bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drivers of intraspecific lethal aggression in mammals
Authors: Andrade Mayane Alves , Oliveira Diene , Mazzochini Guilherme Gerhardt , Amado Talita Ferreira , Gouveia Sidney Feitosa , Martinez Pablo Ariel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo assess whether interspecific variation in lethal intraspecific aggressiveness in mammals exhibits a geographical gradient and, if so, to identify which ecological, social and evolutionary processes could explain such patterns.LocationGlobal.TaxonMammalia.MethodsWe mapped intraspecific lethal aggressivity for 952 terrestrial mammal species and, through an assemblage‐based and phylogenetic approach, tested at a global scale four hypotheses that may explain differences in lethal aggressivity: the seasonal effects of photoperiod seasonality, food resource availability, social organisation and evolutionary history.ResultsPhotoperiod seasonality, which is linked to hormonal control, was the best predictor of lethal aggressivity. However, interactions between the environment and evolutionary factors explained the higher proportion of interspecific variation.Main conclusionsThe geography of behavioural traits, affecting multiple adaptive pathways, is an important emerging area of biogeographical research with high potential relevance for interpreting other macroecological patterns.
Range extension of the miniature pencil‐catfish Potamoglanis wapixana (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) into the Essequibo River basin, Guyana
Authors: Henschel Elisabeth , Lujan Nathan K. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTMorphological examination of Potamoglanis specimens from three localities in the Essequibo River basin, Guyana, and one location in the Branco River basin, Brazil, confirmed their identification as Potamoglanis wapixana – a species originally described from only the Branco River basin. Morphological similarity of these miniature catfishes on opposite sides of the Rupununi savannah watershed divide and new records from lentic habitat suggest that either their modern populations predate the Pliocene division of the Branco and Essequibo rivers or the species is capable of living in and/or migrating across the Rupununi Portal – a seasonally flooded hydrological connection known to facilitate the movement of mostly much larger fishes between the Branco and Essequibo basins.
Genetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of Iodobacter limnosediminis associated with skin lesions in freshwater fish
Authors: Korkea‐aho Tiina Liisa , Viljamaa‐Dirks Satu , Heinikainen Sirpa , Kuronen Henry , Tiirola Marja 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe relatively unknown genus Iodobacter sp. has been repeatedly isolated from skin ulcers and saprolegniosis on freshwater fish in Finland, especially farmed salmonids. Genetic characterization verified that all 23 bacterial isolates studied here belonged to the species Iodobacter limnosediminis, previously undescribed from the fish microbiota. Whole‐genome pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis revealed variability between the I. limnosediminis strains, suggesting that they were most likely of environmental origin. Two I. limnosediminis strains caused lesions in 27%–53% of brown trout (Salmo trutta) injected intramuscularly (p ≤ .05). The lesions represented moderate to severe tissue damage, but for most fish, the tissues had been repaired by the end of the experiment through the accumulation of fibrocytes and macrophages at the site of the lesion. I. limnosediminis was reisolated from some lesions and/or internal organs. Phenotypically and biochemically, I. limnosediminis resembles several common bacterial species found in the aquatic environment, as it grows well on several media as whitish medium‐sized colonies, is Gram negative and rod‐shaped. Here, we characterized I. limnosediminis strains with several methods, including MALDI‐TOF. This characterization will help in further investigations into the occurrence and possible involvement of I. limnosediminis in skin lesions of freshwater fish.
Distinct brain regional proteome changes in the rTg‐DI rat model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Schrader Joseph M. , Xu Feng , Van Nostrand William E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a prevalent cerebral small vessel disease in the elderly and a common comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by cerebral vascular amyloid accumulation, cerebral infarction, microbleeds, and intracerebral hemorrhages and is a prominent contributor to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Here, we investigate proteome changes associated with specific pathological features in several brain regions of rTg‐DI rats, a preclinical model of CAA. Whereas varying degrees of microvascular amyloid and associated neuroinflammation are found in several brain regions, the presence of microbleeds and occluded small vessels is largely restricted to the thalamic region of rTg‐DI rats, indicating different levels of CAA and associated pathologies occur in distinct brain regions in this model. Here, using SWATHLC‐MS/MS, we report specific proteomic analysis of isolated brain regions and employ pathway analysis to correlate regionally specific proteomic changes with uniquely implicated molecular pathways. Pathway analysis suggested common activation of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), abnormal nervous system morphology, and neutrophil degranulation in all three regions. Activation of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) was common to the hippocampus and thalamus, which share high CAA loads, while the thalamus, which uniquely exhibits thrombotic events, additionally displayed activation of thrombin and aggregation of blood cells. Thus, we present significant and new insight into the cerebral proteome changes found in distinct brain regions with differential CAA‐related pathologies of rTg‐DI rats and provide new information on potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with these regional disease processes.
