bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostitution, Roman
Authors: M c Ginn Thomas A. J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Prostitution in ancient Rome was widespread. The sale of sex constituted an important aspect of the economy in terms of upper‐class investment, state revenue, and female employment. The vast bulk of the legal, literary, documentary, and archaeological evidence derives approximately from the period 200
bce
–250
ce
, most of which concerns the prostitution of women, our focus here. A brief summary of developments in Late Antiquity ranges approximately from 250 to 565
ce
.
Methone, Pieria
Authors: Boufalis Angelos 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Methone was a city‐state in Pieria and according to the literary tradition the earliest Greek colony in the Northern Aegean. It controlled one of the best ports and evolved into one of the busiest industrial centers in the region. Although territorially surrounded by the Macedonian kingdom, it preserved its independence through most of the Archaic and Classical period until it was destroyed in 354
bce
by Philip II because of its long‐standing alliance with the Athenians.
Non‐Electrode Components for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc Batteries: Electrolytes, Solid‐Electrolyte‐Interphase, Current Collectors, Binders, and Separators
Authors: Ni Qiao , Kim Byunghoon , Wu Chuan , Kang Kisuk 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRechargeable aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are one of the promising options for large‐scale electrical energy storage owing to their safety, affordability and environmental friendliness. During the past decade, there have been remarkable advancements in the AZBs technology, which are achieved through intensive efforts not only in the area of electrode materials but also in the fundamental understandings of non‐electrode components such as electrolytes, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), current collectors, binders, and separators. In particular, the breakthroughs in the non‐electrode components should not be underestimated in having enabled the AZBs to attain a higher energy and power density beyond that of the conventional AZBs, proving their critical role. In this article, the recent research progress is comprehensively reviewed with respect to non‐electrode components in AZBs, covering the new‐type of electrolytes that have been introduced, attempts for the tailoring of SEI, and the design efforts for multi‐functional current collectors, binders and separators, along with the remaining challenges associated with these non‐electrode components. Finally, perspectives are discussed toward future research directions in this field. This extensive overview on the non‐electrode components is expected to guide and spur further development of high‐performance AZBs.
Ultrafast Ion Transport via Dielectric Nanocube Interface
Authors: Teranishi Takashi , Yamanaka Ryoji , Mimura Ken‐ichi , Yoneda Mika , Kondo Shinya , Kato Kazumi , Kishimoto Akira 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDrastic enhancement in the high‐rate capability of lithium‐ion batteries to the level of supercapacitors while maintaining high energy density is required for next‐generation power sources. Incorporating dielectric BaTiO3 (BTO)‐based nanocubes (NCs) into the active materials–electrolyte interface provides an ultrafast charge transfer pathway via the dielectric layer. The highly dispersed NC‐decorated LiCoO2 (LCO) treated at the optimized temperature of 600 °C displays significantly enhanced high‐rate capability; the cell maintains 56.7 mAh g‐1 at 50C (1C = 160 mA g‐1), which compares with null capacity at the same rate for bare LCO. Comparing the NCs with conventional sol‐gel‐derived nanoparticles, the capacity retention at 10C (vs 0.1C) steadily increases with increasing active materials–dielectric–electrolyte triple‐phase interface (TPI) in the NC‐decorated case, whereas the capacity retention decreases markedly at similar TPI density in the sol‐gel case. In the sol‐gel case, the amount of Li ions accumulating at the TPI greatly exceeds the maximum amount of Li ions involved in electron exchange through the redox reaction within the charge/discharge time. In the NC case, most Li ions at the TPI participate effectively in the redox reaction, which results in fast charge transfer since the TPI sites are abundantly supplied with Li ions.
