bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Engulfment Material in the Binary System HIP 71726/71737
Authors: Yüce Kutluay , Cowley Charles R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A parameterized regression fit to precision differential abundances, [El/H], in the wide binary system HIP 71726/71737 accounts for the condensation temperature dependence with a high significance. This fit includes 27 elements, Carbon through Europium. We discuss conditions and the implications of a fit to [Li/H] with the same parameters. These results support the hypothesis of engulfment of earthlike material.
Breaking the paradigm: Optimized Case Finding multiplies tuberculosis detection among key populations in Ukraine
Authors: Masiuk Liliia , Denisiuk Olga , Geliukh Evgenia , Islam Zahedul , Aslanyan Garry , Zachariah Rony 
Published: October 2021

Introduction: In 2018, there were 3 million “missed” tuberculosis (TB) cases globally, much of which was disproportionally concentrated among key populations. To enhance TB case-finding, an Optimized Case Finding (OCF) strategy involving all contacts within the social network of an index TB case was introduced in five regions of Ukraine. We assessed TB detection and linkage to TB treatment using OCF in key populations.
Methodology: A cohort study using routine programme data (July 2018 – March 2020). OCF empowers the index TB case to identify and refer up to eight close contacts within his/her social network for TB investigations.
Results: Of 726 index TB cases in key populations, 6998 close contacts were referred for TB investigations and 275 were diagnosed with TB (183 drug-sensitive and 92 drug-resistant TB). The TB case detection rate was 3930/100,000 and the Numbers Needed to Investigate to detect one TB case was 25. TB was most frequent among people who inject drugs and homeless groups. Compared to TB detection using routine household case finding within the general population (1090/100,000), OCF was 3.6-fold more effective and when compared to passive case finding in the general population (60/100,000), OCF was 66 times more effective. 99% (273) of TB patients were linked to care and initiated TB treatment.
Conclusions: The OCF strategy among key populations is highly effective in detecting TB cases and linking them to care. We advocate to scale-up this case finding strategy in Ukraine and beyond.
Les inégalités sociales d’apprentissage : perspectives interdisciplinaires de recherche entre sociologie de l’éducation et sciences cognitives
Authors: Morel Stanislas 
Published: October 2021

Résumé – Dans un contexte où la recherche sur les inégalités scolaires demeure marquée par un fort cloisonnement disciplinaire, l’article se fixe d’abord pour objectif de rappeler que la sociologie de l’éducation étudie de plus en plus la dimension cognitive des inégalités scolaires, tandis que les sciences cognitives portent, quant à elles, un intérêt croissant à la dimension « sociale » associée aux différences individuelles de développement cognitif et de réussite scolaire. Bien que les différences et les différends épistémologiques et méthodologiques entre sociologie et sciences cognitives n’aient pas disparu, l’évolution des deux approches permet cependant d’identifier certains points de convergence. Se proposant d’aller au-delà du simple constat de convergences entre les disciplines, l’article vise ensuite à favoriser le dialogue entre sociologie de l’éducation et sciences cognitives en précisant le plus concrètement possible, sur un mode programmatique, certaines perspectives de recherche interdisciplinaires pouvant donner lieu à des collaborations interdisciplinaires sur la question des inégalités scolaires.
The Role of Properdin in C5 Convertase Activity and C5b-9 Formation in the Complement Alternative Pathway
Authors: Michels Marloes A H M , Maas Rianne J F , van der Velden Thea J A M , van de Kar Nicole C A J , van den Heuvel Lambertus P W J , Volokhina Elena B ,   on behalf of the COMBAT Consortium
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The complement system is an important part of innate immunity. Complement activation leads to formation of convertase enzymes, switch of their specificity from C3 to C5 cleavage, and generation of lytic membrane attack complexes (C5b-9) on surfaces of pathogens. Most C5 cleavage occurs via the complement alternative pathway (AP). The regulator properdin promotes generation and stabilization of AP convertases. However, its role in C5 activation is not yet understood. In this work, we showed that serum properdin is essential for LPS- and zymosan-induced C5b-9 generation and C5b-9–mediated lysis of rabbit erythrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated its essential role in C5 cleavage by AP convertases. To this end, we developed a hemolytic assay in which AP convertases were generated on rabbit erythrocytes by using properdin-depleted serum in the presence of C5 inhibitor (step 1), followed by washing and addition of purified C5–C9 components to allow C5b-9 formation (step 2). In this assay, addition of purified properdin to properdin-depleted serum during convertase formation (step 1) was required to restore C5 cleavage and C5b-9–mediated hemolysis. Importantly, C5 convertase activity was also fully restored when properdin was added together with C5b-9 components (step 2), thus after convertase formation. Moreover, with C3-depleted serum, not capable of forming new convertases but containing properdin, in step 2 of the assay, again full C5b-9 formation was observed and blocked by addition of properdin inhibitor Salp20. Thus, properdin is essential for the convertase specificity switch toward C5, and this function is independent of properdin’s role in new convertase formation.
Serum nitric oxide levels are depleted in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Atagun Murat İlhan , Atay Ozge Canbek , Balaban Ozlem D. , Ipekcioglu Derya , Alpugan Baris , Yalcin Suat , Senat Almila , Karamustafalioglu Nesrin , Ilnem Mehmet C. , Erel Ozcan 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous substance which has several endocrine functions and may act as neurotransmitter in the brain. High levels of NO may provoke nitrosative stress.

