bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An HPLC-MS/MS Method Using a Multitoxin Clean up Column for Analysis of Seven Mycotoxins in Aquafeeds
Authors: Bi Siyuan , Xu Jingbing , Yang Xiaoshan , Zhang Peng , Lian Kaoqi , Ma Li 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
In Guangdong Province of China, the climate is very wet, so there are many different fungi living in aquatic feeds, which produce mycotoxins. These compounds contaminate agricultural products worldwide and present a great threat to human health. It is necessary to determine their contamination level in aquatic feeds.

Objective
A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, and zearalenone in fish and shrimp feed.

Methods
Samples were extracted with acetonitrile–water (3+1, v/v), and degreased with acetonitrile-saturated hexane. The extract was cleaned up with a multitoxin column. The target compounds were separated on a C18 chromatographic column and analyzed simultaneously by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion mode. Detected compounds were quantified using the matrix-matched external standard method.

Results
Under the optimized conditions, good linearities for the analytes in the corresponding concentration range were obtained, with correlation coefficients (r2) higher than 0.9948. LODs ranged from 1.83 to 12.63 μg/kg, and LOQs ranged from 5.49 to 37.89 μg/kg. Average recoveries for the target mycotoxins at three spiked levels ranged from 80.5 to 116.5% with RSD ranging from 2.4 to 10.4%. Twenty-three real aquafeed samples were determined by this method, and seven kinds of toxins were detected.

Conclusion
The results show that the developed method can be successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in aquatic feeds.

Highlights
Multitoxin purification columns proved to be a powerful technique for determining seven mycotoxins simultaneously. This method ensured simple sample pretreatment and less operation time. The established method was successfully applied to the analysis of seven mycotoxins species in aquatic feeds.
Phenibut, a GABAB Agonist, Detected in a Fatality
Authors: Arndt Crystal , Gray Teresa R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Phenibut, a GABAB agonist structurally similar to baclofen, is not approved for medical use in the USA but is available through internet suppliers for recreational use. Calls to poison control centers for phenibut have increased over the last 5 years, and there are many case reports of severe acute intoxications and withdrawals requiring hospitalization. This case report describes the autopsy and toxicology findings of a 26-year-old male found dead at home with phenibut containers on the scene. Autopsy findings and routine toxicology testing were generally unremarkable. Scene findings prompted the validation of a qualitative liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry method that confirmed the presence of phenibut in blood and urine.
The Enrica Lexie Incident and the Status of Anti-Piracy Security Personnel on Board
Authors: Odello Marco 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on a specific issue that emerged in the Arbitral Award on the Enrica Lexie case delivered in May 2020. The dispute involved Italy and India in relation to the killings of Indian fishermen by Italian marines in the waters outside India. The incident raised several legal issues concerning the application of the law of the sea, the legal determination of anti-piracy actions by States and jurisdictional immunities. The purpose of this article is to focus on one specific issue that emerges from this case: the uncertain legal status of security personnel deployed on private vessels in relation to anti-piracy protection. The first part of the article shall consider the status of military personnel deployed on merchant ships for anti-piracy protection. The problem is central to the matter because, depending on the definition of their status, limitations on the exercise of jurisdiction by other States may emerge. The second part of this article discusses more broadly the status of military and private security personnel in actions that could be defined as ‘international policing or security’ activities, which should be better clarified through better international cooperation, exchange of information and clear rules. A more defined legal setting for anti-piracy activities would prevent possible future disputes in similar cases. Furthermore, it would be useful to have clearer rules that could be applied also to face other types of crimes that occur on the sea.
NATO’s Nuclear Sharing Arrangements Revisited in Light of the NPT and the TPNW
Authors: Hayashi Mika 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The nuclear sharing arrangements of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are arrangements that pre-date the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). This article revisits the nuclear sharing arrangements in light of the NPT, then examines the issues in light of a new treaty, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). The question of the compatibility between these arrangements and the NPT was initially solved by an understanding that the stationing of the US nuclear weapons in host States did not involve transfer of ownership or transfer of control of these weapons to host States. Compared to the initial acceptance of this interpretation, the contemporary acceptance is less solid. The nuclear sharing arrangements are questioned or criticised in the NPT Review process, both by non-nuclear-weapon States and nuclear-weapon States. In contrast, with regard to the TPNW, there seems to be no controversy; the TPNW explicitly provides that the States Parties must not allow stationing of nuclear weapons. The nuclear sharing arrangements would be incompatible with this prohibition. The article also briefly deals with a separate question, whether a client State of extended nuclear deterrence that does not allow stationing of nuclear weapons in its territory would also contravene the prohibitions in the TPNW. Given the scope and the nature of provisions of the TPNW, the article concludes that it would, if such a client State joins the treaty without a change in its policy regarding extended deterrence.