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Sample context effect in acceptability rating of beverages: Are hedonic ratings absolute in evaluative sets with outlier samples?
Authors: Albiol Tapia Marta , Baik Hwa‐Young , Lee Soo‐Yeun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe effect of large differences across samples served in the same evaluative set in a consumer acceptance test design has yet to be examined. In this study, tea and cola products were used to determine the effect of including a significantly different sample, namely an outlier, in a set of samples that are similar in liking. An additional consumer test with orange juice products was conducted to determine the effects of an outlier being more liked or less liked compared to the other samples, and the outlier being served randomly versus fixed at a given presentation position. Results showed that including a less‐liked outlier in an evaluative set did not create a context effect; thus, the liking ratings of other samples were not compressed toward the high end of the hedonic scale. However, including an outlier in the first serving position resulted in a higher discrimination of other samples. Fixing an outlier in the last serving position resulted in significantly lower scores for less‐liked outliers, but no difference for more‐liked outliers. In conclusion, contrast effect is minimal when created by the presence of an outlier in an evaluative set, where liking scores display a rather absolute behavior.Practical applicationThese findings demonstrate that acceptance ratings of similar samples are not significantly influenced by the presence of a sample outlier. Liking scores of the beverages tested in this study therefore seem to be absolute. This contrasts with previous literature on intensity ratings, which are comparative in nature and prone to bias caused by context effect. When considering whether to include a sample outlier (such as a highly different competitor product) in a consumer test of similar samples (for example, different prototypes of the same product), researchers may do so randomized within the same evaluative set.
Intraspecific diversity and genetic structure in the widespread macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum
Authors: Krueger‐Hadfield Stacy A. , Byers James E. , Bonthond Guido , Terada Ryuta , Weinberger Florian , Sotka Erik E. 
Published: July 2021

Single‐gene markers, such as the mitochondrial cox1, microsatellites, and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms are powerful methods to describe diversity within and among taxonomic groups and characterize phylogeographic patterns. Large repositories of publicly‐available, molecular data can be combined to generate and evaluate evolutionary hypotheses for many species, including algae. In the case of biological invasions, the combination of different molecular markers has enabled the description of the geographic distribution of invasive lineages. Here, we review the phylogeography of the widespread invasive red macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum (synonym Gracilaria vermiculophylla). The cox1 barcoding provided the first description of the invasion history and hinted at a strong genetic bottleneck during the invasion. Yet, more recent microsatellite and SNP genotyping has not found evidence for bottlenecks and instead suggested that genetically diverse inocula arose from a highly diverse source population, multiple invasions, or some mix of these processes. The bottleneck evident from cox1 barcoding likely reflects the dominance of one mitochondrial lineage, and one haplotype in particular, in the northern source populations in Japan. Recent cox1 sequencing of A. vermiculophyllum has illuminated the complexity of phylogeographic structure in its native range of the northwest Pacific Ocean. For example, the western coast of Honshu in the Sea of Japan displays spatial patterns of haplotypic diversity with multiple lineages found together at the same geographic site. By consolidating the genetic data of this species, we clarify the phylogenetic relationships of a well‐studied macroalga introduced to virtually every temperate estuary of the Northern Hemisphere.
Finding needles in a haystack—Extensive diversity in the eustigmatophyceae revealed by community metabarcode analysis targeting the rbcL gene using lineage‐directed primers
Authors: Fawley Marvin W. , Fawley Karen P. , Cahoon Aubrey Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Sequences from the Stramenopile class Eustigmatophyceae are rarely reported in metabarcoding studies, and when they have been reported, there are very few haplotypes. We hypothesized that the paucity of eustigmatophyte species detected in these studies may be a result of the metabarcoding techniques used, which have primarily employed universal ribosomal RNA gene regions. In this study, we examined environmental DNA samples from 22 sites in southwestern Virginia, some of which had previously been studied using ribosomal RNA analysis. We used metabarcoding techniques targeting the plastid rbcL gene with new primers designed to produce a 370 bp amplicon from all lineages of the Eustigmatophyceae in a reference collection. The amplicons were then analyzed with DADA2 to produce amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Our results revealed 184 rbcL haplotypes that can be tentatively assigned to the Eustigmatophyceae from these sites, representing much higher diversity than has been detected by ribosomal DNA‐based studies. The techniques employed can be used for future studies of population structure, ecology, distribution, and diversity of this class. With these techniques, it should be possible to make realistic estimates of the species‐level diversity of the Eustigmatophyceae on local, regional, and perhaps global scales.
