bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Donor citrate reactions influence the phenotype of apheresis platelets following storage
Authors: van der Wal Dianne E. , Davis April M. , Marks Denese C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundPlatelet collection and processing methods, as well as donor attributes, can influence platelet function and quality during ex vivo storage. In this study, activation and procoagulant responses in platelets collected from donors experiencing a citrate reaction (CR) were investigated.Study design and methodsApheresis platelet components (n = 54) were stored in 100% autologous plasma and tested on days 1 and 5 post‐collection. Platelet components were categorized into two groups according to whether the donor had experienced a CR during donation (n = 10; non‐CR group, n = 44). Platelet aggregation was initiated with collagen and thrombin. Platelet phenotype was characterized by flow cytometry. Fibrinogen binding was assessed following collagen + thrombin stimulation (COATed platelets), and procoagulant activity was assessed using a procoagulant phospholipid assay (PPL). Platelet microparticle (PMP) subsets were enumerated by flow cytometry.ResultsBasal von Willebrand factor (VWF) binding was higher in the CR donations when compared with the non‐CR group. Collagen aggregation was significantly higher in platelets from CR donations, in contrast to aggregation induced by thrombin. The proportion of phosphatidylserine (PS) positive PMP and PPL clotting time were higher in the CR group, in contrast to the number of basal PS+ platelets and COATed platelets following stimulation.ConclusionPlatelets donated by donors who experienced a CR during donation had higher platelet activation response and possibly a more procoagulant PMP phenotype, suggesting that this donor reaction might lead to increased platelet activation.
Severe acute hypoxia impairs recovery of voluntary muscle activation after sustained submaximal elbow flexion
Authors: McKeown Daniel J. , McNeil Chris J. , Brotherton Emily J. , Simmonds Michael J. , Kavanagh Justin J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine how severe acute hypoxia alters neural mechanisms during, and following, a sustained fatiguing contraction. Fifteen participants (25 ± 3.2 years, six female) were exposed to a sham condition and a hypoxia condition where they performed a 10 min elbow flexor contraction at 20% of maximal torque. For hypoxia, peripheral blood oxygen saturation () was titrated to 80% over a 15 min period and maintained for 2 h. Maximal voluntary contraction torque, EMG root mean square, voluntary activation, rating of perceived muscle fatigue, and corticospinal excitability (motor‐evoked potential) and inhibition (silent period duration) were then assessed before, during and for 6 min after the fatiguing contraction. No hypoxia‐related effects were identified for neuromuscular variables during the fatigue task. However, for recovery, voluntary activation assessed by motor point stimulation of biceps brachii was lower for hypoxia than sham at 4 min (sham: 89% ± 7%; hypoxia: 80% ± 12%; P = 0.023) and 6 min (sham: 90% ± 7%; hypoxia: 78% ± 11%; P = 0.040). Similarly, voluntary activation (P = 0.01) and motor‐evoked potential area (P = 0.002) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex were 10% and 11% lower during recovery for hypoxia compared to sham, respectively. Although an of 80% did not affect neural activity during the fatiguing task, motor cortical output and corticospinal excitability were reduced during recovery in the hypoxic environment. This was probably due to hypoxia‐related mechanisms involving supraspinal motor circuits.
imageKey points
Acute hypoxia has been shown to impair voluntary activation of muscle and alter the excitability of the corticospinal motor pathway during exercise.
However, little is known about how hypoxia alters the recovery of the motor system after performing fatiguing exercise.
Here we assessed hypoxia‐related responses of motor pathways both during active contractions and during recovery from active contractions, with transcranial magnetic stimulation and motor point stimulation of the biceps brachii.
Fatiguing exercise caused reductions in voluntary activation, which was exacerbated during recovery from a 10 min sustained elbow flexion in a hypoxic environment.
These results suggest that reductions in blood oxygen concentration impair the ability of motor pathways in the CNS to recover from fatiguing exercise, which is probably due to hypoxia‐induced mechanisms that reduce output from the motor cortex.
