bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accurate reaction time methods demonstrate similar results from different sensory modalities
Authors: McRacken Drew , Dyson Maddie , Hu Kevin 
Published: June 2021

Over the past few decades, there has been a significant number of reports that suggested that reaction times for different sensory modalities were different – e.g., that visual reaction time was slower than tactile reaction time. A recent report by Holden and colleagues stated that (1) there has been a significant historic upward drift in reaction times reported in the literature, (2) that this drift or degradation in reaction times could be accounted for by inaccuracies in the methods used and (3) that these inaccurate methods led to inaccurate reporting of differences between visual and tactile based reaction time testing. The Holden study utilized robotics (i.e., no human factors) to test visual and tactile reaction time methods but did not assess how individuals would perform on different sensory modalities. This study utilized three different sensory modalities: visual, auditory, and tactile, to test reaction time. By changing the way in which the subjects were prompted and measuring subsequent reaction time, the impact of sensory modality could be analyzed. Reaction time testing for two sensory modalities, auditory and visual, were administered through an Arduino Uno microcontroller device, while tactile-based reaction time testing was administered with the Brain Gauge. A range of stimulus intensities was delivered for the reaction times delivered by each sensory modality. The average reaction time and reaction time variability was assessed and a trend could be identified for the reaction time measurements of each of the sensory modalities. Switching the sensory modality did not result in a difference in reaction time and it was concluded that this was due to the implementation of accurate circuitry used to deliver each test. Increasing stimulus intensity for each sensory modality resulted in faster reaction times. The results of this study confirm the findings of Holden and colleagues and contradict the results reported in countless studies that conclude that (1) reaction times are historically slower now than they were 50 years ago and (2) that there are differences in reaction times for different sensory modalities (vision, hearing, tactile). The implications of this are that utilization of accurate reaction time methods could have a significant impact on clinical outcomes and that many methods in current clinical use are basically perpetuating poor methods and wasting time and money of countless subjects or patients.
Conditions for Justifying Single-fluid Approximation for Charged and Neutral Dust Fluids and a Smoothed Particle Magnetohydrodynamics Method for Dust–Gas Mixture
Authors: Tsukamoto Y. , Machida M. N. , Inutsuka S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We describe a numerical scheme for magnetohydrodynamics simulations of dust–gas mixture by extending smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics. We employ the single-species particle approach to describe dust–gas mixture with several modifications from the previous studies. We assume that the charged and neutral dust can be treated as single-fluid, that the electromagnetic force acts on the gas, and that that acting on the charged dust is negligible. The validity of these assumptions in the context of protostar formation is not obvious and is extensively evaluated. By investigating the electromagnetic force and electric current with terminal velocity approximation, it is found that as the dust size increases, the contribution of dust to them becomes smaller and negligible. We conclude that our assumption that the electromagnetic force on the dusts is negligible is valid for the dust size with a

d
≳ 10 μm. On the other hand, they do not produce the numerical artifact for the dust a

d
≲ 10 μm in the envelope and disk, where the perfect coupling between gas and dust is realized. However, we also found that our assumptions may break down in outflow (or under an environment with very strong magnetic field and low density) for the dust a

