bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent trends and role of large area flexible electronics in shape sensing application – a review
Authors: Shaik Riyaz Ali , Rufus Elizabeth 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to review the shape sensing techniques using large area flexible electronics (LAFE). Shape perception of humanoid robots using tactile data is mainly focused.

Design/methodology/approach
Research papers on different shape sensing methodologies of objects with large area, published in the past 15 years, are reviewed with emphasis on contact-based shape sensors. Fiber optics based shape sensing methodology is discussed for comparison purpose.

Findings
LAFE-based shape sensors of humanoid robots incorporating advanced computational data handling techniques such as neural networks and machine learning (ML) algorithms are observed to give results with best resolution in 3D shape reconstruction.

Research limitations/implications
The literature review is limited to shape sensing application either two- or three-dimensional (3D) LAFE. Optical shape sensing is briefly discussed which is widely used for small area. Optical scanners provide the best 3D shape reconstruction in the noncontact-based shape sensing; here this paper focuses only on contact-based shape sensing.

Practical implications
Contact-based shape sensing using polymer nanocomposites is a very economical solution as compared to optical 3D scanners. Although optical 3D scanners can provide a high resolution and fast scan of the 3D shape of the object, they require line of sight and complex image reconstruction algorithms. Using LAFE larger objects can be scanned with ML and basic electronic circuitory, which reduces the price hugely.

Social implications
LAFE can be used as a wearable sensor to monitor critical biological parameters. They can be used to detect shape of large body parts and aid in designing prosthetic devices. Tactile sensing in humanoid robots is accomplished by electronic skin of the robot which is a prime example of human–machine interface at workplace.

Originality/value
This paper reviews a unique feature of LAFE in shape sensing of large area objects. It provides insights from mechanical, electrical, hardware and software perspective in the sensor design. The most suitable approach for large object shape sensing using LAFE is also suggested.
Natural resource governance, accountability and legitimising propensity: insights from Ghana's oil and gas sector
Authors: Asare Emmanuel , Burton Bruce , Dunne Theresa 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThis study explores Ghanaian views about accountability discharge by firms and government in the context of the nation's newly discovered oil and gas resources. The research focusses on a range of issues relating to stakeholder interaction, communication flows and the impact of decision-making on Ghanaian lives, as perceived by individuals on the ground.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adapts elements of legitimacy theory to interpret the outcome of a series of semi-structured interviews with members of key accountee and accountor groups including citizens and representatives of the state and private firms in the oil and gas industry in Ghana.FindingsThe results indicate that rather than attempting to effect substantive accountability discharge, Ghana's government and oil and gas firms employ a wide range of legitimation strategies despite the apparently complete absence of the accountee power normally seen as driving the need for social contract repair.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings suggest that accountability discharge in Ghana is cursory at best, with several legitimising strategies in evidence. The representatives from state institutions appear to share some of the concerns, suggesting that the problems are entrenched and will require robust enforcement of a strengthened regulatory approach to effect meaningful change.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature on the discharge of institutional accountability by building on earlier conceptualisations of legitimacy theory to explore perceptions around a recent natural resource discovery. The analysis highlights grave concerns regarding the behaviour of state and corporate actors, one that runs counter to sub-Saharan African tradition.
