bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the relation of the Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus to yolk-formation in the Egg-cells of the common Earthworm, Lumbricus torrestris
Authors: Harvey Leslie A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The yolk-nucleus is merely a mass of mitochondria. The mitochondria arise as a cap of threads over the nucleus, and this cap grows in size and density, migrates away from the nuclear membrane and breaks up into its component mitochondrial threads. These threads become evenly spread throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. The mitochondria are not clearly defined in the very young oogonia. The Golgi apparatus consists of numbers of Golgi elements lying separate in the cytoplasm. There is never any attempt at concentration of these elements round one central mass. The Golgi elements are probably little platelets or spheroids somewhat resembling blood corpuscles in shape. They are not rods. As fixed by Da Fano technique, each element is a little plate with a very lightly impregnating centre and a very heavily impregnating rim. The Golgi elements may probably arise from the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains two nucleoli; an early arising karyosome, homogeneous and solid in structure, and a plasmosome arising later. This plasmosome is liquid in consistency and contains an argentophil core. The karyosome disappears before the oocyte is half grown, but the plasmosome remains in the nucleus while the egg remains in the ovary. No visible nucleolar extrusions into the cytoplasm were observed. Yolk probably arises from the cytoplasm ; no direct metamorphosis of either mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, or nucleolus into yolk was observed.
The Crystalline Style in Gastropods
Authors: Mackintosh N. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
1. Whereas in Lamellibranchia a crystalline style is very common, in Gastropoda it occurs in a few genera only.
2. Crepidula possesses a crystalline style contained in a sac which is partially differentiated from the intestine, being separated therefrom by dorsal and ventral typhlosoles.
The stomach bears a gastric shield and a peculiar groove which is the continuation of the oesophagus. The head of the style lies in the anterior part of the stomach and impinges on the gastric shield.
3. The epithelium of the style-sac consists of densely ciliated cells of moderate length in which the internal rootlets of the cilia extend through the length of the cell and become greatly thickened at the base. The epithelium is specially characterized by the presence of an ‘intra-epithelial ‘network of canals containing numerous fibres whose function is probably a mechanical one. The same structures are present, though less prominent in the epithelium of the typhlosoles, the cells of which are longer and narrower than those of the style-sac epithelium.
4. The crystalline style is a straight transparent. rod of gelatinous consistency. It is built up of co-axial layers surrounding a spiral core. It is composed principally of globulin and contains an amylolytic enzyme.
Food is brought to the stomach embedded in a stream of mucus which becomes entangled with the head of the style. The function of the style appears to be to mix together the contents of the stomach and to supply a starch-splitting enzyme.
5. The crystalline style and style-bearing region of Crepidula resemble in great detail those of certain Lamellibranchs in respect of the shape, proportions, and structure of the stylesac, typhlosoles, and intestine, of the presence of a gastric shield and of the form, composition, and function of the style.
6. The crystalline style in Gastropods may be classified under the same three types as are distinguished in Lamellibranchs in respect of the relations between the style-sac and intestine.
A list of Gastropods is given in which a style is known to occur, and a brief account is given of the various forms assumed by the style and style-sac in this class.
7. The crystalline style of Crepidula resembles that of Lamellibranchs in such detail that this organ must be regarded as strictly homologous in the two groups. It is to be supposed either that it has been lost in all but a few Gastropods, or that its appearance in this group is to be explained on the principle of orthogenesis.
8. In view of the fact that the food of Crepidula is identical with that of the oyster, the retention or appearance of a style in certain Gastropods might be correlated with the feeding habits. Investigations in this direction, however, have not met with very definite results.
