bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trespassing the gates of research: identifying algorithmic mechanisms that can cause distortions and biases in academic social media
Authors: Monteiro-Krebs Luciana , Zaman Bieke , Caregnato Sonia Elisa , Geerts David , Grassi-Filho Vicente , Htun Nyi-Nyi 
Published: December 2021

PurposeThe use of recommender systems is increasing on academic social media (ASM). However, distinguishing the elements that may be influenced and/or exert influence over content that is read and disseminated by researchers is difficult due to the opacity of the algorithms that filter information on ASM. In this article, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how algorithmic mediation through recommender systems in ResearchGate may uphold biases in scholarly communication.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a multi-method walkthrough approach including a patent analysis, an interface analysis and an inspection of the web page code.FindingsThe findings reveal how audience influences on the recommendations and demonstrate in practice the mutual shaping of the different elements interplaying within the platform (artefact, practices and arrangements). The authors show evidence of the mechanisms of selection, prioritization, datafication and profiling. The authors also substantiate how the algorithm reinforces the reputation of eminent researchers (a phenomenon called the Matthew effect). As part of defining a future agenda, we discuss the need for serendipity and algorithmic transparency.Research limitations/implicationsAlgorithms change constantly and are protected by commercial secrecy. Hence, this study was limited to the information that was accessible within a particular period. At the time of publication, the platform, its logic and its effects on the interface may have changed. Future studies might investigate other ASM using the same approach to distinguish potential patterns among platforms.Originality/valueContributes to reflect on algorithmic mediation and biases in scholarly communication potentially afforded by recommender algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical study on automated mediation and biases in ASM.
15 years of microbial biotechnology: the time has come to think big—and act soon
Authors: de Lorenzo Víctor 
Published: December 2021

SummaryOur epoch is largely characterized by the growing realization and concern about the reality of climate change and environmental deterioration, the surge of global pandemics, the unacceptable inequalities between developed and underdeveloped countries and their unavoidable translation into messy immigration, overpopulation and food crises. While all of these issues have a fundamentally political core, they are not altogether removed from the fact that Earth is primarily a microbial planet and microorganisms are the key agents that make the biosphere (including ourselves) function as it does. It thus makes sense that we bring the microbial world—that is the environmental microbiome—to the necessary multi‐tiered conversation (hopefully followed by action) on how to avoid future threats and how to make our globe a habitable common house. Beyond discussion on governance, such a dialogue has technical and scientific aspects that only frontline microbial biotechnology can help to tackle. Fortunately, the field has witnessed the onset of new conceptual and material tools that were missing when the journal started.
A working guide to spatial mechanistic modelling in Julia
Authors: Schouten Rafael , Baudrot Virgile , Umina Paul , Maino James 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Models that can predict the dynamics of larger scale ecological processes are increasingly important in a rapidly changing world. The Julia language gives a unique opportunity to produce new, generic tools to develop spatial mechanistic models, and to simultaneously increase their performance, resolution and predictive power.

Here, we describe two new Julia software packages, DynamicGrids.jl and Dispersal.jl, that facilitate the development of spatial mechanistic models that are concise, extensible and performant, with several key attributes. First, they allow arbitrary spatially and temporally heterogeneous inputs (e.g. regional climatic data to drive population dynamics). Second, they apply rules to discrete spatial grids, including: (a) single grid cells (e.g. population growth, Allee effects, land‐use change), (b) neighborhoods (e.g. local dispersal); and (c) arbitrary locations (e.g. long‐distance wind dispersal, human‐mediated dispersal). Finally, they allow interactions between multiple grids (e.g. predator–prey models, management/environmental feedbacks).

Through in‐line examples, we explore how these properties can be used to develop simple and complex grid‐based mechanistic models that run on both CPUs and GPUs. We demonstrate models of population growth, wind and self‐directed dispersal and host–parasitoid dynamics. We also demonstrate the ease by which custom rules can be combined with rules provided by packages, and the potential for use in other fields and interdisciplinary research.

