bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Frying in Various Cooking Oils on Fatty Acid Content of Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)
Authors: Flaskerude Katrina , Picklo Matthew , Johnson LuAnn , Raatz Susan 
Published: June 2021

Our goal was to describe the effects of frying with various oils on the fatty acid content of rainbow trout. Four different oils were evaluated (peanut oil, high oleic sunflower oil, corn oil, and canola oil). Farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets were sliced into three portions and each section was trimmed to a 50 g piece for cooking and a 5g raw portion. Fillets were individually cooked with each of the oils (peanut oil, high oleic sunflower oil, corn oil, and canola oil) in an electric frying pan until the core temperature reached 63°C (145°F). The sample was set aside until cool to the touch and then re‐weighed. After frying, both raw and fried samples were frozen at −80°C until processing for analysis. Frozen samples were pulverized, and lipids were extracted from the samples using a Folch extraction. The total fatty acids of the samples were determined by gas chromatography after the fatty acids were converted to fatty acid methyl esters. Frying in high oleic sunflower oil provided the greatest difference in fatty acid composition with a significantly decreased 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:2 n‐6, 18:3n‐3, 20:5n‐3, 22:5n‐3, and 22:6n‐3. 14:0 and 18:3n‐3 were significantly lower in fish fried in peanut oil, when compared to raw fish. There was no significant difference between the fatty acid concentrations raw fish compared to fish fried in corn oil or canola oil. Peanut oil reduced the 14:0 and 18:3n‐3 content of the fish. Frying in high oleic sunflower oil caused the greatest changes in fatty acid content of the fillets.Support or Funding InformationUSDA, NIFA 2014‐67017‐21758 and USDA 3062‐51000‐053‐00D.
Colonic Inflammation Accompanies An Increase of β‐Catenin Signaling and Lachnospiraceae/Streptococcaceae in the Hind Gut of High‐Fat Diet‐Fed Mice
Authors: Zeng Huawei , Ishaq Suzanne L , Zhao Feng‐Qi , Wright Andre‐Denis G 
Published: June 2021

Consumption of an obesigenic/high‐fat (HF) diet isassociated with an increase of inflammation‐related colon cancer risk and mayalter the gut microbiota. To test the hypothesis that a HF feeding accelerates inflammatory processes and changes gut microbiome composition, C57BL/6mice were fed a HF (45% energy) or low‐fat (LF) (10% energy) diet for 36 weeks. At the end of the study, body weights in the HF group were 35% greater than those in the LF group. These changes were associated with dramatic increases in inflammatory cell infiltration, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein concentration and cell proliferation marker (Ki67) in ileum and colon. Similarly, β‐catenin expression was increased in colon (but not ileum). Consistent with these gut inflammation phenotypes, we also found that plasma IL6 and tumor necrosisfactor‐α concentrations were also elevated in mice fed the HF diet, indicative of chronic inflammation. Fecal DNA was extracted and the V1–V3 hypervariable region of the microbial 16S rRNA gene amplified using primers suitable for 454‐pyrosequencing. Compared to the LH group, the HF group had high proportions of bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes, especially the family Lachnospiraceae which is known to be involved in the development of metabolic disorders, diabetes and obesity. Taken together, long‐term HF consumption not only increases inflammatory cell infiltration/molecular markers (e.g., iNOS), but also accompanies an increase of the Lachnospiraceae/Streptococcaceae in the hindgut of C57BL/6 mice.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by USDA‐ARS, CRIS project (5450‐51000‐050‐00D).
Maternal low protein diet leads to placental angiogenic compensation via dysregulated M1/M2 macrophages and TNFα expression in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Vomhof‐Dekrey Emilie E , Roemmich James N , Claycombe Kate J 
Published: June 2021

