bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflect and develop: A pilot study to explore perceptions and to test the impact of a short course on reflective practice amongst dental practitioners undertaking continuing professional
Authors: Nasseripour Melanie , Gallagher Jennifer , Ranauta Amitha 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionIn 2018, the General Dental Council introduced reflective practice as part of an Enhanced Continuing Professional Development (ECPD) system, mandatory for registrants in the United Kingdom. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate dental professionals’ perceptions and practice of reflection and to explore the benefits of an evidence‐informed reflective practice learning course.Material and methodsThis study was conducted at two dental schools in the United Kingdom (UK). A short course on reflective practice which included pre‐ and post‐course surveys, using closed‐ and open‐ended questions, was afforded to dental professionals attending Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0 software, and responses to open‐ended questions were explored by content analysis.ResultsFifty‐two dentists attending the short course provided responses; the majority were female (73%, n = 38) and internationally qualified (60%, n = 31). The pre‐course questionnaire revealed that the majority of participants (94%; n = 49) considered reflection as part of their professional practice, with 55% (n = 29) reporting doing so daily. Most (88%; n = 46) had received no formal training. The post‐course questionnaire revealed that 88% (n = 46) found the course useful as it gave a “systematic and schematic” approach enhancing the participants’ understanding of reflective practice.ConclusionThe findings suggest that a theoretically informed short course on reflective practice was welcomed by participants who showed a strong interest in learning how to reflect supported by mentors. This pilot provides the basis for further research on reflective practice.
A model for a geriatric teaching programme and its impact on self‐rated and tested competencies of undergraduate dental students
Authors: Stuck Anna K. , Schimmel Martin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionIn the light of the growing ageing population, it is important that future dentists be taught geriatric competencies to assure good dental care and treatment addressing the special needs of older patients.Materials and MethodsWe developed and evaluated a geriatric teaching programme amongst final year undergraduate dental students (n = 30) at the University of Bern, Switzerland. The geriatric teaching programme was based on the European undergraduate curriculum in geriatric medicine for medical students covering the following eight geriatric domains that were considered relevant to dental care: Analgesics, cognitive impairment, decision‐making capacity, gait and balance disorder, hearing impairment, malnutrition, polypharmacy and vision impairment. Using a pre/post‐design, we administered a structured questionnaire including standardised questions on self‐rated and tested competencies. Both assessments scores were standardised to a maximum score of 100 points. Data were evaluated by comparison of pre‐test and post‐test mean scores.ResultsThe geriatric teaching programme proved to be feasible covering eight geriatric domains based on a case‐based didactic approach in totally eight 45‐minute lessons. Both self‐rated and tested competencies of dental students increased in all eight domains in the course of the geriatric teaching programme. After the geriatric teaching programme, both mean self‐rated competency scores (67.9 vs. 49.6,p < .001) and mean tested competency scores (78.7 vs. 56.7 points,p < .001) significantly improved compared to baseline.ConclusionsIntegrating a consolidated refined geriatric teaching programme is a potentially feasible and effective method for dental undergraduate students and is expected to have an impact on better dental care of older patients.
Curriculum setting and students' feedback of pre‐clinical training in different dental schools in China—A national‐wide survey
Authors: Chen Yiyin , Deng Jiuhong , Li Bin , Yang Yang , He Zihan , Ye Ling , Zhang Linglin , Ren Qian , Zheng Qinghua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionAdequate time and effective training facilities are essential for undergraduate dental students participating in pre‐clinical dental practice to ensure them providing safe treatment for patients in the future. The study aimed to explore the current status of pre‐clinical dental training in China in relation to the curriculum setting and students' feedback of pre‐clinical training in different dental schools and thus provide information for further standardise curricula.Materials and methodAn online questionnaire was distributed electronically to undergraduates in 44 Chinese dental schools of different levels according to China Discipline Ranking (CDR). The questionnaire collected information in relation to the training hour and student to facility ratio of four main dental courses (cariology and endodontics, periodontology, prosthodontics and oral surgery), as well as the application and effect of virtual reality (VR) simulator in pre‐clinical dental practice in different schools. Students' feedback was also collected.ResultsA total of 565 valid questionnaires were recruited. Results of this cross‐sectional survey show that training hour of periodontology course was the lowest, and oral surgery course showed most prominent shortage of facilities. The application of VR simulator amongst schools is uneven. Students from A and A+ level schools showed higher satisfaction with their pre‐clinical courses and reported a more positive attitude towards the use of VR simulator than other students. (p < .05).ConclusionPre‐clinical dental training in China remained imperfect in insufficient training time, training facility and students did not have access to standard pre‐clinical training and quality assurance. VR technique has potential values in pre‐clinical dental practice in China.
