bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Governance Ways Aimed at Protecting Nature for Future Generations: The Cases of Bangladesh, India and New Zealand: Granting Legal Personhood to Rivers
Authors: Willems M , Lambooy T , Begum S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Recently, three important rivers in Asia and Oceania were acknowledged as legal persons. Questions emerge, such as: Which motivation drives the people who urged the respective courts and governments to grant these rivers legal personhood, in other words, to create Rights of Nature? Do these events lead to transformative social innovation and change our perspectives of how we see nature? As methodology we employ doctrinal research, examining original legal documents and contemporary news sources concerning the three grassroots initiatives on the rivers. The analysis reveals that there are different reasons for proposing this innovative legal approach of creating Rights of Nature. They include: providing people access to clean rivers for drinking water, sanitation, transportation and agricultural purposes; preventing the river from disappearing; addressing the issue of pollution and toxicity of river water; acknowledging the divine status of the river; and honouring indigenous beliefs concerning the river. The research findings demonstrate transformative social innovation: in all three cases, grassroots initiatives led to a system change. Moreover, dissemination of information concerning individual cases inspires other societal groups to reconsider the situation of their own ecosystems and to develop innovative governance possibilities, thereby honouring an alternative worldview in which human beings see themselves as part of nature rather than owning it just for utilitarian purposes.
A Novel Method for State of Charge Estimation of Lithiumion Batteries using Embedded Cubature Kalman Filter
Authors: Xu J L , Xu W , Huang F G , Xia W , Liu B L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) of Lithium-ion battery is one of the most crucial issues for battery management system (BMS). This paper proposes a novel method for SOC estimation using the embedded cubature Kalman filter (ECKF). ECKF computes the cubature points with a weight depends on an optional parameter, which differs from the standard cubature Kalman filter (CKF). An online model identification method for a second-order RC networks equivalent circuit model using the forgetting factor recursive least squares (FRLS) algorithm has been presented. The Dynamic cycles are used to assess the superiority in improving the accuracy and stability of proposed method compared with the widely used algorithms. Experimental results show that, with 20% initial SOC error, the maximum estimation error is within 1%, which indicates that the proposed ECKF method has higher estimation accuracy and robustness for SOC estimation.
Application of Solar Radiation Analysis Technology in the Optimization of Campus Planting Design
Authors: Hsu Che-Yu , Ou Sheng-Jung 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the slogans and concepts of sustainable campus, eco-campus, and environmental protection campus have been continually put forward, but there is little ink about the maintenance and management of the most important plants on campus. However, landscape designers often neglect the requirements of plants for the growth conditions of sunlight, or the impact of surrounding buildings on the living environment of plants, resulting in an irreversible situation. To this end, this research hopes to use environmental analysis aided design software to simulate the solar radiation environment and provide references for campus planting design and suggestions for plant selection. The results show that sciophytes are suitable for planting in areas where solar radiation energy is less than 2.90 MJ/m2d; Heliophytes are suitable for planting in areas where solar radiation energy is greater than 5.40 MJ/m2d, and the area in between is suitable for planting mesophytes.
Numerical Study of NOx Generation in a Trapped Vortex Combustor Fuelled by Kerosene Blended with Ethanol
Authors: Yan Peiliang , Fan Weijun , Xu Hanqing , Zhang Rongchun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The study of alternative fuels is of great importance, and the study of ethanol blended with kerosene is necessary. The trapped vortex combustor is a new type of combustor and NOx emissions are important in the study of trapped vortex combustors. In this article, the NOx generation rate of trapped vortex combustor was studied using kerosene blended with ethanol in different mass fractions as fuel. The results show that the thermal NOx is the main source of NOx in the combustor, which is mainly generated at the back of the combustor, and the thermal NOx generation rate decreases with the increase of ethanol mass fraction. The prompt NOx generation rate decreases with the increase of ethanol mass fraction. NOx is also easily produced near the sidewall of the combustor.
A Study on Public Environmental Risk Perception and Environmental Behavior of Urban Space - A Case Study of the East District of Taichung City
Authors: Hsu Kuo-Wei , Chao Jen-Chih , Hsu Ching-Yi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The contemporary living environment in Taiwan is affected by traffic, industry, and seasonal air pollution. Wearing masks outside the home environment has become a daily habit for a number of people. The Taiwanese government encourages people to wear masks when using the mass transit system and in public spaces, to impose social distancing, and prohibits large-scale activities to reduce exposure to environmental risks after the outbreak of COVID-19. By April 13th 2020, no new local cases of COVID-19 had been reported for more than 30 consecutive days. This study examines open and semi-open spaces using non-participatory observation method to understand public mask-wearing of environmental behavior. The results of the study show that the proportion of people wearing masks in open spaces is only 16.8%, and that the proportion of those wearing masks in semi-open spaces is 61.1%. This shows that the public continues to maintain a cautious attitude towards COVID-19 and that their perception of the environmental risks and environmental behavior differs across different spatial environments.
