bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reachable set estimation and aperiodic sampled‐data controller design for Markovian jump systems
Authors: Wang Linqi , Xia Jianwei , Chen Guoliang , Park Ju H. , Shen Hao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this article, the problem of reachable set estimation (RSE) and aperiodic sampled‐data controller design are considered for Markovian jump systems (MJSs) with unit‐energy bounded disturbance and unit‐peak bounded disturbance inputs. First, by constructing mode‐dependent loop‐based Lyapunov functional, the linear matrix inequalities method is used to derive sufficient conditions for all states of MJSs under zero initial conditions to be bounded by ellipsoids. Second, RSE is considered in the process of designing the aperiodic sampled‐data controller. The objective is that the resulting ellipsoid comprises the reachable set of the closed‐loop system. Finally, the effectiveness of these methods is illustrated by the actual aircraft model and simulation results in this article. Furthermore, compared with other articles through numerical comparison, the method provided in this article can obtain less conservative results.
Distributed model predictive control for nonholonomic multivehicle formation tracking
Authors: Liu Kun , Zhang Qirui , Han Dongyu , Ma Aoyun , Xia Yuanqing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA distributed model predictive control strategy is proposed for the formation tracking problem of nonholonomic multivehicle systems, where each vehicle is modeled as a unicycle and is affected by disturbances. We design the optimization problems that followers need to solve, and the cooperation among the followers are achieved by the coupling costs between the followers. Meanwhile, the tightened constraints are used to ensure the actual tracking errors satisfy the constraints. The recursive feasibility of the optimization problems and the closed‐loop stability of the tracking error systems are established. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified via an example which contains three followers.
Synthesis and Reactivity of 3‐Halo‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles: An Overview
Authors: Zana Aureliano , Galbiati Andrea 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe 3‐halo‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazole moiety is an interesting emerging feature in medicinal and organic chemistry fields. The properties of this nucleus are intimately correlated with the nature of the halogen substituent, ranging from inertness to instability. In between, the 3‐bromo‐Δ2‐isoxazoline scaffold stands out as a handleable and easily affordable electrophilic warhead, able to react with nucleophilic active sites of different enzymes, determining inhibitory effects. However, the importance of 3‐bromo‐Δ2‐isoxazolines does not rely only upon their biological activity. In fact, they are valuable synthetic intermediates, presenting a peculiar reactivity spectrum that allows access to useful chemical functions, ranging from variously decorated dihydroisoxazoles to β‐hydroxynitriles, β‐hydroxyesters, and γ‐hydroxyamines. The synthesis of 3‐bromo‐Δ2‐isoxazolines is predominantly based on the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition, a pericyclic reaction accompanied by a remarkable regio‐ and stereo‐selectivity. Thus, this intermediate lends itself especially well to the production of complex molecules with regio‐ and stereo‐chemical requirements.
Improving the Intrinsic Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Resin by Synergistic Effect between Rigid Groups and Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Shen Xiaosong , Gao Yueyang , Sun Yue , Bao Di , Xu Fei , Cui Yexiang , Wang Huaiyuan , Zhu Yanji , Huang haichao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough introducing liquid crystal phase into epoxy resin for liquid crystal epoxy fabrication is one of the most conventional methods for improving the intrinsic thermal conductivity of epoxy resin, the complex molecular structure design and sophisticated synthesis process seriously limit its rapid expansion and further industrial application. Herein, the rigid groups of 4’4‐dihydroxybiphenyl were introduced into the main chain of epoxy resin by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) to change the molecular structure of epoxy resin. The introduction of biphenyl groups enhances the “orderliness” of molecular structure and forms hydrogen bonds between molecules, which facilitates the transmission of phonons within the molecule. The intrinsic thermal conductivity of modified epoxy resin (MEP) reaches 0.29 W m−1 K−1. After adding the expanded graphite (EG) into the MEP matrix, the thermal conductivity of MEP/EG reaches 2.59 W m−1 K−1, which is 1133 % higher than that of EP. In addition, the MEP also has certain advantages in harsh environment, the |Z|0.01 Hz of MEP coating is higher than 1.4 times the value of EP coating after immersing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for ten days, which identified the excellent anticorrosion of MEP. The MEP prepared by this method can find great applications as heat conduction materials in harsh environment.