External validation of hepatocellular carcinoma risk scores in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China
Authors: Lou Tao , Li Bin , Xiong Pian , Jin Caiting , Chen Yagang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral scores have been proposed in untreated or treated patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to predict risks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence. However, it is still unclear which score suits all chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients well, regardless of whether they are chronic carriers or CHB patients. In this study, we validated and compared the predictability of CU‐HCC, REACH‐B, PAGE‐B and mPAGE‐B in patients with chronic HBV infection in China. 1,786 patients with no history of HCC were recruited, with 978 carriers and 808 CHB patients on antiviral therapy. Patients were classified into low‐ and high‐risk groups according to the predefined cut‐off values of 5, 8, 10 and 9 for CU‐HCC, REACH‐B, PAGE‐B and mPAGE‐B. The median follow‐up period was 43.7months, during which 18 (1.0%) patients developed HCC. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of CU‐HCC, REACH‐B, PAGE‐B and mPAGE‐B scores to predict HCC risk at 36 months were 0.815, 0.703, 0.794 and 0.825, respectively (all p < 0.05). No significant difference among AUROCs of these scores was observed except those of mPAGE‐B and REACH‐B at 36 months. The cumulative incidence of HCC in low‐ and high‐ risk groups based on CU‐HCC, REACH‐B, PAGE‐B and mPAGE‐B were 0.4% vs. 3.2%, 0.7% vs. 1.5%, 0.2% vs. 1.3%, and 0.2% vs. 1.7% at 36 months, respectively (all p < 0.05, except PAGE‐B, log‐rant test). Both CU‐HCC and mPAGE‐B scores accurately predict HCC risk in Chinese chronic HBV‐infected patients. Patients with CU‐HCC <5 or mPAGE‐B <9 could be exempt from HCC surveillance within 36 months.
We eat meat: a review of carnivory in bats
Authors: Gual‐Suárez Fernando , Medellín Rodrigo A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Some bat species in the families Phyllostomidae, Megadermatidae, and Nycteridae have long been known to consume terrestrial vertebrates and, more recently, reports of aerial‐hawking vespertilionid carnivores have surfaced.

We review the diets, hunting behaviour and roosting ecology of 17 bat species that are known to consume terrestrial vertebrates: Vampyrum spectrum, Chrotopterus auritus, Trachops cirrhosus, Macroderma gigas, Megaderma (Lyroderma) lyra, Nycteris grandis, Nyctalus lasiopterus, Nyctalus aviator, Ia io, Antrozous pallidus, Cardioderma cor, Phyllostomus hastatus, Mimon (Gardnerycteris) crenulatum, Mimon cozumelae, Tonatia saurophila, Tonatia bidens, and Lophostoma silvicolum.

Data on their diet and roosts were obtained from 241 original works, with considerable differences in the amount of research and information available among species.

Carnivorous bats were found to belong to an ecologically diverse group and share little but their diet. Therefore, we define a carnivorous bat as a bat that, either year‐round or seasonally, uses terrestrial vertebrates as the main component of its diet, at least in part of its geographic range.

We conclude from available data that Mimon crenulatum, Lophostoma silvicolum, Mimon cozumelae, Phyllostomus hastatus, Tonatia bidens, Tonatia saurophila, Cardioderma cor, and Antrozous pallidus use vertebrates as a minor part of their diet and should not be considered carnivorous.

The nine other species we reviewed do fit into the definition of carnivorous bats, and can be further subdivided based on their ecology and the seasonality of their habits into three categories: year‐round predominantly gleaning carnivores (Chrotopterus auritus, Trachops cirrhosus, and Vampyrum spectrum), seasonal predominantly gleaning carnivores (Megaderma lyra, Macroderma gigas, and Nycteris grandis) and seasonal aerial‐hawking bird‐eating carnivores (Ia io, Nyctalus aviator, and Nyctalus lasiopterus).
On the fixation or nonfixation of inversions under epistatic selection
Authors: Charlesworth Brian , Flatt Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral recent publications have stated that epistatic fitness interactions cause the fixation of inversions that suppress recombination among the loci involved. Under this type of selection, however, the suppression of recombination in an inversion heterozygote can create a form of heterozygote advantage, which prevents the inversion from becoming fixed by selection. This process has been explicitly modelled by previous workers.
