bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in regional wet heatwave in Eurasia during summer (1979–2017)
Authors: Yu Shuang , Tett Simon F B , Freychet Nicolas , Yan Zhongwei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Wet heatwaves can have more impact on human health than hot dry heatwaves. However, changes in these have received little scientific attention. Using the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 reanalysis dataset, wet-bulb temperatures (T
w) were used to investigate the spatial-temporal variation of wet heatwaves in Eurasia for 1979–2017. Wet heatwaves were defined as three day or longer periods when T
w was above the 90th percentile of the summer distribution and characterized by amplitude, duration and frequency. Maximum values of amplitude, close to 31 °C, occur in the Indus–Ganges plain, the lower Yangtze valley, and the coasts of the Persian Gulf and Red Sea. Significant positive trends in the frequency and amplitude of wet heatwaves have occurred over most of Eurasia though with regional variations. Changes in heatwave amplitude (HWA) are largely driven by changes in summer mean T
w. For Eurasia as a whole, increases in temperature contribute more than six times the impact of changes in relative humidity (RH) to changes in T
w HWA. Changes in T
w have a strong dependence on climatological RH with an increase in RH of 1% causing a T
w increase of 0.2 °C in arid regions, and only increasing T
w by 0.1 °C in humid regions. During T
w heatwaves in Europe, parts of Tibet, India, East Asia and parts of the Arabian Peninsula both temperature and humidity contribute to the increase in T
w, with temperature the dominant driver. During wet heatwaves in part of Russia, changes in humidity are weak and the increase in T
w is mainly caused by an increase in temperature. In the Mediterranean and Central Asia, RH has fallen reducing the increase in T
w from general warming.
A porous material of cross-linked adenine-polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether for copper ion adsorption
Authors: Zhang Longfei , Zhang Shuai , Wang Cheng , Li Wa , Yang Lirong , Li Shanggeng , Hu Jiaming , Zhang Lin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A porous material (PEA) was prepared by the ring opening polymerization of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether with adenine in a simple sol-gel method. The structure and composition of PEA were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, BET and XRD. The adsorption experiments of copper ion by PEA at different pH, temperature, contact time and initial concentration were studied. The results show that the PEA is macroporous, the optimum adsorption pH is 5 and the saturated adsorption time is 180 min. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of copper ion is 80.1 mg g−1 at 40 °C according to the Langmuir model and the competitive adsorption test shows that PEA has good adsorption on copper ion, but low effect on cobalt, cadmium and nickel. The repeated adsorption experiments show that PEA could still adsorb 82% of the first adsorption capacity after 5 times elution. These results indicate that the PEA can be used as a practical adsorbent for copper ion adsorption in aqueous solution.
Loading and sustained release of sodium alginate membranes on pyridirubicin chloride
Authors: Li Mengde , Li Yahua , Wang Xiaofeng , Chang Zhonghua , Jiang Yong-Chao , Han Shanshan , Cui Zhixiang , Han Xinwei , Li Qian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
To develop diversified drug carriers for local treatment of cancer, three types of alginate membranes were fabricated by spin-coating, freeze drying and electrospinning. The uniaxial tensile test is shown that spin-coated membranes possess the maximum tensile strength. All the three types of membranes present excellent adsorption performance toward pyridirubicin chloride (THP) and the electrospinning membranes exhibit the maximum adsorption mass of 144.13 mg g−1. The pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intra-particle diffusion equation were used to evaluate the kinetic data and the drug adsorption process followed the pseudo-first-order model well. The drug releasing mechanism was studied by using different release medium, and it shows that the release process was undertaken by ions exchange reaction. The result shows that the three types of membranes are promising materials for the local treatment of cancer such as local cancers of the pancreas and trachea.
