bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The public perception of orthodontic treatment performed by general dentists and specialist orthodontists
Authors: Wishney Morgan , Dalci Oyku , Petocz Peter , Darendeliler M. Ali 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
In Australia, orthodontic treatment may be performed by either a general dental practitioner (GDP) or a specialist orthodontist. However, the titles ‘specialist’ and ‘orthodontist’ are restricted to dentists who have undertaken an additional three years of full-time training in an accredited institution. Considering the increase in popularity of GDP orthodontic courses, an assessment was worthwhile of the public’s understanding of the difference between a specialist orthodontist and a GDP who provides orthodontic treatment.

Methods
Two thousand and six Australian adults registered with a survey organisation and completed an online questionnaire. Participants were chosen to reflect age and state demographic data provided by the 2016 Australian Census. The survey questions examined the respondents’ understanding regarding the difference between a GDP and a specialist orthodontist related to training and qualifications. Furthermore, factors influencing respondents’ preferences for choosing an orthodontic practitioner as well as demographic data were collected.

Results
Sixty-six percent of respondents felt that a dentist who provided orthodontic treatment must also be a specialist orthodontist whilst 27% were unsure. Seventy-four percent of respondents felt that a specialist orthodontist was the most qualified person to provide orthodontic treatment. The most popular factor in deciding which type of practitioner to see for orthodontic treatment was whether they were a specialist, followed closely by cost. A GDP was more likely to be chosen as an orthodontic practitioner by respondents who were male, less educated, had a lower income or had seen a GDP for orthodontic treatment in the past.

Conclusion
Although the respondents generally appeared to appreciate the value of seeing a specialist for orthodontic treatment, a significant proportion did not appear to understand the difference between a specialist orthodontist and a GDP. The present findings support further education of the public.
Expression of neural crest markers by human embryonic stem cells: an introductory project
Authors: Bonic Anita , Poon Mack , Woods Michael G. , Trounson Alan O. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Neural crest cells make up a transient migratory population of cells found in all vertebrate embryos. Great advances have been made over the past 20 years in clarifying the molecular basis of neural crest induction and, although much still remains unclear, it appears that it is a process involving several factors acting at different stages of embryogenesis. In the future, an understanding of the precise mechanisms involved in orofacial development, even at the earliest stages, may well be of use to all clinicians interested in the management of these tissues.

Aim
The present study was designed to determine if the early addition of noggin (a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist) and/or the late addition of BMP4 would increase the expression of the transcription factors: Msx-1, Snail, Slug and Pax-7.

Method
This involved an assessment of the effects of early addition ( Days 0 to 3) of noggin and/or the late addition (Days 4 to 7) of BMP4 on the expression of the neural crest markers by human embryonic stem cells, co-cultured for eight days on a feeder layer of mouse PA6 cells.

Results and conclusions
The expression of the neural crest markers Pax-7, Msx-1, Slug, and Snail by human embryonic stem cells is likely to be affected by the addition of noggin and BMP4. Not all of these effects will necessarily be significant. The late addition of BMP4 is likely to significantly increase the expression of Pax-7 by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), when compared with the effects of co-culturing with stromal cell-derived inducing activity, alone. The early addition of noggin and the late addition of BMP4 are likely to significantly increase the expression of Msx-1 by hESCs, when compared with the late addition of BMP4, alone. The hESC results support those from animal ESC studies that the late addition of BMP4, especially, may result in the differentiation of neural crest precursors.
The socio-demographic and malocclusion characteristics of adolescents presenting for specialist orthodontic treatment in New Zealand practices
Authors: Healey David L. , Gauld Robin D. , Thomson W. Murray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
There are few reports of the socio-demographic and malocclusion characteristics of those undergoing clinical orthodontic treatment in private specialist practice.

Aim
To describe the pretreatment characteristics of individuals presenting for orthodontic treatment.

Methods
Individuals (N = 174) presenting for orthodontic treatment in 19 private specialist orthodontic practices in New Zealand were randomly selected and examined (at the beginning of a three-year prospective study) and their malocclusions compared using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).

