bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlator correspondences for Gaiotto-Rapčák dualities and first order formulation of coset models
Authors: Creutzig Thomas , Hikida Yasuaki 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We derive correspondences of correlation functions among dual conformal field theories in two dimensions by developing a “first order formulation” of coset models. We examine several examples, and the most fundamental one may be a conjectural equivalence between a coset (SL(n)k ⊗SL(n)−1)/SL(n)k−1 and $$ \mathfrak{sl}(n) $$
sl

n

Toda field theory with generic level k. Among others, we also complete the derivation of higher rank FZZ-duality involving a coset SL(n + 1)k /(SL(n)k ⊗ U(1)), which could be done only for n = 2, 3 in our previous paper. One obstacle in the previous work was our poor understanding of a first order formulation of coset models. In this paper, we establish such a formulation using the BRST formalism. With our better understanding, we successfully derive correlator correspondences of dual models including the examples mentioned above. The dualities may be regarded as conformal field theory realizations of some of the Gaiotto-Rapčák dualities of corner vertex operator algebras.
Black hole production of monopoles in the early universe
Authors: Das Saurav , Hook Anson 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the early universe, evaporating black holes heat up the surrounding plasma and create a temperature profile around the black hole that can be more important than the black hole itself. As an example, we demonstrate how the hot plasma surrounding evaporating black holes can efficiently produce monopoles via the Kibble-Zurek mechanism. In the case where black holes reheat the universe, reheat temperatures above ∼ 500 GeV can already lead to monopoles overclosing the universe.
Electroweak symmetry non-restoration from dark matter
Authors: Matsedonskyi Oleksii , Unwin James , Wang Qingyun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Restoration of the electroweak symmetry at temperatures around the Higgs mass is linked to tight phenomenological constraints on many baryogenesis scenarios. A potential remedy can be found in mechanisms of electroweak symmetry non-restoration (SNR), in which symmetry breaking is extended to higher temperatures due to new states with couplings to the Standard Model. Here we show that, in the presence of a second Higgs doublet, SNR can be realized with only a handful of new fermions which can be identified as viable dark matter candidates consistent with all current observational constraints. The competing requirements on this class of models allow for SNR at temperatures up to ∼TeV, and imply the presence of sub-TeV new physics with sizable interactions with the Standard Model. As a result this scenario is highly testable with signals in reach of next-generation collider and dark matter direct detection experiments.
Usefulness of brain FDG PET/CT imaging in pediatric patients with suspected autoimmune encephalitis from a prospective study
Authors: Yin Yafu , Wu Jing , Wu Shuqi , Chen Suyun , Cheng Weiwei , Li Ling , Wang Hui 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Early diagnosis and treatment are of paramount importance for pediatric patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE). The aim is to evaluate the usefulness of FDG PET/CT in pediatric patients with suspected AE from a prospective study.

Methods
The prospective study was conducted over a period of 23.5 months from May 14, 2019, to April 30, 2021. All patients (< 18-year-old) were hospitalized at the department of pediatric neurology and met the criteria of clinical suspected AE. The children underwent the tests of blood samplings, CSF, EEG, MRI, and 18F-FDG PET/CT. The criteria for FDG PET/CT diagnosis of AE were large lobar hypometabolism with or without focal hypermetabolism found on PET/CT. The clinical final diagnosis of AE includes seropositive and seronegative AE based on the diagnostic criteria.

Results
One hundred four pediatric inpatients (57 boys, 47 girls) were included, of which 58 children were diagnosed with AE (seropositive, 16; seronegative, 42), 45 children were diagnosed with non-AE, and one boy remained indeterminate diagnosis. Large lobar hypometabolism was found in 61 children, of which 54 (88.5%) children were finally diagnosed with AE. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FDG PET/CT for diagnosis of AE were 93.1%, 84.4%, and 89.3%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 88.5% and a negative predictive value of 90.5%. The most common involved with hypometabolism was the parietal lobe, followed by occipital and frontal lobes, finally the temporal lobe on PET/CT in children with AE.