The spontaneity of emotion
Authors: Müller Jean Moritz 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIt is a commonplace that emotions are characteristically passive. As we ordinarily think of them, emotions are ways in which we are acted upon, that is, moved or affected by aspects of our environment. Moreover, we have no voluntary control over whether we feel them. In this paper, I call attention to a much‐neglected respect in which emotions are active, which is no less central to our pretheoretical concept of them. That is, in having emotions, we are engaged with the world insofar as werespondto aspects of our environment. In this context, to say that an emotion is a response toxis tantamount to saying thatxis a reason for which we have it. Elaborating this claim in light of a historically prominent conception of the active/passive distinction, I will argue that emotions are a form ofspontaneityin virtue of their responsive character and contrast in this respect with perceptions, which are fundamentallyreceptive. While this proposal is prima facie opposed to the ordinary image of emotions as passive, I will show that it actually allows us to make proper sense of it.
Flow resistance in mobile bed rills shaped in soils with different texture
Authors: Carollo Francesco G. , Di Stefano Costanza , Nicosia Alessio , Palmeri Vincenzo , Pampalone Vincenzo , Ferro Vito 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRill erosion is considered one of the most important soil processes because of the large amount of soil loss due to the development of a rill network able to promote an efficient transport of both rill flow‐detached particles and those delivered from the inter‐rill areas. Rill flow experiments are useful to overcome the gap in rill hydraulics knowledge and to test the reliability of currently applied uniform open channel flow equations for mobile bed rills. In this paper the applicability of a theoretical flow resistance equation, based on a power‐velocity profile, to rill channels shaped on soils having different textures was investigated. The measurements (437 runs) of water depth, cross‐section area, wetted perimeter, bed slope and flow velocity carried out in rill reaches shaped on experimental plots, having different slope values (9–26%) and soil texture (clay fraction range of 32.7–73%), were carried out. These measurements were jointly examined with 35 experimental runs carried out by other authors in a rill flume having a slope range of 18–84% and a clay content of 3%. The main aim of this paper is to deduce a relationship between the velocity profile parameter Γ, the channel slope and the flow Froude number using a database characterized by a wide range of slope (9–84%) and textural classes (clay ranging from 3 to 73%). The obtained relationship was also verified using 117 experimental runs carried out in this investigation by sloping plots (slope equal to 9 and 15%) with a soil having a clay content of 32.7%. The analysis demonstrated that the applicability of the theoretical flow resistance law is experimentally supported and that the effect of soil grain‐size distribution is represented by silt and clay fractions which take into account the influence of the detachability and transportability properties of the soil particles.Highlights
Rill flow resistance is affected by interaction between flow, bed morphology and sediment transport.
A new theoretical flow resistance law is tested for rills shaped on different textured soils.
The velocity profile is related to the channel slope, the flow Froude number and the soil texture.
The Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor can be accurately estimated by the proposed theoretical approach.
Density‐dependent natural selection mediates harvest‐induced trait changes
Authors: Bouffet‐Halle Alix , Mériguet Jacques , Carmignac David , Agostini Simon , Millot Alexis , Perret Samuel , Motard Eric , Decenciere Beatriz , Edeline Eric 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRapid life‐history changes caused by size‐selective harvesting are often interpreted as a response to direct harvest selection against a large body size. However, similar trait changes may result from a harvest‐induced relaxation of natural selection for a large body size via density‐dependent selection. Here, we show evidence of such density‐dependent selection favouring large‐bodied individuals at high population densities, in replicated pond populations of medaka fish. Harvesting, in contrast, selected medaka directly against a large body size and, in parallel, decreased medaka population densities. Five years of harvesting were enough for harvested and unharvested medaka populations to inherit the classically predicted trait differences, whereby harvested medaka grew slower and matured earlier than unharvested medaka. We show that this life‐history divergence was not driven by direct harvest selection for a smaller body size in harvested populations, but by density‐dependent natural selection for a larger body size in unharvested populations.
