bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility ofIxodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) to Permethrin Under a Long-Term 4-Poster Deer Treatment Area on Shelter Island, NY
Authors: Burtis James C , Poggi Joseph D , Payne Beau , Campbell Scott R , Harrington Laura C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPesticide resistance in medically significant disease vectors can negatively impact the efficacy of control efforts. Resistance research on ticks has focused primarily on species of veterinary significance that experience relatively high degrees of control pressure. Resistance in tick vectors of medical significance has received little attention, in part because area-wide pesticide applications are not used to control these generalist tick species. One of the few effective methods currently used for area-wide control of medically important ticks, including Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), is deployment of 4-poster devices. Deer self-apply a topical acaricide (permethrin) while feeding on corn from the devices. A 4-poster program using permethrin has been deployed on Shelter Island, NY to control I. scapularis populations since 2008. We collected engorged female ticks from deer in this management area and a location in the Mid-Hudson River Valley, NY without area-wide tick control. Larvae were reared from egg masses and their susceptibility to permethrin was tested. Larvae originating from a long-term laboratory colony were used as a susceptible baseline for comparison. Compared against the laboratory colony, resistance ratios at LC-50 for Shelter Island and Hudson Valley I. scapularis were 1.87 and 1.51, respectively. The susceptibilities of the field populations to permethrin were significantly lower than that of the colony ticks. We provide the first data using the larval packet test to establish baseline susceptibility for I. scapularis to permethrin along with information relevant to understanding resistance emergence in tick populations under sustained control pressure from 4-poster devices.
Harming and Wronging in Creating
Authors: Cohen Shlomo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The nonidentity problem (NIP) is a deep puzzle challenging the moral intuition that what is bad must be bad for someone. The first part of the paper constructs a new theory of harming, whereas the second part builds on the conclusions of the first to offer a new solution to the NIP. The first part discusses the neglected question of when a burden inflicted in the context of overall benefitting can be discretized as a separate entity—only when it can, is it possible to identify the burden as harm, and only then is it possible to harm in bringing into overall good existence. The second part explains how, in those cases where creating is indeed harming, we can use the logic of concept expansion to construct a concept of wronging that applies to creation cases.
Children, Fetuses, and the Non-Existent: Moral Obligations and the Beginning of Life
Authors: Jackson Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe morality of abortion is a longstanding controversy. One may wonder whether it is even possible to make significant progress on an issue over which so much ink has already been spilled and there is such polarizing disagreement (Boyle, 1994, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 19:183–200). The papers in this issue show that this progress is possible—there is more to be said about abortion and other crucial beginning-of-life issues. They do so largely by applying contemporary philosophical tools to moral questions involving life’s beginning. The first two papers defend the pro-life view from recent objections involving miscarriage and abortion doctors. The third shows how the social model of disability and the concept of transformative experience apply to classic debates like abortion and euthanasia. The final two papers address how rights and harms apply to children and to beings that do not yet exist. All five papers make a noteworthy contribution to the moral issues that arise at the beginning of life.
Optimality of the Recursive Neyman Allocation
Authors: Wesołowski Jacek , Wieczorkowski Robert , Wójciak Wojciech 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We derive a formula for the optimal sample allocation in a general stratified scheme under upper bounds on the sample strata sizes. Such a general scheme includes SRSWOR within strata as a special case. The solution is given in terms of V-allocation with V being the set of take-all strata. We use V-allocation to give a formal proof of optimality of the popular recursive Neyman algorithm, rNa. We also propose a quick proof of optimality of the algorithm of Stenger and Gabler, SGa, as well as of our proposed modification, coma. Finally, we compare running times of rNa, SGa, and coma. Ready-to-use R-implementations of these algorithms are available on CRAN repository at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/stratallo.
Efficacy of a 3-day pretravel schedule of tafenoquine for malaria chemoprophylaxis: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Islam Nazmul , Wright Sophie , Lau Colleen L , Doi Suhail A R , Mills Deborah J , Clark Justin , Clements Archie C A , Furuya-Kanamori Luis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Chemoprophylaxis with weekly doses of tafenoquine (200 mg/day for 3 days before departure [loading dose], 200 mg/week during travel and 1-week post-travel [maintenance doses]) is effective in preventing malaria. Effectiveness of malaria chemoprophylaxis drugs in travellers is often compromised by poor compliance. Shorter schedules that can be completed before travel, allowing ‘drug-free holidays’, could increase compliance and thus reduce travel-related malaria. In this meta-analysis, we examined if a loading dose of tafenoquine alone is effective in preventing malaria in short-term travellers.

