bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hamster numbers: biopolitics and animal agency in the Dutch fields, circa 1870-present
Authors: De Bont Raf 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNumbers of European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) in the Dutch Province of Limburg have been subject to much scrutiny and controversy. In the late nineteenth century, policymakers who considered them too numerous (and invasive) set up eradication programs. In the second half of the twentieth century, even when its domestic relative (Mesocricetus auratus) increasingly circulated as a pet in urban spaces, the numbers of European hamsters in the rural areas collapsed. Large-scale preservation campaigns and reintroduction programs ensued. According to some media, all this has turned the European hamster into the most expensive undomesticated animal of the Netherlands. A whole network of institutions became involved to save the species – ranging from local activist organizations, over zoos and universities, to federal ministries and international organizations. The interactions between the Dutch and ‘their’ hamsters, this article argues, were inscribed in various forms of biopolitics. The article highlights the changing discursive framings and spatial practices that have shaped the management ofCricetus cricetusover time and calls attention to the diversity of living and non-living agents that produced the multispecies choreographies of the present-day Limburg landscape. Finally, it alerts us to the (sometimes-paradoxical) kinds of agency that reside in the numbers of non-human animals.
High dimensional feature data reduction of multichannel sEMG for gesture recognition based on double phases PSO
Authors: Jie Jing , Liu Kairui , Zheng Hui , Wang Beibei , Dai Rui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSurface electromyography (sEMG) is a kind of valuable bioelectric signal and very potential in the field of human–machine interaction. Ideal interactions require sEMG based patterns recognition not only with high accuracy but also with good rapidity. However, too much real-time feature-related computation will greatly slow down the interaction, especially for multichannel sEMG. To decrease the feature-related time consumption, the paper formulates the feature reduction as an optimization problem, and develops a double-phases particle swarm optimization (PSO) with hybrid coding to solve the problem. In the research, the initial feature data set with 31 kinds of feature is built firstly based on eight subjects’ 16 channels forearm sEMG signals, then PSO is introduced to conduct the feature reduction of 31 × 16 dimensions through the feature and channel optimization in double phases. During the optimization, two improved k-nearest neighbor (KNN) methods such as weighted representation based KNN (WRKNN) and weighted local mean representation based KNN (WLMRKNN) are introduced to classify the gestures, and the classification accuracy is used to evaluate the particles of PSO. Experimental results and comparison analysis show that PSO based feature reduction methods outperform genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization (ACO) and principal component analysis (PCA) based feature reduction methods. With the optimized feature data subset by PSO, WRKNN and WLMRKNN are superior to KNN, quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), and naive bayes (NB) greatly. The proposed method can be applied in the pattern recognition of high dimensional sEMG with multichannel or high-density channels for the purpose of rapidity and without a decline of accuracy in real-time control. Further, it can be used to reduce the economic cost of the personalized customization equipment through the optimal channels for any subjects in the future.
Lower limb movement intention recognition for rehabilitation robot aided with projected recurrent neural network
Authors: Liu Mei , Peng Bo , Shang Mingsheng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor the lower limb rehabilitation robot, how to better realize intention recognition is the key issue in the practical application. Recognition of the patient’s movement intention is a challenging research work, which needs to be studied from the shallow to the deep. Specifically, it is necessary to ensure that the movement intention of the normal person can be accurately recognized, and then improve the model to realize the recognition of the movement intention of the patients. Therefore, before studying the patient’s movement intention, it is essential to consider the normal person first, which is also for safety considerations. In recent years, a new Hill-based muscle model has been demonstrated to be capable of directly estimating the joint angle intention in an open-loop form. On this basis, by introducing a recurrent neural network (RNN), the whole prediction process can achieve more accuracy in a closed-loop form. However, for the traditional RNN algorithms, the activation function must be convex, which brings some limitations to the solution of practical problems. Especially, when the convergence speed of the traditional RNN model is limited in the practical applications, as the error continues to decrease, the convergence performance of the traditional RNN model will be greatly affected. To this end, a projected recurrent neural network (PRNN) model is proposed, which relaxes the condition of the convex function and can be used in the saturation constraint case. In addition, the corresponding theoretical proof is given, and the PRNN method with saturation constraint has been successfully applied in the experiment of intention recognition of lower limb movement compared with the traditional RNN model.
