bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priority Monism and Junk
Authors: Taylor Jamie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPriority Monism—the position that what is fundamental is one object, the Cosmos—has recently been brought to the fore by Jonathan Schaffer, who has put forward a variety of arguments in its favour. However, Priority Monism has been criticised on the grounds that junk—where for some structure to be junky is for every object in it to be a proper part of another object in the structure—is metaphysically possible. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the monist can deal with this problem. I argue they can successfully argue against junk's possibility, but their response leaves a new problem for monism (the problem of the possibility ofweak junk). To address this problem, they need to develop a new version of Priority Monism, on which the Cosmos isidenticalto all its parts taken collectively. I denote this version of monism asWeak Priority Monism. Contra Schaffer, I think a Priority Monist can and should hold to the thesis that CompositionisIdentity.
Assessing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) tolerance to salinity at seedling stage and screening of the salinity tolerance traits
Authors: Yu R. , Wang G. , Yu X. , Li L. , Li C. , Song Y. , Xu Z. , Zhang J. , Guan C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Salt is among the most harmful agents that negatively influences crop yield. Alfalfa is an important perennial forage crop that exhibits wide cultivar variations in salt tolerance. Developing salt‐tolerant alfalfa plants is a promising way to utilize salinized land.

A comprehensive method was developed to achieve reliable and effective evaluation of alfalfa salt resistance. This included principal components, membership functions and cluster and stepwise regression analyses. These were used to analyse the salt tolerance coefficients of 14 traits and to evaluate 20 diverse alfalfa cultivars at the seedling stage. The various morphological root parameters of six alfalfa cultivars with contrasting salt tolerance were also tested by a scanning apparatus.

According to the comprehensive evaluation value (D value), one highly salt‐tolerant, two salt‐tolerant, four moderately salt‐tolerant and 13 salt‐sensitive alfalfa cultivars were screened. A mathematical equation for the evaluation of alfalfa salt tolerance was established: D′ = −0.126 + 0.667SFW + 0.377SDW + 1.089K+/Na+ + 0.172SFW/RFW (R2 = 0.988; average forecast accuracy of 96.95%), where four indices were closely related to the salt tolerance: shoot fresh weight, ratio of shoot fresh weight to root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and ratio of K+ to Na+ in the shoot. We also found that SSA correlated strongly with SFW, SDW, K+/Na+, D values, while SRV correlated obviously with SFW, SFW/RFW and D values after 150 mm NaCl treatment.

In conclusion, the SFW, K+/Na+, SDW, SFW/RFW, SSA and SRV could be used as indicators of salt tolerance in alfalfa seedlings grown under 150 mm NaCl treatment.
The 2020 Presidential Election Verdict
Authors: Burden Barry C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPresident Donald Trump entered the 2020 campaign with liabilities that made his reelection bid daunting. Despite an enthusiastic support base, Trump was soundly defeated in both the popular vote and the Electoral College. Trump's perceived mismanagement of the coronavirus pandemic and uprisings over racial inequality prevented him from altering the trajectory of the campaign that had been set in his first election. A unified Democratic Party rallied behind former Vice President Joseph Biden as the candidate most likely to defeat Trump and restore normalcy. Although Republicans fared reasonably well in subpresidential races, the verdict of voters resulted in the rare removal of an incumbent party after just 4 years in the White House.
Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, Segregation Forever? Racial and Economic Isolation and Dissimilarity in Rural Black Belt Schools in Alabama*
Authors: Mann Bryan , Rogers Annah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSchool racial and economic segregation trends in the United States have increased since the high point of school integration in the 1980s. Current scholarship rarely examines segregation trends in rural areas, especially in the rural Black Belt region of the southern United States. The Black Belt was the location of the leading events of the Civil Rights Movement and where white residents exhibited overt and violent resistance toBrown v. Board of Education. This landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case prohibited legally mandated racial segregation in schools. Our study examines patterns of racial and economic isolation and dissimilarity in the Alabama Black Belt to determine the contemporary nature of school and neighborhood segregation in the region. We use a Critical Race Spatial Analysis framework to conceptualize the study, and we show that segregation patterns have continued and, in some cases, worsened in the last three decades. The forces driving these patterns are different from in the past, stemming from student population changes rather than students' distribution within school districts. Based on these findings, we explain solutions that include implementing school enrollment policy changes alongside policies that incentivize population growth and economic development.
The Boko Haram pluriverse
Authors: Iocchi Alessio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis review essay provides an analysis of three very different publications about one of the deadliest and most complex jihadi‐Salafi organizations in the world today: Nigeria‐based Boko Haram. The essay discusses how the debate around the origins, appeal, and doctrine of Boko Haram and its internal and external structure – a debate dominated by visions rooted in US counter‐terrorism paradigms – will be greatly refreshed by the significant amount of new data and interesting reflections proposed and examined in the three books. Finally, the essay proposes that academics and analysts who focus on Boko Haram should aim to overcome disciplinary boundaries and research compartmentalization in order to develop an effective and all‐encompassing level of knowledge about this organization and the related insurgency.