Lactate ions induce synaptic plasticity to enhance output from the central respiratory network
Authors: Bueschke Nikolaus , Amaral‐Silva Lara , Hu Min , Santin Joseph M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLactate ion sensing has emerged as a process that regulates ventilation during metabolic challenges. Most work has focused on peripheral sensing of lactate for the control of breathing. However, lactate also rises in the central nervous system (CNS) during disturbances to blood gas homeostasis and exercise. Using an amphibian model, we recently showed that lactate ions, independently of pH and pyruvate metabolism, act directly in the brainstem to increase respiratory‐related motor outflow. This response had a long washout time and corresponded with potentiated excitatory synaptic strength of respiratory motoneurons. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that lactate ions enhance respiratory output using cellular mechanisms associated with long‐term synaptic plasticity within motoneurons. In this study, we confirm that 2 mM sodium lactate, but not sodium pyruvate, increases respiratory motor output in brainstem‐spinal cord preparations, persisting for 2 h upon the removal of lactate. Lactate also led to prolonged increases in the amplitude of AMPA‐glutamate receptor (AMPAR) currents in individual motoneurons from brainstem slices. Both motor facilitation and AMPAR potentiation by lactate required classic effectors of synaptic plasticity, L‐type Ca2+ channels and NMDA receptors, as part of the transduction process but did not correspond with increased expression of immediate‐early genes often associated with activity‐dependent neuronal plasticity. Altogether these results show that lactate ions enhance respiratory motor output by inducing conserved mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and suggest a new mechanism that may contribute to coupling ventilation to metabolic demands in vertebrates.Key points
Lactate ions, independently of pH and metabolism, induce long‐term increases in respiratory‐related motor outflow in American bullfrogs.
Lactate triggers a persistent increase in strength of AMPA‐glutamatergic synapses onto respiratory motor neurons.
Long‐term plasticity of motor output and synaptic strength by lactate involves L‐type Ca2+ channels and NMDA‐receptors as part of the transduction process.
Enhanced AMPA receptor function in response to lactate in the intact network is causal for motor plasticity.
In sum, well‐conserved synaptic plasticity mechanisms couple the brainstem lactate ion concentration to respiratory motor drive in vertebrates.
Olivocochlear projections contribute to superior intensity coding in cochlear nucleus small cells
Authors: Hockley Adam , Wu Calvin , Shore Susan E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUnderstanding communication signals, especially in noisy environments, is crucial to social interactions. Yet, as we age, acoustic signals can be disrupted by cochlear damage and the subsequent auditory nerve fibre degeneration. The most vulnerable medium‐ and high‐threshold‐auditory nerve fibres innervate various cell types in the cochlear nucleus, among which the small cells are unique in receiving this input exclusively. Furthermore, small cells project to medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons, which in turn send branched collaterals back into the small cell cap. Here, we use single‐unit recordings to characterise small cell firing characteristics and demonstrate superior intensity coding in this cell class. We show converse effects when activating/blocking the MOC system, demonstrating that small‐cell unique coding properties are facilitated by direct cholinergic input from the MOC system. Small cells also maintain tone‐level coding in the presence of background noise. Finally, small cells precisely code low‐frequency modulation more accurately than other ventral cochlear nucleus cell types, demonstrating accurate envelope coding that may be important for vocalisation processing. These results highlight the small cell olivocochlear circuit as a key player in signal processing in noisy environments, which may be selectively degraded in ageing or after noise insult.Key points
Cochlear nucleus small cells receive input from low/medium spontaneous rate auditory nerve fibres and medial olivocochlear neurons.
Electrical stimulation of medial olivocochlear neurons in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and blocking cholinergic input to small cells using atropine demonstrates an excitatory cholinergic input to small cells, which increases responses to suprathreshold sound.
Unique inputs to small cells produce superior sound intensity coding.
This coding of intensity is preserved in the presence of background noise, an effect exclusive to this cell type in the cochlear nucleus.
These results suggest that small cells serve an essential function in the ascending auditory system, which may be relevant to disorders such as hidden hearing loss.
Sensors in Autonomous Vehicles: A Survey
Authors: Ayala Rodrigo , Mohd Tauheed Khan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Research and technology in autonomous vehicles is beginning to become well recognized among computer scientists and engineers. Autonomous vehicles contain a combination of global positioning system (GPS), light detection and ranging (LIDAR), cameras, radio detection and ranging (RADAR), and ultrasonic sensors (which are hardly ever included). These autonomous vehicles use no less than two sensing modalities and usually have three or more. The goal of this research is to determine which sensor to use depending on the functionality of the autonomous vehicle and analyze the similarities and differences of sensor configurations (which may come from different industries too). This study summarizes sensors in four industries: personal vehicles, public transportation, smart farming, and logistics. In addition, the paper includes advantages and disadvantages of how each sensor configuration are helpful by taking into consideration the activity that has to be achieved in the autonomous vehicle. A table of results is incorporated to organize most of the sensors’ availability in the market and their advantages and disadvantages. After comparing each sensor configuration, recommendations are going to be proposed for different scenarios in which some types of sensors will be more useful than others.
