bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in Hypofractionated Irradiation-Induced Immunosuppression of Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Wang Yuxia 
Published: January 2021

Hypofractionated radiotherapy is external beam irradiation delivered at higher doses in fewer fractions than conventional standard radiotherapy, which can stimulate innate and adaptive immunity to enhance the body’s immune response against cancer. The enhancement effect of hypofractionated irradiation to immune response has been widely investigated, which is considered an approach to expand the benefit of immunotherapy. Meanwhile, increasing evidence suggests that hypofractionated irradiation may induce or enhance the suppression of immune microenvironments. However, the suppressive effects of hypofractionated irradiation on immunomicroenvironment and the molecular mechanisms involved in these conditions are largely unknown. In this context, we summarized the immune mechanisms associated with hypofractionated irradiation, highlighted the advances in its immunosuppressive effect, and further discussed the potential mechanism behind this effect. In our opinion, besides its immunogenic activity, hypofractionated irradiation also triggers homeostatic immunosuppressive mechanisms that may counterbalance antitumor effects. And this may suggest that a combination with immunotherapy could possibly improve the curative potential of hypofractionated radiotherapy.
Prognostic Factors and Clinical Features of Neonatal Splenic Rupture/Hemorrhage: Two Cases Reports and Literature Review
Authors: Chang Han-Pi , Fu Ren-Huei , Lin Jainn-Jim , Chiang Ming-Chou 
Published: January 2021

Background:Neonatal splenic rupture/hemorrhage (SRH), an extremely rare and potentially fatal presentation, can spontaneously resolve without surgical treatment; However, treatment approaches remain controversial. The present study aimed to describe and analyze the clinical features and therapies of neonatal SRH and therapeutic approaches.Methods:We present the cases of two patients and review another 37 cases reported in English-literature. The literature search included all articles published in PUBMED from inception between January 1968 and December 2019. Demographic data, precipitating factors, clinical characteristics including presenting symptoms and signs, presenting time, age at SRH presentation, imaging findings, as well as treatments and outcomes were analyzed.Results:In addition to the two cases treated at our hospital, 37 neonates with SRH were reported during the study period. The rate of full-term neonates was 72% (28/39). The cause was idiopathic in most cases, and congenital coagulation disorders were underlying causes in 13% (5/39) of the cases. The most common presenting symptom and sign of neonatal SRH were pallor or anemia, followed by abdominal discoloration/distension. Additionally, 18% (7/39) of the cases presented with scrotal hematoma or swelling. The age at SRH presentation ranged between 3 h and 5 days of age. Abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography was used as the diagnostic tool. Twenty-seven cases (69%) received surgical management. The prognosis was comparable between the neonates treated with splenectomy and those treated with non-surgical approaches. The mortality rate was 18% (7/39) in the study cohort. SRH presentation at ≤12 h of age was associated with higher mortality compared to SRH presenting time at &gt;12 h of age (odds ratio 25.0, 95% CI 2.514–248.575,p= 0.001).Conclusion:Our literature review revealed that the mortality rate of neonatal SRH was 18% and that the mortality risk was higher in neonates presenting with SRH symptoms and signs at ≤12 h of age.
Effective Dose of Rhizoma Coptidis Extract Granules for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Huang Yueh-Hsiang , Liu Geng-Hao , Hsu Tzu-Yang , Yang Lan-Yan , Lee Ming-Chung , Huang Chun-Teng , Wu Yi-Hong 
Published: January 2021