Properties of Mixed System of N‐Coco Propylene Bis‐guanidine Acetate (CPGA) and Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Li Jun , Li Yunling , Wang Zhifei , Zhang Lu , Jiang Yajie , Zhang Wei , Wu Junli 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo study the effect of nonionic surfactant on the properties of cationic surfactant N‐coco propylene bis‐guanidine acetate (CPGA), different ratios of CPGA and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO9) or alkyl polyglycoside (APG1214) were mixed, respectively. The surface activity, interaction parameters, and the application performances of wetting, emulsification and foam of the mixed system were investigated systematically. After the addition of AEO9 or APG1214, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of mixed system changes distinctly. The results of interaction parameters indicate that the synergistic effects exist between CPGA and AEO9 or APG1214, and the micellizations of the mixtures are spontaneous. The change trend of the equilibrium contact angle is similar to that of the surface tension at CMC (γCMC) for the corresponding mixed system. The improvement of wettability of CPGA by AEO9 is significantly stronger than that by APG1214. The emulsifying capacity of CPGA to liquid paraffin or soybean oil is almost enhanced by AEO9 or APG1214. AEO9 has clear defoaming effect on CPGA, and only a small amount of APG1214 can increase the foam stability of CPGA.
Phylogeny, disparity and mass extinction response in the trilobite order Harpetida
Authors: Beech James D. , Lamsdell James C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe trilobite order Harpetida has long been easily recognized but many unanswered evolutionary questions about the group remain. This work explores the phylogenetic relationships within Harpetida and studies the harpetid response to the Late Ordovician mass extinction to better understand the relationship between extinction events and disparity. A discrete morphological character matrix was assembled from published descriptions and refined through first‐hand observations. This matrix is the first attempt of its kind to characterize the overall morphology of Harpetida, rather than focusing on individual harpetid genera. Phylogenetic analyses under both maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference optimality criteria retrieve tree topologies that support harpetid monophyly but throw doubt onto previous hypotheses of the internal relationships of the order. Harpetid disparity proves remarkably stable over time. A modest peak in the Ordovician is followed by a slow decline throughout the Silurian and Devonian. After the Ordovician period, harpetids demonstrate little or no ability to colonize new areas of morphospace. This may represent a fundamental failure to recover, in which the lasting impacts of Late Ordovician mass extinction continue to suppress morphological innovation. These findings demonstrate that mass extinction events may have complex impacts that play out over many millions of years.
Elementary Literacy Coaching in 2021: What We Know and What We Wonder
Authors: Ippolito Jacy , Swan Dagen Allison , Bean Rita M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs schools continue to focus on elementary student achievement and literacy growth, the role of the elementary school‐based literacy coach is as imperative as ever. However, as a lever for reform and professional learning, the literacy coach role remains underspecified, variable, and often misunderstood in practice. This article aims to address what is currently known and what still needs to be learned about coaching effectiveness, roles and relationships, shifting practices and modalities, and preparation. The coaching “knowns” are framed by both research and practice literature published over the past three decades, whereas the “wonderings” cut across research, practice, and policy and point toward the future of coaching work. Together, these knowns and wonderings are intended to provoke district and school leaders, coaches, and preparation providers to reconsider the power and possibilities of school‐based elementary coaching as schools regain their footing following the COVID‐19 global pandemic.
Five-year cumulative incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration: results from the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)
Authors: Korb Christina A. , Elbaz Hisham , Schuster Alexander K. , Nickels Stefan , Ponto Katharina A. , Schulz Andreas , Wild Philipp S. , Münzel Thomas , Beutel Manfred E. , Schmidtmann Irene , Lackner Karl J. , Peto Tunde , Pfeiffer Norbert 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness. This study evaluates the incidence and progression of AMD in a large German cohort.

Methods
The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, prospective, observational cohort study in Germany that includes 15,010 participants between 35 and 74 years of age. The baseline examination, including fundus photography, was conducted between 2007 and 2012, and the 5-year follow-up examination was performed between 2012 and 2017. AMD grading of fundus photographs was performed according to the Rotterdam Eye Study classification. The 5-year cumulative incidence and progression of AMD were calculated. Poisson regression analysis was conducted to investigate factors associated with the cumulative incidence and progression of AMD.

Results
Six-thousand-eight-hundred-eighty-eight participants (49.8%, n = 3427 female) were included in the analysis. AMD prevalence was 8.5% [95% CI: 7.9–9.2%] at baseline and 10.3% [95% CI: 9.6–11.1%] at follow-up. The cumulative 5-year-incidence was 2.0% [1.7–2.4%]. AMD progression within 5 years was seen in 18.1% [95% CI: 15.1–21.5%] of the participants. AMD incidence and AMD progression were associated with higher age, for each 10-year increase in age, the risk of AMD doubles (RR = 2.30), and the risk of progression of the disease is increased by 1.6. while AMD incidence also with pseudophakic status.

