bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous 2.25/8.60 GHz observations of the newly discovered magnetar –Swift J1818.0–1607
Authors: Huang Zhi-Peng , Yan Zhen , Shen Zhi-Qiang , Tong Hao , Lin Lin , Yuan Jian-Ping , Liu Jie , Zhao Ru-Shuang , Ge Ming-Yu , Wang Rui 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSwift J1818.0–1607 discovered in early 2020 is not only the fifth magnetar known with periodic radio pulsations but also the fastest rotating one. Simultaneous 2.25/8.60 GHz observations of Swift J1818.0–1607 were carried out with Shanghai Tian Ma Radio Telescope (TMRT) from MJD 58936 to 59092. The spin-frequency ν and first-order derivative $\dot{\nu }$ of this magnetar were obtained with piecewise fitting method because of its instable timing properties. We found that the amplitude of short-term $\dot{\nu }$ fluctuations decreased with time, and the long-term declining trend of ν discovered previously continued in our observations. The best fit long-term $\dot{\nu }$ were about $-2.25\times 10^{-11} \, \mathrm{s}^{-2}$ using our observation data spanning 156 d. The derived characteristic age was about 522 yr, supporting the recent viewpoint that this magnetar may be older than initially thought shortly after its discovery. The flux density of this magnetar was increased at both 2.25 and 8.60 GHz during our observations, and its radio spectrum became flatter at the same time. We also detected bright-quiet type emission mode switching in Swift J1818.0–1607.
Enormous explosion energy of Type IIP SN 2017gmr with bipolar 56Ni ejecta
Authors: Utrobin Victor P , Chugai Nikolai N , Andrews Jennifer E , Smith Nathan , Jencson Jacob , Howell D Andrew , Burke Jamison , Hiramatsu Daichi , McCully Curtis , Bostroem K Azalee 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The unusual Type IIP SN 2017gmr is revisited in order to pinpoint the origin of its anomalous features, including the peculiar light curve after about 100 d. The hydrodynamic modelling suggests the enormous explosion energy of ≈1052 erg. We find that the light curve with the prolonged plateau/tail transition can be reproduced either in the model with a high hydrogen abundance in the inner ejecta and a large amount of radioactive 56Ni, or in the model with an additional central energy source associated with the fallback/magnetar interaction in the propeller regime. The asymmetry of the late H α emission and the reported linear polarization are reproduced by the model of the bipolar 56Ni ejecta. The similar bipolar structure of the oxygen distribution is responsible for the two-horn structure of the [O i] 6360, 6364 Å emission. The bipolar 56Ni structure along with the high explosion energy are indicative of the magneto-rotational explosion. We identify narrow high-velocity absorption features in H α and He i10 830 Å lines with their origin in the fragmented cold dense shell formed due to the outer ejecta deceleration in a confined circumstellar shell.
Probing modified gravity theories with multiple measurements of high-redshift quasars
Authors: Lian Yujie , Cao Shuo , Biesiada Marek , Chen Yun , Zhang Yilong , Guo Wuzheng 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we quantify the ability of multiple measurements of high-redshift quasars to constrain several theories of modified gravity, including the Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati braneworld scenario, generalized Chaplygin gas, f(T) modified gravity, and modified polytropic Cardassian model. Recently released sample of 1598 quasars with X-ray and ultraviolet flux measurements in the redshift range of 0.036 ≤ z ≤ 5.1003, as well as a compilation of 120 intermediate-luminosity radio quasars covering the redshift of 0.46 &lt; z &lt; 2.76 are respectively used as standard probes at higher redshifts. For all considered modified gravity theories, our results show that there is still some possibility that the standard Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) scenario might not be the best cosmological model preferred by the current quasar observations. In order to improve cosmological constraints, the quasar data are also combined with the latest observations of baryon acoustic oscillations, which strongly complement the constraints. Finally, we discuss the support given by the data to modified gravity theories, applying different information theoretic techniques like the Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and Jensen–Shannon divergence.
Sequence-dependent inhibition of cGAS and TLR9 DNA sensing by 2′-O-methyl gapmer oligonucleotides
Authors: Valentin Roxane , Wong Christophe , Alharbi Arwaf S , Pradeloux Solène , Morros Makala P , Lennox Kim A , Ellyard Julia I , Garcin Aurélie J , Ullah Tomalika R , Kusuma Gina D , Pépin Geneviève , Li Hong-Mei , Pearson Jaclyn S , Ferrand Jonathan , Lim Rebecca , Veedu Rakesh N , Morand Eric F , Vinuesa Carola G , Behlke Mark A , Gantier Michael P 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOligonucleotide-based therapeutics have the capacity to engage with nucleic acid immune sensors to activate or block their response, but a detailed understanding of these immunomodulatory effects is currently lacking. We recently showed that 2′-O-methyl (2′OMe) gapmer antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) exhibited sequence-dependent inhibition of sensing by the RNA sensor Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 7. Here we discovered that 2′OMe ASOs can also display sequence-dependent inhibitory effects on two major sensors of DNA, namely cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and TLR9. Through a screen of 80 2′OMe ASOs and sequence mutants, we characterized key features within the 20-mer ASOs regulating cGAS and TLR9 inhibition, and identified a highly potent cGAS inhibitor. Importantly, we show that the features of ASOs inhibiting TLR9 differ from those inhibiting cGAS, with only a few sequences inhibiting both pathways. Together with our previous studies, our work reveals a complex pattern of immunomodulation where 95% of the ASOs tested inhibited at least one of TLR7, TLR9 or cGAS by ≥30%, which may confound interpretation of their in vivo functions. Our studies constitute the broadest analysis of the immunomodulatory effect of 2′OMe ASOs on nucleic acid sensing to date and will support refinement of their therapeutic development.
Cigarette Smoking and the Role of Menthol in Tobacco Use Inequalities for Sexual Minorities
Authors: Ganz Ollie , Delnevo Cristine D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Cigarette smoking is disproportionately common among sexual minorities. While menthol market share has increased in the past decade, research on menthol cigarette smoking among sexual minorities is scant. For this study, we examined menthol cigarette smoking in the United States, by sex and sexual identity using a nationally representative sample of adults.

