bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drones and marine mammals in Svalbard, Norway
Authors: Palomino‐González Albert , Kovacs Kit M. , Lydersen Christian , Ims Rolf A. , Lowther Andrew D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe impact of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) on marine mammals remains poorly documented despite their increasing use. In the high‐Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard, where marine mammals face increasing pressure from climate change and expanding tourism, the use of RPAS remains largely unregulated. In this study we assessed the impacts of RPAS across a range of species to provide science‐based management advice, using a variety of aircraft sizes and approach strategies. We explored RPAS sound levels and animal behavior prior to and after flights. Preexperimental alertness influenced sensitivity to disturbance notably. Harbor seals were more sensitive during prebreeding than during molting, reacting at distances of 80 m, whereas walruses responded at distances <50 m. Polar bears reacted to the sound of RPAS during take‐off at 300 m, although response levels were relatively low. White whales reacted to the sight of RPAS when flown ahead of the pod, below 15 m. Variations in sound levels typical in overhead descents and manual flights increased disturbance potential more than RPAS size; preprogrammed flight paths are advised. Our study highlights factors that can influence sensitivity to RPAS including tidal state and swell, the presence of young individuals, ambient noise levels, and RPAS approach strategies.
The impact of obesity on immune response to infection: Plausible mechanisms and outcomes
Authors: Muscogiuri Giovanna , Pugliese Gabriella , Laudisio Daniela , Castellucci Bianca , Barrea Luigi , Savastano Silvia , Colao Annamaria 
Published: March 2021

SummaryEmerging data suggest an association between obesity and infectious diseases. Although the mechanisms underlying this link are not well established, a number of potential factors may be involved. Indeed, the obesity‐related vulnerability to infectious diseases could be due to chronic low‐grade inflammation, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia, which lead to a weakening of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, obesity results in anatomical–functional changes by the mechanical obstacle of excessive adipose tissue that blunt the respiratory mechanisms and predisposing to respiratory infections. Subjects with obesity are also at risk of skin folds and sweat more profusely due to the thick layers of subcutaneous fat, favoring the proliferation of microorganisms and slowing the repair of wounds down. All these factors make subjects with obesity more prone to develop nosocomial infections, surgical site, skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and mycosis. Furthermore, infections in subjects with obesity have a worse prognosis, frequently prolonging hospitalization time as demonstrated for several flu viruses and recently for COVID‐19. Thus, the aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the current clinical evidence on the associations between obesity and infectious diseases highlighting physio pathological insights involved in this link.
The effect of the Brexit Referendum Result on Subjective Well-being
Authors: Kavetsos Georgios , Kawachi Ichiro , Kyriopoulos Ilias , Vandoros Sotiris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe study the effect of the Brexit referendum result on subjective well-being in the United Kingdom. Using a quasi-experimental design, we find that the referendum’s outcome led to an overall decrease in subjective well-being in the United Kingdom compared to a control group. The effect is driven by individuals who hold an overall positive image of the European Union and shows little signs of adaptation during the Brexit transition period. Economic expectations are potential mechanisms of this effect.
Fundamental Rights as Constraints to and Triggers for Differentiated Integration
Authors: Bertolini Elena , Dawson Mark 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhen looking for possible constraints on Differentiated Integration, the fundamental values of the European Union (EU) seem an obvious starting point. Both the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the values articulated in Art. 2 TEU are cross‐cutting across EU states. However, while fundamental values have acted as centralising devices in other federal settings, in an EU context marked by extensive value disagreement, they may also act as pathways for differentiation. Insofar as national constitutional orders disagree on the scope of EU rights, attempts to ground EU law in fundamental values trigger inevitable interpretive conflicts across states. This paper will use the examples of asylum and the European Arrest Warrant to demonstrate this argument: while EU law may use fundamental values as a reason to harmonise EU law across states, such values may also be invoked to question the principle of mutual trust underlying the EU legal order, thereby causing rather than limiting differentiation.
French Guiana margin evolution: From Gondwana break‐up to Atlantic opening
Authors: Derycke Alexis , Gautheron Cécile , Barbarand Jocelyn , Bourbon Pierre , Aertgeerts Geoffrey , Simon‐Labric Thibaud , Sarda Philippe , Pinna‐Jamme Rosella , Boukari Claire , Haurine Frederic 
Published: March 2021

AbstractKnowledge of the Guiana Shield evolution during the Gondwana break‐up is key to a better understanding of craton dynamics and margin response to transtensional opening. To improve this knowledge, we investigated the dynamics and thermal evolution of French Guiana, using several low‐temperature thermochronology methods applied to basement rocks, including apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He and apatite fission tracks. Inverse modelling of results allows us to reconstruct the Phanerozoic thermal history of French Guiana margin and to give a preview of the Guiana Shield evolution. Three main events are inferred: firstly, a long‐term period of relative stability since ~1.2 Ga, with no strong evidence for any erosional or burial event (>5–7 km); secondly, a heating phase between ~210 and ~140 Ma consistent with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province‐related event. Finally, an exhumation phase between ~140 and ~90 Ma, triggered by the Equatorial Atlantic opening, brought samples close to the surface (<40°C).
