bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing aspirations for practice ownership by veterinary professional students at the University of Sydney
Authors: Thompson B , Allan F 
Published: November 2021

Understanding the factors that influence the aspirations of future veterinary practitioners is critical to assist succession planning. The aim of this study was to discover factors that currently influence veterinary students' desire to own a veterinary practice in the future, including whether these aspirations were influenced by a student's experience throughout their years of veterinary studies. The study surveyed University of Sydney students enrolled in the postgraduate Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree in 2020. A response rate of 29% was obtained (142/508). Of those 142 respondents, 50 (35%) indicated that they wished to own a practice in the future, 40 (28%) indicated that they did not wish to own a practice in the future and 52 (37%) were unsure. The results demonstrate that practice ownership is currently only influenced by factors that are external to a student's experience at university, given that there was no significant difference between practice ownership aspirations between DVM years. After excluding those who were unsure, veterinary students whose parents or guardians own, or have owned, a business are three times more likely (OR = 3.19; 95% CI = 1.35–7.73; P < 0.01) to aspire to practice ownership than those students whose parents have not. Asian students showed significantly less interest in practice ownership than Caucasian students (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.16–0.99, P < 0.05). Further qualitative research is required to better understand these findings so that tailored advice can be provided to students and veterinary schools to positively support graduating veterinary professionals towards future practice ownership.
Microbes, metabolites and (synaptic) malleability, oh my! The effect of the microbiome on synaptic plasticity
Authors: Glinert Ayala , Turjeman Sondra , Elliott Evan , Koren Omry 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTThe microbiome influences the emotional and cognitive phenotype of its host, as well as the neurodevelopment and pathophysiology of various brain processes and disorders, via the well‐established microbiome–gut–brain axis. Rapidly accumulating data link the microbiome to severe neuropsychiatric disorders in humans, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Moreover, preclinical work has shown that perturbation of the microbiome is closely associated with social, cognitive and behavioural deficits. The potential of the microbiome as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool is currently undercut by a lack of clear mechanistic understanding of the microbiome–gut–brain axis. This review establishes the hypothesis that the mechanism by which this influence is carried out is synaptic plasticity – long‐term changes to the physical and functional neuronal structures that enable the brain to undertake learning, memory formation, emotional regulation and more. By examining the different constituents of the microbiome–gut–brain axis through the lens of synaptic plasticity, this review explores the diverse aspects by which the microbiome shapes the behaviour and mental wellbeing of the host. Key elements of this complex bi‐directional relationship include neurotransmitters, neuronal electrophysiology, immune mediators that engage with both the central and enteric nervous systems and signalling cascades that trigger long‐term potentiation of synapses. The importance of establishing mechanistic correlations along the microbiome–gut–brain axis cannot be overstated as they hold the potential for furthering current understanding regarding the vast fields of neuroscience and neuropsychiatry. This review strives to elucidate the promising theory of microbiome‐driven synaptic plasticity in the hope of enlightening current researchers and inspiring future ones.
A scoping review of youth and young adults' roles in natural disaster mitigation and response: considerations for youth wellbeing during a global ecological crisis
Authors: Bessaha Melissa , Hayward Rachel Anna , Gatanas Kiriaki 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundYouth and young adults, ages 15–29, have been identified as assets in mitigation and management for natural disasters around the world. This study reviews the literature on disaster mitigation, response, and recovery following natural disasters with a focus on the engagement of youth and young adults.MethodsThe Arksey and O’Malley (2005) scoping review model was used to broadly summarize existing literature. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted using several databases. Keywords and index terms were searched using four concepts: (a) age (e.g., youth, young adult), (b) participation type (e.g., engagement, participation), (c) natural disaster type (e.g., hurricane, tsunami), and (d) disaster response type (e.g., planning, mitigation).ResultsThe search yielded 214 articles published between 1990 and 2021. Of these articles, 19 met inclusion criteria. Identified literature focused on youth and young adults' mitigation and recovery efforts responding to natural disasters in several different countries. Themes of young people's participation or youth‐led efforts focused on community mobilization and resilience (n = 5), youth empowerment and policy advocacy (n = 2), communication technology (n = 2), education‐community partnerships (n = 9), and postdisaster rescue efforts (n = 1).ConclusionsWith a changing climate and increased weather‐related natural disasters, as well as in the context of a global health pandemic, community‐based groups would benefit from learning from international efforts to engage young people in disaster mitigation and recovery efforts especially as it relates to promoting mental health and well‐being.
