bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
My life with the Red Queen in fishery genetics
Authors: Stewart Grant W 
Published: May 2021

AbstractI had the privilege of being a part of fishery genetics from its start in the 1970s, when protein electrophoresis was first used to identify stocks of commercially important fishes and shellfishes. Research questions in fishery genetics have evolved tremendously over the past few decades, as new molecular techniques changed the nature of the questions that could be posed. The development of new DNA methods spurred the development of new theoretical models, new statistical methods and an unending stream of computer programs. These developments have led to conceptual shifts in the understanding of natural populations and how to manage them. Twists and turns in the history of fishery genetics parallel the story of the Red Queen in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass. I have had to “run in place” during my career to learn new techniques and ideas that, in turn, have been replaced with yet newer ones. However, my personal challenge throughout my career has been to develop “scientific intuition” to find underlying causes in datasets. Even though we now have the ability to sequence entire genomes, it is premature to announce the “end of history” for technical and conceptual advances in fishery genetics.
(Non)exotic Completions of the Group Algebras of Isotropy Groups
Authors: Christensen Johannes , Neshveyev Sergey 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Motivated by the problem of characterizing KMS states on the reduced C$^*$-algebras of étale groupoids, we show that the reduced norm on these algebras induces a C$^*$-norm on the group algebras of the isotropy groups. This C$^*$-norm coincides with the reduced norm for the transformation groupoids, but, as follows from examples of Higson–Lafforgue–Skandalis, it can be exotic already for groupoids of germs associated with group actions. We show that the norm is still the reduced one for some classes of graded groupoids, in particular, for the groupoids associated with partial actions of groups and the semidirect products of exact groups and groupoids with amenable isotropy groups.
Model-based Engineering of Feedforward Usability Function for GUI Widgets
Authors: Navarre David , Palanque Philippe , Coppers Sven , Luyten Kris , Vanacken Davy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFeedback and feedforward are two fundamental mechanisms that support users’ activities while interacting with computing devices. While feedback can be easily solved by providing information to the users following the triggering of an action, feedforward is much more complex as it must provide information before an action is performed. For interactive applications where making a mistake has more impact than just reduced user comfort, correct feedforward is an essential step toward correctly informed, and thus safe, usage. Our approach, Fortunettes, is a generic mechanism providing a systematic way of designing feedforward addressing both action and presentation problems. Including a feedforward mechanism significantly increases the complexity of the interactive application hardening developers’ tasks to detect and correct defects. We build upon an existing formal notation based on Petri Nets for describing the behavior of interactive applications and present an approach that allows for adding correct and consistent feedforward.
Precision dosing of vancomycin: in defence of AUC-guided therapy in children
Authors: Murphy Mark E , Tang Girdwood Sonya , Goldman Jennifer L , Scheetz Marc H , Downes Kevin J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In 2020, new vancomycin guidelines were released, recommending the transition from trough-based to AUC24 monitoring for adult and paediatric patients. Given the resources required to achieve this transition, there has been debate about the costs and benefits of AUC24-based monitoring. A recent narrative review of vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring in paediatrics claims to have uncovered the methodological weaknesses of the data that informed the guidelines and advises against premature adoption of AUC24-guided monitoring. In this article, we present supporting arguments for AUC24-guided monitoring in children, which include that: (i) troughs alone are inadequate surrogates for AUC24; (ii) vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity has significant consequences that warrant optimization of dosing; (iii) a substantial portion of children receiving vancomycin are at high risk for poor outcomes and deserve targeted monitoring; and (iv) limited efficacy data in support of AUC24 is not a justification to revert to a less supported monitoring approach.
Short-term patient-reported outcomes following concomitant hip arthroscopy and the endoscopic modified shelf procedure for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia and intra-articular pathology
Authors: Maldonado David R , Owens Jade S , Ouyang Vivian W , Saks Benjamin R , Jimenez Andrew E , Glein Rachel M , Lall Ajay C , Domb Benjamin G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The shelf procedure is a treatment of acetabular dysplasia, with the aim of increasing weight-bearing acetabular coverage. Although several shelf techniques have been described, the endoscopic procedure with concomitant hip arthroscopy is a new, less invasive alternative. Outcomes following this procedure are scarce. The purpose of this study was to report short-term patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following concomitant hip arthroscopy and endoscopic modified shelf procedure in the setting of acetabular dysplasia and labral tears. Patients that met extraordinarily selective surgical indications and underwent the abovementioned surgery between February 2016 and October 2019 and had minimum 1-year follow-up were included. There were five females with a mean age of 40.18 ± 5.05 years and follow-up of 21.55 ± 8.68 months. The lateral center-edge angle increased from 15.80° to 23.20° (P = 0.003), and vertical center-edge angle increased from 16.60° to 23.60° (P &lt; 0.001). The Tönnis angle decreased from 15.40° to 3.74° (P &lt; 0.001). The alpha angle decreased from 58.46° to 40.70° (P &lt; 0.001). PROs demonstrated significant improvement at latest follow-up (modified Harris Hip Score, P = 0.042; Non-Arthritic Hip Score, P &lt; 0.001; Hip Outcome Score–Sports Specific Subscale, P = 0.035; Visual Analog Scale, P &lt; 0.001; International Hip Outcome Tool-12, P = 0.043), and satisfaction was 8.60 ± 0.89. No secondary surgeries were reported. Concomitant hip arthroscopy and endoscopic modified shelf procedure appears to be a safe and effective procedure for patients with acetabular dysplasia and labral tears yielding favorable outcomes and satisfaction at short-term follow-up.
