bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HPLC-fluorescence detection for assay of tramadol binary mixtures with ibuprofen or chlorzoxazone in tablets and plasma: Analytical Eco-Scale and GAPI tools for green assessment
Authors: Hamdy Mohamed M.A. , Abdel Moneim Mona M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Tramadol, a strong pain killer known for its addictive problems is either co-administrated or co-formulated with other analgesics or muscle relaxants. The power of fluorescence detection in HPLC is tested to resolve such mixtures in plasma matrix to reach the required sensitivity with simple sample treatment using just protein precipitation. The aim of this work was to develop an eco-friendly and sensitive HPLC method with fluorimetric detection for analysis of Tramadol in its two binary mixtures with Ibuprofen (mixture 1) and Chlorzoxazone (mixture 2) in two combined dosage forms and spiked plasma. Separation was done using a C18 column with mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (pH 3.5) in gradient elution and 1 mL/min flow rate. Detection was carried out with λ excitation/λ emission of 220 and 307 nm, respectively. The method was applied to detect the two binary mixtures in real plasma samples after invivo application to rats, to assure that the drugs’ metabolites do not affect the sensitivity or selectivity of the assay. Evaluation of greenness of the proposed method was done using semi-quantitative Eco‐Scale and new Green Analytical Procedure Index which showed that this method can be a greener alternative with higher sensitivity for analysis of both mixtures. The method (15 min-assay) was linear over concentrations of 0.1–10 μg/mL and 0.1–33 μg/mL in plasma. In addition, the proposed method was validated per ICH as well as FDA bioanalytical methods’ validation guidelines.
Functioning analysis of meat processing industry in modern conditions on the example of Ukraine
Authors: Vlasenko Iryna , Semko Tetiana , Ivanisheva Olga 
Published: May 2021

The object of research is meat processing enterprises on the example of Ukraine. One of the most problematic areas is the reduction in total beef and pork production. This negatively affects the development of the industry, which loses the opportunity to develop, create new jobs, enter the international market.
In the course of the study, general scientific and special methods were used. For example, the monographic method, methods of statistical grouping and correlation-regression analysis, as well as the graphical method were used to comprehensively study the current state of meat production. The grouping method was used to determine the influence of various factors on the level of efficiency in the production of different types of meat, and the comparison method was used to carry out a comparative analysis of the production of meat products in different time periods.
It is shown that in the general structure of agricultural production livestock products during 2015–2019 ranged from 24.1 to 20.9 % of the total. The largest percentage in this structure was occupied by breeding farm animals. The smallest share in this production is occupied by beef and veal. And its production continues to fall. Negative dynamics was also observed in pork production. The production of sausages is relatively stable. The largest volumes of production were provided by chicken. The Ukrainian market of meat and meat products is closely connected with the development of raw materials for the industry. The total number of farm animals by farm category is declining, excluding poultry.
The wholesale turnover of meat and meat wholesalers has been growing every year. Raw material production and processing are closely interrelated. Today, it is extremely important to reconcile the interests of producers and processors so that the market is predictable, has a defined development strategy, focused on increasing domestic consumption and to realize the export potential of the meat industry.
Finite element analysis of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon during a passive rehabilitation protocol
Authors: Grimaldo-Ruiz Oliver , Rodríguez-Reinoso Mariana , Surace Cecilia 
Published: May 2021

The present study aims to create a patient-specific hand model to simulate the passive rehabilitation on the index finger, quantifying the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon excursion and the stress experienced during simulated flexion. The computational model used in this analysis was created from an unknown patient dataset available in the Embodi3d online library. The segmentation, three-dimensional reconstruction, and modeling of the structures involved were performed using Materialise Mimics and Rhino3D. The FDP tendon excursion and stress values present in the model were calculated in the ANSYS environment. Based on the finite-element simulation, the FDP tendon presents an excursion of 10.1 mm during passive postoperative flexion. The highest-stress values were observed between the pulleys-FDP tendon contact surfaces. In particular, the pulley A1 exhibited the maximum principal stress of the model with a 58.7 MPa. The pulley A3 showed the same stress distribution pattern that A1 Pulley, but with the lowest values. The FDP Tendon excursion obtained is consistent with the results reported in the literature, which vary from 8 to 11 mm. The stress values found in the model explain the importance of the pulley mechanism keeping the FDP tendon attached to the finger bone during the range of motion experienced. The silico model proposed may potentially be used in the assessment of new medical device proposals in the field of hand reconstructive surgery.
The T phase of shallow-focus earthquakes*
Authors: Tolstoy Ivan , Ewing Maurice 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A short-period phase, 0.5 sec. period or less, traveling through the ocean with the velocity of sound in water has been identified on a large number of seismograms of earthquakes occurring at sea. This arrival was identified on the Benioff short-period seismograms of the Weston, Fordham, and Ottawa stations for a series of Dominican Republic shocks, and on the Benioff short-period seismograms of the Pasadena network of stations and the Mount Hamilton and Mineral stations for a series of major Japanese and Aleutian shocks.
The existence of this phase had been noted previously by Linehan, who was at a loss to provide an explanation for them. The mechanism of propagation of the T phase is discussed and several practical applications are described.
A study of the energy content of the seismic waves P and pP*
Authors: Mooney H. M. 
Published: May 2021

