bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Orientation, Sexual Arousal, and Finger Length Ratios in Women
Authors: Holmes Luke , Watts-Overall Tuesday M. , Slettevold Erlend , Gruia Dragos C. , Raines Jamie , Rieger Gerulf 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn general, women show physiological sexual arousal to both sexes. However, compared with heterosexual women, homosexual women are more aroused to their preferred sex, a pattern typically found in men. We hypothesized that homosexual women’s male-typical arousal is due to their sex-atypical masculinization during prenatal development. We measured the sexual responses of 199 women (including 67 homosexual women) via their genital arousal and pupil dilation to female and male sexual stimuli. Our main marker of masculinization was the ratio of the index to ring finger, which we expected to be lower (a masculine pattern) in homosexual women due to increased levels of prenatal androgens. We further measured observer- and self-ratings of psychological masculinity–femininity as possible proxies of prenatal androgenization. Homosexual women responded more strongly to female stimuli than male stimuli and therefore had more male-typical sexual responses than heterosexual women. However, they did not have more male-typical digit ratios, even though this difference became stronger if analyses were restricted to white participants. Still, variation in women's digit ratios did not account for the link between their sexual orientation and their male-typical sexual responses. Furthermore, homosexual women reported and displayed more masculinity than heterosexual women, but their masculinity was not associated with their male-typical sexual arousal. Thus, women’s sexual and behavioral traits, and potential anatomical traits, are possibly masculinized at different stages of gestation.
Desiccation time and rainfall control gaseous carbon fluxes in an intermittent stream
Authors: Arce Maria Isabel , Bengtsson Mia M. , von Schiller Daniel , Zak Dominik , Täumer Jana , Urich Tim , Singer Gabriel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDroughts are recognized to impact global biogeochemical cycles. However, the implication of desiccation on in-stream carbon (C) cycling is not well understood yet. We subjected sediments from a lowland, organic rich intermittent stream to experimental desiccation over a 9-week-period to investigate temporal changes in microbial functional traits in relation to their redox requirements, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Concurrently, the implications of rewetting by simulated short rainfalls (4 and 21 mm) on gaseous C fluxes were tested. Early desiccation triggered dynamic fluxes of CO2 and CH4 with peak values of 383 and 30 mg C m−2 h−1 (mean ± SD), respectively, likely in response to enhanced aerobic mineralization and accelerated evasion. At longer desiccation, CH4 dropped abruptly, likely because of reduced abundance of anaerobic microbial traits. The CO2 fluxes ceased later, suggesting aerobic activity was constrained only by extended desiccation over time. We found that rainfall boosted fluxes of CO2, which were modulated by rainfall size and the preceding desiccation time. Desiccation also reduced the amount of WSOC and the proportion of labile compounds leaching from sediment. It remains questionable to which extent changes of the sediment C pool are influenced by respiration processes, microbial C uptake and cell lysis due to drying-rewetting cycles. We highlight that the severity of the dry period, which is controlled by its duration and the presence of precipitation events, needs detailed consideration to estimate the impact of intermittent flow on global riverine C fluxes.
An embedded human rights logic? A comparative study of International Baccalaureate schools in different contexts
Authors: Parish Karen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article presents findings from a study that investigated how the global logic of human rights, as incorporated by the International Baccalaureate schools into their policies and practices, is experienced and adhered to by students who are following the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) in different contexts. In this study, the cases for comparison were a private school in Norway and a state-funded school in Poland. Although selected for their differences, they offered functional equivalence in the standardized diploma program. The study used a multiple-methods approach, including both quantitative and qualitative data. Findings reveal significant differences between students’ levels of adherence to human rights logic. Reasons for this difference point both to logic hybridity within the school organization and a diverse school learning community.
