bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFICIENCY, LEGITIMACY, AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE
Authors: DeCanio Samuel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis essay examines certain epistemic problems facing administrative states’ efforts to draft efficient regulations for their societies. I argue that a basic feature of the administrative state’s authority, namely its monopoly over the production of legally binding rules for all members of a geographically defined society, creates epistemic problems that impede efficient rule-making. Specifically, the administrative state’s monopoly over the production of legally binding rules prevents multiple public policies from being simultaneously implemented and compared. The resulting singularity of administrative states’ regulatory decisions prevents observation of the counterfactual effects of policies that were possible but which were not implemented. The absence of observable policy counterfactuals frustrates efforts to assess the efficiency of administrative states’ decisions, as it is impossible to determine whether different policies would have generated greater benefits at lower cost than the policy the state implemented. As these epistemic problems are derived from the singularity of administrative states’ decisions, they exist independently of principal agent problems, suboptimal incentives, or the preferences and capabilities of administrative personnel.
An update on the sum-product problem
Authors: RUDNEV MISHA , STEVENS SOPHIE 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe improve the best known sum-product estimates over the reals. We prove that
\[\max(|A+A|,|A+A|)\geq |A|^{\frac{4}{3} + \frac{2}{1167} - o(1)}\,,\]
for a finite
$A\subset \mathbb {R}$
, following a streamlining of the arguments of Solymosi, Konyagin and Shkredov. We include several new observations to our techniques.Furthermore,
\[|AA+AA|\geq |A|^{\frac{127}{80} - o(1)}\,.\]
Besides, for a convex set A we show that
\[|A+A|\geq |A|^{\frac{30}{19}-o(1)}\,.\]
This paper is largely self-contained.
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in preventing infection and disease severity: a case-control study from an Eastern State of India
Authors: Singh Chandramani , Naik Bijaya Nanda , Pandey Sanjay , Biswas Bijit , Pati Binod Kumar , Verma Manisha , Singh Prabhat Kumar 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Effectiveness of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccines used in India is unexplored and need to be substantiated. The present case-control study was planned to elicit the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing infection and disease severity in the general population of Bihar, India. This case-control study was conducted among people aged ≥45 years during April to June 2021. The cases were the COVID-19 patients admitted or visited All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, Bihar, India, and were contacted directly. The controls were the individuals tested negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) at the Virology laboratory, AIIMS-Patna and contacted telephonically for collection of relevant information. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated by using the formula (VE = 1 – odds ratio). The adjusted VE for partial and full vaccination were estimated to be 52.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 39.0–63.0%) and 83.0% (95% CI 73.0–89.0%) respectively for preventing SARS CoV-2 infection. The sub-group analyses of the cases have shown that the length of hospital stays (LOS) (partially vaccinated: 9 days vs. unvaccinated: 12 days; P = 0.028) and the severity of the disease (fully vaccinated: 30.3% vs. partially vaccinated: 51.3% and unvaccinated: 54.1%; P = 0.035) were significantly low among vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. To conclude, four out of every five fully vaccinated individuals are estimated to be protected from contracting SARS CoV-2 infection. Vaccination lowered LOS and chances of development of severe disease.