Countering Democratic Backsliding by EU Member States: Constitutional Pluralism and ‘Value’ Differentiated Integration
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Kröger Sandra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConstitutional pluralism (CP) and differentiated integration (DI) have been criticised as potentially legitimising democratic backsliding within the EU. Critics contend that effective measures require strengthening the legal authority of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the political authority of the European Commission. We dispute this criticism, which rests on a federal conception of the EU at odds with its confederal features. We argue that the value of democracy for the EU derives from pluralism between as well as within states, thereby justifying CP and DI. While both prove incompatible with democratic backsliding, they challenge the legitimacy of the strong assertions of federal authority some advocate to tackle it. Drawing on CP, we propose four criteria for EU action against backsliding regimes, and suggest processes and penalties that meet them. We liken the latter to ‘value’ DI, whereby backsliding states can be excluded from EU funding and voting rights.
Sources and prevention of graft infection during long‐term ex situ liver perfusion
Authors: Eshmuminov Dilmurodjon , Mueller Matteo , Brugger Silvio D. , Bautista Borrego Lucia , Becker Dustin , Hefti Max , Hagedorn Catherine , Duskabilova Muhayyo , Tibbitt Mark W. , Dutkowski Philipp , Rudolf von Rohr Philipp , Schuler Martin J. , Mueller Nicolas J. , Clavien Pierre‐Alain 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe use of normothermic liver machine perfusion to repair injured grafts ex situ is an emerging topic of clinical importance. However, a major concern is the possibility of microbial contamination in the absence of a fully functional immune system. Here, we report a standardized approach to maintain sterility during normothermic liver machine perfusion of porcine livers for one week.MethodsPorcine livers (n = 42) were procured and perfused with blood at 34°C following aseptic technique and standard operating procedures. The antimicrobial prophylaxis was adapted and improved in a step‐wise manner taking into account the pathogens that were detected during the development phase. Piperacillin‐Tazobactam was applied as a single dose initially and modified to continuous application in the final protocol. In addition, the perfusion machine was improved to recapitulate partially the host's defense system. The final protocol was tested for infection prevention during one week of perfusion.ResultsDuring the development phase, microbial contamination occurred in 27 out of 39 (69%) livers with a mean occurrence of growth on 4 ± 1.6 perfusion days. The recovered microorganisms suggested an exogenous source of microbial contamination. The antimicrobial agents (piperacillin/tazobactam) could be maintained above the targeted minimal inhibitory concentration (8‐16 mg/L) only with continuous application. In addition to continuous application of piperacillin/tazobactam, partial recapitulation of the host immune system ex situ accompanied by strict preventive measures for contact and air contamination maintained sterility during one week of perfusion.ConclusionThe work demonstrates feasibility of sterility maintenance for one week during ex situ normothermic liver perfusion.
Ferroportin 3 is a dual‐targeted mitochondrial/chloroplast iron exporter necessary for iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kim Leah J. , Tsuyuki Kaitlyn M. , Hu Fengling , Park Emily Y. , Zhang Jingwen , Iraheta Jennifer G. , Chia Ju‐Chen , Huang Rong , Tucker Avery E. , Clyne Madeline , Castellano Claire , Kim Angie , Chung Daniel D. , DaVeiga Christopher T. , Parsons Elizabeth M. , Vatamaniuk Olena K. , Jeong Jeeyon 
Published: April 2021

SummaryMitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles with high iron demand that are particularly susceptible to iron‐induced oxidative stress. Despite the necessity of strict iron regulation in these organelles, much remains unknown about mitochondrial and chloroplast iron transport in plants. Here, we propose that Arabidopsis ferroportin 3 (FPN3) is an iron exporter that is dual‐targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts. FPN3 is expressed in shoots, regardless of iron conditions, but its transcripts accumulate under iron deficiency in roots. fpn3 mutants cannot grow as well as the wild type under iron‐deficient conditions and their shoot iron levels are lower compared with the wild type. Analyses of iron homeostasis gene expression in fpn3 mutants and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) measurements show that iron levels in the mitochondria and chloroplasts are increased relative to the wild type, consistent with the proposed role of FPN3 as a mitochondrial/plastid iron exporter. In iron‐deficient fpn3 mutants, abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed, whereas chloroplast ultrastructure was not affected, implying that FPN3 plays a critical role in the mitochondria. Overall, our study suggests that FPN3 is essential for optimal iron homeostasis.
