bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Spiritualization of Politics and the Technologies of Resistant Body
Authors: Ajour Ashjan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article explores the body as a site of subjectivity production during a hunger strike in Occupied Palestine. It further explores the former political prisoners’ theory of subjectivity as it emerges through their praxis and philosophy of freedom. Although the body is the principal tool that the hunger strikers use, they don't consider it the decisive factor in attaining their goal. For that they build on the immaterial strength that develops with the deterioration of the body and from which they construct the concept of rouh (soul). This is expressed through the formation of contradictory binaries: body versus soul and body versus mind. The article shows that the hunger strike not only is a political strategy for liberation; it also moves into a spiritualization of the struggle. It uses and problematizes Foucault's “technologies of the self” to theorize the specific formation of subjectivity in the Palestinian hunger strike under colonial conditions, and it contributes to theories of subjectivation. The hunger strikers, in their interaction with the dispossession of the colonial power, invent technologies of resistance to transcend the colonial and carceral constraints on their freedom and create the capacity for the transformation from a submissive subject to a resistant one.
A Pharmacology of Cinema
Authors: Berger Soraruff Amelie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFrench philosopher Bernard Stiegler inscribes himself in the tradition of critical theory. In this respect, the influence of Adorno and Horkheimer has been crucial to the development of his own understanding of cinema. Yet Stiegler reproaches his predecessors for not having stressed enough the positive virtues of cinema on culture. For Stiegler the industry of cinema is not simply a menace to the human mind, but a positive medium for its reinvention. It is in that sense that cinema is pharmacological, insofar as it can be either spiritually and culturally enhancing or destructive, depending on how it is acted on. As the article concludes, Stiegler's pharmacology of cinema invites us to take part in our cinematic cultural becoming through the revival of the figure of the amateur. But it does so at the risk of cultural snobbery. While Stiegler does not condemn the cinematic medium per se, he does express clear reservations on the potential of commercial cinema, the pharmacological critique of which remains to be thought.
Palladium-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Isocyanation for the Synthesis of α-Aryl-α-Isocyanoacetoamide Derivatives
Authors: Yurino Taiga , Tange Yuji , Ohkuma Takeshi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
α-Aryl-α-isocyanoacetoamide derivatives were synthesized through palladium-catalyzed nucleophilic isocyanation. Diethylphosphates derived from N,N-disubstituted mandelamide derivatives reacted with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(OAC)2 to afford the titled isonitriles (13 examples) in moderate to high yield. The silyl cyanopalladate complex formed in situ was a proposed catalyst, which behaved as a Lewis acid promoting elimination of the phosphate group and also the N-nucleophilic cyanide reagent. The isocyanation was applied to a gram-scale reaction with 0.2 mol% of the catalyst. The obtained isocyanoacetoamide was employable for the further transformation into the trisubstituted oxazole without any purification procedure. DFT calculation suggested that the neighboring group effect of the carbonyl moiety in the substrate amide group assisted the elimination of phosphate and stabilized the carbocation intermediate. A plausible reaction mechanism of the isocyanation is also described.
Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and its predictors following coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Rawashdeh Rana , Al Qadire Mohammad , Alshraideh Jafar , Al Omari Omar 
Published: July 2021

Background:Cardiac surgery can be traumatic and stressful, and as a result many people experience psychological difficulties following treatment.Aim:To assess the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 1 month after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery among Jordanian patients, and to examine the predictors of PTSD after 1 month.Method:A descriptive survey design was used.Findings:149 patients participated in the study. Their mean age was 59 years (SD=10.2) and most were male (87%) and married (93%). Some 44% of patients had PTSD. Length of stay in hospital (c² (1)=6.598, P<0.05), and age (c² (1)=4.920, P<0.05), predicted the occurrence of PTSD after 1 month.Conclusions:Nurses, who are usually in the frontline with patients, should consider using a robust tool and clinical interview to assess and evaluate the presence and the risks of PTSD to promote early detection and optimal management. Follow-up studies after 6 and 12 months would be beneficial.
Shark teeth: a case of multiple supernumerary teeth
Authors: Loy Fionnuala , Elton Victoria 
Published: July 2021