Hybrid stenting of the arterial duct with carotid cutdown and flip technique: immediate and early results
Authors: Sen Supratim , Pradhan Priya , Jain Sneha , Trivedi Dipesh , Kaushik Pradeep 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStenting of the arterial duct (PDA) has become a standard palliation for ductal-dependent pulmonary circulation. Carotid arterial access provides a direct route for stenting vertical ducts. We evaluated our early results of hybrid ductal stenting via surgical carotid cutdown.Methods and results:In this retrospective single centre cohort study, hybrid PDA stenting was attempted in 11 patients with “flip technique”, between January 2020 and February 2021, and was successful in 10. Median age was 29 days (interquartile range 17.5–87) and mean weight 3.37 ± 1.23 kg. Mean fluoroscopy time was 13.58 ± 5.35 minutes, mean procedure time was 48.50 ± 22.5 minutes, and mean radiation dose was 1719.5 ± 1217.6 mGycm2. Mean time for cutdown was 9.9 ± 2.4 minutes and for haemostasis and suturing was 25.3 ± 11.0 minutes. Median duration of ventilation post-stenting was 26 hours (interquartile range 21–43.75). The median ICU stay post-procedure was 5 days (interquartile range 4–7.25) and mean hospital stay was 12 ± 6.3 days. On early follow-up, carotid patency was confirmed in all patients with colour Doppler, with no intravascular thrombi, narrowing, haematomas, or aneurysms noted. There were no complications secondary to vascular access. There was one early mortality, 27 days post-stenting, which was unrelated to the procedure.Conclusion:This study adds to the limited literature on ductal stenting with carotid access and the flip technique. In our early experience, the hybrid carotid approach is an attractive alternative to percutaneous carotid puncture and has simplified a complex and challenging intervention, with good outcomes.
Opioid Attack and the Implications for Counter-Terrorism Medicine
Authors: Tin Derrick , Kallenborn Zachary , Hart Alexander , Hertelendy Attila J. , Ciottone Gregory R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile the opioid epidemic engulfing the United States and the globe is well-documented, the potential use of powerful fentanyl derivatives as a weapon of terror is increasingly a concern. Carfentanyl, a powerful and deadly fentanyl derivative, is seeing a surge in popularity as an illegal street drug, and there is increasing congressional interest surrounding the classification of opioid derivatives under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) given their potential to cause harm. The combination of the potency of opioid derivatives along with the ease of accessibility poses a potential risk of the use of these deadly agents as chemical weapons, particularly by terrorist organizations. Disaster Medicine specialists in recent years have established a sub-specialty in Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) to address and research the unique terrorism-related issues relating to mitigation, preparedness, and response measures to asymmetric, multi-modality terrorist attacks.
Ptychography Reduces Spectral Distortions Intrinsic to Conventional Zone-Plate-Based X-Ray Spectromicroscopy
Authors: Marcus Matthew A , Shapiro David A , Yu Young-Sang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy is a powerful method for mapping chemical phases in nano-materials. The point spread function (PSF) of a conventional zone-plate-based microscope limits the achievable spatial resolution and also results in spatially resolved spectra that do not accurately reflect the spatial heterogeneity of the samples when the scale of the detail approaches the probe size. X-ray ptychography, a coherent-scattering-based imaging scheme that effectively removes the probe from the image data, returns accurate spectra from regions smaller than the probe size. We show through simulation how the long tails on the PSF of an x-ray optic can cause spectral distortion near a boundary between two spectrally distinct regions. The resulting apparent point spectra can appear mixed, with the species on one side of the boundary seeming to be present on the other even at a distance from the boundary equal to several times the spatial resolution. We further demonstrate the effect experimentally and show that ptychographic microscopy can return the expected spectra from a model system, whereas conventional microscopy does not.
Flexible STEM with Simultaneous Phase and Depth Contrast
Authors: Seifer Shahar , Houben Lothar , Elbaum Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have rekindled interest in multi-channel detectors and prompted the exploration of unconventional scan patterns. These emerging needs are not yet addressed by standard commercial hardware. The system described here incorporates a flexible scan generator that enables exploration of low-acceleration scan patterns, while data are recorded by a scalable eight-channel array of nonmultiplexed analog-to-digital converters. System integration with SerialEM provides a flexible route for automated acquisition protocols including tomography. Using a solid-state quadrant detector with additional annular rings, we explore the generation and detection of various STEM contrast modes. Through-focus bright-field scans relate to phase contrast, similarly to wide-field TEM. More strikingly, comparing images acquired from different off-axis detector elements reveals lateral shifts dependent on defocus. Compensation of this parallax effect leads to decomposition of integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) to separable contributions relating to projected electric potential and to defocus. Thus, a single scan provides both a computationally refocused phase contrast image and a second image in which the signed intensity, bright or dark, represents the degree of defocus.
