bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time-dependent depression and anxiety symptoms as risk factors for recurrent cardiac events: findings from the UPBEAT-UK study
Authors: Norton Joanna , Pastore Manuela , Hotopf Matthew , Tylee Andre , Mann Anthony , Ancelin Marie-Laure , Palacios Jorge 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundDepression is a well-known risk factor for recurrent cardiac events (RCEs) but findings are less consistent for anxiety, not previously reported on using a time-dependent approach. We aimed to study the prognostic effect of anxiety and depression symptom levels on RCEs.MethodsData (N = 595) were drawn from the UPBEAT-UK heart disease patient cohort with 6-monthly follow-ups over 3 years. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale symptoms were grouped into: agitation (three items), anxiety (four items), and depression (seven items) subscales. We performed two types of multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazard models with delayed entry: with baseline variables (long-term analysis), and with variables measured 12-to-18 months prior to the event (short-term time-dependent analysis), as RCE risk factors.ResultsIn the baseline analysis, both anxiety and depression, but not agitation, were separate RCE risk factors, with a moderating effect when considered jointly. In the short-term time-dependent analysis, elevated scores on the anxiety subscale were associated with increased RCE risk even when adjusted for depression [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.22 (1.05–1.41), p = 0.009]. Depression was no longer a significant predictor when adjusted for anxiety [1.05 (0.87–1.27), p = 0.61]. For anxiety, individual items associated with RCEs differed between the two approaches: item 5 ‘worrying thoughts’ was the most significant long-term risk factor [1.52 (1.21–1.91), p = 0.0004] whereas item 13 ‘feelings of panic’ was the most significant time-dependent short-term risk factor [1.52 (1.18–1.95), p = 0.001].ConclusionsAnxiety is an important short-term preventable and potentially causal risk factor for RCEs, to be targeted in secondary cardiac disease prevention programmes.
Pivotal clinical trial enrollment of Blacks in multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis spectrum disorder: when will we achieve parity?
Authors: Avasarala Jagannadha , Zachariah Phenu , Turner Breck 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPatient enrollment in people of color among pivotal trials for multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis spectrum disorder (NMOSD) continues to be dismal. It is disappointing that no clinical trial sponsored by a pharmaceutical industry or otherwise, investigating any of the disease-modifying drugs, has tackled this glaring inequity head on. The disease characteristics and phenotype of MS or NMOSD among Blacks and Hispanics are typically aggressive and for this reason alone, if not for any other metric, there needs to a radical shift in allotment of funds devoted to promoting drug research in minority populations.
Feasibility of commercially available underwear during radiation therapy for breast cancer: build-up and surface dose measurements
Authors: Hama Yukihiro 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAim:When patients receive radiation therapy for breast cancer, they need to take off their underwear to avoid build-up effects. However, it is a mental burden for female patients to take off their underwear at every fraction of radiation therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether commercially available thin underwear can be worn during radiation therapy for breast cancer.Materials and methods:In this phantom study, we investigated whether commercially available underwear can be worn during radiation therapy for breast cancer using six thin non-disposable brassieres and one disposable paper brassiere. The dose increase rate (ΔD) was calculated by measuring skin doses with or without each brassiere.Results:The mean ΔD values of six non-disposable brassieres were 13.5% (9.0–21.8%), whereas that of disposable ones was 2.0%.Findings:Due to the risk of excessive radiation to the skin, wearing commercially available underwear is not recommended during radiation therapy for breast cancer, but a thin disposable paper brassiere may be safe to be used.
Laissez les bons temps rouler? The persistent effect French civil law has on corruption, institutions, and incomes in Louisiana
Authors: Callais Justin T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLouisiana consistently ranks as one of the most corrupt states in the nation. In fact, the Pelican State is the most corrupt state when looking at the most common indicator of corruption: corruption convictions per 100,000. What is less clear about Louisiana is how the state became corrupt. This paper seeks to provide the missing link. I argue that the high levels of corruption in the state can be explained by its origins in French civil law. This historical influence has perverse and persistent effects on the state, despite occurring over 200 years ago. Through these origins in civil law, corruption in Louisiana impacts its economic institutions. These institutions then lead to a variety of other bad outcomes in the state such as a high dependency on oil and low incomes. This argument implies that resource dependency is bad for development only when institutional quality is low. By linking legal origins to corruption, institutions, and economic outcomes, I seek to offer a clearer explanation for why Louisiana sets itself apart from other states in its politically corrupt environment.