These Julia packages provide concise, extensible and performant tools for a wide range of grid‐based spatial models in ecology and beyond. More broadly, they highlight new opportunities for ecological modelling using the Julia language, with its combination of clear syntax, extensibility from its solution to the expression problem and its performance on CPUs and GPUs.
Day drinking among college students and its association with risky substance use behaviors
Authors: Calhoun Brian H. , Maggs Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundDay drinking, or drinking during the daytime, is a term used colloquially in the media and among college students based on anecdotal evidence. Drinking at tailgate parties, generally thought to be a type of day drinking, tends to be particularly heavy and to achieve levels comparable to drinking on holidays and special occasions. The objective of this study was to assess how many and how often students day drink and whether day drinking days (i.e., days drinking began before 4:00 p.m.) were associated with heavy drinking, legal intoxication, negative alcohol‐related consequences, and three risky substance use behaviors.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal daily diary study of college students who were followed for their first seven semesters of college. The analytic sample includes 7,633 drinking days nested with 619 student drinkers. We used logistic and Poisson multilevel models to test associations between day drinking days and substance use outcomes and negative consequences.ResultsApproximately 50% of drinkers drank durinng the day at least once, and day drinking occurred on 9% of drinking days. Greek organization participants reported significantly more day drinking days than non‐participants. Day drinking days were characterized by heavy drinking as evidenced by strong, positive associations between day drinking and drinking to heavy episodic drinking (HED) and high‐intensity drinking (HID) thresholds on a given day. In contrast, students were less likely to reach legal intoxication and experienced fewer negative alcohol‐related consequences on day drinking days than days on which drinking began in the evening or nighttime. Students who reported day drinking more often throughout the study also reported having more days of drinking at the HED and HID thresholds and playing drinking games and mixed alcohol with energy drinks more frequently.ConclusionsDay drinking was common among this sample of college students. Findings suggest that day drinking days may be characterized by heavy drinking and may be a behavior most typically engaged in by heavy drinkers, including members of Greek organizations.
Monsters reveal patterns: bifurcated annelids and their implications for the study of development and evolution
Authors: Ponz‐Segrelles Guillermo , Ribeiro Rannyele P. , Aguado M. Teresa 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTDuring recent decades, the study of anatomical anomalies has been of great relevance for research on development and its evolution. Yet most animal groups have never been studied under this perspective. In annelids, one of the most common and remarkable anomalies is anteroposterior axis bifurcation, that is animals that have two or more heads and/or tails. Bifurcated annelids were first described in the 18th century and have been occasionally reported since then. However, these animals have rarely been considered other than curiosities, one‐off anomalies, or monsters, and a condensed but comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon is lacking. Such an analysis of the existing knowledge is necessary for addressing the different patterns of annelid bifurcation, as well as to understand possible developmental mechanisms behind them and their evolution. In this review we summarize reports of annelid bifurcation published during the last 275 years and the wide variety of anatomies they present. Our survey reveals bifurcation as a widespread phenomenon found all over the annelid tree. Moreover, it also shows that bifurcations can be classified into different types according to anatomy (lateral versus dorsoventral) or developmental origin (embryonic versus postembryonic, the latter occurring in relation to regeneration, reproduction, or growth). Regarding embryos, three different types of bifurcation can be found: conjoined twins (in clitellates); Janus embryos (two posterior ends with a single head which shows duplicated structures); and duplicitas cruciata embryos (with anterior and posterior bifurcation with a 90° rotation). In adults, we show that while lateral bifurcation can result in well‐integrated phenotypes, dorsoventral bifurcation cannot since it requires the discontinuity of at least some internal organs. The relevance of this distinction is highlighted in the case of the Ribbon Clade, a group of syllid annelids in which some species reproduce by collateral and successive gemmiparity (which involves dorsoventral bifurcation), while others grow by branching laterally. Although most known cases of bifurcation came from accidental findings in the wild or were unintentionally produced, experimental studies resulting in the induction of bifurcation of both embryos and adults are also reviewed. In embryos, these experimental studies show how mechanical or chemical disruption of the zygote can result in bifurcation. In adults, the ventral nervous system and the digestive tract seem to play a role in the induction of bifurcation. Based on the reviewed evidence, we argue that the long‐forgotten study of annelid developmental anomalies should be incorporated into the growing field of annelid EvoDevo and examined with modern techniques and perspectives.
Predictive model specific to young adults for estimating thoracic gas volume for air‐displacement plethysmography
Authors: Ducharme Jeremy B. , Hsiao Yu‐Yu , Gibson Ann L. , Mermier Christine M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThoracic gas volume either measured (mTGV) or predicted by the BodPod® (bpTGV) is used during air‐displacement plethysmography to obtain a better estimate of percent body fat. Evidence suggests that bpTGV underestimates mTGV for young adults and this is especially evident for young males.AimsWe developed, validated, and cross‐validated a TGV prediction model (pTGV) for males and females 18–30 years of age to address this underestimation.Materials & MethodsParticipants (N = 181; 18–30 years) that had their body composition assessed with the BodPod® were retrospectively randomly assigned to one of two independent subgroups, a validation (n = 145) or cross‐validation (n = 36) sample. Ten iterations of the k‐fold validation procedure were performed to assess the internal replicability of pTGV within the validation sample. External replicability of pTGV was evaluated by assessing the difference and standard error of the estimate (SEE) compared to mTGV in the cross‐validation group.ResultsThe model using height, sex and body mass yielded the highest adjusted R2 (0.627) and the lowest SEE (0.56 L): pTGV = 0.615338 × Sex (0 = Female, 1 = Male) + 0.056267 × Height (cm) – 0.011006 × Body Mass (kg) – 5.358839. R2 remained stable across 10 iterations of the k‐fold procedure (average R2 = 0.64). Differences between pTGV and mTGV were not significantly different than zero for the total cross‐validation sample (−0.06 ± 0.7 L; SEE = 3.0%), for males (−0.11 ± 0.7 L; SEE = 3.7%), or for females (−0.02 ± 0.7 L; SEE = 5.3%).ConclusionWe recommend that when it is impractical to obtain mTGV, the strong internal and external replicability of the new prediction model supports its use for males and females ages 18–30 years old during air‐displacement plethysmography.
Yield and fracture loci for a ductile cast iron EN‐GJS‐600–3 under biaxial stresses
Authors: Benedetti Matteo , Curtolo Tommaso , Dallago Michele , Fontanari Vigilio , Lusuardi Danilo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBiaxial (axial and torsional loading) static tests were performed for the first time on EN‐GJS‐600–3 ductile cast iron tubular specimens obtained reproducing the solidification conditions typical of thick‐walled castings. The experimental results were elaborated to determine the yield and fracture loci of the material, which exhibited significant deviations from those predicted by the von Mises and Mohr–Coulomb criteria usually adopted for steels and gray cast iron, respectively. For this purpose, several alternative criteria proposed in the technical literature, some of them specifically devised for composite materials, have been calibrated and compared to account for the peculiar mechanical properties of this natural composite material.
Detecting climate signals in populations across life histories
Authors: Jenouvrier Stéphanie , Long Matthew C. , Coste Christophe F. D. , Holland Marika , Gamelon Marlène , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Sæther Bernt‐Erik 
Published: December 2021

