bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Relationship between (3200) Phaethon and (155140) 2005 UD through Telescopic and Laboratory Studies
Authors: Kareta Theodore , Reddy Vishnu , Pearson Neil , Sanchez Juan A. , Harris Walter M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The relationship between the near-Earth objects (3200) Phaethon and (155140) 2005 UD is unclear. While both are parents to meteor showers (the Geminids and Daytime Sextantids, respectively) and have similar visible-wavelength reflectance spectra and orbits, dynamical investigations have failed to find any likely method to link the two objects in the recent past. Here we present the first near-infrared reflectance spectrum of 2005 UD, which shows it to be consistently linear and red-sloped, unlike Phaethon’s very blue and concave spectrum. Searching for a process that could alter some common starting material to both of these end states, we hypothesized that the two objects had been heated to different extents, motivated by their near-Sun orbits, the composition of Geminid meteoroids, and previous models of Phaethon’s surface. We thus set about building a new laboratory apparatus to acquire reflectance spectra of meteoritic samples after heating to higher temperatures than available in the literature to test this hypothesis and were loaned a sample of the CI chondrite Orgueil from the Vatican Meteorite Collection for testing. We find that while Phaethon’s spectrum shares many similarities with different CI chondrites, 2005 UD’s does not. We thus conclude that the most likely relationship between the two objects is that their similar properties are only by coincidence as opposed to a parent-fragment scenario, though the ultimate test will be when JAXA’s DESTINY+ mission visits one or both of the objects later this decade. We also discuss possible paths forward to understanding Phaethon’s properties from dynamical and compositional grounds.
Effect of Cadmium Chloride on the Histological Structure of Lung in Adult Male Mice with and without Parsley Oil
Authors: Alsammak Maha 
Published: September 2021

This study is to detect the toxic effect of cadmium chloride on the histological structure of the lung and the effect of parsley oil to amilorate these changes
In this experiement 40 adult male mice were divided into four groups. Goup A (control group) in this group animals were injected with the normal saline intraperitoneally single daily dose for 30 days.
Group B injected intrapertioneally with cadmium chloride single daily dose 3.5 mg/kg body weight for 30 days.
Group C injected intraperetonially with cadmium chloride in a dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight. Intragastric tube was put to recieve parsley oil in a dose of 0.5 ml/kg body weight prior to cadmium injection. The two drugs were given for 30 days.
Group D recieved 0.5 ml/kg body weight by intragastric tube of parsley oil for 30 days.
At the end of this experiement, the animals were sacrified the lungs were collected from all groups and prepared for light microscopical examination.
Histological changes were detected in cadmium chloride treated group in comparison with the control group including congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, interstial pneumonia (decreased alveolar space), thickening of interalveolar septum and damge to the alveolar cells. All these changes were eliminated by giving parsley oil.
Effect of Thymoquinone on Th1 and Th2 Balance in Rats Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Olivianto Ery , Endharti Agustina Tri , Kusuma H.M.S. Chandra , Santoso Sanarto , Handono Kusworini 
Published: September 2021

Thymoquinone is an active compound in Nigella sativa which has potential immunomodulatory effect. Mycobacterium tuberculosis could alter the Th1 and Th2 balance by stimulating phagocyte IL-1β production, and subsequent Th2 differentiation. We aim to evaluate the effect of thymoquinone (TQ) in restore the Th1 and Th2 balance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Four groups of rats were infected with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Thymoquinone at different doses was given to three groups, and one group left without treatment. Additional one group was either infected or treated with TQ. We measure IL-1β, IL-4 and IFN-γ levels using ELISA 14 days after TQ treatment. We found there were increased IL-1β, IL-4 and IFN-γ level after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but we observe no significant effect of TQ treatment to Th1 and Th2 balance. We conclude that TQ could not restore Th1 and Th2 balance in rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Service and Life of British and Soviet Women in the Navy during World War II
Authors: Zaletok N. 
Published: September 2021

