bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model of local hydrogen permeability in stainless steel with two coexisting structures
Authors: Itakura Akiko N. , Miyauchi Naoya , Murase Yoshiharu , Yakabe Taro , Kitajima Masahiro , Aoyagi Satoka 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe dynamics of hydrogen in metals with mixed grain structure is not well understood at a microscopic scale. One of the biggest issues facing the hydrogen economy is “hydrogen embrittlement” of metal induced by hydrogen entering and diffusing into the material. Hydrogen diffusion in metallic materials is difficult to grasp owing to the non-uniform compositions and structures of metal. Here a time-resolved “operando hydrogen microscope” was used to interpret local diffusion behaviour of hydrogen in the microstructure of a stainless steel with austenite and martensite structures. The martensite/austenite ratios differed in each local region of the sample. The path of hydrogen permeation was inferred from the time evolution of hydrogen permeation in several regions. We proposed a model of hydrogen diffusion in a dual-structure material and verified the validity of the model by simulations that took into account the transfer of hydrogen at the interfaces.
Revealing time’s secrets at the National Theatre of Costa Rica via innovative software for cultural heritage research
Authors: Barrantes-Madrigal M. D. , Zúñiga-Salas T. , Arce-Tucker R. E. , Chavarría-Sibaja A. , Sánchez-Solís J. , Mena-Vega J. , Acuña-Umaña K. , Gómez-Tencio M. , Wang-Qiu K. , Lizano-Sánchez F. , Marín-Cruz C. , Herrera-Sancho O. A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEstablishing affordable, efficient, accessible, innovative, and multidisciplinary methodologies to the diagnosis of the conservation state of an artwork is key to carry out appropriate strategies of conservation and consequently to the creation of modern public policies on cultural heritage. Limited access to large-format paintings is a challenge to restoration scientists seeking to obtain information quickly, in a non-destructive and non-invasive manner, and identify regions of interest. Therefore, we put forward two unique software tools based on multispectral imaging techniques, with the long-term aim to assess the artist’s intentions, creative process, and colour palette. This development paves the way for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary understanding of the mysteries encompassed in each pictorial layer, through the study of their physical and chemical characteristics. We conducted the first ever study onMusas IandMusas II, two large-format paintings by Italian artist Carlo Ferrario, located in the National Theatre of Costa Rica. In this study, we used our novel imaging techniques to choose regions of interest in order to study sample layers; while also assessing the works’ state of conservation and possible biodeterioration. We explored the applications of our two versatile software tools,RegionOfInterestandCrystalDistribution, and confirmed paint stratigraphies by means of microscopy and spectroscopy analyses (OM, SEM-EDX, Fluorescent microscopy, FTIR-ATR and micro-Raman). In a pilot study, we identified the artist’s main colour palette: zinc white, lead white, chrome yellow, lead read, viridian, along with artificial vermilion and ultramarine pigments. We were able to identify artificial vermilion and ultramarine and distinguish them from the natural pigments usingCrystalDistributionto map the average size and diameter of the pigment crystals within the paint layers. This study demonstrated that software-based multidisciplinary imaging techniques are novel in establishing preventive and non-invasive methods for historical painting conservation studies, in addition, this study provides tools with great potential to be used in the future in applications such as virtual restoration.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of geographic differences in comorbidities and associated severity and mortality among individuals with COVID-19
Authors: Thakur Bhaskar , Dubey Pallavi , Benitez Joseph , Torres Joshua P. , Reddy Sireesha , Shokar Navkiran , Aung Koko , Mukherjee Debabrata , Dwivedi Alok Kumar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeveral comorbidities have been shown to be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related severity and mortality. However, considerable variation in the prevalence estimates of comorbidities and their effects on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality have been observed in prior studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine geographical, age, and gender related differences in the prevalence of comorbidities and associated severity and mortality rates among COVID-19 patients. We conducted a search using PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE to include all COVID-19 studies published between January 1st, 2020 to July 24th, 2020 reporting comorbidities with severity or mortality. We included studies reporting the confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 on human patients that also provided information on comorbidities or disease outcomes. We used DerSimonian and Laird random effects method for calculating estimates. Of 120 studies with 125,446 patients, the most prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (32%), obesity (25%), diabetes (18%), and cardiovascular disease (16%) while chronic kidney or other renal diseases (51%, 44%), cerebrovascular accident (43%, 44%), and cardiovascular disease (44%, 40%) patients had more COVID-19 severity and mortality respectively. Considerable variation in the prevalence of comorbidities and associated disease severity and mortality in different geographic regions was observed. The highest mortality was observed in studies with Latin American and European patients with any medical condition, mostly older adults (≥ 65 years), and predominantly male patients. Although the US studies observed the highest prevalence of comorbidities in COVID-19 patients, the severity of COVID-19 among each comorbid condition was highest in Asian studies whereas the mortality was highest in the European and Latin American countries. Risk stratification and effective control strategies for the COVID-19 should be done according to comorbidities, age, and gender differences specific to geographical location.
Sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion by flow cytometry reveals the presence of nucleoprotein-reactive antibodies in unexposed individuals
Authors: Egia-Mendikute Leire , Bosch Alexandre , Prieto-Fernández Endika , Lee So Young , Jiménez-Lasheras Borja , García del Río Ana , Antoñana-Vildosola Asier , Bruzzone Chiara , Bizkarguenaga Maider , Embade Nieves , Gil-Redondo Rubén , Martínez-Chantar María Luz , López-Hoyos Marcos , Abrescia Nicola G. A. , Mato José M. , Millet Óscar , Palazón Asís 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is an ongoing need of developing sensitive and specific methods for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion. For this purpose, we have developed a multiplexed flow cytometric bead array (C19BA) that allows the identification of IgG and IgM antibodies against three immunogenic proteins simultaneously: the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), the spike protein subunit 1 (S1) and the nucleoprotein (N). Using different cohorts of samples collected before and after the pandemic, we show that this assay is more sensitive than ELISAs performed in our laboratory. The combination of three viral antigens allows for the interrogation of full seroconversion. Importantly, we have detected N-reactive antibodies in COVID-19-negative individuals. Here we present an immunoassay that can be easily implemented and has superior potential to detect low antibody titers compared to current gold standard serology methods.
Closure of the Proterozoic Mozambique Ocean was instigated by a late Tonian plate reorganization event
Authors: Collins Alan S. , Blades Morgan L. , Merdith Andrew S. , Foden John D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlate reorganization events involve fundamental changes in lithospheric plate-motions and can influence the lithosphere-mantle system as well as both ocean and atmospheric circulation through bathymetric and topographic changes. Here, we compile published data to interpret the geological record of the Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield and integrate this with a full-plate tectonic reconstruction. Our model reveals a plate reorganization event in the late Tonian period about 720 million years ago that changed plate-movement directions in the Mozambique Ocean. After the reorganization, Neoproterozoic India moved towards both the African cratons and Australia-Mawson and instigated the future amalgamation of central Gondwana about 200 million years later. This plate kinematic change is coeval with the breakup of the core of Rodinia between Australia-Mawson and Laurentia and Kalahari and Congo. We suggest the plate reorganization event caused the long-term shift of continents to the southern hemisphere and created a pan-northern hemisphere ocean in the Ediacaran.
Direct translocation of a negatively charged nanoparticle across a negatively charged model cell membrane
Authors: Ikeda Yoko , Nakamura Hideya , Ohsaki Shuji , Watano Satoru 
Published: April 2021

Negatively charged nanoparticle can directly translocate across negatively charge cell membrane via a non-disruptive pathway under a weak external electric field with an ionic charge imbalance.