Soybean Foliage Consumption Reduces Adult Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Survival and Stimulates Flight
Authors: Spencer Joseph L , Mabry Timothy R , Levine Eli , Isard Scott A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, biology is tied to the continuous availability of its host (corn, Zea mays L.). Annual rotation of corn with a nonhost, like soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was a reliable tactic to manage western corn rootworm. Behavioral resistance to annual crop rotation (rotation resistance) allowed some eastern U.S. Corn Belt populations to circumvent rotation by laying eggs in soybean and in cornfields. When active in soybean, rotation-resistant adults commonly consume foliage, in spite of detrimental effects on beetle survival. Rotation-resistant beetle activity in soybean is enabled by the expression of certain proteinases and an adapted gut microbiota that provide limited protection from soybean antiherbivore defenses. We investigated the effects of corn and soybean herbivory on rotation-resistant female survival and initiation of flight using mortality assays and wind tunnel flight tests. Among field-collected females tested with mortality assays, beetles from collection sites in a cornfield survived longer than those from collection sites in a soybean field. However, reduced survival due to soybean herbivory could be restored by consuming corn tissues. Field-collected beetles that fed on a soybean tissue laboratory diet or only water were more likely to fly in a wind tunnel than corn-feeding beetles. Regardless of collection site and laboratory diet, 90.5% of beetles that flew oriented their flights upwind. Diet-related changes in the probability of flight provide a proximate mechanism for interfield movement that facilitates restorative feeding and the survival of females previously engaged in soybean herbivory.
In-Field Capable Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Detection of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Using a Rapid and Simple Crude Extraction Technique
Authors: Congdon B S , Webster C G , Severtson D , Spafford H 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an economically important pest worldwide and has recently been identified in Australia. Morphological identification of S. frugiperda at early larval stages can be difficult often requiring expert microscopy analysis. Rapid and accurate in-field diagnosis is vital for management decision support and there are no tools currently available for this purpose. In this study, a sensitive, specific, and in-field capable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed to detect S. frugiperda larvae. A primer set based on a highly conserved region of the S. frugiperda cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene provided detection within 30 min from both total DNA and crude extractions. The crude extraction technique of crushing 10 mg of S. frugiperda material in 50 µl ddH2O and further diluting the homogenate in ddH2O is rapid, simple, and does not require heat blocks, centrifuges, or special buffers increasing its utility as a field-based technique. The primer set detected as little as 24 pg of S. frugiperda DNA and did not cross-react with any other of the lepidopteran species tested that are easily confused with S. frugiperda in Australia. Therefore, this assay could be used in-field to correctly identify the presence of S. frugiperda and thereby greatly assist with timely management decisions.
Characterization of Toxicological and Neurophysiological Effects of Natural Product Based Chromenes to Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: McComic Sarah E , Meepagala Kumudini M , Swale Daniel R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We previously extracted and purified a chromene amide from Amyris texana and found this scaffold is moderately insecticidal and thus, this study aimed to test the insecticidal properties of 13 synthetically derived chromene analogs to the fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda). Microinjection of chromenes with alcohol or aldehydes substitutions at the meta position on the benzopyran moiety led to moderate toxicity that was approximately 2- to 3-fold less toxic when compared to permethrin, yet microinjection of differently substituted chromenes exhibited little to no toxicity. Similarly, chromenes with alcohol or aldehydes substitutions at the meta position on the benzopyran moiety were among the most toxic chromenes studied through ingested exposure. In addition to acute toxicity, select chromenes significantly increased the percentage of developmental defects upon eclosion that prevented adult moths from being capable of flight, suggesting these compounds alter development. Interestingly, microinjection yielded differing signs of intoxication between alcohol and aldehyde substitutions where the alcohol resulted in flaccid paralysis and lethargy whereas aldehyde led to tonic contractions and hyperactivity. These contrasting signs of intoxication were also observed in electrophysiological assays where alcohol substitutions led to the depression of central neuron firing activity and aldehyde substitutions led to hyperexcitation of central neurons. In summary, the chromene amides led to acute lethality and/or altered developmental trajectories of FAW, yet the high doses required for acute mortality suggest these scaffolds hold relatively little promise for development into FAW-directed insecticides but may represent novel growth regulators for FAW.
