bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical efficacy of scaling and root planing with and without metronidazole on glycemic control: three-arm randomized controlled trial
Authors: Qureshi Ambrina , Bokhari Syed Akhtar Hussain , Haque Zeba , Baloch Akhtar Ali , Zaheer Sidra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Treating periodontitis through non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) may improve glycemic control in type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, the evidence to maintain this improvement beyond four months is insufficient. Hence, this trial was conducted to assess clinical efficacy of NSPT on glycemic control in T2DM patients.

Methods
This three-arm randomized controlled trial recruited 150 known T2DM participants (35–65 years), suffering from moderate to severe periodontitis, having HbA1c level ≥ 6.5% at baseline. Participants were followed up at 3 and 6 months. Intervention for test group-1 included scaling and root planing (SRP) with metronidazole (MET) and oral hygiene instructions (OHI). Test group-2 was intervened with SRP + OHI and control group with OHI only. Stata v. 14 was used to observe inter and intragroup mean changes in glycemic [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG)] and periodontal variables [bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL)] using ANOVA and RMANOVA. Proportion of change in outcome variable (HbA1c) was assessed between treatment groups using chi-square test. Change was considered significant at p-value ≤ 0.05.

Results
A significant reduction was observed in BOP, PPD, CAL, HbA1c and FBG over time [p < 0.05]. Significant reductions were observed in same variables in both test groups in comparison to control arm [p < 0.05]. No change between the two test groups was observed [p > 0.05].

Conclusion
Scaling and root planing improves glycemic control of T2DM patients independently of the use of MET. Therefore, SRP after every 6 months may be suggested and included as a part of overall diabetes management for patients suffering from T2DM.
Clinical trial registration NCT 03,343,366 [Date of Registration: 17/11/2017]
Giant intracardiac thrombosis in an infant with leukaemia and prolonged COVID-19 viral RNA shedding: a case report
Authors: Aghaei Moghadam Ehsan , Mahmoudi Shima , Safari Sharari Alieh , Afsharipour Mehrnoush , Gorji Mojtaba , Navaeian Amene , Ghamari Azin , Mamishi Setareh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
COVID-19 can induce thrombotic disease both in the venous and arterial circulations, as a result of inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, and stasis. Although several studies have described the coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in adult patients with COVID-19, there is limited data in children. Here, we present an 18-month-old boy with a prolonged SARS-CoV‐2 RNA shedding and chronic right atrial and superior vena cava (SVC) thrombosis.

Case presentation
An 18-month-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (pre-B cell ALL) and a history of chemotherapy was referred to our center due to intermittent fever with unknown origin. a positive nasopharyngeal PCR for COVID-19 was reported and stayed positive for eight consecutive weeks The high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showed no sign of pulmonary embolism. Initial echocardiography indicated a semilunar thrombotic mass extending from right SVC into the right atrium without coronary or myocardial involvement. Enoxaparin was administered with continuous monitoring of the level of anti-Xa activity. The serial echocardiographic studies found a slow but continuous reduction in the mass size.

Conclusions
Our case shows that, as already described in adult patients, clinically relevant thrombosis can complicate the course of pediatric patients as well. In view of the specific and milder manifestations of COVID-19 in children, these complications may pose considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
Long non-coding RNAs in brain tumors: roles and potential as therapeutic targets
Authors: Kim Sung-Hyun , Lim Key-Hwan , Yang Sumin , Joo Jae-Yeol 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBrain tumors are associated with adverse outcomes despite improvements in radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. However, treatment approaches are evolving, and new biological phenomena are being explored to identify the appropriate treatment of brain tumors. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of non-coding RNA longer than 200 nucleotides, regulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels and are involved in a variety of biological functions. Recent studies on lncRNAs have revealed their aberrant expression in various cancers, with distinct expression patterns associated with their instrumental roles in cancer. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs has also been identified in brain tumors. Here, we review the potential roles of lncRNAs and their biological functions in the context of brain tumors. We also summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways related to lncRNAs that may guide clinical trials for brain tumor therapy.
Stem cell therapies and benefaction of somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning in COVID-19 era
Authors: Singh Birbal , Mal Gorakh , Verma Vinod , Tiwari Ruchi , Khan Muhammad Imran , Mohapatra Ranjan K. , Mitra Saikat , Alyami Salem A. , Emran Talha Bin , Dhama Kuldeep , Moni Mohammad Ali 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The global health emergency of COVID-19 has necessitated the development of multiple therapeutic modalities including vaccinations, antivirals, anti-inflammatory, and cytoimmunotherapies, etc. COVID-19 patients suffer from damage to various organs and vascular structures, so they present multiple health crises. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of interest to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Main body
Stem cell-based therapies have been verified for prospective benefits in copious preclinical and clinical studies. MSCs confer potential benefits to develop various cell types and organoids for studying virus-human interaction, drug testing, regenerative medicine, and immunomodulatory effects in COVID-19 patients. Apart from paving the ways to augment stem cell research and therapies, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) holds unique ability for a wide range of health applications such as patient-specific or isogenic cells for regenerative medicine and breeding transgenic animals for biomedical applications. Being a potent cell genome-reprogramming tool, the SCNT has increased prominence of recombinant therapeutics and cellular medicine in the current era of COVID-19. As SCNT is used to generate patient-specific stem cells, it avoids dependence on embryos to obtain stem cells.