Aim:
It was aimed to examine serum levels of NO in patients with depressive episodes who were treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in this study.

Methods:
The design was a case–control, follow-up study. Patients with depressive episodes (n = 23) and a healthy control group (n = 21) were enrolled. Three serum samples were obtained from the patient group (before ECT, after first and seventh sessions). NO, nitrite, and nitrate levels were examined.

Statistical Analysis:
Differences between groups were examined with t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test. Longitudinal data were evaluated with Panel Regression Analysis and Kruskal–Wallis Test.

Results:
Serum levels of NO and nitrite decreased significantly after the seventh session of ECT administration compared to the baseline and first session. Nitrate levels did not differ between the assessments.

Conclusions:
Reduction of the serum NO and nitrite levels might be a contributing factor for hypertension during the sessions. These findings are reflect the circulating NO levels. Further studies may dissect NO physiology in the brain in mental disorders and potential external effects.
Colchicine as a Therapeutic Drug in the Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis - A Randomized Clinical Study
Authors: M. Mounika Somisetty V. M. , Manne Rakesh K. , Kannan Natarajan , Beeraka Swapna S. , Sarath Prathi V. , Saikiran Kanamarlapudi V. 
Published: October 2021

Aim:
The present study was planned to clinically determine the effectiveness of colchicine as a monotherapy in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty OSMF patients were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into two groups by permuted-block randomization. Group A: Patients were treated with 0.5 mg colchicine (Goutnil) tablets twice daily for 3 months. Whereas, in Group B, intralesional injection of dexamethasone 2 mL, hyaluronidase 1,500 IU with 2 mL lignocaine HCl biweekly for 4–6 weeks were given. For all the individuals, baseline parameters like mouth opening, buccal mucosal flexibility, burning sensation, and tongue protrusion were recorded and reassessment was done at 1, 3, and 6 months followed by statistical analysis.

Results:
A significant decrease in the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for severity of burning sensation was observed in Group A whereas mouth opening and tongue protrusion were higher in Group B patients. Statistically significant differences in the buccal mucosal flexibility were appreciable in the intragroup comparisons of both the groups from baseline to 6-month follow-up.

Conclusion :
Colchicine can be suggested as an adjuvant drug for reducing the burning sensation for the OSMF patients in whom steroids are contraindicated.
Prevalence and Morphological Assessment of Bifid Mandibular Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography Among a Group of Yemeni Adults
Authors: Qaid Nabil , Aldilami Abdulwahab , AL-Jawfi Khaled , Shamala Anas 
Published: October 2021

Objectives:
The study aimed to assess the prevalence and morphology of bifid mandibular canal (BMC) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) among a group of Yemeni adults.

