bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemostatic efficacy of pathogen‐reduced platelets in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Hsien Sophia , Dayton Jeffrey D. , Chen Dennis , Stock Arabella , Bacha Emile , Cushing Melissa M. , Nellis Marianne E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundPediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) often require blood component transfusions. Pathogen‐reduction (PR) of platelets reduces the risk of microbial contamination; however, its effect on hemostatic efficacy in this population is unclear. This study sought to characterize the hemostatic efficacy of PR platelets in children undergoing CPB.Study Design and MethodsWe performed a retrospective chart review of patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit following CPB surgery from 2015 to 2019. Demographic data, validated scoring of repair complexity, products received, and outcomes were compared. The primary outcome was postoperative chest tube bleeding.ResultsA total of 140 patients were enrolled. The majority of surgeries (124/140) were Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS) 1–3 repairs. Seventy‐four percent of patients (104/140) received only standard platelets whereas 26% (36/140) received PR platelets. There were no differences between the groups in the age (p = .90), sex (p = .20) or RACHS score (p = .06). Postoperatively, there was no difference in the median chest tube output for 1 h (p = .27), 2 h (p = .26), 4 h (p = .09), 8 h (p = .16), or for the first 24 h following surgery (p = .23) in patients who received standard versus PR platelets. There was also no difference in receipt of platelets (p = .18), cell saver (p = .79), or cryoprecipitate (p = .28).ConclusionPatients receiving PR platelets did not have more blood loss or require more transfusions than those who received standard platelets. This suggests that PR platelets may provide acceptable hemostasis with the additional benefits of reduced risk of microbial contamination in pediatric patients undergoing CPB.
Macrophage plasticity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a nexus of pathological remodelling with therapeutic implications
Authors: Petrof Basil J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by chronic skeletal muscle necrosis, leading to muscle regeneration failure and fibrosis. Although macrophages (MPs) are normally essential for muscle regeneration, dysregulated MP function promotes pathological muscle remodelling. Infiltrating MPs can be predominantly pro‐inflammatory (M1 biased), anti‐inflammatory (M2 biased) or of a mixed phenotype and can originate from the adult bone marrow (monocyte dependent) or embryonic precursors (monocyte independent). In mdx mice (genetic model of DMD) lacking either Toll‐like receptor (Tlr) 2 or Tlr4, it is found that MP infiltration of dystrophic muscle is significantly reduced and that the MP phenotype is shifted toward a more anti‐inflammatory profile. This is accompanied by significant improvements in muscle histology and force production. Lack of the chemokine receptor CCR2, which impedes monocyte release from the bone marrow, leads to similar beneficial effects in mdx mice. Evidence was also found for Tlr4‐regulated induction of trained innate immunity in MPs cultured from the bone marrow of mdx mice before their entry into the muscle. These MPs exhibit epigenetic and metabolic alterations, accompanied by non‐specific hyper‐responsiveness to multiple stimuli, which is manifested by potentiated upregulation of both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory genes. In summary, exaggerated recruitment of monocyte‐derived MPs and signs of trained innate immunity at the level of the bone marrow are features of the immunophenotype associated with dystrophic muscle disease. These phenomena are regulated by Toll‐like receptors that bind endogenous damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, suggesting that DAMP release from dystrophic muscles modulates MP plasticity at the bone marrow level through Toll‐like receptor‐driven mechanisms.
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A Study of the Efficacy of Flame Electrical Resistance for Standoff Measurements During the Oxyfuel Cutting Process
Authors: Martin Christopher R. , Untaroiu Alexandrina , Xu Kemu , Mahbobur Raman S. M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This is a study of the suitability of preheat flame electrical resistance as a potential method for measuring the standoff distance an oxyfuel cutting torch and a work piece. Careful scrutiny of forty-seven individual experiments demonstrate that when cut quality is good, there is a linear repeatable relationship between the two with uncertainty about ±0.3 mm (0.015 in.). As the cut quality degrades, the formation of top-edge dross reduces the electrical path length in the flame, and momentary reduction in the reaction rate in the kerf reduces the free electrons in the flame, causing increases in flame resistance. In these conditions, measurement uncertainty reduces to ±1 mm (0.040 in.) or worse.
Influence of Drainage and Tilt on Heat Transfer Performance of Array Pulsating Cold End Heat Pipe
Authors: Guowei Xiahou , Hao Liu , Shun Zhang , Yecong He 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To meet the heat dissipation of a horizontally mounted chip with high heat flow density, a new type of array pulsating cold end heat pipe was proposed, which consists of a T-shaped hot end and an array pulsating cold end. The special structure is available to drain the hot end of the heat pipe, and the installation method of the cold end has an important influence on heat transfer. For this reason, a detailed experimental study of heat transfer performance was carried out in this paper. It is found that: there is a capillary lifting force at the cold end interface, which prevents the condensate returning to the hot end; therefore, the hot end has to be drained; the drainage methods are divided into hot-end liquid drainage and hot-end capillary drainage, the latter is significantly better than the former; for liquid drainage, the appropriate increase of the filling rate can improve the drainage effect; according to the cold end installation method of the new heat pipe, it can be divided into two kinds of inclined heat pipe and vertical heat pipe, the heat transfer performance of both heat pipes are quite excellent, of which the inclined heat pipe has slightly better drainage and heat transfer performance than the vertical heat pipe, but the gap between the two gradually becomes smaller with the increase of power. Under the same operating conditions, the average temperature of the heat source of the inclined heat pipe with capillary drainage is lower than that of the aluminum fin radiator by 5.79%−10.78%, and the decreasing amplitude increases with the increase of the heating power.
Real-Time Trajectory Planning for Automated Vehicle Safety and Performance in Dynamic Environments
Authors: Febbo Huckleberry , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Stein Jeffrey L. , Ersal Tulga 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Safe trajectory planning for high-performance automated vehicles in an environment with both static and moving obstacles is a challenging problem. Part of the challenge is developing a formulation that can be solved in real-time while including the following set of specifications: minimum time-to-goal, a dynamic vehicle model, minimum control effort, both static and moving obstacle avoidance, simultaneous optimization of speed and steering, and a short execution horizon. This paper presents a nonlinear model predictive control-based trajectory planning formulation, tailored for a large, high-speed unmanned ground vehicle, that includes the above set of specifications. The ability to solve this formulation in real-time is evaluated using NLOptControl, an open-source, direct-collocation-based optimal control problem solver in conjunction with the KNITRO nonlinear programming problem solver. The formulation is tested with various sets of specifications. A parametric study relating execution horizon and obstacle speed indicates that the moving obstacle avoidance specification is not needed for safety when the planner has a small execution horizon and the obstacles are moving slowly. However, a moving obstacle avoidance specification is needed when the obstacles are moving faster, and this specification improves the overall safety without, in most cases, increasing the solve-times. The results indicate that (i) safe trajectory planners for high-performance automated vehicles should include the entire set of specifications mentioned above, unless a static or low-speed environment permits a less comprehensive planner and (ii) the resulting formulation can be solved in real-time.
