bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of pharmacological treatments for presbyopia
Authors: Orman Betina , Benozzi Giovanna 
Published: March 2021

Background: Presbyopia is the normal progressive waning of accommodation with loss of the visual ability to focus on objects residing at different distances. Presbyopia exacts a cost in quality of life and professional efficiency of many people over 40 years of age. Presbyopia is likely to be 1 of the main pressing visual concerns of the 21st century, given that life expectancy is increasing, resulting in an aging population. This review aimed to address the 3 strategies of the pharmacological treatment for presbyopia.
Methods: A review on PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov was performed to investigate the English literature on pharmacological treatment for presbyopia from beginning-of-year 2012 to September 30, 2020.
Results: In addition to the treatment of presbyopia with glasses or contact lenses, new surgical strategies have been developed, some of which have been successful. However, during the last decade, a new, promising, non-invasive option for treating presbyopia has emerged: the pharmacological approach. Many researchers have developed 3 different lines of investigation from different assumptions, on a pharmacological basis. The first consisted of producing miosis, to take advantage of a pharmacologically induced pinhole effect, increasing depth-of-focus, and thus improving uncorrected near visual acuity. The second aimed to rehabilitate accommodation binocularly to enable good vision at all distances. Finally, the third approach attempted to rehabilitate lost elasticity in the human crystalline lens.
Conclusions: None of the 3 discussed pharmacological strategies for treating presbyopia, prescribed globally, but patients of restoring accommodation strategy can adhere locally, where they are sold so far as master prescriptions.
Higher-order aberrations following wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis
Authors: Vural Esra , Kilic Deniz , Cicek Ayse , Sirem M. Rasit , Duru Necati , Atas Mustafa 
Published: March 2021

Background: We aimed to evaluate higher-order aberrations (HOAs) following wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism.
Methods: This retrospective observational case-control study included patients who underwent wavefront-guided PRK (40 eyes of 20 patients) or LASIK (40 eyes of 20 patients) between August 2018 and November 2018 at the refractive surgery unit of Kayseri City Hospital Eye Clinic, Turkey. The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction, corneal topography, and HOAs were evaluated preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively in all patients.
Results: The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) was 27.13 ± 5.54 years and 29.10 ± 4.38 years in the PRK and LASIK groups, respectively (P = 0.06). Both groups had a mean CDVA of 1.00. The mean ± SD of spherical and spherical equivalent values was -2.09 ± 1.56 diopter (D) and -3.03 ± 1.72 D in the PRK group and -2.23 ± 1.69 D and -3.35 ± 1.71 D in the LASIK group, respectively (P = 0.58). When the preoperative and postoperative HOAs and root mean square (RMS) values (for a 6-mm pupil diameter) were compared in the PRK group, a significant difference was found in vertical coma and total RMS values (P = 0.003 and P ˂ 0.001, respectively); in the LASIK group, there was a significant difference in preoperative and postoperative vertical coma and total RMS values (P = 0.0.001 and P ˂ 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in preoperative and postoperative vertical coma values between the two groups (P = 0.735 and P = 0.583, respectively).
Conclusions: In terms of HOAs, total RMS values decreased significantly and vertical coma values increased significantly at 3 months postoperatively in both PRK and LASIK groups. However, there were no differences between the two groups.
