bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Two-Field Geostatistical Model Combining Point and Areal Observations—A Case Study of Annual Runoff Predictions in the Voss Area
Authors: Roksvåg Thea , Steinsland Ingelin , Engeland Kolbjørn 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe estimate annual runoff by using a Bayesian geostatistical model for interpolation of hydrological data of different spatial support: streamflow observations from catchments (areal data), and precipitation and evaporation data (point data). The model contains one climatic spatial effect that is common for all years under study, and 1 year specific spatial effect. Hence, the framework enables a quantification of the spatial variability caused by long-term weather patterns and processes. This can contribute to a better understanding of biases and uncertainties in environmental modelling. The suggested model is evaluated by predicting annual runoff for catchments around Voss in Norway and through a simulation study. We find that on average we benefit from combining point and areal data compared to using only one of the data types, and that the interaction between nested areal data and point data gives a spatial model that takes us beyond smoothing. Another finding is that when climatic effects dominate over annual effects, systematic under- and overestimation of runoff can be expected over time. However, a dominating climatic spatial effect also implies that short records of runoff from an otherwise ungauged catchment can lead to large improvements in the predictive performance.
Buying for good: Altruism, ethical consumerism and social policy
Authors: Le Grand Julian , Roberts Jonathan , Chandra Gauri 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe extent of altruistic behaviour and its relationship to the market has been a major interest of social policy analysts since the pioneering work of Richard Titmuss. Here we report on empirical research into such behaviour in consumer markets where self‐interest might be expected to dominate but whose participants are increasingly demonstrating more ethical concerns. We discuss three factors that have been hypothesized to affect the extent and depth of altruistic behaviour by individuals in such markets: the degree of personal sacrifice involved in the purchase, the reputation of individuals with their family and friends and individuals' sense of self‐identity. Using an online survey method, we measure consumers' motivations for real purchases in two different ethical consumerism settings: (RED) and Fairtrade. We find evidence to support all three hypotheses and conclude with some of the implications for social policy.
Framing Effects on the COVID‐19 See‐Saw
Authors: Olmastroni Francesco , Guidi Mattia , Martini Sergio , Isernia Pierangelo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article explores people’s preferences for different containment strategies and policy programmes for managing COVID‐19 risks. Using a survey experiment administered to an online sample of 1’562 Italian respondents in April 2020, we test whether and to what extent individual preferences are influenced by different framings of equivalent scenarios on gains and losses attached to alternative policy measures aimed at containing the health and economic costs of the pandemic. We find that subjects tend to be more risk‐averse or risk‐seeking depending on whether they are confronted with a positive (gain) or a negative (loss) description of the consequences of the proposed policy initiatives. The results yield relevant implications for our understanding of citizens’ support for national and EU‐wide responses to the coronavirus pandemic and the role of framing in contexts of crisis.
Null Expletives and Embedded Clauses in Logoori
Authors: Gluckman John 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article is an examination of null expletive subjects occurring in the context of an embedded clause in Logoori, a Kenyan Bantu language. Logoori morphologically distinguishes between two nullCP‐linkedexpletive subjects in its subject‐agreement paradigm. Based on morphological, syntactic, and semantic evidence, I argue against the postulation of a null (pro)nominal element (e.g.,). Instead, through a careful study of the properties of embedded CPs, such CP‐linked null expletives are shown to be a direct result of T agreeing with the embedded clause. The account situates the formal semantics of Logoori subject agreement in a plausible syntactic framework. I further illustrate how the account proposed for Logoori extends to other kinds of CP‐linked expletives in other languages, including other null‐subject languages, partial null‐subject languages, and non‐null‐subject languages.