Influence of nitrogen source and rate on lettuce yield and quality
Authors: Zandvakili Omid R. , Barker Allen V. , Hashemi Masoud , Autio Wesley R. , Etemadi Fatemeh , Sadeghpour Amir 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOrganic fertilizers are significantly lower in N content than chemical fertilizers, yet they can offer opportunities for efficient N utilization in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. A 2‐yr split‐split plot trial was conducted in the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 at South Deerfield, MA, to evaluate the effect of source and rate of N fertilizers on yield, and quality of two lettuce cultivars. Nitrogen sources including blood meal (BLM), dehulled soybean meal (DSM), dehydrated cow manure (DCM), and urea (URE) were the main plots. Nitrogen application rates of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha–1 were subplots and two lettuce cultivars with different morphological phenotypes of iceberg (‘Mighty Joe’) and leaf lettuce (‘Bergam's Green’) were sub‐subplots. Quadratic model explained lettuce yield response to N fertilizer rate, regardless of cultivar and N source. Among all N sources, DCM resulted in the least total N, nitrate‐N, ammonium‐N, and the lowest fresh lettuce yield (24.0 Mg ha–1) compared with URE (30.1 Mg ha–1), DSM (30.7 Mg ha–1) and BLM (28.7 Mg ha–1). Lettuce N requirement at maximum yield was 157.7, 171.4, 112.5, and 191.7 kg ha–1 for BLM, DSM, DCM, and URE, respectively. An increase in N application rate increased total N, nitrate‐N, and ammonium‐N but decreased agronomic efficiency and apparent N recovery. Incidence of lettuce tipburn and head decay was cultivar specific and was not influenced by N source. We concluded that DSM could be used as an organic fertilizer source that provides N similar to that of URE for lettuce production.
Fractal Features of the Catalytic Performances of Bimodal Mesoporous Silica‐Supported Organocatalysts Derived from Bipyridine‐Proline for Asymmetric Aldol Reaction
Authors: Xu Guangpeng , Bing Liujie , Sun Jihong , Jia Bingying , Bai Shiyang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe three bipyridine‐proline chiral ligands (Z) with different structural units as highly active species were successfully introduced on Zn‐modified bimodal mesoporous silicas (BMMs). The representative heterogeneous catalysts (ZZnBMMs‐n) containing different molar ratios of Z/Zn (5, 20, 50, 100, 200%) were prepared, and their catalytic performances were evaluated in the asymmetric aldol reactions between p‐nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone, showing the satisfactory activities (yields) and good stereoselectivity (dr and ee). Meanwhile, their microstructural features and physicochemical properties were characterized by various methods. Particularly, the fractal evolution, the pair distance distribution function, and the Porod plots of the ZZnBMMs catalysts were demonstrated by SAXS analysis. The results revealed that the interfacial layer thickness and their mass fractal (Dm) value gradually increased with the enhanced molar ratios of Z/Zn, along with the decrease of pore size and densification of volume, suggesting the successful Z‐grafting into the mesoporous channels of Zn‐modified matrixes. The essential relationships between the fractal features and their catalytic performance (yield, dr and ee) were explored, showing the larger the Dm values, the better catalytic performance. Besides, the uniform distributions of Zn and S elements in ZZnBMMs catalysts and the formation of enamine‐imine intermediates during the asymmetric aldol reactions were confirmed.
Possible Polarization Measurements in Elastic Scattering at the Gamma Factory Utilizing a 2D Sensitive Strip Detector as Dedicated Compton Polarimeter
Authors: Middents Wilko , Weber Günter , Spillmann Uwe , Krings Thomas , Vockert Marco , Volotka Andrey , Surzhykov Andrey , Stöhlker Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFor photon energies from several 10 keV up to a few MeV Compton polarimetry is an indispensable tool to gain insight into subtle details of fundamental atomic radiative processes. Within the SPARC collaboration several segmented semiconductor detectors are developed that are well suited for application as efficient Compton polarimeters. In this report, these recent developments are reviewed and it is discussed how Compton polarimetry can be employed at the upcoming Gamma Factory.
One‐Step Synthesis of Lignin‐Based Triblock Copolymers as High‐Temperature and UV‐Blocking Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Wan Yi , He Jianghua , Zhang Yuetao , Chen Eugene Y.‐X. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis work utilizes frustrated Lewis pairs consisting of tethered bis‐organophosphorus superbases and a bulky organoaluminum to furnish the highly efficient synthesis of well‐defined triblock copolymers via one‐step block copolymerization of lignin‐based syringyl methacrylate and n‐butyl acrylate, through di‐initiation and compounded sequence control. The resulting thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) exhibit microphase separation and much superior mechanical properties (elongation at break up to 2091 %, tensile strength up to 11.5 MPa, and elastic recovery up to 95 % after 10 cycles) to those of methyl methacrylate‐based TPEs. More impressively, lignin‐based tri‐BCPs can maintain TPEs properties up to 180 °C, exhibit high transparency and nearly 100 % UV shield, suggesting potential applications in temperature‐resistant and optical devices.