Aims and Methods
We pooled data from the 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We used chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression models to examine (1) past 30-day cigarette use, (2) past 30-day menthol use, and (3) menthol preference among adults who have smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days for the following groups: heterosexual/straight males, heterosexual/straight females, gay males, gay/lesbian females, bisexual males, and bisexual females. Data were analyzed in September 2020.

Results
Bivariate analyses revealed that prevalence of cigarette smoking and menthol cigarette smoking were higher among sexual minorities compared with heterosexual respondents, and that preference for menthol was highest among lesbian/gay and bisexual females who smoke. Multivariable models showed that compared with heterosexual females who smoke, odds of menthol preference were lower among heterosexual/straight and bisexual males who smoke, and higher among bisexual females.

Conclusions
Our study found that menthol preference was disproportionately high among sexual minorities who smoke—bisexual and gay/lesbian females who smoke in particular. Research is needed to understand why menthol use is common among sexual minorities who smoke.

Implications
Using data from a nationally representative study, this study makes a unique contribution to literature by identifying differences in menthol smoking between sexual minority subgroups. Specifically, we found that menthol smoking was highest among sexual minority females (ie, lesbian/gay and bisexual females) compared with other sexual minorities. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to prevent menthol cigarette initiation among sexual minorities, as well as to promote smoking cessation among sexual minorities who smoke menthol cigarettes, with an emphasis on sexual minority females. Future research should examine the impact of a potential menthol ban on these inequalities.
High School Seniors Who Used E-Cigarettes May Have Otherwise Been Cigarette Smokers: Evidence From Monitoring the Future (United States, 2009–2018)
Authors: Sokol Natasha A , Feldman Justin M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Studies have indicated that youth who use e-cigarettes are more likely to progress to cigarette smoking; however, the likelihood that these youth would have used tobacco products in the pre-vaping era is unclear.

Aims and Methods
This study sought to determine whether youth who used e-cigarettes in 2014–2018 would have likely been smokers in the period preceding e-cigarette availability. Analyzing Monitoring the Future 12th grade data (United States, 2009–2018), we forecasted the prevalence of current smoking with logistic regression-derived propensity scores. Models predicted smoking for all subsequent years, incorporating sociodemographic, family, alcohol, and school-related variables, and a linear time trend. We compared forecasted to observed smoking prevalence annually, and prevalence of current e-cigarette use among nonsmokers across smoking propensity tertiles.

Results
Until 2014, observed smoking prevalence mirrored forecasted prevalence. Afterward, forecasted rates consistently overestimated prevalence. Among nonsmoking youth, e-cigarette use was lowest among those with lowest predicted probability of cigarette smoking (3.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3, 4.4) and highest among those with highest probability (23.5%; 95% CI: 22.2, 24.9).

Conclusions
Youth e-cigarette use has increased rapidly, with high prevalence among nonsmoking youth. However, the decline in current smoking among 12th graders has accelerated since e-cigarettes have become available. E-cigarette use is largely concentrated among youth who share characteristics with smokers of the pre-vaping era, suggesting e-cigarettes may have replaced cigarette smoking.

