bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive Spillovers from Infrastructure Investment: How Pipeline Expansions Encourage Fuel Switching
Authors: Scott Jonathan B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the role of the U.S. pipeline infrastructure in the country's transition from coal to natural gas energy. I leverage the Environmental Protection Agency's Mercury and Air Toxics Standards as a plausibly exogenous intervention, which encouraged many coal plants to convert to natural gas. Combining this quasi-experimental variation with a plant's preexisting proximity to the pipeline network, I isolate implied pipeline connection costs within a dynamic discrete choice model of plant conversions. Key model results indicate that infrastructure-related costs prevent $9 billion in emissions reductions from taking place, suggesting a $2.4 million per mile external benefit of pipeline expansions.
Indigenous Rights and covid-19 – Indigenous Land and Health Under Serious Threat in Brazil
Authors: Carstens Margret 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article analyses the impact of covid-19 on the rights of indigenous peoples, particularly in Brazil. It deals with the current situation of the Brazilian indigenous peoples, the impacts of the pandemic, the rights created on the adoption of protective sanitary measures for indigenous people and land rights in Brazil. Does the Brazilian government comply with international law, with constitutional rights of indigenous peoples in the current covid-19 crisis, particularly with the Brazilian Supreme Court decision on the adoption of protective sanitary measures for indigenous people? With a focus on the 2020 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, this paper will identify and examine the gaps in protection of the indigenous peoples rights by reason of the impact of the covid-19 crisis. This paper argues that the crisis is misused as an occasion for land invasions, deforestation, forest fires and the denial of basic indigenous rights. Especially in Brazil, a transformative change, an emergency support for indigenous peoples, and a still stand agreement on logging and extractive industries operating next to indigenous communities are needed. Brazilian ngo statements give guidelines as to how to manage the threats of the present pandemic on indigenous peoples of Brazil. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the United Nations and the International Labour Organisation all offer further relevant suggestions as to how to address the serious impacts in the response to and the aftermath of this crisis.
On the Legitimacy and Effectivity of the World Bank and Its Pandenic Emergency Financing Facility (‘PEF’) at the Time of the covid-19 Outbreak
Authors: Seatzu Francesco 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pandemic financing has in the current climate of disruption and turmoil of an ongoing global pandemic become the most highly debated and controversial issue within the field of international public health law and policy. From the perspective of international public health law and policy, a precondition for success is that financial resources and funds are employed in an effective manner. Whether the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (‘World Bank’ or ‘WB’) and the Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (‘PEF’) – a financing mechanism housed at the WB – may be perceived as effective public health players shall be established by referring to their mandates, their inherent capacity for enhancing accepted global legal standards and rules on public health and their funding methods and practices. After the affirmation and consolidation of its role in the public health sector in the early 1990s, the WB has rapidly accredited itself as the most active intergovernmental institution dealing with pandemic and epidemic financing. Its direct involvement in public health trust funds, such as the Avian Flu Trust Fund Facility and the Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Multi-Donor Fund (the HEPRF), and its lending practices and internal policies and procedures were of crucial significance in this respect. Considering that acceptance of international institutions, including international financial institutions, has always been conditioned by their acknowledgment as legally legitimate, legitimacy is regarded as closely connected to effectiveness. The criteria for establishing legitimacy in relation to international financial institutions are increasingly, amongst others, the respect and promotion of rule of law standards in the recipient states. From this perspective, the WB’s functional and management structures, but not the PEF’s structures and management, have made noteworthy progress, and notwithstanding some deficiencies and peculiarities they present several elements of legitimate decision-making.
Ordering Institutions: The Judicial Function of the Permanent Court of International Justice in Relation to Interwar Organizations
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Permanent Court played a vital role in the emergence of the law of international organizations. Existing accounts of this development focus on the Court’s conception of organizations. This paper argues that this interpretation underappreciates the controversy regarding the performance of the Permanent Court’s judicial function and its place within the inter-war institutional order. Crucially, it is claimed that initially the Permanent Court adopted the perspective of an authoritative interpreter, limiting the scope for recognising the autonomy of organizations. However, the Court began to adopt a more restrained conception of its judicial function and recognised that international organizations possessed a form of compétence de la compétence. This recognition paved the way for a ‘law of international organizations’ to emerge, but, crucially, was not based on any revised understanding of what it meant to ‘be’ an international organization, but rather, on what it meant to ‘be’ an international court.
