bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune biomarkers in porto‐sinusoidal vascular disease: Potential role in its diagnosis and pathophysiology
Authors: Cerda Reyes Eira , González‐Navarro Europa Azucena , Magaz Marta , Muñoz‐Sánchez Guillermo , Diaz Alba , Silva‐Junior Gilberto , Triguero Ana , Lafoz Erica , Campreciós Genís , Orts Lara , Perez‐Campuzano Valeria , Seijo Susana , Rubio Laura , Turon Fanny , Baiges Anna , Hernández‐Gea Virginia , Álvarez‐Larran Alberto , Juan Manel , Garcia‐Pagan Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsPorto‐sinusoidal vascular disease (PSVD) is a rare disease that requires excluding cirrhosis and other causes of portal hypertension for its diagnosis because it lacks a specific diagnostical test. Although it has been occasionally associated with autoimmune diseases, the pathophysiology of PSVD remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of autoimmunity in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of PSVD.MethodsThirty‐seven consecutive patients with PSVD and 39 with cirrhosis matched by gender, signs of portal hypertension and liver function were included (training set). By using Indirect Immunofluorescence, ELISA and slot‐blot methods data 22 autoantibodies were identified in patients with PSVD and cirrhosis. Presence of anti‐endothelial cells antibodies (AECA) was assayed by a cell‐based ELISA. Thirty‐one PSVD, 40 cirrhosis patients, 15 patients with splenomegaly associated with haematological disease and 14 healthy donors were included in a validation set.FindingsThe proportion of patients with at least one positive antibody was statistically significantly higher in patients with PSVD compared with cirrhosis (92% vs 56%; P < .01). Specifically, AECA were significantly more frequent in PSVD than in cirrhosis (38% vs 15%; P = .013). Results were confirmed in the validation set. In the overall population, presence of AECA had a 63% positive predictive value for diagnosing PSVD and a 71% negative predictive value, with a specificity of 94% when the 1/16 level is used as cut‐off. AECA positive serum samples react with a 68‐72 kDa protein of human liver endothelial sinusoidal cells.
A multi‐pronged, antiracist approach to optimize equity in medical school admissions
Authors: Robinett Kathryn , Kareem Raushanah , Reavis Kristin , Quezada Sandra 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing the number of physicians who identify as an underrepresented minority (URM) has been a focus for decades. Despite the US Department of Health and Human Services establishing The Council on Graduate Medical Education focussing on the underrepresentation of minorities in medicine in 1990, US medical students in 1998‐1999 were15.2% URM and twenty years later, URM students comprise only 14.6% of matriculants. This reflected our experience at University of Maryland School of Medicine despite our diverse community where over 60% of the population identify as Black or African‐American. We share our strategies to mitigate bias in the admissions process and our resulting outcomes.MethodsWe implemented multiple interventions including interviewer training, recruitment strategies, holistic screening, changes in the interview process and increased racial, ethnic and gender diversity on our admissions committee. These changes were made over a two‐year period initially focussing on the committee, followed by focussed interventions for interviewers.ResultsWith these interventions, we demonstrated an improvement in the number of URM applicants that matriculated. In 2019, we had the first class that was in which no one ethnicity or race comprised the majority of the class, with 54% of matriculants identifying as students of colour. In 2020, in addition to sustaining a majority of the class identifying as students of colour, the proportion of URM students increased from 10%‐13% for the preceding 3 years, to 24% of the entering class.ConclusionThe number of physicians who identify as URM must be increased for the benefit of our patients and health care system. Unconscious bias training for interviewers, focused recruitment strategies, holistic screening deemphasising the MCAT, blinding interviewers to MCAT scores and GPA, and increasing admissions committee diversity are five concrete steps that yielded the desired outcome of increasing URM representation among our medical school matriculants.