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Liver Abscess Syndrome – A Challenge for
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Authors: Bielow Tobias , Blank Valentin , Opitz Sabine , Gößmann Holger , Hecker Martin , Seehofer Daniel , Lübbert Christoph , Karlas Thomas 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionInvasive liver abscess syndrome (ILAS) is caused by strains of hypervirulent
Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) and has emerged as the leading cause of liver abscesses
in immuno-competent patients (L.K. Siu et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12:
881–87). ILAS is frequently associated with metastatic spread including the
eyes, lungs, and the central nervous system. The morbidity and mortality of affected
patients are increased compared to liver abscesses of other origin, especially in
cases with concomitant diabetes mellitus (J. E. Choby et al. J Intern Med 2020;
287(3): 283–300). Immediate diagnosis and early intervention are essential
for an optimal outcome. Therefore, ultrasound plays a crucial role if hvKp is
suspected. However, experience with the characteristics of such abscesses on
contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is very limited.
Effects of Different Onset Times of Early Caffeine Treatment on Mesenteric Tissue Oxygenation and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Ozkan Hilal , Cetinkaya Merih , Cakir Salih C. , Saglam Ozge , Koksal Nilgun 
Published: April 2021

Objective Caffeine treatment is routinely used in premature infants to prevent development of apnea and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although a limited number of studies have reported that early caffeine treatment may cause development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) by reducing mesenteric blood flow, this issue is still under discussion. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible effect of different onset times of early caffeine treatment on mesenteric tissue oxygen saturation and NEC development in premature infants.
Study Design A total of 87 preterm infants with ≤1,250-g birth weight (BW) was included in this prospective study. The cases were randomized as group 1 (first 24 hours) and group 2 (72nd hour) caffeine treatment groups and monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for 72 hours from the time of admission until cerebral, renal, and mesenteric tissue oxygen saturations (rSO2) were recorded. The cases were followed-up to the 40th week in terms of NEC and other neonatal morbidities.
Results A total of 87 infants were included in the study, including 45 in group 1 and 42 in group 2. The groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics. The incidence of NEC in group 1 (20%) was higher in comparison to group 2 (9%). The mesenteric rSO2 values in the first 72 hours of group 1 were lower than those of group 2. Low gestational week, BW, and late onset of enteral feeding were found to be other significant risk factors for NEC.
Conclusion In this study, mesenteric tissue oxygenation was lower, and NEC was higher in group 1. Mesenteric rSO2 measurements may be useful in predicting the development of NEC in patients receiving early caffeine therapy.
Key Points
Clinical and Demographic Risk Factors for COVID-19 during Delivery Hospitalizations in New York City
Authors: Sutton Desmond , Wen Timothy , Staniczenko Anna P. , Huang Yongmei , Andrikopoulou Maria , D'Alton Mary , Feinberg Bruce B. , Fuchs Karin , Goffman Dena , Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia , Kahe Ka , Landau Ruth , Lasky James A. , Miller Russell , Ntoso Amma D. , Panzer Alexis , Sheen Jean-Ju , Simpson Lynn L. , Friedman Alexander M. 
Published: April 2021

Objective This study was aimed to review 4 weeks of universal novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) screening among delivery hospitalizations, at two hospitals in March and April 2020 in New York City, to compare outcomes between patients based on COVID-19 status and to determine whether demographic risk factors and symptoms predicted screening positive for COVID-19.
Study Design This retrospective cohort study evaluated all patients admitted for delivery from March 22 to April 18, 2020, at two New York City hospitals. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes were collected. The relationship between COVID-19 and demographic, clinical, and maternal and neonatal outcome data was evaluated. Demographic data included the number of COVID-19 cases ascertained by ZIP code of residence. Adjusted logistic regression models were performed to determine predictability of demographic risk factors for COVID-19.
