bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2D MoS2 Charge Injection Memory Transistors Utilizing Hetero‐Stack SiO2/HfO2 Dielectrics and Oxide Interface Traps
Authors: Widiapradja Livia Janice , Nam Taewook , Jeong Yeonsu , Jin Hye‐Jin , Lee Yangjin , Kim Kwanpyo , Lee Sangyoon , Kim Hyungjun , Bae Heesun , Im Seongil 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAmong advanced devices with 2D semiconductors, charge injection memory field effect transistors (CIM FETs) may be one of the most important and practical ones. Reported CIM FETs utilize three layers (for tunneling, trapping, and bulk dielectric) in general, resulting in high switching voltages over 10 V. Here, nonvolatile CIM FETs are fabricated with MoS2 channel and hetero‐stack bilayer oxide dielectrics adopting 5 nm‐thin SiO2 and 25 nm‐thick HfO2, where the charge traps are expected at the SiO2/HfO2 oxide interface. It is nicely observed from the device that a low pulse gate voltage below ±7 V is enough to obtain program and erase states, which would originate from the tunneling electrons trapped at the hetero‐stack oxide interface. For comparison, other CIM FET devices are also fabricated but with tri‐layer dielectric of 5 nm polystyrene‐brush/5 nm HfO2/25 nm SiO2. Expectedly, the latter with tri‐layer requires at least ±10 V for memory operations. The former with a hetero‐stack oxide bilayer is now determined as an optimum device because of low operating voltages and less process complexity, and it is extended to a circuit application for a long‐term memory switching of an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) pixel.
A Single Transistor‐Based Threshold Switch for a Bio‐Inspired Reconfigurable Threshold Logic
Authors: Han Joon‐Kyu , Lee Mun‐Woo , Yu Ji‐Man , Choi Yang‐Kyu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this work, a single transistor‐based threshold switch for a bio‐inspired reconfigurable threshold logic is demonstrated with a metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor. A threshold logic can mimic biological neurons of brain by use of Boolean entities with threshold units. Various linear Boolean logic functions of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR are implemented without analog circuits such as a comparator for threshold operation. As a result, reconfigurable threshold logic is realized with a 6F2 footprint. In addition to linearly separable logic functions, a linearly inseparable XOR logic function is also implemented using the same threshold switch. Edge detection, which is one of the most important functions for image recognition, is also demonstrated using the XOR logic function with the aid of semi‐empirical circuit simulation by reflecting experimental data.
Dendrites in Solid‐State Batteries: Ion Transport Behavior, Advanced Characterization, and Interface Regulation
Authors: Yu Zhenjiang , Zhang Xueyan , Fu Chuankai , Wang Han , Chen Ming , Yin Geping , Huo Hua , Wang Jiajun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSolid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) are attracting growing interest for next‐generation Li‐metal batteries with theoretically high energy density, but they currently suffer from safety concerns caused by dendrite growth, hindering their commercial applications. Interfaces between SSEs and solid lithium are argued to be crucial, affecting dendrite growth and determining solid‐state batteries (SSBs) performance. The buried and localized nature of the interface poses a huge challenge for direct characterization under working conditions. Recent review articles have been devoted to evaluating the conductivity and chemical stability of SSEs. Recognizing this, in this Review, the focus is on understanding lithium dendrite beyond conventional factors and offering a perspective on various surface/interface and microstructural phenomena that require close attention by both experimentalists and theoreticians. The complicated ion‐transport mechanism and chemomechanical information correlated with interface and lithium dendrite are discussed. Rational solutions are provided to engineer functional interfaces to suppress lithium dendrites and accelerate progress towards the commercialization of SSBs.