AbstractClimate impacts are not always easily discerned in wild populations as detecting climate change signals in populations is challenged by stochastic noise associated with natural climate variability, variability in biotic and abiotic processes, and observation error in demographic rates. Detection of the impact of climate change on populations requires making a formal distinction between signals in the population associated with long‐term climate trends from those generated by stochastic noise. The time of emergence (ToE) identifies when the signal of anthropogenic climate change can be quantitatively distinguished from natural climate variability. This concept has been applied extensively in the climate sciences, but has not been explored in the context of population dynamics. Here, we outline an approach to detecting climate‐driven signals in populations based on an assessment of when climate change drives population dynamics beyond the envelope characteristic of stochastic variations in an unperturbed state. Specifically, we present a theoretical assessment of the time of emergence of climate‐driven signals in population dynamics (). We identify the dependence of on the magnitude of both trends and variability in climate and also explore the effect of intrinsic demographic controls on . We demonstrate that different life histories (fast species vs. slow species), demographic processes (survival, reproduction), and the relationships between climate and demographic rates yield population dynamics that filter climate trends and variability differently. We illustrate empirically how to detect the point in time when anthropogenic signals in populations emerge from stochastic noise for a species threatened by climate change: the emperor penguin. Finally, we propose six testable hypotheses and a road map for future research.
Prescription drug survey of elderly patients with degenerative musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Sato Keigo , Inagaki Risa , Michikawa Takehiro , Kawabata Soya , Ito Kaori , Morita Mitsuhiro , Hayakawa Kazue , Kaneko Shinjiro , Yamada Shigeki , Fujita Nobuyuki 
Published: December 2021

