bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential perturbations of gut microbial profiles and co‐occurrence networks among phases of methamphetamine‐induced conditioned place preference
Authors: Wang Yinan , Zhang Jianbo , Deji Cuola , Fan Jingna , Miao Xinyao , Li Shuaicheng , Zeng Xiaofeng , Guan Fanglin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe gut–brain axis provides a pathway for the interaction between gut microbiota and methamphetamine (METH) addiction. However, the gut microbial signatures during different phases of METH use remain unclear. In the present study, we established models of acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement of METH‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male mice and detected the gut microbiome profiles of the fecal samples at the three phases by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results revealed that the richness of the gut microbiome increased following repeated METH administration, and it decreased after 4 weeks of abstinence. The microbial richness remained at a low level after one METH challenge at the reinstatement phase. The abundance of several genera including Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus differentially altered among phases of METH‐induced CPP. The co‐occurrence networks of the gut microbiome became weaker and more unstable during the development of METH‐induced CPP at the extinction and reinstatement phases. Notably, the predicted gene functions of short‐chain fatty acid metabolism, which were correlated with the abundance of Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus, were found differentially enriched among phases of METH‐induced CPP. Our findings highlight a potential association between perturbations of the gut microbiome and different phases of METH use.
Differences in multi‐model ensembles of CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections for future droughts in South Korea
Authors: Song Young Hoon , Shahid Shamsuddin , Chung Eun‐Sung 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study quantified the uncertainties of future drought projections in the South Korea case by means of the reliability ensemble averaging (REA) of 10 GCM equivalents of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6). Two meteorological drought indices, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 of CMIP5 and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 of CMIP6 were considered. The GCMs' performances for the historical period were evaluated, and their biases were corrected using quantile mapping. The multi‐model ensemble (MME) means of the GCMs were generated using the entropy and TOPSIS methods. The results showed that the TOPSIS MME estimated more intense droughts than the entropy MME. The levels of SPI and SPEI severity estimated using the entropy MME were higher than those from the TOPSIS MME. The SPI and SPEI outcomes of RCP4.5 were much more robust than those of SSP2‐4.5. The projected drought severity in the near future was much greater than in the far future, while the reliability of drought projections in the far future was much higher than in the near future. The reliability levels of drought projections for the SSP scenarios were higher than for the RCPs for most durations. This study can support planning and management of future droughts considering uncertainty variables.
Normal anthropometry does not equal normal body composition in pediatric intestinal failure
Authors: Yanchis Dianna , Belza Christina , Harrison Debra , Wong‐Sterling Sylvia , Kean Penni , So Stephanie , Patterson Catherine , Wales Paul W. , Avitzur Yaron , Courtney‐Martin Glenda 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundPublished reports on abnormal body composition in pediatric patients with intestinal failure have been in patients with poor growth. The goal of the current study is to report the body composition of normally growing patients with intestinal failure.MethodsChildren 8–18 years old with a dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) between January 1, 2013, and July 15, 2018, were included in the study. Data were retrospectively collected from the medical charts and included demographics, residual bowel anatomy, nutrition support, height, and weight. DXA data, including total body less head bone mineral density (BMD), fat mass (FM), and fat‐free mass (FFM), were collected and compared with published literature controls matched for age and sex.ResultsThirty‐four children met inclusion criteria. Mean age at the time of DXA was 9.6 ± 1.8 years. Weight‐ and height‐for‐age z‐scores were −0.4 ± 0.9 and −0.5 ± 1.0, respectively. Mean BMD z‐score was −1.0 ± 1.3. Twenty‐six percent of patients (n = 9) had reduced BMD. Patients with intestinal failure had higher FM (P = .02) and lower FFM (P = .02) compared with controls.ConclusionsThese data show that, despite reference range z‐scores for height and weight, children with intestinal failure are at risk for abnormal body composition. Body composition should be routinely measured in children with intestinal failure to direct nutrition interventions.
Bench tests for microscopic theory of Raman scattering in powders of disordered nonpolar crystals: Nanodiamonds and beyond
Authors: Yashenkin Andrey G. , Utesov Oleg I. , Koniakhin Sergei V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecent Raman data on nanocrystallite arrays are revised within the microscopic theory for Raman peaks positions and broadening (linewidth). The theory combines the elasticity theory‐like approach for optical phonons used in order to evaluate the Raman peaks structure and the Green's function method applied for the phonon lines broadening. These theories are supported by the atomistic calculations within the dynamical matrix method for optical phonons and by the bond polarization model used to calculate the Raman intensities. The experimental data on four various nanopowders are analyzed with the use of this theory. The large width of the Raman peak in nanoparticles as compared with the corresponding peak in bulk materials and the width inverse dependence on the particle size previously observed by other researchers are explained within the framework of the theory. It is shown that the theory is capable to extract confidently from the Raman data four important microscopic characteristics of the nanopowder including the mean particle size, the variance of the particle size distribution function, the strength of intrinsic disorder in the particle, and the effective faceting number that parameterizes the particle shape.
