bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ONE OF THE EARLIEST AMERICAN CASE REPORTS OF A CHILD WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (1816)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Clinical descriptions of heart disease in children, congenital or acquired, are extremely rare prior to 1784 when Michael Underwood published his textbook on The Diseases of Children. In a chapter in his book Underwood summed up what had already been discovered about congenital heart disease and for the first time attempted to connect it with clinical symptoms.
Dr. Robert Thaxter's case report of a child with a malformed heart is one of the earliest I have found in American medical journals.
The subject of this case, a male, was at birth apparently well formed and healthy and remained very well 8 or 10 days. At this time he was attacked with the ordinary symptoms of cold which continued a long time very troublesome.
He became very emaciated; which was attributed partly to the above cause, and partly to the mother, whose health was at this time bad. He remained in this emaciated state till he was about a year old at which time he began to grow corpulent and continued so till his death; though his extremities were small compared with his body and head. As soon as he began to move much, he was observed to breathe with difficulty, and his countenance to become livid. Rest generally restored him to a natural state. Cold, especially a cold wind, affected his respiration, sometimes almost producing suffocation, and rendered his surface very livid. Very hot weather had nearly as bad an affect as cold. Eating anything very hot produced the same effect.
Criteria and all that
Authors: Fielding Jonathan E. 
Published: December 2021

A major criticism of traditional institutional utilization review activities has been the lack of objectivity in assessing the necessity and appropriateness of care. The review systems for Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) and for utilization review require the use of objective measures in assessing care provided to Medicare, Medicaid, and Title V patients admitted to short stay general hospitals. The PSRO Manual defines these measures as follows:
Norms—Numerical or statistical measures of usual observed performance, e.g., the average length of stay for a particular diagnostic category in a hospital is 4.6 days.
Criteria—Predetermined elements against which aspects of the quality of a health service may be compared.
On Deciding the Care of Severely Handicapped or Dying Persons: With Particular Reference to Infants
Authors: Duff Raymond S. , Campbell A. G. M. 
Published: December 2021

Two philosophies of deciding the care of severely handicapped or dying persons are commonly used. The first is "disease-oriented" which places death in the extreme negative position. The second is "person-oriented" which regards some kinds of severely compromised living as worse than death. The first philosophy is convenient for the development and the use of medical technology but its unbridled application commonly dehumanizes patients and aggravates suffering. The second philosophy may protect persons from the indignities of pointless treatment or the cruelties of disease. But its use in some respects is illegal and may be unwise; also, in caring for infants, children, and incompetent adults, the second philosophy creates special problems since the patient himself cannot participate in decision-making.
In deciding which philosophy to follow in a given situation, we believe the patient (when able), the sorrowing family, and the concerned physician are the best judges. Since these persons vary widely, they must be entrusted with more freedom to change or to ignore commonly accepted principles if the values of patients and families in the many unique situations of living, illness, and dying are to be protected. We believe with few exceptions that these persons are now worthy of this trust and with experience they would use it with growing wisdom.
Effects of Phototherapy on Platelet Counts in Low-Birthweight Infants and on Platelet Production and Life Span in Rabbits
Authors: Maurer Harold M. , Fratkin Melvin , McWilliams Nancy B. , Kirkpatrick Barry , Draper David , Haggins Joyce C. , Hunter Cheryl R. 
Published: December 2021

