bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent chronic immune activation in HIV/HBV‐coinfected patients after antiretroviral therapy
Authors: He Yaozu , Cai Weiping , Chen Jingliang , Hu Fengyu , Li Feng , Lin Weiyin , Li Yonghong , Chen Xiejie , Tang Xiaoping , Li Linghua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe studied the characteristics of immune activation and investigated the underlying mechanisms in patients with human immunodeficiency virus‐1/hepatitis B virus (HIV/HBV) coinfection after receiving HBV‐active antiretroviral therapy. Forty patients with HIV/HBV coinfection, 38 patients with HIV monoinfection and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. CD4+ count, HIV load, HBV load, markers of immune activation and regulatory T‐cell (Treg cell) frequency were assessed and compared between HIV‐monoinfected and HIV/HBV‐coinfected patients at week 0 (baseline), 12, 24, 36 and 48 after the onset of HBV‐active antiretroviral therapy. Before antiretroviral therapy, frequencies of CD4+HLADR+CD38+, CD8+HLADR+CD38+, and Treg cells, and sCD163 and sCD14 levels were significantly higher in both HIV/HBV‐coinfected patients and HIV‐monoinfected patients, compared with healthy controls. Frequencies of CD4+HLADR+CD38+ and CD8+HLADR+CD38+ cells decreased following antiretroviral therapy in both groups. sCD163 levels did not change significantly in both groups and no significant difference was observed between the two groups at each time point during the 48‐week antiretroviral therapy. In week 24, levels of sCD14 and frequencies of Treg cells appeared significantly higher in HIV/HBV‐coinfected patients than in HIV‐monoinfected patients, in which sCD14 levels and Treg cell frequencies declined to those in healthy controls. The Treg cell frequency was consistent with that of sCD14 levels in HIV/HBV‐coinfected patients. Coinfection with HBV significantly increases sCD14 levels in HIV‐infected patients during HBV‐active antiretroviral therapy, which may potentially contribute to liver inflammation.
CroSR391, an ortholog of the λ Cro repressor, plays a major role in suppressing polVR391‐dependent mutagenesis
Authors: McDonald John P. , Quiros Dominic R. , Vaisman Alexandra , Mendez Antonio R. , Reyelt Jan , Schmidt Marlen , Gonzalez Martín , Woodgate Roger 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhen subcloned into low‐copy‐number expression vectors, rumAB, encoding polVR391 (RumA′2B), is best characterized as a potent mutator giving rise to high levels of spontaneous mutagenesis in vivo. This is in dramatic contrast to the poorly mutable phenotype when polVR391 is expressed from the native 88.5 kb R391, suggesting that R391 expresses cis‐acting factors that suppress the expression and/or the activity of polVR391. Indeed, we recently discovered that SetRR391, an ortholog of λ cI repressor, is a transcriptional repressor of rumAB. Here, we report that CroSR391, an ortholog of λ Cro, also serves as a potent transcriptional repressor of rumAB. Levels of RumA are dependent upon an interplay between SetRR391 and CroSR391, with the greatest reduction of RumA protein levels observed in the absence of SetRR391 and the presence of CroSR391. Under these conditions, CroSR391 completely abolishes the high levels of mutagenesis promoted by polVR391 expressed from low‐copy‐number plasmids. Furthermore, deletion of croSR391 on the native R391 results in a dramatic increase in mutagenesis, indicating that CroSR391 plays a major role in suppressing polVR391 mutagenesis in vivo. Inactivating mutations in CroSR391 therefore have the distinct possibility of increasing cellular mutagenesis that could lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria harboring R391.
Homogeneous blue lumps of the nipple‐areola complex in pubertal girls
Authors: Sechi Andrea , Vaccari Sabina , Parlangeli Antonella , Vara Giulio , Patrizi Annalisa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRetroareolar cysts are benign breast lesions caused by the obstruction and consequent dilatation of Montgomery tubercles. Herein, we report two cases of premenarchal girls who developed retroareolar cysts. Their course and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Correlations between clinical signs and corneal cytology in feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Lucyshyn Danica R. , Vernau William , Maggs David J. , Murphy Christopher J. , Leonard Brian C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess correlations between clinical and cytological features of feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis at the time of cytological diagnosis.Animals StudiedFifteen client‐owned, domestic breed cats (18 eyes) examined between 2007 and 2019.ProceduresAn electronic search and medical record review of cats diagnosed with feline eosinophilic keratitis or keratoconjunctivitis (FEK) based on clinical examination findings and eosinophils detected on corneal cytology were conducted. Clinical severity was graded using a modified version of a previously validated semiquantitative preclinical ocular toxicology scoring (SPOTS) system. Clinical grades were assigned following review of clinical images and medical record descriptions, and cytological grades were assigned following review of archived corneal cytology slides. Correlations were analyzed for significance using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.ResultsHigher total corneal scores correlated with higher total conjunctival scores, but not with total fluorescein scores. Small lymphocyte scores correlated negatively with scores for collagen degeneration or mineralization. Globule leukocytes, a unique cell type not previously described in ocular cytology, were identified in 4 of 18 cytological samples. Higher globule leukocyte scores were correlated with higher scores for mast cells or plasma cells. Specimens with lower eosinophil scores had higher globule leukocyte scores.ConclusionsLarge variability was detected in the cytological characteristics and clinical features of FEK‐affected cats. This is the first report of globule leukocytes being identified in ocular cytology from any species. The role of globule leukocytes in the etiopathogenesis and progression of FEK remains unknown and warrants further investigation.
