bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Has MGNREGS Affected Farm Profitability?
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
It is argued that the national rural employment guarantee scheme introduced during 2006 has increased the farm wage rate substantially by artificially increasing demand for labour. This seems to have resulted in sharp reduction in farm profitability. Is there any substance in this argument? Chapter 6 delves into this issue deeply utilizing cost of cultivation survey data from different states and different crops consisting of both low and high value crops. The chapter also narrates why the impact of MGNRGES on farm profitability cannot be the same for all crops and all states with empirical evidence. With an analysis of operation-wise cost of cultivation, this chapter also attempts to bring out the variation in its impact between high productivity states and low productivity states.
Farm Profitability in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of farm profitability specific to Andhra Pradesh, one of the large agricultural states in India. Farmers in general and in Andhra Pradesh in particular are passing through a painful phase with widespread indebtedness and high proportion of farm suicides during the last two decades. What is the cause this crisis? Is it because of low remuneration from crops? Although a large number of studies have attempted to study the possible reasons for this unprecedented crisis, the issue of profit from crop cultivation covering longer period of data and crops has not been studied in detail. Utilizing time series data from eight important crops, chapter 8 examines whether farmers reap any steady profits over time. Further, it also provides an in-depth analysis of how many years farmers were able to harvest profit especially in relation to cost C2 since seventies.
The Fossil Record of the Pancrustacea
Authors: Hegna Thomas A. , Luque Javier , Wolfe Joanna M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Fossils are critically important for evolutionary studies as they provide the link between geological ages and the phylogeny of life. The Pancrustacea are an incredibly diverse clade, representing over 800,000 described extant species, encompassing a variety of familiar and unfamiliar forms, such as ostracods, tongue worms, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, copepods, barnacles, branchiopods, remipedes, and insects. Having colonized nearly every environment on Earth, from hydrothermal vents to terrestrial habitats, they have a diverse fossil record dating back to the Cambrian (540–485 Ma). The quality of the fossil record of each clade is variable and related to their lifestyle (e.g., free-living versus parasitic, benthic versus pelagic) and the degree of mineralization of their cuticle. We review the systematics, morphology, preservation, and paleoecology of pancrustacean fossils; each major clade is discussed in turn, and, where possible, fossil systematics are compared with more recent data from molecular phylogenetics. We show that the three epic clades of the Pancrustacea—Allotriocarida, Multicrustacea, and Oligostraca—all have Cambrian roots, but the diversification of those clades did not take place until the Middle and Late Paleozoic. We also address the potential affinities of three “problematic” clades: euthycarcinoids, thylacocephalans, and cyclids. We conclude by assessing the future of pancrustacean paleobiology, discussing new morphological imaging techniques and further integration with growing molecular phylogenetic data.
Prelude to War
Authors: Heyman Barbara B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter reveals the most accurate account of Barber’s first major commission, the Concerto for Violin and Orchestra. It was commissioned in 1939 by Samuel Fels of Fels-Naptha soap for his ward Iso Briselli, a young violinist prodigy. Barber’s work on the concerto in Switzerland was interrupted by the impending Nazi invasion in Poland and, on arriving home, the illness of his father. As the work could not be completed in time for Briselli’s debut, it was premiered instead by Albert Spalding and the Philadelphia Orchestra and received a generous response, newspapers reporting it to be an “exceptional popular success.” The chapter also features four songs on texts by Gerard Manley Hopkins, James Agee, W. B. Yeats, and Frederic Prokosch, a friend of Barber’s. It mentions the piano trio he wrote for the wedding of Barber’s sister Sara and his nomination to the National Institute of Arts and Letters as its youngest member.
World Cataclysm 1942–1945
Authors: Heyman Barbara B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
On the verge of World War II, Barber was called to serve in the United States Army. He and other musicians shared the same sentiments in regard to serving in the military: they were patriotic, but they wished to continue writing music. Because of Barber’s poor eyesight, he was assigned to special services, which included musical activities. Throughout the world, however, there was an increasing demand for his work. Even in the Army, his compositions, particularly Commando March, became part of the band repertoire. For this he was granted “the best working conditions” during the war, for which he was immensely grateful. He was also commissioned to write a symphony for the Army Air Corps, which reflected his experiences with pilots in training. The Second Symphony, called the Flight Symphony, is built on musical themes that “exude flight and are rife with code,” according to the analysis by Senior Master Sergeant Bill Tortolano of the United States Air Force Band. It was premiered by the Boston Symphony under the direction of Serge Koussevitzky. Barber was eventually transferred to the New York Office of War Information so he could concentrate on his work. This chapter also discusses Four Excursions, piano pieces written for Jeanne Behrend to perform on her programs promoting American piano music to international audiences. In 1944, Barber composed Capricorn Concerto, a tribute to the home he and Menotti lived in for nearly thirty years.
