bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome instability and pressure on non-homologous end joining drives chemotherapy resistance via a DNA repair crisis switch in triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Wiegmans Adrian P , Ward Ambber , Ivanova Ekaterina , Duijf Pascal H G , Adams Mark N , Najib Idris Mohd , Van Oosterhout Romy , Sadowski Martin C , Kelly Greg , Morrical Scott W , O’Byrne Ken , Lee Jason S , Richard Derek J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chemotherapy is used as a standard-of-care against cancers that display high levels of inherent genome instability. Chemotherapy induces DNA damage and intensifies pressure on the DNA repair pathways that can lead to deregulation. There is an urgent clinical need to be able to track the emergence of DNA repair driven chemotherapy resistance and tailor patient staging appropriately. There have been numerous studies into chemoresistance but to date no study has elucidated in detail the roles of the key DNA repair components in resistance associated with the frontline clinical combination of anthracyclines and taxanes together. In this study, we hypothesized that the emergence of chemotherapy resistance in triple negative breast cancer was driven by changes in functional signaling in the DNA repair pathways. We identified that consistent pressure on the non-homologous end joining pathway in the presence of genome instability causes failure of the key kinase DNA-PK, loss of p53 and compensation by p73. In-turn a switch to reliance on the homologous recombination pathway and RAD51 recombinase occurred to repair residual double strand DNA breaks. Further we demonstrate that RAD51 is an actionable target for resensitization to chemotherapy in resistant cells with a matched gene expression profile of resistance highlighted by homologous recombination in clinical samples.
A possible evolutionary function of phenomenal conscious experience of pain
Authors: Kolodny Oren , Moyal Roy , Edelman Shimon 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEvolutionary accounts of feelings, and in particular of negative affect and of pain, assume that creatures that feel and care about the outcomes of their behavior outperform those that do not in terms of their evolutionary fitness. Such accounts, however, can only work if feelings can be shown to contribute to fitness-influencing outcomes. Simply assuming that a learner that feels and cares about outcomes is more strongly motivated than one that does is not enough, if only because motivation can be tied directly to outcomes by incorporating an appropriate reward function, without leaving any apparent role to feelings (as it is done in state-of-the-art engineered systems based on reinforcement learning). Here, we propose a possible mechanism whereby pain contributes to fitness: an actor-critic functional architecture for reinforcement learning, in which pain reflects the costs imposed on actors in their bidding for control, so as to promote honest signaling and ultimately help the system optimize learning and future behavior.
Direct Vertebral Artery Access for Coil Embolization of a Partially Thrombosed Mid-Basilar Trunk Aneurysm: Technical Limitations
Authors: Miller Charles A , Felbaum Daniel R , Liu Ai-Hsi , Mai Jeffrey , Alfawaz Abdullah , Lynes John , Armonda Rocco 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Partially thrombosed basilar aneurysms have a high morbidity from the rupture risk and mass effect prompting early treatment. Depending on the size and location, they pose a surgical challenge often requiring multiple endovascular treatment modalities. Here we present a partially thrombosed mid-basilar aneurysm successfully coil embolized with direct vertebral artery access and discuss the technical limitations of direct V1 access.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 70-yr-old woman presented with acute onset headache, nausea, and vomiting. A computed tomography (CT) head demonstrated a hyperdense prepontine mass which was further characterized as a partially thrombosed basilar aneurysm on CT angiography. After multiple failed attempts to access the vertebral artery via femoral and radial access the patient was taken to the operating room (OR) for surgical exposure of the right V1 segment and direct cannulation of the vertebral artery. The aneurysm was successfully coiled and the vertebral artery closed primarily. The patient was discharged home without any neurological deficits.

CONCLUSION
Partially thrombosed mid-basilar aneurysms are difficult to treat both surgically and endovascularly. We present a case where endovascular access to the aneurysm was very challenging requiring direct exposure and cannulation of the V1 segment to successfully embolize with coils and discuss the technical limitations of this approach.
Agents and Agency
Authors: Manko Katina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The CPC traveling agent was a woman who traveled for several months a year, stopping in small towns on her route to recruit women to sell in their neighborhoods. The traveling agent kept in daily contact with the company in New York, evaluating individual sales reports and earnings, handing out catalogs and sample cases to new recruits, and training women for making sales calls, submitting and receiving orders, and distributing products to customers. A demographic profile of these agents shows that most women were either single or widowed and between the ages of twenty and seventy. An analysis of their work gleaned from company literature, private writing, and the national census shows that most of these women welcomed the independence and opportunity for substantial income beyond what ordinary work offered. This group of women would become the first generation of women managers in the company, overseeing the transition from district to city sales offices in the late 1930s.
