bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zewnętrzne uwarunkowania podmiotowości nauczyciela polonisty
Authors: Krzyżyk Danuta 
Published: December 2024

In the article, the author reflected on the subjectivity of teachers and selected conditions affecting their empowerment. It is assumed that the subjectivity of a teacher means his or her freedom of action in the process of teaching, learning and upbringing. This subjectivity is shaped by internal factors (qualifications and competencies of a teacher, his or her personality, identification with the profession) and external factors (e.g. the educational policy of the country, activities of the educational administration, applicable regulations, standards). External factors that determine the subjectivity of a teacher and to which the author devotes significant attention include teacher education standards, university training programs, external examinations, and rankings. It is also pointed out that implementing the idea of subjectivity involves choices (and tensions) that the teacher must make. These choices have an impact on the quality of the education process and, above all, on students.
Szkoła. Między przymusem a wolnością
Authors: Kołodziej Piotr 
Published: December 2024

The article refers to the output of Zofia Agnieszka Kłakówna (including the book Przymus i wolność [Constraint and Freedom]), as well as the output of her co-authors who co-created the anthropological-cultural concept of education, curricula, and textbooks for many years, expounding this concept (the so-called “Cracovian school of didactics”). The author reflects on the idea of subjectivity and the categories conditioning subjectivity, and then explains in detail what subjectivity in educational theory and practice involves. Since pure subjectivity is not achievable according to the vision presented in the article, the author specifies what conditions would have to be met in order to move towards a subjective standard of evaluation in educational design activities as well as in actual school activities.
The outcome of functional constipation in Saudi children
Authors: El Mouzan Mohammad , Alabdulkarim Hayfa , Kambal Mohammed , Alshammary Nawaf , Alanazi Rehab , Ahamed Shaffi , Alhamid Nouf , Al Sarkhy Ahmed , Alzahrani Alhanouf , Assiri Asaad 
Published: December 2024

Background. Understanding the outcome of functional constipation (FC) for both patients and physicians is essential, yet it has been infrequently reported worldwide. The objective of this report was to update the outcomes of FC in Saudi children.
Methods. Clinical data including age, sex, response to management, duration of follow up, and type of management were collected from the notes of each clinic visits and phone call follow-ups.
Results. The study included 268 children followed up for a 7 year duration. The median age of onset was 4 (0.1 to 13) years, and 123/268 (46%) were male. There was an increasing recovery rate with increasing duration of follow up with an overall recovery rate of 79%. There was no significant association between recovery and age at onset (p=0.0860) or duration of constipation (P=0.124). Management by pediatric gastroenterologists did not increase rate of recovery (81% vs. 77%, p=0.432) or being cured (47% vs. 36%, p=0.108) significantly. According to the parents of children who recovered, diet in association with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and toilet training were most helpful. Poor diet and nonadherence to medications were the most common causes of lack of recovery.
Conclusions. The higher rates of recovery in this Middle Eastern childhood population than other populations are possibly related to cultural characteristics. The parents’ views support the importance of diet associated with other modalities as important parts of management. Further research is needed to identify correctable causes of nonadherence to treatment to improve recovery.
Improving Critical Thinking Abilities on HOTs Questions through PJBL Model for Students of Elementary School Teacher Education
Authors: Putri Nuraini Sari  , Wuri Wuriyandhani  , Rahayu Condro Murti  
Published: December 2024

