bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 on COVID-19 Dynamics: A Campus Reopening Study
Authors: Linka Kevin , Peirlinck Mathias , Schäfer Amelie , Tikenogullari Oguz Ziya , Goriely Alain , Kuhl Ellen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe timing and sequence of safe campus reopening has remained the most controversial topic in higher education since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end of March 2020, almost all colleges and universities in the United States had transitioned to an all online education and many institutions have not yet fully reopened to date. For a residential campus like Stanford University, the major challenge of reopening is to estimate the number of incoming infectious students at the first day of class. Here we learn the number of incoming infectious students using Bayesian inference and perform a series of retrospective and projective simulations to quantify the risk of campus reopening. We create a physics-based probabilistic model to infer the local reproduction dynamics for each state and adopt a network SEIR model to simulate the return of all undergraduates, broken down by their year of enrollment and state of origin. From these returning student populations, we predict the outbreak dynamics throughout the spring, summer, fall, and winter quarters using the inferred reproduction dynamics of Santa Clara County. We compare three different scenarios: the true outbreak dynamics under the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, and the hypothetical outbreak dynamics under the new COVID-19 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 with 56% and 50% increased transmissibility. Our study reveals that even small changes in transmissibility can have an enormous impact on the overall case numbers. With no additional countermeasures, during the most affected quarter, the fall of 2020, there would have been 203 cases under baseline reproduction, compared to 4727 and 4256 cases for the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. Our results suggest that population mixing presents an increased risk for local outbreaks, especially with new and more infectious variants emerging across the globe. Tight outbreak control through mandatory quarantine and test-trace-isolate strategies will be critical in successfully managing these local outbreak dynamics.
Understanding Town Centre Performance in Wales: Using GIS to Develop a Tool for Benchmarking
Authors: Jones Samuel , Newing Andy , Orford Scott 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWelsh Government policy establishes town centres as central places of community activity and local prosperity, recognising the positive impact towns have on the local economy and the well-being and cohesion felt amongst local communities. In light of this, recent declines in the usage of town centres are a major cause for concern. These have not been experienced uniformly across all towns, with some towns out-performing others. This paper applies principles outlined in Welsh Government’s Planning Policy Wales to develop a tool which classifies a sample of 71 towns and cities in Wales based on their centre and catchment characteristics. Catchment areas have been delineated using a Spatial Interaction Model to account for complex consumer behaviours and competition between centres. The tool identifies six distinct types of towns alongside key socio-economic catchment area characteristics. Once developed, we demonstrate our tool’s application by exploring variations in town centre performance between and within each town type. Case study examples exemplify how policymakers may use this tool to benchmark between towns, evaluating the suitability of a town’s retail offering based on its performance relative to the benchmark, guiding decisions relating to the types of businesses and uses a town should pursue to improve its appeal to its catchment community. In conclusion, several recommendations to policymakers are suggested.
A structured methodical process for populating a crime script of organized crime activity using OSINT
Authors: Chainey Spencer P. , Alonso Berbotto Arantza 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCrime script analysis is becoming an increasingly used approach for examining organized crime. Crime scripts can use data from multiple sources, including open sources of intelligence (OSINT). Limited guidance exists, however, on how to populate the content of a crime script with data, and validate these data. This results in crime scripts being generated intuitively, restricts them from being scrutinised for their quality, and limits the opportunity to combine or compare crime scripts. We introduce a practical process for populating the content of a crime script that involves simple coding procedures and uses document analysis to quality assure data that are extracted from open sources. We illustrate the process with the example of theft of oil from pipelines in Mexico committed by organized crime groups. The structured methodical process we introduce produces a crime script of high quality, helps to improve the systematic analysis of decision-making performed by members of organized crime groups, and can improve the identification of opportunities for crime control.