The effects of conventional phototherapy on platelets in vivo were studied in rabbits and in low-birthweight infants.
Rabbits were divided into three groups and individually treated continuously for 96 hours, with blue light, daylight, or no phototherapy. Incorporation of selenomethionine Se 75 was used to evaluate platelet production and life span. Platelet turnover was significantly increased in the blue-light phototherapy group, and was also increased in the daylight group but to a lesser degree.
Daily platelet counts and hematocrits were performed in infants weighing less than 2,000 gm at birth randomized at 24 ± 12 hours of life to receive daylight phototherapy continuously for 96 hours (31 infants) or no phototherapy (26 infants). In 12 treated infants (38.7%) platelet counts fell below 150,000/cu mm whereas this occurred in only 3 (11.5%) of the controls. These two lower platelet count subgroups differed significantly in mean gestational age and birthweight with the phototherapy group being the more mature. Pre-phototherapy, the mean platelet count of these 12 infants was lower than the mean of the entire control group, suggesting that these infants had borderline marrow reserve before phototherapy was given. These results suggest that phototherapy increases the rate of platelet turnover. When bone marrow compensation is inadequate, the platelet count may fall.
A Protest About Kempe's Views
Authors: Rubenstein Herbert A. 
Published: December 2021

I must vehemently protest the commentary article by Dr. Kempe published by the Academy in the November 1975 issue.1
It is despicable that the Academy would be party in the propagation of such totalitarian-egalitarian views. Dr. Kempe may be a fine physician but his political views should not be given publicity and apparent credence by the official Academy magazine. Those who think they can solve world problems with simplistic solutions become politicians, not physicians. Those who feel they can, because of their own inclinations, subjugate others should become dictators, not healers.
Pediatric Education–For What?
Authors: Cochran William D. , H. R. J. 
Published: December 2021

I thought the article by Bergman1 was delightful but I would like to comment in three parts.
(1) Dr. Bergman states that "diagnosis is really not the tough part of medicine; management is" (p 111). I feel that diagnosis is important, admitting the treatment plan also is important. Pediatricians would be extremely happy to know, for all of those infants with high fever either seen and carried along without therapy, or not even seen but only heard about over the telephone, that such children had benign cerebrospinal fluid and no bacterial pneumonia.
The risks of screening
Authors: Solnit Albert J. 
Published: December 2021

In our efforts to disseminate widely the most useful knowledge that can serve children and their families, we should be aware of the risks of shortcuts that may overbalance the promise of good for children. Much of our developmental knowledge1-7 is sound, based on solid empirical findings. The knowledge, however, is not useful if it is applied without regard to the qualifications of those who put it to work. Love is not enough! It requires a disciplined mind to observe, evoke, and interpret observations and the emerging mosaics of data that identify and forecast health, deviation, illness, or deprivation.
Our intent, in screening, is to find a more effective way of safely applying our knowledge to the advantage of more children and their families.
Anaerobic infections in children: A prospective study
Authors: LM Dunkle , TJ Brotherton , RD Feigin 
Published: December 2021

Dunkle LM, Brotherton TJ, Feigin RD: Anaerobic infections in children: A prospective study. Pediatrics 57:311, 1976.
The headings for Table I on page 317 should be identical to the headings on page 315.
HUMAN SCIENCE
Authors: H. R. J. 
Published: December 2021

It is in the sciences of living things that we find the greatest confusion, but also the clearest demonstrations of the ways in which the two kinds of observations—the observation of human beings by human beings and of physical nature by human beings—meet. One group of students of living things have attempted to adopt as far as possible the methods of the physical sciences through the use of controlled experiments, the deliberate limitation of the number of variables to be considered, and the construction of theories based on the findings arrived at by these means. The other group, taking their cue from our human capacity to understand through the observation of natural situations, have developed their methods from a natural history approach in which the principle reliance is on the integrative powers of the observer of a complex, non-replicable event and on the experiments that are provided by history and by animals living in a particular ecological setting.
I would argue that it is not by rejection by one or another but by appropriately combining the several methods . . . that we are most likely in the long run to achieve a kind of scientific activity that is dominated neither by the arrogance of physical scientists nor by the arrogance of humanists who claim that the activities which concern them cannot meaningfully be subjected to scientific inquiry.
Special Diets for Infants With Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism
Authors:   Committee on Nutrition, Holliday Malcolm A. , Anderson Arnold S. , Barness Lewis A. , Forbes Gilbert B. , Goldbloom Richard B. , Haworth James , Jesse Mary Jane , Mauer Alvin M. , Scriver Charles R. , Winick Myron , Kline O. L. , Miller Robert W. , WInters Robert W. ,   Subcommitee on Amino Acid Modified Diets, Holliday Malcolm A. , Chopra Joginder , Freeman Martha M. , O'Brien Donough , Scriver Charles R. , Snyderman Selma , Justice Parvin 
Published: December 2021