In Chase of ‘Modern Religiosity’
Authors: Goshadze Mariam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn the spring of 2020, when theCOVID-19 pandemic rapidly spread through the four corners of the world, Christian Orthodox churches were caught in the age-old altercation with science. Tensions condensed around a small material object—the communion spoon—and its potential to transmit the virus. The article examines the ensuing Eucharist-related debates between ‘liberal secularists’ and followers of the Orthodox Church of Georgia: namely, the former’s selective juxtaposition of abstract ‘faith’ against religious practice due to the latter’s alleged incongruity with modernity. The goal of this article is to illuminate the underlying discourse behind these accusations, which in turn draws on the notion of ‘modern religiosity’ informed by post-Reformation ideals.
Worship of Shrines in Armenia
Authors: Antonyan Yulia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this article, the author tries to trace the trajectories of Soviet and post-Soviet transformations of vernacular religiosity in Armenia, in particular, the cult of shrines. She argues that the cult of shrines and related manifestations of vernacular religion were consistently reconceptualized, first, in the period of Soviet secularization and modernization, and, secondly, in the period of post-Soviet and post-secular transformations of the Armenian society. The Soviet modernity led to ‘neo-archaization’ of vernacular religious practice by instrumentalizing some pre-institutional forms and manifestations of religiosity. The post-secular reconceptualization of vernacular religion draws upon new realities, such as mobile/virtual religiosity, new religious materiality, commodification and consumerism, and a new, modernized interplay between institutional and non-institutional dimensions of religion(s).
De-Linking the Elementary Curriculum from the Colonizing Forces of Ableism
Authors: Karmiris Maria 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
What does it mean to teach and learn about becoming human amidst disability and race in the elementary school classroom? This broad question guides my conceptual paper here in a manner that focuses on the fruitful possibilities at the intersections between the fields of disability studies and decolonial studies. The first part of this paper intends to explore how the concepts of “dysconscious racism” (King, 1991, p. 133) and “dysconscious ableism” (Broderick and Lalvani, 2017, p. 894) are useful tools through which to conduct an analysis of how our education system remains rooted in the practices of exclusion and/or conditional inclusion that continue to valorize a subjective self steeped in western colonial logics. Through decolonial studies and Global South disability studies, the second portion of this paper seeks to question the limits of strategies of resistance that reinforce western-centric conceptions of the self while also making a case for interdependence.
Comprehensive Radar Data for the Contiguous United States: Multi-Year Reanalysis of Remotely Sensed Storms
Authors: Williams Skylar S. , Ortega Kiel L. , Smith Travis M. , Reinhart Anthony E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Multi-Year Reanalysis of Remotely Sensed Storms (MYRORSS) dataset blends radar data from the WSR-88D network and Near-Storm Environmental (NSE) model analyses using the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) framework. The MYRORSS dataset uses the WSR-88D archive starting in 1998–2011, processing all valid single-radar volumes to produce a seamless three-dimensional reflectivity volume over the entire contiguous United States with an approximate 5-min update frequency. The three-dimensional grid has an approximate 1 km × 1 km horizontal dimension and is on a stretched vertical grid that extends to 20 km MSL with a maximal vertical spacing of 1 km. Several reflectivity-derived, severe-storm-related products are also produced, which leverage the ability to merge the MRMS and NSE data. Two Doppler velocity-derived azimuthal shear layer maximum products are produced at a higher horizontal resolution of approximately 0.5 km × 0.5 km. The initial period of record for the dataset is 1998–2011. The dataset underwent intensive manual quality control to ensure that all available and valid data were included while excluding highly problematic radar volumes that were a negligible percentage of the overall dataset, but which caused large data errors in some cases. This dataset has applications toward radar-based climatologies, postevent analysis, machine learning applications, model verification, and warning improvements. Details of the manual quality control process are included and examples of some of these applications are presented.
Using Ensemble Data Assimilation to Explore the Environmental Controls on the Initiation and Predictability of Moist Convection
Authors: Minamide Masashi , Posselt Derek J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Atmospheric deep moist convection has emerged as one of the most challenging topics for numerical weather prediction, due to its chaotic process of development and multiscale physical interactions. This study examines the dynamics and predictability of a weakly organized linear convective system using convection permitting EnKF analysis and forecasts with assimilating all-sky satellite radiances from a water vapor sensitive band of the Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-16. The case chosen occurred over the Gulf of Mexico on 11 June 2017 during the NASA Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign. Analysis of the water vapor and dynamic ensemble covariance structures revealed that meso-α-scale (2000–200 km) and meso-β-scale (200–20 km) initial features helped to constrain the general location of convection with a few hours of lead time, contributing to enhancing convective activity, but meso-γ-scale (20–2 km) or even-smaller-scale features with less than 30-min lead time were identified to be essential for capturing individual convective storms. The impacts of meso-α-scale initial features on the prediction of particular individual convective cells were found to be classified into two regimes; in a relatively dry regime, the meso-α-scale environment needs to be moist enough to support the development of the convection of interest, but in a relatively wet regime, a drier meso-α-scale environment is preferable to suppress the surrounding convective activity. This study highlights the importance of high-resolution initialization of moisture fields for the prediction of a quasi-linear tropical convective system, as well as demonstrating the accuracy that may be necessary to predict convection exactly when and where it occurs.