Disorder and Chaos
Authors: Marrone Gaetana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Le mani sulla città (Hands over the City, 1963), Rosi’s indictment of local civic corruption, maps the labyrinthine spaces and power hierarchies of Naples, the city that exemplified for him scandalous urban developments in postwar Italy. The film, which exposes the rapacity of land speculators operating in collusion with local government, features spectacular collapse and eviction scenes that reflect Rosi’s rapport with Neapolitan theater and his aesthetic ties to Cartier-Bresson. Cadaveri eccellenti (Illustrious Corpses, 1976), adapted from Leonardo Sciascia’s Il contesto, is Rosi’s noir on the Mafia’s ascendancy to a de facto partner in national government. The film, which unfolds around a series of unsolved murders of distinguished jurists, reflects Rosi’s political unease with the “historic compromise.” To capture these political maneuverings, Rosi breaks with “documented” realism and devises a neobaroque view of the South as an iconic site of corruption, doubt, conspiracy, suspicion, and visual theatricality.
A Holy Baptism of Fire and Blood
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In his Second Inaugural Address, Abraham Lincoln said both North and South “read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other.” Lincoln quoted several biblical texts in this address—which, according to Frederick Douglass, “sounded more like a sermon than a state paper.” The Bible, as Lincoln’s famous speech illustrated, saturated the Civil War. This book offers the most thorough analysis yet of how Americans enlisted scripture to fight the Civil War. As this insightful narrative reveals, no book was more important to the Civil War than the Bible. From Massachusetts to Mississippi and beyond, the Bible was the nation’s most read and most respected book. It brought to mind sacred history and sacrifice. It presented a drama of salvation and damnation, of providence and judgment. It was also a book of war. Americans cited the Bible in addressing many wartime issues, including slavery, secession, patriotism, federal versus state authority, white supremacy, and violence. In scripture, both Union and Confederate soldiers found inspiration for dying and killing like never before in the nation’s history. With approximately 750,000 fatalities, the Civil War was the deadliest of the nation’s wars. Americans fought the Civil War with Bibles in hand, with both sides calling the war just and sacred. This is a book about how Americans enlisted the Bible in the nation’s most bloody, and arguably most biblically saturated war.
“The Stone Which the Builders Rejected”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter narrates the role of the Bible in the secession crisis that erupted after Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860. While Benjamin Morgan Palmer and other southerners saw slavery as “a divine trust,” many northerners agreed with Lincoln’s quotation of scripture—“A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand,” meaning the nation could not endure if it remained divided over slavery. In response, southerners scoured the scriptures for arguments to support white supremacy, fearing that many non-slaveholding whites in the South would refuse to support secession. In all, the Bible contributed to the righteous indignation on both sides, helping to pave the way for war.
“Trust in Providence and Keep Your Powder Dry”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Both sides finally got what they wanted in July at the First Battle of Bull Run—here was a real battle, giving both sides the chance to face off against the enemy. Here also was the first providential test of the war, the first indication of which side God would take once the fighting started. For many southerners, Bull Run (or Manassas, as southerners called the battle) confirmed their reading of God’s will; for many northerners, Bull Run stirred disillusionment and a call for of the nation to rededicate itself to God. The battle also provoked revaluations of several key biblical texts, including Exodus in the South and Romans 13 in the North, with both sides trying to tease out the relationship between the Bible and Bull Run.
“Woe to That Man by Whom the Offense Cometh”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the presidential campaign of 1864, Democrats ramped up racist attacks against Lincoln’s campaign. Many Democrats said that a vote for Lincoln was a vote for racial equality, whites losing jobs to blacks, and white women raped by black men. Lincoln’s opponents attacked him with racist biblical satire. This political use of scripture contrasted with Lincoln’s own reflections on the Bible, which viewed the war as God’s judgment on both North and South for slavery. If the war was God’s judgment, it was a fierce judgment in 1864, with horrific battles, but also the massacre of African American troops at Fort Pillow, and the inhumane conditions at Andersonville Prison. Death tolls rose, bringing with them shouts for revenge, but also pleas for Americans to remember that every human life was sacred to God—a biblical idea that may have been one of the war’s most troubling casualties.
