bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in Switzerland
Authors: Tanquerel Thierry 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines administrative procedure and judicial review in Switzerland. Article 29a of the Federal Constitution (Cst.) provides that 'In a legal dispute, every person has the right to have their case determined by a judicial authority. The Confederation and the Cantons may by law preclude the determination by the courts of certain exceptional categories of case'. It is widely recognized that Article 29a Cst. grants the right of judicial review of administrative action to everyone whose rights or obligations are affected by such an action. Judicial review of administrative action is entrusted partly to courts with general jurisdiction, partly to specialized administrative courts, and partly to specific independent appellate committees. As a general principle, procedural rights are deemed 'formal rights' by the Federal Tribunal, whose violation would cause the act or the measure at stake to be quashed irrespective of its substantive merits. However, there are certain acts or measures issued by Swiss authorities which escape judicial control, when those acts or measures are primarily of a political nature. When an act is appealed before a court, the only question at stake is the validity of the act. If the court finds it unlawful for procedural or substantive reasons, it will either quash it or modify it to make it lawful.
Cases
Authors: della Giacinto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents ten hypothetical cases. The first three cases include dismissing a civil servant without due process of law; the unwelcome asylum seeker; and deciding on a protected building without consulting experts. The second set of cases deal with an opaque administrative sanctions procedure; an administrative 'detention' without reasons; and the 'adequate' reasons for censorship'. These are followed by hypothetical cases concerning administrative orders and posthumous reasons; the industry representative that was not consulted; and citizens and environmental impact assessment. The final case focuses on the duty of public consultation. The chapter details the administrative procedure and judicial review in the legal systems selected for comparative analysis, with regard to the ten hypothetical cases.
Judicial Review of Administrative Action: Europe and Latin America
Authors: Chiti Mario P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a comparison of the discipline of judicial review of administrative action in Latin America and in Europe. In terms of judicial review in Latin America, international organizations did not exercise an 'integrative influence' as the Council of Europe and the European Union did in Europe. It may be said that the relative homogeneity of the systems of judicial review in Latin America is mainly the result of the cultural polity formed by many states resulting from the disintegration of the Spanish and Portuguese domains. The chapter then considers the main points of the general part of Professor Brewer-Carias's report on the discipline of judicial review of administrative action in Latin America, which shows a situation very similar to the European one. These include the nature of judicial review; administrative procedure and judicial review; procedural infringements; administrative appeals; monism and dualism; and judicial proceedings.
Foundations of Intersectionality Theory
Authors: Bond Johanna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of intersectionality theory and locates its origins in Black feminist thought in the United States, establishing the theoretical foundation necessary to apply the theory in the context of international human rights. The notion that multiple systems of oppression intersect in people’s lives and affect different individuals and groups of people differently opens up space for discussion about inter-group differences (e.g., differences between women and men) but also discussion about intragroup differences (e.g., differences in the experiences of discrimination among white women and women of color). Although its antecedents in Black feminist thought appeared much earlier, intersectionality theory surfaced in the late 1980s partly as a response to conceptual and pragmatic deficiencies in feminist legal theory and critical race theory. In 1989, Kimberlé Crenshaw published a germinal essay defining intersectionality theory. In Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-Discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, Crenshaw demonstrated how neither feminist nor anti-racist advocacy fully captured the marginalization of women of color. Building on Crenshaw’s significant contributions, the chapter explores the evolution of intersectionality theory, its transformative tenets, and the critiques of the theory.
Strategies for Reform: Facilitating Intersectionality in Human Rights Advocacy
Authors: Bond Johanna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
An intersectional human rights framework offers victims of human rights violations the best chance to recover remedies that fully address the complex and structural dimensions of the violations. To be effective within any national, regional, or international human rights system, however, intersectionality must be part of the institutional culture. Members of the human rights bodies must be conversant with the theory and comfortable applying it in a variety of human rights scenarios. Chapter 7 explored the ways in which NGOs can facilitate intersectional analysis by engaging human rights bodies in the discourse of intersectionality. This chapter examines structural reforms within the UN human rights system that will foster intersectional analysis. Breaking down the silos in the treaty body system and creating opportunities for collaboration will help to facilitate system-wide intersectional analysis, all of which will benefit victims of human rights violations around the world.
