bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maybe a free thinker but not a critical one: High conspiracy belief is associated with low critical thinking ability
Authors: Lantian Anthony , Bagneux Virginie , Delouvée Sylvain , Gauvrit Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCritical thinking is of paramount importance in our society. People regularly assume that critical thinking is a way to reduce conspiracy belief, although the relationship between critical thinking and conspiracy belief has never been tested. We conducted two studies (Study 1, N = 86; Study 2, N = 252), in which we found that critical thinking ability—measured by an open‐ended test emphasizing several areas of critical thinking ability in the context of argumentation—is negatively associated with belief in conspiracy theories. Additionally, we did not find a significant relationship between self‐reported (subjective) critical thinking ability and conspiracy belief. Our results support the idea that conspiracy believers have less developed critical thinking ability and stimulate discussion about the possibility of reducing conspiracy beliefs via the development of critical thinking.
Efficient Passivation Strategy on Sn Related Defects for High Performance All‐Inorganic CsSnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Bo , Di Haoxiang , Chang Bohong , Yin Ruiyang , Fu Lin , Zhang Ya‐Nan , Yin Longwei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite remarkable progress in hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the concern of toxic lead ions remains a major hurdle in the path towards PSC's commercialization; tin (Sn)‐based PSCs outperform the reported Pb‐free perovskites in terms of photovoltaic performance. However, it is of a particularly great challenge to develop effective passivation strategies to suppress Sn(II) induced defect densities and oxidation for attaining high‐performance all‐inorganic CsSnI3 PSCs. Herein, a facile yet effective thioamides passivation strategy to modulate defect state density at surfaces and grain boundaries in CsSnI3 perovskites is reported. The thiosemicarbazide (TSC) with SCN functional groups can make strong coordination interaction with charge defects, leading to enhanced electron cloud density around defects and increased vacancy formation energies. Importantly, the surface passivation can reduce the deep level trap state defect density originated from undercoordinated Sn2+ ion and Sn2+ oxidation, significantly restraining nonradiative recombination and elongating the carrier lifetime of TSC treated CsSnI3 PSCs. The surface passivated all‐inorganic CsSnI3 PSCs based on an inverted configuration delivers a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.20%, with a prolonged lifetime over 90% of initial PCE, after 500 h of continuous illumination. The present strategy sheds light on surface defect passivation for achieving highly efficient all‐inorganic lead‐free Sn‐based PSCs.
High‐Sensitivity Flexible X‐Ray Detectors based on Printed Perovskite Inks
Authors: Ciavatti Andrea , Sorrentino Roberto , Basiricò Laura , Passarella Bianca , Caironi Mario , Petrozza Annamaria , Fraboni Beatrice 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe demand for high‐energy radiation detection systems combining high sensitivity, low‐cost and large‐area fabrication has pushed the research on hybrid perovskites as promising materials for X‐ and γ‐photon detection, thanks to their high Z atoms, solution‐processability, and high optoelectronic performance. Here, flexible direct X‐ray detectors are demonstrated with outstanding real‐time detection properties. They are based on printed micrometers‐thick films of methylammonium lead triiodide nanocrystals inks, formulated in low boiling point and benign solvents. Record optoelectronic performances, such as high X‐ray sensitivity (up to 2270 µC Gy−1 cm−2), radiation tolerance over 2.2 Gy of total dose, and fast response time (48 ms) have been achieved by using a simple device architecture and materials processing The functionality under strong bending stress (strain > 10%) and under high X‐ray energy (up to 150 keV) has been assessed, opening the way for flexible real‐time direct radiation detectors and imagers, operating at low‐voltages (bias < 4V) and apt to be fabricated by means of large‐area scalable processes.
