bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complications of Chickenpox in Bulgaria – Data from a Single-Center Experience
Authors: Popov M. , Antonov S. , Velev V. , Tcherveniakova T. , Yancheva N. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Primary Varicella zoster infection (chickenpox) in childhood is a common benign disease. The predominance of uncomplicated cases in children often overshadows the rarer cases of complicated severe course of the disease.

Objective
To study the complications of primary chickenpox in hospitalized patients for a period of one year.

Materials and Methods
122 patients with complicated primary chickenpox with an average age of 18.6 years; 57 males (46.7%) and 64 females (53.3%), were hospitalized at the University Hospital of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases “Prof. Iv. Kirov” in the period January – December 2019.

Results
The bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissues comprised the largest relative frequenchy – they occurred in 74 (60.6%) of the patients; followed by pneumonia – in 31 (25.4%) patients, and a combination of pneumonia and pustulation – in 10 (8.2%) patients. Cerebelitis was observed in 1 (0.8%) patient. One of the patients developed hepatitis, purulent arthritis and acute enteritis. We also report the death of one patient.

Conclusions
We registered a relatively high proportion of hospitalizations, especially in young children and adults. Regarding the type of complications, we do not describe significant differences compared to other authors. Although in most cases primary chickenpox is a self-limiting disease, complications are more common in the countries where there is no vaccine.
Rose Exctracts and In-Vitro Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike: The Ace-2 Interaction
Authors: Arokiaraj M. , Menesson E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
The study was performed to evaluate the novel potential of red rose extract to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-Ace2 receptor interaction in vitro.

Methods
ACE2 receptors were His-labelled, and the interaction was studied by chemiluminescence after the addition of anti-His HRP and HRP substrate. The inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 was assessed in a dose-dependent sequence.

Results
The 50% inhibitory concentration was observed at 0.75 percent v/v of the rose extract, and the 90% inhibition was seen at about 1.8 percent v/v. Steam inhalation or nebulization could be simple methods of delivering rose extracts to the lower respiratory tract and pulmonary tissues.

Conclusion
Rose extracts have a potential for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor in vitro, which could add beneficial effects in Covid-19 treatment. Further tests need to be performed to study their therapeutic benefits in vivo.
Ethinyl Estadiol/Progestin Oral Contraceptives Depress Spatial Learning and Dysregulate Hippocampal CA3 Microstructure: Implications for Behavioral-Cognitive Effects of Chronic Contraceptive Use?
Authors: Nwakanma A. , Ekanem T. , Eluwa M. , Elemuo C. , Ekong M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Combined oral contraceptive pill contains ethinyl estradiol and a synthetic progestin, which prevent ovulation by suppressing the release of the gonadotropins resulting in the inhibition of ovarian follicles’ development. Although advantageous in birth control, the impact on learning and memory is limited necessitating this study on its effect on spatial learning, and hippocampal CA3 microstructure. Thirty two female Wistar rats of average body weight 200 g were equally divided (n = 8) into four groups; 0.002 mg/kg levonorgestrel plus 0.00043 mg/kg ethinyl estradiol (COCP) were administered orally for 21, 42 and 63 days. 24 hours after the last administration the rats underwent Morris water maze test and were sacrificed by transcardial perfusion-fixation. Their hippocampal regions were processed for histological study, and immunolabelled with anti-neuron specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results showed that the COCP test groups had shorter escape latencies (p ≤ 0.05) in the visible and hidden platform trials. The COCP test groups showed no difference in neuronal population, although some of the hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons were either atrophic and/or karyorrhectic, with shrunken and dense nuclei. NSE expression was lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the 21, 42 and 63 days COCP groups, while GFAP expression was lower in the 21 days COCP group, but not different in the 42 and 63 days COCP groups compared with the control. These preliminary results show that COCP influence spatial learning, and may also reduce neuronal metabolic activity, while increasing astrocytic activity in the hippocampal CA3.
A Case of Lupus Nephritis Aggravated by Diabetic Nephropathy with a Rapid Decline in Kidney Function
Authors: Yordanov M. , Rushidova F. , Hrincheva M. , Ananiev J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Lupus nephropathy is a glomerular lesion and one of the most severe organ localizations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Diabetic nephropathy, on the other hand, is a major cause for chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as for end stage kidney disease (ESKD). We present the case of a 51-year-old woman with nephrotic syndrome diagnosed 4 months previously. Since the diagnosis was made, a rapid decline in renal function was observed – serum creatinine rose from 159 to 200 and to 462 μmol/l. Arterial hypertension was present for 2 years with BP values up to 200/90 mm Hg, as well as newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus which was insulin-treated due to the low renal function. The test for anti-dsDNA-63.3 was positive and ANA titers were 1: 320. The renal biopsy revealed a combination of lupus nephropathy and a nodular variant of diabetic nephropathy. Treatment with methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide and heparin was initiated. This was followed by improvement in serum creatinine and proteinuria, by reduction of edema, decreased titers of anti-dsDNA and by improvement of the general well-being. A few months later, in the course of another intermittent infection, the patient’s condition deteriorated sharply, necessitating hemodialysis. Nephropathy secondary to lupus erythematosus is rarely seen in combination with diabetic nephropathy, but once they co-occur, a complicated course of the disease will eventually lead to serious kidney damage. The morphological examination of the renal biopsy aspirate is the only reliable mean to assess the nature of the glomerular changes and to make adequate therapeutic decisions.
Mathematical Modelling of the Fruit-Stone Culture Seeds Calibration Process Using Flat Sieves
Authors: Karaiev Oleksandr , Bondarenko Larysa , Halko Serhii , Miroshnyk Oleksandr , Vershkov Oleksandr , Karaieva Tetiana , Shchur Taras , Findura Pavol , Prístavka Miroslav 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The paper provided describes a mathematical model of calibration process of fruit-stone culture seeds of cherry, sweet cherry, cherry-plum, apricot and almond using flat sieves with impact shock ball cleaners oscillating in the horizontal plane. It has been defined that the mathematical expectation of time of knocking out the fruit-stone from the sieve opening