Mechanisms to exclude local people from forests: Shifting power relations in forest transitions
Authors: Pichler Melanie , Schmid Martin , Gingrich Simone 
Published: August 2021

AbstractForest transitions may significantly contribute to climate change mitigation but also change forest use, affecting the local people benefiting from forests. We analyze forest transitions as contested processes that simplify multifunctional landscapes and alter local livelihoods. Drawing on the Theory of Access, we develop a conceptual framework to investigate practices of multifunctional forest use and the mechanisms that exclude local forest use(r)s during forest transitions in nineteenth century Austria and twenty-first century Lao PDR. Based on historical sources, interviews and secondary literature, we discuss legal, structural and social-metabolic mechanisms to exclude multifunctional forest practices, marginalizing peasants and shifting cultivators. These include, for example, the increasing enforcement of private ownership in forests or the shift from fuelwood to coal in Austria and restrictive land use planning or the expansion of private land concessions in Laos. By integrating political ecology and environmental history in forest transitions research we unravel shifting power relations connected to forest change.
Hautkrebs durch natürliche UV‑Strahlung
Authors: Strehl C. , Wittlich M. 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundTätigkeitsbezogene Daten zur beruflichen und privaten UV-Exposition als Grundlage sowohl für die retrospektive Überprüfung von Kriterien der BK-Nr. 5103, aber auch die prospektive Modellierung anderer möglicher epidemiologischer Zusammenhänge, lagen bisher nur in unzureichender Form vor. Ziel der Arbeit war es, durch systematische Messungen der UV-Exposition in Beruf und Freizeit ein Expositionskataster zu entwickeln, das als Grundlage zur Einführung einer neuen und wesentlich genaueren Metrik im Berufskrankheitenverfahren dienen soll.Material und MethodenIm Rahmen der GENESIS-UV-Messkampagnen wurde seit 2014 die UV-Exposition bei beruflichen Tätigkeiten mittels eines Datenlogger-Dosimeters erfasst. Zur Vervollständigung der Datenlage wurde zudem seit 2019 die Messung der UV-Exposition auf den privaten Bereich ausgeweitet. An praktischen Rechenbeispielen zur retrospektiven Expositionsermittlung im Berufskrankheitenverfahren werden die Unterschiede zwischen alter und neuer Metrik herausgestellt.ErgebnisseDie deutlichen Vorteile der neuen Metrik zeigen sich insbesondere bei detailreicheren beruflichen Expositionen, wie wechselnden Arbeitsverhältnissen oder Teilzeitexpositionen. Es wird deutlich, dass die bisher genutzte Metrik zum Teil nur unzureichend das reale Spektrum der Exposition im beruflichen Bereich wiedergeben kann.DiskussionEs konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anwendung der neuen Metrik im Berufskrankheitenverfahren eine weitaus differenziertere Bewertung der beruflichen Exposition zulässt und somit für die individuelle Expositionsermittlung wesentlich besser geeignet ist. Der Grund dafür ist in erster Linie die deutlich umfassendere Datenbasis der im Expositionskataster vorliegenden Werte.
Recent Progress in Emerging Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides
Authors: Qin Tianchen , Wang Zegao , Wang Yuqing , Besenbacher Flemming , Otyepka Michal , Dong Mingdong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs a new member in two-dimensional materials family, transition metal carbides (TMCs) have many excellent properties, such as chemical stability, in-plane anisotropy, high conductivity and flexibility, and remarkable energy conversation efficiency, which predispose them for promising applications as transparent electrode, flexible electronics, broadband photodetectors and battery electrodes. However, up to now, their device applications are in the early stage, especially because their controllable synthesis is still a great challenge. This review systematically summarized the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly developing field with particular focus on structure, property, synthesis and applicability of TMCs. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are outlined for the application of 2D TMCs.