Detection of Candidatus Bartonella odocoilei n. sp. in Lipoptena mazamae associated with white‐tailed deer in Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Lozano‐Sardaneta Y. N. , Blum‐Domínguez S. , Huerta H. , Tamay‐Segovia P. , Fernández‐Figueroa E. A. , Becker I. , Sánchez‐Montes S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe deer ked Lipoptena mazamae (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) (Róndani), is a blood‐feeding obligate ectoparasite of several species of deer and brocket. However, at present little information is available about its role as a vector of hemoparasites. Nonetheless, it is considered a competent vector for the transmission of Bartonella species. The aim of this study was performing the morphological and molecular identification of ked flies and to carry out the detection of Bartonella. We collected specimens from Chiná, Campeche, Mexico associated with white‐tailed deer. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), of COI, gltA and rpoB genes, we were able to obtain the first barcode for L. mazamae from Mexico and identified a new species of Bartonella which was found with a prevalence of 73%. The data obtained in this study confirmed the presence of L. mazamae associated with white‐tailed deer and its possible role as vector of Candidatus Bartonella odocoilei n. sp. in Mexico and we considered that it may also be present in white‐tailed deer populations in the U.S.A. Additional investigations into Bartonella species associated with deer ked could provide further insight into their pathogenicity and its role as a zoonotic agent.
Impaired myelin production due to an intrinsic failure of oligodendrocytes in mTORpathies
Authors: Gruber Victoria‐Elisabeth , Lang Judith , Endmayr Verena , Diehm Robert , Pimpel Birgit , Glatter Sarah , Anink Jasper J. , Bongaarts Anika , Luinenburg Mark J. , Reinten Roy J. , van der Wel Nicole , Larsen Per , Hainfellner Johannes A. , Rössler Karl , Aronica Eleonora , Scholl Theresa , Mühlebner Angelika , Feucht Martha 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsWe aim to evaluate if the myelin pathology observed in epilepsy‐associated focal cortical dysplasia type 2B (FCD2B) and—histologically indistinguishable—cortical tubers of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is primarily related to the underlying malformation or constitutes a secondary phenomenon due to the toxic microenvironment created by epileptic seizures. We also aim to investigate the possible beneficial effect of the mTOR pathway regulator everolimus on white matter pathology.MethodsPrimary mixed glial cell cultures derived from epilepsy surgery specimens of one TSC and seven FCD2B patients were grown on polycaprolactone fibre matrices and analysed using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Unaffected white matter from three age‐matched epilepsy patients with mild malformations of cortical development (mMCD) and one with FCD3D served as controls. Additionally, TSC2 knock‐out was performed using an oligodendroglial cell line. Myelination capacities of nanofibre grown cells in an inflammatory environment after mTOR‐inhibitor treatment with everolimus were further investigated.ResultsReduced oligodendroglial turnover, directly related to a lower myelin content was found in the patients' primary cells. In our culture model of myelination dynamics, primary cells grown under ‘inflammatory condition’ showed decreased myelination, that was repaired by treatment with everolimus.ConclusionsResults obtained in patient‐derived primary oligodendroglial and TSC2 knock‐out cells suggest that maturation of oligodendroglia and production of a proper myelin sheath seem to be impaired as a result of mTOR pathway disturbance. Hence, oligodendroglial pathology may reflect a more direct effect of the abnormal genetic programme rather than to be an inactive bystander of chronic epilepsy.
Economic impacts and risks of climate change under failure and success of the Paris Agreement
Authors: Estrada Francisco , Botzen W. J. Wouter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) represent the world's first effort toward the Paris Agreement goal of keeping global temperature increase well below 2 °C and pursuing 1.5 °C. Little is known about how much the proposed mitigation efforts can reduce the risks and economic damages from unabated climate change and about the consequences if key emitters drop the Paris Agreement. Here, we use CLIMRISK, an integrated assessment model designed to support climate policy at the global, national, and subnational scales where mitigation and adaptation policy decisions are made. We characterize the consequences of unabated climate change and the benefits of current climate policy proposals by means of probabilistic estimates of the economic damages of climate change and uni‐ and multivariate dynamic climate risk indices at a detailed spatial resolution. The results presented reveal that the economic costs and risks are highly unequally distributed between and within countries and larger than previously estimated when warming in urban areas and temporal persistence of impacts are accounted for. Costs and risks can be significantly limited by strict implementation of NDCs, but increase noticeably under noncompliance by large emitters, like the United States.
