bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergetic Effect of Potassium Persulfate and Iron Oxalate on Photodegradation of Para-Arsanilic Acid
Authors: Tyutereva Yuliya E. , Sherin Petr S. , Polyakova Evgeniya V. , Grivin Vyacheslav P. , Plyusnin Victor F. , Shuvaeva Olga V. , Xu Jing , Wu Feng , Pozdnyakov Ivan P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) is widely used in agriculture as a food additive to control parasites. It leaves the body almost unchanged and is subsequently destroyed by environmental factors with the formation of toxic forms of inorganic arsenic. UVA irradiation of p-ASA with the addition of the Fe(III) oxalate complex leads to an effective degradation of the target compound. However, this method needs high concentrations of reagents and the keeping high [oxalate]:[Fe(III)] ratio to maintain proper efficiency of Fe(III) oxalate system. In this work, to overcome these problems, potassium persulfate (PS) was used as an additional oxidizer to improve Fe(III) oxalate system. It was found that the sulfate radical produced upon PS activation reacts readily with both neutral and monoanionic forms of p-ASA yielding corresponding organic cation radical, bimolecular rate constants are (7.3 ± 0.6)×109 and (2.4 ± 0.4)×109 M− 1s− 1, accordingly. Addition of PS allows one to reduce the working concentration of oxalate and achieve the complete degradation of both p-ASA and organic byproducts to the less toxic inorganic As(V) up to 3 ppm of initial p-ASA concentration. Also the proposed approach demonstrates efficiency even for low (< 0.5 ppm) concentrations of p-ASA.
Development the Clinical Guideline of Human Milk Bank in Iran
Authors: Yousefi Arezoo , Sadeghi Narges , Jafari-mianaei Soheila 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background

Clinical guidelines are recommendations produced by systematic methods assisting health care providers in making the right decisions. The existence of Mothers’ Milk Banks (MMBs) plays an important role in increasing exclusive breastfeeding in low birth-weight infants. More than one million infants under one year of age die annually because they are not breastfed. The present study was done to develop a clinical guideline for MMB.
Methods

The study was a multistage integrated study conducted in three steps according to the NICE model. In the first step, the components of a clinical guideline for MMB were determined through multiple data centers to search and resource integration and a draft was subsequently prepared. In the second step, each component was reviewed considering the expert agreement and the clinical guideline was finally developed. In the third step, the AGREE questionnaire was used by 10 experts to measure the utility and quality of the proposed program as well as its national feasibility. Quantitative data was analyzed in SPSS20 using descriptive statistics.
Results

The clinical guideline included the necessary measures before MMB development (establishing MMB infrastructure, enhancing awareness for supporting MMB, creating a network for communicating with different units, developing the key rules and guidelines as well as ethical points) and the necessary measures while using MMB (donors, working processes on the donated milk, and the recipients). The content was reviewed by forming a focus group and their corrective comments were considered in the clinical guideline. Utilizing the AGREE tool, the results of the survey showed that 90% of the respondents strongly recommended guideline use.
Conclusions