The Will to Nothingness
Authors: Reginster Bernard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the present study, I develop an interpretation of the critical approach to morality (especially Christian morality), which Nietzsche develops in On the Genealogy of Morality. My approach is framed by his characterization of its three essays as psychological studies, and more specifically as applications of his claim that moralities are “signs” or “symptoms” of the affective states of moral agents. The relation between morality and affects envisioned here is functional, rather than expressive. The genealogical inquiries are designed to show how Christian morality is well suited to serve certain emotional needs. They reveal the role played by a particular emotional need, manifested in the affect of ressentiment and the urge for revenge. This is the need to have the world reflect one’s will, which is rooted in a special drive toward power, or toward bending the world to one’s will. Revenge is plausibly understood as aiming to bolster or restore power when it is threatened, and the adoption of the conceptual apparatus of Christian morality, including its new values, is a particular way to do so: by altering the agent’s will (her values), it alters what counts as power for her. By thus revealing how it is well suited to play such a functional role in the emotional economy of moral agents, the genealogical inquiries arouse critical suspicion toward Christian morality. The use of this moral outlook as an instrument of revenge is problematic not because it is immoral, but because it is functionally self-undermining.
The Veronica (Tipped-in)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the significance of Dante’s use of the Veronica in the final chapters of the Vita nuova. Beginning with a tipped-in illustration from Botticelli in an early twentieth-century Spanish translation, this chapter uses the Veronica to highlight the work’s entanglement in the world and Dante’s desire to share the miracle of Beatrice with a larger public. Making Beatrice into a substitute Veronica, Dante draws on the unusual relation between original and copy that is already present in the Veronica itself, which is the impress of Christ’s face. Although the copy is honored as an original, the point of the image to produce copies, just as Dante wants later readers to reproduce his book. To copy Dante’s book gives Beatrice new life. Returning to Botticelli’s image, the chapter examines how Dante reprises many of the Vita nuova’s features discussed in the preceding chapters for his encounter with Beatrice in Earthly Paradise. The chapter concludes by taking up the controversial identification of Botticelli’s painting as a representation of Philology to argue for the connection between this lush and flowering figure and the conjunction of philology and world literature explored in this book.
Virtue, Ambition, and the Balanced Constitution
Authors: Mortimer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The turmoil in Europe in the early sixteenth century revealed some of the weaknesses of princely power and imperial authority; it was clear that the much-needed reform and rebalancing could not be enacted solely from above. This chapter focuses on works which called for the promotion of civic virtue and the strengthening of institutions, especially in a time of rapid social, economic, and political upheaval. In Venice, Gasparo Contarini set out an idealized model of mixed government while in the Holy Roman Empire magistrates and officials were encouraged to uphold the common good—often a common good shaped by Protestant thinking. However, the case of Miguel Servetus in Geneva sparked further discussion of the role of the magistrate in upholding religious truth and generated new arguments for toleration. Meanwhile, many writers looked to ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration and advice, and new research by men like Carlo Sigonio revealed that Rome’s political system had itself been affected by social and economic change. In England Sir Thomas Smith drew on some of this research to advocate a broadly based citizenry in which wealth, lineage, and merit were all seen as important qualifications for office-holding.
Incorporating Rights
Authors: George Erika 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Incorporating Rights: Strategies to Advance Corporate Accountability examines existing and emerging advocacy strategies that could conceivably close a global governance gap that puts human rights at risk and places commercial actors at risk of becoming complicit in human rights abuses when conducting business in emerging market economies and complex environments. Corporate codes of conduct, sustainability reporting, and selected multistakeholder initiatives are presented as the building blocks of a system of soft law that could solidify to become binding baseline standards for better business practices. This book explains the conditions that have given rise to constructive change as well as those methods and mechanisms with promise for ensuring that business enterprises incorporate human rights considerations into business operations. This book explores how capital and consumer markets could provide an additional or alternative form of enforcement to promote responsible business conduct. It provides accounts of the creation of industry sector regulatory instruments and governance institutions arising from allegations of corporate complicity in human rights abuses. It examines how corporate social responsibility initiatives could close the governance gap and how codes of conduct could come to regulate like real rules. This book argues that regulation through information is essential to ensure that corporate conduct will be informed by human rights considerations and implemented consistent with respect for human rights. Where concerned consumers and investors exercise preferences for products that are not associated with abuse and have access to information on corporate performance and risks posed to human rights, there is potential to change corporate conduct. Societal expectations are increasing and evolving.
Two protein disulfide isomerase subgroups work synergistically in catalyzing oxidative protein folding
Authors: Fan Fenggui , Zhang Qiao , Zhang Yini , Huang Guozhong , Liang Xuelian , Wang Chih-chen , Wang Lei , Lu Dongping 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Disulfide bonds play essential roles in the folding of secretory and plasma membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In eukaryotes, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an enzyme catalyzing the disulfide bond formation and isomerization in substrates. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes diverse PDIs including structurally distinct subgroups PDI-L and PDI-M/S. It remains unclear how these AtPDIs function to catalyze the correct disulfide formation. We found that one Arabidopsis ER oxidoreductin-1 (Ero1), AtERO1, can interact with multiple PDIs. PDI-L members AtPDI2/5/6 mainly serve as an isomerase, while PDI-M/S members AtPDI9/10/11 are more efficient in accepting oxidizing equivalents from AtERO1 and catalyzing disulfide bond formation. Accordingly, the pdi9/10/11 triple mutant exhibited much stronger inhibition than pdi1/2/5/6 quadruple mutant under dithiothreitol treatment, which caused disruption of disulfide bonds in plant proteins. Furthermore, AtPDI2/5 work synergistically with PDI-M/S members in relaying disulfide bonds from AtERO1 to substrates. Our findings reveal the distinct but overlapping roles played by two structurally different AtPDI subgroups in oxidative protein folding in the ER.
