bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutting Edge: A Threshold of B Cell Costimulatory Signals Is Required for Spontaneous Germinal Center Formation in Autoimmunity
Authors: Chiang Kristy , Largent Andrea D , Arkatkar Tanvi , Thouvenel Christopher D , Du Samuel W , Shumlak Natali , Woods Jonathan , Li Quan-Zhen , Liu Yifan , Hou Baidong , Rawlings David J , Jackson Shaun W 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cognate interactions between autoreactive B and T cells promote systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis by inter alia facilitating spontaneous germinal center (GC) formation. Whereas both myeloid and B cell APCs express B7 ligands (CD80 and CD86), the prevailing model holds that dendritic cell costimulation is sufficient for CD28-dependent T cell activation. In this study, we report that B cell–intrinsic CD80/CD86 deletion unexpectedly abrogates GCs in murine lupus. Interestingly, absent GCs differentially impacted serum autoantibodies. In keeping with distinct extrafollicular and GC activation pathways driving lupus autoantibodies, lack of GCs correlated with loss of RNA-associated autoantibodies but preserved anti-dsDNA and connective tissue autoantibody titers. Strikingly, even heterozygous B cell CD80/CD86 deletion was sufficient to prevent autoimmune GCs and RNA-associated autoantibodies. Together, these findings identify a key mechanism whereby B cells promote lupus pathogenesis by providing a threshold of costimulatory signals required for autoreactive T cell activation.
To study heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 IgG response titre in patients recovered from COVID-19
Authors: Avneet Garg  , Singh Rakendra , Iyer Hariharan , Kaur Mansimranjit , Surbhi Surbhi , Jindal Ashish , Singh Saranpal , Bansal Avtar Singh , Sati Hem C. , Jindal Vinita 
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a serious health challenge to the entire mankind. The association between clinical characteristics of disease and formation of neutralizing antibodies have not well studied. A prospective study was conducted for patients recovered from confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections from 1st August 2020 to 28th February 2021, to study the association between SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response titres and clinical characteristics of the disease. A total 92 patients were included in the study. Median age was 52 years; majority were male and middle or old aged. About 48% patients required hospitalization and 38.3% had moderate CT severity score. Positive SARS-CoV-2-IgG was detected in all patients except one. On comparing the antibody titres among various sub-groups of COVID-19 recovered patients, old age was the only factor associated with statistically significant higher antibody response (28 AU/ml for age<35 years, 53 AU/ml for age group 35-60, and 71 AU/ml for age group >60 years, p value=0.01). Severity of infection, worse CT severity scores, need of hospitalization, oxygen or ventilatory support were associated with higher antibody titres but were not statistically significant. There was a strong correlation of antibody titres when analysed for age of study population (Spearman correlation=0.39, p value <0.001); whereas a weak correlation (Spearman correlation=0.03, p value 0.753) was seen when analysed for CT severity score. Elderly patients had higher antibody titre after recovery from Covid-19 infection. Severity of disease, need of hospitalisation or oxygen/mechanical ventilation did not influence the antibody titre.
Diversité de la flore ligneuse à l’intérieur du Parc National de Waza (Cameroun)
Authors: Jiagho Evaliste Rémi , Banoho Louis-Paul-Roger Kabelong , Feumba Rodrigue Aimé 
Published: September 2021

Le Parc National de Waza est une aire protégée de renommée internationale. Il est l’un des plus emblématiques que compte le Cameroun, mais fait face à des pressions anthropiques et d’origine naturelle qui menacent l’intégrité de ses ressources. La présente étude avait pour objectif d’améliorer la connaissance de la flore et de la végétation ligneuse afin de permettre de mieux bâtir les stratégies de gestion de ce parc. Pour y parvenir, un inventaire de la flore ligneuse a été réalisé en 2016, avec la méthode des transects couplée à celle des quadrats de 25 m x 50 m. Le comptage et la mesure des paramètres dendrométriques, ainsi que les observations effectuées à l’intérieur de ces quadrats ont permis d’étudier les différents paramètres qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la ressource ligneuse, dont la richesse spécifique et les indices de diversité. Il en ressort que le parc abrite 38 espèces appartenant à 33 genres répartis dans 19 familles. L’indice de Shannon Weaver est de 2,95 et l’équitabilité de Piélou est de 0,56. Ces indices montrent que l’écosystème reste encore relativement riche, même si les menaces de la dégradation de ses ressources sont perceptibles. Il importe de mettre sur pied les stratégies efficaces de gestion de cette aire protégée et de sa périphérie afin de limiter les menaces auxquelles elle fait face.

