the hypothesis that grass roots have higher water transport capacity than tree roots in terms of maximum axial conductivity, consistent with the observation that grasses are more “aggressive” water users than trees under conditions of high soil moisture availability. Our study identifies root functional traits that may drive differential responses of trees and grasses to soil moisture availability.
Two‐Particle Self‐Consistent Method for the Multi‐Orbital Hubbard Model
Authors: Zantout Karim , Backes Steffen , Valentí Roser 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOne of the most challenging problems in solid state systems is the microscopic analysis of electronic correlations. A paramount minimal model that encodes correlation effects is the Hubbard Hamiltonian, which—regardless of its simplicity—is exactly solvable only in a few limiting cases and approximate many‐body methods are required for its solution. In this review, an overview on the non‐perturbative two‐particle self‐consistent method (TPSC), which was originally introduced to describe the electronic properties of the single‐band Hubbard model, is presented. A detailed derivation of the multi‐orbital generalization of TPSC is introduced here and particular features of the method on exemplary interacting models in comparison to dynamical mean‐field theory results are discussed.
Raman Gain Square‐Wave Noise‐Like Pulse Laser Pumped by a Random Fiber Laser
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Zhang Weili , Zhang Yanli , Rao Yunjiang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMode locking of a long‐cavity Raman fiber laser pumped by a low‐noise random fiber laser (RFL) is demonstrated experimentally, where tunable square‐wave noise‐like pulse (NLP) is generated through nonlinear polarization rotation technology. Pulse duration can be tuned from 26 to 134 ns by controlling the polarization state or pump power at a repetition rate of 93 kHz. A signal‐to‐noise ratio of 64 dB is obtained due to the low‐noise characteristic of RFL. In addition, up to 24th high‐order harmonic mode‐locked square‐wave NLP is observed, which has not been reported in mode‐locked Raman fiber lasers with large normal dispersion. This approach not only provides a good temporal stable pump source for mode locking of Raman fiber lasers, but also enriches the methods of laser pulse generation and regulation.
The enhanced role of surface amination on the catalytic performance of polyacrylonitrile supported palladium nanoparticles in hydrogen generation from formic acid
Authors: Li Yulin , Chen Lili , Jia Yanhong , Li Da , Hao Xiufeng , Jia Mingjun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHydrogen production by formic acid (FA) has attracted widespread attention in the field of catalysis and energy chemistry. Here, we develop a highly efficient catalyst for FA dehydrogenation by surface amination of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) supported palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs). The support of PAN derived from a soap‐free emulsion polymerization was ammoniated by simply treating it with ethylenediamine (EDA) solution under heating. Compared with the parent PAN material, the aminated PAN (EDA‐PAN) is a more suitable support to achieve high dispersion of Pd NPs with ultra‐small particle size (around 1.2 nm), and to fabricate more active and stable supported Pd‐based catalyst for FA dehydrogenation. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the Pd/EDA‐PAN catalyst could reach to 3989 h−1 at 333 K without using any additional bases or additives. More significantly, the aminated catalyst could even work well at ambient temperature with a TOF of 688 h−1 at 303 K.
Secondary nucleation of styrenated hydroxyl‐functionalized latexes
Authors: Hu Yongan , Ocepek Martin , Soucek Mark D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, secondary nucleation in emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), styrene (St), and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), was investigated. Different molar ratios of BA and St were used. Average particle size, particle size distribution (PSD), polymerization kinetics, glass transition temperature (Tg), and surface tension were monitored and compared. All synthetic latexes were prepared through seeded semi‐batch emulsion polymerization process. Three different BA to St ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) were combined with eight different HEMA contents (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 mol%) in monomer composition, respectively. In the case of high HEMA content (10–40 mol%) it is found that secondary nucleation is mainly affected by HEMA. Secondary nucleation at low HEMA content (1–5 mol%) is dependent on the BA to St monomer ratio, and consequently a reflection of z‐mer hydrophobicity.