The Students who did not meet the criteria for mastering critical thinking and not carry out Project Based Learning in Mathematics courses became passive, did not generate creativity and did not understand the mathematical concepts applied in the previous material in the learning process. The aim of this research was to identify and analyze the improvement of high-level thinking skills that could be obtained through HOTS (High Order Thingking Skill) questions using the Project Based Learning method. This research was descriptive research with a qualitative approach and it was conducted in second semester students at Sriwijaya University. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, test and others were used to solve problem and the documentation was used to collect the process data and research results. The results of this research showed that there was a significant increase in acquisition. Application of the PJBL (Project Based Learning Model) a to critical thinking skills were in cycles 1 and 2, especially at the knowledge level. Based on the research results, the two studies increased critical thinking skills by 66.66% pre-action and 16.66% post-action, increasing to 85.3% in the method Project Based Learning. Apart from that, there was a significant increase in critical thinking skills with the "Very Good" category increasing from 66.67% to 85.3%. This showed that critical thinking skills had a positive impact on learning outcomes and collaborative spirit in the classroom. Overall, this showed that research applying the Project Based Learning method on HOTS questions was used to improve critical thinking skills to be more effective in strengthening problem solving by second semester students of elementary school teacher education.
Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı taşra teşkilatında görev yapan şube müdürlerine uygulanan zorunlu rotasyonun yöneticilere ve eğitim-öğretime etkileri üzerine bir çalışma
Authors: Demir Fatma , Arslan Hasan 
Published: December 2024

Bu çalışma ile Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı taşra teşkilatında görev yapan il- ilçe yöneticilerinden şube müdürlerine uygulanan zorunlu rotasyonun yöneticiler ile eğitim-öğretime etkileri ortaya konularak, sorunlara ilişkin getirilen çözüm önerileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, şube müdürlerinin rotasyon algılarının örgüt kültürü içerisinde etkilerinin; mevzuat hükümleri başta olmak üzere görev süresi, cinsiyet, coğrafi şartlar gibi demografik özellikler dikkate alınarak anlamlı farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı araştırılmıştır. Şube müdürlerinin eğitim yönetici olarak rotasyona ilişkin algılarını incelemek amacıyla dört bölümden ve toplam 40 sorudan oluşan soru temelli değerlendirme çalışması hazırlanmış ve ülke genelinde il ve ilçe millî eğitim müdürlüklerinde görev yapan 303 şube müdürlerine uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada verilerin analizi SPSS 24.0 ile yapılmış, tüm soruların frekansları hesaplanmıştır. Bununla birlikte likert tipindeki sorular için ortalama puan da hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada likert sorularına katılım düzeyinin demografik değişkenlere göre karşılaştırılması için, ANOVA ve Kruskal Wallis testi, t testi ve Mann-Whitney U testleri ile sorular arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon testi de kullanılmıştır. Anket sorularının alt boyutlarının güvenirlikleri Cronbach Alfa değerleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre taşrada görev yapan şube müdürlerinin çoğu zorunlu yer değişikliği uygulamasını mevzuat açısından olumsuz değerlendirmiştir. Bunun en büyük nedeni ise zorunlu yer değişikliğinin yönetmelikte var olmasına rağmen sadece taşrada görev yapan şube müdürlerine uygulanmasıdır. Ayrıca şube müdürlerince uygulamada kullanılan hizmet bölgeleri ve hizmet sürelerinde adaletli bir dağılımın olmadığı, mazeret beyan ederek uygulama dışında kalan veya öncelik hakkı elde eden yöneticilerin diğer yöneticiler tarafından olumlu karşılanmadığı, tercihler alınırken belirli kriterler doğrultusunda hizmet bölgelerine yapılan atamaların uygun görülmediği sonucuna da ulaşılmıştır. Zorunlu yer değişikliğinin etkilerine bireysel olarak bakıldığında ise şube müdürleri, yer değiştirmenin her ne kadar kişisel ve kültürel yönden kendilerini geliştirmesine ve mesleki anlamda performanslarını artırmasına katkı sağladığını “kısmen düşünseler” de çoğunluğu ekonomik yük oluşturduğunu, aile ve sosyal hayatlarını olumsuz etkilediğini belirtmişlerdir. Zorunlu yer değişikliğinin etkilerine kurumsal açıdan bakıldığında ise şube müdürleri rotasyonun kısmen kurumum işleyişine olumlu katkı sağladığı ve dinamizmi artırdığına katılsalar da kamu çalışanı olmanın verdiği sorumlulukla her yerde aynı hassasiyetle çalışılması gerektiğini düşündüklerinden “çoğunlukla” kuruma katkısının olmayacağını ifade etmişlerdir.
Bu çalışmada “bölge hizmetine bağlı yer değiştirme uygulaması” yerine “zorunlu yer değiştirme” veya “rotasyon” kavramları da kullanılmıştır.
Jung ve bilinçaltına dair öğretisi
Authors: Abdullayeva Shafahat 
Published: December 2024

