bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Decomposition Method for Concurrent Design of Mixed Discrete/Continuous Systems
Authors: Ford Jeffrey M. , Bloebaum Christina L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Interest in Concurrent Engineering (CE) has increased as industry looks for more efficient means of product design. Design optimization methods that facilitate the CE approach are an important aspect of current research. Among the methods that have been proposed is the Concurrent Subspace Optimization (CSSO) method, which allows the optimization problem to be decomposed into coupled subproblems. These subproblems may correspond to the different disciplines involved in the design process or to participating organizational design or manufacturing groups. The decomposition allows each discipline to apply their own optimization criteria to the problem. While this method may not be as computationally efficient as other methods, it allows the design process to conform to the departmental divisions that already exist in industry.
The method development to date has focused on continuous systems only. However, problems that can not be modeled as continuous systems, such as those involving the placement of active controllers in CSI applications, would benefit from a method that allows the use of discrete parameters. The paper presents a decomposition method (based on CSSO) for the optimal design of mixed discrete/continuous systems. The method is applied to the design of a composite plate for minimum weight, with design variables contributed from sizing variables (continuous) and material combinations (discrete).
A Client/Server Implementation of the Design Process Using PDES/STEP “Level 3” Data Sharing Architecture
Authors: Edwards-lwe Esther A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The ability to exchange and share product data between and within enterprises is essential for implementing the concepts of concurrent engineering as well as operating in a global market economy. STEP, the STandard for the Exchange of Product Model Data, is an international effort to standardize product information. Product information is used by manufacturing enterprise to design, produce, and maintain a product. The purpose of STEP is to prescribe a neutral mechanism capable of completely representing product data throughout the life cycle of a product.
Data sharing can only be discussed in the context of a specific application. The scope of STEP data sharing architecture has progressed from a single shared facility to sharing multiple distributed facilities. This paper discusses the lessons learned from a prototype implementation of the mechanical part design process(es) captured in a network of heterogeneous computers and database management systems to allow for data exchange and sharing between and within an enterprise.
Automation of Wind Pressure Computation Using a Data Management Approach
Authors: Gourishankar Yamini , Weisgerber Frank 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is observed that calculating the wind pressures on structures involves more data retrieval from the ASCE standard than any subjective reasoning on the designer’s part. Once the initial design requirements are established, the procedure involved in the computation is straightforward. This paper discusses an approach to automate the process associated with wind pressure computation on one story and multi-story buildings using a data management strategy (implemented using the ORACLE database management system). In the prototype system developed herein, the designer supplies the design requirements in the form of the structure’s exposure type, its dimensions and the nature of occupancy of the structure. Using these requirements, the program retrieves the necessary standards data from an independently maintained database, and computes the wind pressures. The final output contains the wind pressures on the main wind force resisting system, and on the components and claddings, for wind blowing parallel and perpendicular to the ridge.
The knowledge encoded in the system was gained from ASCE codes, design guidelines and as a result of interviews with various experts and practitioners. Several information modeling methodologies such as the entity relationship model, IDEF 1X, etc. were employed in the system analysis and design phase of this project. The prototype is implemented on an IBM PC using the ORACLE DBMS and the ‘C’ programming language. Appendix A illustrates a sample run.
Flow of Devonian anatectic crust in the accretionary Altai Orogenic Belt, central Asia: Insights into horizontal and vertical magma transfer
Authors: Wang Sheng , Jiang Yingde , Weinberg Roberto , Schulmann Karel , Zhang Jian , Li Pengfei , Xiao Ming , Xia Xiao-Ping 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFlow of partially molten crust is a key contributor to mass and heat redistribution within orogenic systems, however, this process has not yet been fully understood in accretionary orogens. This issue is addressed in a Devonian migmatite-granite complex from the Chinese Altai through structural, petrological, and geochronological investigations presented in this study. The migmatite-granite complex records a gradual evolution from metatexite, diatexite to granite and preserves a record of two main Devonian phases of deformation designated D1 and D2. The D1 phase was subdivided into an early crustal thickening episode (D1B) and a later extensional episode (D1M) followed by D2 upright folding. The D1M episode is associated with anatexis in the deep crust. Vertical shortening, associated with D1M, gave rise to the segregation of melt and formation of a sub-horizontal layering of stromatic metatexite. This fabric was reworked by the D2 deformation associated with the migration of anatectic magma in the cores of F2 antiforms. Geochronological investigations combined with petro-structural analysis reveal that: (1) D1M partial melting started probably at 420–410 Ma and formed sub-horizontal stromatic metatexites at ∼30 km depth; (2) The anatectic magma accumulated and migrated when a drainage network developed, as attested by the pervasive formation of massive diatexite migmatites, at 410–400 Ma; (3) Soon after, massive flow of the partially molten crust from orogenic lower to orogenic upper crustal levels, assisted by the interplay between D2 upright folding and magma diapirism, led to migmatite-granite emplacement in the cores of regional F2 antiforms that lasted until at least 390 Ma; (4) a terminal stage was manifested by the emplacement of 370–360 Ma granite dykes into the surrounding metamorphic envelope. We propose that Devonian anatexis assisted by deformation governed first the horizontal and then the vertical flow of partially molten orogenic lower crust, which drove crustal flow, mass redistribution, and crustal differentiation in the accretionary system of the Chinese Altai.
