bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptomatic Responses to Low‐Level Occupational and Environmental Exposures
Authors: Linde Brian , Redlich Carrie A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There are individuals who experience symptoms in response to exposures at levels below those generally considered toxic. Symptoms are real and can range from mild to disabling. Several diagnostic terms have been used to describe this condition, including chemical intolerance, multiple chemical sensitivity, and idiopathic environmental intolerance. Common triggering exposures include gasoline fumes, construction, cleaning, and perfumed products, adhesives, and new carpeting. The pathogenesis of these symptomatic responses to low‐level exposures remains poorly defined but is likely multifactorial, involving neurosensory, olfactory, behavioral, and psychological pathways. Workers with symptomatic responses to low‐level exposures in the workplace should undergo medical evaluation to clarify the diagnosis and identify modifiable triggering exposures. Treatment includes acknowledging the patient's condition and its impact on work and other activities, reduction of triggering exposures, work accommodations as feasible, and management of symptoms.
Physiological Effects of Altered Barometric Pressure
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High and low‐pressure environments have continued to play important roles in our technological society for many reasons. The earliest engineering applications of high pressure, to maintain dry working conditions in caissons and tunnels, are still in use today, and still extract a toll in decompression sickness and aseptic bone necrosis from workers who undergo daily decompression after long shifts under compressed air. As exploitation of undersea resources has expanded, such as subsea oil, so has the need for greater working depth and time, which has increased the vulnerability of the diver to injury. On the other hand, the changes in barometric pressure with high‐altitude are associated with a unique set of other physiological and medical issues. This chapter addresses the physiology of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues, acute and chronic health effects of diving, fitness to dive, physiology and medicine at high altitude, and the therapies for maladies of altered barometric pressure.
Air Pollution
Authors: Reinhart Paul G. , White Lori , Kim Jee Young , Stanek Lindsay Wichers , Ross Mary , Buckley Barbara , Murray James A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the nature, history, health effects, regulations, trends, and control of environmental air pollution. Air pollution is a combination of both anthropogenic and natural origins. During the height of the industrial revolution, the health effects of air pollution in cities became apparent. The first federal legislation involving air pollution was the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, which provided funds for federal research on air pollution. It was followed by the Clean Air Act of 1963, which established a program within the US Public Health Service for research on air pollution monitoring and control techniques. Later, the Air Quality Act of 1967 expanded the federal government's role involving air pollution by enacting enforcement procedures concerning interstate transport of pollutants. The Clean Air Act of 1970 brought about a number of significant changes and has had two amendments. The trends in the level and the health effects of various chemical pollutants have been presented.
Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Barnes Lisa Simkins , Durant Meredith G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of hazardous waste management. It is essential that the practicing professional always consult the latest regulations before developing or updating a hazardous waste management program. Management of hazardous waste in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations is essential not only for limitation of regulatory and tort liability but also for the protection of human health and the environment. The basic background information and regulatory and legal requirements for the industrial hygienist or environmental professional involved in one or more facets of hazardous waste management are also provided.
Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts
Authors: Fishwick David , Barber Chris M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWorkers are still dying from the respiratory diseases caused by exposures to mineral dusts such as asbestos, coal mine dust, and silica. This chapter provides background information regarding the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, its defense mechanisms, assessment and response of the lungs to injury, and specifics of the lung diseases caused by exposures to some of the mineral dusts.
Chemical Protective Clothing
Authors: Forsberg Krister , Zeigler James P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Hazardous chemicals can contact the skin and reach internal organs through the bloodstream. These chemicals may cause skin irritation, burns or sensitization or damage internal organs. Chemical protective clothing is intended to prevent skin contact with potentially hazardous chemicals, thus lowering the risk of injury or illness. The present study focuses the importance of determining the risks and the resistance of protective clothing material for each chemical of interest. Besides this, important considerations for the selection, standards, and usage of chemical protective clothing have also been addressed.