Results Of 454 women delivered, 79 (17%) had COVID-19. Of those, 27.9% (n = 22) had symptoms such as cough (13.9%), fever (10.1%), chest pain (5.1%), and myalgia (5.1%). While women with COVID-19 were more likely to live in the ZIP codes quartile with the most cases (47 vs. 41%) and less likely to live in the ZIP code quartile with the fewest cases (6 vs. 14%), these comparisons were not statistically significant (p = 0.18). Women with COVID-19 were less likely to have a vaginal delivery (55.2 vs. 51.9%, p = 0.04) and had a significantly longer postpartum length of stay with cesarean (2.00 vs. 2.67days, p < 0.01). COVID-19 was associated with higher risk for diagnoses of chorioamnionitis and pneumonia and fevers without a focal diagnosis. In adjusted analyses, including demographic factors, logistic regression demonstrated a c-statistic of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69, 0.80).
Conclusion COVID-19 symptoms were present in a minority of COVID-19-positive women admitted for delivery. Significant differences in obstetrical outcomes were found. While demographic risk factors demonstrated acceptable discrimination, risk prediction does not capture a significant portion of COVID-19-positive patients.
Key Points
Neonatal Outcomes after Uterus Transplantation: Dallas Uterus Transplant Study
Authors: York Jackie R. , Testa Giuliano , Gunby Robert T. , Putman J. Michael , McKenna Gregory J. , Koon Eric C. , Bayer Johanna , Zhang Lilly , Gregg Anthony R. , Johannesson Liza 
Published: April 2021

Objective Limited data are available on the outcome of infants born after uterus transplantation. Our aim was to describe the hospital course and laboratory findings in the first 2 months of life of the 12 infants born in the Dallas UtErus Transplant Study (DUETS).
Study Design Based on the trial protocol, information about infants was collected in a prospective fashion, including infant demographics, hospital course, and laboratory values.
Results Twelve infants were delivered, all by cesarean section, from 11 mothers who had undergone uterus transplantation (one mother had two pregnancies and delivered two babies). All pregnancies were singleton. The mothers received immunosuppressive therapy, and one had a rejection episode that was detected during pregnancy. The rejection episode resolved after steroid treatment. The infants had a median gestational age of 366/7 weeks (range: 306/7–380/7 weeks) and median birth weight of 2,920 g (range: 1,770–3,470 g). The lowest Apgar's score at 5 minutes was 8. All infants were appropriate size for gestational age. Two infants presented with bandemia but negative blood cultures. At 2 months of age, all infants achieved the developmental and behavioral milestones outlined by the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Conclusion The 12 infants born from mothers with uterus transplants had a neonatal course that reflected the gestational age at delivery. No baby was born with an identified malformation or organ dysfunction. Longer follow-up and a larger number of infants are needed to confirm these observations.
Key Points
Comparison of Maternal and Neonatal Subspecialty Care Provision by Hospital
Authors: Clapp Mark A. , Srinivas Sindhu K. , Kozhimannil Katy B. , Grobman William A. , Kaimal Anjali J. 
Published: April 2021

Objective The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between a hospital's provision of subspecialty neonatal and maternal care. Specifically, we sought to understand where women with high-risk maternal conditions received intrapartum care and estimate the potential transfer burden for those with maternal high-risk conditions delivering at hospitals without subspecialty maternal care.
Study Design This is a descriptive study using data from 2015 State Inpatient Databases and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey. Characteristics were compared between hospitals based on the concordance of their maternal and neonatal care. The incidences of high-risk maternal conditions (pre-eclampsia with severe features, placenta previa with prior cesarean delivery, cardiac disease, pulmonary edema, and acute liver failure) were compared. To determine the potential referral burden, the percent of women with high-risk conditions delivering at a hospital without subspecialty maternal care but delivering in a county with a hospital with subspecialty maternal care was calculated.