Absence of calvarial fracture could predict the need for tracheostomy in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Murasaki Misaki , Tanizaki Shinsuke , Nakanishi Taizo , Toma Yasuo , Hayashi Minoru , Kono Kumiko , Ishida Hiroshi , Maeda Shigenobu , Nagai Hideya , Azuma Hiroyuki , Kano Ken‐ichi 
Published: March 2021

AimTracheostomy is a common procedure for intubated patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) but optimal timing and the predictors of tracheostomy are still unclear. The aim of our study was to explore whether the traumatic variables of head injury predict the need for tracheostomy in intubated TBI patients.MethodsA single‐center, retrospective observational study including a series of TBI patients admitted to Fukui Prefectural Hospital from April 1, 2004 to March 31, 2020 was carried out. Our primary outcome was tracheostomy. Patients with TBI who were intubated and admitted into the ICU within 24 h after injury were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were age less than 18 years, pregnancy, mortality within 24 h, post‐cardiac arrest syndrome, and patients for whom life‐sustaining interventions were withheld. Radiologic images were also reviewed and the morphology of the head injury was categorized.ResultsSeventy‐six patients were included. Forty‐six patients (60.5%) underwent tracheostomy and 30 patients (39.5%) were successfully extubated. Calvarial fracture (odds ratio [OR] 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–0.88; P = 0.03), Injury Severity Score (OR 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00–1.15; P = 0.04), and Glasgow Comas Scale score (OR 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73–0.96) were statistically significant in the univariable analysis. Multivariate logistic regression identified calvarial fracture as an independent predictor for tracheostomy. The model involving calvarial fracture, Injury Severity Score ≥16, and Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8 showed the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the model was 0.737 (95% CI, 0.629–0.846).ConclusionsThe absence of calvarial fracture could predict the necessity for tracheostomy in intubated TBI patients when combined with other factors. Further prospective randomized trials are necessary to confirm the findings.
Characterization of the Insular Role in Cardiac Function through Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Human Insula
Authors: Sanchez‐Larsen Alvaro , Principe Alessandro , Ley Miguel , Navarro‐Cuartero Javier , Rocamora Rodrigo 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThe link between brain function and cardiovascular dynamics is an important issue yet to be elucidated completely. The insula is a neocortical brain area that is thought to have a cardiac chronotropic regulatory function, but its role in cardiac contractility is unknown. We aimed to analyze the variability in heart rate and cardiac contractility after functional activation of different insular regions through direct electrical stimulation (E‐stim) in humans.MethodsThis was an observational, prospective study, including patients admitted for stereo‐electroencephalographic recording because of refractory epilepsy, in whom the insular cortex was implanted. Patients with anatomical or electrophysiological insular abnormalities and those in whom E‐stim produced subjective symptoms were excluded. Variations in heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) were analyzed during insular E‐stim and compared with control E‐stim of non‐eloquent brain regions and sham stimulations.ResultsTen patients were included, 5 implanted in the right insula (52 E‐stim) and 5 in the left (37 E‐stim). Demographic and clinical characteristics of both groups were similar. E‐stim of both right and left insulas induced a significant decrease of the CO and HR, and an increase of the SV. E‐stim of control electrodes and sham stimulations were not associated with variations in cardiac function. Blood pressure and respiratory rate remained unaltered.InterpretationOur results suggest a direct chronotropic and inotropic cardiac depressor function of the right and left insulas. The evidence of an insular direct cardiac regulatory function might open a path in the prevention or treatment of heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1172–1180
Enzymatic Assemblies of Thiophosphopeptides Instantly Target Golgi Apparatus and Selectively Kill Cancer Cells**
Authors: Tan Weiyi , Zhang Qiuxin , Wang Jiaqing , Yi Meihui , He Hongjian , Xu Bing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChanging an oxygen atom of the phosphoester bond in phosphopeptides by a sulfur atom enables instantly targeting Golgi apparatus (GA) and selectively killing cancer cells by enzymatic self‐assembly. Specifically, conjugating cysteamine S‐phosphate to the C‐terminal of a self‐assembling peptide generates a thiophosphopeptide. Being a substrate of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the thiophosphopeptide undergoes rapid ALP‐catalyzed dephosphorylation to form a thiopeptide that self‐assembles. The thiophosphopeptide enters cells via caveolin‐mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis and instantly accumulates in GA because of dephosphorylation and formation of disulfide bonds in Golgi by themselves and with Golgi proteins. Moreover, the thiophosphopeptide potently and selectively inhibits cancer cells (HeLa) with the IC50 (about 3 μM), which is an order of magnitude more potent than that of the parent phosphopeptide.