How do we implement pathogen reduction technology, while maintaining an adequate platelet inventory for our patients?
Authors: Nguyen Jennifer T. , Rioveros Jowin , Ziman Alyssa , McGonigle Andrea M. , Ward Dawn C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite the significantly reduced infectious disease risk through robust and sensitive laboratory assays, comprehensive donor screening and good manufacturing practices, new and emerging infectious agents and bacterial contamination continue to pose a threat to the blood supply. Pathogen Reduction (PR) technology is an option to mitigate the risk of platelet transfusion transmitted infections. Here we describe our structure and strategies to implement PR technology. Pre‐implementation and phased approach implementation processes from our hospital‐based donor center, components processing laboratory, transfusion service, clinicians, nursing, and patient perspectives are described. Communication and reassessment of collection settings occurred between the donor center and components processing laboratory (CPL). During Phase 1, CPL consistently processed approximately 56% of monthly apheresis platelets (AP) collections by PR and the remaining 44% as conventional platelets (CP). Phase 2 increased the amount of AP undergoing PR from 56% to approximately 78%. A phased implementation and maintenance of a dual inventory may provide flexibility to blood collection, blood manufacturing, and transfusion service processes. Our dual inventory of PR and CP allows our transfusion service a readily available platelet inventory. A collaborative hospital‐based donor center, component processing laboratory, and transfusion service are essential to the productivity and maintenance of the dual platelet inventory.
Nisin loaded carbopol gel against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected third‐degree burns: A therapeutic intervention
Authors: Preet Simran , Kaur Jasleen , Raza Kaisar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe emergence of multidrug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa necessitates the exploration of novel therapeutic intervention (s). The present study aimed to develop a nisin loaded carbopol gel formulation (NLCG) and explore its therapeutic efficacy against P. aeruginosa infected burn wounds. The formulation was prepared using Carbopol 940 as a polymer and characterized in terms of its appearance, stability, pH, rheology, spreadability, release, and permeation profiles. Disc diffusion assay and field emission scanning electron microscopy were carried out to establish in vitro antibacterial activity while the in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by hemolytic and trypan blue exclusion assay. Furthermore, in vivo efficacy was investigated by developing P. aeruginosa infected third‐degree murine burn wound model followed by evaluation of parameters like bacterial loads, skin restoration, histopathological architecture, levels of hydroxyproline, myeloperoxidase and cytokines. Our studies yielded a stable formulation with pH, viscosity and drug release flux values as 6.5 ± 0.02, 382.4 p and 160.55 ± 3.64 μg h−1 cm−2, respectively. Approximately, 84.02 ± 1.63% of nisin was found to permeate into murine skin, further, affirmed by confocal microscopic observations. Interestingly, no in vitro cytotoxicity of NLCG (to erythrocytes and/or to peritoneal macrophages) could be observed. The log units decrease (s) in CFUs of Pseudomonas in skin were found to be 1.5137, 4.2257, 6.456 after 12, 24 and 72 h of topical gel therapy, respectively. Percentage wound closure, tensile strength, histological, and scanning electron microscopic studies further provided a healing evidence with skin showing restoration of the epithelium. The gel therapy also led to a significant modulation (p ≤ 0.05) in hydroxyproline content, myeloperoxidase levels, and serum levels of IL‐1, IL‐10, and TNF‐α. Our formulation revealed anti‐Pseudomonas, wound healing, and immunomodulatory efficacy of NLCG. Further investigations are warranted to determine the underlying mechanism (s) of these displayed antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects.
Competencies and scope of practice of nurse practitioners in primary health care: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Schlunegger Margarithe Charlotte , Aeschlimann Simona , Palm Rebecca , Zumstein-Shaha Maya 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this scoping review is to explore existing literature about nurse practitioners’ competencies and scope of practice in primary health care in order to examine and conceptually map the evidence and identify gaps in the literature.

Introduction:
To meet growing health care needs, current primary health care models have expanded to include nurse practitioners. The integration of nurse practitioners in primary health care is challenging. This is mainly due to the lack of a unified definition of the role, competencies, or clear criteria to determine scope of practice.

