bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters to reduce the need for general anesthesia in children with respiratory disease: A feasibility randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kleidon Tricia M. , Schults Jessica A. , Wainwright Claire , Mihala Gabor , Gibson Victoria , Saiyed Masnoon , Byrnes Joshua , Cattanach Paula , Macfarlane Fiona , Graham Nicolette , Shevill Elizabeth , Ullman Amanda J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe optimal intravenous device for antibiotic administration for children with respiratory disease is uncertain. We assessed the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial comparing midline catheters with peripherally inserted central catheters.MethodsProspective, two‐arm, feasibility randomized controlled trial in an Australian tertiary, pediatric hospital. Random assignment of 110 children (<18 years) to receive (i) midline catheter and (ii) peripherally inserted central catheters. Primary outcome was feasibility (eligibility, recruitment, retention, protocol adherence, and acceptability), and the primary clinical outcome was general anesthesia requirement for intravenous catheter insertion. Secondary outcomes: insertion time, treatment delays, infusion efficiency, device failure, complications, and cost.ResultsThere was 80% recruitment, 100% retention, no missing data, and high patient/staff acceptability. Mean patient experience assessed on a 0–10 numeric rating scale was 8.0 peripherally inserted central catheters and 9.0 (midline catheters), respectively. Participant eligibility was not achieved (49% of screened patients) and moderate protocol‐adherence across groups (89% peripherally inserted central catheters vs. 76% midline catheter). Insertion of midline catheter for pulmonary optimization reduced the requirement for general anesthesia compared to peripherally inserted central catheters (10% vs. 69%; odds ratio = 0.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.00–0.09). Midline catheters failed more frequently (18.1 vs. 5.5 peripherally inserted central catheters per 1000 catheter‐days); however, this reduced over trial duration. Midline catheter insertion compared to peripherally inserted central catheters saved AUD$1451 per pulmonary optimization episode.ConclusionsAn efficacy trial is feasible with expanded eligibility criteria and intensive staff training when introducing a new device. Midline catheter for peripherally compatible infusions is acceptable to patients and staff, might negate the need for general anesthesia and results in significant cost savings.
Bioactive peptides from microalgae: Focus on anti‐cancer and immunomodulating activity
Authors: Skjånes Kari , Aesoy Reidun , Herfindal Lars , Skomedal Hanne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn addition to the rapidly expanding field of using microalgae for food and feed, microalgae represent a tremendous potential for new bioactive compounds with health‐promoting effects. One field where new therapeutics is needed is cancer therapy. As cancer therapy often cause severe side effects and loose effect due to development of drug resistance, new therapeutic agents are needed. Treating cancer by modulating the immune response using peptides has led to unprecedented responses in patients. In this review, we want to elucidate the potential for microalgae as a source of new peptides for possible use in cancer management. Among the limited studies on anti‐cancer effects of peptides, positive results were found in a total of six different forms of cancer. The majority of studies have been performed with different strains of Chlorella, but effects have also been found using peptides from other species. This is also the case for peptides with immunomodulating effects and peptides with other health‐promoting effects (e.g., role in cardiovascular diseases). However, the active peptide sequence has been determined in only half of the studies. In many cases, the microalga strain and the cultivation conditions used for producing the algae have not been reported. The low number of species that have been explored, as opposed to the large number of species available, is a clear indication that the potential for new discoveries is large. Additionally, the availability and cost‐effectiveness of microalgae make them attractive in the search for bioactive peptides to prevent cancer.
Effectiveness of two sensory‐based health education methods on oral hygiene of adolescent with autism spectrum disorders: An interventional study
Authors: Krishnan Lakshmi , Iyer Kiran , Kumar Parangimalai Divakar Madan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimThis study was undertaken with an aim to evaluate the effectiveness of two sensory‐based interventions namely – Visual pedagogy and Mobile based application (Brush Up) on oral health education in promoting oral health status among 13–17 year old school going adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Chennai city.MethodologyAn interventional parallel arm study consisting of 13‐ to 17‐year‐old school going adolescent with ASD in Chennai city. Plaque Index (Sillness and Loe, 1964) and gingival index (Loe and Sillness, 1963) were assessed at baseline, 6th week and after 12th week.ResultsA significant difference in plaque (p = < 0.001) and gingival scores (p = < 0.001) were seen among the groups after 6 and 12 weeks post‐intervention. There was no statistically significant difference in dental plaque (p = 0.912, 1.023, 0.812) and gingival scores (p = 0.932, 0.264, 0.283) between the groups at all the timelines.ConclusionIn this present study we found that both the visual cards and mobile based application (Brush Up) had significantly reduced the dental plaque and gingival scores; hence both the modalities can be used as an effective tool in educating these children and thus improve their oral hygiene.
