bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discriminant ability of the 3‐ounce water swallow test to detect aspiration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Donohue Cara , Tabor Gray Lauren , Chapin Jennifer , Anderson Amber , DiBiase Lauren , Wymer James P. , Plowman Emily K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundGiven the need for quick and accurate dysphagia screening tools to optimize referral workflows and resource utilization in fast‐paced multidisciplinary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinics, we evaluated the discriminant ability of the 3 oz. water swallow test (WST) to detect aspiration in individuals with ALS.MethodsA total of 212 paired 3 oz. WST (index test) and standardized videofluoroscopic swallow studies (reference test) were completed in individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of ALS. Blinded raters analyzed swallowing safety using the validated penetration‐aspiration scale (PAS; non‐aspirator: PAS < 6; aspirator: PAS ≥ 6). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) were calculated.Key ResultsIndex test: 78 (36.8%) WSTs were scored as a fail and 134 (63.2%) as a pass. Reference test: Aspiration was confirmed in 67 (31.6%) reference tests with 145 (68.4%) reference tests verified as having no aspiration. Sensitivity and specificity of the 3 oz. WST to detect radiographically confirmed aspiration was 55.2% and 71.7%, respectively (AUC: 0.635, PPV: 47.4%, NPV: 77.6%).Conclusions & InferencesIn this dataset, the 3 oz. WST did not demonstrate adequate sensitivity or specificity to detect aspiration in people with ALS as a stand‐alone dysphagia screening tool.
Role of rare immune cells in common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Soltani Mojdeh , Rezaei Mahnaz , Fekrvand Saba , Ganjalikhani‐Hakemi Mazdak , Abolhassani Hassan , Yazdani Reza 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCommon variable immunodeficiency disorder (CVID) is a heterogeneous disorder and the most common symptomatic antibody deficiency disease characterized with hypogammaglobulinemia and a broad range of clinical manifestations. Multiple genetic, epigenetic, and immunological defects are involved in the pathogenesis of CVID. These immunological defects include abnormalities in the number and/or function of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and other rare immune cells. Although some immune cells have a relatively lower proportion among total immune subsets in the human body, they could have important roles in the pathogenesis of immunological disorders like CVID. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that described the role of rare immune cells in the pathogenesis and clinical presentations of CVID.
Treatment experiences during a cognitive behaviour therapy group intervention targeting repetitive negative thinking: A qualitative study
Authors: Rogiers Roland , Van Parys Hanna , Baeken Chris , Van den Abbeele Dirk , Remue Jonathan , De Raedt Rudi , Lemmens Gilbert M. D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesTreatment of repetitive negative thinking (RNT) focuses rather on individual than group cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) treatment. Additionally, little is known on how clients experienced these interventions. This study investigates clients’ experiences on participating in a CBT group intervention targeting RNT (RNT‐G).DesignOf the 80 participants, 11 were randomly selected for an in‐depth, semi‐structured interview after treatment. Interviews focused on what participants experienced as important on group aspects, offered interventions, homework tasks, and possible changes.MethodsAll participants were adults, diagnosed with major depressive disorder and/or generalized anxiety disorder and being currently in mental health care treatment. After transcribing the interviews, analyses were performed according to the guidelines of thematic analysis.ResultsFour major themes were identified. First, the group format itself was experienced as an important factor of change. The experiences about the different offered interventions during the group formed a second theme. A third theme related to changes in family or professional life and dealing with RNT as a result of the intervention. Finally, group participation, social interactions, and mental health care treatment were experienced as mutually influencing during the intervention.ConclusionsThe results of this study shed some light on which treatment interventions were perceived as beneficial during the RNT‐G and should therefore be emphasized in treatment. Further, they indicate that the treatment in a group format was experienced as helpful by the participants. Finally, a positive mutual influence between the group intervention and the ongoing individual treatment was experienced.