The Utilization of Sedimentation Pond Acid Mine Drainage Sludge as Coagulant to Reduce COD and TSS Concentration in Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Daradjat Nurul Shafira , Moersidik Setyo Sarwanto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment leaves residue in the form of sludge that contains large amounts of metal, silica, ferric, and alum. This research aims to determine the capabilities that AMD sludge-synthesized coagulant has in reducing COD and TSS concentration in domestic wastewater. The domestic wastewater sample used in this research is an artificial domestic wastewater with a COD concentration of 285 mg/l and a TSS concentration of 245.31 mg/l. After going through Acidification process, AMD sludge coagulant contains Si (43.66%), Fe (30.02%), dan Al (12.35%). A jar test is then performed in order to determine the optimal coagulant dosage. In this process, a coagulant dosage of 40 mg/; 60 mg/l; 80 mg/l; 100 mg/l; 140 mg/l; 180 mg/l; and 200 mg/l was used with 100 mg/l being the optimal coagulant dosage. The AMD sludge containing the optimal coagulant dosage of 100 mg/l is found to be able to reduce COD concentration by 34.74% and TSS concentration by 95.63% from the tested domestic wastewater sample. This research can illustrate the vast potential that the AMD sludge has as a coagulant.
Health Assessment in View of Environmental Quality in Krasnoyarsk Territory (Siberia, Russia)
Authors: Koptseva N P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article presents the results of comprehensive field studies carried out in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The objective of the research is to assess the impact of the environmental situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory on its population’s health for expert analytical guidance in environmental management in the given region and to gain an objective picture of this assessment. Questionnaires were handed out that provided answers to 41 questions about environmental problems, including questions on assessing the impact of the environmental situation on the health of the Krasnoyarsk Territory population. The following data was obtained from 967 of these questionnaires: assessment of the impact of the environmental situation on the health of the Krasnoyarsk Territory population. The proportion of people who believe that the environmental situation has impacted their health adversely is 50.5%. The Krasnoyarsk Territory population is also convinced that air pollution is the most pressing environmental problem. The majority of respondents do not consider climate change or poor waste management to be the cause of the worsening environmental situation in the region that is leading to the deterioration of their health and that of their families.
Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using Chicken Waste Compost as Nutrients Source for Lipid Production
Authors: Tan Hong Li , Lam Man Kee , Cheng Yoke Wang , Lim Jun Wei , Tan Inn Shi , Henry Foo Chee Yew , Show Pau Loke 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMicroalgae have received global attention for the past decades as it shows promising results to be an alternative and sustainable energy resource due to their high growth rate and lipid production. In commercial microalgae cultivation, autotrophic method is always used to grow the microalgae. However, this method usually produces high biomass yield but low lipid content. One of the approaches to enhance the microalgae lipid yield is through heterotrophic and mixotrophic method, in which dark environment and organic carbon are introduced as a stress factor to induce the lipid productivity. In the present study, cultivations of microalgae were done using chicken compost and glucose under autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. The highest absorbance attained for both heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation conditions were 1.650 and 2.184 respectively when 1.0 g/L of glucose was used. Absorbance and biomass are correlated, therefore the absorbance in this study signifies the amount of biomass produced. Moreover, the highest lipid yield was successfully attained at 45 wt% under mixotrophic condition. Overall, the lipid yield of microalgae cultivated under mixotrophic was higher than the heterotrophic condition when compost derived from chicken waste was used as nutrients source.
A Review in Tetracycline Removal from Water Environment by Carbon Nanotubes Adsorption
Authors: Yang Dailin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Owing to the unique properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely reported as a desirable adsorbent for environmental pollutants removal. In this paper, the synthetic strategies of different kinds of CNTs and CNTs based composites, as well as their application in tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) removal were discussed. The adsorption process, performance, influence factors involved in the adsorption of tetracycline (TC) are highlighted in this review. In addition, the adsorption mechanism and limitations in adsorption TCs with CNTs are discussed.
Evaluation of the sustainability of the urban development sector in Iraq
Authors: Ameen Raed Fawzi Mohammed 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aim: Sustainability is now considered an important consideration of the urban development sector in terms of reducing undesirable impacts on human life and environment. This has led to the development of best-practice patterns and integrated elements of urban planning and design and the implementation of sustainable technology scenarios. Furthermore, urban development projects to promote unique solutions for various urban fields, as well as access to the potential inherent in urban development projects, whether existing, planned, or under construction, have been identified as extremely important. Identifying local urban challenges to existing development projects by investigating stakeholder perceptions can help determine the actual situation and offer an accurate view of the size of the challenges faced by such projects. Furthermore, measuring such projects’ quality, performance, and applicability in different urban environments, particularly in developing economies, such as Iraq is necessary.