A 44-year-old male was referred to the Department of Orthodontics at Manchester Dental Hospital. He presented with pain from his heavily restored, lower right second premolar, which had an apical supplemental tooth, visible radiographically. The dentist queried whether the second premolar tooth could be extracted and the supplemental tooth aligned in its place. Clinical examination revealed no relevant abnormalities. The family and medical history were non-contributory. Panoramic tomography revealed multiple supplemental supernumerary teeth in the canine and premolar regions. Cone beam computed tomography and multidisciplinary team input were required to plan the treatment for this unusual case. CPD/Clinical Relevance: These findings highlight the management and treatment options for a case of non-syndromic, multiple supernumerary teeth. Consideration must be given to the risk of damage to adjacent structures if surgically removing supernumerary teeth, and the risk that supernumerary teeth may be ankylosed and not amenable to alignment within the arch.
Missing lateral incisors: implant-related dilemmas
Authors: Wade Nicola , Shelton Andrew , Gahan Matthew 
Published: July 2021

This article provides an overview of the management of developmentally missing lateral incisors. When prosthodontic replacement of the missing lateral is required, wherever possible, implant-supported prostheses are considered the preferred definitive replacement option. The developmentally missing lateral incisor presents a unique aesthetic challenge. Developments in dental implant systems have implications in the management of this particular clinical situation.CPD/Clinical Relevance: To highlight the importance of interdisciplinary dental care, including the orthodontist and restorative dentist, in treatment of patients with missing lateral incisors.
Should isolated morbid obesity influence the decision to operate in hip and knee arthroplasty?
Authors: Crookes Peter F. , Cassidy Roslyn S. , Machowicz Aleksander , Hill Janet C. , McCaffrey John , Turner Gillian , Beverland David 
Published: July 2021

Aims We studied the outcomes of hip and knee arthroplasties in a high-volume arthroplasty centre to determine if patients with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) had unacceptably worse outcomes as compared to those with BMI < 40 kg/m2. Methods In a two-year period, 4,711 patients had either total hip arthroplasty (THA; n = 2,370), total knee arthroplasty (TKA; n = 2,109), or unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA; n = 232). Of these patients, 392 (8.3%) had morbid obesity. We compared duration of operation, anaesthetic time, length of stay (LOS), LOS > three days, out of hours attendance, emergency department attendance, readmission to hospital, return to theatre, and venous thromboembolism up to 90 days. Readmission for wound infection was recorded to one year. Oxford scores were recorded preoperatively and at one year postoperatively. Results On average, the morbidly obese had longer operating times (63 vs 58 minutes), longer anaesthetic times (31 vs 28 minutes), increased LOS (3.7 vs 3.5 days), and significantly more readmissions for wound infection (1.0% vs 0.3%). There were no statistically significant differences in either suspected or confirmed venous thromboembolism. Improvement in Oxford scores were equivalent. Conclusion Although morbidly obese patients had less favourable outcomes, we do not feel that the magnitude of difference is clinically significant when applied to an individual, particularly when improvement in Oxford scores were unrelated to BMI. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(7):515–521.
Ellipsometric and first-principles study on temperature-dependent UV–Vis dielectric functions of GaN
Authors: Cheng Tao , Fei Tianhao , Zhang Wenjie , Yang Jia-Yue , Liu Linhua 
Published: July 2021