Pediatric case of conidiobolomycosis: A rare entity
Authors: Gupta Parakriti , Pilania Rakesh Kumar , Kaur Harsimran , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash Mandya , Soni Ranu , Batra Nitya , Verma Roshan , Singh Surjit , Chatterjee Debajyoti 
Published: December 2021

AbstractConidiobolomycosis caused by Conidiobolus species is an uncommon infection restricted to tropical and subtropical regions, usually affecting immunocompetent individuals. More than half of pediatric cases of conidiobolomycosis across the globe are from India. We report a case of subcutaneous conidiobolomycosis in an adolescent with development delay who responded to combined therapy with itraconazole and saturated solution of potassium iodide.
Incidence, prevalence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Australia
Authors: Cox Ingrid A. , Otahal Petr , de Graaff Barbara , Corte Tamera J. , Moodley Yuben , Zappala Chris , Glaspole Ian , Hopkins Peter , Macansh Sacha , Walters E. Haydn , Palmer Andrew J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most common forms of interstitial lung diseases. While studies have been conducted in other countries to determine the epidemiological burden of IPF, there is limited information in Australia. Our study aimed to address this gap and generate the first estimates for the mortality, incidence and prevalence of IPF in Australia.MethodsEstimates were generated by utilizing the novel Mortality Incidence Analysis Model (MIAMOD) method and software based on the illness–death model. Data inputs included population estimates and mortality data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) for the period 1997–2015 and participant data from the Australian IPF Registry (AIPFR). Projections were estimated for a 10‐year period up to 2025.ResultsOverall crude and age‐standardized estimates for mortality were 5.9 and 6.3 per 100,000 population; incidence, 10.4 and 11.2 per 100,000 population; and prevalence, 32.6 and 35.1 per 100,000 population. Crude and age‐standardized mortality, incidence and prevalence increased over the study period; however, they demonstrated a decreasing trend over the projected period. Persons older than 70 years constituted 9% of the population; however, they accounted for approximately 82%–83% of all deaths, incident and prevalent cases. All estimates were higher in males than in females.ConclusionOur study provides the first estimates for incidence, prevalence and mortality of IPF in Australia. By reporting national estimates for IPF, our study addresses an information gap important for policy, planning and to help optimize the allocation of resources for the management of patients with IPF.
COVID‐19 immunopathology with emphasis on Th17 response and cell‐based immunomodulation therapy: Potential targets and challenges
Authors: Pourgholaminejad Arash , Pahlavanneshan Saghar , Basiri Mohsen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe role of the immune system against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is unknown in many aspects, and the protective or pathologic mechanisms of the immune response are poorly understood. Pro‐inflammatory cytokine release and a consequent cytokine storm can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and result in multi‐organ failure. There are many T cell subsets during anti‐viral immunity. The Th17‐associated response, as a pro‐inflammatory pathway, and its consequent outcomes in many autoimmune disorders play a fundamental role in progression of systemic hyper‐inflammation during COVID‐19. Therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation therapy could be helpful for targeting hyper‐inflammatory immune responses in COVID‐19, especially Th17‐related inflammation and hyper‐cytokinemia. Cell‐based immunotherapeutic approaches including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) seem to be promising strategies as orchestrators of the immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). In this review, we highlight Th17‐related immunopathology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and discuss cell‐based immunomodulatory strategies and their mechanisms for regulation of the hyper‐inflammation during COVID‐19.