Inclusion criteria:
This scoping review will consider studies addressing nurse practitioner practice in primary health care. The focus lies on nurse practitioner competencies (eg, core competencies or practice activities) and scope of practice (eg, areas of responsibility or legally defined professional boundaries). Studies that were conducted in primary health care settings in rural, urban, and suburban regions where nurse practitioners are employed will be included.

Methods:
Studies published in English, German, or French from 1965 to present will be considered. The databases to be searched include PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Sources of unpublished studies and gray literature to be searched will include ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, OpenGrey, and websites of national nurse practitioner organizations. Retrieval of full-text studies and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. The extracted data will be presented in tables or graphs, with an accompanying narrative summary.
Validation of the Critical Strain-Based Methodology for Evaluating the Mechanical Safety of Ball Grid Array Solder Joints in a Launch Random Vibration Environment
Authors: Park Tae-Yong , Oh Hyun-Ung 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To overcome the limitations of Steinberg's theory for evaluating the mechanical safety of the solder joints of spaceborne electronics in a launch random vibration environment, a critical strain-based methodology was proposed and validated in a previous study. However, in order to apply the critical strain-based methodology to mechanical design of spaceborne electronics with high confidence, its effectiveness must be validated under various conditions of the package mounting locations and the first eigenfrequencies of a printed circuit board (PCB); achieving this validation is the primary objective of this study. For the experimental validation, PCB specimens with ball grid array (BGA) packages mounted on various board locations were fabricated and exposed to a random vibration environment to assess the fatigue life of the solder joint. The effectiveness of the critical strain-based methodology was validated through a comparison of the fatigue life of the packages under test and to the margin of safety, which was estimated using various analytical approaches.
Multiscale Study on Effect of Humidity on Shape Memory Polymers Used in Three-Dimensional Printing
Authors: Livolsi Frank , May Thomas , Caputo Dylan , Fouladi Kamran , Eslami Babak 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMP) are used in the three-dimensional (3D) printing field for different applications such as soft robotics or medical devices. Although this technology has expanded the capabilities of additive manufacturing, there still exists fundamental questions regarding the optimum condition for manufacturing these 3D-printed parts. Various factors play a crucial role in the final quality of printed parts, such as deposition orientation, percentage infill, or environmental conditions. In this paper, we study the effect of humidity on commercially available shape memory polymers (SMPs) (NinjaFlex©) at both micro- and macroscale. By performing a 3D computational fluid dynamic model for the printing environment, it is found there are significant temperature and humidity fluctuations around the hot-end and printing bed. Macroscale characterization through ASTM D638 tensile testing shows that for humidity levels higher than 60%, there is a 5–10% reduction in the strength of the material (ultimate strength and tangent modulus). This study is verified by microscale characterization performed with atomic force microscopy on thin films. It is shown that in addition to the effect of humidity on the stiffness of materials, there is an effect on the loss moduli of the matter as well. As humidity increases, these polymers become more viscoelastic. Simultaneously, it is shown higher humidity levels cause increased micro-level surface roughness, which can be the cause for the strength reduction for higher humidities.
Endoscopic treatment of Crohn-related strictures with a self-expandable stent compared with balloon dilation: a prospective, randomised, controlled study
Authors: Hedenström Per , Stotzer Per-Ove 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveFibrotic strictures in the gastrointestinal tract are frequent in Crohn’s disease. Endoscopic dilation is a standard treatment. However, recurrence is common after dilation and there are complications such as bleeding or perforation. Endoscopic treatment using self-expandable metal stents has shown diverging results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of endoscopic treatment with a self-expandable stent in ileocecal Crohn’s disease.Design/methodPatients with Crohn’s disease and a symptomatic ileocecal stricture were eligible for prospective, consecutive inclusion in a single-centre setting. Patients were randomised to treatment with either 18 mm balloon dilatation (GroupDIL) or stenting (GroupSTENT) using a 20 mm diameter, partially covered Hanarostent NCN. Patients were followed for a minimum of 24 months postendoscopy. Outcomes were technical success, adverse events and clinical success (defined as no need for repeated interventions).ResultsThirteen patients (GroupDILn=6; GroupSTENT=7) were included with twelve patients (GroupDILn=5; GroupSTENT=7) being eligible for complete follow-up. Technical success was achieved in all cases. Adverse events were border-line significantly more common in the GroupSTENT: 4/7 (57%) (pain: n=3; pain and rectal bleeding: n=1) compared with the GroupDIL: 0/5 (0%), p=0.08, which resulted in preterm termination of the study. The clinical success rate was GroupSTENT: 6/7 (86%) vs GroupDIL: 1/5 (20%), p=0.07.ConclusionPatients with strictures related to Crohn’s disease may benefit from treatment with self-expandable metal stents rather than dilatation. However, there seems to be an increased risk for patient pain after stenting, which has to be considered and handled.Trail registration numberThe study was registered at Clinical Trials (NCT04718493).