abstract
The energy observed in the seismic waves P and pP in a large number of earthquakes is compared, by means of two partly independent methods, with the theoretical energy calculated from a standard equation. The results are analyzed, depth of focus, distance from epicenter to observing station, geographical location of epicenter, and azimuth from station being used as variables. When compared with the theoretical ratio, the ratio of the energy in pP to the energy in P averaged over a distance range 60°-90° is observed to decrease with depth, by 0.5 on a logarithmic scale of energy between 100 and 600 km. depth of focus. The results for the two waves are compared separately with theoretical values, and the observed effect appears to be about equally due to an increase of P energy and a decrease of pP energy with depth. The theoretical formula is reëxamined to determine if permissible changes in the assumptions or numerical values can account for the results. No such changes are found; certain assumptions with respect to increased absorption of energy near the surface of the earth provide a partial qualitative explanation, but quantitatively they cannot be reconciled with data from other sources. The variation with distance between observed and calculated energies is not large enough to be treated quantitatively; slight changes in the slope of the accepted velocity vs. depth curve are tentatively suggested on the basis of it. The energy ratio pP/P compared to the theoretical ratio is significantly too large in shallow earthquakes occurring in the Aleutian region and can be attributed to pP rather than P. For shallow shocks in the New Hebrides region and very deep shocks of the Southwest Pacific there is some indication that the energy ratio is smaller than for comparable shocks elsewhere. Data on observed wave periods are given. The effect of differences between instruments is considered.
RELATIONSHIP AMONG LIFE SATISFACTION, SELF-ESTEEM, AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Perveen Shahnaz , Ikram Hamid , Nisa Qamar Un 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose of the study: This research study explores the relationship between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and academic performance of university students.
Methodology: A quantitative approach was used to explore the relationship among life satisfaction, self-esteem, and academic performance of university students. In this study, a survey method was employed to collect quantitative data on life satisfaction, self-esteem, and academic performance from 575 students studying in three different public universities of Punjab (Pakistan). A self-esteem scale as a survey instrument initially developed by Rosenberg (1965) and a life satisfaction scale developed by Gilligan and Huebner (2002) were used to collect data. A third scale was developed by the researchers to measure the students’ academic performance. The assembled data were statistically examined using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation by using SPSS 20th Version.
Results: Findings of the study reveal that the level of life satisfaction among university students is comparatively higher than the presence of self-esteem and academic performance. Findings of the study show significant positive associations of university students’ academic performance with their life satisfaction and self-esteem.
Applications of this study: This study helps strengthen the factors that promote university students’ academic performance.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty of this study is to explore the relationship among life satisfaction, self-esteem, and academic performance of university students for strengthening different dimensions of life satisfaction and self-esteem which ultimately promote university students’ academic performance.
RELIGIOUS OBLIGATIONS AND MORAL DILEMMAS: A FEMINISTIC PERSPECTIVE OF IBSEN’S PLAY A DOLL’S HOUSE
Authors: Jaffar Nosheen , Rashid Aniqa , Asghar Ijaz 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of the Study: This research paper attempts to examine the play A Doll’s House through the perspective of challenges faced by the protagonist against moral authority and censorship and her resilience in the face of difficulties.
Methodology: The research paper proposes to make use of the secondary data including related articles and web sources. The data collected are words, phrases, clauses, and sentences related to women's problems and their struggles found in the play.
Main Findings: Nora revolts against male-formulated social structure repressing women in the name of religion, conventions, and breaks the framework set up by men and she dashes for a liberated life. The finding of the study is that through the play, we learn how important the interplay of religion and free spirit is to Nora’s evolution.
Applications: This paper can be used by literary scholars and students.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This research paper has used the contrasting forces of moral obligation and the free spirit of Nora to see how they have helped Nora to come out from a rosy-colored view of her dream world. The present study demonstrates how the protagonist feels entrapped and suffocated in her home, forced to live a life of false hope due to the impositions placed on by her husband and the patriarchal society which resultantly creates a feeling of isolation.
Causal Modeling Between Factors on Quality of Life in Cancer Patients Using S3C-Latent Algorithm
Authors: Nur Yohani Setiya Rafika , Rahmadi Ridho , Effendy Christantie 
Published: May 2021