Synthesis and surface‐active properties of novel cleavable gemini surfactants
Authors: Gilbert Elangeni Ana , Guastavino Javier Fernando , Murguía Marcelo César 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA novel series of quaternary ammonium gemini compounds having a butynylene spacer and different hydrocarbon chain lengths (CGBu8‐16) were prepared. Carbonate group inserted between the hydrocarbon chains and the polar heads make these compounds hydrolyzable. The degradation under hydrolysis of these novel series will lead to the generation of fatty alcohols and readily degradable compounds. The reagents used are biodegradable, renewable, or reusable. The surface activities and foamability in aqueous solution of the cleavable gemini compounds containing n‐octyl, n‐decyl, and n‐dodecyl chains meet the criteria for being good surfactants and showed stable foams even at low concentrations.
Assessment of gelatinolytic proteinases in chilled grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets: characterization and contribution to texture softening
Authors: Shen Jiandong , Jiang Qixing , Zhang Wei , Xu Yanshun , Xia Wenshui 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDTexture softening is always a problem during chilling of grass carp fillets. To solve this problem and provide for better quality of flesh, understanding the mechanism of softening is necessary. Gelatinolytic proteinases are suspected to play an essential role in the disintegration of collagen in softening of fish flesh. In the present study, the types and contribution of gelatinolytic proteinases in chilled fillets were investigated.RESULTSFour active bands (G1, 250 kDa; G2, 68 kDa; G3, 66 kDa; G4, 29 kDa) of gelatinolytic proteinases were identified in grass carp fillets by gelatin zymography. The effect of inhibitors and metal ions revealed that G1 was possibly a serine proteinase, G2 and G3 were calcium‐dependent metalloproteinases and G4 was a cysteine proteinase. The effect of the inhibitors phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), l‐3‐carboxy‐trans‐2,3‐epoxy‐propionyl‐l‐leucine‐4‐guanidinobutylamide (E‐64) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (Phen) on chilled fillets revealed that gelatinolytic proteinase activities were significantly suppressed. Collagen solubility indicated that metalloproteinase and serine proteinase played critical roles in collagen breakdown during the first 3 days, and cysteine proteinase revealed its effect after 3 days. Meanwhile, during chilled storage for 11 days, the final values of shear force increased 19.68% and 24.33% in PMSF and E‐64 treatments when compared to control fillets respectively, whereas the increase after Phen treatment was 49.89%.CONCLUSIONOur study concluded that the disintegration of collagen in post‐mortem softening of grass carp fillets was mainly mediated by metalloproteinase and to a lesser extent by serine proteinase and cysteine proteinase. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Shifts in biochemical and physiological responses by the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Triticum aestivum growing under drought conditions
Authors: Tereucán Gonzalo , Ruiz Antonieta , Nahuelcura Javiera , Oyarzún Paulina , Santander Christian , Winterhalter Peter , Ademar Avelar Ferreira Paulo , Cornejo Pablo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDA decrease in rainfall is one of the main constraints on wheat production, although the association of wheat with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be an alternative for crop production under drought conditions. In the present study, we used three wheat cultivars (Purple, Ilustre and Maxi Baer) inoculated with two AMF strains, one obtained from the hyperarid Atacama Desert (northern Chile; Fm) and the other obtained from southern Chile (Cc). Plants were maintained under two irrigation conditions (normal irrigation and drought) and the physiological behaviour and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities in the shoots were determined. In addition, the phenolic compounds were identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐dioide array detection‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry and quantified.RESULTSAMF colonization produced higher levels of efficiency of photosystem II and photosynthetic pigments. High values of catalase in Purple‐Cc, ascorbate peroxidase in Purple‐Cc, glutathione reductase in Maxi‐Cc and superoxide dismutase in Purple‐Cc, all under stress, were registered. Of the inoculated cultivars, Purple‐Cc showed the highest flavonoid levels, whereas hydroxycinnamic acids were higher in Maxi‐Fm without drought, with apigenin and luteolin being the most abundant. High levels of phenols were present in the Ilustre‐Fm plants without drought. Under normal irrigation, high levels of antioxidant activity were registered in the AMF treatments, whereas, under stress conditions, in general, high values were observed under the Fm inoculation.CONCLUSIONOur results showed that the greatest antioxidant activity and phenolic content occurred in wheat plants inoculated with AMF, indicating their influence on coping with water stress, which is of importance in vast areas where global climate change is resulting in diminished rainfall. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impact of preoperative transcatheter rectal arterial chemoembolization with concurrent chemoradiotherapy on surgery and prognosis of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer
Authors: Meng Wenjun , Yang Bo , Huang Bin , Chen Chuan , Zhu Jianwu , Jian Dan , Zhong Li , Wang Dong , Li Chunxue , Bai Lian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo analyze and evaluate the impact of preoperative transcatheter rectal arterial chemoembolization (TRACE) with concurrent chemoradiotherapy on surgery and prognosis of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC).MethodsA total of 118 patients with LARC were enrolled in this nonrandomized prospective study. They were assigned into the experimental group receiving preoperative TRACE with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (TRACE‐CRT group, N = 60) and the control group receiving only neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT group, N = 58). All patients underwent surgery after their preoperative treatments.ResultsAll patients successfully completed the surgical operation. No significant differences were found in sphincter preservation rate and R0 resection rate between TRACE‐CRT group and CRT group (p > 0.05). No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of the perioperative indicators and postoperative complications except mean operation time (165.8 vs. 196.6 min, p < 0.001). Local recurrence occurred in 8 and 5 patients, respectively (p > 0.05). Distant metastasis occurred in 5 and 11 patients, respectively (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAdding TRACE in the preoperative standard treatment for LARC did not increase perioperative complications. In addition, it has the potential advantage of preventing distant metastasis. It is worthy of further application and promotion in clinical practice.