Mergers may enhance the legitimacy of community health organisations in neoliberal environments
Authors: Roussy Veronique , Russell Grant , Livingstone Charles , Riley Therese 
Published: March 2021

PurposeComprehensive primary health care (PHC) models are seldom implemented in high income countries, in part due to their contested legitimacy in neoliberal policy environments. This article explores how merging affected the perceived legitimacy of independent community health organisations in Victoria, Australia, in providing comprehensive PHC services.Design/methodology/approachA longitudinal follow-up study (2–3 years post-merger) of two amalgamations among independent community health organisations from the state of Victoria, Australia, was conducted. This article explores the perceived effects of merging on (1) the pragmatic, normative and cognitive legitimacy of studied organisations and (2) the collective legitimacy of these organisations in Victoria's health care system. Data were collected through 19 semi-structured interviews with key informants and subjected to template and thematic analyses.FindingsMerging enabled individual organisations to gain greater overall legitimacy as regional providers of comprehensive PHC services and thus retain some capacity to operationalise a social model of health. Normative legitimacy was most enhanced by merging, through acquisition of a large organisational size and adoption of business practices favoured by neoliberal norms. However, mergers may have destabilised the already contested cognitive legitimacy of community health services as a group of organisations and as a comprehensible state-wide platform of service delivery.Practical implicationsOver-reliance on individual organisational behaviour to maintain the legitimacy of comprehensive PHC as a model of organising health and social care could lead to inequities in access to such models across communities.Originality/valueThis study shows that organisations can manage their perceived legitimacy in order to ensure the survival of their preferred model of service delivery.
Realities of illusion: tracing an anthropology of the unreal from Torres Strait to virtual reality
Authors: Messeri Lisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article examines how perceptual illusions become reliable markers of truth in the context of experimental psychology. As laboratory tools, illusions travel across time, place, and media: from the Torres Strait expedition at the close of the nineteenth century to a contemporary psychology lab that utilizes virtual reality. In this historical and ethnographic study, something that might otherwise be considered misleading (illusion) becomes an epistemological guide. Illusion takes on a reality and in so doing raises questions about what ought and ought not to be considered real. This research thus joins other anthropologies that expand what counts as ‘the real’. These anthropologies of the unreal are proliferating of late and breathe hope back into human and nonhuman futures by reconsidering what constitutes being in the world. The reality of illusion highlights a phenomenological position in which reality is the world as perceptually experienced. Further, as this investigation unfolds in the laboratory, it becomes clear that the unreal is not set apart from but incorporated into knowledge systems.
Towards understanding bold behaviour of large carnivores: the case of brown bears in human‐modified landscapes
Authors: Bombieri G. , Penteriani V , Delgado M. del Mar , Groff C. , Pedrotti L. , Jerina K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHuman–wildlife conflicts sometimes involve bold animals that do not fear humans and their activities. Such behaviour is detrimental to both wildlife and people and may lead to conflicts, which can be especially serious for large carnivores. Like most wildlife, these species have adapted to live in highly humanized landscapes by adopting human avoidance behaviours. However, bold individuals exist, which represent a main cause of conflicts, public fear and negative attitudes, that greatly influence management and conservation actions. Although costly decisions are constantly made to deal with such individuals, evidence‐based knowledge of their behaviour, that is how and when they move, especially in relation to human activities, is lacking. We analysed telemetry data of brown bears (Ursus arctos) that were GPS‐collared across Slovenia and Trentino (Italy) to explore spatial behaviour and rhythms of activity of bears that were identified as bold by managers and to assess if and how their behaviour differs from that of their ‘non‐bold’ conspecifics (hereafter, control individuals). Because other factors such as sex and age of the bear, season, daytime and region may affect behaviour, we also included these variables in our analyses. On one hand, bold bears were more active at the daytime and used open areas considerably more often than control bears. On the other hand, although differences in distance to settlements and roads, movement rates and daily home ranges were also found, they were not as pronounced as expected. Instead, other factors were found to affect bear behaviour and, most importantly, we found strong inter‐individual differences in all behaviours. Such results suggest that, although bold bears have some behavioural attributes in common that distinguish them from control bears, each individual differs from one another. Our study represents a first step towards understanding bold bears’ behaviour and provide novel evidence‐based knowledge that can help to better know and manage these individuals.