Fatigue failure of SUP-9 spring steel
Authors: Daudpoto Jawaid , Kumar Dileep , Shaikh Shakeel Ahmed , Hussain Tanweer , Memon Zeeshan Ali 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The SUP-9 is a widely used steel for the construction of springs due to its resistance to permanent deformation and quick vibration relief. Spring steels are subjected to heat treatment to improve their fatigue life. In this paper, the heat treatment procedure to improve the endurance limit of the SUP-9 is reported. The process of heat treatment was carried out to investigate its effect on Brinell and Rockwell hardness metrics. The endurance limits of steel before and after heat treatment were also measured. The heat treatment procedure reported in this paper resulted in an increased harness and endurance limit due to a change in the microstructure of the specimen. The test results showed that Brinell hardness and endurance limit increased by 50% and 20% respectively after heat treatment.
Application of exact solution of complex morse potential to investigate physical systems with complex and negative masses
Authors: Sarathi Partha , Pathak Nilesh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The interest in the study of physical systems characterized by negative and effective negative masses and their behaviour has been a subject of investigation by several researchers. The focus of the majority of these studies is experimental in nature. Inspired by the same, we have solved the Schrodinger equation for complex Morse potential with negative and complex masses and obtained its exact solution. The normalized eigenfunction and eigenvalues are obtained and the condition for admissibility of the reality of eigenvalue spectrum for the ground state of complex Morse potential has been discussed. This study establishes that it is indeed feasible for such negative masses proposed in the literature for various physical systems to be bound together by complex Morse potential. Further, we propose that atoms with complex and negative masses may bind together under the action of complex Morse-like potentials and form molecular structures.
An intervention to increase physical activity in care home residents: results of a cluster-randomised, controlled feasibility trial (the REACH trial)
Authors: Forster Anne , Airlie Jennifer , Ellwood Alison , Godfrey Mary , Green John , Cundill Bonnie , Dawkins Bryony , McMaster Nicola , Hulme Claire , Cicero Robert , McLellan Vicki , Graham Liz , Gallagher Bev , Ellard David R , Firth Joan , Farrin Amanda ,   the REACH Programme Team
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Care home (CH) residents are mainly inactive, leading to increased dependency and low mood. Strategies to improve activity are required.

Design and setting
Cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial with embedded process and health economic evaluations. Twelve residential CHs in Yorkshire, United Kingdom, were randomised to the MoveMore intervention plus usual care (UC) (n = 5) or UC only (n = 7).

Participants
Permanent residents aged ≥65 years.

Intervention
MoveMore: a whole home intervention involving all CH staff designed to encourage and support increase in movement of residents.

Objectives and measurements
Feasibility objectives relating to recruitment, intervention delivery, data collection and follow-up and safety concerns informed the feasibility of progression to a definitive trial. Data collection at baseline, 3, 6 and 9 months included: participants’ physical function and mobility, perceived health, mood, quality of life, cognitive impairment questionnaires; accelerometry; safety data; intervention implementation.

Results
300 residents were screened; 153 were registered (62 MoveMore; 91 UC). Average cluster size: MoveMore: 12.4 CHs; UC: 13.0 CHs. There were no CH/resident withdrawals. Forty (26.1%) participants were unavailable for follow-up: 28 died (12 MoveMore; 16 UC); 12 moved from the CH. Staff informant/proxy data collection for participants was &gt;80%; data collection from participants was &lt;75%; at 9 months, 65.6% of residents provided valid accelerometer data; two CHs fully, two partially and one failed to implement the intervention. There were no safety concerns.

Conclusions
Recruiting CHs and residents was feasible. Intervention implementation and data collection methods need refinement before a definitive trial. There were no safety concerns.