Risk factors for intellectual disability in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Cummins David , Kerr Claire , McConnell Karen , Perra Oliver 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundCerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive disorder of posture and movement caused by prenatal or perinatal lesions of the brain. Children with CP are also at increased risk of other disabilities, for example, intellectual disability. Previous studies suggest the risk of intellectual disability varies in complex ways according to the type of motor impairment and perinatal factors such as gestational age.ObjectiveTo determine the patterns of risk of intellectual disability in children with spastic CP.DesignCross-sectional, population-based study using the Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy Register.ParticipantsPersons born in 1981–2008 with congenital bilateral or unilateral spastic CP (N=1452).Outcome measureThe outcome measure was severe intellectual disability (IQ <50), as reported by clinicians known to the child. Data pertaining to CP subtype, sex, gestational age, birth weight and functional level were included in analyses.ResultsSevere intellectual disability was significantly more prevalent in children with bilateral spastic CP (BSCP) compared with children with unilateral spastic CP (χ² (2)=162.60, p<0.001). Compared with very preterm infants with BSCP, the risk of intellectual disability increased in moderately preterm (OR=3.97, 95% CI 1.04 to 15.23) and at-term (OR=2.51, 95% CI 1.16 to 5.44) children with BSCP.ConclusionsChildren with BSCP are at increased risk of intellectual disability, with those born at term at the highest risk. The findings highlight the importance of early screening, particularly for children with BSCP born at term.
Influence of agents and mechanisms of injury on anatomical burn locations in children <5 years old with a scald
Authors: Javaid Assim Ali , Johnson Emma , Hollén Linda , Kemp Alison Mary 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo demonstrate how the mechanism and agent of injury can influence the anatomical location of a scald.DesignProspective multicentre cross-sectional study.Setting20 hospital sites across England and Wales including emergency departments, minor injury units and regional burns units.PatientsChildren aged 5 years and younger who attended hospital with a scald.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcome: a descriptive analysis of the mechanism, agent and anatomical location of accidental scalds. Secondary outcome: a comparison of these factors between children with and without child protection (CP) referral.ResultsOf 1041 cases of accidental scalds, the most common narrative leading to this injury was a cup or mug of hot beverage being pulled down and scalding the head or trunk (132/1041; 32.9% of cases). Accidental scalds in baths/showers were rare (1.4% of cases). Accidental immersion injuries were mainly distributed on hands and feet (76.7%). There were differences in the presentation between children with accidental scalds and the 103 who were referred for CP assessment; children with scalds caused by hot water in baths/showers were more likely to get referred for CP assessment (p<0.0001), as were those with symmetrically distributed (p<0.0001) and unwitnessed (p=0.007) scalds.ConclusionsAn understanding of the distributions of scalds and its relationship to different mechanisms of injury and causative agents will help clinicians assess scalds in young children, particularly those new to the emergency department who may be unfamiliar with expected scald patterns or with the importance of using appropriate terminology when describing scalds.
Additive manufacturing in community pharmacies: a framework for business model innovation
Authors: Feldmann Carsten , Rose Olaf 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundAdditive manufacturing offers new opportunities in that it brings the preindustrial production back into community pharmacies.MethodsThis study was based on the qualitative research methodology of action research. The 55 domains of the St. Gallen Business Model Navigator were applied to three-dimensional drug printing (3DDP) from the pharmaceutical and the economic perspectives. Results were synthesised and applied to a model of potential customer drivers.ResultsThis study classified 55 relevant business models into a framework to systematise business model innovations. Out of the potential 55 business model patterns, 27 have been identified as suitable for implementation. Promising examples of business model characteristics are to foster customer loyalty by convenience and therapeutic benefits, to offer an individualised shopping experience, to provide a guaranteed availability, to leverage customer data for selling additive services, to create value in a specialised niche, to create mass customisation and to offer ultimate luxury.ConclusionA reference model to systematise promising business model patterns for practitioners was developed, providing initial indications for implementation of 3DDP in community pharmacies. Pharmacies innovating or extending their business models can strengthen their positions in the value chain, create competitive advantages and expand into new markets.