Changing structures of summertime heatwaves over China during 1961–2017
Authors: An Ning , Zuo Zhiyan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite the prevalence of artificial separation of daytime and nighttime hot extremes, they may actually co-occur or occur sequentially. Considering their potential lead-lag configuration, this study identified an entire heatwave period as consecutive days with either daytime or nighttime hot extremes and investigated the changes of the prevalence and sequence of daytime and nighttime hot extremes during heatwaves over China from 1961 to 2017. It was found that the majority (82%) of heatwaves were compound heatwaves that had both daytime and nighttime hot extremes exceeding the 90th percentile-based thresholds, while only 7% (11%) were purely daytime (nighttime) heatwaves that contained only daytime (nighttime) hot extremes. During the entire periods of compound heatwaves, daytime hot extremes usually occurred one day or a few days before nighttime hot extremes, which was in accordance with the daily variations in radiation and meteorological conditions, such as the increasing surface humidity and cloud cover, and decreasing solar radiation during the entire heatwave periods. From 1961 to 2017, compound heatwave numbers exhibited the sharpest increase with a statistically significant trend of 0.44 times decade−1, in contrast to an insignificant trend of 0.00 times decade−1 for purely daytime heatwaves and a significant trend of 0.09 times decade−1 for purely nighttime heatwaves. Within the compound heatwave periods, hot nights were starting earlier and ending later, and numbers of concurrent daytime-nighttime hot extremes increased significantly at 0.20 days decade−1. In particular, urban area were not only subject to increasingly more frequent and longer compound heatwaves, but also to more occurrences of concurrent daytime-nighttime hot extremes with more serious impact. This study provides instructions for researchers to customize and select appropriate heatwave indices.
Automated CNN back-propagation pipeline generation for FPGA online training
Authors: Mazouz A. , Bridges C. P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTraining of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on embedded platforms to support on-device learning has become essential for the future deployment of CNNs on autonomous systems. In this work, we present an automated CNN training pipeline compilation tool for Xilinx FPGAs. We automatically generate multiple hardware designs from high-level CNN descriptions using a multi-objective optimization algorithm that explores the design space by exploiting CNN parallelism. These designs that trade-off resources for throughput allow users to tailor implementations to their hardware and applications. The training pipeline is generated based on the backpropagation (BP) equations of convolution which highlight an overlap in computation. We translate the overlap into hardware by reusing most of the forward pass (FP) pipeline reducing the resources overhead. The implementation uses a streaming interface that lends itself well to data streams and live feeds instead of static data reads from memory. Meaning, we do not use the standard array of processing elements (PEs) approach, which is efficient for offline inference, instead we translate the architecture into a pipeline where data is streamed through allowing for new samples to be read as they become available. We validate the results using the Zynq-7100 on three datasets and varying size architectures against CPU and GPU implementations. GPUs consistently outperform FPGAs in training times in batch processing scenarios, but in data stream scenarios, FPGA designs achieve a significant speedup compared to GPU and CPU when enough resources are dedicated to the learning task. A 2.8×, 5.8×, and 3× speed up over GPU was achieved on three architectures trained on MNIST, SVHN, and CIFAR-10 respectively.
Why do corporate cash holdings differ within reunified Germany?
Authors: Kupfer Alexander , Oberndorfer Julia , Kunz Felix 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study examines German firms’ managerial decision-making from the perspective of corporate cash holdings. An econometric analysis of 89,018 firm-year observations for 2004–2016 shows that East German firms hold significantly more cash than their West German counterparts. It is further demonstrated that no reasonable hypotheses (i.e. structural differences, access to financing, and historical differences) can explain East German firms’ higher cash holdings. Instead, the difference in cash holdings is only relevant for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Additionally, East German SMEs adjust excess cash more slowly than West German SMEs. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cultural attributes influence managerial decision-making and imply that the norms and values of the former German Democratic Republic persist.