Strengthening Health Services Research Using Target Trial Emulation: An Application to Volume-Outcomes Studies
Authors: Madenci Arin L , Wanis Kerollos Nashat , Cooper Zara , Haneuse Sebastien , Subramanian S V , Hofman Albert , Hernán Miguel A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The number of operations that surgeons have previously performed is associated with their patients’ outcomes. However, this association may not be causal, because previous studies have often been cross-sectional and their analyses have not considered time-varying confounding or positivity violations. In this paper, using the example of surgeons who perform coronary artery bypass grafting, we describe (hypothetical) target trials for estimation of the causal effect of the surgeons’ operative volumes on patient mortality. We then demonstrate how to emulate these target trials using data from US Medicare claims and provide effect estimates. Our target trial emulations suggest that interventions on physicians’ volume of coronary artery bypass grafting operations have little effect on patient mortality. The target trial framework highlights key assumptions and draws attention to areas of bias in previous observational analyses that deviated from their implicit target trials. The principles of the presented methodology may be adapted to other scenarios of substantive interest in health services research.
Crane and the mark of the mental
Authors: Raimondi Andrea 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBrentano’s (1874: 88–89) suggestion that intentionality is the mark of the mental is typically spelled out in terms of the thesis that all and only mental states are intentional. An influential objection is that intentionality is not necessary for mentality (McGinn 1982; Dretske 1995; Deonna and Teroni 2012; Bordini 2017). What about the idea that only mental states are intentional? In his 2008 paper published in Analysis, Nes shows that on a popular characterization of intentionality, notably defended by Crane (2014 [1998], 2001), some non-mental states come out as intentional. Crane (2008) replies that the concept of representation solves the problem. In this paper, I argue that no representational account of intentionality meets Nes’s challenge. After distinguishing between two notions of representation, I contend that there are two versions of Crane’s representational account, but neither of them is able to solve the problem posed by Nes.
Towards spatio-temporally resolved developmental cardiac gene regulatory networks in zebrafish
Authors: Hallab Jeannette C , Nim Hieu T , Stolper Julian , Chahal Gulrez , Waylen Lisa , Bolk Francesca , Elliott David A , Porrello Enzo , Ramialison Mirana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Heart formation in the zebrafish involves a rapid, complex series of morphogenetic events in three-dimensional space that spans cardiac lineage specification through to chamber formation and maturation. This process is tightly orchestrated by a cardiac gene regulatory network (GRN), which ensures the precise spatio-temporal deployment of genes critical for heart formation. Alterations of the timing or spatial localisation of gene expression can have a significant impact in cardiac ontogeny and may lead to heart malformations. Hence, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of congenital heart disease relies on understanding the behaviour of cardiac GRNs with precise spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we review the recent technical advances that have expanded our capacity to interrogate the cardiac GRN in zebrafish. In particular, we focus on studies utilising high-throughput technologies to systematically dissect gene expression patterns, both temporally and spatially during heart development.
Detecting SARS-CoV-2 and its variant strains with a full genome tiling array
Authors: Jiang Limin , Guo Yan , Yu Hui , Hoff Kendal , Ding Xun , Zhou Wei , Edwards Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is the most damaging pandemic in recent human history. Rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and variant strains is paramount for recovery from this pandemic. Conventional SARS-CoV-2 tests interrogate only limited regions of the whole SARS-CoV-2 genome, which are subjected to low specificity and miss the opportunity of detecting variant strains. In this work, we developed the first SARS-CoV-2 tiling array that captures the entire SARS-CoV-2 genome at single nucleotide resolution and offers the opportunity to detect point mutations. A thorough bioinformatics protocol of two base calling methods has been developed to accompany this array. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the tiling array, we genotyped all genomic positions of eight SARS-CoV-2 samples. Using high-throughput sequencing as the benchmark, we show that the tiling array had a genome-wide accuracy of at least 99.5%. From the tiling array analysis results, we identified the D614G mutation in the spike protein in four of the eight samples, suggesting the widespread distribution of this variant at the early stage of the outbreak in the United States. Two additional nonsynonymous mutations were identified in one sample in the nucleocapsid protein (P13L and S197L), which may complicate future vaccine development. With around $5 per array, supreme accuracy, and an ultrafast bioinformatics protocol, the SARS-CoV-2 tiling array makes an invaluable toolkit for combating current and future pandemics. Our SARS-CoV-2 tilting array is currently utilized by Molecular Vision, a CLIA-certified lab for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
Simultaneous Determination of Iridoid Glycosides, Phenylpropanoid Glycosides, Organic Acids, Nucleosides and Amino Acids in Scrophulariae Radix Processed by Different Processing Methods by HPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS
Authors: Wang Shengnan , Wang Qin , Yin Xiaoqin , Chen Bohua , Liu Xunhong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Scrophulariae Radix is one of the widely used traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry method was established for the simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents including four iridoid glycosides, two phenylpropanoid glycosides, six organic acids, 11 nucleosides and 16 amino acids in Scrophulariae Radix. The validated method was used to analyze nine Scrophulariae Radix samples processed by different processing methods. In addition, Grey relational analysis and DTOPSIS were used to evaluate the samples according to the content of 39 ayalytes. The results showed that the quality of Scrophulariae Radix processed by cutting into slices, sun drying and “sweating” methods were better. All the results proved that the developed method was available and could be used to evaluate the quality of Scrophulariae Radix.
