bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RP-HPLC–DAD Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Determination of Lansoprazole, Tinidazole, Amoxicillin, and Naproxen in Their Raw Materials and Combined Dosage Form: DOE Approach for Optimization of the Proposed Method
Authors: Hassib Sonia T , Taha Elham A , Sharf Marwa G , Mostafa Eman A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Helicobacter pylori infection is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease and dyspepsia. In addition, it may result in gastric cancer and gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. First-line therapy usually consists of triple therapy containing clarithromycin or amoxicillin, one of the proton pump inhibitors, and metronidazole or tinidazole. In addition to the triple therapy, an analgesic is required to relieve pain such as naproxen.

Objective
A sensitive and selective method needs to be developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four drugs (amoxacillin, tinidazole, naproxen and lansoprazole), used for treating Helicobacter pylori infection, in their combined dosage forms.

Methods
With the aid of experimental design, the cited drugs were separated and quantified. HPLC with a diode array detector was used and metronidazole, one of the drugs also used for treatment, was the internal standard (IS). A Thermo Scientific BDS Hypersil C18 column (5 µm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) with mobile phase composed of acetonitrile–water (40 + 60, by volume), pH 5 adjusted with phosphoric acid, at 30°C was used for the separation of the cited drugs.

Results
The method was linear over the concentration ranges 10–500 µg/mL for amoxacillin, 10–350 µg/mL for tinidazole, 10–250 µg/mL for naproxen, and 2–20 μg/mL for lansoprazole. The proposed method was fully validated according to International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the results obtained and the four reference methods for the investigated drugs.

Conclusion
The method can be easily implemented in QC studies of the cited drugs in their dosage forms.

Highlights
Experimental design was applied using Plackett–Burman design for preliminary screening of factors followed by Box–Behnken design for chromatographic method optimization.
Metabolic profiles in C3, C3–C4 intermediate, C4-like, and C4 species in the genus Flaveria
Authors: Borghi Gian Luca , Arrivault Stéphanie , Günther Manuela , Barbosa Medeiros David , Dell’Aversana Emilia , Fusco Giovanna Marta , Carillo Petronia , Ludwig Martha , Fernie Alisdair R , Lunn John E , Stitt Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
C4 photosynthesis concentrates CO2 around Rubisco in the bundle sheath, favouring carboxylation over oxygenation and decreasing photorespiration. This complex trait evolved independently in &gt;60 angiosperm lineages. Its evolution can be investigated in genera such as Flaveria (Asteraceae) that contain species representing intermediate stages between C3 and C4 photosynthesis. Previous studies have indicated that the first major change in metabolism probably involved relocation of glycine decarboxylase and photorespiratory CO2 release to the bundle sheath and establishment of intercellular shuttles to maintain nitrogen stoichiometry. This was followed by selection for a CO2-concentrating cycle between phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the mesophyll and decarboxylases in the bundle sheath, and relocation of Rubisco to the latter. We have profiled 52 metabolites in nine Flaveria species and analysed 13CO2 labelling patterns for four species. Our results point to operation of multiple shuttles, including movement of aspartate in C3–C4 intermediates and a switch towards a malate/pyruvate shuttle in C4-like species. The malate/pyruvate shuttle increases from C4-like to complete C4 species, accompanied by a rise in ancillary organic acid pools. Our findings support current models and uncover further modifications of metabolism along the evolutionary path to C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria.
The root system architecture of wheat establishing in soil is associated with varying elongation rates of seminal roots: quantification using 4D magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Pflugfelder Daniel , Kochs Johannes , Koller Robert , Jahnke Siegfried , Mohl Carola , Pariyar Shree , Fassbender Heike , Nagel Kerstin A , Watt Michelle , van Dusschoten Dagmar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Seedling establishment is the first stage of crop productivity, and root phenotypes at seed emergence are critical to a successful start of shoot growth as well as for water and nutrient uptake. In this study, we investigate seedling establishment in winter wheat utilizing a newly developed workflow based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using the eight parents of the MAGIC (multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross) population we analysed the 4D root architecture of 288 individual seedlings grown in natural soils with plant neighbors over 3 d of development. Time of root and shoot emergence, total length, angle, and depth of the axile roots varied significantly among these genotypes. The temporal data resolved rates of elongation of primary roots and first and second seminal root pairs. Genotypes with slowly elongating primary roots had rapidly elongating first and second seminal root pairs and vice versa, resulting in variation in root system architecture mediated not only by root angle but also by initiation and relative elongation of axile roots. We demonstrated that our novel MRI workflow with a unique planting design and automated measurements allowed medium throughput phenotyping of wheat roots in 4D and could give new insights into regulation of root system architecture.