Does country of resettlement influence the risk of suicide in refugees? A case-control study in Sweden and Norway
Authors: Amin R. , Mittendorfer-Rutz E. , Mehlum L. , Runeson B. , Helgesson M. , Tinghög P. , Björkenstam E. , Holmes E. A. , Qin P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Little is known regarding how the risk of suicide in refugees relates to their host country. Specifically, to what extent inter-country differences in structural factors between the host countries may explain the association between refugee status and subsequent suicide is lacking in previous literature. We aimed to investigate (1) the risk of suicide in refugees resident in Sweden and Norway, in general, and according to their sex, age, region/country of birth and duration of residence, compared with the risk of suicide in the respective majority host population; (2) if factors related to socio-demographics, labour market marginalisation (LMM) and healthcare use might explain the risk of suicide in refugees differently in host countries.

Methods
Using a nested case-control design, each case who died by suicide between the age of 18 and 64 years during 1998 and 2018 (17 572 and 9443 cases in Sweden and Norway, respectively) was matched with up to 20 controls from the general population, by sex and age. Multivariate-adjusted conditional logistic regression models yielding adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to test the association between refugee status and suicide. Separate models were controlled for factors related to socio-demographics, previous LMM and healthcare use. Analyses were also stratified by sex and age groups, by refugees' region/country of birth and duration of residence in the host country.

Results
The aORs for suicide in refugees in Sweden and Norway were 0.5 (95% CI 0.5–0.6) and 0.3 (95% CI 0.3–0.4), compared with the Swedish-born and Norwegian-born individuals, respectively. Stratification by region/country of birth showed similar statistically significant lower odds for most refugee groups in both host countries except for refugees from Eritrea (aOR 1.0, 95% CI 0.7–1.6) in Sweden. The risk of suicide did not vary much across refugee groups by their duration of residence, sex and age except for younger refugees aged 18–24 who did not have a statistically significant relative difference in suicide risk than their respective host country peers. Factors related to socio-demographics, LMM and healthcare use had only a marginal influence on the studied associations in both countries.

Conclusions
Refugees in Sweden and Norway had almost similar suicide mortality advantages compared with the Swedish-born and Norwegian-born population, respectively. These findings may suggest that resiliency and culture/religion-bound attitudes towards suicidal behaviour in refugees could be more influential for their suicide risk after resettlement than other post-migration environmental and structural factors in the host country.
Are Politicians More Responsive Towards Men’s or Women’s Service Delivery Requests? A Survey Experiment with Ugandan Politicians
Authors: Kim SangEun , Michelitch Kristin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study examines whether politicians exhibit gender bias in responsiveness to constituents’ requests for public service delivery improvements in Uganda. We leverage an in-person survey experiment conducted with 333 subnational politicians, of which one-third are elected to women’s reserved seats. Politicians hear two constituents request improvements in staff absenteeism in their local school and health clinic and must decide how to allocate a fixed (hypothetical) budget between the two improvements. The voices of the citizens are randomly assigned to be (1) male-school, female-health or (2) female-school, male-health. We find no evidence of gender bias toward men versus women, or toward same-gender constituents. This study expands on the mixed results of prior studies examining gender bias in politician responsiveness (typically over email) by adding a critical new case: a low-income context with women’s reserved seats.