Reversible Covalent Headpiece Enables Interconversion between Double‐ and Single‐Stranded DNA‐Encoded Chemical Libraries
Authors: Zhao Guixian , Zhong Shuting , Zhang Gong , Li Yangfeng , Li Yizhou 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe use of a proper encoding methodology is one of the most important aspects when practicing DEL technology. A “headpiece”‐based double‐stranded DEL encoding method is currently the most widely used for productive DEL. However, the robustness of double‐stranded DEL construction conflicts with the versatility presented by single‐stranded DEL applications. We here report a novel encoding method, which is based on a “reversible covalent headpiece (RCHP)”. The RCHP allows reversible interconversion between double‐ and single‐stranded DNA formats, providing an avenue to robust synthesis and allowing for the applications in distinct setups. We have validated the versatility of this encoding method with encoded self‐assembled chemical library and DNA‐encoded dynamic library technology. Notably, based on the RCHP‐settled library construction, a unique “ternary covalent complex” mediating ligand isolation methodology against non‐immobilized targets was developed.
Fluoro‐nitrogen Cations
Authors: Vij Ashwani , Wilson William W. , Haiges Ralf , Edwards Kyle C. , Dixon David A. , Christe Karl O. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe crystal structures of [NH3F]+[CF3SO3]−, [NH2F2]+[SbF6]−, and [N2F3]+[Sb3F16]− have been determined, representing the first structural characterizations of these simple fluoro‐nitrogen cations. The influences of the hybridization of the central nitrogen atom and of the number of fluorine substituents on the N−F bond lengths are evaluated for the series N2F+, N2F3+, NF2O+, NH3F+, NH2F2+, and NF4+. It is shown that the N−F bond length decreases from 1.40 Å to 1.26 Å with increasing fluorine substitution and increasing s‐character of the nitrogen atom, and that unusual N−F bond lengths reported in the previous literature are caused by disorder problems
Physical and oxidative stability of n‐3 delivery emulsions added seaweed‐based polysaccharide extracts from Nordic brown algae Saccharina latissima
Authors: Hermund Ditte B. , Anagnostara Ioanna , Hou Xiaoru , Mikkelsen Maria Dalgaard , Rhein‐Knudsen Nanna , Bjerre Anne‐Belinda , Meyer Anne S. , Jacobsen Charlotte 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEnriching foods with long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids requires a delivery emulsion system, which is both thermodynamically and oxidatively stable. The antioxidant and stabilizing properties of three types of polysaccharide extracts from brown algae Saccharina latissima with a mixed composition of polysaccharides (SA: 98% sodium alginate, SF: 90% alginate and 9% fucoidan, SL: 14.5% fucoidan, 9.5% laminarin, and co‐extracted nonpolysaccharides) were evaluated. SA, SF, SL, and REF (added commercial sodium alginate) showed in vitro ferrous ion chelating ability in the order: SA (99%) > SL (78%) > REF (31%) > SF (16%). The difference in antioxidant activity between SA, REF, and SF appeared related to structural differences of alginate (M/G ratio). A storage trial was conducted using 70% (w/w) fish oil‐in‐water delivery emulsions added sodium caseinate (NaCas) (0.23 wt%) as emulsifier in combination with SA, SF, SL, or commercial NaAlg (REF) in different concentrations (C1 = 0.1, C2 = 0.2, C3 = 0.3, and C4 = 0.4 wt%). A control with only NaCas was included (CON). The physical (e.g., creaming and droplet‐size distribution) and oxidative (peroxide value and volatiles) stability of the emulsions, were evaluated (12 days, dark at 20˚C). Acceptable physical stability (creaming index) was found for REF (all concentrations), SF = 0.2 wt% (C2), SL and SA = 0.3 wt% (C3) and 0.4 wt% (C4). In general, the oxidative stability decreased by adding REF, SA, and SF (except for REF at C1), as prooxidant activity was observed. However, SA showed antioxidant activity against the formation of 2‐ethylfuran. SL showed antioxidant activity in decreasing the formation of volatile compounds in emulsions when added in concentrations above 0.2 wt%.
