bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astraeus I: the interplay between galaxy formation and reionization
Authors: Hutter Anne , Dayal Pratika , Yepes Gustavo , Gottlöber Stefan , Legrand Laurent , Ucci Graziano 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We introduce a new self-consistent model of galaxy evolution and reionization, astraeus (seminumerical rAdiative tranSfer coupling of galaxy formaTion and Reionization in N-body dArk mattEr simUlationS), which couples a state-of-the-art N-body simulation with the semi-analytical galaxy evolution delphi and the seminumerical reionization scheme cifog. astraeus includes all the key processes of galaxy formation and evolution (including accretion, mergers, supernova, and radiative feedback) and follows the time and spatial evolution of the ionized regions in the intergalactic medium (IGM). Importantly, it explores different radiative feedback models that cover the physically plausible parameter space, ranging from a weak and delayed to a strong and immediate reduction of gas mass available for star formation. From our simulation suite that covers the different radiative feedback prescriptions and ionization topologies, we find that radiative feedback continuously reduces star formation in galaxies with $M_\mathrm{ h}\lesssim 10^{9.5}\, {\rm \rm M_\odot }$ upon local reionization; larger mass haloes are unaffected even for the strongest and immediate radiative feedback cases during reionization. For this reason, the ionization topologies of different radiative feedback scenarios differ only on scales smaller than 1–2 comoving Mpc, and significant deviations are found only when physical parameters (e.g. the escape fraction of ionizing photons) are altered based on galactic properties. Finally, we find that observables (the ultraviolet luminosity function, stellar mass function, reionization histories and ionization topologies) are hardly affected by the choice of the used stellar population synthesis models that model either single stars or binaries.
Collisions between micro-sized aggregates: role of porosity, mass ratio, and impact velocity
Authors: Planes María Belén , Millán Emmanuel N , Urbassek Herbert M , Bringa Eduardo M 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Dust aggregate collisions usually occur between mass-asymmetric collision partners. Granular-mechanics simulations are used to study the influence of filling factor, φ, and impact velocity in collisions of spherical granular aggregates with different values of their mass ratio, but the same filling factor. Three possible outcomes are observed: (i) sticking, which might include penetration of the smaller aggregate into the larger aggregate; (ii) fragmentation of the largest aggregate into two large fragments, particularly due to the so-called piston effect for low filling factors; and (iii) total destruction of the aggregates. Most of the impact energy is spent by friction, with some fraction leading to compaction of the porous material. The erosion efficiency varies significantly with impact velocity, mass ratio, and porosity, but the accretion efficiency does not show such strong variations. For highly asymmetric collisions with high impact velocities (≃100 m s−1), grain accretion (growth) can occur for a ‘window’ in the filling factor (0.20 &lt; φ &lt; 0.35). This window becomes wider as the impact velocity decreases. As the mass ratio of the aggregates decreases, the impact velocities that enable growth can also decrease. The mass distribution of the fragments follows a power-law distribution that is almost independent of the mass ratio, filling factor, and velocity.
Reputation Concerns and Slow-Moving Capital
Authors: Malliaris Steven , Yan Hongjun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We analyze fund managers’ reputation concerns in an equilibrium model, in which we tie together a number of seemingly unrelated phenomena. The model shows that because of reputation concerns, hedge fund managers, especially those with an average reputation, prefer strategies with negatively skewed return distributions. One subtle consequence of this preference is that capital sometimes appears slow moving, leaving profitable investment opportunities unexploited, yet other times appears fast moving, causing large capital relocation and price fluctuations in the absence of fundamental news. More broadly, the analysis demonstrates a limitation of market discipline: fund managers may distort their investments precisely because of market discipline.
Response of extreme precipitation to uniform surface warming in quasi-global aquaplanet simulations at high resolution
Authors: O’Gorman P. A. , Li Z. , Boos W. R. , Yuval J. 
Published: March 2021

Projections of precipitation extremes in simulations with global climate models are very uncertain in the tropics, in part because of the use of parameterizations of deep convection and model deficiencies in simulating convective organization. Here, we analyse precipitation extremes in high-resolution simulations that are run without a convective parameterization on a quasi-global aquaplanet. The frequency distributions of precipitation rates and precipitation cluster sizes in the tropics of a control simulation are similar to the observed distributions. In response to climate warming, 3 h precipitation extremes increase at rates of up to

9
%

K

−
1

in the tropics because of a combination of positive thermodynamic and dynamic contributions. The dynamic contribution at different latitudes is connected to the vertical structure of warming using a moist static stability. When the precipitation rates are first averaged to a daily timescale and coarse-grained to a typical global climate-model resolution prior to calculating the precipitation extremes, the response of the precipitation extremes to warming becomes more similar to what was found previously in coarse-resolution aquaplanet studies. However, the simulations studied here do not exhibit the high rates of increase of tropical precipitation extremes found in projections with some global climate models.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes and implications for flash flood risks’.