Comparative studies on the experiences of female representatives of different countries in WWII remain relevant today. They not only deepen our understanding of the life of women at war, but also allow us to explore the power regimes of different states at one stage or another. After all, the government organized the activities of various groups of the population aimed at winning the war. Women were no exception in this respect, regardless of whether they worked in the rear or defended their homeland with weapons in hand. For centuries, the navy for the most part represented a purely masculine environment, and the presence of a woman on a ship was considered a bad omen. However, the scale of hostilities during the world wars and, as a consequence, the need for a constant supply of personnel to the armed forces made their adjustments – states began to gradually recruit women to serve in the navy. The article compares the experiences of Great Britain and the USSR in attracting women to serve in the navy during WWII. The countries were chosen not by chance, as they represent democracy and totalitarianism, respectively, and studying their practice of involving women in the navy can deepen our knowledge of these regimes.
After analysing the experience of women’s service in the navy in 1939-1945, the author concludes that their recruitment to the navy in Great Britain took place through a special organization – the Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS). Its personnel were trained mostly separately from men and then sent to military units of the navy. The USSR did not create separate women's organizations for this purpose; women served in the same bodies as men. The main purpose of mobilizing women to the navy in both the USSR and Great Britain was initially to replace men in positions on land to release the latter for service at sea. However, in both countries there were cases when women also served at sea. The range of positions available to them in the navy expanded during the war, and in the USSR reached its apogee in the form of admission of women to combat positions. In Great Britain, women in the navy did not officially perform combat roles, and there was a ban on them from using lethal weapons.
Central Asian and Middle Eastern policy towards Tajikistan
Authors: Bulvinskyi A. 
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes the main policy directions towards Tajikistan, neighboring countries of Central Asia and culturally related to the Tajiks of the Middle East towards Tajikistan. The civil war in Tajikistan between supporters of the country’s secular and religious paths of development (1992-1997) caused mixed attitudes and policies on the part of various state, political and religious circles in Afghanistan. However, after it became clear that the struggle between secular and Islamist forces in Tajikistan could destroy the country as such, the culturally and linguistically close to the Tajiks political elite of Afghanistan (B. Rabbani and A. Masood) and Iran (A. Rafsanjani) made significant efforts to end the civil war in Tajikistan as mediators and expressed interest in the sustainable development of Tajikistan. In the 2000s, Iran abandoned attempts to influence Tajik policy in order to promote the establishment of a religious state in Tajikistan, turning to cooperation with the secular Tajik authorities in the economic sphere.
Important issues complicating relations between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are the construction by Tajiks of large hydropower plants on mountain rivers, which Uzbekistan considers a threat to national security, and unresolved border disputes, which are a source of constant aggravation in Kyrgyz-Tajik. In general, Tajikistan has complex problems of various kinds with most of its neighbors (with Afghanistan - drug trafficking and Islamic influences, with Uzbekistan - water energy, with Kyrgyzstan - border), which prevent bilateral relations to reach a new level of quality.
Formation of the Basic Principles of the Middle East policy of the Joe Biden Administration
Authors: Shved V. 
Published: September 2021

The period from January to March 2021 completed the formation of the main outlines of the foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration in the Middle East, which found its consolidation in the Interim Strategic Leadership in the field of national security. Its main features, in contrast to the policy of the D. Trump administration, are based on the principles of democracy, liberalism and reliance on the alliances and allies of the United States in the region.
The main directions of the foreign policy course of the new US administration in the Middle East region are determined as follows: ensuring effective security for Israel in the context of its deep integration into the Middle East, advancing the process of the Abrahamic agreements and resolving the Palestinian-Israeli conflict on the basis of a two-state solution; organizing, together with its regional allies and partners, the effective counteraction to the Iranian expansionist course by returning to an updated and expanded Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action; continuing the counterterrorism activities with reliance on regional partners and improvement of the forms and methods of its implementation; significantly reducing the level of tension in the region.
When implementing these tasks, the Biden administration will have to find a balance between the proclaimed principles of its foreign policy in the region and the existing realities and traditions, especially among the Arab countries of the region.
Public History: a New Discovery or a Forgotten Antiquity?
Authors: Chekalenko L. 
Published: September 2021

