bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Last Hominid Standing
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Since our hominid ancestors evolved a few million years ago, they have not had an easy time. Like untold numbers of species before them, many early hominid branches of our family tree disappeared. They went extinct or more likely were subsumed into modern humans by interbreeding. Eventually, modern humans and Neandertals migrated out of Africa, but they were challenged by genetic bottlenecks and pandemics. So we are the last of the hominids. We came close to joining the vast majority of species in extinction, but somehow we got lucky. The big question is whether we can last.
From Cosmogony to Cosmic Eschatology
Authors: Lindow John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary and brief analysis of the overall narrative sweep of ONM, from cosmogony to eschatology. Cosmogonic myths may be said to include the formation of the cosmos and the origins of the various mythological groups and relationships. The myths set in the period between cosmogony and eschatology recount the fraught encounters between two of these groups, gods and giants, which began when the gods killed a giant to form the cosmos. Eschatological myths involve a final fatal battle between these groups, the destruction of the cosmos, and its rebirth. Besides cosmogonic and eschatological myths, one can distinguish myths of acquisition and reacquisition, myths of giant-slaying, and myths of verbal duels.
Old Norse Mythology as Sacred Narrative
Authors: Lindow John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study of one myth that we have from pictorial sources in the Viking Age, from poems almost certainly composed in the Viking Age, and from thirteenth-century sources, namely the encounter between the god Þórr (Thor) and his cosmic enemy, the World serpent, a beast that encircles the earth, in the deep sea. In this myth, Þórr fishes up the serpent, and depending on the variant, Þórr may or may not kill the serpent. I present and analyze the texts in more or less chronological order, from the older skalds through the Eddic poem Hymiskviða, through Snorri Sturluson in Edda, and compare the texts to the rock carvings that portray the myth. I argue that the issue of the death or survival of the serpent is less important than the simple fact that Þórr had the serpent on his hook.
In Search of Meaning and Holy Redemption
Authors: Peleg Samuel (Muli) 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the case of the Hilltop Youth, a radical, violent, and lawless group of young Jewish settlers in the occupied West Bank. The major argument is that an explanation to their extremist ideology and messianic activism can be found is their yearning for meaning in what they deem as an increasingly precarious and unstable reality. In their struggle to alleviate and solidify the world they live in, they opt for a very militant reading of their faith as a guiding and reassuring compass toward redemption. Such a path is fraught with violence and aggression toward Palestinians as well as toward Israeli authorities. On the road to what these unruly adolescents believe will lead them to their ultimate salvation, everyone else is a threat and every means is sacred. The chapter emphasizes the rapid degradation of recognized “truths” around them and their young age—malleable and vulnerable to unrestrained calls for action—as the Hilltop Youth main catalysts for embracing fierce lawlessness as their quest of choice for meaning.
Aging in the Shadow of Trauma
Authors: Shrira Amit , Palgi Yuval , Shmotkin Dov 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Aging in Israel frequently entails coping with a unique intertwinement of age-related losses and exposure to traumatic events. This chapter focuses on the central role that meaning in life plays in the struggle of older adults against the double burden of aging and traumatic adversity. The chapter consists of three main sections. The first section dwells on the exceptional reality of older adults in Israel. The second section discusses theoretical notions regarding the function of meaning in life in the adaptation to aging and trauma. It reviews research findings highlighting the beneficial effect of meaning in life on older adults’ adaptation to traumatic events. The final section points to the valuable perceptions of a meaningful aging in adaptation to adversity. Overall, this chapter provides an overview of how Israeli older adults maintain meaning in life, thereby supplying fresh insights on the concept of meaning in late life.
The Quest for Meaning and Fulfillment Among Haredi Women in Israel
Authors: Keren-Kratz Menachem 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The status of Orthodox women has undergone many changes in history and reached its peak during the interwar period. At that time, Orthodox women were allowed to acquire both traditional and general education and enjoy the fruits of Western culture. They also helped to provide for their families, either by working with their husbands or by running their own businesses. These achievements were not maintained during the post-Holocaust period in Israel as Haredi women were expected to participate in restoring the totally ruined Torah World to its pre-Holocaust glory. To that end Haredi women were encouraged to bear as many children as they could and become their family’s main breadwinner to allow their husbands to study in the yeshiva for many years. Haredi women took up this burden and for many decades sacrificed their well-being and health without complaint. In the 21st century, once Haredi women realized that the world of the Torah had regained and even surpassed its scope in Europe, they sought to reclaim their previous social status. Nowadays, many Haredi women seek to enrich their life in ways that until recently were considered undesirable and immodest. In their pursuit for a meaningful life they combine intrinsic adherence to a Haredi identity and tradition while also adopting other ways of behaving with personal agency to pursue meaning in their life.
