bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Iatrogenic Injury
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introduction briefly presents the problem to which the book is addressed: the hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and millions of injuries suffered by Americans in the course of their healthcare. To date, the patient safety problem has proven incalculably difficult to ameliorate through the conventional efforts of both the healthcare industry and the legal system. The aim of this book is described: to explore strategies the law could undertake that look beyond conventional malpractice litigation. A new generation of innovative laws could harness the insight that more can be achieved by attending to higher levels of organization, by correcting perverse incentives, by encouraging the use of appropriate new technology, and by pursuing other innovations. The chapter concludes with a roadmap to the rest of the book.
Systems, Errors, and Responsibility—It’s the System’s Fault!
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“Systems, Errors, and Responsibility—It’s the System’s Fault” explores the concept of systems in the promotion of safety in healthcare. The systems approach originated a century ago, the interdisciplinary product of psychology, engineering, biomechanics, and other fields, working to increase productivity, reduce errors, and improve safety, especially in manufacturing and transportation industries. The patient safety movement has recently discovered that approach. Proponents have noted the main goal of a system designed for safety is to make human error difficult and to recognize that medical injuries are due to multiple interconnected effects. This chapter illustrates the systems approach to analyzing harmful errors in healthcare, as well as improving safety (e.g., in anesthesia and redesign of a hospital prescription-ordering system). The healthcare system is placed within a larger systems framework, notably the research and development of science; how ecology facilitates or impedes health or spreads disease (public health); the larger economic and legal web which envelops health and healthcare; and implications of the systems approach for accountability.
Epilogue
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The epilogue, after reminding readers of the fundamental problem of massive iatrogenic deaths and injuries in the American healthcare system (by transposing the incidence into the context of air travel) and noting the inability of the healthcare industry and of traditional legal responses to improve patient safety, encourages the following of Dr. Seuss’s counsel: “If you can see things out of whack, then you can see how things can be in whack.” The book has explored a number of law-driven and law-related developments, and speculated on new possibilities. Its larger aim is to fuel a wide-ranging conversation directed at finding effective legal innovations able to improve patient safety. The book also encourages experimentation and evidence-based evaluations of those innovations: abandon what does not work, disseminate and replicate what does work.
Date, Authorship, and Historical Context
Authors: Cline Erin M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Analects is a text with multiple authors and was compiled over time, yet is unified by a variety of themes and ideas as well as an emphasis on Kongzi as a teacher and as an exemplar: it is the earliest and most influential record of his thought. This chapter examines the accounts we have of Kongzi’s biography and who he was, with a special focus on what we learn about him in the Analects and his own self-understanding. It then discusses the diverse views concerning the authorship, compilation and dating of the Analects, including scholarly debates over these matters. It further discusses the importance of different approaches to understanding the composition and compilation of the text, and the potential motives of those who were involved in it.
Disciples, Commentators, and Canonical Status
Authors: Cline Erin M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The canonical status of the Analects was achieved through the work of Kongzi’s disciples, the writings of traditional Confucian commentators, the formal recognition and inclusion of the Analects in key sets of texts at certain points in Confucian history, and the way in which its teachings permeated East Asian cultures. This chapter examines what the canonical status of a sacred text looks like in different traditions, what canonical status has meant in Confucianism, and what it looks like in the case of the Analects specifically. It examines Kongzi’s disciples, their personal devotion to him and their role in the legacy of the Analects. It then explores the rich and diverse commentarial tradition on the Analects and its influence, including how various Confucians sought both to transmit and defend Kongzi’s teachings, and to solidify its influence.
Introduction
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the method and key terms and provides initial background. After introducing the canonical Gospels and Acts, this chapter gives an overview of the book’s methods and assumptions. This book uses a synchronic and ancient audience-oriented approach but incorporates a significant amount of historical background into the conversation. Next, the chapter defines the literary genres of the canonical Gospels as ancient biographies, and Acts as an ancient historiography, noting the questions of historicity these writings also raise. The final major section of the introduction investigates possible literary relationships between the canonical writings, incorporating recent scholarship in an accessible manner. The chapter ends with a brief overview of the flow of the rest of the volume.
