bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
346Experience of intimate partner violence among Nigerian women: evidence from 2018 NDHS
Authors: Uchendu Obioma , Olabumuyi Olayide , Awosika Olawale 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Women’s perception, decision-making power and childhood experiences are factors associated with their experience of intimate partner violence (IPV). This study assessed the IPV experiences of Nigerian women of reproductive age across the geo-political zones and the factors associated with their experience of IPV.

Methods
Using the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), complex sample analysis of a subset of 8,163 women of reproductive age who were currently in union was done using SPSS version 23. Respondents and partners demographic profile, their childhood experience and perception of IPV was fitted into the multivariate regression model.

Result
Mean age of the respondents was 31.3 ± 8.2 years. Childhood experience of domestic violence and poor perception of IPV was reported by 9.9% and 28.9% respectively. Over a third (35.5%) had experienced one form of IPV. The odds of experiencing IPV was 1.4 times and 3.3 times higher among those with poor perception of IPV [OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.184-1.597] and had childhood experience of domestic violence [OR = 3.29; 95% CI = 2.706-3.990] respectively.

Conclusion
About a third of women of reproductive age group in Nigeria experiences IPV. Childhood experience of IPV and poor perception of IPV were significant predictors of IPV experience.

Key message
Childhood experience of domestic violence may influence individuals’ perception of IPV which may be accepted as a norm as they grow. Interventions at reducing IPV should start from childhood to change the perception of IPV as being acceptable.
31Effect of Health Education on Knowledge of Tuberculosis among patent Medicine vendors in Enugu
Authors: Udeh Simon Chijioke 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis remains a serious public health threat to people of all sexes and ages in Nigeria. Any intervention that could improve the knowledge of tuberculosis and treatment services is expected to improve case finding and ultimately the cure rates. The world health organization global Tuberculosis report, 2014 shows that Enugu recorded slight increase in all cases of Tuberculosis and reporting remains low. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of a health education intervention on knowledge and management of tuberculosis among patent medicine vendors in Enugu

Methods
This is an educational interventional study carried out among 400 patent medicine vendors in Enugu. The baseline data on knowledge and management practice was determined using an interviewer-administered semi-structured.

Results
we found out that level of education was significantly associated with TB-related knowledge and management. The baseline study shows that the patent medicine vendors (PMVs) have poor knowledge of Tuberculosis prior to this study. This agreed to the preliminary investigation which shows that they contribute 65.6% to increase in multi-drug resistant TB, poor case finding /reporting in Enugu. The post assessment results, shows increase in knowledge of tuberculosis and management of TB among the PMVs

Conclusions
The health education impacted significantly on the knowledge of the PMVs on Tuberculosis. Therefore, emphasis should be laid to more train and retrain the PMVs in toward improving TB case detection.

Key messages
Health education, Knowledge, tuberculosis, PMVs
1510Development and validation of a Job Exposure Matrix for work related risk factors for COVID-19
Authors: Veldhoven Karin van , Basinas Ioannis , Hengel Karen Oude , Burdorf Alex , Pronk Anjoeka , Peters Susan , Schlünssen Vivi , Stockholm Zara Ann , Kolstad Henrik Albert , van Tongeren Martie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Studies have shown a higher mortality due to COVID-19 amongst certain professions. The risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the occupational conditions associated with this, have not been studied extensively. This study aimed to develop and validate a Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) to assess the risk of COVID-19 in the workplace.

Methods
Researchers from three European countries defined six dimensions (four transmission determinants, two mitigation measures) to classify occupational risk. A combination of national statistics and expert judgement was used to classify ISCO-08 codes in no, low, elevated, or high risk for each dimension. Two data driven aspects of precarious work were also included and classified in four categories. The JEM was translated to SOC2010-codes and validated by comparing it to UK infection survey data and ONS estimates of exposure based on ONET data.

Results
A slightly increasing proportion of COVID-19 cases was observed with increasing risk scores in each dimension of the JEM. There was a high correlation between the JEM and the ONS estimates for physical proximity (r = 0.71) and exposure to COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infection (r = 0.80)

Conclusions
Successful development and initial validation of this JEM has resulted in a useful tool for risk assessment of COVID-19 in the workplace. Further validation exercises will continue.

Key messages
This publicly available JEM can play a key role in the essential assessment of occupational contribution to the total burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.
1075Patterns, determinants and socioeconomic inequalities in eating healthy in Kenya
Authors: Wambiya Elvis Omondi Achach , Mohamed Shukri , Kisia Lyagamula , Pierre Hermann Donfouet Pythagore 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Kenya is undergoing an epidemiological transition marked by an increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) with unhealthy diet being a key risk factor. This study sought to identify patterns, determinants and socioeconomic inequalities in healthy food consumption in Kenya.

