bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Benefits and Costs of Cybersecurity Risk Reduction: A Dynamic Extension of the Gordon and Loeb Model
Authors: Krutilla Kerry , Alexeev Alexander , Jardine Eric , Good David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article develops a dynamic extension of the classic model of cybersecurity investment formulated by Gordon and Loeb. In this dynamic model, results are influenced by the rate at which cybersecurity assets depreciate and the rate of return on investment. Depreciation costs are lower in the dynamic model than is implicitly assumed in the classic model, while the rate‐of‐return threshold is higher. On balance, the user cost of cybersecurity assets is lower in the dynamic model than is implicitly assumed in the classic model. This difference increases the economically efficient size of the cybersecurity system in value terms, increasing the efficient level of risk reduction.
Does piped water improve adolescent health? Empirical evidence from rural China
Authors: Dong Jie , Zhang Kuan , Yin Xiguo , Li Houjian , Koondhar Mansoor Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe research on the protective effect of piped water on young children has been documented in developing countries. However, little is known about the effect of access to piped water (APW) on adolescent health. Based on China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) baseline data for 9,204 adolescents in rural China, we examine the causal effect of APW on adolescent health by employing a control function with ordered probit (CF‐oprobit) model. We find that the availability of piped water in rural households can significantly improve the adolescent health status and also that the effect of piped water on adolescent health is heterogeneous in different subgroups. The protective effect is more pronounced among minorities (rather than Han nationalities), the only‐child families, and left‐behind children during the preschool years. Consequently, piped water programs have irreplaceable significance in improving adolescent health in rural China. Furthermore, policy‐makers should pay more attention to households of ethnic minorities, left‐behind children, and other vulnerable groups in their implementation.
The Greenwood statistic, stochastic dominance, clustering and heavy tails
Authors: Arendarczyk Marek , Kozubowski Tomasz J. , Panorska Anna K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Greenwood statistic Tn and its functions, including sample coefficient of variation, often arise in testing exponentiality or detecting clustering or heterogeneity. We provide a general result describing stochastic behavior of Tn in response to stochastic behavior of the sample data. Our result provides a rigorous base for constructing tests and assuring that confidence regions are actually intervals for the tail parameter of many power‐tail distributions. We also present a result explaining the connection between clustering and heaviness of tail for several classes of distributions and its extension to general heavy tailed families. Our results provide theoretical justification for Tn being an effective and commonly used statistic discriminating between regularity/uniformity and clustering in presence of heavy tails in applied sciences. We also note that the use of Greenwood statistic as a measure of heterogeneity or clustering is limited to data with large outliers, as opposed to those close to zero.
Carbon dioxide emissions at local scale linked to soil heterotrophic activity from an experimentally simulated drained peatland in Western Patagonia (Tierra del Fuego, Chile)
Authors: Córdova Carolin , Garrido‐Ruiz Claudia , Machuca Ángela , Zagal Erick , Orrego Raúl , Finot Victor 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGreenhouse gas emissions from managed peatlands have not been extensively studied in Western Patagonia. The objective of this study was to assess the annual CO2 emission from microbial carbon (C) mineralization in a peatland site under not saturated conditions at Tierra del Fuego. The annual CO2 emissions were measured from unsaturated soil samples (n = 41) under soil incubation at seasonal local temperatures to simulate CO2 emissions for a year, using a non‐dispersive infrared gas analyser. Spatial models for total soil C and CO2 were calculated using discrete and continuous variables. The annual mean of measured cumulative CO2 was 1,358 µg CO2 g soil−1, lower than Northern peatlands, and 82% of the C mineralization occurred in the warmer season. The modelled CO2 in the warmer season showed levels of CO2 as high as 4 mg CO2 g soil−1, but 66% of the area showed between 600–2000 µg CO2 g soil−1, which is 28%–92% and 9%–32% of CO2 values reported for crop rotations. Consequently, after a potential habilitation of the study area for agricultural use, the soil CO2 emissions from heterotrophic activity would become a C source to the global CO2 emissions. This ecosystem is highly exposed to the effects of the land‐use change, and global temperature increase.