Origin and distribution of facial nerve anatomy in van cats
Authors: Nur İsmail Hakkı , Pérez William , König Horst Erich 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study aims to reveal the morphological properties of facial nerve and the middle ear in Van cats. Study material was composed of 6 female Van cats. Dissections were performed under a Zoom Stereo Microscope. There was no plexus buccalis in Van cats. The chorda tympani was observed to pass through an opening in the tympanic cavity, emerge through a small opening just behind the retroarticular process, and join the lingual nerve. A rounded anatomical formation with a size of 2.75 ± 0.3 mm was found to be located within the mastoid process of the temporal bone between the facial nerve and the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. The stapes nerve was not present. The geniculate ganglion was very prominent and about 1.00 mm high. The deep petrosal nerve was observed to emerge from the plexus tympanicus. The bulla tympanica was 18.96 ± 0.10 mm long, 13.03 ± 0.20 mm wide and 13.16 ± 0.20 mm high. After leaving the mandibular nerve, the n.tensoris tympani coursed caudally around the a.maxillaris, formed an ansa, entered the tympanic cavity through the canalis musculotubarius and reached an end in the m. tensor tympani. Due to the scarcity of studies on the middle ears of Van cats, it is thought that this study will fill a gap in the field of veterinary anatomy.
Exploring patterns of personal alarm system use and impacts on outcomes
Authors: Andrew Nadine E. , Wang Yun , Teo Ken , Callisaya Michele L. , Moran Christopher , Snowdon David A. , Ellmers Sonya , Beare Richard , Richardson Dean , Srikanth Velandai 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo describe the patterns of personal emergency response systems (PERS) use in a statewide cohort of older Australians.MethodsPERS data from clients enrolled in the Personal Alarm Victoria program between January 2014 and June 2017 were analysed. Alarm activation reasons were extracted, and a medical record audit was performed for a sub‐cohort of patients admitted to a local hospital following an alarm event. Descriptive statistics were used.ResultsThere were 42,180 clients enrolled during the study (mean age 80 years, 80% female, 93% living alone). An ambulance attended 44% of the fall‐related events and 81% of events coded as unwell. Activation reasons were distributed equally between a fall and feeling unwell, and a repeating pattern of activation reasons was observed. In our sub‐cohort (n = 92), the majority of admissions (86%) followed an alarm activation coded as unwell.ConclusionWe demonstrated recurring patterns associated with the reasons for alarm use.
Classroom‐based physical activity and math performance: Integrated physical activity or not?
Authors: Mavilidi Myrto F. , Vazou Spyridoula 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimThis 8‐week intervention examined the effect of two different types of classroom‐based physical activity on math performance in elementary school children.MethodsStudents in 4th and 5th grade (N = 560; 32 classes, 9–11 years old) from six schools were assigned to integrated physical activity (Move for Thought [M4T], n = 221), activity break (AB; n = 134) and a control group (n = 205; usual instruction) for eight weeks. Students completed a standardised math test before and after the intervention. Programme fidelity was measured with a teacher daily log, recording the duration and frequency of the physical activity sessions. Linear mixed models were used for the analyses. Grade and gender were explored as moderators.ResultsMove for Thought group outperformed AB (p < 0.001, d = 0.44) and control groups (p = 0.013, d = 0.38). However, subgroup analyses showed that these effects were evident only in Grade 4. No gender differences were found. Intervention fidelity showed that the classroom‐based physical activities (M4T and AB) were used about every other day, with higher implementation among 4th graders.ConclusionThis study indicated that integrating physical activity with mathematics has stronger effects on mathematics than activity breaks and traditional instruction.
