bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Identify the Crystal Growth Unit
Authors: Verma Lakshmanji , Warzecha Monika , Chakrabarti Rajshree , Hadjiev Viktor G. , Palmer Jeremy C. , Vekilov Peter G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe structure and composition of the crystal growth unit are of huge fundamental and practical consequence. We propose a method to identify the solute species that incorporates into the growth site on crystal surfaces, the kinks, which rests on the kinetics of the elementary reaction at the kinks. We use as model crystals olanzapine, an antipsychotic medication, and etioporphyrin I, a field‐effect transistor. We combine time‐resolved in situ atomic force microscopy with Raman and absorption spectroscopies, complemented by density functional theory and all‐atom molecular dynamics modeling of the solutions. We show that the structure of the growth unit cannot be deduced neither from the solute oligomers nor from the crystal structure. Chemical kinetics analyses reveal that if the dominant solute species is the one that incorporates into the crystal growth sites, then the kinetics of layer growth complies with a monomolecular rate law. By contrast, if the crystal growth unit assembles from two units of the dominant solute form, a bimolecular rate law ensues. Solutions of both olanzapine and etioporphyrin I are dominated by solute monomers, which exist in equilibrium with a minority of dimers. Whereas numerous olanzapine crystal structures incorporate dimer motifs, etioporphyrin I crystals organize as stacks of monomers. Olanzapine crystal grow by incorporation of dimers. One of the studied face of etioporphyrin I grows by incorporation of the majority monomers, whereas the other one selects the minority dimers as a growth unit. The results highlight the power of the crystallization kinetics analyses to identify the growth unit and illuminate one of the most challenging issues of crystal growth.
Expulsion and continuation rates of the levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine system was similar among nulligravid and parous users
Authors: Brull Eliza , Machado Helymar Costa , Bahamondes Luis , Juliato Cássia R. T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the expulsion and continuation rates of the levonorgestrel (LNG) 52 mg intrauterine system (IUS) in a cohort of nulligravid and parous users.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study that included 996 participants in whom we placed an LNG‐IUS, and the participants were monitored for up to 5 years after device placement. We identify 498 nulligravid participants in the medical record database between 2012 and 2020. Each nulligravida was paired with a parous users who had an LNG‐IUS inserted on the same day, just before or after the nulligravida. The Kaplan‐Meier method and the log‐rank test were used to compare the survival curves of the two groups.ResultsBy the fifth year of use, the expulsion rates were 7.6/100 and 8.2/100 women‐years (W‐Ys) and the continuation rates were 641/100 W‐Ys and 65.4/100 W‐Ys without difference among nulligravid and parous users, respectively (P = 0.782 and P = 0.564, respectively). We observed 29 and 31 expulsions among nulligravid and parous users, respectively.ConclusionNulligravid and parous participants who used the 52 mg LNG‐IUS showed similar expulsion and continuation rates during five years of use.