Motives and Laterality: Exploring the Links
Authors: Schultheiss Oliver C. , Schwemmer Olivia S. , Khalaidovski Ksenia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesWe explored associations between the needs for power, achievement, and affiliation and functional cerebral asymmetries (FCAs), guided by three established hypotheses about the nature of these associations.MethodsOne-hundred-and-seven participants completed picture-story measures of dispositional motives and activity inhibition (AI), a frequent moderator of motive-behavior associations, tasks measuring FCAs (line bisection, chimeric emotional face judgments, turning bias, perceptual and response asymmetries on the Poffenberger task), self-reported laterality preferences (handedness, footedness, ear and eye preference), and interhemispheric interaction (crossed-uncrossed difference). They also completed an experiment manipulating hand contractions (left, right, both, neither) while they worked on a second picture-story motive measure.ResultsDispositional power motivation was associated with stronger rightward asymmetry and less interhemispheric transfer in high-AI and stronger leftward asymmetry and more interhemispheric transfer in low-AI individuals. For the affiliation motive, findings were fewer and in the opposite direction of those for the power motive. These findings emerged for men, but not for women. Left- or right-hand contractions led to increases in power and achievement motivation, but not affiliation motivation. Only left-hand contractions led to decreased AI.ConclusionsWe discuss these findings in the context of sex-dimorphic organizing and activating effects of steroids on motives and laterality.
From Micropores to Ultra-micropores inside Hard Carbon: Toward Enhanced Capacity in Room-/Low-Temperature Sodium-Ion Storage
Authors: Yang Jinlin , Wang Xiaowei , Dai Wenrui , Lian Xu , Cui Xinhang , Zhang Weichao , Zhang Kexin , Lin Ming , Zou Ruqiang , Loh Kian Ping , Yang Quan-Hong , Chen Wei 
Published: March 2021

Highlights

Hard-carbon anode dominated with ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) was synthesized for sodium-ion batteries via a molten diffusion–carbonization method.

The ultra-micropores dominated carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity, which originates from the extra sodium-ion storage sites of the designed ultra-micropores.

The thick electrode (~ 19 mg cm−2) with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm−2 displays an ultrahigh cycling stability and an outstanding low-temperature performance.

Abstract
Pore structure of hard carbon has a fundamental influence on the electrochemical properties in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm) of hard carbon can function as ionic sieves to reduce the diffusion of slovated Na+ but allow the entrance of naked Na+ into the pores, which can reduce the interficial contact between the electrolyte and the inner pores without sacrificing the fast diffusion kinetics. Herein, a molten diffusion–carbonization method is proposed to transform the micropores (> 1 nm) inside carbon into ultra-micropores (< 0.5 nm). Consequently, the designed carbon anode displays an enhanced capacity of 346 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 with a high ICE value of ~ 80.6% and most of the capacity (~ 90%) is below 1 V. Moreover, the high-loading electrode (~ 19 mg cm−2) exhibits a good temperature endurance with a high areal capacity of 6.14 mAh cm−2 at 25 °C and 5.32 mAh cm−2 at − 20 °C. Based on the in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results, the designed ultra-micropores provide the extra Na+ storage sites, which mainly contributes to the enhanced capacity. This proposed strategy shows a good potential for the development of high-performance SIBs.