English title: Diversity of the woody plants species within the Waza National Park (Cameroon)
Waza National Park is an internationally renowned protected area. It is one of the most emblematic in Cameroon, but faces anthropogenic and natural pressures that threaten the integrity of its resources. The purpose of the study was to improve knowledge of the flora and woody vegetation in order to better build management strategies for this park. To achieve this, an inventory of the woody flora was carried out, using the transect method coupled with that of 25 m x 50 m quadrats. The counting and measurement of dendrometric parameters, as well as the observations made inside these quadrats, made it possible to study the various qualitative and quantitative parameters of the woody resource, including specific richness and diversity indices. It appears that the park is home to 38 species belonging to 33 genera distributed in 19 families. The Shannon Weaver index is 2.95 and the Piélou fairness is 0.56. These indices show that the ecosystem is still relatively rich, even if the threats of the degradation of its resources are perceptible. It is important to set up effective management strategies for this protected area and its periphery in order to limit the threats it faces.
Evaluation des activités polyphénoloxydases, peroxydases et l’accumulation des composés phénoliques dans la résistance du manioc stimulé au Benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazol-7-carbothionic acid-s-méthyl ester vis-à-vis de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz
Authors: Elian Hubert DieuBéni , Fotso  , Djeuani Astrid Carole , Djamndo Djasbé Mathurin , Omokolo Ndoumou Denis 
Published: September 2021

Le manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) est une plante pluriannuelle cultivée dans les régions tropicales de la plupart des pays d’Afrique, d’Asie et d’Amérique Latine. Il contribue fortement à la sécurité alimentaire. L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser le comportement des polyphénoloxydases (PPO), de la peroxydase (POX) et des composés phénoliques chez trois variétés de manioc au cours de leur induction au Benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazol-7-carbothionic acid-s-methyl ester (BTH) vis-à-vis de C. gloeosporioides. L’induction de résistance a été évaluée par des PPO , de la POX et de la teneur en composés phénoliques totaux solubles accumulés avant et après l’inoculation (I) par C. gloeosporioides, la stimulation (St) par BTH et de la stimulation suivie de l’inoculation (St+I). Avec les différents traitements, on note une augmentation progressive et significative (p<0,05) de l’activité de ces enzymes et des teneurs en phénols dans les feuilles et les tiges chez les trois variétés. Ces résultats montrent bien que le BTH stimule les mécanismes de défenses des plantes de manioc, bien que ces mécanismes diffèrent en fonction des variétés.

English title: Evaluation of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the resistance of stimulated cassava to Benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazol-7-carbothionic acid-s-methyl ester against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a perennia plant cultivated in the tropical regions of most countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It contributes strongly to food security. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of polyphenoloxidases (PPO), peroxidase (POX) and phenolic compounds in three cassava varieties during their induction to Benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazol-7-carbothionic acid-s-methyl ester (BTH) against C. gloeosporioides. Resistance induction was evaluated by PPO, POX and total soluble phenolic compounds content accumulated before and after inoculation (I) with C. gloeosporioides, stimulation (St) with BTH and stimulation followed by inoculation (St+I). With the different treatments, there was a progressive and significant (p<0.05) increase in the activity of these enzymes and in the phenol contents in the leaves and stems of the three varieties. These results show that BTH stimulates the defense mechanisms of cassava plants, although these mechanisms differ according to the varieties.
‘First Generation’ Romantic Poets
Authors: Bushell Sally 
Published: September 2021

This short film introduces students to the concept of two generations in the Romantic
period. It considers why this might be the case for this period of literature when
it is not for others, proposing three reasons: the relative brevity of the period,
the effect of a period of war followed by peace, the division of major male writers
into these two groups.
The second half of the film then focusses on the First Generation and the
contemporary concept of “the Lake School”. This relates primarily to William
Wordsworth and his decision to write in withdrawal from the world in the North of
England. Core principles of British Romanticism are articulated by him – that poetry
is of the people and in the language of the people and that it is fundamentally
expressive. Wordsworth was joined in the lakes by Coleridge and Southey, allowing
these poets to be called “The Lake School”. However, these principles were not
universally accepted and Francis Jeffrey (editor of The Edinburgh Review) took every
opportunity to attack them.
La capacitación como medida cautelar en el combate a la corrupción en la micro y pequeña empresa
Authors: Trujillo Martínez Verónica Elizabeth , Mendoza Gómez Laura Thaigi , Morales  Pérez Alejandro Jesús , Vicente Yescas Roberto 
Published: September 2021