Immunological selection and monitoring of patients undergoing pig kidney transplantation
Authors: Lucander Aaron C.K. , Nguyen Huy , Foote Jeremy B. , Cooper David K.C. , Hara Hidetaka 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPig kidney xenotransplantation has the potential to alleviate the current shortage of deceased and living human organs and provide patients with end‐stage renal disease with a greater opportunity for long‐term survival and a better quality of life. In recent decades, advances in the genetic engineering of pigs and in immunosuppressive therapy have permitted the resolution of many historical obstacles to the success of pig kidney transplantation in nonhuman primates. Pig kidney xenotransplantation may soon be translated to the clinic.Given the potential risks of kidney xenotransplantation, particularly of immunologic rejection of the graft, potential patients must be carefully screened for inclusion in the initial clinical trials and immunologically monitored diligently post‐transplantation. We provide an overview of the immunological methods we believe should be used to (i) screen potential patients for the first clinical trials to exclude those with a higher risk of rejection, and (ii) monitor patients with a pig kidney graft to determine their immunological response to the graft.
Assessment of Methods for Calculating Liquefied Natural Gas Pump Tower Loads
Authors: Thome Michael , Neugebauer Jens , Moctar Ould el , Schellin Thomas E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a comparative numerical study on liquefied natural gas (LNG) pump tower loads, while focusing on two aspects. First, are impact loads relevant for the structural design of LNG pump towers and, second, in which way does fluid–structure interaction influence these loads? Numerical simulations of the multiphase problem were conducted using viscous field methods. First, unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations, extended by the volume of fluid (VoF) approach, were used to simulate, at model scale, the flow inside a three-dimensional LNG tank without the tower structure. Then, these results were used to validate the numerical method against model test measurements. Afterward, motion periods and amplitudes were systematically varied in the flow simulations. Flow velocities and accelerations along the positions of the main structural members of the pump tower were extracted and used as input data for load approximations based on the Morison equation. Finally, these load approximations were compared with loads determined from solving the delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES). Time histories as well as statistical measures of global loads acting on the entire and the simplified tower structure were of the same order of magnitude. However, their time evolution differed, especially at their peaks, and this was considered significant for structural design.
Automotive Occupant Dynamics Optimization
Authors: Bennett J. A. , Park G. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the more difficult optimal design tasks occurs when the data describing the system to be optimized is either highly nonlinear or noisy or both. This situation arises when trying to design restraint systems for automotive crashworthiness using the traditional lumped parameter analysis methods. The nonlinearities in the response can come from either abrupt changes in the occupants interaction with the interior or from relatively minor fluctuation in the response due to the interactions of two restraint systems such as belts and airbags. In addition the calculated response measures are usually highly nonlinear functions of the accelerations. Two approaches using an approximate problem formulation strategy are proposed. One approach uses a first order approximation based on finite difference derivatives with a non local step size. The second and more effective approach uses the second order curve fitting strategy as proposed by Vanderplaats. Successful example problems of up to 16 design variables are demonstrated. A conservative design strategy using a derivative based constraint padding is also discussed. The approach proves effective because analytical expressions are available for the second order terms.
Design for Manufacturability: Cost Analysis of Electronic Circuit Board Assembly
Authors: Heng Charlie A. S. , Gay Robert K. L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses a methodology to predict the cost of assembling printed circuit boards (PCB). It is formulated using the flexible assembly system in the Experimental Printed Circuit Board Assembly Facility (EPCBAF) of the GINTIC Institute of CIM. The concept of Boothroyd and Dewhurst is applied in this work. The assembly cost accounts for insertion, test and rework costs only. Although focusing on the specific configuration of the system in EPCBAF, the discussion is directed towards broad applications, enabling a wide variety of assembly systems to be simulated.
Representing Tolerance and Assembly Information in a Feature-Based Design Environment
Authors: Sodhi Rajneet , Turner Joshua U. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a strategy for representing tolerance information and assembly information in a feature-based design environment. The concept of designing with features is extended to incorporate the specification of tolerance information. This allows appropriate tolerancing strategies to be provided within the feature definitions themselves. Thus a closer connection is formed between features and the functional intent implicit in their use. The concept of designing with features is also extended to incorporate the specification of assembly information, through the use of assembly features which provide a high-level user interface for the creation and modeling of assemblies, and which handle the identification and creation of mating relations between components. Several examples of component and assembly design using this extended feature-based approach are presented.