Post-tensioning of glass beams: Analytical determination of the allowable pre-load
Authors: Cupać Jagoda , Louter Christian , Nussbaumer Alain 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe effectiveness of post-tensioning in enhancing the fracture resistance of glass beams depends on the level of compressive pre-stress introduced at the glass edge surface that will in service be exposed to tensile stresses induced by bending. Maximum pre-load that can be applied in a post-tensioned glass beam system, yielding maximum compressive pre-stress, is limited by various failure mechanisms which might occur during post-tensioning. In this paper, failure mechanisms are identified for a post-tensioned glass beam system with a flat stainless steel tendon adhesively bonded at the bottom glass edge, including the rupture of the tendon, glass failure in tension and adhesive/glass failure in the load introduction zone. Special attention is given to the load introduction failure given that the transparent nature of glass limits the use of vertical confinement usually applied in concrete. An analytical model for determination of the allowable pre-load in post-tensioned glass beams is proposed, based on the model applied for externally post-tensioned concrete beams. The model is verified with the results of a numerical model, showing good correlation, and applied in a parametric study to determine the influence of various beam parameters on the effectiveness of post-tensioning glass beams.
Maintaining High Eudaimonic Wellbeing Despite Ambiguity Intolerance Among Three Employment Status Groups: Examining the Buffering Effects of Positive Psychological Attributes
Authors: Baluku Martin Mabunda , Bantu Edward , Namale Betty , Otto Kathleen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe unemployed, as well as individuals in self and salaried employment, face several work-related risks and uncertainties which can result in diminished psychological wellbeing especially for individuals with high ambiguity intolerance. However, positive psychology literature suggests that individuals with strong psychological resources can be resilient in difficult circumstances. Using a sample of 922 individuals (including 240 unemployed, 391 salary-employed, and 291 self-employed) from Uganda and Kenya, we investigated the moderating effects of locus of control and psychological capital on the association between ambiguity intolerance and eudaimonic wellbeing, comparing the unemployed with individuals in salaried and self-employment. Our findings indicated that ambiguity intolerance and external locus of control are negatively associated with eudaimonic wellbeing. Conversely, internal locus of control and psychological capital were positively associated with eudaimonic wellbeing. The moderation analysis revealed that whereas an external locus of control boosts the negative effects of ambiguity intolerance on eudaimonic wellbeing, internal locus of control and psychological capital buffer against the negative effects of ambiguity intolerance on eudaimonic wellbeing. Differences between employment status groups and implications are discussed.
82125 Multiple epidemics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis revealed by spatial disease mapping and whole-genome sequencing analysis in urban China
Authors: Yang Chongguang , Zhang Yangyi , Jiang Yuan , Wu Zheyuan , Shen Xin , Warren Joshua L. , Cohen Ted 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Our study will integrate state-of-the-art methods in pathogen genomics, epidemiology, and geospatial analysis to identify both host- and pathogen-factors driving the MDR-TB transmission and the study outcome can inform the design of targeted interventions OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses serious challenges for the global eradication of tuberculosis. Recent research has shown that transmission is now the dominant driver of MDR-TB. However, our limited understanding of where and among whom MDR-TB is transmitted hampers efforts to control person-to-person spread. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used several analytic approaches to characterize the dynamics of MDR-TB transmission in Shanghai, China. We identified all culture-confirmed MDR cases between 2009-2016 in the city and 1) estimated individual-level risk factors for MDR disease; 2) mapped the TB cases by their home addresses and used a Bayesian spatial disease mapping method to identify regions with an elevated risk of MDR-TB; and 3) we sequenced all MDR isolates to understand whether transmission explained variance in risk that was not attributable to the distribution of individual or location-specific risk variates. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were 1034 MDR-TB cases among 16,315 culture-confirmed TB cases during the study period. Bayesian disease mapping identified spatial heterogeneity of MDR-TB and determined four hotspots with an elevated risk of MDR-TB, none of which were fully explained by individual or regional-covariates (Figure 1). Sequencing revealed that more than 40% of the MDR-TB strains were in genomic clusters, indicating recent MDR-TB transmission. Most importantly, MDR-TB cases in three of the four large clades (>8 isolates) were spatially concentrated in three strain-specific hotspots (Figure 2). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: With the combination of traditional epidemiological tools, geographical, and genomic methods, this study revealed multiple loci of transmission of specific MDR-TB clades within a single city. Identification of where and among whom MDR-TB is transmitted can inform the design of targeted interventions.