Results
The mean DAI score was 35.8 (SD 8.4). There were no statistically significant socio-demographic differences in DAI score other than by household-based socio-economic status (SES), whereby mean scores were considerably higher in those of low SES. The majority of patients attending for treatment had severe or very severe/handicapping malocclusions. Females had less severe malocclusions than males, on average, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
The malocclusion severity threshold for seeking orthodontic treatment appears to be higher in those of lower SES. The study findings highlight the need to improve access to orthodontic treatment for this group.
Chemical and mechanical characteristics of contemporary thermoplastic orthodontic materials
Authors: Alexandropoulos Alexandras , Al Jabbari Youssef S. , Zinelis Spiros , Eliades Theodore 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aim
The aim of the present study was to characterise the chemical and mechanical properties of contemporary thermoplastic orthodontic materials.

Materials and methods
Four thermoplastic materials were tested: Clear Aligner (Scheu-Dental), ACE and A+ (Dentsply), and Invisalign (Align Technology). Eight appliances were fabricated from each material and a small portion from each was analysed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The appliances were cut and, following metallographic grinding and polishing, were subjected to instrumented indentation testing (IIT) employing a Vickers indenter. Martens Hardness (HM), Indentation Modulus (EIT), Elastic to Total Work Ratio (elastic index (ηIT)) and Indentation Creep (CIT) were determined according to ISO 14577-1. The mean values of the mechanical properties were statistically analysed by one way ANOVA and Tukey Kramer multiple comparison test at a = 0.05.

Results
ATR-FTIR analysis identified that Invisalign was a polyurethane-based material, whereas the others were based on polyester, polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PETG). Invisalign showed higher hardness and modulus values, a slightly higher brittleness and lesser creep resistance compared with the PETG-based products.

Conclusions
The materials tested showed significant differences in their chemical structure and mechanical properties and therefore differences in their clinical behaviour are anticipated.
Comparative evaluation of pulpal blood flow during incisor intrusion
Authors: Sabuncuoglu Fidan Alakus , Ersahan Seyda 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) as a result of maxillary incisor intrusion achieved by one of two methods (utility arches or mini-implants).Materials and methodsThirty subjects were divided into three groups, the first of which underwent maxillary incisor intrusion using utility arches (UA) and a second group, intrusion via mini-implants (MI). The third group acted as a control. An intrusive force of 100 g was applied to the upper incisors in the treatment groups, whereas no force was applied to the anterior teeth in the control group. A laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) was used to measure PBF at baseline (T0) and during incisor intrusion at 24 hours (T1), three days (T2), seven days (T3) and three weeks (T4). Statistical changes in PBF were assessed by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank and Mann-Whitney U tests, with significance set atp< 0.05.ResultsThe mean PBF in the UA and MI groups decreased significantly from T0 to T1 (p< 0.001), slightly increased at T2 and continued to increase gradually at T3. PBF attained levels similar to those measured prior to intrusion at T4. No significant changes in PBF were observed in the control group over the course of the study. The only statistically significant difference between the UA and MI groups were at T1 and T2, at which time the MI group had lower PBF values (p< 0.001).ConclusionsDespite slight regressive changes in pulpal tissue observed over the short term, PBF values tended to return to initial levels within three weeks, indicating that changes observed in PBF with the UA and MI intrusion methods are reversible. Although the changes in PBF could not be directly related to the method of intrusion employed, in general, a more severe drop in PBF was observed in the MI group during the first three days of intrusion.
Water loss in swimming pool filter backwashing processes in the Balearic Islands (Spain)
Authors: Doménech-Sánchez Antonio , Laso Elena , Berrocal Clara I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Swimming pools are a major contributor to water consumption in our community. However, the high water loss associated with filter cleaning is unknown. In this work, we investigate the current procedures for filter backwashing in public swimming pools by questionnaires to owners and managers. Then, we use the collected data to estimate their environmental and economic costs. Besides, we measure several parameters in the field during the process performed in four representative swimming pools. The investigation revealed that the water loss associated with filter cleaning in public swimming pools rises to 5.5 million m3 water per year, which represents an expense of 13.96 million €. Based on our results, the followed protocols were inappropriate in most cases, indicating that even the required water amount would be higher. The most suitable parameters for filter backwashing monitoring were combined chlorine, ammonium, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The necessity for specific strategies and legislation for the management of these installations, the treatment of the generated wastewater, as the implementation of different technological solutions to reduce water loss are discussed.
Monachijski portret króla Zygmunta Augusta i uwagi o ikonografii ostatniego Jagiellona
Authors: Petrus Jerzy Tadeusz 
Published: September 2021