Multi-Phase Rate Transient Behaviors of the Multi-Fractured Horizontal Well With Complex Fracture Networks
Authors: He Youwei , Xu Yingjie , Tang Yong , Qiao Yu , Yu Wei , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Complex fracture networks (CFN) provide flow channels and significantly affect well performance in unconventional reservoirs. However, traditional rate transient analysis (RTA) models barely consider the effect of CFN on production performance. The impact of multi-phase flow on rate transient behaviors is still unclear especially under CFN. Neglecting these effects could cause incorrect rate transient response and erroneous estimation of well and fracture parameters. This paper investigates multi-phase rate transient behaviors considering CFN and tries to investigate in what situations the multi-phase models should be used to obtain more accurate results. First, an embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) is generated instead of Local Grid Refinement method to overcome time-intensive computation. The model is coupled with reservoir models using non-neighboring connections (NNCs). Second, eight cases are designed using the EDFM technology to analyze effect of natural fractures, formation permeability, and relative permeability on rate transient behaviors. Third, Blasingame plot, log–log plot, and linear flow plot are used to analyze the differences of rate transient response between single-phase and multi-phase flow in reservoirs with CFN. For multi-phase flow, severe deviations can be observed on RTA plots compared with single-phase model. Combination of three RTA type curves can characterize the differences from early to late flow regimes and improve the interpretation accuracy as well as reduce the non-unicity. Finally, field data analysis in Permian Basin demonstrates that multi-phase RTA analysis are required for analyzing production and pressure data since single-phase RTA analysis will lead to big errors especially under high water cut during fracturing fluid flowback period, early production of unconventional gas wells or after waterflooding, or water huff-n-puff.
An Improved Dynamic Modeling Approach of Aerostatic Thrust Bearing Considering Frequency-Varying Stiffness and Damping of Air Film
Authors: Zhuang Hui , Ding Jianguo , Chen Peng , Chang Yu , Zeng Xiaoyun , Liu Xingbao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The damped mass-spring model is often used for the dynamic modeling and vibration analysis of aerostatic bearing systems by taking the air film as equivalent springs, especially when the bearing is used as a key component in mechanical equipment. However, the stiffness and damping of the air film are frequency-dependent, making the commonly used approach of taking static stiffness or fixed value as the spring coefficient no longer applicable for a bearing subject to a complex external force containing different frequencies. To address this issue, this paper develops the damped mass-spring model for the aerostatic thrust bearing considering the frequency-varying stiffness and damping by means of the linear superposition method. It indicates that the air bearing is still a linear system under a micro disturbance despite the frequency-dependent character of dynamic coefficients because the bearing vibration satisfies the superposition principle. The improved dynamic modeling approach is able to accurately and efficiently predict the overall dynamic response of the thrust plate with both axial and tilting motion when the plate is subjected to a multi-frequency vibration. In solving the overall dynamic response, the stiffness and damping associated with the responses of the transient part and steady part correspond to the natural vibration frequency and external disturbance frequencies, respectively. The feasibility and accuracy of the improved modeling approach are partly or completely verified by the direct trajectory calculation method, the computational fluid dynamics, dynamic mesh simulation, and a modal test. The proposed modeling method provides an effective way for the vibration analysis of air bearings, and in the meantime avoids the possible numerical errors caused by the traditional modeling approach.
The African continental divide: Indian versus Atlantic Ocean spreading during Gondwana dispersal
Authors: Peace Alexander L. , Phethean Jordan J.J. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well established that plate-tectonic processes operate on a global scale and that spatially separate but temporally coincident events may be linked. However, identifying such links in the geological record and understanding the mechanisms involved remain speculative. This is particularly acute during major geodynamic events, such as the dispersal of supercontinents, where multiple axes of breakup may be present as well as coincidental collisional events. To explore this aspect of plate tectonics, we present a detailed analysis of the temporal variation in the mean half rate of seafloor spreading in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, as well as plate-kinematic attributes extracted from global plate-tectonic models during the dispersal of Gondwana since ca. 200 Ma. Our analysis shows that during the ~20 m.y. prior to collision between India and Asia at ca. 55 Ma, there was an increase in the mean rate of seafloor spreading in the Indian Ocean. This manifests as India rapidly accelerating toward Asia. This event was then followed by a prompt deceleration in the mean rate of Indian Ocean seafloor spreading after India collided with Asia at ca. 55 Ma. Since inception, the mean rate of seafloor spreading in the Indian Ocean has been generally greater than that in the Atlantic Ocean, and the period of fastest mean half spreading rate in the Indian Ocean was coincident with a slowdown in mean half seafloor spreading rate in the competing Atlantic Ocean. We hypothesize that faster and hotter seafloor spreading in the Indian Ocean resulted in larger ridge-push forces, which were transmitted through the African plate, leading to a slowdown in Atlantic Ocean spreading. Following collision between India and Asia, and a slowdown of Indian Ocean spreading, Atlantic spreading rates consequently increased again. We conclude that the processes in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans have likely remained coupled throughout their existence, that their individual evolution has influenced each other, and that, more generally, spreading in one basin inevitably influences proximal regions. While we do not believe that ridge push is the main cause of plate motions, we consider it to have played a role in the coupling of the kinematic evolution of these oceans. The implication of this observation is that interaction and competition between nascent ocean basins and ridges during supercontinent dispersal exert a significant control on resultant continental configuration.
Bah humbug! Association between sending Christmas cards to trial participants and trial retention: randomised study within a trial conducted simultaneously across eight host trials
Authors: Coleman Elizabeth , Arundel Catherine , Clark Laura , Doherty Laura , Gillies Katie , Hewitt Catherine , Innes Karen , Parker Adwoa , Torgerson David , Treweek Shaun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the effectiveness of sending Christmas cards to participants in randomised controlled trials to increase retention rate at follow-ups, and to explore the feasibility of doing a study within a trial (SWAT) across multiple host trials simultaneously.