COVID-19 Vaccine hesitancy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Dereje Nebiyu , Tesfaye Abigel , Tamene Beamlak , Alemeshet Dina , Abe Haymanot , Tesfa Nathnael , Gedion Saron , Biruk Tigist , Lakew Yabets 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 infection is a global pandemic threatening the public health. Due to the development and initiation of vaccination, currently significant difference upon vaccine acceptance is seen between developed and developing countries. However, there are no data on the level of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its associated factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsAn embedded mixed method study [QUAN(quali)] was conducted among residents of Akaki Kality sub-city in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. For the quantitative part, a multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants (n = 422). Twenty four adults were included purposively for the qualitative in-depth interview. Data was collected by face-to-face interview by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were identified by multivariable binary logistic regression model.ResultThe mean age of the participants was 34.1 years (±12.9). Nearly half (46.7%) of the participants exhibited poor level of knowledge and 51.8% had negative attitude towards COVID-19 and its preventive measures. One out five (19.1%) participants were not willing to get vaccinated when it becomes available. In the multivariable analysis, vaccine hesitancy was significantly associated with being female (aOR=1.97; 95% CI: 1.10 - 3.89, p=0.03), negative attitude towards COVID-19 and its preventive measures (aOR=1.75; 95% CI: 1.08 - 3.02, p=0.04), and information source being social media (internet) (aOR=3.59; 95% CI: 1.75 - 7.37, P <0.0001).ConclusionA considerable proportion of the people in Addis Ababa have concerns on COVID-19 vaccine and unwilling to accept once it is available. Several conspiracy theories were put forth to justify their stance and this was mainly due to the misconceptions distributed from the use of social media as source of information. Overall, providing the community with health education and consistent government efforts in uphold the prevention measures are of paramount importance to tackle this pandemic.
A Statistical Framework to Identify Cell Types Whose Genetically Regulated Proportions are Associated with Complex Diseases
Authors: Liu Wei , Deng Wenxuan , Chen Ming , Dong Zihan , Zhu Biqing , Yu Zhaolong , Tang Daiwei , Sauler Maor , Wain Louise V. , Cho Michael H. , Kaminski Naftali , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFinding disease-relevant tissues and cell types can facilitate the identification and investigation of functional genes and variants. In particular, cell type proportions can serve as potential disease predictive biomarkers. Here, we introduce a novel statistical framework, cell-type Wide Association Study (cWAS), that integrates genetic data with transcriptomics data to identify cell types whose genetically regulated proportions (GRPs) are disease/trait-associated. On simulated and real GWAS data, cWAS showed substantial statistical power with newly identified significant GRP associations in disease-associated tissues. More specifically, GRPs of endothelial and myofibroblasts in lung tissue were associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, respectively. For breast cancer, the GRP of blood CD8+ T cells was negatively associated with breast cancer (BC) risk as well as survival. Overall, cWAS is a powerful tool to reveal cell types associated with complex diseases mediated by GRPs.
Co-occurrence of apathy and impulsivity in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Kok Zi Qi , Murley Alexander G. , Rittman Timothy , Rowe James B. , Passamonti Luca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundApathy and impulsivity are common problems in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and can worsen its prognosis. They can co-exist in the same patients although their concomitant prevalence remains unclear. Their relationship to emotional lability is also unknown.ObjectivesTo estimate the co-occurrence of apathy and impulsivity and their relationship to emotional lability in PSP. To characterize the demographic, clinical, and cognitive features of PSP patients with apathy and impulsivity.MethodsIn a retrospective study of a long-term clinical cohort, we assessed the prevalence of apathy, impulsivity, and emotional lability from clinical interviews, medical records, and contemporary carer questionnaires. N=154 patients with a diagnosis of probable or possible PSP (according to the 2017 Movement Disorder Society criteria) were identified. N=64 of these patients had neuropathological confirmation of PSP. PSP patients with both apathy and impulsivity were compared in terms of demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics to PSP patients with either one or neither of these neuropsychiatric features.ResultsApathy and impulsivity co-existed in two-thirds of people with PSP. A fifth displayed emotional lability in addition to apathy and impulsivity. Apathy and impulsivity were more commonly co-expressed than by chance. There was no single demographic, clinical or cognitive feature that distinguished between PSP patients with versus patients without apathy and impulsivity.ConclusionsThe co-existence of apathy and impulsivity in PSP suggests that these neuropsychiatric features may share similar risk factors and etio-pathogenetic mechanisms. Apathy and impulsivity should be jointly assessed when planning symptomatic treatments for behavioural problems in PSP.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cognitive function in Japanese community-dwelling older adults in a class for preventing cognitive decline