Seasonal Flight Patterns of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Florida Panhandle and Inventory of Plusiine Species Cross-Attracted to Synthetic Pheromone
Authors: Shaw T J , Paula-Moraes S V , Hahn P G , Specht A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chysodeixis includens (Walker) is a polyphagous economic pest in agricultural landscapes. To detect the occurrence of this pest in the field, trapping using sex pheromone lures is often implemented. However, other plusiine species are cross-attracted to these lures and may be misidentified as C. includens due to their morphological similarities. The objectives of this study were to provide region-specific information on the abundance of C. includens throughout the year as well as document the occurrence of related plusiines cross-attracted to C. includens sex pheromone traps in the Florida Panhandle. Twelve commercial fields of peanut and twelve commercial fields of cotton located across Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Jackson counties were monitored with Trécé delta traps baited with C. includens sex pheromone lures (Alpha Scents, Inc.; West Linn, OR) from June 2017 to June 2019. There was no difference in C. includens flight across dryland or irrigated fields. Identifications revealed that in addition to C. includens, the following species of the subfamily Plusiinae were crossed-attracted: Argyrogramma verruca (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ctenoplusia oxygramma (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Rachiplusia ou (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The occurrence of each species in the region and their flight phenology are documented. Chysodeixis includens abundance was greatest in September and decreased through December. Due to the high abundance of C. oxygramma and similar flight phenology to C. includens, this is the likeliest species to skew estimations and influence management decisions of C. includens, especially early in the crop season, when C. includens abundance is low.
Finding a Rule-Based Solution to the Appellate Body Crisis: Looking Beyond the Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement
Authors: Gao Henry 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The WTO dispute settlement system is in crisis due to the persistent blockage of the appointment of Appellate Body members by the United States. This paper reviews the US criticisms against the Appellate Body and argues that its allegations are unfounded and its approach is wrong. To deal with the US blockage, various proposals have been made, with the most popular being the Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) set up by several key Members including the European Union and China. After a thorough analysis of the key features of the MPIA from both theoretical and practical perspectives, this paper argues that the MPIA fails to provide a proper solution to the Appellate Body crisis due to its many defects. Instead, the paper suggests the appointment of Appellate Body members based on majority voting at the General Council. This paper concludes by noting that only such a rule-based solution can not only solve the current Appellate Body crisis but also deter similar attempts to sabotage the WTO dispute settlement system in the future.
Pest Management Needs and Limitations for Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an Emergent Key Pest of Hemp in the United States
Authors: Britt Kadie E , Kuhar Thomas P , Cranshaw Whitney , McCullough Christopher T , Taylor Sally V , Arends Benjamin R , Burrack Hannah , Pulkoski Melissa , Owens David , Tolosa Tigist A , Zebelo Simon , Kesheimer Katelyn A , Ajayi Olufemi S , Samuel-Foo Michelle , Davis Jeffrey A , Arey Nathan , Doughty Hélène , Jones Joanne , Bolt Marguerite , Fritz Bradley J , Grant Jerome F , Cosner Julian , Schreiner Melissa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has emerged as an injurious insect pest to hemp, Cannabis sativa L., a crop newly reintroduced to the United States. Growing hemp presents a potential alternative economic opportunity for farmers but can be challenging with a market that is unstable and just developing. One of the most notable production challenges is managing corn earworm, an insect pest that is particularly damaging when it feeds on flower buds produced in cannabinoid varieties, creating extensive bud tunneling and wounds that allow entry of pathogens that can aid development and presence of bud rot. Damage to seeds is of lesser concern in hemp cultivars grown for grain and minimal risk is associated with hemp grown for fiber. Our ability to research hemp has only recently been allowed as production was largely suspended following World War II and, as such, there has been limited opportunity to develop information for empirically-based pest management recommendations. Further complicating development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are regulatory challenges associated with providing registration support to add hemp to pesticide labels, as it was not formally recognized as a crop by U.S. regulatory agencies until late 2019. Research needs and challenges to develop effective IPM programs for corn earworm on hemp are discussed here.