Self‐Activatable Photo‐Extracellular Vesicle for Synergistic Trimodal Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Ding Jingjing , Lu Guihong , Nie Weidong , Huang Li‐Li , Zhang Yahui , Fan Wenlin , Wu Guanghao , Liu Houli , Xie Hai‐Yan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) hold great potential in both disease treatment and drug delivery. However, accurate drug release from EVs, as well as the spontaneous treatment effect cooperation of EVs and drugs at target tissues, is still challenging. Here, an engineered self‐activatable photo‐EV for synergistic trimodal anticancer therapy is reported. M1 macrophage‐derived EVs (M1 EVs) are simultaneously loaded with bis[2,4,5‐trichloro‐6‐(pentyloxycarbonyl) phenyl] oxalate (CPPO), chlorin e6 (Ce6), and prodrug aldoxorubicin (Dox‐EMCH). After administration, the as‐prepared system actively targets tumor cells because of the tumor‐homing capability of M1 EVs, wherein M1 EVs repolarize M2 to M1 macrophages, which not only display immunotherapy effects but also produce H2O2. The reaction between H2O2 and CPPO generates chemical energy that activates Ce6, creating both chemiluminescence for imaging and singlet oxygen (1O2) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Meanwhile, 1O2‐induced membrane rupture leads to the release of Dox‐EMCH, which is then activated and penetrates the deep hypoxic areas of tumors. The synergism of immunotherapy, PDT, and chemotherapy results in potent anticancer efficacy, showing great promise to fight cancers.
Efficient Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting Induced by the Giant Internal Electric Field of a g‐C3N4/rGO/PDIP Z‐Scheme Heterojunction
Authors: Chen Xianjie , Wang Jun , Chai Yongqiang , Zhang Zijian , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA graphitic carbon nitride/rGO/perylene diimide polymer (g‐C3N4/rGO/PDIP) Z‐scheme heterojunction is successfully constructed to realize high‐flux charge transfer and efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting. A giant internal electric field in the Z‐scheme junction is built, enabling the charge separation efficiency to be enhanced dramatically by 8.5 times. Thus, g‐C3N4/rGO/PDIP presents an efficient and stable photocatalytic overall water splitting activity with H2 and O2 evolution rate of 15.80 and 7.80 µmol h−1, respectively, ≈12.1 times higher than g‐C3N4 nanosheets. Meanwhile, a notable quantum efficiency of 4.94% at 420 nm and solar‐to‐hydrogen energy‐conversion efficiency of 0.30% are achieved, prominently surpassing many reported g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts. Briefly, this work throws light on enhancing the internal electric field by interface control to dramatically improve the photocatalytic performance.
Monolithic Light Reflector‐Nanowire Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ra Yong‐Ho , Lee Cheul‐Ro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe development of small size, ultracompact photonic devices is required for a wide range of applications, such as next‐generation automobile displays, micro‐light‐emitting diode (µ‐LED) TVs, smart phones and watches, virtual reality, and augmented reality. Here, for the first time, a new approach is reported to dramatically reduce the size of photonic device chips by using a monolithic light reflector‐nanowire LED system. Moreover, the vertical cavity nanowire structure for the surface‐lighting emission is developed by selective area epitaxy that can precisely control the gaps and diameters of the GaN nanowires. The light reflection is provided by high quality Al metal reflector which is directly deposited by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique. The selective area growth shows uniform GaN heterostructure arrays with excellent crystal quality and desired aspect ratio. Furthermore, an advanced selective area etching process is introduced to fabricate Al mirrors between nanowire arrays. Significantly improved light efficiency is observed at ≈550 nm spectral wavelength from the monolithic Al light reflector‐vertical surface emitting nanowire LED system. To break the “green gap” bottleneck in III‐nitride photonics, the approach will open a new route toward monolithic, ultrasmall, electrically pumped nanoscale light emitters for next‐generation photonic and electronic devices.
Fluidization of elongated particles—Effect of multi‐particle correlations for drag, lift, and torque in CFD‐DEM
Authors: Mema Ivan , Padding Johan T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHaving proper correlations for hydrodynamic forces is essential for successful CFD‐DEM simulations of a fluidized bed. For spherical particles in a fluidized bed, efficient correlations for predicting the drag force, including the crowding effect caused by surrounding particles, are already available and well tested. However, for elongated particles, next to the drag force, the lift force, and hydrodynamic torque also gain importance. In this work, we apply recently developed multi‐particle correlations for drag, lift and torque in CFD‐DEM simulations of a fluidized bed with spherocylindrical particles of aspect ratio 4 and compare them to simulations with widely used single‐particle correlations for elongated particles. Simulation results are compared with previous magnetic particle tracking experimental results. We show that multi‐particle correlations improve the prediction of particle orientation and vertical velocity. We also show the importance of including hydrodynamic torque.