Serpin neuropathology in the P497S UBQLN2 mouse model of ALS/FTD
Authors: Higgins Nicole R. , Greenslade Jessie E. , Wu Josephine J. , Miranda Elena , Galliciotti Giovanna , Monteiro Mervyn J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests X‐linked dominant mutations in UBQLN2 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) through both loss‐ and gain‐of‐function mechanisms. However, the mechanisms by which the mutations cause disease are still unclear. The goal of the study was to uncover the possible pathomechanism(s) by which UBQLN2 mutations cause ALS/FTD. An analysis of proteomic changes in neuronal tissue was used to identify proteins with altered accumulation in the P497S UBQLN2 transgenic mouse model of ALS/FTD. We then used immunocytochemistry and biochemical techniques to confirm protein changes in the mutant P497S mice. Additionally, we used cell lines inactivated of UBQLN2 expression to determine whether its loss underlies the alteration in the proteins seen in P497S mice. The proteome screen identified a dramatic alteration of serine protease inhibitor (serpin) proteins in the mutant P497S animals. Double immunofluorescent staining of brain and spinal cord tissues of the mutant and control mice revealed an age‐dependent change in accumulation of Serpin A1, C1, and I1 in puncta whose staining colocalized with UBQLN2 puncta in the mutant P497S mice. Serpin A1 aggregation in P497S animals was confirmed by biochemical extraction and filter retardation assays. A similar phenomenon of serpin protein aggregation was found in HeLa and NSC34 motor neuron cells with inactivated UBQLN2 expression. We found aberrant aggregation of serpin proteins, particularly Serpin A1, in the brain and spinal cord of the P497S UBQLN2 mouse model of ALS/FTD. Similar aggregation of serpin proteins was found in UBQLN2 knockout cells suggesting that serpin aggregation in the mutant P497S animals may stem from loss of UBQLN2 function. Because serpin aggregation is known to cause disease through both loss‐ and gain‐of‐function mechanisms, we speculate that their accumulation in the P497S mouse model of ALS/FTD may contribute to disease pathogenesis through similar mechanism(s).
Automated assessment of cortical mastoidectomy performance in virtual reality
Authors: Wijewickrema Sudanthi , Talks Benjamin James , Lamtara Jesslyn , Gerard Jean‐Marc , O’Leary Stephen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionCortical mastoidectomy is a core skill that Otolaryngology trainees must gain competency in. Automated competency assessments have the potential to reduce assessment subjectivity and bias, as well as reducing the workload for surgical trainers.ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop and validate an automated competency assessment system for cortical mastoidectomy.ParticipantsData from 60 participants (Group 1) were used to develop and validate an automated competency assessment system for cortical mastoidectomy. Data from 14 other participants (Group 2) were used to test the generalisability of the automated assessment.DesignParticipants drilled cortical mastoidectomies on a virtual reality temporal bone simulator. Procedures were graded by a blinded expert using the previously validated Melbourne Mastoidectomy Scale: a different expert assessed procedures by Groups 1 and 2. Using data from Group 1, simulator metrics were developed to map directly to the individual items of this scale. Metric value thresholds were calculated by comparing automated simulator metric values to expert scores. Binary scores per item were allocated using these thresholds. Validation was performed using random sub‐sampling. The generalisability of the method was investigated by performing the automated assessment on mastoidectomies performed by Group 2, and correlating these with scores of a second blinded expert.ResultsThe automated binary score compared with the expert score per item had an accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 0.9450, 0.9547 and 0.9343, respectively, for Group 1; and 0.8614, 0.8579 and 0.8654, respectively, for Group 2. There was a strong correlation between the total scores per participant assigned by the expert and calculated by the automatic assessment method for both Group 1 (r = .9144, P < .0001) and Group 2 (r = .7224, P < .0001).ConclusionThis study outlines a virtual reality‐based method of automated assessment of competency in cortical mastoidectomy, which proved comparable to the assessment provided by human experts.