W zbiorach Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen w Monachium jest przechowywany portret króla Zygmunta Augusta, który po ponad pół wieku poszukiwań przez polskich historyków sztuki został niedawno odnaleziony i zidentyfikowany. Ma on ogromne znaczenie dla ikonografii ostatniego Jagiellona bowiem, jak dotąd, jest jego jedynym znanym malarskim przedstawieniem w całej postaci, powstałym za życia modela. Wizerunek pozostaje w związku z miniaturowym portretem monarchy w popiersiu, dawniej w kolekcji arcyksięcia Ferdynanda II Tyrolskiego w Ambras, obecnie w Münzenkabinett w wiedeńskim Kunsthistorisches Museum. Oba obrazy, tego samego autora, powstały na polskim dworze tuż przed połową XVI stulecia. Ich twórca był dobrze obeznany ze stosowanymi wówczas we Włoszech i cieszącymi się uznaniem kompozycjami portretowymi. Monachijski obraz trafił do bawarskich zbiorów Wittelsbachów, jak wszystko na to wskazuje, wraz z wyprawą ślubną królewny Anny Katarzyny Konstancji Wazówny, w roku 1642 wydanej za mąż za księcia neuburskiego Filipa Wilhelma. Należał do zespołu wizerunków członków rodziny Jagiellonów, zabranych do Bawarii przez Wazównę, lecz powstał w okolicznościach innych niż pozostałe portrety i jest dziełem o odmiennej genezie artystycznej.
Ujawniony w zbiorach monachijskich portret nie tylko w istotny sposób wzbogaca ikonografię ostatniego Jagiellona, lecz ma również znaczenie dla wiedzy o królewskim mecenacie.
Summary:
The Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen collection in Munich houses a portrait of King Sigismund Augustus, which was recently discovered and identified by Polish art historians following a quest lasting more than half a century. It sheds important light on the iconography of the last Jagiellonian, as it remains to date the only known representation in pictorial form of the model during his lifetime. It is related to a bust portrait miniature of the monarch, formerly found in the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tirol in Ambras, and nowadays on show in the Münzenkabinett in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Both paintings by the same artist were produced at the Polish court just before the mid-16th century. Their creator was well acquainted with the highly regarded compositional techniques used at the time in portraiture in Italy. All the evidence suggests that the Munich painting found its way into the Bavarian Wittelsbach collections as part of the trousseau of Princess Anna Catherine Konstancja Wazówna, who in 1642 married the Neuburian prince Philip Wilhelm. It was included in the collection of portraits of members of the Jagiellonian family, that Wazówna took with her to Bavaria. However, it was painted in circumstances different from other portraits and is a work with a different artistic genesis.
This portrait unearthed in the Munich collection not only greatly enriches the existing iconography of the last Jagiellonian, but it also makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of royal patronage.
Wizerunki Michała Kazimierza Paca – przegląd ikonografii hetmana litewskiego i wojewody wileńskiego
Authors: Czyż Anna Sylwia 
Published: September 2021