Identification and Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative PCR Normalization in Alligator Weed Flea Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Guo Yan-Qiong , Yang Yongchang , Chai Yanping , Gao Ling-Ling , Ma Ruiyan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Stably expressed reference genes are critical internal standards for the quantification of gene transcription levels using quantitative real-time PCR. Housekeeping genes are commonly used as reference genes but their expressions were variable depending on experimental conditions in many insect species studied. Here we report the identification and evaluation of 10 housekeeping genes in alligator weed flea beetle, Agasicles hygrophila Selman & Vogt (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biocontrol agent of alligator weed. The 10 housekeeping genes are: beta-actin (Actin), ribosomal protein L13A (PRL13a), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), ribosomal protein S20 (RPS20), ribosomal protein S13 (RPS13), glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), TATA-box-binding protein (TBP), ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32), tubulin alpha-1 chain (TUBULIN), and elongation factor-1 alpha (ELF). Five programs, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt method, and RefFinder, were used to evaluate the expression stability of the 10 genes among various A. hygrophila body parts and with different nutrient types (starvation, diet types). The expression stability analysis showed that RPS32 and RPL13a were reliable reference genes for the study of gene transcription in different body parts; Actin and RPL13a were optimal reference genes for different nutrient types. The selections of reference genes were validated using a CarE gene (GeneBank No: KX353552). The results of this study provide useful bases for studies of gene expression in various aspects relating to A. hygrophila.
Effect of Incandescent Light on Collection of West Nile Virus Vectors Using CDC Miniature Light Traps in Northern Colorado
Authors: Boze Broox G V , Renfro Kelsey , Markowski Daniel , Lozano-Fuentes Saul 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
To evaluate whether the presence of clear incandescent light was attractive or refractive to host-seeking mosquitoes in northern Colorado, a Bayesian hierarchical model was created to measure differences in trap effectiveness based on presence or absence of phototactic cues. A total of eight CDC miniature light traps (with and without light) were set weekly across four locations in northern Colorado between Weeks 23 and 32 of year 2020. Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) accounted for 81% of all collections in this study with two vectors of West Nile virus being represented. The probability of catching both Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Culex pipiens Linnaeus was reduced when traps were equipped with light, but the difference was not statistically significant for Culex tarsalis. The clear reduction in the number of Culex pipiens caught when these traps were equipped with light indicates negative phototactic behavior and underestimation with current surveillance strategies. Removal of light from these traps may aid our understanding of these species’ distribution within the environment, improve collection efficiency, and help guide implementation of targeted control measures used in public health mosquito control.
Implementing (Un)fair Procedures: Containing Favoritism When Unequal Outcomes are Inevitable
Authors: Schmidt Robert , Trautmann Stefan T 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe study the selection of people when unequal payoffs are inevitable, but fair procedures are feasible, as in selecting one person from several candidates for a job. We show that allocators may be influenced by their similarity with a recipient, leading to favoritism in outcomes. We study four interventions to reduce favoritism and induce fair procedures, without restricting the allocator’s decisions: transparency of the allocation process; a private randomization device; allowing the allocator to delegate to a public randomization device; and allowing the allocator to avoid information about recipients. Making use of beliefs and fairness judgments, we show why some interventions work, while others do not (JEL D63, J16, J7, C92).
Interaction of human erythrocyte catalase with air–water interface in cryoEM
Authors: Chen Shaoxia , Li Jade , Vinothkumar Kutti R , Henderson Richard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOne of the key goals in single-particle cryo-microscopy is to obtain a uniform distribution of particle orientations, so that the three-dimensional structure has isotropic resolution in Fourier space. A common problem arises from the interaction of protein molecules with the air–water interface that exists on both surfaces of the thin film of liquid that is formed prior to plunge-freezing into liquid ethane. Some proteins and other macromolecular complexes are disrupted by interaction with the air–water interface. Other proteins or macromolecules either become concentrated through their interaction with the interface or are excluded because they bind strongly to some other part of the grid or the filter paper used in blotting. In this paper, the interaction of human erythrocyte catalase with the air–water interface is investigated and minimized by the addition of certain detergents. Detergents can form an amphipathic monolayer at the air–water interface that creates a barrier and leaves the molecules free to adopt a variety of orientations, thus facilitating the 3D structure determination. These results suggest that further characterization and development of detergents for cryo-microscopy plunge-freezing would be useful.
Cannabinoids and Cancer Chemotherapy-Associated Adverse Effects
Authors: Ward Sara Jane , Lichtman Aron H , Piomelli Daniele , Parker Linda A 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe use of cannabis is not unfamiliar to many cancer patients, as there is a long history of its use for cancer pain and/or pain, nausea, and cachexia induced by cancer treatment. To date, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved 2 cannabis-based pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cancer chemotherapy-associated adverse effects: dronabinol and nabilone. Over the proceeding decades, both research investigating and societal attitudes toward the potential utility of cannabinoids for a range of indications have progressed dramatically. The following monograph highlights recent preclinical research focusing on promising cannabinoid-based approaches for the treatment of the 2 most common adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy: chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Both plant-derived and synthetic approaches are discussed, as is the potential relative safety and effectiveness of these approaches in relation to current treatment options, including opioid analgesics.