Starch/pectin‐biobased films: How initial dispersions could affect their performances
Authors: De Paola Maria Gabriela , Andreoli Tiziana , Lopresto Catia Giovanna , Calabrò Vincenza 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBioplastics receive constantly increasing attention as interesting alternatives to fossil‐derived plastics, due to their renewability and degradability. Among them, edible coatings and films have been focused by a growing amount of research. Starch‐based films are promising candidates for future plastics because of starch convenient price and large availability, combined with suitable properties. Chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of such films could be enhanced by mixing starch with other additives and copolymers, which affect the characteristics of the film‐forming dispersions. This work investigates how the behavior of different starch/pectin‐based dispersions—in terms of stability and gelification—influences the quality of the resulting films. Characterization of dispersions by Turbiscan analysis, based on multiple light scattering—detects any destabilization phenomenon and its extent. The produced films are investigated from morphological and mechanical point of view by standard tests. Film quality improves as phase separation decreases and degree of gelification increases in film‐forming dispersions.
Glycerol biosynthesis plays an essential role in mediating cold tolerance the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta
Authors: Vatanparast Mohammad , Sajjadian Seyedeh Minoo , Park Youngjin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe red imported fire ant (RIFA),Solenopsis invictaBuren is native to South America and known as a global problematic invasive species. At low temperatures, several investigations have demonstrated an increase in glycerol as a primary rapid cold hardening (RCH) component and an increase in the supercooling point. Two genes, glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol kinase (GK), have been identified as being involved in the glycerol production process. In this study, one GPDH and two GK sequences were extracted from RIFA transcriptome analysis (Si‐GPDH,Si‐GK1, andSi‐GK2). All three genes were expressed in different body parts and different tissues ofS. invictathatSi‐GK2showed a higher expression level than the others. According to gene expression levels by qRT‐PCR analysis, the highest expression levels of three genes were observed in fat body tissues. After 1 h of exposure to low temperatures (5°C or lower), the mRNA levels of these genes significantly increased, according to expression analyses. RNA interference (RNAi) ofSi‐GPDHorSi‐GK1andSi‐GK2exhibited a significant downregulation at the mRNA level. The mortality rate of treated RIFA by double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific toGPDHandGK2significantly increased at low temperatures. This study indicates that GPDH and GK2 as glycerol biosynthesis genes in RIFA have a high expression level to synthesize a high level of glycerol as an RCH factor and they play crucial roles in survival during the cold period.
Identification of Similarities Between Skin Lesions in Patients With Antisynthetase Syndrome and Skin Lesions in Patients With Dermatomyositis by Highly Multiplexed Imaging Mass Cytometry
Authors: Patel Jay , Ravishankar Adarsh , Maddukuri Spandana , Vazquez Thomas , Grinnell Madison , Werth Victoria P. 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveAntisynthetase syndrome (ASyS) and dermatomyositis (DM) are autoimmune disorders that overlap clinically. Given the presence of DM‐like skin lesions in ASyS patients, there is debate about whether ASyS is a distinct disease or a subclassification of DM. Recent studies identified differences in type I interferon (IFN) expression between ASyS and DM muscle and finger eruptions. This study was undertaken to elucidate similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of cutaneous disease in ASyS and DM at the single‐cell level.MethodsFive ASyS patients and 7 DM patients were recruited from a prospectively collected database of well‐characterized DM patients. ASyS patients were clinically confirmed as having ASyS according to the Connors et al criteria and the Solomon et al criteria and the presence of aminoacyl–transfer RNA synthetase antibodies. Immunophenotyping was conducted using immunofluorescence (IF) and imaging mass cytometry (IMC).ResultsIF staining for MxA and IFNβ expression revealed up‐regulation of type I IFN in ASyS and DM samples compared to healthy control samples (P < 0.05). IMC showed similar numbers of macrophages, T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells in ASyS and DM samples, with no differences in counts (P > 0.05), but an increase in myeloid dendritic cell percentage in DM samples (P < 0.05). Key type I IFN, cytokine, and JAK/STAT pathways were similarly expressed in both ASyS and DM (P > 0.05). At the single‐cell level, macrophages positive for phosphorylated stimulator of IFN genes in ASyS samples expressed increased levels of tumor necrosis factor, interluekin‐17 (IL‐17), and IFNβ (P < 0.001).ConclusionIMC is a powerful tool that identifies a role for the type I IFN system in DM‐like skin lesions in ASyS and DM with some differences at the cellular level, but overall significant overlap, supporting similar therapeutic decision making.