Risk of dispersion or aerosol generation and infection transmission with nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for detection of COVID-19: a systematic review
Authors: Agarwal Arnav , Fernando Shannon M , Honarmand Kimia , Bakaa Layla , Brar Sonia , Granton David , Chaudhuri Dipayan , Chetan Devin , Hu Malini , Basmaji John , Muttalib Fiona , Rochwerg Bram , Adhikari Neill K J , Lamontagne Francois , Murthy Srinivas , Hui David S , Gomersall Charles D , Mubareka Samira , Diaz Janet , Burns Karen EA , Couban Rachel , Vandvik Per O 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesSARS-CoV-2-related disease, referred to as COVID-19, has emerged as a global pandemic since December 2019. While there is growing recognition regarding possible airborne transmission, particularly in the setting of aerosol-generating procedures and treatments, whether nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 generate aerosols remains unclear.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesWe searched Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 3 November 2020. We also searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Medical Journal Network, medRxiv and ClinicalTrials.gov up to 29 March 2020.Eligibility criteriaAll comparative and non-comparative studies that evaluated dispersion or aerosolisation of viable airborne organisms, or transmission of infection associated with nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab testing.ResultsOf 7702 citations, only one study was deemed eligible. Using a dedicated sampling room with negative pressure isolation room, personal protective equipment including N95 or higher masks, strict sterilisation protocols, structured training with standardised collection methods and a structured collection and delivery system, a tertiary care hospital proved a 0% healthcare worker infection rate among eight nurses conducting over 11 000 nasopharyngeal swabs. No studies examining transmissibility with other safety protocols, nor any studies quantifying the risk of aerosol generation with nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2, were identified.ConclusionsThere is limited to no published data regarding aerosol generation and risk of transmission with nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Field experiments to quantify this risk are warranted. Vigilance in adhering to current standards for infection control is suggested.
Cardiometabolic risk factors and early indicators of vascular dysfunction: a cross-sectional cohort study in South African adolescents
Authors: Letswalo Boitumelo Prescilla , Schmid-Zalaudek Karin , Brix Bianca , Matjuda Edna Ngoakoana , Klosz Fabian , Obernhumer Natalie , Gaisl Michael , Engwa Godwill Azeh , Sewani-Rusike Constance , Fredriksen Per Morten , Nkeh-Chungag Benedicta , Goswami Nandu 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesPrevalence of child and adolescents’ overweight and obesity in low- and middle-income countries has increased dramatically. Simultaneously, the incidence of pre-hypertension/hypertension is also increasing in children, which, in turn, predisposes these children to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in later life. The present study assessed cardiometabolic risk factors and early indicators of vascular dysfunction in adolescents from a low socio-economic rural area in South Africa.DesignCross-sectional cohort study.SettingThe study was conducted in public schools in Mthatha, OR Tambo district municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.ParticipantsA total of 244 adolescents (188 females) of African ancestry aged 13–16 years were enrolled.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAnthropometric and haemodynamic measures and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were related to overweight/obesity and hypertension. Blood markers of cardiometabolic syndrome were assessed as well as vascular function (via PWV).ResultsOne-third (33.0%) of the adolescents exceeded the age and sex-specific body mass index percentiles for overweight (≥85th) or obesity (>95th) with a prevalence of 61.1% pre-hypertensives in this group. Overweight/obesity and hypertension were associated with higher triglycerides (lean:overweight: 0.79<1.01 mmol/L; normotensive:hypertensive: 0.82<0.89 mmol/L). Fasting glucose was higher in hypertensive as compared to normotensive adolescents (4.85>4.69 mmol/L, p<0.05). PWV was elevated in 25.9% of the children and significantly correlated with asymmetric dimethylarginine and systolic blood pressure (p<0.001).ConclusionOverweight/obesity and hypertension show a high prevalence in rural South African youth. Almost half of the studied adolescents are at risk for developing CVD. The high association between cardiometabolic risk factors and PWV further suggests that hypertension in adolescents may promote the progression of CVD in adulthood. Early detection of those at risk and the implementation of preventive strategies in underprivileged young people is urgently needed to stop the progression of vascular damage and manifestation of CVD in rural African children.
