bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bi-unicondylar arthroplasty
Authors: Garner Amy J. , Dandridge Oliver W. , Amis Andrew A. , Cobb Justin P. , van Arkel Richard J. 
Published: November 2021

Aims Bi-unicondylar arthroplasty (Bi-UKA) is a bone and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-preserving alternative to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) when the patellofemoral joint is preserved. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical outcomes and biomechanics of Bi-UKA. Methods Bi-UKA subjects (n = 22) were measured on an instrumented treadmill, using standard gait metrics, at top walking speeds. Age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy (n = 24) and primary TKA (n = 22) subjects formed control groups. TKA subjects with preoperative patellofemoral or tricompartmental arthritis or ACL dysfunction were excluded. The Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) were compared. Bi-UKA, then TKA, were performed on eight fresh frozen cadaveric knees, to investigate knee extensor efficiency under controlled laboratory conditions, using a repeated measures study design. Results Bi-UKA walked 20% faster than TKA (Bi-UKA mean top walking speed 6.7 km/h (SD 0.9),TKA 5.6 km/h (SD 0.7), p < 0.001), exhibiting nearer-normal vertical ground reaction forces in maximum weight acceptance and mid-stance, with longer step and stride lengths compared to TKA (p < 0.048). Bi-UKA subjects reported higher OKS (p = 0.004) and EQ-5D (p < 0.001). In vitro, Bi-UKA generated the same extensor moment as native knees at low flexion angles, while reduced extensor moment was measured following TKA (p < 0.003). Conversely, at higher flexion angles, the extensor moment of TKA was normal. Over the full range, the extensor mechanism was more efficient following Bi-UKA than TKA (p < 0.028). Conclusion Bi-UKA had more normal gait characteristics and improved patient-reported outcomes, compared to matched TKA subjects. This can, in part, be explained by differences in extensor efficiency. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(11):723–733.
Wood Residues in the Moratuwa Woodworking Industry Cluster of Sri Lanka: Potential for Sector Synergies and Value-Added Products
Authors: Himandi Shashika , Perera Priyan , Amarasekera Hiran , Rupasinghe Rajitha , Vlosky Richard P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Moratuwa Woodworking Industry Cluster (MWIC) is a geographically concentrated cluster of over 1,600 small-to-medium scale wood-based manufacturing and retail facilities in Sri Lanka. Firms include furniture manufacturers, carpentry shops, sawmills, and integrated sawmills. The concept of industrial symbiosis explores the synergies between industrial facilities to exchange energy, water, by-products, and waste to achieve a higher efficiency in resource utilization. This research was undertaken to address the lack of quantitative information on wood residues generated within the MWIC. A survey of 180 primary and secondary wood product manufacturers was undertaken to quantify MWIC firm by-product production and consumption of wood residues to establish a baseline for possible end use and waste synergies. The total population of enterprises generating wood waste is 730; retail facilities are not included. Sawmills produce approximately 66% of the 6,490 MT of MWIC's monthly wood residue generation, with the balance produced by carpentry and integrated enterprises. Teak (Tectona grandis) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) are the dominant species used in the MWIC, accounting for most of the wood waste. Three main types of wood waste were identified in the survey: sawdust (76.5%), boards with significant wane (16.5%) unusable for further products, and offcuts (6.9%). Only 55% of the wood waste generated in MWIC is currently used; the remaining 45% is taken to landfills or disposed of in other ways, such as discarded in waterways or other nonapproved locations. Improved wood waste sorting by type at the mill level and aggregated wood waste within the MWIC was determined to increase the usability of wood waste as potential inputs in other wood manufacturing sectors in the MWIC.
Photon detection at 1  ns time intervals using 16-element SNSPD array with SFQ multiplexer
Authors: Miki Shigehito , Miyajima Shigeyuki , China Fumihiro , Yabuno Masahiro , Terai Hirotaka 
Published: November 2021