A maternal low‐protein (LP) diet results in low birth weight, increased offspring rapid adipose tissue catch‐up growth, adult obesity, and insulin resistance in Sprague‐Dawley rats. The placenta plays key roles in nutrient transport and fetal growth. Placental function is dependent on regulation of immune cell populations and growth and angiogenic factors. Therefore, we hypothesize that a maternal LP diet leads to placental dysfunction through dysregulation of immune cell populations, cytokine production, and growth/angiogenic factors. Obese‐prone Sprague‐Dawley dams were fed 8% LP or20% normal protein diets for 3 weeks prior to breeding and through pregnancy. Maternal LP diet led to a decrease in placental weight and efficiency. LP diet placent as had an increase in angiogenic factors, FGF2, VEGFR‐1, IGF2, M2macrophages producing TNFα and a decrease in M1 macrophages and iNKT cells. These results suggest that prenatal protein restriction forces the placenta to upregulate compensating mechanisms of angiogenesis in order to fulfill the nutrient demands of the fetus.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by USDA Agricultural Research Service Project #3062‐51000‐052‐00D.
Effect of High Folic Acid Diet on Mitochondrial DNA Content in Young Adult and Aged Mice
Authors: Rakic Jelena Mustra , Sawaengsri Hathairat , Reginaldo Christina , Selhub Jacob , Paul Ligi 
Published: June 2021

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) codes for proteins of oxidative phosphorylation system and maintaining adequate mtDNA copy number is necessary for cell survival. Studies in animal models have shown that folate deficiency can affect mtDNA content. Current data suggests excess folic acid intake can result in conditions that resemble folate deficiency. We tested the hypothesis that excess folic acid in diet can influence mtDNA gene content in old and young mice. Young (3 months) and old mice (16 months) mice were fed a control (1xRDA) or high folic acid (20 x RDA) diet for 3 months (n=8–11/ group). The colonic mucosal mtDNA content was determined by real‐time PCR using primers specific for mtDNA and normalized to an endogenous reference gene, mapK. The data were analyzed using student's t‐test. Among mice on control diet, mtDNA content of old mice was 0.4 fold that of the young mice (p=0.004). There was no difference in mtDNA content of young mice on control vs high folic acid diet. MtDNA content of the old mice fed a high folic acid diet was 7‐fold higher than those fed a control diet (p=0.001). While higher mtDNA copy number is considered to have beneficial effects on survival, very high mtDNA copy number has been shown to be accompanied by nucleoid enlargement, defective transcription and mtDNA deletions in old mice. Thus the dramatic increase in mtDNA content due to excess folic acid diet may be detrimental. Further research is required to establish if the high mtDNA content due a high folic acid diet can result in mitochondrial dysfunction in aged mice.Support or Funding InformationSupport from USDA cooperative agreement 51520‐008‐04S and pilot grant from JM USDA HNRCA on Aging at Tufts University
Lower hepatic iron storage associated with obesity in mice can be restored by decreasing body fat mass through feeding a low fat diet
Authors: Chung Hak , Wu Dayong , Smith Donald , Meydani Simin Nikbin , Han Sung Nim 
Published: June 2021

Previously, we showed that high fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity resulted in lower hepatic iron storage. To further investigate the effect of diet‐induced increase in adiposity on hepatic iron storage level and determine whether these obesity‐related changes could be reversed by decreasing fat mass through feeding a low fat diet, we compared hepatic iron levels in HFD‐induced obese mice after their diets were switched to a low fat diet with those continued to be fed HFD. Five‐week‐old female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to three groups – LL group was fed control diet containing 10% kcal fat for 31 weeks, HH group was fed HFD containing 60% kcal fat for 31 weeks, and HL group was fed HFD for the first 15 weeks and switched to the control diet for the following 16 weeks. Fat mass and lean body mass were measured by MRI at 14th and 30th weeks. To assess the hepatic iron storage, total iron content was measured by ICP‐MS and ferritin protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. mRNA levels of hepatic hepcidin (Hamp) (the key factor which regulates body iron level) and hepatic and duodenal BMP‐6 (Bmp6) (a signaling molecule known to affect hepcidin expression) were determined by real time PCR. Body weights were significantly different among groups (35.8 ± 1.9 g, 40.6 ± 1.3 g, 63.1 ± 1.5 g in LL, HL, and HH groups, respectively). Fat mass was significantly different among groups (11.4 ± 2.0 g, 15.8 ± 1.0 g, 37.5 ± 1.1 g in LL, HL, and HH groups, respectively). Fat mass of HL group decreased from 19.0 ± 1.1 g at 14th wk to 15.8 ± 1.0 g at 30th wk. Total hepatic iron content of HL group was similar to that of LL group, which was about 30% higher than that of HH group (74.2 ± 7.5 μg/g tissue, 72.7 ± 2.6 μg/g tissue, 55.7 ± 3.8 μg/g tissue in LL, HL, and HH groups, respectively, p<0.05). Liver ferritin protein levels were similar in LL and HL groups, and significantly lower in HH group. These measures of iron status were significantly negatively correlated with body fat mass (r=−0.627, p<0.01 for liver iron content, r=−0.687, p<0.001 for ferritin). Liver Hamp mRNA level was not statistically different among groups. Liver Bmp6 expression was not significantly different among groups. In duodenum, however, Bmp6 mRNA level was significantly lower in HH group than LL and HL groups (p<0.01). Duodenal Bmp6 mRNA levels showed positive correlation with hepatic iron content (r=0.564, p<0.05) and hepatic Hamp expression (r=0.517, p<0.05). In summary, hepatic iron storage level is closely related to body adiposity. Reducing body fat mass through feeding a lower fat diet to HFD‐induced obese mice restores liver iron storage by lowering duodenal Bmp6 mRNA levels.Support or Funding InformationSupported by research funds through the Research Institute of Human Ecology (RIHE) in Seoul National University and USDA contract #58‐1950‐0‐014.
In Vivo Suppression of Atherosclerosis by Dietary Oats Avenanthramides
Authors: Thomas Michael , Kim Sharon , Collins F. William , Wise Mitchell L. , Meydani Mohsen 
Published: June 2021

