bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition and Enforcement
Authors: Moss Gabriel , Bayfield Daniel , Peters Georgina 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the recognition of insolvency proceedings and the enforcement of the rights and powers of liquidators under the Regulation. In the UK, the position of foreign insolvency practitioners depends upon the degree of recognition or judicial assistance available. Recognition involves giving direct effect to a foreign law, to an order of a foreign court, or the foreign legal status of a foreign administrator or representative. The chapter also describes the recognition of insolvency proceedings and their enforcement, and powers of insolvency practitioners under the RR, who have substantially ‘amplified’ their rights and powers in two ways. First, more detailed provision has been made in relation to the duty of cooperation and coordination in cases where both main and secondary proceedings have been opened in different Member States. Secondly, a new set of rules has been implemented relating to cooperation and communication in proceedings concerning groups of companies.
Commentary on Regulation 1346/2000 and Recast Regulation 2015/848 on Insolvency Proceedings
Authors: Moss Gabriel , Smith Tom 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a commentary on the ‘original’ Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings (OR) and the Recast Regulation (RR). It first highlights how the OR is not only intended to deal with the fact that insolvencies increasingly have cross-border aspects but is also intended to be one element in the progress towards a complete and free internal market between all the Member States. With its application to collective insolvency proceedings which entail the partial or total divestment of a debtor and the appointment of a liquidator, the OR encompasses four elements: the proceedings must be collective; the proceedings must be insolvency proceedings; the proceedings must entail the total or partial divestment of the debtor; and the proceedings must entail the appointment of a liquidator. The chapter then turns to the RR, where it analyses some of the changes, such as the newly-proposed three types of proceedings which fall under the RR.
Other Aspects of Negligence Claims
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Squires QC Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to succeed in a negligence action, claimants must establish that: (i) they were owed a duty of care, (ii) the duty was breached by the defendant, and (iii) the duty caused loss of a legally recognized kind. It will also be necessary for the claim to be ‘justiciable’, that is, of a kind which is suitable for resolution in the courts. We consider justiciability in Chapter 2 and the approach taken by the courts to determine a duty of care in Chapters 3 and 4. In this chapter we examine the other elements of a negligence claim: namely, breach of duty, causation, and damage. We shall also consider two further questions: whether claims can be brought, not only against a careless individual, but against his or her employer, and the procedures for disposing of claims without requiring a trial through strike-out and summary judgment procedures.
Detention
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Squires QC Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Public authorities are responsible for detaining individuals in a variety of situations. The police, prison authorities, and health authorities treating the mentally ill, are all empowered to confine people against their will. Given the almost complete control such authorities have over the detainees’ environment, and the dependence of the detainees on the authority to provide for their daily needs, it is foreseeable that in various circumstances the carelessness of the authority will harm those detained. This chapter considers the potential liability in negligence of detaining authorities. Negligence is not, however, the only, or even the most important, tort available to detainees. They may also be able to hold detaining authorities liable for the torts of assault and battery, misfeasance in public office, and false imprisonment, as well as various claims for breach of the European Convention on Human Rights. As this chapter explains, the tort of negligence often operates as a residual remedy where one of these other remedies is not available to a detainee. Another kind of negligence liability this chapter considers arises where harm is caused by the detainees themselves. Given that some of those detained may be dangerous, it is foreseeable that if they are incorrectly released or allowed to escape they will cause harm. This chapter examines whether those injured by detainees in such circumstances can hold the detaining authority liable in negligence. The possibility of the victims succeeding in claims for breach of the European Convention on Human Rights is such cases is considered in Chapter 7.
Fundamental functional differences between gyri and sulci: implications for brain function, cognition, and behavior
Authors: Jiang Xi , Zhang Tuo , Zhang Shu , Kendrick Keith M , Liu Tianming 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFolding of the cerebral cortex is a prominent characteristic of mammalian brains. Alterations or deficits in cortical folding are strongly correlated with abnormal brain function, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, a precise mapping between the anatomy and function of the brain is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms of brain structural architecture in both health and diseases. Gyri and sulci, the standard nomenclature for cortical anatomy, serve as building blocks to make up complex folding patterns, providing a window to decipher cortical anatomy and its relation with brain functions. Huge efforts have been devoted to this research topic from a variety of disciplines including genetics, cell biology, anatomy, neuroimaging, and neurology, as well as involving computational approaches based on machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. However, despite increasing progress, our understanding of the functional anatomy of gyro-sulcal patterns is still in its infancy. In this review, we present the current state of this field and provide our perspectives of the methodologies and conclusions concerning functional differentiation between gyri and sulci, as well as the supporting information from genetic, cell biology, and brain structure research. In particular, we will further present a proposed framework for attempting to interpret the dynamic mechanisms of the functional interplay between gyri and sulci. Hopefully, this review will provide a comprehensive summary of anatomo-functional relationships in the cortical gyro-sulcal system together with a consideration of how these contribute to brain function, cognition, and behavior, as well as to mental disorders.
Conservation tillage mitigates drought-induced soybean yield losses in the US Corn Belt
Authors: Chen Bowen , Gramig Benjamin M , Yun Seong D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Conservation tillage has been widely recommended for implementation in the U.S. for its environmental benefits. The effect of conservation tillage on crop yield is a subject of continued concern amongst farmers who have not adopted the practice. Previous empirical research on the yield performance of conservation tillage is largely limited to field trials, while observational studies remain scant. This article estimates the effects of conservation tillage on county average corn and soybean yields using remotely-sensed tillage practice adoption data in 646 counties across 12 Corn Belt states from 2005 to 2018. Exploiting deviations from county-specific means in the data, we find no evidence that conservation tillage negatively affects corn or soybean yields. We also find that it can mitigate the impact of drought on soybean yields. We explore how wider use of conservation tillage might offset the increase in drought-induced downside risk to soybean yields under climate change projections from five global climate models.
Anti-phospholipid antibodies do not predict damage in SLE patients in the 21st century—an observational study from the Lupus-Cruces cohort
Authors: Ugarte Amaia , Garcia de Bustos Alazne , Ruiz-Arruza Ioana , Soto-Peleteiro Adriana , Martin-Iglesias Daniel , Gonzalez-Echavarri Cristina , Ruiz-Irastorza Guillermo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
To compare the inﬂuence of aPLs on global and cardiovascular damage in patients with SLE diagnosed before and after the year 2000.

