bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Alkalosis
Authors: Chebib Fouad T 
Published: January 2021

Metabolic alkalosis is a common clinical problem encountered by the nephrologist. An understanding of the pathogenesis of this electrolyte disorder, which includes a generative and a maintenance phase, is essential to elucidating the etiology and deciding on the appropriate treatment. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by an increase in pH, a decrease in [H+], and an increase in [HCO3–]. The generative phase of metabolic alkalosis involves either loss of acid (e.g., gastrointestinal losses), gain of bicarbonate (e.g., antacids), or cellular shift (e.g., hypokalemia). The maintenance phase involves impairment of the renal handling of bicarbonate (decreased glomerular filtration, increased bicarbonate tubular reabsorption). We discuss the different etiologies, such as chloride depletion (e.g., vomiting), potassium depletion (e.g., primary hyperaldosteronism), and hypercalcemic states (e.g., milk-alkali syndrome). This review also discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and prognosis of metabolic alkalosis. A diagnostic algorithm based on volume status and urine electrolytes will help differentiate the different etiologies. Treatment options are summarized based on chloride-sensitive or chloride-resistant metabolic alkalosis.

This review contains 5 figures, 3 tables and 12 references
Key words: chloride resistance, chloride sensitivity, generative phase, maintenance phase, metabolic alkalosis, syndromes with metabolic alkalosis
Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis
Authors: O’Brien Barbara , Willner Emily 
Published: January 2021

Prenatal genetic testing offers patients and providers the opportunity to screen for aneuploidy, genetic syndromes, and congenital malformations during pregnancy. Screening options include taking a clinical history, evaluation of maternal serum markers or noninvasive cell-free DNA, and ultrasound evaluation during the first and second trimesters. Invasive diagnostic testing such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling allows for further investigation of positive screening results and a directed test to identify aneuploidy as well as specific gene mutations and gain, loss, or rearrangement of genetic information. Laboratory methods for testing fetal samples differ by types of genetic abnormalities that can be detected and turnaround time for results; these methods include karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and microarray.

This review contains 5 figures, 5 tables and 43 references
Key words: amniocentesis, aneuploidy, cell-free DNA, chorionic villus sampling, karyotype, microarray, prenatal genetic screening, ultrasonography
Trauma to the Abdomen and Pelvis
Authors: Basrai Zahir , Jang Timothy , Celedon Manuel 
Published: January 2021

Abdominal trauma accounts for approximately 12% of all trauma. The evaluation of abdominal trauma is difficult as the patient may have concomitant distracting injuries or alteration of mental status. As a result, a systematic approach to abdominal trauma is needed to ensure that life threatening injuries are not missed. The evaluation and management of abdominal trauma is directed by the Western and Eastern Trauma Association guidelines. Trauma to the abdomen is divided into two main categories, penetrating and blunt. The initial steps in management of both types are determined by the hemodynamic stability of the patient. Unstable patients with either pattern of injury are emergently taken to the operating room (OR) for exploration. Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) is being used at select trauma centers in unstable patients with abdominal trauma that are unresponsive to standard trauma resuscitation. For hemodynamically stable patient with penetrating trauma, recent data on selective non-operative management has shown promising outcomes. Patients with tenuous hemodynamics and blunt abdominal trauma are resuscitated with blood transfusions while being worked up by a Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam or deep peritoneal lavage (DPL). If the patient stabilizes further work up with labs and imaging is performed. Patients that remain tenuous should be taken to the OR. Hemodynamically stable patients with blunt trauma and evidence of peritonitis on exam can be evaluated with labs and imaging to assess for organ injury. Non- tender patients can be evaluated with labs and serial abdominal exams. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) organ injury scales are used to guide the definitive management of patients with intraabdominal injury. The Young-Burgess Classification System can be used to characterize pelvic fractures and to guide stabilization and definitive management. Tables demonstrate the AAST Injury Scales for the different abdominal organs. Images demonstrate the FAST exam and CT findings for different abdominal organs.

