bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boron Lewis Pair Mediated C–H Activation and Borylation
Authors: Fontaine Frédéric-Georges , Desrosiers Vincent 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the few past years, the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) has enabled a plethora of transformations that would otherwise only be possible using transition metal catalysts. Of particular interest are C–H bond activation and borylation reactions, which are the subject of this review. The FLP borylation chemistry is compared with the early borylation methodologies using strongly electrophilic borenium ions. We present the mechanism of the C–H borylation using inter- and intramolecular Lewis pairs, along with some applications of these transformations.1	Introduction2	Electrophilic Borylation3	Intramolecular or Directed Electrophilic Borylation4	Intermolecular FLP-Mediated C–H Borylation5	Stoichiometric Borylation by Intramolecular FLPs5.1	Csp–H Borylation5.2	Csp2–H Borylation5.3	Csp3–H Borylation6	Catalytic Borylation by Intramolecular FLPs7	Catalytic Borylation by Self-Assembled FLPs8	Conclusion
Titanium and Cobalt Bimetallic Radical Redox Relay for the Isomerization of N-Bz Aziridines to Allylic Amides
Authors: Lin Song , Wood Devin P. , Guan Weiyang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHerein a bimetallic radical redox-relay strategy is employed to generate alkyl radicals under mild conditions with titanium(III) catalysis and terminated via hydrogen atom transfer with cobalt(II) catalysis to enact base-free isomerizations of N-Bz aziridines to N-Bz allylic amides. This reaction provides an alternative strategy for the synthesis of allylic amides from alkenes via a three-step sequence to accomplish a formal transpositional allylic amination.
Minimal Invasive Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Hiatus Hernia—Our Experience: A Case Series with Review of Literature
Authors: Harvitkar Rafique Umer , Joshi Abhijit 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroduction Laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) has almost completely replaced the open procedure performed for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatus hernia (HH). Several studies have suggested that long-term results with surgery for GERD are better than a medical line of management. In this retrospective study, we outline our experience with LF over 10 years. Also, we analyze the factors that would help us in better patient selection, thereby positively affecting the outcomes of surgery.Patients and Methods In this retrospective study, we identified 27 patients (14 females and 13 males) operated upon by a single surgeon from 2010 to 2020 at our institution. Out of these, 25 patients (12 females and 13 males) had GERD with type I HH and 2 (both females) had type II HH without GERD. The age range was 24 to 75 years. All patients had undergone oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD scopy). A total of 25 patients had various degrees of esophagitis. Two patients had no esophagitis. These patients were analyzed for age, sex, symptoms, preoperative evaluation, exact procedure performed (Nissen’s vs. Toupet’s vs. cruroplasty + gastropexy), morbidity/mortality, and functional outcomes. They were also reviewed to examine the length of stay, length of procedure, complications, and recurrent symptoms on follow-up. Symptoms were assessed objectively with a score for six classical GERD symptoms preoperatively and on follow-up at 1-, 4- and 6-weeks postsurgery. Further evaluation was performed after 6 months and then annually for 2 years.Results 14 females (53%) and 13 males (48%) with a diagnosis of GERD (with type I HH) and type II HH were operated upon. The mean age was 46 years (24–75 years) and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 (18–32). The range of duration of the preoperative symptoms was 6 months to 2 years. The average operating time dropped from 130 minutes for the first 12 cases to 90 minutes for the last 15 cases. The mean hospital stay was 3 days (range: 2–4 days). In the immediate postoperative period, 72% (n = 18) of the patients reported improvement in the GERD symptoms, while 2 (8%) patients described heartburn (grade I, mild, daily) and 1 (4%) patient described bloating (grade I, daily). A total of 5 patients (20%) reported mild dysphagia to solids in the first 2 postoperative weeks. These symptoms settled down after 2 to 5 weeks of postoperative proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and by adjusting consistency of oral feeds. There was no conversion to open, and we observed no perioperative mortality. There were no patients who underwent redo surgeries in the series.Conclusion LF is a safe and highly effective procedure for a patient with symptoms of GERD, and it gives long-term relief from the symptoms. Stringent selection criteria are necessary to optimize the results of surgery. Experience is associated with a significant reduction of operating time.