Dietary supplements usage by elite female football players: an exploration of current practices
Authors: Oliveira Catarina B. , Sousa Mónica , Abreu Rodrigo , Ferreira Ângela , Figueiredo Pedro , Rago Vincenzo , Teixeira Vitor Hugo , Brito João 
Published: June 2021

The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplements usage (types, reasons for usage, sources of information, purchase venues) among elite female football players, using a self‐administered questionnaire. The study participants (n = 103) were recruited through team physicians during an official international tournament. Overall, 82% reported using dietary supplements at least once during the last 12 months. The most common dietary supplements were vitamin D (52%), omega‐3 fatty acids (49%), and protein (45%). Primary reasons for dietary supplement use were to stay healthy (66%), to accelerate recovery (58%), and to increase energy/reduce fatigue (54%). Supplement advice came mainly from medical doctors (46%), dietitians/nutritionists (43%), and coaches/fitness coaches (41%). Most dietary supplements were acquired from supplement stores (30%), a sponsor (26%), or drugstores/pharmacies (22%). Elite female football players are frequent dietary supplement users. Further research needs to explore the frequency, dose, and timing of these supplements.
Can TV shows promote acceptance of sexual and ethnic minorities? A literature review of television effects on diversity attitudes
Authors: Żerebecki Bartosz G. , Opree Suzanna J. , Hofhuis Joep , Janssen Susanne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUntil recently, western TV programming rarely featured sexual or ethnic minority members; if present, their representation was mostly negative. Increasingly, though, diverse characters start to play likeable protagonists as well. Thus, television can promote negative diversity attitudes and, at other times, positive ones. The present article reviews and connects theories and research from sociology, psychology, and media and communication studies to clarify the role of television in diversity attitudes formation and to identify directions for future research. Specifically, two research questions are addressed. First, through which processes does television influence diversity attitudes? Second, what features of TV shows contribute to positive diversity attitudes formation among viewers, according to different theories of television effects? Findings indicate that television can entrench existing negative diversity attitudes through the echo chamber phenomenon. However, TV content featuring numerous, likeable, attractive, and typical minority characters that have friendly interactions with the rest of society can promote positive diversity attitudes. Future research should study openness to view content with minority characters, examine the effects of the complete video media diets, check media effects in non‐western countries, explore media effects in longitudinal studies and investigate what constitutes attractive, likeable, and typical representation of ethnic and sexual minorities.
A forward genetics approach integrating genome‐wide association study and expression quantitative trait locus mapping to dissect leaf development in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Miculan Mara , Nelissen Hilde , Ben Hassen Manel , Marroni Fabio , Inzé Dirk , Pè Mario Enrico , Dell’Acqua Matteo 
Published: June 2021

SUMMARYThe characterization of the genetic basis of maize (Zea mays) leaf development may support breeding efforts to obtain plants with higher vigor and productivity. In this study, a mapping panel of 197 biparental and multiparental maize recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was analyzed for multiple leaf traits at the seedling stage. RNA sequencing was used to estimate the transcription levels of 29 573 gene models in RILs and to derive 373 769 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and a forward genetics approach combining these data was used to pinpoint candidate genes involved in leaf development. First, leaf traits were correlated with gene expression levels to identify transcript–trait correlations. Then, leaf traits were associated with SNPs in a genome‐wide association (GWA) study. An expression quantitative trait locus mapping approach was followed to associate SNPs with gene expression levels, prioritizing candidate genes identified based on transcript–trait correlations and GWAs. Finally, a network analysis was conducted to cluster all transcripts in 38 co‐expression modules. By integrating forward genetics approaches, we identified 25 candidate genes highly enriched for specific functional categories, providing evidence supporting the role of vacuolar proton pumps, cell wall effectors, and vesicular traffic controllers in leaf growth. These results tackle the complexity of leaf trait determination and may support precision breeding in maize.
Differential weight loss with intermittent fasting or daily calorie restriction in low‐ and high‐fitness phenotypes
Authors: Davis Ashley E. , Smyers Mark E. , Beltz Lisa , Mehta Devanshi M. , Britton Steven L. , Koch Lauren G. , Novak Colleen M. 
Published: June 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
How does intrinsic aerobic capacity impact weight loss with 50% daily caloric restriction and alternate‐day fasting?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Intermittent fasting is effective for weight loss in rats with low fitness, which highlights the importance of how intermittent fasting interacts with aerobic fitness.