This review contains 14 figures, 6 tables and 48 references
Key Words: Abdominal Trauma, Penetrating Trauma, Blunt Trauma, FAST exam, Liver Trauma, Splenic Trauma, Intestinal Trauma, Pancreatic Trauma, Diaphragmatic Trauma, Aortic Trauma, Pelvic Fracture, Deep peritoneal lavage, DPL, Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma, REBOA, Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta
Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Authors: Hensley Patrick J , Lai H. Henry , Erickson Deborah R 
Published: January 2021

This article describes a practical framework for the evaluation and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), based on and expanding from the American Urological Association (AUA) guideline. The key points in evaluation are (1) to recognize confusable diseases or comorbid disorders that require separate treatments, and (2) to recognize patient subtypes that require specialized treatment approaches (eg, pelvic pain and beyond, polysymptomatic and polysyndromic types, and patients with Hunner lesions). Treatment begins with education, including diet, stress reduction, and other self-care strategies, which have proven efficacy and are first line in the AUA guideline. Second-tier treatments include oral and intravesical medications. Further, the AUA guideline states that physical therapy should be offered to patients with pelvic floor tenderness if a qualified therapist is available. For Hunner lesions, the initial recommended treatment is cystoscopy with fulguration or triamcinolone injection. Higher-tier treatments, which involve more risks, include hydrodistention, bladder botulinum toxin injection, sacral nerve stimulation, and oral cyclosporine A. The article includes a practical algorithm to help clinicians organize their thoughts while evaluating and starting therapy for patients with IC/BPS.

This review contains 4 figures, 4 tables, and 64 references.
Key Words: bladder pain syndrome, Hunner lesion, interstital cystitis, polysymptomatic, polysyndromic, pelvic floor dysfuction, vulvodynia
El emprendimiento social de base universitaria en Latinoamérica: caso Zacatecas, México
Authors: Bañuelos García Víctor Hugo , García Martínez Flor de María , Álvarez Diez Rubén Carlos 
Published: January 2021