Nonionizing Radiation: Lasers
Authors: Sliney, David H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Lasers have been used in industry, science, and medicine. Lasers emit radiant energy which is accessible and may pose potential hazards to the eye and skin. The laser classification system groups them into hazard classes according to their output power or energy and their ability to cause harm. This chapter discusses the special properties of lasers, hazard evaluation measurements, their control, and delivery systems, and the special protective measures and the current safety standards and guidelines required for their safe use.
Hand‐Arm Vibration
Authors: Nelson Christopher M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Human exposure to
hand‐arm vibration
arises from occupational use of vibrating hand‐held, hand‐guided, or hand‐fed machines. Exposure is associated with the development of sensorineural, vascular, and musculoskeletal disorders, collectively known as the hand‐arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). The standardized methods, and their limitations, for measurement and evaluation of worker vibration exposure and the vibration emission of machinery are discussed. Disabling cases of HAVS are preventable if employers apply good practice to minimize risk and provide health surveillance for workers at risk; this chapter discusses risk assessment for HAVS and the control of that risk, giving examples of good practice. Exposure limits and action levels laid down in national legislation or guidance, in the European Union, Japan, and the United States, are discussed and compared.
Advancing the Well‐Being of Workers: An Introduction to
Total Worker Health
®
Approaches
Authors: Chosewood L. Casey , Tamers Sara L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Total Worker Health

®

(TWH) is defined as policies, programs, and practices that integrate protection from work‐related safety and health hazards with promotion of injury and illness prevention efforts to advance worker well‐being. The TWH approach is a holistic one that advocates for the integration of all organizational efforts that contribute to worker safety, health, and well‐being, by targeting the conditions of work. Scientific evidence supports that workplace risk factors contribute to safety and health issues previously considered unrelated to work. Employers influence their workers' safety, health, and well‐being and can significantly impact both on‐the‐job risks and off‐the‐job experiences. TWH efforts offer promising practices and evidence to help employers create and maintain a safer, healthier, and more productive workforce and industrial hygienists can be a part of these efforts. This chapter provides insights into TWH approaches, details issues relevant to advancing worker well‐being, and offers guidance to industrial hygiene professionals seeking to implement a TWH program or expand an existing workplace health promotion program.
The impact of inducing troubleshooting strategies via visual aids on performance in a computerized digital network task
Authors: Bordewieck Martin , Elson Malte 
Published: February 2021

SummaryTroubleshooting is a particular problem‐solving process comprising error detection, fault diagnosis, and system restoration. Since automation of systems has become increasingly complex and ubiquitous, troubleshooting skills are crucial to maintain safety and security in a variety of contexts. The planned study aims at examining troubleshooting strategies and how to induce them by means of simple visual aids and concise instructions. To this end, a computerized task consisting of network troubleshooting problems will be employed in an experimental study with repeated measures. Indicators of strategy use and performance will be tested for their relation to availability and differential use of visual aids, to cognitive styles that affect how individuals deal with challenges or system information, and to cognitive processes that are involved in metacognition and executive function. The planned research is expected to help gain insights into the cognitive determinants of troubleshooting, reverse engineering, and their links to computational thinking.
Dynamically Driven Emergence in a Nanomagnetic System
Authors: Dawidek Richard W. , Hayward Thomas J. , Vidamour Ian T. , Broomhall Thomas J. , Venkat Guru , Mamoori Mohanad Al , Mullen Aidan , Kyle Stephan J. , Fry Paul W. , Steinke Nina‐Juliane , Cooper Joshaniel F. K. , Maccherozzi Francesco , Dhesi Sarnjeet S. , Aballe Lucia , Foerster Michael , Prat Jordi , Vasilaki Eleni , Ellis Matthew O. A. , Allwood Dan A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEmergent behaviors occur when simple interactions between a system's constituent elements produce properties that the individual elements do not exhibit in isolation. This article reports tunable emergent behaviors observed in domain wall (DW) populations of arrays of interconnected magnetic ring‐shaped nanowires under an applied rotating magnetic field. DWs interact stochastically at ring junctions to create mechanisms of DW population loss and gain. These combine to give a dynamic, field‐dependent equilibrium DW population that is a robust and emergent property of the array, despite highly varied local magnetic configurations. The magnetic ring arrays’ properties (e.g., non‐linear behavior, “fading memory” to changes in field, fabrication repeatability, and scalability) suggest they are an interesting candidate system for realizing reservoir computing (RC), a form of neuromorphic computing, in hardware. By way of example, simulations of ring arrays performing RC approaches 100% success in classifying spoken digits for single speakers.