Methods
Four databases were searched in November 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed efficacy and/or safety of tafenoquine for chemoprophylaxis. Network meta-analysis using the generalized pair-wise modelling framework was utilized to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of malaria infection in long-term (&gt;28 days) and short-term (≤28 days) travellers, as well as adverse events (AEs) associated with receiving loading dose of tafenoquine alone, loading dose of tafenoquine followed by maintenance doses, loading dose of mefloquine followed by maintenance doses, or placebo.

Results
Nine RCTs (1714 participants) were included. In long-term travellers, compared to mefloquine, tafenoquine with maintenance doses (OR = 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44–2.46) was equally effective in preventing malaria, while there was an increased risk of infection with the loading dose of tafenoquine alone (OR = 2.89; 95% CI: 0.78–10.68) and placebo (OR = 62.91; 95% CI: 8.53–463.88). In short-term travellers, loading dose of tafenoquine alone (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.04–22.42) and tafenoquine with maintenance doses (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.06–16.10) were as effective as mefloquine. The risk of AEs with tafenoquine with maintenance doses (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.67–1.60) was similar to mefloquine, while loading dose of tafenoquine alone (OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.20–1.66) was associated with lower risk of AEs, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
For short-term travellers, loading dose of tafenoquine alone was equally effective, had possibly lower rate of AEs, and likely better compliance than standard tafenoquine or mefloquine chemoprophylaxis schedules with maintenance doses. Studies are needed to confirm if short-term travellers remain free of infection after long-term follow-up.

Registration
The meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021223756).

