bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re-engineering Countermeasures of the Industrial Chain Model Based on the Block Chain Technology
Authors: Li Zhihong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The transformation & upgrade of the industry is an inevitable trend when it has been evolved to a certain stage of the economic society. In this new trend, the full coordination of the different sections in the industrial chain concerns much to the successful industrial upgrade. The block chain, with its high integration of the data, transmission, precision and its high security, can do many benefits to the industrial upgrade. How is the industrial chain reengineered by way of the block chain technology? It’s worthwhile to be studied. Therefore, the paper first disentangles the traditional industrial chain and analyzes its problems to be solved in the transformation & upgrade of the industry, then explores the new trend of the industrial transformation & upgrade in the new economic situation, and finally proposes some countermeasures to re-engineer the traditional industrial chain model based on the block chain technology.
Techno-economic analysis of a solar tower CSP Plant with thermal energy storage in southern Honduras
Authors: Martel Rivera L , Villatoro Flores H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For many years, solar thermal energy has been relegated to second place to photovoltaic solar energy in terms of electricity generation. At the end of the 1980s, an alternative to solar photovoltaic plants emerged, Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology. This type of technology presents a commercial option for grid-connected solar plants for the utility market due to its high performance and efficiency in energy conversion, as well as its clean generation of electricity without greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, in Honduras the use of solar thermal energy is reduced to heating processes and product sanitation in the industrial sector, wasting the country’s great solar thermal potential. This document focuses on the evaluation of a Solar Tower CSP plant with 10 hours thermal storage in the southern area of Honduras, analyzing the departments of Valle and Choluteca. The methodology used for this research is a quantitative approach based on collecting meteorological data of the solar resource in the area and costs associated with the plant, this to test a hypothesis. This evaluation was carried out from a technical, economic and environmental point of view. The research managed to determine values of Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and project recovery period for the different scenarios presented in the two departments analyzed. Putting all the results together, it was found that the department of Valle has the lowest LCOE compared to the department of Choluteca. Likewise, the values of NPV, IRR and recovery period determine that the project is more profitable in the department of Valle.
Dispatchable renewable energy from CSP and CSP+EGS in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Boretti Alberto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRenewable energy is part of the national sustainable energy mix for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Relevant contributors are wind, and more importantly solar photovoltaic. Wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) are cheap, but they are suffering from variability, unpredictability, and in the case of solar PV, also intermittency. As the lithium-ion battery energy storage needed to make a stable grid only accepting these supplies is unaffordable, dispatchable renewable energy technologies are under study. Concentrated solar power (CSP) with thermal energy storage (TES) is the most promising opportunity. Requesting significant R&D, but having a large potential, enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) may help in the future, especially if coupled to CSP. Other relevant help may come from waste valorization. A renewable only grid managed by artificial intelligence (AI) operator will have to couple variable, unpredictable, and intermittent renewable energy supplies with battery energy storage and dispatchable renewable energy.
Research on the Hydrogen Production Technology
Authors: Jianghao Niu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hydrogen energy has attracted widespread attention because of its renewable and zero-emission characteristics. It is also a secondary energy source with broad development prospects, so the hydrogen energy industry is an emerging industry of strategic significance. In order to effectively promote the development of hydrogen energy industry, major countries in the world have attached great importance to the research, development and application of hydrogen energy technology, and its development and utilization technology has become an important direction of the new round of world energy technology reform. This paper mainly compares the three widely used methods of hydrogen production, namely, thermochemical recombination, electrolysis of water and photolysis of water, and analyzes the advantages and defects of each method, and lists the solutions to the different defects.
The Influence of Hydrothermal Effect on Migration of Contaminants in Porous Media
Authors: GUO Zhi-guang , LIU Yong-Fu , AO Chang-jiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper extends a one-dimensional model of adsorbed contaminants in saturated porous media to establish a three-dimensional case suitable for unsaturated porous media. The effects of hydrothermal influences on the distributions of temperature and moisture, evolution of the bulk strain and migration of nuclides are simulated and analysed, and the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical governing equations determined by the author are presented. The results show that the saturation in the buffer layer gradually rises to 0.96 from the initial value of 0.5 after approximately 450 years, and increases slowly in the initial stage of the simulation. The nuclide concentration in the solidified body first increases and then decreases, reaching a maximum of 173.05 mol/m3 in approximately 110 years. Moreover, most of the radionuclides are released by buffer layer adsorption and the adsorbed concentration is almost 100 times the solute concentration. In addition, the calculation also shows that the nuclides penetrate the buffer and reach the surrounding rock approximately 400 years later.
