bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morbidity and Function Loss After Resection of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Authors: Martin Enrico , Pendleton Courtney , Verhoef Cornelis , Spinner Robert J. , Coert J. Henk 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND:
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive soft tissue sarcomas. Their resection may lead to serious morbidity. Incidence of postoperative motor and sensory deficits is unknown, and reconstruction aimed at restoring such deficits is infrequently carried out.

OBJECTIVE:
To identify the incidence and risk factors of postoperative morbidity in MPNST as well as the use and outcomes of functional reconstructions in these patients.

METHODS:
Postoperative function and treatment of MPNSTs diagnosed from 1988 to 2019 in 10 cancer centers was obtained. Two models were constructed evaluating factors independently associated with postoperative motor (<M3) or critical sensory loss. Critical sensation was defined as partial or complete loss of hand, foot, or buttocks sensation.

RESULTS:
A total of 756 patients (33.4% neurofibromatosis type 1, NF1) were included. MPNSTs originated in 34.4% from a major nerve. Of 658 surgically treated patients, 27.2% had <M3 muscle power and 24.3% critical sensory loss. Amputations were carried out in 61 patients. Independent risk factors for motor and sensory loss included patients with NF1, symptomatic, deep-seated, extremity, or plexus tumors originating from major nerves (all P < .05). A total of 26 patients underwent functional reconstructions. The majority (64%) of these patients regained at least M3 muscle power and 33% M4 despite 86% receiving multimodal therapy.

CONCLUSION:
Resection of MPNSTs commonly results in motor and sensory deficits. Patients with NF1, symptomatic, deep-seated tumors, arising from major nerves were associated with a higher risk for developing postoperative morbidity. Functional reconstructions are infrequently performed but can improve functional outcomes.
Lateral Thoracolumbar Listhesis as an Independent Predictor of Disability in Adult Scoliosis Patients: Multivariable Assessment Before and After Surgical Realignment
Authors: Daniels Alan H , Durand Wesley M , Lafage Renaud , Zhang Andrew S , Hamilton David K , Passias Peter G , Kim Han Jo , Protopsaltis Themistocles , Lafage Virginie , Smith Justin S , Shaffrey Christopher , Gupta Munish , Klineberg Eric , Schwab Frank , Burton Doug , Bess Shay , Ames Christopher , Hart Robert A ,   on behalf of International Spine Study Group
Published: September 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Lateral (ie, coronal) vertebral listhesis may contribute to disability in adult scoliosis patients.

OBJECTIVE
To assess for a correlation between lateral listhesis and disability among patients with adult scoliosis.

METHODS
This was a retrospective multi-center analysis of prospectively collected data. Patients eligible for a minimum of 2-yr follow-up and with coronal plane deformity (defined as maximum Cobb angle ≥20º) were included (n = 724). Outcome measures were Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and leg pain numeric scale rating. Lateral thoracolumbar listhesis was measured as the maximum vertebral listhesis as a percent of the superior endplate across T1-L5 levels. Linear and logistic regression was utilized, as appropriate. Multivariable analyses adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, surgical invasiveness, maximum Cobb angle, and T1-PA. Minimally clinically important difference (MCID) in ODI was defined as 12.8.

RESULTS
In total, 724 adult patients were assessed. The mean baseline maximum lateral thoracolumbar listhesis was 18.3% (standard deviation 9.7%). The optimal statistical grouping for lateral listhesis was empirically determined to be none/mild (<6.7%), moderate (6.7-15.4%), and severe (≥15.4%). In multivariable analysis, listhesis of moderate and severe vs none/mild was associated with worse baseline ODI (none/mild = 33.7; moderate = 41.6; severe = 43.9; P < .001 for both comparisons) and leg pain NSR (none/mild = 2.9, moderate = 4.0, severe = 5.1, P < .05). Resolution of severe lateral listhesis to none/mild was independently associated with increased likelihood of reaching MCID in ODI at 2 yr postoperatively (odds ratio 2.1 95% confidence interval 1.2–3.7, P = .0097).