Transgenic pigs expressing near infrared fluorescent protein—A novel tool for noninvasive imaging of islet xenotransplants
Authors: Kemter Elisabeth , Citro Antonio , Wolf‐van Buerck Lelia , Qiu Yi , Böttcher Anika , Policardi Martina , Pellegrini Silvia , Valla Libera , Alunni‐Fabbroni Marianna , Kobolák Julianna , Kessler Barbara , Kurome Mayuko , Zakhartchenko Valeri , Dinnyes Andras , Cyran Clemens C. , Lickert Heiko , Piemonti Lorenzo , Seissler Jochen , Wolf Eckhard 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundIslet xenotransplantation is a promising concept for beta‐cell replacement therapy. Reporter genes for noninvasive monitoring of islet engraftment, graft mass changes, long‐term survival, and graft failure support the optimization of transplantation strategies. Near‐infrared fluorescent protein (iRFP) is ideal for fluorescence imaging (FI) in tissue, but also for multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) with an even higher imaging depth. Therefore, we generated reporter pigs ubiquitously expressing iRFP.MethodsCAG‐iRPF720 transgenic reporter pigs were generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer from FACS‐selected stable transfected donor cells. Neonatal pig islets (NPIs) were transplanted into streptozotocin‐diabetic immunodeficient NOD‐scid IL2Rgnull (NSG) mice. FI and MSOT were performed to visualize different numbers of NPIs and to evaluate associations between signal intensity and glycemia. MSOT was also tested in a large animal model.ResultsCAG‐iRFP transgenic NPIs were functionally equivalent with wild‐type NPIs. Four weeks after transplantation under the kidney capsule, FI revealed a twofold higher signal for 4000‐NPI compared to 1000‐NPI grafts. Ten weeks after transplantation, the fluorescence intensity of the 4000‐NPI graft was inversely correlated with glycemia. After intramuscular transplantation into diabetic NSG mice, MSOT revealed clear dose‐dependent signals for grafts of 750, 1500, and 3000 NPIs. Dose‐dependent MSOT signals were also revealed in a pig model, with stronger signals after subcutaneous (depth ∼6 mm) than after submuscular (depth ∼15 mm) placement of the NPIs.ConclusionsIslets from CAG‐iRFP transgenic pigs are fully functional and accessible to long‐term monitoring by state‐of‐the‐art imaging modalities. The novel reporter pigs will support the development and preclinical testing of novel matrices and engraftment strategies for porcine xeno‐islets.
Short‐term exercise‐induced protection of cardiovascular function and health: why and how fast does the heart benefit from exercise?
Authors: Thijssen Dick H. J. , Uthman Laween , Somani Yasina , van Royen Niels 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRegular exercise training has potent and powerful protective effects against the development of cardiovascular disease. These cardioprotective effects of regular exercise training are partly explained through the effects of exercise on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and improvement in cardiac and vascular health, which take several weeks to months to develop. This review focuses on the observation that single bouts of exercise may also possess an underrecognized, clinically useful form of immediate cardioprotection. Studies, performed in both animals and humans, demonstrate that single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury. This review highlights preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that SEP activates multiple pathways to confer immediate protection against ischaemic events, reduce the severity of potentially lethal ischaemic myocardial injury, and therefore act as a physiological first line of defence against injury. Given the fact that the extent of SEP could be modulated by exercise‐related and subject‐related factors, it is important to recognize and consider these factors to optimize future clinical implications of SEP. This review also summarizes potential effector signalling pathways (i.e. communication between exercising muscles to vascular/cardiac tissue) and intracellular pathways (i.e. reducing tissue damage) that ultimately confer protection against cardiac and vascular injury. Finally, we discuss potential future directions for designing adequate human and animal studies that will support developing effective SEP strategies for the (multi‐)diseased and aged individual.Key points
Single or short‐term exercise‐induced protection (SEP) attenuates the magnitude of cardiac and/or vascular damage in response to prolonged ischaemia and reperfusion injury (IR injury).
SEP activates multiple pathways to confer cardiac protection, which develops remotely at the site of the activated muscle by release of circulating molecules, which transfer towards activation of intramyocardial signalling that promotes cell survival during episodes of IR injury.
SEP represents an attractive intervention in aged individuals and in those with co‐morbidities. The immediate protection, low cost and simplicity to increase the ‘dose’ of SEP offers unique opportunities in the clinical applications of SEP.

