bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation and numerical simulation of a weak waterspout at Hong Kong International Airport
Authors: Hon K. K. , Tse S. M. , Chan P. W. , Li Q. S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA weak waterspout was observed at the Hong Kong International Airport on the morning of June 8, 2020. This paper documents the meteorological observations of this weak system, which was well captured by surface wind sensors and a Doppler weather radar, and this study also investigated the capability of a high‐resolution numerical weather prediction model to simulate the system in a near real‐time configuration. Despite the short‐lived nature of the vortex, the model effectively reproduced the occurrence of a weak vortex around the time the system was observed, although with positional errors of the order of a few kilometres. The simulated vertical cross‐sections of the reflectivity and Doppler velocity were consistent with the actual radar observations and reflected the slanting nature of the micro‐vortex. These results may serve as a useful reference for the study of weak waterspouts worldwide.
Gain‐of‐function mutation Met136Val in SCN8A may not be a common cause of trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Sekula Raymond F. , Deeley Kathleen , Denwood Hayley , Vieira Alexandre R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Met136Val mutation in SCN8A was described in a case of trigeminal neuralgia but no frequency among affected individuals was provided.MethodsDirect sequencing of 123 individuals diagnosed with classic trigeminal neuralgia was performed aimed to detect the Met136Val change.ResultsNo cases of classical trigeminal neuralgia studied had the Met136Val mutation in SCN8A.ConclusionMet136Val mutation in SCN8A is not a frequent cause of classical trigeminal neuralgia.
3D‐printed, patient‐specific intracranial aneurysm models: From clinical data to flow experiments with endovascular devices
Authors: Pravdivtseva Mariya S. , Peschke Eva , Lindner Thomas , Wodarg Fritz , Hensler Johannes , Gabbert Dominik , Voges Inga , Berg Philipp , Barker Alex J. , Jansen Olav , Hövener Jan‐Bernd 
Published: January 2021

PurposeFlow models of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) can be used to test new and existing endovascular treatments with flow modulation devices (FMDs). Additionally, 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the ability to measure hemodynamics. This way, the effect of FMDs can be determined noninvasively and compared to patient data. Here, we describe a cost‐effective method for producing flow models to test the efficiency of FMDs with 4D flow MRI.MethodsThe models were based on human radiological data (internal carotid and basilar arteries) and printed in 3D with stereolithography. The models were printed with three different printing layers (25, 50, and 100 µm thickness). To evaluate the models in vitro, 3D rotational angiography, time‐of‐flight MRI, and 4D flow MRI were employed. The flow and geometry of one model were compared with in vivo data. Two FMDs (FMD1 and FMD2) were deployed into two different IA models, and the effect on the flow was estimated by 4D flow MRI.ResultsModels printed with different layer thicknesses exhibited similar flow and little geometric variation. The mean spatial difference between the vessel geometry measured in vivo and in vitro was 0.7 ± 1.1 mm. The main flow features, such as vortices in the IAs, were reproduced. The velocities in the aneurysms were similar in vivo and in vitro (mean velocity magnitude: 5.4 ± 7.6 and 7.7 ± 8.6 cm/s, maximum velocity magnitude: 72.5 and 55.1 cm/s). By deploying FMDs, the mean velocity was reduced in the IAs (from 8.3 ± 10 to 4.3 ± 9.32 cm/s for FMD1 and 9.9 ± 12.1 to 2.1 ± 5.6 cm/s for FMD2).ConclusionsThe presented method allows to produce neurovascular models in approx. 15 to 30 h. The resulting models were found to be geometrically accurate, reproducing the main flow patterns, and suitable for implanting FMDs as well as 4D flow MRI.