Conclusion
Brain FDG PET/CT imaging has high specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for diagnosis of AE in clinical suspected AE children.
Trial registration.
Clinical Trials.gov. NCT02969213. Registered 17 October 2016.
Distributed computation and reconfiguration in actively dynamic networks
Authors: Michail Othon , Skretas George , Spirakis Paul G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe study here systems of distributed entities that can actively modify their communication network. This gives rise to distributed algorithms that apart from communication can also exploit network reconfiguration to carry out a given task. Also, the distributed task itself may now require a global reconfiguration from a given initial network $$G_s$$

G
s

to a target network $$G_f$$

G
f

from a desirable family of networks. To formally capture costs associated with creating and maintaining connections, we define three edge-complexity measures: the total edge activations, the maximum activated edges per round, and the maximum activated degree of a node. We give (poly)log(n) time algorithms for the task of transforming any $$G_s$$

G
s

into a $$G_f$$

G
f

of diameter (poly)log(n), while minimizing the edge-complexity. Our main lower bound shows that $$\varOmega (n)$$

Ω
(
n
)

total edge activations and $$\varOmega (n/\log n)$$

Ω
(
n
/
log
n
)

activations per round must be paid by any algorithm (even centralized) that achieves an optimum of $$\varTheta (\log n)$$

Θ
(
log
n
)

rounds. We give three distributed algorithms for our general task. The first runs in $$O(\log n)$$

O
(
log
n
)

time, with at most 2n active edges per round, a total of $$O(n\log n)$$

O
(
n
log
n
)

edge activations, a maximum degree $$n-1$$

n
-
1

, and a target network of diameter 2. The second achieves bounded degree by paying an additional logarithmic factor in time and in total edge activations. It gives a target network of diameter $$O(\log n)$$

O
(
log
n
)

and uses O(n) active edges per round. Our third algorithm shows that if we slightly increase the maximum degree to polylog(n) then we can achieve $$o(\log ^2 n)$$

o
(

log
2

n
)