It is hoped that this clinical guideline, provided by the order of Neonatal Health Bureau based on the culture and religion of the Iranian community, could be an effective step to improve the care and treatment process of preterm infants. Moreover, with the proper use of it, the treatment team staff can support the premature infants and their parents by promoting breastfeeding and reducing the side effects of using formula and the mortality of this group of infants.
A Continuous Metric to Measure Endotype and Corticosteroid Interaction in Septic Shock
Authors: Wong Hector , Cvijanovich Natalie , Weiss Scott L. , Fitzgerald Julie , Bigham Michael , Jain Parag , Schwarz Adam , Lutfi Riad , Nowak Jeffrey , Allen Geoffrey , Thomas Neal , Grunwell Jocelyn , Baines Torrey , Quasney Michael , Haileselassie Bereketeab , Hart Kimberly , Sweeney Timothy , Lindsell Christopher John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The benefit of corticosteroids for septic shock remains unclear, reflecting heterogeneity of treatment effect. We previously reported a binary septic shock endotype classification based on expression of 100 genes. This binary classification provides information regarding prognosis and corticosteroid responsiveness but does not capture the endotypes continuum. Here, we describe a continuous metric for endotype assignment, the Z value, and its relationship with septic shock outcomes and corticosteroid responsiveness. In a derivation cohort, a lower Z value was independently associated with increased odds of mortality. When the Z value was fit using cubic splines, the odds of mortality increased considerably below a Z value of 15 among patients exposed to corticosteroids. A similar interaction between Z value and corticosteroid exposure was observed when the model was applied to pediatric and adult validation cohorts. The Z value provides more detailed evidence of patients with septic shock in whom corticosteroids are harmful.
Role of unclassified Lachnospiraceae in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal study of the urine microbiome and metabolites
Authors: Kim Kangjin , Lee Sanghun , Park Sang-Chul , Kim Nam-Eun , Jung Youngae , Yoon Dankyu , Kim Hyeonjeong , Kim Sanghyun , Hwang Geum-Sook , Won Sungho 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Human cells based directed evolution of adenine base editors with improved efficiency
Authors: Fu Junhao , Li Qing , Liu Xiaoyu , Tu Tianxiang , Lv Xiujuan , Yin Xidi , Song Zongming , Zhang Jinwei , Li Jinsong , Gu Feng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Adenine base editors (ABE) are novel genome-editing tools that have been harnessed to introduce precise A•T to G•C conversion in genomic DNA. However, the low activity of ABE remains a major bottleneck that precludes efficacious applications. To address this limitation, we developed a directional screening system in human cells to evolve the deaminase component of the ABE, and identified three high-activity NG-ABEmax variants: NG-ABEmax-SGK (R101S/D139G/E140K), NG-ABEmax-R (Q154R) and NG-ABEmax-K (N127K). With further engineering, we created a new, consolidated variant [NG-ABEmax-KR (N127K/Q154R)] which exhibited superior editing activity both in human cells and in mouse disease models, compared to the original NG-ABEmax. We also found that NG-ABEmax-KR efficiently introduce natural mutations in gamma globin gene promoters with more than four-fold increase in editing activity. This work provides a broadly applicable, rapidly deployable platform to directionally screen and evolve novel, user-specified traits in base editors that extend beyond augmented editing activity.
Influence of aqueous chloride and bromide anions on the reactivity of ZnO on bisphenol A degradation
Authors: Yang Yi-Chen , Sahu Rama Shanker , Shih Yang-hsin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been widely investigated for applications in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. Despite the advantages of robust ZnO material, its photocatalytic activity is greatly affected by environmental factors. Halogen ions are commonly found in wastewater, which directly affect the pollutant aggregation and sedimentation, therefore it is necessary to discuss their effect on the photodegradation. The current study assesses the halogen ions effect on the photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) using different dosage of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bromide (NaBr). The microstructural characterization of ZnO was conducted by transmission electron microscopy and hydrodynamic size was analyzed through dynamic light scattering. Degradation reactions of BPA with ZnO NPs followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The increase of ZnO dosage from 0.01 g/L to 0.1 g/L enhanced the degradation rate constant of BPA up to 0.089 min− 1 (14.8 folds). In order to evaluate the the role halogen ions to degrade BPA, NaBr and NaCl were used. The degradation rate was reduced up to 26 folds (0.0034 min− 1) after the addition of NaBr, which was attributed to the increase in hydrodynamic particle size leading, thereby restricting the light adsorption capacity. Noteworthy, upon addition of NaCl from 10 mM to 500 mM concentration, there was only a slight decrease (2.4 folds, 0.037 min− 1) on the degradation rate of BPA. Therefore, this study unveils the role of chloride ions as an effective medium for BPA degradation by ZnO NPs, without aggregation, and provides a novel platform for the treatment of organic pollutants in saline water.
The Impact Of Urban Land Misallocation On Inclusive Green Growth Efficiency
Authors: He Qin , Du Juntao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Inclusive green growth (IGG), as a new way to attain sustainable development, aims to achieve comprehensive and coordinated economic, social, and environmental development. How to define IGG and explore its driving factors is key to realizing IGG. This study takes China as an example, using panel data from 30 provinces in mainland China from 2009 to 2018 for research. The epsilon-based measure (EBM) model and Global Malmquist–Luerberger (GML) index are used to evaluate China's inclusive green growth efficiency (IGGE), and a spatial panel regression model of the impact of urban land resource misallocation on IGGE is established. The research found that (1) China's IGGE level from 2009 to 2018 displayed an upward trend, and combined with exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), it was found that IGGE has an obvious spatial correlation; (2) the regression model shows that the misallocation of land resources hinders the improvement of IGGE in China; and (3) the decomposition of spatial spillover effects demonstrates that the misallocation of land resources has negative externalities, which will also have adverse effects on neighboring areas.
Comparative genome analysis of commensal segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) from turkey and murine hosts reveals distinct metabolic features