Beliefs, Actions, and Rationality in Strategical Decisions
Authors: Wang Zheng , Busemeyer Jerome R. , deBuys Brahm 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA puzzling finding from research on strategical decision making concerns the effect that predictions have on future actions. Simply stating a prediction about an opponent changes the total probability (pooled over predictions) of a player taking a future action compared to not stating any prediction. This is called an interference effect. We first review five different findings of interference effects from past empirical work using the prisoner's dilemma game. Then we report interference effects obtained from a new experiment in which 493 participants played a six‐stage centipede game against a computer agent. During the first stage of the game, the total probability following prediction for cooperation was higher than making a decision alone; during later stages, the total probability following prediction for cooperation was lower than making a decision alone. These interference effects are difficult to explain using traditional economic models, and instead these results suggest turning to a quantum cognition approach to strategic decision making. Toward this end, we develop a belief‐action entanglement model that provides a good account of the empirical results.
Retrospective evaluation of the seasonality of canine tetanus in England (2006–2017): 49 dogs
Authors: Starybrat Daria , Burkitt‐Creedon Jamie M. , Ellis Jennifer , Humm Karen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective To evaluate the seasonality of canine tetanus in England.Methods Medical records of a single referral hospital in England were reviewed. Dogs diagnosed with localized or generalized tetanus between January 2006 and June 2017 were studied.Results Forty‐nine cases were included. The prevalence of tetanus in England was significantly higher in the winter when compared with the summer (P = 0.002) and autumn (P = 0.024), with the highest number of cases recorded in February.Conclusions The prevalence of canine tetanus in England was significantly higher in winter months, especially in February.
Biomechanical evaluation of a novel barbed suture pattern with epitendinous suture augmentation in a canine flexor tendon model
Authors: Duffy Daniel J. , Chang Yi‐Jen , Fisher Matthew B. , Moore George E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of a novel barbed suture pattern (NBSP) compared to a three‐loop‐pulley (3LP) with and without epitendinous suture (ES) augmentation on the biomechanical strength and gap formation of repaired canine tendons.Study DesignEx vivo, cadaveric, randomized, experimental study.Sample PopulationForty, adult superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFT).MethodsSDFT were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 10/group). Sharp tenotomy was performed and repaired with 3LP, NBSP, 3LP + ES, and NBSP + ES. Constructs were tested to failure while evaluating yield, peak, and failure loads, loads at 1 and 3 mm gap formation, and failure mode.ResultsConstructs augmented with ES sustained 80% greater yield (p < .001), peak (p < .001), and failure (p < .001) loads, with no difference between 3LP + ES and NBSP + ES constructs regarding peak (p = .614), and failure forces (p = .865). Loads resulting in 1 and 3 mm gap formation were greater when constructs were augmented with an ES (p ≤ .003). Failure mode differed between groups (p < .001), occurring predominantly due to suture pull‐through in 3LP and NBSP groups compared to tissue failure distant to the repair site in ES augmented constructs.ConclusionTendons repaired with the NBSP used in this study resisted similar forces as those repaired with 3LP. Augmentation with an ES improved the biomechanical properties of repaired constructs, including resistance to gap formation.Clinical RelevanceThe NBSP repair tested here may be advantageous over monofilament suture repair as it uses a similar‐sized barbed core suture but eliminates the requirement for knot tying.
Varieties of ‘standard accents’ among teachers in contemporary Britain
Authors: Baratta Alex 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article investigates accent variation within the UK, applied to the professional context of teaching. The purpose is two‐fold: first, to discuss a variety of accents in contemporary Britain, demonstrating how accents can be categorised based on the degree to which they mark the speaker's local origins. Second, by focusing on teachers’ accents within the context of teacher training in the UK, information can be obtained regarding which particular accent varieties are preferred in a profession in which accent is relevant to professional behaviour. In addition, two aims can serve to provide a better understanding of what are, in effect, suggested ‘standard’ accents within the teaching profession.