Unilateral degenerative joint disease of a cervical articular process joint between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae causing asymmetrical ataxia in a young horse
Authors: Bailey J. , Bowen I. M. , Anghileri B. , Baiker K. , Henson F. M. D. 
Published: November 2021

SummaryA 5‐year‐old horse was examined for investigation of asymmetrical, quadrilateral ataxia and paresis. Clinical examination was unremarkable, and a thorough neurological examination localised the lesion to the cervical spine. Following this, magnetic motor evoked potentials were acquired to allow for latency times to be determined. Abnormal conduction times were found to the right thoracic and right pelvic limbs, confirming that the horse had an asymmetrical cervical spinal myelopathy. Radiographs were acquired to ensure that the horse had no significant pathology which would contraindicate general anaesthesia. There were no abnormalities noted on these, so the horse underwent contrast‐enhanced computed tomography of its cervical spine which revealed enlargement of the right articular process joint between C4 and C5 with dorsolateral impingement of the spinal canal and cord. Due to the poor prognosis for future performance, the horse was subsequently euthanised. A post‐mortem examination confirmed the findings of degenerative joint disease, with some unexpected changes seen on histology of the spinal cord. The unilateral right‐sided compression had caused degenerative changes to ascending and descending tract bilaterally indicating a dynamic component to this lesion, which would be more commonly understood to be static.
How families respond to the collateral consequences of incarceration and prisoner reentry
Authors: Hood Brittany J. , Gaston Shytierra 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this research was to investigate the ways in which families respond to the collateral consequences of incarceration and reentry.BackgroundAlthough scholars have extensively documented the collateral consequences of mass incarceration for individuals, far less attention has been paid to families, particularly the adult relatives of incarcerated or formerly incarcerated persons who are the primary social support agents.MethodThe current study draws from 24 in‐depth, semistructured interviews with the parents, siblings, romantic partners, and other relatives of formerly incarcerated persons in an urban, mid‐sized Midwestern city. We employed a multistage qualitative analysis.ResultsThe analysis revealed 10 stress‐induced responses among families. These responses largely involved individuals' self‐reliance on their personal efficacy, some reflecting maladaptive responses, while having limited external or formal supports on which to rely when facing strains from familial incarceration.ImplicationFindings suggest that the significant socioeconomic and psychological tax families pay when supporting a justice system–involved relative compromises their well‐being. This study has the potential to inform treatment, research, practices, and policies involving families that are affected by incarceration.
Combined effects of heatwaves and micropollutants on freshwater ecosystems: Towards an integrated assessment of extreme events in multiple stressors research
Authors: Polazzo Francesco , Roth Sabrina K. , Hermann Markus , Mangold‐Döring Annika , Rico Andreu , Sobek Anna , Van den Brink Paul J. , Jackson Michelle C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFreshwater ecosystems are strongly influenced by weather extremes such as heatwaves (HWs), which are predicted to increase in frequency and magnitude in the future. In addition to these climate extremes, the freshwater realm is impacted by the exposure to various classes of chemicals emitted by anthropogenic activities. Currently, there is limited knowledge on how the combined exposure to HWs and chemicals affects the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Here, we review the available literature describing the single and combined effects of HWs and chemicals on different levels of biological organization, to obtain a holistic view of their potential interactive effects. We only found a few studies (13 out of the 61 studies included in this review) that investigated the biological effects of HWs in combination with chemical pollution. The reported interactive effects of HWs and chemicals varied largely not only within the different trophic levels but also depending on the studied endpoints for populations or individuals. Hence, owing also to the little number of studies available, no consistent interactive effects could be highlighted at any level of biological organization. Moreover, we found an imbalance towards single species and population experiments, with only five studies using a multitrophic approach. This results in a knowledge gap for relevant community and ecosystem level endpoints, which prevents the exploration of important indirect effects that can compromise food web stability. Moreover, this knowledge gap impairs the validity of chemical risk assessments and our ability to protect ecosystems. Finally, we highlight the urgency of integrating extreme events into multiple stressors studies and provide specific recommendations to guide further experimental research in this regard.