The Influence of Shallow Cloud Populations on Transitions to Deep Convection in the Amazon
Authors: Barber Katelyn A. , Burleyson Casey D. , Feng Zhe , Hagos Samson M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this study, a pair of convection-permitting (2-km grid spacing), month-long, wet-season Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations with and without the eddy-diffusivity mass-flux (EDMF) scheme are performed for a portion of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) 2014/15 field campaign period. EDMF produces an ensemble of subgrid-scale convective plumes that evolve in response to the boundary layer meteorological conditions and can develop into shallow clouds. The objective of this study is to determine how different treatments of shallow cumulus clouds (i.e., with and without EDMF) impact the total cloud population and precipitation across the Amazonian rain forest, with emphasis on impacts on the likelihood of shallow-to-deep convection transitions. Results indicate that the large-scale synoptic conditions in the EDMF and control simulations are nearly identical; however, on the local scale their rainfall patterns diverge drastically and the biases decrease in EDMF. The EDMF scheme significantly increases the frequency of shallow clouds, but the frequencies of deep clouds are similar between the simulations. Deep convective clouds are tracked using a cloud-tracking algorithm to examine the impact of shallow cumulus on the surrounding ambient environment where deep convective clouds initiate. Results suggest that a rapid increase of low-level cloudiness acts to cool and moisten the low to midtroposphere during the day, favoring the transition to deep convection.
Using Social Network Analysis to Assess Climate Change Professionals’ Communications in Iran
Authors: Oji Ruhollah , Hesam Mehdi , Keener Victoria W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Increased cooperation of an interdisciplinary group of climate change professionals as a social network can play a crucial role in adaptation to climate change. To investigate this relationship at the country scale, this study uses a case study in Iran to 1) measure the cooperative relationship among climate change professionals using the network analysis approach and 2) analyze the potential of the network in promoting adaptation measures based on sustainable development. Social network analysis, which is both a quantitative and qualitative method of grounded theory, was used to analyze the data. Data collection was performed using two questionnaires, including network analysis and a survey, as well as a number of semistructured interviews with the climate change professionals. The data were collected from climate change professionals, including a sample of 55 individuals who were surveyed as a cross section of representative participants from a variety of sectors and organizations. The network relationship results have been analyzed using different tests at three levels (micro, macro, and the interactions between the two). The results have shown that the connectedness of the network is 23.7%, with 42.4% mutual links. The transitivity rate in the network is 51.39%, which determines the possibility of each professional communicating with a third party. According to the normalized degree index, 34.29% of the cases are in contact with other researchers in the network and 53.15% received a connection from others. Grounded theory analysis showed that five core categories including social capital, managerial factors, research, relations, and coordination affected the quality and utility of Iranian climate change professionals’ network.
Acute Care Surgeons Spend More Time than General Surgeons on the Electronic Health Record (EHR)
Authors: Loszko Abigail , Watson Michael , Khan Ahsan , Cunningham Kyle , Thomas Bradley , Ross Samuel , Lauer Cynthia , Sing Ronald , Sachdev Gaurav 
Published: December 2021

Background The paradigm of Acute Care Surgery (ACS) emerged in response to decreasing operative opportunities for trauma surgeons and increasing need for surgical coverage in disciplines to which the expertise of trauma surgeons naturally extends. While the continued evolution of this specialty remains largely beneficial, unintended consequences may have arisen along the way. One aspect of ACS that remains to be thoroughly investigated is the impact of the electronic health record (EHR). The purpose of this study is to objectively quantify EHR usage for ACS and compare it to other general surgery specialties. Methods EHR user data were collected for fifteen ACS attendings and thirty-seven general surgery attendings from October 2014 to September 2019. Comparative analysis was conducted using two-tailed t-tests. Subgroup analysis was conducted for subspecialties included in the general surgery group. Results ACS attendings opened almost 3 times as many charts as general surgery attendings per month (180 vs 64 charts/month, P < .0001), and ultimately spent more time on the EHR as a result (10 vs 6.4 hours/month, P < .0001). Documentation was the most time consuming EHR task for both groups. Although ACS attendings spent less overall time per patient chart, the proportion of time spent on certain EHR tasks was similar to that of general surgery colleagues. Discussion The EHR imposes a disproportionate burden on ACS attendings compared to their general surgery counterparts, and additional study is warranted to improve usage. EHR usage burden has workforce implications for trainees considering a career in ACS.