Meteorological observations collected during the Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide Experiment (SPADE), April–June 2019
Authors: Thériault Julie M. , Déry Stephen J. , Pomeroy John W. , Smith Hilary M. , Almonte Juris , Bertoncini André , Crawford Robert W. , Desroches-Lapointe Aurélie , Lachapelle Mathieu , Mariani Zen , Mitchell Selina , Morris Jeremy E. , Hébert-Pinard Charlie , Rodriguez Peter , Thompson Hadleigh D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The continental divide along the spine of the Canadian
Rockies in southwestern Canada is a critical headwater region for
hydrological drainages to the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic oceans. Major
flooding events are typically attributed to heavy precipitation on its
eastern side due to upslope (easterly) flows. Precipitation can also occur
on the western side of the divide when moisture originating from the Pacific
Ocean encounters the west-facing slopes of the Canadian Rockies. Often,
storms propagating across the divide result in significant precipitation on
both sides. Meteorological data over this critical region are sparse, with
few stations located at high elevations. Given the importance of all these
types of events, the Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide
Experiment (SPADE) was initiated to enhance our knowledge of the atmospheric
processes leading to storms and precipitation on either side of the
continental divide. This was accomplished by installing specialized
meteorological instrumentation on both sides of the continental divide and
carrying out manual observations during an intensive field campaign from 24 April–26 June 2019. On the eastern side, there were two field sites: (i) at
Fortress Mountain Powerline (2076 m a.s.l.) and (ii) at Fortress Junction
Service, located in a high-elevation valley (1580 m a.s.l.). On the western
side, Nipika Mountain Resort, also located in a valley (1087 m a.s.l.), was
chosen as a field site. Various meteorological instruments were deployed
including two Doppler light detection and ranging instruments (lidars),
three vertically pointing micro rain radars, and three optical disdrometers.
The three main sites were nearly identically instrumented, and observers
were on site at Fortress Mountain Powerline and Nipika Mountain Resort
during precipitation events to take manual observations of precipitation
type and microphotographs of solid particles. The objective of the field
campaign was to gather high-temporal-frequency meteorological data and to
compare the different conditions on either side of the divide to study the
precipitation processes that can lead to catastrophic flooding in the
region. Details on field sites, instrumentation used, and collection methods
are discussed. Data from the study are publicly accessible from the
Federated Research Data Repository at https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0221 (Thériault et al., 2020). This
dataset will be used to study atmospheric conditions associated with
precipitation events documented simultaneously on either side of a
continental divide. This paper also provides a sample of the data gathered
during a precipitation event.
A multi-sourced assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture in the MARINE flash flood model
Authors: Eeckman Judith , Roux Hélène , Douinot Audrey , Bonan Bertrand , Albergel Clément 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The MARINE (Model of Anticipation of Runoff and INundations for Extreme events) hydrological model is a distributed model dedicated to flash flood simulation. Recent developments of the MARINE model are explored in this work. On one hand, transfers of water through the subsurface, formerly relying on water height, now take place in a homogeneous soil column based on the soil saturation degree (SSF model). On the other hand, the soil column is divided into two layers, which represent, respectively, the upper soil layer and the deep weathered rocks (SSF–DWF model). The aim of the present work is to assess the accuracy of these new representations for the simulation of soil moisture during flash flood events. An exploration of the various products available in the literature for soil moisture estimation is performed. The efficiency of the models for soil saturation degree simulation is estimated with respect to several products either at the local scale or spatially distributed: (i) the gridded soil moisture product provided by the operational modeling chain SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU; (ii) the gridded soil moisture product provided by the LDAS-Monde assimilation chain, which is based on the ISBA-A-gs land surface model and assimilating satellite derived data; (iii) the upper soil water content hourly measurements taken from the SMOSMANIA observation network; and (iv) the Soil Water Index provided by the Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS), which is derived from Sentinel-1 C-SAR and ASCAT satellite data. The case study is performed over two French Mediterranean catchments impacted by flash flood events over the 2017–2019 period. The local comparison of the MARINE outputs with the SMOSMANIA measurements, as well as the comparison at the basin scale of the MARINE outputs with the gridded LDAS-Monde and CGLS data, lead to the following conclusion: both the dynamics and the amplitudes of the soil saturation degree simulated with the SSF and SSF–DWF models are better correlated with both the SMOSMANIA measurements and the LDAS-Monde data than the outputs of the base model. Finally, the soil saturation degree simulated by the two-layers model for the deep layer is compared to the soil saturation degree provided by the LDAS-Monde product at corresponding depths. In conclusion, the developments presented for the representation of subsurface flow in the MARINE model enhance the soil saturation degree simulation during flash floods with respect to both gridded data and local soil moisture measurements.