CONCLUSION
Lateral thoracolumbar listhesis is associated with worse baseline disability among adult scoliosis patients. Resolution of severe lateral listhesis following deformity correction was independently associated with increased likelihood of reaching MCID in ODI at 2-yr follow-up.
Evolution and Impact of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines
Authors: Hawryluk Gregory W J , Ghajar Jamshid 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) Guidelines for the Management of Severe Head Injury were the first clinical practice guidelines published by any surgical specialty. These guidelines have earned a reputation for rigor and have been widely adopted around the world. Implementation of these guidelines has been associated with a 50% reduction in mortality and reduced costs of patient care. Over their 25-yr history the traumatic brain injury (TBI) guidelines have been expanded, refined, and made increasingly more rigorous in conjunction with new clinical evidence and evolving methodologic standards. Here, we discuss the history and accomplishments of BTF guidelines for TBI as well as their limitations. We also discuss planned changes to future TBI guidelines intended to increase their utility and positive impact in an evolving medical landscape. Perhaps the greatest limitation of TBI guidelines now is the lack of high-quality clinical research as well as novel diagnostics and treatments with which to generate substantially new recommendations.
Capitalism: worries of the 1930s for the 2020s
Authors: O’Rourke Kevin Hjortshøj 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The paper provides an assessment of the health of capitalism, concluding that in a global perspective the institution is prospering. Whether or not that is good for global, national, regional, or sectional welfare is another matter. The paper also compares some 1930s debates about capitalism with similar debates in our own time.
The perceived risks of e-cigarettes to others and during pregnancy
Authors: Viscusi W Kip 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundPublic Health England has concluded that e-cigarettes are much safer than cigarettes for the user and for secondhand exposures, but it has not reached a definitive conclusion regarding pregnancy risks. How people perceive the risks to others is less well understood.MethodsThis study uses an online UK sample of 1041 adults to examine perceived e-cigarette risks to others and during pregnancy. The survey examines relative risk beliefs of e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes and the percentage reduction in harm provided by e-cigarettes.ResultsA majority of the sample believes that secondhand exposure to e-cigarette vapors poses less risk than secondhand smoke from cigarettes, but almost two-fifths of the sample equate the secondhand risks from e-cigarettes to those from cigarettes. There is somewhat greater perception of e-cigarette risks during pregnancy compared to beliefs regarding secondhand risks of vaping. About two-fifths of the population believe that e-cigarettes are less risky than cigarettes during pregnancy. Respondents believe that e-cigarettes reduce the harm to others by 39% and the harm to babies by 36%.ConclusionThere is a general sense that e-cigarettes pose less risk than cigarettes, but there is a need for further risk communication regarding comparative e-cigarette risks.
Quantifying the High-Frequency Trading “Arms Race”
Authors: Aquilina Matteo , Budish Eric , O’Neill Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We use stock exchange message data to quantify the negative aspect of high-frequency trading, known as “latency arbitrage.” The key difference between message data and widely familiar limit order book data is that message data contain attempts to trade or cancel that fail. This allows the researcher to observe both winners and losers in a race, whereas in limit order book data you cannot see the losers, so you cannot directly see the races. We find that latency arbitrage races are very frequent (about one per minute per symbol for FTSE 100 stocks), extremely fast (the modal race lasts 5–10 millionths of a second), and account for a remarkably large portion of overall trading volume (about 20%). Race participation is concentrated, with the top six firms accounting for over 80% of all race wins and losses. The average race is worth just a small amount (about half a price tick), but because of the large volumes the stakes add up. Our main estimates suggest that races constitute roughly one-third of price impact and the effective spread (key microstructure measures of the cost of liquidity), that latency arbitrage imposes a roughly 0.5 basis point tax on trading, that market designs that eliminate latency arbitrage would reduce the market’s cost of liquidity by 17%, and that the total sums at stake are on the order of $5 billion per year in global equity markets alone.
Revisiting the link between cereal diversity and production in Ethiopia
Authors: Groom Ben , Fontes Francisco Pereira 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStudies show that cereal diversity positively affects mean yields, suggesting increased crop diversity as a means of increasing production (Di Falco and Chavas 2009, Baumgärtner and Quaas 2010). In practice though, agricultural development has relied on nondiverse systems. Using the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey panel, we revisit this paradox and disentangle the effects of agroecological zones and composition of crop diversity. We find a positive effect of greater cereal diversity on cereal production, but mostly in specific agroecological zones and for households who diversify away from a particular low-productivity crop: teff. These results indicate that the scope of cereal diversity to drive increases in output may be limited. Similar to recent studies of biodiversity—ecosystem function relationships (e.g. Jochum et al. 2020), the results suggest that the composition of diverse systems can be more important than the measured diversity itself. In the case of cereal crops in Ethiopia, differences in the yields of particular cereals in the crop mix explain the diversity effect, rather than diversity alone. Since some combinations of crops add to productivity but others do not, productivity-related crop choice may not guarantee in situ conservation of crop diversity on its own. Alternative conservation solutions may well be needed for that.
Firm Dynamics, On-the-Job Search, and Labor Market Fluctuations
Authors: Elsby Michael W L , Gottfries Axel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We devise a tractable model of firm dynamics with on-the-job search. The model admits analytical solutions for equilibrium outcomes, including quit, layoff, hiring, and vacancy-filling rates, as well as the distributions of job values, a fundamental challenge posed by the environment. Optimal labor demand takes a novel form whereby hiring firms allow their marginal product to diffuse over an interval. The evolution of the marginal product over this interval endogenously exhibits gradual mean reversion, evoking a notion of imperfect labor market competition. This in turn contributes to dispersion in marginal products, giving rise to endogenous misallocation. Quantitatively, the model provides a parsimonious reconciliation of leading estimates of rent sharing, the negative association between wages and quits, the link between job and worker flows, and the cyclicality of labor market quantities and prices.
An evidence-based culture: COVID-19 positivity factors during the asymptomatic occurrence in Jakarta, lndonesia
Authors: Nasution Bahrul Ilmi , Nugraha Yudhistira , Sulasikin Andi , Wiguna Hansen , Kanggrawan Juan Intan , Suherman Alex Lukmanto , Salama Ngabila , Oktavia Dwi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global disaster, with over 746,312 confirmed cases and still counting in Indonesia, especially Jakarta, which has about 50 per cent asymptomatic confirmed cases. This paper aims to investigate the persistent factors of COVID-19 diagnosis using four scenarios of asymptomatic inclusion. We use Bayesian Logistic Regression to identify the factors of COVID-19 positivity, which can address issues in the traditional approach such as overfitting and uncertainty. This study discovers three main findings: (1) COVID-19 can infect people regardless of age; (2) Among twelve symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19), five symptoms increase the COVID-19 likelihood, and two symptoms decrease the possibility of COVID-19 infection; and (3) From an epidemiological perspective, the contact history rises the probability of COVID-19, while healthcare workers and people who did travel are less likely to become infected from COVID-19. Therefore given this study, it is essential to be attentive to the people who have the symptoms and contact history. Surprisingly, health care workers and travelers who apply health protocols strictly according to the rules have a low risk of COVID19 infection.
Synthetic directed evolution in plants: unlocking trait engineering and improvement
Authors: Rao Gundra Sivakrishna , Jiang Wenjun , Mahfouz Magdy 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Genetic variation accelerates adaptation and resilience and enables the survival of species in their changing environment. Increasing the genetic diversity of crop species is essential to improve their yield and enhance food security. Synthetic directed evolution (SDE) employs localized sequence diversification (LSD) of gene sequence and selection pressure to evolve gene variants with better fitness, improved properties and desired phenotypes. Recently, CRISPR–Cas-dependent and -independent technologies have been applied for LSD to mediate synthetic evolution in diverse species, including plants. SDE holds excellent promise to discover, accelerate and expand the range of traits of the value in crop species. Here, we highlight the efficient SDE approaches for the LSD of plant genes, selection strategies and critical traits for targeted improvement. We discuss the potential of emerging technologies, including CRISPR–Cas base editing, retron editing, EvolvR and prime editing, to establish efficient SDE in plants. Moreover, we cover CRISPR–Cas-independent technologies, including T7 polymerase editor for continuous evolution. We highlight the key challenges and potential solutions of applying SDE technologies to improve the plant traits of the value.
The Pension Schemes Act 2021: new duties for trustees and managers of pension fund trusts
Authors: Brown Lloyd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the new “climate duties” that are created for pension trustees under the Pension Schemes Act 2021. An evaluation is provided of the Act’s section on “climate change risk.” The article suggests that while more could have been done to enforce climate change risk amongst pension trustees, the regulatory regime should nevertheless be seen as a positive development. Indeed, the new statutory requirements for the increased management and reporting of climate change risk should assist in making this important environmental issue be considered as a “financially material risk” throughout the sector.
The Impact of Error-Consequence Severity on Cue Processing in Importance-Biased Prospective Memory
Authors: Krasich Kristina , Gjorgieva Eva , Murray Samuel , Bhatia Shreya , Faber Myrthe , De Brigard Felipe , Woldorff Marty G 
Published: September 2021