Artificial Intelligence in Hepatology: A Narrative Review
Authors: Vaz Karl , Goodwin Thomas , Kemp William , Roberts Stuart , Majeed Ammar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere has been a tremendous growth in data collection in hepatology over the last decade. This wealth of “big data” lends itself to the application of artificial intelligence in the development of predictive and diagnostic models with potentially greater accuracy than standard biostatistics. As processing power of computing systems has improved and data are made more accessible through the large databases and electronic health record, these more contemporary techniques for analyzing and interpreting data have garnered much interest in the field of medicine. This review highlights the current evidence base for the use of artificial intelligence in hepatology, focusing particularly on the areas of diagnosis and prognosis of advanced chronic liver disease and hepatic neoplasia.
Neonatal Gastric Perforation: 14-Year Experience from a Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sakaria Rishika P. , Zaveri Parul G. 
Published: July 2021

Objective Neonatal gastric perforations (NGPs) are rare and account for 7 to 12% of all gastrointestinal perforations in the neonatal period. The etiology and prognostic factors associated with NGP remain unclear. The aim of this study is to review the cases of NGP in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in the past 14 years and describe the risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcomes associated with it.
Study Design A retrospective chart review of neonates with gastric perforation admitted to the NICU between June 2006 and December 2020 was performed. Data regarding their antenatal and neonatal characteristics, laboratory and radiological results, intra-operative findings, hospital course, and outcomes were recorded.
Results We identified 350 patients with gastrointestinal perforation at our center during the study period of which 14 (4%; nine males and five females) patients were diagnosed with NGP during surgery. A total of 71% neonates were born preterm (range: 24–39 weeks, median: 34 weeks). Two neonates (14%) were SGA. Only one neonate received cardiopulmonary resuscitation at birth. In all neonates, except two, perforation occurred within the first 10 days of life (median: 4 days, range: 1–22 days). In total, 79% infants received feeds prior to perforation. Ten neonates had a feeding tube, and one neonate had a gastrostomy tube placed prior to perforation. Abdominal distension and pneumoperitoneum were present in all neonates. Majority of the babies had metabolic acidosis (64%) and elevated C-reactive protein (79%). Most (86%) neonates received surgical intervention within 12 hours. Overall survival in our study was 93%.
Conclusion NGP is a rare entity seen mostly in preterm infants within the first 10 days of life. Clinical presentation is similar to perforation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and definite diagnosis requires exploratory laparotomy. With prompt recognition and surgical intervention, the overall mortality related to neonatal gastric perforation is low.
Key Points
Effect of Incorporation of Different Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Agent on the Flexural and Impact Strength of Heat-Cured Denture Base Resin
Authors: Sarkar Piyali , Garg Sandeep , Kalra Nidhi Mangtani 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Aim This article evaluates the effect of incorporating different concentrations of silver nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent on the flexural and impact strength of heat-cured denture base resin.
Material and Methods A total of 80 specimens of polymethyl methacrylate resin were fabricated (40 for flexural strength and 40 for impact strength). Specimens were fabricated using stainless steel die of dimension 65 mm × 10 mm × 2.5 mm as per the American Dental Association specification no. 12, and 50 mm × 6 mm × 4 mm as per ISO 1567:1999 for flexural strength and impact strength, respectively, and were divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D) based on the concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%). The specimens were subjected to three-point bending test and Izod impact tester for testing flexural and impact strength, respectively. Data obtained was compiled and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests.
Results Results showed that for both the properties, maximum strength was observed in group A (control) followed by groups B and C, and minimum was observed in group D. A statistically significant difference in flexural strength was found among all the groups, whereas no statistically significant difference in impact strength was found among any of the groups.
