bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral palsy in twins and higher multiple births: a Europe‐Australia population‐based study
Authors: Sellier Elodie , Goldsmith Shona , McIntyre Sarah , Perra Oliver , Rackauskaite Gija , Badawi Nadia , Fares Asma , Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley ,   The Surveillance Of Cerebral Palsy Europe Group And The Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group
Published: February 2021

AimTo describe the birth prevalence, temporal trends, and clinical outcomes of twins, triplets, or quadruplets with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodThis was a cross‐sectional study using data for twins, triplets, and quadruplets with prenatally or perinatally acquired CP and pooled from the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe network (born 1992–2009) and Australian Cerebral Palsy Register (born 1993–2009). Children were at least 4 years old at time of registration. Children born in regions with population ascertainment and available denominator data were included in prevalence calculations (n=1033 twins, 81 triplets, and 11 quadruplets). Clinical data from children registered in all participating registers were described, including 2163 twins (56% male), 187 triplets (59% male), and 20 quadruplets (45% male).ResultsThe birth prevalence of CP was higher with increasing plurality (twins 6.5 per 1000 live births [95% confidence interval {CI} 6.1–6.9], triplets 17.1 [95% CI 13.6–21.2], quadruplets 50.7 [95% CI 25.6–88.9]); however, prevalence by gestational age was similar across all pluralities. Between 1992–1994 and 2007–2009, prevalence of CP among twins declined (p=0.001) but prevalence of CP among triplets did not change significantly over time (p=0.55). The distributions of Gross Motor Function Classification System, epilepsy, and impairments of intellect, vision, and hearing were similar regardless of plurality.InterpretationThe data combined from two CP register networks indicated that triplets and quadruplets had increased risk of CP compared to twins. The higher prevalence of CP in triplets and quadruplets is due to their higher risk of preterm birth. Prevalence of CP among twins significantly declined in Europe and Australia. Clinical outcomes were similar for all multiple births.What this study adds

The overall prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) was greater in triplets and quadruplets than twins.

The higher prevalence of CP among triplets and quadruplets was due to their higher risk of preterm birth.

Higher‐order multiples did not have more severe clinical outcomes than twins.

The prevalence of CP among twins decreased over time.
Use of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and prognosis of COVID‐19 in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: A propensity score analysis from the CORONADO study
Authors: Roussel Ronan , Darmon Patrice , Pichelin Matthieu , Goronflot Thomas , Abouleka Yawa , Ait Bachir Leila , Allix Ingrid , Ancelle Deborah , Barraud Sara , Bordier Lyse , Carlier Aurélie , Chevalier Nicolas , Coffin‐Boutreux Christine , Cosson Emmanuel , Dorange Anne , Dupuy Olivier , Fontaine Pierre , Fremy Bénédicte , Galtier Florence , Germain Natacha , Guedj Anne‐Marie , Larger Etienne , Laugier‐Robiolle Stéphanie , Laviolle Bruno , Ludwig Lisa , Monier Arnaud , Montanier Nathanaëlle , Moulin Philippe , Moura Isabelle , Prevost Gaëtan , Reznik Yves , Sabbah Nadia , Saulnier Pierre‐Jean , Serusclat Pierre , Vatier Camille , Wargny Matthieu , Hadjadj Samy , Gourdy Pierre , Cariou Bertrand ,   for the CORONADO investigators
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate the association between routine use of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection in patient with type 2 diabetes in a large multicentric study.Materials and MethodsThis study was a secondary analysis of the CORONADO study on 2449 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) hospitalized for COVID‐19 in 68 French centres. The composite primary endpoint combined tracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation and death within 7 days of admission. Stabilized weights were computed for patients based on propensity score (DPP‐4 inhibitors users vs. non‐users) and were used in multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the average treatment effect in the treated as inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW).ResultsFive hundred and ninety‐six participants were under DPP‐4 inhibitors before admission to hospital (24.3%). The primary outcome occurred at similar rates in users and non‐users of DPP‐4 inhibitors (27.7% vs. 28.6%; p = .68). In propensity analysis, the IPTW‐adjusted models showed no significant association between the use of DPP‐4 inhibitors and the primary outcome by Day 7 (OR [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.77–1.17]) or Day 28 (OR [95% CI]: 0.96 [0.78–1.17]). Similar neutral findings were found between use of DPP‐4 inhibitors and the risk of tracheal intubation and death.ConclusionsThese data support the safety of DPP‐4 inhibitors for diabetes management during the COVID‐19 pandemic and they should not be discontinued.