ANALISIS PENGARUH ASPEK KEPERILAKUAN TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN SISTEM AKUNTANSI (Studi Pada PT. Bank X Tbk di Wilayah Kota dan Kabupaten Jayapura)
Authors: Ngo Budianto , Rofingatun Siti , Sanggenafa Mariolin 
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of attitudes towards the use of accounting systems at PT. Bank Mandiri in the city and district of Jayapura, to determine the effect of motivation on the use ofaccounting systems at PT. Bank Mandiri in the city and district of Jayapura, to determine the effect of emotions on system usage accounting at PT. Bank Mandiri in the city and district of Jayapura, todetermine the effect of the perception of the use of the accounting system at PT. Bank Mandiri in the city and Jayapura area. This study is a correlational study or the relationship between the independentvariables on the dependent variable and the analysis unit that is considered to be employees who have worked more than 6 months who have undergone a training period of 40 people. The questionnairetested its validity and reliability before testing the research data, the test equipment used in this study used the classical assumption test which included normality test, linearity test, heteroscedasticity testand multicollinearity test, the data analysis method used was multiple linear regression analysis using a tool of analysis in SPSS 25 statistics. The results of this study indicate that attitude variables do notsignificantly influence the use of accounting systems, the motivation variable does not significantly influence the use of accounting systems, emotional variables have a significant effect on the use of accounting systems and perception variables do not significantly influence the use of accountingsystems.
PENGARUH SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERN, KEPATUHAN, DAN PEMBERIAN TAMBAHAN PENGHASILAN BERSYARAT (TPB) TERHADAP PERILAKU ETIS PEGAWAI (Studi Kasus Pada Badan Pengelolaan Pendapatan Daerah Pemerintah Kabupaten Jayapura)
Authors: Abriyanti Andhika Dwi , Rofingatun Siti , Sanggenafa Mariolin A. 
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of internal control, compliance, additional income conditional on the ethical behavior of employees of the revenue management agency in Jayapura district. This research is correlation research or relationship, with the unit of analysis being studied are employees who work in the BAPENDA office with a total sample of 40 employees. The questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability before testing the research data, the test equipment used in this study used the classical assumption test which included the normality test for linearity heteroscedasticity and the linearity test data analysis method used was multiple linear regression analysis using the statistical analysis tool SPSS 25.The results ofthis study indicate that the Internal Control System variable does not have a significant effect on employee ethical behavior, while the Compliance and SupplementaryConditional variables have a significant effect on employee ethical behavior. Variables Internal control, compliance and management compensation together (simultaneous) have a positive and significant effect on employee ethical behavior.
Pengaruh Pengetahuan Pajak Dan Kualitas Pelayanan Pajak Terhadap Kesadaran Wajib Pajak Dalam Membayar Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Persepsi Atas Penerimaan Pajak
Authors: Hendriyadi Muhammad , Hutadjulu Linda , Bleskadit Novalia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between tax knowledge and tax service quality on taxpayer awareness in paying motorized vehicle taxes and its impact on perceptions of tax revenue. The research method used is the Path Analysis method and Sobel Test. The population of this study is the owner of motor vehicles in the Jayapura area. The research sample was 94 motorized vehicle owners who were selected by the snowball sampling technique. The type of data used is primary data. The results showed that tax knowledge and tax service quality had an effect on taxpayer awareness. However, knowledge of taxes, quality of tax services and awareness of taxpayers have no effect on perceptions of tax revenue. In addition, knowledge of taxes and the quality of tax services also have an indirect effect on the perception of tax revenue through taxpayer awareness. Keywords: Tax Knowledge; Tax Service Quality; Taxpayer Awareness; Perception of Tax Revenues; Motor Vehicle Taxes. Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara pengetahuan pajak dan kualitas pelayanan pajak terhadap kesadaran wajib pajak dalam membayar pajak kendaraan bermotor dan dampaknya terhadap persepsi atas penerimaan pajak. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode Path Analysis dan Uji Sobel. Populasi penelitian ini adalah Pemilik Kendaraan Bermotor di daerah Jayapura. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 94 orang pemilik kendaraan bermotor yang dipilih dengan teknik snowball sampling. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data Primer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan pajak dan kualitas pelayanan pajak berpengaruh terhadap kesadaran wajib pajak. Namun pengetahuan pajak, kualitas pelayanan pajak dan kesadaran wajib pajak tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap persepsi atas penerimaan pajak. Selain itu, pengetahuan pajak dan kualitas pelayanan pajak juga memiliki pengaruh tidak langsung terhadap persepsi atas penerimaan pajak melalui kesadaran wajib pajak. Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan Pajak; Kualitas Pelayanan Pajak; Kesadaran Wajib Pajak; Persepsi Atas Penerimaan Pajak; Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor.