Changes in tree drought sensitivity provided early warning signals to the California drought and forest mortality event
Authors: Keen Rachel M. , Voelker Steven L. , Wang S.‐Y. Simon , Bentz Barbara J. , Goulden Michael L. , Dangerfield Cody R. , Reed Charlotte C. , Hood Sharon M. , Csank Adam Z. , Dawson Todd E. , Merschel Andrew G. , Still Christopher J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClimate warming in recent decades has negatively impacted forest health in the western United States. Here, we report on potential early warning signals (EWS) for drought‐related mortality derived from measurements of tree‐ring growth (ring width index; RWI) and carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C), primarily focused on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Sampling was conducted in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains, near the epicenter of drought severity and mortality associated with the 2012–2015 California drought and concurrent outbreak of western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis). At this site, we found that widespread mortality was presaged by five decades of increasing sensitivity (i.e., increased explained variation) of both tree growth and ∆13C to Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). We hypothesized that increasing sensitivity of tree growth and ∆13C to hydroclimate constitute EWS that indicate an increased likelihood of widespread forest mortality caused by direct and indirect effects of drought. We then tested these EWS in additional ponderosa pine‐dominated forests that experienced varying mortality rates associated with the same California drought event. In general, drier sites showed increasing sensitivity of RWI to PDSI over the last century, as well as higher mortality following the California drought event compared to wetter sites. Two sites displayed evidence that thinning or fire events that reduced stand basal area effectively reversed the trend of increasing hydroclimate sensitivity. These comparisons indicate that reducing competition for soil water and/or decreasing bark beetle host tree density via forest management—particularly in drier regions—may buffer these forests against drought stress and associated mortality risk. EWS such as these could provide land managers more time to mitigate the extent or severity of forest mortality in advance of droughts. Substantial efforts at deploying additional dendrochronological research in concert with remote sensing and forest modeling will aid in forecasting of forest responses to continued climate warming.
An alternative screening approach for Google Search identifies an accurate and manageable number of results for a systematic review (case study)
Authors: Briscoe Simon , Rogers Morwenna 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundA challenge when using Google Search to identify studies for a systematic review is managing the high number of results, which can number in the hundreds of thousands or even more. Studies and guidance on web searching suggest limiting the screening process, e.g. to the first 100 results.ObjectivesOur objective in this case study is to demonstrate an alternative approach to screening the results retrieved by Google Search which is based on our experience that the viewable number of results is often far fewer than the estimated number calculated by the search engine.MethodsWe screened the results of three searches of Google Search using our approach, which involves increasing the number of results displayed per page from 10 to the maximum of 100. We then calculated the viewable number of results and compared this with the estimated number.ResultsThe mean of the estimated number of results for the three searches was 569,454,000. The mean of the viewable number results was 463 (0.00008% of the mean of the estimated number of results).ConclusionOur findings challenge the commonly reported view that the number of results retrieved when using Google Search is too high to screen in full.
When are European Works Councils informed and consulted, and how do they gain influence? A quantitative analysis
Authors: De Spiegelaere Stan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe objective of European Works Councils (EWCs) is to provide employees in multinational companies with information on transnational issues, and with the opportunity to voice their opinions, in order to influence managerial decision‐making. Few, however, reach that goal. This article therefore asks the question: Why? What factors explain whether or not an EWC is able to reach its goals? Building on previously established models and using large‐scale survey analysis, this article largely confirms the importance of factors related to management structure and policy, employee‐side organisation and interaction with management. As several of the main determinants relate directly or indirectly to managerial agency, the study discusses alternative ways to improve EWC functioning by focusing on the role of management.
Political attitudes, participation and union membership in the UK
Authors: Trentini Marco 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUnionisation continues to decline in the UK. This paper examines the changes over time in the relationship between politics and union membership, and it is based on European Social Survey data from 2002 to 2018. Political attitudes have been analysed by considering the interest in politics and ideological orientation according to self‐placement on the left–right scale, and behaviour looking at political participation. Political orientation (being left‐wing) and political participation are determinants of union membership. However, in the UK, a centrist political orientation prevails, and political participation is low. The relationship between political attitudes, behaviour and unionisation over time has been stable.