The consumption of oatmeal and oat bran has been shown to reduce total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in plasma, which are major risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). Oats, in addition to containing soluble fiber (β‐glucan), are a good source of protein and lipids as well as several antioxidants including vitamin E, phytic acid, phenolics, and Avenanthramides (Avns), unique soluble bioactive compounds present only in oats. Avns can inhibit inflammation in arterial endothelium by suppressing NF‐κB, which regulates expression of several inflammatory cytokines. We have reported that Avns suppressed endothelial expression of chemokines (MCP‐1, IL‐8), pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1 and IL‐6) and several adhesion molecules, all of which suggest oats’ potential anti‐inflammatory and anti‐atherogenic properties. In agreement with our in vitro observations, supplementing a high fat diet of LDLr−/− mice with feed containing 27% or 40% oats significantly reduced aortic lesion development. However, this effect of an oat‐based diet cannot be attributed only to its cholesterol lowering effect; rather, it is due to the additive/synergistic anti‐inflammatory interaction with oat Avns. To elucidate Avns’ contribution to the inhibition of atherogenesis, we supplemented a high fat diet of LDLr−/− mice with regular oats or false‐malted oats for 16 wks. Avns’ concentration as measured by LC/MS‐MS in the regular oat diet was 10 ppm; in the false‐malted oat diet, it was 451 ppm. Food intake was not different between the groups, but high fat‐fed mice gained body weight significantly (p<0.05). Both oat‐based diets (malted or false‐malted) significantly (p<0.05) reduced high fat diet‐induced atheroma lesions in the aortic tricuspid valve, but there was no difference in the extent of lesions between these two groups. However, LDLr−/− mice fed a high fat diet containing false‐malted oats with high levels of Avns had significantly (p<0.05) lower numbers of lesions in the descending aorta than mice fed a low fat diet, a high fat diet, or a high fat diet supplemented with regular oats. A non‐significant trend toward reduction of expression of VCAM‐1 in the lesions of aortic valves of mice fed high fat diet containing high levels of Avns was observed. Importantly, reduction of blood total cholesterol levels was the same in both oat‐supplemented groups, suggesting that false‐malted oats, with their higher concentrations of Avns, contributed more to the reduction of aortic lesions. These preliminary in vivo data suggest that consuming oats, especially false‐malted oats, may be beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.Support or Funding InformationSupported by USDA‐ARS agreement #58‐1950‐0‐014
Effects of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) Oleocanthal and Oleacein Content on Platelet Reactivity in Healthy Adults
Authors: Agrawal Karan A , Holt Roberta R , Li Xuequi Shirley , Melliou Eleni , Pedersen Theresa Lynn , Wang Selina C , Flynn Dan , Magiatis Prokopios , Newman John W. 
Published: June 2021