Free Vibrations of Composite Shallow Circular Cylindrical Shell Panels With a Bonded Central Stiffening Shell Strip
Authors: Yuceoglu U. , Özerciyes V. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study is concerned with the “Free Vibrations of Composite Shallow Circular Cylindrical Shells or Shell Panels with a Central Stiffening Shell Strip”. The upper and lower shell elements of the stiffened composite system are considered as dissimilar, orthotropic shallow shells. The upper relatively narrow stiffening shell strip is centrally located and adhesively bonded to the lower main shell element In the theoretical formulation, a “First Order Shear Deformation Shell Theory (FSDST)” is employed. The complete set of the shallow shell dynamic equations (including the stress resultant-displacement and the constitutive equations) and the equations of the thin flexible, adhesive layer are first reduced to a set of first order system of ordinary differential equations. This final set forms the governing equations of the problem. Then, they are integrated by means of the “Modified Transfer Matrix Method”. In the adhesive layer, the “hard” and the “soft” adhesive effects are considered. It was found that the material characteristics of the adhesive layer influence the mode shapes and the corresponding natural frequencies of the composite shallow shell panel system. Additionally, some parametric studies on the natural frequencies are presented.
Piezoelectric Actuation for Smart Sandwich Structures: Closed Form Solutions
Authors: Abramovich H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new piezoelectric actuation mechanism for smart sandwich structures is investigated and its performances are compared with the traditional one, which is based on an induced bending moment This piezoelectric mechanism deals with inducing shear forces and it is the result of piezoelectric materials, which are constrained and poled perpendicular to the applied electric field direction (across the thickness).
The three-coupled equations of motion of a general non-symmetric piezolaminated composite beam subjected to axial and lateral tractions with the new actuation mechanism are derived. The displacement field is based on a first order shear deformation theory. The static case is investigated for continuous piezoelectric layers and for piezoelectric patches embedded into the carrying beam. Closed form solutions for the bending angle and the axial and lateral displacements along the beam are presented for various configurations of lay-up, boundary conditions and lateral tractions.
Dynamic Fracture Toughness of a Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composite
Authors: Liu C. , Rosakis A. J. , Stout M. G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this investigation, we studied the process of dynamic crack propagation in a fiber-reinforced composite material using the optical Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) technique combined with high-speed photography. The mode-I fracture toughness of the unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite, IM7/8551-7, as a function of the crack-tip speed, was measured quantitatively. It was found that up to the Rayleigh wave speed of the composite material, the mode-I fracture toughness is a decreasing function of the crack-tip velocity. This behavior is similar to that observed in the dynamic crack propagation along interfaces between two homogeneous solids.
On the Prediction of Damping in Composite and Sandwich Structures
Authors: Birman Victor , Byrd Larry W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper outlines two methodologies for the analytical evaluation of the loss factor in composite laminates and in sandwich structures. One of these methods is based on the analysis of free vibrations, while the second approach utilizes mechanics of materials. The loss factor can be predicted both for specially orthotropic as well as for generally orthotropic laminae, subjected to axial stresses and/or transverse shear. The results for the loss factor of the laminae are in good agreement with available experimental data. As follows from numerical examples, the loss factor of polymer-matrix composites increases with the lamination angle and experiences relatively small variations at large values of these angles.
Interactive Buckling of Sandwich Plates Under Compression
Authors: Sridharan Srinivasan , Sunjung Kim , El-Sayed Sami I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Compressive behavior of two classes of “sandwich” structures is investigated. These structures have for their principal load bearing components two relatively stiff parallel horizontal sheets which are interconnected in one of the following ways: (i) by a highly compliant core material such as foam, or (ii) a set of discrete stiffeners connecting the parallel (top and bottom) sheets. In case (i), the structure can buckle in either a local mode in which the core and the facing bend together or a wrinkling mode in which the facing sheet undergoes severe bending with the core subjected to deformation in the transverse plane. It is found that these plates have neither post buckling stiffness nor do they exhibit any imperfection-sensitivity. In case (ii) the point of principal interest is the interaction of local and overall buckling. For the case of coincident local and overall buckling, it is found that 30% reduction in the maximum load can occur for modest levels of imperfections as a result of modal interaction.
See Labs Run: A Design-Oriented Laboratory for Teaching Dynamic Systems
Authors: Cham Jorge G. , Stafford Brandon , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Design engineers must have an intuitive understanding of the behavior of dynamic systems. Teaching the mathematical tools for analyzing and designing dynamic systems presents the challenge of maintaining the connection to the physical world. This paper describes a novel sequence of undergraduate laboratory experiments that illustrates basic concepts in dynamic system analysis and motivates their use as design tools. The approach taken connects the laboratory sessions with a design goal for a dynamic mechanical device that the students can see, touch, re-design and modify. The device used is called the “Dashpod,” a simple, pneumatically-actuated, self-stabilizing, dynamic hopping machine. Through coordinated laboratory sessions and lectures, students used classroom concepts to improve the machine’s hopping motion. This paper describes the purpose and design of the Dashpod, presents examples of how it was integrated into laboratory exercises and shows results of student evaluations.
