bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching World Music
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
For teaching musicians and music educators who work in elementary, secondary, and tertiary teacher education programs, questions of cultural diversity and social justice have triggered the development of teaching models, methods, and movements. One such program is the week-long intensive course in World Music Pedagogy by the University of Washington in partnership with Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, a Smithsonian Institution nonprofit record label that documents music from across the world. The course features an examination of audio, video, print, electronic, and human resources, with the aim of learning as well as developing an understanding of ways to teach music of the world’s cultures. Attention is given to learning cultural heritage through songs, movement and dance experiences, instrumental music, and contextualized cultural components. Musical experiences are tailored for use at various levels, including in classes for children, youth, and adults in university and community settings. Going on ten years of development, the course has succeeded in offering pathways to teaching world music at all levels. It has also been a labor of love for those in education and ethnomusicology who have fashioned it, and who have lived the challenges of connecting ethnomusicological principles to classroom practice. This essay tells the story of a “two steps forward and one step back” in shaping music education practices that center on diversity, equity, and inclusion in the design, delivery, and full facilitation of lessons in music of the world’s cultures.
Farewell to Arms
Authors: Sen Rumela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
How do rebels give up arms and return to the political system that they once sought to overthrow? Policymakers often focus on incentives like cash and jobs to lure rebels away from extremism. From the rebels’ perspective, however, physical safety is more important than these livelihood options. Rebels quit extremist groups only when they know that they can disarm without getting killed in the process. This book shows that retiring Maoist rebels in India believe that they could lose their lives after they disarm, targeted either by enemies they made during their insurgent career or by their former comrades. However, the Indian state would lose nothing if it failed to keep its side of the bargain and protect disarmed rebels. This creates a problem of credible commitment, which, in the absence of institutional mechanisms, is addressed locally by informal exit networks that emerge from grassroots civic associations in the gray zones of state-insurgency interface. Maoist retirement is high in South India and low in the North due to emergence of two distinct types of exit networks in these two conflict locations. By showing that the type of exit network depends on local social bases of an insurgency and the ties of an insurgent organization to society, this book brings civil society into the study of insurgency in a theoretically coherent way.
Introduction
Authors: Sen Rumela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central empirical puzzle and the primary theoretical insight of the book. In course of several rounds of interviews, current and former Maoist rebels in North and South India shared that they were not able to quit the insurgent organization even if they wanted to. This was because they feared that they could be killed post-retirement, unarmed and defenseless, by either their former enemies or by their former comrades, while the Indian state would lose nothing for failing to protect them. This creates a problem of credible commitment in the process of surrender of rebels, which, this book shows, is resolved locally by informal exit networks, more proficiently in the South of India than in the North. This chapter also introduces the district-level data on surrender of Maoists and other testimonies from the conflict zone to illustrate the vast regional variation in retirement of Maoist rebels in North and South India.
Conclusion
Authors: Sen Rumela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the scope, conditions, and applicability of the theory of rebel retirement through informal exit networks beyond India. It considers the scholarly implications of this book on areas of conflict and peace studies, as well as for democratic consolidation in developing countries. It also examines how the North-South variation in India can suggest some actionable policy instruments to bring militant disengagement, particularly in cases where a ceasefire between the state and rebels has not produced complete demobilization of rebel groups. Policymakers concerned with weaning rebels away from extremism might therefore find these conclusions useful.
The “Secret Recipe” of Galápagos
Authors: Durham William H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Galápagos tortoises demonstrate the special “creative force” of evolution in the archipelago, having radiated into 15 species—each with a characteristic shell shape—within the last 3.2 million years. Formed over an active mid-ocean volcanic hotspot, Galápagos islands have also changed dramatically in the same period, providing new and diverse “petri dishes” for tortoise evolution. In these new homes, which are low, dry islands, where the tortoise’s main food is prickly pear cactus (which has concurrently evolved a protective treelike stature), tortoises evolved impressive new features, including saddlebacked shells and extra-long limbs. On all the islands where they occur, tortoises serve as “ecological engineers,” building suitable niches for themselves (and incidentally for other species). In the case of domed-shell tortoises, those niches include tortoise-maintained wallows, meadows, and migration trails. Heavily hunted in Galápagos history, most tortoise species are rebounding today, some from tortoises rediscovered in the novel places they had been carried by early mariners in their quest for food.