Bony landmarks, distances and their correlations to each other, which can be used during periacetabular osteotomy: a CT study performed on dysplastic hips
Authors: Hapa Onur , Gürsan Onur , Eroğlu Osman Nuri , Özgül Hakan , Akdoğan Efe Kemal , Zhamilov Vadym , Balcı Ali , Havitçioğlu Hasan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs a surgical technique for hip dysplasia, Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) still poses technical difficulties and unclear surgical steps like the depth of the first ‘ischial’ cut, the start of the iliac cut and the width of the retroacetabular cut to prevent either iatrogenic joint entrance or posterior column fracture. Twenty-seven dysplastic hips (CE &lt; 25°) were randomly matched with nondysplastic hips (n: 27, CE &gt; 25°). 3D CT sections of the hips were evaluated and the width of the ischium, the distance from the infra-acetabular groove to the ischial spine, from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the joint or sciatic notch or the sciatic spine, from the most medial point at the acetabulum to the posterior column, ischial spine or sciatic notch were measured for each group and correlated. The distances (mm) from the infra-acetabular groove to the ischial spine (42 ± 4, 44 ± 4, P: 0.03), the anterior superior iliac spine to the joint (52 ± 6, 60 ± 3, P: 0.03), the most medial point at the acetabulum to the posterior column (34 ± 2, 36 ± 2, P: 0.005) were shorter in the dysplastic group. The distance from the ASIS to the sciatic notch was correlated with the distance from the infra-acetabular groove to the ischial spine, from the ASIS to the joint and the most medial point at the acetabulum to the posterior column. The distance from the ASIS to the sciatic notch can be used intraoperatively to guess the X-ray guided or blindly osteotomized stages to predict the width or depth of the osteotomy to prevent intraarticular extension or posterior column fracture.
Legal, ethical, and wider implications of suicide risk detection systems in social media platforms
Authors: Celedonia Karen L , Corrales Compagnucci Marcelo , Minssen Timo , Lowery Wilson Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Suicide remains a problem of public health importance worldwide. Cognizant of the emerging links between social media use and suicide, social media platforms, such as Facebook, have developed automated algorithms to detect suicidal behavior. While seemingly a well-intentioned adjunct to public health, there are several ethical and legal concerns to this approach. For example, the role of consent to use individual data in this manner has only been given cursory attention. Social media users may not even be aware that their social media posts, movements, and Internet searches are being analyzed by non-health professionals, who have the decision-making ability to involve law enforcement upon suspicion of potential self-harm. Failure to obtain such consent presents privacy risks and can lead to exposure and wider potential harms. We argue that Facebook’s practices in this area should be subject to well-established protocols. 1 These should resemble those utilized in the field of human subjects research, which upholds standardized, agreed-upon, and well-recognized ethical practices based on generations of precedent. Prior to collecting sensitive data from social media users, an ethical review process should be carried out. The fiduciary framework seems to resonate with the emergent roles and obligations of social media platforms to accept more responsibility for the content being shared.
Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitors or Tamoxifen Following Chemotherapy for Perimenopausal Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Dackus Gwen M H E , Jóźwiak Katarzyna , Sonke Gabe S , van der Wall Elsken , van Diest Paul J , Siesling Sabine , Hauptmann Michael , Linn Sabine C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
The benefit of adjuvant aromatase inhibitors (AI) vs tamoxifen has been investigated in randomized clinical trials for premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with early, estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer. The optimal endocrine treatment for chemotherapy-treated perimenopausal women, who generally develop chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea, is uncertain.