Authors: Kouzuki Minoru , Furukawa Shota , Mitani Keisuke , Urakami Katsuya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe examined the effects of lifestyle and thoughts on cognitive function and change in cognitive function due to restrictions in daily life during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive decline. This was a retrospective case-control study. The participants were 88 older adults with mild cognitive decline who participated in a class designed to help prevent cognitive decline. The class was suspended from early-March to end of May 2020 to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and resumed in June 2020. We collected demographic and cognitive function test data (Touch Panel-type Dementia Assessment Scale [TDAS]) before and after class suspension and questionnaire data on their lifestyle and thoughts during the suspension. Change in TDAS scores from before and after the suspension was used to divide the participants into decline (2 or more points worsening) and non-decline (all other participants) groups, with 16 (18.2%) and 72 (81.8%) participants in each group, respectively. A logistic regression model showed that the odds ratio (OR) for cognitive decline was lower in participants whose responses were “engaged in hobbies” (OR = 0.07, p = 0.015), “worked on a worksheet about cognitive training provided by the town hall” (OR = 0.19, p = 0.026), and “had conversations over the phone” (OR = 0.28, p = 0.0495). There was a significant improvement in TDAS scores after class was resumed (p < 0.01). A proactive approach to intellectual activities and social ties may be important for the prevention of cognitive decline during periods of restrictions due to COVID-19. We found that cognitive function test scores before class suspension significantly improved after resuming classes. We speculate that continued participation in the class led to positive behavioral changes in daily life during periods of restriction due to COVID-19.
Clinical Decision Support in Cardiovascular Medicine: Effectiveness, Implementation Barriers, and Regulation
Authors: Lu Yuan , Melnick Edward R. , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite considerable progress in addressing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over the past 50 years, there remain many gaps in CVD care quality. Multiple missed opportunities have been identified at every step in the prevention and treatment of CVD, such as failure to make risk factor modifications, failure to diagnose CVD, and failure to use proper evidence-based treatments. With the digital transformation of medicine and advances in health information technology, clinical decision support (CDS) tools offer promise to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of cardiovascular care delivery. Yet, to date, the promise of CDS delivering scalable and sustained value for patient care in clinical practice has not been realized. Here, we review evidence on key emerging questions around the development, implementation, and regulation of CDS with a focus on CVD. We first review evidence on the effectiveness of CDS on patient health and health delivery outcomes related to CVD and features predictive of effectiveness. We then review the barriers encountered during CDS implementation in cardiovascular care with a focus on unintended consequences and strategies to promote successful implementation. Finally, we review the current legal and regulatory environment of CDS with specific examples for CVD.
The intestinal microbiota-driven dopamine level influences social interaction and innate color preference in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Wang Ju , Zheng Feng , Yin Lifen , Shi Shengnan , Hu Bing , Zheng Lei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGut microbiota influence neurodevelopment of brain and programing of behaviors. However, the mechanism underlining the relationship between shoals’ behaviors and intestinal microbiota remain controversial and the roles of neurotransmitters are still unclear. Here we show that, shoaling behavior affected the innate color preference of shoals, indicating that shoals tended to choose a favorable color environment that benefits social contact. Meanwhile, administration of D1-R antagonist disrupted the social interaction which led to the deficits of color preference. More importantly, the altered microbiota caused by an antibiotic OTC decreased the sociability and weakened shoals’ color preference. When given a supplement of LGG after OTC exposure, fish exhibited an unexpectedly recovery capability in social cohesion and color preference. Our findings show that dopamine level of brain could mediate both social recognition and color preference, and highlight the pathway of microbial metabolites through the microbiota-gut-brain axis that coordinate the production of dopamine.