Towards the Highly Efficient Synthesis and Selective Methylation of C(sp3)‐Bridged [6]Cycloparaphenylenes from Fluoren[3]arenes
Authors: Du Xu‐Sheng , Zhang Da‐Wei , Guo Yan , Li Jing , Han Ying , Chen Chuan‐Feng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn approach to the highly efficient synthesis of C(sp3)‐bridged [6]cycloparaphenylenes (C[6]CPPs) from fluoren[3]arenes (F[3]As) was developed. Consequently, F[3]As as a new kind of macrocyclic arenes were synthesized. Followed by the demethylation, triflation and intramolecular aryl–aryl coupling reactions, C[6]CPPs were then conveniently obtained. Interestingly, C[6]CPPs could be selectively methylated to produce their fully outer‐methyl‐substituted derivatives. The crystal structures showed the hydroxyl‐substituted F[3]As had bowl‐shaped conformations, and the C[6]CPPs exhibited rigid belt‐shaped structures with deep cavities. Moreover, C[6]CPPs exhibited high HOMO energies and narrow energy gaps. An unclosed belt was further obtained, and it not only showed a similar narrow energy gap to those of the aromatic belts, but also displayed strong fluorescence property, which can play a vital role in the design and synthesis of new aromatic belts.
Reorganization of Self‐Assembled DNA‐Based Polymers using Orthogonally Addressable Building Blocks**
Authors: Gentile Serena , Del Grosso Erica , Prins Leonard J. , Ricci Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNature uses non‐covalent interactions to achieve structural dynamic reconfiguration of biopolymers. Taking advantage of the programmability of DNA/DNA interactions we report here the rational design of orthogonal DNA‐based addressable tiles that self‐assemble into polymer‐like structures that can be reconfigured by external inputs. The different tiles share the same sticky ends responsible for self‐assembly but are rationally designed to contain a specific regulator‐binding domain that can be orthogonally targeted by different DNA regulator strands. We show that by sequentially adding specific inputs it is possible to re‐organize the formed structures to display well‐defined distributions: homopolymers, random and block structures. The versatility of the systems presented in this study shows the ease with which DNA‐based addressable monomers can be designed to create reconfigurable micron‐scale DNA structures offering a new approach to the growing field of supramolecular polymers.
Automated Glycan Assembly of 19F‐labeled Glycan Probes Enables High‐Throughput NMR Studies of Protein–Glycan Interactions
Authors: Fittolani Giulio , Shanina Elena , Guberman Mónica , Seeberger Peter H. , Rademacher Christoph , Delbianco Martina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProtein–glycan interactions mediate important biological processes, including pathogen host invasion and cellular communication. Herein, we showcase an expedite approach that integrates automated glycan assembly (AGA) of 19F‐labeled probes and high‐throughput NMR methods, enabling the study of protein–glycan interactions. Synthetic Lewis type 2 antigens were screened against seven glycan binding proteins (GBPs), including DC‐SIGN and BambL, respectively involved in HIV‐1 and lung infections in immunocompromised patients, confirming the preference for fucosylated glycans (Lex, H type 2, Ley). Previously unknown glycan–lectin weak interactions were detected, and thermodynamic data were obtained. Enzymatic reactions were monitored in real‐time, delivering kinetic parameters. These results demonstrate the utility of AGA combined with 19F NMR for the discovery and characterization of glycan–protein interactions, opening up new perspectives for 19F‐labeled complex glycans.
Separation and Purification of Hydrocarbons with Porous Materials
Authors: Wu Yaqi , Weckhuysen Bert M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis Minireview focuses on the developments of the adsorptive separation of methane/nitrogen, ethene/ethane, propene/propane mixtures as well as on the separation of C8 aromatics (i.e. xylene isomers) with a wide variety of materials, including carbonaceous materials, zeolites, metal–organic frameworks, and porous organic frameworks. Some recent important developments for these adsorptive separations are also highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of each material category are discussed and guidelines for the design of improved materials are proposed. Furthermore, challenges and future developments of each material type and separation processes are discussed.