Methods: A national survey was conducted to identify and investigate crucial challenges faced by the urban development sector in Iraq. Several important statistical tests were then applied to investigate the relationships between the identified items and the demographic characteristics of respondents, as well as to evaluate the sustainability of study indicators in terms of availability, public acceptance, and quality from stakeholders’ perspective in Iraqi cities. Results: The survey achieved a response rate of 59.4% (n = 1,496) across all Iraqi regions. An 18-item scale related to the main topic was thus presented, with stakeholder’s perceptions on each item evaluated on a 6-point Likert scale. Public awareness of the importance of sustainability was reflected in the fact that about 42%of the respondents were highly concerned with urban development, and well informed about sustainability issues. This offers an optimistic take on people’s interest in sustainable urban projects in Iraq. About 71% of the participant were prepared to pay extra fees to live in a sustainable city in the future. However, the “Use of renewable energy” (mean = 1.77) was ranked lowest, based on it being generally “not available” for use.
Conclusion: the urban development sector in Iraq faces numerous challenges, both in terms of service quality and availability. This reflects an urgent need for the immediate development of sustainable practice in urban development projects.
Finite element analysis of a zoned earth dam under earthquake excitation
Authors: Jawad Areej A , Hassan Waqed H , Fattah Mohammed Y 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a finite element analysis of a zoned earth dam under the effects of earthquake conditions. GeoStudio software, and in particular the sub-programs SEEP/W and QUAKE/W were used, and the earthquake used in the analysis was an Iraqi earthquake that occurred in Ali Al-Garbi, within the Missan governorate. The Haditha dam section data was used for the hypothetical dam construction. The total length of length of this dam is 9,064 metres, which includes 8,875 metres of earth fill, and the maximum height of the dam is 57 m. The shell is constructed from a mix of sand and gravel, with an average particle diameter ranging from 0.24 to 16.7 mm. Three different properties were used to represent the core material, and each of these properties was analysed under three different heads of water on the upstream side. The results showed that high water levels at the upstream side of the dam heavily influenced the analysis results. The water flux, water conductivity, and peak displacement all increased with the increase in the water level upstream of the dam. For a water level equal to 152 m, the maximum values of water flux, water conductivity, and maximum displacement were 3.951 × 10-3 m2/sec, 6.654 × 10-3, and 2.03 m, respectively, while where the water level was 143 m, these values were equal to 2.023 × 10-3 m2/sec, 3.995 × 10-3, and 1.85 m, respectively. Further analysis showed that the water flux, water conductivity, and peak displacement increased with increases in the void ratio and degree of saturation of the clay core material, moving from 2.023 × 10-3 to 3.951 × 10-3 m2/sec for water flux, from 3.995 × 10-3 to 6.654 × 10-3 for water conductivity, and from 1.85 to 2.03 m for peak displacement.
Investigation on Cutting Feasibility on Ni-CBN on HSS Substrates for Aerospace Material
Authors: Azinee S. N. , Norsilawati N. , Bahiyah Baba N. , Fathil C. I. M. , Ibrahim Mohd. H. , Izzat R. A. N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The study involves coating the high-speed steel (HSS) tool with cubic Boron via electroless nickel co-deposition. The surface coating of Ni-CBN was deposited via electroless nickel where the process of involved chemical reactions as the ceramic CBN powders was embedded within the layer. By introducing the electroless nickel process, the coating cost and procedure could be simplified. The electroless deposition has been extensively practised in industry, and the most prevalent coating offers excellent corrosion, wear and abrasion resistance, ductility, lubricity, electrical properties, and hardness. Thus, the introduction of the new electroless nickel (Ni-CBN) tools can be a contribution to the industry. This paper discussed on comparing the performance of Nickel-cubic boron nitride (Ni-CBN) HSS tool substrates and with uncoated HSS tool for its surface tolerance in milling of Aluminium Alloy 7075. The process variables selected during experimentation based on Taguchi L9 are cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut with three different levels for each parameter. Result shows, the lowest flank wear for coated measured is 51.34 μm while the highest is 380.26 μm. The highest surface roughness for uncoated is 1.154 μm and lowest 0.42μm. Meanwhile, for coated substrates, the highest Ra is 0.787μm and lowest 0.251μm. At the end of the analysis, the Ni-CBN HSS cutting tools are generally able to slightly reduce the tool wear with the longest tool lifetime 195 minutes compared uncoated 143 minutes. Therefore, it is concluded that the Ni-CBN HSS tool end mill are generally able to reduce the tool wear.