“The Dawn of a New Era”
Authors: Manko Katina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Throughout the 1930s, the California Perfume Company expanded in both numbers of representatives and sales. It introduced the Avon brand of cosmetics and toiletries in 1929 and created new sales strategies, such as two-for-one campaigns, and efficiency measures, such as reducing the sales cycle from four weeks to three. David McConnell’s son and a new management team led by John Ewald, who remained as CEO well into the 1960s, created the company’s first national advertising campaign and a plan to develop city markets. They also spearheaded the efforts by the National Association of Direct Sales Companies to write independent contractor legislation to protect them against new minimum wage and unemployment regulations. The company officially changed its name to Avon in 1939, cementing its place as a leader in direct selling committed to developing women’s entrepreneurial opportunities.
Women of Enterprise
Authors: Manko Katina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
During the 1980s and 1990s, Avon had successfully built its reputation as “a company of women and for women.” Avon, along with the Small Business Administration, created a Women of Enterprise awards program that highlighted the success of women business owners outside of direct sales. Through this program, Avon engaged in a popular conversation about women’s ability to “have it all.” Recognized for its women-friendly management policies, organizations such as Catalyst held Avon up as an example of a company where women had shattered the glass ceiling, even though Avon continued to name men to lead the corporation, prompting the defection of several high-ranking women in its global organization. When Andrea Jung became CEO in 1999, Avon had reached its zenith as a direct sales company, but it could not succeed against the fundamental challenges presented by internet marketing.
Does Public Reason Liberalism Rest on a Mistake? Democracy’s Doxastic and Epistemic Problems
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Public reason liberalism is a normative theory meant to adjudicate citizens’ conflicting beliefs about the right and the good. However, it rests upon controversial and likely mistaken empirical claims about voter psychology and voter knowledge. In political science, there are two major paradigms—populism and realism—about the relationship between voters’ beliefs and political outcomes. Realism holds that most citizens lack the kinds of beliefs and attitudes which public reason liberals believe are normatively significant. If so, then most citizens lack the kinds of ideological disputes which public reason liberalism is supposed to adjudicate. Worse, most citizens lack the kinds of normatively significantly beliefs upon which public justification must rest.
Diplomat
Authors: Volpicelli Robert 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores how W. B. Yeats’s 1903–4 US lecture tour placed the poet in the role of diplomat. It demonstrates how this position required Yeats to engage in a kind of racial performance directed toward markedly political ends. In taking on this diplomatic function, Yeats was tasked with mediating the tensions of a changing imperial landscape. He became a representative for a country with a long history of anti-colonialism at the same time that America was awakening to its own imperial future. With these tensions in mind, this chapter attends to Yeats’s efforts to bring Ireland and America into productive contact with one another. In particular, it examines his early lectures at US colleges and universities, where he sought to establish an emotional connection with his audiences by channeling the voice of ancient Irish bards. It also shows how this was a project that sometimes backfired on the poet, as these bardic displays made it easy for Americans to exoticize Yeats when he moved into larger cultural arenas like Carnegie Hall and the St Louis World’s Fair. Yet, in the end, Yeats’s emotional diplomacy did prove highly successful when it came to connecting him with Irish American political groups, which suggests that the US lecture tour was instrumental in teaching the poet how to speak to his own countrymen.
Temporal Neutrality and the Bias Toward the Future
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Many philosophers have held that rationality requires one to have an equal concern for all parts of one’s life. In the view of these philosophers, temporal neutrality is a requirement of rationality. Yet Derek Parfit has argued that most of us are not, in fact, temporally neutral. We exhibit a robust bias toward the future. Parfit maintains that this future-bias is bad for us, and that our lives would go better if we were temporally neutral. Like other neutralists, he also believes that the bias is irrational, however widespread and robust it may be. This article assesses these criticisms and offers a qualified defense of the bias toward the future.
Parfit on Act Consequentialism
Authors: Lazari-Radek Katarzyna de , Singer Peter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the first two volumes of On What Matters, Derek Parfit argues that three major normative theories—Kantianism, Contractualism, and Consequentialism—are, in their most defensible forms, compatible, and can be reconciled as a ‘Triple Theory’. The form of Consequentialism that Parfit argues is compatible with Kantianism and Contractualism is Rule Consequentialism. This has led many to assume that Parfit does not believe that Act Consequentialism is a defensible form of Consequentialism. We draw on personal correspondence to show that this assumption is incorrect. We then consider how, in On What Matters, volume iii, which Parfit completed shortly before his death, he seeks to narrow the differences between Act Consequentialism and the Triple Theory. One of the ways in which he does this is to suggest that Impartial Rationality may be an external rival to Morality, in much the same way as egoism is an external rival to morality. We argue that this move undermines morality, as shown by Parfit’s own example of the judgements that we may make in the case of terror bombing. We conclude that Parfit’s attempts to bridge the gap between Act Consequentialism and Triple Theory meet with only limited success.
