bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geological effects of the Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak, Nevada, earthquakes of December 16, 1954
Authors: Slemmons David B. 
Published: May 2021

abstractThe earthquakes of December 16, 1954, were accompanied by offsets along many faults in four main zones of a north-trending belt 60 miles long by 20 miles wide. Minor geologic effects included changed flow of springs and wells, formation of water fountains and craters, landslips, landslides, mudflows, and rockfalls, and secondary fracturing of unconsolidated sediments.The fault displacements were mainly along normal faults of the Basin-Range type in the following zones: (1) west of Dixie Valley, (2) southeast of Dixie Valley, (3) east of Fairview Peak, and (4) east of Stingaree Valley. The maximum strike-slip component was 12 feet (right-lateral) at Fairview Peak, and the maximum vertical-slip component was about 12 feet at Bell Flat.Most of the faults are at or near the alluvium-bedrock contact. A tectonic origin is proposed for these faults, however, since most of the faults have segments which cross bedrock or follow prehistoric scarps in alluvium. Dip-slip displacements were prevalent in the northern part of the area, and diagonal-slip or even strike-slip displacements characterized the southern part.The four main types of fault structure are herein defined as simple, subsidence, gravity-graben, and longitudinal step-fault types. The origin and nature of each type is discussed. Measurement of dip-slip components of displacement is complicated by the nature of these structures and earthfalls. In general, the scarp height is greater than the dip-slip component or throw.Comparison of geodetic data with field geologic data shows that the field geologist can, with care, measure fault displacements accurately, even across complex fault structures.
The efffct of torsional oscillations on earthquake stresses
Authors: Housner George W. , Outinen Hannu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A comparison is made between the maximum stresses induced by earthquake-excited vibrations of an unsymmetrical structure and those induced in a symmetrical structure. These stresses are compared with the commonly used equivalent static method of analysis, and it is shown that the static method underestimates significantly the magnitude of the maximum stresses. Although the maximum stresses are quite sensitive to changes in the relative rigidity of the walls, an energy analysis of the vibration problem shows that the relative rigidities are not crucially important in determining the ultimate strength of the building.
An analysis of strong-motion accelerometer data from the San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957
Authors: Hudson D. E. , Housner G. W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957, was recorded simultaneously by accelerometers at five United States Coast and Geodetic Survey stations in the San Francisco area. Response spectrum curves were computed from the acceleration-time records, and from these response spectrum curves the spectrum intensities have been determined. From these spectrum intensities certain conclusions are drawn as to: (1) the effects of local geology on the recorded ground motions; (2) the calculation of total energy released by the earthquake from strong-motion accelerometer records; (3) possible influence of structural dynamic behavior on the accelerations recorded in building basements, and the relationship between basement accelerations and ground accelerations; and (4) the applicability of a simplified type of strong-motion earthquake instrument for investigations of local distribution effects. A general comparison is made between the present earthquake and typical Pacific Coast earthquakes.
Seismic waves from the underground atomic explosion in Nevada
Authors: Grossling B. F. 
Published: May 2021

&gt;Abstract
Seismic waves from the underground atomic explosion of September 19, 1957, were recorded for 45 minutes on multichannel magnetic tape at a point 25 miles north of Holbrook, Arizona, about 370 miles from their source. Twelve vertical-component seismometers were laid out in the form of an L 5,280 ft. by 1,600 ft. to permit determinations of apparent velocity and of direction of arrival. The frequency range recorded, about 6 to 40 cps, was higher than usual in earthquake seismology. During tape playback, supplementary filtering, gain adjustments, and changes in time scale served to improve the quality and legibility of the records.
The playback seismograms reveal strikingly well not only to Pn and P* waves transmitted and refracted by the crust, but also many others as well. Some of these, as clearly indicated by their directions of arrival, did not originate from the explosion. We have attempted only an elementary interpretation, our main purpose being to make the data available to anyone who might be interested in them. The relatively short wave lengths of the recorded events may make them of unusual significance. In addition to arrival times, we made a few measurements of absolute amplitude and of frequency spectra.
Seismic regionalization
Authors: Richter C. F. 
Published: May 2021