Frequency, clinical features, inflammatory cytokines and genetic background of latent autoimmune diabetes in youth in youth‐onset type 2 diabetes: Results from a nationwide, multicentre, clinic‐based, cross‐sectional study (LADA China)
Authors: Xiang Yufei , Liu Bingwen , Yun Chuan , Zhou Pengcheng , Li Xiaojue , Luo Shuoming , Xie Zhiguo , Che Zhihong , Lin Jian , Yang Lin , Li Xia , Huang Gan , Xu Aimin , Zhou Zhiguang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate the frequency, clinical phenotype, inflammatory cytokine levels and genetics of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA)‐positive phenotypic youth‐onset type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsThis nationwide, multicentre, cross‐sectional study included 5324 newly diagnosed subjects with phenotypic type 2 diabetes aged 15 years or older enrolled in the LADA China study. GADA was screened in 248 subjects with youth‐onset type 2 diabetes aged 15–29 years. Subjects who presented as GADA‐positive were defined as having latent autoimmune diabetes in youth (LADY). We added subjects with LADY, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and controls from the Diabetes Center of Central South University, and measured serum concentrations of interleukin‐6, lipocalin 2, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, adiponectin and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping in subjects with LADY, age‐ and sex‐matched GADA‐negative type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes and controls.ResultsTwenty‐nine of the 248 subjects (11.7%) were GADA positive. Compared with subjects with type 2 diabetes, subjects with LADY were less probable to have metabolic syndrome (27.6% vs. 59.4%; p = .001). The fasting C‐peptide levels tended to be lower in subjects with LADY than in subjects with type 2 diabetes, but the difference was not statistically significant (LADY vs. type 2 diabetes: 0.21 [0.17–0.64] vs. 0.47 [0.29–0.77] nmol/L; p = .11). The cytokine levels of subjects with LADY were indistinguishable from subjects with type 1 diabetes, but subjects with LADY presented increased adiponectin levels compared with subjects with type 2 diabetes after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index (7.19 [4.05–11.66] vs. 3.42 [2.35–5.74] μg/mL; p < .05). The frequency of total susceptible HLA genotypes (DR3/3, −3/9 and −9/9) in subjects with LADY and type 1 diabetes were similarly higher than controls (LADY and type 1 diabetes vs. controls: 21.4% and 30.8% vs. 2.6%, respectively; p < .001).ConclusionsA high GADA positivity was observed in youth‐onset type 2 diabetes subjects in China. As subjects with LADY had an increased susceptible HLA genetic load and different cytokine levels compared with subjects with type 2 diabetes, differentiating LADY from phenotypic type 2 diabetes subjects is important.