Conclusions
The nuclear transfer cloning, being an ideal tool to generate cloned embryos, and the embryonic stem cells will boost drug testing and cellular medicine in COVID-19.
The effects of ENSO, climate change and human activities on the water level of Lake Toba, Indonesia: a critical literature review
Authors: Irwandi Hendri , Rosid Mohammad Syamsu , Mart Terry 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis research quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the factors responsible for the water level variations in Lake Toba, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. According to several studies carried out from 1993 to 2020, changes in the water level were associated with climate variability, climate change, and human activities. Furthermore, these studies stated that reduced rainfall during the rainy season due to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the continuous increase in the maximum and average temperatures were some of the effects of climate change in the Lake Toba catchment area. Additionally, human interventions such as industrial activities, population growth, and damage to the surrounding environment of the Lake Toba watershed had significant impacts in terms of decreasing the water level. However, these studies were unable to determine the factor that had the most significant effect, although studies on other lakes worldwide have shown these factors are the main causes of fluctuations or decreases in water levels. A simulation study of Lake Toba's water balance showed the possibility of having a water surplus until the mid-twenty-first century. The input discharge was predicted to be greater than the output; therefore, Lake Toba could be optimized without affecting the future water level. However, the climate projections depicted a different situation, with scenarios predicting the possibility of extreme climate anomalies, demonstrating drier climatic conditions in the future. This review concludes that it is necessary to conduct an in-depth, comprehensive, and systematic study to identify the most dominant factor among the three that is causing the decrease in the Lake Toba water level and to describe the future projected water level.
Non-functioning oxyphilic parathyroid carcinoma: a case report
Authors: Sen Masaomi , Nagaoka Ryuta , Kazusaka Hiroko , Matsui Mami , Saitou Marie , Sugitani Iwao , Sakatani Takashi , Kameyama Kaori 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Non-functioning parathyroid carcinoma is an extremely rare malignancy among endocrine tumors. We report a case in which non-functional oxyphilic parathyroid carcinoma was diagnosed from clinical symptoms and pathological diagnosis.

Case presentation
The patient was a 42-year-old man with no medical or family history of note. He had presented to a local hospital with a neck mass 2 months earlier. Medullary thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed and he was referred to our department. A 3.5-cm mass was observed in the left thyroid lobe. Laboratory data for thyroid functions, thyroglobulin, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies, serum calcium, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were all within normal ranges. Ultrasonography revealed a 40-mm irregular, hypoechoic mass throughout the left thyroid lobe. Follicular thyroid tumor was suspected from fine-needle aspiration cytology. Left lobectomy was performed. Pathological features revealed a thick fibrous capsule around the tumor, and a thick fibrous band was observed inside the tumor. Both capsular invasions and vascular invasions were observed. Tumor cells were eosinophilic and displayed solid growth. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were negative for thyroid transcription factor-1, negative for thyroglobulin, negative for chromogranin A (positive for normal parathyroid tissue within the nodule), positive for PTH, and positive for parafibromin. Ki-67 labeling index was 10%. Based on these findings, non-functional oxyphilic parathyroid carcinoma was diagnosed. One and a half years postoperatively, calcium and PTH were within normal ranges, and he has shown no evidence of recurrence or metastasis.

Conclusions
Non-functioning oxyphilic parathyroid carcinoma is an extremely rare malignancy, and definitive diagnosis is difficult to obtain preoperatively. Few reports have been made worldwide, and information on the long-term prognosis is scarce. Long-term surveillance by imaging is mandatory, since no indices that can be used as a marker for postoperative recurrence and metastasis have been identified.
Managing restricted patients in acute, non-secure in-patient services: clinical, ethical and resource implications of long waits for a response from the Ministry of Justice
Authors: Sharma Gunjan , Brown Penelope , Rehman Ijaz Ur , Chesney Edward 
Published: May 2021