Evidence of the effectiveness of travel-related measures during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review
Authors: Grépin Karen Ann , Ho Tsi-Lok , Liu Zhihan , Marion Summer , Piper Julianne , Worsnop Catherine Z , Lee Kelley 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo review the effectiveness of travel measures implemented during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic to inform changes on how evidence is incorporated in the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR).DesignWe used an abbreviated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols to identify studies that investigated the effectiveness of travel-related measures preprinted or published by 1 June 2020.ResultsWe identified 29 studies, of which 26 were modelled. Thirteen studies investigated international measures, while 17 investigated domestic measures (one investigated both). There was a high level of agreement that the adoption of travel measures led to important changes in the dynamics of the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: the Wuhan measures reduced the number of cases exported internationally by 70%–80% and led to important reductions in transmission within Mainland China. Additional travel measures, including flight restrictions to and from China, may have led to additional reductions in the number of exported cases. Few studies investigated the effectiveness of measures implemented in other contexts. Early implementation was identified as a determinant of effectiveness. Most studies of international travel measures did not account for domestic travel measures thus likely leading to biased estimates.ConclusionTravel measures played an important role in shaping the early transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to address important evidence gaps and also a need to review how evidence is incorporated in the IHR in the early phases of a novel infectious disease outbreak.
Effect of routinely assessing and addressing depression and diabetes distress using patient-reported outcome measures in improving outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review protocol
Authors: McMorrow Rita , Hunter Barbara , Hendrieckx Christel , Kwasnicka Dominika , Cussen Leanne , Ho Felicia Ching Siew , Speight Jane , Emery Jon , Manski-Nankervis Jo-Anne 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionType 2 diabetes is a global health priority. People with diabetes are more likely to experience mental health problems relative to people without diabetes. Diabetes guidelines recommend assessment of depression and diabetes distress during diabetes care. This systematic review will examine the effect of routinely assessing and addressing depression and diabetes distress using patient-reported outcome measures in improving outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes.Methods and analysisMEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Complete, PsycInfo, The Cochrane Library and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched using a prespecified strategy using a prespecified Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Setting and study design strategy. The date range of the search of all databases will be from inception to 3 August 2020. Randomised controlled trials, interrupted time-series studies, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case–control studies and analytical cross-sectional studies published in peer-reviewed journals in the English language will be included. Two review authors will independently screen abstracts and full texts with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer, if required, using Covidence software. Two reviewers will undertake risk of bias assessment using checklists appropriate to study design. Data will be extracted using prespecified template. A narrative synthesis will be conducted, with a meta-analysis, if appropriate.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required for this review of published studies. Presentation of results will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020200246.
Association of adverse childhood experiences with diabetes in adulthood: results of a cross-sectional epidemiological survey in Singapore
Authors: Subramaniam Mythily , Abdin Edimansyah , Vaingankar Janhavi Ajit , Chang Sherilyn , Sambasivam Rajeswari , Jeyagurunathan Anitha , Seow Lee Seng Esmond , Van Dam Rob , Chow Wai Leng , Chong Siow Ann 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesSeveral studies have linked diabetes mellitus to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). While a number of studies have examined the association between ACEs and diabetes in Western populations, few have done it in Asian populations. The current study aimed to examine (1) the association between ACEs and diabetes, including the association after age stratification, and (2) the association of comorbid depression, resource use and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among those with diabetes and ACEs in Singapore.SettingsParticipants were surveyed in their homes or any other preferred venue of their choice.Participants6126 individuals aged 18 years and above were randomly selected among Singapore residents.DesignCross-sectional nationwide epidemiological study.ResultsExposure to any ACE was not associated with increased odds of diabetes; however, those who had experienced parental separation, death or divorce of a parent had higher odds of diabetes. In addition, we observed significant interaction between age and ACEs in relation to odds of diabetes. ACEs were significantly associated with higher odds of diabetes mainly in the younger age group. The prevalence of major depressive disorder was significantly higher among those with diabetes and ACEs than those with diabetes alone (3.7% and 0.3% respectively).ConclusionsEfforts to promote regular exercise and healthy lifestyles both in the population and among those with diabetes must continue for the prevention and management of diabetes. The findings emphasise the need to create more awareness of both the prevalence and impact of ACEs among those treating chronic diseases.