Xenotransplantation of neonatal porcine bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells improves murine hind limb ischemia through lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis
Authors: Yamada Hideaki , Sakata Naoaki , Nishimura Masuhiro , Tanaka Tomoko , Shimizu Masayuki , Yoshimatsu Gumpei , Kawakami Ryo , Wada Hideichi , Sawamoto Osamu , Matsumoto Shinichi , Kodama Shohta 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical utility of stem cell therapy for peripheral artery disease has not been fully discussed, and one obstacle is limited donor supplies. In this study, we attempted to rescue mouse ischemic hind limb by xenotransplantation of neonatal porcine bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (npBM‐MSCs).MethodsNeonatal porcine bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells were transplanted to ischemic hind limbs of male C57BL/6J mice (npBM‐MSCs group). Mice with syngeneic transplantation of mouse BM‐MSCs (mBM‐MSCs group) were also prepared for comparison. The angiogenic effects were evaluated by recovery of blood flow on laser Doppler imaging, histologic findings, and genetic and protein levels of angiogenic factors.ResultsRegarding laser Doppler assessments, blood flow in the hind limb was rapidly recovered in the npBM‐MSCs group, compared with that in the mBM‐MSCs group (P = .016). Compared with the mBM‐MSCs group, the npBM‐MSCs group had early and prominent lymphangiogenesis [P < .05 on both post‐operative days (PODs) 3 and 7] but had similar angiogenesis. Regarding genomic assessments, xenotransplantation of npBM‐MSCs enhanced the expressions of both porcine and murine Vegfc in the hind limbs by POD 3. Interestingly, the level of murine Vegfc expression was significantly higher in the npBM‐MSCs group than in the mBM‐MSCs group on PODs 3 and 7 (P < .001 for both). Furthermore, the secreted VEGFC protein level was higher from npBM‐MSCs than from mBM‐MSCs (P < .001).ConclusionXenotransplantation of npBM‐MSCs contributed to the improvement of hind limb ischemia by both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, especially promotion of the latter. npBM‐MSCs may provide an alternative to autologous and allogeneic MSCs for stem cell therapy of critical limb ischemia.
Using Macrotexture Map to Visualize Texture Heterogeneity in Polycrystalline Aggregate
Authors: Li Dongsheng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A new tool, macrotexture map, was developed to represent and visualize texture heterogeneity in polycrystalline aggregate. This is a critical tool for microstructure representation, useful in risk analysis, performance simulation, and hotspot identification. In contrast to the orientation imaging microscope (OIM) map where each color represents a crystal orientation, each color in this macrotexture map represents a texture. Different colors represent different textures, and similar textures shall have similar colors. The macrotexture map provides a unique function to quantitatively evaluate texture heterogeneity of large components, leading to a first-hand understanding of property heterogeneity and anisotropy. For an experienced user, these maps serve the same purpose in identifying high-risk locations in the investigated component as medical imaging maps do for diagnosis purpose. This method will also serve as a starting point in mesoscale simulation with meshing sensitivity based on the texture heterogeneity. It will provide a bridge between texture characterization and behavior simulation of components with texture heterogeneity. The macrotexture map will offer a linkage between crystal plasticity simulation in small length scale and finite element/difference simulation in large length scale.
An Experimental and Numerical Study of Quenching-Induced Residual Stresses Under the Effect of Dynamic Strain Aging in an IN718 Superalloy Disc
Authors: Song Run-Hua , Qin Hai-Long , Li Dong-Feng , Bi Zhong-Nan , Busso Esteban P. , Yu Hong-Yao , Liu Xiao-Long , Du Jin-hui , Zhang Ji 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The effects of dynamic strain aging (DSA) on residual stresses generated in Ni-base superalloys during heat treatments are not well understood. In this study, the residual stress field induced by water quenching an IN718 disc while undergoing DSA is studied using coupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) analyses in conjunction with neutron diffraction (ND) measurements. A visco-plastic constitutive model that incorporates the effect of DSA is proposed to describe the experimentally observed negative strain rate sensitivity and abnormal temperature dependence phenomena in the stress–strain response of solid solution treated IN718. The predicted quenching residual stresses in the disc agree well with the ND measurements. Due to the DSA, a propagating high plastic strain rate region can be identified in the disc during the early stages of the quenching process. Due to the negative strain rate sensitivity and abnormal temperature dependence effects caused by DSA, the predicted residual stresses are approximately 10% greater than when those two effects are not accounted for. The effects of different convection heat transfer conditions in the FE model are examined and discussed. It is found that the convection heat transfer coefficients have a great influence both on the disc residual stresses and DSA-related plastic strain rate field predictions.
