bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambient Air Pollution and Adverse Waitlist Events Among Lung Transplant Candidates
Authors: Hallett Andrew M. , Feng Yijing , Jones Miranda R. , Bush Errol L. , Merlo Christian A. , Segev Dorry L. , McAdams-DeMarco Mara 
Published: May 2021

Background.
Air pollution is associated with cardiopulmonary disease and death in the general population. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is particularly harmful due to its ability to penetrate into areas of gas exchange within the lungs. Persons with advanced lung disease are believed to be particularly susceptible to PM2.5 exposure, but only a few studies have examined the effect of exposure on this population. Here we investigate the association between PM2.5 exposure and adverse waitlist events among lung transplant (LT) candidates.

Methods.
US registry data were used to identify LT candidates listed between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2016. Annual PM2.5 concentration at year of listing was estimated for each candidate’s ZIP Code using National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center Global Annual PM2.5 Grids. We estimated crude and adjusted hazard ratios for adverse waitlist events, defined as death or removal, using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results.
Of the 15 075 included candidates, median age at listing was 60, 43.8% were female individuals, and 81.7% were non-Hispanic White. Median ZIP Code PM2.5 concentration was 9.06 µg/m3. When compared with those living in ZIP Codes with lower PM2.5 exposure (PM2.5 <10.53 µg/m3), candidates in ZIP Codes in the highest quartile of PM2.5 exposure (≥10.53 µg/m3) had 1.14-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.25) risk of adverse waitlist events. The result remained significant after adjusting for demographics, education, insurance, smoking, lung allocation score, body mass index, and blood type (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.29).

Conclusions.
Elevated ambient PM2.5 concentration was associated with adverse waitlist events among LT candidates. These findings highlight the impact of air pollution on clinical outcomes in this critically ill population.
Machine Learning to Classify Relative Seizure Frequency From Chronic Electrocorticography
Authors: Sun Yueqiu , Friedman Daniel , Dugan Patricia , Holmes Manisha , Wu Xiaojing , Liu Anli 
Published: May 2021

Purpose:
Brain responsive neurostimulation (NeuroPace) treats patients with refractory focal epilepsy and provides chronic electrocorticography (ECoG). We explored how machine learning algorithms applied to interictal ECoG could assess clinical response to changes in neurostimulation parameters.

Methods:
We identified five responsive neurostimulation patients each with ≥200 continuous days of stable medication and detection settings (median, 358 days per patient). For each patient, interictal ECoG segments for each month were labeled as “high” or “low” to represent relatively high or low long-episode (i.e., seizure) count compared with the median monthly long-episode count. Power from six conventional frequency bands from four responsive neurostimulation channels were extracted as features. For each patient, five machine learning algorithms were trained on 80% of ECoG, then tested on the remaining 20%. Classifiers were scored by the area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic curve. We explored how individual circadian cycles of seizure activity could inform classifier building.

Results:
Support vector machine or gradient boosting models achieved the best performance, ranging from 0.705 (fair) to 0.892 (excellent) across patients. High gamma power was the most important feature, tending to decrease during low-seizure-frequency epochs. For two subjects, training on ECoG recorded during the circadian ictal peak resulted in comparable model performance, despite less data used.

Conclusions:
Machine learning analysis on retrospective background ECoG can classify relative seizure frequency for an individual patient. High gamma power was the most informative, whereas individual circadian patterns of seizure activity can guide model building. Machine learning classifiers built on interictal ECoG may guide stimulation programming.
Seizures Noted by Responsive Neurostimulation From e-Cigarette Use (Vaping)
Authors: Oster Joel M. , Tatum Peter , Monigan Catherine , Kryzanski James 
Published: May 2021

Summary:
The health consequences of e-cigarette use (vaping) have recently garnered significant attention, most notably from reports of pulmonary pathologic examination although there are scattered case reports of vape-induced seizures, but thus far, there have been little objective data or rigorous study supporting this association with definitive quantification.
Are We Underestimating the Central Components of the Mixed Apneas?—A Hypothesis for Revised Scoring
Authors: Şenel Gülçin Benbir , Aliş Ceren , Karadeniz Derya 
Published: May 2021

Purpose:
Apneas are classified in three categories, as obstructive, central, and mixed types. Mixed apneas are calculated together with the obstructive events in diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). The clinical significance of mixed apneas needs to be specified.

Methods:
Patients with obstructive SAS having an index of mixed apneas ≥5/hour were evaluated. A new approach was developed to score the mixed apneas, and calculated them together with either obstructive or central type of events, depending on their obstructive and central components. The relationship between the development of complex SAS and the indices of abnormal respiratory events per standard and revised scoring was evaluated.