A sufficient variety of semisynthetic dietary products is now available to permit control of amino acid imbalance in several inborn errors of metabolism. However, they must be used carefully, and their effects monitored closely. Continuing development of products for this type of special diet—to provide a wider variety—is necessary.
Regionalization of treatment programs for patients with inborn errors of metabolism is recommended. Metabolic centers which are accumulating experience and have good laboratory support may be the most efficient way of providing adequate treatment for patients with inborn errors of metabolism.
Neonatal Hypoglycemia Revisited, 1975
Authors: Gutberlet Ronald L. , Cornblath Marvin 
Published: December 2021

Between 1971 and 1973, the frequency of neonatal hypoglycemia was 4.4/1,000 total inborn live births or 15.5/1,000 low-birthweight infants. During that same time, of 257 transferred infants, 13 or 5.1% were hypoglycenic. The hypoglycemic manifestations differed between the inborn and outborn infants as well as from those previously described for transient symptomatic hypoglycemia. This required a new classification for low blood glucose values in the neonate, based on intrauterine nutrition, stress, symptoms, and underlying pathology. Four categories were defined: category I: early transitional hypoglycemia; category II: secondary hypoglycemia; category III: classical transient hypoglycemia; and category IV: recurrent, severe hypoglycemia. One outborn infant was in the latter group due to β-cell hyperplasia and was only cured after a 90% pancreatectomy.
Data revealed that early treatment of perinatal asphyxia was associated with a decreased frequency of hypoglycemia. While not a prospective survey, the evidence suggested that current neonatal intensive care may decrease the frequency of transient symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia.
Drs. Blumberg and Young Reply
Authors: Young Stuart H. , Blumberg Michael Z. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Hamburger's letter raises several interesting points. Our statement that an IgE level of 200 IU/ml is "normal" is based on several studies"1-3 using a standardized radioimmunosorbant kit (Phadebas IgE test). These studies indicate that IgE levels in normal, "nonatopic," subjects can be as high as 700 IU/ml with the mean in these populations near 200 IU/ ml.
Dr. Hamburger questions the validity of concluding that our patient was a nonatopic individual. Atopy, as first used by Coca and Cooke in 1923,4 referred to individuals with a hereditary background and personal history of hay fever or asthma.
Prevention of Automobile-Associated Deaths
Authors: Tolby Blaine E. 
Published: December 2021

Accidents are the leading cause of death in children from 1 to 14 years of age.1 The number of deaths resulting from accidents of all types exceed the combined fatalities resulting from pneumonia, meningitis, congenital malformations, and cancer.1
Among the various types of accidents in which children become involved, motor vehicle accidents rank as the leading cause of fatalities. They account for nearly 43% of the accident-caused fatalities.1 More than 75% of the children injured or killed in motor-vehicle-related accidents were occupants of a motor vehicle, while less than 25% were cyclists or pedestrians.2
Incidence of Illness in Early Group and Family Day-Care
Authors: Doyle Anna-Beth 
Published: December 2021

The frequency of reported illness in children enrolled in a day-care center was compared to frequency in home-reared children and in children in family day-care homes. Children ranged from 6 to 42 months of age (mean, 21 months). Data on seven categories of illness were collected by bimonthly telephone interviews with parents during two consecutive winters. In the first year of the study gastrointestinal and total illnesses were reported significantly more frequently in children enrolled in the day-care center, though major illnesses were not. In the second year of the study illnesses were significantly more frequently reported in center children though mainly at the younger ages, that is, prior to 2 years of age. The mean numbers of illnesses and symptoms reported per call over the 2 years of the study were 2.56, 1.36, and 1.35 for center, home-reared and family day-care children respectively.
Though it has been shown elsewhere that psychological health may be unaffected by early group care, the present findings imply that physical health may be somewhat reduced. It is unknown whether these children will be more resistant to infection at a later age.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn and Complications of Pregnancy
Authors: Lee Kwang-sun , Eidelman Arthur I. , Tseng Po-I , Kandail Stephen R. , Gartner Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2021