Prioritarianism, Risk, and the Gap Between Prudence and Morality
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
According to a prominent objection to prioritarianism, it inappropriately implies a gap between prudence and morality, even in single-person cases. Thus, according to prioritarianism, we should sometimes sacrifice an individual’s expected welfare in order to protect her from the risk of a worse outcome. The present chapter presents a critical discussion of this objection. It first provides a more precise account of axiological prioritarianism and what it implies for the relation between prudence and morality. Then it provides an account of four prioritarian theories that (unlike axiological prioritarianism) have implications for risky choices, namely ex ante prioritarianism, ex post prioritarianism, pluralist prioritarianism, and factualist prioritarianism. It then presents the objection that prioritarianism implies a gap between prudence and morality in single-person cases in greater detail, which includes explaining the extent to which this objection applies to the four different versions of prioritarianism mentioned above. Finally, the chapter defends the view that the prioritarian gap between prudence and morality is unproblematic, even in single-person cases.
More Supererogatory
Authors: Hurka Thomas , Tsagarakis Evangeline 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
If acts can be supererogatory, presumably some can be more supererogatory than others, or further beyond the call of duty. This paper explains how this is possible within a general account of supererogation that sees it arising when a prima facie duty, for example to promote other people’s good, is outweighed by a prima facie permission to promote one’s own good. An act is then more supererogatory when the permission outweighs the duty by more, or when the gap between its strength and that of the duty’s is larger. The paper contrasts its permission-based account of supererogation with a more common one typified by Parfit in On What Matters, which rests it on a conflict between two ‘reasons’ that, despite their differing contents, are of the same deontic type and have the same favouring force. Alongside several other weaknesses, Parfit’s account doesn’t allow differing degrees of supererogation but must treat all supererogatory acts as on a par.
The Expression of Will View II
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter elaborates the Expression of Will View as a disjunctive view, in so far as it allows that there are two ways that someone can consent by expressing their will. First, they can deliberately perform a ‘directive’ speech act. Examples of these speech acts include requests, invitations, and orders. Second, someone can consent by expressing that they are giving another person permission. While it is possible to simultaneously give consent in both ways, there are some situations in which someone consents in only one of these two ways. Since the Expression of Will View allows that consent can be given in either of these two ways, it is a disjunctive view. Although a disjunctive view is less cohesive and simple, we need to endorse a disjunctive view to have an extensionally adequate account. But although the view is disjunctive, it has some unity in virtue of the fact that it has the Interpersonal Justification Argument as an underlying rationale.
Luther’s Theological Method of Conflict and Distinction
Authors: Ruokanen Miikka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Luther’s method of theology is that of Scriptural interpretation. Erasmus complains that Scripture is obscure, an authoritative tradition is needed to interpret it. Luther confirms both the external and internal clarity of Scripture itself: “External clarity” is guaranteed by the public proclamation of God’s word; the natural meaning of the “text published to the entire world” is found in the very letter of Scripture. “Internal clarity” guarantees that the same Holy Spirit who inspired the canonical authors “internally moves” the hearer of the word granting him/her participation in Christological grace. The Spirit-inspired word is an efficient carrier of Trinitarian grace that changes its hearers. In contrast to the skeptical view of Erasmus, Luther uses the assertive propositions of Scripture as a means of assuring theocentric salvation. Because of its double clarity, “Scripture alone,” sola Scriptura, is a sufficient norm for the truth of the gospel. Another central feature of Luther’s theological method in The Bondage of the Will is his view of the conflict between the opposing transcendental powers which fight over the control of the human beings: the Triune God’s goodness, love, and grace against unfaith, sin, and Satan. Only God’s Spirit can liberate the sinner from captivity by unfaith and evil. Erasmusnever mentions God’s Spirit when discussing grace, and there is no mention of Satan in his treatise. Moreover, the distinction between the “things below oneself” and the “things above oneself” is crucial for Luther’s understanding of law and gospel; Erasmus makes no distinction between the two realms.