Aims and methodIn-patients subject to Section 37/41 of the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA) require permission from the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) for leave, transfer and discharge. This study aimed to quantify the time spent waiting for the MoJ to respond to requests, using data on restricted patients recalled to a non-forensic unit over 8 years.ResultsEleven admissions were identified. The mean total time waiting for response was 95 days per admission, with an estimated cost of £40 922 per admission.Clinical implicationsCurrent procedures may contribute to considerable increases in length of stay. This goes against the principles of the MHA, as non-secure services rarely provide the range of interventions which justify prolonged admission. We suggest several ways to resolve this issue, including broadening the guidance for the use of voluntary admissions and civil sections, and allowing clinicians to make decisions on leave and transfer where there is little risk.
Genetic Analysis of Pediatric Primary Adrenal Insufficiency of Unknown Etiology: 25 Years’ Experience in the UK
Authors: Buonocore Federica , Maharaj Avinaash , Qamar Younus , Koehler Katrin , Suntharalingham Jenifer P , Chan Li F , Ferraz-de-Souza Bruno , Hughes Claire R , Lin Lin , Prasad Rathi , Allgrove Jeremy , Andrews Edward T , Buchanan Charles R , Cheetham Tim D , Crowne Elizabeth C , Davies Justin H , Gregory John W , Hindmarsh Peter C , Hulse Tony , Krone Nils P , Shah Pratik , Shaikh M Guftar , Roberts Catherine , Clayton Peter E , Dattani Mehul T , Thomas N Simon , Huebner Angela , Clark Adrian J , Metherell Louise A , Achermann John C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Context
Although primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in children and young people is often due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) or autoimmunity, other genetic causes occur. The relative prevalence of these conditions is poorly understood.

Objective
We investigated genetic causes of PAI in children and young people over a 25 year period.

Design, Setting and Participants
Unpublished and published data were reviewed for 155 young people in the United Kingdom who underwent genetic analysis for PAI of unknown etiology in three major research centers between 1993 and 2018. We pre-excluded those with CAH, autoimmune, or metabolic causes. We obtained additional data from NR0B1 (DAX-1) clinical testing centers.

Intervention and Outcome Measurements
Genetic analysis involved a candidate gene approach (1993 onward) or next generation sequencing (NGS; targeted panels, exomes) (2013-2018).

Results
A genetic diagnosis was reached in 103/155 (66.5%) individuals. In 5 children the adrenal insufficiency resolved and no genetic cause was found. Pathogenic variants occurred in 11 genes: MC2R (adrenocorticotropin receptor; 30/155, 19.4%), NR0B1 (DAX-1; 7.7%), CYP11A1 (7.7%), AAAS (7.1%), NNT (6.5%), MRAP (4.5%), TXNRD2 (4.5%), STAR (3.9%), SAMD9 (3.2%), CDKN1C (1.3%), and NR5A1/steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1; 0.6%). Additionally, 51 boys had NR0B1 variants identified through clinical testing. Although age at presentation, treatment, ancestral background, and birthweight can provide diagnostic clues, genetic testing was often needed to define the cause.