Methods
Two hundred and eighty-six patients from the Lupus-Cruces cohort with a minimum follow-up of 5 years were divided into two subcohorts according to the date of diagnosis, before 2000 (less than 2000) and from 2000 on (2000 or more). We compared the mean Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics-American College of Rheumatology (SLICC-ACR) Damage Index score and global and cardiovascular damage-free survival rates in the presence or absence of aPL in both subcohorts. Variables potentially modulating damage among aPL-positive patients were analysed.

Results
The subcohorts were comparable for demographic and lupus-related variables except for treatment variables: the 2000 or more subcohort received lower doses of prednisone and more HCQ, low-dose aspirin, statins, immunosuppressive agents and vitamin D. aPL-positive patients in the less than 2000, but not in the 2000 or more subcohort, accrued more damage compared with aPL-negative patients. In the less than 2000 subcohort, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for global and cardiovascular damage in aPL-positive vs aPL-negative patients were 1.98 (95% CI 1.24, 3.14) and 9.3 (95% CI 3.24, 26.92), respectively. No differences in damage were seen between aPL-positive and aPL-negative patients in the 2000 or more subcohort. Hypertension (HR = 4.64, 95% CI 1.33, 16.19), LA (HR = 3.85, 95% CI 1.1, 13.41) and the number of months on HCQ (HR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 0.99) were independent predictors of vascular damage in the combined analysis of all aPL-positive patients.

Conclusion
The effects of aPL on damage accrual in SLE patients have been reduced over recent years. The widespread use of HCQ and a better thromboprophylaxis are likely causing this change.
The Study of Network Effects on Research Impact in Africa
Authors: Tahmooresnejad Leila , Beaudry Catherine , Mirnezami Seyed Reza 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the relationship between the position of individual scientists within co-authorship networks and their scientific performance. Using co-authorship data from African scientists in the Health and Medical Sciences within a timespan of 15 years (2000–2015), we characterize the collaboration networks and calculate centrality measures for each scientist to explore how scientific production and impact can be associated with their position within the network. Our findings reveal that authors who occupy a better position within their network and are deemed to actively collaborate with others also have a higher research impact. In this regard, South African scientists do not differ from those in the rest of the world.
Reduced S100 Protein Expression in Malignant Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumors: A Case Report
Authors: Foster-Davies Harri , Jessop Zita M. , Clancy Rachel M. , Vijayasurej Kerrin , Vass Johanne , Bragg Thomas , Brotto Maurizio 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor of soft parts (OFMT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of uncertain lineage. OMFT normally has a benign clinical course, and malignant variants are considered unusual. Criteria defining malignancy have not yet been clearly identified and universally accepted, and there is diagnostic uncertainty between pathologists as to how best to recognize a malignant variant. We present the case of a 68-year-old male patient who, following initial diagnosis of typical OFMT in the left scapular region, presented to the sarcoma service 9 years later with a short history of a solid lesion in the right calf. Biopsy confirmed metastatic OFMT and further imaging identified three other radiologically similar but distant lesions, which were later resected. The histology of the initial biopsy was reviewed, and the original observations were found to be accurate and due to current diagnostic criteria, the specimen was reported as typical. We propose that this case report contributes to a growing body of literature suggesting that negative S100 expression may be a useful feature in identifying and characterizing malignant OFMT.
Analysis of Reapplications to Integrated and Independent Plastic Surgery Residency
Authors: Patel Anooj A. , Wong Michael S. , Nguyen Vu T. , Janis Jeffrey E. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Plastic surgery is one of the most competitive specialties to match, with integrated plastic surgery having the highest rate of unmatched applicants in all categorical specialties. Unmatched applicants face difficult challenges, especially because there is a lack of data to help inform and guide both reapplicants and their advisors.