“She Set Me Writing My First Play”
Authors: Brewer Redwine Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 recovers the importance of Laura Armstrong to Yeats’s beginnings as a poet and dramatist. In his relationship with Armstrong, Yeats begins the pattern of needing a challenging woman to start writing and to imagine himself in the role of playwright. The tensions between the two in terms of class and power—Armstrong came from a more financially stable family—and the approaching date of Armstrong’s wedding to another gave rise to the now familiar death wish in Yeats’s work for her. Yeats wrote out his anxieties about his parents’ marriage, his mother’s illness and depression, and his insecurities in the face of Armstrong’s high-handedness in the creation of these early plays, and his work for Armstrong stands as an important precursor for his lifetime of fruitful writing out for women; Armstrong began the patterns that Yeats would follow in his years of work for Maud Gonne
Disintegration through Law
Authors: Bradley Kieran 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The existence of an unconditional right of withdrawal is antithetical to the idea of European integration, which is predicated on an ‘ever closer union’, and the expectation that Union rights become part of the ‘legal heritage’ of individuals. Article 50 TEU fails to take proper account of the Union’s interests, or those of Member States, individuals, and companies, and undermines the stability of treaties which international law seeks to preserve. Article 50 should be amended at the first opportunity. Leaving the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice was identified by the UK government as one of its Brexit objectives. The Court was nonetheless called upon to clarify a number of matters Article 50 left open, notably the right to revoke a withdrawal notification. While the 2020 Withdrawal Agreement preserves the Court’s material jurisdiction to interpret provisions of Union law incorporated into the Agreement, including in the context of dispute settlement procedure, individual access to the Court will be limited after the transition period.
Natural Matter
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Studies of lived religion have shown that from the perspective of the early modern laity, stark divisions between religion, magic, and superstition were largely absent from daily life. This chapter establishes how the division of ‘religious’ objects from secular or ‘magical’ objects in the early modern period is problematic. In particular, it shows how amulets made from natural matter, such as gemstones and animal teeth, can be reintegrated among religious objects. The evidence of amulets and rings reveals the connections of the cosmos, showing how men and women used these items to negotiate the divine and to control the ‘exigencies of daily life’. There was logic to how the divine could work through these tiny shards of stone or animal matter. From a lay perspective, the use of amulets and precious stones was not ‘enchantment’, but part of a developed belief structure that located the divine in the natural environment and that was tied to natural philosophy.
Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce
Authors: Mnookin Robert H. , Kornhauser Lewis 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article suggests an alternative way of thinking about the role of law at the time of divorce. It is concerned primarily with the impact of the legal system on negotiations and bargaining that occur outside the courtroom. One sees the primary function of contemporary divorce law not as imposing order from above, but rather as providing a framework within which divorcing couples can themselves determine their postdissolution rights and responsibilities. This process by which parties to a marriage are empowered to create their own legally enforceable commitments is a form of “private ordering.” Whether or not one accepts the desirability of private ordering, it is clear that most divorcing couples do not require adjudication of their disputes. The article then analyzes how the legal system affects the bargaining behavior of divorcing couples, before presenting a theory of divorce bargaining. It also considers the role of lawyers and courts in divorce.
The Limits of Integrative Bargaining
Authors: Wetlaufer Gerald B. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article discusses integrative bargaining. Opportunities for integrative bargaining are often unrecognized and unexploited. As a result, both the parties to negotiations and society as a whole are worse off than would otherwise have been the case. The article offers three conclusions. First, opportunities for integrative bargaining are not nearly as pervasive as is sometimes authoritatively asserted. Second, the claim that opportunities for integrative bargaining make good behavior a simple matter of rational, pecuniary self-interest is not nearly as strong as is sometimes claimed, both because opportunities for integrative bargaining are less pervasive than has been asserted and because, even when such opportunities may exist, the case for good behavior is weaker than has been claimed. Third, and accordingly, the case for good behavior cannot rest entirely on pecuniary self-interest. The article then outlines the opportunities for integrative bargaining, which includes differences between the parties in terms of (1) their interests, (2) their projections concerning possible future events, (3) their willingness to accept risks, and (4) their time preferences regarding payment or performance.
The Mediation Alternative: Process Dangers for Women
Authors: Grillo Trina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article argues that mandatory mediation provides neither a more just nor a more humane alternative to the adversarial system of adjudication of custody and, therefore, does not fulfill its promises. It looks at California’s mandatory mediation law, which requires that all custody and visitation disputes be mediated prior to being considered by the county Superior Court. While mediation is a place where emotions can be expressed, expressions of anger are often overtly discouraged, thereby silencing a woman who may have, for the first time in her life, found a voice for her anger. For a victim of physical abuse, the direct confrontation with her husband, with the safety of her children and herself at stake, would surely be psychologically traumatizing and might also put her in physical danger. The article then explains judicial violence and considers alternatives to mandatory mediation.