El artículo muestra los resultados de la investigación realizada en las MyPE’s de los municipios deSan Pablo Huixtepec y Zimatlán de Álvarez Oaxaca y la propuesta de capacitación para apoyar en el combate a la corrupción de estas comunidades. El objetivo es analizar la relación que existe en tres ejes: a) capacitación; b) corrupción y c) desarrollo económico de las mismas. El método utilizado en la investigación es de tipo cuantitativo correlacional. Se analizaron 5ítems relacionados con la percepción que tienen los empresarios sobre la corrupción que afecta a su empresa y 19 ítems relacionados con la experiencia del empresario con la corrupción y las instituciones gubernamentales, esta información fue tomada de 540 cuestionarios aplicados en los municipios antes mencionados. Se identificóque si existeuna relación entre las variables analizadas y una tendencia que a mayor capacitación menor grado de corrupción y mayor desarrollo económico en las MyPE ́s.
AbstractThe article shows the results of the research carried out in the MyPE's of the municipalities of San Pablo Huixtepec and Zimatlán de Alvarez Oaxaca and the proposal of training to support in the fight against corruption of these communities. The objective is to analyze the relationship that exists in three axes: (a) training; (b) corruption and (c) economic development. The method used in research is correlational quantitative type. We analyzed 5 items related to the perception of entrepreneurs about the corruption affecting their company and 19 items related to the experience of the entrepreneur with corruption and government institutions, this information was taken from 540 questionnaires applied in the aforementioned municipalities. It was identified that if there is a relationship between the variables analyzed and a trend that thereis a greater degree of corruption and greater economic development in micro and small enterprises.
THE UYEZD CENTER OF THE VYATKA PROVINCE IN THE CONDITIONS OF ETHNOCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN REFORM OF THE 70s OF THE 19th CENTURY
Authors: Kondrashin Denis V. 
Published: September 2021

The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the change in the attitude of domestic historians to the problem of self-governance of towns in pre-revolutionary Russia. The new vision is mediated by the influence of foreign historiography, the renewal of historical methodology, and a long period of forgetting the theme. Addressing to the study of the imperial period in the history of urban self-governance is also determined by modern trends: ongoing search for optimal structural models of current local authorities and a keen interest in the domestic experience in the formation of urban self-governance bodies in the conditions of the country’s capitalist development. The local aspect is interesting in the context of insufficient coverage of the preserved complex of historical sources.
The article considers the activities of municipal self-governance bodies of Yelabuga, one of uyezd centers of the Vyatka province, during the period of the City Regulation of 1870. The main changes introduced by the new law in the organization and activities of local self-governance bodies are described, the weaknesses of the pre-reform legislation are identified, against the background of which the progressive nature of innovations is noted. The conclusion is made about providing the country’s towns with equal opportunities for further development. Special attention is paid to changing hiring rules of municipal self-governance bodies; the social composition of Yelabuga City Duma is examined, as well as its features that manifested in the predominance of the merchant class. The influence of the commercial and industrial population strata on the development of Yelabuga during the time under study is revealed. By a comparative analysis of mandatory resolutions of Yelabuga (Vyatka province) and Chistopol (Kazan province) City Dumas, the approaches of self-governance bodies of uyezd centers to conducting economic activities and regulating public relations are studied. The conclusion is formulated that the absence of compulsory (police) power reduced the effectiveness of the regulatory function performed by the City Dumas, but the use of the law-based right to develop and implement mandatory regulations gave positive results. The structure of municipal budgets determined by the Regulation of 1870 is examined, the incomes and expenses of Yelabuga are analyzed, the conclusion is made about limited budgetary rights of city authorities that led to infringement of public interests.
PERINGKAT PERKEMBANGAN LUKISAN KANAK - KANAK
Authors: MUSTAPHA AZWADY 
Published: September 2021

Pada umumnya, apabila kita mengamati lukisan kanak-kanak, kesan yang ditimbulkan oleh coretancoretan mereka adalah tidak menentu dan kadang kala menimbulkan kelucuan dan naif dimana coretancoretan tersebut tidak pernah dirancang sebelumnya, tetapi merupakan akibat yang spontan dari ekspresi yang bebas dan gurisan yang polos dengan bentuk-bentuk dan warna-warna yang selaras dengan kata hatinya. Kebebasan dan kemurnian yang dimiliki kanak-kanak adalah sangat dominan baik dalam coretan, bentuk objek, warna dan komposisinya sehingga sering dikatakan bahawa seni lukis kanak-kanak merupakan lukisan yang paling murni kerana masih belum terpengaruh seperti orang dewasa. Di sebalik lukisannya itu, apabila kita memperhatikan secara teliti, kita dapati nilai-nilai artistik dan estetik bahkan mempunyai sifat-sifat dan ciri-ciri yang abstrak.