14C INTERCOMPARISON EXERCISE ON BONES AND IVORY SAMPLES: IMPLICATIONS FOR FORENSICS
Authors: Quarta G , Molnár M , Hajdas I , Calcagnile L , Major I , Jull A J T 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe application of accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating in forensics is made possible by the use of the large excursion of the 14C concentration in the post-WWII terrestrial atmosphere due to nuclear testing as a reference curve for data calibration. By this approach high-precision analyses are possible on samples younger than ∼70 years. Nevertheless, the routine, widespread application of the method in the practice of forensics still appears to be limited by different issues due to possible complex interpretation of the results. We present the results of an intercomparison exercise carried out in the framework of an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) CRP-Coordinated Research Project between three AMS laboratories in Italy, Hungary, and Switzerland. Bone and ivory samples were selected with ages spanning from background (>50 ka) to 2018. The results obtained allow us to assess the high degree of reproducibility of the results and the remarkable consistency of the experimental determinations.
(In)Decent work conditions and quality care: an issue for long-term care policy
Authors: Gil Ana Paula 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe availability of informal care will remain a key factor influencing future demand for formal services and the analysis cannot be dissociated from formal care. Based on the ‘unpaid care work–paid work–paid care work circle’, proposed by the International Labour Office, this paper focuses on the individual, interpersonal and organisational determinants that most influence quality care. This paper is based on 40 semi-structured interviews with care workers, in 16 Portuguese care homes, in one council in the metropolitan area of Lisbon. In spite of social change processes in the care worker profession in Portuguese nursing homes, in the last decade, in terms of numbers, age and education, the interviews allowed me to unveil qualitatively what the numbers hid: precarious working conditions, insufficient staffing, excessive workloads and long working hours, high rotation and insufficient skills. All these determinants have consequences not only on the quality of the care that these care workers can offer, but also on their physical and mental health, job satisfaction and work environment. The high demand of care needs due to the ageing of the population, calls for continued efforts in improving working conditions, and a national strategy to promote recruitment of a diverse, younger and more-qualified workforce. The professionalisation of care work must be integrated with migration and employment policies (improvement of job quality and working conditions).
Nuclear weapons, extinction, and the Anthropocene: Reappraising Jonathan Schell
Authors: van Munster Rens , Sylvest Casper 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the Anthropocene, International Relations must confront the possibility of anthropogenic extinction. Recent, insightful attempts to advance new vocabularies of planet politics tend to demote the profound historical and intellectual links between our current predicament and the nuclear age. In contrast, we argue that it is vital to revisit the nuclear-environment nexus of the Cold War to trace genealogies of today's intricate constellation of security problems. We do so by reappraising the work of Jonathan Schell (1943–2014), author of The Fate of the Earth (1982), who came to regard extinction as a defining feature of the nuclear age. We show how a deep engagement with nuclear weapons led Schell to an understanding of the Earth as a complex, delicate ecology and fed into a sophisticated, Arendtian theory of extinction. Despite its limitations and tensions, we argue that Schell's work remains deeply relevant for rethinking human–Earth relations and confronting the Anthropocene.