Echinacoside Protects Against Dysfunction of Spermatogenesis Through the MAPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhao Guifang , Wang Ying , Lai Zengyan , Zheng Lianwen , Zhao Donghai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDysfunction at various levels of spermatogenesis (SD) is one of the important causes of infertility in men of reproductive age and requires advanced treatment strategies. Increasing evidence suggests that the therapeutic effects of echinacoside (ECH) mainly depend on their capacity to inhibit cell death. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of ECH in SD rat models. Treatment with ECH reverted the morphological changes observed in testes with spermatogenesis dysfunction. It improved total sperm number, decreased the sperm deformity rate, and increased the sperm forward motility rate. The level of glutathione (GSH) was significantly higher in ECH-treated mice, whereas the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and SOD activities were improved compared with those in the spermatogenesis dysfunction model. Moreover, the increased expression of p38 and JNK was partially reversed by ECH. The number of normal TM3 cells increased gradually in an Echinacea dosage-dependent manner, suggesting that ECH promoted the proliferation of TM3 cells. In addition, treatment with ECH partially reversed the increased expression of p38 and JNK in TM3 cells. ECH protects against oxidative stress damage by activating antioxidant enzymes and MAPK signaling-related factors (p38 and JNK). It suggested that treatment with ECH alleviated spermatogenetic dysfunction of testes in male mice and it could be a promising strategy for patients suffering severe SD.
The other side of the screen: The impact of perspective‐taking on adolescents’ online communication
Authors: Bowman‐Smith Celina K. , Sosa‐Hernandez Linda , Nilsen Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionIn recent decades, adolescents' interactions with peers have increasingly transitioned online. While socially interactive technologies provide multiple avenues for positive communication between peers, adolescents may experience harmful online peer interactions, with such interactions negatively impacting their well‐being. A paucity of work exists investigating how adolescents' characteristics are related to their communicative choices on social media and if such choices can be influenced by cues to consider a recipient. Addressing this gap, this work examines experimental manipulations of perspective‐taking and individual differences in socio‐cognitive skills as they relate to adolescents’ communicative choices online.MethodWithin individual sessions, 12‐ to 15‐year‐old Canadian participants (N = 72, 36 girls) viewed pictures of other adolescents on a simulated social media app similar to Snapchat and chose between pre‐written aggressive or prosocial comments to send to a recipient under three conditions: a perspective‐taking cue, a time‐delay, no delay. Participants also completed self‐report questionnaires assessing emotion regulation and empathy.ResultsFollowing perspective‐taking cues, participants chose more prosocial comments to send compared to when participants were permitted to choose a comment immediately after viewing another adolescent's picture, while controlling for a brief time‐delay. Adolescents' individual characteristics (i.e., Social Media Use, State Mood, Affective Empathy, Gender) were associated with their communicative choices online.ConclusionsFindings from this work provide new insight into the ways adolescents navigate their complex and increasingly online peer interactions. Further, the results suggest that adolescents’ social media communication is malleable with a brief perspective‐taking cue to consider a recipient.
Preemptive Authority: The Challenge From Outrageous Expert Judgments
Authors: Grundmann Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTypically, expert judgments are regarded by laypeople as highly trustworthy. However, expert assertions that strike the layperson as obviously false or outrageous, seem to give one a perfect reason to dispute that this judgment manifests expertise. In this paper, I will defend four claims. First, I will deliver an argument in support of the preemption view on expert judgments according to which we should not rationally use our own domain-specific reasons in the face of expert testimony. Second, I will argue that the preemption view does not leave room for rejecting an expert judgment simply because it is outrageous. Third and finally, I will argue that outrageous expert judgments are ambiguous. Whereas some of them should be rationally rejected by laypeople, others are true and rationally acceptable. So, being outrageous is not, in and of itself, a reason to reject the judgment. Finally, I will argue that there are resources available to the preemption view that enable the layperson to reject some but not all outrageous expert judgments. This is sufficient to overcome the challenge from outrageous expert judgments to the preemption view.
