bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field observations and survey evidence to assess predictors of mask wearing across different outdoor activities in an Argentine city during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Freidin Esteban , Acera Martini Luz , Senci Carlos Maximiliano , Duarte Cristina , Carballo Fabricio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe here studied some potential factors underlying variation in compliance with preventive behaviors against COVID‐19 by studying mask wearing during outdoor recreational activities in a midsize city of Argentina in 2020. The originality of present research relies on the complementation of observational (N = 15,507) and survey (N = 578) data and in assessing the determinants of and disposition to the same preventive behavior across activities. In Study 1, we did 8 weeks of unobtrusive systematic observation of mask wearing in outdoor recreational sites as a function of activity (walking, running, and cycling). In Study 2, we ran an online survey (concomitant with the last weeks of the observational study) to measure self‐reported mask use and relevant beliefs, including self‐ and other‐regarding motives. Behavioral observations showed that mask wearing declined over time for the three activities as predicted from a social dilemma perspective; nonetheless, compliance significantly differed across activities. Self‐reported mask use was predicted by the perceived risk of contagion for the self and for others, perceived comfort costs of wearing masks, and social norms, but not by perceived illness severity or mask effectiveness. We discuss some implications and limitations of present findings for the development of preventive strategies to reduce COVID‐19 transmission.
Persistence of undifferentiated spermatogonia in aged Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Kawahara Terumichi , Kanouchi Miki , Naniwa Yousuke , Koyago Masanori , Numabe Takashi , Mizutani Keishi , Tanemura Kentaro , Hara Kenshiro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAging is a major risk factor for spermatogenesis deterioration. However, the influence of age on spermatogenic stem cells and their progenitors in bulls is largely unknown. Here, we report age‐related changes in undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia in Japanese Black cattle with nearly constant sperm output, by using spermatogonial markers. The numbers of differentiating spermatogonia and more differentiated spermatogenic cells were significantly decreased in aged bovine testes compared with those in young testes. In contrast, the number of undifferentiated spermatogonia was maintained, and their proliferative activity did not differ significantly between young and aged bovine testes. Although severe calcification was only observed to a small extent in aged testes, fewer Sertoli cells and interstitial fibrosis were observed in noncalcified testicular regions. These results suggest that, even in old bulls with nearly constant sperm output, testicular spermatogenic activity declined whereas undifferentiated spermatogonia numbers were maintained. Thus, we propose that undifferentiated spermatogonia may be resistant to age‐related changes in bovine testes. Because undifferentiated spermatogonia may contain stem cell activity, our findings highlight the potential utility of undifferentiated spermatogonia as an agricultural resource to produce spermatozoa beyond the natural bovine lifetime through transplantation and in vitro spermatogenesis in future animal production.
The design of “TeamBirth”: A care process to improve communication and teamwork during labor
Authors: Aggarwal Reena , Plough Avery , Henrich Natalie , Galvin Grace , Rucker Amber , Barnes Chris , Berry William , Golen Toni , Shah Neel T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite evidence that communication and teamwork are critical to patient safety, few care processes have been intentionally designed for this purpose in labor and delivery. The purpose of this project was to design an intrapartum care process that aims to improve communication and teamwork between clinicians and patients.MethodsWe followed the “Double‐Diamond” design method with four sequential steps: Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver. In Discover, we searched professional guidelines and peer‐reviewed literature to delineate the challenges to quality of intrapartum care and to uncover options for solutions. In Define, we convened an interdisciplinary group of experts to focus the problem scope and prioritize solution features. In Develop, we created initial prototype solutions. In Deliver, we engaged clinicians and patients in rapid cycle testing to iteratively produce a care process called “TeamBirth” that aims to improve team communication.ResultsWe designed TeamBirth, an intrapartum care process composed of brief team meetings (“huddles”) between clinicians and patients. Huddles are navigated by a shared planning board placed in the labor and delivery room in view of the patient and their care team. The board promotes transparent and reliable communication and contains four areas to be acknowledged or discussed: (a) the names of the team members, starting with the patient; (b) the patient's preferences; (c) the care plan for the patient, baby, and labor progress; and (d) when the next team huddle is anticipated.DiscussionWe identified an opportunity to improve the safety and dignity of childbirth care through an intrapartum care process that promotes reliable and structured communication and teamwork. Future work should evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of implementation and potential impact on safety and experience of care.