In general, when we observe children’s drawings, the impact caused by the graffiti they are unpredictable and sometimes create humor and naive where graffiti was never designed before, but the result of a spontaneous free expression and record the plain forms and colors in accordance with their conscience. Freedom and purity of children are very dominant both in snippets, object shape, color and composition so that it is often said that children’s painting is a painting of the most pure because they have not been affected as adults. Behind their paintings, when we look closely, we find artistic and aesthetic values even have the characteristics of the abstract.
LUKISAN SEBAGAI KAEDAH PENILAIAN PERKEMBANGAN PERSEPTUAL DAN ANALITIKAL KANAK-KANAK
Authors: KAMAL NADYA A. 
Published: September 2021

Persediaan kanak-kanak pra-sekolah dalam lingkungan 2 hingga 6 tahun untuk menjalani pengalaman dunia sebenar amat kritikal. Sebelum memulakan persekolahan arus perdana, kanak-kanak ini sebenarnya memperlihatkan kesediaan serta perkembangan fizikal dan intelek mereka dalam pelbagai ekspresi yang boleh diukur, seperti lukisan. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti karektor lukisan kanak-kanak mengikut 4 fasa penting dalam Teori Perkembangan Artistik Lowenfeld iaitu Scribbling, Pre-Schematic, Schematic dan Realistic. 50 kanak-kanak di Bachok, Kelantan telah mengambil bahagian dalam ujian melukis berstruktur, dan lukisan mereka seterusnya dibandingkan dengan pencapaian perkembangan perseptual dan analitikal, khususnya dari segi kebolehan kanak-kanak dalam pemerhatian, menganalisa, memahami dan menzahirkan. Hasil kajian ini dijangka dapat menghubungkan perkaitan antara aktiviti artistik dengan pencapaian-pencapaian penting dalam perkembangan kamak-kanak.

Children under the age of 2 to 6 years old have a critical time preparing themselves to comprehend the world around them. Before they start their formal education in the primary school, these children actually state their physical and intellectual development in many forms of assessable expression, including drawing. The objective of this study is to identify the drawing characteristics of 2 to 6 years old children to specific phases of Lowenfeld Artistic Development namely Scribbling, Pre-Schematic, Schematic and Realism. 50 children in Bachok, Kelantan were gathered to participate a structured drawing test, and the results were compared to analytical and perceptual ability especially in observation, analysing, understanding and expressing. The finding may be useful to bridge artistic activities with critical achievements of children’s development.
PERIBAHASA TAMIL BERIMEJ LADA HITAM SEBAGAI TRADISI LISAN: ANALISIS SEMANTIK INKUISITIF
Authors: MURTHY TANGAPRABU , SUBET MARY FATIMAH , DAUD MUHAMMAD ZAID 
Published: September 2021

Tradisi lisan merupakan salah satu cabang bagi penciptaan peribahasa Tamil. Peribahasa ini dicipta dan dihasilkan daripada pengamatan lapisan masyarakat India terhadap keistimewaan alam semula jadi di sekeliling mereka secara implisit. Namun begitu, penerokaan makna peribahasa Tamil yang dijalankan oleh pengkaji lepas hanya terhad di peringkat semantik skrip dan semantik resonans sahaja. Oleh itu, objektif kajian adalah menganalisis peribahasa Tamil berunsur lada hitam menggunakan pendekatan Semantik Inkuisitif oleh Jalaluddin (2014) serta dibantu pendekatan Rangka Rujuk Silang oleh Kempson (1986). Kajian ini adalah berbentuk kualitatif sepenuhnya melalui temu bual secara mendalam ke atas empat orang informan yang pilih secara NORF/M (Non-Mobile, Old, Remote dan Female/Male). Keseluruhannya, pengkaji memperoleh sebanyak 25 data peribahasa Tamil berunsurkan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Namun begitu, sebagai batasan kajian ini pengkaji hanya akan memfokuskan data peribahasa Tamil berunsurkan lada hitam sahaja. Data peribahasa Tamil tersebut seperti, ?????? ??????????????, ???????????? ????????????? (Transkripsi Rumi: Kadagu pona idam aarayvaar, poosanikay pona idam theriyathu) dan ?????????????????????? ???????? (Transkripsi Rumi: Kadugu siruthalum kaaram kuraiyaathu). Melalui kajian ini pengkaji dapat merumuskan bahawa, peribahasa Tamil ini tidak diciptakan secara sewenang-wenangnya tetapi, mempunyai kaitan yang kukuh dengan budaya serta akal budi masyarakat India pada zaman dahulu.