Effect of environmental variables and their interaction on gordiid hairworm larvae (Nematomorpha)
Authors: Achiorno C.L. , Minardi G. , Ferrari L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The different stages of the life cycle of parasites are important components of ecosystems. Changes in environmental conditions may affect free-living stages, host–parasite interactions and ecosystem functioning. The larvae of Chordodes nobilii, which belongs to the parasitic phylum Nematomorpha, are susceptible to extreme temperatures and different pollutants, but the effects of pH and moderate temperature variations have not been evaluated yet. Our objective was to assess the effect of temperature, pH and their interaction on the infectivity of C. nobilii larvae to Aedes aegypti larvae over time. Larvae were treated with factorial combinations of temperature (18, 23 and 28°C), pH (7, 8 and 9) and time periods (24 and 48 h). Results show a highly significant interaction among all variables. The highest infectivity was recorded at 18°C and pH 7 at 24 and 48 h, and the lowest one at 28°C and pH 8 at 24 and 48 h. Infectivity differed significantly among the three temperatures only at pH 8 and 48 h, decreasing with increasing temperature. Our study is the first report of the effect of pH on a Nematomorpha species and suggests that the infectivity of C. nobilii larvae may be affected negatively by an increase in temperature and its interaction with pH and time. Since parasites must be considered for a better understanding of the effects of stressors on freshwater ecosystems, our results may help in the design and analysis of studies of anthropogenic impact.
Prevalence and seasonal variation of Fasciola hepatica in slaughtered cattle: the role of climate and environmental factors in Mexico
Authors: Hernández-Guzmán K. , Molina-Mendoza P. , Olivares-Pérez J. , Alcalá-Canto Y. , Olmedo-Juárez A. , Córdova-Izquierdo A. , Villa-Mancera A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle slaughterhouses, as well as its association with climatic/environmental factors (derived from satellite data), seasonality and climate regions in two states in Mexico. Condemned livers from slaughtered animals were obtained from three abattoirs in the states of Puebla and Veracruz. The overall prevalence of the parasite in cattle between January and December of 2017 was 20.6% (1407 out of 6834); the highest rate of condemnation was observed in Veracruz (26.3%; tropical climate), and the lowest rate was found in Puebla (15.5%; temperate climate). The seasonal prevalence of fluke infection was 18.6%, 14.8% and 28.4% during the wet season, and 17.1%, 12.4% and 22.8% during the dry season in the three abattoir sites, located in the districts of Zacatlán, Teziutlán and Ciudad Alemán, respectively. Liver condemnations due to bovine fasciolosis were prevalent in the Zacatlán, Teziutlán and Ciudad Alemán districts during summer, autumn and summer, respectively. Using generalized estimating equations analysis, we determined six variables – rainfall (wet/dry), land surface temperature day, land surface temperature night, normalized difference vegetation index, seasonality and climate regions (temperate/tropical) – to be significantly associated with the prevalence of condemned livers. Climate region was the variable most strongly associated with F. hepatica infection (odds ratio (OR) 266.59; 95% confidence interval (CI): 241.90–353.34), followed by wet and dry seasons (OR 25.56; 95% CI: 20.56–55.67).
Haemostatic devices in parotid surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Allen L , MacKay C , Rigby M H , Trites J , Taylor S M 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe Harmonic Scalpel and Ligasure (Covidien) devices are commonly used in head and neck surgery. Parotidectomy is a complex and intricate surgery that requires careful dissection of the facial nerve. This study aimed to compare surgical outcomes in parotidectomy using these haemostatic devices with traditional scalpel and cautery.MethodA systematic review of the literature was performed with subsequent meta-analysis of seven studies that compared the use of haemostatic devices to traditional scalpel and cautery in parotidectomy. Outcome measures included: temporary facial paresis, operating time, intra-operative blood loss, post-operative drain output and length of hospital stay.ResultsA total of 7 studies representing 675 patients were identified: 372 patients were treated with haemostatic devices, and 303 patients were treated with scalpel and cautery. Statistically significant outcomes favouring the use of haemostatic devices included operating time, intra-operative blood loss and post-operative drain output. Outcome measures that did not favour either treatment included facial nerve paresis and length of hospital stay.ConclusionOverall, haemostatic devices were found to reduce operating time, intra-operative blood loss and post-operative drain output.