A group of 412 infants with birthweights between 501 and 2,500 gm and gestational ages of 36 weeks or less were studied for the influence of both prolonged rupture of amniotic membranes and maternal hypertension on the incidence of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).
The occurrence of these complications was associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of IRDS only in infants with birthweights between 1,501 and 2,500 gm (37.4% in the no complications group versus 12.8% in the complications group; P &lt; .01) or gestational ages of 33 to 36 weeks (35.2% in the no complications group versus 13.1% in the complications group; P &lt; .01). In infants with birth weights of 1,500 gm or less or gestational ages of 32 weeks or less, the specific antecedent complications of pregnancy did not alter the incidence of IRDS. Rupture of the membranes for more than 72 hours had no greater effect on the incidence of IRDS than those lasting 24 to 72 hours.
Antibody to Varicella-Zoster Virus in Parturient Women and Their Offspring During the First Year of Life
Authors: Gershon Anne A. , Raker Richard , Steinberg Sharon , Topf-Olstein Barbara , Drusin Lewis M. 
Published: December 2021

A nursery outbreak of varicella is reported. Serum from 200 parturient women and 131 of their offspring were studied for antibody to varicella-zoster (V-Z) virus to analyze their immunity to varicella. Antibody titers were measured by the sensitive fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) technique. It was found that approximately 5% to 16% of women of child-bearing age in New York City are susceptible to varicella. Women from Puerto Rico or other subtropical and tropical areas are more likely to be susceptible (16%) than others (5%).
Infants born to mothers with detectable V-Z FAMA titers almost always had detectable V-Z antibody at birth. In serial serum specimens obtained from 67 initially seropositive babies during the first year of life, it was found that by 6 months of age most infants were no longer passively protected against varicella. These observations may explain why varicella is not uncommonly observed in young babies.
Nutritional Supplementation of Disadvantaged Elementary-School Children
Authors: Paige David M. , Cordano Angel , Huang Shi-Shung 
Published: December 2021

Nutritional reinforcement of disadvantaged elementary-school children is a recognized objective. Increased emphasis over the past few years has been placed on institutional feeding programs to upgrade the nutrition of children considered to be at risk.1,2
A traditional vehicle for attempting to improve the nutritional status of these youngsters is the "type A" school feeding program. This program represents one of the largest federal efforts in the field of public health, and is important in the nutrition of over 80% of the nation's children.3
Recent reports, however, indicate that the lunch program through the provision of one third of the daily requirements will not fully meet its objective of contributing to an improved nutritional profile in disadvantaged children, 4,5 It would, therefore, seem appropriate that in addition to providing lunch and an occasional breakfast in a conventional pattern, emphasis be placed on providing additional nutritional reinforcement through an acceptable, convenient, palatable, and nutritionally enriched supplement which would assist in improving the nutrition of children.6
It is the purpose of this paper to report on the provision of a nutritionally fortified supplement, containing low lactose levels, to disadvantaged elementary-school children and the changes, if any, in: (1) hematocrit; (2) height; (3) weight; and (4) absenteeism in the supplemented and nonsupplemented children studied.
METHODOLOGY
Population
The 177 children completely studied in the experimental school receiving the supplement represent all children in the first three grades remaining in school and participating in all elements of the study over the entire school year. The children ranged in age from 5.1 to 9.1 years.
Serum Enzyme Abnormalities in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Rachelefsky Gary S. , Kar Nirmal C. , Coulson Anne , Sarkissian Edmund , Stiehm E. Richard , Paulus Harold E. 
Published: December 2021