Introduction
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis is the introduction to a book that challenges the assumption that the knowledge dominant in the world, although born in Europe in the modern period, is nonetheless “universal” and true for all times and places. The introduction sets out why the book defines our knowledge as “modern” and as Western,” and proceeds to outline the three intellectual currents it will draw upon—postcolonialism being the most important of these—to demonstrate that the knowledge disseminated in universities and utilized to govern peoples throughout the world is in fact parochial rather than universal.
The Code of History
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractShowing that history writing is not the simple application of a method to sources bequeathed to us from the past, but rather a code that constructs “the past” in particular ways, this chapter explicates the elements of the code. Modern history treats past objects and texts as the objectified remains of humans who endowed their world with meaning and purpose, while constrained by the social circumstances characterizing their times; this time of theirs is dead, and it can only be represented, not resurrected; the past is only ever the human past, and it does not include ghosts, gods, spirits, or nature. In outlining these core elements of the code of history, it engages with those forms of history writing—the history of art, music, and science—that do not always share all the elements of the code, but for that very reason illuminate all the more clearly what the discipline presupposes.
The Anachronism of History
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractModern historiography is a modern and European invention, yet is thought to yield knowledge of all human pasts, giving rise to a paradox explored in this chapter. It is a cardinal sin for history writing to fall prey to anachronism, and yet applying the code of history to times and places where the presumptions that define it were/are not shared is itself anachronistic. What does it mean to write histories of premodern and non-Western pasts that were not disenchanted, where gods had not been deprived of agency, where the past constantly bled into the present, and where texts were not seen as the congealed remains of the purposes and meanings of their human authors? Modern histories of non-Western pasts must, this chapter concludes, be written in recognition that such histories are translations, not better or truer representations; and with acknowledgment of and due attention to the fact that much gets lost in translation.
International Relations
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter offers a postcolonial critique of the discipline of international relations, which constitutes itself as a discipline by defining a unique and distinct object: the “anarchy” that prevails in the international realm, where unlike the “domestic” realm, there is no sovereign power. In defining its object thus, it also assumes that the international order is composed of sovereign states. But until a few decades ago empires covered the larger surface of the globe and included the majority of its people. The discipline manages the extraordinary feat of either forgetting this altogether or accounting for it by dismissing it as a “survival” of an earlier era, destined to be surpassed in the inexorable teleological march toward state sovereignty that is thought to have begun with the Peace of Westphalia. The “amnesia” regarding empire that characterizes the discipline is disabling, because the imperial past shadows and shapes the contemporary international order.
Epilogue
Authors: Seth Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe epilogue assesses the ethical and political, as well as the intellectual, implications of the arguments advanced in a book that has sought to show that the rise of an initially European knowledge to global dominance was not a story of the forward march of intellectual progress, but rather the story of an initially Western European emic knowledge that became globally hegemonic. The charges of relativism and irrationalism leveled against those who question the status of this knowledge are in significant measure animated by the fear that the grounds upon which our moral and political aspirations rest are thereby undermined. The epilogue dissents both from those who see in contemporary challenges to knowledge the slippery slope of epistemological and moral anarchy, and from those who denounce modern, Western knowledge and call for an “epistemology of the South.”
Action
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that, as in the case of substance, prominent accounts of action rightly insist on—but fail to meet—the explanatory demand with regard to action: what is it in virtue of which an action is an action? This failure is observed both in the case of causal theories of action (represented by Davidson and his followers) and in the case of rival non-causal theories (represented by Anscombe and her followers). This chapter then appeals to a Bradleyan regress argument to show that—as in the case of substance—such a failure is inevitable as long as one assumes that one is dealing with differentiated or relational action. The only remedy is to make a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to action: there are no actions, not even one action, there is simply action, analogous to actus purus in Aquinas’ sense.
Metaphysical Explanation
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In chapter 8, the Parmenidean, Bradleyan methodology turns its sights on metaphysical explanation. The Parmenidean Ascent in this chapter does not proceed—as in previous chapters—by showing that proponents of this notion fail to meet an explanatory demand. Rather, the argument is that proponents of metaphysical explanation are committed to irrational actions in positing certain facts. These actions are arbitrary, performed without sufficient reason, and violate Ockham’s Razor, which counsels us not to multiply entities without needing to do so. This chapter shows how attempts by Schaffer to avoid the force of this argument by modifying Ockham’s Razor are inadequate. Throughout the chapter, connections between this argument and Quine’s arguments against modality are highlighted. The upshot is that differentiated, relational metaphysical explanation needs to be given up, that a structured ontology must be rejected, and that we must make a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to metaphysical explanation.
