bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closest and long-term prospects of 3D-printing for obstetrics and gynecology
Authors: Kudryavtseva E. V. , Kovalev V. V. , Zakurinova E. S. , Muller-Kamskii G. , Popov V. V. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Despite the notable and rapid progress in the development of medical 3D printing in recent years, not much is known about the use of this technology in obstetrics and gynecology.The purpose of our review of scientific literature was to determine the current level of 3D printing development, discuss the closest and long term prospects for using this technology in obstetrics and gynecology, and analyze its potential advantages and disadvantages.Materials and methods. We searched for scientific literature. 378 papers passed a three-step screening, as a result of which 42 sources were selected for the final scientific review.Results and discussion. The main areas in which dimensional printing can be used in this area of medicine is the creation of simulation models and training for students, the creation of anatomical models for preoperative preparation, the surgical instruments, the creation of new dosage drug forms (including transvaginal ones), and bioprinting of organs and tissues.Conclusion. The presented literary review allows us to conclude that 3D printing the obstetrics and gynecology is a current rapidly developing direction. The organization of 3D modeling and printing laboratories can significantly increase the efficiency of teaching students and residents. In addition, obstetricians-gynecologists and surgeons should be informed about the possibility of 3D printing surgical instruments according to an individual design. It can inspire them to implement their own ideas and develop domestic innovative developments. Three-dimensional printing of dosage forms and bioprostheses requires more complex technological solutions, and is not yet used in clinical practice. However, given the enormous prospects for these areas, various grants should be envisaged for their development in Russia
Microaspiration in GER as one of the causes of bronchial asthma exacerbation and the occurrence of chronic cough in children. History of the problem and diagnostics
Authors: Fedorov I. A. , Rybakova O. G. , Goreva E. A. 
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the review:to analyze the evolution of the views of clinicians and researchers on the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and is extraesophageal bronchial manifestations, and the stages of the formation of the diagnosis of microaspiration of the lower respiratory tract in children.Materials and methods.Sarch in electronic databases: Elibrary, Federal Electronic Medical Library of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, bibliographic database of articles on medical sciences, created by the US National Library of Medicine MEDLINE.Main statements.Diagnostics and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and its extraesophageal manifestations both in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21-st century present certain difficulties for pediatricians and pulmonologists. Currently, there are numerous domestic and foreign clinical guidelines created with the aim f improving diagnostics and approaches to the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and "silent" microaspiration of the lower respiratory tract of the respiratory tract. However, the evidence base for the problem under discussion is rather limited, due to the lack of specificity of the symptoms of the disease and the absence of a "gold standard" diagnostics.Conclusion.The presented review gives information about non-invasive diagnosis of microaspiration in children with bronchial asthma and chronic cough what will help us decide on treatment, taking into account the concomitant gastroesophageal reflux. A non-invasive method for detecting lactose in the induced sputum of the respiratory tract and also an additional determination of the average cytochemical coefficient of macrophages can serve as an effective alternative to the verification of "silent" microaspiration in children with bronchial asthma and chronic cough.
ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP INFLUENCE AND ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION ON PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYMENT POLITECHNIC EMPLOYEES IN DEPOK
Authors: Prabadhi Isidorus Anung 
Published: July 2021

Organization requires human resources capable of running its activities properly so as to achieve the objectives set.Leadership and achievement motivation becomes one of the factors that can affect the performance of employees in carrying out its activities. This study aims to identify and analyze the influence of leadership and achievement motivation on employee performance either partially or simultaneously. This research uses a design causal or causal population numbers are all employees of the Polytechnic of Immigration Depok. Probability sampling technique is saturated with a sample of 33 employees. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that simultaneous (test F) leadership and achievement motivation has a positive and significant influence on employee performance. Partial test results showed that the variable of leadership has a positive and significant influence on employee performance at the Polytechnic of Immigration, Depok. Achievement motivation has a positive and significant influence on employee performance Immigration Polytechnic.
MENTORING, AN ALTERNATIVE EFFORT TO DEVELOP GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES’ COMPETENCIES
Authors: Rosmaya Mila 
Published: July 2021

A change is something obsolute and mandatory. People also do change. In the context of a public service the people are categoried into demanders and suppliers (providers). Needs of the demander keep changing. The changes happen to variant, quantity of the people’s needs as well as process of how they expect to get their needs. To keep up with these changes and, moreover, to improve the quality of the public service they supply to the demanders, the providers need to make some changes. The change that should take at the first place is their competency. They should get competency development provided by an orgnization where they belong to. Among many available alternatives of the competency development methods, mentoring is something else. It involves the right person who shares expertise and trains the competency needed by a trainee (mentee) because the person is the mentee’s supervisor who can directly monitor and evaluate the progress of the mentoring. This method generates benefits not only for the individuals involved but also the organization. For the organization the mentoring is both efficient and effective. It costs almost zero budget. Despite the obstacles that may occur the mentoring is a bull’s eye.
STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE NON-TAX REVENUE OF IMMIGRATION SUBJECT TO THE PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.21 OF 2016 ON VISA WAIVER PROGRAM
Authors: Nurkumalawati Intan 
Published: July 2021