AbstractProspective memory (PM) enables people to remember to complete important tasks in the future. Failing to do so can result in consequences of varying severity. Here, we investigated how PM error-consequence severity impacts the neural processing of relevant cues for triggering PM and the ramification of that processing on the associated prospective task performance. Participants role-played a cafeteria worker serving lunches to fictitious students and had to remember to deliver an alternative lunch to students (as PM cues) who would otherwise experience a moderate or severe aversive reaction. Scalp-recorded, event-related potential (ERP) measures showed that the early-latency frontal positivity, reflecting the perception-based neural responses to previously learned stimuli, did not differ between the severe versus moderate PM cues. In contrast, the longer-latency parietal positivity, thought to reflect full PM cue recognition and post-retrieval processes, was elicited earlier by the severe than the moderate PM cues. This faster instantiation of the parietal positivity to the severe-consequence PM cues was then followed by faster and more accurate behavioral responses. These findings indicate how the relative importance of a PM can be neurally instantiated in the form of enhanced and faster PM-cue recognition and processing and culminate into better PM.
Responses of fine root exudation, respiration and morphology in three early successional tree species to increased air humidity and different soil nitrogen sources
Authors: Sell Marili , Ostonen Ivika , Rohula-Okunev Gristin , Rusalepp Linda , Rezapour Azadeh , Kupper Priit 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Global climate change scenarios predict an increase in air temperature, precipitation and air humidity for northern latitudes. Elevated air humidity may significantly reduce the water flux through forest canopies and affect interactions between water and nutrient uptake. However, we have limited understanding of how altered transpiration would affect root respiration and carbon (C) exudation as fine root morphology acclimates to different water flux. We investigated the effects of elevated air relative humidity (eRH) and different inorganic nitrogen sources (NO3− and NH4+) on above and belowground traits in hybrid aspen (Populus × wettsteinii Hämet-Ahti), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown under controlled climate chamber conditions. The eRH significantly decreased the transpiration flux in all species, decreased root mass-specific exudation in pine, and increased root respiration in aspen. eRH also affected fine root morphology, with specific root area increasing for birch but decreasing in pine. The species comparison revealed that pine had the highest C exudation, whereas birch had the highest root respiration rate. Both humidity and nitrogen treatments affected the share of absorptive and pioneer roots within fine roots; however, the response was species-specific. The proportion of absorptive roots was highest in birch and aspen, the share of pioneer roots was greatest in aspen and the share of transport roots was greatest in pine. Fine roots with lower root tissue density were associated with pioneer root tips and had a higher C exudation rate. Our findings underline the importance of considering species-specific differences in relation to air humidity and soil nitrogen availability that interactively affect the C input–output balance. We highlight the role of changes in the fine root functional distribution as an important acclimation mechanism of trees in response to environmental change.
Correlating Light Absorbance Parameters in Peach Skin with Susceptibility to Streaking and Association with Rainwater Components
Authors: Schmitz Linus Thaddaeus , Schnabel G. 
Published: September 2021

