bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘This prayer I make’
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter evokes William Wordsworth as a poet indebted to the theological mainstream. However, the delicately allusive and non-dogmatic religious texture of his work is an awkward context in which to pray, the latter implying a strong performative commitment of the ‘I’. Direct address of the kind found in many other poets would break this texture. As such, Wordsworthian devotions become hesitant, reflexive, and oblique: the language and tone of prayer is pervasive, but allowing his poetic ‘I’ to utter a direct prayer is almost always avoided. This is nowhere more true than in the Snowdon episode of The Prelude (analysed comparatively in the 1805 and 1850 versions), which is underpinned by what contemporaries would recognize as the spirit of prayer: a habitual disposition of piety underlying the self which may not necessarily need expression as concrete, verbal, or conscious acts of prayer.
Conclusion
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the legacy of the Romantic rethinking of prayer, with a particular focus on the Victorian period which immediately follows. The inflections of prayer explored by all the poets discussed in this study—from the identifiably religious to the staunchly sceptical—are shown to have Victorian afterlives, ranging from James Martineau and Barbauld to Swinburne and Keats. An even wider legacy interlinking the poetic with the theological is apparent in the Tractarian revival and the richness of Victorian devotional verse. Looking forward to the barer and more uncertain prayerful poetry of the twentieth century and beyond, the chapter asserts the pivotal importance of Romantic prayer.
Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel
Authors: Jones Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
‘The real represents to my perception the things that we cannot possibly not know, sooner or later, in one way or another,’ wrote Henry James in 1907. This description, riven with double negatives, hesitation, and uncertainty, encapsulates the epistemological difficulties of realism, for underlying its narrative and descriptive apparatus as an aesthetic mode lies a philosophical quandary. What grounds the ‘real’ of the realist novel? What kind of perception is required to validate the experience of reality? How does the realist novel represent the difficulty of knowing? What comes to the fore in James’s account, as in so many, is how the forms of realism are constituted by a relation to unknowing, absence and ineffability. Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel recovers a neglected literary history centred on the intricate relationship between fictional representation and philosophical commitment. It asks how—or if—we can conceptualize realist novels when the objects of their representational intentions are realities that might exist beyond what is empirically verifiable by sense data or analytically verifiable by logic, and are thus irreducible to conceptual schemes or linguistic practices—a formulation Charlotte Jones refers to as ‘synthetic realism’. In new readings of Edwardian novels (including Conrad’s Nostromo and The Secret Agent, Wells’s Tono-Bungay, and Ford’s The Good Soldier), Jones revises and reconsiders key elements of realist novel theory—metaphor and metonymy; character interiority; the insignificant detail; omniscient narration and free indirect discourse; causal linearity—to uncover the representational strategies by which realist writers grapple with the recalcitrance of reality as a referential anchor, and seek to give form to the force, opacity, and uncertain scope of realities that may lie beyond the material. In restoring a metaphysical dimension to the realist novel’s imaginary, Realism, Form, and Representation in the Edwardian Novel offers a new conceptualisation of realism both within early twentieth-century literary culture and as a transhistorical mode of representation.
H. G. Wells
Authors: Jones Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter shifts attention from reference in space to reference in time, in order to extend the argument about realism and metaphysics to a consideration of genres as ideological formations which must both engage with recognizable circumstances and possess an innate desire to defamiliarize, even contravene, the givens of the cultural symbolic world. The social problem novel highlights this paradox, because it can only imagine possible futures through extrapolation from present conditions. The future acts as another boundless context against which realist representation must be pivoted. Chapter 4 explores this temporal paradox in the novels of H. G. Wells, whose background in evolutionary biology and investment in performative socialist politics means he depicts contemporary society as already, in a sense, prescient. The conclusions drawn about the operation of temporality in Wells’s fiction—particularly his use of tenses and the odd, recurrent topos of metanarrative intrusion—are used to think through some of the implications for ‘condition of England’ writing as an oracular and dialectical tradition within realism.