Smart Helmet
Authors: Sobhana S , Sowmeeya S R , Srinathji M , Tamilselvan S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
According to the investigation in India, nearly 25% of the road accidents are caused by two wheelers. The foremost causes for the fatalities are due to drunken driving, rash driving, and drowsiness due to long drive. The aim is to build an interesting smart helmet that protects us from accidents and indicates the accident prone area. Here we are using various sensors to build the smart helmet. To detect alcohol consumption of the rider we use Alcohol sensors. In order to check a rider’s helmet, an infrared sensor can be used. Vibration detector is also added to the helmet to indicate the harsh hitting of the helmet during an accident. When the two wheelers slide down due to road rashes, the GPS is used to identify the location of the accident spot and quickly sends messages (location) to police stations and hospitals nearby through GSM.
Design and Implementation of IoT Based Soil Moisture Data Logger for Irrigation and Research Applications
Authors: Satheesan Abin , Deb Sanjoy , Shri Tharanyaa J.P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A fundamental way to schedule irrigation is possible through the continuous monitoring and management of soil moisture. Soil moisture is directly related to soil water content and this water content will affect the quantity of nutrients available to plants and soil aeration status. Proper irrigation can be done with the help of the accurate measurement of soil moisture. This proposed system is capable to collect the soil moisture content using watermark 200SS sensor and will be recorded in the permanent storage medium and will be accessible through wireless media. The soil moisture value is calculated in Centibar (cb) or Pascal ( SI unit ) based on the resistance value of soil moisture sensor and temperature sensor.This cost-effective system will be useful for irrigation, automatic plant watering, and get the details of the soil moisture. The system has been tested in different environmental conditions and verified the values. The system is completely powered by solar energy and consuming very less amount of processing power to run.
An evaluation of highway crash-prone areas: A case study on Pan Borneo Highway in the state of Sarawak
Authors: Tan S L , Kabit M R , Johnson O A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Road traffic crashes is one of the major causes of death that needs to be addressed globally. Many studies have been conducted to identify the contributing factors to traffic crashes and to determine the required preventive measures. This study evaluates the causes of 164 traffic crashes along a 10 kilometres section of Pan Borneo Highway Sarawak. The study investigated the main causes of traffic crashes within this section of road through multiple sources: based on expert on site evaluation, analysis of site incident report and police accident record. The finding reveals that most of the accidents (93%) occurs during the daytime, weather contributes a combined 69% and private car owners (80%) cause most of the traffic crashes. The study also indicates that the road condition is a significant factor to the occurrence of traffic crashes in that area contributing 64% of the total crashes.
Structural and thermoluminescence property of Y6Ba4(SiO4)6F2:Ce, Tb
Authors: Sahu Pailendra Kumar , Agrawal Sadhana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Present paper reports the synthesis, structural, morphological and thermoluminescence behavior of Y6Ba4(SiO4)6:Ce,Tb apatite phosphors prepared by solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the formation of Y6Ba4(SiO4)6:Ce,Tb into apatite structure. Morphological study was done by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and it reveals that the prepared phosphors have rod-like structure with different orientation. Energy dispersive spectroscope (EDX) confirms the presence of initial reactant. Thermoluminescence glow curve of the prepared phosphors were studied and its frequency factors, activation energy, order of kinetics etc are calculated and reported in the present paper.
Optical characterization of CTAB assisted Ni doped ZnS nanoparticles
Authors: Ojha K S , Saini S M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNi doped zinc sulphide nanoparticles at different concentration of CTAB have been prepared via solvothermal route. The structural characterization of the ZnS:Ni nanoparticles has been made using XRD technique and it reveals cubic zinc blende structure of ZnS. The crystallite size calculated from the XRD pattern is in close agreement to that estimated from the TEM image. The UV-Vis study of ZnS:Ni nanoparticles indicates the red shift in the absorption peak as compared to bulk ZnS. The emission spectra ZnS:Ni sample at 5 mmol CTAB concentration has been fitted into three Gaussian peaks.
In-vitro molecular interaction of boron doped carbon dots with human serum albumin
Authors: Sahu Vinayak , Khan Fahmida , Dewangan Pradeep Kumar , Kashyap Komal , Agrawal Sonalika , Jain Vikas Kumar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Carbon dots have drawn prodigious attention in biomedical and biological fields by virtue of its unique optical properties, but their effect on structure and behaviour of essential proteins have rarely been explored. In this study boron doped carbon dots (BCDs) which was synthesized by microwave treatment of citric acid, boric acid and urea, with maximum emission wavelength of 444 nm when excited upon long wavelength ultra-violet light. Synthesized BCDs were characterized by UV-Visible, FTIR, HRTEM and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Interaction between BCDs and human serum albumin (HSA) is carried out in physiological conditions. Stoichiometry of BCDs-HSA was found to be 1:1 and various thermodynamic parameters have also been calculated. The negative value of ΔG suggested that interaction between HSA and BCDs was spontaneous in nature.