Patterns of Teacher Trainee Grammar Talk in Second Language Classrooms
Authors: Abdullah Tina , Ismail Fauziah , Awang Zubaidah , Abd. Aziz@Ahmad Azian 
Published: June 2021

Literature in Language Teacher Education (LTE) has highlighted that teaching of grammar should be included as a foundational framework for all language teaching. This indicates that teacher trainees need to be trained with a firm foundation for grammar teaching in language classrooms. Thus, an investigation on how teacher trainees taught grammar and the pattern of their grammar instruction can provide insights to teacher trainees and teacher educators on grammar teaching methodology practised in language classrooms. By understanding how teacher trainees present grammar in their classrooms and what patterns emerged from their grammar instruction can lead to ongoing process of searching for better grammar teaching in language classrooms. This article shares the findings on an investigation conducted on how and what was practised by teacher trainees in their grammar instruction. Two prevalent patterns were discovered. Transmission technique which is teacher fronted and interaction technique which is teacher-student-teacher fronted were commonly practised by the trainees. However, the teacher-fronted technique dominates the interaction technique. This signals that teacher educators need to promote more interactive techniques in the LTE programme so that trainees are trained to teach grammar by utilising more interactive techniques such as questioning (to use more convergent and divergent questions instead of literal questions) and giving corrective feedback (to elicit and recast instead of repeating) which promote two-way grammar teaching.
Sir George Johnson FRCP (1818–96), high blood pressure and the continuing altercation about its origins
Authors: Dorrington Keith L. , Frise Matthew C. 
Published: June 2021

New FindingsWhat is the topic of this review?The review takes a historical approach to examining where in the body it might be possible to identify the most common cause, or causes, of long‐term hypertension. It gathers evidence from histology, human and animal physiology, and computational modelling. The burden of decades of controversy is noted.What advances does it highlight?The review highlights the distinctive pathology of the afferent renal circulation and what its consequences are for the widespread view that essential hypertension is caused by elevated peripheral vascular resistance.AbstractThe widely promulgated notion that long‐term elevation in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) can be caused by raised peripheral vascular resistance remains a subject of vigorous debate. According to the 1967 mathematical model of Guyton and Coleman, such a causal relationship is impossible, kidney function being the determining factor. We explore this altercation starting with Sir George Johnson's 19th‐century renal vascular histological observations in patients with Bright's disease. We note the striking physiological measurements in hypertensives by Gómez and Bolomey in the 1950s, moving on to the mathematical modelling of the circulation from the 1960s up to the ∼100‐parameter computer models of the present day. Confusion has been generated by the fact that peripheral resistance is raised in hypertension in close proportion to MAP whilst cardiac output often stays normal, an apparent autoregulation, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. All models allowing for the circulation to be an open system show that isolated changes in peripheral resistance cannot lead to long‐term hypertension, but models fail so frequently to account for results from experiments such as salt loading that their credibility with regard to this key finding is compromised. Laboratory animal models of adrenergic renal actions resonate with a contemporary emphasis on the sympathetic nerve supply to the kidney as contributing to the characteristically markedly elevated renal afferent resistance that appears to be the most common cause of hypertension. Remarkably, there remains no account of the way in which the fixed structural changes in vessels observed by Johnson relate to this sympathetic overactivity, which can itself be modified by drugs in the medium term. In this account, we seek to locate the crime scene and identify a smoking gun.