Mantle Flow and Dynamics Beneath Central‐East China: New Insights From P‐Wave Anisotropic Tomography
Authors: Jiang Guoming , Zhang Guibin , Zhao Dapeng , Lü Qingtian , Shi Danian , Li Hongyi , Li Xinfu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMassive lithospheric thinning occurred in eastern China and large‐scale magmatism in South China occurred in the Mesozoic. Some geodynamic models have been proposed to explain their mechanisms, but are not consistent with each other. We apply anisotropic tomography to 32,728 P‐wave travel time data of 479 teleseismic events recorded at 225 stations to study the 3‐D anisotropic Vp structure of the upper mantle beneath central‐east China. P‐wave radial anisotropy is investigated for the first time in the study region. Our results show that an obvious low‐velocity zone exists in the asthenosphere under the eastern part of our study region, which represents upwelling thermal flow from the Cathaysia block to the North China block (NCB) according to the results of azimuthal and radial anisotropies. A distinct high‐velocity zone with weak radial anisotropy exists under the middle Yangtze block, which is explained as the stable cratonic root. Two other weak high‐velocity zones appear near or within the mantle transition zone under the middle‐lower Yangtze River and the eastern NCB, which might be detached lithosphere or the stagnant Pacific slab. Combining with previous geological and geochemical results, we consider that both the NCB and the South China block have undergone a common geodynamic process in the Mesozoic due to their similar age trending of igneous rocks, which could be explained by a flat‐slab subduction model and a ridge subduction model. These two models are associated with the paleo‐Pacific plate subduction that might have played a key role in the evolution of eastern China.
Direct Measurements of the Malvinas Current Velocity Structure
Authors: Frey D. I. , Piola A. R. , Krechik V. A. , Fofanov D. V. , Morozov E. G. , Silvestrova K. P. , Tarakanov R. Yu. , Gladyshev S. V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDirect velocity measurements of the Malvinas Current (MC) were carried out on multiple occupations of five transects across the flow using a Shipborne Acoustic Current Profiler (SADCP) on the R/V Akademik Sergey Vavilov and Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. These data are used to determine local features of the three‐dimensional velocity field of the current. The occupations covered the northern branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the southern part of the MC. Five transects across the flow were located at 350–550 km from each other from the Drake Passage to the western Argentine Basin at 46°S. The new observations reveal that the current is organized in two branches, namely, an inshore branch extending to a depth of 200–300 m and a main offshore branch, which flows approximately over the 1,400 m isobath. This two‐branch structure is observed on each of the cross‐flow transects. The observed velocities of the inshore branch exceed 40 cm/s on each studied crossing of the current. The MC is a cold western boundary current that follows the Subantarctic Front. This flow originates as an offshoot of the northern branch of the ACC and continues over the Falkland/Malvinas Plateau and along the western slope of the Argentine Basin. Volume transports of the upper 700 m of the MC calculated for each crossing range between 1.4 and 4.4 Sv for the inshore branch and between 21.2 and 25.5 Sv for the offshore (main) branch.
Felsic Tesserae on Venus Permitted by Lithospheric Deformation Models
Authors: Resor P. G. , Gilmore M. S. , Straley B. , Senske D. A. , Herrick R. R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVenus tessera terrain contains the oldest rocks preserved on the surface of the planet. The composition of the tesserae is unknown, but recent observations of near‐infrared emissivity from orbit suggest that they are silica rich. This contrasts with previous interpretation that silica‐rich rheologies are too weak to produce tessera folds. We examine the range of compositions consistent with the observed folds in the tessera. We map folds in Tellus Regio tessera using the highest resolution Magellan radar images (∼100 m) and stereo topography (∼1 km). We use fold spacings as input into a buckling analysis that simulates power law rheology using contemporary dry‐mineral flow laws and modeled igneous rock compositions, consistent with a predicted dry lithosphere for Venus in the recent era. The folds have dominant wavelengths of 6–19 km with amplitudes of 500–1,000 m, consistent with low strains (1%–12%). We confirm that observed folds require heat flows of ≥40 K/km and strain rates faster than 10−16s−1, higher than today. These low strain folds are unlikely to have significantly modified the preexisting tessera surface, thus older impact craters must have been removed by an earlier geologic process. We demonstrate that the folds can form in dry crust with a SiO2 content ranging from 48% to 72%. Dry felsic rheologies could explain low emissivity signatures of tesserae that are attributed to a low Fe2+. If felsic, tessera materials may have formed in a prior era via partial melting of hydrous materials derived from recycling of surface waters into the Venus mantle.