Background: Cancer patients can experience both physical and non-physical problems such as psychosocial, spiritual, and emotional problems, which impact the quality of life. Previous studies on quality of life mostly have employed multivariate analyses. To our knowledge, no studies have focused yet on the underlying causal relationship between factors representing the quality of life of cancer patients, which is very important when attempting to improve the quality of life. Objective: The study aims to model the causal relationships between the factors that represent cancer and quality of life.Methods: This study uses the S3C-Latent method to estimate the causal model relationships between the factors. The S3C-Latent method combines Structural Equation Model (SEM), a multi objective optimization method, and the stability selection approach, to estimate a stable and parsimonious causal model.Results: There are nine causal relations that have been found, i.e., from physical to global health with a reliability score of 0.73, to performance status with a reliability score of 1, from emotional to global health with a reliability score of 0.71, to performance status with a reliability score of 0.82, from nausea, loss of appetite, dyspnea, insomnia, loss of appetite and from constipation to performance status with reliability scores of 0.76; 1; 0.61; 0.76; 0.72; 0.70, respectively. Moreover, this study found that 15 associations (strong relation where the causal direction cannot be determined from the data alone) between factors with reliability scores range from 0.65 to 1.Conclusion: The estimated model is consistent with the results shown in previous studies. The model is expected to provide evidence-based recommendation for health care providers in designing strategies to increase cancer patients’ life quality. For future research, we suggest studies to include more variables in the model to capture a broader view to the problem.
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF BLASTING WORKS IN THE QUARRY OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Authors: KOZLOV Sergiy , TERENTIEV Oleg , SERGIENKO Mykola 
Published: May 2021

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of increasing the efficiency of blasting operations in open pits in conditions of high water saturation of minerals.
The idea of solving this problem is to use the effect of draining the local area of the water-saturated block of the mineral due to the ordinal explosion of the well charge.
The purpose of this study was to improve the efficiency of blasting operations on flooded fractured rocks in open pit mining.
Research methodology. The proposed technique makes it possible to determine the parameters of drainage of the watered mass during the explosion of borehole charges and the parameters of an ordinal explosion. This makes it possible to improve the quality of rock crushing and reduce the consumption of explosives per unit cost.
The main direction of research in this work is to reduce the energy intensity of the process of destruction of a water-saturated mineral by using the internal potential of water in the cracks of the massif destroyed by the explosion. The regularities and the role of the drainage funnel in the efficiency of destruction have been established.
The novelty and originality of the work is a developed technology for removing water from the explosion zone, which increases the efficiency of explosion and destruction of rocks using special water-resistant explosives.
The practical value of the work lies in the effectiveness of the proposed method for carrying out blasting operations, which, along with improving the quality of crushing, provides an increase in the output of blasted rock mass from one running meter of the well and reduces the cost of expensive water-resistant explosives.
Conclusions. The introduction of research results and recommendations in open pits made it possible to increase the efficiency of blasting operations in the development of water-saturated rocks. Energy consumption for the destruction of an array of water-saturated minerals is reduced by 10%. The amount of blasted rock mass per running meter of the well increased by 14.1%, and the specific consumption of explosives decreased by (12-14) %.

Keywords: quarry, minerals, well, filtration, water-saturated massif, crushing, explosive, detonation.
Mathematical Modelling for the Transmission Dynamics of blinding Trachoma
Authors: Muhammad Salisu Muhammad , Hincal Evren 
Published: May 2021