The comparative effects of intensive glucose lowering in diabetes patients aged below or above 65 years: Results from the ADVANCE trial
Authors: Ohkuma Toshiaki , Chalmers John , Cooper Mark , Hamet Pavel , Harrap Stephen , Marre Michel , Mancia Giuseppe , Poulter Neil , Woodward Mark 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsFor relatively old patients with diabetes, current guidelines recommend adjustment of glycaemic goals based on patients' cognitive function, or coexisting chronic illnesses. However, the evidence which supports the efficacy and safety of intensive glucose lowering in older patients with diabetes is scarce. The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intensive glucose lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by age (<65 and ≥ 65 years), and examine whether the effects differ according to patients’ characteristics in the older patient group.Materials and MethodsThe effects of intensive glucose lowering (to a target glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] concentration of ≤48 mmol/mol [6.5%]) on major clinical outcomes were evaluated by Cox regression models according to subgroups defined by baseline age of <65 or ≥ 65 years in the ADVANCE trial (n = 11 140).ResultsOver a median follow‐up of 5 years, intensive glucose lowering significantly decreased the risk of the composite of major macrovascular and microvascular events (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.82‐0.98), with no heterogeneity in the effects across age subgroups (p for heterogeneity = 0.44). Relative effects on all‐cause death, cardiovascular death, and components of major vascular events were also similar (P for heterogeneity ≥0.06), except for severe hypoglycaemia, which was of greater risk for patients aged <65 years. Absolute benefits and harms were broadly consistent across subgroups. Among patients aged ≥65 years, randomized treatment effects did not differ significantly across different levels of cognitive function or coexisting chronic illnesses.ConclusionsOur results suggest that an intensive glycaemic control strategy to reduce HbA1c to 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) provided broadly similar benefits and harms and may be recommended for older, as well as younger, patients.
Rates and estimated cost of primary care consultations in people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and comorbidities: A retrospective analysis of 8.9 million consultations
Authors: Coles Briana , Zaccardi Francesco , Seidu Sam , Gillies Clare L. , Davies Melanie J. , Hvid Christian , Khunti Kamlesh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsTo determine whether telephone and face‐to‐face primary care consultation rates, costs, and temporal trends during 2000 to 2018 differed by the number of comorbidities in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsA total of 120 409 adults with newly diagnosed T2DM between 2000 and 2018 were classified by the number of prevalent and incident comorbidities. Data on face‐to‐face and telephone primary care consultations with a nurse or physician were obtained. Crude and sex‐ and age‐adjusted annual consultation rates and associated costs were calculated based on the number of comorbidities at the time of consultation.ResultsThe crude rate of face‐to‐face primary care consultations for patients without comorbidities was 10.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.3‐10.4) per person‐year, 12.7 (95% CI 12.7‐12.7) for patients with one comorbidity, 15.1 (95% CI 15.1‐15.2) for those with two comorbidities, and 18.7 (95% CI 18.7‐18.8) for those with three or more comorbidities. The mean annual inflation‐adjusted cost for face‐to‐face consultations was £412.70 per patient without comorbidities, £516.80 for one comorbidity, £620.75 for two comorbidities, and £778.83 for three or more comorbidities. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted face‐to‐face consultation rate changed by an average of −3.3% (95% CI −4.4 to −2.3) per year from 2000 to 2018 for patients without comorbidities, −2.7% (95% CI −4.0 to −1.3) for those with one comorbidity, −2.2% (95% CI −3.3 to −1.2) for those with two comorbidities, and −4.3% (95% CI −8.7 to +0.3) for those with three or more comorbidities.ConclusionsAlthough consultation rates for all patients decreased from 2000 to 2018, there was a significant disparity between the rate for patients with and without comorbidities. Patients with T2DM and comorbidities may require different models of service delivery.
Poverty volatility and poverty in developing countries
Authors: Gnangnon Sena Kimm 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article examines the effect of poverty volatility on poverty in developing countries. Poverty volatility refers to the amplitude of the change in poverty rates over a given period of time. Variations in poverty rates can potentially arise from countries' vulnerability to a variety of shocks that induce greater macroeconomic volatility, including economic growth volatility. The empirical analysis shows that poverty volatility consistently induces a rise in poverty rates, and this positive poverty effect of poverty volatility increases as the degree of poverty volatility rises. Policies that help reduce poverty volatility (including by dampening economic growth volatility) would contribute to poverty reduction.