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The conclusion brings together the book’s major findings, summarizes its arguments, and underscores the significance of its contributions by speculating about the potential afterlife of synthetic realism as it finds its way into critical discourse. It highlights intersections with affect theory and critical realism, drawing particular notice to the way that realist gestures towards totality have frequently been seen as requiring ideological solution. Finally, the conclusion calls for a different kind of attention to the relationship between realism and wholeness which, it is argued, has important implications for our understanding of realism as one mode of response to capitalist modernity.
‘A Black Knot’
Authors: Hewitt Seán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops the tensions inherent in Synge’s early works towards an understanding of his formal innovation, asserting the ‘time pressure’ of his one-act plays as a dimension of his response to modernity. Synge’s drafts for various articles, particularly ‘The Old and New in Ireland’, and an article on social change in Wicklow, combine with his notes on Herbert Spencer and evolutionary theory to show a writer deeply conscious of modernization and literature’s responsiveness to modernity. Contributing to and drawing on new work on the spatial and temporal dimensions of modernism, this chapter shows that the structures and plots and Synge’s one-act plays Riders to the Sea and The Shadow of the Glen are rooted in a battle of temporalities. By comparing the timescales of Synge’s one-act plays to those of his Revivalist contemporaries, this chapter shows that his reading in sociology, philosophy, and evolutionary science, alongside his experiences in the modernizing ‘Congested Districts’ of Ireland, fundamentally affected his literary output. Fractured communal relations are figured as fractures in the time frames of the drama, and the overlapping of temporalities and levels of modernization find their correlatives in the constant and unresolved competition for dominance from any one conception of time. These plays, far from being isolated from the concerns of modernization, or from reverting to a solely romanticized vision of the peasantry, in fact register a sense of formal instability as a result of their fraught and multiple conceptions of time and space.
Blakespotting
Authors: Goode Mike 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter argues that the unpredictable viral behavior of William Blake’s proverbs in contemporary culture is critically and politically instructive. The widespread practice of citing Blake proverbs across various media platforms reveals the radical potential that Blake’s multi-media poetry possessed within the “original” historical contexts in which he wrote. Understanding the proverb form as a viral medium that spreads through a population’s contradictory desires for self-regulation illuminates proverbs’ centrality to Blake’s art and its challenge to the regulatory power of laws. The intellectual groundwork for this challenge lay in eighteenth-century practices of collecting national proverbs and in historical research into the Book of Proverbs. The chapter closes by analyzing how Blake’s proverbs relate to computer worms and also how they inform the ways that Jim Jarmusch’s film Dead Man laments America’s history of missed political opportunities.
Letters from Austenland
Authors: Goode Mike 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter contends that Austen fanfiction set within her novels’ “canonical universe” reveals how fanfiction is a design medium. The chapter analyzes how Austen prequels, sequels, and rewrites, through their medial gravitation to epistolary forms (letters and diaries), collectively render their explorations of narrative possibility a means of perceiving and undoing the medial foreclosures enacted by Austen’s narrative voice and its reliance on free indirect discourse. It further contends that, as a population, canonical-universe fanfiction collectively renders narrative a vehicle of virtual place-making, thereby aligning fanfiction more with open-source media design—for example, Software Development Kits (SDKs)—than with the documentary impulses implied by the figure of the fanfiction “archive.” Given that canonical-universe Austen fanfiction preserves the geographical centrality of Austen novels’ fictional English country estates to their canonical universes, the estates become hypermedial figures for realist Austen fanfiction’s own place-making practices and its media platforms.
Applying the Analogies: Causing for Pure Benefits