AbstractRecent interest has focused on the benefits of time‐restricted feeding strategies, including intermittent fasting, for weight loss. It is not yet known whether intermittent fasting is more effective than daily caloric restriction at stimulating weight loss and how each is subject to individual differences. Here, rat models of leanness and obesity, artificially selected for intrinsically high (HCR) and low (LCR) aerobic capacity, were subjected to intermittent fasting and 50% calorie restrictive diets in two separate experiments using male rats. The lean, high‐fitness HCR and obesity‐prone, low‐fitness LCR rats underwent 50% caloric restriction while body weight and composition were monitored. The low‐fitness LCR rats were better able to retain lean mass than the high‐fitness HCR rats, without significantly different proportional loss of weight or fat. In a separate experiment using intermittent fasting in male HCR and LCR rats, alternate‐day fasting induced significantly greater loss of weight and fat mass in LCR compared with HCR rats, although the HCR rats had a more marked reduction in ad libitum daily food intake. Altogether, this suggests that intermittent fasting is an effective weight‐loss strategy for those with low intrinsic aerobic fitness; however, direct comparison of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting is warranted to determine any differential effects on energy expenditure in lean and obesity‐prone phenotypes.
Rails on Elastic Foundations Under the Influence of High-Speed Traveling Loads
Authors: Criner H. E. , McCann G. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an electric-analog-computer technique for the analysis of beams on elastic foundations that are subjected to traveling loads. This method is applicable to the study of such conditions as nonuniform beams, load magnitude and velocity variations, and such nonlinear conditions as the beam leaving contact with the foundation for upward deflections. A general set of dimensionless solutions is presented for the specific case of a point load of constant magnitude and velocity traveling over an infinite uniform linear track beam. These show high values of deflection and moment for a rather narrow range of velocity above and below the critical velocities producing peak disturbances. It was found that quite high accelerations are required to produce significantly less disturbance than in the constant velocity case. A range of nonlinear track-bouncing conditions was studied in connection with a specific design problem. For none of these cases could more severe conditions be produced than indicated by the linear solutions.
On Asymmetric Flow in an Axial-Flow Compressor Stage
Authors: Sears W. R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is suggested that flow patterns without axial symmetry may occur when an axial-compressor stage operates in a steady, uniform stream, provided that the blade airfoil characteristics exhibit certain peculiarities. For example, blades acting close to the stall may show nonlinearity, hysteresis, and/or time lags, and these may cause asymmetric flow patterns. Conditions necessary for existence of such phenomena are analyzed by consideration of an annulus of infinitely many blades and very large radius. It is shown that rotational-flow effects due to vortex shedding by the blades must be considered. The induced velocities resulting from asymmetrical loadings are calculated. The final step of the calculation is to show that these induced effects may actually support the circulation distribution that produces them. This step is only partly taken in the present paper. It is shown that time lag in the development of lift of a blade may produce such “eigen-solutions.” Detailed study of the results of non-linearity in the blade characteristics is left for another investigation.
Stresses Due to Tangential and Normal Loads on an Elastic Solid With Application to Some Contact Stress Problems
Authors: Smith J. O. , Liu Chang Keng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The results of two-dimensional approach using real variable method to Hertz’s problem of contact of elastic bodies are presented. Both normal and tangential loads are assumed to be distributed in Hertzian fashion over the area of contact. The magnitude of the intensity of the tangential load is assumed to be linearly proportional to that of the normal load when sliding motion of the body is impending. The stresses in the elastic body due to the application of these loads on its boundary are presented in closed form for both plane-stress and plane-strain cases. A numerical value of f = 1/3 is assumed for the linear proportionality (coefficient of friction) between the tangential and normal loads in order that the distribution of stresses may be illustrated. The significance of the stress distribution, across the contact area and in the body, is also discussed. It is shown that when the combination of loads considered in the paper are applied at the contact area of bodies in contact the maximum shearing stress may be at the surface instead of beneath the surface. For example, for plane strain, if the coefficient of friction is f = 1/3, the maximum shearing stress is at the surface and is 43 per cent larger than the maximum shearing stress, which would be below the surface, that occurs when the normal force acts alone. The effect of range of normal stress and of shearing stress on the plane of maximum shear and on the plane of maximum octahedral shear on failure by progressive fracture (fatigue) is discussed.
Unsteady Radial Flow of Gas Through Porous Media
Authors: Jenkins R. , Aronofsky J. S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a numerical method for describing the transient flow of gases radially inward or outward through a porous medium in which the initial and terminal pressures and/or rates are specified. Specific examples are worked out which have application in the study of natural-gas reservoirs. The computations were carried out by means of punch-card machines. The pressure distribution as a function of time has been calculated for various ratios of reservoir diameter to well diameter and for various dimensionless flow rates for a well penetrating the center of a homogeneous disk-shaped reservoir. A simple means of predicting the well pressure at any time in the history of such an idealized field has been developed. Flow rates and pressure distributions within the radial reservoir also have been calculated for the case in which the well pressure is suddenly lowered from its initial static value, and then held constant.