To answer the question of what is public history, let's turn to its origins. The emergence of academic history in the nineteenth century, now called official, was associated with the separation of history from other fields of knowledge. At that time, it was believed that without a professional historical education, it was impossible to be an erudite and intelligent person, and to tell the past objectively and truthfully. Otherwise, these stories would resemble myths and fairy tales.
Over time, history gradually became a scientific discipline, as well as an ideological science, as its primary task during the rapid kaleidoscope of changes in various political regimes was to educate ideologically savvy professionals for state-building. Thus, historical science was formed during the creation of nation-states and affirmed the national identity of different social and ethnic groups that formed one nation. What prompted recent history to approach man as the object of study? In our opinion, interest in man - a phenomenon of any civilization has existed since Hellenic times, and in the era of authoritarianism and totalitarianism has been replaced by interest in power and strength. Such a change, unfortunately, led to the tragic consequences of the First and Second World Wars.
The disproportionately heavy burden of the tragedies of the Second World War and the emergence of new threats to world security in the bipolar period forced two opposing ideological camps to understand the need for dialogue, finding common ground and finding consensus in peace building. The Helsinki process began, and cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union deepened in strategic areas: space and high technology. Security levers have been strengthened, and a regional security structure, the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE / OSCE), has been established in the European dimension.
Civilizational exchange contributed to the growth of education of the population, the deepening of the intellectual component of society. At the center of the state and history was an intelligent man – Homo Sapiens, who felt his significance for the world, history and the future. World wars have forced historians to rethink the meaning of life, its fragility and vulnerability. And the deep political, economic, and social world crisis of the 1970s drew the attention of historical science to the person. Oral history, new social history, public history, etc. appeared. The philosophical and social sciences began to study individual social groups – women's society, religious communities, working and student youth, etc. With the growth of interest in the person, the interest in history as it is, without ornaments and artificial exaggerations, the history of ordinary people and places, increased.
ANALISA KEBUTUHAN ALAT BERAT PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JEMBATAN CIUJUNG KRAGILAN
Authors: Anwar Andri Syahrul , Amilia Euis 
Published: September 2021

Dalam bidang teknik sipil, alat – alat berat digunakan untuk membantu manusia dalam melakukan pekerjaan pembangunan suatu struktur Pada bangunan. Saat ini, alat berat meruakan faktor penting di dalam proyek, terutam proyek – proyek dengan konstruksi dengan skala besar. Tujuan penggunaan alat – alat berat tersebut untuk memudahkan manusia dalam mengerjakan pekerjaannya sehingga hasil yang di harapkan dapat tercapai dengan lebuh mudah pada waktu yang relatif lebih singkat. Pemilihan alat berat dilakukan pada tahap perancanaan, dimana jenis, jumlah, dan kapasitas alat merupakan faktor – faktor penentu. Tidak setiap alat berat dapat dipakai untuk setiap proyek konstruksi. Oleh karena itu pemilihan alat berat yang tepat sangatlah diperlukan. Apabila terjadi kesalahan dalam pemilihan alat berat maka akan terjadi keterlambatan di dalam pelaksanaan, biaya proyek yang membengkak, dan hasil yang tidak sesuai dengan rencana. Faktor – faktor tersebut di antaranya adalah fungsi yang harus dilaksanakan. Alat berat dikelompokkan berdasarkan fungsinya, seperti menggali, mengangkut, meratakan permukaan, dan lain – lain. Dari hasil analisa besarnya untuk produktivitas alat berat excavator dengan volume
2129,43 m3 diseselsaikan dengan waktu 15,08 jam atau 3 hari. Dan untuk biaya yang di keluarkan dalam pekerjaan galian ini sebesar Rp. 4.150.000. produktivitas dari pekerjaan
pemancangan tiang pancang baja diameter 600 mm adalah 4,98 m1/jam dan koefisien alat yang dibutuhkan 0,2008 jam, produksi tiang dalam 1 hari 34,86 m1. produktivitas dari
pekerjaan pemancangan tiang pancang beton pracetak diameter 600 mm adalah 3,98 m1/jam dan koefisien alat yang dibutuhkan 0,2510 jam, produksi tiang dalam 1 hari 27,89 m1. produktivitas dari pekerjaan pemancangan tiang pancang beton pracetak diameter 600 mm adalah 0,1852 jam dan koefisien alat yang dibutuhkan 0,0926 jam, produksi tiang dalam 1 hari 28,35 m1
PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR JALAN REL ANTARA STASIUN CIGADING - STASIUN ANYER KIDUL
Authors: Azis Muhamad Fahmi , Aprisandi Dasa , Abadi Ma'ulfi Kharis 
Published: September 2021