Semiempirical, parameterized spectrum estimation for x‐ray computed tomography
Authors: FitzGerald Paul , Araujo Stephen , Wu Mingye , De Man Bruno 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo develop a tool to produce accurate, well‐validated x‐ray spectra for standalone use or for use in an open‐access x‐ray/CT simulation tool. Spectrum models will be developed for tube voltages in the range of 80 kVp through 140 kVp and for anode takeoff angles in the range of 5° to 9°.MethodsSpectra were initialized based on physics models, then refined using empirical measurements, as follows. A new spectrum‐parameterization method was developed, including 13 spline knots to represent the bremsstrahlung component and 4 values to represent characteristic lines. Initial spectra at 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp and at takeoff angles from 5° to 9° were produced using physics‐based spectrum estimation tools XSPECT and SpekPy. Empirical experiments were systematically designed with careful selection of attenuator materials and thicknesses, and by reducing measurement contamination from scatter to <1%. Measurements were made on a 64‐row CT scanner using the scanner’s detector and using multiple layers of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), aluminum, titanium, tin, and neodymium. Measurements were made at 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp and covering the entire 64‐row detector (takeoff angles from 5° to 9°); a total of 6,144 unique measurements were made. After accounting for the detector’s energy response, parameterized representations of the initial spectra were refined for best agreement with measurements using two proposed optimization schemes: based on modulation and based on gradient descent. X‐ray transmission errors were computed for measurements vs calculations using the nonoptimized and optimized spectra. Half‐value, tenth‐value, and hundredth‐value layers for PMMA, Al, and Ti were calculated.ResultsSpectra before and after parameterization were in excellent agreement (e.g., R2 values of 0.995 and 0.997). Empirical measurements produced smoothly varying curves with x‐ray transmission covering a range of up to 3.5 orders of magnitude. Spectra from the two optimization schemes, compared with the unoptimized physic‐based spectra, each improved agreement with measurements by twofold through tenfold, for both postlog transmission data and for fractional value layers.ConclusionThe resulting well‐validated spectra are appropriate for use in the open‐access x‐ray/CT simulator under development, the x‐ray‐based Cancer Imaging Toolkit (XCIST), or for standalone use. These spectra can be readily interpolated to produce spectra at arbitrary kVps over the range of 80 to 140 kVp and arbitrary takeoff angles over the range of 5° to 9°. Furthermore, interpolated spectra over these ranges can be obtained by applying the standalone Matlab function available at https://github.com/xcist/documentation/blob/master/XCISTspectrum.m.
Losartan prevents bladder fibrosis and protects renal function in rat with neurogenic paralysis bladder
Authors: He Yu L. , Wen Jian G. , Pu Qing S. , Wen Yi B. , Zhai Rong Q. , Chen Yan , Ma Yuan , Liu Er P. , Xing Dong , Ji Feng P. , Yang Xing H. , Wang Qing W. , Wang Yan , Bauer Stuart B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effect of losartan on preventing bladder fibrosis and protecting renal function in rats with neurogenic paralysis bladder (NPB).Materials and MethodsRats were assigned to the transecting spinal nerves group (TSNG), transecting spinal nerves + losartan group (LSTG), and control group (CG). On Day 32 postsurgery, bladder capacity (BC), bladder compliance (ΔC), bladder leakage pressure (Pves.leak) of TSNG and LSTG while BC, ΔC, and bladder threshold pressure (Pves.thre) of CG were measured by cystometry in each cohort. Renal function and the expression quantity of Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang II) in blood were detected, in addition Ang II, Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1), transformation growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), Collagen Ⅲ, and collagen fibrin in the bladder tissue were detected too.ResultsΔC in TSNG and LSTG decreased significantly compared to the CG. Pves.leakin TSNG and LSTG were significantly higher than Pves.threin CG. Renal function of both TSNG and LSTG decreased significantly compared with the CG, but renal function in LSTG was better than in TSNG. Ang Ⅱ in blood and bladder tissue in TSNG and LSTG increased significantly compared with CG. AT1 was expressed in the bladder tissue of all rats. The TGFβ1, Collagen Ⅲ, and collagen fibrin expression level increased significantly in TSNG compared with LSTG and CG, while these levels were not significantly different between CG and LSTG.ConclusionLosartan might prevent NPB fibrosis by stopping the upregulated signaling of Ang II/AT1/TGFβ1 and consequently may reduce kidney damage from occurring.
A stochastic biomass blending problem in decentralized supply chains
Authors: Ekşioğlu Sandra D. , Gulcan Berkay , Roni Mohammad , Mason Scott 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBlending biomass materials of different physical or chemical properties provides an opportunity to adjust the quality of the feedstock to meet the specifications of the conversion platform. We propose a model which identifies the right mix of biomass to optimize the performance of the thermochemical conversion process at the minimum cost. This is a chance‐constraint programming (CCP) model which takes into account the stochastic nature of biomass quality. The proposed CCP model ensures that process requirements, which are impacted by physical and chemical properties of biomass, are met most of the time. We consider two problem settings, a centralized and a decentralized supply chain. We propose a mixed‐integer linear program to model the blending problem in the centralized setting and a bilevel program to model the blending problem in the decentralized setting. We use the sample average approximation method to approximate the chance constraints, and propose solution algorithms to solve this approximation. We develop a case study for South Carolina using data provided by the Billion Ton Study. Based on our results, the blends identified consist mainly of pine and softwood residues. The blends identified and the suppliers selected by both models are different. The cost of the centralized supply chain is 2%–6% lower. The implications of these results are twofold. First, these results could lead to improved collaborations in the supply chain. Second, these results provide an estimate of the approximation error from assuming centralized decision making in the supply chain.