running time.
Was bedeuten 12 Euro Mindestlohn für den Arbeitsmarkt?
Authors:   ZG Überblick
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungBereits der Einführung des Mindestlohns zum 1.1.2015 ist eine Debatte über Tarifautonomie und Beschäftigungseffekte vorausgegangen. In der Ex-post-Betrachtung lässt sich feststellen, dass die negativen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse im Wesentlichen ausgeblieben sind. Nun hat die Ampelregierung die politisch bestimmte Erhöhung des Mindestlohns auf 12 Euro beschlossen. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob diese deutliche Anhebung den Mindestlohn auf eine Höhe setzt, die sozialpolitische Risiken in sich birgt und zu Arbeitsplatzverlusten im Niedriglohnbereich führen wird.
Ökonomische Desinformation — Ursachen und Handlungsempfehlungen
Authors: Blesse Sebastian , Heinemann Friedrich , Krieger Tommy 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungIn einer Demokratie ist eine gut informierte Bevölkerung besonders wichtig. In den Perils-of-Perception-Studien wird untersucht, wie gut die deutsche Bevölkerung über wirtschaftliche Fakten informiert ist. Dabei sind die Fehlwahrnehmungen groß und Deutschland rangiert im Mittelfeld der fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften. Es gibt verschiedene mögliche Erklärungen für das relativ geringe Faktenwissen der deutschen Gesellschaft. Daraus lassen sich Maßnahmen entwickeln, die dazu beitragen können, den wirtschaftlichen Informationsstand zu verbessern. Diese Maßnahmen richten sich an verschiedene Beteiligte, wie politische Entscheidungsträger:innen, die Medien und die akademische Gemeinschaft.
Gemeinsam forschen für die Zukunft
Authors:   YES Einführung
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDas YES! — Young Economic Summit ist einer der größten Schulwettbewerbe in Deutschland rund um wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen. Unter dem Motto „Your future — Your ideas“ arbeiten Teams ab der Klassenstufe 10 sowohl eigenständig als auch in Zusammenarbeit mit Forschenden aus Instituten der Wirtschafts- und Sozialforschung an Lösungen zu ökonomischen, ökologischen und gesellschaftlichen Fragen. Die Schüler:innen diskutieren die lokalen und globalen Herausforderungen der Gegenwart und Zukunft. Die Forschungsthemen werden von engagierten Wissenschaftler:innen aus derzeit 30 Forschungsinstituten angeregt. Der „Best Scientific Analysis Award“ ist dabei ein Sonderpreis, der jenen Schulteams verliehen wird, die ihre Lösungsidee besonders wissenschaftlich erarbeitet haben. 2021 sind dies gleich zwei Schulen: das Landschulheim Grovesmühle und die Deutsche Berufsschule Hong Kong. Ihre Ergebnisse werden im Wirtschaftsdienst veröffentlicht.Das YES! ist ein gemeinsames Projekt der ZBW — Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft und der Joachim Herz Stiftung und steht seit 2015 unter der Schirmherrschaft des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie.
Dark Matter Realism
Authors: Martens Niels C. M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAccording to the standard model of cosmology, $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM, the mass-energy budget of the current stage of the universe is not dominated by the luminous matter that we are familiar with, but instead by some form of dark matter (and dark energy). It is thus tempting to adopt scientific realism about dark matter. However, there are barely any constraints on the myriad of possible properties of this entity—it is not even certain that it is a form of matter. In light of this underdetermination I advocate caution: we should not (yet) be dark matter realists. The “not(-yet)-realism” that I have in mind is different from Hacking’s (Philos Sci 56 (4), 555–581, 1989) anti-realism, in that it is semantic rather than epistemological. It also differs from the semantic anti-realism of logical empiricism, in that it is naturalistic, such that it may only be temporary and does not automatically apply to all other unobservables (or even just to all other astronomical unobservables, as with Hacking’s anti-realism). The argument is illustrated with the analogy of the much longer history of the concept of a gene, as the current state of the concept of dark matter resembles in some relevant ways that of the early concept of genes.
Scale-Covariant and Scale-Invariant Gaussian Derivative Networks
Authors: Lindeberg Tony 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a hybrid approach between scale-space theory and deep learning, where a deep learning architecture is constructed by coupling parameterized scale-space operations in cascade. By sharing the learnt parameters between multiple scale channels, and by using the transformation properties of the scale-space primitives under scaling transformations, the resulting network becomes provably scale covariant. By in addition performing max pooling over the multiple scale channels, or other permutation-invariant pooling over scales, a resulting network architecture for image classification also becomes provably scale invariant. We investigate the performance of such networks on the MNIST Large Scale dataset, which contains rescaled images from the original MNIST dataset over a factor of 4 concerning training data and over a factor of 16 concerning testing data. It is demonstrated that the resulting approach allows for scale generalization, enabling good performance for classifying patterns at scales not spanned by the training data.
Research progress on the biological modifications of implant materials in 3D printed intervertebral fusion cages