Active Fire Dynamics in the Amazon: New Perspectives From High‐Resolution Satellite Observations
Authors: Xu Wenxuan , Liu Yongxue , Veraverbeke Sander , Wu Wei , Dong Yanzhu , Lu Wanyun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Amazon region is expected to become an amplified fire‐prone system, but the mechanism of fire occurrence is not fully understood. Here, we employed more than 300,000 Sentinel‐2 images acquired during 2016–2019 and compiled a high‐resolution inventory of active fires (AFs) over the Amazon. We found that the fire activities in the Amazon in 2019 did not stand out compared with those in 2017 as a whole. However, the number of fires increased in 2019 in the absence of an exceptional drought, suggesting increased human disturbance in the Amazon. The high‐resolution AF inventory further demonstrated that over 90% of detected AFs were associated with humans clearing deforested fields on forest fringes for agricultural land expansion. Additionally, our inventory indicated that satellite sensors with coarser spatial resolution could miss considerable small fires, especially at the sensitive agriculture–forest interface, which therefore should be targeted as a priority conservation area.
Remote Sensing Characterization of Mountain Excavation and City Construction in Loess Plateau
Authors: Hu Xie , Xue Liang , Yu Yongtang , Guo Songfeng , Cui Yifei , Li Yao , Qi Shengwen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe demand for land exploitation to accommodate increasing population in metropolis is escalating worldwide. The unprecedented Mountain Excavation and City Construction project in the hilly gully Loess Plateau of China is a crustal surgery to seek the balance between urbanization and sustainability in the forerunner Yan'an city. Here, we rely on multisource remote sensing imagery to characterize the contemporary anthropogenic modification of the loess landscape. The topography has been reshaped with ±80‐m elevation changes and 1.28 × 108‐m3 mass transfer by 2015. The subsidence rates at up to ∼70 mm/year during 2014–2020 are proportional to the amount of the filling mass, which is expected to reach stabilization by 2030. Hundreds‐of‐kilopascal stress changes are distributed in the shallow zone due to the mass transfer. Continuous monitoring is an integral part of hazard mitigation in this naturally landslide hazard‐prone loess environment.
Machine Learning Prediction of Storm‐Time High‐Latitude Ionospheric Irregularities From GNSS‐Derived ROTI Maps
Authors: Liu Lei , Morton Y. Jade , Liu Yunxiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study presents an image‐based convolutional long short‐term memory (convLSTM) machine learning algorithm to predict storm‐time ionospheric irregularities. Unlike existing methods that are either focused on irregularities at individual locations or treat the irregularity prediction as a classification problem, the convLSTM‐based architecture forecasts an entire regions' ionospheric irregularity occurrence and intensity values. We implemented the convLSTM‐based model with a custom‐designed loss function (convLSTM‐Lc) that includes a dynamic penalty on the difference between the truth and the predicted rate of total electron content index (ROTI) maps. The convLSTM‐Lc is trained with real ROTI data collected during January 1–August 7, 2015 from ∼550 global navigation satellite system receivers located in (45°–90°N, 0°–180°W). Test results show that the convLSTM‐Lc algorithm can forecast irregularity structures more accurately than a convLSTM model that implements conventional loss functions. The model also outperforms the convLSTM‐L1, convLSTM‐L2, and persistence models according to statistical classification metrics with a lead time of up to 60 min.
Tropical Cyclone Winds and Inflow Angle Asymmetry From SAR Imagery
Authors: Zhang Guosheng , Li Xiaofeng , Perrie William , Zhang Jun A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study developed a morphological model for Tropical Cyclone (TC) wind and inflow angle asymmetry based on sea surface wind fields derived from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The model extracts the standard TC morphological information (center, intensity, and radius of the maximum wind) and decomposes the SAR‐derived winds into vortex rotation winds and motion vector, making the reconstruction of the entire TC structure reliable, even in areas not mapped by SAR. The derived wind speeds and inflow angles are verified with aircraft measurements by stepped‐frequency microwave radiometer and dropsondes, obtaining root‐mean‐square errors of 4.32 m/s and 16.04°, respectively. A systematic analysis of 130 SAR TCs images, collected by RADARSAT‐2 and SENTINEL‐1, reveals that the model can capture the main asymmetrical TC structure. Both TC asymmetry and eye size decrease as TC intensity increases.