abstract
In the USSR earthquake risk is now officially mapped by division into areas numbered with the degrees of the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, to show maximum reasonably expectable intensity during future earthquakes on ground of the prevailing character. This paper presents and discusses maps on the same plan for the Los Angeles Basin and its vicinity, for California, and for the United States.
The effect of variation of ground from point to point can be shown only on a large scale. This is microregionalization; the map for the Los Angeles Basin is an example. Small-scale regionalization maps require generalization. Prevailing ground is selected, not strictly by percentage of area, but by considering the foundation likely to be used for construction, in mountainous areas mostly small alluvial patches less stable than the surrounding rock.
Regionalization and especially microregionalization can be used in construction and planning, as indicating maximum effects to be considered in designing permanent structures. In adjusting insurance rates, and in designing temporary structures, statistical frequency of occurrence is also involved.
Over small areas, regionalization depends largely on local variation of ground and geology; over large areas, distance from active faults must be considered. Attention should be given to the effect of structural trends and of wave path on the form of isoseismal curves.
Mapping for the Los Angeles Basin area is reasonably definite. That for California is fairly reliable, but less so in desert and mountain areas. That for the United States is in part highly speculative and subject to substantial change.
Statistical analysis of recent fault-plane solutions of earthquakes
Authors: Scheidegger A. E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The large number of fault-plane solutions at present available in the literature permit one to calculate several statistical averages that have an important bearing upon geotectonics. The present paper represents a continuation of earlier work in this direction: 101 new fault-plane solutions are listed and the ratio of pressure to tension, strike slip to dip slip, and the average slip angle have been calculated for nine earthquake areas. Some of the older results are thereby corroborated, viz., that the “normal” character of earthquakes is to represent strike-slip faulting, and that the central Asian regions constitute an exception to this rule. In addition, it is now possible to make a breakdown with regard to depth. In this, a peculiar situation is found at 0.03 R depth, where the slip angle reaches a maximum. If the relationship between shallow and deep earthquakes be considered for any one area, however, it turns out that they are on the whole of the same character. Thus, whatever it is that causes earthquakes, acts in a similar fashion at all depths in any one area, but differs from one area to another.
Rayleigh-wave evidence for the low-velocity zone in the mantle
Authors: Takeuchi H. , Press F. , Kobayashi N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Variational calculus methods are applied to the problem of dispersion of mantle Rayleigh waves. In the present paper we have worked two models. One is Gutenberg's model with a low-velocity layer around 150 km. depth. The other is a Jeffreys-Bullen model modified above 200 km. depth so as to join smoothly to the explosion-determined velocities just under the Mohorovičić discontinuity. No low-velocity layer is assumed in this model. Both models give almost identical theoretical dispersion curves which agree well with the Ewing-Press observations of mantle Rayleigh waves for periods longer than 250 sec. This result means that the minimum group velocity at about 250 sec. is mainly due to a sharp increase of shear velocity at about 400 km. depth, which is a common feature for the two models. For periods shorter than 250 sec. Gutenberg's model gives results concordant with the observations. The modified Jeffreys-Bullen model disagrees significantly with the observations. This demonstrates the existence of a low-velocity layer in the upper mantle.
COVID-19 challenges in clinical trials
Authors: Panchatcharam Murugan , Mukku Sravanthi Lakshmi 
Published: May 2021

Clinical research involves working with human subjects to answer questions relevant to their well-being in an ethical manner. The current scenario from the past one year has drastically changed the face of the clinical trials. The present COVID prevalence and simultaneously conducting the research with all the regulations and the precautions has been the difficult task for the contract research organisations (CRO).
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese and overweight children
Authors: Akhter Romana , Begum Suraiya , Alam Farzana , Shyamaly Kohinoor Jahan , Tithi Baraka Badrudduja , Karim Mohammad Rezaul 
Published: May 2021

Background: Childhood obesity is rising alarmingly and approaching an epidemic proportion in many countries. It increases the risk of developing non-communicable disease in adulthood. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a key co-morbidity associated with obesity and emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children. This study aimed to see the prevalence of the NAFLD with overweight and obesity among children.Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted among children aged 5.5 to 18 years attending in the pediatric endocrinology clinic of department of pediatrics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib medical university over a period of 14 months. Children’s weight and height were evaluated and then BMI was calculated for particular age and sex according to center for disease control growth chart. All obese and overweight children were included except those taking systemic steroid, or suffering from genetic, endocrine, liver or renal disease. Patients were advised to do serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ultrasonography of hepatobiliary system.Results: A total of 90 children were enrolled in the study. Among them majority (93.3%) were obese and the rest were overweight (6.7%). Overall, 40% children had NAFLD including 40.5% among the obese and 33.3% among the overweight (p>0.05). Majority (91.6%) had mild NAFLD. Alanine amino transferase (ALT) level was raised significantly among children with NAFLD compared to those without NAFLD (58.3% and 16.7% respectively, p<0.001).Conclusions: More than one-third of the overweight and obese children had NAFLD with a significantly higher level of ALT compared to children without NAFLD. Therefore, NAFLD should be routinely screened among children with increased weight to take timely intervention and prevent further progression of the disease.
Prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and associated factors among hypertensive patients attending medical outpatient clinic, Thika level 5 hospital, Kenya
Authors: Gladys Magara Monyenye , Gachohi John , Muriithi Alex 
Published: May 2021