The third-generation wide bandgap semiconductor GaN currently occupies a hot spot in the fields of high-power electronics and optoelectronics. Fully exploring its optical and optoelectronic characteristics is of great significance. Here, we provide a systematic study on the temperature-dependent dielectric functions of GaN grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition in the spectral range of 0.73–5.90 eV via spectroscopic ellipsometry experiments and first-principles calculations. Ellipsometric measurements identify two typical absorption peaks that originate from the excitonic and phonon-assisted indirect absorption process, respectively. To explore the underlying physics, we perform first-principles calculations using the independent-particle approximation, model Bethe–Salpeter equation (mBSE), and phonon-assisted indirect absorption process (Inabs). In comparison with ellipsometric measurements, the mBSE calculation determines the absorption peak contributed by the many-body excitonic effect, while the Inabs calculation successfully predicts the second absorption peak. When heating the crystal, it observes the redshift and weakening of absorption peaks, intrinsically due to the nontrivial electron–phonon interaction as lattice vibration strengthens. While doping GaN with Fe or Si elements, the introduced free carriers modify the electronic interband transition. As the temperature increases, more free carriers are excited, and the temperature influence on the absorption peak is more significant than that of the undoped one. This work fully explores the physical origins of the temperature and doping effect on UV–Vis dielectric functions of GaN, aiming to promote its application in the fields of high-power electronic devices.
Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages and strain clustering within urban and peri-urban settings in Ethiopia
Authors: Taye Hawult , Alemu Kassahun , Mihret Adane , Ayalew Sosina , Hailu Elena , Wood James L. N. , Shkedy Ziv , Berg Stefan , Aseffa Abraham ,   The ETHICOBOTS consortium
Published: July 2021

BackgroundPrevious work has shown differential predominance of certainMycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)lineages and sub-lineages among different human populations in diverse geographic regions of Ethiopia. Nevertheless, how strain diversity is evolving under the ongoing rapid socio-economic and environmental changes is poorly understood. The present study investigated factors associated withM.tblineage predominance and rate of strain clustering within urban and peri-urban settings in Ethiopia.MethodsPulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) and Cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) patients who visited selected health facilities were recruited in the years of 2016 and 2017. A total of 258M.tbisolates identified from 163 sputa and 95 fine-needle aspirates (FNA) were characterized by spoligotyping and compared with internationalM.tbspoligotyping patterns registered at the SITVIT2 databases. The molecular data were linked with clinical and demographic data of the patients for further statistical analysis.ResultsFrom a total of 258M.tbisolates, 84 distinct spoligotype patterns that included 58 known Shared International Type (SIT) patterns and 26 new or orphan patterns were identified. The majority of strains belonged to two majorM.tblineages, L3 (35.7%) and L4 (61.6%). The observed high percentage of isolates with shared patterns (n = 200/258) suggested a substantial rate of overall clustering (77.5%). After adjusting for the effect of geographical variations, clustering rate was significantly lower among individuals co-infected with HIV and other concomitant chronic disease. Compared to L4, the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (AOR; 95% CI) indicated that infections with L3M.tbstrains were more likely to be associated with TBLN [3.47 (1.45, 8.29)] and TB-HIV co-infection [2.84 (1.61, 5.55)].ConclusionDespite the observed difference in strain diversity and geographical distribution ofM.tblineages, compared to earlier studies in Ethiopia, the overall rate of strain clustering suggests higher transmission and warrant more detailed investigations into the molecular epidemiology of TB and related factors.
Risk of acute myocardial infarction among new users of chondroitin sulfate: A nested case-control study
Authors: Mazzucchelli Ramón , Rodríguez-Martín Sara , García-Vadillo Alberto , Gil Miguel , Rodríguez-Miguel Antonio , Barreira-Hernández Diana , García-Lledó Alberto , de Abajo Francisco J. 
Published: July 2021

Objective
To test the hypothesis that the use of chondroitin sulfate (CS) or glucosamine reduces the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Design
Case-control study nested in a primary cohort of patients aged 40 to 99 years, using the database BIFAP during the 2002–2015 study period. From this cohort, we identified incident cases of AMI and randomly selected five controls per case, matched by exact age, gender, and index date. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed through a conditional logistic regression. Only new users of CS or glucosamine were considered.