A multidimensional, person‐centred perspective on teacher engagement: Evidence from Canadian and Australian teachers
Authors: Perera Harsha N. , Yerdelen Sündüs , McIlveen Peter , Part Rachel 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundHitherto, little work has examined the proposition that teachers may simultaneously invest varying degrees of their energetic resources in the teaching and learning environment.AimsDrawing on a multidimensional, person‐centred perspective, the study aimed to identify profiles of teacher engagement, reflecting distinct configurations of teachers’ energetic investments, and their generalizability across Canadian and Australian teachers. Additionally, we examined teachers’ self‐efficacy beliefs as predictors of engagement profile membership and the cross‐country generalizability of these relations. We also examined emotional exhaustion (EE) and job satisfaction (JS) as outcomes of profile membership in Canadian and Australian teachers, respectively.SamplesThe samples comprised 586 Canadian and 595 Australian teachers.MethodsData on teachers’ multidimensional engagement and teacher self‐efficacy were collected in both the Canadian and Australian samples. Additionally, data on Canadian teachers’ burnout and Australian teachers’ job satisfaction were collected.ResultsLatent profile analyses revealed three engagement profiles, representing distinct configurations of teachers’ multidimensional energetic investments, which were found to mostly generalize. Additionally, self‐efficacy beliefs were found to predict the likelihood of engagement profile membership equally in Canadian and Australian teachers, and EE in Canadian teachers and JS in Australian teachers were found to differ significantly across the profiles.ConclusionsThe results of the study constitute among the first evidence that teachers may be differentially engaged in the teaching environment with respect to their distinct energetic investments, and such differential profiles of engagement have differential implications for well‐being‐related outcomes and can be predicted by their teaching capability beliefs.
Self‐selection bias in a field experiment: Recruiting subjects under different payment schemes
Authors: Herranz‐Zarzoso Noemí , Georgantzis Nikolaos , Sabater‐Grande Gerardo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe examine a potential self‐selection bias in different samples of experimental subjects depending on the payment scheme offered in the recruiting process. We ran four field experiments in which undergraduate students in a microeconomics course were invited to voluntarily set their own goal for the final exam. They were informed that they would be given a monetary reward (else nothing) if their actual grade were higher than or equal to their goal. Rewards were an increasing (quadratic) function of the goal. We aimed at studying whether subjects’ willingness to participate in the experiment depends on their expected performance under different advertised reward criteria, like a rank‐order tournament and piece‐rate pay. Given that judgments about future performance are closely tied to previous performance, the midterm exam scores from the current academic course are compared between participants and nonparticipants in order to analyze sample‐sorting effects. We find that when a rank‐order tournament is offered alone or in combination with another reward mechanism, high‐performing students are more likely than low‐performing ones to participate in the experiment.