A Rational Friction Factor Correlation for Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flows of Shear-Thinning Non-Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Brewster Robert A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A friction factor correlation for laminar, hydrodynamically fully developed pipe flows of shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids is derived through analysis and asymptotic considerations. The specific non-Newtonian fluid model used is the extended modified power law model, which is functionally equivalent to the Cross model, and spans the entire shear rate range from the low to the high shear rate Newtonian regions, including the intermediate power law region. The friction factor correlation is a function of three dimensionless parameters and has an explicit form, making it well-suited to design calculations. The overall accuracy of the correlation is 6.6%, though it is much better than this in most cases. Graphical results for the correlation, and deviations with respect to high-accuracy numerical calculations are presented and discussed.
Two-Dimensional Flow Boiling Characteristics With Wettability Surface in Microgap Heat Sink and Heat Transfer Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Karim Anwarul , Kim Yoon Jo , Kim Jong-Hoon 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As technology becomes increasingly miniaturized, thermal management becomes challenging to keep devices away from overheating due to extremely localized heat dissipation. Two-phase cooling or flow boiling in microspaces utilizes the highly efficient thermal energy transport of phase change from liquid to vapor. However, the excessive consumption of liquid-phase by highly localized heat source causes the two-phase flow maldistribution, leading to a significantly reduced heat transfer coefficient, high-pressure loss, and limited flow rate. In this study, flow boiling in a two-dimensional (2D) microgap heat sink with a hydrophilic coating is investigated with bubble morphology, heat transfer, and pressure drop for conventional (nonhydrophilic) and hydrophilic heat sinks. The experiments are carried out on a stainless steel (SS) plate, having a microgap depth of 170 μm using de-ionized (DI) water at room temperature. Two different hydrophilic surfaces (partial and full channel shape) are fabricated on the heated surface to compare the thermal performance with the conventional surface. Vapor films and slugs are flushed quickly on the hydrophilic surfaces, resulting in heat transfer enhancement on the hydrophilic heat sink compared to the conventional heat sink. The channel hydrophilic heat sink shows better cooling performance and pressure stability as it provides a smooth route for the incoming water to cool the hot spot. Moreover, the artificial neural network (ANN) prediction of heat transfer coefficient shows a good agreement with the experimental results as data fit within ±5% average error.
Numerical Calculation About Influence of Crystallizer Structure on the Stress Evolution Process of Horizontal Continuous Casting of Copper Tubes
Authors: Xiao Yao , Han Yi , Huang Ming , Gao Xin-Liang , Liu Jia-Yin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The horizontal continuous casting plays a key role in the production of inner grooved copper tubes. In order to improve the accuracy of the temperature field model of the copper tubes' horizontal continuous casting process, the model heat transfer coefficient was validated through temperature measurement experiment of graphite crystallizer. The finite element model of stress field evolution was established, based on considering the temperature and microstructure changes. It was found that tensile stress was generated in the outer layer of the casting billet and compressive stress was generated in the inner layer, when the casting billet entered the primary cooling zone. The paper investigated the mechanism of the liquid inlet number and shape on the microstructure and stress distribution after the casting billet was solidified. When the number of liquid inlets was 6, the ratio of the semimajor axis of ellipsoid to the short semiaxis was 3:2, and the backward tilt angle was 10 deg, the equivalent stress value of the casting billet was smaller, and the grains were dense and uniform. This paper promotes the research of horizontal continuous casting process and provides measurable reference for improving the quality of casting billet in the further.
Estimating Size and Number Density of Three-Dimensional Particles Using Truncated Cross-Sectional Data
Authors: Gao Yuanyuan , Huang Xiaohu , Wang Chao , Wu Jianguo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The need for estimating three-dimensional (3D) information based on two-dimensional (2D) images has been increasing in numerous fields. It is essential in quality assessment, quality control, and process optimization. However, all the existing methods have not considered the data truncation issue, which is commonly faced in metrology. This paper proposes a new statistical approach to infer size distribution and volume number density (VND) of 3D particles based on 2D cross-sectional images with data truncation considered. In order to estimate the size distribution, a linkage is established between 3D particles and 2D observations with the existence of data truncation. Subsequently, this paper derives the likelihood function of 2D observations and an efficient Monte Carlo expectation-maximization algorithm is developed to estimate the parameters of size distribution. In addition, an explicit relationship between the 3D and 2D particle number densities is established and leveraged to estimate the VND and volume fraction. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through both simulation study and real case studies in metal additive manufacturing and metal-matrix nanocomposites manufacturing.
Thermal Throttling by Model Predictive Control in Flash Memory
Authors: Xiong Shaomin , Hirano Toshiki 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The storage density and capacity per die in flash memory keep increasing in the past decades. More flash memory dies are assembled in a storage device and system, which also leads to higher power consumption and more heat generation. Thermal throttling is critical to protect the device from data loss and damage due to overheating. It is triggered after the device temperature reaches a throttling point. During the throttling, the device performance, such as data rate or Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS), will be lowered to reduce the rate of heat generation. The restriction on the IOPS depends on how the thermal throttling algorithm is designed and implemented. In this paper, a model predictive control (MPC) based thermal throttling method is demonstrated. The simulation results show that this method can achieve efficient thermal throttling and minimize the performance variation, compared to a traditional PID or bang-bang controller.