Socioeconomic inequalities in health in high-income countries
Authors: Lenthe Frank J. van , Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Socioeconomic inequalities in health have been studied extensively in the past decades. In all high-income countries with available data, mortality and morbidity rates are higher among those in less advantaged socioeconomic positions, and as a result differences in health expectancy between socioeconomic groups typically amount to 10 years or more. Good progress has been made in unravelling the determinants of health inequalities, and a number of specific determinants (particularly material, psychosocial, and lifestyle factors) have been identified which contribute to explaining health inequalities in many high-income countries. Although further research is necessary, our understanding of what causes health inequalities has progressed to a stage where rational approaches to reduce health inequalities are becoming feasible. Evidence of a reduction of health inequalities via interventions and policies based on the underlying causes remains scarce, and point to a need to increase efforts.
Behavioural economics and health
Authors: Buttenheim Alison , Thirumurthy Harsha 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Human behaviour is an important determinant of health outcomes around the world. Understanding how people make health-related decisions is therefore essential for explaining health outcomes globally and for developing solutions to leading challenges in global health. Behavioural economics blends theories from economics and psychology to uncover key insights about human decision-making. This chapter describes several prominent theories from behavioural economics and reviews examples of how these theories can be useful in efforts to improve global health outcomes. We begin by reviewing the theory of rational decision-making that features prominently in economics and discuss important policy implications that follow from this theory. We then turn to theories and principles from behavioural economics and draw upon empirical evidence from around the world to highlight actionable behaviour change interventions that can be useful for students of global health and practitioners alike.
Governance and management of public health programmes
Authors: Hou Zhiyuan , He Na 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Governance is central to improve health systems performance and achieve Universal Health Coverage. Good governance can enable the effective use of health finances, workforce, medicines, and information to deliver better health services and outcomes. Theories of principal-agent and network governance are introduced to better understand health governance at system level. In health governance system, the government, private sector, and civil society are the governing triangle, and form a whole-of-society governance approach for health. We introduce the governing triangle and its role in health governance, governance mechanisms and tools, and the levels of governance, respectively. The triangle plays health governance functions at four levels to collectively pursue health goals: the supranational or national or organizational or programme levels. At each level, tools of governance are central to health governance functions and enabling relationships among triangles. Tools of governance can be classified into nine governance dimensions: accountability, regulation, participation, and consensus in decision-making, formulating policy/strategic direction, organizational adequacy/system design, generating information/intelligence, partnerships for coordination and collaboration, engagement of community, communication, and transparency. Assessment frameworks are further introduced for evaluating whether health governance is effective. And several cases of health governance are introduced for better understanding.
Emerging and re-emerging infections
Authors: Heymann David L. , Lee Vernon J.M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Emerging infections are newly identified infections in humans—and are most often zoonotic—caused by infectious organisms that breach the species barrier between animals and humans. Re-emerging infections are known organisms that infect humans, but are identified after a period of absence from human populations. Re-emerging infections also often result from breaches in the species barrier. In addition to direct health outcomes of sickness and death, they also affect the economy, and may spread globally. This chapter discusses factors that influence the emergence of infectious diseases including weak public health infrastructure; failure of safety procedures and regulations; population shifts including rapid population increases and uncontrolled urbanization; anthropogenic activities and climate change; civil disturbance, human displacement, and natural disasters; human behaviours; and deliberate use to cause fear and harm. To address these threats, national public health systems must be strengthened to detect and respond to infectious diseases when and where they emerge, or re-emerge; and a safety net of global networks is required if and when the countries in which they emerge or re-emerge are unable to stop their international spread.