T
⌢

\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}}\over T}

is the minimum value of ratio of average time of complete ball motion cycle in space under sieve to the probability of knocking out the stone by a ball with the kinetic energy level of 2 Mj. The dependences of energy distribution density of ball on impact on the sieve have been obtained, based on which the intervals of ball cleaner parameters have been determined, i.e. the ball diameter D belongs to the interval 25–35 mm; the space height H under sorting sieve belongs to the interval 1.2D–1.4D mm; the value range for distance between rods t belongs to the interval 0.5D–0.7D mm. Using the method of golden section, the following parameters of ball cleaner were obtained: D = 33 mm, t = 23 mm, H = 40 mm. The parameters obtained provide mathematical expectation of time of knocking out the fruit-stone from the sieve opening

T
⌢

\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}}\over T}

= 0.03 s. Consequently, the average ball velocity

v
⌢

\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}}\over v}

is = 0.4 m∙s-1, and the average ball path is

L
⌢

\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}}\over L}

= 0.006 m.
Gas-Neutralizing and Dust-Suppressing Stemming of Borehole Charges for Increasing the Environmental Safety of Explosion
Authors: Tverda O. , Kofanova O. , Kofanov O. , Tkachuk K. , Polukarov O. , Pobigaylo V. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The problem of environmental pollution during the explosive destruction of rocks in order to extract minerals is solved in the article. Two types of borehole charge stemming design have been developed, which, in addition to the function of locking the products of the explosion, allow completely neutralizing harmful gases. The first type is the stemming design, which includes the two-stage purification of harmful gases, formed during the explosive destruction of rocks, and is based on chemisorption of gases by quicklime or production waste and physicochemical sorption (adsorption) by zeolites. Such stemming can provide complete chemical neutralization of NO2 and CO2, as well as neutralization of CO by zeolites, during the explosion. The second type is stemming design, which includes chemisorption of gases by slaked lime. This type of stemming has a number of advantages over the previous one. It can not only provide complete chemical neutralization of NO2, CO2 and CO, but also allows abandoning zeolites, which significantly reduces the cost of its formation to obtain the effect of “irrigation” of the dust and gas cloud, which reduces the concentration of dust in the air after the explosion to provide a higher degree of conversion. The paper determines quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the adsorbent composition of the two types of stemming depending on the type of explosive, the amount and type of harmful gases formed during explosion, and the parameters of the borehole.
Analysis of Financial Support Instruments for Social Enterprises in Latvia
Authors: Licite-Kurbe Lasma , Gintere Dana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Social enterprises have positive effect on sustainable development, and they have become an important instrument for solving social problems (especially in rural areas), as the national and local governments alone cannot solve all such problems. To foster the development of social entrepreneurship, Latvia has introduced several support instruments for social enterprises, which include tax relief, privileged procurement contracts, grants, as well as non-monetary kinds of support. However, social entrepreneurs often point out that support from the national and local governments is insufficient, while the support instruments stipulated in the Social Enterprise Law are not widely used. Therefore, the aim of the research is to analyse national and local government support instruments for social enterprises in Latvia. The research found that the most important financial instrument fostering the development of social entrepreneurship in Latvia is a grant scheme administered by the Ministry of Welfare and the JSC Development Finance Institution Altum, which is available in the range of EUR 5000 to 200000 for investment and working capital. In the period 2017-2020, 94 social entrepreneurship projects with a total budget of EUR 6 million were supported, which could be viewed as significant financial support. In contrast, immovable property tax relief, exemption from enterprise income tax (on profits) and relief from this tax for several categories of non-business expenses are considered by social entrepreneurs to be an insignificant kind of support. There is also lack of experience and practice regarding the inclusion of social criteria in public procurement in Latvia.
Status of the Precision Beekeeping Development in Latvia