Quasi-Static and Dynamic Behavior of Inconel 625 Obtained by Laser Metal Deposition: Experimental Characterization and Constitutive Modeling
Authors: Utzeri Mattia , Bhagavatam Ajay , Mancini Edoardo , Dinda Guru , Sasso Marco , Newaz Golam 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing process with an extreme potential in large-scale metal production. Among the printable metals, the Inconel 625 has found a wide variety of cutting-edge applications in the aerospace, defense, and space sectors. Thus, knowledge of mechanical properties under quasi-static and dynamic conditions is fundamental. In this work, the quasi-static and dynamic compression behavior of Inconel 625 obtained by LMD is presented. The curves of printed Inconel 625 showed a change in slope in the work hardening phase, which is due to the mechanics of the dislocation motion. Therefore, a modified two-stage (TS) Hollomon power-law is proposed to model this specific mechanical behavior, which identifies a threshold strain that delimit two different hardening behaviors. Furthermore, Johnson–Cook and Cowper–Symonds models were used to represent the effect of strain rate and temperature on the material properties. A variable strain rate sensitivity along the compression strain was found. Hence, double sensitivity terms were introduced into the TS Hollomon power-law, allowing to reproduce the dynamic behavior of Inconel 625.
Electro–Thermal–Mechanical Coupled Analysis on Two High-Current Composite Umbilical Cable Cross Sections
Authors: Yan Jun , Su Qi , Bu Yufeng , Yang Zhixun , Lu Qingzhen , Yue Qianjin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A new type of umbilical cable named “high-current composite umbilical cable” is composed of electronic cables, optical cables, steel tubes, and structural strengthening components. It can be regarded as a key piece of industrial equipment in subsea production systems that provide control functions, high electric current, and hydraulic remote transmission. When it is oriented at a power supply with a relatively high rated current, power transmission will produce a lot of heat. Then, the cross-sectional temperature increases, which affects the performances of its material and mechanical responses. Therefore, electro–thermal–mechanical coupled analysis is critical for the cross-sectional design of the high-current composite umbilical cable. Accordingly, a multi-physics coupled analysis was performed based on two typical umbilical cable cross sections. Finite element models were established and subjected to electro–thermal analysis to obtain a temperature distribution of the two sections at different current capacities. Based on results of temperature field analysis, the section models were subjected to thermo–mechanical analysis. The results of the two types of analyses are compared and differences are discussed, which illustrate the multi-physics coupled effect cannot be neglected. The armored layers will relatively reduce the heat dissipation performance, but compared with the umbilical cable model without the armored layers, the model with double-armored layers is less affected by temperature, so its capacity of resistance external pressure is relatively better. The proposed coupled analysis methodology provides a new guidance for the design of the high-current composite umbilical cables.
Advanced SuDoKu-Based Reconfiguration Strategies for Maximum Power Extraction From Partially Shaded Solar Photovoltaic Array
Authors: Anjum Shahroz , Mukherjee V. , Mehta Gitanjali 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Individual performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules is contravened by mismatch losses which result in blockage in most of the solar power generated by the PV array (PVA). Partial shading conditions (PSCs) are the main causes of these losses. Several techniques have been discussed to reduce the issues caused by PSCs. Reconfiguration techniques have been proven to be one of the most successful methods that help toward this cause. In this method, the location of PV module (PVM) in the PVA is reconfigured so that the shading effects get distributed throughout the entire array and, hence, maximizing the power output. Two novel reconfiguration patterns such as canonical SuDoKu (CS) and multi diagonal SuDoKu (MDS) for total cross tied (TCT) configuration have been put forth in this paper. This approach aims to rearrange the PVMs in the TCT array as per the fed-in patterns without causing a change in the internal electrical connections. Further parts of the paper focus on the comparison of the proposed pattern's performance with other pre-existing PVA arrangements such as, TCT, SuDoKu, optimal SuDoKu (OS), and modified SuDoku (MS) by taking into account the effects of global maximum power (GMP) point, mismatch power loss, fill factor, and performance ratio. The results obtained from the detailed analysis presented in this paper give proper evidence that, in many cases, the GMP is amplified in the CS and, in all cases, GMP is amplified in the proposed MDS PVA under different shading conditions.