Simultaneous Quantification of Four Compounds in Rat Plasma by HPLC–MS/MS and Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study after Oral Administration of Pomegranate Flowers
Authors: Yisimayili Zainaipuguli , Tian Qiang , Xie Yang , Hu Pei , Abdulla Rahima , Wu Tao , Sun Zhaolin , Chen Mingcang , Aisa Haji Akber , Huang Chenggang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPomegranate flowers (PFs) were reported to possess various biological activities such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities, and using to treat diabetes. Although chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of PFs have been studied, unfortunately, there was no report on the pharmacokinetic profile of PFs in vivo. In this study, a selective high-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–QQQ–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of four compounds (corilagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and brevifolincarboxylic acid) in rat plasma after oral administration of PFs. The good linearity concentration ranges for the four analytes were from 2.5 to 3000 ng/mL with coefficient value R2 &gt; 0.99 in calibration curves. The intra- and inter-day accuracy of the four analytes was in the range of 85.33–102.50%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of &lt;14.81%. The stability results showed that accuracy of the four analytes was in the range of 81.88–104.74%, with RSD of &lt;14.86%. The validation method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic profiles of the four analytes in rats after oral administration of PFs extract. This pharmacokinetic study can provide better understanding to clarify in vivo mechanisms of PFs and may facilitate its further development as therapeutic agent.
A Clean, Sustainable and Stability-Indicating Method for the Quantification of Ceftriaxone Sodium in Pharmaceutical Product by HPLC
Authors: da Trindade Mariana Teixeira , Kogawa Ana Carolina , Salgado Hérida Regina Nunes 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Ceftriaxone sodium is a widely used antimicrobial, which is only available as a lyophilized powder. The presence of methods for evaluating the quality of this product is very important and helps to ensure its effectiveness, in addition to contributing to the fight against bacterial resistance. Therefore, a clean and sustainable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for evaluating ceftriaxone stability in pharmaceutical product. A Zorbax SB C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column was maintained at 25°C; the mobile phase consisted of purified water acidified with 0.2% orthophosphoric acid and ethanol (87: 13, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.9 mL min−1. The detection wavelength was set at 260 nm. The method was linear over a concentration range of 20–120 μg mL−1, precise with relative standard deviations &lt;2%, robust in the event of minor changes to the original method conditions, accurate with recovery between 98% and 102% and specific to degradation products. The retention time for ceftriaxone sodium was ~4.6 minutes. This work shows an ecologically correct option by HPLC method for the evaluation of ceftriaxone sodium in pharmaceutical product, as well as its stability, which addresses the requirements of the current green and sustainable analytical chemistry.