A New WO3/FeVO4 Nanostructured Heterojunction for Solar-driven Water Oxidation
Authors: Naqvi Syeda Qurat-ul-Ain , Raza Syed Abbas , Soon Ying Woan , Liu Yeru , Jennings James Robert 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We report the first application of a nanostructured WO3/FeVO4 heterojunction to photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. The heterojunction films were prepared by drop-casting a low bandgap (~2.1 eV) FeVO4 layer onto a wider bandgap (~2.8 eV) WO3 nanoporous film supported on a fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass substrate. The structural, optical and PEC properties of the prepared heterojunction were analysed in detail, and it was found that the WO3/FeVO4 composite reached maximum photocurrent densities under simulated sunlight up to 3.3 and 12 times higher than those of pristine WO3 and FeVO4 photoanodes, respectively. A large and desirable ~400 mV cathodic shift in the photocurrent onset potential relative to pristine FeVO4 was also observed, which can be attributed to lower surface recombination and more efficient bulk separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs compared with both pristine FeVO4 and WO3. These findings suggest that WO3/FeVO4 nanostructured heterojunctions may find applications in solar-driven water splitting cells.
Electron spin resonance studies of (La0.6Ln0.4)0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd and Sm) nanoparticles at different temperatures
Authors: Leng Kai , Xia Weiren , Tang Qingkai , Yang Li , Wu Zhiwei , Yi Kang , Zhu Xinhua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this work, (La0.6Ln0.4)0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd and Sm) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by sol-gel process were investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) in the temperature range 100–330 K. At the high temperature the ESR signals of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (LCMO) NPs only consist of a single peak with Landé g factor of 2.0. This signal is contributed from the paramagnetic (PM) Mn ions in the LCMO NPs. With decreasing the temperature the PM resonance line is split into two resonance lines, one is ferromagnetic (FM) resonance line shifting towards low field while the other is antiferromagnetic (AFM) resonance line moving to a high field. The resonance peak-to-peak spectra linewidth, increases monotonically with decreasing the temperature owing to the strong double exchange interactions below the Curie temperature (T
C). Resonance field is almost temperature independent in the PM phase whereas it drops fast at temperature below T
C. Consequently, the Landé g factor in the PM region is very close to 2.0 whereas in the range of 2.17–2.47 under FM state due to the strong FM interactions. For the Pr (Nd)-doped LCMO NPs below T
C, their g values are in the range of 2.04–2.18 due to the substantial reduction of the FM interactions caused by the Pr (Nd)-doping at La-site. The g values of the Sm-doped LCMO NPs exhibit a slight fluctuation around 1.88 (but smaller than 2.0) within the measured temperature due to the existence of weak magnetic interactions under the PM states.
Comparing Islamic and International Laws of War: Orthodoxy, “Heresy,” and Secularization in the Category of Civilians
Authors: Salaymeh Lena 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This Article investigates how contemporary laws of war rationalize civilian deaths. I concentrate on two specific legal constructions in warfare: the definition of civilian/combatant and the principle of distinction. (The categories of civilian and combatant should be understood as dialogically constitutive and not entirely distinct. In addition, the category of “civilian” is a modern one and premodern legal sources often do not use one term to refer to noncombatants.) I focus on two significant parties in contemporary warfare: al-Qāʿidah (aka Al-Qaeda) and the U.S. military. Al-Qāʿidah diverges from orthodox Islamic law on these two legal issues, while remaining within the Islamic legal tradition. To scrutinize the nature of this divergence, I compare al-Qāʿidah’s legal reasoning to the legal reasoning of the U.S. military. I demonstrate that the U.S. military diverges from orthodox international law in ways that parallel how al-Qāʿidah diverges from orthodox Islamic law. Specifically, both the U.S. military and al-Qāʿidah elide orthodox categories of civilians and expand the category of combatant, primarily by rendering civilians as probable combatants. Based on this comparative analysis, I argue that the legal reasoning of al-Qāʿidah (and other militant Islamist groups) is as secular as it is Islamic; I call this fusion secularislamized law.