Methods
A secondary analysis of the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2015/2016 (KIHBS) data was conducted. A healthy diet indicator (HDI) was computed from food consumption information using principal component analysis (PCA) based on WHO and FAO recommendations. Multivariable probit regression was used to identify determinants of eating healthy. The concentration index (CI) method was used to identify socioeconomic inequalities in eating healthy overall, by gender and residence using household aggregate consumption per adult equivalent.

Results
The final sample consisted of 21, 512 households. Two thirds of them were rural and majority were male-headed (66%). 49% of households were eating healthy countrywide. HDI scores increased with increasing socioeconomic status overall, by gender and residence. Households with higher socioeconomic status (0.30, p &lt; 0.01), rural (0.20, p &lt; 0.01), in union (0.07, p &lt; 0.01) and Christian (0.16, p &lt; 0.01) were more likely to eat healthy while male-headed (-0.04, p &lt; 0.01), Muslim (-0.07, p &lt; 0.05) and households whose household-heads had lower education status (-0.09, p &lt; 0.01) were less likely to eat healthy. Eating healthy was concentrated among the rich overall, by gender and residence.

Conclusions
A large proportion of Kenyans are consuming unhealthy foods with the rich eating healthier than the poor.

Key messages
Interventions are required to promote healthy dietary patterns and reduce socioeconomic inequality in eating healthy.
278Sources and health risk of exposure to neonicotinoids in Chinese children: A biomonitoring-based stud
Authors: Wang Hexing , Yang Dongjian , Fang Hongji , Han Minghui , Tang Chuanxi , Wu Jingui , Chen Yue , Jiang Qingwu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Recent studies have suggested an extensive exposure to neonicotinoids in human, but the sources and health risk of exposure to neonicotinoids remains little known in children.

Methods
After 309 school children were selected in 2019 from a dynamic child cohort established in Shanghai, East China, detailed data about basic information, intake of drinking water, and food consumption were collected and 12 typical neonicotinoids and metabolites were determined in morning urine. Sources of exposure to neonicotinoids were explored by binary/ordinal logistic regression model. Health risk was assessed by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI).

Results
Except for imidaclothiz, thiacloprid, and 5-OH-imidacloprid, other six neonicotinoids and three metabolites were detected in 81.3% of urine samples overall. After adjusted for potential confounders, Thiamethoxam was more detected in children consuming more fresh vegetables (odds ratio (OR): 2.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21,7.14) and its subgroup (Chinese cabbage (OR: 2.00, 95%CI: 0.89,4.46) and nori and kelp (OR: 2.25, 95%CI:1.21,4.17)). Clothianidin showed a similar association with fresh vegetables and its subgroup to thiamethoxam. N-desmethyl-acetamiprid were detected in children drinking type water more (OR: 1.84, 95%CI: 1.10,3.06). The maximum HQ and HI were 0.3522 and 0.5187, respectively, and 2.8% of children had HIs between 0.1 and 1.

Conclusions
Tap water and fresh vegetables were potential exposure sources. A low health risk was posed on Chinese children by neonicotinoids. Given limited data about the adverse effects of neonicotinoids on human, sufficient attention should be paid to the exposure to these compounds and potential health effects.

Key messages
Tap water and fresh vegetables were exposure sources and a low health risk was posed on Chinese children by neonicotinoids.
998Use of antibiotics in pregnancy and ear infection trajectories in children
Authors: Wang Jing , Wang Jing 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy can exercise a teratogenic effect on foetuses. Middle ear infection represents the most common cause of physician visits for sick children. Its patterns may be partly explained by antibiotics use during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the associations between antibiotics use in pregnancy and ear infection trajectories.

Methods
Design & Participants: Birth cohort assessed biennially from 2004 to 2014 spanning ages 0-1 to 10-11 years in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Measures: Mothers-reported antibiotics use in pregnancy; Parent-reported ongoing ear infections (waves 1 to 6). Analysis: Latent class models identified ear infection trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression quantified associations between antibiotics use in pregnancy and ear infection trajectories.

Results
of the 4500 included children (mean age at baseline wave 0.7 years, 51.3% boys), 10.4% had parent-reported antibiotics use in pregnancy. Four probability trajectories of ear infection emerged: “consistently low” (86.2%), “moderate to low” (5.6%), “low to moderate” (6.7%), and “consistently high” (1.4%). Antibiotics use in pregnancy was associated children following “moderate to low” (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.6) and “consistently high” (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.0) trajectories.

Conclusions
Antibiotics use in pregnancy increases the risk of persistent and early ear infections in the offspring, implying that reducing unnecessary antibiotics use during pregnancy may prevent childhood ear infections. Additional information on classes and timing of antibiotics exposure at different stages of pregnancy and ear infections resistance could further explain this relationship and inform interventional studies.