We demonstrate the high-speed operation of a 16-element superconducting
nanostrip single-photon detector (SNSPD) array with a single flux
quantum (SFQ) multiplexer. The SFQ multiplexer can reshape the output
signals from 16-element SNSPD into pulses with durations shorter than
1 ns and bundle these pulses into one output line, which is
advantageous for high-speed operation of the SNSPD array system. We
confirmed the correct operation of the 16-element SNSPD system with a
system detection efficiency of 80% at a wavelength of 1550 nm, timing
jitter of 45 ps, and successful observation of photons at 1 ns time
intervals as distinguishable output pulses. The reduction in detection
efficiency could also be suppressed to

∼

0.93

during the dead time of

∼

10

n
s

for each SNSPD pixel when the
incident photon flux was relatively low at 0.1 photon/pulse.
High-speed photonic reservoir computer based on a delayed Fano laser under electrical modulation
Authors: Huang Yu , Zhou Pei , Yang Yigong , Li Nianqiang 
Published: November 2021

We propose and numerically demonstrate a high-speed photonic reservoir computing (RC) system using a compact Fano laser (FL) with optical feedback under electrical modulation. Benefiting from its insensitivity to external feedback, an FL has a wider dynamic steady-state region compared with a conventional Fabry–Perot laser, which significantly extends the ranges of desirable RC implementation. Interestingly, we observe two separate regions of good RC performances corresponding to two scenarios of the dynamic steady state of the FL, respectively. Moreover, the robust RC performance versus the feedback phase can be achieved in one of the steady-state regions, where the laser is not destabilized for lower external reflectivity. Owing to the ultra-short photon lifetime in the FL, the information processing rate of our proposed RC system may reach 10 Gbps. More importantly, as a specific type of microscopic laser, the FL offers potential applications to RC-based integrated neuromorphic photonic systems.
Electrically injected GeSn lasers with peak wavelength up to 2.7  μm
Authors: Zhou Yiyin , Ojo Solomon , Wu Chen-Wei , Miao Yuanhao , Tran Huong , Grant Joshua M. , Abernathy Grey , Amoah Sylvester , Bass Jake , Salamo Gregory , Du Wei , Chang Guo-En , Liu Jifeng , Margetis Joe , Tolle John , Zhang Yong-Hang , Sun Greg , Soref Richard A. , Li Baohua , Yu Shui-Qing 
Published: November 2021

GeSn lasers enable the monolithic integration of lasers on the Si platform using all-group-IV direct-bandgap material. The GeSn laser study recently moved from optical pumping into electrical injection. In this work, we present explorative investigations of GeSn heterostructure laser diodes with various layer thicknesses and material compositions. Cap layer material was studied by using

Si

0.03

Ge

0.89

Sn

0.08

and

Ge

0.95

Sn

0.05

, and cap layer total thickness was also compared. The 190 nm SiGeSn-cap device had threshold of

0.6

kA
/

cm

2

at 10 K and a maximum operating temperature (

T

max

) of 100 K, compared to

1.4

kA
/

cm

2

and 50 K from 150 nm SiGeSn-cap device, respectively. Furthermore, the 220 nm GeSn-cap device had 10 K threshold at

2.4

kA
/

cm

2

and

T

max

at 90 K, i.e., higher threshold and lower maximal operation temperature compared to the SiGeSn cap layer, indicating that enhanced electron confinement using SiGeSn can reduce the threshold considerably. The study of the active region material showed that device gain region using

Ge

0.87

Sn

0.13

had a higher threshold and lower

T

max

, compared to

Ge

0.89

Sn

0.11

. The performance was affected by the metal absorption, free carrier absorption, and possibly defect density level. The maximum peak wavelength was measured as 2682 nm at 90 K by using

Ge

0.87

Sn

0.13

in gain regions. The investigations provide directions to the future GeSn laser diode designs toward the full integration of group-IV photonics on a Si platform.
Small area variations and factors associated with blood pressure and body-mass index in adult women in Accra, Ghana: Bayesian spatial analysis of a representative population survey and census data
Authors: Clark Sierra N. , Bennett James E. , Arku Raphael E. , Hill Allan G. , Fink Günther , Adanu Richard M. , Biritwum Richard B. , Darko Rudolph , Bawah Ayaga , Duda Rosemary B. , Ezzati Majid 
Published: November 2021

Background
Body-mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) levels are rising in sub-Saharan African cities, particularly among women. However, there is very limited information on how much they vary within cities, which could inform targeted and equitable health policies. Our study aimed to analyse spatial variations in BMI and BP for adult women at the small area level in the city of Accra, Ghana.