COLI‐Net: Deep learning‐assisted fully automated COVID‐19 lung and infection pneumonia lesion detection and segmentation from chest computed tomography images
Authors: Shiri Isaac , Arabi Hossein , Salimi Yazdan , Sanaat Amirhossein , Akhavanallaf Azadeh , Hajianfar Ghasem , Askari Dariush , Moradi Shakiba , Mansouri Zahra , Pakbin Masoumeh , Sandoughdaran Saleh , Abdollahi Hamid , Radmard Amir Reza , Rezaei‐Kalantari Kiara , Ghelich Oghli Mostafa , Zaidi Habib 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe present a deep learning (DL)‐based automated whole lung and COVID‐19 pneumonia infectious lesions (COLI‐Net) detection and segmentation from chest computed tomography (CT) images. This multicenter/multiscanner study involved 2368 (347′259 2D slices) and 190 (17 341 2D slices) volumetric CT exams along with their corresponding manual segmentation of lungs and lesions, respectively. All images were cropped, resized, and the intensity values clipped and normalized. A residual network with non‐square Dice loss function built upon TensorFlow was employed. The accuracy of lung and COVID‐19 lesions segmentation was evaluated on an external reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction positive COVID‐19 dataset (7′333 2D slices) collected at five different centers. To evaluate the segmentation performance, we calculated different quantitative metrics, including radiomic features. The mean Dice coefficients were 0.98 ± 0.011 (95% CI, 0.98–0.99) and 0.91 ± 0.038 (95% CI, 0.90–0.91) for lung and lesions segmentation, respectively. The mean relative Hounsfield unit differences were 0.03 ± 0.84% (95% CI, −0.12 to 0.18) and −0.18 ± 3.4% (95% CI, −0.8 to 0.44) for the lung and lesions, respectively. The relative volume difference for lung and lesions were 0.38 ± 1.2% (95% CI, 0.16–0.59) and 0.81 ± 6.6% (95% CI, −0.39 to 2), respectively. Most radiomic features had a mean relative error less than 5% with the highest mean relative error achieved for the lung for the range first‐order feature (−6.95%) and least axis length shape feature (8.68%) for lesions. We developed an automated DL‐guided three‐dimensional whole lung and infected regions segmentation in COVID‐19 patients to provide fast, consistent, robust, and human error immune framework for lung and pneumonia lesion detection and quantification.
Capital, liquidity, and profitability in European banks
Authors: Adelopo Ismail , Vichou Nikolina , Cheung Kwok Yip 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe research aims to investigate the impact of increased capital requirements and high liquidity levels on the profitability of European banks in the post crisis period. The study examines the largest banks in the European Union spanning 28 countries using data from 2010 to 2018. It used three measures to define bank profitability: return on average assets, return on average equity, and operating profit to risk weighted assets. Capital, liquidity, size, and asset quality represent bank specific determinants, while economic growth and inflation are considered as the main external determinants having influence on profitability. We used multiple regression models to analyze the association amongst the variables. The results revealed a positive and significant association between liquidity level and bank performance. Asset quality showed a negative and statistically significant influence on bank performance, while economic growth and inflation have no significant influence on bank performance. The study concludes that there is limited influence of the Basel III on bank profitability although the policy is important in achieving banking stability. This study contributes to the literature by empirically analyzing the impact of capital regulation on bank performance for the biggest banks in Europe. Although the Basel III framework is important for prudential banking, its effects on the performance of European bank is debatable.
Detailed macro and micromorphology of grasses caryopsis using scanning electron and light microscopy
Authors: Khan Basheer , Khan Raees , Rashid Abdur , Ullah Asad , Abidin Sheikh Zain Ul 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMicromorphology of 15 grass caryopsis was investigated through scanning electron microscopy for its implications in the identification of grasses. Both macro and micromorphological characters especially caryopsis shape and surface morphology were found significant in the taxonomic diagnosis. Shape morphology of caryopsis varied among the species and lanceolate, fusiform, narrow ellipsoidal, ovate, elliptical, plano‐convex, fusiform, linear ovate, broadly elliptical, broadly pllipsoidal, plano‐convex, oblique ovate, and subglobose shapes were recorded. Digitaria nodosa (3.31 × 0.7 mm) and Echinochloa crus‐galli (3.26 × 1.44 mm) had the largest caryopsis size, while Acrachne racemosa (0.76 × 0.54 mm) and Eragrostis minor (0.62 × 0.38 mm) had the smallest caryopsis size. Macro and micromorphological characters were useful for the diagnosis of genus and species. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative character taxonomic key at generic and species level were made.