Authors: Hedblom Grant , Dev Kamal , Bowden Steven , Baumler David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are intestinal commensal microorganisms that have been demonstrated to induce the innate and adaptive immune responses in mouse and rat hosts. SFB are Gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria that fail to grow in vitro due to unique metabolic requirements. Recently, SFB have been implicated in improved health and growth outcomes in commercial turkey flocks. To assess the nature of SFB in turkeys and how they may differ from mammalian-associated SFB, the genome of turkey-associated SFB was compared with six representative genomes from murine hosts using an in silico approach.Results: The SFB-turkey genome is 1.6 Mb in length with a G+C content of 26.14%, and contains 1,604 coding sequences (CDS). Comparative genome analyses revealed that all the seven SFB strain possesses a shared set of metabolic deficiencies and auxotrophies, specifically the inability of all the SFB strains to synthesize most of the amino acids, nucleotides and cofactors, emphasizing the importance of metabolite acquisition from the host intestinal environment. Among the seven SFB genomes, the SFB-turkey genome is the largest and contains the highest number of predicted CDS. The SFB-turkey genome possesses cellular metabolism genes that are absent in the rodent SFB strains including catabolic pathways for sucrose, stachyose, raffinose and other complex glycans. Other unique genes associated with SFB-turkey genome is loci for the biosynthesis of biotin, and degradation enzymes to recycle primary bile acids, both of which may play an important role to help turkey associated SFB survive and secure mutualism with its avian host. Conclusions: Comparative genomic analysis of seven SFB genomes revealed that each of the strains have a core set of metabolic capabilities and deficiencies that make these bacteria challenging to culture ex vivo. When compared to the murine-associated strains, turkey-associated SFB serves as a phylogenetic outgroup and a unique member among all the sequenced strains of SFB. This turkey-associated SFB strain is the first reported non-mammalian SFB genome, and highlights the impact of host specificity on the evolution of metabolic capabilities.
Spatial Scaling of Land Use/Land Cover And Ecosystem Services Across Urban Hierarchical Levels: Patterns And Relationships
Authors: Sun Xiao , Ma Qun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Context Land use/land cover (LULC) patterns seriously affect the ecosystem services (ESs), especially in highly developed urban agglomerations. Exploring how LULC and ESs change spatially across urban hierarchical levels and understanding the possible mechanisms can promote the sustainable planning of urban landscapes. Objectives By mapping the spatial patterns of LULC and ESs in three largest urban agglomerations of China, this study aimed to (1) identify the scaling relations of LULC and ESs across different urban hierarchical levels, (2) explore the possible mechanisms of these two types of spatial scaling, and (3) explore how the scaling relations of ESs response to LULC and its policy implications. Methods Based on LULC, we used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model and other biophysical models to quantify ES indicators. Then, scalograms were used to quantify the scaling relations of LULC and ESs with respect to changing spatial extent. Results Developed land and cropland exhibited the most predictable responses with changing spatial extent. Compared to other ESs, provisioning services were the most predictable. The predictable scaling relations of ESs at different urban hierarchical levels fell into two general types: power laws at the city proper level and exponential relationships at the metropolitan region and urban agglomeration levels. Conclusions The scaling relations of both LULC and ESs varied across urban hierarchical levels. The spatial scaling of ESs was closely related to LULC patterns. Integrating the scaling relations of ESs into land use planning can help decision-makers formulate multi-scale landscape conservation strategies.
Correlation of Residents’ Performance in Competency-Based Exams and Orthopaedic In- Training Examinations (OITE)
Authors: Okoro Tosan , Mironova Polina , Sathiyamoorthy Thrmiga , Hall Jermey , Ferguson Peter , Nousianien Markku , Williams Jack , Kreder Hans , Axelrod Terry , Dwyer Tim , Safir Oleg , Kraemer William , Tomescu Sebastian , Mastrogiacomo Frank , Weiler Peter , Wright Stewart , Borland Steven , MacGregor Tyler , Zaulan Yaron , Ganz Eitan , Crookshank Meghan , Felice Hilary , Mann Jennah , Murnaghan John , Gargan Martin , Elgoff Christian , Wong Paul , Walton Christine , Whatley Ian , Peck Jonathan , Wadey Veronica 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: The research team aimed to assess the relationship between performance in a competency-based curriculum (CBC) evaluation, and the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE) in the Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) cohort of 2016-2017.Methods: After development of the ‘Basic Trauma’ (BHT) and ‘Basic Arthroplasty’ (BA) CBC modules, assessment consisted of multiple-choice questions (MCQ), objective structured clinical evaluation (OSCE), structured oral panels, and the OITE were conducted annually. We collated MCQ and OSCE evaluations for BHT and BA, as well as the OITE result for the same cohort from PGY1 and the end of PGY2. We evaluated the OITE score difference for correlation with the scores attained for the two CBC modules.Results: Among all participants (n=9), there was a significant improvement in mean OITE scores from PGY1 to PGY2 (43.78% (±4.09) to 56.67% (±4.24); t-test p= 0.00). There was no significant correlation between OITE improvement, and scores attained in the BHT and BA modules, nor between BHT and BA results and the ‘Hip and Knee’ and ‘Trauma’ domains of the OITE exam.Conclusions: Improvement in OITE performance is not dependent on evaluated CBC modules. Further research to determine what factors play a role in trainee improvement in objective performance is required.
Is There a Decreased Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Treated With High-Flow Nasal Cannulae Compared to Cpap? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Brito Sabrina , Tsopanoglou Sabrina , Galvão Endi , de Deus Franciele , Lima Vanessa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that affects the premature lung, and to reduce its incidence has been used non-invasive ventilatory support, such as continuous positive airway (CPAP) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). Thus, the objective of this review was to assess whether the use of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) compared to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) decreases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature newborns.
Methods