Data from limited dietary intervention trials suggest that the cardiovascular health benefit of EVOOs may increase as their phenolic antioxidants content increases. However, while EVOOs contain an array of bioactive compounds, little information exists regarding the physiological effects of specific chemical species. Among the EVOO‐derived phenolics with demonstrated anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects in animal and in vitro models is oleocanthal, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX). The current study compared the impact of acute intake (40 mL) of EVOO on platelet reactivity in healthy adult males (n=9). Three EVOOs were characterized and chosen for equivalency in their total phenolic content and fatty acid profiles, but differing in their oleocanthal to oleacein ratio. In a randomized double‐blind cross‐over study design, subjects consumed EVOOs that provided either a ~2:1 oleocanthal/oleacein (Oleo+) or 2:1 oleacein compared to oleocanthal (Olea+). A third EVOO served as a control, providing minimal amounts of oleocanthal and oleacein but had a similar total phenolic content in the form of free tyrosol (Oleo− Olea−). A positive control for to platelet response was obtained after the intake of 400 mg of ibuprofen on a fourth study visit. Blood samples for optical platelet aggregometry were collected at baseline, and 2 hours post EVOO intake; with samples for oxylipin analysis collected from the activated platelet supernatants. Maximum platelet aggregation (Pmax) was significantly reduced 2 hours after Ibuprofen intake compared to all EVOOs when platelets were activated with either 1 μg/mL or 3 μg/mL of collagen. No significant differences between EVOOs for Pmax were observed with 3 μg/mL of collagen. However, scaling each individuals’ response to their range of responses on the 4 treatments, 1 μg/mL collagen‐induced Pmax was significantly reduced (repeated measures ANOVA, p<0.05) for Oleo+, but not Olea+ compared to Oleo− Olea− 2 hours after intake (7.33 ± 7.9, −12.4 ± 12, and −29.3 ± 11, mean ± SEM percent basal activity, respectively). These changes in Pmax were strongly correlated with the change in the sum of COX and 12‐lipoxygenase (LOX) (r2 = 0.53), although considerable individual variability in both platelet response and COX and LOX product formation was noted. Taken together the data suggests that platelet response after EVOO intake is dependent on the presence of specific phenolics.Support or Funding InformationThis project was supported by funds from the Captain Vassilis Foundation, GAEA Products SA, and USDA Intramural project 2032‐51530‐022‐00D. The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employeer.
Butyrate Modulates Cav‐1 and Its Binding Partner AhR, Leading to Differential Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 Gene Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Hoffman Jessie B. , Petriello Michael C , Hennig Bernhard 
Published: June 2021

Dietary fiber and associated metabolites such as butyrate may protect against vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. The vascular endothelium plays an important role in the overall inflammatory response and early pathology of atherosclerosis. Membrane microdomains called caveolae and their functional proteins, e.g., caveolin‐1 (Cav‐1), are involved in the regulation of many inflammatory pathways, particularly in endothelial cells. Caveolae sequester multiple proteins at the lipid membrane that promote a microenvironment for efficient inflammatory responses. Emerging data now implicate an interactive role between caveolae, xenobiotic detoxification, and oxidative stress. Past literature has shown that downregulation of Cav‐1 can prevent the toxicity of environmental pollutants. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates the expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes or cytochrome P450s, such as Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1, which have been linked to vascular inflammation. We hypothesize that fiber‐derived butyrate is protective by modulating caveolae‐linked regulatory genes, including AhR and subsequent Cyp1a1 expression. Primary endothelial cells were treated with increasing concentrations of butyrate for up to 8 hours and subsequently examined for expression of AhR, Cav‐1, Cyp1a1, Cyp1b1 and antioxidant enzymes. Our preliminary data show that 4 h treatment with physiologically relevant concentrations of butyrate significantly decreased Cav‐1 and AhR mRNA levels. Also, the AhR targets Cyp1A1 and Cyp1B1 were drastically reduced. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that up‐regulation of Cav‐1, AhR and relevant CYP enzymes by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) induces inflammation, which can be blocked by silencing Cav‐1. Thus, our data suggest that dietary fiber‐derived metabolites or diets enriched in fiber have the potential to protect against environmental insults and associated inflammatory events.Support or Funding InformationSupported by grants from NIEHS, NIH (P42ES007380), and US Department of Agriculture, UK AES; Graduate stipend provided by by NIH Training Grant T32 DK007778.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Flavanol‐enriched Cocoa Powder Altered the Immune Response to Infection with the Parasitic Nematode Ascaris suum in a Pig Model
Authors: Jang Saebyeol , Lakshman Sukla , Molokin Aleksey , Urban Joseph F. , Davis Cindy D , Solano‐Aguilar Gloria 
Published: June 2021