Deflections of Circular Beams Resting on Elastic Foundations Obtained by Methods of Harmonic Analysis
Authors: Volterra Enrico 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Solutions in form of Fourier series are given for the problem of circular beams resting on elastic foundations on the assumption that the foundation reacts according to the classical Winkler-Zimmermann hypothesis. The case of an arbitrary load distribution is disposed of by separate treatment of the symmetric and antisymmetric load components. Numerical tables of the coefficients of the trigonometric series expressing deflections, angles of twist, bending and twisting moments are presented for both symmetric and antisymmetric loadings.
An Analytical Theory of the Creep Deformation of Materials
Authors: Pao Yoh-Han , Marin Joseph 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on the formulation of an analytical theory of creep. This theory is proposed for an idealized material and may be applied to those materials whose behavior conforms to that of this ideal material. The theory takes into account the initial elastic strain, the transient creep strain, and the minimum rate creep strain. Unlike previous theories, this theory is capable of representing the simultaneous action of creep and creep recovery and may be used for conditions of varying as well as constant stresses. In this respect the theory is more general than those presented in the past. The new theory is of particular importance in the design of many new military and domestic applications where high temperatures over short periods of time make the initial short-time creep strains of importance.
Influence of Viscous Effects on Impact Tubes
Authors: Hurd C. W. , Chesky K. P. , Shapiro A. H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of viscosity on the pressure rise recorded by a blunt-nosed impact tube in incompressible flow. The results are presented in terms of the pressure coefficient (Cp ≡ 2Δp/ρV∞2) as a function of Reynolds number (Rey ≡ V∞α/ν), where Δp is the excess of stagnation-point pressure over free-stream static pressure, V∞ is the free-stream velocity, α is the radius of the impact tube, ρ is the fluid density, and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Above Reynolds numbers of 1000, there is no effect of viscosity, and Cp is equal to unity. Between Rey ≌ 50 and Rey ≌ 1000, Cp is slightly less than unity, but has a minimum value of 0.99. For values of Rey less than 50, Cp is always greater than unity. When the Reynolds number is below unity, the pressure rise is independent of the fluid density, and the data may be represented approximately by the formula Cp ≌ 5.6/Rey. The results are compared with the experimental investigations of Barker and of Homann, and with the theoretical studies of Stokes and of Homann.
Two-Dimensional Flow Through a Diffuser With an Exit Length
Authors: Galle K. R. , Binder R. C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A diffuser with an “exit length” is one with a channel of uniform cross section following the diffuser. Tests were made of different diffusers with and without exit lengths. The data were for steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow. The performance of each diffuser was improved by the presence of an exit length. As compared to flow without an exit length, flow with an exit length is characterized by a reduced boundary-layer growth, by a small decrease in the pressure rise across the diverging section, and by a decrease in the static-pressure gradient at the diffuser inlet.
Skin Friction and Heat Transfer for Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow With Variable Properties and Variable Free-Stream Velocity
Authors: Levy S. , Seban R. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Numerical solutions of the momentum and energy equations are presented for particular types of laminar boundary-layer flow analogous to the Hartree “wedge flows.” Variation of the viscosity and of the thermal conductivity is considered under the circumstances of no dissipation, favorable pressure gradient, and the product of conductivity and density a constant. The solution is based on approximate representations of the velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer and these are of such character that the labor of calculation is minimized and the accuracy of the results preserved. The differential equations are reduced to two algebraic equations which rapidly yield the skin friction and the heat transfer in terms of the wall to free-stream temperature ratio for the desired value of Prandtl number. Numerical results are given for a range of wedge flows with gases of Prandtl number 0.70 and 1.0. These results reveal that when the free-stream velocity is variable the temperature difference between the wall and the free stream exerts a substantial effect on the velocity distribution in the boundary layer and on the skin-friction coefficient. Alternatively, the heat-transfer coefficient is not affected radically. A calculation method is presented for the determination of the heat transfer and skin friction for a flow with an arbitrary variation of velocity over an isothermal surface. This method utilizes the results of the present analysis for the variable property wedge flows.
On Application of a Quasi-Static Variational Principle to a System With Damping
Authors: Morduchow Morris 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The principal bending modes of vibration of a beam with a damping force proportional to the velocity are considered. It is shown that, in an important class of cases, the damping has exactly no effect on the mode shapes. It is further shown that the linear differential equation for the vibrating beam with damping can be transformed mathematically into a stationary condition after eliminating the time as a variable. Application of the Rayleigh method to this condition then leads to general approximate results for the logarithmic decrement, and for the effect of damping on the natural frequency, not only in the fundamental mode, but also in any higher principal mode.