Authors: Li Shan , Huan Yifan , Zhu Bin , Chen Haoxiang , Tang Ming , Yan Yiguo , Wang Cheng , Ouyang Zhihua , Li Xuelin , Xue Jingbo , Wang Wenjun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAnterior spine decompression and reconstruction with bone grafts and fusion is a routine spinal surgery. The intervertebral fusion cage can maintain intervertebral height and provide a bone graft window. Titanium fusion cages are the most widely used metal material in spinal clinical applications. However, there is a certain incidence of complications in clinical follow-ups, such as pseudoarticulation formation and implant displacement due to nonfusion of bone grafts in the cage. With the deepening research on metal materials, the properties of these materials have been developed from being biologically inert to having biological activity and biological functionalization, promoting adhesion, cell differentiation, and bone fusion. In addition, 3D printing, thin-film, active biological material, and 4D bioprinting technology are also being used in the biofunctionalization and intelligent advanced manufacturing processes of implant devices in the spine. This review focuses on the biofunctionalization of implant materials in 3D printed intervertebral fusion cages. The surface modifications of implant materials in metal endoscopy, material biocompatibility, and bioactive functionalizationare summarized. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of the biofunctionalization of implant materials in spinal surgery are discussed.
The Experience of Self-conscious Emotions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Thematic Analysis
Authors: Robertson Noelle , Gunn Sarah , Piper Rebecca 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFew studies have investigated emotional experiences in people living with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, self-conscious emotions, including embarrassment and shame, are indicated as a key factor in delayed help-seeking for bowel symptoms, which can result in poorer health outcomes. This study aimed to explore experiences of self-conscious emotions among people with IBD. Fifteen participants were recruited from outpatient IBD clinics and patient groups, and engaged in semi-structured interviews about their experiences of IBD-related self-consciousness. Data were analysed using thematic analysis following an inductive, semantic approach and conducted from a critical realist position. The analysis generated two themes, each with three sub-themes, which captured self-conscious emotions in relation to experiences which threatened participants’ preferred identities. The first theme, ‘Lack of control’ encapsulated participants’ distress relating to fundamental alteration in self-perception, and their attempts to mitigate this. The second, ‘Lack of understanding’ captured distress associated with awareness of being unfairly judged by other people. Clinical implications are identified, including consideration of therapeutic approaches which target self-conscious emotions such as shame, and continued societal efforts to educate others about invisible disabilities such as IBD. Experiences which threatened participants’ identities were implicated in the generation of self-conscious emotions; these should be considered in work with clients with IBD. Future research should target further investigation of these constructs.
Vitamin D: Dosing, levels, form, and route of administration: Does one approach fit all?
Authors: Bilezikian John P. , Formenti Anna Maria , Adler Robert A. , Binkley Neil , Bouillon Roger , Lazaretti-Castro Marise , Marcocci Claudio , Napoli Nicola , Rizzoli Rene , Giustina Andrea 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe 4th International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D was held as a virtual meeting in September, 2020, gathering together leading international scientific and medical experts in vitamin D. Since vitamin D has a crucial role in skeletal and extra-skeletal systems, the aim of the Conference was to discuss improved management of vitamin D dosing, therapeutic levels and form or route of administration in the general population and in different clinical conditions. A tailored approach, based on the specific mechanisms underlying vitamin D deficiency in different diseases that were discussed, was recommended. Specifically, in comparison to healthy populations, higher levels of vitamin D and greater amounts of vitamin D were deemed necessary in osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity (particularly after bariatric surgery), and in those treated with glucocorticoids. Emerging and still open issues were related to target vitamin D levels and the role of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 since low vitamin D may predispose to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to worse COVID-19 outcomes. Finally, whereas oral daily cholecalciferol appears to be the preferred choice for vitamin D supplementation in the general population, and in most clinical conditions, active vitamin D analogs may be indicated in patients with hypoparathyroidism and severe kidney and liver insufficiency. Parenteral vitamin D administration could be helpful in malabsorption syndromes or in states of vitamin D resistance.Specific guidelines for desired levels of vitamin D should be tailored to the different conditions affecting vitamin D metabolism with the goal to define disease-specific normative values.
Eutrophication and sediment–water exchange of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals of Hashilan wetland, a national heritage in NW Iran