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Using an ethical framework constructed out of the two variables of whether an agent causes, permits, or risks horrendous evils, and whether she does so in order to bestow pure benefit or in order to avert greater harm, some of the major theodicies in contemporary philosophy of religion are categorized. This chapter identifies three theodicies that depict God as causing horrendous evils for pure benefit. This structural approach to theodicy is evaluated and a conclusion is drawn that pure benefits are incapable of justifying the causation of horrendous evils. It is argued that this approach is insensitive to relevant asymmetries in the justificatory demands made by horrendous and non-horrendous evil and in the justificatory work done by averting harm and bestowing pure benefit. When moral constraints on the causing of horrors are considered and the justificatory asymmetry of harm-averting and non-harm-averting benefits brought to bear, pure benefit will not do the justificatory work (on its own) of securing God the status of an ethically perfect being.
The Rise of International Parliaments
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
International parliamentary institutions (IPIs) are on the rise. Around the world, international organizations have increasingly established or affiliated parliamentary assemblies. At the same time, IPIs have generally remained powerless institutions with at best a consultative role in the decision-making process of international organizations. This book pursues the question why the member states of international organizations create IPIs but do not vest them with relevant institutional powers. It argues that neither the functional benefits of delegation nor the internalization of democratic norms provide convincing answers to this question. Rather, IPIs are an instrument of strategic legitimation. By establishing IPIs that mimic a highly esteemed domestic democratic institution, governments seek to ensure that audiences at home and in the wider international environment recognize their IOs as democratically legitimate. At the same time, they seek to avoid being effectively constrained by IPIs in international governance. In a statistical analysis covering the world’s most relevant international organizations and a series of case studies from diverse world regions, we find two major varieties of international parliamentarization. IOs with general purpose and high authority create and empower IPIs to legitimate their region-building projects domestically. Alternatively, IOs are induced to create parliamentary bodies by international diffusion.
Control’s Possession
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops an account of control’s possession as it applies to agents. The basic idea is straightforward, but details require attention. Control’s possession has to do with the reliable patterns of behavior agents display. But in order to understand what reliability comes to, we have to understand the psychological states that guide agents. This chapter accordingly introduces the notion of plan-states. We also have to understand the ways that reliability varies depending upon the circumstances in which agents behave. After developing the form of an account of control’s possession, this chapter discusses possibilities for its metaphysical underpinnings. It rejects the idea that control is constituted by abilities, and suggests that dispositions may be able to do explanatory work for control.
The Shape of Agency
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
After offering accounts of basic building blocks of agency in chapters 2 through 5, this chapter serves as a hinge. Here, drawing on Tyler Burge’s work on primitive agency, this chapter discusses the most primitive features of agency, and considers what must be added to work towards more sophisticated kinds of agent. The main aim is to articulate a kind of (metaphorical) ladder that allows us to see, not only the shape of agency in relief, but also the place of key capacities like a capacity for representation of targets for behavior, and a capacity of practical reasoning. This leads, at the chapter’s very end, to a brief discussion of the role of mental action in an understanding of agency.
Hidden Moments
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces Anderson’s work from his invention of an impurity model to understand the fate of a magnetic atom immersed in a non-magnetic metal to his solution of the Kondo problem using an early version of the renormalization group invented by him and later generalized by Ken Wilson. Important events on this path are the experimental impetus provided by Bernd Matthias, the Coulomb repulsion model of insulating behavior due to Nevill Mott, and Jacques Friedel’s ideas about treating atoms embedded in metals. Speculation is offered about the award of the 1977 Nobel Prize to Anderson, Mott, and Van Vleck.
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine levels in central disorders of hypersomnolence
Authors: Barateau Lucie , Jaussent Isabelle , Roeser Julien , Ciardiello Claudio , Kilduff Thomas S , Dauvilliers Yves 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
Whether the cause of daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a direct consequence of the loss of orexin (ORX) neurons or whether low orexin reduces the efficacy of the monoaminergic systems to promote wakefulness is unclear. The neurobiology underlying sleepiness in other central hypersomnolence disorders, narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), is currently unknown.