Conclusion
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The book ends with a final chapter that summarizes the major points and offers three sections to emphasize the enduring relevance of the early Christian Gospels and Acts. These sections include a discussion of the historical Jesus and various quests for the historical Jesus; an exploration of connections between ancient Roman contexts and contemporary Western society; and a final section identifying key takeaways for reading the New Testament, and other works, with a critical and charitable lens informed by contextual understandings. Even if these writings do not explicitly describe contemporary issues, they and interpretations of them throughout history have contributed to our twenty-first-century world in positive and negative ways. This chapter asserts that contextualizing the Gospels and Acts and exploring their histories of interpretation enable us to understand our own contexts better, if not also our own beliefs.
Genomic Insights into the Out-of-Africa Dispersal(s) of Modern Humans
Authors: Stoneking Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The origins of our species, modern humans, have long been a contentious issue, with numerous models based on fossil and archaeological data having been proposed and argued about. Beginning 30 years ago, with seminal studies of mitochondrial DNA variation, genetic and now genomic data have firmly established that Africa is the home of modern humans, and that all non-African populations are derived from Africa. Moreover, the analysis of genomic data from archaic human fossils has revealed that interbreeding occurred between modern and archaic humans. Thus, the model that best describes the origins of our species is that of a recent African origin followed by assimilation of archaic humans as modern humans dispersed across and out of Africa. However, numerous questions remain, particularly whether there was a single dispersal or multiple dispersals of modern humans from Africa, and genomic data bring insights into this question.
Migration Patterns in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Authors: Tarskaia Larissa , Egorova A. G. , Barashkova A. S. , Sukneva S. A. , Leonard W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines migration patterns and other demographic changes within the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in Northeastern Siberia. The republic as one of the administrative sub-divisions of Russia went through dramatic demographic changes that occurred as a reflection of economic changes in Russia. Industrial development of the northern regions of the Russian Federation that mainly started in 1950s led to the population growth both as by natural growth and as a positive net migration as well. During this period, the republic’s population distribution has shifted from primarily rural to increasingly urban. Thus, in 1980s, population size in the republic reached over one million people. However, population size drastically decreased especially during post-Soviet period due to economic and political changes that have been occurred in Russia when migratory out-flow from the republic has exceeded natural growth. Improvement of socio-economic situation is the key for a positive demographic development of the republic in the future.
Evidence of Human Migration
Authors: Alcalá-Castañeda Enrique 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cave studies are important for better understanding the origins of the pre-Hispanic Mexican populations and the relationships among them. Particularly in the Puyil cave, bone remains and cultural remains will help to reveal how an ancient population migrated. Among Mesoamerican cultures, caves had a significant meaning in their cosmogonic conception of the world. The cave of Puyil contains pre-Hispanic burials evidence with more than 40 mortuary remains, distributed in the small cavities, sills, and spaces of the floor surface that make up the chambers and galleries formed by carbonate rocks. The ornamental elements of the ritual objects that accompany the remains indicate burial practices of pre-Hispanic tradition. The distribution of the funeral deposits inside the Puyil cave suggests that there was a hierarchical deposition of osteological remains and that pre-Hispanic groups of different ethnicities have used this ceremonial and funerary place from the Archaic to the Classical Period, and that it has been used even in current times.
How Do We Address Climate Disruption?
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the urgent, sustained, worldwide technological and institutional transformations in energy, transportation, land use, buildings, urban systems, infrastructure, agriculture, and industry needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate disruption. These transformations involve government, business, financial, educational and research institutions, civil society, and the general public. They will be specific to each country and adjusted with experience. They will need public participation, understanding, and buy-in. They will require carbon charges sufficient to influence business and consumer decisions. This chapter reviews and assesses the many technologies needed to make these transformations possible. Coal-fired generating plants must be entirely phased out. Wind and solar energy must expand to meet the new demand for electricity from massively improved energy efficiency throughout the economy. Measures that could have been phased in smoothly and affordably thirty years ago are now drastic, painful, expensive, and hampered by populist backlash. Time is short.
How Was Nicholson’s Proto-Element Theory Able to Yield Explanatory as well as Predictive Success?