New‐onset atrial fibrillation incidence and associated outcomes in the medical intensive care unit
Authors: Brunetti Ryan , Zitelny Edan , Newman Noah , Bundy Richa , Singleton Matthew J. , Dowell Jonathan , Dharod Ajay , Bhave Prashant D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn patients with critical medical illness, data regarding new‐onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is relatively sparse. This study examines the incidence, associated risk factors, and associated outcomes of NOAF in patients in the medical intensive care unit (MICU).MethodsThis single‐center retrospective observational cohort study included 2234 patients with MICU stays in 2018. An automated extraction process using ICD‐10 codes, validated by a 196‐patient manual chart review, was used for data collection. Demographics, medications, and risk factors were collected. Multiple risk scores were calculated for each patient, and AF recurrence was also manually extracted. Length of stay, mortality, and new stroke were primary recorded outcomes.ResultsTwo hundred and forty one patients of the 2234 patient cohort (11.4%) developed NOAF during their MICU stay. NOAF was associated with greater length of stay in the MICU (5.84 vs. 3.52 days, p < .001) and in the hospital (15.7 vs. 10.9 days, p < .001). Patients with NOAF had greater odds of hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR) = 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34–2.71, p < .001) and 1‐year mortality (OR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.02–1.82, p = .03). CHARGE‐AF scores performed best in predicting NOAF (area under the curve (AUC) 0.691, p < .001).ConclusionsThe incidence of NOAF in this MICU cohort was 11.4%, and NOAF was associated with a significant increase in hospital LOS and mortality. Furthermore, the CHARGE‐AF score performed best in predicting NOAF.
Single‐cell RNA‐seq describes the transcriptome landscape and identifies critical transcription factors in the leaf blade of the allotetraploid peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Liu Hao , Hu Dongxiu , Du Puxuan , Wang Liping , Liang Xuanqiang , Li Haifen , Lu Qing , Li Shaoxiong , Liu Haiyan , Chen Xiaoping , Varshney Rajeev K , Hong Yanbin 
Published: June 2021

SummarySingle‐cell RNA‐seq (scRNA‐seq) has been highlighted as a powerful tool for the description of human cell transcriptome, but the technology has not been broadly applied in plant cells. Herein, we describe the successful development of a robust protoplast cell isolation system in the peanut leaf. A total of 6,815 single cells were divided into eight cell clusters based on reported marker genes by applying scRNA‐seq. Further, a pseudo‐time analysis was used to describe the developmental trajectory and interaction network of transcription factors (TFs) of distinct cell types during leaf growth. The trajectory enabled re‐investigation of the primordium‐driven development processes of the mesophyll and epidermis. These results suggest that palisade cells likely differentiate into spongy cells, while the epidermal cells originated earlier than the primordium. Subsequently, the developed method integrated multiple technologies to efficiently validate the scRNA‐seq result in a homogenous cell population. The expression levels of several TFs were strongly correlated with epidermal ontogeny in accordance with obtained scRNA‐seq values. Additionally, peanut AHL23 (AT‐HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED PROTEIN 23), which is localized in nucleus, promoted leaf growth when ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis by modulating the phytohormone pathway. Together, our study displays that application of scRNA‐seq can provide new hypotheses regarding cell differentiation in the leaf blade of Arachis hypogaea. We believe that this approach will enable significant advances in the functional study of leaf blade cells in the allotetraploid peanut and other plant species.
Pragmatic Particularism
Authors: Buchanan Ray , Ian Schiller Henry 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFor theIntentionalist, utterance content is wholly determined by a speaker’s meaning‐intentions; the sentence uttered serves merely to facilitate the audience’s recovering these intentions. We argue that Intentionalists ought to beParticularists, holding that the only “principles” of meaning recovery needed are those governing inferences to the best explanation; “principles” that are both defeasible and, in a sense to be elaborated,variable. We discuss some ways in which some theorists have erred in trying to tame the “wild west” of pragmatics and context‐sensitivity – including recent work that makes essential appeal to the information structure of a discourse – and in so doing, offer a general recipe for defending the Particularist picture of utterance content and its recovery that we favor.