New paths in Austrian Macroeconomics
Authors: Barnet II William , Block Walter E. 
Published: March 2021

This paper makes four points. First, interest rates are not prices; rather they are metrics. Second, there are no markets for «loanable funds» in reality, so attempts to use «the» market for loanable funds either to explain saving-induced growth (or growth induced in other ways) are misleading. Rather, the appropriate concept is markets for financial assets. Third, the primary and most important source of growth is not households’ low or reduced time preferences, but entrepreneurs high or increased profit expectations. Fourth, financial institutions may respond, in part, to a rise in the monetary base by accepting a higher default risk of their assets; i.e., by making riskier loans and buying riskier (financial) assets, in order to maintain nominal interest rates and net interest margins.
Key words: Risk, Loanable funds, Financial assets, Austrian business cycle theory.
JEL Classification: E32.
Resumen: Este artículo desarrolla una versión modificada de la teoría austriaca del ciclo económico en la que el papel protagonista lo juegan las expectativas de beneficio de los empresarios (más que la reducción de la preferencia temporal de los agentes económicos) y la asunción de proyectos empresariales más arriesgado, como principal detonante de las malas inversiones.
Palabras clave: Riesgo, Fondos prestables, Activos financieros, Teoría austriaca del ciclo económico.
Clasificación JEL: E32.
Individual secession and extraterritoriality
Authors: Kämpe Joakim 
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to take Mises’ observation on the need for the right of secession in order for the liberal program for peace and prosperity to be realized, and remove the doubts that he voiced regarding the feasibility of extending this right to individuals. We do so by explicating the theoretical and historical foundation of the concept of extraterritoriality, and by showing how extra-, or non-, territoriality is the only system which is consistent with individual rights, private property, and the non-aggression principle. By allowing for individual secession our proposal represents a highly decentralized, dynamically efficient, competitive, voluntary and constantly evolving system, and it would allow for an increasing diversification of law codes fully consistent with people’s subjective wishes.
Key words: Extra-territoriality, Secession, Self-determination, Praxeology.
JEL Classification: A10, A12, K00, K10, N40.
Resumen: El propósito de este ensayo consiste en tomar la observación de Mises acerca de la necesidad de aceptar el derecho de secesión si se pre-tende hacer del programa liberal de paz y responsabilidad una realidad, y eliminar las dudas por él expresadas en relación a la posibilidad de ex-tender tal derecho al individuo. Llevamos a cabo dicha tarea por medio de la explicación de los fundamentos teóricos e históricos del concepto de extra-territorialidad y mostrando cómo la extraterritorialidad (o mejor aún, la no territorialidad) es el único sistema coherente con los derechos individuales, la propiedad privada y el principio de no agresión. Al permitir la secesión individual nuestra propuesta plantea un sistema altamente descentralizado, dinámicamente eficiente, competitivo, voluntario y en constante evolución, que además podría dar lugar a una creciente diversificación de los códigos legales de acuerdo a los deseos subjetivos de los individuos.