Interictal spikes with and without high-frequency oscillation have different single-neuron correlates
Authors: Guth Tim A , Kunz Lukas , Brandt Armin , Dümpelmann Matthias , Klotz Kerstin A , Reinacher Peter C , Schulze-Bonhage Andreas , Jacobs Julia , Schönberger Jan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are a widely used biomarker in patients with epilepsy but lack specificity. It has been proposed that there are truly epileptogenic and less pathological or even protective IEDs. Recent studies suggest that highly pathological IEDs are characterized by high-frequency oscillations (HFOs). Here, we aimed to dissect these ‘HFO-IEDs’ at the single-neuron level, hypothesizing that the underlying mechanisms are distinct from ‘non-HFO-IEDs’. Analysing hybrid depth electrode recordings from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, we found that single-unit firing rates were higher in HFO- than in non-HFO-IEDs. HFO-IEDs were characterized by a pronounced pre-peak increase in firing, which coincided with the preferential occurrence of HFOs, whereas in non-HFO-IEDs, there was only a mild pre-peak increase followed by a post-peak suppression. Comparing each unit’s firing during HFO-IEDs to its baseline activity, we found many neurons with a significant increase during the HFO component or ascending part, but almost none with a decrease. No such imbalance was observed during non-HFO-IEDs. Finally, comparing each unit’s firing directly between HFO- and non-HFO-IEDs, we found that most cells had higher rates during HFO-IEDs and, moreover, identified a distinct subset of neurons with a significant preference for this IED subtype. In summary, our study reveals that HFO- and non-HFO-IEDs have different single-unit correlates. In HFO-IEDs, many neurons are moderately activated, and some participate selectively, suggesting that both types of increased firing contribute to highly pathological IEDs.
Stimulus Feature-Specific Control of Layer 2/3 Subthreshold Whisker Responses by Layer 4 in the Mouse Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Authors: Varani Stefano , Vecchia Dania , Zucca Stefano , Forli Angelo , Fellin Tommaso 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the barrel field of the rodent primary somatosensory cortex (S1bf), excitatory cells in layer 2/3 (L2/3) display sparse firing but reliable subthreshold response during whisker stimulation. Subthreshold responses encode specific features of the sensory stimulus, for example, the direction of whisker deflection. According to the canonical model for the flow of sensory information across cortical layers, activity in L2/3 is driven by layer 4 (L4). However, L2/3 cells receive excitatory inputs from other regions, raising the possibility that L4 partially drives L2/3 during whisker stimulation. To test this hypothesis, we combined patch-clamp recordings from L2/3 pyramidal neurons in S1bf with selective optogenetic inhibition of L4 during passive whisker stimulation in both anesthetized and awake head-restrained mice. We found that L4 optogenetic inhibition did not abolish the subthreshold whisker-evoked response nor it affected spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations of L2/3 neurons. However, L4 optogenetic inhibition decreased L2/3 subthreshold responses to whisker deflections in the preferred direction, and it increased L2/3 responses to stimuli in the nonpreferred direction, leading to a change in the direction tuning. Our results contribute to reveal the circuit mechanisms underlying the processing of sensory information in the rodent S1bf.
Causal Relationship between the Right Auditory Cortex and Speech-Evoked Envelope-Following Response: Evidence from Combined Transcranial Stimulation and Electroencephalography
Authors: Mai Guangting , Howell Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Speech-evoked envelope-following response (EFR) reflects brain encoding of speech periodicity that serves as a biomarker for pitch and speech perception and various auditory and language disorders. Although EFR is thought to originate from the subcortex, recent research illustrated a right-hemispheric cortical contribution to EFR. However, it is unclear whether this contribution is causal. This study aimed to establish this causality by combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and measurement of EFR (pre- and post-tDCS) via scalp-recorded electroencephalography. We applied tDCS over the left and right auditory cortices in right-handed normal-hearing participants and examined whether altering cortical excitability via tDCS causes changes in EFR during monaural listening to speech syllables. We showed significant changes in EFR magnitude when tDCS was applied over the right auditory cortex compared with sham stimulation for the listening ear contralateral to the stimulation site. No such effect was found when tDCS was applied over the left auditory cortex. Crucially, we further observed a hemispheric laterality where aftereffect was significantly greater for tDCS applied over the right than the left auditory cortex in the contralateral ear condition. Our finding thus provides the first evidence that validates the causal relationship between the right auditory cortex and EFR.