Transport and transformation of microplastics and nanoplastics in the soil environment: A critical review
Authors: Liu Yuan , Shao Heng , Liu Jingnan , Cao Runzi , Shang Enxiang , Liu Shengdong , Li Yang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSoil pollution by microplastics (MPs, 0.1 μm ~ 5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs, ≤0.1 μm) has drawn much attention in recent years due to its potential ecological and human health risks; however, there are very limited studies and a general lack of consensus regarding the transport and transformation of MPs/NPs in soil environment. This review critically discusses the environmental behaviour of soil MPs/NPs, including the homo‐aggregation or hetero‐aggregation with other particles, sorption of pollutants and the photoaging process. The physicochemical property change of aggregated and aged MPs and its effect on the transport of other pollutants in soil has also been reviewed. Critical factors that affect the fate of MPs/NPs, including the physicochemical properties of MPs/NPs, physicochemical properties of soil and environmental factors, are reviewed to understand the latest progress in the environmental behaviour of soil MPs. Finally, we identify important research gaps, which include standard uniformity of quantification method, transformation mechanism elucidation and long‐term field studies. The review provides an overview of current findings for transport and transformation of MPs/NPs in natural soil environment and gives comments for future work.
Transcriptional and epigenetic analysis reveals that NAC transcription factors regulate fruit flavor ester biosynthesis
Authors: Cao Xiangmei , Wei Chunyan , Duan Wenyi , Gao Ying , Kuang Jianfei , Liu Mingchun , Chen Kunsong , Klee Harry , Zhang Bo 
Published: February 2021

SummaryFlavor‐associated volatile chemicals make major contributions to consumers’ perception of fruits. Although great progress has been made in establishing the metabolic pathways associated with volatile synthesis, much less is known about the regulation of those pathways. Knowledge of how those pathways are regulated would greatly facilitate efforts to improve flavor. Volatile esters are major contributors to fruity flavor notes in many species, providing a good model to investigate the regulation of volatile synthesis pathways. Here we initiated a study of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) fruits, and identified that the alcohol acyltransferase PpAAT1 contributes to ester formation. We next identified the transcription factor (TF) PpNAC1 as an activator of PpAAT1 expression and ester production. These conclusions were based on in vivo and in vitro experiments and validated by correlation in a panel of 30 different peach cultivars. Based on homology between PpNAC1 and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) TF NONRIPENING (NOR), we identified a parallel regulatory pathway in tomato. Overexpression of PpNAC1 enhances ripening in a nor mutant and restores synthesis of volatile esters in tomato fruits. Furthermore, in the NOR‐deficient mutant tomatoes generated by CRISPR/Cas9, lower transcript levels of SlAAT1 were detected. The apple (Malus domestica) homolog MdNAC5 also stimulates MdAAT1 expression via binding to this gene’s promoter. In addition to transcriptional control, epigenetic analysis showed that increased expression of NACs and AATs is associated with removal of the repressive mark H3K27me3 during fruit ripening. Our results support a conserved molecular mechanism in which NAC TFs activate ripening‐related AAT expression, which in turn catalyzes volatile ester formation in multiple fruit species.