Results The analysis included 486,398 women who delivered at 544 hospitals, of which 104 (19%) and 182 (33%) had subspecialty maternal and neonatal care, respectively. Ninety-eight hospitals provided both subspecialty maternal and neonatal care; however, 84 hospitals provided only subspecialty neonatal care but no subspecialty maternal care. Among high-risk maternal conditions examined, approximately 65% of women delivered at a hospital with subspecialty maternal care. Of the remainder who delivered at a hospital without subspecialty maternal care, one-third were in a county where subspecialty care was present. For women with high-risk conditions who delivered in a county without subspecialty maternal care, the median distance to the closest county with subspecialty care was 52.8 miles (IQR: 34.3–87.7 miles).
Conclusion Approximately 50% of hospitals with subspecialty neonatal care do not provide subspecialty maternal care. This discordance may present a challenge when both high-risk maternal and neonatal conditions are present.
Key Points
Expect the unexpected? Challenges of prospectively exploring stakeholder engagement in research
Authors: O’Shea Alison , Boaz Annette , Hanney Stephen , Kok Maarten , Borst Robert , Pokhrel Subhash , Jones Teresa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStakeholder engagement in research is increasingly viewed as making a major contribution to assisting impact. This paper draws on a longitudinal, prospective impact study exploring stakeholder engagement in a 3-year tobacco control research project which used stakeholder engagement in the development, testing and dissemination of its return on investment tool. The paper presents the challenges of data collection when undertaking prospective research on stakeholder engagement in health-related research. The impact study used mixed methods of data collection to explore stakeholder engagement in the target project, comprising surveys, interviews and observations of meetings and events involving stakeholders. Stakeholder engagement that actually occurred in the target project, and the data collection methods of stakeholder engagement that were actually used in the impact study, varied substantially from those intended in each case. Data collection for the impact study was dependent on the target project’s stakeholder engagement, which became substantially reduced. Modifications to data collection for the impact study were required. One of the reasons for the reduction of stakeholder engagement was linked to constraints on the target project to meet non-negotiable deadlines. Another factor was concerns about overburdening stakeholders. The knock-on effect of reduced stakeholder engagement highlighted the impact study’s lack of control over its data collection, which was related to the prospective nature of the study. The authors acknowledge that an advantage of a retrospective approach over a prospective one is researchers knowing about data availability and accessibility from the outset. However, the prospective approach of the impact study enabled insight into stakeholder engagement in real-time: how and when it occurred, the challenges, and the experiences of stakeholders and the target project researchers. While the quantity of data gathered was considerably less than anticipated, the quality of data was rich and enabled the impact study objectives to be achieved. With increasing emphasis on public engagement in research and calls for engagement to be evaluated for impact, this paper aims—by highlighting the challenges the impact study experienced—to provide some insight to future research that seeks to respond to those calls.
A fast-reciprocating probe array for two-dimensional measurements in the divertor region of the Tokamak à configuration variable
Authors: De Oliveira H. , Theiler C. , Elaian H. ,   TCV Team
Published: April 2021

A detailed description of the construction and commissioning of the fast-moving reciprocating divertor Langmuir probe array on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV) is presented. A horizontal array of 24 Langmuir probes (12 Mach probes) combined with a fast vertical movement provides unprecedented two-dimensional measurements of the plasma properties across the entire divertor outer leg volume and up to the X-point. The L-shape probe arm has to be very compact to minimize plasma perturbations and, at the same time, has to house 24 coaxial transmission lines, withstand time-averaged heat fluxes of up to ≈30 MW/m2 and accelerations of up to 8 g, and be resilient to violent plasma disruptions. For the fast vertical motion of the probe arm, extending up to 38 cm into the TCV vacuum vessel, an assembly with a precise and powerful linear electric motor (up to 4000 N of force) was mounted in a 4 m high structure within the limited space below the TCV. The diagnostic has already performed measurements in ≈200 plasma discharges and has been hit by ≈20 disruptions without suffering any critical damage. The measurements are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with other reference diagnostics, such as upstream electron Thomson scattering and downstream wall-embedded Langmuir probes, and are used extensively on the TCV for experimental divertor studies and for comparisons with edge transport and turbulence code results.