Rhizoma Coptidis is a popular phytomedicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Asia, but its effective dose for diabetes treatment remains confused because of diverse origins. This study aimed to investigate the dose-response effects of Rhizoma Coptidis extract granules (RCEG), produced with standardized quality control, on hypoglycemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes. We conducted a retrospective analysis of Chang Gung Research Database from January 01, 2008 to November 30, 2017. Outpatients visiting traditional Chinese medicine clinics and receiving RCEG for type 2 diabetes treatment were included. Plasma glucose, lipid, and other parameters were analyzed from 93 patients with a total of 737 visits within 60 weeks. Scatter plots with the LOESS analysis were used to explore the association between RCEG dose and hypoglycemic effect. The minimal effective dose was chosen to divide the study population into the high-dose and low-dose RCEG groups. Non-parametric tests were used for between-group and within-group comparisons. The multivariate nonlinear mixed-effects model was applied to access the effect of treatment length and groups simultaneously on the change of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose. The “arule” package in R was used to present the network diagram of RCEG and other co-prescriptions. We first discovered a significant relationship between RCEG dose and HbA1c reduction when the dose reached 0.08 g/kg/day or higher. We thus defined 0.08 g/kg/day of RCEG as the minimum effective dose, and a threshold to separate patients into the high-dose (≥0.08 g/kg/d) and low-dose (&lt;0.08 g/kg/d) RCEG groups. In the high-dose RCEG group, a significant decrease in total cholesterol and a trend toward triglyceride reduction were also noted. Patients more effectively responded to RCEG treatment if they had a higher initial HbA1c level, higher heart rates, better liver function tests, and better tolerance to the higher dose and treatment duration of RCEG. In addition, digestive/tonic/dampness draining formulas and blood regulation recipes were two of the most frequent co-prescriptions with RCEG. This study concluded that RCEG at a dose exceeding 0.08 g/kg/d had beneficial effects on glycemic and lipid control, without showing nephro- or hepatotoxicity, in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Social Cognition and Interpersonal Problems in Persistent Depressive Disorder vs. Episodic Depression: The Role of Childhood Maltreatment
Authors: Struck Nele , Gärtner Thomas , Kircher Tilo , Brakemeier Eva-Lotta 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Little is known about the specific psychological features that differentiate persistent depressive disorder (PDD) and episodic depression (ED). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate differences in social cognition and interpersonal problems between these two forms of depression and healthy controls. In addition, we aimed to examine childhood maltreatment (CM) as a possible origin of these alterations.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, adult patients with a current PDD (n = 34) or in a current episode of ED (n = 38), and healthy controls (n = 39) completed questionnaires about depression severity, empathy, interpersonal problems, and CM, as well as tests of affective theory of mind and facial emotion recognition.Results: Patients with PDD reported higher empathic distress than patients with ED and healthy controls. Both depressive groups recognized angry faces with higher accuracy and reported more interpersonal problems, with no differences between PDD and ED. Empathic distress and interpersonal problems mediated the link between CM and depression in the combined sample.Limitations: Patient groups were not drug-naïve and antidepressant intake might have influenced social-cognitive functions. Self-report measures of empathy and interpersonal problems are vulnerable to bias. The cross-sectional design does not allow causal conclusions.Conclusion: Depressed patients may not show deficits in decoding the affective states of others and in feeling with others. However, depressed individuals—in particular patients with PDD—may feel easily overwhelmed by emotionally tense situations, resulting in empathic distress and avoidant/submissive interpersonal behavior. Exposure to CM might be an origin of alterations in social cognition and interpersonal problems.
Characterizing Pathways of Non-oral Prescription Stimulant Non-medical Use Among Adults Recruited From Reddit
Authors: Vosburg Suzanne K. , Robbins Rebekkah S. , Antshel Kevin M. , Faraone Stephen V. , Green Jody L. 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Prescription stimulant non-medical use (NMU) is a national predicament. While the risks of prescription stimulant NMU have been considered, less is known about non-oral use. To focus on this gap, a sample of adults with non-oral prescription stimulant NMU within the last 5-years was recruited. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the pathways and substance transitions associated with prescription stimulant NMU and non-oral prescription stimulant NMU in this unique sample of adults.Methods: Adults (n = 225) reporting non-oral prescription stimulant NMU within the last 5 years were recruited to complete an online survey by banner ads placed on the Reddit website between February and September 2019. After completion of the survey, a second study consisting of an in-depth telephone interview was conducted with 23 participants: interviews took place between July and September 2019. Data reported here include substance, route of administration and class transitions, as well as qualitative data from the interviews.Results: Approximately 1 in 5 began their substance use trajectory with prescription stimulants (19.1%). Other than marijuana, most exposures to illicit substances occurred after both initial prescription stimulant NMU and initial non-oral prescription stimulant NMU. The most frequently reported route of administration transition was from oral use to snorting (n = 158, 70.2%), however, other route of administration transitions included oral use to injection drug use (n = 14, 6%). In-depth interviews elaborated upon these transitions and indicated that prescription stimulant NMU was consequential to substance use pathways.Conclusions: Oral prescription stimulant NMU was a precursor to non-oral prescription stimulant NMU. Non-oral prescription stimulant NMU was a precursor to illicit substance use, suggesting that prescription stimulant NMU impacts substance use pathways and revealing opportunities for intervention.
Mergers of Binary Neutron Star Systems: A Multimessenger Revolution
Authors: Pian Elena 
Published: January 2021