d
≲ 10 μm. We conclude that our assumptions are valid in almost all cases where macroscopic dust dynamics is important in the context of protostar formation. We conduct numerical tests of dusty waves, dusty magnetohydrodynamics shocks, and gravitational collapse of magnetized cloud cores with our simulation code. The results show that our numerical scheme well reproduces the dust dynamics in the magnetized medium.
Zooming into the Collimation Zone in a Massive Protostellar Jet
Authors: Carrasco-González Carlos , Sanna Alberto , Rodríguez-Kamenetzky Adriana , Moscadelli Luca , Hoare Melvin , Torrelles José M. , Galván-Madrid Roberto , Izquierdo Andrés F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Protostellar jets have a fundamental role at the earliest evolution of protostars of all masses. In the case of low-mass (≲8 M
⊙) protostars, strong observational evidence exists that the launching and collimation is due to the X- and/or disk-wind mechanisms. In these models, it is the protostar/disk system that creates all the necessary conditions to launch and collimate the jets near the protostar via strong magnetic fields. The origin of jets from more massive protostars has been investigated much less, in part because of the difficulty of resolving the collimation zone in these more distant objects. Here we present the highest angular resolution observations of a jet powered by a massive protostar, the Cep A HW2 radio jet. We imaged the radio emission at projected distances of only ∼20 au from the protostar, resolving the innermost 100 au of a massive protostellar jet for the first time. The morphology of the radio jet emission in this massive object is very different than what is usually observed in jets from low-mass protostars. We found that the outflowing material in HW2 has two components: a wide-angle wind launched from the protostar/disk system, and a highly collimated jet starting at 20–30 au from the protostar. We discuss two possible scenarios: an extension of the classical disk-wind to a massive protostar, or external collimation of a wide-angle wind. These results have important consequences for our understanding of how stars of different masses are formed.
8.9 hr Rotation in the Partly Burnt Runaway Stellar Remnant LP 40-365 (GD 492)
Authors: Hermes J. J. , Putterman Odelia , Hollands Mark A. , Wilson David J. , Swan Andrew , Raddi Roberto , Shen Ken J. , Gänsicke Boris T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We report the detection of 8.914 hr variability in both optical and ultraviolet light curves of LP 40−365 (also known as GD 492), the prototype for a class of partly burnt runaway stars that have been ejected from a binary due to a thermonuclear supernova event. We first detected this 1.0% amplitude variation in optical photometry collected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Reanalysis of observations from the Hubble Space Telescope at the TESS period and ephemeris reveal a 5.8% variation in the ultraviolet of this 9800 K stellar remnant. We propose that this 8.914 hr photometric variation reveals the current surface rotation rate of LP 40−365, and is caused by some kind of surface inhomogeneity rotating in and out of view, though a lack of observed Zeeman splitting puts an upper limit on the magnetic field of <20 kG. We explore ways in which the present rotation period can constrain progenitor scenarios if angular momentum was mostly conserved, which suggests that the survivor LP 40−365 was not the donor star but was most likely the bound remnant of a mostly disrupted white dwarf that underwent advanced burning from an underluminous (Type Iax) supernova.
Hybrid Comptonization and Electron–Positron Pair Production in the Black-hole X-Ray Binary MAXI J1820+070
Authors: Zdziarski Andrzej A. , Jourdain Elisabeth , Lubiński Piotr , Szanecki Michał , Niedźwiecki Andrzej , Veledina Alexandra , Poutanen Juri , Dziełak Marta A. , Roques Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We study X-ray and soft gamma-ray spectra from the hard state of the accreting black-hole binary MAXI J1820+070. We perform an analysis of two joint spectra from NuSTAR and INTEGRAL, covering the range of 3–650 keV, and of an average joint spectrum over the rise of the hard state, covering the 3–2200 keV range. The spectra are well modeled by Comptonization of soft seed photons. However, the distributions of the scattering electrons are not purely thermal; we find they have substantial high-energy tails, well modeled as power laws. The photon tail in the average spectrum is detected well beyond the threshold for electron–positron pair production, 511 keV. This allows us to calculate the rate of the electron–positron pair production and put a lower limit on the size of the source from pair equilibrium. At the fitted Thomson optical depth of the Comptonizing plasma, the limit is about 4 gravitational radii. If we adopt the sizes estimated by us from the reflection spectroscopy of >20 gravitational radii, the fractional pair abundance becomes much less than unity. The low pair abundance is confirmed by the lack of both an annihilation feature and of a pair absorption cutoff above 511 keV in the average spectrum.
La fabrique de l’évaluation des hauts potentiels, un travail politique ?
Authors: Braun Pascal 
Published: June 2021