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A Novel Mathematical Formulation for Density-Based Topology Optimization Method Considering Multi-Axis Machining Constraint
Authors: Deng Hao , To Albert C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a novel density-based method for structural design considering restrictions of multi-axis machining processes. A new mathematical formulation based on Heaviside function is presented to transform the design field into a geometry which can be manufactured by multi-axis machining process. The formulation is developed for 5-axis machining, which can be also applied to 2.5D milling restriction. The filter techniques are incorporated to effectively control the minimum size of void region. The proposed method is demonstrated by solving the compliance minimization problem for different machinable freeform designs. The length to diameter (L:D) ratio geometric constraint is introduced to ensure the machinable design, where deep hole or narrow chamber features are avoided using proposed method. Several two- and three-dimensional numerical examples are presented and discussed in detail.
Changes in diabetes prescription patterns following Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion
Authors: Gemelas Jordan , Marino Miguel , Valenzuela Steele , Schmidt Teresa , Suchocki Andrew , Huguet Nathalie 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionMost patients with diabetes mellitus are prescribed medications to control their blood glucose. The implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) led to improved access to healthcare for patients with diabetes. However, impact of the ACA on prescribing trends by diabetes drug category is less clear. This study aims to assess if long-acting insulin and novel agents were prescribed more frequently following the ACA in states that expanded Medicaid compared with non-expansion states.Research design and methodsIn this analysis of a natural experiment, prescriptions reimbursed by Medicaid (US public insurance) for long-acting insulins, metformin, and novel agent medications (DPP4 inhibitors, sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor antagonists, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) from 2012 to 2017 were obtained from public records. For each medication category, we performed difference-in-differences (DID) analysis modeling change in rate level from pre-ACA to post-ACA in Medicaid expansion states relative to Medicaid non-expansion states.ResultsExpansion and non-expansion states saw a decline in both metformin and long-acting insulin prescriptions per 100 enrollees from pre-ACA to post-ACA. These decreases were larger in non-expansion states relative to expansion states (metformin: absolute DID = +0.33, 95% CI=0.323 to 0.344) and long-acting insulin (absolute DID: +0.11; 95% CI=0.098 to 0.113). Novel agent prescriptions in expansion states (+0.08 per 100 enrollees) saw a higher absolute increase per 100 Medicaid enrollees than in non-expansion states (absolute DID= +0.08, 95% CI=0.079 to 0.086).ConclusionsThere was a greater absolute increase for prescriptions of novel agents in expansion states relative to non-expansion states after accounting for number of enrollees. Reducing administrative barriers and improving the ability of providers to prescribe such newer therapies will be critical for caring for patients with diabetes—particularly in Medicaid non-expansion states.
Impact of New York State’s Health Home program on access to care among patients with diabetes
Authors: Mayer Victoria , Mijanovich Tod , Egorova Natalia , Flory James , Mushlin Alvin , Calvo Michele , Deshpande Richa , Siscovick David 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionAccess to care is essential for patients with diabetes to maintain health and prevent complications, and is important for health equity. New York State’s Health Homes (HHs) provide care management services to Medicaid-insured patients with chronic conditions, including diabetes, and aim to improve quality of care and outcomes. There is inconsistent evidence on the impact of HHs, and care management programs more broadly, on access to care.Research design and methodsUsing a cohort of patients with diabetes derived from electronic health records from the INSIGHT Clinical Research Network, we analyzed Medicaid data for HH enrollees and a matched comparison group of HH non-enrollees. We estimated HH impacts on several access measures using natural experiment methods.ResultsWe identified and matched 11 646 HH enrollees; patients were largely non-Hispanic Black (29.9%) and Hispanic (48.7%), and had high rates of dual eligibility (33.0%), Supplemental Security Income disability enrollment (49.1%), and multiple comorbidities. In the 12 months following HH enrollment, HH enrollees had one more month of Medicaid coverage (p<0.001) and 4.6 more outpatient visits than expected (p<0.001, evenly distributed between primary and specialty care). There were also positive impacts on the proportions of patients with follow-up visits within 7 days (4 percentage points (pp), p<0.001) and 30 days (6pp, p<0.001) after inpatient care, and on the proportion of patients with follow-up visits within 30 days after emergency department (ED) care (4pp, p<0.001). We did not find meaningful differences in continuity of care. We found small positive impacts on the proportion of patients with an inpatient visit and the proportion with an ED visit.ConclusionsNew York State’s HH program improved access to care for Medicaid recipients with diabetes. These findings have implications for New York State Medicaid as well as other providers and care management programs.