Religious Sense-Making, Purpose-Making, and Significance-Making Among Jewish, Druze, and Muslim Young Adults in Israel
Authors: Novis-Deutsch Nurit , Nynäs Peter , Kheir Sawsan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Situated within the theoretical framework of meaning-making, this chapter discusses sense-making, purpose-making, and significance-making in the context of religion, spirituality, and secularity. To do so, the authors present a 24-item scale, Meaning-Making in Religion (MMR), based on items from the Faith-Q-Sort. Next, they report the results of a study involving 90 Israeli students, Jewish, Muslim, and Druze, who took part in a study of young adults and religion globally. Using participants’ Faith-Q-Sort and in-depth interviews, 12 faith prototypes were extracted. Their analysis uncovered several socially recognized paths for pursuing meaning through religion or spirituality, one socially agreed-upon narrative of secularity, and a few less socially sanctioned narratives of religious meaninglessness. The authors analyze our findings in terms of meaning-making, subjective well-being, and religious subcultures in Israel and discuss the implications of these findings for the study of meaning, religiosity, and culture.
The Other Face of Battle
Authors: Lee Wayne E. , Carlson Anthony E. , Preston David L. , Silbey David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Other Face of Battle plunges into the jarring and violent experience of America’s “other” wars: the often irregular, unconventional, and intercultural wars that have dominated the American military experience. The national narrative is dominated by the so-called “big wars,” but the other wars are both more common and equally critical to understanding American military history. American wars with enemies from different cultures, fighting with different tactics, have generated shocking battlefield defeats, unanticipated insurgencies, and strategic stalemate. In 1755, George Washington and other Anglo-American soldiers on an expedition to the Ohio Country were catastrophically defeated by French and Indian irregulars at the Monongahela, with resounding consequences for how Americans thought about themselves in combat over the next several generations. In 1898, U.S. troops at the Battle of Manila confronted Filipinos who had just fought and won a revolution against the Spanish—a battle that was but the opening round of a protracted U.S.-Filipino conflict sparked by American occupation and annexation. The unexpected war that followed was both conventional and irregular, an omen for America’s 20th-century wars. In 2010, U.S. soldiers and Afghan allies launched an extraordinarily complex, interservice attack on the village of Makuan in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. The battle symbolized the Americans’ struggle to find and pin down the elusive Taliban enemy, despite careful planning, immense firepower, and nine years of experience fighting an insurgency.
The Battle of the Monongahela
Authors: Lee Wayne E. , Preston David L. , Silbey David , Carlson Anthony E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Narrates the nature and consequences of intercultural combat at the outset of the French and Indian War when British Major-General Edward Braddock’s column of British soldiers and colonial Provincial troops were attacked and destroyed by a force of French and allied Indians from several Nations. The clashing tactical styles and expectations of combat were critical in undermining British resistance. The battle proved central in creating a distinctly American identity and especially to colonials’ self-conception as proficient Indian fighters. Many colonists were awakened to a sense of “being Americans”—as George Washington expressed it—as they campaigned with British regulars who often denigrated their military abilities and provincial status. Americans celebrated the conduct of Washington and the effectiveness of the Virginia provincials at the Monongahela.
An Introduction to the Gospels and Acts
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Introducing the Gospels and Acts is not just about reading the first five books of the New Testament. It requires entering the first-century Mediterranean world where the events recorded in these writings happened. This short book takes readers on a journey through the Gospels and Acts, introducing them to the world of Jesus of Nazareth and of the believers who composed and shared stories inspired by him. It provides overviews of context and major passages in each canonical work, and also introduces readers to the apocryphal gospels and acts to demonstrate the larger phenomenon of early Christian writing. After situating readers in the literary context of the canonical Gospels and Acts, Myers focuses on the writings themselves, giving basic historical background before digging more deeply into a chosen contextual theme for each work. These themes include the politics and history of Roman Palestine, expressions of Second Temple Judaism, understandings of identity and human worth in the Roman world, hospitality, Hellenistic philosophies, and the process of canonizing the New Testament. Rather than shying away from difficult and often confusing elements of the Gospels and Acts, the book invites readers to engage more deeply and situate themselves more fully in the strangeness and surprising familiarity of the Roman world. In this way, readers will see the continuing relevance of the Gospels and Acts for today and learn to be responsible readers of these works for years to come.