Authors: Scerri Eric R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of how John Nicholson’s atomic theory of the early 20th century was spectacularly successful in accommodating as well as predicting some spectral lines in the solar corona and in the nebula in Orion’s Belt. The theory was soon shown to be completely mistaken in several respects, and yet it served to introduce the notion of the quantization of angular momentum of electrons in any atom. Armed with this key idea, Bohr was able to develop the first successful model of the hydrogen atom and to initiate the quantum theory of atomic physics. This example is used to argue for an evolutionary and “organic” view of the manner in which scientific theories develop and to dispute Kuhn’s notion of scientific revolutions, while agreeing, nevertheless, with the later Kuhn’s insistence on the evolutionary development of scientific concepts and his denial that science approaches a pre-existing and exterior “truth.”
The Case of the Consumption Function
Authors: Jhun Jennifer S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter claims that how economists actually treat the consumption function, both theoretically and empirically, seems to be at odds with traditional structural realism. It argues that while economics aims to find out the way the world actually is, economic theory—including theoretical staples such as the consumption Euler equation—do not always state literal truths. Yet, such methods persist. The chapter’s investigation will reveal that the Euler equation is deployed as part of a realist methodology to identify scale-dominant behaviors. These analyses permit the economist to conduct counterfactual reasoning and sometimes (via policy) to intervene on the world itself; the implication is when this is successful, the economist has uncovered real structure.
Spinozan Meditations on Life and Death
Authors: Klein Julie R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Spinoza conceives life and death primarily in terms of potentia and rationes. His discussion raises complex issues about the nature, constitution, and coherence of singular things. Moreover, his view that death comes from external causes requires us to clarify what boundaries or limits mean within his physics. I begin with God’s life and power. Where God’s life or power is infinite, finite modes or singular things live to the extent that they have sufficient power to persevere in certain rationes, the stable but somewhat flexible and resilient communicative and organizational patterns that characterize composite individuals and their relations with ambient others. Spinozan bodies die upon being de- and re-composed by more powerful causes; the parts of a human or a social body, for example, can expropriated by outsiders. Minds, like bodies, can also be said to live and die. Minimally conceived, Spinozan life involves just enough power to endure affections, regenerate one’s ratio, and affect others. Adam and others who live according to imagination exemplify this minimal way of living, and imagination itself can be said to perish. Conceived more robustly, living involves increasing one’s power to express one’s ratio. The well cared for child, and ultimately the sage whose way of living is organized by joyful conatus intelligendi and who therefore does not think of death, exemplify Spinoza’s conception of increasing our expressive power.
Collectivity—Past and Present
Authors: Mowry Melissa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains who the Levellers were, and their significance, outlining the Leveller community’s development of a hermeneutics of collectivity as the cornerstone of their demands for political and social justice. It explores the resistance in modern literary history to recognizing the long-term impact of that hermeneutics. Shaped by the powerful events of World War II, modern literary history, it is contended, was coopted by an epistemology of singularity and has struggled over the last half of the twentieth century to “read” and understand the effect of community on the production of knowledge. The chapter outlines the contents of the rest of the book chapter by chapter.
Counterpoint—Defoe’s Roxana, Eliza Haywood and the Emergence of an Apolitical Hermeneutics of Collectivity
Authors: Mowry Melissa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes Eliza Haywood’s efforts to reclaim an instrumentalized and limited version of a hermeneutics of collectivity. Nick Seager has argued that Daniel Defoe’s Roxana (1724) was intended as a rebuttal to Haywood’s novella Idalia (1724). This chapter contends that the debate between Haywood and Defoe did not end in 1724 but was extended first by Haywood herself in Fantomina (1725) and then by Elizabeth Appleby whose 1740 edition of Roxana appropriated the ending of Haywood’s The British Recluse as a means of giving Haywood and her commitment to the collective production of knowledge something like the last word.