Dalam perencanaan jalan rel terdapat Perencanaan struktur yang berisi spesifikasi rel, bantalan, penambat serta ketebalan ballast yang akan digunakan untuk menopang beban kereta api. Dalam perencanaan jalan rel Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder yaitu, literature yang dikumpulkan seperti buku dan artikel. Juga melakukan pengamatan langsung terhadap kondisi jalur kereta api. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh cara untuk merencanakan struktur jalan rel dengan nilai kecepatan rencana 120 km/jam dari stasiun Cigading-stasiun Anyer Kidul serta tetap memperhatikan atura-aturan,yaitu sebagai berikut: 1. Memilih kategori kelas jalan rel yang digunakan sesuai dengan PM No.60 Tahun 2012,kemudian memilih data-data perencanaan sesuai kelas jalan yang dipilih seperti jenis tipe rel,bantalan,penambat,dan syarat-syarat ketebalan balas. 2. Dengan menggunakan kecepatan rencana 120 km/jam yang melebihi batas kecepatan maksimum PM No.60 Tahun 2012, maka dilakukan analisis perhitungan menggunakan parameter-parameter keamanan. Hasil dari analisis perhiitungan membuktikan bahwa hasil kecepatan recana 120 km/jam masih mampu dilalui oleh kelas I dengan tipe rel R.54,dengan tebal ballas 30 cm, jenis bantalan beton menggunakan K-500 dan penambat tipe pandrol E-Clip dengan 20 mm dengan pelengkap pelat landas Ruber Pad.
ANALISA TEBAL PERKERASAN LENTUR DENGAN METODE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIAL (AASHTO) DAN ANALISA KOMPONEN
Authors: Rais Ridwan , Rosdiyani Telly , Yusup M Ichwanul 
Published: September 2021

Jalan merupakan sarana teransportasi yang terbentuk untuk menghubungkan suatu daerah ketempat daerah lainnya. Jalan juga merupakan hal terpenting bagi masyarakat guna memajukan nilai pertumbuhan perekonomiannya. Dalam melakukan perencanaan tebal lapisan perkerasan lentur dangan menggunakan metode AASHTO dan Analisa Komponen sebaiknya mengetahui dasar – dasar terpenting untuk melakukan perencanaan dengan metede tersebut dan mengetahui nilai efisien terhadap biaya. Dalam Perencanaan ini, lapis permukaan (a1) menggunakan bahan Laston MS 744 Kg, lapisan pondasi atas mengguakan batu pecah kelas A dengan nilai CBR 100% dan lapisan pondasi bawah menggunakan sitry/pitrum kelas A dengan nilai CBR 80%. Dari hasil penelitian dengan metode AASHTO terdapat beberapa nilai masing – masing tebal lapis perkerasan lentur yaitu lapisan permukaan dengan Bahan Laston MS 744 Kg terdapat tebal 18,92 cm, lapis pondasi atas 13,60 cm dan lapis pondasi bawah 25 cm. sedangkan hasil perhitungan dengan menggunakan Analisa Komponen lapisan permukaan dengan Bahan Laston MS 744 Kg terdapat tebal 7,52 cm, lapis pondasi atas 20 cm dan lapis pondasi bawah 20 cm. maka terdapat nilai perbandingan dengan kedua metode tersebut. Dari hasil perhitungan dengan menggunakan metode tersebut maka nilai efisiensi terhadap biaya akan diambil hasil perhitungan dengan metode Analisa Komponen. Nilai efisien terhadap biaya didapat Rp. 6.621.362.000,00.
Lived Experiences of Repeat Crime Offenders: A Phenomenological Untold Stories
Authors: P. Alob Angelo , Dela Fuente Jayson A. 
Published: September 2021