Mark’s Story
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins the study of the canonical Gospels with the earliest Gospel written rather than the first in the Christian canon: the Gospel of Mark. After offering basic background on authorship, provenance, and date of composition, this chapter outlines the historical and political contexts of Roman Palestine in the first century CE. This introduction leads into a discussion of Mark’s apocalyptic perspective and presentation of Jesus’s mission as a cosmic battle. Following this background information, the chapter offers a literary overview of the Gospel and explores major themes and passages, including Jesus’s characterization, the Parable of the Sower and minor characters, Jesus’s time in Jerusalem, and the various endings of the Gospel of Mark. The chapter ends with a conclusion describing Mark’s challenge for its readers to choose between fear and faith.
Long Live Hip-Hop
Authors: Keyes Cheryl L. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton: An American Musical, a musical adaptation of Ron Chernow’s 2004 biography, advanced the marriage of hip-hop and the musical that Miranda had introduced in his earlier show In the Heights. Employing hip-hop aesthetics and performance in an unparalleled yet effective way, Hamilton’s libretto is rendered in a spoken-word style, adhering to a hip-hop sing-songy style of delivery and embodied by a multi-ethnic cast with swaggering bodies and hip-hop-style moves. This essay examines the hip-hop aesthetic qualities of Miranda’s Hamilton, situating the show as a part of the continuum of hip-hop music, culture, and performance practice, and the manner by which the musical draws from real life hip-hop personae as templates for character-building via the art of rap as a storytelling device. Such analysis proves that hip-hop has been recharged with a new life, meaning, and context on the American musical stage.
Hamilton—An American Musical
Authors: Rush Adam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Many of the musicals Miranda and the Hamilton creative team suggest influenced the development of their musical (including Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, and Les Misérables) stem from the United Kingdom and British (or European) creative teams. As a hybrid of European theatrical traditions that was first staged (or at least popularized) in Britain, the megamusical—along with Shakespeare’s plays—is one of Britain’s most recognizable theatrical exports. How American is Miranda’s musical, therefore, if it so frequently returns to megamusicals for structural and stylistic guidance? There is much about Hamilton that is American, yet its referencing of British musicals complicates the labeling of this show as an exclusively American musical. This chapter argues that Hamilton occupies a liminal space in that it is a hybrid of transatlantic traditions. Despite the referencing of British musicals seeming to complicate the show’s Americanness, Hamilton asserts its national identity through an amalgam of transatlantic influences and intertextual associations.
Unangan (Aleut) Migrations
Authors: Crawford Michael H. , Alden Sarah , David Randy E. , Beaty Kristine 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There were diverse causes and demographic and evolutionary consequences of migration of the Unangan (a.k.a. Aleut) people in their expansion from Siberia through the Aleutian archipelago. The causes included subsistence patterns, volcanic eruptions that destroyed island econiches, climatic changes that calmed the seas and made interisland migrations possible, and cultural contacts as well as forcible relocations. The consequences of the migrations included an intimate relationship between genetics, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA, and geography; loss of genetic diversity due to population fission along kin groups; creation of genetic barriers due to periodic climatic limitations to migrations; population genetic differentiation due to kin migration and founder effect; and admixture with Russian administrators and military in the western and central islands and with fishermen of English and Scandinavian ancestry in the eastern islands.
Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes in Pre-Hispanic Human Remains from Puyil Cave, Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Navarro-Romero María Teresa , Muñoz María de Lourdes , Alcalá-Castañeda Enrique 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Previous data have established direct archaeological evidence that semisedentary forager-farmers in the Mesoamerican region existed during the millennia preceding the onset of sedentary agrarian life in the Maya area. The present study concerned the identification of the maternal genetic origin of skeletal remains discovered in the Puyil cave through sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA. The individuals pertained to the Archaic and Classic periods and the samples were found inside the Puyil cave located in Tabasco, Mexico, an area occupied by Zoque and Maya populations. The technologies used were next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. The analysis was was made possible by the development of haplotype networks for comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient and contemporary civilizations from the American continent and Asia. The sequences displayed haplogroups A, A2, C1, C1c, and D4, while haplogroup B was absent. The haplotype networks showed a close genetic relationship with Maya populations from Mexico and Guatemala and with contemporary native populations from Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, China, and Asia. The analysis with ancient mitochondrial DNA study sequences showed evidence of Maya ancestors’ migration from North to South America and through the Caribbean islands. The results of this study confirm that a Maya ancestor of the ancient remains from the Puyil cave is shared with contemporary Maya and that expansion of the founding haplogroups A, C, and D came from Asia.