Methods and findings
We combined a representative survey of adult women’s health in Accra, Ghana (2008 to 2009) with a 10% random sample of the national census (2010). We applied a hierarchical model with a spatial term to estimate the associations of BMI and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural, and environmental factors. We then used the model to estimate BMI and BP for all women in the census in Accra and calculated mean BMI, SBP, and DBP for each enumeration area (EA). BMI and/or BP were positively associated with age, ethnicity (Ga), being currently married, and religion (Muslim) as their 95% credible intervals (95% CrIs) did not include zero, while BP was also negatively associated with literacy and physical activity. BMI and BP had opposite associations with socioeconomic status (SES) and alcohol consumption. In 2010, 26% of women aged 18 and older had obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), and 21% had uncontrolled hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg). The differences in mean BMI and BP between EAs at the 10th and 90th percentiles were 2.7 kg/m2 (BMI) and in BP 7.9 mm Hg (SBP) and 4.8 mm Hg (DBP). BMI was generally higher in the more affluent eastern parts of Accra, and BP was higher in the western part of the city. A limitation of our study was that the 2010 census dataset used for predicting small area variations is potentially outdated; the results should be updated when the next census data are available, to the contemporary population, and changes over time should be evaluated.

Conclusions
We observed that variation of BMI and BP across neighbourhoods within Accra was almost as large as variation across countries among women globally. Localised measures are needed to address this unequal public health challenge in Accra.
Evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2 positivity ratio and upper respiratory tract viral load among asymptomatic individuals screened before hospitalization or surgery in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Heireman Laura , Abrams Steven , Bruynseels Peggy , Cartuyvels Reinoud , Cuypers Lize , De Schouwer Pieter , Laffut Wim , Lagrou Katrien , Hens Niel , Ho Erwin , Padalko Elizaveta , Reynders Marijke , Vandamme Sarah , Van der Moeren Nathalie , Verstrepen Walter , Willems Philippe , Naesens Reinout 
Published: November 2021

Introduction
The incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the Belgian community is mainly estimated based on test results of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-like symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positivity ratio and distribution of viral loads within a cohort of asymptomatic patients screened prior hospitalization or surgery, stratified by age category.

Materials/Methods
We retrospectively studied data on SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR detection in respiratory tract samples of asymptomatic patients screened pre-hospitalization or pre-surgery in nine Belgian hospitals located in Flanders over a 12-month period (1 April 2020–31 March 2021).

Results
In total, 255925 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results and 2421 positive results for which a viral load was reported, were included in this study. An unweighted overall SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR positivity ratio of 1.27% was observed with strong spatiotemporal differences. SARS-CoV-2 circulated predominantly in 80+ year old individuals across all time periods except between the first and second COVID-19 wave and in 20–30 year old individuals before the second COVID-19 wave. In contrast to the first wave, a significantly higher positivity ratio was observed for the 20–40 age group in addition to the 80+ age group compared to the other age groups during the second wave. The median viral load follows a similar temporal evolution as the positivity rate with an increase ahead of the second wave and highest viral loads observed for 80+ year old individuals.