Background: Uncontrolled hypertension is a key risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease. A study was conducted to determine the factors associated with the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension among hypertensive patients (study participants) attending a medical outpatient clinic, Thika level 5 Hospital (TL5H), Kenya.Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional study design and a mixed-methods approach. While the quantitative arm sampled 394 study participants using systematic random sampling, purposive sampling selected 18 health care workers who served as key informant sand 35 study participants took part in focus group discussions in the qualitative arm. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as systolic and or diastolic blood pressure ≥140 and or ≥90 in one or both previous and current readings during clinic visits. Quantitative data including socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of study subjects were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Qualitative data were collected using guides and checklists. Data were analysed descriptively and inferentially using Pearson’s chi-square statistics, Fishers exact tests and regression modelling to determine associations between independent variables and uncontrolled hypertension using STATA 14. Qualitative data were organized thematically using NVIVO.Results: 48% of the study participants had uncontrolled hypertension at the time of the study. Univariable analyses returned level of education (p=0.017), source of financing for hypertensive drugs (p=0.011), BMI (p=0.005) as significant factors.Conclusions: The study recommends community health promotion activities to increase awareness of how to modify these significant factors to reduce hypertension.
Immobilization and evacuation of accident victims by first responders in Delhi, India: a survey
Authors: Joseph Teena Elsa , Sharawat Rajesh , Phadke Vandana , Acharya Smita Chakraboraty , Sachdev Gaurav , Chhabra Harvinder Singh 
Published: May 2021

Background: Despite many improvements, pre-hospital care is known to be inconsistent and inefficient across India. This contributes to high mortality and morbidity of accident and medical emergency victims. Pre-hospital care may be provided by bystanders, but they are known to hesitate due to multiple reasons. The first aiders (ambulance staff or police personnel) who are responsible for providing appropriate initial care are not adequately trained to manage all aspects of emergency situations including extrication, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, management of bleeding, and protection of the spine evacuation and transfer. The current study was conducted to gauge the knowledge of first aid among bystanders and first aiders in Delhi national capital region.Methods: Two separate surveys with closed-ended questions were formulated for the bystanders and first aiders in english and hindi. A sample of 511 bystanders and 309 first aiders (108 ambulance and 201 police personnel) completed the survey between February 2019 and April 2019. Data was analysed descriptively. Comparison were made across demographic variables for the bystanders. For first aiders, comparisons were made between ambulance staff and police personnel, and between emergency medical technicians and drivers.Results: The average total scores for the bystanders were 38.5±14.2%. Slight differences across age and educational qualifications were found. The average total score for the first aiders was 34.3±12.3%. Ambulance personnel scored significantly better than police personnel in evacuation (70.3±26.6% versus 42.6±26.5%) and CPR subdomains (37.6±19.4% versus 21.9±14.7%). The emergency medical technicians scored better than the driver in their total and first aid subdomain scores.Conclusions: The knowledge amongst first responders including bystanders and first aiders was low and efforts to educate and train them would improve the much-needed quality of pre-hospital care.
A study of prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors in pregnant women of tribal community attending antenatal clinic at Trivandrum district, Kerala, India
Authors: Ponny M. S. , Nandini V. R. , Nirmala C. , Mayadevi Brahmanandan 
Published: May 2021

Background: Anemia is a major preventable public health concern among the pregnant women worldwide. The present study aims at determining the prevalence of anemia among tribal pregnant women at Trivandrum district, Kerala and identifying its socioeconomic and gynaecological risk factors.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among tribal women attending antenatal clinics of Vithura and Kuttichal Government hospitals at Kerala, India. Sample size was calculated as 117. All consecutive subjects fitting the inclusion criteria were included in the study until the sample size was achieved. Patients were interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire which includes socio demographic, cultural and nutritional factors. Hemoglobin measurement was done while first antenatal visit using semi auto hemo-analyzer. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software. Statistical test used was either Chi-square test or student t-test.Results: The prevalence of anemia among the tribal pregnant women attending primary health care in Trivandrum during the study tenure was 53.33%. The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anemia was observed as 26.66%, 25% and 1.66% respectively. The mean serum haemoglobin level among the study group was found to be 10.64 gm%. The major risk factors associated with anemia were figured out to be low body mass index, low family income, high parity, joint family, exposure to passive smoking and pan chewing, irregular intake of iron and folic acid supplements, hyperemesis and absence of deworming.Conclusions: Focus shall be given on creating awareness among tribal women regarding the need for dietary and lifestyle modification to decrease the prevalence of anemia among them.
Uso de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de compostos fenólicos por fermentação em estado sólido
Authors: Oliveira Schmatz Lívia , Masson Parcianello Adriana , Arnhold Pagnussatt Fernanda 
Published: May 2021