Highlight
Tafenoquine is the latest approved drug for malaria chemoprophylaxis. A loading dose of tafenoquine (200 mg/day for 3 days before departure) is as effective in preventing malaria in short-term (≤28 days) travellers as chemoprophylaxis schedules of tafenoquine or mefloquine with maintenance doses, allowing travellers to have a ‘drug-free holiday’.
Stylometric analysis of Trump’s tweets
Authors: Savoy Jacques 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study analyzes the stylistic and rhetorical aspects of Trump’s tweets, focusing mainly on tweets sent during his electoral and presidential period. As stylometric findings should be based on a comparative basis, a corpus of tweets written by Obama during his presidency, and those posted by the White House account during the same period are employed to reveal Trump’s specific stylistic idiosyncrasies. In addition, the most characteristic words and tweet features are analyzed, indicating that Trump mainly refers to himself or to close relatives. This study points out that President Trump is always driving an electoral campaign, refers positively to a single news source, but generally I-words are not overused. Even if inappropriate words occur from time to time, their frequency level is lower than typical male Twitter users. Finally, Trump’s rhetoric can be characterized by a definite and negative tone without many references to people. His judgments are definitive and emphasized with grandiose adjectives.
Uniform labelled calculi for preferential conditional logics based on neighbourhood semantics
Authors: Girlando Marianna , Negri Sara , Olivetti Nicola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The preferential conditional logic $ \mathbb{PCL} $, introduced by Burgess, and its extensions are studied. First, a natural semantics based on neighbourhood models, which generalizes Lewis’ sphere models for counterfactual logics, is proposed. Soundness and completeness of $ \mathbb{PCL} $ and its extensions with respect to this class of models are proved directly. Labelled sequent calculi for all logics of the family are then introduced. The calculi are modular and have standard proof-theoretical properties, the most important of which is admissibility of cut that entails a syntactic proof of completeness of the calculi. By adopting a general strategy, root-first proof search terminates, thereby providing a decision procedure for $ \mathbb{PCL} $ and its extensions. Finally, semantic completeness of the calculi is established: from a finite branch in a failed proof attempt it is possible to extract a finite countermodel of the root sequent. The latter result gives a constructive proof of the finite model property of all the logics considered.
Logics of formal inconsistency based on distributive involutive residuated lattices
Authors: Esteva F , Figallo-Orellano A , Flaminio T , Godo L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to develop an algebraic and logical study of certain paraconsistent systems, from the family of the logics of formal inconsistency (LFIs), which are definable from the degree-preserving companions of logics of distributive involutive residuated lattices ($\textrm {dIRL}$s) with a consistency operator, the latter including as particular cases, Nelson logic ($\textsf {NL}$), involutive monoidal t-norm based logic ($\textsf {IMTL}$) or nilpotent minimum ($\textsf {NM}$) logic. To this end, we first algebraically study enriched dIRLs with suitable consistency operators. In fact, we consider three classes of consistency operators, leading respectively to three subquasivarieties of such expanded residuated lattices. We characterize the simple and subdirectly irreducible members of these quasivarieties, and we extend Sendlewski’s representation results for the case of Nelson lattices with consistency operators. Finally, we define and axiomatize the logics of three quasivarieties of $ \textrm {dIRL}$s and their corresponding degree-preserving companions that belong to the family of LFIs.
A Qualitative Study of Perceptions and Practices Related to Areca Nut Use Among Adolescents in Mumbai, India
Authors: Chatterjee Nilesh , Gupte Himanshu A , Mandal Gauri 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionAreca nut, commonly known as supari, is widely used in India. In addition to tobacco and alcohol, it has been identified as one of the contributory factors for high rates of oral cancer in the country.MethodsThis qualitative study explored perceptions and practices around the use of areca nut by conducting in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 61 school-going adolescents in the city of Mumbai, India.ResultsRespondents used low-priced sachets of sweetened, flavored areca nut called supari. They perceived supari as harmless because it was sweet, it had a fresh after-taste as compared to bitter-tasting smokeless tobacco products. How can something sweet be harmful was a common argument offered by respondents. Respondents invariably compared and contrasted areca nut to more harmful and addictive tobacco products; perceiving supari to have milder or inconsequential health effects. Supari use was initiated with friends, a sibling, or a cousin. It was almost always used with friends. Respondents also reported difficulty in refusal to use when offered supari by friends. Parental response to finding out about the child’s supari use was often muted in comparison to extreme reactions associated with the child’s tobacco use.ConclusionsPerceptions of low risk or relative harmlessness of the product, social influence, and the features of the product itself influence adolescents’ use of areca nut. Although more research on perceptions of risk, with larger samples, is required, these findings are useful for school-based tobacco prevention and cessation programs and health policy-makers.ImplicationsThe study findings have implications for prevention and cessation programs, and policymakers. School-based health education programs should allocate special sessions on areca nut use. Focused mass media communication campaigns describing its harms and association with oral cancer are required for the larger community. As was done for tobacco, Indian policymakers will have to evaluate the marketing, commerce, and distribution of areca nut and create appropriate laws. More research, with larger nationwide samples, is required to examine perceptions of areca nut.
Persistent Symptoms and Association With Inflammatory Cytokine Signatures in Recovered Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients
Authors: Ong Sean Wei Xiang , Fong Siew-Wai , Young Barnaby Edward , Chan Yi-Hao , Lee Bernett , Amrun Siti Naqiah , Chee Rhonda Sin-Ling , Yeo Nicholas Kim-Wah , Tambyah Paul , Pada Surinder , Tan Seow Yen , Ding Ying , Renia Laurent , Leo Yee-Sin , Ng Lisa F P , Lye David Chien 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The complications and sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their effect on long-term health are unclear, and the trajectory of associated immune dysregulation is poorly understood.