The protocol was registered (Prospero: CRD42019136631) and the search was conducted in the MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, and LILACS databases, and in the clinical trials registries, until July 2020. We included randomized clinical trials comparing HFNC versus CPAP use in premature infants born at less than 37 weeks of gestational age. The main outcome measures were the development of BPD, air leak syndrome, and nasal injury. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the GRADE system was used to summarize the evidence recommendations. Meta-analyses were performed using software R.
Results

No difference was found between HFNC or CPAP for the risk of BPD (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.90–1.32), air leak syndrome (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.57–0.90), and nasal trauma (RR: 2.37; 95% CI: 0.92–6.13), with a very low level of evidence.
Conclusion(s):

the HFNC showed similar results when compared to CPAP in relation to the risk of BPD, air leak syndrome, and nasal injury. In the literature, no randomized clinical trial has been found with BPD as the primary outcome to support possible outcomes.
Microbial sources of exocellular DNA in the ocean
Authors: Linney Morgan , Eppley John , Romano Anna , Luo Elaine , DeLong Edward , Karl David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dissolved DNA (D-DNA) is operationally defined as DNA that passes through a 0.1 micrometer filter. It is composed of vesicles, viruses, and exocellular free DNA (F-DNA) and is ubiquitous in all aquatic systems, although the sources, sinks, and ecological consequences are largely unknown. Using a method that provides separation of vesicles, viruses, and F-DNA, we compared open ocean depth profiles of metagenomic DNA associated with each fraction. Pelagibacter-like DNA dominated the vesicle fractions for all samples examined over a depth range of 75–500 m. The viral DNA fraction was composed predominantly of myovirus-like and podovirus-like DNA, and contained the highest proportion of unannotated sequences. Euphotic zone F-DNA (75–125 m) contained mostly bacterial and viral sequences, with bacteria dominating in the mesopelagic (500–1000 m). A high proportion of mesopelagic (500 and 1000 m) F-DNA sequences appeared to originate from surface waters, including a large amount of DNA contributed by high-light Prochlorococcus species. Throughout the water-column, but especially in the mesopelagic, the composition of F-DNA sequences was not always reflective of co-occurring microbial communities that inhabit the same sampling depth. These results highlight the composition of F-DNA in different regions of the water-column (euphotic and mesopelagic zones), with implications for dissolved organic matter cycling and export (by way of sinking particles and/or migratory zooplankton) as a delivery mechanism.
Underlying factors and challenges of implementing an urban family physician program in Iran
Authors: Mehrolhassani Mohammad Hossein , Jahromi Vahid Kohpeima , Dehnavieh Reza , Iranmanesh Mahla 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: the family physician program was launched in 2005 in rural areas, and also as a pilot in 2012 in cities of Fars and Mazandaran provinces due to insufficient coverage of health system in these cities. However, despite its pivotal role in the health system programs, it has not progressed according to its initial policies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explain the underlying factors and challenges of implementing an urban family physician program in Iran.Methods: This is a qualitative study, which was conducted on 44 policymakers and managers at national and provincial levels who entered the study with snowball and purposeful sampling with maximum variation. MAXQDA-2020 software was used to manage the data, which were analyzed by directed content analysis. For this purpose, a triangulation method was used.Results: Data analysis resulted in the formation of 10 main categories, 18 sub-categories and 29 codes. Most challenges in the dimension of underlying factors included precipitancy, economic sanctions, believing in traditional medicine, believing in the expertise of previous physician, and global ranking of countries. Also, in the dimension of program implementation, most challenges included diversity of insurance organizations, budget allocation, referral system, electronic file, educational system and culture building.Conclusions: the findings showed that the most important challenge in the dimension of underlying factors included international pressure for reforms and precipitancy in the implementation of programs due to changes in management. Also, these challenges in the dimension of program implementation included budget provision and interaction with insurance organizations. Therefore, for the expansion of program to other provinces in Iran, the factors identified in this study should be carefully considered so that, sufficient confidence, commitment and guarantee would be created for all stakeholders.