Transmitting proverbs via oral communication is one of the most common ways of Tamil proverbs’ growth. These proverbs are communicated when the early generations’ strong observation of their surroundings. These mostly come with implied meanings. Nevertheless this study emphasizes mainly on scripted and resonance semantics only. Following that, the objective of this research is to analyze Tamil proverbs which has black pepper element in it. The research has been done using the Inquisitive Semantics method introduced by Jalaluddin (2014) as well as the Bridging Cross Reference approach by Kempson (1986). The data for this qualitative research have been attained from four main informants, selected based on NORF/NORM (Non-Mobile, Old, Remote and Female/ Male) methods. The researcher has successfully attained data for 25 Tamil proverbs which has green elements in them. However, this research had been limited to focus on data based on black pepper only. Those Tamil proverbs are ????? ? ??????????????,???????????? ????????????? (Kadagu pona idamaar ayvaar, poosanikay pona idam theriyathu) and ?????????????????????????????? (Kadugu siruthalum kaaram kuraiyaathu) Researcher was able to conclude that Tamil proverbs created based on the strong connection in between tradition and cognition of the Indian community on the early day of life.
TAXONOMY OF PHOTO CATEGORIES
Authors: ZAHAR IWAN , SETIAWAN KURNIA , TENGKU ANUAR TENGKU FAUZAN 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSelecting photographs for teaching photo criticism can be a difficult task. This research aims to construct the taxonomy of photo categories for teaching purposes and teaching guidelines. This research used a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview with 125 participants made up of 39 male and 86 female, 94 Malays, 12 Chinese, 16 Indians and 3 Ibans. All participants exposed to five different photographs: advertising photographs, journalistic photographs, landscapes, and two fine arts photographs. We used three questions as research instruments for 125 participants to judge each photo: What do you see? What does it mean? How do you know? Also, we used Barrett's criticism models to teach, make a rubric, and evaluate the photographs and our research instruments. From our photo teaching experience, combined with this research, students usually started from low taxonomies. They followed through to high taxonomies, or in a sequence from advertising photographs, journalistic photographs, and landscapes (fine art) to modernist photographs and postmodernist photographs (fine art). They did not have difficulty interpreting elements, design principles, and photo techniques, but they did construct it challenging to analyze the context of postmodern photographs, especially gender issues.
AbstrakMemilih gambar untuk mengajar kritikan foto boleh menjadi tugas yang sukar. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk membina taksonomi kategori foto untuk tujuan pengajaran dan panduan pengajaran. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan soal selidik dan temu bual separa berstruktur dengan 125 peserta terdiri daripada 39 lelaki dan 86 perempuan, 94 orang Melayu, 12 orang Cina, 16 orang India dan 3 orang Iban. Semua peserta terdedah kepada lima gambar yang berbeza: foto iklan, foto jurnalistik, pemandangan, dan dua gambar seni rupa. Kami menggunakan tiga soalan sebagai instrumen kajian untuk 125 peserta menilai setiap foto: Apa yang anda lihat? Apakah maksudnya? Bagaimana anda tahu? Kami juga menggunakan model kritikan Barrett untuk mengajar, membuat rubrik, dan menilai gambar dan instrumen kajian kami. Dari pengalaman mengajar foto kami, digabungkan dengan penyelidikan ini, pelajar biasanya bermula dari taksonomi standard. Mereka mengikuti hingga taksonomi tinggi, atau dalam urutan dari foto iklan, foto jurnalistik, dan pemandangan (seni rupa) hingga foto modernis dan foto pascamoden (seni rupa). Mereka tidak mengalami kesukaran untuk menafsirkan elemen, prinsip reka bentuk, dan teknik foto, tetapi mereka membuatnya sukar untuk menganalisis konteks foto pascamoden, terutama masalah gender.