Processable High Electron Mobility π‐Copolymers via Mesoscale Backbone Conformational Ordering
Authors: Eckstein Brian J. , Melkonyan Ferdinand S. , Wang Gang , Wang Binghao , Manley Eric F. , Fabiano Simone , Harbuzaru Alexandra , Ponce Ortiz Rocio , Chen Lin X. , Facchetti Antonio , Marks Tobin J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe synthesis and experimental/theoretical characterization of a new series of electron‐transporting copolymers based on the naphthalene bis(4,8‐diamino‐1,5‐dicarboxyl)amide (NBA) building block are reported. Comonomers are designed to test the emergent effects of manipulating backbone torsional characteristics, and density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveals the key role of backbone conformation in optimizing electronic delocalization and transport. The NBA copolymer conformational and electronic properties are characterized using a broad array of molecular/macromolecular, thermal, optical, electrochemical, and charge transport techniques. All NBA copolymers exhibit strongly aggregated morphologies with significant nanoscale order. Copolymer charge transport properties are investigated in thin‐film transistors and exhibit excellent electron mobilities ranging from 0.4 to 4.5 cm2 V−1 s−1. Importantly, the electron transport efficiency correlates with the film mesoscale order, which emerges from comonomer‐dependent backbone planarity and extension. These results illuminate the key NBA building block structure–morphology–bulk property design relationships essential for processable, electronics‐applicable high‐performance polymeric semiconductors.
Dendrite‐Free and Long‐Cycling Sodium Metal Batteries Enabled by Sodium‐Ether Cointercalated Graphite Anode
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Hao Feng , Cao Yongjie , Xie Yihua , Yuan Shouyi , Dong Xiaoli , Xia Yongyao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStable and dendrite‐free Na metal plating–stripping is achieved on the graphite electrode. The sodium‐ether cointercalated graphite exhibits ultrahigh Na deposition efficiency of 99.86% over 900 cycles at a current density of 2 mA cm−2. The discharge process involves the [Na‐ether]+ cointercalation and Na deposition. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the cointercalated graphite is critical for uniform Na deposition and stable Coulombic efficiency, which is ascribed to both the robust binding sites to Na by the diglyme molecules and a low lattice mismatch for Na growth on the cointercalated graphite. Also, a full cell consisting of Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) cathode and 0.5 mAh cm−2 Na predeposited graphite anode shows excellent cycling stability. The full cell delivers a capacity of 95 mAh g−1 based on the weight of cathode materials, with a high capacity retention of 91% over 300 cycles.