On August 17, 2017, less than two years after the direct detection of gravitational radiation from the merger of two∼30 M⊙ black holes, a binary neutron star merger was identified as the source of a gravitational wave signal of ∼100 s duration that occurred at less than 50 Mpc from Earth. A short gamma-ray burst was independently identified in the same sky area by the Fermi and INTEGRAL satellites for high energy astrophysics, which turned out to be associated with the gravitational event. Prompt follow-up observations at all wavelengths led first to the detection of an optical and infrared source located in the spheroidal Galaxy NGC4993 and, with a delay of ∼10 days, to the detection of radio and X-ray signals. This article revisits these observations and focusses on the early optical/infrared source, which was thermal in nature and powered by the radioactive decay of the unstable isotopes of elements synthesized via rapid neutron capture during the merger and in the phases immediately following it. The far-reaching consequences of this event for cosmic nucleosynthesis and for the history of heavy elements formation in the Universe are also illustrated.
ANALISIS FAKTOR INVESTASI PADA MAHASISWA GENERASI Z DI BANDUNG
Authors: Saputra Randi 
Published: January 2021

Generation Z readiness of students to be an important thing that must be considered in order to be able to compete and survive during the demographic bonus period and participate in assisting Indonesia in achieving the goal of sustainable development in the form of poverty in 2030. Proper storage method is one of the aspects that must be owned so that later will have the appropriate reserve funds as desired. To find the dominant factors of investment in generation z students in Bandung, the authors use a factor analysis method that will reduce and rank the dominant factors raised in this study by collecting quantitative data on 207 respondents. The results of this study found five new factors with dominant factors in the form of investment finance issues. So this research can provide input to the government in increasing investment interest for generation Z students.
Keywords: Investment, Finance, Generation Z Students