AimsElderly patients with musculoskeletal disorders are generally expected to receive many prescription drugs for non‐musculoskeletal comorbidities and for alleviating chronic musculoskeletal pains. The aims of this study were to review the use of prescription drugs in elderly patients with elective surgeries for musculoskeletal disorders and to identify the factors associated with polypharmacy in elderly patients with musculoskeletal disorders.MethodsWe retrospectively collected the clinical data of patients aged ≥65 years who underwent knee arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty, or spinal surgery for lumbar or cervical degenerative disorders at our institution. The following data were evaluated: age, body mass index, sex, surgical site, prescription drugs used, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status grade, and medical history, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, stroke, malignancy, and smoking. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of six or more drugs.ResultsIn the present study, 767 consecutive patients were evaluated retrospectively. The prevalence of polypharmacy was >50% in the elderly patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The mean numbers of total drugs and pain relief medications were significantly higher in the lumbar surgery group than in the other surgery groups. Multivariable analysis revealed that the factors associated with polypharmacy were lumbar surgery, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and malignancy.ConclusionsThis is the first study to cross‐sectionally review the drugs prescribed to patients with degenerative musculoskeletal disorders. It clearly identified the factors associated with polypharmacy in elderly patients with degenerative musculoskeletal disorders. Particular attention should be paid to polypharmacy in elderly patients with lumbar degenerative disorders. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 121–126.
Trichoscopic features of hair and scalp in noncomplaining individuals: A descriptive study
Authors: Abdel Hay Rania , Sayed Khadiga S. , Hegazi Soha Ahmad , Nada Ahmed , Amer Marwa Ahmed 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTrichoscopy is a simple noninvasive tool that is used in calculating different hair parameters and the diagnosis of different hair/scalp diseases at variable magnifications.ObjectiveThe aim of this work is to describe the features and parameters of hair and scalp in a healthy sample of Egyptian population using videodermoscopy. This may help to provide standard range of measurements of normal hair in both males and females.MethodsA nonrandomized, observational study for features and parameters of hair structure, performed on 368 healthy Egyptian subjects with no hair/scalp complaint.ResultsEach scalp area has its own vascular pattern. Male subjects showed different values regarding their hair parameters from the female subjects. No significant difference was seen after application of hair dye, except for few values. In both genders, there was a change in hair parameters with age. Smoking had a negative influence on hair parameters.ConclusionHair features and parameters observed in our population are different from those reported by other populations. Smoking affects hair thickness and density. Dyed hair has greater thickness mostly due to the protective effect of hair conditioners.
Effectiveness of manual therapy applied to craniomandibular structures in temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Asquini Giacomo , Pitance Laurent , Michelotti Ambra , Falla Deborah 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundWithin physical therapy, manual therapy is known to be effective for managing temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). However, manual therapy is a broad term including different approaches applied to different body regions.AimsThis is the first systematic review that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of manual therapy applied specifically to the craniomandibular structures (Cranio‐Mandibular Manual Therapy [CMMT]) on pain and maximum mouth opening in people with TMD.Material and methodsThis systematic review was developed based on a pre‐determined published protocol which was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019160213). A search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, ZETOC, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PEDro, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Best Evidence, EBM reviews–Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Index to Chiropractic Literature ChiroAccess and Google Scholar databases was conducted from inception until October 2020. Randomised controlled trials comparing the effect of CMMT on pain and maximum mouth opening versus other types of treatment in TMDs were included. Two reviewers independently screened articles for inclusion, extracted data, assessed risk of bias with the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials and evaluated the overall quality of evidence with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations.ResultsA total of 2720 records were screened, of which only 6 (293 participants) satisfied the inclusion criteria. All studies showed some concerns in risk of bias, except for one, which was high risk of bias. The overall quality of evidence was very low for all outcomes because of high heterogeneity and small sample sizes. All studies showed a significant improvement in pain and maximum mouth opening for CMMT from baseline in the mid‐term, but only two showed superiority compared to other interventions. Given the high heterogeneity and small sample sizes of the included studies, a quantitative synthesis was not performed.Discussion and conclusionThere is the need for future high methodology research investigating different manual therapy techniques applied to different regions and different populations (e.g., chronic versus acute TMD) to determine what is most effective for pain and maximum mouth opening in patients with TMDs.
Towards a theory of diaspora formation through conflict deterritorialization
Authors: Féron Élise , Voytiv Sofiya 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBuilding on different cases of conflicts in homelands triggering diaspora mobilization, we develop a theory of diaspora formation through processes of conflict deterritorialization. We argue that an armed conflict in the country of origin can trigger specific processes of diaspora formation in the countries of settlement and in the transnational space, depending on the actors involved and the particular context in both the home and host countries. We suggest that this specific non‐linear process of diaspora formation can happen at the individual and collective levels, and can both turn a migrant into a diasporic individual as well as mobilize diasporic individuals for collective action. This mobilization, we argue, builds on narratives about and from the homeland, the country of residence, and the transnational space, and can, in turn, lead to conflict autonomization in diaspora settings.