Bioterrorism
Authors: Katona Peter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
History shows us that individuals have used and likely will continue to use biological agents for terrorism purposes. Bioterrorism agents can be easily disseminated, cause severe disease and high mortality rates if cases are not treated properly, and pose significant challenges for management and response. A robust public health surveillance system that includes laboratory (including routine reportable disease surveillance), syndromic, and environmental surveillance is crucial for detection of the release of a bioterrorism agent and the resulting cases. This detection can then set into motion a robust and comprehensive public health response to minimize morbidity and mortality. A large-scale bioterrorism event would be unprecedented, straining and challenging every facet of medical and public health response and would quickly become a global emergency because of both the potential risk of infection and the shock to the global economy. A robust public health and medical workforce is necessary to respond effectively and efficiently to these types of events.
Tobacco
Authors: Lam Tai Hing , Ho Sai Yin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tobacco is the most important and avoidable public health problem, killing 5.4 million users per year. At least one in two and up to two in three smokers die prematurely from smoking. Such great and easily understood risks should be more effectively communicated to promote smoking cessation. This chapter describes how raising tobacco tax, banning smoking in public places, and forbidding tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship have effectively reduced smoking rates in many countries. However, many low- and middle-income countries still lack the necessary resources or political will to implement tobacco control. Further progress may come from large and effective pictorial warnings; banning the display of tobacco products at retail outlets; extending smoking bans in public places; innovative use of the mass media; very brief warnings by doctors to promote cessation; telephone quitlines; and capitalizing on the risk perception towards third-hand smoke.
Collective violence
Authors: Levy Barry S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
War and other forms of armed conflict cause many adverse effects on health and the environment, including morbidity and mortality due to weapons; damage to the health-supporting infrastructure of society; contamination of air, water, and soil; forced displacement; violation of international agreements and human rights; diversion of resources; and promotion of additional violence. While conventional weapons account for the vast majority of fatal and non-fatal injuries during war, weapons of mass destruction (including nuclear and radiological weapons, chemical weapons, and biological agents) as well as antipersonnel landmines and unexploded ordnance pose additional threats. Public health workers and other health professionals can help to minimize the health and environmental consequences of war and other forms of armed conflict and to help end war itself. Categories of preventive measures include documentation; education and awareness-raising; advocacy and support for policies and programmes to minimize the consequences of, and help to reduce the risks of, war and other forms of armed conflict; and provision of preventive services. Public health frameworks of prevention can be useful in identifying opportunities for prevention and designing, implementing, and improving policies and programmes. These frameworks include levels of prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and the host-agent-environment model.
The changing family
Authors: Evans Ann , Jones Gavin W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Rapid family change is occurring throughout the world, though trends differ greatly between subregions and countries. Families are generally becoming smaller, as fertility declines and nuclearization of family structure are more common. The transition to adulthood is being delayed. Delayed marriage, increasing cohabitation, and higher levels of partnership dissolution characterize many parts of the world. Fewer children are growing to adulthood living with the same two parents. Ageing of populations is a worldwide trend, and although the proportions of elderly living with a child or grandchild are much higher in Asia than in the West, in Asia as well they are tending to decline. One of the key issues for the future is the relative roles of family, community, and state in supporting the dependant elderly.
Women, men, and health
Authors: Cooper Diane , Tabana Hanani 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which sex and gender influence health. There are important differences between men and women in their risk of premature death and in the main causes of death. In virtually every country around the world men have a lower life expectancy than women, although the gap in life expectancy is narrower in low-income countries. Similarly, women and men have different patterns of ill health across the life course, and again the gap varies between countries. Both sex and gender play a part in these variations. Sex, or biological factors, influence risks of different diseases and health conditions, and also affects survival following diagnosis. However, socially constructed gender-linked factors are also important and also affect exposure to social and environmental risk factors. In addition, gendered differences in men and women’s use of healthcare, and inequalities in access to services and how appropriate these are, impact on health outcomes.