Conclusion Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was concluded that though incorporation of silver nanoparticles exhibited no effect on the impact strength of heat cure denture base resin, it decreased the flexural strength, so it should be used cautiously.
Specific electromagnetic radiation in the wireless signal range increases wakefulness in mice
Authors: Liu Lingyu , Deng Hu , Tang Xiaping , Lu Yingxian , Zhou Jiayao , Wang Xiaofei , Zhao Yanyu , Huang Bing , Shi Yigong 
Published: July 2021

Significance
The steady increase of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the environment, particularly the wireless signal, causes serious public concern over its potential negative impact on health. However, it is challenging to examine such impact on human subjects due to associated complex issues. In this study, we establish an experimental system for the investigation of EMR impact on mice. Using this system, we uncovered a causal relationship between 2.4-GHz EMR modulated by 100-Hz square pulses and increased wakefulness in mice. This result identifies sleep alteration as a potential consequence of exposure to excessive wireless signals.
Morphogenesis and cell ordering in confined bacterial biofilms
Authors: Zhang Qiuting , Li Jian , Nijjer Japinder , Lu Haoran , Kothari Mrityunjay , Alert Ricard , Cohen Tal , Yan Jing 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Biofilms are microbial cities in which bacterial cells reside in a polymeric matrix. They are commonly found inside soft confining environments such as food matrices and host tissues, against which bacteria must push to proliferate. Here, by combining single-cell live imaging and mechanical characterization, we show that the confining environment determines the dynamics of biofilm shape and internal structure. The self-organization of biofilm architecture is caused by force transmission between the environment and the biofilm, mediated by the extracellular matrix secreted by the cells. Our findings lead to a better understanding of how bacterial communities develop under mechanical constraints, and potentially to strategies for preventing and controlling biofilm growth in three-dimensional environments.
Expanding the boundaries of Asian linguistics
Authors: Comrie Bernard , Zamponi Raoul 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile the general lines of the areal linguistic typology of Asia are well known, there are some less well understood pockets that promise to throw light on the overall range of variation within the continent. These include the indigenous languages of the Andaman Islands, which have for much of history stood apart from the population and language spreads that have characterized most of Asia. They fall into two families: Great Andamanese – the focus of this article – and Ongan. In some respects Great Andamanese languages go with the bulk of Asia, e.g. verb-final constituent order, but other aspects even of constituent order represent a mixture that matches neither the general Asian head-final type nor the Southeast Asian head-initial type. Some properties of Great Andamanese are typologically unusual, but do find presumably accidental parallels in languages spoken inside Asia, e.g. retroflex consonants, or elsewhere, e.g. body-part prefixes and verb root ellipsis.
The power of procedural policy tools at the local level: Australian local governments contributing to policy change for major projects
Authors: de Vries Sarah 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTAs local governments have limited formal powers and less substantive policy instruments at their disposal, they are a particularly rich area for the study of procedural policy tools. This paper examines the role played by procedural policy tools deployed by local governments in Australia around the policy formation for, and approval of, major projects. This research analyses two Australian case studies: the East West Link tunnel in Melbourne, and the Coal Seam Gas projects of Northern New South Wales. Both are examples of major turnarounds in the public policy position of state governments, due to the persistent opposition of potentially impacted communities and their local governments.This paper investigates what local governments did in these two high-profile cases to facilitate advocacy against the proposed projects. It found a rich mixture of procedural policy tools were deployed; from providing information and expertise and supporting community campaigns, to launching their own campaign, staging regular physical protests and forming an advocacy committee. Critical procedural tools that escalated the campaigns against the projects in Northern NSW included a community poll revealing the extent of community opposition to the industry, while in Melbourne, a joint legal action launched by impacted local governments proved decisive. These actions drew into question the legitimacy of the state government’s position in support of the projects, highlighting the power of procedural tools at this level of government.