The development of shape. Modular control of growth in the lepidopteran forewing
Authors: McKenna Kenneth Z. , Nijhout H. Frederik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe mechanisms by which tissues and organs achieve their final size and shape during development are largely unknown. Although we have learned much about the mechanisms that control growth, little is known about how those play out to achieve a structure's specific final size and shape. The wings of insects are attractive systems for the study of the control of morphogenesis, because they are perfectly flat and two‐dimensional, composed of two closely appressed cellular monolayers in which morphogenetic processes can be easily visualized. The wings of Lepidoptera arise from imaginal disks whose structure is always perfectly congruent with that of the adult wing, so that it is possible to fate‐map corresponding positions on the larval disk to those of the adult wing. Here we show that the forewing imaginal disks of Junonia coenia are subdivided into four domains, with characteristic patterns of expression of known patterning genes Spalt (Sal), Engrailed (En), and Cubitus interruptus (Ci). We show that DNA and protein synthesis, as well as mitoses, are spatially patterned in a domain‐specific way. Knockdown of Sal and En using produced domain‐specific reductions in the shape of the forewing. Knockdown of signaling pathways involved in the regulation of growth likewise altered the shape of the forewing in a domain‐specific way. Our results reveal a multi‐level regulation of forewing shape involving hormones and growth‐regulating genes.
Marked increase in tumor transfection with a truncated branched polymer
Authors: Xu Songhui , He Jiaxi , Imtiyaz Zuha , Agrawal Atul K. , Woodle Martin C. , Mixson A. James 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe previously determined that polyplexes formed by linear H2K peptides were more effective in transfecting tumors in vivo than polyplexes formed by branched H2K4b‐20 peptides. Based on trypsin digest and salt displacement studies, the linear H2K polyplexes were less stable than the branched H2K4b‐20 polyplexes. Because binding and release of the polymer and DNA from the H2K4b‐20 polyplex may account for the ineffectiveness, we investigated whether four‐branched histidine‐lysine (HK) peptides with varying numbers of amino acids in their branches would be more effective in their ability to increase gene expression in tumors in vivo.MethodsLinear and branched peptides with multiple ‐KHHK‐ motifs were synthesized by solid‐phase synthesis. The branched H2K4b‐20, ‐18, ‐14 and 12 peptides had 20, 18, 14 and 12 amino acids in their branches, respectively. These peptides were examined for their ability to carry luciferase‐expressing plasmids to human breast cancer xenografts in a mouse model. With gel retardation and in vivo transfection, the incorporation of a targeting ligand and an endosomal lysis peptide into these polyplexes was also examined. A blocking antibody was pre‐injected prior to the polyplexes to determine the role of neuropilin 1 in the uptake of these polyplexes by the tumor. The size of the polyplexes was measured by dynamic light scattering.ResultsOf the four negative surface‐charge polyplexes formed by the branched carriers, the H2K4b‐14 polyplex was determined to be the most effective plasmid delivery platform to tumors. The incorporation of a targeting ligand and an endosomal lysis peptide into H2K4b‐14 polyplexes further enhanced their ability to transfect tumors in vivo. Furthermore, after pre‐injecting tumor‐bearing mice with a blocking antibody to the neuropilin‐1 receptor (NRP‐1), there was a marked reduction of tumor gene expression with the modified H2K4b‐14 polyplexes, suggesting that NRP‐1 mediated their transport into the tumor.ConclusionsThe present study established that branched peptides intermediate in length were very efficient in delivering plasmids to tumors in vivo.
Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of some new thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines bearing phenylethenyl moiety
Authors: EL‐Mahdy Ahmed F. M. , Bakhite Etify A. , Abdel‐Hafez Shams H. , Ibrahim Omaima F. , Abdu‐Allah Hajjaj H. M. , Marae Islam S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract5‐Acetyl‐3‐cyano‐6‐methyl‐4‐(2‐phenylethenyl)pyridine‐2(1H)‐thione (2) was synthesized by interaction of cinnamylidene‐2‐cyanothioacetamide 1 and acetylacetone or via one‐pot reaction of E‐cinnamaldehyde, 2‐cyanothioacetamide, and acetylacetone. Reaction of 2 with ethyl iodide (3a) or N‐chloroacetyl derivative of aromatic amines 3b–e in boiling ethanol containing sodium ethoxide gave the corresponding thioether 4a and 5‐acetyl‐3‐amino‐2‐(N‐arylcarbamoyl)‐6‐methyl‐4‐(2‐phenylethenyl)thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines 5b–e, respectively. Compound 5e was reacted with 2,5‐dimethoxytetrahydrofuran or triethyl orthoformate to furnish pyrrolylthienopyyridine 6 or pyrdiothienopyrimidinone 7, respectively. The photophysical properties of 5b, 5c, 5e, and 7 were fully studied and the obtained results included herein. The fluorescence data confirmed that compounds 5b, 5c, 5e, and 7 exhibit aggregation‐induced emission behavior with high absolute quantum yields.