Epilogue
Authors: Halvorson Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the 1990s, the Republican Party embraced a deregulatory environmental agenda as a key element of its small government ideology. Taking advantage of systemic advantages at the federal level, the Republican Party has effectively blocked new legislative mandates for environmental interventions, most significantly around the looming catastrophe of climate change, despite popular support for government action. Despite their elegance as policy, cap-and-trade and other market-based solutions fail to provide environmental advocates with the right political vocabulary for the call to arms that this present moment demands. Instead, we should look back to the modern environmental movement of the 1960s and its powerful notion of a natural right to clean air and a healthy environment.
Money, Money Everywhere but Did It Make Any Difference?
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The cost of winning a congressional seat has increased so dramatically that candidates must, on average, raise and spend more than one million dollars. Yet, significant changes are evident in the campaign financial domain. Candidates and their contributors are less prominent factors in the money train. Hundreds of groups, committees, and organizations are spending millions of dollars to push messages, support friends, and defeat partisan foes. Although some resources on the financing of the contests appear in previous chapters, given the record-setting amounts spent in these special elections, Chapter 5 is devoted exclusively to an examination of where the money came from and what it was used for. Republicans tried to make the source of mammoth Democratic funding—most of which came from out of state—an issue.
Wrapping Up
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 summarizes the key findings reported from the case studies involving contests in Georgia, Kansas, South Carolina, Montana, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Ohio, and Alabama, and quantitative analyses of almost three hundred special elections to Congress. Review of these special elections points to generalizations about the factors that lead to successes in these contests, and also how a political party might proceed if it hopes to win a seat away from the opposite party.
Introduction
Authors: Parr Sean M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Introduction sets forth a brief history of coloratura singing and identifies historical questions, issues, and contexts in scholarly literature. From opera’s origins, composers employed melismatic text treatment to highlight a singer’s agility, range, and the character’s emotional intensity, as well as for frequent moments of word painting. This tradition of solo singing was still prominent during the “bel canto” period of the early nineteenth century when composers employed coloratura vocal writing as part of normal melodic text treatment. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, coloratura was a rare feature in operatic vocal writing. Coloratura also shifted to the domain of female singers, and often particular sopranos. In providing a historical context for the study of singing, gender, and nineteenth-century opera, the author proposes that the increasing specificity of coloratura led to its eventual identity as a voice-type, becoming an indicator of the modern.
To Savor the Meaning
Authors: Reich James D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Medieval Kashmir in its golden age saw the development of some of the most sophisticated theories of language, literature, and emotion articulated in the pre-modern world. These theories, enormously influential on the later intellectual history of South Asia, were written at a time when religious education was ubiquitous among intellectuals, and when religious philosophies were hotly and publicly debated. It was also a time of deep inter-religious influence and borrowing, when traditions intermixed and intellectuals pushed the boundaries of their own inheritance by borrowing ideas from many different places—even from their rivals. To Savor the Meaning examines the overlap of literary theory and religious philosophy in this period by looking at debates about how poetry communicates emotions to its readers, what it is readers do when they savor these emotions, and why this might be valuable. Focusing on the work of three influential figures—Ānandavardhana (ca. 850 ce), Abhinavagupta (ca. 1000 ce), and the somewhat lesser known theorist Mahimabhaṭṭa (ca. 1050 ce)—this book gives a broad introduction to their ideas and reveals new, important, and previously overlooked aspects of their work and their debates, placing them within the wider context of the religious philosophies current in Kashmir at the time, and showing that their ideas cannot be fully understood in isolation from this broader context.
Abhinavagupta’s Literary Theory
Authors: Reich James D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Building on the background laid out in Chapter 2, this chapter gives an analysis of Abhinavagupta’s literary theory, which is framed as a defense of Ānandavardhana’s theory of poetic manifestation, but which changes that theory in important ways. The chapter explores Abhinavagupta’s relationship to the earlier theorist Bhaṭṭanāyaka and shows that Abhinavagupta’s literary theory is laid out along a broad structural parallel between, on the one hand, Śiva, the world, and the yogin who attains enlightenment, and on the other, poet, poem, and connoisseur. The chapter shows that many key elements of Abhinavagupta’s theory, such as the specifically pleasurable nature of literary experience, his account of poetic creativity, and his insistence that literary emotions cannot be encountered as objects, are only fully intelligible when seen against the background of his broader ideas about the nature of God and the universe.