Do enlarged fiscal deficits cause inflation? The historical record
Authors: Bordo Michael D. , Levy Mickey D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe survey the historical record for two centuries on the connection between expansionary fiscal policy and inflation. The relationship holds in wartime when fiscally stressed governments resorted to the inflation tax. In two peacetime episodes in the early twentieth century, bond‐financed fiscal deficits, unbacked by future taxes, may have contributed to inflation. Fiscal influence on monetary policy was important in the Great Inflation 1965–1983. Expansionary monetary and fiscal policy did not lead to inflation in the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–08 but, by contrast, the fiscal and monetary response to the COVID‐19 pandemic may involve risks of fiscal dominance and future inflation.
International free riding on institutions
Authors: Gmeiner Robert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEconomic institutions are linked to economic growth because they create conditions favourable for production and exchange. Institutions can give a country comparative advantage in producing some goods. If its trading partners lack such institutions, it can still enjoy their benefits by importing these goods. Some institutions, such as intellectual property rights, have non‐excludable benefits because the resulting production is intangible, non‐rival, and often publicly disclosed. The profits, or surplus, that result, however, is rival. Foreign countries can ‘free ride’ on this benefit by misappropriating rival surplus through infringement. This article develops a theory of institutional free riding in which firms in one country free ride on the benefit of foreign institutions to the detriment of their competitor firms and their countries' institutions. It evaluates the incentives of firms and governments for this free riding, its effects, and potential responses to mitigate these effects.
Impact of the Affordable Care Act on diabetes diagnoses in the United States: A county‐level analysis
Authors: Palanki Rupa , Chamarthy Siva , Palanki Srinivas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOur research examines whether there is a causal effect between expanding health insurance and diabetes incidence. Comprehensive county‐level data from the United States is used to study the effect of Medicaid expansion on diabetes rates. The analysis is based on cross‐county variation according to Affordable Care Act health care reforms, along with county share‐eligibility variation. Difference‐in‐difference and triple‐difference statistical regression specifications are employed to control for confounding variables. The results suggest a slight negative relationship between expanding health insurance and diabetes diagnoses.
Population structure of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and the link between vector dynamics and seasonal incidence of yellow mosaic disease in blackgram (Vigna mungo)
Authors: Kamesh Krishnamoorthy Kalyankumar , Malathi Varagur Ganesan , Renukadevi Perumal , Mohan Kumar Subbarayalu , Raveendran Muthurajan , Manivannan Narayana , Rajendran Lingan , Karthikeyan Gandhi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe hemipteran pest silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Aleyrodidae), is of high economic importance, as it infests a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops. The pest is regarded as a cryptic species complex. In the present study, the cryptic species composition and viruliferous status of B. tabaci in association with yellow mosaic disease (YMD), caused by Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), in blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper (Fabaceae)], were assessed over three cropping seasons, viz., Rabi, summer, and Kharif, at three locations in Tamil Nadu, India. This study identified three cryptic B. tabaci species: (1) Asia I, (2) Asia II‐5, and (3) Asia II‐8. Asia II‐8 was the dominant species in all three seasons across locations. Despite the absence of YMD symptoms in many plants, up to 73% of whiteflies sampled from YMD‐resistant and susceptible blackgram cultivars were MYMV‐viruliferous. This suggests that the YMD incidence of blackgram does not directly associate with viruliferous whitefly populations in the field.