Results:
Ten of 56 patients (17.9%) developed complex SAS at titration polysomnography. The mean index of mixed apneas per standard scoring was significantly higher in patients who did not develop complex SAS (P = 0.006). The use of newly developed method in scoring mixed apneas resulted that three patients (5.4%) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for the central SAS at first-night polysomnography (P < 0.001), and all of them had developed complex SAS at titration night requiring other modes of positive airway pressure therapy than the continuous mode (P = 0.004). Curve estimation models showed that the change from mixed apneas to central apneas was highly significant in patients developing complex SAS (r
2 = 0.501; P = 0.022).

Conclusions:
Our study showed that the summation of mixed apneas with the obstructive events conventionally underestimates the central components and the diagnosis of central SAS, which are fundamental in the risk stratification of complex SAS.
Motivated semantic control: Exploring the effects of extrinsic reward and self-reference on semantic retrieval in semantic aphasia
Authors: Souter Nicholas E. , Stampacchia Sara , Hallam Glyn , Thompson Hannah , Smallwood Jonathan , Jefferies Elizabeth 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent insights show increased motivation can benefit executive control, but this effect has not been explored in relation to semantic cognition. Patients with deficits of controlled semantic retrieval in the context of semantic aphasia (SA) after stroke may benefit from this approach since ‘semantic control’ is considered an executive process. Deficits in this domain are partially distinct from domain-general deficits of cognitive control. We assessed the effect of both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in healthy controls and semantic aphasia patients. Experiment 1 manipulated extrinsic reward using high or low levels of points for correct responses during a semantic association task. Experiment 2 manipulated the intrinsic value of items using self-reference; allocating pictures of items to the participant (‘self’) or researcher (‘other’) in a shopping game before people retrieved their semantic associations. These experiments revealed that patients, but not controls, showed better performance when given an extrinsic reward, consistent with the view that increased external motivation may help to ameliorate patients’ semantic control deficits. However, while self-reference was associated with better episodic memory, there was no effect on semantic retrieval. We conclude that semantic control deficits can be reduced when extrinsic rewards are anticipated; this enhanced motivational state is expected to support proactive control, for example, through the maintenance of task representations. It may be possible to harness this modulatory impact of reward to combat the control demands of semantic tasks in SA patients.
External validation of a clinical decision rule and neuroimaging rule-out strategy for exclusion of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the emergency department: A prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Roberts Tom , Hirst Robert , Hulme William , Horner Daniel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe investigation of suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) presents a diagnostic dilemma. The limited sensitivity of a negative CT brain scan has historically mandated hospital admission and a lumbar puncture to look for evidence of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. However, emerging evidence has suggested the sensitivity of clinical decision rules and modern CT imaging protocols within early onset of symptoms, may be sufficient to exclude the diagnosis.MethodsA prospective, multi-centre, observational study of consecutive adult patients with acute severe non-traumatic headache presenting to emergency departments. We plan to recruit 9000 patients from over a hundred sites across the UK. The primary outcome is adjudicated SAH as defined by neuroimaging or cerebrospinal fluid findings consistent with the diagnosis.Data will be collected on clinical history, examination findings, phlebotomy and imaging results. All participants will be followed for 28-days to identify SAH and other clinically relevant outcomes using case note review, and later Hospital Episode Statistics. A proportionate opt-out model of consent will be used to maximise patient recruitment and study generalisability.DiscussionWhilst there is increasing evidence that early neuroimaging strategies for the diagnosis of SAH are very sensitive, there have been no large studies to confirm this in the UK population. Furthermore, the test characteristics of CT brain beyond 6 hours from onset are not well understood and there is limited biological plausibility for this defined time cutpoint. Finally, the performance of the Ottawa clinical decision rule has shown promise in the Canadian population. However, its performance in the UK has not been studied and there are concerns that due to the low specificity it may result in increased, rather than decreased rate of investigations. This study will therefore aim to assess the test characteristics of both a CT brain up to 24h from presentation and the Ottawa SAH clinical decision rule.
What do we know about violence against women in pandemic times? Insights based on search trends
Authors: Guatimosim Rafaela Ferreira , Silva Teles Ana Luiza , Loureiro Fabiano Franca , da Silva Antônio Geraldo , de Miranda Débora Marques , Malloy-Diniz Leandro Fernandes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeThis short communication aims to assess the situation of domestic violence against women in Brazil during social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe extracted data from Google Trends showing the magnitude of searches on the topics domestic violence and complaint and then compared with the data of the complaint reports.ResultsSearches on Google containing those terms have increased while the complaints reports against domestic violence have decreased.ConclusionThe growth of searches about domestic violence and domestic violence complaints indicates the possibility of a real rise in this type of violence in Brazil.