Extracellular vesicles of Echinococcus granulosus have therapeutic effects in allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Jeong Mi Jin , Kang Shin Ae , Choi Jun Ho , Lee Da In , Yu Hak Sun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have shown that Echinococcus granulosus cystic fluid can alleviate Th2 allergic airway inflammatory responses by increasing the number of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+T (regulatory T; Treg) cells. Parasite‐derived extracellular vesicles (EV) are known to not only promote parasite infection by communicating between parasites but also regulate the inflammatory response by acting as an immunomodulatory agent in the host.MethodsTo evaluate the effect of EV extracted from the cystic fluid of E. granulosus on allergic airway inflammation, gene expression was investigated after administering EV to mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE‐12) following 2 h of pretreatment with Aspergillus proteins. An allergic airway inflammation animal model was used to investigate the regulation of the inflammatory response by EV and induced with ovalbumin.ResultsEV treatment significantly reduced airway resistance and the number of eosinophils and other immune cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and Th2‐ and Th17‐related cytokine levels. EV pretreatment decreased the number of IL‐4+CD4+T cells and increased the number of Treg cells in the lung‐draining lymph nodes and spleen.ConclusionsEchinococcus granulosus cystic fluid derived EV ameliorated Th2 allergic airway inflammatory through Treg cells, similar to whole cystic fluid treatment. Thus, EV may be important immunomodulatory molecules in cystic fluid.
Enhanced insightfulness and neural activation induced by metaphorical solutions to appropriate mental distress problems
Authors: Yu Fei , Zhang Jianxin , Luo Jing , Zhang Wencai 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough the neural correlates of novelty and appropriateness of creative insight during cognitive tasks have been investigated in several studies, they have not been examined during mental distress in a psychotherapeutic setting. This study aimed to reveal the promoting effects of novelty and appropriateness processing on therapeutic insight in a micro‐psychotherapeutic setting. We examined the effects of appropriateness (between‐subject factor: appropriateness group, 20 participants; inappropriateness group, 21 participants) by manipulating the preceding negative scenarios that either fit or did not fit the subsequent solutions, and those of novelty (within‐subject factor) by varying the linguistic expressions for describing solutions (metaphorical, literal, or problem‐restatement). Event‐related functional magnetic resonance images were collected. We found the following effects: an interactive effect of the two factors on insightfulness and activation in the bilateral hippocampus and amygdala, right superior frontal gyrus, and left superior/middle temporal gyrus; a simple effect of novelty on activation in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and inferior/middle occipital gyrus; and a simple effect of appropriateness on activation in the left inferior parietal lobule. Our findings indicate that solutions with high novelty and appropriateness generate the highest levels of therapeutic insightfulness as well as the strongest activation in the hippocampus and amygdala, which may be involved in episodic memory encoding.
Vitrification of canine ovarian tissue using the Ovarian Tissue Cryosystem (OTC) device
Authors: Brandão Fabiana Aparecida Santilli , Alves Kele Amaral , de Brito Danielle Cristina Calado , Pereira Leda Maria Costa , de Morais Glayciane Bezerra , Ñaupas Lucy Vanessa Sulca , de Souza Samara Silva , Alves Benner Geraldo , Rodrigues Ana Paula Ribeiro , Teixeira Dárcio Ítalo Alves 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe present study evaluated the effect of Ovarian Tissue Cryosystem (OTC) on follicular morphology and density, as well as on stromal cell density of vitrified canine ovarian tissue. Canine ovarian fragments collected from adult female dogs in stages of the random oestrous cycle were fixed (FC, fresh control) or vitrified (VIT) with an OTC device. After vitrification and warming, the fragments were fixed for histological analysis. Overall, the mean percentage of normal pre‐antral follicles decreased after vitrification procedure (FC: 74.5% ± 1.6% vs. VIT: 52.05% ± 1.5%). Although the rates of normal primordial (71.1% ± 1.8%) and secondary (0.7% ± 0.4%) follicles vitrified showed a reduction (p < .05), vitrification using OTC showed considerable preservation of follicles, when compared to the fresh control (81.1% ± 1.5% and 2.3% ± 0.6%, respectively). The mean follicular density was maintained after vitrification (FC: 199.65 ± 12.8 vs. VIT: 199.68 ± 10.8), whereas the stromal cell density decreased in the VIT group. Based on the results, we recommend the use of OTC for vitrification of canine ovarian tissue.