Conclusions
In summary, this population-based sample provides substantial epidemiologic data from a large German cohort, including data on progression and cumulative incidence of macular degeneration in younger age groups. AMD progression over 5 years is common in the German population, 18.1% of subjects with AMD showed progression in at least one eye in this time frame and is associated with higher age. Nevertheless, although usually defined to occur over the age of 50, in this cohort AMD occurred in 0.5% and AMD progression occurred in 5.4% of those already affected in the youngest age group before 50 years of age.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the free energy principle in biology
Authors: Colombo Matteo , Palacios Patricia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccording to the free energy principle, life is an “inevitable and emergent property of any (ergodic) random dynamical system at non-equilibrium steady state that possesses a Markov blanket” (Friston in J R Soc Interface 10(86):20130475, 2013). Formulating a principle for the life sciences in terms of concepts from statistical physics, such asrandom dynamical system,non-equilibrium steady stateandergodicity, places substantial constraints on the theoretical and empirical study of biological systems. Thus far, however, the physics foundations of the free energy principle have received hardly any attention. Here, we start to fill this gap and analyse some of the challenges raised by applications of statistical physics for modelling biological targets. Based on our analysis, we conclude that model-building grounded in the free energy principle exacerbates a trade-off between generality and realism, because of a fundamental mismatch between its physics assumptions and the properties of actual biological targets.
Symptomatic presentation of cervical cancer in emergency departments in California
Authors: Maguire Frances B. , Cooley Julianne J. P. , Morris Cyllene R. , Parikh-Patel Arti , Kennedy Vanessa A. , Keegan Theresa H. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Through screening and HPV vaccination, cervical cancer can mostly be prevented or detected very early, before symptoms develop. However, cervical cancer persists, and many women are diagnosed at advanced stages. Little is known about the degree to which U.S. women may begin their diagnostic workup for cervical cancer in Emergency Departments (ED). We sought to quantify the proportion of women presenting symptomatically in the ED prior to their diagnosis with cervical cancer and to describe their characteristics and outcomes.

Methods
We identified women diagnosed from 2006 to 2017 with cervical cancer in the California Cancer Registry. We linked this cohort to statewide ED discharge records to determine ED use and symptoms present at the encounter. Multivariable logistic regression models examined associations with ED use and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models examined associations with survival.

Results
Of the more than 16,000 women with cervical cancer in the study cohort, 28% presented symptomatically in the ED prior to diagnosis. Those presenting symptomatically were more likely to have public (odds ratio [OR] 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.27) or no insurance (OR 4.81; CI 4.06–5.71) (vs. private), low socioeconomic status (SES) (OR 1.76; CI 1.52–2.04), late-stage disease (OR 5.29; CI 4.70–5.96), and had a 37% increased risk of death (CI 1.28–1.46).

Conclusion
Nearly a third of women with cervical cancer presented symptomatically, outside of a primary care setting, suggesting that many women, especially those with low SES, may not be benefiting from screening or healthcare following abnormal results.
Two SAT solvers for solving quantified Boolean formulas with an arbitrary number of quantifier alternations
Authors: Bloem Roderick , Braud-Santoni Nicolas , Hadzic Vedad , Egly Uwe , Lonsing Florian , Seidl Martina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent years, expansion-based techniques have been shown to be very powerful in theory and practice for solving quantified Boolean formulas (QBF), the extension of propositional formulas with existential and universal quantifiers over Boolean variables. Such approaches partially expand one type of variable (either existential or universal) for obtaining a propositional abstraction of the QBF. If this formula is false, the truth value of the QBF is decided, otherwise further refinement steps are necessary. Classically, expansion-based solvers process the given formula quantifier-block wise and use one SAT solver per quantifier block. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for expansion-based QBF solving that deals with the whole quantifier prefix at once. Hence recursive applications of the expansion principle are avoided and only two incremental SAT solvers are required. While our algorithm is naturally based on the $$\forall $$
∀
Exp+Res calculus that is the formal foundation of expansion-based solving, it is conceptually simpler than present recursive approaches. Experiments indicate that the performance of our simple approach is comparable with the state of the art of QBF solving, especially in combination with other solving techniques.
Do international classes pay off? A cost-benefit analysis of the internationalisation of higher education in Flanders
Authors: De Witte Kristof , Soncin Mara 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInternationalisation is a major trend in higher education worldwide. Yet, little evidence is given on the net impact of international students on national economies. This study addresses this gap by estimating the benefits against the costs driven by international students in Belgium and its Flemish region in particular. Using a unique combination of various sources of micro-data, the results show net positive benefits that exceed costs by a factor ranging between 2.4 (lower bound) and 3.1 (upper bound) times. The results vary highly with the level of education, as the ratio is the lowest for doctoral students (1.2–1.6) and highest for master students (5.1–6.3). The effect is mainly driven by a high stay rate of international students, who are likely to work in the country after graduation. When considering indirect effects, our results show that there are no significant peer effects due to the presence of international students in the classroom.