Boundary values of binding constants determined by affinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Sursyakova Viktoria V. , Rubaylo Anatoly I. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study shows that the upper limit of binding (stability) constants determined by mobility shift affinity capillary electrophoresis can be increased from 104 to 106–109 L/mol if the lowest possible analyte concentration in samples is used (for example, the concentration that gives electrophoretic peaks with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 10) and the effective electrophoretic mobility of the analyte is calculated via the parameter a1 of the Haarhoff‐Van der Linde function. The equation to calculate the boundary values of binding constants for 1:1 complexes was derived for the case when the constants cannot be calculated in the usual way. These values are obtained from the inequality: the difference between the ionic mobility of the analyte‐ligand complex and the effective electrophoretic mobility of the analyte determined at the lowest ligand concentration in the background electrolyte at which the analyte appears as an undistorted peak in electropherograms is less than or equal to the absolute error in mobility measurements. The application of the equation was illustrated by the example of electrophoretic data for a complex between betulin 3,28‐diphthalate and (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin. An algorithm to determine the binding constants for strong complexation by mobility shift affinity capillary electrophoresis was suggested.
A retrospective analysis of surgery in prestyloid parapharyngeal tumors: Lateral approaches vs transoral robotic surgery
Authors: Virós Porcuna David , Pardo Muñoz Laura , Viña Soria Constanza , Nicastro Viviana , Palau Viarnès Mar , Pollán Guisasola Carlos 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveSurgery is the standard treatment for most tumors in the prestyloid parapharyngeal space (PPS) but it can be a challenging procedure because of the anatomical complexity of the area. Prestyloid surgery can be performed with various lateral approaches or with a medial approach using transoral robotic surgery (TORS)—either alone or in combination with a transcervical incision. We have retrospectively compared our center's results with lateral and medial approaches.MethodsBetween 2015 and 2020, 28 patients with prestyloid PPS tumors underwent surgery at our center: 14 with lateral approaches, including transcervical, transcervical‐parotid, and transcervical‐mandibular, and 14 with medial approaches (12 with TORS and two with TORS plus a transcervical incision). We compared surgical time, postsurgical complications, length of hospital stay, need for feeding tube, and relapse‐free survival in the two patient groups.ResultsPleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent tumor and 60.7% of the tumors were benign. Tumor volume and maximum length were similar in the two groups of patients. Intraoperative image guidance and ultrasound were used in 33% of TORS. TORS was associated with less surgical time, fewer complications, and shorter hospital stays. Recurrence rates were similar in the two groups.ConclusionThe medial approach by TORS offers superior results in prestyloid tumors than the open lateral approach and can be refined by intraoperative guidance.Level of Evidence: 4
Artificial Melanogenesis by Confining Melanin/Polydopamine Production inside Polymersomes
Authors: Meyer Claire E. , Schoenenberger Cora‐Ann , Wehr Riccardo P. , Wu Dalin , Palivan Cornelia G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMelanin and polydopamine are potent biopolymers for the development of biomedical nanosystems. However, applications of melanin or polydopamine‐based nanoparticles are limited by drawbacks related to a compromised colloidal stability over long time periods and associated cytotoxicity. To overcome these hurdles, a novel strategy is proposed that mimics the confinement of natural melanin in melanosomes. Melanosome mimics are developed by co‐encapsulating the melanin/polydopamine precursors L‐DOPA/dopamine with melanogenic enzyme Tyrosinase within polymersomes. The conditions of polymersome formation are optimized to obtain melanin/polydopamine polymerization within the cavity of the polymersomes. Similar to native melanosomes, polymersomes containing melanin/polydopamine show long‐term colloidal stability, cell‐compatibility, and potential for cell photoprotection. This novel kind of artificial melanogenesis is expected to inspire new applications of the confined melanin/polydopamine biopolymers.