Results
A total of 23,585 incident cases of AMI and 117,405 controls were included. Of them, 89 cases (0.38%) and 757 controls (0.64%) were current users of CS at index date, yielding an AOR of 0.57 (95%CI: 0.46–0.72). The reduced risk among current users was observed in both short-term (<365 days, AOR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.45–0.75) and long-term users (>364 days AOR = 0.56; 95%CI:0.36–0.87), in both sexes (men, AOR = 0.52; 95%CI:0.38–0.70; women, AOR = 0.65; 95%CI:0.46–0.91), in individuals over or under 70 years of age (AOR = 0.54; 95%CI:0.38–0.77, and AOR = 0.61; 95%CI:0.45–0.82, respectively) and in individuals at intermediate (AOR = 0.65; 95%CI:0.48–0.91) and high cardiovascular risk (AOR = 0.48; 95%CI:0.27–0.83), but not in those at low risk (AOR = 1.11; 95%CI:0.48–2.56). In contrast, the current use of glucosamine was not associated with either increased or decreased risk of AMI (AOR = 0.86; 95%CI:0.66–1.08).

Conclusions
Our results support a cardioprotective effect of CS, while glucosamine seems to be neutral. The protection was remarkable among subgroups at high cardiovascular risk.
Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of laboratory-based c-reactive protein as a triage test for active pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Samuels Thomas H. A. , Wyss Romain , Ongarello Stefano , Moore David A. J. , Schumacher Samuel G. , Denkinger Claudia M. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction
A highly sensitive triage test that captures most symptomatic patients at increased likelihood of having pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) would ‘rule-out’ lower-risk patients from expensive confirmatory testing. Although studies have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a C-reactive protein (CRP) triage test for PTB in HIV+ patients, limited data are available from HIV- cohorts.

Materials and methods
In this retrospective case-control study, 765 serum samples were selected from FIND’s biobank. Each sample had been collected from an adult presenting with respiratory symptomatology to district hospitals in South Africa and referral hospitals in Cambodia, Peru, Georgia and Vietnam between 2007–2017. Serum CRP measurements were obtained using a laboratory-based assay. CRP cutoff-points of ≥8mg/L and ≥10mg/L were predefined as a positive triage test result. The PTB reference standard was two contemporaneously collected sputum liquid culture results.

Results
CRP demonstrated an overall sensitivity for PTB of 79.8% (95%CI 75.5–83.5) and 77.7% (95%CI 73.4–81.6) for cutoff-points of 8mg/L and 10mg/L respectively. Specificity was 62.8% (95%CI 57.8–67.6%) and 66.6% (95%CI 61.1–70.7) respectively. Area-under-the-curve using Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis was 0.77 (95%CI 0.74–0.81). Threshold analysis showed optimal CRP cutoff-points were higher in HIV+ than HIV- participants. An algorithm in which CRP triage was followed by confirmatory Xpert MTB/Rif testing achieved a sensitivity of 75.1% (95%CI 69.0–80.4%) whilst decreasing Xpert usage by 40.6%.

Discussion
CRP may not meet the challenge of a catch-all TB triage test. However, it shows promise in HIV+ individuals. Further research is required in a prospective study using point-of-care platforms to further evaluate its capabilities.
The effectiveness of eye tracking in the diagnosis of cognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Zicai , Yang Zhen , Gu Yueming , Liu Huiyu , Wang Pu 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundEye tracking (ET) is a viable marker for the recognition of cognitive disorders. We assessed the accuracy and clinical value of ET for the diagnosis of cognitive disorders in patients.MethodsWe searched the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Pubmed databases from inception to March 2, 2021, as well as the reference lists of identified primary studies. We included articles written in English that investigated ET for cognitive disorder patients—Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and dementia. Two independent researchers extracted the data and the characteristics of each study; We calculated pooled sensitivities and specificities. A hierarchical summary of receiver performance characteristics (HSROC) model was used to test the diagnostic accuracy of ET for cognitive impairment (CI).Findings11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in qualitative comprehensive analysis. Meta-analysis was performed on 9 trials using Neuropsychological Cognitive Testing (NCT) as the reference standard. The comprehensive sensitivity and specificity of ET for detecting cognitive disorders were 0.75 (95% CI 0.72–0.79) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.76), respectively. The combined positive likelihood ratio (LR+) was 2.74 (95%CI 2.32–3.24) and the negative likelihood ratio (LR−) was 0.27 (95%CI 0.18–0.42).ConclusionsThis review showed that ET technology could be used to detect the decline in CI, clinical use of ET techniques in combination with other tools to assess CI can be encouraged.
Experiences with using a mobile application for learning evidence-based practice in health and social care education: An interpretive descriptive study
Authors: Johnson Susanne Grødem , Titlestad Kristine Berg , Larun Lillebeth , Ciliska Donna , Olsen Nina Rydland 
Published: July 2021