Corruption and SME growth: the roles of institutional networking and financial slack
Authors: Adomako Samuel , Ahsan Mujtaba , Amankwah-Amoah Joseph , Danso Albert , Kesse Kwabena , Frimpong Kwabena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the mediating effect of institutional networking on the relationship between perceived corruption and the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We also examine the moderating impact of financial slack on the relationship between perceived corruption and institutional networking. We test our moderated mediation model using data from 212 SMEs operating in Ghana. The findings from the study show that perceived corruption is positively related to institutional networking and this relationship is amplified when levels of financial slack are greater. The findings also show that institutional networking positively mediates the relationship between perceived corruption and SME growth. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Aftercare and Suicide Reattempt Prevention in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Malakouti Seyed Kazem , Nojomi Marzieh , Ghanbari Behrooz , Rasouli Nafee , Khaleghparast Shiva , Farahani Ida Ghaemmagham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Background: A previous suicide attempt is one of the strongest risk factors for subsequent suicide. Effective care following a suicide attempt may reduce the risk of suicide reattempts. Aims: We aimed to investigate the effect of a brief educational intervention and contact program on suicide reattempts. Method: This study was performed as a randomized clinical trial (RCT) recruiting 305 individuals who had attempted suicide (brief intervention and contact = 153 individuals, BIC; treatment as usual = 152 individuals, TAU) who were referred to Baharlu Hospital in Tehran. The SUPRE-MISS questionnaire and a discharge follow-up questionnaire were used for data collection. Cox proportional hazard models and log-rank tests were used to assess the association of the variable with the event (reattempt). Kaplan–Meier curves were used to depict the time to the event of reattempt. Results: In the BIC group, 11% of the individuals had attempted suicide once, and 25% of the TAU group had attempted suicide once (12.4%), twice (9.3%), and three times (3.8%), respectively. The results of Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated the mean time of reattempt in the BIC (0.76) and TAU groups (0.25) as the fourth and second months of follow-up, respectively (log rank, χ2 = 12.48, p < .001). The hazard ratio for the TAU group was 2.57 (95% CI [1.4, 5.9]). Limitations: Loss to follow-up due to stigma is one of the serious problems of follow-up services. Conclusion: Implementing a brief educational intervention and contact program on suicide reattempts is feasible and effective in reducing the rate of reattempt; however, it should be accommodated within the mental health services of the county.
Suicide Exposure in Crisis Workers
Authors: Long Molly M. , Cerel Julie , Aldrich Rosalie S. , Kheibari Athena 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Background: Crisis workers provide services to individuals who are in acute distress. There is no research examining personal and occupational exposure to suicide in these workers. Aims: We aimed to examine the prevalence of personal, occupational, and colleague suicide exposure among crisis workers, the mental health outcomes associated with suicide exposures, and perceived professional preparedness for client suicide. Method: Crisis workers ( n = 115) completed an online survey assessing suicide exposure, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Results: Over a third of participants (33.9%, n = 37) reported that they had lost at least one client to suicide, with an average of 2.30 clients ( SD = 4.47) lost to suicide. Over three quarters (77.1%, n = 81) of study participants reported they had experienced at least one personal loss to suicide. Those who perceived their relationship to the personal suicide as close or very close had significantly greater PTSD symptoms ( M = 3.29, SD = 2.23) than those who perceived their relationship as not at all close, not close, or somewhat close ( M = 1.38, SD = 1.69), t(20) = −2.10, p = .049. Limitations: Snowball sampling is the study's main limitation. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that a substantial percentage of crisis workers are exposed to suicide and additional research is needed to determine how exposures impact practice and personal symptoms in this population.
Martian Hydrated Minerals: A Significant Water Sink
Authors: Wernicke Liza J. , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractQuantifying the water in all Martian water reservoirs is important for understanding the history of water on Mars, including Mars’ past climate and potential for habitability. Hydrated minerals are widespread on Mars and may comprise a significant portion of the water inventory. We calculated the possible volumes of water stored within and required to form hydrated minerals on Mars by estimating the weight percent (wt.%) water of ice‐free, near‐surface materials, the wt.% water required to form subsurface hydrated minerals, and the densities and thicknesses of rock units with hydrated minerals. We estimated the near‐surface wt.% water using Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer and OMEGA 3 µm hydration feature surveys. We calculated the wt.% water required to form subsurface hydrated minerals by estimating: (1) percent occurrences of subsurface hydrated minerals using mineralogical crater surveys, (2) abundance per detection of hydrated minerals using published spectral unmixing results of hydrated mineral detections, and (3) the wt.% water required to form hydrated minerals using estimated masses and hydration states of hydrated minerals. We estimated the densities of rock units with hydrated minerals using prior crustal density estimates and measurements of sedimentary rock density in Gale Crater. We estimated the thicknesses of rock units with hydrated minerals using mineralogical crater surveys. Our best estimate for the volume of water stored within or required to form hydrated minerals on Mars is 130–260 m global equivalent layer (GEL) and our plausible range extends from 70–860 m GEL. Compared to other Martian reservoirs, hydrated minerals are a significant water sink.