Transcriptomics of biopsies identifies novel genes and pathways linked to neutrophilic inflammation in severe asthma
Authors: Sánchez‐Ovando Stephany , Simpson Jodie L. , Barker Daniel , Baines Katherine J. , Wark Peter A. B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundSevere asthma is a complex disease. Transcriptomic profiling has contributed to understanding the pathogenesis of asthma, especially type‐2 inflammation. However, there is still poor understanding of non‐type‐2 asthma, and consequently, there are limited treatment options.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways in endobronchial biopsies associated with inflammatory phenotypes of severe asthma.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study examined endobronchial biopsies from 47 adults with severe asthma (neutrophilic asthma (NA) n = 9, eosinophilic asthma (EA) n = 22 and paucigranulocytic asthma (PGA) n = 16) and 13 healthy controls (HC). RNA was extracted and transcriptomic profiles generated (Illumina Humanref‐12 V4) and analysed using GeneSpring GX14.9.1. Pathway identification using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.ResultsNA had the most distinct profile, with signature of 60 top‐ranked DEGs (FC >±2) including genes associated with innate immunity response, neutrophil degranulation and IL‐10 signalling. NA presented enrichment to pathways previously linked to neutrophilic inflammation; dendritic cell maturation, Th1, TREM1, inflammasome, Th17 and p38 MAPK, as well as novel links to neuroinflammation, NFAT and PKCθ signalling. EA presented similar transcriptomic profiles to PGA and HC. Despite the higher proportion of bacterial colonization in NA, no changes were observed in the transcriptomic profiles of severe asthma culture positive compared with severe asthma culture negative.Conclusions & Clinical RelevanceNA features a distinct transcriptomic profile with seven pathways enriched in NA compared to EA, PGA and HC. All those with severe asthma had significant enrichment for SUMOylation, basal cell carcinoma signalling and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways compared to HC, despite high‐dose inhaled corticosteroids. These findings contribute to the understanding of mechanistic pathways in endobronchial biopsies associated with NA and identify potential novel treatment targets for severe asthma.
Paraganglioma and other tumour detection rates in individuals with SDHx pathogenic variants by age of diagnosis and after the age of 50
Authors: Greenberg Samantha E. , Holman Rachel , Kohlmann Wendy , Buchmann Luke , Naumer Anne 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivePatients with SDHx germline mutations (SDHA, AF2, B, C, D) are at risk for paragangliomas (PGLs), renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. The aim of this study was to evaluate the age of SDHx tumour diagnosis in those with pathogenic variants (PVs), notably tumour detection after the age of 50 years.Study DesignLongitudinal retrospective observational analysis.PatientsIndividuals with SDHx PVs.MeasurementsDemographic, clinical, genetic, screening and tumour detection and treatment data were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Descriptive analysis was utilised.ResultsA total of 165 patients with SDHx PVs from 34 families were evaluated. Sixty‐eight patients (41.2%) had at least one known SDHx‐related tumour in their history, identified through symptoms, screening or incidentally. The average age of SDHx‐related tumour diagnosis was 32.0 years. Age of diagnosis varied by the gene. Nine patients (n = 50; 18.0%) were identified with a tumour after the age of 50, identified via baseline screening after PV identification, or due to symptoms before molecular SDHx diagnosis.ConclusionsThough tumours were identified in individuals above the age of 50; they were all identified on baseline screening or due to symptoms, confirming that baseline screening is essential. Given the slow‐growing nature of PGLs, these tumours might have been discovered before age 50 if molecular diagnosis and baseline screening had occurred earlier. Considering discontinuing screening after age 50 may be warranted if baseline screen imaging is negative and the individual does not have a prior tumour history.
Stage‐dependent function of Wnt5a during male external genitalia development
Authors: Alcantara Mellissa C. , Suzuki Kentaro , Acebedo Alvin R. , Sakamoto Yuki , Nishita Michiru , Minami Yasuhiro , Kikuchi Akira , Yamada Gen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExternal genitalia development in mice involves multiple developmental processes under the regulation of various signaling pathways. Wnt5a, one of the major Wnt ligands, is a crucial developmental regulator of outgrowing organs such as the limb, the mandible, and the external genitalia. Defects in Wnt5a signaling have been linked to Robinow syndrome, a genetic disorder in which male patients manifest a micropenis and defective urethral tube formation. Whereas Wnt5a is required for cell proliferation during embryonic external genitalia outgrowth, its role for urethral tube formation has yet to be understood. Here, we show that Wnt5a contributes to urethral tube formation as well as external genitalia outgrowth. Wnt5a is expressed in the embryonic external genitalia mesenchyme, and mesenchymal‐specific conditional Wnt5a knockout mice resulted in hypospadias‐like urethral defects. Early deletion of Wnt5a at E10.5 showed severe defects in both external genitalia outgrowth and urethral tube formation, along with reduced cell proliferation. The severe urethral tube defect persisted during later timing deletion of Wnt5a (E13.5). Further analyses revealed that loss of Wnt5a disrupted cell polarity and led to a reduction of the phosphorylated myosin light chain and the focal adhesion protein, vinculin. Altogether, these results suggest that Wnt5a coordinates cell proliferation and directed cell migration in a stage‐dependent manner during male external genitalia development. Furthermore, Wnt5a may regulate cell polarity, focal adhesion formation, and cell contractility, leading to directed cell migration during male‐type urethral formation in a manner that has not been reported in other organ fusion events.