Dehydration of C2–C4 alcohol/water mixtures via electrostatically enhanced graphene oxide laminar membranes
Authors: Liu Song , Zhou Guanyu , Guan Kecheng , Chen Xi , Chu Zhenyu , Liu Gongping , Jin Wanqin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe dehydration of alcohol/water mixtures using pervaporation membranes requires less energy than is required by conventional separation technologies. In this paper, we report electrostatically enhanced graphene oxide (GO) membranes for the highly efficient pervaporation dehydration of C2–C4 alcohol/water mixtures. Positively charged molecules were introduced as the interlayer of negatively charged GO layers via layer‐by‐layer assembly, thereby creating an electrostatic attraction that drives the assembly of GO nanosheets into ordered interlayer channels. The effects of the feed temperature, water concentration, and continuous operation on the membrane transport behavior were systematically investigated. In the dehydration of 90 wt% alcohol/water mixtures at 70°C, the membrane exhibited ethanol/water, isopropanol/water, and n‐butanol/water fluxes of 2.35, 2.98, and 4.69 kg/(m2 hr), respectively, as well as separation factors for the same mixtures of 3,390, 5,790, and 4,680, respectively. This excellent alcohol/water dehydration performance outperforms those of state‐of‐the‐art polymeric membranes and GO‐based membranes.
Novel FOXP1 pathogenic variants in two Indian subjects with syndromic intellectual disability
Authors: Moirangthem Amita , Phadke Shubha R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe describe two unrelated Indian boys with Mental retardation with language impairment with or without autistic features (OMIM#613670). Novel pathogenic variants c. 593_599 delins AGAAG and c.1556T>C in FOXP1 were identified in Patients 1 and 2, respectively by exome sequencing. The patients shared the cardinal features of significant language impairment, prominent forehead, downslanted palpebral fissures, frontal upsweep of hair, and behavioral abnormalities. Camptodactyly (with pterygia in Patient 2) was an additional feature noted in our study. The phenotype was consistent with previous reports of patients with monogenic defects in FOXP1. The facial features overlap with Sotos syndrome. However, presence of frontal upsweep of hair is a good pointer toward FOXP1 related syndromic intellectual disability.
Innovations in osteomyelitis research: A review of animal models
Authors: Roux Kylie M. , Cobb Leah H. , Seitz Marc A. , Priddy Lauren B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInfection of bone tissue, or osteomyelitis, has become a growing concern in modern healthcare due in no small part to a rise in antibiotic resistance among bacteria, notably Staphylococcus aureus. The current standard of care involves aggressive, prolonged antibiotic therapy combined with surgical debridement of infected tissues. While this treatment may be sufficient for resolving a portion of cases, recurrences of the infection and associated risks including toxicity with long‐term antibiotic usage have been reported. Therefore, there exists a need to produce safer, more efficacious options of treatment for osteomyelitis. In order to test treatment regimens, animal models that closely mimic the clinical condition and allow for accurate evaluation of therapeutics are necessary. Establishing a model that replicates features of osteomyelitis in humans continues to be a challenge to scientists, as there are many variables involved, including choosing an appropriate species and method to establish infection. This review addresses the refinement of animal models of osteomyelitis to reflect the clinical disease and test prospective therapeutics. The aim of this review is to explore studies regarding the use of animals for osteomyelitis therapeutics research and encourage further development of such animal models for the translation of results from the animal experiment to human medicine.
Characterization and Mechanistic Study of the Radical SAM Enzyme ArsS Involved in Arsenosugar Biosynthesis
Authors: Cheng Jinduo , Ji Wenjuan , Ma Suze , Ji Xinjian , Deng Zixin , Ding Wei , Zhang Qi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractArsenosugars are a group of arsenic‐containing ribosides that are found predominantly in marine algae but also in terrestrial organisms. It has been proposed that arsenosugar biosynthesis involves a key intermediate 5′‐deoxy‐5′‐dimethylarsinoyl‐adenosine (DDMAA), but how DDMAA is produced remains elusive. Now, we report characterization of ArsS as a DDMAA synthase, which catalyzes a radical S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM)‐mediated alkylation (adenosylation) of dimethylarsenite (DMAsIII) to produce DDMAA. This radical‐mediated reaction is redox neutral, and multiple turnover can be achieved without external reductant. Phylogenomic and biochemical analyses revealed that DDMAA synthases are widespread in distinct bacterial phyla with similar catalytic efficiencies; these enzymes likely originated from cyanobacteria. This study reveals a key step in arsenosugar biosynthesis and also a new paradigm in radical SAM chemistry, highlighting the catalytic diversity of this superfamily of enzymes.