The Application of Ensemble Wave Forcing to Quantify Uncertainty of Shoreline Change Predictions
Authors: Vitousek Sean , Cagigal Laura , Montaño Jennifer , Rueda Ana , Mendez Fernando , Coco Giovanni , Barnard Patrick L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractReliable predictions and accompanying uncertainty estimates of coastal evolution on decadal to centennial time scales are increasingly sought. So far, most coastal change projections rely on a single, deterministic realization of the unknown future wave climate, often derived from a global climate model. Yet, deterministic projections do not account for the stochastic nature of future wave conditions across a variety of temporal scales (e.g., daily, weekly, seasonally, and interannually). Here, we present an ensemble Kalman filter shoreline change model to predict coastal erosion and uncertainty due to waves at a variety of time scales. We compare shoreline change projections, simulated with and without ensemble wave forcing conditions by applying ensemble wave time series produced by a computationally efficient statistical downscaling method. We demonstrate a sizable (site‐dependent) increase in model uncertainty compared with the unrealistic case of model projections based on a single, deterministic realization (e.g., a single time series) of the wave forcing. We support model‐derived uncertainty estimates with a novel mathematical analysis of ensembles of idealized process models. Here, the developed ensemble modeling approach is applied to a well‐monitored beach in Tairua, New Zealand. However, the model and uncertainty quantification techniques derived here are generally applicable to a variety of coastal settings around the world.
Development and Operation of an Ocean Bottom Cable Seismic and Tsunami (OBCST) Observation System in the Source Region of the Tohoku‐oki Earthquake
Authors: Shinohara Masanao , Yamada Tomoaki , Uehira Kenji , Sakai Shin'ichi , Shiobara Hajime , Kanazawa Toshihiko 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCabled seafloor seismic and tsunami observation systems are ideal for marine geophysical monitoring because the data can be obtained in real time. We have developed a new compact seafloor‐cable seismic and tsunami observation system using Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Our system achieves reliability through redundancy using ICT. A software‐based system using up‐to‐date electronics technology contributes to cost reduction and production sustainability. The system named the Ocean Bottom Cable Seismic and Tsunami (OBCST) observation system was installed on the Pacific Ocean floor off Sanriku, northeast Japan, in September 2015, in the source area of the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake. The purpose of the installation is to monitor seismic activity better and to observe tsunami activity through spatially dense observation. The system has been continuously collecting the seismic and pressure data since the deployment. For the seismic data, ambient seismic noise is comparable to that from a previous cable observation system. One observation node is buried 1 m below the seafloor and has a lower noise level compared to nodes on the seafloor. Because the noise levels are stable, many local earthquakes and teleseismic events have been recorded by the system. The data obtained by high‐precision pressure gauges have a resolution of <1 hPa which is limited to environmental noise. The effectiveness of the buried pressure gauge is demonstrated by a recording of a tsunami. The system also continuously monitors its operating environment. The operating temperature is reasonably low and stable, which is optimal for long‐term operation.
Performance of RegCM4 for Dynamically Downscaling of El Nino/La Nina Events During Southwest Monsoon Over India and Its Regions
Authors: Verma Shruti , Bhatla R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study presents the interannual variation in the summer monsoon rainfall during the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, that is, El Nino and La Nina throughout the Indian subcontinent and its subregions during 1986–2010. The analysis includes the performance assessments of the regional climate model (RegCM4) in simulating Indian summer monsoon rainfall through comparison with India Meteorological Department rainfall data. Observation clearly demonstrates that the El Nino/La Nina produced weaker/strong monsoon rainfall over India and it increases the interannual variability of the southwest monsoon. The capability and skill of RegCM4's Grell and Mix99 cumulus parameterization scheme in simulating Indian summer monsoon rainfall associated with extreme climate are usually higher in “dry” conditions rather below average for the accurate simulation of “wet” conditions. Also, model performance was good in defining the characteristics, spatial distribution, and trend of a dry spell during ENSO phases with observation. The model‐simulated spatial and temporal value of wet spell during ENSO produces overestimated value over all India.
Spurious Rollover of Wave Attenuation Rates in Sea Ice Caused by Noise in Field Measurements
Authors: Thomson Jim , Hošeková Lucia , Meylan Michael H. , Kohout Alison L , Kumar Nirnimesh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe effects of instrument noise on estimating the spectral attenuation rates of ocean waves in sea ice are explored using synthetic observations in which the true attenuation rates are known explicitly. The spectral shape of the energy added by noise, relative to the spectral shape of the true wave energy, is the critical aspect of the investigation. A negative bias in attenuation that grows in frequency is found across a range of realistic parameters. This negative bias decreases the observed attenuation rates at high frequencies, such that it can explain the rollover effect commonly reported in field studies of wave attenuation in sea ice. The published results from five field experiments are evaluated in terms of the noise bias, and a spurious rollover (or flattening) of attenuation is found in all cases. Remarkably, the wave heights are unaffected by the noise bias, because the noise bias occurs at frequencies that contain only a small fraction of the total energy.