Methods
All Dutch women who received adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine treatment for stage I-III, ER+ (&gt;10% positive cells), invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2007 were identified through the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Included women were considered perimenopausal based on an age at diagnosis of 45 to 50 years (n = 2295). For each patient, AI treatment duration relative to total endocrine treatment duration was calculated. Predominantly tamoxifen-treated patients (AI &lt; 25%) were compared with those receiving AI and tamoxifen for a similar duration (AI 25%-75%) and those mostly using AI (AI &gt; 75%). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival were calculated using time-dependent Cox regression.

Results
After an average follow-up of 7.6 years, 377 RFS events occurred. Women mostly receiving AI (AI &gt; 75%) had the best RFS (adjusted HR = 0.63, 95% confidence interval = 0.46 to 0.86) followed by those receiving AI 25% to 75% (adjusted HR = 0.85, 95% confidence interval = 0.65 to 1.12) compared with predominantly tamoxifen-treated women. Trend analyses showed that every 10% increase in AI-endocrine treatment ratio reduced RFS event risk by 5% (2-sided Ptrend = .002). In total, 236 deaths occurred; hazard ratios for overall survival showed similar trends.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the best adjuvant endocrine treatment for chemotherapy-treated, ER+ breast cancer patients diagnosed aged 45-50 years consists of mainly AI followed by a switch strategy and mainly tamoxifen.
Single-cell analysis of cell identity in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem: insights and opportunities
Authors: Shahan Rachel , Nolan Trevor M , Benfey Philip N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how the progeny of stem cells become differentiated tissues. The Arabidopsis root is a tractable model to address this question due to its simple organization and defined cell lineages. In particular, the zone of dividing cells at the root tip—the root apical meristem—presents an opportunity to map the gene regulatory networks underlying stem cell niche maintenance, tissue patterning, and cell identity acquisition. To identify molecular regulators of these processes, studies over the last 20 years employed global profiling of gene expression patterns. However, these technologies are prone to information loss due to averaging gene expression signatures over multiple cell types and/or developmental stages. Recently developed high-throughput methods to profile gene expression at single-cell resolution have been successfully applied to plants. Here, we review insights from the first published single-cell mRNA sequencing and chromatin accessibility datasets generated from Arabidopsis roots. These studies successfully reconstruct developmental trajectories, phenotype cell identity mutants at unprecedented resolution, and reveal cell type-specific responses to environmental stimuli. The experimental insight gained from Arabidopsis paves the way to profile roots from additional species.
Transaction Reporting
Authors: Hanif Saima 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains “transaction reporting” as the process by which detailed information about a transaction is submitted to the appropriate regulatory body. It draws attention to the European transaction reporting requirements, particularly Article 20 of the Investment Services Directive, that can be traced to 1993. It also discusses the significant expansion of the pan—European harmonised approach to transaction reporting in 2008, following the introduction of new measures to address weaknesses and close loopholes caused by the financial market crisis. This chapter outlines how transaction reporting provides the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK with a representation of the transaction that informs the competent authority about all the relevant circumstances under which the transaction took place. It describes how transaction reporting is operationally and conceptually distinct from “trade reporting” that is more concerned with the price formation.
UK Derivatives and Commodities Markets
Authors: Dwyer Emma 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the markets for the trading of derivatives and commodities in the UK, which form an important part of the financial services industry of the City of London. This chapter describes the precursors of the types of trading activities that were conducted historically in the City of London and have spread to neighbouring areas of west, central, and east London for the past forty years. It also emphasizes the growth of electronic trading platforms and the rapid growth of technology that diffuses trading activities geographically. This chapter addresses the question as to whether it makes sense to continuously speak of “UK” derivatives and commodities markets, as opposed to European or international markets. It talks about over—the—counter (OTC) trades executed in the UK that often involve at least one party operating from a location outside the UK.
UK Payment Systems
Authors: Rogers Jonathan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the main provisions of the Banking Act and the 2013 Act, as well as the actions taken by the regulators under these Acts in the present time and in future developments. It discusses payments systems as an essential part of any modern financial market economy that enables the fast and efficient processing of transactions. It also describes the increase in the turnover of payment systems and digitization of the UK economy that made financial institutions and regulators recognize the central importance of payment systems in supporting a technologically enabled global economy. This chapter talks about regulators that are focused both on real time supervision and the modernization and development of the UK's payment systems. It mentions CREST as one of the eight payment systems that are currently recognised by the Treasury.
UK Settlement
Authors: Yates Madeleine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of certain aspects of major settlement systems and clearing systems in the UK. It focuses on CREST, a UK electronic settlement system that is operated by Euroclear UK & Ireland Limited (EUI) in London. It also recounts how CREST became part of the Euroclear group in September 2002, when it merged with Euroclear Bank SA/NV and became its wholly owned subsidiary. This chapter draws attention to LCH Limited, a private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales and was formerly called the London Clearing House Limited. It describes how LCH provides CCP clearing services in respect of trades on a wide range of exchanges, trading platforms, and OTC markets.