Conclusion
There was a high SARS-CoV-2 circulation among asymptomatic patients with a predominance and highest viral loads observed in the elderly. Moreover, ahead of the second COVID-19 wave an increase in median viral load was noted with the highest overall positivity ratio observed in 20–30 year old individuals, indicating they could have been the hidden drivers of this wave.
Pedagogy as Education to Active Thinking
Authors: Segalerba Gianluigi , Latyshev-Maysky Oleg Yurievich 
Published: November 2021

In our study, we analyse some reflections contained in the education thought of John Dewey, Paulo Freire and Peter McLaren. The three thinkers, with mutually different methods, have, in our opinion, as common point the intention to show that no education system is neutral in relation to the way in which societies are organised: all systems of education aim at the constitution of a particular kind of society through the formation of a corresponding mentality in the individuals. The ethical and political foundations of a society are mirrored in the education system: any reform of the society should, therefore, begin with the reform of the education system; furthermore, any reform of the society cannot be effective unless it is founded on the reform of education.
As regards Dewey’s observations, we concentrate our attention on his criticism of any education system based on the passivity of pupils and on the massification of students: Dewey steadily pleads for a system of education aiming at the individualisation of pupils. As regards Freire’s meditation, we point out Freire’s uncovering of the oppression exercised against the subaltern classes through the traditional education systems: the constant relegation of pupils of the oppressed classes to a condition of total passivity, which is the aim of the system of education described by Freire as the banking concept of education, destroys any sense and aspiration to autonomy in the pupils themselves. Self-depreciation of pupils is the result of the traditional system of education. McLaren points out that a correct system of education should have as its own aim the self-transformation and the empowerment of the students: educators ought to uncover the relations holding between knowledge, which is always a social construct, and the interests of the dominant class.
Esther und ihre Töchter. Geschlechterrollen und Wirtschaftstätigkeit jüdischer Frauen in der Vormoderne
Authors: Porzelt Christian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay examines the commercial activities of Jewish women in the Franconian town of Kronach, a district seat in the northern part of the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, in the early modern period. It focuses on the widow Esther (c. 1645–1727), a contemporary of the famous merchant woman Glikl bas Judah Leib in Altona. Esther’s business activities, which are documented for a period of more than four decades, included the sale of household goods and textiles as well as the marketing of agrarian products. In addition, she was involved in credit transactions and pawnbroking. Numerous contacts with town dwellers and country people demonstrate her involvement in Christian economic and credit networks. As the biographies of Esther’s daughters Ella and Jüdla show, married women also played central roles within households and working communities. They not only supported their husbands, but continued to run their businesses in their absence and engaged in trade on their own accounts.
The impacts of reading strategy instruction on improving the reading comprehension of students with different learning styles
Authors: Tadayonifar Mojtaba , Valizadeh Mohammadreza , Entezari Mahnaz , Bahraman Mosfata 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The current study explores the short- and long-term impacts of explicit reading strategy instruction for improving reading comprehension of students with different learning styles. Sixty Iranian EFL learners took part in this study. They took the Cambridge ECCE reading test as the pre-test and were divided into five groups according to learner type based on Flemings’s VARK questionnaire. The participants underwent 12 weeks of explicit reading strategy instruction and took a post-test to determine the immediate effects of reading strategy training. Three months later, they took a delayed post-test to check the long-term effects of the training. The results of paired samples T-Test and ANOVA using SPSS indicated that there were significant differences in the pre-and post-test scores for all groups in all tests. The results of the post hoc analysis indicated that the auditory type showed the most and the visual type showed the least amount of improvement. The study thus suggests equipping students with appropriate reading strategies that are tailored to their perceived learning style in order to lead to better comprehension and subsequently more enjoyment when reading.
Analysis of China’s Film Industry in 2020
Authors: Yin Hong , Sun Yanbin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The influence of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic impacted the global film market in 2020. Across the world, the Chinese film market was the first to recover and, as a result, assumed a leading position. This was because the government launched a return-to-work policy, the capital market became more rational, the integration of film companies accelerated, the film industry model trended toward centralization, and market structures underwent deep adjustments. Despite shrinking market space and declining film production during 2020, the industry produced films that remained diverse in genre and subject. Where the “Matthew effect” of accumulated advantage is much more acute in the film industry, a more diverse distribution approach has emerged in the field of new media. With box office returns approaching a ceiling, it has become more urgent to stabilize the quality of top films, enrich and enhance the competitiveness of genre films, and strengthen the theatricality of art films. It also became urgent to improve the film industry system, the product system, the market system, and the box office window system.
Sociodemographic factors affecting perceived stress during pregnancy and the association with immune-mediator concentrations
Authors: McLeod Caroline , Ebeling Myla D. , Baatz John E. , Shary Judy R. , Mulligan Jennifer R. , Wagner Carol L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Determine which sociodemographic factors are most associated with increased maternal perceived stress during pregnancy. Evaluate the association between maternal stress and plasma immune-mediator concentrations (IMCs).