The Golgi body in the Erythrocytes of the Sauropsida
Authors: Bhattacharya D.R. , Brambell W. Rogers 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In recent years the Golgi bodies have been described in so many categories of cells of vertebrates and invertebrates that it has been suggested (3) that it is always present in the animal cell. Cowdry (1), sceptical about this generalization, cites as an exception the non-nucleated red blood-cells. On account of this controversy we examined the erythrocytes of tortoises and birds by the latest methods. This study led one of the authors (D. R. B.) to the discovery of what we believe to be true Golgi bodies in the red blood-cells of the tortoise. More recently the other author (F. W. R. B.) found similar bodies in avian erythrocytes. We have also observed a similar Golgi apparatus in the red blood-cells of the lizard, Uromastix hardwicki. We have not at present extended our study to other classes of vertebrates, but in view of the phylogenetic relationships existing between the Sauropsida and the other classes it seems probable that Golgi bodies will be found to occur not only in the nucleated red blood-corpuscles of the fishes and amphibians, but also in the non-nucleated red bloodcorpuscles of the mammals, at least in some stages of their development. In the young, nucleated red blood-cells of mammals, the mitochondria are abundant, but these, along with the nucleus, disappear pari passu with the later differentiation of the cell (2). It must be remembered, however, that the fully differentiated mammalian red blood-corpuscle is not, strictly speaking, a cell according to the old definition of Leydig (4) and Schultze (5). It is therefore possible that the Golgi elements, if present in the younger stages of the mammalian red blood-cells, may undergo a similar change.
Observations on the Origin of the Germ-cells of the Fowl (Gallus domesticus), studied by means of their Golgi bodies
Authors: Woodger J. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1908 Dantschakoff (4), in studying the development of the blood-cells in the Fowl, observed that certain large cells were budded off from the germ-wall endoderm in front of the primitive streak, to which she gave the name ‘endodermal wandering cells Later, when the mesoderm penetrated this area and blood islands and vessels developed in it, she found that the endodermal wandering cells penetrated the walls of these vessels and were carried round in the circulation. At the stage of about twenty-one somites these cells disappeared from the blood-stream, and Dantschakoff concluded that they took no part in blood development. She described them as being larger than the blood-cells, with many yolk-spheres, and often showing pseudopodia.
On some of the Microscopic Effects of the Electric Spark
Authors: Lewis R. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the early part of last December I called upon a friend, who showed me an improved form of induction-coil, which, from the peculiarity of its construction, was capable of giving much more brilliant results than instruments of the same size made in the ordinary way. In the course of a number of experiments with this coil, my friend held a card in the path of the sparks between the terminals ; and although these were several inches apart at the time, every spark passed through the card, making the well-known raised burr round each perforation. This done, he tossed the card to me, saying in joke, “There, I’ll make you a present of that as a memento.” On reaching home, my microscope being at hand, I placed the card upon the stage to see what might be the microscopic peculiarities, if any, of the burrs surrounding the perforations. My attention was, however, at once arrested Ly observing that the shape of the holes themselves was not circular, as might have been expected, but clearly and sharply pentagonal.* Many holes were filled up by portions of disrupted fibre which had fallen into them; others had been made in so oblique a direction that their actual shape could not be very well made out ; but the remainder—some thirty in number—were, as I have stated, five-sided ; and the question at once arose, to what cause is this peculiarity of shape due ?
On the Structure and Physiology of the Retina
Authors: Schultze Professor Max 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The paper of which we here give an abstract has just appeared in the last number of the author’s ‘Archiv f. Mikroskop. Anatomie,’ in which it occupies more than 100 pages, and is illustrated with eight quarto plates. It is undoubtedly one of the most interesting and important contributions to our knowledge of the very difficult structure of which it treats that has ever appeared, and it may be taken as giving an almost exhaustive account of all that is known on the subject, together with much, more especially in the physiological part of the subject, altogether new ; and we deeply regret that our space prevents our giving a more lengthy notice of its contents, or, what would have been very desirable, a complete translation of it.