Prediction of Probabilistic Shock Initiation Thresholds of Energetic Materials Through Evolution of Thermal-Mechanical Dissipation and Reactive Heating
Authors: Wei Yaochi , Miller Christopher , Olsen Daniel , Zhou Min 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The ignition threshold of an energetic material (EM) quantifies the macroscopic conditions for the onset of self-sustaining chemical reactions. The threshold is an important theoretical and practical measure of material attributes that relate to safety and reliability. Historically, the thresholds are measured experimentally. Here, we present a new Lagrangian computational framework for establishing the probabilistic ignition thresholds of heterogeneous EM out of the evolutions of coupled mechanical-thermal-chemical processes using mesoscale simulations. The simulations explicitly account for microstructural heterogeneities, constituent properties, and interfacial processes and capture processes responsible for the development of material damage and the formation of hotspots in which chemical reactions initiate. The specific mechanisms tracked include viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity, fracture, post-fracture contact, frictional heating, heat conduction, reactive chemical heating, gaseous product generation, and convective heat transfer. To determine the ignition threshold, the minimum macroscopic loading required to achieve self-sustaining chemical reactions with a rate of reactive heat generation exceeding the rate of heat loss due to conduction and other dissipative mechanisms is determined. Probabilistic quantification of the processes and the thresholds are obtained via the use of statistically equivalent microstructure sample sets (SEMSS). The predictions are in agreement with available experimental data.
Semi-Analytical Model to Predict the Elastic Post-Buckling Response of Axially Compressed Cylindrical Shells With Tailored Distributed Stiffness
Authors: Azad Ali Imani , Burgueño Rigoberto 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study introduces an approximate analytical model to predict the post-buckling response of cylinders with tailored non-uniform distributed stiffness. The shell's wall thickness, and thus its stiffness, is tailored so as to obtain multiple controlled elastic local buckling events when the cylinder is subjected to uniform axial compression. The proposed model treats cylinder segments of different stiffness as individual panels and combines their response by considering them as connected linear or nonlinear springs. The governing equations for the panels are formulated using von Karman's theory and solved by Galerkin's approximate method for a predefined radial deformation. Radial deformation functions are used to improve the model's accuracy, and results show that the model's accuracy increases significantly with the number of considered radial functions. The model's predicted axial response for different cylinders is compared with results from experiments on three-dimensional printed samples. Results indicate that this model accurately predicts the order of the buckling events, while the buckling forces from the model are higher than those measured experimentally.
Damping Oscillation of Suspended Payload by Varying String Length
Authors: Kant Nilay 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many modern-day applications involve transport of objects suspended through cables such as in overhead cranes or landing of rovers on the Martian surface. Any undesired oscillation of the payload has the potential risk of instability, and the problem of damping such oscillation and stabilizing the payload at the desired length is the control objective of this article. The system is modeled as a variable length pendulum (VLP), which comprises a payload suspended via a string wrapped around a pulley. The length of the pendulum is varied using clockwise/counterclockwise rotation of the pulley through torque applied by a motor. For a known payload mass, a nonlinear control design is first presented that guarantees asymptotic stability of the desired equilibrium with limited state measurements. The design is then modified for it to handle significant uncertainty in payload mass. The effectiveness of both designs is validated in simulations.