Elevated serum transaminases, particularly SGOT, as a result of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy have been reported in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). In order to evaluate the possibilities that these elevated transaminases may result from JRA itself or from concomitant muscle injury, we correlated liver function tests and a specific test for muscle damage, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), with ASA therapy in 37 patients. These JRA patients were evaluated serially; 20 took ASA continuously, 6 took it intermittently, and 11 were on no therapy. Thirty-five healthy children were also studied to establish normal control values for the serum enzyme tests.
Mean SGOT and SGPT in the 11 untreated subjects were significantly (P &lt; .001) higher than normal controls while CPK and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were not elevated. Mean SGOT and SGPT were also significantly (P &lt; .001) elevated in 20 children receiving ASA continuously; CPK was normal and AP less (P &lt; .05) than normal. CPK was elevated in 13 patients. Elevation of enzymes was sporadic and there was no correlation with serum salicylate, sex, age, disease duration, type, or activity.
We conclude that mild abnormalities of SGOT and SGPT in JRA patients are common, but that they occur sporadically and elevated values appear to be unrelated to ASA therapy.
Iron Supplementation for Infants
Authors:   Committee on Nutrition
Published: December 2021

Iron deficiency remains the most common cause of anemia in infants and children despite the increasing availability of iron-fortified foods during the past three decades. The Committee on Nutrition published a review in 1969 of the iron requirements for infants, along with recommendations for several ways of meeting these.1 In 1971, the Committee issued another statement recommending the use of iron-fortified formulas until at least 12 months of age.2 Developments since that time indicate that there are various means for fulfilling iron needs and that a broader set of recommendations is warranted.
The risk of iron deficiency is greatest when neonatal iron stores have been depleted, after about two months in small, preterm infants and after four to six months in term infants.3 Previous Committee statements have made no distinction between socioeconomic groups, but recent surveys among infants and children4-6 indicate that the highest incidence of anemia, which is a late manifestation of iron deficiency, is found in lower socioeconomic populations. Possibly this reflects poor compliance with recommended feeding practices and overdependence on fresh cow's milk in the diet. Most children in middle-income families have little or no anemia.5,6 Infants of low birthweight are more likely to develop iron deficiency regardless of economic status.1 Thus, recommendations for iron supplementation in infancy must be flexible and should emphasize the needs of low-birthweight infants and of normal-birthweight infants in lower socioeconomic populations.
Although there is no evidence that iron deficiency without anemia has a permanent effect on human infant growth and development, animal studies indicate that iron deficiency anemia early in postnatal development results in biochemical abnormalities of some organs (e.g., the brain) that persist long after anemia has been corrected.7
Serum T3 and T4 Levels in Sick Children
Authors: Carter J. N. , Corcoran J. M. , Eastman C. J. , Lazarus L. , O'Halloran M. 
Published: December 2021

We have reported that most adults with severe, chronic, nonthyroidal illnesses (i.e., sick euthyroid patients) have significantly decreased circulating levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), whilst the thyrotropin (TSH) levels are not elevated.1 The T3 levels are usually reduced into the hypothyroid range, whilst the T4 levels generally remain within the normal range. The patients in that study were aged from 21 to 84 years.
We have recently concluded a study of circulating thyroid hormone levels in children of various ages and have found that the mean levels of both T3 and T4 are higher than in adults.
A CHILD'S PARENT DIES. Edited by Eerna Furman. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 1974, $15.00; 316 pp
Authors: Wright Alice L. 
Published: December 2021

This book evolved as 14 child analysts from the Cleveland Center for Research in Child Development met weekly to study the problems of the bereaved child. Careful observations were made on the status and treatment of 23 children who lost a parent at various ages between 10 months and 13 years; only one presented to the analyst because of the death of a parent.
While, in passing, the author comments on other losses a child may sustain, such as that of a sibling or of a parent or parent surrogate throught some means other than death, the focus on the book is on the effect on the child of the death of a parent.