Residence Time and Transformation of Warm Circumpolar Deep Water on the Antarctic Continental Shelf
Authors: Tamsitt V. , England M. H. , Rintoul S. R. , Morrison A. K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInflow of warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the Antarctic continental shelf and into ice shelf cavities is a key driver of Antarctic ice shelf mass loss. While recent research has advanced understanding of CDW heat transport onto the continental shelf, the fate of CDW on the shelf is less understood. Here, we use Lagrangian particle tracking in an ocean‐sea ice model without ice shelf cavities to map the residence time of CDW on the Antarctic continental shelf. Mean residence times vary from 1 month in the East Antarctic to 1 year in the West Antarctic. In regions of dense water formation, transformation of CDW on the shelf limits access of CDW to ice shelves, despite strong onshore CDW heat transport. Elsewhere transformation of CDW on the shelf is weak, implying that temperature on the shelf is limited by heat transport onto the shelf or the offshore heat reservoir.
A Statistical Model of Vorticity in the Polar Ionosphere and Implications for Extreme Values
Authors: Chisham G. , Freeman M. P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMeasurements of vorticity in the Earth's ionosphere enable the characterization of turbulent structure in the ionospheric plasma flow and how it varies spatially in relation to large‐scale magnetic field‐aligned current (FAC) systems. We have determined the spatial variation of the probability density function (PDF) of ionospheric vorticity measurements made by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) across the northern polar ionosphere for the 6‐year interval 2000–2005 inclusive. These PDFs are highly leptokurtic, with heavy tails, and are well‐modeled by Tsallis q‐exponential probability distributions. The parameters of the model q‐exponential distributions have been determined using maximum likelihood estimation, resulting in a statistical model of ionospheric vorticity that covers the polar ionosphere. The spatial variation of the model parameters is highly variable, with the shape and scale of the model distributions varying systematically in relation to the well‐known FAC regions, showing that FACs have a major influence on the character of ionospheric plasma vorticity. From the model distributions, we estimate the probability of observing extreme vorticity values with the SuperDARN radars (beyond thresholds of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mHz) across the northern polar ionosphere.
Surface‐Layer Wind Shear and Momentum Transport From Clear‐Sky to Cloudy Weather Regimes Over Land
Authors: Koning A. M. , Nuijens L. , Bosveld F. C. , Siebesma A. P. , van Dorp P. A. , Jonker H. J. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study investigates how wind shear and momentum fluxes in the surface‐ and boundary layer vary across wind and cloud regimes. We use a 9‐year‐long data set from the Cabauw observatory complemented by (8.2 × 8.2 ) daily Large Eddy Simulation (LES) hindcasts. An automated algorithm classifies observed and simulated days into different cloud regimes: (a) clear‐sky days, (b) days with shallow convective clouds rooted in the surface layer, with two ranges of cloud cover, and (c) non‐convective cloud days. Categorized days in observations and LES do not always match, particularly the number of non‐convective cloud days are underestimated in the LES, which likes to develop convection. However, the climatology and diurnal cycle of winds for each regime are very similar in LES and observations, strengthening our confidence in LES’ skill to reproduce certain clouds for certain atmospheric states. Along‐wind momentum flux profiles are similar across all regimes, but large cloud cover (convective and non‐convective) days have larger total momentum flux distributed over a deeper layer, with up to 30% of the surface flux still present near cloud base. The clear‐sky and especially shallow cumulus regime with low cloud cover have notably larger crosswind momentum fluxes in the boundary layer. Surface‐layer wind shear at daytime is smallest in the shallow cumulus regimes, having deeper boundary layers and a steady increase in surface layer wind speed during daytime. Compared to clear‐sky days at a similar stability, convective cloud regimes have smaller surface‐layer wind shear and larger surface friction than estimated by Monin‐Obukhov Similarity Theory.