Acceptance, obedience and resistance: Children's perceptions of street trading in Nigeria
Authors: Osaiyuwu Abiodun , Burch Sarah , Sandu Adriana 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStreet trading is an under‐researched form of child labour. This study explores experiences of children aged 10–15 in Nigeria, using interviews and focus groups. Children largely accepted the need to contribute economically to the family, as well as their own school expenses. Trading was demanding, and there were hidden costs, such as reduced school attendance, but an emphasis on obedience made challenge difficult. Children felt resistance, but knowledge of their rights did not support acting on these feelings. Accounts demonstrated the difficulties of living at the intersection of competing constructions of childhood.
Relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate and outcome of ischemic stroke patients after mechanical thrombectomy
Authors: Yao Zhelv , Xu Hengheng , Cheng Yue , Xu Yun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsWe aimed to determine whether preprocedural renal function affects the outcome of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) and whether this effect is modified by the onset‐to‐reperfusion time (OTR) and mediated by collateral status.MethodsEligible patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) who underwent MT between August 2018 and August 2020 were reviewed. The main outcome was good functional outcome [defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0–2] at 3 months. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between renal function and good functional outcome. A moderation analysis and the Johnson‐Neyman technique were performed to assess the interaction between renal function and OTR to predict the outcome of AIS patients with MT.ResultsAmong 100 enrolled patients, 36 (36%) exhibited good functional outcome. A decreased preprocedural estimated glomerular filtration rate (pre‐eGFR) was significantly associated with worse functional outcome [adjusted OR, 1.059 (1.012–1.108); p, 0.014], and this effect was partly mediated by collateral circulation. An interaction between OTR and pre‐eGFR on functional outcome was observed (P for interaction, 0.22), and pre‐eGFR only had a significant effect on functional outcome when OTR exceeded 455.8 min. Moreover, the adverse effect of OTR on functional outcome became no longer significant when the pre‐eGFR was higher than 89.0 mL/min/1.73 mL/min/1.73 m².ConclusionsRenal function was related to functional outcome at 3 months, and this relationship could be modified by OTR. The results suggested that reducing OTR and improving collateral circulation may mitigate the adverse effect of reduced kidney function on functional outcome.
Early aspirin use, allograft rejection, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy in heart transplantation
Authors: Bergmark Brian A. , Zelniker Thomas A. , Kim Miae , Mehra Mandeep R. , Stewart Garrick C. , Page Deborah S. , Woodcome Erica L. , Givertz Michael M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEarly aspirin (ASA) use after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) has been associated with lower rates of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). We hypothesized that the inverse association between ASA use and CAV incidence may be most pronounced in patients with allograft rejection.MethodsPatients receiving OHT at a single center 2004–2010 (n = 120) were categorized by early ASA use post‐transplant (ASA use for > 6 months in the first year) and the presence of biopsy‐defined acute cellular rejection (ACR) and/or antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) during 5‐year follow‐up. Propensity scores for ASA treatment were estimated using boosting models and applied by inverse probability of treatment weighting. The association between ASA use and time to moderate/severe CAV (ISHLT ≥ 2) was investigated.ResultsAmong patients with ACR or AMR, ASA therapy was associated with significantly lower rates of CAV≥ 2 (3.3 vs. 30.1%; P = .001; HRadj .07; 95% CI .01–.52), whereas ASA therapy was not associated with lower rates of CAV in patients with no rejection (5.6 vs. 5.3%; P = .90; HRadj 1.26; 95% CI .08–20.30; pinteraction = .09).ConclusionsEarly ASA use after OHT was associated with lower rates of moderate to severe CAV only in those patients with episodes of allograft rejection.