Since it was first observed in 2003, peach skin streaking (PSS) has increasingly affected fruit production in the southeastern United States. Since 2017, we have documented the occurrence of PSS on 21 cultivars in South Carolina, and symptoms have also been reported in Maryland and Pennsylvania. PSS seems to be linked to an unidentified causal agent mediated in rainwater with susceptibility closely related to the ripening status of maturing fruit. Over the course of the 2019 peach growing season, we collected rainwater at a South Carolina peach farm with a history of PSS and analyzed samples for chemical and physical properties. Five cultivars were monitored for occurrence of PSS to associate specific rain events with symptom development in the field. PSS was observed in the field on one of the monitored and three additional cultivars between May and June, and five rain events coincided in time with symptom development. However, chemical and physical properties from these rainwater samples were not significantly different from samples not associated with PSS in that time frame. Fruit of the five cultivars was also collected at 21, 14, 7, and 0 days before harvest to determine light absorbance parameters, ΔA, and color space and to induce symptoms under laboratory conditions by treatment with ClO2. Results indicate significant correlations between symptom development and light absorbance parameters, illustrating that proneness to PSS increases during fruit maturation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Association Between Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 Public Health Measures and Reduction in Critical Care Utilization Across ICUs in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Bagshaw Sean M. , Zuege Danny J. , Stelfox Henry T. , Opgenorth Dawn , Wasylak Tracy , Fraser Nancy , Nguyen Thanh X. ,   for the Critical Care Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVES:
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has disrupted critical care services across the world. In anticipation of surges in the need for critical care services, governments implemented “lockdown” measures to preserve and create added critical care capacity. Herein, we describe the impact of lockdown measures on the utilization of critical care services and patient outcomes compared with nonlockdown epochs in a large integrated health region.