Materials and Methods:
The presence and type of BMC were evaluated among 400 CBCT images. Prevalence rate of BMC was also determined according to gender. Further, the diameter and length of BMCs were measured using Ez3D plus software. Chi-square analysis and the analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) were used.

Results:
The study concluded that BMCs were found in 60 (15%) of total cases. There was no significant correlation between gender and BMC prevalence. Forward BMC was the most common type (48.3%), followed by retromolar BMC (35.0%) then dental BMC (16.7%); while not even one case of buccolingual BMC was observed. There was a significant difference in the mean diameter of BMC (P value = 0.016). There was a significant difference in the mean length of BMC (P = 0.001).

Conclusion:
The prevalence of BMCs in Yemeni adults is relatively high, and forward BMC was the most common type. Detecting BMCs by using CBCT imaging is highly recommended prior to any mandibular surgery.
Evaluation of Anatomical Variations of Sella Turcica with Age and Gender Using Digital Lateral Cephalogram in Chennai City
Authors: Arthisri Anandhi Seker , Dhanapriya Subramaniyan , Niranjana A. , Mehazabin S. , Massillamani F. , Kailasam S. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Pituitary gland dysfunction might be predicted by examining the alteration of Sella turcica during the routine radiological examination of lateral cephalogram.

Aim:
The study aimed to analyze the variation in size and shape of sella turcica according to age and gender on lateral cephalogram among the people in the south zone of Chennai city.

Materials and Method:
A series of lateral cephalogram images from 200 patients comprising 94 males and 106 females were collected retrospectively from archives in the database. The shape and size of sella turcica were measured digitally. Statistical analysis was done using the Chi-square test and unpaired sample t-test.

Results:
The frequency of distribution of shapes of sella turcica among the people in Chennai city was 46% normal followed by 15.5% irregular dorsum sellae, 14.5% pyramidal shape, 11.5% bridging, 7% oblique anterior wall, 5.5% double contour. The length and depth of Sella turcica was greater in males when compared with that of the females which were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The depth and diameter were higher in the 10–20 years age group than the 20–30 year age group, which was statistically significant (P = 0.01).

Conclusion:
The size of Sella turcica alters between different age groups and gender. Variations in the shape of Sella turcica were present in nearly half of the individuals in the present study. Thus, the morphology of Sella turcica should be assessed as a part of routine radiographic examination.
Application and Validation of Lamendin et al.'s Adult Age Estimation Method using Mandibular Premolar Teeth on Western Indian (Gujarati) Population
Authors: Limdiwala Piyush G. , Sugandha Nagpal , Shah Jigna S. , Pillai Jayasankar P. 
Published: October 2021

Aim:
To evaluate the applicability of the method by Lamendin et al. for adult dental age estimation using extracted single-rooted mandibular first premolar in the Western Indian population and to develop a new regression equation.

Materials and Methods:
Ninety-seven extracted mandibular first premolars were collected from patients in the age range of 15–75 years. The root height, root translucency, and periodontosis parameters were measured. Lamendin's formula was tested on 77 randomly selected specimens. The regression formula was applied to the remaining 20 specimens to validate the same. The data were analyzed using the Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), paired t-tests, and Pearson's correlation tests.

Results:
The mean estimated age using Lamendin's original formula was 44.75 years (±10.52) for the overall sample (N = 77). There was an overestimation of the age of the study sample by 0.11 year (SD = 11.14; df = 76; P > 0.05). The regression equation based on the data of the mandibular first premolar was Age (Yrs.) =18.423 + 0.441 (P) +0.423 (T) with a SEE = 11.07; r
2
= 0.540; Sig. P <0.001. The mean estimated age of the test sample (N = 20) was 35.85 years ± 7.32 (P < 0.05) and 37.87 ± 6.19 (P > 0.05) by applying the new premolar formula and Lamendin's original formula, respectively.