NtMYB305a binds to the jasmonate-responsive GAG region of NtPMT1a promoter to regulate nicotine biosynthesis
Authors: Bian Shiquan , Sui Xueyi , Wang Jiahao , Tian Tian , Wang Chunkai , Zhao Xue , Liu Xiaofeng , Fang Ning , Zhang Yu , Liu Yanhua , Du Yongmei , Wang Bingwu , Timko Michael P , Zhang Zhongfeng , Zhang Hongbo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
MYB transcription factors play essential roles in regulating plant secondary metabolism and jasmonate (JA) signaling. Putrescine N-methyltransferase is a key JA-regulated step in the biosynthesis of nicotine, an alkaloidal compound highly accumulated in Nicotiana spp. Here we report the identification of NtMYB305a in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) as a regulatory component of nicotine biosynthesis and demonstrate that it binds to the JA-responsive GAG region, which comprises a G-box, an AT-rich motif, and a GCC-box-like element, in the NtPMT1a promoter. Yeast one-hybrid analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that NtMYB305a binds to the GAG region in vitro and in vivo. Binding specifically occurs at the ∼30-bp AT-rich motif in a G/C-base-independent manner, thus defining the AT-rich motif as previously unknown MYB-binding element. NtMYB305a localized in the nucleus of tobacco cells where it is capable of activating the expression of a 4×GAG-driven GUS reporter in an AT-rich motif-dependent manner. NtMYB305a positively regulates nicotine biosynthesis and the expression of NtPMT and other nicotine pathway genes. NtMYB305a acts synergistically with NtMYC2a to regulate nicotine biosynthesis, but no interaction between these two proteins was detected. This identification of NtMYB305a provides insights into the regulation of nicotine biosynthesis and extends the roles played by MYB transcription factors in plant secondary metabolism.
Concentration Bias in Intertemporal Choice
Authors: Dertwinkel-Kalt Markus , Gerhardt Holger , Riener Gerhard , Schwerter Frederik , Strang Louis 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Many intertemporal trade-offs are unbalanced: while the advantages of options are concentrated in a few periods, the disadvantages are dispersed over numerous periods. We provide novel experimental evidence for “concentration bias,” the tendency to overweight advantages that are concentrated in time. Subjects commit to too much overtime work that is dispersed over multiple days in exchange for a bonus that is concentrated in time: concentration bias increases subjects’ willingness to work by 22.4% beyond what standard discounting models could account for. In additional conditions and a complementary experiment involving monetary payments, we study the mechanisms behind concentration bias and demonstrate the robustness of our findings.
Collateral Booms and Information Depletion
Authors: Asriyan Vladimir , Laeven Luc , Martín Alberto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We develop a new theory of information production during credit booms. Entrepreneurs need credit to undertake investment projects, some of which enable them to divert resources. Lenders can protect themselves from such diversion in two ways: collateralization, and costly screening that generates durable information about projects. In equilibrium, the collateralization-screening mix depends on the value of aggregate collateral. High collateral values make it possible to reallocate resources towards productive projects, but they also crowd out screening. This has important dynamic implications. During credit booms driven by high collateral values (e.g. real estate booms), economic activity expands but the economy’s stock of information on existing projects gets depleted. As a result, collateral-driven booms end in deep crises and slow recoveries: when booms end, investment is constrained both by the lack of collateral and by the lack of information on existing projects, which takes time to rebuild. We provide empirical support for the mechanism using US firm-level data.