Surgical activity in England and Wales during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide observational cohort study
Authors: Dobbs T D , Gibson J A G , Fowler A J , Abbott T E , Shahid T , Torabi F , Griffiths R , Lyons R A , Pearse R M , Whitaker I S 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo report the volume of surgical activity and the number of cancelled surgical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design and settingAnalysis of electronic health record data from the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales.MethodsWe used hospital episode statistics for all adult patients undergoing surgery between 1st January 2020 and 31st December 2020. We identified surgical procedures using a previously published list of procedure codes. Procedures were stratified by urgency of surgery as defined by NHS England. We calculated the deficit of surgical activity by comparing the expected number of procedures from the years 2016-2019 with the actual number of procedures in 2020. We estimated the cumulative number of cancelled procedures by 31st December 2021 according patterns of activity in 2020.ResultsThe total number of surgical procedures carried out in England and Wales in 2020 was 3,102,674 compared to the predicted number of 4,671,338. This represents a 33.6% reduction in the national volume of surgical activity. There were 763,730 emergency surgical procedures (13.4% reduction), compared to 2,338,944 elective surgical procedures (38.6% reduction). The cumulative number of cancelled or postponed procedures was 1,568,664. We estimate that this will increase to 2,358,420 by 31st December 2021.ConclusionsThe volume of surgical activity in England and Wales was reduced by 33.6% in 2020, resulting in over 1,568,664 cancelled operations. This deficit will continue to grow in 2021.Summary boxesWhat is already known on this topicThe COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a rapid change in the provision of care, including the suspension of a large proportion of surgical activitySurgical activity has yet to return to normal and has been further impacted by subsequent waves of the pandemicThis will lead to a large backlog of casesWhat this study adds3,102,674 surgical procedures were performed in England and Wales during 2020, a 33.6% reduction on the expected yearly surgical activityOver 1.5 million procedures were not performed, with this deficit likely to continue to grow to 2.3 million by the end of 2021This deficit is the equivalent of more than 6 months of pre-pandemic surgical activity, requiring a monumental financial and logistic challenge to manage
Data variability in standardised cell culture experiments
Authors: Reddin Ian G. , Fenton Tim , Wass Mark N. , Michaelis Martin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite much debate about a perceived ‘reproducibility crisis’ in the life sciences, it remains unclear what level of replicability is technically possible [1,2]. Here, we analysed the variation among drug response data of the NCI60 project, which for decades has tested anti-cancer agents in a 60-cell line panel following a standardised protocol [3]. In total, 2.8 million compound/cell line experiments are available in the NCI60 resource CellMiner [4]. The largest fold change between the lowest and highest GI50 (concentration that reduces cell viability by 50%) in a compound/cell line combination was 3.16 x 1010. All compound/cell line combinations with >100 experiments displayed maximum GI50 fold changes >5, 99.7% maximum fold changes >10, 87.3% maximum fold changes >100, and 70.5% maximum fold changes >1000. FDA-approved drugs and experimental agents displayed similar variation. The variability remained very high after removal of outliers and among experiments performed in the same month. Hence, our analysis shows that high variability is an intrinsic feature of experimentation in biological systems, even among highly standardised experiments in a world-leading research environment. Thus, a narrow focus on experiment standardisation does not ensure a high level of replicability on its own.
Supergene origin and maintenance in Atlantic cod
Authors: Matschiner Michael , Barth Julia Maria Isis , Tørresen Ole Kristian , Star Bastiaan , Baalsrud Helle Tessand , Brieuc Marine Servane Ono , Pampoulie Christophe , Bradbury Ian , Jakobsen Kjetill Sigurd , Jentoft Sissel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSupergenes are sets of genes that are inherited as a single marker and encode complex phenotypes through their joint action. They are identified in an increasing number of organisms, yet their origins and evolution remain enigmatic. In Atlantic cod, four megabase-scale supergenes have been identified and linked to migratory lifestyle and environmental adaptations. Here, we investigate the origin and maintenance of these four supergenes through analysis of whole-genome-sequencing data, including a new long-read-based genome assembly for a non-migratory Atlantic cod individual. We corroborate that chromosomal inversions underlie all four supergenes, and show that they originated at different times between 0.40 and 1.66 million years ago. While we found no evidence for a role of introgression in the origin of the four supergenes, we reveal gene flux between supergene haplotypes with derived and ancestral arrangements, occurring both through gene conversion and double crossover. Our results suggest that supergenes can be maintained over long timescales in the same way as hybridizing species, through the purging of introduced genetic variation.
Butterfly eyespots evolved via co-option of the antennal gene-regulatory network
Authors: Murugesan Suriya Narayanan , Connahs Heidi , Matsuoka Yuji , Gupta Mainak das , Huq Manizah , Gowri V , Monroe Sarah , Deem Kevin D. , Werner Thomas , Tomoyasu Yoshinori , Monteiro Antónia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractButterfly eyespots are beautiful novel traits with an unknown developmental origin. Here we show that eyespots likely originated via co-option of the antennal gene-regulatory network (GRN) to novel locations on the wing. Using comparative transcriptome analysis, we show that eyespots cluster with antennae relative to multiple other tissues. Furthermore, three genes essential for eyespot development (Distal-less(Dll),spalt(sal), andAntennapedia(Antp)) share similar regulatory connections as those observed in the antennal GRN. CRISPR knockout ofcis-regulatory elements (CREs) forDllandsalled to the loss of eyespots and antennae, and also legs and wings, demonstrating that these CREs are highly pleiotropic. We conclude that eyespots likely re-used the ancient antennal GRN, a network previously implicated also in the development of legs and wings.