Kesiapan mahasiswa generasi z terhadap keuangan menjadi hal penting yang harus diperhatikan agar dapat bersaing dan bertahan hidup pada masa bonus demografi dan berpartisipasi membantu Indonesia dalam mencapai tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan berupa tidak adanya kemiskinan di tahun 2030. Metode penyimpanan yang tepat adalah salah satu aspek yang wajib dimiliki agar nantinya akan memiliki cadangan dana yang sesuai dengan yang diinginkan. Untuk menemukan faktor dominan dari investasi pada mahasiswa generasi z di Bandung, penulis menggunakan metode analisis faktor yang akan mereduksi dan mengurutkan faktor-faktor dominan yang diangkat pada penelitian ini dengan mengumpulkan data secara kuantitatif terhadap 207 responden. Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan lima faktor baru dengan faktor dominan berupa isu keuangan investasi. Sehingga penelitian ini dapat memberikan masukan kepada pemerintah dalam meningkatkan minat berinvestasi bagi mahasiswa generasi Z.
Kata kunci : Investasi, Keuangan, Mahasiswa Generasi Z.
HUBUNGAN POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DENGAN KEMANDIRIAN PERSONAL HYGIENE ANAK DI TK PERTIWI GONDOWULAN 1
Authors: Zuliyanti Nurma Ika , Setiawati Dwi Deni 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRAK Latar belakang penelitian: Berdasar studi pendahuluan pada 13 orang tua wali murid di TK Pertiwi Gondowulan 1, 9 orang tua mengatakan anaknya belum mampu melakukan personal hygiene secara mandiri. Pola asuh orang tua merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kemandirian personal hygiene anak. Tujuan penelitian: Untuk mengetahui hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan kemandirian personal hygiene anak di TK Pertiwi Gondowulan 1. Metode penelitian: Jenis penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian 37 responden, teknik sampling menggunakan total sampling, jumlah sampel 37 responden. Penelitian dilakukan tanggal 10-14 Maret 2019 di TK Pertiwi Gondowulan 1. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner. Analisa data menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian: Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dengan uji chi-square didapat p-value =0,002 (p<0,05). Simpulan: Ada hubungan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan kemandirian personal hygiene anak di TK Pertiwi Gondowulan 1. Saran: Orang tua dapat menerapkan pola asuh yang paling tepat untuk anak. Guru mampu membimbing siswa agar mampu mencapai tingkat kemandirian melaui kegiatan belajar mengajar.Kata kunci : Pola asuh orang tua, kemandirian personal hygiene, prasekolahTHE RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTING STYLE WITH THE INDEPENDENCE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE THE CHILDREN'S IN PERTIWI GONDOWULAN 1ABSTRACTResearch background: Based on a preliminary study on 13 parents of pupils in TK Pertiwi 1 Gondowulan , 9 parents said their children were not able to do personal hygiene independently. Parenting style is one of the factors that influence children's personal hygiene independence. The research objective: To determine the relationship between parenting style and personal hygiene independence of children in TK Pertiwi 1 Gondowulan . Research method: This is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional approach. The study population was 37 respondents, the sampling technique used total sampling, the number of samples was 37 respondents. The research was conducted on March 10-14 2019 at TK 1 Pertiwi Gondowulan. The research instrument used a questionnaire. Data analysis used the chi-square test. Results: Based on the results of data analysis using the chi-square test, it was found that p-value = 0.002 (p <0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between parenting style and children's personal hygiene independence at TK Pertiwi 1 Gondowulan. Suggestion: Parents can apply the most appropriate parenting styles for children. The teacher is able to guide students to be able to achieve a level of independence through teaching and learning activities.Keywords: Parenting style, independence of personal hygiene, preschool
The Relationship between Speaking and Writing in Descriptive Discourse in a Moroccan University EFL Context
Authors: Akki Fouad , Larouz Mohammed 
Published: January 2021

The present paper aims at investigating the relationship between speaking and writing in descriptive discourse among Moroccan university EFL students within the department of English Studies at Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco. To attain this end, 80 undergraduate semester six students studying English as a foreign language were randomly selected to participate in the current study. Subsequently, speaking and writing proficiency tests were administered to the participants to measure their descriptive abilities in speaking and writing. The data were analyzed by carrying out correlation and regression analysis in SPSS. The results reveal that there is a strong positive and statistically significant correlation between speaking and writing in descriptive discourse, r = .61. Descriptive speaking can predict 37 percent of EFL students’ descriptive writing (R2 =.37). The study ends with implications for teachers, syllabus designers, and the department of English studies.
Quick Look at Vertical Music Videos' Past and Future
Authors: Hananto Brian Alvin 
Published: January 2021

Nowadays we find more and more videos, especially music videos, that were released on a vertical or portrait format. These format certainly were uncommon ten to fifteen years ago, but nowadays videos that use vertical format can be found anywhere, from amateur youtube videos to professionally made music videos. Certainly, the development of mobile phone technology plays a significant part in how the format came to be but does the mobile phone itself creates the advent of the vertical format? This paper attempts to explain how the vertical format became a format that slowly became popular. From looking at various vertical format videos from the past, examining the technological advances and other contexts that may also influence the format’s formation, and also the way people captures moving images; the author attempts to provide an insight on how the vertical format videos became a common thing nowadays.
Based on several literature reviews, the author also compares the vertical format and the horizontal format in hopes to provide insight on how these formats differ. The author also tries to predict how the future of the vertical format may influence cinematography on other media in the long run. The paper concludes by pointing out several ideas on how to respond to the vertical format itself.
Histological and Biometric Study of the Effects of Fusarium Graminarum Silver Nanoparticles on the Kidney in Male Albino Mice
Authors: Sahar A. H. AL-Sharqi  
Published: January 2021