Abutment Hammering Tool for Dental Implants
Authors: O’Callaghan John , Birichi Robert , Goddard Timothy , Jagodnik John , Westbrock Sean 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
One method for installing dental prosthetics uses components fastened with a tapered interference fit. An abutment is fastened into an implant to provide an anchor for the prosthesis. The current method of installation involves hammering with a dental mallet, which provides inconsistent force. A proposal to replace this method is presented. The mechanics of the taper lock were examined to determine the optimal seating force. The chosen design was analyzed for potential weaknesses. A proof of concept prototype was fabricated and a prototype is being manufactured for further analysis. Experimentation indicates that the variance of applied force is significantly reduced.
Design of a Mobility Mechanism for a Rescue and Surveillance Vehicle
Authors: Shah Amip J. , Resciniti Michael L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Even though there may not be any survivors, rescue workers routinely risk their own lives in the hope of saving victims of accidents or natural disasters. However, inaccessibility to the disaster site often delays rescue efforts, thereby reducing the chances of survival. Students at Rowan University have proposed the construction of a rescue and surveillance vehicle (RSV) — a remote-controlled, mobile system designed to provide rescuers with means of finding survivors without having to needlessly risk their own lives. This paper describes the overall concept behind the RSV while focusing on the design and construction of a mobility mechanism to provide universal navigability.
Bumpless Build-Up Layer Packaging
Authors: Towle Steven N. , Braunisch Henning , Hu Chuan , Emery Richard D. , Vandentop Gilroy J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Bumpless Build-Up Layer (BBUL) is a novel package developed to meet future packaging technology requirements. The BBUL package provides the advantages of small electrical loop inductance and reduced thermomechanical stresses on low dielectric constant (low-k) die materials. Furthermore, it allows for high lead count, ready integration of multiple electronic and optical components [such as logic, memory, radio frequency, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), among others], and inherent scalability. In the present paper we investigate and discuss some of the process, routing, electrical, thermal, and mechanical attributes of BBUL.
Experimental Determination of the Forced-Convection Gas-to-Wall Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Packed Bed for High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Nsofor Emmanuel C. , Adebiyi George A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Measurements of the gas-to-wall forced convection heat transfer coefficient in a packed bed, high-temperature, thermal energy storage system were carried out. The maximum temperature attained was 1000°C. Effects of media property variations with temperature were incorporated along with detailed uncertainty analysis. Results were correlated in terms of Nusselt number, Prandtl number and Reynolds number. The operating fluid during energy storage was flue gas and air during recovery, making this more applicable to industrial waste recovery and similar systems. Similar studies used air for both storage and recovery and developed correlations from experiments at either room temperature or slightly above. Few associated results with corresponding uncertainty margins. Due to substantial uncertainties associated with the measurements of this heat transfer coefficient, it is significant to note that no firm conclusions can be reached on the validity or otherwise of existing similar correlations for which the uncertainty margins were not reported.
Modeling of Transient Two-Phase Liquid-Liquid Flow in Pipelines
Authors: Núñez-Solís R. , Fairuzov Yuri V. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A study of transient oil-water flow in hilly-terrain pipelines is described in the present paper. Numerical simulation of terrain slug propagation during the line startup is performed using a novel computer code, mFLOW, for modeling transient flow of two immiscible liquids in pipelines. It is shown that a startup slug may propagate through the system without deformation of its front and tail or may dissipate. The mechanisms of slug dissipation are discussed. It is shown that the fluid pressure response is governed mainly by the process of water holdup wave propagation. It is demonstrated that the analysis of fluid transients in pipelines conveying oil-water mixtures provides useful information for the evaluation of the risk of over-pressurization during the startup period.
Characterization of Visually Detected Coherent Motions in the Turbulent Boundary Layer
Authors: Hirschi Christopher Robin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Research over the past 40 years indicates that coherent motions within the turbulent boundary layer account for disproportionate contributions to momentum transport (Robinson, 1991). To better understand these motions, low-Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer experiments were conducted to investigate the instantaneous velocity and vorticity fields associated with near-wall coherent motion interactions. The present study identifies and explores the most prevalent flow characteristics associated with the vertical transport of injected passive marker from the viscous sublayer.
Experimental and Numerical Hydrodynamic Modeling of an Underwater Manipulator
Authors: Khanicheh A. , Tehranian A. , Meghdari A. , Sadeghipour M. S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the kinematics and dynamic modeling of a three-link (3-DOF) underwater manipulator where the effects of hydrodynamic forces are investigated. In our investigation, drag and added mass coefficients are not considered as constants. In contrast, the drag coefficient is a variable with respect to all relative parameters. Experiments were conducted to validate the hydrodynamic model for a one degree-of-freedom manipulator up to a three degrees-of-freedom manipulator. Finally, the numerical and experimental results are compared and thoroughly discussed.