W artykule zebrano i omówiono portrety Michała Kazimierza Paca, hetmana wielkiego litewskiego i wojewody wileńskiego, jednej ze znakomitszych postaci swoich czasów. Wizerunki Paca nie doczekały się do tej pory szerszych omówień. W artykule ukazano je w kontekście awansów na kolejne urzędy, co wymagało podjęcia szeregu działań z autokreacją. Jej częścią były też herby i eksponowanie powiązań genealogicznych. W artykule omówiono całą znaną ikonografię hetmana, a także wzajemne zależności pomiędzy portretami.
Summary:
The article deals with the little-known portraits of Michał Kazimierz Pac. They demonstrate that he did take proven self-aggrandizement measures used by others to portray themselves as public figures and as individual full of virtues. However, Pac concentrated on his soldierly service, disregarding his offices of the Vilnian voivode, possibly because he considered them prestigious but not so much important as his laudable hetmanly deeds on the battlefield. Also, there are no private or collective portraits of Michał Kazimierz Pac in his iconography, other than the frescos from the church in Pożajście, although these forms of artistic communication were known and used in the Polish and Lithuanian Commonwealth. The most likely explanation of these two “gaps” is that Pac never married and devoted whole his life to the military career and to the building of the church under the invocation of St. Peter and St. Paul in the Antokol in Vilnius as his monument.
Pac took care of his promotion after earning the field baton, which event started his further career. The compositional scheme he chose, codified by the lost full-body portrait by Daniel Schulz, was augmented in time by the addition of pieces of armor. This pattern was later repeated a number of times, growing in new attributes of the hetman’s office and in military staffage, as seen in the portrait from the Antokol church. The equestrian portrait (woodcut) of the hetman is an outstanding and early milestone in the formation of his public image.
Religione pro Deo, Sapientia pro Patria. Kreacja wizerunku biskupa wileńskiego Konstantego Kazimierza Brzostowskiego w drukach okolicznościowych
Authors: Stankiewicz Aleksander 
Published: September 2021

W artykule omówiono kreację wizerunku biskupa wileńskiego Konstantego Kazimierza Brzostowskiego (1644-1722) w świetle dedykowanych mu rycin i panegiryków. Część portretów graficznych ukazywała go jako biskupa wileńskiego i pierwszego duchownego w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim. Niektóre ryciny zdobiące panegiryki zostały ozdobione dekoracją zgodną z symbolicznym znaczeniem herbu Brzostowskiego Strzemię i herbów innych litewskich spokrewionych z duchownym. Symbolika herbu traktowanego jako emblemat nie tylko odwoływała się do przypisywanych duchownemu cnót, ale także, wraz z odpowiednim programem inskrypcji, manifestowała jego rolę polityczną w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim, co miało duże znaczenie w konflikcje między biskupem wileńskim a rodziną Sapiehów, zwłaszcza Kazimierzem Janem Sapiehą (1642–1720). Summary: The article presents the image creation of Konstanty Kazimierz Brzostowski (1644–1722), bishop of Vilnius, in the light of dedicated to him engravings and panegyrics. Part of the engraved portraits presented him as the bishop of Vilnius and the first ecclesiastic in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Some of the engravings were adorned with a graphic decoration conforming with the allegoric meaning of the Strzemię coat-of-arms of Brzostowski and coat-of-arms of other Lithuanian families. This determined not only individual virtues but also, together with the relevant quotations, became a manifestation of his political position in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This strategy was very important in the case of the conflict between the bishop of Vilnius and family of Sapieha, especially Kazimierz Jan Sapieha (1642–1720).
An Update of the Efficacy and Comparative Characteristics of Direct
(New) Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
Authors: Karcioglu Ozgur , Yilmaz Sarper , Afacan Göksu , Ersan Eylem , Abuşka Derya , Zengin Sehmus , Ozkaya Bilgen , Hosseinzadeh Mandana , Yeniocak Selman 
Published: September 2021

:
Direct (New-generation) Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) have emerged as effective
agents which are used in place of vitamin-K antagonists in treatment and prophylaxis of Venous
Thromboembolism (VTE), atrial fibrillation and other thrombotic diseases. Among them, the FIIa-
direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and FXa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) are
the most broadly used. Anticoagulant dosing may differ under special considerations. The patients’
physiological reserves, organ functional status and failures should be taken into account in clinical
decision-making processes. The advantages and drawbacks of each specific agent should be
weighed with special regard to metabolism, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, along with
the efficiency of the agents in different indications. This article aims to review the most recent literature
to highlight the usage and efficacy of the agents in different clinical conditions.
The National COVID Cohort Collaborative: Analyses of Original and Computationally Derived Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Foraker Randi , Guo Aixia , Thomas Jason , Zamstein Noa , Payne Philip RO , Wilcox Adam ,   N3C Collaborative
Published: September 2021

Background
Computationally derived (“synthetic”) data can enable the creation and analysis of clinical, laboratory, and diagnostic data as if they were the original electronic health record data. Synthetic data can support data sharing to answer critical research questions to address the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective
We aim to compare the results from analyses of synthetic data to those from original data and assess the strengths and limitations of leveraging computationally derived data for research purposes.