Methods
We conducted a prospective longitudinal multicenter cohort study at 4 public hospitals in Singapore. Patients with COVID-19 were monitored for a median of 6 months after recovery from acute infection. Clinical symptoms and radiologic data were collected, along with plasma samples for quantification of immune mediators. The relationship between clinical symptoms and immune cytokine profiles was investigated.

Results
Two hundred eighty-eight participants were recruited, and follow-up data were available for 183, 175, and 120 participants at days 30, 90, and 180 postsymptom onset, respectively. Symptoms related to COVID-19 were present in 31 (16.9%), 13 (7.4%), and 14 (11.7%) at days 30, 90, and 180. In a multivariable model, age &gt;65 years, non-Chinese ethnicity, and the severity of acute infection were associated with increased likelihood of persistent symptoms. Recovered COVID-19 patients had elevated levels of proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-17A, stem cell factor, IL-12p70, and IL-1β and pro-angiogenic macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor at day 180 compared with healthy controls. Higher levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and platelet-derived growth factor-BB were detected in patients with persistent symptoms, versus symptom-free patients.

Conclusions
Approximately 10% of recovered patients had persistent symptoms 6 months after initial infection. Immune cytokine signatures of the recovered patients reflected ongoing chronic inflammation and angiogenesis. Patients with COVID-19 should be monitored closely for emerging long-term health consequences.
Tonoplast-Localized OsMOT1;2 Participates in Interorgan Molybdate Distribution in Rice
Authors: Ishikawa Satoru , Hayashi Shimpei , Tanikawa Hachidai , Iino Manaka , Abe Tadashi , Kuramata Masato , Feng Zhihang , Fujiwara Toru , Kamiya Takehiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMolybdenum (Mo) is an essential element for plant growth and is utilized by several key enzymes in biological redox processes. Rice assimilates molybdate ions via OsMOT1;1, a transporter with a high affinity for molybdate. However, other systems involved in the molecular transport of molybdate in rice remain unclear. Here, we characterized OsMOT1;2, which shares amino acid sequence similarity with AtMOT1;2 and functions in vacuolar molybdate export. We isolated a rice mutant harboring a complete deletion of OsMOT1;2. This mutant exhibited a significantly lower grain Mo concentration than the wild type (WT), but its growth was not inhibited. The Mo concentration in grains was restored by the introduction of WT OsMOT1;2. The OsMOT1;2-GFP protein was localized to the vacuolar membrane when transiently expressed in rice protoplasts. At the reproductive growth stage of the WT plant, OsMOT1;2 was highly expressed in the 2nd and lower leaf blades and nodes. The deletion of OsMOT1;2 impaired interorgan Mo allocation in aerial parts: relative to the WT, the mutant exhibited decreased Mo levels in the 1st and 2nd leaf blades and grains but increased Mo levels in the 2nd and lower leaf sheaths, nodes and internodes. When the seedlings were exposed to a solution with a high KNO3 concentration in the absence of Mo, the mutant exhibited significantly lower nitrate reductase activity in the shoots than the WT. Our results suggest that OsMOT1;2 plays an essential role in interorgan Mo distribution and molybdoenzyme activity in rice.
After-discharge in the upper airway muscle genioglossus following brief hypoxia
Authors: Avraam Joanne , Dawson Andrew , Feast Nicole , Fan Feiven Lee , Fridgant Monika D , Kay Amanda , Koay Zi Yi , Jia Pingdong , Greig Rachel , Thornton Therese , Nicholas Christian L , O’Donoghue Fergal J , Trinder John , Jordan Amy S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
Genioglossus (GG) after-discharge is thought to protect against pharyngeal collapse by minimizing periods of low upper airway muscle activity. How GG after-discharge occurs and which single motor units (SMUs) are responsible for the phenomenon are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate genioglossal after-discharge.