Recurrent corneal hemangiosarcoma in a cat with subsequent extension into the orbit
Authors: Boo Gladys , Caruso Kelly A. , Whittaker Cameron J. G. , Smith Jeffrey S. , Lurie David , Nguyen Sandra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA 7‐year‐old neutered female Domestic Short‐haired cat was presented for evaluation of ulceration and severe vascularization of the left cornea. Ophthalmic examination revealed a large red irregular mass over the whole cornea in the left eye. A lamellar keratectomy was performed. Histopathology revealed a chronic lymphoplasmacytic, histocytic, neutrophilic ulcerative keratitis with fibrosis and vascularization. The tumor recurred within 3 months, and another lamellar keratectomy and sclerotomy were performed. The lesion was diagnosed histopathologically as a hemangiosarcoma with incomplete margins. The mass recurred locally 6 weeks later, and an enucleation was performed. Histopathology revealed infiltration of the limbus and connective tissue beyond the sclera. Seven weeks later, a fluctuant swelling was found in the left orbit. Computed tomography confirmed a soft tissue attenuating mass measuring 33 x 24 mm diameter in the orbit. There was no sign of metastasis. Clinical remission was achieved with combined chemotherapy with doxorubicin and radiation therapy. The patient remained in clinical remission 20 months post‐chemotherapy.
Game theory model for a virtual water strategy: Scenarios under rational and semirational game play
Authors: Zhi Yuan , Hamilton Paul B. , Wu Guoyong , Hong Ni , Sun Yuanyuan , Liang Longyue 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe virtual water strategy (VWS) provides a theoretically feasible method to transport virtual water (VW) and balance regional differences in water resource endowments. However, the practical implementation of VWS faces selective resistance due to the lack of research in motivation analysis across potential executor regions. Game theory provides a new approach to study the decision‐making mechanism and behavioural motivation in the implementation of VWS. This study builds some semiquantitative game models to analyse the regions’ potential acceptance of VWS in decision‐making, especially concerning economic development, water sustainability, and trade patterns. The result shows the factors like external incentives and stability of game can affect the payoffs and strategy selections on VWS in rational and semirational games. To achieve a mutual benefit equilibrium towards an effective VWS framework, improvement efforts could include mechanisms for rewards or punishments, promoting long‐term cooperation, and promulgation and education.
Effect of treatment with carvacrol and aerobic training on cardiovascular function in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Costa Herikson Araujo , Dias Carlos José Moraes , Martins Vicenilma de Andrade , de Araujo Sandra Alves , da Silva Daiane Pereira , Mendes Vinícius S. , de Oliveira Mário Norberto Sevilio , Mostarda Cristiano Teixeira , Borges Antônio Carlos Romão , Ribeiro Rachel Melo , Filho Natalino Salgado 
Published: February 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Can two non‐drug therapies, carvacrol and aerobic physical training, together have additive effects on the reduction of cardiovascular risks and control of arterial hypertension?

What is the main finding and its importance?
The oral use of carvacrol (20 mg/kg/day) can control sustained hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and when this use is associated with aerobic physical training, there is a more pronounced effect on the reduction of blood pressure values, making these therapies an adjunct option in the drug treatment of hypertension.
AbstractSystemic arterial hypertension is considered the foremost cardiovascular risk factor, and it is important to examine different therapies that help prevent and treat it, especially when associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. In this context, it is known that both carvacrol and aerobic physical training benefit the cardiovascular system. This study investigated the effects of treatment with carvacrol combined with aerobic exercise on hypertensive rats with cardiovascular risk parameters. We used an experimental design with six groups: normotensive control (Wistar rats); hypertensive control (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR); positive control rats treated with amlodipine (Aml‐20 mg); rats treated with carvacrol (Carv‐20 mg); rats trained with exercise (Exer); and rats treated with carvacrol and exercise (ExerCarv). The treatment lasted for 4 weeks, monitoring heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP). At the end of the treatment, vascular reactivity tests were performed in addition to biochemical measurements of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic indexes, relative heart weight and histopathological analysis of cardiac perivascular tissue. Significant reductions in SBP were observed after the training period, with the ExerCarv group showing a greater magnitude of reduction (∆SBP = 88 ± 10.0 mmHg, 42%). This group also experienced reductions in atherogenic indices and improvement in all analysed lipid parameters, with no differences observed in the Exer group. The findings indicated that the interaction between aerobic exercise and carvacrol offers a greater BP reduction. Exercise is particularly effective for controlling biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risk, regardless of carvacrol use.