This paper discusses the phenomena of Visa Waiver Program policy under the Presidential Regulation No. 21 of 2016 on Free Visa Policy in which there are 169 countries being exempted from obtaining a visa to enter the Indonesian territory. Since then, this policy affects a significant decrease of the non-tax revenue of Immigration which might cause the programs and immigration policy getting fewer. The purpose is to set up recommended strategies to raise the number of non-tax revenue of immigration and as a reference and recommendation for Directorate General of Immigration (DGI). The result shows that there are three steps and strategies in an effort to make the non-tax revenue of immigration higher: increasing the fee of the existing non-tax revenue, regulating the discrimination of fee (user charges) of the non-tax revenue, and adding categories of non-tax revenue of immigration.
IMMIGRATION EXAMINATION APECT REVIEWED FROM IMO FAL CONVENTION
Authors: Nursanto Gunawan Ari 
Published: July 2021

Indonesia is an archipelago (Archipelago Country) that has territorial borders with other countries covering land, sea or air. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has regulations regarding the entry and exit of a person, both Indonesian citizens and foreigners. The gate through which someone enters or exits the territory of Indonesia or what is called the Immigration Checkpoint is a crossing place for everyone. With the existence of the Immigration Checkpoint as a means to anticipate threats, obstacles and disruptions to the territorial sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. Institutionally the Immigration Checkpoint is the work scope of the Directorate General of Immigration. In terms of the sea area there are international conventions that regulate the law of the sea which have an impact on immigration regulations that have a role in the Sea the Immigration Checkpoint namely the Cofference of Facilitation of Maritime Traffic, the convention on the ease of international maritime traffic held by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in London. This Convention aims to harmonize government regulations with international regulations. The IMO FAL Convention was not fully adopted by Indonesia due to regulatory differences. The adoption of the IMO FAL Convention standard into regulations in Indonesia has a good influence on immigration as a standard for immigration checks for sea transport crews.
RUSSIA’S GEOPOLITICAL DETERMINATIONS IN THE BLACK SEA
Authors: DUMITRU Ilie Răsvan 
Published: July 2021

The present paper analyzes the projection of Russia's economic and military power in the Black Sea region, seen both in terms of its huge resources and as a way of projecting military power in the coastal States and the Eastern Mediterranean. The energy perspective is important in Russia's geopolitics, and the Black Sea region is perceived by it as the point of confluence of several globalist interests, in which Russia desires not only to be a mediator, but the decisive pivot to impose regional policy. Creating an energy dependency of the West on Russian resources represents a well-defined political goal in the Russian strategy. Russian gas is thus becoming a Trojan horse, by which Russia can influence European policies, this energy instrument being complemented by other powerful instruments aimed at undermining or diminishing NATO's role in Eastern Europe. Russian interests are concentrating firstly on the desire to maintain different levels of political and economic influence in each coastal State, to maintain the Black Sea under control for oil or gas exports and other maritime transport through Novorossiysk port as well as preventing a security deficit toward NATO that could threaten the South-West flank of Kremlin. In pursuing these interests, Russia's strategy is based on the use of political, diplomatic, information and economic instruments, which are supported by an increasingly credible military capacity, analyzed and explained in this paper.

Keywords: Russian-Ukrainian war; Crimea; energy weapon; Black Sea
PROMPT PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY OF THE MILITARY ‒ CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES, COMPONENTS
Authors: BĂIȚAN George-Florin 
Published: July 2021

Endurance (the ability to sustain activity), strength (the ability to overcome endurance) and motor skills (the functional application of force and endurance to react operatively to stimuli in the form of effective movement) are essential features for the physical performance of the military and, on a larger scale, for their success in the military system. Prompt physical availability is the ability to meet the physical requirements of any service or combat situation, in order to fulfill the mission or continue the fight until victory is achieved. Looking ahead, the multi-field approach in military operations identified the need for the military to be constantly physically prepared so that they would be available to fight in extreme environments of dispute and difficulty. Both tactical and physical training will remain a key component of combat training, and military physical education specialists must find solutions to integrate physical training into tactical field training exercises.