A 3D Multi-Object Tracking Based on Bounding Box and Depth
Authors: Feng Chun-Hao , Chang Jen-Yuan (James) 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a real-time 3D multi-object tracking by using bounding box and depth information has been proposed. Multiple object tracking (MOT) is a key component in the robot industry and autonomous driving. In recent years, many kinds of research focus on how to use a learning-based method to extract feature images and use the features to track the objects. However, the common detected-objects in industrial applications are pretty much the same in appearance and color. In other words, objects having a similar feature have the tendency in making the learning-based modal malfunction. To resolve this problem, the work presented in this paper proposes a new approach using a 2D bounding box of pixel and 1D depth information as input. First, the bounding box from the detector and depth information from the depth sensor can be obtained. Secondly, a combination of the Kalman filter and the Hungarian algorithm is used for state estimation and data association. Lastly, the results are evaluated and compared with others by using KITTI benchmarks. Furthermore, it is found through experiments that in pragmatic tracking of objects, the proposed method and system runs at a rate of 1153.4 FPS, offering a very fast speed among all MOT methods with its MOT accuracy (MOTA) almost the same as others 3D MOT algorithms.
Active-Passive Vibration Control for Fans in the Data Server
Authors: Chen Han-Sheng , Chang Jen-Yuan (James) 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The work presented in this paper aims at developing a vibration control system for fans in data server. The methods used in the work includes numerical, experimental, and analytical approaches with goal placed on developing a mechatronic system that can be used in the data server to reduce structural-born vibrations affecting data access performance in hard disk drives (HDD). It was observed that with the proposed method and system, vibrations of the server structure, the chassis, can be significantly reduced by 88%, which also enhanced the disk drive data access performance.
Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Bending Analysis of Propeller/Fan Blade
Authors: Hase Aniket Anil , Chang Jen-Yuan (James) 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The bending of the blade is one of the dominating factors in the manufacturing considerations as it directly impacts the performance of propeller in terms of propulsion efficiency. The blade moulding equipment developed in-house has extensive control over the bending. After understanding the working mechanism of the instrument, a simplified model is created to perform the numerical analysis over the blade to inspect the nature of deformation. The theoretical and numerical analysis is performed assuming the contact between the rods of the equipment, and the blade is frictionless. The region of the bent propeller blade is scanned to know the deviation error. The AI tool to predict the required force per region for the blade the reformation was employed. Also, numerous factors contribute to the effect of net spring back occurs in the metal sheet. However, because of the limitations on the availability of the literature regarding formulation to add strain hardening and sheet preheating effects, one needs to approximate the solution. To approximately predict spring-back, factors such as bending force, material properties, sheet thickness, and boundary (support) conditions considered in the theoretical analysis and testing. The performance measurement was carried out for the same blade after the reformation and was found equally efficient (maximum error up to 7%). The error is caused due to the dent marks over the region and restored profile error.
Prediction of OLED Temperature Distribution Based on Neural Network
Authors: Lin S. F. , Chao Paul C.-P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the market share of OLED screens has increased year by year. Compared with traditional LCD screens, the advantages of OLED screens with bright colors and lower power consumption are attributed to the fact that LCD needs a backlight LED as the light source, and the pixels of the OLED screen emit light by themselves, so the power consumption of OLED is reduced and the thickness becomes thinner. In addition to the above reasons, OLED has a special advantage, that is, OLED can be bent, so the use of OLED screens is becoming more and more popular, and has even exceeded LCD screens usage rate. Although OLED has many advantages, it still has some disadvantages that need to be improved. OLED has a short lifetime. After a period of use, the luminance of the OLED will degrade, and the luminance degradation experienced by the different region of OLED screen is different, called differential aging, so it will cause burn-in. There have been some studies on OLED luminance degradation, including research on OLED luminance degradation under different temperature conditions, but they have not discussed the effects of temperature in different areas of a panel. Therefore, this paper will discuss the temperature prediction for different regions of an OLED panel. The temperature prediction of the OLED panel is based on the four temperature sensors installed at the rear of the OLED panel and the picture displayed on the panel at the time. The prediction method is neural network that uses pre-collected data for model training. After the training is completed, the temperature distribution of the OLED panel is predicted based on the four temperature sensors and displayed pictures. The prediction error method uses mean square error, and the error value obtained is less than 0.2°C.