On the Positive Correlation between DIF and Difficulty: A New Theory on the Correlation as Methodological Artifact
Authors: Bolt Daniel M. , Liao Xiangyi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe revisit the empirically observed positive correlation between DIF and difficulty studied by Freedle and commonly seen in tests of verbal proficiency when comparing populations of different mean latent proficiency levels. It is shown that a positive correlation between DIF and difficulty estimates is actually an expected result (absent any true DIF) in the presence of systematically negative ICC asymmetry. Under such conditions, conditional upon sum score, correct responses to easier items are indicative of higher latent proficiency than correct responses to more difficult items. Negative ICC asymmetry, which can occur as a result of disjunctively interacting latent subprocesses (including disjunctive combinations of proficiency‐based guessing and problem‐solving processes, for example), is suggested to be widely present among items used in many verbal tests due to their general lack of problem‐solving complexity and the anticipated presence of proficiency‐related guessing. When systematic, negative ICC asymmetries result in a shrinkage of units at the lower end of the IRT metric when traditional symmetric IRT models are applied. We demonstrate by simulation an ensuing DIF‐difficulty correlation artifact in application of a model‐based DIF approach, as well as for the Mantel‐Haenszel and Standardization DIF detection methods. A sensitivity analysis illustration demonstrates how assuming a fixed level of negative asymmetry in the ICCs effectively makes an observed positive correlation between DIF and difficulty seen when fitting symmetric ICCs go away.
Postharvest quality monitoring and cold chain management of fresh garlic scapes based on a wireless multi‐sensors system
Authors: Zhu Zhiqiang , Ma Ruiqin , Draganic Andjela , Orovic Irena , Zhang Xiaoshuan , Wang Xiang , Wang Jingjie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFresh garlic scape is popular for its unique tastes and special antibacterial effect. As a kind of seasonal vegetable, it has huge quality decay after harvesting, and usually by low temperature storage to approach the round‐year supply. However, it lacks cold chain management directions and transparency, which depends heavily on the real‐time information of the process environments and the quality of fresh garlic scapes. With the analyzed quality‐related indicators, including temperature, relative humidity, gas composition and vibration, a multi‐sensors information acquisition system based on wireless sensor network was designed and developed. Then, the process of the fresh garlic scapes supply were systematically analyzed and identified, and the proposed system was also evaluated using the monitored data in current practices. Results show that the transportation and cold storage occupies an important position in the typical garlic scapes supply process, which has continuous influences on the quality preservation. The developed system functions well, and the wireless multi‐sensors nodes can real‐time monitor environmental information with high data reliability. The data evaluation also demonstrates the association of the monitored quality‐related data with the supply process stage. Meanwhile, it is the visualization of the quality‐related data that enhance the real‐time sensing of the quality in storage, the transparency of the supply process and the cold chain management level. Furthermore, the system should be further enhanced with the better data quality acquired by the nodes for better quality sensing and management of the fresh garlic scapes supply process.Practical ApplicationsSignificant benefits of this work are anticipated on the postharvest and preservation of garlic scapes to the market and reduction of its losses in the postharvest chain.
New perspective on fecal microbiota transplantation in liver diseases
Authors: Suk Ki Tae , Koh Hong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChronic liver disease including non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol‐related liver disease is one of the most common diseases worldwide. The gut–liver axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, dysbiosis, leaky bowel, bacterial translocation, and imbalanced metabolites are related to the progression of chronic liver disease. Recently, novel therapeutic approaches for microbiota modulation such as personalized diet, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, engineered microbiotas, phage therapy, stomach operation, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have been proposed with numerous promising results in the effectiveness and clinical application. Although the evidence is still lacking, FMT, a type of fecal bacteriotherapy, has been known as a candidate for the treatment of liver disease. This review article focuses on the most recent advances in our understanding of FMT in chronic liver disease such as non‐alcoholic and alcohol‐related liver disease.
Midwives Mentoring Midwives: A Review of the Evidence and Best Practice Recommendations
Authors: Bradford Heather , Hines Heather Findletar , Labko Yuliya , Peasley Amber , Valentin‐Welch Maria , Breedlove Ginger 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMentoring involves a reciprocal relationship between a more experienced person (mentor) who offers guidance and counsel to a less experienced person (mentee). Reported benefits of mentoring among students of varying health professions include skill acquisition, understanding of the professional role, acclimation to the culture of the health profession, and personal and professional development. Globally, the midwifery profession has a long‐standing history of mentoring students and new graduate midwives. However, only one study has described a formal mentoring program within the US midwifery profession. Therefore, to inform best practice for both formal and informal mentoring programs, current mentoring programs are summarized and a state of the science review on mentoring within midwifery in the United States and internationally was conducted. Three types of mentoring relationships are discussed: (1) student to student (peer), (2) midwife to student, and (3) midwife to new graduate midwife. Effective models and recommended approaches for the development and expansion of mentoring are discussed, to sustain, diversify, and scale up the midwifery workforce. Personal attributes and action steps of effective mentors and mentees are provided.