İsviçreli psikolog Carl Gustav Jung'un psikanalitik teorisi ile Freud'un psikanaliz teorisi arasındaki benzerlikleri görmek mümkün olsa da psikanalitik teori, bilinçaltı açıklaması acısından Freud'un teorisinden farklılık göstermektedir.
Jung'un çalışmalarının ilk yıllarında Freud'un öğrencisi olduğu ve belli bir süre yakın işbirliği içinde oldukları bilinmektedir. Fikir ayrılıkları ve yollarının ayrılması bilinçaltıyla ilgiliydi. Jung bunu “Bilinçaltının Psikolojisi'nde” (Jung, 2001) yazdı ve Freud'un panseksüelliğine karşı çıktı.
Freud'un panseksüel pozisyonunun aksine Jung, bilinçaltının "bastırılmış cinsel ve saldırgan eğilimlerden" daha büyük bir içeriğe sahip olduğunu savundu. Jung, eros'a ek olarak bilinçaltında tanrısallığın ve tüm insanların ortak bir yönünün bulunduğunu belirtir ve buna "yaratıcı yaşam enerjisi" adını vermiştir.
Bilinçaltı alanının kişiye özel olduğunu kabul etmeyen Jung, kişiliğin yapısında daha derinlerde var olan kolektif bilinçaltına ilişkin bir fikir ortaya atmıştır. Jung, kolektif bilinçaltının en güçlü ve etkili psişik sistem olduğunu ve patolojik durumlarda egoyu ve kişisel bilinçaltını kapsadığını gösterdi. Jung, kolektif bilinçaltının ilkel zihinsel imgeler olan arketiplerden oluştuğuna inanıyordu. Arketip, önemli bir duygusal unsura sahip evrensel bir düşünce biçimidir. Arketipler doğuştan gelen fikirler ve izlenimlerdir. Benlik arketipi Jung'un teorisinde daha önemlidir. Bu arketip çevresindeki unsurları birleştirir ve kişiliğin özünü oluşturur. Ruhun tam bütünleşmesi sağlandığında kişi birlik, bütünlük ve uyumu hisseder. Jung'a göre öz, insan yaşamının temel amacıdır.
Makalenin amacı K. G. Jung'un bilinçaltına ilişkin görüşleri ve bilime kazandırdığı arketiplerden en önemlisi olan benlik/kendilik arketipini (self – İng.) incelemek ve onun zihinsel gelişimdeki yerini ve rolünü göstermektir.
A Smart IoT Urban Flood Monitoring System Using a High-Performance Pressure Sensor with LoRaWAN
Authors: Te Matthew Christian L. , Bautista Joaquin Antonio T. , Dimacali Shaquille Michael Edward V. , Lood Angelo Victor M. , Pangan Marina Graciella M. , Chua Alvin Y. 
Published: December 2024

The Philippines faces frequent flooding and significant loss of life and property. Current flood monitoring systems (FMS) are outdated, causing delays in information distribution and mitigation efforts. Therefore, this study presents the development of a pressure sensor-based system with LoRaWAN capability for continuous, remote flood detection. The FMS PVC housing design was iterated upon by changing lengths, diameters, and mounting systems. Moreover, each of the parts was modeled, simulated, and tested in ANSYS and evaluated with simulated real-world physical and environmental conditions. The FMS is equipped with LoRaWAN transmission and solar charging, which transmits data to The Things Network, where it is then visualized in Packetview. The resulting FMS design and mounting were robust and were able to withstand flooding conditions. The battery and solar panel are also sufficient in continuously powering the FMS. Moreover, the FMS was also able to withstand various tests with minimal sensor errors. The FMS holds the potential to enhance flood monitoring in the Philippines, offering localized, cost-effective, and near-real-time solutions for better disaster preparedness and response strategies. The FMS utilized the accurate theory equation that resulted in a flood height error as low as 1.12% in testing and 1.81% in rain. Furthermore, it is resistant to external disturbances as the system takes 0.5 seconds to stabilize, while continuous disturbances resulted in errors ranging from 0% to 3%. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-04-04 Full Text: PDF
Effects Of Combination Sunkist and Lime Peel Nanoparticle Granules on Oxidative Stress and Heart Histopathology in Diabetes Rats
Authors: Sihotang Widya Yanti , Mutia Maya Sari , Chairul Muhammad , Irwanda Desi Danilah , Nabila Putri , Hamsi Ulpah Zahara 
Published: December 2024