Conclusion:
A strong positive correlation was found between the actual age and the estimated age using Lamendin's method, and there was no significant difference between the actual age and the estimated age of the study population using Lamendin's original and new premolar formula.
Assessing the Prevalence of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction and Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Correlating Cone Beam Computed Tomography Parameters of Soft Palate with the Stop Bang Questionnaire
Authors: Madhu Preetha V. S. , Harsha Vardhan B. G. , Gopal K. Saraswathi , Lankupalli Arathy S. 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
The relationship between soft palate length and nasopharyngeal depth can be used to determine the velopharyngeal dysfunction and is called Need's ratio. Need's ratio should be in a range of 0.6–0.7 in normal subjects. Any increase greater than 80% demonstrated a risk for developing velopharyngeal dysfunction.

Aim:
To assess the prevalence risk rate of obstructive sleep apnea using snoring, tiredness, observed apnea, blood pressure, body mass index, age, neck circumference, gender (STOP-BANG) questionnaire and to evaluate various parameters of the soft palate, pharyngeal depth, and determination of Need's ratio using CBCT.

Materials and Method:
In this prospective study, patients who reported for CBCT assessment in the age group ranging from 20 to 50 years were included. The sample size of the study was calculated to be 42. Furthermore, the patients were screened with the STOP- BANG questionnaire and shapes of the soft palate, velar length, width, and pharyngeal depth were obtained with the CBCT sections, and Need's ratio was calculated.

Results:
The collected data were analyzed with IBM. SPSS software 23.0. Based on the results of the STOP- BANG questionnaire, P value was found to be significant. Based on the CBCT parameters, the most common shape was the leaf-shaped soft palate. The velar length, width, and pharyngeal depth were found to be higher in males. Need's ratio was found to be increasing with an increase in age. A significant correlation of risk for OSA was established based on a comparison of questionnaire results with the results obtained from CBCT parameters with Need's ratio.

Conclusion:
CBCT is a static imaging technique, it can identify the anatomic risk factors for developing sleep apnea.
Comparison of Two Methods in Estimating the Relation Between Dental Age and Chronological Age
Authors: Gunasekaran Surya , Mahabob Nazargi , Elangovan Captain S , Jaishankar Suman , Kumar B Senthil , Rajendran Deepika 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Personal identification is becoming increasingly important not only in legal medicine but also in criminal investigation, identification, and genetic research. Dental age (DA) estimation has gained acceptance because it is less variable when compared to other age indicators.

Aim:
This study aims to determine DA by radiographic methods in digital orthopantamogram using Willem's method and in intraoral periapical radiograph using Kvaal's method and also to find out the accuracy of two methods in determining the relation between DA and chronological age.

Materials and Methods:
The study sample consisted of 75 randomly selected subjects who referred to the Oral Medicine and Radiology department for the purpose to undergo orthodontic treatment, were selected. Orthopantmograph and one intraoral periapical radiograph of right mandibular first molar using paralleling cone technique were taken for each patient The DA was determined using orthopantamography by Willem's method and intraoral periapical radiograph by Kvaal's method.

Results:
The student's t-test was used to analyze the significance between the two different age estimation methods. In Demirjian's method, the overall mean difference between estimated DA and CA for males was 15.10 years, while for females was 11.88 years. Estimated DA assessment by Willem's method appeared to underestimate chronological age both in males and females.

Conclusion:
In this study, a significant relation was found between estimated DA and CA in the Willem method (p-0.00) and Kvaal's method (p-0.05). Both the methods seem to be applicable in estimating the age of both genders.
Evaluation of pediatric prescriptions using WHO indicators in a tertiary care hospital in Pune city, India
Authors: Prasad Alitta , Johar Apoorv , Deshpande Prasanna R. 
Published: October 2021

Context:
The study provides comprehensive insight on the use of World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators in the pediatric population in a tertiary care hospital.

Aims:
The aim was to evaluate pediatric prescriptions as per WHO prescribing indicators.

Settings and Design:
This study was a prospective observational study, conducted at Pediatrics Outpatient Department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital for 6 months.