Methods
We used the National COVID Cohort Collaborative’s instance of MDClone, a big data platform with data-synthesizing capabilities (MDClone Ltd). We downloaded electronic health record data from 34 National COVID Cohort Collaborative institutional partners and tested three use cases, including (1) exploring the distributions of key features of the COVID-19–positive cohort; (2) training and testing predictive models for assessing the risk of admission among these patients; and (3) determining geospatial and temporal COVID-19–related measures and outcomes, and constructing their epidemic curves. We compared the results from synthetic data to those from original data using traditional statistics, machine learning approaches, and temporal and spatial representations of the data.

Results
For each use case, the results of the synthetic data analyses successfully mimicked those of the original data such that the distributions of the data were similar and the predictive models demonstrated comparable performance. Although the synthetic and original data yielded overall nearly the same results, there were exceptions that included an odds ratio on either side of the null in multivariable analyses (0.97 vs 1.01) and differences in the magnitude of epidemic curves constructed for zip codes with low population counts.

Conclusions
This paper presents the results of each use case and outlines key considerations for the use of synthetic data, examining their role in collaborative research for faster insights.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TOPICAL NANOEMULGEL OF METHOTREXATE FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: DAS SAHELI , M. SHARADHA , VENKATESH M. P. , SAHOO SUBHASHREE , TRIPATHY JOGABRATA , GOWDA D. V. 
Published: September 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate methotrexate-loaded nanoemulgel for topical delivery in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods: Based on nanoemulsion composition, the pseudo ternary phase diagram was fabricated by using peanut oil, Tween 20 as the surfactant, and PEG 400 being used as a co-surfactant. The methotrexate-loaded nanoemulsion was formulated by using the spontaneous emulsification method. Badam gum was used as a gel matrix in the prepared nanoemulsion to form nanoemulgel. The methotrexate loaded nanoemulgel was characterized and evaluated for pH, particle size, physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability, TEM, drug content, diffusion study, release kinetics, and stability studies.
Results: The nanoemulgel constituting 8.6% peanut oil, 34.4% of Tween 20 and PEG 400 as Smix (surfactant and co-surfactant mixture), 43% water, and 12.5% w/w badam gum was concluded as optimized formulation. The prepared nanoemulgel was translucent in nature having a particle size of 195.1nm and zeta potential of -0.278mV. Drug content and drug release for the optimized formulation were found to be 98.11±0.34% and 95.11±0.02% respectively. pH, viscosity, and spreadability were found to be optimum. Stability study data showed that the prepared nanoemulgel was stable at different temperatures varying from -25 to +45ºC.
Conclusion: Methotrexate loaded nanoemulgel has been formulated for topical drug delivery for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
FORMULATION AND QBD BASED OPTIMIZATION OF METHOTREXATE-LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES FOR AN EFFECTIVE ANTI-CANCER TREATMENT
Authors: SURVE CHAITALI , SINGH RUCHI , BANERJEE ANANYA , PATNAIK SRINIVAS , SHIDHAYE SUPRIYA 
Published: September 2021

Objective: In the current study, the Quality by Design method was utilized for the formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles of Methotrexate (MTX SLNs).
Methods: MTX SLNs formulated by melt emulsification method were studied for the effect of independent variables viz. concentration of lipid and surfactants on quality attributes viz. particle size, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency of SLNs using 32 factorial design.
Results: The optimal formulation was spherical, had a particle size of 147.6±4.1 nm (z-average), a polydispersity index of 0.296±0.058, a zeta potential of −19±0.98 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 98.7±1.55%, and a cumulative drug release of 95.59±0.918% in 5 h.
Conclusion: The in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that SLNs provide a promising oral delivery system to improve the bioavailability of MTX.