Diabetes mellitus and its consequences are significantly influenced by oxidative stress. Sunkist and lime oranges are a nutritional powerhouse, offering a range of health benefits due to their high content of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Key compounds like anthocyanins, flavanones, and hydroxycinnamic acid contribute to their potential positive impact to reduce oxidative stress. Therefore, the effect of nanoparticle granules combination of sunkist orange peel and lime peel was investigated on diabetic rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed: Group 1 as control group given distilled water, Group 2 as DM group with alloxan, Group 3 with DM + NGSLP 100mg / kgBW, Group 4 with DM + NGSLP 200mg / kgBW. Rats with diabetes were treated by intraperitoneal injection with 100 mg/kg alloxan. NGSLP treatment was given for 14 days to each treatment group. At the end, the blood and heart tissue were collected and used to determine the GPx enzyme, SOD, MDA, CAT and histological evaluation. Diabetes induction increased the level of MDA and decreased after treated with NGSLP. In diabetic rats treated with NGSLP showed an increase in SOD, GPX and CAT in blood. Histopathological findings of heart tissue showed the protective effect of NGSLP in rats with diabetic. This study revealed that NGSLP has antioxidant effects in the blood and heart of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
PENGARUH AKTIVATOR KONSENTRASI ASAM SULFAT DAN MASSA SERBUK BIJI PEPAYA TERHADAP KUALITAS BIOSORBEN
Authors: Pasaribu Josua , Nurlaila Rizka , Ibrahim Ishak , Muhammad Muhammad , Hakim Lukman 
Published: December 2024

Indonesia merupakan salah satu produsen Pepaya terbesar di dunia dengan menduduki sebagai peringkat 5 dengan total produksi sebesar 1.089.578 Ton. Pepaya memiliki manfaat serbaguna, termasuk bijinya. Pepaya memiliki banyak manfaat, salah satunya adalah bijinya. Kandungan abu sebanyak 15,8 gram yang terdapat dalam biji pepaya dianggap sebagai komponen paling signifikan dalam hal sifat biosorbennya. Maka dari itu biji pepaya digunakan sebagai adsorben dalam menyerap zat pewarna yang mencemari lingkungan perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan biosorben menggunakan bahan baku alami yang dapat diaktivasi untuk menghasilkan biosorben berkualitas tinggi.. Penelitian ini juga meneliti dampak massa bubuk biji pepaya terhadap biosorben akhir dan pengaruh aktivator konsentrasi asam sulfat terhadap kualitas biosorben akhir, di mana biji pepaya dipisahkan dari daging buah dan dikeringkan selama 24 jam di bawah sinar matahari untuk menghilangkan kadar air. Lalu biji pepaya di furnace dengan suhu pembakaran 500 oC.selama 2 jam. Biji pepaya yang sudah di furnace lalu di ayak menggunakan ayakan 100 mesh. Penelitian ini menggunakan adsorben yang diaktivasi dengan Konsentrasi asam sulfat sebagai aktivator dan massa biji pepaya bervariasi.. Kapasitas penyerapan maksimum pada adsorpsi terdapat massa 0,5 gram dengan konsentrasi asam sulfat 13% yaitu sebesar 4,9841 mg/g, sedangkan untuk efisiensi adsorpsi maksimum pada adsorpsi pada massa 2 gram dengan konsentrasi asam sulfat 13% yaitu sebesar 99,7189 %.
OPTIMASI HIDROLISA KULIT PISANGAWAK (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Awak) MENJADI GLUKOSACAIR MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HCL BERDASARKAN RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: Hijjrah Nur , Bahri Syamsul , Kamar Iqbal , Ginting Zainuddin , Kurniawan Eddy 
Published: December 2024