Design studio practice in the context of architectural education: a narrative literature review
Authors: Hettithanthri Upeksha , Hansen Preben 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis review aims to synthesize the current knowledge on the conventional design studio context. This is a narrative literature review based on articles published within the last ten years, while 60 articles were selected for the literature review following a rigorous filtration process. The final articles were selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to the initially selected articles. This review has synthesized the current knowledge on design studio contexts and will review the conventional design studio context, design studio practices that take place within design studios and use of digital tools. The main aim of this study is to broaden the understanding of design studio contexts and to comprehend the types of design studio contexts available in architectural studies. Furthermore, it discusses the digital tools used in design studio practices in the last 10 years. A thematic analysis was conducted in reviewing the articles. It is to be noted that no research has been carried out except one on generating design studio context outside the conventional design studio set-up. This study aims to identify the potential research possibilities of context generated design studios to engage in design studies.
AI, Explainability and Public Reason: The Argument from the Limitations of the Human Mind
Authors: Maclure Jocelyn 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMachine learning-based AI algorithms lack transparency. In this article, I offer an interpretation of AI’s explainability problem and highlight its ethical saliency. I try to make the case for the legal enforcement of a strong explainability requirement: human organizations which decide to automate decision-making should be legally obliged to demonstrate the capacity to explain and justify the algorithmic decisions that have an impact on the wellbeing, rights, and opportunities of those affected by the decisions. This legal duty can be derived from the demands of Rawlsian public reason. In the second part of the paper, I try to show that the argument from the limitations of human cognition fails to get AI off the hook of public reason. Against a growing trend in AI ethics, my main argument is that the analogy between human minds and artificial neural networks fails because it suffers from an atomistic bias which makes it blind to the social and institutional dimension of human reasoning processes. I suggest that developing interpretive AI algorithms is not the only possible answer to the explainability problem; social and institutional answers are also available and in many cases more trustworthy than techno-scientific ones.
Dual-stage and dual-deficit? Word recognition processes during text reading across the reading fluency continuum
Authors: Hautala Jarkko , Hawelka Stefan , Aro Mikko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCentral questions in the study of visual word recognition and developmental dyslexia are whether early lexical activation precedes and supports decoding (a dual-stage view) or not (dual-route view), and the locus of deficits in dysfluent reading. The dual-route view predicts early word frequency and length interaction, whereas the dual-stage view predicts word frequency effect to precede the interaction effect. These predictions were tested on eye movements data collected from (n = 152) children aged 9–10 among whom reading dysfluency was overrepresented. In line with the dual-stage view, the results revealed an early word frequency effect in first fixation duration followed by robust word length effect in refixation probability and an interaction of word frequency and word length in summed refixation duration. This progression was advanced in fluent reading to be observable already in first fixation duration. Poor reading fluency was mostly explained by inflated first fixation durations, and to stronger word frequency and length effects in summed refixation duration. This pattern of results suggests deficits in early letter encoding and slowness in serial grapheme-phoneme conversion. In contrast to the widely held belief, the holistic orthographic processing of words seemed to be intact.
Reflex theory, cautionary tale: misleading simplicity in early neuroscience
Authors: Chirimuuta M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach to the topic of "simplicity out of complexity". The reflex theory was a framework within early twentieth century psychology and neuroscience which aimed to decompose complex behaviours and neural responses into simple reflexes. It was controversial in its time, and did not live up to its own theoretical and empirical ambitions. Examination of this episode poses important questions about the limitations of simplifying strategies, and the relationship between simplification and the engineering approach to biology.
True lies and Moorean redundancy
Authors: Wiegmann Alex , Viebahn Emanuel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccording to the subjective view of lying, speakers can lie by asserting a true proposition, as long as they believe this proposition to be false. This view contrasts with the objective view, according to which lying requires the actual falsity of the proposition asserted. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to pairs of assertions that differ only in intuitively redundant content and to show that such pairs of assertions are a reason to favour the subjective view of lying over the objective one.
Individual-level loss aversion in riskless and risky choices
Authors: Gächter Simon , Johnson Eric J. , Herrmann Andreas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLoss aversion can occur in riskless and risky choices. We present novel evidence on both in a non-student sample (660 randomly selected customers of a car manufacturer). We measure loss aversion in riskless choice in endowment effect experiments within and between subjects and find similar levels of average loss aversion in both. The subjects of the within study also participate in a simple lottery choice task which arguably measures loss aversion in risky choices. We find substantial heterogeneity in both measures of loss aversion. Loss aversion in riskless choice and loss aversion in risky choice are strongly positively correlated, but on average riskless loss aversion is higher than risky loss aversion. We find that in both choice tasks, loss aversion increases in age, income, and wealth, and decreases in education. Our results provide novel supportive input to the debate about the reality of loss aversion.