Macrophages in bovine term placenta: An ultrastructural and molecular study
Authors: Hooshmandabbasi Reyhaneh , Kazemian Ali , Zerbe Holm , Kowalewski Mariusz P. , Klisch Karl 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRetention of foetal membranes (RFM) is a major reproductive disorder in dairy cows. An appropriate immune response is important for a physiological expulsion of the foetal membranes at parturition. Our study aims to provide a deeper insight into characteristics of foetal and maternal macrophages in bovine term placenta. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry and semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR to provide a deeper insight into characteristics of foetal and maternal macrophages in bovine term placenta. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR was used to define macrophage polarization in foetal and maternal compartments of normal term placenta. Gene expression of factors involved in M1 polarization [interferon regulatory factor‐5 (IRF5), interleukin (IL)‐12A, IL12B] and in M2 polarization (IL10) were studied. Ultrastructurally, foetal macrophages showed an irregular shape and large vacuoles, whereas the maternal macrophages were spindle shaped. By immunohistochemistry, macrophages were identified by a strong staining with the lysosomal marker Lysosome‐associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP‐1), while myofibroblast in the maternal stroma was positive for alpha‐smooth muscle actin. We used the LAMP‐1 marker to compare the density of foetal stromal macrophages in placentas of cows with RFM and in controls, but no statistically significant difference was observed. RT‐PCR showed a higher expression of all studied genes in the maternal compartment of the placenta and generally a higher expression of M1‐, compared to M2‐associated genes. Our results indicated that at parturition placental macrophages predominantly show the pro‐inflammatory M1 polarization. The higher expression of all the target genes in the maternal compartment may denote that maternal macrophages in bovine term placenta are more frequent than foetal macrophages.
Comparison of pregnancy per AI of heifers inseminated with sex‐sorted or conventional semen after oestrus detection or timed artificial insemination
Authors: Guner Baris , Selcuk Gulsum , Guclu Sevket , Sengul Sultan , Altun Ismail , Dikmen Serdal , Gumen Ahmet 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe objective of the study was to compare the fertility after using sex‐sorted or conventional semen either with oestrus detection (EST) or timed artificial insemination (TAI) in Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Heifers in the EST group were inseminated with sex‐sorted (n = 114) or conventional semen (n = 100) after spontaneous or induced oestrus. Heifers in the TAI, subjected to the 5‐day Cosynch+Progesterone protocol (GnRH+P4 insertion‐5d‐PGF2α+P4 removal‐1d‐PGF2α‐2d‐GnRH+TAI), were inseminated with sex‐sorted (n = 113) or conventional semen (n = 88). Statistical analyses were performed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Overall P/AI was 60.7% for EST and 54.2% for TAI regardless of types of semen and 68.1% for conventional and 48.9% for sex‐sorted semen regardless of insemination strategies. Fertility of heifers inseminated with either sex‐sorted (53.5%; 44.2%) or conventional (69.0%; 67.0%) semen did not differ between EST and TAI respectively. Besides, the interaction between the semen type and the insemination strategy was not significant for P/AI. The embryonic loss was significantly greater with sex‐sorted semen (17.1%) compared to conventional semen (1.6%). There was no sire effect with sex‐sorted semen on P/AI (52.6% vs. 46.2%) and embryonic loss (16.4% vs. 18.0%). As expected, sex‐sorted semen resulted in more female calves (89.8% vs. 51.6%) than conventional semen. Thus, sex‐sorted semen can be used with 5‐day Cosynch+Progesterone protocol to eliminate the inadequate oestrus detection and to increase female calves born in dairy heifers.