Design
Randomised SWAT conducted simultaneously across eight host trials.

Setting
Eight randomised controlled trials researching various areas including surgery and smoking cessation.

Participants
3223 trial participants who were still due at least one follow-up from their host randomised controlled trial.

Intervention
Participants were randomised (1:1, separately by each host trial) to either received a Christmas card in mid-December 2019 or to not receive a card.

Main outcome measure
Proportion of participants completing their next follow-up (retention rate) within their host randomised controlled trial.

Results

1469 participants (age 16-94 years; 70% (n=1033) female; 96% (813/847) white ethnicity) across the eight host randomised controlled trials were involved in the analysis (cut short owing to covid-19). No evidence was found of a difference in retention rate between the two arms for any of the host trials when analysed separately or when the results were combined (85.3% (639/749) for cards versus 85.4% (615/720) for no card; odds ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 1.29; P=0.77). No difference was observed when comparing just participants who were due a follow-up in the 30 days after receiving the card (odds ratio 0.96, 0.42 to 2.21). No evidence of a difference in time to complete the questionnaire was found (hazard ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.13; P=0.80). These results were robust to post hoc sensitivity analyses. The cost of this intervention was £0.76 (€0.91; $1.02) per participant, and it will have a carbon footprint of approximately 140 g CO
2
equivalent per card. One benefit of this approach was the need to only submit one ethics application.