Discordance in patient and physician global assessment in relapsing polychondritis
Authors: Rose Emily , Ferrada Marcela A , Quinn Kaitlin A , Arnaud Laurent , Goodspeed Wendy , Kim Jeff , Allen Clint , Sirajuddin Arlene , Chen Marcus , Grayson Peter C 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesRelapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare, heterogeneous, systemic inflammatory disease that targets cartilage. Patient-reported outcome measures may differ from physician assessment. This study compared patient global assessment (PtGA) and physician global assessment (PhGA) scores in a prospective cohort of patients with RP.MethodsAdult patients with RP underwent a standardized comprehensive evaluation at ∼6 month intervals. At each visit, three physicians scored PhGA by consensus. The patient independently completed four patient-reported outcomes: PtGA, 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) and Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Patient–physician discordance was defined as a difference between PtGA and PhGA of ≥3 on a 0–10 scale.ResultsA total of 76 patients were evaluated over 154 visits. The median PhGA was 3 [interquartile range (IQR) 2–3] and the median PtGA was 5 (IQR 4–7). PtGA and PhGA were concordant in 66 visits (42.9%) and patients scored disease severity ≥3 points higher than physicians scored disease activity (positive discordance) in 84 visits (54.5%). Compared with visits with concordance, visits with positive discordance were associated with significantly worse scores on the MFI, BIPQ, SF-36 physical component score and SF-36 mental component score.ConclusionPatients with RP typically self-report high PtGA that does not align with PhGA. Discordance is likely driven by the high physical and psychological burden of illness experienced by patients. Multifaceted treatment approaches that address the burden of disease in RP from the patient perspective are needed.
Burden of comorbid conditions in children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a collaborative analysis of 3 JIA registries
Authors: Kearsley-Fleet Lianne , Klotsche Jens , van Straalen Joeri W , Costello Wendy , D’Angelo Gianfranco , Giancane Gabriella , Horneff Gerd , Klein Ariane , Láday Matilda , Lunt Mark , de Roock Sytze , Ruperto Nicolino , Schoemaker Casper , Vijatov-Djuric Gordana , Vojinovic Jelena , Vougiouka Olga , Wulffraat Nico M ,   UK JIA Biologics Registers Investigators Group; Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO), Hyrich Kimme L , Minden Kirsten , Swart Joost F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Burden of comorbidities are largely unknown in JIA. From 2000, national and international patient registries were established to monitor biologic treatment, disease activity and adverse events in patients with JIA. The aim of this analysis was to investigate in parallel, for the first time, three of the largest JIA registries in Europe/internationally—UK JIA Biologic Registers (BCRD/BSPAR-ETN), German biologic registers (BiKeR/JuMBO), multinational Pharmachild—to quantify the occurrence of selected comorbidities in patients with JIA.

Methods
Information on which data the registers collect were compared. Patient characteristics and levels of comorbidity were presented, focussing on four key conditions: uveitis, MAS, varicella, and history of tuberculosis. Incidence rates of these on MTX/biologic therapy were determined.

Results
8066 patients were registered into the three JIA registers with similar history of the four comorbidities across the studies; however, varicella vaccination coverage was higher in Germany (56%) vs UK/Pharmachild (16%/13%). At final follow-up, prevalence of varicella infection was lower in Germany (15%) vs UK/Pharmachild (37%/50%). Prevalence of TB (0.1–1.8%) and uveitis (15–19%) was similar across all registers. The proportion of systemic-JIA patients who ever had MAS was lower in Germany (6%) vs UK (15%) and Pharmachild (17%).

Conclusion
This analysis is the first and largest to investigate the occurrence of four important comorbidities in three JIA registries in Europe and the role of anti-rheumatic drugs. Combined, these three registries represent one of the biggest collection of cases of JIA worldwide and offer a unique setting for future JIA outcome studies.
The rise of UK–China research collaboration: Trends, opportunities and challenges
Authors: Adams Jonathan , Johnson Jo , Grant Jonathan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
China has become an impactful science superpower, but it is asserted that its influence provides it with disproportionate benefits that some national research policies have not thus far appreciated. To create context, Web of Science data are used to analyse research collaborations between the UK and China: trends in volume of output between 1981 and 2019; citation impact; and comparative performance across research fields. UK–China collaboration increased from fewer than 100 co-authored papers before 1990, to 750 per year in 2000, 3,324 in 2010, and 16,267 papers (10.9 per cent of UK output) in 2019. UK–China collaboration is concentrated in technology-based fields: in some (e.g. telecommunication), over 30 per cent of UK papers are in collaboration with Chinese-based researchers. The paper discusses the policy consequences to the UK of this indicative dependency, arguing that exiting from such collaborations is ill advised, provided the risks, perceived or real, are mapped, managed, and mitigated.
The Silicon Valley imaginary: US corporate tax reform in the 1980s
Authors: Ergen Timur , Rademacher Inga 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How do policy paradigms change? This article demonstrates that changing social imaginaries about economic growth enabled paradigmatic changes in USA corporate tax policy in the 1980s. Based on archival sources, it reconstructs how policy makers switched from focused support for capital-intensive smoke-stack industries towards support for emerging high tech-sectors between two major tax-bills in 1981 and 1986. This switch was made possible by the emergence of what we call the Silicon Valley imaginary—the idea that sound economic policies stimulate the reallocation of society’s resources towards new economic fields. The emergence of this social imaginary resulted from political realignments and changing notions of economic growth and justice. The search for sources of future economic growth and societal coalitions led policy-makers to appropriate ideas about the promises of new industries.