Aggregation Behavior of Asymmetric Diblock Polyampholyte in Aqueous Solution over a Wide Range of pH and Ionic Strength
Authors: Trindade Suelen G. , da Silveira Nádya P. , Loh Watson 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aggregation behavior of the asymmetric diblock polyampholyte poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐block‐poly(acrylic acid) (PDMAEMA86‐b‐PAA24) is studied by static and dynamic light scattering techniques (S/DLS) in aqueous solutions. The molecular assemblies formed by this copolymer are monitored in pure water and over a wide pH range. At pH 5.5, where both blocks are ionized, spherical polymer micelles with hydrodynamic radius (RH) around 124 nm are detected. These micelles are composed of a large and highly hydrated core formed by the electrostatic complexation between the oppositely charged blocks, and a corona formed by the uncompensated cationic PDMAEMA chains. By combining the results of light scattering, small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission eletron microscopy (Cryo‐TEM) techniques and the predictions of theoretical models from the literature, an aggregation model is proposed, similar to already described crew‐cut micelles. These aggregates display resistance to high ionic strengths, suggesting a transition from electrostatic to hydrophobic intermolecular interactions accounting for micelle formation, which is confirmed by the increased incorporation of a hydrophobic probe. The persistence of the aggregates even in conditions at which one of the blocks displays no charge (at extreme pH values) or with high salt concentration, is attributed to remaining hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions that contribute to the core formation.
Polymeric Blatter's Radical via CuAAC and ROMP
Authors: Saal Adrian , Friebe Christian , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA Blatter radical‐containing polymer backbone is synthesized via copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and consecutive ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. For this, an alkyne‐functionalized Blatter radical is synthesized and used for the described CuAAC, yielding a polymerizable derivative of the radical. The resulting polymer is electrochemically investigated in cyclic voltammetry experiments, paving the way for the possible utilization of triazinyl radicals in all‐organic polymer batteries. Furthermore, the simple modification of the alkyne bond makes further derivatization easily accessible.
Co‐Self‐Seeding Approach toward Uniform Fiber‐Like Comicelles: Regulating Length and Distribution of Corona‐Forming Chains of Comicelles by Metal Ions
Authors: Wang Zhiqin , Ma Chen , Huang Xiaoyu , Lu Guolin , Feng Chun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCo‐self‐seeding has emerged as a versatile approach toward obtaining uniform fiber‐like comicelles with controlled length and morphology. The critic dissolution temperature (Tc) of seed micelles is one of the most important factors dictating the length and morphology of resulting comicelles. To vary the length and morphology of comicelles generated via co‐self‐seeding approach, one usually needs to use a new block copolymer (BCP) with different core‐forming and/or corona‐forming segment, which requires tedious synthesis. Herein, a postmodification strategy is reported to tune the Tc of seed micelles by using metal ions as additives, rather than varying the chemical structure of BCPs. A pair of BCPs of OPV5‐b‐P2VP42 and OPV5‐b‐PNIPAM49 (OPV = oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene), P2VP = poly(2‐vinylpyridine), PNIPAM = poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide), subscripts are the number of repeat unit for each block) as models. The Tc of seed micelles of OPV5‐b‐P2VP42 is significantly enhanced by adding Cu2+ ions, owing to the coordination of pyridyls to Cu2+ ions, whereas the Tc of seed micelles of OPV5‐b‐PNIPAM49 is hardly affected by Cu2+ ions with the presence of P2VP chains. In this way, the length and distribution of corona‐forming chains of resulting fiber‐like comicelles can be easily tuned by the addition of Cu2+ ions.
Development and Challenges of Thermal Interface Materials: A Review
Authors: Yuan Zhenye , Ma Haoqi , Hussien Mohammed A. , Feng Yakai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWith the development of electronic equipment components in the direction of integration, miniaturization, and intelligence, their increasingly high heat dissipation requirements pose a high challenge to the thermal conductivity (TC) of thermal interface materials (TIMs). Polymer‐based composite materials with high TC have gradually been favored because of their good processing performance, low cost, and low density. It is important to summarize the relationship between the problems of low heat conduction and their solutions in relation to polymer‐based composite materials. For this purpose, this review comprehensively discusses the basic mechanisms of heat transfer inside polymer‐based TIMs, the current challenges, and future prospects for improving TC. Strategies involving surface modification and network construction can reduce interfacial thermal resistance and enhance heat conduction.