Evaluation der Implementation konzeptuell unterschiedlicher Maßnahmen zur Leseförderung in der Sekundarstufe I
Authors: Souvignier Elmar , Zeuch Nina , Jost Jörg , Karstens Fabiana , Meudt Sarah-Ines , Schmitz Anke 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungIm vorliegenden Beitrag werden basierend auf einem Evaluationsprojekt im Rahmen des von Bund und Ländern geförderten Programms „Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift“ (BiSS) Analysen zu Bedingungen einer wirksamen Implementation von evidenzbasierten Lesefördermaßnahmen in den schulischen Alltag am Beispiel zweier BiSS-Verbünde und einer Kontrollgruppe vorgestellt. Sowohl hinsichtlich der Implementationsstrategie (top-down vs. bottom-up) als auch im Hinblick auf das Fördermaterial (einfach vs. komplex) unterschieden sich die beiden Fördermaßnahmen deutlich voneinander. Zur Evaluation der Implementation kamen Lehrkräftebefragungen und Kompetenztestungen von Schüler*innen zum Einsatz. Zwei Stichproben von 100 bzw. 98 Lehrkräften wurden zu Begleitfaktoren der Leseförderung (Einstellungen, Selbstwirksamkeit, Wissen, Akzeptanz) und gewünschten Effekten (Wiedergabetreue, Nutzung) befragt. Im Rahmen einer Längsschnittuntersuchung an einer Stichprobe vonN = 1054 Schüler*innen wurden Entwicklungen wesentlicher Facetten der Lesekompetenz (Leseverständnis, Leseflüssigkeit, Lesestrategien, Lesemotivation) betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zunächst, dass eine breite Nutzung und positive Effekte in den beteiligten Verbünden nicht in dem gewünschten Maße resultieren. Dabei liegen zwischen den beiden Verbünden – trotz der unterschiedlichen Fördermaßnahmen – nur marginale Unterschiede vor. Analysen der Interkorrelationsmuster zu den Implementationsmerkmalen weisen darauf hin, dass eine erfolgreiche Implementation letztlich von einer hohen Passung zwischen Merkmalen auf Seiten der Maßnahme, der Lehrkraft und der schulischen Rahmenbedingungen abhängt. Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis werden abgeleitet.
Wirkungen von Fortbildungen zur Sprachförderung für pädagogische Fach- und Lehrkräfte
Authors: Kämpfe Karin , Betz Tanja , Kucharz Diemut 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungIn Kindertageseinrichtungen und Schulen wird dem pädagogischen Personal in Bezug auf Sprachförderung ein hoher Qualifizierungsbedarf attestiert; zugleich gibt es wenig gesichertes empirisches Wissen über die Wirkungen entsprechender Fortbildungen. Das Fortbildungsangebot und die Teilnehmenden sind heterogen. Um die Heterogenität der Teilnehmenden zu entschlüsseln, wurden im BiSS-Evaluationsprojekt „SPRÜNGE“ (Sprachförderung im Übergang Kindergarten – Grundschule evaluieren) auf Grundlage einer Typenbildung vonN = 27 Fach- und Lehrkräften Unterschiede in ihren Sprachförderkompetenzen und im Fortbildungsbesuch empirisch-quantitativ mittels des Online-Tests SprachKoPF überprüft und für zwei Sprachfördertypen ihre handlungsleitenden Orientierungen in Bezug auf die Wirkungen von Fortbildungen rekonstruiert. Bei diesen beiden, stark fortgebildeten Sprachfördertypen konnten differenzierbare Deutungen zu den Wirkungen von Fortbildungen herausgearbeitet werden, wobei einerseits eine stärkere Kita-Orientierung und andererseits eine stärkere Schulorientierung als (implizite) Referenz deutlich wird. Zudem ließen sich Gelingensbedingungen von Fortbildungen wie „Praxisrelevanz“, die als allgemeingültig angenommen werden, typenspezifisch ausdifferenzieren. Mit der multiperspektivischen Untersuchung der differentiellen Wirkungen von Fortbildungen leistet das Projekt einen explorativen Beitrag zu einer quantitativ und qualitativ ausgerichteten Wirkungsforschung am Übergang Kita-Grundschule.