The correspondence between EMG and EEG measures of changes in cortical excitability following transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Biabani Mana , Fornito Alex , Coxon James P. , Fulcher Ben D. , Rogasch Nigel C. 
Published: February 2021

Key points
TMS is commonly used to study excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission in cortical circuits.
Changes in cortical excitability following TMS are typically measured from hand (using EMG; limited to motor cortex) or scalp (using EEG); however, it is unclear whether these two measures represent the same activity when assessing motor cortex.
We found that TMS‐EMG and TMS‐EEG measures of motor cortex excitability are differentially affected by sensory confounds at different time points, masking any actual relationship between them in the time domain.
In the frequency domain, local high‐frequency oscillations in EEG recordings were minimally confounded by sensory artefacts and demonstrated strong correlations with EMG measures of cortical excitability across time, regardless of TMS intensity or waveform.
Therefore, despite the effects of sensory artefacts, the two measures of motor cortex excitability share a response component, suggesting that they index a similar cortical activity and perhaps the same neuronal population.
AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful tool for investigating cortical circuits. Changes in cortical excitability following TMS are typically assessed by measuring changes in either conditioned motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) following paired‐pulse TMS over motor cortex or evoked potentials measured with electroencephalography following single‐pulse TMS (TEPs). However, it is unclear whether these two measures of cortical excitability index the same cortical response. Twenty‐four healthy participants received local and interhemispheric paired‐pulse TMS over motor cortex with eight inter‐pulse intervals, sub‐ and suprathreshold conditioning intensities, and two different pulse waveforms, while MEPs were recorded from a hand muscle. TEPs were also recorded in response to single‐pulse TMS using the conditioning pulse alone. The relationships between TEPs and conditioned‐MEPs were evaluated using metrics sensitive to both their magnitude at each time point and their overall shape across time. The impacts of undesired sensory potentials resulting from TMS pulse and muscle contractions were also assessed on both measures. Both conditioned‐MEPs and TEPs were sensitive to re‐afferent somatosensory activity following motor‐evoked responses, but over different post‐stimulus time points. Moreover, the amplitude of low‐frequency oscillations in TEPs was strongly correlated with the sensory potentials, whereas early and local high‐frequency responses showed minimal relationships. Accordingly, conditioned‐MEPs did not correlate with TEPs in the time domain but showed high shape similarity with the amplitude of high‐frequency oscillations in TEPs. Therefore, despite the effects of sensory confounds, the TEP and MEP measures share a response component, suggesting that they index a similar cortical response and perhaps the same neuronal populations.
The capillary fascicle in skeletal muscle: Structural and functional physiology of RBC distribution in capillary networks
Authors: Mendelson Asher A. , Milkovich Stephanie , Hunter Timothy , Vijay Raashi , Choi Yun‐Hee , Milkovich Shaun , Ho Edward , Goldman Daniel , Ellis Christopher G. 
Published: February 2021

Key points
The capillary module, consisting of parallel capillaries from arteriole to venule, is classically considered as the building block of complex capillary networks. In skeletal muscle, this structure fails to address how blood flow is regulated along the entire length of the synchronously contracting muscle fibres.
Using intravital video microscopy of resting extensor digitorum longus muscle in rats, we demonstrated the capillary fascicle as a series of interconnected modules forming continuous columns that align naturally with the dimensions of the muscle fascicle.
We observed structural heterogeneity for module topology, and functional heterogeneity in space and time for capillary‐red blood cell (RBC) haemodynamics within a module and between modules.
We found that module RBC haemodynamics were independent of module resistance, providing direct evidence for microvascular flow regulation at the level of the capillary module.
The capillary fascicle is an updated paradigm for characterizing blood flow and RBC distribution in skeletal muscle capillary networks.