The nature of reported safety events related to care coordination in the operating room setting in a tertiary academic center
Authors: Krishnan Sindhu , Wheeler Kimberly K. , Pimentel Marc Philip , Vacanti Joshua C. , Urman Richard D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAdverse event reporting systems are important tools for identifying areas of risk and opportunities for education and improvement. Our goal was to examine the nature of perioperative incident reports related to care coordination that were filed by staff at an academic tertiary care center.In this retrospective data review, perioperative safety reports between 2015 and 2020 were analyzed. Information examined included the type of staff who initiated the report, location of the incident, type of incident and the severity level of event, including patient harm.Out of the 7827 reports evaluated, 61.2% of reports were filed by nurses, and 5.6% by physicians. We investigated one particular category called “coordination of care” and found the specific event most commonly reported was insufficient handoff (15.0%–26.9%), with severity level reported primarily being no to minor harm reaching the patient. However, communication failures were judged to be one of leading causes of inadvertent harm.It is imperative for hospital incident reporting systems to collect data on issues related to communication failures and to design interventions with the help of frontline staff to provide high quality, safe care to patients and to remain compliant with regulatory requirements and hospital policies.
Gender gap in schooling: Is there a role for health insurance?
Authors: Ojha Manini 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSudden health shocks may be devastating if their consequences are transferred to human capital formation of children, especially in families that are unable to access affordable healthcare. As such, access to health insurance may play a role in determining schooling decisions. I examine the impact of India's national health insurance scheme (RSBY) on gender differences in school enrolments in this paper. Employing difference‐in‐differences and triple differences approaches, I find that RSBY reduces the gender gap in school enrolments. Therefore, while RSBY was implemented with the aim of reducing financial burden for the poor, I find evidence that it has unintended positive consequences for girls in particular.
“Dragon boating” alone? Community ties and systemic income shocks
Authors: Matakos Konstantinos , Minos Dimitrios , Perdana Ari , Radin Elizabeth 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCan social capital effectively cushion households against adverse income shocks, especially in the absence of formal insurance mechanisms in developing countries? And what if such shocks are due international finance and thus universal and systemic in nature? We analyse whether participation in formal and informal community activities (our measure of social capital) helped households in Indonesia mitigating the impact of the 1998 financial crisis. We use the 1997 and 2000 rounds of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) to capture the impact of the crisis on household welfare and assess the potency of social capital as a safety net. In contrast to previous studies, our empirical results do not lend support to this hypothesis. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design (RDD)—coupled by an IV strategy for extrapolation, we find community participation not to be statistically significant in explaining changes in household expenditure. The large magnitude and universal nature of the shock might explain why social capital did not help households. However, we find some suggestive evidence that households who participated in such activities are more likely to have received financial assistance from the local community without necessarily being the neediest ones.