Conclusions
PAI in children and young people often has a genetic basis. Establishing the specific etiology can influence management of this lifelong condition. NGS approaches improve the diagnostic yield when many potential candidate genes are involved.
Natural Gases of Appalachian Basin
Authors: Roth Ernest E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Appalachian basin or area embraces about 100 million surface acres within parts of eight states—New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. It also includes a section of southwestern Ontario, Canada,
Although petroleum and natural gas have been known to be present in the earth for centuries, it was their discovery in the Appalachian area a little more than a century ago that resulted in their general use and the development of the great petroleum and natural gas industries of today. Over the last 80 years, natural gas production from the area has averaged about 345 billion cu ft annually; this production was from a total estimated proved gas reserve of about 36,213 billion cu ft.
The gas has been found in Paleozoic rocks from Cambrian to Permian and in several types of geologic traps which, for the most part, are comparatively shallow. New reserves of appreciable quantity must be sought in the older and deeper formations where the rocks range in depth from a few thousand feet in the western part of the basin to possibly 25,000 ft in the eastern section. Natural gas should be present in this section of rocks, but it is extremely difficult to determine where the stratigraphic traps lie.
The gases of the area are generally of very good quality; methane makes up about 85 per cent of their composition and ethane and other higher hydrocarbons constitute much of the rest. Commonly, however, there is an appreciable percentage of inerts, especially in the deeper gases, and this fact should be considered when deep exploration is anticipated.
Methods for Supplementing Natural Gas Supplies
Authors: Elliott Martin A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Natural-gas supplements are required today to meet peak-load demands near centers of consumption. They will be required on a much larger scale at some time in the future when the demand for gas exceeds the deliverability of domestic supplies.
Supplements for peak-load use include liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), particularly propane; liquefied natural gas; and high-Btu oil gas produced in cracking processes. The combustion characteristics of the supplemental gas determine the maximum concentration in the mixture distributed.
When it becomes necessary to supplement domestic supplies of natural gas to meet the demand, there will be two alternatives, (1) importation of liquefied natural gas, which is technically feasible today, and (2) production of synthetic high-Btu gas (primarily methane) from vast domestic reserves of coal and oil shale.
Two high-Btu-gas production processes are under development. In one, synthesis gas, principally carbon monoxide and hydrogen, produced by gasifying coal with oxygen and steam, is converted catalytic ally to methane (methanation process). In the other, coal or oil shale reacts directly with hydrogen to produce methane (hydrogasification process).
L. Wilmington Field, Los Angeles County, California
Authors: Hamilton S. V. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Wilmington field has the largest production in net barrels of oil of any field in California. The field extends southeast from approximately the northwest corner of Wilmington to a point beneath the tidelands southeast of Long Beach, in the vicinity of Humble's Monterey Island. It consists of about 7,825 proved acres and about 6,500 acres offshore, undeveloped until July 1965, when THUMS Long Beach Company began a development program. In area, Wilmington is potentially the state's fifth largest field.
Cumulative production to January 1, 1965, was 1,013,500,000 bbls of oil and about 843 billion cu ft of natural gas. Peak production was reached in 1951. The discovery well was completed in 1932, and by the end of 1964, 3,280 wells had been drilled in the field, 2,583 of which still were considered active.
The Wilmington field is on a well-developed, highly faulted anticline which trends northwest- southeast. Five major north-south-trending faults divide the field into six structural blocks. The faults have their major displacement at or near the axis of the anticline. All of the larger faults are normal.
The basement rock in the field is Jurassic schist. It is overlain by about 4,000 ft of Miocene rock; 2,000-2,500 ft of Pliocene rock; and 1,000 ft of sand, gravel, and clay of Pleistocene and Recent ages. Unconformities are present between the middle Pico and Repetto (both Pliocene) and between the Puente (Miocene) and the basement rock.
B. Natural Gas Provinces of North America and Estimation of Natural Gas Reserves
Authors: Knight G. L. , Beebe B. W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
There are numerous great geologic provinces which yield oil and gas on the North American continent. Within each of these provinces are numerous fields ranging in length from fractions of miles to hundreds of miles. The Panhandle-Hugo- ton field of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas is the outstanding example of one of the great fields. Each of the gas-producing provinces encompasses areas where there are uplifts and complementary basins of deposition in which great thicknesses of sediments have been deposited during geologic time. Some of these basins or geosynclines were not folded or greatly disturbed. Others have been uplifted and folded into great synclinoria. Still others are broad, commonly shallow, nearly symmetrical basins which were not downfolded into the form of a typical geosyncline, but which underwent varied degrees of differential subsidence and local folding. These provinces are discussed in more detail in other sections of this symposium, but must be described briefly in this section in order to emphasize the importance of thorough knowledge of the geological conditions encountered in estimating reserves and potential supply of natural gas.
Requirements for Making Gas And/or Oil Loans and Summary of Current Factors in Estimating Reserves
Authors: Vance Harold 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A “gas and oil loan,” as the term generally is used, is a loan secured by a mortgage on a productive property capable of producing future net income from the production of hydrocarbons. The primary security is the expected income from the property; the secondary security is the net worth of the borrower. A gas and oil loan is self-liquidating. The loan is reduced each month by payments from runs. Such loans generally carry a higher rate of interest than other loans, because the cost of processing and servicing such a loan is greater. Operations of many producers could not be carried on if money were not available through bank loans on future production. Generally, an operator who has completed and paid for his interest in two producing wells may obtain a loan from a bank for drilling, equipping, and completing a third well; the bank takes all three wells as security for the loan. A development loan secured by several wells in several different fields is preferred by banks, because of the widespread security.
Evaluation of oil and gas properties includes estimation of recoverable reserves, future rate of production, annual net income, and economic limit of the property. An evaluation report should be realistic and should not be adjusted for “personal safety factors.” A property may be re-evaluated as each new well is completed. The objective in evaluation of gas and oil properties is to determine the present value of future net income from the property. Estimates must be made of future production, rate of production, future selling price, cost of producing, cost of additional wells and equipment to produce estimated future production, and present-value interest-discount factor.
Except for the present-value discount factor, which can be secured from standard tables, all the factors can be estimated if sufficient data are available. Methods used to estimate the volume of recoverable hydrocarbons vary slightly, depending on the content of the reservoir. Different methods are used to estimate recoverable reserves in a free-gas reservoir, a condensate reservoir, and an oil reservoir. The results of estimates should be checked by several different methods, e.g., volumetric, production-decline curves, rate-cumulative decline curves, reservoir pressure-cumulative production curves, and material-balance calculations.