L’abondante littérature sur l’évaluation des hauts potentiels reste très centrée sur les outils de détection du potentiel, mais peu de recherches appréhendent l’évaluation des hauts potentiels comme un « processus », allant de la construction des politiques d’évaluation jusqu’à la discussion des résultats de l’évaluation dans les comités de carrière. L’analyse empirique d’un processus d’évaluation de hauts potentiels dans une étude de cas approfondie (2 ans d’observation non participante, 58 entretiens semi-directifs) nous a permis d’étudier le travail opéré par les différents acteurs impliqués dans l’évaluation, notamment les acteurs RH centraux. Prenant appui sur le cadre d’analyse élaboré par Braud (2018) pour analyser la professionnalisation des acteurs politiques, nous interprétons le travail des acteurs RH centraux comme un travail politique, visant à légitimer le processus d’évaluation vis-à-vis de leur direction générale, et dans une moindre mesure vis-à-vis des salariés évalués. Nous montrons que ce travail comporte trois dimensions : un travail de mise en cohérence des dispositifs d’évaluation avec le projet stratégique, un travail symbolique sur les perceptions du processus d’évaluation par la direction générale et les salariés évalués, et un travail de médiation auprès des acteurs impliqués dans la mise en forme et la discussion des évaluations.
Defining T Cell Subsets in Human Tonsils Using ChipCytometry
Authors: Hagel Joachim P. , Bennett Kyle , Buffa Francesca , Klenerman Paul , Willberg Christian B. , Powell Kate 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
ChipCytometry is a multiplex imaging method that can be used to analyze either cell suspensions or tissue sections. Images are acquired by iterative cycles of immunostaining with fluorescently labeled Abs, followed by photobleaching, which allows the accumulation of multiple markers on a single sample. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using ChipCytometry to identify and phenotype cell subsets, including rare cell types, using a combination of tissue sections and single-cell suspensions. Using ChipCytometry of tissue sections, we successfully demonstrated the architecture of human palatine tonsils, including the B and T cell zones, and characterized subcompartments such as the B cell mantle and germinal center zone, as well as intrafollicular PD1-expressing CD4+ T cells. Additionally, we were able to identify the rare tonsillar T cell subsets, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and γδ-T cells, within tonsil tissue. Using single-cell suspension ChipCytometry, we further dissected human tonsillar T cell subsets via unsupervised clustering analysis as well as supervised traditional manual gating. We were able to show that PD1+CD4+ T cells are comprised of CXCR5+BCL6high follicular Th cells and CXCR5−BCL6mid pre–follicular Th cells. Both supervised and unsupervised analysis approaches identified MAIT cells in single-cell suspensions, confirming a phenotype similar to that of blood-derived MAIT cells. In this study, we demonstrate that ChipCytometry is a viable method for single-cell suspension cytometry and analysis, with the additional benefit of allowing phenotyping in a spatial context using tissue sections.
LE MASSE E LA DEMOCRAZIA RAPPRESENTATIVA
Authors: Orsina Giovanni 
Published: June 2021

In Razionalismo in politica il saggio Le masse nella democrazia rappresentativa occupa poche pagine. Ma le dimensioni ingannano, e molto: in uno spazio angusto, con una forza e una lucidità davvero notevoli, Oakeshott condensa una storia dell’individuo e dei suoi nemici dal tardo Medioevo al ventesimo secolo, e la costella di dettagli illuminanti. Ora, un saggio così ricco può essere affrontato in molti modi. Se ne potrebbero rintracciare gli ascendenti intellettuali, ad esempio. Lo si potrebbe collocare nel dibattito della sua epoca, visto che in quegli anni di quei temi si occupavano in tanti, e non dei meno brillanti. O potrebbero definirsene il posto e il ruolo nella produzione dell’autore. Qui non farò nulla di tutto questo, sia perché lo ha già fatto Giorgini nell’introduzione al volume, sia – e soprattutto – perché non ne ho le competenze. Mi concentrerò invece sul nucleo centrale dell’argomentazione del saggio e sul valore notevole che può avere ancora oggi, a sessant’anni dalla sua prima pubblicazione.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Community Pharmacists Toward Tablet Splitting and Crushing at Omdurman Locality
Authors: Gafar Mohammed Ali , Yousef Bashir Alsiddig , Ibrahim Alnada , Osman Zuheir Abdelrahman 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The splitting or crushing of tablets has many advantages, such as dose flexibility, cost reduction, and ease of swallowing. Despite these benefits, there are many drawbacks to this practice. Pharmacists should be able to make decisions and counsel patients concerning these techniques. Our study aimed to evaluate their knowledge, attitude, and practice about tablet splitting and crushing.

Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among 150 community pharmacists using a validated self-administered questionnaire. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select the participants. The knowledge, attitude, and practice were evaluated. Associations between the variables were tested using the Chi-square method.

Results:
Out of 147 participants, 67.1% were females. The majority of subjects were between 20 and 30 years of age. About 48% of respondents scored a fair knowledge level and 23% of them were knowledgeable of the subject matter. Furthermore, 51% of pharmacists showed good attitudes, as they do not usually recommend the splitting and crushing of tablet dosage. Moreover, more than half of the participants used alternative formulations for patients who were unable to swallow. Nearly 65% of participants did not encourage tablet splitting to help patients to save money. Almost 80% of them declared that they never advised a patient to split or crush enteric-coated or sustained-release tablets. Moreover, a significant association was found between participants' knowledge and their professional experience. On the other hand, the participants' attitude was significantly associated with their age and training levels.

Conclusion:
The study showed variable knowledge levels among participants. Nearly 51% of the participating pharmacists showed good attitudes regarding the study subject. Experience, age, and training have a positive effect on the knowledge and attitude of participants.
Traduction Pharmaceutique: Aperçu Critique D’un Cas Particulier Au Nigeria
Authors: Ezeafulukwe MO 
Published: June 2021

La traduction pharmaceutique rentre dans le domaine de la traduction technique. C’est un domaine qui en plus d’une formation générale du traducteur lui exige aussi une formation spécifique dans son domaine d’exercice. Contrairement à la traduction littéraire qui permet un grand niveau de liberté aux exerçants, la traduction pharmaceutique comme toute traduction technique tolère moins de souplesse car chaque énoncé, chaque mesure, chaque chiffre et chaque méthode d’administration doit être soigneusement et minutieusement représenté et avec les jargons spécifiques au domaine pour éviter des conséquences très graves et parfois mortelles qui peuvent résulter d’une traduction fautive ou infidèle. Il est pourtant frappant de constater avec quelle légèreté les sociétés pharmaceutiques nigérianes entreprennent cette tâche, vue la nécessité de cette recherche qui s’ambitionne à critiquer une de ces traductions en vue d’exposer ces erreurs de traduction et éveiller la conscience des fabricants pharmaceutiques aux dangers qu’ils exposent les malades avec des traductions telles qu’elles se présentent actuellement sur leurs produits chimiques. Il est aussi souhaitable que cette communication attire aussi l’attention de NAFDAC vers une nouvelle dimension de standardisation à laquelle elle doit s’appliquer car même un médicament efficace mal administré peut entrainer des conséquences vraiment sinistres.Pharmaceutical translation falls into the field of technical translation. This is an area which, in addition to a general education on translation, the translator also requires specific training in his field of practice. Unlike literary translation that allows a high level of freedom to practitioners, pharmaceutical translation, just like any technical translation tolerates less flexibility as each statement, each measure, each number and each method of administration must be carefully and thoroughly and specifically illustrated and with jargons specific to the field, so as to avoid serious and sometimes fatal consequences that might result from incorrect or inaccurate translation. Yet the levity with which the Nigerian pharmaceutical companies undertake this task is striking hence the need for this research. This paper aims at criticizing one of such translations with a view to exposing these mistranslations and bringing to the awareness of pharmaceutical companies, the dangers they expose patients to by such translations as they have on their products. It is also desirable that this paper also draws the attention of NAFDAC to a new dimension of standardization on which it should focus, for even an effective drug when wrongly administered could lead to very dire consequences.
Women Leadership and its Relevance to National Development in the 21st Century
Authors: Oghale E 
Published: June 2021