Keywords: prompt physical availability, concepts of training, physical training, workout, military physical education.
Identification of Micro-plastic Contamination in Drinking Water Treatment Plants in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Authors: Babel Sandhya , Dork Hakk 
Published: July 2021

Micro-plastics (MP) contamination in drinking water has become a global concern. Its negative impacts on human health have been reported. This study identified the presence of MP in two different drinking water treatment plants (WTP) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and investigated their removal efficiency. Samples were collected from the inlet, sedimentation, sand filtration, and distribution tank to quantify the removal by each unit. An optical microscope and a fluorescence microscope were used to detect the MP in four size fractions: 6.5-20, 20-53, 53-500, and >500 µm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify the polymer type for particles with size fractions of 53-500 and >500 µm. The results showed that the MP counted in WTP1 were 1180.5 ± 158 p/L in the inlet and 521 ± 61 p/L in the distribution tank. In WTP2, the MP counted were 1463 ± 126 p/L in the inlet and 617 ± 147 p/L in the distribution tank. The smaller size fraction of 6.5-20 µm predominated at each sampling location. Fragments were the most abundant morphology compared to fibers in all sampling points of both plants. PET predominated and the overall percentages for the inlet tank were 28.8% and 26%, followed by PE with 27.1% and 20.8% in WTP1 and WTP2, respectively. Other common polymer types were PP, PA, PES, and cellophane, while all others accounted for less than 5%. The results of the study showed that a significant number of MP remained in the water distribution system.
Bayah Natural Zeolites to Upgrade the Quality of Bio Crude Oil from Empty Fruit Bunch Pyrolysis
Authors: Irawan Anton , Bindar Yazid , Kurniawan Teguh , Alwan Hafid , Rosid Rosid , Fauziah Nisa Aina 
Published: July 2021

Currently, the fuel oil for transportation and industry is produced mostly from fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels are a limited resource, biomass could be an alternative resource. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is biomass waste from fresh fruit bunch processing in palm oil mills. EFB can be converted to bio-crude oil through pyrolysis at temperatures from 400 to 600 °C. The quality of bio-crude oil must be upgraded due to its high oxygen content. Esterification of bio-crude oil potentially improves the quality of bio-crude oil by using zeolite as catalyst. The purpose of this research was to investigate the properties of Bayah natural zeolites for upgrading the quality of bio-crude oil from EFB pyrolysis. Bayah natural zeolite was activated using various NaOH concentrations. Characterization of the natural zeolites was performed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and nitrogen physisorption. The optimum ratio of Si/Al of the modified Bayah natural zeolites was 3.91. The surface area of the parent was initially 19 m2/g and increased significantly to 150 m2/g after treatment with 0.4 M NaOH solution. The application of the activated zeolites for bio-crude oil esterification successfully decreased the total acid number.
Geospatial Clustering of Mobile Phone Use and Tuberculosis Health Outcomes among African Health Systems
Authors: Ibeneme Sunny , Ukor Nkiruka , Okeibunor Joseph , Zawaira Felicitas 
Published: July 2021

Background: While multiple studies have documented the impacts of mobile phone use on TB health outcomes for varied settings, it is not immediately clear what the spatial patterns of TB treatment completion rates among African countries are. This paper used Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) techniques to explore the clustering spatial patterns of TB treatment completion rates in 53 African countries as well as their relationships with mobile phone use. Using an ESDA approach to identify countries with low TB treatment completion rates and reduced mobile phone use is the first step towards addressing issues related to poor TB outcomes. Methods: TB notifications and treatment data from 2000 through 2015 obtained from the World Bank database were used to illustrate a descriptive epidemiology of TB treatment completion rates among African health systems. Spatial clustering patterns of TB treatment completion rates were assessed using differential local Moran’s I techniques; and local spatial analytics was performed using local Moran’s I tests. Relationships between TB treatment completion rates and mobile phone use were evaluated using ESDA approach. Results: Spatial autocorrelation patterns generated were consistent with Low-Low and High-Low cluster patterns and were significant at different p-values. Algeria and Senegal had significant clusters across the study periods, while Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger, South Africa, and Cameroon had significant clusters in at least two time-periods. ESDA identified statistically significant associations between TB treatment completion rates and mobile phone use. Countries with higher rates of mobile phone use, showed higher TB treatment completion rates overall, indicating enhanced program uptake (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Study findings provide systematic evidence to inform policy regarding investments in the use of mHealth to optimize TB health outcomes. African governments should identify turnaround strategies to strengthen mHealth technologies and improve outcomes.
Interobserver Reliability for Identifying Specific Patterns of Placental Injury as Defined by the Amsterdam Classification
Authors: Redline Raymond W. , Vik Torstein , Heerema-McKenney Amy , Jamtoy Ann-Helen , Ravishankar Sanjita , Ton Nu Tuyet Nhung , Vogt Christina , Ng Pamela , Nelson Karin B. , Lydersen Stian , Oskoui Maryam 
Published: July 2021

Context.—
Placental pathology is an essential tool for understanding neonatal illness. The recent Amsterdam international consensus has standardized criteria and terminology, providing harmonized data for research and clinical care.