Multi-faceted Semantic Clustering With Text-derived Phenotypes
Authors: Slater Luke T , Williams John A , Karwath Andreas , Fanning Hilary , Ball Simon , Schofield Paul , Hoehndorf Robert , Gkoutos Georgios V 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIdentification of ontology concepts in clinical narrative text enables the creation of phenotype profiles that can be associated with clinical entities, such as patients or drugs. Constructing patient phenotype profiles using formal ontologies enables their analysis via semantic similarity, in turn enabling the use of background knowledge in clustering or classification analyses. However, traditional semantic similarity approaches collapse complex relationships between patient phenotypes into a unitary similarity scores for each pair of patients. Moreover, single scores may be based only on matching terms with the greatest information content (IC), ignoring other dimensions of patient similarity. This process necessarily leads to a loss of information in the resulting representation of patient similarity, and is especially apparent when using very large text-derived and highly multi-morbid phenotype profiles. Moreover, it renders finding a biological explanation for similarity very difficult; the black box problem. In this article, we explore the generation of multiple semantic similarity scores for patients based on different facets of their phenotypic manifestation, which we define through different sub-graphs in the Human Phenotype Ontology. We further present a new methodology for deriving sets of qualitative class descriptions for groups of entities described by ontology terms. Leveraging this strategy to obtain meaningful explanations for our semantic clusters alongside other evaluation techniques, we show that semantic clustering with ontology-derived facets enables the representation, and thus identification of, clinically relevant phenotype relationships not easily recoverable using overall clustering alone. In this way, we demonstrate the potential of faceted semantic clustering for gaining a deeper and more nuanced understanding of text-derived patient phenotypes.
A whole system approach to increasing children’s physical activity in a multi-ethnic UK city: a process evaluation protocol
Authors: Hall Jennifer , Bingham Daniel D , Seims Amanda , Dogra Sufyan Abid , Burkhardt Jan , Nobles James , McKenna Jim , Bryant Maria , Barber Sally E , Daly-Smith Andy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundEngaging in regular physical activity requires continued complex decision-making in varied and dynamic individual, social and structural contexts. Widespread shortfalls of physical activity interventions suggests the complex underlying mechanisms of change are not yet fully understood. More insightful process evaluations are needed to design and implement more effective approaches. This paper describes the protocol for a process evaluation of the JU:MP programme, a whole systems approach to increasing physical activity in children and young people aged 5-14 years in North Bradford, UK.MethodsThis process evaluation, underpinned by realist philosophy, aims to understand the development and implementation of the JU:MP programme and the mechanisms by which JU:MP influences physical activity in children and young people. It also aims to explore behaviour change across wider policy, strategy and neighbourhood systems. A mixed method data collection approach will include semi-structured interview, observation, documentary analysis, surveys, and participatory evaluation methods including reflections and ripple effect mapping.DiscussionNot only is this an innovative approach to process evaluation but it will also feed into iterative programme development to generate evidence-based practice and deliver practice-based evidence. This paper advances knowledge regarding the development of process evaluations for evaluating systems interventions, and emphasises the importance of process evaluation.
Fast and Accurate Estimation of Gas-Phase Entropy from the Molecular Surface Curvature
Authors: Venkatraman Vishwesh , Roy Amitava 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEstimating entropy is crucial for understanding and modifying biological systems, such as protein-ligand binding. Current computational methods to estimate entropy require extensive, or at times prohibitively extensive, computational resources. This article presents SHAPE (SHape-based Accurate Predictor of Entropy), a new method that estimates the gas-phase entropy of small molecules purely from their surface geometry. The gas-phase entropy of small molecules can be computed in ≈0.01 CPU hours with run time complexity of, whereNais the number of atoms. The accuracy of SHAPE is within 1 − 2% of computationally expensive quantum mechanical or molecular mechanical calculations. We further show that the inclusion of gas-phase entropy, estimated using SHAPE, improves the rank-order correlation between binding affinity and binding score from 0.18 to 0.40. The speed and accuracy of SHAPE make it well-suited for inclusion in molecular docking or QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationships) methods.Abstract Figure
Using OPMs to measure neural activity in standing, mobile participants
Authors: Seymour Robert A. , Alexander Nicholas , Mellor Stephanie , O’Neill George C. , Tierney Tim M. , Barnes Gareth R. , Maguire Eleanor A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOptically pumped magnetometer-based magnetoencephalography (OP-MEG) can be used to measure neuromagnetic fields while participants move in a magnetically shielded room. Head movements in previous OP-MEG studies have been up to 20 cm translation and ∼30° rotation in a sitting position. While this represents a step-change over stationary MEG systems, naturalistic head movement is likely to exceed these limits, particularly when participants are standing up. In this proof-of-concept study, we sought to push the movement limits of OP-MEG even further. Using a 90 channel (45-sensor) whole-head OP-MEG system and concurrent motion capture, we recorded auditory evoked fields while participants were: (i) sitting still, (ii) standing up and still, and (iii) standing up and making large natural head movements continuously throughout the recording – maximum translation 120 cm, maximum rotation 198°. Following pre-processing, movement artefacts were substantially reduced but not eliminated. However, upon utilisation of a beamformer, the M100 event-related field localised to primary auditory regions. Furthermore, the event-related fields from auditory cortex were remarkably consistent across the three conditions. These results suggest that a wide range of movement is possible with current OP-MEG systems. This in turn underscores the exciting potential of OP-MEG for recording neural activity during naturalistic paradigms that involve movement (e.g. navigation), and for scanning populations who are difficult to study with stationary MEG (e.g. young children).