Do neurocritical care units improve outcomes for brain-injured adults: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pham Xiuxian , Ray Jason , Serpa Neto Ary , Udy Andrew 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionNeurocritical care is a rapidly developing subspecialty within intensive care medicine which aims to improve outcomes of critically ill neurological patients. This has inspired the formation of specialised intensive care units or services to provide dedicated care of brain-injured patients, as well as new training pathways for physicians. However, expansion has been variable worldwide and it is yet to be determined if there are clear benefits in regard to patient outcomes. We are planning a systematic review with meta-analysis to assess whether the introduction of neurocritical care units or services, or neurointensivists have favourable effects on survival.Methods and analysisWe will include all observational and interventional studies comparing specialised neurocritical care units or services with general or non-specialised units in the care of acutely brain-injured adults. The primary outcome will be all-cause mortality at the longest follow-up, and secondary outcomes will be intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and functional outcomes. All relevant studies will be identified through database searches. All study selection and data extraction will be conducted by two independent reviewers. We will conduct a random-effects meta-analysis to synthesise evidence for all outcomes. In addition, we will perform a subgroup analysis by disease process. We will assess confidence in the cumulative evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review and meta-analysis does not require ethical approval. We will publish findings from this systematic review in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and present these at conferences. It will be included in the primary author’s higher degree research thesis.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020177190.
Incidence of occupational injuries and diseases among seafarers: a descriptive epidemiological study based on contacts from onboard ships to the Italian Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service in Rome, Italy
Authors: Sagaro Getu Gamo , Dicanio Marzio , Battineni Gopi , Samad Marc Abdul , Amenta Francesco 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesWorkers at sea have high mortality, injuries and illnesses and work in a hazardous environment compared to ashore workers. The present study was designed to measure the incidence of occupational injuries and diseases among seafarers and quantify the contribution of differences in rank and job onboard on seafarers’ diseases and injuries rates.DesignDescriptive epidemiological study.Setting and participantsThis study’s data were based on contacts (n=423) for medical requests from Compagnie Maritime d'Affrètement/Compagnie Générale Maritime (CMA-CGM) container ships to the Italian Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service in Rome from 2016 to 2019, supplemented by data on the estimated total at-risk seafarer population on container ships (n=13 475) over the study period.Outcome measuresDistribution of injuries by anatomic location and types of diseases across seafarers’ ranks and worksites. We determined the incidence rate and incidence rate ratio (IRR) with a 95% CI.ResultsThe total disease rate was 25 per 1000 seafarer-years, and the overall injury rate was 6.31 per 1000 seafarer-years over the 4 years study period. Non-officers were more likely than officers to have reported gastrointestinal (IRR 2.12, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.26), dermatological (IRR 3.66, 95% CI 1.27 to 14.42) and musculoskeletal (IRR 2.25, 95% CI 1.11 to 5.05) disorders onboard container ships. Deck workers were more likely than engine workers to be injured in the wrist and hand (IRR 3.25, 95% CI 1.19 to 10.23).ConclusionsRates of reported injury and disease were significantly higher among non- officers than officers; thus, this study suggests the need for rank-specific preventative measures. Future studies should consider risk factors for injury and disease among seafarers in order to propose further preventive measures.
Effect of depression on health service utilisation in men: a prospective cohort study of Australian men aged 35 to 80 years
Authors: Martin Sean , Zajac Ian , Vincent Andrew , Adams Robert J , Appleton Sarah , Wittert Gary A 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between depression burden, health service utilisation and depression diagnosis in community-based men.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingCommunity-based.ParticipantsMen aged 35–80 years at recruitment (2002–2005), randomly selected from the northern and western suburbs of Adelaide, Australia, without depression at baseline, who attended follow-up visits (2007–2010) (n=1464).Primary and secondary outcome measuresDepression symptoms were categorised into high burden (total score of ≥13 for the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) or ≥10 for the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) or low burden (<13 for the BDI or <10 for the CES-D). Diagnosed depression was determined by patient-reported physician diagnosis. Frequent general practitioner (GP) visits were those occurring 5+ times over the preceding year. Use of national medical and prescription services (Medicare Benefit Schedule and Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme; MBS and PBS) was assessed through data linkage.ResultsFrequent attendance and depression diagnosis was more common in men with a high than low burden of depression symptoms (45.9% vs 29.3%–18.7% vs 1.9%, p<0.001). Depression diagnoses were also more common in frequent GP attenders compared with low-average attenders (5.1% vs 2.2%, p<0.001). Among men with high burden of symptoms, there was no age-adjusted or multi-adjusted difference for likelihood of depression diagnosis between non-regular and frequent GP attenders. Annualised MBS and PBS expenditure was highest for men with undiagnosed depression.ConclusionsMen with a high burden of depression symptoms have commensurate use of health services when compared with those with a low burden, but only half report a physician diagnosis of depression. Undiagnosed depression led to a higher usage of medical and prescription services.