Methods
During wakefulness, after-discharge was elicited 8–12 times in healthy individuals with brief isocapnic hypoxia (45–60 s of 10% O2 in N2) terminated by a single breath of 100% O2. GG SMUs were designated as firing solely, or at increased rate, during inspiration (Inspiratory phasic [IP] and inspiratory tonic [IT], respectively); solely, or at increased rate, during expiration (Expiratory phasic [EP] or expiratory tonic [ET], respectively) or firing constantly without respiratory modulation (Tonic). SMUs were quantified at baseline, the end of hypoxia, the hyperoxic breath, and the following eight normoxic breaths.

Results
A total of 210 SMUs were identified in 17 participants. GG muscle activity was elevated above baseline for seven breaths after hyperoxia (p &lt; 0.001), indicating a strong after-discharge effect. After-discharge occurred due to persistent firing of IP and IT units that were recruited during hypoxia, with minimal changes in ET, EP, or Tonic SMUs. The firing frequency of units that were already active changed minimally during hypoxia or the afterdischarge period (p &gt; 0.05).

Conclusion
That genioglossal after-discharge is almost entirely due to persistent firing of previously silent inspiratory SMUs provides insight into the mechanisms responsible for the phenomenon and supports the hypothesis that the inspiratory and expiratory/tonic motor units within the muscle have idiosyncratic functions.
Meta-analysis of age and actigraphy-assessed sleep characteristics across the lifespan
Authors: Evans Marissa A , Buysse Daniel J , Marsland Anna L , Wright Aidan G C , Foust Jill , Carroll Lucas W , Kohli Naina , Mehra Rishabh , Jasper Adam , Srinivasan Swathi , Hall Martica H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
Sleep quantity and continuity vary across the lifespan. Actigraphy is a reliable and widely used behavioral measure of sleep in research and personal health monitoring. This meta-analysis provides a novel examination of whether age (in years) is associated with actigraphy-assessed sleep across the lifespan.

Methods
A systematic search of PubMed, Embase.com, Cochrane CENTRAL, and PsycINFO using “actigraphy” and “sleep” terms provided 7079 titles/abstracts; studies of individuals with known psychiatric or medical comorbidities were excluded. Ninety-one articles (N = 23 365) provided data for six meta-analyses examining sleep duration (k = 89), sleep efficiency (k = 58), bedtime (k = 19) and waketime (k = 9) for individuals ages 6–21, and bedtime (k = 7) and waketime (k = 7) for individuals ages 22 and older.

Results
At older ages, sleep duration was shorter (r = −0.12) and sleep efficiency was lower (r = −0.05). Older age was associated with later bedtime (r = 0.37) and wake-up time (r = 0.24) from ages 6–21, whereas older age was associated with earlier bedtime (r = −0.66) and wake-up time (r = −0.59) for ages 22 and above. The strength of these associations was modified by study continent, but not by any other moderator.

Conclusions
Age was negatively associated with actigraphy-assessed sleep duration and efficiency, but the effects were small in magnitude. On the other hand, large associations were observed between age and sleep timing, despite a smaller literature and the absence of analyzable data for ages 30–60. Changes in sleep timing, rather than changes in sleep duration or continuity, may better characterize the effects of age on human sleep.
Sensing the Sacred: Religious Experience, Somatic Inversions, and the Religious Education of Attention
Authors: Winchester Daniel , Pagis Michal 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While previous work has focused largely on discourse, contemporary sociological research has started to examine how the embodied, sensory dimensions of religious practice matter in the construction of religious experience. This paper contributes to this development by drawing sociological attention to the religious cultivation of a particular class of embodied experiences: somatic inversions. Somatic inversions, as we define them, are experiences in which dimensions of human embodiment that usually remain in the tacit background of action and perception are brought to the experiential foreground. We demonstrate how these kinds of practically cultivated experiences of inversion—while not religious in any essential way—enable and encourage attributions of religious significance, making purportedly religious phenomena present to the senses and open to further engagement, exploration, and elaboration. We develop our argument through empirical material from the authors’ respective studies of Eastern Orthodox fasting and Theravada Buddhist meditation practices.