Methods
Eleven biogenic amines including the monoaminergic neurotransmitters and their metabolites and five trace amines were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 94 drug-free subjects evaluated at the French National Reference Center for Narcolepsy: 39 NT1(orexin-deficient) patients, 31 patients with objective sleepiness non orexin-deficient (NT2 and IH), and 24 patients without objective sleepiness.

Results
Three trace amines were undetectable in the sample: tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine. No significant differences were found among the three groups for quantified monoamines and their metabolites in crude and adjusted models; however, CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels tended to increase in NT1 compared to other patients after adjustment. Most of the biomarkers were not associated with ORX-A levels, clinical or neurophysiological parameters, but a few biomarkers (e.g. 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and norepinephrine) correlated with daytime sleepiness and high rapid eye movement (REM) sleep propensity.

Conclusions
We found no striking differences among CSF monoamines, their metabolites and trace amine levels, and few associations between them and key clinical or neurophysiological parameters in NT1, NT2/IH, and patients without objective sleepiness. Although mostly negative, these findings are a significant contribution to our understanding of the neurobiology of hypersomnolence in these disorders that remain mysterious and deserve further exploration.
Genotypic variation in C and N isotope discrimination suggests local adaptation of heart-leaved willow
Authors: Hu Yi , Guy Robert D , Soolanayakanahally Raju Y 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Plants acquire multiple resources from the environment and may need to adjust and/or balance their respective resource-use efficiencies to maximize grow and survival, in a locally adaptive manner. In this study, tissue and whole-plant carbon (C) isotopic composition (δ13C) and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios provided long-term measures of use efficiencies for water (WUE) and nitrogen (NUE), and a nitrogen (N) isotopic composition (δ15N)-based mass balance model was used to estimate traits related to N uptake and assimilation in heart-leaved willow (Salix eriocephala Michx.). In an initial common garden experiment consisting of 34 populations, we found population-level variation in δ13C, C/N ratio and δ15N, indicating different patterns in WUE, NUE and N uptake and assimilation. Although there was no relationship between foliar δ13C and C/N ratios among populations, there was a significant negative correlation between these measures across all individuals, implying a genetic and/or plastic trade-off between WUE and NUE not associated with local adaptation. To eliminate any environmental effect, we grew a subset of 21 genotypes hydroponically with nitrate as the sole N source and detected significant variation in δ13C, δ15N and C/N ratios. Variation in δ15N was mainly due to genotypic differences in the nitrate efflux/influx ratio (E/I) at the root. Both experiments suggested clinal variation in δ15N (and thus N uptake efficiency) with latitude of origin, which may relate to water availability and could contribute to global patterns in ecosystem δ15N. There was a tendency for genotypes with higher WUE to come from more water-replete sites with shorter and cooler growing seasons. We found that δ13C, C/N ratio and E/I were not inter-correlated, suggesting that the selection of growth, WUE, NUE and N uptake efficiency can occur without trade-off.
Interdisciplinary, Innovative, and International: Nursing and Engineering Technology Students Creating New Patient Technology
Authors: Karagory Pamela M. , Hountz Diane 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article describes an innovative interdisciplinary project that partnered nursing and engineering technology students. The students constructed patient transfer and mobility technology that addressed crucial operational, safety, and usability metrics. The final constructed prototype was presented to an international audience during a two-week study abroad. The project was designed to explore the development of effective interdisciplinary teamwork, recognition of discipline-specific expertise, and a greater understanding of the global health care environment. Qualitative content analysis design was used to determine the impact on leadership development, effective team synergy, and the global health care experience.
Scleroderma epidemiology update
Authors: Calderon Leonardo Martin , Pope Janet E. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) is a rare multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies, vasculopathy, and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. This review aims to provide an overview and summary of the recent epidemiological studies in systemic sclerosis.

Recent findings
Global trends of scleroderma demonstrate greater prevalence of SSc in European, North, and South American patients compared with East Asian patients. However, the greatest prevalence (47 in 100 000), was found among the indigenous peoples in Canada. Phenotypical differences exist depending on the age of presentation with greater internal organ involvement and disease acceleration present in older patients. Sex differences include greater severity of disease expression, relative prevalence of diffuse cutaneous SSc, and organ involvement in males versus females. New studies conflict with previous data reporting greater proportion of pulmonary arterial hypertension in females. Furthermore, the effect of low median household income is demonstrated as a factor increasing risk of death in SSc patients.

Summary
Understanding the epidemiological factors in SSc enables patient care through patient classification, prognostication, and monitoring. Future research may emphasize enrichment of SSc patients in randomized trials who are more likely to progress or be treatment responsive, focused screening, and personalized patient care through the creation and validation of new SSc criteria and subsets.
Current Surgical Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Riddle Ashley , Westerkam Linnea , Feltner Cynthia , Sayed Christopher 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic dermatologic condition that often necessitates surgical treatment. Surgical approaches vary substantially with little data on efficacy and safety.

OBJECTIVE
Summarize the literature on HS surgery with regards to patient characteristics, surgical approaches, and study quality. Compare postsurgical recurrence rates with a meta-analysis.

Methods
PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies on surgical HS management published after 2004. A random effects meta-analysis of recurrence rates was performed on eligible studies.

Results
Of 715 identified studies, 59 were included in the review and 33 in the meta-analysis. Twenty-two studies of wide excision had the lowest pooled recurrence rate at 8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2%–16%); local excision had the highest at 34% (95% CI 24%–44%). For studies of wide/radical excision, flap repair had the lowest pooled recurrence rate at 0% (95% CI 0%–4%); delayed primary closure had the highest at 38% (95% CI 20%–59%).

Conclusions
Wide excision and flap-based reconstruction are associated with a lower postsurgical HS recurrence, although this must be balanced against potentially higher morbidity of extensive procedures. Heterogeneity and methodological limitations of the evidence limit the ability to make a strong conclusion about the relative recurrence rates associated with surgical techniques.

Registration
PROSPERO ID: CRD42020159948.