Water retention in sandy substrates modified by cross‐linked polymeric microgels and their complexes with a linear cationic polymer
Authors: Smagin Andrey , Panova Irina , Ilyasov Leonid , Ogawa Kazuyoshi , Adachi Yasuhisa , Yaroslavov Alexander 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNew synthetic soil conditioners for anti‐erosion protection of soils in the form of microgel copolymers of N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid (PAA#) and their interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC#) with different surface charges are tested for optimization of water retention and porous structure in two samples of soil substrates. Water retention curves (WRCs) are used as a fundamental thermodynamic indicator of water holding capacity in soil substrates treated by new polymeric materials. Soil‐hydrological constants, as well as specific surface parameters and pore distribution curves are calculated from the WRCs using the van Genuhten model and the Voronin method in the author's modification. PAA# and anionic IPEC# with high swelling degree at a dose of 1% (by weight) increase field water capacity, available soil water range and specific surface area by 5–6 times for quartz sand, along with reorganizing its structure towards micropore dominance. For loamy sand, the same treatment was less effective with a twofold increase in field moisture capacity, double or triple increase of specific surface area, and an almost constant range of available soil water due to the strong increase of wilting point parameter. Weakly swelling linear polyacrylic acid and cationic IPEC# did not significantly affect properties of both mineral substrates.
Development of a difunctional oxirane and multifunctional acrylate interpenetrating polymer network composite system with antimicrobial properties
Authors: Sathissarat Jessica H. , Chu Lianrui , Danso Robert , Rawls H. Ralph , Whang Kyumin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis research continued the development of a difunctional Oxirane and multifunctional Acrylate interpenetrating polymer network composite System (OASys) with antimicrobial properties. The effects of 4‐Isopropyl‐4′‐methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate (Borate), hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) and N,N‐dimethyl p‐toluidine (DMPT) on OASys (Epalloy 5001:dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate) composite hardness, contact angle, monomer‐to‐polymer degree of conversion (DoC), mechanical properties, polymerization shrinkage, shrinkage stress, and antimicrobial properties were determined. Bis‐GMA:TEGDMA composites were used as the control. OASys composites with 9 wt% Borate and 0.5 wt% DMPT or 1.5 wt% HMDA had comparable hardness, DoC's and polymerization shrinkages to controls, but had lower contact angles and mechanical properties. Additionally, OASys composites with 1.5 wt% HMDA had significantly less polymerization stress than controls and demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei out to 3 months. With lower shrinkage stress and long‐term antimicrobial activity, OASys composites look promising for increasing the clinical lifetime of dental composites, but improvements in mechanical properties are needed.
Toward the global magnetic field of the planet‐hosting red giant eps Tau
Authors: Plachinda Sergei Ivanovich , Butkovskaya Varvara Vladimirovna , Pankov Nikolai Fedorovich 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present the results of a search for the magnetic field inhomogeneity for the red giant ϵ Tau. This research is based on observations obtained over 10 nights in 2008–2010 with the ESPaDOnS CFHT spectropolarimeter. We found a previously undescribed instrumental effect in the ESPaDOnS spectra, consisting of random polarization outliers. Therefore, to measure the magnetic field from the unblended individual lines, we preliminarily cleared the initial array of spectral lines from the lines distorted by polarization outliers. On only one date from 10, the magnetic field of ϵ Tau was found to exceed 3σ. We also revealed that during two nights the time series of the magnetic field values shows a distribution that is different from the normal distribution. A hypothesis was put forward that this may be due to the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field of this star.