DESIGN:
This was a population-based retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Seventeen adult ICUs across 14 acute care hospitals in Alberta, Canada.

PATIENTS:
All adult (age ≥ 15 yr) patients admitted to any study ICU.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The main exposure was ICU admission during “lockdown” occurring between March 16, 2020, and June 30, 2020. This period was compared with two nonpandemic control periods: “year prior” (March 16, 2019, to June 30, 2019) and “pre lockdown” immediately prior (November 30, 2019, to March 15, 2020). The primary outcome was the number of ICU admissions. Secondary outcomes included the following: daily measures of ICU utilization, ICU duration of stay, avoidable delay in ICU discharge, and occupancy; and patient outcomes. Mixed multilevel negative binomial regression and interrupted time series regression were used to compare rates of ICU admissions between periods. Multivariable regressions were used to compare patient outcomes between periods. During the lockdown, there were 3,649 ICU admissions (34.1 [8.0] ICU admissions/d), compared with 4,125 (38.6 [9.3]) during the prelockdown period and 3,919 (36.6 [8.7]) during the year prior. Mean bed occupancy declined significantly during the lockdown compared with the nonpandemic periods (78.7%, 95.9%, and 96.4%; p < 0.001). Avoidable ICU discharge delay also decreased significantly (42.0%, 53.2%, and 58.3%; p < 0.001). During the lockdown, patients were younger, had fewer comorbid diseases, had higher acuity, and were more likely to be medical admissions compared with the nonpandemic periods. Adjusted ICU and hospital mortality and ICU and hospital lengths of stay were significantly lower during the lockdown compared with nonpandemic periods.

CONCLUSIONS:
The coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown resulted in substantial changes to ICU utilization, including a reduction in admissions, occupancy, patient lengths of stay, and mortality.