Tweaking a BODIPY Spherical Self‐Assembly to 2D Supramolecular Polymers Facilitates Excited‐State Cascade Energy Transfer
Authors: Das Gourab , Cherumukkil Sandeep , Padmakumar Akhil , Banakar Vijay B. , Praveen Vakayil K. , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExcited state properties such as emission, exciton transport, electron transfer, etc., are strongly dependent on the shape, size and molecular arrangement of chromophore based supramolecular architectures. Herein, we demonstrate creation and control of distinct supramolecular energy landscapes for the reversible control of the excited‐state emission processes through cascade energy transfer in chromophore assemblies, facilitated by an unprecedented solvent effect. In methylcyclohexane, a tailor‐made Y‐shaped BODIPY derivative self‐assembles to form an unusual spherical architecture of 400–1200 nm size, which exhibits a single emission at 540 nm upon 475 nm excitation through a normal excitation deactivation process. However, in n‐decane, the same BODIPY derivative forms two‐dimensional supramolecular sheets, exhibiting multiple emission peaks at 540, 610, 650, 725 and 790 nm with 475 nm excitation due to cascade energy transfer. Further control on the morphology and excitation energy transfer is possible with variable solvent composition and ultrasound stimulation, resulting in enhanced near‐infrared emission with an overall pseudo Stokes shift of 7105 cm−1.
A Macromolecular Drug for Cancer Therapy via Extracellular Calcification
Authors: Tang Ning , Li Hanhui , Zhang Lihong , Zhang Xueyun , Chen Yanni , Shou Hao , Feng Shuaishuai , Chen Xinhua , Luo Yan , Tang Ruikang , Wang Ben 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCancer chemotherapy typically relies on drug endocytosis and inhibits tumor cell proliferation via intracellular pathways; however, severe side effects may arise. In this study, we performed a first attempt to develop macromolecular‐induced extracellular chemotherapy involving biomineralization by absorbing calcium from the blood through a new type of drug, polysialic acid conjugated with folate (folate‐polySia), which selectively induces biogenic mineral formation on tumor cells and results in the pathological calcification of tumors. The macromolecule‐initiated extracellular calcification causes cancer cell death mainly by intervening with the glycolysis process in cancer cells. Systemic administration of folate‐polySia inhibited cervical and breast tumor growth and dramatically improved survival rates in mice. This study provides an extracellular therapeutic approach for malignant tumor diseases via calcification that is ready for clinical trials and offers new insights into macromolecular anticancer drug discovery.
Scalable De Novo Synthesis of Aldgarose and Total Synthesis of Aldgamycin N
Authors: Späth Georg , Fürstner Alois 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince the accompanying study had shown that the introduction of the eponymous aldgarose sugar to the C5‐OH group of the macrocyclic aglycone of aldgamycin N is most difficult, if not even impossible, the synthesis route was revised and the glycosidation performed at an earlier stage. To mitigate the “cost” of this strategic amendment, a practical and scalable de novo synthesis of this branched octose was developed. The glycoside formation required mild conditions; it commenced with the reaction of the aglycone with the trichloroacetimidate donor to give a transient orthoester, which slowly rearranged to the desired aldgaropyranoside. The presence of the polar peripheral groups in the product did not impede the selective late‐stage functionalization of the macrolide ring itself: the contained propargylic alcohol entity was readily transformed into the characteristic acyloin motif of the target by a ruthenium‐catalyzed trans‐hydrostannation followed by a modified Chan‐Lam‐type coupling.
Photoactive Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials with Nanosegregated Donor–Acceptor Arrays
Authors: Zhu Xiaolei , Hessin Cheriehan , Salamé Aude , Sosa‐Vargas Lydia , Kreher David , Adachi Chihaya , Proust Anna , Mialane Pierre , Marrot Jérome , Bouchet Aude , Sliwa Michel , Méry Stéphane , Heinrich Benoît , Mathevet Fabrice , Izzet Guillaume 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of the first mesogenic donor‐acceptor polyoxometalate (POM)‐based hybrid is herein described. The structural and electronic properties of the hybrid compound were evaluated through combination of small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, optical microscopy, electrochemistry and photoluminescence. In the solid state, the compound behaves as a birefringent solid, displaying a lamellar organization in which double‐layers of POMs and bis(thiophene)thienothiophene organic donors alternate regularly. Noticeably, the sub‐unit organizations in the composite are similar to that observed for the individual POM and organic donor precursors. Photophysical studies show that in the hybrid, the fluorescence of the organic donor unit is considerably quenched both in solution and in the solid state, which is attributed to occurrence of intramolecular charge‐separated state.