Greater preference for eveningness is associated with negative symptoms in an ultra‐high risk for psychosis sample
Authors: Shetty Jashmina J. , Nicholas Christian , Nelson Barnaby , McGorry Patrick D. , Lavoie Suzie , Markulev Connie , Schäfer Miriam R. , Thompson Andrew , Yuen Hok Pan , Yung Alison R. , Nieman Dorien H. , de Haan Lieuwe , Amminger G. Paul , Hartmann Jessica A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimInvestigating biological processes in at‐risk individuals may help elucidate the aetiological mechanisms underlying psychosis development, refine prediction models and improve intervention strategies. This study examined the associations between sleep disturbances, chronotype, depressive and psychotic symptoms in individuals at ultra‐high risk for psychosis.MethodsA sample of 81 ultra‐high risk patients completed clinical interviews and self‐report assessments of chronotype and sleep during the Neurapro clinical trial. Mixed regression was used to investigate the cross‐sectional associations between symptoms and sleep disturbances/chronotype.ResultsSleep disturbances were significantly associated with increased depressive and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. Greater preference for eveningness was significantly associated with increased negative symptoms, but not with depressive or attenuated positive psychotic symptoms.ConclusionSleep disturbances and chronotype may impact the emerging psychopathology experienced by ultra‐high risk individuals. Further, the preliminary relationship observed between greater preference for eveningness and negative symptoms offers a unique opportunity to treat negative symptoms through chronobiological approaches.
Forced swim stressor: Trends in usage and mechanistic consideration
Authors: Molendijk Marc L. , de Kloet E. Ronald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe acquired immobility response during the “forced swim test (FST)” is not a rodent model of depression, but the test has some validity in predicting a compound's antidepressant potential. Nevertheless, 60% of the about 600 papers that were published annually the past 2 years label the rodent's immobility response as depression‐like behaviour, but the relative contribution per country is changing. When the Editors‐in‐Chief of 5 journals publishing most FST papers were asked for their point of view on labelling immobility as depression‐like behaviour and despair, they responded that they primarily rely on the reviewers regarding scientific merit of the submission. One Editor informs authors of the recent NIMH notice (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice‐files/NOT‐MH‐19‐053.html) which encourages investigators to use animal models “for” addressing neurobiological questions rather than as model “of” specific mental disorders. The neurobiological questions raised by use of the FST fall in two categories. First, research on the role of endocrine and metabolic factors, with roots in the 1980s, and with focus on the bottom‐up action of glucocorticoids on circuits processing salient information, executive control and memory consolidation. Second, recent findings using novel technological and computational advances that have allowed great progress in charting top‐down control in the switch from active to passive coping with the inescapable stressor executed by neuronal ensembles of the medial prefrontal cortex via the peri‐aquaductal grey. It is expected that combining neural top‐down and endocrine bottom‐up approaches will provide new insights in the role of stress‐coping and adaptation in pathogenesis of mental disorders.
Primary motor cortex excitability as a marker of plasticity in a stimulation protocol combining action observation and kinesthetic illusion of movement
Authors: Bisio Ambra , Biggio Monica , Canepa Patrizio , Faelli Emanuela , Ruggeri Piero , Avanzino Laura , Bove Marco 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAction observation combined with proprioceptive stimulation able to induce a kinesthetic illusion of movement (AO‐KI) was shown to elicit a plastic increase in primary motor cortex (M1) excitability, with promising applications in rehabilitative interventions. Nevertheless, the known individual variability in response to combined stimulation protocols limits its application. The aim of this study was to examine whether a relationship exists between changes in M1 excitability during AO‐KI and the long‐lasting changes in M1 induced by AO‐KI. Fifteen volunteers received a conditioning protocol consisting in watching a video showing a thumb‐opposition movement and a simultaneous proprioceptive stimulation that evoked an illusory kinesthetic experience of their thumbs closing. M1 excitability was evaluated by means of single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation before, DURING the conditioning protocol, and up to 60 min AFTER it was administered. M1 excitability significantly increased during AO‐KI with respect to a rest condition. Furthermore, AO‐KI induced a long‐lasting increase in M1 excitability up to 60 min after administration. Finally, a significant positive correlation appeared between M1 excitability changes during and after AO‐KI; that is, participants who were more responsive during AO‐KI showed greater motor cortical activity changes after it. These findings suggest that M1 response during AO‐KI can be considered a neurophysiological marker of individual responsiveness to the combined stimulation since it was predictive of its efficacy in inducing long‐lasting M1 increase excitability. This information would allow knowing in advance whether an individual will be a responder to AO‐KI.