Authors: Zacepins Aleksejs , Kviesis Armands , Komasilovs Vitalijs , Brusbardis Valters , Kronbergs Janis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Information and communication technologies are part of almost any branch of human lives. During the last decade also beekeeping joined the direction of application of IT tools and solutions and precision beekeeping was defined. Still in the beekeeping many operations and observations are completed manually, and there is a potential to switch to the digital realisation. Information technologies can be used in the beekeeping to partly support the beekeepers by implementation of automatic or semi-automatic solutions for bee colony remote monitoring, apiary record making and other actions. The aim of this paper is to make a summary of the usage of information technology tools by the beekeepers in Latvia, summarizing precision beekeeping development status and conclude about its future development potential. To achieve this aim, in cooperation with Latvian Beekeepers Association, a beekeepers survey was conducted. More than 200 beekeepers shared thoughts and opinions about their application of information and communication technologies for monitoring the bee colonies and apiary management. The summary of the survey conducted is described in this study.
Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 3. revised edition.
Authors: Hansen A. , Sunding P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A complete and up-to-date checklist of the vascular plants of Macaronesia (the Azores, the Madeira archipelago, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands) is given. 3.125 species belonging to 1.041 genera are listed, as are also a number of intraspecific taxa down to variety level. New combinations are proposed within the genera Cheilanthes, Pericallis and Pulicaria. A second section lists 2.250 synonyms and their presumed identity.
Distribution and ecology of stipitate hydnaceous fungi in Norway, with special reference to the question of decline
Authors: Gulden G. , Hanssen E.W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Since a decline in stipitate hydnaceous fungi has been reported in some parts of Europe, their occurrence in Norway merits consideration. The present study was intended to determine whether decline has taken place in Norway, and to form a basis for future monitoring of a group of organisms which may include important bioindicators of airborne pollution.
Twenty-eight species are recognised in Norway, belonging to the genera Auriscalpium (1), Bankera (2), Hydnellum (10), Hydnum (2), Phellodon (4), and Sarcodon (9). They are most common in eastern parts of Norway, and eutrophic spruce forests are the preferred habitats. Distribution maps and information on habitat preferences for each species are provided. The species are ranged in five groups according to their distributional patterns, occurrence in vegetational regions, and distributions in other parts of Eurasia. Factors regulating the occurrence of the species are discussed for each group.
An evaluation of the frequency of the species through the decades back to 1950 is presented. There is so far no strong evidence for decline of these fungi in Norway. However, there is a statistically significant decrease in observations of the three Hydnellum species: H. aurantiacum, H. peckii, and H. suaveolens.
The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway
Authors: Tønsberg T. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
128 species in 45 genera of sorediate and isidiate, crustose, corticolous lichens are recorded from Norway. Accounts of their morphology, chemistry, and substratum preferences are presented, and a discussion of their distribution in Norway is supported by maps for a number of taxa. With few exceptions, the taxa can be distinguished on thallus characters alone. Several taxa, especially those with brown or blue-pigmented soralia, have soredia with a distinct cortex. New species are: Buellia arborea Coppins & Tønsb. (from Norway and Scotland), Fuscidea arboricola Coppins & Tønsb. (from Norway, Sweden, and Scotland), F. pusilla Tønsb. (from Norway, Sweden, and Scotland), Lecanora flavoleprosa Tønsb. (from Norway and Austria), L. flavopunctata Tønsb. (from Norway and Sweden), L. norvegica Tønsb. (from Norway), Lecidea gyrophorica Tønsb. (syn. L. epizanthoidiza auct., non Nyl.), L. praetermissa Tønsb. (from Norway and Sweden), L. subcinnabarina Tønsb. (from Norway), L. vacciniicola Tønsb. (from Norway, Sweden, and Spain), Lecidella subviridis Tønsb. (from Norway and Sweden), Lepraria elobata Tønsb. (from Norway), L. jackii Tønsb. (from Norway), L. obtusatica Tønsb. (from Norway), L. umbricola Tønsb. (from Norway, England, and Scotland), Micarea coppinsii Tønsb. (from Norway and Scotland), Rinodinaflavosoralifera Tønsb. (from Norway), R. disjuncta Sheard & Tønsb. (from Norway and the pacific coast of U.S.A. and Canada), and Schaereria corticola Muhr & Tønsb. (from Norway, Sweden and Scotland). Ochrolechia androgyna s. lat. is shown to comprise at least four distinct species.
New combinations are: Cliostomum leprosum (Räsänen) Holien & Tønsb., Lepraria rigidula (B. de Lesd.) Tønsb., Mycoblastus caesius (Coppins & P. James) Tønsb., Placynthiella dasaea (Stirton) Tønsb., and Ropalospora viridis (Tønsb.) Tønsb. Lecidea turgidula var. pulveracea Fr. is raised to specific level with the new name Lecidea leprarioides Tønsb. Mycoblastus sterilis Coppins & P. James is reduced to synonymy with M. fucatus Stirton.