Implications
Among nonsmoking youth, vaping is largely concentrated among those who would have likely smoked prior to the introduction of e-cigarettes, and the introduction of e-cigarettes has coincided with an acceleration in the decline in youth smoking rates. E-cigarettes may be an important tool for population-level harm reduction, even considering their impact on youth.
CRISPR/Cas systems versus plant viruses: engineering plant immunity and beyond
Authors: Ali Zahir , Mahfouz Magdy M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Molecular engineering of plant immunity to confer resistance against plant viruses holds great promise for mitigating crop losses and improving plant productivity and yields, thereby enhancing food security. Several approaches have been employed to boost immunity in plants by interfering with the transmission or lifecycles of viruses. In this review, we discuss the successful application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) (CRISPR/Cas) systems to engineer plant immunity, increase plant resistance to viruses, and develop viral diagnostic tools. Furthermore, we examine the use of plant viruses as delivery systems to engineer virus resistance in plants and provide insight into the limitations of current CRISPR/Cas approaches and the potential of newly discovered CRISPR/Cas systems to engineer better immunity and develop better diagnostics tools for plant viruses. Finally, we outline potential solutions to key challenges in the field to enable the practical use of these systems for crop protection and viral diagnostics.
Effects of Physical Therapist Intervention on Pulmonary Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rutka Magdalena , Adamczyk Waclaw M , Linek Paweł 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical therapy on pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods
A search of 10 databases was conducted for this systematic review. Initially, there were no language, study design, or time frame restrictions. All studies assessing the effect of physical therapy on the respiratory system in children with CP were included. Two reviewers independently extracted and documented data. The data extracted included description of the intervention (duration, therapeutic method) and study results (change of spirometric parameters, respiratory muscle strength). The effects of physical therapist treatment were calculated using software.

Results
A total of 269 children aged 5 to 18 years from 10 studies were included. The included studies consisted of 5 different therapeutic methods (inspiratory muscle training [IMT], aerobic training, swimming, respiratory exercise, exercise with elastic bands). Physical therapist intervention led to a significant increase in the maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) (I2 = 0%), peak expiratory flow (I2 = 0%), and maximum oxygen consumption (I2 = 37%). A separate analysis of the most frequently used therapy (IMT) showed a positive effect on MEP (I2 = 0%) and maximal inspiratory pressure (I2 = 35%).

Conclusion
Various forms of physical therapy have potential to demonstrate a positive effect on maximal inspiratory pressure, MEP, and peak expiratory flow in children with CP. There is no possibility to recommend the best method and duration of the physical therapy; however, it can be suggested that physical therapy should be applied for at least 4 weeks and include IMT.

Impact
CP is one of the most common causes of physical disabilities in children, and pulmonary dysfunction is the leading cause of death in people with CP. Thus, it is warranted to seek different approaches that may improve pulmonary function in people with CP. This review has shown that various forms of physical therapy have potential to improve the pulmonary function of children with CP.
RADON AND RADIUM MEASUREMENTS OF ESKIşEHIR SPA WATERS
Authors: Çetinkaya Hakan , Biçer Mustafa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this study, radon and radium concentrations of spa waters around Eskişehir county were measured using E-Perm method. Radon and radium concentrations were determined between 0.75 ± 0.18 and 8.98 ± 0.80 Bq l−1, 3.44 ± 0.34 and 70.63 ± 4.13 mBq l−1, respectively. At the sampling time, indoor and outdoor background gamma radiation, pH, water temperature and conductivity were measured for the each sampling point. The annual effective dose a person is exposed to as a result of water consumption has been calculated for radon and radium. In addition, the dose exposed as a result of the transfer of radon in the water to the air and the inhalation of this air was also calculated.
Spray-Induced Gene Silencing as a Potential Tool to Control Potato Late Blight Disease
Authors: Kalyandurg Pruthvi B. , Sundararajan Poorva , Dubey Mukesh , Ghadamgahi Farideh , Zahid Muhammad Awais , Whisson Stephen C. , Vetukuri Ramesh R. 
Published: May 2021

Phytophthora infestans causes late blight disease on potato and tomato and is currently controlled by resistant cultivars or intensive fungicide spraying. Here, we investigated an alternative means for late blight control by spraying potato leaves with double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) that target the P. infestans genes essential for infection. First, we showed that the sporangia of P. infestans expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) can take up in vitro synthesized dsRNAs homologous to GFP directly from their surroundings, including leaves, which led to the reduced relative expression of GFP. We further demonstrate the potential of spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) in controlling potato late blight disease by targeting developmentally important genes in P. infestans such as guanine-nucleotide binding protein β-subunit (PiGPB1), haustorial membrane protein (PiHmp1), cutinase (PiCut3), and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (PiEndo3). Our results demonstrate that SIGS can potentially be used to mitigate potato late blight; however, the degree of disease control is dependent on the selection of the target genes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
The Role of Primary Care in the Initiation of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment in Statewide Public and Private Insurance
Authors: Gertner Alex K. , Rotter Jason S. , Holly Margaret E. , Shea Christopher M. , Green Sherri L. , Domino Marisa Elena 
Published: May 2021

Objective:
To determine if individuals newly diagnosed with opioid use disorder (OUD) who saw a primary care provider (PCP) before or on the date of diagnosis had higher rates of medication treatment for OUD (MOUD).