De novo ARF3 variants cause neurodevelopmental disorder with brain abnormality
Authors: Sakamoto Masamune , Sasaki Kazunori , Sugie Atsushi , Nitta Yohei , Kimura Tetsuaki , Gürsoy Semra , Cinleti Tayfun , Iai Mizue , Sengoku Toru , Ogata Kazuhiro , Suzuki Atsushi , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Iwama Kazuhiro , Tsuchida Naomi , Uchiyama Yuri , Koshimizu Eriko , Fujita Atsushi , Hamanaka Kohei , Miyatake Satoko , Mizuguchi Takeshi , Taguri Masataka , Ito Shuuichi , Takahashi Hidehisa , Miyake Noriko , Matsumoto Naomichi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
An optimal Golgi transport system is important for mammalian cells. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation factors (ARF) are key proteins for regulating cargo sorting at the Golgi network. In this family, ARF3 mainly works at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and no ARF3-related phenotypes have yet been described in humans. We here report the clinical and genetic evaluations of two unrelated children with de novo pathogenic variants in the ARF3 gene: c.200A &gt; T (p.Asp67Val) and c.296G &gt; T (p.Arg99Leu). Although the affected individuals presented commonly with developmental delay, epilepsy and brain abnormalities, there were differences in severity, clinical course and brain lesions. In vitro subcellular localization assays revealed that the p.Arg99Leu mutant localized to Golgi apparatus, similar to the wild-type, whereas the p.Asp67Val mutant tended to show a disperse cytosolic pattern together with abnormally dispersed Golgi localization, similar to that observed in a known dominant negative variant (p.Thr31Asn). Pull-down assays revealed that the p.Asp67Val had a loss-of-function effect and the p.Arg99Leu variant had increased binding of the adaptor protein, Golgi-localized, γ-adaptin ear-containing, ARF-binding protein 1 (GGA1), supporting the gain of function. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that p.Asp67Val transfection led to lethality in flies. In contrast, flies expressing p.Arg99Leu had abnormal rough eye, as observed in the gain-of-function variant p.Gln71Leu. These data indicate that two ARF3 variants, the possibly loss-of-function p.Asp67Val and the gain-of-function p.Arg99Leu, both impair the Golgi transport system. Therefore, it may not be unreasonable that they showed different clinical features like diffuse brain atrophy (p.Asp67Val) and cerebellar hypoplasia (p.Arg99Leu).
Unscrambling the eggs: breaking up consummated mergers and dominant firms
Authors: Kwoka John , Valletti Tommaso 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEntrenched dominant firms and anticompetitive consummated mergers pose growing problems for antitrust agencies throughout the world. A lot of thought is being given as to how to address these situations but perhaps the most obvious idea—breaking up such firms—is generally dismissed as impractical, the equivalent of trying to unscramble eggs. We disagree. We show that there have been a substantial number of successful breakups of firms, some in antitrust, more in regulated industries, and even more in the private sectors of the USA and UK as firms initiate their own restructuring. We believe that a policy of breakups can have a much greater chance at success compared to efforts to regulate such firms through rule-making conduct remedies. And we argue that breaking up such firms is facilitated by the fault lines that reveal the natural break points of these heavily merged firms. We recommend that breakups be on the policy menu for competition agencies.
Can self-regulation save digital platforms?
Authors: Cusumano Michael A , Gawer Annabelle , Yoffie David B 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article explores some of the critical challenges facing self-regulation and the regulatory environment for digital platforms. We examine several historical examples of firms and industries that attempted self-regulation before the Internet. All dealt with similar challenges involving multiple market actors and potentially harmful content or bias in search results: movies and video games, radio and television advertising, and computerized airline reservation systems. We follow this historical discussion with examples of digital platforms in the Internet era that have proven problematic in similar ways, with growing calls for government intervention through sectoral regulation and content controls. We end with some general guidelines for when and how specific types of platform businesses might self-regulate more effectively. Although our sample is small and exploratory, the research suggests that a combination of self-regulation and credible threats of government regulation may yield the best results. We also note that effective self-regulation need not happen exclusively at the level of the firm. When it is in their collective self-interest, as occurred before the Internet era, coalitions of firms within the same market and with similar business models may agree to abide by a jointly accepted set of rules or codes of conduct.
Regulating digital ecosystems: bridging the gap between competition policy and data protection
Authors: Kira Beatriz , Sinha Vikram , Srinivasan Sharmadha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractData collection and processing are at the core of rapidly growing business models, underpinning the activities of technology companies and acting as a source of market power. The key role played by data in the competitive dynamics of digital ecosystems has brought competition policy and data protection regulation closer together and raised important questions about the substantive relationship between these two branches of law. After identifying the specific ways in which data create and power digital ecosystems and examining the effects of digital privacy (or lack thereof) on consumer welfare, we compare the legal obligations imposed by competition policy and data protection regulation. We then map the interfaces between these two branches of law and critically assess the areas of substantive overlap between them. We show that while in the majority of situations there is an alignment of these two frameworks, opposite outcomes can sometimes be reached when competition and data protection rules are applied separately. We suggest that these two legal instruments should be considered as overlapping areas in a regulatory continuum to facilitate positive synergies and neutralize potential conflicts. We show that there is a significant scope for competition policy actors and institutions to substantially incorporate data protection considerations into their decisional practice and that this integration can inform and enhance the enforcement of competition law. We propose an integrated approach to more effectively regulate digital platform ecosystems, to support innovation, and to protect consumers and the competitive process.