The History of Human Subjects Research and Rationale for Institutional Review Board Oversight
Authors: Spellecy Ryan , Busse Kristin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe history of human subjects research and the abuses that led to the creation of the United States’ (US) regulatory schema for research, which includes institutional review boards (IRBs), is long and complex. However, when one understands the history, one can see direct links between those abuses and the regulations, as well as the ethical principles, contained in the Belmont Report. To that end, we provide a brief analysis of the history of human subjects research and its abuses, including a lesser known case (the atrocities committed by Nazi scientists and physicians during World War II) and infamous cases in the US (including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Willowbrook). With that history in hand, we will then seek to understand the regulations that govern human subjects research and the IRB by grounding them both in the ethical principles in the Belmont Report.
How the Missionary got hisMana: Charles Elliot Fox and the Power of Name‐Exchange in Solomon Islands
Authors: Scott Michael W. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTCharles Elliot Fox (1878–1977) was one of the Anglican Melanesian Mission's most emblematic figures, extending its reputation for scholarship and respect for Pacific traditions. Uniquely among the Mission's European figures, however, Fox is also credited with exceptional powers (mana). Based on archival research and ethnographic fieldwork among the Arosi (Makira, Solomon Islands), I argue that Fox's name‐exchanges with Makirans have contributed in unrecognized ways to his reputation formana. In so doing, I show how, in contrast with name‐exchange in Polynesia, Arosi name‐exchange implies the internalization of a gap between ontological categories that renders name‐exchange partners two persons in one body, endowed with access to one another's being and ways. Fox's writings indicate that he understood this aspect of Arosi name‐exchange as a prefiguration of the Christian doctrine of the incarnation. This understanding, in turn, shaped his mission method and motivated his otherwise puzzling claims that he was a Melanesian.
Burke's “sensitive” sublime rooted in brain and body versus Kant's transcendental concept in the German Romantic discourse
Authors: Gambino Renata , Pulvirenti Grazia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuring the 18th century, debates about what constituted the sublime flourished in Europe, and particularly in Germany. These debates were nourished by two different visions: The Kantian concept supposed that the sublime is supra‐sensible and rooted in reason (Logos) rather than in the object, thus provoking a mental state of tension between nature and art; Edmund Burke's concept, on the other hand, conceived of the sublime as a bodily immersive experience, which we here define as “sensitive” sublime. In summary, Burke's view of the sublime is rooted in the senses and not in the power of reason, unlike Kant's. This was to disrupt the mainstream ideas of that time, unconsciously anticipating some of the recent neuroaesthetic acquisitions regarding the central role played by the sensory apparatus in the experience of beauty and of the sublime.
A review of electrically conductive poly(ether ether ketone) materials
Authors: Mokhtari Mozaffar , Archer Edward , Bloomfield Noel , Harkin‐Jones Eileen , McIlhagger Alistair 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPoly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is a high‐performance thermoplastic with a distinctive combination of corrosion resistance, thermo‐oxidative stability and outstanding physical and mechanical properties at high temperatures. A pertinent step forward in the development of this thermoplastic has been the inclusion of electrically conductive fillers to expand its functionality. In this review an overview of the research on electrically conductive PEEK composites is provided. Conductive filler type, fabrication methods, characterization details and different properties are described. Carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets and other organic and inorganic conductive fillers such as expanded graphite and nickel have been incorporated into PEEK by techniques such as extrusion, injection moulding and cold and hot compression moulding and in some cases with pre‐processing steps including mechanochemical modifications in organic solvents. The influences of type, loading and compatibilization of fillers and processing conditions on the mechanical and electrical conductivity properties of the composites are analysed and compared. The incorporated fillers have been able to enhance the electrical conductivity of the PEEK composites to either the semiconducting or conductive regions. PEEK composites containing carbon nanotubes compatibilized by polysulfones and poly(ether imide) achieved electrical conductivity values in the semiconducting region at the lowest electrical percolation threshold of 0.1 wt%. Additionally, the inclusion of 10 wt% expanded graphite and 10 vol% inorganic macroparticles of nickel noticeably improved the electrical conductivity of PEEK into the conductive region. © 2021 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
An item analysis of gender differences on the SRSS‐IE in middle school
Authors: Moulton Sara E. , Young Ellie L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study examined gender differences in the psychometric properties of the Student Risk Screening Scale for Internalizing and Externalizing behaviors (SRSS‐IE) using item response theory methods among a sample of 2,122 middle school students. The SRSS‐IE is a screening instrument used to identify students who are potentially at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Differential item functioning and differential step functioning methods were used to examine differences in item and response option functioning according to student gender variables. Additionally, test information functions (TIFs) were used to indicate if current recommendations for moderate EBD risk and high EBD risk cut scores differ by gender. Results of this study indicated two items on the SRSS‐IE systematically favored males over females, and one item systematically favored females over males. Additionally, examination of TIFs demonstrated differing degrees of measurement precision at various levels of theta for males and females on both the externalizing and internalizing constructs. Implications of these results are discussed relative to the SRSS‐IE items, cut scores, and scale scoring procedures.