Tamers, Deniers, and Me
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapters 10 and 11 attempt to counteract the resistance that will inevitably meet the extreme, Parmenidean conclusions in this book. Chapter 10 explores attempts to avoid these results by limiting the principle of sufficient reason (the PSR). This attempted modification is the taming strategy with regard to the PSR. This chapter identifies Kant and Dasgupta as representative (and very different) examples of PSR-tamers, and it shows how these taming strategies are each incoherent. Much use here is made of one of Leibniz’s arguments for the PSR which—though, perhaps, unsuccessful—is instrumental in mounting the charge of incoherence against the taming strategy. Connections between the limiting of the PSR embraced by tamers and the radical form of monism operative throughout this book are explored.
The Parmenidean Ascent
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In realizing that relational metaphysical thinking is incoherent, we see that differentiated thoughts are not possible and that our language must amount, at most, only to fragments of thoughts and not genuine thoughts. At the same time, in making the Parmenidean Ascent and in divesting our words of metaphysical significance, we are free to use (or at least appear to use) the same words but without the metaphysical accretions that in Parmenidean fashion are being eliminated. This chapter is an expression of the inevitably fragmentary character of attempted thoughts and—with its reversion to a fragment of the first sentence of this book—it is also an expression of the use of the same words that we have always used but are now without metaphysical significance.
Cultures Approaching Cultures
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The field of social and cultural anthropology has evolved from the science of man to something more like cultural critique. Some have deconstructed and thereby dismissed both “cultural science” as well as “development.” Others deconstruct that deconstruction, finding within anthropology itself a culture of marginality. The chapter summarizes stereotypical differences between anthropology and economics, which resemble something like clashing cultures. Given them, how can we move ahead more constructively? As with cross-cultural work in general, we have to be attentive to the differences while at the same time being receptive to ideas and approaches that may at first seem strange or unhelpful. We should entertain the possibility of being both critical and constructive.
Are the Scientific Problems Too Hard?
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Underlying the resistance of many anthropologists to the amplification and application of cultural knowledge are worries about pseudoscience. This chapter reviews the scientific difficulties in studying culture and development. Concepts are fuzzy and contested. Measures are inexact and controversial. The chapter provides new analyses of some of the latest data on various measures of development (including a new construct measuring life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) and various cultural variables. The relationships are sometimes surprisingly strong. But they are only suggestive, as full causal models remain an impossible dream. Nonetheless, thanks to analogies from soil science, psychology, and medicine, the chapter concludes with a less grand but perhaps more useful way to apply cultural knowledge.
Ringleaders of Redemption
Authors: Dickason Kathryn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In traditional thought and theology, Christianity tends to oppose dance. Conventional scholarship traces this controversy back to the Middle Ages. Throughout the medieval era, the Latin Church denounced and prohibited dancing in religious and secular realms, often aligning it with demonic intervention, lust, pride, and sacrilege. Historical sources, however, suggest that medieval dance was a complex and ambivalent phenomenon. During the High and Late Middle Ages, Western theologians, liturgists, and mystics not only tolerated dance, they transformed it into a dynamic component of religious thought and practice. This book investigates how dance became a legitimate form of devotion in Christian culture. Sacred dance functioned to gloss scripture, frame spiritual experience, and imagine the afterlife. Invoking numerous manuscript, primary, and visual sources (biblical commentaries, sermons, saints’ lives, ecclesiastical statutes, mystical treatises, vernacular literature, and iconography), this book highlights how medieval dance helped shape religious identity, social stratification, and human intention. Moreover, this book shows the political dimension of dance, which worked in the service of Christendom, conversion, and social cohesion. In sum, Ringleaders of Redemption reveals a long tradition of sacred dance in Christianity, one that the professionalization and secularization of Renaissance dance obscured, and one that the Reformation silenced and suppressed.
Discipline and Redemption
Authors: Dickason Kathryn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines dance from the perspective of medieval penitence. In a study of sermons, exempla, penitentials, treatises on vice and virtue, and moralizing literature, this chapter demonstrates how lay culture and clerical mentality informed one another. Together, they produced new discourses on dance that pivoted around intention and contrition, thereby opening a window on the medieval moral conscience. The first section examines pastoral sources that forged equations between dance and sin. While these pastoral sources always deemed dance as sinful, this section explains the variety of sins—including lust, pride, gluttony, and anti-sacramentality—that supposedly motivated dancers. The second section shifts to penitential and philosophical sources that reflect a growing sophistication concerning sin and agency. The third section considers how dance could represent or enact penitence. By analyzing Dante’s Purgatorio, it shows how the poet’s imaginative rendering of ritualized movement in purgatory inverted the pastoral paradigm.