Trachsummaroma is an eye infectious disease caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis bacterium, which may lead to irreversible blindness. The disease is spread directly or indirectly by contacting a contaminated material. It can also be transmitted through the disease vector known as “Musca sorbens” or “Bazaar fly”. To curtail the spread of the disease in a population, a meaningful information on the spread and possible control of the disease is required. Mathematical modeling provides efficient tools that can be used to understand and analyze the dynamics of the disease and its control. Several compartmental epidemic models have been proposed in the literature to study the dynamics of trachoma; including SI, SIR and SEIR. However, majority of the existing trachoma models consider only person to person transmission. Thus, the information provided by such models is insufficient since they did not capture the disease vector transmission. The current study proposed a novel SEIR-SEI model that consider both person-person and vector transmission dynamics. The threshold quantity, basic reproduction number R0 is obtained using the next generation matrix, and it was proved that the disease-free equilibrium is asymptotically stable when R0 &lt; 1, and the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when R0 &gt; 1. Some simulation results with the aid of mesh plots for the reproductive number as a function of two different biological parameters were obtained. Furthermore, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the influence of the individual parameters on the R0. Numerical results show that the vector contact rate has the highest sensitivity with respect to R0, and the value of R0 increases with increase in, hence, the disease can be controlled by decreasing the vector contact rate. Similarly, improving the rate of environmental hygiene and facial cleanliness will decrease the size of R0 and result in the declination of the disease transmission. Moreover, a detailed parameter estimation of the model parameters and model fitting was presented with the use of field data cases from Northern Nigeria using least-square fitting method.
The study provides alternative tools that can be used for planning trachoma control program to achieve global eradication of trachoma as a public heath challenge as targeted by WHO in 2030.
Mutual Impacts and Interactions of Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Microcystin Synthetase Genes, Graphene Oxide, and Microcystis Aeruginosa in Synthetic Wastewater
Authors: Wu Shichao , Ji Xiyan , Li Xin , Ye Jing , Xu Wenwu , Wang Rui , Hou Meifang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The physiological impacts and interactions of ARGs abundance, microcystin synthetase genes expression, GO, and M. aeruginosa in synthetic wastewater were investigated. The results demonstrated that the absolute abundance of sul1, sul2, tetW, and tetM in synthetic wastewater dramatically increased to 365.2%, 427.1%, 375.2%, and 231.7%, respectively, when the GO concentration was 0.01 mg/L. Even more interesting is that the sum gene copy numbers of mcyA-J also increased to 243.2%. The appearance of GO made the significant correlation exist between ARGs abundance and mcyA-J expression. Furthermore, M. aeruginosa displayed better photosynthetic performance and more MCs production at 0.01 mg/L GO. There were 65 pairs of positive correlations between the intracellular differential metabolites of M. aeruginosa and the abundance of sul1, sul2, tetM, and tetW with various GO concentrations. The GO will impact the metabolites and metabolic pathway in M. aeruginosa. The metabolic changes impacted the ARGs, microcystin synthetase genes, and physiological characters in algal cells. Furthermore, there were complex correlations among sul1, sul2, tetM, tetW, mcyA-J, MCs, photosynthetic performance parameters, and ROS. The different concentration of GO will aggravate the hazards of M. aeruginosa by promoting the expression of mcyA-J, producing more MCs, simultaneously, it may cause the spread of ARGs.
Expectation Identity of the Discrete Uniform Distribution and Its Application in the Calculations of Higher-Order Origin Moments
Authors: Liu Jia-Lei , Zhang Ying-Ying , Wang Yuan-Quan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We provide a novel method to analytically calculate the high-order origin moments of a Discrete Uniform (DU) random variable, that is, the expectation identity method. First, the expectation identity of the DU distribution is discovered and summarized in a theorem. After that, we analytically calculate the first four origin moments and the general kth (k=1,2,…) origin moment of the DU distribution by the expectation identity method. After comparing the corresponding coefficients on both sides of an equation, we obtain a nonhomogeneous linear equations of first degree in k+1 variables. Furthermore, we have provided two ways to solve the nonhomogeneous linear equations. The first way is by matrix inversion, and the second way is by iterative solving. Moreover, the coefficients of the first ten origin moments of the DU distribution are summarized in a table. Finally, we have a proposition for special summations.
New Insight into Mechanism of Cr(VI) Migration and Transformation in Typical Soils of Chromite ore Processing Residue (COPR) Contaminated Sites
Authors: Wei Minghai , Li Wenting , Tang Jie , Zhang Jia , Chen Honghan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chromite ore processing residue (COPR) storage sites are widely distributed all over the world, causing serious soil and groundwater pollution. However, the differences in soil constituents and properties between different regions are significant, and the dynamic migration and transformation of Cr(VI) in different types of soil under alkaline condition of the COPR site is still unclear. In this study, the typical black soil, red soil and loess in different regions of China were chosen to investigate the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of Cr(VI) under the original pH conditions of the soil, and then the alkaline Cr(VI) solution was introduced into the soil column to simulate the dynamic migration and transformation process of Cr(VI) at COPR sites. According to the results, the Cr(VI) breakthrough curve predicted by the solid-liquid distribution coefficient Kd based on the static isotherm adsorption experiments significantly underestimated and overestimated the retention effect of black soil and red soil on Cr(VI) dynamic migration, respectively. For the black soil, the retention of Cr(VI) was dominated by Cr(VI) reduction, which is a slow reaction compared with Cr(VI) adsorption. Therefore, the reduction kinetics process during the column experiment cannot be neglected. In respect to the red soil, the outlet Cr(VI) concentration turned to be higher than the inlet concentration with the soil alkalization, which indicated that the adsorbed Cr(VI) desorbed again, and this is the main reason for the overestimation of Cr(VI) retention effect by the red soil. This study shows that the environmental risks of Cr in different types of soil are quite different, mainly related to the valence and occurrence form of Cr that governed by the soil constituents and properties. In addition, the stable form of Cr in the black soil column after the reaction indicates that the soil organic matter can be used as a potential environmentally friendly remediation material for Cr(VI) contaminated soils at COPR sites.