On Pleurosigma, Donkinta, Toxonidea, and Amphi-Prora
Authors: Barkas T. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is my intention this evening to direct the attention of the members of the club to four closely allied genera of diatomaceæ which have recently been found on that part of the Northumberland coast which is in close contiguity to the Mouth of the Tyne. Two of the genera are well known to microscopists ; one has only recently been discovered and named by Dr. Donkin, and the other, which was discovered by Dr. Donkin, and enrolled by him among the Pleurosigmata, was finally constituted into a new genus, and named by Mr. Ralfs, Donkinia, in honour of its discoverer.
Remarks on the Publication of New Genera and Species from Insufficient Material
Authors: Kitton Mr. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I Have the honour this evening of calling your attention to the growing desire of students of natural history, and more particularly of microscopical observers, for the discovery and description of new genera and species, in consequence of which desire our floras and faunas are encumbered with names and synomyms, two thirds of which have no claim to be there at all. This evil has been, and still is, most virulent amongst the students of the Diatomaceæ, probably because the Diatomaceæ have attracted the attention of a larger number of microscopic observers than any other class of minute organisms. Professor Ehrenberg unfortunately adopted the plan of constituting new genera and species from mere fragments; and however allowable it may be for geologists to make genera and species of the fragmentary remains of the organisms of past epochs, it is surely not desirable that recent forms, occurring as fragments only, or even in small quantities, should be made into new species.
An account of a trichopterous larva
Authors: Tomes C. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the early part of the summer of 1866 the larvæ which I propose to describe were noticed in the midst of a mass of Confervæ growing in a pond at Hampstead. Several specimens were at that time kept under observation, but were not then described, as I hoped to succeed in tracing them to their adult form. As I have little hope of again obtaining specimens, the pond having since been drained, I now venture to offer a brief account of them, there being, so far as I have been able to ascertain, no careful description as yet published.
Studies on the Organization and Development of Scorpions. 5. The Lungs.1
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe lungs of scorpions have been repeatedly investigated by different authors, both in respect to their structure (Maeckel, 1810 ; Treviranus, Müller, 1828 ; Dufour, 1856 ; Newport, 1845 ; Blanchard, 1851 ; Lankester, 1885 ; Berteaux, 1889; Laurie, 1896 ; Kraepelin, 1905; Haller, 1911) and development (Ganin, 1867 ; Metchnikov, 1871 ; Kowalevsky and Shulgin, 1886 ; Brauer, 1895 ; Laurie, 1890-1 ; Pezeya-slawzewa, 1907). In describing the results obtained in my investigations of the lungs I shall deal only with facts that have been established by myself. The scheme of the structure of the lungs in scorpions being generally known I shall not refer to it here. It should only be noted that hitherto no attention has been directed to the structure of the posterior margin of the stigmata, which is covered with chaetoids of different forms. I distinguish the following : (1) the smooth margin of the stigmata, slightly ruffled (in transverse section) interiorly to the point of attachment of the post-stigmal muscle (Gros-phus madagascariensis, fig. 16, Pl. 12) ; (2) the tuber-culate margin (with low tubercles in Lychas [fig. 17, Pl. 12], Isometrus, Scorpiops, and Uroplectes); (3) the columellar margin with columellae rounded at the apex in Teuthraustes (fig. 20, Pl. 13), Broteas, Broteo-chactas, Uroctonus, and Buthus acutecarinatus (fig. 18, Pl. 13) ; (4) the saw-edge, in section resembling a picket-fence with triangular protuberances the bases of which are adjacent to each other (Vejovis, fig. 22, Pl. 13) ; (5) the barbate margin with fine sharp spines standing separately from each other (Buthus caucasiens, B. australis, B. eupeus, B. emini, Liobuthus [fig. 19, Pl. 13], Anomalobuthus, Orthochirus, Centrurus [fig. 21, Pl. 13], Tityrus, Odonturus, Chaerilus, Hadrurus, Testylus, Brachistosternus); (6) stumpy margin with chaetoids in the shape of columellae widening towards the end (fam. Scorpionidae, fig. 23, Pl. 13). Of these forms only the last-named stigma differs sharply from the rest ; it is present only in the scorpions of the fam. Scorpionidae. The remaining forms are connected with each other by transitional ones, such as the barbate-columellar stigma of Calchas. An analogous structure of the stigmata is also observed in other air-breathing Arthropods (e. g. Thelyphonus, Juins, insects). In all cases the role of the chaetoids of the stigmata appears to be the same. They may serve (1) for mechanical detention of dust particles (in some preparations they were indeed obstructed), and (2) for closing the stigma tighter.