Incorporation of dimethyl sulfoxide into experimental hydrophilic and hydrophobic adhesive resins: evaluation of cytotoxic activities
Authors: Salim Al‐Ani Anas Aaqel Salim , Salim Ikram Aqel , Seseogullari‐Dirihan Roda , Mutluay Murat , Tjäderhane Leo , Tezvergil‐Mutluay Arzu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study evaluated the cytotoxicity of methacrylate‐based resins containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO was incorporated into hydrophobic (R2) and hydrophilic (R5) resins at weight concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 w/w %. Resin discs (n = 10/group) were prepared. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF‐1) were exposed to resin eluates for 24 h. Furthermore, dentin barrier test was performed using 3‐D cultures of odontoblast‐like cells (SV40 transfected pulp derived cells) with dentin slices of 400 µm thickness (n = 8). After acid etching of dentin, DMSO‐modified resins were applied into the cavity part of the device and light‐cured for 20 s. Cell viability (%) was assessed by MTT and analyzed spectrometrically. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). Resin eluates showed statistically significantly lower % cell viability for all neat and DMSO‐modified resins than seen for the negative control. Moreover, DMSO‐R5 eluates resulted in significantly lower % cell viability than DMSO‐R2 emulates. The dentin barrier test showed that DMSO‐R2 did not result in significantly lower % cell viability, whereas incorporation of 1‐10 w/w % DMSO into R5 resulted in significantly lower % of cell viability. Incorporating DMSO into hydrophilic self‐etching resins may increase cytotoxicity. The biocompatibility is not influenced by the addition of DMSO into hydrophobic resin.
Egg sac recognition and fostering in the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (araneae: lycosidae) and its effects on spiderling survival
Authors: Berry Alexander Dean , Rypstra Ann L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMany animals provide parental care to increase the success of offspring. Parental behaviors can be costly, and should only be directed toward related young. Offspring recognition and differential effort are ways that animals ensure that care is directed toward related individuals. Pardosa milvina is a small wolf spider that provides parental care for their young, carrying first their egg sac and later their spiderlings. This species is known to pick up abandoned egg sacs. We conducted a study to determine whether female P. milvina differentiated between her own egg sac and a conspecific's egg sac and whether there was a benefit to spiderlings in being raised by their biological mother, and whether age, when removed from the mother, influenced the outcome. In one experiment, we removed the egg sac from a female and gave her a choice of items to reattach: their own egg sac, another spider's egg sac, or a plastic bead. Females were more likely to pick up their own egg sac than another spider's. In another experiment, we removed a female spider's egg sac either 1 day or 7 days after the eggs were produced and gave them either their own egg sac or another spider's egg sac to care for. We measured hatching success and offspring survival. Spiders manipulated after 7 days were more likely to be abandoned as eggs, whether cared for by their biological mother, and reached adulthood less often. However, cross‐fostering had no effect on spiderling success whether the transfer occurred after 1 day. Our data showed that P. milvina can recognize their own egg sac, but there was no evidence of differential parental care provided to the biological offspring.
A continuum of genetic mixing for conservation management along the (mal)adaptation spectrum: A comment on Hoffmann et al.
Authors: Crispo Erika , Derry Alison M. , Brady Steven P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhen restoring gene flow for conservation management, genetic variation should be viewed along a continuum of genetic divergence between donor and recipient populations. On the one hand, maintaining local adaptation (low divergence between donors and recipients) can enhance conservation success in the short term. On the other hand, reducing local adaptation in the short term by increasing genetic diversity (high divergence between some donors and recipients) might have better long‐term success in the face of changing environmental conditions. Both Hoffman et al. (2020) and a paper we previously published in a Special Issue on Maladaptation in Applied Conservation (Derry et al., 2019) provide frameworks and syntheses for how best to apply conservation strategies in light of genetic variation and adaptation. A key difference between these two studies was that whereas Derry et al. (2019) performed a quantitative meta‐analysis, Hoffman et al. (2020) relied on case studies and theoretical considerations, yielding slightly different conclusions. We here provide a summary of the two studies and contrast of the main similarities and differences between them, while highlighting terminology used to describe and explain main concepts.
Microplastics in freshwater fishes: Occurrence, impacts and future perspectives
Authors: Parker Ben , Andreou Demetra , Green Iain D. , Britton J. Robert 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs) are small, plastic particles of various shapes, sizes and polymers. Although well studied in marine systems, their roles and importance in freshwater environments remain uncertain. Nevertheless, the restricted ranges and variable traits of freshwater fishes result in their communities being important receptors and strong bioindicators of MP pollution. Here, the current knowledge on MPs in freshwater fishes is synthesized, along with the development of recommendations for future research and sample processing. MPs are commonly ingested and passively taken up by numerous freshwater fishes, with ingestion patterns often related to individual traits (e.g. body size, trophic level) and environmental factors (e.g. local urbanization, habitat features). Controlled MP exposure studies highlight various effects on fish physiology, biochemistry and behaviour that are often complex, unpredictable, species‐specific and nonlinear in respect of dose–response relationships. Egestion is typically rapid and effective, although particles of a particular shape and/or size may remain, or translocate across the intestinal wall to other organs via the blood. Regarding future studies, there is a need to understand the interactions of MP pollution with other anthropogenic stressors (e.g. warming, eutrophication), with a concomitant requirement to increase the complexity of studies to enable impact assessment at population, community and ecosystem levels, and to determine whether there are consequences for processes, such as parasite transmission, where MPs could vector parasites or increase infection susceptibility. This knowledge will determine the extent to which MP pollution can be considered a major anthropogenic stressor of freshwaters in this era of global environmental change.