Methods
As part of a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 247 participants completed a Perceived Stress Scale survey (PSS-10) during each trimester of pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from participants and were analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and for several IMCs: interferon-gamma, interleukins (IL-) IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, c-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (R&D Elisa). The potential associations between PSS-10 scores, sociodemographic factors, and IMCs were assessed.

Results
In bivariate analysis, participants who were not married and/or had high risk pregnancies were more likely to have increased PSS-10 scores (p<0.05). Increased PSS-10 scores were associated with higher serum concentrations of IL-2 and TNF-α, and decreased concentrations of IL-10 and 25(OH)D. In linear regression analysis, single marital status, high-risk pregnancy, IL-2, and TNF-α were independent predictors of PSS-10 scores.

Conclusions
This study identifies specific sociodemographic factors that are associated with increased perceived stress during pregnancy. This study also provides evidence that increased perceived stress is associated with physiological changes as measured by changes in circulating IL-2, TNF-α, IL-10, and 25(OH)D concentrations.
Hebt ein gesteigertes Vertrauen in die Polizei das kriminalitätsbezogene Sicherheitsbefinden?
Authors: Hirtenlehner Helmut , Leitgöb-Guzy Nathalie , Bacher Johann 
Published: November 2021

KurzfassungDie in der Bevölkerung verbreitete assoziative Verknüpfung von Polizei und Kriminalität bzw. deren Bekämpfung gibt Anlass zur Vermutung, ein hohes Vertrauen in die Exekutive würde Verbrechensfurcht reduzieren. Die Belastbarkeit dieser »Beruhigungshypothese« kann anhand von Daten des Deutschen Viktimisierungssurveys 2017 empirisch geprüft werden. Die Resultate mehrerer Instrumentalvariablenanalysen sprechen gegen eine furchtpräventive Wirksamkeit des persönlichen Polizeivertrauens. Als maßgebliche Bestimmungsgröße des kriminalitätsbezogenen Sicherheitsempfindens erweist sich indes die Intensität ökonomisch konnotierter Abstiegsbefürchtungen.
Nonradiating sources for efficient wireless power transfer
Authors: Zanganeh Esmaeel , Song Mingzhao , Valero Adrià Canós , Shalin Alexander S. , Nenasheva Elizaveta , Miroshnichenko Andrey , Evlyukhin Andrey , Kapitanova Polina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Nonradiating sources of energy realized under a wave scattering on high-index dielectric nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention in nano-optics and nanophotonics. They do not emit energy to the far-field, but simultaneously provides strong near-field energy confinement. Near-field wireless power transfer technologies suffer from low efficiency and short operation distance. The key factor to improve efficiency is to reduce the radiation loss of the resonators included in the transmitter and receiver. In this paper, we develop a wireless power transfer system based on nonradiating sources implemented using colossal permittivity dielectric disk resonator and a subwavelength metal loop. We demonstrate that this nonradiating nature is due to the hybrid anapole state originated by destructive interference of the fields generated by multipole moments of different parts of the nonradiating source, without a contribution of toroidal moments. We experimentally investigate a wireless power transfer system prototype and demonstrate that higher efficiency can be achieved when operating on the nonradiating hybrid anapole state compared to the systems operating on magnetic dipole and magnetic quadrupole modes due to the radiation loss suppression.