Aromatic nucleophilic substitution (snar) reactions of halo‐substituted dinitrobenzene in liposome reaction media: Effect of reaction medium and role of halogen leaving group
Authors: Dutta Jyoti , Tiwari Shraeddha 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSNAr reactions constitute an important pathway for the synthesis of many crucial organic derivatives from polyhaloaromatic compounds. The sluggish nature of the reaction in many cases makes it a challenging pathway and limits its potential applications. In the present report, liposomes have been used as model membrane systems to study nucleophilic substitution reactions of halo‐substituted dinitrobenzene with morpholine. The results show an interesting dependence of the reactivity on the size and composition of liposomes. The extent of rate acceleration in liposomes is strongly dependent on the identity of the halogen which undergoes the substitution—for example, chloro‐substituted aromatic compounds show the most sensitivity to the presence of lipsomal reaction media. The observed behavior correlates with the reported reactivity of halobenzenes while revealing interesting details which may be critical in harnessing the reactivity of less reactive substrates. The results explore the viability of employing liposomes as promising alternatives for synthetic protocols.
Printed Dielectrophoretic Electrode‐Based Continuous Flow Microfluidic Systems for Particles 3D‐Trapping
Authors: Challier Lylian , Lemarchand Justin , Deanno Catherine , Jauzein Cecile , Mattana Giorgio , Mériguet Guillaume , Rotenberg Benjamin , Noël Vincent 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInkjet‐printing is used to fabricate dielectrophoretic electrodes able to trap polystyrene (PS) microparticles as well as model planktonic cells. The possibility of rapid prototyping offered by inkjet‐printing allows the rational design of microchannels with tailored electric field distributions experienced by the suspended particles, which in turn provides a handle to drive them towards target regions. Specifically, this goal is achieved using two facing substrates constituting the bottom and the top walls of the channel, with a pair of interdigitated electrodes previously patterned by inkjet‐printing on each side. Influence of electrode polarization (magnitude and frequency of the input signal) is investigated both theoretically, by modeling the electric field distribution inside the channel, and experimentally using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The printed device is able to sort circulating PS particles as a function of their size, with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 5 µm, as well as to separate planktonic species according to their composition (Alexandrium minutum versus Prorocentrum micans). This work paves the way for the development of large‐area, microstructured dielectrophoretic electrodes able to separate the constituents of samples at flow rates up to 150 µL mn−1.
Drug‐drug interactions with candidate medications used for COVID‐19 treatment: An overview
Authors: Rezaee Haleh , Pourkarim Fariba , Pourtaghi‐Anvarian Samira , Entezari‐Maleki Taher , Asvadi‐Kermani Touraj , Nouri‐Vaskeh Masoud 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDrug‐drug interaction (DDI) is a common clinical problem that has occurred as a result of the concomitant use of multiple drugs. DDI may occur in patients under treatment with medications used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19; i.e., chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, tocilizumab, and remdesivir) and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions such as QT‐prolongation, retinopathy, increased risk of infection, and hepatotoxicity. This review focuses on summarizing DDIs for candidate medications used for COVID‐19 in order to minimize the adverse reactions.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and the risk of aortic dissection—A pharmacovigilance analysis
Authors: Dörks Michael , Jobski Kathrin , Herget‐Rosenthal Stefan , Hoffmann Falk , Douros Antonios 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThere are concerns by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding a potential link between tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF‐TKIs) and the risk of aortic dissection. Elevation of blood pressure induced by VEGF‐TKIs has been discussed as part of the pathomechanism. To address this important safety issue, we conducted a large pharmacovigilance study assessing the risk of aortic dissection reporting associated with the use of VEGF‐TKIs, thereby exploring the role of blood pressure. We queried the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System from 2004 to 2019 for reports including VEGF‐TKIs and aortic dissection and estimated reporting odds ratios (RORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of aortic dissection associated with the use of VEGF‐TKIs. Secondary analyses stratified by the strength of blood pressure elevation (≥10 mmHg vs. <10 mmHg increased systolic or diastolic bloods pressure) and pre‐existing arterial hypertension. There were 81 reports of aortic dissection related to VEGF‐TKIs during the study period. VEGF‐TKIs were associated with an increased risk of aortic dissection reporting (ROR, 4.31; 95% CI, 3.43 to 5.42). The risk was higher among compounds strongly increasing blood pressure (ROR, 5.33; 95% CI, 3.88 to 7.32) than among compounds moderately increasing blood pressure (ROR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.83 to 4.27). Pre‐existing arterial hypertension did not modify the association. Overall, our study showed an increased risk of aortic dissection reporting associated with the use of VEGF‐TKIs. Blood pressure elevation seems to play a role in the pathophysiology of this adverse effect.