Changes in Clear‐Sky Shortwave Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects Since 2002
Authors: Loeb Norman G. , Su Wenying , Bellouin Nicolas , Ming Yi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA new method for determining clear‐sky shortwave aerosol direct radiative effects (ADRE) from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System is used to examine changes in ADRE since 2002 alongside changes in aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer. At global scales, neither ADRE nor AOD show a significant trend. Over the northern hemisphere (NH), ADRE increases by 0.18 ± 0.17 Wm−2 per decade (less reflection to space) but shows no significant change over the southern hemisphere. The increase in the NH is primarily due to emission reductions in China, the United States, and Europe. The COVID‐19 shutdown shows no noticeable impact on either global ADRE or AOD, but there is a substantial influence over northeastern China in March 2020. In contrast, February 2020 anomalies in ADRE and AOD are within natural variability even though the impact of the shutdown on industry was more pronounced in February than March. The reason is because February 2020 was exceptionally hot and humid over China, which compensated for reduced emissions. After accounting for meteorology and normalizing by incident solar flux, February ADRE anomalies increase substantially, exceeding the climatological mean ADRE by 23%. February and March 2020 correspond to the only period in which adjusted anomalies exceed the 95% confidence interval for 2 consecutive months. Distinct water‐land differences over northeastern China are observed in ADRE but not in AOD. This is likely due to the influence of surface albedo on ADRE in the presence of absorbing aerosols.
Studying the Global Spatial Randomness of Impact Craters on Mercury, Venus, and the Moon With Geodesic Neighborhood Relationships
Authors: Riedel C. , Michael G. G. , Orgel C. , Baum C. , van der Bogert C. H. , Hiesinger H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractImpact crater records on planetary surfaces are often analyzed for their spatial randomness. Generalized approaches such as the mean second closest neighbor distance (M2CND) and standard deviation of adjacent area (SDAA) are available via a software tool but do not take the influence of the planetary curvature into account in the current implementation. As a result, the measurements are affected by map distortion effects and can lead to wrong interpretations. This is particularly critical for investigations of global data sets as the level of distortion typically increases with increasing distance from the map projection center. Therefore, we present geodesic solutions to the M2CND and SDAA statistics that can be implemented in future software tools. We apply the improved methods to conduct spatial randomness analyses on global crater data sets on Mercury, Venus, and the Moon and compare the results to known crater population variations and surface evolution scenarios. On Mercury, we find that the emplacement of smooth plain deposits strongly contributed to a global clustering of craters and that a random distribution of Mercury's basins is not rejected. On Venus, the randomness analyses show that craters are largely randomly distributed across all sizes but where local nonrandom distributions due to lower crater densities in regions of recent volcanic activity may appear. On the Moon, the global clustering of craters is more pronounced than on Mercury due to mare volcanism and the Orientale impact event. Furthermore, a random distribution of lunar basins is not rejected.
Central Pyrenees Mountain Building: Constraints From New LT Thermochronological Data From the Axial Zone
Authors: Waldner Maxime , Bellahsen Nicolas , Mouthereau Frederic , Bernet Matthias , Pik Raphael , Rosenberg Claudio L. , Balvay Melanie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEarly phases of mountain building are usually poorly constrained although they may provide insights into both the wedge rheology and the role of inheritance. In the central Pyrenean Axial Zone, a main exhumation peak at 35–30 Ma is particularly well constrained but the previous exhumation stages are much less constrained. In this study, we present new low‐temperature thermochronological zircon fission‐track and (U‐Th)/He data and structural observations to constrain the thermal history of the Axial Zone and its shortening sequence during the whole Alpine collision. The dataset collected along the ECORS profile suggests two main collisional cooling phases. An early stage of Alpine shortening (from 70 to 40 Ma) is characterized by low rates of cooling/exhumation in the whole Axial Zone around 5–10°C/Myr and 200 ± 50 m/Myr. During this phase, deformation was distributed within the whole Axial Zone. This result questions the occurrence of a quiescence phase in the Axial Zone. Between 40 and 20 Ma, a more localized second phase with cooling rates around 30°C/Myr and high exhumation rates >800 m/Myr is only recorded in the Maladeta massif. During this second phase, much lower denudation rates are recorded further north and south, thus suggesting rather symmetrical exhumation in the Axial Zone, controlled by underplating of the youngest crustal ramp, the Rialp thrust. This sequence of shortening, from distributed to localized deformation, appears to be characteristic in other collisional wedges as well.