La globalización exige que los egresados de la educación superior cuenten con habilidades que impacten en el desarrollo económico. Y una de las habilidades más apreciadas actualmente es el emprendimiento social. La presente investigación está precedida por el trabajo denominado El emprendimiento social de base universitaria en Latinoamérica, en el cual se encontró que solo 3.4 % de los 5243 estudiantes encuestados de 26 universidades de ocho países está liderando algún emprendimiento social, esto a pesar de que 62 % desea hacerlo. El propósito del presente estudio fue comparar los resultados del contexto internacional con el local. Para ello, se partió del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales usado en el estudio previo. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 301 alumnos de la Unidad Académica de Contaduría y Administración de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. En los resultados se encontró que solo 0.7 % de ellos lidera un emprendimiento social. Se concluye que falta mucho por hacer por parte de la institución educativa, ya que el constructo “Soporte institucional” no contribuyó de manera significativa en la intención emprendedora. Sin duda es pertinente generar acciones que permitan a los alumnos llevar a cabo proyectos y que estos no queden en intenciones.
Stretching Exercise Versus Tissue Mobilization Technique in Piriformis Syndrome
Authors: Alarab Azzam , Unver Fatma 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The study was aimed to compare the effectiveness of stretching exercise and tissue mobilization techniques with piriformis syndrome patients.
Methods: Thirty-two participants were included in this study and they were classified into two groups. Group A, stretching exercise, hot pack, and group B, tissue mobilization technique, hot pack. Every group obtained two sessions in a week, for four weeks. The participants were assessed by (VAS), (RMQ), and (HAM-A).
Results: The comparison revealed that for RMQ there was a significant difference between groups in terms of the stretching exercise group (P >0.05). For HAM-A and VAS, there were no statically significant differences between groups (P <0.05), but the impact of both exercises indicates that stretching exercises have a higher positive effect comparing to tissue mobilization on pain.
Conclusion: The study proved which the stretching exercise was more efficient than the tissue mobilization technique on the pain outcome measures. It’s reported that stretching exercise improves low back function more than tissue mobilization technique. In the end, the study indicated that significantly there was no difference between both groups on the anxiety outcome measure.
Biomonitoring findings for occupational lead exposure in battery and ceramic tile workers using biochemical markers, alkaline comet assay, and micronucleus test coupled with fluorescence in situ hybridisation
Authors: Kašuba Vilena , Milić Mirta , Želježić Davor , Mladinić Marin , Pizent Alica , Kljaković-Gašpić Zorana , Balija Melita , Jukić Irena 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Manufacture of lead-containing products has long been associated with various health risks. To get an insight into the related genotoxic risks, we conducted a biomonitoring study in 50 exposed workers and 48 matched controls using a battery of endpoints that sensitively detect the extent of genome instability in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The levels of primary DNA damage were estimated with the alkaline comet assay, while cytogenetic abnormalities were determined with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. Additionally, CBMN slides of 20 exposed and 16 control participants were subjected to fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), coupled with pancentromeric probes to establish the incidence of centromere-positive micronuclei, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmic bridges. Blood lead levels (B-Pb) were measured with atomic absorption spectrometry. To further characterise cumulative effects of occupational exposure, we measured erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentrations and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in blood. We also assessed the influence of serum folate (S-folate) and vitamin B12 (S-B12) on genome stability. Compared to controls, occupationally exposed workers demonstrated significantly higher B-Pb (298.36±162.07 vs 41.58±23.02), MN frequency (18.71±11.06 vs 8.98±7.50), centromere positive MN (C+ MN) (8.15±1.8 vs 3.69±0.47), and centromere negative MN (C- MN) (14.55±1.80 vs 4.56±0.89). Exposed women had significantly higher comet tail intensity (TI) and length (TL) than control women. Furthermore, workers showed a positive correlation between age and nuclear buds and MN, between MN and years of exposure, and between S-B12 levels and TI and ALAD activity, while a negative correlation was found between TI and B-Pb. These findings suggest that occupational settings in the manufacture of lead-containing products pose significant genotoxic risks, which calls for developing more effective work safety programmes, including periodical monitoring of B-Pb and genetic endpoints.
BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN NIGERIA
Authors: Sambo  , Etonihu  , Mohammed A. M. 
Published: January 2021

The fear of depletion of fossil fuels and their attendant ecological effects and the high cost of renewable energy technology in Nigeria has triggered a need to develop alternative sources of energy, among which is biogas production. A slurry of 1 kg mixture of agro-waste feed stocks (plantain peel/rice husk, PP/RH; banana peel/plantain peel, BP/PP; and banana peel/rice husk, BP/RH) in 1:1 ratio was co-digested in locally fabricated digesters (10 L capacity). The experiment was run for 50 days and assessed for proximate content, biogas generation, organic matter, and mineral content in the digested and undi-gested agro-waste materials. The proximate composition showed that while banana peel had the highest moisture (56%), rice husk was highest in the content of ash (64%), crude protein (6.94%), and volatile solids (20%). The weekly cumulative biogas generation increased from 852.6 cm3 for BP/PP sample to 1049.7 cm3 for PP/RH sample for the 7 weeks at the experimental room temperature range of 29 oC to 35 oC. Sample PP/RH generated the highest volume of gas (biogas, methane, and others) compared to BP/RH and BP/PP samples. In each case the volume of gas production decreased in week 7 from 271.4 cm3 to 152.0 cm3 (for biogas), 161.4 cm3 to 97.1 cm3 (for methane), and 110.0 cm3 to 54.9 cm3 (for other gases). The nutritional concentrations of the digested and undigested mixture of the waste samples after Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Flame Photometry showed that the digested samples had higher contents of the nutritional elements than the undigested samples. The mineral elements ranged from 0.554 mg/g in the undigested rice husk to 18.155 mg/g in the digested banana peel samples. Fermentation of agricultural wastes to generate biogas and sludge with agricultural value offers an al-ternative and efficient method of agricultural wastes and energy management in Nigeria.
Gonzalo Restrepo Sánchez. Gabriel García Márquez y el cine: ¿Una buena amistad?
Authors: Alarcón Santiago 
Published: January 2021