The success of behavioral economics in improving patient retention within an intensive primary care practice
Authors: Groden Phillip , Capellini Alexandra , Levine Erica , Wajnberg Ania , Duenas Maria , Sow Sire , Ortega Bernard , Medder Nia , Kishore Sandeep 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
A minority of the U.S. population comprises a majority of health care expenses. Health system interventions for high-cost populations aim to improve patient outcomes while reducing costly over-utilization. Missed and inconsistent appointments are associated with poor patient outcomes and increased health care utilization. PEAK Health— Mount Sinai’s intensive primary care clinic for high-cost patients— employed a novel behavioral economics-based intervention to reduce the rate of missed appointments at the practice. Behavioral economics has accomplished numerous successes across the health care field; the effect of a clinic-based behavioral economics intervention on reducing missed appointments has yet to be assessed.

Methods
This was a single-arm, pre-post trial conducted over 1 year involving all active patients at PEAK Health. The intervention consisted of: a) clinic signage, and b) appointment reminder cards containing behavioral economics messaging designed to increase the likelihood patients would complete their subsequent visit; appointment cards (t1) were transitioned to an identical EMR template (t2) at 6 months to boost provider utilization. The primary objective, the success of scheduled appointments, was assessed with visit adherence: the proportion of successful over all scheduled appointments, excluding those cancelled or rescheduled. The secondary objective, the consistency of appointments, was assessed with a 2-month visit constancy rate: the percentage of patients with at least one successful visit every 2 months for 1 year. Both metrics were assessed via a χ2 analysis and together define patient retention.

Results
The visit adherence rate increased from 74.7% at baseline to 76.5% (p = .22) during t1 and 78.0% (p = .03) during t2. The 2-month visit constancy rate increased from 59.5% at baseline to 74.3% (p = .01) post-intervention.

Conclusions
A low-resource, clinic-based behavioral economics intervention was capable of improving patient retention within a traditionally high-cost population. A renewed focus on patient retention— employing the metrics described here— could bolster chronic care efforts and significantly improve the outcomes of high-cost programs by reducing the deleterious effects of missed and inconsistent appointments.
Effect of antiretroviral treatment on blood-brain barrier integrity in HIV-1 infection
Authors: Anesten Birgitta , Zetterberg Henrik , Nilsson Staffan , Brew Bruce J. , Fuchs Dietmar , Price Richard W. , Gisslén Magnus , Yilmaz Aylin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlood-brain barrier (BBB) injury is prevalent in patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and is a frequent feature of HIV encephalitis. Signs of BBB damage are also sometimes found in neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals without antiretroviral therapy (ART). The aim of this study was to investigate the integrity of the BBB before and after initiation of ART in both neuroasymptomatic HIV infection and in patients with HAD.MethodsWe determined BBB integrity by measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/plasma albumin ratios in archived CSF samples prior to and after initiation of ART in longitudinally-followed neuroasymptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals and patients with HAD. We also analyzed HIV RNA in blood and CSF, IgG Index, CSF WBC counts, and CSF concentrations of β2-micoglobulin, neopterin, and neurofilament light chain protein (NfL).ResultsWe included 159 HIV-infected participants; 82 neuroasymptomatic individuals and 77 with HAD. All neuroasymptomatic individuals (82/82), and 10/77 individuals with HAD, were longitudinally followed with a median (interquartile range, IQR) follow-up of 758 (230–1752) days for the neuroasymptomatic individuals, and a median (IQR) follow-up of 241 (50–994) days for the individuals with HAD. Twelve percent (10/82) of the neuroasymptomatic individuals and 80% (8/10) of the longitudinally-followed individuals with HAD had elevated albumin ratios at baseline. At the last follow-up, 9% (7/82) of the neuroasymptomatic individuals and 20% (2/10) of the individuals with HAD had elevated albumin ratios. ART significantly decreased albumin ratios in both neuroasymptomatic individuals and in patients with HAD.ConclusionThese findings indicate that ART improves and possibly normalizes BBB integrity in both neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals and in patients with HAD.