The health of Indigenous peoples
Authors: Reid Papaarangi , Cormack Donna , Paine Sarah-Jane , Jones Rhys , Curtis Elana , Harwood Matire 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the health needs and rights of Indigenous peoples are discussed. This discussion covers current challenges beginning with how indigeneity is defined. Within this context, current data on Indigenous health are described with a critique of how Indigenous health is framed. In an attempt to make sense of global patterns of the health of Indigenous peoples, these data are contextualized within our colonial histories, the legacies of historical and intergenerational trauma, differential access to and through health and social services, differential quality of services received by Indigenous peoples, and the under-representation of Indigenous peoples in the health workforce. The latter part of the chapter outlines important considerations for progress towards health equity for Indigenous peoples, especially the foundational right to self-determination and what this means for Indigenous health, from health services, to interventions, research, and Indigenous knowledge. As the world faces significant new health challenges, Indigenous knowledges and ways of being may offer important insights into managing these challenges.
Medical screening
Authors: Jin-ling Tang , Li-ming Li 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Screening is early detection and early treatment of increased risk of chronic disease with the ultimate goal of improving the health of the screened. Today, early detection and early treatment occur often ‘haphazardly’ in routine clinical practice and general health checks rather than in systematic screening programmes. The success of a screening programme depends on the characteristics of the disease, testing, and treatments of early diagnosed patients. Screening can be made more cost-effective by screening in high-risk people, choosing a relatively high specificity, screening less frequently, and high management standards. The ultimate evaluation of the benefits and harms of screening must be drawn from randomized controlled trials. Randomized trials of various screening programmes and health checks in the past 50 years showed disappointingly screening was often ineffective or barely effective. This re-emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the criteria for introduction of new technologies for early diagnosis of disease.
Transformative learning for health professional in the twenty-first century for the future health workforce
Authors: Chuenkongkaew Wanicha , Wibulpolprasert Suwit 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Health systems globally are facing many challenges, including major constraints in their workforces: from staff shortages, inappropriate distribution, as well as poor workforce performance and management. One strategy that has been used is ‘task shifting’ to lower cadre professionals or local health workers. Involving local and community health workers (L/CHWs) has been shown to be effective in many countries. This chapter covers the issue of L/CHW training to meet public health needs. As L/CHWs are usually recruited locally with varying background, effective training is therefore very important to ensure that L/CHWs have adequate competency to carry out basic tasks and specific functions to support health professionals in health service delivery. The training programme may cover core public health knowledge and disciplines plus general work competency such as communication and leadership skills. In addition to pre-service training, there should be regular in-service activities to update knowledge and skills and post-training support must be available.
Interstellar interferometry: precise curvature measurement from pulsar secondary spectra
Authors: Baker Daniel , Brisken Walter , van Kerkwijk Marten H , Main Robert , Pen Ue-Li , Sprenger Tim , Wucknitz Olaf 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The parabolic structure of the secondary or conjugate spectra of pulsars is often the result of isolated one-dimensional (or at least highly anisotropic) lenses in the interstellar medium (ISM). The curvature of these features contains information about the velocities of the Earth, ISM, and pulsar along the primary axis of the lens. As a result, measuring variations in the curvature over the course of a year, or the orbital period for pulsars in binaries, can constrain properties of the screen and pulsar. In particular, the pulsar distance and orbital inclination for binary systems can be found for multiple screens or systems with prior information on sin(i). By mapping the conjugate spectra into a space where the main arc and inverted arclets are straight lines, we are able to make use of the full information content from the inverted arclet curvatures, amplitudes, and phases using eigenvectors to uniquely and optimally retrieve phase information. This allows for a higher precision measurement than the standard Hough transform for systems where these features are available. Our technique also directly yields the best-fitting one-dimensional impulse response function for the interstellar lens given in terms of the Doppler shift, time delay, and magnification of images on the sky as seen from a single observatory. This can be extended for use in holographic imaging of the lens by combining multiple telescopes. We present examples of this new method for both simulated data and actual observations of PSR B0834+06.
On the orbital velocity of isolated galaxy pairs: a test of gravity in the low acceleration regime
Authors: Scarpa Riccardo , Falomo Renato , Treves Aldo 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The dynamics of isolated galaxy pairs represents an important tool to investigate the behaviour of gravity in the low acceleration regime. Statistical analysis of a large sample of galaxy pairs led to the noticeable discovery of a region of preferred 3-dimensional velocities centered at ∼150 and ∼100 km s−1 wide, a feature hard to justify in the context of numerical simulations of cosmological structure formation. It is shown here that such a feature is expected within the framework of the modified Newtonian dynamics, which, however, predicts it to be centered at ∼ 170 Km s−1.