Structures of vortices in a superconductor under a tilted magnetic field
Authors: Yokoji Hayato , Kato Masaru 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We study three-dimensional structures of vortices in a type II superconductor under a magnetic field by solving the Ginzburg-Landau equations. First, we show under a perpendicular magnetic field, two vortices are almost parallel but bend toward the center of superconductor due to the Meissner current. Second, we show under a tilted magnetic field, two vortices enter the superconductor from edge to edge and they are parallel to the magnetic field.
Relationship between anion height and superconducting properties for Fe1+x Te0.6 Se0.4 bulk single crystals
Authors: Miyaki K , Miura O , Mizuguchi Y 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We have synthesized Fe1+xTe0.6Se0.4 large bulk single crystals by the melting method with a homogenization heat treatment. The relationship between the crystal structures and the superconducting properties was investigated. Critical temperature Tc
onset reached the highest value of 14 K for the crystal with x = - 0.005. The maximum critical current densities Jc
in the a-b plane at 4.2 K achieved 1.53 and 0.83×105 A/cm2 at 0 T and 5 T for the crystal with x = 0, respectively. The crystal lattice and structural parameters were refined by Rietveld analysis. The anion height was estimated by using the obtained parameters. The anion height dependence of Tc
and Jc
were investigated. The Tc
decreased as the anion height increased, and it showed the same tendency as other Fe-based superconductors. On the other hand Jc
increased initially and then decreased with the increase in the anion height. We believe that it comes from the trade-off between the increase in flux pinning centres of excess Fe sites and the deterioration of superconductivity.
Crossed-Field Demagnetization of a EuBa2Cu3O7 Coated Conductor with BaHfO3 Nanorods
Authors: Suyama M , Pyon S , Iijima Y , Tamegai T 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Superconductors can trap large magnetic fields. However, magnetic fields perpendicular to the trapped field reduces the trapped field effective, which is known as crossed-field demagnetization. Crossed-field demagnetization becomes a problem for the application of stacked magnet. We investigated the crossed-field demagnetization of a EuBa2Cu3O7 coated conductor with BaHfO3 nonorods which has large critical current density. When an AC transverse field is applied after the magnetization of the coated conductor, the decay of trapped field was significantly accelerated. However, for the AC field smaller than the full penetration field parallel to the ab-plane, the decay becomes slow enough. All these results suggests that we can apply the stacked magnet for rotating machines if the alternating transverse magnetic field is reduced below the penetration field.
Shielding Effect on Flux Trapping in Pulsed-Field Magnetizing for Mg-B Bulk Magnet
Authors: Oka T , Yamanaka K , Sudo K , Dadiel L , Ogawa J. , Yokoyama K , Häßler W , Noudem J , Berger K , Sakai N , Miryala M. , Murakami M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
MgB2 superconducting bulk materials are characterized as simple and uniform metallic compounds, and capable of trapping field of non-distorted conical shapes. Although pulsed-field magnetization technique (PFM) is expected to be a cheap and an easy way to activate them, the heat generation due to the magnetic flux motion causes serious degradation of captured fields. The authors precisely estimated the flux trapping property of the bulk samples, found that the flux-shielding effect closely attributed to the sample dimensions. The magnetic field capturing of Ti-5.0wt% sample reached the highest value of 0.76 T. The applied field which reached the centre of the sample surface shifted from 1.0 T to 1.2 T with increasing sample thickness from 3.67 mm to 5.80 mm. This means that the shielding effect was enhanced with increasing the sample thickness. Moreover, Ti-addition affected the frequency of flux jump happenings. The occurrence of flux jumps was suppressed in 5.0wt%Ti-added sample. This means that the heat capacity of the compounds was promoted by Ti addition.