Kulit pisang awak adalah salah satu jenis limbah buangan yang cukup melimpah. Didalam kulit pisang awak terdapat pati yang mengandung karbohidrat yang bisa diubah menjadi glukosa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat glukosa dari kulit pisang awak, dan mengetahui pengaruh suhu, waktu dan konsentrasi HCL terhadap kadar glukosa,yield dan kadar air serta untuk menemukan kondisi optimum dari proses hidrolisa dari kulit pisang awak terhadap kadar glukosa dengan menggunakan Response Surface Methodologi dengan menggunakan desain BBD (Box Behnken Design). Proses hidrolisis kulit pisang awak menggunakan katalis HCL dilakukan dalam labu hidrolisis dengan variasi suhu 80˚C, 85˚C dan 90˚C , waktu 30 menit, 60 menit dan 90 menit serta variasi konsentrasi HCL 3N,4N dan 5N. Dari hasil penelitian didapat kadar glukosa dan yield paling tinggi pada temperatur 90˚C, 90 menit dan konsentrasi HCL 4N yaitu kadar glukosa sebesar 4,70 gr dan yield 47 % sementara kadar glukosa dan yield terendah diperoleh pada suhu 80˚C, 60 menit, dengan konsentrasi HCL 3N. Kadar air yang paling rendah pada suhu 90˚C, 90 menit dan konsentrasi HCL 5N, yaitu 2,4890%, sedangkan yang paling tinggi diperoleh pada pada suhu 80˚C, 30 menit, dan konsentrasi HCL 3N yaitu 7,5779 %. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi variabel independen yang dapat memberikan hasil respon optimal yaitu pada suhu 90˚C, waktu operasi 90 menit dan konsentrasi HCL 5N yaitu 4,643 dengan nilai desirability 1,000 Kata kunci : Hidrolisa, Glukosa, Optimasi, Respon surface Methodology, BBD
ANALISA PENGARUH KONSENTRASI DELIGNIFIKASI DENGAN PELARUT ETHANOL PADA GULA REDUKSI DARI KULIT KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora L.)
Authors: Ardiansyah Zul Fadly , Azhari Azhari , Bahri Syamsul , Dewi Rozanna , Zulnazri Zulnazri 
Published: December 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekspolari potensi kulit kopi robusta sebagai sumber gula reduksi. Kulit kopi, sering dianggap sebagai limbah dalam industry kopi, mengandung beberapa senyawa bioaktif termasuk gula reduksi seperti glukosa dan fruktosa. Proses penghilangan lignin dilakukan dengan proses organosolv menggunakan pelarut ethanol dan proses extraksinya dengan hidrolisa asam menggunakan katalis asam sulfat. uji metode luff shcrool untuk menghitung berapa jumlah gula reduksi yang terkandung di kulit kopi Robusta,Dimana Penelitian ini sudah dilakukan sebelumnya oleh Suryati Dkk, 2021 dengan judul “Pembuatan Gula Reduksi Dari Kulit Kopi Arabika Dengan Proses Organosolv Menggunakan Pelarut Ethanol” yang membedakan adalah bahan utama kulit kopi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kandungan gula tertinggi terdapat pada konsentrasi 40%, waktu delignifikasi 2 jam dengan kadar gula reduksi yang dihasilkan 23,311%. Untuk gula reduksi terendah terdapat padakonsentrasi 20%, 1 jam dengan kadar gula reduksi yang dihasilkan 20,816%. Untuk kadar yield terbesar terdapat pada konsentrasi 40% waktu delignifikasi 2 jam dengan kadar yang yield yang dihasilkan sebesar 40,87%. Kadar terendah untuk yield pada percobaan ini pada konsentrasi 20% selama 1 jam dengan kadar yield sebanyak 40,78%. Dari percobaan diatas dapat diketahui makin lama waktu penghilaangan lignin, maka makin besar pula kadar gulanya, hal ini terjadi karna lignin akan tergradasi dan selulosa akan berubah menjadi gula reduksi.ANALISA PENGARUH KONSENTRASI DELIGNIFIKASI DENGAN PELARUT ETHANOL PADA GULA REDUKSI DARI KULIT KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora L.)
KARAKTERISASI DAN ANALISIS MUTU FISIKO-KIMIA BIJI KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) YANG DIFERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN WADAH KARUNG PLASTIK BERDASARKAN WAKTU PENGERINGAN
Authors: Marzuki Ismail , Zainuddin Dina Ainun 
Published: December 2024