Liquid Phase Peptide Synthesis via One‐Pot Nanostar Sieving (PEPSTAR)
Authors: Yeo Jet , Peeva Ludmila , Chung Seoyeon , Gaffney Piers , Kim Daeok , Luciani Carla , Tsukanov Sergey , Seibert Kevin , Kopach Michael , Albericio Fernando , Livingston Andrew 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHerein, a one‐pot liquid phase peptide synthesis featuring iterative addition of amino acids to a “nanostar” support, with organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) for isolation of the growing peptide after each synthesis cycle is reported. A cycle consists of coupling, Fmoc removal, then sieving out of the reaction by‐products via nanofiltration in a reactor‐separator, or synthesizer apparatus where no phase or material transfers are required between cycles. The three‐armed and monodisperse nanostar facilitates both efficient nanofiltration and real‐time reaction monitoring of each process cycle. This enabled the synthesis of peptides more efficiently while retaining the full benefits of liquid phase synthesis. PEPSTAR was validated initially with the synthesis of enkephalin‐like model penta‐ and decapeptides, then octreotate amide and finally octreotate. The crude purities compared favorably to vendor produced samples from solid phase synthesis.
Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of 1,3‐Dienes: Selective Synthesis of Adipates and Other Aliphatic Diesters
Authors: Yang Ji , Liu Jiawang , Ge Yao , Huang Weiheng , Ferretti Francesco , Neumann Helfried , Jiao Haijun , Franke Robert , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe dicarbonylation of 1,3‐butadiene to adipic acid derivatives offers the potential for a more cost‐efficient and environmentally benign industrial process. However, the complex reaction network of regioisomeric carbonylation and isomerization pathways, make a selective and direct transformation particularly difficult. Here, we report surprising solvent effects on this palladium‐catalysed process in the presence of 1,2‐bis‐di‐tert‐butylphosphin‐oxylene (dtbpx) ligands, which allow adipate diester formation from 1,3‐butadiene, carbon monoxide, and methanol with 97 % selectivity and 100 % atom‐economy under scalable conditions. Under optimal conditions a variety of di‐ and triesters from 1,2‐ and 1,3‐dienes can be obtained in good to excellent yields.
Synthesis and Hydrogenation of Heavy Homologues of Rhodium Carbynes: [(Me3P)2(Ph3P)Rh≡E‐Ar*] (E=Sn, Pb)
Authors: Widemann Max , Eichele Klaus , Schubert Hartmut , Sindlinger Christian P. , Klenner Steffen , Pöttgen Rainer , Wesemann Lars 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTetrylidynes [(Me3P)2(Ph3P)Rh≡SnAr*] (10) and [(Me3P)2(Ph3P)Rh≡PbAr*] (11) are accessed for the first time via dehydrogenation of dihydrides [(Ph3P)2RhH2SnAr*] (3) and [(Ph3P)2RhH2PbAr*] (7) (Ar*=2,6‐Trip2C6H3, Trip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl), respectively. Tin dihydride 3 was either synthesized in reaction of the dihydridostannate [Ar*SnH2]− with [(Ph3P)3RhCl] or via reaction between hydrides [(Ph3P)3RhH] and
[(Ar*SnH)2]. Homologous lead hydride [(Ph3P)2RhH2PbAr*] (7) was synthesized analogously from [(Ph3P)3RhH] and
[(Ar*PbH)2]. Abstraction of hydrogen from 3 and 7 supported by styrene and trimethylphosphine addition yields tetrylidynes 10 and 11. Stannylidyne 10 was also characterized by 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. Hydrogenation of the triple bonds at room temperature with excess H2 gives the cis‐dihydride [(Me3P)2(Ph3P)RhH2PbAr*] (12) and the tetrahydride [(Me3P)2(Ph3P)RhH2SnH2Ar*] (14). Complex 14 eliminates spontaneously one equivalent of hydrogen at room temperature to give the dihydride [(Me3P)2(Ph3P)RhH2SnAr*] (13). Hydrogen addition and elimination at stannylene tin between complexes 13 and 14 is a reversible reaction at room temperature.