Right ventricular pressure–volume loop produced with simultaneous application of three‐dimensional echocardiography and high‐fidelity micromanometry in a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Nakaya Toshitaka , Tsujino Ichizo , Nakamura Junichi , Chiba Yasuyuki , Iwano Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccurate assessment of right ventricular (RV) function has received a growing attention. Pressure–volume (PV) loop analysis is the gold standard method for evaluating RV function; however, it is not widely employed because of its invasive nature and complexity. The present report is the first to have drawn a RV PV loop in a patient with pulmonary hypertension, with a simultaneous recording of RV pressure and volume using high‐fidelity micromanometry and three‐dimensional echocardiography. This allows for less invasive and simple assessment of RV function, potentially promoting better understanding and management of pulmonary hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
Anti‐herbivore silicon defences in a model grass are greatest under Miocene levels of atmospheric CO2
Authors: Biru Fikadu N. , Islam Tarikul , Cibils‐Stewart Ximena , Cazzonelli Christopher I. , Elbaum Rivka , Johnson Scott N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSilicon (Si) has an important role in mitigating diverse biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, mainly via the silicification of plant tissues. Environmental changes such as atmospheric CO2concentrations may affect grass Si concentrations which, in turn, can alter herbivore performance. We recently demonstrated that pre‐industrial atmospheric CO2increased Si accumulation inBrachypodium distachyongrass, yet the patterns of Si deposition in leaves and whether this affects insect herbivore performance remains unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether CO2‐driven changes in Si accumulation are linked to changes in gas exchange (e.g. transpiration rates). We therefore investigated how pre‐industrial (reduced; rCO2, 200 ppm), ambient (aCO2, 410 ppm) and elevated (eCO2, 640 ppm) CO2concentrations, in combination with Si‐treatment (Si+ or Si−), affected Si accumulation inB. distachyonand its subsequent effect on the performance of the global insect pest,Helicoverpa armigera. rCO2increased Si concentrations by 29% and 36% compared to aCO2and eCO2respectively. These changes were not related to observed changes in gas exchange under different CO2regimes, however. The increased Si accumulation under rCO2decreased herbivore relative growth rate (RGR) by 120% relative to eCO2,whereas rCO2caused herbivore RGR to decrease by 26% compared to eCO2. Si supplementation also increased the density of macrohairs, silica and prickle cells, which was associated with reduced herbivore performance. There was a negative correlation among macrohair density, silica cell density, prickle cell density and herbivore RGR under rCO2suggesting that these changes in leaf surface morphology were linked to reduced performance under this CO2regime. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that increased Si accumulation under pre‐industrial CO2reduces insect herbivore performance. Contrastingly, we found reduced Si accumulation under higher CO2, which suggests that some grasses may become more susceptible to insect herbivores under projected climate change scenarios.
Photocatalytic performance of Fe‐substituted ZnAl2O4 powders under sunlight irradiation on degradation of industrial dyes
Authors: Tangcharoen Thanit , T‐Thienprasert Jiraroj , Kongmark Chanapa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUsing the sol–gel auto combustion method with diethanolamine (DEA) as fuel, a sequence of iron‐substituted zinc aluminates, ZnFexAl2‐xO4 powders, including variable Fe3+ ion concentrations (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) were effectively prepared. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were employed to examine the structures, chemical bonds, morphologies, composition, surface area, and optical properties as well as the magnetic behavior of the obtained samples. A single‐phase spinel structure was obtained for the calcined aluminate powders with different interplanar spacing and crystallite sizes, as revealed by the classification results. The bandgap energy (Eg) of adapted aluminates was in the range of 2.04‐3.14 eV, identified as being much lower compared to the pure sample (5.60 eV). Thus, Fe3+‐substituted ZnAl2O4 samples could be successfully photoexcited using both ultraviolet and visible light, as suggested by the results. Examination of how the four main pollutant types decay when irradiated by sunlight was carried out to assess the samples and establish photocatalytic activity. These contaminants included rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and methyl red (MR). The performance of photocatalytic degradation reached 98% after 150 min for all optimal samples of organic dyes. Besides, each of the altered photocatalysts could be recycled and displayed high stability. The S‐shaped curve of ferrimagnetism can result in those samples as found by the magnetic measurements, though pure ZnAl2O4 displays diamagnetic characteristics. The adapted samples show intense improvement in the remanent magnetization (Mr) when compared to pure ZnAl2O4, signifying that magnetic photocatalyst recovery by applying an external magnetic field is easy. Thus, these results offer a convincing sign that ZnAl2O4 powders replaced by Fe3+ could provide the ability to aid in the ecologically friendly collection of solar energy.