Rising Stars, Hot Markets, and Brave New Worlds
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As BRICS markets have continued to evolve, similar definitional criteria have been applied to other countries and regions. This chapter looks at some of these groups and, with input from academicians, practitioners, and practical thinkers, sorts out what common factors add to their attraction, problems, and potential. These emerging economies are grouped as TIMP, MINT, N11, and Frontier Markets. The chapter examines the critical nature of existing positives and negatives that impact or impede growth and how they are being addressed. Observations on infrastructure and demographics, financial system status, governance and governments, are compared with criteria generally present in developing economies such as stability of the countries, politics, and fiscal and monetary policy. The chapter also examines other factors like trade barriers, regulatory environments, access to equitable quality, education, geographic location advantage, and other factors that may be indicators of future emergence onto the global stage.
Defence and Foreign Policy
Authors: Tonra Ben 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the terms of EU-UK relations in the field of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), another area which is entirely left out of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). It underlines the exclusion of cooperation in foreign policy and defence as a deliberate UK choice; however, parties still have to work together to counter global challenges. It also explains the central place of the UK in European defence and security, and the absence of any formal defence relationship between these two actors within the framework of the TCA. The chapter clarifies that the absence of defence from the scope of the TCA is a function of the UK’s immediate focus on distancing itself from the EU for largely domestic political reasons. It highlights perceived sovereignty gains and defence policy cooperation on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) framework and bilateral/mini-lateral links.
Density-Functional Theory
Authors: Kübler Jürgen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The atomic and electronic degrees of freedom for a crystalline solid are separated using the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. The Hartree–Fock approximation is then applied to the electronic problem, which is solved for a gas of free electrons, culminating in the Slater approximation for the exchange energy. This sets the stage for the density-functional theory that is used to give the Kohn–Sham–Schrödinger equation to be solved for an effective single-particle problem. The electron spin is treated by Dirac’s theory, which is reduced to a two-component theory encompassing the spin–orbit interaction, finally leading to the spin-density-functional theory in the local density-functional approximation (LDA) that is formulated for an arbitrary spin configuration. To close this chapter, some important formal properties of density-functionals are described and used in the general gradient approximation (GGA) for exchange and correlation devised by Perdew and others.
Energy-Band Theory
Authors: Kübler Jürgen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Various methods to calculate energy bands and the electronic structure of solids are described in detail. Although the emphasis lies on linear methods well known for their transparency and high numerical speed, traditional methods are described to supply historical background and to point the way to modern methods. After introducing Bloch electrons and the reciprocal space, plane waves, orthogonalized plane waves, and pseudopotentials are discussed, followed by the important augmented plane wave method (APW). Multiple scattering theory defines scattering phase shifts encoding atomic properties and the structure constants that describe the crystal lattice. Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) and linear combination of muffin-tin orbitals (LMTO) result in efficient and fast methods as does the related augmented spherical waves (ASW) method. The treatment of arbitrary spin configurations using the ASW method and the formulation of incommensurate spiral structures on the basis of the unitary SU(2) group are developed in detail.
The cut-elimination theorem
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAll the rules of the sequent calculus have the property that all the formulas that are present in the premises also occur in the conclusion. There is only one exception, the cut rule. In this chapter, it is shown using double induction that every theorem provable in Gentzen’s sequent calculi using the cut rule can also be proved without. One first proves that the mix rule is equivalent in proof-theoretic strength to the cut rule. Then one proves by induction on two complexity measures, the degree and the rank of a mix, that every application of mix can be eliminated. Several results follow from the cut-elimination theorem, including the so-called “mid-sequent” theorem and Herbrand’s theorem. In addition, one can prove the consistency of minimal, intuitionistic, and classical logic.
Stoic Grit and Resilience
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Stoics argue, contrary to popular belief, that resilience and grit depend on strong social supports. Marcus Aurelius paints a chilling image in the Meditations: Without each other, individuals are like severed body parts strewn on a battlefield. They can’t function well or at all. Social connection works through shared reason and through emotions, which are themselves kinds of cognitions. Seneca’s Letters, based on an intimate epistolary relationship with young Lucilius, exemplifies the important role of emotional attachments for good living. Hierocles pictures bringing distant others into one’s orbit through repeated acts of empathy and imagination. In Hercules Rages, Seneca shows that grit depends on more than physical strength or inner toughness. In the face of a horrific tragedy, Hercules learns that to sustain his heroic courage he needs mercy that he can’t show himself. Others must model it for him. He must lean on them for his own sanity and strength.