Pertusaria borealis is new to Europe. Halecania viridescens, Lecanora farinaria, Lepraria caesioalba Laundon ined., L. eburnea Laundon ined., Megalospora tuberculosa, Opegrapha multipuncta, and Scoliciosporum gallurae are new to Scandinavia. Mycoblastus caesius, Lecidella elaeochroma “f. soralifera”, L. flavosorediata, Micarea granulans (saxicolous, not treated), Opegrapha sorediifera, and Rinodina degeliana are new to Norway.
In some cases, Poelt’s species pair concept can be applied to this group of lichens. Additional secondary substances, not occurring in the primary species, sometimes occur in the soralia of the secondary species. In this case, presence of the additional substance cannot be regarded as an independent taxonomic character, and the species pair concept is still useful. However, morphologically indistinguishable specimens with different chemistry may represent different secondary species.
The term consoredia is introduced to denote diaspores composed of aggregated soredia.
Low-alpine vegetation in Gutulia National Park, Engerdal, Hedmark, Norway, and its relation to the environment
Authors: Rydgren K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A reference site for vegetational and ecological monitoring of low-alpine vegetation has been established in Gutulia National Park, Engerdal, Hedmark, Norway. Fifty vegetation plots, each 1 m2, were distributed randomly along four open transects. Species abundance was recorded as frequency in 16 subplots. Each plot was supplied with measurements of 26 environmental variables. The first axes of DCA and LNMDS ordinations were closely similar. The first DCA axis was interpreted as a complex snow cover gradient. Several environmental variables varied along this gradient, among them unevenness, soil moisture and soil nutrient status. The cover of the bottom layer varied along the complex-gradient. DCA axis 2 was interpreted as a microclimatic gradient. Partitioning of the environmental· and spatial variation in species composition showed that the spatial variation in the data set was rather low. Monitoring alpine vegetation is considered important since alpine ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable to airborne pollution.
The threatened macrolichens of Norway - 1995
Authors: Tønsberg T. , Gauslaa V. , Haugan R. , Holien H. , Timdal E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
On request from The Directorate for Nature Management (DN), Trondheim, a revised red list for Norwegian macrolichens is presented. The present list supersedes the preliminary list published by Direktoratet for naturforvaltning (1992) and includes 69 species of the currently known c. 430 species of macrolichens in Norway. The compiling of the list is mainly based on studies of relevant herbarium material in all major Fennoscandian herbaria of all species believed to be rare or endangered in Norway and on field work carried out on the localities in 1992—1994. Of 1938 known localities for threatened macrolichens in Norway, 1046 were investigated.