Key messages
Antibiotics use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of persistent and early ear infections in the offspring.
1206Will access to Covid-19 vaccine in Aotearoa be equitable for priority populations?
Authors: Whitehead Jesse , Scott Nina , Carr Polly Atatoa , Lawrenson Ross 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
This research examines the equity implications of the geographic distribution of COVID-19 vaccine delivery locations in Aotearoa New Zealand under five potential scenarios: (1) stadium mega-clinics; (2) Community Based Assessment Centres; (3) GP clinics; (4) community pharmacies; and (5) schools.

Methods
We mapped the distribution of Aotearoa New Zealand’s population and the location of potential vaccine delivery facilities under each scenario. Geostatistical techniques identified population clusters for Māori, Pacific and people aged 65 years and over. We calculated travel times between all potential facilities and each Statistical Area 1 in the country. Descriptive statistics indicate the size and proportion of populations that could face significant travel barriers when accessing COVID-19 vaccinations.

Results
Several areas with significant travel times to potential vaccine delivery sites were also communities identified as having an elevated risk of COVID-19 disease and severity. All potential scenarios for vaccine delivery, with the exception of schools, resulted in travel barriers for a substantial proportion of the population. Overall, these travel time barriers disproportionately burden Māori, older communities and people living in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation.

Conclusions
The equitable delivery of COVID-19 vaccines is key to an elimination strategy. However, if current health services and facilities are used without well-designed and supported outreach services, then access to vaccination is likely to be inequitable.

Key messages
Organisations need to proactively plan for equity, including the delivery of COVID-19 vaccines. A social justice approach should be prioritised, and in Aotearoa Te Tiriti o Waitangi obligations must be met.
179Selecting health need indicators for spatial equity analysis of primary health care in New Zealand
Authors: Whitehead Jesse , Pearson Amber , Lawrenson Ross , Atatoa-Carr Polly 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Populations with high needs often have poor health care access. Defining need is challenging, with no agreed-upon indicator of health need for primary care based spatial equity research in New Zealand. We examined seven potential indicators and tested for evidence of the Inverse Care Law in the Waikato region.

Methods
Indicators were identified through a systematic literature review and scored according to ten selection criteria. Indicators were mapped and analysed using GIS. Spearman’s correlations were calculated between indicators, and clusters of high need identified through spatial autocorrelation. The impact of incorporating indicator-based-weightings into an accessibility model was tested using ANOVA and Spearman’s correlations. GP service spatial equity was assessed by comparing clusters of access and need, and quantified through the Gini coefficient.

Results
While smoking rates met the most selection criteria, ambulatory sensitive hospitalisation (ASH) rates were significantly correlated with all indicators. Health needs were significantly clustered, but incorporating indicator weightings into the spatial accessibility analysis did not impact accessibility scores. A misalignment of access and need, and Gini coefficient of 0.281 suggests that services are not equitably distributed.

Conclusions
ASH rates seem a robust indicator of health need. However, data access issues may restrict their use. High need clusters vary spatially according to the indicator used.

Key messages
GIS techniques can identify ‘hot-spots’ of need, but these can be masked in accessibility models. Indicators should be carefully selected according to the research question.
582Cost-effectiveness of AC-TH compared with TCH in new adjuvant therapy of breast cancer
Authors: Xu Qiao Ping ,   Health statistics researcher Yuanyuan LI,   The Attending Pharmacist Jiejing ZHU, Liu Jian , LI Qingyu , YAN Wei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
To analyze the cost-effectiveness of Doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide/Paclitaxel/trastuzumab (AC-TH) and Docetaxel/Carboplatin/trastuzumab (TCH).

Methods
A Markov model was built to simulate the process of breast cancer events and death occurred in both AC-TH and TCH armed patients and to choose a suitable chemotherapy method. Data were collected from the clinical trials, some publicized literatures and patients’ diaries of a large Chinese comprehensive hospital. The cost-effectiveness analysis of two regimens and sensitivity analysis were performed using a Markov model.

Results
We identified 41 breast cancer patients at Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, among whom 15 (60%) had a partial response for AC-TH treatment and 13 (81.25%) had a partial response for TCH treatment. No cardiac toxicity was observed. Hematologic grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed in 1 of 28 patients. Nonhematologic grade 3 or 4 toxicities with a reverse pattern were observed in 6 of 29 patients. The mean QALY gain per patient compared with TCH was 0.25 with ACTH, while the incremental costs were $US 13,142. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of AC-TH versus TCH was $US 52,565 per QALY gained.

Conclusions
TCH neoadjuvant chemotherapy was feasible and active in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer patients in terms of the pathological complete response, complete response, and partial response rates and manageable toxicities.