Resíduos agroindustriais são fontes de carbono e nitrogênio e atuam como suporte para o crescimento fúngico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo aplicar resíduos agroindustriais no aumento da produção de compostos fenólicos, através de fermentação em estado sólido. Os substratos utilizados foram farelo de arroz, resíduo de chá verde e erva-mate, em diferentes proporções. O microrganismo usado foi o Rhizopus oryzae CCT 7560 e o bioprocesso ocorreu em reatores do tipo bandeja, durante 7 dias. Após esse período, a biomassa foi congelada e os compostos fenólicos totais extraídos. A proporção de substrato mais indicada para ocasionar um aumento da produção de compostos fenólicos foi a 5:5 (farelo de arroz: chá verde), obtendo-se nessas condições, um teor de 22,4 mg.g-1de compostos fenólicos. Dessa forma, a fermentação em estado sólido proporcionou um incremento de 1,5 vezes no teor de compostos fenólicos, quando comparado com o controle, cujo valor inicial encontrado foi de 14,92 mg.g-1.
Estudo da hidrólise da lactose em leites com diferentes teores de gordura utilizando enzima livre e imobilizada
Authors: Knakiewicz Leticia , Becker Alexandra , Gazoni Isadora , Sehn Georgia , Rigo Elisandra 
Published: May 2021

A hidrólise da lactose é um processo amplamente utilizado na indústria alimentícia, tem objetivo de disponibilizar produtos zero lactose, pela presença de monossacarídeos (glicose e galactose) decorrente deste processo tecnológico. A enzima β-galactosidase, mais conhecida como lactase é responsável pela hidrólise de produtos lácteos, em sua maioria utilizada de forma livre, o que necessita por parte da empresa um valor envolvido na elaboração destes produtos. Visando atender o índice ascendente de portadores de intolerância à lactose, estimado em cerca de 70% da população adulta no mundo que manifesta alguma deficiência de lactase no organismo, além da busca por alimentos funcionais, tecnologias aliadas ao uso de enzimas e técnicas de imobilização são estudas para aprimorar a economia e a eficiência dos processos biotecnológicos. O estudo buscou avaliar a utilização da β-galactosidase para hidrólise de leites de diferentes espécies.
A hidrólise da lactose dos diferentes leites utilizando a EL não apresentou diferença significativa (p<0,05). Já a EI, o LBI e LBD apresentaram diferença, porém o LBI utilizando a EI necessitou maior tempo de hidrólise (43 h), possivelmente por ter maior teor de gordura em relação ao LBD. Os LOI e LOD não apresentaram diferença utilizando a EI, possivelmente devido este leite apresentar a gordura de forma mais dispersa no meio e com tamanhos menores dos glóbulos de gordura não interferindo no processo de hidrólise da lactose. Foi evidenciando que o teor de gordura tem influência sobre o tempo de hidrólise, visto que o LS ao menor tempo de hidrólise para a EI.
Crise no tempo acelerado e o mundo em descompasso: apresentação da seção especial sobre a Covid-19 / Crisis at an accelerated age and the world out of step: presentation of the special section on Covid-19
Authors: Rasia José Miguel 
Published: May 2021

Os quatro artigos que compõem esta Seção Especial da RBS sobre a Pandemia de Covid-19 compreendem a discussão sobre a escala da doença, a política cientifica e tecnológica, o uso da cloroquina e suas injunções políticas e as condições exigidas para o final de uma pandemia. Na busca pela articulação entre os artigos, esta apresentação aborda as questões relacionadas ao tempo acelerado em que ela ocorre e as medidas de isolamento e distância social num mundo também acelerado.Palavras-chave: pandemia, tempo, aceleração, crise.***This Special Section of RBS about the Covid-19 Pandemic comprises four articles that discuss the scale of the disease, the scientific and technological policy surrounding it, the use of chloroquine and its political injunctions, as well as the conditions required for the end of a pandemic. Seeking an articulation between the articles, this presentation reflects on the issues related to the accelerated time in which the pandemic occurs and the measures of isolation and social distance in a world that is also accelerated.Keywords: pandemic, time, acceleration, crisis.