The seesaw between normal function and protein aggregation: How functional interactions may increase protein solubility
Authors: Temussi Piero Andrea , Tartaglia Gian Gaetano , Pastore Annalisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProtein aggregation has been studied for at least 3 decades, and many of the principles that regulate this event are relatively well understood. Here, however, we present a different perspective to explain why proteins aggregate: we argue that aggregation may occur as a side‐effect of the lack of one or more natural partners that, under physiologic conditions, would act as chaperones. This would explain why the same surfaces that have evolved for functional purposes are also those that favour aggregation. In the course of reviewing this field, we substantiate our hypothesis with three paradigmatic examples that argue for the generality of our proposal. An obvious corollary of this hypothesis is, of course, that targeting the physiological partners of a protein could be the most direct and specific approach to designing anti‐aggregation molecules. Our analysis may thus inform a different strategy for combating diseases of protein aggregation and misfolding.
Comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of lobetyolin in rats after administration of lobetyolin and Codonopsis pilosula extract by ultra‐performance LC–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Dong Jiajia , Cheng Ming , Xue Rong , Deng Chang , Liu Huanhuan , Zhang Ting , Lu Tulin , Mao Chunqin , Xiao Shuxian , Li Lin , Pi Wenxia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCodonopsis pilosula (CP) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to invigorate spleen, replenish lung, nourish blood and engender fluid. A rapid, selective and sensitive ultra‐performance LC–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to determine lobetyolin in rat plasma. The calibration curve showed good linearity over a concentration range of 0.46–1000 ng/mL for lobetyolin. The extraction recovery ranged from 72.5% to 89.1% with matrix effects of 81.6%–107.8%. The intra‐ and inter‐batch precision and accuracy were 0.02–14.4% and −13.9% to −1.36%, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the bioavailability study of lobetyolin in rats after oral administration of pure lobetyolin and CP extract. Results showed that the elimination half‐time (t1/2) and the area under the concentration–time curve from zero to infinity of lobetyolin in CP extract were statistically different from those of the pure monomer (P < 0.05). However, the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) and the maximum concentration (Cmax) showed no significant differences between the two treatments. Furthermore, the bioavailability of lobetyolin in the experimental group was only 3.90%, significantly lower than that of the CP extract group (6.97%). The low bioavailability indicated that this component may be absorbed poorly or metabolized extensively in rats. Our results will provide useful information for further preclinical studies and formulation preparation of lobetyolin.
Working memory in schizophrenia: The role of the locus coeruleus and its relation to functional brain networks
Authors: Suttkus Stefanie , Schumann Andy , de la Cruz Feliberto , Bär Karl‐Jürgen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEvidence suggests functional brain networks, especially the executive control network (ECN) and default mode network (DMN), to be abnormal in schizophrenia. Dysfunctions within the locus coeruleus (LC)‐noradrenaline (NE) system, which is supposed to be pivotal to modulate neuronal network activation during executive control (e.g., working memory function), are also considered to play a vital role in the occurrence of positive (e.g., hallucinatory) or negative (e.g., inattentive) symptoms in these patients. In the present study, we sought to shed further light on the role of the LC‐NE system in patients with schizophrenia. More specifically, we wanted to improve our understanding of the relationship and possible disturbances of the ECN and DMN during a working memory task in patients. A total of 58 healthy control subjects and 40 medicated patients with schizophrenia were investigated using a working memory 3‐back task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Main findings of our present study were differential dynamics of ECN and DMN blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) activations with increasing task demands in both patients and controls. Moreover, we found increased BOLD activation in the LC in patients compared to controls in the interaction contrast between groups and conditions. LC BOLD activation significantly correlated with both, the main hub of the ECN, that is, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and of the DMN, that is, the posterior cingulate cortex. Thus, the LC‐NE system seems to be crucial in modulating neuronal network activity in a 3‐back working memory task and might significantly contribute to cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
Dual aortic aneurysms with coronary artery and multiple cerebrovascular stenoses
Authors: Hashimoto Masafumi , Mogi Kenji , Sakurai Manabu , Tani Kengo , Ito Shuntaro , Takahara Yoshiharu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTotal debranching thoracic endovascular aortic repair is useful for avoiding neurological complications in cases where cardiopulmonary bypass is difficult and for devising an intraoperative cervical branch reconstruction method.