Killing two enemies with one stone? Genomics of resistance to two sympatric pathogens in Norway spruce
Authors: Capador‐Barreto Hernán D. , Bernhardsson Carolina , Milesi Pascal , Vos Ingrid , Lundén Karl , Wu Harry X. , Karlsson Bo , Ingvarsson Pär K. , Stenlid Jan , Elfstrand Malin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTrees must cope with the attack of multiple pathogens, often simultaneously during their long lifespan. Ironically, the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling this process are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic component of resistance in Norway spruce to Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and its sympatric congener Heterobasidion parviporum. Heterobasidion root‐ and stem‐rot is a major disease of Norway spruce caused by members of the Heterobasidion annosum species complex. Resistance to both pathogens was measured using artificial inoculations in half‐sib families of Norway spruce trees originating from central to northern Europe. The genetic component of resistance was analysed using 63,760 genome‐wide exome‐capture sequenced SNPs and multitrait genome‐wide associations. No correlation was found for resistance to the two pathogens; however, associations were found between genomic variants and resistance traits with synergic or antagonist pleiotropic effects to both pathogens. Additionally, a latitudinal cline in resistance in the bark to H. annosum s.s. was found; trees from southern latitudes, with a later bud‐set and thicker stem diameter, allowed longer lesions, but this was not the case for H. parviporum. In summary, this study detects genomic variants with pleiotropic effects which explain multiple disease resistance from a genic level and could be useful for selection of resistant trees to both pathogens. Furthermore, it highlights the need for additional research to understand the evolution of resistance traits to multiple pathogens in trees.
Muscle power and physical dysfunction: A model for tailoring rehabilitation in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Wilkinson Thomas J. , Gore Eleanor F. , Baker Luke A. , Watson Emma L. , Smith Alice C. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by adverse physical function. Mechanical muscle power describes the product of muscular force and velocity of contraction. In CKD, the role of mechanical muscle power is poorly understood and often overlooked as a target in rehabilitation. The aims of this study were to investigate the association of mechanical power with the ability to complete activities of daily living and physical performance.MethodMechanical muscle power was estimated using the sit‐to‐stand‐5 test. Legs lean mass was derived using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Physical performance was assessed using gait speed and ‘timed‐up‐and‐go’ (TUAG) tests. Self‐reported activities of daily living (ADLs) were assessed via the Duke Activity Status Index. Balance and postural stability (postural sway and velocity) was assessed using a FysioMeter. Sex‐specific tertiles were used to determine low levels of power.ResultsOne hundred and two non‐dialysis CKD participants were included (age: 62.0 (±14.1) years, n = 49 males (48%), eGFR: 38.0 (±21.5) ml/min/1.73m2). The mean relative power was 3.1 (±1.5) W/kg in females and 3.3 (±1.3) W/kg in males. Low relative power was found in 34% of patients. Relative power was an independent predictor of ADLs (β = .413, p = .004), and TUAG (β = −.719, p < .001) and gait speed (β = .404, p = .003) performance. Skeletal muscle mass was not associated with any outcomes.ConclusionKnowledge of the factors that mediate physical function impairment is crucial for developing effective interventions. Incorporation of power‐based training focusing primarily on movement velocity may present the best strategy for improving physical function in CKD, above those that focus on increasing muscle mass.
Dissecting multiple accountabilities: A problem of multiple forums or of conflicting demands?
Authors: Aleksovska Marija , Schillemans Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe necessity for public sector actors to manage multiple accountabilities in their work has been linked to a number of problems and failures, yet we lack an understanding of how multiple accountabilities affect the decision‐making behavior of civil servants. Here we argue that the main issue is not only the existence of multiple forums as such but the presence of conflicting demands between multiple forums or within a single forum. Drawing on sociopsychological research, we develop hypotheses regarding two types of behavioral strategies (high‐effort and low‐effort) to cope with accountability pressures. We test this using a realistic vignette experiment on a sample of 270 Dutch regulators. Results show that both the multiplicity of forums and the conflict of demands affect the likelihood that regulators seek help and procrastinate. The main issue is the conflicting demands that have a stronger effect on behavior than forum multiplicity.
Midlatency auditory evoked potentials during anesthesia in children: A narrative review
Authors: Cheung Yuen M. , de Heer Iris J. , Stolker Robert Jan , Weber Frank 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe brain is considered as the major target organ of anesthetic agents. Despite that, a reliable means to monitor its function during anesthesia is lacking. Mid latency auditory evoked potentials are known to be sensitive to anesthetic agents and might therefore be a measure of hypnotic state in pediatric patients. This review investigates the available literature describing various aspects of mid latency auditory evoked potential monitoring in pediatric anesthesia.
Wittgenstein’s Dreams of Meaning
Authors: Gert Heather J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSprinkled through Wittgenstein’s later writings is an analogy designed to appeal to his interlocutors:experiences of meaningare likedreams. But Wittgenstein gives the analogy a twist. He agrees with his interlocutor that the meaning‐blind man’s talk might be said to be always dreamless. In contrast with his interlocutor, however, he holds that our own talk is ordinarily dreamless. To see why this is, we must understand that the use of the word “dream” contains, or encourages, an error. This paper examines that error and how understanding it helps us understand Wittgenstein’s thoughts about meaning, experiences of meaning, and meaning‐blindness.