Cytological Observations on Haplosporidium (Minchinia) Chitonis
Authors: King Seana D. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Golgi bodies are concentrated in the form of a juxta-nuclear mass in the uninuclear individuals formed by breaking up of the plasmodium, also in the sporoblast, young spore, and probably in the plasmodium stages. In the mature spore they become scattered, possibly giving rise to fatty reserve material.
The cytoplasmic sphere found in the sporoblast and young spore is that portion of the cytoplasm surrounded by the Golgi bodies. Nothing similar is found in the other stages of the life-cycle.
The details of the life-history are not yet clear. No sexual process has been recognized, and the question of the origin of the sporoblasts is still vague.
Studies on the Vertebrate Head: II. The Orbito-temporal Region of the Skull
Authors: Beer G. R. de 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is impossible to summarize the results and conclusions arrived at in this paper completely without occupying too much space. The following are the main points :
The skull is remarkably uniform in all vertebrates, the differences being mostly of detail. With the assistance of the conception of a schematic skull, the conditions in all can easily be made out. The view that the ala temporalis is partially homologous with the ascending process is supported. The view that the so-called 1 Alisphenoids ‘of Tel eos tomes, reptiles, and birds are not homologous with the mammalian alisphenoid is supported. The basitrabecular process has been traced throughout the fish. The morphology of the trigemino-facialis chamber and myodome is described. Allis’s theory of the trigemino-facialis chamber is discussed. The lateral commissure is not to be confused with a prefacial commissure, and it is not homologous with the otic process. Distinct polar cartilages are found in Scymnus. In Scymnus the pila prootica is shown to arise behind the polar cartilage from the anterior region of the basal plate. The dorsum sellae, acrochordal, or prootic bridge are not part of the original skull-floor. In Amia (41 mm. stage) well-marked basal and otic processes are carried by the pterygoquadrate, which extend nearly but not quite to the basitrabecular process and auditory capsule respectively.
Protandry in Teredo Norvegica
Authors: Yonge C. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although in the accounts of the Teredinidae given by Caiman (1) and others it is stated that some species are reported to be hermaphrodite while in others the sexes are separate, so far as I have been able to discover the only species which up to the present has been shown to be hermaphrodite is Xylotrya gouldii. Sigerfoos (3), describing the reproductive organs of this species, says, ‘ In the adult ship-worm the sexes are separate. Young specimens (1-4 cm. long) of Xylotrya gouldii, however, are very frequently hermaphrodite. As in all such cases the sperms are developed first, it appears that the species may be protandrous.’ Pelseneer (2) states that,’ In the genus Teredo there is hyperpolygny, the males being only in the proportion of 1: 500 to the females ‘, but he says nothing about their being hermaphrodite nor does he give any details as to species.
Studies on the Golgi Apparatus in Gland-Cells. III. Lachrymal Glands and Glands of the male Reproductive System.
Authors: Bowen Robert H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper the purely descriptive account of the Golgi apparatus in various gland-cells, begun in the first two of these ‘ Studies’ (Bowen, 1926 a and b), will be concluded. A general discussion of the results will be deferred to a succeeding paper, in which I propose to consider the whole problem of the Golgi apparatus in its possible relations to secretion. The technical methods employed for this study are the same as those outlined in the first paper of this series, to which reference may be made for details. It is sufficient merely to note that the osmic-acid method of Kolatchev as modified by Nassonov (1924) has been used exclusively, followed commonly by a counterstain—usually acid fuchsin and aurantia.