Who funded the research behind the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine?
Authors: Cross Samuel , Rho Yeanuk , Reddy Henna , Pepperrell Toby , Rodgers Florence , Osborne Rhiannon , Eni-Olotu Ayolola , Banerjee Rishi , Wimmer Sabrina , Keestra Sarai 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesThe Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Vaxzevira or Covishield) builds on two decades of research and development (R&D) into chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx) technology at the University of Oxford. This study aimed to approximate the funding for the R&D of ChAdOx and the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine and to assess the transparency of funding reporting mechanisms.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review and publication history analysis of the principal investigators to reconstruct R&D funding the ChAdOx technology. We matched award numbers with publicly accessible grant databases. We filed freedom of information (FOI) requests to the University of Oxford for the disclosure of all grants for ChAdOx R&D.ResultsWe identified 100 peer-reviewed articles relevant to ChAdOx technology published between January 2002 and October 2020, extracting 577 mentions of funding bodies from acknowledgements. Government funders from overseas (including the European Union) were mentioned 158 times (27.4%), the UK government 147 (25.5%) and charitable funders 138 (23.9%). Grant award numbers were identified for 215 (37.3%) mentions; amounts were publicly available for 121 (21.0%). Based on the FOIs, until December 2019, the biggest funders of ChAdOx R&D were the European Commission (34.0%), Wellcome Trust (20.4%) and Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (17.5%). Since January 2020, the UK government contributed 95.5% of funding identified. The total identified R&D funding was £104 226 076 reported in the FOIs and £228 466 771 reconstructed from the literature search.ConclusionOur study approximates that public and charitable financing accounted for 97%–99% of identifiable funding for the ChAdOx vaccine technology research at the University of Oxford underlying the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine until autumn 2020. We encountered a lack of transparency in research funding reporting.
Impact of war on veteran life span: natural experiment involving combat versus non-combat exposed military personnel
Authors: Wilson Nick , Clement C , Summers J A , Thomson G , Harper G 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionThere is still uncertainty around the impact of combat exposure on the life span of war veterans. Therefore we made use of a natural experiment to study the impact on veteran life span of combat versus non-combat exposure in World War II (WW2).MethodsThe combat-exposed military personnel were derived from a random (10%) sample of the military roll of the 28th (Māori) Battalion from New Zealand. One non-combat cohort was the 15th Reinforcements of this same Battalion, since the war ended before they reached the front line. The other non-combat cohort were Māori personnel who were only involved in Jayforce, which occupied Japan at the end of the WW2. Data on life span were mainly derived from an official repository of birth and death records, but supplemented with other sources, including military files.ResultsWhen comparing life spans of service veterans, there was no statistically significant reduction for the average life span of the 234 combat-exposed veterans in our sample from the 28th (Māori) Battalion (66.7 years), relative to the Māori veterans from two non-combat cohorts: the 132 personnel in the 15th Reinforcements (67.2 years) and the 147 personnel in Jayforce (66.9 years).ConclusionsDespite a very high level of wounding in the combat-exposed group (48%), there were no statistically significant reductions in life span between this group and comparable non-combat exposed veterans. This finding contrasts to life span reductions found in a similar study of New Zealand veterans of WW1.