Palabras clave: Extraterritorialidad, Secesión, Autodeterminación, Praxeo-logía.
Clasificación JEL: A10, A12, K00, K10, N40.
The slow and hidden road to serfdom
Authors: Bernholz Peter 
Published: March 2021

Without the rule of law limiting the discretionary powers of government agencies, but also of other organizations and in-dividuals no individual freedom is possible. If government re-presentatives or private persons can order at their discretion individuals to behave in certain ways, no individual liberty is guaranteed. As Immanuel Kant expressed it «man is free if he needs to obey no person but solely the law.» And even if indi-viduals are only obliged to follow the law, their freedom is al-ways threatened if these laws can be changed arbitrarily by any individuals or government authorities. This is even true for de-mocracies in which duly elected parliamentary majorities (that is minorities) are allowed to introduce new laws or change old ones relating to any sphere of human activities. The problem has been clearly stated by Alexis de Tocqueville (1945, vol. I, p.270):
When I see that the right and the means of absolute command are conferred on any power whatever, be it called a people or a king, an aristocracy or a democracy, a monarchy or a republic, I say there is the germ of tyranny, and I seek to live elsewhere, under other laws.
Similar ideas are expressed by Friedrich v. Hayek (1944, p. 62):
The Rule of Law thus implies limits to the scope of legislation: it restricts it to the kind of general rules known as formal law, and excludes legislation either directly aimed at particular people, or at enabling anybody to use the coercive power of the state for the purpose of such discrimination.
Dinámica no-lineal y economía austríaca
Authors: Bacaicoa Dulce Saura , García-Brazales Ángel Rodríguez 
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the similarities which exist between certain characteristics of Austrian economic thought and certain properties of nonlinear dynamics, also known as the dynamics of complexity. Specifically, the features of Mises’s theory of human action and of Hayek’s theory of spontaneous order are compared with the emerging properties, self-organi-zation, and dependence which appear in the trend of nonlinear dynamics.
Palabras clave. Escuela austriaca, dinámica no-lineal, orden espontáneo, autoorganización, dependencia de la trayectoria.
Códigos JEL. B4, B5.
Resumen. En este trabajo se analizan las similitudes que existen entre ciertos rasgos del pensamiento económico de la Escuela Austriaca y algunas propiedades de la dinámica no lineal, también llamada de la complejidad. En particular, se comparan las propiedades de la teoría de la acción huma-na de Mises y la del orden espontáneo de Hayek, con la aparición de propie-dades emergentes, autoorganización y dependencia de la trayectoria de la dinámica no lineal.
Friedrich A. von Hayek e il problema della solidarietà
Authors: Antiseri Dario 
Published: March 2021

In the development of science and of a democracy, competition represents the highest form of collaboration. The same applies in the free market economic system that supports political freedom and corresponds to the most secure source of extended welfare. However, Hayek warns that The «Great Society» is seriously threatened by the comeback of the social-ism’s «tribal ethic»: «the concept of ‘social justice’ has been the Trojan horse for the entrance of the totalitarism». By saying this, he does not deny the value of solidarity. The Great Society can allow itself to help those in need, and actually it must do it.
Resumen. La competizione nello sviluppo della scienza e nella vita di una democrazia costituisce la piü alta forma di collaborazione, cosí come lo é nell’economia di mercato - sistema económico che sta a base delle liberta politiche e che é la fonte maggiormente sicura del piü esteso benessere. La Grande Societá, tuttavia, é seriamente minacciata - ammonisce Hayek - dalla riaffermazione dell»’etica tribale» del socialismo: «il concertó di ‘giustizia sociale’ é stato il cavallo di Troia tramite il quale ha fatto il suo ingresso il totalitarismo». Con ció Hayek non nega affatto il valore della solidarietá, in quanto la Grande Societá puó permettersi di aiutare i piü deboli e deve farlo.