Objective.—
To evaluate the interobserver reliability of these criteria between pathologists at different levels of experience using digitally scanned slides from placentas in a birth population including a large proportion of normal deliveries.

Design.—
This was a secondary analysis of selected placentas from a large case-control study of placental lesions associated with neonatal encephalopathy. Histologic slides from 80 placentas were digitally scanned and blindly evaluated by 6 pathologists. Interobserver reliability was assessed by positive and negative agreement, Fleiss κ, and interrater correlation coefficients.

Results.—
Overall agreement on the diagnosis, grading, and staging of acute chorioamnionitis and villitis of unknown etiology was moderate to good for all observers and good to excellent for a subset of 4 observers. Agreement on the diagnosis and subtyping of fetal vascular malperfusion was poor to fair for all observers and fair to moderate for the subset of 4 pathologists. Agreement on accelerated villous maturation was poor.

Conclusions.—
This study critically evaluates interobserver reliability for lesions defined by the Amsterdam consensus using scanned images with a low frequency of pathologic lesions. Although reliability was good to excellent for inflammatory lesions, lower reliability for vascular lesions emphasizes the need to more explicitly define the specific histologic features and boundaries for these patterns.
Ct threshold values, a proxy for viral load in community SARS-CoV-2 cases, demonstrate wide variation across populations and over time
Authors: Walker A Sarah , Pritchard Emma , House Thomas , Robotham Julie V , Birrell Paul J , Bell Iain , Bell John I , Newton John N , Farrar Jeremy , Diamond Ian , Studley Ruth , Hay Jodie , Vihta Karina-Doris , Peto Timothy EA , Stoesser Nicole , Matthews Philippa C , Eyre David W , Pouwels Koen B ,   COVID-19 Infection Survey team
Published: July 2021

Background:Information on SARS-CoV-2 in representative community surveillance is limited, particularly cycle threshold (Ct) values (a proxy for viral load).Methods:We included all positive nose and throat swabs 26 April 2020 to 13 March 2021 from the UK’s national COVID-19 Infection Survey, tested by RT-PCR for the N, S, and ORF1ab genes. We investigated predictors of median Ct value using quantile regression.Results:Of 3,312,159 nose and throat swabs, 27,902 (0.83%) were RT-PCR-positive, 10,317 (37%), 11,012 (40%), and 6550 (23%) for 3, 2, or 1 of the N, S, and ORF1ab genes, respectively, with median Ct = 29.2 (~215 copies/ml; IQR Ct = 21.9–32.8, 14–56,400 copies/ml). Independent predictors of lower Cts (i.e. higher viral load) included self-reported symptoms and more genes detected, with at most small effects of sex, ethnicity, and age. Single-gene positives almost invariably had Ct > 30, but Cts varied widely in triple-gene positives, including without symptoms. Population-level Cts changed over time, with declining Ct preceding increasing SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Of 6189 participants with IgG S-antibody tests post-first RT-PCR-positive, 4808 (78%) were ever antibody-positive; Cts were significantly higher in those remaining antibody negative.Conclusions:Marked variation in community SARS-CoV-2 Ct values suggests that they could be a useful epidemiological early-warning indicator.Funding:Department of Health and Social Care, National Institutes of Health Research, Huo Family Foundation, Medical Research Council UK; Wellcome Trust.
Investigation of pixel scale calibration on the Elekta iView electronic portal imager
Authors: Norvill Craig , Goodall Simon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the variation in electronic portal imager pixel scale at the isocenter plane for Elekta Agility linear accelerators. An in‐house MATLAB script was written to process and calculate the pixel scale based on a metal calibration plate supplied by Elekta. Eight pixel plates were compared and found to have manufacturing tolerances within 0.1 mm of nominal dimensions. The impact of these variations on pixel scale factor was negligible, and plates could be used interchangeably. Uncertainties from other parameters such as source‐to‐surface distance and user variability summed to a combined uncertainty of 0.0003 mm/pixel, compared to a pixel scale range of 0.003 mm/pixel measured across 10 machines. Most of the inter‐machine variation was shown to be attributable to differences in source‐to‐panel distance. Other factors such as focal spot size and shape, electronic portal imager manufacturing consistency, panel sag, and setup errors may account for the residual variation. Individual characterization of machine and imaging panel pixel scale factors is important to ensure accurate geometric information is derived from electronic portal images, which is critical where the portal imager is used for multi‐leaf collimator calibration or other clinical tasks.