Material manipulation and separation using the horizontal magneto-Archimedes effect
Authors: Ichimura R , Miura O 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We have studied the manipulation and the separation of substances using the horizontal magneto-Archimedes effect. By ingenerating a high magnetic field gradient in the horizontal direction, it is possible to move the target substance to a designated position in the horizontal direction. We attempted to separate several kinds of valuable metals by applying the horizontal magnetic force to the metals falling vertically into a paramagnetic medium. In order to enhance the magnetic force, we set up the ferromagnetic core array in magnetic fields. According to the trajectory analysis for the metal particles and the magnetic separation experiments, we succeeded in dynamically separating the metal mixture dropped to the vertical direction due to the strong horizontal magnetic force in relatively low magnetic fields. It is expected that this method creates a new device for the separation of substances.
A new guideway design for the HTS Maglev vehicles considering curve negotiation
Authors: Sivrioglu Selim , Yildiz Ali Suat , Bedirbeyoğlu Muhammet Islam 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
High-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnetic levitation (maglev) systems have been studied by various research groups regarding both experimental and modelling point of view. However, there exists a trade-off between levitation and guidance forces acting on the vehicle, especially in the case of high-speed curve negotiation. To overcome this trade-off, we proposed a multi-surface permanent magnet guideway (PMG) design, for the small-scale maglev vehicle, in which polarization of the permanent magnets (PM) changing with track segments. The HTS-PM interaction model was constructed by utilizing H-formulation implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics®. The hysteretic levitation and guiding force expressions used in the dynamic simulation have been obtained by a polynomial fit to force-displacement curves obtained by the finite element model built in COMSOL Multiphysics® environment. Also, the damping effect derived from free-fall dynamic tests is incorporated into the model to construct a more realistic simulation model. The effectiveness of the proposed track design has been validated through comparisons with Halbach-derived PMG. Finally, it can be thought that the proposed PMG design is a good candidate for the high-speed operation of a maglev system when the increased levitation and guiding stiffness values are considered.
Study on Local Sediment Scour and Stress State of Submarine Cables in Offshore Wind Farms
Authors: Zou Dongbo , Hu Jinpeng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The laying of submarine cables will destroy the local seabed topography, leading to changes in the submarine hydrodynamic boundary, which will cause the local unbalanced sediment transport phenomenon when the submarine cable is buried. When the submarine cable begins to be exposed or the topography changes greatly, the scour phenomenon will be more severe. This article starts from the safety and stability of the submarine cable during the operation and maintenance of the 200MW offshore wind farm in Xuwen Wailuo, Guangdong Province, China and refers to the partial scour of the submarine cable in the “Southern Main Grid and Hainan Power Grid Second Interconnection Project” near the site near the Qiongzhou Strait. In this case, the measured ocean hydrological data at the site is used as the input condition, and Fluent is used to establish a refined hydrodynamic model of the submarine cable scour, to simulate the development process of the submarine cable scour of the wind farm under real sea conditions, and to perform the force analysis after the submarine cable is exposed. These will provide a certain scientific basis for ensuring the safe and stable operation of submarine cables during wind farm operation and maintenance.
Research on Navigation Safety of FPSO Towing Operation
Authors: Changjiu Zhao , Wenjun Zhang , Changyuan Chen , Qingtao Zhao , Bai Xiao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to avoid and reduce the impact of water and underwater activities on navigation, maintain navigation order, protect ocean resources, ensure navigation safety, and promote the development of water transportation economy. Through the investigation and analysis of the project and the scientific evaluation method, the navigation safety of the ships involved in the project under the relevant water environment is analyzed and studied. Taking “Petrobras 76” as an example, the safety of towing is evaluated from the aspects of Meteorology, hydrology and local waterway conditions. Combined with the specific implementation scheme of the project, targeted risk assessment research is carried out. Finally, from the perspective of ship navigation safety, the rationality of the project design scheme is comprehensively evaluated, and the relevant safety is proposed Countermeasures, measures and suggestions for navigation.