Mahimabhaṭṭa on Literary Knowing
Authors: Reich James D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins Part II of the book, which is a three-chapter exploration of the work of Mahimabhaṭṭa, who lived and wrote around the end of Abhinavagupta’s life and attempted to refute the theory of poetic manifestation. Instead of poetic manifestation, Mahimabhaṭṭa argues that literature and the emotions it depicts are always understood through a process of inference, and Mahimabhaṭṭa grounds his theory of inference in the work of the Buddhist philosopher Dharmakīrti, despite himself being a Śaiva. This chapter provides an overview of Dharmakīrti’s philosophy, and explores Mahimabhaṭṭa’s use of Dharmakīrti to explain inference, as well as the influence of Dharmakīrti on Mahimabhaṭṭa’s understanding of language. It also begins collecting evidence to argue that Mahimabhaṭṭa has Abhinavagupta in mind as a target of critique, alongside Ānandavardhana.
Denying to the Grave
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book explores the many reasons why people refuse to acknowledge scientific evidence when making health decisions, looking at key drivers of science denial. It examines the psychology and neurobiology of poor health decisions and irrational health beliefs, arguing that in many cases the psychological impulses under discussion are adaptive but are often applied in a maladaptive way. The book also argues that without proper knowledge of the psychological and biological underpinnings of irrational health decisions and beliefs, we as a society cannot design any strategy that will alleviate the problem. It then offers a method of combatting poor health decision-making. This method provides guidance on how to encourage people to adopt a more scientific viewpoint without discounting or trying to eliminate their valuable emotional responses.
Introduction
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In 2014, a deadly epidemic of Ebola hemorrhagic fever ravaged three countries in West Africa. While the disease barely hit the United States, it caused widespread panic that sometimes threatened the safety of African immigrants in the United States. Five years later, a global pandemic of a novel coronavirus, later named COVID-19, quickly picked up speed around the world. In the face of a serious and very real threat, many Americans ignored the warnings and a vocal minority even insisted that the pandemic was not real. While the particulars of each of these examples might be quite different, they have something very important in common: science denial. This introductory chapter provides an overview of how such widespread science denialist views come into existence and how they spread. The authors outline the eight chapters of this book, which go into depth on different psychological mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Finally, they provide a preview of some of the solutions we have devised in response to this grave problem.
Introduction: Native Americans’ Urban Frontiers
Authors: Calloway Colin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the phenomenon of Indian people being present in early American cities, contrary to popular assumptions and academic depictions of them as an anomaly in urban life. It argues that early American cities constituted a “frontier” for Indian people who went there, where they experienced close contact with colonists and indirect contact with the Atlantic world. The chapter considers early Native American travel across the Atlantic, to London in particular, as well as varieties of Indigenous leadership as context for understanding the roles of those who were designated chiefs in the cities. It also discusses the nature and limitations of the sources, and the insights into early American society provided by Indigenous comments and critiques.
Coming to Town
Authors: Calloway Colin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter discusses why and when Indian delegations went to cities. To demonstrate that Indian visitors were a regular and frequent presence, it provides multiple examples of Indian delegations to colonial and early Republic cities. It describes their experiences on the road, the receptions they received, and the measures colonial officials took to ensure that their visits were positive. It considers delegates’ initial responses to the urban environment. As a case study, the second part of the chapter focuses on the history of Creek delegations to colonial cities, culminating in the famous state visit in 1790 by Alexander McGillivray and some two dozen Creek chiefs to the then capital, New York City.
Taking Their Lives in Their Hands
Authors: Calloway Colin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Death and disease were commonplace in early America, and particularly so in Indian country. Yet Indian delegates who traveled to early cities often put themselves at even greater risk, as they entered port city environments rife with imported diseases such as smallpox and yellow fever. A survey of health conditions and outbreaks of epidemics in the key cities shows they were not safe spaces for anyone. Although colonial authorities and Indian delegations took precautions, many delegations nevertheless suffered losses when they were in town. When prominent chiefs died, government officials often provided public funerals, sometimes attended by thousands of citizens.