Value of smartphone videos for diagnosis of seizures: Everyone owns half an epilepsy monitoring unit
Authors: Amin Ushtar , Primiani Christopher T. , MacIver Stephanie , Rivera‐Cruz Angélica , Frontera Alfred T. , Benbadis Selim R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe diagnosis of epilepsy is primarily based on the history and the verbal description of the events in question. Smartphone videos are increasingly used to assist in the diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate their value for the diagnosis of seizures. We prospectively collected smartphone videos from patients who presented to our epilepsy center over two years. The video‐based diagnosis was then compared to the eventual diagnosis based on video‐electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring with recorded episodes. Video‐EEG studies and smartphone videos were reviewed by two separate physicians, each blinded to the other's interpretation. Fifty‐four patients were included in the final analysis (mean age = 34.7 years, SD = 17 years). Data (either smartphone video or video‐EEG monitoring) were inconclusive in 18 patients. Of the 36 patients with conclusive data, 34 (94%) were in agreement. Smartphone video interpretation can be a useful adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of seizure‐like events.
Trophic and non‐trophic effects of fish and macroinvertebrates on carbon emissions
Authors: Colina Maite , Meerhoff Mariana , Pérez Germán , Veraart Annelies J. , Bodelier Paul , van der Horst Antoon , Kosten Sarian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Shallow aquatic systems exchange large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) with the atmosphere. The production and consumption of both gases is determined by the interplay between abiotic (such as oxygen availability) and biotic (such as community structure and trophic interactions) factors.

Fish communities play a key role in driving carbon fluxes in benthic and pelagic habitats. Previous studies indicate that trophic interactions in the water column, as well as in the benthic zone can strongly affect aquatic CO2 and CH4 net emissions. However, the overall effect of fish on both pelagic and benthic processes remains largely unresolved, representing the main focus of our experimental study.

We evaluated the effects of benthic and pelagic fish on zooplankton and macroinvertebrates; on CO2 and CH4 diffusion and ebullition, as well as on CH4 production and oxidation, using a full‐factorial aquarium experiment. We compared five treatments: absence of fish (control); permanent presence of benthivorous fish (common carps, benthic) or zooplanktivorous fish (sticklebacks, pelagic); and intermittent presence of carps or sticklebacks.

We found trophic and non‐trophic effects of fish on CO2 and CH4 emissions. Intermittent presence of benthivorous fish promoted a short‐term increase in CH4 ebullition, probably due to the physical disturbance of the sediment. As CH4 ebullition was the major contributor to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, incidental bioturbation by benthivorous fish was a key factor triggering total carbon emissions from our aquariums.

Trophic effects impacted GHG dynamics in different ways in the water column and the sediment. Fish predation on zooplankton led to a top‐down trophic cascade effect on methane‐oxidising bacteria. This effect was, however, not strong enough as to substantially alter CH4 diffusion rates. Top‐down trophic effects of zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish on benthic macroinvertebrates, however, were more pronounced. Continuous fish predation reduced benthic macroinvertebrates biomass decreasing the oxygen penetration depth, which in turn strongly reduced water–atmosphere CO2 fluxes while it increased CH4 emission.

Our work shows that fish can strongly impact GHG production and consumption processes as well as emission pathways, through trophic and non‐trophic effects. Furthermore, our findings suggest their impact on benthic organisms is an important factor regulating carbon (CO2 and CH4) emissions.