The Structure and Development of the Thymus in Fish, with special reference to Salmo Fario
Authors: Deanesly Ruth 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Three thymus ‘buds ‘can be originally distinguished in trout, in the thickened epithelium above the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd gill-arches, at the junction of ectoderm and endoderm. Differentiation spreads almost immediately into the ectoderm between the original buds, and a continuous differentiating area is formed which is partly ectodermal and partly endodermal. Repeated division of the epithelial cells, beginning a few days before hatching, gives rise to the small thymus cells. The latter are not derived from immigrating lymphocytes, as has been stated by Hammar and Maximow. Emigration of thymus cells may take place at all ages. Immigration of connective tissue and vascular elements from the mesoderm begins just before hatching, but such immigration is not active till a week later. The large elements in the adult thymus are mesodermal, with the exception of the epithelial cells at the edges, and a few mucus gland-cells, similar to those occurring in the ordinary epithelium. In both male and female trout the thymus undergoes almost complete involution, when the fish is between 2 and 2| years old. There is no evidence that the time of involution is connected with the time of sexual maturity.
Further Notes on the Gametogenesis and Fertilization of Sponges
Authors: Brontë Gatenby J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Fertilization. All the early stages of fertilization which previously I was unable to find have been described.The ripe spermatozoon within the collar-cells of Sycon cilia turn has been found.The spermatozoon in all cases examined lies towards the basement side of the cell (figs. 5 and 6, Pl. 19).The enlargement of this flagellate filiform spermatozoon into the oval structure found in the sperm nurse-cell (fig. 7, Pl. 19) has been followed (figs. 3, 4, 6, 8, Pl. 19).The cytoplasmic elements of the sperm nurse-cell have been described (fig. 7, Pl. 19).A later stage in fertilization showing the male pronuclear centrosomes has been-figured (fig. 12, Pl. 20). Cell Granules of Sycon and Grantia.The ‘chromidia ‘of Dendy are regarded as mitochondria (fig. 8, Pl. 19; figs. 9, 12, Pl. 20).A remarkable process of fragmentation of choanocyte 1 chromidia ‘or mitochondria to form peculiar spheres is described (figs. 21, 22, 24, 26, Pl. 21).The granules of the eggs of Sycon cilia turn have been described (fig. 1, Pl. 19; fig. 18, Pl. 21).Some new facts regarding the Golgi elements have been ascertained (figs. 14, 15, and 16, Pl. 21). Spermatogenesis of Grantia.It is claimed that spermatogenesis in Grantia compressa may take place in two ways. First, from definite pockets of cells, lined by large cells, lying in the matrix, as described by Gôrich and myself. Such areas to be regarded as testes. Second, from a direct rapid metamorphosis of collar-cells into spermatocytes.The behaviour of the granules in such cases is figured in figs. 21-6, Pl. 21. In fig. 23, Pl. 21, is a supposed pachytene stage.This metamorphosis involves the whole flagellated cavity, as in fig. 19, Pl. 21, each cell being like the one drawn in fig. 22, Pl. 21. The nucleus of this is like that of spermatocyte, and unlike a collar-cell nucleus. The collar is lost, but the flagellum remains.
The Muscles of the Adult Honey-bee (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: Morison Guy D. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Whilst the anatomy of the bee has been described in detail in many languages and in many thousands of publications, there is yet a gap in the literature for a complete account of the detailed histology and physiology of its muscles. Such a work is necessary as a basis for the investigation of the pathological changes of the muscles in some diseases of adult bees. Part I (‘The Healthy Muscles of the Adult Honey-bee’) of this paper is submitted as a contribution towards filling the gap, and as an introduction to Part II (‘The Pathological Muscles of the Adult Honey-bee’), which will deal with the pathological changes observed in some diseases of adult bees. Owing to the length of Part I it has been necessary to divide it into three sections, of which the first (the following paper) will deal with the somatic musculature, the second with the other muscle systems and the physiology, and the third with the chemistry of the muscle.