Methods:
Observational study using logistic regression with claims data from Medicaid and a large private insurer in North Carolina from January 2014 to July 2017.

Key Results:
Between 2014 and 2017, the prevalence of diagnosed OUD increased by 47% among Medicaid enrollees and by 76% among the privately insured. Over the same time period, the percent of people with an OUD who received MOUD fell among both groups, while PCP involvement in treatment increased. Of Medicaid enrollees receiving buprenorphine, the percent receiving buprenorphine from a PCP increased from 32% in 2014 to 39% in 2017. Approximately 82% of people newly diagnosed with OUD had a PCP visit in the 12 months before diagnosis in Medicaid and private insurance. Those with a prior PCP visit were not more likely to receive MOUD. Seeing a PCP at diagnosis was associated with a higher probability of receiving MOUD than seeing an emergency provider but a lower probability than seeing a behavioral health specialist or other provider type.

Conclusions:
People newly diagnosed with OUD had high rates of contact with PCPs before diagnosis, supporting the importance of PCPs in diagnosing OUD and connecting people to MOUD. Policies and programs to increase access to MOUD and improve PCPs’ ability to connect people to evidence-based treatment are needed.
Internet Addiction and Its Relation to Emotional Intelligence and Resilience Among a Sample of Egyptian University Students
Authors: Nagy Abdelhamid Nahla E. , Abdelsamea Mohamed Afaf M. , Shaker Ibrahim Nermin M. , Adel Abdelgawad Ahmed , Abd El Moneam Mohamed H. , Marzouk Sarah A.I. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Internet addiction (IA) had recently become the focus of interest to most clinicians and researchers. Indeed, this topic was not thoroughly studied in previous researches.

Objectives:
The authors of the current study aimed to investigate the rates of IA, understand its demographic and clinical correlates, and illustrate the interplay between IA, emotional intelligence (EI) and resilience among a sample of Egyptian university students.

Methods:
A total of 400 male and female university students from the Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Literature, Ain Shams University were included in the current study. Participants were assessed using an informative designed questionnaire for sociodemographic data, Young Internet Addiction Test, The Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT), and The Resilience Scale (RS).

Results:
Two hundred eighty-nine (72.2%) participants were labeled the diagnosis of IA with varying degree of severity. Participants with IA scored significantly lower in the total score and all the subscores of SSEIT and RS (P>0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between all the domains of the Internet Addiction Test and both SSEIT and RS total score and all the subscores. By multiple logistic regression analysis, EI (odds ratio=0.81, P>0.001) and resilience (odds ratio=0.91, P=0.002) were the only factors predicting IA.

Conclusion:
Low scores of EI and resilience could predict the susceptibility to IA, suggesting that treatment strategies enhancing these factors would be of great value to be included in the programs targeted for the management of IA.
Nurses' and Physicians' Distress, Burnout, and Coping Strategies During COVID-19: Stress and Impact on Perceived Performance and Intentions to Quit
Authors: Lou Nigel Mantou , Montreuil Tina , Feldman Liane S. , Fried Gerald M. , Lavoie-Tremblay Mélanie , Bhanji Farhan , Kennedy Heather , Kaneva Pepa , Harley Jason M. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Health care providers (HCPs) have experienced more stress and burnout during COVID-19 than before. We compared sources and levels of stress, distress, and approaches to coping between nurses and physicians, and examined whether coping strategies helped mitigate the negative impact of stress and intentions to quit.

Methods:
Using a cross-sectional study design, burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Psychological distress was measured using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. A self-reported survey was used to evaluate stressors, impact on perceived performance, and intentions to quit. The data were analyzed using t-tests and linear regression models.

Results:
Responses of 119 HCPs were analyzed. Findings suggest that (1) compared to physicians, nurses experienced a higher level of distress and burnout, and used more maladaptive coping strategies. (2) Both nurses and physicians experienced more distress and burnout during COVID-19 than before. (3) Adaptive coping strategies moderated the negative impact of stress on work performance (4) Adaptive coping strategies moderated the negative effect of stress on burnout, which in turn reduced intentions to quit. Stress negatively impacted work performance and burnout only for those with low, but not high, levels of adaptive coping strategies.

Discussion:
The current findings of HCPs' challenges, risks, and protective factors provide valuable information (1) on COVID-19's impact on HCPs, (2) to guide the distribution of institutional supportive efforts and recommend adaptive coping strategies, and (3) to inform medical education, such as resilience training, focusing on adaptive coping approaches.