Kinetically Controlled, Scalable Synthesis of γ‐FeOOH Nanosheet Arrays on Nickel Foam toward Efficient Oxygen Evolution: The Key Role of In‐Situ‐Generated γ‐NiOOH
Authors: Wang Ke , Du Hongfang , He Song , Liu Lei , Yang Kai , Sun Jinmeng , Liu Yuhang , Du Zhuzhu , Xie Linghai , Ai Wei , Huang Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLayered γ‐type iron oxyhydroxide (γ‐FeOOH) is a promising material for various applications; however, its sheet‐shaped structure often suffers from instability that results in aggregation and leads to inferior performance. Herein, a kinetically controlled hydrolysis strategy is proposed for the scalable synthesis of γ‐FeOOH nanosheets arrays (NAs) with enhanced structural stability on diverse substrates at ambient conditions. The underlying mechanisms for the growth of γ‐FeOOH NAs associated with their structural evolution are systematically elucidated by alkalinity‐controlled synthesis and time‐dependent experiments. As a proof‐of‐concept application, γ‐FeOOH NAs are developed as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), where the sample grown on nickel foam (NF) exhibits superior performance of high catalytic current density, small Tafel slope, and exceptional durability, which is among the top level of FeOOH‐based electrocatalysts. Density functional theory calculations suggest that γ‐NiOOH in situ generated from the electrooxidation of NF would induce charge accumulation on the Fe sites of γ‐FeOOH NAs, leading to enhanced OER intermediates adsorption for water splitting. This work affords a new technique to rationally design and synthesize γ‐FeOOH NAs for various applications.
Functionalized Fiber Reinforced Composites via Thermally Drawn Multifunctional Fiber Sensors
Authors: Caglar Baris , Esposito William , Nguyen‐Dang Tung , Laperrousaz Stella , Michaud Véronique , Sorin Fabien 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMonitoring fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) during their production and operation is becoming crucial to track the performance of the final parts and optimize the overall life cycle. The challenges associated with integrating multifunctional sensors with the required aspect ratio, manufacturing scalability, robustness, and performance within FRPC parts remain, however, unresolved. Here, a novel class of electronic polymer fiber sensors that can be seamlessly integrated within FRPC, and can sense and decouple cure time, temperature, and strain during and postprocessing is reported. It is shown that the particular fiber geometry induces a minimal impact on the final FRPC microstructure. Integrating both capacitive‐ and resistive‐based sensors within the electronic fibers, the monitoring of the resin flow and its curing during the production of FRPC parts is demonstrated. Finally, the embedded fiber sensors are used to measure and decouple thermal and mechanical loads imposed on the parts during their use, paving the way toward a new platform for smart and connected fiber reinforced polymer composites.
Pneumatic Enabled Vertical Interconnect Access of Liquid Alloy Circuits toward Highly Integrated Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Jiang Qin , Zhang Shuo , Jiang Jiajun , Fei Wenjie , Wu Zhigang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMultilayer circuits, particularly in stretchable electronics, are always considered as an effective way to integrate diverse components and modules for advanced/powerful functions required in the potential applications or complex scenarios. As a desirable soft conductor, liquid alloy circuits exhibit super compliance and stretchability. However, the lacking of reliable ways to fabricate multilayer circuits like other stretchable electronics, the advantage of liquid alloy stretchable electronics is far away well exploited, especially from the perspectives of application developments. Here, based on the unique features of rapid oxidation and fluidity from liquid alloy, a facile method is presented to achieve multilayer circuits connection with vertical interconnect accesses enabled by pneumatic blowing and surface topography tuning. This approach provides a new way to achieve high integration of liquid alloy based stretchable electronics, for example, a double‐layer soft LED array, a conformal six‐layer wireless charging, and a wireless communicated wearable device for temperature and humidity real‐time monitoring. Furthermore, compatible with conventional industry process, it may open a new window for making advanced or powerful liquid alloy stretchable electronics for various applications in complex scenarios.