A Genetic Perspective on the Origin and Migration of the Samoyedic-Speaking Populations from Siberia
Authors: Karafet Tatiana M. , Osipova Ludmila P. , Hammer Michael F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To study the affinities of Siberian populations and to address hypotheses on the origin of the Samoyed peoples, 567,096 autosomal genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 147 Y-chromosome data from 15 Siberian and 12 reference populations were examined. For several analyses, we used the intersection of our data with publicly available ancient Siberian samples. To examine genetic relatedness among populations, PCA, FST, TreeMix, and ADMIXTURE analyses were applied. The distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) and identical by descent (IBD) sharing within populations were studied to explore the potential effect of demography and evolutionary processes on the population structure. Analyses of autosomal and Y-chromosome data revealed high differentiation of the Siberian groups. A substantial level of variation among Samoyedic-speaking populations alone did not differ significantly from the whole of Siberia. Several populations (i.e., Nganasans, Evenks, Yukagirs, and Koryaks) did not appear to have experienced admixture with other Siberian populations (i.e., producing only positive f3), while for the other tested populations the composition of mixing sources always included Nganasans or Evenks. The Nganasans from the Taymyr Peninsula demonstrated the greatest level of shared shorter ROH and IBD with nearly all other Siberian populations. Autosomal SNP and Y-chromosome data demonstrate that Samoyedic populations differ significantly in their genetic composition. Genetic relationship is observed only between Forest and Tundra Nentsi. Selkups are affiliated with the Kets from the Yenisey River, while the Nganasans are separated from their linguistic neighbors, showing closer affinities with the Evenks and Yukagirs.
Rapid, Adaptive Human Evolution Facilitated by Admixture in the Americas
Authors: Norris Emily T. , Rishishwar Lavanya , Jordan I. King 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Humans have migrated from their ancestral homelands in Africa to nearly every part of the world. Human migration is characterized by a recurrent process of physical isolation and genetic diversification followed by admixture, whereby previously isolated populations come together and exchange genes. Admixture results in the introgression of alleles from ancestral source populations into hybrid admixed populations, and introgression can facilitate rapid, adaptive evolution by introducing beneficial alleles at intermediate frequencies. We provide examples of adaptive introgression between archaic and modern human populations and for admixed populations in the Americas, which were formed relatively recently via admixture among African, European, and Indigenous American ancestral populations. Adaptive introgression has had an outsized effect on the human immune system. In light of the ubiquity of admixture in human evolution, we propose that adaptive introgression is a fundamentally important mechanism for driving rapid, adaptive evolution in human populations.
Impact of Human Migration on the Spread of Arboviral Diseases on the United States–Mexico Border
Authors: Diaz-Badillo Alvaro , Muñoz-Moreno Maria de Lourdes 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
International population movement is an underlying factor in the emergence of public health threats and risks that must be managed worldwide. These risks are often related to, but not limited to, transmissible pathogens. Mobile populations can link zones of disease emergence to low-prevalence or no endemic areas through rapid or high-volume international movements, or both. Emerging infectious diseases are defined as conditions that have appeared in recent times or that have recently increased their frequency and/or geographical distribution. Commercial globalization, population movements, and environmental changes are the primary factors favoring the international spread of these pathogens. Transport, communication development, and civil security are also elements that contribute to the worldwide dispersion of microorganisms and their vectors. Today, arboviral diseases (ADs), caused by viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors, still account for a significant percentage of death and disability worldwide in specific regions and remain important cause of illness. The mass movement of enormous numbers of people creates new opportunities for the spread and establishment of traditional or novel ADs. Historically, dengue, West Nile fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Mayaro virus infection have been major contributors to human morbidity and mortality until relatively recent times, when noncommunicable diseases began to compete.
Introduction
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Science and technology have made it possible for people to enjoy longer, richer, healthier lives but also pose existential threats to human survival. Climate change, pandemics, and the danger of nuclear war know no borders and demand a global response. Mixed with politics, economics, business, law, psychology, ethics, security, and culture, science and technology underlie issues of cyberconflict, Internet governance, competitiveness, jobs, inequality, and poverty. Unbridled use of fossil fuels disrupts the climate. Hypersonic missiles, artificial intelligence, and autonomous weapons can lead to the brink of unintended nuclear war. Cyberattacks can cripple critical infrastructure. Safeguards against these dangers have been undermined. The Internet and social media may no longer embody freedom of information, communication, and innovation. Manufacturing innovation creates new, technically demanding jobs. Tackling these issues requires disciplinary knowledge often unfamiliar to international affairs professionals. It requires confronting facts and complexities while the very idea of scientific facts is under attack.