Key messages
breast cancer; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; pharmaceutical economics; Markov model; cost-effectiveness analysis.
477Long-term exposure to low PM2.5 and NO2 and all-cause mortality in Australia: a difference-in-differences analyses
Authors: Xu Rongbin , Li Shanshan , Abramson Michael , Guo Yuming 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Although many cohort studies have documented the long-term effects of ambient air pollution on mortality, but they suffer from residual confounding, being unable to control unmeasured confounders, and are often not population representative. A recently developed variant of difference-in-difference (DID) approach is promising to address these limitations.

Methods
We collected annual all-cause death data from 2,193 statistical areas level-2 (SA2) in Australia during 2001-2015. Area-level annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 were derived from widely used grid (0.01°×0.01° and 0.1°×0.1°, respectively) datasets. The variant of DID method was used to evaluate the causal relationship between annual PM2.5 and NO2 and all-cause mortality. We further developed this method by considering non-linear associations and lag impacts using distributed lag non-linear model.

Results
The impacts of low PM2.5 (1.94-12.00 µg/m3) and NO2 (0-7.41 µg/m3) on all-cause mortality were non-linear and lasted for 0-3 year and 0-6 year, respectively. The moving average PM2.5 (0-3 year) and NO2 (0-6 year) showed non-significant impacts below the thresholds (4.44 µg/m3 and 1.10 µg/m3) observed, while every 1 µg/m3 increase above the thresholds were associated with 2.4% (95%CI: 1.6-3.3%) and 9.4% (95%CI: 7.9-10.8%) increase in all-cause mortality, respectively. We estimated that 3.0% (95%CI: 2.0-3.9%) and 9.9% (8.3-11.3%) deaths were attributable to PM2.5 and NO2, respectively.

Conclusions
We further developed the causal DID model and documented the deadly impacts of long-term exposure to low PM2.5 and NO2 with thresholds and lag periods.

Key messages
Long-term exposure to low PM2.5 and NO2 are still deadly but have thresholds.
1066Increased Risk of Suicide among Cancer Survivors Who Developed a Second Primary Malignancy
Authors: Yang Huazhen , Wang Chengshi , Lu Donghao , Song Huan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Cancer diagnosis entails substantial psychological distress and is associated with dramatically increased risks of suicide and psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the suicide risk among cancer survivors who developed a second primary malignancy (PCa-2).

Methods
Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we conducted a population-based cohort study, including 7,169,704 patients with first primary malignancy (PCa-1) and 686,174 PCa-2 patients diagnosed from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 2016. Compared with patients with PCa-1, we measured the hazard ratios (HRs) of completed suicide after receiving a PCa-2 diagnosis, using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results
10,938 and 937 completed suicides were identified among PCa-1 and PCa-2 patients, respectively. The HR of suicide deaths was 1.24 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-1.32] after a PCa-2 diagnosis, compared with PCa-1 patients (adjusted for demographic factors, state, and tumor characteristic). The risk elevation was most pronounced when PCa-2 was prostate cancer (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.18-1.60); and PCa-2 patients diagnosed between 60 to 75 years old had highest increased relative risk of suicide (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.23-1.49).

Conclusions
Compared with patients with first primary cancer, cancer survivors receiving a PCa-2 diagnosis, particularly of prostate cancer or at age 60-75, are at increased risk of suicide. These findings emphasize the need to support and carefully monitor cancer survivors for PCa-2.

Key messages
Patients with PCa-2 are at a higher risk of suicide compared with patients with PCa-1, especially for PCa-2 diagnosed at age 60 to 75 or PCa-2 of prostate.
673Is weight more informative than body mass index for breast cancer risk
Authors: Ye Zhoufeng , Dite Gillian , Hopper John 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Our previous work on body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer risk found that the association depended on menopausal status but not on familial risk (Hopper, JL., et al, 2018). We now consider whether weight is a more informative risk factor for breast cancer than BMI.

Methods
We used data from the Prospective Family Study Cohort, a consortium of international prospective cohorts that are enriched for familial risk of breast cancer and include 16,035 unaffected women from 6701 families. Participants were followed for up to 20 years (mean 10.5 years) and there were 896 incident breast cancers with a mean age at diagnosis of 55.7 years. Cox regression was used to model risk associations as a function of age, menopausal status and underlying familial risk. We calculated robust confidence intervals by clustering by family. Model comparisons were made using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC).

Results
In repeating the best-fitting model from our original analyses, but using weight instead of BMI, we found that the log likelihood for the model using weight was 1.92 units greater than for the model using BMI (difference in BIC = 3.84). Therefore, the data are almost 50 times more likely under the model using weight.

Conclusions
The study found positive evidence that weight gives more information on risk than does BMI.

Key messages
Analysing breast cancer risk in terms of weight, rather than only BMI, might give greater insight and results that are easier to convey to the public.