Solution‐Processable Multifused Thiophene Small Molecules and Conjugated Polymer Semiconducting Blend for Organic Field Effect Transistor Application
Authors: Afraj Shakil N. , He Guan‐Yu , Lin Chih‐Yu , Velusamy Arulmozhi , Huang Chu‐Yun , Lin Po‐Shen , Vegiraju Sureshraju , Huang Ping‐Yu , Ni Jen‐Shyang , Yau Shueh‐Lin , Tung Shih‐Huang , Minari Takeo , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Chen Ming‐Chou 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThree new solution‐processable organic semiconductors (1–3) are synthesized and characterized for p‐type organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The backbone of these small molecules is modified by expanding the central core conjugation from thienothiophene (TT) to dithienothiophene (DTT) and tetrathienoacene (TTA), which are end‐capped with soluble β‐substituted alkyl chains dithienothiophenes (DTTR) to generate DTTR‐TT (1), DTTR‐DTT (2), and DTTR‐TTA (3). The highest mobility of 0.016 cm2 V−1 s−1 is achieved using solution‐sheared DTTR‐TTA film due to the extended conjugated TTA core, which enhances the intermolecular interaction and generates an efficient percolation for the OFET channel. Solution blending of crystalline DTTR‐TT small molecules with oriented‐packing polymer dithienothiophene‐thioalkylbithiophene (PDTT‐SBT) polymer leads to significantly enhanced mobilities from 0.0009 up to 0.22 cm2 V−1 s−1, occurring at an optimized 30% DTTR‐TT composition in the blend. Hole mobility of 30% DTTR‐TT blend is 0.22 cm2 V−1 s−1 which is higher than pristine small molecule DTTR‐TT (0.0009 cm2 V−1 s−1) and polymer PDTT‐SBT (0.067 cm2 V−1 s−1), respectively. An efficient strategy to enhance the mobility of small molecule DTTR‐TT by blending with easily synthesizable PDTT‐SBT polymer is reported.
A Programmable and Automated Platform for Integrated Synthesis and Evaluation of Water Electrolysis Catalysts
Authors: Yu Changcheng , Xiong Qi , Yang Kai , Chen Haibiao , Pan Feng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA programmable and fully automated platform is created to take over tedious manual operations in a typical catalyst development process. Synthesis and evaluation of the catalyst are coupled as an operation unit to enable continuous and unattended execution of combinatorial experiments. This platform is demonstrated in the identification of high‐performance bifunctional catalysts for water splitting from a trimetallic NiFeCo hydroxide system. The platform collects data for evaluating the performance of 66 different catalysts in oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions within a timeframe of four days. Timely feedback from the close‐coupled evaluation enables a guided focused‐area scanning of the parameter matrix, achieving both full coverage and a fine‐tuned hit with a relatively smaller number of experiments. The optimal compositions of the catalysts identified by the platform are well consistent with previous reports. Therefore, the platform is capable of generating useful data for catalyst screening, allowing a researcher to focus more on creative tasks.
Asymmetric PEDOT:PSS Trilayers as Actuating and Sensing Linear Artificial Muscles
Authors: Rohtlaid Kätlin , Nguyen Giao T. M. , Ebrahimi‐Takalloo Saeedeh , Nguyen Tan Ngoc , Madden John D. W. , Vidal Frédéric , Plesse Cédric 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSoft ionic actuators and sensors have been intensively studied over the last 20 years. The bending trilayer configuration has been considered a standard architecture, allowing the development of new materials and their optimization. However, bending deformation remains low in force output and presents limited integration capabilities in fast emerging fields like humanoid robotics and actuating textiles. A generalizable architecture of asymmetric supercapacitor‐like trilayers is presented to develop open‐air linear artificial muscles that actuate and sense. First, tuning of electromechanical properties of asymmetric electrodes is performed separately by combining poly(3,4‐ethyl‐enedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) with a polyethylene oxide network and 1‐ethyl‐3methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide as additives. By varying their content, electronic conductivity can be tuned between 20 and 457 S cm−1, Young's modulus from 1.5 to 0.27 GPa, and volumetric charge density increased by 36%. Asymmetric trilayers are then fabricated using a simple layer stacking process by selecting the optimal combination of materials according to an electromechanical model. Linear strain of 0.5% is obtained in 30 s under ±2 V with 70% of the deformation within 5 s and blocking stress as high as 0.3 MPa. When mechanically stimulated, these asymmetric trilayers demonstrate linear sensing as well, with a sensitivity of 0.38 mV %−1.