An approach to synthesizing silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)using a Fusarium graminarum fungus was
established in the present study.These nanoparticles are identified with the following techniques to confirm
the form, size, and other physical properties of the crystal:UV-Visible Spectroscopy(UV-Vis),where the
AgNPs showed absorbance at 420 nm, while X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)showed diffraction peaks at(38.05°,4
nm).The experiment consisted of 40 mice divided into two groups, the first group of 20 mice was considered
to be the control animals and the other group 20mice was 21day of treatment with a dose of AgNPs(0.1ml/
day).Microscopic examination of the kidney section showed lobulated glomeruli,a large area of hemorrhage,
changes in degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Biometric changes of the renal corpuscle showed
no significant difference between the study group,while Bowman’s capsule,Proximal,and distal convoluted
tubules revealed increased significant differences between the two groups.
Evaluation of Students’ Self–management and Academic Achievement in the University of Baghdad
Authors: Basima J. Jasim  
Published: January 2021

Objective(s): To evaluate university students’ self-management and academic achievement; to compare
between these students relative to their self-management and academic achievement; and to determine the
relationships between these students’ self-management, academic achievement and their socio-demographic
characteristics in the University of Baghdad. For the period of November 2nd 2018 to May 30th 2019.
Methods: A descriptive design, using the evaluation and comparison approaches, is employed throughout
the study. Two self-evaluation questionnaires are constructed for the purpose of the presents study. Content
validity and internal consistency reliability are determined for the study instruments through a pilot study.
A non-probability, purposive sample, of (80) university students is selected from the Medical Colleges,
College of Engineering, College of Sciences and College of Education in the University of Baghdad. Data
are collected through the use of the study instruments and the structured interview technique as means for
data collection for the period of February 21st 2019 to March 20th 2019. Data are analyzed through the
application of the descriptive statistical data analysis approach which includes frequency, percentage, mean,
total score and range and inferential statistical data analysis approach of Analysis of Variance and Multiple
Linear Regression.
Results: The study depicts that most of the college students experience fair to good level of self-management
and good level of academic achievement.
Conclusion: The study concludes that students do not present differences in their self-management and
academic achievement. Self-management is affected by students’ gender and education and academic
achievement is influenced by students’ socioeconomic status
Determination of Blood Flow in Superficial Arteries of Human Face using Doppler Ultrasonography in Young Adults
Authors: Iqbal Nedal , Shahid Khubaib , Imtiaz Muhammad , Yasser Faiqua , Ashraf Ayesha , Abdin Muhammad Zain ul 
Published: January 2021

Background: Human face is highly vascular region and vascularity to the skin and other organs is an important indicator of health and disease. Change in blood flow is affected by aging, diabetes, high blood triglycerides, cigarette smoking etc. With so many factors that can alter blood flow in the skin, normal blood flow is important to know for comparison to diseased state. Blood flow in superficial arteries of face has not yet been described, therefore this study was designed to establish baseline blood flow values in arteries of face.
Materials and Methods: Blood flow of right and left side was assessed at level of facial and infraorbital artery. Categorical variables were presented in form of frequency and percentages was done by using Mann-Whitney U. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to compare left and right facial and infra orbital arteries.
Results: Peak systolic velocity of right and left facial artery had a significant difference having right side mean of 67.02±12.48 and left side mean as 72.67±11.69. Facial artery diameter of right and left side also had significant difference with mean of 0.14±0.02 and 0.15±0.02 respectively.
Conclusion: No difference was found between vascularity in male & female and left or right side. The study might be useful to establish normal baseline values of various parameters on both sides of face in male and female adults. This study may become important reference for future studies measuring blood flow and even progression of vascular diseases may be assessed by indexes developed on the basis of these studies.