The involvement of the female persons in nation-building is an ineluctable right as well as inescapable reality for a holistic and comprehensive political development, economic and social advancement in the 21st century national polity. Female gender is naturally imbued with salient and sterling leadership qualities. Women are also known to be resilient family and society builders. Over time in history, a few women who have been entrusted with the leading role to manage human and material resources have more often than not proved the same point that, given adequate backing, they can perform creditably. This study enunciates the historical dateline of women’s quest for a chance in leadership and nation-building; few examples of women in leadership positions and their immense and exemplary contributions to societal polity and nation-building are spotlighted.
Learning Mathematics Through Mathematical Modelling Processes Within Sports Day Activity
Authors: Tangkawsakul Sakon , Mookda Nuttapat , Thaikam Weerawat 
Published: June 2021

In this study, we adapted the school sports day to provide opportunities to relate real-life situations with mathematical knowledge and skills. The purpose of this study was to describe the way that the teachers interact with their students and the students’ responses during mathematical modelling processes. The designing of the modelling task was inspired by the Realistic Fermi Problems about the bleacher in the school sports day. The modelling task was designed by a collaboration of mathematics teachers and educators and experimented with 10th-grade students. Each experiment lasted for 45 minutes and was conducted in the one-day camp with 45 students. The results showed that the students who had no previous experience of mathematical modelling engaged in mathematical modelling processes with their friends under the guidance and supporting of the teacher. Most of them were able to think, make assumptions, collect data, observe, make conjectures and create mathematical models to understand and solve the modelling task.
Инвестиция фаолиятини ташкиллаштириш шартномасининг ҳуқуқий табиати
Authors: Зайнобиддинова Фарангиз 
Published: June 2021

Мазкур мақолада Инвестиция фаолиятини ташкиллаштириш шартномасига оид масалалар қўриб чиқилди. Шунингдек, ушбу турдаги шартнома борасида ҳуқуқшунос олимларнинг фикрлари ўрганилди ҳамда мазкур шартномаларни кўллашнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари мавжуд фуқаролик-ҳуқуқий шартномалар билан солиштириш асосида таҳлил қилинди.
Тадқиқот натижасида, Ўзбекистон Республикасида Инвестиция фаолиятини ташкиллаштириш шартномасидан фойдаланиш тўғрисидаги қонунчиликни такомиллаштириш, мазкур шартномалар орқали инвестиция фаолиятини амалга ошириш ҳамда инвесторлар ҳуқуқларининг самарали ҳимоясини таъминлаш бўйича таклиф-тавсиялар илгари сурилди.
Саноат корхоналарининг иқтисодий хавфсизлигини таъминлаш йўллари
Authors: Уктамов Хусниддин 
Published: June 2021

Ушбу мақолада саноат корхоналарининг иқтисодий хавфсизлигини таминлай йўллари кўрсатиб берилган. Шунингдек, мақолада корхонанинг иқтисодий хавфсизлиги таъминлаш модели ҳамда, хавфсизликни таъминлашнинг садоқатлилик тамойили таклиф этилган. Бундан ташқари иқтисодчи олимларнинг корхоналарни иқтисодий хавфсизлиги ҳақидаги илмий-назарий қарашлари акс этирилган. Ривожланишнинг ҳозирги босқичида саноат корхоналарнинг иқтисодий хавфсизлигини таъминлаш муҳим аҳамияти очиб берилган. Саноат корхонаринингиқтисодий хавфсизлигини таъминлашнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари ҳам кўрсатилган. Рақамли иқтисодиёт ривожланаётган шароитида саноат корхонанинг иқтисодий хавфсизлигини таъминлаш йўлларини жорий қилиш бўйича ўз ечимини кутаётган амалий муаммолар ва уларнинг ечимлари кўрсатилган. Қолверса, саноат корхоналарининг иқтисодий хавфсизлигини таминлай йўллари юзасидан хулоса, таклиф ва тавсиялар берилган.