Collema coccophorum and Leptogium britannicum are classified as extinct (Ex), 16 species as endangered (E), 11 as vulnerable (V), 9 as in need of monitoring (V+), 18 as rare (R), 5 as indeterminate (I), and 7 as insufficiently known (K). Parmeliopsis esorediata is assigned to category A (special responsibility). Special maps summarize the distribution of all species within each of the categories E, V, V+, and R. Norway has European responsibility for 18 species and Fennoscandian responsibility for 55 species of macrolichens. Among the species included in the red list, Norway has the only or the main population for several species on a Fennoscandian (55 species), European (18), or world-wide basis (1).
Each species is described and discussed with respect to substrate and habitat preferences, threats, and status in Norway. For species known from more than five localities, maps indicate the status in each locality. A complete locality list is given for each species. Distributions in Fennoscandia, Europe and on a world-wide basis are briefly reviewed. Recommendations are given for conservation purposes.
Threatened macrolichens are concentrated in deciduous forests and woodlands along the southwestern coast, old-growth spruce forests in central Norway, and old-growth boreal forests and agricultural landscapes in eastern Norway.
ЛЮДСЬКИЙ ФАКТОР ГРОМАДСЬКОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ НА ПІВДНІ УКРАЇНИ НАПРИКІНЦІ XVIII – НА ПОЧАТКУ XX ст.
Authors: ЧЕРЕМІСІН Олександр , ПРЕДМЕСТНІКОВ Олег 
Published: August 2021

Мета дослідження – розкрити та реконструювати особливості людського фактору в управлінні містами на території Півдня України в другій половині XVIII – початку XX ст. Методологія дослідження спирається на принципи науковості, історизму, верифікації, авторської об’єктивності, теорії фронтиру, людиновимірності, регіоналізму, а також на використанні загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що в результаті формування нової соціокультурної реальності та геополітичних змін до управління південноукраїнським регіоном та містами були задіяні представники західноєвропейських країн, які внесли багато змін у бюрократичну систему Російської імперії. Це дало можливість Півдню України перетворитися на важливі центри економічного життя як регіону, так і держави, що прискорило модернізаційні процеси. Такі процеси міцно пов’язані із участю в діяльності муніципалітетів працівники депутатів та найманих працівників у функціонуванні громадських управлінь в містах Півдня України. У пропонованій статті органи самоврядування аналізуються як специфічний образ діяльності і активності депутатів муніципалітетів. Основна увага приділена розкриттю їх характерів у практичній діяльності громадських виборчих установ. Висновки. У запропонованих результатах дослідження міститься інформація про те, що образ депутатів самоврядування розглядається не як політичний конструкт, а як особистісно-індивідуальний феномен, в якому краще розкриваються різні поведінкові моделі депутатів самоврядування і краще виражаються їх культурні цінності. Тако, відзначено, що містами управляли представники різних соціопрофесійних образів, що значно посилювало регіонально-індивідуальні особливості краю, у порівнянні з іншими регіонами держави.