AbstractCapillary networks are the fundamental site of oxygen exchange in the microcirculation. The capillary module (CM), consisting of parallel capillaries from terminal arteriole (TA) to post‐capillary venule (PCV), is classically considered as the building block of complex capillary networks. In skeletal muscle, this structure fails to address how blood flow is regulated along the entire length of the synchronously contracting muscle fibres, requiring co‐ordination from numerous modules. It has previously been recognized that TAs and PCVs interact with multiple CMs, creating interconnected networks. Using label‐free intravital video microscopy of resting extensor digitorum longus muscle in rats, we found that these networks form continuous columns of linked CMs spanning thousands of microns, herein denoted as the capillary fascicle (CF); this structure aligns naturally with the dimensions of the muscle fascicle. We measured capillary‐red blood cell (RBC) haemodynamics and module topology (n = 9 networks, 327 modules, 1491 capillary segments). The average module had length 481 μm, width 157 μm and 9.51 parallel capillaries. We observed structural heterogeneity for CM topology, and functional heterogeneity in space and time for capillary‐RBC haemodynamics within a module and between modules. There was no correlation between capillary RBC velocity and lineal density. A passive inverse relationship between module length and haemodynamics was remarkably absent, providing direct evidence for microvascular flow regulation at the level of the CM. In summary, the CF is an updated paradigm for characterizing RBC distribution in skeletal muscle, and strengthens the theory of capillary networks as major contributors to the signal that regulates capillary perfusion.
Automatic Detection of Interactions in Feature Models
Authors: Bidarra Rafael , Dohmen Maurice , Bronsvoort Willem F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Current feature-based modeling systems fail to adequately maintain feature semantics. This is partly due to inappropriate specification of validity conditions in feature classes, but mainly due to a lack of effective validity maintenance mechanisms throughout the modeling process. A critical aspect in this is feature interaction management. This paper presents a new approach to the detection of feature interactions, which uses semantic and interaction constraints in feature class specification. Validity maintenance is automatically performed after each modeling operation by checking these constraints, thus being able to detect a variety of interaction types. Such interactions are then analyzed, and their causes identified and reported to the user.
Requirements for Modeling Manufacturing Process: A New Perspective
Authors: Schlenoff Craig , Knutilla Amy , Ray Steven 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A wide range of applications deal with the manipulation and expression of process-centered collections of activities. Each of these applications serves a specific audience and need, and focuses on particular aspects of a process. Nevertheless, much could be gained by sharing information among process-centered applications. One of the primary obstacles to such integration is the lack of a common representation the underlying concepts of process. The objective of the project described here is an investigation of the feasibility of a unifying specification of process that is applicable to multiple applications, yet powerful and robust enough to meet each set of requirements. This paper represents the results of the first phase of the project — that of researching the process representational requirements for design/manufacturing process life-cycle applications.
Performing DFM Analysis in Multiple Domains Using Interchangeable Manufacturable Entities
Authors: Krishnan Subramanian , Magrab Edward B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An integrated design for manufacture system that performs manufacturability analysis simultaneously in two domains using interchangeable process specific entities is presented. This new approach is illustrated by an integrated system that creates and evaluates parts for manufacture by injection molding using a C-entity, and simultaneously creates and evaluates its mold for manufacture by milling using the fundamental manufacturing entity for milling. The entity for the part manufacturing process is chosen as the complement of the entity for the mold manufacturing process. This obviates the need for converting features from one manufacturing domain to another, and also permits a single uniform data structure to capture the shape characteristics of parts made in the two manufacturing domains. Since all the shapes are represented in the same way, the manufacturability evaluation of the part and the mold is reduced to a small set of algorithms based on an evaluation of the entity’s profile. It is demonstrated that by using process specific entities one can perform manufacturability evaluation of a part without either feature extraction or designing with features. The advantages of using the process specific entities approach for design and manufacturability evaluation over the feature recognition and the design by features approach are enumerated.