Review of Restrepo Sánchez, G. (2019). Gabriel García Márquez y el cine: ¿Una buena amistad? Santa Marta: Universidad del Magdalena, 174 pp.
Article Review Case Analysis of Post-Placenta IUD Expulsion
Authors: Nurhidayati Evi , Setyoningsih Dewi 
Published: January 2021

Indonesian Government has launched various programs to overcome population problems. Postpartum Family planning program is included in maternal insurance program, so every partum mother can immediately insert Post-placenta IUD for free. The failure of inserting IUD contraception in Indonesia reached 37.75%. The result of this review can be taken into consideration regarding goverment policy about Postpartum Family Planing Programe.Â The design of this study is literature review. The selected articles are those relating to IUD Post-placenta expulsion. Database PubMed used to cellecting article. We only take article that published from 2010 â€“ 2018. The analysis of 11 journals showed that the IUD post-placenta have rates of expulsion varies from some article, the lowest 1,4 % and highest 24 %. Then delayed insertion of IUD have expulsion rates 0 % up to 37%. This review supports the evidence that insertion of an IUD Postplacenta after vaginal delivery or caesarean delivery is safe. Expulsion rates should be further studied in larger randomised controlled trials.
Importance of consent in the research
Authors: Manandhar Naresh , Joshi Sunil Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Research involving human participants needs to be scientifically valid and should be conducted according to accepted ethical standards. Research ethics provides guidelines for responsible conduct of research on human participants. It primarily protects the human participants of research and also educates and monitors researchers conducting health research to ensure a high quality of ethical standard.
Consent is a research process of information exchange between the researcher and the human participants of research. Information provided to the human participants of research should be adequate, clearly understood by the participant of research with decision-making capacity and the research participant should voluntarily decide to participate. Respect for persons requires that the participants of research should be allowed to make choices about whether to participate or not in the research.
The Course of the All-Russian Shrine: from the History of the Miracle-Working Feodorovskaya Virgin Icon
Authors: Кашин Ферапонт 
Published: January 2021

В настоящей статье автор рассматривает историю чудотворной Феодоровской иконы Божией Матери в тесной взаимосвязи с историей костромского края периода XII- XIII вв., анализируя «сказание о явлении и чудесах Феодоровской иконы», а также другие источники. основной вопрос статьи - дата явления в Костроме чудотворного образа. у некоторых исследователей, а также в официальном церковном календаре это событие датировано 1239 г., однако большинство поздних исследований склоняются к мнению, что Феодоровская икона явилась в Костроме в конце 50-х - начале 60-х гг. XIII в. автор приводит свою аргументацию в пользу второй из указанных дат.
In this article, the author considers and sets out the history of the miraculous Feodorovskaya Virgin icon in close relationship with the history of the Kostroma region of the 12th-13th centuries, analyzing the «Legend of the Appearance and Miracles of the Feodorovskaya Virgin Icon», as well as other sources. The main issue of the article is the date of the appearance of the miraculous image in Kostroma. Some researchers, as well as the official church calendar, indicate this date as the year of 1239, but the majority of the more recent researches are inclined to believe that the Feodorovskaya Virgin icon appeared in Kostroma in the late 50s and early 60s of the 13th century. The author presents his argument in favour of the second of these dates.
The Meaning of Lexical Forms with Regards to the Interpretation of Scripture, According to Treatise 43 «Amphilochia» of St. Photius the Patriarch
Authors: Ларионов Александр 
Published: January 2021