Conclusions
Sending Christmas cards to participants in randomised controlled trials does not increase retention. Undertaking a SWAT within multiple randomised controlled trials at the same time is, however, possible. This approach should be used more often to build an evidence base to support selection of recruitment and retention strategies. Although no evidence of a boost to retention was found, embedding a SWAT in multiple host trials simultaneously has been shown to be possible.

Study registration

SWAT repository
https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/TheNorthernIrelandNetworkforTrialsMethodologyResearch/FileStore/Filetoupload,846275,en.pdf#search=SWAT%2082
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“It’s not rocket science” and “It’s not brain surgery”—“It’s a walk in the park”: prospective comparative study
Authors: Usher Inga , Hellyer Peter , Lee Keng Siang , Leech Robert , Hampshire Adam , Alamri Alexander , Chari Aswin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare cognitive testing scores in neurosurgeons and aerospace engineers to help settle the age old argument of which phrase—“It’s not brain surgery” or “It’s not rocket science”—is most deserved.DesignInternational prospective comparative study.SettingUnited Kingdom, Europe, the United States, and Canada.Participants748 people (600 aerospace engineers and 148 neurosurgeons). After data cleaning, 401 complete datasets were included in the final analysis (329 aerospace engineers and 72 neurosurgeons).Main outcome measuresValidated online test (Cognitron’s Great British Intelligence Test) measuring distinct aspects of cognition, spanning planning and reasoning, working memory, attention, and emotion processing abilities.ResultsThe neurosurgeons showed significantly higher scores than the aerospace engineers in semantic problem solving (difference 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.13 to 0.52). Aerospace engineers showed significantly higher scores in mental manipulation and attention (−0.29, −0.48 to −0.09). No difference was found between groups in domain scores for memory (−0.18, −0.40 to 0.03), spatial problem solving (−0.19, −0.39 to 0.01), problem solving speed (0.03, −0.20 to 0.25), and memory recall speed (0.12, −0.10 to 0.35). When each group’s scores for the six domains were compared with those in the general population, only two differences were significant: the neurosurgeons’ problem solving speed was quicker (mean z score 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.41) and their memory recall speed was slower (−0.19, −0.34 to −0.04).ConclusionsIn situations that do not require rapid problem solving, it might be more correct to use the phrase “It’s not brain surgery.” It is possible that both neurosurgeons and aerospace engineers are unnecessarily placed on a pedestal and that “It’s a walk in the park” or another phrase unrelated to careers might be more appropriate. Other specialties might deserve to be on that pedestal, and future work should aim to determine the most deserving profession.
Renal effectiveness and safety of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Alkabbani Wajd , Zongo Arsene , Minhas-Sandhu Jasjeet K , Eurich Dean T , Shah Baiju R , Alsabbagh Mhd Wasem , Gamble John-Michael 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionTo assess the comparative effectiveness and safety of renal-related outcomes associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) initiation among patients with type 2 diabetes using real-world data.Research design and methodsWe conducted a population‐based cohort study using administrative healthcare data from Alberta (AB), Canada and primary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), UK. From a cohort of new metformin users, we identified initiators of a SGLT2-i or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4-i) between January 1, 2014 and March 30, 2018 (AB) or between January 1, 2013 and November 29, 2018 (CPRD). Initiators of an SGLT2-i or DPP4-i were followed until death, disenrolment, therapy discontinuation, or study end date. The effectiveness outcome was renal disease progression, defined as a composite of new-onset macroalbuminuria, serum creatinine doubling with estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≤45 mL/min/1.73 m2, renal replacement therapy, hospital admission or death from renal causes. The safety outcome was hospitalization due to acute kidney injury (AKI). We adjusted for confounding using high-dimensional propensity score matching and estimated HRs using Cox proportional hazards regression. Aggregate data from each database were combined by random-effects meta‐analysis.ResultsAmong the 29 465 included patients (20 564 AB, 8901 CPRD), 37.5% were new SGLT2-i users in AB and 21.3% in CPRD. Compared with DPP4 initiators, SGLT2-i initiators were associated with a reduced risk of renal disease progression (pooled HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.00); however, there was no significant difference in the risk of AKI (pooled HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.36). These findings were consistent with other exposure definitions and antidiabetic comparators.ConclusionsOur findings support a renoprotective effect of SGLT2-i without an increased risk of AKI, compared with clinically relevant active comparators.