Tramadol‐induced hypoglycemia: A pharmacovigilance study
Authors: De Canecaude Claire , Rousseau Vanessa , Sommet Agnès , Montastruc Jean‐Louis 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSeveral papers have reported that tramadol can induce hypoglycemia. However, in some reports, confounding factors can be found, like coadministration of hypoglycemic drugs. We used the WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase®) to investigate whether tramadol alone could be associated with hypoglycemia. All 2010–2019 ICSRs (Individual Case Safety Reports) with the PT term “hypoglycemia” and tramadol were included. Two disproportionality analyses were performed: 1/after inclusion of all reports, 2/after exclusion of concomitant hypoglycemic drugs. Results are expressed as Reporting Odds Ratios (ROR; 95% CI). Among 10 038 436 ICSRs, 97 639 were included. In comparison with codeine, a significant association was found between tramadol use and reports of hypoglycemia before [ROR = 1.54 (1.43–1.66)] or after [ROR = 1.43 (1.31–1.56)] exclusion of hypoglycemic drugs. Tramadol use is associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia reports than codeine, the other step 2 analgesic, in the presence as well as in the absence of other hypoglycemic drugs. We concluded that hypoglycemia is an adverse drug reaction of tramadol, which can be observed in diabetic as well as in non‐diabetic patients.
Navigating a policy vacuum in the New Latino Diaspora: Teaching Spanish as a heritage language in Tennessee high schools
Authors: Gómez Soler Inmaculada , Fuentes Ronald 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile much of the literature regarding Spanish as a heritage language has focused on higher education institutions and areas of traditional immigration in the United States, less research has specifically examined Spanish heritage language learner (HLL) policies in states like Tennessee that have recently experienced an exponential rise in the number of Spanish HLLs in schools. Through 22 in‐depth qualitative interviews, this study examines how high school teachers negotiated their institutions' Spanish HLL policies (or lack of them) and how this negotiation informed the implementation of the policies in classroom practices and curricula. Results indicate that teachers worked in a policy vacuum and exerted their agency by creating their own policies and taking initiatives to address issues related to identification, placement, and curriculum that were specific to their contexts and compatible with their pedagogical goals. The study concludes highlighting the importance of bottom‐up language policy and planning in areas of recent immigration.
Low forest productivity associated with increasing drought‐tolerant species is compensated by an increase in drought‐tolerance richness
Authors: García‐Valdés Raúl , Vayreda Jordi , Retana Javier , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMany temperate forests are changing in composition due to a combination of changes in land‐use, management and climate‐related disturbances. Previous research has shown that in some regions these changes frequently favour drought‐tolerant tree species. However, the effects of these changes in composition on forest functioning (e.g. productivity) are unclear. We studied 25 years of change in individual tree biomass growth, ingrowth and mortality, and community composition and total plot biomass across 2663 permanent forest plots in Catalonia (NE Spain) comprising 85,220 trees of 59 species. We focused on the relationship between community‐level forest productivity and drought tolerance (DT), which was estimated using hydraulic traits as well as biogeographic indicators. We found that there was a small increase (1.6%–3.2% on average) in community‐mean DT (DTcwm) during the study period, concurrent with a strong increase (12.4%–19.4% on average) in DT richness (DTric; i.e. trait range). Most importantly, we found that the mean DT was negatively related to forest productivity, which was explained because drought‐tolerant tree species have lower tree‐level growth. In contrast, DT richness was strongly and positively related to forest productivity, probably because it allowed for a more stable production along wet and dry periods. These results suggest a negative impact of ongoing climate change on forest productivity mediated by functional composition shifts (i.e. selection of drought‐tolerant species), and a positive effect of increased DT richness as a consequence of land‐use legacies. Such a trend towards functional diversification, although temporary, would increase forests’ capacity to resist drought and place them in a better position to face the expected change in climate.