Несмотря на существование огромнейшей библиографии трудов великого святителя IX в. - святого патриарха Фотия, совсем не много исследователей рассматривают его как филолога и учёного, который, имея опыт прочтения и анализа целого массива древних текстов, делал бы выводы о том, как правильно пользоваться ими, дабы иметь верное их понимание, какими языковедческими навыками в итоге должен обладать читатель и какие филологические приёмы следует использовать для разрешения экзегетических затруднений. В настоящей публикации представлены взгляды св. патриарха Фотия по вопросу лексического значения слова для христианского богослова, толкователя христианских текстов и догматиста. Выявляются выводы святителя о важности филологической эрудиции, морального состояния человека и обладания им особой харизмы для верного понимания и трактовки священных текстов. Значение слова в экзегезе священных текстов показано на примере толкования св. Фотием апории о том, почему в книге Деяний упоминается крещение исключительно во имя Господа Иисуса, вопреки повелению Христа крестить во имя Святой Троицы (Мф. 28, 19). Излагаются филологические взгляды свт. Фотия о причинах многообразия имён и терминов в священных текстах, о значении смысловых оттенков для передачи догматических идей, о качествах подлинного христианского филолога, а также о необходимости филологической подготовки, предваряющей чтение и толкование священных текстов.
Despite the existence of a tremendous bibliography on the works of the great saint of the 9th century, the holy patriarch Photius, not a lot of researches that considered him as a philologist and scholar who, having experience in reading and analyzing a whole array of ancient texts, drew conclusions on how to properly use texts for having the right understanding of them, what linguistic skills the reader should possess and what philological techniques should be used in solving exegetical difficulties. This publication presents the views of St. Patriarch Photius on the lexical value of the word for the work of a Christian theologian, interpreter of Christian texts and a dogmatist. The views of St. Photius is about the importance of philological erudition, the moral state of a person and possessing special charisma for a correct understanding and interpretation of sacred texts. The meaning of the word in the exegesis of the sacred texts is shown by the example of the interpretation of St. Photius of the aporia about why the Acts of Apostles refers to baptism exclusively in the name of the Lord Jesus, contrary to the command of Christ to baptize in the name of the Holy Trinity (Matthew 28, 19). The author reveals the philological views of St. Photius on the causes of the variety of names and terms in sacred texts; the value of semantic shades for the transmission of dogmatic ideas; the qualities of a genuine Christian philologist; the need for philological training that precedes the reading and interpretation of sacred texts.
UJI KOMPARASI LIKUIDITAS, PROFITABILITAS DAN SOLVABILITAS SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH AKUISISI (STUDI PADA PERUSAHAAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI PERIODE 2012-2013)
Authors: Fernandes Maleakhi , Diana Patricia 
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbedaan likuiditas, profitabilitas dan solvabilitas perusahaan yang terdaftar di BEI periode 2012-2013 selain sektor keuangan pada periode sebelum dan sesudah akuisisi. Likuiditas diproksikan dengan Current Ratio, profitabilitas diproksikan dengan Return on Asset Ratio, Return on Equity Ratio dan Net Profit Margin Ratio, serta solvabilitas diproksikan dengan Debt to Total Asset Ratio dan Debt to Total Equity Ratio. Penelitian ini menggunakan data berbagai perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selain sektor keuangan yang melakukan akuisisi pada periode 2012-2013. Sampel penelitian diambil dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria dalam penelitian sebanyak lima perusahaan. Uji normalitas dilakukan dengan metode Kolmogorov Smirnov dan uji hipotesis dilakukan dengan metode Paired Sample t-test apabila data terdistribusi normal dan Wilcoxon Signed Rank test apabila data tidak terdistribusi normal. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan untuk likuiditas yang diproksikan dengan Current Ratio, profitabilitas yang diproksikan dengan Return on Asset Ratio, Return on Equity Ratio dan Net Profit Margin Ratio, serta solvabilitas yang diproksikan dengan Debt to Total Asset Ratio dan Debt to Total Equity Ratio.
Kata Kunci: Akuisisi, Likuiditas, Profitabilitas, Solvabilitas