Pengolahan biji kakao penting untuk menghasilkan mutu dan kualitas baik, agar memenuhi syarat sesuai kebutuhan konsumen, pasar, sekaligus meningkatkan nilai jual. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan menganalisis mutu biji kakao berdasarkan lama pengeringan. Bahan baku alam penelitian adalah biji kakao asal Salupaku, Polewali Mandar, jenis Forastero klon Sulawesi I. Metode, kakao difermentasi 5 hari kemudian dicuci, dikeringkan menggunakan oven variasi waktu (20, 25, 30 dan 35) jam serta pengeringan sinar matahari selama 40 jam. Parameter uji berdasarkan syarat mutu biji kakao berdasarkan SNI 2323-2008, meliputi syarat umum, syarat khusus, nilai pH dan kadar lemak total. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variasi waktu pengeringan memenuhi syarat umum standar mutu terkecuali kadar air lama pengeringan selama 20 jam belum memenuhi standar. Syarat khusus standar mutu lama pengeringan pada range 20 - 35 jam, termasuk ke dalam mutu III-B dan pengeringan matahari selama 5 hari kisaran waktu 40 jam termasuk dalam mutu II-B. Nilai pH untuk semua variasi waktu pengeringan menunjukkan sifat asam dan kadar lemak total tertinggi diperoleh lama pengeringan 20 jam. Berdasarkan variasi lama pengeringan terbaik yang memenuhi semua syarat mutu adalah pada pengeringan 35 jam
Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Di Wilayah Hukum Polresta Pulau Ambon Dan Pulau-Pulau Lease
Authors: Ibrahim Driyano Andri , Toule Elsa Rima Maya , Wadjo Hadibah Zahra 
Published: December 2024

TPPO cases that have occurred in the last 3 years in the jurisdiction of the Ambon Island Police and Lease Islands have increased. In 2021 there will be 3 cases, in 2022 there will be 5 cases, and in 2023 there will be 6 cases. On average, TPPO victims handled from 2021 to 2023 came from Maluku and outside Maluku. Various efforts have been made by the Ambon Island and Lease Island Police, including through law enforcement by applying strict criminal sanctions to perpetrators as regulated in Law no. 21 of 2007 for handling TPPO in its jurisdiction. This research uses an empirical juridical research method which is descriptive analysis, with data obtained through literature study and interviews, then the data is analyzed qualitatively to obtain legal certainty regarding law enforcement of criminal acts of human trafficking in the jurisdiction of the Ambon Island and Lease Island Police. Based on the research results, it was found that TPPO cases that occurred in the jurisdiction of the Ambon Island Police and Lease Islands were caused by several factors, including economic factors, lack of attention from the family, the lure of jobs with high salaries, and current lifestyle competition. This problem is used by perpetrators to recruit victims to gain profit. The victims were from Maluku and outside Maluku. There are those who are employed in karaoke rooms in Ambon City and there are also those who are used as prostitutes who are ordered online via the Michat application. In order to deal with this crime, the Ambon Island and Lease Island Police took law enforcement action against the perpetrators of TPPO. However, law enforcement is influenced by 2 factors, namely internal and external factors. Furthermore, enforcement of the TPPO law at the Ambon Island and Lease Island Police was carried out in the form of repressive measures so that 14 cases from 2021, 2022 and 2023 were all escalated to court. This repressive action is carried out as a last resort in enforcing criminal law (ultimum remedium) with the aim of providing a deterrent effect to perpetrators and suppressing the rate of increase in TPPO cases in the future as well as realizing legal certainty, benefit and justice.