Method:
A national survey targeting plastic surgery applicants to both integrated and independent tracks from 2014 to 2020 was conducted in August 2020 to identify reapplicants, their application characteristics, and their outcomes.

Results:
Eighteen of the 54 (33.3%) integrated reapplicants responded to the survey, as well as 7 of the 42 (16.7%) independent reapplicants. Fifty percent of integrated reapplicants and 43% of independent reapplicants successfully eventually matched. For integrated reapplicants, the mean (SD) number of first cycle invites was the greatest predictor of eventual match success, 9.00 (5.93) invites for reapplicants that eventually successfully matched compared with 2.89 (2.89) for those that remained unmatched, P = 0.025. Integrated reapplicants obtained on average 2.47 less invites during the reapplicant cycle compared with the initial cycle, P = 0.046. A Fisher exact test revealed no differences in match outcomes of those integrated reapplicants who spent time in between cycles pursuing research compared with a preliminary surgical year, P = 0.99.

Conclusions:
Reapplication to both integrated and independent plastic surgery may result in worse matching outcomes compared with the initial match. Applicants should attempt to preemptively address potential initial application weaknesses as reapplication after a failed initial attempt may carry disadvantages.
Patient Access to Mental Health Notes
Authors: Blease Charlotte R. , O'Neill Stephen F. , Torous John , DesRoches Catherine M. , Hagglund Maria 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the last decade, many health organizations have embarked on a revolution in clinical communication. Using electronic devices, patients can now gain rapid access to their online clinical records. Legally, patients in many countries already have the right to obtain copies of their health records; however, the practice known as “open notes” is different. Via secure online health portals, patients are now able to access their test results, lists of medications, and the very words that clinicians write about them. Open notes are growing with most patients in the Nordic countries already offered access to their full electronic record. From April 2021, a new federal ruling in the United States mandates—with few exemptions—that providers offer patients access to their online notes (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, Department of Health and Human Services, Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-03-04/pdf/2019-02224.pdf#page=99). Against these policy changes, only limited attention has been paid to the ethical question about whether patients with mental health conditions should access their notes, as mentioned in the articles by Strudwick, Yeung, and Gratzer (Front Psychiatry 10:917, 2019) and Blease, O'Neill, Walker, Hägglund, and Torous (Lancet Psychiatry 7:924–925, 2020). In this article, our goal is to motivate further inquiry into opening mental health notes to patients, particularly among persons with serious mental illness and those accessing psychological treatments. Using biomedical ethical principles to frame our discussion, we identify key empirical questions that must be pursued to inform ethical practice guidelines.
Community Characteristics and COVID-19 Outcomes: A Study of 159 Counties in Georgia, United States
Authors: Nguyen Tran Ha , Shah Gulzar H. , Schwind Jessica S. , Richmond Holly L. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic affects population groups differently, worsening existing social, economic, and health inequities.

Purpose:
This study examined 159 counties within Georgia to identify community characteristics associated with county-level COVID-19 case, hospitalization, and death rates.

Methods:
Data from the 2020 County Health Rankings, the 2010 US Census, and the Georgia Department of Public Health COVID-19 Daily Status Report were linked using county Federal Information Processing Standard codes and evaluated through multivariable linear regression models.

Results:
The percentages of children in poverty, severe housing problems, and people not proficient in the English language were significant predictors associated with increases in case, hospitalization, and death rates. Diabetic prevalence was significantly associated with increases in the hospitalization and death rates; in contrast, the percentages of people with excessive drinking and female were inversely associated with hospitalization and death rates. Other independent variables showing an association with death rate included the percentages of people reporting fair or poor health and American Indian/Alaska Native.

Implication:
Local authorities' proper allocation of resources and plans to address community social determinants of health are essential to mitigate disease transmission and reduce hospitalizations and deaths associated with COVID-19, especially among vulnerable groups.
Population-Level Disparities in COVID-19: Measuring the Independent Association of the Proportion of Black Population on COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in US Counties
Authors: Gaglioti Anne H. , Li Chaohua , Douglas Megan D. , Baltrus Peter T. , Blount Mitchell A. , Zahidi Rabab , Caplan Lee S. , Willock Robina Josiah , Fasuyi Omofolarin B. , Mack Dominic H. 
Published: March 2021

Context:
There is a need to understand population race and ethnicity disparities in the context of sociodemographic risk factors in the US experience of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective:
Determine the association between county-level proportion of non-Hispanic Black (NHB) on county COVID-19 case and death rates and observe how this association was influenced by county sociodemographic and health care infrastructure characteristics.