Immunomodulatory effects of the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) and prebiotic effects of flavanol‐enriched cocoa have been previously reported. This study evaluated if feeding LGG and flavanol‐enriched cocoa powder to pigs would modulate the host response against a prototypical type 2 allergic immune response induced by infection with Ascaris suum. Three month old male pigs (n=8/diet) were fed diets containing 1 x 1010 cfu LGG/day or placebo (maltodextrin) and 0 or 26 grams of flavanol‐enriched cocoa powder (Acticoa, Barry‐Callebaut, Belgium)/day for 7 weeks in a 2 x2 design. Seventeen days before euthanasia, all pigs were inoculated with infective Ascaris suum eggs to mimic type 2 allergic immune response. LGG abundance in feces and intestinal contents, expression of immunomodulatory genes in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLNs), alveolar macrophages (AM), and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were determined by RT‐PCR. When compared to placebo‐treated pigs, the abundance of LGG was increased in the intestinal contents and feces of pigs fed LGG. Consumption of cocoa powder together with LGG did not affect LGG abundance. Ascaris suum induced interleukin‐13, eosinophil peroxidase, and chemokine ligand 26 gene expression levels were reduced in TBLNs of pigs fed LGG regardless of cocoa consumption. LGG consumption induced an increase in toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐9 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α gene expression in AM of infected pigs. In contrast, TLR2 gene expression in AM was only increased in response to feeding cocoa powder. After 24 hr ex vivo stimulation with LPS, AM from LGG and cocoa powder fed pigs had increased TNFα gene expression compared with other treatment groups suggesting a synergistic effect in response to the infection. Moreover, LGG fed pigs exhibited a significant increase of TLR2 and TLR4 in MLNs compared to placebo‐treated pigs. Overall, this study demonstrated that feeding LGG reduced Ascaris suum‐induced eosinophil activity in TBLNs and increased gene expression of TLRs and pro‐inflammatory TNF‐α, while consumption of cocoa powder alone modulated TLR2 expression in AM. The combination of feeding LGG and cocoa powder synergistically stimulated TNFα gene expression in LPS‐stimulated AM.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by USDA Project Number 8040‐51530‐056‐00 and Inter agency agreement 8040‐51530‐056‐13 with ODS at NIH
Changes in the Phytochemicals Composition during Bread and Pancake Preparations from Whole and Refined Wheat Flours
Authors: Luthria Devanand L , Lu Yingjian , Fuerst E. Patrick , Morris Craig F. 
Published: June 2021

In this study, we investigated the changes in the level of phytochemicals during bread and pancake preparations from refined and whole‐wheat flours of two wheat varieties. Phytochemicals were extracted with ultrasonic (UAE) and microwave (MAE) assisted extractions followed by analyses with spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Comparison of the efficacy of two methods for hydrolysis and extraction of phenolic acids showed that yield of total phenolic acids (TPA) was ~10–25% higher among all varieties using UAE as compared to MAE. Most (> 90%) of the phenolic acids in all wheat flour samples existed in insoluble bound form. Ferulic acid, lutein and α‐tocopherol were the predominant phenolic acid, carotenoid, and tocopherol, respectively, extracted from all fractions. The quantities of phenolic acids, carotenoids, and tocopherols were significantly higher in all fractions made from whole wheat flour than their corresponding refined wheat flour fractions. Ferulic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid, accounting for a mean of 85% and 90% of TPA among all RF (refined flour) and WW (whole wheat) samples, respectively. The concentration of TPA did not significantly changed during pancake and bread preparation. However, concentration of tocopherols and carotenoids was reduced. Thus the processing of wheat samples has varying effects on the concentration of phytochemicals in raw and finished products. This project was partially supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Grant no. 2009‐02347 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.Support or Funding InformationThis project was partially supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Grant no. 2009‐02347 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.