Authors: Abbasi Sajjad , Sheikh Fakhradini Sara , Jaafarzadeh Neamatollah , Ebrahimi Pooria , Ashayeri Shirin Yavar 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe heavy metal(loid)s concentrations in water and sediments were analyzed in the Hashilan wetland to assess the spatial distribution, pollution status, fate, partitioning, and ecological risk and also to identify the heavy metal(loid)s sources in sediments using PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) and APCs-MLR (absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression) receptor models. According to the pollution indices, (Ni, Cu, Cr, Mo), and (Zn, Cr, and Cu) are considered the most important pollutants in sediments and water, respectively. Ni, Cr, and Cu are the main contributors to ecological risks in sediments of some stations. The potential ecological risk assessment proposed low ecological risk in water of the study area. Higher distribution coefficient (Kp) values of Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Co, Pb, As, and Zn indicated the majority of these heavy metals present in the sediments; whereas, the majority of Cd concentration occurs in water. PMF and APCs-MLR results indicated the natural sources were the main factors affecting the concentrations of Ni, Cr, Zn, Al, Co, Fe, Pb, As, Cd and somewhat Cu. Mixed natural and agricultural activities are the main sources of Mo, and somewhat Cu. According to the results, there is low pollution of TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) in the sediment samples. Also, phosphate (PO42−) and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations were below the recommended permissible limits at all sampling sites except the S8 station for NO3−.
Confidence and Hesitancy During the Early Roll-out of COVID-19 Vaccines Among Black, Hispanic, and Undocumented Immigrant Communities: a Review
Authors: McFadden SarahAnn M. , Demeke Jemal , Dada Debbie , Wilton Leo , Wang Mengzu , Vlahov David , Nelson LaRon E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBlack and Hispanic Americans have been hardest hit with COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths, yet during the first several months of vaccine roll-out they had the lowest level of vaccine uptake. Primarily, our research on vaccine hesitancy focused on skepticism around the vaccine itself and its roll-out. Our search strategy used PUBMED and Google with a prescribed set of definitions and search terms for two reasons: there were limited peer-reviewed studies during early period of roll-out and real-time perspectives were crucially needed. Literature searches occurred in April 2021and covered September 2020-April 2021. Analyses included expert opinion, survey results and qualitative summaries. Overall, for the general U.S. population, there was considerable hesitancy initially that remained high during the early roll-out. The general population expressed concerns over the speed of vaccine development (“warp speed”), confidence in the competence of government being involved in the development of vaccines and general mistrust of government. Among Black and Hispanic Americans, hesitancy was further expressed as mistrust in the medical establishment that was related to past and current medical mistreatment. Undocumented immigrants worried about access to insurance and possible deportation. These results on confidence in the vaccine early during vaccine roll-out suggest diverse reasons that influence a person’s decision to vaccinate or not. Additional barriers to vaccine uptake include complacency and access. To ensure health equity, particularly to address disparities in morbidity and mortality, vaccine hesitancy needs to be acknowledged and addressed as COVID-19 vaccine roll-out continues, and these observations calls for conscious planning to address these issues early with future health crises.
Which Vaccine? The Cost of Religious Freedom in Vaccination Policy
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Savulescu Julian , Wilkinson Dominic 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe discuss whether and under what conditions people should be allowed to choose which COVID-19 vaccine to receive on the basis of personal ethical views. The problem arises primarily with regard to some religious groups’ concerns about the connection between certain COVID-19 vaccines and abortion. Vaccines currently approved in Western countries make use of foetal cell lines obtained from aborted foetuses either at the testing stage (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines) or at the development stage (Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine). The Catholic Church’s position is that, if there are alternatives, Catholic people have a moral obligation to request the vaccine whose link with abortion is more remote, which at present means that they should refuse the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine. We argue that any consideration regarding free choice of the vaccine should apply to religious and non-religious claims alike, in order to avoid religion-based discrimination. However, we also argue that, in a context of limited availability, considering the significant differences in costs and effectiveness profile of the vaccines available, people should only be allowed to choose the preferred vaccine if: 1) this does not risk compromising vaccination strategies; and 2) they internalize any additional cost that their choice might entail. The State should only subsidize the vaccine that is more cost-effective for any demographic group from the point of view of public health strategies.