Impact on Regulation of Financial Markets
Authors: Treleaven Philip , Sfeir-Tait Sally 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact of fintech and regtech from a macro perspective. It demonstrates the depth of the changes and importance to consider in all the elements that are converging to create a new reality and a new economy. It also adopts the meaning of the term “fintech” as published by the Bank of International Settlements and the Financial Stability Board, which means “technology—enabled innovation in financial services”. This chapter describes the impact of fintech on financial services regulation. It provides a macro analysis on fintech solutions that are tested or implemented in financial services as they are directly applicable to stock markets and exchanges.
Islamic Capital Markets
Authors: Casey Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Islamic finance, which refers to financial activities conducted through a variety of financial contracts that comply with Shar?ah rules and principles as derived from primary and secondary sources. It explains the primary sources are the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims, and the Sunnah, the way of life prescribed as normative in Islam. It also mentions the secondary sources, which refer to the conclusions of legal reasoning by approved techniques and competent scholars. This chapter discusses modern Islamic finance, which can be seen as a product of the end of the colonial era. It notes that the first Islamic bank, a savings association, was established in Egypt in 1961 and the first modern commercial Islamic bank, Dubai Islamic Bank, was established in the United Arab Emirates in 1975.
The Story of Party Autonomy
Authors: Symeonides Symeon C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the principle of party autonomy. The term ‘party autonomy’ as used in this book is a shorthand expression for the notion that parties to a multistate contract should be allowed, within certain parameters and limitations, to agree in advance on which law will govern the contract. This notion is now considered a universal principle of private international law (PIL) or conflicts law. In 2015, the year in which the Hague Conference on Private International Law adopted the Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts, only eleven of the 161 countries surveyed did not adhere to this principle. It has been characterized as ‘perhaps the most widely accepted private international rule of our time’, a ‘fundamental right’, and an ‘irresistible’ principle that belongs to ‘the common core’ of nearly all legal systems. Naturally, there are significant variations from one legal system to the next about not only the exact scope, modalities, parameters, and limitations of this principle, but also about its theoretical source and justification. The chapter then traces the historical origins and subsequent evolution of the basic principle.
UNIDROIT
Authors: Veneziano Anna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relationship between the ‘Model Clauses for the use of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts’ and Article 3 of the Hague Principles. The Model Clauses were drafted with the aim to give parties to international commercial contracts a range of options in order to make the most appropriate use of the UNIDROIT Principles (UPICC) in accordance with their interests and the specific circumstances of the case. At the same time, their goal is also to raise awareness on the variety of possible ways the UPICC may be used as an advantageous tool in international contracting and dispute resolution. Being drafted as choice of law clauses, they fit within the scope of Article 3 of the Hague Principles. Article 3 opens the way towards a wider acceptance of internationally recognized non-national codifications, expressly allowing the choice of ‘rules of law’, irrespective of whether the dispute is solved by an arbitrator or a national court, when such rules are generally accepted on an international, supranational, or regional level as a neutral and balanced set of rules. The UPICC are expressly cited, in the commentary to Article 3, as ‘rules of law’ satisfying such requirements.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Monsenepwo Justin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights Congolese perspectives on the Hague Principles. It first outlines the sources of private international law for international commercial contracts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Until July of 2016, Articles 8–15 of the Decree of May 4, 1895 (Title II of the Civil Code Book I) constituted the most relevant national source of private international law. As of January of 2019, there is no plan from the Congolese authorities for the adoption of new conflict of laws provisions after the repeal of Title II of the Congolese Civil Code I. If new rules of private international law were developed and adopted, the Hague Principles could theoretically play an important part in providing the Congolese lawmakers with apt rules on choice of law in international commercial contracts. However, since most Congolese lawmakers, judges, and legal advisors do not know the Hague Principles yet, their use for the development of new statutes is practically unlikely. Hence, it is important to widely diffuse the Hague Principles in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
India
Authors: Neels Jan L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides comments on the Hague Principles from the perspective of Indian private international law of contract. The Republic of India inherited the English common law, also in the field of private international law. Case law is the primary source of Indian private international law of contract. Rooted in the common law tradition, the courts would certainly be entitled to refer to the Hague Principles as persuasive authority in the interpretation, supplementation, and development of the rules and principles of private international law. In any event, the Hague Principles were adopted on March 19, 2015, by consensus between all Member States of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, including India, which has been a Member State since March 13, 2008. The chapter then demonstrates that the Hague Principles have real potential to assist in the interpretation, supplementation, and development of Indian private international law of contract.