Background
Health and social care students are expected to apply evidence-based practice (EBP). An innovative mobile application, EBPsteps, was developed to support learning EBP.

Aim
The aim of this study was to explore health and social care students’ experiences of learning about EBP using the mobile application EBPsteps during their clinical placements.

Methods
An interpretive description approach guided the exploration of student experiences. Four focus groups were conducted with a convenience sample of students from three undergraduate degree programs: occupational therapy, physical therapy, and social education. The constant comparison method was used to categorize and compare the qualitative data.

Results
Three integrated themes were generated: "triggers for EBP", "barriers to EBP", and "design matters". Information needs, academic requirements, and encouragement from clinical instructors triggered the students to use EBPsteps. Lack of EBP knowledge, lack of academic demand, and lack of emphasis on EBP in clinical placement were barriers to using EBPsteps. Design issues mattered, as use of the app was motivated by design features such as the opportunity to practice EBP in one place and taking notes in a digital notebook. The use of the app was hindered by anticipation that the use of phones during clinical placements would be viewed negatively by others and by specific design features, such as unfamiliar icons.

Conclusions
The students perceived the EBPsteps app as a relevant tool for learning EBP, although they also suggested specific changes to the design of the app. Requirements must be embedded in the curriculum to ensure that the app is used. Our findings bring important information to developing and implementing mobile applications as a teaching method in health and social care educations.
The effect of acute ventilation-perfusion mismatch on respiratory heat exchange in a porcine model
Authors: Edlinger-Stanger Maximilian , Bernardi Martin-Hermann , Kovacs Katharina , Mascha Michael , Neugebauer Thomas , Böhme Stefan , Ayoubi Nathan , Christofi Nico , Garry James , Fleming Neal , Hiesmayr Michael 
Published: July 2021

Background
Respiratory heat exchange is an important physiological process occurring in the upper and lower respiratory tract and is usually completed when inspired gases reach the alveoli. Animal and human studies demonstrated that heat exchange can be modulated by altering pulmonary ventilation and perfusion. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch on respiratory heat exchange. In clinical practice, monitoring respiratory heat exchange might offer the possibility of real-time tracking of acute V/Q-mismatch.

Methods
In 11 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs, V/Q-mismatch was established by means of four interventions: single lung ventilation, high cardiac output, occlusion of the left pulmonary artery and repeated whole-lung lavage. V/Q-distributions were determined by the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET). Respiratory heat exchange was measured as respiratory enthalpy using the novel, pre-commercial VQm™ monitor (development stage, Rostrum Medical Innovations, Vancouver, CA). According to MIGET, shunt perfusion of low V/Q compartments increased during single lung ventilation, high cardiac output and whole-lung lavage, whereas dead space and ventilation of high V/Q compartments increased during occlusion of the left pulmonary artery and whole-lung lavage.

Results
Bohr dead space increased after pulmonary artery occlusion and whole-lung lavage, venous admixture increased during single lung ventilation and whole-lung lavage, PaO2/FiO2 was decreased during all interventions. MIGET confirmed acute V/Q-mismatch. Respiratory enthalpy did not change significantly despite significant acute V/Q-mismatch.

Conclusion
Clinically relevant V/Q-mismatch does not impair respiratory heat exchange in the absence of additional thermal stressors and may not have clinical utility in the detection of acute changes.