Crucial Roles of Carotenoids as Bacterial Endogenous Defense System for Bacterial Radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans
Authors: Yang Qiao 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe central dogma of radiation biology is that the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of radiation are principally the result of biological macromolecules (DNA, RNA, polysaccharides, proteins and lipids) damage caused during the course of irradiation. Previous studies on the radioresistance of the extremely radiation-resistant red-carotenoid-pigmented bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans have been focused on DNA repair system. However, relative little is known about the biochemical basis of the extraordinary recovery capacity of D. radiodurans for ionizing radiation and can include hundreds of DNA double-strand breaks.Methodology/Principal FindingsHere we identified a novel carotenoid in D. radiodurans as ((all-E)-1’-hydroxy-3’,4’-didehydro-1’,2’,2,3-quahydro-β,ψ-carotene-4-one-1) and characterized the intracellular distribution of carotenoids. Following exposure to ionizing radiation, the wild-type parent of D. radiodurans survived much higher compared with radiation-sensitive colorless mutants screened by 60Co irradiation and by knockout of crtB or crtI genes for the carotenoid biosynthesis. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis showed that two carotenoid can effectively scavenge radicals including superoxide anion (O2.−) and hydroxyl radical (.OH). Consistent results showing the substantial antioxidant abilities of the two carotenoids were obtained by UV-induction of bacteriophage λ method in vivo, and the detectable reaction potentials of two carotenoids with nitric oxide (NO) evaluated by ultraviolet-visible near-infrared ray (UV/vis/NIR) spectra assay.Conclusions/SignificanceOur findings support the idea that the degree of bacterial radioresistance of D. radiodurans is partly related to the levels of carotenoids in the cells. Carotenoids, as an important member of the structural and non-structural components of the cells, are endogenous scavengers of reactive oxygen species and can effectively quench radicals generated during irradiation. The current work suggests that carotenoids play a previously unrecognized protection role in the endogenous defense System (EDS) that facilitates the recovery from radiation injury. And we propose a complete model to elucidate the mechanisms of extreme radioresistance in this remarkable bacterium.
Early beta oscillations in multisensory association areas underlie crossmodal performance enhancement
Authors: Michail Georgios , Senkowski Daniel , Holtkamp Martin , Wächter Bettina , Keil Julian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe combination of signals from different sensory modalities can enhance perception and facilitate behavioral responses. While previous research described crossmodal influences in a wide range of tasks, it remains unclear how such influences drive performance enhancements. In particular, the neural mechanisms underlying performance-relevant crossmodal influences, as well as the latency and spatial profile of such influences are not well understood. Here, we examined data from high-density electroencephalography (N = 30) and electrocorticography (N = 4) recordings to characterize the oscillatory signatures of crossmodal facilitation of response speed, as manifested in the speeding of visual responses by concurrent task-irrelevant auditory information. Using a data-driven analysis approach, we found that individual gains in response speed correlated with reduced beta power (13-25 Hz) in the audiovisual compared with the visual condition, starting within 80 ms after stimulus onset in multisensory association and secondary visual areas. In addition, the electrocorticography data revealed a beta power suppression in audiovisual compared with visual trials in the superior temporal gyrus (STG). Our data suggest that the crossmodal facilitation of response speed is associated with early beta power in multisensory association and secondary visual areas, presumably reflecting the enhancement of early sensory processing through selective attention. This finding furthers our understanding of the neural correlates underlying crossmodal response speed facilitation and highlights the critical role of beta oscillations in mediating behaviorally relevant audiovisual processing.Significance StatementThe use of complementary information across multiple senses can enhance perception. Previous research established a central role of neuronal oscillations in multisensory perception, but it remains poorly understood how they relate to multisensory performance enhancement. To address this question, we recorded electrophysiological signals from scalp and intracranial electrodes (implanted for presurgical monitoring) in response to simple visual and audiovisual stimuli. We then associated the difference in oscillatory power between the two conditions with the speeding of responses in the audiovisual trials. We demonstrate, that the crossmodal facilitation of response speed is associated with beta power in multisensory association areas during early stages of sensory processing. This finding highlights the importance of beta oscillations in mediating behaviorally relevant audiovisual processing.