A population-wide analysis of the familial risk of suicide in Utah, USA
Authors: Bakian Amanda V. , Chen Danli , Zhang Chong , Hanson Heidi A. , Docherty Anna R. , Keeshin Brooks , Gray Douglas , Smith Ken R. , VanDerslice James A. , Yu David Z. , Zhang Yue , Coon Hilary 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe degree to which suicide risk aggregates in US families is unknown. The authors aimed to determine the familial risk of suicide in Utah, and tested whether familial risk varies based on the characteristics of the suicides and their relatives.MethodsA population-based sample of 12 160 suicides from 1904 to 2014 were identified from the Utah Population Database and matched 1:5 to controls based on sex and age using at-risk sampling. All first through third- and fifth-degree relatives of suicide probands and controls were identified (N= 13 480 122). The familial risk of suicide was estimated based on hazard ratios (HR) from an unsupervised Cox regression model in a unified framework. Moderation by sex of the proband or relative and age of the proband at time of suicide (<25v.⩾25 years) was examined.ResultsSignificantly elevated HRs were observed in first- (HR 3.45; 95% CI 3.12–3.82) through fifth-degree relatives (HR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02–1.12) of suicide probands. Among first-degree relatives of female suicide probands, the HR of suicide was 6.99 (95% CI 3.99–12.25) in mothers, 6.39 in sisters (95% CI 3.78–10.82), and 5.65 (95% CI 3.38–9.44) in daughters. The HR in first-degree relatives of suicide probands under 25 years at death was 4.29 (95% CI 3.49–5.26).ConclusionsElevated familial suicide risk in relatives of female and younger suicide probands suggests that there are unique risk groups to which prevention efforts should be directed – namely suicidal young adults and women with a strong family history of suicide.
China in Africa
Authors: Hull Richard W. 
Published: August 2021

The Chinese presence in Black Africa has grown enormously in the last five years and is triggering a dangerous new Great Power scramble for strategic positions.In the long run, its effect may be to repartition the continent into new ideological and economic spheres of influence. It is forcing the Great Powers to focus aid on areas of strategic value rather than on regions of greatest human need. It is also compelling communist and capitalist powers to overlook racial and social injustice in order to preserve their strategic stakes.
Panel on South African Theater
Authors: Brutus Dennis , Mphahlele Ezekiel , Pieterse Cosmo , Jeyifous Abiodun , Aidoo Ama Ata 
Published: August 2021

Dr. Ezekiel Mphahlele spoke at the end of the session yesterday, and since there is considerable misunderstanding about at least one of the points he made, he has offered to make a clarification this morning.Yesterday I got the impression that people left the meeting under the impression that I was trying to be an iconoclast and trying to bust things up. I am always considered to be a bull in a china shop. But far be it from me to want to bust people’s games up. Just before I spoke, my longstanding friend from the University of Nigeria at Nsukka, Donatus Nwoga, said the same things in so many words, expressing a wish that he could be back home.
Africa’s Approach to Human Rights at the United Nations
Authors: Weinstein Warren 
Published: August 2021

International concern with the rights of man is not new. During the 1800s the movement to abolish slavery was an emanation of this concern. In the mid-1800s the International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in reaction to the lack of care for wounded soldiers on battlefield. Under its aegis there developed humanitarian law, both the Law of Geneva and the Law of The Hague.In the post World War I period, civil and political rights were given international protection in a series of “minorities treaties.” In addition, economic and social rights received international recognition with the creation of the International Labor Organization (I.L.O.) in 1919. Refugees received assistance with the establishment of a High Commissioner for Refugees. It has, however, only been in the post World War II period that international human rights, and their protection, have received extensive recognition.
Africans, Africanists, and the Image of Africa
Authors: Makward Edris 
Published: August 2021

Friday, November 4, 1977, I am sure, is just another day for most of you gathered here to deal with some important business concerning this honorable association of scholars, professionals and other genuinely interested men and women.This Association is after all basically a membership organization and it exists primarily through, and for its constituent members. Characteristically the first line of our By-Laws (as revised in April 1970) states that ‘The Corporation shall consist of not less than 100 members.”