Africanness in Action
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book discusses how musicians from Bahia, an emblematic African diasporic location in northeastern Brazil, think about, discuss, compose, rehearse, perform, and stage music inspired by what they perceive to be their own African ancestry. It argues that these musicians assert Afro-Brazilian identities and connect to the African continent and other diasporic places by creatively engaging essentialized notions about African music and culture: instead of mechanically reproducing these tropes, they emphasize them or downplay them. The book theorizes these preconceived notions about African music, culture, and performance as tropes of Africanness, emphasizing that they exist in two interrelated realms: as essentialist ideas in discourse and as concrete practices and sounds. Six commonly encountered tropes of African music are analyzed: the notions that its most important parameter is rhythm and that it is dominated by percussion; that it is meant to be danced to or deeply embodied rather than intellectualized; that it always touches on the sacred; that it is spontaneous and improvisatory; and that it reflects communalism rather than individualism. Through four case studies from Bahia (a jazz big band called Orkestra Rumpilezz, a symphony orchestra called the Orquestra Afrosinfônica, and two berimbau orchestras led by capoeira practitioners), the book demonstrates the nuances of musical creation in the African diaspora, acknowledging the genuine impact that essentialisms have on Bahian music while showing that they may not be an essential part of the musicians’ African roots.
The Flesh of the Word
Authors: Drake K.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The extra Calvinisticum, that the eternal Son maintains his existence beyond the flesh during his earthly ministry and perpetually, divided the Lutheran and Reformed traditions during the Reformation. This book explores the emergence and development of the extra Calvinisticum in the Reformed tradition by tracing its exposition from Ulrich Zwingli to early Reformed orthodoxy. Rather than being an ancillary issue, the questions surrounding the extra Calvinisticum were a determinative factor in the differentiation of Magisterial Protestantism into rival confessions. Reformed theologians maintained this doctrine in order to preserve the integrity of Christ’s divine and human natures as the mediator between God and humanity. This rationale remained consistent across this period, with increasing elaboration and sophistication to meet the challenges leveled against the doctrine in Lutheran polemics. The study begins with Zwingli’s early use of the extra Calvinisticum in the eucharistic controversy with Martin Luther and especially as the alternative to Luther’s doctrine of the ubiquity of Christ’s human body. Over time, Reformed theologians, such as Peter Martyr Vermigli and Antoine de Chandieu, articulated the extra Calvinisticum with increasing rigor by incorporating conciliar christology, the church fathers, and scholastic methodology to address the polemical needs of engagement with Lutheranism. The book illustrates the development of christological doctrine by Reformed theologians offering a coherent historical narrative of Reformed christology from its emergence into the period of confessionalization. The extra Calvinisticum was interconnected to broader concerns affecting concepts of the union of Christ’s natures, the communication of attributes, and the understanding of heaven.
Introduction
Authors: Drake K.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This introduction presents the state of the question of the extra Calvinisticum in contemporary scholarship, defines the term and concept of the extra, and lays out the plan and method of the study. Previous scholarship has unduly focused on the doctrine of the extra in John Calvin to the neglect of other figures in the sixteenth century and largely failed to account for the historical context of polemics with Lutheranism. This book seeks to answer two main questions: When and why did Reformed theologians first articulate the extra, and how did the form and function of the extra Calvinisticum develop over the course of the sixteenth century? This work goes beyond previous studies by extending the discussion beyond Calvin by investigating the formulation and rationale for the doctrine in the works of Ulrich Zwingli and Peter Martyr Vermigli and in Reformed orthodoxy.
Jesus and the University
Authors: Heft James L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter asks why faculty at Catholic universities hardly ever find in Jesus an intellectual resource for their academic work. It explores how within Catholicism the theological reality of Jesus and his life, death, and resurrection have consequences for all the academic disciplines. It revisits the tension of Jerusalem (faith) and Athens (reason) and argues that that tension is creative but should never be dichotomized. It also traces the development of Christian humanism, the power and current shape of secularizing forces, the challenges presented by scientism and postmodernism, and the resources within the Catholic intellectual tradition to respond to those challenges: faith and reason, community, and a sacramental sense.
Mary and the Intellectual Life
Authors: Heft James L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
If Jesus could become human only through the consent of a woman, what importance does Mary of Nazareth shed on education, art, matrilineal traditions, feminist concerns, and admission of women to the academy? What does the New Testament, art, poetry, and philosophy tell us about the connection between the feminine and wisdom? Is not wisdom the final goal of all education worthy of the name?
Bishops and Theologians
Authors: Heft James L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the distinct roles of theologians and bishops in the Catholic Church, and how these roles changed from monastic to academic theologians with the birth of universities in the thirteenth century. After looking at the impact of the Protestant Reformation, French Revolution, and modern secularism, the chapter presents cases of how the tension between theologians and bishops has been dynamic (positive) and destructive (negative). The chapter concludes with several ways that bishops and theologians might interact positively.