Materials and Methods:
This included consent form and data collection form.

Statistical Analysis:
Spearman’s rank correlation and Mann–Whitney U-test were performed to evaluate whether prescribing indicators are statistically dependent on age and gender, respectively. P-values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results:
A total of 418 prescriptions were included in the study. The majority of the patients were female (70.09%). The mean age of the patients was 5.87 (SD±4.32) years, with a range from 3 days to 17 years. The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.4 (SD±1.022). Only 4.21% of medicines were prescribed by generic name. Antibiotics and injections were prescribed in 7.65% and 0.23% of prescriptions, respectively. Drugs prescribed from the essential drug list (EDL) were 60.45%.

Conclusion:
The study necessitates the need to follow the optimal values set by WHO prescribing indicators. The percentage of prescriptions with antibiotics and injections was in the optimal range as set by WHO. However, the average number of drugs/prescriptions, usage of generic names, and prescriptions using the EDL were not in the optimal range. The prescribing indicator did not statistically depend on age and gender.
Spectrum of endometrial pathology in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Ilyas Abeer M. , Ilyas Mohd Abbas , Ilyas Abida M. , Pasha Siddique S. Kamal , Kumar Ajay 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the most common problems among women of all age groups. Endometrial sampling is a frequently performed procedure by the gynecologist that offers an opportunity to diagnose pathological conditions in the endometrium to accurately evaluate and diagnose the etiology. A study of the endometrium will establish the underlying cause and thereafter help the gynecologist to plan for the management.

Aims:
To study the histopathological pattern and spectrum of lesions in a patient with AUB. To analyze various pathological conditions and to highlight the importance of endometrial histology.

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective study that evaluated 83 patients with AUB by dilatation and curettage and/or endometrial biopsy of the rural population.

Results:
The most common endometrial pattern found to be hyperplasia without atypia (19/83) 22.9% followed by disordered proliferative (17/83) 19.27% and later by endometrial polyp (8/83) 9.63%, atypical hyperplasia/endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (1/83) 1.2% and lastly one case each of chronic non-specific endometritis, tuberculous endometritis, and histiocytic endometritis. There were 2/83 that is 2.4% case of endometrial adenocarcinoma with age range falling between above 50 years.

Conclusion:
Endometrial biopsy or curettage could be a safe and effective diagnostic step in the evaluation of AUB after ruling out medical causes with a detailed workup of the patient. This could help the clinician to design therapy for successful management.
Childhood Dead-Before-Arrival at a Nigerian Tertiary Health Facility
Authors: Adeniyi Adewuyi Temidayo , Kuti Bankole Peter , Adegoke Samuel Ademola , Oke Oluwasola Julius , Aladekomo Theophilus Adesola , Oyelami Oyeku Akibu 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Dead-before-arrival (DBA) is a term used to describe patients who had no sign of life at the time of presentation to the hospital. Little information exists about it in children. This study sets out to determine the prevalence and pattern of DBA among children presenting to a tertiary health facility in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
Standardized verbal autopsy was used to ascertain the details about children aged 1 month to 14 years who were cases of DBA at the Children Emergency Ward of the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Nigeria, over 12 months. Socio-demographic history, symptoms before demise, treatment received, and suspected cause (s) of death were documented. The prevalence of DBA was compared to the in-hospital mortality during the period.

Results:
A total of 64 (7.4%) of the 863 emergency admissions were cases of DBA. Median (interquartile range) age was 18.0 (8.0–52.5) months, male: female was 1.7 and over 78.1% were under-fives. Infections such as malaria, sepsis, and gastroenteritis were the most common suspected causes of death, followed by accidental injuries from a road traffic crash, drowning, and aspirations. Cases of DBA were significantly higher than in-hospital mortality during the study period (7.4% vs. 5.6%).

Conclusion:
In-hospital mortality may be a tip of the iceberg as cases of DBA, and those who did not present to the hospital at all may take the lion share of childhood mortality. Making basic health care available and affordable to the populace may help reduce the burden of DBA.