Design and Setting:
This was an ecologic analysis of US counties as of September 20, 2020, that employed stepwise construction of linear and negative binomial regression models. The primary independent variable was the proportion of NHB population in the county. Covariates included county demographic composition, proportion uninsured, proportion living in crowded households, proportion living in poverty, population density, state testing rate, Primary Care Health Professional Shortage Area status, and hospital beds per 1000 population.

Main Outcome Measures:
Outcomes were exponentiated COVID-19 cases per 100 000 population and COVID-19 deaths per 100 000 population. We produced county-level maps of the measures of interest.

Results:
In total, 3044 of 3142 US counties were included. Bivariate relationships between the proportion of NHB in a county and county COVID-19 case (Exp β = 1.026; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.024-1.028; P < .001) and death rates (rate ratio [RR] = 1.032; 95% CI, 1.029-1.035; P < .001) were not attenuated in fully adjusted models. The adjusted association between the proportion of NHB population in a county and county COVID-19 case was Exp β = 1.025 (95% CI, 1.023-1.027; P < .001) and the association with county death rates was RR = 1.034 (95% CI, 1.031-1.038; P < .001).

Conclusions:
The proportion of NHB people in a county was positively associated with county COVID-19 case and death rates and did not change in models that accounted for other socioecologic and health care infrastructure characteristics that have been hypothesized to account for the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic minority populations. Results can inform efforts to mitigate the impact of structural racism of COVID-19.
Association of Age-Specific 2020 Florida COVID-19 Rates With Population Age Distribution and Presidential Preference
Authors: Bernet Patrick 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To assess whether county age distribution is associated with age-specific COVID-19 infection, emergency department, hospitalization, and mortality rates.

Design:
Floridaʼs 2020 COVID-19 cases are summarized into age-specific county rates and supplemented with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and 2020 presidential voting results to assess the association of population age structure and political choices with age-specific COVID-19 infection, emergency, hospitalization, and mortality rates.

Results:
Younger counties experienced higher under-25 infection rates, as well as higher over-64 infection, emergency, and hospitalization rates. Older counties experienced reduced infection rates for all ages and decreased over-64 emergency and hospitalization rates. Trumpʼs vote share was associated with higher infection rates for all and higher over-64 emergency, hospitalization, and mortality rates.

Conclusions:
Younger counties experience higher COVID-19 infection rates for all residents, with elevated morbidity risks among seniors. Older counties had lower COVID-19 infection, emergency, and hospitalization rates. Age-specific messaging may help slow pandemic spread.
Epigenetic Age in Young African American Adults With Perinatally Acquired HIV
Authors: Shiau Stephanie , Cantos Anyelina , Ramon Christian V. , Shen Yanhan , Shah Jayesh , Jang Grace , Baccarelli Andrea A. , Arpadi Stephen M. , Yin Michael T. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Prior studies have measured accelerated aging in people with HIV using a DNA methylation (DNAm)-based biomarker of aging, “epigenetic age,” but data are limited in African American (AA) young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection (PHIV).

Methods:
We performed a cross-sectional study of AA young adults aged 20–35 years with PHIV (N = 31) and seronegative controls (N = 30) using DNAm measured in whole blood and cognitive function measured by the NIH Toolbox. Illumina EPIC array was used to measure DNAm age and accelerated aging markers including epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), as well as extrinsic (EEAA) and intrinsic (IEAA) EAA.

Results:
PHIV and controls did not differ by sex (45 vs. 43% male), chronological age (26.2 vs. 28.0 years), or ethnicity. Chronological age and DNAm age were correlated (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). PHIV had a higher mean EAA (2.86 ± 6.5 vs. −2.96 ± 3.9, P < 0.01) and EEAA (4.57 ± 13.0 vs. −4.72 ± 6.0, P < 0.01) than controls; however, IEAA was not different between groups. Among PHIV, EAA and EEAA were higher in those with HIV viral load ≥50 copies/mL than <50 copies/mL (EEA: 8.1 ± 5.2 vs. 0.11 ± 5.5, P = 0 < 0.01 and EEAA: 16.1 ± 10.6 vs. −1.83 ± 9.7, P < 0.01). We observed negative correlations (r = −0.36 to −0.31) between EEAA and executive function, attention, and language scores.

Conclusions:
In conclusion, EAA in blood was observed in AA young adults with PHIV on ART using 2 measures, including EEAA which upweights the contribution of immunosenescent cell types. However, there was no evidence of age acceleration with a measure independent of cell type composition.