Amyloidogenic, neuroinflammatory and memory dysfunction effects of HIV-1 gp120
Authors: Lee Young-Jung , Yeo In Jun , Choi Dong Young , Yun Jaesuk , Son Dong Ju , Han Sang-Bae , Hong Jin Tae 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection can cause several HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders a variety of neurological impairments characterized by the loss of cortical and subcortical neurons and decreased cognitive and motor function. HIV-1 gp120, the major envelope glycoprotein on viral particles, acts as a binding protein for viral entry and is known to be an agent of neuronal cell death. To determine the mechanism of HIV-1 gp120-induced memory dysfunction, we performed mouse intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion with HIV-1 gp120 protein (300 ng per mouse) and investigated memory impairment and amyloidogenesis. Infusion of the HIV-1 gp120 protein induced memory dysfunction, which was evaluated using passive avoidance and water maze tests. Infusion of HIV-1 gp120 induced neuroinflammation, such as the release of iNOS and COX-2 and the activation of astrocytes and microglia and increased the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6, ICAM-1, M-CSF, TIM, and IL-2. In particular, we found that the infusion of HIV-1 gp120 induced the accumulation of amyloid plaques and signs of elevated amyloidogenesis, such as increased expression of amyloid precursor protein and BACE1 and increased β-secretase activity. Therefore, these studies suggest that HIV-1 gp120 may induce memory impairment through Aβ accumulation and neuroinflammation.
Current hurdles to the translation of nanomedicines from bench to the clinic
Authors: Đorđević Snežana , Gonzalez María Medel , Conejos-Sánchez Inmaculada , Carreira Barbara , Pozzi Sabina , Acúrcio Rita C. , Satchi-Fainaro Ronit , Florindo Helena F. , Vicent María J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe field of nanomedicine has significantly influenced research areas such as drug delivery, diagnostics, theranostics, and regenerative medicine; however, the further development of this field will face significant challenges at the regulatory level if related guidance remains unclear and unconsolidated. This review describes those features and pathways crucial to the clinical translation of nanomedicine and highlights considerations for early-stage product development. These include identifying those critical quality attributes of the drug product essential for activity and safety, appropriate analytical methods (physical, chemical, biological) for characterization, important process parameters, and adequate pre-clinical models. Additional concerns include the evaluation of batch-to-batch consistency and considerations regarding scaling up that will ensure a successful reproducible manufacturing process. Furthermore, we advise close collaboration with regulatory agencies from the early stages of development to assure an aligned position to accelerate the development of future nanomedicines.Graphical abstract
p-Groups of automorphisms of compact non-orientable Riemann surfaces
Authors: Bujalance E. , Cirre F. J. , Gamboa J. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe study p-groups of automorphisms of compact non-orientable Riemann surfaces of topological genus $$g\ge 3$$

g
≥
3

. We obtain upper bounds of the order of such groups in terms of p, g and the minimal number of generators of the group. We also determine those values of g for which these bounds are sharp. Furthermore, the same kind of results are obtained when the p-group acts as the full automorphism group of the surface.
How supervisor trust affects early residents&rsquo; learning and patient care: A qualitative study
Authors: Gin Brian C. , Tsoi Stephanie , Sheu Leslie , Hauer Karen E. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction Trust between supervisors and trainees mediates trainee participation and learning. A resident (postgraduate) trainee’s understanding of their supervisor’s trust can affect their perceptions of their patient care responsibilities, opportunities for and overall growth as physicians. While the supervisor perspective of trust has been well studied, less is known about how resident trainees recognize supervisor trust and how it affects them.
Methods In this qualitative study, 21 pediatric residents were interviewed at a single institution. Questions addressed their experiences during their first post-graduate year (PGY-1) on inpatient wards. Each interviewee was asked to describe three different patient care scenarios in which they perceived optimal, under-, and over-trust from their resident supervisor. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results Residents recognized and interpreted their supervisor’s trust through four factors: supervisor, task, relationship, and context. Optimal trust was associated with supervision balancing supervisor availability and resident independence, tasks affording participation in decision-making, trusting relationships with supervisors, and a workplace fostering appropriate autonomy and team inclusivity. The effects of supervisor trust on residents fell into three themes: learning experiences, attitudes and self-confidence, and identities and roles. Optimal trust supported learning via tailored guidance, confidence and lessened vulnerability, and a sense of patient ownership and team belonging.