Recidivism is an offense committed by a person who at the time of his trial for one crime has been previously convicted by a final judgment of another crime. From this perspective, the researchers are interested to explore the lived experiences and untold stories of repeat offenders. The study focuses on three parts; the informants’ experiences in the pillars of the criminal justice system; the impacts of incarceration on the lives of the offender; and the reasons for reoffending. A qualitative research design using a phenomenological approach was used in the conduct of the study through an in-depth interview with the informants. The sample informants which comprises of ten recidivists and inmates of selected city jails Negros Occidental, Philippines participated in the interview through purposive sampling using the inclusion criteria set by the researchers. The data was collected using audiotaping of interviews. Audiotapes were then transcribed where data from transcriptions were analyzed to describe the richness of the informants’ experiences. Out of the transcribed and analyzed data, six major themes emerged. The Cry of the Suspect, Light within the Darkness, You Reap what you Sow, Blessing in Disguise, Many are Bad Associates But Few are Good Mentors, and Corruption of the Mind. Key findings from the study suggest coordination and cooperation among the pillars of the criminal justice system come up with a very comprehensive and sustainable rehabilitation program with proper and effective implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Thereby, recommendations for change are provided in the emerging themes to address the phenomenon.
Implementasi Kinerja Aparatur Pemerintah Desa (Menurut UU. Nomor 6 Tahun 2014)
Authors: Sopamena Fresal Arthur 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The village government in carrying out the role should be in accordance with the implementation of the duties of the village government as mandated in Law No. 6 of 2014, but in reality the village government failed to implement it to the community.
The results of the research as obtained from the author, and strengthened by observational data, interviews and research conducted, show that the Ridool Village Government in carrying out its activities is not fully in line with the hopes and desires of the Ridool Village community. This is based on the implementation of various village government activities that are not well socialized to the community, even accountability of government activities that are not delivered to the community at all, so that the welfare of the village community served is not in accordance with the demands of carrying out governmental tasks mandated in the Law on Villages.

Keywords

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Performance, Village Government
Determinan Penyaluran Kredit UMKM PT. Bank Maluku Malut
Authors: Jacobs Sammie , Hukom Maximiliane Cornelia Leonora 
Published: September 2021

Analysis of the influence factor- factor which influence channeling credit MSME Development Bank Regional Maluku- Malut shows the results of the positive and reassuring . In the concrete effects of the positive it means that the Bank with establishment Regional Maluku , North Maluku has shown its role as an institution of banking which are not directly able to influence regional economic growth .
Assessment of the influence factor- factor distribution of credit SMEs in Regional Development Bank Maluku , North Maluku are quantitative already done by using the approach of the model test assumptions of classical and equation regression multiple . Once through the various stages of testing in the statistics , the model indicates that the variable CAR (X1) variable NPL (X2) and variable ROA (X3) is able to influence the distribution of credit SMEs in Regional Development Bank Maluku, North Maluku and is directly mempengharuhi growing economic regions are positive and significant in Profinsi Maluku and North Maluku.
Perangkat Pembelajaran Usaha dan Energi Berbasis STEM Terintegrasi Kearifan Lokal Timba Laor di Desa Allang Kabupaten Maluku Tengah
Authors: Limba Anatasija , Jamarua Clara Levenia 
Published: September 2021

21st-century learning should include STEM to grow interested in the Indonesian nation to love and master science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. They are included in it for physics learning. STEM is a practical learning approach because it combines knowledge, mathematics, technology, and techniques. This aim to make students as problem-solvers, inventors, have innovation, independent logical thinking, technological literacy, connect their culture and history with education, and apply their knowledge in real life. Thus, it is necessary to implement STEM-based learning integrated lokal wisdom /culture of the community in which the learners are located. One of the lokal wisdom of coastal communities in Maluku is Timba Laor. This research aims to develop a High School Physics Learning Tool business concept, and STEM-based Energy integrated lokal wisdom Timba Laor in the village of Allang Central Maluku district, a valid, practical, and effective Plomp model. The stages of mining carried out in this research activity are the development of high school physics learning tools business concept and STEM-based Energy integrated lokal wisdom Timba Laor in the village of Allang Central Maluku District. Test models by providing surveys of physics teachers to empirically validate the learning devices that have been compiled, analyzed, and revised. The resulting product is a learning device physics high school concept business, and energy-based STEM integrated lokal wisdom.

Keywords
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Business and Energy, Learning Tools, STEM, Timba Laor