Parameter Identification for Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Using Optimization Techniques
Authors: Deng Yih-Charng , Lust Robert V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Models of mechanical systems often contain unknown system parameters which cannot be determined directly from component tests. System identification techniques are methods which determine the unknown parameters based on the overall system behavior under prescribed dynamic loading. In this work a methodology was developed for identifying the unknown parameters in a nonlinear mechanical system model which produces a high degree of correlation between the model response and the test data. This technique uses numerical optimization algorithms to minimize differences between the model response and the test data. Two algorithms are used: the BFGS quasi-Newton method and the zero-th order POLYTOPE method. Several example problems are solved which demonstrate our methodology. Both methods accurately identify the unknown parameters in simple mass-spring-damper systems. For more complex nonlinear systems, such as the occupant simulation models, the gradient-based BFGS method is unable to identify the correct parameters in two test cases. This is due to the fact that the objective function contains many local minima for these systems. The POLYTOPE method gives satisfactory results for identifying complex nonlinear systems in all three test cases investigated in this study. For complex nonlinear systems the form of the objective function can affect the final solution. Best results will be achieved when the objective function is highly sensitive to the changes of the unknown parameters.
Automated Design of Optimum Belt Drives
Authors: Sinha Dipendra K. , McDonald Michael T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The paper describes a belt design package which works from within a commercial Computer Aided Design and Drafting package (AutoCAD) environment and utilizes FORTRAN programs for design and selection of lowest weight components for the drive system. The components used in the process are available as stock items in U.S.A. The relevant information on these products is stored in commercial database management systems such as EXCEL and LOTUS 1-2-3. Output from the package consists of scaled drawing and tabular specifications.
Validity of Two Awake Wear-Time Classification Algorithms for activPAL in Youth, Adults, and Older Adults
Authors: Carlson Jordan A. , Tuz-Zahra Fatima , Bellettiere John , Ridgers Nicola D. , Steel Chelsea , Bejarano Carolina , LaCroix Andrea Z. , Rosenberg Dori E. , Greenwood-Hickman Mikael Anne , Jankowska Marta M. , Natarajan Loki 
Published: April 2021

Background: The authors assessed agreement between participant diaries and two automated algorithms applied to activPAL (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, United Kingdom) data for classifying awake wear time in three age groups. Methods: Study 1 involved 20 youth and 23 adults who, by protocol, removed the activPAL occasionally to create nonwear periods. Study 2 involved 744 older adults who wore the activPAL continuously. Both studies involved multiple assessment days. In-bed, out-of-bed, and nonwear times were recorded in the participant diaries. The CREA (in PAL processing suite) and ProcessingPAL (secondary application) algorithms estimated out-of-bed wear time. Second- and day-level agreement between the algorithms and diary was investigated, as were associations of sedentary variables with self-rated health. Results: The overall accuracy for classifying out-of-bed wear time as compared with the diary was 89.7% (Study 1) to 95% (Study 2) for CREA and 89.4% (Study 1) to 93% (Study 2) for ProcessingPAL. Over 90% of the nonwear time occurring in nonwear periods >165 min was detected by both algorithms, while <11% occurring in periods ≤165 min was detected. For the daily variables, the mean absolute errors for each algorithm were generally within 0–15% of the diary mean. Most Spearman correlations were very large (≥.81). The mean absolute errors and correlations were less favorable for days on which any nonwear time had occurred. The associations between sedentary variables and self-rated health were similar across processing methods. Conclusion: The automated awake wear-time classification algorithms performed similarly to the diary information on days without short (≤2.5–2.75 hr) nonwear periods. Because both diary and algorithm data can have inaccuracies, best practices likely involve integrating diary and algorithm output.
Comparing Counts of Park Users With a Wearable Video Device and an Unmanned Aerial System
Authors: Suminski Richard R. , Dominick Gregory M. , Saponaro Matthew 
Published: April 2021

Evidence suggests that video captured with a wearable video device (WVD) may augment or supplant traditional methods for assessing park use. Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) are used to assess human activity, but research employing them for park assessments is sparse. Therefore, this study compared park user counts between a WVD and UAS. A diverse set of 33 amenities (e.g., playground) in three parks were videoed simultaneously by one researcher wearing a WVD and another operating the UAS. Assessments were done at 12 p.m. and 7 p.m. on weekends, with one park evaluated on two occasions 7 days apart. Two investigators independently reviewed videos and reached consensus on the counts of individuals at each amenity. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to determine intra- and interrater reliabilities. A total of 404 (M = 4.7; SD = 9.6) and 389 (M = 4.5; SD = 9.0) individuals were counted in the UAS and WVD videos, respectively. Absolute agreement was 86% (74/86) and 100% when no individuals were using the amenity. Whether using all 86 videos or only videos having people (48 videos), ICCs indicated excellent reliability (ICC = .99; p < .001). The totals seen for the repeated measures were UAS = 146 and WVD = 136 for Day 1 and UAS = 169 and WVD = 161 for Day 2. Intrarater reliability was excellent for the UAS (ICC = .92; p < .001) and good for the WVD (ICC = .89; p < .001). Disagreement was mainly due to obstructions—people behind or under structures. This study provides support for the use of UASs for counting park users and future research examining the potential benefits of video analysis for assessing park use.