Discussion Understanding how trainees recognize supervisor trust can enhance interventions for improving the dialogue of trust between supervisors and trainees.
Investigating feasibility of interlayers in Resistance Spot Welding of low-carbon steel sheets
Authors: Dharaiya Vishesh , Panchal Avinash , Acharya G. D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, experiments without interlayers and with interlayers of copper and stainless-steel sheets were performed. Design of Experiments based Full-Factorial Method was employed to generate experimental combinations. A total 81 samples were welded and tested in Universal Testing Machine to determine their Breaking Load. To investigate feasibility considering vehicle lightweightness, a novel LTW (Load-to-Weight) ratio has been proposed. Calculated LTW ratio for each experiment clearly showed that samples with stainless-steel interlayer outperformed over samples with copper interlayer and samples without interlayer. For feasibility in terms of machine durability, electrode corrosion has been found as the most auspicious parameter among all. Spot welding electrodes attain air oxidation above 700 °C. An FEA solver has been employed to determine time for electrodes to remain above air oxidation temperature during a single welding cycle through numerical simulation. A novel LTT (Load-to- Time) ratio has been proposed to find experimental combinations considering feasibility regarding electrode corrosion. LTT ratio, applied to experimental combinations with SS interlayer helped in selection of suitable process parameter combinations. Selected combinations through LTW and LTT ratio can be further proposed to industries. Study advocates method to calculate LTW ratio initially, following calculation of LTT ratio and eventually selecting process parameters contemplating feasibility in lightweightness and electrode corrosion.
Article Highlights

Study helps to decide feasibility of interlayer in RSW in terms of weight and electrode corrosion.

Load-to-Weight (LTW) ratio is proposed to decide feasibility of interlayer in terms of weight.

Load-to-Time (LTT) ratio is proposed to determine feasibility of interlayer against electrode corrosion.
Gaming the system: suboptimal compliance with loot box probability disclosure regulations in China
Authors: Xiao Leon Y. , Henderson Laura L. , Yang Yuhan , Newall Philip W. S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLoot boxes provide randomized rewards in video games; their purchase is linked to disordered gambling and they are present in approximately half of UK video games. The relative novelty of loot boxes means that regulators and policymakers in various jurisdictions are still deciding how to regulate them. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is the first, and presently only, jurisdiction to legally require companies to disclose the probabilities of obtaining randomized loot box rewards – an approach that is also favored by the industry as self-regulation. This study is the first to assess paid loot box prevalence in the PRC and companies’ discretionary interpretations of probability disclosure regulations. Loot boxes were found in 91 of the 100 highest-grossing PRC iPhone games. Of games deemed suitable for children aged 12+, 90.5% contained loot boxes. Probability disclosures could not be found for 4.4% of games containing loot boxes. Disclosures were implemented through various methods both in-game and on the games’ official websites; however, consistent with the concept of ‘sludge,’ only 5.5% used the most prominent format of automatically displaying the probabilities on the in-game loot box purchase page. Loot box probability disclosures should be uniform and visually prominent to best help inform consumers.
Return to the Scene of the Crime: Revisiting Process Tracing, Bayesianism, and Murder
Authors: Zaks Sherry 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn a recent article, I argued that the Bayesian process tracing literature exhibits a persistent disconnect between principle and practice. In their response, Bennett, Fairfield, and Charman raise important points and interesting questions about the method and its merits. This letter breaks from the ongoing point-by-point format of the debate by asking one question: In the most straightforward case, does the literature equip a reasonable scholar with the tools to conduct a rigorous analysis? I answer this question by walking through a qualitative Bayesian analysis of the simplest example: analyzing evidence of a murder. Along the way, I catalogue every question, complication, and pitfall I run into. Notwithstanding some important clarifications, I demonstrate that aspiring practitioners are still facing a method without guidelines or guardrails.