Awareness and attitude of first‐year medical students toward epilepsy in University of Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Ibrahim Mohammed Elsir , Hasabo Elfatih A. , Hsabo Elmuiz A. , Alhadi Alhadi S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeVery little is known about the knowledge and attitude of students about epilepsy at Sudanese universities. Therefore, we aimed to assess knowledge and attitude of undergraduate medical students toward epilepsy.MethodsA 35‐items standardized questionnaire was self‐administered to 320 students between December 2020 and February 2021 with a recorded response rate of 61.8%. Google form was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed using R software.ResultsOverall, our findings showed a negative trend in the awareness and attitude towards epilepsy. While the majority of students (84.8%) had read or heard about epilepsy, only 43.9% of them had seen someone with epilepsy. Epilepsy was considered contagious and psychological by 1.7% and 56%, respectively. About 62.2% of students believed head / birth trauma is a cause of epilepsy. On the other hand, 15.7 % and 5.1 % of students thought evil eye and divine retribution are also causes of epilepsy, respectively. The latter beliefs were more uniform among participants from rural background (p < .05). Regarding attitude, 19.7% of students considered it inappropriate for a patient with epilepsy to have a child. This attitude correlates with the mother's education as the percentage was higher for students whose mothers had a lower education (pre‐college education) (p < .05). The majority of students were aware that certain people with epilepsy need long‐term drug treatment; this belief was more uniform among females than in males (p < .05). The vast majority of students (93.9%) thought that a child with epilepsy could succeed in a normal class. Compared to the corresponding group, this belief was found more common in students whose mothers had a higher education (university level and above) (p < .05).ConclusionThis study concludes that Sudanese undergraduate students' understanding of epilepsy was minimal, necessitating a well‐directed educational campaign to develop a well‐informed and tolerant society.
Understanding the needs of justice‐involved adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in an Indigenous community
Authors: Flannigan Katherine , Tremblay Melissa , Potts Sandra , Nelson Monty , Brintnell Sharon , O’Riordan Teresa , Rasmussen Carmen , Pei Jacqueline 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIndividuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) experience a range of neurodevelopmental challenges, often compounded by social and environmental adversity. One of the most concerning outcomes that can be associated with FASD is involvement in the justice system, where individuals with FASD are vastly over‐represented. Individuals with FASD who are both justice‐involved and Indigenous experience added layers of marginalization. In this community‐based study, we explored the needs of 16 adults who participated in an FASD‐informed restorative justice program in an Indigenous community in Alberta, Canada. Clinical record reviews and client interviews were used to gather information. Diverse needs were identified, including pervasive neurodevelopmental difficulties, notable physical and mental health challenges, complex experiences of psychosocial trauma, and varied criminogenic needs. This study increases our understanding of the unique and complex biopsychosocial and criminogenic needs of Indigenous justice‐involved adults with FASD. Such an understanding is a first step in developing tailored interventions for individuals with FASD and has important practice and policy implications for supporting positive outcomes. For Indigenous individuals with FASD, intervention efforts should be integrated within the community context to promote collective healing.
Catalytic and Spectroscopic Properties of the Halotolerant Soluble Methane Monooxygenase Reductase from Methylomonas methanica MC09
Authors: Lettau Elisabeth , Zill Domenic , Späth Marta , Lorent Christian , Singh Praveen K. , Lauterbach Lars 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe soluble methane monooxygenase receives electrons from NADH via its reductase MmoC for oxidation of methane, which is itself an attractive C1 building block for a future bioeconomy. Herein, we present biochemical and spectroscopic insights into the reductase from the marine methanotroph Methylomonas methanica MC09. The presence of a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and [2Fe2S] cluster as its prosthetic group were revealed by reconstitution experiments, iron determination and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. As a true halotolerant enzyme, MmoC still showed 50 % of its specific activity at 2 M NaCl. We show that MmoC produces only trace amounts of superoxide, but mainly hydrogen peroxide during uncoupled turnover reactions. The characterization of a highly active reductase is an important step for future biotechnological applications of a halotolerant sMMO.