Seroprevalence of Pteropine orthoreovirus in humans remain similar after nearly two decades (2001–2002 vs. 2017) in Tioman Island, Malaysia
Authors: Leong Wai J. , Quek Xin F. , Tan Hui Y. , Wong Kim M. , Muhammad Hariz S. , Mohamed Nurul A. , Wong Siew T. , Abdullah Mohd L. , Leong Pooi P. , Wang Linfa , Voon Kenny 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emerging zoonotic respiratory virus that can be transmitted from bats to humans. In Malaysia, aside from PRV2P (Pulau virus) being isolated from Pteropus hypomelanus sampled in Tioman Island, PRV3M (Melaka virus), PRV4K (Kampar virus), and PRV7S (Sikamat virus) were all isolated from samples of patients who reported having a disease spectrum from acute respiratory distress to influenza‐like illness and sometimes even with enteric symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. Screening of sera collected from human volunteers on Tioman Island in 2001–2002 demonstrated that 12.8% (14/109) were positive for PRV2P and PRV3M. Taking all these together, we aim to investigate the serological prevalence of PRV (including PRV4K and PRV7S) among Tioman Island inhabitants again with the assumption that the seroprevalence rate will remain nearly similar to the above reported if human exposure to bats is still happening in the island. Using sera collected from human volunteers on the same island in 2017, we demonstrated seroprevalence of 17.8% (28/157) against PRV2P and PRV3M, respectively. Seropositivity of 11.4% among Tioman Island inhabitants against PRV4K and PRV7S, respectively, was described in this study. In addition, the seroprevalence of 89.5% (17/19), 73.6% (14/19), 63.0% (12/19), and 73.6% (14/19) against PRV2P, PRV3M, PRV4K, and PRV7S, respectively, were observed among pteropid bats in the island. We revealed that the seroprevalence of PRV among island inhabitants remains nearly similar after nearly two decades, suggesting that potential spill‐over events in bat–human interface areas in the Tioman Island. We are unclear whether such spillover was directly from bats to humans, as suspected for the PRV3M human cases, or from an intermediate host(s) yet to be identified. There is a high possibility of the viruses circulating among the bats as demonstrated by high seroprevalence against PRV in the bats.
Management of pregnant women with COVID‐19: A tertiary pandemic center experience on 1416 cases
Authors: Sahin Dilek , Tanacan Atakan , Erol Seyit Ahmet , Yucel Yetiskin Fatma Didem , Besimoglu Berhan , Ozden Tokalioglu Eda , Anuk Ali Taner , Turgut Ezgi , Goncu Ayhan Sule , Turgay Batuhan , Unlu Serpil , Kanmaz Gozde , Dinc Bedia , Ozgu‐Erdinc A. Seval , Keskin Huseyin Levent , Surel Aziz Ahmet , Moraloglu Tekin Ozlem 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to share the comprehensive experience of a tertiary pandemic center on pregnant women with COVID‐19 and to compare clinical outcomes between pregnancy trimesters. The present prospective cohort study consisted of pregnant women with COVID‐19 who were followed up at Ankara City Hospital between March 11, 2020 and February 20, 2021. Clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes were compared between the pregnancy trimesters. A total of 1416 pregnant women (1400 singletons and 16 twins) with COVID‐19 were evaluated. Twenty‐six (1.8%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and maternal mortality was observed in six (0.4%) cases. Pregnancy complications were present in 227 (16.1%) cases and preterm labor was the most common one (n = 42, 2.9%). There were 311, 433, and 672 patients in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. Rates of mild and severe/critic COVID‐19 were highest in the first and second trimesters, respectively. The hospitalization rate was highest in the third trimester. Pregnancy complications, maternal mortality, and NICU admission rates were similar between the groups. The course of the disease and obstetric outcomes may be different among pregnancy trimesters. A worse course of the disease may be observed even in pregnant women without any coexisting health problems.
Vaccine development and technology for SARS‐CoV‐2: Current insight
Authors: Cattel Luigi , Giordano Susanna , Traina Sara , Lupia Tommaso , Corcione Silvia , Angelone Lorenzo , La Valle Giovanni , De Rosa Francesco G. , Cattel Francesco 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with a severe respiratory disease in China, that rapidly spread across continents. Since the beginning of the pandemic, available data suggested the asymptomatic transmission and patients were treated with specific drugs with efficacy and safety data not always satisfactory. The aim of this review is to describe the vaccines developed by three companies, Pfizer‐BioNTech, Moderna, and University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, in terms of both technological and pharmaceutical formulation, safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity. A critical analysis of Phases 1, 2, and 3 clinical trial results available was conducted, comparing the three vaccine candidates, underlining their similarities and differences. All candidates showed consistent efficacy and tolerability; although some differences can be noted, such as their technological formulation, temperature storage, which will be related to logistics and costs. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate long‐term effects and to assess the vaccine safety and efficacy in the general population.