Development and Validation of a LC–MS/MS Method for the Profiling of Impurities Formed during Stress Study of Antifungal Agent—Efinaconazole
Authors: Govindarajan S , Asharani I V 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Liquid chromatography interfaced with mass spectroscopy (LC–MS) is a sensitive and effective analytical method that combines high-resolution separation as well as specific mass detection of impurities in formulated products and as well as in active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In this study, LC–MS/MS was used to determine impurities formed during the stability period of Efinaconazole (EFZ, a triazole antifungal agent). The method was validated for its assay parameters such as specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and also for solution stability. The calibration curve was found to be linear for the concentration range from 0.5 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL. A thorough investigation was performed by exposing Efinaconazole (1 mg/mL) to various stress conditions such as hydrolysis (acid and alkaline), oxidation, photolysis and temperature at various time intervals to achieve 10% degradation. The impurities formed during forced degradation were separated using high-performance liquid chromatography later it was identified using LC–MS/MS technique. The obtained results showed that EFZ is prone to oxidation when exposed to a 3% aqueous medium of hydrogen peroxide solution and quite stable in all the remaining stress conditions for a longer period.
Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Coupled with HPLC-UV for Simultaneous Extraction, Purification and Determination of Six Lignans in Schisandra chinensis Fruits
Authors: Song Haiyan , Chang Kejian , Zhang Liang , Zhu Wenbo , Li Yingying , Hu Haobin , Zhang Xiaojuan , Xi Yongfeng , Li Lu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An efficient method for simultaneous extraction, purification and determination of six lignans in Schisandra chinensis Baill was developed by employing matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction followed by HPLC-UV determination analysis. Several sorbent and desorption solvent that affected the extraction yield of lignans were investigated; neutral alumina and absolute ethanol were selected as the best dispersing material and desorption agent, respectively. Other extraction conditions for MSPD were optimized as follows: 1:2 of S. chinensis raw material to neutral aluminum oxide mass ratio, 1:30 (g/mL) of sample to absolute ethanol, 2.5 h of desorption time and 50°C of desorption temperature. Under the above conditions, the total extraction yield for six lignans have reached (16.99 ± 0.33) x 103 mg/kg with a higher content of 6.88 ± 0.25% in the extracts. Comparative studies were explored by conducting other six extraction approaches including Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, smashing tissue extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction. Results showed MSPD technique not only improved the extraction yield, but also improved the purity of lignans, it can be generalized to more extraction of natural compounds. In addition, the validated HPLC-UV method had been successfully applied to analysis of lignans from 10 real S. chinensis samples.
Simultaneous Monitoring of Azathioprine Metabolites in Erythrocytes of Crohn’s Disease Patients by HPLC-UV
Authors: Ribeiro Aline Correa , Barroso Luciane Henriques Furtado , Mourao-Junior Carlos Alberto , Chebli Julio Maria Fonseca , Nascimento Jorge Willian Leandro 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The conversion of azathioprine (AZA) to active 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) is essential for its clinical efficacy; however, another metabolite formed, 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP), is related to hepatotoxicity. Blood samples were collected from 37 patients under AZA’s treatment, and a new HPLC-UV method was validated and applied for simultaneous quantification of 6-TGN and 6-MMP in erythrocytes of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. The concentration of 6-TGN and 6-MMP found ranged from 4.5 to 2,456 ρmol/8 × 108 red blood cells (RBCs) for 6-TGN and from 170 to 53,951 ρmol/8 × 108 RBCs for 6-MMP. Reduced levels of 6-MMP in patients into combo therapy with AZA and allopurinol (2,031 ρmol/8 × 108 RBCs) have been observed when compared to patients undergoing monotherapy with AZA (9,098 ρmol/8 × 108 RBCs). Additionally, there was a negative correlation (r = −83.7%, P &lt; 0.05) between lymphocyte count and 6-TGN levels. The method developed is reliable, accurate and reproducible and can be used as an important tool in the monitoring routine of patients with CD under AZA treatment, allowing the individualization of the dose, monitoring adherence to the treatment and the evaluation of the clinical outcome of these patients.